diff --git a/.babelrc b/.babelrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c14318 --- /dev/null +++ b/.babelrc @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +{ + "presets": ["@babel/preset-env"], + "plugins": ["@babel/plugin-syntax-import-attributes"] +} diff --git a/.eslintrc b/.eslintrc index d74b262..c9ed31c 100644 --- a/.eslintrc +++ b/.eslintrc @@ -1,24 +1,18 @@ { - "root": true, - "parserOptions": { - "ecmaVersion": 2021 - }, "env": { - "browser": true, - "commonjs": true, + "node": true, "es2021": true }, "extends": [ "eslint:recommended", "plugin:import/recommended", - "plugin:promise/recommended", "plugin:prettier/recommended" ], + "plugins": ["prettier"], + "parserOptions": { + "ecmaVersion": 2021 + }, "rules": { - "comma-dangle": ["error", "only-multiline"], - "indent": ["error", 2, { "SwitchCase": 1 }], - "no-console": "off", - "quotes": ["error", "single"], - "semi": ["error", "always"] + "prettier/prettier": ["error"] } } diff --git a/.github/workflows/create-release.yml b/.github/workflows/create-release.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..290515e --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/create-release.yml @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +name: Deploy to GitHub Pages + +on: + push: + branches: + - master + +jobs: + create-release: + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v3 + + - name: Use Node.js + uses: actions/setup-node@v3 + with: + node-version: "20" + + - name: Create Tag + id: create_tag + env: + GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} + run: | + # Read version from package.json + version=$(node -p "require('./package.json').version") + version_tag="v$version" + echo "Version from package.json: $version_tag" + echo "version=$version_tag" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT + git tag $version_tag + git push origin $version_tag + + - name: Create GitHub Release + uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1 + with: + tag: ${{ steps.create_tag.outputs.version }} + name: Release ${{ steps.create_tag.outputs.version }} + body: Automated release for version ${{ steps.create_tag.outputs.version }}. + draft: false + prerelease: false + env: + GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} diff --git a/.github/workflows/generate-keywords.yml b/.github/workflows/generate-keywords.yml deleted file mode 100644 index 15ee390..0000000 --- a/.github/workflows/generate-keywords.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -name: generate-keywords -run-name: Generating keywords ${{ github.ref_name }} -on: - workflow_dispatch: -jobs: - generate-json-file: - runs-on: ubuntu-latest - steps: - - uses: actions/checkout@v3 - - uses: actions/setup-node@v3 - with: - node-version: '16' - - name: Running build - run: date - - name: Install node packages - run: npm i - - name: Run script to generate new files - run: node src/index.js - - name: Configure git user - run: git config --local user.name actions-user - - name: Configure git user's email - run: git config --local user.email actions@github.com - - name: Update repo - run: git pull - - name: Add resource(s) to commit - run: git add resources/* - - name: Git Status - id: git-status - run: | - echo "GIT_STATUS=`git status | tail -1`" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT - - name: Commit new resource(s) - if: steps.git-status.outputs.GIT_STATUS != 'nothing to commit, working tree clean' - run: git commit -m "Updating resource(s)" - - name: Push results - run: git push -f origin ${{ github.ref_name }} diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-resources.yml b/.github/workflows/test-resources.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc2b88a --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/test-resources.yml @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +name: test-resources +run-name: Testing keywords and thesaurus configuration files +on: + push: +jobs: + test-resources: + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + steps: + - name: Check out the repository + uses: actions/checkout@v3 + + - name: Set up Node.js + uses: actions/setup-node@v3 + with: + node-version: '20' + + - name: Install dependencies + run: yarn install + + - name: Run tests + run: yarn test diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index ad928f7..1dec488 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -62,3 +62,6 @@ typings/ #generated files /lib/js /dist + +# gnis data +harvesters/gnis/data/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.prettierrc b/.prettierrc index 0a72520..786dbdf 100644 --- a/.prettierrc +++ b/.prettierrc @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ { - "trailingComma": "es5", + "printWidth": 80, "tabWidth": 2, + "useTabs": false, "semi": true, - "singleQuote": true + "singleQuote": true, + "trailingComma": "none", + "bracketSpacing": true, + "arrowParens": "avoid" } diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md index a7d6957..aa7c56f 100644 --- a/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/CHANGELOG.md @@ -5,20 +5,14 @@ Major refactoring of the mdKeywords repository. - Remove dependency on mdProfiles -- Harvester driven from local (in-repository) configuration files -- List of vocabularies to harvest are now in configuration files and not pulled from profiles +- Remove harvesters - they have moved to https://github.com/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords - Update the manifest.json schema -- Updates to resources from source updates +- Remove json/ directory +- Remove non-default thesaurus configurations and keywords files +- Remove all extra manifest and test files - Separate thesaurus configuration files for each vocabulary - Add keywordsUrl to thesaurus configuration files - -## [v3.0.1](https://github.com/adiwg/mdKeywords/tree/v3.0.1) - -[Full Changelog](https://github.com/adiwg/mdKeywords/compare/v3.0.0...v3.0.1) - -- Refactor GCMD harvester script -- Add harvester control process to build all GCMD vocabularies from configuration files -- Add custom vocabularies for the USGS [National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program](https://www.usgs.gov/programs/national-geological-and-geophysical-data-preservation-program) (NGGDPP) to the default vocabulary configuration file (to assist USGS with a time sensitive need). +- Fix id in schemas ## [v3.0.0](https://github.com/adiwg/mdKeywords/tree/v3.0.0) diff --git a/conf/gcmd-vocabularies.json b/conf/gcmd-vocabularies.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0adb826..0000000 --- a/conf/gcmd-vocabularies.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,172 +0,0 @@ -{ - "vocabularies": [ - { - "id": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "name": "Chronostratigraphic Units" - }, - { - "id": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "name": "Platforms" - }, - { - "id": "5b98265f-7cd1-4976-bc78-1ac1e6b9b90f", - "name": "Disciplines" - }, - { - "id": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "name": "IDN Nodes" - }, - { - "id": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "name": "ISO Topic Categories" - }, - { - "id": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "name": "Horizontal Resolution Ranges" - }, - { - "id": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "name": "Vertical Resolution Ranges" - }, - { - "id": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "name": "Temporal Resolution Ranges" - }, - { - "id": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "name": "Trash Can" - }, - { - "id": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", - "name": "Instruments" - }, - { - "id": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "name": "Projects" - }, - { - "id": "a4632db2-ea6b-45b3-9a3c-17032b07af67", - "name": "Persistent Identifier" - }, - { - "id": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", - "name": "Private" - }, - { - "id": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "name": "Phone Type" - }, - { - "id": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", - "name": "Product Flag" - }, - { - "id": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c", - "name": "Dataset Progress" - }, - { - "id": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "name": "Dataset Language" - }, - { - "id": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "name": "Metadata Association Type" - }, - { - "id": "d6cd58e1-e83e-4718-b48d-08de1aba2f40", - "name": "Organization Personnel Role" - }, - { - "id": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", - "name": "Personnel Role" - }, - { - "id": "e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18", - "name": "Organization Type" - }, - { - "id": "e496c2bf-7f1c-461b-93b1-0248e4a5e932", - "name": "Duration Unit" - }, - { - "id": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "name": "Platform Type" - }, - { - "id": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "name": "Collection Data Type" - }, - { - "id": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", - "name": "Coordinate System" - }, - { - "id": "d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd", - "name": "Granule Spatial Representation" - }, - { - "id": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "name": "Product Level Id" - }, - { - "id": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "name": "Spatial Coverage Type" - }, - { - "id": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "name": "Multimedia Format" - }, - { - "id": "475934c7-e05f-4547-aaa3-b0cf01afff06", - "name": "Metadata Language" - }, - { - "id": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "name": "Contact Type" - }, - { - "id": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "name": "Mime Type" - }, - { - "id": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", - "name": "Distribution Size Unit" - }, - { - "id": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "name": "Related URL Content Types" - }, - { - "id": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "name": "Data Format" - }, - { - "id": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "name": "Measurement Name" - }, - { - "id": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "name": "Projection Name" - }, - { - "id": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "name": "Projection Authority" - }, - { - "id": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "name": "Chained Operations" - }, - { - "id": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "name": "Operations" - }, - { - "id": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "name": "Projection Datum Names" - }, - { - "id": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", - "name": "Science Keywords" - } - ] -} diff --git a/conf/main.json b/conf/main.json deleted file mode 100644 index 5753975..0000000 --- a/conf/main.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -{ - "usgs": { - "sourceUrl": "https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/download/update-usgs-thesaurus.sql", - "vocabularies": [ - { - "id": "usgs-thesaurus", - "name": "USGS Thesaurus", - "citationConfig": { - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2020-01-09", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "Topics and methods of scientific study carried out by USGS, with product types, scientific disciplines, geologic time, and types of institutional structure and activities. Broad and shallow, used to help people find scientific information.", - "title": "USGS Thesaurus", - "edition": "v1.0", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus.php?thcode=2" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "usgs-thesaurus" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "usgsThesaurus", - "label": "USGS Thesaurus", - "keywords": null - } - } - ] - }, - "sciencebase": { - "filename": "sb-vocabularies.json", - "baseUrl": "https://www.sciencebase.gov/vocab" - }, - "gcmd": { - "filename": "gcmd-vocabularies.json", - "baseUrl": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/" - }, - "thesaurusPath": "resources/thesaurus/", - "keywordsPath": "resources/keywords/", - "manifestPath": "resources/manifest.json", - "baseUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/" -} diff --git a/conf/sb-vocabularies.json b/conf/sb-vocabularies.json deleted file mode 100644 index 5da49b6..0000000 --- a/conf/sb-vocabularies.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -{ - "vocabularies": [ - { - "id": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "name": "Favret Conservation Status (dry)" - }, - { - "id": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "name": "Favret Conservation Status (fluid)" - }, - { - "id": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "name": "Favret Conservation Status (slide)" - }, - { - "id": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "name": "Favret Container Condition (dry)" - }, - { - "id": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "name": "Favret Container Condition (fluid)" - }, - { - "id": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "name": "Favret Container Condition (slide)" - }, - { - "id": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "name": "Favret Processing State (dry)" - }, - { - "id": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "name": "Favret Processing State (fluid)" - }, - { - "id": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "name": "Favret Processing State (slide)" - }, - { - "id": "58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4", - "name": "CollectionTheme" - }, - { - "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df14", - "name": "primaryPurpose" - }, - { - "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "name": "userGroup" - }, - { - "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df22", - "name": "category" - }, - { - "id": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "name": "unit" - }, - { - "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df1d", - "name": "type" - }, - { - "id": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "name": "Known To Contain Types" - }, - { - "id": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "name": "Hazardous Materials" - }, - { - "id": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "name": "NGGDPP ReSciColl ScienceBase Type Tags" - } - ] -} diff --git a/docs/gcmd.md b/docs/gcmd.md deleted file mode 100644 index dd34a5f..0000000 --- a/docs/gcmd.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,119 +0,0 @@ -# GCMD Harvester - -The GCMD harvester has several files associated with it and can be run in multiple ways depending on the goal. - -## Files - -### Configuration Files (conf/) - -* conf/gcmd-all.json -* conf/gcmd-vocabularies.json -* conf/gcmd.json - -### Source Files (src/) - -* src/gcmd-all.js -* src/gcmd.js - -### Output Files - -* gcmd-vocabularies-dynamic.json -* {keyword files} - -## How to use the GCMD Harvester - -The harvesters are not intended to be run without the use of the control process, but in the case of GCMD there is a secondary control process `gcmd-all.js` which is designed to generate thesaurus configuration and keyword files for all the GCMD vocabularies. The specific vocabularies that will be processed are stored in the configuration file `gcmd-vocabularies.json`. - -### Getting Started - -Regardless of how this harvester is run it still needs the usual setup with npm - -#### Install - -From the `harvesters/` directory, execute: -`npm install` - -#### Run - -This is where you have a few choices. The GCMD harvester can be run alongside the other harvesters with the main control process (`index.js`). It can be run independently but still using the main control process. Or it can be run using the custom control process (`gcmd-all.js`). - -##### Run All - -`npm start` - -##### Run GCMD only - -`npm run gcmd` - -##### Run GCMD All - -`node src/gcmd-all.js` - -### Configuration - -There are 3 configuration files, but not all are used at the same time. When running the **main control process** the only config file used is `gcmd.json`. When running the **custom control process** both `gcmd-all.json` and `gcmd-vocabularies.json` are used. - -#### gcmd.json - -* baseUrl - this is the base URL for the GCMD API, should be `https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms` -* outputFileBaseUrl - this is the base URL used to point to the `resources/json/` directory within this repository and is used in the generation of the keywordsUrl in the thesaurus configuration, since this is currently using JSDelivr it should be `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/json/` -* outputFilePrefix - this is the prefix for the keywords files so that all keywords files start with the same prefix, they are then identified by the id of the vocabulary, currently `gcmd-` - -#### gcmd-all.json - -* outputFilePath - this is the path to where the GCMD specific vocabularies-dyanic.json file will be placed, which will be named according to vocabulariesFilename, should be `resources` -* vocabulariesFilename - this is the filename for the list of vocabularies to be processed, should be `gcmd-vocabularies.json` -* vocabulariesOutputFilename - this is the name used for the GCMD specific vocabularies-dyanic.json file, should be `gcmd-vocabularies-dynamic.json` - -#### gcmd-vocabularies.json - -This is the list of vocabularies to be processed when running the custom GCMD control process. - -The format of this file looks like - -``` -{ - "vocabularies": [ - { - "id": "" - } - ] -} -``` - -#### gcmd-vocabularies-dynamic.json - -This is the thesaurus configuration file produced by the custom GCMD control process, which has the same format as `vocabularies-dynamic.json` produced by the main control process. - -``` -[ - { - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "", - "dateType": "" - } - ], - "description": "", - "title": "", - "edition": "", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "", - "label": "", - "dynamicLoad": true, - "keywordsUrl": "", - "keywords": [] - } -] -``` diff --git a/eslint.config.js b/eslint.config.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..309c60b --- /dev/null +++ b/eslint.config.js @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +import pluginJs from '@eslint/js'; +import importPlugin from 'eslint-plugin-import'; +import jsonPlugin from 'eslint-plugin-json'; +import prettierPlugin from 'eslint-plugin-prettier'; +import globals from 'globals'; + +export default [ + { + languageOptions: { + globals: globals.browser, + ecmaVersion: 2023, + sourceType: 'module', + parserOptions: { + requireConfigFile: false, + babelOptions: { + presets: ['@babel/preset-env'] + } + } + }, + plugins: { + prettier: prettierPlugin, + json: jsonPlugin, + import: importPlugin + }, + rules: { + 'prettier/prettier': ['error'] + } + }, + pluginJs.configs.recommended, + prettierPlugin.configs.recommended, + jsonPlugin.configs.recommended, + importPlugin.configs.recommended, + { + settings: { + jest: { + version: 29 + } + } + } +]; diff --git a/harvesters/README.md b/harvesters/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aebac25 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# harvesters + +Originally produced for the USGS-NGGDPP mdEditor-keywords Harvesters + +## Overview + +This directory contains harvesters designed to automate the collection of keyword data from authoritative sources. Each harvester extracts keywords from a specific data source or system and processes them into two types of files: + +1. **Keyword files** – Saved in `resources/keywords/`. +2. **Thesaurus files** – Saved in `resources/thesaurus/`. + +These harvesters ensure that keyword data remains current, structured, and formatted for integration into **mdEditor**, improving the consistency and accuracy of metadata. + +## Available Harvesters + +### GNIS (Geographic Names Information System) + +The GNIS Harvester collects geographic names and feature data for the United States and its territories. Harvested data includes names for natural and cultural features, administrative boundaries, and other spatial data. + +### NALT (National Agricultural Library Thesaurus) + +The NALT Harvester gathers keywords related to agricultural sciences, economics, human nutrition, and more, aiding metadata management for agricultural datasets. + +### ScienceBase + +The ScienceBase Harvester collects keywords for conservation, collection management, and scientific data cataloging, ensuring consistency in metadata for collections and specimens. + +### USGS (United States Geological Survey) + +The USGS Harvester retrieves thesauri related to geographic, geologic, and environmental data, standardizing metadata terms for scientific datasets. + +## Configuration + +Each harvester has specific configuration requirements detailed in its individual README. General prerequisites include: + +- **Node.js**: Required to run the harvesters. +- **API Access**: Ensure access to APIs for the relevant harvesters (e.g., GNIS, ScienceBase). +- **Output Directories**: Set up `resources/keywords/` and `resources/thesaurus/`. + +## Usage + +Harvesters are executed from the root directory using commands specified in their respective README files. Refer to the root README for further instructions. diff --git a/harvesters/gcmd/README.md b/harvesters/gcmd/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff689f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gcmd/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +# GCMD Harvester + +## Purpose + +The **GCMD Harvester** gathers keywords and thesauri from the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). These resources provide standardized terminology for Earth science data, climate research, and environmental monitoring. The harvester generates hierarchical JSON files that can be integrated into **mdEditor**, supporting metadata workflows in the **USGS NGGDPP** project. + +## Vocabularies Processed + +The GCMD Harvester generates thesauri and keyword files for the following categories: + +- Chronostratigraphic Units +- Platforms +- Disciplines +- IDN Nodes +- ISO Topic Categories +- Horizontal Resolution Ranges +- Vertical Resolution Ranges +- Temporal Resolution Ranges +- Instruments +- Projects +- Persistent Identifier +- Private +- Phone Type +- Product Flag +- Dataset Progress +- Dataset Language +- Metadata Association Type +- Organization Personnel Role +- Personnel Role +- Organization Type +- Duration Unit +- Platform Type +- Collection Data Type +- Coordinate System +- Granule Spatial Representation +- Product Level Id +- Spatial Coverage Type +- Multimedia Format +- Metadata Language +- Contact Type +- Mime Type +- Distribution Size Unit +- Related URL Content Types +- Data Format +- Measurement Name +- Projection Name +- Projection Authority +- Chained Operations +- Operations +- Projection Datum Names +- Science Keywords + +## Input and Output + +### Input File + +- **Path:** `harvesters/gcmd/vocabularies.json` +- **Description:** JSON file containing a list of GCMD vocabulary IDs and names to process. + +### Output Directory + +- **Path:** `resources/` +- **Description:** Directory where the generated JSON files are saved. + - `resources/keywords/`: Contains JSON files for each keyword hierarchy. + - `resources/thesaurus/`: Contains thesaurus configuration JSON files. + +## How It Works + +1. **Load Vocabulary Data**: + - Reads vocabulary data from `harvesters/gcmd/vocabularies.json`. +2. **Fetch Metadata**: + - Retrieves concept and keyword data for each vocabulary using the GCMD API. +3. **Build Hierarchies**: + - Constructs hierarchical keyword structures based on broader and narrower relationships. +4. **Generate JSON Files**: + - Outputs JSON files to `resources/keywords/` and `resources/thesaurus/`. + +## Running the GCMD Harvester + +To run the harvester, execute the following command from the root directory: + +`yarn gcmd` + +**Important Notes:** + +- Ensure all dependencies are installed by running `yarn install` before execution. +- The command must be run from the repository’s root directory. + +## Validation and Testing + +The GCMD harvester generates files that are validated against schemas. Refer to the root README for detailed instructions on validation. diff --git a/src/gcmd.js b/harvesters/gcmd/gcmd.js similarity index 59% rename from src/gcmd.js rename to harvesters/gcmd/gcmd.js index 8b7ed4e..ef207ef 100644 --- a/src/gcmd.js +++ b/harvesters/gcmd/gcmd.js @@ -1,8 +1,12 @@ -const axios = require('axios'); -const { loadConfig, sleep } = require('./utils'); +import axios from 'axios'; +import { sleep, writeToLocalFile } from '../utils'; +import dayjs from 'dayjs'; -const CONF_JSON = 'conf/main.json'; -const { baseUrl } = loadConfig(CONF_JSON).gcmd; +import vocabularies from './vocabularies.json'; + +const baseUrl = 'https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/'; +const thesaurusPath = 'resources/thesaurus/'; +const keywordsPath = 'resources/keywords/'; async function fetchConceptById(id) { try { @@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ async function fetchKeywordById(id) { } } -const loadMetadata = async (vocabulary) => { +const loadMetadata = async vocabulary => { await sleep(50); const { id } = vocabulary; const conceptData = await fetchConceptById(id); @@ -36,12 +40,12 @@ function generateNode(metadata) { return { uuid: metadata.conceptData.uuid, label: metadata.conceptData.prefLabel, - broader: metadata?.conceptData?.broader[0]?.uuid || null, + parentId: metadata?.conceptData?.broader[0]?.uuid || null, definition: metadata?.conceptData?.definitions[0]?.text || metadata?.keywordData?.definition || - 'No definition available.', - children: [], + '', + children: [] }; } @@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ async function buildChildren(metadata) { const narrowerMetadata = await loadMetadata({ id: narrower.uuid, isLeaf: narrower.isLeaf, - name: narrower.prefLabel, + name: narrower.prefLabel }); const narrowerChildren = await buildChildren(narrowerMetadata); const node = generateNode(narrowerMetadata); @@ -66,38 +70,43 @@ async function buildChildren(metadata) { return children; } -const buildKeywordTree = async (metadata) => { +const buildKeywordTree = async metadata => { const node = generateNode(metadata); + // if node.parentId is null remove the key from the object + if (node.parentId === null) { + delete node.parentId; + } node.children = await buildChildren(metadata); return [node]; }; -function buildCitation(metadata) { +function buildConfig(metadata) { return { citation: { date: [ { - date: metadata.conceptData.schemeVersion, - dateType: 'revision', - }, + date: dayjs(metadata.conceptData.schemeVersion).format( + 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss' + ), + dateType: 'revision' + } ], description: metadata.description || 'No description available.', title: `Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) ${metadata.conceptData.prefLabel}`, edition: `Version ${metadata.conceptData.keywordVersion}`, onlineResource: [ { - uri: `${baseUrl}concept/${metadata.conceptData.uuid}?format=json`, - }, + uri: `${baseUrl}concept/${metadata.conceptData.uuid}?format=json` + } ], identifier: [ { - identifier: metadata.conceptData.uuid, - }, - ], + identifier: metadata.conceptData.uuid + } + ] }, - keywordType: metadata?.conceptData?.scheme?.shortName, label: metadata.conceptData.prefLabel, - keywords: null, + keywordsUrl: `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main/resources/keywords/gcmd-${metadata.id}.json` }; } @@ -107,10 +116,22 @@ async function generateKeywords(vocabulary) { return keywordsJson; } -async function generateCitation(vocabulary) { +async function generateThesaurusConfig(vocabulary) { const metadata = await loadMetadata(vocabulary); - const citation = buildCitation(metadata); - return citation; + const config = buildConfig(metadata); + return config; } -module.exports = { generateCitation, generateKeywords }; +export default async function main() { + for (let i = 0; i < vocabularies.length; i++) { + const vocabulary = vocabularies[i]; + console.log('processing vocabulary', vocabulary.id); + const thesaurusConfig = await generateThesaurusConfig(vocabulary); + const keywords = await generateKeywords(vocabulary); + writeToLocalFile( + thesaurusConfig, + `${thesaurusPath}gcmd-${vocabulary.id}.json` + ); + writeToLocalFile(keywords, `${keywordsPath}gcmd-${vocabulary.id}.json`); + } +} diff --git a/harvesters/gcmd/index.js b/harvesters/gcmd/index.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46b15e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gcmd/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import main from './gcmd'; + +async function run() { + await main(); +} + +export default { run }; diff --git a/harvesters/gcmd/vocabularies.json b/harvesters/gcmd/vocabularies.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3eca44 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gcmd/vocabularies.json @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +[ + { + "id": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", + "name": "Chronostratigraphic Units" + }, + { + "id": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", + "name": "Platforms" + }, + { + "id": "5b98265f-7cd1-4976-bc78-1ac1e6b9b90f", + "name": "Disciplines" + }, + { + "id": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", + "name": "IDN Nodes" + }, + { + "id": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", + "name": "ISO Topic Categories" + }, + { + "id": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", + "name": "Horizontal Resolution Ranges" + }, + { + "id": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", + "name": "Vertical Resolution Ranges" + }, + { + "id": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", + "name": "Temporal Resolution Ranges" + }, + { + "id": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", + "name": "Trash Can" + }, + { + "id": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", + "name": "Instruments" + }, + { + "id": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", + "name": "Projects" + }, + { + "id": "a4632db2-ea6b-45b3-9a3c-17032b07af67", + "name": "Persistent Identifier" + }, + { + "id": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", + "name": "Private" + }, + { + "id": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", + "name": "Phone Type" + }, + { + "id": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", + "name": "Product Flag" + }, + { + "id": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c", + "name": "Dataset Progress" + }, + { + "id": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", + "name": "Dataset Language" + }, + { + "id": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", + "name": "Metadata Association Type" + }, + { + "id": "d6cd58e1-e83e-4718-b48d-08de1aba2f40", + "name": "Organization Personnel Role" + }, + { + "id": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", + "name": "Personnel Role" + }, + { + "id": "e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18", + "name": "Organization Type" + }, + { + "id": "e496c2bf-7f1c-461b-93b1-0248e4a5e932", + "name": "Duration Unit" + }, + { + "id": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", + "name": "Platform Type" + }, + { + "id": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", + "name": "Collection Data Type" + }, + { + "id": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", + "name": "Coordinate System" + }, + { + "id": "d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd", + "name": "Granule Spatial Representation" + }, + { + "id": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", + "name": "Product Level Id" + }, + { + "id": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", + "name": "Spatial Coverage Type" + }, + { + "id": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", + "name": "Multimedia Format" + }, + { + "id": "475934c7-e05f-4547-aaa3-b0cf01afff06", + "name": "Metadata Language" + }, + { + "id": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", + "name": "Contact Type" + }, + { + "id": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", + "name": "Mime Type" + }, + { + "id": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", + "name": "Distribution Size Unit" + }, + { + "id": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", + "name": "Related URL Content Types" + }, + { + "id": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", + "name": "Data Format" + }, + { + "id": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", + "name": "Measurement Name" + }, + { + "id": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", + "name": "Projection Name" + }, + { + "id": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", + "name": "Projection Authority" + }, + { + "id": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", + "name": "Chained Operations" + }, + { + "id": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", + "name": "Operations" + }, + { + "id": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", + "name": "Projection Datum Names" + }, + { + "id": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", + "name": "Science Keywords" + } +] diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/README.md b/harvesters/gnis/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7e7841 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# GNIS Harvester + +## Purpose + +The **GNIS Harvester** processes geographic names and feature data from the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). This includes natural and cultural geographic features, administrative boundaries, and other relevant spatial data. The harvester generates hierarchical JSON files that can be integrated into **mdEditor**, supporting metadata workflows in the **USGS NGGDPP** project. + +## Vocabularies Processed + +The GNIS Harvester generates thesauri and keyword files for the following regions: + +- 50 U.S. states +- U.S. territories and regions: + - American Samoa + - Guam + - Puerto Rico + - U.S. Minor Outlying Islands + - U.S. Virgin Islands + - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands +- Antarctica +- Canadian provinces and territories: + - Alberta + - British Columbia + - Manitoba + - New Brunswick + - Newfoundland and Labrador + - Nova Scotia + - Nunavut + - Ontario + - Prince Edward Island + - Quebec + - Saskatchewan + - Yukon +- Baja California Norte + +These vocabularies are treated as individual thesauri, allowing precise metadata management for each region. + +## Input and Output + +### Input Files + +- **Antarctica**: + + - `AntarcticaNamesAntarctica.txt`: Contains names of geographic features in Antarctica. + - `Gazetteer_Antarctica_Text.xml`: Citation metadata for Antarctica names. + +- **Domestic Names**: + - `DomesticNames_National.txt`: Contains names of domestic geographic features. + - `DomesticNames_National_Text.xml`: Citation metadata for domestic names. + +### Output Directory + +- **Path:** `resources/` +- **Description:** Directory where the generated JSON files are saved. + - `resources/keywords/`: Contains JSON files for each keyword hierarchy. + - `resources/thesaurus/`: Contains thesaurus configuration JSON files. + +## How It Works + +1. **Load Input Files**: + - Reads geographic name data from `AntarcticaNamesAntarctica.txt` and `DomesticNames_National.txt`. +2. **Process Metadata**: + - Constructs hierarchical keyword structures based on geographic feature classifications (e.g., feature class, state). +3. **Generate JSON Files**: + - Outputs keyword and thesaurus JSON files to `resources/keywords/` and `resources/thesaurus/`. + +## Running the GNIS Harvester + +To run the harvester, execute the following command from the root directory: + +`yarn gnis` + +**Important Notes:** + +- Ensure all dependencies are installed by running `yarn install` before execution. +- The command must be run from the repository’s root directory. + +## Validation and Testing + +The GNIS harvester generates files that are validated against schemas. Refer to the root README for detailed instructions on validation. diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/antarctica.js b/harvesters/gnis/antarctica.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3da1075 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/antarctica.js @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +import dayjs from 'dayjs'; +import { writeToLocalFile } from '../utils'; +import { + AntarcticaConfig, + GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM, + gnisConfig +} from './gnisConfig'; +import { parseCitationFromXml, parseTxtFileToJson } from './gnisUtils'; + +const { ANTARCTICA } = GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM; +const { CITATION_FILENAME, DST_FILENAME, TXT_FILENAME } = AntarcticaConfig; +const { BASE_REPO_URL, KEYWORDS_DIR, THESAURUS_DIR } = gnisConfig; + +function extractClasses(jsonData) { + const classes = []; + jsonData.forEach(record => { + const { feature_class } = record; + if (!classes.includes(feature_class)) { + classes.push(feature_class); + } + }); + return classes; +} + +function generateClasses(classList, jsonData) { + const classes = classList.map(className => ({ + uuid: `gnis-antarctica-${className}`, + label: className, + definition: `A class of geographic features in Antarctica with the class name ${className}`, + children: generateKeywords(className, jsonData) + })); + return classes; +} + +function generateKeywords(className, jsonData) { + const keywords = jsonData + .filter(record => record.feature_class === className) + .map(record => ({ + uuid: record.feature_id, + label: record.feature_name, + definition: record.description, + children: [] + })); + return keywords; +} + +function generateThesaurusConfig(keywordsUrl, citation) { + const { pubdate, title } = + citation.metadata.idinfo[0].citation[0].citeinfo[0]; + const { abstract } = citation.metadata.idinfo[0].descript[0]; + const { browsen } = citation.metadata.idinfo[0].browse[0]; + const thesaurusConfig = { + citation: { + date: [ + { + date: dayjs(pubdate[0]).format('YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ'), + dateType: 'revision' + } + ], + description: abstract[0], + title: title[0], + edition: '', + onlineResource: [{ uri: browsen[0] }], + identifier: [{ identifier: 'gnis-antarctic-thesaurus' }] + }, + label: 'GNIS Antarctica Thesaurus', + keywordsUrl + }; + return thesaurusConfig; +} + +export async function harvestAntarctica() { + console.log('Harvesting Antarctica'); + const jsonData = await parseTxtFileToJson(`${ANTARCTICA}/${TXT_FILENAME}`); + const classList = extractClasses(jsonData); + const keywords = [ + { + uuid: 'gnis-antarctica', + label: 'Antarctica', + definition: + "Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.", + children: generateClasses(classList, jsonData) + } + ]; + writeToLocalFile(keywords, `${KEYWORDS_DIR}/${DST_FILENAME}`); + const keywordsUrl = `${BASE_REPO_URL}/${KEYWORDS_DIR}/${DST_FILENAME}`; + const citation = await parseCitationFromXml( + `${ANTARCTICA}/${CITATION_FILENAME}` + ); + const thesaurusConfig = generateThesaurusConfig(keywordsUrl, citation); + writeToLocalFile(thesaurusConfig, `${THESAURUS_DIR}/${DST_FILENAME}`); + console.log('Antarctica keywords harvested'); +} diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/domesticNames.js b/harvesters/gnis/domesticNames.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab2f981 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/domesticNames.js @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +import dayjs from 'dayjs'; + +import { writeToLocalFile } from '../utils'; +import { + DomesticNamesConfig, + GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM, + gnisConfig +} from './gnisConfig'; +import { parseCitationFromXml, parseTxtFileToJson } from './gnisUtils'; + +const { DOMESTIC_NAMES } = GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM; +const { CITATION_FILANAME, DST_FILENAME_PREFIX, TXT_FILENAME } = + DomesticNamesConfig; +const { BASE_REPO_URL, KEYWORDS_DIR, THESAURUS_DIR } = gnisConfig; + +function generateThesaurusConfig(statename, keywordsUrl, citation) { + const { pubdate, title } = + citation.metadata.idinfo[0].citation[0].citeinfo[0]; + const { abstract } = citation.metadata.idinfo[0].descript[0]; + const { browsen } = citation.metadata.idinfo[0].browse[0]; + const thesaurusConfig = { + citation: { + date: [ + { + date: dayjs(pubdate[0]).format('YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ'), + dateType: 'revision' + } + ], + description: abstract[0], + title: title[0], + edition: '', + onlineResource: [{ uri: browsen[0] }], + identifier: [ + { + identifier: `gnis-domestic-names-${statename}` + } + ] + }, + label: `GNIS - Domestic Names - ${statename} - Thesaurus`, + keywordsUrl + }; + return thesaurusConfig; +} + +export async function harvestDomesticNames() { + console.log('Harvesting Domestic Names'); + + // Load the data from the file and parse it into JSON + // The resulting JSON will have an array of objects with the following properties: + // "feature_id" + // "feature_name" + // "feature_class" + // "state_name" + // "state_numeric" + // "county_name" + // "county_numeric" + // "map_name" + // "date_created" + // "date_edited" + // The JSON data also contains additional keys not listed above, which contain coordinates for the features + const jsonData = await parseTxtFileToJson( + `${DOMESTIC_NAMES}/${TXT_FILENAME}` + ); + + const hierarchy = []; + const stateMap = {}; + + jsonData.forEach(item => { + const { + state_name: state, + state_numeric: stateNumeric, + feature_class: featureClass, + feature_name: featureName, + feature_id: featureId + } = item; + + if (!stateMap[state]) { + let stateUuid = `${stateNumeric}-${state}`; + stateUuid = stateUuid.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g, '-').toLowerCase(); + const stateNode = { + uuid: stateUuid, + label: state, + definition: `${state} is a state in the United States.`, + children: [] + }; + stateMap[state] = stateNode; + hierarchy.push(stateNode); + } + + const stateNode = stateMap[state]; + + let featureClassNode = stateNode.children.find( + child => child.label === featureClass + ); + + if (!featureClassNode) { + let classUuid = `${state}-${featureClass}`; + classUuid = classUuid.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g, '-').toLowerCase(); + featureClassNode = { + uuid: classUuid, + label: featureClass, + definition: `${featureClass} is a type of feature found in ${state}.`, + children: [] + }; + stateNode.children.push(featureClassNode); + } + + const featureExists = featureClassNode.children.some( + child => child.label === featureName + ); + + if (!featureExists) { + featureClassNode.children.push({ + uuid: featureId, + label: featureName, + definition: `${featureName} is a specific ${featureClass} in ${state}.`, + children: [] + }); + } + }); + + const citation = await parseCitationFromXml( + `${DOMESTIC_NAMES}/${CITATION_FILANAME}` + ); + + hierarchy.forEach(state => { + let statename = state.label; + if (statename === '') { + statename = 'Unknown'; + } + let filename = `${DST_FILENAME_PREFIX}${statename}`; + filename = filename.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g, '-').toLowerCase(); + filename = `${filename}.json`; + writeToLocalFile([state], `${KEYWORDS_DIR}/${filename}`); + const keywordsUrl = `${BASE_REPO_URL}/${KEYWORDS_DIR}/${filename}`; + const thesaurusConfig = generateThesaurusConfig( + state.label, + keywordsUrl, + citation + ); + writeToLocalFile(thesaurusConfig, `${THESAURUS_DIR}/${filename}`); + }); +} diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/gnis.js b/harvesters/gnis/gnis.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..189a86b --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/gnis.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +import { harvestAntarctica } from './antarctica'; +import { harvestDomesticNames } from './domesticNames'; + +export default async function main() { + console.log('Starting GNIS Harvester...'); + await harvestAntarctica(); + await harvestDomesticNames(); + console.log('Harvesting Complete'); +} diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/gnisConfig.js b/harvesters/gnis/gnisConfig.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d59c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/gnisConfig.js @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// These are named the same as their directories, +// so they can be used to dynamically load the config data +export const GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM = { + ANTARCTICA: 'Antarctica', + DOMESTIC_NAMES: 'DomesticNames', + TOPICAL: 'Topical' +}; + +export const gnisConfig = { + BASE_REPO_URL: + 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main', + DATA_DIR: 'harvesters/gnis/data', + KEYWORDS_DIR: 'resources/keywords', + THESAURUS_DIR: 'resources/thesaurus' +}; + +export const AntarcticaConfig = { + CITATION_FILENAME: 'Gazetteer_Antarctica_Text.xml', + DST_FILENAME: 'gnis-antarctica.json', + TXT_FILENAME: 'AntarcticaNamesAntarctica.txt' +}; + +export const DomesticNamesConfig = { + CITATION_FILANAME: 'DomesticNames_National_Text.xml', + DST_FILENAME_PREFIX: 'gnis-domestic-', + TXT_FILENAME: 'DomesticNames_National.txt' +}; diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/gnisUtils.js b/harvesters/gnis/gnisUtils.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9436bfc --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/gnisUtils.js @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +import fs from 'fs'; +import readline from 'readline'; +import xml2js from 'xml2js'; + +import { gnisConfig } from './gnisConfig'; + +const { DATA_DIR } = gnisConfig; + +export async function parseTxtFileToJson(filePath) { + console.log('Parsing TXT File', filePath); + const fullRelativePath = `${DATA_DIR}/${filePath}`; + const filestream = fs.createReadStream(fullRelativePath, 'utf-8'); + const rl = readline.createInterface({ + input: filestream, + crlfDelay: Infinity + }); + const headers = []; + const results = []; + for await (const line of rl) { + if (headers.length === 0) { + const tmpHeaders = line.split('|'); + if (tmpHeaders[0].charCodeAt(0) === 0xfeff) { + tmpHeaders[0] = tmpHeaders[0].substring(1); + } + tmpHeaders.forEach(header => { + headers.push(header); + }); + } else { + const record = line.split('|'); + const recordObj = {}; + headers.forEach((header, index) => { + recordObj[header] = record[index]; + }); + results.push(recordObj); + } + } + return results; +} + +export async function parseCitationFromXml(filePath) { + console.log('Parsing XML File', filePath); + // load xml file + const xmlData = fs.readFileSync(`${DATA_DIR}/${filePath}`, 'utf-8'); + // parse xml + const parser = new xml2js.Parser(); + let citation; + parser.parseString(xmlData, (err, result) => { + if (err) { + console.error('Error parsing XML', err); + } else { + citation = result; + } + }); + return citation; +} diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/index.js b/harvesters/gnis/index.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c6d791 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import main from './gnis'; + +async function run() { + await main(); +} + +export default { run }; diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/scripts/README.md b/harvesters/gnis/scripts/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c31489 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/scripts/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# scripts + +These files are additional scripts that produce metadata about the files in the data directory. They will not be documented other than to say they can provide information about features broken up by state as well as some additional metadata. To use them, they should be able to run as long as you have the correct files, just save the original `domesticNames.js` file in the parent directory to this one, then move whichever script you want to use and rename it to remove the \_Scratch appended to the end. diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/scripts/domesticNames_Scratch.js b/harvesters/gnis/scripts/domesticNames_Scratch.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee5480f --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/scripts/domesticNames_Scratch.js @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +import { readdir } from 'fs/promises'; + +import { writeToLocalFile } from '../../utils'; +import { + DomesticNamesConfig, + GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM, + gnisConfig +} from '../gnisConfig'; +import { parseTxtFileToJson } from '../gnisUtils'; + +const { DOMESTIC_NAMES } = GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM; +const { NATIONAL_FILENAME } = DomesticNamesConfig; +const { DATA_DIR } = gnisConfig; + +export async function harvestDomesticNames() { + console.log('Harvesting Domestic Names'); + const jsonData = await parseTxtFileToJson( + `${DOMESTIC_NAMES}/${NATIONAL_FILENAME}` + ); + const numberOfRecords = jsonData.length; + const namesSet = new Set(jsonData.map(item => item.feature_name)); + const names = Array.from(namesSet); + const numberOfNames = names.length; + const statesSet = new Set(jsonData.map(item => item.state_name)); + const states = Array.from(statesSet); + const featureClassSet = new Set(jsonData.map(item => item.feature_class)); + const featureClasses = Array.from(featureClassSet); + const features = {}; + featureClasses.forEach(featureClass => { + const count = jsonData.filter( + item => item.feature_class === featureClass + ).length; + features[featureClass] = count; + }); + const counties = {}; + const countyLength = {}; + states.forEach(state => { + const stateCountiesSet = new Set( + jsonData + .filter(item => item.state_name === state) + .map(item => item.county_name) + ); + const stateCounties = Array.from(stateCountiesSet); + counties[state] = stateCounties; + countyLength[state] = stateCounties.length; + }); + const numberOfRecordsByState = {}; + states.forEach(state => { + const count = jsonData.filter(item => item.state_name === state).length; + numberOfRecordsByState[state] = count; + }); + const stateWithMostNumberOfRecords = Object.keys( + numberOfRecordsByState + ).reduce((a, b) => + numberOfRecordsByState[a] > numberOfRecordsByState[b] ? a : b + ); + const stateNames = {}; + const numberOfNamesByState = {}; + states.forEach(state => { + const namesSet = new Set( + jsonData + .filter(item => item.state_name === state) + .map(item => item.feature_name) + ); + const names = Array.from(namesSet); + stateNames[state] = names; + numberOfNamesByState[state] = names.length; + }); + const featureWithMostNumberOfRecords = Object.keys(features).reduce((a, b) => + features[a] > features[b] ? a : b + ); + const tmpObj = { + numberOfRecords, + numberOfNames, + numberOfStates: states.length, + numberOfFeatures: featureClasses.length, + numberOfCounties: Object.values(countyLength).reduce( + (total, count) => total + count, + 0 + ), + headers: Object.keys(jsonData[0]), + states, + numberOfRecordsByState, + stateWithMostNumberOfRecords, + mostNumberOfRecordsInAState: + numberOfRecordsByState[stateWithMostNumberOfRecords], + numberOfNamesByState, + counties, + countyLength, + featureClasses, + features, + featureWithMostNumberOfRecords, + mostNumberOfRecordsInAFeature: features[featureWithMostNumberOfRecords] + }; + + writeToLocalFile(tmpObj, 'tmp/national.json'); + + const stateFilenames = await readdir(`${DATA_DIR}/${DOMESTIC_NAMES}/States`); + + for (const filename of stateFilenames) { + const jsonData = await parseTxtFileToJson( + `${DOMESTIC_NAMES}/States/${filename}` + ); + + const numberOfRecords = jsonData.length; + const namesSet = new Set(jsonData.map(item => item.feature_name)); + const names = Array.from(namesSet); + const numberOfNames = names.length; + const statesSet = new Set(jsonData.map(item => item.state_name)); + const states = Array.from(statesSet); + const numberOfStates = states.length; + const featureClassSet = new Set(jsonData.map(item => item.feature_class)); + const featureClasses = Array.from(featureClassSet); + + const features = {}; + featureClasses.forEach(featureClass => { + const count = jsonData.filter( + item => item.feature_class === featureClass + ).length; + features[featureClass] = count; + }); + + const counties = {}; + const countyLength = {}; + states.forEach(state => { + const stateCountiesSet = new Set( + jsonData + .filter(item => item.state_name === state) + .map(item => item.county_name) + ); + const stateCounties = Array.from(stateCountiesSet); + counties[state] = stateCounties; + countyLength[state] = stateCounties.length; + }); + + const numberOfRecordsByState = {}; + states.forEach(state => { + const count = jsonData.filter(item => item.state_name === state).length; + numberOfRecordsByState[state] = count; + }); + + const stateWithMostNumberOfRecords = Object.keys( + numberOfRecordsByState + ).reduce((a, b) => + numberOfRecordsByState[a] > numberOfRecordsByState[b] ? a : b + ); + + const featureWithMostNumberOfRecords = Object.keys(features).reduce( + (a, b) => (features[a] > features[b] ? a : b) + ); + + const tmpObj = { + numberOfRecords, + numberOfNames, + numberOfStates, + numberOfFeatures: featureClasses.length, + numberOfCounties: Object.values(countyLength).reduce( + (total, count) => total + count, + 0 + ), + headers: Object.keys(jsonData[0]), + states, + numberOfRecordsByState, + stateWithMostNumberOfRecords, + mostNumberOfRecordsInAState: + numberOfRecordsByState[stateWithMostNumberOfRecords], + counties, + countyLength, + featureClasses, + features, + featureWithMostNumberOfRecords, + mostNumberOfRecordsInAFeature: features[featureWithMostNumberOfRecords] + }; + + writeToLocalFile(tmpObj, `tmp/${filename.replace('.txt', '.json')}`); + } +} diff --git a/harvesters/gnis/scripts/domesticNames_Scratch2.js b/harvesters/gnis/scripts/domesticNames_Scratch2.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..908fe29 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/gnis/scripts/domesticNames_Scratch2.js @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +import { writeToLocalFile } from '../../utils'; +import { DomesticNamesConfig, GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM } from '../gnisConfig'; +import { parseTxtFileToJson } from '../gnisUtils'; + +const { DOMESTIC_NAMES } = GNIS_HARVESTERS_ENUM; +const { NATIONAL_FILENAME } = DomesticNamesConfig; + +export async function harvestDomesticNames() { + console.log('Harvesting Domestic Names'); + const jsonData = await parseTxtFileToJson( + `${DOMESTIC_NAMES}/${NATIONAL_FILENAME}` + ); + + const statesSet = new Set(jsonData.map(item => item.state_name)); + const states = Array.from(statesSet); + + const namesByState = {}; + + const stateFeatureMap = {}; + jsonData.forEach(item => { + if (!stateFeatureMap[item.state_name]) { + stateFeatureMap[item.state_name] = {}; + } + if (!stateFeatureMap[item.state_name][item.feature_name]) { + stateFeatureMap[item.state_name][item.feature_name] = { + feature_name: item.feature_name, + state_names: new Set(), + feature_ids: [], + feature_class: item.feature_class, + county_names: new Set() + }; + } + const feature = stateFeatureMap[item.state_name][item.feature_name]; + feature.state_names.add(item.state_name); + feature.feature_ids.push(item.feature_id); + feature.county_names.add(item.county_name); + }); + + Object.keys(stateFeatureMap).forEach(state => { + namesByState[state] = Object.values(stateFeatureMap[state]).map(feature => { + return { + feature_name: feature.feature_name, + feature_class: feature.feature_class, + number_of_ids: feature.feature_ids.length, + number_of_counties: feature.county_names.size, + state_names: Array.from(feature.state_names), + feature_ids: feature.feature_ids, + county_names: Array.from(feature.county_names) + }; + }); + }); + + const numberOfRecordsByState = {}; + states.forEach(state => { + const count = namesByState[state].length; + numberOfRecordsByState[state] = count; + }); + + // sort numberOfRecordsByState by state name + const sortedNumberOfRecordsByState = {}; + Object.keys(numberOfRecordsByState) + .sort() + .forEach(key => { + sortedNumberOfRecordsByState[key] = numberOfRecordsByState[key]; + }); + + writeToLocalFile( + sortedNumberOfRecordsByState, + 'tmp/numberOfRecordsByState.json' + ); + + states.forEach(state => { + let filename = state; + if (filename === '') { + filename = 'Unknown'; + } + writeToLocalFile( + namesByState[state].sort((a, b) => + a.feature_name.localeCompare(b.feature_name) + ), + `tmp/states/${filename}.json` + ); + }); +} diff --git a/harvesters/index.js b/harvesters/index.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da03b23 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +import gcmd from './gcmd'; +import gnis from './gnis'; +import nalt from './nalt'; +import sciencebase from './sciencebase'; +import usgs from './usgs'; + +const harvesters = { gcmd, gnis, nalt, sciencebase, usgs }; + +// Function to run a specific harvester +const runHarvester = name => { + if (harvesters[name]) { + console.log(`Running ${name}`); + harvesters[name].run(); + } else { + console.log(`Harvester ${name} not found`); + } +}; + +// Get the arguments passed to the script +const args = process.argv.slice(2); + +// Run the harvester(s) based on the arguments +if (args.length > 0) { + // Run the specific harvester(s) mentioned in the arguments + args.forEach(runHarvester); +} else { + // Run all harvesters if no specific one is mentioned + Object.keys(harvesters).forEach(runHarvester); +} diff --git a/harvesters/nalt/README.md b/harvesters/nalt/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..371430e --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/nalt/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +# NALT Harvester + +## Purpose + +The **NALT Harvester** processes RDF/XML from the National Agricultural Library Thesaurus (NALT) to generate structured JSON files. These files provide hierarchical keyword structures and thesaurus configurations designed for integration with **mdEditor**, supporting metadata workflows in the **USGS NGGDPP** project. + +## Vocabularies Processed + +The NALT Harvester generates thesauri and keyword files for the following categories: + +- Taxonomic hierarchy +- Fields of study +- Animals, livestock, One Health +- Economics, trade, law, business, industry +- Farms, agricultural production systems +- Human nutrition, food safety, and quality +- Forestry, wildland management +- Geographical locations +- Natural resources, conservation, environment +- Plant production, gardening +- Research, technology, methods +- Rural development, communities, education, extension + +## Input and Output + +### Input File + +- **Path:** `harvesters/nalt/data/nalt-full.rdf` +- **Description:** RDF/XML file containing NALT metadata. + +### Output Directory + +- **Path:** `resources/` +- **Description:** Directory where the generated JSON files are saved. + - `resources/keywords/`: Contains JSON files for each keyword hierarchy. + - `resources/thesaurus/`: Contains thesaurus configuration JSON files. + +## How It Works + +1. **Load the Input File**: + - The harvester reads the RDF/XML file from `harvesters/nalt/data/nalt-full.rdf`. +2. **Parse Metadata**: + - Extracts entries and relationships from the RDF structure. +3. **Build Hierarchies**: + - Creates a hierarchical structure of keywords based on "narrower" relationships. +4. **Generate JSON Files**: + - Outputs JSON files to `resources/keywords/` and `resources/thesaurus/`. + +## Running the NALT Harvester + +To run the harvester, execute the following command from the root directory: + +`yarn nalt` + +**Important Notes:** + +- Ensure all dependencies are installed by running `yarn install` before execution. +- The command must be run from the repository’s root directory. + +## Validation and Testing + +The NALT harvester generates files that are validated against schemas. Refer to the root README for detailed instructions on validation. diff --git a/harvesters/nalt/index.js b/harvesters/nalt/index.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e666e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/nalt/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import main from './nalt'; + +async function run() { + await main(); +} + +export default { run }; diff --git a/harvesters/nalt/nalt.js b/harvesters/nalt/nalt.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38174fc --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/nalt/nalt.js @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +import { + buildHierarchies, + parseXmlData, + processEntries, + readXmlFile, + saveHierarchies +} from './utils'; + +const INPUT_FILE_PATH = 'harvesters/nalt/data/nalt-full.rdf'; +const OUTPUT_FILE_PATH = 'resources/'; + +export default async function main() { + console.log('Starting NALT Harvester...'); + try { + const xmlData = await readXmlFile(INPUT_FILE_PATH); + const parsedData = await parseXmlData(xmlData); + const processedData = processEntries(parsedData); + const hierarchies = buildHierarchies(processedData); + await saveHierarchies(hierarchies, OUTPUT_FILE_PATH, processedData); + console.log('Harvesting Complete'); + } catch (error) { + console.error('An error occurred:', error); + } +} diff --git a/harvesters/nalt/utils.js b/harvesters/nalt/utils.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03f543a --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/nalt/utils.js @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +import dayjs from 'dayjs'; +import fs from 'fs/promises'; +import { Parser, processors } from 'xml2js'; + +const createParser = () => { + const parser = new Parser({ + explicitArray: false, // Do not put single elements in arrays + mergeAttrs: true, // Merge attributes with child elements + tagNameProcessors: [processors.stripPrefix] // Remove namespace prefixes + }); + + return parser; +}; + +const readXmlFile = async filePath => { + console.log(`Reading XML file from ${filePath}`); + try { + const data = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8'); + return data; + } catch (error) { + console.error(`Error reading XML file: ${error.message}`); + throw error; + } +}; + +const parseXmlData = async xmlData => { + console.log('Parsing XML data'); + try { + const parser = createParser(); + const parsedData = await parser.parseStringPromise(xmlData); + return parsedData; + } catch (error) { + console.error(`Error parsing XML data: ${error.message}`); + throw error; + } +}; + +const processEntries = parsedData => { + console.log('Processing entries'); + const descriptions = parsedData.RDF?.Description; + const primaryEntries = new Map(); + const defEntries = new Map(); + const rootNodes = []; + descriptions.forEach(description => { + const about = description['rdf:about']; + const id = about.split('/').pop().replace('_def', ''); + const entries = about.endsWith('_def') ? defEntries : primaryEntries; + entries.set(id, description); + if (description.topConceptOf) { + rootNodes.push(description); + } + }); + return { primaryEntries, defEntries, rootNodes }; +}; + +const buildHierarchies = ({ primaryEntries, defEntries, rootNodes }) => + rootNodes.map(root => createNode(root, primaryEntries, defEntries)); + +const extractId = entry => entry['rdf:about'].split('/').pop(); + +const createNode = (entry, primaryEntries, defEntries) => ({ + uuid: extractId(entry), + label: getLabel(entry), + definition: getDefinition(entry, defEntries), + children: getChildren(entry, primaryEntries, defEntries) +}); + +const extractEnglishValue = values => { + const valueObj = Array.isArray(values) + ? values.find(val => val['xml:lang'] === 'en') + : values['xml:lang'] === 'en' + ? values + : null; + return valueObj ? valueObj._ : null; +}; + +const getLabel = ({ prefLabel, altLabel }) => { + let label = null; + if (prefLabel) { + label = extractEnglishValue(prefLabel); + } + if (!label && altLabel) { + label = 'alt - ' + extractEnglishValue(altLabel); + } + return label; +}; + +const getDefinition = (entry, defEntries) => { + const { definition } = entry; + if (definition?.['rdf:resource']) { + const defId = definition['rdf:resource'].split('/').pop().split('_')[0]; + const defEntry = defEntries.get(defId); + if (defEntry?.value?.length > 0) { + return extractEnglishValue(defEntry.value); + } + } + return ''; +}; + +const getChildren = (entry, entryMap, defEntries) => { + const children = []; + const { narrower } = entry; + if (narrower?.length > 0) { + narrower.forEach(childRef => { + const childId = childRef['rdf:resource'].split('/').pop(); + const childEntry = entryMap.get(childId); + if (childEntry) { + children.push(createNode(childEntry, entryMap, defEntries)); + } + }); + } + return children; +}; + +const generateThesaurusConfig = (uuid, label, node, keywordsUrl) => { + const thesaurusConfig = { + citation: { + date: [ + { + date: dayjs(node.modified._).format('YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ'), + dateType: 'revision' + } + ], + description: label, + title: label, + edition: '', + onlineResource: [{ uri: node['rdf:about'] }], + identifier: [ + { + identifier: uuid + } + ] + }, + label, + keywordsUrl + }; + return thesaurusConfig; +}; + +const saveHierarchies = async ( + hierarchies, + outputFilePath, + { primaryEntries } +) => { + for (const tree of hierarchies) { + const { uuid, label } = tree; + const node = primaryEntries.get(uuid); + console.log(`Saving tree ${uuid} ${label}`); + const filename = `nalt-${uuid}.json`; + const treeFilePath = `${outputFilePath}/keywords/${filename}`; + const configFile = `${outputFilePath}/thesaurus/${filename}`; + const keywordsUrl = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main/resources/keywords/${filename}`; + const treeConfig = generateThesaurusConfig(uuid, label, node, keywordsUrl); + await saveJsonFile(treeFilePath, [tree]); + console.log('Keywords saved, saving thesaurus config...'); + await saveJsonFile(configFile, treeConfig); + console.log('Thesaurus config saved'); + } +}; + +const saveJsonFile = async (filePath, data) => { + console.log(`Saving JSON file to ${filePath}`); + try { + const jsonData = JSON.stringify(data, null, 2); + await fs.writeFile(filePath, jsonData, 'utf-8'); + console.log(`File successfully saved to ${filePath}`); + } catch (error) { + console.error(`Error saving JSON file: ${error.message}`); + throw error; + } +}; + +export { + buildHierarchies, + generateThesaurusConfig, + parseXmlData, + processEntries, + readXmlFile, + saveHierarchies +}; diff --git a/harvesters/sciencebase/README.md b/harvesters/sciencebase/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3cbbc3c --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/sciencebase/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# ScienceBase Harvester + +## Purpose + +The **ScienceBase Harvester** collects keywords and thesauri from the ScienceBase system. These vocabularies are essential for managing metadata related to conservation, collection management, and scientific data cataloging. The harvester generates hierarchical JSON files that can be integrated into **mdEditor**, supporting metadata workflows in the **USGS NGGDPP** project. + +## Vocabularies Processed + +The ScienceBase Harvester generates thesauri and keyword files for the following categories: + +- Favret Conservation Status (dry) +- Favret Conservation Status (fluid) +- Favret Conservation Status (slide) +- Favret Container Condition (dry) +- Favret Container Condition (fluid) +- Favret Container Condition (slide) +- Favret Processing State (dry) +- Favret Processing State (fluid) +- Favret Processing State (slide) +- CollectionTheme +- primaryPurpose +- userGroup +- category +- unit +- type +- Known To Contain Types +- Hazardous Materials +- NGGDPP ReSciColl ScienceBase Type Tags + +These vocabularies are treated as individual thesauri, enabling precise metadata management for various collection and conservation contexts. + +## Input and Output + +### Input File + +- **Path:** `harvesters/sciencebase/vocabularies.json` +- **Description:** JSON file containing a list of vocabulary IDs and names to process. + +### Output Directory + +- **Path:** `resources/` +- **Description:** Directory where the generated JSON files are saved. + - `resources/keywords/`: Contains JSON files for each keyword hierarchy. + - `resources/thesaurus/`: Contains thesaurus configuration JSON files. + +## How It Works + +1. **Load Input Data**: + - Reads vocabulary IDs from `vocabularies.json`. +2. **Fetch Metadata**: + - Retrieves hierarchical structure and definitions from the ScienceBase API. +3. **Generate JSON Files**: + - Outputs keyword and thesaurus JSON files to `resources/keywords/` and `resources/thesaurus/`. + +## Running the ScienceBase Harvester + +To run the harvester, execute the following command from the root directory: + +`yarn sciencebase` + +**Important Notes:** + +- Ensure all dependencies are installed by running `yarn install` before execution. +- The command must be run from the repository’s root directory. + +## Validation and Testing + +The ScienceBase harvester generates files that are validated against schemas. Refer to the root README for detailed instructions on validation. diff --git a/harvesters/sciencebase/index.js b/harvesters/sciencebase/index.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc32b3b --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/sciencebase/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import main from './sciencebase'; + +async function run() { + await main(); +} + +export default { run }; diff --git a/src/sciencebase.js b/harvesters/sciencebase/sciencebase.js similarity index 58% rename from src/sciencebase.js rename to harvesters/sciencebase/sciencebase.js index a3f81b0..2e3ee99 100644 --- a/src/sciencebase.js +++ b/harvesters/sciencebase/sciencebase.js @@ -1,8 +1,12 @@ -const axios = require('axios'); -const { loadConfig, sleep } = require('./utils'); +import axios from 'axios'; +import { sleep, writeToLocalFile } from '../utils'; +import dayjs from 'dayjs'; -const CONF_JSON = 'conf/main.json'; -const { baseUrl } = loadConfig(CONF_JSON).sciencebase; +import vocabularies from './vocabularies.json'; + +const baseUrl = 'https://www.sciencebase.gov/vocab'; +const thesaurusPath = 'resources/thesaurus/'; +const keywordsPath = 'resources/keywords/'; const getNode = async (parentId, nodeType) => { let params = { @@ -10,12 +14,12 @@ const getNode = async (parentId, nodeType) => { nodeType, max: 10, offset: 0, - format: 'json', + format: 'json' }; const response = await axios .get(`${baseUrl}/categories/get`, { params }) - .then((response) => response.data) - .catch((error) => { + .then(response => response.data) + .catch(error => { console.log('Error getting node', error); }); const total = response.total; @@ -25,9 +29,9 @@ const getNode = async (parentId, nodeType) => { params.offset += 10; const nextResponse = await axios .get(`${baseUrl}/categories/get`, { - params, + params }) - .catch((error) => { + .catch(error => { console.log('Error getting next page', error); }); list = list.concat(nextResponse.data.list); @@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ const populateVocabulary = async (list, vocabulary, parentId) => { uuid: item.id, label: item.name, definition: item.description || '', - children: terms, + children: terms }); const termNode = await getNode(item.id, 'term'); for (const termItem of termNode.list) { @@ -52,7 +56,7 @@ const populateVocabulary = async (list, vocabulary, parentId) => { uuid: termItem.id, parentId: item.id, label: termItem.name, - definition: termItem.description, + definition: termItem.description || '' }); } } else { @@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ const populateVocabulary = async (list, vocabulary, parentId) => { parentId, label: item.name, definition: item.description || '', - children, + children }); await populateVocabulary(node.list, children, item.id); } @@ -79,40 +83,39 @@ async function buildTree(baseId) { async function loadMetadataFromId(id) { let params = { - format: 'json', + format: 'json' }; const metadata = await axios .get(`${baseUrl}/vocabulary/${id}`, { params }) - .then((response) => response.data); + .then(response => response.data); return metadata; } -function buildCitation(metadata) { +function buildConfig(metadata) { return { citation: { date: [ { - date: '', - dateType: '', - }, + date: dayjs().format('YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ'), + dateType: 'lastUpdate' + } ], - description: metadata.description || 'No description available.', + description: metadata.description || '', title: metadata.name, edition: '', onlineResource: [ { - uri: metadata.uri, - }, + uri: metadata.uri + } ], identifier: [ { - identifier: metadata.id, - }, - ], + identifier: metadata.id + } + ] }, - keywordType: metadata.nodeType || '', - label: metadata.label || '', - keywords: null, + label: metadata.label || metadata.name || '', + keywordsUrl: `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main/resources/keywords/sb-${metadata.id}.json` }; } @@ -123,11 +126,24 @@ async function generateKeywords(vocabulary) { return keywords; } -async function generateCitation(vocabulary) { +async function generateThesaurusConfig(vocabulary) { const { id } = vocabulary; - console.log(`Generating citation for ${id}`); + console.log(`Generating config for ${id}`); const metadata = await loadMetadataFromId(id); - return buildCitation(metadata); + return buildConfig(metadata); } -module.exports = { generateCitation, generateKeywords }; +export default async function main() { + for (let i = 0; i < vocabularies.length; i++) { + await sleep(5000); + const vocabulary = vocabularies[i]; + console.log('processing vocabulary', vocabulary.id); + const thesaurusConfig = await generateThesaurusConfig(vocabulary); + const keywords = await generateKeywords(vocabulary); + writeToLocalFile( + thesaurusConfig, + `${thesaurusPath}sb-${vocabulary.id}.json` + ); + writeToLocalFile(keywords, `${keywordsPath}sb-${vocabulary.id}.json`); + } +} diff --git a/harvesters/sciencebase/vocabularies.json b/harvesters/sciencebase/vocabularies.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4102233 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/sciencebase/vocabularies.json @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +[ + { + "id": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", + "name": "Favret Conservation Status (dry)" + }, + { + "id": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", + "name": "Favret Conservation Status (fluid)" + }, + { + "id": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", + "name": "Favret Conservation Status (slide)" + }, + { + "id": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", + "name": "Favret Container Condition (dry)" + }, + { + "id": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", + "name": "Favret Container Condition (fluid)" + }, + { + "id": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", + "name": "Favret Container Condition (slide)" + }, + { + "id": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", + "name": "Favret Processing State (dry)" + }, + { + "id": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", + "name": "Favret Processing State (fluid)" + }, + { + "id": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", + "name": "Favret Processing State (slide)" + }, + { + "id": "58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4", + "name": "CollectionTheme" + }, + { + "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df14", + "name": "primaryPurpose" + }, + { + "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", + "name": "userGroup" + }, + { + "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df22", + "name": "category" + }, + { + "id": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", + "name": "unit" + }, + { + "id": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df1d", + "name": "type" + }, + { + "id": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", + "name": "Known To Contain Types" + }, + { + "id": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", + "name": "Hazardous Materials" + }, + { + "id": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", + "name": "NGGDPP ReSciColl ScienceBase Type Tags" + }, + { + "id": "665dda66b45f3e708095caa0", + "name": "GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility" + } +] diff --git a/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/README.md b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd00e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# USGS Thesaurus Harvester + +**DEPRECATED** + +This is an old version of the USGS Thesaurus harvester. It was designed only for the thesaurus and not any of the other resources which could be retrieved using the API. +This first version focused on the sql dump and parsing that, but the API is actually sufficient for retrieving this data so a new USGS harvester has been developed that can +still support this thesaurus, but it can also support all the other USGS vocabularies. diff --git a/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/index.js b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/index.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4a2d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import main from './usgs'; + +async function run() { + await main(); +} + +export default { run }; diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/thesaurusConfig.json similarity index 64% rename from resources/thesaurus/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json rename to harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/thesaurusConfig.json index 434279d..9eccbe9 100644 --- a/resources/thesaurus/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json +++ b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/thesaurusConfig.json @@ -1,11 +1,6 @@ { "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2020-01-09", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], + "date": [], "description": "Topics and methods of scientific study carried out by USGS, with product types, scientific disciplines, geologic time, and types of institutional structure and activities. Broad and shallow, used to help people find scientific information.", "title": "USGS Thesaurus", "edition": "v1.0", @@ -20,8 +15,5 @@ } ] }, - "keywordType": "usgsThesaurus", - "label": "USGS Thesaurus", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json" -} \ No newline at end of file + "label": "USGS Thesaurus" +} diff --git a/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/usgs.js b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/usgs.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2874009 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/usgs-thesaurus/usgs.js @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +import axios from 'axios'; +import { writeToLocalFile } from '../utils'; +import dayjs from 'dayjs'; + +import thesaurusConfigTemplate from './thesaurusConfig.json'; +const thesaurusDir = 'resources/thesaurus/'; +const keywordsDir = 'resources/keywords/'; + +const sourceUrl = + 'https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/download/update-usgs-thesaurus.sql'; + +const regex = /insert into term \(code,name,parent,scope\) values \((.*)\);$/gm; + +const COLUMN = Object.freeze({ + CODE: 0, + NAME: 1, + PARENT: 2, + SCOPE: 3 +}); + +const parseSql = sqlData => { + let m; + let results = []; + while ((m = regex.exec(sqlData)) !== null) { + // This is necessary to avoid infinite loops with zero-width matches + if (m.index === regex.lastIndex) { + regex.lastIndex++; + } + results.push( + // eslint-disable-next-line quotes + eval(`[${m[1].replace(/NULL/g, '""').replace(/''/g, "\\'")}]`) + ); + } + return results; +}; + +const getRootNode = parsedData => { + const rootIndex = parsedData.findIndex(node => { + return node[COLUMN.PARENT] === ''; + }); + return parsedData[rootIndex]; +}; + +const findChildren = (data, parent) => { + const results = []; + data.forEach(node => { + if (node[COLUMN.PARENT] === parent) { + results.push({ + uuid: node[COLUMN.CODE], + label: node[COLUMN.NAME], + definition: node[COLUMN.SCOPE], + children: findChildren(data, node[COLUMN.CODE]) + }); + } + }); + return results; +}; + +const buildTree = sqlData => { + const parsedData = parseSql(sqlData); + const rootNode = getRootNode(parsedData); + return findChildren(parsedData, rootNode[COLUMN.CODE]); +}; + +const loadSql = async () => { + const response = await axios.get(sourceUrl); + return response.data; +}; + +async function generateKeywords() { + const sqlData = await loadSql(); + const tree = buildTree(sqlData); + return tree; +} + +function generateThesaurusConfig(keywordsPath) { + const thesaurusConfig = thesaurusConfigTemplate; + thesaurusConfig.keywordsUrl = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main/${keywordsPath}`; + const updateDate = { + date: dayjs().format('YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ'), + dateType: 'lastUpdate' + }; + thesaurusConfig.citation.date.push(updateDate); + return thesaurusConfig; +} + +export default async function main() { + const keywordsPath = `${keywordsDir}usgs-thesaurus.json`; + const keywords = await generateKeywords(); + const thesaurusConfig = generateThesaurusConfig(keywordsPath); + writeToLocalFile(thesaurusConfig, `${thesaurusDir}usgs-thesaurus.json`); + writeToLocalFile(keywords, keywordsPath); +} diff --git a/harvesters/usgs/README.md b/harvesters/usgs/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b749235 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/usgs/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +# USGS Harvester + +## Purpose + +The **USGS Harvester** collects keywords and thesauri from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). These vocabularies provide standardized terminology for geographic, geological, and environmental data, enabling consistent metadata management for datasets. The harvester generates hierarchical JSON files that can be integrated into **mdEditor**, supporting metadata workflows in the **USGS NGGDPP** project. + +## Vocabularies Processed + +The USGS Harvester generates thesauri and keyword files for the following categories: + +- Common geographic areas (e.g., continents, countries, states, and provinces) +- USGS Thesaurus (topics and methods of scientific study) +- Alexandria Digital Library Feature Type Thesaurus (types of named geographic features) +- Lithologic classification of geologic map units +- ISO 19115 Topic Category (general geospatial data topics) +- Data Categories for Marine Planning +- Thesaurus categories (attributes of thesauri, such as hierarchy) + +These vocabularies are essential for maintaining structured and consistent metadata for scientific and geographic datasets. + +## Input and Output + +### Input + +The USGS Harvester dynamically retrieves thesauri from the USGS API. No static input files are required, as all metadata is fetched during runtime. + +### Output Directory + +- **Path:** `resources/` +- **Description:** Directory where the generated JSON files are saved. + - `resources/keywords/`: Contains JSON files for each keyword hierarchy. + - `resources/thesaurus/`: Contains thesaurus configuration JSON files. + +## How It Works + +1. **Retrieve Thesauri**: + - Fetches thesauri metadata from the USGS API. +2. **Process Metadata**: + - Constructs hierarchical structures for each thesaurus. +3. **Generate JSON Files**: + - Outputs JSON files to `resources/keywords/` and `resources/thesaurus/`. + +## Running the USGS Harvester + +To run the harvester, execute the following command from the root directory: + +`yarn usgs` + +**Important Notes:** + +- Ensure all dependencies are installed by running `yarn install` before execution. +- The command must be run from the repository’s root directory. + +## Validation and Testing + +The USGS harvester generates files that are validated against schemas. Refer to the root README for detailed instructions on validation. diff --git a/harvesters/usgs/config.json b/harvesters/usgs/config.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08d9715 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/usgs/config.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "BASE_REPO_URL": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main", + "BASE_URL": "https://apps.usgs.gov/", + "KEYWORDS_DIR": "resources/keywords", + "TERM": "thesaurus/term.php", + "THESAURUS": "thesaurus/thesaurus.php", + "THESAURUS_DIR": "resources/thesaurus" +} diff --git a/harvesters/usgs/index.js b/harvesters/usgs/index.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4a2d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/usgs/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +import main from './usgs'; + +async function run() { + await main(); +} + +export default { run }; diff --git a/harvesters/usgs/usgs.js b/harvesters/usgs/usgs.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f37b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/usgs/usgs.js @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +import dayjs from 'dayjs'; +import axios from 'axios'; + +import { sleep, writeToLocalFile } from '../utils'; +import config from './config.json'; + +const { + BASE_REPO_URL, + BASE_URL, + KEYWORDS_DIR, + TERM, + THESAURUS, + THESAURUS_DIR +} = config; + +const TIME_DELAY = 2000; + +async function getThesaurus(thcode) { + const thesaurusUrl = `${BASE_URL}${THESAURUS}?thcode=${thcode}`; + const getThesaurusResponse = await axios.get(thesaurusUrl); + if (getThesaurusResponse.status !== 200) { + throw new Error( + `Failed to fetch thesaurus: ${getThesaurusResponse.status}: ${getThesaurusResponse.statusText}` + ); + } + if (!getThesaurusResponse.data || !getThesaurusResponse.data.vocabulary) { + throw new Error('No vocabulary found'); + } + return getThesaurusResponse.data.vocabulary; +} + +async function getTerm(thcode, code) { + const TERM_DELAY = 50; + const termUrl = `${BASE_URL}${TERM}?thcode=${thcode}&code=${code}`; + let term; + sleep(TERM_DELAY); + try { + term = await axios.get(termUrl); + if (term.status !== 200) { + sleep(TIME_DELAY); + term = await axios.get(termUrl); + if (term.status !== 200) { + throw new Error( + `Failed to fetch term ${code}: ${term.status}: ${term.statusText}` + ); + } + } + if (!term.data) { + throw new Error(`No term ${code} found`); + } + return term.data; + } catch (e) { + console.log('term error', code); + sleep(TIME_DELAY); + term = await axios.get(termUrl); + if (term.status !== 200) { + throw new Error( + `Failed to fetch term ${code}: ${term.status}: ${term.statusText}` + ); + } + if (!term.data) { + throw new Error(`No term ${code} found`); + } + return term.data; + } +} + +function createNode(term) { + return { + uuid: term.code, + label: term.name, + definition: term.scope || '', + children: [] + }; +} + +async function buildTree(node, thcode) { + if (!node.nt || node.nt.length === 0) { + return []; + } + const childrenRequests = []; + for (const child of node.nt) { + const request = await getTerm(thcode, child.code); + childrenRequests.push(request); + } + const childrenKeywords = []; + for (const response of childrenRequests) { + const childNode = createNode(response.term); + childNode.children = await buildTree(response, thcode); + childrenKeywords.push(childNode); + } + return childrenKeywords; +} + +async function generateKeywords(name, thcode, root_code) { + console.log('Building vocabulary:', name); + const root = await getTerm(thcode, root_code); + const rootKeyword = createNode(root.term); + rootKeyword.label = name; + rootKeyword.children = await buildTree(root, thcode); + return rootKeyword; +} + +function generateThesaurusConfig(thesaurus, filename) { + console.log('Generating thesaurus config'); + if (!thesaurus.name) { + throw new Error('Thesaurus name is required'); + } + if (!filename) { + throw new Error('Keywords URL is required'); + } + return { + citation: { + date: [ + { + date: dayjs(thesaurus.date).format('YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ssZ'), + dateType: 'revision' + } + ], + description: thesaurus.scope || 'No description available', + title: thesaurus.name, + edition: thesaurus.edition || '', + onlineResource: [ + { + uri: thesaurus.uri || '' + } + ], + identifier: [ + { + identifier: thesaurus.thcode + } + ] + }, + label: thesaurus.name, + keywordsUrl: `${BASE_REPO_URL}/${KEYWORDS_DIR}/${filename}` + }; +} + +async function harvestVocabulary(thcode) { + const thesaurus = await getThesaurus(thcode); + const { name, root_code, prefix } = thesaurus; + const filename = `usgs-${thcode}-${prefix}.json`; + const keywords = [await generateKeywords(name, thcode, root_code)]; + writeToLocalFile(keywords, `${KEYWORDS_DIR}/${filename}`); + const thesaurusConfig = generateThesaurusConfig(thesaurus, filename); + writeToLocalFile(thesaurusConfig, `${THESAURUS_DIR}/${filename}`); +} + +async function getAllThesauri() { + const thesauri = await axios.get(`${BASE_URL}${THESAURUS}`); + if (thesauri.status !== 200) { + throw new Error( + `Failed to fetch thesauri: ${thesauri.status}: ${thesauri.statusText}` + ); + } + if (!thesauri.data || !thesauri.data.vocabulary) { + throw new Error('No vocabulary found'); + } + return thesauri.data.vocabulary; +} + +export default async function main() { + try { + const thesauri = await getAllThesauri(); + for (const thesaurus of thesauri) { + console.log('Thesaurus:', thesaurus.thcode); + await harvestVocabulary(thesaurus.thcode); + console.log('Harvesting complete'); + sleep(TIME_DELAY); + } + // await harvestVocabulary('1'); + } catch (error) { + console.error('Error harvesting:', error); + } +} diff --git a/harvesters/utils.js b/harvesters/utils.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd84499 --- /dev/null +++ b/harvesters/utils.js @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +import fs from 'fs'; + +const sleep = ms => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms)); + +const writeToLocalFile = (jsonData, location) => { + fs.writeFileSync(location, JSON.stringify(jsonData, null, 2)); + console.log('File successfully saved to', location); +}; + +export 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dist/harvesters --source-maps", + "build:schemas": "node scripts/copySchemas.cjs && babel schemas --out-dir dist/schemas --source-maps", + "build:tests": "babel tests --out-dir dist/tests --source-maps", + "build:manifest": "node scripts/buildManifest.cjs", + "clean": "node scripts/clean.cjs", + "copy": "node scripts/copyJsonFilesToDist.cjs && node scripts/copyGnisData.cjs", + "start": "echo 'yarn start' is not configured because each harvester takes a long time to run. Use 'yarn lithography' or 'yarn gcmd' or 'yarn gnis' or 'yarn nalt' or 'yarn sciencebase' or 'yarn usgs' or any other configured harvester instead.", + "gcmd": "yarn build && node dist/harvesters/index.js gcmd && yarn build:manifest", + "gnis": "yarn build && node dist/harvesters/index.js gnis && yarn build:manifest", + "lint": "prettier --check . && eslint .", + "format": "prettier --write .", + "nalt": "yarn build && node dist/harvesters/index.js nalt && yarn build:manifest", + "sb": "yarn sciencebase", + "sciencebase": "yarn build && node dist/harvesters/index.js sciencebase && yarn build:manifest", + "usgs": "yarn build && node dist/harvesters/index.js usgs && yarn build:manifest" }, "author": "jbradley@arcticlcc.org", "license": "Unlicense", @@ -24,16 +39,43 @@ "url": "https://github.com/adiwg/mdKeywords/issues" }, "homepage": "https://github.com/adiwg/mdKeywords", - "dependencies": { - "axios": "^1.3.4", - "lodash": "^4.17.21" + "jest": { + "transform": { + "^.+\\.js$": "babel-jest" + }, + "testMatch": [ + "**/dist/tests/**/*.test.js" + ], + "moduleFileExtensions": [ + "js", + "json", + "node" + ] }, "devDependencies": { - "eslint": "^8.44.0", - "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.8.0", - "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.27.5", - "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^4.2.1", - "eslint-plugin-promise": "^6.1.1", - "prettier": "^2.8.8" + "@babel/cli": "^7.24.6", + "@babel/core": "^7.24.6", + "@babel/plugin-syntax-import-attributes": "^7.24.6", + "@babel/preset-env": "^7.24.6", + "@eslint/js": "^9.3.0", + "ajv": "^8.13.0", + "ajv-errors": "^3.0.0", + "ajv-formats": "^3.0.1", + "axios": "^1.6.8", + "babel-jest": "^29.7.0", + "dayjs": "^1.11.11", + "eslint": "8.57.0", + "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.1.0", + "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.29.1", + "eslint-plugin-json": "^4.0.0", + "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.1.3", + "fs-extra": "^11.2.0", + "globals": "^15.3.0", + "jest": "^29.7.0", + "prettier": "^3.2.5", + "readline": "^1.3.0", + "rimraf": "^5.0.7", + "uuid": "^10.0.0", + "xml2js": "^0.6.2" } } diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-chainedoperations.json b/resources/json/gcmd-chainedoperations.json deleted file mode 100644 index 89d101b..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-chainedoperations.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "label": "Chained Operations", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1a4176f6-5253-461c-9ac2-db81929137eb", - "label": "Format Conversion", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4498cfd2-8f94-4fd1-93ae-34947364ce0b", - "label": "Reprojection", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "885ca6d6-46c5-444d-88e1-6d933d8636a7", - "label": "Variable Aggregation", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d0458a2-b179-4b73-b6ab-951beca57784", - "label": "Temporal Subsetting", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b98e16a5-d1cb-4744-8810-05c5ade290c0", - "label": "Variable Subsetting", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be356007-ea42-496a-9417-e000bc0d41de", - "label": "Regridding", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb453edc-11bf-43b2-8f98-febb2af07539", - "label": "Spatial Subsetting", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-chronounits.json b/resources/json/gcmd-chronounits.json deleted file mode 100644 index 7064d35..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-chronounits.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1355 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "label": "Chronostratigraphic Units", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0673738a-3751-4d6e-9df0-b2eda0bde993", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c3103f11-b82a-45fc-82b5-2ac7e353950d", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "0673738a-3751-4d6e-9df0-b2eda0bde993", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bf921c77-6ec0-494f-a9b8-54c01ca6560a", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "c3103f11-b82a-45fc-82b5-2ac7e353950d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9b163dab-3afd-4084-b6c8-380f96a40f75", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "bf921c77-6ec0-494f-a9b8-54c01ca6560a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "13e26688-3e0e-49da-b7cb-0d25d51a9e59", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "9b163dab-3afd-4084-b6c8-380f96a40f75", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "label": "PROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "The Proterozoic is a geological eon spanning from 2,500 million years ago - 541 million years ago. During this time, there was the appearance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere and the proliferation of complex life (such as trilobites and corals) on the Earth. The Proterozoic is the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale and it is subdivided into three geologic eras (from oldest to youngest): the Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "label": "MESOPROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "definition": "The Mesoproterozoic Era is a geologic era that occurred from 1,600 to 1,000 million years ago. The Mesoproterozoic was the first period of Earth's history of which a fairly definitive geological record survives. Continents existed during the preceding era, but little is known about them. The continental masses of the Mesoproterozoic were more or less the same ones that exist today.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4639c868-7e0e-46df-9c18-e04f9e0f042d", - "label": "STENIAN", - "broader": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "definition": "The Stenian Period is the final geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1200 Mya to 1000 Mya (million years ago). The name derives from narrow polymetamorphic belts formed over this period. The supercontinent Rodinia assembled during the Stenian. It would last into the Tonian period. This period includes the formation of the Keweenawan Rift at about 1100 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71103ecc-f291-48d4-a479-c1781850aee2", - "label": "CALYMMIAN", - "broader": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "definition": "The Calymmian Period is the first geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1600 Mya to 1400 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. The period is characterised by expansion of existing platform covers, or by new platforms on recently cratonized basements. The supercontinent Columbia broke up during the Calymmian some 1500 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee9ef5b8-884f-4f1d-97bb-463e2f06ac6e", - "label": "ECTASIAN", - "broader": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "definition": "The Ectasian Period is the second geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1400 Mya ago to 1200 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. This period is interesting for the first evidence of sexual reproduction. The 1.2 billion years old Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Canada, dates from the end of the Ectasian. It contains the microfossils of the multicellular filaments of Bangiomorpha pubescens (type of red algae), the first taxonomically resolved eukaryote. This was the first organism that exhibited sexual reproduction, which is an essential feature for complex multicellularity. Complex multicellularity is different from 'simple' multicellularity, such as colonies of organisms living together. True multicellular organisms contain cells that are specialized for different functions. This is, in fact, an essential feature of sexual reproduction as well, since the male and female gametes are specialized cells. Organisms that reproduce sexually must solve the problem of generating an entire organism from just the germ cells.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "label": "PALEOPROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "definition": "The Paleoproterozoic Era, spanning the time period from 2,500 to 1,600 million years ago (2.5–1.6 Ga), is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic Eon. The Paleoproterozoic is also the longest era of the Earth's geological history. It was during this era that the continents first stabilized. Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth's rotational rate during this era resulted in 20-hour days ~1.8 billion years ago, implying a total of ~450 days per year.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b4a037a-03fb-475e-b1c4-f18bca899b80", - "label": "SIDERIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Siderian Period is the first geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2500 Ma to 2300 Ma (million years ago). The laying down of the banded iron formations (BIFs) peaked early in this period. BIFs were formed as anaerobic cyanobacteria produced waste oxygen that combined with iron, forming magnetite (Fe3O4, an iron oxide). This process removed iron from the Earth's oceans, presumably turning greenish seas clear. Eventually, with no remaining iron in the oceans to serve as an oxygen sink, the process allowed the buildup of an oxygen-rich atmosphere. This second, follow-on event is known as the oxygen catastrophe, which, some geologists believe triggered the Huronian glaciation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10a82168-ba73-426c-9cc5-ecaae260cf39", - "label": "STATHERIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Statherian Period is the final geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1800 Mya to 1600 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. The period was characterized on most continents by either new platforms or final cratonization of fold belts. By the beginning of the Statherian, the supercontinent Columbia had assembled.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61627988-014a-4c16-a986-3d90009a4841", - "label": "OROSIRIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Orosirian Period is the third geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2050 Mya to 1800 Mya (million years ago). The later half of the period was an episode of intensive orogeny on virtually all continents. Two of the largest known impact events on Earth occurred during the Orosirian. At the very beginning of the period, 2023 Mya, a large asteroid collision created the Vredefort impact structure. The event that created the Sudbury Basin structure occurred near the end of the period, 1850 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65e898c9-b329-4b1e-b34c-c3b36af720d3", - "label": "RHYACIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Rhyacian Period is the second geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2300 Mya to 2050 Mya (million years ago). The Bushveld Igneous Complex and other similar intrusions formed during this period. The Huronian (Makganyene) global glaciation began at the start of the Rhyacian and lasted 100 million years.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "label": "NEOPROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "definition": "The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1,000 to 541 million years ago. It is the last era of the Precambrian Supereon and the Proterozoic Eon; it is subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran Periods. It is preceded by the Mesoproterozoic era and succeeded by the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. The most severe glaciation known in the geologic record occurred during the Cryogenian, when ice sheets may have reached the equator and formed a 'Snowball Earth'. The earliest fossils of complex multicellular life are found in the Ediacaran period. These organisms make up the Ediacaran biota, including the oldest definitive animals in the fossil record. The sum of the continental crust formed in the Pan-African orogeny and the Grenville orogeny makes the Neoproterozoic the period of Earth's history that has produced most continental crust.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8081c24d-2a51-4f26-825c-8406b5bbf1f0", - "label": "EDIACARAN", - "broader": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "definition": "The Ediacaran Period spans 94 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period 635 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Cambrian Period 541 Mya. It marks the end of the Proterozoic Eon, and the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc40a250-0fea-4668-9bc5-33ba16ccb2a6", - "label": "TONIAN", - "broader": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "definition": "The Tonian is the first geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era. It lasted from 1000 Mya to 720 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined by the ICS based on radiometric chronometry. The Tonian is preceded by the Stenian Period of the Mesoproterozoic era and followed by the Cryogenian.Rifting leading to the breakup of supercontinent Rodinia, which had formed in the mid-Stenian, occurred during this period, starting from 900 to 850 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e26ff122-9c3a-4184-b580-bf74c5f1ba85", - "label": "CRYOGENIAN", - "broader": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "definition": "The Cryogenian is a geologic period that lasted from 720 to 635 million years ago. It forms the second geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era, preceded by the Tonian Period and followed by the Ediacaran. The Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations occurred during the Cryogenian period, which are the greatest ice ages known to have occurred on Earth. These events are the subject of much scientific controversy. The main debate contests whether these glaciations covered the entire planet (the so-called 'Snowball Earth') or a band of open sea survived near the equator (termed 'slushball Earth').", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "label": "ARCHAEAN", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "The Archean Eon is one of the four geologic eons of Earth history, occurring 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago (4 to 2.5 billion years ago). During the Archean, the Earth's crust had cooled enough to allow the formation of continents and life started to form.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "27660bb3-982e-414c-991a-707abd861f46", - "label": "MESOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Mesoarchean is a geologic era within the Archean Eon, spanning 3,200 to 2,800 million years ago. The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level in a rock section on Earth. Fossils from Australia show that stromatolites have grown on Earth since the Mesoarchean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cd7912b-8cf2-41a1-99b9-8797dcd94fa7", - "label": "PALEOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Paleoarchean is a geologic era within the Archaean Eon. It spans the period of time 3,600 to 3,200 million years ago. The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level of a rock section on Earth. During this era, a large asteroid, about 37 to 58 kilometres (23–36 mi) wide, collided with the Earth in the area of South Africa about 3.26 billion years ago, creating the features known as the Barberton greenstone belt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dff752e-939d-4b16-a735-bb4af8dbd785", - "label": "EOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Eoarchean is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record for which the Earth has a solid crust. It spans 400 million years from the end of the Hadean Eon 4 billion years ago (4000 Mya) to the start of the Paleoarchean Era 3600 Mya. The beginnings of life on Earth have been dated to this era and evidence of cyanobacteria date to 3500 Mya, just outside this era. At that time, the atmosphere was without oxygen and the pressure values ranged from 10 to 100 bar (around 10 to 100 atmospheres).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2d0ac71-d27d-46cb-b95b-39a6f796c501", - "label": "NEOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Neoarchean spans the period from 2,800 to 2,500 million years ago. During this era, oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved, releasing an abundance of oxygen, that first reacted with minerals and afterward was free to react with greenhouse gases of the atmosphere, leaving the Earth's surface free to radiate its energy to space. This is known as the oxygen catastrophe which was to happen later in the Paleoproterozoic from a poisonous buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere, released by these oxygen producing photoautotrophs, which evolved earlier in the Neoarchean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "label": "PHANEROZOIC", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers 541 million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period when animals first developed hard shells preserved in the fossil record.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "label": "PALEOZOIC", - "broader": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "definition": "The Paleozoic Era, which ran from about 542 million years ago to 251 million years ago, was a time of great change on Earth. The era began with the breakup of one super-continent and the formation of another. Plants became widespread. And the first vertebrate animals colonized land.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "label": "ORDOVICIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Ordovician Period lasted almost 45 million years, beginning 488.3 million years ago and ending 443.7 million years ago. During this period, the area north of the tropics was almost entirely ocean, and most of the world's land was collected into the southern supercontinent Gondwana. Throughout the Ordovician, Gondwana shifted towards the South Pole and much of it was submerged underwater. The Ordovician is best known for its diverse marine invertebrates, including graptolites, trilobites, brachiopods, and the conodonts (early vertebrates). A typical marine community consisted of these animals, plus red and green algae, primitive fish, cephalopods, corals, crinoids, and gastropods. More recently, tetrahedral spores that are similar to those of primitive land plants have been found, suggesting that plants invaded the land at this time. From the Lower to Middle Ordovician, the Earth experienced a milder climate — the weather was warm and the atmosphere contained a lot of moisture. However, when Gondwana finally settled on the South Pole during the Upper Ordovician, massive glaciers formed, causing shallow seas to drain and sea levels to drop. This likely caused the mass extinctions that characterize the end of the Ordovician in which 60% of all marine invertebrate genera and 25% of all families went extinct.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00c6f0f3-5734-4500-a69e-f6780e365985", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a58844b9-65e5-4b5a-98ab-b99968769d4a", - "label": "FLOIAN", - "broader": "00c6f0f3-5734-4500-a69e-f6780e365985", - "definition": "The Floian is the second stage of the Ordovician geologic period. It succeeds the Tremadocian with which it forms the Lower Ordovician epoch. It precedes the Dapingian stage of the Middle Ordovician. The Floian extended from 477.7 to 470 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb8eee5d-fd20-4465-a917-051562f5fcd1", - "label": "TREMADOCIAN", - "broader": "00c6f0f3-5734-4500-a69e-f6780e365985", - "definition": "The Tremadocian is the lowest stage of Ordovician. Together with the later Floian stage it forms the Lower Ordovician epoch. The Tremadocian lasted from 485.4 to 477.7 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00b13a7e-4d16-4d89-bc47-2839331545e6", - "label": "HIRNANTIAN", - "broader": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "definition": "The Hirnantian is the seventh and final internationally recognized stage of the Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic Era. It was of short duration, lasting about 1.4 million years, from 445.2 to 443.8 Ma (million years ago). The early part of the Hirnantian was characterized by cold temperatures, major glaciation, and a severe drop in sea level. In the latter part of the Hirnantian, temperatures rose, the glaciers melted, and sea level returned to the same or to a slightly higher level than it had been prior to the glaciation. Most scientists believe that this climatic oscillation caused the major extinction event that took place during this time. In fact, the Hirnantian (also known as the End Ordovician and the Ordovician-Silurian) mass extinction event represents the second largest such event in geologic history. Approximately 85% of marine (sea-dwelling) species died. Only the End Permian mass extinction was larger. Unlike many smaller extinction events, however, the long-term consequences of the End Ordovician event were relatively small. Following the climatic oscillation, the climate returned to its previous state, and the species that survived soon (within two or three million years) evolved into species very similar to the ones that existed before.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08eaa5b8-60b3-4872-a0ad-d3dc4bb00d83", - "label": "SANDBIAN", - "broader": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "definition": "The Sandbian is the first stage of the Upper Ordovician. It follows the Darriwilian and is succeeded by the Katian. Its lower boundary is defined as the first appearance datum of the graptolite species Nemagraptus gracilis around 458.4 million years ago. The Sandbian lasted for about 5.4 million years until the beginning of the Katian around 453 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda85cc0-7711-471d-ab14-c034ce53f24b", - "label": "KATIAN", - "broader": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "definition": "The Katian is the second stage of the Upper Ordovician. It is preceded by the Sandbian and succeeded by the Hirnantian stage. The Katian began 453 million years ago and lasted for about 7.8 million years until the beginning of the Hirnantian 445.2 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e941d527-8935-4b63-b76f-5febd609b9b5", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "51b449af-bc34-4bee-9f61-61ba9721717d", - "label": "DARRIWILIAN", - "broader": "e941d527-8935-4b63-b76f-5febd609b9b5", - "definition": "The Darriwilian is the upper stage of the Middle Ordovician. It is preceded by the Dapingian and succeeded by the Upper Ordovician Sandbian stage. The lower boundary of the Darriwilian is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite species Undulograptus austrodentatus around 467.3 million years ago. It lasted for about 8.9 million years until the beginning of the Sandbian around 458.4 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8843625-1941-4c7e-85f3-86e0b552518f", - "label": "DAPINGIAN", - "broader": "e941d527-8935-4b63-b76f-5febd609b9b5", - "definition": "The Dapingian is the third stage of the Ordovician and the first stage of the Middle Ordovician. It is preceded by the Floian and succeeded by the Darriwilian. The top of the Floian is defined as the first appearance of the conodont species Baltoniodus triangularis which happened about 470 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "label": "CAMBRIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Cambrian Period was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 55.6 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 541 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 mya. The Cambrian is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where 'soft' parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. As a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods. The Cambrian marked a profound change in life on Earth; prior to the Cambrian, the majority of living organisms on the whole were small, unicellular and simple; the Precambrian Charnia being exceptional. Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian, but it was not until this period that mineralized—hence readily fossilized—organisms became common. The rapid diversification of life forms in the Cambrian, known as the Cambrian explosion, produced the first representatives of all modern animal phyla. Phylogenetic analysis has supported the view that during the Cambrian radiation, metazoa (animals) evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor: flagellated colonial protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. Although diverse life forms prospered in the oceans, the land is thought to have been comparatively barren—with nothing more complex than a microbial soil crust and a few molluscs that emerged to browse on the microbial biofilm. Most of the continents were probably dry and rocky due to a lack of vegetation. Shallow seas flanked the margins of several continents created during the breakup of the supercontinent Pannotia. The seas were relatively warm, and polar ice was absent for much of the period.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "411f36cf-8c87-474c-bfaf-614723a4b938", - "label": "TERRENEUVIAN", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "The Terreneuvian is the lowermost and oldest series of the Cambrian geological system. Its base is defined by the first appearance datum of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum around 541 million years ago. Its top is defined as the first appearance of trilobites in the stratigraphic record around 521 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "81cc3a0f-1084-42b4-9e40-637aad46aff4", - "label": "STAGE 2", - "broader": "411f36cf-8c87-474c-bfaf-614723a4b938", - "definition": "Stage 2 of the Cambrian is the unnamed upper stage of the Terreneuvian series. It lies atop the Fortunian and below Stage 3 of the Cambrian. It is commonly referred to as the Tommotian, after the Cambrian stratigraphy of Siberia. Neither the upper nor lower boundary has yet been defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0fcada2-4e5b-4349-9611-5879f541d4e4", - "label": "FORTUNIAN", - "broader": "411f36cf-8c87-474c-bfaf-614723a4b938", - "definition": "The Fortunian stage marks the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon, the Paleozoic era, and the Cambrian period. It is the first of the two stages of the Terreneuvian series. It's base is defined as the first appearance of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum 541 million years ago. The top of the Fortunian which is the base of the Stage 2 of the Cambrian has not been formally defined yet, but will correspond to the appearance of an Archeocyatha species or 'Small shelly fossils' approximately 529 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c98a4c91-1b1d-464d-8380-497a186db7eb", - "label": "SERIES 2", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "Cambrian Series 2 is the unnamed 2nd series of the Cambrian. It lies above the Terreneuvian series and below the Miaolingian. Series 2 has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, lacking a precise lower boundary and subdivision into stages. The proposed lower boundary is the first appearance of trilobites which is estimated to be around 521 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "16e234b5-5ecb-4e03-b4ec-7a5e03db8017", - "label": "STAGE 3", - "broader": "c98a4c91-1b1d-464d-8380-497a186db7eb", - "definition": "Cambrian Stage 3 is the still unnamed third stage of the Cambrian. It succeeds Cambrian Stage 2 and precedes Cambrian Stage 4, although neither its base nor top have been formally defined. The plan is for its lower boundary to correspond approximately to the first appearance of trilobites, about 521 million years ago, though the globally asynchronous appearance of trilobites warrants the use of a separate, globally synchronous marker to define the base. The upper boundary and beginning of Cambrian Stage 4 is informally defined as the first appearance of the trilobite genera Olenellus or Redlichia around 514 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81103299-c23d-4a11-9a04-c1041fea5d1b", - "label": "STAGE 4", - "broader": "c98a4c91-1b1d-464d-8380-497a186db7eb", - "definition": "Cambrian Stage 4 is the still unnamed fourth stage of the Cambrian and the upper stage of Cambrian Series 2. It follows Cambrian Stage 3 and lies below the Wuliuan. The lower boundary has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. One proposal is the first appearance of two trilobite genera, Olenellus or Redlichia. Another proposal is the first appearance of the trilobite species Arthricocephalus chauveaui. Both proposals will set the lower boundary close to 514 million years ago. The upper boundary corresponds to the beginning of the Wuliuan.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "label": "FURONGIAN", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "The Furongian is the fourth and final series of the Cambrian. It lasted from 497 to 485.4 million years ago. It succeeds the Miaolingian series of the Cambrian and precedes the Lower Ordovician Tremadocian stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the Paibian, Jiangshanian and the unnamed 10th stage of the Cambrian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1349b331-a168-48fc-a548-5c0c962271cf", - "label": "JIANGSHANIAN", - "broader": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "definition": "The Jiangshanian is the middle stage of the Furongian series. It follows the Paibian stage and is succeeded by the still unnamed Stage 10 of the Cambrian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Agnostotes orientalis which is estimated to be 494 million years ago. The Jiangshanian lasted until approximately 489.5 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a00ebef2-3976-401b-a9fe-6bbcfe536737", - "label": "PAIBIAN", - "broader": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "definition": "The Paibian is the lowest stage of Furongian series of the Cambrian. It follows the Guzhangian (3rd series of the Cambrian) and is succeeded by the Jiangshanian stage. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago. The top, or the base of the Jiangshanian is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Agnostotes orientalis around 494 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1d5b9db-42c5-4dea-a9c6-c0074eb3f3e8", - "label": "STAGE 10", - "broader": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "definition": "Stage 10 of the Cambrian is the still unnamed third and final stage of the Furongian series. It follows the Jiangshanian and precedes the Ordovician Tremadocian stage. The proposed lower boundary is the first appearance of the trilobite Lotagnostus americanus around 489.5 million years ago, but other fossils are also being discussed (see below). The upper boundary is defined as the appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus which marks the beginning of the Tremadocian and is radiometrically dated as 485.4 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "label": "MIAOLINGIAN", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "The Miaolingian is the third Series of the Cambrian period. It lasted from about 509 to 497 million years ago and is divided into 3 stages: the Wuliuan, the Drumian, and the Guzhangian. The Miaolingian is preceded by the unnamed Cambrian Series 2 and succeeded by the Furongian series.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5172e1c2-f89f-4155-aca3-ff51eba0a976", - "label": "GUZHANGIAN", - "broader": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "definition": "The Guzhangian is an uppermost stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It follows the Drumian Stage and precedes the Paibian Stage of the Furongian Series. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Lejopyge laevigata around 500.5 million years ago. The Guzhangian-Paibian boundary is marked by the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "639cf686-6c06-42a9-8ed1-79fe81c690fa", - "label": "WULIUAN", - "broader": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "definition": "The Wuliuan stage is the fifth stage of the Cambrian, and the first stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. Its base is defined by the first appearance of the trilobite species Oryctocephalus indicus; it ends with the beginning of the Drumian stage, marked by the first appearance of the trilobite Ptychagnostus atavus around 504.5 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dddaa5c1-3f72-44aa-9147-9b171782956b", - "label": "DRUMIAN", - "broader": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "definition": "The Drumian is a stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It succeeds the Wuliuan and precedes the Guzhangian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Ptychagnostus atavus around 504.5 million years ago. The top is defined as the first appearance of another trilobite Lejopyge laevigata around 500.5 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "label": "SILURIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozoic Era. As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a series of major Ordovician–Silurian extinction events when up to 60% of marine genera were wiped out. A significant evolutionary milestone during the Silurian was the diversification of jawed fish and bony fish. Multi-cellular life also began to appear on land in the form of small, bryophyte-like and vascular plants that grew beside lakes, streams, and coastlines, and terrestrial arthropods are also first found on land during the Silurian. However, terrestrial life would not greatly diversify and affect the landscape until the Devonian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "15256b96-f71f-43d2-8c1b-ab5dca5dd3db", - "label": "LUDLOW", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Ludlow epoch (from 427.4 ± 0.5 million years ago to 423.0 ± 2.3 million years ago) occurred during the Silurian period, after the end of the Homerian age.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a5bf9cd1-657c-4669-8794-2ca79d769677", - "label": "GORSTIAN", - "broader": "15256b96-f71f-43d2-8c1b-ab5dca5dd3db", - "definition": "The Gorstian is the age of the Ludlow epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 427.4 ± 0.5 Ma and 425.6 ± 0.9 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Gorstian age succeeds the Homerian age and precedes the Ludfordian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da923214-120f-4ee4-8f62-9fde989e3c75", - "label": "LUDFORDIAN", - "broader": "15256b96-f71f-43d2-8c1b-ab5dca5dd3db", - "definition": "The Ludfordian is the age of the Ludlow epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that occurred between 425.6 ± 0.9Ma and 423. ± 2.3 Ma (million years ago). The Ludfordian age succeeds the Gorstian age and precedes the Pridoli epoch. The Lau event is a rapid pulse of cooling during the Ludfordian, about 420 million years ago; it is identified by a pulse of extinctions and oceanic changes. It is one of the series of fast sea-level and excursions in oxygen isotope ratios that signal fast switches between warm and cold climate states, characteristic of the Silurian climatic instability. The Lau Event occurred during an extended period of elevated seawater saturation state, explained by reservoirs of the planet's fresh water being locked up in massive polar ice caps. The sudden reappearance in normally saline marine environments of stromatolites and a mass occurrence of oncoids during the event suggested that minor extinction events like the Lau Event also resulted in periods of reduced grazing pressures on surviving 'disaster biota', which can be compared to the aftermath of the more catastrophic end-Ordovician and end-Permian mass extinctions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "38271019-de23-4b2e-85ed-15af2f3a11bc", - "label": "PRIDOLI", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Pridoli epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon is comprehended between 423 ± 2.3 and 419.2 ± 3.2 mya (million years ago), approximately. The Pridoli epoch succeeds the Ludfordian age and precedes the Lochkovian age of the Devonian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda42e0a-bac4-4ca6-b20d-c09b45e8717b", - "label": "WENLOCK", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Wenlock is the second series of the Silurian. It is preceded by the Llandovery epoch and followed by the Ludlow Group. Radiometric dates constrain the Wenlockian between 433.4 and 427.4 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a4ceb190-02b5-4eeb-b9c8-0d1445006f8e", - "label": "SHEINWOODIAN", - "broader": "cda42e0a-bac4-4ca6-b20d-c09b45e8717b", - "definition": "The Sheinwoodian is the age of the Wenlock epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 433.4 ± 0.8 Ma and 430.5 ± 0.7 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Sheinwoodian age succeeds the Telychian age and precedes the Homerian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a67468bf-980b-4053-a26c-64fc5d9aa611", - "label": "HOMERIAN", - "broader": "cda42e0a-bac4-4ca6-b20d-c09b45e8717b", - "definition": "The Homerian is the age of the Wenlock epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 430.5 ± 0.7 Ma and 427.4 ± 0.5 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Homerian age succeeds the Sheinwoodian age and precedes the Gorstian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "label": "LLANDOVERY", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Llandovery epoch (from 443.8 ± 1.5 million years ago to 433.4 ± 0.8 million years ago) occurred at the beginning of the Silurian period. The Llandoverian epoch follows the massive Ordovician-Silurian extinction events, which led to a large decrease in biodiversity and an opening up of ecosystems. Widespread reef building started in this period and continued into the Devonian period when rising water temperatures are thought to have bleached out the coral by killing their photo symbionts. The Llandoverian epoch ended with the Ireviken event which killed off 50% of trilobite species, and 80% of the global conodont species.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3f87a2a4-2e77-4955-83a4-f3ecad41ec1c", - "label": "AERONIAN", - "broader": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "definition": "The Aeronian is the age of the Llandovery epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that began 440.8 ± 1.2 Ma and ended 438.5 ± 1.1 Ma (million years ago). The Aeronian age succeeds the Rhuddanian age and precedes the Telychian age, all in the same epoch.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b67850f-0a8a-4e35-b6db-ea37d8cbfbea", - "label": "RHUDDANIAN", - "broader": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "definition": "The Rhuddanian is the first age of the Silurian period and of the Llandovery epoch. The Silurian is in the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. The Rhuddanian age began 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma and ended 440.8 ± 1.2 Ma (million years ago). It succeeds the Himantian Age (the last age of the Ordovician Period) and precedes the Aeronian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "608cfddd-ac10-4617-815c-1171a00ab54a", - "label": "TELYCHIAN", - "broader": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "definition": "The Telychian is the age of the Llandovery epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 438.5 ± 1.2 Ma and 433.4 ± 0.8 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Telychian age succeeds the Aeronian age and precedes the Sheinwoodian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "label": "PERMIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous period 298.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic era; the following Triassic period belongs to the Mesozoic era. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the early amniotes into the ancestral groups of the mammals, turtles, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs. The world at the time was dominated by two continents known as Pangaea and Siberia, surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these drier conditions, rose to dominance in place of their amphibian ancestors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "219be745-055a-4b37-883a-a0fece613e4f", - "label": "LOPINGIAN", - "broader": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "definition": "The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian. It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic. The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms late Permian or upper Permian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4d1a1c38-1c05-4bae-8810-aa1bb03ed1d2", - "label": "WUCHIAPINGIAN", - "broader": "219be745-055a-4b37-883a-a0fece613e4f", - "definition": "The Wuchiapingian or Wujiapingian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the lower or earlier of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Wuchiapingian spans the time between 259.1 and 254.14 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "677882a4-d01c-4858-b889-575f405dccb9", - "label": "CHANGHSINGIAN", - "broader": "219be745-055a-4b37-883a-a0fece613e4f", - "definition": "The Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.902 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Wuchiapingian and followed by the Induan. The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred during this age. The extinction rate peaked about a million years before the end of this stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "label": "CISURALIAN", - "broader": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "definition": "The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2ef634c0-2e47-419e-873e-4649974f7e64", - "label": "KUNGURIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Kungurian lasted between 283.5 and 272.95 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5b05025-2467-4ba9-95cd-2e6c9568d33d", - "label": "ARTINSKIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Artinskian likely lasted between 290.1 and 283.5 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8919fb7-eb9e-4ec6-ac4a-80d6251562f4", - "label": "ASSELIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Asselian is the earliest geochronologic age or lowermost chronostratigraphic stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Asselian lasted between 298.9 and 295 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "feb84480-e62e-4999-b8ce-ad7df84dae5d", - "label": "SAKMARIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Sakmarian lasted between 295 and 290.1 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Asselian and followed by the Artinskian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "label": "GUADALUPIAN", - "broader": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "definition": "The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and date between 272.3 ± 0.5 – 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson’s Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ba80ec4-1060-4228-ab97-d7c24980c97e", - "label": "ROADIAN", - "broader": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "definition": "The Roadian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the earliest or lower of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Roadian lasted between 272.95 and 268.8 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92c8e901-67e5-4d5a-8744-1ffb7f5ec4cb", - "label": "WORDIAN", - "broader": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "definition": "The Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Wordian lasted between 268.8 and 265.1 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93443b1e-9f1e-4f35-9b3b-222bf35a51c0", - "label": "CAPITANIAN", - "broader": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "definition": "The Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Capitanian lasted between 265.1 and 259.1 million years ago. It was preceded by the Wordian and followed by the Wuchiapingian. A significant mass extinction event (the End-Capitanian extinction event) occurred at the end of this stage, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "label": "DEVONIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya. The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian. Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land, forming extensive forests which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared. Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established. Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the Age of Fishes. The placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. The ancestors of all four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) began adapting to walking on land, as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs. In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician. The first ammonites, species of molluscs, appeared. Trilobites, the mollusc-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs, were still common. The Late Devonian extinction which started about 375 million years ago severely affected marine life, killing off all placodermi, and all trilobites, save for a few species of the order Proetida.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "definition": "In the Lower Devonian, ammonoids appeared, leaving us large limestone deposits from their shells. Bivalves, crinoid and blastoid echinoderms, graptolites, and trilobites were all present, though most groups of trilobites disappeared by the close of the Devonian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2c142df4-aede-4962-b141-3b84cea639b0", - "label": "PRAGIAN", - "broader": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "definition": "The Pragian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian epoch. It lasted from 411.2 ± 2.8 million years ago to 407 ± 2.8 million years ago. It was preceded by the Lochkovian stage and followed by the Emsian stage. The most important lagerstätte of the Pragian is Rhynie chert in Scotland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d53c67e-1019-4c4f-9ed5-b0fadab11f55", - "label": "EMSIAN", - "broader": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "definition": "The Emsian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian epoch. It lasted from 407.6 ± 2.6 million years ago to 393.3 ± 1.2 million years ago. It was preceded by the Pragian stage and followed by the Eifelian stage. During this period, earliest known agoniatitid ammonoid fossils began appearing within this stage after first appearing in previous stage and began to evolutionarily radiate within this stage, in which a new ammonoid order Goniatitida rises in the end of Zlichovian stage (Siberian representation; corresponds to early Eifelian and after the end of Early Devonian, before 391.9 mya). Later agoniatitid ammonoids would die out in the Taghanic event in the upper middle Givetian. Goniatite ammonoids would give rise to further ammonoid orders, thus starting ammonoid dominance of marine fossils in further periods until their end at the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ec111c5-b689-4482-9bfe-a9884c44f7f3", - "label": "LOCHKOVIAN", - "broader": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "definition": "The Lochkovian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian epoch. It lasted from 419.2 ± 3.2 million years ago to 410.8 ± 2.8 million years ago. It marked the beginning of the Devonian Period, and was followed by the Pragian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "62e5494d-c515-47dc-a4af-f870874add3d", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "definition": "The Middle Devonian began 393.3± 2.7 million years ago. During this time, the first ammonoids appeared, descending from bactritoid nautiloids. Ammonoids during this time period were simple and differed little from their nautiloid counterparts.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d002ab48-1cd0-42e3-9fc1-608db632e75c", - "label": "EIFELIAN", - "broader": "62e5494d-c515-47dc-a4af-f870874add3d", - "definition": "The Eifelian is one of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian epoch. It lasted from 393.3 ± 1.2 million years ago to 387.7 ± 0.8 million years ago. It was preceded by the Emsian stage and followed by the Givetian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6913b28-5a77-4042-97ef-fcbf743c2982", - "label": "GIVETIAN", - "broader": "62e5494d-c515-47dc-a4af-f870874add3d", - "definition": "The Givetian is one of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian period. It lasted from 387.7 million years ago to 382.7 million years ago. It was preceded by the Eifelian stage and followed by the Frasnian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6b9b49c-667e-4da7-bd72-32b4b5d89c0e", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "definition": "The Upper or Late Devonian started with the Frasnian, 382.7 ± 2.8 to 372.2 ± 2.5, during which the first forests took shape on land. The first tetrapods appeared in the fossil record in the ensuing Famennian subdivision, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian, 358.9± 2.5 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2cdd9d46-afee-4566-9469-d043dc6d8acd", - "label": "FAMENNIAN", - "broader": "d6b9b49c-667e-4da7-bd72-32b4b5d89c0e", - "definition": "The Famennian is the latter of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian epoch. It lasted from 372.2 million years ago to 358.9 million years ago. It was preceded by the Frasnian stage and followed by the Tournaisian stage. It was during this age that tetrapods first appeared. In the seas, a novel major group of ammonoid cephalopods called clymeniids appeared, underwent tremendous diversification and spread worldwide, then just as suddenly went extinct. The beginning of the Famennian is marked by a major extinction event, the Kellwasser Event, and the end with a smaller but still quite severe extinction event, the Hangenberg Event.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55c20bf0-31dd-4a82-a9a4-928f1a84f219", - "label": "FRASNIAN", - "broader": "d6b9b49c-667e-4da7-bd72-32b4b5d89c0e", - "definition": "The Frasnian is one of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian period. It lasted from 382.7 million years ago to 372.2 million years ago. It was preceded by the Givetian stage and followed by the Famennian stage. Major reef-building was under way during the Frasnian stage, particularly in western Canada and Australia. On land, the first forests were taking shape. In North America, the Antler and Taconic orogenies peaked, which were contemporary with the Bretonic phase of the Variscan orogeny in Europe.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5b2981d-1623-4988-8b28-4cb8085a62e1", - "label": "CARBONIFEROUS", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period 358.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, 298.9 Mya. Terrestrial animal life was well established by the Carboniferous period. Amphibians were the dominant land vertebrates, of which one branch would eventually evolve into amniotes, the first solely terrestrial vertebrates. Arthropods were also very common, and many (such as Meganeura) were much larger than those of today. Vast swaths of forest covered the land, which would eventually be laid down and become the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today. The atmospheric content of oxygen also reached its highest levels in geological history during the period, 35%, compared with 21% today, allowing terrestrial invertebrates to evolve to great size.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "label": "MISSISSIPPIAN", - "broader": "b5b2981d-1623-4988-8b28-4cb8085a62e1", - "definition": "The Mississippian is a subperiod in the geologic timescale or a subsystem of the geologic record. It is the earliest/lowermost of two subperiods of the Carboniferous period lasting from roughly 358.9 to 323.2 million years ago. The Mississippian was a period of marine transgression in the Northern Hemisphere: the sea level was so high that only the Fennoscandian Shield and the Laurentian Shield were dry land. The cratons were surrounded by extensive delta systems and lagoons, and carbonate sedimentation on the surrounding continental platforms, covered by shallow seas. In North America, where the interval consists primarily of marine limestones, it is treated as a geologic period between the Devonian and the Pennsylvanian. During the Mississippian an important phase of orogeny occurred in the Appalachian Mountains. It is a major rock-building period named for the exposures in the Mississippi Valley region. The USGS geologic time scale shows its relation to other periods. In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are grouped together as the Carboniferous system, and sometimes called the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Carboniferous instead.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03796134-4406-43d2-88e9-8334843e9153", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a5aede69-96cd-45bf-8a53-fe5c8fa3f3dc", - "label": "SERPUKHOVIAN", - "broader": "03796134-4406-43d2-88e9-8334843e9153", - "definition": "The Serpukhovian is the uppermost stage or youngest age of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Serpukhovian age lasted from 330.9 Ma to 323.2 Ma. It is preceded by the Visean and is followed by the Bashkirian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f8853f9-6fc0-4a72-9e61-8b8a5e1fdae7", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e7f66704-f02e-4480-89d8-f0d5c28a18a3", - "label": "VISEAN", - "broader": "0f8853f9-6fc0-4a72-9e61-8b8a5e1fdae7", - "definition": "The Visean is an age in in the stratigraphic column. It is the second stage of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Visean lasted from 346.7 to 330.9 Ma. It follows the Tournaisian age/stage and is followed by the Serpukhovian age/stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0489a3d-7571-44f8-ae10-bc56da60a29e", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a3e3914d-7777-4e91-80ca-60264adb1e73", - "label": "TOURNAISIAN", - "broader": "c0489a3d-7571-44f8-ae10-bc56da60a29e", - "definition": "The Tournaisian is the lowest stage or oldest age of the Mississippian, the oldest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Tournaisian age lasted from 358.9 Ma to 346.7 Ma. It is preceded by the Famennian (the uppermost stage of the Devonian) and is followed by the Viséan.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "label": "PENNSYLVANIAN", - "broader": "b5b2981d-1623-4988-8b28-4cb8085a62e1", - "definition": "The Pennsylvanian is the younger of two subperiods (or upper of two subsystems) of the Carboniferous Period. It lasted from roughly 323.2 million years ago to 298.9 million years ago. As with most other geochronologic units, the rock beds that define the Pennsylvanian are well identified, but the exact date of the start and end are uncertain by a few hundred thousand years.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "26d10402-338b-433e-a90e-5952e3ae044d", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c9924714-7cba-41ff-b2e8-f2395d00583a", - "label": "MOSCOVIAN", - "broader": "26d10402-338b-433e-a90e-5952e3ae044d", - "definition": "The Moscovian is a stage or age in the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Moscovian age lasted from 315.2 to 307 Ma, is preceded by the Bashkirian and is followed by the Kasimovian. The Moscovian overlaps with the European regional Westphalian stage and the North American Atokan and Desmoinesian stages.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fab652d-b69a-4005-b6cf-6d9d4a533703", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "47a51602-f1de-4188-ab8d-9aedd88a1936", - "label": "GZHELIAN", - "broader": "5fab652d-b69a-4005-b6cf-6d9d4a533703", - "definition": "The Gzhelian is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian and the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from 303.7 to 298.9 Ma. It follows the Kasimovian age/stage and is followed by the Asselian age/stage, the oldest subdivision of the Permian system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8d669b7-ed07-4bcc-8698-cbab463fefc8", - "label": "KASIMOVIAN", - "broader": "5fab652d-b69a-4005-b6cf-6d9d4a533703", - "definition": "The Kasimovian is the third stage in the Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous), lasting from 307 to 303.7 Ma. The Kasimovian stage follows the Moscovian and is followed by the Gzhelian. The Kasimovian saw an extinction event which occurred around 305 mya, referred to as the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "981c3e53-263e-4a91-a2ca-f5896635bbbd", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1e8dafc0-21c0-4f49-82a6-9d38d8b9f16d", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "981c3e53-263e-4a91-a2ca-f5896635bbbd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20a0db39-423d-4fd9-a89c-7f760d14f844", - "label": "BASHKIRIAN", - "broader": "981c3e53-263e-4a91-a2ca-f5896635bbbd", - "definition": "The Bashkirian is the lowest stage or oldest age of the Pennsylvanian. The Bashkirian age lasted from 323.2 to 315.2 Ma, is preceded by the Serpukhovian and is followed by the Moscovian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "label": "MESOZOIC", - "broader": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "definition": "The Mesozoic Era is divided into three time periods: the Triassic (251-199.6 million years ago), the Jurassic (199.6-145.5 million years ago), and the Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 million years ago).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d7a2c62-d0b0-4a13-8412-d7cc8d68aeff", - "label": "CRETACEOUS", - "broader": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "definition": "The Cretaceous is usually noted for being the last portion of the 'Age of Dinosaurs', but that does not mean that new kinds of dinosaurs did not appear then. It is during the Cretaceous that the first ceratopsian and pachycepalosaurid dinosaurs appeared. Also during this time, we find the first fossils of many insect groups, modern mammal and bird groups, and the first flowering plants.\n\nThe breakup of the world-continent Pangea, which began to disperse during the Jurassic, continued. This led to increased regional differences in floras and faunas between the northern and southern continents.\n\nThe end of the Cretaceous brought the end of many previously successful and diverse groups of organisms, such as non-avian dinosaurs and ammonites. This laid open the stage for those groups which had previously taken secondary roles to come to the forefront. The Cretaceous was thus the time in which life as it now exists on Earth came together.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "0d7a2c62-d0b0-4a13-8412-d7cc8d68aeff", - "definition": "The Upper Cretaceous is the last geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 100.5 million years ago, and ended 66 million years ago.\n\nThe Cretaceous is traditionally divided into Lower Cretaceous (early), and Upper Cretaceous (late), because of the different rocks. The rocks reflect the conditions in which they were formed.\n\nThe Upper Cretaceous is the chalk. It is composed of countless millions of calcareous (CaCO3) plates called coccoliths. They are so small they can only just be seen with a light microscope; details require an electron microscope. The plates are formed by single-celled planktonic algae called coccolithophores, and were laid down in the off-shore seas.\n\nThe only other rock found in chalk is the flint, which is siliceous (silica, SiO2). This derives from those algae and animals which have skeletons of silica.\n\nThe Cretaceous was the last period when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals. Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor lived at this time. The huge Mosasaurus was the dominant marine predator. In the Cretaceous period, birds became more diverse. Flowering plants developed more, and became the dominant plants on land. The Upper Cretaceous ended with the K/T extinction event.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2fc19a25-4320-4513-a4a3-f20548ed1daa", - "label": "SANTONIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the Coniacian and is followed by the Campanian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4912ab7c-dd62-48df-975c-e3e107a4b09b", - "label": "TURONIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.8 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by the Cenomanian stage and underlies the Coniacian stage.\n\nAt the beginning of the Turonian an anoxic event took place which is called the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the 'Bonarelli Event'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66543c1a-4855-4ded-a610-c38a80cf158a", - "label": "CENOMANIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous series. An age is a unit of geochronology: it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding age. Both age and stage bear the same name.\n\nAs a unit of geologic time measure, the Cenomanian age spans the time between 100.5 ± 0.9 Ma and 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma (million years ago). In the geologic timescale it is preceded by the Albian and is followed by the Turonian. The Upper Cenomanian starts approximately at 95 M.a.\n\nThe Cenomanian is coeval with the Woodbinian of the regional timescale of the Gulf of Mexico and the early part of the Eaglefordian of the regional timescale of the East Coast of the United States.\n\nAt the end of the Cenomanian an anoxic event took place, called the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the 'Bonarelli Event', that is associated with a minor extinction event for marine species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ce20eea-74f0-40cd-b611-4686427c5fa4", - "label": "MAASTRICHTIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Maastrichtian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the latest age (uppermost stage) of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series, the Cretaceous period or system, and of the Mesozoic era or erathem. It spanned the interval from 72.1 to 66 million years ago. The Maastrichtian was preceded by the Campanian and succeeded by the Danian (part of the Paleogene and Paleocene).\n\nAt the end of this period, there was a mass extinction known as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (formerly known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event).[a] In this extinction event, many commonly recognized groups such as non-avian dinosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, as well as many other lesser-known groups, died out. The cause of the extinction is most commonly linked to an asteroid about 10 to 15 kilometres (6.2 to 9.3 mi) wide colliding with Earth at the end of the Cretaceous.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96713563-fdf4-4e05-ad85-36cf66a74260", - "label": "CAMPANIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous series. Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.7) to 72.1 (± 0.6) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.\n\nThe Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas. The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f431ccfe-5f30-4faa-84d0-4621fb602f10", - "label": "CONIACIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Coniacian is an age or stage in the geologic timescale. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series and spans the time between 89.8 ± 1 Ma and 86.3 ± 0.7 Ma (million years ago). The Coniacian is preceded by the Turonian and followed by the Santonian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "0d7a2c62-d0b0-4a13-8412-d7cc8d68aeff", - "definition": "The Lower Cretaceous is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 146 Ma to 100 Ma. \n\nDuring this time many new types of dinosaur appeared or came into prominence, including ceratopsians, spinosaurids, carcharodontosaurids and coelurosaurs, while survivors from the Late Jurassic continued to persist.\n\nAngiosperms (flowering plants) appeared for the first time during the Early Cretaceous; Archaefructaceae, the oldest (124.6 Ma) was found in the Yixian Formation, China. This time also saw the evolution of the first members of the Neornithes (modern birds).\n\nSinodelphys, a 125 Ma-old boreosphenidan mammal found in the Yixian Formation, China, is one of the oldest mammal fossils found. The fossil location indicates early mammals began to diversify from Asia during the Early Cretaceous. Sinodelphys was more closely related to metatherians (marsupials) than eutherians (placentals) and had feet adapted from climbing trees. Steropodon is the oldest monotreme (egg-lying mammal) discovered. It lived in Gondwana (now Australia) at 105 Ma.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4542d23f-a390-4e21-a905-79ec5e9c66ec", - "label": "APTIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Aptian is an age in the geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch or series and encompasses the time from 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Aptian succeeds the Barremian and precedes the Albian, all part of the Lower/Early Cretaceous.\n\nThe Aptian partly overlaps the upper part of the regionally used (in Western Europe) stage Urgonian.\n\nThe Selli Event, also known as OAE1a, was one of two oceanic Anoxic events in the Cretaceous period, which occurred around 120 Ma and lasted approximately 1 to 1.3 million years. The Aptian extinction was a minor extinction event hypothesized to have occurred around 116 to 117 Ma.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d050d2d-3397-439c-86a5-0e41c3e8dfdc", - "label": "BERRIASIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "In the geological timescale, the Berriasian is an age or stage of the Early Cretaceous. It is the oldest, or lowest, subdivision in the entire Cretaceous. It spanned the time between 145.0 ± 4.0 Ma and 139.8 ± 3.0 Ma (million years ago). The Berriasian succeeds the Tithonian (part of the Jurassic) and precedes the Valanginian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ff94259-fc2a-4899-b878-736daf6b3f94", - "label": "VALANGINIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Valanginian is an age or stage of the Early or Lower Cretaceous. It spans between 139.8 ± 3.0 Ma and 132.9 ± 2.0 Ma (million years ago). The Valanginian stage succeeds the Berriasian stage of the Lower Cretaceous and precedes the Hauterivian stage of the Lower Cretaceous.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a26a2ddd-4eb0-4aa8-a6db-8b47622b5dbe", - "label": "BARREMIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago) and 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous epoch (or Lower Cretaceous series). It is preceded by the Hauterivian and followed by the Aptian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f270c702-4bc6-45bd-82ee-b8637073c96f", - "label": "HAUTERIVIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Hauterivian is, in the geologic timescale, an age in the Early Cretaceous epoch or a stage in the Lower Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 132.9 ± 2 Ma and 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Hauterivian is preceded by the Valanginian and succeeded by the Barremian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4da3849-801c-4b51-9403-45ec421dfa03", - "label": "ALBIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous epoch/series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± 0.9 Ma (million years ago). The Albian is preceded by the Aptian and followed by the Cenomanian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "label": "JURASSIC", - "broader": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "definition": "Great plant-eating dinosaurs roaming the earth, feeding on lush ferns and palm-like cycads and bennettitaleans smaller but vicious carnivores stalking the great herbivores … oceans full of fish, squid, and coiled ammonites, plus great ichthyosaurs and long-necked plesiosaurs … vertebrates taking to the air, like the pterosaurs and the first birds. This was the Jurassic Period, 199.6 to 145.5 million years ago* — a 54-million-year chunk of the Mesozoic Era.\n\nNamed for the Jura Mountains on the border between France and Switzerland, where rocks of this age were first studied, the Jurassic has become a household word with the success of the movie Jurassic Park. Outside of Hollywood, the Jurassic is still important to us today, both because of its wealth of fossils and because of its economic importance — the oilfields of the North Sea, for instance, are Jurassic in age.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "definition": "The Middle Jurassic is the second epoch of the Jurassic Period. It lasted from about 174 to 163 million years ago. Fossil-bearing rocks from the Middle Jurassic are relatively rare, but some important formations include the Forest Marble Formation in England, the Kilmaluag Formation in Scotland, the Daohugou Beds in China, Itat Formation in Russia, and the Isalo III Formation of western Madagasca.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1386b377-26fd-49af-a7e3-7c8be3320997", - "label": "BAJOCIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Bajocian is an age and stage in the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 170.3 Ma to around 168.3 Ma (million years ago). The Bajocian age succeeds the Aalenian age and precedes the Bathonian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e10cbfa-f2d3-4397-a353-752126197158", - "label": "CALLOVIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Callovian is an age and stage in the Middle Jurassic, lasting between 166.1 ± 4.0 Ma (million years ago) and 163.5 ± 4.0 Ma. It is the last stage of the Middle Jurassic, following the Bathonian and preceding the Oxfordian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d25cd2c-cb4e-4133-af8b-dcde0775c558", - "label": "AALENIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "The Aalenian ( /ɑːˈliːniən/) is a subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch/series of the geologic timescale that extends from about 174.1 Ma to about 170.3 Ma (million years ago). It was preceded by the Toarcian and succeeded by the Bajocian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd6d09ee-0c39-4a4f-9285-3bf616b0aae3", - "label": "BATHONIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale the Bathonian is an age and stage of the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 168.3 Ma to around 166.1 Ma (million years ago). The Bathonian age succeeds the Bajocian age and precedes the Callovian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "definition": "The Upper Jurassic is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya. It was followed by the Lower Cretaceous.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "19b97ca1-f6ae-4a27-be69-c67cd2bbd985", - "label": "KIMMERIDGIAN", - "broader": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Kimmeridgian is an age or stage in the Late or Upper Jurassic epoch or series. It spans the time between 157.3 ± 1.0 Ma and 152.1 ± 0.9 Ma (million years ago). The Kimmeridgian follows the Oxfordian and precedes the Tithonian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97bead3b-1194-49ba-b39a-42f5462a36a4", - "label": "OXFORDIAN", - "broader": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "definition": "The Oxfordian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the earliest age of the Late Jurassic epoch, or the lowest stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 163.5 ± 4 Ma and 157.3 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). The Oxfordian is preceded by the Callovian and is followed by the Kimmeridgian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a600cd3f-c92f-4a5b-a381-24e6f4904c9c", - "label": "TITHONIAN", - "broader": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "definition": "In the geological timescale, the Tithonian is the latest age of the Late Jurassic epoch or the uppermost stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 152.1 ± 4 Ma and 145.0 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Kimmeridgian and followed by the Berriasian stage (part of the Cretaceous).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "definition": "The Early Jurassic epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma (million years ago), and ends at the start of the Middle Jurassic 174.1 Ma.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "071a00d6-29c6-460a-9d59-d593e430d263", - "label": "SINEMURIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Sinemurian is an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series. It spans the time between 199.3 ± 2 Ma and 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Sinemurian is preceded by the Hettangian and is followed by the Pliensbac", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07d16792-c709-4db2-a744-97619e9bc680", - "label": "TOARCIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "The Toarcian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic. It spans the time between 182.7 Ma (million years ago) and 174.1 Ma. It follows the Pliensbachian and is followed by the Aalenian. The Toarcian age began with the Toarcian turnover, the extinction event that sets its fossil faunas apart from the previous Pliensbachian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dd020ac-d5ee-4f39-8a55-3d80a84854a7", - "label": "PLIENSBACHIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "The Pliensbachian is an age of the geologic timescale and stage in the stratigraphic column. It is part of the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series and spans the time between 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 182.7 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Pliensbachian is preceded by the Sinemurian and followed by the Toarcian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb29222e-8aaf-4b46-8672-8525a58e2b8d", - "label": "HETTANGIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "The Hettangian is the earliest age and lowest stage of the Jurassic period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 201.3 ± 0.2 Ma and 199.3 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago). The Hettangian follows the Rhaetian (part of the Triassic period) and is followed by the Sinemurian.\n\nIn European stratigraphy the Hettangian is a part of the time span in which the Lias was deposited. An example is the British Blue Lias, which has an upper Rhaetian to Sinemurian age. Another example is the lower Lias from the Northern Limestone Alps where well-preserved but very rare ammonites, including Alsatites, have been found.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "label": "TRIASSIC", - "broader": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "definition": "In many ways, the Triassic, lasting from 251.0 mya to 199.6 mya, was a time of transition. It was at this time that the world-continent of Pangea existed, altering global climate and ocean circulation. The Triassic also follows the largest extinction event in the history of life, and so is a time when the survivors of that event spread and recolonized.\n\nThe organisms of the Triassic can be considered to belong to one of three groups: holdovers from the Permo-Triassic extinction, new groups which flourished briefly, and new groups which went on to dominate the Mesozoic world. The holdovers included the lycophytes, glossopterids, and dicynodonts. While those that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world include modern conifers, cycadeoids, and the dinosaurs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "definition": "The Late (Upper) Triassic is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic Period in the geologic timescale. The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. The corresponding series is known as the Upper Triassic. In Europe the epoch was called the Keuper, after a German lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) that has a roughly corresponding age. The Late Triassic spans the time between 237 Ma and 201.3 Ma (million years ago). The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages.\n\nMany of the first dinosaurs evolved during the Late Triassic, including Plateosaurus, Coelophysis, and Eoraptor.\n\nThe extinction event that began during the Late Triassic resulted in the disappearance of about 76% of all terrestrial and marine life species, as well as almost 20% of taxonomic families. Although the Late Triassic Epoch did not prove to be as destructive as the preceding Permian Period, which took place approximately 50 million years earlier and destroyed about 70% of land species, 57% of insect families as well as 95% of marine life, it resulted in great decreased in population sizes of many living organism populations.\n\nSpecifically, the Late Triassic had negative effects on the conodonts and ammonoid groups. These groups once served as vital index fossils, which made it possible to identify feasible life span to multiple strata of the Triassic strata. These groups were severely affected during the epoch, and became extinct soon after. Despite the large populations that withered away with the coming of the Late Triassic, many families, such as the pterosaurs, crocodiles, mammals and fish were very minimally affected. However, such families as the bivalves, gastropods, marine reptiles and brachiopods were greatly affected and many species became extinct during this time", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11fdca69-e5fb-4b41-97e5-de678fd7eade", - "label": "NORIAN", - "broader": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "definition": "The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). The Norian lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db75736c-28be-470c-b532-71b81ca3fbcd", - "label": "CARNIAN", - "broader": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "definition": "The Carnian is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the Carnian Pluvial Event) occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff133a4b-a23a-4710-93d3-2b802b21c8c4", - "label": "RHAETIAN", - "broader": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "definition": "The Rhaetian is, in geochronology, the latest age of the Triassic period or in chronostratigraphy the uppermost stage of the Triassic system. It lasted from 208.5 to 201.3 million years ago. It was preceded by the Norian and succeeded by the Hettangian (the lowermost stage or earliest age of the Jurassic).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cf3e2f7-3753-4c2f-ae82-4b8eebf4547f", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "definition": "The Early (Lower) Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 251.902 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million years ago). Rocks from this epoch are collectively known as the Lower Triassic, which is a unit in chronostratigraphy. The Early Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic Era and is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages.\n\nThe Lower Triassic series is coeval with the Scythian stage, which is today not included in the official timescales but can be found in older literature. In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of Buntsandstein, a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "38c83387-bfa9-46d4-8f17-43fc46ac891e", - "label": "OLENEKIAN", - "broader": "5cf3e2f7-3753-4c2f-ae82-4b8eebf4547f", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch or a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251.2 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million years ago). The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian. The Olenekian saw the deposition of a large part of the Buntsandstein in Europe. Archosaurs - a group encompassing crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and ultimately birds - are diapsid reptiles that first evolved from Archosauriform ancestors during the Olenekian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7e63199-3f21-4dd3-900c-e9bfc68c158a", - "label": "INDUAN", - "broader": "5cf3e2f7-3753-4c2f-ae82-4b8eebf4547f", - "definition": "The Induan is, in the geologic timescale, the first age of the Early Triassic epoch or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251.902 Ma and 251.2 Ma (million years ago).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee019c00-2300-4675-9dea-8f993a744a67", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided. It spans the time between 247.2 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian ages or stages.\n\nFormerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known as Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a specific unit of rock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.\n\nDuring this time there were no flowering plants, but instead there were ferns and mosses. Small dinosaurs began to appear, like Nyasasaurus and the ichnogenus Iranosauripus.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4eb7b9e2-0478-478d-8674-1798e5fb1b2b", - "label": "LADINIAN", - "broader": "ee019c00-2300-4675-9dea-8f993a744a67", - "definition": "The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 242 Ma and ~237 Ma (million years ago). The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the Carnian (part of the Upper or Late Triassic).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4d1651b-a5c2-463d-afea-c211da0d1ea5", - "label": "ANISIAN", - "broader": "ee019c00-2300-4675-9dea-8f993a744a67", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The Anisian age succeeds the Olenekian age (part of the Lower Triassic epoch) and precedes the Ladinian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "label": "CENOZOIC", - "broader": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "definition": "The Cenozoic Era is the most recent of the three major subdivisions of animal history. The other two are the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras. The Cenozoic spans only about 65 million years, from the end of the Cretaceous Period and the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs to the present. The Cenozoic is sometimes called the Age of Mammals, because the largest land animals have been mammals during that time. This is a misnomer for several reasons. First, the history of mammals began long before the Cenozoic began. Second, the diversity of life during the Cenozoic is far wider than mammals. The Cenozoic could have been called the 'Age of Flowering Plants' or the 'Age of Insects' or the 'Age of Teleost Fish' or the 'Age of Birds' just as accurately.\n\nThe Cenozoic (65.5 million years ago to present) is divided into three periods: the Paleogene (65.5 to 23.03 million years ago), Neogene (23.03 to 2.6 million years ago) and the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago to present). Paleogene and Neogene are relatively new terms that now replace the deprecated term, Tertiary. The Paleogene is subdivided into three epochs: the Paleocene (65.5 to 55.8 million years ago), the Eocene (55.8 to 33.9 million years ago), and the Oligocene (33.9 to 23.03 million years ago). The Neogene is subdivided into two epochs: the Miocene (23.03 to 5.332 million years ago) and Pliocene (5.332 to 2.588 million years ago).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "label": "PALEOGENE", - "broader": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "definition": "The Paleogene is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period 66 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period 23.03 Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The earlier term Tertiary Period was used to define the span of time now covered by the Paleogene and subsequent Neogene periods; despite no longer being recognized as a formal stratigraphic term, 'Tertiary' is still widely found in earth science literature and remains in informal use. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period. The United States Geological Survey uses the abbreviation PE for the Paleogene, but the more commonly used abbreviation is PG with the PE being used for Paleocene.\n\nThis period consists of the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs. The end of the Paleocene (55.5/54.8 Mya) was marked by the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic, which upset oceanic and atmospheric circulation and led to the extinction of numerous deep-sea benthic foraminifera and on land, a major turnover in mammals. The term 'Paleogene System' is applied to the rocks deposited during the 'Paleogene Period'.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5e89981e-0ef5-4aec-b118-54fdf197eb05", - "label": "OLIGOCENE", - "broader": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "definition": "The Oligocene Epoch, which is right in the middle of the Tertiary Period (and end of the Paleogene), lasted from about 33.9 to 23 million years ago. Although it lasted a 'short' 11 million years, a number of major changes occurred during this time. These changes include the appearance of the first elephants with trunks, early horses, and the appearance of many grasses — plants that would produce extensive grasslands in the following epoch, the Miocene.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9388f3a4-18df-45f6-ba3d-7a78579f6a6d", - "label": "CHATTIAN", - "broader": "5e89981e-0ef5-4aec-b118-54fdf197eb05", - "definition": "The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 28.1 and 23.03 Ma. The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage of the Miocene).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb81d8bd-f837-4893-b560-921c28359975", - "label": "RUPELIAN", - "broader": "5e89981e-0ef5-4aec-b118-54fdf197eb05", - "definition": "The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 33.9 and 28.1 Ma. It is preceded by the Priabonian stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "label": "EOCENE", - "broader": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "definition": "The Eocene is the second of five epochs in the Tertiary Period — the second of three epochs in the Paleogene — and lasted from about 55.8 to 33.9 million years ago. The oldest known fossils of most of the modern orders of mammals appear in a brief period during the early Eocene and all were small, under 10 kg. Both groups of modern ungulates, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, became prevalent mammals at this time, due to a major radiation between Europe and North America.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1fbdcab5-811a-4221-899a-3a0610cdcb26", - "label": "LUTETIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between 47.8 and 41.2 Ma. The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the Middle Eocene subepoch.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67246f68-1e2e-48a8-b8c8-be04d247a4c2", - "label": "BARTONIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "The Bartonian is a stage or age in the middle Eocene epoch or series. The Bartonian age spans the time between 41.2 and 37.8 Ma. It is preceded by the Lutetian and is followed by the Priabonian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "788fb9ec-4963-40cc-8409-398dede7754b", - "label": "PRIABONIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "The Priabonian is the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene epoch or series. It spans the time between 37.8 and 33.9 Ma. The Priabonian is preceded by the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage of the Oligocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5657be8-24d2-4cf0-90c2-c01922c74079", - "label": "YPRESIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between 56 and 47.8 Ma, is preceded by the Thanetian age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian age. The Ypresian age begins during the throes of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The Fur Formation in Denmark and the Messel shales in Germany are from this age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "label": "PALEOCENE", - "broader": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "definition": "The Paleocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. \n\nThe epoch is bracketed by two major events in Earth's history: the K-Pg extinction event and the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum. The K-Pg extinction event, brought on by an asteroid impact and an ensuing impact winter, marked the beginning of the Paleocene and killed off 75% of life on Earth, most famously the non-avian dinosaurs. The end of the epoch was marked by the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum, which was a major climatic event wherein about 2,500–4,500 gigatons of carbon was released into the atmosphere and ocean systems en masse, causing a spike in global temperatures and ocean acidification.\n\nThe Paleocene continued many geological processes initiated in Mesozoic, and the continents continued moving towards their present positions. The Northern Hemisphere continents were still connected via some land bridges as well as the Southern Hemisphere continents, the Rocky Mountains were being uplifted, the Americas had not yet joined, and the Indian Plate had begun its collision with Asia. In the oceans, the thermohaline circulation probably was much different than it is today, with downwellings occurring in the North Pacific rather than the North Atlantic, and water density was mainly controlled by salinity rather than temperature.\n\nThe extinction event caused a floral and faunal turnover of species, with previously abundant species being replaced by previously uncommon ones. With a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles. As such, there were forests worldwide–including at the poles–with low species richness in regards to plant life, populated by mainly small creatures which were rapidly evolving to take advantage of the recently-emptied Earth. Though some animals attained enormous size, most remained rather small. The forests grew quite dense in the general absence of large herbivores. Mammals proliferated in the Paleocene, and the earliest placentals and marsupials are recorded from this time, but most Paleocene taxa have ambiguous affinities. In the seas, ray-finned fish rose to dominate open ocean and reef ecosystems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f28f84d-f0ab-484e-8eea-2c9f5c141558", - "label": "SELANDIAN", - "broader": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "definition": "The Selandian is in the geologic timescale an age or stage in the Paleocene. It spans the time between 61.6 and 59.2 Ma. It is preceded by the Danian and followed by the Thanetian. Sometimes the Paleocene is subdivided in subepochs, in which the Selandian forms the 'Middle Paleocene'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "979bcb67-30f0-49c8-8e8e-fb7412e75efa", - "label": "THANETIAN", - "broader": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "definition": "The Thanetian is, in the ICS Geologic timescale, the latest age or uppermost stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene Epoch or series. It spans the time between 59.2 and 56 Ma. The Thanetian is preceded by the Selandian age and followed by the Ypresian age (part of the Eocene). The Thanetian is sometimes referred to as the Late Paleocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2053865-d144-4d79-b18b-4fd361be25ae", - "label": "DANIAN", - "broader": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "definition": "The Danian is the oldest age or lowest stage of the Paleocene epoch or series, the Paleogene period or system and the Cenozoic era or erathem. The beginning of the Danian age (and the end of the preceding Maastrichtian age) is at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 Ma. The age ended 61.6 Ma, being followed by the Selandian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7e7fb38-44ef-4c5b-aa1d-b3fdcf89d838", - "label": "QUATERNARY", - "broader": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "definition": "The Quaternary is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene (2.588 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today). The informal term 'Late Quaternary' refers to the past 0.5–1.0 million years. The Quaternary Period is typically defined by the cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets associated with Milankovitch cycles and the associated climate and environmental changes that occurred.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "label": "PLEISTOCENE", - "broader": "c7e7fb38-44ef-4c5b-aa1d-b3fdcf89d838", - "definition": "The Pleistocene, often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology.\n\nThe Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary Period or sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era. In the ICS timescale, the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages, the Gelasian, Calabrian, Middle Pleistocene (unofficially the 'Chibanian') and Upper Pleistocene (unofficially the 'Tarantian'). In addition to this international subdivision, various regional subdivisions are often used.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4a8e2b77-e46a-4646-8a9d-1a99b6d8a4b0", - "label": "CALABRIAN", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "Calabrian is a subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch of the geologic time scale, defined as ~1.8 Ma.—781,000 years ago ± 5,000 years, a period of ~1.019 million years.\n\nThe end of the stage is defined by the last magnetic pole reversal (781 ± 5 Ka) and plunge into an ice age and global drying possibly colder and drier than the late Miocene (Messinian) through early Pliocene (Zanclean) cold period. Originally the Calabrian was a European faunal stage primarily based on mollusk fossils. It has become the second geologic age in the Early Pleistocene. Many of the mammalian faunal assemblages of the Early Pleistocene start in the Gelasian. For example, the Platygonus and other Blancan fauna appear first in the Gelasian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "750b7e7e-8dd6-41ec-8e09-c3026baffd2b", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "The Middle Pleistocene is a subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch, from 781,000 to 126,000 years ago (781–126 ka). It is preceded by the Calabrian stage, beginning with the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, and succeeded by the Tarantian stage (equivalent to the Late or Upper Pleistocene), taken as beginning with the last interglacial (MIS 5).\n\nThe tripartite subdivision of the Pleistocene into Lower (Early), Middle and Upper (Late) has been in use since the 1930s. It is in use as a provisional or 'quasi-formal' designation by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) as of 2018, pending the ratification of the 2017 proposal by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, ICSSQS) of the Chibanian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f54bcf3-64dc-480b-ba75-3298c2299f35", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "The Upper Pleistocene is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago. Its end is defined at the end of the Younger Dryas, some 11,700 years ago. The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch.\n\nMuch of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciations, such as the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and the Weichselian glaciation and Würm glaciation in Eurasia. Many megafauna became extinct during this age, a trend that continued into the Holocene. The Late Pleistocene contains the Upper Paleolithic stage of human development, including the out-of-Africa migration and dispersal of anatomically modern humans and the extinction of the last remaining archaic human species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea3e9d14-1969-4add-83f3-a4c486b922e9", - "label": "GELASIAN", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "The Gelasian is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary period/system and Pleistocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 2.588 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago) and 1.806 ± 0.005 Ma. It follows the Piacenzian stage (part of the Pliocene) and is followed by the Calabrian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "label": "HOLOCENE", - "broader": "c7e7fb38-44ef-4c5b-aa1d-b3fdcf89d838", - "definition": "The Holocene is the name given to the last 11,700 years of the Earth's history — the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or 'ice age.' Since then, there have been small-scale climate shifts — notably the 'Little Ice Age' between about 1200 and 1700 A.D. — but in general, the Holocene has been a relatively warm period in between ice ages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "007cc0a7-cccf-47c9-a55d-af36592055b3", - "label": "GREENLANDIAN", - "broader": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "definition": "The Greenlandian is the earliest age or lowest stage of the Holocene epoch or series, part of the Quaternary. It is one of three subdivisions of the Holocene. The lower boundary of the Greenlandian Age is the GSSP sample from the North Greenland Ice Core Project in central Greenland (75.1000°N 42.3200°W). The Greenlandian GSSP has been correlated with the end of Younger Dryas (from near-glacial to interglacial) and a “shift in deuterium excess values.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "078b8751-408f-4410-9925-0840a52e0b5c", - "label": "MEGHALAYAN", - "broader": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "definition": "The Meghalayan is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Quaternary. It is also the upper, or latest, of three subdivisions of the Holocene epoch or series. Its Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) is a Krem Mawmluh Cave formation in Meghalaya, northeast India. Mawmluh cave is one of the longest and deepest caves in India, and conditions here were suitable for preserving chemical signs of the transition in ages. The global auxiliary stratotype is an ice core from Mount Logan in Canada.\n\nThe Meghalayan begins 4,200 years BP, i.e., before 1950 (c. 2250 BCE or 7750 HE), leaving open room for the possible creation of the Anthropocene from 1950 forward. The age began with a 200-year drought that impacted human civilizations in Egypt, Greece, Syria, Canaan, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and the Yangtze River Valley. 'The fact that the beginning of this age coincides with a cultural shift caused by a global climate event makes it unique,' according to Stanley Finney, Secretary General of the International Union of Geological Sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "faa0de65-292f-4a5e-9dc7-1893ca82180c", - "label": "NORTHGRIPPIAN", - "broader": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "definition": "In the geologic time scale, the Northgrippian is the middle of the three ages of the Holocene epoch which lies in the Quaternary period. It was officially ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in July 2018 along with the Greenlandian and the Meghalayan.\n\nThe age began 8,236 years prior to the year 2000 (6236 BCE or 3764 HE), near the 8.2 kiloyear event, and goes up to the start of the Meghalayan, which began 4,200 years prior to the year 1950 (2250 BCE or 7750 HE), near the 4.2 kiloyear event.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5a3aed9-de46-4903-a999-f9f8bcdf1cd7", - "label": "NEOGENE", - "broader": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "definition": "The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period 23.03 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2.58 Mya. The Neogene is sub-divided into two epochs, the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene. Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period, the Quaternary. \n\nDuring this period, mammals and birds continued to evolve into roughly modern forms, while other groups of life remained relatively unchanged. Early hominids, the ancestors of humans, appeared in Africa near the end of the period. Some continental movement took place, the most significant event being the connection of North and South America at the Isthmus of Panama, late in the Pliocene. This cut off the warm ocean currents from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, leaving only the Gulf Stream to transfer heat to the Arctic Ocean. The global climate cooled considerably over the course of the Neogene, culminating in a series of continental glaciations in the Quaternary Period that follows.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "label": "MIOCENE", - "broader": "e5a3aed9-de46-4903-a999-f9f8bcdf1cd7", - "definition": "The Miocene Epoch, 23.03 to 5.3 million years ago, was a time of warmer global climates than those in the preceeding Oligocene or the following Pliocene and it's notable in that two major ecosystems made their first appearances: kelp forests and grasslands. The expansion of grasslands is correlated to a drying of continental interiors as the global climate first warmed and then cooled.\n\nThe overall pattern of biological change for the Miocene is one of expanding open vegetation systems (such as deserts, tundra, and grasslands) at the expense of diminishing closed vegetation (such as forests). This led to a rediversification of temperate ecosystems and many morphological changes in animals. Mammals and birds in particular developed new forms, whether as fast-running herbivores, large predatory mammals and birds, or small quick birds and rodents.\n\nPlant studies of the Miocene have focused primarily on spores and pollen. Such studies show that by the end of the Miocene 95% of modern seed plant families existed, and that no such families have gone extinct since the middle of the Miocene. A mid-Miocene warming, followed by a cooling is considered responsible for the retreat of tropical ecosystems, the expansion of northern coniferous forests, and increased seasonality. With this change came the diversification of modern graminoids, especially grasses and sedges.\n\nIn addition to changes on land, important new ecosystems in the sea led to new forms there. Kelp forests appeared for the first time, as did sea otters and other critters unique to those environments. At the same time, such ocean-going mammals as the Desmostylia went extinct.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "027286de-800d-4141-b17b-6df71fbef30c", - "label": "AQUITANIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Aquitanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the oldest age or lowest stage in the Miocene. It spans the time between 23.03 ± 0.05 Ma and 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago) during the Early Miocene. It is a dry, cooling period. The Aquitanian succeeds the Chattian (the youngest age of the Oligocene) and precedes the Burdigalian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4faea12f-7425-42c4-abcc-e9253d312e57", - "label": "LANGHIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Langhian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, an age or stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma and 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago) during the Middle Miocene. The Langhian was a continuing warming period defined by Lorenzo Pareto in 1865, it was originally established in the Langhe area north of Ceva in northern Italy, hence the name. The Langhian is preceded by the Burdigalian and followed by the Serravallian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "630bb839-bbf4-4183-92a2-d0aa25de6dcb", - "label": "MESSINIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Messinian is in the geologic timescale the last age or uppermost stage of the Miocene. It spans the time between 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma and 5.333 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It follows the Tortonian and is followed by the Zanclean, the first age of the Pliocene.\n\nThe Messinian overlaps the Turolian European Land Mammal Mega Zone (more precisely MN 12 and 13) and the Pontian Central European Paratethys stage. It also overlaps the late Huayquerian and early Montehermosan South American Land Mammal Ages, and falls inside the more extensive Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f22650c-e749-4775-a99a-9978a89456d0", - "label": "SERRAVALLIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Serravallian is in the geologic timescale an age or a stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series, that spans the time between 13.82 Ma and 11.63 Ma (million years ago). The Serravallian follows the Langhian and is followed by the Tortonian.\n\nIt overlaps with the middle of the Astaracian European Land Mammal Mega Zone, the upper Barstovian and lower Clarendonian North American Land Mammal Ages and the Laventan and lower Mayoan South American Land Mammal Ages. It is also coeval with the Sarmatian and upper Badenian stages of the Paratethys time scale of Central and eastern Europe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9eca563-b06d-433d-b00b-deb3a3572f02", - "label": "TORTONIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Tortonian is in the geologic time scale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma and 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It follows the Serravallian and is followed by the Messinian.\n\nThe Tortonian roughly overlaps with the regional Pannonian stage of the Paratethys timescale of Central Europe. It also overlaps the upper Astaracian, Vallesian and lower Turolian European land mammal ages, the upper Clarendonian and lower Hemphillian North American land mammal ages and the upper Chasicoan and lower Huayquerian South American land mammal ages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d76017a5-c60a-4910-81f7-58a559d32990", - "label": "BURDIGALIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or stage in the early Miocene. It spans the time between 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma and 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). Preceded by the Aquitanian, the Burdigalian was the first and longest warming period of the Miocene and is succeeded by the Langhian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cb96c3b-1a1c-4d26-a894-2638d5cd05d1", - "label": "PLIOCENE", - "broader": "e5a3aed9-de46-4903-a999-f9f8bcdf1cd7", - "definition": "The Pliocene, 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago, was a time of global cooling after the warmer Miocene. The cooling and drying of the global environment may have contributed to the enormous spread of grasslands and savannas during this time. The change in vegetation undoubtedly was a major factor in the rise of long-legged grazers who came to live in these areas.\n\nAdditionally, the Panamanian land-bridge between North and South America appeared during the Pliocene, allowing migrations of plants and animals into new habitats. Of even greater impact was the accumulation of ice at the poles, which would lead to the extinction of most species living there, as well as the advance of glaciers and ice ages of the Late Pliocene and the following Pleistocene.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "430b7535-b720-4b3e-a497-5517eb571a75", - "label": "PIACENZIAN", - "broader": "6cb96c3b-1a1c-4d26-a894-2638d5cd05d1", - "definition": "The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma and 2.588 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). The Piacenzian is after the Zanclean and is followed by the Gelasian (part of the Pleistocene).\n\nThe Piacenzian is roughly coeval with the European land mammal age MN 16, overlaps the late Chapadmalalan and early Uquian South American land mammal age and falls inside the more extensive Blancan North American land mammal age. It also correlates with the Astian, Redonian, Reuverian and Romanian regional stages of Europe. Some authorities describe the British Red Crag Formation and Waltonian stage as late Piacenzian, while others regard them as early Pleistocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd16d901-1c9f-4373-ab7d-d5292049b7a6", - "label": "ZANCLEAN", - "broader": "6cb96c3b-1a1c-4d26-a894-2638d5cd05d1", - "definition": "The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Messinian age of the Miocene epoch, and followed by the Piacenzian age.\n\nThe Zanclean can be correlated with regionally used stages, such as the Tabianian or Dacian of Central Europe. It also corresponds to the late Hemphillian to mid-Blancan North American Land Mammal Ages. In California, the Zanclean roughly corresponds to the mid-Delmontian Californian Stage of from 7.5 To 2.9 Ma ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7626c29-a1d3-4d0c-a263-616fe060f164", - "label": "HADEAN", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "Hadean time (4.6 to 4 billion years ago) is not a geological period as such. No rocks on the Earth are this old, except for meteorites. During Hadean time, the Solar System was forming, probably within a large cloud of gas and dust around the sun, called an accretion disc. The relative abundance of heavier elements in the Solar System suggests that this gas and dust was derived from a supernova, or supernovas — the explosion of an old, massive star.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-collectiondatatype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-collectiondatatype.json deleted file mode 100644 index 3674d6e..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-collectiondatatype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "label": "Collection Data Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "10e8a2ae-a550-4e89-ba7a-a9f5a9d7caaf", - "label": "SCIENCE_QUALITY", - "broader": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad598334-f541-4be4-888c-c2dc7eb54194", - "label": "NEAR_REAL_TIME", - "broader": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2a18701-ff6d-45b3-8712-158a68912790", - "label": "OTHER", - "broader": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-contacttype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-contacttype.json deleted file mode 100644 index 63cec0b..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-contacttype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "label": "Contact Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f9b7882-8d34-4268-a0da-66e523bbdf11", - "label": "Mobile", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a28dca7-3b59-4c5d-857d-92cacae98913", - "label": "Modem", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4361c360-051f-49eb-8ef4-7032372d0c15", - "label": "Primary", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b86e1dc-99bd-41c9-a786-2a837440278d", - "label": "Telephone", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bf5222b-c82f-449d-85fb-dae1876d7eaa", - "label": "Direct Line", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ecb68ac-304c-46a2-88ee-e12b7617116b", - "label": "Fax", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "745ddec8-e62a-4789-bd9d-969fcc4f6d46", - "label": "U.S. toll free", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c3a0d69-7d0c-44b0-abfb-d73f89c6fdcc", - "label": "Facebook", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ebf494c-daeb-4765-b418-73d784602f47", - "label": "TDD/TYY Phone", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "825b5fdb-ed0b-4730-a15d-457f2a8731a0", - "label": "Twitter", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d73aa4d6-247d-4232-b047-e2aa86f0ee60", - "label": "Email", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbbd3fa4-61d8-4c6b-9741-9359f2442a52", - "label": "Other", - "broader": "8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-coordinatesystem.json b/resources/json/gcmd-coordinatesystem.json deleted file mode 100644 index 75ba344..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-coordinatesystem.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", - "label": "Coordinate System", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "101c6721-61ed-40a1-96a5-6f0281db42cb", - "label": "GEODETIC", - "broader": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3340a5e-f3a9-4d96-8b72-37b1083d934c", - "label": "CARTESIAN", - "broader": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-dataformat.json b/resources/json/gcmd-dataformat.json deleted file mode 100644 index 7dd4847..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-dataformat.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,892 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "label": "Data Format", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0225ee3e-c3b1-4a5d-bd22-b36462330b00", - "label": "TIFF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An image file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers. TIFF is widely supported by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition, image manipulation, desktop publishing, and page-layout applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "067315ec-ed74-401f-b828-d568351211d1", - "label": "AGF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "AGF files (Atlas Geo Files) are Atlas GIS native binary geodataset files. These store information about the spatial data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0679d78d-0931-4948-94ec-46ab130785a6", - "label": "ICI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A general-purpose programming language that is interpreted and contains several features such as dynamic typing along with the flexible data types is known as ICI (not an acronym) programming language. It is considered to be similar to the Perl language. This ICI language comprises flow control constructs and also contains some operators of the C language. It is not an object-oriented language but some of the features of OOP can be attained by a specific inheritance method known as superstructures. Similar to C, this ICI programming language has the same system interface and a standard library for built-in functions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08208d5b-1311-4c14-b8c1-5f64f75cb392", - "label": "AMES", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The NASA Ames Format for Data Exchange, often referred to as NASA Ames Format, grew out of NASA aircraft campaigns and was first formalised at the Ames Research Centre, California, during the 1987 Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP), when uniform rules to record data were needed to facilitate the data exchange between the participants and allow shared use of a minimised amount of software to analyse and display different datasets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e1b63cf-966f-4f42-9575-e6b362de9aaa", - "label": "HDF-EOS5", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "There are two main versions of the HDF library: HDF4 and HDF5. These two versions are not compatible and support for both will continue. However, the support for HDF4 will be limited to bug-fixes and building and testing on new platforms; no new features will be added. There are also two main versions of HDF-EOS that are based on the HDF libraries. HDF-EOS2.x versions are based on HDF4 and HDF-EOS5.x versions are based on HDF5.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10de1987-5896-42d6-be7c-506fd7ba1f21", - "label": "MAT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MATLAB is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "131c1f06-d827-4b0f-b2cf-d0585f221be1", - "label": "PNG", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file is a raster image file format that uses lossless compression. This file format was created as a replacement of Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) and has no copyright limitations. However, PNG file format does not support animations. PNG file format supports lossless image compression that makes it popular among its users. With the passage of time, PNG has evolved as one of the widely used image file formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "133c2aee-50f9-4260-b792-6d6694399da3", - "label": "IONEX", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The IONosphere-map EXchange format was developed with the purpose of having a common format to exchange TEC maps obtained from the GNSS signals. IONEX format is based on RINEX: it consists of a ASCII file containing a header with global information, placed in the beginning of the file, and a data section, with the TEC map.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1528fc97-9aa0-4417-887b-c746fb0c6d23", - "label": "Valeport CTD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A CTD — an acronym for Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth — is the primary tool for determining essential physical properties of sea water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "181d354f-af90-4aaf-9167-ff3db9f6cb13", - "label": "LAS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The LAS (LASer) format is a file format designed for the interchange and archiving of lidar point cloud data. It is an open, binary format specified by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). The format is widely used and regarded as an industry standard for lidar data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19139079-41cd-47d5-b581-93bed04ade29", - "label": "TAR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A TAR file is an archive created by tar, a Unix-based utility used to package files together for backup or distribution purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "191a9f1d-cfd3-469d-86b8-ce2d2355034a", - "label": "DEM", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A file with the DEM file extension is a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Data file. DEM files contain digital elevation models, which are 3D pictures of a surface, usually a planet, obtained during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) by NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1aee02b9-bf37-4197-bb7f-bd6f040d26f6", - "label": "ASCII Raster", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Esri ASCII raster format can be used to transfer information to or from other cell-based or raster systems. When an existing raster is output to an Esri ASCII-format raster, the file will begin with header information that defines the properties of the raster such as the cell size, the number of rows and columns, and the coordinates of the origin of the raster. The header information is followed by cell value information specified in space-delimited row-major order, with each row separated by a carriage return.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b5f24f0-a524-4d6b-a20a-6bc685d46c8e", - "label": "MDB", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An MDB file is a database file created by Microsoft Access, a widely-used desktop relational database program. It contains the database structure (tables and fields) and database entries (table rows). MDB files may also store data entry forms, queries, stored procedures, reports, and database security settings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c406abc-104d-4517-96b8-dbbcf515f00f", - "label": "HDF5", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "HDF5 is a high performance data software library and file format to manage, process, and store your heterogeneous data. HDF5 is built for fast I/O processing and storage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20c82be1-789f-4441-9728-d51cf2704523", - "label": "NITF21NCDRD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "NITF data can be added to a mosaic dataset using the NITF (Generic), the NITF (NCDRD) raster type, or the Esri generic raster dataset raster type. When a NITF is added using the NCDRD raster type, the metadata fields specified below will be added and populated in the attribute table. Using the NCDRD raster type allows you to create a mosaic dataset where you can query the mosaic dataset based on a limited set of NITF attributes in the mosaic dataset attribute table regardless of the sensor type (for example, supporting a mixed collection of commercial satellite image products from multiple vendors).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20f86520-af22-4e57-9d83-06a7e2ca5280", - "label": "RB5", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The data format for the the Qualcomm Flight RB5 5G platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22996c6c-4a7c-4ff3-9782-1fc3c680a88c", - "label": "EPS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) is a Document Structuring Conventions-conforming (DSC) PostScript document format usable as a graphics file format. EPS files are more-or-less self-contained, reasonably predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or drawing and can be placed within another PostScript document. An EPS file is essentially a PostScript program, saved as a single file that includes a low-resolution preview 'encapsulated' within it, allowing some programs to display a preview on the screen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23a0f833-fc2b-4922-8998-371a4a18bd17", - "label": "COG", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) is a regular GeoTIFF file, aimed at being hosted on a HTTP file server, with an internal organization that enables more efficient workflows on the cloud. It does this by leveraging the ability of clients issuing HTTP GET range requests to ask for just the parts of a file they need.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23ccdce5-cd51-424e-b82a-67e076a86994", - "label": "ICARTT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The ICARTT file format standards were developed to fulfill the data management needs for the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) campaign in 2004. The ICARTT study consisted of eleven highly coordinated individual field experiments with over 300 government-agency and university participants from five countries, i.e., US, Canada, UK, Germany, and France. A common and simple-to-use data file format, ICARTT file format was established for this study to primarily facilitate data exchange and to promote collaborations among the science teams for achieving the ICARTT science objectives. The ICARTT file format is text-based and composed of a header section (metadata) with critical data description information (e.g., data source, uncertainties, contact information, and brief overview of measurement technique), and a data section. Although it was primarily designed for airborne data, the ICARTT format proved to be practical for other mobile and ground-based studies and various data types. Upon the success of the ICARTT study, the ICARTT file format has since been widely accepted in the atmospheric composition field study community and used in recent major airborne studies sponsored by NASA, NSF, NOAA and international partners.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2611e09d-5eb2-4159-a917-7e373727a825", - "label": "HDF-EOS4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "There are two main versions of the HDF library: HDF4 and HDF5. These two versions are not compatible and support for both will continue. However, the support for HDF4 will be limited to bug-fixes and building and testing on new platforms; no new features will be added. There are also two main versions of HDF-EOS that are based on the HDF libraries. HDF-EOS2.x versions are based on HDF4 and HDF-EOS5.x versions are based on HDF5.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2648d5e0-a8fd-4cd0-8060-0c63e15d3a67", - "label": "GeoJSON", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "GeoJSON is an open standard format designed for representing simple geographical features, along with their non-spatial attributes. It is based on the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). The features include points (therefore addresses and locations), line strings (therefore streets, highways and boundaries), polygons (countries, provinces, tracts of land), and multi-part collections of these types. GeoJSON features need not represent entities of the physical world only; mobile routing and navigation apps, for example, might describe their service coverage using GeoJSON.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28acdf05-9aed-44e8-a58c-e47291bbc28f", - "label": "IIQ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An IIQ file is a proprietary camera RAW format developed by Phase One.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a6763f9-0ef9-4879-9b7d-6ce023c75871", - "label": "AVI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Audio Video Interleaved is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows software. AVI files can contain both audio and video data in a file container that allows synchronous audio-with-video playback. Like the DVD video format, AVI files support multiple streaming audio and video, although these features are seldom used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c37a52f-c159-4d16-a5c1-36ca833863e1", - "label": "HGT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A file with the HGT file extension is a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Data file. HGT files contain digital elevation models, which are 3D pictures of a surface, usually a planet, obtained during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) by NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2da9aa88-c3d4-4307-a86f-e048b6297899", - "label": "CCSDS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) was formed in 1982 by the major space agencies of the world to provide a forum for discussion of common problems in the development and operation of space data systems. It is currently composed of eleven member agencies, twenty-eight observer agencies, and over 140 industrial associates. Since its establishment, it has been actively developing Recommendations for data- and information-systems standards to promote interoperability and cross support among cooperating space agencies, to enable multi-agency spaceflight collaboration (both planned and contingency) and new capabilities for future missions. Additionally, CCSDS standardization reduces the cost burden of spaceflight missions by allowing cost sharing between agencies and cost-effective commercialization.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30ea4e9a-4741-42c9-ad8f-f10930b35294", - "label": "netCDF-4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 'Self-describing' means that a dataset includes information defining the data it contains. 'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31aab472-99df-43a4-a4bb-09cd087af860", - "label": "LAZ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "LAZ is a compressed light detection and ranging (lidar) data format that is often used to transfer large amounts of lidar data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "378d394c-8230-49f1-8ba0-8ee7e7abe316", - "label": "ACCDB", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An ACCDB file is a database created with Microsoft Access 2007 or later. It typically contains data organized into tables and fields and may also include custom forms, SQL queries, and other data. ACCDB files replaced .MDB files.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37adee23-d239-4e1d-8ac8-1c7e26f36dc6", - "label": "SQLite", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SQLite, version 3, is the file format used as the publicly documented native format for the SQLite database engine since June 2004. Software and associated documentation are available at https://www.sqlite.org/. The code, software, and accompanying documentation have been dedicated to the public domain. SQLite is an embedded SQL database engine that requires no configuration and reads and writes directly to ordinary disk files. A complete SQL database with tables, indexes, triggers, and views, is contained in a single disk file. The engine, and thus the file format, support a full-featured SQL implementation. The database file format, referred to here as 'SQLite_3', is cross-platform, transferable between 32-bit and 64-bit systems or between big-endian and little-endian architectures. These features make SQLite_3 a popular choice as an application file format. See Adoption under Sustainability Factors below for examples of the many operating systems and software applications in which it is distributed or used.\n\nSQLite is not directly comparable to client/server SQL database engines such as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, or SQL Server. They are designed to implement a shared repository of enterprise data; SQLite is designed to provide local data storage for individual applications. See Appropriate Uses For SQLite for more detail on when SQLite is appropriate and examples of when a client/server SQL database engine would be more appropriate.\n\nThe main SQLite_3 database file consists of one or more pages. All pages within the same database are the same size. The size of a page in bytes is a power of two between 512 and 65536 inclusive. The page size for a database file is indicated by the 2-byte integer located at an offset of 16 bytes from the beginning of the database file. The theoretical maximum size for an SQLite_3 database file is about 140 terabytes; typically, the file size limit of the underlying filesystem or hardware is the practical constraint. The smallest SQLite_3 database is a single 512-byte page.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a3d2a90-5cf6-4ddd-a3c4-c88fa0c6941d", - "label": "Binary", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A binary file is a computer file that is not a text file. The term 'binary file' is often used as a term meaning 'non-text file'. Many binary file formats contain parts that can be interpreted as text; for example, some computer document files containing formatted text, such as older Microsoft Word document files, contain the text of the document but also contain formatting information in binary form.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b7e3e2e-8f14-4e07-a84c-00dc9750cc10", - "label": "miniSEED", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MiniSEED is the subset of the SEED standard that is used for time series data. Very limited metadata for the time series is included in miniSEED beyond time series identification and simple state-of-health flags. In particular, geographic coordinates, response/scaling information and other information needed to interpret the data values are not included. Time series are stored as generally independent, fixed length data records which each contain a small segment of contiguous series values. A reader of miniSEED is required to reconstruct longer, contiguous time series from the data record segments. Common record lengths are 512-byte (for real time streams) and 4096-byte (for archiving), other record lengths are used for special scenarios. A “file” or “stream” of miniSEED is simply a concatenation of data records. Depending on the capabilities of the intended reader the data records for multiple channels of data may be multiplexed together.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bcc2483-169c-4dc3-a29c-c4c2dbab6926", - "label": "SIARD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SIARD is a set of tools to convert some proprietary databases into standard SQL (non-proprietary), capturing both data and schema (database structure), and storing them in a single .siard format file. The tools also enable converting the .siard file back into some 5 proprietary database formats. The SIARD format v1 was adopted as an eCH standard in 2013. eCH is an organisation administering Swiss eGovernment data standards. SIARD v2 of the eCH standard was drafted in 2015.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3be6e181-085f-4a53-b7ed-851f1980dc71", - "label": "GIF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Graphics Interchange Format is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the online services provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987. It has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability between applications and operating systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43e7a701-2ce2-41e8-8893-6b75963fcfe0", - "label": "ISI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "In the twilight years of British rule in India, when the country was faced with the gigantic task of building up the industrial infrastructure, it was the Institution of Engineers (India), which prepared the first draft of the Constitution of an Institution which could take up the task of formulation of National Standards. This led to the Department of Industries and Supplies issuing a memorandum on 03 September 1946, formally announcing the setting of an organization called the “Indian Standards Institution”. The Indian Standards Institution (ISI) came into being on the 06 January 1947 and in June 1947 Dr. Lal C. Verman took over as its first Director.\n\nIn the initial years, the organization concentrated on standardization activity. To provide the advantages of standardization to common consumers, the Indian Standards Institution started operating the Certification Marks Scheme under the Indian Standards Institution (Certification Marks) Act, 1952. The Scheme, which was formally launched by ISI in 1955-56, enabled it to grant licences to manufacturers producing goods in conformity with Indian Standards and to apply ISI Mark on their products. To meet the requirements of the Certification Marks Scheme, the nucleus of a laboratory was started in 1963. While the product certification wasbeing operated under the Indian Standards Institution (Certification Marks) Act, 1952, the formulation of standards and other related work were not governed by any legislation. A Bill with this objective was therefore introduced in the Parliament of 26 Nov 1986.\n\nBureau of Indian standards (BIS) came into existence, through an act of parliament dated 26 November 1986, on 1 April 1987, with a broadened scope and more powers taking over the staff, assets, liabilities and functions of erstwhile ISI. Through this change over, the government envisaged building a climate for quality culture and consciousness and greater participation of consumers in formulation and implementation of national standards.\n\nThe Bureau is a Body Corporate consisting of 25 members representing both Central and State governments, Members of Parliament, industry, scientific and research institutions, consumer organizations and professional bodies; with Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution as its President and with Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution as its Vice-President.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "465809cc-e76c-4630-8594-bb8bd7a1a380", - "label": "CSV", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A comma-separated values (CSV) file is a delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values. Each line of the file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. The use of the comma as a field separator is the source of the name for this file format. A CSV file typically stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, in which case each line will have the same number of fields.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48571017-0cc3-4ac7-b9ab-d0df8ed99a6c", - "label": "RINEX", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A data interchange format for raw satellite navigation system data. This allows the user to post-process the received data to produce a more accurate result — usually with other data unknown to the original receiver, such as better models of the atmospheric conditions at time of measurement. The final output of a navigation receiver is usually its position, speed or other related physical quantities. However, the calculation of these quantities are based on a series of measurements from one or more satellite constellations. Although receivers calculate positions in real time, in many cases it is interesting to store intermediate measures for later use. RINEX is the standard format that allows the management and disposal of the measures generated by a receiver, as well as their off-line processing by a multitude of applications, whatever the manufacturer of both the receiver and the computer application.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49028622-39d1-46b1-b89f-0fc2b4923882", - "label": "CRD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Consolidated Laser Ranging Data Format (CRD) provides a flexible, extensible format for the ILRS full-rate, sampled engineering, and normal point data. This format is based on the same features found in the ILRS Consolidated Prediction Format (CPF), including separate header and data record types assembled in a building block fashion as required for a particular target.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dc86020-d8e0-49d2-b217-a48c18111b51", - "label": "BIL", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Band interleaved by line (BIL) is is one of three primary methods for encoding image data for multiband raster images in the geospatial domain, such as images obtained from satellites. BIL is not in itself an image format, but is a scheme for storing the actual pixel values of an image in a file band by band for each line, or row, of the image. For example, given a three-band image, all three bands of data are written for row one, all three bands of data are written for row two, and so on. The BIL encoding is a compromise format, allowing fairly easy access to both spatial and spectral information. The BIL data organization can handle any number of bands, and thus accommodates black and white, grayscale, pseudocolor, true color, and multi-spectral image data. Additional information is needed to interpret the image data, such as the numbers of rows, columns, and bands, and relate the image to geospatial locations. This information may be supplied in a file header (typical on the tapes originally used for satellite image data) or in files associated with a raw image data file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53ce2fee-84fe-40c4-bd26-b2dcce86021a", - "label": "RData", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The RData format (usually with extension .rdata or .rda) is a format designed for use with R, a system for statistical computation and related graphics, for storing a complete R workspace or selected 'objects' from a workspace in a form that can be loaded back by R. The save function in R has options that result in significantly different variants of the format. This description is for the family of formats created by save and closely related functions. A workspace in R is a collection of typed 'objects' and may include much more than the typical tabular data that might be considered a 'dataset,' including, for example, results of intermediate calculations and scripts in the R programming language. A workspace may also contain several datasets, which are termed 'data frames' in R.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5513aef2-5676-4a19-9652-edda4d753c2e", - "label": "IFC", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Industry Foundation Classes, IFC, are an open international standard for Building Information Model (BIM) data that are exchanged and shared among software applications used by the various participants in the construction or facility management industry sector.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5782afb9-caa8-44c4-8dec-e793d990b75d", - "label": "ENVI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The ENVI image format is a flat-binary raster file with an accompanying ASCII header file. The data are stored as a binary stream of bytes in one of the following formats, often referred to as the interleave type.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58fdfa0e-ca66-4534-948e-0cc0dbc219dd", - "label": "BIP", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Band interleaved by pixel (BIP) is one of three primary methods for encoding image data for multiband raster images in the geospatial domain, such as images obtained from satellites. BIP is not in itself an image format, but is a method for encoding the actual pixel values of an image in a file. Images stored in BIP format have the first pixel for all bands in sequential order, followed by the second pixel for all bands, followed by the third pixel for all bands, etc., interleaved up to the number of pixels. The BIP data organization can handle any number of bands, and thus accommodates black and white, grayscale, pseudocolor, true color, and multi-spectral image data. Additional information is needed to interpret the image data, such as the numbers of rows, columns, and bands, and relate the image to geospatial locations. This information may be supplied in a file header (typical on the tapes originally used for satellite image data) or in files associated with a raw image data file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59928592-b670-47dc-b025-3ac040ae679e", - "label": "GTE", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The GTE Data Archive Format is intended to satisfy both the data archive and data exchange requirements of the GTE field expeditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a94a0c5-093d-4c9e-bd48-f2ddf1c4daa6", - "label": "ArcInfo Interchange", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The ArcInfo interchange file format, also known as an export file (.e00), is used to enable a coverage, grid to TIN, and associated INFO tables to be transferred between different machines that are not connected by any type of file sharing network. ArcInfo interchange files have an .e00 extension, which increases incrementally to .e01, .e02, and so on, if the interchange file is composed of several separate files.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aedf9cd-c6cb-4c62-b54f-050549e4a270", - "label": "WKT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Well Known Text (WKT) is an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard that is used to represent spatial data in a textual format. Most OGC-compliant systems support Well Known Text. Spatial functionality in SQL Server 2008, 2012, and SQL Azure can easily convert between a spatial object in the database and WKT. A WKT can only store the information for a single spatial object and this spatial data format is usually used as part of a larger file format or web service response. The following are examples of each of the geometry types represented as Well Known Text and the equivalent Bing Maps class that is generated when parsing a Well Known Text string.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c71f6b1-6978-416d-a213-f42a7d2728e3", - "label": "NBJ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The NBJ data files are related to U.S. Military Campgrounds Directory Software. NBJ file is an U.S. Military Campgrounds Directory Software Data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd15e09-8082-4049-98ae-f402e54929a4", - "label": "Little-Endian", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Little Endian is a data storage format where the ordering or sequencing of bytes is such that the least significant byte is stored at the smallest memory address, while the most significant byte is stored at the largest memory address.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d95e94b-95f7-4db3-a555-a1363fc23df0", - "label": "WKI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (later part of IBM). It was the first killer application of the IBM PC, was hugely popular in the 1980s, and significantly contributed to the success of IBM PC-compatibles. The first spreadsheet, VisiCalc, had helped launch the Apple II as one of the earliest personal computers in business use. With IBM's entry into the market, VisiCalc was slow to respond, and when they did, they launched what was essentially a straight port of their existing system despite the greatly expanded hardware capabilities. Lotus's solution was marketed as a three-in-one integrated solution: it handled spreadsheet calculations, database functionality, and graphical charts, hence the name '1-2-3', though how much database capability the product actually had was debatable, given the sparse memory left over after launching 1-2-3. It quickly overtook VisiCalc, as well as Multiplan and SuperCalc, the two VisiCalc competitors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e17145e-b1c9-473b-9e5e-7680c286c64a", - "label": "PSD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Photoshop format (PSD) is the default file format and the only format, besides the Large Document Format (PSB), that supports all Photoshop features. Because of the tight integration between Adobe products, other Adobe applications, such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe Premiere, Adobe After Effects, and Adobe GoLive, can directly import PSD files and preserve many Photoshop features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600ef75c-9c03-41ba-a57d-4c913acd4cb5", - "label": "GRIDFloat", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Output format created by the GRIDFLOAT command (from ArcInfo Workstation) and by the Raster to Float tool in ArcGIS for Desktop. ESRI_GridFloat is an interchange format, used primarily for exchange with other programs. The semantics of ESRI_GridFloat are identical to those of ESRI_ASCII_Grid. In terms of format structure, however, there are two differences. First, in ESRI_GridFloat the gridded data values are in binary form, typically resulting in smaller files. Second, ESRI_GridFloat is a pair of files: a simple text file with extension .hdr that contains the same information as the first six lines of the equivalent ESRI_ASCII_Grid with one additional line; and the primary content of numeric values in binary form in a file with extension .flt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60d4013b-f58c-42f6-8680-d41d8e6ee90f", - "label": "SIGMET IRIS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "This read-only GDAL driver is designed to provide access to the products generated by the IRIS weather radar software.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61225045-76c9-439f-a44b-b5c1a26635f1", - "label": "DTA", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "State data type is applied to data that uses the full names or the two-letter abbreviations for states in the United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6231402a-7e4c-42d9-802d-7184eb812f46", - "label": "SAS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SAS transport data set files are machine-independent files that let you move SAS data sets between computers running different operating systems. You can directly read SAS transport data set files with several statistical software packages (e.g., SPSS and BMDP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6616fd27-7c2a-4d3f-b361-20ad423e31a2", - "label": "ArcInfo Coverage", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An ESRI ArcInfo Coverage is a georelational data model that stores vector data; i.e., both the spatial (location) and the attribute (descriptive) data for geographic features. ArcInfo_Coverages use a set of feature classes to represent geographic features. Each feature class stores a set of points, lines (arcs), polygons, or annotation (text). Feature attributes are stored in the ArcInfo_Coverage's .adf files. Other attributes can be stored in INFO tables or tables in an RDBMS, then joined to features with a layer or a relationship class. ArcInfo_Coverages can have topology, which determines the relationships between features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "668db73b-2a1c-4e92-8e0e-fda3131b4aac", - "label": "GeoTIFF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "GeoTIFF is a public domain metadata standard which allows georeferencing information to be embedded within a TIFF file. The potential additional information includes map projection, coordinate systems, ellipsoids, datums, and everything else necessary to establish the exact spatial reference for the file. The GeoTIFF format is fully compliant with TIFF 6.0, so software incapable of reading and interpreting the specialized metadata will still be able to open a GeoTIFF format file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a602f95-1d4d-483f-90e6-674dec7bc01b", - "label": "JSON", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JSON is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and arrays. It is a common data format with diverse uses in electronic data interchange, including that of web applications with servers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71467c5c-c54c-48b6-8420-0d19e272d1c9", - "label": "Open XML Spreadsheet", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Office Open XML (also informally known as OOXML)[3] is a zipped, XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions as ISO/IEC 29500.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7443bb2d-1dbb-44d1-bd29-0241d30fbc57", - "label": "JPEG", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. Since its introduction in 1992, JPEG has been the most widely used image compression standard in the world and the most widely used digital image format, with several billion JPEG images produced every day as of 2015.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75ce5e67-f1c3-4a53-bad3-34ba6f104a8c", - "label": "VPF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Vector Product Format (VPF) is a standard data structure developed in 1996 as a U.S. Military Standard for geospatial data based on a georelational data model. It is designed to be compatible with a widevariety of applications and products and to allow application software to read data directly from computer-readable media without prior conversion to an intermediate form. VPF uses tables and indexes that permit direct access by spatial location and thematic content and is designed to be used with any digital geographic data in vector format that can be represented using nodes, edges, and faces. A VPF-compliant database product must include all mandatory tables and columns described in section 5 of the specification. The VPF data model may be considered to be layered into four structural levels. At the lowest level, a VPF database consists of feature classes. In the database, these feature classes are defined using VPF primitive and attribute tables. Feature classes make up coverages, which in turn make up libraries; and finally, a database is made up of libraries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77f3bc44-4f05-432d-9ee3-2e6859ca2896", - "label": "McIDAS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The McIDAS-X data format involves images that are stored in binary files called areas. Each area file is a collection of information that defines the image and its associated ancillary data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "789d230c-8557-493b-8bdc-4e810f4f7968", - "label": "SLPK", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A Scene Layer Package (SLPK) file is an openly published file format for 3D geospatial data, designed as a package for storage or exchange that captures all resources for a 'scene layer' structured according to the Indexed 3D Scene Layer (I3S) specification. The I3S/SLPK specification originates from Esri ( formerly known as Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.). It has been in use in products in Esri's ArcGIS range since 2016. In September 2017, it was approved by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) as a community standard.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78fe04cb-d68f-4b4f-a6b5-3b59660d3f95", - "label": "DLG", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Digital Line Graphs (DLGs) are digital vector representations of cartographic information derived from USGS maps and related sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aafe1ad-b785-4805-ac76-2aa102cdb7e4", - "label": "BMP", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Bitmap Image File is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and color, in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile (WMF) specification covers the BMP file format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7de32ba8-eb3a-4e02-add3-3d828e46bd57", - "label": "Text File", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A standard text document that contains plain text. It can be opened and edited in any text-editing or word-processing program. TXT files are most often created by Microsoft Notepad and Apple TextEdit, which are basic text editors that come bundled with Windows and macOS, respectively.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f6d6202-7fb2-4ad5-bbfe-114803316b63", - "label": "ODB", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Defines an XML schema for office applications and its semantics. The schema is suitable for office documents, including text documents, spreadsheets, charts and graphical documents like drawings or presentations, but is not restricted to these kinds of documents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80323a44-3233-4472-b0d9-158cb9371719", - "label": "TimeseriesML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "TimeseriesML 1.0 defines an XML encoding that implements the OGC Timeseries Profile of Observations and Measurements [OGC 15-043r3], with the intent of allowing the exchange of such data sets across information systems. Through the use of existing OGC standards, it aims at being an interoperable exchange format that may be re-used to address a range of data exchange requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "809da52c-3147-403c-8d4e-e06119ef89f9", - "label": "KML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "KML is a file format used to display geographic data in an Earth browser such as Google Earth. You can create KML files to pinpoint locations, add image overlays, and expose rich data in new ways. KML is an international standard maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81782805-cc0d-4325-8f35-aa0c8e439b16", - "label": "ADF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Arc/Info Binary Grid format is the internal working format of the Arc/Info Grid product. It is also usable and creatable within the spatial analyst component of ArcView. It is a tiled (blocked) format with run length compression capable of holding raster data of up to 4 byte integers or 4 byte floating data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "832bfe62-e5c3-4c89-bee9-4c1b6e80dc9f", - "label": "BigTIFF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The TIFF file format uses 32bit offsets and, as such, is limited to 4 gigabytes. This has been quite sufficient for many years. Today however, there is a need for a good multi-purpose open image file format that can handle huge images, or very large collections of images, breaking the 4 gig boundary.\n\nThere is currently an ongoing attempt to launch a new variant of TIFF, called BigTIFF, that closely resembles TIFF, but uses 64bit offsets instead. The benefits of closely resembling TIFF are huge. For instance, existing TIFF libraries can quite easily extend their support for TIFF to also include this new variant. Documentation needs are minimal. All the much appreciated properties of a file format that has been around and has been extended for more then a decade are inherited. All properly known tags are being reused, all supported bitdepths and datatypes remain valid. The arbitrary number of 'extra channels', the tiling and striping schemes, the multitude of compression schemes, and the private tag scheme, that made TIFF very useful in pre-press as well as for storing scientific data, and many other applications, all remain intact. Yet, the offset bitdepth changes, and BigTIFF files are no longer restrained by the 4 gigabyte limitation from which classic TIFF suffers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83698059-cf52-4267-9b2c-599f671d1bd6", - "label": "XTDR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The eXternal Data Representation (XDR) is a standard for the description and encoding of data. XDR uses a language to describe data formats, but the language is used only for describing data and is not a programming language. Protocols such as Remote Procedure Call (RPC) and the Network File System (NFS) use XDR to describe their data formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "868fc5dc-21fa-4356-a3de-f4c3c9559a21", - "label": "netCDF-3", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 'Self-describing' means that a dataset includes information defining the data it contains. 'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87ae4923-1a96-4fa2-a560-ddf27de4fcba", - "label": "CR2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A CR2 file is a RAW digital photography file format developed by Canon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87eddebb-2ef4-4597-bfac-1b97e9f54440", - "label": "SAFE", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SAFE, the Standard Archive Format for Europe, is designed to act as a standard format for archiving and conveying Earth observation data within the European Space Agency (ESA) archiving facilities and, potentially, within the archiving facilities of cooperating agencies. SAFE benefits from experiences gathered during developments of several existing archiving standards and copes with the major constraints defined (in the OAIS-RM, see next paragraph) for the packaging and long term preservation of Earth observation data. SAFE has been designed to be used in an archive system compliant with the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) standard. Therefore, the OAIS reference model is a major input to its design. In fact, SAFE provides features that facilitate the archive compliance with OAIS and at the same time ensures that this compliance is not hampered by it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b3ff8b7-92b4-48ba-97dd-29e925069745", - "label": "WaterML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "WaterML 2.0 is a standard information model for the representation of water observations data, with the intent of allowing the exchange of such data sets across information systems. Through the use of existing OGC standards, it aims at being an interoperable exchange format that may be re-used to address a range of exchange requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b7ff128-106e-4a40-9de9-5bf3b6404fc2", - "label": "SonTek Castaway CTD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A CTD — an acronym for Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth — is the primary tool for determining essential physical properties of sea water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e128326-b9cb-44c7-9e6b-4bd950a08753", - "label": "ASCII", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "ASCII is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f05ce85-385b-491a-abe5-a39f426e4832", - "label": "MOV", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "QuickTime is an extensible multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc., capable of handling various formats of digital video, picture, sound, panoramic images, and interactivity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94961648-292b-46d9-bc9d-502bc19f0d55", - "label": "GRIB2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A concise data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9efbc54a-b45c-47af-bac7-20e504483dc4", - "label": "XML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879). Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1d1fbdd-98f4-41e9-9aeb-a369a3b466a4", - "label": "Shapefile", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A shapefile is a simple, nontopological format for storing the geometric location and attribute information of geographic features. Geographic features in a shapefile can be represented by points, lines, or polygons (areas). The workspace containing shapefiles may also contain dBASE tables, which can store additional attributes that can be joined to a shapefile's features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1edd41d-50e1-4d1f-9062-7d2649605e38", - "label": "MSR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MetaSensing adds a state-of-the-art operational multimode Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ground processor for satellite SAR sensors to its family of space products. MSR is the data format that supports the MetaSensing system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2904083-1e32-4086-b028-a2afc2ffd443", - "label": "ODS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Open Document Format (ODF) is an XML-based open source file format for saving and exchanging text, spreadsheets, charts, and presentations. Files saved under ODF, termed 'OpenDocuments,' have easily recognizable extensions, similar to Microsoft's proprietary .doc or .xls.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a593731a-ff49-47d8-bed0-7f3f9d3a9e33", - "label": "MP4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MPEG-4 is a method of defining compression of audio and visual digital data. It was introduced in late 1998 and designated a standard for a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a82ccef5-a7bf-416c-8ef6-704e62564901", - "label": "NIDS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The National Indicator Data Set (NIDS) is a minimum group of indicators introduced by the National Department of Health that every public health facility is expected to collect, use and report on. Facilities are required to report only on indicators in which they render the service according to their service package. The NIDS is use for monitoring and tracking progress with the implementation of national strategic goals, objectives and priority health programmes. The NIDS will help the Department of Health to identify the needs in the healthcare system and provide managers with information to guide programme development and budgeting, provide support to improve the healthcare system, and demonstrate national commitment to globally accepted measures of care.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac33b396-4ab5-4873-89c6-e248621961d4", - "label": "GeoPackage", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "GeoPackage (GPKG) is an open, non-proprietary, platform-independent and standards-based data format for geographic information system implemented as a SQLite database container. Defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) with the backing of the US military and published in 2014, GeoPackage has seen wide widespread support from various government, commercial, and open source organizations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac392872-1571-4bfd-94dd-81f93d9f1fd0", - "label": "PDF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac8d1b01-34f9-477a-a17d-21866b862ee1", - "label": "EDI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An Electrical Data Interchange (EDI) file is a standard structured file format used to share data in the electromagnetic geophysics community. The data interchange file is stored as text (ASCII). Data values may be stored in a parallel binary data file and referenced in the data interchange file. EDI files are commonly used for geophysical techniques such as magnetotelluric (MT) and electromagnetic array profiling (EMAP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adc9dbd1-13ec-4f36-aa3a-378af76ba34b", - "label": "JSON-LD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JSON-LD is a lightweight Linked Data format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is based on the already successful JSON format and provides a way to help JSON data interoperate at Web-scale. JSON-LD is an ideal data format for programming environments, REST Web services, and unstructured databases such as Apache CouchDB and MongoDB.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b46bb83e-736e-4189-b1d8-6f0570fdfa6c", - "label": "FITS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is an open standard defining a digital file format useful for storage, transmission and processing of data: formatted as multi-dimensional arrays (for example a 2D image), or tables. FITS is the most commonly used digital file format in astronomy. The FITS standard was designed specifically for astronomical data, and includes provisions such as describing photometric and spatial calibration information, together with image origin metadata.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5849782-087e-4580-8d39-19777a96d736", - "label": "BNA", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Atlas Boundary File .BNA is an ASCII format file used to store spatial information including areas, curves, ellipses and points. Spatial information is only concerned with the location of objects in space (i.e., their coordinates) and not with their attributes (such as line or fill style, marker symbol used, text labels, etc.).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b62836b1-87f6-49fe-92e6-cd481c6d8456", - "label": "netCDF-2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 'Self-describing' means that a dataset includes information defining the data it contains. 'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb6184eb-1ced-44fb-9668-d57cf1baa2e3", - "label": "Grid", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An Esri grid is a raster GIS file format developed by Esri, which has two formats: A proprietary binary format, also known as an ARC/INFO GRID, ARC GRID and many other variations. A non-proprietary ASCII format, also known as an ARC/INFO ASCII GRID.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd2ced35-e9f5-4ab6-a85d-0f45fac62c00", - "label": "BSQ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Band sequential (BSQ) is one of three primary methods for encoding image data for multiband raster images in the geospatial domain, such as images obtained from satellites. BSQ is not in itself an image format, but is a method for encoding the actual pixel values of an image in a file. BSQ format is a very simple format, where each line of the data is followed immediately by the next line in the same spectral band. This format is optimal for spatial (x,y) access of any part of a single spectral band. The BSQ data organization can handle any number of bands, and thus accommodates black and white, grayscale, pseudocolor, true color, and multi-spectral image data. Additional information is needed to interpret the image data, such as the numbers of rows, columns, and bands, and relate the image to geospatial locations. This information may be supplied in a file header (typical on the tapes originally used for satellite image data) or in files associated with a raw image data file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be0d9b66-445d-4109-8784-63f1ea80e729", - "label": "SeaBASS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Satellite ocean color missions require an abundance of high-quality in situ measurements for bio-optical and atmospheric algorithm development and post-launch product validation and sensor calibration. To facilitate the assembly of a global data set, the NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view (SeaWiFS) Project developed the Seafaring Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), a local repository for in situ data regularly used in their scientific analyses. The system has since been expanded to contain data sets collected by the NASA Sensor Intercalibration and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Project, as part of NASA Research Announcements NRA-96-MTPE-04 and NRA-99-OES-99. SeaBASS is a well moderated and documented hive for bio-optical data with a simple, secure mechanism for locating and extracting data based on user inputs. Its holdings are available to the general public with the exception of the most recently collected data sets. Extensive quality assurance protocols, comprehensive data and system documentation, and the continuation of an archive and relational database management system (RDBMS) suitable for bio-optical data all contribute to the continued success of SeaBASS. This document provides an overview of the current operational SeaBASS system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0158436-501c-47e5-9a92-6416ef81d0b9", - "label": "CEOS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "CEOS has various data formats. The mission of CEOS is to ensures international coordination of civil space-based Earth observation programs and promotes exchange of data to optimize societal benefit and inform decision making for securing a prosperous and sustainable future for humankind.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c087e039-7d05-4067-a0e3-150e0ff19aa3", - "label": "DBF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "DBF is a file format typically used by database software. DBF stands for DataBase File. DBF files were originally used in dBase II and continued through to dBase Version IV. The DBF file format originated by Ashton-Tate, but is understood by Act!, Clipper,FoxPro, Arago, Wordtech, xBase, and similar database ordatabase-related products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c142d352-cfc0-493a-a0f1-167ad22530c4", - "label": "SPC", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Thermo Scientific SPC file format is a generic format used in all of Thermo Scientific's software products. In addition, many spectrometer vendors' software packages offer capabilities to export spectral data to the Thermo Scientific SPC format or use it as their native file format. All the converters and translators used on this site create Thermo Scientific SPC files from the submitted spectral data files before presenting them to the library search engine on this site. Submitting data files in the Thermo Scientific SPC format is the most reliable way to guarantee that your data is interpreted correctly for searching against the databases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7c7819e-4805-4b0a-819e-82b453e8fdd0", - "label": "Not Provided", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbcdfa99-4403-4370-a8d1-03b2327a51aa", - "label": "Parquet", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Apache Parquet is an open source, column-oriented data file format designed for efficient data storage and retrieval. It provides efficient data compression and encoding schemes with enhanced performance to handle complex data in bulk. Parquet is available in multiple languages including Java, C++, Python, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ceb2056a-ab97-441b-9491-62df68970205", - "label": "PowerPoint", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "PPT and PPTX file formats are Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation formats that are supported in the Document/Medical products. PPTX/PPT files store collections of records and structures that specify slides, shapes, pictures, audio, video, text, and other presentation content. This content can then be shown to an audience as a slide show.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfe55cb7-b9db-4e56-801e-0c7c605c887c", - "label": "SDTS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Spatial Data Transfer Standard, or SDTS, is a standard used to describe earth-referenced spatial data. It was designed to easily transfer and use spatial data on different computer platforms. The FGDC has proposed to withdraw the standard. The USGS made an effort to promulgate the standard by making a large volume of data available at no cost and many companies supported the standard by writing translators to transform the data into different formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0b3505e-77bb-45a0-83fe-787bc3812b67", - "label": "Geodatabase", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The native data structure for ArcGIS and is the primary data format used for editing and data management. While ArcGIS works with geographic information in numerous geographic information system (GIS) file formats, it is designed to work with and leverage the capabilities of the geodatabase.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d40b49ce-c201-431c-9fdf-4db38f9b97b2", - "label": "BUFR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) is a binary data format maintained by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The latest version is BUFR Edition 4. BUFR Edition 3 is also considered current for operational use. BUFR was created in 1988 with the goal of replacing the WMO's dozens of character-based, position-driven meteorological codes, such as SYNOP (surface observations), TEMP (upper air soundings) and CLIMAT (monthly climatological data). BUFR was designed to be portable, compact, and universal. Any kind of data can be represented, along with its specific spatial/temporal context and any other associated metadata. In the WMO terminology, BUFR belongs to the category of table-driven code forms, where the meaning of data elements is determined by referring to a set of tables that are kept and maintained separately from the message itself", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7d5b771-8c3e-44d5-ba14-8a3757cecbaf", - "label": "ASCII Grid", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Esri ASCII Grid files are raster files containing elevation data, and each elevation sample in the file is a point in a single FME raster feature. Esri ASCII Grid is a very simple format. It has a very short header that precedes the raster data. This header provides the location and size of the raster to follow. The raster is written as a series of rows, which contain one ASCII integer or floating point value per column in the raster. The first element of the raster corresponds to the upper left-hand corner of the raster. For each raster, there is only a single feature returned, since this feature will contain the entire raster.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d896a8cc-4fce-4a8d-86bc-185b324fab2b", - "label": "HTML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets and scripting languages such as JavaScript.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db86a588-b3e3-46fe-98b0-9f0699e918a5", - "label": "HDF-EOS2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The HDF-EOS2 is a software library designed built on HDF4* to support EOS-specific data structures, namely Grid, Point, and Swath. The new data structures are constructed from standard HDF data objects, using EOS conventions, through the use of a software library. 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Its syntax is independent of a specific programming language. Basically, the YAML is designed for human interaction and to work well with modern programming languages. Support for serializing arbitrary native data structures increased the readability of the YAML files, but it has made the parsing and file generation process complicated a little.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1544d27-a3b8-4b14-95aa-e25b21bcce1f", - "label": "JPEG2000", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JPEG 2000 (JP2) is an image compression standard and coding system. It was developed from 1997 to 2000 by a Joint Photographic Experts Group committee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president),[1] with the intention of superseding their original discrete cosine transform (DCT) based JPEG standard (created in 1992) with a newly designed, wavelet-based method. The standardized filename extension is .jp2 for ISO/IEC 15444-1 conforming files and .jpx for the extended part-2 specifications, published as ISO/IEC 15444-2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1b78739-ebcf-43c9-8181-3d4e79003f72", - "label": "DXF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "DXF (Drawing Interchange Format) is one of the most widely used CAD/CAM/CAE applications in the world. DXF is very popular and is supported by most 3D formats on PC platforms. A DXF file is an ASCII file containing 2D and 3D components representing a drawing. Those components are known as Entities. The DXF file can represent almost any CAD drawing using those entities, and can connect a group of entities together (such as windows, doors, etc.) and use them later in the file. The DXF file has seen many changes through the years, from version 2.6 to the latest release version 14. However, the latest release of AutoCAD still manages to open files created with any of the earlier versions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1c88c22-0bf2-4798-89fd-fa7d875e4b6c", - "label": "IWRF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Integrated Weather Radar Format (IWRF) was developed to provide an efficient binary, platform-independend data exchange format for time series data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2d8208a-e202-480d-bf3a-01ee96b0642f", - "label": "MTH5", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MTH5 is a self-describing hierarchical file format used to archive and share magnetotelluric time series data and transfer functions. All metadata within an MTH5 file follows the mt_metadata standard proposed by the IRIS-PASSCAL MT Software working group and documented in MT Metadata Standards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3b8b3e3-3dd0-41c2-a784-9697ba934d2d", - "label": "SPSS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The SPSS Statistics File Format is a proprietary binary format, developed and maintained as the native format for the SPSS statistical software application. SPSS, which originally stood for 'Statistical Package for the Social Sciences,' is a widely used statistical software system, first released in 1968. SPSS has been owned by IBM since 2009 and is now known as IBM SPSS Statistics. When an SPSS Statistics data file is saved from SPSS, the file extension .sav is used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5c126f8-0435-4cef-880f-72a1d2d792f2", - "label": "HDF4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "HDF4 is a library and multi-object file format for storing and managing data between machines. HDF4 is a very different technology than HDF5. The HDF Group recommends that, other than for working with existing HDF4 data, new applications use HDF5 since HDF5 addresses important deficiencies of HDF4.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6ab1f01-1c2c-46a5-97fa-5b8bb874fc31", - "label": "KMZ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A KMZ file consists of a main KML file and zero or more supporting files that are packaged using a Zip utility into one unit, called an archive. The KMZ file can then be stored and emailed as a single entity. A NetworkLink can fetch a KMZ file from a web server. When the KMZ file is unzipped, the main .kml file and its supporting files are separated into their original formats and directory structure, with their original filenames and extensions. In addition to being an archive format, the Zip format is also compressed, so an archive can include only a single large KML file", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e807acba-457e-4f7e-be44-da5f93f4118b", - "label": "Excel", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebe6f3c4-a78f-4152-977c-296d42e4e9e8", - "label": "AREA", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "AREA is a GIS/geospatial file extension.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed9804d8-e1ad-4209-8fea-30fba3d47ed7", - "label": "Zarr", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Zarr is a format for the storage of chunked, compressed, N-dimensional arrays.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee05a43b-abfa-4955-847b-86cb590fba53", - "label": "SEG-Y", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The SEG-Y file format is one of several data standards developed by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) for the exchange of geophysical data. It is an open standard, and is controlled by the SEG Technical Standards Committee, a non-profit organization. The format was originally developed in 1973 to store single-line seismic reflection digital data on magnetic tapes. The specification was published in 1975. The format and its name evolved from the SEG 'Ex' or Exchange Tape Format. However, since its release, there have been significant advancements in geophysical data acquisition, such as 3-dimensional seismic techniques and high speed, high capacity recording.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1736125-bd43-47d3-9125-262baa182f99", - "label": "GMT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Generic Mapping Tools are an open-source collection of computer software tools for processing and displaying xy and xyz datasets, including rasterization, filtering and other image processing operations, and various kinds of map projections.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4930ca9-6b68-4bb8-adb0-81a571e20a53", - "label": "GRIB1", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A concise data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f49d1197-2ed0-4f88-98ce-fbb86bbb03e1", - "label": "Word", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The data format used for Microsoft Word documents, part of the Microsoft Office Suite of software. DOCX/DOC files are used to store word processing data. DOCX is part of Microsoft Office Open XML specification (also known as OOXML or OpenXML) and was introduced with Office 2007.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8c1fd07-20b6-47fe-a420-f01679c523d1", - "label": "UF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Common Doppler Radar Exchange Format, more commonly referred to as Universal Format (UF). Designed primarily to accomodate data for a single ground-based radar, it lacks some of the descriptor information needed to fully describe ELDORA data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa52494f-c855-4d6c-a4dc-46b3090cc6e3", - "label": "netCDF-4 classic", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 'Self-describing' means that a dataset includes information defining the data it contains. 'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-datasetlanguage.json b/resources/json/gcmd-datasetlanguage.json deleted file mode 100644 index 62726a1..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-datasetlanguage.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,227 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "label": "Dataset Language", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "173a9e06-e6d1-4e8b-a272-5aa510fac9c5", - "label": "Portuguese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21f4a509-7ae7-4c52-9513-3409ed9220d0", - "label": "Lithuanian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2278b602-e626-43a1-9445-edc913822320", - "label": "Romanian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2614d5ee-0c22-4747-99f5-58cf89a1236c", - "label": "Dutch", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c9b88cd-c055-47a0-8c09-a4872b65450a", - "label": "Czech", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31a3e058-282a-4624-837b-3b166486d1d5", - "label": "Chinese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32ae4019-2195-4842-a243-47d56b5374f1", - "label": "Bulgarian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cd716ec-0e05-4cdc-861a-0983052f5241", - "label": "Danish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d5eb1c6-6c71-403c-92e7-c49eac26fb88", - "label": "German", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b8049c3-aa05-43e1-bc05-78d4d777ea9f", - "label": "Latvian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fc8707a-5fa4-4d3f-a894-2d98e273fac0", - "label": "Russian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5566c206-98f3-4aa6-bff6-2d09189a9cf6", - "label": "Arabic", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e42acec-96c4-4571-866b-c341b61839b1", - "label": "Japanese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fc121cc-1bc6-4e11-aaf5-a7251ac07fb3", - "label": "Italian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64bac22c-d924-4f06-9711-b37dbff5408d", - "label": "Ukrainian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65da74ce-b4bb-4cdc-8146-46d193b95ea1", - "label": "Estonian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cf81421-b803-4de8-ae43-8e7724221f5a", - "label": "Afrikaans", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75b9c9dd-7371-4f0b-87f4-49c8dfc19c4f", - "label": "Slovak", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78207270-75c6-4ea1-af9b-20b4a058dcd7", - "label": "Hungarian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82a93b44-c8fb-49b6-b166-ef51afb9dd6b", - "label": "Indonesian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "866fbc6d-7860-4c2a-914a-6b9f84694bca", - "label": "Polish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f31a791-1182-49cd-b42b-037c6a1c2665", - "label": "Spanish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3524f43-93e8-488d-928a-74969fe30b1e", - "label": "Finnish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - 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"children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9903c92-ffc9-4dc7-be69-fa09f74dac24", - "label": "Croatian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef525bc9-0f19-4af9-acc1-cf4369340d91", - "label": "Norwegian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f062c3ad-d764-45ac-84d5-884a7622bb65", - "label": "Vietnamese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-datasetprogress.json b/resources/json/gcmd-datasetprogress.json deleted file mode 100644 index e1651cd..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-datasetprogress.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c", - "label": "Dataset Progress", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - 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"label": "BIOENGINEERING", - "broader": "5b98265f-7cd1-4976-bc78-1ac1e6b9b90f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcd3e011-046a-4feb-a7a2-5da33c4c3027", - "label": "CIVIL ENGINEERING", - "broader": "5b98265f-7cd1-4976-bc78-1ac1e6b9b90f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdb29ed9-9a40-4b14-993d-332e53d2a019", - "label": "BIOSTATISTICS", - "broader": "5b98265f-7cd1-4976-bc78-1ac1e6b9b90f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0c2ccd18-64b6-40ae-b6d0-35a2a5d42df6", - "label": "BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING", - "broader": "fdb29ed9-9a40-4b14-993d-332e53d2a019", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-distributionsizeunit.json b/resources/json/gcmd-distributionsizeunit.json deleted file mode 100644 index 848bc6b..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-distributionsizeunit.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", - "label": "Distribution Size Unit", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f1cb1bb-62ab-430b-94bd-6fb18657c4e2", - "label": "GB", - "broader": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52d9655f-7561-4607-a8e5-3c455769e744", - "label": "MB", - "broader": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e1d9c5f-2fed-43ea-83bb-c6634039c15e", - "label": "PB", - "broader": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfa902e9-a19e-4f85-9cb3-983ddff45011", - "label": "KB", - "broader": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8607360-451b-4909-bf47-876565205fad", - "label": "TB", - "broader": "e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-durationunit.json b/resources/json/gcmd-durationunit.json deleted file mode 100644 index f9a8288..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-durationunit.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "e496c2bf-7f1c-461b-93b1-0248e4a5e932", - "label": "Duration Unit", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2471670c-4a41-4b71-9c8a-de5ff11f2778", - "label": "MONTH", - "broader": "e496c2bf-7f1c-461b-93b1-0248e4a5e932", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3747f6ef-792f-46ae-9728-90452a7da359", - "label": "DAY", - "broader": "e496c2bf-7f1c-461b-93b1-0248e4a5e932", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fda14b17-548c-4123-bc12-0e34d84a07a0", - "label": "YEAR", - "broader": "e496c2bf-7f1c-461b-93b1-0248e4a5e932", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-granulespatialrepresentation.json b/resources/json/gcmd-granulespatialrepresentation.json deleted file mode 100644 index 6b10a76..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-granulespatialrepresentation.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd", - "label": "Granule Spatial Representation", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "20522543-1c05-4f50-99c6-ead7766040a7", - "label": "NO_SPATIAL", - "broader": "d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22421b63-0fd1-483a-8aa9-72794ab61e60", - "label": "ORBIT", - "broader": "d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5c08ad7-df3b-4ebd-88cb-dff31667f7bd", - "label": "GEODETIC", - "broader": "d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7f64018-5180-4d84-84cf-ccc3818d0e93", - "label": "CARTESIAN", - "broader": "d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-horizontalresolutionrange.json b/resources/json/gcmd-horizontalresolutionrange.json deleted file mode 100644 index d020d35..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-horizontalresolutionrange.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "label": "Horizontal Resolution Ranges", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "08e4b31c-0be3-49cd-9374-caac345e7402", - "label": "< 1 meter", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2207b375-113b-4499-a5a6-0ae6edc2aae8", - "label": "100 km - < 250 km or approximately 1 degree - < 2.5 degrees", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35a7a6f2-69fe-4ba7-a2b5-91f83f52afb3", - "label": "50 km - < 100 km or approximately .5 degree - < 1 degree", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b36beea-9637-4213-bdbe-42e878ca14df", - "label": "10 km - < 50 km or approximately .09 degree - < .5 degree", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "437daa1f-f584-4afc-9104-b245f3a3d26d", - "label": "30 meters - < 100 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6dd8224f-944e-4798-ac48-44c23a567eeb", - "label": "1 km - < 10 km or approximately .01 degree - < .09 degree", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75c9d806-9e29-40f5-b479-4c63c90f77a9", - "label": "Point Resolution", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d197170-3639-4850-b012-0cae4a288e2b", - "label": "100 meters - < 250 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d520e8b-e1c6-4c18-bf8a-7a41b006f66f", - "label": "250 km - < 500 km or approximately 2.5 degrees - < 5.0 degrees", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e5ebee1-3ba2-4522-8d90-7ddf47987581", - "label": "500 meters - < 1 km", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abf43d91-a65d-4b3b-a6dd-593e211b2c7b", - "label": "1 meter - < 30 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c19001e4-dfbf-491b-b6d5-c4d0cee8f2fe", - "label": "> 1000 km or > 10 degrees", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2d588c7-76a5-4655-bfaf-bf66874b61c4", - "label": "500 km - < 1000 km or approximately 5 degrees - < 10 degrees", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5c4876e-47b7-4d53-90a2-081a6b150140", - "label": "250 meters - < 500 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-idnnode.json b/resources/json/gcmd-idnnode.json deleted file mode 100644 index 928876f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-idnnode.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,892 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "label": "IDN Nodes", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0228bd6f-7f35-452d-ba96-19df1f552284", - "label": "GOSIC/GTOS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02f99b1f-5902-42db-a168-9babe290ef08", - "label": "GOMMP", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03718300-c4bf-43cb-a709-8af9863f0869", - "label": "GOMC/ESIP", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03d77986-98aa-4ad4-9070-2b7a41eadb31", - "label": "SLOAN", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0529a07c-08e1-48c0-8619-d9f6880e6d44", - "label": "AMD/NO", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0653ebf8-bd12-4bb3-b080-d45bb0b388db", - "label": "USA/NCAR", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "072df70d-da3d-4225-aced-b65337f35da2", - "label": "ARGENTINA/CONAE", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "092d6914-19ac-4db8-bcf7-6d33461022c8", - "label": "vERSO", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d3fac3b-eaab-46bf-aa67-985cae48032f", - "label": "AMD/CH", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f2fa2cb-7a5d-4762-b6bc-78a19f98abff", - "label": "PacIOOS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "101a20ca-88bd-45a3-9882-c2e8a1c4dd29", - "label": "AMD/CN", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11a7ad28-cd0c-437d-a419-a1f0844de3e5", - "label": "GOSIC/GCOS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1209a4b6-aae5-4041-ac59-326252a3aace", - "label": "GOMOOS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1274e999-7b99-468d-90e6-935bc7654f7d", - "label": "DOKIPY", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13381733-968f-4fd6-b70c-aac6a77b2657", - "label": "ACE/CRC", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16158f17-bd57-4b30-abdc-f213d3996b4e", - "label": "UNEP/GRID", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "170ec227-c44b-4787-9889-a50134bcc8da", - "label": "AMD/NL", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b054f0b-9521-46e0-8cd4-e8673bd52509", - "label": "OBIS/AR", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b25904e-7ccd-4ef3-b733-2ef741163d54", - "label": "USA/USGS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d9168a9-9f8e-4e9d-aea9-150b62d799f9", - "label": "AUSTRALIA/AMMC", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e9c313a-ca4a-4fab-a80f-c7aeb68a5d0b", - "label": "CANADA/CGDI", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2132cc3c-ab36-48d3-bc21-7b1d47e9fe53", - "label": "AMD/FI", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21474392-1374-433e-b4b0-46c19c1561b2", - "label": "AMD/JP", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23bfb318-a393-48ae-90e4-82b3d40d7069", - "label": "IMBER", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25c40da1-4161-4bea-a49b-5635dc6c7f0c", - "label": "GOSIC/GAW", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2736d700-1760-491e-9fe3-dea1907c10a9", - "label": "AMD/IND", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a82a286-2ed1-4038-a4ee-30de38898f44", - "label": "NEW ZEALAND/ICAIR", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2efb470f-61f8-4046-b2ee-ebed27e2f310", - "label": "ECHO", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3197a75d-b6cf-430d-891b-b7fea05a0a2b", - "label": "GERMANY/EUMETSAT", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36ed7ad1-bd3c-489d-82cf-14827276e1b0", - "label": "OBIS/IN", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3720a713-d1b8-4f65-8cba-250f9e231e1f", - "label": "CHINA/NSMC", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38d7cefd-85c6-4e92-93aa-a239601ad9ae", - "label": "AUSTRALIA/ANU", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "390e49dc-8ab5-4e69-b16d-f25d26d520b5", - "label": "EU/EMSO", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b79ca1c-593e-481e-a231-724a3a7f0994", - "label": "ARCTIC/JP", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c6dbb11-d46d-4c66-872e-4538c3322c04", - "label": "OBIS/ZA", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d117d54-4c0f-4630-8b46-a6ddb1ffc9b3", - "label": "USA/NOAA", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - 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"definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9e5f883-a434-4ad9-b827-ae0709409397", - "label": "AMD/CL", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df312b2e-c2ff-45f7-851c-b5a92dccb848", - "label": "AMD/SE", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e391283c-257e-4569-b43a-437b8fcb2772", - "label": "EUROBIS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8e17a9b-c5aa-4924-b065-7a485d019299", - "label": "AMD/US", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edff0791-121c-40aa-adf2-33feb2bc30e5", - "label": "CEOS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef83cb9a-bcc3-49bc-bb29-7e95b3e8f55d", - "label": "AMD/BE", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1151da1-30af-4fc7-9783-51bdd6354c8b", - "label": "OBIS/CN", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3a42a8c-2671-4f58-ab2d-68cefe9bd4dd", - "label": "NETHERLANDS/NLR-NEONET", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f518808a-38c7-410c-a987-0bbe967c9763", - "label": "AMD/EE", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5a440da-3c08-4f80-960f-03a06f7580d5", - "label": "PI-GCOS", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f81093d9-6bc9-4211-8cfb-17064c7d0edf", - "label": "AMD/IT", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd2afb0b-ce8b-40f9-942c-754fd83e8579", - "label": "AMD/ZA", - "broader": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-instruments.json b/resources/json/gcmd-instruments.json deleted file mode 100644 index 9b73d8f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-instruments.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14295 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", - "label": "Instruments", - "broader": null, - "definition": "There are two types of remote sensing instruments—passive and active. Passive instruments detect natural energy that is reflected or emitted from the observed scene. Passive instruments sense only radiation emitted by the object being viewed or reflected by the object from a source other than the instrument. Reflected sunlight is the most common external source of radiation sensed by passive instruments. Scientists use a variety of passive remote sensors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "label": "Solar/Space Observing Instruments", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "label": "Photon/Optical Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0883dd32-8449-4e0a-8202-7f1437b01487", - "label": "VAE", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "The Visible Airglow Experiment (VAE) on Atmosphere Explorers\nC, -D and -E (AE-C, -D, -E) is an airglow photometer designed to\nmeasure various thermospherlc emission features during the day and\nnight both at low latitudes and in auroras. The photometer has two\ndistinct optical channels, a high sensitlvity channel (channel 2)\nwith a large field of view (3 degrees half angle cone) and a low sensitivity\nchannel (channel 1) with a narrow field of view (3/4 degree half angle cone)\nto resolve small airglow features. The system is protected by a combination\n100 to 1 attenuating system and a cathode back biasing scheme\nwhich allows measurements of maximum sensitivity within a fraction of\na second of viewing the bright limb of the earth.\n\nThe experimental design allows six atmospheric emissions from\nthe near ultraviolet to the near infrared to be monitored regularly on\neach satellite. The six filters are mounted on a wheel along with a\ndark position and calibrate position. The calibration source is made\nof phosphor and is activated by radioactive promethium. Each optical\nsystem employs a combination of a simple objective lens and field stop\nto define the angular field of view. The integration periods for\nchannels 1 and 2 are 32 and 120 msec, respectively.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0cca1c24-ea39-45ae-97a4-a1c5ab8b1739", - "label": "RED CORONAGRAPH", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "A RED CORONAGRAPH is a instrument used for photographing the\ncorona and prominences of the sun at times other than at solar\neclipse; An occulting disk used to block out the image of the\nbody of the sun in the focal plane of the objective lines, light\nof the corona passes through and onto film which is filter by\nred light.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28b720e9-f104-42f7-80b0-ac24986c6b23", - "label": "STOKES POLARIMETER", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "A Stokes Polarimeter is used to analyze light of\narbitrary polarization states.\n\n[Summary provided by Meadowlark Optics]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "442b619e-48aa-48a2-8048-de57cf04e5c2", - "label": "LYMAN-ALPHA PHOTOMETER", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "The Lyman alpha photometer (LAP) on board the SS-520-1 rocket,\nwhich was launched at sunset at 0830 UT on February 5, 1998,\nobserved geocoronal H and D Lyman alpha emissions. The LAP has H\nand D abserption cells to measure H and D Lyman alpha emission\nseparately. The width of Lyman alpha emission can be estimated\nby changing the optical depth of the cell by switching the\nfilament current of each cell.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-jm.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/1999cd-rom/pdf/ed/ed-p016_e.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", - "label": "Cameras", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "efa1e3d9-c9b8-485d-ae7e-b4616040e4fd", - "label": "CBERS", - "broader": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", - "definition": "The CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)cooperative program has been jointly developed by China and Brazil to build up a set of remote sensing Satellites. CBERS-1 was launched on Oct. 14, 1999, which operated until Aug. 2003. CBERS-2 was launched on Oct. 21, 2003, which is still working in orbit. The third satellite CBERS-2B was launched on Sep.19, 2007, which carries in-board a multisensor payload with different spatial resolutions called: HR (High Resolution Panchromatic), CCD (Charge Coupled Device) and WFI (Wide Field Image) camera. \n\nIRMSS is present in CBERS-1 and -2, not however in CBERS-2B, where it was replaced by HRC (High-Resolution Panchromatic Camera). The IRMSS operates in 4 spectral bands, thus extending the CBERS spectral coverage up to the thermal infrared range. It images a 120 km swath with the resolution of 80m (160m in the thermal channel). In 26 days one obtains a complete Earth coverage that can be correlated with the images of the CCD camera. \n\nHR camera is the first civilian high spatial resolution sensor, whose designed spatial resolution is 2.36m. HR camera operates in a single spectral band which covers visible and near-infrared bands. It is only present in CBERS-2B, not in CBERS-1 and -2. It generates images of 27km width and resolution 2.7m, which will allow the observation of surface objects with large detail. Given its 27km swath, five 26 days cycles are necessary for the 113km standard CCD swath to be covered by HRC. \n\nThe CCD camera provides images of a 113 km wide strip with 20m spatial resolution. Since this camera has a sideways pointing capability of ± 32 degrees, it is capable of taking stereoscopic images of a certain region. In addition, any phenomenon detected by the WFI may be 'zoomed in' by the oblique view of the CCD camera with a maximum time lag of 3 days. The CCD camera operates in 5 spectral bands that include a panchromatic one from 0.51 to 0.73 µm. The two spectral bands of the WFI are also present in the CCD camera to allow complementing the data of the two types of remote sensing images. A complete coverage cycle of the CCD camera takes 26 days.\n\nThe WFI has a ground swath of 890 km which provides a synoptic view with spatial resolution of 260m. The Earth surface is completely covered in about 5 days.\n\nThe data collected by the satellites are used in several applications, such as CPTEC weather forecast, ocean circulation studies, tides, chemistry of the atmosphere, agriculture planning, besides others, thru more than 600 platforms installed in Brazil. One important application is the hydrological basin monitoring by the ANA and SIVAM platform networks, which provides Brazilian river and rain data.\n\nCBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and -4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and -2. Four cameras will be present in the payload module, with improved geometrical and radiometric performance. They are: PanMux Camera-PANMUX, Multi-spectral Camera-MUXCAM, Scanning Medium Resolution Scanner-IRSCAM and Wide Field Imaging Camera-WFICAM. The orbits of the two satellites will be the same as for CBERS-1 and -2.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Cameras\n Short_Name: CBERS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: WIDE FIELD IMAGER\n Short_Name: HIGH RESOLUTION CAMERA\n Short_Name: CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers1-2.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-05-30\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration (CNSA)\n Instrument_Owner: Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff1e71a9-62ed-4dbd-b0c7-f70c54a79d34", - "label": "SPIN-SCAN AURORAL IMAGER", - "broader": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", - "definition": "The SPIN-SCAN AURORAL IMAGER is located on the Dynamics\nExplorer-1; The DE-1 auroral image data set consists of all\nmission analysis files (MAFs). Each MAF contains one\nnadir-centered image produced by one of the three photometers;\nauroral images are obtained at 391.4, 557.7 and 630.0\nnm. Several background filters are also provided.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fff596a8-f792-4627-8c3a-954012a1969b", - "label": "SPECTROHELIOGRAPHS", - "broader": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", - "definition": "SPECTROHELIOGRAPHS are H-alpha spectroheliograms which are\ngenerally taken with telescopes equipped with a half-angstrom\nbandwidth Halle filter. These H-alpha observations consist of\nsolar patrols (routine monitoring) of the whole disk or selected\nregions of the sun; two of the six instruments on board the\nOSO-7 were a EUV spectroheliograph and a Hard X-ray Spectrometer\n(Datlowe, Elcan, and Hudson 1974). The spectroheliograph\nprovided 5'x5' rasters spectroheliograms) over the active region\nat four wavelengths every 61 s, with a pixel size of 12' x\n20'. Only about 1/3 of the solar image was scanned. The\ninstrument could co-record H-alpha spectroheliograms with a wide\n0.086 nm band pass, blue shifted 0.016 nm from the H-alpha rest\nwavelength through the same aperture as the EUV\nspectroheliograms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "label": "Telescopes", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "05465677-7016-46cb-984f-76f27aa67bb3", - "label": "SOLAR TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "A SOLAR TELESCOPES is a magnifier of images of distant objects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cc74977-f4b6-44e1-a9f0-ff0af803f93c", - "label": "C/P", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "328ad1dd-e526-4995-9245-f251b6e02ecf", - "label": "LAT", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "LAT baseline design for the GLAST tracker consists of a four-by-four array of tower modules. Each tower module consists of interleaved planes of silicon-strip detectors and tracker tungsten converter sheets. Silicon-strip detectors are able to more precisely track the electron or positron produced from the initial gamma-ray than previous types of detectors. SSDs will have the ability to determine the location of an object in the sky to within 0.5 to 5 arc minutes. The pair conversion signature is also used to help reject the much larger background of charged cosmic rays. The high intrinsic efficiency and reliability of this technology enables straight forward event reconstruction and excellent resolution with small tails. These ease-of-use properties will maximize the mission science return for guest observers.\n\nSummary provided by http://www-glast.stanford.edu/Instrument.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: LAT\n Long_Name: Large Area Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FERMI\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-glast.stanford.edu/Instrument.html\n Sample_Image: http://www-glast.stanford.edu/images/glast2close.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "406d1bc6-8488-4691-a35e-f7e61b8aa268", - "label": "SOT", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51f533ea-9529-4916-b47f-8f2143f2fe1b", - "label": "SOON SOLAR TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f28194d-9df5-4ec4-bbbd-075cb23cc4ae", - "label": "TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "The TRACE imaging telescope is the sole science instrument on the spacecraft. Its primary science objectives are to: (1) follow the evolution of magnetic field structures from the solar interior to the corona; (2) investigate the mechanisms of the heating of the outer solar atmosphere; and, (3) determine the triggers and onset of solar flares and mass ejections.\n\nThe 30 cm aperture Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) telescope on the TRACE mission uses four normal-incidence coatings for the EUV and UV on quadrants of the primary and secondary mirrors. The segmented coatings on solid mirrors form identically sized and perfectly coaligned images. Pointing is internally stabilized to 0.1 arc second against spacecraft jitter. A 1024 x 1024 CCD detector collects images over an 8.5 x 8.5 arc minute field-of-view (FOV). A powerful data handling computer enables very flexible use of the CCD array including adaptive target selection, data compression, and fast operation for a limited FOV.\n\nFor more information on the TRACE telescope, see: http://vestige.lmsal.com/TRACE/Project/Instrument/insrument.htm \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE\n Long_Name: Transition Region and Coronal Explorer Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 284A - 2500A\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 8.4 - 170 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://trace.lmsal.com/Project/Instrument/insrument.htm\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1998-020A-01\n Online_Resource: http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/\n Sample_Image: http://trace.lmsal.com/Images/insphoto.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1998-04-02\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f75c1a9-6b02-4239-9809-10f95201b407", - "label": "OPTICAL TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "OPTICAL TELESCOPES provide a magnifier of images of distant objects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a84eba5f-3055-4c0b-ba38-9c7ccd230237", - "label": "TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "TELESCOPES provide a magnification of images of distant objects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4c33855-3aae-436d-8e75-8d6e432729eb", - "label": "ICECUBE", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e853c3c9-9745-4b49-95dd-c1545d134914", - "label": "LASCO", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "The Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph (LASCO) instrument is one of 11\ninstruments included on the joint NASA/ESA SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric\nObservatory) spacecraft. The LASCO instrument is a set of three coronagraphs\nthat image the solar corona from 1.1 to 32 solar radii. It is convenient to\nmeasure distances in terms of solar radii. One solar radius is about 700,000\nkm, 420,000 miles or 16 arc minutes. A coronagraph is a telescope that is\ndesigned to block light coming from the solar disk, in order to see the\nextremely faint emission from the region around the sun, called the corona.\nLASCO was built by an international consortium of four institutions in four\ndifferent countries:\n- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC\n- Max-Planck-Institute for Aeronomy, Lindau, Germany\n- Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England\n- Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale, Marseille, France\n\nThe LASCO electronics box also provides services for an additional experiment\ncalled the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT). Since the two\nexperiments are closely coupled, status and other general information can be\nobtained at this site, but more specific information is available from the EIT\nhome page (http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/lasco.html\nand\nhttp://star.mpae.gwdg.de/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LASCO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: LASCO\n Long_Name: Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.07 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/\n Online_Resource: http://star.mpae.gwdg.de/\n Sample_Image: http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/content/gif/LASCO_front.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Naval Research Lab\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "296313a6-101e-4441-9c04-c49c5d3b0436", - "label": "PS2", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "Planet achieved Mission 1 after the successful launch of 88 Dove satellites in February 2017 and the successful launch of a further 48 Dove satellites in July 2017. This groundbreaking feat enabled Planet to image the world’s land mass, roughly 150Mkm2, every single day in 4 spectral bands: blue, green, red and near-infrared (NIR).\n\nThese Dove satellites carry instruments comprised of a telescope we call 'PS2' paired with a 2D frame detector having 6600 pixels across by 4400 lines down. The detector has a Bayer pattern filter separating the wavelengths of light into blue, green and red channels. On top of the Bayer pattern filter is a “2-stripe” filter, where the top half blocks the NIR wavelengths, thus allowing only the blue, green and red light to pass through, and the bottom half allows only the NIR wavelengths of light to pass through.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87a3848a-9791-4039-8005-2692f3818762", - "label": "PS2.SD", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "The PS2.SD instrument is comprised of the same 'PS2' telescope and the same 2D frame detector as used in PS2. The Bayer pattern filter and pass-band filters in the PS2 satellites have been replaced with a high-performance butcher-block filter. The PS2.SD filter is made up of 4 individual pass-band filters, that separate the light into each of the blue, green, red and NIR channels. The choice of the pass-band filters for PS2.SD match closely with and are interoperable with those of Sentinel-2. We’ve named this new instrument PS2.SD.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80b5c374-728b-4ae3-b3e9-f86cc70475e0", - "label": "PSB.SD", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "The new PSB.SD instrument is comprised of the next-generation 'PSBlue' telescope with a larger 47 megapixel sensor and the same filter response as PS2.SD above, in the Red, Green, Blue and NIR bands.\n\nThe PSB.SD payloads extend on this capability so that in addition to the four bands that are identical to the PS2.SD spectral bands above (Red, Green II, Blue and NIR), there is also an additional band. Specifically, Red Edge, which is meant to be interoperable with Sentinel-2 band 5.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "456fc7e9-f39a-48f8-9fbc-86c2a219e0f2", - "label": "PS1", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "PS1 features the same optical system as PS0, aligned and mounted in an isolated carbon fiber/titanium telescope. This telescope is matched with an 11MP CCD detector.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b83c7872-9b24-4ffe-97b3-a410d669f88e", - "label": "PS0", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", - "definition": "PS0 features a 2 element Maksutov Cassegrain optical system paired with an 11MP CCD detector. Optical elements are mounted relative to the structure of the spacecraft.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "83eedf76-1354-4c80-9804-c2d0ad26b199", - "label": "OPTICAL TRACKING", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b45bd54a-636a-4ab6-ad98-72e7b45b5593", - "label": "HMI-SDO", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "[Source: Stanford University HMI home page, http://hmi.stanford.edu/ ]\n\nThe primary goal of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) investigation is to study the origin of solar variability and to characterize and understand the Sun’s interior and the various components of magnetic activity. The HMI investigation is based on measurements obtained with the HMI instrument as part of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) mission. HMI makes measurements of the motion of the solar photosphere to study solar oscillations and measurements of the polarization in a spectral line to study all three components of the photospheric magnetic field. HMI produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability and how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity. It also produces data to enable estimates of the coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere. HMI observations will enable establishing the relationships between the internal dynamics and magnetic activity in order to understand solar variability and its effects, leading to reliable predictive capability, one of the key elements of the Living With a Star (LWS) program.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HMI-SDO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: HMI-SDO\n Long_Name: Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/instruments.php\n Online_Resource: http://hmi.stanford.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://hmi.stanford.edu/cover_tiny.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6b426a9-4342-4df8-8101-0ff8498daece", - "label": "MDI", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "The Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) is a project of the Stanford-Lockheed\nInstitute for Space Research and is a joint effort of the Solar Oscillations\nInvestigation (SOI) in the W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory of\nStanford University and the Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory of the\nLockheed-Martin Advanced Technology Center. The MDI is flown on the Solar \nHeliospheric Observatory (SOHO).\n\nThe Michelson Doppler Imager is capable of making a wide range of observations\nwithin the constraints imposed by the instrument design, by telemetry\navailability, and by the limits associated with the running observing programs.\nThis page summarizes the instrument observables and the nature of the observing\nprograms. It is intended to provide sufficient background for potential\nproposers of research investigations involving either special observations or\nthe analysis of standard program observations. For a full description of the\ninstrument capabilities and mission observing plans, see The Solar Oscillations\nInvestigation - Michelson Doppler Imager (Scherrer et al., Solar Physics. in\npress).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://soi.stanford.edu/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MDI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: MDI\n Long_Name: Michelson Doppler Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 676.8 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.01 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://soi.stanford.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://soi.stanford.edu/operations/drawings/optical_layout.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 73 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Stanford University\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", - "label": "Charged Coupled Devices", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "657ac23c-4ee8-400c-bd41-165dfd3845f5", - "label": "K-LINE CCD/SOLAR OSCILLATIONS", - "broader": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2f5c85c-ca3b-4f7e-8cbb-106f5fd99b53", - "label": "CCD", - "broader": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", - "definition": "A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging.\n\nThe\tEPIC\tinstrument consists of a 2048x2048 charge-coupled device (CCD) attached to a 30cm f/9.6 Cassegrain telescope. Using a filter wheel, it samples at 10 channel narrow-band ranges\tfrom\t317.5nm to 780nm. These bands provide the ability to generate a variety of science products, including ozone, sulfur dioxide, aerosols, vegetation, and cloud height.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c49dbd34-167c-4eab-86e5-f41383986357", - "label": "AIRGLOW/AURORA IMAGER", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d951f8e8-703b-4af3-8861-6d561d5ad1b0", - "label": "AP", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "The auroral photometer (AP) is a two-channel broad-band instrument that is used to determine the energy deposited in the upper atmosphere by energetic auroral electrons. It is similar to airglow photometers developed by LASP and flown on OGO-5 and -6 in the late 1960's. The channels consist of two Hamamatsu phototube detectors, a UV filter for each channel, and a field of view limiter for each channel. Both channels have circular fields of view, 11 degree full-cone. The detectors are identical phototubes with magnesium fluoride (MgF2) windows and cesium iodide (CsI) photocathodes. Channel A has a calcium fluoride (CaF2) filter placed in front of the detector and channel B has a barium fluoride (BaF2) filter. The combination of the CsI photocathode and the CaF2 filter produces a bandpass from 125 to 180 nm for channel A, allowing a combined measurement of the LBH bands, the OI doublet at 135.6 nm, and the OI triplet at 130.4 nm. Channel B has a 135 to 180 nm bandpass, providing a measurement of the LBH bands and the OI doublet at 135.6 nm with the exclusion of the OI triplet at 130.4 nm. The sensitivity of channel A at 130.4 nm is 23 counts/second/Rayleigh and the sensitivity of channel B at 135.6 nm is 26 counts/second/Rayleigh. The AP and UVS photomultiplier electronics are identical, resulting in significant economies in fabrication and operation.\n\nAs with the UVS, the AP is mounted with its optical axis perpendicular to the S/C spin axis. The AP produces continuous data but at a much lower rate than the UVS. Only the downward- looking 60° of each spin will be stored. The integration time for each channel is set to 63 milliseconds which provides 32 samples per channel per spin. Data from the AP are stored in its buffer, which is emptied once per spin by the S/C microprocessor.\n\nSummary provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: AP\n Long_Name: AURORAL PHOTOMETER (SNOE)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SNOE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/AP_New.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfacaad0-0e2f-4426-8731-0acd3c3999a8", - "label": "AIA-SDO", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "[Source: Atmospheric Imaging Assembly team home page, http://aia.lmsal.com/ ]\n\nThe Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) for the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is designed to provide an unprecendented view of the solar corona, taking images that span at least 1.3 solar diameters in mutiple wavelengths nearly simultaneously, at a resolution of about 1 arcsec and at a cadence of 10 seconds or better. The primary goal of the AIA Science Investigation is to use these data, together with data from other SDO instruments and from other observatories, to significantly improve our understanding of the physics behind the activity displayed by the Sun's atmosphere, which drives space weather in the heliosphere and in planetary environments. The AIA will produce data required for quantitative studies of the evolving coronal magnetic field, and the plasma that it holds, both in quiescent phases and during flares and eruptions; the AIA science investigation aims to utilize these data in a comprehensive research program to provide new understanding of the observed processes and, ultimately, to guide development of advanced forecasting tools needed by the user community of the Living With a Star (LWS) program.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIA-SDO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: AIA-SDO\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3 UV-Visible channels\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 7 Extreme Ultraviolet Channels\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aia.lmsal.com/\n Online_Resource: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/instruments.php\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3211dbd-5432-4b13-b5ca-2ac11981f1e8", - "label": "HELIOGRAPHS", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "HELIOGRAPHS are instruments that records the duration of\nsunshine and gives a qualitative measure of the amount of\nsunshine by the action of the sun?s rays upon blueprint paper; a\ntype of sunshine recorder.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8e62902-f8e3-41a4-b9e5-28f99508c330", - "label": "CORONAGRAPHS", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "CORONAGRAPHS are instruments used for photographing the corona\nand prominences of the sun at times other than at solar eclipse.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaae7987-aeef-4a24-ab3e-e7347497b7b6", - "label": "SFD", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "The Scintillating Fiber Detector (SFD) on the EQUATOR-S is based on the light\nemission property of some materials when hit by ionising radiation. Optical\nfibers guide the emitted light to a photodiode operated in current mode. A\nlogarithmic amplifier converts this detector current to an analog output\nvoltage. Energy discrimination is achieved by using three differently shielded\nchannels. This way electrons above 0.26, 0.4, and 1.9 MeV are measured, and\nprotons above 6.3, 9.5, and 35 MeV, with a time resolution of 64 s. A constant\ncurrent is added periodically to calibrate the system.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb147027-c757-43d6-a9fc-e492a21b3404", - "label": "AIRGLOW SENSOR", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "Global measurements of the hydroxyl mesospheric airglow over an extended period of time have been made possible by the NASA SABER infrared sensor aboard the TIMED satellite which has been functioning since December of 2001. The orbital mission has continued over a significant portion of a solar cycle. Experimental data from SABER for several years have exhibited equatorial enhancements of the nighttime mesospheric OH airglow layer consistent with the high average diurnal solar flux. The brightening of the OH airglow typically means more H+O3 is being reacted. At both the spring and autumn seasonal equinoxes when the equatorial solar UV irradiance mean is greatest, the peak volume emission rate (VER) of the nighttime Meinel infrared airglow typically appears to be both significantly brighter plus lower in altitude by several kilometres at low latitudes compared with midlatitude findings.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRGLOW SENSOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: AIRGLOW SENSOR\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AIRGLOW SENSOR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1402-4896/75/5/004\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1be03db-82e3-42a2-a763-3a6331aac9a8", - "label": "XPS", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "The XUV Photometer System (XPS) measures the solar soft x-ray\n(XUV) irradiance from 1 to 34 nm and the bright hydrogen\nemission at 121.6 (H I Lyman-alpha). The solar XUV radiation is\nmostly emitted from the hot, highly variable corona of the Sun,\nand these high-energy photons are a primary energy source for\nheating and ionizing Earth's upper atmosphere. Of all the SORCE\ninstruments, the XPS is most sensitive to flare events on the\nSun as the solar XUV radiation often changes by a factor of 2 to\n10, or more, during flares.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/xps_print.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f486b743-ef0f-4a8f-b9da-fe692c56c86a", - "label": "GREEN CORONAGRAPH", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", - "definition": "A GREEN CORONAGRAPH is an instrument used for photographing the\ncorona and prominences of the sun at times other than at solar\neclipse; An occulting disk used to block out the image of the\nbody of the sun in the focal plane of the objective lines and\nlight of the corona passes through and onto film which is used\nwith a green filter.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "label": "Particle Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01407ecf-45af-4fcc-8a1b-9b383636e2e4", - "label": "HYDRA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "HYDRA is a plasma experimental investigation on the POLAR spacecraft. HYDRA is\na collection of electrostatic analyzers designed for high resolution\nobservations of electron and ion velocity distributions in the earth's polar\nmagnetosphere and was designed and constructed by a consortium of institutions\nfor the purpose of improving our understanding of the complex interactions of\nthe polar magnetosphere with the solar wind and the ionosphere.\nHYDRA subsystems are:\n- Duo-Deca-Electron-Ion-Spectrometer (DDEIS)\n- Parallel Plate Analyzer (PPA)\n- Data Processing Unit (DPU) and UV Intracalibration System \n\nFor more information, see: \nhttp://www-st.physics.uiowa.edu/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HYDRA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: HYDRA\n Long_Name: Hot Plasma Analyzer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-st.physics.uiowa.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://www-st.physics.uiowa.edu/www/images/ddeis2.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "025d9870-8138-418a-9854-097723c40042", - "label": "BIMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Bennett Ion-Mass Spectrometer (BIMS) experiment was flown to\nmeasure, throughout the orbit, the individual concentrations of\nall thermal ion species in the mass range 1 to 72 atomic mass\nunits (u) and in the ambient density range from five to 5.E6\nions/cc. The mass range was normally scanned in 1.7 s, but the\nscan time per range could be increased by command. Laboratory\nand inflight determination of spectrometer efficiency and mass\ndiscrimination permitted direct conversion of measured ion\ncurrents to ambient concentrations. Correlation of these\nmeasured data with the results from companion experiments, CEP\n(75-107A-01) and RPA (75-107A-04) permitted individual ion\nconcentrations to be determined with high accuracy. The\nexperiment's four primary mechanical components were guard ring\nand ion-analyzer tube, collector and preamplifier assembly,\nvent, and main electronics housing. A three-stage Bennett tube\nwith 7-to 5-cycle drift spaces were flown; it was modified to\npermi t ion concentration measurements to be obtained at low\naltitudes. The balance between ion-current sensitivity and mass\nresolution in a Bennett spectrometer may be altered by changing\nappropriate voltages. These voltage changes were controlled\nindependently by ground command for each one of the three mass\nranges: 1 to 4, 2 to 18, and 8 to 72.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04029c7f-6df9-47f0-ad9f-dd93ad04ec2c", - "label": "SWIMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) and the Solar Wind\nIons Mass Spectrometer (SWIMS) instruments on the Advanced Composition\nExplorer (ACE) are optimized for measurements of the chemical and\nisotopic composition of solar and interstellar matter. Both\ninstruments are time-of-flight mass spectrometers with electrostatic\nanalyzers, though each is optimized for different measurements. SWICS\ndetermines the chemical and ionic charge state composition of the\nsolar wind and resolves H and He isotopes of both solar and\ninterstellar sources. SWICS also measures the distribution functions\nof both the interstellar cloud and dust cloud pickup ions up to\nenergies of 100 keV/e. SWIMS measures the chemical and isotopic\ncomposition of the solar wind for every element between He and Ni, up\nto 10 keV/e.\n\nSWIMS and SWICS was designed and developed by the University of\nMichigan, Ann Arbor, Solar and Heliospheric Research Group.\n\nSee:\nhttp://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWIMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWIMS\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Ion Mass Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1997-045A&ex=1\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/swims_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.505 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "042e723a-9d12-4eff-ab5d-334171182d5c", - "label": "DUST", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Ulysses dust experiment is intended to provide direct observations of dust\ngrains with masses between 10**-16 g and 10**-6 g in interplanetary space, to\ninvestigate their physical and dynamical properties as functions of\nheliocentric distance and ecliptic latitude. Of special interest is the\nquestion of what portion is provided by comets, asteroids and interstellar\nparticles. The investigation is performed with an instrument that measures the\nmass, speed, flight direction and electric charge of individual dust particles.\nIt is a multicoincidence detector with a mass sensitivity 10**6 times higher\nthan that of previous in situ experiments which measured dust in the outer\nsolar system. The instrument weighs 3.8 kg, consumes 2.2 W, and has a normal\ndata transmission rate of 8 bits/s in nominal spacecraft tracking mode. On 27th\nOctober 1990 the instrument was switched on. The instrument was configured to\nflight conditions and science data collection started immediately. In the\nperiod to 13th January 1991 at least 44 dust impacts have been recorded. Flux\nvalues are given covering the heliocentric distance range from 1.04 to 1.7 AU. \n\n(Abstract from: E. Gruen et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 411-423,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_dust.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DUST\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: DUST\n Long_Name: Ulysses Cosmic Dust Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/dustgroup/projects/ulysses.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/dust.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/dust.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Max Plank Institute\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05a868db-43ca-4f45-85b1-00fda3130a53", - "label": "MCPHA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The multichannel pulse height analyzer is a device that will\nseparate pulses based on pulse height. Each energy range of\npulse height is referred to as a channel. The pulse height is\nproportional to the energy lost by a gamma ray. Separation of\nthe pulses, based on pulse height, shows the energy spectrum of\nthe gamma rays that are emitted. Multichannel analyzers\ntypically have 100 or 200 channels over an energy range of 0 to\n2 MeV. The output is a plot of pulse height and gamma activity,\nas shown in Figure 28. By analyzing the spectrum of gamma rays\nemitted, the user can determine the elements which caused the\ngamma pulses.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.tpub.com/doeinstrument/instrumentationandcontrol57.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c6429f1-0fec-43f1-a26f-c7f1d12b1f95", - "label": "EPAC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Energetic PArticles Composition instrument EPAC pn Ulysses was designed to\nprovide information on the flux, anisotropy and chemical composition of\nenergetic particles in interplanetary space. EPAC consists of four identical\ntelescopes inclined under angles of 22.5 deg, 67.5 deg, 112.5 deg and 157.5 deg\nwith respect to the spacecraft spin axis. This design, together with spin\nsectorisation, allows us to sample 80% of the sphere in 32 bins and therefore\nget a fully three-dimensional resolution of angular distributions. In each of\nthe telescopes we used the so-called 'E-dE/dx' technique, which requires a\nparticle to traverse a very thin detector and then stop it in a second, much\nthicker detector. Particles of higher energies can traverse the two detector\nstack, but are eliminated by a third 'veto' detector. Each telescope has a\ngeometric factor of about 0.08 cm'sr and has a field-of-view with a full angle\nof 35 deg.\n\nAs a front detector we used an very thin semiconductor detector with a\nthickness of 5 um and 25 mm' sensitive area (detector A). Such detectors became\navailable in reliable technique by the time when we started to build the\ninstrument. The energy detector B was 100 ým thick. A third detector (C) of\nmuch larger area provided veto signals from penetrating particles. The detector\nstack is surrounded by a massive platinum shield. Further background rejection\nis realised by using multiparameter analysis. The front detectors are protected\nagainst sunlight by 80 ug/cm' Al-layers. By using hybrid electronic technology\nwe were able to make this fairly complicated instrument with very low weight\n(2685 g) and power demand (3.43 W).\n\nThe telescopes based on this design allowed clear separation of Hydrogen,\nHelium and the heavier nuclei up to iron. 14 different categories of data are\ntransmitted to the ground, using different time and angular resolutions for the\nvarious categories. In flight a functional performance test using a pulse\ngenerator, which on command produced sequences of coincident and non-coincident\npulses is initiated from time to time. The sensor was designed to operate at\ntemperatures between +10C near Earth and -35C at Jupiter. \nA full description can be found in: E. Keppler et al., Astron. Astrophys.\nSuppl. Ser. 92, 317-331, 1992\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.linmpi.mpg.de/english/projekte/ulysses/epac.html\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_epac.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPAC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPAC\n Long_Name: Energetic Particles Composition Instrument (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 MeV - 1.5 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mps.mpg.de/en/projekte/ulysses/epac/\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/epac.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/epac.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.012 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d7c2e1b-4406-437d-878c-4a3f962e66f1", - "label": "CEPPAD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The CEPPAD on the Polar spacecraft, consists of three packages. Two are\nspacecraft body mounted and the third is located on the despun platform. The\nfirst body-mounted package consists of the Imaging Proton Sensor (IPS) and the\nDigital Processing Unit (DPU). The second consists of the Imaging Electron\nSensor (IES) and the High Sensitivity Telescope (HIST). The single despun\nplatform package is the Source/Lose-Cone Energetic Particle Spectrometer\n(SEPS). The IPS, IES and HIST all use the body-mounted DPU. The SEPS sensor is\nindependent of the body mounted sensor and contains a separate digital\nprocessing unit. This approach was taken because of the limitations inherent in\ncommunicating between the spacecraft body and despun platform. \n\nThe IPS measures protons over the energy range from ~10 keV to 1 MeV using a\nspectrometer which incorporates a Microstrip Solid State Detector (MSSD) having\na planar configuration with six individual elements. The IES measures electrons\nover the energy range from ~ 25 to 400 keV using a spectrometer which\nincorporates a Microstrip Solid State Detector (MSSD) having a 0.5 x 2.1 cm\nplanar configuration with five individual elements. The MSSD forms the image\nplane for a sensor segment with a 'pin-hole' aperture. The MSSD has a thick\n'dead layer' and thus does not respond to protons with energies below ~ 250\nkeV. However the dead layer is sufficiently thin as that it allows the IES to\nbe sensitive to electrons with energies ~ 25 KeV or more. The 'pin-hole'\naperture accepts electrons over a 60 degrees angular segment in a plane\ncontaining the satellite spin axis. Each of the five detector e1ements in the\nMSSD detects electrons in a ~12 degrees angular sub-interval of the 60 degrees\nfield-of-view (FOV). The complete IES system has a nominal geometric factor of\n6 x 10^-3 cm2. The nominal angular resolution of a detector element is 12\ndegrees x 12 degrees and its elemental geometric factor is approximately 3.8 x\n10^-4. Three of these detector segments provide the desired electron\nmeasurements over a FOV of +/- 12 degrees x 180 degrees. The satellite spin is\nused to obtain measurements over the full 4p steradians.\n\nAll detector elements in each segment are attached to a dedicated preamplifier.\nIn the normal mode of operation, the detector elements with fields of view\nperpendicular, parallel and anti-parallel to the spin axis are connected to a\ndedicated amplifier chain at all times. There are a total of 6 amplifier and\npulse height analyzer chains in the IES signal conditioning unit (SCU). The\nremaining four detector elements in each sensor segment are then sampled on a\ntime-share basis. Each of the remaining three amplifier chains are attached to\none of the four detector elements in each segment under DPU control. In\ngeneral, the DPU can control which 6 of the 15 detector elements are being\nsampled at any given time by the amplifier chains. The responses of the\nselected detector elements are pulse-height analyzed by 8-bit Analog-to-Digital\nConverters (ADCs) to obtain the energy for each detected particle.\n\nThe DPU samples the 5 detector elements in each ES segment according to\npre-programmed sampling schemes which utilize the sectored satellite spin to\nobtain data samples over the unit sphere. In the normal mode of operation, the\ncombined data from the 3 dedicated detector elements and the 3 program-control\nsampled detectors strips are used to build a three dimensional (3D) 'image' of\nthe medium energy electron angular distribution. For each electron detected,\nthe polar and azimuthal angular sector and energy are known. The DPU\naccumulates the result into an array which contains the electron fluxes in 15\n(polar) by 32 or 16 (azimuthal) angular intervals for each of up to 12 energy\nranges. Within 24 seconds (4 spin periods), the complete 4p steradians can be\nsampled and within one spin period a 2D distribution function can be obtained. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://leadbelly.lanl.gov/ccr/\nhttp://www.css.tayloru.edu/~physics/seps.html\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CEPPAD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CEPPAD\n Long_Name: Comprehensive Energetic Particle Pitch Angle Distribution\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SEPS\n Short_Name: IES-P\n Short_Name: HIST\n Short_Name: IPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://spacedata.bu.edu/polar_info.html\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml#CEPPAD\n Online_Resource: http://www.css.taylor.edu/~physics/seps.html\n Sample_Image: http://spacedata.bu.edu/graphics/Polar/IPS%20Large.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f65098b-489c-41bf-a6ef-41ce5fb2310a", - "label": "SWAN", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The SWAN (Solar Wind ANisotropies) instrument is one of twelve instruments\nonboard SOHO (SOlar Heliospheric Observatory) satellite. It is a collaboration\nbetween Finnish Meteorological Institute and Service d'Aeronomie. Technical\nResearch Centre of Finland was responsible for the construction, mechanics,\nthermal design, and central processor of the instrument itself.\n\nA solar Lyman alpha radiation is scattered by hydrogen atoms, which flow into\nthe solar system. The scattered radiation is called interplanetary Lyman alpha\nradiation. SWAN observes interplanetary Lyman alpha radiation from all\ndirections of the sky. Usually SWAN observes three radiation maps of the whole\nsky per week. In each map the radiation is strongest near the inflow direction\nof the interstellar hydrogen gas. However, the overall picture of the sky has\nchanged considerably from the solar minimum 1996 to the solar maximum.\nTheoretical results have shown that this kind of a change can be caused by the\nsolar wind proton flux which varies according to the distance to the\nheliospheric current sheet.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.fmi.fi/research_space/space_7.html\nand\nhttp://www.aero.jussieu.fr/experience/SWAN/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWAN\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Anisotropies\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115-180 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.001 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/experience/SWAN/\n Online_Resource: http://www.fmi.fi/research_space/space_7.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.fmi.fi/img/en/research/space/link/swan.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.2 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Finnish Meteorological Institute\n Instrument_Owner: Service d'Areonomie, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "145f4ede-8339-417a-99da-021577933def", - "label": "LEPEDEA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The experiments on IMP-7 and IMP-8 were designed to measure the energy spectra\nof low-energy electrons and protons in the geocentric range of 30 to 40 earth\nradii to give further data on geomagnetic storms, aurora, tail and neutral\nsheet, and other magnetospheric phenomena. The detectors were a dual-channel,\ncurved-plate electrostatic analyzer (LEPEDEA - low energy proton and electron\ndifferential energy analyzer) with 16 energy intervals between 5 eV and 50 keV.\nThey had an angular field of view of 9¡ x 25¡. The detectors could be operated\nin one of two modes: (1) one providing good angular resolution (16 directions\nfor each particle energy band) once each 272 s, and (2) the other providing\ngood temporal resolution in which the entire energy range in four directions\nwas measured every 68 s.\nFor further details on IMP-J, see Frank, L. A. et al., J. Geophys. Res., 81, p.\n5859, 1976.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/imp/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1697df5f-7781-45a6-a0fe-fa389fdbc5a4", - "label": "CRNC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Cosmic Ray Nuclear Composition (CRNC) on IMP-8 experiment used two\ntelescopes to measure the composition and energy spectra of solar (and\ngalactic) particles above about 0.5 MeV/nucleon. The main telescope consisted\nof five collinear elements (three solid state, one CsI, and one sapphire\nCerenkov) surrounded by a plastic anticoincidence shield. The telescope had a\n60-deg, full-angle acceptance cone with its axis approximately normal to the\nspacecraft spin axis, permitting eight-sectored information on particle arrival\ndirection. Four elements of the main telescope were pulse-height analyzed, and\nlow- and high-gain modes could be selected by command to permit resolution of\nthe elements H through Ni or of electrons and the isotopes of H and He and\nlight nuclei. A selection-priority scheme was included to permit sampling of\nless abundant particle species under normal and solar-flare conditions. The\nlow-energy telescope was essentially a two-element shielded solid-state\ndetector with a 70-deg full-angle acceptance cone. The first element was\npulse-height analyzed, and data were recorded by sectors.\n\nThe Cosmic Ray Nuclear Composition (CRNC) telescope was designed and built at\nThe University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute (EFI), Laboratory for\nAstrophysics & Space Research (LASR), Simpson Cosmic Physics Group and is now \nbeing operated out of the The University of New Hampshire Institute for the\nStudy of Earth, Oceans and Space (EOS). The PI is Dr. Clifford Lopate.\n\nFor additional information, see:\nhttp://ulysses.sr.unh.edu/WWW/Simpson/imp8.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19309803-c99e-4d14-8cd3-d64bddd8aa9e", - "label": "SEPICA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "SEPICA is one of nine instruments aboard the ACE spacecraft. Its mission is to\ncollect information about particles emanating from the Sun. SEPICA detects the\nionic charge state, kinetic energy, and nuclear charge of ions coming from the\nSun, and with that information, one can determine not only the type of ions\npresent, but also the history of those ions within the Sun. This aids\nscientists in their understanding of the Sun and the processes that take place\nwithin it. \n\nThe SEPICA instrument is the prime sensor on ACE, which is used to determine\nthe\ncharge state distribution of energetic particle distributions. SEPICA is\ndesigned to measure the ionic charge state, Q, the kinetic energy, E, and the\nnuclear charge, Z, of energetic ions above 0.2 MeV/Nuc (Stone et al., 1990).\nThis includes ions accelerated in solar flares as well as in interplanetary\nspace during energetic storm particle (ESP) and co-rotating interaction region\n(CIR) events. For low mass numbers SEPICA will also separate isotopes -- for\nexample, 3He and 4He. During solar quiet times, SEPICA should also be able to\ndirectly measure the charge states of anomalous cosmic ray nuclei, including H,\nN, O, and Ne, which are presumed to be singly-charged. With the capability to\ndifferentiate the charge states of ions, the instrument will also be able to\nseparate neutral atoms (Q = 0) from ions. Thus it may be able to identify\nenergetic neutrals created through charge exchange.\n\nThe instrument is based on the design of the ULEZEQ (Ultra Low Energy Z E Q\nAnalyzer) sensor flown on the ISEE spacecraft (Hovestadt et al., 1978). The\nsensor combines the determination of the electrostatic deflection of incoming\nions in a collimator-analyzer assembly by the measurement of the impact\nposition in the detector plane and a dE/dx - E telescope with a proportional\ncounter solid state detector combination. The background from penetrating\nradiation is suppressed by the use of an anti-coincidence detector. The\nscientific objectives of the ACE mission call for significant improvements over\nthe ULEZEQ sensor in the following parameters of the instrument:\n\n1. Increase of the geometrical factor by at least a factor of 10 (to improve\nthe measurement statistics significantly)\n\n2. Improvement of the charge resolution to deltaQ/Q 0.1 below 0.7 MeV/nucleon\n(to allow resolution of individual charge states for elements up to oxygen.\n\nSEPICA was built as a collaboration between the UNH Space Science Group and the\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). SEPICA's mission was\nproposed in 1986. The project was kicked off into Phase B in May of 1991, with\nthe development and implementation of Phase C started in January, 1994.\nSatellite integration and testing (Phase D) was carried out through 1996 and\n1997. ACE itself was launched on 25 August, 1997, on a Delta II launch vehicle,\nfrom the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Since then, SEPICA has been returning\ndata on the solar wind.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/tof/Missions/Ace/index.html?acemain.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEPICA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEPICA\n Long_Name: Solar Energetic Particle Charge Analyzer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssg.sr.unh.edu/tof/Missions/Ace/index.html?sepicamain.html\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/sepica_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.604 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire, Space Science Group\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ba9aee0-57c5-482b-b3e6-03d9506642fe", - "label": "SEM-2", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Image and Text Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sem.html ]\n\nThe SEM/2 provides measurements to determine the intensity of the Earth’s radiation belts and the flux of charged particles at the satellite altitude. It provides knowledge of solar terrestrial phenomena and also provides warnings of solar wind occurrences that may impair long-range communications, high-altitude operations, damage to satellite circuits and solar panels, or cause changes in drag and magnetic torque on satellites.\n\nThe SEM/2 consists of two separate sensor units and a common Data Processing Unit (DPU). The sensor units are the Total Energy Detector (TED) and the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED).\n\nThe DPU serves as the interface between the sensors and the spacecraft. The TED senses and quantifies the intensity in the sequentially selected energy bands. The particles of interest have energies ranging from 0.05 keV to 20 keV. The MEPED senses protons, electrons, and ions with energies from 30 keV to levels exceeding 6.9 MeV.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEM-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Long_Name: Space Environment Monitor-2\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TED\n Short_Name: MEPED\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sem.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-5.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/images/enlarged_sem.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-04\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22de8fba-f98f-458d-995f-bb34b2d31380", - "label": "PEACE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Plasma Electron And Current Experiment (PEACE) instrument can measure the\nthree dimensional velocity distribution of electrons in a space plasma, for an\nenergy range from a few electronvolts to about 30 kiloelectronvolts. MSSL is\nthe PI Institution for the PEACE instruments. A PEACE instrument is flying on\neach of the four Cluster II spacecraft, which were launched in the summer of\n2000. The science phase of the mission officially started in February 2001. \n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_plasma/missions/cluster/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PEACE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: PEACE\n Long_Name: Plasma Electron and Current Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_plasma/missions/cluster/\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/37/hires_36663.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 3 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College, London\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22e46ca9-0d91-4cc0-8730-9c73cccd57a0", - "label": "CDE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: AIM Project home page, http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/cde.html ]\n\nThe Cosmic Dust Experiment (CDE) is an instrument designed to monitor the variability of the cosmic dust influx into Earth’s mesosphere in order to address its role in the formation of PMCs. CDE determines the magnitude and characterizes the temporal and spatial variability of the cosmic dust influx, allowing for direct correlation studies with PMC frequency and brightness\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CDE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CDE\n Long_Name: AIM Cosmic Dust Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/cde.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-06-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "283bb108-ea36-4946-99a0-0910946e3265", - "label": "ULEIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer (ULEIS) on the Advanced\nComposition Explorer (ACE) measures ion fluxes over the charge range\nfrom He through Ni from about 20 keV/nucleon to 10 MeV/nucleon, thus\ncovering both suprathermal and energetic particle energy\nranges. Exploratory measurements of ultra-heavy species (mass range\nabove Ni) will also be performed in a more limited energy range near\n0.5 MeV/nucleon. ULEIS will be studying the elemental and isotopic\ncomposition of solar energetic particles, and the mechanisms by which\nthese particles are energized in the solar corona. ULEIS will also\ninvestigate mechanisms by which supersonic interplanetary shock waves\nenergize ions.\n\nULEIS was designed and developed by ther Johns Hopkins Applied Physics\nLaboratory and the University of Maryland\n\n\nSee:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ULEIS/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ULEIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: ULEIS\n Long_Name: Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ULEIS/\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ULEIS/pics/NEW_ULEISimage4x4.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c28b055-3ee0-4f63-8567-9bbef6655564", - "label": "SSJ/4", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-04 ]\n\nThe purpose of the precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, SSJ/4, is to measure fluxes and energies of electrons and ions precipitated into the upper atmosphere. Particles are separated by an electrostatic analyzer into 20 energy bands from 30 eV to 30 keV: (1) 10 high-energy levels, 0.948, 1.39, 2.04, 3.00, 4.40, 6.46, 9.48, 13.92, 20.44 and 30.00 keV; and (2) 10 low-energy levels, 30.0, 44.0, 64.6, 94.9, 139.2, 204.4, 300, 440, 646, and 948 eV. Channeltrons are used to count the impinging electrons and ions in each energy band.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSJ/4\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Long_Name: Precipitating Electron/Ion Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-04\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ce24ed3-2965-4c69-bf7a-71cbc99d397d", - "label": "SEM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: EUMETSAT, http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_201005316199936?l=en\n\nThe Space Environmental Monitor (SEM-2) is a multi-channel, charged-particle spectrometer that provides measurements to determine the intensity of the Earth's radiation belts and the flux of charged particles at the satellite altitude. It provides knowledge of solar terrestrial phenomena and also provides warnings of solar wind occurrences that may impair long-range communication; high-altitude operations; cause damage to satellite circuits and solar panels, or cause changes in drag and magnetic torque on satellites.\n\nThe SEM-2 instrument is one of the non-meteorological instruments on Metop. It has been added to the set of American instruments in order to guarantee NASA/NOAA a continuity in the determination of auroral activity — intensities of charged particle radiation within the Earth's atmosphere that can degrade radio communications (occasionally making short wave radio communication impossible in the polar regions); occasionally disrupt the proper operation of satellite systems, and, when intensities are high, increase the radiation dose to astronauts in space. \n\nThe Space Environment Center (SEC) processes the particle counts received from Metop and monitors solar activity and the state of the Earth's near space environment. Warnings are issued to advisories and forecasts of conditions are relayed to customers whose systems are affected. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Instrument_Type: SEM\n Short_Name: SEM\n Long_Name: Space Environment Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_201005316199936?l=en\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e1c9a42-a023-4837-8f34-5f4ca6318815", - "label": "CIMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometers (CIMS) instrument has\ntwo independent detection channels. For CRYSTAL/FACE both\nchannels are configured for measurements of ambient nitric acid\n(HNO3). For HNO3 detection, reagent ions SiF5 - are generated\nand mixed into the ambient air sample. Strongly bound cluster\nions HNO3 ?SiF5 - which are formed in the reaction HNO3 + SiF5 -\n↔HNO3 ?SiF5 ?can be detected with high sensitivity and\nselectivity. The product ion abundance is proportional to the\nambient HNO3 mixing ratio. The response of each detection\nchannels is calibrated several times in flight by standard\naddition of HNO3 via a HNO3 permeation cell. The baseline of\neach channel is determined by replacing the ambient air sample\nwith dry nitrogen.\n\nSample inlets are located in an airfoil-shaped inlet pylon that\nextends 36 cm below the bottom of the\n\nWB-57 fuselage pallet at positions which are far beyond the\naircraft boundary layer. One inlet is facing backward and is\nonly sensitive to gas-phase HNO3. The other inlet is facing\nforward and is sensitive to particulate HNO3 as well.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "319307da-05bc-4263-a49a-1347ed0aba2b", - "label": "HI-SCALE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Heliosphere Instrument for Spectra, Composition, and Anisotropy at Low\nEnergies (HI-SCALE) on Ulysses is designed to make measurements of\ninterplanetary ions and electrons throughout the entire Ulysses mission. The\nions (Ei > 50 keV) and electrons (Ee > 30 keV) are identified uniquely and\ndetected by five separate solid-state detector telescopes that are oriented to\ngive nearly complete pitch-angle coverage (i.e., coverage of essentially 4 pi\nster) from the spinning spacecraft. Ion elemental abundances are determined by\na delta E vs E telescope using a thin (5 micron) front solid state detector\nelement in a three-element telescope. Experiment operation is controlled by a\nmicroprocessor-based data system. Inflight calibration is provided by\nradioactive sources mounted on telescope covers which can be closed for\ncalibration purposes and for radiation protection during the course of the\nmission. Ion and electron spectral information is determined using both\nbroad-energy-range rate channels and a 32 channel pulse-height analyser\n(channels spaced logarithmically) for more detailed spectra. The instrument\nweighs 5.775 kg and uses 4.0 W of power. Some initial in-ecliptic measurements\nare presented which demonstrate the features of the instrument.\n\n(Abstract from: L. Lanzerotti et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92,\n349-363, 1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Ulysses/hiscale.html\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_hiscale.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HI-SCALE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: HI-SCALE\n Long_Name: Heliosphere Instrument for Spectra, Composition, and Anisotropy and Low Energies\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1 - 15 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/hiscale.html\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Ulysses/\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/hiscale.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 100 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35337e2c-ac2d-4b08-a73a-376b8ef3811a", - "label": "NACE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Neutral Atmosphere Composition Experiment (NACE)\nwas performed in order to determine upper atmospheric\n(160 km and above) concentrations of argon, helium,\natomic oxygen and molecular oxygen and nitrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3779af4d-7b60-4bb9-b13f-ea801c58b2f7", - "label": "MASS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The High MASS Resolution Spectrometer (MASS), part of the SMS Package on WIND, \nis designed to measure the elemental and isotopic composition of the solar\nwind from 0.5 to 12 keV/e. MASS combines an electrostatic deflection system\nwith a static electric harmonic potential inside the time-of- flight analyzer\nto obtain mass resolutions of M/?M ~ 100. As ion passes through a thin carbon\nfoil to enter the time-of-flight system secondary electrons are scattered and\ncollected by a microchannel plate (MCP) to generate a start signal. The\nharmonic potential causes the ion to travel in a parabolic trajectory,\nimpinging on a second MCP to create the stop signal. The potential also causes\nthe time-of-flight (calculated from the start and stop pulses) to be only a\nfunction of the mass/charge* of the particle, where the charge is that of the\nion after passing through the carbon foil. Since most of the particles emerge\neither neutral or singly charged the calculated time-of- flight is proportional\nto mass (a time-of-flight is not determined for the neutral particles).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://space.umd.edu/wind/sms.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a099bab-607d-486a-9abd-43ea9be2122d", - "label": "SSB/O", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-06 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of a large-area proportional counter and four circular cadmium telluride (CDTE) semiconductors embedded in a hemispherical plastic scintillator that was viewed by a photomultiplier tube. The sealed proportional counter had a collimator and was sensitive to X rays from 1.5 to 20.2 keV. The CDTE detectors had discriminators that provided threshold values of 15, 30, 60, and 90 keV. The investigation was primarily concerned with X rays produced in the atmosphere by precipitating electrons. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/O\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/O\n Long_Name: Remote X-Ray Sensor - Precipitating Electrons (SSB/O)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fdb4acc-1fa5-44d9-9295-c08c710a5059", - "label": "CIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The CIS (Cluster Ion Spectrometry) experiment is a comprehensive ionic plasma\nspectrometry package onboard the four Cluster spacecraft, capable of obtaining\nfull three-dimensional ion distributions with good time resolution (one\nspacecraft spin) and with mass-per-charge composition determination. The CIS\npackage consists of two different instruments, a Hot Ion Analyser (HIA) and a\ntime-of-flight ion Composition Distribution Function (CODIF), plus a\nsophisticated dual-processor based instrument control and data processing\nsystem (DPS), which permits extensive onboard data-processing.\n\nThe CIS experiment is prepared by an international consortium, under the\nprincipal responsibility of Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements (CESR). \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CIS\n Long_Name: Cluster Ion Spectrometry Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1114\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=2\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/38/hires_36664.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 5.5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Centre d'Etudes Spatiale des Rayonments, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46ed8c0c-f962-4e58-929d-a10fa38bdee6", - "label": "SPEA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "A hemispherical electrostatic analyzer measured the directional intensity of\npositive ions and electrons in the solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetotail.\nIons as heavy as oxygen were resolved when the solar wind temperature was low.\nEnergy analysis was accomplished by charging the plates to known voltage levels\nand allowing them to discharge with known RC time constants. In the solar wind,\npositive ions from 200 eV to 5 keV (15% spacing, 3% resolution) and electrons\nfrom 5 eV to 1 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) were studied. In the\nmagnetosheath, positive ions from 200 eV to 5 keV (15% spacing, 3% resolution)\nand from 200 eV to 20 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) and electrons from 5 eV\nto 1 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) were studied. In the magnetotail,\npositive ions from 200 eV to 20 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) and electrons\nfrom 5 eV to 1 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) and from 100 eV to 20 keV (15%\nresolution) were studied. For further details see W. C. Feldman et al., J.\nGeophys., v. 80, p. 4181, 1975.\nSee:\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1973-078A&ex=10", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d2b0afb-7bcf-4168-b4b9-3c8a85b0a6e4", - "label": "SSI/ES", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-03 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the ionospheric/scintillation monitor, SSI/ES, is to measure electron density and temperature, hydrogen and oxygen ion density and temperature, the power spectrum of plasma irregularities, and the velocity components of bulk plasma flow at satellite altitude. The experiment consists of four sensors. The electrostatic analyzer measures electron parameters at least 1 m above the satellite surface. The ion retarding potential analyzer has a body-mounted electrostatic trap with a circular aperture to measure ion density and temperature. The driftmeter uses a planar electrostatic ion trap with a four-quadrant collector. The current is measured in pairs of quadrants and differenced to provide plasma drift velocities. The scintillation monitor obtains power spectrum irregularities by an ion trap with electrometer and amplifiers capable of measuring direct and alternating current in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 12 kHz.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSI/ES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Ionospheric Plasma Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 20 Hz to 12 kHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "559d20cc-c490-445e-ae0e-e02531407df3", - "label": "SSI/ES2", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-03 ]\n\nThe SSI/ES is an improved version of the Special Sensor for Ions and Electrons (SSI/E). The SSI/E instruments measure the ambient electron density and temperatures, the ambient ion density, and the average ion temperature and molecular weight at the DMSP orbital altitude.\n\nThis instrument consists of an electron sensor (Langmuir probe) and an ion sensor mounted on a 2.5 meter boom. The ion sensor is a planar aperature, planar collector sensor oriented to face the spacecraft velocity vector at all times. In addition to the Langmuir probe and planar collector which make up the SSI/E, the SSI/ES has a plasma drift meter and a scintillation meter. An upgraded version of the SSI/ES (SSI/ES-2) is planned for flight on vehicles through S-20.\n\nURL for data archive: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html\n\nNGDC has received DMSP SSI/E data from satellites F-4 through F-7 and SSI/ES data from satellites F-8 through F-13. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSI/ES2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Ionospheric Plasma Monitor 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56fe4c48-87d0-4752-b802-ad804fbf3fe1", - "label": "IMPACT", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "In-situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients (IMPACT) - a suite of seven instruments that samples the 3-D distribution of solar wind plasma electrons, the characteristics of the solar energetic particle (SEP) ions and electrons, and the local vector magnetic field. IMPACT is one of the STEREO mission's four measurement packages whose principal objective is to understand the origin and consequences of coronal mass ejections (CME's). CME's are the most energetic eruptions on the Sun. They are responsible for essentially all of the largest solar geomagnetic storms. In order to understand and forecast CME's, we need 3-Dimensional images of them and of the ambient solar corona and heliosphere. Achieving this perspective requires moving away from our customary Earth-bound lookout point. To provide the images for a stereo reconstruction of solar eruptions, one spacecraft leads Earth and one trails Earth in its orbit about the Sun. Launch occurred on October 25, 2006.\n\nSummary provided by http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/impact/about_impact.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMPACT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: IMPACT\n Long_Name: In situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/instruments.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/impact.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5be4f745-8097-4ef9-aca4-f0a9cea5f8e1", - "label": "LENA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Low-Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) Imager instrument on the IMAGE spacecraft\ndetects energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) with energies between 10 eV and 500 eV.\nLENA's primary role is to image the outflow of low-energy ions from the polar\nionosphere. Thomas E. Moore, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, is the\nlead investigator for the LENA experiment.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lena.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d37ac20-6631-4885-98c4-548c9f6fa5b0", - "label": "EPE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Energetic Particle Experiment (EPE) aboard IMP-8 was one of the first low\nenergy (tens of keV) magnetic/solid state detector ion-electron separation and\nanalysis systems flown in space. The Principal Investigator is D. J. Williams.\nFurther instrumental details are summarized by Williams [NOAA Tech. Rpt. ERL\n393-SEL 40, 1977]. The EPE on IMP-8 has operated successfully for 28 years and\nhave generated a wealth of high-quality data that have led to new discoveries\nand have resulted in hundreds of publications. Both the CPME and EPE\ninstruments continued to perform without problems until IMP-8 operations were\nterminated by NASA at the end of October 2001.\n\nThe EPE cleanly separates ions and electrons in the energy range for 30 keV\nthrough several MeV. In addition to the magnetic deflection system,\ncomplementary particle observations are obtained from a low-noise detector (~18\nkeV discriminator level) and a thin (~5 micron) detector.\n\nOne full 15 degree viewing cone perpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis\n(nearly normal to the ecliptic plane) and two full 13 degree viewing cones 45\ndegree to the spin axis are used for the EPE particle observations. Angular\ndistributions are measured by obtaining 8 or 16 samples (depending on particle\ntype and energy) per satellite spin period. Orientations of the 16, 22.5-degree\n(full-angle) sectors of the EPE on IMP-8 are illustrated in EPE sector look\ndirections. A complete energy-angular distribution is obtained every 20.4\nseconds.\n\nThe EPE particle detector assembly consists of a main magnet-detector assembly\nand two auxiliary detector heads. All detectors are fully depleted, surface\nbarrier, solid state detectors, and are operated with bias voltages 1.25-1.5\ntimes the values required for full depletion. To minimize radiation damage\neffects, all detectors directly exposed to ion fluxes are mounted with the\naluminum contact exposed to the incoming beam.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/IMP/imp_index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e13a562-d6de-4dba-b05d-f49e7b1299d3", - "label": "3DP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle Analyzer investigation on WIND will\nmeasure ions and electrons in the interplanetary medium with energies including\nthat of the solar wind and the energetic particle range. It will study the\nparticles upstream of the bow shock in the foreshock region and the transient\nparticles emitted by the Sun during solar particle events following solar\nflares. This experiment will cover the gap between the energy ranges covered by\nSWE and EPACT.\nThe 3-D PLASMA instrument consists of two sensor packages mounted on small\nradial booms, and an electronics package mounted inside the spacecraft. One\nboom-mounted sensor package contains an array of 6 double-ended semiconductor\ntelescopes, each with two or three closely sandwiched silicon detectors to\nmeasure electrons and ions above 20 keV. One side of each telescope is covered\nwith a thin foil which absorbs ions below 400 keV. On the other side, the\nincoming electrons below 400 keV are swept away by a magnet so that electrons\nand ions are cleanly separated. Higher energy electrons (up to ~1 MeV) and ions\n(up to 11 MeV) are identified by the two double-ended telescopes which have a\nthird detector. The first sensor package also contains a pair of ion\nelectrostatic analyzers (PESA-L and -H) for measuring ion fluxes from ~3 eV to\n40 keV. The second sensor package contains a pair of electron electrostatic\nanalyzers (EESA-L and -H) for measuring electron fluxes from ~3 eV to 30 keV,\nand for making input (from EESA-H) to a fast particle correlator (FPC). The\nFPC, using also plasma wave data from WAVES as input, measures perturbations to\nthe electron distribution function and studies other wave-particle\ninteractions.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/wind3dp/esahome.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: 3DP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: 3DP\n Long_Name: 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle Investigation (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3 eV - 11 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/wind3dp/esahome.html\n Sample_Image: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/wind3dp/images/windpartbig.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Berkeley\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e162150-4959-42b5-82a5-27340e3b7db9", - "label": "PTR-MS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ff06519-ce84-4f09-b8ec-821d08f5cf18", - "label": "COSPIN", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The COSPIN Experiment on Ulysses provides measurements of energetic nucleons and electrons in various energy ranges extending upwards from about 0.5 MeV. The experiment consists of five sensor systems, each with specific objectives for obtaining a comprehensive picture of the energetic charged particle environment. The sensors are\n\n * the Dual Anisotropy Telescopes (ATs),\n * the Low Energy Telescope (LET),\n * the High Energy Telescope (HET),\n * the High Flux Telescope (HFT),\n * the Kiel Electron Telescope (KET)\n\nThese instruments provide measurements of the intensities, spectra, arrival directions, and nuclear and isotopic composition of galactic cosmic rays, anomalous components, solar energetic particles, and of particles accelerated in the solar wind and planetary magnetospheres.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COSPIN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: COSPIN\n Long_Name: Cosmic and Solar Particle Investigation (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: KET/COSPIN\n Short_Name: DAT/COSPIN\n Short_Name: LET/COSPIN\n Short_Name: HET/COSPIN\n Short_Name: HFT/COSPIN\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 MeV - 600 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses.sr.unh.edu/WWW/Simpson/Ulysses.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/cospin.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/cospin.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 100 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6317c7b3-ce07-487b-bc45-19b3e0d101ac", - "label": "HEP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "There are three scientific objectives to be studied by the HEP investigation on\nGeotail: (1) plasma dynamics in the geomagnetic tail, (2) solar flare particle\nacceleration and propagation, and (3) the origin, lifetime and propagation of\ncosmic ray particles. There are five instruments that make up this\ninvestigation: Low-energy particle Detector (LD), Burst Detector (BD),\nMedium-energy Isotope detectors (MI-1 and MI-2), and High energy Isotope\ndetector (HI).\n\nLD and BD are mainly dedicated to magnetospheric studies.\n\nMI and HI concentrate on solar flare and cosmic ray studies.\n\nThe LD sensor system consists of three identical Imaging Ion Mass spectrometers\nwhich use time-of-flight/energy measurement, and covers 180 degrees in polar\nangle over the energy range 20--300 keV for electrons, 2 keV--1.5 MeV for\nprotons, and 2 keV--1.5 MeV per charge for ions. LD provides distribution of\nelectrons and ions with complete coverage of the unit sphere in phase space,\nand electron and proton flux in 4 azimuth sectors, helium and oxygen flux at an\nazimuth of 0 degrees.\n\nThe BD sensor consists of three delta-E x E telescopes which identify particles\nby their energy loss and residual energy over the energy range 0.12--2.5 MeV\nfor electrons, 0.7--35 MeV for protons, and 0.7--140 MeV for helium. The three\ntelescopes each have an opening angle of 30 degrees by 45 degrees with look\ndirections of 30, 90, and 150 degrees to the spin axis. BD provides count rates\nfor high energy electrons, protons and helium, as well as electron and proton\nfluxes in four 90 degree azimuth bins.\n\nThe MI and HI instruments are all silicon semiconductor detector telescopes\nutilizing the well-known dE/dx x E algorithm for isotope identification: mass\nand nuclear charge. The MI instrument measures elemental and isotopic\ncompositions of solar energetic particles and energetic particles in the\nheliosphere with 2<Z<28 in the 2.4--80 MeV/nucleon energy range , and\nmeasures the elemental composition of solar energetic particles heavier than\niron. The HI instrument also measures elemental and isotopic compositions of\nsolar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays with 2<Z<28 in the\n10-210 MeV/nucleon energy range.\n\nHEP operates continuously with no change in allocated bit rate. LD has two\noperational modes: normal and burst. Burst mode is an internal high speed mode\nwhich does not change the data output.\n\nBD has four operational modes for calculating energy spectra for electrons,\nprotons, and helium: 16 sectors in 1 spin (time high resolution mode), 8\nsectors in 32 spins (energy high resolution mode), 8 sectors in 2 spins, and 16\nsectors in 4 spins. MI and HI have only one operational mode.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nProf. Tadayoshi Doke\nWaseda University\ne-mail: jkikuchi@cfi.waseda.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HEP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: HEP\n Long_Name: High Energy Particles (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#HEP\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1992-044A&ex=1\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.664 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Waseda University, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "667cc949-ee0a-4f04-9e02-48e8c7f81ee3", - "label": "SIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\nis designed to provide high resolution measurements of the isotopic composition\nof energetic nuclei from He to Ni (Z=2 to 28) over the energy range from ~10 to\n~100 MeV/nucleon. During large solar events, when particle fluxes can increase\nover quiet-time values by factors of up to 10000, SIS will measure the isotopic\ncomposition of the solar corona, while during solar quiet times SIS will\nmeasure the isotopes of low-energy Galactic cosmic rays and the composition of\nthe anomalous cosmic rays which are thought to originate in the nearby\ninterstellar medium. The solar energetic particle measurements are useful to\nfurther our understanding of the Sun, while also providing a baseline for\ncomparison with the Galactic cosmic ray measurements carried out by the Cosmic\nRay Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) oon ACE.\n\nSIS is also part of the Real Time Solar Wind (RTSW) set of instruments flying\naboard ACE. Four of ACE's nine instruments will be constantly monitored by the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operated ground\nstations. The data from these instruments will be used by NOAA to evaluate the\nrisk of geomagnetic storms from solar events and to make predictions of these\nstorms rapidly available.\n\nSIS was designed and developed by the California Institute of Technology, the\nNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. \nSee:\nhttp://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/sis.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SIS\n Long_Name: Solar Isotope Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/sis.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/images/SIS-front.jpeg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: California Institute of Technology\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68cc8bde-36a2-4440-ba9e-7d2ad151232f", - "label": "PEM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The purpose of the Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) experiment on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is to provide quantitative measurements of both local and global energy inputs into the Earth's atmosphere by charged particles and Joule dissipation. PEM accomplishes this goal with an integrated set of instruments which measure x-rays, charged particles, and the magnetic field. PEM consists of four instruments: the Atmospheric X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (AXIS), the High Energy Particle Spectrometer (HEPS), the Medium Energy Particle Spectrometer (MEPS), and the Vector Magnetometer (VMAG). UARS was launched in 1991. \n\nPEM hardware subsystems were fabricated at three institutions. Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory supplied the AXIS, HEPS, power control unit, and remote power units. The Vector Magnetometer sensor and electronics were furnished by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Southwest Research Institute provided the MEPS, CEP, and zenith and nadir interface electronics. Integration of the PEM system was performed by Southwest Research Institute with support from Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. \n\nFor more information on UARS, see: \nhttp://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/ \nhttp://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/pem\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: PEM\n Long_Name: Particle Environment Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/pem\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69392904-2027-4e56-a312-c1905166f632", - "label": "CRIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) on the Advanced Composition\nExplorer (ACE) spacecraft is intended to be a major step in\nascertaining the isotopic composition of the cosmic rays and hence a\nmajor step in determining their origin. The Galactic cosmic rays\n(GCRs) consist, by number, primarily of hydrogen nuclei (~92%) and He\nnuclei (~7%). The heavier nuclei (1%) provide most of the information\nabout cosmic-ray origin through their elemental and isotopic\ncomposition. The intensities of these heavy cosmic rays are very low\nand progress in the past has been impeded by limited particle\ncollection power, particularly regarding individual isotopes. CRIS is\ndesigned to have far greater collection power (~250 cm2-sr) than\nprevious satellite instruments ( < 10 cm2-sr) while still maintaining\nexcellent isotopic resolution up through Z=30 (Zinc) and beyond.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/cris.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CRIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CRIS\n Long_Name: Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/cris.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/crishw.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/images/CRIS.jpeg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.464 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: California Institute of Technology\n Instrument_Owner: Washington University, St. Louis\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6972425d-ee1a-47f9-8bf2-49bdec495aab", - "label": "SEISS-GOESR", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6abf2d0e-39c0-4562-9229-612c1883a739", - "label": "CPME", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Charged Particle Measurement Experiment (CPME) was designed and built at\nJHU/APL. The original Principal Investigator was S. M. Krimigis. The current\nPrincipal Investigator is R. B. Decker ( robert.decker@jhuapl.edu). The CPME on\nIMP-8 have operated successfully for 28 years and have generated a wealth of\nhigh-quality data that have led to new discoveries and have resulted in\nhundreds of publications. Both the CPME and EPE instruments continued to\nperform without problems until IMP-8 operations were terminated by NASA at the\nend of October 2001.\n\nThe CPME consists of a number of detector assemblies. A description of the CPME\ncan be found in the published paper by Sarris et al. [J. Geophys. Res., 81,\n2341, 1976]. A detailed account of various instrumental characteristics (energy\npassbands, flux conversion factors, data formats, etc.) can be found in the\nunpublished CPME handbook by Armstrong [1976].\n\nMost of the detectors have their fields of view centered in the ecliptic plane,\nso that fairly comprehensive angular distributions in this plane can be\nobtained for several species, as indicated in column seven of the CMPE PET\nTable, by using the spin of the spacecraft. Orientations of the 8, 45-degree\n(full-angle) sectors of the CPME on IMP-8 are illustrated in CPME sector look\ndirections.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/IMP/imp_index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b5d3792-9aab-4717-a0d7-0b7f3ab82e4d", - "label": "ICP-AES", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c8992c5-d083-4c4a-ae02-6815ffd2a2c0", - "label": "DIDM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: AMPTEK, http://www.amptek.com/didm.html ]\n\nDigital Ion Drift Meter (DIDM) instruments are designed to measure the velocity vectors of ambient ions at a spacecraft's location. Measurements of ion density and temperature are also provided. The local electrical field strength can be obtained via the relationship between electrical field, ion drift velocity and the measured magnetic field provided by on-board magnetometer.\n\nMore information: http://www.amptek.com/didm.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DIDM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: DIDM\n Long_Name: Planar Langmuir Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.amptek.com/didm.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.amptek.com/didm2.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Germany/GFZ\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71dd6343-d7e5-4651-adf1-b47090c635cc", - "label": "ERNE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "One of the scientific instruments of SOHO is the energetic particle instrument\nERNE (Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron) of the University of\nTurku. The energy eruptions in the solar atmosphere can lead to the\nacceleration of local gas particles to extremely high energies and their\ninjection into the interplanetary space. These fast moving streams of particles\nare recorded by ERNE. At times, when there is no energetic particle production\nat the Sun, ERNE is observing the continuous flux of energetic particles from\nMilky Way (galactic cosmic rays) , and from the boundary of the heliosphere\naccelerated by the termination shock (anomalous cosmic rays). The two particle\nexperiments of SOHO, COSTEP and ERNE, are carried out in the CEPAC\ncollaboration. \n\nThe ERNE Sensor Unit (ESU) has two energetic particle sensors: LED and HED.\nFurther, all analog and digital electronics as well as the Data Processing Unit\n(ESU-DPU) of these sensors are within this unit. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.srl.utu.fi/projects/erne/index_english.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ERNE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: ERNE\n Long_Name: Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.utu.fi/projects/erne/index_english.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: University of Turku, Finalnd\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7208876b-c968-483e-93fe-6f71325785a7", - "label": "PCD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The purpose of the Potential Control Device (PCD) on EQUATOR-S is to reduce the\nspacecraft potentials to a few volts, levels sufficiently low to allow plasma\nparticle measurements down to very low energies. For this purpose, the PDC\nemits beams of 6 keV indium ions to compensate the positive charging that would\notherwise exist under most circumstances. The emission principle is field\nevaporation and ionisation of the liquid metal covering a needle by applying a\nhigh voltage. Beam currents are variable and can either be set to fixed values,\nor are adjusted automatically based on the electron energy spectrum measured by\nthe 3DA instrument that is transmitted to PCD in real-time. PCD is identical to\nthe ASPOC instrument developed for CLUSTER.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7459c233-6fe4-47a4-92f8-aaa419a1c1ee", - "label": "HEPAD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Space Environment Monitor System Aboard GOES\n\nThe Space Environment Monitor (SEM) consists of: a three-axis\nvector magnetometer; an Energetic Particle Sensor and associated\nHigh-energy Proton and Alpha Detector (HEPAD); and an X-ray\nSensor (XRS). This set of instruments is designed to provide\nreal-time measurement of space weather: solar activity, the\ncharged particle environment, and the Earth's magnetic field at\nsynchronous orbit.\n\nThe magnetometer measures the magnitude and direction of the\nEarth's ambient magnetic field with three orthogonal sensors,\nlocated in a sensor assembly and attached to a boom that places\nthe sensor three meters away from the body of the spacecraft.\n\nThe Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) and the High-Energy Proton\nand Alpha Detector (HEPAD) monitor solar protons and alpha\nparticles, produced during large flares, which are a radiation\nhazard to manned and unmanned operations in space and the\nionosphere at high latitudes. The HEPAD instrument covers the\nvery high-energy protons and alpha particles that are produced\nin large solar flares.\n\nThe X-Ray Sensor performs real-time measurements of the solar\nX-ray emissions in two channels covering the spectral ranges of\n0.5 Angstroms (shortwave) and 1 to 9 angstroms (longwave). The\nsensitivity of the sensor was chosen to permit quiet sun\nbackground measurements at as low a level of solar activity as\npossible while detecting events at the lowest practicable\nthreshold for early event warning.\n\nThe Future: Solar X-Ray Imager\n'http://www.spaceweather.noaa.gov/stories/sw2b.htm'\n\n[Source: NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79ae7e24-d6ff-4f1d-a4fc-5ca7214291b0", - "label": "IDM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The ion drift meter (IDM) is a modified Faraday cup mounted on a\nsatellite which measures the bulk flow of the plasma in the\nhorizontal and vertical directions at right angles to the\nsatellite's direction of motion. Ion drift meters build by the\nCenter for Spcae Sciences have flown on NASA's Atmospheric\nExplorer series (AE) in the 1970s, NASA's Dynamics Explorer-2\n(DE-2) in 1981, the DMSP military satellites from F8 (launched\n1987) through the present time, and will fly on the Taiwanese\nsatellite ROCSAT to be launched in 1998. satellite in\n1981. Although there are slight differences in design between\neach of these, essentially the overall configuration is the same\nfor all of them.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://utd500.utdallas.edu/~hairston/idm.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The University of Texas at Dallas]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a73bf82-99e3-4cc2-89a2-801c58b49b9b", - "label": "MENA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Medium-Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) Imager instrument on the IMAGE \nspacecraft detects energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the energy range 1-30 keV.\nLike HENA, MENA provides images of the ring current, near-Earth plasma sheet,\nand the nightside injection boundary. In addition, it images the ion\npopulations of the cusp. The lead investigator for the MENA experiment is Craig\nJ. Pollock, of Southwest Research Institute.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/MENA_description.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ca30e2f-61bc-46de-924e-86890289cd79", - "label": "RAPID", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The RAPID spectrometer for the Cluster mission is an advanced particle detector\nfor the analysis of suprathermal plasma distributions in the energy range from\n20-400 keV for electrons, 40-1500 keV (4000 keV) for hydrogen, and 10 keV/nuc -\n1500 keV (4000 keV) for heavier ions. Novel detector concepts in combination\nwith pin-hole acceptance allow the measurement of angular distributions over a\nrange of 180ý in polar angle for either species. The detection principle for\nthe ionic component is based on a two-dimensional analysis of the particle's\nvelocity and energy. Electrons are identified by the well known energy-range\nrelationship.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mps.mpg.de/en/projekte/cluster/rapid/index.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RAPID\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: RAPID\n Long_Name: Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mps.mpg.de/en/projekte/cluster/rapid/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/39/hires_36665.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2007-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "818a809f-f34d-432e-8b8f-fa9ff227dcd8", - "label": "EDI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) on Cluster-II measures the drift of a weak\nbeam of test electrons, from which the ambient electric fields and magnetic\nfield gradients can be determined. As a by-product, the magnetic field strength\nis also measured.\n\nEDI is a collaborative effort between the Max-Planck-Institut fur\nextraterrestrische Physik (MPE) the University of New Hampshire (UNH), and the\nUniversity of California San Diego (UCSD).\n\nMPEs contribution was supported by Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt\n(DLR) under grant 50 OC 9705.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/CLUSTER/EDI-Pages/edi_page.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EDI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EDI\n Long_Name: Electron Drift Instrument (CLUSTER-II)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/CLUSTER/EDI-Pages/edi_page.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/CLUSTER/Bilder/EDI_Charts1_162.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik \n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, San Diego\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "822e908d-6d65-4c29-b13f-0ad794909fc2", - "label": "ASPOC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The objective of the ASPOC (Active Spacecraft Potential Control) instrument on \nthe Cluster-II spacecraft is to investigate this ion beam and its interaction\nwith the surrounding particles, connected with the reduction efficiency of the\nspacecraft charge to acceptable levels.\n\nThis instrument is being developed by an international workgroup, which the\ninstitute of space research of the Austrian academy of sciences chairs as\nprinciple investigator. This institute is also responsible for the complete\ndigital electronics of the instrument. An important part is made up by the ion\nemitters, which were developed by the Austrian research center Seibersdorf. The\nliquid metal ion emitter that will be operated is especially suited for outer\nspace because of the low melting point of Indium. The electronics for the\ncurrent supply and high voltage generation is developed by Forsvarets\nForskningsinstitut (FFI) in Kjeller, Norway. The instrument casing, the lid and\nshutter mechanism for the ion emitter module and test support are the\nresponsibility of the Space Science Department of ESA at ESTEC. The mass of the\ninstrument is 1.9 kg, the power usage up to 2.7 Watt.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.iwf.oeaw.ac.at/english/research/earthnearspace/cluster/aspoc_e.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ASPOC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: ASPOC\n Long_Name: Active Spacecraft Potential Control Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.iwf.oeaw.ac.at/english/research/earthnearspace/cluster/aspoc_e.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.108 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences\n Instrument_Owner: Institute for Physics, Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf\n Instrument_Owner: Space Science Department, ESA/ESTEC\n Instrument_Owner: Norwegian Defense Research Establishment\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n Instrument_Owner: Naval Postgraduate School\n Instrument_Owner: Southwest Research Institute\n Instrument_Owner: University of Washington\n Instrument_Owner: University College London\n Instrument_Owner: Chinese Academy of Sciences\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "827ee059-44af-49bc-90f4-dcb05dc26908", - "label": "CELIAS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System (CELIAS) instrument is\ndesigned to study the composition of the solar wind (SW) and of solar and\ninterplanetary energetic particles on SOHO. SOHO is a project of international\ncooperation between ESA and NASA. The CELIAS instrument consists of three\ndifferent sensors with associated electronics, which are optimized each for a\nparticular aspect of ion composition. These aspects are the elemental,\nisotopic, and ionic charge composition of SW or energetic ions emanating from\nthe Sun. In addition, the Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) has been included into CELIAS\nfor monitoring the absolute EUV flux from the Sun.\n\nThe CELIAS instrument consists of three different sensor units (CTOF, MTOF, and\nSTOF) coupled to a Digital Processing Unit (DPU). The energy ranges of the SOHO\nparticle instruments, the CELIAS ion sensors together with the COSTEP /ERNE\nenergetic particle experiments, cover a very wide range (large version) in\nnuclear mass and energy space.\n\nAll three CELIAS sensors employ electrostatic deflection systems in combination\nwith time-of-flight (TOF) measurements of the impinging particles. The CTOF and\nSTOF sensors employ also silicon solid state detectors to determine the\nresidual energy of particles. Thus for these two sensors the quantities energy\nper charge, E/Q, time-of-flight (TOF), and energy, E, are determined for the\nincoming particles. CTOF and STOF are aimed at different energy ranges, CTOF\nbeing devoted to solar wind and low energy suprathermal ions, while STOF is\ndevoted to higher energy suprathermal and low energy solar energetic particles.\nThe MTOF sensor is a high resolution retarding potential mass analyzer with a\nquadrupol electric field configuration, which will be able not only to measure\nthe composition of the less abundant elements in the solar wind, but also the\nisotopic composition of the more abundant heavy ions.\n\nThe solar EUV monitor, SEM, is structurally connected with STOF. SEM consists\nbasically of a diffraction grating in front of a set of three absolutely\ncalibrated silicon light diodes, which are covered with an aluminum filter. The\ndiodes are placed at the zero - and first order diffraction image of the Sun in\norder to isolate the 30.4 nm He II line.\n\nThe digital processing unit, DPU, serves all three sensors by fully handling\nthe communications with the spacecraft. It receives rate and pulse-height data\nfrom each sensor, compresses, stores and formats it for conveying the data to\nthe S/C telemetry. It also handles the experiment control through the\ncommanding system and surveys the CELIAS housekeeping data. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.space.unibe.ch/soho/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CELIAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CELIAS\n Long_Name: Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MTOF\n Short_Name: CTOF\n Short_Name: PM\n Short_Name: SEM/SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 17-70 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space.unibe.ch/soho/\n Sample_Image: http://www.space.unibe.ch/soho/random/ctof.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik\n Instrument_Owner: Universiy of Bern, Switzerland\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institut fur Aeronomie\n Instrument_Owner: University of Maryland\n Instrument_Owner: Technische Universitat Braunschweig\n Instrument_Owner: University of Southern California\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "840f1418-801a-4cdc-ad23-e63be82fa3e1", - "label": "TIDI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics\n(TIMED) satellite is a NASA Office of Space Sciences Sun-Earth\nConnection (SEC) mission to study the mesosphere and lower\nthermosphere from about 60 to 180 km altitude, and understand\nhow solar variability and lower atmosphere processes combine to\nmake this one of the most dynamic and variable regions of the\nterrestrial atmosphere.\n\nTIMED carries four instruments, a Global Ultraviolet Imager\n(GUVI), an infrared limb-sounder (SABER), a solar ultraviolet\nspectrometer (SEE), and a Fabry-Perot interferometer\n(TIDI). Data are available through the TIMED Mission Data Center\nand the individual instrument web sites.\n\nTIDI performs ultra-high-spectral-resolution measurements of\nairglow layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere in order\nto measure winds and temperatures using the doppler shifts and\nline shapes of spectral features. The instrument was built at\nthe University of Michigan Space Physics Research Lab (SPRL),\nand is operated as a collaborative project between SPRL and\nHAO/NCAR.\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "905fd244-460d-4f83-b7b5-a659249fb692", - "label": "MEPAD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPAD) has two\nsets of proton and electron telescopes and four omni-directional\ndetectors. These provide both directional and omni-directional\nmeasurements.\n\nThe directional sensors, called telescopes, make independent\nmeasurements of the particle types in six energy ranges from 30\nto greater than 6900 keV for protons, and three energy\nthresholds from 30 to 300 keV for electrons. Directional\nmeasurements are made near the zenith direction and 90? off\nnadir.\n\nThe omni-directional sensors measure proton energy in four\nthresholds from 16 to 140 MeV.\n\n[Summary provided by ESA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b47e4c5-0a04-4adc-8e83-975cb2cbc4a6", - "label": "TIDE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE) and Plasma Source Instrument (PSI)\nhave been developed in response to the requirements of the ISTP Program for\nthree-dimensional plasma composition measurements capable of tracking the\noutflow of ionospheric plasma throughout the magnetosphere. This plasma is in\npart lost to the downstream solar wind and in part recirculated within the\nmagnetosphere, participating in the formation of the diamagnetic hot plasma\nsheet and ring current plasma populations. Significant obstacles which have\npreviously made this task impossible include the low density and energy of the\noutflowing ionospheric plasma plume and the positive spacecraft floating\npotentials which exclude the low-energy plasma from detection on ordinary\nspacecraft. Based on a unique combination of focusing electrostatic ion optics\nand time of 3 flight detection and mass analysis, TIDE provides the\nunprecedented sensitivity (seven channels at 0.1 cm2 sr each) and resolution\nrequired for this purpose. PSI will produce a low energy plasma locally at the\nPOLAR spacecraft which will provide the ion current required to balance the\nphotoelectron current, along with a low temperature electron population, thus\nregulating the spacecraft potential at a few tenths of a volt positive relative\nto the space plasma.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://satyr.msfc.nasa.gov/TIDE/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIDE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TIDE\n Long_Name: Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://xd12srv1.nsstc.nasa.gov/ssl/PAD/sppb/index_Tide.html\n Online_Resource: http://tide.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://xd12srv1.nsstc.nasa.gov/ssl/PAD/sppb/TIDE/images/plate_1_lrg.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: SW Research Labs\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Lab\n Instrument_Owner: Centre d'etude des Environnements Terrestre et Planetaires, France\n Instrument_Owner: Hughes Research Labs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f9794b8-9608-4411-8653-aab4ae6e70a5", - "label": "EDI-E", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) on EQUATOR-S measures the displacement of a\nweak (< 1 µA) beam of test electrons, after one gyration in the ambient\nmagnetic field, that is induced by electric fields or magnetic gradients. This\ndisplacement causes the beam to return to a detector on the spacecraft only\nwhen emitted in one of two precicely determined directions. By employing two\nbeams and two detectors, these directions can be monitored continuously and the\ndisplacement obtained by triangulation. For small magnetic fields the\ntriangulation degenerates and the displacement is obtained instead from the\ndifference in the travel times of the electrons in the two beams. As a\nby-product, the measured times-of-flight provide a precise measurement of the\nmagnetic field magnitude. To separately determine the electric fields and the\nmagnetic field gradients, the electron energy is varied between 1.0 and 0.5\nkeV. Time-resolution varies with ambient conditions, but should typically be\n100 ms or better. The electron drift instrument on EQUATOR-S is identical to\nthe instrument developed for CLUSTER.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0abb2f4-579b-4dfe-a35e-5074b57dfe63", - "label": "SWE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) on WIND will measure ions and electrons in the\nsolar wind and the foreshock regions (particles whose energies are in the\nkiloelectronvolt range). From these measurements, the solar wind velocity,\ndensity, temperature and heat flux can be deduced. Electron and ion velocity\ndistributions should reveal properties of the following plasmas and their\npivotal role in the transfer of mass, momentum, and energy from the Sun to the\nEarth. Measurements made in the foreshock region will contribute to\nunderstanding the structure of the bow shock.\nThe SWE instrument consists of five integrated sensor/electronics boxes and a\ndata processing unit (DPU). The sensor units are mounted on the top and bottom\nshelves of the spacecraft, extending through the top and bottom surfaces.\n3D velocity distribution measurements of the ion component in the solar wind\nare made by a pair of Faraday Cup analyzers, which provide a wide field-of-view\nand the capability for flow characterization within one spin revolution (3\nseconds). 3D velocity distribution measurements of ions and electrons in\nplasmas having Mach numbers.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://web.mit.edu/afs/athena/org/s/space/www/wind.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWE\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Experiment (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 eV - 22 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena/org/s/space/www/wind.html\n Sample_Image: http://web.mit.edu/space/www/wind/wind_figures/wind-3.339x269.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: MIT\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1472f08-bf0e-42a9-a5a6-7375414b182f", - "label": "COSTEP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Comprehensive Suprathermal and Energetic Particle Analyzer (COSTEP) on the \nSolar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) addresses scientific objectives\nrelated to the following phenomena:\n\nSteady state processes in the solar atmosphere\nEnergy release and particle acceleration in the solar atmosphere\n o Long duration events\n o Impulsive events\n o Non flare-associated particle events\nSamples of solar atmospheric material\n o Large solar particle events\n o Elemental abundance of low-Z-elements\n o Isotopic abundances of H and HE\n o Small, 3HE-rich flares and impulsive kilovolt electron events\nInterplanetary medium\n o Travelling shock events\n o Corotating interaction regions\n o Particle propagation in interplanetary space\n\nThe COSTEP sensors Low Energy Ion and Electron Instrument (LION) and Electron\nProton Helium Instrument (EPHIN) allow a systematic investigation of these\nquestions to be made by measuring energetic particles over a wide range of\nenergies and for different particle species and combining this information with\nsimultaneous observations from other experiments in the SOHO payload, on other\nsatellites and with ground based observations. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ifkki.kernphysik.uni-kiel.de/SOHO/engl/homepage.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COSTEP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: COSTEP\n Long_Name: Comprehensive Suprathermal and Energetic Particle Analyzer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LION\n Short_Name: EPHIN\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ieap.uni-kiel.de/et/ag-heber/costep/\n Online_Resource: http://ifkki.kernphysik.uni-kiel.de/SOHO/engl/homepage\n Sample_Image: http://www.ieap.uni-kiel.de/et/ag-heber/costep/images/figures/index_fig1.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Institut fur Experimentele und Angewandte Physik\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a46bb45e-fccb-418b-8595-3539f014a4e0", - "label": "THEMIS-SST", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: NASA THEMIS home page, \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SST.html ]\n\nThe Solid State Telescope (SST) measures superthermal particle distribution functions, namely the number of ions and electrons coming towards the spacecraft from specified directions with specified energies within the energy range from 25 keV to 6 MeV. These particles are the much more energetic (hence superthermal) than the main magnetospheric population, but are quite important as tracers of acceleration and heating in the magnetosphere. SST observations help us achieve the objectives of the THEMIS mission by providing two different measurements of substorm onset within the Earth’s plasma sheet, a region of enhanced particle fluxes and depressed magnetic field strengths within the Earth’s magnetotail. The first method is based on the fact that the plasma sheet slowly thins prior to substorm onset, but rapidly expands at onset. Using the so-called ‘finite gyroradius’ effect, the SST can remotely sense the location and motion of the boundaries of the plasma sheet, in particular the expansion at substorm onset. This is the first time that two SSTs will track this changing boundary from three locations while other instruments at different locations in the magnetosphere are determining the time of substorm onset.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-SST\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: THEMIS-SST\n Long_Name: THEMIS Solid State Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SST.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_sst.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/168041main_SST-FM1_med.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a487681c-656f-4875-ba2b-790d67d66934", - "label": "EPI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "Physically part of the 3DA instrument, The Energetic Particle Instrument (EPI) \non EQUATOR-S consists of an array of solid-state telescopes measuring electrons\nand ions in the energy range 20 - 226 keV and 20 - 400 keV, respectively, in 6\nenergy channels and 4 angle channels at a time. During each spacecraft spin the\ntelescopes trace out a large fraction (70%) of the solid-angle sphere.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9d0a2ed-3df0-499c-bdc1-8914b6bbd4a4", - "label": "CPFM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Composition and Photodissociative Flux Measurement (CPFM)\ninstrument is a small, light-weight photodiode array\nspectrometer. It measures the solar flux on a horizontal\nsurface, the vertical and horizontal polarized limb radiance\ncomponents, and the along-track and cross-track polarized nadir\nradiance components. The limb observations consist of a\nten-point scan. The detector is an EG&G 1024-element,\nphotodiode array and is positioned at the focus of an f/2\nconcave, holographic diffraction grating. Filters are used to\nallow only light in either the first order, 375-775 nm, or the\nsecond order, 188-388 nm, to be focused onto the array. In\naddition, polarizers are used to select one polarization\ncomponent of the limb or nadir radiance and reject the\nother. Due to the increased absorption by ozone combined with\ndeclining UV sensitivity there are no useful data below 300 nm.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ess1.ps.uci.edu/%7Ecmclinden/link/xx/node31.html'\n\n[Source: University of California, Irvine]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac8f25ba-a1f6-435d-9962-7dfe05b4cdd7", - "label": "SEM-N", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: NOAA NPOESS Project, http://www.npoess.noaa.gov/sess_TXT.php ]\n\n\nThe Space Environment Monitor – NPOESS (SEM-N) is the primary instrument for 5 Environmental Data Records (EDRs). SEM-N is the only space weather sensor on NPOESS.\n\nSEM-N is comprised of the Special Sensor J5 (SSJ5) for detection of low-energy particles, the Energetic Particle Spectrometer (EPS) for medium-energy particles, and omni-directional detectors for high-energy particles. In concert, these sensors are capable of providing measurements of the energy spectrum and directional distribution of charged particle fluxes in the vicinity of the spacecraft. The measurements are indicative of the population of the Earth’s radiation belts and of charged particle precipitation phenomena resulting from solar activity.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEM-N\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEM-N\n Long_Name: Space Environment Monitor NPOESS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NPOESS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr#\n Online_Resource: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A51F0166W\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af1399f5-2c9d-4f51-8367-23076f07aa00", - "label": "CINDI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5ccd0b3-7091-4d64-bf71-d3d19cd006ea", - "label": "EPACT", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Energetic Particle Acceleration, Composition, and Transport (EPACT)\ninvestigation on WIND will provide a comprehensive study of energetic particle\nacceleration and transport processes in solar flares, the interplanetary\nmedium, and planetary magnetospheres, as well as the galactic cosmic rays and\nthe anomalous cosmic ray component.\nEPACT measurements will determine elemental and isotopic abundances for the\nminor ions making up the solar wind, with energies in excess of 20keV. This\ndirect sampling of solar matter is a way to study events on the solar surface\nand the incorporation of solar material into the solar wind. EPACT will also\nprovide information on shocks in the interplanetary medium, which accelerate\nparticles from solar-wind energies to several hundred keV. \nThe EPACT instrument consists of three integrated telescope/electronics boxes\nmounted on the body of the spacecraft. The extensive dynamic range of particles\nto be measured is divided between three Low Energy Matrix Telescopes (LEMT),\ntwo Alpha-Proton-Electron Telescopes (APE), an Isotope Telescope (IT), and a\nSupra Thermal Energetic Particle Telescope (STEP). The APE and IT instruments\nare contained in a single package known as the Electron Isotope Telescope\n(ELITE). These solid state detector telescopes all use the dE/dx by E method of\nparticle identification, except STEP, which obtains particle mass by measuring\ntime-of flight and energy. An onboard recorder allows continuous observations\nto be made.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gamcosray/lecr/EPACT/epact.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPACT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPACT\n Long_Name: Energetic Particles: Acceleration, Composition and Transport (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LEMT\n Short_Name: APE\n Short_Name: STEP/EPACT\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 - 500 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gamcosray/lecr/EPACT/epact.html\n Sample_Image: http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gamcosray/lecr/EPACT/EPACT_files/lemt_pic.jpeg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b62575f6-25e9-4a50-b0f6-a45dbf22c8d4", - "label": "SMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Studies (SWICS/MASS/STICS)\nexperiment on WIND comprises three major instruments: Solar Wind Ion\nComposition Spectrometer (SWICS), High Mass Resolution Spectrometer (MASS), and\nSuprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS). This experiment will\ndetermine the abundance, composition and differential energy spectra of solar\nwind ions, and the composition, charge state and 3-D distribution functions of\nsuprathermal ions. These ions and their abundance fluctuations provide\ninformation about events on the solar surface and the formation of the solar\nwind, complementing the EPACT and 3D-PLASMA investigations.\nThe SMS experiment consists of five separate packages mounted on the spacecraft\nbody. SWICS uses electrostatic deflection, post-acceleration, and a\ntime-of-flight vs. energy measurement to determine the energy and elemental\ncharge state composition of solar wind ions.\nMASS uses energy/charge analysis followed by a time of flight measurement, to\ndetermine solar-wind ion composition with high mass-resolution (M/delta M >\n100), for the first time.\nSTICS, similar to SWICS but not using post-acceleration, has a large geometric\nfactor and wide angle viewing for studies of suprathermal ions.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://space.umd.edu/wind/\nThe SMS data processing unit and STICS analog electronics unit are mounted\nseparately.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SMS\n Long_Name: SWICS/MASS/STICS Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MASS\n Short_Name: STICS\n Short_Name: SWICS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 - 230 kEV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://space.umd.edu/wind/\n Sample_Image: http://space.umd.edu/wind/position.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: University of Maryland\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baf05da4-8d5e-40cd-b1ae-d71210e833e6", - "label": "SSI/E", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-05 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of one spherical (SEA) and one planar (PEA) electrostatic analyzer. The SEA provided measurements of electron densities from 10 to 1.E6/cubic cm in the temperature range from 200 to 15,000 deg k. The PEA measured ion temperatures in the same range as well as the average ion mass over the range 1 to 35 u. The PEA was oriented in the direction of the positive spacecraft velocity vector, while the SEA was oriented at right angles to this direction and away from the sun to minimize the effect of photoelectrons. The device also provided a measurement of the spacecraft potential.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSI/E\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n Long_Name: Ionospheric Plasma Monitor (SSI/E)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-05\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: United States Air Force\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bcb3e5c1-0045-4cff-ab38-67b73f3c6b14", - "label": "CAMMICE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The objective of the Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion Composition Experiment\n(CAMMICE) is the unambiguous determination of the composition of the energetic\nparticle populations of the Earth's magnetosphere over the range of 6 keV/Q to\n60 MeV per ion in order to identify mechanisms by which these charged particles\nare energized and transported from their parent source populations to the\nmagnetosphere.\n\nThe CAMMICE consists of two types of sensor systems: the Magnetospheric Ion\nComposition Sensor (MICS), and the Heavy Ion Telescope (HIT). Each sensor\nperforms a multiple-parameter measurement of the composition of\nmagnetospherically trapped and transient ion populations over a combined energy\nrange from 6 keV/Q to 60 MeV per ion (a range of over 4 orders of magnitude)\nand for elements from hydrogen through iron.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://leadbelly.lanl.gov/ccr/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CAMMICE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CAMMICE\n Long_Name: Charge And Mass Ion Composition Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: HIT\n Short_Name: MICS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml#CAMMICE\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1996-013A&ex=6\n Sample_Image: http://spacedata.bu.edu/graphics/Polar/MICS%20Large.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be9f47d7-c7d4-4297-bd2d-3bf293445dcd", - "label": "EPAM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) on the Advanced\nComposition Explorer (ACE) is composed of five telescope apertures of\nthree different types. Two Low Energy Foil Spectrometers (LEFS)\nmeasure the flux and direction of electrons above 30 keV (geometry\nfactor = 0.397 cm2 sr), two Low Energy Magnetic Spectrometers (LEMS)\nmeasure the flux and direction of ions greater than 50 keV (geometry\nfactor = 0.48 cm2 sr), and the Composition Aperture (CA) measures the\nelemental composition of the ions (geometry factor = 0.24 cm2 sr). The\ntelescopes use the spin of the spacecraft to sweep the full\nsky. Solid-state detectors are used to measure the energy and\ncomposition of the incoming particles.\n\nEPAM was designed and developed by ther Johns Hopkins Applied Physics\nLaboratory.\n\n\nSee:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/EPAM/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPAM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPAM\n Long_Name: Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CA\n Short_Name: LEMS\n Short_Name: LEFS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/EPAM/\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/EPAM/pics/epam_image.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.16 kpbs\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bef53e54-5314-483e-99de-28d1de4b8b27", - "label": "SWEPAM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Wind Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) on the Advanced\nComposition Explorer (ACE) measures the solar wind plasma electron and ion\nfluxes (rates of particle flow) as functions of direction and energy. These\ndata provide detailed knowledge of the solar wind conditions and internal state\nevery minute. SWEPAM also provides real-time solar wind observations which are\ncontinuously telemetered to the ground for space weather purposes. \n\nElectron and ion measurements are made with separate sensors. The ion sensor\nmeasures particle energies between about 0.26 and 36 KeV, and the electron\nsensor's energy range is between 1 and 1350 eV. Both sensors use electrostatic\nanalyzers with fan-shaped fields-of-view. The electrostatic analyzers measure\nthe energy per charge of each particle by bending their flight paths through\nthe system. The fields-of-view are swept across all solar wind directions by\nthe rotation of the spacecraft. \n\nSWEPAM was built jointly by the Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories in\nNew Mexico. It is built from the spare solar wind electron and ion analyzers\nfrom the Ulysses mission with selective modifications and improvements.\n\nSee:\nhttp://swepam.lanl.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWEPAM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWEPAM\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: IS_SWEPAM\n Short_Name: ES_SWEPAM\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://swepam.lanl.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/swepam_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n Instrument_Owner: Sandia National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c093951b-4276-4795-824f-54064a8f5a0d", - "label": "CPI-G", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The objective of the CPI investigation on Geotail is to make comprehensive\nobservations of the three-dimensional velocity distribution functions of\nelectrons and positive ions, with identification of ion species. The instrument\ncontains three sets of quadrispherical analyzers with channel electron\nmultipliers. These three obtain three-dimensional measurements for hot plasma\nand solar wind electrons, for solar wind ions, and for positive-ion composition\nmeasurements. The positive-ion composition measurement includes five miniature\nimaging mass spectrometers at the exit aperture of the analyzer, and covers\nmasses from 1 to 550 u/Q at 100 eV, and 1 to 55 u/Q at 10 keV. The hot plasma\nanalyzer measures electrons and ions in the range 1-50,000 eV/Q. The solar wind\nanalyzer measures ions from 150 to 7,000 eV/Q. Sequencing of the energy\nanalyzers and mass spectrometers, and other control functions, are provided by\ntwo microprocessors.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nProf. Louis A. Frank\nDepartment of Physics and Astonomy\nThe University of Iowa\nVan Allen Hall, Iowa cty, IA 52242-1479\nPhone: 1-319-335-1695\nFax: 1-319-335-1753\ne-mail: frank@iowasp.physics.uiowa.edu\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\nand\nhttp://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/cpi/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CPI-G\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CPI-G\n Long_Name: Comprehensive Plasma Investigation-Geotail\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/cpi/\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#CPI\n Sample_Image: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/cpi/cpi_description/cpi_plate2.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.608 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0abac29-bee6-44fc-802d-32b1b723f80c", - "label": "LEP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The objective of the LEP experiment on Geotail is to observe plasma and\nenergetic electrons and ions in the terrestrial magnetosphere and in the\ninterplanetary medium.\n\nThe LEP consists of three sensors: LEP-EA, LEP-SW, and LEP-MS, with common\nelectronics (LEP-E).\n\nLEP-EA measures three-dimensional velocity distributions of hot plasma in the\nmagnetosphere. EA consists of two nested sets of quadrispherical electrostatic\nanalyzers. The inner analyzer measures electrons in the energy range from 6--36\neV, and the outer one measures positive ions from 7 eV/Q to 42 keV/Q. The field\nof view for each quadrispherical analyzer covers 10 degrees by 145 degrees,\nwhere the longer dimension is parallel to the satellite spin axis.\n\nLEP-SW measures three-dimensional velocity distributions of solar wind ions in\nthe energy range from 0.1--8 keV/Q with a 270 degree spherical electrostatic\nanalyzer with a field of view of 5 degrees by 60 degrees.\n\nLEP-MS is an energetic ion mass spectrometer, which provides three-dimensional\ndeterminations of the ion composition in 32 steps over the energy range of\n0--25 keV/Q. All sensors operate continuously as long as the spacecraft power\nbudget can allow, except for the orbit/attitude maneuvering operation.\n\nWhen spacecraft power budget is not sufficient to fully operate the\ninstruments, priority is given to LEP-EA and LEP-E.\n\nAlthough this experiment ceased operation shortly after launch, the LEP-EA and\nLEP-SW portions of the experiment resumed operation in late 1993 and have\nworked well ever since.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nDr. Tsugunobu Nagai\nTokyo Institue of Technology\nEarth and Planetary Sciences\nTokyo 152-8551 Japan\nPhone:\nFax:\ne-mail: nagai@geo.titech.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LEP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: LEP\n Long_Name: Low Energy Particles (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#LEP\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: ISAS, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1f85122-1cc1-4aed-a095-df40d7b98c71", - "label": "SEC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The main science objective of the Ulysses Solar Corona Experiment on Ulysses is\nto derive the plasma parameters of the solar atmosphere using established\ncoronal-sounding techniques. Applying appropriate model assumptions, the 3-D\nelectron density distribution will be determined from dual-frequency ranging\nand Doppler measurements recorded at the NASA Deep Space Network during the\nsolar conjunctions. Multi-station observations will be used to derive the\nplasma bulk velocity at solar distances where the solar wind is expected to\nundergo its greatest acceleration. As a secondary objective profiting from the\nfavorable geometry during Jupiter encounter, radio-sounding measurements will\nyield a unique cross-scan of the electron density in the Io Plasma Torus.\n\n(Abstract from: M.K. Bird et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 425-430,\n1992)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5019f7d-d4fb-4ebe-8491-83e9f618d0eb", - "label": "TED", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Total Energy Detector (TED) uses eight programmed swept\nelectrostatic curved-plate analyzers with continuous dynode\nelectron multipliers (CDEM) to select the particles type and\nenergy.\n\nThe TED measures electron and proton fluxes in the 0.05 to 20\nkeV energy range. Measurements are related to j (E, alpha), the\ndifferential directional energy flux, found in the number of\nprotons and electrons in units of number per (m?-s-Sr-keV).\n\nTwo independent measurements of the particle flux are made at 0\nand 30? from the local vertical. The total energy is divided in\ntwo ranges: 0.05 to 1 keV and 1 to 20 keV. The TED also measures\nthe maximum differential energy flux density and the energy at\nwhich it occurs for each direction and type (electron and\nproton).\n\nThe TED consists of eight Electro-Static Analyzers (ESA), Pulse\nHeight Discriminators (PHD), and In-Flight Calibrator (IFC), two\nhigh voltage (HV) supplies, a sweep voltage supply and\nhousekeeping circuits. A particle (proton, ion or electron)\nenters an entrance of an ESA. If the particle has the right\ncharge (+ or -) and energy, it passes through the ESA to the\nContinuous Dynode Electron Multiplier (CDEM). The CDEM makes a\npulse that is processed by the PHD that sends a logic pulse to\nthe DPU.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.esa.int/export/esaME/ESA8I1V9EYC_sem_0.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ESA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TED\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TED\n Long_Name: Total Energy Detector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-N PRIME\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6015706-d663-4d06-ae76-c25af7fa83fe", - "label": "ICI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Ion Composition Instrument (ICI) on EQUATOR-S measures the 3D distribution\nfunctions of the major ion species, H+, He+, He++, and O+. It consists of a\nretarding-potential analyzer (RPA), followed by a toroidal energy-per-charge\n(E/q) analyzer with disc-shaped field of view, followed by a 20 kV\npost-acceleration into a time-of-flight (ToF) analysis section. Without RPA\noperation, the E/q range is 15 V to 40 kV, otherwise it starts at essentially\nzero volts. To accommodate the large dynamic range in ion fluxes, the\ninstrument has split the 360¡ FoV into two 180¡ sections whose sensitivities\ndiffer by a factor 100. Moments of the distributions of all 4 ion species are\ncomputed on board and are available every 4 spins, i.e., every 6 s. The\ninstrument is identical to the CODIF portion of the CIS instrument on CLUSTER.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6882517-ade8-4513-a503-70f07bb30a31", - "label": "EPM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "[Souce: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-02 ]\n\nThe energetic particle monitor consisted of three detector assemblies, each covering limited regions of the overall energy spectrum. The first two detector assemblies monitored protons in seven energy ranges between 0.8 and 500 MeV and alpha particles in six energy ranges from 4 to >400 MeV. There was also one channel for the measurement of electrons in the energy range above 500 keV. The third detector, high energy proton and alpha detector (HEPAD), monitored protons in four energy ranges above 370 MeV and alpha particles in two energy ranges above 640 MeV/nucleon. In all, there were 25 channels of data, each channel sampling at a slow rate of once in a few seconds, or once in a few minutes.\n\nInvestigator: Dr. Herbert H. Sauer, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories\n\nData Manager: Dr. Ernest Hildner, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPM\n Long_Name: Energetic Particle Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-041A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-022A\n Online_Resource: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb597cce-dff8-47d6-b805-9b5c4e6da8a3", - "label": "EPIC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The principal objective of the EPIC (Energetic Particle and Ion Composition)\ninvestigation on Geotail is to explore the distant magnetotail region and\nobtain information on the origin, transport, storage, acceleration and dynamics\nof suprathermal and non-thermal particle populations.\n\nThe instrument performs three-dimensional distribution measurements by using\nboth total energy, E/Q and time of flight (STICS -- Supra-Thermal Ion\nComposition Spectrometer) and Velocity/Energy (ICS -- Ion Composition\nSubsystem) detectors. These measure Ions >8 keV/charge and Ions/Electrons >35\nkeV, respectively.\n\nComposition measurements are made by using a thin foil time-of-flight technique\nwhich resolves the H and He isotopes, and provides elemental resolution up to\napproximately argon. The instrument also measures the non-thermal components to\n6 MeV for protons, 480 keV for electrons, and 400 keV/nucleon for ions with\nZ>2. Directional measurements with a time resolution <3 s are possible.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nRichard McEntire\nApplied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University\nJohn Hopkins Road\nLaurel, MD 20723-6099\nPhone: 240-228-5410\nFax:\ne-mail: Dick.McEntire@jhuap1.edu\n\nSee: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\nand\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Geotail/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPIC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPIC\n Long_Name: Energetic Particle and Ion Composition (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ICS\n Short_Name: STICS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Geotail/\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#EPIC\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Geotail/epic_photo.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2.56 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbe13031-7013-488c-a1b5-e2e4fb812bed", - "label": "SWICS-U", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on Ulysses is designed to\ndetermine uniquely the elemental and ionic-charge composition, and the\ntemperatures and mean speeds of all major solar-wind ions, from H through Fe,\nat solar wind speeds ranging from 175 km/s (protons) to 1280 km/s (Fe8+). The\ninstrument, which covers an energy per charge range from 0.16 to 59.6 keV/e in\n~13 min, combines an electrostatic analyzer with post-acceleration, followed by\na time-of-flight and energy measurement. The measurements made by SWICS will\nhave an impact on many areas of solar and heliospheric physics, in particular\nproviding essential and unique information on: (i) conditions and processes in\nthe region of the corona where the solar wind is accelerated; (ii) the location\nof the source regions of the solar wind in the corona; (iii) coronal heating\nprocesses; (iv) the extent and causes of variations in the composition of the\nsolar atmosphere; (v) plasma processes in the solar wind; (vi) the acceleration\nof energetic particles in the solar wind; (vii) the thermalization and\nacceleration of interstellar ions in the solar wind, and their composition; and\n(viii) the composition, charge states and behavior of the plasma in various\nregions of the Jovian magnetosphere.\n\n(Abstract from: G. Gloeckler et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92,\n267-289, 1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_swics.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWICS-U\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWICS-U\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 110 eV - 66.7 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ulysses/\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/swics.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/swics.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 55 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: University of Michigan, Solar and Heliospheric Research Group\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d29c6ed9-a4f2-42f8-8e8d-3c8a7e6cef4a", - "label": "TIMAS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) instrument measures the\nfull three-dimensional velocity distribution functions of all major\nmagnetospheric ion species with one-half spin period time resolution. The TIMAS\nis a first order double focusing (angle and energy), imaging spectrograph that\nsimultaneously measures all mass per charge components from 1 AMU/e to greater\nthan 32 AMU/e over a nearly 360 degrees by 10 degree instantaneous\nfield-of-view in 20 milliseconds. Mass per charge is dispersed radially on an\nanular microchannel plate detector and the azimuthal position on the detector\nis a map of the instantaneous 360 degrees field of view. With the rotation of\nthe spacecraft, the TIMAS sweeps out a 4pi solid angle image in a half spin\nperiod. The energy per charge range from l5eV/e to 32 keV/e is covered in 28\nnon-contiguous steps spaced approximately logarithmically with adjacent steps\nseparated by about 30%. In order to handle the large volume of data within the\ntelemetry limitations the distributions are compressed to varying degrees in\nangle and energy, log-count compressed and then further compressed by a\nlossless technique. This data processing task is supported by two SA3300\nmicroprocessors. The voltages (up to + 5 kV) for the tandem toroidal\nelectrostatic analyzers are supplied from common high voltage supplies using\noptically controlled series-shunt regulators.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/timas/TIMAS_description.html\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIMAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TIMAS\n Long_Name: Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/timas/TIMAS_description.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/timas/Full_size_b.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Company\n Instrument_Owner: Southwest Research Institute\n Instrument_Owner: Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College, UK\n Instrument_Owner: University of Berne, Switzerland\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4407d38-61c8-4391-afcc-e5ff52fc95b5", - "label": "GME", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Goddard Medium Energy (GME) Experiment on IMP-8 provided a comprehensive\nbasis for modulation and acceleration studies at 1 AU and a critical and unique\nbaseline at 1 AU for ongoing studies of cosmic ray modulation and propagation\nin the outer heliosphere for Pioneer and Voyager investigations. These include\nwork at New Mexico State University, the University of New Hampshire, the\nUniversity of Maryland, the University of Iowa, Nagoya University, the\nUniversity of Tasmania and NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nThe GME instrument has provided continuous observations extending over almost a\ncomplete heliospheric cycle from launch in October 1973 to 2001. When combined\nwith the data from essentially identical Goddard experiments on IMP 6 and 7,\nthese cosmic ray and energetic interplanetary particle observations span a\nperiod of 26 years. Data from the GME instrument span an energy range of\n0.5-450 MeV Hydrogen, 2-450 MeV/nuc Helium, ions from Carbon through the Iron\ngroup from several to >100 MeV/nuc and relativistic electrons. The quality of\nthe IMP 8 GME data in terms of particle and energy resolution, and sensitivity,\nfor galactic cosmic ray Hydrogen (2-230 MeV) and Helium (2-450 MeV/nuc) remains\ncomparable to that of any other cosmic ray experiment flown since 1971.\n\nThe GSFC cosmic-ray experiment was designed to measure energy spectra,\ncomposition, and angular distributions of solar and galactic electrons,\nprotons, and heavier nuclei up to Z=30. Three distinct detector systems were\nused. The first system consisted of a pair of solid-state telescopes that\nmeasured integral fluxes of electrons above 150, 350, and 700 keV and of\nprotons above .05, .15, .50, .70, 1.0, 1.2, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, 15, and 25 MeV.\nExcept for the .05-MeV proton mode, all counting modes had unique species\nidentification. The second detector system was a solid-state dE/dx vs E\ntelescope that looked perpendicular to the spin axis. This telescope measured\nZ=1 to 16 nuclei with energies between 4 and 20 MeV/nucleon. Counts of\nparticles in the 0.5- to 4-MeV/nucleon range, with no charge resolution, were\nobtained as counts in the dE/dx sensor but not in the E sensor. The third\ndetector system was a three-element telescope whose axis made an angle of 39\ndeg with respect to the spin axis. The middle element was a CsI scintillator,\nwhile the other two elements were solid-state sensors. The instrument responded\nto electrons between 2 and 12 MeV and to Z=1 to 30 nuclei in the energy range\n20 to 500 MeV/nucleon. For particles below 80 MeV, this instrument acted as a\ndE/dx vs E detector. Above 80 MeV, it acted as a bidirectional triple dE/dx vs\nE detector. Flux directionality information was obtained by dividing certain\nportions of the data from each detector into eight angular sectors. For further\ndetails, see B. J. Teegarden et al., Astrophys. J., v. 202, p. 815, 1975.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/imp8_GME/GME_home.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9e6c8ba-9232-4baf-bb05-5f9bc723eff4", - "label": "SEPS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Source/Loss-Cone Energetic Particle Spectrometer (SEPS) instrument is\nlocated on the POLAR satellite despun platform along with the auroral imagers,\nand is independent of the other CEPPAD sensors. SEPS consists of two\nindependent telescopes which measure both the energetic electron, and ion\nfluxes in the vicinity of the magnetic field-aligned loss, and source cone\nregions with high sensitivity, and with fine angular and time resolution. \n\nSEPS consists of two independent telescopes, one for electrons, and one for\nions. The electron telescope has twice the sensor area of the ion telescope,\nand uses aperture wheels to vary its dynamic range. Particle angular imaging is\nobtained using pinhole-camera apertures in front of the electron XY position\nsensitive detectors. The ion telescope is similar to the electron telescope\nexcept for the reduced sensor area, and the fact that the aperture wheels are\nreplaced by magnets which sweep out electron.\nSee: http://www.css.tayloru.edu/~physics/seps.html for more information.\n\nThe SEPS is part of the Comprehensive Energetic Particle Pitch Angle\nDistribution (CEPPADS) package, but the SEPS sensor is independent of the body\nmounted sensor and contains a separate digital processing unit. \nSee: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEPS\n Long_Name: Source Loss-Cone Energetic Particle Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.css.taylor.edu/~physics/seps.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.css.taylor.edu/~physics/seps-1/images/seps_instrument.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Taylor University\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df26ec0f-95c1-4b5c-bc48-324718391239", - "label": "AAS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) is an analytical\ntechnique used to measure a wide range of elements in materials\nsuch as metals, pottery and glass. Although it is a destructive\ntechnique (unlike ED-XRF), the sample size needed is very small\n(typically about 10 milligrams - i.e. one hundredth of a gram)\nand its removal causes little damage. The sample is accurately\nweighed and then dissolved, often using strong acids. The\nresulting solution is sprayed into the flame of the instrument\nand atomised (see schematic diagram). Light of a suitable\nwavelength for a particular element is shone through the flame,\nand some of this light is absorbed by the atoms of the\nsample. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the\nconcentration of the element in the solution, and hence in the\noriginal object. Measurements are made separately for each\nelement of interest in turn to achieve a complete analysis of\nan object, and thus the technique is relatively slow to\nuse. However, i t is very sensitive and it can measure trace\nelements down to the part per million level, as well as being\nable to measure elements present in minor and major amounts.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/text/techniques/\nsr-tech-aas-t.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df4bc930-ae90-41ae-9c8a-606e91572dcb", - "label": "PLASTIC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "Part of the NASA STEREO mission for providing a global view of the Sun and its effects on the Heliosphere.\n\nThe NASA Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission uses two nearly identical spacecraft in orbit about the Sun to provide a unique and revolutionary view of the Sun-Earth system. The strategic placement of the two spacecraft allows for the first time a stereoscopic (3-D) view of the Sun and the interplanetary space environment out to the orbit of the Earth. Of particular interest to this mission is the origin, propagation and evolution of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). CMEs are the primary cause of major space weather disturbances at the Earth.\n\nThe STEREO payload combines remote imaging of the Sun and its eruptions with in-situ sampling of the particles and fields that subsequently flow past the spacecraft. The Plasma and Suprathermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) portion of the scientific payload samples the solar wind and suprathermal particles, providing measurements of kinetic properties and composition. The PLASTIC consortium includes the University of New Hampshire, the University of Bern, the Max Planck Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, under the overall direction of the University of New Hampshire (Dr. A.B. Galvin,PI).\n\nSummary provided by http://stereo.sr.unh.edu/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PLASTIC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: PLASTIC\n Long_Name: PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion and Composition\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://stereo.sr.unh.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/plastic.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7f69679-9110-4e8e-a137-acb932ef4ab7", - "label": "APS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9949888-a970-4312-a854-07297b4efe6c", - "label": "SWICS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) and the Solar Wind Ions\nMass Spectrometer (SWIMS) instruments on the Advanced Composition Explorer\n(ACE) are optimized for measurements of the chemical and isotopic composition\nof solar and interstellar matter. Both instruments are time-of-flight mass\nspectrometers with electrostatic analyzers, though each is optimized for\ndifferent measurements. SWICS determines the chemical and ionic charge state\ncomposition of the solar wind and resolves H and He isotopes of both solar and\ninterstellar sources. SWICS also measures the distribution functions of both\nthe interstellar cloud and dust cloud pickup ions up to energies of 100 keV/e.\nSWIMS measures the chemical and isotopic composition of the solar wind for\nevery element between He and Ni, up to 10 keV/e.\n\nSWIMS and SWICS was designed and developed by the University of Michigan, Ann\nArbor, Solar and Heliospheric Research Group. \nSee:\nhttp://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWICS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWICS\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1997-045A&ex=2\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/swics_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2f87c74-b53d-4e94-b6be-488926729c27", - "label": "MUON COSMIC RAY DETECTORS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "Muon Particle ? Myon\n\nElectrically charged instable elementary particle with a rest\nenergy of 105.658 MeV corresponding to 206.786 times the rest\nenergy of an electron (0.511 MeV). The muon has an average\nhalf-life of 2.2 ? 10-6 s. The muon belongs to the elementary\nparticle group of the leptons.\n\nMost cosmic rays are protons, which are abundant in the\nuniverse. Primary cosmic rays are particles (ionized atoms)\nsuch as a single proton (nuclei of hydrogen; about 90% of all\ncosmic rays) up to an iron nucleus and beyond, but being\ntypically protons and alpha particles (identical to helium\nnuclei; majority of the remaining 10%) traveling through the\ninterstellar medium. Most of these originate outside of our\nsolar system (i.e. from Supernovae), but some of them come from\nsun.\n\nWhen these primary cosmic rays hit Earth's atmosphere at around\n30,000m above the surface, the impacts cause nuclear reactions,\nwhich produce pions. These pions decay into a muon and muon\nneutrino (= antineutrino) at about 9000 m altitude, which rain\ndown upon the surface of the earth, traveling at about\n0.998c. Many muons decay on the way down into Neutrinos and an\nelectron while others reach the surface, but there are still\nenough to be detected fairly easy. Actually, about 200 rain down\non each square meter of Earth every second.\n\nWe detect the muons by utilizing a homebrew Geiger-M?ller\ndetector. The Geiger counters are supplied by high voltage,\nwhich creates a very high electric field near the anode of the\ndetectors. When a cosmic particle enters one detector, it strips\noff some electrons of some atoms. These electrons move towards\nthe positively charged wires, are accelerated by the huge\nelectric field and have enough energy to strip more electrons\nfrom other gas molecules. These electrons are accelerated too in\norder to strip more and more electrons. This electric avalanche\nconsisting of more than a billion negative charges rains down on\nthe positively charged wire, causing a current that flows into\nthe simple detection circuit.\n\nSince other particles are stimulating the detector aswell, we\nwill use 2 detectors to avoid false detection. Other particles\noriginating from i.e. terrestrial radiation will also cause a\nstimulation, but those particles have too less energy to\npenetrate both detectors. They will end up either in the first\ndetector or shortly after it. So we simply have to look for\nalmost instant detections in both detectors and consider this as\nsuccessful detection.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://muon.captain.at/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f69e74d2-d873-4f5b-b2c0-ddba9ad835d7", - "label": "STICS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The SupraThermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS), part of the SMS Package \non WIND is designed to measure the mass and mass/charge of suprathermal ions.\nIt is similar to SWICS in that it employs electrostatic deflection,\ntime-of-flight and residual energy measurements. The electrostatic deflection\nsystem covers a range of 6 to 223 keV/e in 30 logarithmic steps (1 step per\nrotation of the spacecraft). An ion experiences no post acceleration prior to\nentering the time-of-flight chamber. The ion?s time- of-flight (TOF) is\ncalculated from start and stop pulses created by the collection of scattered\nelectrons by microchannel plates at the beginning and end of the ion?s flight\npath. These scattered electrons are generated when the ion passes through a\nthin carbon foil at the entrance of the chamber and when it impinges on the\nsolid state detector at the end. The solid state detector also measures the\nresidual energy (Emeas) of the ion.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://space.umd.edu/wind/sms.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f71c5055-d1a6-45e4-8d0c-226d029164bc", - "label": "HENA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The High-Energy Neutral Atom (HENA) imager on the IMAGE spacecraft detects\nenergetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the 10-500 keV energy range. HENA imaging\nfocuses principally on the ring current, inner plasma sheet, and substorm\ninjection boundary. HENA is a modified version of the Cassini INCA instrument,\nwhich will provide global images of ENA emissions from Saturn's magnetospheric\nion populations. The HENA lead investigator is Donald G. Mitchell, of the\nApplied Physics Laboratory.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/HENA_description.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9361dd3-16ab-46f0-bbcc-27c07dd6f4ac", - "label": "AA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "AT CAMMP the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer is used to detect\nthe impurity levels of contaminants in starting materials and\nfor elemental analysis of products. For example, it is used to\ndetermine the concentration of impurities in a starting zeolite\nmixture as well as the silicon to aluminum ratio in the\ncrystalline product.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dac.neu.edu/cammp/CAMMP_AA.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Northwestern University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb0ea25b-c9d6-496e-8a10-ba3ba0dafc84", - "label": "SWOOPS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Solar Wind Plasma Experiment on Ulysses is accurately characterizing the\nbulk flow and internal state conditions of the interplanetary plasma in three\ndimensions on the way out to Jupiter. These observations will continue over the\nfull range of heliocentric distances and heliographic latitudes reached by the\nprobe after its encounter with Jupiter and consequent deflection out of the\necliptic plane. Solar wind electrons and ions are measured simultaneously with\nindependent curved-plate electrostatic analyzers equipped with multiple Channel\nElectron Multipliers (CEMs). The CEMs are arranged to detect particles at\nchosen polar angles from the spacecraft spin axis; resolution in spacecraft\nazimuth is obtained by timing measurements with the spacecraft Sun clock as the\nspacecraft spins. Electrons with central energies extending from 0.86 eV to 814\neV are detected at seven polar angles and various combinations of azimuth angle\nto cover the unit sphere comprehensively, so as to enable computation of the\npertinent electron velocity distribution parameters. As the average electron\nflux level changes with heliocentric distance, command control of the CEM\ncounting intervals is used to extend the dynamic range. Ions are detected\nbetween 255 eV/q and 34.4 keV/q using appropriate subsets of 16 CEMs at spin\nangles designed to provide matrices of counts as a function of energy per\ncharge, azimuth angle, and polar angle centered on the average direction of\nsolar-wind flow. Data matrices are obtained every 4 min when the spacecraft is\nactively transmitting and every 8 min during data store periods. These matrices\ncontain sufficient energy and angle resolution to permit a detailed\ncharacterization of the ion velocity distributions from which ion bulk\nparameters are derived. As the average ion flux intensity changes with\nheliocentric distance, the entrance aperture size is periodically optimized by\ncommand selection from a set of seven apertures on a disk driven by a stepping\nmotor. Changes in the average solar wind flow direction relative to the\nEarth-pointing spacecraft spin axis are accommodated by command selection of\nthe proper measurement matrix from a set of 11 matrices. In a separate mode of\noperation and under favorable conditions, heavy ions of oxygen, silicon, and\niron at various charge levels are resolved.\n\n(Abstract from: S.J. Bame et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 237-265,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://swoops.lanl.gov/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_swoops.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWOOPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWOOPS\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Plasma Experiment (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: EAE/SWOOPS\n Short_Name: IAE/SWOOPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1 eV - 900 eV\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 16\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 257 eV - 35 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://swoops.lanl.gov/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/swoops.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/bai.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 100 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbb455d3-de90-43dc-b678-48f463461740", - "label": "NATE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", - "definition": "The Neutral Atmosphere Temperature Experiment (NATE) was designed\nto measure the kinetic temperature of the neutral gas at the spacecraft.\nIts design was based upon a technique first employed on the San Marco\nIII (a and b) satellites, and later the Aeros I and II satellites (Ref).\nThe measurement approach is based upon the concept that the neutral\nparticles, in this case N2, are in thermal equilibrium, and hence a\nmeasure of their velocity distribution permits a kinetic temperature\ncalculation. The desirability of measuring the local kinetic tempera-\nture seems obvious - it is a basic parameter in atmospheric studies, and\nit reflects local conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium and hence the\nlocal dynamic situation. Most previous temperature measurements have in\nfact been derived from density measurements, from the density scale\nheight, from ion temperature, or optically by observation of line widths,\nRecent Aeros data analysis reveals temperature derived from density does\nnot always faithfully reflect the true temperature of the gas particularly\nat times when a geomagnetic disturbance is influencing the atmosphere\n(Ref).\n\nThe NATE also provided measurement of the composition, when\ncommanded into the appropriate mode and, for the first time, measurement\nof the local wind:\n\nAE-C Vertical motions\n\nAE-D, E Vertical motions and horizontal (normal to orbit plane)\nwinds\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "label": "Ultraviolet Instruments", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "07a1357a-4c4f-4844-bf24-ad3290a033f4", - "label": "FUV", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV) images the distribution of He+ in Earth's\nplasmasphere by detecting its resonantly-scattered emission at 304 A. It is one\nof seven scientific instruments on the IMAGE Earth satellite, an element of\nNASA's MIDEX Program. EUV consists of three identical sensor heads, each having\na field of view 30 deg in diameter. These sensors are tilted relative to one\nanother to cover a fan-shaped field of 84x30 deg, which is swept across the\nplasmasphere by the spin of the satellite.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://euv.lpl.arizona.edu/euv/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "142f1d91-1109-4609-9c63-29d39a2380d2", - "label": "CDS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer (CDS) experiment on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft is designed to determine such information through the study of emission line characteristics in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) - particularly essential for the detection of emission from the hottest plasmas in the (non-flare) solar atmosphere. This is complementary to the remaining coronal instrument package on SOHO which includes a longer-wavelength UV spectrometer, an EUV imager and two coronagraphs (UV and white light). \n\nThe CDS consists of a Wolter II grazing incidence telescope which has a focus at a slit assembly which lies beyond a scan mirror. Light stops define two telescope apertures which feed, simultaneously into two spectrometers beyond the slit assembly. One portion of the beam hits a grating in grazing incidence and the spectrum is dispersed onto four 1-D detectors placed around the Rowland circle. This is the grazing incidence spectrometer or GIS. The other portion is fed through to a twin grating in normal incidence and the resulting spectrum is viewed by a 2-D detector system. This is the normal incidence spectrometer or NIS.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://solar.bnsc.rl.ac.uk/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CDS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: CDS\n Long_Name: Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15.0-80.0 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2 arcsec\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar.bnsc.rl.ac.uk/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Rutherford Appleton Labs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dd287ba-eb78-4d30-9084-7440e9cd3d44", - "label": "EIS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "293213eb-9d76-4b9b-9504-3bd13fa1ec76", - "label": "SBUV/2", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "[Image Source: NOAA, http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/sbuv2.htm ]\n\n[Text Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sbuv.html ]\n\nThe SBUV/2 is a nadir-pointing nonspatial spectrally scanning ultraviolet radiometer carried in two modules. The two modules are the Sensor Module with the optical elements/detectors and the Electronics Module. The overall radiometric resolution is approximately 1 nanometer (nm). Two optical radiometers form the heart of the instrument: a monochrometer and a “Cloud Cover Radiometer” (CCR). The monochrometer measures the Earth radiance directly and selectively the Sun when a diffuser is deployed. The CCR measures the 379-nm wavelength and is coaligned to the monochrometer. The output of the CCR represents the amount of cloud cover in a scene and is used to remove cloud effects in the monochrometer data.\n\nThe SBUV/2 measures solar irradiance and Earth radiance (backscattered solar energy) in the near ultraviolet spectrum (160 to 400 nm). The following atmospheric properties are measured from this data:\n \n - The global ozone concentration in the stratosphere to an absolute accuracy of 1 percent.\n - The vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone to an absolute accuracy of 5 percent.\n - The long-term solar spectral irradiance from 160 to 400 nm Photochemical processes and the influence of “trace” constituents on the ozone layer.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SBUV/2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n Long_Name: Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet/2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 12\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 252.00 ± 0.05 nm - 339.89 ± 0.05 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sbuv.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/sbuv2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-8.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/poessat.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cc08952-176e-40bb-9c41-e4c3b39c9987", - "label": "SUSIM", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The main objective of the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) experiment was to measure with high precision full-disk solar fluxes and their changes over a solar activity cycle in the 120-400 nm wavelength region. The SUSIM experiment on all three Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions flew concurrently with another SUSIM experiment onboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and was able to provide correlative measurements and calibration checks. The goals of the SUSIM experiment are (1) to improve the absolute accuracy of solar continuum irradiance measurements in the 140-400 nm region to plus or minus 6 to 10 % (wavelength-dependent), (2) improve the absolute accuracy of solar emission line irradiance measurements in the 120-400 nm region to plus or minus 6 to 10% (wavelength-dependent), (3) measure with high accuracy the intensities of the continuum below 208 nm relative to the intensities of the continuum above 208 nm to plus or minus 1%, (4) measure with high accuracy the intensities of solar emission lines below 208 nm relative to the stable solar continuum above 208 nm to plus or minus 1 to 5 % (wavelength-dependent), (5) measure the degree of correlation of the solar flares in the 120-400 nm region with ground observations. The instrument consists of two identical double-dispersion scanning spectrometers, seven detectors (five photodiodes and two photon counters), a UV calibration source, and a Sun sensor. The spectrometers and detectors are sealed in a canister filled with 1.1 atm of argon gas to eliminate contamination of the optics. One spectrometer is used continuously to measure the solar intensities while the other monitor is used once a day to track the stability of the first spectrometer. The two photon counters obtain a spectral resolution of 0.15 nm while the photodiodes obtain a spectral resolution of 5 nm. A deuterium lamp transfer standard is built into the instrument for calibration of the seven detectors. \n\nThe Space Shuttle Discovery carrying UARS was launched on September 12, 1991 from Kennedy Space Flight Center. UARS was released to orbit on September 15, 1991, and the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) began scientific observations of the earth's upper atmosphere October 11, 1991. \n\nFor centuries, the number of sunspots has been observed to vary on an 11 year cycle. Measurements during the last two solar cycles have shown that sunspot numbers and the magnitude of solar UV light are correlated. Solar UV light can only be accurately measured from outside the Earth's atmosphere because this is where most of it is absorbed. To observe the sun in the UV over an entire 11 year solar cycle, a satellite-based experiment is the most practical means. SUSIM UARS makes measurements over its 115-410 nm wavelength range daily at 1 and 5 nm resolutions and weekly at 0.15 nm resolution. It is hoped through elaborate and painstaking calibrations made both before and during flight that the calibration of the instrument can be maintained to an absolute accuracy of 6% and a relative accuracy of 2% for the duration of a solar cycle. \n\nSUSIM UARS also observes occultations of the sun by the Earth's atmosphere. Through comparison of the amount of UV light of selected wavelengths that penetrate the atmosphere as a function of altitude, densities of upper atmosphere UV light absorbers molecular oxygen and ozone are measured. \n\nThe experiment is operated as a part of the SUSIM Program by the NRL SUSIM UARS team through daily command streams sent via the NASA GSFC UARS Payload Operations Control Center. The raw SUSIM data is downlinked through the NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, the NASA Communications Network, and the GSFC Data Capture Facility, to the UARS Central Data Handling Facility (CDHF). The CDHF processes the data based on algorithms and calibrations developed by the SUSIM UARS team to produce absolutely calibrated irradiances at instrument resolution for each solar scan. A subset of these data are processed further each day to produce 1 nm integrated irradiances at 1 nm intervals and the values of 7 solar indices. \n\nSUSIM UARS Principal Investigator: Guenter E. Brueckner \n\nReferences: \nBrueckner, G. E. et al., 'The Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance \nMonitor Experiment Onboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite', \nJ. Geophys. Res. 98, D6, 10695-10711, 1993. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SUSIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SUSIM\n Long_Name: Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115 nm and 411 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/susim\n Online_Resource: http://wwwsolar.nrl.navy.mil/susim.html\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cdeb7b8-d89e-4caf-b79b-76cff46a6a66", - "label": "EGS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The EGS is a Rowland-circle grating spectrograph that makes\nsolar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral irradiance\nmeasurements. The original EGS made measurements from 30 to 115\nnm with 0.1 nm spectral resolution. This EGS version made\nmeasurements in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, and 1994, and it was\nlost during the failure of the Conestoga / METEOR satellite\nlaunch. The new EGS, the TIMED protoflight version, covers the\nspectral range from 20 to 200 nm with 0.2 nm spectral\nresolution.\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f629cf9-ed89-4a7e-b35c-99f3142ba356", - "label": "UVI", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) is a two dimensional imager sensitive to far\nultraviolet wavelengths flown on the POLAR spacecraft. With its 8 degree\ncircular field of view, it will image the sunlit and nightside polar regions of\nthe earth. The UVI is able to detect and provide images of very dim emissions\nwith a wavelength resolution never achievable before. The highly sensitive\ninstrument will conduct observations of both the sunlit and nightside polar\nregions in the far ultraviolet wavelengths. The resulting images will help\nquantify the overall effects of solar energy input to the earth's polar\nregions. Its scientific objectives are to image to aurora simultaneously, to\nmeasure the total energy and characterize the energy that is deposited in the\nauroral regions, to characterize the space and time variations of the aurora,\nand to help correlate events in the auroral regions to other regions in the\nmagnetosphere.\n\n'A Far Ultraviolet Imager for the International Solar Terrestrial Physics\nMission', M. R. Torr, D. G. Torr, M. Zukic, R. B. Johnson, J. Ajello, P. Banks,\nK. Clark, K. Cole, C. Keffer, G. Parks, B. Tsurutani, and J. Spann, Space\nScience Reviews, Vol. 71: 329-383, 1995.\n\nFor additional information, see http://uvi.nsstc.nasa.gov/.\nSee also: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: UVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: UVI\n Long_Name: UltraViolet Imager (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://uvi.nsstc.nasa.gov/InstrumentDescription.htm\n Sample_Image: http://uvi.nsstc.nasa.gov/UVI_camera_lrg.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/MSFC\n Instrument_Owner: University of Alabama, Huntsville\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33838b40-3574-42aa-a849-52125f1a7708", - "label": "SIM", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Spectral Irradiance Monitor is a newly designed spectrometer that will\nprovide the first long-duration solar spectral irradiance measurements in the\nvisible and near infrared (Vis/NIR). The wavelength coverage is primarily from\n300 to 2000 nm, with an additional channel to cover the 200-300 nm ultraviolet\nspectral region to overlap with the SOLSTICE, another instrument on-board the\nSORCE satellite. Understanding the wavelength-dependent variability throughout\nSIM's wavelength range is of primary importance for long-term climate change\nstudies on Earth. SIM is a single optical element Fýry prism spectrometer; only\none optical element is needed to focus and disperse the light onto a series of\ndetectors in the spectrometer's focal plane. In this focal plane, four\nphotodiode detectors and an electrical substitution radiometer (ESR) are used\nto detect solar radiation. SIM contains two completely independent and\nidentical (mirror-image) spectrometers to provide redundancy and\nself-calibration capability.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SIM\n Long_Name: Spectral Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SORCE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 300 - 2000 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 200 - 2000 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 200 - 300 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/sim.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1001 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-25\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "478ad082-2139-4485-a563-c1e5dddcefcb", - "label": "ESUM", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Extreme Solar Ultraviolet Monitor (ESUM) experiment made\nabsolute broadband spectro-radiometric measurements of the solar\nEUV flux from 200 A to Lyman-alpha at 1216 A and made precise\nmeasurements of the temporal variability. The instrument\nconsisted of two identical windowless EUV photodiodes with\naluminum oxide cathodes and a filter wheel containing two sets\nof unbacked metallic filters (aluminum, tin, indium) and an open\nposition. A visible light diode measured the pinhole\ntransmittance of the filters to determine the white light\nbackground. The tilt angle of the instrument relative to the +Z\nspacecraft axis was optimized for the maximum viewing time of\nthe sun in both spinning and despun spacecraft modes. The\ninstrument field of view was 60 deg. The nominal bandwidths in\nAngstroms for 50% of the signal were 270 to 550, 570 to 584, 800\nto 935, and 1216 A.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ce416b7-b6bb-475e-86c1-f7f76cb670b6", - "label": "UVCS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS/SOHO) is composed of three\nreflecting telescopes with external and internal occultation and a spectrometer\nassembly consisting of two toric grating spectrometers and a visible light\npolarimeter. The purpose of the UVCS instrument is to provide a body of data\nthat can be used to address a broad range of scientific questions regarding the\nnature of the solar corona and the generation of the solar wind. The primary\nscientific goals are the following: to locate and characterize the coronal\nsource regions of the solar wind, to identify and understand the dominant\nphysical processes that accelerate the solar wind, to understand how the\ncoronal plasma is heated in solar wind acceleration regions, and to increase\nthe knowledge of coronal phenomena that control the physical properties of the\nsolar wind as determined by in situ measurements. To progress toward these\ngoals, the UVCS will perform ultraviolet spectroscopy and visible polarimetry\nto be combined with plasma diagnostic analysis techniques to provide detailed\nempirical descriptions of the extended solar corona from the coronal base to a\nheliocentric height of 12 solar radii. \n(from: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/uvcspap/uvcspap.html)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/uvcs.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: UVCS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: UVCS\n Long_Name: Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 610 -6000 A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/\n Sample_Image: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/mos/mos2.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "533459d5-e0cc-4692-a30d-517cb271f473", - "label": "SOLAR UV SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "SOLAR UV SPECTROMETERS are devices that are onboard the Solar\nMesosphere Explorer (SME) and measure ultraviolet radiation in\nthe spectral range of 115.5 to 302.5 nm. Daily averages of\nsolar irradiance, adjusted to a solar distance of 1 AU, with a\nspectral resolution of 1 nm is recorded on tape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58cd5aaa-aa46-4104-af05-48c028d609f3", - "label": "SEE", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) is an experiment designed to measure the\nfull-disk solar irradiance from 0.1 to 200 nm using a grating spectrograph and\nsilicon photodiodes coated with thin film transmission filters. The spectral\nresolution of the measurements is 0.4 nm above 25 nm and about 7 nm below 25\nnm. The solar sensors are designed to let the Sun drift through their field of\nview once per orbit, so only an one-axis pointing platform is employed for SEE.\n\nSEE is being designed and built primarily at the LASP Space Technology\nBuilding. The only major subcontract for the SEE instruments is to Schaeffer\nMagnetics, Inc. for the SEE pointing platform hardware.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/see/\n\n[Summary provided by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Sciences]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SEE\n Long_Name: Solar EUV Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: XUV-SEE\n Short_Name: EGS-SEE\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIMED\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 - 200 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.4 nm and 7 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/see/\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/see/SEE_Instrument_Labels.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 210 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-07\n Instrument_Owner: University of Colorado\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d2207f2-9a8e-42fd-a3d5-68e03bf836fb", - "label": "SUVI-GOESR", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "661b5a64-9e81-41b4-aa81-5e1ceeeb2f13", - "label": "SECCHI", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "SECCHI is a suite of 5 scientific telescopes SCIP, HI and SEB that will observe the solar corona and inner heliosphere from the surface of the Sun to the orbit of Earth. These unique observations will be made in stereo from NASA's Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory STEREO. The STEREO mission was successfully launched at 8:52pm EDT on October 25, 2006 from Cape Canaveral in Florida atop a Delta II rocket.\n\nThe STEREO mission is the third in the line of Solar-Terrestrial Probes (STP) and is a strategic element of the Sun-Earth Connections Roadmap. STEREO is designed to view the three-dimensional (3D) and temporally varying heliosphere by means of an unprecedented combination of imaging and in situ experiments mounted on virtually identical spacecraft flanking the Earth in its orbit.\n\nThe primary goal of the STEREO mission is to advance the understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the Sun's corona, especially regarding the origin of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), their evolution in the interplanetary medium, and the dynamic coupling between CMEs and the Earth environment. CMEs are the most energetic eruptions on the Sun, are the primary cause of major geomagnetic storms, and are believed to be responsible for the largest solar energetic particle events.\n\nThe two spacecraft will be launched together and will use a gravity assist from the moon to slingshot the spacecraft into a heliocentric orbit. The first to enter heliocentric orbit will be the Ahead (STEREO-A) spacecraft and then two weeks later the Behind (STEREO-B) spacecraft. The two spacecraft drift away from Earth at an average rate of about 22.5 degrees per year. After the two year nominal operations phase the spacecraft will be about 90 degrees apart, each about 45 degrees from Earth. STEREO-A will drift ahead of Earth and STEREO-B behind. In order to accomplish this drift, STEREO-A will be traveling faster than Earth around the Sun and so must have an orbit slightly closer to the Sun than Earth's. Similarly, the STEREO-B must be traveling slower than Earth and must have an orbit slightly further than Earth. The orbits are shown in the Java tool along with the planets and the orbit of the sun-grazing comets in the Kreutz group.\nIt is now 2 Year, 9 Months, and 11 Days since STEREO launch at 8:52pm EDT Oct 25, 2006 from Kennedy Space Center. \n\nSummary provided by http://secchi.nrl.navy.mil/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SECCHI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SECCHI\n Long_Name: Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/instruments.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/nrl.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66d156e5-970f-4783-84d8-23d055e80df9", - "label": "SOLCON", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The objectives of the Solar Constant (SOLCON) experiment on the\nAtmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) were: (1)\nto measure the absolute value of the solar constant to +/- 0.1%, and\n(2) to measure long-term variations in the solar constant. The SOLCON\ninstrument was an absolute self-calibrating radiometer. The radiometer\nhad two channels which enabled the detection of and compensation for\nany degredation of the black surfaces, and the determination in space\nof the self-consistency of the radiometric system. Radiation\nmeasurements were made by using a heat balance system automatically\ndriven by a feedback system. The two sensors were independently\nshuttered. The radiometer produced solar measurements with an accuracy\nof better that 0.05 %. The SOLCON instrument was flown on Spacelab 1\nand on all three ATLAS missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c1e7433-7fe4-4a8f-9783-d7710eb73a9d", - "label": "SSBUV", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument was\ndesigned to measure ozone concentrations by comparing solar\nultraviolet radiation with radiation scattered back from the Earth's\natmosphere. SSBUV was first flown in 1989 and has been flown a total\nof seven times on the Space Shuttle including all three Atmospheric\nLaboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions.\nSSBUV compares the observations of several ozone measuring instruments\naboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA-9 and\nNOAA-11 satellites, the Russian Meteor-3/TOMS satellite and the Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The SSBUV data are used to\ncalibrate the instruments to ensure the most accurate readings\npossible for the detection of atmospheric ozone trends.\nSSBUV's impact on NASA's ability to detect ozone trends accurately was\nrealized after approximately four flights. Data from the first flight\nwith an earlier satellite already have been used to estimate ozone\ntrends in the upper stratosphere since 1980. These results show a\ndepletion of about 8 percent over 10 years, which is consistent with\npredictions of ozone depletion.\nSSBUV has achieved one of it's primary objectives using data from the\nfirst three flights, flown in 1989, 1990 and 1991. These data have\nbeen used to update the calibration of the NOAA-11 SBUV/2 ozone\ninstrument which has been in orbit since late 1988. The NOAA ozone\ndata have been reprocessed with a refined algorithm and new\ncalibration factors based on SSBUV and SBUV/2 in- flight calibration\ndata, which were provided by NASA. The reprocessing covers the period\n1989 to 1993. The reprocessed data have been checked against ground-\nbased ozone observations, and these comparisons show very good\nagreement. There is also now excellent consistency between the refined\nNOAA-11 SBUV/2 data and the Nimbus-7 SBUV/TOMS data set, which goes\nback to 1978. The combined 15-year data set represents an excellent\nresource for ozone climate and trend studies.\nSSBUV has detected and verified a significant decrease in the amounts\nof total Northern Hemisphere between the STS-45/ATLAS-1 (March 1992)\nand STS-56/ ATLAS-2 (March 1993) missions. The depletion also was\ndetected simultaneously by satellites and ground-based\nobservations. Indications are that total ozone decreased during the\nsame period on the order of 10 to 15 percent at mid- latitudes in the\nNorthern Hemisphere. Scientists believe that this significant\ndepletion results from the combined residual effects of Mt. Pinatubo\naerosols in the stratosphere and cold stratosphere temperatures during\nthe winter of 1992/ 93.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSBUV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SSBUV\n Long_Name: Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94e64b07-2c6e-4437-bcb3-91c329eb9b8f", - "label": "EIT", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on the Solar Heliospheric \nObservatory (SOHO) is a normal-incidence, multilayer telescope. The EIT is a\ntelescope of Ritchey-Chretien design that will obtain full-disk images in four\nnarrow passbands with a eld of view 45 arcmin square and a spatial resolution\nlimited only by the 2.6 arcsec pixel size of the CCD image sensor. The EIT uses\nfour separate multilayers that are deposited on matched quadrants of both the\nprimary and secondary mirrors of the telescope. The bandpasses are defined\nthrough interference effects arising in the multilayer coatings. A rotating\nmask allows only a single multilayer-coated quadrant of the telescope to be\nilluminated by the Sun at any time. All of the multilayers are fabricated from\nalternating layers of molybdenum and silicon.\n\nA paper describing the instrument (Delaboudinere et al. 1996, Solar Physics\n162, 291) is available\nhttp://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/images/instrument_paper.pdf\n\nFor more information,see:\nhttp://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EIT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: EIT\n Long_Name: Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 17.1 - 30.4 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2.5 arcsec\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/EIT.html#INSTRUMENT\n Sample_Image: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/images/EIT_instrument.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95c5a319-8d6a-4bf7-a39e-e2b37a37cf78", - "label": "EUV SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ca8feb4-f091-4a4e-b9ff-17f0cbd64e1d", - "label": "SOLSPEC", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The objective of the Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC) experiment\nwas the measurement of absolute solar irradiances in the wavelength\nrange from 180 to 3000 nm with an accuracy of 0.1% and measuring the\nvariability of the solar irradiances in this wavelength range. The\nexperiment consists of three double grating spectrometers covering the\nUV (180 to 370 nm), visible (350 to 900 nm) and IR (800 to 3000 nm)\nand an onboard calibration device. The three spectrometers use concave\nholographic gratings of 10-cm focal length with a spectral positioning\naccuracy of 0.01 nm. The onboard calibration device consists of two\ndeuterium lamps, two tungsten ribbon lamps, and one hollow cathode\nlamp. The instrument is calibrated against a 3300 K black body and a\nset of tungsten ribbon lamps. SOLSPEC was flown on all three\nAtmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLSPEC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SOLSPEC\n Long_Name: Solar Spectrum Measurement\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6f6f219-0503-4a6a-be9e-3c3a195588f3", - "label": "SOLSTICE", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The SOlar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) is one of four solar irradiance measurement experiments that was launched as part of the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) on January 25, 2003. SORCE SOLSTICE is a follow-on to the very successful SOLSTICE launched aboard the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) in 1991 [Rottman et al., 1993]. The new SOLSTICE will make daily solar ultraviolet (115-320 nm) irradiance measurements and compare them to the irradiance from an ensemble of 18 stable early-type stars. This approach provides an accurate monitor of instrument in-flight performance and provides a basis for solar-stellar irradiance comparison for future generations. \n\nThe first generation SOLSTICE instrument, UARS SOLSTICE, was on the UARS spacecraft and made daily solar irradiance measurements between 118 and 425 nm approximately 15 times per day. UARS was decommissioned on 14 December 2005.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLSTICE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SOLSTICE\n Long_Name: Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n Short_Name: SORCE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115-320 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/solstice/solstice_home.html\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/solstice\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/solstice/files/2012/04/sols_int5.gif\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 521 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-25\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-10-03\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-12-14\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b175daf5-caa7-4a5b-97f2-ccf90a583691", - "label": "SSD", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-07 ]\n\nThe SSD was a limb-scanning ultraviolet spectrometer which measured dayglow emissions from O and N2. The wavelengths of primary interest were at 1356 and 3371 A. Energetic photoelectrons were provided by photoionization of neutral molecules by solar EUV radiation. As these fast photoelectrons lost energy through collisions with neutrals, those with energies near 16 eV excited O and N2 to electronic states of energy higher than the ground states. The subsequent decay to the ground state produced emissions monitored by the SSD. The SSD measured light emitted by molecular nitrogen excitation in the LBH and 2D position bands, and atomic oxygen in the 1356 and 1304 lines. The instrument also had the capability of providing spectral scans from 850 to 1200, from 1100 to 1600, and from 2900 to 3950 A at 4, 6, and 12 A resolution, respectively. Light monitored with narrow collimators that provided a field-of-view of 0.1 deg x 4 deg. The SSD was mechanically driven to scan vertically through the earth's limb from 80 to 480 km. It provided approximately 50 sets of density profiles on the daylight portion of each orbit.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SSD\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Density Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-07\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b564a0f7-7cb9-44f8-b13b-6d9513040137", - "label": "EXIS-EUVS-GOESR", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b99ca460-10c8-400e-b3e2-a8774eb09fdf", - "label": "UVSP", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Ultraviolet Spectrometer and Polarimeter (UVSP) was designed\nto measure the relatively low-temperature plasmas (5000 to\n200,000 K) in flares, active regions and the quiet Sun. The\nwavelength range given above could be scanned. Spatial\nresolution in some observations is as good as 1 arc sec, and\nthe field of view could be varied by raster scanning to build\nup images as large as 256 arc sec square. (Some larger\nimages were made by adjusting the spacecraft fine pointing\nbetween rasters.)\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c08833fc-c16a-4a35-bb4a-d8716865b196", - "label": "UVIC", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dab15a54-9775-4c07-9ea6-fbc1f6169bd0", - "label": "UVS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The primary function of the ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) is to measure the density of nitric oxide between the altitudes of 100 and 200 km in the terrestrial upper atmosphere by observing the (1,0) and (0,1) gamma bands. The UVS design is similar to instruments flown on the Solar Mesospheric Explorer (SME), Pioneer Venus, and several rocket flights. It consists of an Ebert-Fastie spectrometer, an off-axis telescope, and two Hamamatsu phototube detectors. The spectrometer has a focal length of 125 mm and uses a 3600 l/mm mechanically ruled plane grating which produces a dispersion of 1.8 nm/mm at the detectors. The phototubes each have fused silica windows and a cesium telluride photocathode. The telescope is an off-axis parabola with a 250 mm focal length and is used to image the spectrometer slit on the limb. The combination of the spectrometer and the detectors produces a spacing of 22 nm between the two channels and the exit slits are sized to give each detector a 3.7 nm bandpass. The grating in the spectrometer will be set to place the (1,0) gamma band ( 215 nm) on one detector and the (0,1) gamma band (237 nm) on the other detector. Both channels have a sensitivity of 450 counts/second/kiloRayleigh.\n\nThe UVS is mounted with its optical axis perpendicular to the spin axis of the S/C. Its telescope images the entrance slit of the spectrometer on the limb with the long axis of the slit parallel to the horizon. The image of the slit on the limb is 3.5 km high, which determines the fundamental altitude resolution of the instrument. The integration time of the is set to 27 milliseconds. To minimize requirements on the S/C, data are stored for the downward limb scan only. Allowing for some overscan, this produces 65 samples per spin from each channel. The storage operation is initiated by a signal derived from the horizon crossing indicator in the ADCS. The data are stored in a buffer which is emptied, time-tagged, and stored once per spin by the S/C microprocessor.\n\nSummary provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: UVS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: UVS\n Long_Name: ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER (SNOE)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SNOE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/UVS_New.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dab33678-76fd-4727-9489-dce83edecbbc", - "label": "EVE-SDO", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "[Source: Extreme ultraviolet Variabilty Experiment (EVE) team home page, http://lasp.colorado.edu/eve/ ]\n\nThe Extreme ultraviolet Variabilty Experiment (EVE) is designed to measure the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance. The EUV radiation includes the 0.1-105 nm range, which provides the majority of the energy for heating Earth's thermosphere and creating Earth's ionosphere (ionized plasma). This wide spectral range requies the use of multiple channels. Some key requirements for EVE are to measure the solar EUV irradiance spectrum with 0.1 nm spectral resolution and with 20 sec cadence. These drive the EVE design to include grating spectrographs with array detectors so that all EUV wavelengths can be measured simultaneously. Another key requirement for EVE is to measure the EUV radiation with an accuracy of 25% or better, thus on-board calibration channels are included to go with underflight calibration experiments to be conducted during the SDO mission.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EVE-SDO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: EVE-SDO\n Long_Name: Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment on Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 nm -105 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/eve/\n Online_Resource: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/instruments.php\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/eve/images/instrument/EVE_FrontOpen_Labels_sm.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db003a32-cd6b-4bec-8f2f-fffeee8b221f", - "label": "EUVS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUVS) was used to observe\nthe variations in the solar EUV flux in the wavelength range\nfrom 140 to 1850 A and the atmospheric attenuation at various\nfixed wavelengths. This provided quantitative atmospheric\nstructure and composition data. The instrument consisted of 24\ngrazing-incidence grating monochromators, using parallel-slit\nsystems for entrance collimation and photoelectric detectors at\nthe exit slits. Twelve of these monochromators had wavelength\nscan capability, each with 128 selectable wavelength positions,\nwhich could also automatically step scan through these\npositions. The other 12 monochromators operated at fixed\nwavelengths with fields of view smaller than the full solar disk\nto aid in the atmospheric absorption analysis. The spectral\nresolution varied from 2 to 54 A depending upon the particular\ninstrument. The field of view varied from 60 x 60 down to 3 x 6\narc min. All 24 monochromator-entrance axes were co-aligned\nparallel. A solar pointing system could point to 256 different\npositions, execute a 16-step one-dimensional sc an or a full\n256-step raster. The time resolution varied from 0.5 s for\nobserving 12 fixed wavelengths up to 256 s for programming the\nEUVS through all possible modes.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1749036-bc8a-4464-9ca8-eb3a8403aa6c", - "label": "SUMER", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) on SOHO:\n- measure profiles and intensities of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lines emitted\nin the solar atmosphere ranging from the upper chromosphere to the lower\ncorona;\n- determine line broadenings, spectral positions and Doppler shifts with high\nprecision and accuracy;\n- provide stigmatic images of selected areas of the Sun in the EUV with high\nspatial, temporal and spectral resolution and\n- obtain full images of the Sun and the inner corona in selectable EUV lines,\ncorresponding to a temperature range from 10 000 to 2 000 000 K. \n\nThe optical design is based upon two parabolic mirrors, a plane mirror and a\nspherical concave grating, all made of silicon carbide. The first off-axis\ntelescope parabola mirrors the Sun on the spectrometer entrance slit. The\nsecond off-axis parabola collimates the beam leaving the slit. This beam is\nthen deflected by the plane mirror onto the grating. Two detectors, located in\nthe focal plane of the grating, collect the monochromatic images of the\nspectrometer entrance slit. Coverage of the full spectral range of the\ninstrument requires a wavelength scan performed by rotating the plane mirror. A\nbaffle system, consisting of an entrance aperture, light traps, an aperture\nstop, a pre-slit and a Lyot stop, completes the design.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/soho/sumer\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SUMER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SUMER\n Long_Name: Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 390 - 1500 A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/soho/sumer/text/webluca/ch_inst.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/soho/sumer/text/webluca/sumopt.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2fac046-d9cb-4012-8dce-a16d4724ef18", - "label": "SBUV", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The objectives of the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) flown on\n NIMBUS-7 were to determine the vertical distribution of ozone, map the\n total ozone content, and monitor the incident solar ultraviolet (UV)\n irradiance and ultraviolet radiation backscattered from the earth. The\n SBUV consisted of a double Ebert-Fastie spectrometer and a filter\n photometer similar to the BUV on Nimbus 4. The SBUV spectrometer\n measured solar UV backscattered by the earth's atmosphere at 12\n wavelengths between 0.25 and 0.34 micrometer, with a spectral bandpass\n of 0.001 micrometer. The SBUV used three detectors: a photomultiplier\n tube (PMT) and a photodiode for the monochromator, and one photodiode\n for the photometer. Both the monochromator and the photometer have\n chopper wheels operating at 25 Hz. The SBUV used a depolarizer to\n eliminate the sensitivity of the grating monochromator to polarization\n of the backscattered radiation. The instrument's field of view (FOV)\n at nadir was 0.20 rad. A roughened aluminum diffuser plate viewed the\n sun for solar-spectral irradiance measurements and for calibration by\n viewing a mercury-argon lamp. The diffuser plate was driven by a\n stepper motor to three postions on command: SBUV, TOMS, and STOW. The\n contribution functions for the eight shortest wavelengths were\n centered at levels ranging from 55 to 28 km and were used to infer the\n vertical ozone profile. The four longest wavelengths had contribution\n functions in the troposphere which were used to compute the total\n ozone amount. The SBUV spectrometer had a second mode of operation\n that allowed a continuous solar-spectral scan from 0.16 to 0.4\n micrometer for detailed examination of the extraterrestrial solar\n spectrum and its temporal variations. A parallel photometer channel at\n 0.343 micrometer measured the reflectivity of the atmosphere's lower\n boundary in the same 0.21-rad FOV.\n A another version of the SBUV (SBUV/2) has been flown on the NOAA\n Polar Orbiting series of spacecraft on NOAA-9, NOAA-11, and NOAA-14.m\n The SBUV/2 was a non-scanning, nadir viewing instrument designed to\n measure scene radiance in the spectral region from 160 to 400 nm. SBUV\n data are used to determine the vertical distribution of and total\n ozone in the atmosphere, and solar spectral irradiance.\n\n Additional Information:\n\nSBUV sensor: 'http://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left2.html&body\n=/en/area2/cgms/ap10-12.htm&a=284&b=2&c=280&d=200&e=0'\n\n TOMS: 'http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5475ab0a-4c92-495d-a071-b86b6e7df49f", - "label": "Thermal Radiation Experiment", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", - "definition": "The Explorer 7 thermal radiation experiment was designed to measure incident and reflected solar UV radiation and terrestrial IR radiation in order to obtain a better understanding of the driving forces of the earth-atmosphere system. The primary instrumentation consisted of five bolometers in the form of hollow silver hemispheres that were thermally insulated from, but in close proximity to specially aluminized mirrors. The hemispheres thereby behaved very much like isolated spheres in space. Two of the hemispheres had black coatings and responded about equally to solar and terrestrial radiation. A third hemisphere, coated white, was more sensitive to terrestrial radiation than to solar radiation. A fourth, which had a gold metal surface, was more sensitive to solar radiation than to terrestrial radiation. The fifth hemisphere, protected from direct sunlight, was used to measure the reflected sunlight. A glass-coated bead thermistor was mounted on the top of each hemisphere to measure the temperature. A complete set of four temperature observations and one reference sample required 30 s. Thus, in each orbit, about 180 temperature measurements could be obtained. The experiment was a success, and usable data were obtained from launch until February 28, 1961.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "label": "Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06b0df5e-b0fd-48df-a1bc-66e5a3c86f6f", - "label": "VECTOR MAGNETOGRAPHS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The MSFC magnetograph was developed in the early 1970s and has been operating\nas a vector system since 1976 in support of NASA space missions (Solar Maximum\nMission and Spacelab), rocket and balloon experiments, and joint ground-based\nobservations. The magnetograph consists of a symmetric 30-cm Cassegrain\nsystem which has a field of view of 6 x 6 arc-min giving an effective pixel\nsize of 2.8 x 2.8 arc- sec in the 2 x 2 pixel-binning mode of the CCD camera.\nThe absorption line Fe I 5250.2 is selected by a Zeiss birefringent filter\n(FWHM = 0.125A). The polarimeter consists of quarter-wave plates, a KD*P\nelectro-optical modulator, and an analyzer provided by the sheet polarizers in\nthe Zeiss filter. The resulting magnetic field sensitivities are 5 and 125 G\nin the line-of-sight and transverse components, respectively, with a temporal\ncadence of 5 min.\n\nThe Zeiss filter can be tuned +/- 8 Angstroms about the Fe I 5250.2 line.\nThis allows the three Fe I lines at 5247.0, 5250.2, and 5250.6 to be selected\nfor performing flux tube analyses. Information on the method of calibration\nused for the interpretation of MSFC vector magnetograph data can be found in\nNASA TM-4048, 'The SAMEX Vector Magnetograph - A Design Study for a Space-\nBased Solar Vector Magnetograph' (M. J.Hagyard, G. A. Gary, and E. A. West,\n1988).\n\nThe capabilities of the MSFC vector magnetograph were extended in September\n1989 by the addition of a coaligned H-alpha telescope with a CCD camera.\nThis telescope was the engineering-backup model of the Skylab ATM H-alpha 1\ntelescope. The system is a 17-cm Cassegrain which feeds a Fabry-Perot filter\nwith a 0.7 A bandpass. The H-alpha system provides video images of chromosphe-\nric activity that are cospatial and cotemporal with the vector magnetograms.\nResearch programs carried out with the coaligned instruments include studies\nof magnetic morphology, evaluation of magnetic shear at flare sites,\ncalculation of vertical electric currents, analysis of magnetic field\nsubmergence/emergence, studies of magnetic canopies, evaluation of magnetic\nenergy, coronal field extrapolations, Stokes profile analysis, and the study\nof magneto-optical effects.\n\nBecause the MSFC magnetograph is a dedicated system, the MSFC team can observe\neach day that weather permits. The observational data are reported in: 'The\nMSFC Solar Observatory Report,' (published twice a year and distributed to the\nsolar community).\n\nFor further information on the MSFC Solar Vector\nMagnetograph, link to the web at\n'http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/magmore.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06de61c6-d242-4a78-8753-d665e72301dc", - "label": "SPFC", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "A modulated split-collector Faraday cup, the Solar Plasma Faraday Cup (SPFC) \non IMP-8, perpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis, was used to study the\ndirectional intensity of positive ions and electrons in the solar wind,\ntransition region, and magnetotail. Electrons were studied in eight\nlogarithmically equispaced energy channels between 17 eV and 7 keV. Positive\nions were studied in eight channels between 50 eV and 7 keV. A spectrum was\nobtained every eight spacecraft revolutions. Angular information was obtained\nin either 15 equally spaced intervals during a 360-deg revolution of the\nsatellite or in 15 angular segments centered more closely about the\nspacecraft-sun line.\nFor more information, see:\nftp://space.mit.edu/pub/plasma/imp/www/imp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d4fc3c1-8249-48eb-9a1f-abfce1240a8d", - "label": "WHISPER", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "WHISPER (Waves of HIgh frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by\nRelaxation) is one of the five wave instruments present on board each of the\nfour CLUSTER spacecraft.\n\nIt measures, in the 2 - 80 kHz range, the electric field fluctuations issued\nfrom distant or local sources.\n\nBy operating a relaxation sounder, an active radio technique, the frequency\nposition of the plasma resonance is identified, leading to the reliable\nmeasurement of the absolute density of the total electron population.\n\nSee:\nhttp://lpce.cnrs-orleans.fr/gb/gb_experim/i_exper.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WHISPER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: WHISPER\n Long_Name: Waves of High Frequency and Sounder for Probing Electron Density by Relaxation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lpce.cnrs-orleans.fr/www_experim/experim_espace_whisper_fr.php\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=11\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1110\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/35/hires_36661.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.98 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f99e5d8-7e81-4a94-b79c-ff20732f1527", - "label": "PWI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The objective of this investigation is to determine the dynamic behavior of the\nplasma trapped in the earth's magnetosphere (i.e. toroidal and poloidal\ncurrents, oscillations and waves in the plasmas, ion entrance and exit via the\nionosphere and solar wind, and the extent of the plasma sheath).\n\nThe instrument measures electric fields over the range 0.5 Hz to 400 kHz, and\nmagnetic fields over the range 1 Hz to 10 kHz. Triaxial magnetic search coils\nare utilized in addition to a pair of electric dipole antennas. The instrument\ncontains two sweep-frequency receivers (12 Hz to 400 kHz and 12 Hz to 6.25\nkHz), a multichannel analyzer (5.6 Hz to 311 kHz for the electric antenna and\n5.6 Hz to 1.0 kHz for the magnetic coils), a low frequency waveform receiver\n(0.01 to 10 Hz), and a wideband waveform receiver (10 Hz to 16 kHz). \n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nProf. Hiroshi Matsumoto\nRadio Atmospheric Science Center\nKyoto University\nGokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan\nPhone: 81-774-33-2532\nFax: 81-774-31-8463\ne-mail: matsumoto@kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/gtlpwi\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PWI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: PWI\n Long_Name: Plasma Waves Investigation (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/gtlpwi/\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#PWI\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Radio Atmospheric Science Center, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14021465-f1a6-4fee-aac7-60bc7efb5fbe", - "label": "EECA", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Electrostatic Energy-Charge Analyzer (EECA) is the University of Maryland\nexperiment on the IMP-8 Satellite. It uses electrostatic deflection and total\nenergy measurements to determine the ionic charge and energy of particles in\nthe range of approximately 100 to 1000 keV/charge. A full description of the \ninstrument is at: http://imp8.umd.edu/imp-8-eeca_desc.html\n\nThis experiment was designed to determine the composition and energy spectra of\nlow-energy particles observed during solar flares and 27-d recurrent events.\nThe detectors used included (1) an electrostatic analyzer (to select particles\nof the desired energy per charge) combined with an array of windowless\nsolid-state detectors (to measure the energy loss) and surrounded by an\nanticoincidence shield, and (2) a thin-window proportional counter, solid-state\nparticle telescope. The experiment measured particle energies from 0.1 to 10\nMeV per charge in 12 bands and uniquely identified positrons and electrons as\nwell as nuclei with charges of Z from 1 to 8 (no charge resolution for Z\ngreater than 8). Two 1000-channel pulse-height analyzers, one for each\ndetector, were included in the experiment payload.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://imp8.umd.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16187619-9586-41e3-8faf-16981d5e6ef9", - "label": "FGM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b5c7255-8c2d-4460-8833-da12256007c6", - "label": "EFD", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The objectives of the EFD investigation on Geotail are studies of (1) the large\nscale configuration of the electric field in the magnetotail, (2) tail electric\nfield variations during substorms, (3) the electric field in the plasma sheet,\n(4) the electric field near the magnetopause and in the plasma mantle at\nlocations tailward of those covered by similar measurements on ISEE 1, (5)\nmicropulsation and low frequency wave measurements at frequencies covering the\nlocal gyrofrequency (<1Hz) and lower hybrid frequency (<10Hz) in the tail, (6)\nplasma density as deduced from measurement of the floating potential of the\nspacecraft, and (7) electric field comparisons (with the aid of the other\nspacecraft in the ISTP program) at different points along the same magnetic\nfield line, at different points along a common boundary, or in different\nregions of the magnetosphere.\n\nThe instrument consists of two orthogonal double probes, each of which is a\npair of separated spheres on wire booms that are located in the satellite spin\nplane and whose difference of potential is measured. The separation distances\nbetween the pair of sensors are variable and as great as 160 m tip-to-tip. One\noperating mode involves length ratios of the two antennas of about 2:1 in order\nto verify instrument operation through showing that the electric field\nsignature is proportional to the boom length. A second reason for two pairs of\nwire booms in the satellite spin plane is the requirement for measurements\nhaving a time resolution far better than the satellite spin period.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nDr. Koichiro Tsuruda\nThe Institute of Space and Astronautical Science\n3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara\nKannagawa 229, Japan\nPhone: 81-427-51-3911 ext. 2501\nFax: 81-427-59-4236\ne-mail: tsuruda@fujitubo.gtl.isas.ac.jp\n\nSee:\n'http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EFD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: EFD\n Long_Name: Electric Fields Detector (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#EFD\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1992-044A&ex=5\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: ISAS, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c7ce208-a746-4e11-ad9f-522049221947", - "label": "WBD", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Wide Band Data instrumentation (WBD) on the Cluster-II spacecraft is part\nof the WEC consortium of wave experiments and consists of a digital wideband\nreceiver which can provide electric or magnetic field waveforms over a wide\nrange of frequencies up to 577 kHz.\n\nThe wideband technique involves transmitting band-limited waveforms directly to\nthe ground using a high-rate data link. The primary advantage of this approach\nis that continuous waveforms are available for detailed high-resolution\nfrequency-time analysis. \n\nThe instrument processes signals from one of four sensors which can be chosen\nvia command. The four selectable inputs consist of two electric antennas (Ey,\nEz) provided by the EFW investigation, and two magnetic search coils (Bx , By )\nprovided by the STAFF investigation. Primarily, WBD will utilise the electric\nantennas.\n\nThe input frequency range of the wideband receiver can be shifted by a\nfrequency converter to any one of four ranges (0, 125 ,250, or 500 kHz), where\nthe conversion frequency determines the lower edge of the frequency range to be\nreceived.\n\nThe bandwidth of the WBD instrument's output waveform is determined by one of\nthree bandpass filters (9.5, 19, or 77 kHz) selected in combination with a\ngiven output mode. The output waveform is sampled by an 8-bit\nanalogue-to-digital converter which provides the sampling resolution and data\noutput rates listed in Table 33. For sample rates where the bit rate exceeds\nthe spacecraft telemetry data rate (220 kbit/s), the digitised wideband data\nare buffered by the format generator and read out at a reduced average bit rate\nof 220 kbits/sec. The format generator organises the digitised waveform data\ninto a 1096-byte output frame, which includes appropriate timing and status\ninformation.\n\nThe WBD instrument utilises two separate telemetry acquisition modes for\ntransferring frames of digitised data to the spacecraft data handling system.\nThe primary mode (TDA 8) supports real-time acquisition of WBD data by the NASA\nDSN. The second data mode (TDA 5.2) supports burst data acquisition through the\nWEC DWP onto an onboard Solid State Recorder. In this second mode, DWP reduces\nthe WBD data rate (and bandwidth) by a factor of 3 via digital filtering.\n\nThe WBD instruments were designed and built at The University of Iowa through\nfunding provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. \nSee:\nhttp://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/cluster/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WBD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: WBD\n Long_Name: Wide Band Data Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/cluster/\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/36/hires_36662.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 73 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22020da0-c608-4c34-80b5-fd85eb6a1ba7", - "label": "FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS are measuring meter instruments that\nmeasure the Earth's magnetic field intensity using multiple\ngates or connections on the complete circuit for current to flow\nthrough.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3531ac17-1445-4f8e-9063-96442be014f2", - "label": "MAG-GOESR", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39e3a87b-bf51-49da-8da0-468e1e148fb5", - "label": "GONG NETWORK", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42040b0c-664c-4c06-87ae-b817e68fd021", - "label": "MFE-P", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Magnetometer on the Polar Spacecraft is a high precision instrument\ndesigned to measure the magnetic fields in the high and low altitude polar\nmagnetosphere. This instrument will be used to investigate the behavior of\nfield-aligned current systems and the role they play in the acceleration of\nparticles and the dynamics of the fields in the polar cusp, magnetosphere, and\nmagnetosheath. The instrument design has been influenced by the needs of the\nother instruments for immediately useable magnetic field data and high rate\n(100+ Vectors/Sec) data distributed on the spacecraft. The design provides a\nfully redundant instrument with enhanced measurement capabilities depending on\navailable spacecraft power. \n\nFor more information, see: http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/polar/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFE-P\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MFE-P\n Long_Name: Magnetic Fields Experiment (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/polar/\n Sample_Image: http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/pictures/polar/mfe2.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Los Angeles\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4490bfda-5baa-45d3-ad01-8ebeb2d675e8", - "label": "LPM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47926401-5326-441b-be91-1e3c36e6eb6c", - "label": "DWP", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Digital Wave Processing Experiment (DWP) on the Cluster-II spacecraft, is \na component of the Wave Experiment Consortium. The wide variety of \ngeophysical plasmas that will be investigated by the Cluster mission contain \nwaves with a frequency range from DC to over 100 kHz with both magnetic and \nelectric components. The characteristic duration of these waves extends from a \nfew milliseconds to minutes and a dynamic range of over 90 dB is desired. The \nDWP instrument employs a novel architecture based on the use of transputers \nwith parallel processing and re-alloctable tasks to provide a high-reliability \nflexible system.\n\nDWP is responsible for coordinating WEC operations at several levels. At the\nlowest level, DWP provides electrical signals to synchronise instrument\nsampling. At higher levels, DWP time tags data in a consistent manner and\nprovides a facility for constructing more complex WEC modes by means of macros.\n\nThe processing system within the DWP instrument will also perform particle\ncorrelations in order to permit the study of wave/particle interactions.\nParticle correlation is based on forming autocorrelation functions of the time\nseries of particle detector counts as a function of energy and pitch angle. The\nbasic operations are carried out in DWP resident software using algorithms\ndeveloped for AMPTE, CRRES, rocket experiments and also from computer\nsimulations.\n\nThe DWP particle correlator takes raw electron detection pulses from the PEACE\ninstrument and performs software auto-correlation functions (ACF) that are\nsorted and summed according to instantaneous PEACE selected electron energy.\n\nDWP was designed and built by the Space Systems Group of the University of \nSheffield. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DWP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: DWP\n Long_Name: Digital Wave Processing Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1109\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=7\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/34/hires_36660.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: University of Sheffield, England\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4876ce18-75b4-42f7-9339-69c46747dc7e", - "label": "STAFF", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "STAFF (Spatio Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations) is a wave experiment of\nthe CLUSTER mission in order to measure the multicomponents of the electric and\nmagnetic fields in a frequency band between ~0.1 Hz and 4 kHz.\n\nA magnetometer on the end of a five metre long boom looks at waves (rapid\nvariations in the magnetic fields), particularly in regions where the charged\nparticles of the solar wind interact with the magnetosphere. Low frequency data\nare analysed on the ground, while the electric and magnetic components of the\nhigher frequency waves are processed on board. One of the five complementary\nexperiments which form the Wave Experiment Consortium.\n\nThe CLUSTER mission is a 4-satellites mission of the European Space Agency\n(ESA) with a NASA participation. Scientific and technical responsibilities are\nassumed by a laboratory in Paris region (CETP).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: STAFF\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: STAFF\n Long_Name: Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1107\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=9\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/32/hires_36658.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: IPSL, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ec76cc1-278c-4bb5-b4ce-4908b357e0b0", - "label": "IME", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The magnetic field experiment on the IMP-8 spacecraft utilizes a tri-axial\nfluxgate (saturable inductor) magnetometer. The instrument originally had\nthree, automatically determined, ranges, +/-12 nT, +/-36 nT, and +/-108 nT, full\nscale. Because of a range-change circuit failure occurring in early July 1975,\nthe experiment was commanded into a fixed +/-36 nT range on July 11, 1975 at\n12:55:09 UT and has been in that range ever since. The measurements are A-to-D\nconverted onboard, to an 8-bit resolution, yielding +/-0.14 nT quantization\nsensitivity, which is larger than the intrinsic sensor noise level of 0.025 nT\nRMS.\nThe data from the two-bit (per component) adaptive delta modulator,\nincorporated into the instrument, and applied to the intrinsic sample rate of\n25 vectors/sec., was never utilized, and hence the rate of the full (8-bit)\nvector words, which occur every 320 ms, represents the effective sample period\nof the instrument. The sampling rate is synchronized to the spacecraft clock;\nthe basic spacecraft clock frequency is 6.4 kHz. The sensor unit is mounted on\nthe end of a boom approximately 4 m from the center of the spacecraft.\nFor further details, see: http://www-lep.gsfc.nasa.gov/imp8/expr.html\n\nAdditional information on the IMP-8 magnetometer can found at:\nhttp://lep694.gsfc.nasa.gov/imp8/imp8_hm.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52feba5f-c6cd-4d33-9eae-3660fecd5c02", - "label": "PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-04 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of a high-frequency radio receiver connected to a short antenna that swept from 1.3 to 13.9 MHz in 100-kHz steps. The device was used to monitor the ionospheric breakthrough frequency of noise generated by manmade or natural sources below the f2 layer to obtain the critical frequency of this layer (fof2). The fof2 parameter was used in constructing electron-density profiles used in forecasting the state of the ionosphere. The instrument could detect electric fields down to 10 microvolts/m.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Long_Name: Passive Ionospheric Monitor (SSI/P)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-04\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: United States Air Force\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56b3e539-db39-4ff5-8fc3-7dc9b2ee0460", - "label": "3DA", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The 3D-Plasma Analyzer (3DA) instrument on EQUATOR-S consists of an electron\nelectrostatic analyzer (EESA) and an ion electrostatic analyzer (PESA). The\nanalyzer is a symmetrical spherical-section electrostatic analyzer (top-hat\ndesign) with a disc-shaped field of view (FOV) of 180¡ directed perpendicular\nto the spacecraft body. The complete solid-angle sphere is thus covered in one\nspin period of 1.5 s. The analyzers measure electron and ion distribution\nfunctions in 192 angle and 56 energy channels, in the energy-per-charge range\n10 eV - 25 keV. Moments of the distributions are computed on board. The 3DA\ninstrument (together with the EPI instrument) is a derivative of the 3D Plasma\nand Energetic Particle Instrument on the WIND spacecraft.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "663ba569-a725-427f-862a-d974e72570a5", - "label": "POLAR-EFI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Electric Field Instrument (EFI) on the Polar spacecraft measures the three\ncomponents of the ambient vector electric field and the thermal electron\ndensity. \n\nThe electric field and plasma density measurements are made over a frequency\nrange of DC to above 20 kHz. The dynamic range of the electric field\nmeasurement is 0.02 to 1000 mV/m, while the plasma density will be measured at\nleast over the range of 0.1 to 100 particles per cubic centimeter. A by-product\nof the experiment is measurement of the floating potential of the spacecraft\nover the range of about +1 to +90 volts.\n\nAn important component of the Electric Field Instrument is a two megabyte burst\nmemory that allows storage of high time resolution field and plasma density\nmeasurements, allowing study of rapid variations of non-linear spatial\nstructures and waves.\n\nThe EFI sensors are arranged as three orthogonal sphere pairs whose potential\ndifferences and Langmuir probe characteristics are measured. Two of these\nsphere pairs are in the satellite spin plane on the ends of wire booms that\nprovide tip to tip sphere separations of 100 and 130 meters respectively, while\nthe third pair is aligned along the spacecraft spin axis with a 14 meter tip to\ntip separation that is provided by rigid stacer booms.\n\nThe electric field preamplifiers have frequency responses to above one mHz to\naccommodate their use by the Plasma Wave Instrument. In addition, the Electric\nField Instrument interfaces on the spacecraft with the Magnetic Field\nExpirement (which provides information for deciding when to trigger bursts of\ndata collection), the Hydra plasma experiment (in order that both instruments\ncollect high time resolution data simultaneously), and the low energy plasma\nexperiment, Tide, (which wants to know when the Electric Field Instrument is\ncollecting data in the burst mode).\n\nThe heritage for the Electric Field Instrument encompasses instruments\npreviously flown on the S3-3, GEOS, ISEE-1, Viking, and CRRES satellites, as\nwell as experiments being built for the Freja, FAST, and Cluster satellites. \n\nHarvey, P., F. S. Mozer, D. Pankow, J. Wygant, N. C. Maynard, H. Singer, W.\nSullivan, P. B. Anderson, R. Pfaff, T. Aggson, A. Pedersen, C. G. Falthammar,\nand P. Tanskannen, THE ELECTRIC FIELD INSTRUMENT ON THE POLAR SATELLITE, Space\nScience Reviews 71: 583-596, 1995. \nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/Instrument/instrument.html\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EFI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: EFI\n Long_Name: Electric Fields Investigation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/Instrument/instrument.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69424579-2ac2-4e83-96b1-faf3c5d0a1d2", - "label": "ULYSSES-FGM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "A fundamental feature of the heliosphere is the three dimensional structure of\nthe interplanetary magnetic field. The magnetic field investigation on Ulysses,\nthe first space probe to explore the out-of-ecliptic and polar heliosphere,\naims at determining the large scale features and gradients of the field, as\nwell as the heliolatitude dependence of interplanetary phenomena so far only\nobserved near the ecliptic plane. The Ulysses magnetometer uses two sensors,\none a Vector Helium Magnetometer, the other a Fluxgate Magnetometer. Onboard\ndata processing yields measurements of the magnetic field vector with a time\nresolution up to 2 vectors/second and a sensitivity of about l0 pT. Since the\nswitch-on of the instrument in flight on 25 October l990, a steady stream of\nobservations have been made, indicating that at this phase of the solar cycle\nthe field is generally disturbed: several shock waves and a large number of\ndiscontinuities have been observed, as well as several periods with apparently\nintense wave activity. The paper gives a brief summary of the scientific\nobjectives of the investigation, followed by a detailed description of the\ninstrument and its characteristics. Examples of wave bursts, interplanetary\nshocks and crossings of the heliospheric current sheet are given to illustrate\nthe observations made with the instrument.\n\n(Abstract from: A. Balogh et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 221-236,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.sp.ph.ic.ac.uk/Ulysses/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_vhm_fgm.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: FGM-U\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: FGM-U\n Long_Name: Ulysses Flux Gate Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/spat/research/space_missions/ulysses/magnetometer/instrument_description\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/vhm_fgm.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/vhm.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Imperial College, London\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fce447f-7097-48ca-8094-60bc6ffc9eae", - "label": "MAM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The MAM magnetic field instrument on EQUATOR-S consists of three-axes flux-gate\nmagnetometers, one mounted at the end of a 1.8-m boom, the other 50 cm further\ninboard, to reduce (and determine) the amount of interference from the\nspacecraft. The sampling rate is 128 vectors/s when only one of the\nmagnetometers is utilized, and 64 vectors/s when both are utilized. Resolution\nis 16 bits, and ranges can be selected (automatically or manually) in steps of\n4, between 250 and 64000 nT.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79ec687b-1513-41ce-ab1f-6604317d7b90", - "label": "THEMIS-ESA", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "[Text from the NASA THEMIS home page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/ESA.html ]\n\nThe Electrostatic Analyzers (ESAs) (on THEMIS) measure how many electrons and ions they detect with a specified energy from a certain direction at a given time (the particle distribution function) over the energy range from ~3 eV to 30 keV. These thermal electrons and ions are the particles responsible for creating the aurora. The ESA measurements allow scientists to derive the density, velocity, and temperature of the ambient electrons and ions (plasma). Knowing these quantities at the five THEMIS probes will allow scientists for the first time to determine the time of substorm onset.\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/ESA.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-ESA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: ESA-THEMIS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/ESA.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_esa.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/164126main_idpu_med2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7abb05fb-8000-425c-8761-c85aba595205", - "label": "MFI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Magnetic Fields Investigation (MFI) on WIND will investigate the\nlarge-scale structure and fluctuation characteristics of the interplanetary\nmagnetic field, which influence the transport of energy and the acceleration of\nparticles in the solar wind and dynamic processes in the Earth's magnetosphere.\nThe fundamental observations of solar wind magnetic fields are important to the\nstudy of the solar wind and magnetosphere coupling process and also to the\ninterpretation of other observational data from WIND.\nThe MFI instrument consists of dual triaxial fluxgate magnetometers mounted on\na 12-meter radial boom, and a data processing and control unit within the body\nof the spacecraft. The magnetometer sensors each produce analog signals\nproportional to the strength of the magnetic field component aligned with the\nsensor. These signals are then digitized and processed by a microprocessor\ncontrolled data system. Mounting the magnetometers at the outboard end and at\nan inboard location on the boom helps substantially to reduce contamination of\nthe measurements by spacecraft-generated magnetic fields. MFI has a very wide\nfield measurement capability, from +/- 0.004 nT to +/- 65,536 nT, with both\nautomatic and commandable range-change capability. Measurement rates are: one\nvector per 92 seconds for key parameter data, 10.9 vectors per second for rapid\ndata for standard analysis, and 44 vectors per second for Fast Fourier\nTransform data, and data from the snap-shot memory which can be triggered\nautomatically for predefined field changes.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lepmfi.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/windmfi.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MFI\n Long_Name: Magnetic Field Investigation (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lepmfi.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/windmfi.html\n Sample_Image: http://lepmfi.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/sensor.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ea0e93b-a15b-4dad-a929-377dbd1dfa74", - "label": "DIFLUX MAGNETOMETERS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fd394e4-bab3-4802-85d5-b7f338638d78", - "label": "EFW", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The EFW instrument (Electric Field and Waves) [Gustafsson et al., 1997, 2001]\non Cluster-II is part of the Wave Experiment Consortium (WEC). It consists of\nfour 8 cm diameter spherical probes extended on 42.5 m long wire booms (88 m\ntip-tip) in the spacecraft spin plane. The probes are used for measuring either\nelectric fields or plasma density variations. In the electric field mode, the\nprobes are actively controlled by a bias current to ensure a high quality\nmeasurement. In the density mode, the probes are voltage biased to collect the\nambient thermal electron current. Analog signals from the EFW instrument are\nfed to STAFF, WHISPER and WBD. Commands to EFW and telemetry from EFW are\npassed through DWP. In addition, EFW receives (via DWP) signals from FGM and\nSTAFF, and delivers (via DWP) the measured spacecraft potential to ASPOC.\n\nSee:\nhttp://cluster.irfu.se/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EFW\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: EFW\n Long_Name: Electric Field and Wave Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cluster.irfu.se/\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/33/hires_36659.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.44 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: IRF, Sweden\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "804d4f03-ee93-4fc9-ada0-f3dc9a7a6706", - "label": "SSM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-06 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the magnetometer experiment was to obtain the components of magnetic field transverse to the main geomagnetic field at high latitudes which are associated with auroral field-aligned currents. The instrument consisted of (1) a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer with a fixed Z-axis sensor and adjustable X- and Y-axis sensors and (2) a signal processor to provide data at a 15-nT resolution over the range of 0 to 60,000 nT.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: SSM\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84df34de-8d78-4f98-bdd3-475d34cb364c", - "label": "SCM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "[Text from NASA's THEMIS home page \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SCM.html ]\n\nThe Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) measures low frequency magnetic field fluctuations and waves in three directions (tri-axial) in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Scientists believe that low frequency magnetic fluctuations and waves play an important role in triggering substorms. Frequencies of the waves range from several octaves below the lowest key on the piano (0.1 Hz) up to the top key on the piano (4 kHz). The SCM will measure this range to identify the instability that triggers substorms. Data from the SCM will be especially important in studying the waves in the “current disruption region” about 10 Earth Radii away from Earth in the magnetotail plasma sheet, as well as at larger distances where neutral lines are expected to form. Together with the other instruments of the THEMIS suite, the SCM will reveal the link between waves and the location(s) where substorms begin, thereby identifying the basic substorm mechanism.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: SCM\n Long_Name: SEARCH COIL MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SCM.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_scm.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/168039main_SCM_ETU_1_med.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: CETP (France)\n Instrument_Owner: NASA (USA)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85d80454-bba8-4973-82e7-562a7e2d3d06", - "label": "GONG INSTRUMENT", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The GONG Instrument consists of two mirrors tracking the Sun in\nelevation and cross- elevation axes that feed light horizontally into\na cargo container housing the rest of the equipment. The optical\nsystem is sealed by a filtered window and has an effective aperture of\n2.8cm. Near the focus of the 1-m focal length objective lens is a box\nthat contains various optics that can be moved in and out of the\nbeam. These optics allow calibration of the response of the\ninstrument. A variable polarization retarder can be put into the beam\nto allow the line-of-sight component of the solar magnetic field to be\nimaged. All of these mechanisms are under computer control and\nnormally operate automatically.\n\nThe instrument is controlled by two computers and a precise clock. It\nnormally produces a data record every minute, day and night. During\nnight, only instrumental and environmental parameters are\nrecorded. When the program determines that the sun has risen, the\ninstrument front end is unstowed and pointed to the sun closely enough\nso that a guider sensor can provide precise pointing information. If\nit is cloudy, the computer estimates where the sun is and points to\nthat location. The first time enough sunlight is available on a day, a\ncalibration sequence is executed. Observations are made until near\nsunset, at which time the instrument stows itself. The instrument\noperates automatically for one week and the only user intervention\nneed is to change the data tapes or to perform maintenance.\n\nThis instrument is developed by the The Global Oscillation Network\nGroup (GONG), which is a community-based project to conduct a detailed\nstudy of solar internal structure and dynamics using helioseismology.\nIn order to exploit this new technique, GONG has developed a\nsix-station network of extremely sensitive, and stable velocity\nimagers located around the Earth to obtain nearly continuous\nobservations of the Sun's 'five-minute' oscillations, or pulsations.\n\nAdditional information on the GONG Instrument available at\n'http://www.gong.noao.edu/Instrument/instrument.html'\n\nGeneral information on the Global Oscillation Network Group available at\n'http://www.gong.noao.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "907644cf-3f4f-457c-928e-44bd55d34734", - "label": "AMPTE/IRM MAGNETOMETER", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The 3-axis fluxgate magnetometer onboard the AMPTE/IRM Satellite had a wide\ndynamic range (0.1-60000 nT), a high resolution (16-bit analog to digital\nconversion) and the capability to operate automatically or via telecommand in\ntwo gain states. The sampling rate was 32 samples per second.\nReference:\nLuehr, H., N. Kloecker, W. Oelschlaegel, B. Haeusler, and M. Acuna,\n'The IRM fluxgate magnetometer', IEEE Trans., GE-23, 259, 1985.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1984-088B'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95743360-4880-4014-9874-64f47f758e83", - "label": "GOLF", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies (GOLF) experiment on the SOHO\nmission aims to study the internal structure of the sun by measuring the\nspectrum of global oscillations in the frequency range 10-7 to 10-2 Hz. Both p\nand g mode oscillations will be investigated, with the emphasis on the low\norder long period waves which penetrate the solar core.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/golf1.htm\n\nA complete description of the GOLF instrument was published by Solar Physics,\nvol. 162, p. 61-99, 1995.\nhttp://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/golf_ps/paper_descrip.ps\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOLF\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: GOLF\n Long_Name: Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 17 A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/\n Online_Resource: http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~bertello/golf.html\n Sample_Image: http://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/golf_images/golf_instru.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale at Orsay, France\n Instrument_Owner: Service d'Astrophysique, Frence\n Instrument_Owner: Instituto de Astrofýsica de Canarias, Spain\n Instrument_Owner: Observatoire de l'Universitý Bordeaux, France\n Instrument_Owner: Observatoire de la Cýte d'Azur, France\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c295c6e-eef4-4c65-a580-636e59035c26", - "label": "PWI-P", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The primary goal of the Polar Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) is to provide\ncomprehensive measurements of plasma wave phenomena in the high latitude\nauroral zones, in the dayside magnetic cusp regions, and in the plasmasphere\nand plasmasheet. Coordinated measurements will be made with the plasma,\nenergetic particle, imaging, and magnetic field measurements to study local\nprocesses with an emphasis on wave-particle interactions. \n\nThe Polar Plasma Wave Investigation employs seven distinct sensors for\ndetecting the electric and magnetic fields of plasma waves. These sensors\nconsist of: a pair of orthogonal two-sphere electric antennas in the spin plane\nof the spacecraft with sphere-to-sphere separations of 100 meters and 130\nmeters respectively, shared with the Electric Field Instrument (EFI); a short\ntwo-sphere electric antenna aligned along the spacecraft spin axis with a\nsphere-to-sphere separation of 14 meters, also shared with EFI; a triaxial\nmagnetic search coil mounted on the end of a rigid stacer boom, shared with\nEFI; and a magnetic loop antenna mounted on the same boom and oriented parallel\nto the 100-meter electric antenna in the spin plane.\n\nThe spheres on the electric antennas are 9 cm in diameter and each contains a\nhigh-impedance preamplifier that provides signals to the boom deployment\nmechanisms. Amplifiers in the deployment mechanisms buffer signals to EFI and\nPWI independently. Each of the three magnetic search coils consists of two\nbobbins mounted on high permeability micro-metal cores 40cm long. Each bobbin\nis wound with 10,000 turns of #40 wire. The coil outputs are amplified by a\npreamplifier in the search coil housing to provide a low-impedance signal to\nthe main electronics box. The search coil sensitivity constant is 70 micro\nV/nT-Hz and the resonance frequency is approximately 10 kHz. The loop antenna\nis similar to the magnetic loop antenna on Dynamics Explorer A and is designed\nto detect magnetic fields over a frequency range from 25 Hz to 800 kHz. The\nloop sensitivity constant is 385 micro V/nT-Hz and the resonance frequency is\n45 kHz. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PWI-P\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: PWI-P\n Long_Name: Plasma Waves Investigation (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/polar/home.html\n Online_Resource: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/polar/instrument.html\n Sample_Image: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/polar/images/PolarComponents.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1e8831d-a914-42fa-808a-f7f4df25509e", - "label": "MFE", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The objective of the MFE experiment on Geotail is to measure the magnetic field\nvariation of the magnetotail in the frequency below 50 Hz.\n\nThe MGF experiment consists of dual three-axis fluxgate magnetometers and a\nthree-axis search coil magnetometer. Triad fluxgate sensors, which utilize a\nring core geometry, are installed at the end and middle of a 6 m deployable\nmast. Three search coils are mounted approximately one-half of the way out on\nanother 6 m boom together with search coils for the VLF wave in the PWI system.\n\nThe fluxgate magnetometers are of standard design and consist of an amplifier,\nfilter, phase sensitive detector, integrator, and a voltage-current convertor.\nThe fluxgate magnetometers operate in seven dynamic ranges to cover various\nregions of the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind: +/-16 nT, +/-64 nT,\n+/-256 nT, +/-1024 nT, +/-4096 nT, +/-16384 nT, and +/-65536 nT, and supply 16\nvectors/sec.\n\nThe search coil magnetometer system consists of three sensors, preamplifier,\namplifier, filter, multiplexer, and an A/D converter. The search coil\nmagnetometers operate in a frequency range of 0.5 kHz to 1 kHz, and supply 128\nvectors/sec.\n\nThe fluxgate magnetometer operates in both real time and record modes, while\nthe search coil data are used only in real time mode.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nDr. Tsugunobu Nagai\nTokyo Institue of Technology\nEarth and Planetary Sciences\nTokyo 152-8551 Japan\nPhone:\nFax:\ne-mail: nagai@geo.titech.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MFE\n Long_Name: Magnetic Field Experiment (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#MGF\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1992-044A&ex=6\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 3.584 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Tokyo Institute of Technology\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b11bd09e-0f65-4eaf-8a87-c0af94b173d1", - "label": "THEMIS-EFI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "[Text from NASA's THEMIS home page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/EFI.html ] \n\nThe THEMIS Electric Field Instrument (EFI) is designed and built to sense the electric field in Earth's ever-changing magnetosphere. The EFI will provide the observations needed to determine the motion of the electrified gas (plasma) as it travels past each probe. This is the first time a mission will measure these motions with five probes aligned in the magnetotail. This is vital to determining the time and location of the high-speed flows that begin at substorm onset in the Earth’s magnetotail.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-EFI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: THEMIS-EFI\n Long_Name: THEMIS Electric Field Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/EFI.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_efi.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/images/instruments/efi.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2b82375-d0b0-416e-af7d-b6d01063550d", - "label": "MAGNETOGRAPHS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "MAGNETOGRAPHS are dedicated instruments that observe the solar\nvector magnetic field and provide a homogeneous record of the\nchanging solar field. The solar magnetic fields are\nphotographically or computer drawn contours of the solar\nlongitudinal magnetic field distribution across the whole sun at\ndifferent levels of nanotesla (gauss). The computer-plotted\ncontours use solid lines for positive and dotted lines for\nnegative field polarities. The polarities on the photographs\nare indicated by bright areas (positive) and dark areas\n(negative). The data also can be drawings of individual sunspot\nregions with coordinates, polarity and intensity in nanotesla of\neach spot indicated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd903ae2-03dc-4504-868e-29a09d5a9308", - "label": "MAG", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Magnetometer (MAG) instrument on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\nconsists of one electronics box mounted on the spacecraft top deck and of two\nsensors mounted at the end of two boom.\n\nExcept for minor modifications, the ACE/MAG instrument consisting of a set of\ntwin sensors and of an electronics control unit is the flight spare from the\ninstrument currently flying on the WIND spacecraft launched in November of\n1994,\n\nThe ACE/MAG instrument will measure the local interplanetary magnetic field\n(IMF) direction and magnitude and establish the large scale structure and\nfluctuation characteristics of the IMF at 1 AU upstream of Earth as a function\nof time throughout the mission. This experiment will provide: \n\n- continuous data at 3,4 or 6 vectors/sec, and\n- snapshot memory data and Fast Fourier Transform data (FFT) based on\n24 vectors/sec. acquired on board, working synchronously with blocks\nof 512 samples (FFT only) each.\n\nThese measurements will be precise, accurate, and ultra sensitive. The basic\ninstrument is a twin triaxial fluxgate magnetometer system. Each of two\nidentical sensors is on booms that extend past the end of diametrically\nopposite solar panels. The digital processing unit utilizes a 12 bit A/D\nconverter to easily resolve small amplitude fluctuations of the field, and is\nmicroprocessor controlled. It also incorporates a dedicated FFT processor\ndeveloped around high performance DSP integrated circuits, which produces a 32\nchannel logarithmic spectrum for each axis, synthesized from a 'raw' 256 point\nlinear spectrum. All components of the power spectral matrices corresponding to\nthe 32 estimates are transmitted to the ground once every 80 seconds, providing\npower and phase information together with the corresponding snapshot memory\ntime series data. As in previous instruments developed at GSFC, high\nreliability is obtained by the use of fully redundant systems and extremely\nconservative designs. The intrinsic zero drift of the sensors is expected to be\nbelow 0.1 nT over periods of up to 6 months. Electrical 'flippers' designed to\nsimulate a 180 degree mechanical rotation of the sensors, will be used to\nmonitor the zero level drift associated with aging of electronic components.\nThe use of advanced statistical techniques for estimating absolute zero levels\nis also planned. The instruments feature a very wide dynamic range of\nmeasurements capability, from B1 4 nT up to B1 65,536 nT per axis in eight\ndiscrete ranges; all ranges can be activated either by command or, most\ncommonly, automatically. The upper range permits end to end testing in the\nEarth's magnetic field without the need for special field cancellation coils or\nmagnetic shields.\n\nThe Bartol Research Institute (BRI) of the University of Delaware, in\ncollaboration with the Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics (LEP) at the\nGoddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), built and delivered the magnetometer\ninstrument for the ACE mission. Data processing for the MAG instrument moved to\nThe University of New Hampshire when C.W. Smith moved there in July 2003.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/mag/ACE.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MAG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MAG\n Long_Name: Magnetic Field Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssg.sr.unh.edu/mag/ACE.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.ssg.sr.unh.edu/mag/ace/images/fullmag.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.304 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of Delaware, Bartol Research Institute\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c639a90f-f720-40a7-be05-7ec1dece40c3", - "label": "ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "The Electrostatic Analyzers ('ESAs') measure the direction and\nenergy of charged particles in the polar ionosphere. These\nparticles are primarily electrons (-) and protons (+), but can\nalso include oxygen and helium as well. Changes in the solar\nwind and the local 'space weather' of the Earth can accelerate\nthese particles to high energies; when they hit the upper layers\nof our atmosphere, aurora can be the result. These instruments\ntell us how many particles were present, their direction in\nspace, and if the particle masses are known, their velocities as\nwell. With this information, scientists can infer what processes\nmay have caused these particles to 'precipitate' towards the\nEarth and relate these to changes in the solar wind that\nsurrounds the Earth.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/PolarCusp/instruments2/B.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Silver Space Sciences Laboratory]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdd42dd9-1029-476f-9b6e-50f05b3bf494", - "label": "VHM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "A fundamental feature of the heliosphere is the three dimensional structure of\nthe interplanetary magnetic field. The magnetic field investigation on Ulysses,\nthe first space probe to explore the out-of-ecliptic and polar heliosphere,\naims at determining the large scale features and gradients of the field, as\nwell as the heliolatitude dependence of interplanetary phenomena so far only\nobserved near the ecliptic plane. The Ulysses magnetometer uses two sensors,\none a Vector Helium Magnetometer, the other a Fluxgate Magnetometer. Onboard\ndata processing yields measurements of the magnetic field vector with a time\nresolution up to 2 vectors/second and a sensitivity of about l0 pT. Since the\nswitch-on of the instrument in flight on 25 October l990, a steady stream of\nobservations have been made, indicating that at this phase of the solar cycle\nthe field is generally disturbed: several shock waves and a large number of\ndiscontinuities have been observed, as well as several periods with apparently\nintense wave activity. The paper gives a brief summary of the scientific\nobjectives of the investigation, followed by a detailed description of the\ninstrument and its characteristics. Examples of wave bursts, interplanetary\nshocks and crossings of the heliospheric current sheet are given to illustrate\nthe observations made with the instrument.\n\n(Abstract from: A. Balogh et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 221-236,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.sp.ph.ic.ac.uk/Ulysses/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_vhm_fgm.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e05cfb42-8cd1-4474-a00a-e3059e71ed23", - "label": "THEMIS-FGM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "[Text from THEMIS home page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/FGM.html ] \n\nThe Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM) measures the background magnetic field and any low frequency (to 64 Hz) fluctuations superimposed upon it. The instrument will be used to identify and time the abrupt reconfigurations of the magnetospheric magnetic field that occur at substorm onset. For the first time, this measurement will be made on five satellites, all five THEMIS probes, aligned during substorm onset.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-FGM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: THEMIS-FGM\n Long_Name: Themis Fluxgate Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/FGM.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_fgm.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/168033main_FGM_with_SCM_background_med.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e644d037-64fe-4090-97dd-964476d2a56f", - "label": "WBS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", - "definition": "Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS) has spectroscopic capabilities in a\nwide energy band from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. It consists of\na soft X-ray spectrometer (SXS), hard X-ray spectrometer (HXS),\ngamma-ray spectrometer (GRS), and radiation belt monitor\n(RBM). Of these, SXS, HXS, and GRS aim at solar flare\nobservations, but RBM serves to sound the alarm for radiation\nbelt passage. All of these detectors have pulse count (PC) data\nand pulse height (PH) data. PC is the sum of all counts for a\ngiven energy range, and PH is essentially an energy loss\nspectrum as a function of energy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://surfwww.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/surf/guides/yag/iguide_sec5.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Solar UK Research Facility]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "label": "Visible/Infrared Instruments", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00d15ae0-0fa4-464b-b7d1-46525f73cadb", - "label": "SOFIA", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23ea0899-47fc-4ecc-9882-fcc678e86cec", - "label": "TIM", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "[Source: GLORY project home page, http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-tim.html ]\n\nThe TIM will collect high accuracy, high precision measurements of total solar irradiance using an active cavity radiometer that monitors changes in incident sunlight to Earth's atmosphere. \n\nChanges in both the solar irradiance and in the composition of the atmosphere can cause global climate change. Solar irradiance is a purely a natural phenomenon, while the composition of the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the byproducts of modern industrial societies. Over the past century, the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by about 0.5 degrees Celsius. \n \nThe TIM is a heritage-design instrument that was originally flown on the SORCE satellite launched in January 2003.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: TIM\n Long_Name: Total Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLORY\n Short_Name: SORCE\n Short_Name: STPSat-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-tim2.html\n Online_Resource: http://glory.giss.nasa.gov/tim/\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/instruments/tim.htm\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/tim2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 713 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-25\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24431ed9-ded8-4abc-b64c-77b13475a48d", - "label": "VIS", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "The Visible Imaging System (VIS) is a set of three low-light-level cameras\nflown on the POLAR spacecraft of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics\n(ISTP) program. Two of these cameras share primary and some secondary optics\nand are designed to provide images of the nighttime auroral oval at altitudes\n~1 to 8 RE (Earth radius) as viewed from the eccentric, polar orbit of the\nspacecraft. A third camera is used to monitor the directions of the\nfields-of-view of the auroral cameras with respect to the sunlit Earth. The\nauroral images are to be gained with filters with narrow passbands at visible\nwavelengths. The emissions of interest include those from N2+ at 391.4 nm, Ol\nat 557.7 and 630.0 nm, Hl at 656.3 nm and OII at 732.0 nm. The primary\nscientific objectives of this imaging instrumentation, together with the in\nsitu measurements from instruments on board the ensemble of ISTP spacecraft,\nare (1) quantitative assessment of the dissipation of magnetospheric energy\ninto the auroral ionosphere, (2) an instantaneous reference system for the\nabove in situ observations, (3) development of a substantial model of the\nenergy flow within the magnetosphere, (4) investigation of the topology of the\nmagnetosphere, and (5) delineation of the responses of the magnetosphere to\nsubstorms and variable solar wind conditions.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/vis/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: VIS\n Long_Name: Visible Imaging System (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/vis/description.html\n Online_Resource: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/vis/vis_description/vis_description.htmlx\n Sample_Image: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/vis/vis_description/plate_1a.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Astrospace\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cd4dc41-07f3-4c0d-a4fe-235fdd7cbc29", - "label": "ACRIM III", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III)\ninvolves the Monitoring of the total variability of solar\nirradiance with active cavity radiometer solar monitoring\nsensors. ACRIM III was successfully launched on board the\nACRIMSAT spacecraft on December 20, 1999.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIM III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM III\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACRIMSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/acrimIII/acrimIII_table\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n Online_Resource: http://www.acrim.com/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: < 1 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "540babe7-c4d6-43e4-9b7d-745fd5526204", - "label": "SOUP", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) experiment was\nflown in July and August 1985, on board the STS-51F/Spacelab II\nshuttle mission. Images of solar features observed in white\nlight were recorded on film. The targets were solar pores,\nsunspots, upwelling, active region AR 4682, and the structures\nalong the solar limb. When the film was returned to the\ninvestigator team and developed, it was digitized frame by\nframe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "571751a3-5812-4f17-8044-91746229593b", - "label": "ACRIM", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "The objective of the Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) is to measure the total solar irradiance with state-of-the-art accuracy and precision. The ACRIM instrument was first flown on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM/ACRIM I) satellite and was flown on all three Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions and the Spacelab 1 misson from the Space Shuttle. In addition, ACRIM was flown as a flight-of-opportunity instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS/ACRIM II) and is scheduled to fly as a flight-of-opportunity mission during NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS) program (ACRIMSAT/ACRIM III) The principal role of the ACRIM is to support extended solar irradiance experiments on free-flying satellites and establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level through direct intercomparison with other experiments. The total solar irradiance (TSI) from far ultraviolet through far infrared is measured by three Type V active-cavity radiometer sensors. These detectors are electrically self-calibrated, cavity pyrheliometers each capable of defining the absolute radiation scale with an uncertainty of +/- 0.1% SI units. The single sample irradiance precision is +/- 0.012 %. The three sensors are independently shuttered and their measurement cycles are different so that the three sensors can be used in various combinations to provide periodic cross references on the system's performance. \n\nThe ACRIM contains four cylindrical bays. Three of the bays house independent heat detectors, called pyrheliometers, which are independently shuttered, self calibrating, automatically controlled, and which are uniformly sensitive from the extreme UV to the far infrared. Each pyrheliometer consists of two cavities, and temperature differences between the two are used to determine the total solar flux. One cavity is maintained at a constant reference temperature, while the other is heated 0.5 K higher than the reference cavity and is exposed to the Sun periodically. When the shutter covering the second cavity is open, sunlight enters, creating an even greater difference in cavity temperatures. The power supplied to the second cavity by the ACRIM electronics decreases automatically to maintain the 0.5 K temperature difference between the two cavities. This decrease in the amount of electricity is proportional to the solar irradiance entering the cavity. Additional details about the individual sensors is given by Willson (1979 & 1980) and of the instrument by Willson (1981). The fourth bay holds a sensor that measures the relative angle between the instrument and the Sun.\n\nTo guarantee precision, the ACRIM cavities have mirror-like black surfaces that reflect light toward the apex of the cavity, where 99.99998 percent of the Sun's incoming energy in the 180 to 3,000 nm wavelength range is absorbed. In normal operation the ACRIM is on a platform which tracks the Sun. One of its detector channels makes regular measurements while the other two are kept shuttered to reduce possible degradation by solar UV radiation, atmospheric or satellite outgassed gases, etc. Readings are taken at 1.024 second intervals. About once a month the second channel, B, is opened for comparison measurements; while at longer intervals the third channel, C, is also compared. This triple detector arrangement proved valuable. On the SMM Satellite channel A degraded about 600 parts per million compared to channel C during the 9.75 year mission. Channel B, opened roughly once a month, also showed a slight degradation compared to channel C by 1989. This degradation was allowed for in the calibration equation (Willson and Hudson, 1991).\n\nNote: ACRIM II was not officially part of the UARS project. It was included on the UARS platform as an instrument of opportunity.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 180 nm to 3.000 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://acrim.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://acrim.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission_heritage.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.acrim.com/\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 32 kbit/s\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-04-10\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2001-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA + Jet Propulsion Lab - JPL\n Instrument_Owner: Columbia University\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e17098a-5542-4d5c-b290-f0599d9d10b3", - "label": "CEDAR IMAGER", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "The Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR)\n Data Base at NCAR/HAO holds data collected from airglow imagers and\n all-sky cameras. None of the imager data are in digital form in the\n CEDAR Data Base and must be obtained from the contact person. Video\n tapes from the imager at Millstone Hill are in the CEDAR Data Base.\n\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02070/nsf02070.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1dc412d-9184-461b-8176-e2e6679aa2a1", - "label": "ACRIM II", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", - "definition": "The objective of the Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) is to measure the total solar irradiance with state-of-the-art accuracy and precision. The ACRIM instrument was first flown on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM/ACRIM I) satellite and was flown on all three Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions and the Spacelab 1 misson from the Space Shuttle. In addition, ACRIM was flown as a flight-of-opportunity instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS/ACRIM II) and is scheduled to fly as a flight-of-opportunity mission during NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS) program (ACRIMSAT/ACRIM III) The principal role of the ACRIM is to support extended solar irradiance experiments on free-flying satellites and establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level through direct intercomparison with other experiments. The total solar irradiance (TSI) from far ultraviolet through far infrared is measured by three Type V active-cavity radiometer sensors. These detectors are electrically self-calibrated, cavity pyrheliometers each capable of defining the absolute radiation scale with an uncertainty of +/- 0.1% SI units. The single sample irradiance precision is +/-0.012 %. The three sensors are independently shuttered and their measurement cycles are different so that the three sensors can be used in various combinations to provide periodic cross references on the system's performance. For more information about the UARS/ACRIM II and current data availability see:\n\nhttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/solar/uars.html\n\nFor information about the latest ACRIM III instrument which was\nlaunched on ACRIMSAT on December 20, 1999, see:\n\nhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/ACRIMSAT/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIM II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM II\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor II\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/solar/uars.html\n Online_Resource: http://acrim.com/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "label": "X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04f173d3-a3c2-49a5-b0e4-05403f47e84d", - "label": "BATSE", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) serves as the\nall-sky monitor for the Compton Observatory, detecting and\nlocating strong transient sources called gamma-ray bursts as\nwell as outbursts from other sources over the entire sky. There\nare eight BATSE detectors, one facing outward from each corner\nof the satellite, which are sensitive to gamma-ray energies from\n20 keV to over one thousand keV.\n\nAt the heart of the BATSE detectors are NaI crystals which\nproduce a flash of visible light when struck by gamma rays. The\nflashes are recorded by light-sensitive detectors whose output\nsignal is digitized and analyzed to determine the arrival time\nand energy of the gamma ray which caused the flash. Each BATSE\ndetector unit consists of a large area detector sensitive to\nfaint transient events along with a smaller detector optimized\nfor spectroscopic studies of bright events.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgro/batse.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14036003-4f00-45be-afd2-9a8cc6ed4749", - "label": "HXIS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Solar Maximum Mission was a NASA satellite originally\nlaunched on February 14, 1980. It carried the Hard X-ray Imaging\nSpectrometer (HXIS, van Beek 1980), the first attempt at imaging\nthe sun in hard X-rays. The HXIS used a brute-force method of\nimaging: an array of collimators each with a narrow field of\nview, so that each collimator channel functioned as one pixel of\nan imaging telescope. It achieved a spatial resolution of 8\narcsec over a 2'40'' square field of view and a 32 arcsec\nresolution over a 6'24'' diameter circle. The detector used was\na position-sensitive proportional counter, consisting of two\nXe-filled chambers deep, each equipped with 450 anodes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://solarwww.mtk.nao.ac.jp/kobayash/thesis/node8.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "221d6bc4-8fd6-438f-a49b-10acec766ce9", - "label": "X-RAY TELESCOPE", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "X-RAY TELESCOPES provide magnification of images of distant\nobjects that uses x-ray (a more detailed and varied telescope).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2587d7bd-4836-4e40-ac2b-39581ec0b43b", - "label": "XRT", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30b5c6da-9a07-4718-bcf9-f3744a93b4a9", - "label": "EDXA", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41db9c48-4af8-40db-8632-a86983d81258", - "label": "XRD", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "A XRD - X-Ray Diffractometer is an instrument that uses a\ncrystal to diffract x-rays for the measurement of the\nintensities of the diffracted rays.\n\n[Summary provided by The Photonics Dictionary]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "457a7c82-c8de-4ee7-a2fb-53ac464d3cb7", - "label": "GRB", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The scientific objectives of the Ulysses solar X-ray/cosmic gamma-ray burst\nexperiment and the unique features of the Ulysses mission which will help to\nachieve them are described in Hurley, et al (1992). After a discussion of the\nspecial design constraints imposed by the mission, we describe the sensor\nsystems, consisting of two CsI scintillators and two Si surface barrier\ndetectors covering the energy range 5 keV-150 keV. Their operating modes and\ninflight performance are also given.\n\n(Abstract from: K. Hurley et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 401-410,\n1992)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_grb.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: GRB\n Long_Name: Solar X-Ray/Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 - 150 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/grb.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/ipn3/grb.htm\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/grb.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 25 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Berkeley\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "577ab1ed-bfcd-4808-bed8-19cf5ef06492", - "label": "PIXIE", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE) onboard the POLAR\nspacecraft is described. The PIXIE instrument will measure the spatial\ndistribution and temporal variation of x-ray emissions in the energy range 3 to\n60 keV from the earth's atmosphere. From these x-ray measurements, the\nmorphology and spectra of energetic electron precipitation and its effects upon\nthe atmosphere can be derived.\n\nThe Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE) will provide global\nmeasurements of the spatial distribution and temporal variation of\nbremsstrahlung x-ray emissions from the earth's atmosphere. From these x-ray\nmeasurements, the morphology and spectra of energetic electron precipitation\nand the effects upon the atmosphere can be derived. The measurements can be\nused to estimate the total rate of electron energy deposition and the energy\ndistribution of the precipitating electrons. The electron energy distribution\ncan then be used to compute the altitude profile of ionization and electrical\nconductivity. All of these quantities will be derived for the entire auroral\nzone simultaneously. PIXIE x-ray measurements can be made on the day side of\nthe earth as well as the night, and the precipitating electron intensities and\nenergy spectra can be derived from the x-ray images. These are unique\ncapabilities that cannot be duplicated by optical or UV devices. Images of\natmospheric bremsstrahlung emission will be obtained over the energy range of 3\nto 60 keV with good spatial and energy resolution, and with sufficient time\nresolution (a few minutes) to generate movies of the dynamical variations of\nauroral luminosities and associated atmospheric effects.\n\nThe design of an instrument for mapping bremsstrahlung x-rays and the plans for\non-orbit operations and data analysis should be based on actual measurements of\nbremsstrahlung x-rays at satellite altitudes. For these purposes, we have\nformulated representative spectra and intensities based on the only existing\nsets of satellite bremsstrahlung data. (These data were acquired by the\nLockheed and Aerospace groups - Imhof et al., 1974, 1981, 1985; Datlowe et al.,\n1988; Mizera et al., 1978, 1984; Gorney, 1987) . Previous instruments viewed a\nrelatively small region below a low-altitude spacecraft and, therefore, do not\ngive a global picture, but the data can be taken as representative of certain\nclasses of auroral events. The two physical parameters that are crucial in\ndetermining global upper atmospheric processes are the total energy input to\nthe high latitude regions of the atmosphere and the spectrum of the\nprecipitating electron fluxes which provide a highly variable and significant\nportion of that energy. Based on our data taken from low-altitude polar\norbiting satellites, bremsstrahlung x-rays can be used to deduce these\nparameters. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pixie.spasci.com/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PIXIE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: PIXIE\n Long_Name: Polar Ionospheric X-Ray Imaging Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pixie.spasci.com/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Company\n Instrument_Owner: Aerospace Corporation\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "689963cd-8b12-47e9-a259-47005db5a68b", - "label": "GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "A GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used for obtaining a\nmass spectrum by deflecting the gamma ray particles into a thin\nslit and measuring the radiation given off or deflected and\nrelating it to other studies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6acbb2d5-8911-4560-9c1b-b19198a0fb2a", - "label": "SXM", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "+ SXM on GOES 1-3 and SMS 1-2\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-100A-03\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1974-033A-03\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-011A-02 ]\n\nThe X-ray counter was composed of a collimator, two ionization chambers, and two electrometers. A small angular aperture was chosen for the telescope collimator, which was mounted so that the declination of its axis could be controlled by ground command to ensure that the full disk of the sun was viewed by the telescope once during every vehicle rotation. One ion chamber was filled with argon at 1 atm for detection of 1- to 8-A X rays and had a 0.127-mm beryllium window to exclude X rays of longer wavelengths. The other chamber was filled with xenon at 1.5 to 2 atm and had a 1.27-mm beryllium window for measurements of X rays in the wavelength range 0.5 to 3 A.\n\n+ SXM on GOES 4\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1980-074A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of ion chamber detectors. The wavelength ranges and minimum useful threshold sensitivity were 0.5 to 3 A, 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s; and 1 to 8 A, 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s; with a dynamic range of 1.0E4. \n\n+ SXM on GOES 5\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1981-049A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 5 to 30 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 10-80 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades. \n\n+ SXM on GOES-6\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-041A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 5 to 30 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 10-80 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades. No usable data could be obtained from August, 94. \n\n+ SXM on GOES-7\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 5 to 30 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 10-80 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades.\n\n+ SXM on GOES-8\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-022A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 0.05 to 0.40 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 0.1-0.8 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-11 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades. Entry of charged particle were prevented by the strong magnetic field located at the chamber windows.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SXM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SXM\n Long_Name: Solar X-Ray Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1974-033A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-011A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-100A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-048A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-062A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1980-074A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1981-049A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-041A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-022A-03\n Creation_Date: 2009-11-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73649c42-fec7-4b86-9c63-6b212e5b3a9a", - "label": "HXRBS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer (HXRBS) was designed to\nexamine the role of energetic electrons in solar flares by\nmeasuring the variations in intensity and energy of the hard\nX-ray fluxes. Scintillation events in its actively collimated\nCsI(Na) detector were read out every 128 ms in fifteen energy\nchannels between ~25 to ~500 keV. A circulating memory was able\nto accumulate relatively brief periods of data during the more\nintense flares with time resolution down to 1 ms. The full width\nat half maximum of the field of view was approximately 40\ndegrees.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/smm/hxrbs.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "754e1a89-5108-4fd7-ab04-5d89f78c2579", - "label": "SSB/X2", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-06 ]\n\nThis is an array-based system that detects the location, intensity, and spectrum of X-rays emitted from the earth's atmosphere. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/X2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Long_Name: Advanced X-Ray Detector (SSB/X2)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cd4fed8-6fbe-48ae-b320-72264f333b90", - "label": "TIMAX", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81318d18-653e-483a-be7e-5c66710fa553", - "label": "SMM-HXIS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The objective of the Hard X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (HXRIS) experiment was to\nmeasure the position, structure, and thermodynamic properties of hot thermal\nand nonthermal sources in active regions and in flares.\nThis instrument produced two-dimensional images with 8-arc-sec resolution over\nan approximately square area of side 2 min 40 sec, or 32-arc-sec resolution\nover a square of side 6 min 24 sec. These images were observed in six\nselectable energy channels, between 3.5 and 30 keV, with a temporal resolution\nof 0.5 to 7 sec, depending on the mode of operation. By means of a flare flag,\nthe experiment alerted other SMM instruments when a flare began and indicated\nthe position of the brightest pixel of the observation.\nThe instrument consisted of 10 etched grid plates, each divided into 576\nsections that formed the collimator, and 900 miniproportional counters that\nprovided a position-sensitive detector system capable of spectral analysis.\nA dual microcomputer system permitted three modes of operation with commandable\nparameters that provided for a flexible tradeoff between temporal resolution\nand spatial coverage during different phases of a solar flare.\n\nFor more details on this experiment, see H. R. Van Beek et al., Solar Phys., v.\n65, p. 39, 1980.\n\nFOV 6.4 arcmin, 8 or 32 arcsec spatial resolution, 3.5-30 keV,\n PERSONNEL\n\n PI - C. DE JAGER SPACE RESEARCH LAB, U OF UTRECHT\n OI - H.F. VAN BEEK SPACE RESEARCH LAB, U OF UTRECHT\n OI - A.P. WILLMORE U OF BIRMINGHAM\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/smmQL.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9887d594-0e99-40ce-8c02-cf357ea9a9e0", - "label": "HESSI SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) spectrometer\ncontains nine germanium detectors that are positioned behind the nine grid\npairs on the telescope. These artificially grown crystals, pure to over one\npart in a trillion, were manufactured by the ORTEC division of PerkinElmer\nInstruments. When they are cooled to cryogenic temperatures and a high voltage\nis put across them (up to 4000 V), they convert incoming x-rays and gamma-rays\nto pulses of electric current. The amount of current is proportional to the\nenergy of the photon, and is measured by sensitive electronics designed at the\nLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Space Sciences Lab., Berkeley. \n\nThe detectors are cooled with a recently developed electromechanical cryocooler\n(built by Sunpower, Inc. and flight qualified at Goddard. It maintains them at\nthe required operating temperature of minus 324 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 198\ndegrees Centigrade, or 75 degrees above absolute zero).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/instrumentation.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HESSI SPECTROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: HESSI SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RHESSI\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/hessispec.htm\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/detectors.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-02-05\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99f4dc06-d8c6-4ac8-af0d-da07b293e6c6", - "label": "XRP", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The x-ray polychromatic is intended for energy-time analysis of\nthe x-ray radiation. The device operation is based on x-ray\ndiffraction on a periodical crystal structure ? multilayer\nmirror.\n\n[Summary provided by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d947155-75e1-4d2e-881d-52b769fc9b5b", - "label": "KONUS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Gamma Ray Burst Studies investigation on WIND will perform gamma-ray burst\nstudies similar to the TGRS studies. It will perform event detection and will\nmeasure time history and energy spectra. Although KONUS has a lower resolution\nthan TGRS, it has broader area coverage to complement that of TGRS so that,\nwhen their data are combined, they provide coverage of the full sky. KONUS is\nthe first Russian instrument to fly on an American satellite since civil space\ncooperation between the U.S. and Russia was resumed in 1987.\nThe Konus instrument consists of two Russian sensors mounted on the top and\nbottom of the spacecraft aligned with the spin axis, a U.S. interface box, and\na Russian electronics package mounted in the spacecraft body. The sensors,\ncopies of ones successfully flown on the Soviet COSMOS, VENERA and MIR\nmissions, are identical and interchangeable Nal scintillation crystal detectors\nof 200 cm2 area, shielded by Pb/Sn. The design and location of the two sensors\nensure practically isotropic angular sensitivity. The relative count rates\nrecorded by the two detectors can provide a burst source locus to within a few\ndegrees relative to the spin axis. On-board analysis of background and burst\nevents is performed by four pulse height analyzers, four time history\nanalyzers, two high resolution time history analyzers and a background\nmeasurement system.\nSee http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/wind.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: KONUS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: KONUS\n Long_Name: Gamma Ray Burst Detector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 KeV - 10 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1994-071A&ex=9\n Online_Resource: http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/wind/wind_inst.html#KONUS\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Russian Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6df0bc2-3f37-467b-a93e-3661ebfe7836", - "label": "GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "A GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR is an instrument that is used to\ndiscover the highest and strongest form of energy that is\nradiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or\nparticles.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-04\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9c0abe0-204e-414a-89ba-dae7da179cbe", - "label": "HESSI IMAGER", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) Imager \nconsists of the Imaging Telescope Assembly, which consists of the telescope\ntube, grid trays, Solar Aspect System (SAS), and Roll Angle System (RAS). It\nwas constructed, assembled, aligned, and tested at the Paul Scherrer Institut\nin Switzerland. The front and rear grid trays are attached to the telescope\ntube (shown here). It maintains the separation and alignment of the trays. \n\nNine grids are mounted on a grid tray at each end of the telescope tube. The\ngrid pairs modulate the transmission of solar flare x-ray and gamma-ray\nemissions through to the detectors as the spacecraft spins around the axis of\nthe telescope tube. The modulated count rates in the nine detectors are used in\ncomputers on the ground to construct images of solar flares in different energy\nbands.\n\nThe five coarse grids (square) were constructed by Van Beek Consultancy in The\nNetherlands. The four fine grids (round) were constructed by Thermo Electron\nTecomet in Massachusetts. All grids were characterized both optically and with\nX-rays at Goddard before being shipped to the Paul Sherrer Institut for\nintegration into the imaging telescope assembly. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/instrumentation.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HESSI IMAGER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: HESSI IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RHESSI\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/instrumentation.htm\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/Grid_Tray_Front.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-02-05\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1fd1e65-03a8-43c0-911a-66eecb834a47", - "label": "SXP", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) is a small scientific spacecraft designed, built, and operated by the University of Colorado at Boulder, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). Its scientific goals are to measure nitric oxide density in the terrestrial lower thermosphere (100-200 km altitude) and analyze the energy inputs to that region from the sun and magnetosphere that create it and cause its abundance to vary dramatically. The SNOE spacecraft is a compact hexagonal structure, 36'' high and 39'' across its widest dimension, that weighs 254 lbs. It was launched by a Pegasus XL into a circular orbit, 580 km altitude, at 97.75 degrees inclination for sun synchronous precession, on 26 Feb. 1998. It spins at 5 rpm with the spin axis normal to the orbit plane. It carries three instruments: an ultraviolet spectrometer to measure nitric oxide altitude profiles, a two-channel auroral photometer to measure auroral emissions beneath the spacecraft, and a five-channel solar soft X-ray photometer. Charles Barth is the principal investigator, and Stan Solomon is the deputy principal investigator of the SNOE project. SNOE is one of three satellite projects selected for the Student Explorer Demonstration Initiative program (STEDI). STEDI is funded by NASA and managed by the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). \n\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/mission_overview/mission.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SXP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SXP\n Long_Name: SOLAR X-RAY PHOTOMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SNOE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/mission_overview/mission.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/snoe_scenario.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3a7155c-5089-4388-a148-8d4defc520f8", - "label": "EDAX", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (EDAX) is a tool that\ndetermines the chemical composition of elements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9bef144-8d6a-4a4b-b554-a99f0218981c", - "label": "GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-04 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of a four-detector array of cesium iodide scintillators and photomultiplier tubes each surrounded by a tantalum ring shield to provide a directional system. Each detector was positioned so that its most sensitive direction faced 30 deg from the vertical. Pulse-height discriminators were used to provide gamma-ray energy loss thresholds of 0.06, 0.15, and 0.375 MeV. Gamma rays produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays, precipitating electrons, and other means could be monitored with this instrument. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-04\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca9f8a17-5c53-4d25-a201-eccbbde661b3", - "label": "TGRS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS) on WIND will detect transient\ngamma-ray burst events and will make the first high-resolution spectroscopic\nsurvey of cosmic gamma-ray bursts, and will also make measurements of gamma-ray\nlines in solar flares.\nCosmic gamma-ray bursts are among the most violent and energetic processes\nknown to exist in nature, characteristically emitting most of their luminosity\nat gamma-ray wavelengths. The high-resolution spectroscopy of solar flares will\ncontribute to the study of solar flare activities and help in understanding the\ncoupling between the active corona and photosphere. \nThe TGRS instrument consists of four assemblies: detector cooler assembly,\npre-amp, and analog processing unit, all mounted on a tower on the +Z end of\nthe spacecraft, and a digital processing unit mounted in the body of the\nspacecraft. The detector is a 215 cubic cm high purity n-type germanium crystal\nof dimensions: 6.7 cm (diameter) X 6.1 cm (length), radiatively colled to 85\ndegrees K. The germanium serves as a reaction medium for incoming gamma rays,\nwhich, depending on their energy, are either stopped by or passed through the\ndetector crystal. Particle energy and angle of incidence are calculated based\non a number of primary and secondary interaction processes, including\nphotoelectric, Compton, pair and bremsstrahlung radiation as well as the\nionization energy losses of secondary electrons. A two-stage cooler surrounds\nthe detector, providing a field of view of 170 degrees. Gamma-ray bursts and\nsolar flares are expected to be detected at a frequency of several per week,\nwith typical durations between 1 second and several minutes. Between bursts the\ninstrument is maintained in a waiting mode, measuring background counting rates\nand energy spectra. When a burst or flare occurs, the instrument switches to a\nburst mode, where each event in the detector is pulse-height analyzed and time\ntagged in a burst memory. Then the instrument switches to a dump mode for\nreading out the burst memory.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TGRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: TGRS\n Long_Name: Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15 KeV - 10 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1994-071A&ex=2\n Online_Resource: http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/wind/wind_inst.html#TGRS\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d431ff24-f2ab-4ee9-ac8e-2268cabea819", - "label": "HARD X-RAY MONITOR", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "A HARD X-RAY MONITOR is a piece of electronic equipment that is\nused to check the quality or content of electronic transmissions\nwith the use of x-rays; also a piece of electronic equipment\nthat keeps track of the operation of a system and continuously\nwarns of trouble or fault.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d712c5a9-f2fe-47ee-abe9-341ffae946fa", - "label": "EXIS-XRS-GOESR", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db6471b5-3c29-4a85-bded-cf6e0fbf808d", - "label": "BCS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) is designed to study plasma\nheating and dynamics during the impulsive phase of solar\nflares. It consists of two bent crystal spectrometers, BCS-A and\nBCS-B, that observe the H-like line complex of Fe XXVI, and\nHe-like complexes of Fe XXV, Ca XIX and S XV. Each spectrometer\nconsists of a double detector placed behind a pair of germanium\ncrystals that diffract the incoming X-rays into the\ndetectors. The two structures are mounted at the front of the\nYohkoh spacecraft, on either side of the central panel, with a\nthermal filter mounted in front of each spectrometer. The\ncrystal dispersion axes are oriented north-south.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/yohkoh/docs/yag/iguide/node3.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de763588-b7e8-42ce-a80b-2bc6a1a28091", - "label": "PXRI", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e364d42b-442d-4658-9528-a1f2ccd8b3e8", - "label": "CXRI", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4ef69d0-d32f-4b6f-ae6f-103863473000", - "label": "SSB/X", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1991-082A-06 ]\n\nThe primary function of this investigation is to detect nuclear debris from nuclear detonations. The advanced X-ray detector, SSB/X, consists of two nonscanning sensors, one of which looks to the left and the other to the right of the ground track. Each sensor is a set of CdTe detectors which sense X rays in the three energy bands, >60 keV, >150 keV, and >375 keV.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/X\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Long_Name: Advanced X-Ray Detector (SSB/X)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: >60 keV, >150 keV, and >375 keV. \n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1991-082A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e77b8f18-e7e2-4f9f-a771-f9e4dae5773a", - "label": "SXI", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "Source: NASA GOES Project, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/sxi.html ]\n\nThe Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI) is essentially a small telescope that is used to monitor solar conditions and activity. Every minute the SXI captures an image of the sun's atmosphere in X-rays, providing space weather forecasters with the necessary information in order to determine when to issue forecasts and alerts of conditions that may harm space and ground systems. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SXI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SXI\n Long_Name: SOLAR X-RAY IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-14\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 to 20 Å\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/sxi.html\n Online_Resource: http://sxi.ngdc.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/goes_o.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/images/sxi_small.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f54aafd2-925e-4653-b897-c6ae4e094c69", - "label": "XRPD", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "An x-ray powder diffractometer is primarily used for the\nidentification of phases in powder form. An x-ray beam of known\nwavelength is focused on a powdered sample and x-ray\ndiffraction peaks are measured using a germanium detector; the\nd-spacing of the observed diffraction peaks is calculated using\nBragg's Law [n*lamda = 2dsin(theta)]. The Scintag Pad V\nautomated powder diffractometer uses a Cu x-ray tube with\nvariable filters, a four-sample changer, and a low-noise, high\nefficiency, liquid-nitrogen cooled germanium detector. The\ngoniometer is automated and software packages are run from a PC\nrunning Windows NT 4. A number of Scintag software packages are\navailable for routine powder diffraction data acquisition,\nbackground correction and peak identification. Unknowns can be\nmatched to JCPDS cards in an on-line database. Other software\nis available for quantitative analysis of powder mixtures, unit\ncell refinement, Rietveld analysis, and GSAS structural\nanalysis. Samples sho uld be prepared as powders with a grain\nsize of 10 um (approximately), and typically about 100\nmilligrams of sample is required.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.gps.caltech.edu/facilities/analytical/xrd.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Caltech]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f79601b8-d9ae-4979-857f-77486f9bad85", - "label": "HXT", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Hard X-ray telescope is designed to image X-rays from <6\nto >40 keV with resolution better than 1' over a 8' field of\nview. X-rays are collected by graded multilayer reflective\noptics and imaged with a position sensitive X-ray detector. The\nmirrors have a 9 meter focal length.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heseweb.nrl.navy.mil/gamma/detector/hxt/hxt.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Naval Research Laboratory]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9523392-f71d-49c8-96d1-f420c4c8f26e", - "label": "SXT", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) emerged from a very\nperceptive and constructive collaborative agreement between\nJapan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and\nthe USA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to\ncooperate on an ISAS mission to study high-energy processes in\nthe sun's atmosphere. The SXT itself was conceived and built by\nthe National Observatory of Japan and the Lockheed Martin Solar\nand Astrophysics Laboratory. The scientific planning for SXT,\nand its operation, has involved scientific groups in Japan and\nthe USA. A very strong SXT team priority lay with the early\nimplementation of a comprehensive software system for data\nhandling and analysis. This subsequently evolved into the\nfamiliar and powerful SolarSoft system now in use by many solar\ngroups for a large variety of experiments.\n\nThe Yohkoh launch (August, 1991) gave us the first solar soft\nX-ray telescope equipped with a CCD camera: SXT. Although SXT's\nangular resolution is comparable to the Skylab telescopes, its\nperformance is quite uniform over the entire sun, it has much\nlower scattered light, much more telemetry, and most\nimportantly, the CCD itself. Such a detector is inherently\nlinear and stable, and (much to our pleasure) robust; it is\nstill going strong ten years later. Almost each day its images\nbring new thrills, especially since Yohkoh has survived into its\nsecond solar maximum. With time we've learned much better how to\nobserve flares and CMEs with a soft X-ray telescope.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://soi.stanford.edu/results/SolPhys200/Hudson/introduction.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Stanford University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb044f8d-e9c2-4bbe-b0bf-216d2a8b8058", - "label": "SSB/S", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-08 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the X-ray detector, SSB/S, was to detect nuclear debris from nuclear detonations. The instrument consisted of three sensors. Two of the sensors were arrays of four 1-cm-diameter CdTe detectors which sensed X rays in the four energy bands >45 keV, >75 keV, >115 keV, and >165 keV. The third sensor was a NaI detector which sensed scintillation. Rotating the sensor assembly caused all three sensors to scan across the ground track.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/S\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/S\n Long_Name: X-Ray Detector (SSB/S)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: >45 keV, >75 keV, >115 keV, and >165 keV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-113A\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eee5e87c-1e05-48c4-8091-c15e031f94b7", - "label": "XRS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The XRS is an X-ray telescope that measures solar X-ray flux in two bands of 0.05 - 0.3 nm and 0.1- 0.8 nm. The XRS assembly consists of a telescope collimator, sweeper magnet assembly, dual ion chamber and preamplifier subassemblies. Two ion chambers detect X-rays, one chamber for each spectral range. The detector output signals are processed by separate electronic channels that have a single range in each band, with the >5 decade dynamic range logarithmically compressed into a 15 bit data word. Data transmitted through the spacecraft PCM telemetry permit real time ground determination of the solar X-ray emission in the two spectral bands.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "label": "Radio Wave Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "097dc475-d0f6-464c-bc41-bb14bc9e826a", - "label": "WAVES", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "The Sun and the Earth emit radio waves that affect particles in the interplanetary plasma and carry some of the energy flowing there. The Radio and Plasma Wave experiment (WAVES) on WIND will measure the properties of these waves and other wave modes of the plasma over a wide frequency range. Analyses of these measurements, in coordination with the other onboard plasma, energetic particles, and field measurements, will further the understanding of solar wind and interplanetary plasma processes.\n\nThe sensor system of the WAVES experiment consists of three electric antenna systems (two coplanar, orthogonal wire antennas in the spin-plane and a rigid spin-axis dipole) and a triaxial magnetic search coil. The longer and shorter spin plane dipoles have lengths of 50 m and 7.5 m for each wire, respectively, while each spin-axis dipole extends 5.28 m from the top and bottom surfaces of the spacecraft. The triaxial magnetic search coil for measuring bi-frequency magnetic fields is mounted at the outboard end of a 12-m radial boom.\n\nThere are five main receiver systems: a bi-frequency (DC to 10 kHz) Fast Fourier Transform receiver, a broadband (4 kHz to 256 kHz) electron thermal noise receiver, two swept-frequency radio receivers (20 kHz to lMHz, and lMHz to 14 MHz), and a time domain waveform sampler (up to 120,000 samples per second). The DPU controls and acquires data from all operations of the experiment, and can be reprogrammed from the ground. The receiver systems and DPU are housed within the spacecraft body. WAVES has onboard interconnects with 3-D PLASMA and with SWE. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WAVES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Long_Name: Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4 kHz - 14 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Paris-Meudon Observatory\n Instrument_Owner: University of Minnesota\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "114fda2d-b98c-4ee7-920c-b72b33a27fd0", - "label": "VIRGO", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "The Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations (VIRGO) is an\ninternational collaboration of different European countries. This is a part of\nthe payload of the SOHO spacecraft. SOHO is an international collaboration\nprogramme between ESA and NASA.\n\nThe VIRGO experiment will provide the following observational and derived data:\n- continuous high-precision, high-stability and high-accuracy measurements\nof the solar total and spectral irradiance and spectral radiance variation;\n- continuous measurements of the solar polar and equatorial diameters;\n- frequencies, amplitudes and phases of oscillation modes in the frequency\nrange of 1 uHz to 8 mHz;\n\nThe total irradiance is measured with active cavity radiometers (PM06-V and the\nDual Irradiance Absolute Radiometer, DIARAD), the spectral irradiance by\nthree-channel Sunphotometers (SPM) and the radiance with 12 resolution elements\non the solar disk using the Luminosity Oscillations Imager (LOI).\n\nThese data will be utilized to achieve the main scientific objectives of VIRGO\nsummarized in the following list:\n- detect and classify low-degree g modes of solar oscillations;\n- determine the sound speed, density stratification and rotation in the\nsolar interior, specifically determine the physical and dynamical properties of\nthe solar core;\n- study the solar atmosphere through comparison of amplitudes and phases of\nthe p modes with these from GOLF (Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies) and\nSOI/MDI (Solar Oscillation Investigation/Michelson Doppler Imager);\n- search for the long periodicities or quasiperiodicities that have been\nfound in other solar parameters;\n- utilize the solar `noise' signal to develop models for the global\nsignature of stellar surface parameters;\n- determine properties of the solar asphericity and its variation in time;\n- study the relation between p-mode frequency changes and irradiance\nvariations;\n- study the influence of solar active regions and other large-scale\nstructures on total and spectral irradiance;\n- study the solar energy budget;\n- provide accurate total and spectral irradiance data for input in\nterrestrial climate modelling.\n\nObservations of the total solar irradiance will be a continuation of previous\nmeasurements from satellites, which have been performed by the radiometer HF of\nthe Earth Radiation Budget experiment (ERB) on the NIMBUS-7 satellite from\nNovember 1978 until January 1993 (Hoyt et al 1992), by ACRIM~I on the Solar\nMaximum Mission satellite (SMM) from February 14, 1980 until June 1, 1989 (e.g.\nWillson and Hudson 1991), by ACRIM~II on the Upper Atmospheric Research\nSatellite (UARS) since October 1991 (Willson 1992) and by SOVA (Solar\nVariability) on the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) from August 1992\nuntil May 1993 (Crommelynck et al 1993, Romero et al 1994). \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.ias.u-psud.fr/virgo/virgomain.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIRGO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: VIRGO\n Long_Name: Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 335 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 550 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 865 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/virgo/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-02-12\n Instrument_Owner: Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Framce\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35262ef6-69c8-4f7b-9191-808b8687a40d", - "label": "RADIO TELESCOPES", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "RADIO TELESCOPES provide a magnifier of images of distant\nobjects that uses radio signals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ae1e7e5-747f-4c06-a498-8a288a9ce026", - "label": "RPI", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) instrument on the IMAGE spacecraft is a low-power\nradar which operates in the radio frequency bands which contain the plasma\nresonance frequencies characteristic of the Earth's magnetophere (3 kHz to 3\nMHz). RPI can locate regions of various plasma densities by observing radar\nechos from the plasma that are reflected where the radio frequency is equal to\nthe plasma frequency. By stepping through various frequencies for the\ntransmitted signal, features of various plasma densities can be observed and,\nby fitting contours and/or magnetospheric models to the features, a 3-D\nspecification of the shape of the magnetosphere can be created.\n\nThe RPI instrument consists of an electronics enclosure, four 250 m wire\nantennae with deployers (including switches and couplers), and a z-axis boom\ncanister containing two 10 m lattice boom antennae and two preamplifiers. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/rpi/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "520ebc89-b977-4502-a2c8-e7ca07a55b19", - "label": "BROADBEAM RIOMETERS", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "Riometer is a radio receiver used for monitoring the intensity\nof cosmic radio noise. Riometer is, in principle, a sensitive,\ncalibrated radio receiver which measures the signal strength of\nthe weak radio signals received from the sky.\n\nThe riometer technique for examining electron density\nenhancements in the ionosphere is based on the absorption of\ncosmic radio noise, the broadband RF energy radiated by stellar\nsources in the galaxy.\n\nRiometer record the noise coming to earth from the sky by using\nnarrow beam antennas, with beamwidths of 10 to 20 degrees, are\nsensitive to smaller scale features of ionization, it rejects\nnoise coming in from sources on the ground and responds mostly\nto signals coming from outside the ionosphere. The data from\nseveral riometers operated at different frequencies, but\nexamining the same sky with broadbeam antennas, show effects\nwhich have been interpreted as being due to small scale spatial\nstructure in the electron precipitation region, which does not\ncompletely fill the antenna beam.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aac79253-3894-408b-a20b-51e7101c36e3", - "label": "RIOMETER", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "A riometer is a relative ionospheric opacity meter--a specially designed radio\nreceiver for the continuous monitoring of galactic or extragalactic radio\nnoise between 1 and 50 MHz. Riometers track high-latitude, enhanced,\natmospheric ionization events known as polar cap absorption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1168d43-61e3-4f14-abbd-dac7318a9324", - "label": "VLBI", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "The Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) program is located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The VLBI group supports the Coordinating Center for the IVS, develops and supports the Field System, performs research in geodesy to improve the VLBI technique, and analyzes VLBI data from numerous sources.\n\nAdditional information available athttps://vlbi.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "46bdd77f-96e9-4931-a1d5-cd8ef94a83b3", - "label": "Quasars", - "broader": "b1168d43-61e3-4f14-abbd-dac7318a9324", - "definition": "Quasars are very bright, distant, and active supermassive black holes that are millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. Typically located at the centers of galaxies, they feed on infalling matter and unleash fantastic torrents\nof radiation. Among the brightest objects in the universe, a quasar’s light outshines that of all the stars in its host galaxy combined, and its jets and winds shape the galaxy in which it resides.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4068086-4e8d-47af-8769-abea4bb1cb68", - "label": "SWAVES", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "SWAVES is an interplanetary radio burst tracker that traces the generation and evolution of traveling radio disturbances from the Sun to the orbit of Earth. Principal Investigator Dr. Jean Louis H. Bougeret, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatory of Paris, and Co-Investigator Dr. Robert J. Macdowall of Goddard, lead the investigation.\n\nSummary provided by http://swaves.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWAVES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: SWAVES\n Long_Name: STEREO WAVES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/instruments.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/swaves.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cee2f3d6-09c8-4528-82b2-12fea55c7d50", - "label": "IMAGING RIOMETERS", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "IMAGING RIOMETERS are relative ionospheric opacity meters; A\ndevice for measuring and creating a visual image of the\nelectromagnetic capacity of the ionosphere using the strength of\na cosmic radio source relative to that during minimums of\nionospheric disturbances.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8b6c727-ccd1-407d-9751-95b94136b510", - "label": "VLA", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "The Very Large Array (VLA) is operated by the National Radio Astronomy\nObservary (NRAO), and located in Socorro, New Mexico. The array was officially\ncompleted in October 1980, but observations started in 1976 -- although with\nonly a few antennas. The VLA archiving program will preserve all data taken\nafter mid-1976.\nThis radio telescope has three arms with 9 movable antenna's on each of the\nthree arms. Each antenna has a crossection of 25 m. The telescope is operated\nin four configurations with various lengths of the antenna arms. The maximum\nantenna seperations for the four VLA configurations are: A-36 km, B-11 km, C-3\nkm, D-1 km. Hybrid configurations with a long north arm are used to produce a\nround beam for southern sources (south of -15 degree decination).\nFor the following frequencies full capabilities exist 90, 20, 6, 3.6, 2, 1.3\ncm, and the VLA has partial capability at 400 cm. Observers should note that\nin the years of sunspot maximum, daytime observations at 327 MHz are unlikely\nto be successful in the smaller configurations because of solar interference,\nand in the larger configurations because of a disturbed ionosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f00b008b-005a-4d1f-891b-a71cb4f53729", - "label": "URAP", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", - "definition": "The scientific objectives of the Ulysses Unified Radio and Plasma wave (URAP)\nexperiment are twofold: l) the determination of the direction, angular size,\nand polarization of radio sources for remote sensing of the heliosphere and the\nJovian magnetosphere and 2) the detailed study of local wave phenomena, which\ndetermine the transport coefficients of the ambient plasma. The tracking of\nsolar radio bursts, for example, can provide three dimensional 'snapshots' of\nthe large scale magnetic field configuration along which the solar exciter\nparticles propagate. URAP observations of Jovian radio emissions should greatly\nimprove the determination of source locations and consequently our\nunderstanding of the generation mechanism(s) of planetary radio emissions. The\nstudy of observed wave-particle interactions will improve our understanding of\nthe processes that occur in the solar wind and at Jupiter and of radio wave\ngeneration. A brief discussion of the scientific goals of the experiment is\nfollowed by a comprehensive description of the instrument. The URAP sensors\nconsist of a 72.5 m electric field antenna in the spin plane, a 7.5-m electric\nfield monopole along the spin axis and a pair of orthogonal search coil\nmagnetic antennas. The various receivers, designed to encompass specific needs\nof the investigation, cover the frequency range from DC to l MHz. A relaxation\nsounder provides very accurate electron density measurements. Radio and plasma\nwave observations are shown to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of\nthe URAP instruments: radio observations include solar bursts, auroral\nkilometric radiation, and Jovian bursts; plasma waves include Langmuir waves,\nion acoustic-like noise and whistlers.\n\n(Abstract from: R.G. Stone et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 291-316,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://urap.gsfc.nasa.gov/www/home.html\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_urap.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: URAP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: URAP\n Long_Name: Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Experiment (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SND\n Short_Name: FES\n Short_Name: WFA\n Short_Name: PFR\n Short_Name: RAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.25 kHz - 1 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://urap.gsfc.nasa.gov/www/home.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/urap.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/sto_6.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 145 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", - "label": "Earth Remote Sensing Instruments", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", - "definition": "Instruments that are mounted on platforms such as helicopters, planes, and satellites that make it possible for the sensors to observe the surface of the Earth from above. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Short_Name: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "label": "Passive Remote Sensing", - "broader": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", - "definition": "Remote sensing that involves measuring the natural emission of radiation. An example is weather satellites. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Passive Remote Sensing\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments \n Short_Name: Passive Remote Sensing\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2aa41630-56f3-4be1-bb8f-bf99e5485dec", - "label": "Altimeters", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "eee4d2e4-f229-49af-a3cb-ebd540aa14d5", - "label": "Pressure Altimeters", - "broader": "2aa41630-56f3-4be1-bb8f-bf99e5485dec", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "499d9aed-4f71-4d5d-acbb-eb434f6e413b", - "label": "PRS Altimeter", - "broader": "eee4d2e4-f229-49af-a3cb-ebd540aa14d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "label": "Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "label": "Spectrometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0182b483-26de-4ba5-b0dd-2d44a5daeab2", - "label": "RSMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "During a month in the summer of 1999, individual aerosol\nparticles were sized and analyzed using a Rapid Single-particle\nMass Spectrometer (RSMS) in Atlanta. RSMS aerodynamically\nfocuses one particle size at a time to the source region of a\nmass spectrometer and employs a 193 nm excimer laser to desorb\nand ionize the particle components.The ions are analyzed in a\nsingle time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the spectrum is\ndigitally recorded. Spectra are only saved if the ion peak in\nthe spectrum is above a threshold level. Background spectra\nwere determined and flagged. Particle size scans were initiated\nperiodically and each size was sampled until 30 particle hits\nwere obtained, unless the sampling time became\nexcessive. Aerodynamic particle sizes ranged from about 40 to\n1300 nm and were partitioned into nine discrete size classes\nlogarithmically spaced, roughly, over the range. Single\nparticle data are valuable because for instance a) they are\ncollected and analyzed real ti me so have excellent temporal\nresolution, b) the particle-to-particle composition variations\n(external mixing properties) can be assessed, and c) key\nparticle sources are easily identified since the particles\nretain source characteristics. The data resulting from these\nmeasurements consist of an aerodynamic particle size and a\npositive mass spectrum of the components for each particle,\nalong with the date and time of measurement and other\nincidental measurement parameters such as the laser pulse\nenergy. Support for RSMS measurements has been provided by the\nEPA Supersite program and additional funding from the EPA and\nNSF.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0252ac58-9091-4879-85e0-dc765d636e62", - "label": "OSS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The objective of the Open-Source Netrual Mass Spectrometer was\nto contribute to a study of the chemical, dynamic, and energetic\nprocesses that control the structure of the thermosphere by\nproviding direct in situ measurements of both major and minor\nneutral atmospheric constituents having masses in the range from\n1 to 48 atomic mass units (u). A double-focusing,\nMattauch-Herzog magnetic deflection mass spectrometer with an\nimpact ion source was flown. Two ion collectors were included\nto measure ions differing in mass by a factor of 8; i.e., the\ntwo mass ranges covered were 1 to 6 and 6 to 48 u. In the ion\nsource the neutral species were ionized by means of electron\nimpact. The electron energies were selectable; 75 eV for the\nhigh-eV mode and 25 eV for the low-eV mode. At altitudes greater\nthan 380 km, ion currents were measured with an electron\nmultiplier. Counts were accumulated for 1/20 s before\nautomatically switching to a different mass number. While\ncomplete mass spectra could be swept, in the common mode of\noperation peak stepping was employed; readings on principal\npeaks in the mass spectrum were repeated approximately every 0.5\ns and on other species less frequently. Data below 380 km were\nmeasured using an electrometer. In addition to the peak\nstepping mode, there were several other operating modes which\nwere selected by ground command. In the fly-through mode,\nambient particles striking the ion source retained energies less\nthan 0.1 eV, which was not high enough to overcome the negative\nspace charge potential holding the ions in the beam. Those\nambient particles that did not strike the ion source retained\ntheir incoming energy of several eV after ionization and escaped\ninto the acceleration region of the analyzer.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ea7e68a-6e72-4fca-88b0-1cacbd6182d4", - "label": "VEGETATION-1", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "[Text Source: Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing & Processing (CRISP), http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm ]\n\nThe SPOT 4 satellite carries on-board a low-resolution wide-coverage instrument for monitoring the continental biosphere and to monitor crops. The VEGETATION instrument provides global coverage on an almost daily basis at a resolution of 1 kilometer with a swath of 2250 km, enabling the observation of long-term environmental changes on a regional and worldwide scale.\n\nThe VEGETATION program is being co-funded by the European Union, Belgium, France, Italy and Sweden and led by French space agency CNES. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VEGETATION-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-1\n Long_Name: VEGETATION INSTRUMENT (SPOT 4)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm to 0.47 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm to 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.78 μm to 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.58 μm to 1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+4&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/sat/Instruments_and_missions/HRVIR.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.vgt.vito.be/\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n Instrument_Owner: European Union\n Instrument_Owner: Belgium\n Instrument_Owner: Italy\n Instrument_Owner: Sweden\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1536cab4-190b-4a58-8185-b183b124e76c", - "label": "FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A Fourier transform spectrometer (abbreviated FTS) is a\nMichelson interferometer with a movable mirror. By scanning the\nmovable mirror over some distance, an interference pattern is\nproduced that encodes the spectrum of the source (in fact, it\nturns out to be its Fourier transform ). Fourier transform\nspectrometers have a multiplex advantage over dispersive\nspectral detection techniques for signal, but a multiplex\ndisadvantage for noise.\n\nIn its simplest form, a Fourier transform spectrometer consists\nof two mirrors located at a right angle to each other and\noriented perpendicularly, with a beamsplitter placed at the\nvertex of the right angle and oriented at a 45? angle relative\nto the two mirrors. Radiation incident on the beamsplitter from\none of the two 'ports' is then divided into two parts, each of\nwhich propagates down one of the two arms and is reflected off\none of the mirrors. The two beams are then recombined and\ntransmitted out the other port. When the position of one mirror\nis continuously varied along the axis of the corresponding arm,\nan interference pattern is swept out as the two phase-shifted\nbeams interfere with each other.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/FourierTransformSpectrometer.\nhtml'\n\n[Summary provided by Science World]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a9cdda7-cf98-43c9-a877-b65f0ce86ba8", - "label": "OCO SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The OCO spectrometers measure sunlight reflected off the Earth's surface. The rays of sunlight that enter the spectrometers pass through the atmosphere twice, once as they travel from the Sun to the Earth, and then again as they travel from the Earth's surface to the OCO instrument. Carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen molecules in the atmosphere absorb light energy at very specific colors or wavelengths. Grating Spectrum Thus, the light that reaches the OCO instrument will display diminished amounts of energy at those characteristic wavelengths. The OCO instrument employs a diffraction grating to separate the inbound light energy into a spectrum of multiple component colors. The reflection gratings used in the OCO spectrometers consist of a very regularly spaced series of grooves that lie on a very flat surface. The back of a compact disc is an everyday example of a diffraction grating.\n\nThe characteristic spectral pattern for CO2 can alternate from transparent to opaque over very small variations in wavelength. The OCO instrument must be able to detect these dramatic changes, and specify the wavelengths where these variations take place. Thus, the grooves in the instrument diffraction grating are very finely tuned to spread the light spectrum into a large number of very narrow wavelength bands or colors. Indeed, the OCO instrument design incorporates 17,500 different colors to cover the entire wavelength range that can be seen by the human eye. A digital camera covers the same wavelength range using just three colors.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n Long_Name: Orbiting Carbon Observatory Spectrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OCO-2\n Short_Name: OCO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76, 1.58, 2.06 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/observatory/instrument/\n Creation_Date: 2008-12-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b947dd3-35e8-46a7-9dda-78789e06d767", - "label": "TIMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) sensor is a\nline scanning device originally designed for geologic\napplications. Flown aboard NASA C-130B, NASA ER-2, and NASA\nLearjet aircraft, the TIMS sensor has a nominal Instantaneous\nField of View of 2.5 milliradians with a ground resolution of 25\nfeet (7.6 meters) at 10,000 feet. The sensor has a selectable\nscan rate (7.3, 8.7, 12, or 25 scans per second) with 698 pixels\nper scan line. Swath width is 2.6 nautical miles (4.8\nkilometers) at 10,000 feet while the scanner's Field of View is\n76.56 degrees\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bd248bb-0029-4bb3-ab6f-dafbcafa192b", - "label": "CAPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Cloud, Aerosol, Precipitation, Spectrometer (CAPS) measures the size and concentration of aerosol and cloud particles over a size range from 0.0003 mm to 1.6 mm. This aircraft-mounted sensor also measures the liquid water content of cloud droplets, the air temperature and pressure, and the airspeed. CAPS was developed specifically for oper tion on the Navy?s Pelican and Twin Otter aircrafts that have limited space and weight carrying capacity, but needed to measure the extended range of particles that the CAPS provides. The CAPS replaces a suite of five instruments that was previously needed to cover this environmentally important range of sizes. \n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://www.dropletmeasurement.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=28\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CAPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CAPS\n Long_Name: Cloud, Aerosol, Precipitation Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DHC-6\n Short_Name: DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.dropletmeasurement.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=28\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c527672-f2ad-4b8a-aa83-25d5abf916f4", - "label": "TEAMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Time-of-flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrograph (TEAMS) instrument on the\nFast Auroral SnapshoT Explorer (FAST) is a high sensitivity, mass-resolving ion\nspectrometer with an instantaneous 360 x 8 deg field of view. It is designed to\nmeasure the full 3-dimensional distribution function of the major ion species\n(including H+, He+, He++, O+, O2+ and NO+) during each half-spin period (2.5 s)\nof the spacecraft. Its energy range is between 1.2 and 12000 eV/charge and thus\ncovers the core of all important plasma distributions in the auroral\nacceleration region. The detector consists of a 'top hat' toroidal\nelectrostatic analyzer followed by a time-of-flight analysis system and\nresolves 16 x 22.5 deg azimuthal angle bins.' \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/scienceprod/papers/klumpar/Klumpar.pdf\nand\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/inst.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TEAMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TEAMS\n Long_Name: Time of Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FAST\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1996-049A&ex=2\n Online_Resource: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/scienceprod/papers/klumpar/Klumpar.pdf\n Sample_Image: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/graphics/teams.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-08-21\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Berkeley\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21af6b5d-4da2-495f-885b-b7a7efa170e0", - "label": "SPECTROGRAPHS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "Spectrographs are spectroscopes with a photographic or other\nrecording device to capture an image of the entire spectrum, or\nportions thereof, at one instant in time.\n\n[Source: Glossary of Meteorology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "246e1807-5a25-4fee-8f2a-4f902c94146e", - "label": "TANSO-FTS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "GOSAT TANSO-FTS Level 1B (GOSAT.TANSO-FTS.Level 1B)\n \nGOSAT data processing system uses TANSO-FTS Level 0 data and then applies geometric and radiometric correction.\n\nIn TANSO-FTS nominal observation mode (Observation Mode I), equivalent distanced mesh points are observed systematically. TANSO-FTS scans Earth surface for cross track direction and observe 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 locations per one cross-track scan. For 1 or 3 points scan mode, the same position is observed three times.\n\nFor different TANSO-FTS scan pattern, exposure duration and turn-around time differ, and so product volume also differs. For Observation Mode II, AT/CT pointing direction will be fixed.\n5 observation modes are available: day observation mode 1, night observation mode 1, day observation mode 2, target mode (day), target mode (night). \n\nSummary provided by http://envisat.esa.int/earth/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=6885\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TANSO-FTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TANSO-FTS\n Long_Name: Thermal And Near Infrared Sensor For Carbon Observation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/earth/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=6885\n Sample_Image: http://earth.esa.int/earthnetmedia/images/tm_gosat.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-24\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24b5c870-6a34-4473-b992-7b045a6839fa", - "label": "USB4000 Hemi", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a1ec50d-e931-49d3-b45d-fc5108c4f92b", - "label": "DOAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS)\ninstrument consists of grating spectrometers covering the\nvisible and near ultraviolet spectral region. Zenith-scattered\nsunlight is collected by simple one-lens telescopes and fed via\noptical fiber bundles into the spectrometers, where atmospheric\nabsorption spectra are obtained. The instrument runs\nautomatically.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://snake.irf.se/optlab/hut2/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d17f6d1-6a60-48e7-aa37-d3942286e6a1", - "label": "UV OZONE DETECTORS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A UV OZONE DETECTOR is an electrical piece of equipment that\nreceives a signal or stimulus such as heat, pressure, light, or\nmotion and responds to it by extracting modulation from a radio\ncarrier wave; This detects the heat from the UV rays and\nresponds to its presence of radioactivity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dc89734-7e34-4bf8-83c8-0e3d75f850e8", - "label": "DMT UHSAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ef354d6-de14-42f5-99ec-73fbc9dac4de", - "label": "N-MASS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "N-MASS (Nucleation-Mode Aerosol Size Spectrometer) measures the\nconcentration of particles as a function of diameter from\napproximately 4 to 60 nm. A sample flow is continuously\nextracted from the free stream using a decelerating inlet and is\ntransported to the N-MASS. Within the instrument, the sample\nflow is carried to 5 parallel condensation nucleus counters\n(CNCs). Each CNC is tuned to measure the cumulative\nconcentration of particles larger than certain diameter. The\nminimum detectable diameters for the 5 CNCs are 4.0, 7.5, 15, 30\nand 55 nm, respectively. An inversion algorithm is applied to\nrecover a continuous size distribution in the 4 to 60 nm\ndiameter range.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.engr.du.edu/aerosol/nmass.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3074a6af-8f37-40b8-9538-7a0d892d8763", - "label": "GOMOS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) experiment is\nan Announcement of Opportunity (AO) European Space Agency (ESA) instrument\non the ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). The GOMOS instrument\nwill monitor the global ozone in the 250-950 nm window by comparing\nmeasurements with the spectrum of stars outside and through the\natmosphere. The GOMOS instrument also will measure H2O, NO2, ClO, NO3,\nBrO, OClO, temperature, and aerosols. The GOMOS instrument consists of two\nbore-sighted telescopes, each with its own spectrometer. The GOMOS optical\nsystem consists of a Cassegrain telescope which simultaneously filtered\nradiation through a 0.6 nm resolution U-Vis spectrometer for measurements\nin the Huggins and Chappuis bands (0.25-0.45 micrometer and 0.425-0.65\nmicrometer) and through a near-IR high-resolution 0.07 nm spectrometer for\noxygen (O2) and water vapor (H2O) measurements in the 0.758-0.772\nmicrometer and 0.926-0.943 micrometer range. A CCD-based star tracker,\nwhich operates in either dark limb or bright limb mode, shares the same\nfocal plane and provides pointing and tracking accuracy required to\nmaintain the star image at the center of the spectrometers entrance slits.\nStellar occulatations give a vertical resolution of 1.7 km. There were\nabout 25 occultations per orbit or about 350 observations during a single\n24 hour period. Two blocks of CCD lines, above and below the stellar\nspectrum, allows measurement of the atmospheric background which is\nsubtracted out of the stellar spectrum. The GOMOS instrument measures\natmospheric transmission in the stratosphere from 15-20 km altitude up to\n60 km from the UV (250 nm) to near-IR (950 nm) with a spatial resolution\nof 0.6 nm. Transmission is measured along the tangential line-of-sight\nfrom the spacecraft to stars. The stellar spectrum is measured outside the\natmosphere and compared with the spectrum measured through the atmosphere.\nThe full UV-vis-Near-IR spectrum is recorded continuously in multispecral\nmode. Atmospheric chemical species, such as ozone, are characterized by\nthe attenuation of the stellar spectrum and tangential column densities\nare derived from a comparison of unattenuated stellar spectra with the\nsame instrument a few seconds before. Absolute concentrations of\natmospherc species are insulated from instrumental drifts using this\nfull-spectrum method and ensures long-term stability of the ozone\ndistribution.\n\nFor more information see:\nGOMOS Home Page:\n'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/info/AUC/GOMOS/'\n\nGOMOS Home Page at Finnish Meteorological Instituteinish:\n'http://sumppu.fmi.fi/~kyrola/gomos.html'\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, see:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30926fb0-7796-4ac1-9d8e-7cd1e4a4b7d1", - "label": "AERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "339fea8e-c365-4296-82e6-75759e3fc410", - "label": "SIRS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Satellite Infrared Spectrometer (SIRS) is a grating\nspectrometer, first carried on Nimbus 3, to obtain temperature\nsoundings of the atmosphere. It had eight detectors,\nFastie-Ebert optics, and a 12-degree field of view.\n\n[Summary provided by Euromet]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "399fa153-9fe9-4774-8764-bd98810f2cd9", - "label": "EB SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The EB SPECTROMETER ? Ebert-Fastie Spectrometer was designed to\nmake measurements of UV spectrum of the earth in the wavelength\nrange from 1100 to 3400 A, with a 20-A resolution.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b47c92b-f424-486b-9c3a-24fa004c0b90", - "label": "MMRS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The MMRS, Multispectral Medium Resolution Scanner is a five\nchannel camera with detection capability in VIS, NIR and SWIR\nranges. On-ground pixel size is 175 m and spectral bands were\nselected to fit land and coastal study requirements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.invap.net/space/mmrs/intro-e.html'\n\n[Summary provided by INVAP]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4456d205-404e-48c0-8fe8-5e3eaf5ecfea", - "label": "CLAES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Space Shuttle Discovery carrying UARS was launched on September 12, 1991 from Kennedy Space Flight Center. UARS was released to orbit on September 15, 1991, and the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) began scientific observations of the earth's upper atmosphere October 1, 1991. \n\nThe CLAES experiment measures temperature profiles, and concentrations of ozone, methane, water vapor, nitrogen oxides, and other important species, including CFCs, in the stratosphere. CLAES also maps the horizontal and vertical distributions of aerosols in the stratosphere. These measurements are analyzed to better understand the photochemical, radiative, and dynamical processes taking place in the ozone layer. \n\nCLAES measures ozone (O3) and the following stratospheric gases: 1) Source Species * Nitrous oxide (N2O)-produced in soils and oceans * Fluorocarbon-11 (CFCl3)-refrigerants, foaming agents * Fluorocarbon-12 (CF2Cl2)-refrigerants, foaming agents * Methane (CH4)-biogenic processes * Water vapor (H2O) 2) Ozone-Destructive Species * Nitric oxide (NO) * Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 3) Reservoir and Sink Species * Nitric acid (HNO3) * Chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) * Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) * Hydrogen cloride (HCl) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions are measured and used to deduce temperature and pressure. Aerosol absorption coefficients are also derived. \n\nCLAES Science Objectives ------------------------ \n\nCLAES produced a 19-month global database showing the vertical distributions of important ozone-layer gases in the stratosphere and their variation with time of day, season, latitude, and longitude. With the other UARS instruments, these data are contributing to a better understanding of the processes that control ozone depletion in the middle and northern latitudes, including volcanic effects, as well as the seasonal development and breakup of the Antarctic ozone hole. \n IDN_Node: USA/NASA \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CLAES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CLAES\n Long_Name: Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CLAES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm to 12.9 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/claes\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1300 measurement sets per day\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-10-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1993-05-05\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5057855a-7e45-47d8-ae4b-92b9c63a3deb", - "label": "SOFIE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "SOFIE is one of three instruments onboard the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite. The objective of AIM is to study polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) and the environment in which they form.\n\nSOFIE uses the technique of solar occultation to measure solar energy passing through the limb of the earth's atmosphere as the sun rises or sets relative to the spacecraft. These measurements are accomplished using differential absorption radiometry with eight band pairs covering wavelengths from 0.29 to 5.26 microns. Six SOFIE channels are designed to measure gaseous signals, and two are dedicated to PMC measurements. Measurements in two carbon dioxide bands will be used to simultaneously retrieve profiles of temperature and carbon dioxide mixing ratio. Each SOFIE channel uses two detectors, one that samples a spectral region where the target gas is strongly absorbing, and one that samples a weakly absorbing region. Measuring the difference of these signals allows precise isolation of the target gas signal and reduces common-mode noise. The measurements allow PMC extinction retrievals using the gas channel weak bands, so that PMCs will be measured at a total of 11 wavelengths. \n\n[Text Source: GATS Inc. SOFIE Instrument Home Page, http://gwest.gats-inc.com/sofie/SOFIE_Home_Page.html]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SOFIE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SOFIE\n Long_Name: Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.292 to 5.316 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://gwest.gats-inc.com/sofie/SOFIE_Home_Page.html\n Online_Resource: http://sofie.gats-inc.com/sofie/index.php\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/sofie.html\n Sample_Image: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/graphics/gallery/lg/instruments/sofie/sofie_sat.png\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51233a6a-ba89-4a05-8692-0934edbadcba", - "label": "COSPEC", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5207aaad-b875-40ed-b2cc-69c1b112fe37", - "label": "TES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) was flown on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft launched in July 2004. The primary goal of the TES is the global mapping of tropospheric ozone and its photochemical precursors. The TES is a high spectral resolution infrared imaging Fourier transform spectrometer with spectral coverage from 2.3 to 16.7 micrometers with four single-line arrays optimized for different spectral regions. TES has the\ncapability to make both limb and down-looking observations. In the limb mode, tropospheric profiles of chemical species are made with a height resolution of 2.3 km from 0 to 30 km. In the down-looking mode, TES provides tropospheric profiles with a spatial resolution of 50 x 5 km (global) and 5 x 0.5 km (local), and a swath of 50 x 180 km (global) and 5 x 18 km (local). Both modes sensing thermal emission from the atmosphere and surface will be used to generate 3-dimensional profiles on a global scale for retrievals of O3, CO, CH4, H2O, and NOy from the surface to the lower stratosphere. See Beer, R. and\nT.A.Glavich,'Remote sensing of the troposphere by infrared emission\nspectroscopy', in Advanced Optical Instrumentation for Remote Sensing of Earth's Surface from Space, vol. 1129, pp 42-51,SPIE,1989.\n\nThe TES Principal Investigator is Reinhard Beer.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TES\n Long_Name: Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 650 to 2250 cm-1\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.1 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/tes.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.5 MBPS\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53917e58-9617-44b8-9e93-07d9672b5cac", - "label": "NOAA-O3", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ab06add-f445-4dce-b20f-da107bb8ff45", - "label": "USB4000 Tele", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5eaf2209-904b-49c8-b99f-1e8550cf95d0", - "label": "GOME-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "[Text Source: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMTTEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html ]\n\nThe Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) is one of the new-generation European instruments carried on MetOp and will continue the long-term monitoring of atmospheric ozone started by GOME on ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY on Envisat. The more advanced GOME-2 is set to make a significant contribution towards climate and atmospheric research, whilst providing near real-time data for use in air quality forecasting. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOME-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: GOME-2\n Long_Name: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 - 315 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.24 - 0.29 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 311 - 403 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.26 - 0.28 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 401 - 600 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.44 - 0.53 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 590 - 790 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.44 - 0.53 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMTTEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.sron.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=147&Itemid=312\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/HOME/Main/What_We_Do/Satellites/EUMETSAT_Polar_System/Space_Segment/SP_1139327173571\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 400 kbit/s (GOME-1: 40 kbit/s)\n Instrument_Owner: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ece73d7-9b45-4df4-a149-b637ea3ca577", - "label": "AURORAL SPECTROGRAPH", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f247d6b-9402-47e5-8ee7-33920a7752ae", - "label": "FCAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Focused Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer (FCAS) counts and sizes\naerosol particles by measuring the amount of light scattered as\nthey pass through a laser beam. The instrument consists of a\nsampling inlet, a Particle Measuring model Focused Cavity\nAerosol Spectrometer, and a data acquisition and recording\nsystem.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Research/AirSci/ER-2/pi_inst.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f9b8637-15f5-4072-8194-0a8b3b34cd1d", - "label": "PES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Photoelectron Spectrometer experiment was designed to\nprovide information on the intensity, angular distribution,\nenergy spectrum, and net flow along field lines, of electrons in\nthe thermosphere with energies between 1 and 500 eV. The\ninstrument consisted of two identical oppositely directed\nhemispherical electrostatic analyzers, and contained 30\noperating modes. Each spectrometer had a relative energy\nresolution of plus or minus 2.5% and a geometric factor on the\norder of 0.001 sq cm-sr, independent of electron energy. Three\nseparate energy ranges could be measured: 0 to 25, 0 to 100, and\n0 to 500 eV. Measurements from these intervals could be\nsequenced in five different ways. Data could be taken from\neither sensor separately, or alternately with time resolution\nvarying from 0.25 to 8 s. There were two deflection voltage\nscan rates determined by the spacecraft clock. This voltage was\nchanged in 64 steps, and was done at 4 or 16 steps per telemetry\nframe. With 16 frames/s, this allowed a choice of either one\n64-point spectrum, or four 16-point spectra in one second. The\nlongest (8 s) cycle of data involved observations using\nincreasing voltage steps for the lowest, middle, lowest, then\nhighest energy ranges (in that order) for 1 s each. A repeat\nfor decreasing voltage steps completed the cycle.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "605a23e9-6d45-48dd-815f-4359f7b81627", - "label": "TOMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The TOMS instrument is a second-generation backscatter ultraviolet ozone sounder. TOMS can measure 'total column ozone'--the total amount of ozone in a 'column' of air from the Earth's surface to the top of the atmosphere--under all daytime observing and geophysical conditions. TOMS observations cover the near ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, where sunlight is absorbed only partially by ozone.\n\nTOMS/EP measures total ozone by observing both incoming solar energy and backscattered ultraviolet (UV) radiation at six wavelengths. 'Backscattered' radiation is solar radiation that has penetrated to the Earth's lower atmosphere and is then scattered by air molecules and clouds back through the stratosphere to the satellite sensors. Along that path, a fraction of the UV is absorbed by ozone. By comparing the amount of backscattered radiation to observations of incoming solar energy at identical wavelengths, scientists can calculate the Earth's albedo, the ratio of light reflected by Earth compared to that it receives. Changes in albedo at the selected wavelengths can be used to derive the amount of ozone above the surface.\n\nThe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data represent the primary long-term, continuous record of satellite-based observations available for use in monitoring global and regional trends in total ozone over the past 25 years. TOMS also provides measurements of tropospheric aerosols, volcanic SO2, ultraviolet irradiance, erythemal UV exposure, and effective reflectivity from the Earth's surface and clouds. The data are produced by the Laboratory for Atmospheres at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nFour TOMS instruments have been successfully flown in orbit – aboard the Nimbus-7 (Nov. 1978 - May 1993), Meteor-3 (Aug. 1991 - Dec. 1994), Earth Probe (July 1996 - current), and ADEOS (Sep. 1996 - June 1997) satellites. Version 8 TOMS data products are available from the Goddard Earth Sciences Distributed Information and Services Center (GES DISC). These include level 3 gridded data (1.0° x 1.25°) as well as level 2 instrument resolution data (between 50x50 km and 26x26 km pixel at nadir). At this time, the data are from the Nimbus-7 and Earth Probe TOMS instruments.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TOMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Long_Name: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EP-TOMS\n Short_Name: METEOR-3\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/acdisc/TOMS\n Online_Resource: https://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/missions/toms/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62bffa21-68c7-44e6-bfaf-71412901af4d", - "label": "UV SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6312933a-1109-44a7-80c4-67d55cbbc722", - "label": "HUPCRS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6408232b-6537-449c-9ec3-999129deb2f9", - "label": "WATS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Wind and Temperature (WATS) experiment on the Dynamics\nExplorer-2 (DE-2) spacecraft consists of a closed source neutral\nmass spectrometer with two rectangular baffles, which are swept\nacross the incoming neutral beam. The modulation of the neutral\nflux by the baffles allows measurement of the temperature and\ngas velocity. The mass was commendable and was usually selected\nto be N2 or O.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67ea269c-cccd-405a-8911-177b947ec93d", - "label": "FCAS II", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Focused Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer II (FCAS II) sizes\nparticles in the approximate diameter range from 0.09 to 2\nmicrons. Particles are drawn from the free stream with a\nnear-isokinetic inlet and transported to the instrument. They\nthen pass through a laser beam, and the light scattered by\nindividual particles is measured (Fig. 1). Particle size is\nrelated to the intensity of the scattered light. The data\nreduction for the FCAS II takes into account the water that is\nevaporated from the particle during sampling and the effects of\nanisokinetic sampling.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solveII/instrument_files/fcasII.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6980f340-0c50-4d14-8d4e-7b0359e0aad6", - "label": "AES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Emission Spectrometer (AES) is an airborne FTS\noperated by JPL.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a1e1356-a04f-47d2-a1b7-34475c7a5f9a", - "label": "OMI", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a contribution of the\nNetherlands's Agency for Aerospace Programs (NIVR) in\ncollaboration with the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)\nto the EOS Aura mission. It will continue the TOMS record for\ntotal ozone and other atmospheric parameters related to ozone\nchemistry and climate. OMI measurements will be highly\nsynergistic with the other instruments on the EOS Aura\nplatform. The OMI instrument employs hyper spectral imaging in\na push-broom mode to observe solar backscatter radiation in\nthe visible and ultraviolet. The Earth will be viewed in 740\nwavelength bands along the satellite track with a swath large\nenough to provide global coverage in 14 orbits (1 day). The\nnominal 13 x 24 km spatial resolution can be zoomed to 13 x 13\nkm for detecting and tracking urban-scale pollution\nsources. The hyper spectral capabilities will improve the\naccuracy and precision of the total ozone amounts. The hyper\nspectral capabilities will also allow for accurate radiometric\nand wavelength self calibration over the long term. The\nexpanded wavelength characteristics will provide the following\nfeatures.\n\nContinue global total ozone trends from satellite measurements\nbeginning in 1970 with BUV on Nimbus-4.\n\nMap ozone profiles at 36 x 48 km, a spatial resolution never\nachieved before.\n\nMeasure key air quality components such as NO2, SO2, BrO,\nOClO, and aerosol characteristics.\n\nDistinguish between aerosol types, such as smoke, dust, and\nsulfates. Measure cloud pressure and coverage, which provide\ndata to derive tropospheric ozone.\n\nMap global distribution and trends in UV-B radiation.\n\nA combination of algorithms including TOMS version 7,\nDifferential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Hyper\nspectral BUV Retrievals and forward modeling will be used\ntogether to extract the various OMI data products.\n\nNear Real Time (NRT) production of ozone and other trace gases.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/omi.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: OMI\n Long_Name: Ozone Measuring Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: TELESCOPES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 350 - 500 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0 - 0.45 nm FWHM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: UV-1, 270 to 314 nm, UV-2 306 to 380 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0 - 0.45 nm FWHM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/omi.html\n Online_Resource: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?keywords=aura&page=1&source=Aura%20OMI\n Online_Resource: http://projects.knmi.nl/omi/research/science/index.php\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.8 Mbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6af7a52e-094d-4ba7-9174-ed967260939c", - "label": "OMPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The advanced Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) tracks the health of the ozone layer and measures the concentration of \nozone in the Earth's atmosphere.\n\nOMPS consists of three spectrometers: a downward-looking nadir mapper, nadir profiler and limb profiler. The entire OMPS \nsuite, OMPS-Nadir (OMPS-N) and OMPS-Limb (OMPS-L), currently fly on board the Suomi NPP spacecraft and are scheduled to fly \non the JPSS-2 satellite mission.\n\nOMPS-N will fly on the JPSS-1 satellite mission and will be used to generate total column ozone measurements.\n\nMass: 68 kilograms\nAverage Power: 108 Watts\nVendor: Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp. (BATC), Boulder, CO\nOMS Sensor Leads: Scott Janz (Goddard Space Flight Center), Glen Jaross (SSAI)\nPurpose: To measure the global distribution of O3 (Ozone) in the stratosphere\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/omps.html\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OMPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: OMPS\n Long_Name: Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 300 nm - 380 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 250 nm - 310 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.19 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/omps.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73242f79-660e-4202-98b9-80111fe44e22", - "label": "DFGAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74164619-dfe3-4235-ab39-43bf33fb4bb9", - "label": "UVNO", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "782ba9cb-0707-4680-a446-9b7f0ff6477d", - "label": "SCIAMACHY", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY\n(SCIAMACHY) is an Announcement of Opportunity (AO) European Space Agency\n(ESA) instrument on the ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002).\nSCIAMACHY is a joint project of Germany and The Netherlands for global\natmospheric measurements. SCIAMACHY comprises a moderately high\nresolution (0.2-0.4 nm) spectrometer to observe transmitted, reflected and\nscattered light from the atmosphere in the UV, visible and near infrared\nwavelength regions over the range 240-1700 nm, and in 2 selected regions\nbetween 2.0 and 2.4 micron. The goal is to allow small optical absorptions\n(as small as 2E-4 in some regions of the spectrum) to be detected.\n\nSCIAMACHY is designed to measure both tropospheric and stratospheric\nabundances of a number of atmospheric constituents, which take part in\nOzone break-off or in the greenhouse effect. Targeted species are:\n\n-in the troposphere - Ozone,O4, N2O, NO2, HH4, CO, CO2,\nH2O and aerosols and, in polluted conditions, SO2\n\n-in the stratosphere - Ozone, NO, NO2, NO3, CH4, CO2,\nH2O, ClO, OClO, BrO, aerosols, stratospheric clouds, and possibly,\nHCHO and CO.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www.sciamachy.de/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCIAMACHY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SCIAMACHY\n Long_Name: Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 nm - 2380 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 nm - 2380 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 nm - 2380 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sciamachy.de/\n Sample_Image: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/tour-index/hardware_img/x_Fmint01.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78b5d442-f4e5-4e41-8eb2-809c87ec44ac", - "label": "PES (SSJ/3)", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center,http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-03 ]\n\nThe spectrometer consisted of two different-sized cylindrical electrostatic analyzers (ESA) using channeltron electron multipliers. The ESA's pointed toward the zenith in order to measure precipitating electrons. The large ESA had a field of view (FOV) of 1.6 by 8.0 deg with a delta E/E of 0.04, while the small one had a FOV of 3.7 by 4.8 deg with a delta E/E of 0.072. The large ESA covered the range from 1 to 20 keV and the other one from 50 to 1000 eV. A complete eight-point spectrum from each unit was obtained in 1 s.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PES (SSJ/3)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Long_Name: Precipitating Electron Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F3\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79db06d1-7b80-4f8d-8466-ac7cbed4926a", - "label": "ACE-FTS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)\n\n Background\n\n The Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) is the primary\n instrument selected for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment\n (ACE) mission onboard the SCISAT satellite. A second instrument,\n Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and\n Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (MAESTRO), is also onboard\n SCISAT.\n\n The ACE-FTS was built in co-operation with the Canadian Space\n Agency by ABB Bomem of Qu?bec City. Funding for the ACE mission,\n including both Canadian instruments, was provided by the\n Canadian Space Agency?s Space Science Program.\n\n How ACE-FTS functions\n\n The ACE-FTS instrument is designed to simultaneously measure the\n temperature, trace gases, thin clouds, and aerosols found in the\n atmosphere using a solar occultation technique. For this\n technique to work, the orbiting satellite must first point to\n the Earth's horizon during sunrise or sunset. As the sun 'moves'\n through the thin band of atmosphere at the horizon, its rays are\n partly absorbed by the various gases in the atmosphere at\n different altitudes. It is these gases and their distribution\n that the high-resolution, infrared ACE-FTS will measure. Thus,\n as the instrument observes the rising or setting sun, it can\n perform its measurements throughout the whole thickness of the\n atmosphere. Aerosols such as those caused by gases ejected by\n volcanoes will also be measured.\n\n SCISAT?s low orbit of 650 km above the Earth will give the\n ACE-FTS instrument extensive coverage with an emphasis on\n mid-latitude areas, such as Canada and the United States, as\n well as the polar region. The area to be scanned will be from\n about 4 km above the cloud tops (or the boundary layer for clear\n scenes) up to about 100 km. SCISAT will orbit the Earth 15 times\n a day, providing 30 daily opportunities (sunrises and sunsets)\n to take its precise measurements.\n\n Complements other experiments\n\n ACE-FTS will measure the density of a large number of chemicals\n in order to make an accurate estimate of both chemical loss and\n the movement of ozone in the polar winter and springtime. Its\n results will be complemented by those gathered by MAESTRO. The\n overall ACE mission will work in conjunction with other\n instruments and missions planned by NASA, the European Space\n Agency, and other international partners over the next decade to\n gain a better understanding of the chemistry and dynamics of the\n stratosphere with an emphasis on ozone.\n\n View the SCISAT homepage at:\n 'http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/csa_sectors/space_science/atmospheric/\nscisat/scisat.asp'\n\n [Summary provided by the Canadian Space Agency]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7dcfb92b-2372-41df-8f5a-787f983065b5", - "label": "ILAS II", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II) developed by the\nEnvironment Agency of Japan is a sensor to monitor the high-latitude\nstratospheric ozone and will be aboard the ADEOS II platform(early\n2001). The objectives of ILAS-II are to monitor and study changes in\nthe stratosphere which are triggered by emissions of\nchlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and to evaluate the effectiveness of\nworld-wide emission controls of CFCs. ILAS-II is a spectrometer which\nobserves the atmospheric limb absorption spectrum from the upper\ntroposphere to the stratosphere using sunlight as a light source\n(solar occultation technique).\n\nThe spectrometer covers the infrared region (2-13fÊm) and the near\nvisible region (753 to 784nm). ILAS-II was designed to improve\nobservation accuracy and cover wider spectral ranges than ILAS (aboard\nADEOS planned for 1996 launch by NASDA) which was based on LAS aboard\nEXOS-C (Ohzora, ISAS, 1984). ILAS's observations are focused in the\nhigh latitude regions because of the geometrical relation of the solar\noccultation events with the sun-synchronous orbit. From these spectral\nobservations, ILAS-II can measure the vertical profiles of species\nrelated to ozone hole phenomena:ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide(NO2),\naerosols, water vapor (H2O), CFC11, methane(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),\nchlorine nitrate (CIO NO2),temperature, and pressure.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\n * Spectral Coverage\n CH:1 : 7.14 - 11.76mm(1400 - 850cm - 1)\n CH:2 : 2 - 8mm(5000 - 1250cm - 1)\n CH:3 : 12.80 - 12.83mm(781 - 779cm - 1)\n CH:4 : 753 - 784nm\n * Spatial Coverage(Height)\n 10 - 60km\n * Vertical Resolution\n 1km\n * Observation Accuracy\n 5%(1% to ozone)\n (Processing Error is not included)\n * Observation Region\n N56 - 70deg / S63 - 88deg\n * Spectrometer\n CH:1 : Grating Spectrometer\n CH:2 : Prism Spectrometer\n CH:3 : Grating Spectrometer\n CH:4 : Concave Grating Spectrometer\n * Observation Parameters\n O3,HNO3,N2O,H2O,CFC-11,CFC-12 CIONO2, Aerosols,Pressure and\n Temperature.\n\nAdopted from the Earth Observation Satellite Homepage:\n'http://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/sendata/ilas2_e.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81e1ee64-0668-4369-a8a1-4dd21f7ab880", - "label": "CLOUD TOP SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A CLOUD TOP SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used for obtaining a\nmass spectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring\nthe ion current with an electrometer; measures and obtains\nspectra for a given cloud or cloud layer, which is considered\nthe highest level in the atmosphere at which the air contains a\nperceptible quantity of cloud particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81ec51b3-31eb-4c2c-b196-582d29d8fbc5", - "label": "NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A NEAR INFRARED SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope that is close to\nthe infrared part or red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OCO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8394197b-b391-45fe-bce4-dc156f8fe447", - "label": "SAGE I", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I (SAGE I)\ninstrument was launched February 18, 1979, aboard the\nApplications Explorer Mission-B (AEM-B) satellite (McCormick et\nal., 1979). The SAGE I instrument had four spectral channels\ncentered at wavelengths of 1000, 600, 450, and 385 nanometers\nfor nearly global measurement of aerosol extinction profiles and\nozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration profiles. The AEM-B\nsatellite was placed in an orbit of approximately 600 kilometers\nat an inclination of 56 degrees to extend the latitudinal\ncoverage for the solar occultation measurements from 79 degrees\nSouth to 79 degrees North. The SAGE I instrument collected data\nfor almost three years until the AEM-B satellite power subsystem\nfailed.\n\nThe SAGE I instrument was a sun photometer that measured the\nattenuation of solar radiation through the Earth's atmosphere\nduring spacecraft sunrise and sunset in the four spectral\nregions mentioned above. The solar radiance data were combined\nwith spacecraft ephemeris and NOAA meteorological data and then\nnumerically inverted to yield altitude profiles of aerosol\nextinction at wavelengths of 1000 and 450 nanometers and\naltitude profiles of ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration.\n\nThe SAGE I aerosol data were validated by comparison with\ncorrelative lidar and dustsonde in situ measurements; the ozone\ndata were validated by comparison with balloon ECC ozonesonde\nand rocket measurements; and the nitrogen dioxide measurements\nwere compared with climatology.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SAGE I\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AE-B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/campaign_documents/sage1_project.html\n Sample_Image: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/guide/sage1/images/sage1.gif\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85882054-d455-492f-976e-d2ea12f35578", - "label": "SAGE II", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) on the Earth\nRadiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) was a seven-channel sunphotometer\nwhich measured stratospheric aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and\nnitrogen dioxide during spacecraft sunrise and sunset. The SAGE II\nmission objectives were to (1) develop a long-term global climatology\nof stratospheric aerosol extinction, (2) monitor transient events\n(e.g. volcanic eruptions), (3) develop a high-altitude cloud climatology,\nand (4) provide stratospheric ozone, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide\nconcentration profiles at 1 km vertical resolution. The SAGE II was a\ntwo-axis gimbaled system capable of rotating in azimuth. The sun was\nacquired when two azimuth sun sensors were activated and rotated in\nazimuth until SAGE II was pointed at the radiometric centroid of the\nsun. A scan mirror moved at fast rate of 3 deg/sec to acquire the sun.\nThe mirror scanned across the sun at a slow rate of 15 min/sec. When the\nlimb of the sun was reached, the servo mechanism reversed and scanned the\nsun again. The sunlight was reflected into a Cassegranian telescope and\nfocused on an aperature that defined a 0.5-minute elevation angle by 2.5\nminute azimuth angle instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The aperature was\nthe entrance slit to the spectrometer, which used a holographic grating and\nfilters to isolate the seven wavelength bands (0.385 to 1.02 micrometer).\nChannels 1,2,3,4, and 7 used neutral density filters and channels 2,5, and 6\nused bandpass filters. All seven channels were sampled within 1 ms at 64 Hz\nand digitized to a 12-bit word. The SAGE II instrument measured the solar\nirradiance during each spacecraft sunrise and sunset so that two profiles\nfrom specific locations above the Earth were obtained during each spacecraft\nrevolution. SAGE II made about 15 sunrise and sunset measurements each\nday, seperated by 24.5 degrees in longitude and slightly in latitude.\nThe maximum latitudes covered were 80 N to 80 S.\nFor more information see:\nhttp://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/sage2/table_sage2.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SAGE II\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/SAGE.html\n Online_Resource: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/PRODOCS/sage2/table_sage2.html\n Online_Resource: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/sageii/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8932ecfa-bdcd-443d-8d21-30d9aa935f36", - "label": "ATMOS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Trace Molecules Observed by Spectroscopy (ATMOS)\nexperiment was flown four times on the Space Shuttle (on Spacelab 3\nand three flights of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Appliactions and\nScience (ATLAS). The ATMOS experiment objective was to determine\nconcentration profiles for a large number of stratospheric species for\naltitudes from 20 to 80 km, with a vertical resolution of 2 km. The\nATMOS instrument viewed the sun through the stratosphere and measured\nthe spectral absorption of solar energy. Each data-taking run was\ninitiated before the sun emerged from or disappeared behind the\nearth. Data from the instrument for these sunrise and sunset limb\nencounters were interferograms that were processed on the ground to\nprovide absorption spectra.\nThe instrument was a continuous-scanning Fourier spectrometer that\noperated in the 2- to 16-micrometer wavelength region and generated\none interferogram each second, with a spectral resolution of 0.01\n(1/cm). The ATMOS consisted of four major systems: a suntracker for\nprecise solar pointing, an input optical system that included a\ntelescope and a data handling system, an interferometer for wavelength\nmeasurements, and an infrared detector sensitive to radiation in the\n3- to 16-micrometer wavelength range.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/spectroscopy/ASDatmos.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f368c9f-5dd7-42f6-8cd1-086c23ef6cdd", - "label": "HARP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "More information: https://www.eol.ucar.edu/instruments/hiaper-airborne-radiation-package\n\nThe instrument consists of two components:\nactinic flux: 280-680 nm, spectrally resolved, up and down\nThis system consists of two hemispheric light collectors, each connected by fiber optics to a monolithic solid state spectrograph with a CCD detector. The spectral resolution is about 1.8 nm, and the field of view is the full sky up and down. The measurements then characterize the radiation environment responsible for photochemistry. The upward-viewing light collector is mounted on the top of the tail to avoid shielding by the tail.\nspectral irradiance: 260-2217 nm, spectrally resolved, on stabilized platforms up and down\nThis system consists of spectrometers viewing up and down. A light collector with response proportional to the cosine of the incident radiation delivers the radiation to the spectrometers. To extend the range of wavelengths, two spectrometers are used in each direction; one is used to extend the wavelength coverage into the near IR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91923fed-61c3-4125-b69d-1eeccafce52c", - "label": "OMPS-N", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The advanced Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) tracks the health of the ozone layer and measures the concentration of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere.\n\nOMPS consists of three spectrometers: a downward-looking nadir mapper, nadir profiler and limb profiler. The entire OMPS suite, OMPS-Nadir (OMPS-N) and OMPS-Limb (OMPS-L), currently fly on board the Suomi NPP spacecraft and are scheduled to fly on the JPSS-2 satellite mission.\n\nOMPS-N will fly on the JPSS-1 satellite mission and will be used to generate total column ozone measurements.\n\nOMPS collects total column and vertical profile ozone data and continues the daily global data produced by current ozone monitoring systems—the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV/2) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f8cb294-2481-45b3-a3e4-76026fe1567a", - "label": "FPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0b0fd02-9952-4110-bac9-940a1b6e996f", - "label": "GOME", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) is a new instrument\nadded to the original European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1)\npayload complement for the second European Remote Sensing Satellite\n(ERS-2) launched on April 20, 1995.\n\nGOME is a nadir-viewing spectrometer which observes solar radiation\ntransmitted through or scattered from the Earth's atmosphere or from\nits surface. The recorded spectra is used to derive a detailed picture\nof the atmosphere's content of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, water wapor,\noxygen/oxygen dimer and bromine oxide and other trace gases. The\nERS-2 orbit provides global Earth coverage every three days.\n\nRelated URL: http://earth.esa.int/gome\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOME\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: GOME\n Long_Name: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.2 to 0.4 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/gome\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a759efc0-0eb4-4e41-84f3-c6f49cca12ce", - "label": "SSJ", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-03 ]\n\nSpecial Sensor J (SSJ) was an electron spectrograph with one fixed cahnnel and one stepping channel. The channels detected energetic electrons over ranges of energies associated with visible aurora. The fixed channel was 6 keV and the stepping channel cycled through eight energy thresholds: 54, 98, 219, 600, 1400, 3540, 8200, and 1970 eV. The data sample was taken approximately every second. The field-of-view was 3 degrees by 12 degrees.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSJ\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SSJ\n Long_Name: Electron Spectrometer J (SSJ)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a96885e0-9dc1-4edb-bc29-1cdb320d50f2", - "label": "IRM", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The IRM (Imaging and Rapid-scanning Ion Mass Spectrometer) objective is to observe the mass composition and 3-D velocity distributions (energy and angular) of ions in the energy range of 0.1-100 eV and 1-40 amu/q.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa0da1eb-b50b-408b-8541-59b8dea64019", - "label": "BUV", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The backscatter ultraviolet instrument (BUV) monitored the\nspatial distribution of atmospheric ozone by measuring the\nintensity of the UV radiation backscattered from the earth's\natmosphere. To obtain this ozone distribution, the BUV subsystem\nmeasured direct solar radiation and backscattered UV radiation\nfrom the daytime sun-illuminated atmosphere.\n\nThe Instrument consisted of a spectrometer (monochromatic) and a\nphotometer. The monochromatic measured the intensity of UV\nradiation backscatter and reflected radiation from the earth's\natmosphere in 12 wavelengths (2555 to 3398 A) in which ozone\nattenuation occurs. The photometer measured the reflected UV\nradiation in a single wavelength span in which attenuation by\nozone does not occur. The BUV had four operating modes.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa2c39cf-1c4c-437e-ae2d-29e6a77f1aa2", - "label": "FTIR SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "FTIR SPECTROMETER - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer\n\nTraditional (dispersive) infrared techniques experience\ndifficulties due to the '1 wavenumber at a time' nature of data\nacquisition. This leads to either a poor signal to noise ratio\nin a spectrum or a very long time needed to obtain a high\nquality spectrum. Both these situations cause problems with\nkinetic work. The first gives inherent large errors, the second\nprohibits in-situ work. These problems can be overcome using\nFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) that is based on\nthe interferometer originally designed by Michelson and a\nmathematical procedure developed by Fourier that converts\nresponse from the 'time' to the 'frequency' domain.\n\nIn the Michelson interferometer a parallel, polychromatic beam\nof radiation from a source (A) is directed to a beam splitter\n(B), made from an infrared transparent material, such as\nKBr. The beam splitter reflects approximately half of the light\nto a mirror, known as the fixed mirror (C), which in turn\nreflects the light back to the beam splitter. The rest of the\nlight passes through to a mirror, moving continuously, at a\nknown velocity, back and forth along the direction of the\nincoming light and this is known as the moving mirror (D). Upon\nreflection from the moving mirror, radiation is then directed\nback to the beam splitter. At the beam splitter some of the\nlight that has been reflected from the fixed mirror combines\nwith light reflected from the moving mirror and is directed\ntowards the sample. After passing through the sample (E) the\nradiation is focused onto the detector (F). The detectors are\nsufficiently fast to cope with time domain signal changes from\nthe modulatio n in the interferometer.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div842/Gp1/fts_intro.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5f54e44-f6fc-4abc-afb2-b098f8ef061c", - "label": "ILAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) is provided by the\nEnvironment Agency (EA) of Japan for the ADvanced Earth Observation\nSatellite (ADEOS) mission. The ILAS is designed to measure the\nvariability of the concentration of ozone and other trace constituents\n(such as HNO3 and H2O) in the stratosphere and to monitor ozone layer\ndynamics. The ILAS system consists of two observation packages: One is\na 12 cm telescope containing 44 pyroelectric detectors linearly\narrayed for observations in the infrared region of the spectrum\n(6.0-6.8, 7.3-11.8 microns). The other is a 3 cm telescope consisting\nof a photodiode array for observations in the visible region\n(0.753-0.784 microns). Sunrise and sunset observations will be made at\n2 km resolution over the 10-60 km vertical range.\nFor more information see: 'http://www-ilas.nies.go.jp/'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ILAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: ILAS\n Long_Name: Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b68224a0-262d-4001-94b8-e10a3fd7e799", - "label": "GOLD", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, mission is designed to explore the nearest reaches of space. Capturing never-before-seen images of Earth’s upper atmosphere, GOLD explores in unprecedented detail our space environment — which is home to astronauts, radio signals used to guide airplanes and ships, as well as satellites that provide communications and GPS systems. The more we know about the fundamental physics of this region of space, the more we can protect our assets there.\n\nGathering observations from geostationary orbit above the Western Hemisphere, GOLD measures the temperature and composition of neutral gases in Earth’s thermosphere. This part of the atmosphere co-mingles with the ionosphere, which is made up of charged particles. Both the Sun from above and terrestrial weather from below can change the types, numbers, and characteristics of the particles found here — and GOLD helps track those changes.\n\nActivity in this region is responsible for a variety of key space weather events. GOLD scientists are particularly interested in the cause of dense, unpredictable bubbles of charged gas that appear over the equator and tropics, sometimes causing communication problems. As we discover the very nature of the Sun-Earth interaction in this region, the mission could ultimately lead to ways to improve forecasts of such space weather and mitigate its effects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8be465a-8266-4f75-be28-55657a63de60", - "label": "MAGNETO OPTICAL FILTER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The second instrument of PVSO is the Magneto Optical\nFilter. This instrument is still under construction but its\nfirst phase is currently completed and operational. In this\nphase the MOF is able to record intensitygrams of the sun in the\npotassium 769.9nm line. With the completion of the second phase\nthe MOF will be able to acquire simultaneous dopplergrams and\nmagnetograms of the surface of the Sun.\n\nIn the curent configuration, a telescope is used to form an\nimage of a solar region of interest on a CCD camera. The MOF is\nplaced between the telescope and the camera and filters the\nlight by isolating the potassium line. The hearth of the MOF is\na glass cell that contains potassium vapor, which is placed in a\nlongitudinal magnetic field. The light which enters the cell\npasses first trough a linear polarizer which transform the\nrandomly polarized light into linear polarized light. In the\npresence of the magnetic field, the vapor will alter the\npolarization state of the potassium line. A second polarizer\nwith the transmission axis perpendicular to the first is placed\nat the exit, blocking all the light but that modified by the\nvapor. The output consists of an image of the sun in the two\nwings of the potassium line. A second vapor cell, called the\nwing selector, will be added to the filter in the near future\nand will provide images of the Sun's velocity and magnetic\nfields.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.pvamu.edu/cps/info/bottom'\n\n[Summary provided by Prairie View A&M University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9f2cf4a-c2f0-4e78-847f-71fbbbce2f24", - "label": "SAGE III", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "SAGE III is a fourth generation, satellite-borne instrument and a crucial element in NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). Its mission is to enhance our understanding of natural and human-derived atmospheric processes by providing accurate long-term measurements of the vertical structure of aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SAGE III\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOR-3M\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://sage.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bacafa70-2fbe-4869-98bd-ba2b4a49d5f2", - "label": "MAMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "MAMS is a multispectral scanner which measures reflected radiation\nfrom the Earth's surface and clouds in eight visible/near-infrared\nbands, and thermal emission from the Earth's surface, clouds, and\natmospheric constituents (primarily water vapor) in four infrared\nbands. The 5.0 mRa aperture of MAMS produces an instantaneous\nfield-of-view (IFOV) resolution of 100 m at nadir from the nominal\nER-2 altitude of 20 km. The width of the entire cross path\nfield-of-view scanned by the sensor is 37 km, thereby providing\ndetailed resolution of atmospheric and surface features across the\nswath width and along the aircraft flight track. For clouds and\nthunderstorm features the IFOV decreases with increasing cloud height\nby a factor of (Z-20)/20, where Z is the cloud height in kilometers.\n\nThe MAMS 6.5 micrometer channel has been used to map variations in\nupper tropospheric water vapor associated with a variety of\natmospheric disturbances. The upper tropospheric water vapor imagery\nfrom VAS and the new GOES imager and sounder is very useful in the\nstudy of upper-level dynamics of mid-latitude weather systems. This is\nreadily apparent in video 'loops' of this from the satellite channel,\nwhich show smooth flowing patterns associated with large-scale weather\ndisturbances. Changes in the brightness of the water vapor features\nare related to the vertical distribution of water vapor in the middle\nand upper troposphere, the integrated water vapor amount, and to a\nlesser degree the temperature profile. In addition, water vapor\nimagery can be used to discern small-scale variability of high clouds\n(particularly cirrus) and clear air atmospheric water vapor fields. In\nparticular, MAMS water vapor imagery has been used to map clear air\nmoisture variations in a number of different applications including\nlee wave situations.\n\nThe split-window channels from MAMS are similar to those from the\nAdvanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), VAS, and GOES-8/9/10\nimager and sounder. The 11 micrometer channels of MAMS and VAS are\nvery similar, while those of AVHRR and the GOES-8/9/10 imager and\nsounder are narrower and shifted toward shorter wavelengths. The 12\nmicrometer channel of AVHRR is positioned near 11.8 micrometer with a\nbandwidth about twice that of MAMS and VAS (which are centered at\nlonger wavelengths). The GOES-8/9/10 imager and sounder 12 micrometer\nchannels are also narrow when compared to AVHRR. One of the sounder 12\nmicrometer channels and the imager 12 micrometer channel are centered\nnear 12.0 micrometer, while the other sounder channel is near 12.7\nmicrometers. These 12 micrometer channels measure upwelling radiation\nwhere water vapor and other constituent absorption (particularly, by\nthe Q-branch of CO2 at 12.63 micrometers) are more significant. The\nspectral differences of the 12 micrometer channels produce small\ndifferences in brightness temperatures for VAS and MAMS, but somewhat\nlarger differences between AVHRR and MAMS (or VAS).\n\nMore Information: 'http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/irgrp/aircraft.html'\n\n[Adapted from NASA/MSFC/GHCC Homepage]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "badb0356-46e0-47b8-9697-0e068358c91e", - "label": "FIRSC", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A Far Infrared Sensor for Cirrus (FIRSC) is a a Fourier\ntransform spectrometer (FTS) configured as a Martin-Puplett\npolarizing interferometer. In a Martin-Puplett configuration,\ndihedral (roof-top) mirrors replace the usual flat mirrors of a\nMichelson interferometer and a linear polarizing grid is the\nbeamsplitter. The instrument can operate in intensity or\npolarization measuring mode. The Martin-Puplett configuration\nprovides two separate input and output ports defined by\nreflection/transmission from input and output polarizer\nelements. The measured spectrum is the difference of two input\nports consisting of the nadir scene and a controlled temperature\nblackbody source. The two output ports provide the two spectral\nchannels.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nit.colorado.edu/~evans/mwcirrus/FIRSC/'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Colorado]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc9a1191-24df-4d8c-afa7-da5948f79d20", - "label": "MAPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Measurement of Air Pollution from satellite (MAPS) instrument was\nflown with the Space Radar Laboratory-1 on the Space Shuttle\n'Endeavor' (STS-59) launched April 9, 1994.\nThe objectives of the MAPS instrument were to measure the global\ndistribution of carbon monoxide (CO) in the troposphere and its role\nin global tropospheric chemistry. The MAPS instrument, flown on two\nprevious Shuttle flights (1981 and 1984), is a precursor to EOS-era\ninstruments. The MAPS instrument was able to detect CO and nitrous\noxide using gas filter radiometry to measure the IR absorption\nwavelength band in the atmosphere for these trace gases (4.67\nmicrometer). The MAPS instrument viewed the Earth simultaneously\nthrough three cells, one cell filled with CO, one filled with nitrous\noxide, and one filled with helium (which does not absorb at these\nwavelengths). The difference in the energy received as seen through\ncell pairs enabled researchers to derive the amount of CO and nitrous\noxide in the atmosphere. The nitrous oxide measurements provided a\nmethod for automatically rejecting cloud-contaminated observations of\nCO. The MAPS instrument consisted of the optical subassembly, which\ncontained the optical elements, blackbodies, gas cells, detectors,\npreamplifiers, and calibration unit; the electronics subassembly,\nwhich housed the signal processing and control circuits; the flight\ntape recorder subassembly; and the aerial camera subassembly, which\nprovided correlative cloud cover photos during the daylight portion of\nthe flight. MAPS is expected to fly with the SRL again in 1994 and\n1995.\n\nInformation on the MAPS sensor, visit the STS-59 site at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-59/mission-sts-59.html'\n\nInformation about the Space Radar Laboratory can be found on the NASA\nJPL WWW Home Page: 'http://www.jpl.nasa.gov'\n\nPersonnel:\n\nLouis Caudill (NASA HQ) - Program Manager\nDr. Michael Kurylo (NASA HQ) - Program Scientist\nDr. Henry G. Reichle, Jr. (NASA LaRC) - Principal Investigator\nJohn Fedors (NASA LaRC) - Project Manager", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0c7a50a-52c3-42e1-a702-bb39bb5ace08", - "label": "VEGETATION-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "[Note: 'With some minor improvements regarding instrument operations, the VEGETATION-2 instrument is identical in its technical specification to VEGETATION flown on SPOT-4', Source: Earth Observation Satellites & Sensors for Risk Management home page, http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ]\n\n[Text Source: Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing & Processing (CRISP), http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm ]\n\nThe SPOT 4 satellite carries on-board a low-resolution wide-coverage instrument for monitoring the continental biosphere and to monitor crops. The VEGETATION instrument provides global coverage on an almost daily basis at a resolution of 1 kilometer with a swath of 2250 km, enabling the observation of long-term environmental changes on a regional and worldwide scale.\n\nThe VEGETATION program is being co-funded by the European Union, Belgium, France, Italy and Sweden and led by French space agency CNES. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VEGETATION-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-2\n Long_Name: VEGETATION INSTRUMENT 2 (SPOT 5)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm to 0.47 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm to 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.78 μm to 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.58 μm to 1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.vgt.vito.be/\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n Instrument_Owner: European Union\n Instrument_Owner: Belgium\n Instrument_Owner: Italy\n Instrument_Owner: Sweden\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c28a3be2-f739-49c1-8621-2be3905f91f5", - "label": "VISIBLE SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A VISIBLE SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used similarly like the\nUV spectroscope, which is used for obtaining a mass spectrum of\nvisible light in the electromagnetic spectrum by deflecting the\nvisible light ions into a thin slit and then measuring the ion\ncurrent with an electrometer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6e97a0f-910e-4402-b283-e4a985fdbf28", - "label": "MIMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The magnetic ion mass spectrometer (MIMS) measures the abundances\nof the ambient positive ions along the orbit of the AE satellite. It scans\nthe mass range from 1 to 90 amu, or portions of that range, depending on\nits operational mode. The instrument consists of an entrance aperture, a\n7 cm screen, flush mounted to the surface of the spacecraft, a set of\ncollimating slits, a magnetic analyzer and a triple detector system, each\ndetector consisting of a collector slit, an electron multiplier and a log\namplifier. Positive ions are rammed through the entrance grid due to the\norbital motion of the spacecraft and accelerated through the collimator\nforming a beam which enters the magnetic analyzer. This analyzer consists of a\npermanent magnet with a field strength of 3600 gauss in the gap. Three\nion beam trajectories are allowed through the magnet. These split the ion\nbeam into 3 parts in the mass ratio 1:4:16. Collector slits are placed at\nthe exit of the magnetic lens system corresponding to the image point of\nthe allowed ion trajectories. As the ion accelerating voltage is varied,\nthe ion beams are scanned across the collector slits forming a series of\npeaks in the 103 current detector. The mass ranges covered are 1 to 4, 4 to\n16 and either 16 to 90 (AE-C) or 14 to 72 (AE-D) amu at the low, mid and\nhigh mass collectors respectively. The scan times are either 4 sec (AE-C)\nor 2 sec (AE-D) for the analog short mode, or 8 sec for the analog long mode.\nWhen the analog short mode is used, the mass ranges of each channel are cut\nin half. The analog short mode is used when the satellite is spinning; the\nanalog long for despun operation.\n\nThe overall accuracy is better than 20%, except in very disturbed\nregions of the ionosphere, or at extremely low densities. Sensitivity of\nthe instrument is somewhat mass dependent, varying from 1.0 ion cm-3 for\nH,to ~10 ions cm-3 for O+ .\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/ae/aedoc/mims.txt'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1fa64b3-b413-4930-bc16-4f364e54f093", - "label": "GRILLE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The objective of the Grille spectrometer (GRILLE) experiment was to\ndetermine the vertical distribution profiles of trace constituents, on\na global scale, between 15 and 150 km altitude through spectroscopic\nobservations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range\ncharacteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of atmospheric\nconstituents. GRILLE was flown on the Space Shuttle as part of the\nAtmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS 1) and on\nSpacelab 1. In addition to the atmospheric species previously studied\nwith the GRILLE instrument on the Spacelab 1 flight, the instrument\nhas also studied the hydroxyl radical (OH) on the ATLAS 1 flight. The\nequipment consisted of an infrared spectrometer with a telescope and a\ncooled infrared detector. The spectrometer operated in the wavelength\nrange from 2.5 to 10 microns at a resolution better than 0.1 per\ncm. The grille on the instrument is a 15 x 15 mm square with a minimum\nstep of 0.1 mm. The GRILLE instrument was not be flown on subsequent\nATLAS flights.\nFurther information about the ATLAS-1 mission can be found at:\n'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0f71e02-6540-4207-ba18-aacf55057144", - "label": "TANSO-CAI", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "CAI( visualizes the state of the atmosphere and the ground surface during the daytime. The image data from CAI are used to determine the cloud existence over an extended area that includes the FTS's field of view (FOV). When clouds and aerosols are detected in FOV, cloud characteristics and aerosol amounts are calculated. The information is used to correct the effects of the clouds and the aerosols on the spectra obtained with FTS.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TANSO-CAI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TANSO-CAI\n Long_Name: Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation - Cloud and Aerosol Imager\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-30\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3bb4369-8b1d-4c16-b2f1-5745058bee86", - "label": "SCARAB", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Scanner for Radiation Budget (SCaRaB) is a joint project of France,\nGermany and Russia and was flown on Russian Meteor-3/7 spacecraft in\n1994/1995. The main goal of the ScaRaB instrument is to study the Earth's\nradiation budget and cloud-radiation interactions. The ScaRaB instrument\nis a cross-track scanning radiometer with a 60x60 km2 field of view and\nthe pixel spacing is on a square grid of 42.5 km at nadir. The ScaRaB\nradiometer consist of four parallel telescopes. These are identical except\nfor the optical filters. Each telescope represents one spectral channel:\nvisible, solar, total and atmospheric window.\n\n1 Visible Channel: 0.55 - 0.65 5m\n2 Solar Channel(SW): 0.20 - 4 5m\n3 Total Channel(TW): 0 20 - 50 5m\n4 Window Channel: 10.5 - 12.5 5m\n\nRadiation in the Thermal Longwave band (4-50 5m) is determined from\nthe measurements in Channel 2 and 3. The narrower channels 1 and 4 are\nto be used as a link to operational imager channels and to aid in\ncloud scene identification.\n\nAdditional available at\n'http://w3.gkss.de/ScaRaB/'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCARAB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SCARAB\n Long_Name: The Scanner for Radiation Budget\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 60km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/455-cnes-en.php\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e446f7ff-cc80-43d1-95bf-a7278203bb78", - "label": "INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "CLARREO Instruments\n\nThe CLARREO mission is currently envisioned to consist of two duplicate observatories each carrying a payload of one infrared instrument suite, one reflected solar instrument suite and a Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument system.\n\nSummary provided by http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE\n Long_Name: Infrared Instrument Suite (CLARREO)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n Sample_Image: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/images/Payload_breakdown-600w.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e999ce1b-d55c-40b8-a3c3-c4e93b34529d", - "label": "LPSP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The LPSP multichannel High Resolution UV and visible spectometer\nwas launched June 21, 1975 and was in operation until September\n30, 1978 with 6 channels covering the most intense optically\nthick chromospheric lines (H and K CaII, h and k MgII, Lymann\nalpha and Lymann beta HI)\n\nThe imaging system is a cassegranian telescope, with a\ncollecting area of 170 cm2 and an aperture f/16. The solar\nimage can be scanned by moving the secondary mirror in azimuth\nand elevation. Each step increment is either 1' or .5'. The\nsize of the raster in azimuth and elevation is chosen between 1'\nto 64' by binary increments.\n\nThe slit defines the focus of the telescope and is formed of two parts :\n-a narrow one of 1'x60' which optimizes the spectrometer resolution\n-a large one of 6'x6'\n-a rotating disk actuated by a stepping motor allows the selection of\nseveral spatial resolution.\n\nThe dispersing system is a 6 channel polychromator of the\nCzerny-Turner type. The main dispersor is a 1200 grooves (1/mm)\nplane grating. The scan in wavelength is performed by rotation\nof the grating.\n\nRaw data are on 1600 bpi magnetic tapes and saved on 6250 bpi tapes, all\ncreated on CDC computer running NOS-BE system.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea9c102c-6987-445e-a869-c853d2d8e912", - "label": "FSSP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP), Model 300\n(FSSP-300) Aerosol Spectrometer sizes particles by measuring the\nlight intensity scattered forward from the angles of 4 degrees\nto 12 degrees by aerosol, and cloud particles that pass through\na focused laser beam.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f19de526-fe67-4c5e-8b9c-f7d5123e2ebc", - "label": "MAESTRO", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "[ Text extracted from the SCISAT MAESTRO Homepage \nhttp://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/satellites/scisat/maestro.asp ]\n\nMAESTRO, which stands for 'Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the\nStratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation,' aids in the\nsatellite's overall mission of increasing our understanding of\nthe chemical processes involved in the depletion of the ozone\nlayer. SCISAT also carries the Canadian-built Fourier Transform\nSpectrometer (ACE-FTS) instrument as part of the overall mission,\ndubbed Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE).\n\nMAESTRO was developed, in co-operation with the Canadian Space Agency,\nby Toronto-based Meteorological Service of Canada, the University of\nToronto, and EMS Technologies of Ottawa. Funding for the ACE mission,\nincluding both Canadian instruments, is being provided by the Canadian\nSpace Agency's Space Science Program.\n\nMAESTRO Homepage (CSA): \nhttp://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/satellites/scisat/maestro.asp\n\nMore MAESTRO Information (Univ of Waterloo): \nhttp://www.ace.uwaterloo.ca/MAESTRO.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8dee1bb-7104-47b8-ba1e-549b79a38853", - "label": "PARTICLE SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "PARTICLE SPECTROMETERS are spectroscopes used for obtaining a\nmass spectrum by deflecting certain particles into a thin slit\nand measuring the specific current related to that particle with\nan electrometer to better understand its development, behavior,\nand movement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd5678a0-5d76-4cde-90da-4316bf535212", - "label": "MASPR", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Multiple-Angle Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (MASP) determines the size and\nconcentration of particles from about 0.2 to 20 microns in diameter and the\nindex of refraction for selected sizes. Size is determined by measuring the\nlight intensity scattered by individual particles as they transit a laser beam.\nLight scattered from particles into a cone from nominally 30 to 50 degrees\nforward and 130 to 150 degrees backwards is reflected by a mangin mirror\nthrough a condensing lens to the detectors. A comparison of the signals from\nthe open aperture detector and the masked aperture detector is used to accept\nonly those particles passing through the center of the laser beam. The index of\nrefraction of individual particles can be estimated from the ratio of the\nforward to back scatter signals. A calibration diode laser is pulsed\nperiodically during flight to ensure proper operation of the electronics. The\nshrouded inlet minimizes angle of attack effects and maintains isokinetic flow\nthrough the sensing volume so that volatilization of particles is eliminated.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/Public/Analysis/aircraft/tote/ baumgardner.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff8b57b5-881e-4ec3-8c1d-83c839dcbeea", - "label": "SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used for obtaining a mass\nspectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring the ion\ncurrent with an electrometer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03f9c0b1-4dcd-4293-8bfa-5fe0608ab332", - "label": "ACES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "Principle of the Measurement:\n\nCavity enhanced spectroscopy uses two mirrors to create an optical path of several tens of kilometers within a 50 cm measurement cell, making the instrument very sensitive to absorption by trace gases.\n\nSpecies Measured:\n\nGlyoxal (CHOCHO), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)\n\nTime Response / Detection Limit:\n\n30 pptv / 10 seconds for glyoxal and NO2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a106157-e0a0-4a3e-bed1-4ce3b8e06151", - "label": "ACSM", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) measures mass loading and chemical composition of non-refractory aerosol particles in real-time. Smaller, lower cost, more robust, and simpler to operate than our AMS instruments, the ACSM is designed for long-term unattended deployment and routine monitoring applications.\n\nThe ACSM is available with either a quadrupole or time-of-flight mass spectrometer and can be configured for either PM1 or PM2.5.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3235f243-ac44-4dbd-a94a-e413e98927ac", - "label": "Aerodyne CAPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The CAPS PMex monitor provides a measurement of the optical extinction (the sum of scattering and absorption) of an ambient sample of particles. Currently, there is a choice of 5 different wavelengths – blue (450 nm), green (530 nm), red (630 nm), far red (660 nm ) and near infrared (780 nm, at additional cost) – which match the spectral bands of most other particle optical properties measurement equipment. These instruments have a 1 second time response and provide a level of detection (3σ) less than 2 Mm-1 with 1 second integration time. These monitors are entirely self-contained, requiring no consumables such as zero air and can be operated autonomously for over 12 months using on-board data storage if one second averaging is chosen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f05736cc-2cac-4df5-8e03-cd572f8f1197", - "label": "CAMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The CAMS instrument’s core design and operation is similar to the DFGAS (Difference Frequency Generation Absorption Spectrometer) instrument, which has been successfully deployed for fast, accurate, and sensitive airborne measurements of the important trace gas formaldehyde (CH2O). CAMS like DFGAS is based on tunable mid-IR (3.53-μm) absorption spectroscopyutilizing advanced fiber optically pumped difference-frequency generation(DFG) laser sources. A comprehensive discussion of the measurement principle and performance of the DFGAS instrument is found in Weibring et al. [2006, 2007], and only a brief discussion is presented here.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05919a1b-a95d-4bb5-a597-55150efbb568", - "label": "CPSPD", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The differentiation of small water droplets and ice crystals by in situ measurements, in the size range < 50 μm, remains a challenge and the lack of such measurements is an obstacle to progress in understanding ice formation in clouds. A new microphysical instrument, the Cloud Particle Spectrometer with Polarization Detection (CPSPD), has been developed that measures light intensity scattered (in forward and backward directions) by individual cloud particles that pass through a focused laser beam and derives their size and thermodynamic phase (liquid or ice) in the optical diameter range from 2 to 50 μm. The optical equivalent diameter is derived from the light scattered in the forward direction. The change in polarization state of the incident light, caused by interaction with the cloud particle, is determined from the polarized components of the backscattered light. The CPSPD, along with several other cloud microphysical probes, has been flown on the University of North Dakota Citation aircraft in mixed phase clouds. It has also been deployed and operated at the Zugspitze research station studying mountain clouds. The preliminary results show that liquid cloud droplets can be distinguished from ice crystals and that the ice fraction can be estimated; an important parameter for better understanding of cloud processes, particularly that of glaciation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "706feedf-c671-44e8-9c37-284517cc0cbe", - "label": "LWCC", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "WPI’s Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell (LWCC) is a flow cell for absorbance measurements in the ultraviolet, visible and near infra-red ranges. Pathlengths range from 50–500cm, with increasing measurement sensitivity from 50 to 500-fold. The flow cells are fiber coupled and have a very small sample volume ranging from 125μL (50cm pathlength) to 1,250μL (500cm pathlength).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2fbdd42-4bd8-4462-8a00-1e81e1281fa8", - "label": "OCO-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "OCO-2 will not be measuring CO2 directly; but actually, the intensity of the sunlight reflected from the presence of CO2 in a column of air. This measurement is unique like a fingerprint, and can be used for identification. The OCO-2 instrument will use a diffraction grating (like the back of a compact disk) to separate the incoming sunlight into a spectrum of multiple component colors.\n\nThe instrument measures the intensity of three relatively small wavelength bands (Weak CO2, Strong CO2 and Oxygen O2) from the spectrum, each specific to one of the three spectrometers. The absorption levels will indicate the presence of the different gases. By simultaneously measuring the gases over the same location and over time, OCO-2 will be able to track the changes over the surface over time.\n\nThe OCO-2 spectrometers will measure sunlight reflected off the Earth's surface. The sunlight rays entering the spectrometers will pass through the atmosphere twice - once as they travel from the Sun to the Earth, and then again as they bounce off from the Earth's surface to the OCO-2 instrument. Carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen molecules in the atmosphere absorb light energy at very specific colors or wavelengths.\n\nThe OCO-2 instrument uses diffraction grating to separate the inbound light energy into a spectrum of multiple component colors. The reflection gratings used in the OCO-2 spectrometers will consist of a very regularly-spaced series of grooves that lie on a very flat surface.\n\nThe characteristic spectral pattern for CO2 can alternate from transparent to opaque over very small variations in wavelength. The OCO-2 instrument must be able to detect these dramatic changes, and specify the wavelengths where these variations take place. So, the grooves in the instrument diffraction grating will be very finely tuned to spread the light spectrum into a large number of very narrow wavelength bands or colors. In fact, the OCO-2 instrument design incorporates 17,500 different colors, to cover the entire wavelength range that can be seen by the human eye. A digital camera covers the same wavelength range using just three colors.\n\nOCO-2 measurements must be very accurate. To eliminate energy from other sources that would generate measurement errors, the light detectors for each camera must remain very cold. To ensure that the detectors remain sufficiently cold, the OCO-2 instrument design will include a cryocooler, which is a refrigeration device. The cryocooler keeps the detector temperature at or near -120C (-184F).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2903b14-616d-4425-b9ac-40e5c954821f", - "label": "OCO-3", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "OCO-3 will not be measuring CO2 directly; but actually, the intensity of the sunlight reflected from the presence of CO2 in a column of air. This measurement is unique like a fingerprint, and can be used for identification. The OCO-3 instrument (like the current OCO-2 instrument) will use a diffraction grating (like the back of a compact disk) to separate the incoming sunlight into a spectrum of multiple component colors.\n\nThe instrument measures the intensity of three relatively small wavelength bands (Weak CO2, Strong CO2 and Oxygen O2) from the spectrum, each specific to one of the three spectrometers. The absorption levels will indicate the presence of the different gases. By simultaneously measuring the gases over the same location and over time, OCO-2 will be able to track the changes over the surface over time.\n\nThe OCO-3 spectrometers will measure sunlight reflected off the Earth's surface. The sunlight rays entering the spectrometers will pass through the atmosphere twice - once as they travel from the Sun to the Earth, and then again as they bounce off from the Earth's surface to the OCO-3 instrument. Carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen molecules in the atmosphere absorb light energy at very specific colors or wavelengths.\n\nThe OCO-3 instrument uses diffraction grating to separate the inbound light energy into a spectrum of multiple component colors. The reflection gratings used in the OCO-3 spectrometers will consist of a very regularly-spaced series of grooves that lie on a very flat surface.\n\nOCO-3 measurements must be very accurate. To eliminate energy from other sources that would generate measurement errors, the light detectors for each camera must remain very cold. To ensure that the detectors remain sufficiently cold, the OCO-3 instrument design will include a cryocooler, which is a refrigeration device. The cryocooler keeps the detector temperature at or near -120 C (-184 F).The characteristic spectral pattern for CO2 can alternate from transparent to opaque over very small variations in wavelength. The OCO-3 instrument must be able to detect these dramatic changes, and specify the wavelengths where these variations take place. So, the grooves in the instrument diffraction grating will be very finely tuned to spread the light spectrum into a large number of very narrow wavelength bands or colors. In fact, the OCO-3 instrument design incorporates 17,500 different colors, to cover the entire wavelength range that can be seen by the human eye. A digital camera covers the same wavelength range using just three colors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da57ac0a-e5ab-47f4-996f-06c12e1a4a62", - "label": "TANSO-FTS-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "TANSO-FTS-2 is the Fourier Transform spectrometer same as the FTS on GOSAT, with improved characteristic: 5 bands (instead of 4) with the spectral range of each band optimized based on the results of the utilization of GOSAT data, two bands for the TIR, the bands other than the TIR are divided into two polarizations (P and S), extension of band 3 to observe the Carbon Monoxide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1d8d749-9818-4ddf-8f61-14ef63b6ce7b", - "label": "TANSO-CAI-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "TANSO-CAI-2 is a push-broom imaging sensor that has forward- and backward-looking bands (+-20 degrees) for observing the optical properties of aerosols and clouds, and for monitoring the status of urban air pollution and trans-boundary air pollution over oceans. An important role of CAI-2 is to perform cloud discrimination in each direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "756151d4-36d6-427e-99c1-cb012196a3ef", - "label": "SPEC HVPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer combines 2D-S opto-electronics with HVPS optics and probe tips designed to minimize shattering.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53ce1e6c-c747-4907-87a2-3a9caf63025a", - "label": "Pandora", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "This project uses spectroscopy to study ultraviolet (UV) and visible wavelengths of light to determine the composition of the atmosphere and its interactions with Earth’s environment. The Pandora Spectrometer System was designed to specifically look at levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde in the atmosphere. What makes the Pandora unique from other ground-based networks at NASA is that it can measure total column profiles, observing different layers of the atmosphere at once.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2e6df59-5768-4c4d-a0ed-0ec040de37ce", - "label": "NEMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Nimbus E Microwave Spectrometer (NEMS) was designed primarily to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of microwave sensors for measuring tropospheric temperature profiles, water vapor abundances, cloud liquid water content, and earth surface temperatures. The NEMS could continuously monitor emitted microwave radiation at frequencies of 22.235, 31.4, 53.65, 54.9 and 58.8 GHz. The three channels near the 5-mm oxygen absorption band were used primarily to determine the atmospheric temperature profiles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7d7c6ae-b2c4-4e6d-a1e6-a9d7b859cff8", - "label": "DASH-SP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The DASH-SP will provide rapid measurements of aerosol sub-saturated hygroscopic\ngrowth factors aboard the NASA DC-8 during the SEAC4 RS field campaign. DASH-SP\nmeasurements in the critically important southeast Asian region will afford a valuable\nopportunity to examine the relationship between aerosol composition and water-uptake\nproperties in order to improve model parameterizations of aerosol-water interactions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e75f4f20-63df-4f25-bade-044f7668618b", - "label": "ACAM", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper (ACAM) was designed and built at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) as part of an effort to provide cost-effective remote sensing observations of tropospheric and boundary layer pollutants and visible imagery for cloud and surface information. ACAM has participated in three campaigns to date aboard NASA's Earth Science Project Office (ESPO) WB-57 aircraft. This paper provides an overview of the instrument design and summarizes its ability to determine the minimal measurable slant-column concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as well as exploring the calibration stability of commercially available miniature spectrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e14a5672-7cea-4e59-9135-bc16b2b8d1d1", - "label": "MXGS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The ASIM MXGS instrument carries two set of detectors for TGF. The low energy detector senstive in the spectrcal band from 15 keV to 400 keV and the high energy detector sensitive from 200 keV to 40 MeV. The low energy detector is pixellated in 128 by 128 channels, which, in combination with a high mass density coded mask in front of the detector, allows advanced post-processing algorithms to pin point the direction to the TGF source. Overlaying the TGF direction with the optical imaging by the MMIA instrument, the correllation with lightning and TLE is possible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a7c9b6b-0188-440f-a9d0-6059d0c94863", - "label": "MMIA", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "ASIM uses optical observiations in carefully selected bands in order to filter out data with TLEs from the lightning data. Since downlink is limited, thse algorithms are implemented in the on-board software. The ASIM MMIA instrument is capable of observing 12 frames per second continuously in the 777.4 nm and 337 nm bands, both only 5 nm wide. Combined with 100 kHz photometer data from the same two bands in addition to a 180-230 nm band, data is filtered en realtime to optimize the available downlink capability allocated to ASIM on ISS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a5cbed4-a76f-4c8a-ab1e-dd0a13a85c0c", - "label": "MAX-DOAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "Multiple Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (MAX-DOAS) systems are inherently very\nsimple instruments, which have been shown to provide extremely useful information about a wide variety of environmental parameters. In order to exploit the potential of the technique we have developed a new field-deployable, passive MAX-DOAS system that is automated and uses little power (<3 W). This new instrument utilizes a fully enclosed scan head that protects all moving parts and optics from harsh environments. Instrument diagnostics, such as tilt monitoring and frost accumulation detection and removal, are integrated\ninto the main data acquisition program, which then acts to remedy problems that were discovered. This full automation and data quality checking make this instrument ideal for long-term deployment at remote, unmanned locations around the world, such as in polar regions or in the monitoring of trace gas emissions from volcanoes. This instrument was recently integrated into an ice-tethered autonomous buoy and tested in Elson Lagoon, near Barrow, Alaska to monitor halogen chemistry in the Arctic. During this investigation, differential slant column densities (dSCDs) of BrO up to 6×1014 molecules/cm2 were observed. Typical spectral fit residual RMS optical densities were less than 6×10−4 for solar zenith angles (SZA) <80◦ and a 6-min integration\ntime. Here we describe the design concepts and performance of this new MAX-DOAS instrument through detailed analyses of spectral quality, power usage, possible instrument response biases, and typical instrument operations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20b24a77-036d-46d0-9d3d-34dc924586cf", - "label": "TEMPO", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The TEMPO instrument is a grating spectrometer, sensitive to visible and ultraviolet wavelengths of light, which will be attached to the Earth-facing side of a commercial telecommunications satellite (to be selected) in geostationary orbit. This allows TEMPO to maintain a constant view of North America so that the instrument's light-collecting mirror can make a complete East to West scan of the 'Field of Regard' each and every hour of the day. By measuring sunlight reflected and scattered from the Earth's surface and atmosphere back to the instrument's detectors, TEMPO's ultraviolet and visible light sensors will provide spectra of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and other elements of daily atmospheric chemistry cycles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b28d2ec0-1639-4313-ab85-1661839413a1", - "label": "ACGS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "ACGS (Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Grating Spectrometer ) is a state-of-the-art hyperspectral grating spectrometer aimed at allowing XCO2 retrievals by measuring backscattered sunlight in three NIR/SWIR bands: the oxygen (O2) A-band (758–778 nm with ~0.04 nm spectral resolution), the CO2 weak band (1594–1624 nm with ~0.125 nm spectral resolution) and the CO2 strong band (2042–2082 nm with ~0.16 nm spectral resolution). CO2 column information is largely drawn from the weak CO2 band which includes a series of strong but not saturated CO2 lines which respond to even small variations in atmospheric CO2. The O2 A-band hyperspectral measurement contains information on aerosol and cloud scattering both in total scattering amount and scattering vertical distribution. The strong CO2 band provides information on aerosol and cloud scattering at longer wavelengths, in conjunction with information on CO2 and water vapour.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60fba55b-1325-453d-86ba-68f84242a09a", - "label": "GAMS/LAABS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "GAMS/LAABS is a combination of the Gas and Aerosol Measurement System (GAMS) and the Langley Airborne A-Band Spectrometer (LAABS). The instruments are optically co-aligned and use a common pointing system to track the Sun through an aircraft view port. In the field the instrument provides line-of-sight (LOS) O3, NO2, O4, and water vapor measurements using both a SAGE III-like multiple linear regression algorithm and a full spectrum algorithm. Aerosol may also be derived for ‘enhanced’ conditions including polar stratospheric clouds and optically thin cirrus. Using profile data (1-D/2-D) transformed to GAMS/LAABS LOS geometry, quick-look validation/comparison products for SAGE III, AROTAL, AATS-14, SCIAMACHY, and other instruments will be obtained. The data from GAMS/LAABS will make possible crucial evaluations of SAGE III data processing possible following deployment. These activities include SAGE III etaloning/mirror correction validation, O2 spectroscopy and forward model verification, ozone spectroscopy near the O2 A band and 940-nm water vapor features, evaluation of the relative strength of spectroscopic features (e.g., water vapor features at 600 nm and 940 nm) and altitude registration validation using oxygen measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bdfc7f8-1fed-4b26-a256-fcaa585aeaf2", - "label": "DIAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "A solar tracking Direct beam Irradiance Airborne Spectrometer (DIAS) is used for calculation of line of sight ozone and wavelength dependent aerosol optical depths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c10ecbc-ca56-4f5e-bfa8-8a16fb68d82d", - "label": "TIRS-PREFIRE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", - "definition": "The Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE) consists of two 6U CubeSats that each host a Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (TIRS) instrument. The CubeSats are scheduled for launch in March and October of 2023. The purpose of the TIRS instrument is to make spectrally resolved measurements of the Earth’s thermal radiation from the top of the atmosphere. PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 4 to 54 microns on hourly to seasonal timescales. The primary mission is 12 months in a polar orbit with inclination of 82  to 98  at altitudes between 450 km and 650 km. The TIRS instrument is an Offner spectrometer that uses a thermopile detector array and a Schwarzchild telescope. In addition, there is a scan mirror which is periodically actuated for calibration. The instrument concept of operation is to collect radiation emitted towards zenith in a nadir sounding orientation with periodic internal and space calibrations. The TIRS thermal control architecture consists of entirely passive elements. The instrument requires all elements be maintained between 0 C and 50 C during operation for the duration of the mission. An overview of the overall thermal control design approach is presented.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "label": "Radiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "055fb569-9674-474f-b841-f89c30b7ecef", - "label": "ESTAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR)is used\nfor daily mapping of soil moisture over an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a387f6a-9281-4ece-a2d9-79fc462638e0", - "label": "HRIR Nimbus-3", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1969-037A-02 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 3 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) was designed (1) to map the earth's nighttime cloud cover and thus to complement the daytime television (AVCS) coverage and (2) to measure the radiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. The Nimbus 3 HRIR was a modified version of previous experiments on Nimbus 1 and 2. It used a dual band-pass filter which transmitted reflected solar radiation in the 0.7- to 1.3-micrometer band as well as emitted thermal radiation in the 3.4- to 4.2-micrometer band. By detecting reflected solar radiation in the 0.7- to 1.3-micrometer band, the radiometer could also map the earth's cloud cover during the daytime. Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 48 rpm and scanned in a plane normal to the spacecraft velocity. The radiation reflected from the scan mirror was chopped at the focus of a 10.2-cm f/1 modified Cassegrain telescope. The modulated energy was then refocused on a lead selenide detector cell that transformed the received radiation into an electrical output. The output was amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. Using the direct readout infrared radiometer (DRIR) system, nighttime and daytime data could be transmitted by the real-time transmission system (RTTS) to ground APT stations. A ground resolution of 8.5 km could be obtained at nadir. The HRIR measured radiance temperatures between 210 and 330 deg K to a general accuracy of 1 deg K. For a more detailed description, see Section 3 of 'The Nimbus III User's Guide' (TRF B03409). The experiment was successful until August 1969, when noise in the tape recorder system gradually reduced the quality of the data. Routine processing of HRIR data was terminated after January 31, 1970. All experiment operations ceased on January 22, 1972, when the spacecraft was deactivated. The HRIR world montages were presented in 'The Nimbus III Data Catalog' (TRF B06523), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRIR NIMBUS-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-3\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.4 μm - 4.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 μm - 1.3 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16ad0bd4-7fe9-48b0-9145-2155bf3d0cc2", - "label": "AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "A passive microwave radiometer measures brightness temperature of ocean to retrieve salinity.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n Long_Name: Aquarius Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aquarius/main/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "184150ce-100e-485b-87db-839615af3d1a", - "label": "RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "RADIOMETERS are meters used to detect and measure radiant energy\nthat can be either electromagnetic or acoustic; measures\nradiated electromagnetic power.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18b3f136-732e-4e1b-92fd-ca2a7f560330", - "label": "TMRS2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b6265cd-b638-4ed1-97b9-9cc8f65f9449", - "label": "C-STAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Conically-Scanning Two-look Airborne Radiometer (C-STAR) is\na passive microwave radiometer system on an airborne platform\nthat collects data at 37.1 GHz. Making use of a rotating\nantenna, the C-STAR is able to produce images forward and aft of\nthe aircraft ground track. Data is collected in both horizontal\nand vertical polarization for each of the forward and aft\nimages.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f08e989-bc85-4cea-ab1f-7774c89d3836", - "label": "4.7um Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "216db434-5ef4-4d3b-9c30-7510dc04621c", - "label": "ERM", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Earth's radiation detector is mainly used for detecting the Earth-atmosphere system radiation budget.It does this by 0.2-4.3 µm short wave and 0.2-50 µm full wave the two wide bands channel observation of the Earth system radiation into space, where the main observations of short wave channel gas system reflection of solar radiation, from the full wave channel observation will be deducted reflection of solar radiation is the result of the Earth-atmosphere system-wave radiation.The adoption of the Earth's radiation detector wide-angle sweeping across the narrow field of view and track scan modes on Earth observation, the former provides the global total of radiation budget status, and the latter provides resolution of about 35Km of the Earth's radiation budget distribution of energy. \n\n\tNarrow field of view scanned channels and the index\nChannel \t 0.2～>3.8μm 0.2～50μm\nField View \t 2°×2° \t 2°×2°\nScan area \t ±50° \t ±50°\nRadiance range \t 0～370Wm-2Sr-1 0～500Wm-2Sr-1\nCalibration accuracy[Note 1] \t 1% \t 0.8%\nSensitivity \t 0.4Wm-2Sr-1 \t0.4Wm-2Sr-1\nLong-term stability in the second year[Note 2] \t ＜1% \t ＜1%\n\n\tWide field of view does not scan the channel and its index\nChannel \t 0.2～>3.8μm \t 0.2～50μm\nField View \t 120° \t 120°\nScan area \t ±50° \t ±50°\nRadiance range \t 0～370Wm-2Sr-1 0～500Wm-2Sr-1\nCalibration accuracy[Note 1] \t 1% \t 0.8%\nSensitivity \t 0.4Wm-2Sr-1 \t0.4Wm-2Sr-1\nLong-term stability in the second year[Note 2] \t ＜1% \t ＜1%\n\t\n[Note 1]：for the first Star \t[Note 2]：assessment of long-term stability in-orbit\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ERM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: ERM\n Long_Name: Earth Radiation Measurement\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_ERM.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24536b41-a968-4626-9516-7cf4c158334c", - "label": "MWR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) provides time-series measurements\nof column-integrated amounts of water vapor and liquid\nwater. The instrument itself is essentially a sensitive\nmicrowave receiver. That is, it is tuned to measure the\nmicrowave emissions of the vapor and liquid water molecules in\nthe atmosphere at specific frequencies.\n\nThe MWR receives microwave radiation from the sky at 23.8 GHz\nand 31.4 GHz. These two frequencies allow simultaneous\ndetermination of water vapor and liquid water burdens along a\nselected path. Atmospheric water vapor observations are made at\nthe 'hinge point' of the emission line where the vapor emission\ndoes not change with altitude (pressure). Cloud liquid in the\natmosphere emits in a continuum that increases with frequency,\ndominating the 31.4 GHz observation, whereas water vapor\ndominates the 23.8-GHz channel. The water vapor and liquid water\nsignals can therefore, be separated by observing at these two\nfrequencies.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/instruments/static/mwr.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ee6a227-a510-4dcd-8068-3e0ad14ede9b", - "label": "CAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) is an airborne multi-wavelength scanning radiometer that can perform several functions including determining the single scattering albedo of clouds at selected wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared; measuring the angular distribution of scattered radiation; measuring bidirectional reflectance of various surface types; and acquiring imagery of cloud and Earth surface features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32b8a132-9f49-4dc2-80bc-c48c9d36043d", - "label": "MIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Millimetef-wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) is a total-power\npassive microwave radiometer with channels at frequencies of\n89, 150, 183.3+-1, 183.3+-3, 183.3+-7, 220, and 325 GHz, and it\nis used for measurements of atmospheric water vapor and\nprecipitation (Racette et al. 1995). For cloud and\nprecipitation regions, the channels on this instrument respond\nprimarily to scattering from ice regions of clouds, with the\nlower free uencies penetrating progressively further into the\ncloud. The 183 GHz and lower-frequency channels on NIIR are\ncurrently flown on the SSMII and SSM/T2 spaceborne\ninstruments. The MIR instrument is located in the right ERA\nwing superpod and scans S7 points cross-track +- 5Q? (each seen\ncycle takes about 2.9 s)Ail channels have a beamwidth of\napproximately 3.3? resulting in a spot size of about 0.5 km at\na 10 km altitude typical of the ice scattering region in\nthunderstorms. The polarisation state of the measurements\nrotates with scan angle such that at nad ir, the elecinc field\nis perpendicular to the direction of flight.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lba.cptec.inpe.br/lba/eng/amc/er-2.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36e951f1-902a-44ba-b4fa-14b2f6950347", - "label": "HRIR Nimbus-1", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 1 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) was designed (1) to map the earth's nighttime cloudcover and thus to complement the daytime television (AVCS) coverage and (2) to measure the radiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. Mounted on the earth-oriented sensory ring, the radiometer measured thermal radiation in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer 'window' region. The HRIR subsystem consisted of (1) an optical system, (2) an infrared detector (lead selenide photoconductive material), (3) electronics, (4) a magnetic tape recorder, and (5) a filter to minimize attenuation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide. In contrast to the AVCS camera, no image was formed within the radiometer. The HRIR sensor merely transformed the received radiation into an electrical voltage, which was recorded on the tape recorder for subsequent playback when the satellite came within range of an acquisition station. The radiometer had an instantaneous field of view of about 1.5 deg, which at a nominal spacecraft altitude corresponded to a ground resolution of approximately 8 km at nadir. The radiometer was capable of measuring radiance temperatures from 210 to 330 K. Since the radiometer operated in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer region, the daytime pictures include reflected solar radiation in addition to the emitted surface IR radiation. However, the reflected solar radiation did not saturate the instrument, and a usable output was still obtained. In spite of a short operational lifetime (3.5 weeks), the HRIR system successfully demonstrated the feasibility of complete surveillance of surface and cloud features on a global scale during nighttime. With its improved spatial resolution, the radiometer yielded more detailed visual data on the structure of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and on the formation of tropical storms and frontal systems than had previously been possible. For a more detailed description and an index of the data, see 'Nimbus I High Resolution Radiation Data Catalog and Users' Manual' (TRF B04500), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRIR NIMBUS-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-1\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm - 4.1 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "383877d8-1789-4a05-ac12-51c1765315cd", - "label": "HRR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d368ab3-07c6-49b9-b4b2-41dbeb4814e3", - "label": "MMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Surface directional radiances and reflectances were measured\nwith a Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR), in six of the\nspectral bands nominally corresponding to the Thematic Mapper\nbands, and the seventh band was in the middle infrared\nregion. The spectral regions, nominal band-widths and the uses\nof the bands are as follows:\n\nBand Wavelength Primary\n (micrometer) Application\n---- ------------ ------------------------------------------------\n 1 0.45 - 0.52 Water bodies, land use, soil, and vegetation\n analyses.\n 2 0.52 - 0.62 Green reflectance of healthy vegetation.\n 3 0.63 - 0.69 Vegetation discrimination, soil and geological\n boundary delineations.\n 4 0.75 - 0.88 Amount of vegetation biomass, crop identification,\n emphasizes soil-crop and land-water contrasts.\n 5 1.15 - 1.30 Crop drought and plant vigor investigations,\n hydrologic discrimination between clouds,\n snow, and ice.\n 6 1.50 - 1.85 Crop drought and plant vigor investigations,\n hydrologic discrimination between clouds,\n snow, and ice.\n 7 2.08 - 2.35 Discrimination of geologic rock formations, and\n zones of hydrothermal alteration in rocks.\n\nThe Barnes Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR) was designed to\nacquire multispectral radiance data over the visible, near\ninfrared, middle infrared and thermal regions of the\nelectromagnetic spectrum. It produces analog voltage responses\nto scene radiance in 8 spectral bands. Voltages from thermistors\nattached to the instrument chopper and detectors are recorded to\nprovide a means of compensating for thermal effects on sensor\nresponse and for calculation of target surface temperatures. The\n8 bands are approximately 0.45 '-' 0.52,0.52 0.60, 0.63-0.69,\n0.76-0.90, 1.15-1.30, 1.55-1.75, 2.08-2.35, 10.4-12.5 um. Bands\n1-4 have silicon detectors and bands 5-7 have lead sulfide\ndetectors. The MMR's dimensions are 26.4 cm by 20.5 cm by 22.2\ncm and the device weighs 6.4 kg. The MMR is battery\npowered. Data logging was via a microprocessor-based Omnidata\nPolycorder where analog to digital conversions take place.\n\nThe NASA Bell UH-1B helicopter optical remote sensing system\nsupported a data acquisition system consisting of a bore-sighted\nMMR; a color video camera; and two 35 mm flight research cameras\nloaded with color film (one with a 1 inch focal length and the\nother with a 6 inch focal length). Controller units for all the\noptical devices are rack-mounted inside the helicopter and are\nwired such that a single switch closure triggers all\ndevices. The switch closure also activates an audible tone which\nis recorded on one of the two audio tracks of a Beta-format\nvideo recording system. The other audio track of the VCR was\nused to record cabin intercom conversations among the helicopter\ncrew. If one desires to examine site conditions in greater\ndetail, the higher resolution 35 mm still photography can be\nreviewed.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/fedmac/helo/helo_mmr.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dd67068-9e9f-4a5c-ae4b-799fbb0332ec", - "label": "AMMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Airborne Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (AMMR) measures\nthermal microwave emission (in degrees Kelvin of brightness\ntemperature) from surface and atmosphere. The up-looking\nradiometer at 21 and 37 GHz is a component of AMMR that was\ndeveloped in the 1970's for precipitation measurements from an\naircraft. The entire AMMR assembly covers a frequency range of\n10-92 GHz. The 21/37 GHz unit has been flown in many types of\naircraft during the past three decades in various field\ncampaigns. It was refurbished during the year 2000 and is ready\nfor flights again.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nsidc.org/data/amsr_validation/rainfall/wakasa_bay/AMMR.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NSIDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43e9f45d-542b-4c76-9be6-1663399c9725", - "label": "MRM", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by Proba-1 payloads\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MRM\n Long_Name: Miniaturized Radiation Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47d8a63b-98da-4aea-84ed-929ee0cc8b0e", - "label": "SIPS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: SIPS\n Long_Name: Smart Instrument Points\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "494ce358-a27e-41da-8858-17d224715ddd", - "label": "SCR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Selective Chopper Radiometer (SCR) is a 16-channel\nnonscanning radiometer flown on Nimbus-5 (launched December\n1972) for sounding the atmosphere in the infrared spectrum.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=s&p=24'\n\n[Summary provided by the Glossary of Meteorology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d76ff74-2e45-4e20-bb9d-41cf0f5dcc6d", - "label": "GBMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52e34405-124d-485e-859b-63f34609b812", - "label": "CERES-FM1", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in \nthe 0.3-5 μm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 μm band, and total radiation from 0.3 μm to beyond \n100 μm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, \ndetailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) \nsatellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in \nDecember 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as CERES-FM3 \nand CERES-FM4.\n\nInstrument Characteristics:\n\n* Selected for flight on TRMM, Terra, and Aqua.\n* Two broadband, scanning radiometers: One cross-track mode, one rotating azimuth plane (bi-axial scanning).\n* First instrument (cross-track scanning) is continuing ERBE, TRMM, and Terra measurements and the second (biaxially scanning) is providing angular radiance information to improve the accuracy of angular models used to derive the Earth's radiative balance.\n* Single scanner on TRMM mission (launched Nov. 1997)\n* Dual scanners on Terra (launched Dec. 1999) and Aqua, and single thereafter.\n\nInstrument Facts:\n\nHeritage: Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE)\nPrime Contractor: TRW\nResponsible Center: NASA Langley Research Center\nThree Channels in Each Radiometer: Total radiance (0.3 to 100 μm); Shortwave (0.3 to 5 μm); Window (8 to 12 μm)\n Swath: Limb to limb\nSpatial Resolution: 20 km at nadir\nMass: 50 kg per scanner\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nPower: 47 W (average) per scanner, 104 W (peak: biaxial mode) both scanners\nData Rate: 10 kbps per scanner\nThermal Control By: Heaters, radiators\nThermal Operating Range: 38°± 0.1° C (detectors)\nField of View (FOV): ±78 ° cross-track, 360° azimuth\nInstrument Instantaneous FOV: 14 mrad\n Pointing Requirements (platform + instrument 3?) \nControl: 720 arcsec\nKnowledge: 180 arcsec\nStability: 79 arcsec/6.6 sec\n Physical Size: 60 x 60 x 57.6 cm/unit \n\n\nThere are two CERES on Aqua, following two on the Terra satellite, launched in 1999, and one on the Tropical Rainfall \nMeasuring Mission, launched in 1997.\n\nMore Information: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM1\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm - 12 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "561ac4d5-7545-4271-ae17-bb00d35fed8e", - "label": "HFOVR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Broadband Hemispherical Field-of-View Multiple Spectral Channels\nInfrared Flux Radiometer (HFOVR): Similar to the BBHSR except\nthat this instrument incorporates a long pass interference\nfilter and uses the field of view inversion method. Used to\nmeasure infrared net fluxes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5995cecc-a5da-4dd7-b78b-228454239292", - "label": "THIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Nimbus 7 Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) detected emitted thermal radiation in both the 10.5- to 12.5-micrometer region (IR window) and the 6.5- to 7.0-micrometer region (water vapor). The window channel provided an image of the cloud cover and temperatures of the cloud tops, land, and ocean surfaces. The other channel provided information on the moisture and cirrus cloud content of the upper troposphere and stratosphere, and the location of jet streams and frontal systems. The ground resolution at nadir was 6.7 km for the window channel and 20 km for the water vapor channel. Data from these two channels were used primarily to support other sophisticated meteorological experiments onboard Nimbus 7. The instrument was a non-imaging radiometer consisting of a 12.7 cm Cassegrain system and scanning mirror common to both channels, a beam splitter, filters, and two germanium-immersed thermistor bolometers. Incoming radiant energy was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated through 360 deg at 48 rpm and scanned in a plane normal to the spacecraft velocity. The energy then was focused on a dichroic beam splitter which divided the energy spectrally and spatially. The two channels of this sensor transformed the received radiation into electric outputs (voltages), which were digitized and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. For more complete information on instrument and data products, see Section 9 in 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045) and the 'Nimbus 7 Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) Data User's Guide' (TRF B30601), both available from NSSDC. Except for data being digitized on board, the Nimbus 7 THIR was of the same design and operation as the THIR flown on Nimbus 4, 5, and 6. The instrument was turned off in 1985 to conserve power.\n\nInformation obtained from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-098A-10\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: THIR\n Long_Name: Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-6\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-5\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5- to 12.5-micrometer\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 6.7 km for the window channel and 20 km for the water vapor channel\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-098A-10\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5be26ec2-f2c1-4a9e-8a31-ee58d236712b", - "label": "TNR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Thermopile Net Radiometer is an instrument used to measure,\nhemispherically, net all-wave radiation from incoming and\noutgoing radiation. The receiving surface of a net radiometer is\na blackened plate across which there is a thermopile with one\nset of junctions in contact with the upper face and the other\nset attached to the lower face. With the plate aligned parallel\nto the surface the thermopile output is related to the\ntemperature difference across the plate.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://snrs.unl.edu/agmet/408/instruments/netrad.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c18b944-5015-4450-a16a-1179620b5aa5", - "label": "NMLR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Nebraska Multiband Leaf Radiometer (NMLR) is an instrument\nused during leaf optical measurements) wavebands.\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62155a85-7249-4de7-a1d7-042bae2f2e2b", - "label": "CERES SCANNER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Scanner (CERES)\nis a broadband instrument that measures the TOA radiance in\nthree bands (0.3 to > 50 ?m (total), 0.3 - 5 ?m (shortwave),\n8-12 ?m (longwave) at a spatial resolution of about 10 km at\nnadir.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/~sundar/papers/conf/IGARSS2001.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Alabama]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63437bc6-f068-4d54-8b46-53e27ab00b8c", - "label": "MTSAT 1R Imager", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6631b88e-494d-4879-ab41-60a6c0108d21", - "label": "BSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Broadband Solar Radiometer (BSR) is a modified Kipp & Zonen CM-22\nPyranometer ('http://www.kippzonen.com/') designed for aircraft\napplications.\nBandpass: 0.2 - 3.6 microns\nField-of-view: hemispheric\nData Rate: 10Hz\nData Format: RS232C\nData Resolution 16 bit\nTemperature Range: +80C to ?65C\nMeasured quantities: down and upwelling broadband solar flux (W/m 2)\nDerived quantities: albedo, net broadband solar flux, solar absorption\nin atmospheric layer\n\nThese flight-ruggedized CM-22 radiometers were modified and\nflight-tested as part of the Sandia National Laboratory\nDepartment of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement\n(ARM) - Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (ARM-UAV) program\n('http://armuav.ca.sandia.gov')\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d22671d-ff01-4b11-944b-5cb68f4e0c5e", - "label": "MTSAT 2 Imager", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7182c726-b019-4b03-93ae-12b66867a386", - "label": "2.4um Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7204c4d5-b7d0-41af-ba90-61d47c6dc610", - "label": "SLSTR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72f8d1ce-375c-416b-a8c9-1aa5cd2101b6", - "label": "GOES-13 Imager", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75bd4312-5e45-4943-be24-343f42ee5c82", - "label": "WINDSAT", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "WindSat is a joint NOAA Integrated Program Office/Department of Defense/NASA demonstration project, intended to measure ocean surface wind speed and wind direction from space using a polarimetric radiometer. It was launched aboard the Coriolis satellite by a Titan II rocket on 6 January 2003 into a 830-km 98.7-degree orbit, and is designed for a three-year lifetime.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WindSat\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: WindSat\n Long_Name: WindSat\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Coriolis\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-09\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "770216a2-85bc-4f52-9a5b-120a0c1f5796", - "label": "TDDR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Measurements of the spectral optical depth were made during\nACE-1 (Nov.-Dec. 1995) using a Total Direct Diffuse Radiometer\n(TDDR) mounted in a zenith port of the NCAR C-130. The TDDR is a\nshadow-band radiometer with a hemispheric field of view and 7\nchannels (380, 412,500,675,862,1064, and 1640 nm). Each channel\nhas a bandpass of approximately 10 nm. As its name implies, the\nTDDR measures the total, direct, and diffuse components of the\nsolar radiation field from which the optical depth is\nobtained. The optical depth, as a function of wavelength, can\nthen be inverted to derive an estimate of the column aerosol\nsize distribution.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79e79dea-54f1-454d-9def-c05973de6208", - "label": "MULTIFILTER RADIOMETER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bcbff2e-f2fa-44de-9025-3d82080b3728", - "label": "HRIR Nimbus-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-03 ]\n\nNimbus 2 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) was designed (1) to map the earth's nighttime cloud cover and thus to complement the daytime television (AVCS) coverage and (2) to measure the radiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. Mounted on the earth-oriented sensory ring, the radiometer measured thermal radiation in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer 'window' region. The HRIR subsystem consisted of (1) an optical system, (2) an infrared detector (lead selenide photoconductive material), (3) electronics, (4) a magnetic tape recorder, and (5) a filter to minimize attenuation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide. In contrast to the AVCS camera, no image was formed within the radiometer. The HRIR sensor merely transformed the received radiation into an electrical voltage, which was recorded on the tape recorder for subsequent playback when the satellite came within range of an acquisition station. Some HRIR data were also transmitted in a real-time mode by the APT transmitter. The radiometer had an instantaneous field of view of about 0.5 deg, which at an altitude of 1100 km corresponded to a ground resolution of approximately 8 km at nadir. The radiometer was capable of measuring radiance temperatures from 210 to 330 K. Since it operated in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer region, the daytime pictures included reflected solar radiation in addition to the emitted surface IR radiation. However, the reflected solar radiation did not saturate the instrument, and a usable output was still obtained. The experiment was a success, and good data were obtained until the HRIR tape recorder failed on November 15, 1966. The failure of the spacecraft recorder on July 26, 1966, necessitated the use of the HRIR recorder on a part-time basis to record selected telemetry data, which resulted in a 15% reduction of available HRIR data thereafter. For more detailed information of the experiment and the index of data, see Section 3 of 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), 'The Nimbus II High Resolution Infrared Data World Montage Catalog' (TRF B06578), and 'The Nimbus II Data Catalog' (TRF B06573), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRIR NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm - 4.1 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c85939e-c2a5-4a04-b67c-6779bc7f9a85", - "label": "ERB", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The objective of the Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment,\na follow-on to the Nimbus 6 ERB, was to determine the Earth radiation\nbudget on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous\nmeasurements of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth-reflected\n(shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation. Both (1) fixed\nwide-angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude\nand (2) scanned narrow-angle sampling of the angular radiance\ncomponents, were used to determine outgoing radiation (reflected and\nemitted). The ERB subsystem consisted of a 22-channel radiometer\ncontaining separate subassemblies to perform the required solar,\nearth-flux (wide angle), and scanned earth radiance (narrow angle)\nmeasurements. The systems used optical filters for spectral\ndiscriminations, and for uncooled thermal detectors, thermopile\ndetectors in the solar and fixed-earth-flux channels, and pyroelectric\ndetectors in the scanning channels. The 10 solar channels observed the\nsun in front of the observatory in the X-Y plane. The solar channels\nobtained usable solar data only during a period of about 3 min in each\norbit when the spacecraft was over the Antarctic region. Their full\nresponse field of view (FOV) was 0.18 rad. The solar channel\nsubassembly was pivoted plus or minus 0.35 rad in the X-Y plane to\ncompensate for sun-angle deviation when required. The channel 10c\nsolar channel was a model H-F self-calibrating cavity thermopile used\nfor monitoring the total solar irradiance (0.2 to 50 micrometers). The\nfour fixed earth-flux channels (numbered 11-14) were mounted so that\nthey could continuously view the total earth disk, and record data at\n0.25-s intervals. The eight narrow FOV scanning channels were mounted\nin the scanning head. The NFOV channels consisted of four shortwave\n(0.2 to 4.8 micrometers) and four longwave (4.5 to 50+ micrometers)\nchannels. The scanning head was gimbal-mounted in the radiometer unit\nmain frame. The FOVs of the telescopes were asymmetric (4.4 by 89.4\nmrad) and those of the shortwave and longwave channels were\ncoincident. The 89.4 mrad FOVs of the four pairs of channels were not\ncontiguous, but covered only alternate 89.4 mrad angular intervals\nalong the horizon.\n\nContact Information:\n\nNASA Langley Research Center\nMail Stop 157D\n2 South Wright Street\nHampton, Virginia 23681-2199\nUSA\nTelephone: (757) 864-8656\nFAX: (757) 864-8807\nE-mail: larc@eos.nasa.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://charm.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/campaign_documents/nimbus7_project.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ee2c846-ce0d-48a4-8117-d805acd2bd7a", - "label": "ERB-SCANNER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "815656a4-1382-4e05-94f9-5d4709e036f4", - "label": "CERES-FM2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "CERES consists of two broadband scanning radiometers that measure the Earth's radiation balance and provide cloud property \nestimates to assess their role in radiative fluxes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere.\n\nCERES is a broadband scanning thermistor bolometer package with extremely high radiometric measurement precision and \naccuracy. The Terra spacecraft carries two identical instruments: one operates in a cross-track scan mode and the other \nin a biaxial scan mode. The CERES Terra cross-track scanning data greatly extends the CERES data from the Tropical Rainfall \nMeasuring Mission (TRMM) to achieve complete global measurements by adding mid-latitude and polar observations (see CERES-FM1).\nTRMM data is restricted by its orbit to roughly cover 40S to 40N. Terra crosstrack data also adds observations at different \ntimes of day than TRMM (and later Aqua) in order to increase the accuracy of measuring the large diurnal cycle of the \nradiation fields from day to night. Finally, the CERES Terra biaxial scan mode provides new observations of the angular \nradiation fields in order to greatly improve the accuracy of the final fluxes of solar and thermal energy used to derive \nthe Earth's radiation balance.\n\nEach CERES instrument has three channels--a short-wave channel for measuring reflected sunlight, a longwave channel for \nmeasuring Earth-emitted thermal radiation in the 8-12 µm 'window' region, and a total channel for total radiation. Onboard \ncalibration hardware includes a solar diffuser, a tungsten lamp system with a stability monitor, and a pair of blackbody \nsources. Cold space and internal calibration looks are performed during each normal Earth scan.\n\nCERES is a Principal Investigator instrument provided by NASA and managed by NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, \nVirginia. The instrument was built by TRW in Redondo Beach, California. The CERES Team Leader is Norman Loeb.\n\nInformation obtained from: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM2\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm - 12 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8464f59d-5a48-4c3c-ae7f-ba052f323d7c", - "label": "ADMIRARI", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "ADMIRARI (ADvanced MIcrowave RAdiometer for Rain Identification) is a unique passive microwave radiometer. It was built by Radiometer Physics, Meckenheim and delivered to the Meteorological Institute at the University of Bonn in summer 2007. It is designed to measure water vapor, cloud and rain liquid water with high temporal (1s) and spatial resolution (5°). The radiometer is mounted on a trailer allowing relatively easy transportation and participation in field campaigns. Additionally it is equipped with two active instruments, i.e. since 2008 a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at 24.1 GHz frequency for rain structure observation and since September 2010 with a cloud Lidar at 920 nm wavelength for Cloud base estimation. Both active instruments are fully steerable alike ADMIRARI. (http://www2.meteo.uni-bonn.de/admirari/)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "858856b1-d6a9-4135-b9ac-bec7d70de8d2", - "label": "CERES-FM5", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instrument measures reflected sunlight and thermal radiation emitted by \nthe Earth.\n\nCERES FM5 is currently flying on the Suomi NPP satellite mission, and CERES FM6 will fly on the JPSS-1 spacecraft.\n\nCERES helps provide measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of Earth's Radiation Budget (ERB) components. \nThis further develops a quantitative understanding of the links between the ERB and the proprieties of atmosphere and \nsurface that define it.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/ceres.html\n\nMass: approximately 45 kilograms\nAverage Power: 45W\nDevelopment Institution: NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC)\nCERES Lead: Norman Loeb, NASA LaRC\nPurpose: To measure the Earth's energy balance for a better understanding of global climate change.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM5\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM5\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 5\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 µm - 50 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 µm - 12 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 µm - 5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/ceres.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-30\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "862550bd-0d5e-41db-83aa-38630b4459a8", - "label": "AMPR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The AMPR is a total power passive microwave radiometer producing calibrated brightness temperatures (TB) at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz. These frequencies are sensitive to the emission and scattering of precipitation-size ice, liquid water, and water vapor. The AMPR performs a 90º cross-track data scan perpendicular to the direction of aircraft motion. It processes a linear polarization feed with full vertical polarization at -45º and full horizontal polarization at +45º, with the polarization across the scan mixed as a function of sin2, giving an equal V-H mixture at 0º (aircraft nadir). A full calibration is made every fifth scan using hot and cold blackbodies. From a typical ER-2 flight altitude of ~20 km, surface footprint sizes range from 640 m (85.5 GHz) to 2.8 km (10.7 GHz). All four channels share a common measurement grid with collocated footprint centers, resulting in over-sampling of the low frequency channels with respect to 85.5 GHz.\n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/AMPR\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88c74b6f-9713-4266-a7d4-b00182706c79", - "label": "RSP", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Instrument Description\n\nIn order to demonstrate the capabilities of polarimetry an instrument\nthat can make either ground-based, or aircraft measurements, the\nResearch Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) has been developed by SpecTIR\nCorporation. This instrument has similar functional capabilities to\nthe proposed EOSP satellite instrument. Currently data acquisition is\nperformed on a laptop, which is shown here and gives an indication of\nthe size of the instrument. The scientific requirements for the\npolarimetric measurements are satisfied by the RSP through its high\nmeasurement accuracy, the wide range of viewing angles measured and by\nsampling of the spectrum of reflected solar radiation over most of the\nradiatively significant range. The RSP instrument uses a polarization\ncompensated scan mirror assembly to scan the fields of view of six\nboresighted, refractive telescopes through +/-600 from the normal with\nrespect to the instrument baseplate. The refractive telescopes are\npaired, with each pair making measurements in three spectral\nbands. One telescope in each pair makes simultaneous measurements of\nthe linear polarization components of the intensity in orthogonal\nplanes at 00 and 900 to the meridional plane of the instrument, while\nthe other telescope simultaneously measures equivalent intensities in\northogonal planes at 450 and 1350. This approach ensures that the\npolarization signal is not contaminated by uncorrelated spatial or\ntemporal scene intensity variations during the course of the\npolarization measurements, which could create false\npolarization. These measurements in each instantaneous field of view\nin a scan provide the simultaneous determination of the intensity, and\nthe degree and azimuth of linear polarization in all nine spectral\nbands.\n\n- More information: 'http://www.giss.nasa.gov/data/rsp_air/specs.html'\n\n[Summary adapted from the NASA/GISS home page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a90b95a-6b6a-403f-9481-58303aaeada2", - "label": "HIRAD", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "[Text Source: Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation, http://www.vcsi.org/hirad.html ]\n\nThe Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) is an innovative technology development designed to provide the operational and research communities with hurricane intensity information that cannot be observed by other sensors. HIRAD will produce imagery of ocean surface wind speed and rain rate during strong wind and heavy rain hurricane conditions that hamper the observational capabilities of existing instruments. HIRAD ocean surface wind observations will significantly contribute to the low altitude wind information needed for the NOAA observational requirement for three-dimensional tropical cyclone wind profiles, identified by the NOAA Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project as a high priority need. \n\nHIRAD is a passive microwave remote sensor which incorporates the observing frequency range of the NOAA Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (which is the only active or passive remote sensing technique that has successfully measured surface wind speeds and rain rates in tropical cyclones) and a unique, technologically advanced array antenna and other technologies successfully demonstrated by the NASA Instrument Incubator Program. HIRAD will be a compact, lightweight, low-power instrument with no moving parts that will produce wide-swath imagery from aircraft or spacecraft platforms.\n\nThe HIRAD development team includes scientific and engineering personnel from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Hurricane Research Division (HRD), the University of Alabama in Huntsville, the University of Central Florida, and the University of Michigan. The Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation collaboration will capitalize on an initial NASA MSFC technology investment to finish the development of two critical subsystems and to test-fly the integrated aircraft instrument in partnership with NASA MSFC. This partnership will expedite the overall development of the HIRAD ocean wind sensor as a prototype for a NOAA Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) component of the Global Earth Observing Systems of Systems (GOESS) for research and operational tropical cyclone applications. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRAD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HIRAD\n Long_Name: Hurricane Imaging Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA WB-57F\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hirad.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.vcsi.org/hirad.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.sprl.umich.edu/projects/HIRad/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/missions/grip/news/hirad.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-10-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d1de077-bdb4-4530-8c23-a1ee9fa74968", - "label": "HRIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90b33fac-349c-4c13-9819-d295833a97a7", - "label": "STEP FREQUENCY RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "STEP FREQURNCY RADIOMETERS: (Background)\n\nMany spacecraft were launched from 1962 thru 1973 to record\nsolar and cosmic radio bursts. The spacecraft carried receivers\nfor various frequency ranges, and collected data intermittently\nover those years. Some of the spacecraft were intended\nprimarily to observe cosmic sources, but solar bursts were not\nexcluded. Many data sets from these space missions are held at\nNSSDC (National Space Science Data Center). These radiometers\nwere of use on these space missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a6159cf-328f-4871-9213-6c402cab5971", - "label": "AMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR), is an enhanced version of the Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR). Like the JMR, it acquires measurements via three separate frequency channels to determine the path delay of the altimeter's radar caused by atmospheric water vapor. This instrument measures radiation from Earth's surface at three frequencies (18, 21 and 37 GHz). Measurements acquired at each frequency are combined to determine atmospheric water vapor and liquid water content. Once the water content is known, we can determine the correction to be applied for radar signal path delays.\n\nAdditional information on the AMR is available on the AVISO site. \n\n[Description Source: NASA JPL Ocean Surface Topography from Space Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: AMR\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 18.7, 23.8, and 34 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm-sc-inst.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/amr/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/typo3temp/pics/97616634ad.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0e116bb-56d8-4739-a83a-db7c4935fe72", - "label": "MR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) -or Microwave Sounder (MWS)- is part of\nthe Along Track Scanning Radiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR)\ninstrument on-board the European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and\nERS-2) launched by the European Space Agency on 17 July 1991 and 20\nApril 1995.\n\nThe ATSR incorporates two separate instruments: an advanced four-\nchannel infrared radiometer (the ATSR-IRR, commonly called the ATSR)\nused for measuring sea surface temperature and cloud top temperatures,\nand a two-channel Microwave Sounder (the ATSR-MWR, commonly called the\nMWR) designed to measure total precipitable water vapour and the total\nliquid water content of the atmosphere.\n\nThe MWR is a passive two-channel radiometer. The footprints of the two\nchannels are not coincident on the Earth's surface, as one channel\nviews slightly forward of the nadir point and the other slightly\nbehind, although both are on the sub_satellite track. The footprints\nare 22.4 km for the forward view and 21.2 km for the rear view, with a\n60 km separation. The calibration is achieved by ambient loads within\nthe instrument, consisting of terminated waveguides and a set of\nskyhorns viewing space.\n\nMWR characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nChannels: 23.8 and 36.5 GHz\nBeam width: 3 dB\nIFOV: 20 and 22 km\nAntenna: 60 cm off-axis paraboloid Cassegrain\nReceiver: Dicke\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\nThe ATSR was designed to provide the following:\n\n\n- global sea surface temperature, accurate to better than\n0.5K (absolute) with a spatial resolution of 50 Km in\nconditions of up to 80% cloud cover\n- images of surface temperature, accurate to 0.1K\n(relative) with 1 km resolution and 500 km swath width\n- total water vapour content of the atmosphere\n- observations of clouds, aerosols, haze, land-ice and\nsea-ice surface emissivity\n- tropospheric range correction of the radar altimeter\nmeasurements to better than 5 cm\n\n\nThe ATSR provides important information in scientific disciplines such\nas oceanography, climatology and meteorology. When combined with\nobservations of cloud top temperatures, cloud cover, haze, aerosol and\ntotal water vapour content of the atmosphere, significant improvements\nmay be expected in the accuracy of medium range weather\nforecasting. Also accurate sea surface temperatures can be of use to a\nnumber of commercial users, particularly those involved in fishing and\nthe management of fishing areas. In the field of research, potential\napplications of the ATSR include distinguishing thin new ice from open\nwater, identifying surface type, and the accumulation rate of land\nice.\n\nOnline sensor information:\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/instruments/static/mwr.html'\n\nRelated URL: 'http://earth.esa.int/mwr/'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_ats.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1b43096-d002-4e81-b4e7-b0ec20af9c79", - "label": "MRIR NIMBUS-3", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1969-037A-05 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 3 Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) experiment measured the intensity and distribution of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by and reflected from the earth and its atmosphere in five selected wavelength intervals from 0.2 to 23 micrometers. Data on the heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system were obtained as well as water vapor distribution data, surface or near-surface temperatures, and data on seasonal changes of stratospheric temperature distribution. The five wavelength regions were (1) the 6.5- to 7.0-micrometer channel, which covered the 6.7-micrometer water vapor absorption band, (2) the 10- to 11-micrometer band, which operated in the atmospheric window, (3) the 14.5- to 15.5-micrometer band, which covered the 15-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band, (4) the 20- to 23-micrometer channel, which covered the spectral region containing the broad rotational absorption bands of water vapor, and (5) the 0.2- to 4.0-micrometer channel, which yielded information on the intensity of reflected solar energy. Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 8 rpm and scanned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the satellite. Each of the five channels contained a 4.33-cm diameter folded telescope with a 2.8-deg field of view and a thermistor bolometer. The collected energy was modulated by a mechanical chopper to produce an ac signal. The signal was then amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. At a satellite altitude of 1100 km, a horizontal resolution of 45 km was obtained. The MRIR experiment was successful, in spite of a telemetry conflict that caused the experiment to be periodically turned off. During August and September 1970 (hurricane season), the MRIR was on essentially full time to cover the area from the equator to 70 deg N and from 10 deg E to 100 deg W. On September 25, 1970, the satellite's rear horizon scanner failed, making it impossible to determine where the MRIR sensor was pointing. The experiment was operated periodically until January 22, 1972, when all spacecraft operations were terminated.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRIR/NIMBUS-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MRIR/NIMBUS-3\n Long_Name: Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.5 μm - 7.0 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 μm - 11 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 14.5 μm - 15.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 20 μm - 23 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 4.0 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus \n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a23f09aa-48e0-42a4-b7e1-9f25ada6ba47", - "label": "CERES-PFM", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in \nthe 0.3-5 µm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 µm band, and total radiation from 0.3 µm to beyond \n100 µm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, \ndetailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) \nsatellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in \nDecember 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as\nCERES-FM3 and CERES-FM4.\n\nCERES consists of two broadband scanning radiometers that measure the Earth's radiation balance and provide cloud property \nestimates to assess their role in radiative fluxes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere.\n\nCERES is a broadband scanning thermistor bolometer package with extremely high radiometric measurement precision and accuracy.\nThe Terra spacecraft carries two identical instruments: one operates in a cross-track scan mode and the other in a biaxial \nscan mode. The CERES Terra cross-track scanning data greatly extends the CERES data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring \nMission (TRMM) to achieve complete global measurements by adding mid-latitude and polar observations. TRMM data is \nrestricted by its orbit to roughly cover 40S to 40N. Terra crosstrack data also adds observations at different times of \nday than TRMM (and later Aqua) in order to increase the accuracy of measuring the large diurnal cycle of the radiation \nfields from day to night. Finally, the CERES Terra biaxial scan mode provides new observations of the angular radiation \nfields in order to greatly improve the accuracy of the final fluxes of solar and thermal energy used to derive the Earth's \nradiation balance.\n\nEach CERES instrument has three channels - a short-wave channel for measuring reflected sunlight, a longwave channel for \nmeasuring Earth-emitted thermal radiation in the 8-12 µm 'window' region, and a total channel for total radiation. Onboard \ncalibration hardware includes a solar diffuser, a tungsten lamp system with a stability monitor, and a pair of blackbody \nsources. Cold space and internal calibration looks are performed during each normal Earth scan.\n\nCERES is a Principal Investigator instrument provided by NASA and managed by NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC) in \nHampton, Virginia. The instrument was built by TRW in Redondo Beach, California. The CERES Team Leader is Dr. Norman Loeb.\n\nInformation obtained from https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/trmm_ceres.php\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-PFM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-PFM\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Prototype Flight Model\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/trmm_ceres.php\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/CERES\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9acad98-de3f-4c93-b2b6-c795136ab06e", - "label": "MAPIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Here is the first paragraph:\n\nThe Marshall Airborne Polarimetric Imaging Radiometer (MAPIR) is a dual beam, dual angle polarimetric, scanning L band passive microwave radiometer system developed by the Observing Microwave Emissions for Geophysical Applications (OMEGA) team at MSFC. MAPIR observes naturally-emitted radiation from the ground primarily for remote sensing of land surface brightness temperature from which we can retrieve soil moisture and possibly surface or water temperature and ocean salinity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9f6f54c-cc25-4a27-888b-a47b134f8663", - "label": "MULTICHANNEL FILTER RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "MULTICHANNEL FILTER RADIOMETERS are instruments that measure\nradiated electromagnetic power using varied and multiple\nchanneled grooved filters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acdc388a-802f-4fa8-8f37-f95ad95a645e", - "label": "MRIR NIMBUS-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-04 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 2 Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) experiment measured the intensity and distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by and reflected from the earth and its atmosphere in five selected wavelength intervals from 0.2 to 30 micrometers. Data for heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system were obtained, as well as measurements of water vapor distribution, surface or near-surface temperatures, and seasonal changes of stratospheric temperature distribution. The five wavelength regions were (1) the 6.4- to 6.9-micrometer channel, which covered the 6.7-micrometer water vapor absorption band, (2) the 10- to 11-micrometer band, which operated in the 'atmospheric window,' (3) the 14- to 16-micrometer band, which covered the 15-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band, (4) the 5- to 30-micrometer band, which measured the emitted long-wavelength infrared energy for heat budget purposes, and (5) the 0.2- to 4.0-micrometer channel, which yielded information on the intensity of reflected solar energy (albedo). Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 8 rpm and scanned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the satellite. Each of the five channels contained a 4.33-cm-diameter folded telescope with a 2.8-deg field of view and a thermistor-bolometer. The collected energy was modulated by a mechanical chopper to produce an ac signal. The signal was then amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. At a satellite altitude of 1100 km, a horizontal resolution of 55 km could be obtained. The MRIR experiment was successful, and good data were obtained from launch until the recorder failed on July 29, 1966. For more detailed information of the experiment and the index of data, see Section 4 of 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), 'The Nimbus II Medium Resolution Infrared Pictorial Data Catalog' (TRF B06580), and 'The Nimbus II Data Catalog' (TRF B06573), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRIR NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MRIR NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.4 μm- 6.9 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 μm - 11 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 14 μm - 16 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 μm - 30 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 4.0 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b087f1d4-ad8d-4b15-b908-599b1560c355", - "label": "INFRARED RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "INFRARED RADIOMETERS are meters used to detect and measure\nradiant energy that is either electromagnetic or acoustic and\nthat is also in the infrared part of the electromagnetic\nspectrum (visible spectrum at its red end); Infrared is\nelectromagnetic wave frequencies below the visible range which\nhave wavelengths longer than light but shorter than radio waves.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOR 2-21\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b10f1d54-aa57-4e9d-8876-a1c5c3785660", - "label": "SWIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Short Wave Infrared Radiometer (SWIR) is one of ASTER?s\nthree different subsystems.\n\nThe SWIR subsystem uses a single aspheric refracting\ntelescope. The detector in each of the six bands is a Platinum\nSilicide-Silicon (PtSi-Si) Schottky barrier linear array cooled\nto 80K. Cooling is provided by a split Stirling cycle\ncryocooler with opposed compressors and an active balancer to\ncompensate for the expander displacer. The on-orbit design life\nof this cooler is to be 50,000 hours. Although ASTER will\noperate with a low duty cycle (8% average data collection time)\nthe cryocooler will operate continuously because the cool-down\nand stabilization time is long. No cyrocooler has yet\ndemonstrated this length of performance and the development of\nthis long-life cooler is one of several major technical\nchallenges facing the ASTER team.\n\nThe cryocooler is a major source of heat. Because the cooler is\nattached to the SWIR telescope, which must be free to move to\nprovide cross-track pointing, this heat cannot be removed using\na platform provided cold plate. This heat is transferred to a\nlocal radiator attached to the cooler compressor and radiated to\nspace.\n\nSix optical bandpass filters are used to provide spectral\nseparation. No prisms or dichroic elements are used for this\npurpose. A calibration device similar to that used for the VNIR\nsubsystem is used for in-flight calibration. The exception is\nthat the SWIR subsystem has only one such device.\n\nThe NE delta rho will vary from 0.5 to 1.3% across the bands\nfrom short to long wavelength. These performance estimates may\nbe optimistic for the bandpasses given in Table II. Since bands\n5-9 are narrower than those used in developing the conceptual\ndesign. The absolute radiometric accuracy is to be +4% or\nbetter. The combined data rate for all six SWIR bands, including\nsupplementary telemetry and engineering telemetry, is 23 Mbps.\n\nAdditional information is available at\n'http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/click/click.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1a560d0-e9cb-4ce3-9c06-c354bcf1833f", - "label": "CERES-FM4", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in the 0.3-5 µm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 µm band, and total radiation from 0.3 µm to beyond 100 µm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, detailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in December 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as CERES-FM3 and CERES-FM4.\n\nAqua carries two CERES instruments, the fourth and fifth CERES to fly in space. The TRMM and Terra CERES have obtained levels of accuracy never before achieved for comprehensive Earth radiation-budget measurements. All the CERES instruments have the capability of operating in either of two scanning modes: fixed azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are perpendicular to the path of the satellite, and rotating azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are at wide range of angles with respect to the satellite's path. The paired CERES on Terra and on Aqua provide both of those missions with the possibility of coincident fixed azimuth plane scanning from one CERES and rotating azimuth plane scanning from the other CERES, enhancing the quality of the final products.\n\nSEE ALSO: CERES-PFM, CERES-FM1, CERES-FM2.\n\nInformation obtained from http://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/aqua_ceres.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM4\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM4\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 4\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 3.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 μm - 25 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/ceres\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4d51bd0-047f-4365-98cf-acfe4370eec0", - "label": "CERES-FM3", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in the 0.3-5 µm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 µm band, and total radiation from 0.3 µm to beyond 100 µm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, detailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in December 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as CERES-FM3 and CERES-FM4.\n\nAqua carries two CERES instruments, the fourth and fifth CERES to fly in space. The TRMM and Terra CERES have obtained levels of accuracy never before achieved for comprehensive Earth radiation-budget measurements. All the CERES instruments have the capability of operating in either of two scanning modes: fixed azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are perpendicular to the path of the satellite, and rotating azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are at wide range of angles with respect to the satellite's path. The paired CERES on Terra and on Aqua provide both of those missions with the possibility of coincident fixed azimuth plane scanning from one CERES and rotating azimuth plane scanning from the other CERES, enhancing the quality of the final products.\n\nSEE ALSO: CERES-PFM, CERES-FM1, CERES-FM2.\n\nInformation obtained from https://aqua.nasa.gov/ceres\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM3\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 3.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 μm - 25 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/ceres\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b59f2392-310f-4542-bf7e-17c84f0c3242", - "label": "NISTAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "NISTAR is an active cavity radiometer designed to measure the energy reflected and emitted from the entire sunlit face of the Earth from its orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1). L1 is a neutral gravity point between Earth and the sun. This position offers a unique continuous view of the Earth at from sunrise to sunset.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6bcacb0-f88c-440e-9401-61dfb8aa2e0d", - "label": "CERES-FM6", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "CERES FM6, or Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System Flight Model 6, is a three-channel radiometer that measures both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. CERES measures radiances in three broadband channels: a shortwave channel, a total channel, and an infrared window channel. More Information: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/jpss1_ceres.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd8f369d-a91f-48c3-b044-03195a870682", - "label": "BBHSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Broadband Hemispherical Field-of-View Multiple Spectral Channels\nInfrared Flux Radiometer (HFOVR): Similar to the BBHSR except\nthat this instrument incorporates a long pass interference\nfilter and uses the field of view inversion method. Used to\nmeasure infrared net fluxes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/publications/implementation/measure_sys.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c143ee20-1d14-4003-9043-f028c19f0265", - "label": "SMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Odin SMR (Sub-Millimeter Radiometer) instrument continues to produce profiles of chemical species relevant to understanding the middle and upper atmosphere. The long-term observation of stratospheric ozone can be useful for trend analysis of chemical ozone loss.\n\nSMR is a Swedish instrument in cooperation with Finland (119 GHz channel), and France, provision of the AOS (Acousto-Optic Spectrometer) detector. SMR is a passive microwave limb sounder with one receiver at a wavelength of 3 mm and additional four bands within the submillimeter range (0.5 - 1.0 mm) corresponding to a frequency range of 486 - 580 GHz. Antenna reflector type: offset Gregorian telescope [off-axis system, 1.1 m diameter, surface roughness: 10 µm rms, material: carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)]. SMR is used in the astronomy as well as in the atmospheric research mission to detect molecular transitions.\n\nThe signal coming from the telescope is routed to the receivers, split and filtered by optics consisting of combinations of mirrors, grids and meshes. Diplexers and sideband filters are based on tunable polarizing Michelson interferometers. The SMR telescope is being equipped with a very flexible cryogenic sub-mm receiver package (cooling to -175º C). The frequency range of 541-581 GHz is covered by three tuneable Schottky mixers and a fourth Schottky mixer covers the band 486-504 GHz. A 119 GHz fix-tuned HEMT preamplifier has been installed to allow very sensitive searches for interstellar O2. All receivers are operated in single-sideband mode.\n\nThe five single sideband heterodyne receivers in SMR are continuously switched between a reference source of known signal strength and the signal from the telescope (Dicke switch). The telescope is periodically targeted towards well-known celestial objects. These procedures ensure both stability and good calibration.\n\nSpectral lines: The SMR instrument covers transitions of aeronomical interest from the following molecules: ClO, CO, NO2, N2O, H2O2, HO2, H2O, H218O, NO, HNO3, O3, and O2; and atomic and molecular transitions of astrophysical interest from: Cl, H218O, H2O, H2S, NH3, H2CO, O2, CS, 13CO, H2CS, SO, SO2\n\nType\n\nSingle sideband heterodyne receivers (use of InP material),\n\nFrequencies\n\n118.25 - 119.25 GHz, 486.1 - 503.9 GHz, 541 - 580.4 GHz\n\nBandwidth\n\n100 MHz to 1 GHz\n\nResolution\n\n0.1 MHz to 1 MHz\n\nSensitivity\n\n1 K in 1 MHz with S/N = 5 after 15 minutes\n\nMixers\n\nCooled Schottky mixers\n\nLocal Oscillators\n\nLO based on Gunn diodes and frequency multipliers\n\nLNA\n\nCooled HEMT low noise amplifiers\n\nSpectrometers\n\ntwo hybrid autocorrelators and one AOS (Acousto-Optic Spectrometer)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1a69b2c-52ff-4eb3-8e29-f1aaf5c0733c", - "label": "TMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The TOPEX/Poseidon Microwave Radiometer (TMR) was a three-frequency microwave radiometer flown on the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite in low Earth orbit that provided total water vapor along the path viewed by the altimeter and was used for range correction. It measured the brightness temperature in the nadir-column at 18, 21, and 37 GHz. The TMR monitors and corrects for the propagation path delay of the altimeter radar signal due to water vapor and nonprecipitating liquid water in the atmosphere. JMR on Jason is a slightly more advanced version of TMR.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TMR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: TMR\n Long_Name: TOPEX Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 18, 21, and 37 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.asd.ssc.nasa.gov/News.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c83f5d9a-2dca-4c8c-b099-d4fab1773da9", - "label": "2.3um Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc237196-3891-40fb-b502-01fb09dae72f", - "label": "PARABOLA", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "PARABOLA (The Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisitions of\nBidirectional Observations of Land and Atmosphere) is an\ninstrument specifically designed to measure variations in\nreflectance of forest canopies as a function of solar and sensor\nviewing geometry, wavelength, and canopy biophysical\ncharacteristics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cde1ad93-a609-4f47-b11d-2dab1bba5eff", - "label": "NFOVR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "A Narrow Field of View Radiometer (NFOVR) is a narrow field of\nview radiometer operating at 9.6-11.5 um was used to estimate\ncloud base temperature.\n\n[Summary provided by Miami University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce6c83ba-ea2a-4651-8c55-8232248b500c", - "label": "IKAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Russian Space Agency (RSA)'s Priroda is an attached payload\nfor RSA's Space Station MIR. It carried 15 microwave\nradiometers, called IKAR (Multichannel Microwave Radiometric\nSystem),covering the frequency range from 5 to 90 GHz. IKAR\nalso has a channel at 13 GHz which measures 3 Stokes parameters\nfor sea surface and vector wind speed determination.\n\n[Summary provided by CEOS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d023b35a-a688-4872-9580-1001b2aca22d", - "label": "HCMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission Radiometer (HCMR), which flew\non board the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), collected\nvisible and thermal infrared day/night data which may be\nuseful for a variety earth science studies such as making\nthermal inertia studies for the discrimination of rock types\nand mineral resource location, measuring plant canopy\ntemperatures, observing soil temperature cycles, and mapping\nnatural and man-made thermal effluents. The HCMM local times\nof equator crossings were 2 PM (ascending node) and 2 AM\n(descending node). This provided day/night coverage about once\nevery 16 days at approximately 12-hour intervals depending o\nlatitude. The HCMM provided global coverage from 85 N to 85 S,\nbut due to the lack of onboard recorders, image acquisition\nwas limited by the availability of ground receiving\nstations. Areas covered include parts of the US, western\nCanada, western Europe, northern Africa, and Eastern\nAustralia. The spatial resolution for this data is\napproximately 600 m at nadir for the IR channel (10.5-12.5\nmicrometers) and 500 m for the visible channel (0.5-1.1\nmicrometers). Specific coverage information is available from\nNSSDC. HCMM radiometer image data are available in both film\n(NSSDC ID 78-041A-01A) and digital (CCT) format (NSSDC ID\n78-041A-01B) at a scale of 1:4,000,000. The film products are\non 241-mm rolls (totalling about 25,000 scenes), and are\navailable as positive or negative prints or transparencies and\ncontain, in addition to the actual imagery, annotation\ninformation, a gray scale, frame identification (id),\nresolution targets, registration marks and tick marks (Hotine\noblique mercator coordinates). Digital HCMM data are arranged\nin a band sequential (BSQ) format. In addition, HCMM images\nare available as day/night registered imagery in both film\n(NSSDC ID 78-041A-01C) and digital format (NSSDC ID\n78-041A-01D) also with a scale of 1:4,000,000. These day/night\nregistered data consist of five types of images: visible, day\nthermal infrared, night thermal infrared, the temperature\ndifference, and the apparent thermal inertia. Day/night\nregistered data also contain a 16 step gray scale, time and\nlocation annotation, geometric correction information,\netc.,. All HCMM data are available from the NSSDC. HCMM data\nacquired at Lannion, France, may also be ordered from ESA\nEarthnet User Services.\n\nReferences:\n\nKahle, A.B., J.P. Schieldge, M.J.Abrams, R.E. Alley, and\nC.J. LeVine, Geologic Applications of thermal inertia imaging\nusing HCMM data. JPL Publication 81-55, Pasadena, CA,\n1981. Price, J.C., Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) data\nusers handbook for Applications Explorer Mission (AEM),\nNASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 1980 (Available from NSSDC). Short,\nNicholas M. and Locke Stuart, 'The Heat Capacity Mapping\nMission (HCMM) Anthology', NASA SP-465, 1982.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ceos.neonet.nl/metadata/dif/78-041A-01A.xml'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d583f653-7a8d-414a-aff7-7d9006a138cc", - "label": "ERBE WFOV Nonscanner", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The ERBE non-scanning instrument, like it's scanning companion, was designed, built, and calibrated by TRW, Inc. at it's facility in Redondo Beach, California in 1984. There are five detectors within the instrument, four of which normally operate in a nadir (Earth) staring mode. The fifth detector (the solar monitor) is used only for solar calibration measurements. In-flight, the instrument is (normally) calibrated internally at 2-week intervals. The detectors are as follows:\n\n The Wide Field-Of-View (WFOV) Detectors:\n\n One Total (wavelength) active cavity radiometer (ACR)\n One Short (wavelength) ACR\n\n The Medium Field-Of-View (MFOV) Detectors:\n\n One Total (wavelength) ACR\n One Short (wavelength) ACR\n\n The Solar Monitor Detector:\n\n One Solar active cavity pyrheliometer \n\nThe total detectors measure radiation in the 0.2 - 50.0 micron wavelength band, and the shortwave detectors measure radiation in the 0.2 - 5.0 micron band. The solar monitor is sensitive to all incident irradiance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddd0f410-c84f-4c72-b6ed-7efbcbf3c244", - "label": "AMR-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The AMR-2 instrument is provided by NASA/JPL with the objective to measure the altimeter signal path delay due to tropospheric water vapor. AMR-2 is a passive microwave radiometer measuring the brightness temperatures in the nadir column at 18.7, 23.8, and 34 GHz, providing path delay correction for the altimeter (the brightness temperatures are converted to path-delay information). The 23.8 GHz channel is the primary water vapor sensor, the 34 GHz channel provides a correction for non-raining clouds, and the 18.7 GHz channel provides the correction for effects of wind-induced enhancements in the sea surface background emission.\n\nThe AMR-2 consists of two subsystems: ESA (Electronics Structure Assembly) and RSA (Reflector Structure Assembly). The ESA is developed by JPL, while the RSA is developed by ATK Space Systems, San Diego, CA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "deb0fd7e-2b42-4795-ba3f-aa5243cefbd5", - "label": "ASUR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Airborne Submillimeter Radiometer (ASUR) radiometer is an\nairborne radiometer measuring the thermal emission of trace\ngases in the stratosphere (in an altitude range between 15 and\n50 km). The instrument detects the radiation in a frequency\nrange between 604.3 and 662.3 GHz. This corresponds to\nwavelengths of about 0.45-0.5 mm. In this frequency range a\nmajor part of the radiation is absorbed by atmospheric water\nvapor. As most of the water vapor is found in the troposphere\n(in the Arctic up to 8 km, in the tropics up to 16 km altitude)\nthe instrument is operated on board of an aircraft flying at an\naltitude of 10-12 km, such that a major part of the water vapor\nabsorption is avoided.\n\nThe ASUR instrument in its current configuration can measure\nemission lines of the trace gases HCl, ozone, ClO, N2O, HNO3,\nCH3Cl, H2O, BrO, HO2, HCN, and NO. The horizontal resolution of\nthe measurements ranges between 12 and 50 km and depends on\nsignal intensity and aircraft speed. The maximum time of\ncontinuous operation is 10-11 hours and is determined by the\nstorage volume of liquid cryogen (see section Setup).\n\nThe hardware of the ASUR instrument [Whyborn et al., 1996, Mees\net al., 1995] has been developed and built in a collaboration\nbetween SRON (Space Research Organisation of the Netherlands),\nGroningen and the Institute of Environmental Physics of the\nUniversity of Bremen. The spectrometers AOS (Acousto-Optical\nSpectrometer) and CTS (Chirp-Transform Spectrometer) were\ndeveloped , in the framework of an ESA/ESTEC project by the\nObservatoire de Meudon, Paris, and the Deutsche Aerospace (now:\nASTRIUM), respectively.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.iup.physik.uni-bremen.de/asur/general/instrument_e.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "def2dfaa-ab01-4b32-b1b2-ea3f3fdc9ef2", - "label": "MFR/SSH", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-02 ]\n\nSpecial Sensor H (SSH) was a vertical temperature profile radiometer (VTPR). The objective of this experiment was to obtain vertical temperature, water vapor, and ozone profiles of the atmosphere to support Department of Defense resuirements in operational weather analysis and forecasting. The SSH was a 16-channel sensor with one channel (1022 cm-1) in the 10-micrometer ozone absorption band, one channel (835 cm-1) in the 12-micrometer atmospheric window, six channels (747, 725, 708, 695, 676, 668.5 cm-1) in the 15-micrometer CO2 absorption band, and eight channels (535, 408.5 441.5, 420, 374, 397.5, 355, 353.5 cm-1) in the 22- to 30-micrometer rotational water vapor absorption band. The experiment consisted of an optical system, detector and associated electronics, and a scanning mirror. The scanning mirror was stepped across the satellite subtrack, allowing the SSH to view 25 separate columns of the atmosphere every 32 s over a cross track ground swath of 2000 km. While the scanning mirror was stopped at a scene station, the channel filters were sequenced through the field of view. The surface resolution was approximately 39 km at nadir. Radiance data were transformed into temperature water vapor and ozone profiles by a mathematical inversion technique. A more complete description of the experiment can be found in the report, 'DMSP Block 5D Special Meteorological Sensor H, Optical Subsystem,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, No. 4, 284-288, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFR/SSH\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Long_Name: MULTICHANNEL FILTER RADIOMETERS/SPECIAL SENSOR H (SSH)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 12 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 22 μm - 30 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-02\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e060e0ba-0168-4d2b-a41f-3a83cee49f00", - "label": "MFRSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The MFRSR takes spectral measurements of direct normal, diffuse\nhorizontal, and total horizontal solar irradiances. These\nmeasurements are at nominal wavelengths of 415, 500, 615, 673,\n870, and 940 nm. The measurements are made at a user specified\ntime interval; typically this interval is about one minute or\nless, at the SGP site, the sampling interval is 20 seconds. From\nsuch measurements, one may infer the atmosphere's optical depth\nat the wavelengths mentioned above. In turn, these optical\ndepths may be used to derive information about the column\nabundances of ozone and water vapor (Michalsky et al. 1995), as\nwell as aerosol (Michalsky et al. 1994) and other atmospheric\nconstituents.\n\nA silicon detector is also part of the MFRSR. This broadband\ndetector provides a measure of the broadband direct normal,\ndiffuse horizontal, and total horizontal solar\nirradiances. These quantities are uncalibrated and reported in\nunits of 'counts.' An MFRSR head that is mounted to look\nvertically downward can measure upwelling spectral irradiances\n(obviously at the same wavelengths as the MFRSR!). In the ARM\nsystem, this instrument is called an 'MFR'. At the SGP there are\ntwo MFRs; one mounted at the 10 m height and the other at 25\nm. At the NSA sites, the MFRs are mounted at 10 m.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/instruments.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ARM]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e37f56fd-0a8c-4cbe-a903-8ae4358d3df4", - "label": "RAMS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "A single Radiation Measurement System (RAMS) consists of a\nvariety of broadband and spectral radiometers developed and\nmaintained by the Atmospheric Research Laboratory at the Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography, University of California, San\nDiego. A RAMS is mounted on both the zenith and nadir positions\non each aircraft for the purpose of measuring both downwelling\nand upwelling fluxes. All of the instruments composing a RAMS\nhave hemispheric fields-of-view and are located in positions on\neach aircraft which minimize obstructions from their view (i.e.,\ntail fins, radio antennas, landing gear, etc.). Because both\ndownwelling and upwelling fluxes are measured on a single plane,\nthe net flux at a given altitude is easily inferred by a pair of\nRAMS. The RAMS Instrument package has been part of the ARM-UAV\nprogram and has flown on and been located at surface stations\nduring the ARESE, S96, F96 and F97 flight series.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://armuav.ca.sandia.gov/rams.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e432d8db-ec9c-44fa-9942-d6b1eb993126", - "label": "ERBE", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), flown on the Earth\nRadiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the NOAA Polar Orbiting\nEnvironmental Satellites (NOAA-9, NOAA-10), was designed to measure the\nenergy exchange between the earth-atmosphere system and space. The\nmeasurements of global, zonal, and regional radiation budgets on\nmonthly time scales helped in climate prediction and in the\ndevelopment of statistical relationships between regional weather and\nradiation budget anomalies. The ERBE consisted of two seperate\ninstrument packages: the nonscanner (ERBE-NS) instrument and the\nscanner (ERBS-S) instrument. The ERBE-NS instrument had five sensors,\neach using cavity radiometer detectors. Four of them were primarily\nearth-viewing. Two wide-field-of-view (WFOV) sensors viewed the entire\ndisk of the earth from limb to limb, approximately 135 deg. Two medium\nFOV (MFOV) sensors viewed a 10-deg region. The fifth sensor was a\nsolar monitor that measured the total radiation from the sun. Of the\nfour earth-viewing sensors, one WFOV and one MFOV sensor made total\nradiation measurements; the other two measured reflected solar\nradiation in the shortwave spectral band between 0.2 and 5 micrometers\nby using Suprasil-W filters. The earth-emitted longwave radiation\ncomponent was determined by subtracting the shortwave measurement from\nthe total measurement. The ERBE-S instrument was a scanning radiometer\nthat contained three narrow FOV channels. One channel measured\nreflected solar radiation in the shortwave spectral interval between\n0.2 and 5 micrometers. Another channel measured earth-emitted\nradiation in the longwave spectral region from 5 to 50 micrometers.\nThe third channel measured total radiation with a wavelength between\n0.2 and 50 micrometers. All three channels were located within a\ncontinuously rotating scan drum, which scanned the FOV across track\nsequentially from horizon to horizon. Each channel made 74 radiometric\nmeasurements during each scan, and the FOV of each channel was 3 by\n4.5 deg, which covered about 40 km at the earth's surface. The ERBE-S\nalso viewed the sun for calibration.\nAdditional information can be obtained from the 'Earth Radiation\nBudget Experiment (ERBE): An Overview,' J. Energy, vol 6, pp. 141-146\n(1982), by B.R. Barkstrom and J.B. Hall, Jr.\nMore information can also be found at:\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/erbe/ASDerbe.html'\nData availability contact:\nLangley Distributed Active Archive Center\nMail Stop 157B\nNASA Langley Research Center\nHampton, Virginia 23681-0001\n(804)864-8656\nFAX (804)864-8807\nuserserv@eosdis.larc.nasa.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecb13ab0-c56c-4c40-bf30-05429c764e1f", - "label": "BRTS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3c9a235-939d-4898-94f3-3dea5ad187e1", - "label": "BBR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "BBR is an ESA multilook along-track instrument with a 10 km footprint (heritage of ScaRaB). The objective is to provide measurements of the reflected short-wave (SW channel, 0.25-4 µm) and the emitted long-wave (LW channel, 4.0-50 µm) radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) along three along-track views (forward, nadir, and backward). The BBR has spectral channel and accuracy requirements typical for ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) instruments. 81) 82) 83) 84) 85) 86)\n\nThe instrument is required to observe the incoming radiances in three different directions continuously – nadir, forward and backward. The forward and backward views cover the scene with an OZA (Observational Zenith Angle) of 55º, equivalent to an offset between the three telescopes of 50º. The optical design provides equal pixel sizes (10 km x 10 km) for all three views. There is no cross-track swath. Co-registration to 10% of the footprint size of all views is required.\n\nThe instrument is a two-channel radiometer, in which the LW channel is obtained by subtracting the SW component from a channel covering the complete spectral range. Dedicated telescopes are used for all views. They are mounted together in one block, allowing them to be moved also towards an internal black body simulator and external views for calibration. A channel selector revolves around the telescopes to modulate the incoming flux (as the detectors are only sensitive to alternating signals), and to generate the two spectral channels. The scene measurements are over-sampled in all three views to correct scene altitude errors by post processing. The telescope assembly is moved in the across track direction by a mechanism to compensate the rotation of the Earth thereby ensuring co-registration of the three views.\n\nThe importance of this measurement technique is that it provides data to drive the algorithm that converts the instrument-measured flux to the hemispherical TOA radiance.\n\nThe BBR instrument is being designed and developed by a UK-led consortium with SEA (Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd.) as the prime contractor, with RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) responsible for the BBR optics unit, Sula Systems Ltd., ESR Electronic Components Ltd., INO of Canada, SciSys, and LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique du CNRS.) of France.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f88cf612-f536-44a8-b1be-f5936f4a38ea", - "label": "JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer measures the 18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz and 34.0 GHz sea surface microwave brightness temperatures. The 18.7 GHz channel provides the wind induced effects in the sea surface background emissions correction. The 23.8 GHz channel measures water vapor. The 34.0 GHz channel measures the cloud liquid water to be corrected. All together the three frequencies provide the error in the satellite range measurement caused by pulse delay due to water vapor.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer\n Long_Name: JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 41.6 km at 18.7 GHz, 36.1 km at 23.8 GHz, 22.9 km at 34 GHz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: ~1.0 cm - ~100 cm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/Jason1\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/images/ostm/newsroom/features/images/200608-1b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2013-11-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-09\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2013-07-03\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1c3e433-935f-48c4-8f3d-9957ecd846f5", - "label": "PMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Composed of two similar radiometric channels with pressurised CO2, one for the altitude range 40-60 km, the other for the range 60-90. The height of the weighting function is changed by modulating the CO2 pressure in the cells, and exploiting the Doppler shift by tilting the telescope along-track", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77e2a8be-5470-4d34-9509-28fd0dc94558", - "label": "SCMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "A three-channel scanning radiometer on ''Nimbus''-5 (launched December 1972) measuring radiation in the visible and infrared spectrum to determine the composition of the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcbdea47-3a76-428f-b58c-f9203a960b59", - "label": "LRIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The limb radiance inversion radiometer (LRIR) on Nimbus 6 was the first orbiting infrared limb scanner; it has four channels with which to determine temperature, O3, and H2O in the stratosphere and low mesosphere. The limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) is a similar six-channel instrument which was launched on Nimbus 7 in October 1978 in order to measure O3, H2O, NO2, and HNO3. The instrumentation and inversion techniques are briefly described, and the application of limb scanner data to the study of photochemical, dynamical, and transport problems is discussed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d4c0029-9a3c-47f7-b949-b42657dd822d", - "label": "MRIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Nimbus 3 Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) experiment measured the intensity and distribution of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by and reflected from the earth and its atmosphere in five selected wavelength intervals from 0.2 to 23 micrometers. Data on the heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system were obtained as well as water vapor distribution data, surface or near-surface temperatures, and data on seasonal changes of stratospheric temperature distribution. The five wavelength regions were (1) the 6.5- to 7.0-micrometer channel, which covered the 6.7-micrometer water vapor absorption band, (2) the 10- to 11-micrometer band, which operated in the atmospheric window, (3) the 14.5- to 15.5-micrometer band, which covered the 15-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band, (4) the 20- to 23-micrometer channel, which covered the spectral region containing the broad rotational absorption bands of water vapor, and (5) the 0.2- to 4.0-micrometer channel, which yielded information on the intensity of reflected solar energy. Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 8 rpm and scanned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the satellite. Each of the five channels contained a 4.33-cm diameter folded telescope with a 2.8-deg field of view and a thermistor bolometer. The collected energy was modulated by a mechanical chopper to produce an ac signal. The signal was then amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. At a satellite altitude of 1100 km, a horizontal resolution of 45 km was obtained. The MRIR experiment was successful, in spite of a telemetry conflict that caused the experiment to be periodically turned off. During August and September 1970 (hurricane season), the MRIR was on essentially full time to cover the area from the equator to 70 deg N and from 10 deg E to 100 deg W. On September 25, 1970, the satellite's rear horizon scanner failed, making it impossible to determine where the MRIR sensor was pointing. The experiment was operated periodically until January 22, 1972, when all spacecraft operations were terminated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ffc498c-f9fc-4468-898d-321bb0595071", - "label": "Libera", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "NASA has selected a new space-based instrument as an innovative and cost-effective approach to maintaining the 40-year data record of the balance between the solar radiation entering Earth’s atmosphere and the amount absorbed, reflected, and emitted. This radiation balance is a key factor in determining our climate: if Earth absorbs more heat than it emits, it warms up; if it emits more than it absorbs, it cools down.\n\nThe new instrument, named Libera, is NASA’s first mission selected in response to the 2017 National Academies’ Earth Science Decadal Survey. The project’s principal investigator is Peter Pilewskie of the University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics in Boulder, Colorado.\n\n“This highly innovative instrument introduces a number of new technologies such as advanced detectors that will improve the data we collect while maintaining continuity of these important radiation budget measurements,” said Sandra Cauffman, acting director of the Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington.\n\nLibera will measure solar radiation with wavelengths between 0.3 and 5 microns reflected by the Earth system and infrared radiation with wavelengths between 5 and 50 microns emitted from the Earth system as it exits the top of the atmosphere. The sensor will also measure the total radiation leaving the Earth system at all wavelengths from 0.3 to 100 microns. An innovative additional “split shortwave” channel measuring radiation between 0.7 and 5 microns has been added to enable new Earth radiation budget science.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac24596b-164b-406d-a67f-956ac0cd3238", - "label": "ITPR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Nimbus 5 Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer (ITPR) experiment was designed to measure the three-dimensional temperature field in the earth's atmosphere with a spatial resolution of 32 km. The radiometer sensed four intervals in the 15-micrometer CO2 band, one interval in the water vapor rotational band near 20 micrometers and two spectral intervals in the atmospheric window regions near 3.7 and 11 micrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6e5de1f-95ea-471f-8a89-75fc3c15a470", - "label": "Low-Resolution Omnidirectional Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The TIROS 4 low-resolution omnidirectional radiometer consisted primarily of two sets of bolometers in the form of hollow aluminum hemispheres, mounted on opposite sides of the spacecraft, whose optical axes were parallel to the spin axis. The bolometers were thermally isolated from but in close proximity to reflecting mirrors so that the hemispheres behaved very much like isolated spheres in space. The experiment was designed to measure the amount of solar energy absorbed, reflected, and emitted by the earth and its atmosphere. One bolometer in each set was painted black, and one was painted white. The black bolometer absorbed most of the incident radiation while the white bolometer was sensitive mainly to radiation with wavelengths longer than approximately 4 micrometers. The reflected and emitted radiation could thus be separated. The sensor temperatures were measured by thermistors fastened to the inside of the hollow hemisphere. The sensor temperatures, taken every 29 sec, were an average of the two temperatures from the matched thermistors. The experiment was a success, and usable data were received from February 8, 1962, to June 28, 1962. Identical experiments were flown on TIROS 3 and 7, and a simliar one was carried on Explorer 7.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32be908e-2a4f-4d38-8e32-57bc13d70861", - "label": "TMS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08e2249f-3fc9-4084-85fd-17131c5a1cbb", - "label": "FMPL-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "Flexible Microwave Payload version2 is a dual microwave payload composed of a GNSS-Reflectometer and L-band radiometer with interference detection/mitigation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f26dbe2-27f3-430e-a4da-f61fce22a0fd", - "label": "SI-111 Infrared Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The SI-111, manufactured by Apogee, is a precision infrared radiometer that determines the surface temperature of an object without physical contact. It measures both the subject's surface temperature and the sensor-body temperature. A Campbell Scientific data logger uses these measurements to calculate the correct temperature of the subject.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f7f0396-7ea0-4b88-886c-a5c441372d71", - "label": "AMR-C", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The AMR-C instrument is provided by NASA/JPL with the objective to measure the altimeter signal path delay due to tropospheric water vapor. AMR-C measures the 18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz and 34.0 GHz sea surface microwave brightness temperatures. AMR-C is a successor to the AMR heritage radiometers.\nRationale: This AMR instrument is not exactly the same as its predecessors and has its own name.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7fb25e1-2cf6-4191-960d-45d84bcc99e0", - "label": "COWVR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Compact Ocean Wind Vector Radiometer (COWVR) instrument performs conical imaging at three frequencies (18.7, 23.8, and 33.9 GHz) with six (full) polarizations for each frequency, thereby providing a total of eighteen channels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "373ed910-4022-4d08-b6b9-d3e44de61fd5", - "label": "TEMPEST", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems (TEMPEST) instrument performs cross-track imaging at five frequencies (89, 166, 176, 180, and 182 GHz).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a374ea79-4cea-4c40-8ada-3f576befbb6d", - "label": "ROSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", - "definition": "The Remote Ocean Surface Radiometer (ROSR) provides NIST-traceable sea-surface skin temperature (SSST) (±0.1◦C) from a ship or buoy for long unattended periods in all weather conditions and with months between maintenance or calibration service.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d8a1068-e9a0-4698-89c4-d136a08fffa4", - "label": "3D-IMAGER", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "The INSAT-3D imager provides imaging capability of the earth disc from geostationary altitude in one visible (0.52 - 0.72 micrometers) and five infrared; 1.55 - 1.70(SWIR), 3.80 - 4.00(MIR), 6.50 - 7.00 (water vapour), 10.2 - 11.2 (TIR-1) and 11.5 - 12.5 (TIR-2) bands. The ground resolution at the sub-satellite point is nominally 1km x 1km for visible and SWIR bands, 4km x 4km for one MIR and both TIR bands and 8km x 8km for WV band.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: 3D-IMAGER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: 3D-IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: 3D-IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.30-11.30\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.50-12.50\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55-0.75\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.20\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55-1.70\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.80-4.00\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.20\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.50-7.10\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.60\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/insat-3d.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.org/satellites/images/insat-3d_img.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-11\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2013-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", - "label": "Spectroradiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5a28269b-4c23-4e12-a42d-58220dca7eb3", - "label": "SAFS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", - "definition": "The Scanning Actinic Flux Spectroradiometer determines\nwavelength-dependent downwelling actinic fluxes for calculation\nof photolysis frequencies of photochemically-important\ncompounds.\n\n[Summary provided by the NCAR Atmospheric Chemistry Division]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "937585ae-67a1-44a5-b88a-612667d353ea", - "label": "SPECTRORADIOMETERS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", - "definition": "SPECTRORADIOMETERS are a combination of a spectroscope and a\nradiometer in one single unit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da9cf145-0986-42b4-9ae4-c8b65932ee77", - "label": "ASAS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3888f804-5a7a-4179-aa36-80e84d4e8c73", - "label": "CAFS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", - "definition": "The CCD Actinic Flux Spectroradiometers (CAFS) developed in the ARIM laboratory will be deployed on the NASA DC-8 for SEAC4RS and DC3 field campaigns. The instruments measurespectrally resolved down-and up-welling in situ ultraviolet and visible actinic fluxfrom approximately 280-650 nm. Photolysis frequencies for photodissociation reactions for species including O3, NO2, CH2O, HONO, HNO3, N2O5, HO2NO2, PAN, H2O2, CH3OOH, CH3ONO2, CH3CH2ONO2, CH3COCH3, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CHOCHO, CH3COCHO, CH3CH2CH2CHO, CH3COCH2CH3, Br2, BrO, Br2O, BrNO3, BrCl, HOBr, BrONO2, Cl2, ClO, and ClONO2are calculated from the radiative measurements. Careful calibration techniques and comparison to the NCAR/TUVradiative transfer model improves the accuracy and precision of the measurements. CAFS instruments have a successful heritage of radiation measurements during atmospheric chemistry and satellite validation missions including NASA AVE, PAVE, CR-AVE, TC-4 and ARCTAS campaignson the WB-57 and DC-8 platformsand during the NSF OASIS ground campaign in Barrow, AK.Similar instruments will bedeployed on the NCAR G-V platform as part of the HIAPER Airborne Radiation Package (HARP) as a part of DC3 and SEAC4RS.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "label": "Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "05ddbe55-9c47-4ebb-9f2b-168c8731057e", - "label": "Geoton-L1 (1)", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (Geoton-L1 (1))\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Geoton-L1 (1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (1)\n Long_Name: Geoton-L1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs DK 1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.6 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 µm - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://77rus.smugmug.com/Military/MAKS-2013/i-XgxMfgw/0/M/MAKS2013part9-29-M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "069b927b-486b-49e2-a1c2-4508185e113f", - "label": "HiRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "HiRI of CNES with Thales Alenia Space (TAS-F) as the prime contractor for this instrument (formerly Alcatel Alenia Space). The objective is to provide high-resolution multispectral imagery with high geo-location accuracy. The camera design employs a pushbroom imaging concept. Extensive use of existing state-of-the-art technologies is made regarding such items as: a) camera alignment procedures, b) telescope thermal control and mechanical assembly principles, c) video processing techniques. 49) 50) 51) 52) 53)\n\nThe industrial team consists of the following partners:\n\n• Thales Alenia Space, France: Instrument, telescope, detection unit, telescope structure & thermal control, video electronics, video power supply, harness\n\n• Thales Alenia Space España: Instrument service module\n\n• Sener: Shutter, detection unit structure & thermal control\n\n• E2V (Chelmsford, UK): Pan & MS CCD imaging detectors\n\n• SESO (Société Européenne de Systèmes Optiques), France: telescope mirror manufacturing\n\n• EADS Sodern: FPA (Focal Plane Assembly)\n\n• Sagem: Spectral filters.\n\nEquipment\n\nTechnology\n\nImplementation\n\nPanchromatic detector\n\nCCD detector array with TDI (Time Delay Integration) mode of operation and anti-blooming structure\n\nHigh resolution imaging without satellite slowing. No light spreading due to blooming.\n\nVery long multispectral stripe filters\n\nAssembly of a single substrate with 4 stripe filters over the detector window\n\nSeparate the different spectral bands in the FOV. Minimize chromatic aberrations\n\nHighly integrated detection unit\n\nIntegrated focal plane and video electronics. Highly integrated ASIC technology\n\nCompact detection function integrated in the camera\n\nTelescope\n\nCarbon / carbon structure and light-weighted Zerodur optics\n\nLow mass/high thermal stability, highly polished mirror surfaces\n\nOptical assembly: The instrument employs a Korsch all-reflective 4 mirrors telescope design with TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) optics. An additional plane mirror (MR) is used to enhance the instrument compactness. The imaging geometry optimization features a primary mirror size of 650 mm diameter, which suits well to the detectors performance and the orbit characteristics. The instrument architecture chosen is organized around a central plane structure supporting the primary mirror, the tertiary mirror, the plane mirror (MR), and a central cylinder that supports the secondary mirror. The optical assembly consists of an on-axis part (M1 + M2 collector mirrors) and an off-axis part (M3 + MR mirrors) feeding the different focal planes. \n\nThe optics system of the instrument uses state-of-the-art techniques such as SiC-100 (silicon carbide) material for the mirrors and the telescope structure, specific detectors, and a modular video chain design. EADS Sodern is responsible for the development of the FPA. The FPA is offering a wide variety of new technologies for the imaging function. The size of the observed image is close to 400 mm and is analyzed in 30,000 samples in Pan and 7,500 in MS.. The focal plane assembly consists of two symmetrical arrangements of Pan and MS detectors. The beam splitter is made of a set of mirrors.\n\nThe spectral selection is made by optical filters placed very close in front of the detectors. Pan filters and MS stripe line filters are space-qualified multi-layer coatings deposited on glass substrates. Each filter is composed of a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. An absorbing material deposited between the MS filters isolates each band from the others to avoid interband straylight.\n\nAttitude sensors (star tracker heads and gyroscope heads) are placed on this central instrument structure to improve the performance. A dedicated supporting truss structure ensures the instrument interface with respect to the bus. The detector thermal radiator has its own supporting structure. The instrument design employs carbon material for the structure (the carbide characteristics are: very low coefficient of thermal expansion, very low density, resulting in a light telescope, and a simple thermal control) and Zerodur material for the mirrors.\n\nThe instrument focus mechanism is placed onto the tertiary mirror. This position offers an optimum between mechanism and accuracy. The instrument includes also an internal shutter to protect it from sun radiation in non-operational phases such as launch, attitude acquisition, or safe modes. The shutter is placed behind the primary mirror to protect only the tertiary mirror and the detection cavity.\n\nSpectral bands\n\nPan: 480-820 nm; TDI is only used for Pan data\nMS bands in nm\nB0= 450-530 (blue),\nB1= 510-590 (green),\nB2= 620-700 (red),\nB3= 775-915 (NIR)\n\nOptical system\n\n65 cm aperture diameter, focal length of 12.905 m, f/20, TMA optics\n\nSpatial resolution, GSD\n\n0.7 m for Pan, 2.8 m for MS bands\n\nSwath width, FOR\n\n20 km at nadir, 60º (FOR=Field of Regard); Each satellite will be able to collect imagery anywhere within an\n800 km wide ground strip, covering 200 km in 11 s or 800 km in 25 s, including stabilization time.\n\nSNR\n\n> 147 (Pan), > 130 (MS)\n\nMTF in Pan band\n\n0.07 at Nyquist frequency fe/2 (1/2 x 0.7 m-1) Note: “fe” is the sampling frequency (fréquence d'échantillonnage)\n\nDetectors\n\nPan array assembly: 5 x 6000 (30,000 pixels cross-track) pixel size: 13 µm\nMS array assembly: 5 x 1500 (7500 pixels in cross-track) pixel size: 52 µm\n\nTDI detector data rate\n\n290 Mpixel/s (total) or about 700 Mbit/s per detector; or 3.5 Mbit/s (max)\n\nData quantization\n\n12 bit per pixel (correlated dual sampling)\n\nImage location accuracy\n\n1 m (with ground control points), 20 m without GCP (99.7%), 10 m (90%)\n\nImage location accuracy\n\n<0.9 pixel Pan over 12 s with a time linear error model (with GCPs)\n\nLine-of-sight frequency\n\n<0.1 pixel (dynamic stability)\n\nSource data rate, downlink\n\n4.5 Gbit/s (max), 465 Mbit/s in 3 x 155 Mbit/s X-band channels\n\nData compression\n\nWavelet compression algorithm with an average compression factor of 4\n\nInstrument mass, power\n\n~ 195 kg (< 14 service electronics), ~ 400 W\n\nInstrument size\n\nL < 1594 mm\nW < 980 mm\nH < 2235 mm\n\nPointing agility of S/C\n\nRoll of 60º within 25 s; Pitch of 60º within 25 s", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07b92ff1-218f-49a8-81ac-1f36ad58d1b4", - "label": "OCM", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "081f9b6e-d0a0-4f1d-ad8a-638189418480", - "label": "EarthCARE MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "MSI is a passive instrument of ESA designed and developed by SSTL, Surrey, UK and TNO, Delft, The Netherlands (contractors to EADS Astrium). The objective is to provide complimentary data (context) in support of the other EarthCARE instruments for determination of cloud type, texture, temperature and other microphysical parameters such as cloud phase. MSI provides imagery in the visible (reflectance) and infrared regions (emitted bands) in support of active instruments (information on the horizontal structure of cloud and aerosol fields). MSI is also being used for the calibration of BBR. The instrument operates in a pushbroom mode with two bands in the VNIR (Visible Near Infrared), two bands in the SWIR (Short Wave Infrared). Three bands are in the TIR (Thermal Infrared) part of the spectrum. The instrument is nadir-pointing with a spatial resolution of 500 m and a swath width of 150 km. 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74)\n\nThe MSI instrument is of MIBS (Microbolometer Spectrometer) design heritage, a breadboard hyperspectral imager with uncooled bolometer detectors, developed by TNO Science and Industry, Delft, The Netherlands. MIBS is able to provide co-registered measurements in the 7 to 14 µm wavelength region yielding acceptable NEDT performance on the basis of currently available standard detectors.\n\nThe MSI instruments consists of two parts:\n\n• VNS (VNIR-SWIR) system, radiometrically calibrated using a sun-illuminated diffuser\n\n• TIR (Thermal Infrared) calibrated system using cold space and an internal black-body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b9dfb8a-828f-4416-aee1-4fe685fb106b", - "label": "PROBA.CHRIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "CHRIS stands for Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer.It was\nlaunched aboard ESA's Proba satellite on 22 October 2001 and provides\nhyperspectral images to a resolution of 18m. The Proba mission\nobjectives are primarily for in-orbit demonstration and evaluation of\nnew technologies, the CHRIS instrument is one of these technologies,\nthe data provided from Chris is targeted to help with environmental\nmonitoring applications.\n\nCHRIS data is supplied in HDF data files (version 4.1r3).\n\nCHRIS acquires a set of up to five images of each target during each\nacquisition sequence, these images are acquired when Proba is pointing\nat distinct angles with respect to the target.\n\nCHRIS Level 1A products include five formal CHRIS imaging modes,\nclassified as modes 1 to 5. These modes are as follows: - MODE 1: Full\nswath width, 62 spectral bands, 773nm / 1036nm, nadir ground sampling\ndistance 34m @ 556km - MODE 2 WATER BANDS: Full swath width, 18\nspectral bands, nadir ground sampling distance 17m @ 556km - MODE 3\nLAND CHANNELS: Full swath width, 18 spectral bands, nadir ground\nsampling distance 17m @ 556km - MODE 4 CHLOROPHYL BAND SET: Full swath\nwidth, 18 spectral bands, nadir ground sampling distance 17m @ 556km\nMODE 5 LAND CHANNELS: Half swath width, 37 spectral bands, nadir\nground sampling distance 17m @ 556km", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c5b0ed1-205b-497d-84b5-9ea87b5ad7b1", - "label": "MSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Multispectral Scanner (MSS) sensors were line scanning devices observing the Earth perpendicular to the orbital track. The cross-track scanning was accomplished by an oscillating mirror; six lines were scanned simultaneously in each of the four spectral bands for each mirror sweep. The forward motion of the satellite provided the along-track scan line progression.\n\nThe first five Landsats carried the MSS sensor which responded to Earth-reflected sunlight in four spectral bands. Landsat 3 carried an MSS sensor with an additional band, designated band 8, that responded to thermal (heat) infrared radiation.\n\nAn MSS scene had an Instantaneous Field Of View (IFOV) of 68 meters in the cross-track direction by 83 meters in the along-track direction (223.0 by 272.3 feet respectively). To understand this concept consider a ground scene composed of a single 83 by 83 meter area. The scan monitor sensor ensures that the cross-track optical scan is 185 km at nominal altitude regardless of mirror scan nonlinearity or other perturbations of mirror velocity.\n\nCross- track image velocity was nominally 6.82 meters per microsecond. After 9.958 microseconds, the 83 by 83 meter image has moved 67.9 meters. The sample taken at this instant represented 15 meters of previous information and 68 meters of new information.\n\nTherefore, the effective IFOV of the MSS detector in the cross-track direction was considered to be 68 meters which corresponds to a nominal picture element (pixel) ground area of 68 by 83 meters at the satellite nadir point. Using the effective IFOV in area calculation eliminates the overlap in area between adjacent pixels.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSS\n Long_Name: Multispectral Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-5\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-4\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-2\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-1\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 μm -0.6 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 μm -0.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 -0.8 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.8 μm -1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/mss.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/slr_sats_pics/resurs01.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1972-07-23\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d967f3a-04c1-4dac-85f9-e0ffc54c2425", - "label": "JAMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "JAMI is the instrument aboard MTSAT-1R. It obtains round earth imagery, called &full-disk image&, and observes earth surface conditions and cloud distributions as well as meteorological phenomena such as typhoons, depressions, front and so on. In addition, the various meteorological parameters, such as sea surface temperature and cloud motion winds are extracted from image data.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: JAMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: JAMI\n Long_Name: Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://mscweb.kishou.go.jp/index.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-06\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e1c7819-2a62-4303-a2c2-6ea7b0599cbc", - "label": "ISO", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The objective of the Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO)\nexperiment was to obtain daytime and nighttime low light level\nspectroscopic measurements of atomic and molecular species in the\nmiddle and upper atmosphere from the extreme ultraviolet to the\ninfrared (30 to 1300 nm). The ISO was flown on the Space Shuttle as\npart of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS\n1) and on Spacelab 1. The purpose of the ISO on ATLAS 1 was to\nconcentrate on specific scientific issues that were raised with the\nISO measurements taken on Spacelab 1. The instrument is composed of\nfive identical spectrometers, each of which is restricted to a given\nspectral range in the 30- to 1300-nm region. Each module is an\nimaging spectrometer with coincident 0.65 x 0.01 deg fields of\nview. Imaging is obtained along the length of the observational field\nby use of an intensified-solid state array detector developed\nespecially for the ISO. The wavelength resolution varies between 0.2\nand 0.6 nm over the spectral range. A scan mirror is used to direct\nthe spectrometer at selected regions of the atmosphere. The experiment\nalso had a solar pointing mode in which observations of the extreme\nultraviolet (30 - 125 nm) spectral region of the Sun were made. A\ndedicated instrument microcomputer located seperately on the\ninstrument pallet was used to interact directly with the ATLAS 1\ncomputer providing a link between the instrument and scientists on the\nground.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://csds.uah.edu/iso/isomain.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f772f93-307a-42d1-8381-fcd5d77c493e", - "label": "DAEDALUS TMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "A widely used digital multispectral scanner flown aboard the\nER-2 is the Daedalus Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS). Simulating\nthe performance of the Thematic Mappers (TM) orbiting on Landsat\n4 and 5 satellites, it replicates the spatial and spectral\ncharacteristics of the seven bands of digital data acquired by\nthe Thematic Mapper. Four additional spectral bands are also\nacquired by the TMS while TM band 6 (thermal data) is acquired\nat full resolution in two channels in low and high gain\nsettings. The TMS has provided data for land use and land cover\nanalysis, forestry applications, geologic studies and disaster\nassessments.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10104271-f13c-4d3c-af22-f17fc100fb26", - "label": "REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "CLARREO Instruments\n\nThe CLARREO mission is currently envisioned to consist of two duplicate observatories each carrying a payload of one infrared instrument suite, one reflected solar instrument suite and a Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument system. \n\nSummary provided by http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE\n Long_Name: Reflected Solar Instrument Suite (CLARREO)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n Sample_Image: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/images/Payload_breakdown-600w.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10547cb0-9a39-4630-a244-abb244d8518f", - "label": "VISSR-METEOSAT", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Text Source: NOAA/NESDIS: http://psbcw1.nesdis.noaa.gov/terascan/home_basic/geosats_sensors_tables.html#Meteosat%20Sensor ]\n\n\nThe sensor of the Meteosat-7 is a three-channel imager known as the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) (which is also the name of the GMS imager). This imager has one channel for visible radiation, one for detection of water vapor, and one for infrared radiation. Channel properties are given in the following table:\n\nHigh-resolution PDUS data from Meteosat channel A2 (1694.5) is disseminated in two formats: A and B. The A format is full-disk and the B format covers the European, Northern African, and Middle Eastern regions.\n\nIn the A and B formats, the VIS channel data are indicated as coming from the 'southern' (VISs) or 'northern' (VISn) detector mounted in the radiometer. This means that during the scanning of the Earth, the VISs detector scans the line immediately to the south of the VISn detector.\n\nThe following format abbreviations are used in the Meteosat dissemination schedule for high-resolution images (HRI):\nAIVH \tFull-Disk IR and Half-Resolution VIS\nAIW \tFull-Disk IR and WV\nAW \tFull-Disk WV\nAV \tFull-Disk Full-Resolution VIS\nBIW \tEuropean Sector IR and WV\nBIV \tEuropean Sector IR and Full-Resolution VIS\nBIVW \tEuropean Sector IR, WV and Half-Resolution VIS\nBW \tEuropean Sector WV\nATEST01 \tTest Pattern\nATEST02 \tTest Pattern\n\nIR and WV data are always 'full resolution' at 5 km resolution. Full-resolution VIS data is at 2.5 km resolution; half-resolution VIS is at 5 km resolution. WV and IR data are 2500 lines by 2500 samples. Full-resolution VIS data is 5000 lines by 2500 samples each for VISs and VISn. In the A format, the VISn and VISs lines are side-by-side; in the B format they alternate.\n\nThe starting line of B formats is 1810, the last line is 2434. For the IR and WV formats, the first pixel in a line is 626, the last is 1875. The first pixel within a visible line is 1252 and the last is 3751.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VISSR-METEOSAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VISSR-METEOSAT\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (METEOSAT Series)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-7\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.9 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2.5km (5km)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5.7 µm - 7.1 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 µm - 12.5 µm \t \n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://psbcw1.nesdis.noaa.gov/terascan/home_basic/geosats_sensors_tables.html#Meteosat%20Sensor\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatSecondGeneration/index.htm\n Creation_Date: 2011-11-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10deaf31-ae63-43a6-90b8-994487a71edb", - "label": "GSA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (GSA (1))\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GSA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Short_Name: GSA\n Long_Name: Hyperspectral imaging equipment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.mcc.rsa.ru/Pic/pr/resurs_p/2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1138ec18-a2a5-4cff-84bc-ce5fdfe29f0a", - "label": "ECOSTRESS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) will measure the temperature of plants and use that information to better understand how much water plants need and how they\nrespond to stress.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12a671f6-d18d-405a-9ff5-432ef2b94135", - "label": "ABI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Advanced Baseline Imager is the primary instrument on the GOES-R series for imaging Earth’s weather, oceans and environment. ABI will view the Earth with 16 different spectral bands (compared to five on current GOES), including two visible channels, four near-infrared channels, and ten infrared channels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12e12fd9-0d3e-47fc-b818-cbbeb3f35413", - "label": "MVI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "A new method for measuring plant canopy nonrandomness and other\narchitectural components has been developed using a 16 bit\n(65535 gray scale levels) charged-coupled device (CCD) camera\nthat captures images of plant canopies in two wavelength\nbands. This complete system is referred to as a multiband\nvegetation imager (MVI). The use of two wavelength bands\n(visible (VIS) 400-620 nn and near infrared (NIR) 720-950 nm)\npermits identification of sunlit and shaded foliage, sunlit and\nshaded branch area, clouds, and blue shy based on the camera's\nresolution, and the Varying spectral properties that scene\ncomponents have in the two wavelength bands. This approach is\ndifferent from other canopy imaging methods (such as fish-eye\nphotography) because it emphasizes measuring the fraction of an\nimage occupied by various scene components (branches, shaded\nleaves, sunlit leaves) under different sky conditions rather\nthan simply the canopy gap fraction under uniform sky\nconditions.\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Wisconsin-Madison]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1449ce31-3588-45cd-88b5-55e24d677210", - "label": "TMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) is a passive microwave sensor designed to provide quantitative rainfall information over a wide swath \nunder the TRMM satellite. By carefully measuring the minute amounts of microwave energy emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere, TMI is able to quantify the water vapor, the \ncloud water, and the rainfall intensity in the atmosphere. It is a relatively small instrument that consumes little power. This, combined with the wide swath and the good, \nquantitative information regarding rainfall make TMI the 'workhorse' of the rain-measuring package on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.\n\nNASA Earth Science Reference Handbook [ Mission: TRMM ]\n\nMore information: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/TMI\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: TMI\n Long_Name: TRMM Microwave Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TMI\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 9\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.65, 19.35, 37.0, and 85.5 GHz at dual polarization and 22.235 GHz at vertical polarization\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 37 to 4.6-km resolution respectively, covering 760-km swath\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/tmi.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/TMI\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 8.5 Kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-12-08\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15d09d38-78d5-484c-93b4-3bf27e036dff", - "label": "PanCam", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "PanCam (Panchromatic Camera): 12m resolution panchromatic sensor (swath 25km, Field of Regard 300km).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15f02273-9e95-43d7-a2b0-e6cf8f569f69", - "label": "PRISM", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM)\nis a panchromatic radiometer with 2.5-meter spatial resolution. Its\ndata will be used for extracting highly accurate digital elevation\nmodel (DEM).\n\nThe PRISM has three independent optical systems for nadir, forward and\nbackward looking to achieve along-track stereoscopy. Each telescope\nconsists of three mirrors and several CCD detectors for pushbroom\nscanning. The nadir-looking telescope provides 70 km width coverage;\nforward and backward telescopes provide 35 km width coverage each.\n\nThe telescopes are installed on both side of its optical bench with\nprecise temperature control. Forward and backward telescopes are\ninclined + and - 24 degrees from nadir to realize a base-to-height\nratio of 1.0. PRISM's wide field of view (FOV) provides fully\noverlapped three-stereo (triplet) images (35 km width) without\nmechanical scanning or yaw steering of the satellite. Without this\nwide FOV, forward, nadir, and backward looking images would not\noverlap each other due to the Earth's rotation.\n\n[Summary provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PRISM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: PRISM\n Long_Name: Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.77 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/prism_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/prism_image.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1640dd94-3432-4f48-ae9b-7966137e027b", - "label": "ATSR-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Along-Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR) on board the\nEuropean Remote Sensing Satellite 2 (ERS-2) produces infrared\nimages of the Earth at a spatial resolution of 1 kilometer. The\nfirst ATSR instrument (ATSR-1) was launched on board the ERS-1\nsatellite in July 1991 as part of the European Space Agency\n(ESA) Earth Observation Programme. ATSR-2 on board ESA's ERS-2\nspacecraft is an enhanced version of ATSR-1 and is equipped with\nadditional 'visible' channels for vegetation monitoring. The\ndata from these instruments is useful for scientific studies of\nthe land surface, atmosphere, clouds, and oceans.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031/DATASET_DOCS/atsr2_gbt.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16da019f-39a2-4ccf-9dbc-b4de1e14c6cd", - "label": "ALI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[EO-1's mission ended 2017-03-30. Information for archival purposes.]\n\nThe Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is the first Earth-Observing instrument to be flown under NASA's \nNew Millennium Program (NMP). The ALI employs novel wide-angle optics and a highly integrated multispectral and panchromatic \nspectrometer.(Silicon Carbide Optics; Wide Field of View Optics; Multispectral Imaging Capability) EO-1 is a technology \nverification project designed to demonstrate comparable or improved Landsat spatial and spectral resolution with substantial \nmass, volume, and cost savings. \n\nThe focal plane for this instrument is partially populated with four sensor chip assemblies (SCA) and covers 3 degrees \nby 1.625 degrees. Operating in a pushbroom fashion at an orbit of 705 km, the ALI will provide Landsat type panchromatic \nand multispectral bands. These bands have been designed to mimic six Landsat bands with three additional bands covering \n0.433-0.453, 0.845-0.890, and 1.20-1.30 micrometers. The ALI also contains wide-angle optics designed to provide a \ncontinuous 15 degrees x 1.625 degrees field of view for a fully populated focal plane with 30-meter resolution for \nthe multispectral pixels and 10 meter resolution for the panchromatic pixels.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\nMore Information: https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/eo1.usgs.gov/ali.html\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ALI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: ALI\n Long_Name: Advanced Land Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.48 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.433 μm - 0.453 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.515 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.525 μm - 0.605 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.775 μm - 0.805 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.845 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.2 μm - 1.3 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm - 1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 μm - 2.35 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/eo1.usgs.gov/ali.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-11-27\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19b481f1-44a8-44f7-b395-ea3e45f71c97", - "label": "MIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: NOAA NPOESS Project, http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr\n\nThe Microwave Imager/Sounder collects global microwave radiometry and sounding data to produce microwave imagery and other meteorological and oceanographic data. It is the primary instrument for satisfying 16 Environmental Data Records (EDR). The MIS data will be provided on NPOESS spacecrafts C2 (2016), C3, and C4. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MIS\n Long_Name: Microwave Imager/Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MIS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NPOESS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 GHz to 183 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/npoes\n Sample_Image: http://npoess.noaa.gov/images/npoess_satellite.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 500 kbps data rate\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b0cf705-a6e1-4a96-aac1-5c8d505be6a7", - "label": "MWRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Optical image can only see the surface of an object, such as ” “ we can only have the light, and useful case see images of objects.Penetrating ” “ microwave has the ability, microwave image reflects the object's temperature and dielectric properties, and more.Such as sea surface temperature monitoring with microwave instrument we can get during the day and night temperature of the ocean, and the information is not affected by weather, where there is a cloud cover, we can obtain the ocean surface temperature information.Different microwave frequency bands have different penetration.In General, the frequency, the lower the more penetration.By selecting different frequency observations imaging, we can obtain different target information.Oscar Niemeyer, 3, A star on the load of IMI five frequency, each frequency has two polarization mode.The frequency of sensing can provide us with all-weather, probably the largest land surface temperature, soil moisture, snow depth flood, drought, structure, atmospheric moisture content of the typhoon, and so a wealth of information.IMI's observations can also be used in numerical weather prediction models, let our weather forecast more accurate.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MWRI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MWRI\n Long_Name: MicroWave Radiation Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MWRI.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-09\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c645150-c046-4652-8f68-11167a19ba91", - "label": "MFR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ca9aabd-bc50-4dd6-b81b-fe70cb50ea1b", - "label": "CA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ce6f43e-8bee-4b3a-9a0e-3ea2a9f5e7b3", - "label": "PHyTIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space\nStation (ECOSTRESS) will be implemented by placing the existing space-ready\nPrototype HyspIRI Thermal Infrared Radiometer (PHyTIR) on the International\nSpace Station (ISS) and using it to gather the measurements needed to\naddress the science goals and objectives. PHyTIR was developed under the\nEarth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Instrument Incubator Program (IIP).\nFrom the ISS, PHyTIR will provide data with 38-m in-track by 69-m\ncross-track spatial resolution (science requirement is 100 m) and predicted\ntemperature sensitivity of ≤0.1 K (science requirement is 0.3 K). The ISS\norbit allows excellent coverage of the selected targets including diurnal\ncoverage. The existing hardware was developed to reduce the cost and risk\nfor the thermal infrared radiometer on the future Hyperspectral Infrared\nImager (HyspIRI) mission, A double-sided scan mirror, rotating at a\nconstant 23.3 rpm, allows the telescope to view a 51°-wide nadir\ncross-track swath as well as two internal blackbody calibration targets\nevery 1.29 seconds (Note that the two-sided mirror rotating at 23.3 rpm\nprovides 46.6 sweeps per minute). The optical signal is focused by a\ntelescope onto the 60 K focal plane containing a custom 13.2-μm-cutoff\nmercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) infrared detector array. Spectral filters\non the focal plane define 5 spectral bands in the 8-12.5 μm range and an\nadditional band at 1.6 um for geolocation and cloud detection (six bands\ntotal). The focal plane is cooled by two commercial Thales cryocoolers.\nElectronics consist of six build-to-print and four commercial boards. Heat\nrejection for the ECOSTRESS cryocoolers and electronics is provided by the\ncooling fluid loop on the ISS Japanese Experiment Module External Facility\n(JEM-EF). ECOSTRESS can fit any of the nine JEM-EF payload locations but\nwill be deployed at Site 10 (one of the two end locations).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "212f750c-5342-44a8-8dcd-fe9dc4d98a19", - "label": "VHRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Very High Resolution Radiometer is capable of imaging the\nearth in the visible, thermal infrared and water vapor bands of\nthe electromagnetic spectrum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "228edef6-d682-40eb-8b41-e37c78b9e7c5", - "label": "AHI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The first ABI-class imager launched, known as the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), was launched 7 October 2014 on the Himawari-8 satellite for the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA). AHI provides a number of improvements compared with current capabilities, including better forecasting, improved numerical weather prediction accuracy, and enhanced environmental monitoring. Environmental intelligence provided by AHI will give forecasters better data faster and at a higher resolution to provide advanced warning during dangerous weather, which is critical to saving lives and property. The first AHI became operational on 7 July 2015. JMA launched its second AHI instrument on board the Himawari-9 satellite on 2 November 2016.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22dc2a25-e81e-4408-bcf2-a47ef28d7f7f", - "label": "VNIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) is one of\nASTER's three different subsystems.\n\nThe VNIR subsystem consists of two independent telescope\nassemblies to minimize image distortion in the backward and\nnadir looking telescopes. The detectors for each of the bands\nconsist of 5000 element silicon charge coupled detectors\n(CCD's). Only 4000 of these detectors are used at any one\ntime. A time lag occurs between the acquisition of the backward\nimage and the nadir image. During this time earth rotation\ndisplaces the image center. The VNIR subsystem automatically\nextracts the correct 4000 pixels based on orbit position\ninformation supplied by the EOS platform.\n\nThe VNIR optical system is a reflecting-refracting improved\nSchmidt design. The backward looking telescope focal plane\ncontains only a single detector array and uses an interference\nfilter for wavelength discrimination. The focal plane of the\nnadir telescope contains 3 line arrays and uses a dichroic\nprism and interference filters for spectral separation\nallowing all three bands to view the same area\nsimultaneously. The telescope and detectors are maintained at\n296 + 3K using thermal control and cooling from a platform\nprovided cold plate. On-board calibration of the two VNIR\ntelescopes is accomplished with either of two independent\ncalibration devices for each telescope. The radiation source\nis a halogen lamp. A diverging beam from the lamp filament is\ninput to the first optical element (Schmidt corrector) of the\ntelescope subsystem filling part of the aperture. The\ndetector elements are uniformly irradiated by this beam. In\neach calibration device, two silicon photo-diodes are used to\nmonitor the radiance of the lamp. One photo-diode monitors the\nfilament directly and the second monitors the calibration beam\njust in front of the first optical element of the\ntelescope. The temperature of the lamp base and the\nphoto-diodes is also monitored. Provision for electrical\ncalibration of the electronic components is also provided.\n\nThe system signal-to-noise is controlled by specifying the NE\ndelta rho to be < 0.5% referenced to a diffuse target with a\n70% albedo at the equator during equinox. The absolute\nradiometric accuracy is to be + 4% or better. The VNIR\nsubsystem produces by far the highest data rate of the three\nASTER imaging subsystems. With all four bands operating (3 nadir\nand 1 backward) the data rate including image data, supplemental\ninformation and subsystem engineering data is 62 Mbps.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VNIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VNIR\n Long_Name: Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24b58da6-ac1a-46d1-bbd3-6cdb0a0e1707", - "label": "SLIM6-22", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Type\tImaging multi-spectral radiometers (vis/IR)\nSpectrum\tVIS (~0.40µm to ~0.75µm)\nNIR (~0.75µm to ~1.3µm)\nResolution class\tMedium (20m - 200m)\nPAN resolution\t22m\nMS resolution\t22m\nSwath\t650km\nRevisit Time\t days\nMax look angle\t52°\nOther characteristics\t\nOn-board of\tUK-DMC-2\nUK-DMC Nigeriasat-X\nUK-DMC DEIMOS-1\nDistributors\tESA (European Space Agency)\nCatalogues\tESA Earth Online", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "284594aa-8f07-41db-927c-f84980da2877", - "label": "ASPECT", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2878f334-35dc-47a7-a3ae-8c5da1adccd3", - "label": "MODIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a multi-disciplinary, keystone instrument on Aqua and Terra, \nproviding a wide array of multispectral, daily observations of land, ocean, and atmosphere features at spatial resolutions \nbetween 250 m and 1000 m. Approximately 40 data products are produced from the MODIS data. Data are distributed not only \nthrough the EOS Data and Information Service (EOSDIS) Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) at Goddard Space Flight \nCenter, the EROS Data Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, \nColorado, but also via over 100 Direct Broadcast (DB) stations distributed world-wide.\n\nKey MODIS Facts\nHeritage: AVHRR, HIRS, Landsat TM, and Nimbus-7 CZCS\nInstrument Type: Medium-resolution, multi-spectral, cross-track scanning radiometer; daylight reflection and day/night \nemission spectral imaging\nSwath Width: 2,300 km at 110 degree (±55 degree)\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 250 m, 500 m, 1 km\nDimensions: 1.04 m x 1.18 m x 1.63 m\nMass: 229 kg\nThermal Operating Range: 268 ± 5 K\nPower: 162.5 W (average), 225 W (peak)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nInstrument Nadir IFOV: 250 m (2 bands), 500 m (5 bands), 1,000 m (29 bands)\nPolarization Sensitivity: 2% from 0.43 µm to 2.2 µm and ±45 degree scan\nSignal-to-Noise Ratios: From 500 to 1100 for 1-km ocean color bands at 70 degree solar zenith angle\nNEDt: Typically < 0.05 K at 300 K\nAbsolute Irradiance Accuracy: 5% for wavelengths < 3 µm and 1% for wavelengths > 3 µm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MODIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MODIS\n Long_Name: Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 10 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 10 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.75 - 3 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 16 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.0 - 14.5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis/modis_products_table\n Online_Resource: https://atmosphere-imager.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://nsidc.org/data/modis/index.html\n Online_Resource: https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov\n Online_Resource: https://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/\n Online_Resource: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/index.php\n Sample_Image: httpa://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/images/modisComponents.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 6.2Mbps (average), 10.5 Mbps (daytime), 3.2 Mbps (nighttime)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-06-25\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 6.2Mbps (average), 10.5 Mbps (daytime), 3.2 Mbps (nighttime)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "291dd78f-67de-417f-a26d-6df02bafe8e7", - "label": "LIP", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) consists of an average of 6 rotating vane type electric field sensors, a dual channel conductivity probe, slow and fast antennas, and two optical sensors along with a central computer to record and monitor the instruments. The actual configuration varies depending on the specific platform’s resources. The electric field sensors are standard in each field campaign with the conductivity probe present in most experiments. The slow and fast antenna and optical sensors are included when the configuration allows. Each field mill incorporates self-calibration capabilities that reduce the time required to obtain a full aircraft calibration. In addition, the electric field signals are digitized at each mill and transmitted as a digital data stream, reducing signal noise and simplifying aircraft integration. The electric field mills and the conductivity probe are compact sensors, each weighing less than 10 lbs and provide the full vector components of the atmospheric electric field (i.e., Ex, Ey, Ez) around the storms overflown. The air conductivity probe determines the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere and can be used to derive storm electrical currents. Slow and fast antennas acquire lightning waveforms and provide a measure of total lightning. Dual multiple channel, calibrated, optical sensors are used to determine the intensity, duration, and waveform characteristics of the different types of lightning discharges from thunderstorms. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LIP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LIP\n Long_Name: Lightning Instrument Package\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RQ-4\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://camex.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/lip.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b334efc-b3b7-4551-8ed5-80753d46032c", - "label": "VTIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "A visible and thermal infrared radiometer (VTIR) covers one visible band and\nthree thermal infrared bands to detect thermal radiation from the earth's\nsurface. This radiometer is equipped with a rotating scanning mirror which\nmechanically scans the earth's surface from right to left, at right angles to\nthe direction of flight of the satellite. When the mirror deviates from the\ndirection of the earth surface, it looks at an internal black body unit and at\ndeep space, and thus obtains thermal infrared calibration data. The VTIR's\nresolution in terms of the earth surface is some 900 m in the visible-ray band\nand about 2,700 m in the thermal infrared bands. The scanning width of the\nVTIR is so wide (1,500km) that a particular area on the earth surface can be\nobserved continuously for ten-odd days by using its side-lap.\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n VTIR\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWavelength/ micron\nFrequency 0.5-0.7 6.0-7.0\n 10.5-11.5\n 11.5-12.5\nResolution 900m 2.7km\nSensitivity/ 55dB 0.5k\nSN\nSwath 1500Km\nApplication Fields\n Band 1 Snow cover distribution\n (0.5-0.7) Ice distribution\n Cloud distribution\n Band 2 Water vapor distribution in upper layer\n (6-7) (Temperature zone)\n Detection of thin cirrus cloud\n Band 3 Snow cover distribution\n (10.5-11.5) Ice distribution\n Monitoring of sea water flow\n Sea surface temperature\n Band 4 Snow cover distribution\n (11.5-12.5) Ice distribution\n Monitoring of sea water flow\n Cloud distribution\n Sea surface temperature\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VTIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VTIR\n Long_Name: Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31fb513e-d4d6-43c2-9e77-363ebe603ff0", - "label": "MTVZA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Scanning microwave imager-sounder (MTVZA)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MTVZA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MTVZA\n Long_Name: Scanning microwave imager-sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://jurnal.vniiem.ru/text/107/8.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/333\n Sample_Image: http://s020.radikal.ru/i700/1506/49/1b2051a01353.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3267ab9b-4e40-454c-ad9f-ec0832ff49ab", - "label": "VISSR-GMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Text Source: Gunter's Space Page, http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm ]\n\nThe principal instrument on board all satellites in the GMS series is the visible and infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR), which is produced by Hughes' Santa Barbara Research Center. The spacecraft body carries the VISSR and spins at 100 rpm, while the antennas are despun and remain pointed toward Earth.\n\nThe spinning motion of the satellite carries the west-east scan. The north-south scan is produced by the VISSR scan mirror, which steps approximately 0.008° with each satellite revolution.\n\nVisible spectrum information consists of reflected sunlight and is obtained when Earth's surface is illuminated by the sun. Infrared spectrum information consists of heat radiation from Earth's surface and cloud tops. Since this information contains very little sunlight reflection, it can be obtained day and night. Extremely sensitive detectors, which are kept cold by a radiative cooler, convert Earth's infrared radiation into analog signals.\n\nThe VISSR senses radiation and produces images of Earth and its atmosphere one scan line at a time, similar to the way television images are generated. About 2500 scan mirror steps or line scans are required to make a full image of the portion of Earth's disk as seen by the satellite. With its specially designed optical telescope and detectors, the VISSR obtains a complete 20° by 20° scan, produces an image of the full Earth disk every 25 minutes, and transmits that image back to Earth as weather facsimile pictures, showing different portions of the hemisphere. This enables meteorologists to identify, monitor, and track cataclysmic weather events such as windstorms, heavy rainfall, and typhoons, and to predict weather dangers long before storms reach densely populated areas.\n\nUnlike its predecessors, which carried one infrared channel each, GMS-5 carries three. Two perform the same function as the single infrared on the previous satellites. The third determines atmospheric water vapor distribution.\n\nMany aspects of weather that affect the daily lives of people exist for such relatively short periods that polar-orbit weather satellites fail to observe them. However, the GMS, from its stationary vantage point of constant observation, acquires almost instantaneous information on rapidly changing weather patterns and regional weather phenomena.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VISSR-GMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (GMS Series)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GMS\n Short_Name: GMS-5\n Short_Name: GMS-4\n Short_Name: GMS-3\n Short_Name: GMS-2\n Short_Name: GMS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-11-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33b662f6-eee9-4aa2-bfc8-2bf758615223", - "label": "K1-VHRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3773a427-32d9-4fef-a549-d0f56a4d18ff", - "label": "GOES-11 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "396af9f0-50d9-4b4c-b4cc-c58aef015471", - "label": "IRS (CBERS)", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: eoportal.org, http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6146/8664.html ]\n\nIRS (Infrared System) of CAST, IRS is of IRMSS heritage. IRS is an imager with 4 spectral bands (0.76-0.90; 1.55-1.75; 2.08-2.35; 10.5-12.5 ) µm. The spatial resolution is halved with regard to IRMSS. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS (CBERS)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: IRS (CBERS)\n Long_Name: Infrared System (CBERS 3 and 4)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm -0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm -1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 μm -2.35 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm -12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4.htm\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6146/8664.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39ac1813-238f-4fa3-b0cb-fe08a7dcadc4", - "label": "ATSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Along Track Scanning Radiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR) is\none of the instruments carried on-board of the European Remote Sensing\nSatellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) launched by the European Space Agency on\n17 July 1991 and 20 April 1995.\n\nThe ATSR incorporates two separate instruments: an advanced four-\nchannel infrared radiometer (the ATSR-IRR, commonly called the ATSR)\nused for measuring sea surface temperature and cloud top temperatures,\nand a two-channel Microwave Sounder (the ATSR-MWR, commonly called the\nMWR) designed to measure total precipitable water vapour and the total\nliquid water content of the atmosphere.\n\nThe ATSR-IRR images are in four co-registered infra-red channels in a\n500 km wide swath. The viewing geometry involves a unique scanning\ntechnique where the surface is viewed at two angles, one close to the\nnadir (0 degree, nadir swath) and the other at 47 degrees (forward\nswath), within the space of two minutes (the time it takes the\nsub-satellite point to reach the along track point which is separated\nby approximately 800 km). These two swaths are produced by a scanning\nmirror with a rotation axis inclined 23.45 degrees from the vertical,\nresulting in a near-elliptical path on the Earth's surface.\n\nOn-board calibration is carried out by incorporating two 'black\nbodies' into the instrument scan pattern. The IR sensors are kept to\n80 K by an active cooling system to minimize the thermal noise\ncomponent in the sensor signals.\n\nATSR-IRR characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nSpectral channels: 1.6, 3.7, 11 and 12 microns\nSpatial resolution: 1 km x 1 km (nadir); 1.5 km x 2 km\n(forward)\nSwath width: 500 km\nDetector: single element InSb and HgCdTe\nCooler: Stirling Cycle Cooler\nRadiometric precision: 0.1 K\nSST predicted accuracy: 0.5 K over a 50 kmx 50 km square\nwith 80% cloud cover\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe ATSR was designed to provide the following:\n\n\n- global sea surface temperature, accurate to better than\n0.5K (absolute) with a spatial resolution of 50 Km in\nconditions of up to 80% cloud cover\n- images of surface temperature, accurate to 0.1K\n(relative) with 1 km resolution and 500 km swath width\n- total water vapour content of the atmosphere\n- observations of clouds, aerosols, haze, land-ice and\nsea-ice surface emissivity\n- tropospheric range correction of the Radar Altimeter\nmeasurements to better than 5 cm\n\n\nThe ATSR provides important information in scientific disciplines such\nas oceanography, climatology and meteorology. When combined with\nobservations of cloud top temperatures, cloud cover, haze, aerosol and\ntotal water vapour content of the atmosphere, significant improvements\nmay be expected in the accuracy of medium range weather\nforecasting. Also accurate sea surface temperatures can be of use to a\nnumber of commercial users, particularly those involved in fishing and\nthe management of fishing areas. In the field of research, potential\napplications of the ATSR include distinguishing thin new ice from open\nwater, identifying surface type, and the accumulation rate of land\nice.\n\nRelated URL: 'http://earth.esa.int/atsr/'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_ats.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a3c2498-8e0e-4138-b5a2-7c2a80e1b598", - "label": "LISS-III", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor (LISS-III) is a multi-spectral camera operating in four spectral bands, three in the visible and near infrared and one in the SWIR region, as in the case of IRS-1C/1D. The new feature in LISS-III camera is the SWIR band (1.55 to 1.7 microns), which provides data with a spatial resolution of 23.5 m unlike in IRS-1C/1D (where the spatial resolution is 70.5 m).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm - 1.70 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b2904fa-bc88-4a86-b917-59ea09afdd6f", - "label": "TIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Thermal Infrared Radiometer (TIR) is one of ASTERs three different subsystems. The TIR subsystem uses a Newtonian catadioptric system with an aspheric primary mirror and lenses for aberration correction. Unlike the VNIR and SWIR telescopes, the telescope of the TIR subsystem is fixed with pointing and scanning done by a mirror. Each band uses 10 Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (HgCdTe) detectors in a staggered array with optical band-pass filters (Table II) over each detector element. Each detector has its own pre-and post-amplifier for a total of 50.\n\nAs with the SWIR subsystem, the TIR subsystem uses a mechanical split Stirling cycle cooler for maintaining the detectors at 80K. In this case, since the cooler is fixed, the waste heat it generates is removed using a platform supplied cold plate.\n\nThe scanning mirror functions both for scanning and pointing. In the scanning mode the mirror oscillates at about 7 Hz. For calibration, the scanning mirror rotates 180 degrees from the nadir position to view an internal black body which can be heated or cooled. The scanning/pointing mirror design precludes a view of cold space, so at any one time only a one point temperature calibration can be effected. The system does contain a temperature controlled and monitored chopper to remove low frequency drift. In flight, a single point calibration is done frequently (e.g., every observation). On a less frequent interval, the black body is cooled or heated (to a maximum temperature of 340K) to provide a multipoint thermal calibration. Facility for electrical calibration of the post-amplifiers is also provided. Another major technical challenge facing the ASTER team was to establish before flight that the elements of the inflight calibration and subsystem design will permit high quality accurate thermal radiometry.\n\nFor the TIR subsystem, the signal-to-noise can be expressed in terms of an NE delta T. The requirement is that the NE delta T be less than 0.3K for all bands with a design goal of less than 0.2K. The signal reference for NE delta T is a blackbody emitter at 300K. The accuracy requirements on the TIR subsystem are given for each of several brightness temperature ranges as follows: 200 - 240K, 3K; 240 - 270K, 2K; 270 - 340K, 1K; and 340 - 370K, 2K.\n\nThe total data rate for the TIR subsystem, including supplementary telemetry and engineering telemetry, is 4.2 Mbps. Because the TIR subsystem can return useful data both day and night, the duty cycle for this subsystem has been set at 16%. The cryocooler, like that of the SWIR subsystem, operates with a 100% duty cycle.\n\nURL: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/tir.asp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bfc3d3d-48cb-44a8-91fe-5ed91a18aa85", - "label": "WIFS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) is on-board the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite 1C (IRS-1C) launched in 1996. It collects images during mid-morning (about 10:30 AM) with a spatial resolution of about 200 meters in both a red and near-infrared spectral band. The temporal resolution/revisit time frame is five days, which is an improvement over the two weeks of the Landsat systems, but still not as frequent as that of the GOES (every 15-30 minutes) or SeaWiFS (once per day). A major advantage of this data set is that it fills in the spatial resolution gap between the Landsat TM and MSS (30 and 75 meters, respectively) and the GOES and SeaWiFS (1 km) data sets. This, combined with the fact that our eolian erosion vulnerability image-mapping algorithm uses the red and near-infrared bands (the two bands collected by WiFS), allows excellent regional image maps to be made using these data. The five day temporal resolution makes them better than the Landsat MSS and TM data for possible i maging of active dust storms, but still not acceptable for operational monitoring and detection of active dust storms.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WIFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: WIFS\n Long_Name: Wide Field Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P3\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-1d.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c56938d-eb2f-4cc1-97ed-d0d0865f679b", - "label": "GOES-15 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Measures cloud cover, atmospheric radiance, winds, atmospheric stability, rainfall estimates. Used to provide severe storm warnings/ monitoring day and night (type, amount, storm features).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-15 Imager\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GOES-15 Imager\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 15-Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-06-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2010-03-04\n Instrument_Owner: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d84cea2-1361-46fc-b0e2-eab9cc393258", - "label": "HRV", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Text Source: NSSDC, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1986-019A-01 ]\n\nThe SPOT-A High Resolution Visible (HRV) imager provides acquisition of high-resolution data of the earth's surface on a global basis. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV) imaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV experiment is designed to operate in either or both of two modes, in the visible and near infrared spectral regions: (1) a panchromatic (black and white) mode corresponding to observation over a broad spectral band (0.51 0.73 micrometer) and (2) a multispectral (color) mode corresponding to observation in three narrower spectral bands (0.50 - 0.59, 0.61 0.68, and 0.79 - 0.89 micrometer). The instrument's sampling mesh corresponds to a ground element (pixel) that is 10 m x 10 m in the first case and 20 m x 20 m in the second, for nadir viewing. The two detectors are of the CCD (charge-coupled device) type. Each array consists of 6000 detectors without any mechanical scanning. Light from the scene being viewed enters the HRV instrument via a plane mirror that is steerable by ground control. The viewing axis can thus be oriented as required in the plane perpendicular to the orbit. This off-nadir viewing capability covers a range of plus or minus 27 deg relative to the vertical (in 45 steps of 0.6 deg each). This allows the instrument to image any point within a strip extending 475 km to either side of the satellite ground track. The width of the swath actually observed varies between 60 km for nadir viewing and 80 km for extreme off-nadir viewing. With this special feature of off-nadir viewing, the two HRV instruments can be pointed to cover adjacent fields in order to obtain complete earth coverage. Among other possibilities introduced by this feature are increased revisit coverage at intervals ranging from one to several days and the recording of stereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive satellite passes. The observation sequence is loaded every day into the onboard computer by the Toulouse ground-control station while the satellite is within its range. The operation sequences for the two HRV instruments are entirely independent. Data will be processed at the Centre de Rectification des Images Spatiales (CRIS) which will be jointly set up by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Institut Geographique National (IGN). CRIS is responsible for archiving SPOT-A raw data received at Toulouse and for carrying out image data processing.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRV\n Long_Name: High Resolution Visible Imaging System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.79 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 µm - 0.73 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1986-019A-01\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=4074\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e488a04-58da-4ef3-b30c-a8bb21a79630", - "label": "LAC", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[LAC data is not available and is no longer collected as part of the EO-1 Extended Mission.]\n\nThe Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array/Atmospheric Corrector (LEISA/AC) is an infrared camera. Images from the AC can \nbe used to remove the effects of the atmosphere from surface pictures obtained by instruments such as the Advanced Land \nImager (ALI) on EO-1 and Landsat. Observing the surface through the atmosphere is conceptually the same as viewing the \nbottom of a lake through cloudy water. The AC provides data on the amount of atmospheric water vapor. These data can be \nused to clear the view. The AC on EO-1 will be the first use of a dedicated instrument to per- form this function on a \nreal-time basis. This instrument will provide scientific return both in terms of improved imagery and hyperspectral sensing \ncapabilities. It will also test a number of new technologies. Because the AC is small and adaptable to different spacecraft\n configurations, it is a bolt-on instrument, which can be attached to any future Earth imaging spacecraft. The LEISA AC \n instrument was developed by Goddard's Applied Engineering and Technology Directorate (AETD). AETD will provide open \n access to U.S. industry regarding the design and performance of the LEISA AC instrument with the explicit purpose of \n expediting technology transfer to the commercial sector.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LAC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LAC\n Long_Name: LAC (Linear Etalon Imaging Spectrometer Array (LEISA) Atmospheric Corrector\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: .85-1.5 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/new/Technology/Documents/InstrumentOverview.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41249ca9-3c20-4dc7-a5ad-bf314b7dd542", - "label": "MSS_RS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Multispectral imaging system (MSS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSS_RS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSS_RS\n Long_Name: Multispectral imaging system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BelKA\n Short_Name: Kanopus-V\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.6 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 µm - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.8 µm - 0.9 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: https://innoter.com/sites/default/files/uploads/articles/Kanopus/5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4270e59d-8fbe-4b75-ab05-616d3b38fa4e", - "label": "NS-001 TMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) instruments are designed to\nsimulate spectral, spatial, and radiometric characteristics of\nthe Thematic Mapper sensor on the Landsat-4 and 5\nspacecraft. The two instruments used in OTTER are similar, but\nthey are flown at different altitudes thereby yielding data with\ndifferent resolutions. The NS001 TMS is generally flown at\nmedium altitudes and provides 12.2-meter resolution at nadir at\nan altitude of 16,000 feet (4,864 meters). The Daedalus TMS is\nflown at higher altitudes and provides a ground resolution of 25\nmeters at an altitude of 65,000 feet (19,760 meters). The NS001\nTMS is flown aboard NASA's C-130 aircraft based at the NASA Ames\nResearch Center. The Daedalus TMS is flown aboard the NASA ER-2\naircraft.\n\nAlthough the TMS sensors are very similar, they differ slightly\nfrom each other and from the Landsat TM instruments. Both TMS\ninstruments have 7 spectral channels that are very similar to\nthose of the TM sensor. However, they both have additional\nchannels; the NS001 TMS has one additional IR channel and the\nDaedalus TMS has five additional channels.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/jskiles/top-down/OTTER/OTTER_docs/\nDAEDALUS.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "447cb532-a56a-4d8a-b367-40aebcc1648d", - "label": "LIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "LIS is designed to investigate the global incidence of lightning, its correlation with convective rainfall, and its relationship with the global electric circuit. Conceptually, LIS is a simple device, consisting of a staring imager optimized to locate both intra cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning with storm-scale resolution over a large region of surface on Earth, to mark the time of occurrence, and to measure the radiant energy. It will monitor individual storms within the field of view (FOV) for 80 seconds, long enough to estimate the lightning flash rate. Location of lightning flashes is determined to within 5 km over a 600-km × 600-km FOV. \n\nThe LIS design uses an expanded optics wide-FOV lens, combined with a narrow-band interference filter that focuses the image on a small, high-speed, charge-coupled-device focal plane. The signal is read out from the focal plane into a real-time data processor for event detection and data compression. The particular characteristics of the sensor design result from the requirement to detect weak lightning signals during the day when the background illumination, produced by sunlight reflecting from the tops of clouds, is much brighter than the illumination produced by the lightning. \n\nA combination of four methods is used to take advantage of the significant differences in the temporal, spatial, and spectral characteristics between the lightning signal and the background noise. First, spatial filtering is used to match the instantaneous FOV of each detector element in the LIS focal-plane array to the typical cloud-top area illuminated by a lightning event (about 5 km). Second, spectral filtering is applied, using a narrow-band interference filter centered about the strong hypoiodite ion (OI) emission multiplet in the lightning spectrum at 777.4 nm. Third, temporal filtering is applied. The lightning pulse duration is of the order of 400 microseconds, whereas the background illumination tends to be constant on a time scale of seconds. The lightning signal-to-noise ratio improves as the integration time approaches the pulse duration. Accordingly, an integration time of 2 ms is chosen to minimize pulse splitting between successive frames and to maximize lightning delectability. Finally, a modified frame-to-frame background subtraction is used to remove the slowly varying background signal from the raw data coming off the LIS focal plane. If, after background removal, the signal for a given pixel exceeds a specified threshold, that pixel is considered to contain a lightning event. \n\nLIS investigations are striving to understand processes related to, and underlying, lightning phenomena in the Earth atmosphere system. These processes include the amount, distribution, and structure of deep convection on a global scale, and the coupling between atmospheric dynamics and energetics as related to the global distribution of lightning activity. The investigations will contribute to a number of important EOS mission objectives, including cloud characterization and hydrologic-cycle studies. Lightning activity is closely coupled to storm convection, dynamics, and microphysics, and can be correlated to the global rates, amounts, and distribution of convective precipitation, to the release and transport of latent heat, and to the chemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. LIS standard products include intensities, times of occurrence, and locations of lightning events. The performance of LIS has exceeded specifications and has been returning unprecedented data on lightning activity. LIS is enabling investigators to quantify relationships between lightning, convection, and ice production. \n\n NASA Earth Science Reference Handbook [ Mission: TRMM ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LIS\n Long_Name: Lightning Imaging Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LIS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.777 micrometers with 5-km spatial resolution and 2-ms temporal resolution over an imaging area of 600 km × 600 km.\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://lightning.nsstc.nasa.gov/lis/index.html\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/lis.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/LIS\n Sample_Image: https://lightning.nsstc.nasa.gov/lis/graphics/lis_sensor.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 500 frames per second\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-11-30\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44d87436-a753-4d0c-80f6-7e6b48795575", - "label": "SSMIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) continues the legacy of passive microwave instruments carried aboard Defense Meteorological Satellite \n[Text Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/ssmis_instrument/index.html ]\n\nProgram (DMSP) satellites. Beginning with the launch of the DMSP F-16 satellite on 18 October 2003, the SSMIS marks the commencement of a new series of passive microwave conically scanning imagers and sounders planned for launch over the next two decades (Sun and Weng 2008). SSMIS improves upon the surface and atmospheric retrievals of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and upon the atmospheric temperature and water vapor sounding capabilities of both the Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder (SSM/T-1) and the Special Sensor Microwave Humidity Sounder (SSM/T-2). Furthermore, the SSMIS imaging and sounding sensors share the same viewing geometry, thereby allowing surface parameters to be retrieved simultaneously (Yan and Weng 2008). The SSMIS instrument is able to estimate atmospheric temperature, moisture, and surface parameters from data collected at frequencies ranging from 19 to 183 GHz over a swath width of 1707 km. SSMIS is currently carried aboard DMSP-F16, -F17, and -F18 satellites, and is slated for furture missions aboard DMSP-F19 and -F20. This document discusses the mission objectives, principles of operation, sensor specifications, and calibration information of the SSMIS instrument.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSMIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SSMIS\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F18\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F17\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Number_Channels: 24\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Center Frequency 19.35 GHz to 183.31 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/ssmis_instrument/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/rsad/ssmi/swath/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/DOD\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "477652cd-2ed0-4d78-b821-5fc4f5ae7a11", - "label": "PIP", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Measures concentration and records images of cloud particles from approximately 500-30000 microns in diameter with a resolution of 100 microns per pixel. \n\n[Source: Global Hydrology Resource Center] \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PIP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: PIP\n Long_Name: Precipitation Imaging Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2011-07-12\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47a49789-181d-43d0-8591-a0fe494f86d2", - "label": "OLS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-01 ]\n\nThe Operational Linescan System (OLS) was the primary experiment on the DMSP Block 5D spacecraft. The purpose of this experiment was to provide global, day/night observations of cloud cover and cloud temperature measurements to support Department of Defense requirements for operational weather analysis and forecasting. The OLS employed a scanning optical telescope driven in an oscillating motion, with optical compensation for image motion, which resulted in near-constant resolution throughout the sensor field of view. The radiometer operated in two ('light' and 'thermal') spectral intervals -- (1) visible and near infrared (0.4 to 1.1 micrometers) and (2) infrared (8 to 13 micrometers). The radiometer produced, with onboard processing, data in four modes -- LF (light fine) and TF (thermal fine) data with a resolution of .56 km, and LS (light smoothed) and TS (thermal smoothed) data with a resolution of 2.8 km. There were three onboard recorders, and each had a storage capability of 400 min of both LS and TS data or 20 min of LF and TF data. For direct readout to tactical sites, the experiment was programmed so that LF and TS data were obtained at night. The infrared data (TF and TS) covered a temperature range of 210 to 310 deg k with an accuracy of 1 deg c. The LS data mode provided visual data through a dynamic range from full sunlight down to a quarter moon. This mode also automatically adjusted the gain along scan to allow useful data to be obtained across the terminator. Additional information on this experiment is contained in the report, 'Primary Optical Subsystems for DMSP Block 5D,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, No. 4, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: OLS\n Long_Name: Operational Linescan System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F6\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F5\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F3\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm to 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm to 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm to 13 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/sensors/ols.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47fa86bf-3472-4539-bb2e-a08020dc2090", - "label": "LMA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "A lightning mapping array is a network of time-of-arrival sensors that passively receive VHF impulses from electrical breakdown within thunderstorms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49c18248-f7db-4874-829e-31222af91350", - "label": "MLA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The SPOT series of satellites carry two nominally identical High\nResolution Visible (HRV) imagers which can be operated\nindependently or in various coupled modes. They have four\nstraight and continuous virtual sensing lines, with 6000 basic\nsensing elements per line. These instruments are, however, not\nlimited to nadir viewing. Each HRV contains a pointable mirror\napparatus which allows the imaging direction to be varied at\nuser-selected angles. Each HRV imager has two sensing\nmodes. They are known as the Multi-Linear Array (MLA) and the\nPanchromatic Linear Array (PLA) sensors. The MLA sensor\ncaptures data in three spectral bands: 500 - 590 nm, nominal\nground resolution of 20 metres at nadir. The PLA sensor\ncaptures data in the spectral range 510 - 730 nm at a 10 metre\nnominal ground resolution at nadir. Data are archived at a rate\nof approximately 100,000 (60 km x 60 km) scenes per year. Each\ndata set contains visible and near-infrared radiance data. The\ndata are stored on h igh density tapes and are available in\nDigital and film format at a variety of processing levels from\nraw levels to fully-processed products registered to the\nCanadian National Topographic Map series. The data are offered\nin LGSOWG, EOSAT fast format and ARCinfo.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cgdi.gc.ca/CGDI.cfm/fuseaction/data.details/id/3788/gcs.cfm'\n\n[Summary provided by GeoConnections]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a2f52b5-d671-4c3e-bdfa-99ce98c3fbe2", - "label": "VIRIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Visible/Infrared Intelligent Spectrometer (VIRIS) was\ndeveloped as the IRIS Mark IV by GER, Inc., and a portable\nillumination source (a spectralon coated hemisphere/baffle\nsystem employing 4, high-intensity, quartz line, 30 W bulbs)\nwere used to characterize the reflectance of branch samples with\nneedles attached (spruce and hemlock).\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bf480ae-5266-4812-a4b4-15043764b745", - "label": "COSSIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Conical Scanning Sub-millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer\n(COSSIR) built by Jim Wang at NASA Goddard is also a heterodyne\ninstrument very similar to the Cloud Ice Radiometer. More\nflexible scanning capabilities will increase the possible\nviewing configurations.\n\n[Summary provided by Frank Evans, University of Colorado]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c03dcf4-6630-4b27-b4c6-ee69ac490f7d", - "label": "AOCI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Airborne Ocean Color Imager is a high altitude multispectral\nscanner built by Daedalus Enterprises, designed for\noceanographic remote sensing. It provides 10-bit digitization of\neight bands in the visible/near-infrared region of the spectrum,\nplus two 8-bit bands in the near and thermal infrared.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Research/AirSci/ER-2/aoci.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dbe7764-a2ea-4a19-b754-696c35ac3205", - "label": "ETM+", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Involving three large American governmental organizations: NASA, NOAA and USGS launched on April 15, 1999. Landsat 7 is \nequipped with ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus), which provides a ground survey in four modes: VNIR (Visible and Near \nInfrared), SWIR (Shortwave Infrared), PAN (Panchromatic - Panchromatic range), TIR (Thermal infrared - Thermal infrared range).\n\nThe Landsat 7 ETM+ instrument is designed with the significant exception of the thermal infrared band, where the ground \nresolution has been improved from 120 to 60 m.\n\nInformation provided by https://eos.com/landsat-7/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ETM+\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: ETM+\n Long_Name: Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/the-enhanced-thematic-mapper-plus/\n Online_Resource: https://eos.com/landsat-7/\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-19\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4de23942-39b8-4a1f-88b7-4be7ee4dfb24", - "label": "MADRAS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "MADRAS (Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Systems) is a microwave imager, with conical scanning (incidence angle 56°), close from the SSM/I and TMI concepts. The main aim of the mission being the study of cloud systems, a frequency has been added (157 Ghz) in order to study the high level ice clouds associated with the convective systems, and to serve as a window channel relative to the sounding instrument at 183 GHz.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MADRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MADRAS\n Long_Name: Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Systems\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Megha-Tropiques\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 18.7 Ghz ± 100 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 40 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 23.8 Ghz ± 200 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 40 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 36.5 Ghz ± 500 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 40 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 89 Ghz ± 1350 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 10 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 157 Ghz ± 1350 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 6 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/mission-description-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-10-12\n Instrument_Owner: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)\n Instrument_Owner: Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e7f5d0e-4d2a-4a03-bd89-6361cc46f207", - "label": "AIRSAFE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "AIRSAFE uses an ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) receiver for tracking of aircraft on a global scale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f6f33c8-388f-46ea-99bc-66fa1582c647", - "label": "GLI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Global Imager, or GLI, is one of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n(JAXA) mission instruments on board ADEOS-II which was launched by H-IIA rocket\non December 14, 2002. ADEOS-II failed on October 24, 2003.\n\nGLI is an optical sensor while will observe globally and frequently\nthe reflected solar radiation from the Earth's surface including land,\nocean and clouds. It also has an infrared radiation capability to\nmeasure the physical parameters such as chlorophyll, dissolved organic\nmatter, surface temperature, vegetation distribution, vegetation\nbiomass, distribution of snow and ice, and albedo of snow and\nice. These data may be used for determining the global circulation of\ncarbon; monitoring clouds, snow, ice and sea surface temperature; and\ninvestigating the primary marine production.\n\nThe GLI will be equiped with 36 spectral channels from visible to infrared\nwavelengths. The most striking feature of this sensor is summarized below:\n\n- The GLI has many more visible channels, especially for the ocean\n color observations, than other spaceborne sounders or imagers.\n\n- Its dynamic range is wide enough to observe land area\n\n- It employs 0.38, 0.76, and 1.38 ?m bands that were previously not\n well utilized for spaceborne remotesensing.\n\n- The tilt function enables it to avoid sea reflected sun glitter over\n middle latitude areas\n\n- It has six 250m resolution channels justified to\n LANDSAT/Thematic Mapper (TM).\n\n- Many atmospheric window bands (1.6, 2.2, 3.7, 8.6, 10.9, and 12.0\n ?m) are available.\n\n- Water absorption bands (6.7, 7.3, and 7.5 ?m) are provided to obtain\n vertical profiles of water vapor.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://suzaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GLI/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5183cd58-f9e6-4669-9f6e-2b66ca589408", - "label": "GOES-16 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The GOES-16 Imager is an imaging spectrometer/radiometer that collects images of multi-level clouds, which are then used to help direct aviation flights.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52f1a056-aba7-42e7-a99d-6c38319cd78b", - "label": "IRMSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: 'The IRMSS for CBERS', Wang Huaiyi, Ma Wenpo, Beijing Institute of Space Machine and Electricity, Beijing]\n\nThe IRMSS is a cross-track scanning imaging radiometer mainly operating in the infrared. It has one Panchromatic (Pan) band, two short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands and one long-wave infrared (LWIR) band. The spatial resolution of the Pan and SWIR bands is 78m in an orbit altitude of 778km while the LWIR band is 156m. Its swath is 120km, and the global coverage period is 26 days, Its key design characteristics are summarized in Table 1.\n\nThe IRMSS mainly include a scanner mainframe, an amplifier assembly, and encoder, a power supply assembly, a command & telemetry assembly, a radiative cooler controller and a thermal controller.\n\nThe scanner mainframe is composed of the mainframe structure, the linear scan mirror assembly, the scanning angle monitor, the telescope, the scan line corrector, the onboard calibration system, the relay optics, the focal plane assemblies, the pre-amplifiers and the radiative cooler.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRMSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: IRMSS\n Long_Name: Infrared Multispectral Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 µm - 1.75 µm,\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 µm - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 µm - 2.35 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.4 µm - 12.5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/231\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 16 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "534f6bde-acc9-4ba3-b3d9-06cd61060026", - "label": "MSIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "MSIS (Multispectral Imaging System): 4-band visible (red, green, blue) and near-infrared sensor with 26m resolution (swath 55km, Field of Regard 300km).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "536bf692-3335-4ccc-8b77-53ba15ba054c", - "label": "GOES I-M Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: NOAA GOES Project, http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/imager.html ]\n\nThe GOES I-M Imager is a five channel (one visible, four infrared) imaging radiometer designed to sense radiant and solar reflected energy from sampled areas of the earth. By means of a servo driven, two-axis gimbaled mirror scanning system in conjunction with a Cassegrain telescope, the Imager's multispectral channels can simultaneously sweep an 8-kilometer (5 statute mile) north-to-south swath along an east-to-west/west-to-east path, at a rate of 20 degrees (optical) east-west per second. This translates into being able to scan a 3000 by 3000 km (1864 by 1864 miles) 'box' centered over the United States in just 41 seconds. The actual scanning sequence takes places by sweeping in an East-West direction, stepping in the North-South direction, than sweeping back in a West-East direction, stepping North-South, sweeping East-West, and so on.\n\nThe Imager consists of electronics, power supply, and sensor modules. The sensor module containing the telescope, scan assembly, and detectors, is mounted on a baseplate outside the main structure of the spacecraft, together with shields and louvers for thermal control. The electronics module provides redundant circuitry and performs command, control, and signal processing functions; it also serves as a structure for mounting and interconnecting the electronic boards for proper heat dissipation. The power supply module contains the converters, fuses, and power control for interfacing with the spacecraft electrical power subsystem. The electronics and power supply modules are mounted inside the spacecraft on the internal equipment panel.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 - 0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.80 - 4.00 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.50 - 7.00 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.20 - 11.20 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.50 - 12.50 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/imager.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/goes-calibration/goes-imager-srfs.htm\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55461d90-0015-4d73-8ccc-16b25d9c925c", - "label": "GOES-14 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The GOES-14 Imager is multi-purpose obtaining imagery and wind derivation by tracking clouds and water vapor features using 5 channels covering VIS, MWIR, and TIR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "574fd149-e30a-4762-8a43-34bc2fcfdc8c", - "label": "AVNIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "AVNIR is a high spatial resolution optical sensor for observing land and coastal zones in visible and near-infrared regions. AVNIR has 4 spectral bands with a 16m spatial resolution and 1 panchromatic band with an 8 m spatial resolution. The AVNIR data will be useful for environmental awareness and monitoring of such phenomena as desertification, destruction of tropical forests, and pollution of coastal zones as well as for resource exploration, land use, etc.\n\nAVNIR's field of view (FOV) is about 80km, picked up by lines of small pixels. Its FOV scans the entire earth's surface as the satellite moves. There are only a few other similar sensors, such as TM on LANDSAT. Among AVNIR's sensors are features which give the sensors high spatial resolution, a pointing function to change the observation field by +-40 degrees along the cross track, a 0.4rim band useful for coastal zones and lakes, an optical calibration function which uses solar light and lamps, as well as others.\n\nAVNIR is composed of two units, the Scanning Radiometer Unit (SRU) which is mainly composed of optical components and the Electronic Unit (ELU) which includes mainly electronic components. Optics in SRU adopts a Catadioptric Schmidt optical system to reduce aberration in a wide field of view. Large mirrors used in Optics and Pointing Mechanism Assembly are ultralight mirrors weighing 50 to 70% less than conventional mirrors, made from low expansion material. CFRP with low thermal and moisture expansion properties is used as the truss structural material in order to make Optics light yet extremely precise in orbit. The large linear-array CCDs with 5,000 and 10,000 pixels are used as detectors and deliver high spatial resolution. Observation data is compressed in the Image Processing Assembly by about 10% in order to reduce the transmission data rate. \n\n[Summary provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVNIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVNIR\n Long_Name: Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.42 μm - 0.50 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.60 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/avnir_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/avnir_pic.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-08-17\n Instrument_Owner: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57854209-ce09-4dc9-90e2-5c4e1060fdad", - "label": "AVIRIS-NG", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) has been developed to provide continued access to high signal-to-noise ratio imaging spectroscopy measurements in the solar reflected spectral range. AVIRIS-NG is expected to replace the AVIRIS-Classic instrument that has been flying since 1986.\n\nAVIRIS-NG measures the wavelength range from 380 nm to 2510 nm with 5 nm sampling. Spectra are measured as images with 600 cross-track elements and spatial sampling from 0.3 m to 4.0 m from a Twin Otter platform. In the near future, a high altitude platform (NASA's ER-2) will be available. AVIRIS-NG has better than 95% cross-track spectral uniformity and >= 95% spectral IFOV uniformity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5787cc42-b51a-44ca-862e-7132b1e0d5c8", - "label": "Geoton-L1 (2)", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (Geoton-L1 (2))\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Geoton-L1 (2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (2)\n Long_Name: Geoton-L1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 µm - 0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm - 0.6 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.72 µm - 0.80 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.72 µm - 0.80 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.80 µm - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.mcc.rsa.ru/Pic/pr/resurs_p_2/4b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58207caf-121d-4f88-bd79-11cafefa3f5b", - "label": "TIRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) measures land surface temperature in two thermal bands with a new technology that applies quantum physics to detect heat.\n\nTIRS was added to the satellite mission when it became clear that state water resource managers rely on the highly accurate measurements of Earth’s thermal energy obtained by Landsat 8’s predecessors, Landsat 5 and Landsat 7, to track how land and water are being used. With nearly 80 percent of the fresh water in the Western U.S. being used to irrigate crops, TIRS is an invaluable tool for managing water consumption.\n\nTIRS uses Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) to detect long wavelengths of light emitted by the Earth whose intensity depends on surface temperature. These wavelengths, called thermal infrared, are well beyond the range of human vision. QWIPs are a new, lower-cost alternative to conventional infrared technology and were developed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.\n\nMore Information: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/article/thermal-infrared-sensor-tirs/\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: TIRS\n Long_Name: Thermal Infrared Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.6-11.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.5-12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/article/thermal-infrared-sensor-tirs/\n Creation_Date: 2013-02-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5989cded-9b05-400f-a40f-a4b05bae5ddd", - "label": "CZCS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Coastal Zone Color Scanner Experiment (CZCS) onboard the Nimbus-7\nspacecraft was designed to map chlorophyll concentration in water,\nsediment distribution, gelbstoffe concentrations as a salinity\nindicator, and temperature of coastal waters and ocean\ncurrents. Reflected solar energy was measured in six channels to sense\ncolor caused by absorption due to chlorophyll, sediments, and\ngelbstoffe in coastal waters. The CZCS was a multi-channel scanning\nradiometer which used a rotating plane mirror at a 45 degree angle to\nthe optic axis of a Cassegran telescope. The mirror scanned 360\ndegrees but only the 80 degrees of data centered on nadir were\ncollected for ocean color measurements. The instrument viewed deep\nspace and calibration sources during the remainder of the scan. The\nincoming radiation was collected by the telescope and divided into two\nstreams by a dichroic beam splitter. One stream was transmitted to a\nfield stop that was also the entrance aperature of a small\npolychromator. The radiance that entered the polychromator was\nseperated and re-imaged in five wavelengths on five silicon detectors\nin the focal plane of the polychromator. The other stream was directed\nto a cooled mercury cadmium telluride detector in the thermal region\n(10.5-12.5 micrometer). A radiative cooler was used to cool the\nthermal detector. To avoid sun glint, the scanner mirror was tilted\nabout the sensor pitch axis on command so that the line of sight of\nthe sensor was moved in 2-deg increments up to 20 deg with respect to\nthe nadir. Spectral bands at 0.443 and 0.670 micrometers centered on\nthe most intense absorption bands of chlorophyll, while the band at\n0.550 micrometers centered on the 'hinge point,' the wavelength of\nminimum absorption. Ratios of measured energies in these channels were\nshown to closely parallel surface chlorophyll concentrations. Data\nfrom the scanning radiometer were processed, with algorithms developed\nfrom the field experiment data, to produce maps of chlorophyll\nabsorption. The temperatures of coastal waters and ocean currents were\nmeasured in a spectral band centered at 11.5 micrometers. Observations\nwere made also in two other spectral bands, 0.520 micrometers for\nchlorophyll correlation and 0.750 micrometers for surface vegetation.\nThe scan width was 1556 km centered on nadir and the ground resolution\nwas 0.825 km at nadir. For a more detailed description, see Section 2\nin 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045), available from\nNSSDC. Data are archived at SDSD. Since mid-1984, the instrument\nexperienced occasional start-up problems. It was finally turned off in\nDecember 1986.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CZCS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: CZCS\n Long_Name: Coastal Zone Color Scanner\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/CZCS/\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Color_Scanner\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf2b441-7c1e-4511-a8b8-281c988e88ea", - "label": "VISSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The VISSR, flown on SMS-1 and 2, and GOES-1 through 3, was a dual-band (visible and infrared) spin-scanning imaging device utilized for day and night, two-dimensional, cloud cover pictures from a geosynchronous altitude. This sensor permitted day/night observations of clouds and the determination of temperatures, cloud heights, and wind fields. It consisted of one visible channel (.55 to .70um) and one infrared channel (10.5-12.6um). The ground resolution at nadir in the visible was 0.8km while the infrared was much lower at 7km. The swath width is the Earth disc.\n\nEntry taken from:\n\nColwell, R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second Edition,\nVolumes I and II, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VISSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm - 12.6 μm (GOES-1, SMS-1, SMS-2)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 μm - 0.70 μm (GOES-1, SMS-1, SMS-2)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm - 12.5 μm (GOES-2 and GOES-3)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 μm - 0.75 μm (GOES-2 and GOES-3)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-100A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-048A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-062A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1974-033A\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-011A-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://www.raytheon.com/products/vissr/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d8a5307-5574-4dd6-b923-8a29d158f008", - "label": "COSMIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "CoSMIR, originally developed for the calibration/validation of the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager/ Sounder (SSMIS),, is an airborne, 9-channel total power radiometer modified to have scan mode to acquire both conical and across-track scan data simultaneously in a given flight. The well-calibrated radiometric data between 50-183 GHz has an accuracy on the order of ±1 K.\n\nMore info can be found at: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/meso/index.php?section=121\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COSMIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: COSMIR\n Long_Name: Compact Scanning Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/meso/index.php?section=121\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600b228b-165c-4f80-96e2-7ee2d9989680", - "label": "AVHRR-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is a multi purpose imaging instrument used for global measurement of cloud cover, sea surface temperature, ice, snow and vegetation cover and characteristics. This instrument is currently flying on the NOAA series of spacecraft in a five channel version, on board NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11and NOAA-13 and NOAA-14. The five AVHRR channels are located in the visible and infra red between 0.63 and 12.0 micrometers, with an instantaneous footprint of 1.1 km at the sub satellite point. The internal rotating scan mirror also views deep space and a thermal calibration source on each rotation. Scanning is cross-track with a range of ±55.37° about nadir.\n\nCalibration of the IR channels is performed with 4 internal black bodies every scan line. The calibration coefficients for the visible channels are determined pre launch.\n\nAVHRR scans across track of the satellite path in continuous scan. There are 2048 Earth Views per scan over a swath of ± 1447 km. The squared instantaneous field of view has a size of 1.1 km at nadir.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/aapp/avhrr_2.html and http://eoweb.dlr.de:8080/short_guide/D-AVHRR.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVHRR-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVHRR-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n Short_Name: NOAA-13\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 and 12.0 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 and 12.0 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eoweb.dlr.de:8080/short_guide/D-AVHRR.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/aapp/avhrr_2.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-22\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "612ba79f-ccc7-4ee1-b520-1f9573119b17", - "label": "GOES N-P Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: GOES Project Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,\nhttp://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/n_p_imager.html ]\n\nThe GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense radiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the Earth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep east-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a two-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth disc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and various sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene using a flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid continuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale (regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES N-P IMAGER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GOES N-P IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n Short_Name: GOES-P\n Short_Name: GOES-14\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.71μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.73 μm - 4.07 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.0 μm - 13.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.2 μm - 11.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5.8 μm - 7.3 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/n_p_imager.html\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/n_p_spacecraft.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/SATS/\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/images/i_m_photoimager.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6467145c-2b45-4e0f-b131-eb945ee130f6", - "label": "VIRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) is one of the primary instruments aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observatory. \nVIRS is one of the three instruments in the rain-measuring package and serves as a very indirect indicator of rainfall. It also ties in TRMM \nmeasurements with other measurements that are made routinely using the meteorological Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites POES) and those \nthat are made using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) operated by the United States.\n\nMore Information: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/VIRS\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VIRS\n Long_Name: TRMM Visible Infrared Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: VIRS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.63 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.6 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.75 to 12 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/virs.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/VIRS\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 49.8 Kbps (day), 28.8 Kbps (night)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-12-20\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65ed042c-df53-4afb-8b6a-1ea16958015d", - "label": "OLCI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The OLCI instrument baseline is the successor to ENVISAT MERIS with additional spectral channels, different camera arrangements and simplified on-board processing.\n\nThe OLCI is a push-broom instrument with five camera modules sharing the field of view.\n\nThe field of view of the five cameras is arranged in a fan-shaped configuration in the vertical plane, perpendicular to the platform velocity.\n\nEach camera has an individual field of view of 14.2° and a 0.6° overlap with its neighbours.\n\nThe whole field of view is shifted across track by 12.6° away from the sun to minimise the impact of sun glint.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67f1d110-c312-492d-a18e-0726da4cd0ef", - "label": "DF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "682ca0b2-2fa9-4a5f-b110-a5e0ee72e73f", - "label": "THEOS MS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "THEOS MS consists of 4 spectral bands (R,G,B, NIR) with resolution 15 m and swath width at 90 km.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEOS MS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: THEOS\n Long_Name: THEOS Multi Spectral Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 - 0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.53 - 0.60 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gistda.or.th/gistda_n/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&catid=35&Itemid=34\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: GISTDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cb001d7-fc1c-4e20-9b81-a1573ad77221", - "label": "PORTOS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d529763-54c7-4f14-8f0a-988af122c6fe", - "label": "SMMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The primary purpose of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) experiment was (1) to provide all-weather measurements of ocean surface temperature and wind speed, and (2) to obtain integrated liquid water column content and atmospheric water vapor column content for path length and attenuation corrections to the ALT and SASS observations. Microwave brightness temperatures were observed with a 10-channel (five-frequency dual polarized) scanning radiometer operating at 0.8-, 1.4-, 1.7-, 2.8-, and 4.6-cm wavelengths (37, 21, 18, 10.7, and 6.6 GHz). The antenna was a parabolic reflector offset from nadir by 0.73 rad. Motion of the antenna reflector provided observations from within a conical volume along the ground track of the spacecraft. The SMMR had a swath width of about 600 km and the spatial resolution ranged from about 22 km at 37 GHz to about 100 km at 6.6 GHz. The absolute accuracy of sea surface temperature obtained was 2 K deg with a relative accuracy of 0.5 K deg. The accuracy of the wind speed measurements was 2 m/s for winds ranging from 7 to about 50 m/s. The same experiment was flown on Nimbus 7. A more detailed description can be found in E. Njoku, et al., 'The Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR): instrument description and performance,' IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., v. OE-5, pp. 100-115, 1980. The instrument operated continuously in orbit from July 6, 1978 for a period of 95 days, until the spacecraft failed on October 10, 1978. Data are available from SDSD.\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMMR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Long_Name: Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-05\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6dd795c0-5af9-43b0-95c5-3e1ec3d1f29e", - "label": "HRTS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) instrument was\nsuccessfully launched on Sept. 30, 1997 from LC-36 at the White Sands\nMissile Range. The instrument consists of 30cm Cassegrain telescope\nand a three element focal plane package. The central focal plane\ninstrument was a tandem Wadsworth spectrograph with wavelength\ncoverage in two bands (120-140nm and 150-170nm) with a resolution of\n50mAngstroms. The reflective spectrograph slit jaws are imaged with an\nintermediate bandpass UV spectroheliograph and with a visible Halpha\nimaging slit jaw imaging system. As on the previous flight, four\n(20Angstrom FWHM) filters were used in the spectroheliograph to obtain\nimages with central wavelengths at 1540, 1550, 1560 and 1600\nAngstroms. The spectra and images are recorded on photographic\nfilm. The instrument was successfully pointed and focussed in\nflight. 1 arc-second spatial resolution was achieved in all the\nimages.\n\nThe observation target for the mission was the coronal hole at the\nsolar north pole. During the prime mission, the 900' long slit\nwas moved over the surface of the sun to obtain a 10' wide\nraster with 2' steps. The slit was positioned nearly radially\nwith 100' above the northern limb of the sun. A wide range of\nexposures were taken to observe a wide variety of bright and\nfaint lines. A series of spectroheliograph and Halpha images\nwere taken of the spectrograph slit jaws to reference the slit\nlocation. Final image coregistration will be accomplished using\nslit jaw, Tmin continuum images and Kitt Peak/MDI\nmagnetograms. An excellent collaborative data set was obtained\nat Kitt Peak Observatory (chromospheric and photospheric\nmagnetograms), Big Bear Solar Observatory and University of\nHawaii. The space based collaborative observing campaign\nincluded SXT (YOHKOH), MDI (SOHO), EIT (SOHO), CDS (SOHO) and\nSUMER (SOHO). The slit spectra show an interesting collection\nof explosive even ts in C IV. The spectroheliograph images show\nC IV loop like structures near the limb.\n\nThe flight also was the first scientific flight of the new digital\nattitude control system produced by the Lockheed Martin SPARCS group\nat the White Sands Missile Range. The system utilizes fast,\nprogrammable digital control of the payload. The previous problem of\nground loop noise on the shielded sensor lines was entirely eliminated\nby the incorporation of a fiber optic sensor data line. The\nperformance of this new system was superb. Acquisition occurred within\n30 seconds of opening the aperture door. The noise on the sensor\noutput lines was 0.05 arc-seconds. The stability over the entire\nflight was 1.5 arc-seconds peak to peak. The stability of the pointing\nover a typical 10 second exposure was 0.2 arc-seconds peak to peak and\n<0.1 arc-seconds peak to peak for a typical 1 second exposure. This\npointing stability in future flights will enable very high spatial\nresolution solar images to be obtained from a sounding rocket\nplatform.\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://wwwsolar.nrl.navy.mil/hrts.html'\n\n {Summary provided by Naval Research Laboratory}", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f912d59-3932-4f05-8924-20628d508b84", - "label": "MISR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "To accomplish its scientific objectives, the MISR instrument measures Earth's brightness in 4 spectral bands, at each of 9 look angles spread out in the forward and aft directions along the flight path. Spatial samples are acquired every 275 meters. Over a period of 7 minutes, a 360 km wide swath of Earth comes into view at all 9 angles. Special attention has been paid to providing highly accurate absolute and relative calibration, using on-board hardware consisting of deployable solar diffuser plates and several types of photodiodes. To complement the on-board calibration effort, a validation program of in situ measurements are being conducted, involving field instruments, one of which is the &PARABOLA III&, which automatically scans the sky and ground at many angles, and a multi-angle aircraft camera (AirMISR). Global coverage with MISR is acquired about once every 9 days at the equator; the nominal lifetime of the mission is 6 years.\n\nMISR was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and is one of five instruments launched into polar orbit aboard NASA's Terra spacecraft in August 1999. The spacecraft flys in a sun-synchronous orbit, designed so that it crosses the equator every 98 minutes, always at 10:30 a.m. local time, as Earth rotates below. \n\n[Source: MISR Project Home Page https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MISR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MISR\n Long_Name: Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Blue, Green, Red\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://asdc.larc.nasa.gov/project/MISR\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/misr\n Online_Resource: https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/Mission/misrInstrument/\n Sample_Image: https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/images/mws/misrpic.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 3.3 Megabits/second average, 9.0 Megabits/second peak\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-02-01\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71d4cffb-853d-40c9-8e01-793e71805b31", - "label": "IRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71dcdb88-420a-4498-afa6-59e74bd0a220", - "label": "UAF Scanner", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72f5b059-bc48-4ed2-960f-62b83b74782a", - "label": "SHMSA-VR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (SHMSA-VR)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SHMSA-VR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SHMSA-VR\n Long_Name: High resolution wide capture multispectral optical sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm - 0.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 - 0.51 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 - 0.58 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.60 - 0.70 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.80 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://s017.radikal.ru/i436/1506/33/7bf492e33360.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "736038ef-c1ae-47c7-a50e-729474eeb3b1", - "label": "AMSR-E", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) is one of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission instruments flown on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft, which was launched May 4, 2002. A similar instrument (AMSR) was flown on the JAXA ADEOS-II spacecraft in December 2002.\n\nAMSR-E monitors various atmospheric and surface water processes that influence weather and climate. It provides improved measurements of rain rates and greatly extends the spatial coverage of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, while also measuring water vapor, sea surface winds, sea surface temperature, sea ice, soil moisture, snow cover, and the amount of water in clouds.\n\nThe AMSR-E is a 14-channel, 8-frequency passive microwave radiometer which measures microwave radiation from the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Frequencies of the AMSR-E are 6.9, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 (horizontal and vertical polarization), and 50.3 and 52.8 GHz (vertical polarization only). AMSR has a large antenna (2 meters, one of the largest), and a field of view of 7 km at 89 GHz and 60km at 6.9 GHz. It scans conically at an incidence angle of 55 degrees to achieve a 1600 km swath width. Data are externally calibrated by a cold sky temperature (2.7K) and a high-temperature hot load.\n\nKey AMSR-E Facts\nHeritage: SMMR (on Nimbus-7 and Seasat), SSM/I (on DMSP), AMSR (on ADEOS II)\nSwath Width: 1445 km\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 6 km x 4 km (89.0 GHz), 14 km x 8 km (36.5 GHz), 32 km x 18 km (23.8 GHz), 27 km x 16 km (18.7 GHz), 51 km x 29 km (10.65 GHz), 74 km x 43 km (6.925 GHz)\nDimensions: Sensor Unit: 1.95 m x 1.7 m x 2.4 m (deployed); Control Unit: 0.8 m x 1.0 m x 0.6 m\nMass: 314 kg\nPower: 350 W\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nView: Forward-looking conical scan\nIncidence Angle: 55°\nInstrument IFOV at Nadir: Ranges from 74 km x 43 km for 6.9 GHz to 6 km x 4 km for 89.0 GHz\nSampling Interval: 10 km for 6-36 GHz channels, 5 km for the 89 GHz channel\nAccuracy: 1 K or better\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSR-E\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AMSR-E\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 12 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.34 - 4.35 cm / 6.9 - 89.0 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/AMSR/\n Online_Resource: http://aqua.nasa.gov/content/amsr-e\n Online_Resource: http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/mirador/collectionlist.pl?keyword=AMSR-E\n Online_Resource: http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/AMSR/images/amsre_instrument.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 87.4 kbps average, 125 kbps peak\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-06-18\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74ee2866-0e9e-4c20-8003-0621af6552f3", - "label": "TROPOMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The TROPOMI instrument is a space-borne, nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infrared.\n\nThe instrument, the single payload of the Sentinel-5P spacecraft, uses passive remote sensing techniques to attain its objective by measuring, at the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA), the solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth.\n\nThe instrument operates in a push-broom configuration (non-scanning), with a swath width of ~2600 km on the Earth's surface. The typical pixel size (near nadir) will be 7x3.5 km2 for all spectral bands, with the exception of the UV1 band (7x28 km2) and SWIR bands (7x7 km2).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "752d166c-5834-4fdc-968c-f69425b31ae5", - "label": "SLAP", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The SLAP instrument on Langley’s King Air aircraft is an aircraft scale simulator of the instruments that were planned to be mounted on NASA’s upcoming Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which collects soil moisture measurements for ground validation. SLAP has both passive (radiometer) and active (radar) microwave L-band imaging capabilities, just as SMAP.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75a145eb-0fed-4011-90db-286010e10fb0", - "label": "SENSE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "SENSE is a receiver for AIS (Automatic Identification System) signal reception from ships at sea, providing worldwide tracking (identification, position, course and speed information) plus detailed vessel characteristics for maritime safety.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "769780b8-ba0e-4cd2-9575-88953c1010a0", - "label": "SeaWiFS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[SeaWiFS collected data from September 1997 until the end of its mission in December 2010]\n\nThe SeaWiFS instrument was launched by Orbital Sciences Corporation on the OrbView-2 (a.k.a. SeaStar) satellite in August \n1997, and collected data from September 1997 until the end of mission in December 2010. SeaWiFS had 8 spectral bands from \n412 to 865 nm. It collected global data at 4 km resolution, and local data (limited onboard storage and direct broadcast) \nat 1 km. The mission and sensor were optimized for ocean color measurements, with a local noon (descending) equator crossing \ntime orbit, fore-and-aft tilt capability, full dynamic range, and low polarization sensitivity.\n\nThe SeaWiFS instrument has scanning mechanisms to\ndrive an off-axis folded telescope and a rotating halfangle\nmirror. Incoming scene radiation is collected\nby the folded telescope and reflected onto the rotating\nhalf-angle mirror. The collected radiation is then relayed\nthrough dichroic beam splitters to separate the radiation\ninto four wavelength intervals each wavelength interval\nencompassing two of the eight SeaWiFS spectral bands.\nFour corresponding aft-optics direct the radiation in the\nfour separate wavelength intervals through two separate\nspectral band-pass filters that further separate the radiation\ninto eight SeaWiFS spectral bands. The aft-optics\nassemblies also image each of the resultant defined bands\nof radiation onto four detectors that are aligned in the scan\ndirection. Monitoring of sensor calibration over periods of\na few orbits, to several months or years, is accomplished\nusing solar calibration for the former and lunar calibration\nfor the latter. Solar calibration uses a solar-radiation\ndiffuser and an input port located in a fixed position\noutside of the 58.3 degree SeaWiFS scene-scan interval. Lunar\ncalibration is accomplished by a spacecraft maneuver to\nview the moon when the spacecraft is in the nighttime\nportion of its orbit.\n\nKey SeaWiFS Facts\nScan Width: 58.3 deg (LAC); 45.0 deg (GAC)\nScan Coverage: 2,800 km (LAC); 1,500 km (GAC)\nPixels along Scan: 1,285 (LAC); 248 (GAC)\nNadir Resolution: 1.13 km (LAC); 4.5 km (GAC)\nScan Period: 0.124 seconds\nTilt: -20, 0, +20 deg\nDigitization: 10 bits\n(LAC stands for Local Area Coverage; GAC stands for Global Area\nCoverage)\n\nAdditional Information: \nhttps://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEAWIFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SEAWIFS\n Long_Name: Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASTAR\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 6 channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 - 0.7 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2 channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.765 - 0.865 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\n Online_Resource: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/seawifs/\n Sample_Image: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/SEASTAR/seawifs_bench.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-09-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2010-12-11\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78035802-3615-494c-8ec0-cc040feae6e8", - "label": "MOMS-01", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/moms ]\n\nThe Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS) is a scanning system (based on CCD technique) for airborne and predominantly spaceborne geoscientific remote sensing application. The first version MOMS-01 (with a dual channel mode: 600 nm and 900 nm) has been developed by order of the German Minister for Research and Technology under contract from the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR, previous DFVLR)by Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm (MBB). Scientific guidance for the experiment has been provided by the University of Munich/FRG.\n\nMost important characteristic of MOMS is the modular arrangement of the CCD-sensor, electronics, optical lens system and filters that allow the instrument to be adapted for completely different geoscientific tasks or missions, as well as the refurbishment of the system between missions as demonstrated in practise.\n\nThe multispectral mode of the MOMS family envisages geoscientific data application for: general geologic mapping, mineral resources exploration, hydrology; mapping and monitoring of renewable resources (agriculture, forestry, urban and regional planning); coastal zone monitoring; topographic mapping with conventional methods.\n\nThe first two flights of the space qualified MOMS-01 took place on board of Space Shuttle with the missions STS-7 in June 1983 (total recording time: 26 min) and STS-11 in February 1984 (total recording time: 30 min). The sensor was placed with magtape recording unit (HDDT) on the SPAS-01 platform, built by MBB, which was loosely connected to the Shuttle by a specific bus system for system control. Both flights yielded high-resolution images with 20x20 m ground pixel size from about 300 km orbital altitude. Data takes are available over Africa/Arabia, Australia, East Asia, India, South America, South East Asia, and USA.\n\nData processing, archiving of products and their distribution to users is made by the German Remote Data Center (DFD) in Oberpfaffenhofen, FRG. Data products include CCT copies (1600,6250 bpi), film negatives and B/W paper copies (scale1:800000) and appropriate image enlargements. Catalog material is available on microfiche.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MOMS-01\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MOMS-01\n Long_Name: Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STS-11\n Short_Name: STS-7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/moms\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7903c432-f65f-4b92-bb9e-96cd3036fd1d", - "label": "LISS-IV", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The LISS-IV camera is a high resolution multi-spectral camera operating in three spectral bands (B2, B3, B4). LISS-IV can be operated in either of the two modes. In the multi-spectral mode (Mx), a swath of 23 Km (selectable out of 70 Km total swath) is covered in three bands, while in mono mode (Mono), the full swath of 70 Km can be covered in any one single band, which is selectable by ground command (nominal is B3 - Red band). The LISS-IV camera can be tilted up to +-26 degrees Celsius in the across track direction thereby providing a revisit period of 5 days.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-IV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-IV\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor iV\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-p6.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-10-17\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79241b91-40b5-4a81-96c5-f92ab39584bd", - "label": "MOMS-02", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Ten years after the last spaceborne flights of the precursor\nMOMS-01 in 1983/84, the new concept of a combined stereo and multi-\nspectral payload, the Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Stereo\nScanner (MOMS-02), was realized. It was successfully operated during\nSpace Shuttle flight STS-55 from April 26 to May 6, 1993, with an\naverage orbital altitude of 296 km and a geographic coverage of\n+/- 28.5 latitude. MOMS-02 opens new horizons for Earth observation\nfrom space using three-linear stereo cameras. Investigations of the\nenvironment, agriculture, forestry and urban development as well as\ndigital mapping and landscape modelling with a high degree of\nautomation will be strongly improved by using the specific\ncapabilities of this sensor.\n\nThe entire MOMS-02 system was manufactured by DASA (German Aero-\nspace) under contract of Deutsche Agentur fuer Raumfahrt-Angelegen-\nheiten (DARA) GmbH.\nGerman Space Agency DARA GmbH.\nDept. for Special Applications\nP.O.Box 300364\nD-53183 Bonn\nFederal Republic of Germany\nPhone: +49-228-447-582\nFax: +49-228-447-700\nTechnical Parameters:\n---------------------\n The design features of the sensor provide at least the following\nimagery characteristics:\ni) three-linear stereo, ii) along track stereo, iii) high resolution,\niv) multispectral, v) combinations of stereo and multispectral.\nThe following spectral ranges and modes are provided:\nMultispectral bands spectral range spatial resolution\nband1 440-505 nm 13.5 m\nband2 530-575 nm 13.5 m\nband3 645-680 nm 13.5 m\nband4 770-810 nm 13.5 m\nPanchromatic bands spectral range spatial resolution\nband5 520-760 nm 4.5 m\nband6 520-760 nm 13.5 m\nband7 520-760 nm 13.5 m\nMode Channel Combination No. of Data Takes\n1 stereo channel 6,7; HR 15\n2 multispectral channels 1,2,3,4 12\n3 multispectral channels 3,4; stereo 6,7 7\n4 multispectral channels 1,3,4; stereo 6 -\n5 multispectral channels 1,3,4; stereo 7 1\n6 multispectral channels 2,3,4; HR 13\n7 multispectral channels 1,3,4; HR -\nMode 4 and 7 were not operated.\n MOMS02 is designed for spectral data acquisition in visible and near\ninfrared range (four channels) and for along-track stereo recording\nusing a panchromatic channel for one nadir and two off-nadir looking\nmodules. All stereo devices have equivalent bandpasses and provide a\nground pixel size of 4.5mx4.5m (nadir: band 5) and 13.5mx13.5m\n(tilted optics: bands 6 and 7). A ground pixel size of 13.5mx13.5m\nfor the spectral channels is considered as a sound compromise between\na high spectral resolution and a reasonable signal to noise ratio.\n For all operated modes, except the full stereo mode, the nadir orien-\ntation of the Space Shuttle was held within a limit of 1 degree. For\nthe stereo mode the roll angle limits had to be extended to 3 degrees\ndue to technical reasons.\nImaging Geometry:\n-----------------\n The swath width for the high resolution channel can be as much as\n37 km, depending on the recording mode, and 78 km for the other\nchannels. These values are relative to the nominal altitude of 296 km.\nBecause of the viewing angle of 21.4 degrees of the two off-nadir\nstereo channels, the image swath on the Earth`s surface for these\nchannels is separated from the swath of the nadir channels by about\n120 km. The three stereo cameras allow the imaging of a strip almost\nsimultaneously with three different viewing angles in a time distance\nof about 20 seconds. Possible platform movements have to be compen-\nsated.\nData Processing and Ordering:\n-----------------------------\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.nz.dlr.de/moms2p/techdat/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79657c54-716d-4500-8a45-47201e8a4daa", - "label": "AIMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Airborne Imaging Microwave Radiometer operates from the\nNCAR/NSF C-130 aircraft, scanning across the flight track\nthrough the nadir point. The instrument measures surface and\natmospheric radiation emissions at 37 and 90 GHz. Each frequency\nis separated into horizontally and vertically polarized\nchannels. To date, the instrument has primarily been used for\nmapping of the polar ice cap (ice and snow change their\nradiative properties with age) but potential may exist for\nmapping ground moisture content as well.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/dir_off/facilities/AIMR'\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a5528bc-32da-43e1-9790-23c91b4484ed", - "label": "GOCI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "GOCI is the world's 1st geostationary ocean color imager with the objective to provide multispectral (8-band) VIS/NIR data. The radiometer is designed to be operated in a 2D staring-frame capture mode. The instrument provides an important new capability for imagining the coastal zone where the phenomena varying on shorter space and time scales demand a simultaneous increase in spatial and temporal resolution. GOCI will provide multiple views of many locations within the fixed region during a single day (i.e. 8 images during the daytime and 2 images during the nighttime). The data from GOCI will therefore address various research areas in coastal, oceanographic and atmospheric sciences.\n\nThe overall observation objectives of GOCI include the following capabilities:\n\n• Detecting, monitoring and predicting of short-term biophysical phenomena\n\n• Support for studies on bio-geochemical variables and cycle\n\n• Detecting, monitoring and predicting noxious or toxic blooms of algae of notable extension\n\n• Monitoring of the health state of marine ecosystems\n\n• Permitting an assessment of the geological and biological response to physical dynamics\n\n• Support of coastal zone and resource management\n\n• Provision of improved information on marine fisheries to the fisherman communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ac6447e-331d-40d5-9118-903222aaed55", - "label": "MESSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "A multi-spectral electronic self-scanning radiometer (MESSR) is an\nelectronic-scan-type radiometer which detects reflected solar rays from the\nearth's surface in two visible bands and two near-infrared bands. It is\nequipped with two camera systems that are parallel with the direction of flight\nof the satellite. Each camera system is comprised of two optical units; one\nfor the visible range and the other for the near-infrared range. Each camera\nsystem scans a width of 100 km of the earth surface at right angles to the\ndirection of flight of the satellite. When the two systems are used at the\nsame time, a width of 185 km can be scanned. Each has 2048 charge-coupled\ndevices (CCDs) for detection purposes, thus achieving a resolution of 50 m for\nthe earth's surface.\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n MESSR\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWavelength/ micron\nFrequency 0.51 - 0.59\n 0.61 - 0.69\n 0.72 - 0.80\n 0.80 - 1.10\nResolution 50m\nSensitivity/ 39dB\nSN\nSwath 100Km\nApplication Fields\n Band 1 Land: Plant distribution, Snow cover distribution\n (0.51-0.59) Distribution of volcanic ash, Land usage\n Ocean: Water quality of coastal sea areas and lakes,\n Red tide, Geological shape at the bottom of the\n sea in coastal areas ( with high transmission\n factor)\n Band 2 Land: Land usage, Geological structure, Plant\n (0.61-0.69) distribution, Snow cover distribution,\n Distribution of volcanic ash\n Ocean: Water quality of coastal sea areas and lakes,\n Red tide, Water vortex\n Band 3 Land: Ground surface water, Moor, Water resources\n (0.72-0.80) Geological structure, Plant distribution\n Band 4 Land: Mapping of ground surface water and outer layer\n (0.80-1.1) composition, Flood areas, Lakes and Ponds, Plant\n distribution\n Ocean: Ice distribution, Water boundaries\n Channel\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nThe MESSR has flown on the following NASDA satellites: MOS-1, and MOS-1b.\n_______________\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MESSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MESSR\n Long_Name: Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/messr_e.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7adab01b-cdf2-4e08-9844-23604b6e07eb", - "label": "MSU-MR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Low-resolution multispectral scanning imager-radiometer (MSU-MR)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSU-MR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSU-MR\n Long_Name: Low-resolution multispectral scanning imager-radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 1.1 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 1.1 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.6 µm - 1.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 µm - 4.1 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 µm - 11.5 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.5 µm - 12.5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://gis-lab.info/projects/ss/sensor/meteor_msu-mr.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/326\n Sample_Image: http://s017.radikal.ru/i435/1506/17/c8ca69ecfc57.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cac33c5-a557-4fee-b564-000c5e7f2817", - "label": "GMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical- scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. \n\nThe instrumentation enables the Core spacecraft to serve as both a 'precipitation standard' and as a 'radiometric standard' for the other GPM constellation members. The GMI is characterized by thirteen microwave channels ranging in frequency from 10 GHz to 183 GHz. In addition to carrying channels similar to those on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), the GMI carries four high frequency, millimeter-wave, channels about 166 GHz and 183 GHz. With a 1.2 m diameter antenna, the GMI will provide significantly improved spatial resolution over TMI. \n\nScan Geometry:\n\nThe off-nadir-angle defining the cone swept out by the GMI is set at 48.5 degrees which represents an earth- incidence-angle of 52.8 degrees. To maintain similar geometry with the predecessor TMI instrument, the-earth- incidence angle of GMI was chosen identical to that of the TMI. Rotating at 32 rotations per minute, the GMI will gather microwave radiometric brightness measurements over a 140 degree sector centered about the spacecraft ground track vector. The remaining angular sector is used for performing calibration; i.e. observation of cold space as well as observation of a hot calibration target.\n\nThe 140 degree GMI swath represents a swath of 904 km on the Earth's surface. For comparison, the DPR instrument is characterized by cross-track swath widths of 245 km and 120 km, for the Ku and Ka-band radars respectively. Only the central portions of the GMI swath will overlap the radar swaths (and with approximately 67 second duration between measurements due to the geometry and spacecraft motion). These measurements within the overlapped swaths are important for improving precipitation retrievals, and in particular, the radiometer-based retrievals. \n\nSummary provided by http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/GMI\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GMI\n Long_Name: Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GPM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 13\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 GHz to 183 GHz.\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/GMI\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cd2fc64-dc09-47a9-8f79-6c540299ec1d", - "label": "MVIRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e5f9494-c191-4f20-984f-15ceb88b29d1", - "label": "BJ-1 MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Beijing-1 Multispectral Imager is a high-resolution earth observation remote sensors, orbit altitude of 686 km, the resolution of the sensors is 32 meters with a 600 km swath.The data can be used for land use, geological survey, survey of water resources, floods, winter wheat acreage monitoring, forest type identification, urban planning, monitoring and archaeological aspects of applied research.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BJ-1 MSI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: BJ-1 MSI\n Long_Name: BJ-1 Multispectral Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Green 520 - 600 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Red 630 - 690 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: NIR 760 - 900 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.blmit.com.cn/document/weixingjieshao.jsp\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-10-27\n Instrument_Owner: NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "835fb659-6a25-44a7-8c5a-7698fe785472", - "label": "AVNIR-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) is a visible and near infrared radiometer for observing land and coastal zones and provides better spatial land coverage maps and land-use classification maps for monitoring regional environment. The AVNIR-2 is a successor to the AVNIR onboard the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) launched in August 1996.\n\nIts main improvement over AVNIR's is its instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The AVNIR-2 provides 10-meter spatial resolution images compared with the 16 m resolution of the AVNIR in the multi spectral region. The higher resolution was realized by improving the CCD detectors (AVNIR: 5,000 pixels per CCD, AVNIR-2: 7,000 pixels per CCD) and their electronics. Another improvement is a cross track pointing function for prompt observation of disaster areas. The pointing angle of AVNIR-2 is + and - 44 degrees.\n\n[Summary Provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVNIR-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVNIR-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer Type 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.42 μm - 0.50 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.60 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/avnir2_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/avnir2_image.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87c44e15-54c8-407d-a881-8035a2d5512b", - "label": "AVHRR-3", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[ Text Source, ESA Meteorological Missions Homepage, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEM9VEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html ]\n\nThe Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) is one of the complement of American instruments provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to fly on MetOp-A, B and C.\n\nThe AVHRR/3 scans the Earth surface in six spectral bands in the range of 0.58 - 12.5 microns. It provides day and night imaging of land, water and clouds, measures sea surface temperature, ice, snow and vegetation cover.\n\nThe AVHRR/3 is a six-channel imaging radiometer that detects energy in the visible and infrared (IR) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The instrument measures reflected solar (visible and near-IR) energy and radiated thermal energy from land, sea, clouds, and the intervening atmosphere. The instrument has an instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) of 1.3 milliradians providing a nominal spatial resolution of 1.1 km (0.69 mi) at nadir. A continuously rotating elliptical scan mirror provides the cross-track scan, scanning the Earth from ± 55.4° from nadir. The mirror scans at six revolutions per second to provide continuous coverage.\n\nThe instrument provides spectral and gain improvements to the solar visible channels that provide low light energy detection. Channel 3A, at 1.6 microns, provides snow, ice, and cloud discrimination. Channel 3A will be time-shared with the 3.7-micron channel, designated 3B, to provide five channels of continuous data. An external sun shield and an internal baffle have been added to reduce sunlight impingement into the instrument’s optical cavity and detectors. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVHRR-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Long_Name: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 μm - 1.64 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.09 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.55 μm - 12.5 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.09 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-1.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEM9VEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_2010053153142514\n Online_Resource: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/instrumentsummary.aspx?instrumentID=403\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/images/enlarged_avhhr.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88094b8c-c68c-4e4f-a4d9-1d5b6e15ba5b", - "label": "VGT-P", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The PROBA-Vegetation payload is a multispectral pushbroom spectrometer with 4 spectral bands and with a very large swath of 2285 km to guarantee daily coverage above 35 latitude. The payload consists of 3 identical SI (Spectral Imagers), each with a very compact TMA telescope. Each TMA, having a FOV of 34º, contains 4 spectral bands: 3 bands in the visible range and one band in the SWIR spectral range. The swath TFOV is 103º. 42) 43) 44) 45)\n\nVGT-P is restricted to imaging land and dedicated calibration zones. On-board the spacecraft, there is for each spectral imager a land sea mask that is provided by the PI (Principal Investigator). The land sea mask removes the pixels that contain only sea and it dictates when each SI should be in imaging mode.\n\nOIP (Optronic Instruments & Products, Belgium) is the industrial prime contractor for the payload and is responsible for the design and development of the PROBA-V instrument and AMOS (Belgium) is responsible for the manufacturing and alignment of the telescope. The major payload challenge lies in the fact that the wide-swath imaging instrument has to fit into a small satellite with limited resources. The TMAs and the SWIR FPA have to be developed for the VGT-P since no COTS products are available.\n\nOptical system\n\nType: Pushbroom instrument using a reflective optical design\n3 identical TMA telescopes mounted on an optical bench together with the star tracker optical heads allowing precise co-alignment.\nFOV = 33.6º x 5.5º, a TFOV of nearly 103º is provided with 3 SIs (Spectral Imagers)\n4 spectral bands: 3 VNIR centered at (460, 658, 834 nm) and 1 SWIR band (1610 nm)\nVNIR detector : 3 x 6000 pixels of 13 µm (E2V, France)- quadrilinear AT71547\nSWIR detector: liner array composed of 3 mechanically butted detectors of 1024 pixels (Xenics NV, Belgium)\n\nSpectral bands\n\nVNIR B0: 0.415-0.500 µm (Blue)\nVNIR B1: 0.580-0.770 µm (Red)\nVNIR B2 : 0.730-0.960 µm (NIR)\nSWIR:1.480-1.760 µm\n\nOptical parameters\n\nFocal length: 109.6 mm\nAperture diameter: 18.6 mm\nf/number: 6\nSize: 90 mm x 110 mm x 140 mm (length x width x height)\n\nGeometrical performance\n- Swath width\n- GSD (Ground Sample Distance)\n\n\n2285 km (103º of 3 TMAs) at 820 km altitude\n300 m (baseline)\n- VNIR : 100 m at nadir, 360 m at edge of swath\n- SWIR : 200 m at nadir, 600 m at edge of swath\n\nSpectral parameters\n\nVNIR bands: 447-493 nm (blue); 610-690 nm (red); 777-893 nm (NIR)\nSWIR band: 1570-1650 nm\n\nMechanical concept\n\n- 3 telescopes are mounted on highly rigid and light-weighted optical bench\n- Star tracker mounted on the same bench to minimize the pointing knowledge error\n- Optical bench thermally decoupled from satellite\n- Radiator for heat removal from the optical bench\n- Heater and thermostats close to FPAs\n\nElectrical concept\n\n- ROE (Read-out Electronics) of the FPAs partly on optical bench, partly on satellite panel\n- DHU (Data Handling Unit) dealing with image data, housekeeping and commands\n- PSU (Power Supply Unit)\n- Instrument power consumption = 43.2 W\n\nInstrument mass, size\n\n35 kg, 200 mm x 812 mm xs 350 mm\n\nInstrument power consumption\n\n30 W (peak)\n\nData compression\n\nCCSDS 133.0 B-1\n\nData rate\n\n7.15 Mbit/s (after compression)\n\nDHU Interfaces with ADPMS\n\n2 Packetwire interfaces\n1 UART interface to control and monitor VGT-P\n3 Discrete pulses (5V CMOS TTL) to synchronize VGT-P on-board timing and switch on/off survival heater circuit and PSU\n6 AD590 temperature sensors\nPower: 28 V", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8891b8a8-a469-411f-8f84-71a94da19f02", - "label": "SGLI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Second generation GLobal Imager(SGLI) on “SHIKISAI”\n(GCOM-C) is an optical sensor capable of multi-channel\nobservation at wavelengths from near-UV to thermal infrared\nwavelengths （380nm to 12µm）. SGLI also has polarimetry and\nforward / backward observation functions at red and near\ninfrared wavelengths. SGLI obtains global observation data\nonce every 2 or 3 days, with resolutions of 250m to 1km.\n\nThe SGLI observations will improve our understanding of climate\nchange mechanisms through long-term monitoring of aerosols\nand clouds, as well as vegetation and temperatures, in the land\nand ocean regions. These observations will also contribute to\nenhancing the prediction accuracy of future environmental\nchanges by improving sub-processes in numerical climate\nmodels. SGLI-derived phytoplankton, aerosol, and vegetation\nactivity are also used for mapping fisheries, monitoring the\ntransport of yellow dust, and monitoring crop growth and\nestimating crop yield.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "895234ca-e7fe-4343-ac53-52786aa0b811", - "label": "CASI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) is an imaging\nspectrometer designed and built by Itres Ltd of Calgary, Canada, and\nis flown on aircraft.\n\nIt works on the principle of a series of lines of charged coupled\ndevices (CCDs) which each produce an electrical charge dependant upon\nthe amount of light energy falling upon them. These are packed\ntogether into a 3 dimensional array made up of 288 x 512 CCDs.\nUpwelling light radiation from beneath the aircraft is focused onto\nthe array by a compound lens.\n\nLight entering the system is split into a number of wavebands, each\nregistering on a different CCD or row of CCDs. As the aircraft travels\nforward, light reflected from a succession of small areas fall onto\nthe array and is split into its wavebands. The minimum size (pixel\nsize) of the areas recorded in the routine coastal surveys was 8m x\n8m. Other pixel sizes can be recorded by altering height, speed and\nthe focal length of the lens.\n\nThe CASI can be operated continuously in 2 modes and intermittently in\na third. In the spatial mode, the CASI records data in up to 19\nselected spectral channels from all the pixels across the swath.\nWaveband channels can be selected for specific environmental\nparameters (such as chlorophyll, vegetation, etc.).\n\nThe CASI can also be used in the spectral mode, recording data from\nacross the whole spectrum over 288 wavebands but only for a limited\nnumber of pixels across the swath. This mode also allows the\ncollection of spatial mode data in a single waveband to aid in the\nlocation of the spectral data.\n\nFinally, the CASI can also be used in short bursts in an enhanced\nspectral mode to record up to 74 channels over a 300 pixel wide swath.\nThis acts as a middle ground between spectral and spatial modes.\n\nA PCI image processing package reads and displays CASI data directly\nin full 16 bit resolution to produce high resolution images.\n\n[This description was obtained from the UK Environment Agency.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a7c1795-8625-484d-8f62-6d7204d211b9", - "label": "GUVI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) is one of four instruments that constitute\nthe TIMED spacecraft, the first mission of the NASA Solar Connections program.\nThe TIMED spacecraft is being built by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics\nLaboratory and GUVI is a joint collaboration between JHU/APL and the Aerospace\nCorporation. TIMED will be used to study the energetics and dynamics of the\nMesosphere and lower Thermosphere between an altitude of approximately 60 to\n180 kilometers\n\nGUVI is a far-ultraviolet (115 to 180 nm), scanning imaging spectrograph that\nprovides horizon-to-horizon images in five selectable wavelength intervals, or\n'colors.' These colors (HI 121.6 nm, OI 130.4 nm, OI 135.6 nm, and N2\nLyman-Birge-Hopfield bands 140 to 150 nm and 165 to 180 nm) are chosen in order\nto produce the GUVI key parameters.\n\nGUVI is based on heritage from the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic\nImager (SSUSI), an instrument previously built for Defense Meteorological\nSatellite Program Block 5d-3 satellites, which will fly on the DMSP Block 5D3\nsatellites F-16 through F-20. The instrument consists of a scan mirror feeding\na parabolic telescope and Rowland circle spectrograph, with a wedge-and-strip\ndetector at the focal plane.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://guvi.jhuapl.edu/about/introduction.shtml'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GUVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GUVI\n Long_Name: Global Ultraviolet Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIMED\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115 - 180 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://guvi.jhuapl.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://guvi.jhuapl.edu/about/photek_tube.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 8 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-07\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f95953c-8c1b-44b1-8ca5-d1322e34e70d", - "label": "POLDER-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The POLDER instrument is a camera composed of a two-dimensional CCD detector array, wide field of view telecentric optics and a rotating wheel carrying spectral and polarized filters.[https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POLDER-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: POLDER-2\n Long_Name: Polarization/Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcPOLDER/B07A.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2014-02-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 882 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9279c31b-d81d-4d48-a0b5-f9aa92f58f2d", - "label": "GOES-8 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92d834e1-689c-4d12-8c4a-74ee4cf75b36", - "label": "AMSR2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9455d12c-dd20-4cf2-af29-38ea1f484937", - "label": "PSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "958fcf8b-6022-4cc9-88bb-4ce6c63c9c66", - "label": "MSIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96b31d3d-5ba0-47ea-9dd1-8a7d5f25597b", - "label": "CF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97038277-b048-40fd-ab36-8bb04a92adf0", - "label": "AIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Arizona Imager/Spectrograph (AIS) consisted of five grating\nspectrographs (with 9 channels) and 12 imagers packaged together for\nobservations at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The\nAIS is a unique combination of spectrographs and imagers designed to\nmeasure the entire spectrum from 115 to 1100 nm with a spectral\nresolution range between 0.2 and 0.8 nm to resolve rotational lines in\nmost vibrational bands. The coaligned imagers provided spatial images\nof a few prominent spectral features at selected wavelengths. Spectra\nand images of short-lived or rapidly changing events were obtained\nsimultaneously. The use of two dimensional intensified CCDs as\nfocal-plane detectors resulted in a state-of-the-art, highly\nminiaturized instrument capable of spectral and spatial mapping of\ntargets.\nAlthough it was designed for specific scientific objectives (e.g., the\nstudy of shuttle glow), its versatility allowed the AIS to be used for\nnumerous other experiments such as studies of airglow or aurora. Small\nchanges, such as modifications to foreoptics and the replacement of\ninterference filters, could allow the design to be used in any number\nof applications.\nThe experimental objective of the AIS was the multispectral and\nradiometric measurements of: (1) orbiter plumes, (2) Earth limb, (3)\nchemical release, (4) orbiter environment, (5) gas release, and (6)\ncalibration sources. The AIS experiment was unique and succeeded in\nmeeting its objectives even though the full potential of the\nexperiment was not fully realized. A review of the science data\nresulted in the identification of about 40 sequences in which good\ndata were recorded on a variety of subjects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a8265a0-1ff1-47ac-9204-f839ab508471", - "label": "STRATOS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "STRATOS makes use of GPS radio occultation measurements to determine temperature, pressure and humidity profiles of Earth's atmosphere for applications in operational meteorology, space weather, and climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bb2d7ab-a86d-49e7-8a84-e036ca793d48", - "label": "TSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d259111-dc99-4ca1-a4f3-d461c1d26636", - "label": "ENLS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Earth Network Lightning Sensors (ENLS) have a unique sensor technology and patent pending system for the detection of lightning activity . This system has a broad frequency range extending from 1 Hz to 12 MHz which detects both in-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning vs. competing lightning sensors operating in North America which are constrained to frequencies of up to just a few hundred kilohertz thus limiting in-cloud detection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a159e29b-f717-401b-97e6-b1ed8d2e2acc", - "label": "CASI-1500", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a20a82f0-ff1a-4a48-a052-b9b429899ab4", - "label": "TMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The The Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) sensor is a line\nscanning device designed for a variety of Earth science\napplications. Flown aboard NASA ER-2 aircraft, the TMS sensor\nhas a nominal Instantaneous Field of View of 1.25 milliradians\nwith a ground resolution of 81 feet (25 meters) at 65,000\nfeet. The TMS sensor scans at a rate of 12.5 scans per second\nwith 716 pixels per scan line. Swath width is 8.3 nautical\nmiles (15.4 kilometers) at 65,000 feet while the scanner's Field\nof View is 42.5 degrees.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a359cad7-3543-4427-9516-e006146c8d55", - "label": "MEIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Multispectral Electro-optical Imaging Scanner (MEIS) which\nwas the first airborne push broom scanner to be used\noperationally, was built by Canada's CCRS. It images in 8 bands\nfrom 0.39 to 1.1 ?m (using optical filters to produce the narrow\nband intervals) and uses a mirror to collect fore and aft views\n(along track) suitable as stereo imagery.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a77c855f-9c33-4200-802f-4ff5aea226db", - "label": "REIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The RapidEye constellation consists of five optical Earth Observation satellites with a swath width of 77 km wide at nadir and a ground resolution of 6.5 metres. RapidEye's sensors produce imagery in five spectral bands: Blue (440-510 nm), Green (520-590 nm), Red (630-685 nm), Red Edge (690-730 nm), and Near Infrared (760-850 nm). The system collects up to five million square kilometres of optical imagery every day for its archive and over one billion km2 every year.\n\nOver 70% of RapidEye imagery has a view angle of less than 10°, as the view angle is always less than 20°. The system also has the capability for daily revisit to any point on earth. Each of the five satellites are inter-calibrated to one another and to the ground so that images between satellites are indistinguishable from each other and are useful for bio-physical analyses of vegetation.\n \nProcessing Levels:\n\nRapidEye 1B Basic product is radiometric and sensor corrected; and is the least processed of the RapidEye image products. This product is designed for customers who wish to do their own geometric correction and is accompanied by all the needed information for processing the data into a geocorrected form.\n\nThe RapidEye Ortho product (L3A) is ortho-corrected using ground control and DEMs, then cut to the RapidEye tile grid. Each covers a 25 km by 25 km area with an overlap between adjoining tiles and is optimal for covering smaller project areas that require accurately referenced imagery.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: REIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: REIS\n Long_Name: RapidEye Earth Imaging System\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/data-access/browse-data-products/-/asset_publisher/y8Qb/content/rapideye-products\n Online_Resource: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/current-missions/rapideye\n Creation_Date: 2014-05-22\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a78d42f1-cc25-4f10-8b4c-0e6c29dea046", - "label": "LISS-II", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "IRS-1A is the first satellite in the IRS constellation. It was launched from Baikonur cosmodrome, Khazakhstan. It operated in sun-synchronous near polar orbit at an inclination of 99 degrees at an altitude of 904 km. One orbit around the earth took about 103 minutes and the satellite made 14 orbits per day. The 22 day repetivity ensured repeated collection of data of the same geographical area at the same local time. The equatorial crossing time for IRS-1A in the descending node was 9:40 AM.\n\nIt had two types of cameras known as Linear Self Scanning Sensors (LISS-I and LISS-II). LISS-I had a spatial resolution of 72.5m with a swath of 148 km on ground. LISS-II had two separate imaging sensors LISS-IIA and LISS-IIB with spatial resolution of 36.25m each. They were mounted on the spacecraft in such a way so as to provide a composite swath of 146.98 km on ground. Both LISS-I and LISS-II operated in four spectral bands covering visible and near infrared region. It had following payload and orbital parameters \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor II\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P2\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n Short_Name: IRS-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8cd4c4e-9442-4d08-af4d-af7d544c2d39", - "label": "MRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Full name\tMedium Resolution Imager\nPurpose\tHigh-resolution land observation and disasters monitoring\nShort description\t4-channel VIS/NIR camera [see detailed characteristics below]\nBackground\tConsolidated technology\nScanning Technique\tPushbroom; swath 300 km\nResolution\t32 m\nCoverage / Cycle\tGlobal coverage in 10 days", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a943a6f3-7115-4da4-be2d-61a4ddfec5f8", - "label": "ESMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Nimbus 6 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR)\nmeasured the earth's microwave emission to provide the liquid\nwater content of clouds, the distribution and variation of sea\nice cover, and gross characteristics of land surfaces\n(vegetation, soil moisture, and snow cover). The two-channel\nscanning radiometer operated in a 250-MHz band centered at 37\nGHz. One channel was used to measure the vertical polarization\nand the other measured the horizontal polarization. The antenna\nbeam array, a 90- by 20- by 12-cm box-like structure, was\nmounted on top of the spacecraft sensory ring and was pointed in\nthe direction of the spacecraft's forward motion and tilted down\n45 deg from the satellite antenna axis. The antenna beam scanned\nthe earth in 71 discrete steps for various angles extending up\nto 35 deg on either side of the orbital plane. The deduced\nbrightness temperatures were expected to be accurate to within\n3-5 deg K. Spatial resolution was 20 km in the cross-track\ndirection and 45 km in the direction parallel to the subpoint\ntrack. For a more detailed description, see Section 5 of 'The\nNimbus 6 User's Guide' (TRF B23261), available from NSSDC. The\nESMR performance was satisfactory until September 15, 1976, when\nthe horizontal channel output was zero due to a failure of the\nFerrite-Dicke switch. Selected ESMR images were presented in\n'The Nimbus 6 Data Catalog' (TRF B26731), also available from\nNSSDC.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-052A&ex=3'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac3071cf-e97e-4789-ad85-d2e33e502e2a", - "label": "IIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) instrument on CALIPSO is a three-channel\nIIR is provided by CNES with algorithm development performed by the Institute\nPierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) in Paris.\n\nThe IIR a nadir-viewing, non-scanning imager having a 64 km by 64 km swath with\na pixel size of 1 km. The CALIOP beam is nominally aligned with the center of\nthe IIR image.\n\nThe instrument uses a single microbolometer detecter array, with a rotating\nfilter wheel providing measurements at three channels in the thermal infrared\nwindow region at 8.7 mm, 10.5 mm, and 12.0 mm. These wavelengths were selected\nto optimize joint CALIOP/IIR retrievals of cirrus cloud emissivity and particle\nsize.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#IIR\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: IIR\n Long_Name: Imaging Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.6 µm - 1.0 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#IIR\n Sample_Image: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/images/payload.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 44 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adb2a7a9-92d0-4e24-9c29-b3f2218437a5", - "label": "THEOS MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1de62e1-48c6-430b-80c9-e0d639b5153f", - "label": "GOES-12 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Measures cloud cover, atmospheric radiance, winds, atmospheric stability, rainfall estimates. Used to provide severe storm warnings/ monitoring day and night (type, amount, storm features).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-12 Imager\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GOES-12 Imager\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 12-Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-06-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-07-23\n Instrument_Owner: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5b0b14b-df0c-4884-9423-01a018da7efb", - "label": "MOS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Modular Optoelectronic Scanner MOS is a space borne imaging\npush broom spectrometer in the visible and near infrared range\nof optical spectra (400 - 1010 nm), which was specially designed\nfor remote sensing of the ocean-atmosphere system. MOS-PRIRODA\nand MOS-IRS instruments are basically identical providing 17\nspectral channels with medium spatial resolution in the\nVIS/NIR. The advanced instrument built for the IRS spacecraft\nhas one additional channel in the SWIR at 1.6?m.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.ba.dlr.de/NE-WS/ws5/mos_home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by DLR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8616a2e-4fef-4d9b-98fb-5681dd70cf4a", - "label": "POLDER-3", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The POLDER instrument is a camera composed of a two-dimensional CCD detector array, wide field of view telecentric optics and a rotating wheel carrying spectral and polarized filters.[https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8cf268c-8fb7-4686-866a-4acf7dc7b0ed", - "label": "BF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baf5be91-ebf6-423c-9c57-ec5fa544adf1", - "label": "PSS_RS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Panchromatic imaging system (PSS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PSS_RS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: PSS_RS\n Long_Name: Panchromatic imaging system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BelKA\n Short_Name: Kanopus-V\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.54 µm - 0.86 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.54 µm - 0.86 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: https://innoter.com/sites/default/files/uploads/articles/Kanopus/4.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd5a9e8c-72db-4244-9455-53b0f19950b4", - "label": "SkySat Camera", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Purpose\tVery-high-resolution land imagery\nShort description\t5-channel VIS/NIR radiometer with one panchromatic channel and 4 multi-spectral [see detailed characteristics below]. Capability of video-clips\nBackground\tNew development\nScanning Technique\tPushbroom, swath 8 km. Capability of providing video clips of areas minimum 5 km x 5 km of duration 90 s at 30 frames/s in MPEG-4 format (only in panchromatic)\nResolution\t0.9 m (panchromatic) and 2.0 m (multispectral)\nCoverage / Cycle\tGlobal coverage in one year, in daylight", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "beada4de-1b76-4354-b140-774d7fe70189", - "label": "GERB", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The MSG system has been outlined to support additional or research missions. ESA selected the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument for flight on the MSG-1 satellite. The GERB instrument is developed by a European consortium led by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), United Kingdom, under a cooperation between the UK, Italy and Belgium. The EUMETSAT Council decided in November 1998 to fund the flight of two additional GERB instruments on MSG-2 and MSG-3.\n The first images from the GERB instrument flying on Meteosat-8 (MSG-1) were taken on 12 December 2002. \n\nThe principle objective of the GERB mission is to measure the Earth radiation budget, in support of climate research and monitoring. A GERB International Science Team (GIST) had been established and tasked inter alia to define the science requirements, products and processing algorithms, and to implement science and validation activities. The consortium that developed and is responsible for operating the GERB system includes the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), UK; Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (ICSTM), UK; Hadley Centre, UK; Leicester University, UK; RMI, Belgium; Advanced Mechanical and Optical Systems Ltd (AMOS Ltd), Belgium; and Officine Galileo, Italy. \n\nThe Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI) was a key player in the development of the GERB concept, and Belgium provides half of the GERB ground segment infrastructure and services.\n\nThe GERB instrument, as part of the satellite, is operated by EUMETSAT in coordination with the GERB Operations Team based at ICSTM.GERB data are received at the EUMETSAT ground segment and passed to the GERB ground segment for data processing. The data and products are then distributed by RAL to centres throughout Europe which use the information to evaluate and improve climate monitoring and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models.\n\nThe GERB instrument is a scanning radiometer with two broadband channels, one covering the solar spectrum (0.32 to 4.0 µm), the other covering a wider portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.32 to 30 µm). Together these channels are used to derive the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth in the spectral range 4.0 to 30 µm. Data are calibrated on board in order to support the retrieval of radiative fluxes of reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal radiation at the top of the atmosphere with an accuracy of 1%. The radiation budget represents the balance between incoming energy from the Sun and outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected (shortwave) energy from the Earth.\n\nThe GERB broadband channels span the twelve much narrower channels measured by the MSGs other instrument the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). Thus GERB fills in the gaps in the thermal radiation spectrum missed by the SEVIRI channels. However, the GERB measures the thermal radiation at a coarser spatial resolution. Back on the ground, RMI scientists use the finer spatial resolution of the SEVIRI data to improve the spatial resolution of the GERB images. \n\nSource: EUMETSAT\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GERB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GERB\n Long_Name: Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GERB\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2 broadband channels, one covering the solar spectrum (0.32 to 4.0 µm), the other covering a wider portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.32 to 30 µm).\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4.0 - 30 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: With and without quartz filter: 0.32 - 4.0 µm, 0.32 - 30 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet111/chapter5_bul111.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/spat/research/missions/atmos_missions/gerb/instrument\n Online_Resource: http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/view/badc.nerc.ac.uk__ATOM__dataent_gerb\n Sample_Image: http://radagast.nerc-essc.ac.uk/Assets/GERB_schematic.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50.6 Kbits/sec (L Band)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-12-12\n Instrument_Owner: European consortium led by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), United Kingdom, under a cooperation between the UK, Italy and Belgium.\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "beee83ac-12f6-4fe0-a8d6-386ce41be39d", - "label": "SHMSA-SR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Medium resolution wide capture multispectral optical sensor(SHMSA-SR)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SHMSA-SR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SHMSA-SR\n Long_Name: Medium resolution wide capture multispectral optical sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm - 0.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 - 0.51 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 - 0.58 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.80 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://s016.radikal.ru/i335/1506/5a/58cae2622e8e.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfc07fb2-ca22-48e6-8171-84527b0faae7", - "label": "TM", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Thematic Mapper (TM) is an advanced, multispectral scanning, Earth resources sensor designed to achieve higher image resolution, sharper spectral separation, improved geometric fidelity and greater radiometric accuracy and resolution than the MSS sensor. TM data are sensed in seven spectral bands simultaneously. Band 6 senses thermal (heat) infrared radiation. Landsat can only acquire night scenes in band 6. A TM scene has an Instantaneous Field Of View (IFOV) of 30 square meters in bands 1-5 and 7 while band 6 has an IFOV of 120 square meters on the ground.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: TM\n Long_Name: Thematic Mapper\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-5\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm -0.60 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 μm -0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm -0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm -1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.4 μm -12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 μm - 2.35 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/tm.html\n Sample_Image: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/tmsensor.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1982-07-16\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2011-11-18\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c075c75b-4e28-4ace-9347-f2b8f95db18f", - "label": "AIRMSPI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Airborne Multi-angle Spectro Polarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) is an airborne prototype instrument similar to that of the future satellite-borne MSPI instrument for obtaining multi-angle polarization imagery. AirMSPI flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. The instrument was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. \n\nMore information is available at:\nhttp://airbornescience.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/airmspi/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRMSPI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AIRMSPI\n Long_Name: Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airbornescience.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/airmspi/\n Creation_Date: 2014-03-27\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c087ba2c-2ea3-4907-9477-ad9233c9f921", - "label": "SEVIRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "This radiometer is the main instrument on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG). MSG is a cooperation program of ESA (European Space Agency) and EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites). This multi-wavelength camera, called SEVIRI, provides images of the Earth disc with cloud, land, ocean, snow and other information made visible by day and by night. It takes one full resolution image every 15 minutes, thus illustrating the weather in motion. Its operating principle is based on collecting the Earth's radiation by means of a telescope and focusing it on detectors sensitive to 12 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is followed by the electronic processing of the signals provided by the detectors.\n\nThe infrared channels require low detector temperature and hence a large passive cooler. The instrument's overall mass is 270 kg and its power consumption is nominally less than 123 W during operations. \n\nAdditional information can be found at the ESA MSG web site:\nhttp://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/MSG/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEVIRI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SEVIRI\n Long_Name: Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: MSG\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.56-0.71µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.74-0.88µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5.35-14.46µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/MSG/\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/groups/ops/documents/document/pdf_ten_msg_seviri_instrument.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/msg/pag4.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1e7af7f-5610-4714-a79c-b1573a32cf01", - "label": "PLA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5058bd9-6183-4c0a-a6aa-611540ba1196", - "label": "SSM/I", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-05 ]\n\nThe purpose of the microwave imager, SSM/I, is to provide day and night measurements of ocean surface wind speed, ice coverage and age, area and intensity of precipitation, cloud water content and land surface moisture. An estimate of atmospheric attenuation at each of the SSM/I sensor frequencies is also available. Microwave brightness temperatures are obtained with a seven-channel passive microwave radiometer operating at four frequencies, three with both vertical and horizontal polarization (19.35, 37.0, 85.5 GHz) and one with vertical polarization (22.23 GHz). The instrument scans across the ground track to gather data over an approximate 1400-km swath width with horizontal resolutions 13 to 50 km for different frequencies. The data can be used for tropical storm reconnaissance, ship routing in polar regions, agricultural weather, aircraft routing and refueling, etc.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM/I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave/Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Vertical and Horizontal Polarization 19.35, 37.0, 85.5 GHz\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Vertical Polarization 22.23 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssmi.com/\n Online_Resource: http://www.discover-earth.org/ocean_surface_wind/ocean_surface_wind.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6ff04f5-a31f-4c9f-9c37-82f053905736", - "label": "VHRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Full name\tVery High Resolution Imager\nPurpose\tHigh-resolution land observation and disasters monitoring\nShort description\t5-channel camera including one PAN channel [see detailed characteristics below]\nBackground\tConsolidated technology\nScanning Technique\tPushbroom steerable within a Field-of-Regard of 1200 km. Swath: 20 km\nResolution\t5 m multispectral, 2.5 panchromatic\nCoverage / Cycle\tGlobal in 4 months. More frequently by exploiting strategic pointing\nMass\t41 kg\tPower\t55 W\tData Rate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c811bdaf-649f-4e23-b495-940d64e675f4", - "label": "ASTER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The objectives of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) include surface and cloud \nimaging with high spatial resolution and with 14 multispectral channels from visible to thermal infrared and determination \nof surface kinetic temperatures. The instrument consists of (1) three visible and near-infrared channels (VNIR) between \n0.5 and 0.9 micrometers at 15 meter resolution, (2) six shortwave infrared channels (SWIR) between 1.6 and 2.5 micrometers \nat 30 meter resolution, and (3) five thermal infrared channels (TIR) between 8 and 12 micrometers at 90 meter resolution. \nThe instrument will have 4 % absolute radiometric accuracy in the VNIR and SWIR, and 2 K absolute thermal accuracy (240 to \n370 K) over a 60 km swath whose center is pointable cross-track +/- 106 km. One of the VNIR channels will provide along \ncross-track stereo views with a base-to-height ratio of 0.6, which will be used for stereoscopic observations of local \ntopography, cloud heights, volcanic plumes, and generating local digital elevation models (DEMs). Various combinations \nof VNIR, SWIR, and TIR will lead to (1) soil and rock studies, (2) volcano monitoring, (3) surface temperature, emissivity, \nand reflectivity, (4) land use patterns and vegetation monitoring, (5) evapotranspiration, land and ocean temperatures, \nand (6) glacier monitoring. The ASTER pointing capabilities will be such that any point on the globe would be accessible \nat least once every 16 days. The ASTER facility is provided by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry \n(MITI) and was flown on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite on December 18, 1999.\n\nMore Information: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ASTER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: ASTER\n Long_Name: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TIRS\n Short_Name: SWIR\n Short_Name: VNIR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 μm - 0.9 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.6 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm - 12 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/aster\n Sample_Image: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/content/01_mission/03_instrument/03_SWIR/swir-c.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry\n Instrument_Owner: Japan's Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9659679-1a9c-4c90-bc5f-62f0278c5d92", - "label": "AIRMISR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Airborne Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (AirMISR) is an airborne instrument for obtaining multi-angle imagery similar to that of the satellite-borne MISR instrument, which is designed to provide new types of information for scientists studying Earth's climate. AirMISR flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. It was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/Mission/airMISR/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc1e1545-49f0-4ced-aeef-b38cd02546bd", - "label": "DA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ccae4c79-b985-4be6-b146-5c1a1a395e03", - "label": "PlanetScope", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The PlanetScope satellite constellation consists of multiple launches of groups of individual satellites (DOVEs). Therefore, on-orbit capacity is constantly improving in capability or quantity, with technology improvements deployed at a rapid pace. Each DOVE satellite is a CubeSat 3U form factor (10 cm by 10 cm by 30 cm). The complete PlanetScope constellation of approximately 150 active satellites is able to image the entire land surface of the Earth every day (equating to a daily collection capacity of 350 million km²/day). The constellation is constantly 'on' and does not require ordering or acquisition planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd74d049-ae8b-4510-a2ae-618e9b470296", - "label": "OCE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Ocean Color Experiment (OCE) was designed to demonstrate the\nability to locate plankton or chlorophyll concentrations and\nidentify circulation features by mapping color patterns in the\nocean. The OCE instrument was a modified version of a NASA\nhigh-altitude aircraft sensor known as the U-2-borne ocean\ncolor scanner. The instrument was also similar to the coastal\nzone color scanner (CZCS) on the Nimbus 7 satellite. It\nconsisted of two main modules: the scanner and the\nelectronics. The scanner was mounted on the experiment pallet\nshelf, and the electronics were coupled to a cold plate on the\npallet deck. The rotating mirror on the OCE instrument scanned\nplus or minus 45 deg from nadir across the direction of flight\nwith a ground resolution of 3 km. The scanner operated in eight\nspectral intervals: 486 nm (blue), 518 nm, 553 nm (green), 585\nnm, 621 nm, 655 nm (red), 685 nm, and 787 nm\n(near-infrared). The OCE experiment operated successfully and\noverall image quality and spe ctral information were\nexcellent. The instrument acquired approximately 20 to 30\nminutes of cloud-free data.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-111A&ex=5'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cde74f5c-0ce2-442b-8b60-0ab30f6882c6", - "label": "LISS-I", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "IRS-1A is the first satellite in the IRS constellation. It was launched from Baikonur cosmodrome, Khazakhstan. It operated in sun-synchronous near polar orbit at an inclination of 99 degrees at an altitude of 904 km. One orbit around the earth took about 103 minutes and the satellite made 14 orbits per day. The 22 day repetivity ensured repeated collection of data of the same geographical area at the same local time. The equatorial crossing time for IRS-1A in the descending node was 9:40 AM.\n\nIt had two types of cameras known as Linear Self Scanning Sensors (LISS-I and LISS-II). LISS-I had a spatial resolution of 72.5m with a swath of 148 km on ground.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-I\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor I\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-1B\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf664bfd-5313-4472-9979-53b7e810287c", - "label": "AMSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ( AMSR )is one of the Japan\nAerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission instruments on board ADEOS-II which\nwas launched by H-IIA rocket on December 14, 2002. A similiar instument\n(AMSR-E) was flown on NASA's Aqua spacecraft to be launched May 4, 2002. The\nADEOS-II spacecraft failed on October 24, 2003.\n\nThe AMSR is a 14-channel, 8- frequency passive microwave radiometer\nwhich measures microwave radiation from the Earth's surface and\natmosphere. Frequencies of the AMSR are 6.9, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5,\nand 89.0 (horizontal and vertical polarization), and 50.3 and\n52.8 GHz (vertical polarization only). AMSR has a large antenna\n(2 meters, one of the largest), and a field of view of 7 km at\n89 GHz and 60km at 6.9 GHz. It scans conically at an incidence angle\nof 55 degrees to achieve a 1600 km swath width. Data are externally\ncalibrated by a cold sky temperature (2.7K) and a high-temperature\nhot load.\n\nVarious geophysical parameters will be retrieved from AMSR data.\nThese parameters are primarily concerned with water (H2O), and\ninclude total water vapor content,total liquid water content,\nprecipitation, snow water equivalent, soil moisture, sea surface\ntemperature (SST), sea surface wind speed, and sea ice extent.\nThe data set obtained by AMSR will support studies to understand the\nwater and energy cycle on a global scale.\n\nAMSR features are summarized below.\n\n1. The 2m-diameter antenna can measure SST and soil\n moisture at 6 and 10 GHz.\n\n2. With its higher spatial resolution, retrieval accuracy\n will be improved for geophysical parameters such as\n total water vapor content, total liquid water content,\n and precipitation.\n\n3. AMSR data will be transmitted to the EOC via a data\n relay satellite every orbit, so they can be used by\n meteorological agencies as initial conditions for\n weather forecast models.\n\n4. GLI and SeaWinds data are available, and a\n combined use of AMSR, GLI and SeaWinds data will\n improve retrieval accuracy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/ov_amsr/index.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d03771c4-d795-4066-86d2-40e200df134b", - "label": "MSU-GS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Multispectral scanning imager-radiometer (MSU-GS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSU-GS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Short_Name: MSU-GS\n Long_Name: Multispectral scanning imager-radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Elektro-L N1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 μm - 0.65 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.65 μm - 0.8 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.8 μm - 0.9 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm - 4.01 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5.7 μm - 7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 7,5 μm - 8,5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8.2 μm - 9,2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 9.2 μm – 10.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.2 μm - 11.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.2 μm - 12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://planeta.infospace.ru/electro/html/msu-gs.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/324\n Sample_Image: http://www.mcc.rsa.ru/Pic/electra/3.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0e5bb89-a379-4341-976a-58a2f8feaf4f", - "label": "GOES-10 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The GOES-10 Imager is a multi-purpose imagery and wind derivation by tracking clouds and water vapor features using 5 channels covering VIS, MWIR, and TIR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1917f5c-0f50-4b7b-adb5-08cd7a6510d3", - "label": "HRVIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Text Source: CNES, http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/hrvir.htm ]\n\nThe HRVIR imaging instrument is designed to acquire, instantaneously, one complete line of pixels at a time covering the entire field of view. This is achieved using charged-couple device (CCD) linear array.\n\nSpecial optical devices forming a so-called 'spectral separator' separate the in-coming light (from target area on the ground) into four spectral channels.\n\nThe CCD linear arrays operate in the so-called 'push-broom' mode. A wide-angle telescope forms an instantaneous image of adjacent 'ground patch areas' on a row of detectors in the instrument's focal plane.\n\nColumn-wise scanning is a direct result of the satellite's motion along its orbit. The signals generated by the detectors (photodiodes) are read out sequentially at a predetermined clock rate. Thus, although the linear arrays do not 'scan' in the line-wise direction to gather light, the detectors are scanned electronically to generate the output signal.\n\nThe telescope has a field of view of 4°, corresponding to 60 km on the ground covered instantaneously by a line of 6000 detectors. Each HRVIR is thus said to offer a 'strip width' of 60 km.\n\nAs just mentioned, each detector generates one pixel at a time, each pixel corresponding to a ground patch area measuring 10 metres square in the high-resolution mode. When adjacent detectors are electronically scanned in pairs, they yield pixels corresponding to a ground patch area measuring 20 metres square resulting in imagery with 20-m resolution. The satellite's motion along its orbit results in successive scanlines, hence complete images.\n\nThe HRVIR instrument has two operating modes, depending on whether the detectors are read out singly or in pairs. The image quality is very high, partly because no moving parts are involved in image generation.\n\nThe light entering the HRVIR is sunlight reflected by the Earth's surface then gathered by a telescope with a focal length of 1.08 m and an aperture of ƒ/3.5. The in-coming beam is split into four spectral channels by a beam-splitter consisting of prisms and filters, then focused onto four rows of detectors. As just mentioned, four rows of detectors simultaneously generate four lines of 'registered' pixels; in other words a single line of landscape is simultaneously observed in four perfectly registered spectral bands.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRVIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRVIR\n Long_Name: High Resolution Visible and Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.79 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.53 µm - 1.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/hrvir.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/sat/Instruments_and_missions/HRVIR.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm\n Sample_Image: http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/images/hrv/hrvir1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d29f5cab-9782-4d06-9349-cee6652a2f97", - "label": "MERSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Spectral imaging instrument in the resolution to probe a system from the Earth's atmosphere, I get the electromagnetic radiation in the 20 channels in multi-spectral information.By imaging, you can implement vegetation, ecology, land cover classification and snow-covered global land surface characteristics such as remote sensing instruments 8-16-wave channel is high SNR narrow-band channel, can be realized by chlorophyll, suspended sediment and the concentration of soluble yellow substance inversion; instrument 2.13 µm channel on the aerosol relatively transparent, combined with a visible channel, you can implement quantitative terrestrial aerosol; remote sensing 0.94 Micron near-infrared moisture absorption of 3 channels, enhances atmospheric water vapor especially low-level moisture detectability; 250 m resolution visible light three-channel truecolor image, you can implement a variety of natural disasters and environmental impact monitoring, monitoring of image Mesoscale convective clouds and surface characteristics of fine.In resolution spectral imager can high precision sensing cloud properties, aerosol, land surface, Ocean color, such as the lower water vapor, implements the geophysical elements to air, land and sea of multi-spectral continuous comprehensive observation.\n\nmore information: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MERSI.aspx\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MERSI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MERSI\n Long_Name: MEdium Resolution Spectral Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MERSI.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d58f0c56-376f-45b9-a4d3-aa14bb1f455a", - "label": "POLDER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) is a passive optical imaging radiometer and polarimeter. It measures surface reflectance as a function of wavelength and observation geometry such as solar radiation reflected by Earth's atmosphere, sea surface reflectance, bidirectional reflectance distribution function of land surfaces, and the Earth Radiation Budget.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d612e2b3-6625-411a-800f-51aa5343d55c", - "label": "AA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d621a1c7-3d21-4c8d-833d-237f3e494b05", - "label": "FEGS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "FEGS is an airborne radiometer system designed to provide cal/val measurements for GLM from high altitude aircraft. It consists of a 5 x 5 array of radiometers each with a narrow passband filter to isolate\nthe 777.4 nm neutral oxygen emission triplet radiated by lightning. The radiometers will measure the optical radiance emitted by lightning that is transmitted through the cloud top with a temporal resolution of 10 μs. When integrated on the NASA ER-2 aircraft, the FEGS array with its 90° field-of-view will observe a cloud top area nearly equal to a single GLM pixel. This design will allow FEGS to determine the temporal and spatial\nvariation of light that contributes to a GLM event detection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d67afd03-3b79-419c-9289-5dde713ab904", - "label": "AVIRIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) is a unique optical sensor that delivers calibrated images of the upwelling spectral radiance in 224 contiguous spectral channels (also called\nbands) with wavelengths from 400 to 2500 nanometers (nm). The instrument flies aboard a NASA ER-2 airplane (a U2 plane modified for increased performance) at approximately 20 km above sea level, at about 730 km/hr. AVIRIS has flown all across the US, plus Canada and Europe. The science objectives of the AVIRIS project are broad. The main objective is to identify, measure, and monitor constituents of the Earth's surface and atmosphere based on molecular absorption and particle scattering signatures. Research with AVIRIS is dominantly directed towards understanding processes related to the global\nenvironment and climate change. AVIRIS research areas include:\nEcology\nOceanography\nGeology\nSnow hydrology\nCloud and atmospheric studies\n\nFor more information on current and past mission involving AVIRIS or\naccess to AVIRIS data, See: https://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7fbb6b1-1925-4a32-b399-c578435db47c", - "label": "HiRAIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "HiRAIS is an optical payload, designed and developed by SI (Satrec Initiative) of Daejeon, Korea in collaboration with Elecnor Deimos. The proven design has a significant heritage with DubaiSat-1 and -2 of EIAST (Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology), United Arab Emirates. Dubaisat-2 is an almost exact Deimos-2 twin. The HiRAIS instrument consists of three elements:\n\n• EOS (Electro-Optical Subsystem)\n\n• SSRU (Solid-State Recorder Unit)\n\n• ITU (Image Transmission Unit).\n\nEOS is comprised of the following elements: telescope, ACM (Auxiliary Camera Module), and FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). EOS is a pushbroom type camera with 1 m GSD (Ground Sampling Distance) for a panchromatic imagery and 4 m GSD in four MS (Multispectral) bands (red, green, blue and NIR). The swath width of the generated image is 12 km.\n\nEOS features a Korsch telescope with 5 mirrors. The optical design includes the main mirror (M1) of 415 mm diameter, 3 mirrors to increase the focal length up to 5.7 m, and a flat mirror to reflect light rays onto FPA. Light-weighted Zerodur is used for the mirrors, while CFRP material was used to design the main optomechanical structure of HiRAIS. The temperature balance of the mirror surfaces, the distances between the mirrors and the FPA are all actively controlled by a feedback heating system, which includes thermostats and heaters. Also passive cooling with heat dissipative materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d81fc4e3-c0b4-4205-82b2-ef2161c169a3", - "label": "Sentinel-3 MWR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "MWR is a nadir looking sounder, operating at 23.8 and 36.5 GHz (K/Ka-band) covering a bandwidth of 200 MHz in each channel. The objective is to provide water vapor and cloud water contents in the field of view of the altimeter, necessary to compensate for the propagation delay induced by these atmospheric components and affecting the radar measurements. Such corrections are only possible over the ocean, where the background noise is stable and can be quantified either by the 3rd (optional) radiometer channel, or derived from the altimeter measurements of the backscattered power. Alternatively, over ice and land surfaces where MWR data cannot be used, wet troposphere corrections will be derived based on global meteorological data and dedicated models.\n\nThe MWR instrument is being developed by EADS CASA Espacio (ECE) under contract with Thales Alenia Space France (TAS-F) and ESA. MWR measures the thermal radiation emitted by Earth (brightness temperature). The received signal is proportional to the abundance of the atmospheric component emitted at the observed frequency and the sea-surface reflectivity. This information reveals the delay added to the altimeter pulses by moisture in the troposphere.\n\nThe MWR instrument is comprised of the following part elements: antenna assembly, REU (Radiometer Electronics Units), the main structure and the thermal control hardware. Both K-band and Ka-band channels are fully redundant, except for the antenna assembly, with cold redundancy without cross-strapping.\n\nCenter frequency, bandwidth\n\n23.8 GHz, 200 MHz\n\n36.5 GHz, 200 MHz\n\nCenter frequency stability\n\n180 kHz/ºC\n\n220 kHz/ºC\n\nRadiometric performance\n\nAccuracy: < 3K\nSensitivity: 0.29 K\nStability: < 0.6 K\n\nAccuracy: < 3K\nSensitivity: 0.34 K\nStability: < 0.6 K\n\nBeam efficiency (2.5 HPBW)\n\n94.1%\n\n96.0%\n\nAntenna footprint diameter (average HPBW)\n\n23.5 km\n\n18.5 km\n\nCalibration cycle\n\n~ 1 / hour\n\nDicke frequency\n\n78.5 Hz (nominal, programmable within 76-80 Hz range)\n\nIntegration time\n\n152.88 ms (nominal, within 150-157.9 ms range)\n\nDynamic range\n\n2.7 K to 320 K (radiometric performance guaranteed at 150 K - 313 K range)\n\nSide-lobe level (SLL)\n\n< -36 dB\n\n< -45 dB\n\nAntenna beam pointing\n\nAlong-track: 1.98\nCross-track: 0.0º\n\nAlong-track: 1.93º\nCross-track: 0.0ºº\n\nMain antenna diameter\n\n60 cm\n\nInstrument mass, power consumption\n\n~25 kg, 34 W", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da65c47c-1ebb-456c-bf3a-b300ce9edf3d", - "label": "MSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "As a parabolic antenna revolves, the microwave scanning radiometer (MSR)\ncontinuously scans the earth surface conically for a width of 317 km. During\nthis process, the MSR receives weak radio waves in the two frequency bands of\n23.8 and 31.4 GHz. Its resolution in terms of earth area is 32 km in the 23.8\nGHz band and 23 km in the 31.4 GHz band.\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n MSR\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWavelength/ GHz\nFrequency 23.8 31.4\nResolution 32Km 23Km\nSensitivity/ 1K 1K\nSN\nSwath 320Km\nApplication Fields\n 23.8GHz Water vapor content,\n rainfall area measurement and snowfall measurement\n 31.4GHz Ice measurement, measurement of water content in\n cloud and snowfall measurement\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nThe MSR has flown on the following NASDA satellites: MOS-1, and MOS-1b.\n_______________\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSR\n Long_Name: Microwave Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dae61eb2-5733-4255-abd8-03c1f415e7e3", - "label": "MSU-SK", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The MSU-SK is a multi-spectral optical-mechanical radiometer\nwith conical scanning of the surface. So images obtained with\nMSU-SK are strongly enough geometrically distorted but the\nspatial resolution remains constant within the images.\n\n[Summary provided by ScanEx]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd7c719e-5767-4ceb-b83a-66c1401dab4a", - "label": "VIIRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument collects visible and infrared imagery and global observations\nof land, atmosphere, cryosphere and oceans.\n\nCurrently flying on the Suomi NPP satellite mission, VIIRS generates many critical environmental products about snow and ice \ncover, clouds, fog, aerosols, fire, smoke plumes, dust, vegetation health, phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyll. VIIRS \nwill also be on the JPSS-1 and JPSS-2 satellite missions.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/viirs.html\n\nMass: Approximately 252 kilograms\nAverage Power: 191 W\nDevelopment Institutions: Raytheon Company\nVIIRS Sensor Lead: Bruce Guenther (NOAA)\nPurpose: To collect measurements of clouds, aerosols, ocean color, surface temperature, fires, and albedo.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VIIRS\n Long_Name: Visible-Infrared Imager-Radiometer Suite\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.412 μm - 0.746 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.865 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 μm - 2.25 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.74 μm - 12.013 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/viirs.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de910a53-ecb0-4450-961a-baac5300df07", - "label": "VIRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Visible and Infrared Radiometer (VIRR) is a standard\nradiometer that measures the intensity of radiation in five\nwavelength channels.\n\nAddditional information available at\nhttp://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/~swsgrime/artemis/ch2/other/other.html\n\n[Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html ]\n\nThe VIRR identified cloud, land, and water features on the SEASAT mission. It operated in the visible band (0.49-0.94 micrometers) and in the infrared band (10.5-12.5 micrometers). The swath of the VIRR is approximately 2280 kilometers wide, centered on nadir. Spatial coverage for the mission was global, and temporal coverage spanned July 4, 1978 to August 27, 1978. The normal scan period was 1.25 seconds, and 48 scans were completed per minute.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.49 - 0.94 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 - 12.5 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1978-07-04\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1978-08-27\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e05116d2-cff4-4d23-9e6c-0e5843006160", - "label": "MSU-E", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Multichannel High Resolution Electronic Scanner (MSU-E)\nis a multi-spectral optical-electronic radiometer containing\nthree CCD line arrays - one for each spectral band.\n\n[Summary provided by ScanEx]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e18daa03-d76a-435d-83c3-d9c60b3fe437", - "label": "AATSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) is a European Space\nAgency (ESA) Announcement of Opportunity (AO) instrument selected for the\nENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). AATSR is a follow-on to the\nAlong-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) flown on European Remote Sensing\n(ERS) ERS-1 and ERS-2 spacecraft. The AATSR provided high-precision sea\nsurface temperature measurements and bi-directional measurements of land\nsurface in 10 channels: 0.470, 0.550, 0.670, 0.870, 1.240, 1.610, 3.750,\n4.0, 10.85, and 12.0 micrometers. The AATSR gave a FOV of 500 meters in a\nswath of 500 km for channels up to 1.6 micrometers and 1 km FOV for\nchannels above 1.6 micrometers. For more information see:\n&http://www.atsr.rl.ac.uk/&\n\nSee also &http://envisat.esa.int/& for information on ENVISAT.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AATSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AATSR\n Long_Name: Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e549f821-0712-41c2-a558-0f55f6c8ba80", - "label": "KMSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Multispectral Imager (VIS) system (KMSS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: KMSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: KMSS\n Long_Name: Multispectral Imager (VIS) system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 µm - 0.9 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 µm - 0.9 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/242\n Online_Resource: http://ofo.ikiweb.ru/en/msu.php\n Sample_Image: http://s017.radikal.ru/i435/1506/bc/24ef74242990.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e64e83bd-02b3-4a47-830d-00e1aa4b04d3", - "label": "AVHRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The AVHRR five channel scanning radiometer with 1.1-km\nresolution is sensitive in the visible and near-infrared, and the\ninfrared 'window' regions. This instrument will be carried\nthrough NOAA-J, NOAA-K, L and M and will have a similar\ninstrument with six channels and other improvements. AVHRR data\nare tape-recorded onboard the spacecraft for readout at the\nFairbanks and Wallops Command Data Acquisition stations. These\ndata can be recorded in 1.1-km resolution (the basic resolution\nof the AVHRR instrument) or at 4 km resolution; the swath width\nis >2600 km. The stored high resolution (1.1-km) imagery is known\nas Local Area Coverage (LAC). Owing to the large number of data\nbits, only about 11+ minutes of LAC can be accommodated on a\nsingle recorder. In contrast, 115 minutes of the lower\nresolution (4-km) imagery, called Global Area Coverage (GAC), can\nbe stored on a recorder, enough to cover an entire 102 minute\norbit of data.\n\nChannel Wavelength Primary Uses\n (microns)\n------- ----------- -----------------------------\n 1 0.58- 0.68 Daytime cloud/surface mapping\n 2 0.725- 1.10 Surface water delineation,\n ice and snow melt\n 3 3.55- 3.93 Sea surface temperature,\n nighttime cloud mapping\n 4 10.30-11.30 Sea surface temperature, day\n and night cloud mapping\n 5 11.50-12.50 Sea surface temperature, day\n and night cloud mapping\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nAdditional information available at:\n\nhttp://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/avhrr.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e827d04c-bf67-4877-91a7-b39b819d5168", - "label": "BA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8a6f9ad-e376-495c-869e-3467526b49ec", - "label": "OLI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: NASA LDCM Mission Homepage, http://ldcm.nasa.gov/spacecraft_instruments/oli.html ]\n\nThe Operational Land Imager (OLI), built by the Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation, will measure in the visible, near infrared, and short wave infrared portions of the spectrum. Its images will have 15-meter (49 ft.) panchromatic and 30-meter multi-spectral spatial resolutions along a 185 km (115 miles) wide swath, covering wide areas of the Earth's landscape while providing sufficient resolution to distinguish features like urban centers, farms, forests and other land uses. The entire Earth will fall within view once every 16 days due to LDCM's near-polar orbit. \n\nOLI's design is an advancement in Landsat sensor technology and uses an approach demonstrated by the Advanced Land Imager sensor flown on NASA's experimental EO-1 satellite. Instruments on earlier Landsat satellites employed scan mirrors to sweep the instrument fields of view across the surface swath width and transmit light to a few detectors. The OLI will instead use long detector arrays, with over 7,000 detectors per spectral band, aligned across its focal plane to view across the swath. This 'push-broom' design results in a more sensitive instrument providing improved land surface information with fewer moving parts. With an improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to past Landsat instruments, engineers expect this new OLI design to be more reliable and to provide improved performance. \n\nMore Information: http://ldcm.nasa.gov/spacecraft_instruments/oli.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OLI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: OLI\n Long_Name: Operational Land Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.433–0.453 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.450–0.515 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.525–0.600 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.630–0.680 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.845–0.885 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.560–1.660 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.100–2.300 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.500–0.680 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.360–1.390 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ldcm.nasa.gov/spacecraft_instruments/oli.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/566477main_ldcm-oli_s2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2013-02-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9764a4c-745e-43ac-b8bd-101ef391f014", - "label": "SSC", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-08 ]\n\nThe snow/cloud sensor was an experimental unit that was being used in conjunction with the OLS sensor on spacecraft F-4. The experiment performed by the simultaneous in-orbit use of these two sensors was primarily that of proving the proposition that snow/cloud scene discrimination could be obtained through the combination of near IR (1.6 micrometer wave-length) sensor data and OLS L-channel (visual) information. The snow/cloud detector was a 'push-broom' scan radiometer that depended upon orbital velocity of the 5D spacecraft to provide the along track scan and a linear array of 48 detector elements at the image plane of a wide lens to provide a 40.2 deg cross track scan. The sensor depended upon reflected solar energy in the 1.51 to 1.63 micrometer spectral band for its input signal.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SSC\n Long_Name: Snow/Cloud Discriminator Special Sensor C\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-08\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9d9df16-ebbf-4f6d-838f-225716619ff9", - "label": "MSC", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec243b2f-f4af-414e-86c8-47ba2c395d0e", - "label": "GOES-9 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The GOES-9 Imager is a multi-purpose imagery and wind derivation by tracking clouds and water vapor features using 5 channels covering VIS, MWIR, and TIR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecfc7717-1c5f-48ba-bc42-f37daaace47c", - "label": "POLDER-1", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The POLDER instrument is a camera composed of a two-dimensional CCD detector array, wide field of view telecentric optics and a rotating wheel carrying spectral and polarized filters.[https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POLDER-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: POLDER-1\n Long_Name: Polarization/Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PARASOL\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcPOLDER/P27110p.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 882 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef9ac5ea-ac53-4a8b-b9b1-fabbbd148c3c", - "label": "MOP VIS/IR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The imaging radiometer on the Meteosat Operational Programme (MOP)\nseries of satellites operated in a visible, infrared, and water vapor\nband providing full-disc Earth images in 25 minutes followed by a 5\nminute retrace and stabilization period. The imager provided day/night\ncloudcover data and visible-infrared radiances for meteorological\napplications and weather forecasting. The optical system consisted of\na moveable Ritchey-Cretien 40 cm primary aperature, 365 cm focal\nlength telescope mounted on two flexible plate pivots attached to a\nstep motor by a high-precision jack screw via a gear box. The\ntelescope is stepped 0.125 milliradians every 100 rpm satellite\nrotation so that the Earth's surface is scanned at 5 km intervals,\nsouth to north, covering a total angular distance of 18 degrees. Each\ninfrared (IR) image consists of 2500 lines (each 2500 pixels). The\nvisible detectors provide 5000-line images corresponding to a\nresolution of 2.5 km. The visible silicon photodiode detectors cover\n0.4 - 0.9 microns, the thermal infrared HgCdTe detector covers 10.5 -\n12.5 microns, and the water vapor-infrared HgCdTe detector covers 5.7\n- 7.1 microns.\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meeosat\nProgram, see the URL:\nhttp://www.esrin.esa.it'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MOP VIS/IR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MOP VIS/IR\n Long_Name: MOP Imaging Radiometer\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efad471f-d7d6-473f-bca2-1e17372b3fdf", - "label": "HRDI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: HRDI/UARS project home page, http://www.sprl.umich.edu/projects/HRDI/ ] \n\nThe High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) was one of the instruments on board the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS). The satellite was launched on 12 September 1991 as a part of NASA's effort to study the Earth's stratosphere and mesosphere. UARS was the first satellite in NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. HRDI observed the emission and absorption lines of molecular oxygen (and other atmospheric components) in small volumes (4 km in height by 50 km in width) above the limb of the Earth. From the Doppler shift of the lines, the horizontal winds can be determined to an accuracy of ~5 m s-1, while the line shapes and strengths yield information about the temperature and atmospheric species, such as mesospheric ozone. The HRDI instrument conducted scientific measurements from November 1991 until April 2005. The UARS spacecraft was deactivated on 14 December 2005 at 17:16:37z, completing 78084 orbits over 5208 mission days. The UARS spacecraft is expected to re-enter the atmosphere sometime in 2009 or 2010. \n\nWind measurements from the TIDI instrument on the TIMED satellite provide overlapping measurements with HRDI from early 2002 through the end of the UARS mission. TIDI observations continue to the current time. \n\nThe primary purpose of this site is to make HRDI data available to the scientific community. A secondary goal is to provide information about the instrument technical\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRDI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRDI\n Long_Name: High Resolution Doppler Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 550 to 770 nanometers\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.001 nanometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sprl.umich.edu/projects/HRDI/\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/hrdi\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.750 kbps.\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-11-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-04-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1312494-d94b-4280-8ebf-bd9a4a53fc47", - "label": "PSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) is a versatile airborne\nmicrowave imaging radiometer developed by the Georgia Institute of\nTechnology and the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory for the\npurpose of obtaining polarimetric microwave emission imagery of the\nEarth's oceans, land, ice, clouds, and precipitation. The PSR consists\nof a set of five polarimetric radiometers housed within a\ngimbal-mounted scanhead drum. The scanhead drum is rotatable by the\ngimbal positioner so that the radiometers (Figure 2.) can view any\nangle within 70o elevation of nadir at any azimuthal angle (a total of\n1.32 sr solid angle), as well as external hot and ambient calibration\ntargets. The configuration thus supports conical, cross-track,\nalong-track, fixed-angle stare, and spotlight scan modes. The PSR was\ndesigned to provide several specific and unique observational\ncapabilities from various aircraft platforms.\n\nMore Information: 'http://www1.etl.noaa.gov/radiom/psr.html'\n\n[Adapted from the NOAA/ETL homepage]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2b8a443-cf0a-4ece-bdb4-ba3d24dfb69e", - "label": "AN", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3e24783-42cf-4080-8a6b-f8420722b987", - "label": "AF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6fcdea4-fdbd-4eaa-b696-2db4a893fbbc", - "label": "FLORIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "FLORIS is a high-resolution imaging spectrometer acquiring data in the 500-880 nm spectral range.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa8e9486-0e46-42c7-b774-08f6a2153f31", - "label": "Medium-Resolution Scanning Radiometer", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-01 ]\n\nThe four-channel scanning radiometer, designated the sensor AVE (Aerospace Vehicle Electronics) package (SAP), was the primary experiment on the DMSP spacecraft. The purpose of this experiment was to provide global, day/night observations of cloudcover and cloud temperature measurements to support Department of Defense requirements for operational weather analysis and forecasting. The radiometer operated in two spectral intervals -- (1) visible and near infrared (0.4 to 1.1 micrometers) and (2) infrared (8 to 13 micrometers). The three-channel radiometer was essentially two scanning radiometers driven by a common motor. One radiometer provided high resolution (HR) visual and infrared (IR) data with nadir resolutions of 3.7 and 4.4 km, respectively. The other radiometer produced very high resolution (VHR) visual and infrared (WHR) data with nadir resolutions of .63 km and .67 km, respectively. On board recorders had a storage capacity of 210 min of both HR and IR data and a total of 20 min of VHR and WHR data. For direct readout to tactical sites, the experiment was programmed so that VHR and IR data were obtained during the daytime and HR and WHR data were obtained at night. The infrared channels (WHR and IR) covered a temperature range of 210 to 310 deg k with an accuracy of 1 deg c. Electronic circuitry in the sensor converted the sensed infrared energy directly into equivalent black body temperature (as opposed to radiance) prior to transmission to ground sites. The HR channel included a zero resolution sensor which measured solar input and was used to control channel gain, thereby producing an output signal that represents scene albedo. This feature also made it possible to obtain useful visual data at night. The sensor incorporated sunshades and glare suppression devices in conjunction with a long-scan automatic gain control which allowed the HR channel to provide usable data through the day/night terminator. Identical experiments were flown on all DMSP Block 5 spacecraft to date.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SR\n Long_Name: Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm to 13 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-01\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "faab4948-8041-4617-89b0-cabef0bc57c6", - "label": "MIMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The objectives of the Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer\n(MIMR) instrument are to provide measurements of (1) precipitation\nrates, (2) atmospheric cloud water and water vapor, (3) sea surface\nroughness and sea surface temperature, (3) soil moisture, (4) global\nsnow and ice cover, and (5) wind speed. The MIMR operates at 6\nfrequencies, each with horizontal and vertical polarizations: 6.8,\n10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 90 GHz. MIMR employs nine feedhorns\nyielding 20 available channels. The instrument is designed to have a\ncross-track swath of 1400-km at an incidence angle of 50 degrees and\nis expected to provide a 3-day global coverage of the\nEarth. Resolution in the 20 channels is from 60 to 5-km with a 1 to 2\nK accuracy. MIMR is scheduled to be launched on the EOS PM series of\nspacecraft beginning in 2000.\nThe MIMR Team Leaders are Dr. Roy S. Spencer and Dr. Christopher Readings.\nMore information about the EOS Project can be found at:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc3f3ca6-1578-47b2-9d99-bc35ca85e0ba", - "label": "MERIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) is a core European Space Agency (ESA) instrument on the ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). The primary objective of MERIS is to monitor ocean color and marine biophysical parameters in oceans and coastal regions with applications to land and atmospheric processes. MERIS is a passive push-broom optical system using Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) at high spectral resolution (5-20 nm) in 15 channels from0.405 to 1.030 micrometers with a swath width of 1500 km. MERIS performed simultaneous spatial and spectral imaging. Spatial imaging is performed in a push-broom mode and spectral imaging is performed by diffraction grating dispersion. MERIS images are converted into electrical signals using CCDs. MERIS operates in two modes: Full Resolution (Direct Transmission) Mode and Low Resolution (Average Transmission) Mode. Full resolution mode uses 15 channels with a resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 km and a spectral resolution of 2.5 nm. Data will be relayed directly to the ground station in this mode and is not stored on-board. Low Resolution Mode uses 15 channels with a spatial resolution of 1 x 1 km and a spectral resolution of 2.5 nm. The MERIS imaging system consists of six overlapping optical modules, each with a 14 degree FOV. The FOV is deflected in the along-track direction by a depointing mirror. The ground imager receives light from the Earth and formed an Earth image on the entrance slit of the spectrometer. The spectrometer then dispersed the light onto an area array CCD. The spectrometer is comprised of a refracting block and a concave reflecting diffraction grating. All 15 MERIS channels are programmable in width and wavelength. On-board calibration is performed by seperate light sources and through the use of the depointing mirror as a shutter. All of the mechanical, thermal electronic and optical devices are mounted externally to the platform. MERIS is operated synergistically with the RA-2, ASAT, and AATSR instruments.\n\nFor more information on MERIS, link to\nhttp://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/meris/\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, link to\nhttp://envisat.esa.int/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MERIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MERIS\n Long_Name: Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 15\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4-1.5um\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/meris\n Online_Resource: http://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/meris/\n Sample_Image: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/tour-index/hardware_img/x_Meris50.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.5 Mbytes/s\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc4227aa-66df-48a4-9712-f75a1b24fcd1", - "label": "IMAGING RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "IMAGING RADIOMETERS are meters used to detect and measure\nradiant energy that can be either electromagnetic or acoustic\nand put that information in the form of images or visual\npictures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc57a9a0-a287-4bcf-a517-20811b55596b", - "label": "Sentinel-2 MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The instrument is based on the pushbroom observation concept. The telescope features a TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmat) design with a pupil diameter of 150 mm, providing a very good imaging quality all across its wide FOV (Field of View). The equivalent swath width is 290 km. The telescope structure and the mirrors are made of silicon carbide (SiC) which allows to minimize thermoelastic deformations. The VNIR focal plane is based on monolithic CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) detectors while the SWIR focal plane is based on a MCT (Mercury Cadmium Telluride) detector hybridized on a CMOS read-out circuit. A dichroic beamsplitter provides the spectral separation of VNIR and SWIR channels.\n\nEADS Astrium SAS of Toulouse is prime for the instrument. The industrial core team also comprises Jena Optronik (Germany), Boostec (Bazet, France), Sener and GMV (Spain), and AMOS, Belgium. The VNIR detectors are built by Astrium-E2V, while the French company Sofradir received a contract to provide the SWIR detectors for MSI.\n\nCalibration: A combination of partial on-board calibration with a sun diffuser and vicarious calibration with ground targets is foreseen to guarantee a high quality radiometric performance. State-of-the-art lossy compression based on wavelet transform is applied to reduce the data volume. The compression ratio will be fine tuned for each spectral band to ensure that there is no significant impact on image quality.\n\nThe observation data are digitized on 12 bit. A shutter mechanism is implemented to prevent the instrument from direct viewing of the sun in orbit and from contamination during launch. The average observation time per orbit is 16.3 minutes, while the peak value is 31 minutes (duty cycle of about 16-31%).\n\nImager type\n\nPushbroom instrument\n\nSpectral range (total of 13 bands)\n\n0.4-2.4 µm (VNIR + SWIR)\n\nSpectral dispersion technique\n\nDichroic for VNIR and SWIR split\nIn field separation within focal plane\n\nMirror dimensions of telescope\n\nM1 = 440 mm x 190 mm\nM2 = 145 mm x 118 mm\nM3 = 550 mm x 285 mm\n\nSSD (Spatial Sampling Distance)\n\n10 m: (VNIR) B2, B3, B4, B8 (4 bands)\n20 m: B5, B6, B7, B8a, B11, B12 (6 bands)\n60 m: B1, B9, (3 bands)\n\nSwath width\n\n290 km, FOV= 20.6º\n\nDetector technologies\n\nMonolithic Si (VNIR); hybrid HgCdTe CMOS (SWIR)\n\nDetector cooling\n\nCooling of SWIR detector to < 210 K\n\nData quantization\n\n12 bit\n\nInstrument mass, power\n\n~ 290 kg, < 266 W\n\nData rate\n\n450 Mbit/s after compression", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe2b617a-4571-4442-9a64-51ef8deb0306", - "label": "MAS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) is a modified Daedalus Wildfire scanning spectrometer which flies on a NASA ER-2 aircraft and provides spectral information similar to that which will be provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) scheduled to be launched on the Earth Observing System (EOS)-AM platform in 1998. The principal investigators for MAS are Dr. Michael King (NASA/GSFC) and Dr. Paul Menzel (NOAA/NESDIS).\n\nThe modified Wildfire instrument was first flown in 1991 in the FIRE Cirrus-II experiment onboard a NASA ER-2 over Kansas and the Gulf coast area. The Wildfire instrument was re-configured to the MAS in 1992 and was flown over the Atlantic Ocean as part of the ASTEX experiment. During 1993, MAS was flown in the southwestern Pacific during TOGA/COARE and CEPEX experiments. In July 1993, MAS was flown over the northeastern United States during the SCAR-A experiment. The MAS is a 50-band spectrometer, but before mid-1994, only 12 bands were used at 8 bit resolution. By October 1999,the MAS was recording information in all 50 visible and infrared spectral bands at 16-bit resolution. From January 1995 to October 1999, the 16 bits resolution was compressed into a 12 bit format.\n\nDetails of the MAS instrument and data calibration can be found in the MAS level-1B Data User's Guide at http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/reference/guide.html\n\nInformation about the MAS data and experiments can be found on the MAS\nHome Page at: http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MAS\n Long_Name: MODIS Airborne Simulator\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/reference/guide.html\n Online_Resource: http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fee5e9e1-10f1-4f14-94bc-c287f8e2c209", - "label": "SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "[Source: SMAP home page Instrument Description, http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/ ]\n\nThe SMAP instrument architecture incorporates an L-band radar and an L-band radiometer that share a single feedhorn and parabolic mesh reflector. The reflector is offset from nadir and rotates about the nadir axis at 14.6 rpm, providing a conically scanning antenna beam with a surface incidence angle of approximately 40°. The reflector has a diameter of 6 m, providing a radiometer footprint of 40 km. The real-aperture radar footprint is 30 km, defined by the two-way antenna beamwidth.\n\nTo obtain the desired high spatial resolution the radar employs range and Doppler discrimination. The radar data can be processed to yield resolution enhancement to 1-3 km spatial resolution.\n \nThe science goal is to combine the attributes of the radar and radiometer observations in terms of their spatial resolution and sensitivity to soil moisture, surface roughness, and vegetation. Soil moisture will be estimated optimally at a resolution of 10 km and freeze-thaw state at a resolution of 1-3 km. \n\nThe provision of constant incidence angle across the 1000-km swath simplifies the data processing and enables accurate repeat-pass estimation of soil moisture and freeze/thaw change. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER \n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER\n Long_Name: SMAP L-Band Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMAP\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.41 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/smap\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=72\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff49e220-7ca6-44c9-80df-b48b31a62cb6", - "label": "OCTS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "OCTS is an optical radiometer devoted to the frequent global\nmeasurement of ocean color and sea surface temperature. OCTS will show\nthe amount of chlorophyll and dissolved substances in the water, and\ntemperature distribution. OCT's data will be used for determination of\nocean primary production and carbon cycle, and be used for getting the\ninformation of ocean conditions for fishery and environment monitoring\netc. OCTS is a successor to CZCS(Coastal Zone Color Scanner), the\nU.S. projects, which was the first real optical sensor for ocean\nobservation onboard NIMBUS-7 launched in 1978.\n\nOCTS has 8 bands in visible and near-infrared region and 4 bands in\nthermal region, and achieves highly sensitive spectral measurement\nwith these bands. The observation bands are determined on the\ncharacteristics of spectral reflectance of the object substances,\natmosheric windows and atmospheric correction. The spatial resolution\nis about 700m. This is applicable to the observation of coastal zone\nand land, the feature of these area baries quickly compared to the\nopen ocean. As the swathwidth is about 1400km on the ground, OCTS can\nobserve the same area every 3 days and can monitor rapidly changing\nphenomena. OCTS has optical calibration function using solar light and\nhalogen lamp as the calibration source. OCTS has two data trasmission\nmodes. All raw pixel data are transmitted through X band with fine\ndata transmission mode. One pixel data is sampled from every 6x6km\narea as typical data of the area and is transmitted at UHF band in\ncoarse data transmission mode.\n\nOCTS consists of scanning radiometer unit, which contains optical\nsystem and detector module, and-electrical unit. OCTS adopts catoptric\noptical system and mechanical rotating scanning method using\nmirror. this is because OCTS covers wide range of wavelength and wide\nscanning angles. OCTS can tilt its line of sight along the track to\nprevent the sunglitter at the sea surface from interrupting the\nobservation. For high sensitivity, each band has 10pixels aligned to\nthe track. The infrared detectors are cooled at 100k by a large\nrediant cooler facing the deep space.\n\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.eorc.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS/Project/Octs.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OCTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: OCTS\n Long_Name: Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28a3ae40-6383-47e3-a1b8-a9f6503c5fd5", - "label": "WAF-P", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The WAF-P (Wide-Angle Fabry-Perot) Imaging Spectrometer, operating in the SWIR (Short-Wave Infrared) region, is based on a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer. The optical design of the instrument includes three lens groups, in addition to the Fabry-Perot interferometer, as well as beam folding mirrors required to fit the telescope within a microsatellite bus. The payload avionics includes a Q7 hybrid processor provided by Xiphos Systems Corporation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36c2c1c6-ca48-44f1-a63b-a22b76537f3c", - "label": "SpaceView-110", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "5-channel VIS/NIR radiometer with one panchromatic channel and 4 multi-spectral. 110-cm telescope [see detailed characteristics below]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "affc0737-15e0-4d75-8c28-4f9004379296", - "label": "CASIE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7ebcb16-ac5e-4def-862b-f68e16c5430a", - "label": "MASTER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The MASTER is similar to the MAS, with the thermal bands modified to more closely match the NASA EOS ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite instrument, which was launched in 1998. It is intended primarily to study geologic and other Earth surface properties. Flying on both high and low altitude aircraft, the MASTER has been operational since early 1998.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9099f629-d3c9-4b6a-8468-f1c8b212d875", - "label": "HawkEye", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Hawkeye instrument, flown onboard the SeaHawk CubeSat, was optimized to provide high quality, high resolution imagery (120 meter) of the open ocean, coastal zones, lakes, estuaries and land features. This ability provides a valuable complement to the lower resolution measurements from previous missions like SeaWiFS, MODIS and VIIRS. The SeaHawk CubeSat mission is a partnership between NASA and the University of North Carolina, Wilmington (UNCW), Cloudland Instruments and AAC-Clyde Space and is funded by the Moore Foundation under a grant for the Sustained Ocean Color Observations with Nanosatellites (SOCON).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ad03566-0766-4e23-bb6c-1a89bf74329b", - "label": "EMIT Imaging Spectrometer", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "he Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) Imaging Spectrometer is a NASA Earth Venture Instrument (EVI-4) mounted to the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS). EMIT will be the first instrument to use NASA invented imaging spectroscopy technology to comprehensively measure the different wavelengths of light emitted by minerals on the surface of deserts and other dust sources to determine their composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f991c5b-ee25-4074-871f-7f0cc015c468", - "label": "CAPI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The CAPI (Cloud and Aerosol Polarization Imager) is a multi-band imager which provides radiance measurements in five bands (365-408 nm, 660-685 nm, 862-877 nm, 1360-1390 nm, 1628-1654 nm) from UV to NIR. In order to achieve more information on aerosol size, which has a significant impact on the wavelength dependence of aerosol optical properties, CAPI includes two polarization channels (660-685 nm and 1628-1654 nm) to measure the Stokes parameters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5157581a-1d6c-4b5c-9905-b844c4864516", - "label": "SSTL S1-4", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The S1-4 Imager is a 4-band multispectral (+PAN) VHR optical sensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbf9d956-a972-44cc-9d84-84644e12505e", - "label": "PNEO", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "Pléiades Neo is a PANchromatic + 6-band MultiSpectral Optical instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6c96647-5ff7-4407-992a-ff343ba158ca", - "label": "OLI-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2) measures in the visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared portions of the spectrum. Its images have 15 m (49 ft) panchromatic and 30 m multi-spectral spatial resolutions along a 185 km (115 mi) wide swath. The entire Earth falls within view once every 16 days due to Landsat 9’s near-polar orbit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f81fffc6-6742-4d69-b30a-c125fde64738", - "label": "HyTES", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES) instrument has 512 pixels across track with pixel sizes in the range of 5 to 50 m depending on aircraft flying height and 256 spectral channels between 7.5 and 12 µm. The HyTES design is built upon a Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA), a cryo-cooled Dyson Spectrometer and a high-efficiency, concave blazed grating, produced using E-beam lithography. HyTES was originally developed to support the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission. HyTES is useful for a number of applications, including high-resolution surface temperature and emissivity measurements, point sources of air pollution, and volcano observations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "label": "Interferometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06aac8ed-49ff-41d0-9960-f18d9cd0f0ae", - "label": "IMG", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "The Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG) instrument is\nprovided by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of\nJapan for the ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS). The IMG\nis designed to monitor the horizontal distribution of greenhouse\neffect gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.) and the\nvertical distribution of temperature and water vapor. The IMG uses an\ninterferometric spectrometer which scans the spectrum from the middle\ninfrared to thermal infrared (0.3 to 15 microns). A mechanical\ncryogenic coolant system is used to regulate the temperature of the\nquantum detectors. An image motion compensation mirror is used to\ncompensate for the satellite orbital motion. Measurements are made in\n20 km swaths at 8 km resolution.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://kuroshio.eorc.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS/Project/Img.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: IMG\n Long_Name: Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "070eb17a-33d1-4255-bc7a-e4168c8e9e56", - "label": "WINDII", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on UARS determined \ntemperature and winds in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere by \nmeasuring both Doppler widths and shifts of isolated spectral lines \nemitted by airglow and aurora. The principal objectives were (1) \nmeasure 2-dimensional vertical profiles of horizontal wind velocity \nand Doppler temperature of the neutral atmosphere from 70 to 310 km as \na function of latitude and time, (2) measure the global distribution \nof small-scale wave-like structures on a 3 km scale, and (3) studied \nthe dynamic and thermal aspects of the neutral atmospheric energy \nbalance. The WINDII instrument viewed the atmospheric limb \nsimultaneously in two directions, 45 degrees and 135 degrees from the \nvelocity vector. An imaging detector provided simultaneous \nmeasurements of temperature and wind profiles over the instrument's \nentire altitude range (70 to 310 km) with a vertical resolution of 2 \nkm and horizontal resolution of 20 to 100 km. Emission lines of OI, \nOH, O+ and O2 were measured to cover both daytime and nighttime over \nthe altitude range and provide thermospheric ion wind velocities. The \ninstrument was basically a CCD camera which viewed the Earth's limb \nthrough a field-widened Michelson interferometer. The instrument took \n4 images with the interferometer optical path difference changed by \n1/4 wavelength between images. From these images, the fringe phase \n(leading to wind velocity), fringe modulation (leading to \ntemperature), and emission rate was determined. The Michelson optics \nconsisted of a cemented glass hexagonal beamsplitter, a glass block \nwith a deposited mirror and a glass block combined with an air gap and \na piezoelectrically driven mirror. The CCD camera consisted of a fast \ncamera lens and a 320 x 256 pixel detector array cooled to -50 C. \nInterference filters were mounted in a temperature-controlled filter \nwheel assembly to isolate specific spectral lines. \n\nSee \nReber, Carl A.,'The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite',Trans., Am. Geophys. \nUnion EOS, Vol. 71, No. 51, pp. 1867-1868,1873-1874,1878, December 18, \n1990.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WINDII\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: WINDII\n Long_Name: Wind Imaging Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/windii\n Online_Resource: http://www.trentu.ca/academic/windii/\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29bb0fb9-dd17-48e2-b414-9b8c6f39f02a", - "label": "MARK IV INTERFEROMETER", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "A MARK IV INTERFEROMETER is a specific instrument that uses\ninterference patterns (electrical or acoustic activity that can\ndisturb or obstruct communication) to make accurate measurements\nof waves; named Mark IV and flown on arctic airborne ozone and\nstratospheric experiment projects like AAOE, AASE-1 and AASE-2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55b35143-89d0-4c87-961e-7ded204a0d72", - "label": "SIRIS", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (SIRIS)\nwas first carried on Nimbus 3, to obtain temperature soundings\nof the atmosphere. It had eight detectors, Fastie-Ebert optics,\nand a 12-degree field of view.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://euromet.meteo.fr/demos/courses/glossary/satellit.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by EuroMET]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "781660ad-1e2f-410d-b77c-6b1ed498d43d", - "label": "INTERFEROMETERS", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "INTERFEROMETERS are any measuring instrument that uses\ninterference patterns (electrical or acoustic activity that can\ndisturb or obstruct communication) to make accurate measurements\nof waves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87173192-e3eb-438f-b5fe-b10c2c89e3fe", - "label": "HALOE", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "[Source: HALOE Project Home Page, http://haloe.gats-inc.com/home/index.php ] \n\nSince its launch on September 12, 1991 from the Space Shuttle Discovery, the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) has been collecting profiles of middle atmosphere composition and temperature on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). HALOE uses solar occultation to measure simultaneous vertical profiles of Ozone (O3), Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), Hydrogen Fluoride (HF), Methane (CH4), Water Vapor(H2O), Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Temperature, Aerosol Extinction at 4 infrared wavelengths, Aerosol composition and size distribution versus atmospheric pressure with a 1.6 km instantaneous field of view at the Earth's limb. \n\nAimed at better understanding the coupled chemistry, dynamics, and energetics of the Earth's middle and upper atmosphere, HALOE was selected to fly on UARS supported by the NASA Mission to Planet Earth program. HALOE is a collaboration among the Langley Research Center; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; University of Chicago; University of Michigan; University of California, Irvine; NOAA/Environmental Research Laboratory; and Imperial College, U. K. Fabricated and calibrated in-house by engineers at NASA Langley Research Center, the over 14 years of flawless operation of HALOE is an icon of their dedication and commitment to quality. \n\nDr. James M. Russell III from Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia is the HALOE Principal Investigator. The HALOE Project Scientist is Dr. Ellis E. Remsberg located at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HALOE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: HALOE\n Long_Name: Halogen Occultation Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://haloe.gats-inc.com/home/index.php\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/datapool/UARS/HALOE/\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-10-11\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-11-21\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad46b854-7c4a-47f6-b134-808f1e1a1dd8", - "label": "GRACE INTERFEROMETER", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd05b815-2c9a-405f-86f2-fc9abb529908", - "label": "IRIS", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "The Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer (IRIS) on the Nimbus\nspacecraft actually acts as three separate instruments. First, it is a very\nsophisticated thermometer. It can determine the distribution of heat energy a\nbody is emitting, allowing scientists to determine the temperature of that body\nor substance. Second, the IRIS is a device that can determine when certain\ntypes of elements or compounds are present in an atmosphere or on a surface.\nThird, it uses a separate radiometer to measure the total amount of sunlight\nreflected by a body at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared frequencies.\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c940ded8-8ddc-4fea-8bf7-5fb100cdf093", - "label": "MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "The American physicist Albert Michelson invented the optical\ninterferometer. The incoming beam is split into two beams by\nthe half-silvered mirror. Each sub-beam reflects off of another\nmirror, which returns it to the half-silvered mirror, where the\ntwo sub-beams recombine as shown. One of the reflecting mirrors\nis movable by a sensitive micrometer device, allowing the path\nlength of the corresponding sub-beam, and hence the phase\nrelationship between the two sub-beams, to be altered.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node13.html'\n\n[Summary provided by New Mexico Tech]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2b390c8-5d95-4f81-a6e8-6780e40fc4f0", - "label": "FPI", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", - "definition": "The Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) makes use of multiple\nreflections between two closely spaced partially silvered\nsurfaces. Part of the light is transmitted each time the light\nreaches the second surface, resulting in multiple offset beams\nwhich can interfere with each other. The large number of\ninterfering rays produces an interferometer with extremely high\nresolution, somewhat like the multiple slits of a diffraction\ngrating increase its resolution.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/fabry.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Hyper Physics]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "label": "Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0ef776ed-5347-4dd8-a700-ff77a5ad9a97", - "label": "HICO", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO™) is an imaging spectrometer based on the PHILLS airborne imaging spectrometers. HICO is the first spaceborne imaging spectrometer designed to sample the coastal ocean. HICO samples selected coastal regions at 90 m with full spectral coverage (380 to 960 nm sampled at 5.7 nm) and a very high signal-to-noise ratio to resolve the complexity of the coastal ocean. As a demonstration instrument, HICO was designed to collect only one 50 x 200 km scene per orbit. The regions to be collected were determined weekly by a scheduling team. The focus was on providing HICO data for scientific research on coastal zones and other regions around the world. HICO demonstrates coastal products including water clarity, bottom types, bathymetry and on-shore vegetation maps. During its five years in operation HICO collected over 10,000 scenes from around the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c6ddfcd-00e3-4194-be91-9a9648f9d30b", - "label": "DESIS", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "The DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS) is an Earth observation instrument that was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2018 and is integrated into the Multi-User System for Earth Sensing (MUSES) platform. DESIS is a pushbroom imaging hyperspectral sensor system with 235 hyperspectral narrowbands (HNB) each with 2.55 nm bandwidth that record image data from the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range of the spectrum (400 to 1000 nm). It has a surface spatial resolution of about 30 meters and a swath width of about 30 km. DESIS is also equipped with a steering mirror for Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) measurements. This data reveals changes in the ecosystems on Earth's surface. Scientists can use the information acquired in this way to assess the condition of forests or farmlands and forecast their yield. DESIS was developed and built by the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) and is operated commercially by Teledyne Brown Engineering (TBE).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "949e0309-4367-4349-8d62-a6ad8054a94a", - "label": "HYPERION", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "[For archive only. The Earth-Observing One (EO-1) satellite was decommissioned March 2017.]\n\nThe Hyperion instrument provides a new class of Earth observation data for improved Earth surface characterization. The Hyperion provides a science grade instrument with quality calibration based on heritage from the LEWIS Hyperspectral Imaging Instrument (HSI). The Hyperion capabilities provide resolution of surface properties into hundreds of spectral bands versus the ten multispectral bands flown on traditional Landsat imaging missions. Through these large number of spectral bands, complex land eco-systems shall be imaged and accurately classified. \n\nThe Hyperion provides a high resolution hyperspectral imager capable of resolving 220 spectral bands (from 0.4 to 2.5 µm) with a 30 meter spatial resolution. The instrument images a 7.5 km by 100 km land area per image and provides detailed spectral mapping across all 220 channels with high radiometric accuracy. The major components of the instrument include the following:\n\n1. System fore-optics design based on the KOMPSAT EOC mission. The telescope provides for two separate grating image spectrometers to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).\n\n2. A focal plane array which provides separate short wave infrared (SWIR) and visible/near infrared (VNIR) detectors based on spare hardware from the LEWIS HSI program. \n\n3. A cryocooler identical to that fabricated for the LEWIS HSI mission for cooling of the SWIR focal plane.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HYPERION\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HYPERION\n Long_Name: HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/usgs-eros-archive-earth-observing-one-eo-1-hyperion?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a18ddcfa-9dc5-4bc3-be90-8088f26688bd", - "label": "HYSI-T", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "Hyper Spectral Imager (HySi-T) is one of the two onboard imaging payloads. It is an imager for ocean and atmosphere study of earth surface in large number of bands with high spectral resolution. The instrument shall have 64 bands in the spectral zone from 400 nm to 950nm. The imager using specific optics will collect and focus the solar reflection from the earth’s surface on to an area detector. The collecting optics for HySI-T is a multi-element lens assembly with a thermal filter at the front.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HYSI-T\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HYSI-T\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IMS-1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-10-26\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc04560f-b42f-47fc-b05c-34c4f2270127", - "label": "HyperScout-2", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "Hyper-spectral optical payload that includes the ɸ-sat experiment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68054b74-0b1e-4a27-bf53-b8cb6c070630", - "label": "GEMS", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer is a geostationary scanning ultraviolet-visible spectrometer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93f8f6c2-b613-4b7d-b400-af81291bbaf6", - "label": "PRISMA", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "PRISMA carries two sensor instruments, the HYC (Hyperspectral Camera) module and the PAN (Panchromatic Camera) module. The HYC sensor is a prism spectrometer for two bands, VIS/NIR (Visible/Near Infrared) and NIR/SWIR (Near Infrared/Shortwave Infrared), with a total of 237 channels across both bands. Its primary mission objective is the high-resolution (30 m) hyperspectral imaging of land, vegetation, inner waters and coastal zones. The second sensor module, PAN, is a high-resolution (5 m) optical imager, and is co-registered with HYC data to allow testing of image fusion techniques.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1842a33e-e198-4df7-8cf0-a668d3f4fa23", - "label": "CPF-HySICS", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", - "definition": "The CLARREO (Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory) Pathfinder (CPF) mission officially began in 2016 with the directive to achieve two primary mission goals: 1) measure Earth-reflected sunlight with an unparalleled accuracy of 0.3% (k=1) – a 5-10x improvement over existing reflected solar (RS) sensors and 2) serve as an on-orbit inter-calibration reference to other orbiting sensors. The high accuracy spectrally-resolved measurements CPF will take are critical to the physical drivers of and the Earth’s response to climate change.\n\nCPF’s unprecedented accuracy traceable to international standards and its high spatial and spectral resolution also ideally position CPF to serve as an on-orbit calibration reference to other RS instruments. This is essential because most reflected solar instruments experience on-orbit degradation with extended exposure to the extreme space environment. Alternatively, CPF has been designed to be resilient to such on-orbit degradation with frequent on-orbit calibration measurements.\n\nA major element of the CPF payload is a Reflected Solar (RS) spectrometer called HySICS (HyperSpectral Imager for Climate Science), and developed by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). The CPF payload will be hosted on the International Space Station (ISS) and is planned to take measurements for one year. An additional year is included in the project for data analysis.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "018fded8-a186-45f7-a33a-b7ad5ebb853a", - "label": "Imaging Polarimetric SpectroRadiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5b4cc29d-7cf4-4f13-9393-f715cbe7f9b0", - "label": "MAIA", - "broader": "018fded8-a186-45f7-a33a-b7ad5ebb853a", - "definition": "Currently in development, MAIA will make radiometric and polarimetric measurements needed to characterize the sizes, compositions and quantities of particulate matter in air pollution. As part of the MAIA investigation, researchers will combine MAIA measurements with population health records to better understand the connections between aerosol pollutants and health problems such as adverse birth outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and premature deaths.\n\nThe MAIA instrument measures the radiance and polarization of sunlight scattered by atmospheric aerosols, from which the abundance and characteristics of ground-level particulate matter (PM) are derived. The instrument contains a pushbroom spectropolarimetric camera on a two-axis gimbal for multiangle viewing, frequent target revisits, and inflight calibration.\n\nThe MAIA instrument is being developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). MAIA is a Venture-class investigation within NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder Program.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "label": "Profilers/Sounders", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01962d1c-4089-4221-977d-0de0ea2835d4", - "label": "TCISS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03143a81-5fc4-4762-bf1e-e39e60970f09", - "label": "VTPR", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-02 ]\n\nSupplementary Sensor E (SSE) was a vertical temperature profile radiometer. The objective of this experiment was to obtain vertical temperature and water vapor profiles of the atmosphere to support Department of Defense requirements in operational weather analysis and forecasting. The SSE was an eigth-channel sensor with six channels (668.5, 677, 695, 708, 725, and 747 cm-1) in the carbon dioxide 15 micrometer absorption band, one channel (535 cm-1) in a water vapor absorption band, and one channel (835 cm-1) in the 11 micrometer atmospheric window. The experiment consisted of an optical system, detector and associated electronics, and a scanning mirror. The scanning mirror stepped across the satellite subtrack, allowing the SSE to view 25 separate columns of the atmosphere every 32 sec over a cross track ground swath of 185 km. While the scanning mirror was stopped at a scene station, the channel filters were totaled through the field of view. The surface resolution of the SSE was approximately 37 km at nadir. The carbon dioxide band radiation data were transformed to a temperature profile by a mathematical inversion technique. By a similar technique, this information could be combined with water vapor band data to obtain a water vapor profile. Identical experiments have been flown on all DMSP spacecraft launched since 1972. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VTPR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: VTPR\n Long_Name: Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-02\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03a649bc-c35c-4b9a-965d-6c4eb79841c3", - "label": "NOAA PROFILER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The NOAA Profiler Network (NPN), consisting of 35 unmanned\nDoppler Radar sites located in 18 central US states and Alaska,\nprovides hourly vertical wind profile data. The data produced by\nthis network are distributed to the National Weather Service\n(NWS), environmental research groups, and Universities. The NPN\nhas operating continuously since 1992 and celebrated its 10th\nAnniversary in 2002.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.profiler.noaa.gov/jsp/index.jsp'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09bc6a40-b0eb-476a-b750-7aa8af59e0f0", - "label": "ATOVS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", - "label": "Radio Sounders", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "18efb4b9-414b-43a4-98ea-6edafafdecaa", - "label": "SACC-BLACKJACK", - "broader": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", - "definition": "In the year 2000, the Argentinean satellite SAC-C was launched\ncarrying a new generation of GPS receivers, the 'Blackjack',\ndeveloped at JPL. The mission is managed by the Argentinean\nCONAE, which will be the other main data processing center for\nSAC-C occultations. On July 7th. the SAC-C Blackjack captured\nits first profile and has since been collecting up to 250 daily\noccultations during much of 2001. This receiver has enhanced\ncapabilities over the older generation GPS/MET instrument that\ninclude 'enhanced codeless' tracking (i.e., the ability to track\nthe encrypted GPS signals), higher signal-to-noise ratio, and\nlower tracking in the atmosphere. The Blackjack GPS receiver is\ncapturing high vertical resolution profiles over land and oceans\nand is providing data complementary to other sounding\ntechniques. From this point on, the amount of data is expected\nto increase with ongoing enhancements of the receiver's\nsoftware.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://genesis.jpl.nasa.gov/html/missions/SAC-C.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e586f28-8ac6-4cd6-8c81-6a188dc6b6d6", - "label": "CHAMP-BLACKJACK", - "broader": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", - "definition": "[Source: NASA JPL GENESIS, http://genesis.jpl.nasa.gov/zope/GENESIS/Missions/CHAMP ]\n\nIn the year 2000, the German satellite CHAMP was launched carrying a new generation of GPS receivers, the 'Blackjack', developed at JPL. The mission is managed by the Geophysikalisches Forschungszentrum (GFZ) at Potsdam (Germany) which is the other main data processing center for CHAMP radio occultations. The CHAMP Blackjack started collecting atmospheric profiles on April 6, 2001 and since then has been collecting up to 250 daily occultations during much of 2001. This receiver has enhanced capabilities over the older generation GPS/MET instrument which include 'enhanced codeless' tracking (i.e., the ability to track the encrypted GPS signals), higher signal-to-noise ratio, and lower tracking in the atmosphere. The Blackjack GPS receiver is capturing high vertical resolution profiles over land and oceans and is providing data complementary to other sounding techniques. From this point on, the amount of data is expected to increase with ongoing enhancements of the receiver's software. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CHAMP-BLACKJACK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio Sounders\n Short_Name: CHAMP-BLACKJACK\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://genesis.jpl.nasa.gov/zope/GENESIS/Missions/CHAMP\n Sample_Image: http://gps.csr.utexas.edu/reflect/blackjack_halo.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82307626-ad8a-471c-b47e-d645b6bba9a2", - "label": "GPS SONDE", - "broader": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", - "definition": "GPS SONDE uses dropwinsonde and Global Positioning System (GPS)\nreceivers to measure the atmospheric state parameters (temp,\nhumidity, windspeed/ direction pressure) and location in 3\ndimensional space during the sonde's descent once each half\nsecond. Measurements are transmitted to the aircraft from the\ntime of release until impact with the ocean's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "147ad93c-4291-4aa6-a309-04094251772d", - "label": "AVAPS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Airborne Vertical Atmosphere Profiling System (AVAPS) uses dropwindsonde\nand Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure the atmospheric state\nparameters during the its descent. Dropwindsondes measure vertical profiles of\npressure, temperature, humidity, and wind during their descent through the\natmosphere. During CAMEX-3, the AVAPS system was deployed on the NASA DC-8\naircraft. There were over one hundred dropwindsondes released during the\nexperiment, with 39 released on one flight alone.\n\nVertical measurement of the atmosphere goes back many decades with the current\ndropwindsonde coming into being in 1993. Working in collaboration with the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/ Atlantic Oceanographic and\nMeteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML) and the German Aerospace Research\nEstablishment (DLR), the National Center for Atmospheric Research/ Atmosphere\nTechnology Division (NCAR/ATD) developed a third-generation dropwindsonde using\na new sensor module and a GPS receiver from Vaisala, Inc. More accurate wind\nprofiles are now available because of a NCAR/ATD-developed, unique square-cone\nparachute that reduces the initial shock load and stabilizes the dropwindsonde\nas it falls. The dropswindsondes are the responsibility of NCAR/ATD/Surface and\nSounding Systems Facility who provided the final post experiment quality\ncontrol processing.\n\nMore information available at: \nhttp://microwave.nsstc.nasa.gov:5721/dataset_documents/dc8avaps_dataset.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ed90de3-8468-488b-97f6-843c9f000975", - "label": "RTOVS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "229ea366-e078-42f0-8349-e5ac23bd040b", - "label": "NAST-MTS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed - Microwave Temperature Sounder\n(NAST-MTS) contains two microwave radiometer systems covering the\nspectral ranges of 50-56 GHz with eight single-sideband channels, and\n115-123 Ghz with nine double-sideband channels centered on the 118.75\nGhz oxygen line. Both radiometers scan +- 65 degrees from nadir and\nalso view two black-body targets and zenith for calibration. The\ntemperature weighting functions cover altitudes from the surface to\nER-2 altitude. A video camera in the MTS package will provide\nancillary digitized stereo images for cloud location. The instrument\nwas used during the third Convection And Moisture EXperiment (CAMEX)\nconducted in 1998.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://camex.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/nast-mts.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NAST-MTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: NAST-MTS\n Long_Name: NPOESS Aircraft Microwave Temperature Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=nast and http://camex.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/nast-mts.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25f07bd1-a78c-4d22-a84f-daa45aa00402", - "label": "HIRDLS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The objective of the High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)\ninstrument is to observe the global distribution of\n(1) atmospheric temperature\n(2) concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere\n(3) aerosols\n(4) locations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) and cloud tops.\n\nThe HIRDLS instrument performs limb scans in the vertical\nat multiple azimuth angles, providing a 2000 to 3000-km-wide swath along the satellite track, measuring infrared emissions in 21 channels from 563 to 1990 per cm. The channels are photo-conductive HgCdTe detectors cooled to 80 K. Four channels measure the emission of carbon dioxide. The goals of this instrument is to make observations with horizontal and vertical resolution superior to that previously obtained, to observe the lower stratosphere with improved sensitivity and accuracy and to use the data to improve understanding of atmospheric processes. The HIRDLS instrument has been selected for flight on the EOS CHEM series. The Co-Principal Investigators are John Barnett and John Gille.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRDLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRDLS\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: HIRDLS Channel 21\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 to 18 mm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/hirdls.html\n Online_Resource: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?page=1&keywords=aura\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 65 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: NSF/UCAR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "label": "Interferometers", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "334b0c35-71bc-4a04-aa14-e0cd35e465a7", - "label": "MIPAS", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "definition": "The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) is a\ncore European Space Agency (ESA) instrument on the ENVISAT spacecraft\n(launched March 1, 2002). MIPAS is a high-resolution Fourier-transform\nspectrometer designed to measure the concentration profiles of atmospheric\nconstituents on a global scale. MIPAS will observe the atmospheric\nemissions from the Earth horizon (limb) throughout the mid-infrared\nregion, which will allow the simultaneous measurement of more than 20\ntrace gases, including the complete family of nitrogen-oxygen compounds\nand several CFCs. MIPAS will provide global data coverage, including the\npolar regions. The instrument measures atmospheric radiation in the\nspectral-coverage range 4.15 um to 14.6 um. This covers almost the\ncomplete mid-infrared region, and thus the emission lines of many\natmospheric species are captured.\n\nIn order to determine the concentration profiles of the atmospheric trace\ngases, MIPAS will measure a series of spectra from different tangent\nheights. A basic elevation scan sequence will comprise 16 high resolution\nspectra or up to 75 spectra with a reduced spectral resolution. A typical\nelevation scan will start at about 50 km tangent height and descend in 3\nkm steps to 5 km. It will also be possible to code different elevation\nscan sequences within the tangent height range in variable step sizes.\n\nMeasurements are possible in either of two pointing regimes. One pointing\nregime is rearwards in the anti-flight direction within a 35 ! wide range\nused for good earth coverage and the polar regions. The second pointing\nregime is sideways within a 30 ! wide range on the anti-Sun side. This\nviewing direction is provided for the observation of volcanic eruptions,\nair-traffic corridors, or concentration gradients across the dusk/dawn\nterminator.\n\nThe MIPAS instrument uses eight detectors. The spectral range is split\ninto five bands, where each band is covered by one or two specific\ndetector pairs (A, B1, B2, C and D). In a typical data collection orbit,\n16 scene measurements will be recorded in sequence for different\natmospheric elevations, followed by two deep space measurements. This\ntakes approximately 80 seconds and repeats for the duration of measurement\nin the orbit. This gives 75 scans per orbit. One spectrum consists of\n35000 samples and takes four seconds. One altitude scan requires 16\nspectra measurements and one deep space offset measurement. The altitude\nscan lasts about 75 seconds. The spectrum is converted in a single\ninterferogram and would be appriximately 62 Kbytes.\n\nFor more information on MIPAS see:\n'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/info/AUC/MIPAS/'\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, see:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6306cc51-41a4-4b1a-af8f-e60adfb656f0", - "label": "GLISTIN-A", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "definition": "The upgraded airborne Glacier and Ice Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN-A) flew initial (8/6/12 and 8/13/12) and final (1/17/13 and 2/26/13) checkout flights on a DFRC G-III (C-20).\n- Initial assessments of the Ka-band single pass interferometer (which is an interface to UAVSAR) show system performance consistent with prediction\n- Instrument integration and flight process improvements have been implemented\nGlacier and Ice Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN) will provide all-weather, high-resolution swath ice surface topography, not available through existing lidar (i.e. ICESAT-2) or radar (CryoSAT) sensors", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82af9cb6-cc72-435d-adbe-4a823aabbbcd", - "label": "HIS", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "definition": "The High resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) is an airborne\ninterferometer that measures emitted thermal radiation at high\nspectral resolution to obtain atmospheric profiles, including\ntemperature and water vapor.\n\n[Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8df8e3d1-6e77-4146-bd7e-59d64564595b", - "label": "MIRAS", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "definition": "The objective of MIRAS (SMOS) 2-D Passive L-Band Microwave Interferometer is to demonstrate observations of sea surface salinity and soil moisture in support of climate, meteorology, hydrology, and oceanography applications.\n\n[Summary provided by CEOS]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MIRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: MIRAS\n Long_Name: 2-D Passive L-Band Microwave Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1400-1427 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEBD9OY2F_LPsmos_0.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93e3734d-78db-43b3-8e13-9dbed088f5cb", - "label": "IASI", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "definition": "Text Source: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IASI/\n \nIASI, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer is a key payload element of the METOP series of European meteorological polar-orbit satellites. It is developed by CNES in the framework of a co-operation agreement with EUMETSAT. \n\nThe first flight model was launched in 2006 onboard the first European meteorological polar-orbiting satellites, METOP-A. The second and third instruments will be mounted on the METOP-B and C satellites with launches scheduled for September 2012 and October-November 2016.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IASI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: IASI\n Long_Name: Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IASI/\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_2010053151047495\n Online_Resource: http://www.class.ngdc.noaa.gov/saa/products/search?datatype_family=IASI\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc80cf73-5369-4dfb-be7c-1733c85951a5", - "label": "AERI", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "definition": "The AERI instrument is an advanced version of the high spectral\nresolution interferometer sounder (HIS) designed and fabricated\nat the University of Wisconsin (Revercomb et al. 1988) to\nmeasure upwelling infrared radiances from an aircraft. The AERI\nis a fully automated ground-based passive infrared\ninterferometer that measures downwelling atmospheric radiance\nfrom 3.3 - 18.2 mm (550 - 3000 cm-1) at less than 10-minute\ntemporal resolution with a spectral resolution of one\nwavenumber. Careful attention to calibration results in an\nabsolute calibration accuracy of better than 1% of the\nambient. The AERI instrument foreoptics consist of a scene\nmirror and two calibration blackbodies. These blackbodies are\nessential to provide a well known stable hot and ambient\ntemperature reference for calibration of the downwelling skyview\nradiances. A typical measurement cycle consists of a\nthree-minute sky dwell period followed by two-minute dwell\nperiods for each of the blackbodies. While the interferometer\nacquires an uncalibrated spectrum every two seconds, averaging\nreduces the radiometric noise in the measurements. The\ntemperature of one of the blackbodies is fixed at 60 oC, while\nthe other fluctuates with the ambient temperature.\n\nMore Information and data: 'http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/aeri/'\n\n[Extracted from the AERI Homepage]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed368a9d-d2c6-40f0-9e71-2ed972e95045", - "label": "NAST-I", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", - "definition": "NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer Instrument\n(NAST-I) is an airborne scanning interferometer developed for\ngathering of scientific data as well as to help develop new\ntechnology for future satellite-borne instruments.\n\n[Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NAST-I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: NAST-I\n Long_Name: NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=nast\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", - "label": "GOES N-P SOUNDER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition.\n\n[Source GOES project home page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-14\n Short_Name: GOES-P\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 12.02 μm - 14.71 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.51 μm - 11.03 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.70 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/n_p_sounder.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/index.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/images/nq_sounder_sketch.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-04-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ddd54504-4204-4401-89b0-7320c26ed646", - "label": "sndrD1", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf80505f-ae80-4822-b6b6-5da31961a635", - "label": "sndrD2", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89093575-ccfd-460d-b582-ecb159fe00dd", - "label": "sndrD3", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca98377d-f9b6-4665-b4e8-ee54c99585b2", - "label": "sndrD4", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a393a42-ecf9-4137-b1ea-1c25692384b4", - "label": "AMSU-A", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The objectives of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instrument are to (1) provide atmospheric temperature sounding from the surface up to 40 km, (2) obtain estimates of total column water vapor in the atmosphere, and (3) detect the presence of precipitation. AMSU-A is a 15-channel microwave sounder that obtains temperature profiles in the upper atmosphere and provides a cloud-filtering capability for the AIRS infrared channels for increased accuracy of tropospheric temperature observations. The fifteen AMSU-A channels have a 3.3° beam width, resulting in a nominal horizontal spatial resolution of 40.5 km at nadir.\n\nChannels 3 to 14 on AMSU-A are situated on the low-frequency side of the oxygen resonance band (50 ~ 60 GHz) and are used for temperature sounding. Successive channels in this band are situated at frequencies with increasing opacity and therefore respond to radiation from increasing altitudes. Channel 1, located on the first (weak) water vapor resonance line, is used to obtain estimates of total column water vapor in the atmosphere. Channel 2 (at 31 GHz) is used to indicate the presence of rain. Channel 15 on AMSU-A, at 89 GHz, is used as an indicator for precipitation, using the fact that at 89 GHz ice more strongly scatters radiation than it absorbs or emits radiation.\n\nThe AMSU is currently operational on the NOAA-15 polar orbiting satellite (launched 13 May 1998), the NOAA-16 polar orbiting satellite (launched 21 September 2000), the NASA EOS Aqua (formally PM-1) spacecraft (launched 4 May 2002), the NOAA-17 polar orbiting satellite (launched 21 May 2002), the NOAA-18 polar orbiting satellite (launched 20 May 2005), the NOAA-19 polar orbiting satellite (launched 06 February 2009), and the METOP-B satellite (launched 17 September 2012). The NOAA AMSU configuration consists of the 15-channel AMSU-A and a 5 channel AMSU-B for a total of 20 channels.\n\nKey AMSU-A Facts\nHeritage: Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU)\nAperture: 13.2 cm on AMSU-A1 (two apertures); 27.4 cm on AMSU-A2 (one aperture)\nSwath Width: 1690 km\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 - 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 40.5 km at nadir\nDimensions: 72 cm x 34 cm x 59 cm for AMSU-A1; 73 cm x 61 cm x 86 cm for AMSU-A2\nMass: 91 kg (49 kg for AMSU-A1, 42 kg for AMSU-A2)\nPower: 101 W (77 W for AMSU-A1, 24 W for AMSU-A2)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nFOV: ± 49.5° cross-track from nadir\nInstrument IFOV: 3.3° (40.5 km at nadir) for both units\nScan Period: 8 s\nScan Sampling: 30 x 3.3°, in 6 s\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSU-A\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 15 Channels (13 for AMSU-A1, 2 for AMSU-A2)\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 23 - 90 GHz (50-90 GHz for AMSU-A1, 23-32 GHz for AMSU-A2)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/content/amsu\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2.0 kbps (1.5 kbps for AMSU-A1, 0.5 kbps for AMSU-A2)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-08-31\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b326777-12dc-4765-ab6f-2f7306d3519f", - "label": "MLS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiments measure\nnaturally-occurring microwave thermal emission from the limb (edge) of\nEarth's atmosphere to remotely sense vertical profiles of atmospheric\ngases, temperature, pressure, and cloud ice. The overall objective of\nthese experiments is to provide information that will help improve our\nunderstanding of Earth's atmosphere and global change.\n\nThe first MLS experiment in space (UARS MLS) was on NASA's Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) launched 12 Sept 1991.\n\nThe second (EOS MLS) is on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura\nmission launched 15 July 2004. EOS MLS began full-up atmospheric\nscience observations on 13 August 2004, with excellent performance to\ndate in all portions of the instrument. Provisional and Stage I\nvalidataed data are now publicly available (for information go to EOS\nMLS data).\n\n[From the NASA JPL MLS Web Page]\n\nFor more information on the MLS instrument see:\nhttps://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nFor more information on UARS and the MLS instrument on UARS see:\nhttps://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/uars/instrument.php\nhttps://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\nThe EOS-AURA web site information and EOS MLS instrument\ninformation is at:\nhttps://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nhttps://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/mls.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MLS\n Long_Name: Microwave Limb Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 118, 190, 240, 640 and 2250 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?page=1&keywords=aura\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33690bf4-5877-4ff4-b0a1-f8c4c94b79a7", - "label": "SSM/T-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-07 ]\n\nThis instrument, SSM/T-2, is designed to provide global monitoring of the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere under all sky conditions by taking advantage of the reduced sensitivity of the microwave region to cloud attenuation.\n\nSSM/T-2 is a cross-tracking scanning, five channel, passive total power microwave radiometer system which consists of a single, self-contained module with a step-scan motion in the cross-track direction of +/- 40.5 degrees. The SSM/T-2 scan mechanism is synchronized with the SSM/T-1 so that the beam cell patterns of the two sensor coincide. SSM/T-2 has three channels situated symmetrically about the 183.31 GHz water vapor resonance line and two window channels. This instrument was flown on all DMSP Block 5D-2 satellites starting with F11 (launched in 1991).\n\nThe SSM/T-2 observation rate is 7.5 scans per minute. There are 28 observations (beam positions) per scan for each of the five channels, with each observation having a spatial resolution of approximately 48 km. All five channels have coincident centers. The total swath width for the SSM/T-2 is approximately 1500 km.\n\nURL for further information: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/ssmt2.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM/T-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature Profiler\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/sensors/ssmt2.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36bad2be-728a-4797-b913-f204d5f8902a", - "label": "DIGISONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "Ionosondes and Digisondes are devices that send a spectrum of\nradio wave pulses straight up (vertically incident to the\nground). They measure the length of time it takes for a\nreflection to be returned, the strength of the reflection, and\nhow high of a frequency can be reflected.\n\nFrom these three data points (time, strength, frequency), the\ndevice can determine ionization density, altitude of the\nionization, and potential Maximum Useable Frequency (MUF).\n\nOutput from ionosondes and digisondes are displayed in the form\nof an 'ionogram', or displayed in a tabular data format\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.amfmdx.net/fmdx/ionosonde.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38d4a708-487f-4b16-927f-fd5f19e477d0", - "label": "WVSS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The water vapor sensing systems (WVSS) are integrated into\nexternal probes mounted on the nose of commercial Boeing and\nAirbus aircraft. Data from the WVSS will be used for weather\nforecasting models, helping aircraft avoid hazardous weather\nconditions, and helping the National Weather Service better\npredict dangerous weather conditions. Ultimately, the demand for\nan improved method of sensing water vapor at various altitudes\nis driven by the desire to improve the safety of air\ntravel. Collected water vapor data will be distributed via the\nACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System)\nsystem, a VHF air/ground data link, and sent remotely to weather\ndatabase and modeling computers operated by the National\nOceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a0822e8-e6fa-4782-af0f-d6999b9beb28", - "label": "UMKEHR OBSERVATIONS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "Umkehr observations of the vertical profile of ozone up to 50\nkm, beginning in the late 1950s, were the only source of data\nfor trend analysis of ozone changes in the photochemical\nregion near 40 km until satellite data became available\nstarting in 1979. The Umkehr ozone profile trend analysis\nperformed in the early 1980s on the historical data set\nindicated a significant reduction in ozone concentration near\n40 km. Confirmation of ground-based and satellite trend\nresults, published in 1992, has greatly improved the\ncredibility of the data derived from both methods of\nobservations. While the Umkehr observation produces laudable\nresults, the method is sensitive to stratospheric aerosol\ninterference (especially during elevated aerosol loading\nconditions after a significant volcanic eruption) and this\nrequires information on the profiles and optical properties of\nthe stratospheric aerosol to account for the interference. The\nmethod to correct Umkehrs for stratospheric aerosol is tedious\nand complex and has not been fully developed up to the level\nthat it should be. The research funded by the Department of\nEnergy will provide a comprehensive data set on stratospheric\naerosols back to 1958, will evaluate the uncertainties in the\nmethod of correction, and will provide a measure of the\nuncertainties in the application of Umkehr data for trend\nanalysis.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atmos.anl.gov/ACP/5-ozone_summtab.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Colorado and NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a45d262-7ff0-4f69-8e31-48f56a7edb82", - "label": "AEM", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "AEM (airborne electromagnetic) anomalies caused by massive sulphide conductors and superficial conductors can be recognized with a statistical method, as shown by an analysis of Input AEM data from Karnataka State. The weathering in the survey area is of tropical type. Parameters, such as various amplitude ratios and time parameters (inverse of decay rate) for exponential and power-law decay were analyzed for sulphide bodies, conducting soil, superficial conductors, and cultural conductors. Time parameters T1 (exponential decay) is defined as ratio of time differences between the third and fourth channel to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. Time parameter K1 (power-law decay) is defined as ratio of the difference of the logarithmic values of the delay times of the third and fourth channels to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. The two parameters have been useful in recognizing sulphide conductors. Also the first channel Input amplitude and logarithmic plot of the transients appear to be helpful in conductor identification. Channel ratios seem to be the least effective parameters of conductor identification. In the area studied both power-law and the conventional exponential decay were found equally suitable for approximating Input AEM transients.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AEM\n Long_Name: Airborne Electromagnetic Profiler\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AEM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01300.x\n Sample_Image: http://www.fugroairborne.com/grfx/aircraft/geotem_main.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d148e55-a196-4779-ad6e-71a6acb5ec92", - "label": "MOPITT", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The objective of the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) spectrometer is to measure emitted and \nreflected infrared radiance in the atmospheric column to permit retrieval of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) \nprofiles and total column methane. Observations of CO and methane will be used to study how these gases interact \nwith the surface, ocean, and biomass systems. The MOPITT instrument is bases on the principle of correlation \nspectroscopy utilizing both pressure-modulated and length-modulated gas cells, with detectors at 2.3, 2.4, and \n4.7 micrometer. Atmospheric profiles of CO are measured with the 4.7 micrometer detector. CO and methane are measured \nby the 2.4 and 2.3 micrometer channels, respectively, sense solar radiation reflected from the surface. The MOPITT\nis a scanning instrument with a field-of-view of 1.8 degrees (22-km footprint at nadir). The scan line consists of 28\npixels, each at 1.8 degree increments with a maximum scan angle of 25.2 degrees off-axis (swath width of 620-km). \nMOPITT data products are expected to include gridded retrievals of methane with a horizontal resolution of 120 km \nat 1 % accuracy and gridded CO soundings with 10 % accuracy in three vertical layers between 0 and 15 km. The \nMOPITT instrument was launched on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft on December 18, 1999. \n\nKey MOPITT Facts:\nJoint with Canada\nHeritage: Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS), Pressure\nModulator Radiometer (PMR), Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder\n(SAMS), and Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS) instruments\nInstrument Type: Eight-channel radiometer\nCO Concentration Accuracy: 10%\nCH4 Column Abundance Accuracy: 1%\nSwath: 640 km (29 fields of view)\nSpatial Resolution (each pixel):\n22 km ? 22 km (at nadir)\nDimensions: 115 cm x 93 cm x 57 cm (stowed), 115 cm x 105 cm x 71 cm (deployed)\nMass: 192 kg\nPower: 250 W (average), 260 W (peak)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nData Rate: 28 kbps\nThermal Control: 80 K Stirling-cycle cooler, capillary-pumped cold plate and\npassive radiation\nThermal Operating Range: 25°C (instrument), 100 K (detectors)\nInstrument IFOV: 22 km across track,\n88 km along track (1.8° x 7.2° x 4° pixels)\nSpectral Range: Correlation spectroscopy utilizing both pressure and\nlength-modulated gas cells, with detectors at 2.3, 2.4, and 4.7 µm\nDirect Broadcast: No; Rapid Response processing available\nPrime Contractor: COM DEV\nThe Canadian Space Agency provided the instrument\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/mopitt\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MOPITT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MOPITT\n Long_Name: Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ISAMS\n Short_Name: MAPS\n Short_Name: SAMS\n Short_Name: 2.4um Radiometer\n Short_Name: 4.7um Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4.7 µm, 2.4 µm, 2.3 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/mopitt\n Online_Resource: https://mopitt.physics.utoronto.ca/\n Online_Resource: https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/mopitt\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-09\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 28 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1999-12-18\n Instrument_Owner: Canada/CSA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "413d8f2d-88bf-415b-91ff-74590a205ad3", - "label": "OZONESONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "OZONESONDES are adiosondes equipped with an instrument to\nmeasure the atmospheric concentration of the ozone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41703169-78fa-4da7-b1e2-02e978a3f03a", - "label": "XSV", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46421a95-3e0a-4cac-af85-8140c2b99774", - "label": "SSU", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The SSU, supplied by the United Kingdom Meteorological\n Office, employs a selective absorption technique to make\n measurements in three channels. The principles of its operation\n are based on the Selective Chopper Radiometer (SCR) flown on\n Nimbus-4 and, and the Pressure Modulation Radiometer (PMR) flown\n on Nimbus-6.\n\n The SSU makes use of the pressure modulation technique to\n measure radiation emitted from carbon dioxide at the top of the\n earth's atmosphere. A cell of carbon dioxide gas in the\n instrument's optical path has its pressure changed (at about a 40\n Hz rate) in a cyclic manner. The spectral characteristics of the\n channel and, therefore, the height of the weighting function is\n then determined by the pressure in the cell during the period of\n integration. By using three cells filled at different pressures,\n weighting functions peaking at three different heights can be\n obtained.\n\n The primary objective of the instrument is top obtain data\n from which stratospheric (25-50 km) temperature profiles can be\n determined. This instrument was used in conjunction with the\n HIRS/2 and MSU to determine temperature profiles from the surface\n to 50 km (see the sensor reference for TIROS OPER VERTICAL\n SOUNDER).\n\n SSU Characteristics:\n PRESSURE OF\n WEIGHTING\n FUNCTION PEAK\n CELL --------------\n CHANNEL PRESSURE(mb) (mb) (km)\n ------- ---------- ---- ----\n 1 100 15 29\n 2 35 5 37\n 3 10 1.5 45\n _________________________________________________________________\n Entry taken from:\n Rao,P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n Colwell,R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second\n Edition, Volume I, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\n Cornillon, A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of\n Rhode Island Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left4.html&body=/en/\narea4/aapp/ssu.html&a=420&b=1&c=400&d=400&e=0'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47b1f007-ab9b-41ca-abdf-fcaa2b5b83dc", - "label": "TIROS-N", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bd33158-b070-4673-8f23-772e1d6a47b6", - "label": "IKFS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "IR-Fourier spectrometer (IKFS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IKFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Atmospheric temperature and humidity sounders\n Short_Name: IKFS\n Long_Name: IR-Fourier spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 µm - 15 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/559\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "528c5616-a58a-4589-ad13-6833e329e6a3", - "label": "ROCKETSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "ROCKETSONDES are meteorological instrument packages that measure\nvertical profiles of atmospheric winds and either temperature or\ndensity upon descent after ejection from a rocket at or near\napogee (point in an orbit when the orbiting object is farthest\naway from the central object); reach altitudes above those\ntypical for a balloon-borne radiosonde.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54677c8a-4cfc-45ed-8f0c-2c9a6380d226", - "label": "OMEGASONDE", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "587475a9-9426-4c49-b8aa-da1dcb11aaaa", - "label": "HAMSR", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The High Altitude monolithic microwave integrated Circuit (MMIC)\nSounding Radiometer (HAMSR) is a microwave atmospheric sounder\nrecently developed by JPL under the NASA Instrument Incubator\nProgram. Operating with 25 spectral channels in the 50-190 HGz\nregion, it provides measurements that can be used to infer the\n3-D distribution of temperature, water vapor, and liquid water\nin the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. HAMSR was\nmounted in a wing pod of a NASA ER-2 research aircraft.\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HAMSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HAMSR\n Long_Name: High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RQ-4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/8623/1/02-1193.pdf\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "598b6dc4-aff0-4e14-b7b7-039e58560dd0", - "label": "OSIRIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "OSIRIS is a Canadian sensor (CSA, NSERC) built by Routes AstroEngineering Ltd. of Ottawa, Ontario. OSIRIS has a dual-purpose objective of detecting aerosol layers and to detect abundances of species such as O3, NO2, OClO, and BrO (retrieval of altitude profiles of terrestrial atmospheric minor species by observing limb-radiance profiles).\n\nThe instrument is a UV/VIS/IR limb sounder, in effect a double instrument, mounted in a common optical housing and supported by common electronics. The UV/VIS imaging spectrograph uses compact reflective optics (off-axis system, folded design, aperture = 36 mm x 36 mm) and an aspherical ruled grating along with UV-enhanced CCD arrays.\n\nThe IR imager consists of three infrared telescopes (co-aligned single-lens imagers operating at 1263, 1273, and 1530 nm). The CCD detector, a 1353 x 286 array, is operated in a frame transfer MPP (Multi-Pin-Phase) mode with only 32 rows of the imaging section of the array illuminated by the slit image. Radiation detected outside the slit image provides information on the internal scattering properties of the spectrograph. The detector is passively cooled through a radiator. As OSIRIS is pointed at the limb, the entrance slit to the spectrograph subtends a region 30 km long by 1 km high. Scattered light has been reduced through the use of a beam-fold mirror that is located between the telescope mirror and the entrance slit.\n\nThe optical spectrograph (grating spectrometer type) measures species in the altitude range from 15 to 80 km (measurement of atmospheric airglow as well as utilization of the DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) technique on scattered and subsequently absorbed moonlight). The FOV of the UV/VIS and the IR channels are aligned (and co-aligned with SMR) to produce simultaneous measurements. Instrument mass = 12 kg, power=20W. On-orbit spectral calibration for the UV/VIS instrument is done by observing artificial sources emanating from the Earth, such as discrete lines produced by mercury and sodium street lights. Radiometric calibration is not provided internally. For the IR imager, the IR shutter assembly contains a built-in incandescent lamp providing the radiometric calibration signal.\n\nUV/VIS Spectrograph\n\nWavelength\n\n280 - 800 nm\n\nWavelength resolution\n\n1 nm from 300-450 nm, < 2nm from 450-800 nm\n\nSlit orientation\n\nperpendicular to the orbit plane (horizontal)\n\nFOV\n\n0.02º (vertical) x 0.75º (horizontal) corresponding to 1 km x 40 km on Earth\n\nSpatial resolution\n\n1 km at the limb\n\nPointing direction\n\naligned with SMR boresight\n\nAD converter\n\n14 bit\n\nDetector type\n\nSi CCD array (1353 x 286 pixels)\n\nSpecies to be detected\n\nO3, NO2, BrO, OCLO, O2, aerosols\n\nIR Imager\n\nBandpass filter center wavelengths\n\n1.263 µm, 1.273 µm, 1.520 µm\n\nBandwidth (FWHM)\n\n10 nm (1.263 and 1.273), 40 nm (1.520)\n\nFOV\n\n118 km (vertical) x 2 km (horizontal)\n\nSpatial resolution\n\n1 km in the vertical direction\n\nTelescope aperture\n\n23 mm diameter\n\nDetector type (linear arrays with hybrid multiplexers)\n\n3 InGaAs, each detector has 128 pixels\n\nDetector pointing direction\n\nin the orbit plane (vertical)\n\nDetector temperature\n\n-40ºC (or less)\n\nTemperature stability during exposure\n\n±0.1ºC", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59ef9227-bc9d-4687-91de-f35a60ae34a8", - "label": "INSAT-3D SOUNDER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "INSAT-3D carries a 19 channel sounder, this is the first such payload to be \nflown on an ISRO satellite mission. The Sounder has eighteen narrow spectral channels in shortwave, infrared, middle infrared and long wave infrared regions and one channel in the visible region. It will provide information on the vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and integrated ozone. These profiles are available for a selected region over Indian landmass every one hour and for the entire Indian Ocean Region every six hours.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-3D SOUNDER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS\n Instrument_Class: PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING\n Instrument_Type: PROFILERS/SOUNDERS\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 18\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.70-14.70\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.20\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.65-0.75\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.10\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://mosdac.gov.in\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2013-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ad54972-6d91-4860-aea4-7914fe7ef823", - "label": "CrIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), a Fourier transform spectrometer with 1305 spectral channels, will produce \nhigh-resolution, three-dimensional temperature, pressure, and moisture profiles. These profiles will be used to enhance \nweather forecasting models, and they will facilitate both short- and long-term weather forecasting. Over longer timescales, \nthey will help improve understanding of climate phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña.\n\n Mass: <152 kilograms\n Average Power: <124W\n Development Organizations: ITT-Fort Wayne, IN; NPP/SDL\n CrIS Sensor Leads: Joe Predina (ITT), Gail Bingham (NPP/SDL)\n Purpose: To produce water vapor and temperature profiles of the atmosphere\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://www.jpss.noaa.gov/cris.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CrIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: CrIS\n Long_Name: Cross-track Infrared Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: LWIR Band 650-1095 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: MWIR Band 1210-1750 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: SWIR Band 2155-2550 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: LWIR Band < 0.625 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: MWIR Band < 1.25 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: SWIR Band < 2.50 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/cris.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-11-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b12e8dc-d093-47f5-b041-d8fb93bbe458", - "label": "DROPWINDSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "A Dropwindsonde is an instrument package that contains a\ntemperature sensor, a moisture sensor (hygrometer) and a GPS\nreceiver that determines the position of the package in time and\n3 dimensional space. Upon release, the dropwindsonde transmits\ndata to the releasing aircraft (DC-8, WC-130, WP-3) where the\ndata is collected and saved. When subsequently analysed, the\nresultant sounding yields temperature, dew point and wind speed\nobserved by the instrument.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61e68c34-0c98-4a6c-ac2b-bdba0423081c", - "label": "AMMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS) instrument ,\nwhich was mounted on NASA's DC-8 aircraft for the TOGA COARE\nField Experiment, is a scanning radiometer that measures\nbrightness temperatures in degrees Kelvin. It was operational\nduring 16 mission flights of the DC-8 between January 5 and\nFebruary 23, 1993 under the direction of Principal Investigator\nJim Wang of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nThe AMMS was designed to profile atmospheric water vapor and was\nmainly used for this purpose in the past. It is also sensitive\nto cloud cover and precipitation. Because the weighting\nfunctions of its four frequency channels peak at different\naltitudes, depending on water vapor density and profile, AMMS\nhas the potential of estimating the height of frozen\nhydrometeors associated with a convective storm. For TOGA COARE\nthe sensor was combined with other radiometers in the same\naircraft to measure the radiometric response of convective\nrainfall systems in the frequency range of 10-183 GHz. AMMS is\na 4-channel, mechanically scanned, imaging microwave radiometer\noperating at 92, 174, 178 and 181 GHz. It has a 15-cm aperture\ngiving an angular resolution of about 2 degrees at 92 GHz and 1\ndegree at 183 GHz. After every 6 scans, the beam is directed to\nview heated (330 K) and cooled (250 K) external calibration\ntargets for 2 seconds each, resulting in a total frame time of\n~30 secon ds (including slewing time). The radiometric signals\nand the measured physical temperatures from these calibration\ntargets form the basis for the derivation of the scene\nbrightness temperatures. The calibration accuracy is on the\norder of 1 K in the 250 - 300 K brightness temperature\nrange. The temperature sensitivity (delta T) of the sensor has\ngradually deteriorated over the past 10 years. For water vapor\nprofiling, averaging of up to 50 radiometric samples is needed\nto meet the requirement of delta T of <= 1 K. The microwave\nsignatures from precipitation are much stronger than water\nvapor at the AMMS frequencies, and data from this sensor\naveraged over a few samples will be sufficient to derive\nimportant information about the hydrometeors.\n\nThe beam is scanned in 50 steps of 1.8 degrees from nominally\n45 degrees to the right through nadir, and to 45 degrees to the\nleft with a total scan time of ~4 seconds.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TOGA/amms.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62178728-5beb-49e8-b63f-ff7dd98df2ee", - "label": "LIMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The objective of the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere\n(LIMS) experiment was to map the vertical profiles of\ntemperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapour,\nnitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid in the lower to middle\nstratosphere range, with extension to the stratopause for water\nvapour and into the lower mesosphere for temperature and\nozone. This experiment was a follow-on to the Limb Radiance\nInversion Radiometer (LRIR) flown on Nimbus-6. The LIMS mapped\nvertical profiles of thermal IR emission coming from the horizon\nin six bands of CO2N, CO2, O3, HNO3, H2O, and NO2.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/home/'\n\n[Summary provided by the British Atmospheric Data Centre]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LIMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: LIMS\n Long_Name: Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.2 µm, 6.3 µm, 9.6 µm, 11.3 µm, two at 15 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/guides/GSFC/guide/LIMS_dataset.gd.shtml\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1978-10-25\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1979-05-28\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62af3234-bd3e-4bf9-969e-623a58d30cac", - "label": "CRIMSS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Source: NPOESS home page: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=crimss ]\n\nThe Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) combined with the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) globally produces atmospheric temperature, moisture and pressure profiles from space. CrIS and ATMS (CrIMSS) are the next generation operational sensor suite selected to fly on the National Polar- orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) spacecraft. CrIMSS will operationally produce high vertical resolution profile measurements of temperature, water vapor, and pressure. Combining both cross-track infrared and microwave sensors aboard the NPOESS satellite provides key Environmental Data Records (EDRs) CrIMSSMission Products\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CRIMSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: CRIMSS\n Long_Name: Cross-track Infrared and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounders\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Short_Name: CRIS-NPOESS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: LWIR Band 650-1095 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: MWIR Band 1210-1750 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: SWIR Band 2155-2550 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: LWIR Band < 0.625 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: MWIR Band < 1.25 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: SWIR Band < 2.50 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr\n Online_Resource: http://npp.gsfc.nasa.gov/cris.html\n Online_Resource: http://npp.gsfc.nasa.gov/atms.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-11-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68e079d2-303e-408c-932b-d98d2a3385e7", - "label": "DROPSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "DROPSONDES are radiosondes with a parachute dropped form an\nairplane carrying receiving equipment for the purpose of\nobtaining an upper-air sounding during descent; also called a\nparachute radiosonde.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77ed5ad1-0bc7-4aaf-8373-18294829021f", - "label": "SAPHIR", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "SAPHIR (Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie) is a sounding instrument with 6 channels near the absorption band of water vapor at 183 Ghz. These channels provide relatively narrow weighting functions from the surface to about 10 km, allowing retrieving water vapor profiles in the cloud free troposphere. The scanning is cross-track, up to an incidence angle of 50°. The resolution at nadir is of 10 km.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAPHIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SAPHIR\n Long_Name: Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Megha-Tropiques\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 0.2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 1.1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 2.8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 4.2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 6.8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 11\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/instruments.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-10-12\n Instrument_Owner: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)\n Instrument_Owner: Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8311d9c1-5930-493f-8a84-e0ba9be70e2e", - "label": "VAS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The VAS is an advanced version of the Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) flown on the SMS and early GOES satellites. This instrument flown on GOES 4-8 is a visible and infrared radiometer that provides image (VISSR mode) and sounding (VAS mode) data. The VAS retained the VISSR dual-band imaging function while expanding to 6 infrared channels. The additional spectral bands provided are sensitive to the effects of atmospheric constituents which allows for determination of surface and cloud-top temperatures as in VISSR along with three-dimensional structure of the atmospheric temperature and water-vapor distribution. The 12 Infrared spectral bands span central wavelengths from 3.9 to 15.0um. The ground resolution is 1km in the visible range and 7km (imaging) and 14km (sounding) in the infrared ranges. The swath width is the Earth disc.\n\nThe following is a table displaying the Infrared spectral bands.\n\nSPECTRAL PRESSURE LEVEL WAVELENGTH\n BAND (mb)* (um) BAND\n-------- -------------- ---------- -------------\n 1 65 14.730 CO2\n 2 100 14.480 CO2\n 3 325 14.250 CO2\n 4 450 14.010 CO2\n 5 SURFACE 13.330 CO2\n 6 700 4.525 CO2\n 7 SURFACE 12.660 H2O\n 8 SURFACE 11.170 WINDOW\n 9 375 7.261 H2O\n 10 330 6.725 H2O\n 11 280 4.444 CO2\n 12 SURFACE 3.945 WINDOW\n* Level of maximum weighting function for the spectral band.\nCO2 is Carbon Dioxide.\nH2O is Water Vapor.\n\nInvestigators:\nDr. Verner E. Suomi, University of Wisconsin-Madison\nMr. William E. Shenk, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\n\nEntry taken from:\n\nColwell, R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second Edition,\nVolumes I and II, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\n\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: VAS\n Long_Name: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm - 12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 μm - 0.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.94 μm - 14.74 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.725 μm -14.25 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-01\n Online_Resource: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=visible-infrared-spin-scan-radi1\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "874099d6-64f7-422a-acbf-8d44dc133f56", - "label": "SOUNDERS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "SOUNDERS are instruments that acquire multispectral measurements\nfrom which vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and\nhumidity can be derived.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88b88e80-fc8a-4724-825f-47eeac7f6ff3", - "label": "SAMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The STRATOSPHERIC AND MESOSPHERIC SOUNDER (SAMS) objective was\nto observe the limb of the atmosphere through various pressure\nmodulator radiometers in order to measure vertical\nconcentrations of H2O, CH4, CO, and NO; observe resonant\nscattering of solar radiation in spectral bands H2O, CO2, CO,\nand NO; measure the temperature of the stratosphere and\nmesosphere to ~90 kilometers altitude; investigate source\nfunction and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium\nbetween 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission\nbands, and measure the zonal wind velocity component along the\nline of sight.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/SEES/ozone/oz_sat.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography at\nOld Dominion University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89cc57b0-0963-4266-a549-bf5a9e17446e", - "label": "MWTS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "Characterization of atmospheric air temperature is in motion, the basic meteorological elements is an important basis for weather forecasting. Microwave thermometer probe field of view through a receive 50-60GHz oxygen absorption of microwave radiation to probe the target attribute, atmospheric temperature probe. Weak oxygen absorption regions\nto be able to detect the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere of information, but the absorption center can detect the information from the upper atmosphere.Microwave thermometer detection channel four, primarily for detecting surface emissivity and including representatives from the 700 hPa, 300 hPa and 90 hPa different level on the State of atmospheric temperature, thereby can deduce the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature.Microwave thermometer with penetrating the ability of non-precipitation cloud, resulting in an all-weather distribution of atmospheric temperature, numerical weather prediction, disaster monitoring and climate change provide irreplaceable information.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MWTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MWTS\n Long_Name: MicroWave Temperature Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 50.3 GHz, 53.6 GHz, 54.94 GHz, 57.29 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MWTS.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-09\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8be17733-c145-421c-b402-bf3fd0797e15", - "label": "AMSU-B", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) is a 5 channel microwave radiometer. The purpose of the instrument is to receive and measure radiation from a number of different layers of the atmosphere in order to obtain global data on humidity profiles. It works in conjunction with the AMSU-A instruments to provide a 20 channel microwave radiometer.\n\nAMSU-B is a cross-track, line scanned instrument designed to measure scene radiances in 5 channels. At each channel frequency, the antenna beam width is a constant 1.1 degrees (at the half power point). Ninety contiguous scene resolution cells are sampled in a continuous fashion, each scan covering 50 degrees on each side of the sub satellite path. These scan patterns and geometric resolution translate to a 16.3 km diameter cell at nadir at a nominal altitude of 850 km.\n\nThe AMSU-B instrument consists of a scanning parabolic reflector antenna which is rotated once every 8/3 seconds and focuses incoming radiation into a quasi-optic system which then separates the frequencies of interest into three separate feed horns of the receiver assembly. The receiver subsystem provides further demultiplexing of the 183 GHz signal in order to selectively acquire three defined double sided bands around the 183 GHz signal. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSU-B\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Long_Name: ADVANCED MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT B (AMSU-B)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.1 degree\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-4.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cdf5ebf-d2a8-4f73-9c13-82fd1eb7b3ce", - "label": "SBUS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "UV ozone sounding instrument for 12-port, these channels observation data together, you can generate ozone vertical profile of the product.Use ozone vertical profile of the product, you can monitor a different level of ozone levels to protect the Earth's atmospheric ozone layer providing early-warning information, provide for protection policies.\n\n\tAtmospheric model spectral properties of the instrument\nChannel \t Central wavelength(nm) \tBandwidth(nm)\n1 \t 252.00±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n2 \t 273.62±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n3 \t 283.10±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n4 \t 287.70±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n5 \t 292.29±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n6 \t 297.59±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n7 \t 301.97±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n8 \t 305.87±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n9 \t 312.57±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n10 \t 317.56±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n11 \t 331.26±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n12 \t 339.89±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\nCloud cover photometer \t 379.00±1.00 \t3+0.3\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SBUS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SBUS\n Long_Name: Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Sounder\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_SBUS.aspx\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/Ord/Satellite.aspx?seriesCode=FY3X&satellitecode=FY3A\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9541cd1b-aac3-4cdd-8ad9-613d9f832e02", - "label": "TOVS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "Data acquired from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) are used to produce atmospheric soundings. The TOVS software transforms upwelling infrared and microwave radiant energy into vertical temperature and water vapor profiles. A variety of other parameters, such as total ozone, cloud height and amount, and tropopause temperature and pressure, are also derived. Approximately 50,000 soundings, spaced 80 to 300 km apart, are produced daily by two polar orbiting satellites. Objective analysis and noise screening techniques that eliminate bad, redundant, and questionable data reduce this to about 10,000 soundings per day.\n\n\nTOVS, as flown aboard the Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) is a three instrument system consisting of the HIRS/2, SSU and MSU. \n\nThe High-resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS/2) is a 20 channel instrument for taking atmospheric measurements, primarily in the IR region. The data acquired can be used to compute atmospheric temperatures from the Earth surface to 50 mb, water vapor content in three atmospheric layers, and the total ozone content of the atmospheric column. HIRS/2 will be replaced by an improved version onboard NOAA-K,L, and M in the 1990s.\n\n\nThe Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) is a three channel instrument, provided by the United Kingdom, that uses the selective absorption technique. The pressure in a carbon dioxide gas cell in the optical path determines the spectral characteristics of each channel, and the mass of carbon dioxide in each cell determines the atmospheric level at which the weighting function of each channel peaks. It will be replaced by an advanced passive microwave sensor in the 1990s.\n\nThe Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) is a four channel Dicke radiometer making passive microwave measurements in the 5.5-mm oxygen band. Unlike infrared instruments of TOVS, the MSU is little influenced by clouds in the field of view. An MSU is onboard NOAA-11, launched in 1988, and will be onboard NOAA-D in 1990, NOAA-I in 1991, and NOAA-J in 1992. After that, the MSU will be replaced (on 'K', 'L', and 'M') by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU).\n\n\nNote: For more information of these sensors, look under individual\nsensor entries for each instrument:\n\n\nHIGH RES. IR RAD. SOUNDER STRATOSPHERIC SOUNDING UNIT MICROWAVE\nSOUNDING UNIT\n\n\n__________\n\n__________\n\nEntry taken from:\n\n\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\nWeather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications,\nAmerican Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\nReference online documentation:\nhttp://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ESA_Publications/\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\nhttp://earth.esa.int\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\nFax: +39 06 94180292\nAddress:\nESA/ESRIN\nVia G.Galilei\n00044 Frascati\nItaly\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TOVS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Long_Name: TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SSU\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Short_Name: MSU\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n Short_Name: NOAA-6\n Short_Name: NOAA-7\n Short_Name: NOAA-8\n Short_Name: NOAA-9\n Short_Name: NOAA-10\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n Short_Name: NOAA-12\n Short_Name: NOAA-13\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 20\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/tovs.htm\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a68e783-b54c-41f2-82ce-da975af38359", - "label": "ATMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) instrument is the next generation cross-track microwave sounder providing \natmospheric temperature and moisture for operational weather and climate applications.\n\nATMS is a key instrument that collects microwave radiation from the Earth's atmosphere and surface all day and all night, \neven through clouds. ATMS currently flies on the Suomi NPP satellite mission and will fly on the JPSS-1 and JPSS-2 satellite \nmissions.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/atms.html\n\nMass: approximately 75 kilograms\nAverage Power: 100 W\nDevelopment Institution: Northrop Grumman\nATMS Sensor Lead: Edward Kim, NASA GSFC\nPurpose: To provide sounding profiles of atmospheric temperature and moisture\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ATMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 22\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 23.8 GHz to 183.31 ± GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/atms.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-11-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9da230c7-0b08-4dfa-afca-e5fcf4be0bf2", - "label": "CLASS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The C-Loran Atmospheric Sounding System is a balloon sounding\nsystem that support Loran-C and Omega navigational winds and\nincludes surface meteorological measurements.\n\n[Summary provided by the National Science Foundation]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", - "label": "GOES I-M SOUNDER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Source: NASA GOES Project, \nhttp://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/i_m_sounder.html ]\n\nThe GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition.\n\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/i_m_sounder.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5b02ddd7-e12c-4d1a-bb2c-1f700735e5ba", - "label": "sndrD1", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3c1afe9-f2a2-485e-a200-7e0f40fd9e85", - "label": "sndrD2", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a37427f4-a538-45f1-b145-9cca1accb7c9", - "label": "sndrD3", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d425a5b-bc05-40fb-a316-da5d86a17b1f", - "label": "sndrD4", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4569574-019d-4b81-827b-a5d1388addde", - "label": "MTP", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "A Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP) is a a passive microwave\nradiometer, which measures the thermal emission from oxygen\nmolecules in the atmosphere for a selection of elevation angles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a507052f-e4a9-4210-84c5-0a5b9868d249", - "label": "HIWRAP", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) is a dual-frequency (Ka- and Ku-band) conical scan system, configured with a nadir viewing antenna on the high-altitude (20 km) NASA ER-2 aircraft. The HIWRAP is able to measure line-of-sight and ocean surface winds at higher spatial and temporal resolution than obtained by current satellites and lower-altitude instrumented aircraft.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIWRAP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIWRAP\n Long_Name: High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLOBAL HAWK UAV\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/image/HIWRAP_instrument\n Online_Resource: http://har.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php?section=13\n Creation_Date: 2012-04-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9bd961e-1063-4f37-99b6-ecd77aa9eb40", - "label": "AIRS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) instrument is a high spectral resolution grating spectrometer containing 2378 infrared channels in the 3.74 to 15.4 micron spectral range for obtaining atmospheric temperature profiles and a variety of additional Earth/atmosphere products. AIRS is centered on measuring accurate temperature and humidity profiles throughout the atmosphere. AIRS also provides four visible/near-infrared channels (0.4 - 1.0 μm) to characterize cloud and surface properties.\n\nKey AIRS Facts\nHeritage: Advanced Moisture and Temperature Sounder (AMTS), High\nResolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS)\nInstrument Type: Temperature controlled (155 K) array grating spectrometer, plus a visible/near-infrared photometer\nAperture: 10 cm\nSwath Width: 1650 km\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: Infrared: 13.5 km at nadir; Visible/near-infrared: 2.3 km at nadir\nDimensions: 116.5 cm x 80 cm x 95.3 cm\nMass: 177 kg\nPower: 180/220 W (beginning/end of life)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nField of View (FOV): ± 49.5° cross-track from nadir\nInstrument IFOV (track/scan): Infrared: 1.1° x 0.6° (13.5 km x 7.4 km at nadir); Visible/near-infrared: 0.149° x 0.190° (1.8 km x 2.3 km at nadir)\nScan Period: 2.667 s\nScan Sampling (scan/track): Infrared: 90 x 1 (1.1° spacing), in 2 s; visible/near-infrared: 720 x 9 (0.138° x 0.185° spacing), in 2 s\nDesign Life: 5 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AIRS\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Infrared Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 2 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 0.68 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: λ/Δλ 1200 nominal\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.71 μm - 0.94 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: λ/Δλ 1200 nominal\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 2378\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.74 μm - 15.4 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: λ/Δλ 1200 nominal\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://aqua.nasa.gov/content/airs\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/index.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/mirador/presentNavigation.pl?tree=project&project=AIRS\n Sample_Image: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/system/content_pages/main_images/13_13_8262767875_dff40d0f0b_z.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.27 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-08-31\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aad9c18b-486a-476c-a51d-0042d22c2efd", - "label": "ISAMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Space Shuttle Discovery carrying UARS was launched on September \n12, 1991 from Kennedy Space Flight Center. UARS was released to orbit \non September 15, 1991, and the Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric \nSounder (ISAMS) began scientific observations of the earth's upper \natmosphere September 26, 1991. \n\nISAMS is a limb-sounding radiometer which uses a combination of \npressure-modulated and wide-band infrared channels to measure Carbon \nMonoxide, Water Vapour, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitric Acid, Ozone, Nitric \nOxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, Dinitrogen Pentoxide, Aerosol, and \nTemperature in the middle atmosphere. Typically, ISAMS produces \nvertical profiles of constituents and temperature every 200 km along \nthe tangent track, with an instantaneous field of view of about 2.4 km \nvertically. ISAMS made measurements, with several significant gaps, \nbetween 80 S and 80 N from 26 September 1991 to 29 July 1992. UARS is \nin a near sun-synchronous orbit so that while the 15 orbits/day are \nspaced approximately every 24 degrees of longitude around the equator, \nthe sampled local solar time actually changes by 20 minutes/day. \n\nThe ISAMS Primary Science Objectives: \n(1) To determine the thermal structure of the middle atmosphere and \nits fluctuations in space and time, \n(2) To investigate the photochemistry of nitrogen-containing species, \n(3) To study the water vapour budget, \n(4) To investigate the role of volcanic and polar stratospheric \naerosol in stratospheric chemistry. \n\nTypically, over 2600 temperature profiles/day were retrieved, spaced \nevery 200 km along the limb-viewing track and nominally extending from \n100-0.01 mb (15-80 km). \n\nISAMS Principal Investigator: Fred W. Taylor \nE-mail: taylor@isams.atm.ox.ac.uk \n\nReferences: \nTaylor, F. W., Scaddan, R. J. and Callard, L. Improved Stratospheric \nand Mesospheric Sounder. Optical Engineering, 810, pp. 81-90, 1988. \nTaylor, F. W., C. D. Rodgers, J. G. Whitney, S. T. Werrett, J. J. \nBarnett, G. D. Peskett, P. Venters, J. Ballard, C. W. P. Palmer, \nR. J. Knight, P. Morris, T. Nightingale, A. Dudhia, Remote Sensing of \nAtmospheric Structure and Composition by Pressure Modulator Radiometry \nfrom Space: The ISAMS Experiment on UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 98, p10, \n799-10814, 1993 \nTaylor F. W., J. Ballard, A. Dudhia, M. Goss-Custard, B. J. Kerridge, \nA. Lambert, M. Lopez-Valverde, C. D. Rodgers and J. J. Remedios, \nStratospheric and Mesospheric observations with ISAMS, Adv. in Space \nRes., 14, pp. (9)41-(9)52, 1994. \nTaylor F. W., A. Lambert, R. G. Grainger, C. D. Rodgers and J. J. \nRemedios, Properties of Northern Hemisphere Polar Stratospheric Clouds \nand Volcanic Aerosol in 1991/2 from UARS/ISAMS Satellite Measurements, \nJ. Atmos. Sci., 51, pp3019-3026, 1994.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ISAMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: ISAMS\n Long_Name: Improved Stratospheric And Mesospheric Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/isams/\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/data-guides-for-uars-platform\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1991-09-26\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-29\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab3f8fdd-fec8-4c56-b9e4-481f93cb85b9", - "label": "RAWINSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "RAWINSONDES are an upper-air sounding that includes\ndetermination of wind speeds and directions. In the past, data\nwas collected by tracking a balloon-borne radiosonde with a\nradio direction finder. Nowadays, GPS or Loran radio navigation\nsignals measure position or radiosonde velocity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad956eec-c8e9-41fe-bc21-7d4b077447b9", - "label": "HIRS/4", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov ]\n \nThe HIRS/4 is an atmospheric sounding instrument that provides multi-spectral data from one visible channel (0.69 micron), seven shortwave channels (3.7 to4.6 microns), and 12 longwave channels (6.7 to 15 microns) using a single telescope and a rotating filter wheel containing 20 individual spectral filters. The IFOV for each channel is approximately 7.0 ° that, from a spacecraft altitude of 870 km (470 nmi), encompasses a circular area of 10 km (6.2 mi) in diameter at nadir on Earth. This is an improvement in resolution over the 20-km (12.4 mi) HIRS/3 instrument that was flown on NOAA-KLM. An elliptical scan mirror provides a cross-track scan of 56 steps of 1.8° each. The mirror steps rapidly, then holds at each position while the optical radiation passing through 20 spectral filters is sampled. Each Earth scan takes 6.4 seconds and covers ±49.5° from nadir. IR calibration of the HIRS/4 is provided by views of space and the internal warm target, each viewed once per 38 Earth scans.\n\nThe instrument measures scene radiance in the IR spectrum. Data from the instrument is used, in conjunction with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instruments, to calculate the atmosphere’s vertical temperature profile from the Earth’s surface to about 40 km (24.9 mi) altitude. The data is also used to determine ocean surface temperatures, total atmospheric ozone levels, precipitable water, cloud height and coverage, and surface radiance.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRS/4\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Long_Name: High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/4\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 19\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 14.96 μm - 3.76 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 669 cm-1 - 2,660 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.690 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 14,500 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMUREG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/99871.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/j/app-j2.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: EUMETSAT\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afe060cb-ce16-4d82-88b6-14e82aaa2fda", - "label": "HIRS/3", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/3) is a discrete stepping, line-scan instrument designed to measure scene radiance in 20 spectral bands to permit the calculation of the vertical temperature profile from Earth's surface to about 40 km.\n\nMultispectral data from one visible channel (0.69 micrometers), seven shortwave channels (3.7 to 4.6 micrometers) and twelve longwave channels (6.5 to 15 micrometers) are obtained from a single telescope and a rotating filter wheel containing twenty individual filters. An elliptical scan mirror provides cross-track scanning of 56 increments of 1.8 degrees. The mirror steps rapidly (<35 msec), then holds at each position while the 20 filter segments are sampled. This action takes place each 100 msec. The instantaneous FOV for each channel is approximately 1.4 degrees in the visible and shortwave IR and 1.3 degrees in the longwave IR band which, from an altitude of 833 kilometers, encompasses an area of 20.3 kilometers and 18.9 kilometers in diameter, respectively, at nadir on the Earth.\n\nThree detectors are used to sense the radiation. A silicon photodiode at the instrument temperature (nominally 15 degrees C) detects the visible energy. An Indium Antimonide detector and a Mercury Cadmium Telluride detector (mounted on a passive radiator and operating at 100K) sense the shortwave and longwave IR energy. The shortwave and visible optical paths have a common field stop, while the longwave path has an identical but separate field stop. Registration of the fields of view in all channels is largely determined by these stops with secondary effects from detector position.\n\nIR Calibration of the HIRS/3 is provided by programmed views of two radiometric targets: a warm target mounted to the instrument base and a view of space. Data from these views provides sensitivity calibrations for each channel every 40 lines (256 seconds), if commanded. Internally generated electronic signals provide calibration and stability monitoring of the amplifier and readout electronics.\n\nData from the instrument is multiplexed into a single data stream controlled by the TIP system of the spacecraft. Information from the radiometric channels and voltage telemetry are converted to 13-bit binary data. Radiometric information is processed to produce the maximum dynamic range such that instrument and digitizing noises are a small portion of the signal output. Each channel is characterized by a noise equivalent radiance (NEΔN) and a set of calibration data that may be used to derive atmospheric temperatures and probable errors.\n\nThe HIRS/3 instrument is a single package mounted on the Instrument Mounting Platform (IMP) of the NOAA KLM spacecraft.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec32-1.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRS/3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRS/3\n Long_Name: High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 19\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.5 to 15 micrometers & 3.7 to 4.6 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.69 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec32-1.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NOAA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b03b32d3-1750-4564-b192-8fa4b303b80a", - "label": "MHS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Text and Instrument Image Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/mhs.html ]\n \nThe MHS is a new instrument for the NOAA series of satellites. It is a five-channel microwave instrument intended primarily to measure profiles of atmospheric humidity. It is also sensitive to liquid water in clouds and measures cloud liquid water content. Additionally, it provides qualitative estimates of the precipitation rate. \n\nBecause of the high variability of atmospheric water, the MHS has a higher resolution than the AMSU-A, with an approximate 16-km (1 mi) diameter circular field of view at nadir. Ninety such fields of view are measure in each cross-track scan. The instrument has approximately the same swath width as AMSU-A but scans across-track in one-third the time in order to keep the two instruments synchronized. By this means, arrays of 3 x 3 MHS samples will overlay each AMSU-A sample, facilitating synergistic use of these instruments. \n\nMHS has four humidity channels in the 157 GHz to 190 GHz range. As with AMSU-A, it also has a surface-viewing window channel at 89 GHz, partly to ensure cross-registration of the two sounding instruments.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MHS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MHS\n Long_Name: Microwave Humidity Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 89.0 GHz - 190.31 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-9.htm\n Online_Resource: http://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/mhs/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8d36404-e132-4401-a176-b61704be3bde", - "label": "MACAWS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Multi-center Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor (MACAWS) is\nan airborne, pulsed, scanning, coherent Doppler laser radar (lidar)\nthat remotely senses the distribution of wind velocity and aerosol\nbackscatter within three-dimensional volumes in the troposphere and\nlower stratosphere. MACAWS, presently configured to fly on the NASA\nDC-8 research aircraft, was developed jointly by the atmospheric lidar\nremote sensing groups of NASA Global Hydrology and Climate Center,\nNASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), NOAA Environmental\nTechnology Laboratory (ETL), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory\n(JPL). Nearly all of the MACAWS hardware components were developed for\nprevious atmospheric research programs. The re-use of these\nfield-tested components has resulted in considerable cost savings to\nthe Government. Interagency cooperation among the atmospheric lidar\nremote sensing groups also ensures that research activities are both\nscientifically synergistic and cost-effective. For example, the MACAWS\nlaser transmitter is that of the highly successful mobile ground-based\nDoppler lidar ('Windvan') developed by NOAA ETL and deployed for a\nnumber of experiments.\n\nMore Information: 'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/macaws.html'\n\n[Adapted from the NASA/MSFC/GHCC Homepage]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0399262-e7e1-48aa-996e-c69380576b27", - "label": "NAST-M", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The new M.I.T. Microwave Temperature Sounder (MTS), which is\ndesignated NAST-M when flown as the microwave component of the NPOESS\nAircraft Sounding Testbed, is a complete upgrade of the MTS instrument\nwhich has been flown by M.I.T. on NASA ER- 2 aircraft since 1988. (ref\nGasiewski) This package consists of two radiometers: the first with\neight single-sideband channels between 50 and 57 GHz and the second\nwith nine double-sideband channels within 4 GHz of the 118.75 oxygen\nline. The instrument block diagram is shown in Figure 1. Channel\npassbands are listed in table 1. Both radiometers have scalar\nfeedhorns with 7.5 0 3-dB beamwidths and a shared mirror scans pattern\nof 18 spots from -65 0 to +65 0 from nadir, two black-body calibration\nloads and a chimney-view of zenith during a nominal 6.5-second\nscan. This scan pattern provides abutting beams across track and beams\nalso overlap along track at distances greater than 10 km from the\naircraft at the ER-2's flight velocity of 210 m/s. Scan speeds can be\nadjusted to achieve other overlaps in beam coverage, but the nominal\npattern has an integration time on the order of 100 ms per spot and\nyields data at a rate of less than 2 kB per second or 7.2 MB per hour.\n\nAdditional information:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/teflun/overview/instr/mts.desc.html'\n\n[Text adapted from the NASA/ARC Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NAST-M\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: NAST-M\n Long_Name: NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=nast\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c20c443f-9351-433e-b375-cf4c6c29ab60", - "label": "HIRS/2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "HIRS/1, flown on NIMBUS-6, was an improved version of the 7\n channel ITPR (Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer) on NIMBUS-\n 5. HIRS/2, an adaptation in turn of HIRS/1, measures radiation\n in 20 channels - one visible and nineteen infrared, from short\n wavelength (4.3 micron) to long (15 micron). The instrument is\n intended to obtain vertical temperature profiles, surface\n temperature, water vapor profiles and cloud coverage. HIRS/2 is\n part of the TOVS package (see the sensor reference for TIROS OPER\n VERTICAL SOUNDER).\n\n HIRS/2 channels:\n WAVELENGTH\n CHANNELS (microns) PRIMARY USE*\n -------- ---------- -----------\n 1-5 14.95-13.97 Temperature profiles, clouds\n 6-7 13.64-13.35 Carbon dioxide and water vapor\n 8 11.11 Surface temperature, clouds\n 9 9.71 Total ozone concentration\n 10-12 8.16-6.72 Humidity profiles,\n detection of thin cirrus clouds\n 13-17 4.57-4.24 Temperature profiles\n 18-20 4.00-0.69 Clouds, surface temperatures\n under partly cloudy skies\n -----------------------------------------------------------------\n * See HIRS/1 for expanded descriptions in corresponding\n wavelengths.\n -----------------------------------------------------------------\n Entry taken from:\n Rao,P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n Cornillon, P. A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of\n Rhode Island Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n Additional information available at\n\nhttp://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left2.html&body=/en/area2/cgms/ap10-09.htm&a=284&b=2&c=280&d=200&e=0'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRS/2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Long_Name: High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 19\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4 - 15 micrometers\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2d99bbb-bdc8-4c15-ade8-10a3843ac8d7", - "label": "SABER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) is a\n10-channel infrared radiometer, is one of four instruments on NASA?s TIMED\n(Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics) Mission. Its goal is\nto explore the mesosphere and lower thermosphere globally and achieve a major\nimprovement in our understanding of the fundamental processes governing the\nenergetics, chemistry, dynamics, and transport of the atmospheric region\nextending from 60 km to 180 km.\n\nThe instrument telescope is a Cassegrain design with a picket-fence tuning fork\nchopper at the first focus, and a clamshell reimager to focus the image on the\nfocal plane. The telescope has been designed to reject stray light from the\nEarth and atmosphere outside the instrument instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV).\nThe baffle assembly contains a single axis scan mirror which permits the 2 km\nvertical IFOV of each detector to be scanned from the Earth to a 400 km tangent\nheight. Accurate vertical registration of the tangent height of the data in the\natmosphere is achieved by analysis of the 14.9 ?m CO2 channels. The telescope\nand baffle assembly are cooled to 240 K by a dedicated radiator. The focal\nplane assembly, consisting of a filter array, a detector array, and a Lyot stop\nis cooled to 75 K by a miniature cryogenic refrigerator. The detector array\ncontains discrete HgCdTe, InSb, and InGaAs detectors.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://saber.larc.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SABER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SABER\n Long_Name: Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIMED\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.27 um - 17 um\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.27 um - 17 um\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://saber.larc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://saber.larc.nasa.gov/images/saber_inst2.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-07\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3673c5c-4210-42bc-b0ca-a5cd320de100", - "label": "IRFS-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3d768e8-f6b5-4628-938d-b6c45b176a3a", - "label": "TOU", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "Total ozone ultraviolet detector is equivalent to using the sunlight ultraviolet (UV) imaging digital camera.Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted to the atmosphere of the Earth surface, some on the ultraviolet (UV) covered ozone uptake, that's exactly protects life from UV damage, partly reflecting surface and the atmosphere was to of total ozone generated UV image detector.UV image contains total ozone in the atmosphere, the content of information through scientific algorithm calculates the total content of atmospheric ozone.Oscar Niemeyer, meteorological satellite, 3 day 14 laps around the Earth, the global total ozone can be obtained.\n\nChannel \tCentral wavelength(nm) \tBandwidth(nm)\n1 \t 308.68±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n2 \t 312.59±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n3 \t 317.61±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n4 \t 322.40±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n5 \t 331.31±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n6 \t 360.11±0.25 \t1+0.3，-0\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TOU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: TOU\n Long_Name: Total Ozone Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 channels in the range 308 - 360 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_TOU.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4a0f956-d9eb-4fdb-8671-0b5fbe3037ba", - "label": "TEMPERATURE PROFILERS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "TEMPERATURE PROFILERS are remote sensing devices that receives\nelectromagnetic or acoustic waves transmitted through, emitted\nby, or reflected from the atmosphere in order to produce a\nvertical profile (a graph showing the variation of a\nmeteorological event with height) of one or more atmospheric\nquantities such as temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4ed5cfc-b7c3-4a6f-822c-35e81a39cc0e", - "label": "MAS/ATLAS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The objective of the Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)\nexperiment on Atmospheric Laboratory for Application and Science\n(ATLAS) was to study the composition and dynamic structure of the\nstratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere in the 20 to 90 km\naltitude range (middle atmosphere) with a height resolution as low as\n4 km. MAS provided simultaneous information on the temperature and\nozone distribution in the 20 to 90 km region and information on water\nvapor and chlorine monoxide (ClO). The MAS is a passive limb-sounding\ntotal power microwave radiometer-spectrometer. The equipment consists\nof a steerable parabolic antenna which focuses the radiation into the\nMAS Reciever Electronics (MRE). The MRE consists of three radiometers\noperating at frequencies 61 to 64 GHz, 183 GHz and 204 GHz. The\nsignals are converted to intermediate frequencies below 6 GHz which\nare then analyzed by five filterbanks in the Filter Electronic Box\n(FEB) which consists of 240 filters. The antenna can position in\nelevation about 4 degrees with a total scan of about 13 degrees. The\ninstrument is expected to be flown on subsequent ATLAS missions. The\nMAS on ATLAS provided critical correlative measurements with the\nMicrowave Limb Sounder (MLS) and other instruments on the Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). MAS was flown on all three\nATLAS missions.\nSee Croskey, et al,'The Milimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS): A\nShuttle-Based Remote Sensing Experiment',IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory\nand Techniques, Vol. 40, No. 6, June 1992, pp. 1090-1100.\nFor more information on MAS and online MAS images see:\n'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/MAS/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c79ff20c-08c1-41f5-8f68-13c1b6d34ba8", - "label": "RADIOSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "RADIOSONDES are expendable meteorological instrument packages,\noften aboard a free flight balloon, that measures, from the\nsurface to the stratosphere, the vertical profiles of\natmospheric variables and transmits the data via radio to a\nground receiving station.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca27055f-12d7-4445-a3b8-bbd2925af14d", - "label": "MWHS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "183.31GHz in the microwave frequency bands, water vapor in \nthe atmosphere has the strongest absorption lines, implemetation chose \n183.31GHz as the primary detection frequency, being in the vicinity of \nthe three channel is set.These atmospheric water vapor different level \nof microwave radiation showed different responses, you can use \natmosphere 300hPa 850hPa, 500 HPA and steamed different heights.At the \nsame time, the 150GHz mechanism are still in the areas of atmospheric \nwindow bipolar detection channels, the background of the Earth's surface \nfor detection of microwave radiation.Comprehensive application of the \nfive channel mechanism for detecting inversion results you can get the \nvertical distribution of atmospheric humidity.\nsource: China Meteorological Administration(CMA), National Satellite and \nMeteorological Center(NSMC)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MWHS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MWHS\n Long_Name: MicroWave Humidity Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Microwave: 19.35 - 89.0 GHz (8 channels)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MWHS.aspx\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce651ad4-5446-4d14-8d15-e09eea62d8fc", - "label": "DC8 DROPSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "DC8 DROPSONDES: DC-8 are aircrafts that study the atmosphere and\nonboard are many instruments such as dropsondes like AVAPS and\nother meteorological equipment; the system uses dropwinsonde and\nGlobal Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure the\natmospheric state parameters (temp, humidity,\nwindspeed/direction pressure) and location in 3 dimensional\nspace during the sonde's descent once each half\nsecond. Measurements are transmitted to the aircraft from the\ntime of release until impact with the ocean's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d68c91e3-4c9e-4ef9-b02d-a9b0f4f7e59a", - "label": "ISS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Integrated Sounding System (ISS) was developed jointly by\nthe Surface and Sounding Systems Facility of the National Center\nfor Atmospheric Research Atmospheric Technology Division and the\nAeronomy Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration. The ISS combines various measurement systems,\nboth in situ and remote, to take advantage of the positive\nattributes of each. The ISS further integrates the data from the\nvarious measurement systems for archival and display.\n\nThe ISS consists of four separate subsystems:\n\n Balloon borne radiosonde navaid (GPS, Loran) sounding system;\n Enhanced surface observing station;\n 915 MHz Doppler clear-air wind profiling radar;\n Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/rtf/facilities/iss/iss.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d91baf20-cfc4-425f-aa8d-3824671ca006", - "label": "SSH-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1988-006A-05 ]\n\nThe objective of this experiment was to obtain vertical temperature and water vapor profiles of the atmosphere at altitudes from 0 to 30 km. The infrared temperature and moisture sounder, SSH-2, was a 16-channel sensor with one channel (3.7 micrometers) in the 3.7 micrometer window, one channel (11.1 micrometers) in the 12-micrometer window, six channels (13.4, 13.7, 14.1, 14.4, 14.8, 15.0 micrometers) in the 15-micrometer CO2 absorption band, and eight channels (12.5, 18.7, 20.1, 22.7, 23.9, 24.5, 25.2, 28.3 micrometers) in the 22- to 30-micrometer rotational water vapor absorption band. The experiment consisted of an optical system, detector and associated electronics, and a scanning mirror. The scanning mirror was stepped across the satellite groundtrack, allowing the sounder to view 25 separate columns of the atmosphere every 32 s over a cross track ground swath of 2204 km. While the scanning mirror was stopped at each of the 25 positions, the channel filters were sequenced through the field of view. The cross track surface resolution was approximately 60 km at nadir. The radiance data were transformed into temperature and water vapor profiles by a mathematical inversion technique. The rms error of the temperature is 2.5 to 3 deg K.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSH-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSH-2\n Long_Name: Infrared Temperature and Moisture Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.4 μm, 13.7 μm, 14.1 μm, 14.4 μm, 14.8 μm, 15.0 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 12.5 μm, 18.7 μm, 20.1 μm, 22.7 μm, 23.9 μm, 24.5 μm, 25.2 μm, 28.3 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1988-006A-05\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e14163b0-c667-41ea-96a4-e9ce6fcfe041", - "label": "MSU", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The MSU is the descendant of the Scanning Microwave\nSpectrometer (SCAMS) flown on Nimbus-6, which in turn evolved\nfrom the Nimbus-5 Microwave Spectrometer (NEMS). NEMS was the\nfirst microwave temperature sounder flown in space. The MSU is a\nfour channel Dicke radiometer making passive measurements in\nregions of the 5.5-mm oxygen region (50.3 GHz, 53.74 GHz, 54.96\nGHz, and 57.05 GHz). The dynamic range of the MSU is 0 K to 350\nK, with a noise equivalent temperature of 0.3 K. The ground\nresolution at nadir is 109 km; the swath width is 2347.2 km.\n The MSU, flown on the Advanced TIROS-N (ATN), was used in\nconjunction with the SSU and HIRS/2 as part of the TOVS package\n(see the sensor reference for TIROS OPER VERTICAL SOUNDER).\n_________________________________________________________________\nEntry taken from:\nRao,P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\nColwell,R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second\n Edition, Volume I, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\nCornillon, A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of\n Rhode Island Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MSU\n Long_Name: Microwave Sounding Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 50.3, 53.74, 54.96, and 57.95 GHz,\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/sensor_documents/msu_instrument.html\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/services/opendap/msu.shtml\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory \n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e257079e-3775-4f95-b42d-b2e4ffab00e8", - "label": "HSB", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "HSB is a 4-channel microwave sounder designed to obtain atmospheric humidity profiles under cloudy conditions and to detect heavy precipitation under clouds. The four HSB channels have a 1.1? beam width, resulting in a nominal horizontal spatial resolution of 13.5 km.\n\nThree of the HSB channels make measurements on the wings of the strongly opaque water vapor resonance line at 183.3 GHz; the fourth makes measurements at 150 GHz. Successive channels have decreasing opacity and consequently their data correspond to humidities at decreasing altitudes. The four HSB channels improve the humidity profiles from AIRS/AMSU-A in the presence of liquid water.\n\nKey HSB Facts\nHeritage: AMSU-B\nAperture: 18.8 cm\nSwath Width: 1650 km\nCoverage: Global every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 13.5 km at nadir\nDimensions: 70 cm x 65 cm x 46 cm\nMass: 51 kg\nPower: 56 W\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nFOV: ± 49.5° cross-track from nadir\nInstrument IFOV: 1.1° (13.5 km at nadir)\nScan Period: 2.667 s\nScan Sampling: 90 x 1.1°, in 1.71 s\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HSB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HSB\n Long_Name: Humidity Sounder for Brazil\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 4 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 150 - 190 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aqua.nasa.gov/content/hsb\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/documentation/hsb_instrument_guide.shtml\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.2 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-08-31\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2003-02-05\n Instrument_Owner: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE, the Brazilian Institute for Space Research)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e291609f-474d-4cb5-b02c-f8054605d56f", - "label": "IRAS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "Infrared spectrometer is atmospheric sounding instrument, mainly by detecting the Earth's surface and atmosphere up IR-band emission of radiation, inversion get from surface to about 40 km to the different level of distribution of atmospheric temperature and humidity.Infrared spectrometer a total of 26 spectral channels for numerical weather prediction models provide initial field information, especially in the mountains, oceans, to the scarcity of desert areas such as meteorological station, an irreplaceable role to play.Using infrared spectrometer inversion resulting atmospheric temperature and humidity of the vertical distribution of information also reflects the local atmosphere of stability and helps the Meteorological Department and small scale weather systems forecast analysis.Infrared spectrometer data and microwave thermometer, implemetation data not only in conjunction with the temperature and humidity can improve accuracy, you can cloud, rain, three-dimensional weather process internal temperature and water vapor distribution structure, such as typhoons, storm for severe weather monitoring and prediction of the process of providing a strong support. \n\nsource: China Meteorological Administration(CMA), National Satellite and Meteorological Center(NSMC)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Long_Name: InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: VIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: NIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: SWIR (~1.3 µm - ~3.0 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: MWIR (~3.0 µm - ~6.0 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: TIR (~6.0 µm - ~15.0 µm)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_IRAS.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e809e82b-acfd-4371-80d7-7637a47e08ce", - "label": "SLS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Submillimeter Limb Sounder (SLS), whose extremely high\nabundance sensitivity and high spectral resolution allows the\ndetection of trace gases while simultaneously measuring wind\nvelocities for key constituents above the clouds.\n\n[Source: American Astronomical Society]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e90b119b-ed2d-42ea-b526-c3a8d74b569a", - "label": "S-HIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "S-HIS is an airborne instrument that measures emitted thermal radiation at high spectral resolution between 3.3 and 18 microns. S-HIS produces sounding data (vertical profiles of temperature and other parameters) with 2 kilometer resolution (at nadir) across a 40 kilometer ground swath from a nominal altitude of 20 kilometers when aboard a NASA ER-2 aircraft or 20 kilometer ground swath from a nominal altitude of 10 kilometers when aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft. The radiance measurements are used to obtain temperature and water vapor profiles of the Earth's atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee79f1d4-3a73-408f-beea-945b869b3abf", - "label": "HIRS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) is an\natmospheric sounding instrument that has provided important\ninformation on atmospheric temperatures in cloud-free conditions since\n1978. The latest version, HIRS/3, will be flown on NOAA-K, -L, -M in\nthe years from 1998. A similar instrument, HIRS/4, will be flown on\nEUMETSAT's Metop-1, -2, -3 from 2005. They will provide high\nresolution temperature soundings of the global atmosphere in\ncloud-free conditions of great importance to meteorology and\nclimatology. The instruments will be provided by NOAA, assuring data\nhomogeneity from the two series of operational polar spacecraft. The\n20-channel HIRS/3 instrument has an effective ground Field of View\n(FOV) of about 20 km, while in HIRS/4 the effective FOV will be\nreduced to about 10 km in order to improve the ability of the\ninstrument to view cloud-free scenes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n\n'http://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left2.html&body=/en/area2/\ncgms/ap10-09.htm&a=284&b=2&c=280&d=200&e=0'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef12b762-306e-480b-ba32-3e41a37aff59", - "label": "WIND PROFILERS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "WIND PROFILERS are radars that are used to measure vertical\nprofiles of the wind; also called wind profiler radar.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eff0bf28-0b98-4ad8-9d00-e83aa9a6245e", - "label": "SSM/T", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-02 ]\n\nThe microwave temperature sounder, SSM/T, is a seven-channel scanning radiometer which measures radiation in the 5- to 6-mm wavelength (50- to 60-GHz) region (specifically 50.5, 53.2, 54.35, 54.9, 58.4, 58.825, and 59.4 GHz) to provide data on vertical temperatures from the earth's surface to above 30 km. The SSM/T operates in the absorption band of molecular oxygen. By choosing frequencies with different absorption coefficients on the wing of the oxygen absorption band, a series of weighting functions peaking at preselected altitudes is obtained. The radiometer scans across the nadir track on seven scan positions and two calibration positions (cold sky and 300 deg K). The dwell time for the crosstrack and calibration positions is 2.7 s each. The total scan period is 32 s. The instrument has an instantaneous field of view of 12 deg and scans plus or minus 36 deg from nadir.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM/T\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 50.5, 53.2, 54.35, 54.9, 58.4, 58.825, and 59.4 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/sensors/ssmt.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0a78244-9158-4b58-aac2-0859ff2a7441", - "label": "TETHERSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "TETHERSONDES are radiosondes attached to a fixed or tethered\nballoon that is usually larger than the balloons used for\nupper-air soundings; the tether limits the sounding to the\nboundary layer and the radiosonde moves up and down the tether\nto get multiple, high resolution profiles of the boundary layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f719a2fe-11eb-4d78-80de-2b2493c29a43", - "label": "SSULI", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2003-048A-09 ]\n\nThe Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI) measures vertical profiles of the natural airglow radiation from atoms, molecules and ions in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere by viewing the Earth's limb at a tangent altitude of approximately 50 km to 750 km. Measurements are made from the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to the far ultraviolet (FUV) over the wavelength range of 80 nm to 170 nm, with 1.8 nm resolution. The SSULI instrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for the Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) . A SSULI prototype, the Low Resolution Airglow and Auroral Spectrograph (LORAAS), was launched onboard the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) on February 23, 1999. More information can be found on the NRL SSULI site at\n\nhttp://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/ssuli/ \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSULI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSULI\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 80 nm to 170 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2003-048A-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/ssuli/\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cf5a975-8c60-45e6-b6bf-8f9a83ea07c5", - "label": "SHIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The Scanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS) is a cross-track scanning interferometer sounder which measures emitted thermal radiation at high spectral resolution between 3.3 and 18 microns. The measured spectrally resolved radiance is used for a variety of applications, including retrieval of temperature and water vapor profiles of the Earth's atmosphere, determination of surface emissivity and temperature, and validation of radiative transfer models and satellite measurements. The S-HIS produces sounding data with 2 kilometer spatial resolution (at nadir) across a 40 kilometer ground swath from an altitude of 20 kilometers (0.100 mrad FOV). The S-HIS instrument flies on a number of airborne platforms including the NASA ER-2, DC-8, Proteus, WB-57, and Global Hawk. On the Proteus and WB-57 aircraft, a zenith view is available, providing a means for calibration verification and studies of upper level water vapor.\n\nThe S-HIS is an advanced version of the HIS NASA ER-2 instrument. The S-HIS was initially designed to fly on an unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV) with limited payload capacity. This drove it to be small, lightweight, and modular, with low power consumption. It was developed between 1996 and 1998 at the University of Wisconsin (UW) Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) with the combined support of the US DOE, NASA, and the NPOESS Integrated Program Office. Its design and calibration techniques have matured from experience with the HIS and with the ground based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) instruments developed for the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. The nadir-only spatial sampling of the original HIS has been replaced by programmable cross-track coverage with similar sized footprints. The S-HIS is also smaller, more robust, and easier to operate. Since 1998, the S-HIS has flown in several field campaigns and has proven to be extremely dependable and effective.\n\nThe S-HIS instrument is maintained and operated by the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, WI. The principal scientific investigator for the S-HIS is Dr. Joe K Taylor", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cac095ca-d881-492d-83f7-b5fd393af848", - "label": "WindCube", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "WindCube is the most flexible and accurate wind measurement technology available, for both onshore and offshore projects. It is well-suited for all turbine types and supports continuous measurement campaigns throughout all project phases. A highly refined, mature technology, WindCube provides unrivalled wind measurement capabilities and services for simplifying operations and maximizing operational continuity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a5db0f9-054b-41c8-a49e-75b704d28669", - "label": "MWHS-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", - "definition": "The MicroWave Humidity Sounder 2 (MWHS-2) is an important instrument onboard FengYun-3C (FY-3C), the first operational satellite in a series of the second generation of polar-orbiting operational meteorological satellites of China.\n\nMWHS-2 was designed for observing the distribution of global atmospheric thermodynamics information, and monitoring the severe convective systems such as typhoon and rainstorm in all-weather conditions. Assimilation of MWHS-2 will improve the analysis of atmospheric humidity and temperature fields required for numerical weather prediction (NWP).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "label": "Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0c439fcf-b55c-430e-baee-ae047032df46", - "label": "FAI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "FAI was developed by a team of experts in partnership from the University of Calgary, Routes AstroEngineering, Burley Scientific, Keo Consultants Inc, and JENOPTIK Optical Systems, Inc. (Leroy Cogger). FAI images the auroral emission in the near infrared (NIR) and visible (VIS) spectral range. The major scientific objectives of the mission are associated with the Earth's high latitude atmosphere and ionosphere. The first thrust is to investigate the outflow of plasma from the polar regions and the related processes of micro-scale ion acceleration and wave-particle interaction, and auroral excitation. The second thrust is the study of 3D ionospheric irregularities using both active and passive radio techniques. The third emphasis is on the escape of neutral particles from high latitudes caused by temperature enhancements as well as by non-thermal processes. 39) 40)\n\nWhile the spatial resolution capability for most auroral imagers over the past two decades has been of the order of tens of km, the need in the ePOP mission was for an order of magnitude improvement. Likewise, a similar improvement in repetition rate was required. The challenge was met by carefully selecting the spectral elements to image and by taking advantage of the best available technology within the constraint of a very limited budget.\n\nThe instrument is a coaligned dual-head CCD imaging camera with detectors for NIR and narrow-band VIS (630 nm), intended to operate only over the polar regions of the orbit. The sensitivity of the cameras was maximized through the choice of a CCD detector and optics module. A thinned, backside-illuminated, high quantum efficiency and low noise CCD was selected, the E2V CCD67 in a 256 x 256 pixel array. The quantum efficiency is 0.8 at 630 nm. With two-stage thermoelectric cooling (TEC) of the AIMO (Asymmetric Inverted Mode Operation) device, the dark current can be kept insignificant for normal instrument operating temperatures. An f/4 telecentric lens system is being used in the optics unit with a 5:1 fiber-optic taper to provide an effective f-number of 0.8. Typically, FAI takes imagery at a rate of about 60 0.1 second exposures per minute with the NIR camera, and 1/2 second exposure per minute with the VIS camera.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c03710e-1898-49ec-84bb-c064e7a358d0", - "label": "CER", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "the CER (Coherent Electromagnetic Radiation) objective is to determine ionospheric total electron density (TEC) by using a three-frequency beacon; cooperative ionospheric observations with fixed ground receivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1df05f75-d41f-4acd-bd8b-e6262d9c3f49", - "label": "Gun Detector", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c3c1bb15-f06f-4e94-9351-01c402bd73ca", - "label": "MMS EDI", - "broader": "1df05f75-d41f-4acd-bd8b-e6262d9c3f49", - "definition": "The Electron Drift Instrument\nmeasures both the electric and\nmagnetic fields by tracking the path of\nelectron beams through space. EDI\nsends a beam of electrons out into\nspace using each of its two Gun\nDetector Units. In the presence of\nmagnetic fields, electrons travel in\norbits that are nearly circles, so over\nthe course of about half a mile, the\nelectron beam curves around on\nitself until it comes back in to the\nsecond Gun Detector Unit. By\nmeasuring how long it takes the\nelectrons to circle back, one can\ncalculate the strength of the magnetic\nfields through which the beam traveled.\nWhen electric fields are present as\nwell, the electron beam will not make a\nperfect circle, but will drift in a\npredictable way as it returns. By\nmeasuring the size of that sideways\ndrift, one can calculate the strength of\nthe electric fields.\nThis technique of correctly capturing\nthe electron beam was successfully\ndemonstrated by the joint European\nSpace Agency/NASA Cluster mission.\nOn MMS, the EDI will take faster\nmeasurements than on Cluster. Its\nstrength, however, is not in its speed\nbut in its precision. Knowing the\ndisplacement of the particles in space\ndue to an electron field is crucial for\naccurate measurements by other\ninstruments aboard MMS.\nIf needed, EDI can also be used solely\nas a detector, measuring all incoming\nelectrons from space as opposed to\njust tracking its own specialized\nelectron beam. In this case, EDI can\nmake observations at rates of up to\n1,000 times a second.\nThe EDI electron gun was developed\nat the Space Research Institute. EDI\noptics were developed at the University of Iowa.\nThe sensitive detector, the controlling\nelectronics, and the overall integration\nand operation of the EDI instrument is\nthe responsibility of the University of\nNew Hampshire in Durham.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "42265517-3396-4f51-8016-89b9dd143a2a", - "label": "NUCLEAR PRECESSION MAGNETOMETER", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "A NUCLEAR PRECESSION MAGNETOMETER is a measuring meter\ninstrument that measures the Earth?s magnetic field intensity\nwith nuclear powered technology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e95a04f-e746-4b55-b0f0-76631bb197fe", - "label": "EFI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "EFI, also referred to as CEFI (Canadian Electric Field Instrument), is provided by Canada (CSA funding, design by the University of Calgary, with ComDev Ltd. of Cambridge, Ontario as instrument manufacturer). The CEFI sensor is based on SII (Suprathermal Ion Imager)-a Canadian particle detector design that has already proven its capability - to gather precise measurements of ion winds. The goal of the CEFI instrument is to characterize the electric field about the Earth by measuring the plasma density, drift, and acceleration at high resolution; also for plasma density mapping in conjunction with GPS.. CEFI derives its heritage from the CPA (Cold Plasma Analyzer) instrument on Freja, the Nozomi TPA instrument and the CUSP, JOULE and GEODESIC sounding rocket missions.\n\nThe plasma ion measurements are derived from energy-angle distributions that are generated by two orthogonal 2D electrostatic analyzers on each satellite. The ion bulk flow velocity and temperature are related to the distribution moments by transfer functions whose form are determined from simulations of the analyzers. The electric field is determined from measurements of the ion velocity and the magnetic field.\n\nThe main sources of error come from uncertainties in the instrument transfer functions, the sensor-to-plasma potential difference, particle Poission noise, galactic cosmic ray event, and detector gain variations.\n\nThe CEFI instrument is comprised of three main parts: the SII (Suprathermal Ion ImagerI) sensors, the LP (Langmuir Probe) sensors, and the Electronics Assembly. The electronics assembly contains all of the electronics necessary to support power supply, sensor data acquisition, instrument control and communications with the spacecraft bus. The electronics assembly and SII sensors will be positioned on the ram face of each Swarm spacecraft along with the Langmuir probes positioned preferably on the ram and nadir faces of each spacecraft and connected to the electronics assembly with wire harnesses.\n\nThe SII sensors are of CPA heritage; they are using a unique particle focusing scheme developed at the University of Calgary. Ions enter a narrow aperture slit and are then deflected by a pair of hemispherical grids that create a region having electric fields directed radially inward. Incoming low-energy positive ions are accelerated toward the center of the spherical system, whereas ions with larger kinetic energies travel farther toward the edge of the detector, creating an energy spectrum as a function of detector radius.\n\nParticles arriving from out of the plane of Figure 37 land at different azimuths on the image plane. The resulting image from each SII sensor is a 2D cut through the ion distribution function, from which one can calculate ion density, drift velocity (2D), temperature, and higher-order moments. The two SII sensor head assemblies are oriented such that the aperture slits are oriented perpendicularly to each other, enabling 3D characterization of the ion distribution.\n\nRange of operational conditions:\n\n• Natural variability\n\n- Ion densities (108-10 m-3)\n\n- Ion and electron temperatures (0.1-0.5eV)\n\n- Ionospheric plasma flow (~200 m/s)\n\n• Active biasing of face plate\n\n• Passive biasing of material components associated with different work functions and contact potentials.\n\nWhen the charged particles strike the MCP Microchannel Plate) detector, the signal is amplified through secondary emission processes. The voltage applied across the MCP controls the gain of the device. In parts of the orbit where ion flux is high, the voltage applied to the front surface is reduced to limit the gain of the device and preserve its life. This gain adjustment is part of an automatic gain control realized through the use of a feedback loop using the CEFI instrument faceplate current as a control input. Where sufficient gain control cannot be achieved via the MCP voltage alone, an electrostatic shutter will gate the incoming ions with duty cycles ranging from 100% to well below 1%.\n\nA Langmuir Probe assembly is part of the CEFI device to provide measurement of electron density, electron temperature and spacecraft potential. The LP design is based on hardware flown on the Cluster and Rosetta missions of ESA and was developed by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics. The overall height of the LP sensor is 10 mm.\n\nThe instrument electronics assembly includes the following electrical subsystems:\n\n• Instrument controller\n\n• Detector readout electronics\n\n• HVPS (High Voltage Power Supply)\n\n• LVPS (Low Voltage Power Supply). The primary function of the LVPS is to generate low voltages for other electronics within the Swarm CEFI instrument.\n\n• Langmuir probe assemblies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70fbd942-21f6-4ab5-98e6-f4897024ea6f", - "label": "OVM", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "An Overhauser magnetometer uses RF power to excite the electrons of a special chemical dissolved in the hydrogen-rich liquid. The electrons pass on their excited state to the hydrogen nuclei, altering their spin state populations, and polarizing the liquid, just like in a standard proton magnetometer but with much less power and to greater extent.\n\nActually, the total magnetization vector of the hydrogen liquid is larger in an Overhauser magnetometer, which allows sensitivity to be improved as well. Also, since the liquid can be polarized while the signal is being measured, Overhauser magnetometers have a much higher speed of cycling and sensitivity than standard proton precession magnetometers.\n\nOverhauser magnetometers are without question the most energy efficient magnetometers available with sensitivities suitable for Earth field measurement. Power consumption can be optimized to be as low as 1W for continuous operation, yielding sensitivities between 0.1nT to 0.01nT, and sampling rates as high as 5Hz. Also, no warm up time is required, so for slow reading rates, the sensor can be shut down to save power. Continuous Overhauser magnetometers, like the GSM-19 or GSM-11, operate with continuous polarization, and offer sampling rates up to 10Hz, but require more power (few watts) to operate.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.gemsys.ca/index.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OVM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: OVM\n Long_Name: Overhauser Scalar Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gemsys.ca/index.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", - "label": "Spectrometers", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9c9a60bf-0ac1-4e54-92bd-b6a5284649da", - "label": "MMS EIS", - "broader": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", - "definition": "The Energetic Ion Spectrometer\nalso gathers all-sky measurements of\nthe energetic ions, gathering\ninformation about their energy, their\narrival direction and their mass. EIS\ncan determine the mass of these\nparticles by measuring their velocity\nand total energy. The mass information\nhelps determine how many protons,\nhelium and oxygen ions are present at\nenergies above those reachable by\nHPCE.\n\nTo measure the energy, EIS uses a\nsolid state detector like the one on\nFEEPS. Velocity is measured using\ntwo very thin foils and a microchannel\nplate sensor. When an ion travels\nthrough the first foil it knocks a few\nelectrons off. These electrons are\ndeflected toward the microchannel\nplate, which can amplify the signal,\nsending 1 million electrons out the\nother side -- just like the detectors\nused in the plasma suite. The ion\ncontinues traveling to the second foil,\nwhere a similar process occurs. By\ndetermining the time of flight between\nelectron detection at the first and\nsecond foils, the instrument can\ndetermine the velocity of the original\nincoming particle.\n\nCombining the comprehensive ion\nmeasurements of EIS with the simpler\nion measurements on FEEPS allows\nresearchers to determine the ion\nproperties at a faster rate of 1/3 of a\nspacecraft spin, a cadence that will\nsometimes be needed in the vicinity of\nfast changing reconnection sites.\nEIS development was led by the Johns\nHopkins University Applied, Md.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bcc90341-d46c-4714-b987-620a26904c94", - "label": "MMS FPI", - "broader": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", - "definition": "The Fast Plasma Investigation\nobserves the fast-moving plasma.\nIncoming particles pass through a filter\nwhich cherry picks certain particle\nspeeds and directions and allows them\nto pass through to a sensor plate.\nWhen an incoming particle hits the\nsensor plate, some million electrons\ncome out the other side, so the\ninstrument can detect the event. The\nwhole process takes several\nnanoseconds. By separately\nmeasuring electrons and ions, and by\nfiltering for specific energies, FPI can\ncount the number of particles of each\nkind entering the instrument from a\nrange of directions at different energies\nduring any given time span.\n\nPast plasma detectors have relied on\nthe spin of the spacecraft to gain a full\nview of its environment, but with only a\njourney of a fraction of a second\nthrough any given magnetic\nreconnection site, FPI must be much\nfaster. Four sensors are used to detect\nthe negatively charged electrons and\nanother four for the positively charged\nions. Each sensor is made of two\nspectrometers whose field of view is\nseparated by 45 degrees, each of\nwhich can scan through a 45-degree\narc for a larger panorama. All together\nthe sensors can observe the entire sky.\nThe box for each dual sensor and its\ncomponents is as big as a small\ntoaster oven, weighing in at about 15\npounds.\n\nIn combination, FPI – consisting of the\nfour dual electron spectrometers, the\nfour dual ion spectrometers, and one\ndata processing unit -- will produce a\nthree-dimensional picture of the ion\nplasma every 150 milliseconds and of\nthe electron plasma every 30\nmilliseconds. These frame rates are\nsimilar to those used in video and a\nfactor of 100 times faster than what\nhas been accomplished before for\nelectrons.\n\nThe dual electron spectrometers and\nthe processing unit, or IDPU, were built\nat NASA Goddard. The dual ion\nspectrometers were built by Meisei\nElectric in Gunma, Japan, under the\ndirection of the Institute of Space and Aeronautical\nSciences, a part of the Japanese\nAerospace Exploration Agency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0134cc6-79d0-492d-9e9a-6320e04ed972", - "label": "NMS", - "broader": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", - "definition": "NMS (Neutral Mass and Velocity Spectrometer) measures the density and velocity of neutral atmospheric species using an open-source electron impact ionization chamber and a microchannel plate (MCP) imaging detection subassembly. It employs a planar entrance aperture with a plasma filter to repel low energy charged particles.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "99f75fc4-61dd-4d4e-8390-e64e0fef01ca", - "label": "MTQ", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "[Source: NASA/Utexas, http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sat.html ]\n \nThe Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) consists of sensors, actuators and software. The sensors include the DSS Coarse Earth Sun Sensor (CESS) for omni-directional, coarse attitude measurement in the initial acquisition, survival and stand-by modes of the satellite. The high precision sensors include the SCA and GPS receiver. An Inertial Reference Unit (IRU), used in survival modes, provides 3-axis rate information. A Förster Magnetometer is mounted on the deployable boom, to provide additional rate information. The actuators for the AOCS include Cold Gas Assembly and a Magnetorquer. The GN2 reaction control system includes two pressure vessels, valves, regulators and filters, along with 12 attitude control thrusters and two orbit control thrusters. Three magnetorquers with linear dipole moments of 30 Am2 complete the set of AOCS actuators. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MTQ\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MTQ\n Long_Name: Magnetic Torque Rod\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sat.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", - "label": "Probes", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0ec93d14-49bb-42be-9042-063384a221c4", - "label": "MMS ADP", - "broader": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", - "definition": "MMS carries two sets of doubleprobe\ninstruments. Each measures the\nvoltage between two electrodes to\ndetermine the electric field. As the field\nchanges are quite small, the electrodes\nmust be set as widely apart as possible\nto provide a robust signal. Thus the\ndouble probes sensors reside at the\nends of very long booms that deploy\naway from the main body of each\nobservatory after they are launched.\n\nThe Spin-plane Double Probe, or SDP,\nconsists of four 200-foot wire booms\nwith spherical sensors at the end.\nThese booms stick out of the sides of\nthe observatories. The Axial Double\nProbe, or ADP, is aligned through the\ncenter of each observatory, along its\nspin axis. It is made of two 30-foot\nantennas. The ADP is controlled via a\nseparate electronics box, called the\nAxial Electronic Box or AEB.\n\nGathering accurate measurements\nwhile each spacecraft spins around is\nno small feat and the accuracy of the\nprobes is continually checked and\ncalibrated against measurements made by EDI.\nThe SDP is the product of a\ncollaboration between the University of\nNew Hampshire, the Royal Institute of\nTechnology in Sweden, and the\nUniversity of Colorado in Boulder. The\nADP was provided by the University of\nColorado.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78af5114-336b-4e5b-98bc-59db351bdcef", - "label": "MMS SDP", - "broader": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", - "definition": "MMS carries two sets of doubleprobe\ninstruments. Each measures the\nvoltage between two electrodes to\ndetermine the electric field. As the field\nchanges are quite small, the electrodes\nmust be set as widely apart as possible\nto provide a robust signal. Thus the\ndouble probes sensors reside at the\nends of very long booms that deploy\naway from the main body of each\nobservatory after they are launched.\n\nThe Spin-plane Double Probe, or SDP,\nconsists of four 200-foot wire booms\nwith spherical sensors at the end.\nThese booms stick out of the sides of\nthe observatories. The Axial Double\nProbe, or ADP, is aligned through the\ncenter of each observatory, along its\nspin axis. It is made of two 30-foot\nantennas. The ADP is controlled via a\nseparate electronics box, called the\nAxial Electronic Box or AEB.\n\nGathering accurate measurements\nwhile each spacecraft spins around is\nno small feat and the accuracy of the\nprobes is continually checked and\ncalibrated against measurements\nmade by EDI.\n\nThe SDP is the product of a\ncollaboration between the University of New Hampshire, the\nRoyal Institute of Technology in\nSweden, and the University of\nColorado in Boulder. The ADP was\nprovided by the University of Colorado.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fcdd7f4-a96b-4c42-a60e-225419d86443", - "label": "Zhangheng LAP", - "broader": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", - "definition": "The Langmuir Probe, realized by the Center for Space Science and Applied Research of the Chinese Academy of Science, allows to:\n\n- monitor the global parameters of the ionosphere in situ\n\n- study the coupling between lithosphere and ionosphere before, during and after earthquakes.\n\nThe LP consists of a pair of spherical Langmuir Probes with diameters of 5 cm and 1 cm, respectively, installed at the tip of booms 50 cm long. The LP has been tested in an Electronics test facility for an electronics calibration and in the INAF-IAPS Plasma Chamber.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1a1df43-48b0-4fa5-b6dc-dd3646803161", - "label": "PROTON MAGNETOMETER", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "A PROTON MAGNETOMETER is a measuring meter instrument that\nmeasures the Earth?s magnetic field intensity, but this uses\nprotons (positively charged particles) to help measure properly.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", - "label": "Particle Detectors", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04fd88ee-5d49-487a-b6d9-f2fc43050543", - "label": "MMS FEEPS", - "broader": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", - "definition": "The primary job of FEEPS is to obtain nearly instantaneous all-sky measurements of how many electrons of different energies and different arrival directions are present. The instrument relies on solid state detectors made of silicon, a semiconductor much like those used in computer electronic systems. Whenever a charged particle hits the detector, it initiates a current that can be used to measure the energy of the original particle. There are two FEEPS instruments per spacecraft, and together they provide 18 views in different directions simultaneously, giving rise to the 'fly's eye' in the instrument's name. FEEPS has two sets of sensors, one for electrons and one for ions. The solid state detectors within each of the electron 'eyes' are covered by a 2-micrometer aluminum foil, which keeps out the ions. The detectors for the ion views, on the other hand, have no aluminum foil and are exceedingly thin so that electrons generally pass through without leaving a detectable signal.\n\nFEEPS development was led by The Aerospace Corporation of El Segundo, Calif.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ffba6ea-5767-4aac-ac90-d1845ca6e595", - "label": "Zhangheng HEP", - "broader": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", - "definition": "The HEP instrument package is being developed at the IHEP/CAS (Institute of High Energy Physics /Chinese Academy of Sciences) of Beijing. The package consists of a high-energy (HEPP-H), a low-energy detector (HEPP-L) and a solar X-ray detector (HEPP-X).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfc5cf67-75e6-4cc4-9abe-ca2eda777ddc", - "label": "MAGVAR", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "The Magnetic Variometer (MAGVAR) is an instrument that measures\nthe angle between the magnetic and geographic (true) north at a\nlocation, expressed in degrees east or west from the direction\nof true north.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9fca203-ace2-4d3e-8e5c-2c556ba3cf4b", - "label": "Composition Analyzer", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ffddbe98-056e-46d8-9fc1-27f6807ce0a7", - "label": "MMS HPCA", - "broader": "d9fca203-ace2-4d3e-8e5c-2c556ba3cf4b", - "definition": "The Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer (HPCA) is more concerned with detecting exactly which kinds of ions are present. It gathers more detailed measurements but at a slower rate.\n\nWhen an ion, hits the carbon foil at the front of the sensor, it knocks off an electron. The HPCA uses this electron to start a timer to measure the time it takes the original particle to hit a stop detector. This time can be used to determine the particle's speed, and this speed is used to determine the mass of the original particle. The mass, in turn, is used to determine what particle it was.\n\nThe material in Earth's magnetosphere is dominated by a different set of atoms than the material streaming in from the sun with the solar wind: protons, singly-charged helium and oxygen in the magnetospheric plasma; protons and doubly-charged helium in the solar wind. Consequently, using the HPCA to observe what ions are present during any given event helps scientists determine which kind of plasma was involved, and assess the effects of particles of different charge and mass. \n\nUnlike FPI, the HPCA needs only one sensor. The instrument relies on the spin of the spacecraft to view a sweep of the sky, gathering a set of observations every 10 seconds, the equivalent of half of the spacecraft's spin.\n\nThe HPCA also has a unique capability never before flown. There are usually so many solar wind protons compared to, for example, magnetospheric oxygen that mass spectrometers flown in the past were overwhelmed -- and the oxygen signal was masked. HPCA uses radio frequency oscillations to sweep the majority of solar wind protons away from the detector, without affecting the magnetospheric oxygen, resulting in a 10- to 100-fold improvement in detection.\n\nThe HPCA was developed and built by the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "label": "MAGNETOMETERS", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "MAGNETOMETERS measure the Earth's magnetic field intensity. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MAGNETOMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetometer\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03d748ff-7398-4ea8-87e7-38d0ef3e6167", - "label": "VFM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "VFM is the prime instrument of the Swarm mission developed at DTU Space. The objective is to measure the magnetic field vector, on the boom, together with the star tracker for precise attitude measurement. The boom mounted Swarm vector magnetometer instrument consist of a triple star sensor block and a CSC (Compact Spherical Coil) vector magnetometer sensor, mounted on a stable optical bench (Figure 8). Each satellite contains the optical bench with one CSC and three CHU (Camera Head Unit). \n\nThe three star sensor units are arranged with the boresights 90º from each other so as to ensure that only one CHU may be affected by Sun or Moon intrusion at any given time. Hereby an attitude solution accurate in all three degrees of freedom can be delivered to the CSC throughout the entire mission. The CSC sensor and the triple star sensor block are mounted on either end of a highly stable mechanical structure.\n\nThe CSC vector sensor is supported by a zero CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) adapter that on the one end matches the zero CTE CFRP tube, used to displace the CSC sensor from the star sensor heads (CHU), and on the other end matches the 32 ppm CTE CSC sensor, by means of a finger section. The rotational symmetry of this design ensures an excellent angular stability.\n\nThe other end of the CFRP tube is attached to a CSiC bracket holding the three CHUs. The CSiC exhibit a heat distribution capacity second to none, minimizing thermal biases of this section, from the inevitable thermal gradient induced when the sun happens to illuminate any of the three CHUs. Because the CSiC is weakly magnetic, this material can only be used at distances larger than 20 cm from the CSC sensor.\n\nEach CHU is fitted with a straylight suppression system that is thermally decoupled from the optical bench. This separation minimizes thermal excursions from the time varying sun impingement over an orbit to less than a few degrees C. The straylight suppression system is mechanically mounted on an external thermal CFRP shroud, which also provides for thermal control of the entire optical bench. The material selection for all thermal protection has been performed to suppress soft or hard magnetic parts as well as parts that can generate magnetic fields under thermal gradients.\n\nVFM instrument: The VFM (fluxgate type) is based on the fluxgate transducer using a ringcore with amorphous magnetic material, which has a very low noise (10-20 pT rms). It has an extremely high stability < 0.05 nT/year. VFM consists of a CSC (Compact Spherical Coil) sensor, non redundant, mounted on the deployable boom, an internally redundant data processing unit (DPU) and the connecting harness. The spherical coils that create a homogeneous vector field inside the sphere are mounted on an isotropic and extremely stable mechanical support. In feedback conditions the sensor is used as a nulling device and the coils define uniquely the magnetic axes of the sensor. The VFM exhibits high linearity (< 1ppm), a component accuracy of 0.5 nT and precision of 50 pT rms.\n\nThe operation of the fluxgate sensor is based on the extreme symmetry of the positive and negative magnetic saturation levels of the ferromagnetic sensor core material. Continuous probing of the core saturation levels by a high frequency excitation magnetization current enables the sensor to detect deviations from the zero field with only tens of pT noise and sub-nT long term stability.\n\nThe mounting of the VFM sensor is using a sliced adaptor ring. The optical bench ensures mechanical stability of the system. Three star trackers provide full accuracy attitude.\n\nInstrument mass, power consumption\n\n1 kg, 1 W\n\nDimension of sensor head (CSC)\nMass, power\n\n82 mm Ø\n280 g, ~ 250 mW\n\nDimension of DPU\nMass of DPU, power\n\n100 x 100 x 60 mm\n750 g, ~1 W\n\nData rate\n\n \n\nDynamic range\n\n±65536.0 nT to 0.0625nT (21 bit)\n\nOmnidirectional linearity\n\n±0.0001% of full scale (±0.1nT in ±65536nT)\n\nIntrinsic sensor noise\n\n15 pTRMS in the band 0.01-10 Hz (6.6 pTRMS Hz-1/2 at 1 Hz)\n\nIntrinsic electronics noise\n\n50 pTRMS in the band 0.01-10 Hz (15 pTRMS Hz-1/2 at 1 Hz)\n\nSampling rate\n\n50 Hz, linear phase filter, -3dB frequency 13.1 Hz\n\nTemperature range\n\n-20ºC to +40ºC (Operating performance)\n-40ºC to +50ºC (Survival performance)\n\nThermal behavior\n- Offset\n- Scale factors\n- Non-orthogonality angles\n\n\n~0 nT/ºC (CSC), ~0.1 nT/ºC (electronics)\n~10 ppm/ºC (CSC), ~2 ppm/ºC (electronics)\n~0 arcsec/ºC (0.06, 0.07, 0.04)\n\nZero stability (thermal & long term)\n\n< ± 0.5 nT\n\nAbsolute accuracy of Ørsted magnetometer parameters (relative to ASM & STR):\n\n- Offset\n\n< 0.2 nT (~120 dB)\n\n- Scale factors\n\n< 0.0005%\n\n- Axes orthogonality\n\n< 0.0006º (~2 arcsec)\n\n- Axis alignment\n\n< 0.0002º (~7 arcsec)\n\nØrsted magnetometer with 3 offsets, 3 scale factors & 3 angles for 6.5year:\n\nAccuracy\n\n< 0.5 nT", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1300915c-2564-4859-9e6c-8b2257adfadc", - "label": "VSM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "A vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) (also referred to as a Foner magnetometer) is a scientific instrument that measures magnetic properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20ee59ce-5b73-490f-a7f9-68436314a525", - "label": "MMS SCM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "The Search Coil Magnetometer\nprovides direct measurements of\nchanges in the magnetic fields, using\nsomething called an induction\nmagnetometer. The magnetometer\ncontains a coil of wire around a\nferromagnetic material. It is a basic law\nof physics that a changing magnetic\nfield near such a coil will induce a\nvoltage. This voltage, in turn, can be\nused to measure how the magnetic\nfield changes.\nThe SCM was developed at the\nLaboratory for Plasma Physics in\nParis, France.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "277ba2c1-6625-4e5e-8e87-3907ff6178f1", - "label": "MMS DFG", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "The fluxgate magnetometers\nprovide two sets of similar\nmeasurements. The fluxgates carry a\npermeable material that changes\nproperties in response to the presence\nof magnetic fields. Measuring how they\nchange can be correlated to strength of\nthe field down to a half a nanotesla –\ntypical fields in the regions of interest\nwill be about 50 nanotesla.\nThe AFG sensors were provided by the\nUniversity of California in Los Angeles\nand the DFG instrumentation was\nprovided by the Space Research\nInstitute of the Austrian Academy of\nSciences in Graz, Austria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cc96a71-b8c6-4b4e-abd2-585fd7bc00fe", - "label": "SSM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "A SQUID (for superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely subtle magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7bc737c-15de-4b67-9bc3-5fa7c2b651d5", - "label": "ASM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "ASM is provided by CNES (French Space Agency) and CEA-LETI (French Atomic Energy Commission - Laboratoire d'Electronique de Technologie et d'Instrumentation), Grenoble, France. The objective is to measure magnetic field strength and to calibrate the VFM device to maintain the absolute accuracy during the multi-year mission. ASM is positioned at the very tip of the boom. The required main performance characteristics of the ASM are: absolute accuracy of < 0.3 nT (2σ), resolution < 0.1 nT within its full-scale range of 15000-65000 nT.\n\nMeasurement concept: To overcome the limitations of the OVM (Overhauser Magnetometers) identified during the Oersted and Champ programs, a new magnetometer has been designed for the Swarm mission. The ASM pumped helium magnetometer relies on a low pressure helium vapor as the sensing medium (Figure 26), with the optical pumping process the counterpart of the dynamic nuclear polarization.\n\nOne important difference is however due to the fact that the optical pumping is a much more efficient polarization method, leading to an almost complete polarization. As a consequence, the signal amplitude does no longer depend on the magnetic field strength and a resolution of 1 pT/ (Hz)1/2 is now obtained over the complete measurement range.\n\nAs compared to most optically pumped magnetometers, the ASM operates with linearly polarized pumping light instead of circularly polarized light. The main reasons for that choice are the following:\n\n- the strong interaction between the laser pumping beam and the helium atoms can in general affect their energy level and result in so-called light shifts whenever the pumping light wavelength is detuned from the helium transition center wavelength. Now using linearly polarized light suppresses this effect, thus significantly increasing the instrument’s accuracy.\n\n- the key parameter governing the optical pumping angular dependence is then the direction of the laser polarization, whereas it is the propagation direction of the pumping beam that matters in circularly polarized light. Now when trying to design an isotropic instrument, i.e an instrument whose performances are independent of the sensor attitude, it is obviously easier to control the direction of the linear polarization than to rotate the whole sensor in order to align it properly with respect to the magnetic field direction. In our case the isotropy is thus simply achieved thanks to the use of an amagnetic piezoelectric motor which permanently controls the laser polarization and the RF magnetic field directions so that they are both perpendicular to the static magnetic field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1573a94-789a-4510-a8e4-b358f62180e6", - "label": "CS-3", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6c2bb9d-071b-4a74-8ba4-84e1ac268ed8", - "label": "MSS AFG", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "The fluxgate magnetometers\nprovide two sets of similar\nmeasurements. The fluxgates carry a\npermeable material that changes\nproperties in response to the presence\nof magnetic fields. Measuring how they\nchange can be correlated to strength of\nthe field down to a half a nanotesla –\ntypical fields in the regions of interest\nwill be about 50 nanotesla.\nThe AFG sensors were provided by the\nUniversity of California in Los Angeles\nand the DFG instrumentation was\nprovided by the Space Research\nInstitute of the Austrian Academy of\nSciences in Graz, Austria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb47a4c5-5ab5-4803-9395-f58de828499c", - "label": "MGF", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "The MGF (Magnetic Field Instrument) primary objective is the characterization of electric currents flowing to and from the high latitude (auroral) ionosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2da3a4c-b2f9-42c7-932f-899375f733bc", - "label": "GEOMET 823A", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecb3b826-7409-4b0b-be34-51bfd8cd9ab5", - "label": "MGM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "MGM (3-axis Magnetometer) is used for magnetic torquer control and as rate sensors. The readings from the three MGM on each axis are subject to a 2 out of 3 majority voting scheme.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "264a8a52-d929-4b07-a0df-0af8a99b1b61", - "label": "Zhangheng SCM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "The Search-Coil Magnetometer (SCM) measures the magnetic field fluctuations in ionosphere.\n\nMain parameters:\n- Band: 10 Hz - 20 kHz\n- Magnitude: 5×10-4- 50 nT\n- Sensitivity: 1 nT·Hz- 1/2 @ 2 kHz", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c820f9c5-af80-4fbc-aab8-2cd92739135b", - "label": "Zhangheng HPM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", - "definition": "The HPM is an optically-pumped absolute scalar magnetometer which is based on two-photon spectroscopy of free alkali atoms. In a special laser based excitation mode, three different magnetic field dependent resonances arise in the presence of an external magnetic field. They reach their maximal strengths at different angles between the magnetic field direction and the reference axis of the sensor which is defined by the optical path of the laser excitation field. Dependent on this angle, the strongest resonance is selected for the actual measurement which enables an omnidirectional scalar magnetometer.\n\nMain parameters:\n\n- Frequency Range: DC-15 Hz\n\n- Resolution: 0.15 nT\n\n- Sensitivity: 0.05 nT·Hz- 1/2 @ 1 Hz", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee53dfb1-6495-405e-953b-63434a2ec27e", - "label": "SEI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "The SEI (Suprathermal Electron Imager) SEI measures the 2-D energy and angular distributions of thermal electrons and soft electrons in the range 1-200 eV/q with particular emphasis on photoelectrons in the 1 to 50 eV range, which are believed to play an important role in the polar wind outflow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1f8384c-3846-443b-8bd1-18b7696aafd4", - "label": "RRI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "The RRI (Radio Receiver Instrument) measures radio waves in the ULF and HF frequency range (up to 18 MHz).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d15acbf-5327-4b0c-87d6-5121d9ff6bf3", - "label": "Zhangheng EFD", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", - "definition": "The objective of EFD is to measure the variation of the ionosphere electric field due to perturbations from solar, seismic and anthropic phenomena. It consists of about four meter long independent identical sensors installed at the tips of four booms (~ 4 m long) and it has been designed in collaboration between the LIP (Lanzhou Institute of Physics)of CAST and the INFN division of Roma Tor Vergata. Two different engineering models have been designed and tested in the Faraday Cage at the INFN division of Roma Tor Vergata, and in the Plasma Chamber at the IAPS-INAF Institute in Roma Tor Vergata.\n\nThe EFD Flight Model, assembled by the LIP (Lazhou Institute of Physics), has been optimized taking into account the performance of the two instruments.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "label": "Thermal/Radiation Detectors", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "063d678b-bc2b-4bb1-b695-210c5d97049c", - "label": "SREM", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SREM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Thermal/Radiation Detectors\n Short_Name: SREM\n Long_Name: Space Radiation Environment Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e9749cb-84f8-49d9-8af9-2df5f1b7c20c", - "label": "FLIR", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "Forward looking infrared (FLIR) cameras, typically used on military and civilian aircraft, use a thermographic camera that senses infrared radiation.[1]\n\nThe sensors installed in forward-looking infrared cameras—as well as those of other thermal imaging cameras—use detection of infrared radiation, typically emitted from a heat source (thermal radiation), to create an image assembled for video output.\n\nThey can be used to help pilots and drivers steer their vehicles at night and in fog, or to detect warm objects against a cooler background. The wavelength of infrared that thermal imaging cameras detect differs significantly from that of night vision, which operates in the visible light and near-infrared ranges (0.4 to 1.0 μm).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f239f48-f42e-4129-a3f2-c7a9861c5583", - "label": "ACTINOMETER", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "A ACTINOMETER is an instrument for measuring the intensity of\nelectromagnetic radiation (usually by the photochemical effect)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43d8f22f-2c9a-4aac-bc11-c2f08ce4623c", - "label": "RRS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "528625c1-18bf-4e66-baf6-21b26980f39d", - "label": "SSFR", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) is used to measure\nsolar spectral irradiance at moderate resolution to determine\nthe radiative effect of clouds, aerosols, and gases on climate,\nand also to infer the physical properties of aerosols and\nclouds. The newest version of the SSFR was designed primarily\nfor airborne platforms and thus it has no moving parts. Two\ninstruments were built and successfully deployed in three field\nmissions: 1) the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation\nMeasurement (ARM) Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE) II in\nFebruary/March, 2000; 2) the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE)\nin July, 2000; and 3) the South African Regional Science\nInitiative (SAFARI) in August/September, 2000. Additionally, the\nSSFR was used to acquire water vapor spectra using the Ames\n25-meter base-path multiple-reflection absorption cell in a\nlaboratory experiment.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgp/radiation/rad8.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "529b7330-c88f-426a-ae2b-7aa640beb5f2", - "label": "FAN-ASPIRATED RADIATION SHIELD", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55c84391-ef1c-4318-9a8f-c2072e5a864a", - "label": "GFE-3R DOSIMETER", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-03 ]\n\nThe purpose of the GFE-3R dosimeter was to measure the radiation dose in silicon under aluminum shielding of four thicknesses representative of Block 5D DMSP spacecraft. The dosimeter, built by the Aerospace Corporation Space Science Laboratory, consisted of four separate, single-detector units. These omnidirectional sensors were small, cubical, lithium-drifted, silicon detectors centered under hemispherical shells, and heavily shielded (relative to the hemispherical shell) over the rear 2 pi solid angle. The shielding domes for the four sensors were 35, 75, 125, and 200 mils of aluminum, respectively. The dosimeter directly measured the ionization in the silicon cube caused by the natural radiation and served as an electron-proton spectrometer, thus yielding the fluences of energetic electrons and protons encountered in the DMSP orbit, as a function of time. Four integral discriminators, with thresholds corresponding to deposited energy of 25, 75, 300, and 5000 keV, were used to analyze the pulse-height spectrum of signals produced by protons, electrons, and gamma rays entering the detector. Individual pulses from the 25, 300, and 5000 keV channels were counted in scaling registers, which are read out and reset by the telemetry system every three s. Pulses, whose amplitudes exceed the gating thresholds of 25 keV and 75 keV, were integrated into 1 MeV equivalent energy pulses (corresponding to a dose of 8.0E-6 rad), which were counted by a cumulative storage register. These registers were read out every three seconds but not reset by the telemetry so that the number of counts read out at any time represented the total energy in MeV deposited in the silicon acitve volume during the mission life. Maximum accumulated dose storage corresponded to 5.5E5 rads. Additional information can be obtained from Aerospace Corporation publication number TOR-0077(1630)-1, June 1977.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GFE-3R DOSIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Thermal/Radiation Detectors\n Short_Name: GFE-3R DOSIMETER\n Long_Name: Radiation Dosimeter (SSJ*)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bab9a56-28b2-44f3-9673-d9cd0bee44bc", - "label": "PYRANOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "PYRANOMETERS sometimes referred as solarimeters; the class of\nactinometers that measure the combined intensity of incoming\ndirect solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation; consists of a\nrecorder and a radiation sensing element that is mounted so it\nis able to view the entire sky.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a59245f-a074-470f-8b93-8ba7a6177afb", - "label": "PYRHELIOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "PYRHELIOMETERS are the class of actinometers that measure the\nintensity of direct solar radiation; consists of a radiation\nsensing element which is enclosed except for a small section in\nwhich direct solar rays can enter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", - "label": "PYRGEOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "PYRGEOMETERS are instruments for measuring radiation in the long\nwave range between 2 and 60 nm; it measures the terrestrial\nradiation and atmospheric radiation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "86d56006-93bf-4cbc-9c1f-8a3ca2fea45a", - "label": "CG4", - "broader": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be3f59cc-d501-45d3-b4be-ac24e10c9eb0", - "label": "Pyrgeometer", - "broader": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", - "definition": "A pyrgeometer is a device that measures near-surface infra-red radiation spectrum in the wavelength spectrum approximately from 4.5 µm to 100 µm. This instrument has different sensitivity to short and long-wave radiations and can measure both terrestrial and atmospheric radiation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "97aedd07-23eb-4983-8712-188d6949b3ce", - "label": "SOLARIMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "Solarimeters are pyranometers developed by W. Gorczyski,\nconsisting of a Moll thermopile shielded from the wind by a bell\nglass.\n\n[Source: Glossary of Meteorology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9f8dd0d-94ff-48fa-ba0f-ec5b89519bbf", - "label": "PYRRADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "Pyrradiometers are instruments used for the measurement of\nradiation in the total spectrum of the solar radiation.\n\n[Summary provided by Process Controls and Instrumentation]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8da0692-df8a-4f81-9256-50cce6000301", - "label": "BOLOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "BOLOMETERS are instruments that measure the intensity of radiant\nenergy by employing a thermally sensititive electrical resistor;\na type of actinometer; also called an actinic balance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf168eb9-97ed-4396-8013-13e4a35c3697", - "label": "SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-07 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the space radiation dosimeter was to measure the radiation dose above desired thresholds in silicon under aluminum shielding of four thicknesses representative of the Block 5D DMSP spacecraft. The instrument consisted of four detectors mounted beneath hemispherical domes of different thicknesses. Each detector was a pin-diffused junction silicon diode. The dosimeter directly measured the ionization in the silicon cube caused by natural radiation and served as an electron-proton spectrometer, thus yielding the integral fluxes of energetic electrons and protons encountered in the orbit as a function of time. The energy thresholds for measured electrons by different dome sensors were 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 MeV, and those for protons were 20, 35, 51, and 75 MeV. The radiation dose and the energetic electron flux obtained in this experiment may result in an optimization of space radiation-shielding design to protect sensitive electronics components.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Thermal/Radiation Detectors\n Short_Name: SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-07\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c35d861f-7877-4cfa-9a55-e1722047efc6", - "label": "PYRANOGRAPHS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "Pyranographs measure changes in solar radiation by a mechanism\nsimilar to that in the hygrothermograph. The differential\nshrinking and expanding of two bimetallic strips causes a pen to\nmove up or down against a rotating drum, recording changes in\nsolar radiation. Both strips are exposed to the ambient air\ntemperature, but one strip is shielded from the direct rays of\nthe sun and the other is exposed. The pen moves when the\ntemperature of the exposed strip increases beyond that of the\nshielded strip, i.e. when direct radiation from the sun causes\nit to heat up and expand. The pen does not move when both\nstrips are changing temperature at the same rate in response to\nchanges in the ambient air temperature. In effect, the shielded\nstrip is the baseline and solar radiation is measured as any\nchange in the exposed strip that exceeds that baseline.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.hubbardbrook.org/yale/watersheds/w6/rain-gauge-stop/\ntemperature.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Hubbard Brook]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e910e0c5-5cd3-420c-be6e-c909f487ed6c", - "label": "TD-LIF", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The UC Berkeley thermal-dissociation laser-induced fluorescence (TD- LIF) instrument detects NO2 directly and detects total peroxynitrates (ΣPNs ≡ PAN + PPN +N2O5 + HNO4. . .), total alkyl- and other thermally stable organic nitrates (ΣANs), and HNO3 following thermal dissociation of these NOy species to NO2. The sensitivity for NO2 at 1 Hz is 30 pptv (S/N=2) with a slope uncertainty of 5%. The uncertainties for the dissociated species are 10% for ΣPNs and 15% for ΣANs and HNO3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d825599-5ffd-4e06-a97f-a1bcc3080477", - "label": "CNR4", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The CNR4 net radiometer measures the energy balance between incoming short-wave and long-wave Far Infrared (FIR) radiation versus surface-reflected short-wave and outgoing long-wave radiation. It consists of a pyranometer pair, one facing upward, the other facing downward, and a pyrgeometer pair in a similar configuration. The pyranometer pair measures short-wave radiation and the pyrgeometer pair measures long-wave radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f164613e-d75f-4293-a2ce-fad711c66235", - "label": "Total Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The Total Detector is used to measure the longwave and shortwave radiances from the integrating sphere.The shortwave reference source is used to determine the shortwave detector and shortwave portion of the total detector gains and offsets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0dd9c32-e0a3-486e-85e7-2628fbef4ede", - "label": "Window Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The Window Detector measures Earth-emitted longwave radiation in the water vapor window wavelength region of 8 µm to 12 µm.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5c76a4d-7def-459b-8cdc-169dbaff56ce", - "label": "Shortwave Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The shortwave detector measures Earth-reflected solar radiation in the wavelength region of 0.3 µm to 5.0 µm.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc7aac56-5fb4-4c0d-ba3d-2c396db4edc0", - "label": "Longwave Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The longwave detector was used to measure longwave radiances from the integrating sphere. The properly corrected differences between the total and longwave detector measurements were used to characterize the shortwave radiances from the integrating sphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89b90dcc-3ff5-4e85-902e-519136081345", - "label": "Eppley PIR", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", - "definition": "The Precision Infrared Radiometer (Pyrgeometer) is intended for measurement, separately, of downwelling or upwelling longwave irradiance. Unlike instruments that measure the shortwave (solar) irradiance, there is no official ISO/WMO\nclassification of pyrgeometers which are designed to measure the longwave (infrared) irradiance from the sky. The PIR comprises the same wirewound thermopile detector and temperature compensation circuitry as found in the SPP pyranometers. This thermopile detector is used to measure the “net radiation” of the PIR and a case thermistor (YSI 44031) is used to determine the outgoing radiation from the case. A dome thermistor is included if one wishes to measure the dome temperature as compared to the case temperature to make any “corrections” to the final result.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "label": "Positioning/Navigation", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01992a08-d5a3-4eb6-8b46-7e3caa395022", - "label": "GYROS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "GYROS are compass systems that do not depend on magnetism but\nuses a gyroscope instead; a rotating mechanism in the form of a\nuniversally mounted spinning wheel that offers resistance to\nturns in any direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f78cd4-9f41-40d8-b6a6-9d3f5f635a20", - "label": "DIGITAL BEACON RECEIVER", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d8c65c6-a8f3-4a72-a958-7aa1487a9b78", - "label": "OPTICAL BEACON", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18403ff3-3d2d-4ad4-a25d-d098f4c17c21", - "label": "SARR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "[Source: NASA POES Project and NOAA KLM User Guide, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sarrsarp.html\nhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-7.htm ]\n\nThe Search and Rescue instruments are part of the international Cospas-Sarsat system designed to detect and locate Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs), Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs), and Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) operating at 121.5, 243, and 406.05 MHz. The NOAA spacecraft carries two instruments to detect these emergency beacons: the Search and Rescue Repeater (SARR) provided by Canada and the Search and Rescue Processor (SARP-2) provided by France. Similar instruments are carried by the Russian COSPAS polar-orbiting satellites.\n\nThe SARR transponds the signals of 121.5, 243, and 406.05-MHz emergency beacons. However, these beacon signals are detected on the ground only when the satellite is in view of a ground station known as a Local User Terminal (LUT).\n\nThe SARP detects the signal only from 406.05-MHz beacons but stores the information for subsequent downlink to a LUT. Thus, global detection of 406.05-MHz emergency beacons is provided. This processor consists of a receiver power unit (rpu) and signal processing unit (spu).\n\nThe U.S. fishing fleet is required to carry 406.05-MHz emergency beacons. The 406.05-MHz beacons are also carried on most large international ships, some aircraft, and pleasure vessels, as well as on terrestrial carriers. The 121.5-MHz and 243-MHz beacons are required on many small aircraft with a smaller number carried on maritime vessels.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SARR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SARR\n Long_Name: Search and Rescue Repeater\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sarrsarp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-7.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/images/enlarged_sarr.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", - "label": "Radar", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "312862a1-759b-4a87-8115-aa1443395e88", - "label": "SUPERSTAR", - "broader": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", - "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ]\n\nThe SuperSTAR accelerometer manufactured by ONERA/CNES (France) is a modified version of the ASTRE high precision accelerometer previously flown on different Shuttle-missions (Life and Microgravity Science Mission (STS-78, 1996), Microgravity Science Laboratory (STS-83, STS-94, 1997)) and the STAR accelerometer which will be operated on the CHAMP satellite.\n\nThe accelerometer serves to measure all non-gravitational accelerations on the GRACE satellite due to air drag, solar radiation pressure or attitude control activator impulses initiated by the attitude and orbit control system (AOCS). In combination with the sub-mm intersatellite distance observed by the k-band ranging system (KBR) and the accurate satellite position measured by the onboard GPS receiver, the Earth's gravity field can be deduced with unprecedented accuracy.\n\nThe measurement principle of the SuperSTAR accelerometer is based on the electrostatic suspension of a parallel-epipedic proof-mass inside a cage. The cage walls are equipped with control electrodes which serve both as capacitive sensors to derive the instantaneous proof-mass (PM) position and as actuators to apply electrostatic forces in order to keep the PM motionless in the centre of the cage. Because the ACC sensor is hard-mounted with the GRACE satellite body, the amount of these control forces in combination with the well known proof-mass can be used to derive the acceleration vector for any moment of time.\n\nThe PM has to be positioned very precisely at the Center of Gravity (CoG) of the GRACE satellite to avoid acceleration offsets and measurement disturbances. In order to meet the very high requirements for GRACE gravity recovery this offset shall be measured with an accuracy of 50 µm in all 3 axis and corrected by a Center of Mass Trim Assembly (CMT). The planned resolution of the CHAMP STAR accelerometer is 1 · 10-9 ms-2 integrated over the frequency bandwith of 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz. Its full measurement range is 10-3 ms-2 . Because of the low-vibration design of the GRACE spacecraft and the high temperature stability (below 0.1° Celsius) the SuperSTAR ACC full scale range will be increased to 5 · 10-5 ms-2 . Additional improvements (proof mass offset voltage reduction from 20V to 10V, smaller acceleration bias and bias fluctuations by a factor of 20) increases the GRACE ACC resolution to 1 · 10-10 ms-2 . For the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements the attitude of the ACC will be measured very precisely by a star camera assembly (SCA).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE ACC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar\n Short_Name: GRACE ACC\n Long_Name: GRACE SuperSTAR Accelerometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10-3 ms-2\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/docs/GRACE.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: GFZ Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea344ac5-1b12-47dc-ba33-c2e950a3378a", - "label": "SDPTR", - "broader": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1edddcf6-ce7e-4056-a829-dcc29b5edb16", - "label": "COMPASSES", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "Compasses are instruments for indicating a horizontal reference\ndirection relative to the Earth.\n\n[Source: Dictionary.Com]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", - "label": "QZSS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "431b8ff0-551a-47dc-ac1a-a745ef27830a", - "label": "QZSS P", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", - "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e6991d1-cbb3-451e-84bb-e592e07f022a", - "label": "QZSS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", - "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4d536ad-fb99-46b4-a1d1-f8b4e19da1b3", - "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6a6369a-e95b-450d-b5aa-46e0034d5fea", - "label": "QZSS", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", - "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ceae8e3-4f8d-49d7-b07a-d779b5fb33c2", - "label": "TRANSPONDERS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "TRANSPONDERS are electrical devices designed to receive a\nspecific signal and automatically transmit a specific reply.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4158be33-fc11-416b-a9a8-ea9f90a898fb", - "label": "SDTA", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41e9430e-97ad-4f89-8908-f3eb481591b1", - "label": "GNSS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", - "label": "Beidou", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is China’s satellite navigation system and will consist of 35 satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1e11acdb-0f09-4562-9558-db3a80f9bbb0", - "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cb6bed4-b046-4156-8daf-296d803f7505", - "label": "Beidou P", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78c56202-f84a-470f-8de6-287b3f39b2bb", - "label": "Beidou", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", - "definition": "The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is China’s satellite navigation system and will consist of 35 satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab691c1b-9cca-461b-a726-6df04da70576", - "label": "Beidou RECEIVERS", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", - "definition": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is China's second-generation satellite navigation system that will be capable of providing positioning, navigation, and timing services to users on a continuous worldwide basis. The first and second generation of BeiDou receivers are already available, including the combination of GPS and BeiDou systems - currently limited to the available regional services - with already over a thousand users.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "label": "GPS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "029feed6-79dc-4316-b8ac-be8f1e557f89", - "label": "GPS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "GPS RECEIVERS receive radio or TV signals, which is used for the\nGlobal Positioning System.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS RECEIVERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TSX\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gps\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02a50e11-e6ee-4b05-a157-32cf57a74adf", - "label": "GAP", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "GAP (GPS Attitude and Positioning Experiment) instrument objective is to measure S/C velocity and attitude as well as TEC (Total Electron Content) of the ionosphere. The relative phase delay of signals in both the L1 and L2 bands from a GPS satellite occulted by the limb ionosphere provide large-scale (1000's of km) information on how the total electron content responds to magnetospheric perturbations. GAP consists of two components: - GAP-A: Three single-frequency (L1) GPS receivers and four patch antennas. This package is being used to provide an accurate absolute time reference, spacecraft 3-D attitude, and post-processed spacecraft position and velocity. - GAP-O: The objective is to provide ionospheric tomography observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "060f030c-1f31-4d72-b288-a4ec16295b60", - "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites (e.g., currently GPS and GLONASS and, in the future, Galileo). The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.\n\nSource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/ggao/gnss.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GNSS RECEIVER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GNSS RECEIVER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/ggao/gnss.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-12-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c1a851e-95d2-4d8f-85f5-cf970f384038", - "label": "KTC", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ecf8017-d760-45ca-b32d-c1ff7c4897f2", - "label": "GPS CLOCKS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "Many modern radio clocks use the Global Positioning System to provide more accurate time than can be obtained from these terrestrial radio stations. These GPS clocks combine time estimates from multiple satellite atomic clocks with error estimates maintained by a network of ground stations. Due to effects inherent in radio propagation and ionospheric spread and delay, GPS timing requires averaging of these phenomena over several periods. No GPS receiver directly computes time or frequency, rather they use GPS to discipline an oscillator that may range from a quartz crystal in a low-end navigation receiver, through oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OXCO) in specialized units, to atomic oscillators (rubidium) in some receivers used for synchronization in telecommunications. For this reason, these devices are technically referred to as GPS-disciplined oscillators.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS CLOCKS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS CLOCKS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.kema.com/Default.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48765b60-1c92-428a-a73d-1cba4811dc03", - "label": "GNSS-RO RECEIVER", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "CLARREO Instruments\n\nThe CLARREO mission is currently envisioned to consist of two duplicate observatories each carrying a payload of one infrared instrument suite, one reflected solar instrument suite and a Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument system.\n\nSummary provided by http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GNSS-RO RECEIVER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GNSS-RO RECEIVER\n Long_Name: Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (CLARREO)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n Sample_Image: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/images/Payload_breakdown-600w.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4aab0210-9532-48c3-b636-c184584260b1", - "label": "RO", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "Design & Heritage\n\nThe IGOR design is based on the NASA/J PL Black Jack Spaceborne GPS Receiver. The Black Jack receiver is a revolutionary spaceflight Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver developed by NASA/J PL to fill future needs for orbit-based GPS science. The Blackjack receiver itself ¡s a design to replace the previous science grade space receivers. The Blackjack was designed from the start as an instrument for use on orbital platforms. Currently there are nine Black Jack devices operating on orbit with a 100%success rate. The IGOR design conti nues the evolution of the Black Jack and previous units and incorporates several improvements based on the experiences made with the BlackJackon previous NASA/JPL missions including CHAMP, SAC-C, Jason-1, and GRACE\n\nInformation provided by \nhttp://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/systems/IGOR_Flyer.pdf\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: RO\n Long_Name: GPS Radio Occultation Receiver\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/systems/IGOR_Flyer.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f133467-ad2a-47e6-8f3e-3b44b07e8cb9", - "label": "UAF GPS/IMU", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd87492-48a9-4378-addb-dcddce502412", - "label": "UTIG RTNav", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d787285-fdce-4c64-994d-b6cd52d0d62e", - "label": "UTIG GPS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "688f088b-7ae9-45c3-abc4-cdb881a8fec3", - "label": "GPSP", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "The GPSP is a tracking system that receives dual-frequency navigation signals continuously and simultaneously from 16 GPS satellites to determine the exact position of a transmitter. The GPSP supports precise orbit determination by the Doris system. It also helps to improve gravity field models and provides data for satellite positioning accurate to about 50 meters and 50 nanoseconds.\n\nAdditional information on the GPSP is available on the AVISO site. \nhttp://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/future-missions/jason-2/instruments/gpsp/index.html\n\n[Description Source: NASA JPL Ocean Surface Topography from Space Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPSP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPSP\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Payload\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm-sc-inst.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/gpsp/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/images/OSTM-2006_12_19_gpsp-br.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69f341d1-e29f-4bb9-b3b7-27ce4533f2ad", - "label": "GRAS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "GRAS (Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) is a new European GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver that operates as an atmospheric sounder. It will provide unprecedented observations of atmospheric temperature and humidity to improve weather forecasting and climate change monitoring.\n\nGRAS uses radio occultation to measure vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity by tracking signals received from a constellation of GPS navigation satellites while they are setting or rising behind the Earth's atmosphere. Radio occultation is based on the fact that when radio waves pass through the atmosphere, either during a rise event or during a set event as seen by the receiver, they are refracted along the atmospheric path. The degree of refraction depends on gradients of air density, which in turn depend on temperature and water vapour. Therefore, measurement of the refracted angle contains information about these atmospheric variables.\n \nAs the measurements are made tangentially to the atmosphere, the profiles will be provided with a resolution within a few hundred metres to 1.5 kilometres, while horizontal coverage of each profile is in the order of a few hundred kilometres. The GRAS instrument will provide 500 very precise atmospheric profiles per day, which will be fed into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. At the same time, due to the very good stability of the instrument, GRAS measurements will contribute to monitoring climate change.\n \nGRAS can track up to eight satellites for navigation purposes, two additional satellites for rise and two others for set occultation measurements. GRAS has on-board GPS satellite prediction for optimising the navigation and occultation measurements. \n\nSource: ESA\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Long_Name: Global navigation satellite system Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS SONDE\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://oiswww.eumetsat.org/WEBOPS/eps-pg/GRAS/GRAS-PG-0TOC.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 60 kb/s\n Instrument_Owner: ESA/Eumetsat\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d6321dd-06d5-4d8a-a33a-00ee00afe41f", - "label": "BLACKJACK", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "BlackJack (GPS Flight Receiver), a new generation instrument of TRSR (TurboRogue Space Receiver) heritage, provided by JPL (see description under CHAMP). The objective is to use the GPS instrument for navigation (precise orbit determination) and radio-occultation (refractive occultation monitoring) applications. BlackJack features three antennas, the main zenith crossed dipole antenna is used to collect the navigation data. In addition, a backup crossed dipole antenna and one helix antenna on the aft panel are used for back-up navigation and atmospheric occultation data collection, respectively. This system is capable of simultaneously tracking up to 24 dual frequency signals. In addition, this system provides digital signal processing functions for the KBR and SCA instruments as well.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BLACKJACK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: BLACKJACK\n Long_Name: Global Positiong System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7317\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af3d0b82-108d-4995-adb6-7f095fbc2953", - "label": "NASA POS/AV", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6962bbc-9332-48fb-96d7-0e2cb14fb4d9", - "label": "GPS/IMU", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5ac2829-12b3-41c0-8ec1-c00ec8ad1a0d", - "label": "SSTI", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "[Source: ESA's Gravity Mission GOCE Brochure, http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf ]\n\nThe Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument (SSTI) consists of \nan advanced dual-frequency, 12-channel GPS receiver and an \nL-band antenna. The SSTI receiver is capable of simultaneously \nacquiring signals broadcast from up to 12 spacecraft in the GPS \nconstellation. The SSTI instrument delivers, at 1Hz, so-called \npseudo-range and carrier-phase measurements on both GPS \nfrequencies, as well as a real-time orbit navigation solution. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSTI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: SSTI\n Long_Name: Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOCE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAHTK1VMOC_LPgoce_0.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-05-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2009-03-20\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5fde4c4-15cd-4278-b922-005488df096f", - "label": "GPS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "A Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of 24 satellites, developed by the U.S. Department of Defense that orbit the earth at an altitude of 20,200 km. These satellites transmit signals that allows a GPS receiver anywhere on earth to calculate its own location. The GPS is used in navigation, mapping, surveying, and other applications where precise positioning is necessary.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n Short_Name: SNOE\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/gps1.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/DOD/USAF\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7c3b01c-0739-487b-adbb-59d84c559375", - "label": "TRSR", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "BlackJack is also referred to as TRSR-2 (Turbo Rogue Space Receiver-2). The instrument is of GPS/MET (Microlab) heritage (of a design as flown on CHAMP) and is being provided by NASA/JPL and built by Spectrum Astro Inc. of Gilbert, AZ. BlackJack is a 16-channel GPS receiver with the objective to provide supplementary positioning data to DORIS in support of the POD (Precision Orbit Determination) function and to enhance and/or improve gravity field models. Radial accuracies of 1-2 cm are obtained in post-processing. BlackJack is a fully redundant unit (two independent receivers operating in cold redundancy). Each unit is comprised of an omnidirectional antenna, low-noise amplifier, crystal oscillator, sampling down-converter, and a baseband digital processor assembly, communicating through a 1553 bus interface. Instrument mass = 10 kg (2), power = 17.5 W.\n\nIn its current configuration, the BlackJack on Jason-1 can track up to 12 GPS satellites simultaneously in dual-frequency mode. From these signals, BlackJack acquires measurements of the GPS carrier phase providing range measurements with an accuracy of about 1 mm; the absolute pseudo range (defined as the absolute range plus receiver time offset from GPS time) has an accuracy of about 10 cm. BlackJack provides also onboard solutions for S/C position and time, accurate to about 50 m and 150 ns, respectively.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcee7eaa-c2b6-4fe7-857d-7411828bbf3b", - "label": "IGOR", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "The IGOR (Integrated GPS Occultation Receiver) of BRE (Broad Reach Engineering), Tempe, AZ, USA has been selected. The IGOR instrument, of BlackJack heritage, is customized to include a MIL-STD-1553B bus and two SSR (Solid State Recorders), each of 128 MByte. The IGOR instrument includes two RO antennas and two POD (Precision Orbit Determination) antennas. 37)\n\n- IGOR instrument mass: 4.2 kg; size: 21.8 cm x 24.0 cm x 14.4 cm\n\n- Peak power consumption: 25 W\n\n- Tracking signals: L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz)\n\n- Tracking channels: 48 (4 antenna inputs)\n\n- Sampling rate: 0.1 Hz and 50 Hz sampling; (0.1 Hz for POD support, 50 Hz for occultation science)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e622fce-24da-4349-ade8-abf6886ed868", - "label": "Hemisphere VS1000", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "The Vector™ VS1000 is Hemisphere GNSS’ premiere multi-GNSS, multi-frequency receiver designed specifically for the professional marine market. Providing precise heading, Athena RTK positioning, and full Atlas capability, its rugged design is compliant to 60529:2013 IP67 and IEC 60945:2002 8.7 standards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24c0bf95-99f3-4fca-88d0-8ffc879ba475", - "label": "GPS Vector V103", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", - "definition": "Now with GLONASS, the IMO Wheelmarked Vector™ V103™ and V113™ GNSS compass series are known for their superb heading and positioning performance. With the addition of GLONASS, the V103 and V113 now provide a more robust solution in critical areas where sky blockage occurs. The rugged IP69K design housing is sealed for the harshest environments. It incorporates fixed and pole mounting capabilities for both marine and land applications. The Vector V103 and V113 series of GPS Compasses are suitable for both dynamic positioning and professional marine surveys, as well as for machine control applications in agriculture, mining, construction, and other challenging applications.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", - "label": "IRNSS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "62f8ee0d-2f4e-4e6d-87ee-6b16150e0033", - "label": "IRNSS", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", - "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a803deb-f682-402d-a4fe-eaa572d8c90a", - "label": "IRNSS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", - "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6be16901-cc53-490e-b77c-a72b5dbf83bb", - "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfbee37a-ab88-48a9-b47b-647d0e11393d", - "label": "IRNSS P", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", - "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", - "label": "SBAS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "33d79df4-817b-432d-a41e-67b48f3c2cab", - "label": "SBAS", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", - "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be02e58f-ce2f-448f-8a81-74bcc4eb7056", - "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c453aa33-edaf-48a0-8070-6aafffe9a777", - "label": "SBAS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", - "definition": "The receiver supports SBAS (satellite based augmentation systems) that conform to RTCA/DO-229C, such as WAAS, EGNOS, or MSAS. The receiver can use the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) set up by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). WAAS was established for flight and approach navigation for civil aviation. WAAS improves the accuracy, integrity, and availability of the basic GPS signals over its coverage area, which includes the continental United States and outlying parts of Canada and Mexico.\n\nSBAS can be used in surveying applications to improve single point positioning when starting a reference station, or when the RTK radio link is down. SBAS corrections should be used to obtain greater accuracy than autonomous positioning, not as an alternative to RTK positioning.\n\nThe SBAS system provides correction data for visible satellites. Corrections are computed from ground station observations and then uploaded to two geostationary satellites. This data is then broadcast on the L1 frequency, and is tracked using a channel on the BD9xx receiver, exactly like a GPS satellite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5099d68-1165-4af4-bc2b-24e94c744ce3", - "label": "SBAS P", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", - "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "57ff6e42-aa9e-45c1-9d61-5d65891911f1", - "label": "SLR Station", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59725d26-d9d6-4604-b7fb-6ae0d257d373", - "label": "PASSIVE OPTICAL TRACKING", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a4b960f-f7b0-477d-a8dd-ba55b5110966", - "label": "VLF RECEIVERS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "VLF receivers are simple, yet uncommon. Consisting only of an\nantenna and an audio amplifier, they are sensitive to radio\nwaves with frequencies between a few hundred Hertz and 10 kHz\n. For comparison, AM broadcast band radios --like the ones in\nmost automobiles-- span the much higher frequency range 540 kHz\nto 1.6 MHz.\n\nEven if there is no lighting in your area, you can still hear\nVLF crackles from storms thousands of kilometers away. Some\nsferics travel all the way around the Earth! Radio waves can\npropagate such great distances by bouncing back and forth\nbetween our planet's surface and the ionosphere -- a layer of\nthe atmosphere ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation. The\nionosphere, which begins about 90 km above the ground and\nextends to thousands of kilometers in altitude, makes a good\nover-the-horizon reflector of low frequency radio waves.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "753dc941-ab3e-4690-80f0-cad586822f0a", - "label": "SARSAT", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "[Source: NPOESS Project home page, http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr# ]\n\nThe Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking system (SARSAT) uses NOAA satellites in low-Earth and geostationary orbits to detect and locate aviators, mariners, and land-based users in distress. The satellites relay distress signals from emergency beacons to a network of ground stations and ultimately to the U.S. Mission Control Center (USMCC) in Suitland, Maryland. The USMCC processes the data and alerts the appropriate search and rescue authorities.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SARSAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SARSAT\n Long_Name: Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMU2DG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/New_C-S_System_Overview.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "label": "Radio", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06beae62-5db5-4e77-9326-0ee1debf2622", - "label": "USO", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "The Ultra-Stable Oscillator (USO) employs a temperature-stabilized 'oven' to keep its output frequency as stable as possible. During Cassini's flight, telecommunications engineers calibrate the USO by observing it for a number of hours every few months. By maintaining records and formulating a model of how the USO's output frequency changes over time, the USO can provide for moderately accurate Doppler data for navigation and Radio Science.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\nThe GRACE Instrument Processing Unit (IPU) is part of the GRACE Instrument System (IS) consisting of an Ultrastable Oscillator (USO), a K-band Ranging Assembly (KBR), a Star Camera Assembly (SCA) and an Accelerometer (ACC). Most of these systems are fully redundant.\n\nThe function of the USO is to provide a stable reference clock for the K-band Ranging Assembly.\n\n [Summary from GRACE IPU Specification Document (GFZ)]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: USO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: USO\n Long_Name: Ultra-Stable Oscillator\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://xenon.colorado.edu/grace.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3025a319-131e-4f26-b55c-3cfb122f39eb", - "label": "LORAN", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "Long Range Navigation (LORAN) is a specific type of radio\nnavigation device which creates radio signals to navigate or\nlocate a position.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3077c378-f568-4923-a54f-b704f486c131", - "label": "INS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "An Inertial Navigation System (INS) is a system used to control a plane or spacecraft by using inertial forces.\n\n[Source: Hyper Dictionary]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: INS\n Long_Name: Inertial Navigation System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ddc6f63-c206-4ed1-9312-d61c03f96d4b", - "label": "RADIO BURST RECEIVERS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "RADIO BURST RECEIVERS receive radio or TV signals but in small\ntiny waves or fluxes (bursts as in energy).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52b14925-b490-4104-9493-efad527585cf", - "label": "TELEMETER", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "A TELEMETER is any scientific instrument for observing events at\na distance and transmitting the information back to the\nobserver.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bfd9ff7-b838-4834-bd47-0127384c79f7", - "label": "DORIS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "[Source: ESA/Earthnet Online, \nhttp://envisat.esa.int/instruments/doris/ ]\n\nThe Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite instrument is a microwave tracking system that can be utilized to determine the precise location of the ENVISAT satellite. Versions of the DORIS instrument are currently flying on the SPOT-2 and Topex-Poseidon missions.\n\nDORIS operates by measuring the Doppler frequency shift of a radio signal transmitted from ground stations and received on-board the satellite. The reference frequency for the measurement is generated by identical ultra-stable oscillators on the ground and on-board the spacecraft.\n\nCurrently there are about 50 ground beacons placed around the globe which cover about 75% of the ENVISAT orbit. On board measurements are performed every 7 - 10 seconds. Precise Doppler shift measurements are taken using an S-band frequency of 2.03625 GHz, while a second VHS band signal at 401.25 MHz is used for ionospheric correction of the propagation delay.\n\nOn the ground, DORIS data is used to create precise orbit reconstruction models which are then used for all satellite instruments requiring precise orbit position information. In addition, DORIS operates in a Navigator mode in which on-board positioning calculations are performed in real-time and relayed to the ground segment. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DORIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Long_Name: Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT-2\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 2 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 401.25 MHz and 2036.25MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/doris/\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/doris/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/typo3temp/pics/98d5269f70.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 330 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-01-15\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8b3168c-ba08-4ee6-8971-23974521ea28", - "label": "ARGOS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "The Argos DCS is another data collection relay system that adds\nthe benefits of providing global coverage and platform\nlocation. The Argos program is administered under a joint\nagreement between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) and the French space agency, Centre\nNational dýEtudes Spatiales (CNES).\n\nThe system consists of in-situ data collection platforms\nequipped with sensors and transmitters and the Argos instrument\naboard the NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental\nSatellites (POES). The global environmental data sets are\ncollected at telemetry ground stations in Fairbanks, Alaska;\nWallops Island, Virginia; and Lannion, France; and pre-processed\nby the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information\nService (NESDIS) in Suitland Maryland.\n\nWorldwide coverage is provided by this system. Additionally,\nincorporating the Argos instrument on a moving satellite allows\nfor locating an in-situ platform using Doppler shift\ncalculations. This positioning capability permits applications\nsuch as monitoring drifting ocean buoys and studying wildlife\nmigration paths.\n\nFor additional information,\nlink to http://noaasis.noaa.gov/ARGOS/\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ARGOS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: ARGOS\n Long_Name: ARGOS Data Collection and Position Location System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf9011ca-b6b1-4fdc-a210-4cc3a48e0411", - "label": "PTT", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de43af49-b240-40e2-b412-9ba68c15ed7f", - "label": "HAIRS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "The K-band ranging (KBR) system is the instrument of GRACE which measures the\ndual one-way range change between both satellites. Both KBR are identical,\nexcept of the frequencies, which are shifted by 500 KHz to avoid cross-talk\nbetween transmitted and received signals and to offset the down-converted\nsignal from zero frequency. Each satellite transmits carrier phase signals on\ntwo frequencies allowing for ionospheric corrections.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HAIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: HAIRS\n Long_Name: High Accuracy Inter-satellite Ranging System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.asd.ssc.nasa.gov/m2m/sensor_report.aspx?sensor_id=1094\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: GFZ Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a915c74a-9f4c-446a-a797-ac732efb8c93", - "label": "GRACE-FO MWI", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", - "definition": "GRACE-FO Microwave Instrument (MWI) consists of a GNSS receiver and a K-band ranging (KBR) assembly.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", - "label": "GLONASS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "594d2d10-aad3-41bc-a3a7-7cb67a4db34e", - "label": "GLONASS P", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", - "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a28b2d0-0d67-459a-ac83-b440d9498a06", - "label": "GLONASS", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", - "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd926f5e-a39d-4f8d-9e6c-0b7f353f210e", - "label": "GLONASS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", - "definition": "A GLONASS Receiver is a L-band radio processor capable of solving the navigation equations in order to determine the user position, velocity and precise time (PVT), by processing the signal broadcasted by GLONASS satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db5ceeef-82dc-418e-936d-8dfcd534d158", - "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "label": "Laser Ranging", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0be9c8a4-d29d-4046-ad10-4ca80c765ee6", - "label": "Laser_RF", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "A laser rangefinder is a rangefinder which uses a laser beam to determine the distance to an object with great accuracy. The laser range finder, measures distance by timing the interval between the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves, but it employs visible or infrared light rather than radio pulses. Laser range finders can accurately measure distances of 0.2 inch (0.5 cm) up to 1 mile (1.61 km). It is especially useful in surveying rough terrain where remote points have to be located between rocks and brush.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36ea978b-6de3-4115-9094-87364cf1217f", - "label": "LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "A LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR is an object that reflects incident energy; usually a device designed for specific reflection characteristics such as tracking (observing patterns) with laser technology.\n\n[With regard to the LAGEOS Missions, Text From National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-039A-01 ]\n\nLaser retroreflectors covering a very dense spherical satellite were used to provide a permanent reference point in a very stable orbit for precision earth-dynamics measurements. This sphere was machined largely from depleted uranium, weighed about 411 kg, and was composed of a cubical inner core with six attached spherical caps. Each of the spherical caps had machined cavities to accommodate the retroreflectors. The satellite was placed at a high orbital inclination at an altitude of about 5000 km and tracked by a network of 13 laser stations operated by both U.S. and foreign agencies. The performance in orbit is limited only by degradation of the retroreflectors, and a minimum lifetime of 50 years is expected. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-2\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-039A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1992-070B-01\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b941002-170e-413b-aee4-860155b891e3", - "label": "LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "The European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) are equipped\nwith a Laser Retroreflector (LRR), a passive optical instrument\noperating in the infra-red, to permit ranging of the satellite by the\nuse of Laser Tracking Stations, and therefore the accurate\ndetermination of its height. These measurements allow:\n\n- calibration of the Radar Altimeter altitude measurements with an\nerror of 10 cm\n- improvement of the satellite orbit determination ensuring the\nproduction of a global ephemeris accurate to better than 1-2 m for the\nradial component.\n\nThe operating principle is to measure the time of a round trip of\nlaser pulses reflected from an array of corner cubes mounted on the\nEarth-facing side of the spacecraft's Payload Electronics Module. This\narray consists of a hemispherical housing with an arrangement of one\nnadir-looking corner cube in the centre, surrounded by an angled ring\nof eight corner cubes. Each corner cube is individually made to\ncompensate for satellite motion in reflecting incident laser energy\nback exactly along its incoming path. This allows laser ranging for\nsatellite passes in the range of 0-360 degrees azimuth and 30 to 90\ndegrees elevation at the ground.\n\nInstrument characteristics:\n\n-------------\nWavelength: 350-800 nm optimised for 532 nm\nEfficiency: less or equal than 0.15 end-of-life\nReflection Coefficient: less or equal than 0.80 end-of-life\nField of view: elev. half-cone angle 60 degrees; azimuth 360 degrees\nDiameter: more or equal than 20 cm\n--------------\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\n ESA/ESRIN\n\n Via G.Galilei\n\n 00044 Frascati\n\n Italy\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LRR\n Long_Name: Laser Retro-Reflector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TSX\n Short_Name: GOCE\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/lrr/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bf72fe4-8e07-490b-88ec-84d63a57416d", - "label": "LRA", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "The Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) is used to calibrate the other location systems on the satellite with a very high degree of precision. The ability to determine a satellite’s precise position on orbit is critical in interpreting altimetry data used for measuring ocean surface topography. LRA is a totally passive reflector designed to reflect laser pulses back to their point of origin on Earth. It consists of nine 39 millimeter quartz corner-cube reflectors arrayed on a circular structure on the satellite’s nadir side (facing Earth). A corner-cube reflector is a special type of mirror that always reflects an incoming light beam back in the direction from which it came. The retroreflectors are optimized for a wavelength of 532 nm (green), providing a field of view of about 100ý. The eight equally spaced peripheral cubes are oriented at 50 degrees with respect to NADIR. The array structure is aluminum alloy and the corner cubes are constrained to allow for the differential thermal expansion of the structure and the quartz corner cubes. \n\nThe LRA is an array of mirrors onboard the satellite that provides a target for laser-tracking measurements from ground stations. By analyzing the round-trip time of the laser beam, it is possible to determine precisely where the satellite is on its orbit. The laser-tracking data are analyzed to calculate the satellite’s altitude to within a few mm; however, because there are a small number (10–15) of ground stations and the laser beams are sensitive to weather conditions, it is not possible to track the satellite continuously using the LRA alone. That is why other location systems are needed on board the satellite.\n\nKey LRA Facts\nHeritage: TOPEX/Poseidon\nFunction: Laser-tracking targets\nConfiguration: 9 corner cubes: 1 nadir looking, 8 arrayed azimuthally in truncated cone\nFOV: 110ý w/1.5 arcsec dihedral angle per cube\nDimensions: Each cube is 163-mm diameter ý 66-mm height\nMass: 0. 8 kg\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nThermal Operating Range: -65ý to 95ý C\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LRA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LRA\n Long_Name: Laser Retroreflector Array\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1 Channel\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 532 nm (primary)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1 Channel\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm (secondary)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://god.tksc.jaxa.jp/ad2/lrra/main.html\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/instrument-lra.html\n Sample_Image: http://argonautica.jason.oceanobs.com/images/missions/tp/image1.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-01-15\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: JAXA\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab5ca508-7ae5-4ede-8c04-5998af821ff7", - "label": "LT (SEASAT 1)", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "This system was one of the devices to support precision orbit determination for Seasat 1. Laser corner reflectors, composed of 96 fused silica 3.75-cm hexagonal corner cube retroreflectors, and ground-based laser systems were used to obtain precise satellite tracking information. The retroreflector array was configured as a single ring of cube corners 1.27 m in diameter. Sixteen of the cube corners were tilted away from the axis of the ring by an angle of 25 deg and the remaining 80 cubes by an angle of 50 deg. Because of the great distance of the array from the center of mass of the satellite the range correction varied from -5.28 m at zenith to -3.08 m near the horizon. When illuminated by laser light pulses from the ground, each retroreflector cube in the array reflected the light pulses back to a telescope/receiver on the ground. A digital counter recorded the time of flight of the laser light pulses from the ground to the satellite and back to the ground. Range was determined from this time. NASA, USAF, SAO (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) and foreign laser tracking stations tracked this satellite.\n\nSummary provided by http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-06\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LT (SEASAT 1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LT (SEASAT 1)\n Long_Name: SEASAT 1 Laser Tracking\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-06\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc24693a-c946-4704-8475-9688ce2f4a13", - "label": "SLR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "NASA has used satellite laser ranging (SLR) for almost two decades in the study of the earth. These include measurements of global tectonic plate motion, regional crustal deformation near plate boundaries, the Earth's gravity field, and the orientation of its polar axis and its rate of spin. The sub-centimeter precision of this technique is now attracting the attention of a new community of scientists interested in high resolution ocean, ice and land topography. The international SLR network is providing an essential link to two new oceanographic satellites, ERS-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon, which range to sea and ice surfaces using microwave altimeters.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SLR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: SLR\n Long_Name: Satellite Laser Ranging\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: \n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ilrs.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be0d7200-fd15-41e0-99c9-76675ba81bf6", - "label": "GRACE LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ]\n\nThe GRACE laser retro reflector (LRR) will be provided by GFZ and is identical with the CHAMP LRR. It is a simple passive payload instrument consisting of 4 prisms manufactured from high-grade fused glass, glued into fixing rings mounted within an aluminium-alloy structure. The LLR is used to reflect short laser pulses of visible or near-infrared wavelengths transmitted by dedicated Laser ground stations. The direct distance can be measured with an accuracy of 1 - 2 cm (depending on the technological status of the ground station). The LRR data will be used for\n \n- precise orbit determination in combination with GPS tracking data for gravity field recovery\n \n- calibration of the on-board GPS Space Receiver,\n \n- technological experiments such as two-colour ranging\n\nThe idea of the two-colour ranging principle is to demonstrate the possibility of differential ranging with a few mm single-shot precision and thus to verify existing tropospheric correction models as well. This is accomplished by a novel design with only 4 prisms in a dense package. Only one single prism will be visible for the laser ground station most of the time. The effective reflection plane is defined with very high accuracy and minimizes the optical depth of the reflector.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE LRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: GRACE LRR\n Long_Name: Laser Retro-Reflector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf662901-ea76-459a-b8e7-1f5df16d48e4", - "label": "LASER REFLECTOR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1deab09-3edf-493b-a7ef-a3811b89e59d", - "label": "SWARM-LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "Precise orbit determination relies on the data from the GPS receivers providing full global coverage of orbit data. The alternative method of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is used as a supporting and independent means for orbit determination. Its limitation is the rather poor global and temporal coverage, but the SLR data is free from ambiguities and directly related to the terrestrial reference frame.\n\nEach of the Swarm satellites is equipped with a Laser Retro-Reflector (LRR) of novel design (More Information(https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/global-geomonitoring-and-gravity-field/topics/development-operation-and-analysis-of-gravity-field-satellite-missions/satellite-payload-development-and-integration/laser-reflectors-for-leo-satellites/)) for external calibration and validation of the onboard GPS receiver. A basic requirement for LRR is to enable the worldwide SLR station network to track the satellite with high accuracy and with a sufficiently high link budget under both night and daytime ranging conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db819ac2-b841-4885-84a1-5aa8ddaec248", - "label": "LASER TRACKING SITE", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9b42200-2667-48df-a63f-4e5ea9a7ef46", - "label": "TLRS", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) allows scientists to detect small\nmovements in the Earth's surface over distances of many\nthousands of miles (1.6 km per mile). This technique can be\napplied globally to measure the movement of many of the rigid\nblocks of the Earth's crust, or plates.\n\nSLR plate motion studies have largely helped to confirm the\nexpected motions for most plates, obtained from geologic data\naveraged over several million years.\n\nLaser ranging observatories are located around the world. There\nare three kinds of stations; fixed, movable and highly\nmobile. In a fixed system, the laser is permanently located at a\npier or foundation that does not change position.\n\nFour of the NASA stations are the highly mobile type called\nTransportable Laser Ranging Systems (TLRS). They are newer\nsystems that are smaller versions of the fixed and movable SLR\nsystems. They are complete systems able to operate from a pad\naccessible by road, and require relatively short setup and\nbreakdown times. Because of the need to sample the orbit of the\nretroreflector satellite, however, the duration of recording is\ngenerally measured in terms of weeks to months.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa074e59-230b-495e-8e56-f71e22033ee7", - "label": "RIS", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "The Retroreflector in Space (RIS) experiment was provided by the\nEnvironment Agency (EA) of Japan on the ADvanced Earth Observation\nSatellite (ADEOS). The RIS is a 50 cm diameter passive cornor cube\nlaser retroreflector designed to provide data to infer the\ndistribution of ozone and other trace gases in the atmosphere. A\nground-based laser beam is reflected by the RIS to the ground station\nand the constituent gases derived from the spectral response. A\ndifferential type laser radar system is used to eliminate the\nattenuating effects of the atmosphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://kuroshio.eorc.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS/Project/Ris.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: RIS\n Long_Name: Retroreflector in Space\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c61bba5-2e43-4865-9e26-d1dd44594192", - "label": "GRACE-FO LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "The laser retro-reflectors were contributed by GFZ and provide a means of tracking the GRACE-FO satellites from the ground for backup and orbit verification purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbf63ec2-4855-4499-81a5-181dd76e4cb2", - "label": "LLR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "During three U.S. Apollo missions (11, 14, and 15) and two unmanned Soviet missions (Luna 17 and Luna 21), retro-reflectors were deployed near the landing sites between 1969 and 1973. The LLR experiment has continuously provided range data for about 41 years, generating about 17000 normal points. The main benefit of this space geodetic technique is the determination of a host of parameters describing lunar ephemeris, lunar physics, the Moon’s interior, various reference frames, Earth orientation parameters and the Earth-Moon dynamics. LLR has also become one of the strongest tools for testing Einstein's theory of general relativity in the solar system; no violations of general relativity have been found so far. However, the basis for all scientific\nanalyses is more high quality data from a well-distributed global LLR network.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a11b62d-a8a4-4573-84c0-8a571aa39e35", - "label": "LRR ERS", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "The Laser Retro-Reflector (LRR) was a passive optical device, on board the ERS-1 and ERS-2 missions, designed for accurate satellite tracking from the ground to support instrument data evaluation.\nIt operated in the infrared, to permit ranging of the satellite by the use of Laser Tracking Stations, and therefore the accurate determination of its height. It was used extensively during the commissioning phase and regularly during the mission to verify the stability of the positioning system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f341648c-ed05-4def-8ba6-f7baff3a6836", - "label": "LRR CryoSat", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", - "definition": "The Laser Retro-Reflector (LRR) is a passive optical device attached to the underside of CryoSat. LRR is used as an additional tool and backup for precise orbit determination with the aid of the international laser tracking network.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ac10b20-f4d8-4014-8385-bf80a68e6cfd", - "label": "ACS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "The Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC) calculates the pointing direction of a CCD camera from a star image of the sky. The direction is found fully autonomous with arc seconds accuracy. The ASC comprises one or more CCD cameras and a Data Processing Unit. The main application of the Advanced Stellar Compass is on-board attitude determination for a satellite.\n\nThe ASC was originally designed and developed to fly onboard the Danish Geomagnetic Research Satellite Ørsted. Ever since, the Advanced Stellar Compass has evolved into a more compact and sophisticated instrument that has flown on several missions including Astrid II, TeamSat, CHAMP, PROBA and GRACE. Furthermore the ASC has been chosen to participate in several other projects.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: ACS\n Long_Name: Advanced Stellar Compass 2 (Boom)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://iris.iau.dtu.dk/research/ASC/main.html\n Sample_Image: http://juno.wisc.edu/Images/using/Instruments/overview_payload2_link.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a904ebc2-37ae-49ba-8655-f691dbb443c3", - "label": "IPU", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "The GRACE Instrument Processing Unit (IPU) is part of the GRACE\n Instrument System (IS) consisting of an Ultrastable Oscillator (USO), a\n K-band Ranging Assembly (KBR), a Star Camera Assembly (SCA) and an\n Accelerometer (ACC). Most of these systems are fully redundant.\n\n The function of the IPU is to\n + receive, downconvert and digitize GPS signals,\n + extract observables from KBR and SCA and report,\n + provide timing reference to the satellite bus and ACC, and\n + calculate GPS navigation solution (position, velocity and time).\n\n [Summary from GRACE IPU Specification Document]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IPU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: IPU\n Long_Name: Instrument Processing Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/grace\n Online_Resource: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace/\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac739385-29c5-4cc8-a170-c28dcb00f8a5", - "label": "AIRCRAFT MOTION SENSOR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "An aircraft motion sensor is comprised of the GPS and INS plus associated hardware. Used to determine the motion of the aircraft with respect to the surface of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3c4b521-4014-43b4-af9b-395d67dc9e1e", - "label": "SFERICS DETECTOR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", - "label": "Galileo", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "Galileo is the European GNSS and provides accurate positioning and timing information on a global basis. The Galileo constellation consists of 18 operational satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0696d322-094f-4fa3-8015-b94effe9cbda", - "label": "Galileo RECEIVERS", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", - "definition": "A GALILEO Receiver is a device capable of determining a navigation solution by processing the signal broadcasted by Galileo satellites. Once the signal is acquired and tracked, the receiver application decodes the navigation message. The navigation data contain all the parameters that enable the user to perform positioning service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a66ab14-1844-49ac-ae76-ad8c489c821a", - "label": "Galileo", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", - "definition": "Galileo is the European GNSS and provides accurate positioning and timing information on a global basis. The Galileo constellation consists of 18 operational satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "824e503e-5993-42f3-b7c6-dc6755c2060d", - "label": "Galileo P", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", - "definition": "Galileo is the European Union's Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS). Sometimes called the 'European GPS', Galileo provides accurate positioning and timing information. Galileo is a programme under civilian control and its data can be used for a broad range of applications. It is autonomous but also interoperable with existing satellite navigation systems. At the moment, the Galileo constellation consists of 18 satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a6adca1-c79e-44fd-9ae8-b466ae4d51d9", - "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", - "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc335159-45d6-4ecc-b1b8-0be773bd5379", - "label": "VLBI Station", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3415c4b-e95a-45c4-b3a2-1d9f622ddd81", - "label": "PRARE", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "The Precise RAnge and Range-Rate Equipment (PRARE) was developed and\nmaintained as a national German experiment by the Institute for\nNavigation (INS) of the University of Stuttgart, the\nGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Time Tech GmbH Stuttgart, and\nKayser-Threde GmbH Munich. Development is funded by BMFT (Germany's\nFederal Ministry for Research and Technology).\n\nPRARE was flown on the European Space Agency (ESA) European Remote\nSensing Satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2 and will be flown on the ESA\nENVISAT.\n\nPRARE is a highly accurate microwave ranging system, supported by a\nnetwork of mobile ground stations, which are used for orbit\ndetermination at decimeter level of accuracy as well as for various\ngeodetic applications.\n\nThe PRARE is designed to:\n\n- provide, in all weather conditions, precise\nsatellite-to-ground or ground-to-satellite\nrange and range-rate information\n- guarantee very reliable measurements through\ncross-checks and calibration procedures\n- ensure highly effective operation of the ground\nsegment through data collection and dissemination\nvia the satellite itself and control of the global\nnetwork via one central ground station\n- allow fast product generation at an archiving,\nprocessing and distribution centre.\n\nIn this two-way microwave ranging system, the on-board equipment\nperforms the measurements in X-band (8.5 GHz), with some additional\nfunctions in S-band (2.2 GHz) for ionospheric correction purposes.\n\nThe PRARE measures range and Doppler (range rate) between the\nsatellite's antenna and up to four ground stations simultaneously. It\nis an autonomous system for precise satellite orbit observation. It\nconsists of the space segment with its own computer and data storage\nmedium, and the ground segment, the unattended user ground stations, a\ndedicated command station and a master station for receiving the data\ndumps. PRARE operates in X-band and, in the downlink, also in\nS-band. Thus, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) can be\ndetermined along the line-of-sight from the ground station to the\nsatellite.\n\nThe applications of PRARE are:\n\n- precise satellite orbit determination\n (e.g. of altimeter and geodynamic satellites)\n- earth gravity field\nrecovery\n- precise point positioning (tectonics)\n- earth rotation\nparameter determination and measurement of the ionospheric total\nelectron content (TEC).\n\nIn the measurement process the space segment is the active part,\ni.e. the satellite is the start and end point of the two-way line and\nthe Range and Doppler correlations take place on-board. A ground\nstation only turns the signal around after amplification and after\nmodulating the S/X-band travel time difference and meteorological data\non the carrier. All data are collected on-board and dumped during\ncontact with the master station. The space segment also provides\nupdated orbit and schedule data to the ground stations in the\ndownlink. With this design it is possible to operate a global ground\nstation network without external data transmission\nfacilities. Especially important is that even the host satellite is\nnot encumbered by the PRARE data flow.\n\nRelated URL:\n\n\n'http://op.gfz-potsdam.de/prare/general/general.html'\n\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/ers/prare'\n\n\n\nReference online documentation:\n\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_pra.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\n ESA/ESRIN\n\n Via G.Galilei\n\n 00044 Frascati\n\n Italy", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8b985fa-87b9-4cf2-a7fc-4395b11a9f49", - "label": "A-DCS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "[Source: NPOESS Project home page, http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=adcs ]\n\n The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) will continue the NOAA tradition of providing a platform for the French Data Collection System (DCS). The advanced DCS (A-DCS) carried on-board NPOESS satellites will provide global coverage and platform location of in-situ data collection platforms. These platforms are equipped with sensors and transmitters which permit applications such as monitoring drifting ocean buoys, monitoring weather conditions at remote sites, and studying wildlife migration paths.\n\n[Also known as ARGOS]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: A-DCS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n Long_Name: Advanced Data Collection System\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SARSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NPOESS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr#\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaME/adcs.html\n Online_Resource: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/ARGOS/\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8157021-d184-4972-a42e-4829ce641a3c", - "label": "RF ANTENNA", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "A RF ANTENNA is an antenna or an electrical device that sends or\nreceives radio or television signals that is used to help\nfurther study lightning and its detection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8a927c5-e5a8-43c8-91d4-2ca3785ef019", - "label": "THR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "[Source: NASA/JPL, ftp://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/grace/doc/ProdSpecDoc_v4.5.pdf ]\n\nThe GRACE Thruster Activation System is part of the Cold Gas System.\nThe GRACE Cold Gas System uses Nitrogen as medium, which is stored\nin two tanks at an initial pressure of 350 bar. This upstream pressure\nis reduced to the thruster valve working pressure of approximately 1.5\nbar by a Pressure Regulator. For redundancy reasons, the two branches\ncan be operated individually. Attitude control around the roll, pitch\nand yaw axis is performed by 3 sets of 4 thrusters with a nominal thrust\nforce of 10 mN. The attitude control thrusters are nominally operated\nin pairs which are accommodated such, that force free reaction control\nis achieved. For orbit maintenance, two 40 mN thrusters are mounted on\nthe anti-flight direction side with the force vector pointing through\nthe satellite center of gravity. The cold gas system housekeeping sensor\nset consists of two Pressure Transducers, one for the high pressure part\nand one for the low pressure part, and temperature sensors on both tanks\nand every thruster.\n\n[Summary from GRACE Thruster Specification Document]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: THR\n Long_Name: THRuster activation system\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE SENSORS\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Short_Name: TNK\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: ftp://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/grace/doc/ProdSpecDoc_v4.5.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7d7f4ee-9414-4022-b66e-876476188bbc", - "label": "RADIO TRANSPONDERS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f80d590c-9099-49fc-bc45-af5397a4a049", - "label": "DORIS GROUND STATION BEACON", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc1107e4-4cb5-4e98-88cd-41d78ae2a86f", - "label": "SCA", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "The Spatial Coordinate Apparatus (SCA) consists of four arms\nconnected to potentiometers. The top three arms can move in a\nvertical plane while the fourth arm can rotate upon its\nlongitudinal axis. As the arms rotate, the angles of the\nrotation are measured in terms of voltages from the\npotentiometers and recorded in a computer. These voltage\nreadings were then converted into 3-dimensional coordinates (x,\ny, z) of the endpoint of the top arm.\n\n[Source: ORNL]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SCA\n Long_Name: Spatial Coordinate Apparatus\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bdff346-7b1c-496d-87c5-6cd2c3e54e90", - "label": "NASDAT", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "The NASDAT is the airborne host for the ASP Sensor Network system, and brings Ethernet connectivity and satellite communications directly to experimenters and their instruments. It is a key element of the wider Airborne Science Program effort to harmonize payload interfaces across the fleet, and enable sensor web participation, including live data access via the ASP Web Portal and the Mission Tools Suite. NASDAT core network services include aircraft housekeeping data broadcast, NTP time server, CSV status packet ingest, UDP packet forwarding, and ground web services. It includes four embedded Iridium modems for baseline global communications, and provides a gateway to wider-bandwidth sat-com services such as Inmarsat. Although legacy interfaces from the old ER-2 Navigation Recorder are still provided (RS-232, RS-422, ARINC-429, Synchro, IRIG-B,) experimenters are encouraged to take advantage of the new Ethernet-based capabilities where possible. NASDAT units are installed on all of the core NASA science platforms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8315215c-1aa2-4f06-b003-3bb6339b33a4", - "label": "Applanix", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "POS AV is a hardware and software system specifically designed for Direct Georeferencing of airborne sensor data. By integrating precision GNSS with inertial technology, POS AV enables geospatial projects to be completed more efficiently, effectively, and economically. Supported by Applanix' industry expertise and technological innovation, POS AV is engineered for aerial cameras, scanning lasers, imaging sensors, synthetic aperture radar, and LIDAR technology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54927026-f395-40b5-a451-df4e4e06e037", - "label": "GRACE-FO TriG", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "The GRACE-FO Trig-RO receiver upgrades the capabilities offered by BlackJack/IGOR GPS science receivers in order to meet NASA’s decadal survey recommendations. This includes the ability to track not only GPS, but additional GNSS signals, including Galileo, CDMA GLONASS and Compass.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80ddee56-a14c-45be-8363-6728fc268483", - "label": "NAV420 Navigation Data", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", - "definition": "roll, pitch, and heading using MEMS technology in commercial, industrial\nand aerospace markets since 1998. The Crossbow Navigation System, or\nNAV420CA uses a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis rate sensor to make a\ncomplete measurement of the dynamics of the system. The addition of a 3-\naxis magnetometer inside the NAv420CA allows it to make a true\nmeasurement of magnetic heading without an external flux valve. With the\nbuilt-in GPS receiver, the combined system becomes a low-cost INS that\ncan output location, velocity and acceleration. The Crossbow NAV420CA\nis a solid-state equivalent of a vertical gyro/artificial horizon display\ncombined with a directional gyro, flux valve and Global Positioning System\n(GPS).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "644b9652-4b71-493e-8ceb-25697a1a6514", - "label": "Pyrometers", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", - "label": "Infrared Pyrometers", - "broader": "644b9652-4b71-493e-8ceb-25697a1a6514", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "47aef999-3e01-4a9f-815b-8c7b853c6e8c", - "label": "KT15 Pyrometer", - "broader": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", - "definition": "KT15 IIP is a digital, compact, programmable and universally applicable radiation pyrometer series with comprehensive and flexible functions for industrial temperature monitoring and control.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8e1857c-ea38-4341-a01b-2879e63ac2d8", - "label": "KT19 Pyrometer", - "broader": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", - "definition": "The KT19 II implements the most advanced infrared technologyof the forthcoming generation. New performance features bringadded functionality beneficial to difficult and complex appli-cations. The KT19 II sets unsurpassed standards inradiation pyrometry. It is the ultimate high per-former for non-contact temperature measurements to cope with extremelyunfavorable boundary conditions.The magnitude of availableoptions and freelyselectable operatingparameters allowsideal adaptation forthe specific require-ments of all feasibleapplications.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "label": "Photon/Optical Detectors", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11d3fac2-d6ca-458f-9f40-2adf3193076a", - "label": "PARTICLE DETECTORS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "PARTICLE DETECTORS are devices that receive a signal or stimulus\nsuch as heat, pressure, light, motion or in this case particles\n(tiny parts of matter) and responds to it by extracting\nmodulation from a radio carrier wave.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18c04845-1b2c-4373-9cee-da6298092bf1", - "label": "PIN DIODE", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "A PIN diode is a semiconductor device that operates as a\nvariable resistor at RF and microwave frequencies. The resistance\nvalue of the PIN diode is determined only by the forward biased dc\ncurrent. In switch and attenuator applications, the PIN diode\nshould ideally control the RF signal level without introducing\ndistortion, which might change the shape of the RF signal. An\nimportant additional feature of the PIN diode is its ability to\ncontrol large RF signals while using much smaller levels of dc\nexcitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a881d2e-13c0-4c7b-a27e-5fed2b5f1d40", - "label": "APS GLORY", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "[Source: APS GLORY home page, http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-aps.html ]\n\nAEROSOL Polarimetry SENSOR (APS)\n\nAerosols include, but are not limited to, smoke, dust, volcanic ash, sea spray, polar stratospheric clouds, and smog. APS Instrument Illustration Although cloud particles can be considered as a particular type of aerosol, it is conventional to put them in a separate category.\n\nLiquid water clouds are defined as distinct optically thick particulate features composed of droplets. Cirrus clouds are defined as visible, or sub-visible particulate layers (either natural, or man-made, such as contrails), which reside in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere and are composed of water ice crystals with sizes ranging from several micrometers to a millimeter. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APS GLORY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: APS GLORY\n Long_Name: AEROSOL Polarimetry SENSOR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLORY\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-aps.html\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/inst-aps.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-01-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29e65a9f-41bf-4c53-bff6-98472d5f4f47", - "label": "MICROTOMOGRAPHY", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d580f50-3951-4601-9b08-7fbea94eebef", - "label": "DMS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3974be5a-2650-479c-a5f0-59a340f525d1", - "label": "NO2 LIF", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a8a9d74-05f4-4e0c-9e4e-f5bc2acccfe7", - "label": "OTD", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) is a highly compact\ncombination of optical and electronic elements. It was developed\nas an in-house project at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in\nHuntsville, Alabama. The name, Optical Transient Detector,\nrefers to its capability to detect the momentary changes in an\noptical scene which indicate the occurrence of lightning. The\nOTD instrument is a major advance over previous technology in\nthat it can gather lightning data under daytime conditions as\nwell as at night. In addition, it provides much higher detection\nefficiency and spatial resolution than has been attained by\nearlier lightning sensors.\n\nAt the heart of the system is a solid-state optical sensor\nsimilar in some ways to a TV camera. However, in overall design\nand many specific features, OTD had to be uniquely designed for\nthe job of observing and measuring lightning from space. Like a\nTV camera, the OTD has a lens system, a detector array (serving\na function somewhat analogous to the retina in the human eye),\nand circuitry to convert the electronic output of the system's\ndetector array into useful data.\n\nThe sensor system (camera) is approximately 8 inches in diameter\nand 15 inches high, while the supporting electronics package is\nabout the size of a standard typewriter. Together, the two\nmodules weigh approximately 18 kilograms (40 pounds). The total\nweight of the satellite placed on orbit is 75 kilograms (165\npounds).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/otd/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e0e841f-e791-456a-a15a-c6b5d1a537e7", - "label": "PAS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The EcoChem Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor (PAS 2000) uses the principle of photoionization to measure particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds/hydrocarbons (PAH). The sampled air stream and particles are exposed to radiation at 220 nm from a pulsed excimer lamp. Radiation at this wavelength ionizes PAH-coated aerosols but not gas molecules or non-carbon aerosols. The resulting free electrons are removed from the air stream and the positively charged particles are collected on a filter inside an electrometer where the charge is measured. The resulting electric current is proportional to the concentration of the total particle-bound PAH in the sample with no specification of which PAHs are present. The low volatility of the various PAHs reduces the amount of gaseous PAH in the sample and ensures that the sample is particle-bound PAH. The sample flow rate is measured with a mass flow meter and is controlled by a variable speed motor that maintains a constant mass flow of 2.0 l/min referenced to standard temperature and pressure conditions of 0 °C and 1 atm. Data units for the PAC are currently reported in femptoAmps, as a reliable conversion has not yet been established.\n\nInformation obtained from http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/dataset_documents/narsto_epa_ss_fresno_particle_pac_data.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: PAS\n Long_Name: Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/dataset_documents/narsto_epa_ss_fresno_particle_pac_data.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-17\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "414c48df-6fe2-4657-8a72-1b1eacb055c4", - "label": "SCINTILLATION COUNTERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "SCINTILLATION COUNTERS are recorders that keeps a record of the\nnumber of times something happens, in this case scintillation or\nrapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of electromagnetic\nor acoustic waves that have propagated through a medium\ncontaining fluctuations in the refractive index, such as the\natmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4830f3e8-b4f3-4574-88d0-b52a27d52eff", - "label": "HPGE", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "Germanium is a lot like silicon: It's a semiconductor from which\nyou can build complex electronic circuits, and in bulk form it's\na dark, shiny crystalline yet sort of metallic solid. It's quite\nexpensive, much more expensive than silicon, and not nearly as\ncommonly used.\n\nGermanium can also be used as an x-ray lens, because even though\nit's opaque to visible light, it transmits and can focus x-rays.\n\nSilicon and Germanium are available in higher purity grades than\nvirtually any other elements. Silicon in particular can be had\nin large quantities at reasonable prices, at a purity that\nexceeds anything else achieved by the hand of man. Germanium is\nsimilar, just more expensive. The reason for this is not that\nother elements are necessarily more difficult to purify (some\nare, some aren't), it's that there is a huge market demand for\nhyperpure silicon and to a lesser extent germanium for the\nsemiconductor industry.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/032/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", - "label": "JRE (CARMEN-3 + LPT)", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03d2c9e4-e102-4488-b764-bca16d5aae2b", - "label": "CARMEN-3", - "broader": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", - "definition": "CARMEN (CARacterization and Modeling of ENvironment) is an instrument concept dedicated to space environment measurement: orbital debris, high and low energy particles. CARMEN-3 is composed of the ICARE-NG module and an additional sensor AMBRE. ICARE-NG is a dedicated instrument to study the influence of space radiation and their effects on electronic components. AMBRE is a type of sensor which is able to detect low level ions and electrons.\n\nCARMEN-3 instrument has particular mission objectives as well as objectives related to the satellite:\n\n• Scientific objectives for ICARE-NG: to allow the measurement of charged particles fluxes and the effects of these particles fluxes on under test electronic components.\n\n• Scientific objectives for AMBRE: to allow the measurement of low energy charged particles fluxes responsible for electrostatic discharges.\n\n• Mission objectives for CARMEN-3 associated with JASON-3: to allow the local radiative environment characterization and the evaluation of the potential drifts of the equipments in particular due to radiation from South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and to participate in the data cross calibration with the LPT instrument in the frame of JRE (Joint Radiation Experiment).\n\nCarmen-3 (CNES instrument) is a dosimeter used to improve knowledge of particularly aggressive radiation in Jason's orbit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7c3f2fb-0fdd-465d-9107-f1c7369c72f2", - "label": "LPT", - "broader": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", - "definition": "LPT is a detection unit of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), Tokyo, Japan. LPT complements the radiation measurements of Carmen-2. In June 2006, JAXA and CNES signed a MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) with the intent to load the JAXA instrument LPT (Light Particle Telescope) onto the Jason-2 spacecraft of CNES. 19)\n\nLPT consists of two units, which are LPT-E and LPT-S. Figure 14 shows the external views of LPT-E (left) and LPT-S (right). A block diagram of LPT is shown in Figure 15. LPT-E is mounted inside of the satellite and LPT-S is outside.\n\nLPT-E provides functions of the electrical I/F with the Jason-2 satellite system. It receives primary power supply from satellite system and provides sensors and electrical circuits with secondary power. It also receives telecommands and sends telemetry data via the MIL-1553B bus using protocols specified by the PROTEUS standard satellite bus which is used for the Jason-2.\n\nLPT-S consists of four sensors. Specifications of each sensor are shown in Table 6. Each sensor counts number of interesting particles irradiated from inside of the view angle with the specific energy of each channel every one second (time resolution).\n\nThe LPT-S device has a FOV in the zenith direction; it is accommodated on the outside of the spacecraft. The LPT-E device is installed inside of Jason-2.\n\nLPT-S consists of 4 sensor units; ELA-A, ELS-B for counting electrons, APS-A and APS-B for protons. Each unit includes a set of radiation detectors, their preamplifiers, high voltage supplies, analog and digital board for data processing and analyzing. They measure energies of incident particles and identify particle species by the ΔE x E method. The counts of each particle are accumulated for a second and transmitted to LPT-E. There is an electrical interface between LPT-S and the satellite bus system. LPT-E includes a CPU board for data handling, receiving commands, and transmitting telemetry data in order to control the LPT-S according to a command. LPT-E also supplies LPT-S with power. 20)\n\nEach sensor has 2 measurement modes. The nominal mode is called “count mode”, which obtains count data in energy bins for each particle. Another “list mode” transmits analog-to-digital converted data indicating energy of incident particles. The list mode is used for checking health and gain drift of the detector and electronics while the volume of data to be transferred is limited.\n\nInitial performance check: LPT was initially checked out from June to November 2008 and the LPT was working correctly. The electrical noise was measured for ELS-A, APS-B and APS-A using regular test pulses. The full width of half maximum (FWHM) derived from the test pulses corresponded to 16.3 keV for ELS-A. For APS-A and APS-B, the electrical noise was smaller than a digit of the ADC (Analog–to-Digital Converter) in LPT. Those FWHMs are consistent with the technical requirement.\n\nA world flux map for electrons measured by ELS-A in the 400 – 490 keV energy range is shown in Figure #. The map shows averaged data for 4 months from November 2008 to February 2009. It is easily found that the border of SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly) at that altitude of 1336 km is extended from the middle of Indian Ocean to the western edge of Pacific Ocean. The slot region between the inner radiation belt and the outer radiation belt is also seen clearly.\n\nThe observational data of LPT helps to improve the radiation environment knowledge and characterize the local radiation environment to evaluate errors of other mission instruments. An improved LPT device will be also onboard JASON-3 which has the same orbit as JASON-2.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ae3becd-81d4-485a-8910-e153dc9c02a5", - "label": "OSA", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "OSA was designed and custom-built by Kodak Co. of Rochester, NY (Space Imaging owns the design of OSA). The instrument features a Cassegrain-type telescope with a 70 cm diameter primary mirror, a 10 m focal length (folded optics design). The OTA (Optical Telescope Assembly) captures imagery across a swath of 11-13 km, it uses five mirrors to reflect the imagery to the imaging sensor arrays at the back end of the telescope. Three of the mirrors are powered (curved), and are of TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) design. Note: TMA refers to lenses that are able to form approximately point images of target (object) points. The other two mirrors are flat, and serve to `fold' or bounce the imagery across the width of the telescope.\n\nPushbroom detector technology (a large focal plane detector array, generation of 6500 lines/s of panchromatic image data) is employed. Simultaneous imaging in panchromatic and multispectral modes is provided. The pixel size on the detector array is 12 µm for the panchromatic (PAN), and 48 µm for the multispectral (MS) detectors.\n\nThe MS bands correspond to those of TM on Landsat in the visible range of the spectrum. The instrument light level is governed by a 70 cm aperture and a choice of 10, 13, 18, 24, or 32 TDI (Time Delay Integration) stages for panchromatic (gray-scale) imaging. The detector array offers a cumulative exposure concept for panchromatic imaging.(1)\n\nOn-board electronics provide low-loss data compression of the original 11-bit data using ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation). - The OSA instrument design features lightweight materials and advanced manufacturing techniques. The mass of the primary mirror was reduced by cutting a honeycomb pattern into its core using abrasive waterjet technology, and fusing thin mirror plates to each face.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62da1828-7b49-454f-999a-e91c6c40dd94", - "label": "CAMBOT", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6497f9c7-d8a6-46d7-9fea-68f612b835ff", - "label": "Visibility Sensor", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "Visibility sensors detect atmospheric transparency and output a sensor equivalent visibility (SEV) range that represents the maximum distance that the human eye can see under given atmospheric conditions. They offer a standardized method for assessing visibility range when it is impaired by fog, cloud cover, snow, smoke, or other precipitation. Meteorologists use visibility sensors to remotely monitor the visibility range. They may be deployed in remote weather stations while the most common application for visibility sensors is for aviation when assessing visibility at runways.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "674d52b5-35a8-4f3a-8b11-28c37a893ba5", - "label": "SUNSHINE RECORDERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "A SUNSHINE RECORDERS is an instrument designed to record the\nduration of sunshine without regard to intensity at any given\nlocation; Instruments that record data about the sun?s rays and\nheat it gives off (sunshine); done daily, monthly, and\nseasonally for the purpose of studying the weather and climate\npatterns on the Earth?s surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c58b909-9cdc-4fed-9432-ba35940eed10", - "label": "Pleiades High Resolution", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cd74e61-e205-49bb-9ebb-78b06db5f531", - "label": "WSI", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The whole-sky imager (WSI) is an automated imager used for assessing and documenting cloud fields and cloud field dynamics. The WSI is a ground-based electronic imaging system that monitors the upper hemisphere. It is a passive, i.e., non-emissive, system that acquires images of the sky dome through three spectral filters (neutral, red, and blue). From these sky images, we can assess the presence, distribution, shape, and radiance of clouds over the entire sky using automated cloud decision algorithms and related processing. The current WSI model (EO System 6) is capable of image acquisition under daylight, moonlight, and starlight conditions.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.arm.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WSI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: WSI\n Long_Name: Whole-Sky Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.arm.gov/instruments/instrument_iop.php?id=wsi\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, US Dept of Energy\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fac8911-0000-4c2b-aefa-a6bcbff97805", - "label": "SBI", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The Solar Bolometric Imager (SBI) was designed to operate for 10-30 days in the stratosphere above Antarctica where it can provide millions of wavelength-integrated images of the Sun. These images will show how solar irradiance sources vary in local magnetic fields and they will show any other sources of solar irradiance variation such as that due to the hypothetical giant cells. This is the best observational approach to characterizing potential causes of the long-term irradiance variations. Discovery of other predicted sources of secular variability, such as torsional waves and meridional flow variations, would constitute a major advance for solar physics and for policy response to global warming.\n\nSBI uses a 30-cm diameter F/12 Dall-Kirkham telescope with uncoated mirrors and neutral density filters to provide high precision measurements over the wavelengths from 0.28 microns to 2.6 microns. The SBI sensor has the unique capability to record images of the solar photosphere with a flat photometric response. Each frame from the SBI will be precisely calibrated. Bursts of 60 to 120 frames of the same scene will be co-registered and summed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The scenes will be mosaiced to form images with 5 arc-second resolution over the entire Sun.\n\nThe calibrated, mosaiced SBI images will be used to derive data products such as 3D plots of intensity contrast versus magnetic flux and distance from Sun center. Inferred solar irradiance variations will be compared with SORCE/TIM and ACRIMSAT measurements. The images and data products will be openly available via the SBI \n\nWeb page sd-www.jhuapl.edu/SBI/.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SBI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: SBI\n Long_Name: Solar Bolometric Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.28 ¼m to 2.6 ¼m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/SBI/\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/SBI/Instrument/palestine_2006/gondola_front_m\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-09-01\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "715bd84e-47a5-4da8-baf4-a283c46ccadf", - "label": "OCM-2", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The OCM-2 sensor consists of 8-band modular cameras operating in the Visible-Near IR spectral range. This sensor provides an instantaneous geometric field of view of 360 m and covers a swath width of 1420 km. The wide swath enables the OCM-2 to provide a revisit cycle of two days for a given area.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OCM-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: OCM-2\n Long_Name: Ocean Colour Monitor-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-O2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40-0.885 micron\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 20 nm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-10-28\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bf9f69e-3bc7-45ad-9224-969676d36d78", - "label": "11.5um Radiometer", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93687d67-fcb3-48bf-b37f-ff6722a1687f", - "label": "GSD", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "Germanium Semiconductor Detector (GSD) are semiconductor diodes\nhaving a P-I-N structure in which the Intrinsic (I) region is\nsensitive to ionizing radiation, particularly X-rays and gamma\nrays. Under reverse bias, an electric field extends across the\nintrinsic or depleted region. When photons interact with the\nmaterial within the depleted volume of a detector, charge\ncarriers (holes and electrons) are produced and are swept by the\nelectric field to the P and N electrodes. This charge, which is\nin proportion to the energy deposited in the detector by the\nincoming photon, is converted into a voltage pulse by an\nintegral charge sensitive preamplifier.\n\nBecause germanium has a relatively low band gap, these detectors\nmust be cooled in order to reduce the thermal generation of\ncharge carriers (thus reverse leakage current) to an acceptable\nlevel. Otherwise, leakage current induced noise destroys the\nenergy resolution of the detector. Liquid nitrogen, which has a\ntemperature of 77?K is the common cooling medium for such\ndetectors. The detector is mounted in a vacuum chamber which is\nattached to or inserted into an LN2 dewar or an electrically\npowered cooler. The sensitive detector surfaces are thus\nprotected from moisture and condensable contaminants.\n\n[Source: CANBERRA 'http://www.canberra.com']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "959af52d-2698-43a2-8e8e-37f4a92c5489", - "label": "SILICON PHOTODIODES", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "SILICON PHOTODIODES: With this instrumentation, radiation\ntransmittance (ratio of transmitted to incident radiation)\nthrough clear ice, refrozen slush ice and brash ice, from ice\nsurface to ice water interface in 400 to 600 nanometer range\n(photosynthetically active range), was measured at two\nfreshwater lakes. Data taken with this included surface and\nunder-ice sensor readings, date and time of observation, solar\nangle, ice thickness, water depth, distance of under-ice sensor\nfrom ice bottom surface, and site number/location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3771e7c-efaf-4867-8380-1d629f2eb66b", - "label": "OPC", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "Optical particle counters (OPCs), photometers, Aerodynamic Particle Sizer\n(APS) spectrometers, and\ncondensation particle counters (CPCs) all measure airborne particles in real time. Each technology has a\nunique sensitivity to specific particle characteristics such as size, mass and refractive index. Table 1\nsummarizes the basic performance differences. Note in particular the size range and flow rate for each\ninstrument as well as the upper limit of the number concentrations. Table 2 summarizes typical\napplications for each measurement technology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4279b96-58ea-4e69-8cb2-e0956a8a8648", - "label": "ALAE", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The objective of the Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE)\nexperiment was to measure atomic hydrogen and deuterium in the\nterrestrial atmosphere. The ALAE was flown on the Space Shuttle as\npart of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Science and Applications (ATLAS\n1). The instrument consists of a spectrophotometer with an atomic\nhydrogen absorption cell and an atomic deuterium absorption\ncell. Various combinations of switching the cells on and off allow\nobservations of the atmospheric deuterium layer, the atomic geocorona,\nand the Lyman-alpha interplanetary medium.\nFurther information about the ATLAS-1 mission can be found at:\n'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b58d7d73-ea9e-4af3-8363-51bd6547b94f", - "label": "GFC RADIOMETER", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer (GFCR) is an\noptoelectrical sensor able to detect airborne pollutants such as\ncarbon monoxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides. The device makes\nuse of a polarization modulator, in conjunction with a\npolarization beam splitter, to enable rapid optical-path\nswitching without the use of moving parts. As light reflected\nfrom the atmosphere enters the instrument the light radiation\npasses through a polarization-sensitive beam splitter, the\nsplitter reflects the polarized photons and transmits\nhorizontally polarized photons. The beamis thus alternated\nbetween two optical paths: one comprised of a vacuum cell and\nthe other a correlation cell that contains a small quantity of\ngas, which the sensor is calibrated to detect.\n\nThe gas in the correlation cell acts as a defacto filter for\nincoming radiation. As radiation from the two paths is\nrecombined and analyzed, the difference in signal strengths\nindicates the amount of target gas present in the outside air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baafc73b-3728-49ab-8a90-87d9af82fdbe", - "label": "OPS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The Optical Sensor(OPS) provide better ground resolution than MOS-1's MESSR. The OPS separates the light reflected from the ground into seven spectral bands from visible to short-wave infrared and employes CCD's. Detailed pictures from the satellite allow us to survey the earth resources, monitor sea status and obtain other information useful for improving our life. \n\n[Summary provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: OPS\n Long_Name: Optical Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JERS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/ops_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/ops_pic.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-02-11\n Instrument_Owner: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c21aefc3-6e3d-4a92-b576-ad872e4c6de3", - "label": "MINARAD RST-10", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The MINARAD RST-10 is a sensor used to measure Nadir infrared radiance (radiation temp).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MINARAD RST-10\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: MINARAD RST-10\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACROS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 9.5mm<µ<11.5mm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf08/extended_abs/asano_s.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c38e16d1-61f9-4189-a3c9-33e2015db137", - "label": "Passive Remote Sensing", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8e7b55f3-c7ef-4f25-9c84-a75166b382c8", - "label": "CMT", - "broader": "c38e16d1-61f9-4189-a3c9-33e2015db137", - "definition": "The China Mapping Telescope (CMT) is a High resolution optical imager. CMT is an instrument on-board the Beijing-1 satellite which is a part of Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) First Generation.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CMT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: CMT\n Long_Name: China Mapping Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40 μm to 0.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/84\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Peoples Republic of China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", - "label": "NEPHELOMETERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "A nephelometer measures the scattering coefficient of light\ncaused by suspended particles in the air instantaneously.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "75c9c28f-8098-46d0-ae34-01241acee7ff", - "label": "TSI-3562 Nephelometer", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59c3ceea-e637-4400-a980-5eaedfa4eb91", - "label": "RR Neph", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", - "definition": "TSI Integrating Nephelometers are designed specifically for studies of direct radiative forcing of the Earth’s climate by aerosol particles, or studies of ground-based or airborne atmospheric visual air quality in clean areas. They may also be used as an analytical detector for aerosol particles whenever the parameter of interest is the light-scattering coefficient of the particles after a pretreatment step, such as heating, humidification, or segregation by size. The light-scattering coefficient is a highly variable aerosol property. Integrating Nephelometers measure the angular integral of light scattering that yields the quantity called the aerosol scattering coefficient, which is used in the Beer-Lambert Law to calculate total light extinction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b38b19d3-4b1b-4bf0-8dfc-7fd36e7d6f2f", - "label": "TSI-3563 Neph", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", - "definition": "TSI Integrating Nephelometers are designed specifically for studies of direct radiative forcing of the Earth’s climate by aerosol particles, or studies of ground-based or airborne atmospheric visual air quality in clean areas. They may also be used as an analytical detector for aerosol particles whenever the parameter of interest is the light-scattering coefficient of the particles after a pretreatment step, such as heating, humidification, or segregation by size. The light-scattering coefficient is a highly variable aerosol property. Integrating Nephelometers measure the angular integral of light scattering that yields the quantity called the aerosol scattering coefficient, which is used in the Beer-Lambert Law to calculate total light extinction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0911bb8-dabd-4cd9-b7de-04e15d14aa62", - "label": "LI Neph", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", - "definition": "The laser imaging nephelometer measures the unpolarized scattering phase function of an aerosol ensemble using diode lasers at 375 and 405 nm. Scattered light from the bulk aerosol in the instrument is imaged onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) using a wide-angle field-of-view lens, which allows for measurements at 4–175∘ scattering angle with ∼ 0.5∘ angular resolution. Along with a suite of other instruments, the laser imaging nephelometer sampled fresh smoke emissions both directly and after removal of volatile components with a thermodenuder at 250 ∘C. The total integrated aerosol scattering signal agreed with both a cavity ring-down photoacoustic spectrometer system and a traditional integrating nephelometer within instrumental uncertainties. We compare the measured scattering phase functions at 405 nm to theoretical models for spherical (Mie) and fractal (Rayleigh–Debye–Gans) particle morphologies based on the size distribution reported by an optical particle counter.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "label": "Cameras", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "001d8e8c-e9b1-4418-9941-f41321c2c500", - "label": "WV110", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "WV110 was designed and developed at ITT Corporation's Space Systems Division of Rochester, NY. The objective of the WV110 instrument is to provide high-resolution panchromatic as well as 8-band multispectral imagery for enhanced mapping and monitoring applications (including stereo imagery due to rapid retargeting capability). \n\nIn September 2008, BATC started with the integration of the WV110 camera. On Feb. 24, 2009 the WV110 camera had been integrated into the WorldView-2 spacecraft and system-level testing has commenced.\n\nImager type\n\nPushbroom imager (or a line scan imaging system)\n\nImaging mode\n\nPanchromatic (Pan)\n\nMultispectral (MS) 8 bands\n(4 standard + 4 additional colors)\n\nSpectral range\n\n450-800 nm\n\n400-450 nm (coastal blue)\n450-510 nm (blue)\n510-580 nm (green)\n585-625 nm (yellow)\n630-690 nm (red)\n705-745 nm (red edge)\n770-895 nm (NIR1)\n860-1040 nm (NIR2)\n\nSpatial resolution at nadir\n\n0.46 m GSD (0.52 m at 20º off-nadir)\n\n1.8 m GSD (2.4 m at 20º off-nadir)\n\nSwath width\n\n16.4 km (multiple adjoining paths can be imaged in a target area in a single orbit pass due to S/C agility)\n\nDetectors\n\nPan: Si CCD array (8 µm pixel size) with a row of > 35,000 detectors\nMS: Si CCD 4 arrays (32 µm pixel size) with a row of > 9,300 detectors\n\nData quantization\n\n11 bit\n\nGeolocation accuracy of imagery\n\n≤ 3 m (using a GPS receiver, a gyroscope and a star tracker) without any GCP (Ground Control Points)\n\nOptics\n\nTMA telescope with an aperture diameter of 1.1 m, focal length = 13.3 m, f/12\n\nTDI (Time Delay Integration)\n\n6 selectable levels from 8 to 64 in Pan and MS\n\nFOV (Field of View)\n\n> 1.28º\n\nInstrument size\n\n3 m tall\n\n\nSpectral band\n\nCenter wavelength (nm)\n\nMinimum lower band edge (nm)\n\nMaximum upper band edge (nm)\n\nPan (WorldView-1) imager\n\n650\n\n400\n\n900\n\nPan (WorldView-2) imager\n\n625\n\n447\n\n808\n\nMS1 (NIR1)\n\n831\n\n765\n\n901\n\nMS2 (red)\n\n659\n\n630\n\n690\n\nMS3 (green)\n\n546\n\n506\n\n586\n\nMS4 (blue)\n\n478\n\n442\n\n515\n\nMS5 (red edge)\n\n724\n\n699\n\n749\n\nMS6 (yellow)\n\n608\n\n584\n\n632\n\nMS7 (coastal blue)\n\n427\n\n396\n\n458\n\nMS8 (NIR2)\n\n908\n\n856\n\n1043\n\nParameter / Spacecraft\n\nQuickBird-2 (QB)\n\nWorldView-1\n\nWorldView-2\n\nLaunch date\n\nOct. 21, 2001\n\nSept. 18. 2007\n\nOct. 08, 2009\n\nOrbital altitude (SSO)\n\n450 km\n\n450 km\n\n770 km\n\nSpacecraft mass at launch\n\n931 kg\n\n2500 kg\n\n2800 kg\n\nSpacecraft bus size\n\n3 m x 1.6 m Ø\n\n3.6 m x 2.5 m Ø\n\n4.3 m x 2.5 m Ø\n\nSpacecraft bus type\n\nBCP-2000\n\nBCP-5000\n\nBCP-5000\n\nSolar array span\n\n5.2 m\n\n7.1 m\n\n7.1 m\n\nSpacecraft power\n\n1.14 kW (EOL) single junction GaAs cells\n\n3.2 kW (EOL) triple junction GaAs cells\n\n3.2 kW (EOL) triple junction GaAs cells\n\nBattery\n\n40 Ah NiH2\n\n100 Ah NiH2\n\n100 Ah NiH2\n\nAttitude actuation\n\nReaction wheels\n\nCMG assembly\n\nCMG assembly\n\nS/C body pointing capability\n\n±30º (nominal in any direction)\n\n±40º (nominal in any direction)\n\n±40º (nominal in any direction)\n\nOnboard propulsion\n\n4 x 4.4 N hydrazine thrusters\n\nYes\n\nYes\n\nSpacecraft design life\n\n5 years\n\n7.25 years\n\n7.25 years\n\nRF Wideband downlink\n\n320 Mbit/s\n\n800 Mbit/s\n\n800 Mbit/s\n\nOnboard data storage\n\n128 Gbit\n\n2.2 Tbit\n\n2.2 Tbit\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\nPayload (builder)\n\nBHRC60 (BATC)\n\nWV60 (ITT)\n\nWV110 (ITT)\n\nTelescope aperture\n\n60 cm Ø\n\n60 cm Ø\n\n110 cm Ø\n\nSwath width\n\n16.5 km\n\n16.4 km\n\n16.4 km\n\nPan resolution at nadir\n\n0.61 cm\n\n50 cm\n\n46 cm\n\nMS resolution at nadir\n\n2.4 m\n\n-\n\n1.8 m (8 bands)\n\nMonoscopic area coverage\n\n1 x\n\n> 4 x\n\n> 4 x\n\nSingle pass mono coverage\n\n1 strip of 350 km\n\n1 strip of 650 km\n1 area of 60 km x 110 km\n\n1 strip of 650 km\n1 area of 96 km x 110 km\n\nSingle pass stereo coverage\n\nSingle scene (<10º off nadir track)\n\n3 strip x 55 km\n2 strip x 110 km\n1 strip x 220 km\n\n3 strip x 55 km\n2 strip x 110 km\n1 strip x 220 km", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03f8378f-16de-466c-816f-352990d5aaf4", - "label": "CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Multispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural environment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0596301b-c30a-4d3b-b0bc-6340ba0ab487", - "label": "BJ-1 PAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Beijing-1 Panchromatic Imager is a high-resolution remote sensing device with a 4-meter panchromatic resolution and a width 24 km.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BJ-1 PAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: BJ-1 PAN\n Long_Name: BJ-1 Panchromatic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: VIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.blmit.com.cn/document/weixingjieshao.jsp\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-10-27\n Instrument_Owner: China/NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "080d3032-aef9-4b1a-bab9-43ecbc12480c", - "label": "CPI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Cloud Particle Imager (CPI):\n\nCPIs sold to NASA, NCAR, University of Washington, University of\nNorth Dakota,\n\nCanadian Meteorological Society, University of Manchester\n\nCPIs operated in several field campaigns including: NASA TRMM,\nNASA EOS, NASA CAMEX, NSF SHEBA, NSF Antarctica Program,\n\nNCAR/FAA MWISP, DOE ARM, Canadian Atlantic Storms Project, Canadian,\nFreezing, Drizzle Experiment, Alliance Icing Research Study,NSF Cloud\nStudy, Australian Emerald Project\n\nHigh-resolution (2.3 micron pixel size) digital images of\nparticles recorded as particles pass through the sample volume\nat speeds up to 200 m/s.\n\nReal time image processing crops particle images, eliminating\nblank space and compressing data by >1000:1 ? Data analysis\nsoftware automatically classifies ice crystal habits and\nseparates water drops from ice particles.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.specinc.com/cpi.htm'\n\n[Summary: SPECinc]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ff265ba-785f-498b-bee3-407c4317ac87", - "label": "MULTI-SPECTRAL", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "A camera that captures multispectral images. The image data is captured at specific frequencies across the electromagnetic spectrum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14c1a460-556d-4526-a758-08d828057350", - "label": "PASS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PASS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PASS\n Long_Name: Payload Autonomous Star Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19b1f097-50a4-4a8b-9a2e-8b02fdc80855", - "label": "RBV", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) consisted of three TV-like cameras\nwhich used color filters to provide multispectral images in EM\nbands centered in the blue-green, yellow-red, and red-IR. This\nsensor failed early on the ERTS-1 and never came into routine\nuse. However, a four-camera RBV on Landsat-3 was a panchromatic\n(0.505 - 0.750 m) version that provided four contiguous images\nat 30 m (98ft) resolution; each image comprises approximately\none-quarter of a full Landsat MSS scene).\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RBV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: RBV\n Long_Name: Return Beam Vidicon\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-3\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-2\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.47 μm - 0.575 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.69 μm - 0.83 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2265.5 MHz\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d0575e9-fde5-41b2-adfc-85b129a50673", - "label": "CC GLORY", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: CCD GLORY home page, http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-cc.html ]\n\nCloud Camera Research\n\nThe cloud camera is a high-spatial-resolution two-band radiometer intended to facilitate the identification of cloud-contaminated APS pixels and to determine the fraction of the pixel area occupied by clouds. Over ocean, the cloud camera will also be used to determine aerosol load and fine mode fraction over a wider swath based on the aerosol microphysical model determined from APS measurements for the nadir pixles.\n\nCloud Camera Data\n\nThe analysis of cloud camera data to provide cross track coverage over a finite swath of aerosol load and fine mode fraction over the open ocean provides a back up to what is planned with APS and MODIS-Aqua in the event that MODIS data are not available.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CC GLORY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CC GLORY\n Long_Name: Cloud Camera on GLORY\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLORY\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-cc.html\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/CC.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-01-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23f742b3-e172-4f52-bb38-e859fdb8b16e", - "label": "AVCS Nimbus-2", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-01 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 2 Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) was a combination of cameras, tape recorder, and transmitter that could record and store a series of remote daytime cloudcover pictures for subsequent playback to a ground-data acquisition station. The AVCS sensors consisted of three vidicon cameras mounted on the satellite sensory ring, facing earthward and deployed in a fan-like array to produce a three-segment composite picture. Each camera covered a 35-deg field of view with the center camera pointing straight down. The optical axes of the other two cameras were directed 35 deg to either side. Each of the cameras employed an f/4 lens with a focal length of 18.2 mm. A potentiometer attached to the solar array controlled the lens opening from f/16 when the spacecraft was over the equator to f/4 when it was near the poles. The 800-scan-line, 2.54-cm vidicon pickup tubes yielded a linear resolution of better than 1 km at nadir from an approximate altitude of 1100 km. At this altitude, the camera array could produce a composite picture covering an area of 720 by 3400 km. Successive frames were taken at 91-s intervals providing about 20% overlap in coverage. A 40-ms exposure time was used, and the image was scanned by the electron beam in 6.5 s. The resulting signal was frequency modulated and recorded on three tracks of a magnetic tape, one track for each camera. Sufficient tape was provided for recording 53 pictures (about 1-2/3 orbits of data). The AVCS data were multiplexed with the High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) data and, using a transmission frequency of 1707.5 MHz, were telemetered to a ground station in 4 min. The experiment operated normally until August 31, 1966, when the tape recorder malfunctioned. Sporadic operation was continued until September 2, 1966, when the recorder failed completely, terminating data acquisition except for direct readouts received over North Carolina and Alaska readout stations. The experiment was successful in providing high-quality cloudcover pictures over an entire season on a near-global basis and in confirming the reliability of the camera system for use in future operational weather satellites. Data from this experiment can be obtained through SDSD. For more detailed information of the experiment and the index of the data, see Section 2 of the 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), 'Nimbus 2 AVCS World Montage Catalog' (TRF B06579), and 'The Nimbus 2 Data Catalog' (TRF B06573), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVCS NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Vidicon Camera System on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-28\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a852a66-f1d9-4d84-b97b-c92638b34c2a", - "label": "VIDEO CAMERA", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "A camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition, initially developed by the television industry but now common in other applications as well. Video cameras are used primarily in two modes. The first, characteristic of much early television, is what might be called a live broadcast, where the camera feeds real time images directly to a screen for immediate observation. A few cameras still serve live television production, but most live connections are for security, military/tactical, and industrial operations where surreptitious or remote viewing is required. The second is to have the images recorded to a storage device for archiving or further processing; for many years, videotape was the primary format used for this purpose, but optical disc media, hard disk, and flash memory are all increasingly used.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIDEO CAMERA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: VIDEO CAMERA\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Sonyhdrfx1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c5a8a67-5e8d-4f2b-971d-928ff967c653", - "label": "THEOS PAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "THEOS PAN is an optical instrument with resolution 2 m and swath width at 22 km. It can be used in several applications such as cartography, land use planning and management, national security, etc.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEOS PAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: THEOS PAN\n Long_Name: THEOS Panchromatic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: GISTDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "315dd090-e866-4746-9a27-5d4579b974e1", - "label": "CIPS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The CIPS instrument is a panoramic UV (265 nm) nadir imager that views in the nadir and off-nadir direction and images the polar atmosphere at a variety of angles in order to determine cloud presence, provide the spatial morphology of the cloud and constrain the parameters of the cloud particle distribution. The instrument consists of a 2x2 array of cameras operating in a 10 nm passband centered at 265 nm, each with an overlapping FOV, and a resolution (at the nadir) of 2.5 km. The total FOV is 80 deg x 120 deg, centered at the sub-satellite point, with the 120 deg axis along the orbit track. Because of slant viewing at the edges of the FOV, the worst spatial resolution is about 6.4 km, adequate for identifying the larger-scale NLC 'bands.' The near-polar orbit will cause the observation swaths to overlap at latitudes higher than about 70 deg, so that nearly the entire polar cap will be mapped with 15-orbit per day coverage. For the first time a synoptic morphology of cloud evolution throughout the entire season, and in both hemispheres, will be achieved.\n\nCIPS provides:\n· Panoramic nadir imaging with a 120º x 80º field-of-view (1140 x 960 km)\n· Scattered radiances from Polar Mesospheric Clouds near 83 km altitude to derive PMC morphology and constrain cloud particle size information.\n· Rayleigh scattering from the background near 50 km altitude to measure gravity wave activity\n· Multiple exposures of individual cloud elements to measure scattering phase function and detect spatial scales to approximately 2.5 km\n· Measurements of the ultraviolet band pass (265 ± 5 nm) which maximizes the cloud contrast.\n \n[Source: CIPS Instrument Description on the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) Home Page http://lasp.colorado.edu/aim/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CIPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CIPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2.5 Km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/cips.html\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/aim/\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38266f66-47af-4e1c-870e-8b9c20a4c9e9", - "label": "CCD IMAGER", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Characteristics of the Imaging Instrument CCD Camera:\nSpectral bands:\n0,51 - 0,73 µm (pan)\n0,45 - 0,52 µm (blue)\n0,52 - 0,59 µm (green)\n0,63 - 0,69 µm (red)\n0,77 - 0,89 µm (near infrared)\nField of view: 8,3º\nSpatial resolution: 20 x 20 m\nSwath width: 113 km\nMirror pointing capability: ±32º\nTemporal resolution: 26 days nadir view (3 days revisit)\nRF carrier frequency: 8103 MHz and 8321 MHz\nImage data bit rate: 2 x 53 Mbit/s\nEIRP: 43 dBm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD (CBERS 2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98575/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-22\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38312ec1-55a7-488e-9253-fe779a2ff457", - "label": "GRACE SCA", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Star Camera Assembly (SCA) (also called Star Camera System or SCS) will be manufactured (as for CHAMP) by the Danish University of Technology (DUT) and is used for the precise orientation of the satellite within the AOCS and for the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements. The SCA consists of 2 simultaneously operated DTU star cameras with a field of view of 18° by 16° and one Data Processing Unit (DPU). It will measure the S/C's attitude better than 0.3 mrad (with a goal of 0.1 mrad) by autonomous detection of star constellations using an onboard available star catalogue. The SCA is rigily attached to the accelerometer and views the sky at 45° angle with respect to the zenith at the port and starboard sides. In the case that the sun will move into the field of view of one of two sensors the second sensor will proceed to measure the attitude. To avoid velocity induced aberration the SCA is equipped with an orbit propagator which will be regularily updated by the GPS navigation solution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE SCA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: GRACE SCA\n Long_Name: Star Camera Assembly\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a52de1f-9020-4008-be76-566b0c3a9ef5", - "label": "CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Multispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural environment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e2eef5b-8257-462f-bfff-8f260d041a73", - "label": "MS-THEOS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Multispectral Cameral on the Thai Earth Observation System.\n\nMore Information: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?id_page=8&Satellite_Name=THEOS\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: MS\n Long_Name: Multispectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.450 micrometers to 0.520 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.530 micrometers to 0.600 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.620 micrometers to 0.690 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.770 micrometers to 0.900 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.astrium.eads.net/families/daily-life-benefits/remote-sensing/theos\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?id_page=8&Satellite_Name=THEOS\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/theos.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Thailand GISTDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40a7456b-a677-4636-ac2c-6214f0e2f105", - "label": "AVCS Nimbus-1", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-01 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 1 Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS), which consisted of three cameras, a tape recorder, and an S-band transmitter, recorded and stored a series of remote daytime cloudcove pictures for subsequent playback to selected ground data acquisition stations. The AVCS cameras were mounted on the satellite sensory ring, facing earthward and deployed in a fan-like array to produce a three-segment composite picture. Each camera covered a 37-deg field of view with the center camera pointing straight down. The optical axes of the other two cameras were directed 35 deg to either side. Each of the cameras employed an f/4 lens with a focal length of 16.5 mm. A potentiometer attached to the solar array controlled the lens opening from f/16 when the spacecraft was over the equator to f/4 when it was near the poles. The 800-scan-line, 2.54-cm-diameter vidicon pickup tubes yielded a linear resolution of better than 1 km at nadir from an altitude of 800 km. At this altitude, the camera array produced a composite picture covering an area of 830 by 2700 km. Up to 192 pictures (two full orbits of data) or 64 pictures per camera could be stored on tape for subsequent playback to an acquisition station. Using a transmission frequency of 1707.5 MHz, the two orbits of pictures could be telemetered to a ground station in 4 min. The AVCS experiment was highly successful. It provided the first near-global, high-resolution cloudcover pictures ever assembled and confirmed the decision to use this particular camera assembly as a basis for the first operational satellite system TOS/ESSA (TIROS Operational System/Environmental Science Services Administration). Data from this experiment can be obtained through SDSD. For an index of the data, see 'Nimbus 1 Users' Catalog: AVCS and APT' (TRF B04499), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVCS NIMBUS-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-1\n Long_Name: Advanced Vidicon Camera System on NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-01\n Online_Resource: https://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-28\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46938545-abfb-4c16-80d7-fd886420508b", - "label": "HRCCD", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: Satellite Imaging Corporation, http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html ]\n\nCCD Camera supports the analysis of phenomena whose duration is compatible with its temporal resolution. This temporal resolution can be improved as the CCD has the capacity of side view. Its bands are located in the spectral zone of the visible and near infrared, which allow good contrast between vegetation and other type of objects.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRCCD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n Long_Name: High Resolution CCD Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 μm - 0.73 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/media/images/cbers-2-satellite-sensor.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil/INPE\n Instrument_Owner: CHINA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4836842d-fcbe-41a1-8481-8edf9fed2307", - "label": "Headwall", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Headwall family of hyperspectral cameras\nare line-scanning hyperspectral cameras (sometimes called pushbroom) that\ncollect reflected light through an image slit. One row of spatial pixels is\ncollected per frame as motion occurs, with each pixel containing full\nspectral data. Headwall's standard hyperspectral imaging ranges may include\nUV-VIS (250-500nm), VNIR (400-1000nm), Extended VNIR (550-1700nm), NIR\n(900-1700nm), and SWIR (900-2500nm). The spectral imaging sensors are used\naboard UAV, aircraft, or satellite platforms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a0a0d09-63c9-4c2e-ab46-25727248df27", - "label": "HRC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRC\n Long_Name: High Resolution Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ee9c6ac-88c3-4b1e-b269-1736ac220955", - "label": "EPIC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "DSCOVR Mission's EPIC Instrument - Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera\n\nEPIC instrument views the entire sunlit face of the Earth from sunrise to sunset in 10 narrowband channels, from ultraviolet to near infrared. These measurements can be used to determine ozone, aerosols, cloud heights, dust, volcanic ash. Credit: NASA / DSCOVR: \n\nFor more photos from DSCOVR, visit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa_goddard/sets/72157647125358753/\n\nFor more information about DSCOVR, visit: http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56d237d3-4b34-4c75-8c9e-5d20dffd48b1", - "label": "IDCS Nimbus-3", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Nimbus 3 Image Dissector Camera System (IDCS) was designed to take daytime cloudcover photographs. The pictures could be transmitted to APT stations using the real-time transmission system (RTTS) or stored on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to ground acquisition stations. The camera was mounted on the bottom of the satellite sensory ring and pointed vertically down toward the earth at all times. The image dissector was a shutterless electronic scan and step tube mounted behind a wide-angle (108 deg), 5.7-mm focal length lens. Scanning and stepping functions occurred continuously while the satellite progressed along its orbital path. The field of view of the optics was 73.6 deg in the direction of flight and 98.2 deg in a plane normal to the direction of flight. The image was focused by the optics on a photosensitive surface of the image dissector tube. A line-scanning beam scanned the photosensitive surface at 4 Hz with a frame period of 200 s. At the nominal spacecraft altitude of 1100 km, each resulting picture was approximately 1400 km on a side, with a ground resolution of 3 km at nadir. For a more detailed description, see Section 2 of 'The Nimbus III User's Guide' (TRF B03409). The experiment was a success and produced good data until September 25, 1970, when operations were terminated owing to spacecraft yaw problems. Data from this experiment are available through SDSD. The IDCS world montages were presented in 'The Nimbus III Data Catalog' (TRF B06523), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IDCS NIMBUS-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: IDCS NIMBUS-3\n Long_Name: Image Dissector Camera System on NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1969-037A-06\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-28\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57566b7c-2e79-4b4a-90cd-1feca61eaa04", - "label": "PANMUX", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE),\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4.htm ] \n\nThe PanMux Camera (PANMUX) is a high resolution camera that will be found on the CBERS-3 and 4 satellite. Brazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PANMUX\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PANMUX\n Long_Name: PanMux Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51µm -0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 µm - 0.85 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm -0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm -0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4_cameras.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 140 Mbit/s (B01), 100 Mbit/s (B02.B03.B04)\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58faa563-84f4-4c0f-8c06-d6f75d8afb0f", - "label": "HRG-1", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: Earth Observation Satellites and Sensors for Risk Management, \n http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ] \n\nThe panchromatic resolution is 2.5m / 5 m. Imagery at a resolution of 2.5 metres in the panchromatic band is obtained using a sampling concept unique to SPOT 5, called Supermode. This concept processes two 5-metre panchromatic images acquired simultaneously to generate a single image at a resolution of 2.5 metres.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRG-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRG-1\n Long_Name: High Resolution Geometrical Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.495 μm - 0.605 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.617 μm - 0.687 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.780 μm - 0.893 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.580 μm - 1.750 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.475 μm - 0.710 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1415-spot.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/?countryCode=US&languageCode=en\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "594771b6-eeb7-4930-9b54-b1407a537ac8", - "label": "Sky View Camera", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b431302-22c1-4485-90bb-6ed5bf5558b6", - "label": "LLLTV", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "LLLTV, or Low Light Level Television, is a type of electronic sensing device, usually a CCD camera with a frequency detection range extending above the normal visible (0.4 to 0.7 micrometre) wavelengths, and into the short-wave Infrared - usually to about 1.0 to 1.1 micrometres. This allows viewing of objects in extremely low light levels, where they would not be seen by the naked eye. LLLTVs tend to be more affordable than IR cameras, which typically cover ranges from 3 to 5 µm (MWIR)or 8 to 12 µm (LWIR).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LLLTV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: LLLTV\n Long_Name: Low Light Level TV\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d355667-2cdb-42c3-b003-72536268eb27", - "label": "APT Nimbus-1", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-02 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 1 Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system was a camera and transmitter combination designed to transmit local daytime, slow-scan television pictures of cloudcover conditions to properly equipped ground receiving stations on a real-time basis. The camera used a 108-deg wide-angle f/1.8 objective lens with a focal length of 5.7 mm. The camera was mounted facing earthward on the H-frame inside the sensory ring, with its optical axis parallel to the spacecraft spin axis. The actual picture taking required 8 s and the transmission 200 s. Earth-cloud images retained on the photo-sensitive surface of the 2.54-cm-diameter vidicon were read out at four lines per second to produce an 800-line picture. A 5-W TV transmitter (136.95 MHz) relayed the pictures to local APT stations within communication range. The faceplate of the vidicon had reticle marks that appeared on the picture format to aid in relating the picture to its geographical position on the earth's surface. At the nominal satellite altitude, a picture covered approximately a 1660- by 1660-km square with a horizontal resolution of around 3 km at nadir. The experiment supplied over 1600 high-quality cloudcover pictures to participating APT stations during the spacecraft's 3.5-week lifetime. It proved the capability of weather satellites to provide high-quality daytime local cloudcover data to operational meteorologists on an essentially real-time basis. Its success bolstered the decision to include such instrumentation in the TIROS Operational System (TOS). For more detailed information of the experiment, see 'APT Users' Guide' (TRF B04499), available from NSSDC. APT data are primarily intended for operational use within the local APT acquisition station and are generally not available for distribution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APT NIMBUS-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-1\n Long_Name: Automatic Picture Transmission System on NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f23cc05-b83e-4f1b-8ebc-b76903947f5e", - "label": "CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "CCD camera for:\nMultispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural enviroment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fd2c0d2-50bb-4f70-a975-9e33e344c0e3", - "label": "ASC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "A All-Sky cameras is a camera that uses special optical elements\nsuch as fish-eye lenses or spherical mirrors to acquire an image\nof the whole sky in one shot (hence the name).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/atmos/sondre.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Berkeley]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "627146f7-ff09-4265-a967-f3d202f23d52", - "label": "WFC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: NASA CALIPSO project Home Page, http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#WFC ]\n\nThe WFC is a modified version of the commercial off-the-shelf Ball Aerosopace CT-633 star tracker camera. It is a fixed, nadir-viewing imager with a single spectral channel covering the 620-670 nm region, selected to match band 1 of the MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on Aqua.\n\nCharacteristics:\nWavelength: 645 nm\nSpectral Bandwidth: 50 nm\nIFOV/swath: 125 m/61 km\nData Rate: 26 kbps\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WFC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WFC\n Long_Name: Wide Field Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 620-670 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#WFC\n Sample_Image: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/images/payload.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 26 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a3c8a54-48ae-4357-8bbc-bd2c48ede3a7", - "label": "SLIM-6", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "SLIM-6 (Surrey Linear Imager Multispectral 6 channels): 32-metre resolution imager in 3 spectral bands (NIR, red, green) with an extremely wide imaging swath of 600 km.\nGPS Reflectometry Experiment: to demonstrate GPS reflectometry measurements from the sea surface.\nWater resistojet: experimental ultra low-cost micropropulsion system", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b7c232c-1f9c-464d-adc2-fa226617eb0a", - "label": "IRS (HuanJing 1B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Infrared Multispectral Camera - Infrared measurements for environment and natural disaster monitoring.\n\nResolution Summary: 300 m (10.5 - 12.5 μm), 150 m (the other bands)\nSwath Summary: 720 km\nWaveband Summary: 0.75 - 1.10 µm, 1.55 - 1.75 µm, 3.50 - 3.90 µm, 10.5 - 12.5 µm\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\nSWIR (~1.3 µm - ~3.0 µm)\nMWIR (~3.0 µm - ~6.0 µm)\nTIR (~6.0 µm - ~15.0 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS (HuanJing 1B)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: IRS (HuanJing 1B)\n Long_Name: Infrared Multispectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 5-8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.75 - 1.10 µm, 1.55 - 1.75 µm, 3.50 - 3.90 µm, 10.5 - 12.5 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 300 m (10.5 - 12.5 μm), 150 m (the other bands)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 60 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7176f246-b8a4-4fc9-a028-d2384cd2ba89", - "label": "WFI (CBERS 3,4)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Wide Field Imager (WFI) is an upgrade of the Wide Field Imager (WFI) of the CBERS-1 and 2 satellites. Brazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2.\n\n[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE).]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Long_Name: Wide Field Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 µm - 1.75 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4_cameras.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~mischa/wfi/wfi.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a2c0877-ad80-43a3-b732-3e45e64a3b65", - "label": "CCD (CBERS 1)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "High Resolution CCD Camera - Measurements and Applications Measurements of cloud type and extent and land surface reflectance, and used for global land surface applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 20 m\nSwath Summary: 113 km\nWaveband Summary: VIS: 0.45 - 0.52 µm, 0.52 - 0.59 µm, 0.63 - 0.69 µm, NIR: 0.77 - 0.89 µm, PAN: 0.51 - 0.71 µm\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD (CBERS 1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD (CBERS 1)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 - 0.52 µm, 0.52 - 0.59 µm, 0.63 - 0.69 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 20 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 - 0.89 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 20 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98575/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-30\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2×53 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1999-10-14\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2010-04-10\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7eca5548-fc92-4adb-9e77-fe4a21bc6fb1", - "label": "APT Nimbus-2", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-02 ]\n\nhe Nimbus 2 Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system was a camera and transmitter combination designed to transmit local daytime slow-scan television pictures of cloudcover conditions to properly equipped ground receiving stations on a real-time basis. The camera used a 108-deg wide-angle f/1.8 objective lens with a focal length of 6.0 mm. The camera was mounted facing earthward on the H-frame inside the sensory ring, with its optical axis parallel to the spacecraft spin axis. The actual photography required 8 s and the transmission 200 s. Earth-cloud images retained on the photosensitive surface of the 2.54-cm-diameter vidicon were read out at four lines per second to produce an 800-line picture. A 5-W TV transmitter (137.5 MHz) relayed the pictures to local APT stations within communication range. The faceplate of the vidicon had reticle marks that appeared on the picture format to aid in relating the picture to its geographical position on the earth's surface. From the satellite attitude and altitude (approximately 1100 km), a picture covered a 1200- by 1200-km square with a horizontal resolution of better than 3 km at nadir. The APT system was capable of transmitting the nighttime high-resolution infrared radiometer (HRIR) sensor output through the APT transmitter. Hence, with some minor modifications, an APT station within telemetry range could receive HRIR data in the direct readout infrared radiometer (DRIR) mode. The experiment was a success, and good data were obtained during its operational lifetime. More detailed information can be found in Section 5 of the 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), available from NSSDC. APT/DRIR data are primarily intended for operational use within the local APT acquisition station and are generally not available for distribution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APT NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: Automatic Picture Transmission System on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "811e6b87-a49b-4b5a-be4d-98a6ba77c722", - "label": "WAC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WAC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WAC\n Long_Name: Wide Angle Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81957191-3585-40a3-891b-bbd15e14a31d", - "label": "HRPC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "HRPC (High-resolution Panchromatic Camera). HRPC is a new pushbroom camera on CBERS-2B replacing the IRMSS instrument.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRPC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRPC\n Long_Name: High Resolution Panchromatic Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 μm - 0.80 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/192\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-042A\n Sample_Image: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/include/img/ilustra1_lancamento2b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 60 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil/INPE\n Instrument_Owner: China/CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86402184-15ee-435c-933f-d70eb986c715", - "label": "AWIFS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The AWiFS camera provides enhanced capabilities compared to the WiFS camera on-board IRS-1C/1D, in terms of spatial resolution (56 m Vs 188m), radiometric resolution (10 bits Vs 7 bits) and Spectral bands (4 Vs 2) with the additional feature of on-board detector calibration using LEDs. The spectral bands of AWiFS are same as LISS-III.\n\nThe AWiFS camera is realized in two electro-optic modules viz.,. AWiFS-A and AWiFS-B, each containing four band assemblies. A combined swath of 740 Km is realized by mounting the two modules on the Deck, with their optical axes tilted by 11.94 deg away from the + yaw axis in opposite direction. With this mounting, a side lap of 128 pixels i.e., about 7.2kKm, is available in the combined swath. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AWIFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: AWIFS\n Long_Name: Advanced Wide Field Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 1.70 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-10-17\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "899b268d-9cdb-4215-af8b-b29b9d7c20f7", - "label": "PVI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "PVI is an instrument designed by Dr. Larry Bliven at NASA Wallops Flight Facility. Its high-frame-rate records of grey-scale images is able to determine particle size in both rain and snow. A description of PVI, also called Snowflake Video Imager, is documented in Newman, A.J., Kucera, P.A. and Bliven, L.F. 2009. 'Presenting the Snowflake Video Imager (SVI).' Journal of Atmospheric and Ocean Technology, 26, pp 167-179. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PVI\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-17\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90818762-d67c-4404-8563-5938c0493d2d", - "label": "RSI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "RSI is a pushbroom-type imager built by EADS Astrium SAS, France. RSI is made up of the camera and IPU (Instrument Processing Unit). The camera itself consists of the optical subassembly, the secondary structure, and the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The Korsch telescope (mirrors & structure) design and the focal plane structure are being made of SiC (Silicon Carbide). The video electronics, sequencer, DC/DC converter, and compression cards comprise the IPU. 27) 28) 29) 30)\n\nSpectral bands:\n1 PAN (Panchromatic band)\n4 MS (Multispectral bands), nm\n\n\n450-900 nm\nB1= 450-520, blue\nB2 = 520-600, green\nB3 = 630-690, red\nB4 = 760-900, NIR\n\nSpatial resolution (GSD)\n\n2 m for PAN, 8 m for MS imagery\n\nSwath width\n\n24 km\n\nS/C body pointing capability, FOR (Field of Regard)\n\n±45º in the roll and pitch axis ( providing a cross-track observation capability of 968 km about nadir for event/disaster monitoring); cross-track and along-track observation capability\n\nOptics, focal length,\nAperture diameter\n\nCassegrain type optics with refractive corrector, focal length= 2896 mm, pupil diameter = 600 mm\n\nDetector types\n\nCCD: TH 7834 for PAN, THX 31547 quad-linear CCD for MS\nPan: 12,000 pixels, MS: 3,000 pixels\n\nIntegration time\n\n0.308 ms for PAN, 1.232 ms for MS\n\nProcessing rate\n\n10 Mpixel/s for PAN, 5 Mpixel/s for MS\n\nPixel quantization\n\n12 bit\n\nData compression ratio\n\n2.8 and 3.75 for PAN, 1.7 and 3.75 for MS\n\nInstrument mass, power consumption\n\n114 kg, 161 W for imaging, 73 W for standby", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91c8e5fe-b933-4166-b118-dc54718c5147", - "label": "HRG-2", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: Earth Observation Satellites and Sensors for Risk Management, http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ] \n\nThe panchromatic resolution is 2.5m / 5 m. Imagery at a resolution of 2.5 metres in the panchromatic band is obtained using a sampling concept unique to SPOT 5, called Supermode. This concept processes two 5-metre panchromatic images acquired simultaneously to generate a single image at a resolution of 2.5 metres.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRG-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRG-2\n Long_Name: High Resolution Geometrical Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.495 μm - 0.605 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.617 μm - 0.687 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.780 μm - 0.893 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.580 μm - 1.750 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.475 μm - 0.710 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1415-spot.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/?countryCode=US&languageCode=en\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "947cfe79-f076-4b9d-a8a0-a3f15073fa70", - "label": "LFC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The LFC was by far the most capable camera ever flown on a\nU.S. manned mission. Hard-mounted in the Shuttle payload bay,\nthis 405 kg camera, with a 305 mm focal length and a 23 cm by 46\ncm. This was the central element of photographic experiments on\nthe few missions in which they used it. It is probably the only\nspace payload in which cast iron was a major constituent. From a\ntypical altitude of 300 km (186 mi), a frame covers ground\ndimensions of about 225 x 450 km (140 x 280 mi). Although quite\nsuccessful, the LFC doesn't always fly, primarily because it\nrequires dedicated payload-bay space, attitude-control fuel, and\nscheduled time, in contrast to the hand-held photography. This\nview of the Mojave Desert in California taken with the LFC\nduring the 41-G mission in 1984, is typical of the quality\nachieved with this instrument:\n\n'http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect12/Sect12_4.html'\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "992cb370-d2d0-4a9f-a4d4-179f140f505a", - "label": "GIS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "GIS is a pushbroom imaging system whose basic elements are the optics subsystem (telescope assembly), the focal plane assembly (CCD detector), and the digital electronics subsystem. The optics subsystem employs a TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) telescope design with a primary mirror aperture of 1.1 m in diameter. Three mirrors are used to image and focus the light, and two additional mirrors to direct the image to the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The telescope is designed to give a near-perfect (diffraction limited) image to the FPA and to convert the analog pixels into digitized signals.\n\nThe FPA consists of an array of CCD detectors with 8 µm pixel size for PAN and 32 µm pixel size for multispectral imagery. ITT has included an outer barrel and door assembly to help protect the telescope and maintain its thermal environment.\n\nImager type\n\nPushbroom imager. Lline scan imaging system with TDI (Time Delay Integration) capability\n\nImaging mode\n\nPanchromatic (Pan)\n\nMultispectral (MS)\n\nSpectral range\n\n450-900 nm\n\n450-510 nm (blue)\n520-580 nm (green)\n655-690 nm (red)\n780-920 nm (near infrared)\n\nSpatial resolution at nadir\n\n0.41 m GSD\n\n1.64 m GSD\n\nSwath width\n\n15.2 km (multiple adjoining paths can be imaged in a target area in a single orbit pass due to S/C agility)\n\nDetectors\n\nPan: Si CCD array (8 µm pixel size) with a row of > 35,000 detectors\nMS: Si CCD 4 arrays (32 µm pixel size) with a row of > 9,300 detectors\n\nData quantization\n\n11 bit\n\nGeolocation accuracy of imagery\n\n≤ 3 m (using a GPS receiver, a gyroscope and a star tracker) without any GCP (Ground Control Points)\n\nOptics\n\nTMA telescope (5-element modified Cassegrain optical design)\nAperture diameter of 1.1 m, focal length = 13.3 m, f/12\n\nFOV (Field of View)\n\n> 1.28º\n\nInstrument size\n\n3 m tall (the volume is 5.3 m3)\n\nTotal instrument mass\n\n452 kg", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b1a9aa9-65ed-466d-bb24-e00c110b5a2f", - "label": "AVCS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Advanced Vidicon Camera System", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cd4b512-57e4-4369-9070-8618a92fb8ce", - "label": "QUICKBIRD/BHRC-60", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "On board the Quickbrid is the BGIS 2000 (Ball Global Imaging System 2000), of which the camera instrument is called BHRC 60 (Ball High Resolution Camera 60). BHRC 60 consists of the following elements: Optical subsystem, FPU (Focal Plane Unit) and the DPU (Digital Processing Unit), with FPU and DPU designed and custom-built by Kodak (same, except for size, as that used on IKONOS). BHRC 60 has a design life of > 5 years, achieved with a redundant architecture. Instrument mass = 380 kg, instrument power = 250 W silicon and 430 W for GaAs (orbital average).\n\n• The optical subsystem, mounted on an optical bench (with sunshield and internal baffling to suppress stray light), is of Ball design (telescope aperture of 60 cm diameter, lightweight structure, focal length of 8.8 m, f/14.7, the telescope mass is 138 kg, telescope size: 115 cm x 141 cm x 195 cm), providing a FOV (Field of View) of 2.12º, obtained with an unobscured off-axis three-mirror-anastigmatic (TMA) optical form. A fourth mirror is used to fold the light bundle for compact telescope packaging. The enlarged FOV of the BHRC 60 instrument offers a ground swath of 15 km at 400 km orbital altitude or 34 km at 900 km altitude with a GSD varying between 0.5-1.5 m, respectively. \n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: QUICKBIRD/BHRC-60\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: QUICKBIRD/BHRC-60\n Long_Name: Quickbird Ball High Resolution Camera 60\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: QUICKBIRD\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7375\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3200684-34e6-4007-a247-111725a111f8", - "label": "NAOMI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "NAOMI is a product line of high-resolution imagers designed and developed at EADS Astrium SAS. Several versions of the NAOMI instrument have already been developed with a GSD from 1.5 m to 2.5 m, and swath widths from 10 km up to 60 km. All of them are based on the same telescope concept implementing one or several focal planes units in the same camera, and even two cameras in the same instrument as for the SPOT-6 & SPOT-7 program.\n\nNAOMI instruments can be embarked on small platforms (Myriade class) or larger platforms (Astrosat-250). The IEU (Instrument Electronics Unit) can accommodate internal mass memory functions or can be coupled with high capacities mass memories like CORECI equipment also developed by Astrium SAS.\n\nThe main building blocks of the instrument are:\n\n• A highly stable, light and compact telescope built in SiC material, with a simple thermal control.\n\n• A focal plane, embedding TDI (Time Delay Integration) detector, a PAN CCD and four XS (multispectral) detectors equipped with strip filters and coupled with front end electronics. The TDI implementation exhibits an outstanding MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) servicewith an extremely low power consumption. This allows significantly loosening of optical requirements at the telescope level, while keeping the same overall optical quality at system level; in other words, the same optical quality can be reached from smaller and much lighter telescopes. Therefore more performance can be obtained from smaller satellites.\n\n• Back-end electronics, including video Electronics, data storage and services adapted to the mission specificities. The modular video chains are capable of operating at different frequencies up to 15 Msample/s, so that the same hardware can be easily tuned to serve ground resolutions ranging from 0.5 m to say 10 m. The swath width can easily be adjusted by butting together several detectors and associated modular video chains, thus fulfilling the requirements of the most demanding customers.\n\nThe telescope is based on a Korsch combination, offering a simple, compact concept. The detector, space qualified, includes on the same die one TDI matrix of 7000 pixels for the panchromatic channel, and four lines of 1750 pixels for the multispectral bands. The detector exhibits excellent characteristics that significantly contribute to the instrument very high optical performance.\n\nThe optical assembly is based on a Korsch-type telescope including three aspheric mirrors and two folding mirrors.\n\nThe detection chain is made of three main parts: the detectors, the Front End Electronics Module (F2EM) and the Video Electronics (MEV) which are part of the IEU (Imaging and Electronics Unit). The PAN + XS focal planes are the heart of the detection chain.\n\nFocal plane is based on a customized high performance detector architecture developed by e2v for Astrium (proprietary architecture). It takes benefit of all the heritage and skills acquired in CCD architecture definition and in operating with the ultimate conditions of speed and performances. The result of this customization offers an unrivalled level of integration and performances. All the stringent constraints of dynamic range optimization and power consumption reduction have been mastered with less than 1 watt detector dissipation.\n\nThe Front-End Electronics Module (F2EM) encompasses all the functions to be implemented close to the detectors. Mounted inside the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly), it provides the detectors with all the necessary biasing and clocking signals and performs preamplification and transmission of the video signal to the MEV.\n\nThe MEV (Module Electronique Video) is the backend part of the NAOMI detection electronics. The MEV provides the F2EM with the primary power supplies and clocks necessary to front-end operation. The video signal from the F2EM is received, adapted and digitally converted to 12 bit in the MEV. The resulting data, rounded down to 10 useful bit, are then transmitted to the digital functions of the NIEU to be real-time processed and stored into the mass memory for further downlink.\n\nInstrument type\n\nPushbroom imager\n\nOptics\n\n- Korsch telescope in SiC (Silicon Carbide)\n- aperture diameter = 200 mm\n\nSpectral band (Pan)\n\n0.45-0.75 µm\n\nMS (Multispectral bands), 4\n\nBlue: 0.45-0.52 µm\nGreen: 0.53-060 µm\nRed: 0.62-0.69 µm\nNIR: 0.76-0.89 µm\nThe multispectral bands can be matched to suit customer needs\n\nGSD (Ground Sample Distance)\n\nPAN: from 1.5 m to 2.5 m at nadir\nMS: from 6 m to 10 m at nadir\n\nDetectors\n\nN x silicon area arrays with 7000 pixels PAN, 1750 pixels in each MS band\n\nTDI (Time Delay Integration)\n\nThe PAN band offers TDI services for SNR improvement of the signal\n\nSwath width\n\n- From 10 km to 60 km at nadir depending on GSD and number of detectors 29)\n\nFOR (Field of Regard)\n\n±30º (spacecraft tilting capability about nadir for event monitoring)\n\nData quantization (dynamic range)\n\n12 bit", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4e5d987-10c4-4788-a1ac-8c8494be04ef", - "label": "HRS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: Earth Observation Satellites and Sensors for Risk Management, \nhttp://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ]\n\nSPOT 5 features a new HRS imaging instrument operating in panchromatic mode. HRS points forward and after of the satellite, giving it the ability to acquire stereopair images almost simultaneously to map relief.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRS\n Long_Name: High Resolution Stereoscopic Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.49 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Online_Resource: http://smsc.cnes.fr/SPOT/index.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a51a9037-73b7-4764-98db-e99838442b7f", - "label": "OCPS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Orbiter Camera Payload System (OCPS) includes a Large Format\nCamera (LFC) that made its maiden voyage aboard the Challenger\nShuttle vehicle. The LFC was used to acquire very high\nresolution images of the Earth's surface. The camera system was\noperated via ground signal controllers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6a2f2fb-2ce2-4478-afb0-855bd6c7b8f6", - "label": "CCD (CBERS 2B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6c03baf-042d-412e-af18-3c5bd6fa8770", - "label": "EOC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The objective is to obtain cartographic imagery of Korea (may be extended to other regions of the globe) at 1/25.000 scale. EOC collects panchromatic imagery (spectral region of 510 - 730 nm) with a ground sample distance (GSD) at nadir of 6.6 m and a swath width of 17 km by pushbroom scanning. The S/C features a cross-track pointing capability (body pointing) of up to ±45º, thereby extending the field of regard for imagery collection. Some instrument parameters: MTF >10% at Nyquist frequency, SNR >50 over entire FOV, FPA has a CCD line array of 2592 pixels, data quantization of 8 bits, total instrument mass is 35 kg, power = 46 W, the source data rate is equal to or less than 25 Mbit/s. - Calibration: use of a built-in dark calibration function. In addition, ground reference targets of known brightness can be used for white calibration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a91c14e8-8417-4a08-a3b3-a42e825bd6f2", - "label": "HRTC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "High Resolution Technological Camera (HRTC) will improve part of the MMRS scenes. The HRTC will be operational over Argentina during the lifetime of SAC-C.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRTC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRTC\n Long_Name: High Resolution Technological Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SAC-C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40 μm - 0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40 μm - 0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.conae.gov.ar/sac-c/misionsacc.html#HRTC\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-11\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Argentine Commission on Space Activities (CONAE)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad85a45a-06c4-43f5-9e98-9a4b5e31c7f6", - "label": "PAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Indian Remote Sensing satellites IRS-1C/1D carried the Panchromatic Camera (PAN), which uses an all-reflective folded mirror telescope along with three seperately mounted 4096-element CCD arrays. Each detector array has separate interference filters and four LEDs along with a cylindrical lens.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PAN\n Long_Name: IRS Panchromatic Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 μm – 0.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-1d.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afe65518-f572-438f-a56e-e5bb6c400739", - "label": "MULTILENS CAMERAS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b434201b-4969-4a7e-8749-ba5b7c537c2f", - "label": "CAMERAS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "A Camera is an apparatus for taking photographs, generally consisting\nof a lightproof enclosure having an aperture with a shuttered lens\nthrough which the image of an object is focused and recorded on a\nphotosensitive film or plate.\n\n [Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc}", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb5470c8-8dc4-49de-9024-722a13f9885a", - "label": "CCD LINEAR ARRAY", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The CCD linear array on board the Meteor-3M-1, along with the spectrometer, provides continuous wavelength coverage between 290 and 1040 nm with a spectral resolution between 1.2 to 2.5 nm, permitting the measurement of multiple absorption features of each gaseous species and multi-wavelength measurement of broadband extinction by aerosols. Nine channels are routinely utilized in solar occultation measurements and three channels are used in lunar measurements. Spectral calibration is continuous, combined with the self-calibrating nature of the occultation technique. In addition, the CCD array permits in-orbit wavelength and intensity calibration from observations of the exo-atmospheric solar Fraunhofer spectrum.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD LINEAR ARRAY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD LINEAR ARRAY\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOR-3M\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=8273\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bde63ed6-0984-4705-801c-45c82546da6f", - "label": "CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "CCD camera for:\nMultispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural environment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf3e5771-7ca2-4083-a5e2-9be6a28fe588", - "label": "MSC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "MSC is a joint development of KARI with ELOP (Electro Optics Industries Ltd. of Rehovot, Israel) and OHB-System, Bremen, Germany. The objective is to collect high-resolution panchromatic and multispectral imagery of the Earth's surface (simultaneous observation).\n\nMSC is an optoelectronic linear pushbroom instrument with a single nadir-pointing telescope. The Pan band has a spectral range of 500-900 nm, the four MS bands are in the 450-900 nm range. The GSD (Ground Sample Distance) of the Pan data is 1 m (GSD), the MS data has a GSD of 4 m. The swath width is 15 km. A FOR (Field of Regard) of ±30º in pitch and up to ±56º in the roll direction is provided through spacecraft body pointing. MSC has a duty cycle of 20%.\n\nThe EFL (Effective Focal Length) of the optics subsystem is 9000 mm for the Pan band, and 2250 mm for the MS bands.\n\nParameter\n\nValue\n\nParameter\n\nValue\n\nSpectral range Pan\n\n500-900 nm\n\nSpectral range MS\n\n450-520, 520-600, 630-690, 760-900 nm\n\nGSD (Ground Sample Distance)\n\nPan (1 m), MS (4 m)\n\nSpectral bands\n\n1 Pan + 4 MS\n\nSwath width, FOV\n\n15 km at nadir, ±0.62º\n\nSNR\n\n> 100\n\nMTF (Modulation Transfer Function)\n\n> 15% for Pan,\n20% for MS\n\nData quantization\nPayload power, mass\n\n10 bit\n350 W, 150 kg\n\nDetector line array\n\n15,000 pixels (Pan)\n\nDetector line array\n\n3,750 pixels (MS)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c30e0992-f685-4253-bf3f-5be733eef7bb", - "label": "MUXCAM", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Multi-Spectral Camera (MUXCAM) is an upgrade of the 20m-High Resolution CCD Camera of CBERS-1 and 2 Satellites. Brazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2.\n\n[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE).]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MUXCAM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: MUXCAM\n Long_Name: Multi-Spectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 µm - 0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 µm - 1.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4_cameras.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 68 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c45c4e30-e253-4329-8838-8991a53f494f", - "label": "SCS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ]\n\nThe Star Camera Assembly (SCA) (also called Star Camera System or SCS) will be manufactured (as for CHAMP) by the Danish University of Technology (DUT) and is used for the precise orientation of the satellite within the AOCS and for the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements. The SCA consists of 2 simultaneously operated DTU star cameras with a field of view of 18° by 16° and one Data Processing Unit (DPU). It will measure the S/C's attitude better than 0.3 mrad (with a goal of 0.1 mrad) by autonomous detection of star constellations using an onboard available star catalogue. The SCA is rigily attached to the accelerometer and views the sky at 45° angle with respect to the zenith at the port and starboard sides. In the case that the sun will move into the field of view of one of two sensors the second sensor will proceed to measure the attitude. To avoid velocity induced aberration the SCA is equipped with an orbit propagator which will be regularily updated by the GPS navigation solution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE SCA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: GRACE SCA\n Long_Name: Star Camera System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4ef00f2-ccfe-49cd-922a-685d8894baf9", - "label": "COBAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Text and Photo Source: Uzay home page]\n\nÇOBAN is a low resolution 8-channel camera.\nThe name is an abbreviation for 'ÇOk-BANtlı Kamera', that is, 'Multi-Band Camera'.\nUZAY has gained experience on electro-optical systems in space.\n\nÇOBAN has been designed in the framework in the framework of the BİLSAT project. ÇOBAN has been designed and manufactured by Turkish engineers and technicians. All intellectual property rights pertinent to these systems belong to UZAY. They are the first space systems entirely designed, manufactured and tested in Turkey.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COBAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: COBAN\n Long_Name: COBAN Multi-Band Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BILSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 375 nm - 425 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 410 nm - 490 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 460 nm - 540 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 510 nm - 590 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 560 nm -640 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 610 nm - 690 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 660 nm - 740 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 850 nm - 1000 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/87\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Turkey/Uzay\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9f1f236-bf07-42ba-b694-a766a0e3e925", - "label": "MX-T", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: eoportal.org, http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=15158 ]\n\nTWSat (IMS-1) carries two payloads: the Mx-T (Multispectral Camera) and the HySI (Hyperspectral Imager). However, since the data of both imagers is rather high, only one of them will be powered on and data transmitted at any given time.\n\nMx-T (Multispectral Camera). The instrument of modular design provides four spectral bands in VNIR, where each band employs an individual lens, a separate CCD detector, and separate front-end electronics. The camera operates in a pushbroom scanning mode to image the Earth. The spatial resolution at nadir is 36 m on a swath of 151 km. The 12 bit video output is coded to 10 bit with multi-linear gain. Mx-T has a mass of 5.5 kg and a power consumption of 18 W. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MX-T\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: MX-T\n Long_Name: Mx Multispectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 µm -0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm -0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 µm -0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm -0.86 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=15158\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6100/IMS1_Auto9.jpeg\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 32 Mbit/s \n Instrument_Owner: ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf6b8783-02c7-4aae-9c46-08468a6c61c8", - "label": "GRACE-FO SCA", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Star Camera Assembly ** is of GRACE and CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) heritage. The objective is the precise measurement of satellite attitude. SCA consists of three DTU (Technical University of Denmark) star camera assemblies.\n\nhttps://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3c105ae-a9a1-47ea-bc0d-d1fce3d77198", - "label": "IDCS Nimbus-4", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d636a1de-d66c-4c9e-9767-4d3746a75d46", - "label": "SSCC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "The Spin-Scan Cloud Camera is a camera system developed by\nscientists at the University of Wisconsin and flown on the first\nATS in 1966. This camera made use of the spin-stabilization of\nthe satellite to produce high-resolution cloud imagery. The\nspin-scan cloud camera was the forerunner of the VISSR imaging\ninstrument used in later geostationary satellites.\n\n[Source: The Glossary of Meteorology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8ff2cc4-d922-4661-8bba-fd78c7672ce9", - "label": "WV60", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "WV60 was designed and developed by BATC. The objective is to provide highly detailed imagery for a wide spectrum of applications such as precise map creation, change detection and in-depth image analysis (note that imagery must be re-sampled to 50 cm for non-US Government customers).\n\nInstrument optics\n\n- Use of QuickBird optical bench design\n- Telescope of 60 cm aperture\n\nSpectral range (panchromatic imagery only)\n\n0.45 - 0.90 µm\n\nSpatial resolution (GSD)\n\n- 50 cm panchromatic at nadir\n- 55 cm out to 20º off-nadir\n\nSwath width\n\n17.6 km at nadir\n\nRevisit frequency\n\n- 1.7 days at 1 m GSD or less\n- 5.9 days at 20º off-nadir or less (0.51 m GSD)\n\nDetectors\n\n- Silicon CCD array (8 µm pixel size) with a row of > 35,000 detectors\n- The array includes 64 stages of TDI (35,000 columns and 64 rows)\n\nTDI (Time Delay Integration)\n\n6 selectable levels from 8 to 64\n\nData quantization\n\n11 bit\n\nGeolocation accuracy of imagery after processing\n\n- 5.8 to 7.6 m without GPCs\n- 2 m with GPCs\n\nInstrument mass, power\n\n380 kg, 250 W\n\nWV60 consists of the following elements: Optical subsystem, FPU (Focal Plane Unit) and the DPU (Digital Processing Unit), with FPU and DPU designed and custom-built by ITT Space Systems Division, formerly Kodak Remote Sensing Systems of Rochester, New York.\n\nThe optical subsystem, mounted on an optical bench (with sunshield and internal baffling to suppress stray light), is of Ball design (telescope aperture of 60 cm diameter, lightweight structure, focal length of 8.8 m, f/14.7, the telescope mass is 138 kg, telescope size: 115 cm x 141 cm x 195 cm), providing a FOV (Field of View) of 2.12º, obtained with an unobscured off-axis three-mirror-anastigmatic (TMA) optical form. A fourth mirror is used to fold the light bundle for compact telescope packaging.\n\nThe pushbroom imager is rigidly aligned with the S/C axis, providing a nominal body-pointing capability of ±40º into the along-track and cross-track directions (45º max). WV60 may also be used for stereo imaging by slewing the S/C fore and aft. The TDI feature provides a capability for low-light observations of imagery. The on-board processor provides real-time radiometric/geometric calibration and image compression for all imaging data. The focal plane array and the compression technique ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) employed are provided by Kodak. Instrument mass = 380 kg, instrument power = 250 W.\n\nDigitalGlobe's imagery may be used for a number of mapping and planning activities within the defense, intelligence, and commercial markets around the world.\n\nSpectral band\n\nCenter wavelength (nm)\n\nMinimum lower band edge (nm)\n\nMaximum upper band edge (nm)\n\nPan (WorldView-1) imager\n\n650\n\n400\n\n900\n\nPan (WorldView-2) imager\n\n625\n\n450\n\n800\n\nMS1 (NIR1)\n\n835\n\n770\n\n895\n\nMS2 (red)\n\n660\n\n630\n\n690\n\nMS3 (green)\n\n545\n\n510\n\n580\n\nMS4 (blue)\n\n480\n\n450\n\n510\n\nMS5 (red edge)\n\n725\n\n705\n\n745\n\nMS6 (yellow)\n\n605\n\n585\n\n625\n\nMS7 (coastal)\n\n425\n\n400\n\n450\n\nMS8 (NIR2)\n\n950\n\n860\n\n1040", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3f4a032-8c88-4de6-b212-d3bb36f1e056", - "label": "CCD (CBERS 2)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Characteristics of the Imaging Instrument CCD Camera:\nSpectral bands:\n0,51 - 0,73 µm (pan)\n0,45 - 0,52 µm (blue)\n0,52 - 0,59 µm (green)\n0,63 - 0,69 µm (red)\n0,77 - 0,89 µm (near infrared)\nField of view: 8,3º\nSpatial resolution: 20 x 20 m\nSwath width: 113 km\nMirror pointing capability: ±32º\nTemporal resolution: 26 days nadir view (3 days revisit)\nRF carrier frequency: 8103 MHz and 8321 MHz\nImage data bit rate: 2 x 53 Mbit/s\nEIRP: 43 dBm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD (CBERS 2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD (CBERS 2)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98575/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-22\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f50dc982-9fe2-4a45-aaac-9bb691239d8c", - "label": "Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope is a Cassegrain-like two-mirror system combined with a full-aperture Schmidt corrector. Various combinations of corrector separation and mirror conics are possible, with somewhat different image field properties. Prevailing commercial arrangement is a compact design with fast spherical primary and usually also spherical secondary mirror, resulting in ~ƒ/10 system. All-spherical SCT is corrected only for spherical aberration, with low astigmatism, as well as relatively strong field curvature and coma remaining. The corrector also induces low level spherochromatism, undetectable visually and negligible for most photographic applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f59c308e-274f-4cb7-8c81-89e53ba1cc69", - "label": "WFI (CBERS 1,2)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "[Source: INPE CBERS home page,\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ingles/ ]\n\nThe WFI (Wide Field Imager) has a ground swath of 890 km which provides a synoptic view with spatial resolution of 260m. The Earth surface is completely covered in about 5 days.[Source: INPE CBERS home\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Long_Name: Wide Field Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/ingles/\n Sample_Image: http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~mischa/wfi/wfi.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc9dc282-5557-44bb-8041-ba6ea8e3baa1", - "label": "IRIS-XSAT", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "IRIS (Greek goddess of the rainbow and the messenger of the gods). The objective is to provide multispectral imagery in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range. Specific objectives are:\n\n• To demonstrate X-Sat capabilities for remote sensing in the South East Asia region\n\n• To take imagery and collect spatial and radiometric information of land to monitor and manage forests, plantations, urban areas and urban infrastructure\n\n• To detect significant environmental events, such as forest fires, floods and landslides, as quickly as possible and provide timely coverage to monitor the development of these events.\n\nThe IRIS camera is being funded by DSO National Laboratories and designed and built by SaTReCi (SaTReC Initiative Co. Ltd. of Daejeon, Korea; SaTReCi is the commercial spin-off from SaTReC), the contractor to NTU. The IRIS instrument is an upgraded version of the KITSAT-3 multispectral imager. IRIS development at SaTReCi was initiated in April 2002. 17) 18)\n\nIRIS consists of an optical and an electronics module. The optical module in turn consists of mirrors, lenses, baffles, detectors, detector front-end electronics, and structural parts. The electronics module consists of the power supply module, control module, and an IRIS-internal mass storage module. IRIS provides also a logical LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) interface to the PPU (via a RAMDisk) for real-time access to the raw data.\n\nThe IRIS instrument design features a pushbroom scanner with three spectral bands: green (520 - 600 nm), red (630 - 690 nm), and NIR (760 - 890 nm). Each of the three linear detector arrays consists of 5000 active elements, which were all manufactured on the same wafer and subsequently coated with different interference filters to select the appropriate spectral characteristic (the FPA houses a quad-linear detector array and the proximity electronics). The design provides a high degree of band-to-band alignment, i.e. 0.1 pixels. The spatial resolution is 10 m GSD (Ground Sample Distance) on a swath of 50 km. The IRIS optics employs a Mangin telescope design with a primary and secondary mirror as well as two correction lenses; the aperture diameter is 120 mm.\n\nInternally the IRIS is equipped with a redundant signal processing and control module (based on a PowerPC architecture) which preprocesses the image data (along with Reed Salomon coding) prior to storage in the 8 Gbit memory module (independent of the RAM-Disk). Access to the image data is through a 50 Mbit/s LVDS link that reads the encoded data from the storage after image acquisition and an 81 Mbit/s link that enables realtime access during imaging. \n\n[Text Source: eorportal.org, http://directory.eoportal.org/]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRIS-XSAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: IRIS-XSAT\n Long_Name: IRIS on X-Sat\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: X-SAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 micrometers - 0.60 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 micrometers - 0.69 micrometers \n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 micrometers - 0.89 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/7105/8557.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.dso.org.sg/home/index.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/7105/XSAT_Auto5.jpeg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: CREST, NTU (Nanyang Technological University), DSO National Laboratories, Singapore\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ebe0137-dcd0-41d1-96f5-3966884431c6", - "label": "CIRC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", - "definition": "CIRC is an infrared demonstration instrument of JAXA with state-of-the-art COTS (Commercial-off-the-Shelf) technology developed at MELCO (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation). The camera is equipped with an uncooled infrared array detector (microbolometer). The main objective of CIRC is to provide infrared imagery for wildfire detection. CIRC is mounted onto the spacecraft pointing to the right of the flight path at an off-nadir angle of 30º. CIRC is a small size instrument with a mass of ~ 3 kg.\n\nWildfires are one of the major and chronic disasters affecting many countries in the Asia-Pacific region, and indications are that this will get worse with global warming and climate change. Wildfire detection is one of the main goals in the Sentinel Asia project and to share this information in near real-time across the Asia-Pacific region.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "da3ff603-9639-4081-9160-4cf5309f4dd4", - "label": "MONOCHROMATORS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "MONOCHROMATORS are instruments having or appearing to have only\none color or put forth data in a range of tones of a single\ncolor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec7681c4-fbcd-4c58-8f0b-5a9b59b0b56d", - "label": "GLM", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The Geostationary Lightning Mapper is a single-channel, near-infrared optical transient detector that can detect the momentary changes in an optical scene, indicating the presence of lightning. GLM will measure total lightning (in-cloud, cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground) activity continuously over the Americas and adjacent ocean regions with near-uniform spatial resolution of approximately 10 km.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f17d0ef3-2f14-4276-9361-cbd9deb97110", - "label": "POLARIMETERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "POLARIMETERS are instruments used for determining the degree of\npolarization of light.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "label": "Photometers", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06079669-cd05-4ccc-a635-0fa7785d6ac8", - "label": "POAM III", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III)\ninstrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)\nto measure the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, water\nvapor, nitrogen dioxide, aerosol extinction, and temperature.\n\nMeasurements are made using the solar occultation technique; the\nSun is observed through the Earth's atmosphere as it rises and\nsets as viewed from the satellite. Solar extinction is measured\nin nine narrow band optical channels, covering the spectral\nrange from 350 to 1030 nm\n\nPOAM III is an improved version of POAM II. It has an improved\nelectronic system that provides lower noise and more accurate\nmeasurements. The optical filters were manufactured with a\nbetter technology that yields higher transmission and greater\nability to withstand the space environment. The wavelengths and\nbandwidths of the science channels differ slightly from those in\nPOAM II. POAM III, like POAM II, was fabricated by ThermoTrex\nCorporation in San Diego, California.\n\n[Summary provided by CNES]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POAM III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Photometers\n Short_Name: POAM III\n Long_Name: Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 353.4 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 439.6 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 442.2 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 603 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 761.3 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 779 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 922.4 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 935.9 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1018 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/rsd/7220/poam\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/poam3/poam3_table\n Online_Resource: http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/poam_iii.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f885790-928e-427d-a9b5-8e78e49d3c11", - "label": "AIRBORNE TRACKING SUNPHOTOMETER", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "A AIRBOURNE TRACKING SUNPHOTOMETER measures the atmospheric\naerosol optical depth. The six separate detectors view the Sun\nsimultaneously at six independent wavelengths. The FOV of each\ndetector is set by the entrance aperture to 4 degrees. The\ninside surfaces of the aperture assembly are anodized a dull\nblack to reduce internal reflections; direct sun and sky\nradiances are acquired as well.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ed4313f-af3f-4b93-be52-7cae4cd30c64", - "label": "DMT SP2", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2435bd13-980a-42ad-98f8-9eac9457bce4", - "label": "TIP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "[Text Source: Scott A. Budzien, NRL, Washington, DC; and K. F. Dymond, D. H. Chuah, and C. Coker, Tiny 'Ionospheric Photometer science program, data products, and operations on COSMIC', Fourth Symposium on Space Weather, 2007, http://ams.confex.com/ams/87ANNUAL/techprogram/paper_120405.htm ]\n\nThe Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) sensors aboard the Constellation Observing System for Meterology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) spacecraft comprise a suite of six nadir-viewing ultraviolet photometers for characterizing the Earth's nightside ionosphere. The TIP instruments complement the ionospheric capabilities of the GPS occultation experiment (GOX) by characterizing horizontal ionospheric density gradients. These photometers target OI 135.6 nm emission produced by ionospheric O++e recombination and measure ionospheric structure with a horizontal resolution of 10 – 30 km and sensitivity of greater than 300 counts/s/Rayleigh. The satellites initially orbited in the same plane at 450 km, but over the course of 13 months they are individually raised to their final 750~km orbits in six planes separated by 24° in right ascension. This deployment period provides opportunities for cross-calibration among the sensors, for multi-pass observations as the satellites orbit together early in the mission, and for observations at different spatial resolutions as the spacecraft operate at different altitudes. TIP data and basic Level 1 data products are processed and disseminated by the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC) at UCAR and the Taiwan Analysis Center for COSMIC (TACC). Additionally, advanced algorithms and higher-level data products are generated and disseminated by the TIP operations center at NRL, including ionospheric morphology products, simple ionospheric electron densities, and combined GOX/TIP data products. COSMIC data will also be incorporated into the Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model operating at NRL.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Photometers\n Short_Name: TIP\n Long_Name: Tiny Atmospheric Photometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 135.6 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ams.confex.com/ams/87ANNUAL/techprogram/paper_120405.htm\n Online_Resource: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUSMSA51A..01F\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: DOD/United States Naval Research Laboratory\n Instrument_Owner: NSF/UCAR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30a951ea-1c81-4a7c-a520-8c9f744cf879", - "label": "PSAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37dd08bb-0cdf-4b73-96c1-2bcade9a07fc", - "label": "SXM-2", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "Data Source:\n\nThe eight channel sun-photometer named SXM-2 (440, 522, 613,\n672, 781, 871 and 1030 nm with 10 nm FWHM) was used on the\nground. It follows the sun automatically using a 4 quadrant\ndetector.\n\nSpatial Resolution:\n\nSpatial resolution is a function of the solar zenith angle and\nas such is not pertinent to measurements by a sunphotometer. For\nvery accurate measurements however, it can be estimated to be\napproximately 10 * sin(zenith angle) in km. Thus for 30 degrees,\nit is 5 km. Meteorological parameters determine the effective\nspatial resolution.\n\nThe time of optical thickness data acquisition was in September,\n1990. SXM-2 instrument cycles through a set of 8 filters in\nabout 20 seconds and the frequency of sampling can be varied\nfrom once every 4 minutes to one-half minute.\n\nInstrument Description:\n\nMission Objectives - To measure the aerosol optical thickness\nusing a multi-channel sunphotometer. This is part of the\nCorrection and Calibration effort for FED, and will allow the\nestimation of the atmospheric effects on the transmitted and\nreflected radiation so that the appropriate correction schemes\ncan be employed to infer reflectivity of the ground from\naircraft radiometric data.\n\nPrinciples of Operation - The SXM-2 automatically tracks the\nsun. The detector is a silicon photodiode detector that is kept\nat a constant tempera- ture. The instrument has 1.5 degree\nfield-of-view. Data can be acquired once every 1/2 min or 4 min\nonto data cassettes or a computer. 4.4 Instrument Measurement\nGeometry. The field-of-view (FOV) for SXM-2 is 1.5 degrees.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/fedmac/opt_thic/opt_thic.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f7c8cc2-e3c3-4dfd-a17f-9d480f1f7179", - "label": "SPECTROPHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "SPECTROPHOTOMETERS are photometers that measure the intensity of\nradiation as a function of frequency (or wavelength) of the\nradiation; radiation enters the meter through a slit and is\ndispersed by means of a prism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42ed0bb1-99f7-4ec0-9546-cd6fd84452a3", - "label": "DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "A DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETER is a photoelectric spectrophotometer\nthat is used to determine the ozone content of the atmosphere;\ncompares the solar energy at two wavelengths in the absorption\nband of the ozone by permitting the radiation of each to fall\nalternately upon a photocell.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a210bf2-d6e5-459d-a555-d0d05155006b", - "label": "SUN PHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "A Sun photometer (also spelled Sunphotometer) is an instrument\nthat measures the intensity of sunlight arriving directly from\nthe Sun. Since it is designed to be pointed directly at the Sun,\na Sun photometer measures only direct sunlight, not the diffuse\nlight scattered from the sky, haze and clouds. Since haze blocks\nsome direct sunlight, a Sun photometer is an ideal instrument\nfor measuring haze.\n\nScientists have used Sun photometers of various kinds for more\nthan a century. The modern generation of hand held Sun\nphotometers was pioneered in the late 1950's by Frederick Volz\n[1], who has made important discoveries about the effects of\nnatural and volcanic haze on the environment.\n\nAlthough some Sun photometers respond to a wide range of colors\nor wavelengths of sunlight, most include special filters that\nadmit only a very narrow band of wavelengths. These filters are\nexpensive. They also have a limited life. While some filters may\nwork well for a decade or more, others may last only a few\nyears.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.concord.org/haze/spwhat.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Concord Consortium]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e498269-5d5c-4006-b692-f031ff3e160e", - "label": "POAM II", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement II (POAM II) instrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to measure the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, aerosol extinction, and temperature. POAM II measures solar extinction in nine narrow band channels, covering the spectral range from approximately 350 to 1060 nm. \n\nPOAM II was launched aboard the French SPOT-3 satellite on 26 september, 1993 into a Sun synchronous polar orbit. As seen from the satellite, the Sun rises in the north polar region and sets in the south polar region 14.2 times per day. Sunrise measurements are made in a latitude band from 55-71 degrees north while sunsets occur between 63-88 degrees south. \n\nFurther details about the POAM II instrument can be found in Glaccum, et al. [1996]. The POAM II mission was interrupted by the failure of the SPOT-3 satellite in November of 1996. A follow-on instrument, POAM III, was subsequently launched on the SPOT-4. satellite in March 1998 and is currently operational.\n\nReference:\n'The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM II) Instrument', W.Glaccum,\nR.Lucke, R.M.Bevilacqua, E.P.Shettle, J.S.Hornstein, D.T.Chen, J.D.Lumpe,\nS.S.Krigman, D.J.Debrestian, M.D.Fromm, F.Dalaudier, E.Chassefiere, C.Deniel,\nC.E.Randall, D.W.Rusch, J.J.Olivero, C.Brogniez, J.Lenoble, & R.Kremer, J.\nGeophys. Res., 101, 14,479-14,487, 1996.\n\nFor more information, see: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/rsd/7220/poam\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POAM II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Photometers\n Short_Name: POAM II\n Long_Name: Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement II\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 350 nm to 1060 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 350 nm to 1060 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/rsd/7220/poam\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/poam2/poam2_table\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: United States Navy\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "728fb833-a404-4b27-bc13-93290aedc047", - "label": "MASP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "The Mobile Automatic Scanning Photometer (MASP) began operation in\nMarch 1979 and has provided continuous data since August, 5, 1979. This\ndatabase contains information from August 5, 1979, to September 2, 1994.\nMeasurements of the attenuation of direct solar radiation are taken by\nthe photometer for different wavelengths using 12 filters. Five of these\nfilters (i.e., those for 428 nm, 486 nm, 535 nm, 785 nm, and 1010 nm\nwavelengths, with respective half-power widths of 2, 2, 3, 18, and 28 nm)\nare suitable for monitoring variations in the total optical depth of the\natmosphere.\n\n[Source: ORNL]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "806d0bc3-8d08-4418-800b-972292f3db99", - "label": "PHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "PHOTOMETERS are instruments used for measuring the luminance,\nluminous intensity, or luminance of a light source; similar to a\nradiometer, but with an output weighted by the wavelength\nresponse of the human eye.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c77977d-a149-46a2-8140-7f0df90a7123", - "label": "TCTE", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac85aed3-e8bb-4a4c-8ce6-8de68e0f03d2", - "label": "MSBSP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2659aca-16d3-4c5f-9846-e8affdcaafa6", - "label": "MSP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e590b4fe-229e-4b11-9ed5-e37a2b10038a", - "label": "TRANSMISSOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "TRANSMISSOMETERS are meters that measure the intensity of a\ndistant light; also measures the extinction coefficient of the\natmosphere and for the determination of the visual range.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb12ba15-e041-49de-b804-9dd4d56910ab", - "label": "AEPI", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "The objective of the Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI)\nexperiment was the investigation of the upper atmosphere-ionosphere\nand the space shuttle environment. The AEPI experiment was flown on\nthe Space Shuttle as part of the Atmospheric Laboratory for\nApplications and Science (ATLAS 1). The goals of this experiment were\n(1) investigation of ionospheric transport processes by observing\npositive magnesium (Mg) ions, (2) studies of optical properties of\nartificially induced electron beams, (3) measurement of electron cross\nsections for selected atmospheric species, (4) studies of natural\nairglow, and (5) studies of natural auroras. Many experiments were\nperformed with the AEPI instrument in coordination with other ATLAS 1\ninstruments (ISO and SEPAC). The experiment also investigated optical\nemissions generated by the Shuttle. The equipment consists of (1) a\ndual-channel low-light-level television (LLLTV) system, photon\ncounting array and associated electronics, (2) a low-light-level\nunfiltered (spectral continuum) TV camera which consists of an\nAugeniux 50 mm f/0.95 lens focused at infinity whereby an image is\nformed on a single-stage microchannel plate intensified inverter tube\ncoupled to an uncooled CCD via a fiberoptic taper, (3) dedicated\nexperiment processor (DEP) which controls the detector functions\nincluding filter wheel positioning, camera focusing, prism movement,\nintensifier gain control, and gain control, (4) a small hand-held\nimage intensifier and associated filters and manually operated\nspectrometer which can be used by the payload crew to monitor\nlow-light-level phenomena, and (5) a video data encoder (VDE) for\nannotating video with essential housekeeping and experiment\nparameters. The magnesium positive ion resonance line is imaged at\n279.5 and 280.2 nm and the 2p state singly ionized atomic oxygen is\nobtained at 731.9 and 247.0 nm.\nFurther information about the ATLAS-1 mission can be found at:\n'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88912b20-4ad5-4441-b0c4-880b407ade3f", - "label": "MAAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "The Model 5012 Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) black carbon monitor measures ambient and source black carbon (BC) concentrations and aerosol light absorption properties. The Model 5012 combines proven detection technology, easy to use menu-driven software, and advanced diagnostics to offer unsurpassed flexibility and reliability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bb6dac1-2f8a-4eba-9bbd-7b5b2f730185", - "label": "TAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "Perform real-time light absorption and black carbon measurements using light transmission through a filter with the Tricolor Absorption Photometer (TAP). Based on a decades-proven design that is simple to use and maintain, the TAP measures light absorption at three wavelengths by particles deposited on a filter. By assuming a mass extinction efficiency, the ambient mass loadings of black carbon can also be determined. The TAP has been deployed at Global Aerosol Watch sites around the world for many years, demonstrating good agreement with other simultaneously deployed filter-based light absorption methods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eabba21-47c2-4042-986d-d200d0ae2dd9", - "label": "CLAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "Based on experience gained from years of operating commercial instruments continuously at field sites and intermittently in laboratory studies, staff at GMD designed a new instrument, the Continuous Light Absorption Photometer (CLAP), to be functionally comparable to a widely-used commercial instrument, the Particle/Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), but that did not suffer from the same operating limitations as the PSAP. The choice of a functionally comparable design to the PSAP allowed measurements from the CLAP to use the well-established PSAP correction schemes that account for know imperfections in all filter-based absorption measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f21311d0-6788-472b-a315-b130932435c2", - "label": "NOAA O3 Classic", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", - "definition": "The NOAA-O3 instrument consists of a mercury lamp, two sample chambers that can be periodically scrubbed of ozone, and two detectors that measure the 254-nm radiation transmitted through the chamber. The ozone absorption cross-section at this wavelength is accurately known; hence, the ozone number density can be easily calculated. Since the two absorption chambers are identical, virtually continuous measurements of ozone are made by alternating the ambient air sample and ozone scrubbed sample between the two chambers. At a one-second data collection rate, the minimum detectable concentration of ozone (one standard deviation) is 1.5 x 10 10 molecules/cm 3 (0.6ppbv at STP).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe7c93d2-1460-4292-9dda-2338c3f6120d", - "label": "CEILOMETERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "Ceilometers are devices using a laser or other light source to\ndetermine the height of a cloud base. An optical ceilometer uses\ntriangulation to determine the height of a spot of light\nprojected onto the base of the cloud; a laser ceilometer\ndetermines the height by measuring the time required for a pulse\nof light to be scattered back from the cloud base.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceilometer'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77bb89d9-23a6-47dd-a366-0cd32b00c52e", - "label": "PI-NEPH", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The Polarized Imaging Nephelometer (PI-Neph) is a novel in-situ instrument developed for accurate measurements of the first two matrix elements of the scattering phase function of aerosol particles. The instrument takes in aerosol through an inlet and bombards the sample with a polarized laser beam, at 445, 532, or 661nm, inside a closed chamber. The laser beam is split into forward and backward segments by a retroreflector; a wide field-of-view camera inside the chamber images the intensity of scattered light from 5-175 degrees in scattering angle. The high-resolution phase function measurement from the PI-Neph is used to retrieve aerosol microphysical properties including refractive index, size distributions, sphericity, asymmetry parameter, and single-scattering albedo akin to multi-angle remote sensors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c18ac4f-4750-42f0-9cfe-5652b6ff07a7", - "label": "UASO3", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "Ozone (O3) in the lower stratosphere (LS) is responsible for absorbing much of the biologically damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sunlight, and thus plays a critical role in protecting Earth's environment. By absorbing UV light, O3 heats the surrounding air, leading to the vertical stratification and dynamic stability that define the stratosphere. Halogen species from anthropogenic compounds such as CFCs can cause significant damage to the O3 layer in the LS and have led to the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole. Accurate measurement of O3 in the LS is the first step toward understanding and protecting stratospheric O3. The UAS Ozone Photometer was designed specifically for autonomous, precise, and accurate O3 measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) onboard the NASA Global Hawk Unmanned Aircraft System (GH UAS) and other high altitude research platforms such as the ER-2 and WB-57. With a data rate of 2 Hz, the instrument can provide high-time-resolution, detailed information for studies of O3 photochemistry, radiation balance, stratosphere-troposphere exchange, and air parcel mixing in the UT/LS. Furthermore, its accurate data are useful for satellite retrieval validation. Contacts: Troy Thornberry, Ru-Shan Gao", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e4e9367-3746-46a1-9f6e-318b85dac853", - "label": "LIF-SO2", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The LIF-SO2 instrument detects sulfur dioxide at the single-part per trillion (ppt) level using red-shifted laser-induced fluorescence. It has operated on the WB-57 and Global Hawk aircraft in the UT/LS, as well as on the DC-8. Sulfur Dioxide is an important precursor for aerosols including nucleation of new particles globally and can be greatly enhanced in the stratosphere following explosive volcanic eruptions. An important implication of the Asian Monsoon is transport of aerosol precursors including SO2 into the lower stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9cada11-d8b0-43ab-a017-7d1ab6a79aac", - "label": "AATS14", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "AATS-14 measures direct solar beam transmission at 14 wavelengths between 354 and 2139 nm in narrow channels with bandwidths between 2 and 5.6 nm for the wavelengths less than 1640 nm and 17.3 nm for the 2139 nm channel. The transmission measurements at all channels except 940 nm are used to retrieve spectra of aerosol optical depth (AOD). In addition, the transmission at 940 nm and surrounding channels is used to derive columnar water vapor (CWV) [Livingston et al., 2008]. Methods for AATS-14 data reduction, calibration, and error analysis have been described extensively, for example, by Russell et al. [2007] and Shinozuka et al. [2011]. AATS-14 measurements of spectral AOD and CWV obtained during aircraft vertical profiles can be differentiated to determine corresponding vertical profiles of spectral aerosol extinction and water vapor density. Such measurements have been used extensively in the characterization of the horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties and in the validation of satellite aerosol sensors. For example, in the Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia (ACE-Asia), AATS measurements were used for closure (consistency) studies with in situ aerosol samplers aboard the NCAR C-130 and the CIRPAS Twin-Otter aircraft, and with ground-based lidar systems. In ACE-Asia, CLAMS (Chesapeake Lighthouse & Aircraft Measurements for Satellites, 2001), the Extended-MODIS-λ Validation Experiment (EVE), INTEX-A, INTEX-B, and ARCTAS, AATS results have been used in the validation of satellite sensors aboard various EOS platforms, providing important aerosol information used in the improvement of retrieval algorithms for the MISR and MODIS sensors among others.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85981a31-9ed9-40b4-a366-778dce75ba0e", - "label": "SHIROP", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "With a mass of 19.4 kg and a diameter of 20 cm, the SHIROP is a small optical sensor, providing a resolution of <10 m. It is designed to demonstrate observations at super low altitudes. Compared to 30 cm in diameter and 2.5 meter resolution of the Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM) onboard Daichi /ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite), launched on January 24, 2006, the SHIROP is smaller and has a more sensitive resolution, as it observes in a super low orbit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28367594-1412-44e9-849b-cc1b9f2244e6", - "label": "LIF-NO", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "The LIF-NO instrument uses single-photon laser induced fluorescence to achieve fast, precise and accurate measurements of nitric oxide down to sub-pptv mixing ratios. The instrument is designed as a two-channel instrument and the second channel can be used to detect other species that can be converted into NO, such as NO2 or NOy. Measurements of reactive nitrogen species provide important constraints on radical oxidation chemistry, ozone destroying chemistry, and are useful tracers of pollution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e4af765-9b07-4829-8ddc-864ffc2b9677", - "label": "SPEX Airborne", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", - "definition": "SPEX airborne is a multi-angle spectro-polarimeter payload designed to fly onboard NASA’s high altitude research aircraft ER-2 where it performs remote sensing measurements of aerosol and cloud particles.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", - "label": "Magnetic/Motion Sensors", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", - "label": "Accelerometers", - "broader": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11c1598b-d484-4c26-83ae-bc12af957b84", - "label": "EGG", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", - "definition": "[Source: ESA's Gravity Mission GOCE Brochure, http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf ] \n\nThe principle of operation of the gradiometer relies on measuring the forces that maintain a ‘proof mass’ at the centre of a specially engineered ‘cage’. Servo-controlled electrostatic suspension provides control of the ‘proof mass’ in terms of linear and rotational motion. Three pairs of identical accelerometers, which form three ‘gradiometer arms’, are mounted on the ultra-stable structure. The difference between accelerations measured by each of two accelerometers (which are about 50 cm apart), in the direction joining them, is the basic gradiometric datum. The average of the two accelerations is proportional to the externally induced drag acceleration (common mode measurement). The three arms are mounted orthogonal to one another: one aligned with the satellite’s trajectory, one perpendicular to the trajectory, and one pointing approximately towards the centre of the Earth. By combining the differential accelerations, it is possible to derive the gravity gradient components as well as the perturbing angular accelerations. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EGG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Accelerometers\n Short_Name: EGG\n Long_Name: Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOCE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAHTK1VMOC_LPgoce_0.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-05-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2009-03-20\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "843cf5f8-b983-463c-8191-4fbdc943d765", - "label": "GRACE ACC", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", - "definition": "The SuperSTAR accelerometer manufactured by ONERA/CNES (France) is a modified version of the ASTRE high precision accelerometer previously flown on different Shuttle-missions (Life and Microgravity Science Mission (STS-78, 1996), Microgravity Science Laboratory (STS-83, STS-94, 1997)) and the STAR accelerometer which will be operated on the CHAMP satellite.\n\nThe accelerometer serves to measure all non-gravitational accelerations on the GRACE satellite due to air drag, solar radiation pressure or attitude control activator impulses initiated by the attitude and orbit control system (AOCS). In combination with the sub-mm intersatellite distance observed by the k-band ranging system (KBR) and the accurate satellite position measured by the onboard GPS receiver, the Earth's gravity field can be deduced with unprecedented accuracy.\n\nThe measurement principle of the SuperSTAR accelerometer is based on the electrostatic suspension of a parallel-epipedic proof-mass inside a cage. The cage walls are equipped with control electrodes which serve both as capacitive sensors to derive the instantaneous proof-mass (PM) position and as actuators to apply electrostatic forces in order to keep the PM motionless in the centre of the cage. Because the ACC sensor is hard-mounted with the GRACE satellite body, the amount of these control forces in combination with the well known proof-mass can be used to derive the acceleration vector for any moment of time.\n\nThe PM has to be positioned very precisely at the Center of Gravity (CoG) of the GRACE satellite to avoid acceleration offsets and measurement disturbances. In order to meet the very high requirements for GRACE gravity recovery this offset shall be measured with an accuracy of 50 µm in all 3 axis and corrected by a Center of Mass Trim Assembly (CMT). The planned resolution of the CHAMP STAR accelerometer is 1 · 10-9 ms-2 integrated over the frequency bandwith of 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz. Its full measurement range is 10-3 ms-2 . Because of the low-vibration design of the GRACE spacecraft and the high temperature stability (below 0.1° Celsius) the SuperSTAR ACC full scale range will be increased to 5 · 10-5 ms-2 . Additional improvements (proof mass offset voltage reduction from 20V to 10V, smaller acceleration bias and bias fluctuations by a factor of 20) increases the GRACE ACC resolution to 1 · 10-10 ms-2 . For the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements the attitude of the ACC will be measured very precisely by a star camera assembly (SCA).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE ACC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Subtype: Accelerometers\n Short_Name: GRACE ACC\n Long_Name: GRACE SuperSTAR Accelerometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: RADIO\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10-3 ms-2\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/docs/GRACE.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: GFZ Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6ae33f3-f492-4f32-9526-a7e289d542e7", - "label": "GRACE-FO ACC", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", - "definition": "Accelerometer (of SuperSTAR heritage on GRACE) is an improved accelerometer developed by ONERA, France. ACC is designed to measure the non-gravitational accelerations (such as those due to atmospheric drag).\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bdca141-ccec-471e-9dd9-f47d3a94abf7", - "label": "ACC", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", - "definition": "The Accelerometer measures the Swarm satellite's non-gravitational acceleration in its respective orbit. The instrument helps scientists to study factors that cause non-gravitational accelerations such as air drag, winds, Earth albedo, and direct solar radiation pressure on the spacecraft.\n\nThe data provided by the instrument can provide air density measurements that can be used with magnetometer data to provide new insights into geomagnetic processes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3fc8231-afa3-4137-a793-2860e2ab08a0", - "label": "Gravimeters", - "broader": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c4c7ec2f-6edb-4564-b6aa-49bae3a8e900", - "label": "CMG-GT-1A", - "broader": "a3fc8231-afa3-4137-a793-2860e2ab08a0", - "definition": "The CMG-GT-1A Airborne Gravimeter system is a three axis stabilized gravimeter, with a ±500 Gal dynamic range primary vertical accelerometer.\n\nThe GT series of mobile gravimeters combine inertial navigation systems (INS), vertical gravity sensors and global positioning systems (GPS) to measure gravity anomalies related to sub-surface geology and structure.\n\nThe GT-1A Airborne Gravimeter is developed by Gravimetric Technologies and Canadian Micro Gravity.\n\nFurther technical information:\nhttp://www.canadianmicrogravity.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid=108\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CMG-GT-1A\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Subtype: Gravimeters\n Short_Name: CMG-GT-1A\n Long_Name: Canadian Micro Gravity GT-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: INS\n Short_Name: GRAVIMETERS\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BT-67\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.canadianmicrogravity.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid=108\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", - "label": "Active Remote Sensing", - "broader": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", - "definition": "Remote sensing that involves emitting a signal and then measuring that signal when it is backscattered (or reflected) back to the instrument. Examples include radars and lidars (LIght Detection And Ranging Radars - similar to Radar but uses a laser). \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Active Remote Sensing\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments \n Short_Name: Active Remote Sensing\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "label": "Scatterometers", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06286aad-e656-4a8c-bc43-ffc2a1fdd281", - "label": "SASS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "A scatterometer provides the backscatter cross-section as a function of\nincidence angle for the area under observation. In the case of the SASS, the\nmain interest was in measuring the ocean surface backscatter as a means to\nderive the surface wind vector. The physical basis for this technique is that\nthe strength of the radar backscatter is proportional to the amplitude of the\nsurface capillary waves (Bragg scattering), which in turn is related the wind\nspeed near the surface. Moreover, the radar backscatter is anisotropic,\nallowing the wind direction to be derived from backscatter measurements at\ndifferent azimuth angles. In practice, however, there was normally a fourfold\nambiguity in the wind direction that had to be resolved manually.\nThe SASS operated at a frequency of 14.6 GHz (or 2.0 cm). It incorporated four\ndual-polarized fan beam antennas, two radiating +/- 45 degrees forward and two,\n+/- 45 degrees aft, which produced an X-shaped pattern of illumination on the\nsurface.\nGlobal measurements of the surface wind velocity over the seas were obtained\nfrom SASS at least once every 36 hours with the high latitudes being covered\nmore frequently. The resolution of the instrument was 50 km and the grid\nspacing of the output data product, 100 km.\n___________\nTaken from:\nElachi,C., 'Microwave and Infrared Satellite Remote Sensors,' in MANUAL OF\nREMOTE SENSING, edited by R.N.Colwell, pp 571-650, American Society of\nPhotogrammetry, Sheridan Press, Falls Church, Virginia, 1983. ISBN 0-937294-41\nCornillon, P., A GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE DATA, Graduate School of\nOceanography, U. Rhode Island, Technical Report 79, 1982.\n_________\nSee Also:\nSpecial Issue on the SEASAT-1 Sensors, IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING,\nVol. OE-5, No.2, 1980.\n\nAdditional information on the SEASAT-1 spacecraft and the sensor available at\n'http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SASS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: SASS\n Long_Name: SEASAT-A Scatterometer System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-03\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08a08050-15d8-4dba-a8e6-352f157da323", - "label": "POLSCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20877b67-1c0c-4298-bda4-5403363eb527", - "label": "NSCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT), an active microwave satellite\nscatterometer, was developed by NASA/JPL as part of the NASA's Earth\nProbe Mission To Planet Earth (MTPE) program and will be flown on the\nJapanese ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS). The NSCAT\ninstrument is intended to be a follow-on to the Seasat-1 scatterometer\n(SASS) flown in 1978. The NSCAT is designed to measure the ocean\nsurface wind velocity and will provide data on air-sea interactions,\ncalculations for large-scale fluxes between atmosphere and ocean,\nair-sea coupling and interannual variability of the Earth's climate.\nThe NSCAT was a 13.995 GHz (Ku-band) active microwave radar that\ntransmits continuous pulses to the ocean surface and will receive\nbackscattered radiation from the Earth. The radar cross section of the\nsurface is used to derive the backscattered radiation as a function of\nboth wind speed and direction and to determine the wind vector. The\nNSCAT consists of three major subsystems: the Radio Frequency\nSubsystem (RFS), the antenna subsystem, and the Digital Data Subsystem\n(DSS). Transmittted pulses at 13.995 GHz are generated by the RFS to\neach antenna beam. A low-noise amplifier of 3 dB was used to amplify\nthe return echo. The antenna subsystem consisted of 6 identical,\ndual-polarization fan beam antennas, approximately 10 feet long. The\nsix antennas were calibrated to 0.25 dB prior to launch. The NSCAT\nwill be the first spaceborne scatterometer to employ on-board digital\nprocessing of the Doppler-shifted signal. The NSCAT measures two\nswaths, each 600 km wide at nadir and radar cross sections in three\nazimuth angles for a wind speed accuracy of 2 meter/sec and direction\naccuracy of 20 degrees and a spatial resolution of 25 km. NSCAT data\nis processed to science products directly from telemetry by the NSCAT\nData Processing and Instrument Operations (DP&IO). See Naderi, F.N.,\net al. 1991: 'Spaceborne Radar Measurement of Wind Velocity Over the\nOcean - An Overview of the NSCAT Scatterometer System', Proceedings\nIEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 850-866 (B39955). For more information see:\n'http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/nscat/nscatindex.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NSCAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: NSCAT\n Long_Name: NASA Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "275efdbc-5d2c-49c1-9e08-c2b50d2ff115", - "label": "RapidScat", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The InternISS-RapidScat ational Space Station Rapid Scatterometer (ISS-RapidScat) mission was launched on 20 September 2014 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida with the primary goal of measuring ocean surface wind vectors, calibrated to a 10 meter reference height, as a continuation of the QuikSCAT climate data record, and as a demonstration of the ability to cost-effectively re-use existing hardware, originally designed and manufactured for test purposes, as an operational space flight Earth remote sensing mission in support of fundamental scientific research of Earth's weather, oceans, and coupled climate system. After successfully being mounted and properly calibrated on the ISS, the RapidScat instrument began providing its first set of calibrated, science-quality measurements on 3 October 2014. As a bi-product of the low inclination orbit of ISS, RapidScat is in a unique position to provide measurements that are asynchronous with respect to the solar day cycle of the Earths; this translates to RapidScat having the unique capability (in contrast to all other past and present space-borne scatterometers) of observing diurnal and semi-diurnal variability over seasonal time scales. The ISS-RapidScat mission is particularly blessed to have contemporaneous measurements from QuikSCAT (albeit limited due to QuikSCAT's fixed antenna position) as a way to ensure consistently calibrated measurements to ensure accurate observation and continued study of the coupled Earth climate system. The PO.DAAC functions as the primary archive and distribution center for the RapidScat data produced directly by the ISS-RapidScat Science Data Systems (SDS) team at JPL.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ea0f679-bb41-4a04-b9b5-d6786ecaa5cb", - "label": "SCATTEROMETERS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "A scatterometer transmits radar pulses and receives backscattered energy, the intensity of which depends on the roughness and dielectric properties of a particular target. Scatterometers were originally designed to measure oceanic surface winds, where the amount of backscatter depends on two factors – the size of the surface ripples on the ocean, and their orientation with respect to the propagation direction of the pulse of radiation transmitted by the scatterometer. The first is dependent on wind stress and hence wind speed at the surface, while the second is related to wind direction. Hence measurements by such scatterometers may be used to derive both wind speed and direction.\n\nThese instruments aim to achieve high accuracy measurements of wind vectors (speed and direction) and resolution is of secondary importance (they generally produce wind maps with a resolution of order 25-50km). Because scatterometers operate at microwave wavelengths, the measurements are available irrespective of weather conditions.\n\nSpaceborne scatterometers have provided continuous synoptic microwave coverage of the Earth for nearly a decade, starting with the ERS series, NSCAT on ADEOS, and more recently SeaWinds on QuikSCAT. The ERS and NSCAT instruments employed a fan-beam (multi-incidence) wind retrieval technique, whereas QuikSCAT employs a conically scanning (fixed incidence) technique. Increases in swath width capability of scatterometers now mean that a single instrument can provide around 90% coverage of global oceans on a daily basis.\n\n[Summary provided by CEOS.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCATTEROMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: SCATTEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eohandbook.com/eohb05/ceos/part3_1_pop13.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "494f7200-d648-42e2-97fa-83d8765b9395", - "label": "C-SCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The C-Band Scatterometer (C-SCAT) is used for NOAA?s (National\nOceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) Climatic Data\nCenter and measures ocean surface wind vectors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "799026db-3706-4335-a5ca-30fb9b34b845", - "label": "AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The Aquarius Scatterometer : an active system for measuring surface roughness for sea-surface brightness temperature correction\n\nThe Aquarius scatterometer is a total-power L-band radar system for estimating ocean surface roughness. Its measurements will enable the removal of wind effects from the Aquarius radiometer ocean-surface brightness temperature measurements being used to retrieve ocean salinity. The Aquarius scatterometer is a relatively simple, low-spatial resolution power-detecting radar, without ranging capability. But to meet its science requirement, it must be very stable, with repeatability on the order of 0.1 dB over several days, and calibrated accuracy to this level over several months. Data from this instrument over land as well as ocean areas will be available for a variety of geophysical applications.\n\nIEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Denver, Colorado, July 31- August 4, 2006.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER\n Long_Name: Aquarius Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aquarius/main/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba611e74-27eb-4e97-a132-79d63f5e892b", - "label": "SEAWINDS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The SeaWinds scatterometer is a specialized microwave radar that measures near-surface wind velocity (both speed and direction)\nunder all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. The experiment is a follow-on mission and continues the data \nseries initiated in 1996 by the NASA scatterometer (NSCAT). The SeaWinds instrument was launched on the NASA QuikScat 'quick \nrecovery' satellite on June 19, 1999. SeaWinds was also launched on the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Advanced \nEarth Observation Satellite II (ADEOS-II) on December 14, 2002. ADEOS-II failed on October 24, 2003.\n\nSeaWinds uses a rotating dish antenna with two spot beams that sweep in a circular pattern. The antenna radiates microwave \npulses at a frequency of 13.4 gigahertz across broad regions on Earth's surface. The instrument will collect data over ocean, \nland, and ice in a continuous, 1,800-kilometer-wide band, making approximately 400,000 measurements and covering 90% of \nEarth's surface in one day.\n\nScatterometers use a highly indirect technique to measure wind velocity over the ocean. Changes in the wind velocity cause \nchanges in ocean surface roughness, modifying the radar cross section of the ocean and the magnitude of the backscattered \npower. Multiple collocated measurements acquired from several viewing geometries (incidence angles, polarizations, and \ndirections) are used to determine wind speed and direction simultaneously. The directly measured backscatter cross-sections \nover land and ice-covered regions yield information on vegetation type and ice type and extent.\n\nKey SeaWinds Facts\nHeritage: SeaSat, NSCAT\nDimensions: CDS: 32 cm ? 46 cm ? 34 cm; SES: 81 cm ? 91 cm ? 43 cm;\nSAS: ~150 cm; 100-cm diameter antenna dish on 60-cm diameter ? 60-cm pedestal\nMass: 220 kg\nPower: 220 W\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nThermal Control: Radiators\nThermal Operating Range: 5\\u201340Ú C\nField of View (FOV): Rotating (at 18 rpm) pencil-beam antenna with dual feeds pointing 40Ú and 46Ú from nadir\nIFOV: ? 51Ú from nadir\nSwath: 1800 km (? 51Ú look angles) from 803-km altitude\nPointing Requirements (3Ã): Control: <0.3Ú (~1000 arcsec); Knowledge: <0.05Ú (~167 arcsec); Stability: <0.008Ú/s (30 arcsec/s)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEAWINDS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n Long_Name: SeaWinds\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.4 gigahertz; 110-watt pulse at 189-hertz pulse repetition frequency (PRF)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/index.cfm\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/index.cfm\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 40 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1999-07-19\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 40 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-04-10\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2003-10-24\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1c4be34-1053-42c5-bc81-bfdcb6b27567", - "label": "ERS WIND SCATTEROMETER", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "In addition to a SAR, each ERS satellite also carries a Wind\nScatterometer as part of its Active Microwave Instrument (AMI).\nThe primary objective of wind scatterometers is to measure radar\nbackscattering from ocean surface waves, from which wind\nvelocity and direction can be estimated. However,\nscatterometers also collect data over land as well. Like the\nERS SAR instruments, the ERS Wind Scatterometers operate at\nC-band (5.3 GHz) and VV polarization (vertically sent and\nreceived radar pulses). However, they operate over a much\ngreater range of incident angle (18-57? as opposed to 23? for\nERS SAR), have a wider illuminated swath width (500 km as\nopposed to 100 km), much coarser resolution (50 km, with a\nprocessed pixel spacing of 25 km) and more frequent coverage\n(near-daily at Arctic latitudes as opposed to 35 days for ERS\nSAR). Wind scatterometers therefore allow frequent radar\nimaging over large areas but with coarser spatial resolution\nthan can be achieved with SAR.\n\n[Source: University of California-Los Angeles]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f55d156c-adbc-47db-a69c-981afbaa0cf6", - "label": "ASCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) is a real aperture radar operating at 5.255 GHz (C-band) and using vertically polarised antennas. It transmits a long pulse with Linear Frequency Modulation (‘chirp’). Ground echoes are received by the instrument and, after de-chirping, the backscattered signal is spectrally analysed and detected. In the power spectrum, frequency can be mapped into slant range provided the chirp rate and the Doppler frequency are known. The above processing is in effect a pulse compression, which provides range resolution. \n\nThe instrument was developed under ESA/EUMETSAT contract by EADS Astrium GmbH in Friedrichshafen, Germany.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ASCAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: ASCAT\n Long_Name: Advanced Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/datasets/ASCATData.php/\n Online_Resource: http://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/products/ASCAT.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaME/ascat.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMBWEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_2010053161611647?l=en\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-03\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff159b0a-e63b-4a88-a0de-d90f861a0f07", - "label": "WS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The purpose of the Wind Scatterometer is to obtain information\non wind speed and direction at the sea surface. These wind\nvectors can then be incorporated into models, global statistics\nand climatological data sets. The Wind Scatterometer measures\nthe echo power of a signal transmitted by the satellite and\nreturned from the ocean surface. The echo power is affected by\nthe surface wind conditions. Three antennae are used to obtain\ninformation about the wind at the ocean surface. Each antenna\npoints in a different direction, and hence for a particular\npoint on the ocean surface three echo power values, obtained\nfrom three different angles, are used to calculate the surface\nwind vectors.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://earth.esrin.esa.it/rootcollection/sysutil/01069.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ESA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e24a235-4813-44dd-8be0-0c74e6898e15", - "label": "OSCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "OSCAT is an active microwave device designed and developed at ISRO/SAC, Ahmedabad. The objective is to monitor ocean surface wind speed and directions. The instrument is a pencil beam wind scatterometer operating at Ku-band of 13.515 GHz. OSCAT is being utilized for the estimation of the radar backscattered power and subsequent local and global wind vector (velocity magnitude and direction) retrieval over the ocean, from the normalized radar cross-section (σo), for cell resolution grids of 25 km x 25 km over a swath of 1400 km. The aim is to provide global ocean coverage and wind vector retrieval with a revisit time of 2 days.\n\nThe scanning configuration of OSCAT, similar in design to Seawinds of NASA, offers the advantages like simpler onboard payload, better radar backscatter cross section (σo) measurement and directional accuracy, continuous and wider swath with no nadir gaps, less complex signal processing and reduced data rates, smaller and lighter onboard instrument and simplified wind retrieval model compared to conventional multiple fan beam scatterometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55694771-4eee-455d-87db-135627949cf5", - "label": "SCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "Remote Sensing Laboratory / Center for Space Science and Applied Research / Chinese Academy of Sciences), Beijing, China. SCAT will be the first RFSCAT (Rotating Fan-beam Scatterometer) pointing at medium incidence angles (26° to 46°) with a dual antenna system; it is flown on a spacecraft for global ocean vector wind observations.\n\nSCAT is a Ku-band RFSCAT with HH and VV polarizations. The expected ocean wind vector retrieval performance is as follows (with 50 km OSVW resolution):\n\n• Wind speed accuracy: 2 m/s or 10% (larger) within the 4~24 m/s wind speed range\n\n• Wind direction accuracy: ±20º within the 360º wind direction range\n\n• Ground geolocation accuracy OSVW resolution cells: < 5 km.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3abc7c20-963c-49ed-bb73-8fcacdce9d8c", - "label": "OSCAT-2", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", - "definition": "The OSCAT-2 is used to determine ocean surface-level wind vectors through the estimation of radar backscatter. It is the instrument onboard SCATSat-1, developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Satellite Centre, Ahmedabad, India. OSCAT-2 is similar to OSCAT flown onboard OceanSat-2. However, many improvements both in hardware as well as for the onboard signal processor and control software are being implemented, based on the OSCAT experience. The instrument is a pencil beam wind scatterometer operating at Ku-band of 13.515 GHz.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", - "label": "Profilers/Sounders", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "label": "Radar Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "08ec5716-b5d9-4e15-8d4a-c699f6e89283", - "label": "D3R", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Dual-frequency Dual-polarized Doppler Radar (D3R) is a fully polarimetric, scanning weather radar system operating at the nominal frequencies of 13.91 GHz and 35.56 GHz covering a maximum range of 30 km.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a63da59-87bd-4294-a51f-0f21baf20429", - "label": "ACOUSTIC RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "An acoustic radar is a device acting as the well known radars, with\nthe difference that the transmitted and the received signals have\nfrequencies in the acoustic region. An alternate name for this class\nof instruments is 'Sodar', due to the SOund Detection And Ranging'. A\nshort acoustic pulse is transmitted in the atmosphere. While it is\ntravelling in there, it is scattered from the atmospheric\nirregularities. Here, the irregularities don't mean a 'target' object,\nas in the usual electromagnetic or microwave radars. A change in the\nwind velocity, a turbulent layer, a temperature inversion e.t.c. cause\nscattering of the acoustic waves. A part of the scattered signal\nreturns to the receiver, where it is collected and processed.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~tliaskas/Welcome.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Athens]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b748b90-fe0d-4179-9bdc-d65cd5cadaf4", - "label": "ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOPROFILER", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fb52f3d-d45a-4c77-8159-c5f07e042fba", - "label": "POSS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Technology Center, Global Hydrology Resource Center (GHRC), http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe POSS is a bi-static X-band Doppler radar designed by Environment Canada. The POSS measures a signal whose frequency is proportional to the particle Doppler velocity and whose amplitude is proportional to the particle scattering cross-secion. Its measurements can be used to provide information regarding precipitation occurrence, type, rate, and rain drop size distribution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: POSS\n Long_Name: Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/facilities/poss.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-08-30\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12f1957f-f37b-43d6-a962-42f3422f5806", - "label": "HiCARS1", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b358511-67f9-43cb-85a3-7201f1d787db", - "label": "ICORDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fda092b-8f01-4810-a8e5-284efa1210c8", - "label": "HiCARS2", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "HiCARS is a VHF ice-penetrating radar which operates in frequency-chirped mode from 52.5 to 67.5 MHz.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20186f0a-7a29-4868-9ddd-2bb332b68505", - "label": "OSCR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "240304d3-2cf8-40e0-b65f-670be88fdf4e", - "label": "PALS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "Please view the NASA Aquarius Homepage for instrument details: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/techops-instrument.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PALS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: PALS\n Long_Name: Passive and Active L- and S-Band System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Radiometers at 1.413 GHz; scatterometer at 1.26 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/techops-launch.html\n Sample_Image: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/aq_drawing.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-06-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: TBD kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24c6b787-4d3d-4252-a9b8-b99aeca73c00", - "label": "CRS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Cloud Radar System (CRS) is a 94 GHz (W-band; 3 mm\nwavelength) Doppler radar developed for autonomous operation in the\nNASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft and for ground-based operation.\nIt will provide high-resolution profiles of reflectivity and\nDoppler velocity in clouds and it has important applications to\natmospheric remote sensing studies. The CRS was designed to fly\nwith the Cloud Lidar System (CLS), in the tail cone of an ER-2\nsuperpod. There are two basic modes of operation of the CRS: 1)\nER-2 with reflectivity, Doppler, and linear-depolarization\nmeasurements, and 2) ground-based with full polarimetric\ncapability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e3fe1ff-8b6e-42df-9b4f-e7a13d9577f0", - "label": "X-POW", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Mobile X-band Polarimetric Weather Radar on Wheels (X-POW) is a Doppler scanning radar operating at 9.3 GHz with horizontal and vertical polarization. X-POW is used for detection and detailing surface rainfall rates and precipitation classification fields, 3-D precipitation microphysical retrievals, including water and frozen hydrometeor contents, and drop size distribution profiles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32fabcaa-08a3-4660-8dcf-882211b33881", - "label": "APR-2", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Second Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) is a dual-frequency, Doppler, dual-polarization radar system that includes digital, real-time pulse compression, extremely compact RF electronics, and a large deployable dual-frequency cylindrical parabolic antenna subsystem. The PR-2 radar flew on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the field experiment. \nAdditional information available at\n\nhttp://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APR-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: APR-2\n Long_Name: Second Generation Airborne Precipitation Radar\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34f702ec-4273-4281-a2d5-5b80459fbc3b", - "label": "CAMRA", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The 3 GHz Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar (CAMRa)\nis the largest steerable meteorological radar in the world.\nThe 25 metre dish is located at the Chilbolton Observatory\nin England (UK). It has dual-polarisation capability and\nfull Doppler capability. The scan-type is usually 'ppi'\n(plan-position indicator, i.e. a horizontal scan) or 'rhi'\n(range-height indicator, i.e. a vertical scan). Chilbolton\nObservatory is operated by the Radio Communications Research\nUnit of CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.\n\nThe characteristics of the radar are:\nFrequency 3.075 GHz\nAntenna diameter 25 metres\nPeak power 560 kW\nPulse width 0.5 micro-sec\nPulse repetition frequency 610 Hz\nSystem noise figure 1.3 dB\nBeamwidth 0.28 degrees\nRange resolution 300 m or 75 m\nCross-polar isolation -34 dB\nStandard maximum slew rate 1 degree/sec\nUnambiguous velocity 15 m/s\n\nMore Information: 'http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/radar/camra.html'\n\n[Summary Extracted from the BADC Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34f982b6-85ed-4a23-a886-b5c88a16de9b", - "label": "FMCWR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3604e8a3-6e1e-4f11-9b33-1d9b3ddfe6ae", - "label": "PR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "PR is the first spaceborne instrument designed to provide 3-D maps of storm structure. The measurements yield invaluable information on the intensity and distribution of the rain, the rain type, the storm depth and the height at which the snow melts into rain. The estimates of the heat released into the atmosphere at different heights based on these measurements can be used to improve models of the global atmospheric circulation. \n\n PR has a horizontal resolution at the ground of about 4 km and a swath width of 220 km. One of its most important features is its ability to provide vertical profiles of the rain and snow from the surface to a height of about 20 km. PR is able to detect fairly light rain rates down to about 0.7 mm/hr. For intense rain rates, where the attenuation effects can be strong, new methods of data processing have been developed that help correct for this effect. PR is able to separate out rain echoes for vertical sample sizes of about 250 m when looking straight down. \n\nNASA Earth Science Reference Handbook [ Mission: TRMM ]\n\n\nMore Information: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/PR\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: PR\n Long_Name: TRMM Precipitation Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: PR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.8 GHz horizontal polarization; 220-km swath.\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 4.3 Km horizontal resolution instantaneous field-of-view (nadir), 0.25 km vertical resolution (nadir)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/channel/earth/index_e.htm\n Online_Resource: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/channel/instruments/index_e.htm\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/pr.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/PR\n Sample_Image: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/channel/instruments/pr/image/pr2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 93.2 Kbps\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n Instrument_Owner: Communications Research Laboratory - Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c2d43d1-8017-4616-8075-3678e66b7513", - "label": "NPOL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The purpose of the NASA Portable S-band Multiparamerer Weather\nResearch Radar (NPOL) is to measure vertical distribution of radar\nreflectivity and rainfall rates.\n\nOther Information:\n\nPlatform: KAMP\n\nTemporal Resolution: Continuous operation, full volume scans every ten\nminutes, special scans to support aircraft operations\n\nSpatial Resolution: 300 Km long range scans, 150 Km range for most\nhigh resolution data scans. 150 m range resolution, 1.5 degree beam\nwidth so the sample volume increases with range\n\nData Volume Per Day: 2 GB (estimate) 140 full volume scans, 140\nsurveillance scans per day\n\nIn-Field Quick Look Products: Real time PPI scans of reflectivities\nand velocities, near real time displays of all radar products,\nincluding RHI's,\n\nCAPPI's, and Polarimetric products. Gif images of the radar displays\ncan be sent via the Internet in near real time.\n\nDirect Products: Raw radar files along with a list any corrections\nneeded for calibration\n\nDerived Products: None planned since raw files can be used to generate\nany product of interest.\n\nPotential Products: For case studies - full product suites can be\nproduced including calibrated reflectivites and line of sight\nvelocities, differential reflectivity, differential phase, and linear\ndepolarization ratios. Derived products can include rain rates and\nhydrometeor classifications.\n\nPreferred Aircraft Maneuvers: Flying along radials to the NPOL\n\nFrequency of Maneuvers: Whenever feasible\n\nUnfavorable Aircraft Maneuvers: Flying data flights directly over NPOL\n(radar can not go past 90 degrees in elevation and if the plane takes\ndata while flying over the radar, radar data will be lost while the\nantenna is rotated 180 degrees in azimuth)\n\nUnfavorable Environmental Conditions: Hurricane force winds at the\nradar location\n\nDropsondes Requested Per Mission: 1-2 in the aircraft mission area\nwith in range of NPOL\n\nPreferred Atmospheric Conditions All weather conditions\n\nAircraft to Perform Drop: no preference\n\nDesired Data Sources: Microphysical, radar (S,C and X-band), sondes,\nprofiler, disdrometers and raingauges\n\nMission Planning Needs: WSR-88D, Internet access, communications\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://camex.msfc.nasa.gov/camex4/instruments.jsp'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c769989-de85-49c0-820e-8870b39ce3e3", - "label": "WISE", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "WISE is a decameter wavelength airborne radar sounder that operates over a 1 to 5 MHz frequency range for airborne sounding of ice sheets and ice caps. The radar bandwidth is 2 MHz.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d040403-e6ab-4e42-b54a-14cce4033f6e", - "label": "TOGA RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response\nExperiment (TOGA COARE) provided the opportunity to observe tropical\nprecipitation systems in the Western Pacific Ocean. Previous studies\nhave shown that the driving force of global circulation is the result\nof latent heat released during the formation of tropical precipitation\n(Simpson et al. 1988). One of the goals of TOGA COARE was to determine\nand understand the development and interactions of precipitation in\nthe tropical Pacific Ocean.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.iihr.uiowa.edu/projects/rrresearch/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f90fc9d-03a6-4297-a887-5295b2bd6ff9", - "label": "MSPI", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4046a144-ca32-4207-8831-31b8d780ace2", - "label": "MRR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "[Source: Marilyn Drewry, UAHuntsville/Global Hydrology Resource Center]\n\nThe MRR is a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) vertically pointing Doppler radar, which operates at 24.24GHz and provides vertical profiles of drop size distribution. The MRR is the second generation of the instrument manufactured by METEK (URL: http://www.metek.de/product-details/mrr-2.html )\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: MRR\n Long_Name: Micro Rain Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.metek.de/product-details/mrr-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-11-26\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41d3528f-8029-4b1a-ae82-9279c7466219", - "label": "ACORDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "440da7dc-72d9-4963-8dc1-2084d1a51294", - "label": "MMCR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "509e6d6f-eb4e-4c4b-807a-617610eace3a", - "label": "ADRAD", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Meteorology department first began its study of convective\nstorms with the use of a 3cm wavelength radar in the early\n50's. In 1962, they upgraded to a 10cm, and in 1966, dual wave-\nlength capability was added. After several modifications, the\nradar was placed on top of the newly completed Eller O&M\nBuilding in 1973. In 1992, the Aggie Doppler RADar was born with\nthe installation of doppler capability. A final upgrade to the\npedestal, removal of the side dishes, new processor, and work\nstation occurred in 1997.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/mesogroup/trmm/adrad.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51b9980d-4225-47bd-92d9-3268f023791f", - "label": "ELDORA", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "ELDORA (Electra Doppler Radar) is an airborne, dual beam,\nmeteorological research radar developed jointly at the National\nCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), USA and the Centre de\nRecherches en Physique de L'Environnement Terrestre et Planetaire\n(CRPE), France. ELDORA's first deployment was to TOGA COARE in\nthe Solomon Islands in January and February 1993.\n\nELDORA Characteristics:\n\nNumber of Radars 2 (fore and aft)\nWavelength 3.2 cm\nTransmit Frequency 9.3 - 9.8 GHz\nBeamwidth (circular) 1.8 °\nAntenna Gain 38.7 dB\nPolarization (00 elevation) horizontal\nFirst Sidelobe Power -35 dB\nBeam Tilt Angle (fore and aft) ± 15-19 °\nAntenna Rotation Rate 5-144 °/s\nDwell Time 7-50 ms\nRotational Sampling Rate 0.75-2.00 °\nPeak Transmitted Power 40-45 kw\nReceiver Bandwidth 0.5 - 8.0 MHz\nReceiver Temperature (at antenna) <600 °K\nPulse Repetition Frequency 2000-5000 Hz\nMinimum Detectable Signal (at 10 km) -12 dBZ\nUnambiguous Range 20 - 90 km\nUnambiguous Velocity (single PRT) ± 13 - 20 m/s\nUnambiguous Velocity (dual PRT) ± 80 - 100 m/s\nNumber of Frequencies 5\nPulse Chip Length 0.25 - 3.00 µs\nRange Averaging 1-4 gates\nTotal Cell Length 37.5 - 1200 m\nAlong Track Beam Spacing 0.3 - 1.0 km\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://linus.atd.ucar.edu/rsf/eldora/eldora.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NCAR Atmospheric Technology Division]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa", - "label": "GPR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)is a noninvasive electromagnetic\ngeophysical technique for subsurface exploration,\ncharacterization and monitoring (history). It is widely used in\nlocating lost utilities, environmental site characterization and\nmonitoring, agriculture, archaeological and forensic\ninvestigation, unexploded ordnance and land mine detection,\ngroundwater, pavement and infrastructure characterization,\nmining, ice sounding, permafrost, void, cave and tunnel\ndetection, sinkholes, subsidence, karst, and a host of other\napplications. It may be deployed from the surface by hand or\nvehicle, in boreholes, between boreholes, from aircraft and from\nsatellites. It has the highest resolution of any geophysical\nmethod for imaging the subsurface, with centimeter scale\nresolution sometimes possible.\n\nResolution is controlled by wavelength of the propagating\nelectromagnetic wave in the ground. Resolution increases with\nincreasing frequency (shorter wavelength). Depth of\ninvestigation varies from less than one meter in mineralogical\nclay soils like montmorillonite to more than 5,400 meters in\npolar ice. Depth of investigation increases with decreasing\nfrequency but with decreasing resolution. Typical depths of\ninvestigation in fresh-water saturated, clay-free sands are\nabout 30 meters. Depths of investigation (and resolution) are\ncontrolled by electrical properties through conduction losses,\ndielectric relaxation in water, electrochemical reactions at\nthe mineralogical clay-water interface, scattering losses, and\n(rarely) magnetic relaxation losses in iron bearing minerals.\nScattering losses are the result of spatial scales of\nheterogeneity approaching the size of the wavelength in the\nground (like the difference between an ice cube and a snowball\nin scattering visib le light). Detectability of objects in the\nground depends upon their size, shape, and orientation relative\nto the antenna, contrast with the host medium, as well as\nradiofrequency noise and interferences.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.g-p-r.com/'\n\n[Summary provided by Gary R. Olhoeft]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a8adb1b-9f47-460c-8f5a-c570b8b6eb0c", - "label": "MCoRDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "MCoRDS radar operates over the frequency range from 140 to 230 MHz with multiple receivers developed for airborne sounding and imaging of ice sheets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62309600-7c79-4ae1-a232-9f968bd81ac3", - "label": "MST", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The mission of the NERC MST Radar Facility at Aberystwyth is to\nprovide high-quality atmospheric data products to the UK\nacademic community in support of environmental research and\neducation. The data are freely available through the British\nAtmospheric Data Centre (BADC).\n\nThe MST (Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere) Radar at Capel\nDewi (near Aberystwyth in West Wales, UK) is a 46.5 MHz pulsed\nDoppler radar ideally suited for studies of atmospheric winds,\nwaves and turbulence. It is run almost exclusively in the\nST-mode for which MST radars are unique in their ability to give\ncontinuous measurements of the three-dimensiuonal wind vector\nover the altitude range 2 - 20 km at resolutions of a few\nhundred metres in altitude (typically 300 m) and a few minutes\nin time (typically 2-3 mins). Additionally, under certain\ncircumstances, the radar returns can give information about the\natmospheric static stability (thus allowing for monitoring of\nthe altitude and sharpness of the tropopause), humidity fields\nand turbulence (of at least moderate intensity).\n\nTechnical Information:\n\n1. Operating frequency/radar wavelength\n46.5 MHz/6.45 m\n\n2. Peak transmitted power\n160 kW (from 5 Tycho Technology WPT-50 transmitters)\n\n3. Transmitter pulse lengths, us (range resolutions, m)\n1 (150), 2 (300), 4 (600), 8 (1200), 16 (2400), 32 (4800)\n\n4. Complementary pulse coding available for 4 us and longer pulses\nInter-pulse periods, us (maximum unambiguous ranges, km)\n80 (12), 160 (24), 320 (48), 640 (96)\n\n5. Maximum duty cycle\n5 %\n\n6. Antenna type\n20 ?~ 20 array of 4-element Yagis, 0.85 ?É spacing\n\n7. Antenna dimensions\n109.6 ?~ 109.6 m\n\n8. Location of the antenna arrray\nLatitude 52.42??N, Longitude 4.01??W, 50 m above mean sea level\nBritish National Grid Reference SN 637 826\n\n9. Available beam pointing directions\nN4.2??, E4.2??, S4.2??, W4.2??\nNE6??, SE6??, SW6??, NW6??,\nN8.5??, E8.5??, S8.5??, W8.5??\nNE12??, SE12??, SW12??, NW12??\n\nwhere the actual azimuths are offset 17.5 ??, anticlockwise from\nthe nominal directions\n\n10. Minimum coherent integration time\n81.92 ms\n\n11. Avaialble DFT lengths\n64, 128, 256, 512\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://mst.nerc.ac.uk/'\n\n[Summary provided by National Environment Research Council]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62cd7e76-9926-43e9-aabb-71f44ad367eb", - "label": "SPOL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "S-band Polarimetric Doppler Radar (SPOL) is a new S-band polarimetric\nweather radar developed at the National Center for Atmospheric\nResearch (NCAR) to serve the weather research community. It replaces\nthe NCAR CP-2 polarimetric radar. S-Pol was developed for the purpose\nof providing a state-of-the-art polarization diverse radar for cost\neffective world wide deployment. It is planned that S-Pol will be\ndeployed during the mid-August to mid-November 1999 Special Observing\nPeriod of MAP 47km northwest of Milano, Italy\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/rsf/spol/spol.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NCAR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cef88d9-ea3c-4f61-80c2-18b48affc583", - "label": "SNOW RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Wide-band Snow Depth radar is an ultra-wideband radar that operates over the frequency from 2 to 8 GHz to map near-surface internal layers in polar firn with fine vertical resolution. The radar has also been used to measure thickness of snow over sea ice.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SNOW RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: SNOW RADAR\n Long_Name: Wide-band Snow Depth Radar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-20\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d513201-491c-4359-8e8f-20acb6a6537e", - "label": "RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "Radar is an acronym for 'radio detection and ranging.' A radar\nsystem usually operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or\nmicrowave part of the radio-frequency (RF) spectrum, and is used\nto detect the position and/or movement of objects. Radar can\ntrack storm systems, because precipitation reflects\nelectromagnetic fields at certain frequencies. Radar can also\nrender precise maps. Radar systems are widely used in\nair-traffic control, aircraft navigation, and marine navigation.\n\nHigh-power radar, using large dish antennas, has been used to\nmeasure distances to the moon, other planets, asteroids, and\nartificial satellites. From unmanned space probes, radar has\nbeen used to map Venus, whose surface is obscured at visible\nwavelengths by a thick layer of clouds. Radar has been employed\nby NASA (the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration)\nto make highly detailed topographical maps of the earth's\nsurface as well.\n\nMost radar systems determine position in two dimensions: azimuth\n(compass bearing) and radius (distance). The display is in polar\ncoordinates. A rotating antenna transmits RF pulses at defined\nintervals. The delay between a transmitted pulse and the echo,\nor return pulse, determines the radial position of the plotted\npoint(s) for each azimuth direction on the display. The greater\nthe echo delay from a particular object in space, the farther\nfrom the display center its point appears. The maximum range of\na UHF or microwave radar system depends on the height of the\nantenna above average terrain, the topography of the surface in\nthe region, the atmospheric conditions in the region, and in\nsome cases the level of radio background noise.\n\nRadar is known to the general public for its use by law\nenforcement in determining the speeds of motor vehicles. This\ntype of radar does not display the exact position of an object,\nbut determines its radial speed vector from the Doppler\neffect. A radar detector, which consists of a simple\nUHF/microwave broadband receiver, can be used in a car or truck\nto warn drivers of the presence of police radar. Radar detectors\nare illegal in some states.\n\nThe Weather Service uses so-called Doppler radar to determine\nnot only the positions and extent of storm systems, but wind\npatterns and velocities aloft. Doppler radar employs a\ncombination of position-sensing and speed-sensing radar, making\nit possible to ascertain the locations and intensity of severe\nthunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes.\n\nRadar has been used on the high-frequency (HF) radio bands,\nbetween approximately 5 MHz and 20 MHz, in an attempt to obtain\nearly warning in the event of a nuclear assault via ballistic\nmissiles. The ionosphere refracts HF waves, allowing much\ngreater system range than is possible with radar at UHF or\nmicrowave frequencies. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the\nsignals from these systems became infamous because of the\ninterference they caused. Radio amateurs coined the term\nwoodpecker to describe the sound of HF over-the-horizon radar\npulses in communications receivers.\n\n[Source: Tech Target]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "734f3eb4-2be6-4da4-8751-62f7b6d7eff4", - "label": "PR-2", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Second Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) is a dual-frequency, Doppler, dual-polarization radar system that includes digital, real-time pulse compression, extremely compact RF electronics, and a large deployable dual-frequency cylindrical parabolic antenna subsystem.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b04b051-2ec0-47e4-854e-22ce47ee872c", - "label": "RADAR ECHO SOUNDERS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c01c5b0-bc0f-404f-9ae4-8e9012ed6d60", - "label": "RWP50", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c131051-30ac-4346-9e5c-38516ca69350", - "label": "PARIS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f26c022-321a-4523-b30f-0406377fe9f3", - "label": "XPOL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "A doppler radar measures some information about winds (on top of the\nusual echo strength all radars measure) by using the Doppler\neffect. Although many radars are 'Doppler', this additional\ninformation is almost never shown to the public because it can be\ndifficult to interpret even for experienced meteorologists.\n\nThe most common wind information measured by a Doppler radar is the\nradial velocity, which is the component of the wind going in the\ndirection of the radar (either towards or away). If we take the\nexample of a constant wind from the north, strong approaching\nvelocities will be observed when the radar looks north, strong\nreceding velocities when the radar looks south, and no velocity when\nthe radar looks east or west. This information can then be displayed,\ngenerally using progressively colder colors (for example blue) for\nincreasingly strong approaching velocities and progressively warmer\ncolors (for example red) for increasingly strong receding velocities.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/define_doppler.html'\n\n[Summary provided by McGill University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a212d36d-2a4e-473f-b16a-6e2104b9dd8f", - "label": "EXRAD", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "EDOP is an X-band (9.6 GHz) Doppler radar nose-mounted in the ER-2. The instrument has two antennas: one nadir-pointing with pitch stabilization, and the other forward pointing. The general objectives of EDOP are the measurement of the vertical structure of precipitation and air motions in mesoscale precipitation systems and the development of spaceborne radar algorithms for precipitation estimation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa8a18c9-5cc7-462c-9841-91775178a58c", - "label": "DOPPLER BEACONS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abe7e571-142e-4ca1-96d9-d56b9a5311e2", - "label": "APR-3", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "APR-3 is the third generation Airborne Precipitation Radar. APR3 is a dual-frequency, Doppler, dual-polarization radar system that performs cross track scans on each side of DC-8 aircraft path. This instrument collects radar reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio, and Doppler velocity measurements.\n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/APR-3", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae74b4c1-18e6-4079-b740-d65a6394ba37", - "label": "INCOHERENT SCATTER RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Incoherent Scatter Radar is the most powerful ground based\ntechnique for the study of the Earth's ionosphere and its\ninteractions with the upper atmosphere, the magnetosphere and\nthe interplanetary medium (solar wind).\n\nTypical Incoherent Scatter radars radiate effective powers\nmeasured in gigawatts, but the returned signals normally\nrepresent only picowatts.\n\nPowerful multi-mega-watt transmitters, large high-gain antennas\n(typically at least 1000 m2 in area), sensitive receivers and\nsophisticated radar control and data acquisition systems are all\nnecessary for the sucful detection and evaluation of the weak\nincoherent scatter echoes received from the ionosphere.\n\nIncoherent Scatter radar systems provide a wealth of\nobservational data and are complemented by detailed observations\nfrom balloons, rockets and satellites as well as a wide range of\nground-based instruments including magnetometers, all-sky\ncameras, ionosondes and coherent (auroral) backscatter\nradars. Incoherent Scatter radars have attracted many such\ninstruments to their vicinity and will continue to provide the\nfocus of substantial research efforts for the foreseeable\nfuture.\n\n[Summary provided by the EISCAT Scientific Association]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aefa950a-e310-4ae3-814e-38b4aa0aec04", - "label": "DPR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "One of the prime instruments for the GPM Core Observatory is called the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). The DPR consists of a Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) and a Ka-band precipitation radar (KaPR). The KuPR (13.6 GHz) is an updated version of the highly successful unit flown on the TRMM mission. The KuPR and the KaPR will be co-aligned on the GPM spacecraft bus such that that the 5 km (3.1 mile) footprint location on the earth will be the same.\n\nThe DPR is a spaceborne precipitation radar capable of making accurate rainfall measurements. The DPR is expected to be more sensitive than its TRMM predecessor especially in the measurement of light rainfall and snowfall in the high latitude regions. Rain/snow determination is expected to be accomplished by using the differential attenuation between the Ku-band and the Ka-band frequencies. The variable pulse repetition frequency (VPRF) technique is also expected to increase the number of samples at each IFOV to realize a 0.2 mm/h sensitivity.\n\nInformation provided by http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/DPR. See website for top-level general design specifications.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DPR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: DPR\n Long_Name: Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GPM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/DPR\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3977ebf-401c-4731-be75-4184a4b4afd1", - "label": "NEXRAD", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "NEXRAD (Next Generation Radar) is the next generation of weather\nradar technology that is operational at 158 sites throughout the\nUnited States and at selected overseas locations.\nMeteorologists can now warn the public to take shelter with more\nnotice than any previous radar. The maximum range of the NEXRAD\nradar is 250 nautical miles. The NEXRAD network provides\nsignificant improvements in severe weather and flash flood\nwarnings, air traffic safety, flow control for air traffic,\nresource protection at military bases, and management of water,\nagriculture, forest, and snow removal.\n\nThe NEXRAD is capable of operating in three different modes,\nPrecipitation mode, Clean air Mode, and Severe weather mode. The\nradar is placed in precipitation mode when a significant amount\nof precipitation is detected. It completes nine full scans at\ndifferent elevation angles between 0.5 and 19.5 degrees and is\nupdated every six minutes. The NEXRAD offers much more\nresolution in precip levels. Old radars only had six precip\nlevels, the NEXRAD has fifteen levels, which enables it to give\nmore accurate descriptions on the intensity of precipitation.\n\nWhen the NEXRAD is placed in clean air mode the radar becomes\nmore sensitive and is updated every ten minutes after completing\nfive full scans at different elevation angles between 0.5 and\n4.5 degrees. It is useful to measure those winds in 'clear air'\nfrom very weak returns on dust, insect, smoke, etc. It is also\ncapable of depicting snow very well, a feature that old radars\nhad trouble with. The Severe weather mode is activated when a\nsevere weather pattern is detected. The radar then completes\nfourteen scans between 0.5 and 19.5 degrees in five minutes. The\nNEXRAD calculates both the speed and direction of motion of\nsevere storms. By providing information on wind patterns within\ndeveloping storms, the NEXRAD identifies conditions leading to\ntornadoes and can subsequently give accurate data on the\ndirection and speed of formed tornadoes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.roc.noaa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA Radar Operations Center]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7e9c174-3993-434f-becd-c2ee25946aa2", - "label": "Accumulation Radar", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Accumulation Radar is designed to map variations in the snow accumulation rate, achieving fine depth resolution profiling of the top 100 m of the ice column. When operated from aircraft, it operates from 600 to 900 MHz providing 28-cm depth resolution in ice and when operated on the ground (500 MHz to 2 GHz) a 5.6-cm depth resolution in ice is achieved. The fine depth resolution enables area extensive spatial mapping of the annual accumulation layers.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACCUMULATION RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: ACCUMULATION RADAR\n Long_Name: ACCUMULATION RADAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-20\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba3de3fc-b958-4f98-94a0-e322a290cc1c", - "label": "EDOP", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) is an X-band (9.6 GHz) Doppler radar\nmounted in the nose of ER-2. The instrument has two fixed antennas,\none pointing at nadir and the second pointing approximately 33 degree\nahead of nadir. The beam width of the antenna is 3 degree in the\nvertical and horizontal directions which, for a 20 km altitude, yields\na nadir footprint a the surface of 1 km. The ER-2 ground speed is\nnominally 210 m/s and the integration period used by the data system\nis 0.5 second. The transmit pulse is 0.5 second and the gate spacing\nis over sampled at 37.5 meter interval. Minimum detectable\nreflectivity is about -10 dBZ at an altitude of 15 km and for a 0.375\nmeters range gate spacing.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TRMM_FE/lba/edop_int.shtml'\n\n{Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd06c523-4e22-4cd4-975a-ba7bbab25ad0", - "label": "MCRDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd87a5d1-fe86-4e45-8beb-d8be5dc35677", - "label": "RWP915", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9443a85-ca1d-4220-be2f-fa4c8e09b0f0", - "label": "VERTICAL POINTING RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The purpose of a Vertical Pointing Radar is to study precipitation echoes at high resolution. As a result, very detailed radar images can be obtained of the weather as it passes overhead. Technically, the VPR is essentially a boat radar transmitter-receiver to which is attached a parabolic antenna and a locally developed data collection system. At this point, the radar can detect all precipitation targets, some ice clouds, and the turbulence associated with developing cumulus clouds.\n\n[Summary provided by McGill University, http://www.mcgill.ca/]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VERTICAL POINTING RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: VERTICAL POINTING RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS\n Short_Name: GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0c0ab2c-14a4-41a0-8d9b-ac1c13312b40", - "label": "ARMAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "ARMAR was developed by NASA/JPL for the purpose of supporting future\nspaceborne rain radar systems, including the radar for the Tropical\nRain Measuring Mission (TRMM) which was flown in November 1997. It\nflies on the NASA Ames DC-8 aircraft and is operated by JPL. Its\nprimary goal in TOGA COARE was to measure the three-dimensional\nreflectivity of rainfall.\n\nInstrument Geometry:\n\nARMAR operates with the TRMM frequency and\ngeometry, measuring reflectivity at 13.8 GHz in a cross-track scan\n+/-20 degrees from nadir along the flight track of the\naircraft. Nadir-looking, non-scanning measurements can also be\nacquired.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TOGA/armar.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0e9ba6a-81e3-459b-87c3-20d00039c0de", - "label": "LAP-3000", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Vaisala LAP 3000 is a pulsed Doppler radar which provides continuous and real-time vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction and radial velocity up to 3 km above ground level.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LAP-3000\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: LAP-3000\n Long_Name: Vaisala LAP 3000\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.hobeco.net/pdf/lap-3000%20brochure.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.hobeco.net/pdf/lap-3000%20presentation.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-04\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc5ee11d-a90e-4a70-9bcb-93d106c1583f", - "label": "W-Band Radar", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The W-Band radar is a single antenna, pulsed, vertical pointing Doppler radar system with range of 75 to 110 GHz.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: W-Band Radar\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS\n Instrument_Class: ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING\n Instrument_Type: PROFILERS/SOUNDERS\n Instrument_Subtype: RADAR SOUNDERS\n Short_Name: W-BAND RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 75 to 110 GHz\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-19\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb04b68b-0652-4881-a933-c84602364ee5", - "label": "DOPPLER RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "A DOPPLER RADAR is a measuring instrument in which the echo of a\npulse of microwave radiation is used to detect and locate\ndistant objects; used for weather forecasting and observation of\nweather patterns.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f343a9c5-994a-4447-8634-28d2fe2227b0", - "label": "SCR-HF", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "Operating in the HF band of the electromagnetic spectrum, a long range RADAR\nremotely senses surface currents up to 100 miles offshore.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f39fb827-591d-4153-81aa-30b78f7389d8", - "label": "DMR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f59652c5-eaa8-49c0-b65f-a0166048b1dd", - "label": "MASC", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "Description: MASC is a recently developed cross-track scanning (30 RPM) microwave sounder with channels near the 118 GHz oxygen line and the 183 GHz water-vapor line. It has previously participated in the PECAN campaign and the OLYMPEX GPM ground validation campaign. During both of these campaigns, it was deployed on the DC-8. MASC leverages recently developed technology and is a low-cost, compact instrument that weighs only 10 lbs. It is designed to be packaged as a 6U CubeSat and serves as an engineering prototype for the TEMPEST-D EVI-2 technology demonstrator. MASC uses MMIC-based millimeter-wave radiometers developed for GeoSTAR and HAMSR. Rationale for adding: The MASC was on-board the DC-8 aircraft during the\nOLYMPEX field campaign. This collected data that were used to validate rain and snow measurements in midlatitude frontal systems moving from ocean to coast to mountains and to determine how remotely sensed measurements of precipitation by GPM can be applied to a range of hydrologic, weather forecasting and climate data.\n\nMore Information: https://cpex.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/masc.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "640cd1f2-73c3-42bd-9fd4-527f61f533a5", - "label": "DDMI", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "The Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument (DDMI) flies aboard each of the 8 spacecraft of the CYGNSS constellation and is an L-band receiver designed to receive direct signals from GPS satellites as well as signals reflected off the ocean surface. The direct signals are used to pinpoint the location of the CYGNSS observatory (of which there are 8 unique spacecraft observatories), while the reflected signals correspond to ocean surface roughness, from which wind speed is estimated using a Geophysical Model Function (GMF).\n\nAdditional Information: https://clasp-research.engin.umich.edu/missions/cygnss/technology-ddmi.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09dc5c8f-ab07-412e-9f0d-652239cfbafb", - "label": "SEA-POL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", - "definition": "As part of the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS-2) 2017 cruise to the eastern tropical Pacific, the Colorado State University SEA-POL (SEA-going POLarimetric) C-band radar made its first ever ship deployment. Previous ship-based experiments have used Doppler radars to map rainfall and the structure of oceanic convection, but SPURS-2 marked the first time the US research community deployed a dual-polarimetric radar at sea. Dual-polarimetric radar transmits and receives electromagnetic radiation in both horizontal (H) and vertical (V) polarizations simultaneously and thereby makes additional, important measurements of precipitation compared to a single polarization radar, which normally transmits horizontal polarization only. For H-polarization, the electric field vector of the transmit pulse is horizontal to the local Earth’s surface; for V-polarization, the electric field vector is perpendicular to Earth’s surface. Polarization measurements provide information about particle size, shape, and phase (water vs. ice). As a result, superior rain rate estimates are afforded by the dual-polarimetric technology. During SPURS-2, SEA-POL produced rain maps in real time to locate freshwater lenses forming on the ocean’s surface to develop context for oceanographic measurements of surface temperature and salinity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "label": "Lidar/Laser Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "13e3c534-6615-433d-a06f-7425bb91e104", - "label": "DOPS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31d04c8c-017d-4e62-bc0c-1b59bfa5d9f2", - "label": "CLOUD LIDAR", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The Cloud Lidar is an instrument which combines a pulsed laser transmitter and optical receiver (usually a telescope) with an electronic signal processing unit used for the detection and ranging of various distant targets in the atmosphere, analogous to the principles of operation of microwave radar. The cloud lidar is an active instrument used for Cloud base estimation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c5cf319-3005-44c3-8b27-3544e862da89", - "label": "CATS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS), launched on 10 January 2015, is a lidar remote sensing instrument that provides range-resolved profile measurements of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. Data from CATS is used to derive properties of cloud/aerosol layers including: layer height, layer thickness, backscatter, optical depth, extinction, and depolarization-based discrimination of particle type. The instrument is located on the Japanese Experiment Module – Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) on the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS orbit is a 51-degree inclination orbit at an altitude of about 405 km. This orbit provides more comprehensive coverage of the tropics and mid-latitudes than sun-synchronous orbiting sensors, with nearly a three-day repeat cycle. CATS is intended to operate on-orbit for at least six months, and up to three years. The CATS payload is designed to provide a combination of long-term operational science, in-space technology demonstration, and technology risk reduction for future Earth Science missions. \n\nScience Goals:\nThe measurements of atmospheric clouds and aerosols provided by the CATS payload will be used for three main science objectives:\n\n1. Provide real-time observations of aerosol vertical distribution as inputs to global models. The vertical profile information obtained by CATS, particularly at multiple wavelengths and with depolarization information obtained in Modes 1 and 3, provides height location of cloud and aerosol layers, as well as information on particle size and shape.\n\n2. Extend the space-based lidar record for continuity in the lidar climate observations. The CATS instrument will provide measurements of cloud and aerosol profiles similar to CALIPSO, filling in the data gap, so this information can continually be used to improve climate models and our understanding of the Earth system and climate feedback processes.\n\n3. Advance technology in support of future space-based lidar mission development by demonstrating the ability to retrieve vertical profiles using the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) technique and 355 nm wavelength.\n\nModes of Operation:\nTo meet these three science goals, CATS operates in three different modes using four instantaneous fields of view (IFOV):\n\nMode 1 Multi-beam backscatter detection at 1064 and 532 nm, with depolarization measurement at both wavelengths.\nMode 2 Demonstration of HSRL aerosol measurements.\nMode 3 Demonstration of 355-nm profiling.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CATS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Sounders\n Short_Name: CATS\n Long_Name: Cloud-Aerosol Transport System\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: HSRL\n Short_Name: LIDAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ISS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 532 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 355 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://cats.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/cats_on_iss_print.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2015-01-10\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cc266de-68cd-42bf-88e6-a508869901a6", - "label": "RL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f53531b-4c12-493a-bc9b-a65502bd62c5", - "label": "UAF Profiler", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "485824e1-c539-45e6-8262-4e902b8542ed", - "label": "ATLID", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "ATLID is an ESA backscatter lidar instrument (active instrument) of Airbus DS (former EADS Astrium SAS, instrument prime), developed at Selex-Galileo, Florence, Italy. The objectives of this core instrument are to:\n\n• Detect vertical profiles of radiatively significant clouds/aerosols (extinction coefficient alpha > 0.05 km-1); alpha backscatter sensitivity of 8 x 10-7 m-1 sr-1 (10 km horizontal integration)\n\n• Derive cloud and aerosol optical depth and identify particle type and habit, a) alpha dual wavelength or HSRL (High-Spectral Resolution Laser), b) alpha measure depolarization\n\nA telescope footprint smaller than 30 m is favored to minimize the multiple scattering effects and to reduce the solar background noise by reducing the telescope field of view.\n\nOperating in the UV range at 354.8 nm, ATLID provides atmospheric echoes with a vertical resolution up to 100 m from ground to an altitude of 20 km and 500 m vertical resolution from 20 km to 40 km altitude. Thanks to a high spectral resolution filtering, the lidar is able to separate the relative contribution of aerosol (Mie) and molecular (Rayleigh) scattering, which gives access to aerosol optical depth. Co-polarized and cross-polarized components of the Mie scattering contribution are also separated and measured on dedicated channels.\n\nThe measurement principle of ATLID uses the fact that interaction of light with molecules or aerosols leads to different spectra. Whereas the Brownian motion of molecules induces a wide broadening of the incident light spectrum, the single scattering with an aerosol does not affect the spectrum shape of the incident light. As a consequence, a simple means of separating the contributions consists in filtering the backscattered spectrum with a high spectral resolution filter centered on central wavelength.\n\nThe instrument provides a sequence of samples of the temporal profile, proportional to the laser pulse energy and collecting area. The instrument design uses an Nd-YAG laser operating at the third harmonic (354.8 nm). A master oscillator stabilized by an injection seeder emits the laser line. A beam expander shared with the half meter diameter receiving telescope magnifies the laser beam. This monostatic configuration ensures that the photons backscattered by the atmosphere are collected along the same axis as the laser beam. In this framework, possible thermo-elastic deformation of structure and optics does not affect the collecting efficiency.\n\nATLID is a nadir-looking multi-FOV single wavelength lidar with a high-spectral-resolution (HSR) receiver. The device separates Rayleigh (molecular) and Mie (cloud and aerosol particles) backscatter returns. A small footprint of around 10 m (70 m separation) is favored to minimize the multiple scattering effects and reduce the solar background noise by reducing the telescope field of view. The full vertical resolution of 100 m is considered for the Mie channel, while data are accumulated in the vertical direction over 300 m for the Rayleigh channel. A horizontal integration length of 10 km is assumed for both channels. The SNR requirements of 2 for the Mie signal in the cirrus and of 10 for the Rayleigh are met with good margin. An additional cross-polarization channel is implemented. The lidar is pointed slightly off nadir by 2º in the along-track direction to avoid specular reflection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d9f3a1b-9601-4b32-9a35-ae26981b1ee9", - "label": "LASERS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "LASERS (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation): Any\nof several devices that emit highly amplified and coherent radiation\nof one or more discrete frequencies. One of the most common lasers\nmakes use of atoms in a metastable energy state that, as they decay to\na lower energy level, stimulate others to decay, resulting in a\ncascade of emitted radiation.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,\nFourth Edition]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5409f22f-d1f3-4e53-8c00-9aef3e82e932", - "label": "CLS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The Cloud Lidar System (CLS), which was operated from the left ER2 superpod, measured the backscatter cross-sections of cloud and aerosol particles at 1.064 and 0.532 microns. It was used in the TOGA/COARE experiment primarily to profile clouds below the flight level of the aircraft which was typically 18.0-20.5 km. In cases where the cloud optical thicknesses were small, boundary layer aerosol backscatter signals were detectable. The 0.532 micron lidar return was split into signals that were parallel and perpendicular to the outgoing laser radiation, thereby providing polarization sensitive data principally for cloud particle phase state detection. The cloud lidar provided information on the internal vertical structure of optically thin clouds which aids in the determination of the overall influence of such clouds on the radiative balance in both the shortwave and longwave portions of the spectrum. Another principal application that was planned for the ER2 CLS was the study of radiative heating and cooling rates for tropical cirrus. The CLS provided a detailed picture of internal cloud structure which aided in the interpretation of visible, infrared, and microwave radiometric data when they are applied to the determination of radiative fluxes and forcing. The lidar signal was useful up to a maximum optical thickness of 3 to 4. It provided the locations of cloud layer boundaries, both vertically and horizontally, which was useful in most types of cloud studies. The CLS can provide information on cloud particle characteristics. Depolarization of the laser pulses detected at the green wavelenghts can reveal water phase state of the particles. CLS backscatter information, when combined with multispectral radiometric observations, can be used in the determination particle size and concentration within the clouds. The lidar also gathered data on boundary layer heights and aerosol backscatter cross-sections. From the distribution of cloud base heights in and around the marine boundary layer, an estimate of the LCL (lifting condensation level) can be obtained. When combined with the sea surface temperature this could provide a measure of the moisture content. From the intensity of the lidar return, estimates of cloud liquid water are possible. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Sounders\n Short_Name: CLS\n Long_Name: Cloud Lidar System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6238f3e2-9a87-4e32-b866-c4a637094b51", - "label": "CPL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL) (successor to the Cloud Lidar\nSystem is an airborne lidar system designed specifically for\nstudying clouds and aerosols using the ER-2 High Altitude\nAircraft. Because the ER-2 typically flies at 65,000 feet (20\nkm), its instruments are above 94% of the earth's atmosphere,\nthereby allowing ER-2 instruments to function as spaceborne\ninstrument simulators. The Cloud Physics Lidar provides a unique\ntool for atmospheric profiling and is sufficiently small and low\ncost to include in multiple instrument missions.\n\nThe Cloud Physics Lidar flies on the ER-2 along with other\ninstruments and is typically located in the forward section of\nthe left wing superpod. A window in the bottom of the superpod\nallows the instrument to look directly at nadir (this is a\nnon-scanning system). The Cloud Physics Lidar provides a\ncomplete battery of cloud physics information. Data products\ninclude:\n\nCloud profiling with 30 m vertical and 200 m horizontal\nresolution at 1064 nm, 532 nm, and 355 nm, providing cloud\nlocation and internal backscatter structure.\n\nAerosol, boundary layer, and smoke plume profiling at all three\nwavelengths.\n\nDepolarization ratio to determine the phase (e.g., ice or water)\nof clouds using the 1064 nm output.\n\nCloud particle size determined from a multiple field-of-view\nmeasurement using the 532 nm output (off-nadir multiple\nscattering detection).\n\nDirect determination of the optical depth of cirrus clouds (up\nto ~OD 3) using the 355 nm output. The CPL provides information\nto permit a comprehensive analysis of radiative and optical\nproperties of optically thin clouds. To determine the effects of\nparticulate layers on the radiative budget of the\nearth-atmosphere system certain information about the details of\nthe layer and its constituents is required. The effect of clouds\nis often referred to as cloud radiative forcing. Cloud radiative\nforcing, in general, is the alteration that the presence of\nclouds has on the energy budget. The information required to\ncompute the radiative forcing includes the vertical distribution\nof short wave cross section, a parameter that the CPL provides\nup to the limits of optical signal attenuation.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cpl.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c237a14-1064-41e6-add7-8ad2962cf8e7", - "label": "DAWN", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "[Text Source: http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/DAWN ]\n\nDAWN (Doppler Aerosol WiNd lidar) is a pulsed laser, 2-micron, and solid-state. It pulses at 10 Hertz with 250 mJ pulses that are 200 ns long full width at half maximum (FWHM). Using the wedge scanner, five different azimuth angles are measured: 1) to end up with five equations for the three unknown components of wind vs. altitude, 2) to mitigate cloud obscurations, and 3) to measure the atmospheric variability.\n\nDAWN can provide vertical profiles of u, v, and w components of 3-D wind in the region below the aircraft. Various vertical and horizontal resolutions are possible. DAWN can also provide vertical profiles of line of sight (LOS) wind for the five (5) azimuth angles; vertical profiles of relative aerosol backscatter in the region below the aircraft, for the five (5) azimuth angles; vertical profiles of wind turbulence in the region below the aircraft, for the five (5) azimuth angles; and correlations of the data products vs. height.\n\nInstrument Type: Lidar\nMeasurements: Wind, Aerosol Backscattering\nAircraft: DC-8\nInstrument Team: Michael J. Kavaya (PI)\nMissions: GRIP (DC-8)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DAWN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Sounders\n Short_Name: DAWN\n Long_Name: Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/DAWN\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7166c458-f935-4bd9-a322-d92830cf0c33", - "label": "LIDAR", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is an active remote sensing system\nthat can be operated in either a profiling or scanning mode using\npulses of light to illuminate the terrain. LIDAR data collection\ninvolves mounting an airborne laser scanning system onboard an\naircraft along with a kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS)\nreceiver to locate an x and y position and an inertial navigation\nsystem to monitor the pitch and roll of the aircraft. By accurately\nmeasuring the round trip travel time of the laser pulse from the\naircraft to the ground, a highly accurate spot elevation can be\ncalculated. Depending upon the altitude and speed of the aircraft\nalong with the laser repetition rate it is possible to obtain point\ndensities that would likely take months to collect using traditional\nground survey methods.\n\n Additional information availabel at\n 'http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/RESEARCH/RSD/main/lidar/lidar.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bebf8e8d-babf-4f4f-bff3-d04c80bc67dc", - "label": "DIAL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) system is a lidar instrument\nthat sends pulses of laser radiation at different wavelengths into the\natmosphere to measure ozone and also simultaneously measure aerosols\nand clouds. The laser beams are pointed both upwards and downwards out\nof the aircraft. The UV DIAL system uses five laser (or lidar)\nwavelengths in three different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum\n(Fig. 1): two in the UV region for ozone measurements, two in the\nvisible region, and one in the near infrared (IR) region. IR and\nvisible wavelengths both measure aerosols and clouds. Comparing these\ntwo wavelengths can reveal information about the size distribution of\naerosols. The two UV wavelengths determine the profile of ozone by\nanalyzing the absorption differences due to ozone between the two\nlidar returns. From this measurement, scientists can determine the\nlocation and amount of aerosols, clouds, and ozone along the\nline-of-sight of the UV DIAL system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lidar/lidar.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA}", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f94386e2-8e9b-4a95-9071-fb617a50cabb", - "label": "ALADIN", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "Direct Detection Doppler Lidar (D3L) operating in the ultra-violet spectral region (355 nm). The instrument measures both Mie scattering from particles and aerosols and Rayleigh scattering from the upper atmosphere", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "886cde36-5bca-4940-bcc6-b3c7dff788fc", - "label": "LMOL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The Langley mobile ozone lidar (LMOL) is a mobile ground-based ozone lidar system that consists of a pulsed UV laser producing two UV wavelengths of 286 and 291 nm with energy of approximately 0.2  mJ/pulse and repetition rate of 1 kHz. The 527 nm pump laser is also transmitted for aerosol measurements. The receiver consists of a 40 cm parabolic telescope, which is used for both backscattered analog and photon counting. The lidar is very compact and highly mobile. This demonstrates the utility of very small lidar systems eventually leading to space-based ozone lidars. The lidar has been validated by numerous ozonesonde launches and has provided ozone curtain profiles from ground to approximately 4 km in support of air quality field missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a22e9df-49e0-4189-ba5d-26cf2320e89a", - "label": "GSFC TROPOZ DIAL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "Tropospheric ozone profiles have been retrieved from the new ground-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center TRO-Pospheric OZone DIfferential Absorption Lidar (GSFC TROPOZ DIAL) in Greenbelt, MD (38.99 • N, 76.84 • W, 57 m a.s.l.), from 400 m to 12 km a.g.l. Current atmospheric satellite instruments cannot peer through the optically thick stratospheric ozone layer to remotely sense boundary layer tropospheric ozone. In order to monitor this lower ozone more effectively, the Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) has been developed, which currently consists of five stations across the US. The GSFC TROPOZ DIAL is based on the DIAL technique, which currently detects two wavelengths, 289 and 299 nm, with multiple receivers. The transmitted wavelengths are generated by focusing the out-put of a quadrupled Nd:YAG laser beam (266 nm) into a pair of Raman cells, filled with high-pressure hydrogen and deu-terium, using helium as buffer gas. With the knowledge of the ozone absorption coefficient at these two wavelengths, the range-resolved number density can be derived. An in-teresting atmospheric case study involving the stratospheric– tropospheric exchange (STE) of ozone is shown, to empha-size the regional importance of this instrument as well as to assess the validation and calibration of data. There was a low amount of aerosol aloft, and an iterative aerosol correc-tion has been performed on the retrieved data, which resulted in less than a 3 ppb correction to the final ozone concentra-tion. The retrieval yields an uncertainty of 16–19 % from 0 to 1.5 km, 10–18 % from 1.5 to 3 km, and 11–25 % from 3 to 12 km according to the relevant aerosol concentration aloft. There are currently surface ozone measurements hourly and ozonesonde launches occasionally, but this system will be the first to make routine tropospheric ozone profile measure-ments in the Baltimore–Washington, D.C. area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b843471-ec94-434e-ac4d-1569947cdf64", - "label": "MPL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The micropulse lidar (MPL) is a ground-based, optical, remote-sensing system designed primarily to determine the altitude of clouds; however, it is also used for detection of atmospheric aerosols. The physical principle is the same as for radar. Pulses of energy are transmitted into the atmosphere; the energy scattered back to the transceiver is collected and measured as a time-resolved signal, thereby detecting clouds and aerosols in real time.\n\nFrom the time delay between each outgoing pulse and the backscattered signal, the distance to the scatterer is inferred. Post-processing of the lidar return characterizes the extent and properties of aerosols or other particles in a region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a71bb0e6-33ec-4cd2-82a1-0c414634614f", - "label": "TOPAZ", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone lidar (TOPAZ) lidar was designed and built in 2006 at the NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory. TOPAZ incorporates state-of-the-art technologies to make it compact and lightweight as well as having low power consumption. These features have allowed for flexibility in its application to numerous air quality field studies, both airborne and ground-based. Its wavelength flexibility permits optimization for differing atmospheric conditions including interference from other atmospheric components and allows dual-DIAL operation – introduction to Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) techniques.\n\nTOPAZ was originally configured and deployed on the NOAA Twin Otter aircraft to participate in air quality studies where it provided wide-area mapping of ozone and aerosol distributions and transport near urban sources. The first example of this application was the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006. As the lidar was flown over and around the Houston area collecting ozone and aerosol backscatter profiles from flight level to near ground level, it produced a three-dimensional picture of the distribution of ozone and aerosols in the study area. Additional information obtained from the lidar data included boundary height determination and ozone plume flux measurements.\n\nAfter several years of airborne operation, TOPAZ was reconfigured for deployment in a box truck (and, more recently, a trailer) for ground-based operation. The addition of a two-axis (one automated) scanner permits data collection from a few meters above ground level (AGL) through 6-8 km AGL, dependent on atmospheric conditions. Recent examples of TOPAZ applications in this arrangement include the California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS) 2016 and the Fires, Asian, and Stratospheric Transport - Las Vegas Ozone Study (FAST-LVOS) 2017 experiments.\n\nTOPAZ is also part of the NASA Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) for ground-based profiling of tropospheric ozone. In addition to the occasional deployment to field experiments, TOPAZ makes routine measurements in support of TOLNET goals including satellite ozone measurement validation and creating a long-term ozone measurement record under varied atmospheric conditions on the Front Range of Colorado.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "089a93e8-e7f0-4ecd-9680-846f7b77eec3", - "label": "JPL DIAL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "Several lidar systems are operated at the Jet Propul-\nsion Laboratory JPL Table Mountain Facility TMF; 34.4 °N, 117.4 °W for atmospheric measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere.1,2 One\nof these is a differential absorption lidar DIAL sys-\ntem for ozone profiling and another is an elastic and\nRaman scattering system primarily for aerosol and\ncloud observations.3,4 Previously these two lidars\nwere combined in a single system, which involved\nmany problems and compromises and limited their\nperformance. Recently these systems were rede-\nsigned and separated to improve their capabilities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e3dbafa-6d45-4987-b244-329b72d44c6a", - "label": "RO3QET", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The primary scientific objective is to provide time/height ozone measurements from near the surface to the top of the troposphere to describe in high-fidelity their spatio-temporal distribution. These high-fidelity measurements will provide the GEO-CAPE science team with accurate representations of the PBL and FT ozone structure as proxies for the high time resolved observations from a geosynchronous satellite. With these observations of the detailed ozone structure, the GEO CAPE science team will be able to study the character of lower-atmospheric ozone and also assess the accuracy and vertical resolution with which a geosynchronous instrument could retrieve the observed laminar ozone structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4520969b-6e98-4c11-8b17-2fbea876f51d", - "label": "AMOLITE", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has recently developed a fully autonomous, mobile LIDAR17\nsystem called AMOLITE (Autonomous Mobile Ozone LIDAR Instrument for Tropospheric18\nExperiments) to simultaneously measure the vertical profile of tropospheric ozone, aerosol19\nand water vapor (night time only) from near ground to altitudes reaching ten to fifteen20\nkilometers. This current system uses a dual laser, dual LIDAR design housed in a single21\nclimate-controlled trailer. Ozone profiles are measured by the DIfferential Absorption22\nLIDAR (DIAL) technique using a single 1 m Raman cell filled with CO2. The DIAL23\nwavelengths of 287 nm and 299 nm are generated as the second and third Stokes lines24\nresulting from stimulated Raman scattering of the cell pumped using the fourth harmonic of a25\nNd:YAG laser (266nm). The aerosol LIDAR transmits three wavelengths simultaneously26\n(355 nm, 532 nm and 1064 nm) employing a detector designed to measure the three27\nbackscatter channels, two nitrogen Raman channels (387 nm and 607 nm), and one cross-28\npolarization channel at 355 nm. In addition, we have added a water vapor channel arising29\nfrom the Raman-shifted 355nm output (407nm) to provide nighttime water vapor profiles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ddf66ea-00c8-4d49-862a-0905ce22c480", - "label": "Leica CityMapper-2", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "The world’s only hybrid oblique imaging and LiDAR airborne sensor for fast and efficient digitisation of cities. High-Performance Hybrid Urban Mapping Sensor\n\nThe Leica CityMapper-2 provides high quality oblique imaging and LiDAR from one flight, saving time and costs. It captures two nadir (RGB/NIR) and four oblique 150 MP images. Together with a new generation 2 MHz pulse rate LiDAR it breaks all barriers of urban mapping. The newly developed optical system is equipped with Leica Geosystem’s unique mechanical forward-motion-compensation (FMC), which allows to capture high-quality imagery even in difficult lighting conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79fb1653-e670-4d95-b8ab-bf145d837a6f", - "label": "Roscoe", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", - "definition": "Roscoe is a new, more compact version of the NASA GSFC Cloud Physics Lidar that has flown on multiple NASA high altitude aircraft over the past two decades. While utilizing the same proven measurement technique of coupling a high repetition rate laser with photon-counting detection, Roscoe differs from CPL in two significant ways. First, it is designed to simultaneously observe both upwards and downwards from the aircraft, to enable studies of stratospheric aerosols above flight altitude as well as below. It is, essentially, two small CPL instruments in one package, one pointing nadir and one pointing zenith. Second, it operates at only 1064 and 355 nm (not 532 nm) to satisfy eye-safety considerations for airborne operation. Roscoe measures depolarization at both wavelengths to characterize the phase of the cloud and aerosol particles detected.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fd01f99-1b20-4a7c-aca8-4ac5d539195f", - "label": "Radio Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e7904358-3122-41a3-b9c4-572b74db72a5", - "label": "IONOSONDE", - "broader": "9fd01f99-1b20-4a7c-aca8-4ac5d539195f", - "definition": "IONOSONDE is the traditional technique for measuring the\nproperties of the ionosphere by transmission and reception of\nvertically incident radio pulses at swept frequencies in the HF\nrange.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", - "label": "Acoustic Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "62d1e780-c34f-44e6-be01-bef03beeec4c", - "label": "RASS", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", - "definition": "A radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) consists of one or more\nvertically pointed loudspeakers, surrounded by focusing dishes\nand an antenna that receives the return signal from above. It is\na remote sensing technique for the measurement of virtual\ntemperature profiles.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap15/rass.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ef0c3e6-1012-411a-b166-482fb35bb1dd", - "label": "ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", - "definition": "ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS are instruments that acquire multispectral\nmeasurements from which vertical profiles of atmospheric\ntemperature and humidity can be derived and does particular\nmeasurements of depth of water below an instrument (at the\nsurface or at some moored depth) which is computed form the\ntravel time of the acoustic pulse emitted by this sounder.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b547aa7-4980-42dc-9f6b-4d35e2cc625c", - "label": "ECHO SOUNDERS", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", - "definition": "ECHO SOUNDERS are devices that use sound waves to measure the\ndepth of surface water bodies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adb501c8-3a2f-4c52-acf3-e77816428a92", - "label": "SAW", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", - "definition": "The SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE HYGROMETER (SAW) SAW hygrometer\nmeasures the amount of water in the atmosphere by detecting\ncondensation on the surface of a highly sensitive quartz\noscillator.\n\nIn flights on the NASA DC8 experimental aircraft, the SAW\nhygrometer was shown to be more than ten times faster than\nconventional hygrometers in detecting humidity changes in the\natmosphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://technology.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/techGallery/gallery/\n gl_pages/saw.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb8fdbae-05fc-4017-9759-300261552f45", - "label": "IES", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", - "definition": "Inverted Echo Sounders (IES) measure the temperature of the\nwater column at a single point. The IES is attached to the ocean\nbottom. It emits a sound pulse aimed toward the surface of the\nocean. The sound pulse will reflect off the surface of the ocean\nand return to the bottom. The IES listens for the return of the\nsound pulse from the ocean surface. The travel time of the sound\nis used to calculate the speed of sound through the water. The\ntemperature profile is calculated from the speed of sound\nthrough the water. The IES must be calibrated with a measurement\nof the water column properties. Sometimes a pressure sensor is\nused with the IES to make the calibration.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://omp.gso.uri.edu/dosits/people/resrchxp/1.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Rhode Island]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0e787fa-61e0-4b24-9aba-68c554f5dadf", - "label": "SR50A", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", - "definition": "The SR50A Sonic Ranging Sensor measures the distance from the sensor to a target. The most common applications are measuring snow depths and water levels. The sensor is based on a 50 kHz (Ultrasonic) electrostatic transducer. The SR50A determines the distance to a target by sending out ultrasonic pulses and listening for the returning echoes that are reflected from the target. The time from transmissions to return of an echo is the basis for obtaining the distance measurement.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "label": "Imaging Radars", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01aa7772-e06d-4772-b8c1-82210f187038", - "label": "SIR-A", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Shuttle Imaging Radar-A (SIR-A) flew abord the Space Shuttle Columbia\nin November of 1981 for almost 8 hours during the 2 and 1/2 day\nflight. SIR-A is a horizontally polarized L-band radar operating at\n1.28 GHz (23 cm) and obtained imagery at a resolution of 40m with a\nswath width of 50km and a look angle of approx. 45 degrees\n(variable). The imagery is produced at a scale of 1:500,000.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0287b3bd-ed50-4662-96e9-7f7469179344", - "label": "SRTM", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) obtains\nhigh-resolution digitial topographic database of the Earth. The\ninstrument will operate within the cargo bay of the space\nshuttle including a mast that extends 200 ft (60 m).\n\nSRTM uses C-band and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture\nradars (IFSARs) to acquire topographic data over 80% of Earth's land\nmass (between 60N and 56S).\n\nSRTM produces digital topographic map products which meet\nInterferometric Terrain Height Data (ITHD)-2 specifications (30 meter\nx 30 meter spatial sampling with 16 meter absolute vertical height\naccuracy, 10 meter relative vertical height accuracy and 20 meter\nabsolute horizontal circular accuracy). All accuracies are quoted at\nthe 90% level, consistent with National Mapping Accuracy Standards.\n\nThe SRTM is managed from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). For\nmore information see:\n'http://www-radar.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SRTM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SRTM\n Long_Name: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: BLACKJACK\n Short_Name: SIR-C\n Short_Name: X-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OV-105\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/\n Sample_Image: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/Images/Data/project_onestop/msrtm.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-02-11\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2000-02-22\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "042e5575-eb33-4c45-a708-3df3555afff6", - "label": "Polarimetric Radar", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "A polarimetric radar is a radar that transmits electromagnetic wave pulses in both a horizontal and vertical orientation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "126f9ae6-20ea-4d58-9039-decb8913296d", - "label": "PALSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) is an\nactive microwave sensor using L-band frequency for cloud-free and\nday-and-night land observation, and provides higher performance than\nthe JERS-1's SAR. The fine resolution mode is a conventional one. The\nPALSAR will have other attractive observation mode, the ScanSAR mode,\nwhich will allow us to acquire a 250 to 350 km width (depends on\nnumber of scans) of SAR images at the expense of spatial\nresolution. This is three to five times wider swath than conventional\nSAR images. The development of the PALSAR is a joint project between\nNASDA and Japan Resources Observation System Organization (JAROS).\n\n[Summary Provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PALSAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: PALSAR\n Long_Name: Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/palsar_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/palsar.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1667ff45-ae3a-4f20-ab42-b786a6d06a72", - "label": "UAVSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1715936c-434b-410c-aa94-c2f6b5c08c95", - "label": "P-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "P-SAR operates in a stripmap mode with a swath illuminated by a single antenna beam, i.e. an imaging configuration similar to that of the ERS-1/2 SAR. Global coverage is obtained by the interleaved stripmap operations among three complementary swaths as described previously. The beam re-pointing is performed through a roll maneuver of the spacecraft, as there is ample time over the poles for such operations. This solution using the spacecraft rolling was preferred over the possibility of electronic beam switching due to its simplicity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "177f6ccb-e45a-4a60-8b34-ac19bbb698d4", - "label": "CBR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "C-BAND RADAR are specialized Radar sets developed for the frequency band 300 MHz to1 GHz. Primarily used for satellite communications, for full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds. Commonly used in areas that are subject to tropical rainfall.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c53d85e-3792-4081-9748-192fd3140aa6", - "label": "SENTINEL-1 C-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The C-SAR instrument is an active phased array antenna providing fast scanning in elevation (to cover the large range of incidence angle and to support ScanSAR operation) and in azimuth (to allow use of TOPS technique to meet the required image performance). To meet the polarisation requirements, it has dual channel transmit and receive modules and H/V-polarised pairs of slotted waveguides.\n\nIt has an internal calibration scheme, where transmit signals are routed into the receiver to allow monitoring of amplitude/phase to facilitate high radiometric stability.\n\nSENTINEL-1's metallised carbon-fibre-reinforced-plastic radiating waveguides ensure good radiometric stability even though these elements are not covered by the internal calibration scheme. The digital chirp generator and selectable receive filter bandwidths allow efficient use of on-board storage considering the ground range resolution dependence on incidence angle.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-1-sar-wiki/-/wiki/Sentinel%20One/Instrument\n Creation_Date: 2015-02-05\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "285c90fb-0b3f-487f-a094-40d6dea7948e", - "label": "X-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The objectives of the X-band Synthetic Aperature Radar (X-SAR) are to\nprovide all-weather monitoring of Earth's land and ocean surface to\nprovide data for studies of (1) vegetation extent and biomass\ncondition, (2) soil moisture and snow properties, (3) recent climate\nchange and tectonic activity, and (4) ocean wave spectra. The X-SAR is\ndesigned to be operated in conjunction with the Spaceborne Imaging\nRadar-C (SIR-C) on the same platform. The X-SAR, designed and built by\nthe German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) and sponsored by the\nGerman and Italian governments, will operate at X-band (3.1-cm\nwavelength or 9600 MHz) with VV polarization. The swath width is from\n10 to 45 km at 25-km resolution with illumination angle of 15 to 60\ndegrees off-nadir. The X-SAR antenna has a fixed beamwidth of 5.8\ndegrees in elevation and 0.13 degrees in azimuth as opposed to the\nphased array, multi-polarization antenna of SIR-C. The X-SAR was\nflown on the Shuttle STS-59 in April 1994 and the STS-68 in\nSeptember/October 1994. See Jordan,R.L.,B.L.Huneycutt,and\nM.Werner,'The SIR-C/X-SAR Synthetic Aperature Radar\nSystem',Vol.79,No.6,June 1991.\nFor more information on SIR-C/XSAR including online images see the URL:\n'http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/sircxsar/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a342947-dc41-4ea0-b0a4-ba68bb732657", - "label": "NOXP", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "NOXP is a mobile Doppler radar that operates on a 3cm wavelength (X-Band). This wavelength is more sensitive to smaller particles than the longer wavelengths used by NOAA NWS radars, and is capable of detecting tiny water droplets or snowflakes", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "318da8a4-09da-476f-a3eb-3f3c0fa82fb7", - "label": "SLAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Most imaging radars used for remote sensing are side-looking\nairborne radars (SLARs). The antenna points to the side with a\nbeam that is wide vertically and narrow horizontally. The image\nis produced by motion of the aircraft past the area being\ncovered.\n\nA short pulse is transmitted from the airborne radar, when the\npulse strikes a target of some kind, a signal returns to the\naircraft. The time delay associated with this received signal,\nas with other pulse radars, gives the distance between target\nand radar.\n\nWhen a single pulse is transmitted, the return signal can be\ndisplayed on an oscilloscope; however, this does not allow the\nproduction of an image. Hence, in the imaging radar, the signal\nreturn is used to modulate the intensity of the beam on the\noscilloscope, rather than to display it vertically in proportion\nto the signal strength.\n\nThus, a single intensity-modulated line appears on the\noscilloscope, and is transferred by a lens to a film. The film\nis in the form of a strip that moves synchronously with the\nmotion of the aircraft, so that as the aircraft moves forward\nthe film also moves.\n\nWhen the aircraft has moved one beamwidth forward, the return\nsignals come from a different strip on the ground. These signals\nintensity-modulate the line on the cathode-ray tube and produce\na different image on a line on the film adjacent to the original\nline. As the aircraft moves forward, a series of these lines is\nimaged onto the film, and the result is a two-dimensional\npicture of the radar return from the surface.\n\nThe speed of the film is adjusted so that the scales of the\nimage in the directions perpendicular to and along the flight\ntrack are maintained as nearly identical to each other as\npossible. Because the cross-track dimension in the image is\ndetermined by a time measurement, and the time measurement is\nassociated with the direct distance (slant range) from the radar\nto the point on the surface, the map is distorted somewhat by\nthe difference between the slant range and the horizontal\ndistance, or ground range.\n\nIn some radar systems, this distortion is removed by making the\nsweep on the cathode-ray tube nonlinear, so that the points are\nmapped in their proper ground range relationship. This, however,\nonly applies exactly if the points all lie in a plane surface,\nand this modification can result in excessive distortion in\nmountainous areas.\n\nSide-looking airborne radars normally are divided into two\ngroups: the real-aperture systems that depend on the beamwidth\ndetermined by the actual antenna, and the synthetic aperture\nsystems that depend upon signal processing to achieve a much\nnarrower beamwidth in the along-track direction than that\nattainable with the real antenna. The customary nomenclature\nused is 'SLAR' for the real-aperture system and 'SAR' for the\nsynthetic aperture system, although the latter is also a\nside-looking airborne (or spaceborne) radar.\n\n[Source: ESA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d936b6b-4876-4b80-a5c2-ea218ea77c82", - "label": "SIR-C", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n(SIR-C/X-SAR) was flown as part of the Space Radar Laboratory-1\npayload launched on the Space Shuttle STS-59 on April 9, 1994.\nThe objectives of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) instrument were\nto investigate characteristics of the Earth's surface such as (1)\nvegetation extent and biomass condition, (2) soil moisture and snow\nproperties, (3) recent climate change and tectonic activity, and (4)\nocean wave spectra. The SIR-C was jointly operated from the Space\nShuttle with the X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR), provided by the\nGerman Space Agency (DARA)/German Aerospace Research Establishment\n(DLR) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI), on the same Space Radar Laboratory\n(SRL) platform. The SIR-C radar operated at L-band (24-cm wavelength or\n1250 MHz) and C-band (5.6-cm wavelength or 5300 MHz) in multiple polarization\nmodes (HH,HV,VH,VV). The antenna was composed of two planar arrays, one for\nL-band and one for C-band, in dual-polarized operation. Each array was\ncomposed of a uniform grid of dual-polarized microstrip antenna radiators.\nThe SIR-C antenna was 12.2 meters, weighed over 10,500 kg and filled the\nShuttle cargo bay. SIR-C provided images of the magnitudes of HH,VV,and\ncross-polarized returns, images of the relative phase difference between\nmultiple polarization returns, and derivation of linear, circular, or\nelliptical polarization. Image resolution was 25 m (20 MHz bandwidth) and\n40 m (10 MHz bandwidth). The swath width ranged from 15 to 65 km for\ncalibrated images and 40 to 90 km for mapping mode (SCANSAR) images.\nIn SCANSAR mode, the antenna was steered electronically or mechanically to\nacquire data at various incidence angles (15 to 55 degrees) increasing the\nswath width at reduced resolution. Data was acquired at 8 bits per sample or\n4 bits per sample in 16 primary modes. SIR-C used four solid state receivers,\ntwo each for C-band and L-band. The SIR-C data was recorded on-board on the\nShuttle Payload High Rate Recorder. The SIR program is an extension of the\nSeasat SAR, SIR-A, and SIR-B instruments.\nX-SAR operated at X-band (3.1-cm wavelength or 9600 MHz) with VV\npolarization. The X-SAR used a passive slotted-waveguide antenna (12\nmeters) which was tilted mechanically to align the X-band beam with\nthe SIR-C C-band and L-band beams. The swath width was from 10 to 45\nkm at 25-km resolution with illumination angle of 15 to 60 degrees\noff-nadir. The X-SAR antenna had a fixed beamwidth of 5.8 degrees in\nelevation and 0.13 degrees in azimuth as opposed to the phased array,\nmulti-polarization antenna of SIR-C. X-SAR data was recorded on-board\non the Shuttle Payload High Rate Recorder and transmitted in real-time\n(Ku-band via TDRSS) over selected regions. The X-SAR is a follow-on\nthe Germany's Microwave Remote Sensing Experiment (MRSE), flown on the\nfirst Shuttle Spacelab mission in 1983. The SRL is expected to fly\nagain in 1994 and 1995.\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR Science Team was made up of 49 members and 3\nassociates from 13 countries. Data was collected and focused on\nselected supersites in conjunction with aircraft and ground-based\nobservations. See Jordan,R.L., B.L.Huneycutt, and M.Werner, &The\nSIR-C/X-SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar System&, Vol.79, No.6, June\n1991.\nThere were more than 400 sites on Earth where data was taken during\nthe mission. Nineteen sites were designated &supersites&, making them\nthe highest priority targets and the focal point for the scientific\ninvestigations. The following were the supersites targeted:\nEcology - Manaus, Brazil; Raco, Mich.; Duke Forest, NC; Central Europe\nHydrology - Chickasha, OK; Otztal, Austria; Bebedouro, Brazil;\nMontespertoli, Italy\nOceanography - Gulf Stream (mid-Atlantic); Northeast Atlantic Ocean;\nSouthern Ocean\nGeology - Galapagos Islands; Sahara Desert; Death Valley, CA; Andes\nMountains, Chile; Mount Pinatubo\nCalibration - Flevoland, The Netherlands; Kerang, Australia;\nOberpfaffenhofen, Germany; Western Pacific Ocean\nRain Experiments - Western Pacific Ocean\n\nPersonnel:\nDr. Diane Evans (JPL) - U.S. Project Scientist\nDr. Herwig Ottl (DLR) - German Project Scientist\nProf. Mario Calamia (Univ. Florence) - Italian Project Scientist\nDr. Miriam Baltuck (NASA HQ) - Program Scientist\nMichael Sander (JPL) Project Manager\nRichard Monson (MtPE) Program Manager\nJim McGuire (NASA HQ) SRL Program Manager\nDr. Manfred Wahl (DARA) X-SAR Project Manager\nDr. Paolo Ammendola (ASI) Deputy Project Manager\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIR-C\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SIR-C\n Long_Name: Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STS-59\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dc63a97-144f-49f7-8fe2-2202857543f7", - "label": "TSX-1", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Primary Payload: the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)\n\nThe primary payload is a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with an active antenna that allows for the utilization of different imaging modes and can be used in a very flexible manner. With radar instruments various frequency ranges of the radar spectrum can be observed, the so-called bands. TerraSAR-X is operated in the X-band, which is lying at a frequency around 9.65 GHz, corresponding to a wavelength of about 3 centimeters. The technology of the active, phase-con-trolled antenna enables a high flexibility and mission efficiency. While in case of passive systems the whole radar antenna or even the satellite must be rotated in order to align the antenna onto the tar-get area, the active antenna of TerraSAR-X can steer its radar pulses in a certain direction. The antenna is 4.80 meters long and80 centimeters wide. The satellite is designed in a way that it can be installed, together with its antenna at its full size, on the launch vehicle. In this way a complex unfolding mechanism can be avoided. The TerraSAR-X radar can operate in two polarizations, H (horizontal) and V (vertical)and consists of 12 antenna panels, each equipped with 32 slotted waveguide radiators. Each of these waveguides is fitted with a transmit/receive module (TRM), so that the whole antenna consists of 384 TRMs.\nThis allows the control of the radar beam by 0.75° in the flight direction and 20° perpendicular to the flight direction. The data received are stored in a mass storage system with a 256 Gbit capacity before they are transmitted via a 300 Mbit per second X-band system to the ground station. The active antenna enables different imaging methods to be used with very fast switching between them: - In the Spotlight Mode the radar image records an area of 5 to 10 by 10 kilo-meters size. In this manner a maximum resolution of up to one meter is achieved. - In the Stripmap Mode the satellite images a strip of 30 kilometers width and a maximum length of 1,500 kilo-meters. The resolution is 3 meters. - In the ScanSAR mode a strip of 100 kilometers width and 1,500 kilometers maximum length is scanned with a resolution of 18 meters. The elements of the SAR instrument are designed fully redundant, which means that two fully functional sets of electronic boxes exist. This allows to utilize a new concept that envisages the simultaneous activation of both chains. This experimental operating scenario is called “Dual Receive Antenna“ (DRA) mode, in which the antenna is electrically separated into two halves, and the data received are independently recorded and evaluated. In this way it is possible to apply interesting new techniques such as Along Track Interferometry, fully polarimetric data recording, or an increase in geometric resolution. Along Track Interferometry allows, amongst other things, the detection of moving objects such as, for example, cars or ships. This application is of particular interest both for traffic re-search, and also for the investigation of ocean currents, for example.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6378c31c-75e6-47dc-b59b-87221ec46ea3", - "label": "GEOSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "GeoSAR (Geographic Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an airborne radar\nsystem that will generate high-resolution, three-dimensional maps to\nexplore and study California. GeoSAR is being developed by a\nconsortium consisting of the California Department of Conservation,\nCalgis Inc., and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with funding\nprovided the the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).\n\nThe project will develop a dual-frequency airborne radar system that\nwill be able to collect 249 square kilometers (94 square miles) of\ndata a minute. A special feature of GeoSAR will be its ability to\nacquire three-dimensional images of the Earth's surface through a\ntechnique call interferometry. Because GeoSAR uses radar, the system\nwill be able to operate both day and night, under almost any weather\ncondition. GeoSAR will be the first instrument that will be able to\nmap both above, through, and below the vegetation canopy providing\nimportant information such a data about landslides that are overgrown\nwith vegetation. The GeoSAR radar system is a dual frequency design\nusing both P- and X-band wavelengths. The longer P-band wavelength\nwill penetrate deeper into the canopy and, coupled with computer\nmodeling, map beneath the vegetation canopy. When combined with other\nremote sensing data such as Landsat multi-spectral information, it\nwill be possible to not only determine land cover type such as tree\nspecies, but also tree height and perhaps even width, such as crown\ndiameter. Maps created with the GeoSAR data will be used to assess\npotential goelogic/seismic hazards, such as landslides, classify land\ncover, map farmlands and urbanization, and manage forest\nharvests. This system will become operational in early 2000.\n\nFor more information see:\n\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/html/projects/geosar.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6473c154-cada-4165-bfd4-2e8fd6c469f6", - "label": "AIRSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "NASA/JPL have built and operated a series of airborne imaging radar\nsystems. NASA/JPL currently maintain and operate an airborne SAR\nsystem, known as AIRSAR/TOPSAR, which flies on a NASA DC-8 jet. In one\nmode of operation, this system is capable of simultaneously collecting\nall four polarizations (HH,HV, VH and VV) for three frequencies: L-\nband (lambda ~ 24 cm); C-band (lambda ~ 6 cm) ; and P-band (lambda ~\n68 cm). In another mode of operation, the AIRSAR/TOPSAR system\ncollects all four polarizations (HH,HV, VH and VV) for two\nfrequencies: L- band (lambda ~ 24 cm); and P-band (lambda ~ 68 cm),\nwhile operating as an interferometer at C-band to simultaneously\ngenerate topographic height data. AIRSAR/TOPSAR also has an\nalong-track interferometer mode which is used to measure current\nspeeds. Typical image sizes for AIRSAR/TOPSAR products are 12kmx12km,\nwith 10 meter resolution in both dimensions. Topographic map products\ngenerated by the TOPSAR system have been shown to have a height\naccuracy of 1 m in relatively flat areas, and 5 m height accuracy in\nmountainous areas.\n\n\nFor more information on AirSAR or AirSAR data products and imagery, see:\n'http://airsar.jpl.nasa.gov'\n\nRadar Data Center\nMail Stop 300 - 233\nJet Propulsion Laboratory\n4800 Oak Grove Drive\nPasadena, CA 91109\nFax: (818) 393 2640\ne-mail: radar.data@jpl.nasa.gov\n\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69d604ea-dead-41cc-9aaf-c63eec4f8947", - "label": "SLRAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Side-Looking Real Aperature Radar (SLRAR) on Cosmos-1500 was the\nfirst spaceborne SLRAR. The instrument was constructed and developed\nat the Institute of Radiophysics and Electonic (IRE) of the Ukranian\nAcademy of Sciences to provide 2-dimensional images of ice and\noceanographic scenes. The SLRAR operated at a frequency of 9.5 GHz in\nvertical (V) polarization providing 0.8 x 2.5 km resolution and a\nswath width of 425 km. SLRAR data were processed on-board and\ntransmitted directly to ships and automated data receiving stations.\nThe data were used to make high resolution radar maps of ice cover in\nthe Arctic and Antarctic. The data were also used to derive wind speed\nand direction at the ocean surface. All-weather radar imagery were\nprovided to the user community in real-time by means of a 137.4 MHz\nAutomatic Picture Transmission (APT) channel. Imagery from the SLRAR on-board\nCosmos-1500 was used to rescue about 50 Soviet ships trapped in heavy\nice in the Arctic during the polar winter of 1983. In 1986, real-time\ndata was used to rescue the inhabitants of a research station in\nAntarctica. The SLRAR instrument was a precursor to other radars used\non the oceanographic series of satellites (Okean-1. -2, and -3). Similar\ninstruments were used on the Cosmos-1602 and Cosmos-1766 spacecraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6efe4ae6-fbf2-4e92-8fe4-78e16182da84", - "label": "BRLK", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (BRLK)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BRLK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: BRLK\n Long_Name: X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSHYDROMET\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b241f5e-a68a-491a-830b-22ecf48a57e3", - "label": "C-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "C-band radar has a nominal frequency range from 8 to 4 Ghz (3.75 to 7.5 cm wavelength) within the microwave (radar) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The corresponding wavelength for these systems is on the order of 5.6 cm, which has been found useful in sea ice surveillance as well as in other applications. Imaging radars equipped with C-band are generally not hindered by atmospheric effects and are capable of 'seeing' through tropical clouds and rain showers. Its penetration capability with regard to vegetation canopies or soils is limited and is restricted to the top layers. C-band is also used in range instrumentation radars.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bd9c21d-d123-49c6-a9e6-0a63deb523be", - "label": "SRTM C-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) collected topographic data of the Earth aboard the space shuttle Endeavour during its STS-99 mission which was flown February 11 through 22, 2000. The mission was an international project designed to generate a near-global digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth using radar interferometry. SRTM utilized single-pass interferometry which compared two radar signals taken at different angles. The C-band antennas transmitted and received radar at a wavelength of 5.6 centimeters. One antenna was located in the shuttle's payload bay, and the other on the end of a 60-meter (200-foot) mast that extended from the payload pay once the Shuttle was in space. SRTM collected C-band radar data in swaths, with a swath width (width of the radar beam on Earth's surface) of 225 kilometers (km) from an altitude of 233 km. The C-band radar acquired during the mission was processed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). Endeavour orbited Earth 16 times each day during the 11-day mission, completing 176 orbits. SRTM successfully collected radar data over 80 percent of the Earth's land surface between 60° North and 56° South latitude. The C-band data were processed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to make a near-global topographic map of the Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c1508ab-b7c9-402a-9779-cd4388dcefdd", - "label": "IFSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81f1e075-7f78-4442-9deb-5efc53e0e24c", - "label": "SnowSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "SnowSAR is a simultaneous dual frequency (X and Ku frequency bands) polarimetric radar for snow and ice measurements, developed by MetaSensing (MS) for the European Space Agency (ESA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "912c3308-23bc-4e12-b7fb-9d82e9fc5fe9", - "label": "ASAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Advanced Synthetic Aperature Radar (ASAR) on the European Space Agency\n(ESA) ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). is a high resolution,\nall-weather imaging SAR that will provide data on ocean waves, surface\ntopography, land surface properaties, snow and ice extent, and sea-ice\nprocesses. The ASAR operates in three modes: image mode, wide swath mode\nand wave mode. The imaging mode collects data in C-band (5.3 GHz) with a\nbandwidth of 15.55 MHz at 30 meter resolution and a swath width of 100 km.\nThe Wide Swath Mode uses the ScanSAR technique and provides a resolution\nof 100 meters and a swath of 400 km. The Wave Mode also operates at 5.3\nGHz with a resolution of 30 meters in 5 x 5 km swaths for imaging of ocean\nsurface to determine ocean wave features. The ASAR C-band radar operates\nin either horizontal (H) or vertical (V) polarization.\n\nFor more information on ASAR see:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/asar/'\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, see: 'http://envisat.esa.int/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a351e42-4f5c-4d6b-b51f-152c513ad3ff", - "label": "IMAGING RADAR SYSTEMS", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Radar instrumentation consists of (1) a duel-mode very high-frequency (VHF) (120 to 300 MHz) synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) that can operate in bistatic or monostatic mode for simultaneously measuring ice thickness, mapping internal layers at depth and imaging the ice-bed interface, and (2) an ultra high-frequency (UHF) ultra-wideband radar (500 to 2000 MHz) for fine-resolution mapping of near-surface internal layers. One important application of the SAR is the determination of basal conditions, particularly the presence and distribution of basal water. Basal water lubricates the ice/bed interface, enhancing flow, and increasing the amount of ice discharged into the ocean. Another application of the SAR will be to measure ice thickness and map internal layers in both shallow and deep ice. Information on near-surface internal layers will be used to estimate the average, recent accumulation rate, while the deeper layers provide a history of past accumulation and flow rates. A tracked vehicle and an automated rover was used to test and demonstrate the utility of an intelligent radar in glaciological investigations.\n\nThe system was developed to collect, process and analyze data in real time, and to use a priori information derived from archived sources for decision making. The combined real time and archived information can be used onboard the vehicles to select and generate an optimum sensor configuration. This project thus involves innovative research in intelligent systems, sounding radars and ice sheet modeling. In addition it has a very strong public outreach and education program, which include near-real-time image broadcasts via the world wide web \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMAGING RADAR SYSTEMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: IMAGING RADAR SYSTEMS\n Long_Name: Imaging Radar Systems, Real and Synthetic Aperture\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: Wideband UHF radar\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: RADAR ECHO SOUNDERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD SURVEYS\n Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 120 - 300 MHz\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 500 - 2000 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.cresis.ku.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://www.cresis.ku.edu/images/SAR_radar.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-04\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 18 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-07-20\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-07-23\n Instrument_Owner: Prasad Gogineni\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 18 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2006-01-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2006-01-10\n Instrument_Owner: Prasad Gogineni\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ca1af5f-e2d6-4412-9efc-5eeefae8f0dc", - "label": "pRES", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a37282d4-322c-4dd0-8edc-36099b9b586c", - "label": "SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)provides the capability of acquiring imagery inclement weather or during night as well as day. SAR systems take advantage of the long-range propagation characteristics of radar signals and the complex information processing capability of modern digital electronics to provide high resolution imagery. Synthetic aperture radar complements photographic and other optical imaging capabilities because of the minimum constraints on time-of-day and atmospheric conditions and because of the unique responses of terrain and cultural targets to radar frequencies.\n\nSynthetic aperture radar technology has provided terrain structural information to geologists for mineral exploration, oil spill boundaries on water to environmentalists, sea state and ice hazard maps to navigators, and reconnaissance and targeting information to military operations. There are many other applications or potential applications. Some of these, particularly civilian, have not yet been adequately explored because lower cost electronics are just beginning to make SAR technology economical for smaller scale uses. \n\nSandia has a long history in the development of the components and technologies applicable to Synthetic Aperture Radar -- 40 years in radar, antenna, and miniature electronics development; 30 years in microelectronics; and 25 years in precision navigation, guidance, and digital-signal processing. Over the last decade, we have applied these technologies to imaging radars to meet the needs of advanced weapon systems; verification and nonproliferation programs; and environmental applications. Sandia's expertise in electromagnetics, microwave electronics, high-speed signal processing, and high performance computing and navigation, guidance and control have established us as world leaders in real-time imaging, miniaturization, processing algorithms, and innovative applications for SAR.\n\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://www.sandia.gov/radar/sar.html\n\n[Summary provided by Sandia National Laboratories]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SAR\n Long_Name: Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMO-SKYMED\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-1\n Short_Name: JERS-1\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sandia.gov/radar/sar.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.sandia.gov/radar/images/3dsar.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Sandia National Laboratories\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6a8801e-88f1-42a0-b060-24b38b19a446", - "label": "AirSWOT", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "AirSWOT is an instrument for supporting the SWOT mission. AirSWOT data help the engineering team better understand the natural properties of the Earth surfaces that SWOT will observe so that the SWOT design can be better tailored to the science objectives of the mission. AirSWOT data will also be used to help calibrate and validate SWOT data and can be used additionally for science studies in their own right.\n\nMore Information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/airswot.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab70584d-30b9-49c1-b1d6-b05cd8c9cbb0", - "label": "TDX-1", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "In June 2010, TSX-1 was supplemented in orbit by its twin, the TanDEM-X instrument (TDX-1). In a close formation flight, they will separately acquire data for the TerraSAR-X mission and jointly execute the TanDEM-X mission data collection. With the finalization of its commissioning phase in October 2010, it could be confirmed that the second satellite will provide the SAR data for the TerraSAR-X mission with nearly identical performance parameters and stability as the first one.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aca17f83-54bb-42f0-9f38-c7d015882483", - "label": "SIR-B", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) is an horizontally polarized L-band\nradar operating at frequency 1.28 GHz (wavelength 23 cm).\nThe SIR-B antenna had the capability of being mechanically\ntilted to acquire data at varying incidence angles from 15 to\n60 degrees. The SIR-B obtained imagery at a resolution of\napproximately 25 m (varying with incidence angles) with a\nswath width of 20-50 km. The SIR-B provided both digitally\nrecorded and optically recorded data.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/scienceapps/sirb.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ade92813-1bb6-4ecd-af53-a8eb21f212d3", - "label": "PALSAR-2", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6c1ba5b-650d-48f9-b101-2a3842da834d", - "label": "AMI", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Active Microwave Instrument (AMI) is one of the instruments\ncarried on-board the first European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1\nand ERS-2) launched by the European Space Agency on 17 July 1991 and\n20 April 1995.\n\nERS-1 and ERS-2 operate in a sun-synchronous orbit, was conceived as\nan orbiting platform that would be capable of measuring the Earth's\natmospheric and surface properties with a high degree of accuracy on a\nglobal scale.\n\nThe AMI incorporates two separate radars, a Synthetic-Aperture Radar\n(SAR) operating in image or wave mode, and a Wind Scatterometer. The\nEarth's surface is illuminated by four antennas and backscattered\nenergy is received either to derive data on wind fields and wave\nspectra, or to produce high resolution images. The operational\nrequirements are such that each mode needs to be operated exclusively,\nbut the Wind and Wave Modes are also capable of interleaved operation,\nin so-called 'Wind/Wave Mode'.\n\nThe engineering calibration of AMI is performed by making use of\nground-based transponders. The validation of AMI Wave and Wind\nproducts is carried out through dedicated campaigns with surface\nmeasurements from buoys and flights by instrumented aircrafts.\n\nSAR IMAGE MODE\n\n\nSAR obtains strips of high-resolution imagery 100 km in width to the\nright of the satellite track. The 10 m long antenna, aligned parallel\nto the flight track, directs a narrow radar beam (at a frequency of\n5.3 GHz) onto the Earth's surface over the swath.\n\nOn-board and on-ground signal processing is used to build up an image\nfrom the backscattered energy, which depends primarily on the\nroughness and dielectric properties of the illuminated area.\n\nThe power demands during the Image Mode are such that operating time\nhas to be limited to a maximum of 12 minutes during each orbit of\nwhich 4 in eclipse. The data rate of 100 Mbits/s is far too high for\nonboard storage, so images can only be acquired within the reception\nzone of a suitably equipped ground station. Major advantage over\noptical sensors is the capability of microwaves to penetrate clouds,\ntherefore providing all-weather imagery capabilities.\n\nSAR Image-Mode characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nFrequency: 5.3 GHz (C-band)\nPeak power: 4.8 kW\nAntenna size: 10 m x 1 m\nPolarisation: Linear Vertical (LV)\nIncidence angle: 23 degrees at mid-swath\nData rate: less than or equal to 105 Mbit/s\nSpatial resolution: along track less than or equal to 30 m;\nacross track less than or equal to 26.3 m\nRadiometric resolution: 2.5 dB at -18 dB\nRadiometric stability: less than or equal to 0.95 dB\nSwath width: 100 km\nLocalisation accuracy: along track less than or equal to 1\nkm; across track less than or equal to 0.9 km\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMain applications of SAR Image Mode Data:\n\n\n- Ice mapping and monitoring\n- Ocean and coastal areas imaging\n- Land imaging\n\nSAR WAVE MODE\n\nWave Mode operation of the SAR provides 5 km x 6 km images at\nintervals of 200 km along track, which can then be interpreted to\nprovide wave spectra. Because the data rate is relatively low,\nonboard data storage is possible, and there is a global sampling of\nwave spectra.\n\nSAR Wave Mode characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nWave direction: 0-180 degrees\nWave length: 100-1000 m\nAccuracy: direction 20 degrees; length 25 degrees;\nSpatial sampling: 5 km x 6 km every 200-300 km,\nprogrammable anywhere within the SAR swath\nFrequency: 5.3 GHz (C-band)\nPolarisation: Linear Vertical (LV)\nIncidence angle: 23 degrees nominal\nSpatial resolution: along track less than or equal to or\nequal to 30 m across track less than or equal to 26.3 m\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nApplications of SAR Wave Mode Data:\n\n\nThe capability of ERS-1 and ERS-2 to acquire global data sets and\nimaging of ocean and ice phenomena, where previously scientists have\nhad to rely on sporadic measurements from ships or buoys, and in\ncloud-covered regions, are important in such disciplines as:\n\n- Oceanography (internal waves, small-scale variations in\nwind and\nmodulations due to surface currents, etc.)\n- Glaciology\n- Climatology\n- Meteorology (forecasts of sea conditions, etc.)\n- Geodesy\n\nAMI WIND MODE\n\n\nThe Wind Mode uses three antennas to generate radar beams looking 45\ndegrees forward, sideways, and 45 degrees backwards with respect to\nthe satellite's flight direction. These beams illuminate a 500 km-wide\nswath as the satellite moves along its orbit, and each provide\nmeasurements of radar backscatter from the sea surface on a 25 km\ngrid. The result is three independent backscatter measurements for\neach grid point, obtained using the three different viewing directions\nand separated by a short time delay. As the backscatter depends on the\nsea surface capillar roughness as a function of the wind speed and\ndirection at the ocean surface, it is possible to calculate the\nsurface wind speed and direction by using these 'triplets' within a\nmathematical model.\n\nAMI Wind Mode characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nWind direction range: 0-360 degrees\nAccuracy: 20 degrees\nWind speed range: 4-24 m/s\nAccuracy: 2 m/s or 10%\nSpatial resolution: 50 km\nGrid spacing: 25 km\nSwath stand-off: 200 km to side of orbital track\nSwath width: 500 km\nFrequency: 5.3 GHz\nPolarisation: Linear vertical (LV)\nPeak power: 4.8 kW\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMain applications of Wind Mode data:\n\n\n- Weather and sea state forecasts\n- Commercial and scientific uses (offshore exploration,\nship routing, fish resource management, etc.)\n\nRelated URL:\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/ws'\n\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/sar'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_wsc.html'\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_sar.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 9410777\n\nFax: +39 06 9418292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6a17c7b-def7-415a-af34-87819125d14f", - "label": "SMAP L-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/smap ]\n\nThe Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission has been recommended by the NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey Panel for launch in the 2010-2013 time frame. SMAP will use a combined radiometer and high-resolution radar to measure surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state, providing for scientific advances and societal benefits. Direct measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state are needed to improve our understanding of regional water cycles, ecosystem productivity, and processes that link the water, energy, and carbon cycles. Soil moisture information at high resolution enables improvements in weather forecasts, flood and drought forecasts, and predictions of agricultural productivity and climate change.\n\nThe National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Integrated Program Office (IPO) has developed a tri-agency set of requirements for the next generation of polar-orbiting operational environmental satellites. A novel approach combining radar-radiometer and L-band mapping of global soil moisture will allow SMAP to far exceed the NPOESS soil moisture threshold (minimum performance) requirements for sensing depth and spatial resolution. With 'fast-track' development, it is possible that SMAP could provide critical gap-filling soil moisture measurements for NPOESS, which were lost when the Conical Microwave Imager/Sounder was cancelled from the first NPOESS platform.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n Long_Name: SMAP L-Band Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMAP\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.26 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/smap \n Online_Resource: http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-surveys\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=72\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5c4d64f-fb76-40e1-84f0-d3019b70642d", - "label": "KaRIn", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Ocean and surface water levels are measured over a 120-km (75-mi) wide swath with a ~20 km (~12 mi) gap along nadir using a Ka-band radar interferometer. KaRIn (Ka-band Radar Interferometer) has two antennas separated by a 10-meter boom. Radar pulses are transmitted by one antenna and received by both for interferometry, creating two parallel swaths of data. More information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/flight-systems/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed400e7c-229e-48be-9a93-84f2fc864448", - "label": "C-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The C-SAR instrument is an active phased array antenna providing fast scanning in elevation (to cover the large range of incidence angle and to support ScanSAR operation) and in azimuth (to allow use of TOPS technique to meet the required image performance). To meet the polarisation requirements, it has dual channel transmit and receive modules and H/V-polarised pairs of slotted waveguides.\n\nIt has an internal calibration scheme, where transmit signals are routed into the receiver to allow monitoring of amplitude/phase to facilitate high radiometric stability.\n\nSENTINEL-1's metallised carbon-fibre-reinforced-plastic radiating waveguides ensure good radiometric stability even though these elements are not covered by the internal calibration scheme. The digital chirp generator and selectable receive filter bandwidths allow efficient use of on-board storage considering the ground range resolution dependence on incidence angle.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: C-SAR\n Long_Name: C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-1-sar-wiki/-/wiki/Sentinel%20One/Instrument\n Creation_Date: 2015-02-05\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f41e9e06-c769-46ed-a79c-2ff2184eee4a", - "label": "WCR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) is a 95Ghz, dual-channel, Doppler Radar designed for airborne use. The UW King Air installation of the WCR uses three antennas- one that can look either upward or horizontally (to the right of the aircraft) plus two downward--looking antennas (one at nadir; the second slanted ~30 degrees forward of nadir along the aircraft centerline).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "474a09e5-315c-42e4-9521-36153eafb049", - "label": "PAZ-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The objective of the PAZ-SAR instrument is to provide high quality SAR imagery in a variety of sizes and resolution ranging from medium over wide regions up to very high resolution (e.g. meter and sub-meter). Operational flexibility with multi-mode, multi-polarization and left and right looking attitude is one of the major PAZ System requirements leading to a quite large number of different instrument configurations and antenna beams.\n\nThe PAZ-SAR instrument comprises an X-band active phased array antenna with an operation instantaneous bandwidth up to 300 MHz. The SAR antenna (with a size of 4.8 m x 0.7 m) consists of 12 panels in azimuth direction – assembled in three mechanical leaves – each with 32 dual-polarized subarrays. Each individual subarray is driven by a TRM (Transmit-Receive Module) adjustable in amplitude and phase by applying complex excitation coefficients.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54397601-4108-4c9d-93f7-07a3326ac9cd", - "label": "SWESARR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) is a challenging quantity to estimate using remote sensing techniques, due to snow spatial variability and the influence of substrate, vegetation, and atmospheric properties. Even though snow covered area can be estimated based on optical or microwave remote sensing, and snow depth can be estimated from surface height differencing snow free and snow on conditions using lidar and radar altimetry data reliably, remote sensing of SWE remains a challenge. At NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, a new dual microwave instrument, SWESARR, has been designed and built to remotely observe microwave radiation relevant for SWE retrievals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ae11ffd-d606-4b8a-b6ec-6bdfe75a149c", - "label": "CSG-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "The CSG-SAR is a multi-mode instrument, conceived to provide a wide range of performance through different implementations (measurement modes) of the three major SAR acquisition techniques (Stripmap, Spotlight and ScanSAR).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd232e58-5c61-4d07-becf-2f2fb5af1001", - "label": "SAOCOM-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "SAOCOM-SAR is an L-band polarimetric SAR instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f23f32ff-f770-4046-941f-534014a2fcab", - "label": "GridRad", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", - "definition": "As originally part of a National Science Foundation funded project to investigate the effects of deep convection on the stratosphere, the authors merged radar reflectivity data from 125 National Weather Service NEXRAD WSR-88D weather radars to produce hourly, three-dimensional, high-resolution analyses of radar reflectivity that cover most of the contiguous U.S. The gridded radar data, known as GridRad V3.1, covers the period 1995 through 2017.\n\nIn 2022, leveraging support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, two new archives of GridRad data (built using V4.2 of our algorithm) were released to the public: an hourly archive of GridRad volumes covering the entire contiguous U.S. and including radar reflectivity and velocity spectrum width from 2008-2021, and a 5-min archive of GridRad volumes for ~100 of the most severe weather events each year from 2010-2021. The GridRad-Severe volumes include up to 7 variables: radar reflectivity, velocity spectrum width, azimuthal shear of the radial velocity, radial divergence of the radial velocity, and (for years 2013 and later) differential radar reflectivity, specific differential phase, and copolar correlation coefficient. GridRad-Severe data are expected to be routinely updated each year into the future.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", - "label": "Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2533b190-cdd5-4c94-99d9-7d5cc5dad371", - "label": "Radar Spectrometers", - "broader": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "20608ba0-ee5b-48b6-be6e-1dd63f7c3892", - "label": "ROWS", - "broader": "2533b190-cdd5-4c94-99d9-7d5cc5dad371", - "definition": "NASA GSFC's Radar Ocean Wave Spectrometer (ROWS) is an airborne remote\nsensor used to support the development and refinement of satellite\nradars that measure the ocean surface. The short-pulse Ku-band radar\nis specifically configured to measure the directional spectrum of\nocean swell. In addition, the system is being used to study near-nadir\nocean backscatter and its relation to wind waves. The sensor is\ntypically flown on one of several NASA aircraft and is potentially\navailable for outside use in funded ocean research efforts. Currently,\nROWS research efforts are aimed at improving the interpretation of\nocean data collected using the satellite SAR (ERS-1), altimeter(TOPEX)\nand scatterometer (NSCAT).\n\nThe airborne system has participated in numerous ocean surface\nmeasurement programs since since the late 1970s. ROWS has been\ninstalled on numerous aircraft, most recently NASA/GSFC/WFF's T-39 and\nP-3B. The system is typically operated from altitudes of 5-10 km.\n\nThe high-range-resolution radar generates data using two distinct,\ncontinuously-operating modes. Spectrometer mode data are collected\nwith a near-vertically-pointing, pencil-beam antenna which rotates in\nazimuth. These data are used to derive two- dimensional ocean wave\nspectral estimates and near-nadir directional radar backscatter\ninformation. Concurrent pulse-limited altimeter mode radar returns are\nderived using a vertically-pointed horn antenna. Ocean significant\nwave height and surface wind speed are inferred from the altimeter\nreturn. A table below provides the radar system's characteristics.\n\n ROWS Instrument Characteristics\n\nFrequency 13.9 Ghz\n\nPulse Type linear FM, 100 MHz bandwidth,1.2 us chirp\n\nPulse length 12.5 n, compressed\n\nPeak power 2 kW\n\nPRF 100 Hz\n\nDynamic range 70 dB\n\nDetection noncoherent, square law\n\nAntennas\nA)10 by 40 (elevation by azimuth)printed circuit array,\nvertical polarization,16 deg. boresight,6 rpm rotation rate\nB)vertically-pointing 290 pyramidal horn\n\nData system\nPC-based with full waveform capture using a 100 or 500 MHz\ndigitization rate\n\nFor more information on ROWS see:\n'http://rows.wff.nasa.gov/'\nFor information on the ROWS Project see:\n'http://rows.wff.nasa.gov/overview.html'", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "label": "Lidar/Laser Spectrometers", - "broader": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "086b650d-3aac-4b1a-8d51-0928634eca50", - "label": "DLH", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The Diode Laser Hygrometer (DLH), an instrument developed for the measurement of water vapor in the troposphere and lower stratosphere by NASA’s Langley and Ames Research Centers, has flown on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during several field campaigns. The DLH is a near-infrared spectrometer operating near 1.4 µ, and was developed for in situ measurements of atmospheric water vapor (H 2O(v)) from aircraft platforms. It is based upon near-infrared tunable diode technology. This spectrometer provides true in situ monitoring of water vapor concentrations with precision levels exceeding those of existing Lyman α and frost point hygrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d45873c-9a8c-4cff-b27b-a1b0bd629cc4", - "label": "LASER SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "LASER SPECTROMETER are spectrometers with the added feature of\nlaser technology to improve spectrometer?s capabilities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "298cf686-6365-4f47-b0c7-9619865cd8ab", - "label": "ALIAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "Aircraft Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS) is used\nfor N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, NO2, and Water Isotopes H216O, HDO,\nH217O, and H218O on the ER-2 and WB-57 Aircraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3efdeb69-25ca-4756-b293-d4d10af2a921", - "label": "ALPS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The Airborne Laser Polarization Sensor (ALPS) is used to study\nforest ecosystem dynamics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "423dda9a-30fe-4fb2-abdb-a9ae31433ad7", - "label": "AOLFL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The NASA Airborned Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) Fluorosensor (AOLFL) is a\nlaser fluorospectrometer (and associated instruments) which is carried\nonboard a NASA P-3B or NASA C-130 aircraft. The AOLFL measures a variety\nof reflected and induced light properties, from which a number of\noceanographic surface water properties can be derived. These properties\ninclude ocean color and phytoplankton pigment concentrations.\nThe primary AOLFL sensor is a dual wavelength laser fluorospectrometer.\nThis sensor transmits two laser wavelengths, one UV (355nm) and one green\n(532nm) to the ocean surface from the aircraft. These laser frequencies\ninteract with the water molecules, causing a shift in the laser frequency.\nThis Raman shift of the 355nm and 532 nm laser radiation allows\nnormalization of other light measurements to compensate for changes in\nwater clarity. If biological organisms containing chlorophyll and/or\nphycoerythrin are present in the water, the 532nm laser light is absorbed,\nand reemitted as particular bands of fluorescence. These fluorescent\nsignals can be normalized to the water Raman signal, and have been shown\nto agree well with shipboard measurements of the same pigments. The 355nm\nlaser radiation causes fluorescence of some of the dissolved organic\nmaterial in the water. The water Raman normalized of this dissolved\norganic material is labeled CDOM (chromophoric dissolved organic matter).\nThe AOLFL also carries several spectrometers which measure the downwelling\nsunlight incident on the top of the aircraft, and the reflected sunlight\nfrom the ocean surface. From these measurements, various algorithms can\ndetermine chlorophyll concentrations in the same manner as CZCS satellite.\nThe ability of the AOLFL sensors to make oceanographic optical component\nmeasurements by both laser fluorescence techiques and by reflected spectra\ntechniques allows the validity of each technique to be tested.\n\n[This sensor description was derived from the WWW pages of the Airborne\nOceanographic Lidar Laboratory, Observational Sciences Branch, Wallops\nFlight Facility, NASA. See http://aol.wff.nasa.gov ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AOLFL\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Spectrometers\n Short_Name: AOLFL\n Long_Name: Airborne Oceanographic Lidar Fluorosensor\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aol.wff.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43c00652-3065-443c-9ecb-be4a3d24c1f3", - "label": "ELASTIC BACKSCATTER LIDAR", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b99824c-39d1-4e1d-a5c7-c75baa04fb90", - "label": "KNOLLENBERG PROBE", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "A KNOLLENBERG PROBE: is a laser imaging device that measures\nprecipitation particle size and type; the probe is used for The\nAirborne Cloud Physics data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ebada8c-1d4c-4c89-8cdd-dfe630b454db", - "label": "NOAA-H2O", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "654817e8-e647-4d7b-8113-295652359e6c", - "label": "MPL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The MPL (Spinhirne et al. 1995) is a compact and eye-safe lidar system capable of determining the range of aerosols and clouds by firing a short pulse of laser light (at 523, 527, or 532 nm) and measuring the time-of-flight from pulse transmission to reception of a returned signal. The returned signal is a function of time, converted into range using the speed of light, and is proportional to the amount of light backscattered by atmospheric molecules (Rayleigh scattering), aerosols, and clouds. The evolution of the MPL from the initial Spinhirne et al. (1995) optical design to the standard design now used in MPLNET is described in detail by Campbell et al. (2002) and Welton and Campbell (2002), including on-site maintenance, and calibration techniques.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8059a3c0-6067-43d6-9695-199279d7d0de", - "label": "BACKSCATTER LIDAR", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ab7e899-6854-48da-9cae-21df7539045e", - "label": "HSRL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "Langley engineers and scientists are currently developing an\nairborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL), started under\nLangley's Creativity and Innovation initiative, to measure\naerosols and clouds. In the future, the HSRL team hopes to add\nultraviolet backscatter and Raman channels to enable aerosol\nmicrophysical retrievals.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/new_AtSC/hsrl.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a211773e-5959-40dc-8b33-f7d5880d57f3", - "label": "PALMS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) is a laser\nionization mass spectrometer which makes in-situ measurements of\nthe chemical composition of individual aerosol\nparticles. Aerosols are brought into a vacuum system and\nindividual particles are detected by light scattered as they\ncross the beam of a continuous laser. The scattered light signal\ngives a rough indication of the size of the particle and\nprovides a trigger for an excimer laser (193nm), which is pulsed\nso its beam hits the particle to ionize molecules and\natoms. These ions are analyzed with a time of flight mass\nspectrometer to provide a complete mass spectrum from each\nparticle. The instrument is capable of measuring particles from\n0.2 to 3 microns in diameter. Analysis is complete less then 1\nmillisecond after the aerosols enter the inlet. The instrument\ncan acquire either positive or negative ion spectra.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a40bd45e-e709-42dc-ad37-6e480a1309b9", - "label": "SCAMS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "(Abbreviated SCAMS.) A five channel scanning radiometer on ''Nimbus''-6 (launched June 1975) used to measure temperatures over ocean surfaces, water vapor, and liquid water.\n\nSCAMS was a precursor to the MSU used operationally on the TIROS-N (NOAA series) satellites since 1978.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad628f56-6e31-4dba-b7ae-9b9329da6dc2", - "label": "SIGMA SPACE LIDAR", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3b3e579-219c-4498-bb50-649a78c5ba5d", - "label": "VIRL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "Visible and Near IR Lidar (VIRL) measures the backscatter\ncross-sections of cloud and aerosol particles at 1.064 and 2.036\num and was used in TOGA COARE primarily to profile clouds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de7e08db-86f1-4593-ba9e-288f9f7b063e", - "label": "RBI", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) is a scanning radiometer capable of measuring Earth’s reflected sunlight and emitted thermal radiation. Observations from RBI will help measure the effect of clouds on the Earth’s energy balance, which strongly influences both weather and climate. Long-term satellite data from RBI will help scientists and researchers understand the links between the Earth’s incoming and outgoing energy, and properties of the atmosphere that affect it. The data from RBI will provide fundamental inputs to extended range --10-day or longer -- weather forecasting, and help develop a quantitative understanding of the links between Earth’s radiation budget and the properties of the atmosphere and surface that define that budget. RBI will fly on the Joint Polar Satellite System 2 (JPSS-2) mission planned for launch in November 2021, and will extend the unique global climate measurements of the Earth’s radiation budget provided by the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy Systems (CERES) instruments since 1998.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e605cb42-8974-4401-857e-ecd524390353", - "label": "LLS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb994e17-3aa5-4e97-a45a-16501d433010", - "label": "AIR-ION", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee6bc848-3c65-4693-aac0-6d1146d7d9f5", - "label": "VIL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The Volume Imaging Lidar (VIL) is an elastic aerosol backscatter lidar\ndesigned to image the four-dimensional structure of the atmosphere\n[1]. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the system. The transmitter\nemploys a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The receiver consists of a telescope,\ninterference filter, and avalanche photo diode. Scanning is performed\nusing a fast, computer controlled beam steering unit consisting of two\nflat rotating mirrors mounted at 45 angles on the optical axis of the\ntransmitter-receiver system. Realtime control and data acquisition are\ncontrolled by an Intel i960 microcontroller on VME bus. An interactive\nuser interface and graphical real time displays are perfomed using\nSilicon Graphics Indigo II workstation. The system is mounted in a\nsemi-trailer, that has a water chiller and air conditioning to provide\nan adequate environment for the lidar and electronics. Only an\nexternal AC-power source is required for a full field operation.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/syst/vil/vil.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0aac4fb-b886-4333-a947-3fede8da1f5b", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The Airborne Tunable Laser Absorption Spectrometer (ATLAS) uses\na tunable laser to detect a target gas such as N2O, methane,\ncarbon monoxide, or ozone. The laser source is tuned to an\nindividual roto-vibrational line in an infrared absorption band\nof the target gas, and is frequency modulated at 2 kHz. The\ninstrument detects the infrared target gas by measuring the\nfractional absorption of the infrared beam from the tunable\ndiode laser.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Research/AirSci/ER-2/pi_inst.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f53da431-a1cd-4151-9df9-9d82745797d0", - "label": "LASE", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) program was initiated\nas an effort to produce an autonomous system for measuring water vapor\nlevels from airborne and spaceborne platforms using LIDAR technology.\n\nThe LASE Instrument:\n\nThe transmitter consists of a Ti:sapphire laser pumped by a double\npulsed Nd:YAG laser. The frequency of the Ti:sapphire laser is\ncontrolled by injection seeding using a diode laser that is frequency\nlocked to a water vapor line in the 815-nm region. The 'on' and 'off'\nwavelengths are separated by less than 70 pm. The laser pulses are\nsequentially transmitted with about 400 microseconds separation. This\npermits the use of the same avalanche photodiodes (APD) for detecting\nthe lidar returns. The use of low and high light level APD's provides\nlinear response to atmospheric and cloud/ground returns,\nrespectively. Lidar returns at 5 Hz are digitized and recorded, and\nwhen possible, the data are telemetered to the LASE ground station for\nreal-time processing and experiment control. Operation with strong and\nweak absorption regions of a preselected water vapor line can be made\nduring the mission to optimize the measurement of water vapor in\ndifferent altitude regions.\n\nThe LASE system has proven to be a reliable, accurate, and sensitive\nwater vapor profiler with the ability to measure water vapor mixing\nratios over a large dynamic range (0.01 g/kg to 20 g/kg). Aerosol\nbackscatter ratios can be measured from ground to 20 km with a\nvertical resolution of 30 m and a horizontal resolution of 40 m.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lase/ASDlase.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe1fa30a-adc4-4019-a176-f471e4f8f49c", - "label": "JPL LASER HYGROMETERS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "Laser hygrometers measure the amount of water vapor directly via\nabsorption of laser light. If the initial strength of the laser and\nthe path length through which it travels is known, measuring the\ndiminution of its intensity will give an indication of the amount of\nwater vapor present. The JPL Laser Hygrometer uses this principle in\nan open-path instrument; that is, the laser path is in the free stream\npassing by the aircraft.\n\nA tunable diode laser operating at 1.37mm is mounted in a window blank\n(an aluminum panel which replaces the passenger window) on the port\nside of the NASA DC-8. The laser and detector are mounted on a\ncircular aluminum disk in the upper rectangular 'arm' of the\ninstrument. Exactly 25cm away is a 0.5 inch diameter mirror from which\nthe laser beam is reflected. This gives a path length of 50cm- from\nthe laser, down to the mirror and back to the detector. The length of\nthe arms insures that the instrument is well outside the boundary\nlayer of the aircraft minimizing effects of the aircraft itself upon\nthe measurements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/c4djlh.html'\n\n [Summary provided by Global Hydrology Resource Center]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fec19414-e21b-48a3-8130-c268834c4889", - "label": "TSI LAS-3340", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76ddbc4d-3d1d-44f5-ba5a-a13f4b525038", - "label": "Aerodyne Mini-TILDAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "Aerodyne instruments use tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) at mid-IR wavelengths to probe molecules at their strongest “finger-print” transition frequencies. We further enhance sensitivity by employing a patented multi-pass broad-band absorption cell thatprovides optical path lengths upto 76 m. Direct absorption spectroscopy allows for fast (<1 sec) absolute trace gas concentrations without need for elaborate calibration procedures. Moreover, TILDAS instrumentsarefree of measurement interference from other molecular species, enabling extremely specific detection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "686ad912-433c-4bc8-93d3-660f368c476c", - "label": "QC-TILDAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The QC-TILDAS is a tunable infrared laser spectrometer, based on pulsed quantum cascade laser technology. The QC-TILDAS uses an absolute spectroscopic analysis method that is inherently self-calibrating, making calibration gases unnecessary. The QC-TILDAS is optimized for NH3, but it can be used for a variety of gases, depending on laser selection. Ambient NH3 is continuously sampled in a multipass (56-meter path length, 0.5-liter volume) cell at reduced pressure (30 to 60 Torr). The glass surfaces are siloxyl-coated to minimize surface losses. The QC-TILDAS uses the unique infrared spectroscopic identification, or fingerprint, of NH3 to quantify ambient NH3 levels. The QC-TILDAS consists of an optical and an electronic subunit, mounted together. The optical system is on a temperature-stabilized 25-centimeter (cm) × 60-cm optical breadboard and contains a laser, multiple-pass absorption cell, and infrared detectors, coupled with all-reflective optics. The quantum cascade laser for NH3 detection at a 10.3-micrometer wavelength is thermoelectrically cooled in a hermetically sealed housing and operates in the pulsed mode. The astigmatic Herriot multiple pass cell has two mirrors separated by 32 cm. Two infrared detectors, one for the sample cell and one for a reference cell are contained in one liquid nitrogen-cooled dewar. (Thermoelectrically cooled detector options are available with reduction in sensitivity.) The electronics subunit consists of laser temperature and current controllers, pressure and temperature probes, valve driver, and computerized data acquisition. The data acquisition rate is adjustable from 1 Hertz (Hz) to 20 Hz. The electronics are mounted in a standard 48.3-cm rack, 53.3 cm wide by 53.3 cm deep. The total height of QC-TILDAS is 61 cm. The combined weight of the electronics and optical modules is 77.3 kilograms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecbe1db3-e9d0-47bf-b29a-0e9f0e5b0d61", - "label": "PALMS-NG", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The Purdue PALMS-NG instrument measures single-particle aerosol composition using UV laser ablation to generate ions that are analyzed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The PALMS size range is approximately 150 to >3000 nm and encompasses most of the accumulation and coarse mode aerosol volume. Individual aerosol particles are classified into compositional classes. The size-dependent composition data is combined with aerosol counting instruments from Aerosol Microphysical Properties (AMP), the Langley Aerosol Research Group Experiment (LARGE), and other groups to generate quantitative, composition-resolved aerosol concentrations. Background tropospheric concentrations of climate-relevant aerosol including mineral dust, sea salt, and biomass burning particles are the primary foci for the ATom campaigns. PALMS also provides a variety of compositional tracers to identify aerosol sources, probe mixing state, track particle aging, and investigate convective transport and cloud processing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bf7c312-654e-4505-8206-bc886f0cd84e", - "label": "AROTAL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "This is a stratospheric lidar which is configured to fly on the NASA DC-8. It is a zenith viewing instrument, which makes vertical profile measurements of ozone, aerosols and temperature. Stratospheric ozone can be measured at solar zenith angles greater than ~30 degrees, while temperature and aerosols require SZA > 90 degrees. The SNR is maximized under dark coonditions. The measurement of Near-field water vapor measurements is being investigated and could be readily implemented. The instrument utilizes a XeCl excimer laser and a Nd-YAG laser to make DIAL, Raman DIAL, and backscatter measurements. A zenith viewing 16' telescope receives the lidar returns.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52a6b69f-7df4-45f4-929f-240183cf2ca0", - "label": "CO2LAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", - "definition": "The JPL Carbon Dioxide Laser Absorption Spectrometer is an aircraft instrument for measuring the integrated column content CO2 beneath an aircraft. It does this using a technique called Differential Absorption in which two, invisible, eye-safe lasers are transmitted from the instrument down to the surface where they are reflected back to the instrument and the power of each measured. One of the lasers is absorbed by carbon dioxide while one is not such that the difference in power received can be used to determine the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric column beneath the aircraft. The instrument has been flown on a Twin Otter DHC-6 aircraft and is being prepared for flight on NASA's DC-8 aircraft.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", - "label": "Altimeters", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "label": "Radar Altimeters", - "broader": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2380ecc6-b5ae-4ad8-a56a-9740166465aa", - "label": "Star Tracker", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "the star tracker calculates a coarse attitude by matching triangle patterns of stars with patterns stored in its catalog. Subsequently, in attitude update mode it calculates precise attitude at a rate of 1.7 Hz.\n\nThe star tracker attitude serves also as reference for determining the orientation of the SIRAL interferometric baseline. The orientation of the interferometric baseline needs to be very accurately measured in-flight: small errors in knowledge of the roll-angle translate into substantial errors in the elevation of off-nadir points. The HE-5AS star tracker of Terma A/S, originally developed and qualified for the NEMO (Navy EarthMap Observer) and FCT (Foreign Comparative Test) projects, is selected for CryoSat. It is a fully autonomous star tracker capable of delivering high-accuracy inertial attitude measurements from a lost-in-space condition with no external attitude information. The EOL performance of the star tracker is < 3.2 arcsec in the lateral axes and < 16 arcsec about the roll axis under worst-case conditions. 13)\n\nThe star tracker baffle has been designed to meet the required sun exclusion angle of 30º and the moon exclusion angle of 25º. These exclusion angles ensure together with the star tracker accommodation on the antenna bench that during the whole mission sun and moon can only blind one star tracker head at any time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2eb2b23d-b5eb-459b-b364-e18780900f96", - "label": "ALTIKA Altimeter", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "AltiKa, a Ka-band altimeter The altimeter named AltiKa onboard Saral uses a single frequency in Ka-band. It is the first oceanographic altimeter using such a high frequency. It is much less affected by the ionosphere than one operating at Ku-band, and has greater performance in terms of vertical resolution, time decorrelation of echoes, spatial resolution and range noise. But its main drawback is that Ka-band electromagnetic waves are sensitive to rain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30787b9f-a407-47a5-b69b-5b9e1d1b1144", - "label": "SIRAL", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "CryoSat’s primary instrument is the Synthetic Aperture Interferometric Radar Altimeter (SIRAL). It was designed to meet the measurement requirements for ice-sheet elevation and sea-ice freeboard, which is the height of ice protruding from the water.\n\nConventional radar altimeters send pulses at intervals long enough that the echoes are uncorrelated; many such echoes can be averaged to reduce noise. At the typical satellite orbital speed of 7 km/s, the interval between pulses is about 500 microseconds.\n\nHowever, the CryoSat altimeter sends a burst of pulses at an interval of only about 50 microseconds. The returning echoes are correlated and, by treating the whole burst together, the data processor can separate the echo into strips arranged across the track by exploiting the slight frequency shifts, caused by the Doppler effect, in the forward- and aft-looking parts of the beam.\n\nEach strip is about 250 m wide and the interval between bursts is arranged so that the satellite moves forward by 250 m each time. The strips laid down by successive bursts can therefore be superimposed on each other and averaged to reduce noise. This mode of operation is known as the Synthetic Aperture Radar – or SAR – mode.\n\nIn order to measure the arrival angle, a second antenna receives the radar echo simultaneously. When the echo comes from a point not directly beneath the satellite, there is a difference in the path-length of the radar wave, which is measured.\n\nSimple geometry then provides the angle between the 'baseline', joining the antennas and the echo direction.\n\nIn addition to the altimeter, knowledge of the precise orientation of the baseline of the two receiving antennas is essential. CryoSat measures this baseline orientation using the oldest and most accurate of references: the position of the stars in the sky.\n\nThree star trackers mounted on the antenna support structure each takes five pictures per second. The images are analysed by the star trackers’ built-in computers and compared to a catalogue of star positions.\n\nThe altimeter makes a measurement of the distance between the satellite and the surface. However, this measurement cannot be converted into the more useful measure of the height of the surface until the satellite’s position is accurately known.\n\nThe orbital position of altimetry satellites can be determined to within a few centimetres. To do this, CryoSat carries two devices: a radio receiver and a laser retroreflector.\n\nThe Doppler Orbit and Radio Positioning Integration by Satellite (DORIS) radio receiver detects and measures the Doppler shift on signals broadcast from a network of more than 50 radio beacons around the world. Although the full accuracy of this system is obtained only after ground processing, DORIS provides a real-time estimate on board. The DORIS system has been operating for more than a decade, and is used on many satellites.\n\nA small laser retroreflector is attached to the underside of CryoSat. This little device has seven optical corner cubes, which reflect light in exactly the direction it came from. A global network of laser tracking stations fires short laser pulses at the satellite and times the interval before the pulse arrives back – providing independent reference measurements of its position.\n\nThese stations are relatively few but, because their positions are very accurately known from their routine work of tracking geodetic satellites, they provide a set of independent reference measurements of CryoSat’s position.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38b69d95-81c3-4f6f-b3a6-0766fc2bc199", - "label": "KU-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The Ku-band Radar is a wideband radar altimeter that operates over the frequency range from 13 to 17 GHz. The primary purpose of this radar is high precision surface elevation measurements over polar ice sheets.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: KU-BAND RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: KU-BAND RADAR\n Long_Name: Ku-band Radar Altimeter\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-20\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f392e56-af78-451b-a1ba-c577aa728a4c", - "label": "Jason-class Altimeter", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "Jason-class Altimeter will collect data in the gap between the KaRIn swaths. It will send and receive signals that travel straight up and down. Each pulse's round-trip travel time will be used to determine Sea Surface height.\n\nMore Information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/flight_systems.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "412a30f1-2563-42c1-9a92-1a41c4373e16", - "label": "GEOS-3 ALTIMETER", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "Objective/Purpose:\nThe GEOS-3 Radar Altimeter is a precision satellite radar developed primarily to measure ocean surface topography and sea state. \n\nSummary of Parameters:\n Sea Surface Height\n Significant Wave Height\n Ocean Wind Speed\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-3 ALTIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: GEOS-3 ALTIMETER\n Long_Name: GEOS-3 ALTIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: RADIO\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.9 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: ftp://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/allData/geos3/L2/docs/geos3_gdr.html#4.\n Sample_Image: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/content/Geos_NASA_Auto1.jpeg\n Creation_Date: 2013-05-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1975-04-14\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1978-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44dbfc87-9835-4093-9aac-33231ccdd990", - "label": "ALT (SEASAT 1)", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The Radar Altimeter (ALT) experiment measured (1) the spacecraft height above mean sea level and (2) the significant wave height and backscatter coefficient of the ocean surface beneath the spacecraft. The altimeter was a more accurate version of the Skylab Radar Altimeter, and was similar to the altimeter flown on GEOS 3. Two of its unique features were a linear FM transmitter with a 320-MHz bandwidth, which yielded a 3.125-ns time-delay resolution, and microprocessor-implemented closed-loop range tracking, automatic gain control, and real-time estimation of significant wave height. The instrument operated at 13.5 GHz using a 1-m parabolic antenna pointed at nadir and had a swath width which varied from 2.4 to 12 km, depending on sea state. The precision of the height measurement was 10 cm (rms). The estimate of significant wave height was accurate to 0.5 m or 10%, whichever was greater, and the ocean backscatter coefficient had an accuracy of 1 dB. For a more detailed description, see W. Townsend, 'An initial assessment of the performance achieved by the Seasat-1 radar altimeter,' IEEE J. of Oceanic. Eng., v. OE-5, pp. 80-92, 1980. The ALT was turned on for the first time on July 3, 1978, and declared operational on July 7, 1978. The ALT operated successfully until October 10, 1978, when the spacecraft prematurely terminated the mission. Data are available from SDSD.\n\nSummary provided by http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-01\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ALT (SEASAT 1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: ALT (SEASAT 1)\n Long_Name: SEASAT 1 Radar Altimeter\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-01\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-02\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "478ad687-00a6-48f8-b00d-b61f43f37cd4", - "label": "KBR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ] \n\nThe K-band ranging (KBR) system is the key science instrument of GRACE which measures the dual one-way range change between both satellites with a precision of about 1 µm per second.\n\nThe hardware consists of\n\n- a single horn antenna for transmission and reception of the dual-band (24 and 32 GHz) k- and ka-band microwave signals,\n \n- an ultra-stable oscillator (USO) serving as a frequency reference,\n \n- a microwave assembly for up-converting the reference frequency , down-converting the received phase from the other satellite to approximately 2 MHz and for amplifying and mixing the received and the reference carrier phase and\n\n- an instrument processing unit (IPU) used for sampling and digital signal processing of the k-band carrier phase signals and the data of the GPS space receiver, the accelerometer (ACC) and the star camera assembly (SCA).\n\nBoth KBR are completely identical, except of the frequencies, which are shifted by 500 KHz to avoid cross-talk between transmitted and received signals and to offset the down-converted signal from zero frequency. Each satellite transmits carrier phase signals on two frequencies allowing for ionospheric corrections. The 10 Hz samples of the phase change at the two frequencies for each satellite are down-linked to ground. The appropriately decimated linear combination of the sum of these phase measurements at each frequency gives the ionosphere-corrected measurement of the range change between the satellites. To reduce measurement errors, the KBR temperature has to be controlled to 0.2 K. Additionally multipath effects are reduced by stringent spacecraft pointing requirements (< 1 mrad) and representative antenna and spacecraft front panels.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE KBR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: GRACE KBR\n Long_Name: K-Band Ranging system\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: USO\n Short_Name: IPU\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c4d88f6-a2e2-4394-81ac-b2919cb2efcd", - "label": "SSALT", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "Single-frequency Solid State Radar Altimeter (SSALT, a.k.a. Poseidon-1) was an experimental instrument designed by CNES and intended to validate the accuracy, operation, and signal processing of a small-volume, lightweight, low-power altimeter. Poseidon-1 used the same antenna as the NASA altimeter and had similar operating principles and performance, but it only operated at a single frequency of 13.6 GHz. SSALT (Poseidon-1) was the predecessor of Poseidon-2, which is described in greater detail in the Jason entry.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSALT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: SSALT\n Long_Name: POSEIDON Solid State Radar Altimeter\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.65 GHz (Ku band)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://topex.wff.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.jason.oceanobs.com/html/donnees/tools/poseidon_uk.html\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/gifs/BHT.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "619fc93c-4f4a-4509-8964-46c9218aa9a4", - "label": "UTIG Riegl", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "715d7cf7-0824-4fca-bdd8-1b651953b820", - "label": "EarthCARE CPR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "CPR is a nadir-looking active instrument (94 GHz) of JAXA and NICT (joint development), Tokyo, and a core instrument of EarthCARE. The objective of the CPR is to provide vertical profiles of cloud structure along the subsatellite track to obtain micro- and macroscopic properties of clouds.\n\n• Detect radiatively significant ice clouds [extinction (alpha) >0.05 km-1] alpha radar sensitivity of -38 dBZ (10 km horizontal integration) alpha 500 m vertical range resolution\n\n• Identify precipitation and vertical motion: a) alpha Doppler measurements, b) accuracy 1 m/s. This provides information on convective motion", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b6e3162-1314-4441-b33a-e2b68ae85bcd", - "label": "Sentinel-3 SRAL", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "SRAL is a redundant dual-frequency (C-band + Ku-band) nadir-looking altimeter instrument, and the core instrument of the topographic payload. The overall objectives are to provide altimetric data (basic measurements of surface heights, sea wave heights and sea wind speed) relative to a precise reference frame. SRAL has a strong heritage of the instrument techniques implemented for the Poseidon-3 altimeter on Jason-2 (launch June 20, 2008), SIRAL (SAR Interferometer Radar Altimeter) on CryoSat-2 (launch April 8, 2010), and AltiKa (Altimeter in Ka-band) on the SARAL mission of ISRO and CNES (launch 2012). The SRAL instrument is being developed at TAS (Thales Alenia Space) of Toulouse, France.\n\nThe SRAL radar uses a linearly frequency-modulated pulse (chirp) and the pulse compression is carried out on-board by means of the deramp technique. The main frequency used for surface height measurements is the Ku-band (13.575 GHz, bandwidth=350 MHz), whereas the C-band frequency (5.41 GHz, bandwidth=320 MHz) is used for the ionospheric corrections. The frequency plan is compliant with the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) regulations. A 50 ms pulse duration for both frequencies has been sized as a trade-off result between a high BT product and the timing constraints of the burst pattern of the SAR mode.\n\nThe SRAL altimeter instrument is made of one nadir looking antenna subsystem which is externally mounted on the satellite +Zs panel and central electronic chains composed each of a DPU (Digital Processing Unit) and a RFU (Radio Frequency Unit). The central electronic chains are mounted inside the satellite on the -YS panel and are treated according to a cold redundancy scheme.\n\nThe SRAL instrument includes measurement modes, calibration modes and support modes. The measurement modes are composed of two radar modes associated to two tracking modes. The two radar modes are the following:\n\n• LRM (Low Resolution Mode). It refers to the conventional altimeter pulse-limited resolution mode (so far, the LRM mode is being used on all altimetry missions). It consists of regular emission/reception sequences at a fixed PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) of around 1920 Hz leading to an ambiguity rank of 10.\n\n• SARM (SAR Mode): This is a high along-track resolution mode composed of bursts of Ku-band pulses.\n\nThese modes are associated to two tracking modes which consist of the following:\n\n- Closed-loop mode: refers autonomous positioning of the range window (ensures autonomous tracking of the range and gain by means of tracking loop devices implemented in the instrument).\n\n- Open-loop mode: refers to the positioning of the range window based on a-priori knowledge of the terrain height from existing high-resolution global digital elevation models.\n\nThe open-loop is intended to be used instead of the more conventional closed-loop tracking over some surfaces, to improve the acquisitions over inhomogeneous or rough topography. While in open-loop, the setting of the tracking window of the altimeter is driven by predetermined commands, stored on board, combined with real-time navigation information available from the GNSS receiver. The main advantage is that the measurements are continuous, avoiding the data gaps typical of closed-loop tracking, which has problems in tracking the rapid topographic changes at coastal margins and in mountainous regions.\n\nSurface type\n\nInstrument operation\n\nMode\n\nTracking\n\nOpen ocean\n\nLRM\n\nClosed-loop\n\nCoastal ocean\n\nSARM\n\nOpen-loop\n\nSea ice\n\nSARM\n\nClosed-loop\n\nIce sheet interiors\n\nLRM\n\nClosed-loop\n\nIce sheet margins\n\nSARM\n\nOpen-loop\n\nRivers/lakes\n\nSARM\n\nOpen-loop", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "842c4fea-afe2-4ed1-aade-ccce65cfb121", - "label": "POSEIDON-3", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The Poseidon-3 radar altimeter is the main instrument on the Jason-2 mission. Derived from the Poseidon-1 altimeter on Topex/Poseidon and the Poseidon-2 on Jason-1, it measures sea level, wave heights and wind speed.\n\nThe Poseidon-3 altimeter emits pulses at two frequencies 13.6 and 5.3 GHz to measure the distance from the satellite to the surface (range). Free electrons in the atmosphere can delay the signal's return, affecting the measurement accuracy. The delay is directly related to the radar frequency, so the difference between the two measurements can be used to determine atmospheric electron content. Poseidon-3 is coupled with Doris/Diode, to improve measurements over coastal areas, inland waters and ice.\n\nAdditional information on the Poseidon-3 instrument is available on the AVISO site.\nhttp://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/poseidon-3/index.html\n\n[Description Source: NASA JPL Ocean Surface Topography from Space Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POSEIDON-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: POSEIDON-3\n Long_Name: JASON-2 RADAR ALTIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 13.6 GHz in the Ku-band, 5.3 GHz in the C-band\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm-sc-inst.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/poseidon-3/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/images/ostm-altimeter-br.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8928c9da-2163-4cfc-b3ed-3fc5d67a4334", - "label": "ASIRAS", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9873d448-7c5c-4d0b-b699-8683aa37dd4c", - "label": "RA", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The Radar Altimeter (RA) is one of the instruments carried on-board of\nthe European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) launched by\nthe European Space Agency on 17 July 1991 and 20 April 1995.\n\nERS-1 and ERS-2, operating in a sun-synchronous orbit, were conceived\nas an orbiting platform that would be capable of measuring the Earth's\natmospheric and surface properties with a high degree of accuracy on a\nglobal scale.\n\nThe RA is a nadir-pointing active microwave sensor designed to make\nprecise measurements of the echoes from ocean and ice surfaces. It\nprovides information on:\n\n- significant wave height\n- surface\nwind speed\n- sea surface elevation, which relates to ocean currents, the\nsurface\ngeoid and tides\n- various parameters over sea ice and\nice sheets\n\n\nThe RA is relatively simple in concept, but depends on electronic\nprecision and a sophisticated data processor to achieve its\nperformance. The RA operates by timing the two-way delay for a short\nduration radio frequency (RF) pulse, transmitted vertically\ndownwards. The required level of accuracy in range measurements\n(better than 10 cm) calls for a pulse length of a few nsec, therefore,\nin order to reduce the RF power requirements a pulse compression\n(chirp) technique is used.\n\nInstrument characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nFrequency: 13.8 GHz\nBandwidth: 330 MHz (ocean mode); 82.5 MHz (ice mode)\nBeamwidth: 1.3 degrees at 3 dB\nFootprint: up to 20 km (depending on sea state)\nMass: 96 kg\nAntenna diameter: 1.2 m\nPulse length: 20 ms chirp\nRF transmit power: 50 W\nPulse repetition frequency: 1020 Hz\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe RA operates in three modes:\n\n\n- acquisition mode, during which the radar finds the\napproximate distance to the surface and then switches to\none of the tracking modes\n- ocean tracking mode\n- ice tracking mode where an increased dynamic range is\nused, obtained by reducing the chirp bandwidth by a factor\nof four to 82.5 MHz, resulting in a coarser\nresolution\n\n\nEcho characteristics are analysed with respect to:\n\n\n- time delay of return pulse, providing altitude\nmeasurements\n- slope of the echo leading edge, relating to wave height\nparameters\n- power level of return signal, affected by small scale\nsurface roughness giving an indication of surface wind\nfield parameters\n\n\nOver the ocean the waveform profile is sufficiently well understood to\npermit real-time estimates of ocean parameters to be carried out\non-board the satellite. For other surfaces the waveform shape does not\nalways conform to a simple model and further data analysis is\nnecessary. The return echo from sea ice appears more specular than\nfrom the ocean and has a peaked trace.\n\nThe information provided by the RA, in accordance with the objective\nof the ERS programme, is of significant importance to the commercial\nand scientific user communities, with marked benefits for ocean\nrelated activities, including ship routing and the design of offshore\nfacilities. Infact the RA was designed to permit the following:\n\n\n- Ice mapping and monitoring\n- Weather and sea state forecast\n- Sea surface topography and ocean currents\n- Experimental altimetry over land\n\n\nRelated URL: 'http://earth.esa.int/ra'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_ra_.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3452367-b483-4893-a377-7d1d343424a7", - "label": "NRA", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "NRA or Nasa Radar Altimeter (206 kg including redundancy, 237 W), operating at 13.6 GHz (Ku band) and 5.3 GHz (C band) simultaneously is provided by Nasa. It is the fifth generation of altimeter; its design is based on the previous SEASAT and GEOSAT altimeters with significant improvements including the 5.3 GHz channel for the ionospheric measurement. It is the primary sensor for the Topex/Poseidon mission. The measurements made at the two frequencies are combined to obtain the altimeter height of the satellite above the sea (satellite range), the wind speed modulus, the significant wave height and the ionospheric correction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3cf784c-00ad-455a-8961-ae9dcec76712", - "label": "RA-2", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The Radar Altimeter-2 (RA-2) on the European Space Agency (ESA)\nENVISAT-1 spacecraft is an adaptive pulse limited radar altimeter\noperating at a frequency of 13.8 GHz (K-band) and at 3.2 GHz\n(S-band). The main objectives of the RA-2 are high-precision\nmeasurements of significant wave height and sea level determination,\nocean circulation, ice sheet topography and land mapping. The 3.2 GHz\nchannel is used to measure and correct for ionospheric delays. The\nRA-2 uses an adaptive range window with a bandwidth of 330 MHz for\nmeasurements over ice surfaces. The RA-2 ensures continuity with the\nERS-1 and ERS-2 radar altimeters (RA).\n\n\nFor more information see:\n\nENVISAT:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/ra2/'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_gen.html'\n'http://esapub.esrin.esa.it'\n\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n'http://earth.esa.int'\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\nFax: +39 06 94180292\nAddress:\nESA/ESRIN\nVia G.Galilei\n00044 Frascati\nItaly", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab172a97-a1ed-4a5b-ba0b-8b39685b76a5", - "label": "ALT (TOPEX)", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "TOPEX Altimeter Sensor/Instrument:\n\nThe TOPEX altimeter is a dual frequency radar instrument which draws\nupon a long heritage of single-frequency altimeters extending back to\nSeasat. The primary channel for the altimeter is Ku-band (13.6 GHz),\nand the secondary channel is C-band (5.3 GHz). Inclusion of the\nsecondary channel allows correction for propagation delays in the\nionosphere, reducing a significant error source in the measurement.\n\nThe ALT was developed and built by the Applied Physics Laboratory of\nthe John Hopkins University (APL/JHU) under contract to the Wallops\nFlight Facility of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) on behalf\nof JPL.\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031/SENSOR_DOCS/topex_alt.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b60ab284-6cac-4389-ae78-c601100030e7", - "label": "POSEIDON-3B", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "funded by EUMETSAT and of Poseidon-2 heritage (built by Thales Alenia Space). The Poseidon-3B dual-frequency (5.3 and 13.6 GHz) nadir-looking radar altimeter continues to be the key instrument in this spaceborne observation program. The objective is to map the topography of the sea surface for calculating ocean surface current velocity and to measure ocean wave height and wind speed. Poseidon-3 has a measurement precision identical to its predecessor Poseidon-2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1539872-b5fd-43e9-b67b-7b4252885aa0", - "label": "UTIG IMU", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f01cb5c4-0ed4-4a83-8c0c-9b954fdb697e", - "label": "POSEIDON-2", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "Poseidon-2 is a nadir-looking radar altimeter that maps the topography of the sea surface. Derived from the Poseidon-1 (ALT) altimeter on Topex/Poseidon, it measures sea level, wave heights and wind speed determined from the shape and strength of the radar-return pulse. The altimeter emits a radar beam that is reflected back to the antenna from the Earth's surface. Poseidon-2 operates at two frequencies (13.6 GHz in the Ku-band, 5.3 GHz in the C-band) to determine atmospheric electron content, which affects the radar signal path delay. These two frequencies also serve to measure the amount of rain in the atmosphere.\n\nPoseidon-2 was designed by Alcatel Space Industries (ASPI) for CNES Toulouse Space Center, and is essentially an improved version of the Poseidon-1 altimeter that flies on TOPEX/Poseidon. Poseidon-2 improves on Poseidon-1 by adding a second frequency at 5.3 GHz, changing to digital technology, and using a new more powerful rad-hard microprocessor. It makes these improvements while keeping the same compact mass and size as its predecessor.\n\nKey Poseidon-2 Facts\nHeritage: Poseidon-1 radar altimeter (TOPEX/Poseidon)\nInstrument Type: Dual-frequency radar Altimeter (Ku-band and C-band)\nScan Type: Fixed nadir-pointing beam\nTransmitted Pulse Width: 105 s\nPulse Repetition Frequency: 2100 Hz (1800 Hz for Ku-band and 300 Hz for C-band)\nMaximum Radio-Frequency Output\nPower to Antenna: 38.5 dBm (Ku-band); 44 dBm (C-band)\nTransmission Frequency: 13.575 GHz (Ku-band), 5.3 GHz (C-band)\nDimensions: Radio Frequency Unit (RFU): 42.2 cm ý 24.6 cm ý 24.5 cm;\nPower Control (PC) Unit: 26.8 cm ý 20.5 cm ý 24.9 cm\nMass: 52 kg (dual-frequency, dual\nconfiguration with one antenna)\nPower: 66 W\nDC Supply Bus: Unregulated 21\\u201332 V\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nThermal Operating Range: -5ý to 35ý C\nPointing Requirements (platform + instrument, 3Ã): Control (Satellite): 0.33ý; Knowledge: < 0.1ý\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POSEIDON-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: POSEIDON-2\n Long_Name: JASON-1 RADAR ALTIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 38.5 dBm (Ku-band); 44 dBm (C-band)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/instrument.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.jason.oceanobs.com/html/missions/jason/instruments/poseidon2_uk.html\n Sample_Image: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/science/images/invest-jason-1-th.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 22.5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-01-15\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6420e37-932b-4550-b8dc-fab4ba91d680", - "label": "RADAR ALTIMETERS", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The radar altimeter is a short pulse, nadir viewing radar designed to\nmesure precisely the distance from the satelite to the Earth surface.\nThe instrument can also measure the shape of the returned pulse and\nthe backscattering cross section. The latter two measurements permit\ninference of significant wave height and wind speed. The significant\nwave height can be inferred from the slope of the leading edge of the\nreturned pulse and the wind speed can be inferred from the rqdar cross\nsection. Higher waves tend to decrease the slope of the leading edge\nof the pulse and also the backscattering, thus leading to the\ninference of the presence of higher winds. The major component of\ninformation derived from a nadir altimeter pertains to the geoid and\nsmall-scale anomalies. These anomalies may be caused by sea mounts,\ntrenches, ocean currents, and fronts.\n\n_________________________________________________________________\nEntry taken from:\n\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_gen.html'\n'http://esapub.esrin.esa.it'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\nFax: +39 06 94180292\nAddress:\n ESA/ESRIN\n Via G.Galilei\n 00044 Frascati\n Italy", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9941038-62ff-4a59-b82d-6b2f9a4546d2", - "label": "CloudSat-CPR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "[Source: NASA CloudSat home page]\n\nThe Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) is a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar which measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. The CPR was developed jointly by NASA/JPL and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The overall design of the CPR is simple, well understood, and has strong heritage from many cloud radars already in operation in ground-based and airborne applications. Most of the design parameters and subsystem configurations are nearly identical to those for the Airborne Cloud Radar, which has been flying on the NASA DC-8 aircraft since 1998.\n\nThe design of the CPR is driven by the science objectives. The original requirements on CPR were: sensitivity defined by a minimum detectable reflectivity factor of -30 dBZ, along-track sampling of 2 km, a dynamic range of 70 dB, 500 m vertical resolution and calibration accuracy of 1.5 dB. The minimum detectable reflectivity factor requirement was reduced to -26 dBZ when the mission was changed to put CloudSat into a higher orbit for formation flying.\n\nTo achieve sufficient cloud detection sensitivity, a relatively low frequency (i.e. <94 GHz) radar would require an enormous antenna and high peak power. At frequencies much greater than 100 GHz, a large antenna and high peak power are also needed due to rapid signal attenuation through cloud absorption. Furthermore, technologies at such high frequencies are less well developed. The 94-GHz frequency chosen by CPR offers the best compromise, meeting performance within the spacecraft resources. In fact, most existing airborne cloud radars operate at 94 GHz. These airborne radars provide extensive heritage for CPR on instrument design and technology, data processing, and retrieval algorithms. A primary frequency allocation of 94 GHz for spaceborne cloud radar sensing has been formally approved at the 1997 World Radio Conference.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CLOUDSAT-CPR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CloudSat-CPR\n Long_Name: CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLOUDSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: RADIO\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 94 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/instrument\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 15 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "faef1e3c-e201-4fbc-8f7e-5ab2818c0a62", - "label": "ALTIMETERS", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The altimeter is a 13.5 GHz near-nadir pointing radar which measures\nthe range to the surface of the ocean. The height measurement from\nthe altimeter to the ocean surface is useful in various oceanographic\napplications. Determination of sea surface topography is useful for\nmarine gravity determinations, seafloor bathymetry estimations, and\ndynamic circulation of the oceans.\n\nIn addition, wave height and wind speed can be measured by altimeters.\nThe characteristics of the radar return signal are determined by the\nocean surface. The wave height is found from the sharply rising\nleading edge slope of the return wave form, and the amplitude of the\nocean return signal is a measure of the backscatter coefficient which\nis related to wind speed.\n\nThe earliest returns from the transmitted radar pulse come from the\nwave crests with contributions increasing with time from reflectors\ndeeper in the waves. The plateau region of the wave form, which is at\na fairly constant level is reached at about the time that the first\nreflectors from the wave troughs are received. As a result the return\nsignal has a steep slope in low sea states and a relatively gentle\nslope in high wave heights. The mathematical model relating the shape\nof the leading edge to significant wave height assumes that the sea\nsurface is Gaussian and linear. Amplitude of the ocean return signal\nis normalised by an automatic gain control (AGC) loop. This AGC\nsetting is a measure of the backscatter coefficient (radar\ncross-section, s0) at the surface which depends on wind speed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c7fb7a4-cedd-4328-b785-5b0774cf1990", - "label": "SWIM", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "SWIM is a new CNES Ku-band radar instrument, manufactured by TAS (Thales Alenia Space), Toulouse, France; it is based on the technology of a spaceborne radar altimeter. SWIM is the first ever space radar concept that is mainly dedicated to the measurement of ocean waves directional spectra and surface wind velocities through multi-azimuth and multi-incidence observations. Orbiting on a 519 km sun-synchronous orbit, its multiple Ku-band (13.575 GHz) beams illuminating from nadir to 10º incidence and scanning the whole azimuth angles (0-360º) provide with a 180 km wide swath and a quasi global coverage of the planet between the latitudes of ±80º.\n\nScientific requirements for wave measurements: The main objective of SWIM is to provide directional wave spectra. The products delivered to users shall reach the following accuracies:\n\n• Nadir measurements:\n\n- Accuracy on SWH (Significant Wave Height) better than 10% or 50 cm (maximum)\n\n- Accuracy on wind speed about ± 2 m/s or 10% (whichever is the larger).\n\n• Wave spectrum measurements (beams 6°, 8°, 10°):\n\n- Resolution cell of 70 x 90 km2 for wave spectra\n\n- Observable wavelengths of waves in (70 m, 500 m) with an accuracy from 10% to 20%\n\n- Azimuth resolution in wave propagation direction : 15°\n\n- Accuracy in wave spectrum level : 15% within the half wave energy bandwidth with respect to the peak.\n\n• Backscattering coefficient measurements:\n\n- Absolute accuracy of ±1dB, relative accuracy between beams ±0.1dB.\n\nSuch a wide range of observations, requiring high-range resolution (about 20 m on the ground), have led to design an instrument whose architecture and technology goes beyond what has been done on altimeter and scatterometer implementations. The global coverage and the reduction of telemetry budgets have required performing onboard range compression. The variety of signals at different incidences, the impact of the complex moving geometry of observation and the required real-time signal processing have led to propose onboard complete digital range compression on backscattered 320 MHz bandwidth signals. The design of the onboard compression and processing resulted from a trade-off between the instrument high level performances required, the needed correction for geometrical effects such as range migrations and performance of the acquisition and tracking loops.\n\nThe multi-azimuth multi-incidence observations requirements have led to design an ambitious antenna subsystem that rotates at 5.6 rpm while transmitting six high power RF signals towards tunable directions. This configuration allows a 180 km wide swath and a quasi global coverage of the planet between the latitudes of ±80º.\n\n• Real aperture radar SWIM instrument\n\n- Ku-band (320 MHz bandwidth)\n\n- On-board digital processing\n\n- 6 distinct beams between nadir and 10° incidence (0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, 8° and 10°)\n\n- Rotating antenna at 5.6 complete rotations/min.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2092a1b6-776d-45eb-990a-2838a69c5d86", - "label": "Poseidon-4 Radar Altimeter", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "Radar Altimeter (POSEIDON-4): The primary measurement system of SENTINEL-6 (JASON-CS), POSEIDON-4 is a fully redundant normal incidence Ku and C band pulse-width limited radar altimeter with the capability of acquiring phase coherent measurements of a surface allowing synthetic-aperture processing to improve along-track sampling and reducing range and Significant Wave Height (SWH) noise as a function of SWH.\n\nOverall performances will be improved with respect to other ocean topography altimeter missions by means of improvements in the design and in an optiminsed pulse timing pattern.\n\n \n\nThe main characteristics of the POSEIDON-4 (SENTINEL-6 Ku/C radar altimeter) are:\n\n \n\nRadar measurement modes: Interleaved mode (simultaneous LRM and SAR, plus reduced-data-rate-SAR RMC\n\nKu-band central frequency of 13.575 GHz, total bandwidth of 320 MHz\n\nC-band secondary frequency, used for ionosphere corrections, central frequency of 5.41 GHz, total bandwidth of 320 MHz\n\nTracking modes: closed and open-loop\n\nPulse repetition frequency: approximately 9 kHz (variable from 9.076 to 9.280 kHz)\n\nWith the current POSEIDON-4 design theoretical performances have been assessed which demonstrates that SENTINEL-6 will improve on its required performances for both LRM and SAR processing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b08d8f27-9552-45f8-b5b1-f2ce993811ff", - "label": "STR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "STR (Star Tracker), providing high accuracy and autonomous inertial attitude determination from “lost in space” conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18919103-a3e9-4c28-a5cb-81c76e3baeaa", - "label": "SWARM-STR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", - "definition": "The Swarm STR (Star Tracker) assembly provides the attitude of the VFM. Both instruments are co-mounted in a common optical bench to ensure proper alignment for the determination of the highly accurate magnetic field components.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "label": "Lidar/Laser Altimeters", - "broader": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0c8b5d57-5ecf-4126-a14d-080061ccbde1", - "label": "Riegl LMS-Q1560", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3449c20e-8cf2-4aff-829a-2e8f0cca5670", - "label": "MABEL", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fcbd8a9-2cfe-461b-8e3b-f039692fdd10", - "label": "LVIS-Camera", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5218fe2e-bea7-4654-bc54-7b9ec5503b60", - "label": "GEDI", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "GEDI is a full-waveform lidar instrument that makes detailed measurements of the 3D structure of the Earth’s surface. Lidar is an active remote sensing technology (the laser version of radar) which uses pulses of laser light to measure 3D structure. The light is reflected by the ground, vegetation and any clouds and is then collected by GEDI’s telescope. These photons are then directed towards detectors, converting the brightness of the light to an electronic voltage which is then recorded as a function of time in 1 ns (15 cm) intervals. Time is converted to range (a distance) by multiplying by the speed of light. The recorded voltage as a function of range is the full-waveform.\n\nMore Information: https://gedi.umd.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57463f12-2a21-49f9-9477-718030d34291", - "label": "GLAS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA GLAS Instrument Home Page, http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/glas.php ] \n\nGLAS (the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) is the first laser-ranging (lidar) instrument for continuous global observations of Earth, which will make unique atmospheric observations as an important component of the ESE climate change program. GLAS is a facility instrument designed to measure ice-sheet topography and associated temporal changes, cloud and atmospheric properties.and give us information on the height and thickness of radiatively important cloud layers which is needed for accurate short term climate and weather prediction. In addition, operation of GLAS over land and water will provide along-track topography. \n\nGLAS includes a laser system to measure distance, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, and a star-tracker attitude determination system. The laser will transmit short pulses (4 nano seconds) of infrared light (1064 nanometers wavelength) and visible green light (532 nanometers). Photons reflected back to the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth and from the atmosphere, including the inside of clouds, will be collected in a 1 meter diameter telescope. Laser pulses at 40 times per second will illuminate spots (footprints) 70 meters in diameter, spaced at 170-meter intervals along Earth's surface. \n\nHeritage: MOLA \nInstrument Type: A three-laser system, with a single laser operating at any given time \nScan Type: Nadir Viewing \nDimensions: Telescope diameter is 1 m, instrument height is ~175 cm \nMass: 300 kg \nPower: 330 W average \nSpatial Resolution: At 40 pulses per second, the centers of 70-m spots are separated in the along-track direction by 170 m for a 600-km altitude orbit; the cross-track resolution is determined by the ground-track repeat cycle and orbit control. \nDuty Cycle: 100% \nThermal Operating Range: 20° ± 5°C \nTelescope FOV: Nadir only, 375 μrad and 160 μrad (0.532 μm) \nInstrument IFOV: ~70 m laser footprint at nadir\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GLAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: GLAS\n Long_Name: Geoscience Laser Altimeter System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ICESAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.532 micrometers (atmosphere)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.064 micrometers (surface)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glas.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/icesat/data.html\n Sample_Image: http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/images/glas-inst.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: ~450 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-12\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "623a6c70-4611-453a-bdfe-d9a9f1df5419", - "label": "Riegl Airborne Lidar", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "Riegl airborne laser scanner series are based on innovative\nWaveform-Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology and provide a\nhigh-density point cloud suited for vegetation and mapping applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6323cb13-3eb8-4cbf-b0c7-eb253dbf5652", - "label": "LIDAR ALTIMETERS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8783344a-b6cb-4905-adab-1ae6281fc83d", - "label": "CALIOP", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "[Source: NASA CALIPSO Project Home Page, http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#CALIOP ]\n\nThe Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument on CALIPSO is a two-wavelength polarization-sensitive lidar that provides high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds. CALIOP utilizes three receiver channels: one measuring the 1064 nm backscatter intensity and two channels measuring orthogonally polarized components of the 532 nm backscattered signal. Dual 14-bit digitizers on each channel provide an effective 22-bit dynamic range. The receiver telescope is 1 meter in diameter. A redundant laser transmitter is included in the payload. \n\nAn active boresight system is employed to maintain co-alignment between the\ntransmitter and the receiver. Ball Aerospace Corporation, developed the\ninstrument.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#CALIOP\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CALIOP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CALIOP\n Long_Name: Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 532 nm,\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#CALIOP\n Sample_Image: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/images/payload.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 316 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa338429-35e6-4ee2-821f-0eac81802689", - "label": "LVIS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "SYSTEM OVERVIEW\n\nLVIS is a pulsed laser altimeter and measures range by timing a short\n(<10 ns duration) pulse of laser light between the instrument and the\ntarget surface. The entire time history of the outgoing and return laser\npulses is digitized using a single detector, digitizer and timing clock.\nThis configuration unambiguously describes the range to the surface as\nwell as the vertical distribution of surfaces within each laser\nfootprint.\n\nThe LVIS system operates at altitudes up to 10 km AGL and has a 12\ndegree potential field-of-view (PFOV) within which footprints can be\nrandomly spaced across track. Scanning is performed using\ngalvanometer-driven scan mirrors that control the pointing of both the\nlaser and the telescope instantaneous field-of-view (FOV). Scan mirrors\nare positioned in a stepped pattern, stopping to fire the laser and\nintegrate the return signal at each beam location. This raster scan\npattern efficiently covers 100% of the area within the data swath.\nFootprint sizes from 1 to 80 m are possible, determined by the AGL\naltitude of the airplane and the focal length of a diverging lens in the\noutput path. The dual axis transmit scanner allows the swath pattern to\nremove forward motion of the aircraft from the collection pattern. Roll\ncompensation has also been incorporated into the software for keeping\ncollection directly below the aircraft.\n\n\nOPTICAL SYSTEM\n\nThe receiver system consists of a 200-mm diameter, 5-power telescope\nwith a 25-mm exit pupil. The telescope has a 200-mm aperture, f/2\nPetzval1(1 Petzval lens: a high speed, narrow FOV lens composed of two\nachromatic lenses positioned about an aperture stop; named after the\nAustrian optician Josef Petzvald) objective with a 400-mm focal length\ndirecting light through a 50-mm focal length f/1.8 eyepiece, which\nproduces a 25-mm collimated beam. A scan mirror, located at the exit\npupil of the telescope, directs the beam through a 10-nm bandpass filter\nand onto a 25-mm molded aspheric condenser lens which focuses onto the\n0.8-mm Si:APD detector. The scan mirror is a 25x40 mm beryllium mirror\nthat was custom designed to be lightweight for fast scanning, yet stiff\nenough to remain flat during and just after the intense acceleration of\nscanning. The receiver box can accommodate two more detectors, enabling\nthe simultaneous collection of dual-wavelength, dual-polarization data.\n\nTable 1: System characteristics of the LVIS altimeter\nTelescope aperture 20 Telescope total FOV 200 mrad\nDetector FOV 8 mrad\nDetector band width 90 MHz\nBandpass filter band width 10 nm\nDigitizer sampling rate 500 Msamp/s\nDigitizer effective bits 7\nLaser output energy 5 mJ\nLaser pulse width 10 ns (FWHM*)\nLaser spatial energy pattern TEM00 single mode\nPulse repetition rate rep-rate 100 to 500 Hz\nLaser output wavelength 1064 nm\nData rate at 500 Hz rep-rate 300 Kbytes/s\nSwath width at 10 km altitude 2.0 km\nFootprint diameter 1 to 80 m\nMaximum operating altitude >10 km\n*Full width at half maximum.\n\n\nLASER\n\nThe transmitter is a water-cooled, solid-state, diode-pumped, Nd:YAG\noscillator-only laser, designed and manufactured by Cutting Edge\nOptronics (St. Louis, MO). The laser cavity is housed in a hermetically\nsealed aluminum enclosure that measures 45x13x13 cm. Operating at rates\nof up to 500 Hz, the laser emits 5 mJ, 10 ns, Gaussian-shaped\n(temporally and spatially) optical pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm.\nAccurate ranging to a mean elevation in a wide laser footprint can be\nconfounded by a complex spatial energy distribution across the laser\nspot, thus, the laser transmitter was required to have a single-spatial\nmode (TEM00) energy pattern. A fiber-coupling lens is placed behind the\nfinal turning mirror inside the laser enclosure to capture a small\namount (<1%) of the laser output and direct it through two optical\nfibers (start pulse and calibration pulse with 100 m (300 ns) delay).\nThe laser output beam is directed through the output scanner box\ncontaining filter wheels to control the output power to optimize return\nsignal strength, a diverging lens to control the size of the footprint\non the surface, a lockable pitch control for boresighting, and the\ngalvanometer-driven output scan mirror.\n \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LVIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: LVIS\n Long_Name: Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: INS\n Short_Name: LVIS\n Short_Name: LIDAR\n Short_Name: LASERS\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: ALTIMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=96&Itemid=93\n Creation_Date: 2008-05-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 500 Hz rep-rate 300 Kbytes/s\n Instrument_Owner: Laser Remote Sensing Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3684b4b-4f0b-48aa-8997-e3758fd04155", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc0ff6d1-1318-4fe3-839e-feaf63a04d2d", - "label": "MBLA", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "The Multi-Beam Laser Altimeter (MBLA) for the Vegetation Canopy Lidar\n(VCL) mission, is a five-beam instrument with 25 m contiguous along\ntrack resolution. The five beams are in a circular configuration 8 km\nacross and each beam traces a separate ground track spaced 2 km apart,\neventually producing 2 km coverage between 67 degrees N and S, with\norbit crossovers producing a denser grid away from the equator.\n\nEach laser beam operates at the 1064 nm fundamental wavelength of the\nneodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) solid-state laser and\nare arranged in a pentagon inside a 20 mrad telescope circular\nfield-of-view that is centered on nadir.\n\nInformation on the MBLA instrument can be obtained from:\n'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/division/VCLhome/VCLInst.html'\n\nFor more information on the VCL Mission,\n\nSee:\n'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/vcl/index.html'\nor\n'http://www.inform.umd.edu/Geography/vcl/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2428a35-a87c-4ec7-aefd-13ff410b3271", - "label": "ATM", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "The Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) measures topography to an\naccuracy of ten to twenty centimeters by combining measurements from\nan airborne laser altimeter and GPS (global positioning system)\nreceivers. The ATM has demonstrated this accuracy at distances as\ngreat as a thousand kilometers from any base station.\n\nThe current ATM instruments (ATM2 and ATM3) and their predecessors\nhave a history going back to the mid 1970's. The instruments commonly\nfly aboard the NASA P3-B based at Wallops Flight Facility,\nVirginia. ATM2 has also flown aboard several twin-otter (DH-6)\naircraft. A major task of the ATM over recent years has been the\nmeasurement of the Greenland ice sheet with the goal of determining\nchanges in the ice sheet elevation. Other uses have included\nverification of satellite altimeters , and the measurement of sea-ice\nthickness. The altimeter often flies in conjunction with other\ninstruments, and has been used to measure sea-surface elevation and\nocean wave characteristics.\n\nNew applications are always being investigated. Measurement of coastal\nbeach dynamics and monitoring of beach erosion was begun in 1995 with\nan initial airborne survey of northern Assateague Island in\nconjunction with the National Park Service's ground-based monitoring\neffort. Also, in 1994 an aerial survey was compared against the FAA\nregulations to determine airfield obstruction clearances at the\nWallops Flight Facility.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ATM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: ATM\n Long_Name: Airborne Topographic Mapper\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://atm.wff.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eec2fe85-bcce-4c42-858a-0c8b5fe96b10", - "label": "LVIS-GH", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "LVIS-GH\n(NASA Global Hawk)\n\nA smaller version of the LVIS instrument, known as LVIS-GH, is under development for use in NASA's Global Hawk unpiloted aircraft system.\n\n\nFor info about LVIS: http://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LVIS-GH\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: LVIS-GH\n Long_Name: Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor - Global Hawk\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LVIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/instruments/lvis.html#.UmFsvxZ8a25\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff309a1a-606d-456b-82b6-5b3c182f66ff", - "label": "AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e3c8f3e-c229-4760-b81c-fd0150254aaa", - "label": "HALO", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", - "definition": "A deeper understanding of how clouds will respond to a warming climate is one of the outstanding challenges in climate science. Uncertainties in the response of clouds, and particularly shallow clouds, have been identified as the dominant source of the discrepancy in model estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity. As the community gains a deeper understanding of the many processes involved, there is a growing appreciation of the critical role played by fluctuations in water vapor and the coupling of water vapor and atmospheric circulations. Reduction of uncertainties in cloud-climate feedbacks and convection initiation as well as improved understanding of processes governing these effects will result from profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere with improved accuracy and vertical resolution compared to existing airborne and spaceborne measurements. \n\nNASA/LaRC (Langley Research Center) in Hampton, VA, developed the airborne instrument HALO (High Altitude Lidar Observatory) to address the observational needs of NASA's weather, climate, carbon cycle, and atmospheric composition focus areas. HALO is a multi-function airborne lidar to measure atmospheric H2O and CH4 mixing ratios and aerosol/cloud/ocean optical properties using the DIAL (DIfferential Absorption Lidar) and HSRL (High Spectral Resolution Lidar) techniques, respectively. HALO is designed as an airborne simulator for future space-based greenhouse gas DIAL missions called out by the 2018 Earth Science Decadal Survey and serves as testbed for risk reduction of key technologies required to enable future spaceborne missions.\n\nTo respond to a wide range of airborne process studies, HALO can be rapidly reconfigured to provide either CH4 DIAL+HSRL, H2O DIAL+HSRL, or CH4 DIAL+H2O DIAL measurements using three different laser transmitters and a single multi-channel and multi-wavelength receiver. This paper will provide an overview of the HALO program including advancements of new laser technologies for airborne and spaceborne measurements of water vapor and methane and preliminary CH4+aerosol measurements from recent airborne test flights.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", - "label": "Positioning/Navigation", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0936ec9e-318d-4503-8e0b-4a2fa171c8fe", - "label": "TBB", - "broader": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", - "definition": "[Text Source: Paul A. Bernhardt 1, Craig A. Selcher 2, Santi Basu 3, Gary Bust 4 and Steven C Reising 5, 'Atmospheric Studies with the Tri-Band Beacon Instrument on the COSMIC Constellation', TAO, Vol. 11, No. 1, 291-312, March 2000, http://www.engr.colostate.edu/ece/faculty/reising/pdf/.../ECEscr00010.pdf ]\n\nThe primary objective of the Tri-Band Beacon experiment on COSMIC is to study the electron density in the Earth's ionosphere. This is analyzing total electron content (TEC) data to produce electron densities as either two-dimensional maps or one-dimensional profiles. The earth's upper atmosphere contains a partially ionized plasma that is constantly changing under the influence of solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, recombination chemistry, neutral winds, and electric fields (Rishbeth and Garriott, 1969; Kelley, 1989). The ionosphere extends from 50 km to above 1000-km altitude with variations in ion species balanced by equal densities of electrons. At altitudes below 150 km, the ions are primarily molecular. The peak densities are found in the F-layer near 300 to 400 km where atomic oxygen is the primary ion species. Above 1500-km altitude, the plasmasphere is composed of atomic hydrogen and helium ions along with an equal number of electrons to maintain neutrality. The atmospheric region known as the ionosphere is both important and complex. The ionosphere affects terres- trial radio signals. Satellite to ground links are affected by electron density irregularities that can degrade received signal strength. Communication, radar, and navigation systems often rely on predictions and measurements of ionospheric propagation conditions. Over-the-horizon radars require accurate models of the ionosphere to determine target locations \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TBB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: TBB\n Long_Name: Tri-Band Beacon\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 150 MHz, 400 MHz, and 1067 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CA0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engr.colostate.edu%2Fece%2Ffaculty%2Freising%2Fpdf%2Fjournals%2FECEscr00010.pdf&ei=xi3eSraQM4qN8Aa6tdVf&usg=AFQjCNG9STFHCXkqVEwNVL-WV8Aqos5Rnw&sig2=MxAFPQ7_Km6qBPWN2nbN0A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NSF/UCAR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f542e06-d6d2-4387-84cb-e4430ae8c8d4", - "label": "SATELLITE RADIO BEACON", - "broader": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", - "definition": "Beacons are also used in both geostationary and inclined orbit satellites. Any satellite will emit one or more beacons (normally on a fixed frequency) whose purpose is twofold; as well as containing modulated station keeping information (telemetry), the beacon is also used to locate the satellite (determine its azimuth and elevation) in the sky.\n\n[From Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_beacon]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SATELLITE RADIO BEACON\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SATELLITE RADIO BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-9\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_beacon\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", - "label": "Laser Ranging", - "broader": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9cf060b8-d8ea-46c4-a8de-f2073df5d0ae", - "label": "GRACE-FO LRI", - "broader": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", - "definition": "First spaceborne laser interferometer to measure distance variations between remote spacecraft\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc9d34c8-4d8d-4434-aff9-dd8d8aa49793", - "label": "MOBLAS", - "broader": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", - "definition": "Laser ranging observatories are located around the world. There are\nthree kinds of stations; fixed, movable and highly mobile. In a fixed\nsystem, the laser is permanently located at a pier or foundation that\ndoes not change position.\n\nThe movable systems are different. NASA operates four stations\nknown as Mobile Laser Ranging Systems (MOBLAS), in movable\nlocations. MOBLAS usually consist of two trailer vans which can be\ndriven to a given observing location and set up for an observing\nsession that will then last for months or years at that site. Because\nof the time-consuming setup and breakdown process, these movable\nsystems are rarely moved. The MOBLAS at Goddard is one of three\nNASA SLR's located in North America. The fourth is in Yarragadee,\nAustralia.\n\nFour of the NASA stations are the highly-mobile type called\nTransportable Laser Ranging Systems (TLRS). They are newer\nsystems which are smaller versions of the fixed and movable\nSLR systems. They are complete systems able to operate from a pad\naccessible by road, and require relatively short setup and breakdown\ntimes. Because of the need to sample the orbit of the retroreflector\nsatellite, however, the duration of recording is generally measured in\nterms of weeks to months. These have been placed in locations such\nas Chile, French Polynesia, Peru and several sites in North America,\nMexico and Europe.\n\nThe other two NASA systems are fixed systems located in Texas and\nHawaii and are operated for NASA by local universities.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d3b9c87-39ca-423a-82d7-1ee2bf8d01e9", - "label": "Riegl LD90-3100VHS-FLP", - "broader": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", - "definition": "Laser Distance Meter for use with or without reflectors which, because of its long-range and its “First & Last Pulse' facility, is especially well suited for scanner applications.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8129a4b9-b5f9-4585-87e6-4576c3a53682", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fd7e2a51-5ccc-4592-8056-487b400ac350", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "8129a4b9-b5f9-4585-87e6-4576c3a53682", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "51963b3c-d82e-441f-8f65-e21b005861ef", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "fd7e2a51-5ccc-4592-8056-487b400ac350", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "label": "In Situ/Laboratory Instruments", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", - "definition": "Instruments that measure a phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs (i.e. without moving it to some special medium). Laboratory instruments refer to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Short_Name: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", - "label": "Magnetic/Motion Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "label": "Gravimeters", - "broader": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f63a24a-379d-40bc-975c-4f71479f3a06", - "label": "GRAVIMETERS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "A gravimeter is a device used to measure the acceleration due to gravity, or,\nmore specifically, variations in the gravitational field between two or more\npoints. \nSource: Schlumberger OilField Glossary\nhttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/default.cfm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11a96ea3-6231-48d7-8ebd-9212e1e0fa2f", - "label": "SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "GWR Instruments, Inc. is the exclusive manufacturer of the Superconducting Gravimeter (SG). The SG uses persistent supercurrents, which are trapped in superconducting magnets, to produce an ultra stable magnetic field which levitates a superconducting test mass (sphere). The SG consists of two basic components: 1) the Gravimeter Sensing Unit (GSU) which includes: the superconducting magnets, the sphere, circuitry for energizing the coils, temperature control circuitry and magnetic shielding; and 2) the liquid helium tank (Dewar) and refrigeration system which keeps the GSU close to 4.2OK to maintain the superconducting state. In 1993, GWR introduced the CT Compact Tidal Gravimeter which dramatically decreased the overall size of the SG and simplified field installation. The standard support equipment for the Compact Tidal Gravimeter includes a pair of cryogenic tilt meters, an automatic tilt compensating system, a gravimeter electronics package, a current supply/heater pulser, a helium level sensor and a helium transfer kit. The Compact SG is routinely equipped with the CD-125 Standard holdtime Dewar refrigeration system. This allows the gravimeter to operate for approximately 500 days between liquid helium refills.\n\nSome users of the SG have found that it is necessary to remove small infrequent offsets from the gravity data to preserve the baseline (zero) on a continuous record. However, geophysical signal and noise sources often mask the offsets and make them difficult to measure and remove precisely. In response to this need, GWR now manufactures a new Dual Sphere SG GSU that incorporates two levitated test masses into a single sensor (See section I.A.2). Since it is unlikely that offsets occur on both spheres simultaneously, the differential signal gives a precise measurement of any offsets that may occur in the record. This makes offset identification and removal a straightforward procedure during data processing.\n\nIn response to customers' requests, GWR has also developed a second high performance refrigeration system. This Ultra Long Holdtime (ULHD) Dewar (See section II.B) allows indefinite operation after a single filling of liquid helium. (citation from: http://www.gwrinstruments.com/GWR_ctspec.html)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Gravimeters\n Short_Name: SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2725b06e-67c5-44ed-bfad-95c4b772cf1d", - "label": "LRGM", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "The gravity response system consists of a weight on the end of a\nhorizontal beam supported by a zero-length spring (a zero-length\nspring is defined as one in which the tension is proportiona1 to\nthe actual length of the spring, that is, if all external forces\nwere removed the spring would collapse to zero length).\n\nThe gravity meter can detect very small changes in gravity by\nmeasuring the restoring force necessary to bring the horizontal\nbeam to a reference position. It is important to note that the\ninstrument does not measure the total force of gravity, only\nchanges in gravity. The accuracy of the instrument is about .01\nmgal, perhaps .005 if great care is exercised. The temperature\ninside the instrument is carefully controlled by a heater and\nthermostat, because changes in temperature affect the physical\nproperties of the spring.\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Colorado]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "421591cb-6858-4419-877d-43fb1c44029f", - "label": "ZLS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f8418fd-1a24-4b72-a3c9-8fc907366abf", - "label": "AIRGrav", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66db13de-e7f5-4740-992b-e8874b1a579d", - "label": "INCLINOMETERS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "Inclinometer:\n\n1. An instrument used to determine the angle of the earth's\nmagnetic field in respect to the horizontal plane.\n\n2. An instrument for showing the inclination of an aircraft or\nship relative to the horizontal.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language:\nFourth Edition. 2000]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acf32e4e-5919-428d-b861-814bf776fc4f", - "label": "DTG", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG):\nthermogravimetry allows the determination of the mass as a\nfunction of temperature or time; this thermal technique provides\ninformation concerning the thermal stability and composition of\nthe sample and of any intermediate compound which may be\nformed. DTG curve represents the first derivative of the mass\nchange curve; in this way a series of peaks are obtained instead\nof the stepwise curve in which the areas under the peaks are\nproportional to the total mass change of the sample.\n\n[Summary provided by Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbc2aa6d-24d0-4449-a472-9b6379979446", - "label": "OWEN TUBE", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7c8ddfc-c3c5-4fdd-a44c-80df5b95200a", - "label": "LGS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5cbbf7c-a3b6-4969-9ae9-0fdb3e86e23b", - "label": "FG5", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "[Source: Micro-g LaCoste home page]\n\nMicro-g LaCoste is proud to announce the new state of the art in absolute gravity measurements! The FG5-X is a “follow on” instrument to the “absolute standard” that is the FG5 freefall gravimeter. The FG5-X featrues an improved dropping chamber and an improved electronic interface.\n\nMore Information: http://microglacoste.com/product/fg5-x-fgl-absolute-gravimeter/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe6df97e-c1cd-466a-8c57-09b4a48e5cb5", - "label": "BGM-3", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", - "label": "Seismometers", - "broader": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "aac114f4-64ec-4117-9a4c-b7babe53f24a", - "label": "SEISMOMETERS", - "broader": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", - "definition": "SEISMOMETERS are meters that perform nearly the same\ninstrumentation as a seismograph does.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dca86e5d-e95d-4159-a552-5a83a515abd4", - "label": "SEISMOGRAPHS", - "broader": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", - "definition": "SEISMOGRAPHS are measuring instruments for detecting and\nmeasuring the intensity, direction and duration of movements of\nthe ground (as an earthquake); measures and records the\nearthquake vibrations and other earth tremors.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", - "label": "Accelerometers", - "broader": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0fdcd01a-d31f-4f34-aecc-55f541147b52", - "label": "ACCELEROMETERS", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", - "definition": "Accelerometers are sensors and instruments for measuring, displaying and analyzing acceleration and vibration. They can be used on a stand-alone basis, or in conjunction with a data acquisition system. Accelerometers are available in many forms. They can be raw sensing elements, packaged transducers, or as a sensor system or instrument, incorporating features such as totalizing, local or remote display and data recording. Accelerometers can have from one axis to three axes of measurement, the multiple axes typically being orthogonal to each other. These devices work on many operating principles. The most common types of accelerometers are piezoelectric, capacitance, null-balance, strain gage, resonance, piezoresistive and magnetic induction. \n\nThree main features must be considered when selecting accelerometers: amplitude range, frequency range, and ambient conditions. Acceleration amplitude range is measured in Gs, whereas frequency is measured in Hz. For the ambient conditions, such things as temperature should be considered, as well as the maximum shock and vibration the accelerometers will be able to handle. This is the rating of how much abuse the device can stand before it stops performing, much different from how much vibration or acceleration accelerometers can measure.\n\nElectrical output options depend on the system being used with the accelerometers. Common analog options are voltage, current or frequency. Digital output choices are the standard parallel and serial signals. Another option is to use accelerometers with an output of a change in state of switches or alarms.\n\nWhen mounting accelerometers, many choices must be weighed based on application and ability. Probably the most secure method is stud mounting. Many accelerometers have the option of a threaded section that can be fastened to the machinery or object being monitored. For applications where this is not possible or desirable, many other options are available: wax, magnets and adhesive. Some applications require accelerometers to be mounted on an electrically isolated surface to provide ground isolation between the mounting surface and signals from the accelerometers. Triaxial mounting cubes can also be purchased to mount three accelerometers together in an orthogonal configuration to each other. This way, only one mounting surface on the monitored device has to be used for all three.\n To minimize frequency response errors, care must be taken to relieve cable strain by securing the cables attached to accelerometers. To do this, affix the cables to the same device the accelerometers are attached to. This will prevent flexing of the cables between the anchor point and the vibrating surface, thus keeping the accuracy of the readings as high as possible.\n\n[Summary provided by 1999-2003 GlobalSpec Inc.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACCELEROMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Accelerometers\n Instrument_Subtype: ACCELEROMETERS\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bd1f0f5-2583-4757-b634-314fba02ae92", - "label": "ACCELEROGRAPHS", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", - "definition": "ACCELEROGRAPHS are instruments for measuring the acceleration of\naircraft or rockets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4dc8264-c6b4-4ff9-923d-1babc2f41dd6", - "label": "ADA", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", - "definition": "Investigation Name- Atmospheric Density Accelerometer (MESA)\nNSSDC ID- 75-107A-02\n\nPersonnel\n OI - F.A. MARCOS USAF GEOPHYS LAB\n PI - K.S. CHAMPION USAF GEOPHYS LAB\n\nBrief Description\nThe Miniature Electrostatic Analyzer (MESA) obtained data on\nthe neutral density of the atmosphere in the altitude range of\n120 to 400 km, by the measurements of satellite deceleration\ndue to aerodynamic drag, which is directly proportional to\natmospheric density. The instrument consisted of three\nsingle-axis accelerometers, mounted mutually at right angles,\ntwo in the spacecraft X-Y plane and the other along the Z-axis.\nThe instrument determined the applied acceleration from the\nelectrostatic force required to recenter a proof mass. The\noutput of the device was a digital pulse rate proportional to\nthe applied acceleration. The sample time of each instrument\nwas 0.25 s. The measurements allowed determination of the\ndensity of the neutral atmosphere, monitored the thrust of the\nOrbit-Adjust Propulsion System (OAPS), determined the satellite\nminimum altitude, measured spacecraft roll, and provided some\nattitude-sensing information. Spacecraft nutations of less than\n0.01 deg were monitored. The instrument had three sensitivity\nranges: 8.E-3 earth's gravity (G) in OAPS monitor mode; 4.E-4 G\nbetween 120 km (plus or minus 2%) and 280 km (plus or minus\n10%); and 2.E-5 G between 180 km (plus or minus 2%) and 400 km\n(plus or minus 10%). Numbers in parentheses represent errors.\nThere may be a systematic error of up to plus or minus 5% due\nto drag coefficient uncertainty. The highest measurement\naltitude was determined assuming the instrument could sense to\n0.2% of full scale.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f69c1ec7-6e16-49a8-b31d-6ed0f76ee9eb", - "label": "GHIS", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", - "definition": "[Source: 'Global Hawk In-flight turbulence Sensor', Ru-Shan Gao, Laurel Watts, Steven Ciciora, and David Fahey, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, 2010, ftp://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/pub/doc/grip/gripghis/GHIS_Description.pdf.]\n\nThe NOAA Global Hawk In-flight turbulence Sensor (GHIS) is an autonomous instrument that can be placed at various GH instrument locations to detect 2-axis local accelerations (the instrument is normally placed such that one axis is horizontal and the other one is vertical; both are perpendicular to the line of flight) caused by turbulence and local vibrations. The GHIS instrument may also be reprogrammed to test command, control, and communication (C3) links. The instrument will broadcast the User (10 Hz) and Status (1 Hz) UDP packets with parameters of local acceleration as well as the local air temperature and pressure at the instrument location and the voltage of the aircraft DC power. The entire dataset is also stored on the instrument as CSV text files. The GHIS specifications are given in Table 1. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GHIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Accelerometers\n Short_Name: GHIS\n Long_Name: Global Hawk In-Flight Turbulence Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLOBAL HAWK UAV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: ftp://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/pub/doc/grip/gripghis/GHIS_Description.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2011-09-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "label": "Current/Wind Meters", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "Current meters are devices designed to measure speed alone or velocity of flowing water. A wind meter is a device for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station instrument. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Current/Wind Meters\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Current/Wind Meters\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0ae93838-ebae-43cf-89bb-f6638300e385", - "label": "CURRENT METERS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "CURRENT METERS are devices device designed to measure speed\nalone or velocity of flowing water; the most common types are\nmechanical (rotor or vane), electromagnetic, and acoustic\nDoppler.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "141117c3-6d2d-4b78-b0c4-f7150f6dec2e", - "label": "DRIFTING BUOYS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "A drifting buoy is a floating (or drifting on ice) ocean buoy equipped with\nmeteorological and/or oceanographic sensing instruments linked to transmitting\nequipment for sending the observed data to collecting centers.\n\n[Source: NSIDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34be23a9-4a1a-45b9-bb9a-f02f2fa90dc7", - "label": "CVI", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "The NCAR counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) (Noone et al., 1988; Twohy et al., 1997) is an airborne instrument that can be used for studies of aerosol/cloud interactions, cloud physics, and climate. The CVI has also been used on the ground for these studies. At the CVI inlet tip, cloud droplets or ice crystals larger than about 8 µm aerodynamic diameter are separated from the interstitial aerosol and impacted into dry nitrogen gas. This separation is possible via a counterflow stream of nitrogen out the CVI tip, which assures that only larger particles (cloud droplets or ice crystals) are sampled. Because droplets or crystals in a sampling volume of about 200 l/min are impacted into a sample stream of approximately 10 l/min, concentrations within the CVI are significantly enhanced. The water vapor and non-volatile residual nuclei remaining after droplet evaporation are sampled downstream of the inlet with selected instruments. These may include a Lyman-alpha or similar hygrometer, a condensation nucleus counter, an optical particle counter, filters for chemical analyses, or user instruments.\n\nReferences\n\nNoone, K.J., Ogren, J.A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R.J. and D.S. Covert, 1988: Design and calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor for sampling of atmospheric fog and cloud droplets, Aer. Sci. Technol., 8, 235-244.\n\nTwohy, C.H., Schanot, A.J. and W.A. Cooper, 1997: Measurement of condensed water content in liquid and ice clouds using an airborne counterflow virtual impactor, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 197-202.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Current/Wind Meters\n Short_Name: CVI\n Long_Name: Counterflow Virtual Impactor\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/raf/cvigeneralATD.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-01\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46a263bf-4448-421f-be9d-7628f3d03490", - "label": "SONIC ANEMOMETER", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "A SONIC ANEMOMETER is an anemometer that measures linear\ncomponents of the wind vector by determining the effect of the\nwind on transit times of acoustic pulses transmitted in opposite\ndirections across known paths; operates on the principle that\nthe propagation velocity of a sound wave in a moving medium is\nequal to the velocity of sound with respect to the medium plus\nthe velocity of the medium; an absolute instrument with a very\nshort time constant and an absence of moving mechanical parts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e93856a-9669-4b32-9ef5-68dc9ff6c0d7", - "label": "CRWVA", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67ee945f-7873-42f2-ae88-9a74a1c1e236", - "label": "ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTION METER", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "A ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTION METER is a measuring sensor for wind\ndirection, wind velocity, current direction, current velocity,\nwater temperature and salinity (at 3m water depth).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9039aa7d-2f28-49da-afe5-e7dff64693fe", - "label": "WIND VANES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "WIND VANES are instruments used to indicate or measure wind\ndirection; consists of an asymmetrical, elongated object mounted\nat its center of gravity about a vertical axis; wind direction\nis determined by visual reference to an attached oriented\ncompass rose.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97b25e4d-360c-41df-988b-00dd8052493d", - "label": "GEK", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "The Geomagnetic ElectroKinetograph (GEK) measures currents by\nmeasuring the electrical potential induced in sea water when a\nconductor (sea water) moving in a magnetic field (Earth's\nfield). It consisted of a pair of electrodes towed behind a\nship. The electrodes were at the beginning and end of line\nseveral hundred meters long. Or, the electrodes were at ends of\nsubmarine telephone cables. The accuracy of the technique was\ndifficult to quantify and the technique fell from favor. The\nprimary error was due to unknown shorting of current by\nconduction through the sea floor and in still water below moving\nsurface currents.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/education/common/notes/chap10.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Texas A&M University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6bb1bff-9420-42ca-b087-91225fbf6c3a", - "label": "GUST PROBES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "GUST PROBES are air velocity sensing instruments usually mounted\non the front of an aircraft that resolves turbulent fluctuations\nin all three components relative to the aircraft; includes\npressure probes, vanes, and heated wires (hot-wire anemometers);\nit measures air velocity relative to the earth corrected for the\naircraft attitude and velocity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0cf9340-dc51-447f-a151-f6cdad265d9a", - "label": "ANEMOMETERS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "ANEMOMETERS are instruments designed to measure either total\nwind speed or the speed of one or more linear components of the\nwind vector; classified according to the transducer employed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ded51fba-1231-4ccd-bbde-c0e407d7d4cd", - "label": "AEROVANES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "An aerovane is used to measure both wind direction and speed.\nThe tail orients the instrument into the wind for direction\nwhile the propellers measure the wind speed.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e892b190-f905-48b0-8331-7d578e250467", - "label": "WIND MONITOR", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "Wind Monitor or Propeller Wind Monitor is 'a light-weight, sturdy instrument for measuring wind speed and direction in harsh environments. Its simplicity and corrosion-resistant construction make it ideal for a wide range of wind measuring applications.'\n\n[Source Text (in quotes above) is from Campbell Scientific home page, http://www.campbellsci.com/05103-l ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WIND MONITORS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Current/Wind Meters\n Short_Name: WIND MONITORS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WEATHER STATIONS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.campbellsci.com/05103-l\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eae6f11d-fdd5-4e31-b119-aa00e6633da8", - "label": "AIMMS-30", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "AIMMS-30 is Aventech's third generation wind measurement system which is capable of providing accurate GPS, inertial rates, air-data and meteorological data including:\n\n Barometric (Static) Pressure\n Air Speed (including TAS)\n Angle-of-Attack (AOA)\n Angle-of-Sideslip (AOS)\n Temperature (OAT)\n Relative Humidity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f21d5bb6-ae5b-4842-b1e4-f552b80aa4c0", - "label": "PTGA", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "The Propeller Type Generating Anemovane is an instrument with a\nhelicoids-shaped, four-blade propeller that measure wind speed\nand direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5a3c5f6-b575-48f4-8479-2bc4092c8f99", - "label": "EDDY CORRELATION DEVICES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "EDDY CORRELATION DEVICES are devices that use the method of\nmeasuring the flux densities of mass, heat, and momentum across\na plane at a point in turbulent flow; EDDY CORRELATION is\ndefined as the covariance between two variables associated with\nturbulent motions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48f3dfd2-bd42-4731-a9d1-fd58eb98e7bf", - "label": "TAMMS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "TAMMS instrument is composed of multiple subsystems that include the gust probe, the inertial navigation system (INS), the data processing system, and the water vapor/trace gas sensors.\nRationale: There are datasets at the GHRC DAAC under the IMPACTS field campaign that consist of this instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61435b17-dde2-4254-9e22-dc8cf7db3cb2", - "label": "AIMMS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "Smart sensor modules are combined using a Controller Area Network (CAN) to form the Aircraft-Integrated Meteorological Measurement System, or AIMMS-20, which delivers precise real-time meteorological data at rates up to 20Hz (temperature, humidity, wind). A minimum of four modules are combined to form an AIMMS-20 system: an Inertial Measurement Unit module (IMU) that delivers six degree-of-freedom rate data at 40Hz; a GPS Phase Module that processes satellite navigation signals from two antennas; an Air-Data-Probe (ADP) that measures temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and the aircraft-relative flow vector; and, a Central Processing Module (CPM) to process GPS data, inertial signals and air-data information that yield accurate wind data when combined.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d850e78-621b-4dfe-bb4d-f1e8338921a3", - "label": "RM Young 05103 Wind Monitor", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "The wind speed sensor is a four blade helicoid propeller. Propeller rotation produces an AC sine wave voltage signal with frequency directly proportional to wind speed. Slip rings and brushes are eliminated for increased reliability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a980b482-34be-4b56-adc9-c3a3fbffefca", - "label": "Gill WindMaster Pro", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "The Gill WindMaster Pro is a precision anemometer offering three-axis wind\nmeasurement data. This instrument will monitor wind speeds of 0-65m/s and provides\nsonic temperature, speed of sound and U, V & W vector outputs at 32Hz as standard.\nThe unit also features improved vertical (W) resolution and speed of sound accuracy\nand less distortion due to wind loading. Each WindMaster Pro can be calibrated with\nan optional Gill wind tunnel test to provide optimum performance. Optional analogue\ninputs and outputs plus a PRT are available with 14 bit resolution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab326c9a-bbea-4aec-8aaa-261572ea4862", - "label": "RM Young 8600", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", - "definition": "The YOUNG Model 86000 2D Ultrasonic Anemometer offers high performance and low power consumption in a compact size. It is ideal for the most demanding wind sensing applications", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "label": "Corers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "Devices that drill holes in the surface of the Earth and pulls out a sample. This also includes drilling a hole in a ice sheet and pulling out the ice core. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Corers\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Corers\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e916c3b-d9ac-4fe1-bc7c-18772784f7fb", - "label": "ROCK CORERS", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "definition": "The rock corer is a device that collects volcanic glass from the\nsurface of young lava flows on the seafloor. The head of the\ncorer consists of a series of cups with sharp edges that are\nfilled with a thick wax. The rock corer is lowered to the\nseafloor very rapidly and hits the hard surface of the lava. As\nit does so, chips of volcanic glass are broken off and stick to\nthe wax.\n\nWhen the corer is recovered, the wax containing the glass chips\nis removed from the cups and is then heated to melt the\nwax. Scientists can then pick the glass chips out of the liquid\nand take them back to shore for analysis in their laboratories.\n\n[Summary provided by 'Dive and Discover']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "479451b2-d1d1-48d3-a7be-e50850e89ce2", - "label": "CORING DEVICES", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "definition": "Coring devices essentially drills a hole in the ice sheet and\npulls out the ice core.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ed90a1e-cb8a-4253-8d83-3f715894fc83", - "label": "SNOW DENSITY CUTTER", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "definition": "A Snow Density Cutter is a metal device that cuts out exactly\n100 cubic centimeters of snow. The metal device is then placed\non the balance and the snow's mass is recorded. The snow density\ncan be calculated by dividing the mass by its volume.\n\n[Source: Teachers Experiencing Antarctica and the Arctic]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7818106b-76d3-432c-a423-299bab2ae9da", - "label": "GRAVITY CORER", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5c27e06-b779-44e7-9e0f-579a00cedba0", - "label": "SEDIMENT CORERS", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "definition": "A sediment corer is a device to collect undisturbed samples of\nsaturated sands, silts, and sediments.\n\n[Summary provided by Rickly Hydrological Company]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d83a72f7-d148-4f5e-bf7a-c191fb6a528e", - "label": "BOX CORE", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8480746-ff39-4de8-ba2e-b5de47890c78", - "label": "ICE AUGERS", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", - "definition": "Ice Augers are devices used to drill holes in ice.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "label": "Gauges", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "020d9550-c314-45b6-8a43-23304626d9c0", - "label": "RING SHEAR TESTERS", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "The Ring Shear Testers serve for the determination of the flow properties of\nmore or less all powders and bulk solids like flour, cement, soap powder,\ntitanium dioxide, clay, sewage sludge, and others.\n\nThe Ring Shear Testers of the RST-01 series are suited for all powders and bulk\nsolids up to a particle size of 5 .. 10 mm. The basic version is the RST-01.01 \nwhere an operator is required during the test. The Ring Shear Tester RST-01.pc\nperforms the tests automatically, i.e. controlled by a Personal Computer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0595fdeb-9d82-49c0-a987-ff3892117cbd", - "label": "TIDE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "TIDE GAUGES are devices for measuring the height of a tide; a\ngraduated staff in a sheltered location where visual\nobservations can be made or it might have a recording device\nattached (marigraph) which make continuous graphic record of\nheight against time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e22804e-4100-4129-b239-b91be5b21fc3", - "label": "SPRING BALANCE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bc9781d-87b7-49c6-9647-876c7144eade", - "label": "GROUND WATER LEVEL GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "GROUND WATER LEVEL GAUGES are measuring instruments for\nmeasuring and indicating a quantity or for testing conformity\nwith a standard of the level of groundwater in an unconfined\naquifer below which the porous medium is saturated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46d11d98-dbd4-4543-9e0e-3b4f3e763d36", - "label": "WATER LEVEL GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "WATER LEVEL GAUGES are devices used for measuring and recording\nwater levels in rivers, lakes, or wells with respect to time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5443ac3e-5066-4a89-a973-93b345c91947", - "label": "TEOM", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "In the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM), the air\nis sucked in through the sampling head which restricts the size\nof the particle entering the device (for instance a PM10\nsampling head will only allow particles with a diameter less\nthan or equal to 10 micro-meters). Some of the air then passes\nthrough the filter within the tapered element oscillating\nmicrobalance and as the number of particles deposited increases\nthe natural frequency of the vibration of the element\ndecreases. There is therefore a direct relationship between the\nchange in the vibrating frequency and the mass on the filter.\n\nThe TEOM measures the mass of the particles and allows 15-minute\naverage readings, which is very useful for tracking pollution\nincidents as it allows real time analysis. However, it tends to\nunder-read the particle levels monitored compared with the\nPartisol Plus Unit as it is heated to prevent water entering the\ndevice, and therefore many of the volatile particles are\nevaporated.\n\n[Summary provided by The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59819689-d637-4468-a9e6-a6123190c61a", - "label": "STRAIN GAUGE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66b99c8a-5962-4049-af83-b2eafd59d1df", - "label": "LYSIMETERS", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "LYSIMETERS are types of evaporation gauges that consists of a\ntank or pan of soil placed in a field and manipulated so that\nthe soil, water, thermal, and vegetative properties in the tank\nduplicate as closely as possible to the properties of the\nsurrounding area; uses various methods to determine the\nreductions in the weight of the instruments so that water loss\ndue to evapotranspiration can be computed; some lysimeters deal\nwith the studies of chemical leaching and others like\nshear-stress lysimeters have been developed to measure the\nsurface momentum flux from the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69bcf472-1c03-40fd-b304-1abb09fc5398", - "label": "ADG", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "The acoustic depth gauge (ADG) measures the distance from the gauge to the\nsnow. The distance to the snow surface in mm and the air temperature used to\ncalculate the speed of sound for the distance measurement are recorded in a\nmemory module at 1 hour intervals along with the hour and the Julian day of the\nyear. The snow accumulation is calculated by subtracting the ADG depth from the\ninitial distance to the snow. Figure 1 shows the June 1992 ADG record at the\ntime of installation. The July 1992 record shows that the snow surface may be\nexposed for long time periods without significant snow accumulation. Once the\nsnow surface is covered with additional snow without being exposed later the\nlayer can be considered stored. Sampling the previously exposed surface should\ngive an idea of the dry fall and sampling the snow between exposed layers\nshould give information about the wet fall. The accumulation between previously\nexposed layers may be precipitation or it could be snow trans ported to the\nsite. A similar approach is planned for Siple Dome and the new drilling site\nnear Byrd Station.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/pastmeetings/abstracts99/stearns.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a0afbcb-36d7-4b10-a2c1-35d4d14d6c75", - "label": "RAIN GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "A RAIN GAUGE is an instrument that measures and records the\nlevel or levels of rain or precipitation.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RAIN GAUGES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Gauges\n Short_Name: RAIN GAUGES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6eebaf59-4863-492b-97fd-f96af8c1fbdf", - "label": "WAVE HEIGHT GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "WAVE HEIGHT GAUGES are devices used for measuring the vertical\ndistance between a wave crest and the preceding or following\nwave trough.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ce49fe7-db96-44cf-a242-fdfca6337087", - "label": "BALANCE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "A BALANCE is a scale used for weighing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bd0a7b8-bb67-4b44-b2bc-cf975f93ea10", - "label": "STREAM GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "STREAM GAUGES are devices for measuring the river stage or level\nof the water surface in a river measured with reference to some\ndatum; also called a river gauge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac4ef2f4-6dbb-4ae2-b78e-4f016f7cb6d3", - "label": "ORG", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "An Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) is a sensitive instrument for\nmeasuring precipitation. Precipitation is measured by detecting\nthe optical scintillation induced by drops falling through an\ninfrared optical beam. By detecting the intensity of the\nscintillations that are characteristics of precipitation, the\nactual rainfall rate can be estimated. This instrument provides\nrain accuracy of 5% and rain resolution of 0.001 mm .\n\n[Source: National MST Radar Facility]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afaef469-286c-4bc9-a31a-6a130327caed", - "label": "LAND SUBSIDENCE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c860abca-20ba-43e6-add6-994bbdd61c94", - "label": "RAD GAUGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "The Rad Gauge combines the affects of the air temperature,\naltitude, and barometric pressure. The gauge is calibrated in\npercentage points. Its main advantage is that it provides the\ntuner with an indication of how much the air density percentage\npoints. Its main advantage is that it provides the tuner with an\nindication of how much the air density changes. The RAD gauge\nwill help a tuner maintain the ideal fuel air mixture. Once the\ntuner sets the carburetor tuning perfectly, he then sets the RAD\ncalibration screw so the RAD needle is 100%. When the air\ndensity changes, the RAD gauge will show the relative percent of\nchange. The tuner can multiply the RAD gauge percentage by the\nmain jet size and determine the corrected main jet size for the\nair density.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce453fe8-6e46-43dc-870b-2728d3fc12f6", - "label": "IONIZATION PRESSURE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "A high-pressure ionization gauge is described with a novel\nelectrode system of rugged construction. The electrodes consist\nof two parallel electron collector plates and two parallel ion\ncollector plates mounted at right angles to each other with a\nfilament running axially down the centre. The filament consists\nof a platinum-10% rhodium wire with an yttrium oxide coating\nallowing the gauge to operate in reactive gases such as\natmospheric air up to a pressure of 5 torr. The evaluation of\nthe gauge characteristics has enabled the optimum operating\nconditions to be achieved. The gauge sensitivity is equal to\n0.11 torr-1 for air and constant within the pressure range 1\ntorr to 50 torr providing the electron accelerating potential is\nnot greater than 42 V. The gauge can be usefully employed in the\npressure range required for applications such as cathodic\nsputtering, vacuum melting, gas discharge studies, and as a\nsecondary calibration standard.\n\n[Summary provided by the Journal of Scientific Instruments]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d67b2277-d13a-4241-b0ec-a7e882628c2c", - "label": "TRETYAKOV GAUGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "The Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge has been used historically as the official precipitation measurement instrument in the Russian (formerly the USSR) climatic and hydrological station network and in a number of other European countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of this gauge were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 11 stations in Canada, the USA, Russia, Germany, Finland, Romania and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison. The Intercomparison data collected at the different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (measured/DFIR) for the same gauge, when compared using mean wind speed at the height of the gauge orifice during the observation period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfc90592-5ad2-48a6-9639-52d8021ff6c2", - "label": "ULTRASONIC DEPTH GAUGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "Snow depth is monitored constantly beneath the instrument tower\nusing a Campbell Scientific UDG01 Ultrasonic Depth Gauge. This\nsensor measures the distance from the sensor to the surface; it\nis currently mounted at 6.0 above the ground, so during peak\nsnowpack conditions it is 2-3 m above the snow surface. The\nprimary components of this sensor are the Polaroid Ultrasonic\ntransducer and the Polaroid 6500 Sonar Ranging Module. The\ninstrument bounces an ultrasonic wave off the surface and\nlistens for the return echo. The time from transmit to return of\nthe echo is the basis for determining the distance to the\nsurface. The sensor has a measurement range of 0.1-6 m, and an\naccuracy of +/- 1 cm or 0.4% of Distance to Target, whichever is\ngreatest. The measurement resolution is 0.5 mm. The IFOV of the\nsensor is approximately 20 degrees, so at low snow depths (large\ndistances) echoes are sometimes recorded from the tower itself,\nresulting in a multiple signal.\n\n[Source: University of Colorado at Boulder]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed5e049a-e17a-469f-8de4-20d9faa94b26", - "label": "BOTTOM PRESSURE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "The system designed to monitor sea level consists of a\ncombination of a bottom pressure sensor (the tide gauge itself)\nand a surface barometer. The combined use of these two pressure\nmeasurements, altogether with the knowledge of the density\nprofile of the water column above the tide gauge, allows to\ninfer the water level above the bottom pressure sensor. It will\nbe shown that for shallow waters, the accuracy will mainly\ndepend on the accuracy of the pressure sensors.\n\nThe used bottom pressure gauge is a WLR7 Aanderaa, which has a\nquartz crystal sensor whose oscillating frequency is a function\nof the absolute pressure exerted on it. The range of frequency\nvariations of the sensor determines the range of depths where\nthe instrument may be used. Since the bottom pressure sensor\nmeasures not only the pressure exerted by the water column\nabove, but also the atmospheric pressure, the later must be\nmeasured and conveniently subtracted. The barometer used to\nmeasure the atmospheric pressure is an Aanderaa 2810 model\ngiving the pressure difference between the two sides of a thin\nmembrane that is exposed to the atmospheric pressure on one side\nand to a reference vacuum on the other. Finally, the tide gauge\nalso has temperature and conductivity sensors. The first is\nincluded in all models, since temperature is required to\ncalibrate the pressure measurements. Instead, the conductivity\ncell is attached as an optional sensor. Pressure measurements\nare finally transformed into water level by using the well-known\nhydrostatic relationship g P h r = (1)\n\nWhere h is the height above the pressure sensor, P is the\npressure difference measured by the gauge sensor and he\nbarometer, g is the gravity acceleration and r is the density of\nthe water column above the pressure sensor. In this simplified\nversion of the hydrostatic equation density is assumed as\nconstant along the water column above the instrument, a\nreasonable assumption for a few meters depths. The time\nvariation of density is obtained by using the values of\ntemperature and conductivity provided by the WRL7 sensors. The\ncomplementary approach regarding density measurements would be\nto obtain periodical CTD profiles at the instrument site. In\nthat case, the water column would not be taken as constant with\nheight, but the time variations would have to be interpolated in\nbetween the CTD measurements. This approach would be more\nappropriate for gauges deployed at open sea, at depths of the\norder of tens of meters.\n\n[Summary provided by the Institut Mediterrani d' Estudis Avancats]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa4fb154-aafb-4cdb-9c10-9c07cbae9432", - "label": "GWLG", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "Used as meteorological sensor to measure the ground water level.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GWLG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Gauges\n Short_Name: GWLG\n Long_Name: GROUND WATER LEVEL GAUGES\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GWLG\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb8f849f-bbe5-4c62-9a50-d729718ad980", - "label": "E-BAM", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "The Met One Instruments E-BAM is in a class of its own as a portable, real-time beta gauge, which is comparable to U.S. EPA methods for PM2.5 and PM10 particulate measurements. The E-BAM has been built to satisfy users, regulators, and those from the health and safety community by providing truly accurate, precise, real time measurement of fine particulate matter. It is rugged, portable, battery operated, and deployable in 15 minutes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d3f2ff0-4f79-4ea8-b746-3fbcdd76f1f2", - "label": "TE525 Rain Gauge", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "The TE525-series tipping bucket rain gages are manufactured by Texas Electronics. They funnel precipitation into a bucket mechanism that tips when filled to a calibrated value. A magnet attached to the tipping mechanism actuates a switch as the bucket tips. The momentary switch closure is counted by the pulse-counting circuitry of Campbell Scientific dataloggers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0098e812-3fd1-4f8d-aaeb-ff22a4edf804", - "label": "ORG-815-DA", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", - "definition": "ORG® Optical Rain Gauge ORG-815 OSi’s ORG® (Optical Rain Gauge) is a superior tool\nfor rain measurement. The ORG® is the only instrument available to measure true rain rate. This\nmeans you avoid the reading errors due to mechanical limitations, which plague other low-\ntech gauges. No other rain sensor comes close to the ORG® in performance and features. Our scintillation technology has undisputed advantages over the competition.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "label": "Electrical Meters", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "Devices that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by an electrically powered device. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Electrical Meters\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Electrical Meters\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02064e6f-5647-4da1-bb5e-800924a82e27", - "label": "GALVANOMETER", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "A galvanometer is a type of ammeter: an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection of some type of pointer in response to electric current flowing through its coil in a magnetic field. The term has expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.\n\n[Summary provided by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GALVANOMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Electrical Meters\n Short_Name: GALVANOMETER\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/galvan.html\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer\n Sample_Image: http://www.elexp.com/test/sm-1102.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-17\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b6020a0-2e04-407d-83af-34eabfefb870", - "label": "COULOMETERS", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "A COULOMETER is a meter that uses coulombs (a unit of electrical\ncharge equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of\n1 ampere in 1 second) to help measure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "422f03c8-c41e-41e8-9ee0-6a3ecda8bb58", - "label": "ELECTRIC FIELD MILL", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "Electric field mills are used to measure the vertical component of the electric\nfield as the aircraft flies in the vicinity of electrified clouds. The dynamic\nrange of these instruments extends from the fair weather fields (a few tens of\nV/m) to large thunderstorm fields (thousands of V/m). Using these field mills,\nit is possible to detect both intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning from the\nabrupt electric field changes in the data.\n\nFrom: MSFC/GHRC Glossary of terms:\nhttp://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghrc/glossary.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46f0f371-af6e-4125-9b26-edcedad523ac", - "label": "MESA", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "The Miniature Electrostatic Analyzer (MESA), a USAFA-designed\npatch sensor that measures differential energy fluxes of\nelectrons from 0.1 eV to 13 eV in six channels, is the primary\nsensor aboard FalconSAT-2, a 25 kg micro-satellite manifested\nfor launch into an International Space Station (ISS) orbit via\nthe Space Shuttle in January 2003.\n\n[Summary provided by COSIS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c6afb8e-9ceb-45c1-a393-823c14e4e01c", - "label": "MIPS-EFM", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "The Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS) is a mobile\natmospheric profiling system. It includes a 915 MHz Doppler\nprofiler, lidar ceilometer, 12-channel microwave profiling\nradiometer, Doppler Sodar, Radio Acoustic Sounding System\n(RASS), Field Mills, and surface observing station. This dataset\nconsists of data from the Electric Field Mills that yield\ninformation about the atmospheric electrical fields above the\ninstruments.\n\n[Summary provided by GeoConnections]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "864856d9-94ac-4d71-abd3-3cbdbafb7184", - "label": "RDEFM", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "The Rotating Dipole Electric Field Mill (RDEFM) is used to to\nmeasure the vertical component of the electric field as the\naircraft flies in the vicinity of electrified clouds. The\ndynamic range of these instruments extends from the fair weather\nfields (a few tens of V/m) to large thunderstorm fields\n(thousands of V/m). Using these field mills, it is possible to\ndetect both intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning from the\nabrupt electric field changes in the data.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a5b3beb-e397-4ab9-8ded-06940862bd89", - "label": "UE", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ccbeebed-70e8-435e-ba33-b82d237caca4", - "label": "ELECTROMETER", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical hand-made mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices. Modern electrometers based on vacuum tube or solid state technology can be used to make voltage and charge measurements with very low leakage currents, down to 1 femtoampere. A simpler but related instrument, the electroscope, works on similar principles but only indicates the relative magnitudes of voltages or charges.\n\n[Summary provided by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ELECTROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Electrical Meters\n Short_Name: ELECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/electrometers/electrometers.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ptw.de/uploads/pics/unidos_atto.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-17\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1e33bbf-2f09-4e5d-ad79-a334f32839b1", - "label": "VOLTAGE METERS", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "VOLTAGE METERS are meters that measure the potential difference\nbetween two points.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eeb86e6d-1b9e-41a8-9a61-813e5c0874e4", - "label": "SNOW FORKS", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", - "definition": "[Adapted from Snow Fork: A portable instrument for measuring the properties of\nsnow, 'http://personal.inet.fi/business/toikka/ToikkaOy/snowfork.htm']\n\nSnow forks are explicitly designed for field use. They are designed to operate\nin extreme conditions, ranging from rainy weather to as low as 40 °C below\nzero. The sensor is a steel fork used as a microwave resonator. Snow forks\nmeasure electrical parameters: resonant frequency, attenuation and 3-dB\nbandwidth. The measuring results are used to calculate accurately the complex\ndielectric constant of snow. Further, the liquid water content and density of\nsnow are calculated using semi-empirical equations. All data will be shown\nimmediately on the display and can be stored in a solid-state memory.\n\nMeasurements made by a snow fork are reliable because:\n\n* there is no sampling\n\n* the fork does not compress the snow pack\n\n* the measurement is easily repeatable\n\n* the instrument can be checked by calibration measurement in the air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "label": "Chemical Meters/Analyzers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "Instrument for monitoring, measuring, or recording the rate of flow, pressure, or discharge of a fluid, particularly those with a distinct molecular composition that is produced by or used in a chemical process. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Short_Name: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03b03563-05d1-426f-9cc9-3410d4d5e214", - "label": "OZONE SENSOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Ozone sensors are instruments that are able to to provide ozone\nleak detection and ozone level measurements.\n\n [Summary provided by Ozone Services.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ea6e92c-3970-4662-a960-b928fc46ec8b", - "label": "PCASP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP) is an\nairborne probe, similar in size to the Cloud Particle Probe,\nPrecipitation Probe, and FSSP (see Cloud Physics\ninstrumentation). It is configured in a rugged 17.8 cm (7 inch)\ncylinder of 0.79 meter (31 inches) in length. A sampling cone\nextends out from the forward end cap, oriented in the direction\nof flight. A hollow rake at the rear of the cone creates a\nventuri that draws a large volume of air flow into the small\nopening at the tip of the cone during flight. The expanding cone\ndecelerates the input ram air to become iso-kinetic, with the\nsmall volume of actual sample air flow drawn straight into the\ninlet jet. The WMI-PCASP has 15 size channels, and measures\nparticles from 0.10 to 3.00 microns in diameter. Accuracy: ?20%\n(diameter), ?16% (concentration). The size that is determined by\nthe PCASP assumes that the scattered light detected is from a\nspherical particle of refractive index 1.58.\n\n[Summary provided by Weather Modifications, Inc]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ecdd685-9996-45af-b4e7-2df074c68368", - "label": "EGC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "181b36db-751a-441e-b87e-6719bbef7f44", - "label": "AETHALOMETER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A AETHAELOMETER is an instrument that measures soot\nconcentrations; used on an aircraft in the Kuwait Oil Fires.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bed8644-6254-4b14-8409-07645044b10f", - "label": "SPMAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fa24892-32e0-4c93-a6bf-23dc79301674", - "label": "NOAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25f8d5c2-1a32-4453-9421-65c5d9d3d114", - "label": "SAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "276af45e-11f4-4545-a05a-f74a8ce2612e", - "label": "CHN ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Analyzers (CHN ANALYZERS) are\ninstruments that performs analyses on the compound that contains\ncarbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "276edf98-202b-4ebc-b1e0-8deb61614d51", - "label": "SWMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27d770a5-fd5d-4eca-a1a3-285ed5f35ac2", - "label": "NM BARE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b2d61c1-30be-429d-8bc3-9ca8b81b4400", - "label": "NDIR GAS ANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "NDIR Gas Analyzers measure the densities of a specific\ncomponent in a sample gas.\n\n[Summary provided by Shimadzu]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c133c21-9b0a-42e6-94ac-0f148fe5aeef", - "label": "LACE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Lightweight Airborne Chromatograph Experiment (LACE) is a\ntwo-channel gas chromatograph (GC) that is designed for\noperation on balloons and remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) up to\n32 km in altitude. LACE, similar to Airborne Chromatograph for\nAtmospheric Trace Species (ACATS), is a joint collaborative\nproject between two National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) labs: the Climate Monitoring and\nDiagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) and Aeronomy Laboratory (AL) in\nBoulder, CO. The first test flights of this new instrument will\noccur during a Stratospheric Tracers for Atmospheric Transport\n(STRAT) deployment located at Fort Sumner, NM in June 1996. The\ndesign and construction of LACE is supported in part by the\nEnvironmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST)\nProgram of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Project of NOAA's Climate\nand Global Change Program (C&GP). The operation of LACE for\nSTRAT mission is s upported in part by the High Speed Research\nProgram (HSRP) of NASA, Upper Atmospheric Research Program of\nNASA, and the Atmospheric Chemistry Project of NOAA's C&CP.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/airborne/lace/lace.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "307def51-758d-4e3e-90a6-27d1603deb5b", - "label": "2DS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32402358-e5dc-4c01-bede-5304ebea0584", - "label": "GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Gas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample\nbeing vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The\nsample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile\nphase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed\nonto the surface of an inert solid.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "329d1c70-96da-43fd-b053-a4fb67e09d69", - "label": "SPECIFIC ION METERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "SPECIFIC ION METERS measure and record all data about a certain\ntype, piece, fragment, and/ or section of an ion; They are\nspecific for a specific ion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35dc5fc4-4c96-44d9-8710-0e99e00201c8", - "label": "FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Fluorescence illumination and observation is the most rapidly\nexpanding microscopy technique employed today, both in the\nmedical and biological sciences, a fact which has spurred the\ndevelopment of more sophisticated microscopes and numerous\nfluorescence accessories. Epi-fluorescence, or incident light\nfluorescence, has now become the method of choice in many\napplications and comprises a large part of this tutorial. We\nhave divided the fluorescence section of the primer into several\ncategories to make it easier to organize and download. Please\nfollow the links below to navigate to points of interest.\n\nIntroductory Concepts - Fluorescence is a member of the\nubiquitous luminescence family of processes in which susceptible\nmolecules emit light from electronically excited states created\nby either a physical (for example, absorption of light),\nmechanical (friction), or chemical mechanism. Generation of\nluminescence through excitation of a molecule by ultraviolet or\nvisible light photons is a phenomenon termed photoluminescence,\nwhich is formally divided into two categories, fluorescence and\nphosphorescence, depending upon the electronic configuration of\nthe excited state and the emission pathway. Fluorescence is the\nproperty of some atoms and molecules to absorb light at a\nparticular wavelength and to subsequently emit light of longer\nwavelength after a brief interval, termed the fluorescence\nlifetime. The process of phosphorescence occurs in a manner\nsimilar to fluorescence, but with a much longer excited state\nlifetime.\n\nAnatomy of the Fluorescence Microscope - In contrast to other\nmodes of optical microscopy that are based on macroscopic\nspecimen features, such as phase gradients, light absorption,\nand birefringence, fluorescence microscopy is capable of imaging\nthe distribution of a single molecular species based solely on\nthe properties of fluorescence emission. Thus, using\nfluorescence microscopy, the precise location of intracellular\ncomponents labeled with specific fluorophores can be monitored,\nas well as their associated diffusion coefficients, transport\ncharacteristics, and interactions with other biomolecules. In\naddition, the dramatic response in fluorescence to localized\nenvironmental variables enables the investigation of pH,\nviscosity, refractive index, ionic concentrations, membrane\npotential, and solvent polarity in living cells and tissues.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/\nfluorhome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37d788e3-1313-44a9-9446-03f863b457ff", - "label": "PAN ANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ce7f4f0-d2db-4352-8762-d88296f7aa15", - "label": "GC-MS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "In the simplest terms, the GC/MS instrument represents a device\nthat separates chemical mixtures (the GC component) and a very\nsensitive detector (the MS component) with a data collector (the\ncomputer component).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://caag.state.ca.us/bfs/toxlab/gcms.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the California Bureau of Forensic Services]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e507cc0-d6a2-4bd5-9598-70956268e9aa", - "label": "TSI CPC-3025", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "TSI's Model 3025A Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter is a continuous-flow particle counter that detects particles as small as 3 nm in diameter. A sheath-air flow design optimizes this CPC's efficiency for detecting ultrafine particles, for concentrations up to 105 particles/cm3. The 3025A responds quickly to concentration changes. It includes a front-panel display for viewing particle counts or concentration data. An internal microprocessor and built-in serial port simplify data collection and storage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e95f655-a6d2-4779-bd88-8d7c90f4a395", - "label": "LOPC-PMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "424121d2-5124-4883-bdc5-b827e3408050", - "label": "FIA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43bf80b9-854e-4e21-b36b-6b66f1f27687", - "label": "OAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Oxidants Automatic Measuring Instrument (OAMI) is a instrument\nfor measuring sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen; used for\nmonitoring air pollution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44d843af-0ffe-4f1b-9729-d239440bc20a", - "label": "PLANT STRESS MONITOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Plant Stress Monitors measure measures plant health by determining\nthe chlorophyll content of leaves. NASA also is seeking qualified\nU.S. companies to help further develop through exclusive or non-\nexclusive licenses a second device. That device, available for\ndevelopment between NASA and a commercial partner, is a portable\nvideo imager that determines plant health by measuring the\nreflected light of leaves to determine their chlorophyll content.\nThe device gives the user an easy-to-read indication of the\ncondition of plants being observed.\n\nResearchers at Stennis have constructed a prototype of each\ndevice and filed patent applications. The benefits of the new\ndevices are their portability, easy use, low cost, adaptability\nand accuracy. The devices may be applied to such areas as\nagriculture, precision farming, horticulture, plant research,\nforestry, paper manufacturing, lawn care and other public and\ngovernment activities.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b8e3b9a-ee98-41e1-94aa-263ebbd4de58", - "label": "CPA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Charged Particle Analyzer (CPA) experiment consists of four\ndetectors including the LoE, HiE, LoP and HiP. Each will be\ndescribed in some detail. The reader is referred to Higbie, et\nal., 1978, or Baker, et al., 1985, for further instrument\ninformation.\n\nCPA experiments were flown on a series of LANL satellites\nbeginning in 1976. In all, 8 satellites were flown, the last was\nlaunched in 1987. After 1979 a constellation of at least three\nsatellites with CPA detectors were continuously maintained and\nthe data from some subset were processed up until\n1995. Currently two satellites remain operational, however, the\nCPA data from these is not processed due to processor\nlimitations and their function has been replaced with other LANL\nsatellites with SOPA detectors.\n\nThe LoE (low energy electron) subsystem is a set of five,\nsimilar, solid-state sensors (700 microns thick) in a fan\narrangement at angles of +/- 60, +/- 45 and 0 degrees to the\nnormal to the satellite spin axis (directed toward the\nEarth). Each telescope has a collimating aperture with a half\nangle of ~2.6 degrees, which provides a geometrical factor of\n3.096E-03 cm-sq sr. As the satellite spins, (period of ~10\nseconds), the telescopes sweep out parallel bands. During the\ncourse of a single rotation, the five LoE detectors record 200\nsamples of the unit sphere at each energy. There are six nested\nenergy channels with approximate lower thresholds of 30, 45,\n65, 95, 140, and 200 keV. Each channel has an upper threshold\nof 300 keV. Each of the five telescopes is fronted by an\naluminized Mylar sunscreen. The LoE telescopes do not\ndiscriminate between particle species, but rely instead on the\nnormal preponderance of electrons at GEO. Therefore, there is\nalways a small contaminatio n of each electron channel by\nprotons and other ions (usually less than 1%).\n\nThe HiE (high energy electron) subsystem is a single element,\ncollimated, solid-state sensor (3000 microns thick) mounted\nperpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis with a field-of-view\nhalf angle of 3.7 degrees and a geometrical factor of 1.407 E-02\ncm-sq sr. It is designed to monitor high-energy electrons. There\nare six nested energy channels with approximate lower thresholds\nof 200, 290, 430, 630, 930, and 1350 keV. Each channel has an\nupper threshold of 2000 keV. The HiE detector records 40 samples\nof the particle distribution each rotation. It is fronted by an\naluminized Mylar sunscreen. As with the LoE, the HiE depends on\nthe preponderance of electrons at GEO for species\ndiscrimination.\n\nThe LoP (low energy proton) subsystem is a single element,\ncollimated, solid-state sensor (85 microns thick) mounted\nperpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis with a field-of-view\nhalf angle of 2.8 degrees and a geometrical factor of 2.948E-03\ncm-sq sr. It is designed to monitor protons, and has 10 nested\nenergy channels with lower thresholds that vary from satellite\nto satellite, but which are about 80, 90, 110, 135, 175, 200,\n240, 300, 365, 455 keV and an upper threshold of ~580 keV. The\nLoP detector records 40 samples of the particle distribution\neach rotation. Electron contamination to the proton channels is\nminimized by the action of a sweeping magnet. An\nanti-coincidence scintillation discriminator vetoes particles\npenetrating the sensor. The LoP is fronted by a 90 micro-inch,\nnickel sunscreen.\n\nThe HiP (high energy proton) subsystem is a single, tri-element,\ncollimated, solid-state telescope (45 microns, 3300 microns,\nand 500 microns thick) mounted perpendicular to the spacecraft\nspin axis. Except for the collimated aperture, the stack of\nthree solid-state sensors is completely surrounded by a plastic\nanti-coincidence shield. The HiP detector has two slightly\ndifferent fields-of-view and geometrical factors, depending on\nwhich sensor element the particle is analyzed by field-of-view\nhalf angles of 6.5 and 6.7 degrees and geometrical factors of\n4.685 E-02 and 4.813 E-02 cm-sq sr. The HiP is designed to\nmonitor high-energy protons with 16 differential energy\nchannels. The channels differ slightly from satellite to\nsatellite due to slight variations in sensor dead-layers and in\nthe thickness of the front elements. However, the nominal\nenergy thresholds for the 16 channels are 0.4 MeV, 0.5, 0.6,\n0.8, 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.8, 4.3, 8.0 14, 23, 33, 48, 71, and 100,\nwith an uppe r threshold of ~160 MeV. Like the LoP, the HiP\nrecords 40 samples of the particle distribution each\nrotation. Again, electron contamination to the proton channels\nis minimized by the action of a one kilogauss sweeping\nmagnet. The HiP collimator is fronted by an aluminized Mylar\nsunscreen.\n\n[Summary provided by Leadbelly.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ee25aa6-e372-49db-8d5a-b9e1ccf76668", - "label": "NEUTRON MONITORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "NEUTRON MONITORS are devices that observe and study by way of\nmeasurement and recording data about the neutron or uncharged\n(neutral) subatomic particle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "554a3c73-3b48-43ea-bf5b-8b98bc2b11bc", - "label": "ADS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "[Adapted from 'AUTOMATED DNA SEQUENCING',\n'http://www.p2000.umich.edu/chemical_waste/cw12.htm#Overview', by University of\nMichigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health]\n\nIn general, DNA sequencing involves determining the positions of labeled \nnucleotides that have been incorporated into a replicated piece of DNA. \nTraditionally, the nucleotides were labeled with radioactive isotopes and the \nsequnce read using autoradiography. The use of an automated DNA sequencer, \nhowever, negates the need for radioactive isotopes, and instead, uses a \nfluorescent dye to label the nucleotides. A laser stimulates the fluorescent \ndye, and then, the fluorescent emissions are collected on a charge coupled \ndevice that determines the wavelengths of those emissions. Each labeled \nnucleotide is distinguished by a different wavelenth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b02f9eb-6261-43c4-b403-25a4aa289e37", - "label": "MERCURY ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c38595e-5e7d-4513-9f0e-aa9b5f6b139f", - "label": "PH METERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "PH METERS are meters that measure the pH of any substance; water\nis neutral at 7.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e72c9a6-342e-4632-bb60-87a898f359b1", - "label": "AEROSOL/CLOUD PARTICLE SIZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f22a292-3c44-416a-ab29-fa9bfabb906b", - "label": "TOTCAP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Program (AEAP) is charged\nwith the effects of aircraft on climate and on the chemistry of\nthe atmosphere. Much of this effort has been dedicated to\ninterpretation of atmospheric observations and prediction of\nthe impact of future aircraft fleets using two-and\nthree-dimensional models. However, some of the information\nneeded to assess aircraft impacts is lacking. In response, the\nTropospheric Ozone and Tracers from Commercial Aircraft\nPlatforms (TOTCAP) project was conceived as a means to gather a\nlong-term data set that would address transport in the\ntropopause region. Students in Linnea Avallone's group and LASP\ntechnical staff have designed and tested a suite of instruments\nthat measures several trace gases. Although ultimately this\ninstrument package will be flown on commercial (revenue)\naircraft, it was initially deployed on NASA's DC-8 flying\nlaboratory during the SOLVE campaign to study ozone loss in the\nnorthern hemisphere. Four i ndependent chemical sensors are\npackaged into a single unit that operates autonomously.\n\nMeasurements of ozone (by ultraviolet absorption), water vapor\n(by near-infrared tunable diode laser spectroscopy), carbon\ndioxide (by near-infrared absorption), and short-lived\nhalocarbons (by gas chromatography) are made continuously\nduring aircraft flight, every second for O3, H2O and CO2, and\nevery four minutes for halocarbons. The wide range of lifetimes\nand source/sink processes for these compounds provide the means\nto assess the relative importance of various transport\nprocesses in determining the chemical composition of the\ntropopause region. A more complete understanding of these\nprocesses (e.g., convection, stratosphere-troposphere exchange)\nis essential to the construction of realistic atmospheric\nmodels that are used to assess the impact of aviation. Until\napplications on commercial aircraft become a reality, the\ninstruments will be used in other projects to study chemistry\nand transport in the troposphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lasp.colorado.edu/programs_missions/present/totcap/'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Colorado]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "664b4f38-b657-42de-9e76-f300805b02ac", - "label": "TSI CPC-3010", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "With a footprint that measures only 19 by 22 cm, the Model 3010 offers flexibility and convenience that only a small particle counter can provide. Yet it includes a number of high-powered features. Like a lower detection limit of 10 nm. Its high signal-to-noise ratio means it detects these small particles with remarkable accuracy. Its higher flow rate makes it more suitable for low-concentration aerosols. Like our top-of-the-line Condensation Particle Counters, the Model 3010 includes a front-panel display, microprocessor, and serial port. Plus, it is SMPS compatible. The 3010 requires an external pump, which must be purchased separately.\n\nTrade-In your CPC Model 3010 and recieve 15% off the purchase of the newer, equivalent model.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6656d674-a63d-4c68-9a61-59fd8cdf0c6b", - "label": "ACATS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Airborne Chromatograph For Atmospheric Trace Species (ACATS) is designed to measure a variety of organic chlorine and long-lived species in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. The instrument includes four separate gas chromatographic (GC) channels each incorporating an electron capture detector. Channels can be configured by selecting different GC columns to measure the following combination of individual trace gas species: CFC-11 and CFC-113; CH3CCl3 (MC) and CCl4 (CT); CFC-12 and N2O; or HCFC-22, CH3Cl, or hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. The gas chromatograph can measure one sample every 2-3 minutes with a detection limit of 2% of the maximum tropospheric value. The absolute accuracy of the measurement is +/- 3% plus precision.\n\nThis research is supported by the High Speed Research Program (HSRP) of NASA and the Atmospheric Chemistry Project of NOAA's Global Climate Change Program.\n\nAdditional information available at the ACATS Home Page:\nhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/airborne/acats/\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACATS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Short_Name: ACATS\n Long_Name: Airborne Chromatograph for Atmospheric Trace Species\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA WB-57F\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/airborne/acats/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66caadfa-f3e1-4491-918a-5db7c07f8e19", - "label": "HPLC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is one method for identifying\nvarious phytoplankton groups in water samples by using pigments as\nchemotaxonomic markers. HPLC also has a wide variety of applications in\nseparation, identification, purification, and quantification of various\ncompounds.\nSee:\nhttp://kerouac.pharm.uky.edu/ASRG/HPLC/hplcmytry.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67e485bb-e086-4fd1-9f04-519d13a51476", - "label": "SOPA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The The Synchronous Orbit Particle Analyzer (SOPA) instrument is\ndesigned to provide high spatial, high-resolution energetic\nparticle measurements at geo-synchronous orbit on spinning\nsatellites. As such it monitors electrons, protons, helium,\ncarbon, nitrogen, and oxygen ions individually and all particles\nwith Z > sulfur and all particles with Z > strontium above\ncertain energies. Finally, the SOPA E by dE/dx capability is\nexploited to provide dual parameter pulse height analysis\n(PHA). This feature extends the ion coverage, in principal, to\nall ions. The SOPA instrument, because it collects many samples\nof the surrounding particle populations (64 per spin period),\ncan be used to determine the symmetry axis of the distribution\nthus providing the magnetic field orientation. The reader is\nreferred to Belian, et al., 1992, for further information.\n\nThe instrument consists of three solid-state detector telescopes\n(T1, T2 and T3) that accept particles from three different\ndirections relative to the spacecraft spin axis. Each telescope\nconsists of a thin, 4 ?m, 10 mm2 front detector followed by a\nthick, 3000 ?m, 25 mm2 back detector. A collimator, with 11?\n(full width) field of view fronts the detector stack. High and\nlow Z passive shielding completely surround the active\nsolid-state detectors providing protection from side penetrating\nparticles. The shielding is sized to stop 50% of the 6 MeV\nelectrons and 65 MeV protons incident normal to the shielding\nsurface.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://leadbelly.lanl.gov/psm/dickb.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Leadbelly]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "686f0f1d-ed3c-4510-8bee-224f195013ab", - "label": "OZONE DETECTORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A Ozone Detector is typically used in areas around ozone\ngenerators, gas chambers, vent gas (post-destruct) systems, gas\ndelivery systems, and inside semiconductor tools. In most of\nthese environments an ozone detector is required in order to\ncomply OSHA/TLV requirements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.inusacorp.com/ozone_detector_d.html'\n\n[Summary provided by InUSA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68c246e3-ae56-4976-9fe2-7300cfa7d97a", - "label": "IONIZATION CHAMBER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A IONIZATION CHAMBER is an apparatus used to study the\nproduction of ions in the atmosphere by cosmic ray and\nradioactive bombardment of air molecules; it is an airtight\ncontainer usually cylindrical and has an insulated electrode in\nthe center of the chamber; ions produced are collected by the\nelectrode and measured by an electrometer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a7f7d2d-6d6d-4bd2-b814-0f8e4df3896a", - "label": "HAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b018752-d66e-46d7-8fe7-76aa2c8e2e13", - "label": "RPA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Retarding Potential Analyzer (RPA) which was developed at the University of\nTexas at Dallas, were flown aboard NASA's Dynamics Explorer-2 spacecraft. It\nconsists of two planar sensors that view approximately along the spacecraft\nvelocity vector. One sensor provides a measure of the total ion flux entering\nthe sensor aperture from which structure in this parameter can be measured with\nextreme sensitivity. The other sensor has internal grids that can be stepped\nthrough positive voltage waveforms to modulate the incoming ion flux that\nreaches the collector. The resulting ion-flux versus retarding potential\nmeasurements are used to derive the ion temperature, the ion drift velocity\nalong the sensor look direction ,and the ion composition. \n\n[Source: University of Texas, Dallas.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bbff5f7-727a-4c21-b322-2c2ff16aca8d", - "label": "UHSAS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c810285-f58a-4790-800e-1fb55919b30e", - "label": "CNC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Condensation Nuclei Counter (CNC) is optical method for\ncounting atmospheric aerosol particles.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e67cba9-163d-41f6-b9bc-177298e24f55", - "label": "PICARRO G2401-mc CO2, CH4, CO, H2O INSTRUMENT", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78090906-ba69-42f4-97a0-c770556e236e", - "label": "FLOW CYTOMETRY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "'Cytometry refers to the measurement of physical and/or chemical\ncharacteristics of cells, or, by extension, of other biological particles. Flow\nCytometry is a process in which such measurements are made while the cells or\nparticles pass, preferably in single file, through the measuring apparatus in a\nfluid stream. Flow Sorting extends flow cytometry by using electrical or\nmechanical means to divert and collect cells with one or more measured\ncharacteristics falling within a range or ranges of values set by the user.'\n\nThis definition for Flow Cytometry is adapted from the third edition of: Howard\nShapiro: 'Practical Flow Cytometry'. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79f76e22-ae42-450d-8bed-d05a800f6ea0", - "label": "AUTOANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "An AutoAnalyzer provides a testing and software maintenance\nenvironment for software engineers. Builds an interactive structure\nchart of source code, traces use of global variables, measures and\ndisplays test coverage analysis, performance information.\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aecabfb-0047-484f-8396-efc0da16bc20", - "label": "CO2 ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "CO2 ANALYZERS are devices that that performs analyses on carbon\ndioxide; similar to the carbon and CHN analyzers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b08ac7a-6242-4fc5-bff9-e7d0c6341555", - "label": "CPC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bd773dd-d715-473b-8e24-64b32138515f", - "label": "GAS CORRELATION FILTERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "GAS CORRELATION FILTERS are a form of nondispersive infrared\nspectrometry that takes advantage of the banded nature of\ngas-phase infrared spectra.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f60d215-8aea-467c-9c48-8a88d35da522", - "label": "CCN", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Developed by Droplet Measurement Technologies, the CFSTGC is based on a concept by Roberts and Nenes [2005]. The instrument counts the fraction of aerosol particles that become droplets when exposed to a given water vapor supersaturation (RH > 100%).\n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/CFSTGC", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f7bb2bd-89a6-418e-b291-8fb5af7dcf4f", - "label": "GAS SENSORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f96c0f8-d032-4055-95e6-2dcb4f3cc045", - "label": "ROCK-EVAL IV", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8421ed50-4ae2-4df7-bd76-9fd7b8aea9a6", - "label": "FLAME-IONIZATION DETECTOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "FLAME-INONIZATION DETECTORS are types of detectors used in gas\nchromatography; Individual components of a gas mixture elute\nfrom the column and are burned in a hydrogen flame, where a\nlarge quantity of ions are produced. The ions are vented through\na collector tube, which is maintained at some electrical\npotential so that a current passes through the ions produced in\nthe flame to the collector. The current measured is proportional\nto the quantity of eluted compound. The technique has found the\nmost for the measurement of organic compounds (hydrocarbons) in\nthe atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "861b4cd3-ffb6-4e6f-b3df-368d082ca812", - "label": "OZONE MONITORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Ozone Monitors continuously measures the concentration of ozone\nin the air. Air drawn into the instrument is divided into two\npaths, one of which has a scrubber that removes all the ozone\nfrom the air stream. Abeam of ultraviolet light is passed\nthrough both air streams and the difference in the amount of\nlight that is absorbed by the two streams is proportional to the\nozone concentration. This ability to absorb ultraviolet light is\nwhy ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from excessive\nultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ground-level ozone, formed\nfrom photochemical reactions involving oxides of nitrogen and\nreactive organic compounds, is linked to respiratory injury and\nincreased incidence of asthma attacks.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.wx.rutgers.edu/PAM/apm.shtml'\n\n[Summary provided by Rutgers University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b2daf2b-79d8-4a58-af0d-77fe1bc4191b", - "label": "PMS 2D-S PROBE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "[Source: LPVEx Two-Dimensional Stereo Probe and Cloud Particle Imager home page, http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/uso/ds_docs/gpmgv/lpvex/gpmcilpvex/gpmcilpvex_dataset.html ]\n\nThe 2D stereo probe (2D-S) utilizes two laser beams that cross at right angles in the middle of the sample volume. The overlap region where the two laser beams intersect defines an area where two orthogonal views of particles are obtained, which improves sample volume boundaries and sizing of small (less than 100 μm) particles as compared to conventional optical array probes. The use of two high-speed, 128-photodiode linear arrays allows the 2D-S probe to produce shadowgraph particle images with 10-μm pixel resolution at aircraft speeds up to 250 m s−1. The stereo views of particles in the overlap region can also improve determination of the three-dimensional shape of a particle. Features of this probe are:\n\n- Has two 128-photodiode linear arrays working independently as high-speed and high-resolution optical imaging probes.\n\n- Captures two-dimensional images of particles passing through the sample volume where laser beams overlap.\n\n- The region where the beams overlap uniquely defines the depth-of-field (and thus the sample volume) for small particles.\n\n- Response time is 10 times faster than older probes.\n\n- Particles as small as 10 microns imaged at 200 m/s.\n\n- Greatly improved determination of sample volume and sizing of small particles less than 100 microns.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PMS 2D-S PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Short_Name: PMS 2D-S PROBE\n Long_Name: Particle Measuring Systems 2D-S Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEECHCRAFT KING AIR\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 10 microns\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/uso/ds_docs/gpmgv/lpvex/gpmcilpvex/gpmcilpvex_dataset.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-03-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b6b7c59-9eba-4b28-8d56-998b3681b237", - "label": "PMS 2D-P PROBE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Particle Measuring System (PMS) Two Dimensional Cloud and\nPrecipitation (2D-P) Probe records the two dimensional shadows\nof hydrometeors as they pass through a focussed He-Ne laser\nbeam.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghrc/glossary/glossary-ps.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c26aafd-eebc-41ad-8bed-d48a1da42c7d", - "label": "AEROSOL MONITOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The aerosol monitor measures mass concentrations of airborne\ndust, smoke, mists, haze, and fumes and provides continuous\nreal-time readouts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92f99316-b581-4adb-9980-aeb6bed64eee", - "label": "CIP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "CIP obtains cloud particle images using a 64-element photodiode array probe to generate 2-Dimensional images of particles from 25-1550 μm, as well as sizing in 1-Dimensional histogram form, and includes housekeeping data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "950f43fd-6ae5-4843-92b4-90777ae8f0be", - "label": "LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHS are sensors that study or collect data\nfrom the liquid layers of the chromatosphere (solar atmosphere\nabove the PHOTOSPHERE and beneath the transition region and the\nCORONA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "965f5727-1ea6-44ad-915c-962614ba9253", - "label": "PMS 2D-C PROBE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Particle Measuring System Two Dimentional Cloud and Precipitation (2D-c) Probe records the two dimensional shadows of cloud hydrometeors as they pass through a focussed He-Ne laser beam in the size range 25-800 micrometers.\n\n[Summary provided by Global Hydrology Resource Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PMS 2D-C PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Instrument_Type: PMS 2D-C PROBE\n Short_Name: PMS 2D-C PROBE\n Long_Name: Particle Measuring Systems 2D-C Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/data/software/pms2d\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96caaaf9-c813-4973-9491-772a7963b792", - "label": "AWQT", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "972dae4e-73b2-46d1-8817-3789bef4e11b", - "label": "PAM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A Portable Fluorescence Analyzer (PAM) is a device used to\nmeasure chlorophyll fluorescence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fb77604-82f9-4ad1-9995-c0a99df09629", - "label": "PMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2983835-be12-4a07-b2b5-349718045ab4", - "label": "FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Among instrumental techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy is\nrecognized as one of the more sensitive. In fluorescence, the\nintensity of the emission of the sample is measured. The reason\nfor the high sensitivity of fluorescence techniques is that the\nemission signal is measured above a low background level. This\nis inherently more sensitive than comparing two relatively large\nsignals as in absorption spectroscopy. The sensitivity of\nfluorescence techniques is as much as 1000 times more sensitive\nthan absorption spectroscopy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.pti-nj.com/tech_3.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3df384f-6eea-47a5-9846-ff9e4dfd5ec5", - "label": "ARGUS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "ARGUS is a two channel, tunable diode laser instrument set up\nfor the simultaneous, in situ measurement of CO (carbon\nmonoxide) and CH4 (methane) in the troposphere and lower\nstratosphere. The instrument measures 40 x 30 x 30 cm and weighs\n21 kg. An auxiliary, in-flight calibration system has dimensions\n42 x 26 x 34 cm and weighs 17 kg. The instrument is an\nabsorption spectrometer operating in rapid scan, second-harmonic\nmode using frequency-modulated tunable lead-salt diode lasers\nemitting in the mid-infrared.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad863cd5-c697-4221-9280-31ac395e80c6", - "label": "SMPS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) Sizer is based on\nthe principal of the mobility of a charged particle in an\nelectric field. Particles entering the system are neutralized\n(using a radioactive source) such that they have a Fuchs\nequilibrium charge distribution. They then enter a Differential\nMobility Analyzer (DMA) where the aerosol is classified\naccording to electrical mobility, with only particles of a\nnarrow range of mobility exiting through the output slit. This\nmonodisperse distribution then goes to a Condensation Particle\nCounter, which determines the particle concentration at that\nsize. The DMA consists of a cylinder, with a negatively charged\nrod at the center; the main flow through the DMA is particle\nfree 'sheath' air. It is important that this flow is\nlaminar. The particle flow is injected at the outside edge of\nthe DMA, particles with a positive charge move across the sheath\nflow towards the central rod, at a rate determined by their\nelectrical mobility.\n\nParticles of a given mobility exit through the sample slit at\nthe top of the DMA, while all other particles exit with the\nexhaust flow. The size of particle exiting through the slit\nbeing determined by the particles size, charge, central rod\nvoltage, and flow within the DMA. By (in the case of the SMPS)\nexponentially scanning the voltage on the central rod, a full\nparticle size distribution is built up.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cloudbase.phy.umist.ac.uk/field/instruments/smps.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Atmospheric Physics Group]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b116ce39-0740-423e-89cc-111c14439f7c", - "label": "ION CHROMATOGRAPHS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "ION CHROMATOGRAPHS are recorders that are used in\nchromatography; a form of high pressure liquid chromatography\nusing conductivity detectors where a combination of weak ionic\nsolvents are used to separate anions and cations of a solution,\nwith the contribution of the solvent to conductivity suppressed\njust prior to detection; measures anions such as sulfate,\nnitrate, and chloride in hydrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b18726c7-97b1-48a4-9ee0-9ed77415634f", - "label": "GC-ECD", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Gas Chromatography - Electron Capture Detector or GC-ECD is a technique used to analyze halogenated compounds and is primarily used in the environmental, forensic and pharmaceutical markets. Within an ECD, when certain molecules pass by the detector, they capture some of the electrons in the sample and this reduces the current measured. The compensation for this reduction is recorded as a positive peak.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b23f0161-64bb-45d7-b0c1-85aa9a1d2c8d", - "label": "PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The photosynthesis chamber is the chamber used to demonstrate\nthat photosynthesis is taking place in the leaves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b46bf990-c49d-4302-96ee-dce3c4f96d08", - "label": "CARBON ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A CARBON ANALYZER is an instrument that performs analyses on the\nelement of carbon and its many forms; studies all aspects of\nstate, behavior, formation, and composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b74e1bfe-67bf-4120-a399-56ebe124dfc8", - "label": "UCATS-GC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9caa53c-dc7d-4422-bacf-6fe5c092a7c9", - "label": "AVOCET", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9e15e2b-d3a4-42a5-9ddb-dff368d2a12f", - "label": "CHNS/O ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Instrument used for measuring carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen content in organic and other types of materials.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CHNS/O ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Short_Name: CHNS/O ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://las.perkinelmer.com/content/RelatedMaterials/Brochures/BRO_2400SeriesIICHNSOelementalAnalyzer.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-15\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb7586fa-5af4-495d-ab07-4f9c4a79b1a6", - "label": "GC-FID", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector or GC-FID is a common analytical technique that is widely used in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical and natural gas markets. A flame ionization detector (FID) is a scientific instrument that measures the concentration of organic species in a gas stream. It is frequently used as a detector in gas chromatography. An FID typically uses a Hydrogen/Air flame into which the sample is passed to oxidize organic molecules and produces electrically charged particles (ions). The ions are collected and produce an electrical signal which is then measured.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfc1ba63-1ad4-43a1-9afc-0caa8b06cf89", - "label": "SOMMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "An important facet of the US DOE sponsored research has been the\ndevelopment, purchase and use of standardized instrumentation\nfor use by the various measurement groups. In particular, the\nScience Team has emphasized the use of the SOMMA (Single\nOperator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) system, developed by\nKen Johnson, for the measurement of total dissolved inorganic\ncarbon.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.oasdpo.bnl.gov/mosaic/DOECO2/background.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca207c43-257d-459f-98e4-0f93e7105dc2", - "label": "WAS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Whole Air Sampler (WAS) collects samples for a range of\ntrace gases including CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, Methane, C2-C5 alkanes,\nC1 and C2 chlorinated compounds, Halons, methyl halides,\nBromochloromethanes, alkyl nitrates, etc.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/dir_off/airborne/was.html'\n\n[Source: NCAR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d069d617-1506-4b3c-bda2-55397c232f7f", - "label": "IRGA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA)is a portable, battery-powered\ninstrument, used to measure the carbon dioxide (CO2)\nconcentration in air and in enclosed chambers.\n\n[Summary provided by the Coweeta Long Term Ecological Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1a3d7a9-cc76-4e8a-a587-b603ef30b5c2", - "label": "DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZERS are devices used to remove from\na flowing gas stream a predictable fraction of particles within\na narrow size range based upon electrical mobility (the\nelectrical velocity of the particle divided by the field\nstrength).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d57eaaed-a3e4-4d41-8fce-48ebaff1d5df", - "label": "SFM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8efbcb9-9ab3-4016-b7ff-6426cd0bf545", - "label": "EQUILIBRATORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "EQUILIBRIATORS are devices used to bring data or material to a\nchemical stasis, state of balance or equilibrium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d984900c-fb06-4e06-9400-3d51b868663c", - "label": "INCUBATOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "An incubator is an apparatus in which environmental conditions, such as\ntemperature and humidity, can be controlled, often used for growing bacterial\ncultures, hatching eggs artificially, or providing suitable conditions for a\nchemical or biological reaction.\n\n[The American Heritage Dictionary.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9e2e316-5a3e-42f4-b10a-b51bd53d0f9a", - "label": "FRRF", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df90c6d6-4201-4f3a-9792-22395447add6", - "label": "PICARRO L2130-i Flight Ready Water Vapor Isotopic Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0882651-d7f3-4a49-bce4-db48d7228875", - "label": "POROMETER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A Porometer is an instrument used for determining the total\nthrough and non-through pore volume of materials.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.arcihyd.com/html/tf/pp.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by ARCI]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3f31009-e95d-411f-b5ce-2e17e5905ac5", - "label": "UCN", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4f6292b-6823-48b9-85ef-df8e7f911c6e", - "label": "LGR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "LGR's CO/CO2 Analyzer simultaneously measures ambient levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water vapor with extraordinary precision in real time. Of course, higher precision may be achieved with modest averaging. (For simultaneous measurements of N2O and CO, please refer to LGR's N2O/CO Analyzer.) The instrument may be set up in minutes and does not require any cryogens or consumables. In addition, the Analyzer simultaneously measures water vapor mixing ratios with very high precision and accuracy. As a result, the instrument also reports the measured gases on a dry mole fraction basis accurately in real time without the need for sample drying, empirical corrections, or any post processing.\n\nhttps://www.lgrinc.com/analyzers/overview.php?prodid=32&type=gas", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e553e68d-bc64-4b5b-b4e5-c01cf3fc68d9", - "label": "IR CO2 ANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5e172d6-34e8-4cf7-8734-e5dbe487794f", - "label": "SSIES", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e83fdef6-eca3-4ce2-b3b3-8e92c385836b", - "label": "STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e904c3c7-0111-4d09-bb01-2b7bea9b4d3f", - "label": "FLUOROMETERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A fluorometer is an instrument that measures the amount of\nfluorescent radiation produced by a sample exposed to\nmonochromatic radiation.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/createsensorsupweb'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee6320cf-7ee8-4282-99f1-c5dc4dd42ca6", - "label": "AIR PERMEAMETERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Air permeameters measure the permeability of air through a solid substance \nsuch as snow, ice, soils, or rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eeed0f6b-5821-420f-b928-b0db22cabf74", - "label": "CO2NDIR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A Carbon Dioxide Nondispersive Infrared Analyzer (C02NDIR) registers \nconcentrations of CO2 in a stream of flowing air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f079e001-14f8-4a4b-85a3-1d73b98d0e3d", - "label": "P-SYSTEM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f131b3c1-72a6-4559-b586-a4a8f4a2fed9", - "label": "ACFA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1cabbcf-e278-49a1-8c6f-2ee656e9a914", - "label": "LICOR GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Licor Gas Exchange System measures photosynthesis,\nfluorescence and soil CO2 flux.\n\n[Summary provided by Li-Cor]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f54fd6d0-9705-4f45-8c78-7eaba058b1b6", - "label": "GC-TCD", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Gas Chromatography -Thermal Conductivity Detector or GC-TCD is a technique used to analyze inorganic gases (Argon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, etc.) and small hydrocarbon molecules. The TCD compares the thermal conductivity of two gas flows - the pure carrier (reference) gas and the sample. Changes in the temperature of the electrically-heated wires in the detector are affected by the thermal conductivity of the gas which flows around this. The changes in this thermal conductivity are sensed as a change in electrical resistance and are measured.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6a4576d-be7e-4f4c-b95a-a6a66245f1ec", - "label": "APMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6fd5d33-b69c-4e75-9f97-be980d8f2d1b", - "label": "LICOR SOIL GAS CHAMBER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The LICOR Soil Gas Chamber measures soil CO2 flux. The chamber has infrared \nanalyzers built into the sensor head.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.licor.com/env/Products/li6400/6400_soil.jsp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7a09d7f-59cd-495d-97ad-bc7a09a50b0d", - "label": "OZONEMETERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "OZONEMETERS are instruments for ascertaining the amount of ozone\nin the atmosphere, or in any gaseous mixture.\n\n[Source: Dictionary.Com]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8e7d425-cfe3-4b7e-b09d-7ae9770ffdd9", - "label": "ARI MINI CO, N2O, H2O", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb4c76e9-8aa8-4c4a-8346-44c8bf735633", - "label": "ATHOS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Airborne Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (ATHOS) uses\nlaser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to measure OH and HO2\nsimultaneously. OH is both excited and detected with the A2S+(u\n'=0) ? X2P +(u '=0) transition near 308 nm. HO2 is first reacted\nwith reagent NO to form OH and is then detected with LIF.\n\nThe ambient air is slowed from the aircraft speed of 240 m/s to\na controlled 8-40 m/s in an aerodynamic nacelle, and is then\npulled by a vacuum pump through a small inlet, up a sampling\ntube, and into two low-pressure detection cells. The first cell\nis for OH and the second for HO2. Detection occurs in each\ndetection cell at the intersection of the airflow, the laser\nbeam multi-passed through White cells, and the detector\nfield-of-view.\n\nThe laser has a 5 kHz pulse repetition frequency, 30 ns long\npulses, and is tuned on and off resonance with the OH transition\nto determine OH fluorescence and background signals. The\ndetector is gated to detect the OH fluorescence after the laser\npulse has cleared the detection cell. A reference cell\ncontaining OH shows when the laser is on and off resonance with\nthe OH transition.\n\nAn in-flight calibration system creates OH and HO2 outside the\ndetection chamber inlet and is currently used to monitor the\nrelative sensitivities of the two axes. The absolute\nuncertainty, which is determined in the laboratory and\nmaintained in flight with monitors, is ? 40%. The minimum\ndetectable mixing ratio (S/N =2, 60 seconds) is 0.015 pptv for\nOH and 0.06 pptv for HO2. All data are collected at 5 Hz. OH\nand HO2 signals are statistically significant at 5 Hz in plumes,\nbut they must be integrated for more than 20 seconds in clean\nair to get statistical significance. ATHOS can detect OH and HO2\nin clear air and light clouds from Earth's surface to the lower\nstratosphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/pem/brune.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbdeb76e-eb59-44dc-a34c-7fdf196ae887", - "label": "WVISO", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Measures Water vapor volume mixing ratio, isotope ratio of oxygen (d18O), isotope ratio of hydrogen (dD)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdcfecd6-9731-450e-94e8-5bc4c04e22a2", - "label": "OXYGEN METERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe37b7a7-b6ca-4880-8dcf-16973cd8ecc8", - "label": "LEE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "This experiment provided direct measurements of the energy input into the upper\natmosphere due to electrons and protons in the energy range of 0.2 to 25 keV.\nThe experiment acquired differential measurements of the energy influx and\nangular distribution. There were two detectors measuring electrons and protons\nfrom 0.2 to 25 keV in 16 logarithmically spaced steps, and one detector\nmeasuring 5 keV electrons continuously. Each detector consisted of a\ncylindrical electrostatic analyzer for species and energy selection, and a\nSpiraltron electron multiplier for particle detection. Energy distributions\nwere obtained by applying different fixed or stepped voltages to the deflection\nplates. Distributions in angle were measured using the spacecraft spin and the\nanalyzers' positions on the spacecraft. In the despun modes, measurements were\nobtained at 45 deg to the spacecraft equator, and radially away from the earth.\nDetector look angles were chosen to give optimum magnetic pitch-angle coverage\nwhen the spacecraft was moving either poleward or equatorward. All detectors\nwere identical in construction and used 1- x 6-mm entrance apertures. Counts\nwere accumulated over 55.7 ms and read out each main telemetry frame (62.5 ms).\nThe two stepped detectors moved one energy step once each main frame with the\nsame accumulation time, requiring about 1 s for a complete cycle of steps. More\ncomplete details of this experiment may be found in R. A. Hoffman et al., Radio\nSci., v. 8, n. 4, p. 393, 1973. NSSDC has all the useful data that exist from\nthis investigation. The LEE experiment was conducted on the AE-C spacecraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe4fc26d-cadb-4b24-bea6-5c6654f15986", - "label": "4-Channel CL", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "feed45ef-ac50-4a63-bd94-1a8f2affaba6", - "label": "OXYGEN ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Oxygen analyzer employs a ceramic zirconium oxide reaction\ncell, which develops a voltage between surfaces exposed to\ndifferent concentrations of oxygen. Ambient air is routed to the\ninterior of the cell, with the sample stream routed to the\nexterior of the cell. When the sample stream oxygen content is\n20.9%, the concentration normally found in air, the cell output\nvoltage is zero. As the oxygen content in the sample stream\ndrops, the zirconium oxide cell will sense the difference in\noxygen concentration between the sample and the ambient air, and\ngenerate a voltage that can be made proportional to the oxygen\ncontent of the sample stream.\n\n[Summary provided by Rutgers University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0a5f758-5fd9-4f04-8f2b-4dce83e7dae6", - "label": "C-TAG", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "“Comprehensive TAG”, developed with UC Berkeley, extends the thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph to include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in addition to semi-volatile vapors and particles, spanning C5 to C30 compounds. \n\nC-TAG extends the collection capability of the TAG family to include gas phase precursors that form aerosols in the atmosphere, which is one of the major sources of organic particle content. The C-TAG is built around two independent collection and gas chromatography modules coupled to a shared time-of-flight mass spectrometer (gc-HRTOF by Tofwerks). Custom miniature gas chromatographs have been developed to separate molecular species in the gas and particle channels. Each channel features a custom collection cell optimized for the two volatility ranges to be measured plus dedicated online calibration modules for full quantification. The instrument is fully automated including calibrations for continuous, unattended operation in the field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea17edb6-5c2d-4f17-bcf0-702fd2932024", - "label": "OC-EC Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Sunset Laboratory’s Semi-Continuous OCEC instrument has been developed as a field deployable alternative to integrated filter collection with subsequent laboratory analysis. This instrument can provide time-resolved OCEC analyses on a semi-continuous basis with OCEC (organic and elemental carbon) results comparable to the recognized NIOSH Method 5040. As currently performed, a quartz filter punch is mounted in the instrument, then samples are collected for the desired time period. Once the collection is complete, the oven is purged with helium, a stepped-temperature ramp increases the oven temperature to 850 °C, thermally desorbing organic compounds and pyrolysis products into a manganese dioxide (MnO2) oxidizing oven. As the carbon fragments flow through the MnO2 oven, they are quantitatively converted to CO2 gas. The CO2 is swept out of the oxidizing oven with the helium stream and measured directly by a self-contained non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector system. A second temperature ramp is then initiated in an oxidizing gas stream and any elemental carbon is oxidized off the filter and into the oxidizing oven and NDIR. The elemental carbon is then detected in the same manner as the organic carbon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6684e131-f3d0-4db9-8efc-1e19083b9e2a", - "label": "TOGA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "TOGA provides near-continuous real-time atmospheric mixing ratios of an extensive and growing list of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the C2-C10 molecular structure range. The list includes alkanes, alkenes, chlorofluorocarbons, halons, nitrates, nitriles, sulfides, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and ethers. Typically, a subset of some 60-70 unique trace gases are measured, with sufficient sensitivity to measure trace species in the remote background atmosphere and dynamic range to measure in highly polluted regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a61fcbd-c75f-4940-939f-6e4c7d84d643", - "label": "CRDS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Nearly every small gas-phase molecule (e.g., CO2, H2O, H2S, NH3) has a unique near-infrared absorption spectrum. At sub-atmospheric pressure, this consists of a series of narrow, well-resolved, sharp lines, each at a characteristic wavelength. Because these lines are well-spaced and their wavelength is well-known, the concentration of any species can be determined by measuring the strength of this absorption, i.e. the height of a specific absorption peak. But, in conventional infrared spectrometers, trace gases provide far too little absorption to measure, typically limiting sensitivity to the parts per million at best. CRDS - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy - avoids this sensitivity limitation by using an effective pathlength of many kilometers. It enables gases to be monitored in seconds or less at the parts per billion level, and some gases at the parts per trillion level.\n\nIn CRDS, the beam from a single-frequency laser diode enters a cavity defined by two or more high reflectivity mirrors. Picarro analyzers use a three-mirror cavity, as in the figure below, to support a continuous traveling light wave. This provides superior signal to noise compared to a two-mirror cavity that supports a standing wave. When the laser is on, the cavity quickly fills with circulating laser light. A fast photodetector senses the small amount of light leaking through one of the mirrors to produce a signal that is directly proportional to the intensity in the cavity.\n\nWhen the photodetector signal reaches a threshold level (in a few tens of microseconds), the continuous wave (CW) laser is abruptly turned off. The light already within the cavity continues to bounce between the mirrors (about 100,000 times), but because the mirrors have slightly less than 100% reflectivity (99.999%), the light intensity inside the cavity steadily leaks out and decays to zero in an exponential fashion. This decay, or 'ring down', is measured in real-time by the photodetector, and the amount of time it takes for the ring down to happen is determined solely by the reflectivity of the mirrors (for an empty cavity). Consider that for a Picarro cavity of only 25 cm in length, the effective pathlength within the cavity can be over 20 kilometers.\n\nNow, if a gas species that absorbs the laser light is introduced into the cavity, a second loss mechanism within the cavity (absorption) is now introduced. This accelerates the ring down time compared to a cavity without any additional absorption due to a targeted gas species. Picarro instruments automatically and continuously calculate and compare the ring down time of the cavity with and without absorption due to the target gas species. This produces precise, quantitative measurements that account for any intra-cavity loss that may be changing over time, and it allows the discrimination of loss due to absorption from losses due to the cavity mirrors. Furthermore, the final concentration data is particularly robust because it is derived from the difference between these ring down times and is therefore independent of laser intensity fluctuations or absolute laser power.\n\nThis scheme of comparing the ring down time of the cavity without any absorbing gas, with the ring down time when a target gas is absorbing light is accomplished not by removing the gas from the cavity, but rather by using a laser whose wavelength can be tuned. By tuning the laser to different wavelengths where the gas absorbs light, and then to wavelengths where the gas does not absorb light, the 'cavity only' ring down time can be compared to the ring down time when a target gas is contributing to the optical loss within the cavity. In fact, the laser is tuned to several locations across the target gas's spectral absorption line (and ring down measurements are conducted at all these points) and a mathematical fit to the shape of that absorption line is what is actually used to calculate the gas concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfaf8b81-6ef6-49d3-bb38-8062985158a2", - "label": "PILS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS) was developed for rapid automated on-line and continuous measurement of ambient aerosol bulk composition. The general approach is based on earlier devices in which ambient particles are mixed with saturated water vapor to produce droplets easily collected by inertial techniques. The resulting liquid stream is analyzed with an ion chromatograph to quantitatively measure the bulk aerosol ionic components. In this instrument, a modified version of a particle size magnifier is employed to activate and grow particles comprising the fine aerosol mass. A single jet inertial impactor is used to collect the droplets onto a vertical glass plate that is continually washed with a constant water diluent flow of nominally 0.10 ml min-1. The flow is divided and then analyzed by a dual channel ion chromatograph. In its current form, 4.3 min integrated samples were measured every 7 min. The instrument provides bulk composition measurements with a detection limit of approximately 0.1 µg m-3 for chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, calcium, and potassium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6fb2b75-e58c-4073-bcfb-9bee0b5e48ec", - "label": "Hawkeye 2DS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Hawkeye probe was initially developed by SPEC to fly on the NASA Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The Hawkeye is an outgrowth of the 3V-CPI, including all of the features of the 3V-CPI, with the addition of an FCDP (Fast Cloud Droplet Probe) in the front part of the sample tube, and the conversion of one 10-micron channel to a 50-micron channel in the 2D-S portion of the probe. In this way, the Hawkeye is actually a combination of four probes in one.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "faf4c184-ea6b-40fb-803e-25cfa43c4de6", - "label": "Hawkeye FCDP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Hawkeye probe was initially developed by SPEC to fly on the NASA Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The Hawkeye is an outgrowth of the 3V-CPI, including all of the features of the 3V-CPI, with the addition of an FCDP (Fast Cloud Droplet Probe) in the front part of the sample tube, and the conversion of one 10-micron channel to a 50-micron channel in the 2D-S portion of the probe. In this way, the Hawkeye is actually a combination of four probes in one.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "217d0f36-a296-4c74-be15-b075ef0e8f27", - "label": "MABI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Using typical aerosol filter samples, the Multi-wavelength Absorption Black carbon Instrument (MABI) measures light absorption at seven different wavelengths. As black carbon can be emitted from a range of different sources, primarily either diesel vehicles of biomass burning, particles have a range of densities and sizes. When the black carbon concentration equation is modified to include contributions relating to the size and density of the particles, a more accurate measurement is acquired. Spanning ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths, the measurements can be used to differentiate the contribution from different sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5a12839-2d5b-45c5-aee9-23b3a0da75ce", - "label": "POM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "2B Tech has taken the next step in miniaturization of UV-based ozone monitors by developing the Personal Ozone Monitor or 'POM'. The basic POM unit has dimensions of 4 x 3 x 1.5 inches and weighs only 0.8 lb / 1.0 lb without/with battery (360 g / 450 g ). It has a built in GPS so that ozone measurements may be logged continuously along with geographic location. By folding the optical path in the shape of a 'U,' it was possible to achieve the same path length in the POM as in the Models 202, 205, and 106-L and thus have similar precision and accuracy (~1.5 ppb).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24d472f8-301f-46b8-8138-06277c30befc", - "label": "2B Technologies", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The 2B Technologies Model 202 Ozone Monitor™ is designed to enable accurate and precise measurements of ozone ranging from low ppb (precision of ~1.5 ppb) up to 250,000 ppb (0-250 ppm) based on the well-established technique of absorption of UV light at 254 nm. Flash card memory and a quiet, long-life internal air pump are now provided standard on the Model 202 Ozone Monitor. The Model 202 Ozone Monitor™ is lightweight (5.5 lb., 2.5 kg.) and has a low power consumption (12V DC, 0.60 amp, 7.2 watt) relative to conventional instruments and is therefore well suited for applications such as:\n​\nVertical profiling using balloons, kites, RPVs and light aircraft where space and weight are highly limited\nLong-term monitoring at remote locations where power is highly limited\nUrban arrays of ground-based detectors\nPersonal exposure monitoring for studies of health effects of air pollutants\nEnvironmental health and safety monitoring\nLaboratory studies of the effects of ozone exposure on materials and organisms", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9044c133-fbd1-440c-abd9-eccc8c0fa72c", - "label": "CAFE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "NASA Compact Airborne Formaldehyde Experiment (CAFE) is a nonresonant laser-induced fluorescence instrument for airborne in situ measurement of formaldehyde (HCHO). The instrument is described here with highlighted improvements from the predecessor instrument, COmpact Formaldehyde FluorescencE Experiment (COFFEE). CAFE uses a 480 mW, 80 kHz laser at 355 nm to excite HCHO and detects the resulting fluorescence in the 420–550 nm range. The fluorescence is acquired at 5 ns resolution for 500 ns and the unique time profile of the HCHO fluorescence provides measurement selectivity. CAFE achieves a 1σ precision of 160 pptv (1 s) and 90 pptv (10 s) for [HCHO] = 0 pptv. The accuracy of CAFE, using its curve-fitting data processing, is estimated as ±20 % of [HCHO] + 100 pptv. CAFE has successfully flown on multiple aircraft platforms and is particularly well-suited to high-altitude research aircraft or small air quality research aircraft where high sensitivity is required but operator interaction and instrument payload is limited.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "704ba472-0a31-414e-9d3d-6d1aa90335bd", - "label": "CAPS NO2 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The T500U CAPS NO2 Analyzer represents the next generation of criteria pollutant monitoring technology for the direct measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in air. The instrument utilizes a patented Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS) technique to provide an extremely sensitive, fast and accurate NO2 measurement in a cost effective and low maintenance instrument package.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd9406f1-2e9d-4823-8437-0bc479edd516", - "label": "Picarro G2401", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Picarro G2401 gas concentration analyzer provides simultaneous, precise measurement of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water (H2O) vapor at parts-per-billion (ppb) sensitivity with negligible drift for atmospheric science, air quality, and emissions quantification. It meets the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) performance requirements for CO, CO2, and CH4 atmospheric monitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fda182c2-f37b-4877-b4d3-b1570445f4e5", - "label": "Picarro G2201-i", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Picarro G2201-i isotope analyzer combines capabilities of two Picarro δ13C carbon isotope instruments for CO2 and CH4 into a single instrument. Now it’s easy and fast to capture the insights that only stable isotope ratios offer. Researchers can follow carbon as it moves from source to sink with a single instrument. The dual-purpose analyzer brings simplicity and speed to research. Its small size and robustness make it easy to transport to the field, where immediate results allow researchers to change course on-the-fly and achieve optimal results from limited-time field campaigns.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d366681-ae43-40ed-b802-b3732047ea32", - "label": "LGR CRDS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy has become a widely usedtechnique in the optical absorption analysis of atoms, molecules,and optical components. The technique allows the determination oftotal optical losses within a closed cavity comprised of two or moremirrors, and can be made arbitrarily more sensitive by improvmentsin the cavity mirror reflectivity. Part of the great attraction thatCavity Ringdown has, in addition to its’ great sensitivity, is thesimplicity of it’s use. The required equipment is modest, and thetheory of operation is easily grasped by students of modest training.In fact, the technique is used at a growing number of universities asan undergraduate laboratory demonstration. This article presents areview of the development of the Cavity Ringdown technique fromits’ roots as an unstable and difficult to use method of measuringmirror reflectivities, to the development of the high sensitivitypulsed and continuous adaptations which are in current use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84dccb6c-ce3d-416e-bac5-169eead0c515", - "label": "COFFEE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The NASA GSFC COmpact Formaldehyde FluorescencE Experiment (COFFEE) instrument measures formaldehyde (CH2O) using a nonresonant laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. Originally designed to fly in the unpressurized pod of the Alpha Jet, COFFEE is capable of operation on both pressurized and unpressurized (high-altitude) aircraft. COFFEE possesses the high sensitivity, fast time response, and dynamic range needed to observe CH2O throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere.\n\nFormaldehyde is produced via the oxidation of hydrocarbons, notably methane (a ubiquitous greenhouse gas) and isoprene (the primary hydrocarbon emitted by vegetation). Observations of CH2O can thus provide information on many atmospheric processes, including:\n - Convective transport of air from the surface to the upper troposphere\n - Emissions of reactive hydrocarbons from cities, forests, and fires\n - Atmospheric oxidizing capacity, which relates to formation of ozone and destruction of methane\nIn situ observations of CH2O are also crucial for validating retrievals from satellite instruments, such as OMI, TROPOMI, and TEMPO.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68530a96-9976-45c2-b8ea-80661bec7531", - "label": "Picarro G2301-m", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Picarro G2301 gas concentration analyzer provides simultaneous, precise measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) at parts-per-billion (ppb) and water (H2O) vapor at parts-per-million (ppm) sensitivity with negligible drift for atmospheric science, air quality, and emissions quantification. It meets the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) performance requirements for CO2 and CH4 atmospheric monitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff62a73b-6949-4e1c-b07e-ddbdc48a1a7c", - "label": "Thermodenuder", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A thermodenuder is a device that strips off volatile particulate compounds off of aerosol particles in the airborne state. This allows to distinguish different classes of compounds, depending on their volatilisation temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f425ddec-c609-4f95-b098-88bfe59761a1", - "label": "LI-6252", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The LI-610 is a precision instrument that provides a controlled water vaporsource of known dew point. The LI-610 has the ability to generate stabledew points from 0 to 50 °C with high accuracy (± 0.2 °C). The water vaporsource can be derived from any input air stream, including ambient air,eliminating the need for external tanks or mixing of gases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6e29103-5539-4638-a561-44cee176df9e", - "label": "Aerolaser AL5002", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The AL5002 from Aero-Laser is a fast carbon monoxide (CO) monitor with a unique sensitivity below 1ppb (parts per billion). The detection of CO is based on a VUV-fluorimetry, employing the excitation of CO at 150nm. This method combines high sensitivity with high selectivity and is linear from 1ppb to 100 ppm. The excitation light is generated by a CW-CO2 resonance lamp, which needs only low maintenance. A monochromator unit, using dielectric mirrors, filters out the VUV from the lamp’s spectrum. The fluorescence light in the wavelength range between 160 nm and 190 nm is detected by a VUV sensitive photomultiplier followed by a fast counter. The AL5002 calibrates within minutes, using only a small amount of calibration gas and an in-built zero gas source. The calibration procedure is fully automatic and can be scheduled in custom-set time intervals. The gas concentration is displayed in real-time and is logged via a standard RS-232 interface. Parameter/diagnostic information (e.g. of pressures, flows, temperatures) are logged simultaneously with the measurement data allowing fast troubleshooting of problems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3138794-28ef-4a40-aa53-7bc7a4d74061", - "label": "Teledyne API Ozone Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model T400 UV Absorption analyzer uses a system based on the Beer-Lambert law for measuring low ranges of ozone in ambient air.\n\nA 254 nm UV light signal is passed through the sample cell where it is absorbed in proportion to the amount of ozone present. Periodically, a switching valve alternates measurement between the sample stream and a sample that has been scrubbed of ozone. The result is a true, stable ozone measurement.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports,​​​ either locally or by remote connection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "402d661b-7ae8-4002-a227-99edb4f61f4e", - "label": "Thermo Scientific SO2 43i Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Measure SO2 in ambient air up to 100ppm with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 43i SO2 Analyzer, the first gas analyzer to utilize pulsed fluorescence technology to measure SO2. Reflective bandpass filters are less subject to photochemical degradation and more selective in wavelength isolation, resulting in both increased detection specificity and long term stability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a9aea9c-9193-4074-a444-9073e348d5ad", - "label": "Thermo Scientific Ozone Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Measure the amount of ozone in ambient air with the dual-cell, UV photometric Thermo Scientific™ Model 49i Ozone Analyzer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3040fb00-4d90-4d4c-928f-e0df5d91217c", - "label": "Thermo Scientific NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Measure the amount of nitrogen oxides in the air from sub-ppb levels up to 1000 ppb using chemiluminescence with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 42i-TL TRACE Level NOx Analyzer. The Model 42i-TL is a single chamber, single photomultiplier tube design that cycles between the NO, NOx, and Zero modes. The addition of the Zero mode provides for excellent long term stability and extremely low minimum detectable limits. The 42i-TL has independent outputs for NO, NO2, and NOx and each can be calibrated independently.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dce07da6-0bd2-4b0e-b6dc-029798ff0ceb", - "label": "Thermo Scientific CO Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Measure trace levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in ambient air with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 48i-TLE Enhanced Trace Level CO Analyzer, which utilizes gas filter correlation and NDIR technology. The enhanced sample conditioned temperature stabilization and auto-zeroing of the Model 48-TLE result in a low detection limit for the measurement of carbon monoxide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0282628e-5b4a-41de-aec4-a7dd526b96b1", - "label": "Aeroqual Portable Air Quality Monitor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Series 500 air quality sensor enables accurate real-time surveying of common outdoor air pollutants, all in an ultra portable handheld monitor. Air quality professionals typically use the Series 500 for short term air quality studies and carrying out checks on pollution “hot spots”. The Series 500 can also be deployed for short term fixed monitoring by adding an optional outdoor enclosure.\n\nData is stored on board the Series 500 with a maximum 8,188 records available. To download the data a USB cable is supplied for connection to PC. Free PC software provided with the Series 500 takes the data and presents it in a chart or table view. Data can be downloaded and viewed in Excel.\n\nLike all our handheld monitors the Series 500 portable air quality sensor takes advantage of the unique sensor head format. Sensors are housed within an interchangeable cartridge (“head”) that attaches to the monitor base. The head can be removed and replaced in seconds, allowing users to measure as many gases as they wish. Sensor heads feature active fan sampling which ensures a representative sample is taken and therefore increases measurement accuracy.\n\nOther features on the Series 500 include monitor ID and location ID. Monitor ID identifies the monitor uniquely and ensures that all data from it are tied to that monitor. Location ID can be used to tag measurements to a specific location which is helpful when sampling at a number of sites over the course of a day or week.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f746495b-4fe2-4d63-b77a-b4ea5cc7f3e1", - "label": "Thermo Scientific NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Measure levels of nitrogen oxide (NO-NO2-NOx) in the emissions from a source using chemiluminescent technology with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 42i NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f39b155d-7818-4812-8806-50d4d356d380", - "label": "HTDMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Most particles in the atmosphere take up water when exposed to increasing relative humidity – this often explains the poor visibility during the early morning hours when the relative humidity is high and particles have swollen in size and more effectively scatter solar radiation. When we inhale particles they also grow into water droplets, how large they grow determines where they deposit in our respiratory systems. Brechtel developed the first commercial version of the Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA) so researchers who wanted to explore the complexities of particle water uptake no longer had to build their own instruments, instead they could rely on our 20 plus years of experience with HTDMAs to invest in a solution that would let them focus on their science and not the tool.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46a21779-809f-43db-b196-f98af4f21e03", - "label": "MetOne BC 1050 Black Carbon Monitors", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Met One Instruments, Inc. BC 1050 Series, Black Carbon Monitors, measures the absorption of particulate matter onto filter tape continuously. The BC 1050 monitor operates at 2-wavelengths and the BC 1054 operates at 10-wavelengths. The BC 1050 offers the user the ability to monitor absorption at near-IR (880 nm) and near-UV (375 nm) wavelengths simultaneously with a standard minimum time resolution of 1-minute. The BC 1054, multi-spectrum carbon monitor, measures the absorption at 375, 430, 470, 525, 565, 590, 660, 700, 880 and 950 nm with a standard time resolution of 1-minute. Optional 1-second time resolution is available for both the BC 1050 and the BC 1054.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3433869d-37b6-4dd8-b618-614979bf6f2e", - "label": "URG-9000D AIM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The URG-9000D Ambient Ion Monitor (AIM) is a scientifically-advanced, multi-pollutant monitoring method which allows for continuous measurements of particle sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium. At the same time, the AIM provides time-resolved gas measurements of sulfur-dioxide, nitric acid and ammonia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b176d9b-4831-44a7-bec2-516ec9246f5b", - "label": "MetOne BAM 1020", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The BAM 1020 automatically measures and records airborne particulate concentration levels (in milligrams or micrograms per cubic meter) using the industry-proven principle of beta ray attenuation. Thousands of BAM 1020 units are currently deployed worldwide, making the unit one of the most successful air monitoring platforms in the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a5c214f-a303-4c54-bd0d-068f236f0aa9", - "label": "TECO 49", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model 49 is a powerful, easy-to-use, UV photometric based ozone analyzer which offers increased specificity via its balanced optical system. User-programmable software capabilities allow selection of the frequency at which internal zero/span activation and instrument calibration checks will occur.\n\nAdditionally, field-programmable measurement range settings can be stored in memory for subsequent recall. Extended troubleshooting diagnostics now provide an instantaneous indication of instrument operating parameters, status including Pressure, Flow, DC Supply Voltages, Optical BenchTemperature, Ozonator Power Supply Voltage, and Lamp Voltage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "854d953c-3439-4a5b-86bc-19f9f9b6e92e", - "label": "Thermo Scientific SHARP 5030", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Thermo Scientific Model 5030 SHARP Synchronized Hybrid Ambient Real-time Particulate Monitor combines light scattering photometry and beta attenuation for continuousPM-10/PM-2.5 measurement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07edcbf4-ac91-4c71-b18a-25fdaf1e17b2", - "label": "Thermo Scientific SO2 43C Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model 43C integrates the proven pulsed fluorescence design of Thermo Electron’s Model 43series with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a sensitive, ultra stable SO2analyzer offering network operators and research scientists unlimited troubleshooting diagnostics and data communications capability.User software facilities include field programmable measurement ranges and SO2concentration value storage by date and time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afe02b53-4cf2-42b6-b4a7-e0cf6c165314", - "label": "TECO 43C", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model 43C integrates the proven pulsed fluorescence design of Thermo Electron’s Model 43series with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a sensitive, ultra stable SO2analyzer offering network operators and research scientists unlimited troubleshooting diagnostics and data communications capability. User software facilities include field programmable measurement ranges and SO2concentration value storage by date and time.\n\nExtended troubleshooting diagnostics now provide instantaneous indication of instrument operation parameter status including pressure flow, DC supply voltage, internal temperature, reaction chamber temperature, PMT operating voltage, lamp intensity, lamp voltage and optical span test.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cd4f43e-c1dd-42b2-8391-07e0448b3375", - "label": "TEOM Monitor Series 1400ab", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The TEOM Monitor, Series 1400ab, measures PM-10 or PM-2.5 mass concentrations and consists of a TEOM mass sensor and control unit in a network ready configuration. The TEOM 1400ab distinguishes itself from other PM measurement methods by utilizing a direct mass measurement that is not subject to measurement uncertainties found in other surrogate technologies. The TEOM 1400ab provides a self-referencing, NIST traceable direct mass measurement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e68eb86c-dea0-4759-a566-45e066cce86f", - "label": "LI-7500", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The LI-7500 is a high performance, non-dispersive, open path infrared CO2/H2O analyzer designed for use in eddy covariance flux measurement systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c5970fb-69a7-4701-a271-b4b211ed476b", - "label": "TSI DustTrak", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The DustTrak Aerosol Monitor measures aerosol contaminants such as dust, smoke, fumes and mists.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77d3b352-f1e4-4080-b2d3-b8fc64469bdf", - "label": "2B Technologies NO Monitor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model 410 Nitric Oxide Monitor is designed for the measurement of atmospheric nitric oxide (NO) in the concentration range 0-2,000 ppb (0-2 ppm) with a precision of ±1.5 ppb. The detection principle of the Model 410 is based on the selective reaction of NO with ozone. The resulting ozone depletion is measured using the absolute method of UV absorbance and thus requires only infrequent calibration. By comparison, chemiluminescence NOx instruments require nearly continuous calibration using a standard gas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddf9bc8b-2d0f-4a22-81c8-3b045cfbfbc1", - "label": "2B Technologies NO2 Converter", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model 401 NO2 Converter (above photo, right), when used in combination with the Model 410 Nitric Oxide Monitor, (above photo, left) allows measurements of NO, NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) and NO2 (as the difference between NOx and NO) in the range 0-2,000 ppb. The NO2 Converter also contains an internal scrubber for scheduled zeroing of the NO Monitor. The NO2 Converter makes use of a molybdenum ('moly') converter heated to 325 °C to reduce NO2 to NO. Frequencies of switching between NO and NOx measurements and zeroing frequencies are chosen from the NO Monitor menu. The instrument package may be set to either always measure NO, always measure NOx, or switch back and forth between measurements of NO and NOx at a specified interval (5 min, 15 min or 1 hour). Choices of zeroing frequency are never, continuous, and at 30 min, 1 hour and 4 hour frequencies. Menu choices of NO/NOx and zero measurement frequencies can be customized to your needs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dac4e61-317d-4b47-af7a-b2752fab93a9", - "label": "Teledyne API Model T200 NO/NO2/NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model T200 NO/NO2/NOx analyzer uses the proven chemiluminescence detection principle, coupled with state-of-the-art electronics to allow accurate and dependable low level measurements for use as an ambient analyzer or dilution CEMS monitor.\n\nA unique AutoZero feature provides superb stability by continuously correcting for zero drift, while advanced Adaptive Filtering allows the analyzer to optimize performance under changing conditions. The Model T200 includes a permeation inlet dryer for ozone generation to provide excellent reliability with no periodic replacement required. A catalytic exhaust ozone scrubber is standard for maximum safety and pump life.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports,​ either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T200 comes with NumaView Software. NumaView Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView Software​ .", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c922a16e-a29b-4d0a-8fda-5015767bee37", - "label": "NH3 QC Laser-Based Sensor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "We demonstrate a compact, open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based atmospheric ammonia sensor operating at 9.06 µm for high-sensitivity, high temporal resolution, ground-based measurements. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a gas-phase precursor to fine particulate matter, with implications for air quality and climate change. Currently, NH3 sensing challenges have led to a lack of widespread in situ measurements. Our open-path sensor configuration minimizes sampling artifacts associated with NH3 surface adsorption onto inlet tubing and reduced pressure sampling cells, as well as condensed-phase partitioning ambiguities. Multi-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy allows for selective and sensitive detection of atmospheric pressurebroadened absorption features. An in-line ethylene reference cell provides real-time calibration (±20 % accuracy) and normalization for instrument drift under rapidly changing field conditions. The sensor has a sensitivity and noise-equivalent limit (1σ) of 0.15 ppbv NH3 at 10 Hz, a mass of ∼ 5 kg and consumes ∼ 50 W of electrical power. The total uncertainty in NH3 measurements is 0.20 ppbv NH3 ± 10 %, based on a spectroscopic calibration method. Field performance of this open-path NH3 sensor is demonstrated, with 10 Hz time resolution and a large dynamic response for in situ NH3 measurements. This sensor provides the capabilities for improved\nin situ gas-phase NH3 sensing relevant for emission source characterization and flux measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59fedd43-22bd-4325-bf4b-6b7127d2eb26", - "label": "N2O/CO QC Laser-Based Sensor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A compact and portable open-path sensor for simultaneous detection of atmospheric N(2)O and CO has been developed with a 4.5 μm quantum cascade laser (QCL). An in-line acetylene (C(2)H(2)) gas reference cell allows for continuous monitoring of the sensor drift and calibration in rapidly changing field environments and thereby allows for open-path detection at high precision and stability. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is used to detect simultaneously both the second and fourth harmonic absorption spectra with an optimized dual modulation amplitude scheme. Multi-harmonic spectra containing atmospheric N(2)O, CO, and the reference C(2)H(2) signals are fit in real-time (10 Hz) by combining a software-based lock-in amplifier with a computationally fast numerical model for WMS. The sensor consumes ~50 W of power and has a mass of ~15 kg. Precision of 0.15 ppbv N(2)O and 0.36 ppbv CO at 10 Hz under laboratory conditions was demonstrated. The sensor has been deployed for extended periods in the field. Simultaneous N(2)O and CO measurements distinguished between natural and fossil fuel combustion sources of N(2)O, an important greenhouse gas with poorly quantified emissions in space and time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a225b9d4-8b00-48e1-98e1-68e274cf2ec3", - "label": "LI-7700", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The LI-7700 Open Path CH4 Analyzer features an open sample path that measures methane density in ambient air. The LI-7700 is designed specifically for eddy covariance flux measurements to evaluate methane emissions from the terrestrial landscape. It provides low-maintenance long-term operation in demanding field deployments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfef6030-aba1-47b6-b643-e826c5b88468", - "label": "CAPS PMex Monitor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The CAPS PM monitor provides a measurement of the optical extinction (the sum of scattering and absorption) of an ambient sample of particles. Currently, there is a choice of 5 different wavelengths – blue (450 nm), green (530 nm), red (630 nm), far red (660 nm ) and near infrared (780 nm, at additional cost) – which match the spectral bands of most other particle optical properties measurement equipment. A multi wave instrument is also available. These instruments have a 1 second time response and provide a level of detection (3σ) less than 2 Mm-1 with 1 second integration time. These monitors are entirely self-contained, requiring no consumables such as zero air and can be operated autonomously for over 12 months using on-board data storage if one second averaging is chosen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "249c9a6c-fb7f-438d-bc19-8601eeb6f5c1", - "label": "Teledyne API Model T200U NO/NO2/NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model T200U Trace-level NO/NO2/NOx analyzer has been developed specifically to address the challenges of low level monitoring as required, for example, in the US NCore network. It uses the proven chemiluminescence principle and is designed to allow ultra-sensitive measurements with a lower detectable limit of 50 ppt while still meeting the requirements for use as a US EPA compliance analyzer.\n\nThe Model T200U combines a gold plated reaction cell with an enhanced performance pump, special low noise photomultiplier tube, and unique signal conditioning to provide exceptional sensitivity. In addition, a pre-reactor separates the NO-O3 reaction from background chemiluminescence to allow accurate auto-zero of the analyzer.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports, either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T200U comes NumaView Software. NumaView Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView Software.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3ef4e0e-f30f-434a-9247-7825d1a4e41a", - "label": "Thermo Model 49C O3 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model 49C combines the unique, time shared dual cell design with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a powerful, easy-to-use, UV photometric based ozone analyzer which offers increased specificity via its balanced optical system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c58254b-1ee5-45ce-ac92-ca8bb366778e", - "label": "Thermo Model 42C NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model 42C combines the superior optical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of its predecessor, the Model 42, with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a powerful, easy-to-use, chemiluminescence based analyzer capable of measuring oxides of nitrogen from sub parts per billion (ppb) to 100 parts per million (ppm). User programmable software capabilities allow individual measurement range settings to be stored in memory for subsequent recall and NO, NO2, NOX, hourly average storage for up to one month.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d30bf16-e773-4d45-9fd9-a8e329d0c9b8", - "label": "CairPol CairClip", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The CairPol CairClip O3-NO2 is a lightweight, portable sensor for measuring ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in parts per billion (ppb) or micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) in applications such as personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring. It uses a micro fan to actively sample air. The CairClip can run on battery power for approximately 24 hours, but it can also operate continuously for much longer periods when plugged into a power source. This operating procedure explains what you need to do to collect quality O3 and NO2 data using the CairClip sensor for your monitoring project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a494522-0412-4678-9723-f519144e5a8b", - "label": "Teledyne API Model T200UP NO-NO2 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model T200UP provides trace level measurements of NO and NO2 using our Model T200U NOx analyzer combined with a patented high efficiency photolytic converter. Even low temperature molybdenum converters transform other nitrogen-containing compounds such as HNO3, PAN, etc. to a considerable extent. Simultaneous measurements of NO2 performed with molybdenum and photolytic converters have shown significantly different results in the presence of such compounds.\n\nIn the photolytic process the sample gas passes through a cell where it is exposed to light at a specific wavelength from an LED array. This causes the NO2 to be selectively converted to NO with negligible interference from other gases. Combined with the proven Model T200U, it provides ultra-sensitive performance, with a lower detectable limit of 0.05 ppb or better, and is ideally suited for NCore research sites and the low-level direct NO2 measurements required for roadside monitoring. Advances in the photolytic converter technology now yields NO2 conversion efficiency that is similar to molybdenum under typical ambient NO2 concentrations, but without the same interferences.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/0, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports, either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T200UP comes with NumaView™ Software. NumaView™ Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView​​™ Software.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfd5ebc3-94d4-4f27-89da-1f549ae0ab0d", - "label": "Teledyne API Model T265 O3 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Model T265 uses Chemiluminescence with Nitric Oxide (NO) as a reagent, making it safe, stable, and effective for all applications. The NO-CL method for Ozone has several advantages​ over the conventional UV absorption technology, including the avoidance of positive and commonly found interferences such as VOCs, fine particulates, Mercury, terpenes, ClO2 and others. If these pollutants are present in the atmosphere, it can cause UV absorption analyzers to give an artificially high ozone measurement. The innovative T265 combines speed of response, sensitivity and stability of our proven nitrogen oxide analyzer, with a simple user interface, to provide reliable ozone measurements under the harshest conditions.\n\nAn inexpensive external cylinder of NO provides over one year of reagent for the T265. A unique AutoZero feature provides superb stability by continuously correcting for zero drift, while advanced Adaptive Filtering allows the analyzer to optimize performance under changing conditions. Optional zero and span valves allow automatic, unattended calibration checks.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports, either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T265 comes with NumaView™ Software. NumaView™ Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView™ Software.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec165cc6-324d-4be1-8ace-48a660a1f900", - "label": "GNI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "This instrument has been flown on multiple earth system science-focused field research campaigns, and as a mature instrument, will continue to be operated in future field research campaigns.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9b2c34d-a96a-4c90-9b24-6fa81d4dd740", - "label": "AutoGNI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "This instrument has been flown on multiple earth system science-focused field research campaigns, and as a mature instrument, will continue to be operated in future field research campaigns.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96cc340b-7899-4f22-9229-7a7cb72a741e", - "label": "SID", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Small Ice Detector mark 2 (SID-2), which was built by the University of Hertfordshire, has been operated by the Met Office on the Facility for Atmospheric Airborne Research (FAAM) BAe-146 aircraft during a large number of flights. The flights covered a wide range of atmospheric conditions, including stratocumulus, altocumulus lenticularis, cirrus, and mixed-phase cumulus clouds, as well as clear-sky flights over the sea and over desert surfaces. SID-2 is a laser scattering device that provides in situ data on cloud particle concentration and size. SID-2 also provides the spatial light scattering data from individual particles to give some information on the particle shape. The advantage of SID-2 is that it can characterize the cloud particle shape for particle sizes less than the resolutions of the more usual commercially available ice crystal imaging probes. The particle shape characteristics enable, for example, small just-nucleated ice particles to be discriminated from supercooled water drops. SID-2 also has an open-path inlet that reduces shattering of large cloud particles compared to other probes that use a tube inlet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfbfe9fe-e54d-4bfd-aa56-f1953575f132", - "label": "VIPS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The VIPS is an electro-optical instrument used to collect and record a continuous sample of cloud particles down to 5 um. Particles are collected continuously on a looped belt coated with silicone oil. The portion of the belt exposed to the airstream is imaged by two very high resolution charged coupled device (CCD) shuttered video cameras with different resolutions. The resulting imagery is available for real-time, in-flight evaluation of cloud conditions and for post-flight habit classification and spectra analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78de14ea-63ce-4555-8aa1-2fa61b3d12aa", - "label": "ROZE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The NASA Rapid Ozone Experiment (ROZE) is a broadband cavity-enhanced UV (ultraviolet) absorption instrument for the detection of in situ ozone (O3). ROZE uses an incoherent LED (light-emitting diode) light source coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity to achieve an effective pathlength of ∼ 104 m. Due to its high sensitivity and small optical cell volume, ROZE demonstrates a 1σ precision of 80 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) in 0.1 s and 31 pptv in a 1 s integration time, as well as an e-fold time response\nof 50 ms. ROZE can be operated in a range of field environments, including low- and high-altitude research aircraft, and is particularly suited to O3 vertical-flux measurements using the eddy covariance technique. ROZE was successfully integrated aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during July–September 2019 and validated against a well-established chemiluminescence measurement of O3. A flight within the marine boundary layer also demonstrated flux measurement capabilities, and we observed a mean O3 deposition velocity of 0.029 ± 0.005 cm s−1 to the ocean surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5872b98b-5357-4378-beb0-1971a222f2e9", - "label": "CANOE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The NASA GSFC Compact Airborne NO2 Experiment (CANOE) instrument measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on both pressurized and unpressurized (high-altitude) aircraft. Using non-resonant laser induced fluorescence (LIF), CANOE possesses the high sensitivity, fast time response, and dynamic range needed to observe NO2 throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0364f832-b1a8-4056-b811-51d3d1fc32ed", - "label": "HAL", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Harvard Halogen instrument measures ClO and BrO in situ via a two-step process: chemical conversion to Cl and Br atoms via a rapid bimolecular reaction with NO, followed by atomic resonance fluorescence detection of Cl and Br in the vacuum ultraviolet. The instrument is located in the superpod forebody of the ER-2. The flow of ambient air through the instrument is controlled by a single primary bypass duct from which the laminar core is extracted and decelerated into two nested, mirror-image secondary ducts each with two axes for the detection of halogen radical species. The 4-axis design enables multiple ClO and BrO detectors to be present on each flight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8b31982-b01f-4fec-8b0b-87f3ce442dbd", - "label": "TSI APS-3321", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Aerodynamic Particle Sizer3321 spectrometer provides high-resolution, real-time aerodynamic measurements of particles from 0.5 to 20 microns. These unique particle sizers also measures light-scattering intensity in the equivalent optical size range of 0.37 to 20 microns. By providing paired data for each particle, the APS spectrometer opens up exciting new possibilities for those interested in studying the makeup of an aerosol.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97a23ba4-085c-4690-b29d-ce5403d7aee6", - "label": "DMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "A Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) is an integral part of a submicrometer size classification system. Model 3085A is one of three DMAs designed for use with the TSI model 3082 Electrostatic Classifier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d3ad104-c122-4fd5-bffb-c4b36e80a06d", - "label": "LDMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Performance of a long differential mobility analyzer (LDMA) in measurements of nanoparticles was evaluated experimentally and numerically. In the evaluation of the LDMA measurements, silver particles in a size range of 5–30 nm were used under an increased flow rate. The numerical calculation method was used for calculating the particle trajectory in the LDMA, and the results were used for a comparison with Stolzenburg's transfer function. Using the CFD method, the flow around the aerosol inlet slit was analyzed, and the resulting particle mobility distribution was compared with that for an ideal flow. The resulting flow effect on the penetration efficiency caused by the inlet and exit slits were negligible when a well-designed system was used. The experimental measurements of mobility distributions were in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of particle size ranges over 10 nm, but some discrepancies were observed when particle size ranges were below 10 nm in size. The numerical calculation estimated the discrepancy found below the 10 nm particle size ranges.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fae09965-8500-4041-b2c8-fc9ada6c4682", - "label": "TDMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "SEADM’s Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (TDMA) enables to study a wide range of nano-aerosol processes by analyzing the change of electrical mobility experienced by the nanoparticles.\n\nElectrical mobility is a well-proved method to elucidate structural and size characteristics of ions, and has been successfully applied for the study of processes such as evaporation, condensation, chemical reactions, charge reduction (or charge evaporation), nucleation, etc.\n\nTDMA features the renowned DMAs first developed by SEADMs cofounder, Prof. Juan Fernandez de la Mora, from Yale, including an ultra-high resolution, high transmission parallel plate DMA (termed DMA P5 system) before the process chamber, and a suitably lighter cylindrical DMA (termed Half Mini) afterwards. The system produces particularly rich information when exploited to investigate molecular ions or small clusters, since particle diameter is in this case discrete, and a series of well defined peaks rather than a continuum mobility spectrum is obtained.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b64520ad-868a-4382-babf-4a2dcee18b2c", - "label": "Picarro G1301-m", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Traditional techniques for measuring greenhouse gas inventories in the well-mixed atmosphere have required extremely dry sample gas streams (dew point < -60°C) to achieve the inter-laboratory comparability standard set forth by the WMO for carbon dioxide (100 ppb) and methane (2ppb). Drying the sample gas to low water vapor levels can be both expensive and prone to problems, especially at remote sites where access is difficult. The Picarro G1301 three-species greenhouse gas analyzers for the first time permit accurate and precise greenhouse gas measurements that can meet the WMO inter-laboratory comparability standard without drying the sample gas. Below, we present direct measurements of t he water vapor correction factors that, when applied to the G1301 data, enable drygas mixing ratio measurements without the need for low-level drying or frequent calibration. In addition, we confirm these results with careful spectroscopic analysis, and we estimate the uncertainties remaining in the measurement of t he drygas mixing ratios.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5dee7001-09d3-43b3-bf9b-b5d717f557b2", - "label": "AWAS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "32 samples/flight (ER-2); 50 samples/flight (WB57); 90 samples/flight (Global Hawk)\n\nUpdated control system with remote control capability\n\nFill times\n–14 km 30 – 40 sec\n–16 km 40 – 50 sec\n–18 km 50 – 60 sec\n–20 km 100 – 120 sec (estimated)\n\nAnalysis in UM lab: GC/MS; GC/FID; GC/ECD", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d63b22a-efe5-4fee-a0f8-eebe99efd05f", - "label": "Harvard CO2", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The high-sensitivity fast response CO2 instrument measures CO2 concentrations in situ using the light source, gas cells, and solid-state detector from a modified nondispersive infrared CO2 analyzer (Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE). These components are stabilized along the detection axis, vibrationally isolated, and housed in a temperature-controlled pressure vessel. Sample air enters a rear-facing inlet, is preconditioned using a Nafion drier (to remove water vapor), then is compressed by a Teflon diaphragm pump. A second water trap, using dry ice, reduces the sample air dewpoint to less than 70C prior to detection. The CO2 mixing ratio of air flowing through the sample gas cell is determined by measuring absorption at 4.26 microns relative to a reference gas of known concentration. In-flight calibrations are performed by replacing the air sample with reference gas every 10 minutes, with a low-span and a high-span gas every 20 minutes, and with a long-term primary standard every 2 hours. The long-term standard is used sparingly and serves as a check of the flight-to-flight accuracy and precision of the measurements, augmented by ground-based calibrations before and after flights.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d40b9033-af28-45bc-9d0e-fff5f0ae4aa4", - "label": "ClO/BrO", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Vacuum ultraviolet radiation produced in a low pressure plasma discharge lamp is used to induce resonance scattering in Cl and Br atoms within a flowing sample. ClO and BrO are converted to Cl and Br by the addition of NO such that the rapid bimolecular reaction ClO + NO → Cl + NO2 (BrO + NO → Br + NO2) yields one halogen atom for each halogen oxide radical present in the flowing sample. Three detection axes are used to diagnose the spatial (and thus temporal) dependence of the ClO (BrO) to Cl (Br) conversion and to detect any removal of Cl (Br) following its formation. A double duct system is used both to maintain laminar flow through the detection region and to step the flow velocity in the detection region down from free stream (200 m/sec) to 20 m/sec in order to optimize the kinetic diagnosis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d753940-10cf-49d6-811c-e757cb8fbdc1", - "label": "HOx", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "OH is detected by direct laser induced fluorescence in the (0-1) band of the 2?-2? electronic transition. A pulsed dye-laser system produces frequency tunable laser light at 282 nm. An on-board frequency reference cell is used by a computer to lock the laser to the appropriate wavelength. Measurement of the signal is then made by tuning the laser on and off resonance with the OH transition.\n\nStratospheric air is channeled into the instrument using a double-ducted system that both maintains laminar flow through the detection region and slows the flow from free stream velocity (200 m/s) to 40 m/s. The laser light is beam-split and directed to two detection axes where it passes through the stratospheric air in multipass White cells.\n\nFluorescence from OH (centered at 309 nm) is detected orthogonal to both the flow and the laser propagation using a filtered PMT assembly. Optical stability is checked periodically by exchanging the 309 nm interference filter with a filter centered at 302 nm, where Raman scattering of N2 is observed.\n\nHO2 is measured as OH after chemical titration with nitric oxide: HO2 + NO → OH + NO2. Variation of added NO density and flow velocity as well as the use of two detection axes aid in diagnosis of the kinetics of this titration. Measurements of ozone (by uv absorption) and water vapor (by photofragment fluorescence) are made as diagnostics of potential photochemical interference from the mechanism: O3 + hv (282 nm) → O(1D) + O2, followed by: O(1D) + H2O → OH + OH.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74e78bef-2b00-4f6d-b422-8644db6a6e31", - "label": "CLONO2", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The NO2-ClO-ClONO2-BrO instrument is composed of two separate instruments: A laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the detection of NO2 and a thermal dissociation/resonance fluorescence instrument for the detection of ClO, ClONO2 and BrO.\n\nThe NO2 detection system uses laser-induced resonance fluorescence (LIF) for the direct detection of NO2. Ambient air passes through a detection axis where the output of a narrow bandwidth (0.06 cm-1), tunable dye laser operating near 585 nm is used to excite a rovibronic transition in NO2. The excited NO2 molecules are either quenched by collision with air or fluorescence. The NO2 fluorescence is strongly red-shifted, with emission occurring over a broad range of wavelengths from 585 nm to the mid-infrared. The specificity of the technique is accomplished by tuning the laser frequency on and off resonance with a narrow spectral feature (0.04 cm-1) in the NO2 absorption spectrum. The difference between the fluorescence signal on and off resonance is related to the mixing ratio of NO2 through laboratory and in-flight calibrations. The observations are determined with an accuracy (1 sigma) of ±10% ±50 pptv, precision (1 sigma) of ±40 pptv, and a reporting interval of 10 seconds. Higher resolution (0.25 sec) data available on request.\n\nThe halogen detection system uses gas-phase thermal dissociation of ambient ClONO2 to produce ClO and NO2 radicals. The pyrolysis is accomplished by passing the air sampled in a 5-cm-square duct through a grid of resistively heated silicon strips at 10 to 20 m/sec, rapidly heating the air to 520 K. The ClO fragment from ClONO2 is converted to Cl atoms by reaction with added NO, and Cl atoms are detected using ultra-violet resonance fluorescence at 118.9 nm. A similar detection axis upstream of the heater provides simultaneous detection of ambient ClO. An identical twin sampling duct provides the capability for diagnostic checks. The flight instrument is calibrated in a laboratory setting with known addition of ClONO2 as a function of pressure, heater temperature and flow velocity. The concentration of ClONO2 is measured with an accuracy and detection limit of ±20% and 10 pptv, respectively, in 35 seconds (all error estimates are 1 sigma). The concentration of ClO is measured with an accuracy and detection limit of ±17% and 3 pptv, respectively, in 35 seconds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c035ce1-7747-43fc-b803-44d090c70fc5", - "label": "TSI CNC-3760", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bb2fd20-fb6e-48d7-a22c-74fa4b6f205d", - "label": "PANTHER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "PANTHER uses Electron Capture Detection and Gas Chromatography (ECD-GC) and Mass Selective Detection and Gas Chromatography (MSD-GC) to measure numerous trace gases, including Methyl halides, HCFCs, PAN, N20, SF6, CFC-12, CFC-11, Halon-1211, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.\n\n3 ECD (electron capture detectors), packed columns (OV-101, Porpak-Q, molecular sieve).\n\n1 ECD with a TE (thermal electric) cooled RTX-200 capillary column.\n\n2-channel MSD (mass selective detector). The MSD analyses two independent samples concentrated onto TE cooled Haysep traps, then passed through two temperature programmed RTX-624 capillary columns.\n\nWith the exception of PAN, all channels of chromatography are normalized to a stable in-flight calibration gas references to NOAA scales. The PAN data is normalized to an in-flight PAN source of ≈ 100 ppt with ±5 % reproducibility. This source is generated by efficient photolytic conversion of NO in the presence of acetone. Detector non-linearity is taken out by lab calibrations for all molecules.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb6a94d6-76be-4305-9a5a-b23d09736d63", - "label": "PAM Reactor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Motivated by the need to develop instrumen-\ntal techniques for characterizing organic aerosol aging, we\nreport on the performance of the Toronto Photo-Oxidation\nTube (TPOT) and Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) flow\ntube reactors under a variety of experimental conditions.\nThe PAM system was designed with lower surface-area-to-\nvolume (SA/V) ratio to minimize wall effects; the TPOT re-\nactor was designed to study heterogeneous aerosol chemistry\nwhere wall loss can be independently measured.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a82d8c8-5b43-4348-8b73-4becec2c9ed3", - "label": "ACOS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "To address exciting new opportunities for studying gross photosynthesis, LGR's OCS Analyzer (Carbonyl Sulfide or COS) simultaneously reports measurements of carbonyl sulfide (OCS or COS), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, and water vapor (H2O) in air continuously with extraordinary precision and sensitivity.\n\nThe analyzer is simple to use, low power and rugged which makes it ideal for a wide variety of field and air quality studies. The ability of the analyzer to simultaneously measure all three gases at high speed and over a wide range of mole fractions makes it an excellent choice for plant respiration and chamber flux measurements. In addition, the instrument automatically reports all gases on a dry mole basis (accurately corrects for water vapor dilution and absorption line broadening effects) by analyzing fully resolved high resolution lineshape measurements without any need for sample drying or post processing.\n\nOnly LGR’s analyzers provide reliable measurements at concentrations more than 20 times greater than typical ambient levels (to 8000 ppm carbon dioxide, to 10 ppm carbon monoxide in air). \n\nLGR’s new “Enhanced Performance” series incorporates proprietary internal thermal control for ultra-stable measurements with unsurpassed precision, accuracy and drift. Moreover, only LGR’s analyzers provide reliable guaranteed measurements at mole fractions more than 20 times ambient levels.\n\nFor applications requiring highly mobile measurements in the field, LGR offers the COS Analyzer in our acclaimed portable package.\n\nThe Analyzer uses LGR’s patented Off-axis ICOS technology, a fourth-generation cavity enhanced laser absorption technique. Off-axis ICOS has many advantages over conventional optical techniques (including first generation cavity ringdown spectroscopy) such as being simpler to build, more rugged and alignment insensitive, having a much shorter measurement time, and providing measurements over a much wider dynamic range.\n\nThe Analyzer has an internal computer that can store data practically indefinitely on its hard disk drive and send real time data to a data logger via the digital (RS232), analog or Ethernet outputs. All LGR analyzers may be controlled remotely via the Internet. This capability allows the user to operate the analyzer using a web browser practically anywhere Internet access is available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aceef44e-e41e-47df-82ee-895ebf49ad9b", - "label": "COMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Instrument Type: Laser absorption\n\nMeasurements: CO, N2O, H2O\n\nAircraft: P-3 Orion - WFF, WB-57 - JSC\n\nMissions: ACCLIP (WB-57 - JSC); ORACLES (P-3 Orion - WFF)\n\nPoint(s) of Contact: James Podolske (PI), Levi Golston (Co-I), Laura Iraci (Co-I), Emma Yates (Co-I), Roy R. Johnson (POC; Mgr), Caroline Dang (Co-I), Kristen Okorn (Co-I)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9a128a1-c9b0-44e0-92db-4134793855a3", - "label": "COLD 2", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "COLD2 is an automated, portable, mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer for in situ carbon monoxide mixing ratio measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The instrument was designed to be versatile, suitable for easy installation on different platforms and capable of operating completely unattended, without the presence of an operator. The spectrometer features a small size (80 × 25 × 41 cm 3 ), light weight (23 kg) and low power consumption (85 W typical), without being pressurized. COLD2 recently flew aboard the research aircraft M55 Geophysica during a measurement campaign (StratoClim) carried out in Nepal in summer 2017. The instrument worked extremely well, without external maintenance during all flights, yielding an in-flight sensitivity of 1–2 ppbV with a time resolution of 1 s.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14769c94-71ae-4a23-b23c-d10084673d36", - "label": "ISAF", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The NASA GSFC In Situ Airborne Formaldehyde (ISAF) instrument measures formaldehyde (CH2O) on both pressurized and unpressurized (high-altitude) aircraft. Using laser induced fluorescence (LIF), ISAF possesses the high sensitivity, fast time response, and dynamic range needed to observe CH2O throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, where concentrations can range from 10 pptv to hundreds of ppbv.\n\nFormaldehyde is produced via the oxidation of hydrocarbons, notably methane (a ubiquitous greenhouse gas) and isoprene (the primary hydrocarbon emitted by vegetation). Observations of CH2O can thus provide information on many atmospheric processes, including:\n\n - Convective transport of air from the surface to the upper troposphere\n\n - Emissions of reactive hydrocarbons from cities, forests, and fires\n\n- Atmospheric oxidizing capacity, which relates to formation of ozone and destruction of methane\nIn situ observations of CH2O are also crucial for validating retrievals from satellite instruments, such as OMI, TROPOMI, and TEMPO.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb84c29a-ec15-4598-a3f6-7644a45a19ff", - "label": "SAGA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "As part of the measurement team on the NASA DC-8 we operate two related installations: a mist chamber/ion chromatograph (MC/IC) sampling/analysis system providing near real time results for selected species, and a bulk aerosol system that collects particulates onto filters for subsequent analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ea26300-b0f5-40bf-81d9-0dc4376c3ad9", - "label": "PANAK", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The Ames PANAK instrument is a computerized 3- channel Capillary Gas Chromatographic system designed for the collection and analysis of low ppt (10-12 v/v) levels of peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), alkyl nitrates, and tertrachloroethene in Channels 1 and 2; and C2-C3 aldehydes, C1-C2 alcohols, C3-C4 ketones, and C1-C2 nitriles in channel 3. Channels 1 and 2 use ECD detectors and have a sampling frequency of 2.5 minutes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d0f7c56-5fc3-45ca-bac4-fb7f016b8c71", - "label": "ACIR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Aerosols of size 0.05 µm to 5 µm are collected with Ames wire impactors. This instrument consists of 25 µm, 75 µm and 500 µm diameter palladium or gold wires on ring mounts exposed to air for up to 5 minutes. Smaller diameter wires utilize their higher collection efficiency for small particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ca26840-6a60-4c96-a17f-c86a2e652835", - "label": "URI Instrument", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "Measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylhydroperoxide (CH3OOH) will be made using a technique described by Lee et al., 1995. This technique has successfully been employed as a method of quantifying hydroperoxide concentrations aboard both the DC-8 and P3-B during previous PEM missions. Aqueous collection using continuous flow glass scrubbing coils allows for 99% collection efficiency for H2O2 and approximately 60% for CH3OOH. Quantitative analysis aboard both planes will be conducted using\nhigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described by Lee et al., 1995. Hydroperoxides are separated using reverse phase HPLC followed by a derivatization reaction between the particular hydroperoxide and peroxidase producing a fluorescent dimer (6,6'-dihydroxy-3,3'biphenyldiacetic acid). The production of this dimer is proportional the quantity of the reacting hydroperoxide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e36c6e3-f66b-4a18-bc5d-61b4917bfbf8", - "label": "APS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The APS is a passive sensor designed to gather high altitude dust particles for laboratory research. An APS paddle is deployed from a wingtip pod into stratosphere once the ER-2 has reached cruising altitude, and is retracted before descent. Both wire impactor and oil-film paddles are used. After approximately 40 hours of exposure, the sealed units are returned to the investigator for examination by an electron microscope. The returned particles can be the by-products of meteor decomposition in the upper atmosphere, or the products of massive volcanic eruptions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4275d192-55e8-4c72-a7d1-f4775516c2d0", - "label": "GPR-2500 S", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The GPR-2500S is generally used to monitor the oxygen content of a confined space or control room occupied by humans for a deficiency of oxygen. This configuration requires the operator calibrate the monitor with a certified span gas from a cylinder and not the ambient air surrounding the monitor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db48e642-532d-4c75-a464-9d9c2b179966", - "label": "Xylem Cond 1970i", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", - "definition": "The portable Cond 1970i measuring instrument enables you to carry out conductivity measurements rapidly and reliably. The Cond 1970i provides the maximum degree of operating comfort, reliability and measuring certainty for all applications.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "451995e8-a883-4468-abfd-a0e211ca9b72", - "label": "Data Analysis", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", - "label": "Environmental Modeling", - "broader": "451995e8-a883-4468-abfd-a0e211ca9b72", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "143488b4-9a25-47d9-8e47-317b7cb1e49d", - "label": "Soil Characteristics", - "broader": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b46f44ae-d2b5-4653-abdc-09a28eb4276b", - "label": "CONUS-Soil", - "broader": "143488b4-9a25-47d9-8e47-317b7cb1e49d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "814d6fe0-07c4-4af1-b8ce-85348cb119a6", - "label": "Line intercept sampling", - "broader": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", - "definition": "Line intercept sampling is a method of sampling elements in a region whereby an element is sampled if a chosen line segment, called a 'transect', intersects the element. Line intercept sampling has proven to be a reliable, versatile, and easy to implement method to analyze an area containing various objects of interest.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91294ff2-2621-4976-98c7-b159a056d6f9", - "label": "Computer", - "broader": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "label": "Samplers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1474e6ed-cce2-4f24-980a-68f03eda0194", - "label": "QUADRATS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", - "label": "Bottles/Flasks/Jars", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "25ed0fd3-9f56-4464-9ecc-618c49084deb", - "label": "FLASKS", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", - "definition": "FLASKS are bottles that have a narrow neck.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3139a8c0-c56a-4e6a-ad8d-195b0882f16b", - "label": "NANSEN BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", - "definition": "Nansen bottles are 'water sampling bottles' used by oceanographers to obtain\nsubsurface samples of seawater to determine the properties of sea-water. These\nbottles are generally metal or plastic tubes with either plug valves at each\nend. The bottle is lowered by wire with its valves open at both ends to the\ndesired depth. It is then closed in situ by allowing a weight (called a\nmessenger) to slide down the wire and strike the reversing mechanism. This\ncauses the bottle to turn upside down, closing the valves and reversing the\nreversing thermometers, which are mounted on the bottle in a special\nthermometer case. If, as is usually the case, a series of bottles are lowered,\nthen the reversal of each bottle releases another messenger to actuate the\nbottle beneath it.\n\nGenerally a number of bottles (12 to 24) are attached at predetermined\nintervals in series along the wire (a 'bottle cast') and closed in succession.\nWhen the bottles have been brought back to the deck the water samples are drawn\nthrough a tap, following a routine designed to obtain a pure sample. In some\ndesigns, the bottle when tripped is released at its upper end and rotates\nthrough 180 degrees about a hinge at its lower end where it is clamped to the\nwire. This is for the purpose of operating the 'reversing thermometers' and\nleads to the bottles being referred to as 'reversing bottles'. In other\ndesigns, the bottle remains stationary while a frame carrying the reversing\nthermometers rotates. A capacity of 1.25 liters is common for these bottles\nbut for special purposes, such as carbon-14 analysis, larger bottles are used -\nup to several hundred liters capacity.\n\nAnother arrangement of water bottles is in the form of a so- called 'rosette\nsampler'. In this, 12 to 20 water bottles are mounted in a single frame which\nis attached to the end of the oceanographic wire. This has an electrical\nconductor incorporated; the bottles can be closed when desired on electrical\ncommand from the deck. This rosette arrangement is generally used in\nconjunction with a CTD sensor head with deck read-out so that water samples can\nbe obtained to check the CTD or to obtain confirmation of interesting features\nin the water profile.\n_________________________________________________________________\nTaken from:\nPickard, G.L, Descriptive Physical Oceanography, 3rd edition, Pergamon Press,\nOxford, 1979. ISBN 0-08-023824-6\n\nSmith, F.G.W, (Editor), CRC Handbook of Marine Science, Volume I, CRC Press,\nCleveland, 1974. ISBN 0-87819-388-X (Complete Set)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fb56d22-1ee4-4cec-a509-910ddc23cd96", - "label": "GO-FLO BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", - "definition": "Go-Flo bottles are 'water-sampling bottles' used by oceanographers to obtain\nsubsurface water samples at the required depths. The Go-Flo water-sampling\nbottle is used whenever uncontaminated samples need to be taken, for instance\nfor the chemical analysis of trace metals in sea water. The Go-Flo bottles are\nclosed when they are lowered into the water column and open automatically at a\ndepth of about 10 meters. As a result, these bottles are neither contaminated\non deck nor as they are lowered into the water, by the uppermost layer of the\nseawater surface that is contaminated by interaction with the air. \n\nSeveral Go-Flo bottles (12 or 24) can also be attached to a 'rosette sampler'.\nIn this, water bottles are mounted in a single frame which is attached to the\nend of the oceanographic wire. This has an electrical conductor incorporated;\nthe bottles can be closed when desired on electrical command from the deck. \nThe rosette can then lowered into the water column along with an 'STD'\nmeasuring system (measures salinity, temperature, concentration of dissolved\noxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll level, etc. in the water column to a depth of\n1600 meters). In this case, the bottle closing mechanisms are activated by the\nSTD system each time a required depth is reached.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b79c7e06-cd07-442f-bf12-2019cd71c201", - "label": "NISKIN BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", - "definition": "The most commonly used water-sampling bottle at present is the Niskin bottle,\nwith spring-loaded end-caps with rubber washers. These are plastic\n(polyvinylchloride) bottles with stoppers at each end. The stoppers are held\ntogether by a rubber cord or spring that pulls them together from inside the\nbottle. The water-tight closures at both top and bottom, equipped with\nsubsampling spigot and air vent, can be remotely triggered at pre-determined\ndepths in the water column to collect seawater samples for discrete chemical\nand biological measurements. To cock these bottles, lanyards are used to pull\nthe stoppers away from the bottle, leaving the bottle wide open for water to\nflow through. The bottle is tripped by activating a firing mechanism that\nreleases the lanyard, allowing the stoppers to close on the bottle thereby\ntrapping the seawater sample. \n\nNiskin bottles can capture a much larger volume of seawater than the older\nNansen bottles. Reversing thermometers on Niskin bottles are mounted in a\nspring-loaded frame that rotates the thermometers at the same time that the\nNiskin bottle stoppers are closed. These are used with most rosette samplers,\nthe most common arrangement for water bottles, where a single frame carries up\nto 36 water bottles. Water bottles are mounted in a single frame that is\nattached to the end of the oceanographic wire. This has an electrical\nconductor incorporated; the bottles can be closed when desired on electrical\ncommand from the deck.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec361302-dcd2-4606-9254-4dac527a99de", - "label": "FILTERABLE DEPOSIT JAR SAMPLER", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9425f59-1aec-4743-b07a-fc6d760bb296", - "label": "WATER BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a277594-15de-4795-b057-35a918e1c12a", - "label": "FSI", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66fd83d4-5315-42b3-a9fc-3e1bb6222c79", - "label": "HVPS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "The High Volume Particle Sampler, also known as the High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS), measures particle size distributions and obtains particle images in the size range of about 0.1 cm to 6 cm. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HVPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: HVPS\n Short_Name: HVPS\n Long_Name: High Volume Particle Sampler\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/HVPS\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c7c9336-4cb9-45a5-a949-c5ee562106d0", - "label": "ELECTROFISHING", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "label": "Grabbers/Traps/Collectors", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "363d283c-b6ba-4c90-852a-365b22b86f7e", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRAPS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "Sediment Traps are specialized sampling devices, usually\ncylindrical or conical in shape and of variable dimensions,\nwhich is deployed in the ocean to collect sinking particulate\ninorganic and organic matter. When positioned near the base of\nthe euphotic zone, the downward flux of nitrogen should\napproximate new production in aquatic ecosystems.\n\n[Source: University of California]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48cb1921-cd98-4dc4-b6cf-0ae5da689b2e", - "label": "TULLGREN FUNNEL", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "A device used to extract small invertebrate animals from a dry soil sample. The sample is placed in a container with a base made from gauze with a mesh designed to hold soil particles but permit the animals to pass. The container is arranged over a funnel, with a light above. The heat causes the animals to move away from the top of the sample, through the gauze sheet and into the funnel from which they can be collected. Most species are collected after two hours, but complete extraction takes two-three days. [Encyclopedia.com]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TULLGREN FUNNEL\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: Grabbers/Traps/Collectors\n Short_Name: TULLGREN FUNNEL\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-04-29\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b3e2548-dffe-421b-b308-95556d69b2ee", - "label": "TRAPS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "580df25f-c9f8-4f50-aec6-06440671d0d0", - "label": "WET DEPOSITION COLLECTORS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e7f22d1-aef7-4fe7-94f2-49eea53ea3ff", - "label": "Dart Biopsy Gun", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a858dfd-8e3a-408e-a250-89ed91fff930", - "label": "AEROSOL COLLECTORS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "Aerosol collectors are devices used to measure aerosols usually deposited \ndirectly onto films or sensitive detectors. Collectors can measure varying \nsizes of aerosols depending on the application. Some aerosol collectors are \nground-based, while others are aircraft-based or even placed on buoys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8356bb8a-ff3a-46a6-aa85-4a0a3fd2db61", - "label": "SEDIMENT METERS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "An instrument used for measuring a quantity of sediment in the water. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEDIMENT METERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: Grabbers/Traps/Collectors\n Short_Name: SEDIMENT METERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99b3c865-d4a4-43f7-b37d-28a24b2c71e5", - "label": "GRAB SAMPLERS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "GRAB SAMPLERS are a rapid collection of whole-air samples that\nare fitted into a suitable container, such as an n evacuated\ncanister or polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) bag.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a01d0f54-b753-4249-8dc7-a1a49947e0c5", - "label": "MACS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "Multiple Aerosol Collection System (MACS) contains an impactor\ncollector, which permits the collection of particles on electron\nmicroscope grids for later chemical-constituent analysis. The\ncollector consists of a two stages. In the first stage the\npressure of the sample is reduced by a factor of two without\nloosing particles by impaction on walls. The second stage\nconsists of a thin plate impactor which collects efficiently\neven at small Reynolds numbers. The system collects particles\nas small as 0.02 micron at WB-57F cruise altitudes. As many as\n24 samples can be collected in a flight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b315f661-b19f-4088-ba0f-cf27ea5151d4", - "label": "DRY DEPOSITION COLLECTORS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b735c07f-218a-4ae7-b240-c4de7867e90b", - "label": "ROTENONE STATIONS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f77932c0-e115-48da-978d-dd7bf6afd0af", - "label": "SOIL SAMPLER", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", - "definition": "A Soil Sampler is a probe used to extract soil for testing.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "734709ce-2a7a-4160-8cb3-a3c7e0bc164d", - "label": "GRANULOMETRIC SIEVES", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77f6de85-0628-4659-bfe1-9172ba7b19ef", - "label": "WET/DRY PRECIPITATION SAMPLERS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "Precipitation samples are collected with wet/dry collectors or\nbulk samplers. The wet/dry collector is the preferred\nprecipitation sampler and consists of a bucket that is open only\nduring periods of wet (rainfall, snow, etc.)\nprecipitation. During dry periods the sample bucket is covered,\nthus excluding dry-fall precipitation from the sample.\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a53aaf4-249e-4747-a5a3-47e037d2885d", - "label": "HVAS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86b43d3e-92bb-436b-9d56-a5de4ac23ef1", - "label": "CUFES", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "The Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) is a, recently\ndeveloped, plankton sampling device that provides\nhigh-resolution maps of fish eggs by sieving the eggs from water\npumped from a fixed depth (usually 3 m) while a survey ship is\nunderway. Concurrently, environmental data are collected, stored\nand processed by means of a set of instruments and probes,\ninstalled onboard, and software that handles the\ninformation. Most systems record date, time, position (GPS),\nwater flow, temperature, conductivity (salinity) and\nfluorescence (chlorophyll).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ipimar-iniap.ipimar.pt/pelagicos/english/news/sampling.html'2003", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d27ab4d-00ee-4403-aa04-a89e74d3f24a", - "label": "PISTON SAMPLERS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "Piston Samplers are drive samplers equipped with either a free\nor a retractable-type piston that retreats up into the barrel of\nthe sampler in contact with the top of the soil sample as the\nsampler is pressed into the formation being sampled.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96471be4-6078-477d-8e66-c02b92f594d4", - "label": "DREDGING DEVICES", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "Dredging is the removal of earthen materials, including rock or\ncoral, from under water. It increases the size of the waterway\nand provides construction materials for land-based projects. It\nalso improves logistics. The wider, deeper shipping channel\nprovides easier passage of vessels with deep draft. The deeper\nthe draft of a vessel, the more tonnage it can carry. If few\nships are available for logistics, then dredging can make these\nships more efficient.\n\nMaterial removed during dredging is often a naturally-occurring\nconstruction material. In military operations, natural materials\nmake up for scarce resources. Typically, sand is available along\nthe coast and in most rivers. Care must be taken to avoid clay\nor fine-grained sediments.\n\nTwo primary types of dredging occur: mechanical and hydraulic.\n\nMechanical equipment dredges easily with a clam shell, shovel,\nbackhoe, or other device that scoops the material up. A simple\ntype of mechanical dredge is a land crane, equipped with a\nsuitable bucket mounted on a barge. This dredge needs barges or\nscows to move the material from the dredging site to the\ndisposal site.\n\nThe hydraulic dredge uses water to remove and transport the\nmaterial. This system has a pump for moving the water. The pump\ncreates a vacuum or a pressure head, which moves water rapidly\nthrough the pipe. This system always has at least three\ncomponents: dredging device, pump, and discharge system. There\nare many common hydraulic dredging systems--hopper dredges,\nsidecast dredges, cutterhead dredges, and dustpan dredges.\n\n[Summary provided by the Globe Security Organization]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "983f115b-4f2a-44c6-9737-101377f44fb2", - "label": "KEMMERER SAMPLER", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "A Kemmerer Sampler is a device that is usually used to obtain a\nwater sample from a specific depth in lakes or streams. It is less\nfrequently used to sample monitoring wells. First, the supporting\ncable is marked to identify the depth at which the sample will be\ntaken. As it is lowered, the water passes freely through the body\nof the sampler. At the designated depth, a weighted messenger is\ndropped down the cable. When it reaches the sampler, the messenger\nactivates a trip mechanism that closes a plug/stopper at the bottom\nand top of the sampler thus sealing the water inside.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1135cb4-a824-4e32-b5b1-7c0633d5f817", - "label": "STS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3dda022-2254-4ec5-9ce5-99d65060cc2f", - "label": "BEDLOAD SENSORS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "Bedload sensors sample sand, silt, gravel, rock, and other debris from the\nocean, river, stream, lake, etc. bottom. Some bedload sensors use acoustic\ntechnologies to sample bottom sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af479639-68a7-436c-b57d-11771971a7be", - "label": "KOPRI Unit", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4e04a55-68fc-43df-939b-91048f24ff57", - "label": "HVPS-3", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "This instrument is a type of airborne particle probe flown on research aircraft. It was flown on the citation aircraft for the GPM ground validation field campaign OLYMPEX.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8fe9845-4ae5-44e3-bebf-64128c268df5", - "label": "PILS/IC", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "The Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS) was developed for rapid automated on-line and continuous measurement of ambient aerosol bulk composition. The general approach is based on earlier devices in which ambient particles are mixed with saturated water vapor to produce droplets easily collected by inertial techniques. The resulting liquid stream is analyzed with an ion chromatograph to quantitatively measure the bulk aerosol ionic components. In this instrument, a modified version of a particle size magnifier is employed to activate and grow particles comprising the fine aerosol mass. A single jet inertial impactor is used to collect the droplets onto a vertical glass plate that is continually washed with a constant water diluent flow of nominally 0.10 ml min-1. The flow is divided and then analyzed by a dual channel ion chromatograph. In its current form, 4.3 min integrated samples were measured every 7 min. The instrument provides bulk composition measurements with a detection limit of approximately 0.1 µg m-3 for chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, calcium, and potassium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb18f75e-6305-4be3-b12e-27aeef7d3fe5", - "label": "WWS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "label": "Trawls/Nets", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1e610ebc-134a-47f3-bfa1-a5bef8dc6c3e", - "label": "DEMERSAL TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28f2c2c5-1f5c-47e7-a58c-1c2e88bd968a", - "label": "BONGO NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "The Bongo net was invented in the mid-20th century. Today, bongo\n nets are available both in opening/closing and non-closing\n form. However, the most commonly used net is a non-closing\n MARMAP Bongo Net, developed around 1980.\n\n How It Works\n\n A pulley with a 19 mm diameter chain or cable is used to lower\n the nets into the water column. A collecting bucket, attached to\n the cod-end of the net, is used to contain the zooplankton\n sample. Finally, when the net is retrieved from the ocean, the\n collecting bucket can then be detached and easily transported to\n a laboratory.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.whoi.edu/coastalresearch/instrumentation/html/zooplankton.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46b681ed-42fd-4cb6-9da4-1ca93336bc41", - "label": "NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c1980ca-9cb9-4ba3-bb2a-ee5951d514f8", - "label": "TUCKER TRAWLS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "Tucker Trawls consists of a a net stretched between two steel\nbars, which filter samples into a small bucket. The net is\nattached to a wire on the ship and reeled out to a specific\ndepth.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c859cd7-4921-4158-a85f-621d999431f2", - "label": "SCOR WP-2 ZOOPLANKTON NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dc13375-a2a4-40ed-a556-51e887438769", - "label": "PLANKTON NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "A plankton net is a device for concentrating small marine\norganisms for closer examination. The small organisms collected\nin a plankton tow will be plants and animals that go unnoticed\nby most people. A microscope is needed to identify many of these\norganisms, but you see can see some of the larger zooplankton\nwith your naked eye, and even better with a magnifying glass.\n\nA net with very fine mesh is used in the plankton net because\nmany of these tiny organisms would pass through an ordinary dip\nnet. The plankton net is essentially a cloth funnel that allows\nwater to pass through, but retains the living organisms. The\ncollected organisms will be found in the small glass or plastic\nbottle found at the bottom of the net.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/G_Bay/Ecosystem/Plankton/plankton_net.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Rhode Island Sea Grant]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e07cfa1-93d0-4862-94ee-325411a9149d", - "label": "BENTHOPELAGIC TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a7963a9-01d1-41ee-b8d6-b7afb0e39d81", - "label": "NORPAC ZOOPLANKTON NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "The NORPAC ZOOPLANKTON NET is a mesh net towed vertically for\nthe collection of zooplankton (small floating or weakly swimming\nanimals that are transported with the water currents).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d25838c-87ed-4e75-95fe-2d426a85c1c7", - "label": "OTTER TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6285338b-3ec4-4ecc-962f-ee6fc2d80c7e", - "label": "BIONESS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "The BIONESS (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Net Environmental Sampling\nSystem) is a series of 9 nets that are opened and closed in sequence. BIONESS\ntows are done obliquely (diagonally) through the water at given depths. A CTD\nunit is attached to the frame of the BIONESS and allows in situ display of\nconductivity, temperature, depth, and % light transmission within the water. We\nuse our BIONESS in combination with a scientific echo sounder to strategically\nsample locations of high biomass within the water column.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64fd5823-293d-41bb-b8c6-7e48d754813d", - "label": "TUBBS TOWS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c662d7f-95b2-4885-9d96-776242da52fa", - "label": "NEUSTON NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "A Neuston Net is an aluminum frame fitted with mesh used\nfor plankton sampling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9461dfde-fc76-4a6e-8f9c-e1e8048008c3", - "label": "BENTHIC GRABS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b798ae8a-8d20-4428-841a-f6e7189f9434", - "label": "FISH NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b879e422-8370-4f09-a52d-8ebfbdf37493", - "label": "AGASSIZ TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "A dredge consisting of a net attached to an iron frame with a hoop at each end that is used to collect organisms, particularly invertebrates, living on the ocean bottom. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AGASSIZ TRAWL\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: Trawls/Nets\n Short_Name: AGASSIZ TRAWL\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AGASSIZ TRAWL\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.senckenberg.de/images/content/foto1_schwamme_agassiztrawl1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c386fdd8-5a49-46c6-9be6-b56a9428f30d", - "label": "TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "Trawl is a long fishing line with many shorter lines and hooks\nattached to it (usually suspended between buoys).\n\n[Summary provided by Wordnet]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c495dfab-f577-4428-ac47-daf34b437f4b", - "label": "BENTHOPELAGIC NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9c0085a-3b55-407b-8a87-c66c2b98c7aa", - "label": "MOCNESS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "The MOCNESS is a computer controlled net system used to collect\nplankton samples from specific depths in the water column. As\nthe net system is towed through the water, individual nets can\nbe opened within target depth 'bins.' This ability to collect\nsamples from discrete depths allows researchers to determine the\nvertical distribution of the organisms they are studying.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent3/docs/mocness.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbbb7e45-e65c-45fd-8fa4-c4d2a56d0e87", - "label": "BOTTOM TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efbaa43f-3ecf-4f3e-8823-6d80d6cd3197", - "label": "GILLNETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f692fa4a-034c-4428-8d71-2549e1fd254e", - "label": "MIDWATER TRAWLS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "abefe108-1df7-40ee-bab4-51218ba6bbf9", - "label": "SWE Sampler", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "A SWE sampler is used to collect snow samples for snow depth and snow water equivalent measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a0d8278-77c0-4c24-ac87-58d5ac82e338", - "label": "UC Davis RDI", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "The RDI sampler was developed and constructed at University of California, Davis. It is a cascade impactor operated at 16.7 L/min air flow rate drawn by an external pump and coupled to a 10 μm cut-point (PM10) inlet. The 8-stage RDI sampler collects particulates continuously on 8 drums in 8 size ranges (i.e., 10-5, 5-2.5, 2.5-1.15, 1.15-0.75, 0.75-0.56, 0.56-0.34, 0.34-0.26, and 0.26-0.09 μm) with programmable time resolution of 0.4 to 48 hours (corresponding to about 0.75 to 96 weeks sampling duration), which can be preset depending on the predicted particle loading.\n\nThe RDI samples collected from the field sites are analyzed by XRF using a broad-spectrum X-ray beam generated on beamline 10.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The ALS XRF system is capable of high sensitivity detection of elements ranging from sodium to uranium. The XRF analysis of the RDI samples provides quantitative elemental data for approximately 28 elements. Of the 28 elements analyzed, approximately 18 were well quantified due to their sufficiently high ambient atmospheric concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c3e8902-90e1-48bd-8e94-ea0c6579d5cc", - "label": "Capture Mark Recapture", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) can be viewed as an animal survey method in which the count statistic is the total number of animals caught, and the associated detection probability is the probability of capture. The method involves capturing a number of animals, marking them, releasing them back into the population, and then determining the ratio of marked to unmarked animals in the population.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9b6ed7f-2e26-4749-98f0-b3617451192b", - "label": "Photo-Identification Techniques", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "A method of identifying species with persistent external patterns that can be used to identify unique individuals over the course of most of their adult life span. Examples include spots, anomalous pigmentation, and patterns on the trailing edges of marine mammal fins.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "092cad6c-758d-4d0b-b615-615fc42e08b5", - "label": "Distance Sampling", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "A set of randomly placed lines or points is established and distances are measured to those objects detected by traveling the line or surveying the points.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3d76a99-1e2d-4acd-b6b2-c7185a20cfc7", - "label": "Line Transect Sampling", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "A line is traversed by an observer and perpendicular distances are measured from the line to each detected object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67a21bdb-2f92-4692-96e7-6a27e95f8c55", - "label": "Event", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "An action that occurs at some location during some time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2faf041-a3c6-4013-9134-970183e4775f", - "label": "PILS/WSOC", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", - "definition": "An instrument for on-line continuous measurement of the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) component of aerosol particles is described and results from an urban site in St. Louis are presented. A Particle-into-Liquid Sampler impacts ambient particles, grown to large water droplets, onto a plate and then washes them into a flow of purified water. The resulting liquid is filtered and the carbon content quantified by a Total Organic Carbon analyzer providing continuous six-minute integral measurements with a detection limit of 0.1 μg C/m3. Summer and fall measurements of WSOC and organic carbon (OC) indicated WSOC/OC ratio typically ranged from 0.40 to 0.80. A diurnal variation in WSOC/OC that correlated with ozone was observed over extended periods in June; however, other periods in August had no correlation. The results suggested that WSOC was composed of a complex mixture of compounds that may contain a significant fraction from secondary organic aerosol formation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "label": "Photon/Optical Detectors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02c7de7e-4a26-4bb8-800f-07bff27fed08", - "label": "THEODOLITE", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "A THEODOLITE is an optical instrument, similar to a surveyor?s\ntransit telescope, used to visually track a radiosonde balloon\nand determine its azimuth and elevation angles while in flight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04e586f0-569b-467d-b9ca-b43bc6802f4b", - "label": "SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is one of the most\nversatile and widely used tools of modern science as it allows\nthe study of both morphology and composition of biological and\nphysical materials.\n\nBy scanning an electron probe across a specimen, high resolution\nimages of the morphology or topography of a specimen, with great\ndepth of field, at very low or very high magnifications can be\nobtained. Compositional analysis of a material may also be\nobtained by monitoring secondary X-rays produced by the\nelectron-specimen interaction. Thus detailed maps of elemental\ndistribution can be produced from multi-phase materials or\ncomplex, bio-active materials. Characterization of fine\nparticulate matter in terms of size, shape, and distribution as\nwell as statistical analyses of these parameters, may be\nperformed.\n\nThere are many different types of SEM designed for specific\npurposes ranging from routine morphological studies, to\nhigh-speed compositional analyses or to the study of\nenvironment-sensitive materials. The Centre for Microscopy &\nMicroanalysis presents three particular types of SEM that, in\ncombination, provide a powerful analytical approach for many\nresearch or quality-control applications.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.uq.edu.au/nanoworld/sem_gen.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The University of Queensland]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0982484f-4bb9-41dd-8841-931435cc138d", - "label": "VISUAL OBSERVATIONS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "VISUAL OBSERVATIONS are the act of making and recording a\nmeasurement by visually looking at it with the eyes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "127997fe-4551-41d1-9a4b-c7ad233fdde2", - "label": "TUNABLE DIODE LASER", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "A TUNABLE DIODE LASER is a solid-state laser in which as lasing\nis achieved by passing an injection current through the active\nregion of a semiconductor across the p-n junction; tunable\nmeaning it is used with a technique based upon the measurement\nof light absorption upon irridating a sample using a tunable\nlaser source.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ca6fb57-094a-4190-8b28-914c48ea2782", - "label": "VISUAL CENSUS TRANSECTS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "396006e9-23ac-48f9-be9f-41cde27f9bbc", - "label": "DIHM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "Allows fast three-dimensional imaging of microscopic samples, such as swimming microorganisms and soft matter systems with minimal modification to a standard microscope setup.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4472cb27-6e0b-4b25-92e0-b0fb8a3070fa", - "label": "TLPCS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "496dfd2e-441f-49ec-ba0e-b80bc03a8308", - "label": "PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPES are microscopes that help to\ndetermine the concentration of asbestos fibers along a national\nroad, intersection and its surroundings; In the relationships\nbetween the concentration of asbestos fibers at intersection and\nother air pollutants, the positive relationships are recognized\nbetween asbestos fibers and nitrogen monoxide and carbon\nmonoxide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4feec751-591b-4735-a8ca-e49a15dda0c4", - "label": "USIM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "USIM, or Underwater Spectral Irradiance Meter, is used in the study of the photosynthetic rate of phyto-plankton and to measure the quantity of radiant light energy available for photosynthesis, specifically direct measurements of the subsurface radiation. This instrument was designed to measure the total amount of\nlight falling at a fixed point in the sea over a period of time.\n\nReferences:\n\nDraper, L., 1961, Self-contained integrating irradiance meter for use underwater. Journal of Scientific Instruments. 38, 474-476. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: USIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: USIM\n Long_Name: Underwater Spectral Irradiance Meter\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0950-7671/38/12/307/siv38i12p474.pdf?request-id=be9c3e08-86e5-4f2f-8751-e2d9cfe3831e\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58ac7544-7271-4957-a70a-ea7c1a1ae094", - "label": "TOC", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis is a well-defined and\ncommonly used methodology that measures the carbon content of\ndissolved and particulate organic matter present in water. Many\nwater utilities monitor TOC to determine raw water quality or to\nevaluate the effectiveness of processes designed to remove\norganic carbon. Some wastewater utilities also employ TOC\nanalysis to monitor the efficiency of the treatment process. In\naddition to these uses for TOC monitoring, measuring changes in\nTOC concentrations can be an effective 'surrogate' for detecting\ncontamination from organic compounds (e.g. petrochemicals,\nsolvents, pesticides). Thus, while TOC analysis does not give\nspecific information about the nature of the threat, identifying\nchanges in TOC can be a good indicator of potential threats to a\nsystem.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.epa.gov/safewater/security/guide/\nchemicalsensortotalorganiccarbonanalyzer.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b9da836-cd16-4dab-b1ff-be1588738ef8", - "label": "PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPES are microscopes used with The\nGeological Survey of Japan (GSJ) who has issued 31 rock\nreference samples for the analysis of major, minor and trace\nelements, isotopic compositions and isotopic ages. The purpose\nof this standard reference material project in Geological Survey\nof Japan is to improve and check the reliability of analytical\ndata obtained from different methods and different laboratories.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "684edd3f-3378-440e-9b8b-2e7c421741da", - "label": "DENSIOMETERS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "A densiometer is used to determine amount of canopy closure. In\nother words, you are deciding how much of the sky above you is\nblocked by trees. When looking into a densiometer there is a\nmirror image of what is above you (it works like a periscope on\na submarine).\n\nTo use a densiometer correctly it must be held level. When\nlooking into the densiometer you can see the trees above you.\nIf more than 50% of the view is covered by branches, leaves, or\nlimbs the canopy is closed. If less than 50% of the view is\ncovered by branches, leaves, or limbs the canopy is open.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/cwes/forestree/Toolbox/densiometer.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Wisconsin]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69675373-ef6e-4f2d-8847-a0f499e29a15", - "label": "Cameras", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "33de4965-928a-45d5-acfc-79e006842431", - "label": "CAMERA", - "broader": "69675373-ef6e-4f2d-8847-a0f499e29a15", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "72e49dce-c936-4cfe-be92-156c34f73cf0", - "label": "IRIS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86a80842-6038-4ac0-b443-465ddb24d757", - "label": "FD12P WEATHER SENSOR", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "he FD12P Weather Sensor combines the function of a forward\nscatter visibility meter and a present weather detector.\nIt additionally measure the intensity and amount of both\nliquid and solid precipitation. The FD12P is made by Vaisala.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d33aeea-d885-4a45-89da-1dd407cbed05", - "label": "RSP-2", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "n order to demonstrate the capabilities of polarimetry an instrument that can make either ground-based, or aircraft measurements, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) has been developed by SpecTIR Corporation. This instrument has similar functional capabilities to the proposed EOSP satellite instrument. \n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/RSP", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99f640d4-6b01-4646-b4e2-315885e01bf4", - "label": "MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "MICROSCOPES are instruments that magnify the image of small objects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a280f263-8a40-4bbe-aae0-5c0665884a1c", - "label": "FIELD SCOPE", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3423d6a-ffd1-4269-9a31-08106418a986", - "label": "PAR SENSORS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a47d7eee-2e0d-47e7-979d-17a79720a8a7", - "label": "LBLSC", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5475980-7a92-4664-8114-087141d2b7ce", - "label": "OPC", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The Optical Plankton Counter (OPC) is an operational instrument that detects, sizes, and counts individual particles based on measuring the attenuance, or diminution in intensity, of a collimated light beam intercepted by transiting particles. The OPC can determine the size of individual particles with effective diameters in the range 250 µm-2 cm. Thus, nearly the full size spectrum of mesozooplankton can be registered, as well as euphausiids, fish eggs, other small organisms, marine snow, and seston, or small particulate matter in suspension. The nature of the particles being sensed and quantified must be determined by physical capture, a process that is sometimes referred to as calibration. Particle concentrations as high as 10,000 particles per cubic meter can be resolved for counting purposes. The OPC is often towed, at speeds up to 8 knots, but it can also be attached to moorings and other platforms, and may be used in the laboratory. Its ordinary depth rating is 1000 m, but that of a special model is 4000 m.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OPC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: OPC\n Long_Name: Optical Plankton Counter\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://research.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/research/research-technology/optical-instruments-and-methods-for-remote-sensing/optical-plankton-counter-opc/\n Sample_Image: http://research.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/wp-content/images/Technology/OPCImage01b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa1dea38-ecf4-433f-afdf-d38d653f215e", - "label": "RSP-1", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "In order to demonstrate the capabilities of polarimetry an instrument that can make either ground-based, or aircraft measurements, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) has been developed by SpecTIR Corporation. This instrument has similar functional capabilities to the proposed EOSP satellite instrument. \n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/RSP", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1376dd8-2add-4814-89f7-2ad520438f39", - "label": "IceCube", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2e9c2ee-8112-43a8-911c-6cbb8f5215bb", - "label": "TURBIDITY METERS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "TURBIDITY METERS measure the reduction in transmission of light\nthat is caused by interposing a solution containing solid\nparticles between the light source and the eye; measures\nturbidity or turbulence (instability in the atmosphere) or\nunstable flow of particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b645849d-c7fd-4fa5-9d23-7671a0a68d35", - "label": "PHOTOSYNTHETRON", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The photosynthetron consists of 10 arms (A-J) in a radial\narrangement around a high intensity 250 Watt lamp. Each arm can\nhold 12 50ml screw-top culture bottles, and is temperature\ncontrolled with water flowing through from a water bath. The\nbottles shade each other so there is a gradient of light\nirradiance ranging from 37.5 x 1015 quanta/sec/cm2 in bottle #1\nto 0.78 x 1015 quanta/sec/cm2 in bottle #12.\n\n[Source: College of Charleston South Carolina]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd629a09-0521-4220-b2d9-9ba5ba5985db", - "label": "ODM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "An optical disdrometer that uses infrared light to measure falling precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c41e423b-6343-4380-9b6b-e74b2a8485ba", - "label": "TLS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The RIEGL VZ-1000 V-Line Terrestrial Laser Scanner provides high speed, non-contact data acquisition using a narrow infrared laser beam and a fast scanning mechanism. \n\nMore information: \nhttps://www.3dlasermapping.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DataSheet_VZ-1000_2017-06-14.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5824666-8c74-404a-9303-c67fc0c4bd8f", - "label": "SECCHI DISKS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The Secchi (rhymes with etch-e) disk originated with Fr. Pietro Angelo\nSecchi, an astrophysicist, who was requested to measure transparency\nin the Mediterranean Sea by Commander Cialdi, head of the Papal Navy. Secchi\nwas the scientific advisor to the Pope. Secchi used some white disks\nto measure the clarity of water in the Mediterranean in April of l865. Various\nsizes of disks have been used since that time, but the most frequently\nused disk is an 8 inch diameter metal disk painted in alternate black and white\nquadrants.\n\nThe Secchi disk is used to measure how deep a person can see into the\nwater. It is lowered into a body of water until the observer loses\nsight of it. The disk is then raised until it reappears. The depth of\nthe water where the disk vanishes and reappears is the Secchi disk\nreading.\n\nEven though the Secchi disc measurement of water clarity is an\napproximate evaluation of the transparency of water, it is used\nprimarily for its simplicity. A more accurate measurement of\nunderwater irradiance can be made by the use of photometer.\n\nA Secchi Disk measures water clarity. Water clarity may be affected by\nthree different factors -- algae, sediment and / or water color.\nOne of the major reasons why Secchi disc measurements decrease from\nspring to fall, is due to the increase of plankton-- both\nphytoplankton and zooplankton. Since zooplankton graze on\nphytoplankton, (algae i.e.), the Secchi disc readings may increase\nduring the summer by the reduction of algae in\nthe water. Algae blooms may occur when the amount of available\nnutrients increases faster than the macrophytes (plants rooted in the\nbottom of a lake)can absorb them.\n\nThis summary has been adapted from the MSLA page on\n'THE SECCHI DISK - WHAT IS IT?'\n\nAdditional information on Secchi Disk available at\n'http://www.pollardwater.com/emarket/pages/L0921002disks.asp'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca21812d-4cee-4489-9571-9701cab22c20", - "label": "INFRARED LASER SPECTROSCOPY", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0333132-bbed-4b09-a453-75afc4afae6d", - "label": "TRANSPARENCY METER", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "Transparency meters (SS meters) provide an important management\nparameter for the water quality standards of discharged\nwater. The CST-200 transparency meter (SS meter) performs\ncontinuous measurement of the transparency (suspended solid\nconcentration) of discharged water. This meter can be\neffectively used for notification of water quality abnormalities\nand for management of the operating conditions of wastewater\ntreatment facilities.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.cos-co.com/agriculture_e/cst-200/'\n\n[Summary provided by COS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5ab49d5-5f99-43d6-85bd-8db629f7bc7b", - "label": "TEM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are patterned after\nTransmission Light Microscopes and will yield similar\ninformation.\n\nMorphology\n\nThe size, shape and arrangement of the particles, which make up\nthe specimen as well as their relationship to each other on the\nscale of atomic diameters. Crystallographic Information The\narrangement of atoms in the specimen and their degree of order,\ndetection of atomic-scale defects in areas a few nanometers in\ndiameter Compositional Information (if so equipped) The elements\nand compounds the sample is composed of and their relative\nratios, in areas a few nanometers in diameter\n\nA TEM works much like a slide projector. A projector shines a\nbeam of light through (transmits) the slide, as the light passes\nthrough it is affected by the structures and objects on the\nslide. These effects result in only certain parts of the light\nbeam being transmitted through certain parts of the slide. This\ntransmitted beam is then projected onto the viewing screen,\nforming an enlarged image of the slide.\n\nTEMs work the same way except that they shine a beam of\nelectrons (like the light) through the specimen(like the\nslide). Whatever part is transmitted is projected onto a\nphosphor screen for the user to see.\n\n[Source: University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9ba8850-f934-46bc-a1ce-744179a38812", - "label": "BINOCULAR", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "A pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BINOCULAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: BINOCULAR\n Long_Name: BINOCULAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BER_BLA/BINOCULAR_INSTRUMENT.html\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Binocularp.svg/450px-Binocularp.svg.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f138394c-f106-4f0f-b8b0-1ef9ecc3f7c2", - "label": "PIV", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b989ab29-6f44-4ae0-ae82-6f10a34682f7", - "label": "AirHARP", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The Airborne Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (AirHARP) instrument, designed and developed by the\nLaboratory for Aerosol and Cloud Optics (LACO) at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County\n(UMBC), participated in the Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and LIDAR (ACEPOL) field\ncampaign over the Western United States and the Pacific Ocean from 19 October to 9 November 2017.\nAirHARP joined three other polarimeters and two LiDAR instruments on-board the National Aeronautics\nand Space Administration (NASA) Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) ER-2 high-altitude research\naircraft. This document details the Level 1B processing and data quality of AirHARP datasets during this\ncampaign.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ada7c52-7016-4edb-8148-3715c446992b", - "label": "ZAPS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "A method and apparatus for monitoring water and other fluid systems. The fluid is continually monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring many optical parameters in an in-line, on-line system, which compensates for normal fluid changes while detecting abnormalities. This system can be deployed on a profiling carousel, such as a CTD/bottle rosette system to continuously measure chemical parameters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37513c7c-ae36-4391-90db-6a8fa08ee478", - "label": "A2 Photonic_WISe", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "This handheld instrument is meant to be used in the field and measures the liquid water content of snowpacks; it's uses include detecting snowmelt onset and avalanche forecasting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bb9e493-f4ec-4f66-8db1-c98cfefc2eb3", - "label": "OWI-430 DSP-WIVIS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The OWI-430 DSP-WIVIS is the most advanced present weather and visibility sensor ever made. The fully automated instrument provides accurate visibility, present weather and precipitation measurement in a single sensor. This next generation intelligent sensor uses all digital signal processing (DSP) for no-drift high-accuracy results. OSi’s patented environmentally adaptive algorithms use artificial-intelligence technology derived from over 100 million field hours of real-world data from our sensors installed around the world. The result is the most advanced weather sensor in the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3ecc166-16d5-4144-b23f-49ba59813b72", - "label": "BIG EYE BINOCULARS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "A pair of 25 x 150mm telescopes side-by-side, mounted on a pedestal and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9b2f95d-3edf-47f8-87a2-0fdf67b974e5", - "label": "Microtomography", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "Microtomography uses X-rays to image cross-sections of a physical object without destroying the original object. The images can be used to create a 3D model of the object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89caeef2-3ad1-4932-a3be-1a075c04afcf", - "label": "InfraSnow", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", - "definition": "The InfraSnow Sensor was developed in close collaboration with the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) in Davos. This is the first hand-held device that can measure snow specific-surface-area (SSA) at fractional cost of existing bulky laboratory devices. The method consists of diffuse near-infrared reflectance measurements using a compact integrating sphere setup to derive SSA. Diffuse reflectance is measured at NIR wavelengths, where impurities have only a weak influence on the reflectance of snow. For a sufficiently thick snow block, there exists a unique correlation between diffuse hemispherical reflectance and SSA according to multiple-scattering radiative transfer theory.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "label": "Radiation Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "451577a2-89bd-4323-aaa1-903203614633", - "label": "CIN", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "definition": "The Cloud Integrating Nephelometer (CIN) shines a 635 nm laser\nbeam between two parallel plates that are located outside an\naircraft in the free airstream. The volume of the laser beam\nbetween the plates is 100 cm3. Hydrometeors within the laser\nbeam scatter light to four Lambertian sensors located within the\ninstrument plates. The sensors have two domains. The forward\ndomain lies between 10? and 90?; laser light scattered between\n90? and 175? degree falls into the backward domain. Two of the\nsensors have ?cosine masks?. These weight the angular\ndistribution of the intensity of light reaching a sensor by the\ncosine of the angle of light scattered by the particle. Thus,\nthe four channels of the CIN are a forward channel (F), a\nbackward channel (B), a cosine-weighted forward channel (cF),\nand a cosine-weighted backward channel (cB). The fraction of\nforward scattered light missed by the sensor (f) has been\nprecisely calculated to be 0.56 +/- 0.02 for cold cirrus clouds.\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Utah]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e2e00d5-012c-4830-94d1-214883fd4ba5", - "label": "LICOR INTEGRATING SPHERE", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "definition": "Leaf Optical: Reflected and transmitted radiant energy can be\nmeasured for individual or a group of canopy elements\n(e.g. leaves, needles, branches, stems, cones, etc.) The Se590\nis attached to a LI-COR Integrating Sphere. The integrating\nsphere has a port for a reference standard and a port for the\nsample to be measured. The sphere has its own lights source\nthat can be placed in three other ports to create reflected,\nreference and transmitted measurements. Techniques have been\ndeveloped for measuring samples large enough to completely cover\nthe light source's beam area and for samples that are smaller\nthan the beam area.\n\n[Source: University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "763a171a-bdb9-4276-8b76-d4937ce0ad50", - "label": "LICOR LEAF AREA METER", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "definition": "The Li-Cor LI-3100 Leaf Area Meter provides a rapid, easy-to-use\nsystem for precise measurements of both large and small\nobjects. Capability for either 1 mm2 or 0.1 mm2 area resolution\nis provided on the same instrument. Samples are rapidly measured\nby placing them on a moving transparent belt and allowing them\nto pass through the LI-3100. An adjustable press roller flattens\nthe curled leaves and feeds them properly between the\ntransparent belts. The 3000A-01 Readout Console can be connected\nto the LI-3100 for additional data storage and output\ncapabilities.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.glenspectra.co.uk/glen/licor/li3100.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Glen Spectra]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa8f1fab-12ed-4952-bb51-d3ea1365d176", - "label": "Ceptometers", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a13ced7a-71c9-4b51-b2df-635e45ee9437", - "label": "SUNFLECK CEPTOMETER", - "broader": "aa8f1fab-12ed-4952-bb51-d3ea1365d176", - "definition": "A SUNFLECK CEPTOMETER is an instrument that measures\ninstantaneous fluxes in solar radiation in the\nphotosynthetically active region (400-700 nm). Often used to\ndetermine tree canopy transmittance of photosynthetically active\nradiation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9e375ed-0fae-4151-b10a-b80ee4ff27cb", - "label": "SOLAR SIMULATORS", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "definition": "Solar Simulators are generally used in laboratory or production\nenvironments for precision testing and/or calibration of\nlight-sensitive (e.g., photovoltaic) devices. Solar simulators\nare also used on terrestrial, aerospace and satellite products\nas a long-term simulated sunlight exposure system to test\noptical coatings, thermal control coatings, paints, etc. Pulse\nsimulators make it possible to test large solar panels at a\nfraction of the cost of steady state solar simulators. Because\nthe temperature of the solar cells under test are held constant,\nthe need for thermocouple testing is eliminated, resulting in\nsavings in both time and cost.\n\n[Source: Spectrolab]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d57891ac-8d42-4397-856b-fbbb887c26ac", - "label": "LICOR QUANTUM SENSOR", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "definition": "The LI-COR quantum sensor measures photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "febb31dd-ce43-4f26-97b4-7be3f2c7f30d", - "label": "LICOR PLANT CANOPY ANALYZER", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", - "definition": "The Li-Cor Plant Canopy Analyzer sensing head has five\nconcentric silicon ring detectors beneath a nearly hemispherical\n(150? field of view) lens. A blocking filter restricts radiation\nof less than 490 nm, which minimizes the effect of light\nscattered by foliage (Welles, 1990 ). The five rings provide\ndata at five zenith angles for use in the inversion model. A\nseparate dedicated controller-data logger is attached to the\nsensing head and records light readings for each ring. Readings\nof above- and below-canopy light conditions are necessary for\nthe calculation of LAI and average leaf inclination angle by the\nbuilt-in program. Below-canopy data were taken at eight compass\ndirections and the mean of these values was stored in the\ninstrument. In the orchard, above-canopy data were taken by\nwalking to an adjacent open field immediately (less than 2 min)\nafter recording each below-canopy reading. In the forest,\nabove-canopy readings were acquired by another Plant Canopy\nAnalyzer unit atop a nearby butte, which was about 1 km south\nand at 50 m higher elevation. Data were recorded every 5 min\nduring the period in which below-canopy readings were\nmade. Above-canopy values were then linearly interpolated to\nprovide an appropriate value for each below-canopy reading.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.cstars.ucdavis.edu/papers/pdf/martensetal1993a.pdf'", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "934ec55d-174c-468e-9326-2cca8071793f", - "label": "EMIS", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", - "label": "Conductivity Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "Sensors that measure the the electrical conductance per unit distance in an electrolytic or aqueous solution. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Conductivity Sensors\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Conductivity Sensors\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "039c065c-6119-45c3-bc85-8b77b1500bfc", - "label": "CONDUCTIVITY METERS", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", - "definition": "CONDUCTIVITY METERS are devices that measure the units of\nelectrical conduction (the facility with which a substance\nconducts electricity, as represented by the current density per\nelectrical-potential gradient in the direction of flow).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9feb42c9-5a21-4d68-afd9-4e7671d4b89d", - "label": "ELECTRONATORS", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", - "definition": "Instrument designed to measure the suface conductance\nof ice in situ.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df019c4a-6031-498c-ab35-4cac0575accc", - "label": "MWA", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", - "definition": "The Multiple Water Analyzer is an instrument used to\nmeasure multiple chemicals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f73d0762-863e-44c0-9258-2a07cc2f3c9d", - "label": "GERDIEN CONDUCTIVITY PROBE", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", - "definition": "This is a device designed to determine the electrical conductivity of the\natmosphere. By using a capacitor exposed to a sample of air and measuring the\ntime it takes for discharge, the electrical conductivity of the sample is\ndetermined. The Gerdien condenser probe has the ability to sense both positive\nand negative ion conductivities. The probe utilizes a concentric, cylindrical\nelectrode geometry with the inner and outer electrodes serving as the\ncollector/guard and return electrodes, respectively. The ion conductivity is\ndetermined by applying a voltage (V) that is swept linearly between the two\nelectrodes over a 1-minute period, and measuring the resulting current (I). The\nslope of the I?V characteristic (dI/dV) provides the conductivity measurement.\nSpecial construction techniques were used at the collector input to reduce\nstray leakage currents and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference\n(EMI). The length of the collector is 6.4 cm. The inner electrode extends\nanother 10 cm as a guard section that is used to mechanically support the\ncenter electrode and the inner electrode is recessed 3.8 cm from the leading\nedge of the outer cylinder. The whole assembly has a length of 20 cm and a mass\nof 0.286 kg. It was mounted via a 7.6 cm sidestrut to the underside of the\naircraft. A separate electronics box contained the sweep and data amplifier\nelectronics. This was used in the Altus Cumulus Electrification Study (ACES) \non an uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "label": "Pressure/Height Meters", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0bf12743-3ab8-4be7-9b48-b565723ed0ad", - "label": "BAROMETERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "BAROMETERS are instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure;\ntwo types include mercury barometers and aneroid barometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18455f8f-6ead-439d-afe2-66088fa1d54f", - "label": "PIPE STRAIN METER", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "A pipe strain meter comprise a couple of paper strain gauges\nadhered to a vinyl chloride pipe and are installed in a bore\nhole. They are used for electrically measuring flexural strain\nin pipe due to landslide. Results of monitoring are useful for\ndetermining the depth of slip surface.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://staff.aist.go.jp/s.tsuchida/itit/f_report/4yamak.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by Nihon University and Shin-Tokyo Geosystem]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c274ce0-6357-4a3a-8249-ba00a9b469ec", - "label": "PRESSURE CHAMBERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "In simplest terms, the pressure chamber can be thought of as\nmeasuring the 'blood pressure' of a plant, except for plants it\nis water rather than blood, and the water is not pumped by a\nheart using pressure, but rather pulled with a suction force as\nwater evaporates from the leaves. Water within the plant mainly\nmoves through very small, interconnected cells, collectively\ncalled xylem, which are essentially a network of pipes carrying\nwater from the roots to the leaves. The current model of how\nthis works is that the water in the xylem is under tension, and\nas the soil dries, or for some other reason the roots become\nunable to keep pace with evaporation from the leaves, then the\ntension increases. Under these conditions you could say that the\nplant begins to experience 'high blood pressure.'\n\nSimply put, the pressure chamber is just a device for applying\nair pressure to a leaf (or small shoot), where most of the leaf\nis inside the chamber but a small part of the leaf stem (the\npetiole) is exposed to the outside of the chamber through a\nseal. The amount of pressure that it takes to cause water to\nappear at the petiole tells you how much tension the leaf is\nexperiencing on its water: a high value of pressure means a high\nvalue of tension and a high degree of water stress. The units of\npressure most commonly used are the Bar (1 Bar = 14.5 pounds per\nsquare inch) and the Mega Pascal (1 MPa = 10 bars).\n\nBecause tension is measured, negative values are typically\nreported. An easy way to remember this is to think of water\nstress as a 'deficit:' the more the stress, the more the plant\nis experiencing a deficit of water. The scientific name given to\nthis deficit is the 'water potential' of the plant. The actual\nphysics of how the water moves from the leaf within the pressure\nchamber to the cut surface just outside the chamber is more\ncomplex than just 'squeezing' water out of a leaf, or just\nbringing water back to where it was when the leaf was cut. In\npractice, however, the only important factor is for the operator\nto recognize when water just begins to appear at the cut end of\nthe petiole.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/crops/pressure-chamber.shtml'\n\n[Summary provided by the Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d42ec44-082b-4510-afa0-bb7ca6d7296b", - "label": "VCEIL", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29", - "label": "STRAIN METER", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "A strain meter is an instrument used by geophysicists to measure the deformation of the Earth. Linear strain meters measure the changes in the distance between two points, using either a solid piece of material (over a short distance) or a laser interferometer (over a long distance, up to several hundred meters). The type using a solid length standard was invented by Benioff in 1932, using an iron pipe; later instruments used rods made of fused quartz. Modern instruments of this type can make measurements of length changes over very small distances, and are commonly placed in boreholes to measure small changes in the diameter of the borehole. Another type of borehole instrument detects changes in a volume filled with fluid (such as silicone oil). The most common type is the dilatometer invented by Sacks and Evertson in the USA (patent 3,635,076); a design that uses specially shaped volumes to measure the strain tensor has been developed by Sakata in Japan.\n[Source: Wikipedia ]\n\nAll these types of strain meters can measure deformation over frequencies from a few Hz to periods of days, months, and years. This allows them to measure signals at lower frequencies than can be detected with seismometers. Most strain meter records show signals from the earth tides, and seismic waves from earthquakes. At longer periods, they can also record the gradual accumulation of stress (physics) caused by plate tectonics, the release of this stress in earthquakes, and rapid changes of stress following earthquakes.\n\nThe most extensive network of strain meters is installed in Japan; it includes mostly quartz-bar instruments in tunnels and borehole strain meters, with a few laser instruments. Starting in 2003 there has been a major effort (the Plate Boundary Observatory) to install many more strain meters along the Pacific/North-America plate boundary in the United States. The aim is to install about 100 borehole strain meters, primarily in Washington, Oregon and California, and five laser strain meters, all in California.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: STRAIN METER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: STRAIN METER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strainmeter\n Sample_Image: http://www.techbriefs.com/images/stories/features/2007/appbrief_1207a.png\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-23\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36f24fad-75f5-4dc1-a241-78d719227be3", - "label": "PIEZOMETERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "PIEZOMETERS are devices (tube or pipe) that allows one to\ndetermine the elevation of hydraulic head in an aquifer at a\ngiven point.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39feceb3-722b-4ddb-935b-0c0e6e80410e", - "label": "DPG", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "Deep-Sea Differential Pressure Gauges (DPGs) are pressure gauges capable of accurate measurements of pressures generated directly by long surface gravity waves, tsunami, and microseisms. \n\n[Summary provided by the Scripps Institution of Geography.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DPG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: DPG\n Long_Name: Differential Pressure Gauge\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://marineemlab.ucsd.edu/instruments/dpgs.html\n Sample_Image: http://marineemlab.ucsd.edu/instruments/images/DPG1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-09\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "435dfcc7-2683-45ba-a687-af58302a29ea", - "label": "AHF", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "The USGS has developed a helicopter-based instrument, known as the Airborne Height Finder (AHF) which is able to measure the terrain surface elevation, whether above or under the water, in a noninvasive, nondestructive manner. Using an airborne surveying platform (the helicopter) equipped with GPS (global positioning system) technology and a high-tech version of the surveyor's plumb bob, the AHF system distinguishes itself from remote sensing technologies in its ability to physically penetrate vegetation and murky water, providing reliable measurement of the underlying topographic surface.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AHF\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: AHF\n Long_Name: AIRBORNE HEIGHT FINDER\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AHF\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.usgs.gov/features/h_finder.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.usgs.gov/features/images/height_finder2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ca7d7a6-539c-4dba-8808-ee2f5b0b2df7", - "label": "MICROBAROGRAPHS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "MICROBAROGRAPHS are aneroid barographs designed to record\natmospheric pressure variations of very small magnitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d2ed1b9-cd43-497b-97d8-c1fcbc37dbba", - "label": "PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "A pressure transducer is a transducer that converts pressure into an analog electrical signal. Although there are various types of pressure transducers, one of the most common is the strain-gage base transducer. The conversion of pressure into an electrical signal is achieved by the physical deformation of strain gages that are bonded into the diaphragm of the pressure transducer and wired into a wheatstone bridge configuration. Pressure applied to the pressure transducer produces a deflection of the diaphragm that introduces strain to the gages. The strain will produce an electrical resistance change proportional to the pressure.\n\n[Sumamry by Omega.com.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "715de185-321a-460e-b644-da20a8830ec1", - "label": "SURVEYING TOOLS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77548cb9-3844-4992-bfb4-47d8d25d773c", - "label": "SCHOLANDER PRESSURE CHAMBER", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "A scholander pressure chamber is used to pressurize leaves and\nleafy twigs and estimate leaf water potential from the balancing\npressure required to force water back to the cut stem surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7933236b-7bef-4339-a257-3446fb365e2f", - "label": "PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system\n\nA pitot-static system is a system of pressure-sensitive instruments that is most often used in aviation to determine an aircraft's airspeed, Mach number, altitude, and altitude trend. A pitot-static system generally consists of a pitot tube, a static port, and the pitot-static instruments. This equipment is used to measure the forces acting on a vehicle as a function of the temperature, density, pressure and viscosity of the fluid in which it is operating. Other instruments that might be connected are air data computers, flight data recorders, altitude encoders, cabin pressurization controllers, and various airspeed switches. Errors in pitot-static system readings can be extremely dangerous as the information obtained from the pitot static system, such as altitude, is often critical to a successful flight. Several commercial airline disasters have been traced to a failure of the pitot-static system. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system\n Creation_Date: 2011-05-23\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ec2816e-97fe-434e-8b1b-b720ddab80f3", - "label": "PRESSURE GAUGES", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "825fecfb-6ffb-42bd-a8c4-688427317f65", - "label": "APS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "Used as meteorological sensor to measure the air pressure.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: APS\n Long_Name: Air Pressure Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-06-27\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9645b8e1-3c26-41be-bd4d-2c889db7771c", - "label": "PRESSURE JUMP DETECTOR", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bb0baec-1ead-4c81-a953-425b45b09463", - "label": "PRESSURE PROBE", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a27589e4-5c8c-494a-b0b2-9065c9d7f7ec", - "label": "SOIL PRESSURE PLATE", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c33cf00b-b168-4e6a-b004-62e50ff09091", - "label": "CLINOMETERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "CLINOMETERS are instruments for measuring angles of inclination;\nused with ceiling light to measure cloud height at night.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0f46dd0-34b1-483a-ba0c-ee23583553d3", - "label": "ANEROID PRESSURE SENSOR", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f49fcfc6-e6e4-4587-b9f4-a27d67cdd2a3", - "label": "ROSEMOUNT PROBES", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "[Source: Global Hydrology Resource Center (GHRC), http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/ ] \n\nAircraft mounted instrument which measures 3 dimensional winds\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-05-26\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd08b891-2d9f-4c30-a07e-5c618561a79a", - "label": "ICE STRESS SENSORS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd1ac194-aa45-44b4-b155-8ef37c977736", - "label": "PRESSURE SENSORS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4863fbd-06dd-4465-9217-d044e5c27a5d", - "label": "Campbell Scientific CS106", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "The CS106, manufactured by Vaisala, measures barometric pressure for the range of 500 to 1100 hPa (mBar). This range equates to from below sea level (as in a mine) to over 15,000 feet above sea level. Designed for use in environmental applications, the CS106 is compatible with most Campbell Scientific data loggers. The CS106 has an attached 76.2 cm (30 in.) cable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ee1d597-41e4-4e44-bc80-66b4b7c8d86b", - "label": "CS100 Barometric Pressure Sensor", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "The CS100 measures barometric pressure for the range of 600 to 1100 hPa (mBar). This range equates to from below sea level (as in a mine) up to 12,000 feet above sea level. Designed for use in environmental applications, the CS100 is compatible with all Campbell Scientific data loggers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "106b63f4-1b30-462d-acce-d7082742e24b", - "label": "Vaisala PTB330", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", - "definition": "Vaisala BAROCAP ® Digital Barometer PTB330 is a new generation barometer, designed for a wide\nrange of high-end atmospheric pressure measurement. The pressure measurement of the PTB330 is based\non the Vaisala in-house, silicon Vaisala BAROCAP® Digital Barometer PTB330 with a new trend display.\n- the Vaisala BAROCAP ® Sensor. It provides high measurement accuracy and excellent long-term stability.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "label": "Temperature/Humidity Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f6e288e-be38-4b9e-aad6-d8413e06e21c", - "label": "Total Precipitation Sensor (Hotplate)", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "The Model TPS-3100 provides real time snow and liquid precipitation rates at remote automated weather stations. It represents the first fundamental breakthrough in basic precipitation measurement in several decades, and is ideal for mission-critical meteorological and transportation applications.\n\nManufacturer Homepage: http://www.yesinc.com/products/data/tps3100/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Total Precipitation Sensor (Hotplate)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Temperature/Humidity Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Thermometers\n Short_Name: Total Precipitation Sensor (Hotplate)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.yesinc.com/products/data/tps3100/\n Creation_Date: 2013-11-01\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "label": "Hygrometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f440b16-46d6-4088-9430-73d7bf9a4c84", - "label": "LASER HYGROMETERS", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46a7ac7c-61e2-42d2-bffb-a55b306eefe8", - "label": "FPH", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "Hygrometers measure water. Some measure water vapor content,\nsome measure liquid water. The NOAA Lyman-alpha Total Water\nHygrometer measures the amount of all water that enters the\nsensor, be it in any form-- solid, liquid or gas. The instrument\nionizes the water molecules themselves as they pass\nthrough. Using a high intensity direct current discharge lamp,\nlight at 121.6nm (called Lyman-alpha light) photodissociates\nwater molecules producing excited OH radicals. Fluorescence is\nproduced as the OH radical emits photons at 309nm. Making use of\na phototube sensitive to this wavelength and a counter, the\namount of OH can be calculated. The ambient air in the sample\ndiminishes this signal by an amount proportional to the mixing\nratio, so knowing the ambient pressure and temperature yields\nthe mixing ratio from which the total water is determined. The\ninstrument is periodically calibrated in flight by injecting a\nknown amount of water vapor directly into the sample.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/c4enlh.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "667219fb-9061-40cf-933e-fd5d81272581", - "label": "LYMAN-ALPHA HYGROMETER", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "LYMAN-ALPHA HYGROMETER is a hygrometer based on the absorption\nof radiation by water vapor at the Lyman-alpha line, which is an\nemission line of atomic hydrogen at 121.567 nm; this radiation\ncan be generated by a glow discharge in hydrogen and detection\nis accomplished by a nitric oxide ion chamber; Lyman-alpha\nhygrometers are typically used on aircraft and meteorological\ntowers for high frequency humidity measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a22fea1-f43e-4147-abca-13e44016a483", - "label": "HYGROMETERS", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "Any instrument that measures the water vapor content of the atmosphere.\nThere are six basically different means of transduction used in measuring this\nquantity and hence an equal number of types of hygrometers. These are 1) the\npsychrometer, which utilizes the thermodynamic method; 2) the class of\ninstruments that depends upon a change of physical dimensions due to the\nabsorption of moisture (see hair hygrometer, torsion hygrometer,\ngoldbeater's-skin hygrometer); 3) those that depend upon condensation of\nmoisture (see dewpoint hygrometer, frost point hygrometer); 4) the class of\ninstruments that depend upon the change of chemical or electrical properties\ndue to the absorption of moisture (see absorption hygrometer, electrical\nhygrometer, carbon-film hygrometer element, dew cell); 5) the class of\ninstruments that depend upon the diffusion of water vapor through a porous\nmembrane (see diffusion hygrometer); and 6) the class of instruments that\ndepend upon measurements of the absorption spectra of water vapor (see spectral\nhygrometer). \n\nReference: Middleton, W. E. K., and A. F. Spilhaus, 1953: Meteorological\nInstruments, 3d ed., rev., Univ. of Toronto Press, 105?116.\n\nIn, American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology online:\nhttp://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f6b44a3-9bf6-498c-a4dd-4f2b6d0d498e", - "label": "HWV", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "The Harvard Water Vapor (HWV) instrument combines two independent measurement methods\nfor the simultaneous in situ detection of ambient water vapor mixing ratios in a single duct.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94358f5c-bb25-4c11-8131-466bec38e7ff", - "label": "ULH", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "ULH measures water vapor at high accuracy in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere to meet the following science objectives:\n\n1. validation and scientific collaboration with NASA earth-monitoring satellite missions, principally the Aura satellite, http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n2. observations of stratospheric trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from the mid-latitudes into the tropics,\n\n3. sampling of polar stratospheric air and the break-up fragments of the air that move into the mid-latitudes, The ULH flights on Global Hawk will advance the state of the art technologically with remote command and control. ULH will provide real-time in-situ stratospheric water vapor measurements from Global Hawk. Additionally, ULH will make continuous measurements during long-duration flights up to 33 hours, which would be impossible with manned aircraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab3a6b71-992e-4f21-a383-950c24549214", - "label": "FISH", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "A new set of hygrometers based on the Lyman α photofragment fluorescence technique has been developed for operation on aircraft and balloons in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. They combine technical details from existing fluorescence hygrometers with several improvements in order to achieve the highest data quality and to minimize maintenance and operational procedures. With these instruments, stratospheric H2O measurements can be accomplished with a precision of < 0.2 ppmv at 1 s integration time, as has been demonstrated both in the laboratory and under field deployment. The design enables a rapid exchange of the air sample of the order of 1 s for fast measurements of small-scale variations of the H2O mixing ratio in the atmosphere. The hygrometer is calibrated using a laboratory calibration bench with approximately 4% accuracy. Measurements made by the hygrometer are compared with a frost point hygrometer during an aircraft mission at H2O mixing ratios from 280 to 8 ppmv, yielding an agreement between both techniques within the instrumental errors", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ab86d15-469c-422c-8d03-b49eda7456c4", - "label": "CRYO", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", - "definition": "Water vapor concentrations are measured using the cryogenically-cooled, chilled mirror hygrometer (Buck Research model CR-1). This instrument has a wide dynamic range (-90 to +30 C or approximately 1 to 30,000 ppmv H2O) and reasonably rapid response time (2 to 20 seconds, depending on the temporal and quantitative characteristics of the change in water vapor concentrations). The model CR-1 hygrometer utilizes a cryogenically chilled mirror and electro-optical technique to determine the dew/frost point of a gas. The primary difference between the CR-1 and other chilled mirror hygrometers is the mechanism used to cool the mirror surface. The mirror surface on which the dew/frost layer is preserved is coupled to a rod cooled by LN2 cryogen. The mirror surface is heated to the dew/frost point by means of a heater winding attached to the mirror rod. A control circuit controlled by optics monitors the reflectance from a LED off the mirror surface and maintains the condensate layer at a preset level. A thermistor embedded in the mirror measures the surface temperature and is output as a direct reading of the dew/frost point of the sample gas.\n\nAir samples for the CR-1 hygrometer are provided by a separate window-mounted droplet-excluding inlet probe which has been used aboard the DC-8 platform in previous field missions. The in situ sampling probe consists of a stainless steel tubing inlet probe insert combined with a Rosemount type102 non-deiced temperature sensor housing. This type forward-facing probe provides inboard sampling of ambient air while maintaining efficient inertial separation of droplets and particles from the sampled air stream. The outer structural portion of the probe is manufactured by Rosemount Aerospace, Inc. and is flight-certified for use aboard both research and commercial jet aircraft. In normal subsonic flight, the inlet is self-pumping and develops enough pressure head to provide up to 15 liters/minute airflow through the approximately the 1 meter of ¼ “ stainless steel tubing which connects the inlet to the sensors. The tubing used to supply the sample air to the hygrometer is heated to approximately 50° C to avoid any chance of internal condensation in the sample line and reduce errors associated with wall effects.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b633c32-737c-4c2f-afd4-394efbc8e7e2", - "label": "Thermistors", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d62f53e7-e2e0-496a-a03e-e31fa95b91f0", - "label": "THERMISTORS", - "broader": "3b633c32-737c-4c2f-afd4-394efbc8e7e2", - "definition": "THERMISTORS are devices with electrical resistance that varies\nmarkedly and monotonically and that possesses a negative\ntemperature coefficient of resistivity; commonly used in\nmeteorology and are composed of solid semi conducting materials\nwith resistance that decreases 4% per degree Celsius.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "45cc9562-3589-47ad-8220-6cbf5bf1ef80", - "label": "PSYCHROMETERS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "A psychrometer is an instrument used for measuring the water\nvapor content of the atmosphere; a type of hygrometer. It\nconsists of two thermometers, one of which (the dry bulb) is an\nordinary glass thermometer, while the other (wet bulb) has its\nbulb covered with a jacket of clean muslin, which is saturated\nwith distilled water before an observation. When the bulbs are\nsuitably ventilated, they indicate the thermodynamic wet- and\ndry-bulb temperatures of the atmosphere. One variety is the\nAssman psychrometer (a special form of aspiration psychrometer\nfor which the ventilation is provided by a suction fan).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/psychrometer.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dbc32a5-26a6-4f09-a889-8948152f38c6", - "label": "CFDC", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "A Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC) is intended to expose\naerosol particles to well-defined conditions of temperature and\nwater vapor content in order to effect and study phase changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "label": "Thermometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1cf3fcba-3195-45b8-a14c-dbaf7111b6df", - "label": "THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "definition": "THERMOMETERS are instruments for measuring temperature by\nutilizing the variation of the physical properties of substances\naccording to their thermal states; can be classified as gas,\nliquid-in-gas, deformation, electrical, liquid-in-metal, and\nsonic thermometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27353319-c995-4fb6-9b1f-8720d9b742ea", - "label": "RT", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "definition": "A Reversing Thermometer is a thermometer that registers\nthe temperature in deep waters.\n\n[Source: Hyper Dictionary]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33237ad6-ddac-482a-a18a-b9a1656a1b58", - "label": "WET BULB THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "definition": "WET BULB THERMOMETERS, in a psychrometer, the thermometer that\nhas the wet, muslin covered bulb, and, therefore measures the\nwet-bulb temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c21c47b-2ef3-4529-8fa5-3a0085cd556e", - "label": "QUARTZ CRYSTAL THERMOMETER", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "definition": "The Quartz Crystal Thermometer is a highly accurate method based\non sensitivity of resonant frequency of quartz crystal to\ntemperature change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73196754-1e60-4289-89a9-f1147fa1e3e0", - "label": "PRT", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "definition": "The Model PRT-5 (Precision Raditaion Thermometer) is a\nbattery-powered, infrared radiometer. Extremely versatile,\nthis instrument makes highly sensitive, non-contact temperature\nmeasurements in any selected range between -50?C and 150?C.\n\nThe PRT-5 can be employed from aircraft, land vehicles, ships or\nother platforms. It is completely portable, requires no set-up\ntime, and does not depend upon external power.\n\nTypical targets for the PRT-5 are sea surface, clouds, sky\nbackground, terrain and similar large-area subjects that are\ndifficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods.\n\nThe PRT-5 consists of a 3.5 pound optical head and a\nrack-mounted, solid-state electronic control unit. The optical\nhead may be hand-held, by means of a pistol grip attachment, or\ntripod mounted. It is linked to the electronic control unit by\nan 8-foot interconnecting cable. When not in use, the optical\nhead is stored in a rugged, protective carrying case, which also\ncontains the control unit and all cables.\n\nThe standard PRT-5 has a 2-degree field of view, a spectral\nrange of 8 to 14 microns, and a three-range, overlapping\ntemperature scale graduated in degrees C or F.\n\nThis instrument provides a target spot size of 35 feet at\ntypical working distance of 1,000 feet. With all versions of the\nPRT-5, measurements are independent of distance as long as the\ntarget fills the instrument?s field of view.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.pyrometer.com/prt5.html'\n\n[Summary provided by PYRO]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4b8b67d-7272-43b2-b096-2bb3d256a6a0", - "label": "INFRARED THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "definition": "Infrared Thermometers - Infrared sensors developed to remotely\nmeasure the temperature of distant stars and planets, led to the\ndevelopment of the hand-held optical sensor thermometer. Placed\ninside the ear canal, the thermometer provides an accurate\nreading in two seconds or less.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6080f1a-96ea-4ec8-aa25-d71c0d873ab3", - "label": "DRY BULB THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", - "definition": "DRY BULB THERMOMETERS: In a psychrometer (an instrument used to\nmeasure humidity), the thermometer that has a dry bulb and\ntherefore directly measures air temperature.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a22613f-f9c8-44dd-b1b5-c082c69c891b", - "label": "Pyrometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a09ad3d5-233c-4d86-9a44-7e09ab9063c4", - "label": "PYROMETERS", - "broader": "9a22613f-f9c8-44dd-b1b5-c082c69c891b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a36df81b-010c-4a78-a276-35f8ba594432", - "label": "Thermocouples", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fd49213d-3ad6-455d-bf97-89251483c88d", - "label": "THERMOCOUPLES", - "broader": "a36df81b-010c-4a78-a276-35f8ba594432", - "definition": "Thermocouples are devices for measuring temperature in which\npair of wires of dissimilar metals (as copper and iron) are\njoined and the free ends of the wires are connected to an\ninstrument (as a voltmeter) that measures the difference in\npotential created at the junction of the two metals.\n\n[Source: Merriam Webster Online Dictionary]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa953a14-4581-47f8-a5b3-c8dd50904ee0", - "label": "TEMPERATURE SENSORS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "A meteorological sensor used to measure temperature.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TEMPERATURE SENSORS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Temperature/Humidity Sensors\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE SENSORS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2da7ee4-a58c-43cc-a1da-016b3e7c306a", - "label": "HUMIDITY SENSORS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "HUMIDITY SENSORS are devices that receive a signal or stimulus\n(as heat or pressure or light or motion etc.) and responds to\nit, in this case humidity or some measure of the water vapor\ncontent of air.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HUMIDITY SENSORS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Temperature/Humidity Sensors\n Short_Name: HUMIDITY SENSORS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc0c1807-5f6e-4e96-a9e2-99bfafef5ebc", - "label": "Hypsometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "47085051-bcbe-4789-89a2-d2c7ed6b3f91", - "label": "HYPSOMETERS", - "broader": "bc0c1807-5f6e-4e96-a9e2-99bfafef5ebc", - "definition": "HYPSOMETERS are instruments for measuring height; specifically\nfor measuring atmospheric pressure by determining the boiling\npoint of a liquid at the station; used in high altitudes because\nof its increased sensitivity when pressure decreases; frequently\nused for height estimation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", - "label": "Hydrometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fbe41309-c094-4218-8d5c-71e4877b899d", - "label": "HYDROMETERS", - "broader": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", - "definition": "HYDROMETERS are instruments used for measuring the specific gravity of a\nliquid. \nhttp://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdc33ea9-1f74-40ec-b7d2-c44f384832e5", - "label": "DEWPOINT HYDROMETERS", - "broader": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", - "definition": "DEWPOINT HYDROMETERS are instruments used for determining the\ndewpoint (the temperature at which a given air parcel must be\ncooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor in order\nfor saturation to occur); a small temperature sensor is embedded\non the underside of a mirror and the electro-optical system is\nused to detect the formation of condensate or dew; specular\nreflectance of the bare mirror decreases the dew layer\nthickness.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cadcab4e-41f9-4056-9e08-a10d6791a9bb", - "label": "HUMIDITY TRANSDUCERS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "HUMIDITY TRANSDUCERS are electrical devices that converts one\nform of energy into another, in this case it converts humidity\nor some measure of the water vapor content of air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4de5424-3a98-4d11-885a-e83626cf3bb2", - "label": "RTD", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper. The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaaf9dfd-4260-4d06-b0eb-83158cef0891", - "label": "SOIL HEAT FLUX TRANSDUCER", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "Soil heat flux is commonly measured using a soil heat flux\ntransducer (plate.) The soil heat flux transducer should be made\nas thin as possible and constructed of a material that does not\nabsorb water and has a thermal conductivity that does not impede\nheat flow. A heat flow transducer (Model HFT-1) built by\nMicromet systems is constructed of high thermal conductivity\nepoxy to prevent ground potential pickup. This instrument also\nhas low resistance to heat flow, requires no power input and has\na linear calibration.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://snrs.unl.edu/agmet/408/instruments/soilheat.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f82756a9-2df8-4dd3-96be-c2cecd5fc1fb", - "label": "Hydrothermographs", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c0293996-1fd5-46c1-a6e3-14beaefd8ad2", - "label": "HYGROTHERMOGRAPHS", - "broader": "f82756a9-2df8-4dd3-96be-c2cecd5fc1fb", - "definition": "HYGROTHERMOGRAPHS are recording instruments combining, on one\nrecord, the variation of atmospheric temperature and humidity\ncontent as a function of time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2707664-1df9-4716-9fb7-2bac630b815c", - "label": "VCSEL Hygrometer", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "The VCSEL hygrometer employs tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy to determine the water vapor number density over a dew-point range of -90 to +30º C. It reports the water vapor number density at 25 samples per second. From the number density other humidity-related parameters such as dew/frost point, mixing ratio, etc. are derived. It is mounted on a GV aperture plate, weighs 3.2 kg and draws less than 20W from 120 VAC, 60 Hz.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae8cab2b-3bd1-47ea-b160-97dc6b31f306", - "label": "CLH2", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "The University of Colorado Closed-path Laser Hygrometer, version 2 (CLH2) is an infrared absorption\ninstrument designed to measure so-called “total water”, the sum of water vapor and particulate water.\nIt is a second-generation sensor that derives from the original CLH, which has been flown on the NASA\nDC-8 and WB-57F and the NSF/NCAR G-V and C-130 [Hallar et al., 2004; Davis et al., 2007a; 2007b]. This\nversion of the instrument uses a fiber-coupled tunable diode laser at 1.37 µm to measure by absorption\nthe water vapor resulting from the evaporation of cloud particles. The spectrometer will be housed in a\nmodified PMS canister and coupled to a heated forward-facing inlet. Sampling of particles is deliberately\nsub-isokinetic, which results in enhancements of particle mass relative to ambient by factors ranging\nbetween 30 and 70. Therefore, condensed water even in very thin clouds can be measured with high\nprecision and accuracy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea416f82-6986-4411-bd05-139c0cc10da6", - "label": "TTS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "https://www.flightdatacommunity.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/02/TAT-Report.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c6b6c36-370c-48a1-92d9-4e90522924e4", - "label": "Vaisala HUMICAP HMP155", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "The HMP155 Humidity and Temperature Probe provides fast, accurate humidity measurements across a range of conditions including tropical, coastal, and marine environments. Thanks to the warmed probe technology and latest generation HUMICAP® R2 sensor technology, the HMP155 delivers excellent long-term stability in the harshest environments, especially where measurements may be corrupted by chemicals, fog, mist, rain, and heavy dew.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2baac496-5b58-46a5-9201-d7dbd691eb5e", - "label": "Vaisala HMT330", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "Vaisala HMT330 Series HUMICAPâ Humidity and Temperature Transmitters are\ndesigned for demanding industrial applications where stable measurements and\nextensive customization are essential. With multiple options to choose from, the\ninstrument can be tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual application\nand is pre-configured for each delivery.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81c6c913-61e9-4324-92b0-d7617bdd1000", - "label": "NOAA PSL Sea Snake", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "Floating “sea snake” thermometers measure the near-surface ocean temperature accurately and robustly within 0.1 m of the surface, where solar warming affects the ocean temperature. These temperature measurements are used to verify satellite sea surface temperature retrievals and to track the exchange of heat and moisture between the ocean and atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c15cef88-21a9-4d9f-94f8-9f64012c2f91", - "label": "Vaisala HMT337", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", - "definition": "The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Transmitter HMT337 is delivered in one of three configurations:\n\n• Basic: non-warmed probe for moderate humidities\n• With a warmed probe: for nea-rcondensing conditions and dew point measurement\n• With a warmed probe and an additional temperature sensor: for near-condensing conditions and relative humidity measurement.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "label": "Probes", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02e65d8f-20a1-4b72-82e1-65e39e206100", - "label": "STEEL MEASURING TAPE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "Steel Measuring Tape is an instrument used for measuring lenght.\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL DAAC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1180264d-4e2b-463a-ab0c-83ffa0654dd2", - "label": "Bowen Ratio Devices", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "Bowen Ratio Devices are instruments that measures the Bowen Ratio. Bowen ratio is used to describe the type of heat transfer in a water body. Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat (differences in temperature without evapotranspiration) or latent heat (the energy required during a change of state, without a change in temperature). The Bowen ratio is the mathematical method generally used to calculate heat lost (or gained) in a substance; it is the ratio of energy fluxes from one state to another by sensible heat and latent heating respectively.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "137c4280-1d8c-4800-b47f-ea5882493074", - "label": "SNOW MEASURING ROD", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A snow measuring rod is a specially designed rod that is pushed\ninto the snow until the underlying surface is reached to measure\nsnow depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "278ab29e-9e5e-4829-a676-57db94d4bbf1", - "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A SOIL TEMPERATURE PROBE is a device that measures the\ntemperature of the soil at which it is measured at a certain\ndepth, typically 2, 4, 8 and sometimes 20, 40 inches.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cbb3280-a541-4e17-b0c0-3583ba06a030", - "label": "Hotwire LWC", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Hotwire LWC instrument estimates liquid water content using a heated sensing coil. The system maintains the coil at a constant temperature, usually 125 °C, and measures the power necessary to maintain this temperature. More power is needed to maintain the temperature as droplets evaporate on the coil surface and cool the surface and surrounding air. Hence, this power reading can be used to estimate LWC. Both the LWC design and the optional PADS software contain features to ensure the LWC reading is not affected by conductive heat loss.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ce8f7cd-ee26-4f43-83cb-5113ec8293dc", - "label": "TEMPERATURE PROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A Temperature Probe is a device used to directly measure the temperature in a substance, be it soil, water or air. Temperature probes are used on aircraft to measure outside air temperature; often in conjunction with other sensors as in Bowen ratio apparatus; or used to determine water temperature. \n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50e18063-c74f-4525-8b4e-b21f5c28e669", - "label": "1DP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "Cloud microphysical measurements are made with an array of Particle Measuring\nSystems probes (FSSP, 1D-C, 2D-C, 1D-P) mounted on aircraft wing-tip pylons.\nThese probes measure concentrations and sizes of particles from one micrometer\nto several millimeters in diameter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "561625aa-513c-4ce3-b1a9-8df701368360", - "label": "SOIL HEAT PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "Soil heat probes determine the soil moisture content\nby measuring the time taken for a known pulse of heat to\ndissipate into the soil. The wetter the soil, the quicker\nthe heat dissipates. Heat probe sensors can be linked to\na data logger to take continuous readings.\n\n[Summary provided by the Queensland Government]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ad73580-248c-45af-bf40-dc0356cc40a6", - "label": "SHRIMP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "In its early days, radiometric dating was a long and laborious\ntask. In later years the process sped up, but only recently has\ndating a rock become relatively commonplace. In the early 1980s,\na group of researchers at the Australian National University in\nCanberra built an instrument, called an ion microprobe, to date\nrocks. This microprobe, known to scientists as SHRIMP (Sensitive\nHigh Resolution Ion Microprobe), was designed specifically to\ndetect the decay of uranium in the earliest terrestrial\nmaterials.\n\n[Source: Oak Crest Institute of Science]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "741d3a8e-a08a-441a-8b74-7133d1a3a56d", - "label": "PERMEAMETERS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "PERMEAMETERS are one of any number of devices used to measure\nthe permeability of porous media.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78de9317-f7df-46dd-bcbd-559b9d1a0de3", - "label": "PENETROMETERS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "PENETROMETERS are pointed devices that indicate the amount of\nresistance encountered when it is forced into a material such as\nsnow or soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d32e5f2-30c8-495a-938c-9e36265aa2e7", - "label": "ROSEMOUNT ICING DETECTOR", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86f4b0e3-afef-4ee1-9d9a-8dd5d933d306", - "label": "SOIL MOISTURE PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A SOIL MOISTURE PROBE is a device that measures the total amount\nof water, including the water vapor, in unsaturated soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92252300-1348-4528-a46d-7936ec3355ef", - "label": "DIELECTRIC PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A DIELECTRIC PROBE is designed device that is an electrical\ninsulator, a device that has material with a low electrical\nconductivity; determines other conductivities of other\nmaterials; dielectric = insulator.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "927f1319-fbc9-491f-a9a0-18b52a007b02", - "label": "PROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "PROBES, in geophysics, the device used to make a sounding.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "984f0756-a0b9-4c2a-9128-3def832d7800", - "label": "CPI PROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99b75b86-1e64-4d48-a01f-aa0cc855a4ae", - "label": "MAGNAPROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The MagnaProbe was invented by two scientists, Jon Holmgren and Dr. Matthew Stur of Snow-Hydro. It consists of a rod that's approximately 1.5 meters in length. At the end of the probe is a white basket that rides on the top of the snowpack. At the top of the probe is a white control button. Pushing this button automatically records the snow-depth measurement, storing it in a data box that's housed in a small backpack.\nThe MagnaProbe was invented by two scientists, Jon Holmgren and Dr. Matthew Stur of Snow-Hydro. It consists of a rod that's approximately 1.5 meters in length. At the end of the probe is a white basket that rides on the top of the snowpack. At the top of the probe is a white control button. Pushing this button automatically records the snow-depth measurement, storing it in a data box that's housed in a small backpack.\n\n The MagnaProbe was invented by two scientists, Jon Holmgren and Dr. Matthew Stur of Snow-Hydro. It consists of a rod that's approximately 1.5 meters in length. At the end of the probe is a white basket that rides on the top of the snowpack. At the top of the probe is a white control button. Pushing this button automatically records the snow-depth measurement, storing it in a data box that's housed in a small backpack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a0c4ba6-bce4-4f00-8b00-6940a4651e18", - "label": "ION MICROPROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "Ion microprobes have been around in various forms for many years. It was not\nuntil the mid 70's that the ion probe was viewed as having the potential to be\nthe geologist's ultimate weapon. The ion probe uses a focused beam of primary\nions to sputter away the sample surface. A small fraction of the sputtered\nmaterial is ionized and can then be accelerated into a mass spectrometer. A\ncharacteristic of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a plethora of\natomic and molecular species which often cause isobaric interferences. The\nfirst ion microprobes relied on low mass resolution mass spectrometers and\ntried to strip away interferences by monitoring other peaks containing the\ninterfering elements. This method is fraught with difficulty because it relies\non the correct identification of all potential interferences. The first SIMS\ninstrument capable of high mass resolution was the Cameca ims-3f. This\ninstrument works as an ion microscope, that is, a direct image of the spatial\ndistribution of the isotopes in the target can be obtained. High mass resolving\npower could only be achieved on this instrument at the expense of beam\ntransmission - entrance and exit slits had to be very narrow thereby reducing\nthe amount of beam transmission.\n\n[Source: Stanford University.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9aa1bbca-5d91-4260-9951-0c57f79bd86b", - "label": "SOIL DEPTH PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a96e2db1-d9a0-42a0-a0b1-9b0d7350531f", - "label": "SNOW TUBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A SNOW TUBE also known as a snow sampler is a hollow tube for\ncollecting a sample of snow in situ.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adffbac6-6ba0-4191-b80c-628fd42c6fe7", - "label": "NEUTRON PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A neutron probe is not measuring water content directly. It is\nmeasuring hydrogen atoms and these can be from any source,\nincluding bound water and hydrocarbons. The use of a neutron\nprobe in environmental, or environmental remediation\napplications usually requires frequent site recalibration due to\nchanges in the hydrogen provided by sources other than water. In\naddition, a neutron probe is not accurate within the top 15\ncm. of the soil surface due to neutron loss from the region of\ninfluence into the atmosphere.\n\nThe user of a neutron probe usually requires special training,\nand a government license for transport, ownership and use of a\nradioactive source. The soil core from the probe borehole must\nbe gravimetrically analyzed to establish a calibration reference\ncurve to insure probe accuracy, and the site calibration curve\nis specific to a particular probe. Additionally, neutron probes\n'age' with use as the activity level of the source\ndegrades. This 'aging' of the probe requires periodic site\nrecalibration to maintain accuracy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.esica.com/products/moisture/tech.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by ESI]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3b8b168-e509-44f2-9610-326c72bec833", - "label": "CEP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Cylindrical Electrostatic Probe (CEP) consisted of two\nidentical instruments designed to measure electron temperatures,\nelectron and ion concentrations, ion mass, and spacecraft\npotential. One probe was oriented along the spin axis of the\nspacecraft (usually perpendicular to the orbit plane), and the\nother radially, so that it could observe in the direction of the\nvelocity vector once each 15-s spin period. Each instrument was\na retarding-potential Langmuir-probe device that produced a\ncurrent-voltage (I-V) curve for a known voltage pattern placed\non the collector. Electrometers were used to measure the\ncurrent. There were two systems of operation (one with two modes\nand another with three modes) using collector voltage patterns\nbetween plus and minus 5 volts. Most modes involved an\nautomatic or fixed adjustment of collector voltage limits\n(and/or electrometer output) such that the region of interest on\nthe I-V profile provided high resolution. Each system was\ndesigned for use with only one of the probes, but they could be\ninter-switched to provide backup redundancy. The best\nmeasurements in the most favorable modes provided 1-s time\nresolution; electron temperature between 300 and 1.E4 deg K (10%\naccuracy); ion density between 1.E4 and 1.E7 ions/cc (10-20%\naccuracy); electron density between 50 and 1.E6 electrons/cc;\nand ion mass at ion densities above 1.E4. Each probe had a\ncollector electrode extending from the central axis of a\ncylindrical guard ring. The 2.5-cm-long guard ring was at the\nend of a 25-cm boom, and the collector extended another 7.5 cm\nbeyond the guard ring. The boom, guard, and collector was 0.2 cm\nin diameter.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b65bb5c7-386f-4109-800c-f6ceafc5624a", - "label": "CAPAC", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "Cloud and Aerosol Particle Characterization (CAPAC) is a series\nof three instruments. The first is the Forward Scattering\nSpectrometer Probe model 300 (FSSP-300), the Two Dimensional\nOptical Array Probes [Cloud and Precipitation Probes (2D-P)] and\nthe CAPAC video. These instruments flew during CAMEX-3 upon the\nNASA DC-8 mounted on the left wing.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/dc8capac.html'\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "beff9871-e277-4b26-8bf1-20fd41b31031", - "label": "TENSION INFILTROMETER", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "Tension infiltrometers have been widely used for in situ\ndetermination of the field-saturated hydraulic conductivity\n(Kfs) of soils under near-saturated conditions in the vadose\nzone (Meiers, 2002). Near-saturated conditions refer to\nmeasurements made over the negative pressure range, -20cm to\n0.0cm, where water contents are nearly as high as those for\nsaturation (Reynolds and Elrick, 1991). Tension infiltrometers\ndetermine the steady-state infiltration rate into the soil\nthrough a porous plate on which a constant negative water\npressure (tension) is applied.\n\nAdditional information available at\n\n'http://technology.infomine.com/hydromine/topics/Permeability_Testing/\nTension_Infiltrometer.asp'\n\n[Summary provided by Infomine]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caeac279-114d-4035-bfb6-f3509defe610", - "label": "WCR", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Water Content Reflectometer measures the volumetric water content of porous media using time-domain measurement methods. The reflectometer connects directly to the single-ended analog input of a datalogger. The datalogger period or frequency output can be converted to volumetric water content using calibration values. \n\nSource: http://s.campbellsci.com/documents/us/product-brochures/b_cs615.pdf\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WCR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: WCR\n Long_Name: Water Content Reflectometer\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://s.campbellsci.com/documents/us/product-brochures/b_cs615.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-16\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf81966e-6b43-403b-9296-b2943a150f2c", - "label": "2DC", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "1. Introduction\n\nThe Two dimensional optical array probes (2D-OAP), models 2D-C\nand 2D-P, are instruments developed by Particle Measuring\nSystems (PMS Inc., Boulder, Co) for the measurement of cloud and\nprecipitation drop size distributions. These sensors are used\nprimarily for the study of cloud microphysical processes,\nparticularly the growth of cloud drops and ice crystals through\naggregation, riming and coalescence into drizzle, rain drops,\ngraupel or other forms of precipitation.\n\n2. Operating Principles\n\nThe 2Ds record the two dimensional shadows of hydrometeors as\nthey pass through a focussed He-Ne laser beam (Fig. 1). The\nshadow is cast onto a linear diode array and the on/off state of\nthese diodes is stored during the particle's passage through the\nlaser beam. This informatio, along with the time that has passed\nsince the previous particle, is sent to the data system and\nrecorded for post-flight analysis.\n\nInformation about a particle's shape and size is deduced from\nanalysis of the recorded shadow with a variety of pattern\nrecognition algorithms. Figure 2 illustrates some measurements\nby the 2D probe in several different types of clouds, ranging\nfrom rain drops to pristine ice crystals to more complex heavily\nrimed ice particles. Figure 3 is a photograph of the 2D-C in the\ncanister that is normally mounted on an aircraft pylon. A\ncomplement of 2Ds is normally flown during a project to cover\nthe size range of interest. The 2D cloud probe (2D-C) measures\nin the range from 25 mm to 800 mm and the 2D precipitation probe\n(2D-P) measures in the large size range from 200 mm to 6400 mm.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://raf.atd.ucar.edu/Bulletins/B24/2dProbes.html'\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfc9cb35-d637-4e78-b1e0-680dedb9beed", - "label": "FCDP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cffa876f-b568-41cb-8561-9b13d68c24fe", - "label": "TDR", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "In the past 20 years use of the soil?s dielectric properties to\ndetermine moisture content have been met with increasing\ntechnological success through use Time Domain Reflectometry\n(TDR).\n\nThe TDR method is based on determining the propagation time of\nan electromagnetic pulse traveling along a probe segment in the\nsoil. The TDR device first measures the round-trip time for the\npulse to travel to the beginning of the segment, which is\nindicated by the presence of a diode. Then the round-trip\npropagation time to the end of the segment is measured. The\nresulting value is used to determine the dielectric constant of\nthe material. This value, when compared to the dielectric\nconstant of pure water and mineral soil, will indicate the\namount of water found in the medium.\n\n[Summary provided by North Dakota State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3ffbace-c35b-48a2-88c5-d401e14c17c2", - "label": "OSMOMETERS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "OSMOMETERS are devices for measuring soil water amounts, especially under roads.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7acd06b-31c4-4562-818a-1b89f4e4d061", - "label": "Tensiometer", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A tensiometer is an instrument used to measure the soil moisture tension in the vadose zone and are used in irrigation scheduling to help farmers and other irrigation managers to determine when to water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8fdc772-cd17-4951-af88-bbe54490c7cc", - "label": "SNOWPACK TEMPERATURE PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "A SNOWPACK TEMPERATURE PROBE is a device that measures the\ntemperature of a laterally extensive accumulation of snow on the\nground that persists through winter and melts in the spring and\nsummer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e53ef737-26b8-40e3-864b-2639d66505b1", - "label": "NEVZOROV PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Nevzorov probe is a constant temperature hot wire probe and consists of two separate sensors for measuring the total water content (liquid water [which includes frozen species] content, LWC, and total water content, TWC) of clouds and fog in the range between 0.003 gm-3 and 3 gm-3.\n\n[Summary provided by Global Hydrology Resource Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NEVZOROV PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Instrument_Type: NEVZOROV PROBE\n Short_Name: NEVZOROV PROBE\n Long_Name: Nevzorov Water Vapor Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7bfa032-f9e9-452b-b2b1-ebd79a1df9ba", - "label": "CDP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "[Source: Global Hydrology Resource Center]\n\nCloud Droplet probe is a miniature, lightweight, low-power cloud particle spectrometer that measures droplets in the range of 2-50 µm in concentrations as high as 2000 particles/cm3\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CDP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: CDP\n Long_Name: Cloud Droplet Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n Short_Name: DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2011-07-12\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef35bb0b-6b11-4064-8f9a-d8a0e4da42cd", - "label": "PMS KING PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The PMS/CSIRO is an instrument developed by Warren King (CSIRO) and marketed by Particle Measuring Systems (PMS Inc., Boulder, Co) for the measurement of cloud liquid water content. This sensor, commonly referred to as the 'King' probe, is used primarily for the study of cloud microphysical processes and in icing studies.\n\nSource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/raf/Bulletins/B24/kingLwc.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PMS KING PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: PMS KING PROBE\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/raf/Bulletins/B24/kingLwc.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-12-11\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f80c47db-63dc-4be2-b07b-a00d13ff4ca7", - "label": "SMP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd087700-68e9-48f2-a2f7-9781aa99ff1d", - "label": "CLOUD LIQUID WATER PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff2d6f74-959c-42f2-9905-dd942fd80598", - "label": "ELECTRON MICROPROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "An electron microprobe is an electron microscope designed for\nthe non-destructive x-ray microanalysis and imaging of solid\nmaterials. It is capable of high spatial resolution and\nrelatively high analytical sensitivity.\n\n[Source: Caltech]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4a55049-dfe2-4186-8cbe-43cbf9f76342", - "label": "AC3", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Axial Cyclone Cloud water Collector is a probe that collects samples of cloud water. Following previous designs, the probe uses inertial separation to remove cloud droplets from the airstream, which are subsequently collected and stored for offline analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f3d675e-b046-455f-b2bd-04cfbe7ce652", - "label": "FFSSP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Fast Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FFSSP) measures particle size and concentration. The FFSSP sizes particles by measuring the amount of light scattered into the collecting optics aperture during particle interaction through a focused laser beam. The instrument can size particles from 1-50m with a resolution of about 3m. The system resolves particles into twenty equally spaced bins. It is capable of sizing particles having velocities from 20-175 m/s. The FFSSP is a stand-alone system with an onboard data acquisition system that stores data on a Compact Flash (CF) card.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d403d52c-20f2-4c3d-a1e6-164b31f66bdf", - "label": "PHIPS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering Probe (PHIPS) is an aircraft probe that measures single cloud particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78bf23df-51db-490c-adf7-891a97b5f0bc", - "label": "Campbell Scientific 107", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The 107 is a rugged, accurate probe that measures temperature of air, soil, or water from -35° to +50°C. It easily interfaces with most Campbell Scientific data loggers and can be used in a variety of applications.\n\nThe 107 consists of a thermistor encapsulated in an epoxy-filled aluminum housing. The housing protects the thermistor, allowing you to bury the probe in soil or submerge it in water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ba51039-b95d-4e8c-9ca2-3dbf18a1d939", - "label": "ARIM200", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "ARIM200 Digital Air Data Probe (ADP) is an externally mounted digital-electronic air-data sensing system that is suitable for a wide range of different aircraft types. The ARIM200 Digital Air Data Probe (ADP) is a fully integrated, stand-alone air-data system capable of providing measurements of:\n\nBarometric (Static) Pressure\nAltitude\nAir Speed (including TAS)\nAngle-of-Attack (AOA)\nAngle-of-Sideslip (AOS)\nTemperature (OAT)\nRelative Humidity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0653fd1-089e-4d1b-8b7d-b050a005a0d6", - "label": "HMP45C Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The HMP45C is a rugged, accurate temperature and relative humidity probe. It measures relative humidity over the range of 0 to 100% RH and temperature over the range of -40° to +60°C. This probe is suitable for long-term, unattended monitoring, and is compatible with all Campbell Scientific data loggers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91608ee6-a979-4be5-8405-31cb9d94a85a", - "label": "DBH Tape", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83741f7d-303e-40a8-b41d-4efafca221c0", - "label": "HC2S3", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The HC2S3 is a rugged, accurate temperature and relative humidity probe that is ideal for long-term, unattended applications. The probe uses Rotronic’s IN1 capacitive sensor to measure relative humidity and a 100 Ω PRT to measure temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "893d780c-68d0-44b1-8fde-f51f881ed2ef", - "label": "HydraProbe", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", - "definition": "The Stevens Water HydraProbe is a rugged soil sensor which measures three soil parameters: moisture, electrical conductivity and temperature.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "label": "Recorders/Loggers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00c994a8-64eb-4263-a3fa-85fd902bb91b", - "label": "GTR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05be4881-c1ea-43fb-ab51-fd1196f61616", - "label": "TNK", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The GRACE Cold Gas System uses Nitrogen as medium, which is stored in two tanks at an initial pressure of 350 bar. This upstream pressure is reduced to the thruster valve working pressure of approximately 1.5 bar by a Pressure Regulator. For redundancy reasons, the two branches can be operated individually. Attitude control around the roll, pitch and yaw axis is performed by 3 sets of 4 thrusters with a nominal thrust force of 10 mN. The attitude control thrusters are nominally operated in pairs which are accommodated such, that force free reaction control is achieved. For orbit maintenance, two 40 mN thrusters are mounted on the anti-flight direction side with the force vector pointing through the satellite center of gravity. The cold gas system housekeeping sensor set consists of two Pressure Transducers, one for the high pressure part and one for the low pressure part, and temperature sensors on both tanks and every thruster.\n\n[Summary from GRACE Thruster Specification Document]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TNK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: TNK\n Long_Name: cold gas TaNK system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0648b8de-c21e-4707-8148-c37b66c86207", - "label": "2DVD", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08ed1af5-b984-40d8-bedc-3c9d9e77c11a", - "label": "CSR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fad63bc-18ed-4a01-96ef-786a29de50fc", - "label": "WL/CR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16268fa7-9efd-403d-9bcb-fc622d535ff6", - "label": "IMU", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "An inertial measurement unit (IMU), is an electronic device that measures and reports on a craft's velocity, orientation, and gravitational forces, using a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes, sometimes also magnetometers. IMUs are typically used to maneuver aircraft, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), among many others, and spacecraft, including satellites and landers.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: IMU\n Long_Name: Inertial Measurement Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: GYROS\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/visions/remote_sensing/imu.html\n Sample_Image: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/visions/remote_sensing/imu_220.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-09\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d185518-66d4-49cf-9c35-e8fa7740b66d", - "label": "CPR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) is a plankton sampling\ninstrument designed to be towed from merchant ships on their\nnormal sailing. As a near-surface monitor system the CPR is\nefficient because it can survey large areas during a\ncruise. Data from different cruises is comparable because of the\nsame route.\n\nThe first prototype of this instrument was used by Alister Hardy\nin the Antarctic already in 1925-27. After that, the CPR has\nbeen used regularly for instance in the North Sea and North\nAtlantic.\n\nAdditional information availabel at\n'http://meri.fimr.fi/algaline/zpl1.nsf/0/\n 46513ed78f01928cc22566d6002edcb0?OpenDocument'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c839e60-aa49-4854-92f7-1c149177c45b", - "label": "AWIN", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "An automatic weigh and identification nest-system (AWIN) has\nbeen developed to study two closely related petrel species in\nAntarctica. It has been used for a study on the breeding and\nforaging ecology of the Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica\nantarctica) and the Southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) on\nArdery Island, Antarctica (66S, 110E). In three consecutive\nseasons (1996-1999), 30 to 45 artificial nests (Figure 1) have\nbeen operational each year in two study colonies on the\nisland. The nests in these colonies were connected with the\ndatalogger-computer in the field camp with cables up to 800 m\naway.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.noldus.com/events/mb2000/program/abstracts/creuwels.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2fc6cda0-bc5f-4614-95f2-0abadee5d476", - "label": "AWS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "An Automated Weather System (AWS) provides automatic real-time\nwind, precipitation, temperature, dew point and pressure\ninformation to meteorological observers for preparing routine\n(every half hourly) and special weather observations reports.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34929d50-da72-4ed0-90dd-b4b72153c9b4", - "label": "DENDROMETERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "DENDROMETERS are instruments used for measuring trees (size,\nheight, age).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d579721-c916-4e6d-aa13-2633ea0a7fac", - "label": "JW DISDROMETER", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48e65023-3282-4774-9174-5141435579c3", - "label": "VPR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "A Video Plankton Recorder consists of a single video camera and\nsynchronized strobe that photographs a volume of water at a rate\nof 60 Hz. Images are transmitted to the surface via fiber-optic\ncable where time-code from a GPS system is added and data are\narchived on S-VHS videotape. The video signal is also routed\nthrough a real-time image processing system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://zooplankton.lsu.edu/vpr.htm'\n\n[Source: Louisiana State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a61127a-80e8-48ec-88d4-7e64ea689164", - "label": "WELL LOGGING TOOLS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "Well logging is the procedure for examining geological\nformations by lowering a measuring device, called a logging\ntool, into a well and recording detected signals from various\nformations as the tool is raised to the surface.\n\n[Summary provided by Herchel Smith Laboratory]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "709e6e72-0f04-4847-8eed-bb0cfd7ca9d7", - "label": "ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "A system used to collect data and events, such as flight and vehicle parameters from the Altus Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALTUS\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/UAVFiRE/images/fig6.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7566c63e-dfb9-4af2-8a15-7a30dde73b0c", - "label": "PDS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84b4d4c6-3477-4616-92a4-bca59ad62a26", - "label": "NAVREC", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The ER-2 Navigation Recorder (NAVREC) is a general-purpose data\nsystem designed for in-flight housekeeping support. It is housed\nin the E-bay, behind the Q-bay. The functions of this computer\nfacility include:\n\nReal-time processing of housekeeping (avionics and environmental\nsensor) data.\n\nReal-time distribution of housekeeping data to experiments.\n\nLogging of housekeeping data for post-flight use.\n\nBroadcast of timing information for in-flight synchronization of\npayloads.\n\nArchiving and post-fight distribution of housekeeping data and\nderived products via the Data Systems Engineering Office.\n\nExperimenters intending to utilize the NAVREC services should\nidentify their requirements to Airborne Science in the early\nstages of mission planning or instrument design. This will\nensure that changes or upgrades in the NAVREC system are\ncoordinated with experimenter ?s requirements and the support\nstaff is prepared for the experimenter's requirements.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8742da0d-37b0-4807-8f6b-fc9fd0a82c39", - "label": "CLOCKS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "Clocks are timepieces that show the time of day.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f4238da-89a6-4498-95d7-e23f3ccd5e8b", - "label": "HKTM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The Mission Control System, supporting hardware and software Telecommand coding and transfer, HKTM (Housekeeping Telemetry) data archiving and processing tasks essential for controlling the mission, as well as all FOCC external interfaces.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fb78564-566c-462a-88c2-8857f89a4194", - "label": "GLS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "904d513b-585a-45c8-a568-a574fac7e954", - "label": "OPTICAL DUST LOGGERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ed30338-eced-4102-b6e8-4a3b2affd490", - "label": "VOPC", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a17e3ad4-d8f4-4f0d-86bd-777faf5ef2c7", - "label": "STILLING WELL", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa58ecd2-c726-48c5-86a3-ec592f6dc95e", - "label": "TEMPERATURE LOGGERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "Temperature loggers are devices used to measure and log temperature readings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abbbe80b-be42-436f-a387-a5368aca9121", - "label": "MMS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) is a proven\ninstrument to measure accurate, high resolution in situ airborne\nstate measurements. Accurate measurements of these quantities\nrequire judicious choices of sensor locations, repeated\nlaboratory calibrations, and proper corrections for\ncompressibility, adiabatic heating and flow distortion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae6487a4-eda6-4480-96a6-40f06f9c90b7", - "label": "HATDL", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The Hobo XT Air Tempetature Logger is a match-book-size, single-channel, 1800\ndata point capacity data logger for temperature. The HOBO-Temp has its\ntemperature sensor built into the casing. This logger provides a temperature\nrange from -40 deg.F to 253 deg. F and also has an external temperature\nsensor. \n\nView image at \nhttp://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/vitalsigns/equip/tools/xhoboxt.jpg \n\n[Source: University of California, Berkeley]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b103e3e4-093f-4ddb-a93b-29e0e950cc50", - "label": "RTMM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Real Time Mission Monitor project home page, http://rtmm.nsstc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe NASA Real Time Mission Monitor (RTMM) is a situational awareness tool that integrates satellite, airborne and surface data sets; weather information; model and forecast outputs; and vehicle state data (e.g., aircraft navigation, satellite tracks and instrument field-of-views) for field experiment management. RTMM optimizes science and logistic decision-making during field experiments by presenting timely data, graphics and visualizations to the users to improve real time situational awareness of the experiment's assets. The RTMM is proven in the field as it supported program managers, scientists, and aircraft personnel during the 2006 NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) experiment in Cape Verde, the 2007 Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) experiment in Costa Rica, the 2007 NOAA-NASA Hurricane Aerosonde Demonstration Project, the 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellite (ARCTAS) experiments, and the 2008 Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment (SMAP VEX) . The integration and delivery of this information is made possible through data acquisition systems, network communication links and network server resources built and managed by collaborators at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). RTMM is evolving towards a more flexible and dynamic combination of sensor ingest, network computing, and decision-making activities through the use of a service oriented architecture based on community standards and protocols.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RTMM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: RTMM\n Long_Name: Real Time Mission Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COMPUTER\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://rtmm.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b301234c-2e9d-4266-9f32-74e323fffa7c", - "label": "APU", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b892aed3-2fcb-476a-86ae-a5d35cf6defc", - "label": "BR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "An apparatus for the simultaneous continuous recording of the atmospheric electric potential gradient and the air-earth current is described. The CR constants are chosen in such a way that minor changes of the atmosphere electric elements in question are suppressed and the diurnal valuations can readily be seen from the records Modern technical means such as rex-channel recorders, electrometer tubes, and low loss cables make it possible to register a great range of potential gradient and air-earth current Moreover the apparatus is foolproof and convenient as to dimensions and weight so that it can be used on mountain observatories and expeditions without difficulty.\n\n[Source: Kasemir, H.-W. 1951. An apparatus for simultaneous registration of potential gradient and air-earth current (Description and first results). Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 2(1):32-37. (The whole paper is attached).]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: BR\n Long_Name: Benndorf Recorder\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-25\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbf6e856-4ca2-452b-9e47-3ee9bdd4010a", - "label": "DIGITIZER", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "A Digitizer converts an image file showing a graph or a map into numbers.\n\n[Summary provided by Sourceforge]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c00e5c26-4a6b-4e1a-90fe-2e6e9625724f", - "label": "ICATS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The Information Collection and Transmission System (ICATS) processes and archives avionics and environmental parameters from the Navigational Management System, GPS, Central Air Data Computer, Embedded GPS/INS, and analog voltage sources from the DC-8 aircraft and experimenters. They include measurements of aircraft parameters, such as air speed, altitude, roll/pitch/yaw angles, flight level wind speed, and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c050b29e-dea3-4d49-8f1f-db858ab87cbf", - "label": "OBDH", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "[Source: Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/ ]\n\nThe (GRACE) On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) System provided processor and software resources, as well as necessary I/O capabilities for AOCS, Power and Thermal Systems operations, including necessary fault detection, isolation and recovery operations. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OBDH\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: OBDH\n Long_Name: OnBoard Data Handling System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/grace.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8b93e51-f52c-439f-8307-46ae6edb8389", - "label": "DISDROMETERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "DISDROMETERS are instruments that measure and record sizes of\nraindrops; it consists of a transponder that measures momentum\nof individual drops as they fall onto an exposed horizontal\nsurface and the size is determined by calibration and the drop\nsize distribution (a tally of number of drops of different size\ncategories).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e18c90cb-7dfe-4135-83c8-97a393c1d057", - "label": "HKTLM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The ENVISAT Polar Platform generates auxiliary data from the service module, PMC, and instruments that is included in the data stream. The auxiliary data is placed in source packets and transferred to the On-board High Speed Multiplexer to be downlinked with the other low rate instrument data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e37e2077-0af4-483f-80f5-67f21ec5004d", - "label": "Tally Counter", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e455f0cf-b95e-4b05-9aab-fb0a2bfae36f", - "label": "Passive Acoustic Recorder", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "A self-contained audio recording device that is deployed in marine or terrestrial environments for bioacoustical monitoring. It typically consists of 1 or more microphones plus accompanying electronics, software, and digital storage systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed79ec7b-a2df-4948-9877-b75e1fcb8782", - "label": "SALINOMETERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "SALINOMETERS are devices or instruments for determining salinity\nof water, especially one based on electrical conductivity\nmethods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f724bf90-7f0a-472f-950f-747201f7c711", - "label": "DADS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "Characteristics and Output Products\n\nDC-8 DADS Data Products\n\nA. In-Flight Data Products\n\nDuring each flight there are several DADS displays, viewable on\nmonitors throughout the cabin. The DADS Parameter Display (see\ntable F1) shows a subset of DADS data in table format. The Track\nPlot Display shows the aircraft flight track superimposed on a\nreference map. The Real-Time Plot shows several parameters as a\ncolor graph, generally in a time-series strip chart format. All\nof these are configurable as required and are continuously\nupdated. In addition, the Weather Satellite APT Receiver\ndisplays real-time satellite images from the NOAA polar orbiters\nwhenever available. It is also be possible to graphically\nexamine all DADS parameters from any portion of the flight at\nthe DADS station computer if necessary. The DC-8 DADS serial\ntransfer of housekeeping data is available in-flight to allow\neasy access to aircraft data by experimenter computers. The data\nis in ASCII format, in engineering units Data is sent at one\nsecond intervals with transmission rates of 1200, 9600, and\n19.2K baud. Format and hardware interface requirements are\ndescribed in another section below.\n\nB. Post-Flight Data Products\n\nAfter each flight several hardcopy DADS data products will be\navailable. The DC-8 Mission Director Log will contain time/data\nstamped commentary on the flight. A set of Track Plots will show\nthe DC-8 flight track, including flight-level winds. A set of\nTime-Series Plots will show a selection of DADS parameters. The\nParameter Printout will contain 10-second picks of\nrepresentative parameters. Other graphical products may be\nproduced by request of the Mission Director. All of these\nproducts will be given to the GTE Project Office after each\nflight, in both hardcopy and electronic format. The DADS\nASCII-formatted data set will also be submitted.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/pem/PTB_APP-F.html'\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e775789-4ce9-4a71-857b-1cfdcfc9331b", - "label": "UNDERWATER VIDEO CAMERA", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "An underwater camera that captures images and videos under a water body. It can be used to capture images as one is swimming, snorkeling, or be used with the camera mounted on a remotely operated underwater (ROV) vehicle or a human occupied vehicle (HOV).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "172007bb-2b5d-478a-8875-2aa653b9103d", - "label": "TAMMS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The TAMMS is composed of several subsystems including: (1) distributed pressure ports coupled with absolute and differential pressure transducers and temperature sensors, (2) aircraft inertial and satellite navigation systems, (3) a central data acquisition/processing system, and (4) water vapor instruments and potentially other trace gas or aerosol sensors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f4a8787-557f-4211-8617-c17bc09b6415", - "label": "COSMOS-SSP", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "Hydroinnova offers several configurations of the Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Probe. The baseline system is a complete data logging and telemetry solution which includes integrated barometric pressure, humidity, temperature sensors. Our datalogger will also support common external sensors including capacitance probes, water content reflectometers, tipping bucket rain gauges and many other analog sensors commonly used in environmental measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "692a171f-865c-4b9e-ace7-a0bff623a3e3", - "label": "COSMOS-Rover", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "Hydroinnova offers several configurations of the Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Probe. The baseline system is a complete data logging and telemetry solution which includes integrated barometric pressure, humidity, temperature sensors. Our datalogger will also support common external sensors including capacitance probes, water content reflectometers, tipping bucket rain gauges and many other analog sensors commonly used in environmental measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "542917b2-f088-43eb-bd6f-abe54968db5b", - "label": "Kestrel", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The Kestrel 4500 Pocket Weather Tracker was Kestrel's flagship meter. Capable of monitoring and reporting an exhaustive list of environmental parameters – from temperature to barometric pressure, dewpoint, wind chill, and more, the Kestrel 4500 was the most feature-rich pocket weather meter in the entire Kestrel catalog. Was also available with Bluetooth Technology, allowing you to communicate wirelessly and transmit and log your data automatically.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "743b0b2c-9489-43cf-a3df-ba6e3ce80642", - "label": "Campbell Scientific CR800", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The CR800 is a smaller, research-grade data logger designed for stand-alone operation in harsh, remote environments. It is intended for smaller configurations in which fewer sensors will be measured. Each CR800 reads input from sensors, then transmits the data via a communication peripheral; most sensors and telecommunication devices are compatible. Multiple CR800s can be configured as a network or units can be deployed individually.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "accd5364-a684-425d-b064-f681456ee89c", - "label": "Campbell Scientific CR3000", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", - "definition": "The CR3000 Micrologger supports complex applications with many sensors. It is fast and powerful enough to handle extended eddy-covariance systems with full energy-balance systems. Multiple CR3000s can be configured as a network or units can be deployed individually.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "label": "Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09c35c61-d1ed-4591-b4d5-c539a2a0aec2", - "label": "MASS SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "MASS SPECTROMETERS are spectrometers that deal mainly with mass\nor quantitative amount such as weight in a gravitational field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0db71d4f-2329-4adf-9e90-0a1af3458b1d", - "label": "PTI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "233ee693-0e56-4d65-9790-830b3756dcb7", - "label": "ALPHA-SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26745635-1a01-4060-bbea-3b8134e1baee", - "label": "SATI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "271b6866-10a0-4469-a1d1-0894bd1d14ec", - "label": "BLIP", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Spectral Analysis of wind time-series data obtained with the\nBoundary Layer Instrument Package (BLIP) during the Barbados\nOceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) in 1969\nshows the spectra to be contaminated by ship and balloon motion\nonly at the very high frequencies (0.11 to 0.07 Hz). Spectra\nfor undisturbed weather show the existence of weak eddies with\nwavelengths centered near 300 m, while those for disturbed\nconditions indicate energetic two-dimensional eddies with\nwavelengths of up to several hundred meters. One of the\nobjectives of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological\nExperiment (BOMEX), held in the summer of 1969, was to gather\ninformation about the marine tropical planetary boundary\nlayer. Since the experiment was to take place on the open sea,\nstandard instrumentation and techniques could not be used, The\nneed for specially designed instrumentation gave birth to the\nBoundary Layer Instrument Package (BLIP), which was developed\nfor BOMEX by the U niversity of Wisconsin. The BLIP is a\nmodified radiosonde that was launched by a tethered balloon\nduring the first three BOMEX observation periods from the four\ncorner ships and from the Oceanographer and Mt. Mitchell during\nthe fourth observation period. It consist of a three cup\nanemometer mounted on an A-frame that acts as a wind vane, with\ntemperature, humidity, and pressure sensors contained in a\npackage attached to the bottom of the frame. A detailed\ndescription of the instrumentation has been given by Almazan\n(1972). The data obtained by the BLIP are likely to be\ncontaminated by ship movement, balloon motion, and the\ninteraction between the balloon and the tether line. The\npurpose of this study is to separate the effects of such motion\nfrom meteorological scales of motion using spectral analysis of\nBLIP data for both undisturbed and disturbed weather\nconditions.\n\n[Source: Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ef83cb4-6573-4e56-9f80-aadbac6137e2", - "label": "SAOZ", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39745f6d-fb59-4343-8060-5b391ce6e3be", - "label": "WISPER", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cc591bb-9544-49e1-94c6-8d0aa0119113", - "label": "GCAS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "GCAS is a hyperspectral pushbroom sensor designed to measure\nbackscattered solar radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e3d658f-1326-42b4-b3a8-3f897a8a2a42", - "label": "LA-ICP-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry\nis a technique used for the in situ analysis of trace elements\nin solid samples. It can determine many elements in the periodic\ntable to high degrees of accuracy and precision. The technique\ncomplements electron microprobe analysis, typically measuring\ntrace elements at a lower concentration range (1 ppb - 100 ppm).\n\nSolid particles are physically ablated due to the interaction of\na high power (> 1 x 1010 Wcm-2) laser beam with the surface of\nthe sample. The particles are carried in a stream of inert gas\n(helium or argon) into an argon plasma where they are ionized\nbefore measurement in a quadruple mass spectrometer. Isotopes\nare measured to determine elemental concentrations.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.geo.uu.nl/Research/Petrology/what.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Universiteit Utrecht]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "534d85ff-0437-455e-b45b-fe3038aef23b", - "label": "DACOM", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55facbdc-d4ed-4ee2-a74d-911b084c8ff8", - "label": "OPTSPEC", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "616bdf0f-8797-496b-af3d-50974baa470c", - "label": "ICP-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is one of the fastest\ngrowing inorganic analytical technologies of the 21st Century. Newly developed\nTime of Flight instrumentation is augmenting more traditional quadruple and\nmagnetic sector based instrumentation. Laser ablation, graphite furnace, liquid\nand gas chromatographic interfacing has facilitated the analysis of a\nsignificantly increased variety of sample types, enabling the determination of\nup to sixty elements in samples as small as 10 micro-meters in diameter and\nimproved the resolution and detection limits of organo-metallic species\nanalysis in such matrices as foodstuffs, water, sediment and environmental\nsamples.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/centre/cems/icp_ms.html'\n\n[Summary provided by CEMS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "665b8764-0c0a-4df7-96f1-4ddae0c6de18", - "label": "XRF", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF:\n\nPrimary X-Rays are used to excite (fluoresce) X-rays in the\nspecimen. A fused disc or pressed pellet is used for the\ndetermination of major element concentrations or trace element\nabundances in a bulk specimen. The X-ray detector utilizes a set\nof diffracting crystals specially positioned to detect one\ncharacteristic X-ray at-a-time. This sequential measurement of\nX-rays is termed Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/labs/xrf.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69ccced6-f07e-4225-b1a0-fea6720a9ee8", - "label": "COLORIMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "COLORIMETERS are instruments that use the form of absorption\nspectroscopy in which a reagent bonds with the species of\ninterest and is added to a liquid solution, resulting in the\nchange in color of the solution; used for determining metals in\natmospheric aerosols.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bf351aa-7aad-4c9a-b2f5-b47bfe27f530", - "label": "SKY-RADIOMETER", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f7ff5dd-5dd0-4e48-a9da-cc9d93418ef8", - "label": "MC-ICP-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MCICPMS)\nspectrometer is a double focusing instrument that provides high precision and\naccurate isotope ratio determinations, coupled with flexibility and ease of\nuse.\n\n[Source: University of Alberta.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80493fab-ac58-4bc4-bd63-7da014e81b00", - "label": "FPDR-PDI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The FPDR – PDI provides unique cloud microphysical observations of individual cloud drop arrivals allowing for the computation of a variety of microphysical cloud properties including individual drop size, cloud drop number concentration, cloud drop size distributions, liquid water content, and cloud thickness. The FPDR – PDI measurement technique also provides droplet spacing and drop velocity information which is used to investigate turbulence and entrainment mixing processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f04fca0-2c0a-4265-8590-219d5c24e5b0", - "label": "CHEMILUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bfce406-fc85-473e-b40a-2764c6a95371", - "label": "POSSSUM", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a939b8df-475b-4ea5-9e03-192ef969521a", - "label": "IRMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa0f2b35-e7f2-47fe-a782-6c8040d5eb57", - "label": "NET RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "NET RADIOMETERS are radiometers designed to measure the\ndifference in irradiance coming form two opposing hemispheric\nfields of view.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abdf08cd-03c5-4497-87a4-65493584e2c7", - "label": "HSRL-2", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The NASA Langley airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar 2 (HSRL) is used to characterize clouds and small particles in the atmosphere, called aerosols. From an airborne platform, the HSRL2 scientist team studies aerosol size, composition, distribution and movement\n\nhttps://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/HSRL2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abdf6205-bd05-4431-83bb-fa3f9a481cca", - "label": "SKIYMET", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0f93e6a-c766-4957-8762-5c7709487459", - "label": "4STAR", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "4STAR has made several test flights on the PNNL G1, and its full capabilities are still being developed. When it achieves those full capabilities, we expect that, in addition to AATS-like direct-beam measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor, 4STARs sky-scanning capabilities will permit the first airborne AERONET-like retrievals of such aerosol properties as SSA, complex refractive index, shape, and multimodal size distribution. Its zenith-viewing mode will permit retrievals of cloud optical thickness and cloud particle effective radius (when combined with a measurement of upwelling flux at two solar wavelengths), and its spectrometric resolution will permit improved aerosol-gas separation (hence improved aerosol retrievals) and possibly retrievals of additional gases. For SEAC4RS, 4STAR is offered as an option to replace AATS-14 on the DC-8 after initial science flights by AATS-14 during the Southeast Asia deployment. 4STAR has the sun-tracking capabilities of AATS and adds sky-scanning and zenith-viewing capabilities, all with spectrometers replacing the individual photodiodes of AATS-14.\n\nAdditional Information: https://espo.nasa.gov/korus-aq/instrument/4STAR", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1be0e72-acd4-4fae-90b2-2eba8b91861f", - "label": "CAS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), which measures smaller particles, relies on light-scattering rather than imaging techniques. Particles scatter light from an incident laser, and collecting optics guide the light scattered in the 4° to 12° range into a forward-sizing photodetector. This light is measured and used to infer particle size. Backscatter optics also measure light in the 168° to 176° range, which allows determination of the real component of a particle’s refractive index for spherical particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3a60685-20f2-4258-80ff-e5de153f2da7", - "label": "HAMSTRAD", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d43d3993-bee5-4b6f-9d28-68eb72f125ac", - "label": "ICP-ES", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d768b855-c464-4112-8c65-4edfa7ebbfeb", - "label": "BGO", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Bismuth Germanate (BGO) detectors provide spectral coverage\nfrom about 150 keV to 30 MeV. BGO is a high-density material\nthat provides good sensitivity over this difficult energy\nrange. The energy resolution of the 12.7 cm by 12.7 cm\ncylindrical BGO crystal will be 14% at 661 keV and 4% at 10 MeV\nand there will be significant efficiency overlapping the lower\nenergy range of the LAT. Each BGO detector is coupled to 2 PMTs\non opposite sides, whose outputs are summed, each with its own\nhigh-voltage control. This design allows a homogeneous light\ncollection over the detector volume and provides redundancy\nshould one of the PMT?s fail or degrades. The BGO detectors are\npositioned on opposite sides of the LAT, providing nearly full\nsky coverage.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d87a2454-21ba-4218-a50a-33ddc9ec31c5", - "label": "PARTICLE SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc3731dc-f7bd-420b-a311-592f8836f462", - "label": "CFA", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc965068-fe7b-42bd-84cf-9b251b2397ea", - "label": "SIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometers (SIMS) are mass spectrometric\ntechniques that are useful for the identification of polymer\nsurfaces and fiber/polymer interfaces by the detection of ionic\ngroup clusters that are characteristic of specific polymers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3c7cce6-f46a-4c8b-81ea-3007bc792778", - "label": "AMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) is an instrument used for measuring aerosol composition and size.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f49292f8-6010-42cd-a2fb-fabef80c71d4", - "label": "BIOMETER", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd8d30cf-1e2b-41e9-bb4e-ba5063bc7d9d", - "label": "HR-2014i", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe7b2ae5-ac9c-497c-9678-f37f13b14ed9", - "label": "GroundMSPI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Accurate characterization of surface reflection is essential for retrieval of aerosols using downward-looking remote sensors. In this paper, observations from the Ground-based Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (GroundMSPI) are used to evaluate a surface polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (PBRDF) model. GroundMSPI is an eight-band spectropolarimetric camera mounted on a rotating gimbal to acquire pushbroom imagery of outdoor landscapes. The camera uses a very accurate photoelastic-modulator-based polarimetric imaging technique to acquire Stokes vector measurements in three of the instrument’s bands (470, 660, and 865 nm). A description of the instrument is presented, and observations of selected targets within a scene acquired on 6 January 2010 are analyzed. Data collected during the course of the day as the Sun moved across the sky provided a range of illumination geometries that facilitated evaluation of the surface model, which is comprised of a volumetric reflection term represented by the modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete function plus a specular reflection term generated by a randomly oriented array of Fresnel-reflecting microfacets. While the model is fairly successful in predicting the polarized reflection from two grass targets in the scene, it does a poorer job for two manmade targets (a parking lot and a truck roof), possibly due to their greater degree of geometric organization. Several empirical adjustments to the model are explored and lead to improved fits to the data. For all targets, the data support the notion of spectral invariance in the angular shape of the unpolarized and polarized surface reflection. As noted by others, this behavior provides valuable constraints on the aerosol retrieval problem, and highlights the importance of multiangle observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba49c933-5787-4e1f-a408-bc4af632e00a", - "label": "Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "618d5de2-7915-4710-b1a2-09ed87a1debc", - "label": "Field Spectroradiometer", - "broader": "ba49c933-5787-4e1f-a408-bc4af632e00a", - "definition": "A spectroradiometer is an instrument for measuring the energy distribution of emitted radiation. Portable spectroradiometers provide field measurements for a variety of applications including geological remote sensing, ground truthing, spectral remote sensing, environmental and climate research, crop and soil research, vegetative studies, forestry and canopy studies, radiometric calibration transfer, upwelling and downwelling measurement.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8936f1d7-6fee-4a67-8c64-661eb8c836e1", - "label": "CIT-ToF-CIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Aerodyne ToF-CIMS combines chemical ionization with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for sensitive, real-time identification and quantification of gas-phase compounds in sampled air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6594cfe7-b40d-4f91-b9e7-dd90b74d22f8", - "label": "GC-EI-TOF", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Gas Chromatography Electron Impact Mass Spectrometer is a compact, electron impact (EI) mass spectrometer with a heated capillary inlet. Available in bench-top and field-deployable formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "337c284f-3158-48e5-8050-5d2744ba77a7", - "label": "SpEx", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "We introduce a new instrument for the measure-ment of in situ ambient aerosol extinction over the 300–700 nm wavelength range, the spectral aerosol extinction(SpEx) instrument. This measurement capability is envi-sioned to complement existing in situ instrumentation, al-lowing for simultaneous measurement of the evolution ofaerosol optical, chemical, and physical characteristics in theambient environment. In this work, a detailed description ofthe instrument is provided along with characterization testsperformed in the laboratory. Measured spectra of NO2andpolystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) agreed well with theoreti-cal calculations. Good agreement was also found with simul-taneous aerosol extinction measurements at 450, 530, and630 nm using CAPS PMex instruments in a series of 22 testsincluding nonabsorbing compounds, dusts, soot, and blackand brown carbon analogs. SpEx measurements are expectedto help identify the presence of ambient brown carbon dueto its 300 nm lower wavelength limit compared to measure-ments limited to longer UV and visible wavelengths. Ex-tinction spectra obtained with SpEx contain more informa-tion than can be conveyed by a simple power law fit (typ-ically represented by Ångström exponents). Planned futureimprovements aim to lower detection limits and ruggedizethe instrument for mobile operation", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "195f7965-459d-49e4-aad1-b1f23fa035da", - "label": "TD-GC-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Thermal desorption (TD) provides unique analyses in applications for forensics, defense, and general emissions testing.\n\nInstrument Features:\n\n• Quantitative sample re-collection of all the split flows enables repeat analysis of critical samples, easy method validation, and overcomes the one-shot limitation of conventional TD systems\n• Electronic tube tagging (TubeTAG™): RFID tube tags available for industry standard sorbent tubes\n• Diffusion locking (DiffLok™) for enhanced sample integrity and robust (mechanically simple) automation\n• Patented inert valving for compatibility with every TD application on a single analytical platform - ultra-volatiles, semi-volatiles (up to n-C40) plus reactive species - mercaptans, CS gas, etc. - all on one TD system\n• Automated internal standard introduction onto blank as well as sampled tubes\n• Electronic pneumatics control (EPC) of carrier gas through the thermal desorber ensures consistent compound retention time independent of split flow\n• Electrically-cooled sorbent trapping with uniquely fast trap heating rates for splitless capillary GC operation and optimum sensitivity without risk of ice formation\n• Off-line conditioning for multiple tubes without the need to blank-off unused tube connections\n• Specialist sorbent tubes: Certified reference standards, SafeLok™ tubes, Silcosteel tubes\n• A range of unique sampling tools for measuring volatile and semi-volatile organics in challenging matrices: liquids/solids/emulsions, breath, in-situ soil, polymers, natural products, construction products, etc", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d37362b4-6ebd-4494-b5fe-d2cc549a7fdf", - "label": "FIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "A Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer (FIMS) with a wide dynamic size range has been developed for rapid aerosol size distribution measurements. The design and model evaluation of the FIMS are presented in the preceding paper (Paper I), and this paper focuses on the experimental characterization of the FIMS. Monodisperse aerosol with diameter ranging from 8 to 600 nm was generated using Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA), and was measured by the FIMS in parallel with a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). The mean particle diameter measured by the FIMS is in good agreement with the DMA centroid diameter. Comparison of the particle concentrations measured by the FIMS and CPC indicates the FIMS detection efficiency is essentially 100% for particles with diameters of 8 nm or larger. For particles smaller than 20 nm or larger than 200 nm, FIMS transfer function and resolution can be well represented by the calculated ones based on simulated particle trajectories in the FIMS. For particles between 20 and 200 nm, the FIMS transfer function is boarder than the calculated, likely due to non-ideality of the electric field, including edge effects near the end of the electrode, which are not represented by the 2-D electric field used to simulate particle trajectories.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81b0950f-2be5-44c2-8fa5-348a6da42326", - "label": "GeoTASO", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Geostationary Trace gas and Aerosol Sensor Optimization (GeoTASO) and the GEO-CAPE Airborne Simulator (GCAS) instruments are pushbroom sensors capable of making remote sensing measurements of air quality and ocean color.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50faf9d8-2f49-4d23-827b-1706d665555d", - "label": "UC Davis CRD-PAS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Particle optical properties for PM1 were measured at 405 nm and 532 nm using the UC Davis 4 Cavity Ringdown-Photoacoustic Spectrometer (CRD-PAS). In the UC Davis CRD-PAS, Light absorption coefficients (babs; units = Mm-1 5 ) for dry particles are determined using photoacoustic spectroscopy (Lack et al., 2012b). Light extinction coefficients (bext; units = Mm-1 6 ) for dry (particles are determined using photoacoustic spectroscopy (Lack et al., 2012b).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45baca7f-18fc-4811-8fd9-015c395e0300", - "label": "MFR-7", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFR-7) is a field instrument that measures the global, direct, and diffuse components of solar irradiance at up to seven wavelengths. A microprocessor- controlled shadowband alternately shades and exposes the instrument diffuser, enabling the system to measure all three irradiance components with only one detector. In addition to a broadband channel, this instrument has six narrowband channels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbaf0199-e56a-4cc3-8792-c6b6abbd6719", - "label": "TSI EEPS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) spectrometer is a fast-response, high-resolution instrument that measures very low particle number concentrations in diluted exhaust. It offers the fastest time resolution available—10 times per second—which makes it well-suited for dynamic and transient tests. It measures the size distribution and number concentration of engine exhaust particle emissions in the range from 5.6 to 560 nanometers, covering the entire range of interest.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2f03a5a-056d-44c9-af48-b0e46a1b94fb", - "label": "NMASS II", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The nucleation-mode aerosol size spectrometer (NMASS) measures the concentration of particles as a function of diameter from approximately 4 to 60 nm. A sample flow is continuously extracted from the free stream using a decelerating inlet and is transported to the NMASS. Within the instrument, the sample flow is carried to 5 parallel condensation nucleus counters (CNCs) as shown in Fig. 1. Each CNC is tuned to measure the cumulative concentration of particles larger than certain diameter. The minimum detectable diameters for the 5 CNCs are 4.0, 7.5, 15, 30 and 55 nm, respectively. An inversion algorithm is applied to recover a continuous size distribution in the 4 to 60 nm diameter range.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16237051-45ba-458f-99c2-18d4a8940630", - "label": "DPOPS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "A light-weight, low-cost optical particle spectrometer for measurements of aerosol number concentrations and size distributions has been designed, constructed, and demonstrated. The spectrometer is suitable for use on small, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and in balloon sondes. The spectrometer uses a 405 nm diode laser to count and size individual particles in the size range 140–3000 nm. A compact data system combines custom electronics with a single-board commercial computer. Power consumption is 7W at 9–15 V. 3D printing technology was used in the construction of the instrument to reduce cost, manufacturing complexity, and weight. The resulting Printed Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) instrument weighs about 800 g with an approximate materials cost of 2500 USD. Several POPS units have been constructed, tested in the laboratory, and deployed on UAVs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27f6b649-91b4-40ac-b505-29ee0fe73ee9", - "label": "HOxCIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "An inlet collects ambient air from the free air stream and adds reagents, including O2 or N2 dilutents, and NO and SO2 reagent gases. This method, called 'oxygen dilution modulation' leads to nearly 100% measurement of HO2 and RO2 in the O2 dilution/low reagent concentration mode, whereas RO2 is measured with less than 10% efficiency in the N2 dilution/higher reagent concentration mode. This is because the chemistry converts peroxy radicals to H2SO4 efficiently in the O2 mode, but RO2 radicals are converted to RONO in the N2 mode. The H2SO4 thus produced is ionized by reaction with NO3- ions. The reagent and product ions are detected by mass spectrometry using quadrupole mass filtering and counting by a channel electron multiplier operating in the negative ion mode.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c6e3d44-097d-4a23-bd8f-20f42f1c345c", - "label": "ToF-AMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Aerodyne Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF-AMS) is an instrument manufactured by Aerodyne Research Inc. and is used to study the chemical and physical nature of aerosol particles online. The instrument works by focusing the sampled particles into a tightly collimated beam at its inlet and skimming off the majority of the gas phase material before impacting them onto a heated tungsten surface. The non-refractory components of the particles instantly vaporise and the vapours produced are analysed using electron ionisation mass spectrometry. The particle beam can also be modulated using a chopper wheel and the particle sizes calculated by measuring their velocities.\n\nScientifically, the instrument can deliver quantitative mass concentrations of the major non-refractory chemical species present in submicron particles (ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, organics and non-sea-salt chloride) in microgrammes per cubic metre. It is also capable of delivering these concentrations as a function of diameter as a dM/dlog(D) distribution. Further to this, information on the chemical nature of the organic fraction can be derived by inspecting the relative sizes of the peaks within the mass spectrum. In order to produce fully quality assured and meaningful results, the data must be processed offline or near-real-time. Software tools to do this have been developed by the group at Manchester with our collaborators at Aerodyne and the University of Colorado at Boulder and use Igor Pro by Wavemetrics Inc. as a platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b33ab96-9749-4f6d-bbb2-f889bb5ec52c", - "label": "NOxyO3", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The NCAR NOxyO3 instrument is a 4-channel chemiluminescence instrument for the measurement of NO, NO2, NOy, and O3. NOx (NO and NO2) is critical to fast chemical processes controlling radical chemistry and O3 production. Total reactive nitrogen (NOy = NO + NO2 + HNO3 + PANs + other organic nitrates + HO2NO2 + HONO + NO3 + 2*N2O5 + particulate NO3 - + …) is a useful tracer for characterizing air masses since it\nhas a tendency to be conserved during airmass aging, as NOx is oxidized to other NOy species", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dc3e6d6-e0ac-40ba-a82e-d886426a40bd", - "label": "COBALT", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "COBALT (Carbon mOnoxide By Attenuation of Laser Transmission), an autonomous instrument based on off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy, has been developed and successfully deployed for measurements of carbon monoxide in the troposphere and tropopause onboard a NASA DC-8 aircraft. This instrument was used to measure in-situ carbon monoxide mixing ratios, and to derive mixing ratio profiles. Tunable-laser absorption spectroscopy is an established analytical technique that is being used to obtain accurate in-situ CO concentrations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42273f31-d6e1-4a9e-9ca3-56fe87ffb98c", - "label": "FASTOZ", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "• Technique: Chemluminescent reaction of ozone with nitric oxide\n• Dynamic Range: 0.6 - 1600 ppb\n• Accuracy: 5% or 2 ppb\n• Precision: 2% or 0.6 ppb\n• Response: 2-3 Hz; recorded at 6 Hz, reported at 1 Hz, faster data on request\n• Spatial Resolution: <10 m vertical (aircraft spiral), 200 m horizontal (at 400 kts)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ff9bae1-ef19-4e13-b5e3-12954e84e9dd", - "label": "NO/NOy", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "NO is measured using a chemiluminescence detector. One of the four NO detectors is used for the NO measurements. NOy is measured simultaneously by catalytically converting it to NO on the surface of gold tubes heated to ±° C, with carbon monoxide (CO) acting as a reducing agent. The converter system is contained in a pod mounted outside the cabin to minimize the length of the inlet tubes. Gas phase-NOy measurements are made by sampling air through the rearward facing inlet which discriminates against particles of diameter larger than 1 mm. The mixing ratios of total NOy (gas phase-NOy + amplified particulate-NOy) are measured by sampling air through the forward facing inlet which is heated to 100° C. The mixing ratios of gas phase and total NOy are measured independently. A humidifier maintains the H2O mixing ratio in sample flows at a few % in order to stabilize the instrument background against humidity variations in the ambient air. The absolute sensitivities of the NO and NOy channels are measured every 80 minutes by adding NO or NO2 standard gases. The pressure in the gold catalytic converter for gas-phase NOy is maintained at a constant value of about 50 hPa, independent of the ambient pressure. The pressure is held constant by controlling the sample flow using a servo-controlled Teflon valve mounted upstream of the converter tube. All parts of the inlet system upstream of the gold catalyst are made of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Teflon which is temperature controlled at 40˚C. The NO2 conversion efficiency is 99.0611%. The HCN conversion efficiency is lower than 5% for dry air with O3 mixing ratios lower than 100 ppbv. It decreases to 2% for humid air with an H2O mixing ratio of 0.1% and O3 mixing ratios lower than 100 ppbv. This instrument is also equipped with an NO2 photolytic converter combined with an NO detector in our first attempt to access the accuracy of the NO2 measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf316624-64e4-4d14-9c67-79232dc4ae23", - "label": "ChiWIS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "Chi-WIS is a mid-infrared tunable diode laser off-axis integrated cavity output absorption spectrometer (ICOS) instrument for measurement of H2O and HDO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The high precision of the measurement allows detection of small changes in the HDO/H2O ratio that can be used to study water transport pathways and characterize the extent to which convection-driven water vapor perturbations propagate through the UT/LS to contribute to the overall stratospheric water budget. Chi-WIS participated in the 2017 StratoClim campaign onboard the M-55 Geophysica high altitude research aircraft measuring the isotopic composition of water vapor between 12 and 20 kilometers inside the Asian Summer Monsoon anticyclone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b662d1c-b519-40bb-9dfc-da25e313e36c", - "label": "POPS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "The Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) was developed at the NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL) by Dr. Ru-Shan Gao and his team. The instrument is a robust, small, lightweight, low-power consumption, and relatively low-cost research grade instrument that reports particle size and number concentration of aerosols with diameters between 140 nm and 2.5 µm. This size range captures the bulk of accumulation mode aerosols, which can efficiently scatter light and often outnumber larger aerosols, thereby influencing radiative forcing and Earth's radiation budget.\n\nThe instrument boasts single particle detection, a variable flow rate and specialized design features to ensure robust aerosol measurements at high altitude (low pressure). POPS measures the scattered light from a 405 nm (Blu-Ray) laser, each time a particle passes through the beam, and a calibrated Mie theory calculation is used to determine the particle size based on the intensity of scattered light. Like with other optical particle sizing instruments, the calculated size depends on the index of refraction and assumes that particles have a spherical shape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d94680b-ce40-4e4c-8ddd-7451a89b94b7", - "label": "Aerodyne Vocus PTR-TOF", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", - "definition": "With sub-ppt limits of detection and mass resolving power up to 15000,\nthe Vocus PTR-TOF is taking laboratory and field analysis of VOCs in exciting\nnew directions", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2c36164-55e2-4997-b6a7-6d1e841c3762", - "label": "ICE CORE MELTER", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "label": "Profilers/Sounders", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01cc0beb-7c9a-40ed-ad86-0661b41aee53", - "label": "CTD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "A Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) is an electronic\ninstrument package that accurately reports conductivity,\ntemperature and depth and transmits data up the conducting wire\nto a computer on board. The computer calculates salinity from\nconductivity and temperature. Together, salinity and temperature\ndetermine the density of seawater, which in turn affects its\nmovements; and temperature affects biological rates and\nbehavior.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://octopus.gma.org/onlocation/ctd.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Gulf of Maine Aquarium]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21368def-717d-4132-a925-f797eee1c400", - "label": "STC", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23020cf5-9e71-406c-adae-7a3f7b11c308", - "label": "EHAD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "ER-2 Height Altitude Dropsonde System (EHAD) use dropwinsonde\nfitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure\nthe atmospheric state parameters (temperature, humidity, wind\nspeed/direction pressure) and location in 3 dimensional space\nduring the sonde's descent once each half second. Measurements\nare transmitted to the aircraft from the time of release until\nimpact with the ocean's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b412f3a-f86e-436c-8849-eba4d2ed6ca2", - "label": "SBT", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "384cd160-ef82-4278-ae45-7c7d78dd7609", - "label": "OFFI", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fba4d8d-b044-40d0-b671-b8724ccab26e", - "label": "AXCTD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "The AXCTDs measure the ocean salinity, or saltiness (proportional to conductivity), and temperature, which are necessary 1) for computing ocean density, stability and buoyancy, and 2) for identifying different ocean water masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "424afb3c-b8d2-444d-b884-27e002a10374", - "label": "AIRGUN ARRAYS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "An airgun array is composed of multiple airgun units. An airgun\nis essentially a stainless steel cylinder charged with\nhigh-pressure air. The seismic signal is generated when that\nair is almost instantaneously released into the surrounding\nwater column. The effect is similar to popping a balloon; a loud\nsound is created when the air inside the balloon is quickly\nexpelled into the atmosphere.\n\n[Summary provided by IAGC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bd00254-efbb-4ff0-95e1-9f354190598a", - "label": "EPSONDE", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "A Epsonde is an instrument used to measure turbulence in the deep ocean.\n\nEpsonde is a tethered free-fall profiling system used to obtain\ntemperature microstructure and velocity turbulence data to a\ndepth of at least 1500 m. Epsonde, which carries a variety of\nslow and fast sensors, is deployed on a loose kevlar\nmulticonductor cable by a specialized wire-handling system. Data\nare transmitted from this underwater unit (1792 samples per\nsecond) to a shipboard system, which includes a dedicated\nmicrocomputer for data logging and online data processing. The\nperformance of this system is demonstrated by discussing a study\nof turbulent mixing processes in a lens of Mediterranean water\n(a MEDDY) found at a depth of 1000 m in the Canary basin. These\nstudies indicate that turbulent kinetic energy dissipation may\nbe an important mechanism in determining the decay and lifetime\nof a MEDDY.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/abs_free.jsp?arNumber=566'\n\n[Summary provided by IEEE Xplore]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d3420c1-c7dc-4320-a315-026066debbd6", - "label": "THERMOSALINOGRAPHS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "The SBE 45 MicroTSG Thermosalinograph is an externally powered,\nhigh-accuracy instrument, designed for shipboard determination\nof sea surface (pumped-water) conductivity and\ntemperature. Salinity and sound velocity can also be\ncomputed. The MicroTSG is constructed of plastic and titanium to\nensure long life with minimum maintenance.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.seabird.com/products/spec_sheets/45data.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Sea-Bird Electronics]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66f76605-67ef-4e76-9d96-7f1e2f9eeb80", - "label": "LADCP", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70cb0f31-5c7e-48c1-a145-b7b99f0709a7", - "label": "BOPS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "Bio-Optical Profiling System (BOPS) is an instrument package for\nmeasuring optical and physical parameters in the water column.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89a2c35a-38d1-4388-b9e1-d044821e992d", - "label": "SMART-R", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "'SMART-R is a mobile Doppler weather radar platform operated and created by the University of Oklahoma with aide from Texas A&M and Texas Tech University in 2001.'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92f66be9-30e6-4d0e-b4a8-631fe9341b25", - "label": "BATHYTHERMOGRAPHS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "The most straightforward way to measure temperature versus\ndepth in the ocean is to lower a thermometer a known distance and\ntake the temperature. So-called 'protected reversing thermometers'\nhave been developed for just that purpose, and are routinely\naccurate to 0.02 degrees C. One disadvantage of this method is\nthat temperatures can only obtained for a few depths.\n The great advantage of the 'bathythermograph' is that,\nalthough less accurate than the reversing thermometer, it gives a\ncontinuous trace of temperature against depth. A liquid-in-metal\nthermometer causes a metal point to move in one direction over a\nsmoked glass slide which is itself moved at right angles to this\ndirection by a pressure sensitive bellows. The instrument is\nlowered to its permitted depth (generally 60, 140 or 270 m) and\nthen brought back up. Since pressure is directly related to depth,\nthe line scratched on the smoked glass forms a graph of temperature\nagainst depth. It is read against a calibration grid to a typical\naccuracy of 0.2 degrees C and 2 meters.\n In wide use now is the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) which\nuses a thermistor as temperature sensitive element. The thermistor\nis in a small streamlined weighted casing which is simply dropped\nover the ship's side. It is connected by a fine wire, on special\nfree-unwinding spools, to a recorder on the ship which traces the\ntemperature of the water in a graphical plot against depth. The\ndepth is not sensed directly but estimated from the time elapsed\nsince release, using the known rate of sink of the thermistor\ncasing. This casing is relatively inexpensive and is not\nrecovered. These XBTs are available for depth ranges from 200 to\n1800 meters, and can be used from ships underway or from circling\naircraft. They can also be dropped from aircraft in a small buoy\nwhich contains a radio transmitter to send temperature/depth\ninformation to the aircraft while it continues its flight.\n The temperature range and depths of several commercial\nbathythermographs are given below:\nMANUFACTURER TEMPERATURE RANGE DEPTH\n degrees C m\nBelfort -1 to 30 60/135/250\n -2 to 32 55/137/274\nGM -2 to 32 60/137/274\nJules Richard -2 to 30 50/150/300\nKahl -2 to 30 60/137/274\nMashprib -2 to 30 200\nWallace & Tiernan -1 to 30 60/135/270\nT.S.K. -2 to 32 75/150/270\nTaken from:\nPickard, G.L, Descriptive Physical Oceanography, 3rd edition,\n Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. ISBN 0-08-023824-6\nSmith, F.G.W, (Editor), CRC Handbook of Marine Science, Volume I,\n CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974. ISBN 0-87819-388-X (Complete Set)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98413950-cfb7-4b13-bd1f-b2e4dc102410", - "label": "LONG STREAMERS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "LONG STREAMERS are long sinuous channels of very high ion\ndensity that propagates itself through a gas by continual\nestablishment of an electron avalanche just ahead of its\nadvancing tip; in lightning discharges; also used to describe a\ndropsonde observation when, because of either partial or\ncomplete parachute failure, the descent speed of the dropsonde\nexceeds 1500 ft per minute.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9929fdb8-b981-4708-a32f-8563654b147f", - "label": "BBSS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a76dd88f-8a2b-4bd2-867d-5b562b7b4f0d", - "label": "XBT", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "The Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) has been used by\noceanographers for many years to obtain information on the\ntemperature structure of the ocean to depths of up to 2000\nmeters. The use of XBT's to measure the ocean's subsurface has\nsignificantly increased over the past decade. NOAA is actively\nparticipating in an international effort to increase the number\nof subsurface temperature observations in support of global\noceanographic and climate studies. NOAA's XBT program (SEAS)\ncurrently supports about eighty voluntary observing ships\n(VOS). Observations from these vessels are collected and coded\nusing the WMO bathy report format (JJYY) and transmitted via the\nGOES and INMARSAT C satellites. SEAS vessels are responsible for\nmore than 14,000 XBT observations each year.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://seas.amverseas.noaa.gov/seas/xbt.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "label": "Acoustic Sounders", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "10040ca6-3809-4679-a41e-6a6efbb25ae8", - "label": "SONAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is a measuring instrument\nthat sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances\nin terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11572015-20da-4642-a3d9-af2ac25393a8", - "label": "GEOPHONES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Geophones are small, cheap instruments instrument for measuring\nground motion. There are many different varieties for different\napplications. They are designed for earthquakes, machine\nvibrations, oil exploration, mining, etc...\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.tenrats.org/whatis'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16406252-49bf-4198-ab15-32253661135c", - "label": "SODAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) is sound-wave transmitting\nand receiving equipment operated on principles analogous to\nthose of radar; measures vertical profiles of the mean and\nturbulent properties of the sound to heights of several hundred\nmeters by transmitting acoustic waves upward and measuring the\nDoppler shift in the backscattered acoustic signals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d605dc5-d2ba-4a2f-877b-5bd9e4194424", - "label": "GLORIA", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Geological LOng Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) is a long range\nsidescan sonar that was developed in the early 1970's to map\nseafloor features in the deep ocean. She was developed and\noperated by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, now\nincorporated into Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC). But\nwith advances in technology since GLORIA was designed, it's time\nfor her to retire from active service. One of SOC's three GLORIA\nvehicles, weighing in at 16 tons, left SOC at the end of July\nfor transfer to the Science Museum at Wroughton, near Swindon in\nWiltshire. Part of the National Museum of Science and Industry,\nthis is where the large objects from the world of science and\ntechnology are stored and can be viewed.\n\n[CCMC Online: 'http://www.ccmc.nf.ca/']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cd21eb5-54d0-48be-beb5-c7e9af18560d", - "label": "ACM", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Datawell Waverider DWR4 wave buoy that includes an ACM for measuring surface currents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44a8a09a-d3f1-457d-8c0f-45ae3febb304", - "label": "WCMS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Any acoustic sounder that measures and records acoustic properties for the purpose of mapping the water column.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WCMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Type: 'Acoustic Sounders\n Short_Name: WCMS\n Long_Name: Water Column Mapping System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SHIPS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-06\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "465e0298-da06-4bd8-bc57-b167a5253793", - "label": "MBES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c455392-a50e-44da-9da6-f0038cd28acb", - "label": "SOSUS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "The SOund SUrveillance System, or SOSUS, is a fixed component of the\nU.S. Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance Systems(IUSS) network\nused for deep ocean surveillance during the Cold War. Installation\nof SOSUS was begun in the mid 1950s by the U.S. Navy for use in\nantisubmarine warfare. SOSUS consists of bottom mounted hydrophone\narrays connected by undersea communication cables to facilities on\nshore. The individual arrays are installed primarily on continental\nslopes and seamounts at locations optimized for undistorted long range\nacoustic propagation. The combination of location within the oceanic\nsound channel and the sensitivity of large-aperture arrays allows the\nsystem to detect radiated acoustic power of less than a watt at ranges\nof several hundred kilometers. In October, 1990, the Navy granted\napproval to NOAA/PMEL to access the SOSUS arrays in the North Pacific\nto assess their value in ocean environmental monitoring,as part of the\nU.S. government's dual-use initiative.\n\nThe data collection systems developed by NOAA's VENTS Program have\nbeen in place since August 29, 1991. Acoustic signals from the north\nPacific Ocean are monitored and recorded at the Newport, Oregon facility\nof NOAA/PMEL. This is the primary tool for both continuous monitoring of\nlow-level seismicity around the northeast Pacific Ocean and real-time\ndetection of volcanic activity along the northeast Pacific spreading\ncenters in support of the VENTS research program in ocean hydrothermal\nsystems. Real-time ridge crest monitoring potentially permits the timely\non-site investigation of hydrothermal and magmatic emissions.\n\nData acquisition is accomplished by combining portions of the Navy's\nprocessing facilities with NOAA-designed systems installed at the U.S.\nNaval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Whidbey Island, Washington.\nAnalog outputs from each hydrophone element are available either through\ndirect cabling or remote data linkage. Navy systems perform adaptive beam\nforming on digitized hydrophone signals, with the outputs converted back to\nanalog electrical signals. These analog hydrophone and beam-former outputs\nare accessed by the NOAA-supplied systems, where the signals are low-pass\nfiltered, digitized, and temporarily buffered on hard disk. The digital\ndata are provided to a wide-area network (WAN) based on Network File System\n(NFS) protocol, linking (by encrypted, dedicated telephone line) the\nacquisition computer to an analysis system located at NOAA laboratories in\nNewport, Oregon.\n\nFor more information on U.S. Navy SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS)see:\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/geophysics/sosus_system.html'\n\nAddress inquiries to:\nChris Fox - Principal Investigator\nNOAA/PMEL\nOSU Hatfield Marine Science Center\n2115 S.E. OSU Drive\nNewport, Oregon 97365 USA\n\nVOICE: (541) 867-0276\nFAX: (541) 867-0356\nEmail: fox@pmel.noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "832b400a-0b31-4200-923b-73314b983e12", - "label": "AZFP", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "The ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler™ (AZFP), offers a new, economical way of obtaining reliable measures of marine environmental conditions in the water column. The AZFP™ can monitor the presence and abundance of zooplankton and fish within the water column by measuring acoustic backscatter returns at multiple ultrasonic frequencies. Other sonar targets realized from the sonar backscatter data include bubbles and suspended sediments. \n\nText Source: https://aslenv.com/azfp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8adf0af6-f62f-4559-a17b-d9d7cb1bba14", - "label": "HYDROPHONES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Hydrophones are instruments for listening to sound transmitted\nthrough water.\n\n[Source: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8aeaf436-641d-4d65-9568-6b4de1ff2c74", - "label": "ULTRASONIC DEPTH SENSOR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "The Judd Communications ultrasonic depth sensor is an inexpensive solution for remotely measuring snow depth or water levels. The sensor works by measuring the time required for an ultrasonic pulse to travel to and from a target surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8eeccae4-1938-47fa-b3df-6b7641a6f64d", - "label": "ARP", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "The Acoustic Recording Package (ARP) is a passive, continuous\nacoustic recorder that drops to the bottom of the ocean and\nrecords low frequency noises. It can record baleen whale calls\nwithin an area of up to 50 km around the device.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac87e18f-bf08-434d-9ed4-0e9be3baf152", - "label": "SONOBUOYS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "The United States Navy maintains a superior global\nAnti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) capability with the ability to\ndetect, localize, identify, and track potential hostile\nsubmarines. This is provided by the capabilities of\nsonobuoys. Sonobuoys are used to determine environmental\nconditions for determination of best search tactics, to\ncommunicate with friendly submarines, and to conduct search,\nlocalization, tracking, and, as required, attack of designated\nhostile platforms.\n\nSonobuoys provide both a deployable acoustical signal source and\nreception of underwater signals of interest. These received\nsignals are transmitted to any monitoring unit(s) that then\nprocesses the signal for analysis, classification of any target,\nand recording on magnetic tape media for replay and post event\nanalysis. Both the initial detection of submarines and the\nlocalization of detected targets is usually done with passive\nsonobuoys, if possible, so as to deny for as long as possible\nthe submarine becoming aware that an adversary aircraft is\npresent. By use of established tactics, the sonobuoys allow for\nshort and long range detection of surface ships and submarines,\nthereby, allowing for prosecution of identified hostile\ntargets. Other specialized sonobuoys can detect electric fields,\nmagnetic anomalies or the light emitted by microscopic organisms\ndisturbed by the passage of a submarine [bioluminescence].\n\nActive sonobuoys are used to localize targets quickly and\naccurately in extreme environmental conditions, against a very\nquiet submarine, or in an attack mode. The released acoustic\nenergy enables an accurate location from the sonobuoy in both\nrange and bearing to the submarine. When two or more ?fixes? are\nobtained the speed and the course of the target can be\nestablished. Active buoys use a transducer to introduce acoustic\nenergy into the water and to manipulate the return echoes that\nare amplified and for VHF radio transmission. These buoys are\ndesigned for deeper depths than passive buoys.\n\nSonobuoys may be classified by size ( A, B, C,etc.) and type\n(active, passive or measurement). Most American sonobuoys are\nA-size length 36 inches, diameter 4 7/8 inches. The A-size\nsonobuoy weight varies by manufacturer and buoy type, but will\nnot exceed 39 pounds. Some other countries are using half size\nor A/2 as a standard configuration.\n\nAll sonobuoys currently in inventory are normally launched from\nstandard A-size tubes via pneumatics, free fall, or a Cartridge\nActuated Device (CAD). When launched from aircraft they employ a\nparachute to retard their descent and provide descent\nstability. Shipboard personnel may also launch them by hand or\nOver the Side (OTS). All are powered by either salt water\nactivated magnesium or silver chloride, lithium chemistry, or\nthermal batteries and are designed to scuttle at some point\nafter usable or selected life expires.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/sonobuoys.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Military Analysis Network]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b15d263b-6c51-4005-ba45-bfd2958fcd7d", - "label": "ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "An acoustic receiver array assembly includes an underwater vehicle having a base portion and an acoustic receiver portion. The base portion is provided with a rigid boundary wall defining a first largest diameter. The receiver portion is provided with a flexible boundary wall expandable from a generally cylindrical configuration of no more than the first diameter to an expanded configuration of a second diameter substantially larger than the first diameter, the receiver portion defining a chamber. Expansion means is disposed in the chamber and is operable to expand the receiver portion boundary wall to the second diameter. Acoustic receivers are mounted in the receiver portion and provide an acoustic receiver array which expands commensurately with the expansion of the receiver portion boundary wall.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Type: Acoustic Sounders\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS\n Short_Name: SONAR\n Short_Name: USIM\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.pier.org/images/operations/tag_VR2_in_water.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-04-03\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c00aa734-d7e6-405a-b346-d439a25d0cef", - "label": "MSBS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "The Kongsberg Simrad EM-3000 Multibeam system is a\nhigh-resolution echo sounder which measures depth accurately to\nwithin several centimeters when post-processed. It not only\nmeasures the depth below the vessel but also out to the left and\nright of the vessel at a range of ~2-4 times the water\ndepth. The location and vertical elevation of the vessel are\ntracked by the integration of three global positioning systems\nworking together with the echosounder. The multibeam bathymetry\nis relayed to a Sun Ultra 5 workstation, where it is stored,\nprocessed, and presented on screen. Finally, the post-processed\nimage is printed at high resolution with each dot/pixel of color\nrepresenting ~ 0.3 - 0.6 square meters (~1- 2 square feet).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c08fcc42-c060-4634-9ea8-1f5bf1a34c62", - "label": "SIDE-SCAN SONAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "SIDE-SCAN SONAR is a method of surveying the bottom of the ocean\nor other body of water to obtain detailed acoustic images,\nfrequently used to locate debris likely form aircraft accidents\nor shipwrecks; the acoustic beam is directed perpendicularly to\nthe direction of travel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca8de50f-b795-42b7-9301-8baffe2de0f3", - "label": "ADCP", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measures currents\nbeneath a ship while underway. Sound signals sent from the\nmoving ship bounce back to receivers aboard the ship. This\nprovides a profile of water movement relative to the\nship-precise modern navigation, allowing the ship's motion to be\nsubtracted from the data. These devices are also used on\nmoorings and profilers and, along with acoustic backscattering,\nmeasure animal biomass. Particles in the path of the sound\nwaves, mostly plankton, reflect a small part of the sound energy\nback toward receivers, allowing researchers to make remote\nestimates of the sizes and numbers of animals present in the\nwater column. Before the 1970's, the most technologically\nadvanced instrument used to measure water velocity was known as\na Doppler speed log. This evolved into the first commercial\nADCP, produced in the mid-1970's, which used averaging. Later in\nthe 1970's, the first vessel-mounted ADCP was developed to\nmeasure water velocity more accurately and to allow measurement\nin range cells over a depth profile.\n\nAs instruments evolved, so did new techniques in Doppler signal\nprocessing. Initially, Doppler speed logs used simple analog\nsignal processing methods, which are still used in some\ncommercial speed logs today. However, the first ADCPs\nincorporated analog-to-digital signal conversion over a narrow\ncommunication bandwidth. Around 1990, this technique was\ndeveloped into broadband signal processing. Since then,\nbroadband ADCPs have been able to generate very accurate,\nreal-time velocity measurements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/viewInstrument.do?id=819'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9adb8d7-d64b-46ba-b8a2-4f4b46305e6f", - "label": "UPWARD LOOKING SONAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "An upward-looking sonar instrument, the Ice Profiling Sonar\n(IPS), has been developed, and successfully used for obtaining\ntime series measurements of ice keel depths over the continental\nshelves of the Arctic in support of scientific research. The IPS\ninstrument capabilities have since been expanded to provide\naccurate measurement of ocean waves. This new instrument, the\nWaveSonar, uses a high frequency acoustic transducer (420 kHz),\nwith a very narrow conical beam (2? width at -3 dB) to minimize\nthe spatial smoothing of surface waves across the sonar\nfootprint. With low power consumption, and large storage\ncapacity (64 Mbytes flash EPROM), the instrument is capable of\ncontinuous measurements of wave amplitude at a sampling rate of\n1 Hz over deployments of up to nine months. The WaveSonar has\nthe advantage of operating from the relative safety of the ocean\nfloor, thereby avoiding surface hazards such as ships, vandalism\nand adverse weather.\n\n[Summary provided by ASL Environmental Sciences]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebda5043-7bfd-4041-ade8-3f12fa6d0078", - "label": "INFRASONIC MICROPHONES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "INFRASONIC MICROPHONES are microphones (devices that amplifie\nnoise and sound) that refer to sound frequencies lower than\nthose at the lower limit of average, unimpaired human hearing,\nwhich is about 16 to 30 Hz.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed6cf3ed-3323-4946-9dd7-897581cc0a38", - "label": "ACOUSTIC TAGS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", - "definition": "Acoustic tags are small sound-emitting devices that allow the detection and/or remote tracking of fish in three dimensions. Commonly used to monitor the behavior of fish, studies are conducted in lakes, rivers, tributaries, estuaries and at sea. Acoustic tag tracking technology allows researchers to view 3D fish tracks in real-time with sub-meter resolution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACOUSTIC TAGS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Type: Acoustic Sounders\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC TAGS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC TAGS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_Tags\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Acoustic_Tags.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8f66dce-1c02-40e7-91fe-c22585e65435", - "label": "BATHYPHOTOMETER", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "A BATHYPHOTOMETER is a meter that collects bathymetry data which\nconsists of gridded trackline data collected from the operations\ncamps/stations, and digital bottom bathymetry and continental\ntopography data for certain parts or sections of Earth?s oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca25f854-b634-4831-826b-7dfe8845da42", - "label": "PROFILERS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "PROFILERS are remote sensing devices that receive\nelectromagnetic or acoustic waves transmitted through, emitted\nby, or reflected from the atmosphere in order to produce a\nvertical profile (a graph showing the variation of a\nmeteorological event with height) of one or more atmospheric\nquantities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d39a10d2-e2fe-4e5f-b44f-44ef2966ccee", - "label": "DOW", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db06e3f6-e765-4498-a292-9efeb2ad4c4f", - "label": "SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILERS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "Seismic Reflection Profiler are acoustic underwater survey\ndevices that uses the principle of echo-sounding to locate\nsubmerged landforms; in water depths of 100 m, this method can\nachieve penetration of more than 10 m into the sea-floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e55a85d0-2de9-4b4d-92d7-9cd5b0d9671a", - "label": "MBT", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "The mechanical bathythermograph was the predecessor to the\nexpendable bathythermograph which remains a cornerstone in ships\nof opportunity sampling today. This instrument was used to\nobtain continuous tracings of temperature versus depth in the\nsurface layers of the ocean.\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea2626ec-fc8d-47b1-9bad-7d69ce23f7b2", - "label": "STD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "Vertical profiles of salinity and temperature in the ocean\nhave been obtained by a variety of instruments, referred to here\ngenerically as STDs or (when the salinity is obtained by way of the\nwater's conductivity) CTDs. Data described in the Master Directory\nhave in some cases been obtained over considerable periods of time\nand by a variety of investigators. Hence, the specifics of the\nSTDs vary considerably - sometimes within the same data set.\n For descriptions of the instrumental sources and\ncharacteristics of a particular data set, investigators will have\nto contact the appropriate archive. The brief sketch of salinity,\nSTDs and CTDs given below is taken from a standard and well-\naccepted text in descriptive physical oceanography. It is intended\nfor those not already familiar with the field.\n Temperature and depth are physical parameters common to all\nscience - indeed common to ordinary language; salinity is much more\nspecialized. The total amount of dissolved material in sea-water\nis termed the 'salinity' and is defined as 'the total amount of\nsolid materials in grams contained in one kilogram of sea-water\nwhen all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, the bromine and\niodine replaced by chlorine and all organic matter completely\noxidized'. For example, the average salinity of ocean water is\nabout 35 gm/km of sea water, usually stated as 'thirty-five parts\nper thousand'. One of the more remarkable features of sea-water is\nthat while the total concentration of dissolved salts varies from\nplace to place, the ratios of the more abundant components remain\nalmost constant.\n The direct determination of salinity by evaporating sea-water\nto dryness is too difficult to carry out as a routine process.\nInstead, the classical (Knudsen) method of measurement exploits the\nobserved invariance of component ratios. One first determines the\nchlorinity by titration with standard silver nitrate solution and\nthen scales up to the salinity by a relation based on the measured\nratio of chloride ion to total dissolved substances:\n Salinity = 1.80655 X Chlorinity\nIn routine use, an accuracy of 0.02 parts per thousand is\nconsidered reasonable for this laboratory technique. More advanced\nlab procedures easily yield accuracies of 0.003 parts per thousand.\n In the 1960s inductive salinometers were developed for in situ\nuse and a number of such instruments are now available. Because\nthey measure Conductivity, Temperature and Dept, they are generally\nreferred to as CTD instruments. Accuracies of 0.005 parts per\nthousand, 0.005 degrees C and 0.15% of full scale depth are claimed\n(Pickard, p.93). The table below (from the CRC Handbook of Marine\nScience, p.550) gives more modest values for several commercially\navailable in situ instruments.\nMANUFACTURER SALINITY TEMPERATURE DEPTH\n parts per degrees C* meters*\n thousand*\nBeckman RS6 0-40 (0.2) 0-30 (0.2) 0-130 (2.5)\nGeodyne 30-40 (0.02) -2-35 (0.05) 0-9000 (0.25%)\nKjeler 30-40 (0.3) -2-35 (0.02) 0-2500\nT.S.K. 29-36 (0.03) -2-32 (0.2) 0-100 (3%)\n* Accuracies are given in parentheses, in the appropriate units\nunless percent is indicated.\n_________________________________________________________________\nTaken from:\nPickard, G.L, Descriptive Physical Oceanography, 3rd edition,\n Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. ISBN 0-08-023824-6\nSmith, F.G.W, (Editor), CRC Handbook of Marine Science, Volume I,\n CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974. ISBN 0-87819-388-X (Complete Set)\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.aanderaa.com/SalTempDepth3230.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb4177cd-fbe6-4bb5-947b-9951353da2ef", - "label": "SCANFISH", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "ScanFish is a towed undulating vehicle system designed for collecting\nprofile data of the water column in oceanographic, bathymetric and\nenvironmental monitoring applications at either fixed depth or to pre-\nprogrammed undulating flight path. \n\nThe ScanFish MK II is an active unit, which generates an up or down force in\norder to position the tow-fish in the water column. It is towed from a tow\npoint placed in a cut in the centre line from the leading edge of the fish\nbody. This tow point allows the cable to pivot ± 90° about a transverse axis\njust forward of the centre of lift providing maximum control while ensuring\nvery good pitch stability resulting in an excellent symmetrical saw tooth\nprofile.\n\nTo give the control system feedback for the flap control, the ScanFish is\nequipped with pitch and roll sensors together with feedback sensors on the\nflaps. The feedback is also used to control the fish, so that it always flies\nin a horizontal position - without roll - and during launch to ensure that the\nfish turns itself upright and level, in case the fish was 'flipped over' when\nlowered into the water.\n\nThis instrument may carry a number of sensors measuring parameters like \nconductivity (salinity), temperature, pressure, fluorescence, \nphotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and other parameters. \n\n[Summary adapted from http://www.eiva.dk/sw316.asp]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0a41463-88bc-4c13-aa75-4d46ef1c046e", - "label": "XCP", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "The Expendable Current Profiler provides real-time profiles of\ncurrent speed, direction, and temperature to depths of up to\n1500 meters.\n\n[Summary provided by Sippican Inc.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff0257ad-3077-4829-b308-1211f488d469", - "label": "WATERGUNS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba008542-5c6f-462a-8ddf-21e54cbf3034", - "label": "CHAM", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "Chameleon. This is a vertically-profiling, freely-falling tethered instrument that is easily deployed from ship. In this photo, a ring protects the sensors at the bottom - we are preparing to crash it into the bottom on purpose. By getting measurements to the seafloor, we gain an appreciation for the frequent thinness of bottom boundary layers (10s of cm at times).\nBrushes at the trailing edge break up coherent eddies and help to make Chameleon hydrodynamically quiet, essential for low-noise turbulence measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f33501aa-1c5e-4d84-aa49-268a3560a31a", - "label": "SO", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "SurfOtter (is) a new surface-following platform designed for near-surface oceanographic measurements. Its body consists of a 3-m-long, 0.4-m-diameter aluminum tube attached to a 2-m-deep fin that is tethered to the ship with 200 m of cable. Near the body, the cable divides into a three-point bridle, much like a kite. This forces the body outboard so as to sample water unaffected by the ship.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f93f4587-4216-42d1-ae0a-66fef79bdd1a", - "label": "SOLO-II", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "Deployment of Deep Argo regional pilot arrays is underway as a step toward a global array of 1250 surface-to-bottom profiling floats embedded in the upper-ocean (2000 m) Argo Program. Of the 80 active Deep Argo floats as of July 2019, 55 are Deep Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer (SOLO) 6000-m instruments, and the rest are composed of three additional models profiling to either 4000 or 6000 m. Early success of the Deep SOLO is owed partly to its evolution from the Core Argo SOLO-II. Here, Deep SOLO design choices are described, including the spherical glass pressure housing, the hydraulics system, and the passive bottom detection system. Operation of Deep SOLO is flexible, with the mission parameters being adjustable from shore via Iridium communications. Long lifetime is a key element in sustaining a global array, and Deep SOLO combines a long battery life of over 200 cycles to 6000 m with robust operation and a low failure rate. The scientific value of Deep SOLO is illustrated, including examples of its ability (i) to observe large-scale spatial and temporal variability in deep ocean temperature and salinity, (ii) to sample newly formed water masses year-round and within a few meters of the sea floor, and (iii) to explore the poorly known abyssal velocity field and deep circulation of the World Ocean. Deep SOLO’s full-depth range and its potential for global coverage are critical attributes for complementing the Core Argo Program and achieving these objectives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "532b8364-dadc-403e-9585-e62c9a7e3c38", - "label": "SBE-21", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", - "definition": "The externally powered SBE 21 accurately determines sea surface temperature and conductivity from underway vessels. Data is simultaneously stored in memory and output to a computer in real-time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "06668666-32cc-4792-b1dc-26f333b85b52", - "label": "Biological Sampling", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5b96d8ad-e034-4561-acfb-b2769051e837", - "label": "Biopsy", - "broader": "06668666-32cc-4792-b1dc-26f333b85b52", - "definition": "Removal of tissue, cells, or fluid from the body for pathology, toxicology, genetics, genomics, stable isotope, endocrine and/or other analysis and tests.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-isotopiccategory.json b/resources/json/gcmd-isotopiccategory.json deleted file mode 100644 index fc0c0e9..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-isotopiccategory.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,157 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "label": "ISO Topic Categories", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0353d44f-2fc2-44df-9143-b1a3b86d5aa1", - "label": "INLAND WATERS", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f6206e9-1c4f-44f5-8c54-5c7daaa2c770", - "label": "INTELLIGENCE/MILITARY", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ebf71bd-d007-42f8-8f9b-8c44a6b65a28", - "label": "CLIMATOLOGY/METEOROLOGY/ATMOSPHERE", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2184c696-62aa-46a8-b2d4-9727b11bc8ea", - "label": "UTILITIES/COMMUNICATIONS", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26173055-5433-42b3-bd00-9a1f6ba294e1", - "label": "FARMING", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26ebb539-cae2-4961-9252-7f367642fa57", - "label": "IMAGERY/BASE MAPS/EARTH COVER", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ea4f8f6-204f-4a9a-b711-dde64b4a7908", - "label": "STRUCTURE", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3681060f-2927-4bcb-82d0-bff84235ebbf", - "label": "HEALTH", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c68c358-7a7a-4e52-b6eb-86f4ee84e869", - "label": "ELEVATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "817c2e64-1db4-4e63-9872-53a2d2f28ef8", - "label": "SOCIETY", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81a52fa1-4a8f-4c4d-9736-7aaf0859df9d", - "label": "ENVIRONMENT", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4fde165-9941-4a03-8728-415d63a68dab", - "label": "EXTRA TERRESTRIAL", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3d9cf68-90b1-46be-914c-38ecb2e70097", - "label": "BIOTA", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4d36195-daba-48a5-9ba6-61755ae75873", - "label": "DISASTER", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d68cebd2-9cc9-46ba-b454-7a80efe4e1bf", - "label": "TRANSPORTATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9cd5b7e-e9e7-4746-bbc8-bc69f7b606c7", - "label": "GEOSCIENTIFIC INFORMATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbff9ea9-3b00-4cd4-b3ed-21790a797207", - "label": "OCEANS", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1b563c-c8d2-47df-af42-6c2064e74c8e", - "label": "ECONOMY", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef90500d-0b55-4404-9b26-28e216cf1697", - "label": "PLANNING CADASTRE", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f061db63-5414-4b8f-a2d4-c8a7a1a650d6", - "label": "LOCATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5329742-d55b-4804-82f5-1beb25ff9255", - "label": "BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-measurementname.json b/resources/json/gcmd-measurementname.json deleted file mode 100644 index a8a833f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-measurementname.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1885 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "label": "Measurement Name", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "label": "planetary_surface", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "101904f4-75f6-4b76-9adf-a6a4c8009667", - 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] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b13444d-b5b0-416d-be9d-7c11328833e7", - "label": "land", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5395e33c-02cb-4027-b425-e771eab13610", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "7b13444d-b5b0-416d-be9d-7c11328833e7", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e3b1d24-d96d-4b4a-a09c-ed9abd0e81e2", - "label": "soil_active-layer", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4b604ba3-39d8-46bd-9d33-6b44c7a316c2", - "label": "porosity", - "broader": "7e3b1d24-d96d-4b4a-a09c-ed9abd0e81e2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "875b1cd8-ca7e-4edb-9e83-ac78f1a3bc9f", - "label": "water_infiltration", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7932ab90-9137-4496-a695-43943216f387", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "875b1cd8-ca7e-4edb-9e83-ac78f1a3bc9f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "91aad519-c0cf-4350-882d-429bee5c5e4b", - "label": "wind_stress", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c44db244-9086-4e9d-a217-1a78e851249e", - "label": "direction", - "broader": "91aad519-c0cf-4350-882d-429bee5c5e4b", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d73c7668-2353-4e8a-a8e2-d6d0d302a3a4", - "label": "magnitude", - "broader": "91aad519-c0cf-4350-882d-429bee5c5e4b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "949498e6-5d4a-4f14-aa83-93e3eed1bc4d", - "label": "deep_snow", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b5129dae-42ed-4cfa-9fe8-3f37f38cc286", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "949498e6-5d4a-4f14-aa83-93e3eed1bc4d", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "abc70f23-f386-41da-b1ad-43cd7aebe7c4", - "label": "snowpack_top", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03a7c97e-71e2-469e-8af9-bbe80ffedb1a", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "abc70f23-f386-41da-b1ad-43cd7aebe7c4", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5647175-f5ef-41d7-ac25-9b7a12878bde", - "label": "glacier_bottom", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "aeb02243-583f-444e-a2a4-341ab351a3d8", - "label": "slope", - "broader": "b5647175-f5ef-41d7-ac25-9b7a12878bde", - "definition": "A solid astronomical body part which is part of the planetary surface between the peak of an elevation or the bottom of a depression and relatively flat surrounding land.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "211dfe39-3659-4ab3-8233-b2b8809d1367", - "label": "planetary_surface_overcast_sky", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ebb1a6bf-b84a-4159-a304-88c82e93f032", - "label": "ultraviolet_radiation", - "broader": "211dfe39-3659-4ab3-8233-b2b8809d1367", - "definition": "A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "af677440-5473-4074-b3a6-84d5cb82d739", - "label": "radiative_flux", - "broader": "ebb1a6bf-b84a-4159-a304-88c82e93f032", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2346acc2-ee14-4d4a-8a1a-adca2d26756d", - "label": "atmosphere-over_land_surface", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6de37519-bc50-4ddd-8401-da3ecdeaa900", - "label": "air", - "broader": "2346acc2-ee14-4d4a-8a1a-adca2d26756d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fabeb7da-9d33-450e-83b0-5c3651d1e4a1", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "6de37519-bc50-4ddd-8401-da3ecdeaa900", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2630ccb5-bcb5-4abc-84bc-8b3fb8425c7a", - "label": "atmosphere-at_cloud_top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "label": "air", - "broader": "2630ccb5-bcb5-4abc-84bc-8b3fb8425c7a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4d3ddb7f-42c9-44b8-8ccc-4a651b7dc9ed", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a32cbebb-0f17-41a6-9bf7-f3b111e4c56e", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2203a61-1ef4-4e3d-b7aa-98e7867f8b7c", - "label": "temperature_threshold", - "broader": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b058ce7-995e-4fd1-9f32-817447dea142", - "label": "atmosphere-top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dc8bbde4-6d14-44b9-937e-730925d40c0a", - "label": "air", - "broader": "2b058ce7-995e-4fd1-9f32-817447dea142", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2862699c-a8e0-478f-8c28-e3f204dffedd", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "dc8bbde4-6d14-44b9-937e-730925d40c0a", - "definition": "A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dbbd81a-8a15-4748-b11c-700c3924860a", - "label": "stratosphere", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11d6f2a7-8f2c-4753-a7b0-a72d611b2954", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_particles-volcanic", - "broader": "2dbbd81a-8a15-4748-b11c-700c3924860a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b86a061e-3312-4d7c-91f9-8b13d4910d2e", - "label": "optical_thickness", - "broader": "11d6f2a7-8f2c-4753-a7b0-a72d611b2954", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb24d78d-d1a8-4a3c-9858-4dd2d0793902", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_particles", - "broader": "2dbbd81a-8a15-4748-b11c-700c3924860a", - "definition": "Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "28a4bc78-c92e-4c26-848d-827dd7356198", - "label": "optical_thickness", - "broader": "fb24d78d-d1a8-4a3c-9858-4dd2d0793902", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "label": "ocean", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A marine water body which is constitutes the majority of an astronomical body's hydrosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04f8c212-9e02-4135-8434-64b3dc15b938", - "label": "sea_surface_skin", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c1f75c04-84da-4185-ac89-4e33700b4cd3", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "04f8c212-9e02-4135-8434-64b3dc15b938", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "24840d39-3bec-4d3d-afec-8a76652e5639", - "label": "hydrological_evaporation", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "decb98b0-b70f-4782-a693-fac6d16ca0e4", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "24840d39-3bec-4d3d-afec-8a76652e5639", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ab73c26-33f0-4e88-8a60-5ea670b17a94", - "label": "sea_surface_subskin", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5819b364-892c-40ab-a90f-5a239c3e028b", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "2ab73c26-33f0-4e88-8a60-5ea670b17a94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "396823a4-c840-49cc-a0b1-a5e9b5cc2230", - "label": "sea_ice__and_surface_snow", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "53feeeb9-a947-4129-a344-23ad1e9473d7", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "396823a4-c840-49cc-a0b1-a5e9b5cc2230", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "67cc1cc2-04b9-4763-8e73-fb028f45baab", - "label": "sea_ice", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "Water ice which has formed by the freezing of sea water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "355998d9-cc22-4cf7-ab21-f66176aa3288", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "67cc1cc2-04b9-4763-8e73-fb028f45baab", - 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"label": "volume", - "broader": "ad2fceb4-ff6e-426c-991f-45dd1edafbb8", - "definition": "A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "label": "sea_ice_radiation_incoming", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "53ef3a78-30ae-42e8-9609-63224b7ea121", - "label": "shortwave", - "broader": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c899c6e7-9e0f-461b-a588-584e954233b7", - "label": "total", - "broader": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df9fe4bc-2589-4a51-8731-bdd09d21507d", - "label": "longwave", - "broader": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed0b8976-413a-4f8d-8647-77f780852f4a", - "label": "sea_ice-water", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fdf18525-124a-49d2-8de9-1babb372dcd8", - "label": "bottom_depth", - "broader": "ed0b8976-413a-4f8d-8647-77f780852f4a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a0d1a04-972c-4272-a34e-a57c77112d76", - "label": "vegetation", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "511637f3-82aa-43b2-9eee-0c099ecbfcce", - "label": "carbon", - "broader": "3a0d1a04-972c-4272-a34e-a57c77112d76", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "21174afa-96bd-4506-973e-502bc7b91be9", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "511637f3-82aa-43b2-9eee-0c099ecbfcce", - "definition": "No definition available.", - 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"label": "cloud_top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3c8caa79-900b-4f42-9320-7726c92e50b9", - "label": "frozen_water_particle", - "broader": "533f562c-e9d7-48c1-a9ad-21901da68ce9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1588a8fd-46fc-4c3a-b539-5859668c2010", - "label": "size", - "broader": "3c8caa79-900b-4f42-9320-7726c92e50b9", - "definition": "A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b2a974e-0461-4eb1-86bd-807a29dccfc9", - "label": "air", - "broader": "533f562c-e9d7-48c1-a9ad-21901da68ce9", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - 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"label": "air", - "broader": "88bfc915-6cc3-43c6-a2f7-8af709a9e1f2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1c3fa118-3130-4951-ada1-755fcf0776f9", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "c0d94ef7-8655-436d-b257-162d364dcad2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "897128cf-ffc8-4ec5-8f6e-f68d3087cc04", - "label": "not_specified", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ef4dd3c8-d8dc-423e-bec3-ae47e0b20f59", - "label": "not_specified", - "broader": "897128cf-ffc8-4ec5-8f6e-f68d3087cc04", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "92f58ac5-476c-43c0-831d-d7ce9cef1765", - "label": "not_specified", - "broader": "ef4dd3c8-d8dc-423e-bec3-ae47e0b20f59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a22b941-dc2d-4fa8-b1d9-a7882c8bc40e", - "label": "surface_water-potential", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "Water that is found on the surface of an astronomical object.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3f84c899-1916-41c5-bf4e-c94ad77aaeee", - "label": "hydrological_evaporation", - "broader": "8a22b941-dc2d-4fa8-b1d9-a7882c8bc40e", - "definition": "Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f3b844cb-fb6a-4080-90d0-4f05dad4836e", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "3f84c899-1916-41c5-bf4e-c94ad77aaeee", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9283032-11d8-4556-a58b-44fb6a628921", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "3f84c899-1916-41c5-bf4e-c94ad77aaeee", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6524711-f48a-429b-a651-526430984970", - "label": "land_surface", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2cbc1b3d-1093-4c9e-aa6c-3227d8c332dc", - "label": "glacier_ablation_zone", - "broader": "b6524711-f48a-429b-a651-526430984970", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d52e6680-dbf6-4e64-91a5-061001cceded", - "label": "area", - "broader": "2cbc1b3d-1093-4c9e-aa6c-3227d8c332dc", - "definition": "A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f82607b-f9ed-4388-94fe-e324c50ddf64", - "label": "glacier_accumulation_zone", - "broader": "b6524711-f48a-429b-a651-526430984970", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "57a61ddc-e0c8-47bb-b608-da31833cf4b2", - "label": "area_fraction", - "broader": "3f82607b-f9ed-4388-94fe-e324c50ddf64", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c052239f-e386-42ff-a8d3-9ca170367d5c", - "label": "surface_water", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "Water that is found on the surface of an astronomical object.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "96af39dd-d4eb-4188-bc48-2349a97c5918", - "label": "hydrological_evaporation", - "broader": "c052239f-e386-42ff-a8d3-9ca170367d5c", - "definition": "Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2e9ba350-fc1d-49e3-a9c4-5c739505b884", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "96af39dd-d4eb-4188-bc48-2349a97c5918", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5064181d-13c6-464f-b17d-9c66c9b934aa", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "96af39dd-d4eb-4188-bc48-2349a97c5918", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7084219-8790-4c5d-9ea9-77cc6caf0bf3", - "label": "atmosphere-at_freezing_level", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "881b1087-512b-4f4a-a3c5-dca4da248000", - "label": "air", - "broader": "c7084219-8790-4c5d-9ea9-77cc6caf0bf3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e8c14fdf-c644-47e2-ac78-572eedf4154a", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "881b1087-512b-4f4a-a3c5-dca4da248000", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c715df46-6a84-4d0f-b275-72fbe93992d9", - "label": "planetary_surface-at_10m_above_displacement_height", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "284d4437-b7f1-4e6d-96f4-92a3b14863c4", - "label": "wind_speed", - "broader": "c715df46-6a84-4d0f-b275-72fbe93992d9", - "definition": "The speed of an atmospheric wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "86bfbc9b-e319-49f1-8f35-8adf0ab9e8d8", - "label": "magnitude-northward", - "broader": "284d4437-b7f1-4e6d-96f4-92a3b14863c4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96479c2e-7a6a-42c5-9bd7-c50692ea6cb8", - "label": "magnitude-eastward", - "broader": "284d4437-b7f1-4e6d-96f4-92a3b14863c4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9b7e278-6be3-4ae7-aaed-3506424fad85", - "label": "vegetation_floor", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "191433fe-2d8e-4ac2-be15-a5f1c683c53a", - "label": "water_interception", - "broader": "c9b7e278-6be3-4ae7-aaed-3506424fad85", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "23be936b-4614-4f9b-a2ef-efe3a4725cc5", - "label": "volume_flux", - "broader": "191433fe-2d8e-4ac2-be15-a5f1c683c53a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0572455-42fa-4690-806c-40b552e0aff8", - "label": "glacier_bed", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d0d3df9-1be1-4073-a6a8-7f9c3955e155", - "label": "planetary_surface", - "broader": "d0572455-42fa-4690-806c-40b552e0aff8", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9c8d0175-b21d-4382-bed7-0a880625b565", - "label": "elevation", - "broader": "0d0d3df9-1be1-4073-a6a8-7f9c3955e155", - "definition": "A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c83482b6-f02d-45f7-a838-2522fa5b3123", - "label": "planetary_ice", - "broader": "d0572455-42fa-4690-806c-40b552e0aff8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7ff4afde-71ac-459e-931c-d24398a20e5e", - "label": "elevation", - "broader": "c83482b6-f02d-45f7-a838-2522fa5b3123", - "definition": "A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e374bbab-6793-43ff-8b92-b8f731a34a00", - "label": "planetary_surface-at_2m_above_displacement_height", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ccaa2ec0-1c28-4171-b1dd-fcb38d2edd3a", - "label": "wind_speed", - "broader": "e374bbab-6793-43ff-8b92-b8f731a34a00", - "definition": "The speed of an atmospheric wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6e129502-6d54-467d-9c53-f67c64285c0b", - "label": "magnitude-eastward", - "broader": "ccaa2ec0-1c28-4171-b1dd-fcb38d2edd3a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fae8bf2-1d9a-402b-ac8c-9edea394f878", - "label": "magnitude-northward", - "broader": "ccaa2ec0-1c28-4171-b1dd-fcb38d2edd3a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "label": "atmosphere", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11abb715-37f4-43b7-8681-1410ee578290", - "label": "stratiform_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6a2b6712-683b-4155-b730-5486199cbad8", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "11abb715-37f4-43b7-8681-1410ee578290", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bd529b0-060e-4371-96dd-f364c7784496", - "label": "lwe_stratiform_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5469eec4-fead-4fc1-b287-a060b8444848", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "1bd529b0-060e-4371-96dd-f364c7784496", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c08d8f3-f733-41d8-a01b-2f4044043224", - "label": "cloud", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "34e4bf15-fa75-409a-bac2-8ddfe8e7fe75", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "1c08d8f3-f733-41d8-a01b-2f4044043224", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c220f55-9cd3-4f0b-9d94-afb8f9743a16", - "label": "lwe_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a2e6df97-447b-476e-8fde-268b3ecadbbf", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "1c220f55-9cd3-4f0b-9d94-afb8f9743a16", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f697c83-969d-48ee-87b8-245b11f7e24f", - "label": "snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ffcda4b1-0956-4413-a4c9-8d72b5dffb58", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "1f697c83-969d-48ee-87b8-245b11f7e24f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "label": "planetary_surface", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "79f28c8b-b3a7-489d-a95f-7d4af14e3b50", - "label": "temperature_anomoly", - "broader": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d28c44d-b17d-4e31-9834-dd98f39312cd", - "label": "brightness_temperature", - "broader": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e2c36bb-2059-44b9-b9e6-2006f146582f", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2084dc9d-c856-4430-971b-aff5f9a4d98e", - "label": "northward_wind", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "488fdda1-0aff-41e9-9999-e15d89c279de", - "label": "horizontal_velocity", - "broader": "2084dc9d-c856-4430-971b-aff5f9a4d98e", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "label": "precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1c6e0c43-eab4-49d2-b2de-3d24491f4146", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c980bf7d-952e-4eb7-8625-95cf9946262f", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d53e3416-0d61-4b7e-96e6-322d6f5081fd", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f5f93ef-2c60-406c-800c-ee9b058f6f66", - "label": "eastward_wind-geostrophic", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ea9add0-e69e-44f9-95ff-d1457c0fafd6", - "label": "horizontal_velocity", - "broader": "3f5f93ef-2c60-406c-800c-ee9b058f6f66", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "45ecec46-aef5-40c2-9f5c-2a31e4870ca8", - "label": "lwe_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a348d165-43dd-44b3-a3ab-85265c8c1509", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "45ecec46-aef5-40c2-9f5c-2a31e4870ca8", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4904c803-4d8a-4c15-aae7-67eea1fa1ab3", - "label": "freezing_level", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cdcf882f-32b7-4553-984e-2081fb7d59fd", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "4904c803-4d8a-4c15-aae7-67eea1fa1ab3", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a38c228-59b1-4d69-8a19-95b61f85d01f", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_black_carbon", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "48887ac3-f280-414b-8cc1-c1eb2a4cb270", - "label": "extinction_optical_thickness", - "broader": "4a38c228-59b1-4d69-8a19-95b61f85d01f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0b8fe38-0faa-43f2-bf83-d5901bdd6715", - "label": "absorption_optical_thickness", - "broader": "4a38c228-59b1-4d69-8a19-95b61f85d01f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dc2a213-8eb3-49fb-8728-a06f323e7267", - "label": "air_pressure_surface", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a4850560-d5e3-4db4-beb8-81fc352effc7", - "label": "geopotential_height_anomaly", - "broader": "4dc2a213-8eb3-49fb-8728-a06f323e7267", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "50ffe6dd-6804-4319-9534-04831a96f5c9", - "label": "lwe_stratiform_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fb29ebc9-bc39-4921-8238-6a5b38ae3643", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "50ffe6dd-6804-4319-9534-04831a96f5c9", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fa46896-b958-449d-acc4-e0ed3d3a86eb", - "label": "planetary_surface-no_snow", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bbafe0e9-38c1-4124-9bbd-ce0a83e4ca6e", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "5fa46896-b958-449d-acc4-e0ed3d3a86eb", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "label": "air", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "090697f0-a982-4cda-94f6-9375d0c816c5", - "label": "temperature_lapse_rate", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1838e31f-ef6d-42f8-b166-71f6cd1aaa57", - "label": "temperature_anomaly", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d87901bc-8a50-4442-8d03-a4e77f02bfb0", - "label": "temperature_threshold", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e631957b-9253-45ba-aa3c-77850d6c2aa0", - "label": "pressure_anomoly", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "78a0a1bc-26be-4067-822d-fefe7395c194", - "label": "northward_wind-geostrophic", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8e0c445c-93fe-4a92-a0b3-a0a6f57e3453", - "label": "horizontal_velocity", - "broader": "78a0a1bc-26be-4067-822d-fefe7395c194", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "80037b21-dc0f-4062-8f0a-7d742346d821", - "label": "planetary_surface_land", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6abc5393-cfe7-4e0b-b748-8f3a71602faf", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "80037b21-dc0f-4062-8f0a-7d742346d821", - "definition": "A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e58f9b0-b83b-4f4f-858a-e578b01eec15", - "label": "startiform_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "585b1a1b-913a-4d2b-8e4b-bf7bc61c604f", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "8e58f9b0-b83b-4f4f-858a-e578b01eec15", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9eec9a9a-7a6a-4abb-aed0-61508149a547", - "label": "convective_cloud_base", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bbcdf261-d91b-4b63-bb71-82946a2d9a89", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "9eec9a9a-7a6a-4abb-aed0-61508149a547", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a42f94f5-1ba2-45cd-ad2a-ca3468efc35e", - "label": "convective_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9d6c2595-1922-4123-b2d0-d64944caac71", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "a42f94f5-1ba2-45cd-ad2a-ca3468efc35e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "label": "atmospheric_wind", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8ad4b6a5-19e2-4454-8f28-3cad7c409a1c", - "label": "horizontal_velocity_divergence", - "broader": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a95a0223-c67b-45b9-addd-10607c09298a", - "label": "vertical_velocity_divergence", - "broader": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b464706c-63dc-4c93-ae5b-d6a1c7f64931", - "label": "beaufort_force", - "broader": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad92e251-3da7-4e3f-a45a-cd7651611eca", - "label": "mean_sea_level", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "A elevation quality which inheres in a marine water body by virtue of the position of that water body's surface layer (adjacent to an atmosphere) relative to some reference elevation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8d338244-fb44-4666-b957-c0bdcf238cf6", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "ad92e251-3da7-4e3f-a45a-cd7651611eca", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae381c21-55f2-4dd0-9dd8-e5e39f23d9a0", - "label": "convective_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b80ee2f3-9c79-47ac-8a85-059927ada534", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "ae381c21-55f2-4dd0-9dd8-e5e39f23d9a0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9bdf785-0447-461f-9371-0a3108e44cb0", - "label": "volcanic_ash_cloud_top", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "958918e7-8961-45e6-aaf4-5992c456422b", - "label": "geopotential_height", - "broader": "b9bdf785-0447-461f-9371-0a3108e44cb0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba2abd4d-80f7-4861-8aa7-aaa3ed58a526", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_particles", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a2c7ece0-939a-417a-a87e-720c0de35020", - "label": "absorption_optical_thickness", - "broader": "ba2abd4d-80f7-4861-8aa7-aaa3ed58a526", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c036679f-f295-4022-a2cd-f26ee8ec5829", - "label": "convective_cloud_top", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "001fe2af-7b28-47fb-abf8-e60f9038c1c2", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "c036679f-f295-4022-a2cd-f26ee8ec5829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "label": "cloud_top", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7d44b6e1-9914-458a-8fc9-eeeaacf613ed", - "label": "frozen_water_particle", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a0d8392c-e0e8-4884-950d-29162dccb14b", - "label": "size", - "broader": "7d44b6e1-9914-458a-8fc9-eeeaacf613ed", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "968803f5-490d-41fd-8bdd-7fdd20428004", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad0132ad-7ce1-4a99-ba7d-b2bcc3ef915c", - "label": "liquid_water_particle", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f4f7a865-befc-439b-8b6d-bb43ba772ba9", - "label": "size", - "broader": "ad0132ad-7ce1-4a99-ba7d-b2bcc3ef915c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "afa85e48-5967-45f0-aeab-cdf73d1d23a8", - "label": "geopotential_height", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1a4572e-a1e6-4473-9061-4ce9023eda4d", - "label": "height", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea2f6ff0-4ea2-4a85-af8a-fd29d7e5bf75", - "label": "air", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f721be74-a590-4147-8af4-f2804aea4c0b", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "ea2f6ff0-4ea2-4a85-af8a-fd29d7e5bf75", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb33c68f-3ffb-45bc-938a-323f7658cf48", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2b2e171-d7b4-4826-9fed-99abd05b979e", - "label": "lwe_convective_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2ff3d74c-a483-47e7-91be-edd61e2a1a1a", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "d2b2e171-d7b4-4826-9fed-99abd05b979e", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e362f052-2f1d-43c0-bc7e-12278d495892", - "label": "lwe_convective_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6858c11c-c5ee-40de-a67b-a8468a4a66b7", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "e362f052-2f1d-43c0-bc7e-12278d495892", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f92a9b68-455a-4645-ad44-2e1017bf1859", - "label": "cloud_base", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cd052bc6-1bdd-4ebc-8c99-295b50817fe6", - "label": "height", - "broader": "f92a9b68-455a-4645-ad44-2e1017bf1859", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0e1b50c-71e6-4075-934b-0880ef6efc20", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "f92a9b68-455a-4645-ad44-2e1017bf1859", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5fe7cb7-1426-4768-9e91-48c17e532d3a", - "label": "glacier_bottom", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4658aa47-a19d-452b-90ce-5cf32f0c2ce4", - "label": "ice_flow", - "broader": "e5fe7cb7-1426-4768-9e91-48c17e532d3a", - "definition": "An advective transport process during which a mass of ice is transported from one location to another.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "08d41260-9c6e-408c-b579-62fee09a31ee", - "label": "eastward_velocity", - "broader": "4658aa47-a19d-452b-90ce-5cf32f0c2ce4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e85d6a2d-23c7-405a-b062-caf78f6ab827", - "label": "land", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "369c608c-787a-4ca6-8811-cc8eca7447d5", - "label": "permafrost", - "broader": "e85d6a2d-23c7-405a-b062-caf78f6ab827", - "definition": "Soil or rock and included ice or organic material at or below the freezing point of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "44b8b582-ebac-4d05-be2a-b3982a64b91e", - "label": "top_height", - "broader": "369c608c-787a-4ca6-8811-cc8eca7447d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcb181b4-4732-4752-b70d-bbcc81fcdc59", - "label": "bottom_height", - "broader": "369c608c-787a-4ca6-8811-cc8eca7447d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "75442d9d-e3e4-4241-941d-c4899c6a41a8", - "label": "hydrological_evaporation", - "broader": "e85d6a2d-23c7-405a-b062-caf78f6ab827", - "definition": "Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "283680c0-5043-410f-bc7d-5c8bdcf31403", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "75442d9d-e3e4-4241-941d-c4899c6a41a8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecbc5dcc-eebd-47fb-a10e-45e2d487c5e6", - "label": "atmosphere-at_top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b4d53418-c70d-4ad0-9868-51a119d51a63", - "label": "air", - "broader": "ecbc5dcc-eebd-47fb-a10e-45e2d487c5e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6f900066-a11f-43d3-9ef9-8d2b153c788e", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "b4d53418-c70d-4ad0-9868-51a119d51a63", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee0357cd-8f1c-4b62-8e97-51ebc91c4bb9", - "label": "atmosphere_layers", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A layer that is part of the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "038ac74c-470a-43e0-b80d-2b2fb1acfc13", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_particles", - "broader": "ee0357cd-8f1c-4b62-8e97-51ebc91c4bb9", - "definition": "Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a29f30ee-6188-4132-ba78-2a341c6bfc8b", - "label": "optical_thickness", - "broader": "038ac74c-470a-43e0-b80d-2b2fb1acfc13", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2054883-dc67-4526-aa1f-203bee2a6503", - "label": "cloud_top-effective", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "203cc14e-0fac-4b7d-b120-800c2a106e59", - "label": "air", - "broader": "f2054883-dc67-4526-aa1f-203bee2a6503", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "622048a9-42c3-4a81-b097-9a69397b40a3", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "203cc14e-0fac-4b7d-b120-800c2a106e59", - "definition": "A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5078704-ed6b-4064-900c-6a4827ed048b", - "label": "canopy", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A vegetation layer which is formed by a collection of individual plant crowns, themselves constituting part of the above-ground portion of a plant community.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1e10e790-9f01-437e-8846-6c10d8330d6e", - "label": "hydrological_evaporation", - "broader": "f5078704-ed6b-4064-900c-6a4827ed048b", - "definition": "Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b09b51da-93be-478d-a36d-e1b55b4c2433", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "1e10e790-9f01-437e-8846-6c10d8330d6e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f74a7e9c-2dd6-4208-b0ba-6d576874c52a", - "label": "atmosphere-at_convective_cloud_top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1bfab372-f275-449c-ac46-2d6193305592", - "label": "air", - "broader": "f74a7e9c-2dd6-4208-b0ba-6d576874c52a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a60f429a-087b-4b26-89c6-8dbdd13ef75f", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "1bfab372-f275-449c-ac46-2d6193305592", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb27559f-a2af-4fb5-960d-4635e13fecea", - "label": "soil", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a8d070ea-9ffd-4dcc-bb78-799e20f16de8", - "label": "air", - "broader": "fb27559f-a2af-4fb5-960d-4635e13fecea", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "41cb1459-0e89-4142-908d-e561204fa9b0", - "label": "volume_fraction", - "broader": "a8d070ea-9ffd-4dcc-bb78-799e20f16de8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbf6131b-86e1-4e52-b26a-0854cf273106", - "label": "atmosphere-over", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2843a8ce-e1fd-4fb6-9b59-22f1a39f249f", - "label": "land_surface", - "broader": "fbf6131b-86e1-4e52-b26a-0854cf273106", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "31ec3bb4-b486-4bb6-a956-70717c30f597", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "2843a8ce-e1fd-4fb6-9b59-22f1a39f249f", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a16e8a0-2580-4f71-bbfd-0fb8bc21fac0", - "label": "sea_surface", - "broader": "fbf6131b-86e1-4e52-b26a-0854cf273106", - "definition": "A elevation quality which inheres in a marine water body by virtue of the position of that water body's surface layer (adjacent to an atmosphere) relative to some reference elevation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5d427c67-80c4-408b-9dc7-635f75807163", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "5a16e8a0-2580-4f71-bbfd-0fb8bc21fac0", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-metadataassociationtype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-metadataassociationtype.json deleted file mode 100644 index c608cbb..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-metadataassociationtype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "label": "Metadata Association Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "05e2b0c3-8cc0-454f-b1d2-8423681bcfd1", - "label": "Input", - "broader": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f27cea5-08b1-4069-9c7e-9848502efcb7", - "label": "Dependent", - "broader": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2992faf4-390c-42c2-bb5a-e0f868010561", - "label": "Other", - "broader": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "483744ff-530a-4ee6-be64-1c39759554b1", - "label": "Parent", - "broader": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eabd9cfd-9885-4699-be85-ce4f172eeb27", - "label": "Science Associated", - "broader": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-metadatalanguage.json b/resources/json/gcmd-metadatalanguage.json deleted file mode 100644 index 6a2097c..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-metadatalanguage.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "475934c7-e05f-4547-aaa3-b0cf01afff06", - "label": "Metadata Language", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-mimetype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-mimetype.json deleted file mode 100644 index 6203fe3..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-mimetype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,262 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "label": "Mime Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "07bcc60e-1551-44d9-b87e-7c260d230ecb", - "label": "application/opensearchdescription+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Opensearch Description files. application/opensearchdescription+xml provides a human-readable text description of the search engine.\n\nParent: OpenSearchDescription\nRestrictions: The value must contain 1024 or fewer characters of plain text. The value must not contain HTML or other markup.\nRequirements: This element must appear exactly once.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "091b6afc-ab75-4790-8e71-3b32ae8bd0a4", - "label": "text/xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "Mime Type for an unprocessed, source XML document that is readable by casual users. Application/xml is preferable when the XML MIME entity is unreadable by casual users.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17e82b7c-498d-4d69-993c-fd691aa25ce8", - "label": "application/tar+zip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2065aabb-9beb-4c84-8ad7-0e16cfed17cf", - "label": "text/csv", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for CSV files.\n\nIn computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text. Each line of the file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. The use of the comma as a field separator is the source of the name for this file format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b192915-32a8-4b68-a720-8ca8a84f04ca", - "label": "application/x-netcdf", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for NetCDF files.\n\nNetCDF is a set of software libraries and self-describing, machine-independent data formats that support the creation, access, and sharing of array-oriented scientific data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3195dfce-51db-4b40-aadb-808b43573743", - "label": "text/css", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for CSS files.\n\nCascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language.[1] Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e048f9e-8f93-4f0c-9f0b-20bafb909c68", - "label": "image/tiff", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for TIFF files.\n\nTagged Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry,[1] and photographers. TIFF is widely supported by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition, image manipulation, desktop publishing, and page-layout applications.[2] The format was created by Aldus Corporation for use in desktop publishing. It published the latest version 6.0 in 1992, subsequently updated with an Adobe Systems copyright after the latter acquired Aldus in 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f697f52-6a1c-4e2c-bd4b-13aaaf45f2e6", - "label": "image/jpeg", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for JPEG files.\n\nJPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40bdf6e5-780c-43e2-ab8e-e5dfae4bd779", - "label": "application/gml+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for GML files. \n\nGML (Geography Markup Language) is an international standard adopted by both the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40cb0bdd-67f4-43c8-aa57-2bdc260e6950", - "label": "text/javascript", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for JavaScript files.\n\nJavaScript often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based, multi-paradigm, and interpreted programming language. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of World Wide Web content production. It is used to make webpages interactive and provide online programs, including video games. The majority of websites employ it, and all modern web browsers support it without the need for plug-ins by means of a built-in JavaScript engine. Each of the many JavaScript engines represent a different implementation of JavaScript, all based on the ECMAScript specification, with some engines not supporting the spec fully, and with many engines supporting additional features beyond ECMA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415a10b5-7286-4195-a88e-00c7b995b7d0", - "label": "text/html", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for HTML files.\n\nHypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web.[3] Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43ca8ee0-04a5-4020-b0ec-998ec0e0f30e", - "label": "application/tar+gzip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e5db77b-bc1d-4f7c-9f13-e3e54e0b2e3b", - "label": "application/zip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for ZIP files.\n\nZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A .ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed. The .ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was originally created in 1989 by Phil Katz, and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc.'s PKZIP utility,[2] as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson. The .ZIP format is now supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in .ZIP support (under the name 'compressed folders') in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998. Apple has included built-in .ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3 (via BOMArchiveHelper, now Archive Utility) and later. Most free operating systems have built in support for .ZIP in similar manners to Windows and Mac OS X.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e80047b-c50b-4805-ac68-789dbc38803f", - "label": "application/x-hdf5", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for HDF5 files.\n\nHDF5 is a data model, library, and file format for storing and managing data. It supports an unlimited variety of datatypes, and is designed for flexible and efficient I/O and for high volume and complex data. HDF5 is portable and is extensible, allowing applications to evolve in their use of HDF5. The HDF5 Technology suite includes tools and applications for managing, manipulating, viewing, and analyzing data in the HDF5 format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e70beda-396e-4cc8-bdd5-70dfc8a1142e", - "label": "application/x-tar-gz", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for .tar.gz files.\n\nUnder Unix, tar archives are the most common means of distributing bundles of files, and gzip is the most common compression program.\nA .tar.gz file is simply a bundle of files packaged with tar, and subsequently compressed with gzip.\n\nSometimes the extension '.tgz' is used as an abbreviation for '.tar.gz'. This is especially common on platforms such as MS-DOS that have arbitrary constraints on filenames (no more than one dot, and no more than three characters after the dot).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "627269ae-ba93-492e-8c31-cc4de1d69810", - "label": "application/pdf", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for PDF files.\n\nPortable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.[3] Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c99ff72-5239-424d-a0bf-9712c33ea76d", - "label": "application/vnd.ms-excel", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Microsoft Excel files.\n\nMicrosoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80045dcb-18ee-463a-8baf-ffcabed510ea", - "label": "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for KML files.\n\nKML is an acronym for Keyhole Markup Langage, which stems from the time before the Keyhole Corporation was acquried by Google, and their Keyhole application redesigned and rebranded as Google Earth.\n\nKML is an XML-based file format and grammar for modeling and storing \ngeographic features such as points, lines, images, and polygons for display in \na geospatial browser.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84ef762f-e348-42a6-981c-563822a47806", - "label": "application/tar", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8542dd4a-a11b-475d-8d46-cad785a7f510", - "label": "application/json", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for JSON files.\n\nJSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is easy for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999. JSON is a text format that is completely language independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C-family of languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, and many others. These properties make JSON an ideal data-interchange language.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8ee535a-8bc8-46fd-8b97-917bd7ea7666", - "label": "application/gzip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for gzip files. \n\ngzip is a file format and a software application used for file compression and decompression. The program was created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free software replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems, and intended for use by GNU (the 'g' is from 'GNU'). Version 0.1 was first publicly released on 31 October 1992, and version 1.0 followed in February 1993.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad61b259-8131-4e0e-aac8-a800a0a51ca6", - "label": "image/gif", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for GIF iles.\n\nThe Graphics Interchange Format (better known by its acronym GIF is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the bulletin board service (BBS) provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987.[1] It has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0a3e733-4d1b-486f-b56c-c405a5e4367b", - "label": "application/x-hdf", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for HDF files.\n\nHierarchical Data Format (HDF) is a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) designed to store and organize large amounts of data. Originally developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, it is supported by The HDF Group, a non-profit corporation whose mission is to ensure continued development of HDF5 technologies and the continued accessibility of data stored in HDF.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1eac265-2b00-4c39-a429-797c13a2c640", - "label": "application/x-hdfeos", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b26761fa-8d8e-4bd8-a8ba-db6575554ad7", - "label": "application/vnd.opendap.dap4.dmrpp+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b403039f-a107-4a84-88a1-29e4d1b30b0b", - "label": "text/markdown", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Markdown files.\n\nMarkdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax. It is designed so that it can be converted to HTML and many other formats using a tool by the same name.[8] Markdown is often used to format readme files, for writing messages in online discussion forums, and to create rich text using a plain text editor. As the initial description of Markdown contained ambiguities and unanswered questions, many implementations and extensions of Markdown appeared over the years to answer these issues.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7687b8f-7a24-4150-bd9d-28e0d53f7554", - "label": "image/bmp", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for BMP files.\n\nThe BMP file format, also known as bitmap image file or device independent bitmap (DIB) file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows[1] and OS/2[2] operating systems.\n\nThe BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and color, in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile (WMF) specification covers the BMP file format.[3] Among others wingdi.h defines BMP constants and structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b77e64ef-ce80-4dab-b552-c6062990a6e0", - "label": "application/octet-stream", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for 'octet-stream' files.\n\nThe 'octet-stream' subtype is used to indicate that a body contains arbitrary binary data. \n\nThe set of currently defined parameters is:\n\n (1) TYPE -- the general type or category of binary data.\n This is intended as information for the human recipient\n rather than for any automatic processing.\n\n (2) PADDING -- the number of bits of padding that were\n appended to the bit-stream comprising the actual\n contents to produce the enclosed 8bit byte-oriented\n data. This is useful for enclosing a bit-stream in a\n body when the total number of bits is not a multiple of\n 8.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1a8dbb7-312d-4481-998e-58d126b32080", - "label": "application/x-vnd.iso.19139-2+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "ISO 19139-2:2012 defines Geographic Metadata for imagery and gridded data (gmi) encoding. This is an XML Schema implementation derived from ISO 19115-2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c79a0e11-2774-4cf3-a194-45b9e58a93fd", - "label": "application/msword", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Microsoft Word files.\n\nMicrosoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983[4] under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[5][6][7] Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS (2001). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3ef6fe7-b6cd-45b4-9a27-d42fa3289116", - "label": "image/vnd.collada+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for COLLADA files.\n\nCOLLADA (COLLAborative Design Activity) is an interchange file format for interactive 3D applications. It is managed by the nonprofit technology consortium, the Khronos Group, and has been adopted by ISO as a publicly available specification, ISO/PAS 17506.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd6c5cea-4100-4973-9ba9-659fdd7fd608", - "label": "application/xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "Mime Type when the XML MIME entity is unreadable by casual users.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e384b8a8-8cec-4230-9ebe-4db76bbef706", - "label": "application/x-bufr", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for BUFR files.\n\nThe Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) is a binary data format maintained by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The latest version is BUFR Edition 4. BUFR Edition 3 is also considered current for operational use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edb9e800-ec31-4d5c-848d-c548fd151db2", - "label": "image/png", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for PNG files.\n\nPortable Network Graphics (PNG) is a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. PNG was created as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), and is the most widely used lossless image compression format on the Internet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7328bf5-8ef2-4f95-a4e0-6fb16d122237", - "label": "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for KMZ files.\n\nKML files are very often distributed in KMZ files, which are zipped KML files with a .kmz extension. These must be legacy (ZIP 2.0) compression compatible (i.e. stored or deflate method), otherwise the .kmz file might not uncompress in all geobrowsers.[5] The contents of a KMZ file are a single root KML document (notionally 'doc.kml') and optionally any overlays, images, icons, and COLLADA 3D models referenced in the KML including network-linked KML files. The root KML document by convention is a file named 'doc.kml' at the root directory level, which is the file loaded upon opening. By convention the root KML document is at root level and referenced files are in subdirectories (e.g. images for overlay images).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fea4e0a7-d794-481d-9915-52f1be226714", - "label": "text/plain", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "Default MimeType value for for textual files.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-multimediaformat.json b/resources/json/gcmd-multimediaformat.json deleted file mode 100644 index 8f52fa1..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-multimediaformat.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,101 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "label": "Multimedia Format", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "19b5c701-cc2e-48c9-baef-8114227eb3d3", - "label": "PNG", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ee695e1-c605-43d1-aab1-7675ecbfcfe8", - "label": "KML", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ceee090-4603-4477-af9c-ca67826b2858", - "label": "MOV", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e79ed27-4b27-4972-ab89-31684011036d", - "label": "KMZ", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e0bd108-139d-408b-9eb1-5b5669e2e1cf", - "label": "MPEG", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61f4d33d-c3af-463a-9dd9-ba415b7e490b", - "label": "JPEG", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "647c184f-a699-499a-987f-dc9f58ce9747", - "label": "GIF", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b133771-b2dd-4224-8a2b-05d972ec7702", - "label": "ASCII", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d94ee8f-dfc2-4012-873c-c30ca0f6d94f", - "label": "Web Site", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "708a4a70-53e6-4037-8c16-029d8e2b34f0", - "label": "ESRI", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8128c9f4-f379-48c9-92b0-e6a74b665a7d", - "label": "PDF", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4aad02f-65c3-46b7-8541-582c5cec4939", - "label": "MBP", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd03a577-5e34-4bae-bff1-1412c7c4f7fc", - "label": "TIFF", - "broader": "e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-operations.json b/resources/json/gcmd-operations.json deleted file mode 100644 index 3e46a59..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-operations.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "label": "Operations", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1b4a365e-e611-446e-8b5d-24fa5677402c", - "label": "DropStoredQuery", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cd3267a-f923-4f54-8662-3d47351ec4f4", - "label": "VARIABLE_SUBSETTING", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a5e58f3-5aaf-41de-8a39-455e127c6ac2", - "label": "SPATIAL_SUBSETTING", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47fd3a19-f4fc-4536-b0c9-b54007c29fe1", - "label": "GetCoverage", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48c02bf7-36db-4139-9955-753cb018bb5c", - "label": "DescribeCoverage", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f02784a-c0ad-4534-83f3-1335496eae7d", - "label": "GetPropertyValue", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "604f481f-a793-4944-aa1b-4cf18eef7f2b", - "label": "ListStoredQueries", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "780459b0-67a7-4fc5-bb4c-c769f1367462", - "label": "GetFeature", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79775124-8f25-4af7-b1fa-1970b063e8e1", - "label": "DescribeFeatureType", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89ccacf9-89c2-467a-9d1f-77a614700ff0", - "label": "Transaction", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c09a82a-9be4-48b0-a0d6-a1c34fc6f25e", - "label": "GetFeatureInfo", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99221b68-ed74-4d71-a654-d459d1af4a56", - "label": "GetFeatureWithLock", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a628136a-049b-4e2d-9547-f596cf27ade0", - "label": "LockFeature", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac4d1b70-5b7e-4cf6-8f7f-a94ced2d408c", - "label": "CreateStoredQuery", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9f9cd42-3be3-4f05-a9d9-be87ab6f8d8d", - "label": "GetMap", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bde376c4-ba7e-4891-8fdb-3a678c350907", - "label": "VARIABLE_AGGREGATION", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9bbd6ab-f323-43ee-aee4-8c7004667154", - "label": "GetCapabilities", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e228289a-e188-419d-b531-ac9267d4e657", - "label": "GetLegendGraphic", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7a34817-3e5e-4685-b64a-751e96a12d51", - "label": "DescribeStoredQueries", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed567f43-a195-48ab-8a39-fb81e75e8a7a", - "label": "TEMPORAL_SUBSETTING", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-organizationpersonnelrole.json b/resources/json/gcmd-organizationpersonnelrole.json deleted file mode 100644 index f61d689..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-organizationpersonnelrole.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "d6cd58e1-e83e-4718-b48d-08de1aba2f40", - "label": "Organization Personnel Role", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bc1d685a-1f45-42d9-a44e-732e92cde32d", - "label": "DATA CENTER CONTACT", - "broader": "d6cd58e1-e83e-4718-b48d-08de1aba2f40", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-organizationtype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-organizationtype.json deleted file mode 100644 index 67543a5..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-organizationtype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18", - "label": "Organization Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1b39f858-5e56-4173-a3a8-1cb1a5f93e02", - "label": "PROCESSOR", - "broader": "e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ea3c4da-0188-4d06-b4b3-d57fe1f07ae2", - "label": "ORIGINATOR", - "broader": "e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b086952-5047-47ef-9922-4925bf12639b", - "label": "ARCHIVER", - "broader": "e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9178b85e-e65e-4210-9f53-7b9f897f2c13", - "label": "DISTRIBUTOR", - "broader": "e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-persistentidentifier.json b/resources/json/gcmd-persistentidentifier.json deleted file mode 100644 index 4176c69..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-persistentidentifier.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "a4632db2-ea6b-45b3-9a3c-17032b07af67", - "label": "Persistent Identifier", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "129f7090-e751-4109-8ad4-05972215cfc6", - "label": "DOI", - "broader": "a4632db2-ea6b-45b3-9a3c-17032b07af67", - "definition": "DOI = Digital Object Identifier", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b2db709-1571-4b25-851e-679f6aee5dc6", - "label": "ARK", - "broader": "a4632db2-ea6b-45b3-9a3c-17032b07af67", - "definition": "ARK= Archival Resource Key", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-personnelrole.json b/resources/json/gcmd-personnelrole.json deleted file mode 100644 index 631e2ab..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-personnelrole.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", - "label": "Personnel Role", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e230f99-5163-4884-8ca7-492f3c8ab321", - "label": "TECHNICAL CONTACT", - "broader": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3af2c21b-7e59-436b-b60c-42adb6889c5e", - "label": "INVESTIGATOR, TECHNICAL CONTACT", - "broader": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58c38cc4-d5e8-433a-a6f2-ee81c09a3f9d", - "label": "METADATA AUTHOR", - "broader": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a947b4a4-b599-40f3-9e2e-d4beb563fac3", - "label": "INVESTIGATOR", - "broader": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3a05db0-273e-41b6-812d-868694bb38c2", - "label": "METADATA AUTHOR, TECHNICAL CONTACT", - "broader": "5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-phonetype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-phonetype.json deleted file mode 100644 index ed52b48..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-phonetype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "label": "Phone Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1c30abd2-3284-4fb5-9234-f96255c06d5a", - "label": "U.S. toll free", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6955016a-4764-4ce9-9952-3e326280054e", - "label": "Telephone", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "783bc4eb-6614-4eb1-b0fd-cc69847e165f", - "label": "Mobile", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f8041cd-489d-4bdd-a971-260a15c3c442", - "label": "Fax", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80ac3cee-85af-4b80-a058-dbbbf8d36455", - "label": "Other", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "923ed6bf-e8d7-48be-8611-ff9a5b6aff85", - "label": "Primary", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c79c855c-11fe-45aa-b2c0-9737e31ce42e", - "label": "Modem", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc1af044-bcae-4551-a081-85d7f2f83380", - "label": "TDD/TTY Phone", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e88d4800-0e1c-4068-a6e8-43818b0952ce", - "label": "Direct Line", - "broader": "8b0d5cf7-f3b0-4c08-8a31-3727bc4377b9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-platforms.json b/resources/json/gcmd-platforms.json deleted file mode 100644 index c857929..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-platforms.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7933 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "label": "Platforms", - "broader": null, - "definition": "A schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts \nfor its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study \nof its characteristics\n\n[Source: The Free Dictionary]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MODELS/ANALYSES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: MODELS/ANALYSES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2385b75c-6ff2-41f8-9cd8-9b5225e4a862", - "label": "Living Organism-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "definition": "A 'living platform' such as a bird, whale, turtle, fish, caribou, wolf, or other animal where they are used to hold GPS units to track movement or migration. Cameras can also be attached to the animals for scientists to observe their habitat, eating, and behavioral habits.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6438d343-2e1f-4a89-97a9-b032e651163f", - "label": "Living Organism", - "broader": "2385b75c-6ff2-41f8-9cd8-9b5225e4a862", - "definition": "A 'living platform' such as a bird, whale, turtle, fish, caribou, wolf, or other animal where they are used to hold GPS units to track movement or migration. Cameras can also be attached to the animals for scientists to observe their habitat, eating, and behavioral habits.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ecc4a2bb-f195-4296-b300-c1227221b688", - "label": "Living Organism", - "broader": "6438d343-2e1f-4a89-97a9-b032e651163f", - "definition": "A 'living platform' such as a bird, whale, turtle, fish, caribou, wolf, or other animal where they are used to hold GPS units to track movement or migration. Cameras can also be attached to the animals for scientists to observe their habitat, eating, and behavioral habits.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", - "label": "Water-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "definition": "Platforms used for scientific observation that are based in the water such as a buoy, boat, or submarine.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", - "label": "Fixed Platforms", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", - "definition": "A type of offshore platform used for the extraction of petroleum or gas. These platforms are built on concrete and/or steel legs anchored directly onto the seabed, supporting a deck with space for drilling rigs, production facilities and crew quarters. Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long-term use. Various types of structure are used, steel jacket, concrete caisson, floating steel and even floating concrete. Steel jackets are vertical sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. Concrete caisson structures, pioneered by the Condeep concept, often have in-built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (Norwegian fjords and Scottish firths are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about 500 feet (150 m); for deeper depths a floating production system, or a subsea pipeline to land or to shallower water depths for processing, would usually be considered.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", - "label": "Subsurface", - "broader": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", - "definition": "A fixed ocean platform that takes observations below the water surface or at the ocean floor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1d168c0e-82cd-407c-a49a-f343b4fc4e24", - "label": "GEOSTAR", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", - "definition": "The Observatory (also named 'Bottom Station') is a four-leg marine aluminium frame (overall dimension 3.50m x 3.50m x 3.30m) supporting all equipment and vessels constituting the scientific and operative payload.\nIn the design of the station particular care is paid to ensure correct installation and positioning of the various sensors, taking into account their specific requirements and sensitivity to interferences, induced noise, correct alignment, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83212677-16fc-42ab-9a23-cdbbacfa1d18", - "label": "NEMO-SN1", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", - "definition": "The NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory—Submarine Network 1 (NEMO-SN1) seafloor observatory is located in the central Mediterranean Sea, Western Ionian Sea, off Eastern Sicily (Southern Italy) at 2100-m water depth, 25 km from the harbor of the city of Catania. It is a prototype of a cabled deep-sea multiparameter observatory and the first one operating with real-time data transmission in Europe since 2005. NEMO-SN1 is also the first-established node of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory (EMSO), one of the incoming European large-scale research infrastructures included in the Roadmap of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) since 2006. EMSO will specifically address long-term monitoring of environmental processes related to marine ecosystems, climate change, and geohazards. NEMO-SN1 has been deployed and developed over the last decade thanks to Italian funding and to the European Commission (EC) project European Seas Observatory NETwork—Network of Excellence (ESONET-NoE, 2007–2011) that funded the Listening to the Deep Ocean—Demonstration Mission (LIDO-DM) and a technological interoperability test (http://www.esonet-emso.org). NEMO-SN1 is performing geophysical and environmental long-term monitoring by acquiring seismological, geomagnetic, gravimetric, accelerometric, physico-oceanographic, hydroacoustic, and bioacoustic measurements. Scientific objectives include studying seismic signals, tsunami generation and warnings, its hydroacoustic precursors, and ambient noise characterization in terms of marine mammal sounds, environmental and anthropogenic sources. NEMO-SN1 is also an important test site for the construction of the Kilometre-Cube Underwater Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT), another large-scale research infrastructure included in the ESFRI Roadmap based on a large volume neutrino telescope. The description of the observatory and its most recent implementations is presented. On June 9, 2012, NEMO-SN1 was successfully deployed and is working in real time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85e347f2-d65d-4941-a252-0b0c55653b37", - "label": "SN-4", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d227bc01-e09a-4356-89d3-84cae164eeec", - "label": "SN-2", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", - "label": "Surface", - "broader": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", - "definition": "A fixed ocean platform that takes observations at or above the surface of the water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "31e96f2f-9b8e-454f-a1f8-e8d791c13a33", - "label": "Sea Ice Mass Balance Station", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", - "definition": "The station consists of a 2m long ice temperature probe, a data logger, a radio telemetry system and a battery power supply. The temperature sensors are spaced at 10 cm intervals inside a stainless steel pole. The pole can be positioned so that some of the upper sensors are in the air, although in the current installation the top sensor is located just below the ice surface. The lower sensors will initially be in the water. The lower sensors gradually freeze into the thickening sea ice cover until the entire pole is frozen in the ice. This typically occurs sometime in late August. Once this occurs the station can no longer report on the thickness of the sea ice, however, it can still give important information on the temperature gradient within the sea ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a4e787b-55e4-47d4-9520-ee74d6efdb6e", - "label": "OCEAN PLATFORMS", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", - "definition": "Ocean Platforms are platforms that are elevated over the surface of the ocean for ocean observations and drilling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fdf83a9-e0b3-4bb2-a6f4-801078f62cc9", - "label": "C-MAN", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", - "definition": "The Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) was established by NDBC for the NWS in the early 1980's. The development of C-MAN was in response to a need to maintain meteorological observations in U. S. coastal areas. Such observations, which had been made previously by USCG personnel, would have been lost as many USCG navigational aids were automated under the Lighthouse Automation and Modernization Program (LAMPS). In all, approximately 60 stations make up C-MAN.\n\nC-MAN stations have been installed on lighthouses, at capes and beaches, on near shore islands, and on offshore platforms (see the NDBC station location map for all station locations).\n\nC-MAN station data typically include barometric pressure, wind direction, speed and gust, and air temperature; however, some C-MAN stations are designed to also measure sea water temperature, water level, waves, relative humidity, precipitation, and visibility. These data are processed and transmitted hourly to users in a manner almost identical to moored buoy data. In addition to the conventional method of data transmission, certain C-MAN stations are equipped with telephone modems that allow more frequent data acquisition, data quality checking, and remote payload reconfiguration or restarting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd14c407-881b-4fc1-8222-f1eeed77f4e2", - "label": "DRILLING PLATFORMS", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", - "definition": "A drilling platform is a horizontal surface raised above the level of the adjacent area where a drill can be erected.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d26f4894-667e-4e29-8e0b-5db476c98464", - "label": "OCEAN WEATHER STATIONS", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", - "definition": "Ocean Weather Stations are ocean based facilities or locations where meteorological data are gathered, recorded, and released. Such stations are of the first order when they make observations of all the important elements either hourly or by self-registering instruments; of the second order when only important observations are taken; of the third order when simpler work is done, as to record rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", - "label": "Buoys", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", - "definition": "A floating object anchored at a definite location to guide or warn mariners, to mark positions of submerged objects, or to moor vessels in lieu of anchoring. Two international buoyage systems are used to mark channels and submerged dangers. In both systems, buoys of standardized colours and shapes indicate safe passageways. Special-purpose buoys are designed for a variety of uses; they include cable buoys, anchor buoys, or race buoys. A mooring buoy differs from other types in not being an aid to navigation but a point to which vessels may be tied up. Secured to a permanent group of anchors by a heavy chain, such a buoy serves as a connecting link between the vessel and the anchors. The use of mooring buoys conserves space in crowded harbours because a moored vessel requires less room to swing with the wind and tide than does a vessel at anchor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "label": "Moored", - "broader": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", - "definition": "Buoys that are anchored at fixed locations and regularly collect observations from many different atmospheric and oceanographic sensors. Moored buoys are usually deployed to serve national forecasting needs, maritime safety needs or to observe regional climate patterns.\n\nMoored buoys are normally relatively large and expensive platforms. They can vary from a few meters in height and breadth, to over 12 meters. Measurements from the mooring include surface variables (wind, air and sea surface temperature, salinity, air pressure), as well as subsurface temperatures down to a depth of 500 plus meters.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "22946f69-ea37-451d-afe5-409b42dcd983", - "label": "TRITON", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "definition": "Observational buoys deployed mainly in tropical oceans. For El Niño, Asian monsoon and other climate research, the well-networked array of such buoys has been operated to keep measuring surface meteorology and upper ocean over the long term in tropical areas from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c5df34c-b231-460d-b3b6-4145c1fa8f25", - "label": "BUOYS", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "definition": "Buoys, in the oceanographic context, are platforms whose defining characteristic is that they float at a predetermined depth in the ocean. Most often BUOYS float on the surface of the ocean. Typically, BUOYS are divided into two categories: drifting and moored buoys. \n\nMoored BUOYS are floats fixed in water to mark a location, warn of\ndanger, or indicate a navigational channel. They can also take\nscientific measurements of the water including temperature and\nwater quality measurements.\n\nDrifting BUOYS are exclusively scientific platforms that drift along the surface of the ocean following the ocean currents and/or the surface winds depending on their configuration. Along the trajectory, they collect oceanographic or meteorological data.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BUOYS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BUOYS\n Short_Name: BUOYS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d83b3e3-1be0-4ab8-9cf5-3b7ade27586e", - "label": "NDBC MOORED BUOY", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "definition": "Moored buoys are the weather sentinels of the sea. They are deployed in the coastal and offshore waters from the western Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean around Hawaii, and from the Bering Sea to the South Pacific. NDBC's moored buoys measure and transmit barometric pressure; wind direction, speed, and gust; air and sea temperature; and wave energy spectra from which significant wave height, dominant wave period, and average wave period are derived. Even the direction of wave propagation is measured on many moored buoys.\n\nNDBC's fleet of moored buoys includes 6 types: 3-m, 10-m, and 12-m discus hulls; 6-m boat-shaped (NOMAD) hulls; and the newest, the Coastal Buoy and the Coastal Oceanographic Line-of-Sight (COLOS) buoy. The choice of hull type used usually depends on its intended deployment location and measurement requirements. To assure optimum performance, a specific mooring design is produced based on hull type, location, and water depth. For example, a smaller buoy in shallow coastal waters may be moored using an all-chain mooring. On the other hand, a large discus buoy deployed in the deep ocean may require a combination of chain, nylon, and buoyant polypropylene materials designed for many years of service. Some deep ocean moorings have operated without failure for over 10 years.\n\nIn addition to their use in operational forecasting, warnings, and atmospheric models, moored buoy data are used for scientific and research programs, emergency response to chemical spills, legal proceedings, and engineering design.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b29f3baa-5bb8-4b64-8c5b-27c3de8084bd", - "label": "DART", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "definition": "The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) real-time tsunami buoy system is comprised of two parts -- the Bottom Pressure Recorder (BPR) and the accompanying surface buoy with its related electronics. The BPR resides on the ocean bottom and monitors water pressure with a resolution of approximately 1 mm seawater. Samples integrated over a 15-second time window are recorded internally by the BPR and provide the base sampling interval for all real-time transmissions. Data are transmitted from the BPR to the surface buoy via an acoustic modem which in turn transmits the data to ground systems via Iridium satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9cb3b35-570d-4aa4-a8e1-2a21aacc67c4", - "label": "TAO", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "definition": "The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) network of moored ocean buoys provides real-time data for improved detection, understanding and prediction of El Niño and La Niña.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TAO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: IN SITU OCEAN-BASED PLATFORMS\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BUOYS\n Short_Name: TAO\n Long_Name: TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE OCEAN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d52d296b-370a-4741-8f07-e6b6873191c6", - "label": "ATLAS MOORINGS", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "definition": "The Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System was initiated by PMEL's Engineering Development Division (EDD) in 1984. The standard ATLAS mooring had a design lifetime of one year, and the system proved to be robust and reliable. Over 500 Standard ATLAS moorings were deployed between 1984 and 2001. The final standard ATLAS was recovered in November 2001 and NextGeneration ATLAS moorings are now used exclusively in the TAO array.\n\nStandard ATLAS moorings measured surface winds, air temperature, relative humidity, sea surface temperature, and ten subsurface temperatures from a 500 m long thermistor cable. Daily-mean data were telemetered to shore in near real-time via NOAA's polar-oribiting satellites and Service Argos. A small subset of hourly values (2-3 per day) coinciding with satellite passes were also transmitted in real time. Hourly values of surface data were internally recorded and available after mooring recovery.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbcd0c2b-f8ac-4199-9a37-5e7a39150730", - "label": "MOORINGS", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", - "definition": "Equipment, such as anchors or chains, for holding fast a vessel or an aircraft.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", - "label": "Unmoored", - "broader": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", - "definition": "Buoys that are not or no longer attached to a mooring.Unmoored buoys also include floats.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "664e984c-b02d-4516-95b5-2afe0b56d7f7", - "label": "Argo-Float", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", - "definition": "A platform that consists of a fleet of robotic instruments that drift with the ocean currents and move up and down between the surface and a mid-water level, supported by an international program (Argo) that collects ocean information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4d40e77-a862-418e-a8dc-f7b7e704b4cc", - "label": "PALACE FLOAT", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", - "definition": "PALACE FLOATS measure profiles of ocean salinity and temperature. Measurements are made as the floats ascend to a drifting horizon. They do this by changing their buoyancy internally. Periodically, the floats rise to the surface, where the data is transmitted via satellite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9bfbe86-064a-4d64-875b-cb36bff3f9e9", - "label": "PROTEUS", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", - "definition": "Profile Telemetry of Upper Ocean Currents (PROTEUS)are current-meter moorings along the equator which measure air temperature, SST and subsurface temperature to 500 m and measures and telemeters current profiles in the upper 250 m from a downward-looking acoustic Doppler current meter mounted in the surface buoy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8299623-dad3-4773-b14a-39482873322f", - "label": "MOUSS", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", - "definition": "A drop platform that holds cameras.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", - "label": "Uncrewed Vehicles", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", - "definition": "A water-based vehicle without a person on board. Uncrewed vehicles can either be remote controlled or remote guided vehicles, or they can be autonomous.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "label": "Subsurface", - "broader": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", - "definition": "Uncrewed vehicles that take observations below the ocean surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "023cf280-8fd9-4a4d-8e18-54fac3f6dbbb", - "label": "Deep Discoverer", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Deep Discoverer is owned by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research and was built and continues to be maintained and operated by the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration (GFOE) . Also known as “D2,” the vehicle is operated off NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer with its sister vehicle, Seirios.\n\nCapable of diving to depths of 3.7 miles (6,000 meters), D2 provides scientists unprecedented access to the deep ocean. The main capability of Deep Discoverer is the ability to capture high-definition video, with the vehicle’s primary camera able to zoom in on a three-inch long organism from 10 feet away. D2’s 20 LED lights provide 150,000 lumens of light, illuminating the otherwise dark depths of the ocean.\n\nEquipped with two manipulator arms, Deep Discoverer is capable of collecting both biological and geological samples. The ROV is also outfitted with a variety of sensors to measure parameters such as salinity, water temperature, depth, and dissolved oxygen, providing additional information about the deep-ocean environment. Also available are five 1.7-liter Niskin bottles for water collection and a rotary suction sampler with six 4-liter sample jars for collecting more delicate biological samples.\n\nAs a “remotely” operated vehicle, D2 carries no passengers. The vehicle is connected to Seirios and Okeanos Explorer via a long cable and is piloted by GFOE engineers on the ship. Thanks to telepresence technology, live video from D2 travels from the seafloor to the ship and then via satellite connection to scientists located on shore who use the real-time video to provide guidance to the pilots on where to go and which samples to collect. The live video is also broadcast to the Internet, allowing members of the public to join in on D2’s adventures.\n\nFrom delivering stunning high-definition video and gathering physical data about surrounding waters to allowing the collection of biological and geological samples, D2 is delivering data needed by scientists to better understand an ecosystem in its entirety, meaning we can make better decisions about an area's management as well as its protection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "127be6b4-50ad-496d-939b-5c1dc47ac4ff", - "label": "ROPOS", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "The Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science (ROPOS) is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) which is able to dive down to depths of 3.1 miles (5,000 meters). The vehicle is managed and operated by the Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility , a nationally registered not-for-profit corporation established in 1995 specifically to oversee the ROPOS system.\n\nWhile ROPOS is used for a variety of different types of deployments, the ROV specializes in supporting science-based missions and carries a suite of “core” observation tools to assist with these missions. These tools include a number of video and still cameras and robust lighting to capture the otherwise dark underwater environment; two manipulator arms that can be fitted with different tools for collecting biologic and geologic samples; a multibeam system for mapping the seafloor; and much more. In fact, for each mission, ROPOS can be outfitted with up to eight additional custom-designed observation tools.\n\nROPOS is an unmanned submersible, controlled from a surface vessel through an armored electrical-optical umbilical cable. This means that the ROV can spend as much time underwater as needed to accomplish a mission. To date, the longest dive recorded by ROPOS lasted over 99 hours!\n\nROPOS and its crew conduct missions all over the world and have explored in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans as well as the sub-Arctic and Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ea3829f-9479-46f5-a075-315da09867ae", - "label": "AUVS", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Self powered systems designed for oceanographic research that operate without a physical connection to the surface. These platforms use extremely modest energy requirements using changes in buoyancy for thrust coupled with a stable, low-drag, hydrodynamic shape. Please also note that underwater gliders are a type of AUV.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2adc78b1-be95-4cec-82a9-603f6a493d5b", - "label": "Sonsub Innovator", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "The Innovator is Sonsub’s new in-house manufactured, high-specification, high reliability, 3500 meter depth-rated, 150 HP ROV, capable of performing demanding deep-water construction and drill support tasks. The Innovator has many ground-breaking features which serve to minimize the amount of optical and electrical subsea equipment necessary for operations, while improving performance, flexibility, and reliability of the key components. The versatility of the Innovator allows it to perform a variety of functions as well as act as a platform for the operation of a suite of task specific, Sonsub built tools and equipment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d5edc3b-2f75-45a3-a02e-59b6a88c2652", - "label": "ROVS", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "An ROV is a Remotely Operated Vehicle that is tethered and under the direct control of a human operator at the surface. An ROV can stop, hover, and bring back an object or water sample to the surface using a manipulator arm or other mechanical device.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "420ea41e-a300-4c15-9e5d-eb395f56e986", - "label": "RCV-150", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "A remotely operated robotic submersible that was operated by HURL between 1998 and 2011. It was piloted from a shipboard station, receiving power and commands from the surface control console via a steel armored electro-mechanical fiber optical cable. The vehicle could operate to depths of 914 meters (3000 ft). It was equipped with two color video cameras with lights and a CTD which sent data directly up the wire. RCV-150 was primarily used as a video survey tool that could acquire extremely close-up views because of its small size and maneuverability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "464643c0-4600-4d38-9927-9587fa8904bb", - "label": "Global Explorer", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "It’s critically important for the research on this expedition that we collect live animals in excellent condition, and Deep Sea Systems Global Explorer remotely operated vehicle (ROV) will allow us to do so.\n\nRemotely operated means that the vehicle is tethered to the ship with a long fiber-optic cable, and operations are controlled by skilled pilots on shipboard while the ROV is deep in the ocean. About the size of a mini-van, the Global Explorer has a seven-function manipulator arm, which can be used to gently collect organisms and place them in a BioBox.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51edfe40-a819-400d-9067-5d114b27b825", - "label": "SEAGLIDER", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "A long-range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) for oceanographic research. A suite of miniaturized physical and bio-optical instruments, which measure in situ water properties including temperature, salinity, and the absorption and scattering of light in the water column, have been and are currently under development for placement in the glider's science payload bay. Seagliders fly through the water with extremely modest energy requirements using changes in buoyancy for thrust coupled with a stable, low-drag, hydrodynamic shape. Designed to operate at depths up to 1000 meters, the hull compresses as it sinks, matching the compressibility of seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "654fb060-af2f-4d5d-af89-2216ef7939ca", - "label": "Hercules", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Owned and operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust , Hercules is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with special features that allow it to perform intricate tasks while descending to depths of 2.5 miles (4,000 meters). Hercules operates off Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus and always with its tandem vehicle, Argus.\n\nHercules carries an array of lighting, cameras, and acoustic sensors that are used to gather video and other data during each dive. Hercules’ four HMI lights and high-definition video camera allow scientists to closely examine a dive site and monitor operations. Video is streamed up a fiber-optic cable to a control van on Nautilus and then out to the world on the Internet .\n\nTwo manipulator arms allow Hercules to collect biological and geological samples and to recover artifacts. Other sensors measure pressure, depth, water temperature, oxygen concentration, and salinity.\n\nAs a remotely operated vehicle, Hercules is controlled (remotely) by pilots located in a mission control room aboard E/V Nautilus, who use the vehicle’s six thrusters to 'fly' the ROV in any direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74995db1-1047-4e0b-b0c9-b4b9f7bdd6b6", - "label": "Jason", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "In advance of DEEP SEARCH 2019’s first remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dive today, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has shared the following overview about ROV Jason. Check back soon for our impressions of the first dive of the cruise. We’ll be diving at Richardson Hills and are expecting to see some spectacular coral habitats!\n\nJason is an ROV system designed and built by WHOI’s National Deep Submergence Laboratory and funded by the National Science Foundation. Its design gives scientists access to most of the globe’s seafloor, often for days at a time, without leaving the deck of a ship.\n\nThe vehicle can operate as either a two-body (with ROV Medea) or a single-body system, depending on mission requirements. A 10-kilometer (6-mile) reinforced fiber-optic cable delivers electrical power and control signals from the ship to the vehicle and returns data and live video imagery throughout a dive. When Medea is used, it acts as a “shock absorber” shielding Jason from the movement of the ship and cable. For the DEEP SEARCH mission, Jason will be operated in single-body mode with a series of floats attached to the cable to dampen the influence of the surface swell.\n\nJason is equipped with sonars, video and still imaging systems, lighting, and a flexible payload of sensors and sampling systems. The vehicle’s manipulator arms collect samples just by picking them up, or by deploying sampling gear provided by the science team, such as push cores and mussel pots. The samples are then placed in the vehicle’s basket or on “elevator” platforms that float samples to the surface, permitting Jason to stay submerged for as much as a week at a time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "897c4eed-6f5a-4b60-9780-a73362ec84f2", - "label": "Phantom DHD2+2", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "The Phantom DHD2+2 is a dependable ROV for offshore inspection and light work tasks, for use in strong currents to depths of 600m (2000'), and accommodates cameras, sonar, tracking, manipulators and custom tooling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "940914db-9ad3-438c-8118-7a0abb0c4a92", - "label": "Yogi", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Yogi was designed, built, and is operated by the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration specifically to meet the needs of the science and ocean exploration communities. Its total weight of 1100lbs, relatively small footprint, and significant payload make it an ideal vehicle for a large variety of sensors and sampling equipment. Yogi is capable of collecting spectacular underwater imagery with its high-definition cameras, it carries a 5-function manipulator, and is rated to dive as deep as 1500m. The vehicle’s first project was to explore Yellowstone Lake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b01b91a-d937-4148-b4f5-63e5254b6195", - "label": "Guru", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Guru is a 1500m rated remotely operated camera platform owned and operated by the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3ef5a11-5c6d-4f14-a0bb-a90e8614a908", - "label": "Little Hercules", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Little Hercules is a 4000m depth rated Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), with an impressive past and most promising future. “Little Herc”, as he is widely referred to is just that; “little”. But as we all know, many good things come in small packages. Little Herc came to the Okeanos Explorer through collaboration between NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research and Dr. Robert Ballard’s Institute for Exploration (IFE) at the University of Rhode Island (URI). With a major commitment to explore the waters off Indonesia, our Program’s much larger ROV could not be readied in time for our 2010 sailing date. As a result, Little Herc was chosen as our stand-in.\n\nOriginally developed by a team of engineers at IFE, Little Herc first came into the spotlight when he gave the world the first and only images of John Kennedy’s PT Boat; PT-109. After several other successful missions for IFE, Little Herc stepped down, taking a back seat to the now much larger and spectacular, “Hercules”. After doing a short stint as an exhibit piece in the Mystic Aquarium, a proposal by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration has given new life to the veteran “Explorer”. Through a Joint Project Agreement (JPA) between NOAA, IFE and URI, a team of engineers from several institutions and companies once again went to work, this time recommissioning Little Herc. In a field where technology advances rapidly, it was necessary and appropriate that Little Herc receive a substantial upgrade before joining the ship. After an extensive 4 month overhaul, Little Herc boasted a new motor controller and power bottle system, an upgraded fiber optic multiplexer system, a new Ultra Short Baseline Tracking System (USBL), a full color imaging sonar, a new Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) sensor, two new single chip color CCD cameras, two new LED lights, two 400watt HMI Lights and a spectacular High Definition video camera. New tethers, new tether terminations, a new transformer, a new electrical junction box, new depth and altitude sensors, a new light bar and a new version of control software to make it all work was in order.\n\nTested at the University of New Hampshire’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping prior to arrival in Hawaii for field trails, Little Herc has now come full circle. Today, the beautiful images you are seeing are once again, Little Herc’s major contribution. Made possible by the generous support of our partners and engineers, Little Herc is back. Diving deeper, shining brighter and taking higher resolution imagery than ever before! And my thanks to everyone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7831fc5-0da7-4c2a-b4d6-dae934648d95", - "label": "Jason II", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "The remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Jason 2 is a robotic vehicle tethered to the ship by a fiber optic cable that is capable of working is water depths up to 6500 meters. This tether is only 2.1 cm in diameter and contains 3 copper conductors and 3 single-mode optical fibers. It is incredibly strong with a breaking strength of 18,600 kilograms. Jason is designed to conduct a diverse range of scientific investigations in the world's oceans. The ROV system also includes the vehicle Medea, which serves as a shock absorber and allows Jason to be decoupled from surface and ship motion. The fiber optic tether runs from the ship to Medea, and then down to Jason, to provide real-time communication to and from the vehicles. When Jason is in the water, it requires three people to operate it: a pilot (who operates the vehicle controls), an engineer (who monitors all of the systems and operates the winch that pays out/hauls in the fiber optic cable attached to Medea), and a navigator (who is responsible for positioning the ship so that the system operates in the desired locations). In addition to these three people during each 4-hour watch, 3 to 5 scientists will also be in the control van working with the Jason crew to accomplish the scientific goals of the cruise.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d975d656-aa72-41fe-857f-1aa15b0543e2", - "label": "SEASOAR", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "SeaSoar is a a towed, undulating measurement package. The moveable wings are contolled by a topside computer which sends up-down signals via the conducting tow cable. The wings are moved\nby a hydraulic unit which is powered by an impeller on the tail of SeaSoar. Data is returned to a topside computer network via the conducting cable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddc7ed71-2626-4b81-8079-82c04d0bdc91", - "label": "Argus", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Referred to as a “tow sled,” remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Argus typically operates in tandem with ROV Hercules, although it can also operate alone. Both vehicles are deployed from the Ocean Exploration Trust ’s Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus .\n\nArgus “dangles” at the end of a steel-armored fiber-optic cable that is tethered to E/V Nautilus at the sea surface. Because Argus lacks a buoyancy module and is built of heavy stainless steel, its movements are controlled by moving the ship or raising and lowering the cable. A short 100-foot (30-meter) tether connects Hercules to Argus. By keeping the tether between Argus and Hercules slack, Argus can absorb the brunt of any ship movements, so that Hercules, the workhorse of the duo, can remain stable and collect high-definition video from the seafloor.\n\nArgus carries a high-definition video camera similar to the one on Hercules, as well as large lights that illuminate the area around Hercules. The overhead view from Argus allows the pilots and scientists to get a better of view Hercules' surroundings. Thrusters on Argus control its heading, so pilots “flying” the ROV while sitting in the control room on E/V Nautilus can aim the video cameras and lights toward Hercules and sites of interest.\n\nAlthough Hercules is depth rated to 2.5 miles (4,000 meters), when operating alone, Argus can dive deeper – down to 3.7 miles (6,000 meters).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f21d8715-f805-427d-b006-57a5d1240d1c", - "label": "Seirios", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", - "definition": "Seirios is one of two of the remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Much like its namesake, Seirios acts as a brilliant source of light in the “night sky” of the ocean, providing illumination and a wide-angle view from above for its counterpart ROV, the Deep Discoverer (D2).\n\nReferred to in the industry as a ‘camera sled,’ Seirios is directly tethered via a cable to the Okeanos Explorer and then is further tethered to D2. This cable provides power to the ROVs as well as a pathway for data transfer between the vehicles and the ship. This configuration allows Seirios to absorb the heave from the ship while keeping D2 stable as it explores the ocean floor and gives ROV pilots from the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration on board the Okeanos an expanded view of D2 and surrounding areas. This tandem robot configuration allows stunning imagery to be captured for an undisturbed look at the seafloor, literally shedding light on a location’s features and inhabitants.\n\nSeirios is equipped with a scanning 360-degree sonar as well as a series of cameras, including one high-definition camera and several standard-definition cameras. Three rear-mounted LED light banks aimed forward and below the vehicle illuminate D2 from above. Seirios is also outfitted with a complement of sensors similar to those found on D2 that measure conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, and other information from the ocean and help to better characterize each of the areas that are explored.\n\nWhile Seirios usually isn’t the star of the show, it plays an invaluable role in allowing the dynamic duo of robots to explore the ocean together.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", - "label": "Surface", - "broader": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", - "definition": "Uncrewed vehicles that take observations at the ocean surface.\n\nThese are also known as Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6077a16e-dc27-47ba-b2b8-6ae731615925", - "label": "Saildrone", - "broader": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", - "definition": "Saildrone (https://www.saildrone.com) is a state-of-the-art, wind and solar powered unmanned surface vehicle (USV) capable of long distance deployments lasting up to 12 months. The drone is autonomous in that it may be guided remotely from land while being completely wind driven. This novel sampling platform is equipped with a suite of instruments and sensors providing high quality, georeferenced, near real-time, multi-parameter surface ocean and atmospheric observations while transiting at typical speeds of 3-5 knots. Instruments are customizable depending on the mission, but typically include anemometer, barometer, thermosalinograph, CTD, IR pyrometer, fluorometer, and CO2/dissolved oxygen sensors. Saildrones have additionally been deployed with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP), passive acoustic sensors and echo sounders to measure along-track 3D current velocities and biological acoustic backscatter. Saildrone adopts a service model approach to the design and implementation of missions and the delivery of data products to customers. Current deployments include the Tropical and North Pacific, with a focus on future deployments in the Arctic. Data from Saildrone are providing information being used to support NASA satellite cal/val and ocean science studies, including the improvement of salinity and SST retrievals at high latitudes and closer to the coast.\n\nhttps://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/saildrone", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dba6c8ed-8444-4e18-965c-9c0e30186ac3", - "label": "Kingfisher", - "broader": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", - "definition": "Kingfisher Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) is an agile, battery operated boat designed for research and rapid prototyping. Fully equipped with a sensor station, an onboard Atom PC for running hardware drivers and intelligence, electric thrusters, GPS, wifi radio, and semi-planing hulls, Kingfisher serves as a marine research platform as well as a remote survey system for bathymetric and hyrometric data collection. This USV includes advanced payload capabilities, easy stow and portability, and can be easily customized to meet research requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef8c4927-8814-482c-947d-002a2b3342a7", - "label": "Wave Glider", - "broader": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", - "definition": "Wave energy is greatest at the water’s surface, decreasing rapidly with increasing depth. The Wave Glider’s unique two-part architecture exploits this difference in energy to provide forward propulsion.\n\nThe Wave Glider offers an additional propulsion system using stored solar energy. The additional directional thrust increases mobility and precision and helps to navigate challenging ocean conditions (doldrums, high currents, and hurricanes/cyclones), or accommodate mission changes. The solar energy system also recharges batteries that power sensors.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", - "label": "Vessels", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", - "definition": "A ship or a large boat.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "label": "Subsurface", - "broader": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", - "definition": "Vessels or submarines that operate below the ocean surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f50133b-1ef8-4c67-97a3-ac0604a41fc8", - "label": "Pisces V", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "The Pisces V is a three-person, battery-powered, submersible with an operating depth range of 2000 m. Along with its sister submersible, the Pisces IV, the Pisces V weighs 13 tons and has a payload of 200 pounds. The personnel sphere of each sub is 7 feet in diameter and is made of HY 100 steel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15f4ae34-a5c9-43e0-84d6-246690648fca", - "label": "MIR I", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "The MIR deep sea submersibles operate from the RV Akademik Keldysh.\n\nThe Akademik Keldysh is the most advanced deep diving support vessel in the world. The operation is owned and operated by the PP Shirshov Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Its crew of scientists and technicians have worked together for over 20 years, participating in deep dive expeditions all over the world with both Pisces and MIR submersibles.\n\nOur expedition is only made possible with the support and expertise of Captain Yuriy Gorbach, his Keldysh crew and the MIR support team lead by Dr. Anatoly Sagalevitch. They are a highly skilled, professional team running one of the most unique and safest underwater operations in the world.\n\nThe Keldysh and MIR I and II have been used for National Geographic photo and film projects, and director James Cameron's epic motion picture Titanic. In addition to its 17 laboratories, the Keldysh features a specialized library covering underwater geology, oceanography and deep-sea exploration.\n\nThe habitation sphere (pressure hull) of the MIR submersible is 6 feet 10 inches (2.1 meters) in diameter and is specifically designed to carry three people -- in our case one expert pilot and two participants/observers. Inside the sphere it is 'one atmosphere,' just like a room in your home. Around the inside of the sphere are many controls, instruments, and electrical circuits. At the forward end of the sphere are three viewports, each providing a forward and a partial peripheral viewing arc. There are two couches/mattresses for the two participants/observers who can lay along these with their faces close to the viewing portholes (you can also sit or stand up to stretch and relax). The pilot sits or kneels at a central control console and guides the submersible using the main central porthole. There is no vision directly to the sides or the aft end of the submersible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2fcdab81-7527-4344-a26c-632746e94423", - "label": "MIR II", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "The MIR deep sea submersibles operate from the RV Akademik Keldysh.\n\nThe Akademik Keldysh is the most advanced deep diving support vessel in the world. The operation is owned and operated by the PP Shirshov Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Its crew of scientists and technicians have worked together for over 20 years, participating in deep dive expeditions all over the world with both Pisces and MIR submersibles.\n\nOur expedition is only made possible with the support and expertise of Captain Yuriy Gorbach, his Keldysh crew and the MIR support team lead by Dr. Anatoly Sagalevitch. They are a highly skilled, professional team running one of the most unique and safest underwater operations in the world.\n\nThe Keldysh and MIR I and II have been used for National Geographic photo and film projects, and director James Cameron's epic motion picture Titanic. In addition to its 17 laboratories, the Keldysh features a specialized library covering underwater geology, oceanography and deep-sea exploration.\n\nThe habitation sphere (pressure hull) of the MIR submersible is 6 feet 10 inches (2.1 meters) in diameter and is specifically designed to carry three people -- in our case one expert pilot and two participants/observers. Inside the sphere it is 'one atmosphere,' just like a room in your home. Around the inside of the sphere are many controls, instruments, and electrical circuits. At the forward end of the sphere are three viewports, each providing a forward and a partial peripheral viewing arc. There are two couches/mattresses for the two participants/observers who can lay along these with their faces close to the viewing portholes (you can also sit or stand up to stretch and relax). The pilot sits or kneels at a central control console and guides the submersible using the main central porthole. There is no vision directly to the sides or the aft end of the submersible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57323291-3348-4292-812e-7436d6a0781a", - "label": "Alvin", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "Alvin, which is operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, has been in operation since 1964. The human occupied vehicle is capable of reaching depths of 4,500 meters, carrying two scientists and one pilot for each dive. Image courtesy of Luis Lamar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\n\nAlvin, which is operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, has been in operation since 1964. The human occupied vehicle is capable of reaching depths of 4,500 meters, carrying two scientists and one pilot for each dive. Image courtesy of Luis Lamar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Download larger version (jpg, 476 KB).\n\nThe human-occupied vehicle (HOV) Alvin enables direct data collection and observation by two scientists of the seafloor and water column to depths reaching 2.8 miles (4,500 meters) on dives lasting up to 10 hours with the support of an experienced, multi-talented support team. The Alvin Group and their equipment meet the highest safety and reliability standards as a result of decades of operational and engineering expertise. Continual innovation and the application of the latest technological advancements puts Alvin at the forefront of expeditionary research.\n\nIts seven reversible thrusters permit Alvin to hover in the water, maneuver over rugged topography, or rest on the seafloor. With an experienced pilot at the controls, it can collect data throughout the water column, produce a variety of maps, and perform photographic surveys. Alvin also has two robotic arms that can manipulate instruments and obtain samples ranging from hard-rock geology to delicate biology, and its sampling basket can be reconfigured daily based on the needs of each dive.\n\nAlvin is a proven and reliable platform capable of diving for up to 30 days in a row before requiring a scheduled maintenance day. Recent collaborations with autonomous vehicles such as Sentry have proven expansive, allowing research teams to visit promising sites to collect samples and data in-person within hours of being discovered, and University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)-driven technological advances have improved the ability for scientific outreach and collaboration via telepresence.\n\nCurrently rated to 4,500 meters, Alvin gives researchers in-person access to about two-thirds of the ocean floor. The sub’s most recent upgrade, completed in 2014, increased the depth rating of many of the vehicle’s systems, putting it just steps away from having a depth rating of 4.04 miles (6,500 meters) that would provide access to approximately 98 percent of the seafloor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78c6cfd9-0df5-435e-9bb1-d14322db928f", - "label": "Clelia", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "As of 2010, Clelia has been retired from active deployment and placed on display at the Georgia Aquarium as the centerpiece of their deep sea research methods exhibit.\n\nOwned and operated by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Clelia is a PC 1204 submersible built by Perry Oceanographics in 1976 and refitted in 1992 by Harbor Branch to address the needs of the shallow water scientific community. At 23 ft long, 8 ft 3 in wide and 9 ft 7 in high, the Clelia travels at a maximum speed of 3 knots and is classed and certified to a maximum operating depth of 1,000 feet by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).\n\nThe vehicle can accommodate two scientists/observers and a pilot allowing excellent visibility through the forward acrylic hemisphere. The proximity of the occupants to the bottom (approximately 18') allows tasks to be completed in areas of low visibility. Researchers are afforded an excellent view of the ocean environment through 10 view ports. A hemispheric, 3-ft-diameter window is located at the front end of the sub. Eight 8-in diameter ports are equally spaced around the conning tower of the sub, and one upward view port is in the center of the overhead hatch.\n\nClelia is outfitted with active sonar, still and video cameras, as well as a seven-function hydraulic manipulator equipped with a suction sampler, clam bucket scoop and jaws capable of handling bottom cores and other sampling devices. The manipulator can lift up to 150 lbs. The various collections are placed in the rotating sampler that allows for both quantitative and qualitative sampling. The Clelia is equipped with still and video cameras. Two 500-watt metal halide lights, ideal for photography, can illuminate an area to near-daylight conditions.\n\nThe highly maneuverable submersible is ideally suited for multiple short dives as well as longer duration, more complex dives. The Clelia can be balanced midwater to absolutely neutral buoyancy, providing an extremely stable platform from which to observe, collect samples and shoot photographs and video.\n\nTypical applications include benthic and/or mid-water observations, photo/video documentation and collection of organisms; dump site inspections and monitoring; punch and box coring; search and recovery; bottom surveys; photogrammetric surveys; archaeological site documentation and recovery; and environmental impact studies.\n\nMaintained and operated by experienced and expert pilots and crew, it is further supported by an in-house engineering staff. Working with the support staff, researchers also can add their own equipment, usually other cameras or sampling equipment, to the Clelia. The additional equipment, however, must be tested and certified that it can withstand deep-sea pressures. Harbor Branch also requires that researchers provide their equipment ahead of time to ensure that it can be interfaced properly with the Clelia’s existing equipment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97b4bebd-71e2-4ac5-9d75-fdb89b9eaba2", - "label": "DeepWorker 2000", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "A submarine vehicle developed by Nuytco Research, Ltd. It is capable of descending to a depth of 610 m (2001 ft) and remaining submerged for 12 hours. In 1999, it was deployed to the continental shelf and upper continental slope on a five-year mission in association with the National Geographic Society's Sustainable Seas Expeditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e903361-9170-421b-b0ab-3fa6d160c20a", - "label": "SUBMARINE", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "A vessel that is capable of operating submerged.\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SUBMARINE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: SUBMARINE\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Submarines\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ALVIN_submersible.jpg/180px-ALVIN_submersible.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae078302-17ab-4cc5-ba7d-7a8a0102c01b", - "label": "Johnson-Sea-Link I", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "The Johnson-Sea-Link I and II were retired by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution in 2011 after their support ship the R/V Seward Johnson was sold to Cepemar Environmental Services of Brazil.\n\nThe Johnson-Sea-Link (JSL) I and II are owned and operated by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. At 23.6 ft long, 10.9 ft high and 8.3 ft wide, these highly maneuverable submersibles can dive to a depth of 3,000 ft and travel at a maximum speed of one knot. Edwin Albert Link, engineer, inventor, and friend of Harbor Branch founder Seward Johnson, working at Harbor Branch, designed and built the JSL in 1971, at Mr. Johnson’s request. Harbor Branch constructed the JSL II, which is virtually identical to the JSL I, in 1975.\n\nThe JSL has two separate pressure hulls and can accommodate four people. Aft compartment occupants enter the sub through a bottom-facing 20 inch-wide hatch. The front chamber, which contains the sub’s controls, is a 5-ft-diameter sphere made of five-in thick, clear acrylic. It provides a panoramic view for the pilot and one observer. Because acrylic is a good insulator and hampers conductivity of cold ocean temperatures, the front compartment actually requires air conditioning. The second chamber, the stern compartment, houses another crew member and a second observer. The occupants have access to two side view ports and a video monitor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb5ab3cc-48d1-4b0c-b72b-700a6faee11e", - "label": "Johnson-Sea-Link II", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", - "definition": "The Johnson-Sea-Link I and II were retired by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution in 2011 after their support ship the R/V Seward Johnson was sold to Cepemar Environmental Services of Brazil.\n\nThe Johnson-Sea-Link (JSL) I and II are owned and operated by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. At 23.6 ft long, 10.9 ft high and 8.3 ft wide, these highly maneuverable submersibles can dive to a depth of 3,000 ft and travel at a maximum speed of one knot. Edwin Albert Link, engineer, inventor, and friend of Harbor Branch founder Seward Johnson, working at Harbor Branch, designed and built the JSL in 1971, at Mr. Johnson’s request. Harbor Branch constructed the JSL II, which is virtually identical to the JSL I, in 1975.\n\nThe JSL has two separate pressure hulls and can accommodate four people. Aft compartment occupants enter the sub through a bottom-facing 20 inch-wide hatch. The front chamber, which contains the sub’s controls, is a 5-ft-diameter sphere made of five-in thick, clear acrylic. It provides a panoramic view for the pilot and one observer. Because acrylic is a good insulator and hampers conductivity of cold ocean temperatures, the front compartment actually requires air conditioning. The second chamber, the stern compartment, houses another crew member and a second observer. The occupants have access to two side view ports and a video monitor.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "label": "Surface", - "broader": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", - "definition": "Vessels that operate at the ocean surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "034a82a9-1dfc-4648-91fd-94aa6f8ed56f", - "label": "F/V GREAT PACIFIC", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A fishing vessel built in 1979 by MARINE INDUSTRIES NORTHWEST - TACOMA WA, U.S.A.. Currently sailing under the flag of United States (USA). It's gross tonnage is 199 tons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03e37490-87d9-412d-80e1-b351fbe9d03d", - "label": "R/V PALMETTO", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The R/V Palmetto is part of a fleet of vessels operated by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR), Marine Resources Research Institute. The research vessel is used primarily for fishery surveys of natural and man-made fish habitats. The Palmetto conducts fishery and oceanographic surveys from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Palm Beach, Florida, and offshore to 100 miles. The ship is outfitted primarily for oceanographic and fishery and surveys including tag and release survival rate studies. It is equipped with three winches for deploying hydrographic gear (CTDs), underwater television and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), fishing gear (longlines, traps, small trawls), and other sampling gear (e.g. plankton nets).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V PALMETTO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V PALMETTO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/vessels/palmetto/palmetto.html\n Sample_Image: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/vessels/palmetto/palmetto_220.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10c24d93-c480-42fc-a438-4600e2d14a77", - "label": "R/V SERC", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "SERC has a fleet of research vessels and small open boats for research and education programs on the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Since SERC is located on the Rhode River, our private research dock provides easy access to the river and the mainstem of the Chesapeake Bay.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15f524d9-5155-466a-9d46-364d977bd864", - "label": "NOAA Delaware II", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "NOAA Ship Delaware II conducted fishery and living marine resource research in support of the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service's Northeast Fisheries Science Center. The ship's normal operating area was the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, and the continental shelf and slope from Southern New England to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Typical assessment work included groundfish assessment surveys and Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction surveys. Research conducted by Delaware II provided an understanding of the physical and biological processes that control year-class strength of key economical fish species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "162fb231-6969-422b-a9e4-4de35cd595b7", - "label": "R/V ARANDA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "[Adapted from 'Presentation of R/V Aranda',\n'http://www.fimr.fi/en/aranda/laiva.html']\n\nThe modern Aranda was launched in Helsinki in June 1989. It is first research\nvessel which is owned by the Finnish Institute of Marine Research, and its home\nport is Helsinki. The length of the ship is 59,2 m, its beam 13,8 m and gross\nregister weight 1734 GT. The ship accomodates a research staff of 25 - 30\npersons.\n\nAranda is a modern, ice-reinforced research vessel. She was planned for Baltic\nSea research, but in principle, she is able to operate in all seas. Aranda has\nmade scientific expeditions i.a. to Antarctic waters and the Northern Atlantic.\nThe vessel is adapted to year-round multidisciplinary marine research,\nincluding biology, physics, chemistry and geology of the sea. The well-equipped\nlaboratories and advanced computer systems facilitate sample treatment and data\nanalysis under way.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18d0b454-a951-4d21-a58a-b984deade210", - "label": "AIRBOAT", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A flat-bottomed watercraft propelled by an aircraft-type propeller and powered by either an aircraft or automotive engine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a2349cd-6a6e-42bc-8c59-82e93f9372e6", - "label": "Nancy Foster", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "NOAA Ship Nancy Foster is one of the most operationally diverse platforms in the NOAA fleet. The ship supports fish habitat and population studies, seafloor mapping surveys, oceanographic studies, and maritime heritage surveys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bb21d0f-bf48-42b5-8e09-cc0d58407e4a", - "label": "Ships", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A vessel of considerable size for sailing and deep-water navigation.\n\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SHIPS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: SHIPS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SHIPS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/145634main_booster.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c4e4aa2-b801-479f-b814-c18201db0960", - "label": "R/V LMG", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "[Adapted from 'R/V Laurence M. Gould',\n'http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/gould.htm']\n\nThe R/V Laurence M.Gould is 76 meters in length, and is ice-strengthened (Ice\nclass ABS A1). The Gould, a multi-disciplinary research platform, is designed\nfor year-round polar operations and can accomodate 26 research scientists for\nmissions up to 75 days long. Its primary mission is to support research in the\nAntarctic Peninsula region and to resupply and transport researchers and staff\nbetween Palmer Station and South American ports.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2405ed08-fc64-4251-a242-c879181ebafd", - "label": "R/V MILLER FREEMAN", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Miller Freeman is a 215-foot fisheries and oceanographic research vessel and is one of the largest research trawlers in the United States. Miller Freeman's primary mission is to provide a working platform for the study of the ocean's living resources. Miller Freeman is homeported at the Marine Operations Center-Pacific in Newport, Oregon. With a 12,578 mile / 31 day endurance, Miller Freeman is capable of operating in any waters of the world.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V MILLER FREEMAN\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V MILLER FREEMAN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/mf/\n Sample_Image: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/mf/mfunderway.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3055b6f7-a545-489d-86c2-e52a24e0da9c", - "label": "R/V YUZ", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A research/survey vessel that was built in 1985 (37 years ago) and is sailing under the flag of Russia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30585903-f838-4b9c-86c2-8778559475f7", - "label": "RSS JAMES CLARK ROSS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A marine research vessel for biological, oceanographic and geophysical cruises. It is equipped with a suite of laboratories and winch systems that allows scientific equipment to be deployed astern or amidships. The ship has an extremely low noise signature, allowing the deployment of sensitive acoustic equipment. A swath bathymetry system was fitted in 2000. The JCR also carries out some cargo and logistical work. During the northern summer the JCR supports NERC research, largely in the Arctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3361bc7c-c1fa-485a-a18a-e67adc5637be", - "label": "R/V XUELONG", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A Chinese icebreaking research vessel. Built in 1993 at Kherson Shipyard in Ukraine, she was converted from an Arctic cargo ship to a polar research and re-supply vessel by Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding of Shanghai by the mid-90s. The vessel was extensively upgraded in 2007 and 2013.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "367f4bab-327f-425e-b047-3a2699126e11", - "label": "R/V FERRELL", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Owned by Reservoir Geophysical, the R/V Ferrel is a 146 ft. oceanographic vessel used for sampling marine environments and other marine experiments. The R/V Ferrel houses two laboratories and 24 rooms for staff and crew.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V FERRELL\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V FERRELL\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.reservoirgeophysical.com/reservoirgeophysical_files/Page1054.htm\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "373f55d4-b13d-46fb-a72a-a391ccff99d9", - "label": "R/V Point Sur", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The 135 ft. R/V Point Sur is owned by the University of Southern Mississippi, operated by LUMCON, and based at Gulfport State Port in Gulfport, MS. The R/V Point Sur is equipped to handle operations that include: wet and dry lab use, scientific diving, trawling, large box-core sampling, piston cores, shallow seismic surveys, ROV operations, buoy deployment and recovery, and hydrographic casts with CTD-rosette systems. She has three laboratories and is capable of taking 16 scientists to sea for periods up to three weeks at a time. The main deck runs the length of the vessel and covers approximately 1,100 square feet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b39f0fb-7cfb-495e-a752-82f87eba8fa3", - "label": "R/V Atlantis", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The research vessel (R/V) Atlantis is owned by the U.S. Navy and operated by WHOI for the oceanographic community. It is one of the most sophisticated research vessels afloat, and it is specifically outfitted for launching and servicing the Alvin human occupied submersible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bd7ce49-0a7d-4460-a40b-79cf848471e1", - "label": "R/V Annie", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Annie is a 40’ long aluminum research vessel that was designed and built to support many types of science and exploration-related tasks. She is powered by twin diesels coupled to very powerful jet drives and is uniquely outfitted with complete station keeping capability. Lacking the need to anchor, she is an ideal platform for Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) operations. Additionally, Annie is ideally equipped for side-scan and multibeam sonar projects, gravity coring, or any other sensor deployments with no anchoring required.\n\nThe vessel is also designed to be deployed in remote locations, using a heavy-lift helicopter or from larger ships such as ice breakers using ship-mounted cargo cranes. The cabin is uniquely set up as a fully climate controlled control room with significant console workspace and room for rack-mounting electronics. Interior custom framework facilitates the mounting of a large array of high definition video and computer monitors, as well as navigation and audio equipment.\n\nShe is currently being used for research in Yellowstone Lake, supporting Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), ROV and multiple coring and sensor deployments, but can easily be trailered to other areas of interest. Annie is named after the first vessel to sail on Yellowstone Lake during the Hayden Expedition in 1871.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ccb3423-b471-437e-87d0-e964702bd90f", - "label": "R/V ONNURI", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI)'s research vessels. She was built in Bergen, Norway in 1991 by Mjellem & Karlsen Verft AS and designed by Skipsteknisk AS. She has been used to supply Korea's Antarctic research station (King Sejong Station) as well as undertaking oceanographic research in the Pacific Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d58c65d-cca7-4a69-a882-c18b801411c6", - "label": "R/V Sally Ride", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Owned by the United States Office of Naval Research and operated by Scripps Institution of\nOceanography, R/V Sally Ride is an Ocean Class Auxiliary General Oceanographic Research\n(AGOR) vessel designed to perform multidisciplinary oceanographic research worldwide, from\nlittoral environments to the deepest ocean, from the tropics into first-year sea ice. Aboard R/V\nSally Ride, new systems will permit improved over-the-side operations, station keeping,\ntrackline maneuvering, and acoustic system performance to support demanding scientific\ntasks. Designed to be reliable, cost effective and flexible, the Ocean Class AGOR will capably\nsupport the evolving needs of U.S. scientists for decades to come.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f6d798a-28df-46fa-80ea-7502f90b0fc3", - "label": "B/O MYTILUS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The B/O Mytilus was built in hopes to fulfill the need of a maritime vessel in Ecuador. The Mytilus holds various laboratories and instruments to assist in research.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: B/O MYTILUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: B/O MYTILUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.iim.csic.es/~waldo/Index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.iim.csic.es/~waldo/fotos/mytilus/mytilus-circu.gif\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fa51d3e-c177-4bfb-a189-4bba46686ec1", - "label": "R/V PANDALUS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The goals of the sampling from the Pandalus are to determine the distribution and abundance of surface fishes, sample surface zooplankton, measure water temperature, salinity, and fluorescence in the water column, and collect zooplankton for later studies. Samples will be taken at specific station locations along the Seward hydrographic transect (GAK line).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V PANDALUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V PANDALUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.ims.uaf.edu/salmon/research/mesoscale/outreach/pandalus.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ims.uaf.edu/salmon/research/mesoscale/outreach/pictures/pandalus.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40e85d85-0619-48ab-83ab-dc7371d1eeaf", - "label": "R/V L'ASTRO", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A French icebreaker that is used to bring personnel and supplies to the Dumont d'Urville Station in Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4838472f-2b4c-4107-bd9e-3bf78a7c5562", - "label": "Okeanos Explorer", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer is the only federal vessel dedicated to exploring our largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge about the deep ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600ecdea-31c3-40e6-809a-226f74ffdec5", - "label": "ZODIACS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Small, inflatable, powered rubber boats used in some marine science investigations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "630723db-a296-4569-86ba-c29a2566ad36", - "label": "R/V Nuyina", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "[Source: RSV Nuyina Home Page]\n\nThe icebreaker, RSV Nuyina, is the main lifeline to Australia’s Antarctic and sub-Antarctic research stations and the central platform of our Antarctic and Southern Ocean scientific research.\n\nNuyina enables us to cross thousands of kilometres of the world’s stormiest seas, navigate through Antarctica’s formidable sea ice barrier, and live and work for extended periods on the coldest, driest and windiest continent on earth – some of the harshest conditions in the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6405bead-664f-4452-b1d8-39b1f889ebaf", - "label": "R/V PROFESSOR KHROMOV", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The purpose for the cruise was to quantitatively clarify the physical, chemical and biological processes which occur in the Sea of Okhotsk. This expedition is collaboration between Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI), Russia, and the Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan. Especially this expedition focused on to sedimentary iron transport processes from northwestern continental shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk to western subarctic Pacific.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cf9a0ac-18c6-492a-b302-62ad4c918fcf", - "label": "R/V ITALICA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ff96d84-74e5-4dc3-9d80-6c0d5d534256", - "label": "R/V JangMok", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "RV Jangmok was named after “Jangmok,” a town in the northeastern region of Geoje Island, where the South Sea Research Institute, the home port of the research vessels, is located. It is a small research vessel used for the exploration and observation of Korea’s coastal waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d682090-e4cc-4634-93ec-beba19afda60", - "label": "R/V POLARSTERN", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The Polarstern spends almost 310 days a year at sea. Between November and March it usually sails to and around the waters of the Antarctic, while the northern summer months are spent in Arctic waters. The ship is equipped for biological, geological, geophysical, glaciological, chemical, oceanographic and meteorological research, and contains nine research laboratories. Additional laboratory containers may be stowed on and below deck. Refrigerated rooms and aquaria permit the transport of samples and living marine fauna.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V POLARSTERN\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V POLARSTERN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.awi.de/en/infrastructure/ships/polarstern/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ec61a93-3c42-4af1-adca-8f26d22d3d27", - "label": "RCV-150", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The RCV-150 ROV was a remotely operated robotic submersible that was operated by HURL between 1998 and 2011. It was piloted from a shipboard station, receiving power and commands from the surface control console via a steel armored electro-mechanical fiber optical cable. The vehicle could operate to depths of 914 meters (3000 ft). It was equipped with two color video cameras with lights and a CTD which sent data directly up the wire. RCV-150 was primarily used as a video survey tool that could acquire extremely close-up views because of its small size and maneuverability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "810bc419-c1ea-4f38-b05f-6471e3621274", - "label": "R/V Ivan Petrov", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The research vessel (RV) “IVAN PETROV” of the Northern Department of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring on August 1, 2013 leaves a pier of Krasnaya Kuznitsa, Archangelsk at 05:00 pm to set sail to the Kara Sea, the service said Thursday.\n\nThe RV IVAN PETROV endeavors on the 25-day expedition with a team of Oceanographic Institute that will conducting research in the Kara Sea (geochemical survey off Yamal shelf).\n\nThe scientists will conduct water sampling in the Onega and Kandalaksha bays of the White Sea for radioactivity, determining the temperature and salinity of sea water in the sampling points.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82f1ab0b-3028-4f33-a7ad-81ac973bdf0c", - "label": "R/V WECOMA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Equipped with laboratories to accommodate the various maritime scientists, the R/V Wecoma has been used to conduct research on marine environments and species.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V WECOMA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V WECOMA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.shipops.oregonstate.edu/ops/wecoma/\n Sample_Image: http://www.shipops.oregonstate.edu/ops/wecoma/Wecoma_Departing.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "884ca19a-8b6c-462c-85b8-23baacb72704", - "label": "R/V Manta", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "R/V MANTA has been the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary research vessel since June 2008. This 82-foot, high-speed Teknicraft catamaran is used primarily as a research platform, conducting research and monitoring activities in the waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, but mostly within sanctuary boundaries. In addition, the vessel serves as a host for educational field trips and emergency response in and around the sanctuary.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "896d7c41-6ddc-4a23-acc4-ee946cf32a7f", - "label": "R/V Thompson", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Research Vessel (R/V) Thomas G. Thompson is owned by the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research and is operated by the School of Oceanography at the University of Washington as part of the University National Oceanographic Laboratories System (UNOLS) fleet .", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90fadab8-daa5-4725-9e58-8fa81f05a960", - "label": "R/V AA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "An Australian icebreaker that was built by Carrington Slipways and launched in 1989. The vessel is owned by P&O Maritime Services. It was regularly chartered by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) for research cruises in Antarctic waters and to support Australian bases in Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9506524f-5cd7-43f3-8763-afe95283bf30", - "label": "R/V OSHORO-MARU", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "978bfb08-a88d-46c3-830e-13e26d55d35b", - "label": "Reuben Lasker", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "NOAA Ship Reuben Lasker is the fifth in a series of Oscar Dyson-class fisheries survey vessels and one of the most technologically advanced fisheries vessels in the world. The ship’s primary objective is to support fish, marine mammal, seabird and turtle surveys off the U.S. West Coast and in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9c4dcab-bbd0-4f67-b2c0-bbbe71b8245e", - "label": "R/V NBP", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "[from NSF web page on R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer,\n'http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/nathpalm.jsp']\n\nIn 1992, Edison Chouest Offshore Inc., Galliano, Louisiana, built and\ndelivered a 94-meter research ship with icebreaking capability for use\nby the U.S. Antarctic Program for 10 years or more. The ship,\nNathaniel B. Palmer, is a first-rate platform for global change\nstudies, including biological, oceanographic, geological, and\ngeophysical components. It can operate safely year-round in Antarctic\nwaters that often are stormy or covered with sea ice. It accommodates\n37 scientists, has a crew of 22, and is capable of 75-day\nmissions. For ship deck layouts, lab photographs, schedules,\nequipment, ship user committee issues and a variety of other\ninformation regarding USAP research ships, go to the Raytheon Polar\nServices Company (RSPC) marine sciences web site. For specific\ninformation about cruises schedules, scientific equipment and other\nrelated science support information, see RSPC's the Nathaniel\nB. Palmer web page at 'http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/nathpalm.jspl'.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V NBP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V NBP\n Long_Name: R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-31\n Online_Resource: http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/nathpalm.jsp\n Sample_Image: http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/images/prss/nbpice.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1ca2806-20bb-4e83-b6ae-4a642559c84a", - "label": "R/V Mirai", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "MIRAI is a conversion of the former nuclear powered ship, MUTSU. The vessel was cut open and its reactor was removed completely in 1995. After non-usable parts and asbestos were also removed and a diesel engine was installed, the vessel was reborn as an oceanographic research vessel MIRAI on August 21, 1996.\n\nMIRAI provides excellent navigational performance and resistance to ice. The vessel can conduct long-term observational studies over wide areas, and is used for oceanographic surveys primarily in the subtropic and subarctic regions of the Arctic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It is hoped that MIRAI will perform a role as an advanced international station for ocean-based, marine-Earth research as well as function as a base for transmitting various types of marine and Earth data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b789b66d-e120-438b-96c1-2849c971040d", - "label": "Oregon II", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Homeported in Pascagoula, Mississippi, NOAA Ship Oregon II conducts a variety of fisheries, plankton and marine mammal surveys in the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.\n\nMore information: https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/marine-operations/ships/oregon-ii", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbb476e8-9e6a-461f-882d-a213213705f2", - "label": "R/V HERITAGE", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc5dbb9e-0395-4291-933b-a2281be644ca", - "label": "R/V LL", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The R/V Lady Lisa is a 75’ St. Augustine Trawler. Built in 1980, she is powered by a 415 HP, 12 cylinder Caterpillar Engine and is capable of towing two 80’ trawls. The vessel has accommodations for 3 crew members and 8 scientists, including a complete head and shower, as well as dry storage space for gear and cold storage space for samples. The R/V Lady Lisa is the primary sampling platform for several state and federal projects, working mostly in near coastal waters between Cape Hatteras, NC and Cape Canaveral, Florida.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bccde7bb-3a29-4919-85ce-0b8f446d707d", - "label": "B/O SG", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The new Oceanographic Vessel (B / O) Sarmiento de Gamboa, launched on January 30, 2006 in the presence of Her Majesty Queen Sofia, is considered of great scientific facility and incorporates the latest technology both in terms of system navigation (eg dynamic positioning) and its scientific equipment, besides being the first Spanish oceanographic ship that can work with ROV's (Remote Operated Vehicle) to great depths and AUV's (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle). Will be used primarily to do research and science in the Atlantic Ocean, so that its base of operations is a port of Galicia.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: B/O SG\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Ships\n Short_Name: B/O SG\n Long_Name: B/O SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.utm.csic.es/sarmiento.asp\n Sample_Image: http://www.utm.csic.es/imagenes/infraestructuras/sarmiento/sarmiento_179x116.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c21b5468-c3b6-4da2-bc6e-19d2109474c4", - "label": "R/V RHB", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A blue-water research vessel of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, she is NOAA's only Global-Class research ship.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c37c3a9c-7eaa-4f3f-ae3a-dd1e62924388", - "label": "R/V UM", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "Built in 1973, the R/V Umitaka Maru operates in the western central Pacific Ocean, the eastern Indian Ocean, and the Coral Sea. This Japanese marine vessel is mainly used for fisheries.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V UM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V UM\n Long_Name: R/V UMITAKA MARU\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.researchvessels.org/country/Japan/umitaka_maru.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5bdef62-eb89-4489-914f-7476f53bd45d", - "label": "R/V ALPHA HELIX", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The R/V Alpha Helix was designed by Glosten Associates and constructed by J. M. Martinac\nShipbuilding Corporation in Tacoma, Washington. It was launched in 1965. The vessel is 133 ft\nlong with a 31-foot beam. It is 433 gross tons based on the International admeasurements system.\nThe National Science Foundation (NSF) is its owner and also funded the vessel’s construction.\nScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California in San Diego, initially operated the\nvessel under agreement with NSF. The vessel was originally designed to meet the needs of\nexperimental marine biology and was specifically built to conduct this research along the\nAustralian Great Barrier Reef, the Amazon River and Bering Sea. To meet the latter requirement,\nthe vessel’s hull was ice strengthened to allow it to operate around the ice edge and in ice\nconditions. In 1966 and 1967, the vessel operated in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef and\nAmazon River. In 1968 it proceeded to the Bering Sea for operations. It was soon learned that\nthe vessel lacked the power to penetrate deeply into the ice pack unless escorted by icebreaker.\nIts shortcomings pointed out the need for a larger more capable icebreaking research and this was\nthe initial impetus to the design of the ARRV.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c99251bf-e937-4d59-8899-54d7b71a5667", - "label": "R/V TANGAROA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "RV Tangaroa is a deepwater research vessel that has been recently upgraded to enhance its ocean science and oil and gas exploration capabilities and extend its useable life. Key details are available at http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/vessels/tangaroa/specifications-and-principal-features#key-details.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V TANGAROA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V TANGAROA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/vessels/tangaroa\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdc27a9f-6118-4ab8-bf2c-d762e6dbbbdf", - "label": "R/V AKADEMIK M.A. LAVRENTYEV", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A Russian research vessel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e15a4f8d-c1e9-4239-8271-45551c3e2553", - "label": "R/V LOUIS S. ST. LAURENT", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A Canadian Coast Guard Heavy Arctic Icebreaker. Louis S. St-Laurent's home port is St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador[6] and is stationed there with other vessels of the coast guard.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2e59fcb-be11-4ff2-bd7f-eee34a76aa45", - "label": "R/V ITALIA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3d46087-97c7-4f61-8a90-f9b3ec5a7c6f", - "label": "RRS DISCOVERY", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A steamship built for Antarctic research. Launched in 1901, she was the last traditional wooden three-masted ship to be built in the United Kingdom. Her first mission was the British National Antarctic Expedition, carrying Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton on their first, and highly successful, journey to the Antarctic, known as the Discovery Expedition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6cf0811-fc28-45d3-99f9-1c537146cca8", - "label": "R/V ARAON", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A large icebreaker operated by the Government of South Korea.[5] The vessel was commissioned in 2009. She supplies the King Sejong Station, and the Jang Bogo Station, South Korea's second Antarctic research station.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eba994bb-dd12-4941-ad6b-89d073e992f9", - "label": "R/V DOLPHIN", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A 15 m multipurpose vessel has been specially configured to support marine geophysical survey. Building upon the capabilities of CSA’s existing nearshore fleet, the R/V Dolphin’s layout includes a large aft working deck, a raised wheelhouse with 360° viewing windows, and a spacious multi-use salon area below decks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eedf5ea0-c814-4b9f-9985-dba84cb07b50", - "label": "R/V OREGON", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "The NOAA Ship Oregon II conducts fishery and living marine resource studies in support of the research of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Pascagoula Laboratory in Pascagoula, Mississippi. The ship collects fish and crustacean specimens using trawls and benthic longlines and fish larvae and eggs, and plankton using plankton nets and surface and midwater larval nets. The Oregon II normally operates in the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea. The vessel is operated by NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V OREGON\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V OREGON\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/ot/\n Sample_Image: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/ot/oregon2%202007a.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7a8f86c-08cc-4792-9ef0-50db79865e93", - "label": "R/V AMA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", - "definition": "A fishing support vessel built in 2001 and currently sailing under the flag of Morocco.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", - "label": "Land-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "definition": "Platforms that are based on the land and used to acquire data. platforms include hand held cameras (film or digital), cranes, ground vehicles, tethered balloons, and even towers. Ground-based platforms typically provide up to 50 meters elevated remote sensing data and are useful for acquiring low altitude imagery with frequent coverage for dynamic phenomena. These types of platforms are relatively inexpensive, stable, and due to their low altitude, provide high-resolution data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "label": "Permanent Land Sites", - "broader": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", - "definition": "A fixed site or location where an instrument or platform can be setup to conduct field work.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04c212d2-4091-452d-b672-92d19547f7c2", - "label": "PROFS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Prototype Regional Observing and Forecasting Service (PROFS) is a program responsible for improving local weather service capability through application of recent technological advances in high speed communication and computers. This program has worked closely with the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Earth Satellite Service (NESS) to develop a highly sophisticated system (Brown, 1983) which integrates information from radar, satellites, national weather circuits, and a network of 22 automated surface observing stations spread over the northern Front Range and the eastern plains of Colorado. That network, hereafter referred to as the mesonet, provides real-time wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, rainfall, isolation and visual range data, offering the forecaster details of meteorological fields unavailable from other sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0768c45e-417b-4c35-aeb3-28e4325ef2d2", - "label": "FDSN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Federation of Digital Broad-Band Seismograph Networks (FDSN) is a global organization. Its membership is comprised of groups responsible for the installation and maintenance of broad-band seismographs either within their geographic borders or globally. Membership in the FDSN is open to all organizations that operate more than one broadband station. Members agree to coordinate station siting and provide free and open access to\ntheir data. This cooperation helps scientists all over the world to further the advancement of earth science and particularly the study of global seismic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "081f2d22-ca33-437f-b945-57397fd24247", - "label": "NLDN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Vaisala's U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) is the most scientifically accurate and reliable lightning information system, monitoring cloud-to-ground lightning activity across the continental United States, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. NLDN information includes date and time, location, cloud type, polarity, peak amplitude, and error ellipse. Also, NLDN can deliver information in real-time or near real-time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b011fe7-4a05-4e04-92f6-fa23b9e85e1a", - "label": "AGBFM", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Advanced Ground Based Field Mill (AGBFM) network consists of 34 field mills of which, as of May 29, 1997, only 31 are presently working. These data are used in real time detecting the electrostatic field\nstrength overhead the instrument using stainless steel plates, which are alternatively shielded and exposed to the existing atmospheric electric field by a grounded rotor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b6bafa6-1cc4-47eb-9925-f72c6d6008fc", - "label": "WWLLN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) is a global, ground-based lightning sensor network operated by the University of Washington in Seattle. This network monitors and maps global lightning\nactivity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "106de241-cb93-4ccc-8255-71784fd14b0c", - "label": "GEODYNAMIC STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Stations that make geodynmaic observations about the Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1551f765-cbb8-479f-a796-87c61868c509", - "label": "WEATHER STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Weather Stations are facilities or locations where meteorological data are gathered, recorded, and released. Such stations are of the first order when they make observations of all the important elements either hourly or by self-registering instruments; of the second order when only important observations are taken; of the\nthird order when simpler work is done, as to record rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "182fc560-a2b1-4c9d-9acf-febe0e1bf179", - "label": "SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Seismological stations: Stations that measure seismic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ab2e0db-8911-434d-a6ba-3917730e83a6", - "label": "ENTLN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) is an integrated in-cloud (IC) lightning and cloud-to-ground (CG) detection network deployed on a global basis capable of detecting long range in-cloud lightning at high efficiencies critical for the advanced prediction of severe weather phenomena.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ENTLN\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: ENTLN\n Long_Name: Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN)\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ENLS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-01-23\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fc48515-92a3-48a6-bbf0-61dfb23b1c9c", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Stations that make geomegnetic observations (observations on the\nEarth's magnetism).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fe1486b-3f7a-41a8-9400-98607b49ca3e", - "label": "ARWS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Automatic Weather Stations provide a continuous stream of high-quality data over a great range of meteorological and hydrological parameters. Basic sensors measure wind velocity and direction, air pressure, temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. Other measurements available on some stations include multilevel soil temperature, soil moisture, solar radiation, net radiation, water level and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2219e7fa-9fd0-443d-ab1b-62d1ccf41a89", - "label": "FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A fixed, somewhat permanent point from which measurements or surveys are made.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "294cc889-28bc-4a33-b630-8225f559c3e7", - "label": "CODAR SeaSonde", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The SeaSonde HF radar system by CODAR Ocean Sensors is your solution for making continuous, wide-area ocean observations. The SeaSonde will provide you with years of real-time data over large coverage areas, with ranges up to 200 km. \n\nThe SeaSonde is a compact, non-contact surface current and wave measurement system that can be deployed and maintained easily, and will perform even during extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30778eeb-9fab-4503-a230-1fc470f297ed", - "label": "SOLAR RADIATION STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Stations that measure radiation from the sun.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3232dc8a-d223-4df2-b64a-4bd4fb632f9e", - "label": "MESONET", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Mesoscale Meteorological Network (MESONET) are world-class network of environmental monitoring stations that gather current meteorological observations and send the data to their corresponding centers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ca305ea-d322-46f1-8aa4-469f8d3cdd59", - "label": "SOON", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Solar Observing Optical Network (SOON), maintained and operated by the U.S. Air Force, monitors solar activity. The SOON sites are given below.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42f675c4-e14a-455c-b3f3-7cff1a7025f9", - "label": "GEOMET", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The USGS Desert Winds Geologic/Meteorological Ground Stations (GEOMET) provide a long-term data base for understanding the range of environmental conditions that can be expected to occur normally in arid and semiarid areas of the desert southwest, baseline data to assess changes in the desert such as changes in\nvegetation, migration of sand, and increased dust storms that may occur due to climate change in desert regions, and data for field-checking remotely sensed image data of various surfaces so that regional models can be developed for monitoring the land surface changes over time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44c310ff-2688-48bd-a1eb-6e8a80a78bf0", - "label": "GONG NETWORK", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) is a community-based project to conduct a detailed study of solar internal structure and dynamics using helioseismology. In order to exploit this new technique, GONG has developed a six-station network of extremely sensitive, and stable velocity imagers located around the Earth to obtain nearly continuous observations of the SUN's 'five-minute' oscillations, or pulsations.\n\nThe site comprising the GONG Network are:\nBig Bear, California\nCerro Tololo, Chile\nLearmonth, Australia\nMauna Loa, Hawaii\nUdaipur, India\nObservatorio del Teide, Canary Islands\n\nThe five-minute oscillation is a subtle effect. Individual modes may exhibit velocities of less than 0.2 meters/second, while the sum of all of the modes is only a few hundred meters/second. The ultimate intention is to have the measurements be limited by the Sun's ``random'' surface motions. This means developing six stable instruments capable of making imaged velocity measurements with a precision of significantly less than one meter/second - one part in ten million! A low technological risk instrument based on a Michelson interferometer was selected, and it will be supported by a highly automated, portable installation, somewhat reminiscent of a spacecraft experiment.\n\nEach station in the network will produce more than 200 megabytes of data every day. Over the three year observing run, the raw data will exceed one terabyte, and the various processed data sets will exceed this several-fold. To keep up with the data flow, a pipe-line capable of roughly 6 Megaflops has be established to do the bulk processing and provide subsets of the data for the scientific community. Because of the widespread scientific participation, distributed data, software and analysis tools will be provided. Thus, in addition to a central facility, participating scientists will have access to readily transportable data archives and software, as well as shared analysis programs at their home institutions.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GONG NETWORK\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLAR/SPACE MONITORING STATIONS\n Short_Name: GONG NETWORK\n Long_Name: Global Oscillation Network Group\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GONG\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: INTERFEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-10\n Online_Resource: http://gong.nso.edu/info/\n Sample_Image: http://gong.nso.edu/instrument/outside_shelter.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "465b92cd-6189-4a04-8ee7-484a1da7722f", - "label": "PMS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Permafrost Monitoring Stations measure the underlying state of permafrost. These fully automated stations continuously monitor:\n\n-Air temperature\n-Snow Depth\n-Solar radiation\n-Shallow permafrost temperature (at several depths)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "491d3fcc-c097-4357-b1cf-39ccf3592347", - "label": "GROUND STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A precise point along the ground or surface where measurements or surveys are made. \n \n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GROUND STATIONS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: GROUND STATIONS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51368be1-9b75-43de-8a73-e525c9b3848c", - "label": "AWOS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) have been installed at over 850 locations throughout the U.S. The ASOS program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). ASOS systems serve as the nation's primary surface weather observing network. ASOS is designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "522c7bf2-c8dd-42be-8596-742ccea0f99d", - "label": "NPN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) radars provide vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction from near the surface to above the tropopause. The system also generates data quality related statistics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectrum width. There are three systems in Alaska (Talkeetna, Anchorage, and Homer), with an additional testbed site in Norman, OK. Each wind profiler unit uses preprogrammed operational modes to determine the speed and direction of the wind at different heights directly above the unmanned radar site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5423963b-822b-4eac-8442-c9fab383f5e8", - "label": "IRIS-GSN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The IRIS Global Seismographic Network (GSN) is one of the four major components\nof the IRIS Consortium. The goal of the GSN is to deploy 128 permanent seismic\nrecording stations uniformly over the earth's surface.\n\nStations:\n\nAs of 2003 the IRIS GSN was made up of over 128 stations with affiliations to\nUSGS, UCSD/IDA, GEOFON, Pacific21, NCDSN, GEOSCOPE, MedNet, BGR, BFO, USNSN,\nBDSN, TriNet, AFTAC and several other national and international networks.\nEight new stations are planned for completion in 2003-2005.\n\nThe IRIS GSN stations continuously record seismic data from very broad band\nseismometers at 20 samples per second, and to provide for high-frequency (40\nsps) and strong-motion (1 and 100 sps) sensors where scientifically warranted.\nIt is also the goal of the GSN to provide for real-time access to its data via\nInternet or satellite. Over 75% of the IRIS GSN stations meet this goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d5dddb9-ba89-49c4-bf06-d9abbe56b329", - "label": "SOLAR OBSERVATORY STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A solar observatory is an observatory that specializes in monitoring the Sun. These observatories usually have one or more solar telescopes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c9e32c9-bcc2-4e70-97a1-8a31a23ba65a", - "label": "Vaisala HydroMet AWS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Vaisala HydroMet Automatic Weather Station MAWS201 is a portable AWS for temporary installations, featuring the same design as the Vaisala TacMet Tactical Meteorological Observation System MAWS201M for demanding tactical meteorological applications. Its lightweight aluminium tripod and easy-to-use connectors make it fast to set up. Each leg is adjustable for use on uneven terrain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73f8e476-b048-4f4d-b350-8987e3862e45", - "label": "SID", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Stations (SID) consists of solar observers who monitor very low frequency (VLF) radio stations for sudden enhancements of their signals. Earth's ionosphere reacts to the intense x-ray and ultraviolet radiation released during a solar flare. The ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation. By monitoring the signal strength of a distant VLF transmitter, sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) are recorded and indicate a recent solar flare event.\n\nAll SID monitoring stations are homebuilt by the observers. Instructions for constructing the VLF receiver and antenna can be obtained from the AAVSO Solar Division chairman. The receiver design has progressed remarkably as the SID program participants have been inspired to improve signal sensitivity and noise rejection. Recent SID station receivers follow a design developed by SID Technical Coordinator Art Stokes. The Stokes Gyrator receiver can be built and tuned by anyone with simple soldering skills. A small indoor loop antenna captures the radio wave for amplification and rectification by the receiver. The SID station operates unattended until the end of each month. Recordings are then analyzed for the beginning, end, and duration of SID events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78d5b254-ae1d-4014-99a0-77e6ccd90e6f", - "label": "SMART-R", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching Radar (SMART-R) is a new mobile radar built with partners Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University and the University of Oklahoma. SMART-R is the first mobile 5 cm radar in the United States. It was designed using the latest computer and radar signal processing hardware and software. With the capability to see through an entire thunderstorm or hurricane, it can observe precipitation over a larger area than other mobile radars.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b335954-929b-4568-a758-1640d15c2504", - "label": "STREAMFLOW STATION", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The USGS, in cooperation with more than 800 state, local and other federal agencies, operates approximately 7,000 continuously active streamflow measurement and data collection sites, called streamgages. Almost 5,000 of the USGS's approximately 7,000 streamgages are equipped with telemetry that transmits a reading of stream depth ('stage') to a district office via satellite or telephone. This 'realtime' data is used for a multiplicity of purposes: including flood hazard mitigation by the National Weather Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency; and for resource planning, and infrastructure design of reservoirs and dams.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e99dce7-ccef-4e44-a234-9af5ffa83e4f", - "label": "GMCC", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The NOAA Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Stations (GMCC) measure and observe atmospheric aerosols. The goals of this regional-scale monitoring program are to characterize means, variability, and trends of climate-forcing properties of different types of aerosols, and to understand the factors that control these properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7effe54c-3378-470d-a0de-5eeab1109867", - "label": "GAW", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of WMO is a partnership involving 80 countries, which provides reliable scientific data and information on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, its natural and anthropogenic change, and helps to improve the understanding of interactions between the atmosphere, the oceans and the biosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f62a51d-7391-418c-8589-b9a4e7d20452", - "label": "VOLCANO OBSERVATORY", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Volcano Observatory is a building, place, or institution designed and equipped for making observations on volcanoes. There are many such global volcano observatories.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "897f64c0-14e3-48d8-99fe-a589f57133d0", - "label": "COASTAL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Coastal stations take observations near or at the coast.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ba138b3-efea-491a-8595-e06bd53f7e2e", - "label": "X-POW", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Mobile X-band Polarimetric Weather Radar on Wheels (X-POW)is a Doppler scanning radar operating at 9.3 GHz.with horizontal and vertical polarization. Used for detection and detailing surface rainfall rate and precipitation classification fields, 3D precipitation microphysical retrievals including water/frozen hydrometer contents and drop size distribution profiles, X-POW was located in the Florida Keys during the CAMEX-4 field experiment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c17b0a9-ae57-4aee-8c6b-8e7020513cc2", - "label": "Vaisala WXT520", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Weather Transmitter WXT520 is a small and lightweight transmitter that offers six weather parameters in one compact package. WXT520 measures wind speed and direction, precipitation, atmospheric pressure,\ntemperature and relative humidity. The transmitter housing is IP65/IP66 rated.\n\nWXT520 powers up with 5 ... 32 VDC and outputs serial data with a selectable communication protocol: SDI-12, ASCII automatic & polled and NMEA 0183 with query option. Four alternative serial interfaces are selectable: RS-232, RS-485, RS-422, and SDI-12. The transmitter is equipped with a 8-pin M12 connector for installation, and a 4-pin M8 connector for service use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92aae4b1-cd4c-41b8-b931-4c2b70790baf", - "label": "GREAT WALL STATION", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A research station in Antarctica and opened on 20 February 1985. It lies on the Fildes Peninsula on King George Island, and is about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) from the Chilean Frei Montalva Station, and 960 kilometres (600 mi) from Cape Horn. The station is sited on ice-free rock, about 10 metres (33 ft) above sea level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a869e6f-df72-49dd-ac66-b9d319b9db77", - "label": "GRAVITY STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Gravity stations make observations related to the Earth's gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b51d8b7-1ad3-4ca4-985b-e178bb17f745", - "label": "METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Meteorological Stations: stations that observe and monitor\nvariabes such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity,\nsurface winds, precipitation, radiation, visibility,\nevaportation, and current conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0dc24a6-75d5-48c4-aa94-0a0c9c4a440a", - "label": "SURFACE WATER WEIR", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A small dam built across a river to control the upstream water level. Weirs have been used for ages to control the flow of water in streams, rivers, and other water bodies. Unlike large dams which create reservoirs, the goal of building a weir across a river isn’t to create storage, but only to gain some control over the water level. Over time, the term weir has taken on a more general definition in engineering to apply to any hydraulic control structure that allows water to flow over its top, often called its crest.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5e3eadc-b8a0-4b3b-92e4-10ae18e3041f", - "label": "NEUTRON MONITOR STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Ground-based detector designed to measure the number of high-energy charged particles striking the Earth's atmosphere from outer space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7d17dd8-34f9-44ed-bb30-2742db429707", - "label": "ANTHMS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A station on a river, lake, estuary, or reservoir where water quantity and quality data are collected and recorded.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abb8c7fb-7b79-4eb3-8106-5152b8bdf8a3", - "label": "GSN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The IRIS Global Seismographic Network (GSN) is one of the four\nmajor components of the IRIS Consortium. The goal of the GSN is\nto deploy 128 permanent seismic recording stations uniformly\nover the earth's surface.\n\nAs of 2001 the GSN was made up of over 120 stations with\naffiliations to IRIS USGS, IRIS IDA, GEOFON, Pacific21, NCDSN,\nMedNet, BGR, BFO, USNSN, BDSN and several other national and\ninternational networks. Thirteen new stations are planned for\ncompletion in 2001/2002.\n\nThe IRIS GSN stations continuously record seismic data from very\nbroad band seismometers at 20 samples per second. It is also the\ngoal of the GSN to record data with a dynamic range of 140 db\n(24 bit digitizers). Nearly all of the IRIS GSN stations meet\nthis goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae0531ae-ee94-4861-bcd0-5b9000b87c38", - "label": "OBSERVATORIES", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Observatories: Buildings or places designed and equipped for making observations of astronomical, meteorological, or other natural phenomena.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af4130b5-af02-4602-9e05-81405cfe6dc5", - "label": "LDAR", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Located at the Kennedy Space Center, the Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) system consists of seven antennas that detect electromagnetic pulses at 66 MHz, which allows it to detect 99% of all flashes (both intracloud and cloud-to-ground flashes) within 10 km of the antenna network. The accuracy of source locations is a function of position relative to the receiving array, generally decreasing (particularly along\nthe radial axis with respect to the array center) with distance. The RMS error for LDAR lightning source locations varies from 100 meters inside the network to about 10 km at a range of 90 km (about 1/3 the width of the Florida peninsula).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8d95bb8-6841-4a77-8ae7-53375a98bf8f", - "label": "ASOS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). The ASOS systems serves as the nation's primary surface weather observing network. ASOS is designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0872e6c-ddab-43b9-a892-1b8c5ba23f4e", - "label": "PASSCAL", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) is one of two major instrumentation programs of IRIS (the other being the Global Seismic Network or GSN). PASSCAL\noperates a pool of over 400 portable seismic instruments to record active source reflection data, active source refraction data or natural source recordings of earthquakes. The instrumentation is housed and supported by an instrument center at New Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1b6934c-bcb3-45f3-bc53-60d856ac7ea1", - "label": "ACARS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A digital datalink system for transmission of short, relatively simple messages between aircraft and ground stations via radio or satellite. The protocol, which was designed by ARINC to replace their VHF voice service and deployed in 1978, uses telex formats. SITA later augmented their worldwide ground data network by adding radio stations to provide ACARS service.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACARS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: ACARS\n Long_Name: ACARS Ground Receiving Station\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\n Online_Resource: http://www.arinc.com/\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c775e963-be99-4dcf-8edd-ab826995dcba", - "label": "ESRL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Earth Science Research Laboratory (ESRL), conducts sustained observations and research related to source and sink strengths, trends and global distributions of atmospheric constituents that are capable of forcing change in the climate of Earth through modification of the atmospheric radiative environment, those that may cause depletion of the global ozone layer, and those that affect baseline air quality. ESRL accomplishes this mission primarily through long-term measurements of key atmospheric species at sites spanning the globe, including five fully-equipped Baseline Observatories. These key species include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, surface and stratospheric ozone, halogenated compounds including CFC replacements, hydrocarbons, sulfur gases, aerosols, and solar and infrared radiation. The measurements are of the highest quality and accuracy possible, and document global ch! anges in key atmospheric species, which are all affected by mankind, identifying sources of interannual variability. In addition, research programs in key regions, utilizing an array of platforms including aircraft, balloons, ocean vessels and towers, complement the land-based information. ESRL's data are used to assess climate forcing, ozone depletion and baseline air quality, to develop and test diagnostic and predictive models, and to keep the public, policy makers, and scientists abreast of the current state of our chemical and radiative atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb5fc8b1-e8e3-4984-84ac-03f6f4d8a662", - "label": "BAPMON", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "A network of stations that collect rain water samples which are sent to the Central Chemical Laboratory at Pune for complete chemical analysis. Acidity of rain and mineral deposition is determined from these. Atmospheric turbidity which indicates the columnar aerosol load of the atmosphere, is also measured at these stations using sunphotmeters. These data are important for identifying the current levels of pollution as well as for study of the long term trends in the concentration of trace constituents of the atmosphere which may affect the environment and induce a climate change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5456efc-ae6c-4c68-8b5e-66e40226d897", - "label": "SURFRAD", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "To understand the global surface energy budget is to understand climate. Because it is impractical to cover the earth with monitoring stations, the answer to global coverage lies in reliable satellite-based estimates. Efforts are underway at NASA and universities to develop algorithms to do this, but such projects are in their infancy. In concert with these ambitious efforts, accurate and precise ground-based measurements in differing climatic regions are essential to refine and verify the satellite-based estimates, as well as to support specialized research.\n\nTo fill this niche, the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) was established in 1993 through the support of NOAA's Office of Global Programs. The SURFRAD mission is clear; its primary objective is to support climate research with accurate, continuous, long-term measurements of the surface radiation budget over the United States. This differs from DOE's ARM/SGP site, where surface radiation budget measurements are also being made, in that ARM uses clustered measurements over a limited area for process-oriented studies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8b8c801-bc1a-4ecc-a8e8-6757e9aeddc4", - "label": "IMPROVE", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Initiated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments(IMPROVE) ambient monitoring network was formed to monitor Federal Class I Areas visibility at 20 locations. Now, the network has expanded to almost 110 sites. IMPROVE's goals are as follow:\n\n- Establish current visibility and aerosol conditions in FCIA\n\n- Identify chemical species and emission sources responsible for existing man-made visibility impairment in FCIA\n\n- Document long-term trends for assessing progress towards the national visibility goal for FCIA (& as required by the Regional Haze Rule)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db3774b8-9dc1-4ae7-a999-80702cdfa41d", - "label": "LPATS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Global Atmospherics, Inc's large-area Lightning Position and Tracking System (LPATS) is a highly-accurate and sophisticated computer-based system using a time-of-arrival (TOA) technique for locating cloud-to-ground lightning strokes. This system has been installed throughout the U.S. to form the LPATS National Network (LN2). The precise time that lightning touches the ground is monitored to sub microsecond accuracy at several receiver sites simultaneously. Available data include stroke position, energy, rise time, probability, counting, and ranging, along with color tracking, time of incidence, and storm historic events on a national or regional scale. LPATS networks also currently exist in Europe, South America, and Asia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbcead38-c78b-4306-b56f-0ea15c0b755b", - "label": "GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "Observations that are located along the ground or land surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9046495-96f1-4f28-9ca0-9f35b10c7c14", - "label": "TMRS2", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Tower Mounted Radiometer System (TMRS2) was a ground-based SSM/I simulator and surface energy balance monitoring system. The primary application of TMRS2 were to collect long-term (months) time-series data sets at sites representative of various biomes in support of land surface process modeling and remote sensing research. The system was also used in support of studies in the passive remote sensing of soil moisture, frozen/thawed soil state determination, permafrost, and snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9367c95-0a87-46e6-81d7-07171e5463a0", - "label": "WeatherStation 200WX", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The WeatherStation 200WX is the best choice for mobile, land-based, weather-monitoring applications. Sensor rich, in a durable, rugged, small housing that is IPX6 rated, means the 200WX can be used on moving platforms such as TV-news and military vehicles.\n\nKnowing the theoretical wind speed and direction is important and often mission-critical. The 200WX calculates the theoretical wind speed and direction based upon the apparent wind (the wind you would feel on your hand if you held it out while moving), speed of the vehicle, and vehicle heading. Its internal 10 Hz GPS and three-axis electronic compass provide heading, position, speed-over-ground, and course-over-ground functionality that is necessary for theoretical wind-data processing on a moving vehicle.\n\nThe 3D compass with dynamic stabilization provided by the three-axis rate gyro enhances the rate-of-turn data. The patented 200WX maintains dynamic compass performance in hilly and mountainous terrain—common in military situations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f56e3e86-8e09-44ac-a4bb-6da59e9dcc2c", - "label": "RSTN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) is a network of solar observatories maintained and operated by the U.S. Air Force Weather Agency. The RSTN consists of ground-based observatories in Australia, Italy, Massachusetts, New Mexico and Hawaii.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "feb61055-a920-4fe3-90a2-caac0c4fd08a", - "label": "SGO", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", - "definition": "The most important signal to be recorded at the Superconducting Gravimeter Observatory is gravity. For most Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) purposes the atmospheric correction to gravity is required and so the local measurement of pressure is also necessary. At most sites the effect of groundwater, often associated with rainfall, is an important contributor to gravity variations over periods of days to years. Superconducting Gravimeter groups are therefore urged to record rainfall and groundwater level at their sites as auxiliary data. Finally each station is asked to supply a log file of important events that might affect the data for each month.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "label": "Vehicles", - "broader": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", - "definition": "A type of vehicle that travels on the ground/land as opposed to an aircraft, which traveled in the air, a boat, which traveled in the water, or a spacecraft, which traveled through space. These types of vehicles are usually used along with an instrument to acquire data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e3131f5-f92d-441e-bba3-e28e55cfead7", - "label": "PAM-II", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "Portable Automated Mesonet II (PAM-II) stations was installed 10 meters to the west of the mobile laboratory (measuring trace gases) and consisted of a 10 meter tower with the required sensors, master control electronics box, and antenna to transmit station data to the satellite. The station, via the satellite data link, transmitted the data to NCAR in Boulder, Colorado, where the data were archived by the NCAR/SSSF DEC MicroVAX computer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "389bc2cd-ddff-4d2d-806f-fbead30f3974", - "label": "NASA MACH-2", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The NASA Langley Aerosol Research Group (LARGE; https://science-data.larc.nasa.gov/large/) deployed the NASA Mobile Aerosol Characterization laboratory (MACH-2) with Boise, ID as a home base. The MACH-2 was driven to the fires as listed in Table 1 to investigate smoke for up to 5 days like in the case of the Williams Flats fire. The MACH-2 coordinated with other research platforms, including the NOAA Twin Otters, the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory (AML), the Mobile Dragons, and the NASA DC-8. The MACH-2 traveled 13,300 miles in 51 days, sampled eight fires in six different states, and recorded 10.5 days of 1-s data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4576f6dc-d2c6-460b-9001-248043a65765", - "label": "MIPS", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The MIPS2 is a mobile profiling system with several components and capabilities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f65fc52-a4f7-4ae0-a352-74fae989f9aa", - "label": "NSRN", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The NOAA Solar Radiation Network is a collection of stations that provides solar radiations information, specifically, the amount of energy a user can expect from the Sun.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fe65a2b-756a-43a7-8ee6-d9ff2eb33f4c", - "label": "PAM", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM) is a network of portable surface meteorological stations designed to support observational field research projects of the atmospheric science community.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84624c7f-ab41-4689-91f4-58d01d05e285", - "label": "CARB MMP", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "All NASA ER-2 flights were coordinated with satellites in a variety of smoke conditions to evaluate how well satellite retrievals can handle small-scale sub-pixel variabilities. The satellite coordination included NASA ER-2 flight legs on and parallel to satellite tracks to evaluate viewing angle uncertainties in satellite retrievals. Ground monitors (including mobile AERONET, and California Air Resources Board (CARB) mobile platforms) were routinely targeted during the campaign primarily for NASA ER-2 instrument algorithm validation purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8cf26fe-dcfb-462b-ae0e-5d7280ecfa38", - "label": "MIO", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The Mobile Ionospheric Observatory was developed to learn more about the vagaries of the ionosphere. It would become the first major project undertaken by the newly established Radio Propagation Laboratory.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MIO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLAR/SPACE MONITORING STATIONS\n Short_Name: MIO\n Long_Name: Mobile Ionospheric Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: MIO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.friendsofcrc.ca/Articles/Hansen-MobileObs/RPLMobileObservatory.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.friendsofcrc.ca/Articles/Hansen-MobileObs/RPL-Mobile-48-49-s.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2aaedcb-f038-4129-8c06-e0f607fa582f", - "label": "AML", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The AML operated out of McCall, ID (the location of a ground site as described below), during FIREX-AQ from 9 to 28 August 2019 and during WE-CAN from 11 to 28 August 2018. The AML was well-equipped for detailed gas- and aerosol-phase characterization as listed in Table 8 and included, among other instruments, highly speciated VOC measurements with a Vocus PTR-MS instrument and aerosol composition with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) operated with or without soot-particle mode. Aerodyne Research, Inc. trace gas monitors (using tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy, TILDAS) measured select trace gases including the fire tracer hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ethane (C2H6). The AML also hosted a number of guest instruments run by external collaborators, also listed in the table below. The goal of the AML was to link the aircraft measurements to the ground by comparing EFs, understanding smoldering versus flaming emissions in close range of the fires, measure the air quality and the nighttime exposure in smoke-filled valleys, and look at plume aging.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d308b30a-fdb5-44e1-9ce8-6b67051938f4", - "label": "HAGGLUND", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The Hagglund Oversnow vehicle can travel over large distances and on different \nterrain surfaces.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea573a26-c698-482d-9f1a-09193067bb46", - "label": "TRAVERSE", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "A system for transporting science teams and their equipment across vast areas of Antarctica's ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb24a648-bc31-48ad-935a-bbd2621da456", - "label": "SV", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "A vehicle that is specifically designed to to be driven primarily on snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4369354d-2d49-4423-be9b-21c979963788", - "label": "UWEC Auto", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The second mobile platform deployed for LMOS 2017 was the UW-Eau Claire automobile1367 platform, equipped with a 2-B Technologies Personal Ozone Monitor and a handheld Kestrel weather sensor. This platform made regular measurement stops between the Grafton WDNR site and the Sheboygan Spaceport site to investigate N-S and shallow E-W gradients. The ozone measurements were taken at a height of 3 m for at least 5 minute increments at each location. The 15 stops are described in 1371 Table 2.6.2. On June 2, 3, 12, 13, and 17 the UW-Eau Claire vehicle drove the route of some combination\nof the stops (e.g. Stops 1-13 on June 2, Stops 10-15 multiple times on June 3 to correspond to ship and aircraft measurements made concurrently). Data from the ozone monitor was obtained using 1 minute averaged signal. The duty cycle of the Personal Ozone Monitor subtracts a background (scrubbed ozone)\nUV-signal from a whole air sample, which accounts for the UV absorption of water. However, drastically changing humidity can lead to higher standard deviations in this instrument, which is why the vehicle chose to stop at a single location to measure ozone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d4eebe2-de58-40f7-99f8-26c31ac2f7f9", - "label": "EPA GMAP", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", - "definition": "The National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) has a mobile air monitoring vehicle, or GMAP, that is equipped with analyzers for methane; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); total volatile organic compounds (VOCs); and meteorological and global positioning system (GPS) equipment. This combination of equipment allows for real-time monitoring and mapping of pollutants while the vehicle is in motion or stationary. The mobile platform can evaluate large geographic areas in very short timeframes to identify emission sources. GMAP can also be used to take stationary measurements at facilities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", - "label": "Field Sites", - "broader": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", - "definition": "A physical location where field work is carried out.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9909bdb4-b48b-40b0-88b3-360f9b86d0bc", - "label": "CONTROL SURVEYS", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", - "definition": "A survey at a field site that provides positions (horizontal or vertical) of points to which supplementary surveys are adjusted. Field engineers can mount additional platforms or instruments on a control survey to conduct additional surveys for mapping and projects being conducted in the field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c44243f-3122-4f7f-98b1-fb4e729418e0", - "label": "TRIPOD", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", - "definition": "A portable three-legged frame or stand, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of another object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c10044b3-6ebc-413a-99b7-2be30c08e507", - "label": "Data Collections", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", - "definition": "Refers to data collected at field sites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cca1ba09-0595-4ab0-a28f-158f988e9301", - "label": "FIELD SURVEYS", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", - "definition": "Surveys carried out in the field rather than in a laboratory or headquarters.\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FIELD SURVEYS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD SURVEYS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Field Surveys\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd445d5a-14d5-4813-b1cb-243799a044f7", - "label": "Ice Shelf", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", - "definition": "Permanent floating sheets of ice that connect to a landmass. Most of the world's ice shelves hug the coast of Antarctica. However, ice shelves can also form wherever ice flows from land into cold ocean waters, including some glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere. The northern coast of Canada's Ellesmere Island is home to several well-known ice shelves, among them the Markham and the Ward Hunt ice shelves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7057cfa-7b76-494b-b07b-01d1b284bfc6", - "label": "Transmitter Station", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", - "definition": "A transmitter station or transmission facility is an installation used for transmitting radio frequency signals for wireless communication, broadcasting, microwave link, mobile telephone or other purposes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "label": "Other", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "definition": "Refers to other types of non-traditional platforms categories used in Earth Science data analysis and include charts, maps, models, photographs, and reports.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "018e1ad9-a5ad-4fae-a712-ba376144fcc3", - "label": "Charts", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "A graphical representation for data visualization, in which data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of quality structure and provides different info.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e9bd8b22-dc54-4bb5-b404-9ce41d7ac53d", - "label": "Charts", - "broader": "018e1ad9-a5ad-4fae-a712-ba376144fcc3", - "definition": "A graphical representation for data visualization, in which data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of quality structure and provides different info.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "label": "Models", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines, as well as in non-physical systems such as the social sciences.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00f8ab1f-040f-40b4-ba64-9f6a4c2ca7ed", - "label": "MICOM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "MICOM is a primitive equation numerical model that describes the evolution of momentum, mass, heat and salt in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "012a6415-f410-467f-92a8-5196cfd211f4", - "label": "RAQMS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The NASA Langley Research Center and University of Wisconsin Regional Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) is used to estimate the tropospheric ozone budget over east Asia during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission. The computed ozone budget explicitly accounts for stratosphere/troposphere exchange (STE) and in situ ozone production using on-line chemical calculations. The east Asian O3 budget is computed during the period from 7 March to 12 April 2001. Gross formation dominates STE by a ratio of 7 to 1 in east Asia during TRACE-P. However, this ratio is strongly influenced by altitude of the tropopause. Approximately 30% of the ozone that is advected across the tropopause over east Asia is subsequently advected out over the western Pacific within the upper 4 km of the troposphere by the Japan jet. The average net photochemical production (gross formation-gross destruction) within the regional domain is 0.37 Tg d−1 or 7% of the average flux at the eastern boundary of the domain during the TRACE-P time period. The budget analysis shows a very close balance between sources and sinks within the RAQMS regional domain during the TRACE-P time period. This balance results in very small average accumulation (∼1 Tg) of O3 in the east Asian region and very little net export averaged over the period (0.03 Tg d−1). The low ozone export from east Asia predicted by RAQMS during TRACE-P is a consequence of relatively high dry deposition rates, which are 37% of the gross ozone formation (1.469 Tg d−1) within the TRACE-P regional domain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04d24dfe-c9f7-43b6-8bd8-8f2613767257", - "label": "OCEAN STATE ESTIMATION", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "major goal of oceanography is to combine all of the theoretical understanding we have about how a global fluid behaves with all of the observations pertaining to it. For anyone trying to understand climate, that means using the best ocean general circulation models, the best models of sea ice—which has a major high latitude influence on the ocean, and the best available estimates of the interacting meteorological fields.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08ccef97-4faf-4678-8404-03945170aa21", - "label": "L4_C", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09294834-bc5d-4937-ba1a-3a62b4329948", - "label": "MERRA-2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) provides data beginning in 1980. It was introduced to replace the original MERRA dataset because of the advances made in the assimilation system that enable assimilation of modern hyperspectral radiance and microwave observations, along with GPS-Radio Occultation datasets. It also uses NASA's ozone profile observations that began in late 2004. Additional advances in both the GEOS model and the GSI assimilation system are included in MERRA-2. Spatial resolution remains about the same (about 50 km in the latitudinal direction) as in MERRA.\n\nAlong with the enhancements in the meteorological assimilation, MERRA-2 takes some significant steps towards GMAO’s target of an Earth System reanalysis. MERRA-2 is the first long-term global reanalysis to assimilate space-based observations of aerosols and represent their interactions with other physical processes in the climate system. MERRA-2 includes a representation of ice sheets over (say) Greenland and Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09ef7548-5e64-4296-8129-0ab625e15721", - "label": "Catchment-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Catchment model uses the Mosaic land cover classification and soils, topographic, and other model-specific parameters were derived in a consistent manner as in the NASA/GMAO's GEOS-5 climate modeling system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bba0556-f0b7-48ff-8b0e-d9b102e9b13e", - "label": "HAQES", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Hazardous Air Quality Ensemble System (HAQES) is a real-time ensemble forecast of hazardous air quality events, such as wildfires, dust storms, and Volcanic eruptions. Both regional and global models from multiple agencies are used to create the ensemble, including the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) from Naval Research Laboratory, the Global Ensemble Forecast System Aerosols (GEFS), High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (NOAA-EPA) Atmosphere-Chemistry Coupler-Community Multiscale Air Quality model (NACC-CMAQ) from NOAA. The HAQES provides the forecast of surface PM2.5 (PM25_TOT), PM2.5 organic carbon (PM25_OC), and PM2.5 black carbon (PM25_BC) every 3 hours. The prototypes of HAQES products were developed by the George Mason University Air Quality Laboratory as part of the NASA Health Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ea8022d-e6bf-48e0-86ce-e1e7a886b7b1", - "label": "NCEP-FNL", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is the system used by the Global Forecast System (GFS) model to place observations into a gridded model space for the purpose of starting, or initializing, weather forecasts with observed data. GDAS adds the following types of observations to a gridded, 3-D, model space: surface observations, balloon data, wind profiler data, aircraft reports, buoy observations, radar observations, and satellite observations. GDAS data are available as both input observations to GDAS and gridded output fields from GDAS. Gridded GDAS output data can be used to start the GFS model. Due to the diverse nature of the assimilated data types, input data are available in a variety of data formats, primarily Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) binary. The GDAS output is World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Gridded Binary (GRIB).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16ddc50b-7bb0-4a13-adef-dbdd5e2e2bcd", - "label": "NASA-GISS-3D-Tracer-Transport", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "A three-dimensional tracer transport model is used to investigate the annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 concentration produced by seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere. The tracer model uses winds generated by a global general circulation model to advect and convect CO2; no explicit diffusion coefficients are employed. A biospheric exchange function constructed from a map of net primary productivity, and Alzvedo's (1982) seasonality of CO2 uptake and release closely simulates the annual cycles at coastal stations. The results show that zonal homogeneity in surface CO2 concentrations can never be achieved at mid-latitudes where the time scale for zonal mixing is longer than the time scale for biospheric exchange. Analysis of the zonal mean balance in the lower troposphere reveals that atmospheric transport processes may later the CO2 response to local biospheric exchanges by 50% or more. Hence year-to-year variation of the annual CO2 cycle may result from the natural variability of the atmospheric circulation as well as from changes in the sources and sinks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1810678e-9c36-4260-b9a2-eb69eda1ffe4", - "label": "CMORPH", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "CMORPH (CPC MORPHing technique) produces global precipitation analyses at very high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique uses precipitation estimates that have been derived from low orbiter satellite microwave observations exclusively, and whose features are transported via spatial propagation information that is obtained entirely from geostationary satellite IR data. \n\nhttp://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/janowiak/cmorph_description.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a9082fc-2274-4f86-ad94-6034cae84ed5", - "label": "CASA-GFED3-V2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b492235-f1fa-47d9-aae5-278812d29e7d", - "label": "CESM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Community Climate Model (CCM) was created by NCAR in 1983 as a freely available global atmosphere model for use by the wider climate research community. The formulation of the CCM has steadily improved over the past two decades, computers powerful enough to run the model have become relatively inexpensive and widely available, and usage of the model has become widespread in the university community, and at some national laboratories.\n\nA limitation of the original CCM was that it did not include models of the global ocean and sea ice. Accordingly, in 1994, NCAR scientists submitted a plan to National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop and use a Climate System Model (CSM) that was to include models of the atmosphere, land surface, ocean, and sea ice. These components were to be coupled without resorting to any 'flux adjustments.' The plan was to focus initially on the physical aspects of the climate system, and then in a subsequent version to improve biogeochemistry and coupling to the upper atmosphere. The first phase of this project was the model development by the NCAR staff, after which the model and associated data sets were to be made available to the scientific community. In addition, a new governance structure was promised, in which the interested scientific community would be given a fair opportunity to participate in all aspects of the CSM. NSF approved the plan, and model development began immediately.\n\nIn May 1996, the first CSM Workshop was held in Breckenridge, Colorado. At this workshop the CSM components and the results of an early equilibrium climate simulation were presented. Working groups began to form, and the nature of future CSM governance was discussed. At the final plenary session of the workshop, the proposed management structure was discussed, modified, and adopted. At that point, the second phase of CSM, including full participation of the scientific community, had begun.\n\nThe period since this 1996 workshop has been a time of substantial organizational progress. A Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) has been formed to lead the CSM activity, working groups have been producing useful output, and the previously existing Climate Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (CMAP) Advisory Council has been reorganized as the CSM Advisory Board (CAB). In addition to support from NSF, interest in the CSM from other agencies, notably the Department of Energy (DOE) and NASA, has developed. While working toward the second version of CSM, we believed that it was also time to recognize the community of users and sponsors by changing the name of the model to the Community Climate System Model (CCSM).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ee7757f-8097-432c-b473-b2a2a1266f30", - "label": "Unified Model UM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Unified Model (UM) is a numerical model of the atmosphere used for both weather and climate applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "260c784e-c422-4279-97fa-9c7a348118fa", - "label": "ERA40DAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "ERA 40 is a second generation reanalysis. It is the first reanalysis to directly assimilate satellite radiance data (TOVS, SSM/I, ERS and ATOVS). Cloud Motion Winds are also used. The result is better circulation over the tropics and southern hemisphere. However, unless comparing to previous ERA-40 based results, it is recommended that the 3rd generation reanalyses, ERA-Interim or MERRA, be used for new research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26d3953e-be79-46e4-b746-efb1983c3f5c", - "label": "MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Graphical, mathematical (symbolic), physical, or verbal representation or simplified version of a concept, phenomenon, relationship, structure, system, or an aspect of the real world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d0c75bf-49bc-4a76-bd77-b179ea677bc2", - "label": "RASI", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Regional Air-Sea Interaction analyses\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RASI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: MODELS/ANALYSES\n Short_Name: RASI\n Long_Name: REGIONAL AIR-SEA INTERACTION\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-11-07\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ecfc2b9-118b-4462-9352-9193eef0a1dc", - "label": "NCEP-ETA", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Eta Model, now referred to as North Amercian Meso (NAM) an 84-hour numerical model of the atmosphere run four times daily by NCEP. This is one of the main forecast models used for short-term weather prediction in the United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f340c79-ed96-4c46-8546-90c14dca2078", - "label": "CHIRPS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30a98319-e05b-4f35-9cdd-8f287f6c8300", - "label": "CMS-Flux-V1", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The CMS Methane (CH4) Flux for North America data set contains estimates of methane emission in North America based on an inversion of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model constrained by Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) observations. The nested approach of the inversion enables large point sources to be resolved while aggregating regions with weak emissions and minimizing aggregation errors. The emission sources are separated into 12 different sectors as follows: Total, Oil/Gas, Coal, Cows, Waste (Landfills+ Wastewater), Biofuel, Rice, Other Anthropogenic, Biomass Burning, Wetlands, Soil Absorption, Other Natural. More details about the algorithm and error characterization can be found in Turner, Jacob, Wecht, et al. 2015.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32204115-79a6-4cda-aac0-2f57580eb445", - "label": "CAM-chem", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-chem) is a component of the NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) and is used for simulations of global tropospheric and stratospheric atmospheric composition. CAM-chem uses the MOZART chemical mechanism, with various choices of complexity for tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. The first version of CAM-chem is described in Lamarque et al. (2012), CAM-chem as used for CCMI and HTAP is described in Tilmes et al. (2016), CAM-chem in CESM1.2 is described in Tilmes et al. (2015).\n\nCESM2, including CAM6-chem, is the current version. This version includes a significantly updated tropospheric chemistry mechanism (MOZART-T1) [Emmons et al., 2020], along with a volatility basis set (VBS) parameterization for the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) [Tilmes et al., 2019]. CESM2.0 and CESM2.1 were used for CMIP6 simulations, so if you are interested in simulating results to be consistent with those results it is recommended to use CESM2.1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "388b0962-f9c0-48d9-95aa-0aa55d5043d9", - "label": "TRAJ3D", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Parcel trajectories are often calculated to obtain an appreciation of the history of air masses (e.g. Fuelburg et al., 1996). The direction and length of trajectories are useful in diagnosing processes that may affect particular air masses under certain conditions. In this regard it is important that parcel trajectories are determined accurately.\n\nThe three-dimensional (3D) algorithm presented here (traj3d) builds on the two-dimensional (2D) model of Law (1993) and reported in application by Perrin and Simmonds (1995). From a specified parcel location in the atmosphere, xn at time n, a finite integral is solved to advect the parcel and generate the trajectory path. Given the 3D wind v(xn) the governing prognostic equation for the trajectory path over a short time interval Δt is xn+1 = xn + v Δt . The wind at a given point is found by cubically interpolating from a spatial grid then linearly in time. For back trajectories the wind direction is reversed. The finite integral is solved using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme to obtain an estimate of the wind. This method is considerably more accurate for trajectory calculations than a simple first-order approach. For mathematical details about the 3D algorithm see Noone and Simmonds (1999) and Barras and Simmonds (2009).\n\nWe present an implementation of the 3D algorithm in Fortran 77 that is suitable for any platform given an appropriate compiler. A precompiled Linux version is also available. The input to the program is a simple binary format referred to as CMP. At present the input data (usually 3D winds) are limited to constant pressure levels (e.g. 1000, 925, 850 hPa etc) as is the case with the commonly available reanalysis products e.g. NCEP reanalysis. The output of the program is a NetCDF file (and therefore NetCDF libraries need to be accessible for compilation) and this may be imported into many software packages e.g. Matlab, NCL, for subsequent analysis and plotting. We include some utilities to convert from NetCDF (a common format for 3D meteorological fields like winds) to CMP as well as plotting the trajectories based on NCAR Graphics/NCL.\n\nAlthough intended for computing 3D trajectories the algorithm is equally applicable to 2D trajectory studies e.g. 10 m winds, or a single pressure level e.g. 500 hPa. Finally, it is possible to interpolate auxiliary variables e.g. air temperature, to the trajectory positions and include these in the output NetCDF file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b746299-cd6d-4aa9-8de2-f05f3d6897cc", - "label": "Penman-Monteith", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Monteith (1964) developed a modified version of the Penman equation in which biophysics was introduced through a surface or canopy resistance – the now well-known Penman–Monteith combination equation – that allowed for vegetation control on transpiration rates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d374eb9-1eb4-4c64-b764-47f6206bbc85", - "label": "SPEAR", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "We document the development and simulation characteristics of the next generation modeling system for seasonal to decadal prediction and projection at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). SPEAR (Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research) is built from component models recently developed at GFDL—the AM4 atmosphere model, MOM6 ocean code, LM4 land model, and SIS2 sea ice model. The SPEAR models are specifically designed with attributes needed for a prediction model for seasonal to decadal time scales, including the ability to run large ensembles of simulations with available computational resources. For computational speed SPEAR uses a coarse ocean resolution of approximately 1.0° (with tropical refinement). SPEAR can use differing atmospheric horizontal resolutions ranging from 1° to 0.25°. The higher atmospheric resolution facilitates improved simulation of regional climate and extremes. SPEAR is built from the same components as the GFDL CM4 and ESM4 models but with design choices geared toward seasonal to multidecadal physical climate prediction and projection. We document simulation characteristics for the time mean climate, aspects of internal variability, and the response to both idealized and realistic radiative forcing change. We describe in greater detail one focus of the model development process that was motivated by the importance of the Southern Ocean to the global climate system. We present sensitivity tests that document the influence of the Antarctic surface heat budget on Southern Ocean ventilation and deep global ocean circulation. These findings were also useful in the development processes for the GFDL CM4 and ESM4 models.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fd56bd8-0e40-4401-9033-97df9a552001", - "label": "MITgcm", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "numerical model designed for study of the atmosphere, ocean, and climate, MITgcm’s flexible non-hydrostatic formulation enables it to efficiently simulate fluid phenomena over a wide range of scales; its adjoint capabilities enable it to be applied to sensitivity questions and to parameter and state estimation problems. By employing fluid equation isomorphisms, a single dynamical kernel can be used to simulate flow of both the atmosphere and ocean. The model is developed to perform efficiently on a wide variety of computational platforms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4201d98f-7f8a-46bf-b823-47385bbc7fed", - "label": "NCEP-GODAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "GODAS depends on continuous real-time data from the Global Ocean Observing System. This project is to deliver routine ocean monitoring products, and is being implemented by CPC in cooperation with NOAA Ocean Climate Observation Program (OCO)\n\nWebsite: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/GODAS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45d0ab0d-19d4-4fc4-8f69-9f6b4529a430", - "label": "POM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Princeton Ocean Model (POM), a simple-to-run yet powerful ocean modeling code to simulate a wide-range of problems, from small-scale coastal processes to global ocean climate change. POM is a sigma coordinate (terrain-following), free surface ocean model with embedded turbulence and wave sub-models, and wet-dry capability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47ee8305-57b9-4df1-84ce-f563df48cf69", - "label": "ECMWFIFS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) is a global numerical weather prediction system jointly developed and maintained by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) based in Reading, England, and Météo-France based in Toulouse.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a56783a-932e-4ca7-acea-af82a9fe5626", - "label": "DEM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Digital Elevation Models (DEM) are digital files consisting of\nterrain elevations for ground positions at regularly spaced\nhorizontal intervals.\n\n[Source: USGS]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DEM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: DEM\n Long_Name: Digital Elevation Model\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DEM\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://rmmcweb.cr.usgs.gov/elevation/dpi_dem.html\n Sample_Image: http://edc.usgs.gov/images/dem.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cbc6cbe-50a2-4464-acd9-395379753d4e", - "label": "NCEP-NAM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) is one of the National Centers For Environmental Prediction’s (NCEP) major models for producing weather forecasts. NAM generates multiple grids (or domains) of weather forecasts over the North American continent at various horizontal resolutions. Each grid contains data for dozens of weather parameters, including temperature, precipitation, lightning, and turbulent kinetic energy. NAM uses additional numerical weather models to generate high-resolution forecasts over fixed regions, and occasionally to follow significant weather events like hurricanes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53b3429a-d915-4d1c-b600-bf3e37874839", - "label": "NCEP-GFS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Global Forecast System (GFS) is a National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) weather forecast model that generates data for dozens of atmospheric and land-soil variables, including temperatures, winds, precipitation, soil moisture, and atmospheric ozone concentration. The system couples four separate models (atmosphere, ocean model, land/soil model, and sea ice) that work together to accurately depict weather conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57441436-5372-484e-983c-f96cbc51ef72", - "label": "CRM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "A new type of atmospheric model which resolve nonhydrostatic accelerations globally with kilometer-scale resolution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a147bc8-abc3-4c79-bbba-0a64bf888b41", - "label": "MERRA", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) dataset was released in 2009. It is based on a version of the GEOS-5 atmospheric data assimilation system that was frozen in 2008. MERRA data span the period 1979 through February 2016 and were produced on a 0.5° × 0.66° grid with 72 layers. MERRA was used to drive stand-alone reanalyses of the land surface (MERRA-Land) and atmospheric aerosols (MERRAero).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c869d68-fbf3-466b-89a0-9622f4f6e773", - "label": "FFDAS-V2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Quantifying Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Space: Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System and Global Urban Emissions\nGurney, K. R.; Song, Y.; Asefi-Najafabady, S.; Rayner, P. J.\nAbstract\nThe Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS) quantifies fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the planet at a scale of 10 km hourly for the time period 1997-2012. FFDAS is based on the Kaya identity constrained by multiple ground and space-based observations. Among these are the DMSP nightlights, Landscan population, and the Ventus power plant database. We have recently downscaled the FFDAS version 2.0 to 1 km x 1 km resolution using nighlights. The finer spatial resolution allows for the examination of urban emissions across the planet. We take two approaches to examination of urban FFCO2 emissions. The first, utilizes named administrative boundaries combined with manual GIS identification (supported by LandSat and ISA) to identify the top emitting urban areas of the planet. We also utilize an urban land mask, without governmental boundary identification, to analyze all urban area by country across the planet. We perform multiple regression to identify key drivers and patterns. The results demonstrate the change in urban emissions during the last decade and assess the question of whether urban areas exhibit scaling properties vis a vis FFCO2 emissions.\n\n\nPublication: \nAmerican Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2015, abstract id. A53H-01\n Pub Date: December 2015 Bibcode: 2015AGUFM.A53H..01G Keywords: \n0322 Constituent sources and sinks; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE; 0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE; 3322 Land/atmosphere interactions; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES; 3360 Remote sensing; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6426710e-8498-4308-845e-c9c543bcc17e", - "label": "NCEP-MRF", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", - "label": "Merged Analysis", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "An analysis that ties together two source datasets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0fb44090-a3e4-4820-aad5-dafbd76ae1b4", - "label": "RM-OBS/PU", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", - "definition": "Hybrid of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Model and Observations by Princeton University", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98088db1-3135-4bbf-9a9b-215ca47d721b", - "label": "Merged IR", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", - "definition": "[Source: https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_precip/html/README]\n\nThe Climate Prediction Center/NCEP/NWS is now making available via anonymous ftp (in\ndigital form) globally-merged (60N-60S) pixel-resolution IR brightness temperature\ndata (equivalent blackbody temps), merged from all available geostationary satellites\n(GOES-8/10, METEOSAT-7/5 & GMS). The availability of data from METEOSAT-7, which is\nlocated at 57E at the present time, yields a unique opportunity for total global\n(60N-60S) coverage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddbadcdd-36dd-4db8-98c6-c603bec96c76", - "label": "IMERG", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", - "definition": "The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm combines information from the GPM satellite constellation to estimate precipitation over the majority of the Earth's surface. This algorithm is particularly valuable over the majority of the Earth's surface that lacks precipitation-measuring instruments on the ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e951dc1d-eeb5-4d67-ad77-e60ee469486c", - "label": "LANDMET", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eff6fbfa-3ccf-4848-89a2-b0b0e65e3524", - "label": "TMPA", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", - "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) provides a calibration-based sequential scheme for combining precipitation estimates from multiple satellites, as well as gauge analyses where feasible, at fine scales (0.25 x 0.25 deg and 3 hourly). TMPA is available both after and in real time, based on calibration by the TRMM Combined Instrument and TRMM Microwave Imager precipitation products, respectively… Most of the coverage in the TMPA depends on input from two different sets of sensors. First, precipitation-related passive microwave data are collected by a variety of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, including the Microwave Imager (TMI) on TRMM, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) on Aqua, and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite series… The second major data source for the TMPA is the window-channel infrared data that are being collected by the international constellation of geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6df317e1-6694-4741-b657-58b15253f384", - "label": "FLEXPART", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "FLEXPART (“FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model”) (Stohl et al., 2005) is a Lagrangian transport and dispersion model (Lin et al., 2012) suitable for the simulation of atmospheric transport processes. Applications\nrange from the dispersion of radionuclides or air pollutants, over the establishment of flow climatologies, to the analysis of Earth’s water cycle. FLEXPART also produces output suitable for inverse modeling of emission\nfluxes, e.g., of greenhouse gases or volcanic ash.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fb2817f-c3e3-4332-85ad-79f74227e6bc", - "label": "WRF", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a next-generation mesoscale numerical weather prediction system designed for both atmospheric research and operational forecasting applications. It features two dynamical cores, a data assimilation system, and a software architecture supporting parallel computation and system extensibility. The model serves a wide range of meteorological applications across scales from tens of meters to thousands of kilometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73c1df3f-b389-4cc0-98eb-0fbc4f071f98", - "label": "Data Analysis", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73cef3bc-0a2c-4c10-9e5b-d0c64bca038f", - "label": "LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Models that predict the characteristics of the landscape such as DEMs/DTMs. Also included are models that predict land surface reflectance including the scattering, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation at the land surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "750bc9c6-dda7-449a-9299-9473f03bb67b", - "label": "BLING", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c4302ef-0fca-4987-9515-d059b9e0bb95", - "label": "NCEP/DOE-R2M", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 is an improved version of the NCEP Reanalysis I model that fixed errors and updated paramterizations of physical processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83ed16e1-71b9-4c2b-9184-b517be58f421", - "label": "WRF-Chem", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a next-generation mesoscale numerical weather prediction system designed for both atmospheric research and operational forecasting applications. It features two dynamical cores, a data assimilation system, and a software architecture supporting parallel computation and system extensibility. The model serves a wide range of meteorological applications across scales from tens of meters to thousands of kilometers. The effort to develop WRF began in the latter 1990's and was a collaborative partnership of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (represented by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the Earth System Research Laboratory), the U.S. Air Force, the Naval Research Laboratory, the University of Oklahoma, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).\n\nThe WRF-Chem model is now released as part of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling package.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "862e790e-d42f-433a-8561-107562aceb64", - "label": "Forcing-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8680cb49-1637-4a47-a5fd-f39d4e618e45", - "label": "CLIMATE MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Climate models, also known as general circulation models or GCMs, use mathematical equations to characterize how energy and matter interact in different parts of the ocean, atmosphere, land. Building and running a climate model is complex process of identifying and quantifying Earth system processes, representing them with mathematical equations, setting variables to represent initial conditions and subsequent changes in climate forcing, and repeatedly solving the equations using powerful supercomputers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86ee0e30-96d0-4bb4-9ee6-a24aa0e0234b", - "label": "NCEP-CFSV2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) produced by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is a fully coupled model representing the interaction between the Earth's oceans, land and atmosphere. The four-times-daily, 9-month control runs, consist of all 6-hourly forecasts, and the monthly means and variable time-series (all variables). The CFSv2 outputs include: 2-D Energetics (EGY); 2-D Surface and Radiative Fluxes (FLX); 3-D Pressure Level Data (PGB); 3-D Isentropic Level Data (IPV); 3-D Ocean Data (OCN); Low-resolution output (GRBLOW); Dumps (DMP); and High- and Low-resolution Initial Conditions (HIC and LIC). The monthly CDAS variable timeseries includes all variables. The CFSv2 period of record begins on April 1, 2011 and continues onward. CFS output is in GRIB-2 file format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87a9b8ff-5da4-4a9e-815b-2564a1af2719", - "label": "VIC-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Variable Infiltration Capacity model is a macroscale, semi-distributed hydrologic model1,2,3 that calculates land surface states and fluxes by solving the surface water and energy balances.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ad656db-1324-4e92-8273-5a765ca29282", - "label": "ModelE", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The current incarnation of the GISS series of coupled atmosphere-ocean models is available here. Called ModelE, it provides the ability to simulate many different configurations of Earth System Models — including interactive atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, carbon cycle and other tracers, as well as the standard atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land surface components.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c1eb362-072d-4763-b6f3-6b706b257e6a", - "label": "Mosaic-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c24fade-c39c-4b4f-b60c-d884ae780948", - "label": "NCEP-RUC", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The NCEP Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) Model is a weather prediction system running every hour out to at least 18h comprised primarily of a numerical forecast model (using isentropic-sigma hybrid vertical coordinate) and an analysis/assimilation system to initialize that model. RUC was developed to serve users needing frequently updated short-range weather forecasts, including those in the US aviation community and US severe weather forecasting community.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NCEP-RUC\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: NCEP-RUC\n Long_Name: NCEP Rapid Update Cycle Model\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://ruc.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ssd/nwpmodel/html/ruc.htm\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "913391a8-e711-43f3-ade2-ef26fddeba24", - "label": "GLPPM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Great Lake Primary Productivity Model (GLPPM) was developed under the NASA ROSES Carbon Monitoring System Program as well as under Great Lakes Observing System (GLOS) funding to help determine if and when the Great Lakes act as sources or sinks of carbon to the atmosphere. The GLPPM uses satellite-retrieved concentrations of chlorophyll a, Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR), and light extinction from the MTRI Color Producing Agent Algorithm (CPA-A) (Shuchman et al. 2013). The model also utilizes Photosynthetic Irradiance (PI) parameters derived from years of consistent field observations to estimate phytoplankton carbon fixation rates. The model is the next generation implementation of the model proposed by Fee (1973) and Lang and Fahnenstiel (1996). The GLPPM has been tested with in situ model estimates (Fahnenstiel et al. 2010) and displayed good agreement throughout the vegetative season (Shuchman et al. 2013).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "929347c6-e7d9-4e72-a6c8-8926a369cb6b", - "label": "NCEP-CFSR", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) was an effort to generate a uniform, continuous, best-estimate record of the state of the ocean–atmosphere interaction for use in climate monitoring and diagnostics. The Climate Forecast System (CFS) models the interactions between Earth's oceans, land, and atmosphere on a global scale. The model is produced by several dozen scientists under guidance from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and generates hourly data with a ½° horizontal resolution (approximately 56 km).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "931c9090-2136-458b-9047-943c25c65f3a", - "label": "ECMWF ERA5", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "ERA5 provides hourly estimates of a large number of atmospheric, land and oceanic climate variables. The data cover the Earth on a 30km grid and resolve the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80km. ERA5 includes information about uncertainties for all variables at reduced spatial and temporal resolutions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "936822a8-ce02-49aa-970f-b4a92dfd769b", - "label": "COMPUTERS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "[Source: Mirriam-Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/computer\n\nA programmable usually electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: COMPUTER\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: COMPUTER\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RTMM\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-15\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f792df5-3995-48ad-af46-d4ad887d102c", - "label": "LNOM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "[Source: NASA GHRC, http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nLNOM The LNOM model is NASA software which combines detailed, flash-specific measurements of lightning with empirical laboratory results of lightning NOx production of Lightning Mapper Array and NLDN data to compute the vertical lightning NOx profile inside the analysis cylinder and the total NOx produced by each flash. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LNOM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: LNOM\n Long_Name: Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-30\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f95a56a-2669-427e-a785-de9162ffe133", - "label": "OPERATIONAL MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Models that produce real-time, near-real-time, or short-term data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac82f543-df04-4301-b5fa-dae2800197d6", - "label": "NASA-GISS-Dust-Transport", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Spatial, temporal, and size distributions of mineral dust with sizes of less than 10 µm radius were calculated with a global dust model (Tegen and Fung 1994, see References below) based on the GISS three-dimensional atmospheric tracer transport model (Russell and Lerner 1981). The total dust load as well as the part that is deflated from disturbed soils was calculated (Tegen and Fung 1995). The contribution from disturbed soils should be taken into account in climate change studies (Tegen et al. 1996). As dust particle size information is important for calculations of the dust radiative effect, we provide concentrations for 8 particle size classes with effective radii between 0.1 µm and 10 µm which were transported independently in the model.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1c1ea44-000a-4535-8e90-d8dd447371d4", - "label": "NCEP/NCAR-RM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 project is using a state-of-the-art analysis/forecast system to perform data assimilation using past data from 1948 to the present. A large subset of this data is available from PSL in its original 4 times daily format and as daily averages. However, the data from 1948-1957 is a little different, in the regular (non-Gaussian) gridded data. That data was done at 8 times daily in the model, because the inputs available in that era were available at 3Z, 9Z, 15Z, and 21Z, whereas the 4x daily data has been available at 0Z, 6Z, 12Z, and 18Z. These latter times were forecasted and the combined result for this early era is 8x daily. The local ingestion process took only the 0Z, 6Z, 12Z, and 18Z forecasted values, and thus only those were used to make the daily time series and monthly means here.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b316bcaf-1ab8-4a67-91b7-76c28bb29e4e", - "label": "GDAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is the system used by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) model to place observations into a gridded model space for the purpose of starting, or initializing, weather forecasts with observed data. GDAS adds the following types of observations to a gridded, 3-D, model space: surface observations, balloon data, wind profiler data, aircraft reports, buoy observations, radar observations, and satellite observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b35637e0-bc1f-4ecf-b5bc-c78eaeb72562", - "label": "ECCO2_Darwin-V3", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The 'Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean' (ECCO) consortium makes the best possible estimates of ocean circulation and its role in climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b63e0078-74a3-431d-92f7-8853c10474e4", - "label": "NOBM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The MERRA-NOBM biogeochemical reanalysis used the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) coupled with the Poseidon ocean general circulation model to produce distributions of phytoplankton and ocean carbon. The reanalysis used external forcing fields from the MERRA reanalysis.\n\nTotal chlorophyll (ocean-color) data derived from NASA's SeaWiFS, MODIS and NPP-VIIRS observations were assimilated to constrain the phytoplankton distributions. The model contains four explicit phytoplankton taxonomic groups: diatoms, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, and coccolithophores, to represent the large scale biodiversity of the global oceans. Carbon and nutrient distributions, as well as fluxes of carbon between atmosphere and oceans, are included in this product.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", - "label": "GEOS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model consists of a group of model components that can be connected in a flexible manner in order to address questions related to different aspects of Earth Science. GEOS model development adheres to the modular architecture of the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). This modular structure simplifies the management of both the model code and the model configurations, to enable progress with forefront applications of coupled processes in the Earth System. GMAO’s work with GEOS spans a large range of space and time scales and encompasses the representation of dynamical, physical, chemical and biological processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "42ad1501-744a-439c-a394-258db03d0304", - "label": "GEOS-5", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", - "definition": "The Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) model consists of a group of model components that can be connected in a flexible manner in order to address questions related to different aspects of Earth Science. GEOS-5 model development adheres to the modular architecture of the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). This modular structure simplifies the management of both the model code and the model configurations, to enable progress with forefront applications of coupled processes in the Earth System. GMAO’s work with GEOS-5 spans a large range of space and time scales and encompasses the representation of dynamical, physical, chemical and biological processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4773815f-2a76-425e-86cc-0bfd4c3b75c2", - "label": "GEOS-Chem", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", - "definition": "GEOS-Chem is a global 3-D model of atmospheric chemistry driven by meteorological input from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) of the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. It is applied by research groups around the world to a wide range of atmospheric composition problems. Scientific direction of the model is provided by the international GEOS-Chem Steering Committee and by User Working Groups. The model is managed by the GEOS-Chem Support Team, based at Harvard University and Washington University with support from the US NASA Earth Science Division, the Canadian National and Engineering Research Council, and the Nanjing University of Information Sciences and Technology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3ca2fcc-658a-4249-b9b7-40a8bb5e03a9", - "label": "GEOS", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", - "definition": "The Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model consists of a group of model components that can be connected in a flexible manner in order to address questions related to different aspects of Earth Science. GEOS model development adheres to the modular architecture of the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). This modular structure simplifies the management of both the model code and the model configurations, to enable progress with forefront applications of coupled processes in the Earth System. GMAO’s work with GEOS spans a large range of space and time scales and encompasses the representation of dynamical, physical, chemical and biological processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b42aa64a-6b63-4fd0-b953-4abf7558008c", - "label": "GEOS-4", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", - "definition": "The 'Goddard Earth Observing System' (GEOS) family of models is used for applications across a wide range of spatial scales, from kilometers to many tens of kilometers. The modular structure of the models allows the inclusion of a range of physical, chemical, and biological processes, which are chosen according to the application.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bacbb5ad-9269-48ce-8da2-c22d73b9a5f2", - "label": "GOCART", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model simulates major tropospheric aerosol components, including sulfate, dust, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sea-salt aerosols. The GOCART model uses the assimilated meteorological fields of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS DAS), generated by the Goddard Global Modeling and Assimilation Office.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb5002a8-6ff2-43dd-b0c9-8f9a76e11cb5", - "label": "OBSERVATION BASED", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "An Observation-Based Model (OBM) is described, which uses in-situ atmospheric observations to determine the sensitivity of ozone concentrations in an urban atmosphere to changes in the emissions of ozone precursors (i.e., volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbe49581-019d-4fec-8730-6f07465ec479", - "label": "CMAQ", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "An active open-source development project of the U.S. EPA that consists of a suite of programs for conducting air quality model simulations. CMAQ combines current knowledge in atmospheric science and air quality modeling, multi-processor computing techniques, and an open-source framework to deliver fast, technically sound estimates of ozone, particulates, toxics and acid deposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3a217f5-de08-4aeb-9429-0a29821820b5", - "label": "CASA-GFED3-V3", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d022dc0f-0ce8-471a-ac6c-aabb48542cf4", - "label": "ERA15DAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The ERA-15 data assimilation system is a special version of the ECMWF Operational data assimilation system which incorporates:\n\n- Intermittent statistical (Optimum Interpolation) analysis with 6-hour cycling.\n\n- One dimensional variational (1D-VAR) physical retrieval of TOVS (Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder) cloud cleared radiance (CCR) data.\n\n- Diabatic, non-linear normal mode initialisation (five vertical modes).\n\n- A spectral T106 forecast model with 31 hybrid vertical model levels, and a fully three-dimensional semi-Lagrangian advection scheme.\n\n- A physical parametrization package including:\n-- mean orography with a compatible parametrization of sub-grid scale orography;\n-- a four layer prognostic soil scheme with no external forcing;\n-- an interactive cloud/radiation scheme with full model representation of cloud water content and cloud cover;\n-- a planetary boundary layer parametrization based on similarity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1e2c5e2-076b-4949-8125-384712a33b58", - "label": "GCM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "General Circulation Models (GCM) are mathematical representations\nof atmospheric and oceanic properties and processes that attempt\nto describe Earth's climate system.\n\n[Source: Center for the study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GCM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: GCM\n Long_Name: General Circulation Model\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GCM\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.aip.org/history/climate/GCM.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/PROC/Q-GCM/schematic.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8e67ddc-abaf-469b-8e84-f1549c1ca70d", - "label": "CLM-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Common Land Model (CLM) was developed for community use by a grassroots collaboration of scientists who have an interest in making a general land model available for public use and further development. The major model characteristics include enough unevenly spaced layers to adequately represent soil temperature and soil moisture, and a multilayer parameterization of snow processes; an explicit treatment of the mass of liquid water and ice water and their phase change within the snow and soil system; a runoff parameterization following the TOPMODEL concept; a canopy photo synthesis-conductance model that describes the simultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor into and out of vegetation; and a tiled treatment of the subgrid fraction of energy and water balance. CLM has been extensively evaluated in offline mode and coupling runs with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d92e3dca-7aeb-4cc1-9dc0-571844337222", - "label": "Noah-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Noah-MP is a land surface model (LSM) using multiple options for key land-atmosphere interaction processes (Niu et al., 2011). Noah-MP contains a separate vegetation canopy defined by a canopy top and bottom, crown radius, and leaves with prescribed dimensions, orientation, density, and radiometric properties. The canopy employs a two-stream radiation transfer approach along with shading effects necessary to achieve proper surface energy and water transfer processes including under-canopy snow processes (Dickinson, 1983; Niu and Yang, 2004). Noah-MP contains a multi-layer snow pack with liquid water storage and melt/refreeze capability and a snow-interception model describing loading/unloading, melt/refreeze capability, and sublimation of canopy-intercepted snow (Yang and Niu 2003; Niu and Yang 2004). Multiple options are available for surface water infiltration and runoff and groundwater transfer and storage including water table depth to an unconfined aquifer", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbe12992-5ef4-47d2-b2a4-84a7c28e84f0", - "label": "SMERGE", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The SoilMERGE (SMERGE) product combines long-term (January 1979 – May 2019) satellitebased soil moisture retrievals with land surface model estimates acquired from Phase-2 of the\nNorth American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) to produce a 0.125-degree, daily,\nroot-zone soil moisture (RZMS) product within the conterminous United States (CONUS). This\ndocument contains basic information on the use of SMERGE RZSM for large-scale climate and\nhydrological studies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e804fb28-786b-460f-969c-7005b0803cde", - "label": "REANALYSIS MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "Models that deal with the retrospective-analyses or reanalyzes of data. Reanalyzes blend the continuity and breadth of output data of a numerical model with the constraint of vast quantities of observational data. The result is a long-term continuous data record.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb069e81-1ccb-45a1-867a-520f9cdec401", - "label": "STILT", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "STILT, the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model, is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) for atmospheric transport. Its primary purpose is to derive the upstream influence region on atmospheric measurement locations. In other words, it is a fast tool to retrieve the adjoint of tracer transport, i.e. the sensitivity of atmospheric tracer mixing ratio measured at receptor point with respect to upstream surface fluxes. STILT is driven by meteorological fields (most important wind fields) from a variety of weather prediction models (ECMWF, WRF, RAMS, ...), for both analysis of past observations or for measurement planning purposes using forecasts. STILT includes turbulence as a stochastic process.\n\nSTILT is being used by a growing community for interpreting trace gas measurements made at ground based stations, on airborne platforms, as well as from remote sensing. Current applications of STILT focus on greenhouse gases and other trace gases, where it is used with high resolution emission inventories and biospheric flux models to provide insight on regional scale budgets.\n\nSTILT is actively developed by a group of researchers at Harvard University, MPI-Jena, University of Waterloo, and Atmospheric & Environmental Research (AER).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb6ac42f-7c8d-4e3f-9f80-e6334c463d26", - "label": "ECMWF", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Model", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f065f97b-a10e-4204-8807-dc904c409b51", - "label": "FSL-MAPS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System (MAPS) was for a 5000 km by 5000 km area\ncentered around the 48 conterminous states, while the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) was for domains of 500 km by 500 km. In the MAPS effort, an isentropic coordinate model is used for four\ndimensional assimilation and short range forecast. During FY 1990, the basic MAPS system was installed at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) for use by the National Weather Service (NWS). Within\nFSL, the upper air analysis was run on a three-hour cycle, and was being extended to a one-hour cycle. The LAPS system was being used for high resolution atmospheric diagnosis, and is testing models for\nvery short range prediction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe979e09-fcb1-4991-8fab-8ff32a28e84b", - "label": "MOZART-4", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", - "definition": "The Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) is an offline global chemical transport model particularly suited for studies of the troposphere. The updates of the model from its previous version MOZART-2 are described, including an expansion of the chemical mechanism to include more detailed hydrocarbon chemistry and bulk aerosols. Online calculations of a number of processes, such as dry deposition, emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes and photolysis frequencies, are now included.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "76b8f939-8558-4a10-8139-c7f8a0162102", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cffdd7e9-e25d-4c85-86ae-ff651532f02e", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "76b8f939-8558-4a10-8139-c7f8a0162102", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", - "label": "Photographs", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "An image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are now created using a smartphone/camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3cb5948f-2a92-4c2a-9410-eb17a1045d8e", - "label": "AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS", - "broader": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", - "definition": "Air Photographs or aerial photography are photographs of a\nportion of the Earth's surface, often from taken from airplanes.\n\n[Source: About Geography]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Aerial Photographs\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/aerial/aerial.html\n Sample_Image: http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/aerial/graphics/fig4.gif\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9219254-6f80-495b-b3dc-92b1abfdaa8b", - "label": "STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS", - "broader": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", - "definition": "Stereographic photographs are two slightly different photographs of the same \nscene that when viewed they produce a 3-dimensional image.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage Dictionary.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy\n Sample_Image: http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:h82VFTLdSWZoYM:http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~i18m/ste4.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "afdb5cdb-58da-47c8-87a7-950cc63c53f4", - "label": "Multi-sensor Analysis", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "Data set collections that are fused from multiple satellites", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7b39580-1632-4951-aecd-cee1c1afc5a0", - "label": "FIELD INVESTIGATION", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "Field investigations are primary observations and measurements that are taken from the place or location of what is being investigated.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Field Investigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", - "label": "Physical Models", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "A physical model is a simplified material representation, usually on a reduced scale, of an object or phenomenon that needs to investigated. The model can be used to simulate the physical conditions involved (temperature, waves, speed etc.) and to predict the particular constraints of the situation. These constraints can be taken into account and tested, and solutions implemented before undertaking the final steps of a project. Physical models are widely used in fields involving geometry, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics: urban development, naval construction, aeronautics etc.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3cbb9f17-ddb1-48d3-a507-786887e485af", - "label": "LABORATORY", - "broader": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", - "definition": "A laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific experimentation or\nresearch.\n\n(Source: The American Heritage Dictionary)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac63eed1-779d-4085-92f8-5743ec64a942", - "label": "Analytical Lab", - "broader": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", - "definition": "A laboratory that is used for organic geochemistry, geochemistry and petrology. It includes analytical equipment as well as space set aside for preparative work.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec465fa3-b45e-4f0f-8a3b-857f91c8dbed", - "label": "PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER", - "broader": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", - "definition": "A photosynthesis chamber is a transparent airtight enclosure that is used along with a gas exchange system and sensing devices to measure plant functions, such as photosynthetic respiration, stomatal conductance, canopy resistance, and leaf photosynthetic rate, especially in response to changes in light and carbon dioxide concentrations. Photosynthesis chambers can be equipped with environmental control equipment (which allow researchers to vary such things as light, temperature, relative humidity, and gas concentrations).\n\nPhotosynthesis chambers provide a controlled environment that supports the study of leaf and plant functions. The specific objectives of a photosynthesis chamber vary according to the needs of the particular study.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://daac.ornl.gov/source_documents/photosynthesis_chamber.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d53da93a-cc40-457a-a708-6bd4eeb1ffc1", - "label": "Maps", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "A map is a graphic representation of the Earth's surface. Maps can include street maps, world maps, country maps, state maps, historic maps and world maps.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8d56ab86-f13a-423b-b209-eca2baeb73ee", - "label": "MAPS", - "broader": "d53da93a-cc40-457a-a708-6bd4eeb1ffc1", - "definition": "A Map is a graphic representation of the Earth's surface. Maps can include street maps, world maps, country maps, state maps, historic maps and world maps.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", - "label": "Reports", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", - "definition": "A document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose. Although summaries of reports may be delivered orally, complete reports are almost always in the form of written documents.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2e555886-1baa-4f05-899b-1d14ab69fe62", - "label": "Publications", - "broader": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", - "definition": "Peer-reviewed research that is usually published in a journal or book.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9846838-fdbc-4aa0-86e9-b0e70e97d0e2", - "label": "MISSION REPORTS", - "broader": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", - "definition": "A document describing an observation flight, which is completed after the termination of the observation flight by the observing Party and which is signed by both the observing and observed Parties.\n\n[Source: Federation of American Scientists, Glossary of Open Skies Treaty Terms, http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/os/os_glsry.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MISSION REPORTS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: MISSION REPORTS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-10-24\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", - "label": "Space-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "definition": "Space-based platforms include the space station as well as both low-level (700 to 1500 km) and high-level (~ 36,000 km) satellites. These types of platforms can acquire large areas of data in a short amount of time, which can be used to monitor Earth resources, atmospheric dynamics, and other applications.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "label": "Navigation Satellites", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", - "definition": "Platforms such as GPS, NAVSTAR, and GLONASS whose purpose is for ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route.A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). As of September 2020, the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union's Galileo are fully operational GNSSs. Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a (US) GPS satellite-based augmentation system to enhance the accuracy of GPS, with satellite navigation independent of GPS scheduled for 2023. The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) plans to expand to a global version in the long term.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "225fb800-22b1-4d06-88ac-2bb391ac0906", - "label": "Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9f9d2fac-92f3-4bc5-80ea-e68da85dd352", - "label": "QZSS", - "broader": "225fb800-22b1-4d06-88ac-2bb391ac0906", - "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "41de58a7-f1e3-453f-9094-80cb8e839b36", - "label": "NAVSTAR", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation\nof orbiting satellites that provides navigation data to military\nand civilian users all over the world. The system is operated\nand controlled by the 50th Space Wing, located at Schriever Air\nForce Base, Colo.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "17da87fb-d1c9-4fca-befd-f14ec5a2fa02", - "label": "NAVSTAR", - "broader": "41de58a7-f1e3-453f-9094-80cb8e839b36", - "definition": "The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation\nof orbiting satellites that provides navigation data to military\nand civilian users all over the world. The system is operated\nand controlled by the 50th Space Wing, located at Schriever Air\nForce Base, Colo.\n\nNavigating Services Features:\n\nExtremely accurate, three-dimensional location information\n(latitude, longitude and altitude), velocity and precise time\n\nA worldwide common grid that is easily converted to any local grid\n\nPassive all-weather operations\n\nContinuous real-time information\n\nSupport to an unlimited number of users and areas\n\nSupport to civilian users at a slightly less accurate level\n\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nPrimary Function: Precise navigation, timing and velocity\ninformation worldwide\n\nPrimary Contractors: Block I and II/IIA, Rockwell International\n(Boeing North American); Block IIR, Lockheed Martin; Block IIF,\nBoeing North American\n\nPower Plant: Solar panels generating 800 watts\n\nWeight: Block IIA, 3,670 pounds (1,816 kilograms); Block IIR,\n4,480 pounds (2,217 kilograms)\n\nHeight: Block IIA, 136 inches (3.4 meters); Block IIR, 70 inches\n(1.7 meters)\n\nWidth (includes wingspan): Block IIA, 208.6 inches (5.3 meters);\nBlock IIR, 449 inches (11.4 meters)\n\nDesign life: Block II/IIA, 7.5 years; Block IIR, 10 years\n\nDate of First Launch: 1978\n\nLaunch vehicle: Delta II\n\nDate Constellation Operational: July 1995 (at full operational capacity)\n\n\nContact Information:\n\nAir Force Space Command\nPublic Affairs Office\n150 Vandenberg, Suite 1105\nPeterson AFB, Colo. 80914-4500\n692-3731 or (719) 554-3731.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://131.84.1.31/news/factsheets/NAVSTAR_Global_Positioning_Sy.html'\n\n[Summary provided by United States Air Force]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "612454e6-06ce-4bd3-b4f2-6db85f49a013", - "label": "Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or reginal augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6c37b37f-44f3-4cfd-859d-44f9266d97cb", - "label": "SBAS", - "broader": "612454e6-06ce-4bd3-b4f2-6db85f49a013", - "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or reginal augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "736ef795-ec95-415f-b10a-456366f8a185", - "label": "FEDSAT", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "FedSat is an Australian scientific microsatellite mission, a\n58cm cube weighing approximately 50 kg. It was launched in early\n2002 from Japan by Japan's National Space Development Agency.\n\nThe purpose of FedSat is to:\n\nEstablish Australian capability in microsatellite technologies\nDevelop expertise necessary for sustaining those industries and\nprofiting from them\n\nTest and develop Australian-developed intellectual property\nProvide a research platform for Australian space science,\ncommunication and GPS studies.\n\nFedSat was developed by the Cooperative Research Centre for\nSatellite Systems, which combines the resources and skills of 12\nAustralian organizations. Contributions from each of the partner\norganizations are doubled by the Commonwealth Government, under\nits Commonwealth Government's Cooperative Research Center?s\nProgram. The total budget of the Centre is approximately\n์ million over 7 years, with ฤ million of that\nallocated for the FedSat mission. Much of FedSat was developed\nin Australia by the CRCSS. Three of the six main payloads have\nbeen fully developed by the CRCSS, and the other three have been\nsupplied by overseas organizations in consultation with the\nCRCSS. The satellite platform, the structure that houses and\nmaintains the payloads, is being provided by overseas\norganizations. CRCSS engineers could have developed an\nAustralian platform, but given the time available from\nproject-start to launch, that was not practical. CRCSS opted to\ncontract an overseas platform supplier, avoiding the need to\nreinvent established technologies. Payloads:\n\n1. GPS Receiver: The GPS, Global Positioning System, is an\nAmerican network of satellites that transmit radio signals\ncontaining time and orbit-position codes. GPS receivers decode\nthe signals, and by comparing signals of up to 4 satellites with\nknown positions, they can derive their own locations by\ntriangulation. The system was designed for mainly military use,\nbut now GPS provides many scientific and civilian applications.\n\n2. NewMag: The NewMag magnetometer is a very sensitive and\nrapid-sampling device for measuring the strength of the Earth's\nmagnetic field. Earth is like a big bar magnet, with magnetic\nfield lines emerging from the poles and far out into\nspace. FedSat's polar orbit crosses all these lines, so NewMag\ncan effectively gain a window into the whole magnetosphere\nregion. NewMag can also measure vibrations simultaneously with\nground- based magnetometers, so investigating the dynamics of\nthe magnetosphere (changes in it shape due to variations in the\nSun), and study magnetospheric wave-propagation.\n\n3. High performance computing: The FedSat high performance\ncomputing payload is the world's first use of reconfigurable\ncomputing technology in space. Reconfigurable computers permit\nchange of their physical circuits via software control; new\nphysical circuits can be installed into a reconfigurable\ncomputer module by remote command. For spacecraft, this\ntechnology means that satellites can be rewired without having\nto retrieve them.\n\n4. Ka-band transponder: The FedSat Ka-band transponder is\ndesigned to handle the new experimental high- frequency and\nhigh-capacity Ka part of the radio spectrum. The transponder\nprocesses signals to and from the ground in the frequency\nband. The transponder incorporates CRCSS-designed Gallium\nArsenide monolithic microwave circuits; FedSat will space\nqualify these for the first time.\n\n5. Baseband processor The baseband processor provides on-board\ncomputer processing of the Ka- and UHF- band payloads. It has\nbeen designed and built by the CRCSS, to operate as a low power\nsingle modem with flexible operation. It will also provide the\nchannel for satellite operations commands.\n\n6. UHF communications payload: The Ultra High Frequency band\npayload will introduce a new type of packet data service for Low\nEarth Orbiting satellites to obtain environmental data. For\nexample, ocean buoys may transmit their data using this means to\norbiting satellites, which are retransmitted back to the lab for\nanalysis.\n\n7. CD ROM: FedSat also carries a compact disc mounted on the\nside, containing the audio messages members of the Australian\npublic recorded to go into space from March to August 2000. The\ndisc also contains a copy of the song From Little Things, Big\nThings Grow, by Paul Kelly, with kind permission of the writers\n(Kev Carmody/Paul Kelly) and publishers (Larrikin Music,\nMushroon Records).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.crcss.csiro.au/overview.htm'\nand\n'http://www.crcss.csiro.au/launch/launch.html'\n\n[Summary provided by CSIRO]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", - "label": "Global Positioning System (GPS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "Satellite Navigation is based on a global network of satellites that transmit radio signals from medium earth orbit. Users of Satellite Navigation are most familiar with the 31 Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites developed and operated by the United States. Three other constellations also provide similar services. Collectively, these constellations and their augmentations are called Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The other constellations are GLONASS developed and operated by the Russian Federation, Galileo developed and operated by the European Union, and BeiDou, developed and operated by China. All providers have offered free use of their respective systems to the international community. All providers have developed International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and Recommended Practices to support use of these constellations for aviation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "185961ca-55f3-49f4-b795-b1dce8de893c", - "label": "GPS-35", - "broader": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", - "definition": "The Global Position System (GPS), counterpart to the Russian Global Navigation\nSystem (GLONASS), is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) developed,\nworldwide, satellite-based radionavigation system that will be the DoD's\nprimary radionavigation system well into the next century. The constellation\nconsists of 24 operational satellites. The U.S. Air Force Space Command (AFSC)\nformally declared the GPS satellite constellation as having met the requirement\nfor Full Operational Capability (FOC) as of April 27, 1995. Requirements\ninclude 24 operational satellites functioning in their assigned orbits and\nsuccessful testing completed for operational military functionality.\n\nGPS consists of three segments, the SPACE, CONTROL and USER Segment:\n\n1. The SPACE segment consists of 24 operational satellites in six orbital\nplanes, (four satellites in each plane). The satellites operate in circular\n20,200 km orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees and with a 12-hour\nperiod. The position is therefore the same at the same sidereal time each day,\ni.e. the satellites appear four minutes earlier each day.\n\n2. The CONTROL segment consists of five Monitor Stations, three Ground\nAntennas, and a Master Control Station (MCS) located at Falcon AFB in Colorado.\nThe monitor stations passively track all satellites in view, accumulating\nranging data. This information is processed at the MCS to determine satellite\norbits and to update each satellite's navigation message. Updated information\nis transmitted to each satellite via the Ground Antennas.\n\n3. The USER segment consists of antennas and receiver-processors that\nprovide positioning, velocity and precise timing to the user.\n\nGPS provides two levels of service, Standard Positioning Service and the\nPrecise Positioning Service. The Standard Positioning Service (SPS) is a\npositioning and timing service which will be available to all GPS users on a\ncontinuous, worldwide basis with no direct charge. The Precise Positioning\nService (PPS) is a highly accurate military positioning, velocity and timing\nservice which will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis to users\nauthorized by the U.S. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS-35\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GPS (Global Positioning System)\n Short_Name: GPS-35\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Satellites-35\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 degrees\n Period: 718 minutes\n Perigee: 20,195 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/satellite_missions/select.cgi?order=by_name&sat_code=GP35&sat_name=GPS-35&sat_no=9305401&tab_id=general\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/gps.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-08-30\n Design_Life: 7 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "428adb40-4cd5-4923-98fc-cddc83c6b577", - "label": "GPS-36", - "broader": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", - "definition": "The Global Position System (GPS), counterpart to the Russian Global Navigation\nSystem (GLONASS), is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) developed,\nworldwide, satellite-based radionavigation system that will be the DoD's\nprimary radionavigation system well into the next century. The constellation\nconsists of 24 operational satellites. The U.S. Air Force Space Command (AFSC)\nformally declared the GPS satellite constellation as having met the requirement\nfor Full Operational Capability (FOC) as of April 27, 1995. Requirements\ninclude 24 operational satellites functioning in their assigned orbits and\nsuccessful testing completed for operational military functionality.\n\nGPS consists of three segments, the SPACE, CONTROL and USER Segment:\n\n1. The SPACE segment consists of 24 operational satellites in six orbital\nplanes, (four satellites in each plane). The satellites operate in circular\n20,200 km orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees and with a 12-hour\nperiod. The position is therefore the same at the same sidereal time each day,\ni.e. the satellites appear four minutes earlier each day.\n\n2. The CONTROL segment consists of five Monitor Stations, three Ground\nAntennas, and a Master Control Station (MCS) located at Falcon AFB in Colorado.\nThe monitor stations passively track all satellites in view, accumulating\nranging data. This information is processed at the MCS to determine satellite\norbits and to update each satellite's navigation message. Updated information\nis transmitted to each satellite via the Ground Antennas.\n\n3. The USER segment consists of antennas and receiver-processors that\nprovide positioning, velocity and precise timing to the user.\n\nGPS provides two levels of service, Standard Positioning Service and the\nPrecise Positioning Service. The Standard Positioning Service (SPS) is a\npositioning and timing service which will be available to all GPS users on a\ncontinuous, worldwide basis with no direct charge. The Precise Positioning\nService (PPS) is a highly accurate military positioning, velocity and timing\nservice which will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis to users\nauthorized by the U.S. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS-36\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GPS (Global Positioning System)\n Short_Name: GPS-36\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Satellites-36\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 20,200 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 degrees\n Period: 718 minutes\n Perigee: 20,030 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/satellite_missions/select.cgi?order=by_name&sat_code=GP36&sat_name=GPS-36&sat_no=9401601&tab_id=general\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/gps.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-10\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense \n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e66a90c4-3a5c-4e52-b039-bc93857642bf", - "label": "GPS", - "broader": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", - "definition": "The Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite is a system of satellites developed by the US Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air\nforces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational uses (e.g. boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet\ntracking, and surveying.\n\nGPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55 degrees. These spacecraft are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane. All launches have been successful except for one launch failure in 1981. The full 24-satellite constellation was completed on March 9, 1994.\n\nGPS receivers use triangulation of the GPS satellites' navigational signals to determine their location. The satellites provide two different signals that provide different accuracies. Coarse-acquisition (C/A) code is intended for civilian use, and is deliberately degraded. The accuracy using a typical civilian GPS receiver with C/A code is typically about 100 meters. The military's Precision (P) code is not corrupted, and provides positional accuracy to within approximately 20 meters.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GPS (Global Positioning System)\n Short_Name: GPS\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Navstar\n Short_Name: USA\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 20,200 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", - "label": "GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.\n\nManufacturers of GPS devices say that adding GLONASS made more satellites available to them, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly and accurately, especially in built-up areas where the view to some GPS satellites is obscured by buildings. Smartphones generally tend to use the same chipsets and the versions used since 2015 receive GLONASS signals and positioning information along with GPS. Since 2012, GLONASS was the second most used positioning system in mobile phones after GPS. The system has the advantage that smartphone users receive a more accurate reception identifying location to within 2 meters.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00274700-26c1-4c44-88a4-10a7ec6214de", - "label": "GLONASS", - "broader": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", - "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.\n\nManufacturers of GPS devices say that adding GLONASS made more satellites available to them, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly and accurately, especially in built-up areas where the view to some GPS satellites is obscured by buildings. Smartphones generally tend to use the same chipsets and the versions used since 2015 receive GLONASS signals and positioning information along with GPS. Since 2012, GLONASS was the second most used positioning system in mobile phones after GPS. The system has the advantage that smartphone users receive a more accurate reception identifying location to within 2 meters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cadd8c2-ecd7-4816-ad6a-c14e19d7e809", - "label": "GLONASS-40-82", - "broader": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", - "definition": "GLONASS Satellites\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nSatellite name/other name/full name: GLONASS / / Russian GLObal\nNAvigation Satellite System GLONASS\nLaunch date: set into orbit since 1982\nSatellite Number: see previous page under COSPAR IDs\nPerigee Height: 19 100 km\nApogee Height: 19 100 km\nEccentricity: roughly circular\nInclination: 64.8 degrees\nSemi-major axis: 25 440 km\nComment: The space segment of GLONASS is formed by 24 satellites\nlocated on three orbital planes. Each satellite is identified by\nits slot number, which defines the orbital plane (1-8, 9-16,\n17-24) and the location within the plane. The three orbital\nplanes are separated 120 degrees, and the satellites within the\nthe same orbital plane by 45 degrees.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GLONASS-40-82\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GLONASS\n Short_Name: GLONASS-40-82\n Long_Name: Global Navigation Satellite System 40-82\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 19,100 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 11 hours 15 minutes\n Perigee: 19,100 km\n Apogee: 19, 100 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:1:2884436078431393054\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/glonass.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1982-10-12\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1c1ecfd-eb6c-4a51-b86e-2ae64babc27d", - "label": "Galileo (Europe's European Satellite Navigation System)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "Galileo is the European Union's Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS). Sometimes called the 'European GPS, Galileo provides accurate positioning and timing information. Galileo is a programme under civilian control and its data can be used for a broad range of applications. It is autonomous but also interoperable with existing satellite navigation systems. At the moment, the Galileo constellation consists of 18 satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "59fae923-a986-41e5-8fe2-30bd3b9cb625", - "label": "Galileo", - "broader": "b1c1ecfd-eb6c-4a51-b86e-2ae64babc27d", - "definition": "Galileo is the European Union's Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS). Sometimes called the 'European GPS, Galileo provides accurate positioning and timing information. Galileo is a programme under civilian control and its data can be used for a broad range of applications. It is autonomous but also interoperable with existing satellite navigation systems. At the moment, the Galileo constellation consists of 18 satellites.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bad22a08-f8ab-49b3-b266-005b21496626", - "label": "India's Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. An Extended Service Area lies between primary service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50 deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East.\n\nIRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4c93cc0b-ca0e-4421-ac60-559b6390b89b", - "label": "IRNSS", - "broader": "bad22a08-f8ab-49b3-b266-005b21496626", - "definition": "IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. An Extended Service Area lies between primary service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50 deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East.\n\nIRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef679d6a-a05b-4976-a236-ce2158b758ea", - "label": "Beidou (China's Satellite Navigation System)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", - "definition": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System will provide global coverage with positioning, navigation and timing services, including two kinds of service modes: an open service and an authorized service. The open service is provided free of charge location, velocity and timing, with positioning accuracy of 10 meters, velocity accuracy of 0.2 meters / second and timing accuracy of 10 nanoseconds. The authorized service provides a more secure position, velocity, timing, and communications services as well as a higher level of integrity.\nIn order to make BeiDou Navigation Satellite System work better for global service, strengthen compatibility and interoperability between BeiDou and other countries’satellite navigation systems,and promote satellite positioning, navigation and timing service application, China is willing to cooperate with other countries in developing satellite navigation industry.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b4306421-a1b1-4d56-ad84-6f0c57806369", - "label": "Beidou", - "broader": "ef679d6a-a05b-4976-a236-ce2158b758ea", - "definition": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System will provide global coverage with positioning, navigation and timing services, including two kinds of service modes: an open service and an authorized service. The open service is provided free of charge location, velocity and timing, with positioning accuracy of 10 meters, velocity accuracy of 0.2 meters / second and timing accuracy of 10 nanoseconds. The authorized service provides a more secure position, velocity, timing, and communications services as well as a higher level of integrity.\nIn order to make BeiDou Navigation Satellite System work better for global service, strengthen compatibility and interoperability between BeiDou and other countries’satellite navigation systems,and promote satellite positioning, navigation and timing service application, China is willing to cooperate with other countries in developing satellite navigation industry.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", - "label": "Interplanetary Spacecraft", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", - "definition": "Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars and planets, usually within a single planetary system. In practice, spaceflights of this type are confined to travel between the planets of the Solar System. Uncrewed space probes have flown to all the observed planets in the Solar System as well as to dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres, and several asteroids. Orbiters and landers return more information than fly-by missions. Crewed flights have landed on the Moon and have been planned, from time to time, for Mars and Venus.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "07eea0dc-fc62-4b0d-88ee-2813a22034da", - "label": "ORBITER", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", - "definition": "A spacecraft designed to travel to a distant planet and enter into orbit about it must carry a substantial propulsive capability to decelerate it at the right moment, to achieve orbit insertion. It has to be designed to live with the fact that solar occultations will occur, wherein the planet shadows the spacecraft, cutting off any solar panels' production of electrical power and subjecting the vehicle to extreme thermal variation. Earth occultations will also occur, cutting off uplink and downlink communications with Earth. Orbiter spacecraft are carrying out the second phase of solar system exploration, following up the initial reconnaissance with in-depth study of each of the planets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c77cd248-34be-4d62-aaae-43fb073a1438", - "label": "PIONEER VENUS", - "broader": "07eea0dc-fc62-4b0d-88ee-2813a22034da", - "definition": "The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on\nDecember 4, 1978. The Orbiter was a flat cylinder 2.5 m in diameter and 1.2 m\nhigh. All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end\nof the cylinder, except the magnetometer, which was at the end of a 4.7 m boom.\nA solar array extended around the circumference of the cylinder. A 1.09 m\ndespun dish antenna provided S and X band communication with Earth.\n\nThe Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments (with a total mass of 45 kg):\n\n * a cloud photopolarimeter to measure the vertical distribution of the\nclouds\n * a surface radar mapper to determine topography and surface\ncharacteristics\n * an infrared radiometer to measure IR emissions from the Venus atmosphere\n * an airglow ultraviolet spectrometer to measure scattered and emitted UV\nlight\n * a neutral mass spectrometer to determine the composition of the upper\natmosphere\n * a solar wind plasma analyzer to measure properties of the solar wind\n * a magnetometer to characterize the magnetic field at Venus\n * an electric field detector to study the solar wind and its interactions\n * an electron temperature probe to study the thermal properties of the\nionosphere\n * an ion mass spectrometer to characterize the ionospheric ion population\n * a charged particle retarding potential analyzer to study ionospheric\nparticles\n * two radio science experiments to determine the gravity field of Venus\n * a radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere\n * an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere\n * a radio science atmospheric and solar wind turbulence experiment\n * a gamma ray burst detector to record gamma ray burst events \n\nFrom Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, periapsis was held between 142 and 253\nkm (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric\nmeasurements. The spacecraft was in a 24 hour orbit with an apoapsis of 66,900\nkm. Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise (to 2290 km at maximum) and\nthen fall, to conserve fuel. In 1991 the Radar Mapper was reactivated to\ninvestigate previously inaccessible southern portions of the planet. In May\n1992 Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis\nwas held between 150 and 250 km until the fuel ran out and atmospheric entry\ndestroyed the spacecraft the following August. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER VENUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ORBITER\n Short_Name: PIONEER VENUS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: PVO\n Short_Name: Pioneer 12\n Short_Name: Pioneer Venus 1\n Short_Name: Pioneer Venus 1978 Orbiter\n Short_Name: 10911\n Short_Name: 1978-051A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/pioneer-venus/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://agile.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/pvo/pvo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-05-20\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", - "label": "FLYBY", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1cc11f32-9643-4fa4-9384-18cab2852604", - "label": "VOYAGER 1", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", - "definition": "Voyager 1 was one of a pair of spacecraft launched to explore the planets of the outer solar system and the interplanetary environment. Each Voyager had as its major objectives at each planet to: (1) investigate the circulation, dynamics, structure, and composition of the planet's atmosphere; (2) characterize the morphology, geology, and physical state of the satellites of the planet; (3) provide improved values for the mass, size, and shape of the planet, its satellites, and any rings; and, (4) determine the magnetic field structure and characterize the composition and distribution of energetic trapped particles and plasma therein.\n\nOriginally planned as a Grand Tour of the outer planets, including dual launches to Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto in 1976-77 and dual launches to Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune in 1979, budgetary constraints caused a dramatic rescoping of the project to two spacecraft, each of which would go to only Jupiter and Saturn. The new mission was called Mariner Jupiter/Saturn, or MJS. It was subsequently renamed Voyager about six months prior to launch. The rescoped mission was estimated to cost $250 million (through the end of Saturn operations), only a third of what the Grand Tour design would have cost.\n\nOriginally scheduled to launch twelve days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's launch was delayed twice to prevent the occurrence of problems which Voyager 2 experienced after launch. Voyager 1's launch finally happened on 05 Sept. 1977 and was termed 'flawless and accurate'.\n\nAlthough launched sixteen days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's trajectory was the quicker one to Jupiter. On 15 Dec. 1977, while both spacecraft were in the asteroid belt, Voyager 1 surpassed Voyager 2's distance from the Sun. Voyager 1 then proceeded to Jupiter (making its closest approach on 05 March 1979) and Saturn (with closest approach on 12 Nov. 1980). Both prior to and after planetary encounters observations were made of the interplanetary medium. Some 18,000 images of Jupiter and its satellites were taken by Voyager 1. In addition, roughly 16,000 images of Saturn, its rings and satellites were obtained.\n\nAfter its encounter with Saturn, Voyager 1 remained relatively quiescent, continuing to make in situ observations of the interplanetary environment and UV observations of stars. After nearly nine years of dormancy, Voyager 1's cameras were once again turned on to take a series of pictures. On 14 Feb. 1990, Voyager 1 looked back from whence it came and took the first 'family portrait' of the solar system, a mosaic of 60 frames of the Sun and six of the planets (Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) as seen from 'outside' the solar system. After this final look back, the cameras on Voyager 1 were once again turned off. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VOYAGER 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: VOYAGER 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Mariner Jupiter/Saturn A\n Short_Name: 10321\n Short_Name: 1977-084A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-06\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1977-084A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/voyager.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-09-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2351e160-5a9c-4d1c-81f0-775bbae1848e", - "label": "MARINER 2", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", - "definition": "The Mariner 2 spacecraft was the second of a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in the flyby, or nonlanding, mode and the first spacecraft to successfully encounter another planet. Mariner 2 was a backup for the Mariner 1 mission which failed shortly after launch to Venus. The objective of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly by Venus and return data on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass. It also made measurements of the interplanetary medium during its cruise to Venus and after the flyby. \n\nSpacecraft and Subsystems \n\nMariner 2 consisted of a hexagonal base, 1.04 meters across and 0.36 meters thick, which contained six magnesium chassis housing the electronics for the science experiments, communications, data encoding, computing, timing, and attitude control, and the power control, battery, and battery charger, as well as the attitude control gas bottles and the rocket engine. On top of the base was a tall pyramid-shaped mast on which the science experiments were mounted which brought the total height of the spacecraft to 3.66 meters. Attached to either side of the base were rectangular solar panel wings with a total span of 5.05 meters and width of 0.76 meters. Attached by an arm to one side of the base and extending below the spacecraft was a large directional dish antenna. \n\nThe Mariner 2 power system consisted of the two solar cell wings, one 183 cm by 76 cm and the other 152 cm by 76 cm (with a 31 cm dacron extension (a solar sail) to balance the solar pressure on the panels) which powered the craft directly or recharged a 1000 Watt-hour sealed silver-zinc cell battery, which was used before the panels were deployed, when the panels were not illuminated by the Sun, and when loads were heavy. A power-switching and booster regulator device controlled the power flow. Communications consisted of a 3 Watt transmitter capable of continuous telemetry operation, the large high gain directional dish antenna, a cylindrical omnidirectional antenna at the top of the instrument mast, and two command antennas, one on the end of either solar panel, which received instructions for midcourse maneuvers and other functions. \n\nPropulsion for midcourse maneuvers was supplied by a monopropellant (anhydrous hydrazine) 225 N retro-rocket. The hydrazine was ignited using nitrogen tetroxide and aluminum oxide pellets, and thrust direction was controlled by four jet vanes situated below the thrust chamber. Attitude control with a 1 degree pointing error was maintained by a system of nitrogen gas jets. The Sun and Earth were used as references for attitude stabilization. Overall timing and control was performed by a digital Central Computer and Sequencer. Thermal control was achieved through the use of passive reflecting and absorbing surfaces, thermal shields, and movable louvers. \n\nThe scientific experiments were mounted on the instrument mast and base. A magnetometer was attached to the top of the mast below the omnidirectional antenna. Particle detectors were mounted halfway up the mast, along with the cosmic ray detector. A cosmic dust detector and solar plasma spectrometer detector were attached to the top edges of the spacecraft base. A microwave radiometer and an infrared radiometer and the radiometer reference horns were rigidly mounted to a 48 cm diameter parabolic radiometer antenna mounted near the bottom of the mast. All instruments were operated throughout the cruise and encounter modes except the radiometers, which were only used in the immediate vicinity of Venus. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MARINER 2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: MARINER 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Mariner-Venus 1962\n Short_Name: 00374\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/mariner1-2.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/mariner02.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-08-27\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "353cc3e0-7d96-451a-bf57-350bf031a0e5", - "label": "VOYAGER 2", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", - "definition": "Voyager 2 was one of a pair of spacecraft launched to explore the planets of the outer solar system and the interplanetary environment. Each Voyager had as its major objectives at each planet to: (1) investigate the circulation, dynamics, structure, and composition of the planet's atmosphere; (2) characterize the morphology, geology, and physical state of the satellites of the planet; (3) provide improved values for the mass, size, and shape of the planet, its satellites, and any rings; and, (4) determine the magnetic field structure and characterize the composition and distribution of energetic trapped particles and plasma therein.\n\nOriginally planned as a Grand Tour of the outer planets, including dual launches to Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto in 1976-77 and dual launches to Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune in 1979, budgetary constraints caused a dramatic rescoping of the project to two spacecraft, each of which would go to only Jupiter and Saturn. The new mission was called Mariner Jupiter/Saturn, or MJS. It was subsequently renamed Voyager about six months prior to launch. The rescoped mission was estimated to cost $250 million (through the end of Saturn operations), only a third of what the Grand Tour design would have cost.\n\nVoyager 2 was the first of the two spacecraft to be launched, with liftoff occurring 20 Aug. 1977. What was at first an auspicious launch, however, proved to be the beginning of a number of problems. The primary cause of the initial problems were attributed to commanding by the AACS, including difficulty in determining the full deployment of the science boom. These problems resulted in a delay of four days in the launch of Voyager 1 to ensure they wouldn't occur for it.\n\nAlthough launched sixteen days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's trajectory was the quicker one to Jupiter. On 15 Dec. 1977, while both spacecraft were in the asteroid belt, Voyager 1 surpassed Voyager 2's distance from the Sun.\n\nSeveral months after launch, in April 1978, Voyager 2's primary radio receiver failed, automatically kicking in the backup receiver which proved to be faulty. Attempts to recover the use of the primary receiver failed and the backup receiver was used for the remainder of the mission. Although use of the backup receiver made communication with the spacecraft more difficult, engineers were able to find workarounds.\n\nVoyager 2 proceeded with its primary mission and flew by Jupiter (closest approach on 09 July 1979) and Saturn (05 Aug. 1981). During these flybys, Voyager 2 obtained images roughly equal in number to Voyager 1 (18,000 at Jupiter, 16,000 at Saturn).\n\nVoyager 2's launch date had preserved one part of the original Grand Tour design, i.e. the possibility of an extended mission to Uranus and Neptune. Despite the difficulties encountered, scientists and engineers had been able to make Voyager enormously successful. As a result, approval was granted to extend the mission, first to Uranus, then to Neptune and later to continue observations well past Neptune. Voyager 2 made successful flybys of Uranus (24 Jan. 1986) and Neptune (25 Aug. 1989). Because of the additional distance of these two planets, adaptations had to made to accomodate the lower light levels and decreased communications. Voyager 2 was successfully able to obtain about 8,000 images of Uranus and its satellites. Additional improvements in the on-board software and use of image compression techniques allowed about 10,000 images of Neptune and its satellites to be taken.\n\nAll of the experiments on Voyager 2 have produced useful data. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VOYAGER 2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: VOYAGER 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Mariner Jupiter/Saturn B\n Short_Name: 10271\n Short_Name: 1977-076A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-06\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1977-076A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/voyager.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-08-20\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b3df542-ec26-4460-b26b-b0e195baae76", - "label": "PIONEER 11", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", - "definition": "Pioneer 11 was launched on 5 April 1973, like Pioneer 10, on top of an\nAtlas/Centaur/TE364-4 launch vehicle. After safe passage through the Asteroid\nbelt on 19 April 1974, the Pioneer 11 thrusters were fired to add another 63.7\nm/sec (210 ft/sec) to the spacecraft's velocity. This adjusted the aiming point\nat Jupiter to 43,000 km (26,725 miles) above the cloudtops. The close approach\nalso allowed the spacecraft to be accelerated by Jupiter to a velocity 55 times\nthat of the muzzle velocity of a high speed rifle bullet - 173,000 km/hr\n(108,000 mph) - so that it would be carried across the Solar System some 2.4\nbillion kilometers (1.5 billion miles) to Saturn.\n\nDuring its flyby of Jupiter on 2 December 1974, Pioneer 11 obtained dramatic\nimages of the Great Red Spot, made the first observation of the immense polar\nregions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon, Callisto.\n\nLooping high above the ecliptic plane and across the Solar System, Pioneer 11\nraced toward its appointment with Saturn on 1 September 1979. Pioneer 11 flew\nto within 13,000 miles of Saturn and took the first close-up pictures of the\nplanet. Instruments located two previously undiscovered small moons and an\nadditional ring, charted Saturn's magnetosphere and magnetic field and found\nits planet-size moon, Titan, to be too cold for life. Hurtling underneath the\nring plane, Pioneer 11 sent back amazing pictures of Saturn's rings. The rings,\nwhich normally seem bright when observed from Earth, appeared dark in the\nPioneer pictures, and the dark gaps in the rings seen from Earth appeared as\nbright rings.\n\nFollowing its encounter with Saturn, Pioneer 11 explored the outer regions of\nour Solar system, studying energetic particles from our Sun (Solar Wind) and\ncosmic rays entering our portion of the Milky Way. In September 1995, Pioneer\n11 was at a distance of 6.5 billion km (4 billion miles) from Earth. At that\ndistance, it takes over 6 hours for the radio signal (which is traveling at the\nspeed of light) to reach Earth. However, by September 1995, Pioneer 11 could no\nlonger make any scientific observations. On 30 September 1995, routine daily\nmission operations were stopped. Intermittent contact continued until November\n1995, at which time the last communication with Pioneer 11 took place. There\nhave been no communications with Pioneer 11 since. The Earth's motion has\ncarried it out of the view of the spacecraft antenna. The spacecraft cannot be\nmaneuvered to point back at the Earth. It is not known whether the spacecraft\nis still transmitting a signal. No further tracks of Pioneer 11 are scheduled. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: PIONEER 11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Pioneer-G\n Short_Name: 06421\n Short_Name: 1973-019A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1973-019A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1973-04-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA/Ames\n Primary_Sponsor: TRW\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fc65dd8-ff85-4ca3-a9df-40a8c33b7c2f", - "label": "PIONEER 10", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", - "definition": "Pioneer 10 was launched on 2 March 1972 on top of an Atlas/Centaur/TE364-4\nlaunch vehicle. The launch marked the first use of the Atlas-Centaur as a\nthree-stage launch vehicle. The third stage was required to rocket Pioneer 10\nto the speed of 51,810 kilometers per hour (32,400 mph) needed for the flight\nto Jupiter. This made Pioneer the fastest manmade object to leave the Earth,\nfast enough to pass the Moon in 11 hours and to cross the Mars orbit, about 80\nmillion kilometers (50 million miles) away, in just 12 weeks.\n\nOn 15 July 1972 Pioneer 10 entered the Asteroid Belt, a doughnut shaped area\nwhich measures some 280 million kilometers wide and 80 million kilometers\nthick. The material in the belts travels at speed about 20 km/sec. and ranges\nin size from dust particles to rock chunks as big as Alaska.\n\nAfter safely traversing the Asteroid Belt, Pioneer 10 headed toward Jupiter.\nAccelerated by the massive giant to a speed of 132,000 km/hr (82,000 mph),\nPioneer 10 passed by Jupiter within 130,354 km (81,000 miles) of the cloudtops\non December 3, 1973. During the passage by Jupiter, Pioneer 10 obtained the\nfirst close-up images of the planet, charted Jupiter's intense radiation belts,\nlocated the planet's magnetic field, and discovered that Jupiter is\npredominantly a liquid planet.\n\nFollowing its encounter with Jupiter, Pioneer 10 explored the outer regions of\nthe Solar system, studying energetic particles from the Sun (Solar Wind), and\ncosmic rays entering our portion of the Milky Way. The spacecraft continued to\nmake valuable scientific investigations in the outer regions of the solar\nsystem until its science mission ended on March 31, 1997. Since that time,\nPioneer 10's weak signal has been tracked by the DSN as part of an advanced\nconcept study of communication technology in support of NASA's future\ninterstellar probe mission. The spacecraft had also been used to help train\nflight controllers how to acquire radio signals from space during the Lunar\nProspector mission. The power source on Pioneer 10 finally degraded to the\npoint where the signal to Earth dropped below the threshold for detection in\nits latest contact attempt on 7 February, 2003. The previous three contacts had\nvery faint signals with no telemetry received. The last time a Pioneer 10\ncontact returned telemetry data was on 27 April 2002. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: PIONEER 10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Pioneer-F\n Short_Name: 05860\n Short_Name: 1972-012A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-03-02\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA/Ames\n Primary_Sponsor: TRW\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1daac324-8de1-49d1-b8ca-e221f5e33a1b", - "label": "LUNOKHOD", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", - "definition": "Luna 17 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards the Moon and entered lunar orbit on November 15, 1970. The spacecraft soft landed on the Moon in the Sea of Rains. The spacecraft had dual ramps by which the payload, Lunokhod 1, descended to the lunar surface. Lunokhod 1 was a lunar vehicle formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently powered wheels. Lunokhod was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four television cameras, and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for soil density and mechanical property tests. An x-ray spectrometer, an x-ray telescope, cosmic-ray detectors, and a laser device were also included. The vehicle was powered by a solar cell array mounted on the underside of the lid. Lunokhod was intended to operate through three lunar days but actually operated for eleven lunar days. The operations of Lunokhod officially ceased on October 4, 1971, the anniversary of Sputnik 1. Lunokhod had traveled 10,540 m and had transmitted more than 20,000 TV pictures and more than 200 TV panoramas. It had also conducted more than 500 lunar soil tests.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LUNOKHOD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Short_Name: LUNOKHOD\n Long_Name: Lunar Retroreflector Array\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Luna 17\n Short_Name: Lunik 17\n Short_Name: Lunokhod 1\n Short_Name: 04691\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1970-095A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/thumbnail/spacecraft/luna17.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-11-10\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S.S.R\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", - "label": "LANDER", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", - "definition": "A spacecraft that descends towards, comes to rest on, the surface of an astronomical body. In contrast to an impact probe, which makes a hard landing that damages or destroys the probe upon reaching the surface, a lander makes a soft landing after which the probe remains functional.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "21d992d3-447f-4ae1-9ef2-088c736895c1", - "label": "VENERA-13", - "broader": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", - "definition": "VENERA Mission Description:\n\nVenera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take\nadvantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5\ndays apart. The Venera 13 mission consisted of a bus (81-106A)\nand an attached descent craft (81-106D). The Venera 13 descent\ncraft/lander was a hermetically sealed pressure vessel, which\ncontained most of the instrumentation and electronics, mounted\non a ring-shaped landing platform and topped by an antenna. The\ndesign was similar to the earlier Venera 9-12 landers. It\ncarried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements,\nmonitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric\ndischarges during its descent phase through the Venusian\natmosphere. The spacecraft utilized a camera system, an X-ray\nfluorescence spectrometer, a screw drill and surface sampler, a\ndynamic penetrometer, and a seismometer to conduct\ninvestigations on the surface. After launch and a four month\ncruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated from the bus and\nplunged into the Venus atmosphere on 1 March 1982. After\nentering the atmosphere a parachute was deployed. At an altitude\nof 47 km the parachute was released and simple airbraking was\nused the rest of the way to the surface. Venera 13 landed about\n950 km northeast of Venera 14 at 7 deg 30 min S, 303 E, just\neast of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as\nPhoebe Regio. The area was composed of bedrock outcrops\nsurrounded by dark, fine-grained soil. After landing an imaging\npanorama was started and a mechanical drilling arm reached to\nthe surface and obtained a sample, which was deposited in a\nhermetically sealed chamber, maintained at 30 degrees C and a\npressure of about .05 atmospheres. The composition of the sample\ndetermined by the X-ray flourescence spectrometer put it in the\nclass of weakly differentiated melanocratic alkaline\ngabbroids. The lander survived for 127 ! minutes (the planned\ndesign life was 32 minutes) in an environment with a temperature\nof 457 degrees C and a pressure of 84 Earth atmospheres. The\ndescent vehicle transmitted data to the bus, which acted as a\ndata relay as it flew by Venus.\n\nMore info at\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/mission_page/VN_Venera_13_Lander_page1.html\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VENERA-13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDER\n Short_Name: VENERA-13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: VENERA 13\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/venera1314.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/midres/v13_vg261_262.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-10-30\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95e65b17-0aa8-4146-999c-b807b42e8ad6", - "label": "VENERA-14", - "broader": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", - "definition": "Venera 14 Mission Description:\n\nVenera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take\nadvantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5\ndays apart. The Venera 14 mission consisted of a bus (81-110A)\nand an attached descent craft (81-110D). The Venera 14 descent\ncraft/lander was a hermetically sealed pressure vessel, which\ncontained most of the instrumentation and electronics, mounted\non a ring-shaped landing platform and topped by an antenna. The\ndesign was similar to the earlier Venera 9-12 landers. It\ncarried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements,\nmonitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric\ndischarges during its descent phase through the Venusian\natmosphere. The spacecraft utilized a camera system, an X-ray\nfluorescence spectrometer, a screw drill and surface sampler, a\ndynamic penetrometer, and a seismometer to conduct\ninvestigations on the surface. After launch and a four month\ncruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated from the bus and\nplunged into the Venus atmosphere on 5 March 1982. After\nentering the atmosphere a parachute was deployed. At an altitude\nof about 50 km the parachute was released and simple airbraking\nwas used the rest of the way to the surface. Venera 14 landed\nabout 950 km southwest of Venera 13 near the eastern flank of\nPhoebe Regio at 13 deg 15 min S by 310 E on a basaltic\nplain. After landing an imaging panorama was started and a\nmechanical drilling arm reached to the surface and obtained a\nsample, which was deposited in a hermetically sealed chamber,\nmaintained at 30 degrees C and a pressure of about .05\natmospheres. The composition of the sample was determined by the\nX-ray flourescence spectrometer, showing it to be similar to\noceanic tholeiitic basalts. The lander survived for 57 minutes\n(the planned design life was 32 minutes) in an environment with\na temperature of 465 degrees C and a pr! essure of 94 Earth\natmospheres. The descent vehicle transmitted data to the bus,\nwhich acted as a data relay as it.\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VENERA-14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDER\n Short_Name: VENERA-14\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/venera1314.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "label": "Earth Observation Satellites", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", - "definition": "Satellites that are specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, similar to spy satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc.The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take satellite images, analogous to aerial photographs; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in GNSS radio occultation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", - "label": "Sentinel-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PREFERRED TERMS: 1A, S1B, S1C, S1D, Sentinel-1\nDEFINITION\nSentinel-1 is the European Radar Observatory, representing the first new space component of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) satellite family, designed and developed by ESA and funded by the EC (European Commission). The Copernicus missions (Sentinel-1, -2, and -3) represent the EU contribution to GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems). Sentinel-1 is composed of a constellation of two satellites, Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B, sharing the same orbital plane with a 180° orbital phasing difference. The mission provides an independent operational capability for continuous radar mapping of the Earth with enhanced revisit frequency, coverage, timeliness and reliability for operational services and applications requiring long time series.\n\nBROADER CONCEPT: Earth Observation Satellite\nENTRY TERMS: SENTINEL-1\n\nNOTE: A,B,C,D\n\nHOSTS: SAR\nURI: https://earth.esa.int/concept/sentinel-1", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9940dbad-1a9a-4858-a0e8-af35b21277e2", - "label": "Sentinel-1B", - "broader": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", - "definition": "The SENTINEL-1 mission is the European Radar Observatory for the Copernicus joint initiative of the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Copernicus, previously known as GMES, is a European initiative for the implementation of information services dealing with environment and security. It is based on observation data received from Earth Observation satellites and ground-based information.\n\nThe SENTINEL-1 mission includes C-band imaging operating in four exclusive imaging modes with different resolution (down to 5 m) and coverage (up to 400 km). It provides dual polarisation capability, very short revisit times and rapid product delivery. For each observation, precise measurements of spacecraft position and attitude are available.\n\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has the advantage of operating at wavelengths not impeded by cloud cover or a lack of illumination and can acquire data over a site during day or night time under all weather conditions. SENTINEL-1, with its C-SAR instrument, can offer reliable, repeated wide area monitoring.\n\nThe mission is composed of a constellation of two satellites, SENTINEL-1A and SENTINEL-1B, sharing the same orbital plane.\n\nSENTINEL-1 is designed to work in a pre-programmed, conflict-free operation mode, imaging all global landmasses, coastal zones and shipping routes at high resolution and covering the global ocean with vignettes. This ensures the reliability of service required by operational services and a consistent long term data archive built for applications based on long time series.\n\nSource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Sentinel GMES\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 693 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-18\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/sentinel2_alcatel_M.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-04-03\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 7 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA/EU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7279e54-f7c1-4ee7-a957-719d6021a3f6", - "label": "Sentinel-1A", - "broader": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", - "definition": "The SENTINEL-1 mission is the European Radar Observatory for the Copernicus joint initiative of the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Copernicus, previously known as GMES, is a European initiative for the implementation of information services dealing with environment and security. It is based on observation data received from Earth Observation satellites and ground-based information.\n\nThe SENTINEL-1 mission includes C-band imaging operating in four exclusive imaging modes with different resolution (down to 5 m) and coverage (up to 400 km). It provides dual polarisation capability, very short revisit times and rapid product delivery. For each observation, precise measurements of spacecraft position and attitude are available.\n\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has the advantage of operating at wavelengths not impeded by cloud cover or a lack of illumination and can acquire data over a site during day or night time under all weather conditions. SENTINEL-1, with its C-SAR instrument, can offer reliable, repeated wide area monitoring.\n\nThe mission is composed of a constellation of two satellites, SENTINEL-1A and SENTINEL-1B, sharing the same orbital plane.\n\nSENTINEL-1 is designed to work in a pre-programmed, conflict-free operation mode, imaging all global landmasses, coastal zones and shipping routes at high resolution and covering the global ocean with vignettes. This ensures the reliability of service required by operational services and a consistent long term data archive built for applications based on long time series.\n\nSource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Sentinel GMES\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 693 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-18\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/sentinel2_alcatel_M.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-04-03\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 7 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA/EU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", - "label": "PREFIRE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year). The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics. Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured. PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE. https://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "478b9bfa-ec10-4c17-98c4-0941a79cc4bd", - "label": "PREFIRE-SAT2", - "broader": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", - "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year). The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics. Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured. PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE. https://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffb2314a-d470-4ede-bb2a-46558a38a70c", - "label": "PREFIRE-SAT1", - "broader": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", - "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year). The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics. Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured. PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE. https://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "02db0949-495c-4579-8ff5-d1a9079c88b7", - "label": "MTSAT-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", - "label": "Echo", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6e2adc45-a039-46cb-b8e5-e4743df7e656", - "label": "ECHO-2", - "broader": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", - "definition": "The Echo 2 spacecraft was a 41-m balloon of aluminum foil-mylar\n laminate. Echo 2 was designed as a rigidized passive communications\n spacecraft for testing propagation, tracking, and communication\n techniques. Instrumentation included a beacon telemetry system that\n provided a tracking signal, monitored spacecraft skin temperature\n between -120 deg C and +16 deg C, and measured the internal pressure\n of the spacecraft between 5E-5 mm of mercury and 0.5 mm of mercury,\n especially during the initial inflation stages. This system, which\n consisted of two beacon assemblies, used solar cell panels for power\n and had a minimum power output of 45 mW at 136.17 MHz and 136.02 MHz.\n In addition to fulfilling its communications mission, the spacecraft\n was used for global geometric geodesy. The spacecraft re-entered the\n atmosphere on June 7, 1969.\n\n [Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ECHO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ECHO\n Short_Name: ECHO-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 81.5 degrees\n Perigee: 1029 km\n Apogee: 1316 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-24\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/echoQL.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-01-25\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b532124-c5a7-40c7-9788-a61ff1295363", - "label": "ECHO-1", - "broader": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", - "definition": "The Echo satellites were NASA's first experimental communications satellite project. Each spacecraft was a large metallized balloon designed to act as a passive communications reflector to bounce communication signals transmitted from one point on Earth to another. Following the failure of the launch vehicle carrying Echo 1, Echo 1A (commonly referred to as Echo 1) was successfully orbited, and was used to redirect transcontinental and intercontinental telephone, radio, and television signals. The success of Echo 1A proved that microwave transmission to and from satellites in space was understood and demonstrated the promise of communications satellites. The vehicle also provided data for the calculation of atmospheric density and solar pressure due to its large area-to-mass ratio. Echo 1A was visible to the unaided eye over most of the Earth (brighter than most stars) and was probably seen by more people than any other man-made object in space. Echo 2 continued the passive communications experiments, and also investigated the dynamics of large spacecraft and was used for global geometric geodesy. Although NASA abandonded passive communications systems in favor of active satellites following Echo 2, the Echo systems demonstrated several ground station and tracking technologies that would be used by active systems. Echo 1A reentered on May 24, 1968 followed by Echo 2 on June 7, 1969. \n\nSpacecraft \n\n1, 1A: each was a 30.5 m diameter balloon made of 0.0127 mm thick mylar polyester film. A set of 107.9-MHz beacon transmitters were carried for telemetry. The transmitters were powered by five nickel-cadmium batteries that were charged by 70 solar cells mounted on the balloon. 2: a 41.1 m diameter mylar balloon that used an improved inflation system to improve the balloon's smoothness and sphericity. Instrumentation included temperature sensors to monitor the balloon's skin temperature and pressure sensors to monitor the balloon's internal pressure. A beacon system, consisting of two transmitter assemblies, provided tracking and telemetry signals. The beacon system used solar cell panels for power and had a minimum power output of 45 mW at 136.17 MHz and 136.02 MHz. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ECHO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ECHO\n Short_Name: ECHO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 47.1999 degrees\n Perigee: 1524 km\n Apogee: 1684 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/echoQL.html\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/echo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1960-08-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", - "label": "Cosmos", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A series of uncrewed Soviet and then Russian satellites launched from the early 1960s to the present day. As of 2020 there were 2,544 satellites in the series. The first was launched on March 16, 1962. Kosmos satellites were used for a wide variety of purposes, including scientific research, navigation, and military reconnaissance. In the Soviet years, failures of probes in other programs were given a Kosmos number. Kosmos 26 and 49 (both launched in 1964), for example, were equipped to measure Earth’s magnetic field. Others were employed to study certain technical aspects of spaceflight as well as physical phenomena in Earth’s upper atmosphere and in deep space. A number of them—such as Kosmos 597, 600, and 602—were apparently used to collect intelligence on the Yom Kippur War (the fourth Arab-Israeli war) in October 1973. Some Kosmos spacecraft had the ability to intercept satellites launched by other nations. Other Kosmos satellites have proved much more notable for how their missions ended. Kosmos 954, a Soviet navy satellite powered by a nuclear reactor, crashed in the Northwest Territories of Canada on January 24, 1978, scattering radioactive debris. The first collision that destroyed an operational satellite happened on February 10, 2009, when Kosmos 2251, an inactive Russian military communications satellite, collided with Iridium 33, a communications satellite owned by the American company Motorola, about 760 km (470 miles) above northern Siberia, shattering both satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04bda92c-0e4f-4e60-82d0-2242b14ce0c4", - "label": "COSMOS 1500", - "broader": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", - "definition": "The Cosmos-1500 spacecraft was launched on 28 September 1983, in Plesetsk, U.S.S.R.. Cosmos-1500 was a precursor to the operational Russian Okean ('Ocean') series of oceanographic remote sensing missions. Cosmos-1500 was launched into a 649 x 679 km orbit at 82.6 deg. inclination. The Cosmos-1500 tested new sensors and methods of data collection and processing. Cosmos-1500 had the capability of overlapping and processing images from its sensors. Data from Cosmos-1500 were sent directly to ships or automated data receiving stations and was applied in navigation in northern oceans. The instrument complement was highlighted by an all-weather X-band Side-Looking Real Aperature radar (SLRAR) operating at 9.5 GHz. other instruments included a multispectral scanner (MSL), a scanning high-frequency radiometer (SHF), and transponders for collecting data from ice and buoy transmitters.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: COSMOS 1500\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: COSMOS\n Short_Name: COSMOS 1500\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: COSMOS 1500\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 82.5 degrees \n Period: 95.8 min \n Perigee: 546 km \n Apogee: 565 km \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.n2yo.com/satellite.php?s=14372\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-09-28 \n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8491e067-951e-4cba-9619-d376b5c628a0", - "label": "COSMOS 49", - "broader": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", - "definition": "The rocket was launched from Plesetsk Space Center, 800\nkilometers northeast of Moscow, and successfully brought the\nsatellites on board, including OHB?s micro-satellite\nRUBIN-4-dsi, into their respective orbits. OHB, via its\nsubsidiary COSMOS International Satellitenstart GmbH, organized\nand carried out the services associated with the launch of South\nKorean research satellite KAISTSAT-4, which was also on board.\n\nThe orbital telematics experiment Rubin-4-dsi developed by OHG\nis located on the upper stage of the COSMOS and transmits\ninformation on the rocket?s acceleration, vibration load and\nposition. Rubin will transmit this information to earth via\ne-mail using the Orbcomm satellite communications system. In\nthis way, it will be possible to track the rocket in orbit\nreliably and without any data loss.\n\nRUBIN-4-dsi is the fourth micro-satellite from the RUBIN series\ndeveloped and maintained by OHB. The first was launched in July\n2000 and transmitted approximately 1,600 e-mails with measuring\ndata from outer space. RUBIN-2, a much more complex follow-up\nmodel, and RUBIN-3 came at the end of 2002.\n\nAmong other things, RUBIN communications technology can in\nfuture be used for communicating with satellites orbiting close\nto the earth without any data loss. Moreover, RUBIN can provide\nearly information on whether a satellite was successfully put\ninto orbit.\n\nFor further information please contact:\n\nDanela Sell\nOHB-System AG\nCommunication & Public Relations\nfon: +49.421.2020-620\nfax: +49.421.2020-700\nmail: dsell@ohb-system.de\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.fuchs-gruppe.com/ohb-system/News/presse/2709_03.html'", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c52630e-cc77-42ab-b1ae-cb736486200e", - "label": "EXPLORER", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84d39d18-7ae4-4f86-9626-694de58da933", - "label": "EXPLORER-9", - "broader": "0c52630e-cc77-42ab-b1ae-cb736486200e", - "definition": "Explorer 9 was the first in a series of 3.66-m inflatable spheres placed into orbit solely for the determination of atmospheric densities. The spacecraft consisted of alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic film. Uniformly distributed over the aluminum surface were 5.1-cm dots of white paint for thermal control. Explorer 9 carried a 136-MHz beacon for tracking purposes. The beacon failed on the first orbit however, and the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network had to be relied upon for tracking. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere on April 9, 1964.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Balloons/Rockets\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 9\n Long_Name: Air Density Balloon\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer-9\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n Short_Name: OPTICAL TRACKING\n Short_Name: SATELLITE RADIO BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 38.91degrees\n Perigee: 545 km\n Apogee: 2225 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1961-004A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1961-02-16\n Launch_Site: Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0df25660-c2e5-4186-952e-c1fc53ab8ea3", - "label": "Pleiades Neo", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Pléiades Neo is a constellation of four identical satellites at 30cm native resolution. The constellation is 100% funded by Airbus group, it was manufactured by Space Systems and operated by Intelligence.\nThe satellites are positioned at 620km altitude, operated as a genuine constellation on the same orbit and phased at 90° from each other and hence offer an intraday revisit capacity anywhere on Earth (at least twice a day) and an acquisition capacity of 2M km² per day (with four satellites). The location accuracy is 3.5m CE90 (native). The satellites are equipped with two new spectral bands: red-edge for crop and vegetation monitoring, and deep blue for bathymetry applications. The satellites are also equipped by Laser Communication Terminals through the SpaceDataHighway (EDRS) allowing reactive tasking.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0df95c0e-77a5-46b5-94f4-3e5ae1391450", - "label": "Sentinel-6", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The main purpose of the SENTINEL-6 mission will provide long-term continuity of the satellite altimetry measurement (sea surface height) from the TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON-1, JASON-2, and JASON-3 missions and to extend the climate data record whilst improving measurement precision and accuracy.\n\n \n\nThe SENTINEL-6 Mission Guide provides a high-level description of the mission objectives; satellite description, including payloads, orbit characteristics, coverage and data products. It also covers an introduction to heritage missions.\n\n \n\nThe mission is being developed by a multi-agency partnership comprising ESA, EU, EUMETSAT, NASA-JPL, NOAA and CNES. ESA is responsible for the SENTINEL-6 (JASON-CS) space segment development with Airbus Space and Defence GmbH as a prime contractor.\n\n \n\nThis Mision Guide provides imformation on the following areas:\n\n \n\nOverview\n\nThis section gives a brief description of the spacecraft, including its payload, the heritage missions (TOPEX/POSEIDON and JASON missions), the main improvements compared to previous altimeters, the main thematic areas and services (e.g. ocean, land) and a summary of the complete mission details. It also provides information about the different agencies involved in the mission.\n\n \n\nMission Objectives\n\nThis section describes the primary and secondary objectives of the SENTINEL-6 mission.\n\n \n\nSatellite Orbit and geographical coverage\n\nThis section describes orbit characteristics and the geographical coverage.\n\n \n\nGround Segment\n\nThis section describes the Sentinel Core Ground Segment and its main facilities.\n\n \n\nInstrumental Payload\n\nThis section describes the main instruments of the SENTINEL-6 mission: Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter (POSEIDON-4), MicroWave Radiometer (AMR-C) and Precise Orbit Determination (POD) instruments (DORIS and GNSS-POD) and the secondary GNSS-RO for radio occultation instrument.\n\n \n\nData Products\n\nThis section defines all data products planned for the SENTINEL-6 mission.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f0f5178-9d7a-41ae-8f04-d6262415c30c", - "label": "Sentinel-6A", - "broader": "0df95c0e-77a5-46b5-94f4-3e5ae1391450", - "definition": "The Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich radar altimeter mission is part of the Copernicus Programme, with the objective of providing high-precision measurements of global sea-level in the 2020–2030 time-frame (expected launch November 2020). A secondary objective is to collect high resolution vertical profiles of temperature, using the GNSS Radio-Occultation sounding technique, to assess temperature changes in the troposphere and stratosphere and to support Numerical Weather Prediction.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "11212d0c-dd70-46ff-9082-ce3e44a49280", - "label": "MONITOR-E", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Monitor-E is a Russian Earth observation mission of KhSC (Khrunichev Space Center) on a small-class generic satellite series. The spacecraft was also designed and developed by KhSC of Moscow.\n\nThe Monitor-E mission represents the first operational use of the newly developed modular and multipurpose Yakhta platform, intended for use in various remote sensing, communications, and space research applications.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized using the generic Yakhta platform with a launch mass of 750 kg. The attitude pointing accuracy is 0.1º, the attitude rate control accuracy is 0.001º/s (angular drift). Power of 1200 W (max at EOL) is provided by two solar panels. The spacecraft features a cross-track pointing capability of ±30º from nadir by using a flywheel system, thereby providing a FOR (Field of Regard) for observation coverage considerably beyond that of the nominal swath width. This new S/C agility is provided by the introduction of a CMG (Control Moment Gyro) subsystem, an actuator within the ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem), developed by Russian industry. KhSC refers to the ADCS as ICS (Integrated Control System). The S/C system design life is 5 years.\n\nNote: The Monitor-E spacecraft is of Monitor-E heritage (same name of previous and current missions) which was launched on June 30, 2003 from Plesetsk on a Rockot KS vehicle. On this flight, Monitor-E functioned as a mock-up (or prototype) spacecraft of KhSC with a mass of 700 kg. The spacecraft Monitor-E remained attached to the upper stage of the launch vehicle, it was used for demonstration purposes. \n\nRF communications: The payload data are being received in X-band by ground stations of federal, regional, and local levels in Russia. An effort is being made to acquire the data in near real-time in support of fast reaction response applications.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous near-circular orbit: mean altitude = 540 km, inclination = 97.5º.\n\nLaunch: A launch of Monitor-E took place on Aug. 26, 2005 on a Rockot Breeze-KM launch vehicle of Eurockot Launch Services from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia.\n\nMission status: Monitor-E is operational as of 2007. So far, the spacecraft has collected imagery of more than 80 million km2.\n\n• After launch and orbit insertion, the spacecraft experienced initial attitude control problems (flight controllers lost contact with the satellite). However, the flight controllers have regained control of Monitor-E, all systems are operating nominally and the spacecraft is in the commissioning phase as of early November 2005 (the checkout phase is estimated to last for up to 6 months to test the new components of the platform and the payload - and to conduct various operational experiments).\n\n• In Sept. 2006, Monitor-E experienced a malfunction of its ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem). After analysis of the problem nature, a software work-around procedure was developed and successfully installed onboard.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MONITOR-E\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MONITOR-E-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Monitor Experimental\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 540 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.5 degrees\n Period: 95.2 minutes\n Perigee: 532.0 km\n Apogee: 539.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=11116\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-08-26\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Khrunichev Space Center, Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", - "label": "Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) was the first international space platform dedicated to Earth environmental research developed and managed by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) (The Japanese call her MIDORI).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "359bcfa1-966f-4d2b-a48d-ac12165d250f", - "label": "ADEOS-I", - "broader": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", - "definition": "ADEOS (ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite), developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA. It was the largest satellite Japan has ever developed, having dimensions of 4 x 4 x 5 m. When antenna and the solar array paddle (approx. 3 x 24 m) were deployed, it had a span of 11m in the flight direction and 29 m in the perpendicular direction.It had a launch mass of approximatly 3500 kg and an in-orbit power generation capability of approximatly 4500W.\nThe spacecraft consisted of a mission module and a bus module.The bus module was made of thermally, electrically and mechanically independent units, including the Communications and Data Handling Subsystem, the Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS), the Attitude and Orbital Control Subsystem (AOCS) and the reaction Control Subsystem (RCS) for orbital maneuvers.\n\nThe mission module carried 8 instruments : Two core sensor developped by JAXA : AVNIR (Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer) and OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Temperature Sensor).Six Annoncement of Opportunity (AO) sensors : NSACT (NASA SCATterometer), TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectometer), POLDER (POlarization and Directionality of the Earth'Reflectance), IMG (Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases), ILAS (Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer), RIS (Retroreflector In Space).ADEOS-1 has been launched in August 1996 by H-II launcher from Tanegashima Space Center. Ninety seconds after liftoff, the solid rocket boosters separated from the H-II vehicle and 6 minutes after liftoff, the first stage separated. Then 16 minutes after liftoff, ADEOS-1 separated from the second stage. ADEOS-1 was lost on June 1997, the 30th, due to a solar panel cable breaking.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ADEOS-I\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n Long_Name: Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-I\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: POLDER-1\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Short_Name: RIS\n Short_Name: OCTS\n Short_Name: NSCAT\n Short_Name: IMG\n Short_Name: ILAS\n Short_Name: AVNIR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 797 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/adeos/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-08-17\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d00fc17-cf10-4d1b-b871-07099d0b728a", - "label": "ADEOS-II", - "broader": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", - "definition": "ADEOS (ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite), developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA. ADEOS-II, the successor to ADEOS, has been developed to advance Earth observation technologies. It acquires data to help researchers understand the mechanism of the global environmental changes such as global warming and to support meteorology and fishery activities.It is equipped with two JAXA sensors (AMSR and GLI) and three sensors provided by international and domestic partners (ILAS-II, SeaWinds Scatterometer and POLDER).ADEOS-II is expected to provide the data necessary for us to understand the circulation of water, energy, and carbon in order to contribute to studies on global environmental changes. ADEOS-II has been launched in December 2002 by H-II launcher from Tanegashima Space Center and was lost on October 2003, the 24th.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ADEOS-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n Long_Name: Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Midori 2\n Short_Name: 27597\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n Short_Name: POLDER-2\n Short_Name: ILAS II\n Short_Name: GLI\n Short_Name: AMSR\n Short_Name: ACATS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 802.92km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.62 degrees\n Period: 101 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 4 days\n Perigee: 806.0 km\n Apogee: 807.0 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > SEMI-SYNCHRONOUS > GEODETIC/SPACE ENVIRONMENT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/adeos2/\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/\n Sample_Image: http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/ADEOS2/over/image/adeos22.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-12-14\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "149dcad2-bf7c-4c0c-bb53-5ae32d71ecfb", - "label": "STELLA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Stella was a 48 kg French satellite that was launched along with\nSPOT 3. It was a dense sphere of uranium alloy with 60 laser\nreflectors on the surface. Reflected laser beams enabled\naccurate geodetic measurements for the determination, with an\naccuracy of 1 cm, of the geoid, of oceanic and terrestrial\ntides, and of tectonic movements. It joined its still\noperational twin, Starlette, that was launched in 1975.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA0", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", - "label": "Advanced Technology Satellite (ATS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The overall objective of the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) program was to investigate and flight-test technological developments common to a number of satellite applications. Each of six ATS spacecraft carried a variety of communications, meteorology, and scientific experiments, in addition to providing a platform for evaluating three different kinds of spacecraft stabilization systems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1190ffd3-586f-46a5-bf9b-e7bf16281edd", - "label": "ATS-2", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", - "definition": "ATS 2 was launched in April 1967 and was a medium altitude,\ngravity-gradient-stabilized spacecraft designed to (1) test new concepts in\nspacecraft design, propulsion, and stabilization, (2) take high-quality\ncloudcover pictures, (3) provide in situ measurements of the aerospace\nenvironment, and (4) test improved communication systems. The\ncylindrically-shaped spacecraft measured 142 cm in diameter and 183 cm in\nlength. The primary structural members were a corrugated thrust tube with\nhoneycombed bulkheads secured to each end. Equipment components and payload\nwere externally mounted on the outer surface of the thrust tube as well as on a\nstructure that slid into the interior of the thrust tube. Electric power was\nprovided by two solar arrays mounted on either end of the spacecraft's outer\nshell and by two rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Extending radially\noutward from the side of the spacecraft were four 28.2 m adjustable\ngravity-gradient booms. The spacecraft telemetry system consisted of four\n2.1-W transmitters (two at 136.47 MHz and two at 137.35 MHz), in addition to a\nmicrowave communications experiment.\n\nThis satellite carried a particle telescope, omnidirectional proton and\nelectron detectors, advanced vidicon camera system, and a electron magnetic\ndeflection spectrometer. The second stage of the ATS 2 launch vehicle failed\nto ignite resulting in an unplanned elliptical orbit. Stresses induced by this\norbit eventually induced spacecraft tumbling. In spite of these conditions\nuseful data were obtained from some of the experiments, most notably the\ncosmic-ray and particle experiments and the field detection experiments. The\nsatellite reentered the atmosphere on September 2, 1969.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ATS (Advanced Technology Satellite)\n Short_Name: ATS-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ats2.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/a/ats2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-04-06\n Design_Life: 3 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f78a0f6-bd07-4cbf-9e13-4ad44aeb4ac3", - "label": "ATS-1", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", - "definition": "ATS 1 was launched in December 1966 and was the first in a series of\ngeostationary satellites to be used in a research mode, while also\ndemonstrating communications satellite technology. It was designed for the\npurpose of (1) testing new concepts in spacecraft design, propulsion, and\nstabilization, (2) collecting high-quality cloudcover pictures and relaying\nprocessed meteorological data via an earth-synchronous satellite, (3) providing\nin situ measurements of the aerospace environment, and (4) testing improved\ncommunication systems. The spin-stabilized spacecraft was cylindrically shaped\nand measured 135 cm long and 142 cm in diameter. The primary structural\nmembers were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. Support rods\nextended radially outward from the thrust tube. Solar panels were affixed to\nthe support rods and formed the outer walls of the spacecraft. In addition to\nsolar panels, the spacecraft was equipped with two rechargeable nickel-cadmium\nbatteries to provide electrical power. Equipment components and payload were\nmounted in the annular space between the thrust tube and solar panels.\nThis satellite carried a spin scan cloudcover camera, particle telescope,\nbiaxal fluxgate magnetometer, suprathermal ion detector, omnidirectional\nspectrometer, weather facsimile data relay system, and VHF, telemetry and\ncommand antennas. Spacecraft guidance and orbital corrections were\naccomplished by a 2.3 kg hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine thrusters, which were\nactivated by ground command. The satellite was initially placed at 151.16\ndegrees West over the Pacific Ocean in a geosynchronous orbit. In general,\nmost of the experiments were successful. Data coverage was nominal until about\n1970, after which limited real-time data acquisition was carried out by NOAA\nuntil the May 1974 launch of SMS 1. Limited ATS 1 data acquisition was started\nby NASA at about that time for ATS 1 - ATS 6 correlative studies. The\nspacecraft served as a communications satellite for a number of state, federal,\nand public organizations. It continued to operate at its final longitude of\n164 degress East until September 1983, when the spacecraft was moved out of the\ngeostationary orbit.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6988684a-7e7c-48a7-a1c3-2586dddd1fd4", - "label": "ATS-3", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", - "definition": "ATS 3 was launched in November 1967 and was one of a series of spacecraft\ndesigned to demonstrate the utility and feasibility of a variety of\ntechnological and scientific activities that could be carried out by an\nearth-synchronous spacecraft. Of the 11 experiments on board, 8 were\ntechnological engineering experiments concerned with navigation,\ncommunications, and spacecraft operation equipment; 2 were photographic imaging\nexperiments that produced near real-time daylight pictures of the\nearth-atmosphere system; and the remaining experiment was an ionospheric\nbeacon. The spin-stabilized spacecraft was cylindrically shaped and measured\n180 cm in length and 142 cm in diameter. The primary structural members were\na honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. Support rods extended radially\noutward from the thrust tube and were affixed to solar panels which formed the\nouter walls of the spacecraft. Equipment components and payload were mounted\nin the annular space between the thrust tube and solar panels. In addition to\nsolar panels, the spacecraft was equipped with two rechargeable nickel-cadmium\nbatteries to provide electrical power.\n\nThis satellite supported an image dissector camera, multicolor spin scan\ncloud cover camera, weather facsimile data relay system, omega position and\nlocation equipment designed to demonstrate the feasibility of using the NAVY's\nOmega Navigation System, and VHF, telemetry, and command antennas. Spacecraft\nguidance and orbital corrections were accomplished by 2.3 kg hydrogen peroxide\nand hydrazine thrusters, which were activated by ground command. Initially\nplaced at 48 degrees West over the Atlantic Ocean in a geosynchronous orbit,\nthe satellite position later varied between 45 and 95 degrees West in support\nof meteorological operations. In general, the various experiments were\nsuccessful.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ATS (Advanced Technology Satellite)\n Short_Name: ATS-3\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Satellite-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Advanced Tech. Sat. 3\n Short_Name: 03029\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1967-111A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-11-05 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb8e56df-863a-41a6-a389-237a9725ae8b", - "label": "ATS-4", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", - "definition": "ATS 4 was launched in August 1968 and was a gravity-gradient-stabilized\nspacecraft designed to (1) test new concepts in spacecraft design, propulsion,\nand stabilization, (2) take high-quality cloud cover pictures, (3) provide in\nsitu measurements of the aerospace environment, and (4) test improved\ncommunication systems while in earth-synchronous orbit. The\ncylindrically-shaped spacecraft measured 142 cm in diameter and 183 cm in\nlength. The primary structural members were a corrugated thrust tube with\nhoneycombed bulkheads secured to each end. Equipment components and payload\nwere externally mounted on the outer surface of the thrust tube as well as on a\nstructure that slid into the interior of the thrust tube. Electric power was\nprovided by two solar arrays mounted on either end of the spacecraft's outer\nshell and by two rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Extending radially\noutward from the side of the spacecraft were four 28.2 m adjustable\ngravity-gradient booms. The spacecraft telemetry system consisted of four\n2.1-W transmitters, (two at 136.47 MHz and two at 137.35 MHz), in addition to a\nmicrowave communications experiment.\n\nThis satellite featured an image orthicon (day/night) camera for the purpose of\ndetermining the feasibility of simultaneous day/night imaging of cloud cover\npatterns from an earth-synchronous spacecraft. The second stage of the launch\nvehicle failed to to ignite, and the planned synchronous orbit was not\nachieved. The spacecraft and its Centaur booster rocket were left attached\ntogether in a parking orbit. In spite of the anomalistic attitude, some of the\nexperiments did perform successfully before the satellite and its attached\nrocket booster reentered the earth's atmosphere on October 17, 1968. The\nprimary objective of inserting a gravity-gradient-stabilized spacecraft into a\ngeosynchronous orbit was not accomplished.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ATS (Advanced Technology Satellite)\n Short_Name: ATS-4\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Satellite-4\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ats4.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-08-10\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "14bedb8d-7d18-4ae6-9882-9cf87bd3824e", - "label": "CORONA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "CORONA is the first operational space photo reconnaissance\nsatellite. President Dwight David Eisenhower approved the\nproject in Febuary 1958. The project was conceived to take\npictures in space of the Soviet Bloc countries and de-orbit\nthe photographic film for processing and exploitation.\n\nSatellite Characteristics:\n\nOBJECTIVES:\n- Annual and Semi-Annual Search\n- Priority Targets\n- Mapping, Charting and Geodesy\n\nPAYLOAD DATA:\n- Two convergent, F/3.5, 24. in FL Pan Cameras\n- Stellar-Terrain Camera\n- 2 1,500 FT x 70mm FILM\n- Frame Size 7.4 x 119 NM\n- Resolution 6-10 FT\n- Coverage 7 Million SQ NM/Mission\n- Two Recovery Vehicles\n\nORBITAL DATA:\n- Inclination 60-110 DEG\n- Average Perigee 100 NM\n- Average Apogee 150 NM\n- Mission Life: 10 days\n\nBOOSTER:\n- Thorad / Agenda\n\nAdditional inforamtion available at\n'http://www.nro.gov/corona/sysinfo2.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the National Reconnaissance Office]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", - "label": "SAOCOM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) satellite series represents Argentina's approved polarimetric L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) constellation of two spacecraft, a program defined, managed and operated by CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina's Space Agency, Buenos Aires. The SAOCOM-1 mission is composed of two satellites (SAOCOM-1A and -1B). The overall objective of is to provide an effective Earth observation and disaster monitoring capability.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0aea2992-f0c0-4799-9191-8b733aec8a96", - "label": "SAOCOM-1B", - "broader": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", - "definition": "The SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) satellite series represents Argentina's approved polarimetric L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) constellation of two spacecraft, a program defined, managed and operated by CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina's Space Agency, Buenos Aires. The SAOCOM-1 mission is composed of two satellites (SAOCOM-1A and -1B). The overall objective of is to provide an effective Earth observation and disaster monitoring capability.\n\nSAOCOM 1-B is expected to be launched in 2019, followed by another two satellites as part of the SAOCOM 2 series, which will have the experiences collected from the first mission built in. Both INVAP and CONAE have ample experience in designing satellites and in space missions, as they developed the SAC-B, SAC-A, SAC-C and SAC-D Aquarius satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "804292cd-616b-491b-a477-7954368104b6", - "label": "SAOCOM-1A", - "broader": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", - "definition": "The SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) satellite series represents Argentina's approved polarimetric L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) constellation of two spacecraft, a program defined, managed and operated by CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina's Space Agency, Buenos Aires. The SAOCOM-1 mission is composed of two satellites (SAOCOM-1A and -1B). The overall objective of is to provide an effective Earth observation and disaster monitoring capability.\n\nSAOCOM -1A features six computers that work in synchronicity; the spacecraft has a mass of 3,000 kg. Its antenna, designed in central Cordoba province, is composed of 140 smaller antennas. As many as 600 Argentine professionals have been working on the $500 million-satellite since 2011.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "16d6e31d-f61a-4caa-b51d-8648a4e915c9", - "label": "EP-TOMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Earth Probe TOMS (EP-TOMS) spacecraft was launched on July 2, 1996 from a Pegasus XL rocket and placed into a polar orbit with the following characteristics:\nApogee Altitude : 515.2 km\nPerigee Altitude : 490.5 km\nOrbit Inclination : 97.432 deg.\nPeriod : 94.6 min\n\nThe satellite was built by TRW for NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nTOMS is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth a long term, coordinated research effort to study the Earth as a global environmental system. Using the unique perspective available from space, NASA will observe, monitor and assess large-scale environmental processes, focusing on climate change. MTPE satellite data, complemented by aircraft and ground data, will allow humans to better understand natural environmental changes and to distinguish natural changes from human induced changes. MTPE data, which NASA will distribute to researchers worldwide, is essential to humans making informed decisions about their environment.\n\nThe goal of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Earth Probe mission (part of NASA's Mission To Planet Earth (MTPE) Phase I program) was to continue the high-resolution global mapping of total ozone on a daily basis (begun with the Nimbus 7 SBUV/TOMS) as well as to detect global ozone trends to verify depletion predicted by atmospheric chemistry models.\n\nThe TOMS-Earth Probe (TOMS-EP), the first of a series of NASA Earth Probe missions, was one of three TOMS missions which included METEOR 3/TOMS2 (launched 1991) and ADEOS/TOMS (launched 1995). The TOMS-EP carried only one instrument: the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS).\n\nThe TOMS-EP spacecraft was based on the TRW/DSI Eagle bus developed under the USAF STEP program. The spacecraft was three-axis stabilized so that the TOMS instrument was nadir-pointed with about 0.5 degree control and about 0.1 degree knowledge from measured altitude data. The TOMS-EP spacecraft bus was designed to accomodate all of the TOMS instrument requirements to support a two-year lifetime with a three-year lifetime goal.\n\nThe EP-TOMS Home Page is located at:\nhttp://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/total-ozone-mapping-spectrometer-earth-probe\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EP-TOMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EP-TOMS\n Long_Name: Earth Probe-TOMS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMEX/TOMS-Earth Probe\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/TOMS-Earth Probe\n Short_Name: TOMS-EP96\n Short_Name: TOMS-Earth Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 740 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.385 degrees\n Period: 99.6 minutes\n Perigee: 490.5 km\n Apogee: 515.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/total-ozone-mapping-spectrometer-earth-probe\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/missions/toms/\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/acdisc/TOMS\n Online_Resource: https://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-07-02\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17b1489c-fba7-4252-bf23-b981148343f1", - "label": "SATELLITES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Satellites are objects launched to orbit Earth or\nanother celestial body.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18512c09-2590-4804-8b43-dd9caea53b5d", - "label": "GCOM-C", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Second generation GLobal Imager (SGLI) on GCOM-C1 is an optical sensor capable of multi-channel observation at wavelengths from near-UV to thermal infrared wavelengths (380nm to 12µm.) SGLI also has polarimetry and forward / backward observation functions at red and near infrared wavelengths. SGLI obtains global observation data once every 2 or 3 days, with resolutions of 250m to 1km.\n\nThe SGLI observations will improve our understanding of climate change mechanisms through long-term monitoring of aerosols and clouds, as well as vegetation and temperatures, in the land and ocean regions. These observations will also contribute to enhancing the prediction accuracy of future environmental changes by improving sub-processes in numerical climate models. SGLI-derived phytoplankton and aerosol distributions are also used for mapping fisheries and for monitoring the transport of yellow dust and/or wildfire smoke.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18fd52d4-c60c-4ef5-b39a-960ae9916472", - "label": "CYGNSS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The CYGNSS mission will use eight micro-satellites to measure wind speeds over Earth's oceans, increasing the ability of scientists to understand and predict hurricanes. Each satellite will take information based on the signals from four GPS satellites. \n\nMore information:\nhttps://www.nasa.gov/cygnss\nhttp://clasp-research.engin.umich.edu/missions/cygnss/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19a621c6-f735-4972-ab32-fcf001a38a46", - "label": "EO-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Mission completed 2017-03-30. Information for archival purposes.]\n\nEarth Observing-1 (EO-1) is an advanced land-imaging mission that will demonstrate new instruments and spacecraft systems. \nEO-1 will validate technologies contributing to the significant reduction in cost of follow-on Landsat missions. Launched \non a Delta 7320 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, November 21, 2000. EO-1 has a 1-year primary mission but was \ndesigned to operate for an additional year.\n\nThe NMP EO-1 mission includes three advanced land imaging instruments and five revolutionary cross cutting spacecraft \ntechnologies. The hyperspectral instrument is the first of its kind to provide images of land-surface in more than 220 \nspectral colors. The Hyperion will demonstrate the ability to perform detailed spectral mapping with high radiometric \naccuracy. In the future, an operational version of the Hyperion will allow complex land ecosystems to be imaged and \naccurately classified. The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) instrument yields almost four times better performance at only \none-fourth the cost and weight of the Landsat ETM+. Finally the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array/Atmospheric \nCorrector (LEISA/AC) is an infrared camera, which can be used to remove the effects of the atmosphere from surface \npictures obtained by instruments such as the ALI on EO-1 and Landsat. This instrument will provide scientific return \nboth in terms of improved imagery and hyperspectral sensing capabilities. It will also test a number of new technologies. \nBecause the AC is small and adaptable to different spacecraft configurations, it is a bolt-on instrument, which can be \nattached to any future Earth imaging spacecraft. The three advanced imaging instruments will lead to a new generation \nof lighter weight, higher performance and lower cost Landsat-type Earth surface imaging instruments.\n\nKey EO-1 Facts:\nOrbit\nType: Sun-synchronous\nEquatorial Crossing: 10:01 a.m.\nAltitude: 705 km\nInclination: 98.2°\nPeriod: 98.8 minutes\nRepeat Cycle: 16 days\nDimensions: 2 m height × 2.5 m diameter\nMass: 529 kg\nPower: 300 W\nDesign Life: 18 months; EO-1 is well beyond its planned mission life and is\nstill functioning\nDownlink: X-Band (105 Mbps), Sioux Falls, Svalbard, Alaska, Hobart (Australia)\nNote: Part of the Morning Constellation of satellites, lags one minute behind\nLandsat 7\nContributors\nALI: MIT/Lincoln Laboratory, NASA GSFC\nHyperion: TRW, NASA GSFC\nLAC: NASA GSFC Applied Engineering and Technology Directorate (AETD)\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\nMore Information: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/earth-observing-1\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EO-1\n Long_Name: Earth Observing 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: New Millennium Program Earth Observing-1 (NMP EO-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LAC\n Short_Name: ALI\n Short_Name: HYPERION\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2°\n Equator_Crossing: 10:01 a.m.\n Period: 98.8 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/earth-observing-1\n Online_Resource: https://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-11-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California\n Design_Life: 18 months\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", - "label": "HJ1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The HJ-1 minisatellite constellation is a national program by the National Committee for Disaster Reduction and State Environmental Protection Administration (NDRCC/SEPA) of China, to construct a network of Earth observing satellites. The overall objective is to establish an operational Earth observing system for disaster monitoring and mitigation using remote sensing technology and to improve the efficiency of disaster mitigation and relief.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3edef6e1-db0b-4806-b586-8869a7c986ba", - "label": "HJ1B", - "broader": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", - "definition": "Disaster and Environment Monitoring and Forecast Small Satellite Constellation B\n\nLaunch Date: 06 Sep 2008\nEOL Date: 01 Sep 2011\nType: Sun-synchronous Altitude: 649 km Period:\nInclination: 97.9 deg Repeat cycle: 31 days LST: 10:30\nAsc/desc: Descending\nURL: http://www.cresda.com/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HJ1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n Long_Name: HuanJing 1B Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HJ-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IRS (HuanJing 1B)\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 649 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM Local time: e.g.\n Repeat_Cycle: 31 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-09-06\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: CRESDA, CAST, NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d65fc363-e9b4-410a-b5e3-8dbd87b510b4", - "label": "HJ1A", - "broader": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", - "definition": "Disaster and Environment Monitoring and Forecast Small Satellite Constellation A\n\nLaunch Date: 06 Sep 2008\nEOL Date: 01 Sep 2011\nType: Sun-synchronous Altitude: 649 km Period:\nInclination: 97.9 deg Repeat cycle: 31 days LST: 10:30\nAsc/desc: Descending\nURL: http://www.cresda.com/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HJ1A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HJ1A\n Long_Name: HuanJing 1A Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HJ-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 649 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 Local time: e.g.\n Repeat_Cycle: 31 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-09-06\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: CRESDA\n Primary_Sponsor: CAST\n Primary_Sponsor: NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bffe898-f4a2-458e-92c5-cd7c9c1cd5f0", - "label": "SEASAT 1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Source NASA Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-064A ]\n\nThe Ocean Dynamics Satellite (Seasat 1) was designed to provide measurements of sea-surface winds, sea-surface temperatures, wave heights, internal waves, atmospheric liquid water content, sea ice features, ocean features, ocean topography, and the marine geoid. Seasat 1 provided 95% global coverage every 36 h. The instrument payload consisted of (1) an X-band compressed pulse radar altimeter (ALT), (2) a coherent synthetic aperture radar (SAR), (3) a Seasat-A scatterometer system (SASS), (4) a scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), and (5) a visible and infrared radiometer (VIRR). The accuracies obtained were distance between spacecraft and ocean surface to 10 cm, wind speeds to 2 m/s, and surface temperatures to 1 deg C. For more information about Seasat 1, see 'Seasat mission overview,' Science, v. 204, pp. 1405-1424, 1979, and a special issue on the Seasat 1 sensors, IEEE J. of Oceanic Eng., v. OE-5, 1980. On October 10, 1978, Seasat 1 failed due to a massive short circuit in its electrical system. During most of its 105 days in orbit, Seasat 1 returned a unique and extensive set of observations of the earth's oceans.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SEASAT 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n Long_Name: Ocean Dynamics Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Seasat-A\n Short_Name: 10967\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LT (SEASAT 1)\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Short_Name: SASS\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: ALT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 108.0°\n Period: 100.7 minutes\n Perigee: 769.0 km\n Apogee: 799.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Online_Resource: http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/scienceapps/seasat.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-064A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/seasat-1\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-06-27\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "label": "Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The DMSP satellites 'see' such environmental features as clouds, bodies of water, snow, fire, and pollution in the visual and infrared spectra. Scanning radiometers record information which can help determine cloud type and height, land and surface water temperatures, water currents, ocean surface features, ice, and snow. Communicated to ground-based terminals, the data is processed, interpreted by meteorologists, and ultimately used in planning and conducting U.S. military operations worldwide.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "030470d1-f545-4775-90b3-b12978cd6315", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F6", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0661540e-f7b7-469b-9ef7-eaa0dd7a6d10", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F15", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06d68016-affc-4477-86f5-e14a7a9839f2", - "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F3", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-042A ]\n\nDMSD 5D-1/F3 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program were to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m-long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (including the third-stage motor and hydrazine reaction control system); and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors could be maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system (OLS), built by Westinghouse, was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery of clouds, and provided with the data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary meterological sensor, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Wash., and Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report, D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, July-August 1975. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F3 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F3\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 14537\n Short_Name: DMSP-F3\n Short_Name: 10820\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: OLS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6°\n Period: 96.89 minutes\n Perigee: 564.0 km\n Apogee: 653.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-042A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-05-01\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d8490b8-347e-4f61-a747-07700c863b47", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F11", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-082A ] \n\nDMSP 5D-2/F11 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains five special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an X-ray spectrometer, (3) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (5) a microwave imager. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F11\n Short_Name: USA 73\n Short_Name: 21798\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.9 minutes\n Perigee: 846.0 km\n Apogee: 870.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-082A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-11-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f4b0671-f9a0-4912-96cd-96527a4c0678", - "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F16", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-048A ]\n\nDMSP F16 (USA 172) was launched by a Titan 2 rocket from Vandenberg AFB at 16:17 UT on 18 October 2003. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missle Systems Center (SMC). The program designs, builds, launches, and maintains satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. Each DMSP satellite has a 101 minute, sun-synchronous near-polar orbit at an altitude of 830km above the surface of the earth. The visible and infrared sensors (OLS) collect images across a 3000 km swath, providing global coverage twice per day. The combination of day/night and dawn/dusk satellites allows monitoring of global information such as clouds every 6 hours. The microwave imager (SSMI) and sounders (SSMT1, SSMT2) cover one half the width of the visible and infrared swath. These instruments cover polar regions at least twice and the equatorial region once per day. The space environment sensors (SSJ, SSM, SSIES) record along-track plasma densities, velocities, composition and drifts (SS stands for Special Sensor).\n\nDMSP F16 carries two new experiments: the limb scanning ultraviolet imager/spectrometer SSULI built by the Naval Research Laboratory and the nadir scanning ultaviolet imager/spectrometer and photometer SSUSI built by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. It also carried new versions of the Special Sensor for Ions, Electrons and Scintillations (SSIES-13) and of the precipitating ion and electron monitor (SSJ-5)\n\nThe data from the DMSP satellites are received and used at operational centers continuously. The data are sent to the National Geophysical Data Center's Solar Terrestrial Physics Division (NGDC/STP) by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) for creation of an archive. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F16\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F16\n Short_Name: USA 172\n Short_Name: 28054\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSULI\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSIES\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 830km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.9 minutes\n Perigee: 843.0 km\n Apogee: 853.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-31\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-048A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-10-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48a1fe2e-6cb2-44ad-8303-0a3328b1e5e4", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F13", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "DMSP Satellite F13 was built by General Electrics Astro-Space\nDivision (now part of Martin Marietta Astro Space). It was\nlaunched on March 24, 1995 from Vandenberg AFB, California using\nan Atlas E rocket. The spacecraft is 3.7 meters in length with a\ndiameter of 1.2 meters with an on-orbit mass of 831\nkilograms. It has a design lifetime of 48 months. Power is\nprovided though a 9.29 sq-m solar cell panel. Attitude is\ncontrolled using momentum wheels and magnetic coils using a\nstrap-down star sensor and gyros as the reference.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nMaximum Altitude: 856 km\nMinimum Altitude: 844 km\nInclination: 98.8 deg\nPeriod: 102.0 minutes\nEccentricity: 0.00083\nAscending Equator Crossing Time (Local Time):\nAt Launch: 17:42\nCurrent (09/02/95): 17:43\nSwath Width:\nVisible and Infrared Imagery - 3000 km\nMicrowave Imagery - 1400 km\nTemperature Sounder - 1500 km\nWater Vapor Profiler - 1500 km\nLaunch Date - March 24, 1995\nEnd Mission (Operational Support - F13 is currently (9/02/95)\nproviding primary support with sensors OLS, SSM/I, SSM/T,\nSSM/T-2, SSJ/4, SSIES2, SSM, SSB/X and SSZ still providing data.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/dmsp_f13.html'\nand\n'http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html'\n\n[Summary provided by GHRC]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F13\n Short_Name: USA 109\n Short_Name: 23533\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSM\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSJ\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Period: 101.9 minutes\n Perigee: 845.0 km \t\n Apogee: 851.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1995-015A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/dmsp_f13.html \n Online_Resource: http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html \n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-03-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d78ad33-3b1d-4ddc-9d4a-296600363d45", - "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F15", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-067A ]\n\nMSP F15 (USA 147) was launched by a Titan rocket from Vandenberg AFB on December 12, 1999 into a 101 minute, sun-synchronous near-polar orbit at an altitude of 840km and with the Local Time nodes of 21:10 and 9:10. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missle Systems Center (SMC). The program designs, builds, launches, and maintains satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. Each DMSP satellite has a above the surface of the earth. The visible and infrared sensors (OLS) collect images across a 3000 km swath, providing global coverage twice per day. The combination of day/night and dawn/dusk satellites allows monitoring of global information such as clouds every 6 hours. The microwave imager (MI) and sounders (T1, T2) cover one half the width of the visible and infrared swath. These instruments cover polar regions at least twice and the equatorial region once per day. The space environment sensors (J4, M, IES) record along-track plasma densities, velocities, composition and drifts. The data from the DMSP satellites are received and used at operational centers continuously. The data are sent to the National Geophysical Data Center's Solar Terrestrial Physics Division (NGDC/STP) by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) for creation of an archive.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F15\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.8 minutes\n Perigee: 837.0 km\n Apogee: 851.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-31\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-067A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-12-12\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60bf045b-f556-4461-8dcc-54dc63300537", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F12", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-057A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F12, also known as USA 106, is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon.\n\nThe 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element.\n\nThe operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system and provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains: (1) a microwave imager; (2) a microwave temperature sounder; (3) a microwave water vapor profiler; (4) an ion and electron scintillation monitor; (5) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer; (6) a gamma/X-ray detector, and (7) a magnetometer.\n\nData are transmitted to ground receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Real-time data are received at tactical sites world-wide. Recorded data are transmitted to and processed by the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC), Offutt AFB, Nebraska, and the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), Monterey, California. Both AFGWC and FNMOC relay the SSM/I, SSM/T, and SSM/T2 data to the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information System (NESDIS). AFGWC also sends the entire data stream to the National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado. Additional information concerning can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F12 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F12\n Short_Name: USA 106\n Short_Name: 23233\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSM\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-057A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-08-29\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60e10f22-c473-4368-888f-886a751662ea", - "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F5", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64dfed70-dca2-4656-83d9-63e74c1b0740", - "label": "DMSP", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a\nDepartment of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space\nand Missle Systems Center (SMC). The DMSP designs, builds,\nlaunches, and maintains satellites monitoring the\nmeteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics\nenvironments.\n\nEach DMSP satellite has a 101 minute, sun-synchronous near-polar\norbit at an altitude of 830km above the surface of the\nearth. The visible and infrared sensors (OLS) collect images\nacross a 3000km swath, providing global coverage twice per\nday. The combination of day/night and dawn/dusk satellites\nallows monitoring of global information such as clouds every 6\nhours. The microwave imager (MI) and sounders (T1, T2) cover one\nhalf the width of the visible and infrared swath. These\ninstruments cover polar regions at least twice and the\nequatorial region once per day. The space environment sensors\n(J4, M, IES) record along-track plasma densities, velocities,\ncomposition and drifts.\n\nThe data from the DMSP satellites are received and used at\noperational centers continuously. The data are sent to the\nNational Geophysical Data Center's Solar Terrestrial Physics\nDivision (NGDC/STP) by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) for\ncreation of an archive.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/dmsp_sat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-12-01\n Primary_Sponsor: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66014559-5d7a-4f53-811a-1c5b682e4e56", - "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F4", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: Nationa Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1979-050A ] \n\nDMSP 5D-1/F4 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAAP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program are to provide global visual and infrared cloud-cover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 830-km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment, (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors, (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (including the third-stage motor, hydrazine reaction control system) that supported (4) a 9.29 sq m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system, so that sensors were maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational line scan system (OLS) built by Westinghouse, was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery at 1/3 nautical mile resolution for all major land masses, 1-1/2 nautical mile resolution for complete global coverage, and provided with this data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary sensor package, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. The data processing system, which included three high-density tape recorders, was capable of storing a total of 400 min of data, each allowing full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, WA, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Fource Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report `The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' D.A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, 4, July - August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 15539\n Short_Name: DMSP-F4\n Short_Name: 11389\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSC\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Short_Name: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSD\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.4 minutes\n Perigee: 817.0 km\n Apogee: 839.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1979-050A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-06-06\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ed12e98-95b1-406c-a58a-f4bbfa405269", - "label": "DMSP 5B/F3", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-089A ]\n\nDMSP (72-089A), also known as DMSP 6530, was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. The program, previously known as Data Acquisition and Processing Program (DAPP), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program was to provide global visual and infrared (IR) cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in 830 km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite near the sunrise terminator and the other near local noon. The satellite, shaped like the frustum of a polyhedron, consisted of four subassemblies -- (1) a solar array hat, (2) a base-plate assembly, (3) a sensor AVE (Aerospace Vehicle Electronics) package (SAP), and (4) a data processing system. The primary sensor (SAP) was a four channel scanning radiometer. Secondary sensors included a vertical temperature profile radiometer (supplementary sensor E -SSE) and an electron spectrograph (supplementary sensor J/2 - SSJ/2), which were mounted, along with the primary sensor, on the base-plate assembly. Spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that the sensors were maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. The data processing system included three tape recorders capable of storing a total of 440 min of data, which allowed full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground receiving sites via an s-band transmitter. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Wa, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out a mobile tactical sites located around the world.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5B/F3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 6530\n Short_Name: 06275\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSJ\n Short_Name: VTPR\n Short_Name: SR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.8 minutes\n Perigee: 813.0 km\n Apogee: 872.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-089A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-11-09\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "859c1a88-56d5-48c2-839d-6d18f7746379", - "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F18", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Spaceflight.com, 'Atlas’ 600th Mission launches with DMSP F18 from Vandenberg', 2009-10-18, http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/10/live-atlas-600th-mission-launch-dmsp-f18-vandenberg/ ]\n\n\nThe Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F18 (DMSP F18) satellite will help the Air Force provide “strategic and tactical weather prediction … to aide the U.S. military in planning operations at sea, on land, and in the air,” notes the ULA mission over presentation.\n\nFurthermore, “DMSP is a space- and ground-based system to collect and disseminate timely global environmental data to the Department of Defense and other governmental agencies.”\n\nDMSP F18 will provide viable data on soil moisture, surface temperatures, and cloud cover around the globe via its multitude of onboard sensors and polar orbit.\n\nThe presentation goes on to discuss some specifics of the DMSP satellite system, of which F18 is a part. “DMSP satellites ’see’ environmental features such as clouds, bodies of water, snow, fire, and pollution in the visual and infrared spectra.”\n\nThe satellite system can monitor global water temperatures, cloud cover, water currents, and ocean surface characteristics during their 101-minute orbital period around Earth. This, coupled with their polar and “sun-synchronous” orbits, allows each DMSP weather satellite to monitor nearly the entire globe every six hours.\n\nThe data collected by the satellites is transmitted to the ground where a team of meteorologists interpret the data and disseminate the information for the U.S. military, which in turn uses the data to plan and conduct U.S. military operations around the globe.\n\nIn addition to DMSP F18, two more DMSP weather satellites are awaiting launch. These satellites are currently stored at Space Systems’ operations in Sunnyvale, California. They will be transported to Vandenberg upon the request of the Air Force for launch operations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F18\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F18\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F18\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-21\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/10/live-atlas-600th-mission-launch-dmsp-f18-vandenberg/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-10-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88f4f200-a0fc-4325-aea6-6f525ca31bfe", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F9", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1988-006A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F9 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in planned 830-km, sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors are maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains four special sensors: (1) an advanced X-ray spectrometer, (2) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (3) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (4) an infrared temperature and moisture sounder. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Center, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite program can be found in the report by D.A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F9\n Short_Name: USA 29\n Short_Name: 18822\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSH-2\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Period: 101.2 minutes\n Perigee: 818.8 km\n Apogee: 818.8 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1988-006A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-02-03\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa866680-32cd-4bd2-88ee-ae7b45c629da", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F10", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-105A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F10 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains five special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an advanced X-ray detector, (3) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (5) a microwave imager. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F10\n Short_Name: USA 68\n Short_Name: 20978\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6°\n Period: 96.89 minutes\n Perigee: 564.0 km\n Apogee: 653.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-105A\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/dmsp_f10.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-12-01\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b13ff0b8-748c-475c-8512-361ae27a9395", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F14", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-012A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F14, also named USA 131, is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon.\n\nThe 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element.\n\nThe operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system and provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains: (1) a microwave imager; (2) a microwave temperature sounder; (3) a microwave water vapor profiler; (4) an ion and electron scintillation monitor; (5) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer; (6) a gamma/X-ray detector; (7) a magnetometer; and (8) a static earth-viewing sensor monitoring electromagnetic radiation.\n\nAdditional information concerning the satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F14\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F14\n Short_Name: USA 131\n Short_Name: 24753\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Short_Name: SSM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.8 minutes\n Perigee: 843.0 km\n Apogee: 854.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-30\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-012A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-04-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8d201a6-28e8-4889-bc23-97babf5a75c5", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F7", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-113A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F7 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program was to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 830-km, sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other one at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft was divided into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors were maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of the clouds. A supplementary sensor package contained six special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an X-ray spectrometer, (3) an ionospheric plasma monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, (5) a magnetometer, and (6) a space radiation dosimeter. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F7\n Short_Name: 14506\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER\n Short_Name: SSM\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSB/S\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.3 minutes\n Perigee: 810.0 km\n Apogee: 829.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-113A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-11-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be9ed5c4-4d6b-45fa-9bf7-55b7995fbd15", - "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F17", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-050A ]\n\nMSP F17, also known as DMSP 5D-3 F17 is an American (DoD/NOAA) military weather satellite that was launched by a Delta 4 rocket from Vandenberg AFB at 13:53 UT on 04 November 2006. It is presumed to carry a payload similar to those on DMSP F16 and F15, to provide infrared and visible light images, and some data of ionospheric and magnetospheric import. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F17\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F17\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F17\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F17\n Short_Name: 29522\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.80000305175781°\n Period: 102.0 minutes\n Perigee: 841.0 km\n Apogee: 855.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-23\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-050A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-11-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caece537-38fc-4888-8ca7-1f4570dcf409", - "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F2", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-044A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-1/F2 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program were to provide global visual and infrared cloud cover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 830-km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment, (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors, (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (that has the third-stage motor, hydrazine reaction control system) which supports (4) a 9.29 sq mm solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors could be maintained in the desired `earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational line scan system (OLS) built by Westinghouse, was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery at 1/3-nautical-mile resolution for all major land masses, 1-1/2-nautical-mile resolution for complete global coverage, and provided with this data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary sensor package, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. The data processing system, which included three high-density tape recorders, was capable of storing a total of 400 min of data, each allowing full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites via two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, WA, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed via SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report, `The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, 4, July - August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F2 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AMS 2\n Short_Name: Advanced Meteorological Satellite 2\n Short_Name: DMSP 13536\n Short_Name: DMSP-F2\n Short_Name: 10033\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSB/O\n Short_Name: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.0°\n Period: 101.7 minutes\n Perigee: 811.0 km\n Apogee: 869.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-044A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-06-05\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1ad8ea7-b460-44b2-a96a-1040d156eeb4", - "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F19", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "A United Launch Alliance Atlas 5-401 rocket (AV-044) will be used to launch the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Flight 19 military weather satellite for the U.S. Air Force. The polar orbiting satellite will collect global data on cloud movements, atmospheric profiles and the other ingredients needed by meteorologists to generate strike quality weather forecasts across the globe for the warfighter. The rocket stands 189 feet tall, weighs 737,000 pounds at launch and produces 860,000 pounds of sea-level thrust. The spacecraft is encapsulated in a 14-foot, diameter, 39-foot-tall aluminum payload fairing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6a9e2e1-7c3b-4c10-9ffb-59c40b1b2061", - "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F8", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-053A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F8 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Its pre-launch designation was DMSP 5D-2/S9. This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains five special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an advanced X-ray detector, (3) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (5) a microwave imager. An infrared temperature and moisture sounder and a magnetometer may also be included on this spacecraft. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Wash., and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite program can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August, 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F8 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F8\n Short_Name: USA 26\n Short_Name: WX9543\n Short_Name: 18123\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6°\n Period: 96.89 minutes\n Perigee: 564.0 km\n Apogee: 653.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-053A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2a6694b-5ba1-464a-9d0f-d0212e492d53", - "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F1", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1976-091A ]\n\nDMSP-5D-1/F1 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAAP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program were to provide global visual and infrared cloud cover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 83-km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m-long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment, (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors, (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (that has the third-stage motor, hydrazine reaction control system) which supports (4) a 9.29 sq m solar cell panel. The Block 5D spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a conbination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors could be maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature of Block 5D was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational line scan system (OLS) built by Westinghouse, was the primary acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery at 1/3 nautical mile resolution for all major land masses, 1-1/2 nautical mile resolution for complete global coverage, and provided with this data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary sensor package, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. The data processing system, which included three high-density tape recorders, could store a total of 400 min of data, each allowing full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites via two redundant s-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, WA, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed via SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the Block 5D satellite can be found in the report, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, 4, July - August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 12535\n Short_Name: DMSP-F1\n Short_Name: 09415\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Short_Name: GFE-3R DOSIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 830 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Period: 101.3 min\n Perigee: 806 km\n Apogee: 832 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1976-091A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-09-11\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", - "label": "Swarm", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission approved in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and was successfully launched on 22 November 2013.\n\nAs part of the Third Party Missions programme, the e-POP instrument of the Canadian Space Agency's CASSIOPE mission joined the constellation in February 2018.\n\nThe research objectives of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution as well as the electric field in the atmosphere using a constellation of 3 identical satellites carrying sophisticated magnetometers and electric field instruments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "054787a6-0c47-43af-a4ee-05c572dd1705", - "label": "Swarm-A", - "broader": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", - "definition": "Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission approved in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and was successfully launched on 22 November 2013.\n\nAs part of the Third Party Missions programme, the e-POP instrument of the Canadian Space Agency's CASSIOPE mission joined the constellation in February 2018.\n\nThe research objectives of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution as well as the electric field in the atmosphere using a constellation of 3 identical satellites carrying sophisticated magnetometers and electric field instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "769a52d4-7db1-4b8e-8d39-6fee4e74d34f", - "label": "Swarm-C", - "broader": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", - "definition": "Primary objectives:\n\n* studies of core dynamics, geodynamo processes and core-mantle interaction\n\n* mapping of the lithospheric magnetisation and its geological interpretation\n\n* determination of the 3D electrical conductivity of the mantle\n\n* investigation of electric currents flowing in the magnetosphere and ionosphere\n\n* identifying the ocean circulation by its magnetic signature\n\n* quantifying the magnetic forcing of the upper atmosphere", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab7f9a64-ca5d-4795-94ff-fd5367d39f9f", - "label": "Swarm-B", - "broader": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", - "definition": "Primary objectives:\n\n* studies of core dynamics, geodynamo processes and core-mantle interaction\n\n* mapping of the lithospheric magnetisation and its geological interpretation\n\n* determination of the 3D electrical conductivity of the mantle\n\n* investigation of electric currents flowing in the magnetosphere and ionosphere\n\n* identifying the ocean circulation by its magnetic signature\n\n* quantifying the magnetic forcing of the upper atmosphere", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f7c6ae3-d38e-42b7-a874-60298b0fcfa1", - "label": "ODIN", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ODIN is a Swedish small satellite project for Astronomical and\nAtmospheric Research. The Aeronomy research will address\nscientific problem areas in the stratosphere and mesosphere by\nmaking measurements of various trace species. The scientific\ngoals can be summarized as follows:\n\n1. Stratospheric ozone science: To elucidate the geographical\nextent of and mechanisms responsible for ozone depletion in the\n'ozone hole' region and to study dilution effects and possible\nheterogeneous chemistry even outside of the polar regions due to\nsulphate aerosols\n\n2. Mesospheric ozone science: To establish the relative role of\nodd hydrogen chemistry and the effects of ordered and turbulent\ntransport and corpuscular radiation.\n\n3. Summer mesospheric science: To establish the variability of\nmesospheric water vapor including an assessment of the required\nfluxes for aerosol formation in the polar mesosphere.\n\n4. Coupling of atmospheric regions: To study some of the\nmechanisms that provide coupling between the upper and lower\natmosphere, eg downward transport of aurorally enhanced NO with\nits effects on ozone photo chemistry and the vertical exchange\nof minor species such as odd oxygen, CO and H2O.\n\nOdin will work in unexplored bands of the electromagnetic\nspectrum, around wavelengths of 0.5 mm and 3 mm. These contain\nemission lines from important molecules such as water vapor,\nmolecular oxygen, ozone and carbon monoxide. The lines will be\nused as tools to study processes in the Earth's atmosphere and\nin astronomical objects. Complementary information on the\natmosphere will come from spectral lines at ultraviolet and\noptical wavelengths. Major scientific issues relate to star\nformation processes interstellar chemistry and atmospheric ozone\nbalance.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://www.ssc.se/ssd/ssat/odin.html\n\n[Summary provided by Swedish Space Corporation]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20950d05-0365-4984-9d9c-2c7845b4611a", - "label": "GEO-KOMPSAT-2B", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) is planning for the follow-on geostationary meteorological satellite (GEO-KOMPSAT-2) to continue the Korean COMS (Communications, Ocean, Meteorological Satellite) mission. From 2009 onwards, KMA has prepared a feasibility study for the GEO-KOMPSAT-2 program under the cooperation of the following Ministries: Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP), Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF), and Ministry of Environment (ME) of the Korean government. The GEO-KOMPSAT-2 program has been approved in September 2010, and was kicked off in the middle of 2012.\nNote: The nickname Cheollian means long distance view (literally “Thousand Li View”) in Korean.\n\nKMA/NMSC (Korea Meteorological Administration/National Meteorological Satellite Center) of Korea started the COMS-Next (GEO-KOMPSAT-2) program with the overall objective to obtain geostationary meteorological data for continuous monitoring of meteorological phenomena in the Asia-Oceania region.\n\nSpecific mission goals are: \n\n• Continuing the COMS (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite) meteorological mission\n\n• Improving the severe weather monitoring\n\n- Higher frequency of observation\n\n- Retrieving the atmospheric structure (pseudo-sounding)\n\n• Improving the support of the NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) model with an efficient data assimilation model\n\n• Intensifying the environment & climate monitoring\n\n- Various surface information retrieval\n\n- Air pollution monitoring\n\n- Establishing long-term observation data.\n\nThe GEO-KOMPSAT-2 program comprises two satellites for multi-purpose applications: GEO-KOMPSAT-2A for meteorological missions and GEO-KOMPSAT-2B for ocean and environmental monitoring. KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) of Daejeon, Korea, is responsible for the development of the GEO-KOMPSAT-2 space segment while KMA/NMSC implements the ground segment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20dc9390-40d9-441e-86d2-4ab1e97a276b", - "label": "HCMM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) spacecraft was the first of a series\nof Applications Explorer Missions (AEM). The objective of the HCMM was to\nprovide comprehensive, accurate, high-spatial-resolution thermal surveys of the\nsurface of the earth. The HCMM spacecraft was made of two distinct modules:\n(1) an instrument module, containing the heat capacity mapping radiometer and\nits supporting gear, and (2) a base module, containing the data handling,\npower, communications, command, and attitude control subsystems required to\nsupport the instrument module. The spacecraft was spin stabilized at a rate of\n14 rpm.\nThe HCMM circular sun-synchronous orbit allowed the spacecraft to sense surface\ntemperatures near the maximum and minimum of the diurnal cycle. The orbit had\na daylight ascending node with nominal equatorial crossing time of 2:00 p.m.\nSince there was no inclination adjustment capacity, the spacecraft drifted from\nthis crossing time by about 1 hour earlier per year. There was no on-board\ndata storage capability, so only real-time data were transmitted when the\nsatellite came within reception range of seven ground stations. The repeat\ncycle of the spacecraft was 16 days. Day/night coverage over a given area\nbetween the latitudes of 85 deg N and 85 deg S occurred at intervals ranging\nfrom 12 to 36 h (once every 16 days).\nDuring February 21-23, 1980, the HCMM orbital altitude was lowered from 620 km\nto 540 km to stop the drift of the orbit plane to unfavorable sun angles which\nin turn reduced the power collection capability of the solar panels. The\noperations of the spacecraft were terminated on September 30, 1980. More\ndetailed information can be found in the 'Heat Capacity Mapping Mission\nUsers' Guide' (TRF B30282), available from NSSDC.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HCMM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HCMM\n Long_Name: Heat Capacity Mapping Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HCMM\n Short_Name: AEM-A\n Short_Name: Explorer 58\n Short_Name: 10818\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6 degrees\n Period: 96.67 min\n Perigee: 560 km\n Apogee: 641 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1978-041A\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/HCMM.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-04-26\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24e15a6d-d600-4eb1-9757-022a19f583fe", - "label": "TOPSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "TopSat is a micro-satellite designed and built by a QinetiQ-led consortium of British firms. Images from the satellite are provided free of charge to relief agencies responding to disasters anywhere in world.\n\nTopSat was designed and built by a consortium of British companies led by QinetiQ, whose role included systems design and technical authority, provision of payload electronics units, project and operations management and data reception. Other consortium members are Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) designed and Infoterra.\n\nThe satellite is designed to return its data directly to a mobile ground station immediately after collecting an image, allowing far more timely delivery of the information which it collects than standard satellites. The system is specifically designed to meet operational timescales, whether for disaster relief, news-gathering, or other applications where speed of response is vital.\n\nTopSat received the Aviation and Space Grand Award – the top award for aerospace technology, from Popular Science, the best selling science and technology magazine in the world. The magazine’s editors concluded that TopSat is an innovation that has the potential to change satellite and space reconnaissance technology.\n\nTopSat weighs just 120 kg, but carries an optical camera capable of delivering panchromatic images with a spatial resolution at nadir of 2.8 metres covering a 17x17 km area, and simultaneous three-band multi-spectral images, (red, green, blue), with a resolution of 5.6 metres. This is thought to represent the best resolution per mass of any satellite launched to date. This camera is integrated with an agile micro-satellite platform to permit pitch compensation manoeuvres, allowing imaging of low illumination scenes.\n\nTopSat has been in operation since its launch from Plesetsk in Russia on 27th October 2005. The satellite can be reprogrammed in orbit, and the consortium is exploiting this to enhance its performance. In addition to actively pursuing experiments for the MOD and BNSC, the consortium is also seeking new applications to which the technology can be applied. In the future, a constellation of three or four TopSat satellites could image almost any point on the Earth at least once a day, further opening up the potential for quick response imagery which is extremely cost effective to deliver.\n\n[Information from QinetiQ Ltd.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TOPSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TOPSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.1\n Period: 98.6\n Repeat_Cycle: 4\n Perigee: 688.4\n Apogee: 714\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.qinetiq.com/home/defence/defence_solutions/space/topsat.html\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=5135\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-10-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: QinetiQ Ltd.\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n Primary_Sponsor: UK Ministry of Defense (MOD)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", - "label": "Quickbird", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "QuickBird was a high-resolution commercial Earth observation satellite owned by DigitalGlobe, launched in 2001 and reentered after orbit decay in 2015. QuickBird used Ball Aerospace's Global Imaging System 2000 (BGIS 2000). The satellite collected panchromatic (black and white) imagery at 61 centimeter resolution and multispectral imagery at 2.44- (at 450 km) to 1.63-meter (at 300 km) resolution, as orbit altitude is lowered during the end of mission life.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04c144cb-2195-4dd7-a7d3-8dacfb550abd", - "label": "QUICKBIRD", - "broader": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", - "definition": "The QuickBird satellite is the first in a constellation of spacecraft that\nDigitalGlobe is developing that offers highly accurate, commercial\nhigh-resolution imagery of Earth. QuickBird's global collection of panchromatic\nand multispectral imagery is designed to support applications ranging from map\npublishing to land and asset management to insurance risk assessment.\n\nToday, DigitalGlobe's QuickBird is the only spacecraft able to offer sub-meter\nresolution imagery, industry-leading geolocational accuracy, large on-board\ndata storage, and an imaging footprint 2 to 10 times larger than any other\ncommercial high-resolution satellite.\n\nQuickBird was designed and built by our strategic partners, Ball Aerospace &\nTechnologies Corp., Kodak, and Fokker Space, all leaders in their fields. By\nutilizing proven technology from each supplier, we have developed a\nstate-of-the-art, satellite system built from space-qualified components. This\nsystem successfully meets DigitalGlobe's demanding performance requirements for\nhigh image quality, robust image collection, and long mission life.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: QUICKBIRD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: QUICKBIRD\n Long_Name: DigitalGlobe's QuickBird\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Quickbird\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 450 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degree\n Repeat_Cycle: 2-3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://www.digitalglobe.com/index.php/85/QuickBird\n Sample_Image: http://www.digitalglobe.com/image.php?id=93\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-10-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: DigitalGlobe\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4240f2ff-8d4a-438d-bbae-f62ae3504922", - "label": "QUICKBIRD-2", - "broader": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", - "definition": "QuickBird, launched in October 2001, was an imaging satellite of DigitalGlobe Inc. of Longmont, CO, USA. The spacecraft was in a sun-synchronous orbit with an operating altitude of 450 km. It completed one revolution every 93.4 minutes and absolved more than 15 revolutions per day.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "label": "Meteosat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01ee202c-22c5-442d-b4fd-65f424057ea3", - "label": "METEOSAT-10", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07dfead6-2cbc-4703-8533-c4d07e2ec67c", - "label": "METEOSAT-9", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ef73a04-e012-4389-9646-cdeb7c04dc92", - "label": "METEOSAT-8", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ce99530-44bb-435b-ac46-3e3f0ddde484", - "label": "METEOSAT-3", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "Meteosat-P2 (Meteosat 3) was launched on June 15, 1988 from Kourou,\nFrench Guiana. Meteosat 3 is a refurbished protoype of Meteosat-2.\nIn general, the design, the instrumentation, and the operation are\nsimilar to SMS/GOES. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measures 210\ncm in diameter and 430 cm in length, including the apogee boost motor.\nThe primary structural members are an equipment platform and a central\ntube. The radiometer telescope is mounted on the equipment platform\nand views the earth through a special aperture in the side of the\nspacecraft. A support structure extends radially out from the central\ntube and is affixed to the solar panels, which form the outer walls of\nthe spacecraft. These solar panels provide the primary source of\nelectrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the\ncentral tube and the solar panels are station-keeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment and batteries. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) are maintained by jet thrusters mounted\non the spacecraft and activated by ground command. The spacecraft uses\nboth UHF-band and S-band frequencies in the telemetry and command\nsystems. During launch, a lower power VHF transponder provides\ntelemetry and command. After launch, the VHF transponder then serves\nas a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attains\nsynchronous orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized, geostationary spacecraft carries (1) a visible-IR\nradiometer to provide high-quality, day/night cloud-cover data and to\ntake radiance temperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, and (2) a\nmeteorological data collection system to disseminate image data to\nuser stations, to collect data from various earth-based platforms, and\nto relay data from polar-orbiting satellites. Orbital\nCharacteristics-\n Orbital Period: 1439.00 m\n Inclination: 0.50 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00110\n Periapsis: 35796.00 km Apoapsis: 35889.00 km\n\n\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\n\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage\n(SIRS). For more information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request\nand User Support Office, 301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight\nCenter, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA,\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-3\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59df537a-0912-4943-834e-9feb08d09d59", - "label": "METEOSAT-2", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "Meteosat-2 was launched in June 1981 and was a geostationary\nspacecraft that served as part of European Space Agency's (ESA)\ncontribution to the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). As\npart of GARP, the satellite helped to supply data required for global\ndata sets used in improvement of machine weather forecasts. In\ngeneral, the spacecraft design, instrumentation, and operation were\nsimilar to SMS/GOES. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 210\ncm in diameter and 430 cm in length, including the apogee boost motor.\nThe primary structural members were an equipment platform and a\ncentral tube. The radiometer telescope was mounted on the equipment\nplatform and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side\nof the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the\ncentral tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the\nouter walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of\nelectrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the\ncentral tube and the solar panels were station-keeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment and batteries. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by jet thrusters mounted\non the spacecraft and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used\nboth UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command\nsubsystems. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and\ncommand during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit.\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible-IR radiometer to\nprovide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance\ntemperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, and (2) a meteorological\ndata collection system to disseminate image data to user stations, to\ncollect data from various earth-based platforms, and to relay data\nfrom polar-orbiting satellites. Meteosat-1 was maintained on station\nbetween 1 degree East and 1 degree West.\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-2\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aac06ef-6ade-49b6-a98c-45516a9a646a", - "label": "MSG", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) has been chosen as the name for the new family of Meteorological Satellites. Twenty-five years after the rollout of the first meteorological satellite in 1977, some six other Meteosats later, MSG is now a completely new series of geostationary meteorological satellites with three pieces already being produced and others that may follow within the next decade.\n\nMSG is a joint project between ESA and Eumetsat, the organization set up in 1986 to establish, maintain and operate a European system of meteorological satellites. Three satellites are planned at present and a ground segment. ESA is responsible for designing and developing the first satellite - now already in orbit - and for procuring the other three on behalf of Eumetsat. Eumetsat is responsible for defining the payload based on user needs, procuring the ground segment and launchers, and operating the system.\n\nWith the launch of MSG-2, at any one time, two MSG satellites will be functional in geostationary orbit, the operational one being at 0 degrees longitude which is above equatorial west Africa, the other being on stand-by with 10 degrees of separation.\n\nThe first satellite, MSG-1 has been launched on board an Ariane 5 launcher in\nAugust 2002. MSG-2 will follow later. MSG-3 will be built and put in storage\nuntil it is required to take over as the operational MSG nears the end of its\nlife. Each satellite will have a nominal seven-year lifetime. A fourth MSG\nsatellite of the same design is foreseen to ensure continuity of service until\nthe end of the next decade.\n\nAdditional information can be found at 'http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/MSG/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MSG\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: MSG\n Long_Name: Meteosat Second Generation\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Meteosat-9\n Short_Name: Meteosat-8\n Short_Name: MSG-1\n Short_Name: MSG-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GERB\n Short_Name: SEVIRI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35,800 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 0 degrees\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-29\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaMI/MSG/SEMQSCULWFE_0.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-12-25\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 7 years\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f9f4776-ca2a-478a-b077-0b15fe8d2c3a", - "label": "METEOSAT-6", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "The Meteosat Operational Programme (MOP-3) satellite, launched on\nNovember 20, 1993, was the third operational geostationary Meteosat\nsatellite following 3 pre-operational Meteosat satellites\n(Meteosat-1,-2,-3/P2). The primary goal of the MOP satellites were\n(1) to provide visible and IR day/night cloudcover data and radiances\nand (2) disseminate image data to users through the Data Collection\nPlatform (DCP). MOP-3 (or Meteosat 6) is a 2.1 m diameter, 3.195 m\nhigh stepped cylindrical body with solar cells on six main body\npanels. The spacecraft is spin-stabilized at 100 rpm around the main\naxis aligned almost parallel to the Earth's axis with spin regulated\nby two small hydrazine thrusters. Spin access control and east-west\nstationkeeping is provided by two pairs of large thrusters. Attitude\ninformation is provided by Earth horizon and Sun-lit sensors. A\nradiating diplole antenna directs S-band (333 kbs) transmission of DCP\nimage data to the Data Acquisition, Telemetry, and Tracking Station at\nOdenwald, Germany for relay to the Meteosat Ground Computer System and\nMeteosat Operations Control center at ESA's European Space Operations\nCenter (ESOC). The MOP-3 carries a single imaging radiometer in\nvisible/infrared wavelengths in addition to the Data Collection\nPlatform.\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\nFor more information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the\nMeteosat Program, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-6\n Long_Name: Meteosat Operational Programme 3 (MOP-3)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75d48be5-2e6d-442f-9e97-0146706f7261", - "label": "METEOSAT-7", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "The METOSAT-7 satellite is part of the METOSAT series of satellites whose goal is to provide weather oriented imaging of the Earth's globe at both visible and infra-red wavelenghts. \nGeneral Characteristics:\n\nLaunch date: September 2, 1997\nCountry of origin: Europe\nLaunch vehicle Ariane V99\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: Aerospatiale\nMass at launch: 690 kg\nMass in orbit: 320 kg\nDry mass: 281 kg\nDimension: 4.23 m height x 2.10 m diameter\nStabilization: spin stabilized (90/100 rpm)\nDC power: BOL: 240 W\nEOL: 225 W\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Meteosat\n\n[Information provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MVIRI\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35786 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 8.78124 deg\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Meteosat\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/535\n Sample_Image: http://www.emgo.cz/obrazky/met7sat.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-09-02\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 2006-12-05\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2069a17-e6be-49f4-a796-72aede755493", - "label": "METEOSAT-5", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "The Meteosat Operational Programme (MOP-2) satellite, launched on\nMarch 2,1991, was the second operational geostationary Meteosat\nsatellite following 3 pre-operational Meteosat satellites\n(Meteosat-1,-2,-3/P2). The primary goal of the MOP satellites were (1)\nto provide visible and IR day/night cloudcover data and radiances and\n(2) disseminate image data to users through the Data Collection\nPlatform (DCP). MOP-2 (or Meteosat 5) is a 2.1 m diameter, 3.195 m\nhigh stepped cylindrical body with solar cells on six main body\npanels. The spacecraft is spin-stabilized at 100 rpm around the main\naxis aligned almost parallel to the Earth's axis with spin regulated\nby two small hydrazine thrusters. Spin access control and east-west\nstationkeeping is provided by two pairs of large thrusters. Attitude\ninformation is provided by Earth horizon and Sun-lit sensors. A\nradiating dipole antenna directs S-band (333 kbs) transmission of DCP\nimage data to the Data Acquisition, Telemetry, and Tracking Station at\nOdenwald, Germany for relay to the Meteosat Ground Computer System and\nMeteosat Operations Control center at ESA's European Space Operations\nCenter(ESOC). The MOP-2 carries a single imaging radiometer\ninvisible/infrared wavelengths in addition to the Data Collection\nPlatform.\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-5\n Long_Name: Meteosat Operational Programme 2 (MOP-2)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7852052-09a6-4c48-b720-9dfb086df3db", - "label": "METEOSAT-1", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "Meteosat-1 was launched in November 1977 and was a geostationary\nspacecraft that served as part of European Space Agency's (ESA)\ncontribution to the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). As\npart of GARP, the satellite helped to supply data required for global\ndata sets used in improvement of machine weather forecasts. In\ngeneral, the spacecraft design, instrumentation, and operation were\nsimilar to SMS/GOES. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 210\ncm in diameter and 430 cm in length, including the apogee boost motor.\nThe primary structural members were an equipment platform and a\ncentral tube. The radiometer telescope was mounted on the equipment\nplatform and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side\nof the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the\ncentral tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the\nouter walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of\nelectrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the\ncentral tube and the solar panels were station-keeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment and batteries. Proper spacecraftattitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by jet thrusters mounted\non the spacecraft and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used\nboth UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command\nsubsystems. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and\ncommand during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit.\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible-IR radiometer to\nprovide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance\ntemperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, and (2) a meteorological\ndata collection system to disseminate image data to user stations, to\ncollect data from various earth-based platforms, and to relay data\nfrom polar-orbiting satellites. Meteosat-1 was originally placed in a\ngeosynchronous orbit near the prime meridian and was positioned later\nbetween 9 and 11 degrees East.\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: 'http://www.esrin.esa.it'\n----------------\nEntry taken from:\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-1\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc69ef64-c468-4e8a-9a41-3b421e79cc90", - "label": "METEOSAT-11", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "Meteosat-11 is the prime operational geostationary satellite, positioned at 0 degrees and providing full disc imagery every 15 minutes. It also provides Search and Rescue monitoring and Data Collection Platform relay service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ceb704ea-58eb-441a-8f86-9d2d7017240c", - "label": "METEOSAT-4", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "Designation: 19876 / 89020B\nLaunch date: 6 Mar 1989\nCountry of origin: Europe\nMission: Meteorology\nLaunch vehicle: Ariane V29\n\nPrime contractor: Aerospatiale\nMass at launch: 681 kg\nMass in orbit: 316 kg\nDiameter: 2.1 m\nHeight: 3.1 m\nStabilization: Spin stabilized (100 rpm)\nDC power: BOL: 387 W\nEOL: 225 W\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.tbs-satellite.com/tse/online/sat_meteosat_4.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbfa9c1a-1853-4c48-8adf-f51ca6715c43", - "label": "METEOSAT", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", - "definition": "[Text Source: EUMETSAT, http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/index.htm?l=en ]\n\nMeteosat First Generation refers to a series of geostationary satellites that have provided images of the full Earth disc and data for weather forecasts in a continuous and reliable stream for a quarter of a century. The first Meteosat, Meteosat-1, was launched in 1977, and the last of the first generation, Meteosat-7, was launched 20 years later, in 1997.\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatFirstGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n\nMeteosat Second Generation (MSG) consists of a series of four geostationary meteorological satellites, along with ground-based infrastructure, that will operate consecutively until 2020. The MSG satellites carry an impressive pair of instruments, the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI), which has the capacity to observe the Earth in 12 spectral channels and provide image data which is core to operational forecasting needs, and the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument supporting climate studies.\n\nMore Information: \nhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatSecondGeneration/MissionOverview/index.htm?l=en\n\n\nThe Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) system is being established through cooperation between EUMETSAT and the European Space Agency (ESA). ESA has already contributed to the initial research and development of the new satellites. The first MTG-I and MTG-S prototypes are being developed by ESA as part of its MTG programme. The EUMETSAT MTG programme includes the procurement of the four recurrent satellites - three MTG-Is and one additional MTG-S - as well as six launches, the development of the ground segment and the operations of all satellites.\n\nThe Euronews video (right) provides a useful introduction to past and future developments in European satellite meteorology, with particular reference to the MTG programme.\nThe MTG series will comprise six satellites, with the first spacecraft likely to be ready for launch from 2017. The in orbit configuration will consist of two parallel positioned satellites, the MTG-I (imager) and the MTG-S (sounder) platforms. Unlike the first and second generation Meteosat series, MTG will be based on three axes stabilised platforms having the advantage that the instruments are 100% of their in orbit time pointed to the Earth. Such improvements are necessary to achieve compliance with more demanding user requirements on spatial resolution, repeat cycle and signal to noise ratio, and are a prerequisite to conduct soundings from geostationary orbit.\nMTG-I satellites will fly the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) and an imaging lightning detection instrument the Lightning Imager (LI). The MTG-S will include an interferometer the InfraRed Sounder (IRS) with hyper-spectral resolution in the thermal spectral domain, and the Sentinel-4 instrument, the high resolution Ultraviolet Visible Near-infrared (UVN) spectrometer.\nThe programme should guarantee access to space-acquired meteorological data until at least the late 2030s.\n\nhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatThirdGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatFirstGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatSecondGeneration/MissionOverview/index.htm?l=en\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatThirdGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-12-09\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a5acbda-7149-4bf7-8be2-9076f07e9b7f", - "label": "FORMOSAT-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ROCSat-2 is an NSPO (National Space Program Office) of Taiwan Earth imaging satellite with the objective to collect high-resolution panchromatic (2 m) and multispectral (8 m) imagery for a great variety of applications such as in land use, agriculture and forestry, environmental monitoring, natural disaster evaluation, and in support of research interests, in particular with the ISUAL instrument. Daily image coverage of Taiwan and the surrounding region is required.\n\nBackground: A contract was signed in May 1999 between NSPO and DASA/DSS (Dornier Satelliten Systeme GmbH) of Germany to build a high-resolution optical imaging satellite. However, the German government refused to give DASA/DSS an export licence for the S/C (the People's Republic of China was protesting the deal). The stalemate was resolved in Dec. 1999 when NSPO signed a new contract with MMS (now Astrium SAS of France). Quick approval of the export of ROCSat-2 was provided by the French government. The ROCSat program is part of a long-term effort in Taiwan to develop an autonomous space capability.\n\nNote: A public naming competition took place in Taiwan in 2004 with regard to the ROCSat satellite program. At the end of this contest, the ROCSat program was given the new name of FormoSat in December 2004. Hence, ROCSat-2 became FormoSat-2. \n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe spacecraft bus has been built by EADS Astrium SAS (prime contractor) of Vélizy, France, based on the Leostar 500 XO family. There were also contributions from Taiwanese industry (including satellite computers, S-band antennas, and sun sensors). The S/C structure consists basically of a hexagonal body of 1.6 m side length (diameter), 2.4 m in height. The satellite is three-axis stabilized. The upper deck of the platform carries the payload (RSI and ISUAL) and also part of AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem), namely the star sensors and gyroscopes. The lower deck carries the four reaction wheels and the autonomous propulsion module. The pointing accuracy is < 0.7 km (0.12º); the position knowledge is < 70 m (0.02º). The fixed solar array uses GaAs cells and consists of two deployable flaps. The entire S/C architecture is designed in such a way as to provide a low roll inertia, a key factor for satellite agility and instrument line-of-sight stability. The S/C provides a body-pointing capability of ±45º in roll and pitch (45º pitch in 60 s, 10º roll in 25 s, 30º roll in 60 s, respectively). The S/C wet mass is about 746 kg with 81 kg of propellant (N2H4) mass. The design life is five years or better.\n\nLaunch: A launch of ROCSat-2 took place on May 20, 2004 (UTC) on a Taurus-XL vehicle of OSC (Orbital Sciences Corporation) from VAFB, CA (maiden flight of Taurus-XL configuration which offers greater lift capability compared to previous versions of the Taurus rocket).\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, mean altitude = 888 km, inclination = 99.14º, period of 102.9 minutes, the LTDN (Local Time of Descending Node) is 9:26 AM (14 orbits/day). The agility of the spacecraft provides a daily revisit capability for event/disaster monitoring.\n\nNote: Following the early-orbit checkout, the initial satellite orbit has been raised from 728 km to 888 km altitude in the period May 23 to June 2, 2004. A total of 32 burns were performed by the propulsion module with 4 burns for inclination change, to enter into the mission orbit with an altitude of 891 km and an inclination of 99.14º.\n\nGround segment: The basic elements of the ROCSat-2 ground segment are the MMC (Multi Mission Center) and the XAS (X-band Acquisition System) located in Hsinchu, Taiwan. MMC in turn consists of MOC (Mission Operations Center), MCC (Mission Control Center), SCC (Science Control Center), FDF (Flight Dynamics Facility), and GCN (Ground Communications Network). ROCSat-2 X-band imagery reception is also made available to third parties (international partners) with their own ground stations through cooperative agreements.\n\nMission status: The spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally as of 2007.\n\nMission operations started in June 2004 (the checkout and performance verification for satellite bus and RSI were started on May 21 and completed through June 2004; all performance requirements of FormoSat-2 had been successfully verified in orbit). Besides providing imagery for the domestic needs of Taiwan, the S/C is frequently being used to deliver high-resolution imagery for event monitoring (coverage of the Tsunami in Asia on Dec. 26, 2004 and thereafter, coverage of Hurricane Katarina in Aug. 2005, coverage of Typhoons on the Pacific, coverage of earthquake regions, etc.). The spacecraft is operating nominally as of 2006. 7) 8) 9) 10)\n\n• NSPO has contracted to SPOT Image S.A. for the international distribution of FORMOSAT-2 images since June 2004\n\n• On 4 July 2004, ISUAL successfully observed the first images of sprites, sprite halo, and elves.\n\n• In April 2005, NSPO implemented a terminal in Kiruna, Sweden, to serve as an additional receiving station\n\n• In May 2006, NSPO implemented a F2T (FormoSat-2 Terminal) in Svalbard, Norway, to extend the data acquisition capability of the mission.\n\nSOH (State-of-Health) trending during two years of mission operations (May 2004-May 2006) on five major subsystems, including AOCS and EPS (Electric Propulsion Subsystem), and one major payload have been conducted. All parameters were well within specifications. The C&DH and the TT&C do not exhibit any SOH problems so far.\n\nRSI (Remote Sensing Instrument), built by EADS Astrium SAS, France. RSI is made up of the camera and IPU (Instrument Processing Unit). The camera itself consists of the optical subassembly, the secondary structure, and the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The Korsch telescope (mirrors & structure) design and the focal plane structure are being made of SiC (Silicon Carbide). The video electronics, sequencer, DC/DC converter, and compression cards comprise the IPU.\n\nRSI utilizes the agility of the satellite bus for stereo imaging over a specific region, continuous imaging over a slender region, and mosaic imaging over a large region. The imaging capability is 8 minutes per orbit, and the imaging areas during one cycle can be one 3000 km x 24 km continuous strip, two 100 km x 24 km stereo pairs, four 100 km x 24 km strips, or eight scenes.\n\nISUAL (Imager of Sprites: Upper Atmospheric Lightning). ISUAL is a joint international research program of NSPO, UCB (University of California at Berkeley), National Cheng Kung University of Taiwan, and Tohoku University, Japan. The objective is to observe the natural upward lightning discharge phenomena toward the ionosphere on top of the troposphere, referred to as TLEs (Transient Luminous Events). The requirements call for: 14)\n\n• To determine the location and timing of luminous phenomena above thunder clouds to investigate their spatial, temporal and spectral properties\n\n• To obtain a global survey of upper atmospheric optical flash transients (sprites, elves, blue jets, gigantic jets, etc.).\n\nThe instrument consists of four elements: a) intensified sprite imager, b) a six-channel spectrophotometer, c) a two-channel array photometer, and d) an electronics package. The imager is a staring-type frame CCD camera, taking 180 frames/s with a resolution of 512 x 80 pixels in a FOV of 20º x 3.15º. In Figure 8, the large disk of the ISUAL instrument contains six color filters, which can be rotated to select wavelength for measuring the emission spectrum of red sprites. ISUAL is operated in three modes:\n\n• The sprite continuous mode to take images with a sample rate of 100 Hz\n\n• The sprite burst mode with a sample rate of 1000 Hz\n\n• The auroral mode at a constant rate of 1 sample/s. \n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FORMOSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FORMOSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ROCSat-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 888 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.14 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 am\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 1\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.nspo.org.tw/2008e/projects/project2/intro.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.spotimage.com/web/en/977--formosat-2-images.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/formosat-2.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2004-05-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: National Space Program Office (NSPO), China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", - "label": "China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program (CBERS) is a technological cooperation program between Brazil and China which develops and operates Earth observation satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0303de56-025a-416c-8a2e-ac14979dc455", - "label": "CBERS-1", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", - "definition": "[Source: INPE CBERS home page, \nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/] \n\nThe first satellite to be developed, CBERS-1, was launched with great success by the Chinese Long March 4B launcher, from the Taiyuan Launch Base, on Oct. 14, 1999. Launch occurred at 1:15 AM (Brasilia local time).\n\nTwo modules compose the satellite. The first one is the payload module, where 3 cameras are located (CCD Camera, IRMSS Camera and WFI Camera) and a Transponder for the Brazilian Environmental Data Collection System. The second one is the service module, containing the equipment for power supply, control, telecommunications and remaining functions necessary to the satellite operation.\n\nIts orbit is Helios-synchronous, at a 778 km altitude. It performs about 14 revolutions a day and obtains a complete coverage of the Earth in 26 days.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SJ 3\n Short_Name: Shijian 3\n Short_Name: 25940\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Short_Name: IRMSS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Period: 99.6 minutes\n Perigee: 733.0 km\n Apogee: 745.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1999-057A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/cbers-1__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-10-14\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil\n Primary_Sponsor: China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "064b3481-8a82-4c2b-9d59-86eda10cff53", - "label": "CBERS-3", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", - "definition": "[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE), \nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ]\n\nDue to the success of CBERS-1 and 2, the two governments decided, in November 2002, to give continuity to the CBERS program by signing a new agreement for the development and launch of two more satellites, CBERS-3 and 4.\n\nBrazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011.\n\nCBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2. Four cameras will be present in the payload module, with improved geometrical and radiometric performance.\n\nThey are: PanMux Camera-PANMUX, Multi-spectral Camera-MUXCAM, Scanning Medium Resolution Scanner-IRSCAM and Wide Field Imaging Camera-WFICAM.\n\nThe orbits of the two satellites will be the same as for CBERS-1 and 2. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IRS (CBERS)\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Short_Name: PANMUX\n Short_Name: MUXCAM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 778 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 26 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/cbers-3__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-01-01\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Primary_Sponsor: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "274b7618-c580-4466-8a63-f79b0beb778c", - "label": "CBERS-2B", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", - "definition": "[Source: NASA National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-042A\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ]\n \nCBERS 2B (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 2B), also known as Zi Yuan 2B, is a China-Brazil joint craft that was launched by a Long March 4B rocket from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in Shanxi province at 03:26 UT on 19 September 2007. The 1.5 tonne, 1.8 m x 2.0 m x 2.2 m, triaxially-stabilized craft carries a low 20 m resolution, and a higher 2.5 m resolution camera. The data will help in crop estimation, urban planning, water resource management, and military intelligence. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-2B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 2B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n Short_Name: HRPC\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Perigee: 773.0 km\n Apogee: 774.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-042A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-09-19\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: China-Brazil joint spacecraft\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "808fa0c2-1d97-4347-a5dd-2b285000c6f2", - "label": "CBERS-2", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", - "definition": "[Source: INPE CBERS home page,\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ] \n\nCBERS-2 is technically identical to CBERS-1. The second satellite developed jointly with China was launched successfully on Oct.21, 2003 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in China. The launch time was 11:16AM (Beijing local time), which corresponds to 1:16AM (Brasilia local time).\n\nThe CBERS-2 was integrated and tested in the Integration and Test Laboratory of INPE. See a detail description of the activities done in Brazil.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Short_Name: IRMSS\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESASP.548..221O\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/cbers-1__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-10-21\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil\n Primary_Sponsor: China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8551bdde-6ae3-459f-a903-ec1ce7fab5d9", - "label": "CBERS-4", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", - "definition": "[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE), \nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ]\n\nDue to the success of CBERS-1 and 2, the two governments decided, in November 2002, to give continuity to the CBERS program by signing a new agreement for the development and launch of two more satellites, CBERS-3 and 4.\n\nBrazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011.\n\nCBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2. Four cameras will be present in the payload module, with improved geometrical and radiometric performance.\n\nThey are: PanMux Camera-PANMUX, Multi-spectral Camera-MUXCAM, Scanning Medium Resolution Scanner-IRSCAM and Wide Field Imaging Camera-WFICAM.\n\nThe orbits of the two satellites will be the same as for CBERS-1 and 2. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IRS (CBERS)\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Short_Name: PANMUX\n Short_Name: MUXCAM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 778 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 26 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-01-01\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Primary_Sponsor: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c8530dc-b6cc-445f-87dc-36e76a1cb29c", - "label": "GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Geostationary satellites are satellites that travel above Earth's\nequator from west to east at an altitude of approximately 35,900\nkilometers (22,300 miles) and at a speed matching that of Earth's\nrotation, thus remaining stationary in relation to Earth.\n\n[Source: The American Heritageý Dictionary of the English\nLanguage, Fourth Edition Copyright ý 2000 by Houghton Mifflin\nCompany.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", - "label": "Sentinel-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Sentinel-2 mission is a land monitoring constellation of two satellites that provide high resolution optical imagery and provide continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions. The orbit is an average height of 785 km and the presence of two satellites in the mission allow repeated surveys every 5 days at the equator and every 2-3 days at middle latitudes. The satellites are equipped with the state-of-the-art MSI (Multispectral Imager) instrument for surveying with a resolution of 10 to 60 m in the visible, near infrared (VNIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral zones, including 13 spectral channels, which ensures the capture of differences in vegetation state, including temporal changes, and also minimizes impact on the quality of atmospheric photography. Sentinel-2A was launched June 23, 2015.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6f1c359b-b1a6-47c1-979e-0689e637fbdc", - "label": "Sentinel-2A", - "broader": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", - "definition": "The Sentinel-2 mission is a land monitoring constellation of two satellites that provide high resolution optical imagery and provide continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions.\n\nThe mission provides a global coverage of the Earth's land surface every 10 days with one satellite and 5 days with 2 satellites, making the data of great use in on-going studies.\n\nThe satellites are equipped with the state-of-the-art MSI (Multispectral Imager) instrument, that offers high-resolution optical imagery.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2445400-1981-4ef3-bf7c-f4aa35923ae9", - "label": "Sentinel-2B", - "broader": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", - "definition": "The Sentinel-2 mission is a land monitoring constellation of two satellites that provide high resolution optical imagery and provide continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions. The orbit is an average height of 785 km and the presence of two satellites in the mission allow repeated surveys every 5 days at the equator and every 2-3 days at middle latitudes. The satellites are equipped with the state-of-the-art MSI (Multispectral Imager) instrument for surveying with a resolution of 10 to 60 m in the visible, near infrared (VNIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral zones, including 13 spectral channels, which ensures the capture of differences in vegetation state, including temporal changes, and also minimizes impact on the quality of atmospheric photography. Sentinel-2B was launched March 7, 2017.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e7aa2e6-9d25-4c6e-aef3-6e86d3773bac", - "label": "GRACE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Grace/ ]\n\nThe primary goal of the GRACE mission is to accurately map variations in the Earth's gravity field over its 5-year lifetime. The GRACE mission has two identical spacecrafts flying about 220 kilometers apart in a polar orbit 500 kilometers above the Earth. \n\nIt maps the Earth's gravity fields by making accurate measurements of the distance between the two satellites, using geodetic quality Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and a microwave ranging system. This provides scientists from all over the world with an efficient and cost-effective way to map the Earth's gravity fields with unprecedented accuracy. The results from this mission yield crucial information about the distribution and flow of mass within the Earth and it's surroundings.\n\nThe gravity variations that GRACE studies include: changes due to surface and deep currents in the ocean; runoff and ground water storage on land masses; exchanges between ice sheets or glaciers and the oceans; and variations of mass within the Earth. Another goal of the mission is to create a better profile of the Earth's atmosphere. The results from GRACE make a huge contribution to NASA's Earth science goals, Earth Observation System (EOS) and global climate change studies.\n\nGRACE is a joint partnership between the NASA in the United States and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany. Dr. Byron Tapley of The University of Texas Center for Space Research (UTCSR) is the Principal Investigator (PI), and Dr. Christoph Reigber of the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam is the Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI). Project management and systems engineering activities are carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Long_Name: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: BLACKJACK\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n Short_Name: GRACE LRR\n Short_Name: IPU\n Short_Name: KBR\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: MTQ\n Short_Name: OBDH\n Short_Name: SCA\n Short_Name: SCS\n Short_Name: SLR\n Short_Name: SUPERSTAR\n Short_Name: THR\n Short_Name: TNK\n Short_Name: USO\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 89 degrees\n Period: 94.5 minutes\n Perigee: 483.0 km\n Apogee: 508.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Grace/\n Online_Resource: https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www2.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n Online_Resource: https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace/\n Online_Resource: https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/\n Online_Resource: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GRACE/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-03-17\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany/DLR\n Primary_Sponsor: Potsdam/GFZ\n Primary_Sponsor: UTexas/Center for Space Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "337848d8-f442-4bd5-9a6a-c8374baef38c", - "label": "Vision-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Vision-1 provides complementary imaging capacity to the existing Airbus Earth Observation constellation, delivering orthorectified optical data with resolution up to 87cm as standard.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33a893cb-b328-462e-9cb0-d8c27823239e", - "label": "GPM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate Homepage, https://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM ]\n\nGPM Constellation is a joint mission with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and other international partners. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it will initiate the measurement of global precipitation, a key climate factor. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete sampling of the Earth's precipitation. GPM Constellation is envisioned to consist of a core spacecraft to measure precipitation structure and to provide a calibration standard for the constellation spacecraft, an international constellation of NASA and contributed spacecraft to provide frequent precipitation measurements on a global basis, calibration/validation sites distributed globally with a broad array of precipitation-measuring instrumentation, and a global precipitation data system to produce and distribute global rain maps and climate research products.\n\nThe GPM Core Observatory carries the first space-borne Ku/Ka-band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and a multi-channel GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). The DPR instrument, which provides three dimensional measurements of precipitation structure over 78 and 152 mile (125 and 245 km) swaths, consists of a Ka-band precipitation radar (KaPR) operating at 35.5 GHz and a Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) operating at 13.6 GHz. Relative to the TRMM precipitation radar, the DPR is more sensitive to light rain rates and snowfall. In addition, simultaneous measurements by the overlapping of Ka/Ku-bands of the DPR can provide new information on particle drop size distributions over moderate precipitation intensities. In addition, by providing new microphysical measurements from the DPR to complement cloud and aerosol observations, GPM is expected to provide further insights into how precipitation processes may be affected by human activities.\n\nThe GMI instrument is a conical-scanning multi-channel microwave radiometer covering a swath of 550 miles (885 km) with thirteen channels ranging in frequency from 10 GHz to 183 GHz. The GMI uses a set of frequencies that have been optimized over the past two decades to retrieve heavy, moderate and light precipitation using the polarization difference at each channel as an indicator of the optical thickness and water content.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GPM\n Long_Name: Global Precipitation Measurement\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GMI\n Short_Name: DPR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM\n Online_Resource: http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gpm/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/GPM/index_e.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-01-25\n Launch_Site: TANEGASHIMA ISLAND, JAPAN\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37f7b455-082f-4385-89d7-9292e9f9c750", - "label": "GA-EMS OTB-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "In September 2018 NASA awarded the contract for hosting the MAIA instrument to General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (GA-EMS). The instrument will fly on the GA-EMS Orbital Test Bed (OTB)-2 satellite. GA-EMS will install the MAIA instrument on their OTB-2 satellite, perform pre-launch testing to prepare the integrated system for operation in space, and operate the satellite once it is launched into Earth orbit. Launch is currently planned for 2022.\n\nThe OTB-2 is a larger version of GA-EMS’ OTB-1 spacecraft, which will carry JPL’s Deep Space Atomic Clock into Earth orbit. The larger size and enhanced capabilities of OTB-2 are needed to accommodate the MAIA instrument and its high speed data link. Three deployable solar panels and two additional solar panels attached to the spacecraft body will provide electrical power.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a152f3f-de95-4b7a-88c8-7c26fb4ba368", - "label": "AJISAI", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "AJISAI: Experimental Geodetic Satellite (Japanese EGS)\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nLaunch:\nAugust 13, 1986\nH-I Launch Vehicle\nTanegashima Space Center\n\nOrbit:\n1500km(alt.) circular 50 deg. inclination\n116 min. period\n\nWeight:\n685kg\n\nDimensions:\n215cm(D) sphere with solar ray and laser beam reflectors\n\nDescription:\nThe short-range objective was testing NASDA's\nH-I'(2-stage) launch vehicle.\n\nThe long-range applications included a survery aimed at\nrectifying Japan's demestic geodetic triangular net -\ndetermining the exact position of many isolated Japanese islands\nand establishing Japan's geodetic point of origin. The survey\nwas conducted by the Geographical Survey Institute of the\nMinistry of Construction and the Hydrography Department of the\nMaritime Safety Agency, Ministry of Transport.\n\nFor additional information, link to:\nhttp://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/egs/index_e.html\n\n[Source: National Space Development Agency of Japan]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AJISAI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: AJISAI\n Long_Name: Experimental Geodetic Satellite (Japanese EGS)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AJISAI\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRA\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 50 deg\n Period: 116 min\n Perigee: 1490 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/egs/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/ajis_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/ajisai.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1986-08-13\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b26dec5-2cb1-48ce-9873-048c321fdebe", - "label": "TanSat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The first Chinese Carbon Dioxide Observation Satellite Mission (TanSat) was launched on December 21, 2016. It carries two instruments on-board: the Atmospheric Carbon-dioxide Grating Spectrometer (ACGS) and the multiple-band Cloud and Aerosol Polarization Imager (CAPI). TanSat flies in a sun-synchronous low Earth orbit (LEO) with an equator crossing time around 13:30 local time. The satellite operates in three measurement modes: nadir (ND), glint (GL) and target (TG). The swath width of TanSat measurements is ~18 km across the satellite track and contains 9 footprints each with a size of 2 km × 2 km in nadir. Nadir and glint mode alternate orbit-by-orbit, and the TanSat nadir model ground track is typically between two OCO-2 tracks, which provides potential future opportunities for combined usage of both data products for increased spatial coverage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", - "label": "European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The ERS programme was composed of two missions, ERS-1 and ERS-2, which were launched into the same orbit in 1991 and 1995 respectively. The two spacecraft were designed as identical twins with one important difference – ERS-2 included an extra instrument (GOME) designed to monitor ozone levels in the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02c85d04-228e-4bf3-bb03-d72c22681dff", - "label": "ERS-1", - "broader": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", - "definition": "The first European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-1, launched on 17 July\n1991 at 01.46 UTC, operates in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at\nan altitude of 785 km and an inclination of 98.5 degrees, known as the\nreference orbit.\n\nERS-1 was conceived as an orbiting platform that would be capable of\nmeasuring, on a global scale, the Earth's atmospheric and surface\nproperties with a high degree of accuracy. In fact it uses advanced\nmicrowave techniques to collect global measurements and images (much\nof the data are collected from remote areas such as the southern\noceans and the Antarctic) independently of time of day and weather\nconditions. It also undertakes the measurement of many parameters that\nare not covered by existing satellite systems, including those of sea\nstate, sea surface winds, ocean circulation and sea/ice levels.\n\nSatellite characteristics:\n\n--------\nPlatform: based on the SPOT Multimission Platform\nPower supply: 4 x 24 Ah batteries; 1.8 kW from solar array\nAttitude control: 3-axis stabilised earth pointing, with\noption of 9.5 degrees offset in Roll-Tilt Mode (RTM)\nTotal mass: 2400 kg (at beginning of mission)\nOverall length: 11.8 m\nSolar array: 11.7 m x 2.4 m\nSAR antenna: 10.0 m x 1.0 m\nScatterometer antennas: fore/aft 3.6 m x 0.25 m; mid: 2.3 m\nx 0.35 m\nRadar Altimeter antenna: 1.2 m diameter\nDesign lifetime: 2-3 years\n---------\n\nERS-1 carries on-board a number of instruments consisting of a core\nset of active microwave sensors supported by additional, complementary\ninstruments: the Active Microwave Instrument (AMI), which combines a\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operating in image or wave mode and a\nwind scatterometer, the Radar Altimeter (RA), the Along-Track Scanning\nRadiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR), the Precise Range and\nRange-rate Equipment (PRARE) and Laser Retroreflectors (LRR).\n\nThe primary objective of the ERS-1 mission is the monitoring of oceans\nand sea ice providing essential data for:\n\n- improved representation of oceans/atmosphere interactions\nin climatic models\n- major advances in the knowledge of ocean circulation and\ntransfer of energy\n- more reliable estimates of the mass balance of the Arctic\nand Antarctic ice sheets\n- better monitoring of pollution and dynamic coastal\nprocesses\n- improved detection and management of land use change\n\n\nThe ability of ERS-1 to acquire vast global data sets of ocean,\natmosphere, ice and land phenomena contributes to the following fields\nof study:\n\n\n- Ocean/Ice: ocean circulation, global wind/wave\nrelationships, sea ice and iceberg monitoring, etc.\n- Physical Earth: accurate determination of the ocean\ngeoid, forestry, glaciology, geology and agriculture\nstudies, etc.\n- Climate: contribution to the World Climate Research\nProgramme and to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment\n- Weather and Sea: short and medium-term weather\nforecasting, sea surface state forecasting, wind speed and\ndirection, location of pelagic fish through the monitoring\nof temperature fronts\n\nRelation between ERS-1 instruments and mission\nobjectives\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nWeather forecasting: AMI wind mode\nSea-state forecasting: AMI, wave and wind modes\nOffshore activity: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in wave and wind\nmodes\nShip routing: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in wave and wind modes\nFisheries (fish location): (Altimeter), (ATSR), AMI in\nwind mode\nSea and iceberg monitoring: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in image\nmode\nOil and pollution detection: ATSR, AMI in image mode\nCoastal process: ATSR, AMI in image mode\nLand applications: (Altimeter), ATSR\nOcean circulation: Altimeter(1), ATSR, (AMI in wave mode)\nOcean tides: Altimeter(2)\nWind fields(3): Altimeter, AMI (in image mode), in wave and\nwind mode\nWave fields(3): Altimeter, AMI (in image mode), in wave and\nwind mode\nPolar oceans: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in all modes.\nLand ice: Altimeter, AMI (in image mode)\nSea-surface temperature: ATSR\nMarine biology: (ATSR)\n------------------------------------------------------------\n( ) indicates limited applicability\n\n(1) For large-scale circulation, accurate orbit\ndetermination over short arcs is required\n\n(2) For solar tides, measurements from other satellites in\ncomplementary orbits are required\n\n(3) The altimeter and active microwave instrumentation are\nmutually supportive in deriving the wind and wave fields\n\nThe complexity of the ERS-1 mission, which effectively consists of a\ncombination of several different missions, requires a very careful\napproach when planning the mission operations. Taking into account the\ndifferent mission objectives, and attempting to satisfy them in a\nquasi-optimal way in the course of ERS-1's lifetime, has held to the\ndefinition of phases of activity during the mission:\n\n\n- Phase 0: Orbit acquisition, initial switch-on and\nfunctional check-out (2 weeks after the launch)\n- Phase A: The Commisioning phase, using a 3 day repeat\ncycle (25 July 1991-10 December 1991)\n- Phase B : The first ice phase, using a 3 day repeat cycle\n (28 December 1991-1 April 1992)\n- Phase R: The Roll-Tilt phase, using a 35 day repeat cycle\n (2 April 1992-14 April 1992)\n- Phase C: The first multi-disciplinary phase, using a 35\nday repeat cycle\n (14 April 1992-23 December 1993)\n- Phase D: The second ice phase, using a 3 day repeat cycle\n (23 December 1993-10 April 1994)\n- Phase E: The first geodetic phase, using a 172 day repeat\ncycle\n (10 April 1994-28 September 1994)\n- Phase F: The second Geodetic Phase, using a 172 day\nrepeat cycle\n (28 September 1994-21 March 1995)\n- Phase G: The second Multi-Disciplinary Phase, using a 35\nday repeat cycle\n (21 March 1995-10 March 2000)\n\nIn the first half of April 1992, the satellite was operated in a\nRoll-tilt-mode (RTM) to allow SAR imaging at a different view\nangle. In fact by rotating the satellite body around its velocity\nvector (so-called 'Roll-tilt mode') the angle at which all the\ninstruments look at the Earth can be varied. This allows\nexperimentation with the SAR at an incidence angle of 35 degrees\ninstead of the standard 23 degrees, thereby permitting analysis of a\ntotally different set of signatures from objects on the Earth's\nsurface, including in particular vegetation.\n\nRelated URL:\n\nThe ERS Missions: http://earth.esa.int/ers\n\nERS-1 Design: http://earth.esa.int/ers/satconc\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\nhttp://earth.esa.int\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ERS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ERS Earth Resource Satellite\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n Long_Name: European Remote Sensing Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ATSR\n Short_Name: RA\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: AMI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 782 to 785 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.52 deg\n Period: 100 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 3-day, 35-day and 176-day\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/ers/satconc/\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/ers/\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ers12.htm\n Sample_Image: http://earth.esa.int/icons/eeo/_ers-1_fully_deployed.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-07-17\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 2-3 YRS\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "affbd015-9373-4413-b76f-e91d01c4f5e3", - "label": "ERS-2", - "broader": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", - "definition": "The second European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-2, launched on 20\nApril 1995, operates in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an\naltitude of 785 km and an inclination of 98.5 degrees ,known as the\nreference orbit. The mission consists of an only phase (phase A),\nusing a 35 day repeat cycle, from 21 April 1995 to the present.\n\nERS-2 is almost identical to the European Remote Sensing Satellite\nERS-1 launched in 1991. ERS-2 is capable of measuring, on a global\nscale, the Earth's atmospheric and surface properties with a high\ndegree of accuracy. In fact it uses advanced microwave techniques to\ncollect global measurements and images (much of the data are collected\nfrom remote areas such as the southern oceans and the Antarctic)\nindependent of time of day and weather conditions. It also undertakes\nthe measurements of many parameters not covered by existing satellite\nsystems, including those of sea state, sea surface winds, ocean\ncirculation and sea and ice levels.\n\nERS-2 carries on-board a number of instruments consisting of a core\nset of active microwave sensors supported by additional, complementary\ninstruments: the Active Microwave Instrument (AMI), which combines a\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operating in image or wave mode and a\nwind scatterometer, the Radar Altimeter (RA), the Along-Track Scanning\nRadiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR-2), the Precise Range and\nRange-rate Equipment (PRARE), the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment\n(GOME), and Laser Retroreflectors (LRR).\n\nThe primary objectives of the ERS-2 mission are the monitoring of the\noceans and sea ice providing essential data for:\n\n- improved representation of oceans/atmosphere interactions\nin climatic models\n- major advances in the knowledge of ocean circulation and\ntransfer of energy\n- more reliable estimates of the mass balance of the Arctic\nand Antarctic ice sheets\n- better monitoring of pollution and dynamic coastal\nprocesses\n- improved detection and management of land use change.\n\nThe capability of ERS-2 to acquire vast global data sets of ocean,\natmosphere, ice and land phenomena contributes to the following types\nof study and application:\n\n- Ocean/Ice: ocean circulation, global wind/wave\nrelationships, sea ice and iceberg monitoring, etc.\n- Physical Earth: accurate determination of the ocean\ngeoid, forestry, glaciology, geology and agriculture\nstudies, etc.\n- Climate: contribution to the World Climate Research\nProgramme and to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment\n- Weather and Sea: short and medium-term weather\nforecasting, sea surface State Forecasting wind speed and\ndirection, location of pelagic fish through the monitoring\nof temperature fronts\n- Global Ozone: measures ozone, trace gases, and aerosols\nin the troposphere and stratosphere\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ERS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ERS Earth Resource Satellite\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n Long_Name: European Remote Sensing Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: GOME\n Short_Name: PRARE\n Short_Name: ATSR-2\n Short_Name: RA\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: AMI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 785 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 35 day\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-19\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/ers/\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ers12.htm\n Sample_Image: http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/polar/satgifs/ers1.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-04-21\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "label": "Landsat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Landsat program is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth. It is a joint NASA / USGS program. On 23 July 1972, the Earth Resources Technology Satellite was launched. The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the United States and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in agriculture, cartography, geology, forestry, regional planning, surveillance and education, and can be viewed through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 'EarthExplorer' website.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0db82778-12de-4cac-9a86-8f2b97feb7f1", - "label": "LANDSAT-4", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Landsat 4 is the fourth satellite of the Landsat program. It was launched on\nJuly 16th, 1982, with the primary goal of providing a global archive of\nsatellite photos. Although the Landsat Program is managed by NASA, data from\nLandsat 4 was collected and distributed by the USGS. Landsat 4 is no longer in\noperation, due to technical failure. It finally ceased transmission in 1993,\nfar beyond its designed life expectancy of five years. The satellite orbit\ncontinues to be maintained by NASA.\n\nLandsat 4 had a maximum transmission bandwidth of 85 Mbit/s, and carried an\nupdated Multi-Spectral Scanner used on previous Landsats, and a Thematic\nMapper. It had a maximum 30 m resolution. Shortly after launch, the satellite\nlost half of its solar power, prompting fears the satellite would fail sooner\nthan expected. This prompted the early launch of Landsat 5, a satellite\nidentical in specification to Landsat 4.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: TM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:45 AM (±15 min.) local time (descending node)\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-4/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-4\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1982-07-16\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13e3a08a-0d28-4e3f-a306-a20d9fb4fff8", - "label": "LANDSAT-8", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "[Update, 2013-02-11]\n\nThe Landsat Data Continuity Mission spacecraft is safely in orbit and sending telemetry back to Earth after a 1:02 p.m. EST liftoff aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 401 rocket. The on-time liftoff followed a smooth countdown at Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 3. \n\n[Text Source: NASA LDCM Mission Homepage, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/landsat/main/index.html ]\n\nLandsat 8 (formerly called the Landsat Data Continuity Mission, or LDCM) is NASA’s eighth satellite in the Landsat series and continues the Landsat program’s critical role in monitoring, understanding and managing the resources needed for human sustainment such as food, water and forests. As our population surpasses seven billion people, the impact of human society on the planet will increase, and Landsat monitors those impacts as well as environmental changes.\n\nWith the longest unbroken data stream of Earth’s surface as seen from space, NASA’s Earth-observing Landsat fleet has provided the world with unprecedented information on land cover changes and their residual effects since 1972. The knowledge gained from 40 years of continuous data contributes to research on climate, carbon cycle, ecosystems, water cycle, biogeochemistry and changes to Earth’s surface, as well as our understanding of visible human effects on land surfaces. Building off that research, the Landsat imaging data set has, over time, led to the improvement of human and biodiversity health, energy and water management, urban planning, disaster recovery and agriculture monitoring, all resulting in incalculable benefits to the United States and world economy.\n\nLandsat 8 joined the Landsat 7 satellite in orbit and produces stunning pictures of Earth’s surface along with a wealth of scientific data. Landsat 8 measures Earth’s surfaces in the visible, near-infrared, short wave infrared and thermal infrared, with a moderate-resolution of 15 to 100 meters, depending on spectral frequency.\n\nLandsat 8 is a collaboration between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: LDCM\n Short_Name: Landsat Data Continuity Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TIRS\n Short_Name: OLI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-8/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-8\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-02-11\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/USGS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d3ce672-39fb-4dd5-be5e-55f81fb7f40f", - "label": "LANDSAT-9", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Landsat 9—a partnership between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey— will continue the Landsat program’s critical role in monitoring, understanding and managing the land resources needed to sustain human life.\n\nToday’s increased rates of global land cover and land use change have profound consequences for weather and climate change, ecosystem function and services, carbon cycling and sequestration, resource management, the national and global economy, human health, and society.\n\nLandsat is the only U.S. satellite system designed and operated to repeatedly observe the global land surface at a moderate scale that shows both natural and human-induced change.\n\nLandsat 9 has been fast-tracked for a December 2020 launch.\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-9/\nhttps://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-9", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77d92504-8160-4f72-90b9-a7c9640f4361", - "label": "LANDSAT", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Since 1972, the joint NASA/ U.S. Geological Survey Landsat series of Earth Observation satellites have continuously acquired space-based images of the Earth’s land surface, providing uninterrupted data to help land managers and policymakers make informed decisions about our natural resources and the environment.\n\nLandsat is a part of the USGS National Land Imaging (NLI) Program.\n\nMore Information: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d323d5a-0332-4e58-80c5-8dd9f486f482", - "label": "LANDSAT-3", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Landsat 3 is the third satellite of the Landsat program. It was launched on\nMarch 5th, 1978, with the primary goal of providing a global archive of\nsatellite photos. Unlike later Landsats, Landsat 3 was managed solely by NASA.\nLandsat 3 is no longer in operation, due to technical failure. It finally\nceased transmission on March 21st 1983, far beyond its designed life expectancy\nof one year.\n\nLandsat 3 had essentially the same design as Landsat 2. It carried a\nMulti-Spectral Scanner, which had a maximum 75m resolution. Unlike the previous\ntwo Landsat missions a thermal band was built into Landsat 3, but this\ninstrument failed shortly after the satellite was deployed. [2] Landsat 3 was\nplaced into a polar orbit at about 920 kilometers, and took 18 days to cover\nthe entire Earth's surface. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: RBV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 900 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:42 AM mean local time\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 18 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-3/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-3\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-03-05\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg AFB\n Design_Life: 1 Year\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b912164c-36a5-4d93-9638-1afb3e4c4354", - "label": "LANDSAT-6", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "October 5, 1993 (did not achieve orbit)\n\nParticipants\nNASA\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nDepartment of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)\nSpacecraft bus: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space\nEnhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM): Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center\n \nLaunch\nDate: October 5, 1993\nVehicle: Titan II\nLaunched by: NASA\nSite: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California\n \nSpacecraft\nPower provided by a single sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries\nAttitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading\nOrbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets\nWeight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)\nLength: 4.3 m (14 ft)\nDiameter: 2.8 m (9 ft)\n \nCommunications\nDirect downlink with solid state recorders capable of storing 380 gigabits of data (100 scenes)\nData rate: 85 Mbps\n \nOrbit (if obtained)\nWorldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system\nSun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)\nInclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)\nRepeat cycle: 16 days\nEquatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes\n\nhttps://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-6\nhttps://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-6/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7a09e9f-3c99-4b31-a521-313c379ba2b4", - "label": "LANDSAT-7", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Landsat 7 systematically provides well-calibrated, multispectral, moderate resolution, substantially cloud-free, sun-lit digital images of the Earth's continental and coastal areas with global coverage on a seasonal basis. It covers the United States every 16 days. Operations were transferred to USGS on Fall 2000.\n\nThe Landsat Project is a joint initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the NASA to gather Earth resource data using a series of satellites. NASA was responsible for developing and launching the spacecrafts, while the USGS is responsible for flight operations, maintenance, and management of all ground data reception, processing, archiving, product generation, and distribution.\n\nThe primary objective of the Landsat Project is to ensure a collection of consistently calibrated Earth imagery. Landsat's Global Survey Mission is to establish and execute a data acquisition strategy that ensures repetitive acquisition of observations over the Earth's land mass, coastal boundaries, and coral reefs; and to ensure the data acquired are of maximum utility in supporting the scientific objectives of monitoring changes in the Earth's land surface and associated environment.\n\nKey Landsat 7 Facts [p. 176]\nJoint with U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)\nHeritage: Landsat 4, 5\nEquatorial Crossing: 10:00 a.m. ± 15 mins\nAltitude: 705 km ± 5 km (at the equator)\nInclination: 98.2° ± 0.15°\nPeriod: 98.9 min\nRepeat cycle: 16 days/233 orbits\nDimensions: 4 m high, 2.7 m diameter\nMass: 1982 kg\nPower: 1550 W\nDownlink: Three 150 Mbps wideband downlinks\nAntennas: 3 gimbaled X-band, 2 omni S-band\nDesign Life: 5 years\nSpacecraft: Lockheed Martin\nETM+: Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing\nData Archival, Processing, Ground Operations: USGS National Center for Earth\nResources Observation System (EROS) data center\nSpacecraft and Sensor Maintenance: NASA GSFC\nCalibration: EROS and GSFC\nType: Circular, sun-synchronous\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ETM+\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: nominally 10 AM\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-02\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-7/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-7\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-03-15\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/USGS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d41eb9c0-7683-428a-ac86-5643bbfa3985", - "label": "LANDSAT-1", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Landsat 1, originally named Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1, was a\nmodified version of the Nimbus 4 meteorological satellite. It was launched on\nJuly 23, 1972, the first satellite of the United States' Landsat program. The\nnear-polar orbiting spacecraft served as a stabilized, Earth-oriented platform\nfor obtaining information on agricultural and forestry resources, geology and\nmineral resources, hydrology and water resources, geography, cartography,\nenvironmental pollution, oceanography and marine resources, and meteorological\nphenomena.\n\nTo accomplish these objectives, the spacecraft was equipped with (1) a\nthree-camera return beam vidicon (RBV) to obtain visible light and near\ninfrared photographic images of Earth, (2) a four-channel multispectral scanner\n(MSS) to obtain radiometric images of Earth, and (3) a data collection system\n(DCS) to collect information from remote, individually equipped ground stations\nand to relay the data to central acquisition stations. Landsat 1 carried two\nwide-band video tape recorders (WBVTR) capable of storing up to 30 min of\nscanner or camera data to give the spacecraft's sensors a near-global coverage\ncapability.\n\nAn advanced attitude control system consisting of horizon scanners, sun\nsensors, and a command antenna combined with a freon gas propulsion system\npermitted the spacecraft's orientation to be maintained within plus or minus\n0.7 degrees in all three axes. Spacecraft communications included a command\nsubsystem operating at 154.2 and 2106.4 MHz and a PCM narrow-band telemetry\nsubsystem, operating at 2287.5 and 137.86 MHz, for spacecraft housekeeping,\nattitude, and sensor performance data. Video data from the three-camera RBV\nsystem was transmitted in both real-time and tape recorder modes at 2265.5 MHz,\nwhile information from the MSS was constrained to a 20 MHz rf bandwidth at\n2229.5 MHz.\n\nIn 1976, Landsat 1 discovered a tiny uninhabited island 20 km off the eastern\ncoast of Canada. This island was thereafter designated Landsat Island after the\nsatellite. As of 2006, it is the only island to be discovered via satellite\nimagery.\n\nThe spacecraft was turned off on January 6, 1978, when cumulative precession of\nthe orbital plane caused the spacecraft to see almost constant sunlight which\nled to overheating.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: RBV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 917 km (570 mi)\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 AM +/- 15 minutes\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 18 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-1/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-1\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-07-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg AFB\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbaddf64-af69-4e82-a4a8-41f5c76ee496", - "label": "LANDSAT-2", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Landsat 2 is the second satellite of the Landsat program. The spacecraft\noriginally carried a designation of ERTS-B (Earth Resource Technology Satellite\nB) but was renamed &Landsat 2& prior to its launch on January 22, 1975. Despite\nhaving a design life of one year, Landsat 2 operated for over seven years,\nfinally ceasing operations on February 25, 1982.\n\nAs in the case of its predecessor Landsat 1, the satellite's payload included\ntwo remote sensing instruments, the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and the\nMulti-Spectral Scanner (MSS). The specifications for these instruments were\nidentical to those of the instruments carried on Landsat 1. (This was not the\ncase for Landsat 3, which added a short-lived thermal band to the MSS\ninstrument.) The data acquired by the MSS was considered more scientifically\nuseful than the data returned from the RBV, which was rarely used and\nconsidered only for engineering evaluation purposes.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: RBV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 900 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:42 AM mean local time\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 18 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-2-2/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-01-22\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg AFB\n Design_Life: 1 Year\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe920fff-7852-42cf-b1dc-b2223b24cf2e", - "label": "LANDSAT-5", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", - "definition": "Landsat 5 is the fifth satellite of the Landsat program. It was launched on\nMarch 1st, 1984, with the primary goal of providing a global archive of\nsatellite photos. The Landsat Program is managed by USGS, and data from Landsat\n5 is collected and distributed from the USGS's Center for Earth Resources\nObservation and Science (EROS).\n\nLandsat 5 has significantly exceeded its designed life expectancy, and has a\nmaximum transmission bandwidth of 85 Mbit/s. It was deployed at an altitude of\n705.3 km, a lower orbit than Landsat 4. It takes some 16 days to scan the\nentire Earth. The satellite is an identical copy of Landsat 4 and was\noriginally intended as a backup - it therefore carries the same instruments,\nincluding the Thematic Mapper and Multi-Spectral Scanner. The Multi-Spectral\nScanner was powered down in 1995.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: TM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:45 AM (± 15 min.) local time (descending node)\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-5/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-5\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-03-01\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d031666-2116-4ebc-8daa-3e98ddcf4f60", - "label": "WESTPAC", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "WESTPAC (Western Pacific Laser Satellite) was an Australia\ngeodetic satellite for the joint venture between Australia's\nElectro Optics and the Russian Space Agency. It was spherical in\nshape with laser reflectors. It served as a target for the\nWestern Pacific Laser Tracking Network.\n\nFor additional Information, view the WESTPAC report at\nhttp://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/Westpac_final.doc\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WESTPAC\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WESTPAC\n Long_Name: Western Pacific Laser Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: WESTPAC\n Short_Name: 25398\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 835 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Period: 101.3 minutes\n Perigee: 817.0 km\n Apogee: 845.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-30\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/Westpac_final.doc\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-07-10\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Australia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e634ba7-19fc-45ce-9d50-14e108a567ef", - "label": "LAPAN-TUBSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "LAPAN-TUBSAT is a cooperation between TU Berlin and the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional/LAPAN). It was launched with an Indian PSLV on Jan. 10, 2007.\n\nIt's design follows the TUBSAT family with dimensions of 45x45x27cm and a mass of about 56kg.\n\nMission goals:\n\n-Technology Demonstrators\n-Earth Observation\n-Attitude Control Experiments \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/RFA/sat/lapan/content.htm\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LAPAN-TUBSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: LAPAN-TUBSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9°\n Period: 97.3 minutes\n Perigee: 620.0 km\n Apogee: 638.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/RFA/sat/lapan/content.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/RFA/sat/lapan/img/lapan-view-01.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-01-10\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: Indonesia\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", - "label": "Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory satellite failed to reach orbit after its 4:55 a.m. EST liftoff Feb. 24 (2009) from California’s Vandenberg Air Force Base.\n\nPreliminary indications are that the fairing on the Taurus XL launch vehicle failed to separate. The fairing is a clamshell structure that encapsulates the satellite as it travels through the atmosphere.\n\nThe spacecraft did not reach orbit and likely landed in the Pacific Ocean near Antarctica, said John Brunschwyler, the program manager for the Taurus XL.\n\nA Mishap Investigation Board is to determine the cause of the launch failure. \n\n[Source: NASA OCO Project Home Page, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/ ]\n\nThe Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) is a new Earth orbiting mission sponsored by NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder Project (ESSP) Program. The ESSP Program funds competitively selected, low to moderate cost Earth Science missions. These highly focused missions acquire exploratory measurements of the atmosphere, the oceans, the land surface and the solid Earth. These missions share a common goal of improving the capability of Earth scientists to predict changes in weather, climate and natural hazards.\n\nAfter launch in 2009, the OCO mission will collect precise global measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere. Scientists will analyze OCO data to improve our understanding of the natural processes and human activities that regulate the abundance and distribution of this important greenhouse gas. This improved understanding will enable more reliable forecasts of future changes in the abundance and distribution of CO2 in the atmosphere and the effect that these changes may have on the Earth's climate.\n\nThe Jet Propulsion Laboratory will lead the OCO effort. Orbital Sciences Corporation and Hamilton Sundstrand Sensor Systems will partner with JPL to realize this vital mission.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OCO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: OCO\n Long_Name: Orbiting Carbon Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "38eefa42-2943-43d6-9186-d797d089c9df", - "label": "OGO-5", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", - "definition": "The fifth Orbiting Geophysical Observatory, OGO-5, was launched on 4 March\n1968. The satellite, primarily devoted to Earth observation, was in a highly\nelliptical initial orbit with a 272 km perigee and an 148,228 km apogee. The\norbital inclination was 31.1 degrees. The satellite took 3796 minutes to\ncomplete one orbit. Two experiments aboard OGO-5 produced cosmic high- energy\nresults, although their intended target was the Sun. The spacecraft attitude\ncontrol failed on 6 August 1971 and it was placed in a standby mode on 8\nOctober 1971. Three experiments (none of which were related to cosmic\nhigh-energy detection) were reactivated from 1 June to 13 July 1972. Operation\nof OGO 5 terminated completely on 14 July 1972.\n\nThe Anderson et al. (University of California, Berkeley) Energetic Radiations\nfrom Solar Flares experiment was operational from March 1968 - June 1971.\nPrimarily devoted to solar observations, it detected at least 11 cosmic X-ray\nbursts in time coincidence with gamma-ray bursts seen by other instruments. The\ndetector was a 0.5 cm thick NaI(Tl) crystal with a 9.5 sq-cm area. Data were\naccumulated into energy ranges of: 9.6-19.2, 19.2-32, 32-48, 48-64, 64-80,\n80-104, 104-128, and > 128 keV. The data were sampled for 1. 15 seconds once\nevery 2.3 seconds.\n\nThe gamma-ray instrument on-board, sensitive to energies from 25-100 MeV, was a\nsix gap spark chamber with an effective area of ~ 100 sq-cm. It was called the\nEnergetic Photons in Primary Cosmic Rays experiment (Hutchinson et al.,\nSouthampton University). It had an angular resolution of ~ 30 degrees (FWHM).\nThe satellite was Earth-pointing and passed regularly through the radiation\nbelts, which led to severe restrictions on the sky regions which could be\nexamined by the gamma-ray instrument. Other problems, such as an efficiency\nreduction in the anti-coincidence shield and data system difficulties, severely\ndegraded the scientific return from the experiment. Data collection ceased\naltogether after 5 months. Gamma-ray emission from the galactic plane was\nmonitored. No point sources were detected.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-5\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-E\n Short_Name: 03138\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31.1 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 3796 minutes\n Perigee: 272 km\n Apogee: 148,228 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/ogo.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1968-014A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-03-04\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40b55ae6-fce7-46f1-aa84-ef7313056289", - "label": "OGO-2", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", - "definition": "OGO 2 was a large observatory instrumented with 20 experiments designed to make simultaneous, correlative observations of aurora and airglow emissions, energetic particles, magnetic field variations, ionospheric properties, etc., especially over the polar areas. OGO 2 consisted of a main body, generally parallelepipedal in form, two rectangular solar panels, each with a solar-oriented experiment package (SOEP), and two orbital plane experiment packages (OPEP). It also included six experiment packages (EP-1,-2,-3,-4,-5, and -6) mounted on booms extending generally fore and aft of the spacecraft along the Y axis. Antenna and attitude control fixtures also extended from separate and/or EP booms. The main body was attitude-controlled by use of horizon scanners and gas jets and was designed to point toward the earth (Z axis). The axis connecting the two solar panels (X axis) was designed to oscillate in order to remain perpendicular to the earth-sun-spacecraft plane. The solar panels activated by sun sensors could rotate about this X axis in order to obtain maximum radiation for the solar cells and concurrently orient the SOEP properly. The OPEPs were reoriented on either end of an axis that was parallel to the Z axis and attached to the forward end of the main body. These OPEP sensors normally were maintained looking forward in the orbital plane of the satellite. To maintain this orientation, the OPEP axis could rotate over 90 deg. In addition, an angular difference of over 90 deg was possible between the orientation of the upper and lower OPEP packages. The SOEP contained four experiments, and the OPEP contained five experiments. Soon after achieving orbit, difficulties in maintaining earth lock with horizon scanners caused exhaustion of attitude control gas by October 23, 1965, 10 days after launch. At this time, the spacecraft entered a spin mode (about 0.11 rpm) with a large coning angle about the previously vertical axis. Five experiments became useless when the satellite went into this spin mode. Six additional experiments were degraded by this loss of attitude control. By April 1966, both batteries had failed, so subsequent observations were limited to sunlit portions of the orbit. By December 1966, only eight experiments were operational, five of which were not degraded by the spin mode operation. By April 1967, the tape recorders had malfunctioned and only one third of the recorded data could be processed. Spacecraft power and periods of operational scheduling conflicts created six large data gaps so that data were observed on a total of about 306 days of the 2-yr, 18-day total span of observed satellite data to November 1, 1967. The data gaps were (a) October 24, 1965, to November 5, 1965, (b) December 6, 1965, to January 7, 1966, (c) April 9, 1966, to June 21, 1966, (d) September 2, 1966, to November 18, 1966, (e) December 27, 1966, to April 11, 1967, and (f) May 9, 1967, to September 19, 1967. The spacecraft was shut down on November 1, 1967, with eight experiments still operational. It was reactivated for 2 weeks in February 1968 to operate experiment 65-081A-05. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-2\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-C\n Short_Name: POGO 1\n Short_Name: 01620\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 87.4 degrees\n Period: 104.0 minutes\n Perigee: 414.0 km\n Apogee: 1510.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1965-081A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-10-14\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dcf6a3-8b08-40a4-acb0-3c1c2fdc55cc", - "label": "OGO-3", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", - "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 3 (OGO 3) was launched on 7 June 1966 and\nput into orbit of 295 x 122,219 km at 31 degrees inclination. All 21\nexperiments returned good data. At the time, this was the largest experimental\ncomplement ever put into orbit. There were 4 cosmic ray instruments (1 of which\nincluded a gamma-ray spectrometer), 4 plasma, 2 trapped radiation, 2 magnetic\nfields, 5 ionosphere, 3 radio/optical, and 1 micrometeoroid detectors. Again,\nthe GSFC positron search and gamma-ray spectrometer was included. The\nexperiment was essentially identical to what was flown on OGO 1, with the PMTs\nbeing replaced by an improved variety. This time, the experiment was successful\nin achieving all of its objectives. OGO 3 maintained 3-axis stabilization for\n46 days. At that point, an attitude controller failed and the spacecraft was\nput into a spin on 23 July 1966. The spin period varied from 90-125 seconds. By\nJune 1969, data acquisition was limited to 50% of the orbital path. Routine\noperation was discontinued on 1 December 1969, and complete termination\noccurred on 29 February 1972.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-3\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOGO 3\n Short_Name: OGO-B\n Short_Name: 02195\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31 degrees\n Period: 2913.0 minutes\n Perigee: 295.0 km\n Apogee: 122219.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-049A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-06-07\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b81f052e-9e45-4097-8189-f4c2f0572dd4", - "label": "OGO-1", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", - "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO 1) was successfully launched from\nCape Kennedy on 5 September 1964 and placed into an initial orbit of 281 x\n149,385 km at 31 degrees inclination. Two experiment booms failed to properly\ndeploy, with one of the booms obscuring a horizon scanner's view of earth. As a\nresult, the spacecraft attitude could not be earth oriented and OGO 1 remained\nspin stabilized at 5 rpm. Nevertheless, data from all 20 experiments on board\nwas received, although at a 'less than expected capacity' from some of them.\nDuring September 1964, acceptable data were received over 70% of the orbital\npath. Spacecraft operation was restricted to Spring and Fall due to power\nsupply limitations. There were 11 such 3-month periods prior to the spacecraft\nbeing put into stand-by mode on 25 November 1969. OGO 1 was completely\nterminated on 1 November 1971.\n\nOn board was the Positron Search and Gamma-Ray Spectrum experiment of Cline et\nal. It was designed to determine whether low-energy (0-3 MeV) positrons are\ntrapped temporarily or permanently in the Van Allen regions and whether\nlow-energy solar and interplanetary positrons exist at the edge of the Earth's\nmagnetic field. A secondary objective was to detect gamma-ray bursts from the\nSun in the energy range 80 keV - 1 MeV. The experiment consisted of 3 CsI\ncrystals surrounded by a plastic anti-coincidence shield. The output of the\nwhole unit was monitored by 3 PMTs. Once every 18.5 seconds, integral intensity\nmeasurements were made in each of 16 energy channels which were equally spaced\nover the .08-1 MeV range.\n\nThe experiment did not achieve its goals due to electrical interference and\nsecular degradation of the PMT responses. However, searching back through the\ndata after the discovery of cosmic gamma-ray bursts by the Vela satellites\nrevealed the detection of one or more such events in the OGO 1 data.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-1\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOGO 1\n Short_Name: OGO-A\n Short_Name: 00879\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31.2 degrees\n Period: 3839.0 minutes\n Perigee: 281.0 km\n Apogee: 149385.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1964-054A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/ogo.html#ogo1\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-09-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa5f5aff-4c2f-4613-b082-28454520544e", - "label": "OGO-6", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", - "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 6 (OGO 6) was a large observatory\ninstrumented with 26 experiments designed to study the various\ninterrelationships between, and latitudinal distributions of, high-altitude\natmospheric parameters during a period of increased solar activity. The main\nbody of the spacecraft was attitude controlled by means of horizon scanners and\ngas jets so that its orientation was maintained constant with respect to the\nearth and the sun. The solar panels rotated on a horizontal axis extending\ntransversely through the main body of the spacecraft. The rotation of the\npanels was activated by sun sensors so that the panels received maximum\nsunlight. Seven experiments were mounted on the solar panels (the SOEP\npackage). An additional axis, oriented vertically across the front of the main\nbody, carried seven experiments (the OPEP package). Nominally, these sensors\nobserved in a forward direction in the orbital plane of the satellite. The\nsensors could be rotated more than 90 deg relative to the nominal observing\nposition and more than 90 deg between the upper and lower OPEP groups mounted\non either end of this axis. On June 22, 1969, the spacecraft potential dropped\nsignificantly during sunlight operation and remained so during subsequent\nsunlight operation. This unexplained shift affected seven experiments which\nmade measurements dependent upon knowledge of the spacecraft plasma sheath.\nDuring October 1969, a string of solar cells failed, but the only effect of the\ndecreased power was to cause two experiments to change their mode of operation.\nAlso during October 1969, a combination of manual and automatic attitude\ncontrol was initiated, which extended the control gas lifetime of the attitude\ncontrol system. In August 1970, tape recorder (TR) no. 1 operation degraded, so\nall recorded data were subsequently taken with TR no. 2. By September 1970,\npower and equipment degradation left 14 experiments operating normally, 3\npartially, and 9 off. From October 14, 1970, TR no. 2 was used only on\nWednesdays (world days) to conserve power and extend TR operation. In June\n1971, the number of 'on' experiments decreased from 13 to 7, and on June 28,\n1971, the spacecraft was placed in a spin-stabilized mode about the yaw (Z)\naxis and turned off due to difficulties with spacecraft power. OGO 6 was turned\non again from October 10, 1971, through March 1972, for operation of experiment\n25 by The Radio Research Laboratory, Japan. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-6\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-F\n Short_Name: PL-691D\n Short_Name: POGO 3\n Short_Name: S 60\n Short_Name: 03986\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 82 degrees\n Period: 99.7 minutes\n Perigee: 413 km\n Apogee: 1077 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1969-051A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-06-05\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff60d0cf-4665-40b6-b375-dd59dba896f9", - "label": "OGO-4", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", - "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 4 (OGO 4) was a large observatory\ninstrumented with experiments designed to study the interrelationships between\nthe aurora and airglow emissions, energetic particle activity, geomagnetic\nfield variation, ionospheric ionization and recombination, and atmospheric\nheating which take place during a period of increased solar activity. After the\nspacecraft achieved orbit and the experiments were deployed into an operating\nmode, an attitude control problem occurred. This condition was corrected by\nground control procedures until complete failure of the tape recording systems\nin mid-January 1969. At that time, due to the difficulty of maintaining\nattitude control without the tape recorders, the attitude control system was\ncommanded off, and the spacecraft was placed into a spin-stabilized mode about\nthe axis which was previously maintained vertically. In this mode, seven of\nthe remaining experiments were turned off since no meaningful data could be\nobserved by them. On October 23, 1969, the satellite was turned off. It was\nreactivated again in January 1970 for 2 months to obtain VLF observations. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-4\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-D\n Short_Name: POGO 2\n Short_Name: 02895\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 86 degrees\n Period: 98 minutes\n Perigee: 412 km\n Apogee: 908 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1967-073A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-07-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "label": "Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Following the successful demonstration flights of Bhaskara-1 and Bhaskara-2 - experimental Earth observation satellites developed and built by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) - and launched in 1979 and 1981, respectively, India began the development of an indigenous IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) program. India realized quite early that sustaining its space program in the long run would depend on indigenous technological capabilities (in particular, US export restrictions made this clear). Keeping this in mind, besides building satellites, India embarked as well on satellite launch vehicle development in the early 1970s. As a consequence, India has two very capable launch systems at the start of the 21st century, namely PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) and GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle). 1)\n\nIRS is the integrated LEO (Low Earth Orbit) element of India's NNRMS (National Natural Resources Management System) with the objective to provide a long-term spaceborne operational capability to India for the observation and management of the country's natural resources (applications in agriculture, hydrology, geology, drought and flood monitoring, marine studies, snow studies, and land use). The intend of the program is to create an environment of new perspectives for the Indian research community as a whole, to stimulate the development of new technologies and applications, and to utilize the Earth resources in more meaningful ways.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b60f93d-dad7-4bb8-a41b-22d5f5d58835", - "label": "IRS-1C", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "The fourth in the IRS series, IRS - 1C was launched from Baikanur cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on May 19, 1995. It operates in a near polar, sun- synchronous orbit at an altitude of 817km. Its local equatorial crossing time is 10:30 A.M in the descending node. The satellite payload consists of three sensors, namely Panchromatic camera (PAN), Linear Imaging and Self-Scanning Sensor (LISS - III) and Wide Field Sensor (WiFS).\n\nThe PAN camera provides data with a spatial resolution of 5.8m and a ground swath of 70 km at nadir view. This camera can be steered up to +/- 26 degrees, which can be used to acquire stereo pairs and this also improves the revisit capability to 5 days.\n\nLISS - III camera provides multi-spectral data in 4 bands. The spatial resolution for visible (two bands) and near infrared (one band) is 23.5m with a ground swath of 141 km. The fourth band (short wave infrared band) has a spatial resolution of 70.5m with a ground swath of 148 km. The repetivity of LISS - III is 24 days.\n\nWiFS camera collects data in two spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 188m and a ground swath of 810 km. By virtue of its wide swath there is huge side lap between adjacent paths. A repetivity of 3 days can be achieved by suitably combining paths.\n\nThe satellite is equipped with an On Board Tape Recorder (OBTR) with a capacity of 62 Gb, for collecting data outside the visibility region of any ground station. The OBTR was capable of storing data collected for 24 minutes. The OBTR was functional during 1995-1998. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PAN\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n Short_Name: WIFS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 817 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.69 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 A.M\n Period: 101.35 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1c.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1c_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-05-19\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f7493be-f2c7-427b-befb-d4e33f08016c", - "label": "IRS-P2", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) P2 was launched in 1994. This satellite carries one imaging sensor: Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS) 2. This satellite has a polar, circular, sun-synchronous 817-km orbit with a 24-day repeat cycle. Like the IRS-1A and -1B platforms, IRS-P2 has two identical LISS 2, but with a resolution of 32 m across-track and 37 m along-track. The total swath width on the IRS-P2 is 131 km.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P2\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.4 degrees\n Period: 101.2 min\n Perigee: 821.6 km\n Apogee: 822.9 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p2.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp2_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-10-15\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d98408e-7465-4d31-86fa-3835a137b78d", - "label": "IRS-P5", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "The CARTOSAT-1 (IRS-P5) is envisaged as a mission to meet the stereo data requirements of the user community. The objectives of the mission are :\n\n-To design, develop, launch and operate an advanced space based mission with enhanced spatial resolution (2.5m) with along track stereo viewing capability for large scale mapping applications (up to 1:5000 scale)\n\n-To further stimulate newer areas of cartographic applications, urban management, disaster assessment, relief planning and management, environmental impact assessment and GIS applications.\n\nCARTOSAT-1 is a global mission. The nominal life of the mission is planned to be five years. The satellite was launched by the indigenously built Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on May 05, 2005. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P5\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P5 (CARTOSAT-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CARTOSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PAN\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 618 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.87 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 A.M\n Period: 97 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 5 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-p5.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/irs-p5__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-05-05\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27b32f62-3460-4541-a1d5-507538b2b34c", - "label": "IRS-1D", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "On 29th September, 1996, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) proved its launch vehicle capability by launching the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-1D, using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C1, from Sriharikota. This added one more member to the existing IRS constellation. It carries payloads similar to its predecessor, IRS-1C. Like IRS-1C, IRS-1D has LISS III, PAN, WiFS sensors onboard.\n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WIFS\n Short_Name: PAN\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 737 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.53 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10.30 A.M to 10.47 A.M\n Period: 100.56 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 25 days\n Perigee: 737 km\n Apogee: 821 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1d.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1d_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-09-29\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56535da7-3b47-41e2-a3a9-b88a6abbc5ef", - "label": "IRS-R2A", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "Today, the array of Indian Earth Observation (EO) Satellites with imaging capabilities in visible, infrared, thermal and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, including hyper-spectral sensors, have helped the country in realising major operational applications. The imaging sensors have been providing spatial resolution ranging from 1 km to better than 1m; repeat observation (temporal imaging) from 22 days to every 15 minutes and radiometric ranging from 7 bit to 12 bit, which has significantly helped in several applications at national level. In the coming years, the Indian EO satellites are heading towards further strengthened and improved technologies, taking cognizance of the learnings/ achievements made in the yester years, while addressing newer observational requirements and the technological advancements including high agility spacecrafts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87daf1d5-4f7c-40e9-8d31-4c816c320029", - "label": "K1", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f7e0fb3-1917-4bb5-ae90-93af14ef0c51", - "label": "IRS-1A", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A (IRS-1A) was launched on March 17, 1988. IRS-1A is the first of a series of semi-operational/ operational remote sensing satellites developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for land-based applications such as agriculture,forestry, geology, and hydrology. The three-axis-stabilized sun-synchronous satellite carries two linear imaging self-scanned sensors (LISS). LISS-1 and LISS-II perform 'pushbroom' scanning in visible and near IR bands to acquire images of the earth. Both push-broom scanning sensors operate in the four spectral bands: 0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.59, 0.62-0.68, and 0.77-0.86 micrometer. Local equatorial crossing time is fixed at around 10 a.m. The spacecraft platform, measuring 1.56 m x 1.66 m x 1.10 m, has the payload module attached on the top and a deployable solar array stowed on either side. Attitude control is provided by four momentum wheels, two magnetic torques, and a thruster system. Together these mechanisms provide an estimated accuracy of plus or minus 0.10 deg in all three axes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n Short_Name: LISS-I\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 904 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.01 deg\n Period: 103.1minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 22 days\n Perigee: 863 km\n Apogee: 917 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1a.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1a_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-03-17\n Launch_Site: BAIKONUR COSMODROME, TYURATAM, RUSSIA\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e3bc460-c94c-462f-a207-aa580f2b5b07", - "label": "IRS-P4", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "The IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1), the eighth satellite built in India under the indigenous Indian Remote Sensing Satellite programme was successfully launched on May,26,1999 at 11.52 A.M from Sriharikota, India using the indigenously developed Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).\n\nIRS-P4 carries two sensors onboard, Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) and Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR). Several new technologies like Dual Cone Earth Sensor, improved Digital Sun Sensor and Satellite Positioning System (SPS) were introduced in the satellite. OCM data products are available to the User community acquired from July,01,1999 onwards. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P4\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P4 (OCEANSAT-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Oceansat-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCM\n Short_Name: MIMR\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Short_Name: MR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 720 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.28 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 12 noon\n Period: 98 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 2 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p4_oceansat.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp4ocsat_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-05-26\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1734eeb-aa26-471d-9300-694c80aa8b42", - "label": "IRS-1B", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1B (IRS-1B) was launched on August 8, 1991, from Tyuratan, U.S.S.R.. IRS-1B continues the series of Earth resources remote sensing satellites developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for land-based applications such as agriculture, forestry, geology, and hydrology. The spacecraft is a box-shaped 1.6 x 1.56 x 1.1 meter bus with two Sun-tracking solar arrays of 8.5 square meters each. Two nickel cadmium batteries provide power during eclipses. The three-axis stabilize sun-synchronous satellite had a 0.4 degree pitch/roll and 0.5 degree yaw pointing accuracy provided by a zero-momentum reaction wheel system utilizing Earth/Sun/star sensors and gyros. The satellite carried three Linear Imaging Self-Scanning (LISS) push-broom CCD sensors operating in four spectral bands compatible with Landsat Thematic Mapper and Spor HRV data. The bands were 0.45 - 0.52, 0.52 - 0.59, 0.62 - 0.68, and 0.77 - 0.86 microns. The LISS 1 sensor had four 2048-element CCD imagers with a focal length of 162.2 cm generating a resolution of 72.5 meters and a 148 km swath width. The LISS 2A/B sensors had eight 2048-element CCD imagers with a focal length of 324.4 mm generating a ground resolution of 36.25 meters and a 74 km swath width. The two LISS 2 imagers bracketed the LISS 1 imager providing a 3 km overlap. Data from the LISS 1 were downlinked on S-band at 5.2 Mbps and from the LISS 2 A/B at 10.4 Mbps to the ground station at Shandnager, India. The satellite was controlled from Bangalore, India.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1B\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-IB\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-I\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 904 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 deg\n Period: 103 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 22 days\n Perigee: 887 km\n Apogee: 922 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1b.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs-1b_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-08\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdbfcd3f-bde3-44b1-8318-e2ee7873fc57", - "label": "IRS-P6", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "The RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) is envisaged as the continuity mission to IRS-1C/1D, with enhanced capabilities both in the payload and the platform, to meet the increasing demands of the user community. The objectives of the mission are :\n\n-To provide continued remote sensing data services on an operational basis for integrated land and water resources management at micro level, with enhanced spectral and spatial coverage and stereo imaging.\n\n-To further carry out studies in advanced areas of user applications like improved crop discrimination, crop yield, crop stress, pest/disease surveillance, disaster management etc.,.\n\nThe life of the mission is planned to be five years. The satellite was launched by the indigenously built Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on October 17, 2003. The orbit parameters of IRS-P6 are same as IRS-1C. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n Short_Name: ResourceSat-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-IV\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n Short_Name: AWIFS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 817 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.69 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10.30 A.M\n Period: 101.35 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p6resourcesat-1.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp6_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-10-17\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbbc7680-269b-42de-a33c-25e541aa6a74", - "label": "IRS-P3", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "The IRS-P3 satellite was launched from Sriharikota, India, using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – PLSV-D3. IRS-P3 was put in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 817km with equatorial crossing time of 10:30 A.M in the descending node.\n\nIRS - P3 has an X-ray astronomy and two remote sensing payloads, namely Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) and Modular Optoelectronics Scanner (MOS). The mission caters to oceanography applications.\n\nIRS - P3 WiFS is similar to IRS - 1C WiFS but for the inclusion of an additional band in the Middle Infra-red (MIR) region. This sensor is primarily meant for vegetation dynamic studies while MOS is meant for ocean related studies. MOS has helped the ocean application scientists in developing necessary algorithms for extracting ocean parameters such as phytoplankton, yellow substance and suspended sediments in ocean waters. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P3\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite P3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-P3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WIFS\n Short_Name: MOS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 817 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.69 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10.30 A.M\n Period: 101.35 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p3.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp3_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-03-21\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df967339-0096-4445-8732-0071f1de9e27", - "label": "IRS-O2", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Oceansat-2 was launched by PSLV-C14 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota on Sept. 23, 2009. It carries three payloads:\n1) Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM)\n2) Ku-band Pencil Beam scatterometer (OSCAT)\n3) Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmosphere (ROSA) developed by the Italian Space Agency.\nOceansat-2 is envisaged to provide continuity of operational services of Oceansat-1(IRS-P4) with enhanced application potential.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-O2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-O2\n Long_Name: Oceansat-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-O2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCM-2\n Short_Name: OSCAT\n Short_Name: ROSA\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 720 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.28 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 12:00 Local time: e.g.\n Period: 99.31minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 2 days\n Perigee: 720 km\n Apogee: 720 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/oceansat-2.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1a_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-09-23\n Launch_Site: SRIHARIKOTA ISLAND, INDIA\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd710ee8-797c-490a-9f90-064a38141f99", - "label": "IRS-RS2", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", - "label": "Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ICESat (Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark Earth Observing System mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. From 2003 to 2009, the ICESat mission provided multi-year elevation data needed to determine ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property information, especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar areas. It also provided topography and vegetation data around the globe, in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0a7dad22-dace-4cdc-9a5b-7dfde4aa2822", - "label": "ICESat-2", - "broader": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA ICESat-2, https://icesat-2.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nICESat-2 will provide scientists with height measurements that create a global portrait of Earth’s 3rd dimension, \ngathering data that can precisely track changes of terrain including glaciers, sea ice, forests and more.\n\nWhile many of ICESat-2’s discoveries are yet to be imagined, the satellite mission has four science objectives:\n\nMeasure melting ice sheets and investigate how this effects sea level rise,\nMeasure and investigate changes in the mass of ice sheets and glaciers,\nEstimate and study sea ice thickness,\nMeasure the height of vegetation in forests and other ecosystems worldwide.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ICESAT-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: ICESAT-II\n Long_Name: Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-II\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://icesat-2.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2018\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71536bf5-2d19-4c63-a127-95264da38082", - "label": "ICESat", - "broader": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", - "definition": "[Source: NASA ICESat home page]\n\nICESat (Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark Earth Observing System mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. From 2003 to 2009, the ICESat mission provided multi-year elevation data needed to determine ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property information, especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar areas. It also provided topography and vegetation data around the globe, in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ICESAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ICESAT\n Long_Name: Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ICESAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GLAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: ~600 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 94 degrees\n Period: ~97 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 91 days with ~33 days subcycle\n Perigee: 593 km (368 mi)\n Apogee: 610 km (379 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/glas/atbd.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-01-12\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fd43f36-3fbf-462b-8a3f-2eb6f5219b3e", - "label": "FASTSAT-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Source: Mark Boudreaux, Edward Montgomery, Joseph Casas 'A Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology SATellite (FASTSAT) and the Small Satellite Market Development Environment', NASA, Huntsville, Alabama USA ]\n\nThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration at Marshall Space Flight Center and the National Space Science and Technology Center in Huntsville Alabama USA, are jointly developing a new class of science and technology mission small satellites. The Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology SATellite (FASTSAT) was designed and developed using a new collaborative and best practices approach. The FASTSAT development, along with the new class of low cost vehicles currently being developed, would allow performance of ~ 30 kg payload mass missions for a cost of less than 10 million US dollars.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FASTSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FASTSAT-1\n Long_Name: Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology SATellite, 1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20080036190_2008036047.pdf&ei=BgfiSsn_I5OuMPnW0bYB&usg=AFQjCNHZ6N43VBkE4WvahXScylTbIEH_jw&sig2=Q7Ps8w9mdQtbZT7JWHLgbw\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/19nov_fastsat.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/fastsat/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40e64334-e37c-4292-8b72-67c93bb24d41", - "label": "GLORY", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[2011-03-04, NASA's Glory Satellite Fails To Reach Orbit] \n\n[Source: NASA Press Release 11-050, http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/mar/HQ_11-050_N0_Glory.html ] \n\nWASHINGTON -- NASA's Glory mission launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California Friday at 5:09:45 a.m. EST failed to reach orbit. \n\nTelemetry indicated the fairing, the protective shell atop the Taurus XL rocket, did not separate as expected about three minutes after launch. \n\n//\n\n[Source: Glory Science Home Page, http://glory.giss.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nGlory is a remote-sensing Earth-orbiting observatory designed to achieve two separate mission objectives. One is to collect data on the chemical, microphysical, and optical properties, and spatial and temporal distributions of aerosols. The other is to continue collection of total solar irradiance data for the long-term climate record.\n\nThe Glory mission's scientific objectives are met by implementing two separate science instruments, one with the ability to collect polarimetric measurements along the satellite ground track within the solar reflective spectral region (0.4 to 2.4 micrometers) and one with the ability to monitor changes in sunlight incident on the Earth's atmosphere by collecting high accuracy, high precision measurements of total solar irradiance. Glory accomplishes these objectives by deploying two instruments aboard a low earth orbit satellite, the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) and the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM). Additionally, a cloud camera system will provide images that allow the APS scans along the spacecraft ground track to be put into spatial context and to facilitate determination of cloud occurrence within the APS instantaneous field of view.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GLORY\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GLORY\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TIM\n Short_Name: CC GLORY\n Short_Name: APS GLORY\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km +/- 30 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 Degrees +/- 0.15 Degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 1:35 p.m.\n Period: 99 Minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://glory.giss.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/gloryinorbit-s.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-03-04\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: + 3 years; 5 year goal\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42c6ff80-849b-4ef5-b6ff-fd9416b8cf33", - "label": "ICEYE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ICEYE's overall mission is to enable better decision making for everyone by providing timely and reliable Earth observation data. To achieve that goal, the company is developing its own synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) sensor technologies suitable for satellites under 100kg in weight. ICEYE is building a constellation of 18 SAR satellite by end of 2020 and that will enable a 3 hour on average revisit rate around the globe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "439293ac-ef6a-4f4c-a578-a57d504e783a", - "label": "RAPIDEYE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "RapidEye is a commercial multispectral remote sensing satellite mission being designed and implemented by MDA for RapidEye AG. The RapidEye sensor images five optical bands in the 400-850nm range and provides 6.5m pixel size at nadir. Rapid delivery and short revisit times are provided through the use of a five-satellite constellation.\n\nIt provides products for the following applications:\n\n-Agriculture - crop monitoring and mapping, yield prediction, etc.\n-Forestry - tree species separation, stem volume estimation, etc.\n-Security & Emergency - disaster management etc.\n-Energy & Infrastructure - pipeline monitoring, landcover classification etc.\n-Environment - change detection etc.\n-Cartography - satellite based maps, ortho photos, etc.\n-Other Markets - natural disaster assessment, 3D-visualization, etc.\n\nThe satellites will be placed equally spaced in a single sun-synchronous orbit to ensure consistent imaging conditions and a short revisit time. The RapidEye system can access any area on Earth within a day and cover the entire agricultural areas of North America and Europe within five days.\n\nThe RapidEye satellite platforms has been constructed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL). [1] This makes RapidEye the second multiple-satellite imaging constellation that SSTL has been involved with, after building and launching the Disaster Monitoring Constellation.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RAPIDEYE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: RAPIDEYE\n Long_Name: RapidEye\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 630 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.rapideye.de/\n Online_Resource: http://www.rapideye.de/upload/documents/Standard_Image_Product_USLetter.pdf\n Sample_Image: http://www.dappolonia-research.com/invesatwiki/images/thumb/180px-Rapid_Eye.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43a6ecc5-a1d4-4b89-8d4d-e04a10264ab6", - "label": "PAGEOS 1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The PAGEOS (Passive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) spacecraft was\n a 30.48-m inflatable sphere, and had no instrumentation on board. It\n was the second (following GEOS 1) NASA satellite in the National\n Geodetic Satellites Program. PAGEOS 1 was made up of 84 gores and 2\n pole caps of 0.0127-mm aluminized mylar film. The gores were 48 m\n long with maximum width of 1.24 m and the pole caps were 1.02 m in\n diameter. The primary purpose of the satellite was to provide a\n tracking target for geodetic purposes. It had a specular reflectance\n of 0.862, and a diffuse reflectance of 0.029, providing a reflecting\n light source whose brightness was relatively independent of\n observer-satellite-sun phase angle. The surface was also 97%\n reflectant for microwave energy in the range from 17 to 4E5 kHz. The\n launch, orbit, separation, inflation and initial operation were\n nominal, with more than 40 ground stations participating in the\n observation program. The orbit was generally considered too high for\n drag-density study, although some work was done in this area by the\n Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. For a more detailed\n description, see David E. Bowker, 'PAGEOS Project Compilation of\n Information for Use of Experimenter' (TRF B01718), NASA-TM-X-1344,\n 1967.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1966-06-24 00:14:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1966-06-24\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 4271.\n Perigee(km) : 4207.\n Inclination : 87.14\n Date of last update : 1985-07-17\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PAGEOS 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PAGEOS 1\n Long_Name: Passive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: PAGEOS 1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 85.40 deg\n Period: 177.10 min\n Perigee: 3,913 km\n Apogee: 4,220 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-21\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-056A\n Sample_Image: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/satellite_geodesy/pageos_500.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-06-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", - "label": "Worldview", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The WorldView series consists of high resolution commercial Earth imaging satellites. Owned by MAXAR, the first three satellites in the series are currently operational, and they have been supplying imagery since 2007.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "341b5eb7-19bd-4337-83f3-885730103df1", - "label": "WORLDVIEW-4", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f13b4d2-9114-4890-ac6d-30da1a333d74", - "label": "WORLDVIEW-1", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", - "definition": "he next-generation commercial imaging satellite of DigitalGlobe Inc. (Longmont, CO, USA) is called WorldView-1, a successor of QuickBird-2 (launch Oct. 18, 2001 - and fully operational as of 2007). In Oct. 2003, DigitalGlobe was awarded a sizeable contract by NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) of Washington DC, formerly NIMA (National Imaging and Mapping Agency), to provide high-resolution imagery from the next-generation commercial imaging satellites.\n\nThe NGA requirements call for imagery with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m panchromatic and 2 m MS (Multispectral) data. The contract award was made within NGA's NextView program, designed to give the US commercial imaging satellite operators the financing to build their satellites for high-resolution imaging. The WorldView mission is intended to provide imaging services to NGA as well as to the commercial customer base of DigitalGlobe.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nBATC (Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation) of Boulder, CO, is the prime contractor and integrator of the spacecraft, providing the S/C bus (Ball Commercial Platform BCP-5000) and a WorldView-60 camera. A new feature of the WorldView spacecraft are CMG (Control Moment Gyroscopes) actuators for precise and highly responsive pointing control. The BCP-5000 bus provides increased power, stability, agility, data storage and transmission (over the BCP-2000 bus) as the demand for Earth remote-sensing information becomes more comprehensive. \n\nThe S/C is 3-axis stabilized. The ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem) employs star trackers, IRU (Inertial Reference Unit) and GPS for attitude sensing, and CMGs as actuators. A S/C body-pointing range of ±40º about nadir is provided corresponding to a FOR (Field of Regard) of 775 km in cross-track. An instantaneous pointing accuracy of ≤ 500 m is provided at any start and stop of an imaging sequence. On the ground, the geolocation accuracy of the imagery is 5.8 to 7.6 m without GPCs (Ground Control Points) and 2 m with GPCs (3σ). The agile S/C provides retargeting at a rate of 4.5º/s with an acceleration of 2.5º/s2; it takes 9 s to slew the S/C over a ground distance of 300 km.\n\nS/C power of 3.2 kW (EOL) is provided by the solar panels; the battery capacity is 100 Ah. The solar arrays are being articulated into the sun (normal pointing into the sun). The rotational drive assemblies and drive control electronics, referred to as QuAD (Quiet Array Drive), are being provided by Starsys, a subsidiary of SpaceDev, Poway, CA. Unlike traditional stepper motor solar array drives, the QuAD technology provides low disturbance actuation, allowing spacecraft images to be captured at the same time that the solar arrays are being pointed.\n\nThe S/C bus has dimensions of 3.6 m (high) and 2.5 m in diameter, the span of the deployed panels measures 7.1 m. WorldView-1 has a launch mass of 2500 kg. The mission design life is 7.25 years. \n\nLaunch: A launch of the WorldView-1 spacecraft took place on Sept. 18, 2007 on a Delta-2920 vehicle from VAFB, CA.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 496 km (nominal), inclination = 97.2º. The equator crossing time is at 10:30 hours on a descending node. The period is 94.6 minutes. Note: While the low-altitude orbit selection offers better spatial resolutions than a higher one, it requires also more frequent reboosts to maintain the low orbit due to atmospheric drag influences.\n\nRF communications: The command data are in S-band at 2 or 64 kbit/s. The housekeeping telemetry and tracking is in X-band at 4, 16, or 32 kbit/s of real-time data, or 524 kbit/s of stored data. The imagery is downlinked in X-band at 800 Mbit/s. The S/C provides a data storage capacity of 2.2 Tbit in solid state memory with EDAC (Error Detection and Correction). A total of 331 Gbit of imagery per orbit may be collected. In addition, direct (real-time) downlinks to customer sites are available using the same high-speed 800 Mbit/s X-band link. \n\nMission status: In early January 2008, DigitalGlobe announced the general availability of WorldView-1 imagery to its customers after all check-out aspects of the spacecraft and its payload had been completed. 6)\n\n• DigitalGlobe delivered its first sample set of high-resolution images on Oct. 15, 2007 and began supplying imagery to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) on Nov. 26, 2007 (the S/C reached already full operating capacity on Nov. 17. 2007). \n\nInformaiton obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WORLDVIEW-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WORLDVIEW-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 496\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.2\n Period: 94.5\n Repeat_Cycle: 1.7\n Perigee: 499.7\n Apogee: 500.8\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=12389\n Online_Resource: http://www.digitalglobe.com/index.php/86/WorldView-1\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-09-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 7.25 years\n Primary_Sponsor: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfb49f10-0755-464f-96b1-fc037802c86d", - "label": "WORLDVIEW-3", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff0ed18d-c476-4dc4-a248-d42ad74bb4a1", - "label": "WORLDVIEW-2", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", - "definition": "WorldView-2, launched October 2009, is the first high-resolution 8-band multispectral commercial satellite. Operating at an altitude of 770 kilometers, WorldView-2 provides 46 cm panchromatic resolution and 1.85 meter* multispectral resolution. WorldView-2 has an average revisit time of 1.1 days and is capable of collecting up to 1 million square kilometers of 8-band imagery per day, greatly enhancing the DigitalGlobe multispectral collection capacity for more rapid and reliable collection.\n\nThe WorldView-2 system, offering incredible accuracy, agility, capacity and spectral diversity, allows DigitalGlobe to substantially expand its imagery product offerings to both commercial and government customers.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WORLDVIEW-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WORLDVIEW-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 770 km\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 am Local time: e.g.\n Period: 100 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 101 days at 1 meter GSD or less; 3.7 days at 20deg off-nadir or less (0.52 meter GSD)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-05-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.digitalglobe.com/about-us/content-collection#satellites&worldview-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-10-08\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 10-12 years\n Primary_Sponsor: DigitalGlobe\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "45ec5189-ffc5-452d-b365-f6989f1433f1", - "label": "NPOESS (National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System )", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47943416-e045-4d6d-b18e-3d1cc51734e0", - "label": "GEOEYE-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "GeoEye-1, formerly known as OrbView-5, is the next-generation high-resolution imaging mission of GeoEye, Dulles, VA, USA. In January 2006, the commercial imaging company GeoEye was formed, made up of former Orbimage of Dulles VA, and of former Space Imaging of Thornton, CO (Orbimage acquired Space Imaging in 2005 and gave the merged company the new name of GeoEye). The newly formed GeoEye company is the world's largest commercial satellite imagery provider.\n\nOn Sept. 30, 2004, OrbImage was awarded a NextView vendor contract of NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). The contract, referred to as NextView OrbImage, provides long-term revenue commitments as well as capital for the development of OrbView-5. NGA's NextView program is designed to give US commercial imaging satellite operators the financing to build their satellites for high-resolution imaging.\n\nGeoEye's principal partners for the development and launch of the GeoEye-1 satellite include General Dynamics (formerly Spectrum Astro), ITT Industries (imager), and Boeing Launch Services. GeoEye's partners for the ground segment include IBM and MDA (MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates) of Richmond, BC, Canada.\n\nhe GeoEye-1 spacecraft is being designed and developed at General Dynamics/C4 Systems of Gilbert, AZ (formerly Spectrum Astro) as prime contractor. The contract was award in Dec. 2004. The spacecraft design is based on the SA-200HP standard modular bus (of Coriolis and SWIFT heritage). The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized with a sophisticated attitude control system to provide a highly stable, while also highly agile imaging platform.\n\nA body-pointing capability of up to ± 60º is being provided, made possible by enhanced reaction wheels (low jitter). The image geolocation accuracy is ≤ 3 m. The spacecraft mass is 1955 kg (bus mass = 1260 kg), the S/C design is fully redundant with an operational life of 7 years (the expected life is 10 years).\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 684 km, inclination = 98º, period = 98 minutes, local equatorial crossing at 10:30 hours, effective revisit time capability ≤ 3 days.\n\nLaunch: A launch of GeoEye-1 is scheduled for August 2008 on a Delta-2 (7420-10) vehicle from VAFB, CA. The launch provider is ULA (United Launch Alliance). The launch delay from the fall of 2007 is due to a launch congestion at VAFB.\n\nRF communications: The source data are being stored on solid-state onboard recorders of 1.2 Tbit capacity. The downlink of imagery in X-band at 740 Mbit/s (or at 150 Mbit/s), the TT&C data are in S-band. The S/C is being operated from the command and control facility at GeoEye headquarters in Dulles, VA, along with an imagery acquisition station. Three other acquisition stations will be operated or leased by GeoEye in Barrow, AK, Tromsø, Norway and Troll, Antarctica (the TrollSat station is located at 72º S and 2º E). The latter two stations are being leased from KSAT (Kongsberg Satellite Services) of Tromsø, Norway.\nA total of four stations are needed to handle primary data reception due to the large volume of data that will be captured by the satellite. In addition, GeoEye will continue to support a network of receiving stations owned and operated by local business partners, referred to as Regional Affiliates and Regional Distributors.\n\nGround segment: GeoEye has built a fully integrated receiving, processing, and distribution network for delivering high-quality imagery products to customers around the world.\n\nIn late 2006, GeoEye purchased high-bandwidth, high-performance compute technology from SGI (Silicon Graphics Inc.). Four SGI Altix systems were installed at the Dulles (VA) ground station for data processing, distribution, and archiving services.\n\nSensor complement: (GIS)\n\nThe requirements of GeoEye-1 call for panchromatic imagery with a resolution of 0.41 m and multispectral imagery with a resolution of 1.64 m. The imager is being designed and developed by ITT Space Systems Division, formerly Kodak Remote Sensing Systems of Rochester, New York, which built also the sensor for Ikonos-2 (launch April 27, 1999). In January 2007, the GeoEye-1 imager system was delivered to General Dynamics for integration into the spacecraft.\n\nGIS (GeoEye Imager System). GIS is a pushbroom imaging system whose basic elements are the optics subsystem (telescope assembly), the focal plane assembly (CCD detector), and the digital electronics subsystem. The optics subsystem employs a TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) telescope design with a primary mirror aperture of 1.1 m in diameter. Three mirrors are used to image and focus the light, and two additional mirrors to direct the image to the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The telescope is designed to give a near-perfect (diffraction limited) image to the FPA and to convert the analog pixels into digitized signals.\n\nThe FPA consists of an array of CCD detectors with 8 µm pixel size for PAN and 32 µm pixel size for multispectral imagery. ITT has included an outer barrel and door assembly to help protect the telescope and maintain its thermal environment.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOEYE-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GEOEYE-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ORBVIEW-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 684 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degrees \n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM\n Period: 98 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-27\n Online_Resource: http://launch.geoeye.com/LaunchSite/about/fact_sheet.aspx\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=13708\n Sample_Image: http://launch.geoeye.com/LaunchSite/assets/images/about/satellite.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-08-22\n Design_Life: 10 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", - "label": "Diadem", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "143a5181-7601-4cc7-96d1-2b1a04b08fa7", - "label": "DIADEM-1D", - "broader": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", - "definition": "Diademe-1 D1C and Diadème-2 D1D were launched by CNES, one week apart in February 1967 into elliptical orbits. Both Diadème satellites were geodetic missions. These satellites were magnetically stabilized which limited their trackability in the southern hemisphere.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DIADEM-1D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DIADEM\n Short_Name: DIADEM-1D\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DIADEM-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 39.5 degrees\n Period: 108 minutes\n Perigee: 570 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/di1d_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/slr_sats_pics/diadem.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-02-15\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5edd7e9b-8b22-438a-b2e2-2c708bd0ac9c", - "label": "DIADEM-1C", - "broader": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", - "definition": "Diadème-1 D1C and Diadème-2 D1D were launched by CNES, one week apart in February 1967 into elliptical orbits. Both Diadème satellites were geodetic missions. These satellites were magnetically stabilized which limited their trackability in the southern hemisphere.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DIADEM-1C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DIADEM\n Short_Name: DIADEM-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Diadem-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 39.9 degrees\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 550 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/di1d_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/slr_sats_pics/diadem.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-02-08\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a3988a7-f1c6-4c0a-a93b-9221adbca49b", - "label": "ICON", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Ionospheric Connection Explorer will study the frontier of space: the dynamic zone high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. In this region, the tenuous gases are anything but quiet, as a mix of neutral and charged particles travel through in giant winds. These winds can change on a wide variety of time scales -- due to Earth's seasons, the day's heating and cooling, and incoming bursts of radiation from the sun.\n\nThis region of space and its changes have practical repercussions, given our ever-increasing reliance on technology -- this is the area through which radio communications and GPS signals travel. Variations there can result in distortions or even complete disruption of signals. In order to understand this complicated region of near-Earth space, called the ionosphere, NASA has developed the ICON mission. To understand what drives variability in the ionosphere requires a careful look at a complicated system that is driven by both terrestrial and space weather.\n\nICON will help determine the physics of our space environment and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society.\n\nAdditional Information: https://www.nasa.gov/icon", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ccfdd4d-3ec2-412d-b49e-fccf2cdc7c35", - "label": "DASH-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Dash (Density And Scale Height) satellites were\n2.5-m-diameter balloons used to measure air densities at\naltitudes of approximately 3500 km. The area-to-mass ratio for\nthe spacecraft was 40 sq cm/g. The orbit, originally circular,\nincreased in eccentricity rapidly under the action of solar\nradiation pressure. This experiment used the variations in orbit\ncharacteristics of the Dash balloon satellite to deduce neutral\nair densities and to study the effect of solar radiation\npressure. Other effects, such as terrestrial radiation pressure,\nlunar gravity, and solar gravity were also observable.\n\nDash 2 reentered the earth's atmosphere on April 12, 1971.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/dash-1.htm'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DASH-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: DASH-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DASH-2\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/dash-1.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1963-07-19\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e357ecc-78bd-4da7-b28a-4b34f61f8587", - "label": "SME", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) mission objective was primarily to\ninvestigate the processes that create and destroy ozone in the Earth's\nmesosphere and upper stratosphere. Some specific goals were (1) to\ndetermine the nature and magnitude of changes in mesospheric ozone\ndensities resulting from changes in the solar ultraviolet flux; (2) to\ndetermine the interrelationship between solar flux, ozone, and the\ntemperature of the upper stratosphere and mesosphere; (3) to determine\nthe interrelationship between ozone and water vapor; and (4) to\ndetermine the interrelationship between nitrogen dioxide and\nozone. The satellite experiment complement consisted of a solar\nultraviolet spectrometer, an ultraviolet ozone spectrometer, an\ninfrared radiometer, a 1.27-micrometer spectrometer, and a nitrogen\ndioxide spectrometer. In addition, a solar proton alarm detector was\ncarried on board to measure the integrated solar flux in the range 30\nto 500 MeV. Spin stabilized at 5 rpm, the satellite moved in a 3\na.m. to 3 p.m. sun-synchronous orbit. The spacecraft body was a\ncylinder approximately 1.7 by 1.25 m and consisted of two major\nmodules: the observatory module that housed the scientific\ninstruments, and the spacecraft bus. The spin axis was oriented normal\nto the orbital plane. The command system was capable of executing\ncommands in real time or from stored program control. Power was\nsupplied by a solar cell array. The telemetry system was used either\nin a real-time or in a tape-recorder mode. Further details and some\nmeasurement results are written in C. A. Barth et al., 'Solar\nmesosphere explorer: scientific objectives and results,'\nGeophys. Res. Lett., v. 10, no. 4, p. 237, 1983. All instruments on\nboard the SME were turned off in December 1988 because of energy\nconsiderations.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1981-10-06 11:27:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1981-10-16\n Apogee (km or AU): 551.\n Perigee (km or AU): 535.\n Inclination (degree) : 97.5\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SME\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SME\n Long_Name: Solar Mesospheric Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SME\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.5\n Perigee: 535\n Apogee: 551\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sme/\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sme/gifs/sme.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-09-06\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e62dd32-7776-4646-ae8d-b85d97df415a", - "label": "SARAL", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", - "label": "Laser Geodetic Satellite (LAGEOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The LAser GEOdynamic Satellite (LAGEOS) was designed by NASA and launched May 4, 1976. It was the first spacecraft dedicated exclusively to high-precision laser ranging and provided the first opportunity to acquire laser-ranging data that were not degraded by errors originating in the satellite orbit or satellite array. LAGEOS-2, based on the original LAGEOS design, was built by the Italian Space Agency and launched on October 22, 1992.\n\nThe LAGEOS satellites are covered with 426 cube corner reflectors with all but four of these reflectors made with fused silica glass. The other four reflectors are made of germanium to obtain measurements in the infrared for experimental studies of reflectivity and satellite orientation.\n\nLAGEOS is a passive satellite with no power, communications, or moving parts. LAGEOS satellite 'operations' consists of simply the generation of the orbit predictions necessary for the stations to acquire and track the satellite. Today, these predictions are routinely generated by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NERC Space Geodesy Facility, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The predictions are distributed by NASA’s Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS) and the EUROLAS Data Center (EDC), data centers supporting the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8124c4a5-fb77-455c-9ecd-3cf325fc12a9", - "label": "LAGEOS-1", - "broader": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n LAGEOS (Laser Geodetic Satellite) was a very dense (high mass-to-area\n ratio) laser retroreflector satellite which provided a permanent\n reference point in a very stable orbit for such precision\n earth-dynamics measurements as crustal motions, regional strains,\n fault motions, polar motion and earth-rotation variations, solid earth\n tides, and other kinematic and dynamic parameters associated with\n earthquake assessment and alleviation. In conjunction with\n appropriate laser-tracking systems, LAGEOS permitted extreme\n precision-ranging measurements for both geometric mode\n (multilateration) and orbital dynamic mode determinations of positions\n of points on the earth. It was the first spacecraft dedicated\n exclusively to high-precision laser ranging and provided the first\n opportunity to acquire laser-ranging data that were not degraded by\n errors originating in the target satellite. The high-accuracy range\n measurements from this permanent-orbiting reference point were used to\n accomplish many extreme precision earth-dynamics measurements required\n by the earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation objectives of the\n Earth and Ocean Physics Applications Program (EOPAP). The performance\n in orbit of LAGEOS was limited only by degradation of the\n retroreflectors, so many decades of useful life can be expected. The\n high mass-to-area ratio and the precise, stable (attitude-independent)\n geometry of the spacecraft, together with the orbit, made this\n satellite the most precise position reference available. Because it\n is visible in all parts of the world and has an extended operation\n life in orbit, LAGEOS can serve as a fundamental standard for decades.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1976-05-04 08:00:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1976-05-05\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 5946.\n Perigee(km) : 5837.\n Inclination : 109.8\n Date of last update : 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LAGEOS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LAGEOS (Laser Geodetic Satellite)\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-1\n Long_Name: Laser Geodetic Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 109.90 deg\n Period: 225.50 min\n Perigee: 5,837 km\n Apogee: 5,947 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/lageosQL.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/lageos-1-2\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/lag1_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/lageos.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-05-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 50 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1dfd1ca-9bd1-4628-b4ad-c82dfb3c1974", - "label": "LAGEOS-2", - "broader": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", - "definition": "The LAGEOS satellites are passive vehicles covered with\nretroreflectors designed to reflect laser beams transmitted from\nground stations. By measuring the time between transmission of\nthe beam and reception of the reflected signal from the\nsatellite, stations can precisely measure the distance between\nthemselves and the satellite. These distances can be used to\ncalculate station positions to within 1-3 cm. Long term data\nsets can be used to monitor the motion of the Earth's tectonic\nplates, measure the Earth's gravitational field, measure the\n'wobble' in the Earth's axis of rotation, and better determine\nthe length of an Earth day.\n\nLAGEOS 2 was a joint program between NASA and the Italian space\nagency (ASI), which built the satellite using LAGEOS 1 drawings\nand specifications, handling fixtures, and other materials\nprovided by NASA.\n\nLAGEOS 2's orbit was selected to provide more coverage of\n seismically active areas, such as the Mediterranean Basin and\n California, and may help scientists understand irregularities\n noted in the motion of LAGEOS 1. Ground tracking stations are\n located in many countries (including the US, Mexico, France,\n Germany, Poland, Australia, Egypt, China, Peru, Italy, and\n Japan) and data from these stations is available world-wide to\n investigators studying crustal dynamics. LAGEOS 1 also\n contains a message plaque addressed to human and other beings\n of the far distant future with maps of the Earth from 3\n different eras - 268 million years in the past, present day,\n and 8 million years in the future (the satellite's estimated\n decay date). Spacecraft: Both satellites are spherical bodies\n with an aluminum shell wrapped around a brass core. The design\n was a compromise between numerous factors including the need\n to be as heavy as possible to minimise the effects of\n non-gravitational forces vs. being light enough to be placed\n in a high orbit and the need to accommodate as many\n retroreflectors as possible vs. the need to minimise surface\n area to minimise the effects of solar pressure. The materials\n were chosen to reduce the effects of the Earth's magnetic\n field on the satellite's orbit.426 cube-corner retroreflectors\n are imbedded in the satellites' surface.422 of these are made\n of fused silica glass while the other 4 are made of\n germanium. The vehicles have no onboard sensors or\n electronics, and are not attitude controlled. Payload: Science\n is performed by reflecting laser light from the vehicle's 426\n retroreflectors.\n\n Additional characteristics:\n\n-50 years design life\n-0.6m total length\n-0.6m maximum diameter\n-405 kg total mass\n\n Additional information available at\n'http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lageos.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by SpaceBank.com]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LAGEOS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LAGEOS (Laser Geodetic Satellite)\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-2\n Long_Name: Laser Geodetic Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 52.70 deg\n Period: 222.50 min\n Perigee: 5,616 km\n Apogee: 5,952 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lageos.htm\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/lag1_general.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/lageos-1-2\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/lageos.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-10-22\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 50 year\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", - "label": "Pleiades", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Pleiades is the optical component of the ORFEO system developed in cooperation with Italy.\n\nThe Pleiades system is an optical observation system with a metric resolution designed to offer a high acquisition capability with a revisit lower than 24 hours to satisfy both civilian and military needs.\n\nMoreover, to meet the needs for detailed mapping, especially in urban areas and to complement aerial photography, Pleiades will offer instantaneous stereoscopic acquisition and the capability to cover large areas.\n\nFor applications such as forestry, geology and marine environment, and using its spectral characteristics and its tree-dimensional characterization of surfaces, Pleiades should complete the information supplied by other sensors, such as Spot 5, by offering information with a better spatial resolution.\n\nLastly, to meet the defence and civil security missions, the Pleiades system is expected to:\n\nSupply the information in a very short time-frame (usually less than 24 hours).\nEnsure to defence users a priority in the daily programming of the 50 acquisition requests.\nEnsure to defence users the confidentiality of their requests and communications.\nEnable priority acquisitions on a predefined area with a 'crisis' mode implementation.\nFor this, the Pleiades system is constituted of a constellation of two optical satellites (visible and near infrared domain) on a Sun-synchronous orbit at 694 km. This number of satellites is essential to guarantee the accessibility and revisit frequency required to operationally answer to defence and civil security missions.\n\nWith its two agile satellites, the Pleiades system will offer:\n\na daily access to every point on Earth,\na resolution of 0.7 m in vertical viewing in panchromatic,\nfour spectral bands (blue, green, red and near infrared) with a resolution of 2.8 m in vertical viewing,\na field of view of 20 km,\nan acquisition of a 120 km x 120 km image mosaic in the same orbit,\nthe acquisition of nearly instantaneous stereoscopic couples (or even triplet) of 20 km by 300 km,\nthe acquisition of cloud free images covering 2 500 000 km² per year,\na very accurate localization of the images (<1 m with ground control points) enabling an optimal use of the data in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS).\nMoreover, the great agility of the satellites will enable to minimize the programming conflicts, particularly during the dual use, and to better meet the users' needs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "92bdb34f-5df0-498d-b3c9-477ff3a1f80a", - "label": "Pleiades-1B", - "broader": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", - "definition": "Pléiades 1A and Pléiades 1B operate as a constellation in the same orbit, phased 180° apart.\n\nThe identical twin satellites deliver very-high-resolution optical data products in record time and offer a daily revisit capability to any point on the globe.\n\nThe Pléiades constellation is designed to obtain data in double-quick time:\n\nAbility to acquire imagery anywhere in the world in less than 24 hrs. in response to a crisis or natural disaster.\nRegular monitoring, as often as every day if required.\nThree satellite work plans a day ensure easy handling of last-minute tasking requests.\nTwice the coverage and twice the chance of obtaining cloud-free imagery.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0b1f332-41b9-4eec-8a9e-67778193a679", - "label": "Pleiades-1A", - "broader": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", - "definition": "Pléiades 1A and Pléiades 1B operate as a constellation in the same orbit, phased 180° apart.\n\nThe identical twin satellites deliver very-high-resolution optical data products in record time and offer a daily revisit capability to any point on the globe.\n\nThe Pléiades constellation is designed to obtain data in double-quick time:\n\nAbility to acquire imagery anywhere in the world in less than 24 hrs. in response to a crisis or natural disaster.\nRegular monitoring, as often as every day if required.\nThree satellite work plans a day ensure easy handling of last-minute tasking requests.\nTwice the coverage and twice the chance of obtaining cloud-free imagery.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "52ae802c-b2fd-4548-aefd-ec4e4325b803", - "label": "Zhangheng 1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Zhangheng 1 or CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is a Chinese research satellite for the observation of Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes. The mission is conducted by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) with the China Earthquake Administration and China National Space Administration in cooperation with the Italian Space Agency (ASI).\n\nhttps://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/cses-zhangheng-1#:~:text=Zhangheng%2D1%2C%20named%20after%20the,magnitude%20all%20over%20the%20world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", - "label": "Aeros", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "AEROS satellites were to study the aeronomy i. e. the science of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, in particular the F region under the strong influence of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. To this end the spectrum of this radiation was recorded aboard by one instrument (of type Hinteregger) on the one hand and a set of 4 other instruments measuring the most important neutral uand iononized parameters at the satellite's position on the other.\n\nAeros was built by Ball Aerospace for a co-operative project between NASA and the Bundesministerium für Foschung und Technologie, Federal Republic of Germany.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6164d877-53a0-4ba2-b73a-9dfb363474c9", - "label": "AEROS-1", - "broader": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", - "definition": "The purpose of the AEROS spacecraft mission was to study the state and\nbehavior of the upper atmosphere (thermosphere) and the ionospheric F-region.\nOf particular interest was the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation\non the structure, photochemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere above\n100 km altitude.\n\nINSTRUMENTATION: Five experiments provided data on the temperature\nand density of F-region electrons, ions and neutral particles, on the\ncomposition of ions and neutral particles, and on the solar ultraviolet\nflux incident on the topside ionosphere.\n\nSPACECRAFT: The AEROS satellite had a circular cylindrical shape\nwith a diameter of 0.914 meter and a height of 0.710 meter.\n\nORBIT: AEROS was launched into an elliptical, polar, and nearly\nsun-synchronous earth orbit. The spacecraft was spin stabilized at\n10 rpm and was oriented with the spin axis toward the sun.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEROS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEROS\n Short_Name: AEROS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AEROS-A\n Short_Name: 06315\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MASS SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: RPA\n Short_Name: Quadrupole Mass Analyzer\n Short_Name: Impedance Probe\n Short_Name: Grating Spectrometer\n Short_Name: Solar Collimator\n Short_Name: Photomultiplier\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.9 degrees\n Period: 95.6 minutes\n Perigee: 223.0 km\n Apogee: 867.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1972-100A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-12-16\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: GERMANY\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df8ac2e0-810a-4671-b2dc-c031487d14ee", - "label": "AEROS-2", - "broader": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", - "definition": "The AEROS 2 satellite had a cylindrical shape, a diameter of 0.914 m, and a height of 0.710 m. It was launched into an elliptical, polar, nearly sun-synchronous earth orbit. The spacecraft was spin-stabilized at 10 rpm and oriented with the spin axis toward the sun. The purpose of the mission was to study the state and behavior of the upper atmosphere and ionospheric F region, especially with regard to the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation. Five experiments provided data which included the temperature and density of electrons, ions, and neutral particles, the composition of ions and neutral particles, and solar ultraviolet flux.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEROS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEROS\n Short_Name: AEROS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AEROS-B\n Short_Name: 07371\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4 degrees\n Period: 95.7 minutes\n Perigee: 217.0 km\n Apogee: 879.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1974-055A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/aeros-b.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1974-07-16\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", - "label": "Earth Resources Observation Satellite (EROS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A series of Israeli commercial Earth observation satellites, designed and manufactured by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), with optical payload supplied by El-Op. The satellites are owned and operated by ImageSat International (ISI), another Israeli company, with some 35 full-time employees (of IntelSat's total of 50).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ca01c6b2-f799-4f8a-bb33-d553a244048e", - "label": "EROS-A1", - "broader": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", - "definition": "EROS-A (of Ofeq-3 heritage) is a high-resolution commercial imaging satellite of ImageSat International N.V. headquartered at Limassol, Cyprus, and designed and built by Israeli Aircraft Industries Ltd. (IAI). The overall objective is to launch and operate a constellation of high-resolution commercial satellites, primarily for intelligence and national security applications and to serve a global customer base. The spaceborne remote sensing technology for the EROS family was approved by the government of Israel in Oct. 1996. \n\nThe EROS program offers a combination of services and products tailored to meet specific customer requirements and budgets: \n\n• The option to acquire exclusive imaging rights over a defined footprint or the ability to acquire imagery on an exclusive basis.\n\n• Rapid delivery of imagery to the customer, either through direct downlink, electronic transfer or courier.\n\n• Provision of low-cost imagery products to support applications in many fields.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe EROS-A satellite structure consists of low-mass composite material with passive thermal control, it is three-axis stabilized. Attitude control and navigation is performed using horizon sensors, sun sensors, gyros and magnetometer, four reaction wheels and thrusters. The pointing accuracy is <0.1º in all three axes, attitude stabilization is < 40 µrad/s, the jitter is < 0.2 µrad. S/C mass = 260 kg (178 kg S/C bus, 42 kg of instrument mass and 30 kg of hydrazine), solar panel power (silicon array, fixed panels) = 450 W (EOL), plus 14 Ah NiCd batteries for eclipse operation, the bus power consumption at imaging session is 300 W. S/C design life = 4 years, however the estimated operational life of the satellite is ten years. \n\nRF communications: Imagery is transmitted in X-band at a rate of 70 Mbit/s (RF downlink) to the ground receiving stations, using a 1.5 W transmitter and one of the two existing two-axis gimbaled directional antennas. The EROS satellites are monitored/operated in S-Band (TT&C) via a single ground control station (GCS), located at IAI/MBT in Israel (3 to 4 passes per day and per satellite are in station visibility). The S-band data rate is either 2.5 or 15 kbit/s selectable by the GCS.\n\nImageSat has a global network of ground segment infrastructure, for real-time image data acquisition. This network is comprised of the ImageSat Central Ground Control Station, a network of EROS-compatible Ground Receiving Stations on 5 continents and EROS-compatible Ground Control Stations based at exclusive customers' premises (see SOP Program).\n\nThe EROS A satellite has limited availability of onboard source data storage, as the satellite was designed to cater to customers acquiring real-time, exclusive imaging and download rights over a defined geographic footprint, in view of their own EROS-compatible GRS (Ground Receiving Stations).\n\nOperational capabilities/services primarily include:\n\n• Satellite Operating Partner (SOP) Program. This service provides a dedicated regional satellite with local customer tasking. SOP receiving ground stations are able to plan, to generate and to transmit imaging commands to the satellite and to download imagery in real-time.\n\n• PAS (Priority Acquisition Service) Program. The service provides highest priority tasking of the EROS satellite, in areas not previously acquired by SOP Customers.\n\n• Non-exclusive acquisitions. ImageSat sells EROS imagery on a non-exclusive basis to customers for civilian applications, such as mapping, disaster planning and monitoring, environmental management, homeland security and border control, and a range of development-related projects. \n\naunch: EROS-A was launched on a Russian Start-1 launcher on Dec. 5, 2000 from the Svobodny Cosmodrome in eastern Siberia.\n\nOrbit for EROS-A: Circular sun-synchronous orbit, altitude 480 km, inclination = 97.3º, period = 94.7 minutes, local time of descending node at 10:00 hours. The revisit capability at at latitude of 10º within a 15º cone is within 10.5 days. A revisit period/satellite at latitude of 10º is 4.5 days within a 30º cone, and only 2.5 days within a 45º cone.\n\nOperational status of mission: The EROS-A spacecraft and all subsystems are operating nominally as of 2008. Operations are expected to last until 2010. \n\nBackground on EROS program:\n\nEROS is a program of ImageSat International, N.V., formerly WIS (West Indian Space) Ltd., Cayman Islands. The name change took place in June 2000. ImageSat was re-incorporated in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. ImageSat's ownership includes: Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) of Tel-Aviv (owned by the Israeli government), Elbit Systems Ltd. of Haifa, and private investors from Europe and the United States.\n\n• EROS-B was launched on April 25, 2006 on a Start-1 launch vehicle from the Svobodny Cosmodrome in eastern Siberia\n\n• A third satellite, EROS C, will offer comparable panchromatic resolution to EROS B, as well as multispectral resolution of 2.8 m GSD; it is planned for launch in 2009. \n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EROS-A1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EROS-A1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Earth Remote Observation System-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 480\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.3\n Period: 94.7\n Perigee: 498.6\n Apogee: 511.2\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=10063\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-12-05\n Launch_Site: Svobodny Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 4 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ImageSat International, Israel\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce7434f6-7558-434a-afbf-c29500e4ca0d", - "label": "EROS-B1", - "broader": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", - "definition": "EROS-B is a high-resolution commercial imaging minisatellite mission of ImageSat International N.V. headquartered in the Netherlands Antilles (Cayman Islands), with offices in Limassol, Cyprus, and in Tel Aviv, Israel. The overall objective is to provide high-resolution imagery to the customer base.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe EROS-B series S/C structure is identical to that of EROS-A, based on the Ofeq platform of Israel's Defense Ministry, and designed and built by Israel Aircraft Industries Ltd. (IAI/MBT). The deployed S/C structure is 2.3 m high and 4.0 m wide. The S/C is is 3-axis stabilized and the light/rigid design of the EROS satellite family allows for a great degree of platform agility. The spacecraft is very agile, a body-pointing capability of ±45º from nadir is provided in all directions, supporting the daily data acquisition plan. The S/C attitude is sensed and controlled as done with EROS-A. In addition, there is a star sensor for the B satellite series. The nominal S/C design life is six years.\n\nThe nominal S/C launch mass is ~290 kg; however, additional onboard fuel (up to 60 kg) is sufficient for S/C operations of up to 10 years. This increased the spacecraft launch mass to about 350 kg. \n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, mean altitude = 500 km, inclination = 97.4º, local time of descending node (LTDN) at 14:00 hours. - Note: The orbits of EROS-A and EROS-B are phased in the same orbital plane thereby increasing the revisit time of the constellation.\n\nLaunch: A launch of EROS-B took place on April 25, 2006 on a Start-1 launch vehicle from the Svobodny Cosmodrome in eastern Siberia (location at: 51.4º N, 128.3º E). 3)\n\nRF communications: Imagery is transmitted in X-band at a rate of 280 Mbit/s (downlink) to the ground receiving stations, using a 1.5 W transmitter and one of the two existing two-axis gimbaled directional antennas. The EROS satellites are monitored/operated in S-Band (TT&C) via a single ground control station (GCS), located at IAI/MBT in Israel (3 to 4 passes per day and per satellite are in station visibility). The S-band data rate is either 2.5 or 15 kbit/s selectable by the GCS.\n\nImageSat has a global network of ground segment infrastructure, for real-time image data acquisition. This network is comprised of the ImageSat Central Ground Control Station, a network of EROS-compatible Ground Receiving Stations on 5 continents and EROS-compatible Ground Control Stations based at exclusive customers' premises. \n\nSensor complement: (PIC-2)\n\nPIC-2 (Panchromatic Imaging Camera-2), designed and developed by ElOp (Electro Optical Industries) of Rehovot, Israel, a subsidiary of Elbit Systems Ltd. The EROS-B series imager instrument features CCD pushbroom technology in combination with a TDI (Time Delay Integration) scheme in its focal plane, a cumulative expose concept of each ground image line by a CCD detector array, to improve the SNR value (an important issue for high-resolution imaging). The instrument uses also a Cassegrain telescope with an aperture of 50 cm in diameter and a focal length of 5 m (folded optics). FOV = 1.5º. The PIC-2 instrument is rigidly mounted to the S/C structure looking into the nadir direction, thus permitting a body-pointing observation scheme. \n\nhe CCD pushbroom detector array provides 10,000 pixels per line and a total of 96 lines for selectable TDI observation support. Pushbroom scanning is provided for panchromatic imagery only in the spectral range of 0.5 - 0.9 μm. The ground sampling distance (GSD) is 0.70 m, the swath width is 7 km at nadir. The data is quantized at 10 bit/sample.\n\nThe imager instrument of EROS-B spacecraft can be operated in either asynchronous or in synchronous imaging mode. In synchronous mode, the S/C platform keeps a constant pointing angle toward the Earth's surface. In asynchronous mode, imaging by the detector array is performed in a 'step-and-stare' fashion, i.e., by slewing the S/C platform in the along-track direction (this permits in particular the generation of mosaics as well as the support of stereo imaging of targets of interest).\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EROS-B1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EROS-B1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 500\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4\n Period: 94.7\n Perigee: 503.5\n Apogee: 514.7\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=12460\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-25\n Launch_Site: Svobodny Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 10 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ImageSat International, Israel\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "53d5ea21-07bb-44b5-88e6-3775e90ca528", - "label": "OKEAN-O", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "OKEAN - Russian-Ukrainian mission, data were collected during OKEAN\nscientific program from board of OKEAN-O1 satellite, processed in NC\nOMZ (Scientific Center of Operational Monitoring of Earth of Russian\nAerospace Agency), and stored in IRE CPSSI (Center of Processing and\nStoring the Space Information in Institute of Radioengineering and\nElectronics of Russian Academy of Sciences). MSU-SK - visible and\nIR scanner with medium resolution, optico-mechanical scanner. MSU-SK\nstands for Multispectral Scanners with Conical Scanning. MSU-SK has 6\nspectral channels in 0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7, 0.7-0.8, 0.8-1.1, 3.5-4.1, and\n10.0-12.5 mkm spectral bands. Its spatial resolutions are 157x245 m\n(for visible and near infrared channels in 0.5-1.1 mkm band ) and\n590x820 m (for infrared channels above 3.5 mkm).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OKEAN-O\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: OKEAN-O\n Long_Name: Ukranian-Russian Ocean Remote Sensing System\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OKEAN-O\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 deg\n Perigee: 660 km\n Apogee: 663 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/okeano.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/o/okeano2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-07-17\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russian-Ukrainian\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5419ac51-33aa-4f66-bc37-9f2c73846c9e", - "label": "SCISAT-1/ACE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Launched on August 12, 2003, SCISAT helps a team of Canadian and international scientists improve their understanding of the depletion of the ozone layer, with a special emphasis on the changes occurring over Canada and in the Arctic.\n\nSCISAT focuses its attention in the stratosphere, where the ozone layer is located. SCISAT is providing the most accurate measurements to date of chemicals that affect ozone, which blocks the sun's biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation and prevents most of it from reaching the Earth's surface.\n\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/missions/earth/scisat.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SCISAT-1/ACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SCISAT-1/ACE\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SCISAT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/SCISAT-1ACE/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/missions/earth/scisat.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/img/scisat_061213_thum.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-08-12\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55823c7c-0503-4012-911e-d503ff62f750", - "label": "GOMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Planeta-C Meteorological Space System includes the\nGeostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite GOMS\n(launched on October 31, 1994) located in orbit at\nstationary point over 76° 50' E.\n\nOnboard instruments package allows:\n\n1. obtaining in real time visible and infrared images\nof the Earth surface and cloud cover within a radius\nof 60° 50' centred at subsatellite point\n\n2. providing continious observation of the dinamics of\nvarying atmosheric processes\n\n3. detecting, on an operational basis, hazardous natural\nphenomena\n\n4. determining wind velocity and directions at several\nlevels, sea surface temperature\n\n5. obtaining information on fluxes of solar and galactic\nparticles, electromagnetic ultraviolet and X-ray radiation,\nvariations in the vector of magnetic field\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 23327 / 94069A\nLaunch date: 31 Oct 1994\nCountry of origin: CIS\nMission: Meteorology\nLaunch vehicle: Proton #228\nOut of service: Sep 1998?\nCause: end of life\n\nLocation:\n\nBegin End Position\nL: 31 Oct 1994\n Sep 1998 76.5°E\nMar 1999 66°E drifting\nAug 1999 72°E drifting\nOct 1999 76°E drifting\nMay 2000 84°E\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://sputnik.infospace.ru/goms/engl/goms_e.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the SPUTNIK Server]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GOMS\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOMS\n Short_Name: 23327\n Short_Name: Electro\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36 000km\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.5 deg\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://sputnik.infospace.ru/goms/engl/goms_1.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-10-31\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "label": "Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "SPOT is a commercial high-resolution optical Earth imaging satellite system operating from space. It is run by Spot Image, based in Toulouse, France. It was initiated by the CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales – the French space agency) in the 1970s and was developed in association with the SSTC (Belgian scientific, technical and cultural services) and the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB). It has been designed to improve the knowledge and management of the Earth by exploring the Earth's resources, detecting and forecasting phenomena involving climatology and oceanography, and monitoring human activities and natural phenomena. The SPOT system includes a series of satellites and ground control resources for satellite control and programming, image production, and distribution.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "08e3f2c8-0d9d-4f94-b2fe-bb110b151134", - "label": "SPOT-5", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA/NSSDC, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2002-021A ]\n\nSpot 5 is a French (CNES), Earth-imaging, three tonne satellite that was launched by an Ariane 42P rocket from Kourou at 00:31:00 UT on 4 May 2002. Its planar and stereoscopic relief images at about three meter resolution will be marketed for civilian and military uses, for cartographic and vegetation analyses. Panchromatic (at 2.5 m resolution) as well as multispectral images (at 10 m resolution) could be obtained. The position of the satellite, and hence the location of the images could be determined at 15 m accuracy by means of the DORIS position determination instrument. Extensive information on the instruments and data products is available via http://www.spotimage.com/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-2\n Short_Name: HRS\n Short_Name: HRG-2\n Short_Name: HRG-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 822 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM (descending node)\n Period: 101.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 2-3 days, depending on latitude\n Perigee: 825.0 km\n Apogee: 826.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://smsc.cnes.fr/SPOT/index.htm\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2002-021A\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/spot-5.html\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcSPOT/spot5.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-05-04\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5993e605-b045-43fb-bd9b-928892b7386d", - "label": "SPOT-7", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "TECHNICAL FEATURES\nWith SPOT 6 and SPOT 7, Astrium not only secures mission continuity of the SPOT series, which has been\ncollecting an archive of more than 30 million of scenes since 1986: this new generation of optical satellites also\nfeatures technological improvements and advanced system performance that increase reactivity and\nacquisition capacity as well as simplifying data access.\n\nSpace segment:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 will provide 1.5metre resolution products over broad areas until 2024.\nNumber of satellites 2\nLaunch periods\nSPOT 6: September 12th, 2012\nSPOT 7: June 30th, 2014\nDesign lifetime 10 years\nSize Body: ~ 1.55 x 1.75 x 2.7 m\nSolar array wingspan 5,4 m2\nLaunch mass 712 kg\nAltitude 694 km\nOnboard Storage 1 Tbits end of life (Solid State Mass Memory)\n\nOrbital characteristics and viewing capability:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 missions are designed to achieve efficiently both collection of large coverage and collection\nof individual targets that are possible thanks to the extreme agility of the satellite.\nOrbit Sun-synchronous; 10:00 AM local time at descending node\nPeriod 98.79 minutes\nCycle 26 days\nViewing angle Standard: +/- 30° in roll | Extended: +/- 45° in roll\nRevisit\n• 1 day with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 operating simultaneously\n• Between 1 and 3 days with only one satellite in operation (note 1)\nPointing agility\nControl Moment Gyroscopes allowing quick maneuvers in all\ndirections for targeting several areas of interest on the same pass (30°\nin 14s, including stabilization time)\nAcquisition capacity Up to 6 million sq.km daily with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 when operating\nsimultaneously\nNominal Imaging Mode 60km-swath strips oriented along North-South axis; up to 600km\nlength\nStereo capability Fore and aft mode; Single pass stereo and tri-stereo\n\nNote1: Depends on the latitude of the area of interest\n\nInstruments:\nOptical system One instrument made of 2 identical Korsch telescopes, each with a 200\nmm aperture, delivering the expected swath.\nDetectors PAN array assembly: 28,000 pixels\nMS array assembly: 4 x 7000 pixels\nSpectral bands\nPanchromatic: 0.450-0.745 µm\nBlue: 0.450-0.520 µm\nGreen: 0.530-0.590 µm\nRed: 0.625-0.695 µm\nNear Infrared: 0.760-0.890 µm\nThe 5 bands are always acquired simultaneously.\nSwath 60km at nadir\nDynamic range at acquisition 12 bits per pixel\nLocation accuracy specification\n• 35m CE 90 without GCP within a 30° viewing angle cone\n• 10m CE90 for Ortho products where Reference3D is available\nInstrument telemetry link rate X-band channel - 300 Mbits/s\n\nGround segment:\nMain receiving stations\n• Toulouse (France)\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\nS-Band uplink stations\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\n• Inuvik (Canada)\nProgramming centre\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Chantilly VA (USA)\nProduction centre Astrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nTasking plans refresh frequency 6 times/day/satellite\nUpdate of weather forecast 4 times/day – fully automatic process\nSatellite control centre Astrium Satellite – Toulouse (France)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fe45cae-f4ce-4287-8af8-0d824807f3fc", - "label": "SPOT-4", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "SPOT (Satellite Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) is the\nFrench government sponsored civil Earth observation program,\nwith support from Belgium and Sweden. A single SPOT satellite\nprovides complete coverage of the Earth every 26 days. Image\nproducts from SPOT are handled by a commercial entity,\nSPOT-Image Corp.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\n3-Axis stabilized. Single 5-panel solar array, each panel is 2.6\nx 1.9 m. Hydrazine propulsion system provides orbit maintenance.\n\nPayload:\n\nTwo HRVIR (High Resolution Visible - Infrared) pushbrrom imaging\ninstruments are carried. HRVIR is derived from the HRV\ninstruments on SPOT 1-3. This system will provide 10 m\nresolution in the panchromatic band and 20 m resolution in the\nmultispectral bands. HRVIR includes a new medium IR channel to\nsupport vegetation analysis and harvest forecasting. The HRVIRs\nare steerable to within 27 deg off-nadir. Each HRVIR has a swath\nwidth of 60 km. The Vegetation Monitoring instrument has 1 km\nresolution in the same bands as the HRVIR. PASTEL optical link\nterminal supports laser crosslink experiments. DORIS (Doppler\nOrbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite)\nprecision orbit determination system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/spot4QL.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 25260\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-1\n Short_Name: POAM III\n Short_Name: HRVIR\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 832 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 local solar time\n Period: 100.9 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 26 days\n Perigee: 791.0 km\n Apogee: 811.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-017A\n Online_Resource: http://www.astrium-geo.com/\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=4074\n Sample_Image: http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom-98/ceos1/satellit/spotsys/spot4_gb/images/orbite/spot4044.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-03-24\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 4 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "807f2f4d-1c2e-43ed-87f2-17d7dcced093", - "label": "SPOT-1", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "The SPOT-1 (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft was\nlaunched on February 22, 1986. SPOT-1 is an earth observation satellite\nwith a greater ground resolution than that of the Landsat series satellites.\nThe main applications for the images returned by the first SPOT mission are\nland-use studies, agriculture and forestry resources, mineral and oil\nresources, and cartography. The three-axis stabilized satellite operates in\na circular sun-synchronous near-polar orbit for a design lifetime of 2 years.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.40 m\n Inclination: 98.70 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00101\n Periapsis: 815.00 km Apoapsis: 829.60 km\n\nThe spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the overall\nlength of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-1 consists of two parts:\n(1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the payload. The\nbus provides housekeeping information and an onboard computer. The payload\nis mounted on one of the side panels of the bus.\n\nSPOT-1 consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV)\nimaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders\nand a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument observes in three\nspectral bands (in the visible and near infrared regions) with a ground\nresolution of 20 m, and/or in a broader spectral band (panchromatic black and\nwhite) with a ground resolution of 10 m. The pattern of successive ground\ntracks is repeated exactly at 26-day intervals. The SPOT-1 instrument package\nhas the provision for off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for\nmonitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short timescale.\nSPOT-1, also, provides the capability for recording stereoscopic pairs of\nimages of a given area during successive satellite passes.\n*NOTE-SPOT1 is used for technological experiments such as : refocusing,\nbatteries, etc,...\n*NOTE-SPOT1 is no more used for commercial image acquisition.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n Short_Name: SPOT-A\n Short_Name: 16613\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.4 minutes\n Perigee: 815.0 km\n Apogee: 829.6 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1986-019A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1417-spot-1-to-5.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/spot1.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1986-02-22\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a59260a-16a7-4853-8920-35ede91561ee", - "label": "SPOT-2", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "[Text Source: NSSDC, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-005A ] \n\nThe SPOT-B (Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft is an earth observation satellite with a ground resolution better than that of the Landsat series satellites. The main applications for the images returned by the second SPOT mission are land-use studies, agriculture and forestry resources, mineral and oil resources, and cartography. The three-axis stabilized satellite operates in a circular sun-synchronous near-polar orbit for a design lifetime of 2 years. The spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the overall length of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-B consists of two parts: (1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the payload. The bus provides housekeeping information and an onboard computer. The payload is mounted on one of the side panels of the bus. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV) imaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument observes in three spectral bands (in the visible and near infrared regions) with a ground resolution of 20 m, and/or in a broader spectral band (panchromatic black and white) with a ground resolution of 10 m. The pattern of successive ground tracks is repeated exactly at 26-day intervals. The SPOT-B instrument package has the provision for off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for monitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short timescale. It also provides the capability for recording stereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive satellite passes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-B\n Short_Name: 20436\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 100.9 minutes\n Perigee: 802 km\n Apogee: 831 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.spotimage.fr/web/en/224-technical-information.php\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1990-005A\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-01-22\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5b5a3c9-a393-4766-a7d6-ef6c97969e78", - "label": "SPOT-6", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "TECHNICAL FEATURES\nWith SPOT 6 and SPOT 7, Astrium not only secures mission continuity of the SPOT series, which has been\ncollecting an archive of more than 30 million of scenes since 1986: this new generation of optical satellites also\nfeatures technological improvements and advanced system performance that increase reactivity and\nacquisition capacity as well as simplifying data access.\n\nSpace segment:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 will provide 1.5metre resolution products over broad areas until 2024.\nNumber of satellites 2\nLaunch periods\nSPOT 6: September 12th, 2012\nSPOT 7: June 30th, 2014\nDesign lifetime 10 years\nSize Body: ~ 1.55 x 1.75 x 2.7 m\nSolar array wingspan 5,4 m2\nLaunch mass 712 kg\nAltitude 694 km\nOnboard Storage 1 Tbits end of life (Solid State Mass Memory)\n\nOrbital characteristics and viewing capability:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 missions are designed to achieve efficiently both collection of large coverage and collection\nof individual targets that are possible thanks to the extreme agility of the satellite.\nOrbit Sun-synchronous; 10:00 AM local time at descending node\nPeriod 98.79 minutes\nCycle 26 days\nViewing angle Standard: +/- 30° in roll | Extended: +/- 45° in roll\nRevisit\n• 1 day with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 operating simultaneously\n• Between 1 and 3 days with only one satellite in operation (note 1)\nPointing agility\nControl Moment Gyroscopes allowing quick maneuvers in all\ndirections for targeting several areas of interest on the same pass (30°\nin 14s, including stabilization time)\nAcquisition capacity Up to 6 million sq.km daily with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 when operating\nsimultaneously\nNominal Imaging Mode 60km-swath strips oriented along North-South axis; up to 600km\nlength\nStereo capability Fore and aft mode; Single pass stereo and tri-stereo\n\nNote1: Depends on the latitude of the area of interest\n\nInstruments:\nOptical system One instrument made of 2 identical Korsch telescopes, each with a 200\nmm aperture, delivering the expected swath.\nDetectors PAN array assembly: 28,000 pixels\nMS array assembly: 4 x 7000 pixels\nSpectral bands\nPanchromatic: 0.450-0.745 µm\nBlue: 0.450-0.520 µm\nGreen: 0.530-0.590 µm\nRed: 0.625-0.695 µm\nNear Infrared: 0.760-0.890 µm\nThe 5 bands are always acquired simultaneously.\nSwath 60km at nadir\nDynamic range at acquisition 12 bits per pixel\nLocation accuracy specification\n• 35m CE 90 without GCP within a 30° viewing angle cone\n• 10m CE90 for Ortho products where Reference3D is available\nInstrument telemetry link rate X-band channel - 300 Mbits/s\n\nGround segment:\nMain receiving stations\n• Toulouse (France)\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\nS-Band uplink stations\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\n• Inuvik (Canada)\nProgramming centre\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Chantilly VA (USA)\nProduction centre Astrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nTasking plans refresh frequency 6 times/day/satellite\nUpdate of weather forecast 4 times/day – fully automatic process\nSatellite control centre Astrium Satellite – Toulouse (France)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d333cd96-f1f0-4179-9fbc-162b18fcb8c8", - "label": "SPOT-3", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "The SPOT-3 (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft was\nlaunched in September 26,1993. SPOT-3 is a earth observation\nsatellite with a ground resolution better than that of the Landsat\nseries satellites. The main applications for the images returned by\nthe third SPOT mission are land-use studies, agriculture and forestry\nresources, mineral and oil resources, and cartography. The three-axis\nstabilized satellite operates in a circular sun-synchronous near-polar\norbit for a design lifetime of 2 years.\n\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.20 m\n Inclination: 98.60 degrees\n Periapsis: 819.00 km Apoapsis: 846.00 km\n\nThe spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the\noverall length of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-3 consists of two\nparts: (1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the\npayload. The bus provides housekeeping information and an onboard\ncomputer. The payload is mounted on one of the side panels of the\nbus. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV)\nimaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data\nrecorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument\nobserves in three spectral bands (in the visible and near infrared\nregions) with a ground resolution of 20 m, and/or in a broader\nspectral band (panchromatic black and white) with a ground resolution\nof 10 m. The pattern of successive ground tracks is repeated exactly\nat 26-day intervals. The SPOT-3 instrument package has the provision\nfor off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for\nmonitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short\ntimescale. Also, the satellite provides the capability for recording\nstereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive\nsatellite passes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Short_Name: 22823\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: POAM II\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Period: 101.20 minutes\n Perigee: 819.0 km\n Apogee: 846.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1993-061A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1417-spot-1-to-5.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-09-26\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 2 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5753c582-923c-4b37-9985-c2dc006c6337", - "label": "EXOS-A", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThis satellite was a part of Japan's contribution to the International\nMagnetospheric Study. The mission objectives were to observe the aurora\nborealis, study aurora-related phenomena, and study the ionosphere and\nmagnetosphere. The main body of the spacecraft was a cylinder 0.946 m in\ndiameter with shallow truncated cones attached at both ends. Most of the\nsurface was covered with solar cells that produced 35 W. Two booms of roughly\n1.9 m each extended outward from the equator of the main body. At the tip of\neach boom was a permanent magnet to provide alignment of the spacecraft center\naxis along the local geomagnetic field line. Two sets of circularly polarized\nquadrupole antennas, one for UHF (400 MHz) and another for VHF, extended from\nopposite ends of the spacecraft. The VHF antenna was diplexed for telemetry\n(136 MHz) and command (148 MHz). Other attitude sensors included a vector\nmagnetometer and a solar sensor. The spacecraft contained a tape recorder to\nstore 160 min of data at 512 bps or 40 min at 2048 bps, with readout in 10 min\nat 8192 bps. Besides the solar cells, there was a nickel-cadmium battery for\nnighttime operation.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1978-02-04 07:00:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1978-02-06\n Apogee (km or AU): 3978.\n Perigee (km or AU): 642.\n Inclination (degree) : 65.4\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1991-11-15\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXOS-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EXOS-A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXOS-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 65.4 deg\n Perigee: 642 km\n Apogee: 3978 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.oma.be/sevem/EXOS-A.html\n Sample_Image: http://edu.jaxa.jp/materialDB/display/large-67262.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-02-04\n Launch_Site: Uchinoura Space Center, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", - "label": "Disaster Monitoring Constellation- 1st Generation (DMC-1G)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international program initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd), Surrey, UK, to construct a network of five affordable LEO microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "05d8035f-176b-451a-a52b-43d2cc6286bb", - "label": "BEIJING-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", - "definition": "SSTL has developed the BEIJING-1 microsatellite bus for the Beijing Landview Mapping Information Technology Ltd (BLMIT). The BEIJING-1 enhanced microsatellite is an Earth observation spacecraft that combines SSTLs standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) multispectral camera with a high resolution panchromatic imager.\n\nThe customised microsatellite has specific enhancements to provide accommodation for the two imagers: a 32m multispectral imager currently flown on AlSAT-1, UK-DMC and NigeriaSat-1, plus a new 4m panchromatic imager developed under contract to SIRA Electro-Optics Ltd. The satellite bus provides highly agile attitude control to provide accurate pointing and the knowledge necessary for the mapping requirements of the mission.\n\nBEIJING-1 is supported by SSTL S-band telemetry, telecommand and an 8Mbps data retrieval ground station and is further supported by a customer furnished X-band data retrieval ground station and reflector subsystem.\n\nThe Satellite was Launched on October 27th 2005 following a 24-month spacecraft development programme and is presently undergoing in orbit commissioning.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BEIJING-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Tsinghua-1\n Short_Name: China DMC+4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: BJ-1 PAN\n Short_Name: BJ-1 MSI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 686 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.1 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:15\n Period: 98.6 min\n Perigee: 683 km\n Apogee: 703 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-02\n Online_Resource: http://eo.belspo.be/Directory/SatelliteDetail.aspx?satId=22\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/Missions/Beijing-1--Launched-2005/Beijing-1/Beijing-1--The-Mission\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-10-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: China\n Primary_Sponsor: SSTL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "144d9185-4435-4cb3-8f09-b3f569eb3a33", - "label": "BILSAT-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", - "definition": "[Source: Gunter's Space Page, http://space.skyrocket.de/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/bilsat-1.htm ]\n\nThe Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is a novel international co-operation in space, led by SSTL bringing together organisations from seven countries: Algeria, China, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Vietnam. The DMC Consortium is forming the first-ever microsatellite constellation bringing remarkable Earth observation capabilities both nationally to the individual satellite owners, and internationally to benefit world-wide humanitarian aid efforts.\n\nBILSAT experiments include two payloads designed and built by SSTL's Turkish customer, TUBITAK-ODTU-BILTEN.\n\n- The first, named COBAN, is a nine-band low resolution multi-spectral imager.\n- The second, named GEZGIN, is a DSP based image processing module that uses the JPEG2000 algorithm to compress images taken by BILSAT-1's on board cameras.\n\nBoth of these payloads were designed and built by BILTEN engineers in the context of the KHTT (Know How Training and Transfer) programme that ran in parallel with the BILSAT project.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BILSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMC-1G (Disaster Monitoring Constellation- 1st Generation)\n Short_Name: BILSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: COBAN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/Missions/BILSAT-1--Launched-2003/BILSAT-1/BILSAT-1--The-Mission\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/bilsat-1.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/bilsat-1__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-09-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: Fulfilled mission life time in August 2006\n Primary_Sponsor: Turkey/BILTEN\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a79b3d1-6417-4ec7-bf03-ac03f0b45266", - "label": "UK-DMC", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", - "definition": "SSTL developed the UK-DMC-1 satellite (also known as BNSCsat-1) for the British National Space Centre (BNSC) under a grant from the Microsatellite Applications in Collaboration (MOSAIC) programme. Through UK-DMC, BNSC became the anchor tenant for the SSTL-led Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), accelerating the formation of a full international consortium.\n\nUK-DMC is a satellite of the standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) design, with added research and development payloads. Like all of the standard DMC satellites, it carries an optical imaging payload developed by SSTL to provide 32-m ground resolution with an exceptionally wide swath width of over 640 km. The payload uses green, red and near infrared bands equivalent to Landsat TM+ bands 2, 3 and 4. In comparison to the other DMC satellites, UK-DMC features increased on-board data storage, with 1.5 gigabyte capacity. Images are returned to the SSTL mission operations centre using the Internet Protocol over an 8-Mbps S-band downlink.\n\nUK-DMC also contains a commercial Internet router from Cisco Systems, which builds on the use of the Internet Protocol by the DMC satellites to experiment with Internet packet routing to and in space.\n\nUK-DMC has also provided an opportunity for SSTL to test a new concept in remote sensing, GPS reflectometry. This technique, which measures the signals from the GPS navigation system after they are reflected off the sea, could revolutionize oceanographic remote sensing. If UK-DMC validates theories of GPS reflectometry, the technique could one day enable satellites to measure the height of waves on the high seas, providing important data to ship owners and operators. SSTL is using imagery from the UK-DMC to investigate the full range of uses for large-coverage images with medium spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. The UK-DMC satellite will also operate as part of a constellation providing images to disaster relief agencies worldwide in times of need.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: UK-DMC\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: UK-DMC\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: BNSCSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: SLIM-6\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 686 Km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.0 degrees\n Period: 98.4 min\n Perigee: 675\n Apogee: 692\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-04\n Online_Resource: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/current-missions/uk-dmc\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/u/uk-dmc-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-09-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: British National Space Centre (BNSC)\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ec20355-ec48-41cf-9020-9d094af549e6", - "label": "ALSAT-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", - "definition": "AlSAT-1 is part of an international (BNSC-UK, China, Nigeria and Thailand) disaster-monitoring constellation (DMC) of 6 micro-satellites dedicated for monitoring disasters throughout the earth, such as floods, fires, earthquakes, volcanoes, large-scale industrial accidents and civil strife. When there are no disasters, AlSAT-1 will be used for Algerian purposes such as monitoring desertification, industrial and marine pollution, agricultural monitoring, geophysics mapping and fire detection. The nature of the mission is that the 6 micro-satellites, when coordinated together, can produce a daily revisit with a 32 m resolution multi-spectral imaging and 600 km ground track. AlSAT-1 uses the flight proven modular SSTL bus from previous missions but will carry a push broom imager for the first time on SSTL micro-satellites. As a part of the constellation and to maintain a daily coverage, AlSAT-1 is equipped with a propulsion system for orbit corrections.\n\nAlSAT-1's main payload a multi-spectral earth observation imager. Digital store and forward communications can be experienced between two points and autonomous GPS positioning techniques also accomplished.\n\nThe Algerian satellite is one of SSTL’s new generation microsatellites in a sense that it carries a new type of push broom sensors. These types of sensors can previously only be found in larger commercial satellites. Because of the advance in electronics and semiconductor integration on a single chip, nowadays these sensors are being implemented by SSTL on microsatellites.\n\nAlSAT-1 is designed to view the earth surface with a 32 m resolution in three spectral bands (R, G, NIR) and a ground track of 600 km. The spectral bands were chosen to correspond to those used by commercial satellites in the following wavelengths (in micrometer) 0.5-0.6 micrometer, 0.6-0.7 , 0.7-0.8 ). The imaging system comprises two cameras for each spectral band and two sensors with 10 000 pixels each. This represents a huge quantity of data for the electronics on board (processors, SSDR, fast clocks) to deal with.\n\nThe cameras provide 32 m ground resolution in 3 spectral bands capable of giving detailed information on earth resources, land use and effects of pollution and natural disasters using 2x10 000 pixels linear array detectors digitized to 8 bits radiometric resolution (256 levels). The image swath width is 600 km and the imager can collect images continuously along the flight track. The images are stored on board the microsatellite via the On Board Computer (OBC) and Controller Area Network (CAN) in the 2x512 Mbytes Solid State Data Recorder (SSDR) for later transmission to ground via digital packet error controlled links at 8 Mbit/s in S-band.\n\nHowever, on the satellite there will be an option to do “windowing”. By using this technique, we can take images of 100x100 km and thus extend the track range.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ALSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLIM-6\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 700\n Orbit_Inclination: 98\n Period: 98.4\n Perigee: 676\n Apogee: 691\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-02\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/a/alsat-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-11-28\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Algeria\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf904fd3-2fba-40b8-9950-4e200b83a919", - "label": "NIGERIASAT-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", - "definition": "SSTL developed the NigeriaSat-1 enhanced microsatellite during a know-how and technology transfer program for the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (FMST) of Nigeria. NigeriaSat-1 is the first step in FMSTs plan to develop Nigerias national space infrastructure. The NigeriaSat-1 programme included the satellite, a mission control station in Abuja, Nigeria and hands-on training at Surrey for a team of Nigerian engineers. During the project, Nigeria formed a National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), which now manages the NigeriaSat-1 program.\n \nNigeriaSat-1 is a satellite of the standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) design. It carries an optical imaging payload developed by SSTL to provide 32-m ground resolution with an exceptionally wide swath width of over 640 km. The payload uses green, red and near infrared bands equivalent to Landsat TM+ bands 2, 3 and 4. Images are stored in a 1-gigabyte solid-state data recorder and returned via an 8-Mbps S-band downlink.\n\nNigeriaSat-1 can image scenes as large as 640 x 560 km, providing unparalleled wide-area, medium-resolution data. The data will be used within Nigeria to monitor pollution, land use and other medium-scale phenomena. .\n \nIn addition, NASRDA have joined the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) Consortium, and images from NigeriaSat-1 will be available to disaster relief agencies world-wide through the DMC data sharing system.\n\nNigeriaSat-1 was launched in September 2003 from Pletsesk on a Kosmos launch vehicle, one of three satellites simultaneously launched to complete the first phase of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation, to provide medium-resolution imagery with daily worldwide revisit.\n\nThe objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIGERIASAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: NIGERIASAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLIM-6\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 686 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degrees\n Period: 98.4 min\n Perigee: 675 km\n Apogee: 692 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-02\n Online_Resource: http://www.dmcii.com/\n Online_Resource: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/nigeriasat-1.htm\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/n/nigeriasat-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-09-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Nigeria\n Primary_Sponsor: SSTL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", - "label": "Alouette", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Alouette/ISIS Program consisted of four satellites and associated ground-based data analysis equipment. After the successful launch of Alouette I, Alouette II was launched in 1965, ISIS I in 1969 and ISIS II in 1971 (ISIS is an acronym for 'International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies'). Both Alouette satellites were used for ten years, and the ISIS satellites were used until 1984, when the program was concluded. Japan was authorized to use the ISIS satellites and continued to do so until the late 1980's. By 1980, over 1100 papers and reports were published, and data continues to be received from the two ISIS satellites - more than 20 years after the start of the program.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "080e9bc1-058f-4eab-b7ce-009b323299ca", - "label": "ALOUETTE-2", - "broader": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", - "definition": "Alouette-2 was a small space based ionospheric observatory instrumented\nwith a sweep-frequency ionospheric sounder (radio transmitter), a VLF radio\nreceiver, an energetic particle detector experiment, a cosmic radio noise\nexperiment, and an electrostatic plasma probe.\n\nEXTERIOR ANTENNAS: The spacecraft used two long dipole antennas\n(73 meter and 22.8 meter, respectively) for the sounder, VLF, and radio\ncosmic noise experiments.\n\nSPACECRAFT ROTATION (SPIN): The satellite was spin-stabilized at\nabout 2.25 rpm after antenna deployment. End plates on the 73 meter\nantenna corrected the rapid despin that had occurred on the predecessor\nspacecraft, Alouette 1, and which was believed to result from thermal\ndistortion of the antenna and from radiation pressure.\n\nDATA ACQUISITION: There was no onboard tape recorder, so that data\nwere available to the ground receiving station only when the spacecraft\nwas in direct line of sight of telemetry stations. Telemetry stations\nwere located so that primary data coverage was near the 80 degrees\nWest meridan plus areas near Hawaii, Singapore, Australia, England,\nIndia, Norway and Central Africa. Initially data were recorded about\n8 hours per day. Degradation of the power supply system had, by June\n1975, reduced the operating time to about 1/2 hour per day. Routine\noperations were terminated in July 1975. The spacecraft was also\nsuccessfully reactivated on November 28 and 29, 1975, in order to\nobtain data on its 10th anniversary.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOUETTE-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ALOUETTE\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-B\n Short_Name: 01804\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: STEP FREQUENCY RADIOMETERS\n Short_Name: ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1965-098A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-11-29\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f800938-81f5-4478-bb05-54915f641b70", - "label": "ALOUETTE-1", - "broader": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", - "definition": "Alouette-1 was a small ionospheric space based observatory instrumented\nwith an ionospheric sounder (radio transmitter), a VLF radio wave receiver,\nan energetic particle detector, and a cosmic radio noise experiment.\n\nEXTERIOR EQUIPMENT: Extended from the satellite skin (shell) were two\ndipole antennas (45.7-meter and 22.8-meter long, respectively) which were\nshared by three of the experiments on this spacecraft.\n\nSPACECRAFT ROTATION (SPIN): The satellite was spin-stabilized at\nabout 1.4 rpm after antenna extension. After about 500 days in orbit,\nthe ALOUETTE-1 spin rate slowed more than had been expected, to about\n0.6 rpm when satellite spin-stabilization failed. It is now believed\nthat the satellite gradually progressed towards a gravity gradient\nstabilization with the longer antenna pointing earthward. Attitude\ninformation was deduced from a single onboard magnetometer only, and\naided by temperature measurements on the upper and lower heat shields.\n\nDATA ACQUISITION: Alouette-1 was an early space era satellite, and\nthere was no onboard tape recorder so data were available to the\nground stations only from the immediate vicinity of the telemetry\nstations. The ground telemetry stations were located to provide\nprimary data coverage near the 80 degrees West meridian and in\nareas near Hawaii, Singapore, Australia, Europe and Central Africa.\nInitially, data were recorded for about 6 hours per day. In September\n1972, spacecraft operations were terminated.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOUETTE-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ALOUETTE\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-A\n Short_Name: 00424\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TELEMETER\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1962-049A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-09-29 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "59d2e030-5377-4b5b-92ce-f488d418c45f", - "label": "Aura", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "NASA's Aura is a mission to understand and protect the air we breathe. With the launch of Aura NASA has begun to make the most comprehensive measurements of the Earth's atmosphere. It also caps off\na 15-year international effort to establish the world's most comprehensive Earth Observing System, whose overarching goal is to determine the extent, causes, and regional consequences of global change. Aura's objective is to study the chemistry and dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere with emphasis on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (0-30km) by employing multiple instruments on a single satellite. The satellite's measurements enable scientists to investigate questions about ozone trends, air quality changes and\ntheir linkages to climate change. These observations provide accurate data for predictive models and provide useful information for local and national government agencies.\n\nWebsite: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AURA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: AURA\n Long_Name: Aura\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOS Chemistry-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TES\n Short_Name: OMI\n Short_Name: MLS\n Short_Name: HIRDLS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 Degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 1:45 p.m.\n Period: 100 Minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-17\n Online_Resource: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2004-07-15\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: Nominal mission lifetime of 5 years, with a goal of 6 years of operation.\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Joint with United States of America, Netherlands, Finland, and UK\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ab01e26-7baf-4960-bd6e-cb64b47cbfed", - "label": "QUIKSCAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Homepage, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/ ]\n\nQuikSCAT mission is intended to record sea-surface wind speed and direction data under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. QuikSCAT was initiated as a 'quick recovery' mission to help reduce the ocean-wind vector data gap created by the loss of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) on the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS), which ceased functioning when ADEOS failed on June 30, 1997. QuikSCAT was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., aboard a Titan II vehicle, reducing the data gap by about one-half.\n\nQuikSCAT operates in a near polar orbit. It flies in a circular orbit at an altitude of approximately 800 km (500 miles) above Earth's surface. It completes a full orbit in about 101 minutes, which translates to a little more than 14 orbits per day.\n\nSeaWinds is the main instrument on the QuikSCAT satellite. SeaWinds is an active radar scatterometer. This scatterometer operates by transmitting high-frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. The scatterometer estimates wind speed and direction over the Earth's oceans at 10 m above the surface of the water. The instrument collects data over ocean, land, and ice in a continuous, 1,800-kilometer-wide band, making approximately 400,000 measurements and covering 90% of Earth's surface in one day. QuikSCAT can acquire hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than can ships and buoys, and can provide continuous, accurate and high-resolution measurements of both wind speeds and direction regardless of weather conditions. This data is vital for global climate research, operational weather forecasting, and storm warning.\n\nThe SeaWinds scatterometer is providing unprecedented, frequent surface wind speed and direction measurements over the global oceans. Coupled with other satellite measurements of cloud patterns, water vapor and rain, the data are contributing to scientists' ability to predict the intensity, location and movements of hurricanes and other severe marine weather patterns.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: QUIKSCAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n Long_Name: Quick Recovery Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 803 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 6:00 p.m.\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 804 km (499 mi)\n Apogee: 806 km (500 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/\n Online_Resource: [Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Homepage, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/ ]\n\nQuikSCAT mission is intended to record sea-surface wind speed and direction data under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. QuikSCAT was initiated as a 'quick recovery' mission to help reduce the ocean-wind vector data gap created by the loss of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) on the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS), which ceased functioning when ADEOS failed on June 30, 1997. QuikSCAT was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., aboard a Titan II vehicle, reducing the data gap by about one-half.\n\nQuikSCAT operates in a near polar orbit. It flies in a circular orbit at an altitude of approximately 800 km (500 miles) above Earth's surface. It completes a full orbit in about 101 minutes, which translates to a little more than 14 orbits per day.\n\nSeaWinds is the main instrument on the QuikSCAT satellite. SeaWinds is an active radar scatterometer. This scatterometer operates by transmitting high-frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. The scatterometer estimates wind speed and direction over the Earth's oceans at 10 m above the surface of the water. The instrument collects data over ocean, land, and ice in a continuous, 1,800-kilometer-wide band, making approximately 400,000 measurements and covering 90% of Earth's surface in one day. QuikSCAT can acquire hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than can ships and buoys, and can provide continuous, accurate and high-resolution measurements of both wind speeds and direction regardless of weather conditions. This data is vital for global climate research, operational weather forecasting, and storm warning.\n\nThe SeaWinds scatterometer is providing unprecedented, frequent surface wind speed and direction measurements over the global oceans. Coupled with other satellite measurements of cloud patterns, water vapor and rain, the data are contributing to scientists' ability to predict the intensity, location and movements of hurricanes and other severe marine weather patterns.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: QUIKSCAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n Long_Name: Quick Recovery Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 803 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 6:00 p.m.\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 804 km (499 mi)\n Apogee: 806 km (500 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/index.cfm\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-06-19\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years (exceeded)\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-06-19\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years (exceeded)\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ab193bc-b931-41ac-819b-e49391abd272", - "label": "TIMED", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "NASA's Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)\nspacecraft was launched on December 7, 2001 from Vandenberg AFB. The spacecraft\nwas built by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) and\nshares the same launch vehicle as NASA's Jason-1 spacecraft.\n\nTIMED is the first mission in NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program and will\nstudy the influences of the sun and humans on the mesosphere and Lower\nThermosphere/Ionosphere (MLTI). TIMED will focus on a portion of the atmosphere\nbetween 60-180 km above the surface.\n\nTIMED's payload consists of four instruments:\n\n- Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI): a spatial scanning ultraviolet spectrograph\ndesigned to measure the composition and temperature profiles of the MLTI\nregion, as well as its auroral energy inputs.\n\n- Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Experiment (SEE): comprised of a spectrometer and a\nsuite of photometers designed to measure the solar soft X-ray, extreme\nultraviolet and far-ultraviolet radiation in the MLTI region.\n\n- TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI): designed to measure the wind and\ntemperature profiles of the MLTI region.\n\n- Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER):\ndesigned to measure the pressure, temperature, key gases in the oxygen and\nhydrogen families, infrared cooling, and effects of solar and chemical heating\nof the MLTI region.\n\nTIMED is sponsored by NASA's Office of Space Science and is managed by NASA's\nGoddard Space Flight Center's Solar Terrestrial Probes program Office. The\nJohns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory operates the spacecraft and leads the\nscience effort.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.timed.jhuapl.edu\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIMED\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TIMED\n Long_Name: Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 26998\n Short_Name: 2001-055B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TIDI\n Short_Name: SEE\n Short_Name: SABER\n Short_Name: GUVI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 625 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 74.1 degrees\n Period: 97.3 m\n Perigee: 627 km\n Apogee: 628 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.timed.jhuapl.edu/WWW/index.php\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/timed.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-12-07\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "label": "Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the Nation's new generation polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite system. JPSS is a collaborative program between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and its acquisition agent, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This interagency effort is the latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous environmental satellites.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "043dc242-1014-4e9a-91ee-c472b791b026", - "label": "JPSS-2", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "definition": "JPSS-2 will provide operational continuity of satellite-based observations and products for NOAA Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) and Suomi NPP satellite and ground systems. The baseline plan for JPSS Ground System will be sustained to support JPSS-2, similar to JPSS-1. The JPSS-2 spacecraft will host the following instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10adce36-ce10-4ae6-94f9-211911c7dd15", - "label": "JPSS-4", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "definition": "JPSS-4, scheduled to launch in 2031, is the fifth spacecraft within NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. Similar to previous JPSS spacecrafts missions, JPSS-4 will host five instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ab4ba32-0bb3-4e4e-bac6-1ff4a3baf0df", - "label": "JPSS-3", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "definition": "JPSS-3 is the fourth spacecraft within NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. It is scheduled to launch in 2026. Benefiting from on the success of previous JPSS spacecrafts, JPSS-3 contains five similar instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "586db0b3-5f94-466e-b7c1-a2dbedc0c1fc", - "label": "NOAA-20", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "definition": "NOAA-20, which launched into space on November 18, 2017, is the first spacecraft of NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. Capitalizing on the success of Suomi NPP, NOAA-20 features five similar instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) CERES-FM6. NOAA-20 has a design life of seven years and it will circle the Earth in the same orbit as Suomi NPP, although the two satellites will be separated in time and space by 50 minutes.\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttps://www.jpss.noaa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: JPSS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)\n Short_Name: NOAA-20\n Long_Name: Joint Polar Satellite System - 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: C-1\n Short_Name: Defense Weather Satellite System\n Short_Name: DWSS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CERES-FM5\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Short_Name: CRIMSS\n Short_Name: CRIS\n Short_Name: MIS\n Short_Name: OMPS\n Short_Name: SEM-N\n Short_Name: VIIRS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2017-11-18\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b7147b8-cd9f-4978-ae0a-0af43ed79aa7", - "label": "JPSS-1", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "definition": "NOAA-20, which launched into space on November 18, 2017, is the first spacecraft of NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. Capitalizing on the success of Suomi NPP, NOAA-20 features five similar instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) CERES-FM6. NOAA-20 has a design life of seven years and it will circle the Earth in the same orbit as Suomi NPP, although the two satellites will be separated in time and space by 50 minutes. Additional information available at: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85a52725-e6a1-430a-8506-c08c59ef31c7", - "label": "Suomi-NPP", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "definition": "[Text from the NPP Launch Blog, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/launch/launch_blog.html ]\n\nThe NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) spacecraft lifted off aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket from Space Launch Complex 2 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on Oct. 28, 2011 at 5:48 a.m. EDT.\n\nThe NPP spacecraft will build on more than four decades Earth observation to help us better understand our climate.\n\nThe National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP) is a joint mission involving the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) and the NPOESS Integrated Program Office (IPO). \n\nThe NPP mission collects and distributes remotely-sensed land, ocean, and atmospheric data to the meteorological and global climate change communities as the responsibility for these measurements transitions from existing Earth-observing missions such as Aqua, Terra and Aura, to the NPOESS. It will provide atmospheric and sea surface temperatures, humidity sounding, land and ocean biological productivity, and cloud and aerosol properties.\n\nFor the IPO, NPP provides risk reduction with an opportunity to demonstrate and validate new instruments and processing algorithms, as well as to demonstrate and validate aspects of the NPOESS command, control, communications and ground processing capabilities prior to the launch of the first NPOESS spacecraft.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SUOMI-NPP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Long_Name: Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CRIMSS\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Short_Name: CRIS-NPOESS\n Short_Name: OMPS\n Short_Name: VIIRS\n Short_Name: CERES-FM5\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Repeat_Cycle: 16-day\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/main/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-10-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1bc9381-a17a-4028-813a-14e971917a01", - "label": "NOAA-21", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", - "definition": "NOAA’s Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) provides global observations that serve as the backbone of both short- and long-term forecasts, including those that help us predict and prepare for severe weather events. The five satellites scheduled in the fleet are the currently-flying NOAA/NASA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite, NOAA-20, previously known as JPSS-1, NOAA-21, previously known as JPSS-2, and the upcoming JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 satellites.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", - "label": "Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite (GEOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) is a NASA spacecraft flown as part of the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). Instrumentation varied by mission, with the goals of pinpointing observation points (geodetic control stations) in a three-dimensional Earth center-of-mass coordinate system to within 10 m, determining the structure of Earth's gravity field to five parts in 10 million, defining the structure of Earth's irregular gravitational field and refining the locations and strengths of large gravity anomalies, and comparing results of the various systems onboard the spacecraft to determine the most accurate and reliable system.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "73ac5529-c0ec-46b5-a592-84b197bb0a35", - "label": "GEOS-3", - "broader": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", - "definition": "The mission of GEOS 3 (Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite) was to provide\nthe stepping stone between the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) and\nthe Earth and Ocean Physics Application Program. It provided data to refine\nthe geodetic and geophysical results of the NGSP and served as a test for new\nsystems. A major achievment was the flight of a radar altimeter. Further\nmission objectives: intercomparison of tracking systems, investigation of\nsolid-earth dynamic phenomena through precision laser tracking, refinement of\norbit determination techniques, determination of interdatum ties and gravity\nmodels, and support of the calibration and position determination of NASA\nSpaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN) S-band tracking stations. For\nmore details, see special reports on the GEOS 3 in J. Geophys. Res., v. 84, n.\nB8, 1979.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite)\n Short_Name: GEOS-3\n Long_Name: Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n Short_Name: ALTIMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 115 deg\n Period: 102 min\n Perigee: 824 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/geos_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/geos3.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-04-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a44b20a7-be0a-40d5-baba-8a77022db3a1", - "label": "GEOS-1", - "broader": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The GEOS 1 (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) spacecraft was a\n gravity-gradient-stabilized, solar-cell powered unit designed\n exclusively for geodetic studies. It was the first successful active\n spacecraft of the National Geodetic Satellite Program.\n Instrumentation included (1) four optical beacons, (2) laser\n reflectors, (3) a radio range transponder, (4) Doppler beacons, and\n (5) a range and range rate transponder. These were designed to\n operate simultaneously to fulfill the objectives of locating\n observation points (geodetic control stations) in a three dimensional\n earth center-of-mass coordinate system within 10 m of accuracy, of\n defining the structure of the earth's irregular gravitational field\n and refining the locations and magnitudes of the large gravity\n anomalies, and of comparing results of the various systems onboard the\n spacecraft to determine the most accurate and reliable system.\n Acquisition and recording of data were the responsibility of the GSFC\n Space Tracking and Data Acquisitions Network (STADAN). Ten major\n observing networks were used.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1965-11-06 18:43:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1978-12-30\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 2275.\n Perigee(km) : 1113.\n Inclination : 59.4\n Date of last update : 1992-04-21\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite)\n Short_Name: GEOS-1\n Long_Name: Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n Short_Name: RADIO TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: LASER REFLECTOR\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 59.3 deg\n Period: 540 days\n Perigee: 1135 km\n Apogee: 2270 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/926/egm96/geos1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www1.cira.colostate.edu/ramm/hillger/ESA-GEOS-1_image.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-04-20\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3b6b9b2-055e-4a11-b0e6-58f233f24b37", - "label": "GEOS-2", - "broader": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The GEOS 2 (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) was a\n gravity-gradient-stabilized, solar-cell-powered spacecraft that\n carried electronic and geodetic instrumentation. The geodetic\n instrumentation systems included (1) four optical beacons, (2) two\n C-band radar transponders, (3) a passive radar reflector, (4) a\n sequential collation of range radio range transponder, (5) a Goddard\n range and range rate transponder, (6) laser reflectors, and (7)\n Doppler beacons. Non-geodetic systems included a laser detector and a\n Minitrack interferometer beacon. The objectives of the spacecraft\n were to optimize optical station visibility periods and to provide\n complementary data for inclination-dependent terms established by the\n Explorer 29 (GEOS 1) gravimetric studies. The spacecraft was placed\n into a retrograde orbit to accomplish these objectives. Operational\n problems occurred in the main power system, optical beacon flash\n system, and the spacecraft clock, and adjustments in scheduling\n resulted in nominal operations.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1968-01-11 16:19:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1977-02-28\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 1570.\n Perigee(km) : 1082.\n Inclination : 105.8\n Date of last update : 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite)\n Short_Name: GEOS-2\n Long_Name: Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RADIO TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 105.8\n Perigee: 1082 km\n Apogee: 1570 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1978-071A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-01-11\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "62de6540-a614-4770-9e68-fde03001fdb4", - "label": "IS-40e", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Maxar Technologies and Intelsat recently agreed to partner to host NASA’s Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument onboard the Intelsat 40e mission. In 2019, NASA selected Maxar to host the TEMPO instrument utilizing the U.S. Air Force Hosted Payload Solutions (HoPS) contract vehicle. Intelsat 40e is based on Maxar's 1300-class satellite platform and will provide commercial satellite communications for Intelsat customers in North and Central America. The satellite is scheduled to launch into geostationary orbit 22,236 miles above Earth's equator in 2022.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6365670e-6e12-437d-baa9-d1deecd87fba", - "label": "ZEIA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Mission Objectives:\n\nThe Zeya satellite is a Russian Military Communications\nsatellite launched on March 4, 1997. Zeya is named after the\nZeya River, which is very close to it's launch site, Cosmodrome\nSvobodniy. This was the first satellite launched from this new\nRussian launch site in far eastern Russia. Note: Sometimes also\nspelled Zeia.\n\nILRS Mission Support Status: Satellite laser ranging was used\nfor precision orbit determination for this spacecraft and used\nfor calibration of GPS and GLONASS navigation equipment aboard\nthe satellite. This satellite was only tracked for 6 months by\nthe international laser ranging network. SLR tracking support\nwas discontinued on 29 July 1997.\n\nInstrumentation: Zeya has the following instrumentation onboard:\n\n1) Radio equipment\n2) GPS receiver\n3) GLONASS receiver\n4) Laser retroreflector array\n\nRetroReflector Array (RRA) Characteristics: The retro-reflector\narray is a box array of 20 corner cubes, which are optimized at\n532 nanometers. Twenty retroreflectors operating with principle\n'not more than one reflectors works in any direction' are\ninstalled on the satellite. Each retroreflector has field of\nview of 35 arc degrees. Retroreflectors ensure reflection of\nlaser light within 47% of 4 steradian. Satellite's design\nprovides accuracy of link of range measurements to the center of\nmass with root mean square error of about 5 mm. Systematic\ncorrection is 419 mm. The satellite is spinning around Y axis\nwith angular velocity about 30 revolutions per minute.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/zeya/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", - "label": "Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The world's first operational weather satellite system was placed into\nservice with the launching of the Environmental Science Services\nAdministration (which in 1970 became the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration, NOAA) satellites, ESSA-1, on February 3,\n1966, and ESSA-2, on February 28, 1966. The objective of this program,\nalso called the TIROS Operational System (TOS), was to acquire global\nobservational data routinely on a daily basis. This system consisted of\na pair of ESSA satellites in sun-synchronous (polar) orbit. The odd\nnumbered satellites (ESSA-1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) utilized the Advanced\nVidicon Camera System (AVCS) to obtain global imagery which were\ntransmitted to the ESSA Command and Data Acquition (CDA) stations at\nWallops, Virginia, and Fairbanks, Alaska. The CDA stations relayed the\ndata to the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS), which later\nbecame the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information\nService (NESDIS), located in Suitland, Maryland, for processing and\ndistribution to forecasting centers of the U.S. and other nations. The\neven numbered satellites (ESSA-2, 4, 6, and 8) were equipped with\nAutomatic Picture Transmission (APT) TV cameras which transmitted\ntelevision pictures directly to ground stations worldwide.\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ESSA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ESSA\n Long_Name: Environmental Science Services Administration\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ESSA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/essa\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-02-28\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1dc828a8-8502-479d-b7c4-d5139c06029a", - "label": "ESSA-9", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", - "definition": "The ESSA-9 satellite replaced ESSA-7 and provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing operational weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 10,020 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration of the operational series of ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The satellite spin axis was rotated using the magnetic attitude control system into an alignment perpendicular to the orbital plane and tangent to the Earth's surface. The ESSA-7 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day. Two arrays of radiometer sensors were also mounted 180-degrees apart to measure the global distribution of solar radiation reflected by the Earth and the Earth's atmosphere, as well as the long wave emissions from the Earth (a contribution from the NIMBUS program).\n\nESSA-9 stats:\n\nLaunch Date: February 26, 1969\nOperational Period: 1,726 days until deactivated by NASA on November 15, 1972\nLaunch Vehicle: Three stage, thrust augmented, improved Delta\nLaunch Site: Cape Canaveral, FL\nType: Weather Satellite\n \n\nTop of Page | Back to Missions\n\nPhase: \nPast\nFull Name: \nEnvironmental Science Services Administration Satellite Program\nLaunch Date: \nFebruary 03, 1966", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e4252b9-5b53-41bb-8212-1e63a540181f", - "label": "ESSA-7", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", - "definition": "The ESSA-7 satellite replaced ESSA-5 and provided cloud cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing operational weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 9100 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration of the operational series of ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The satellite spin axis was rotated using the magnetic attitude control system into an alignment perpendicular to the orbital plane and tangent to the Earth's surface. The ESSA-7 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day. Two arrays of radiometer sensors were also mounted 180-degrees apart to measure the global distribution of solar radiation reflected by the Earth and the Earth's atmosphere, as well as the long wave emissions from the Earth (a contribution from the NIMBUS program).\n\nESSA-7 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: August 16, 1968\nOperational Period: 571 days until deactivated by NASA on March 10, 1970\nLaunch Vehicle: Two stage long tank Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50992afe-f79e-47fc-a1a2-126dc2c42c9a", - "label": "ESSA-4", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", - "definition": "The ESSA-4 satellite replaced ESSA-2 and provided direct readout cloud-cover photography to ground stations worldwide using APT. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 290 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel, then covered with 9100 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration of the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 101-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The APT system was designed to transmit an image every 352 seconds, each photo covering a 2000-square mile area with 2-mile resolution. ESSA-4 was able to transmit two to three images daily to individual ground stations regardless of their location.\n\nESSA-4 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: January 26, 1967\nOperational Period: 465 days until deactivated by NASA on May 5, 1968\nLaunch Vehicle: Thrust Augmented Three-Stage Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b67c88a-b62f-4585-a5d3-8e0005f42fd0", - "label": "ESSA-5", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", - "definition": "The ESSA-5 satellite replaced ESSA-3 and provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 9100 solar cells, used to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180 degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration for the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The ESSA-5 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day. The ESSA-5 satellite replaced ESSA-3 and provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing weather analyses and forecasts.\n\nThe spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 9100 solar cells, used to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\nThe two cameras were mounted 180 degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration for the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The ESSA-5 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day.\n\nESSA-5 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: April 20, 1967\nOperational Period: 738 days until deactivated by NASA on February 20, 1970\nLaunch Vehicle: Thrust Augmented Three-Stage Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7706afe-079a-4966-8a9e-6a688ca9b880", - "label": "ESSA-3", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", - "definition": "ESSA-3 satellite replaced ESSA-1. It provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was designed and configured exactly the same as NIMBUS-1. The total weight of the spacecraft was 912 pounds.\n\nThe spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel, then covered with 9100 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration for the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 101 degree inclination retrograde orbit. The ESSA-3 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day.\n\nESSA-3 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: October 02, 1966\nOperational Period: 736 days until deactivated by NASA on December 02, 1968\nLaunch Vehicle: Thrust Augmented Three-Stage Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "66f5d236-40fb-4a41-96a4-761d48103765", - "label": "CASSIOPE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "CASSIOPE (Cascade SmallSat and Ionospheric Polar Explorer)is a new generation of small-satellite and multifunctional platform technology demonstration program of CSA (Canadian Space Agency) with the goal to serve both, namely scientific and commercial support applications in a variety of future Canadian space missions. The science mission, called ePOP (Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe), is comprised of eight instruments. The objective is to measure the interaction of the Earth's upper atmosphere with the solar wind (space weather monitoring with greatly improved prediction capability).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67c230f3-5587-4f74-84d1-4c24a74276e4", - "label": "GOSAT-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "GOSAT-2 is a follow-on Japanese mission of GOSAT/Ibuki. The experiences gained from the operation of the GOSAT mission with regard to payload calibration and validation activities served as input for the requirements of the GOSAT-2 mission. GOSAT-2 was launched on 29 October 2018.\n\nThe goals for the GOSAT-2 are to measure carbon dioxide at 0.5 ppm and methane at 5 ppb at a 500 km mesh. Developers have also enhanced the satellite's focused, target-point observation capabilities, enabling the device to gather accurate readings from a broader range of target points - an ability that will be especially beneficial in evaluations of industrial areas, densely populated areas, and other areas with large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions. In another improvement over its predecessor, the GOSAT-2 is also capable of monitoring carbon monoxide concentrations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68d7cb26-318b-4149-bb75-adc6e3863483", - "label": "MSTI-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "MSTI 2 (Miniature Sensor Technology Integration 2) was a US\nDepartment of Defense spacecraft launched from the Vandenberg\nAFB by a Scout rocket. It was the last of the now discontinued\nScout series. The primary mission of MSTI 2 was to demonstrate\ntheater ballistic missible (TBM) tracking and was intended to\nlast for six months. It successfully spotted and locked onto a\ntest Minuteman-3 launched from Vandenberg AFB. More than three\nmillion short wavelength infrared (SWIR) and medium wavelength\ninfrared (MWIR) image frames were obtained during the mission.\n\nGeneral Characteristics:\n\nLaunch date: May 9, 1994\nCountry of origin: United States\nPerigee/Apogee: 411/427 km\nInclination: 97.1°\nPeriod: 92.9 min\nLaunch vehicle Scout #118\n\nEnd of Life:\n\nOut of service: September 1994\nDecay: November 28, 1998\n\nAdditional Resources: 'http://www.actgate.com/msti3/msti2.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bfd2526-e039-40e0-9abe-ac370f755d20", - "label": "CLARREO Pathfinder", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "CLARREO Pathfinder (CPF) data will do this by taking highly accurate measurements of sunlight reflected by Earth and the Moon. These measurements, which will be anchored to international standards, will be five to ten times more accurate than those from existing sensors. CPF will have the unique ability to maintain its high accuracy throughout its lifetime. CPF will also showcase novel techniques in transferring its high accuracy to other sensors monitoring Earth. Higher accuracy means greater certainty in our measurements, which makes it possible to detect Earth’s subtle climate change trends decades sooner than otherwise.\n\nMore Information: https://clarreo-pathfinder.larc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c21f29b-5dd4-4e96-a6fb-44e4788d1973", - "label": "TDX", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[SOURCE: http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10378/566_read-426/#/gallery/345]\n\nThe main objective of the TanDEM-X mission is to generate an accurate three-dimensional image of Earth that is homogeneous in quality and unprecedented in accuracy. At present, the elevation models that are available for large parts of Earth are of low resolution, inconsistent or incomplete. In addition, they are commonly based on different data sources and survey methods. TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement, is designed to close these gaps and deliver a homogenous elevation model that should prove indispensable for many scientific and commercial applications. Orbiting Earth at an altitude of around 500 kilometres, the two nearly-identical radar satellites have begun mapping its surface.\n\nThe first of the two, TerraSAR-X, has been operating since 2007. Three years years on, it has been joined by its twin satellite, TanDEM-X. Flying in close formation only a few hundred metres apart, the two satellites are imaging the terrain below them simultaneously, from different angles. These images are processed into accurate elevation maps with a 12-metre resolution and a vertical accuracy better than 2 metres. The amount of data generated by the satellites will grow to 1.5 petabytes within three years, corresponding to a storage capacity of almost 200,000 DVDs. Like the TerraSAR-X mission, TanDEM-X is a project developed under a public-private partnership between the German Aerospace Center, DLR, and Astrium GmbH based in Friedrichshafen, Germany.\n\nThe TanDEM-X mission\n\nThe TanDEM-X mission will survey all 150 million square kilometres of Earth's land surface several times over during its three-year mission. Apart from its high measuring-point density (a 12-metre grid) and high vertical accuracy (better than two metres), the elevation model generated by TanDEM-X will have another unrivalled advantage – being entirely homogenous, it will serve as a basis for maps that are globally consistent. Conventional maps are often fragmented along national borders, or difficult to reconcile as they are based on different survey methods or because of time lags between survey campaigns.\n\nTogether TanDEM-X and TerraSAR-X are form the first configurable synthetic aperture radar interferometer in space. Besides this primary goal, the mission has several secondary objectives based on new and innovative methods such as along-track interferometry, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry, digital beamforming and bistatic radar. The TanDEM-X satellite follows the TerraSAR-X design with minor modifications such as an additional cold gas propulsion system (powered by high-pressure nitrogen gas) to enable fine-tuning of its relative position during formation flying and an additional S-band receiver to receive status and position information sent by TerraSAR-X. The TanDEM-X satellite has been designed for a nominal lifetime of five years and has a planned overlap with TerraSAR-X of three years. TerraSAR-X holds consumables and resources for up to seven years of operation however, potentially allowing for a prolongation of the overlap and the duration of the TanDEM-X mission", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", - "label": "Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) was a Japanese Earth-imaging satellite from JAXA that launched on 24 January 2006 and completed its operational phase on 12 May 2011 after failing due to a power anomaly.\n\nALOS is part of ESA's Third Party Missions Programme, in which ESA has an agreement with JAXA to distribute data products from the mission.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0bf5fb56-9d29-438a-a84f-a60296a2e503", - "label": "ALOS", - "broader": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", - "definition": "https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/search?text=alos\n\nhttp://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/alos/index.html\n\nALOS is a Japanese Earth-Observation satellite, developed by JAXA. The\nobjective of the mission is to provide the user community with data of\nsufficient resolution to be able to generate 1:25,000 scale maps. ALOS\nmission objectives as set by JAXA are to:\n\n- Develop digital elevation models (DEMs) and related geographic data\nproducts\n- Perform regional observation for 'sustainable development'\n(harmonization between Earth environment and development)\n- Conduct disaster monitoring around the world\n- Survey natural resources\n- Develop sensor and satellite technology for future Earth-observing\nsatellites\n\nThe mission includes optical and an active L-band microwave sensor\npayload whose high-resolution data may be used for environmental and\nhazard monitoring. ESA will provide the European/African node for data\ndistribution.\n\n[Summary provided by JAXA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ALOS\n Long_Name: Advanced Land Observing Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVNIR-2\n Short_Name: PALSAR\n Short_Name: PRISM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 691.65 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.16 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 46 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/alos/index_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/images/configuration.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-01-24\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 3-5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4009ba2-7e5d-41ea-b4f9-c45788ad8589", - "label": "ALOS-2", - "broader": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", - "definition": "The Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) is follow-on mission from the 'DAICHI', which contributed to cartography, regional observation, disaster monitoring, and resource surveys. ALOS-2 will succeed this mission with enhanced capabilities.\nSpecifically, JAXA is conducting research and development activities to improve wide and high-resolution observation technologies developed for DAICHI in order to further fulfill social needs.\nThese social needs include: 1) Disaster monitoring of damage areas, both in cosiderable detail, and when these areas may be large 2) Continuous updating of data archives related to national land and infrastructure information 3) Effective monitoring of cultivated areas 4) Global monitoring of tropical rain forests to identify carbon sinks.\nThe state-of-the-art L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) aboard ALOS-2, which is an active microwave radar using the 1.2GHz frequency range, will, in responding to society's needs, have enhanced performance compared to DAICHI/PALSAR. The SAR is capable of observing day and night, and in all weather conditions. \nThe Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) is follow-on mission from the 'DAICHI', which contributed to cartography, regional observation, disaster monitoring, and resource surveys. ALOS-2 will succeed this mission with enhanced capabilities.\nSpecifically, JAXA is conducting research and development activities to improve wide and high-resolution observation technologies developed for DAICHI in order to further fulfill social needs.\nThese social needs include: 1) Disaster monitoring of damage areas, both in cosiderable detail, and when these areas may be large 2) Continuous updating of data archives related to national land and infrastructure information 3) Effective monitoring of cultivated areas 4) Global monitoring of tropical rain forests to identify carbon sinks.\nThe state-of-the-art L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) aboard ALOS-2, which is an active microwave radar using the 1.2GHz frequency range, will, in responding to society's needs, have enhanced performance compared to DAICHI/PALSAR. The SAR is capable of observing day and night, and in all weather conditions.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES\n Short_Name: ALOS-2\n Long_Name: ADVANCED LAND OBSERVING SATELLITE-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 628\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9\n Period: 100\n Repeat_Cycle: 14\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-10-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/alos2/index_e.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-01-24\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: Jan. 2017\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f507389-2c7c-41b4-a638-95bdc73b63a3", - "label": "Proba-V", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Proba-V satellite may only be slightly larger than a washing machine, but it is tasked with a full-scale mission. This miniature satellite is designed to map land cover and vegetation growth across the entire globe every two days.\n\nOver the last decade 'Proba' has become synonymous with small high-performance satellites, designed around innovation. The two previous satellites in the series were demonstration missions to give promising technologies an early chance to fly in space. They were overseen by ESA’s Directorate of Technical and Quality Management.\n\nAlthough designed as a demonstration mission, the success of the first Proba satellite led to it being operated as an Earth observation Third Party Mission. Proba-1 carries a high-resolution imaging spectrometer.\n\nProba-V, however is different from the outset: this new mission will start serving as an operational Earth observation mission as soon as its six-month commissioning phase is complete, supplying data to an existing – and eagerly waiting – user community.\n\nThe 'V' stands for Vegetation – a lighter but fully functional redesign of the ‘Vegetation’ imaging instrument previously flown on France’s full-sized Spot-4 and Spot-5 satellites.\n\nLaunched on 7 May 2013, Proba-V has been designed to continue the supply of this much needed imagery for applications such as climate impact assessments, water resource management, agricultural monitoring and food security estimates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fffd5bf-1d22-487a-8b4c-495992ef3b28", - "label": "PlanetScope", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The PlanetScope satellite constellation consists of multiple launches of groups of individual satellites (DOVEs). Therefore, on-orbit capacity is constantly improving in capability or quantity, with technology improvements deployed at a rapid pace. Each DOVE satellite is a CubeSat 3U form factor (10 cm by 10 cm by 30 cm). The complete PlanetScope constellation of approximately 150 active satellites is able to image the entire land surface of the Earth every day (equating to a daily collection capacity of 350 million km²/day). The constellation is constantly 'on' and does not require ordering or acquisition planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", - "label": "Radarsat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) is Canada's new generation of Earth observation satellites. Launched on June 12, 2019, the three identical satellites work together to bring solutions to key challenges for Canadians.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b9c23439-5e16-4329-b719-4704dd7903e6", - "label": "RADARSAT-2", - "broader": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", - "definition": "The RADARSAT-2 satellite incorporates state-of-the-art technology and features\nthe most advanced commercially available radar imagery in the world. The\nRADARSAT-2 program ensures the continuation of the original RADARSAT program\nand the development of Canada's Earth Observation business sector.\n\nRADARSAT-2 is a unique cooperation between the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and\nMacDonald Dettwiler. The CSA is providing approximately 75% of the funding for\nthe development of the satellite and MacDonald Dettwiler is investing the\ndifference. MacDonald Dettwiler will own and operate the satellite and the\nCSA's investment will be recovered through the supply of imagery to a number of\ngovernment agencies during the mission lifetime.\n\nThe design of RADARSAT-2 has been driven by the needs of the emerging Earth\nObservation market, to provide users around the world with high-quality data\nproducts. RADARSAT-2 will be capable of imaging at spatial resolutions ranging\nfrom 3 to 100 meters with swath widths ranging from 20 to 500 kilometres.\nRADARSAT-2 is also the first commercial radar satellite to offer\nmulti-polarization capability that aids in identifying a wide variety of\nsurface features and targets. The satellite is scheduled for launch in 2005 and\nhas a design life of 7 years.\n\nRADARSAT-2 is a truly world-class mission and the next step in MacDonald\nDettwiler's goal to being a world-leading company in the delivery of a broad\nrange of information products and services to manage the scope of human\nactivities on our planet.\n\nOrbit Characteristics:\n\nAltitude (average): 798 km\nInclination: 98.6°\nPeriod: 100.7 minutes\nAscending Node: 18:00 hrs\nSun-synchronous: 14 orbits per day\nRepeat Cycle: 24 days\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttp://www.radarsat2.info/\n\n[Summary provided by MacDonald Dettwiler.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RADARSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: RADARSAT\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 798 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 deg\n Period: 100.7\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.radarsat2.info/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-12-08\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/MDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5e3bc6f-fea5-453e-9942-6ce982bca119", - "label": "RADARSAT-1", - "broader": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", - "definition": "Radarsat, a Canadian-led international program and a major part\nof the overall Canadian Space Agency (CSA) program, is Canada's\nfirst remote-sensing satellite.\n\nRadarsat delivers C-Band SAR imagery to the CSA and numerous\ncommercial customers worldwide. The images are used for locating\nand identifying ice in the Arctic Ocean to aid in navigation;\nmonitoring offshore oil and gas explosions and oil slicks; and\nacquiring remote sensing data for the management of agriculture\nand updating the Canadian geological map.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 23710 / 95059A\nLaunch date: 4 Nov 1995\nCountry of origin: Canada\nOperator: Canadian Space Agency\nMission: Remote sensing\nPerigee/Apogee: 783/787 km (polar orbit)\nInclination: 98.6°\nPeriod: 100 min\nLaunch vehicle: Delta 2 #229\nMass at launch: 2750 kg\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: Spar Aerospace (Canada)\nMass at launch: 3150 kg?\nPayload mass: 1500 kg\nSolar array: 18 m span\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDC power: 2200 W\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\nDimensions: 15 m long x 1.5 m wide Synthetic Aperture C-band Radar\nOther information: Resolution: between 30 m and 90 m\nOn-board storage: 96 MB\n\nUplink: S-band (2 kbps)\nDownlink: S-band (2.5, 2, 4, 32 or 128 kbps)\nAnother downlink for science data is at: 2230.000 MHz\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/Default.as\nhttps://science.nasa.gov/missions/radarsat\n\nContact Information:\n\nCanadian Space Agency\nTel: +1-514-926-4436\nFax: +1-514-926-4973\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RADARSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: RADARSAT\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 deg\n Period: 100 min\n Perigee: 783 km\n Apogee: 787 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/Default.asp\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/radarsat\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-11-04\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/MDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", - "label": "Dynamics Explorer (DE)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Dynamics Explorer (DE) mission's general objective was to investigate the strong interactive processes coupling the hot, tenuous, convecting plasmas of the magnetosphere and the cooler, denser plasmas and gases corotating in the Earth’s ionosphere, upper atmosphere, and plasmasphere. Two satellites, DE 1 and DE 2, were launched together and were placed in polar coplanar orbits, permitting simultaneous measurements at high and low altitudes in the same field-line region.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1bc7b5ee-93b6-4bc4-b340-89507104d33f", - "label": "DE-2", - "broader": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", - "definition": "The DE 2 spacecraft (low-altitude mission) complemented the high-altitude mission DE 1 and was placed into an orbit with a perigee sufficiently low to permit measurements of neutral composition, temperature, and wind. The apogee was high enough to permit measurements above the interaction regions of suprathermal ions, and also plasma flow measurements at the feet of the magnetospheric field lines. The general form of the spacecraft was a short polygon 137 cm in diameter and 115 cm high. The triaxial antennas were 23 m tip-to-tip. One 6-m boom was provided for remote measurements. The spacecraft weight was 403 kg. Power was supplied by a solar cell array, which charged two 6-ampere-hour nickel-cadmium batteries. The spacecraft was three-axis stabilized with the yaw axis aligned toward the center of the earth to within 1 deg. The spin axis was normal to the orbit plane within 1 deg with a spin rate of one revolution per orbit. A single-axis scan platform was included in order to mount the low-altitude plasma instrument (81-070B-08). The platform rotated about the spin axis. A pulse code modulation telemetry data system was used that operated in real time or in a tape-recorder mode. Data were acquired on a science-problem-oriented basis, with closely coordinated operations of the various instruments, both satellites, and supportive experiments. Measurements were temporarily stored on tape recorders before transmission at an 8:1 playback-to-record ratio. Since commands were also stored in a command memory unit, spacecraft operations were not real time. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DE-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DE (Dynamics Explorer)\n Short_Name: DE-2\n Long_Name: Dynamics Explorer-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DE 2\n Short_Name: DE-B\n Short_Name: Dynamics Explorer-B\n Short_Name: Explorer 63\n Short_Name: 12625\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RPA\n Short_Name: VECTOR MAGNETOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 98 min.\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-070Bdata.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-08-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59dcd28c-9bd0-4b00-a68c-d892c68bf614", - "label": "DE-1", - "broader": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", - "definition": "The Dynamics Explorer (DE) mission's general objective is to investigate the strong interactive processes coupling the hot, tenuous, convecting plasmas of the magnetosphere and the cooler, denser plasmas and gases corotating in the earth's ionosphere, upper atmosphere, and plasmasphere. Two satellites, DE 1 and DE 2, were launched together and were placed in polar coplanar orbits, permitting simultaneous measurements at high and low altitudes in the same field-line region. The DE 1 spacecraft (high-altitude mission) uses an elliptical orbit selected to allow (1) measurements extending from the hot magnetospheric plasma through the plasmasphere to the cool ionosphere; (2) global auroral imaging, wave measurements in the heart of the magnetosphere, and crossing of auroral field lines at several earth radii; and (3) measurements for significant periods along a magnetic field flux tube. The spacecraft approximated a short polygon 137 cm in diameter and 115 cm high. The antennas in the X-Y plane measured 200-m tip-to-tip, and on the Z-axis are 9 meters tip-to-tip. Two six-meter booms are provided for remote measurements. Power is supplied by a solar cell array, mounted on the side and end panels. The spacecraft is spin stabilized, with the spin axis normal to the orbital plane, and the spin rate at ten plus or minus 0.1 rpm. A pulse code modulation (PCM) telemetry data system is used that operates in real time or in a tape-recorder mode. Data have been acquired on a science-problem-oriented basis, with closely coordinated operations of the various instruments, both satellites, and supportive experiments. Data acquired from the instruments are temporarily stored on tape recorders before transmission at an 8:1 playback-to-record ratio. Additional operational flexibility allows a playback-to-record ratio of 4:1. The primary data rate is 16,384 bits per second. Since commands are stored in a command memory unit, spacecraft operations are not real time, except for the transmission of the wideband analog data from the Plasma Wave Instrument (81-070A-02). On October 22, 1990 science operations were terminated. On February 28, 1991 Dynamics Explorer 1 operations were offically terminated. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DE-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DE (Dynamics Explorer)\n Short_Name: DE-1\n Long_Name: Dynamics Explorer-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DE 1\n Short_Name: DE-A\n Short_Name: Dynamics Explorer-A\n Short_Name: Explorer 62\n Short_Name: 12624\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-070A\n Sample_Image: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/sai/gallery/destack.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-08-03 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", - "label": "Beacon Explorer (BE)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A series of small ionospheric research satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b0376960-fe7c-4117-8da6-d56a124d09bf", - "label": "BE-C", - "broader": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", - "definition": "BE-C (Explorer 27) was a small ionospheric research satellite instrumented with an electrostatic probe, radio beacons, a passive laser tracking reflector, and a Doppler navigation experiment. Its primary objective was to obtain worldwide observations of total electron content between the spacecraft and the earth. The satellite was initially spin stabilized, but it was despun after solar paddle erection. Subsequent stabilization oriented the satellite axis of symmetry with the local magnetic field by means of a strong bar magnet and damping rods. A three-axis magnetometer and sun sensors provided information on the satellite attitude and spin rate. There was no tape recorder aboard so that satellite performance data and electrostatic probe data were observed only when the satellite was within range of a ground telemetry station. Continuous transmitters operated at 162 and 324 MHz to permit precise tracking by 'Transit' tracking stations for navigation and geodetic studies. The satellite was turned off on July 20, 1973, due to frequency interference with higher priority spacecraft.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BE-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BE (Beacon Explorer)\n Short_Name: BE-C\n Long_Name: Beacon Explorer-C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n Short_Name: RADIO TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: PROBES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 41.1 degrees\n Perigee: 1320 km\n Apogee: 940 km \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/926/egm96/bec.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-04-29\n Launch_Site: Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f18c5acb-6318-4d40-bda2-459ec09c57f5", - "label": "BE-B", - "broader": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", - "definition": "BE-B (Explorer 22) was a small ionospheric research satellite instrumented with an electrostatic probe, a 20-, 40-, and 41-Hz radio beacon, a passive laser tracking reflector, and a Doppler navigation experiment. Its objective was to obtain worldwide observations of total electron content between the spacecraft and the earth. The satellite was initially spin-stabilized, but it was despun after solar paddle erection. Subsequent stabilization oriented the satellite axis of symmetry with the local magnetic field by means of a strong bar magnet and damping rods. A three-axis magnetometer and sun sensors provided information on the satellite attitude and spin rate. There was no tape recorder aboard so that satellite performance data and electrostatic probe data could be observed only when the satellite was within range of a ground telemetry station. Continuous transmitters also operated at 162 and 324 MHz to permit precise tracking by 'Transit' tracking stations for navigation and geodetic studies. In August 1968, data acquisition from the satellite telemetry channels was discontinued. In July 1969, tracking and world map production were discontinued by GSFC, and world map production based on NORAD orbit elements was subsequently assumed by ESRO. The satellite failed in February 1970 and BE-C was turned on in order to partially replace use made of this satellite beacon experiment. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BE-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BE (Beacon Explorer)\n Short_Name: BE-B\n Long_Name: Beacon Explorer-B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 22\n Short_Name: 00899\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 79.7 degrees\n Perigee: 889 km\n Apogee: 1081 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1964-064A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-10-10\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", - "label": "Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation (COSMO)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "An Italian Earth-imaging constellation consisting of four identical satellites, which launched between 2007 and 2010, and all remain operational. COSMO-SkyMed stands for 'COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation'. The mission is owned and operated by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) and is funded by the Italian Ministry of Research and the Italian Ministry of Defense.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "97116573-f0a2-4e18-8601-77e43b717be6", - "label": "COSMO-SKYMED", - "broader": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", - "definition": "COSMO-SkyMed (Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation) is a 4-spacecraft constellation, conceived by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana), and funded by the Italian Ministry of Research (MUR) and the Italian Ministry of Defense (MOD), Rome, Italy. The program is managed in cooperation by ASI and MOD. Each of the four satellites is equipped with a SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) instrument and is capable of operating in all visibility conditions at high resolution and in real time.\n\nThe overall objective of this program is global Earth observation and the relevant data exploitation for the needs of the military community as well as for the civil (institutional, commercial) community.\n\nSample applications of COSMO-SkyMed data are seen the following fields:\n\n• Defense and security applications: Surveillance, intelligence, mapping, damage assessment, vulnerability assessment, target detection/localization\n\n• Risk management applications: Floods, droughts, landslides, volcanic/seismic, forest fire, industrial hazards, water pollution\n\n• Other applications: Marine and coastal environments, agriculture, forestry, cartography, environment, geology and exploration, telecommunication, utilities and planning\n\n• Provision of commercial imaging services\n\n• The high revisit frequency offered by the four X-band SAR spacecraft is also expected to provide a unique potential to the operational meteorological user community through provision of ancillary data and/or data on meteo-correlated phenomena, in particular as regards sea ice monitoring and study of ocean wave patterns.\n\nBackground: In 1996 the Italian Government provided initial funding for the realization of a national Earth observation program. In 1997 the general guidelines for the 1998-2002 Italian National Space Plan (PSN) were approved including the activities on Earth observation. The strategic element in this plan is the COSMO-SkyMed dual-use program of ASI. 1) 2)\n\nIn the summer of 2001, the Italian Ministry of Defense became a partner in the COSMO-SkyMed program (a welcome funding partner for the Italian Ministry of Research). However, the dual-use nature of the COSMO-SkyMed program, i. e. civil (research and commercial) and military use of its data products, resulted in a virtually classified program. A great disadvantage of the new arrangement is that rather sparse technical information of the mission can only be made available to the public.\n\nAlthough the first constellation satellite SAR instruments (SAR-2000) will observe in X-band (9.6 GHz with a wavelength of 3.1 cm), multi-mode scenarios (X-, C- L- and P-band) are planned for the future.\n\nThe overall system architecture is composed of a space segment, a constellation of SAR satellites, and a ground segment including full featured user services. The requirements call for the following general performance characteristics: 3)\n\n• Full global observation coverage with all weather, day/night acquisition capability\n\n• Collection capability of large areas within a single pass, with along-track stereo imaging during a single pass\n\n• High image quality, to allow a robust image interpretability at the requested scale of analysis (data sets are characterized by adequate spatial and spectral resolution suitable to perform analyses at different scales of detail)\n\n• Ground track repeatability: the satellites of the SAR constellation shall have a ground track repeatability of better than 1 km\n\n• Fast response times (from the data/service user request up to the data/service delivery to that requiring user).\n\nThe SABRINA project was started in 2004/5. \n\nThe COSMO-SkyMed space segment is composed of a constellation of four SAR satellites. The PRIMA \\[Piattaforma Riconfigurabile Italiana Multi-Applicativa (Reconfigurable Italian Platform for Multiple Applications)\\] bus of Alcatel Alenia Space is being employed. Alcatel Alenia Space is also the prime contractor of the space segment \\[funding by ASI and I-AD (Ministry of Defense)\\]. - Note: As of April 10, 2007, the EC approved the transfer to Thales of Alcatel-Lucent's shareholdings in the two space sector joint venture companies Alcatel Alenia Space and Telespazio. Hence, Alcatel Alenia Space was renamed to Thales Alenia Space.\n\nThe S/C is three-axis stabilized, it consists of the main body (bus), two deployable solar arrays, and a SAR antenna. The bus provides all support functions like: AOCS, electrical power (power generation, storage and distribution), data handling, thermal control, RF communications, and on-orbit propulsion for orbit injection and maintenance. The platform mechanical configuration consists of two elements or modules, namely:\n\n• SVM (Service Module) at the bottom of the bus which contains all bus subsystems including the propulsion module\n\n• PLM (Payload Module) at the top, dedicated to the payload complement, the PDHT (Payload Data Handing and Transmission) subsystem, and the AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem) with star trackers gyros actuators.\n\nThe bus structure material is CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) while SVM and PLM consist of aluminum alloys. The interfaces of the SAR antenna, star trackers and gyros are mounted on the CFRP structure for pointing precision and stability (a star tracker is being used as well as a high-quality GPS receiver). The SSTI (Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument) is the LAGRANGE GPS receiver of Laben SpA. The SAR antenna bore sight is pointing with an incidence angle about 38º to the right side of the S/C ground track. AOCS provides an antenna steering capability of ±2º in yaw as well as for a re-pointing capability to the left side of the ground track. Each S/C in the constellation features a RCT (Reaction Control Thruster) system for orbit maintenance.\n\nThe mass of each spacecraft is about 1700 kg. The design life is 5 years. The S/C provides an onboard operational autonomy for a period of 24 hours. \n\nLaunch: The launch of the first COSMO spacecraft in the constellation took place on June 8, 2007 (UTC). The launch was provided by the Boeing Company on a Delta-2 (7420-10 configuration) vehicle from VAFB, CA. This represented the first commercial Delta-2 launch since the formation of the United Launch Alliance (ULA) in December 2006.\n\nCircular sun-synchronous dawn-dusk orbit, nominal altitude = 619.6 km, inclination = 97.86º, period = 97.1 min, with LTAN (Local Time of Ascending Node) at 6:00 AM, 14.8125 rev./day (or 14 13/16). All spacecraft of the SAR constellation will be positioned in the same orbital plane with a phasing outlined in Table 2. The nominal repeat cycle is 16 days; however, each single satellite will have a near revisit time of 5 days. \n\nSatellite\tLaunch date\tNominal EOL (End Of Life)\tExtended lifetime\nCSK-1\t8-Jun-07\t\tJun-14\t\t\t\t7-Jun-16\nCSK-2\t9-Dec-07\t\tDec-14\t\t\t\t8-Dec-16\nCSK-3\t25-Oct-08\t\tOct-15\t\t\t\t25-Oct-16\nCSK-4\t6-Nov-10\t\tNov-17\t\t\t\t6-Nov-17\n\nCOSMO-SKYMED Platform_Details\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Associated_Instruments Short_Name: SAR\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n Primary_Sponsor: Italian Ministry of Defense (MOD)\n Primary_Sponsor: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Italy", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b359999f-bb1e-43de-ae6e-1e9dc44e752a", - "label": "COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation (CSG)", - "broader": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", - "definition": "Italy's second generation COSMO-SkyMed constellation of two satellites (CSG-1 and CSG-2), also referred to as CSG (COSMO-SkyMed Seconda Generazione), aims at improving the quality of the imaging service, providing the end users with enhanced capabilities in terms of higher number of images and image quality (larger swath and finer spatial and radiometric resolution) with respect to the current COSMO-SkyMed constellation, referred to as CSK.\n\nSee also\nhttps://earth.esa.int/web/guest/content/-/article/cosmo-skymed-second-generation-ready-for-take-off\nhttps://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/cosmo-skymed-second-generation", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "label": "Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The TIROS Program (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was NASA's first experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth. At that time, the effectiveness of satellite observations was still unproven. Since satellites were a new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational parameters. The goal was to improve satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as 'should we evacuate the coast because of the hurricane?'.\n\nThe TIROS Program's first priority was the development of a meteorological satellite information system. Weather forecasting was deemed the most promising application of space-based observations.\n\nTIROS proved extremely successful, providing the first accurate weather forecasts based on data gathered from space. TIROS began continuous coverage of the Earth's weather in 1962, and was used by meteorologists worldwide. The program's success with many instrument types and orbital configurations lead to the development of more sophisticated meteorological observation satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0752330f-2d01-4129-89da-8544369206cb", - "label": "TIROS-3", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "definition": "Objectives: Continued development of the experimental television techniques and infrared equipment leading to a worldwide meteorological information system. To obtain infrared measurements of the solar energy absorbed, reflected and emitted by the Earth.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 285 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nickel-cadmium batteries. Three major changes were made from the previous TIROS models. Two wide-angle television cameras were housed in the craft in place of one high-resolution and one low-resolution camera.\n\nA new infrared experiment and improved remote control programmers were also new additions. This craft contained an electronic clock to control the operations of the infrared horizon sensor as well as the magnetic orientation system. A magnetic tape recorder was still provided for each camera to store photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. One scanning and two non-scanning radiometers were also on board.\n\nThe antennas were of the same configuration as both previous TIROS models. Although one of the cameras failed 12 days into the mission, photograph quality from the other camera was excellent and many tropical storms during the 1961 hurricane season were photographed. TIROS-3 was also credited with the discovery of Hurricane Esther.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "292335bb-5733-4f54-bb1f-84ab20f838f3", - "label": "TIROS-M", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "definition": "The ITOS (Improved Tiros Operational Satellite) series (TIROS-M\nwas the prototype spacecraft) were the second generation of\noperational sun-synchronous meteorological\nspacecraft. Operational satellites were renamed NOAA.\n\nThe primary objective of ITOS was to provide improved\noperational infrared and visual observations of earth cloud\ncover for use in weather analysis and forecasting. Secondary\nobjectives included providing both solar proton and global heat\nbalance data on a regular daily basis. To accomplish these\ntasks, the spacecraft carried:\n\n-two television cameras for Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) and\n-two Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) cameras. It also carried\n-a low-resolution Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR),\n-a Solar Proton Monitor (SPM), and\n-two scanning radiometers that not only measured emitted infrared\nradiation, but also served as a backup system for the APT and AVCS\ncameras.\n\nThe nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by 1.2 m. The TV\ncameras and infrared sensors were mounted on the satellite\nbaseplate with their optical axes directed verticially\nearthward. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar\npanels that were folded during launch and deployed after orbit\nwas achieved. Each panel measured over 4.2 m in length when\nunfolded and was covered with 3420 solar cells, each measuring 2\nby 2 cm. The ITOS dynamics and attitude control system\nmaintained desired spacecraft orientation through gyroscopic\nprinciples incorporated into the satellite design. Earth\norientation of the satellite body was maintained by taking\nadvantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per\norbit provided the desired 'earth looking' attitude. Minor\nadjustments in attitude and orientation were made by means of\nmagnetic coils and by varying the speed of the momentum\nflywheel.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/noaa_itos-a.htm'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIROS-M\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: TIROS\n Short_Name: TIROS-M\n Long_Name: Television Infrared Observation Satellite-M\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ITOS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRIR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/noaa_itos-a.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/700s/spac0170.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-01-23\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51bf313d-a403-412e-b672-a1312e823675", - "label": "TIROS-N", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "definition": "TIROS-N was launched in October 1978 and was a third generation\noperational meteorological satellite for use in the National\nOperational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support\nof the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-84. The\nsatellite design provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's\natmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a\nmotion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(AVHRR) and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary\nexperiments consisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data\nCollection System (DCS).\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\nSchwalb, A., 'The TIROS-N/NOAA A-G Satellite Series,' NOAA Tech. Mem.,\nNESS 95, 1978.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIROS-N\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: TIROS\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n Long_Name: Television Infrared Observation Satellite-N\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.70 deg\n Period: 101.70 min\n Perigee: 829 km\n Apogee: 845 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/lae/images/tirosn.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-10-13\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6096b1ec-25d5-4b9b-9358-a17d8b481646", - "label": "TIROS", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "definition": "The objectives of TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite)\nwas to test experimental television techniques designed to develop\na worldwide meteorological satellite information system.\n\nThe spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and\nweighed 270 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and\nstainless steel which was then covered by 9200 solar cells. The\nsolar cells served to charge the on-board batteries. Three pairs\nof solid-propellant spin rockets were mounted on the base plate.\n\nTwo television cameras were housed in the craft, one\nlow-resolution and one high-resolution. A magnetic tape recorder\nfor each camera was supplied for storing photographs while the\nsatellite was out of range of the ground station network.\n\nThe antennas consisted of four rods from the base plate to serve\nas transmitters and one vertical rod from the center of the top\nplate to serve as a receiver.\n\nThe craft was spin-stabilized and space-oriented (not\nEarth-oriented). Therefore, the cameras were only operated while\nthey were pointing at the Earth when that portion of the Earth\nwas in sunlight.\n\nThe video systems relayed thousands of pictures containing\ncloud-cover views of the Earth. Early photographs provided\ninformation concerning the structure of large-scale cloud\nregimes.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/tiros/tiros1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIROS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: TIROS\n Short_Name: TIROS\n Long_Name: Television Infrared Observation Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TIROS-1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/tiros/tiros1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/lae/images/LE410L8.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1960-04-01\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abcc3bb4-8f36-4008-b12e-d29b028ecad9", - "label": "TIROS-2", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "definition": "Objectives: To test the experimental television techniques and infrared equipment designed to develop a worldwide meteorological satellite information system. To evaluate a new attitude control system for spacecraft orientation which utilizes the Earth's magnetic field.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 280 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel which was then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nicad batteries. Two television cameras were housed in the craft, one low-resolution and one high-resolution. A magnetic tape recorder for each camera was supplied for storing photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. In addition, an infrared horizon sensor for attitude control, a direction indicator for picture orientation, two infrared radiation experiments, and a magnetic orientation control experiment were included.\n\nThe spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 280 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel which was then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nicad batteries. Two television cameras were housed in the craft, one low-resolution and one high-resolution. A magnetic tape recorder for each camera was supplied for storing photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. In addition, an infrared horizon sensor for attitude control, a direction indicator for picture orientation, two infrared radiation experiments, and a magnetic orientation control experiment were included.\n\nThe antennas consisted of four rods from the base plate to serve as transmitters and one vertical rod from the center of the top plate to serve as a receiver. The video systems relayed thousands of pictures containing cloud-cover views of the Earth. Early photographs provided information concerning the structure of large-scale cloud regimes. In addition, the experiment to partially control the orientation of the satellite spin axis was successful, as was the experiment with infrared sensors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d39b3bd9-de76-4a80-841f-57c9be70ed5b", - "label": "TIROS-7", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "definition": "Objectives: Continue research and development of the meteorological satellite information system; obtain improved data for use in weather forecasting, especially during hurricane season.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 270 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered by 9200 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nickel-cadmium (nicad) batteries. Three pairs of solid-propellant spin rockets were mounted on the base plate.\n\nTIROS-7 was also designed to make infrared measurements of reflected solar and terrestrial radiation over selected spectrum ranges and gather data on electron density and temperature in space. To accomplish this new expanded mission, TIROS-7 carried two wide-angle camera systems, a magnetic tape recorder, and infrared experimentation equipment. The electron density and temperature probes were the same as the ones flown on board Explorer 17.\n\nThe spacecraft operating system still included the infrared horizon scanner, the north direction indicator, despin weights and spinup rockets, and the magnetic attitude control system. TIROS-7 was deactivated after furnishing over 30,000 cloud photographs; it lasted the longest of the TIROS series thus far, 1809 days.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6369522-f750-4946-9946-2d2ed6ce56b5", - "label": "TIROS-4", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", - "definition": "Objectives: Continued research into and development of the meteorological satellite information system. This mission was designed to maintain an operational TIROS in orbit for an extended period of time and to obtain improved data for operational use in weather forecasting during the northern hemisphere hurricane season.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 285 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel and was then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 on-board batteries.\n\nA new lens system was implemented for this launch. The lens was designed to reduce distortion and improve resolution. This craft also contained an electronic clock to control the operations of the infrared horizon sensor as well as the magnetic orientation control system. A magnetic tape recorder was still provided for each camera to store photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. One scanning and two non-scanning radiometers were also on board. The transmitting and receiving antennas were of the same configuration as the previous TIROS models.\n\nTIROS-4 pictures were the best to date, allowing the US Weather Bureau to initiate an international facsimile transmission network in order to share the cloud pictures with weather services around the world.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "76673a7f-44c8-4dde-83c2-1104b060061f", - "label": "MMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is a Solar Terrestrial Probes mission comprising four identically instrumented spacecraft that will use Earth’s magnetosphere as a laboratory to study the microphysics of three fundamental plasma processes: magnetic reconnection, energetic particle acceleration, and turbulence. These processes occur in all astrophysical plasma systems but can be studied in situ only in our solar system and most efficiently only in Earth’s magnetosphere, where they control the dynamics of the geospace environment and play an important role in the processes known as “space weather.”", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b07a0be-b4c9-4837-9521-287bf07198aa", - "label": "SCD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The satellites of the SCD (Satelites de Coleta de Dados) series\nare equipped to collect and transmit meteorological and\nenvironmental data collected by automatic platforms (PCD)\ninstalled on land or on oceanic buoys. The data is relayed to\none or more ground stations. The INPE is responsible for\ndevelopment, production and operation of this series of 4\nsatellites, the SCD-1, SCD-2, SCD-2A and SCD-3. SCD-1 was\nplaced in orbit in February 1993 by a Pegasus and is operating\nuntil today, with a useful life beyond the period, initially\nforeseen, of one year. The SCD-2 was launched successfully in\n1998, by a Pegasus-H vehicle, from Cape Canaveral. Currently it\noperates jointly form with SCD-1. The SCD-2A was lost in the\ninaugural launching of the VLS-1, in 1997. SCD 3 is a new\ndesign, which will be launched into a higher orbit to enlarge\nthe area covered by the satellite.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SCD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SCD\n Long_Name: Satellites de Coleta de Dados\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SCD\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 25\n Period: 98.8\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_de_Coleta_de_Dados\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-02-09\n Design_Life: 1 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil/INPE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b9c2b8c-0f57-42bc-ab52-ba3cf542f14e", - "label": "TIPS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The TIPS satellite was deployed on 20 June 1996 at an altitude\nof 1,022 kilometers (552 nautical miles). This experiment is\ndesigned to increase knowledge about gravity-gradient tether\ndynamics and the survivability of tethers in space. (Tethers can\nbe severed by space debris.) The National Reconnaissance Office\n(NRO) is a sponsor of the TiPS program. While tethers have been\ntheoretically studied as a means for satellite stabilization,\npropulsion, and electricity generation for some time, TiPS is\namong the first successful tether deployments in space and is\nthe first experiment designed for long duration.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://projects.nrl.navy.mil/tips/\n\n[Summary provided by U.S. Military]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIPS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TIPS\n Long_Name: Tether Physics and Survivability\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TIPS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1,022 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 63.4 deg\n Period: 105 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://projects.nrl.navy.mil/tips/\n Sample_Image: http://code8100.nrl.navy.mil/programs/images/tips2_corner_lg.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-06-20\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bca3532-02ec-4ab7-a01b-14185479c209", - "label": "Megha-Tropiques", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Megha-Tropiques (or MT) is a cooperative experimental mission of ISRO and CNES, the space agencies of India and France, with the objective to study the convective systems (water cycle and energetic exchanges) that affect the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone), in particular in the latitudes between 10º and 20º, with satisfactory temporal sampling. The most energetic tropical systems, such as the cloud clusters of the ITCZ, the monsoon systems and the tropical cyclones, extend over hundreds of kilometers. Hence, a ground resolution of about 10 km is adequate for these observations. Megha-Tropiques, with its unique combination of scientific payloads and its special near-equatorial orbit (offering improved data sampling of the ITCZ), is expected to provide valuable data for climate research.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b4306533-7593-4e76-b0e1-154a74e27d69", - "label": "MEGHA-TROPIQUES", - "broader": "7bca3532-02ec-4ab7-a01b-14185479c209", - "definition": "Introduction\n\nThis mission was studied in France in the context of GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment). For understanding tropical meteorological and climatic processes, it appeared necessary to obtain reliable statistics on the water and energy budget of the tropical atmosphere and to describe the evolution of its systems (monsoons, cyclones, …) at appropriate time scales. In parallel, tropical atmospheric and oceanic missions were also studied in India, which is directly concerned by these phenomena. The first originality of MEGHA-TROPIQUES is to associate three radiometric instruments allowing to observe simultaneously three interrelated components of the atmospheric engine : water vapour, condensed water (clouds and precipitations), and radiative fluxes. The second is to privilege the sampling of the intertropical zone, accounting for the large time-space variability of the tropical phenomena. Moreover, the MEGHA-TROPIQUES microwave radiometer MADRAS could be one element complementing the constellation of mini-satellites of the Global Precipitation Mission .\nScientific objectives\n\n- to improve the knowledge of the water cycle in the intertropical region, to evaluate its consequences on the energy budget,\n\n- to study the life cycle of tropical convective systems over ocean and continents, the environmental conditions for their appearance and evolution, their water budget, and the associated transports of water vapor.\nApplied objectives\n\n- to provide data about the processes leading to dramatic weather events affecting the Tropical countries, as hurricanes, systems producing heavy rainfalls, processes governing monsoons variability or droughts.\nMission Scenario\n\nThe key of this mission is the repetitivity of the measurement in the Tropics. The orbit of the platform must be in a low inclination on the equatorial plane. The altitude of the orbit has to be high enough to allow a wide swath of the instruments.\nGeophysical parameters to be retrieved:\n\nAtmospheric water cycle elements: Water vapor (integrated and vertical distribution), cloud condensed water content, ice/water, precipitation.\n\nRadiative budget elements: solar reflected and terrestrial emitted fluxes at the top of the atmosphere.\nInstrumental payload\n\nThe instruments have to be complementary to what exists on geostationary satellites (VIS-IR imagers). Microwave instruments are then fundamental. The main payload instruments are:\n\n- A microwave imager (MADRAS) aimed mainly to study precipitation and cloud properties, including ice at the top of clouds (SSM/I type, with an additional channel at 157 GHz).\n\n- A microwave sounding instrument for the atmospheric water vapor (SAPHIR - 6 channels in the 183 GHz band).\n\n- A radiometer devoted to the measurement of outgoing radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (ScaRaB).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MEGHA-TROPIQUES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MEGHA-TROPIQUES\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAPHIR\n Short_Name: MADRAS\n Short_Name: SCARAB\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 867\n Orbit_Inclination: 20\n Period: 102.16 minutes\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > INCLINED NON-POLAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-20\n Online_Resource: http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/mission-description.html\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Megha_tropiques.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-10-12\n Launch_Site: SRIHARIKOTA ISLAND, INDIA\n Design_Life: 4\n Primary_Sponsor: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)\n Primary_Sponsor: Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c3fab1c-d17e-4e5c-870e-994793c2594e", - "label": "CFOSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "CFOSAT is a joint mission of the Chinese (CNSA) and French (CNES) space agencies with the goal to monitor the ocean surface winds and waves and to provide information on related ocean and atmospheric science and applications. The primary objective of CFOSAT is to monitor on a global scale the wind and waves at the ocean surface in order to improve:\n\n• The wind and wave forecast for marine meteorology (including severe events)\n\n• The ocean dynamics modeling and prediction\n\n• Our knowledge of climate variability\n\n• Fundamental knowledge on surface processes linked to wind and waves.\n\nAn operational demonstration objective of CFOSAT is to provide observations over the ocean in near-real-time for assimilation in meteorological and wave forecast models. Wind and wave products must be available in operational centers within 3 hours after acquisition.\n\nCFOSAT will also be used to complement other satellite missions for the estimation of land surface parameters (in particular soil moisture and soil roughness), and polar ice sheet characteristics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d97b6ca-83de-44e1-8d3b-f45755e38a8d", - "label": "HEXAGON KH-9", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ef45b8e-ac63-41b2-9e8b-7becfa7d7431", - "label": "HY2-B", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The HY-2 satellite is an oceanographic remote sensing satellite series developed by China's National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS); four satellites are planned: HY-2A (2011), HY-2B (2012), HY-2C (2015), HY-2D (2019). The objective of HY-2 is to monitor the dynamic ocean environment with radar sensors to measure sea surface wind field, sea surface height and sea surface temperature. It will include a dual-frequency radar altimeter in Ku and C-bands, a Ku-band rotating scatterometer and microwave imager. The orbit is sun-synchronous: the first 2 years with a 14-day cycle, then one year with geodetic orbit (168-day cycle, 5-day approx. subcycle).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80e95a88-b44e-444e-bd79-2e6dbb56b170", - "label": "Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS) inaugurated the second generation of a space-based system to provide continuous, day-to-day observations of the Earth's weather systems. ITOS launched a total of six satellites from 1970 through 1976, continuing the mission of the TIROS and the TIROS Operational Satellite programs.\n\nITOS flew in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit and used improved stabilization techniques that allowed the spacecraft always to point its cameras and other sensors at the Earth. The satellite carried Automatic Picture Transmission cameras to provide instant weather data to ground stations around the world; Advanced Vidicon Camera Subsystems for detailed observations; and scanning radiometers for imaging the earth at night.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b080d2a3-c089-4ddf-bbfb-3e24495413b3", - "label": "ITOS-1", - "broader": "80e95a88-b44e-444e-bd79-2e6dbb56b170", - "definition": "The Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS) inaugurated the second generation of a space-based system to provide continuous, day-to-day observations of the Earth's weather systems. ITOS launched a total of six satellites from 1970 through 1976, continuing the mission of the TIROS and the TIROS Operational Satellite programs.\n\nITOS flew in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit and used improved stabilization techniques that allowed the spacecraft always to point its cameras and other sensors at the Earth. The satellite carried Automatic Picture Transmission cameras to provide instant weather data to ground stations around the world; Advanced Vidicon Camera Subsystems for detailed observations; and scanning radiometers for imaging the earth at night.\n\nITOS 1 had an operational life of 510 days, taking more than 100,000 images of the Earth. This artifact is a prototype of ITOS-1; NASA transferred it to the Museum in 1976.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "80eca755-c564-4616-b910-a4c4387b7c54", - "label": "Terra", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Terra is the flagship satellite of NASA's Earth observing systems. Terra is the first EOS (Earth Observing System) platform and provides global data on the state of the atmosphere, land, and oceans, as well as their interactions with solar radiation and with one another.\n\nSince the 1950's, it has become increasingly clear that human activities are modifying the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale. As the result of industrialization, the concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by about 20% during this period. More recently, the stratospheric concentrations of chemically-active gases containing chlorine, bromine, and fluorine have dramatically increased. These trends have created issues of global interest including global warming and declining levels of ozone (both globally and in the ozone &hole& in the Antarctic). It has become increasingly clear, however, that these processes do not occur independently of one another and can only be understood in the context of a global system. Accurate and precise measurements are needed to unravel complex and interactive relationships between chemical, radiative, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, and on land. As a result, in 1991 NASA initiated a comprehensive program to understand the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land, and cryosphere (ice and snow) as a single, complex, interactive system. NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) consists of a series of spaceborne instruments to monitor crucial components of the Earth system, an advanced data handling system, and teams of scientists who will evaluate on-going climate change and predict future changes. Ultimately, EOS will produce scientifically sound recommendations for environmental policy to national and international bodies to mitigate or prepare for these changes.\n\nKey Terra Facts:\nJoint with Japan and Canada\nOrbit:\nType: Near-polar, sun-synchronous\nEquatorial Crossing: 10:30 a.m.\nAltitude: 705 km\nInclination: 98.1 degrees\nPeriod: 98.88 minutes\nRepeat Cycle: 16 days\nDimensions: 2.7 m x 3.3 m x 6.8 m\nMass: 5,190 kg\nPower: 2,530 W\nDesign Life: 6 years\n\nTerra Status:\nOperating instruments: ASTER, CERES, MODIS, MISR, and MOPITT are operating well. ASTER Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) data is unavailable.\nCurrent life expectancy: Terra has far exceeded its design life and has a strong chance of operating successfully into the early 2020s.\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Terra\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Terra\n Long_Name: Earth Observing System, Terra (AM-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOS AM-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOPITT\n Short_Name: MODIS\n Short_Name: MISR\n Short_Name: CERES-FM2\n Short_Name: CERES-FM1\n Short_Name: ASTER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 a.m.\n Period: 98.88 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/terra/index.html\n Sample_Image: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/terra/spacecraft/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-12-18\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 6 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81d3b212-1f8f-4ac8-8292-dce0eb8f3a9c", - "label": "LANYARD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "LANYARD was a photo-reconnaissance satellite that was operation\nbetween March 1963-July 1963. The images were used to produce\nmaps and charts for the Department of Defense and other Federal\nGovernment mapping programs.\n\nPresident Clinton signed an Executive Order on 24 February 1995,\ndirecting the declassification of intelligence imagery acquired\nby the first generation of United States photo-reconnaissance\nsatellites, including the systems code-named CORONA, ARGON and\nLANYARD.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://edc.usgs.gov/guides/disp1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", - "label": "Etalon", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0bd45536-e8d5-42bf-998f-05ce4d0f0a49", - "label": "ETALON-1", - "broader": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", - "definition": "Etalon are a Russian family (Etalon-1, Etalon-2) of passive geodetic satellites dedicated to satellite laser ranging. Etalon-1 was the first geodynamic satellite launched by the former Soviet Union. The Etalon spacecraft were launched in 1989 in conjunction with a pair of GLObal'naya NAvigatisionnay Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) satellites. The mission objectives were to determine a high accuracy terrestrial reference frame and earth rotation parameters, to improve the gravity field, and to improve the gravitational constant.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ETALON-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ETALON\n Short_Name: ETALON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ETALON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 deg\n Period: 676 min\n Perigee: 19400 km\n Apogee: 19400 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/eta1_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/etalon.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-01-10\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9c07cf0-49eb-4c7f-aeff-2e95caae9500", - "label": "ETALON-2", - "broader": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", - "definition": "Etalon are a Russian family (Etalon-1, Etalon-2) of passive geodetic satellites dedicated to satellite laser ranging. Etalon-1 was the first geodynamic satellite launched by the former Soviet Union. The Etalon spacecraft were launched in 1989 in conjunction with a pair of GLObal'naya NAvigatisionnay Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) satellites. The mission objectives were to determine a high accuracy terrestrial reference frame and earth rotation parameters, to improve the gravity field, and to improve the gravitational constant.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ETALON-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ETALON\n Short_Name: ETALON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ETALON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 65.5 deg\n Period: 675 min\n Perigee: 19120 km\n Apogee: 19120 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/eta1_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/etalon.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-05-31\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", - "label": "GHGSat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "GHGSat satellites orbit the earth detecting methane emissions at a 25m resolution.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1aabc727-a8d8-4dff-a248-8e485d147b00", - "label": "GHGSat-D", - "broader": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", - "definition": "GHGSat's demonstration satellite GHGSat-D, nicknamed 'Claire' was successfully launched at 23:56 EDT on 21 June 2016, and reached its planned orbit less than 30 minutes later. GHGSat commissioned Claire within one month of launch, and initial images were released in the Fall of 2016. 'Claire' orbits the Earth approximately 15 times per day, performing several different types of measurements:\n\nInfrared image of customer site\nOne-time concentration map of customer site (provided with abundance dataset)\nFull-year monitoring, including emissions rate estimates", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38a680f5-6c96-490d-9683-8c5588090e34", - "label": "GHGSat-C1", - "broader": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", - "definition": "In order to expand satellite system capacity after the successful launch of its demonstration satellite, GHGSat started the design of two (2) additional high-resolution satellites in January 2017, called GHGSat-C1 ('Iris') and GHGSat-C2 ('Hugo'), respectively. GHGSat-C1/-C2 are intended to have similar designs to GHGSat-D, while applying critical lessons learned to improve performance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6564cc55-1032-4e52-b1d4-b177224d3805", - "label": "GHGSat-C2", - "broader": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", - "definition": "In order to expand satellite system capacity after the successful launch of its demonstration satellite, GHGSat started the design of two (2) additional high-resolution satellites in January 2017, called GHGSat-C1 ('Iris') and GHGSat-C2 ('Hugo'), respectively. GHGSat-C1/-C2 are intended to have similar designs to GHGSat-D, while applying critical lessons learned to improve performance.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "84ddaf4a-fe17-4f01-becf-8164ae255b73", - "label": "THEOS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The THEOS contract with the Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency (GISTDA) includes the production and launch of one optical observation satellite, as well as the development of the ground segment necessary to operate and control the satellite directly from Thailand. This is accompanied by state of the art facilities for image archiving and processing. The THEOS satellite is based on EADS Astrium's new generation of high performance AstroSat optical Earth observation satellites and benefits from the company's extensive experience in this field which started with the SPOT and MetOp satellites.\n\nAs part of the THEOS contract, Thai engineers will join the Astrium development team and attend intensive space programme training. The company firmly believes that this cooperation contract paves the way for further development of GISTDA and space activities in Thailand.\n\nThe THEOS payload features both high resolution in panchromatic mode (2m) and wide field of view in multi-spectral mode and has been tailored to Thailand's specific needs with a worldwide imaging capability. It will be launched in 2008 on a sun synchronous orbit at an altitude of around 820km.\n\nTHEOS will be fully owned and operated by GISTDA and will provide Thailand with worldwide geo-referenced image products and image processing capabilities for applications in cartography, land use, agricultural monitoring, forestry management, coastal zone monitoring and flood risk management. THEOS will provide access to any part of Thailand in less than two days.\n\n[Source: EADS Astrium Home Page, http://www.astrium.eads.net/families/daily-life-benefits/remote-sensing/theos ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: THEOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: THEOS\n Long_Name: Thai Earth Observation System\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MS\n Short_Name: PAN\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 822 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7\n Equator_Crossing: 10:00 AM\n Period: 101.4\n Repeat_Cycle: 26\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.astrium.eads.net/families/daily-life-benefits/remote-sensing/theos\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?id_page=8&Satellite_Name=THEOS\n Sample_Image: http://earth.esa.int/earthnetmedia/img/0e/tm_theos.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-10-01\n Launch_Site: Yasny Launch Base, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Thailand\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", - "label": "FengYun-3", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The FY-3 series of CMA/NSMC (China Meteorological Administration/National Satellite Meteorological Center) represents the second generation of Chinese polar-orbiting meteorological satellites (follow-on of FY-1 series). The FY-3 series represents a cooperative program between CMA and CNSA (China National Space Administration); it was initially approved in 1998 and entered full-scale development in 1999. Key aspects of the FY-3 satellite series include collecting atmospheric data for intermediate- and long-term weather forecasting and global climate research.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2f734fc9-2cfa-4a60-b71e-1357a168fbd1", - "label": "FY-3A", - "broader": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", - "definition": "Storm III (FY-3) satellite is China's second-generation polar orbit meteorological satellite, which is the basis of FY-1 meteorological satellite technology on the development and improvement in function and technology a big step forward with qualitative change, specific requirements to solve the three-dimensional atmospheric detection, ability to obtain substantial increase in global data to further enhance the cloud and surface characteristics of remote sensing capabilities, enabling access to global, all-weather, three-dimensional, quantitative, multi-spectral atmosphere, surface and sea surface parameters. FY-3 meteorological satellite applications for purposes such as four aspects:\n● the provision of global numerical weather prediction for the medium-term resolution of the meteorological parameters uniform.\n● study of global change, including climate variation, climate prediction for the variety of meteorological and geophysical parameters.\n● monitoring of large-scale natural disasters and the surface environment.\n● for a variety of professional activities (aviation, maritime, etc.) of any region to provide global weather information, meteorological support services for the military.\n \nFY-3 research and production is divided into two batches, 01 batches of two satellites, FY-3A has been on 7 May 2008 successfully launched. 02 star award in 2010 after the launch, and some remote sensing instruments for the addition, replacement and performance improvements, FY-3 satellites will apply 15 years.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-3A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FY-3A\n Long_Name: FengYun-3A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SIM\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Short_Name: MWTS\n Short_Name: MWRI\n Short_Name: MWHS\n Short_Name: TOU\n Short_Name: MERSI\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Short_Name: SBUS\n Short_Name: ERM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 836 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.75\n Equator_Crossing: descending node local time 10:00 AM ~ 10:20 AM Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR NON-SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.nsmc.cma.gov.cn/NewSite/NSMC_EN/Channels/100184.html\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/Ord/Satellite.aspx\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-05-27\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c65041d4-7a29-48da-86e6-02ac03d366ff", - "label": "FY-3C", - "broader": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", - "definition": "Operated by the CMA (China Meteorological Administration) and NSMC (National Satellite Meteorological Center), the FY-3 series represents the second generation of Chinese polar-orbiting meteorological satellites and are cooperative program between CMA and CNSA (China National Space Administration). The FY-3 series provides global air temperature, humidity profiles, and meteorological parameters such as cloud and surface radiation required in producing weather forecasts, especially in making medium numerical forecasting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0030752-05f7-404b-9dd1-2b159d6be13e", - "label": "FY-3B", - "broader": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", - "definition": "Storm III (FY-3) satellite is China's second-generation polar orbit meteorological satellite, which is the basis of FY-1 meteorological satellite technology on the development and improvement in function and technology a big step forward with qualitative change, specific requirements to solve the three-dimensional atmospheric detection, ability to obtain substantial increase in global data to further enhance the cloud and surface characteristics of remote sensing capabilities, enabling access to global, all-weather, three-dimensional, quantitative, multi-spectral atmosphere, surface and sea surface parameters. FY-3 meteorological satellite applications for purposes such as four aspects:\n● the provision of global numerical weather prediction for the medium-term resolution of the meteorological parameters uniform.\n● study of global change, including climate variation, climate prediction for the variety of meteorological and geophysical parameters.\n● monitoring of large-scale natural disasters and the surface environment.\n● for a variety of professional activities (aviation, maritime, etc.) of any region to provide global weather information, meteorological support services for the military.\n \nFY-3 research and production is divided into two batches, 01 batches of two satellites, FY-3B has been on 05 November 2010 successfully launched. 02 star award in 2010 after the launch, and some remote sensing instruments for the addition, replacement and performance improvements, FY-3 satellites will apply 15 years.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-3B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FY-3B\n Long_Name: FengYun-3B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Short_Name: TOU\n Short_Name: SIM\n Short_Name: SBUS\n Short_Name: MWTS\n Short_Name: MWRI\n Short_Name: MWHS\n Short_Name: MERSI\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Short_Name: ERM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 836 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.75\n Equator_Crossing: descending node local time 10:00 AM ~ 10:20 AM Local time: e.g. Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR NON-SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.nsmc.cma.gov.cn/NewSite/NSMC_EN/Channels/100222.html\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/Ord/Satellite.aspx\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-11-05\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8781da14-5ced-4d64-81cd-8daa10a1c30d", - "label": "GCOM-W1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The GCOM-W mission aims to establish the global and long-term observation system to collect data, which is needed to understand mechanisms of climate and water cycle variations, and demonstrate its utilization. AMSR2 onboard the first generation of the GCOM-W satellite will continue Aqua/AMSR-E observations of water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture.\n\nMore Information: http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gcom_w/\n\nGCOM-W1/AMSR2 characteristics\nScan and rate : Conical scan at 40 rpm\nAntenna : Offset parabola with 2.0m dia.\nSwath width : 1450km\nIncidence angle: Nominal 55 degrees\nDigitization : 12bits\nDynamic range : 2.7-340K\nPolarization : Vertical and horizontal\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GCOM-W1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GCOM-W1\n Long_Name: Global Change Observation Mission 1st-Water\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8798ac25-d327-4d6e-910f-d06306133f88", - "label": "SUNSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Text Source: University of Stellenbosch]\n[Image Source: NASA ILRS, http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/suns_general.html ]\n\nSunsat is a micro-satellite built by post-graduate engineering\nstudents in the Electronic Systems Laboratory, in the Department\nof Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of\nStellenbosch.It was launched in 1999 on a Delta II Launch\nVehicle. Payloads include NASA experiments, Radio Amateur\ncommunications, a high resolution imager, precision attitude\ncontrol, and school experiments. SUNSAT was launched on the 11th\nattempt at 10h29:45 GMT on 23 February 1999 and went out of\nservice on January 19, 2001 due to hardware failure.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/suns_general.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SUNSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n Long_Name: Stellenbosch University Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n Short_Name: OSCAR 35\n Short_Name: 25636\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.5 degrees\n Period: 100.0 minutes\n Perigee: 644.0 km\n Apogee: 857.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/suns_general.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-008C\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/sunsat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-02-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Stellenbosch University\n Primary_Sponsor: Republic of South Africa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "880d1c18-c1ec-4a89-bd4f-d2fea4c1232f", - "label": "PRISMA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PRISMA is an Earth observation satellite with innovative electro-optical instrumentation which combines a hyperspectral sensor with a medium-resolution panchromatic camera. This combination allows the capability of observation based on the recognition of the geometrical characteristics of the scene, as well as hyperspectral determination of chemical-physical composition of objects present on the scene. PRISMA is a program completely funded by Italian Space Agency (ASI) and is a follow on of the cancelled Hyperspectral Satellite for Earth Observation (HypSEO) mission. The satellite was launched on March 22, 2019 aboard a Vega rocket.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", - "label": "Elektro-L", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A next-generation series of meteorological satellites developed for the Russian Federal Space Agency by NPO Lavochkin. The first satellite, Elektro-L No.1, was launched on 2 January 2011. It is the first Russian weather satellite that successfully operates in geostationary orbit, and is currently the second operational Russian weather satellite. The satellites have a mass of about 1620 kg and are designed to operate for 10 years each. They are capable of producing images of the Earth's whole hemisphere in both visible and infrared frequencies, providing data for climate change and ocean monitoring in addition to their primary weather forecasting role.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2c780dff-fce3-4625-8b89-a7cd2d64d6ec", - "label": "Elektro-L N3", - "broader": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", - "definition": "3rd flight unit of the Electro-L series.\nMission: operational meteorology.\nSubstantial contribution to space weather.\n\nLaunch Date: 2019-12-24\n\nMore Information: \nhttps://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/474\nhttps://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/12/russian-proton-m-new-geostationary-weather-satellite/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d0d4c3e-acfb-4bfd-ab0d-4478e18e4b19", - "label": "Elektro-L N1", - "broader": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", - "definition": "Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite (Elektro-L N1)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Elektro-L N1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Elektro-L N1\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: GGAK-E\n Short_Name: MSU-GS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36000 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 0 degrees\n Period: 1436 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 1 day\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://www.laspace.ru/rus/electro.php\n Sample_Image: http://www.federalspace.ru/media/img/site/elektro001.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-01-20\n Design_Life: 10 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "89bac9f6-0c4f-4b3d-92dc-f6bee4b6906c", - "label": "SLATS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "SLATS is a technology demonstration minisatellite of JAXA to orbit the Earth at an altitudes in the range of 180-250 km. Its main objectives are to understand the effects of high-density atomic oxygen on the satellite and to verify the possibility of orbit control using an ion engine system. In this mission, an ion engine system is used to compensate for air drag, which cannot be neglected in such a low Earth orbit", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89c509e6-13f6-4d6e-b46c-0479d2c7d88d", - "label": "TRMM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (or TRMM) is a NASA satellite that provides more information both to test and to improve those models. TRMM is particularly devoted to determining rainfall in the tropics and subtropics of the Earth. These regions make up about two thirds of the total rainfall on Earth and are responsible for driving our weather and climate system. TRMM contributed to a better understanding of where and how much the winds blow, where the clouds form and rain occurs, where floods and droughts will occur, and how the winds drive the ocean currents. TRMM accomplished this not just by providing rainfall data but, more importantly, by providing information on heat released into the atmosphere as part of the process that leads to rain.\n\nTRMM was launched on November 27, 1997, on the Japanese H-II vehicle from the Tanegashima Space Center in Tanegashima, Japan. Continuous science data collection began December 8, 1997. Upon completion of the nominal 3-year prime mission, the decision was made to boost the mission from its original altitude of 350km to 402.5km, to reduce fuel consumption and extend the mission life. The TRMM boost was completed August 24, 2001, and the orbit was maintained until 2014, when fuel was depleted and the spacecraft began to descend. Mission operations were terminated in April 2015, the spacecraft re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere and mostly burned up in June 2015.\n\nTRMM exceeded its 3-year design goal by collecting 17 years of rainfall data, creating a benchmark rainfall climatology which is used to test, compare and improve global climate models. The TRMM dataset of rain distribution across the tropics has narrowed considerably the range of uncertainty in previous space-based rainfall estimates. The choice of a precessing, low-inclination orbit (35°) enabled the quantification of the diurnal cycle of precipitation and convective intensity over land and ocean tropics-wide on fine scales (0.25°). TRMM products have provided the first comprehensive estimates of how rainfall is directly related to latent heat release in the atmosphere, a key characteristic in understanding the impact of tropical rainfall on the general circulation of the atmosphere. Based on hydrometeor vertical structure information from the TRMM active and passive sensors, TRMM produced climatologies of latent heating profiles for analysis and comparison with global models. In addition, the lightning sensor delivered a detailed global map of lightning distribution, and combined with the rain data, led to quantifying the lightning/convection relation for land and ocean.\n\n\nLaunch: Launched: November 27, 1997\nLaunch Site: Tanegashima Space Center, Japan\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 402 km\nInclination: 35 degrees\nPeriod: 92.6 minutes\nNon-Sun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Weight: 3512 kg\nPower: 1100 watts\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\nInstruments: \nCERES (Clouds and the Earth Radiant Energy System\nLIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor)\nTMI (TRMM Microwave Radiometer)\nPR (RADAR)\nVIRS (Visible/Infrared Radiometer)\n\nWebsite: \nhttps://gpm.nasa.gov/missions/trmm\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TRMM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TRMM\n Long_Name: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CERES-PFM\n Short_Name: PR\n Short_Name: TMI\n Short_Name: VIRS\n Short_Name: LIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 402 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 35 degrees\n Period: 92.6 minutes\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: https://gpm.nasa.gov/missions/trmm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-11-27\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 3 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", - "label": "Sentinel-3", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PREFERRED TERMS: 3A, S3B, S3C, S3D, Sentinel-3\nDEFINITION\nThe Sentinel-3 (S3) mission of ESA and the EC is one of the elements of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, which responds to the requirements for operational and near-real-time monitoring of ocean, land and ice surfaces over a period of 20 years. The topography element of this mission will serve primarily the marine operational users but will also allow the monitoring of sea ice and land ice, as well as inland water surfaces, using novel observation techniques.The Sentinel-3 mission is designed as a constellation of two identical polar orbiting satellites, separated by 180º, for the provision of long-term operational marine and land monitoring services. The operational character of this mission implies a high level of availability of the data products and fast delivery time, which have been important design drivers for the mission.\n\nBROADER CONCEPT: Earth Observation Satellite\nENTRY TERMS: SENTINEL-3\n\nNOTE: A,B,C,D\n\nHOSTS: DORIS, GNSS, MWR, OLCI, SLSTR, SRAL\nURI: https://earth.esa.int/concept/sentinel-3", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "41163801-6aac-43e5-aed7-9f52613a6a73", - "label": "Sentinel-3B", - "broader": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", - "definition": "The Sentinel-3 (S3) mission of ESA and the EC is one of the elements of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, which responds to the requirements for operational and near-real-time monitoring of ocean, land and ice surfaces over a period of 20 years. The topography element of this mission will serve primarily the marine operational users but will also allow the monitoring of sea ice and land ice, as well as inland water surfaces, using novel observation techniques.The Sentinel-3 mission is designed as a constellation of two identical polar orbiting satellites, separated by 180º, for the provision of long-term operational marine and land monitoring services. The operational character of this mission implies a high level of availability of the data products and fast delivery time, which have been important design drivers for the mission.\n\nhttps://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/copernicus-sentinel-3\nhttps://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/401", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5449d87b-5573-450f-8acb-2fdfeab3c8ce", - "label": "Sentinel-3A", - "broader": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", - "definition": "Mission Details\nLaunch Date:\n\nSentinel-3A - 16 February 2016\nSentinel-3B - 25 April 2018\nOperational lifepsan:\n7 years (With consumables for 12)\n\nMission objectives:\n\nMeasuring sea-surface topography, sea-surface height and significant wave height\nMeasuring ocean and land-surface temperature\nMeasuring ocean and land-surface colour\nMonitoring sea and land ice topography\nSea-water quality and pollution monitoring\nInland water monitoring, including rivers and lakes\nAid ocean forecasts with acquired data\nClimate monitoring and modelling\nLand-use change monitoring\nForest cover mapping\nFire detection\nWeather forecasting\nMeasuring Earth's thermal radiation for atmospheric applications\nMission Orbit:\n\nOrbit Type: Sun-synchronous\nOrbit Height: 814 km\nInclination: 98.6o\nRepeat Cycle: 27 days\n\nPayload:\n\nOLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument)\nSLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer)\nSRAL (Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter)\nMWR (Microwave Radiometer)\nDORIS\nLRR (Laser Retroreflector)\nGNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)\nResolution and Swath Width:\n\nOLCI - 1270 km\nSLSTR - 1420 km\nConfiguration:\n\nIn addition to the observation instruments, the Sentinel-3 spacecraft will carry the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and LRR (Laser Retro Reflector) instruments. GNSS will provide precise orbit determination and can track multiple satellites simultaneously. LRR will be used to accurately locate the satellite in orbit using a laser ranging system.\n\nThe dimensions of the craft are: 3.7 x 2.2 x 2.2 m with a weight (at time of launch) of 1250 kg.\n\nLaunch vehicle: Rockot (Sentinel-3A and -3B)\n\nOperator: EUMETSAT\n\nContractors:\n\nThales Alenia Space is the prime contractor, responsible for constructing the spacecraft and the SRAL instrument, as well as contributing to the supply of the SLSTR instrument.\nMany European companies are involved in supplying the SLSTR instrument, including SELEX Galileo, RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), Jena-Optronik, Thales Alenia Space, ABSL and ESA-ESTEC.\nEADS CASA Espacio is contracted to provide the MWR instrument.\nCNES is contracted to provide the DORIS instrument.\nEurockot and Arianespace are contracted to launch the spacecraft.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ac70aba-53e7-45c0-8b4a-2c0197114b09", - "label": "PAZ", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PAZ ('peace' in Spanish) is an X-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) spacecraft based on the TerraSAR-X platform, to serve the security and the defense needs of Spain. The PAZ mission is a dual-use mission (civil/defense) funded and owned by the Spanish Ministry of Defense and managed by Hisdesat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ba6dbf3-9537-4c10-8254-128d49ef9c17", - "label": "MAGSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe Magsat project was a joint NASA/United States Geological Survey (USGS)\neffort to measure near-earth magnetic fields on a global basis. Objectives\nincluded obtaining an accurate description of the earth's magnetic field,\nobtaining data for use in the update and refinement of world and regional\nmagnetic charts, compilation of a global crustal magnetic anomaly map, and\ninterpretation of that map in terms of geologic/geophysical models of the\nearth's crust. The spacecraft was launched into a low, near-polar, orbit by the\nScout vehicle. The basic spacecraft was made up of two distinct parts: the\ninstrument module that contained a vector and a scalar magnetometer and their\nunique supporting gear; and the base module that contained the necessary\ndata-handling, power, communications, command, and attitude-control subsystems\nto support the instrument module. The base module complete with its subsystems\nwas comprised of residual Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-C) hardware. The\nmagnetometers were deployed after launch to a position 6 m behind the\nspacecraft. At this distance, the influence of magnetic materials from the\ninstrument and base module (chiefly from the star cameras) was less than 1 nT.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1979-10-30 14:16:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1979-10-31\n Apogee (km or AU): 578.4\n Perigee (km or AU): 351.9\n Inclination (degree) : 96.8\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-04-13\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MAGSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MAGSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AEM-3\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.8 deg\n Perigee: 351.9 km\n Apogee: 578.4 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Magsat.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Magsat.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-10-30\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", - "label": "Meteorological Operational Satellite (METOP)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Meteorological Operational satellite programme (MetOp) is a European undertaking providing weather data services to monitor the climate and improve weather forecasts. The programme was jointly established by ESA and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (Eumetsat), forming the space segment of Eumetsat's Polar System (EPS).\n \nThe programme also represents the European contribution to a cooperative venture with the United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which for the last 40 years has been delivering meteorological data from polar orbit, free of charge, to users worldwide.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METOP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METOP\n Long_Name: Meteorological Operational Satelite\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/metop_flyby2_l.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: European Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6120cea0-c943-4c7c-bddd-8d8648d58022", - "label": "METOP-C", - "broader": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", - "definition": "Global Data Service. Regional Data Service. Direct Readout Service. Real-time Imagery.\n\nLaunch planned in September 2018", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8143808e-1005-4fed-a469-c2bd5f1521bf", - "label": "METOP-A", - "broader": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", - "definition": "The MetOp-A satellite, developed by a consortium of European companies led by\nthe main contractor EADS-Astrium, France, builds on the heritage gained from a\nsuccessful series of European satellites, including the French Space Agency's\n(CNES) SPOT and ESA'S ERS and Envisat.\n\nThe satellite consists of a Solar Array and two modules: the Payload Module\n(PLM) and the Service Module (SVM). The PLM accommodates the whole suite of\ninstruments and associated support equipment. It includes advanced versions of\nthe widely used scatterometer and ozone-monitoring instruments already flying\nonboard the ERS-2 satellite. The SVM, which interfaces with the launcher,\nprovides the main satellite support functions, such as command and control,\ncommunications with the ground, power and orbit control and propulsion. \n\nMetOp-A carries a set of 'heritage' instruments, provided by the United States’\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the French Space\nAgency (CNES), and a new generation of European instruments offering precise\nsensing capabilities to both meteorologists and climatologists.\n\nhttp://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPmetop.html\n\n[Summary from the ESA MetOp Meteorological Missions home page]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METOP-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Long_Name: Meteorological Operational Satellite - A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SARR\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Short_Name: GOME-2\n Short_Name: ASCAT\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: IASI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPmetop.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-10-19\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9f84df0-e807-46e3-8fce-c33e9201fbc2", - "label": "METOP-B", - "broader": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", - "definition": "[Text Source: ESA MetOp Meteorological Missions Homepage, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html ]\n\nMetOp-B, the second satellite in the series,launched on 17 September 2012 and will operate in tandem with MetOp-A, increasing the wealth of data even further. The third and final satellite, MetOp-C will be launched in 2016.\n\nLaunching a new satellite every 5–6 years guarantees a continuous delivery of high-quality data for medium- and long-term weather forecasting and climate monitoring until at least 2020.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METOP-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Long_Name: Meteorological Operational Satellite - B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SARSAT\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: IASI\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Short_Name: GOME-2\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: ASCAT\n Short_Name: ARGOS\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 840 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Period: 101.7 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 29 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-09-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/metop-b.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2012-09-17\n Launch_Site: BAIKONUR COSMODROME, TYURATAM, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: EOL July 2017\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dd76819-1baa-4ccd-8544-23c2923f2d84", - "label": "SES-14", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The C-band payload of SES-14 will replace NSS-806 and will support SES’s cable neighborhood in Latin America. The Ku-band payload augments the Ku-band capacity on NSS-806 with wide beams and high throughput spot beams covering the Americas and the North Atlantic Region. The Ku-band spot beams will allow SES to support the increasing demand for aeronautical and maritime mobility applications, cellular backhaul, broadband delivery, and VSAT services for enterprise and government segments. The Ku-band wide beams are designed to provide video and data services in Latin America, the Caribbean, and across the North Atlantic. SES-14 also carries the Global-Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) as a hosted payload for NASA.\nRead more at https://www.ses.com/our-coverage/satellites/369#pXjgoQTiElC2hApq.99\n\nLaunch date:\n\n26 January 2018\n\nLaunch vehicle:\n\nAriane 5 ECA\n\nSatellite manufacturer:\n\nAirbus Defense and Space\n\nDesigned lifetime:\n\n15 years", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9210813e-eb6f-4d0f-bb1b-d76b4446b4a9", - "label": "SNOE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "SNOE ('snowy') was a small scientific satellite that measured the effects of energy from the sun and from the magnetosphere on the density of nitric oxide in the Earth's upper atmosphere. The spacecraft and its instruments were designed and built at LASP, the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. SNOE was launched on February 26, 1998, and was operated from the mission operations center at the LASP Space Technology Research building. SNOE re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on Dec. 13, 2003, completing a very successful mission. This site contains a description of the SNOE mission, spacecraft drawings and images, and provides access to the scientific data and publications. An archive of launch activities and development personnel have been retained.\n\nInformation provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SNOE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Explorer\n Short_Name: SNOE\n Long_Name: Student Nitric Oxide Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SNOE\n Short_Name: Explorer 72\n Short_Name: STEDI-SNOE\n Short_Name: Student Nitric Oxide Explorer\n Short_Name: UNEX/SNOE\n Short_Name: 25233\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AP\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: SXP\n Short_Name: UVS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 580 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.69999694824219° Degrees\n Period: 95.80000305175781 minutes\n Perigee: 535.0 km\n Apogee: 580.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/snoe\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-012A\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/UVS_New.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-02-26\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: University of Colorado\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", - "label": "Indian National Satellite (INSAT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the same later. GSAT-17 joins the constellation of INSAT System consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18.\n\nThe INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5142bd37-853c-4d34-a2bb-13de9d97b773", - "label": "INSAT-1A", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The Insat-1 satellite program incorporated two three-axis stabilized\n spacecraft in geostationary orbit (Insat-1A at 74 degrees E and\n Insat-1B at 94 degrees E) with a host of ground stations throughout\n India. The Insat-1A satellite, built by the Ford Aerospace and\n Communications Corporation, was designed to provide combined\n telecommunications, direct TV broadcast, and meteorological service to\n India's civilian community over a 7-year-in-orbit lifespan. The\n telecommunications package provided two-way, long distance telephone\n circuits and direct radio and TV broadcasting to the remotest areas of\n India. The meteorology package was composed of a scanning\n very-high-resolution, two-channel radiometer (VHRR) to provide\n full-frame, full-earth coverage every 30 minutes. The visual channel\n (0.55-0.75 micrometer) had a 2.75-km resolution while the IR channel\n (10.5-12.5 micrometers) had an 11-km resolution. Using the Insat TV\n capability, early warnings of impending disasters (i.e., floods,\n storms, etc.) could directly reach the civilian population, even in\n remote areas. The Insat-1A also had a data channel for relaying\n meteorological, hydrological, and oceanographic data from unattended\n land-based or ocean-based data collection and transmission platforms.\n *Insat-1A was abandoned in September 1983 when its attitude\n control propellant was exhausted*\n Auxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1982-04-10 06:47:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1982-04-11\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 35784.\n Perigee(km) : 225.\n Inclination : 28.1\n Date of last update : 1998-10-07\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-1A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (Indian National Satellite)\n Short_Name: INSAT-1A\n Long_Name: Indian National Satellite-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.1\n Perigee: 225 km\n Apogee: 35784 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1982-031A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1982-04-10\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5999e653-21ea-49ef-977a-13b5fe40fa36", - "label": "INSAT-3D", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", - "definition": "INSAT-3D is an advanced weather satellite of India configured with improved Imaging System and Atmospheric Sounder. INSAT-3D is designed for enhanced meteorological observations, monitoring of land and ocean surfaces, generating vertical profile of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and humidity for weather forecasting and disaster warning. \n\nIt carries four payloads -\na) 6 channel multi-spectral Imager\nb) 19 channel Sounder\nc) Data Relay Transponder (DRT)\nd) Search and Rescue Transponder\nThe payloads of INSAT-3D provides continuity and further augment the capability to provide various meteorological as well as search and rescue services.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-3D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE)\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: 3D-IMAGER\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36000\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.23\n Period: 1428\n Perigee: 35469\n Apogee: 35799\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-11\n Online_Resource: https://www.mosdac.gov.in/insat-3d\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-07-26\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 07 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9dfe63d1-5b6a-4ac4-ae19-1572ab43445e", - "label": "INSAT-1B", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The Insat 1B was the second spacecraft in the first generation Indian\n National Satellite System. The three-axis stabilized spacecraft,\n originally launched as an on-orbit backup, replaced Insat 1A, which\n failed in late 1982. It was positioned in a geosynchronous orbit at\n 74 deg E with a host of ground stations throughout India. The Insat\n 1B satellite, built by the Ford Aerospace and Communications\n Corporation, was designed to provide combined telecommunications,\n direct TV broadcast, and meteorological service to India's civilian\n community over a 7-year-in-orbit lifespan. The telecommunications\n package provided two-way, long-distance telephone circuits and direct\n radio and TV broadcasting to the remotest areas of India. The\n meteorology package was comprised of a scanning very-high-resolution,\n two-channel radiometer (VHRR) to provide full-frame, full-earth\n coverage every 30 min. The visual channel (0.55-0.75 micrometer) had\n a 2.75-km resolution while the IR channel (10.5-12.5 micrometers) had\n an 11-km resolution. Using the Insat TV capability, early warnings of\n impending disasters (i.e., floods, storms, etc.) can directly reach\n the civilian population, even in remote areas. The Insat 1B also had\n a data channel for relaying meteorological, hydrological, and\n oceanographic data from unattended land-based or ocean-based data\n collection and transmission platforms.\n* INSAT-1B was relegated to spare status on 17 July 1990 by the\n INSAT-1D. The INSAT-1B was finally removed from GEO in August 1993,\n after being replaced at 93.50E by INSAT-2B.*\n Auxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1983-08-31 07:49:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1983-10-15\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 35680.\n Perigee(km) : 35680.\n Inclination : 0.0\n Date of last update : 1998-10-07\nMore information about the INSAT Satellite Series is available at:\n'http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-satellite3.html'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (Indian National Satellite)\n Short_Name: INSAT-1B\n Long_Name: Indian National Satellite-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.0\n Perigee: 35680\n Apogee: 35680\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1983-089B\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-08-31\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dadc6f66-e044-420a-b1d0-4cc11b2f169d", - "label": "INSAT", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", - "definition": "INSAT-3D is an advanced weather satellite of India configured with improved Imaging System and Atmospheric Sounder. INSAT-3D is designed for enhanced meteorological observations, monitoring of land and ocean surfaces, generating vertical profile of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and humidity for weather forecasting and disaster warning. \n\nIt carries four payloads -\na) 6 channel multi-spectral Imager\nb) 19 channel Sounder\nc) Data Relay Transponder (DRT)\nd) Search and Rescue Transponder\nThe payloads of INSAT-3D provides continuity and further augment the capability to provide various meteorological as well as search and rescue services.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-3D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (Indian National Satellite)\n Short_Name: INSAT\n Long_Name: Indian National Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36000\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.23\n Period: 1428\n Perigee: 35469\n Apogee: 35799\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/insat-3d.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/insat-3d_img.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-07-26\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 07 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "95985c5e-3904-4710-8f45-8157f0171a0a", - "label": "IMAGE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The IMAGE spacecraft was launched from Vandenberg AFB on March\n25, 2000, at 20:34:43 UTC. IMAGE is the first satellite mission\ndedicated to imaging the Earth's magnetosphere, the region of\nspace controlled by the Earth's magnetic field and containing\nextremely tenuous plasmas of both solar and terrestrial\norigin. Invisible to standard astronomical observing techniques,\nthese populations of ions and electrons have traditionally been\nstudied by means of localized measurements with charged particle\ndetectors, magnetometers, and electric field\ninstruments. Instead of such in-situ measurements, IMAGE employs\na variety of imaging techniques to 'see the invisible' and to\nproduce the first comprehensive global images of the plasma\npopulations in the inner magnetosphere. With these images, space\nscientists are able to observe, in a way never before possible,\nthe large-scale dynamics of the magnetosphere and the\ninteractions among its constituent plasma populations.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IMAGE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IMAGE\n Long_Name: Imager for Magnetopause -to - Aurora Global Exploration\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IMAGE\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: UVI\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/image_launch_a5.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-03-25\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96a26a3b-bd87-462e-b155-f57677bf4b83", - "label": "PROBA-3", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", - "label": "Atmosphere Explorer (AE)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The largest series of unmanned U.S. spacecraft, consisting of 55 scientific satellites launched between 1958 and 1975. Explorer 1 (launched Jan. 31, 1958), the first space satellite orbited by the United States, discovered the innermost of the Van Allen radiation belts, two zones of charged particles that surround Earth. Explorer 1’s discovery of the Van Allen belts was the first scientific discovery made by an artificial satellite. Explorer 6 (launched Aug. 7, 1959) took the first pictures of Earth from orbit. Other notable craft in the series include Explorer 38 (launched July 4, 1968; also known as Radio Astronomy Explorer), which measured galactic radio sources and studied low frequencies in space, and Explorer 53 (launched May 7, 1975; also known as Small Astronomy Satellite-C), which was sent out to explore X-ray sources both inside and outside the Milky Way Galaxy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "340b5b79-16c4-4cb7-9476-5cbab3efd834", - "label": "AE-E", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Explorer-E (AE-E) spacecraft (Designation: 08440 /\n75107A) was designed as a multi- sided polyhedron shaped frame with a\nmean diameter of 1.4 meters. AE-E was similar in construction and\ninstrumentation to AE-C. AE-E was launched on 1975-11-20 and decayed\non 1981-06-10.\n\nThe purpose of the AE-C mission was to investigate the uppermost layer\nof the earth's atmosphere, the thermosphere, with emphasis on energy\ntransfer and other controlling processes. Photochemical processes\nrelated to the absorption of solar UV radiation were studied by making\ncoordinated measurements of reacting constituents and the solar input.\nSimultaneous two-spacecraft sampling was carried out at higher\nlatitudes by the AE-D and AE-E spacecraft until the failure of AE-D on\nJanuary 29, 1976, and then by (the re-activated) AE-C and AE-E\nspacecraft until AE-C re-entered the earth's atmosphere on December\n12, 1978.\n\nThe AE-E perigee swept through more than six full latitude cycles and\ntwo local time cycles during the first year after launch when the\norbit was elliptical, and the perigee height was varied between 130\nand 400 km. The circularization of the orbit around 390 km was made\non November 20, 1976, and the spacecraft perigee was raised to this\nheight whenever it had decayed to about 250 km. AE-E re-entered the\nearth's atmosphere on June 10, 1981 thus terminating the operations.\nThe payload included instrumentation to measure: Solar UV Fluxes, the\nComposition of Positive Ions and Neutral Particles, the Density and\nTemperature of neutral particles, positive ions and electrons,\nAtmospheric airglow emissions, Photoelectron Energy Spectra, Proton\nand Electron Fluxes with particle energy up to 25 keV, and a\nbackscatter UV spectrometer to monitor the atmospheric ozone content.\nPower was supplied by a solar cell array. The spacecraft used a PCM\ntelemetry data system that operated in real time or using a tape\nrecorder.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-E\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-E\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer E (Explorer 55)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 55\n Short_Name: 08440\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: UV SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Perigee: 130 to 400 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-107A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-11-20 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3516fe07-9d51-42f3-b635-b6a5001e1d6c", - "label": "AE-D", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Explorer-D (AE-D) spacecraft (designation: 08353 /\n75096A ) was designed as a multi- sided polyhedron shaped frame with a\nmean diameter of about 1.4 meters. AE-D was in most respects similar\nto AE-C. The AE-D was launched on 1975-10-6 and decayed 1976-03-12.\nThe purpose of the AE-D mission was a direct continuation of the EA-C\nmission: to investigate the chemical and physical processes in the\nuppermost layer of the earth's atmosphere, the thermosphere, with\nemphasis on energy transfer and other controlling processes.\nPhotochemical processes related to the absorption of solar UV\nradiation were studied by making coordinated measurements of reacting\nconstituents and the solar input in the region of high absorption of\nsolar energy.\n\nThe payload included instrumentation to measure: Solar UV Fluxes, the\nComposition of Positive Ions and Neutral Particles, the Density and\nTemperature of neutral particles, positive ions and electrons,\nAtmospheric airglow emissions, Photoelectron Energy Spectra, and\nProton and Electron Fluxes with particle energy up to 25 keV.\nThis mission was planned to sample the high latitude regions at the\nsame time that the AE-E mission was sampling the equatorial and low\nlatitude regions. The same type of spacecraft as AE-C was used, and\nthe payload consisted of the same types of instruments except for\ndeletion of the extreme solar UV monitor and the Bennett ion mass\nspectrometer both of which were part of the AE-E payload.\nAE-D was placed in a high inclination (polar) orbit. The polar orbit\nprovided sampling of all latitudes, the perigee moved through all\nlatitudes in 3 months, and all local times in 4 months.\nUnfortunately, a failure in the solar power panels resulted in the\ntermination of AE-D operations on January 29, 1976, after slightly\nless than 4 months of useful spacecraft life. However, all the\nregions at the perigee altitudes were sampled during this time. The\nAE-D spacecraft re-entered the earth's atmosphere about 1 month after\nthe cessation of telemetry. To continue the correlated observations\nwith the AE-E mission, the earlier AE-C spacecraft was then\nreactivated on February 28, 1976 as replacecment for AE-D. Power to\nAE-D was supplied by a solar cell array. The spacecraft used a PCM\ntelemetry data system that operated in real time or using a tape\nrecorder.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-D\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer D (Explorer 54)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 54\n Short_Name: 08353\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MASS SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-096A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-10-06 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a2b20fa-89d3-4cfc-b186-fbc29113e910", - "label": "AE-A", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", - "definition": "Explorer 17 was a spin-stabilized sphere 0.95 m in diameter. The spacecraft was vacuum sealed in order to prevent contamination of the local atmosphere. Explorer 17 carried four pressure gauges for the measurement of total neutral particle density, two mass spectrometers for the measurement of certain neutral particle concentrations, and two electrostatic probes for ion concentration and electron temperature measurements. Battery power failed on July 10, 1963. Three of the four pressure gauges and both electrostatic probes operated normally. One spectrometer malfunctioned, and the other operated intermittently.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-009A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-A\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer A (Explorer 17)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 17\n Short_Name: S 6\n Short_Name: 00564\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 57.6 degrees \n Perigee: 255 km\n Apogee: 916 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-009A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1963-04-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65bdc896-7ed5-4d22-8b15-df0914b5be69", - "label": "AE-B", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", - "definition": "Explorer 32 was an aeronomy satellite which was designed to directly measure temperatures, composition, densities, and pressures in the upper atmosphere on a global basis. The satellite was a stainless steel, vacuum-sealed sphere, 0.889 m in diameter. The experimental payload included one ion and two neutral mass spectrometers, three magnetron density gauges, and two electrostatic probes. Additional equipment included optical and magnetic aspect sensors, magnetic attitude and spin rate control systems, and a tape recorder for data acquisition at locations remote from ground receiving stations. Power was supplied by silver-zinc batteries and a solar cell array mounted on the satellite exterior. Two identical pulse-modulated telemetry systems and a canted turnstile antenna were employed. The two neutral-particle mass spectrometers failed about 6 days after launch. The remaining experiments operated satisfactorily and provided useful data for most of the 10-month satellite lifetime. The spacecraft ceased to function due to battery failures which resulted from depressurization of the sphere.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-044A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-B\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer B (Explorer 32)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 32\n Short_Name: 02183\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MASS SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.67 degrees\n Perigee: 276 km\n Apogee: 2725 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-044A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-05-25 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f62c196b-8ec3-40e8-a824-6849e5a496f2", - "label": "AE-C", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Explorer-C (AE-C) spacecraft (designation: 06977 /\n73101A ) was designed as a multi- sided polyhedron shaped frame with a\nmean diameter of 1.4 meter. AE-C weighed about 660 kg which included\n85 kg of scientific instrumentation. AE-C was launched on 1973-12-16\nand decayed on 1978-12-12.\n\nThe purpose of the AE-C mission was to investigate the uppermost layer\nof the earth's atmosphere, the thermosphere, with emphasis on energy\ntransfer and other controlling processes. Photochemical processes\nrelated to the absorption of solar UV radiation were studied by making\ncoordinated measurements of reacting constituents and the solar input.\nThe payload included instrumentation to measure: Solar UV Fluxes, the\nComposition of Positive Ions and Neutral Particles, the Density and\nTemperature of neutral particles, positive ions and electrons,\nAtmospheric airglow emissions, Photoelectron Energy Spectra, and\nProton and Electron Fluxes with particle energy up to 25 keV.\nThe initial elliptical orbit of AE-C was altered many times in the\nfirst year of operations by means of an onboard propulsion system\nemploying a 3.5-lb thruster.\n\nPERIGEE CHANGES: The purpose of these changes was first to alter the\nperigee height to 129 km. Later the AE-C orbit was circularized and\nthe perigee height was raised periodically, eventually to about 390 km\nheight. By the natural drag action of the exosphere the orbit was\nthen let to decay to 250 km perigee altitude.\n\nLATITUDE COVERAGE: During the first year, the latitude of perigee\nmoved from about 10 degrees north up to 68 degrees north and then down\nto about 60 degrees south.\n\nLOCAL TIME COVERAGE: During this period of orbit modification about\ntwo cycles through all local times were completed.\n\nOPERATIONAL MODES: The spacecraft could be operated in either of two\nmodes: spinning at a nominal 4 rpm or despun to 1 revolution per\norbit. The spin axis was perpendicular to the orbit plane.\nPower was supplied by a solar cell array. The spacecraft used a PCM\ntelemetry data system that operated in real time or using an onboard\ntape recorder.\n\nMore Information: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-101A\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-C\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer C (Explorer 51)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 51\n Short_Name: 06977\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 68.1 degrees\n Period: 132.3 minutes\n Perigee: 390 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-101A\n Sample_Image: https://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/explorer_51.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1973-12-16\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "976e92c4-150c-4068-bed5-60d5f030d7e2", - "label": "GFZ-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "GFZ-1 (GeoForschungsZentrum-1) is a geodetic satellite designed to improve the\ncurrent knowledge of the Earth's gravity field. The satellite, a passive system\nwith no onboard sensors or electronics, is covered with retroreflectors that\nreflect laser beams sent from ground stations. By measuring the round trip time\nof the transmitted light, the distance between the satellite and the station\ncan be determined with approximately 1 centimeter. These measurements are used\nto determine variations in the rotational characteristics of the Earth and for\nmeasurement of the Earth's gravitational field. As the vehicle's orbit decays,\nthe satellite's orbital motion will also be used calculate to atmospheric\ndensities. Deployed from the Mir space station, GFZ-1 was the first non-Russian\nsatellite launched from MIR. GFZ-1 was developed in under 12 months and cost\napproximately 轜,000 (including design, fabrication, test, and launch).\nData collection, distribution and evaluation is coor dinated by the project's\nscientists at the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam.\n\nSpacecraft The satellite consists of a spherical body made from brass with 60\ncorner cube reflectors distributed regularly over the satellite's surface.\nThese retroreflectors are quartz prisms placed in special holders that are\nrecessed in the satellite's body. External metallic surfaces are covered with\nwhite paint for thermal control purposes and to facilitate visual observation\nin space. The vehicle's size was limited by the maximum allowable dimensions of\nthe Mir airlock (30 cm). The vehicle carries no electronics or sensors and is\nnot attitude controlled.\n\n[Source: NASA Mission and Spacecraft Library]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GFZ-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GFZ-1\n Long_Name: GeoForschungsZentrum-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GFZ-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 400 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/gfz1/index_GFZ1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/gfz1/GFZ1_1.small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-04-09\n Launch_Site: 1999-06-23\n Design_Life: 3.5-5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "987f0e52-e554-475a-b680-50df620a520e", - "label": "OSTM/JASON-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM)/Jason-2 was a follow-on altimetric mission to the very successful TOPEX/Poseidon mission and Jason-1. It was a joint mission between NASA and CNES (French space agency). It launched 20 June 2008 and began data collection on 12 July 2008.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", - "label": "Synchronous Meteorological Satellites (SMS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) system is described which is being utilized in a program to obtain day and night information on the earth's weather by means of earth imaging, retransmission of imaged data, meteorological data collection and relay, and space environment monitoring. The components and functions of the ground system are discussed together with the basic satellite payloads. The launch and orbit of SMS-A are reviewed, and the functions of the visible IR spin-scan radiometer are described in detail. Other systems and units discussed include the data collection system, solar environment monitor, weather-facsimile unit, and central data distribution system. It is noted that SMS-A was used to support the Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment and that the SMS system will be complemented by geostationary environmental satellites from ESRO, Japan, and the USSR.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "389f0bec-1032-4b0b-9118-033c9b07402f", - "label": "SMS", - "broader": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", - "definition": "The SMS satellite series (1 and 2) were spin-stabilized (100 rpm) and\noperated in a West-to-East, geo-synchronous orbit at an altitude of\n35,800 km (22,300 mi) above the equator. These were the first and\nsecond prototypes for the GOES satellite series. At this altitude it\ncircled the axis of the Earth once in 24 hours, making its speed\nsynonymous with the Earth's rotation, so that the satellite remained\nessentially stationary over a given geographical point. The two SMS\nsatellites were employed to provide overlapping coverage that centers\non the U.S. and extends over the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the\nwestern Pacific Ocean. The scanning system consisted of a mirror that\nis stepped mechanically to provide North to South viewing, while the\nrotation of the satellite provided West to East scanning. The mirror\nis stepped following each West to East scan, with each step resulting\nin a change in scan angle of 192 microradians, or 7 km near nadir. A\nsequence of 1821 scans is performed to provide a 'full disk' view from\nthe Northern to the Southern Earth horizon. At the rotation rate of\n100 rpm, 18.21 minutes are required to complete one full North to\nSouth view of the Earth. The VISSR field of view provides a ground\nresolution of 0.9km in the visible, and 3.0km in the infrared.\nEntry taken from:\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\nData Catalog Series for Space Science and Applications Flight Missions,\nNational Space Science Data Center/World Data Center A for Rockets and\nSatellites, Volume 2A, September 1982.\nData Catalog Series for Space Science and Applications Flight Missions,\nNational Space Science Data Center/World Data Center A for Rockets and\nSatellites, Volume 4A, July 1985.\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMetorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\nThe GOES Data Users Guide, 1984.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SMS (Synchronous Meteorological Satellites)\n Short_Name: SMS\n Long_Name: Synchronous Meteorological Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/project/history.html\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/project/images/SMS.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-12-07\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cb9e3b6-5d97-4258-a546-7a955c76cb8b", - "label": "SMS-1", - "broader": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", - "definition": "SMS-1 was launched in May 1974 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, prototype spacecraft for the geosynchronous series of meteorological satellites. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. Throughout its 7 year history, it operated at 45, 75 and 92 degrees West.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA,'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SMS (Synchronous Meteorological Satellites)\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n Long_Name: Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: Magnetic Field Monitor\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1974-033A\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/project/images/SMS.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1974-05-17\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca25d8a5-40d0-4eb7-9f3f-9c97074ef1be", - "label": "SMS-2", - "broader": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", - "definition": "SMS-2 was launched in February 1975 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, second prototype spacecraft for the geosynchronous series of meteorological satellites. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. Throughout its history, it operated at 75 (replaced SMS-1 in April 1979), 115, and 135 degrees West.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SMS (Synchronous Meteorological Satellites)\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n Long_Name: Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: Magnetic Field Monitor\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/history/sms/sms2.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-011A\n Sample_Image: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/history/sms/sms2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-02-06\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", - "label": "Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Korean commercial satellites offering 40-cm resolution imagery.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6b65fb1a-d7ee-4abd-bacb-d2a912110d60", - "label": "KOMPSAT-5", - "broader": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", - "definition": "KOMPSAT-5 is part of the Korean National Development Plan of MEST (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology) which started in 2005. The project is being developed and managed by KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88d9cd91-a26e-467a-9554-c5d927540421", - "label": "KOMPSAT-2", - "broader": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", - "definition": "KOMPSAT-2 (also referred to as Arirang-2 by South Korea) was developed by KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) to continue the observation program of the KOMPSAT-1 mission. The main mission objectives of the KOMPSAT-2 are to provide a surveillance capability for large-scale disasters by acquiring high-resolution imagery for GIS (Geographic Information Systems) applications.\n\nThe spacecraft design is based on the KOMPSAT-1 heritage making extensive use of existing hardware, software, tools, and facilities; it allows parallel integration of the payload, equipment, and propulsion modules. The KOMPSAT-2 bus structure consists of the five modules: SMS (Structure and Mechanisms Subsystem), TCS (Thermal ConTrol Subsystem), AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem), TC&R (Telemetry Command and Ranging) subsystem, EPS (Electrical Power Subsystem), PS (Propulsion Subsystem), and the FSW (Flight Software) element.\n\nThe AOCS provides three-axis stabilization (3-axis control with zero momentum bias system) with high accuracy for roll, pitch and yaw pointing. Star trackers, gyro reference assemblies, three-axis magnetometers, magnetic torquers and reaction wheels are used for attitude sensing and control. The pointing accuracy is < 0.025º in roll and pitch, and 0.08º in yaw. The pointing knowledge is 0.020º in roll and pitch, and 0.045º in yaw. The spacecraft platform offers a cross-track body-pointing capability through roll maneuvers (up to ±45º). The propulsion subsystem makes use of re-used components (hydrazine monopropellant thrusters with blowdown pressure-feed system, 73 kg propellant).\n\nThe spacecraft mass is 800 kg (including propellant), the S/C size is hexagonal: 1.85 m diameter x 2.6 m in height (6.8 m length in deployed configuration), the power is 955 W (EOL) provided by two solar arrays (GaAs cell technology). A super NiCd battery has a capacity of 30 Ah for eclipse phase support. The S/C design life is three years. EADS Astrium has been selected by KARI to support the platform development and manufacture of KOMPSAT-2.\n\nLaunch: A launch of the KOMPSAT-2 spacecraft took place on July 28, 2006 with a Rockot-KM launch vehicle of Eurockot Launch Services from Plesetsk, Russia.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 685 km, inclination = 98.13º, period = 98.46 min, the mean local time of the ascending node is at 10:50 hours. The KOMPSAT-2 orbit is identical to that of KOMPSAT-1 but with a different phase (180º apart).\n\nRF communications: Onboard storage capacity of 96 Gbit (BOL) and 64 Gbit (EOL) for image data. S-band (TT&C) and X-band (payload data at 8.205 GHz downlink frequency) communications are provided for all data transmission to the ground (real-time and playback), the downlink data rate is 320 Mbit/s (QPSK modulation). Encryption of image data. The CCSDS communication protocols are implemented. The S-band data rates are: 2 kbit/s uplink and 1.5 Mbit/s downlink.\n\nMission status: The KOMPSAT-2 spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally as of 2008.\n\n• KOMPSAT-2 completed its commissioning phase in late September 2006 and started its nominal operations phase in October 2006.\n\n• In August, 2006, KOMPSAT-2 had provided its first images.\n\n• On Oct. 24, 2005, KARI has made Spot Image (France) exclusive distributor of imagery from the KOMPSAT-2 Earth observation satellite - except for customers from Korea, the United States, and the Middle East, which are being serviced by KAI Image Inc. of Korea.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\nKOMPSAT-2 Specifications\nImaging mode: \t Panchromatic \tMultispectral\nSpatial Resolution: \t1m \t4m\nSwatch Width: \t 15km \t15km\nDuty Cycle: \t >20% per Orbit\nOff-Nadir Imaging: \tUp to 45 degree\nOrbital Altitude: \t685km, Sun-synchromous orbit\nOperation Life: \tMinimum 5 years ( Design Life :3years)\nRevisit Time: \t Less than 3 days\nData Transmission: \t320 Mbps\nData Storage: \t 90 Gbits\nDynamic Range: \t 10 bits per pixel \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: KOMPSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: KOMPSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Arirang-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERA\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 685\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.13\n Period: 98.46\n Repeat_Cycle: ~14\n Perigee: 682.0\n Apogee: 708.0\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7483\n Online_Resource: http://www.kaiimage.co.kr/eng/kompsat_b01.asp\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-07-28\n Launch_Site: PLESETSK COSMODROME, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: Minimum 5 years ( Design Life :3years)\n Primary_Sponsor: Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), South Korea\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caf7cd97-6a64-4e31-9b7e-d96854eb9b6a", - "label": "KOMPSAT-1", - "broader": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", - "definition": "Kompsat-1 was a high resolution optical mission of Korea launched in 1999. Through a 3rd party mission agreement, ESA makes a sample dataset of European cities available from this satellite.\n\nThe Kompsat program was initiated in 1995 as a major space investment in Korea. Its objective was the development of a national space segment in Earth observation along with an efficient infrastructure and ground segment to provide valuable services to remote sensing users in various fields of applications.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", - "label": "FireBIRD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "FireBIRD is an earth observation mission with the primary goal of monitoring fires from space. It involves the detection and measurement of so-called high-temperature events and the provision of remote sensing science data for research at DLR and for external partners.\n\nIt is organized as a research and development project under the auspices of DLR’s Aerospace Research and Technology program division with solely science goals, and all aspects of the mission are under DLR control.\n\nThe space segment consists of the two satellites TET-1 (Technology Experiment Carrier) and BIROS (Berlin InfraRed Optical System). The TET-1 satellite has been circling Earth in a polar orbit since July 2012 and has successfully concluded the first part of its mission as a technology testing platform. The BIROS satellite has the same bus as TET-1, but is additionally equipped with a propulsion system for active attitude and orbit control. BIROS was launched on 22 June 2016 at 05:55 CEST. The main payload for both satellites is a multispectral camera system.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "67e5bbab-0c9b-40e5-acf7-054671f35d2b", - "label": "TET-1", - "broader": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", - "definition": "TET-1 (Technologie Erprobungs Träger-1) is a German technology demonstration microsatellite of DLR (German Aerospace Center) within its OOV (On-Orbit Verification) program. Project funding is provided by the German Ministry for Economics and Technology (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie). The overall objective is to provide industry and research institutes with adequate means for the in-flight validation of space technology. Certain programmatic rules were established for the space segment and the ground segment to realize TET-1 as a low-cost mission within a relatively short timeframe under the leadership of an industrial space company as prime contractor.\n\nFlight opportunities for technology demonstration and verification should ideally be provided on a regular basis in a cost efficient and safe manner. A market survey of German industries' and institutes' technologies has shown that about 75% of the experiments can be verified using a microsatellite.\n\nThe OOV-Program is thus structured into two main parts with respect to the flight opportunities offered. The first comprises the microsatellites TET with a planned flight opportunity every two years. For payloads which do not fit on TET microsatellite concept, DLR will cooperate with national and international partners to provide flight opportunities on other carriers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e53aafe-f7a5-4629-893e-0a3ae1a6fe1d", - "label": "BIROS", - "broader": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", - "definition": "BIROS is a follow-on fire detection mission of DLR based on TET-1 (Technology Experiment Carrier-1). The BIROS satellite is part of DLR's FireBird constellation, which consists of two spacecraft, TET-1 and BIROS. The primary goal of this mission is the detection and monitoring of so called HTEs (High Temperature Events), e.g. forest fires or other hot spots.\n\nThe secondary BIROS mission goals are:\n\n• The processing capabilities of the BIROS payload will be considerably upgraded.\n\n• BIROS will be equipped with OSIRIS (Optical Space Infrared Downlink System), a new onboard optical communication terminal, developed at DLR, to demonstrate the following capabilities:\n\n- three different laser systems for downlink communications at data rates up to 1 Gbit/s\n\n- four quadrant laser detector onboard for improved pointing accuracy\n\n- a beacon laser in uplink to support the BIROS attitude control; it may also be used for an optical uplink.\n\n• VAMOS (Verification of Autonomous Mission Planning On-board a Spacecraft). VAMOS is a DLR/GSOC software experiment with the objective to schedule and (re-)command tasks.\n\n• AVANTI (Autonomous Vision Approach Navigation and Target Identification), an optical navigation experiment. The goal is to demonstrate autonomous rendezvous to (and departure from) a non-cooperative client using vision-based navigation. 3)\n\n• BIROS will carry onboard the picosatellite BEESAT-4 (Berlin Experimental and Educational Satellite-4) of TU Berlin(1U CubeSat, 1 kg) and release it through a spring mechanism [ejection by SPL (Single Picosatellite Launcher ) after the successful check-out and commissioning of all relevant BIROS subsystems]. After separation, it will perform experimental proximity maneuvers in formation with the picosatellite solely based on optical navigation. 4)\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nFor BIROS, the TET-X platform is being used, a slightly improved version of the existing TET-1 satellite bus. The TET-X bus shares the TET-1 bus envelope of 670 x 580 x 880 mm3 and 70 kg satellite bus mass with 460 x 460 x 428 mm3 payload volume and 50 kg payload mass. The three-axis attitude control system provides a pointing knowledge of 10 arcsec and a position accuracy of 10 m. But the TET-X bus contains a new power subsystem, new transmitters and OBC (OnBoard Computer), with same envelopes and masses as for TET-1.\n\nThe BIROS spacecraft will be built again in a cooperation of DLR and AFW (Astro Feinwerktechnik GmbH), Berlin Adlershof. Both satellites (TET-1 and BIROS) are equipped with an identical main payload. These are the infrared cameras for Earth observation, especially hot spot detection. As part of the DLR FireBIRD mission, both satellites shall be used in a constellation for fire detection and monitoring.\n\nA special point in the design of the satellite bus was the interface between satellite bus and payload. To support different kinds of missions, the system contains the nominal satellite bus and a PSS (Payload Supply System). This payload supply system is on its payload interface side adaptable to the data (SpaceWire, RS422/485, CAN-Bus, etc.) and power interface requirements, data storage requirements and payload control requirements.\n\nThe nominal satellite bus will remain unchanged for different missions, but of course can be adapted in parts, like an upgrade to X-band system if higher data rates are required. The PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) of the PSS will be adapted for every new payload accommodation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b6eb5b1-08b6-435f-9e25-ad95e017fb32", - "label": "STARLETTE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe two primary goals of this satellite were to minimize the effects of\nnon-gravitational forces and to obtain the highest possible accuracy for laser\nrange measurements. The satellite was spherically shaped with a 12-cm radius.\nThe core was an alloy of uranium 238 and 1.5% molybdenum. The skin consisted of\n20 spherical caps made of an alloy of aluminum and 5% magnesium with triangular\nbases. Each cap contained three laser corner cubes. The corner cubes were fused\nsilica trihedrons with circular apertures made of suprasil 1 with silver\ncoatings covered by inconel. For Groupe de Recherches de Geodesie Spatiale\n(GRGS), the principal objective was to study earth and ocean tides by (1) the\ndetermination of the second harmonics (amplitude and phase) of the main\nsemidiurnal oceanic tides (M and S) and, if possible, of the diurnal K, O, and\nP tides; and (2) the determination of the dissipation in the solid earth and in\nthe oceans (Q).\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1975-02-06\n Epoch Date and Time : 1975-02-20\n Apogee (km or AU): 1108.\n Perigee (km or AU): 806.\n Inclination (degree) : 49.82\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1985-07-17\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STARLETTE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STARLETTE\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STARLETTE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 49.82\n Perigee: 806\n Apogee: 1108\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-02-06\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "label": "NASA Decadal Survey", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Decadal Survey provides scientific priorities indirectly through a time sequencing of recommended missions. It is a first-ever comprehensive survey of all Earth sciences that could benefit from spaceborne observations. The study is requested and supported by NASA, NOAA, USGS.\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-surveys", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "44de39ab-8595-42d9-8d9e-ca94c4da4b0c", - "label": "ACE (DECADAL SURVEY)", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "definition": "[Source: NASA ACE Mission, https://acemission.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nACE will assist in answering fundamental science questions associated with aerosols, clouds, and ocean ecosystems, by making \nimproved and more comprehensive measurements through the use of innovative and advanced remote sensing technologies. Aerosols \nmeasured by ACE include those of both man-made and natural origins, the latter of which is contributed significantly by ocean \necosystems.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACE (DECADAL SURVEY)\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: ACE (DECADAL SURVEY)\n Long_Name: Aerosol - Cloud - Ecosystems\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-04\n Online_Resource: https://acemission.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5129ca8d-e299-4966-b0d9-a55c4b302601", - "label": "ASCENDS", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "definition": "[Source: NASA ASCENDS, https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/ascends/]\n\nThe Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission objective is to make global atmospheric \ncolumn carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements without a seasonal, latitudinal, or diurnal bias. The three science objectives are \nto (1) quantify global spatial distributions of atmospheric CO2 on scales of weather models in the 2010-2020 era; (2) quantify\n the current global spatial distribution of terrestrial and oceanic sources and sinks of CO2 on 1-degree grids at weekly \n resolution; and (3) provide a scientific basis for future projections of CO2 sources and sinks through data-driven \n enhancements of Earth system process modeling.\n\n Entry_ID: ASCENDS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: ASCENDS\n Long_Name: Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-23\n Online_Resource: https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/ascends/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63b6f3d6-3e9a-40c9-ae91-13f580c7b6c3", - "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "definition": "Ocean and surface water levels are measured over a 120-km (75-mi) wide swath with a ~20 km (~12 mi) gap along nadir using a Ka-band radar interferometer. KaRIn (Ka-band Radar Interferometer) has two antennas separated by a 10-meter boom. Radar pulses are transmitted by one antenna and received by both for interferometry, creating two parallel swaths of data. \n\nMore information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/flight-systems/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ee03239-24ff-433e-ab7e-8be8b9b2636b", - "label": "SMAP", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "definition": "[Source: NASA SMAP, https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov ]\n\n[SMAP was launched on 2015-01-31]\n\nThe Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission has been recommended by the NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey Panel for 'launch in 2015. \nSMAP will use a combined radiometer and high-resolution radar to measure surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state, providing for scientific advances and societal benefits. Direct measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state are needed to improve our understanding of regional water cycles, ecosystem productivity, and processes that link the water, energy, and carbon cycles. Soil moisture information at high resolution enables improvements in weather forecasts, flood and drought forecasts, and predictions of agricultural productivity and climate change.\n\nThe National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Integrated Program Office (IPO) has developed a tri-agency set of requirements for the next generation of polar-orbiting operational environmental satellites. A novel approach combining radar-radiometer and L-band mapping of global soil moisture will allow SMAP to far exceed the NPOESS soil moisture threshold (minimum performance) requirements for sensing depth and spatial resolution. With 'fast-track' development, it is possible that SMAP could provide critical gap-filling soil moisture measurements for NPOESS, which were lost when the Conical Microwave Imager/Sounder was cancelled from the first NPOESS platform.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMAP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: SMAP\n Long_Name: Soil Moisture Active and Passive Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-17\n Online_Resource: https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2015-01-31\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86f284dc-ebd2-4c9c-93dc-1e0e26a0a033", - "label": "CLARREO", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Homepage, https://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission will monitor the pulse of the Earth to better \nunderstand climate change. The foundation for CLARREO is the ability to produce highly accurate and trusted climate records. \nThese tested climate records can be used to lay the groundwork for informed decisions on mitigation and adaptation policies \nthat address the effects of climate change on society.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CLARREO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n Long_Name: Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE\n Short_Name: GNSS-RO RECEIVER\n Short_Name: REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbd436e1-03bf-4e59-8b31-fac71597bc01", - "label": "GEO-CAPE", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "definition": "[Source: NASA GEO-CAPE, https://geo-cape.larc.nasa.gov/]\n\nThe GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) mission was recommended by the NRC's Earth Science Decadal \nSurvey to measure tropospheric trace gases and aerosols and coastal ocean phytoplankton, water quality and biogeochemistry \nfrom geostationary orbit, providing multiple daily observations within the field of view. Multiple observations per day are \nrequired to explore the physical, chemical, and dynamical processes that determine tropospheric composition and air quality \nover spatial scales ranging from urban to continental, and over temporal scales ranging from diurnal to seasonal. Likewise, \nhigh frequency satellite observations are critical to studying and quantifying biological, chemical, and physical processes \nwithin the coastal ocean and beyond.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEO-CAPE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: GEO-CAPE\n Long_Name: Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-04\n Online_Resource: https://geo-cape.larc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da4db91a-044b-4b01-ad1a-e1684e492adf", - "label": "HYSPIRI", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Hyperspectral Infrared Imager, https://hyspiri.jpl.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Hyperspectral Infrared Imager or HyspIRI mission will study the world’s ecosystems and provide critical information on \nnatural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires and drought. HyspIRI will be able to identify the type of vegetation that is \npresent and whether the vegetation is healthy. The mission will provide a benchmark on the state of the worlds ecosystems \nagainst which future changes can be assessed. The mission will also assess the pre-eruptive behavior of volcanoes and the \nlikelihood of future eruptions as well as the carbon and other gases released from wildfires.\n\nOrbit: LEO, SSO\n\nInstruments:\n Hyperspectral spectrometer\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HYSPIRI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: HYSPIRI\n Long_Name: Hyperspectral Infrared Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-18\n Online_Resource: https://hyspiri.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9db79338-5030-45c2-9bf7-c81bfcefb9e1", - "label": "VANGUARD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nVanguard 2 was an earth-orbiting satellite designed to measure\ncloud-cover distribution over the daylight portion of its orbit. The\nspacecraft was a 9.8 kg magnesium sphere 50.8 cm in diameter. It\ncontained two optical telescopes with two photocells. The sphere was\ninternally gold-plated and externally covered with an aluminum deposit\ncoated with silicon oxide of sufficient thickness to provide thermal\ncontrol for the instrumentation. Radio communication was provided by a\n1-W, 108.03-MHz telemetry transmitter and a 10-mW, 108-MHz beacon\ntransmitter that sent a continuous signal for tracking purposes. A\ncommand receiver was used to activate a tape recorder that relayed\ntelescope experiment data to the telemetry transmitter. Both\ntransmitters functioned normally for 19 days. The satellite was spin\nstabilized at 50 rpm, but telemetry data were poor because of an\nunsatisfactory orientation of the spin axis. The power supply for the\ninstrumentation was provided by mercury batteries.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1959-02-17 16:05:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1959-02-17 16:48:00\n Apogee (km or AU): 3320.\n Perigee (km or AU): 559.\n Inclination (degree) : 32.88\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-04-14\nVanguard 3 was launched by a Vanguard rocket from the Eastern Test\nRange into a geocentric orbit. The objectives of the flight were to\nmeasure the earth's magnetic field, the solar X-ray radiation and its\neffects on the earth's atmosphere, and the near-earth micrometeoroid\nenvironment. Instrumentation included a proton magnetometer, X-ray\nionization chambers, and various micrometeoroid detectors. The\nspacecraft was a 50.8-cm-diameter magnesium sphere. The magnetometer\nwas housed in a glass fiber phenolic resin conical tube attached to\nthe sphere. Data transmission stopped on December 11, 1959, after 84\ndays of operation. The data obtained provided a comprehensive survey\nof the earth's magnetic field over the area covered, defined the lower\nedge of the Van Allen radiation belt, and provided a count of\nmicrometeoroid impacts. Vanguard 3 has an expected orbital lifetime\nof 300 yr.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1959-09-18 05:16:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1959-09-18 14:24:00\n Apogee (km or AU): 3744.\n Perigee (km or AU): 512.\n Inclination (degree) : 33.3\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-04-14\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VANGUARD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: VANGUARD\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: VANGUARD\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-30\n Online_Resource: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4202/toc2.html\n Sample_Image: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4202/p0-ii.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1959-02-17\n Primary_Sponsor: United States Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e09177b-bc72-41e9-921a-a4546f89e20a", - "label": "MT1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1498dff-002d-4d67-9091-16822c608221", - "label": "ENVISAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ENVISAT was successfully launched on March 1, 2002 from Kourou, French\nGuiana on Europe's Ariane 5 launcher.\n\nThe ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) is an element of the European\nSpace Agency (ESA) Columbus Programme. The ENVISAT satellite is part\nof the International Earth Observation System (IEOS). The ENVISAT is\ndesigned to study Earth's resources and to contribute to the study of\nland surface properties, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol distribution,\nocean and ice processes, and marine biology. The ENVISAT spacecraft\nis based on the Polar Platform (PPF) concept and consists of a Service\nModule (SM) which provides main support functions, and a\nmission-specific Payload Module (PLM) which provides the instruments\nand payload support functions. The Payload Module consists of the\nPayload Equipment Bay (PEB) and the Payload Carrier (PLC). The Payload\nData Management Subsystem performs instrument and support subsystems,\ndata processing, telecommand and telemetry management, data-bus\ncontrol, failure management, and instrument operations timeline\nmanagement. Commonad and control is provided by the Payload Module\nComputer (PMC). Scientific data generated from the instruments will be\nprocessed by the High Speed Multiplexer (HSM) for recording or\ntransmission to the ground. A set of four tape recorders provide a\nrecording speed of 2 to 4 Mbps and a capacity of 25 Gbits. The\ncommunication subsystem uses an x-band link directly to the ground and\na Ka-band bi-directional link via ESA's Data Relay Satellite\n(DRS). The Thermal Control Subsystem consists of a Heater Switching\nUnit (HSU), heaters, thermistors and thermostats. The Service Module\n(SM) consists of a carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) cone with a\nlauncher interface at one end and a propulsion module at the\nother. The power subsystem consists of up to eight nickel-cadmium\nbatteries (40 Ahr) and a modular solar array. The SM on-board data\nmanagement is done by the Central Computer Unit (CCU). Command and\ncontral are done via S-band communications direct to the ground or\nthrough the DRS. The Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS)\nprovides three-axis stabilization. Altitude measurements will be\nprovided by digital Sun sensors, Earth-horizon sensors and gyroscopes\nwhile altitude control will be provided by monopropellent\nthrusters. Fine pointing is accomplished through star sensors and\ngyroscopes, reaction wheels, and magneto-torquers.\n\nThe ENVISAT consists of : (1) Advanced SAR (ASAR), (2) Global Ozone\nMonitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS), (3) Medium Resolution Imaging\nSpectrometer (MERIS), (4) Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric\nSounding (MIPAS), (5) Radar Altimeter-2 (RA-2), (6) Advanced Along Track\nScanning Radiometer (AATSR), (7) Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer\nfor Atmospheric Cartography (SCIMACHY), (8) Microwave Radiometer (MWR),\n(9) Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite\n(DORIS), and (10) a Laser Retroreflector (LRR) for tracking.\n\nJust weeks after celebrating its tenth year in orbit, communication with the Envisat satellite was suddenly lost on 8 April. Following rigorous attempts to re-establish contact and the investigation of failure scenarios, the end of the mission is being declared.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ENVISAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RA-2\n Short_Name: MWR\n Short_Name: MIPAS\n Short_Name: MERIS\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: GOMOS\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: ASAR\n Short_Name: AATSR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 800-km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.55 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10 am Local time: e.g.\n Repeat_Cycle: 35 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-20\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/\n Sample_Image: http://www.dutchspace.nl/uploadedImages/Business_Fields/Earth_observation/Envisat/Envisat-in-Orbit-512.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-03-01\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 10 years\n Primary_Sponsor: European Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a21322af-38e0-4386-8e9b-9bf25cf30e16", - "label": "GOSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Source: ESA Earthnet Online, http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=5096]\n\nGOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite) is a JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) mission within the GCOM (Global Change Observation Mission) program of Japan. The GOSAT mission goals call for the study of the transport mechanisms of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4).\n\nThe emphasis is on atmospheric monitoring to clarify the sources and sinks of CO2 on a sub-continental scale. The overall mission objective is to contribute to environmental administration by estimating the Green House Gases (GHGs) source and sink on a sub-continental scale and to support the Kyoto protocol that was adsorbed at COP3/UNFCCC (3rd session of the conference in the framework of climate change) in 1997. The protocol calls for a reduction of greenhouse gases, in particular CO2; it requires all parties to reduce their emissions by 5% below the level of the year 1990, for the period of 2008-2012 \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GOSAT\n Long_Name: Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IBUKI\n Short_Name: 2009-002A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TANSO-FTS\n Short_Name: TANSO-CAI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 666 km\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gosat/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: https://data.gosat.nies.go.jp/GosatUserInterfaceGateway/guig/GuigPage/open.do\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=5096\n Sample_Image: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gosat/img/photo-1_goast.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-01-23\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JP/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5c7a4c7-bbf4-42df-a754-20cb6b98317a", - "label": "TSX", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Source: ASTRIUM GEOInformation Services, http://www.infoterra.de/terrasar-x-satellite ]\n\nTerraSAR-X was successfully launched on June 15th, 2007, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan and has been fully operational since early 2008.\n\nWith its active antenna, the spacecraft acquires high-quality X-band radar images of the entire planet whilst circling Earth in a polar orbit at 514 km altitude. TerraSAR-X is designed to carry out its task for five years, independent of weather conditions and illumination, and reliably provides radar imagery with a resolution of up to 1m and a unique geometric accuracy.\n\nKey Technical Features\n\nActive phased array X-band SAR\nSingle, dual and quad polarisation\nSide-looking acquisition geometry\nSun-synchronous dawn-dusk repeat orbit\nRepetition rate: 11 days; due to swath overlay, a 2.5 day revisit time time (2 days at 95% probability) to any point on Earth can be achieved\nOrbit altitude range from 512 km to 530 km\nOperational imaging modes: \nHighResolution Spotlight: up to 1m resolution, 5 to 10 km x 5 km (width x length)\nSpotLight: up to 2m resolution, 10 km x 10 km (width x length)\nStripMap: up to 3m resolution, 30 km x 50 km ( width x length)*\nScanSAR: up to 18 m resolution, 100 km x 150 km (width x length)*\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TSX\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TSX\n Long_Name: TerraSAR-X\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TSX\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.44 degrees\n Period: 11 Days\n Perigee: 514 Km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://www.infoterra.de/terrasar-x-satellite\n Online_Resource: http://www.terrasar.de/\n Online_Resource: http://www.dlr.de/tsx/start_en.htm\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/tsar_general.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-06-15\n Launch_Site: BAIKONUR COSMODROME, TYURATAM, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany/DLR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6fddcb3-881b-484a-bbc9-39591b6359ab", - "label": "NISAR", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), or NISAR, Mission will make global integrated measurements of the causes and consequences of land surface changes. NISAR will provide a means of resolving highly spatial and temporally complex processes ranging from ecosystem disturbances, to ice sheet collapse and natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides.\n\n2022 (planned)\n\nMore information: https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a93bb213-7862-4aa5-a113-38669e557a76", - "label": "Kanopus-V", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Environmental Satellite Kanopus-V\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Kanopus-V\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Kanopus-V\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Kanopus-V\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PSS_RS\n Short_Name: MSS_RS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 510 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4 degrees\n Period: 94.7 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 5 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-08-19\n Online_Resource: http://vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=622:-l-r-1-3-4-5-6&catid=85:--l-r&Itemid=62\n Sample_Image: http://vniiem.ru/ru/uploads/images/kanopus_3b.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-01-20\n Design_Life: 10 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9a057e8-bfee-464c-9c1f-1913c889caee", - "label": "Project for On-Board Autonomy (PROBA)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acfdfa87-7490-47db-a1dd-94a3bfb6a16d", - "label": "FLEX", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Earth Explorer - Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) mission will map vegetation fluorescence to quantify photosynthetic activity. The conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy-rich carbohydrates through photosynthesis is one of the most fundamental processes on Earth – and one on which we all depend. Information from FLEX will improve our understanding of the way carbon moves between plants and the atmosphere and how photosynthesis affects the carbon and water cycles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aef6c60c-b5c5-46b9-9a84-d99a9c08b06a", - "label": "PARASOL", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) is the second microsatellite in the Myriade series developed by CNES. It is carrying a wide-field imaging radiometer/polarimeter called POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances), designed in partnership with the LOA atmospheric optics laboratory in Lille (CNRS-USTL). POLDER is designed to improve our knowledge of the radiative and microphysical properties of clouds and aerosols by measuring the directionality and polarization of light reflected by the Earth-atmosphere system.\n\n[Summary provided by CNES.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PARASOL\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: PARASOL\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: POLDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Online_Resource: http://missions-scientifiques.cnes.fr/PARASOL/Fr/\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcPARASOL/satellite.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2004-12-18\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 1 Year\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", - "label": "Applications Explorer Mission (AEM)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A planned series of space applications missions whose purpose is to perform various tasks that require a low cost, quick reaction, small spacecraft in a dedicated orbit. The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) is the first mission of this series. The spacecraft described in this document was conceived to support a variety of applications instruments and the HCMM instrument in particular. The maximum use of commonality has been achieved. That is, all of the subsystems employed are taken directly or modified from other programs such as IUE, IMP, RAE, and Nimbus. The result is a small versatile spacecraft. The purpose of this document, the AEM Mission Planners Handbook (AEM/MPH) is to describe the spacecraft and its capabilities in general and the HCMM in particular. This document will also serve as a guide for potential users as to the capabilities of the AEM spacecraft and its achievable orbits. It should enable each potential user to determine the suitability of the AEM concept to his mission.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7921a2bb-f13b-43ce-ad18-cfce4f3deb9c", - "label": "AEM-3", - "broader": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", - "definition": "AEM-3 (Applications Explorer Mission-3)\n\nDesignation: 11604 / 79094A\nLaunch date: 30 Oct 1979\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission Scientific: Earth magnetic field study\nPerigee/Apogee: 352/561 km\nInclination: 96.8ý\nPeriod: 93.7 min\nLaunch vehicle: Scout #101\nDecay: 11 Jun 1980\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEM (Applications Explorer Mission)\n Short_Name: AEM-3\n Long_Name: Applications Explorer Mission-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Magsat\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.8 degrees\n Period: 93.7 min\n Perigee: 352 km\n Apogee: 561 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/magsat__2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-10-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a796345a-53d4-400d-ba32-e7c7eaa1a1cc", - "label": "AEM-2", - "broader": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) spacecraft was the\nsecond of the Applications Explorer Missions (AEM). This small, versatile,\nand relatively low-cost spacecraft was made of two distinct parts:\n\n(1) The SAGE instrument module containing the detectors\n and the associated hardware, and\n\n(2) The base module containing the necessary data handling,\n power, communications, command, and the attitude control\n subsystem to support the instruments.\n\nThe objective of the SAGE mission was to obtain stratospheric aerosol\nand ozone data on a global scale for a better understanding of the earth's\nenvironmental quality and the radiation budget. The SAGE spacecraft was\ndesigned for a 1-year life in orbit. Unfortunately, SAGE experienced\npower problems after May 15, 1979. Nevertheless, spacecraft operations\ncontinued until November 19, 1981. The signal from the spacecraft was\nlast received on January 7, 1982 when the battery failed.\n\n[Source: NASA NSSDC]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEM (Applications Explorer Mission)\n Short_Name: AEM-2\n Long_Name: Applications Explorer Mission-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAGE\n Short_Name: AEM-B\n Short_Name: Explorer 60\n Short_Name: Strat Aero and Gas Exp\n Short_Name: 11270\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AEROSOL/CLOUD PARTICLE SIZER\n Short_Name: AEROSOL MONITOR\n Short_Name: SAGE I\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 54.9 degrees\n Period: 96.8 minutes\n Perigee: 547.5 km\n Apogee: 660.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1979-013A\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/sage__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-02-18\n Launch_Site: Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, USA\n Design_Life: 1 year\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb310a29-01bb-4b52-8ff2-52dbfda7d050", - "label": "AEM-1", - "broader": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", - "definition": "AEM-1, also known as Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), was the first of the Applications Explorer Missions. The objective of the HCMM was to provide comprehensive, accurate, high-spatial-resolution thermal surveys of the surface of the earth. \n\nMore information can be found at: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-041A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEM (Applications Explorer Mission)\n Short_Name: AEM-1\n Long_Name: Applications Explorer Mission-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HCMM\n Short_Name: AEM-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-27\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-041A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-04-26\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA-Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b369f647-96ad-4418-84d2-ee5fed065863", - "label": "FSSCat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "FSSCat stands for Federated Satellite Systems, consisting of two federated 6-Unit Cubesats.\n \nSee https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Ph-sat/FSSCat_F-sat-1_ready_for_launch\n https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/p/phisat-1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", - "label": "Cartosat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A series of Indian optical earth observation satellites built and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The Cartosat series is a part of the Indian Remote Sensing Program. They are used for Earth's resource management, defense services and monitoring.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "16ee6fd3-565f-49b4-8b6e-73c4f8858e01", - "label": "CARTOSAT-2A", - "broader": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", - "definition": "CartoSat-2A is a follow-up optical imaging mission of CartoSat-2 (launch Jan. 10, 2007), representing India's first dedicated military satellite (funding by the Ministry of Defense of the Government of India). The overall objective is to provide scene-specific spot imagery in high resolution to the Indian Armed Forces - which is in the process of establishing an Aerospace Command.\n\nThe spacecraft and its payload, built by ISRO, is practically an identical copy of the CartoSat-2 spacecraft of ISRO. It features a lightweight and compact bus structure using the BMU (Bus Management Unit) for integrated bus functions (of the AOCS, TT&C, etc.). The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized using high torque reaction wheels, magnetic torquers, and hydrazine thrusters. Attitude sensing is provided by a high performance star sensor and by an improved IRU (Inertial Reference Unit). The satellite is very agile providing a body-pointing capability in along-track and cross-track of up to ±45º (this supports a revisit capability of certain target regions within 4 days). Also use of the SPS (Satellite Positioning System), an 8-channel GPS receiver (C/A code) on-board for the provision of instantaneous state vectors (state vector using pseudo range and range rate measurements) for the spacecraft.\n\nThe fixed solar arrays (triple-junction solar cells) provide a power of 900 W when pointed toward the sun; two NiCd batteries of 18 Ah capacity are being used for ecliptic phase bridging.\n\nCartoSat-2A has a launch mass of 690 kg and a design life of 5 years. \n\nLaunch: The launch of CartoSat-2A took place on April 28, 2008 on a PSLV launcher. The launch was conducted from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota space station in southern India. Next to the primary payload of CartoSat-2A, the PSLV-C9 vehicle successfully launched the IMS-1 (Indian Microsatellite-1) of 83 kg and eight nanosatellites for international customers.\n\nSensor complement:\n\nPAN Camera (Panchromatic Camera). The objective is to provide imagery for cartographic applications. The optical system is designed with two mirror Ritchey-Chretien on-axis obscured reflective telescope system with a concave hyperboloidal primary mirror and convex hyperboloid secondary mirrors and the field correcting relay optics. The mirrors are made of special Zerodur glass and are light-weighted to about 60% as in CartoSat-1 series. The mirrors are mounted inside the telescope cylinder made of CFRP with special MFDs (Mirror Fixation Devices) and the whole telescope assembly is mounted to the spacecraft structure through a special suspension arrangement. The optical system is designed to provide < 1 m resolution across track. The along track GSD of < 1 m is achieved by apparent velocity reduction by a factor of 2.5.\n\nThe spacecraft can be suitably biased to provide various modes of imaging:\n\n1) Continuous strip monoscopic mode\n\n2) Spot scene imaging (strips on either side of the ground track can be imaged)\n\n3) Paint brush mode of imaging. This mode is used to increase the total swath. Both roll tilt and pitch tilt is employed.\n\nThe PAN Camera is a nadir-pointing pushbroom CCD instrument (detector line array of 12, 288 pixels), observing in the visible spectral range of 0.5-0.85 µm with a GSD (Ground Sample Distance) of < 1 m, and a swath width of 9.6 km at nadir. \n\nThe spacecraft is being monitored and controlled from the ISRO mission control center in Bangalore, India using the ISTRAC network of stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Mauritius, Bearslake in Russia, Biak in Indonesia and Svalbard in Norway.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CARTOSAT-2A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CARTOSAT-2A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PAN\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 635 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.94 degrees \n Period: 97.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 4 days\n Perigee: 628.7 km\n Apogee: 653.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-27\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=10000443\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.org/pslv-c9/cartosat2a.htm\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/7336/CartoSat2A_Auto2.jpeg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-04-28\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: Ministry of Defense of the Government of India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71ccf8e3-7b1f-418d-9bc0-0ead78ec75ee", - "label": "CARTOSAT-2", - "broader": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", - "definition": "Cartosat-2 Series Satellite is the primary satellite carried by PSLV-C40. This remote sensing satellite is similar in configuration to earlier satellites in the series and is intended to augment data services to the users.\n\nThe imagery sent by satellite will be useful for cartographic applications, urban and rural applications, coastal land use and regulation, utility management like road network monitoring, water distribution, creation of land use maps, change detection to bring out geographical and manmade features and various other Land Information System (LIS) as well as Geographical Information System (GIS) applications. \n\nPSLV-C40/Cartosat-2 Series Satellite Mission was launched on Jan 12, 2018 at 09:29 Hrs (IST) from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6c5c7d5-ad6a-4cdd-82cc-9259377ff044", - "label": "UARS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Following the deployment of the Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC) Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) on Sept. 15, 1991, from the Space Shuttle Discovery, scientists have gained a better understanding of the energy input, chemistry and dynamics of the upper atmosphere and the coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere. UARS, the first satellite dedicated to studying stratospheric science, focuses on the processes that lead to ozone depletion, complementing and amplifying the measurements of total ozone made by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard NASA's Nimbus-7 and the Russian Meteor-3 satellites. UARS also measures winds and temperatures in the stratosphere as well as the energy input from the Sun. \n\nTen UARS instruments have provided the most complete data on upper atmospheric energy inputs, winds, and chemical composition ever gathered. Together, these observations constitute a highly integrated investigation of the nature of the upper atmosphere, and help define the role of the upper atmosphere in climate and climate variability. In its first two weeks of operation, UARS data confirmed the polar ozone-depletion theories by providing three-dimensional maps of ozone and chlorine monoxide near the South Pole during development of the 1991 ozone hole. UARS, developed and managed by GSFC, in Greenbelt, Md., provides information that nations around the world can use to guide decisions on environmental policies, according to scientists. \n\nMoreover, UARS collected data on the chemistry, dynamics, and radiative inputs to the upper atmosphere far beyond its designed lifetime, obtaining over 13 years of observations for many atmospheric constituents, temperature, winds, and external forcings. UARS was decommissioned in 2005. The United Kingdom and Canada both provided instruments for this mission. UARS is the first spacecraft launched as part of NASA's systematic, comprehensive study of the Earth system.\n\nInstruments: \n\nISAMS (Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder)\nMLS (Microwave Limb Sounder)\nHALOE (Halogen Occultation Experiment)\nHRDI (High Resolution Doppler Imager)\nWIND II (Wind Imaging Interferometer)\nSOLSTICE (Solar-stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment)\nSUSIM (Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor)\nPEM (Particle Environment Monitor)\nACRIM II (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor)\nCLAES (Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer)\n\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: UARS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: UARS\n Long_Name: Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CLAES\n Short_Name: ISAMS\n Short_Name: MLS\n Short_Name: HALOE\n Short_Name: HRDI\n Short_Name: WINDII\n Short_Name: SOLSTICE\n Short_Name: SUSIM\n Short_Name: PEM\n Short_Name: ACRIM II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 585 km circular\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 deg\n Period: 96.7 min\n Perigee: 574 km (356 mi)\n Apogee: 582 km (361 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-09\n Online_Resource: http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/uars/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/uars-science/images/uars.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-09-12\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", - "label": "Geodetic Satellite (GEOSAT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The U.S. Navy GEOdetic SATellite (GEOSAT) was launched on March 12, 1985, into an 800-km, 108-deg inclination orbit. It carried an altimeter that was capable of measuring the distance from satellite to sea surface with a relative precision of about 5 cm. Following a classified mission for the Navy, GEOSAT’s scientific Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) began on November 8, 1986. During the ERM, GEOSAT was in a 17.05-day repeat orbit. In this orbit, the satellite passed the same point on the Earth every 17.05 days to gather important information on sea level change and ocean variability.\n\nWhen the ERM ended in January 1990 from failure of both its on-board tape recorders, more than three years of precise altimeter data were available to the scientific community. The studies made using GEOSAT data are numerous and the GEOSAT data set is regarded as a milestone in both satellite oceanography and satellite geodesy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "053da8e9-78d7-4d7f-997a-d06773323b7e", - "label": "GEOSAT", - "broader": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe GEOdetic SATellite (GEOSAT) was a dedicated US Navy military oceanographic\nsatellite consisting of a radar altimeter designed to obtain closely spaced,\nprecise mapping of the earth's geoid over the ocean. On November 8, 1986, the\nsatellite was moved into an Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) orbit with a repeat\ncycle of 17.05 days. The GEOSAT mission was originally managed by the Office of\nNaval Research (ONR). During the development phase, the program responsibility\nwas transferred to the Naval Electronics Systems Command, now called the Space\nand Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) in Washington, D.C. The Applied\nPhysics Laboratory (APL) was the prime contractor for the spacecraft and radar\naltimeter and performed spacecraft command and control operations and collected\nthe satellite data. The data was distributed to the Naval Surface Weapons\nCenter (NSWC), the Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity (NORDA), and\nNOAA. An arrangement was made with the National Ocean Service of NOAA to obtain\nthe classified GEOSAT geophysical data records (GDR) providing wind, wave and\nsea-level products and made available to the user community. NASA obtained\nGEOSAT data for extensive waveform modeling and ice sheet research.The basic\nstructure of the GEOSAT is similar to the GEOS-3 satellite: The design consists\nof a conical structure below the core for the structural attachment of the\nvelocity control system. The GEOSAT attitude control subsystem was designed to\npoint the radar altimeter to within 1 degree of nadir 98 percent of the time.\nThe system components were a 20-foot scissors boom with 100-pound end mass,\nredundant momentum wheels for roll and yaw stiffness, and pitch and roll\nattitude control thrusters. Attitude sensing was provided through the use of\nthree digital sun-attitude detectors and a three-axis vector magnetometer.\nSpacecraft command was accomplished via a VHF uplink from the APL ground\nstation. The telemetry subsystem consisted of two S-band transmitters, two tape\nrecorders, and two encryption units. The GEOSAT was equipped with two Odetics\ndual-track high-density tape recorders that independently recorded the 10.205\nkbps telemetry stream and played it back at 833 kbps for transmission to the\nground. The GEOSAT also included redundant Doppler beacons for continuous\ntracking by a network of ground stations within the Defense Mapping Agency\n(DMA) and for a source of accurate timing to the radar altimeter and the\ntelemetry subsystem. A C-band transponder was also included on GEOSAT. See\nJensen,J.J. and F.R.Wooldridge, 'The Navy GEOSAT Mission: An Introduction';\nMcConathy, D.R. and C.C.Kilgus, 'The Navy GEOSAT Mission: An Overview', and\nFrain,W.E., M.H.Barbagallo, and R.J.Harvey,'The Design and Operation of\nGEOSAT', all in Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 8, Number 2 (1987).\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1985-03-12\n Epoch Date and Time :\n Apogee (km or AU): 814.\n Perigee (km or AU): 757.\n Inclination (degree) : 108.1\n Orbit Type :\n Information last updated on 1992-05-20\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOSAT\n Short_Name: GEOSAT\n Long_Name: Geodetic Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RADAR ALTIMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Repeat_Cycle: 17 DAYS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/geosatQL.html\n Online_Resource: http://leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/geosatQL.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/geosat\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/geosat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1985-03-13\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: United State Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84d55533-31f1-4601-acad-5444b31b62b4", - "label": "GFO-1", - "broader": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", - "definition": "The mission objectives of GFO-1 (GEOSAT FOLLOW-ON-1) program the\nU.S. Navy's initiative to develop an operational family of radar\naltimeters satellites to maintain continuous ocean observation from\nthe GEOSAT exact repeat orbit. GFO-1 data will be used for precise\nmeasurement of both mesoscale and basin-scale oceanography. The length\nand time scales of these processes are too large for conventional\nin-the-water oceanographic instrumentation configurations to\nmeasure. Satellite altimetry is the only known method by which\noceanographers can precisely measure sea surface topography. The shape\nof the sea surface is the only physical variable directly measurable\nfrom space that is directly and simply connected to the large-scale\nmovement of water and the total mass and volume of the ocean.\n\n[Source: NASA]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bac2e743-1d02-4868-8bd6-b8b8741e3794", - "label": "CORIOLIS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Coriolis satellite is a Naval Research Laboratory and Air Force Research Laboratory earth and space observation satellite launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, on 2003-01-06 at 14:19 GMT.\n\nInstruments:\nWindsat:\nWINDSAT is a joint Integrated Program Office/Department of Defense demonstration project, intended to measure ocean surface wind speed and wind direction from space using a polarimetric radiometer.\n\nSolar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI:\nThe Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) is an instrument intended to detect disturbances in the solar wind by means of imaging scattered light from the free electrons in the plasma of the solar wind. To do this three CCD cameras observe sections of the sky of size 60 by 3 degree.\n\nAs the SMEI instrument observers the whole sky, data generated has been used to observe periodic changes in the brightness of stars. This data be used to detect asteroseismological oscillation in giant stars, and for the detection of large eclipsing extra-solar planets.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Coriolis\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Coriolis\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WINDSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7\n Period: 101.6\n Perigee: 842\n Apogee: 822\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-09\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-01-06\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Naval Research Laboratory\n Primary_Sponsor: Air Force Research Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf66ef8c-acc5-4c2f-b519-db0cbee37c99", - "label": "EarthCARE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The EarthCARE satellite will carry four instruments for observations of clouds and aerosols with four synergistic sensing methodologies.\n\nThe three-axis stabilised satellite platform was designed to accommodate the four instruments, which need unobstructed and very accurately collocated views of Earth as well as unobstructed views for solar calibration of the passive instruments.\n\nThe satellite design meets these challenges by employing a fully customised carbon fibre-based platform with the radar, lidar and startrackers (used for determining the satellite’s attitude) positioned as close together as possible, thereby minimising alignment errors.\n\nThe satellite is dominated by the large Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) antenna, which is 2.5 m across. The long trailing solar panel at the rear gives the satellite an overall length of 19 m. The solar panel is made up of five sections and covers an area of 21 sq m and, at the satellite’s low orbital altitude, helps minimise atmospheric drag.\n\nEarthCARE will orbit Earth at an altitude of around 393 km. The altitude needs to be as low as possible to optimise the use of the lidar and radar, but not too low where atmospheric drag would impact fuel consumption and the life of the mission.\n\nSince global coverage is required, EarthCARE’s orbit is near-polar. It crosses the equator in the early afternoon, providing optimal illumination and minimal sun glint for the passive instruments.\n\nThe system’s power demand is significant. The two active instruments, the Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) and the CPR, require 2500 W.\n\nThe size of the satellite (with solar panel and CPR antenna stowed for launch) and its mass of about 2000 kg plus fuel makes it compatible with both Soyuz and Zenit launchers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0f0a8dc-bcfd-4959-bb06-692501b9c2bb", - "label": "CRRES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) Program\nis comprised of several elements. One is the release of powdered and\nliquid chemicals during the first 45 to 60 days after launch, when the\nspacecraft is in its 300-km altitude circular orbit. These releases\nare used to study electric fields, neutral winds, and other phenomena\nin the upper atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the magnetosphere. The\nspacecraft spins at 20 rpm during the low altitude orbit phase of the\nprogram. After the chemical releases are completed, the satellite is\nboosted into a geosynchronous-transfer-type orbit and spun down to 2\nrpm. The orbit parameters of this final orbit are as follows: apogee\naltitude - 35,800 km, perigee altitude - 400 km, period - 630 min,\ninclination - about 16 deg.\nAs the satellite traverses the inner magnetosphere, a full\ncomplement of field, particle, and plasma instruments measures\nthe radiation environment. A comprehensive set of state-of-the-art\nmicroelectronics devices and other spacecraft components are tested\nin orbit for radiation effects. A major segment of the CRRES payload\nis part of AFGL's Space Radiation Effects Program (SPACERAD). The\nSPACERAD Program is a comprehensive space and ground test effort to\n(a) measure radiation-induced single event upsets and total dose\ndegradation of state-of-the-art microelectronics devices, including\nVHSIC and GaAs, in a known space environment; (b) perform laboratory\nradiation response and annealing characterization of parts identical\nto those flown on CRRES; (c) develop algorithms to relate space\nperformance of microelectronic components to ground test\nprocedures, and update existing radiation ground test guidelines to\nmore accurately simulate the behavior of devices in space; (d) space\nqualify advanced technology devices for use in operational systems;\n(e) update the static models of the radiation belts; and (f) develop\nthe first dynamic models of the high-energy particle populations. The\non-orbit phase of SPACERAD lasts for about 3 years. In addition,\nthere are other radiation belt experiments on CRRES provided by the\nNavy. The CRRES spacecraft has the shape of an octagonal prism with\nsolar arrays on the top side. The prism is 1 m high and 3 m between\nopposite faces. Four of the eight compartments are for the chemical\ncanisters and the other four house the SPACERAD and other experiments.\nThe spin axis of CRRES is controlled so that it points at the sun.\n Spacecraft Orbit Information\nLaunch Date and Time 07/25/90\nOrbit Type Elliptical\nAnomalistic Period 591.9 Min\nApogee(km) 33612.\nPerigee(km) 335.\nInclination 18.2\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CRRES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CRRES\n Long_Name: Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CRRES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 18.2\n Period: 591.9 min\n Perigee: 335 km\n Apogee: 33612 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/help/models/databases/crres.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1990-065A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/crres.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-07-25\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5d1a6fc-b484-45cb-be94-2e2a23155d63", - "label": "SeaHawk", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The goal of the SeaHawk program was to construct and demonstrate the potential scientific applications of a high resolution (~120m) ocean color instruments on a 3U (10cm x 10cm x 30cm) CubeSat Platforms. ACC Clyde (Scotland) provided the CubeSat bus named SeaHawk. Cloudland Instruments (California) provided the Hawkeye Sensor. The program was funded in 2014 by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and is administered by Dr. John Morrison – UNCW. NASA provided “advice and review” during the development phase and with formal NASA/HQ Space Act Agreement (2017), provides services for the collection, processing, calibration, validation, archive and distribution of the data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9215de74-2008-4a64-8760-f58f16ae7d14", - "label": "SeaHawk-1", - "broader": "c5d1a6fc-b484-45cb-be94-2e2a23155d63", - "definition": "The goal of the SeaHawk program was to construct and demonstrate the potential scientific applications of a high resolution (~120m) ocean color instruments on a 3U (10cm x 10cm x 30cm) CubeSat Platforms. ACC Clyde (Scotland) provided the CubeSat bus named SeaHawk. Cloudland Instruments (California) provided the Hawkeye Sensor. The program was funded in 2014 by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and is administered by Dr. John Morrison – UNCW. NASA provided “advice and review” during the development phase and with formal NASA/HQ Space Act Agreement (2017), provides services for the collection, processing, calibration, validation, archive and distribution of the data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7063bba-13bf-45e1-be70-7499be35d304", - "label": "SAGE-III", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The newest SAGE mission, SAGE III on ISS, is scheduled to launch in 2014. Plans include sending a copy of the SAGE III instrument to the International Space Station aboard a commercial Space X flight.\n\nSAGE III was a fourth generation, satellite-borne instrument and a crucial element in NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) . The instrument was launched on the Russian Meteor-3M spacecraft in December 2001. The Meteor-3M mission, along with the SAGE III mission, was terminated on March 6, 2006, because of a power supply system failure resulting in loss of communication with the satellite.\n\nThe SAGE III mission enhanced our understanding of natural and human-derived atmospheric processes by providing accurate measurements of the vertical structure of aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.\n\nHuman-derived changes in climate and ozone threaten the health of our planet. They also threaten global economic development and the use of new technologies like high-speed aircraft.\n\nBy understanding the effect of human activities on the atmosphere, national and international leaders can make informed policy that mitigates or prepares for future climate change.\n\nThe SAGE III-Meteor-3M Version 3 revised data set, which includes improvements to solar ozone, nitrogen dioxide and aerosol extinction products, is publicly available at NASA Langley's Atmospheric Science Data Center . The data set also includes the release of a cloud presence identifier and lunar data products. These data will cover the period 27 February 2002 - Present. IDL users will need to access the reader software that must be matched with this version of the data set.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE-III\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SAGE-III\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment-III\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ISS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-27\n Online_Resource: http://www-sage3.larc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/SAGEIII/Images/SAGE_orbit.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Design_Life: 3 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Russian Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c84a3a2f-b4a1-4306-9fcf-7d22ab12f252", - "label": "IKONOS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "IKONOS is the world's first commerical high resolution satellite and was launched into orbit on September 24, 1999 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on a Athena II rocket. The 1600-pound (720-kilogram) IKONOS was launched into a sun-synchronous, near-polar(98.1degrees), circular low-Earth orbit (423miles) at 11:21:08 a.m. PDT. (2:21:08 p.m. EDT). IKONOS satellite is operated by the Space Imaging Company in Thorton, Colorado.\n\nIKONOS has a panchromatic band with a resolution of 1meter and a multispectural band wit h a resolution of 4meters. The1 meter panchromatic band has a revisit time of 2.9 days and the 4m meter multispectural band has a revisit time of 1.5 days.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IKONOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IKONOS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IKONOS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 681 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.1 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/ikonos.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/media/images/ikonos-satellite.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-09-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: Over 7 years\n Primary_Sponsor: GeoEye Inc.\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc93fc95-4b03-4d67-ab48-8216434a8944", - "label": "MIDAS 2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The MIDAS 2 (Missile Defense Alarm System) satellite was an earth-orbiting\nsatellite designed to measure IR background and define IR sources. In\naddition, the satellite carried experiments to measure cosmic radiation,\natmospheric density, thermal emission and reflected solar radiation from the\nearth, and micrometeorites. A plasma probe was included too. The spacecraft\nwas chemical-battery powered. IR radiation data were received for the lifetime\nof the battery pack, which powered the final transmission on May 26, 1960.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce3e3563-34ff-4a39-8c81-c9856758e403", - "label": "PROBA-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", - "label": "Meteor", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "'Meteor' is the Soviet/Russian generic name for its Low-Earth-Orbiting (LEO) meteorological satellite family which started operation in 1969, designed and developed by VNIIEM (All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Electromechanics), Moscow. Sponsoring agency: ROSHYDROMET, the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "20e6f8e4-f60d-4ffb-ab85-0423c5078a52", - "label": "Meteor-M N2", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", - "definition": "Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N2\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Meteor-M N2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n Long_Name: Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MTVZA\n Short_Name: MSU-MR\n Short_Name: KMSS\n Short_Name: IKFS\n Short_Name: GGAK-M\n Short_Name: BRLK\n Short_Name: DCS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 835 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 a.m. Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101 minutes\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://www.federalspace.ru/20746/\n Online_Resource: http://www.vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=610:-l-r-2-2-1-2-2&catid=82:--l-3r&Itemid=62\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/documents/163813/1637389/MeteorM2_AutoB.jpeg\n Sample_Image: http://www.federalspace.ru/media/img/site/2014/image003.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-07-08\n Design_Life: 5 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34e29a6e-63ef-4701-9f03-4dd233f146f6", - "label": "Meteor-M N1", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", - "definition": "Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Meteor-M N1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Long_Name: Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: GGAK-M\n Short_Name: KMSS\n Short_Name: MSU-MR\n Short_Name: MTVZA\n Short_Name: Severjanin\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 832 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 a.m. Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-03-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=604:-l-r-1&catid=82:--l-3r&Itemid=62\n Online_Resource: http://www.vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=605:-l-r-1&catid=82:--l-3r&Itemid=62\n Sample_Image: http://planet.iitp.ru/spacecraft/img/meteor-m-600.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-09-17\n Design_Life: 6 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a326a88-e23a-42c3-967a-7150bbf2acda", - "label": "Meteor-3M", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", - "definition": "METEOR-3M Mission:\n\nThe Meteor-3M satellite mission is a joint partnership between\nNASA and the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (RASA). It was\ninitiated by the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in 1994 and\nextends a long-term working relationship between the United\nStates and Russia to understand Earth's environment.\n\nSpacecraft Information:\n\nThe Meteor-3M spacecraft is an advanced model of the Meteor\nspacecraft that was developed over 30 years ago. The payload\nincludes SAGE III and other instruments.\n\nMeasurements Taken:\n\n1. temperature and humidity profiles\n2. clouds,\n3. surface properties\n4. high energy particles in the upper atmosphere.\n\nSolar measurements are collected twice each orbit when the\nsatellite ascends or descends from behind the Earth.\n\nLunar measurements are collected when at least 50% of the moon\nis visible and the sun is not.\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-056A\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR-3M\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR-3M\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAGE III/Meteor 3M\n Short_Name: 26701\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAGE III\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.7°\n Period: 105.0 minutes\n Perigee: 996.0 km\n Apogee: 1016.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2001-056A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-12-10\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8895542e-f840-4eeb-a615-b7871e6a580e", - "label": "Meteor-2", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", - "definition": "The Russian Meteor-2 series of spacecraft are polar-orbiting weather\nsatellites designed to provide continuous daily coverage of the Earth's\nsurface and weather patterns. The Meteor-2 provides global data on the\ndistribution of clouds, snow and ice, radiation fluxes, atmospheric\ntemperature, humidity sounding data, cloud-top heights and sea-surface\ntemperature. The series has been of particular importance in providing\ninformation to Russian ships on weather systems and sea-ice conditions.\nTypically, two Meteor satellites are in orbit at the same time to\ncover almost 80% of the Earth's surface in 6 hours. The Meteor-2\ninstrumentation consists of (1) three television-type visible and\ninfrared scanners, (2) an 8-channel scanning radiometer, and (3) a\nradiation-flux device for measuring radiation flux densities in\nnear-space. The two visible scanners operate in the 0.5-0.7 micrometer\nregion and has a swath width of 2100 and 2400 km at a resolution of 2\nand 1 km, respectively. These scanners provide images and mosaics of\narctic and antarctic oceans. The IR scanner operates in the 8-12\nmicrometer range with a swath width of 2600 km at a resolution of 8\nkm. The IR scanner provides imagery of clouds and surface. The\n8-channel infrared radiometer operates in the 11.1 to 18.7 micrometer\nrange with a swath of 1000 km at 30 km resolution. This instrument\nprovides atmospheric sounding data and total ozone content.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: METEOR-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 81.30 deg\n Period: 102.70 min\n Perigee: 876 km\n Apogee: 893 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/meteor2.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/m/meteor2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Design_Life: 1 YEAR\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a94d5d7d-ef21-4849-aa30-854aedd21c69", - "label": "Meteor 2-21", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA ILRS, http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/fize_general.html ]\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nMeteor 2-21 is the twenty-first and last in the Meteor-2 series of Russian meteorological satellites launched in 1993. The Meteor satellites were designed to monitor atmospheric and sea-surface temperatures, humidity, radiation, sea-ice conditions, snow-cover, and clouds.\n\nWhat makes Meteor 2-21 distinctive from the other meteorological satellites is its unique retroreflector array. Fizeau is named after a French physicist, Armand Fizeau, who in 1851 conducted an experiment which tested for the aether convection coefficient. SLR tracking of this satellite was used for precise orbit determination and the Experiment of Fizeau. The Fizeau Experiment tests the theory of special relativity-that distance events that are simultaneous for one observer will not be simultaneous for an observer in motion relative to the first.\nMission Instrumentation:\n\nMeteor-2-21/Fizeau had the following instrumentation onboard:\n\n 1. Scanning telephotometer\n 2. Scanning infrared radiometers\n 3. Radiation measurement complex\n 4. Retroreflector array\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttp://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/fize_general.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR 2-21\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR 2-21\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 22782\n Short_Name: Meteor-2-21/FIZEAU\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 82.5 degrees\n Period: 104.0 minutes\n Perigee: 945.0 km\n Apogee: 980.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1993-055A\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/fize_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/meteor2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-05-31\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4ebacc9-59d5-45ae-95af-81d986d5ad3e", - "label": "Meteor-3", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", - "definition": "The Russian Meteor-3 series of meteorological satellites provides twice-daily weather information including data on clouds, ice and snow cover, atmospheric radiation and humidity sounding. The Meteor-3 class of satellites orbit in a higher altitude than the Meteor-2 class of satellites thus providing more complete coverage of the earth's surface. The Meteor-3 has the same payload as the Meteor-2 but also includes an advanced scanning radiometer with better spectral and spatial resolution and a spectrometer for determining total ozone content. The spacecraft incorporates three-axis stabilization (0.5 deg accuracy) and twin 10-m span solar panels. The orbit is adjusted by ion thrusters. Meteorological data is transmitted to four primary sites in the former Soviet Union in conjunction with about 80 other smaller sites. Internationally compatible Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) is made available on 137 - 138 MHz channels to ground workstations. The Meteor-3 has two 0.5 - 0.7 micron radiometers. The first provides direct relay with a swath width of 2600 km and a resolution of 1 x 2 km. The second stores data on an on-board data recorder providing global coverage with a swath width of 3100 km and a resolution of 0.7 x 1.4 km. The payload also includes a scanning IR radiometer at 10.5 - 12.5 microns with a swath width of 3100 km and resolution of 3 x 3 km and an 8-channel IR radiometer for atmospheric sounding at 9.65 - 18.7 micorns with a swath width of 2000 km and a resolution of 32 x 32 km. The Meteor-3 also includes a 4 channel UV ozone monitor (0.25 - 1.03 micron) at 2 km altitude resolution and a particle radiation detector (0.15 - 90 MeV). \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/meteor3.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/m/meteor3e.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-15\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", - "label": "Atmosphere Dynamics Mission-Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus)​", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Aeolus mission objectives is to provide accurate global measurements of winds from the surface up to 30 km.\n\nThe Aeolus mission will contribute to:\n\n- Improve weather forecasts for society\n- Understand atmospheric dynamics\n- Provide information on aerosols and clouds\n- Fill the current major gap in the atmospheric observing system\n- Understand climate change\n- Help to track air pollution\n- Track desert dust, smoke and volcanic ash\n- Wind-energy management\n- Pave the way for future wind lidar missions", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e03a1c5-1d20-46ae-9041-94d1ff77783f", - "label": "AD-A", - "broader": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", - "definition": "AD-A Atmospheric Dynamics A (Explorer 19)\n\nExplorer 19 was the second in a series of 3.66-m inflatable spheres placed into orbit to determine atmospheric densities. Explorer 19 was launched while Explorer 9, the first satellite in the series, was still active, so that densities in two different portions of the atmosphere were sampled simultaneously. The satellite consisted of alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic film. Uniformly distributed over the aluminum outer surface were 5.1-cm dots of white paint for thermal control. A 136.620-MHz tracking beacon, which was powered by four solar cells and was mounted on the spacecraft skin, used the electrically separated hemispheres of the balloon as an antenna. The spacecraft was successfully orbited, but its apogee was lower than planned. The beacon did not have sufficient power to be received by ground tracking stations, making it necessary to rely solely on the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network for tracking.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AD-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AD (Atmospheric Dynamics)\n Short_Name: AD-A\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Dynamics A (Explorer 19)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 19\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 78.6 degrees\n Period: 115.9 min\n Perigee: 597 km\n Apogee: 2391 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-053A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1963-12-19\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23be0822-1db5-4bf6-bf28-f6bd36754ac3", - "label": "AD-C", - "broader": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", - "definition": "Explorer 39 was an inflatable sphere, 3.6 m in diameter. It was orbited to make atmospheric density determinations. The spacecraft was successfully launched into a nearly polar, highly elliptical orbit. It was folded and carried into orbit, together with ejection and inflation equipment, as part of the payload of Explorer 40. Two density experiments were performed. One involved the study of systematic density variation, and the other was concerned with nonsystematic density changes. The upper atmospheric densities were derived from sequential observations of the sphere by use of an attached 136.620-MHz radio tracking beacon and by optical tracking. The radio beacon ceased transmitting in June 1971. Since that time it has been necessary to rely solely on the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network for tracking. Explorer 39 had an expected orbital lifetime of 50 years.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-066A\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AD-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AD (Atmospheric Dynamics)\n Short_Name: AD-C\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Dynamics C (Explorer 39)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 39\n Short_Name: 03337\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 80.6 degrees\n Period: 118.2 minutes\n Perigee: 670 km\n Apogee: 2538 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-066A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-08-08\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd3a7054-3aec-41ea-a281-3edba4f9f313", - "label": "AD-B", - "broader": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", - "definition": "orer 24 was placed in orbit together with Explorer 25 from a single launch vehicle. Explorer 24 was identical in configuration to the previously launched balloon satellites Explorer 9 and 19. The spacecraft was 3.6 m in diameter, was built of alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic film, and was covered uniformly with 5.1-cm white dots for thermal control. It was designed to yield atmospheric density near perigee as a function of space and time from sequential observations of the sphere's position in orbit. To facilitate ground tracking, the satellite carried a 136-MHz tracking beacon. The satellite reentered the earth's atmosphere on October 18, 1968.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-076A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AD-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AD (Atmospheric Dynamics)\n Short_Name: AD-B\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Dynamics B (Explorer 24)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 24\n Short_Name: 00931\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 81.4 degrees\n Period: 116.3 minutes\n Perigee: 525 km\n Apogee: 2498 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1964-076A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-11-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d35399a9-d4dc-45f2-b69d-55160ac26d10", - "label": "ARGON", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ARGON was a photo-reconnaissance satellite that was operation\nbetween 1960-1972. The images were used to produce maps and\ncharts for the Department of Defense and other Federal\nGovernment mapping programs.\n\nPresident Clinton signed an Executive Order on 24 February 1995,\ndirecting the declassification of intelligence imagery acquired\nby the first generation of United States photo-reconnaissance\nsatellites, including the systems code-named CORONA, ARGON and\nLANYARD.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://edc.usgs.gov/guides/disp1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ARGON\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ARGON\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/Programs/corona.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1961-02-17\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: United States\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", - "label": "Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network (JASON)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4ea59dad-ed94-453e-a991-62c790a1d101", - "label": "JASON-1", - "broader": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", - "definition": "Jason maps ocean surface topography. The data collected\nprovide information on ocean surface current velocity and\nheights which, when combined with ocean models, can\nlead to a four-dimensional description of ocean circulation.\nData from Jason are also extending ocean surface\ntopography into the 21st century, providing a 5-year view\nof global ocean surface topography, increasing understanding\nof ocean circulation, improving forecasting of\nclimate events, and measuring global sea-level change.\n\nKey Jason Facts\nJoint with France\nDimensions: Satellite support module: 95.4 cm ý 95.4 cm ý 100.0 cm;\nPayload module 95.4 cm ý 95.4 cm ý 121.8 cm; Solar array span: Two wings with four 1.5 m ý 0.8 m panels per wing; total surface of 9.8 m2\nMass: 500 kg\nPower: 2100 W\nDownlink: Jason telemetry downlink is 0.7 Mbps (700 Kbps) S-Band to JPL, Wallops Island, Virginia, Poker Flats, Alaska, and Aussaguel, France\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: JASON-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: JASON\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TRSR\n Short_Name: POSEIDON-2\n Short_Name: LRA\n Short_Name: JMR\n Short_Name: DORIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1336 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 66 degrees\n Period: 112.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 9.9156 days\n Perigee: 1,332 km (827 mi)\n Apogee: 1,344 km (835 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/jason-1\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/missions/jason.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1441-jason.php\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/images/jason-1-in-space.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-12-07\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3-year primary mission; 2-year extended mission\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bffa816a-c210-46ed-81cb-ffdf3310c1a5", - "label": "JASON-3", - "broader": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", - "definition": "Jason-3 is the fourth mission in U.S.-European series of satellite missions that measure the height of the ocean surface. Launched on January 17, 2016, the mission will extend the time series of ocean surface topography measurements (the hills and valleys of the ocean surface) begun by the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite mission in 1992 and continuing through the Jason-1 (launched in 2001) and the currently operating OSTM/Jason-2 (launched in 2008) missions. These measurements provide scientists with critical information about circulation patterns in the ocean and about both global and regional changes in sea level and the climate implications of a warming world.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d69f8964-e168-489e-9bda-a273f9a3a167", - "label": "ERBS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ERBS was part of the NASA's 3 satellite Earth Radiation Budget Experiment\n(ERBE), designed to investigate how energy from the Sun is absorbed and\nre-emitted by the earth. This process of absorption and re-radiation is one of\nthe principal drivers of the Earth's weather patterns. Observations from ERBS\nare also used to determine the effects of human activities (such as burning\nfossil fuels and the use CFCs) and natural occurrences (such as volcanic\neruptions) on the Earth's radiation balance. In addition to the ERBE scanning\nand nonscanning instruments, the satellite also carried the Stratospheric\nAerosol Gas Experiment (SAGE II).\n\nThe ERBS was the first of three ERBE platforms which would eventually carry the\nERBE Instruments. Goddard Space Flight Center built the satellite and it was\nlaunched by the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. The second ERBE Instrument\nwas aboard the NOAA-9 satellite when it was launched in January of 1985, and\nthe third was aboard the NOAA-10 satellite when it was launched in October of\n1986. Although the scanning instruments on board all three ERBE satellites are\nno longer operational, the nonscanning instruments are all presently\nfunctioning.\n\nLaunch: Launched: October 5, 1984\nLaunch Site: Kennedy Space Center\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 610 km\nInclination: 57 degrees\nPeriod: 96.4\nNon-Sun-Synchronous\nSun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Power: 622 watts quiescent watts watts\nDesign Life: 2 years\n\nInstruments: ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment)\nSAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment)\n\nWebsite: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/erbs\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ERBS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ERBS\n Long_Name: Earth Radiation Budget Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ERBS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ERB-SCANNER\n Short_Name: ERB-NONSCANNER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 610 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 deg\n Period: 96.4\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/erbs\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-10-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", - "label": "Himawari", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) series, also known as its nickname, 'Himawari' (meaning a 'sunflower'), is on the geostationary orbit at 140 degrees of east longitude to carry out weather observation from space being part of the World Weather Watch (WWW) project of the World Meteorological Organization. The images of the earth and clouds sent from this satellite series have been used in many areas such as weather forecasts in TV or newspaper; therefore, it is strongly connected to our daily life.\nAfter the 'Himawari-6', the GMS series was replaced by a Multifunctional Transport Satellite series to broaden its scope of operation. It is operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency for climatic observation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dd2591d9-35a1-4037-9664-bbfcf4c80b71", - "label": "Himawari-8", - "broader": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", - "definition": "Himawari 8 (ひまわり8号) is a Japanese weather satellite, the 8th of the Himawari geostationary weather satellites operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The spacecraft was constructed by Mitsubishi Electric with assistance from Boeing, and is the first of two similar satellites to be based on the DS-2000 satellite bus.[3] Himawari 8 entered operational service on 7 July 2015 and is the successor to MTSAT-2 (Himawari 7) which was launched in 2006.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e43cfa6a-fb75-4eeb-8674-25917275ea7e", - "label": "Himawari-9", - "broader": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", - "definition": "Himawari 9 is the second of two third-generation satellites in Japan’s Himawari weather-monitoring series. Alongside Himawari 8, which was launched in October 2014, it is expected to provide the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Ministry of Transport with observational data into the late 2020s\n\nFacts in Brief\nLaunch Date: 2016-11-02\nLaunch Vehicle: H-2A\nLaunch Site: Tanegashima, Japan\nMass: 1300.0 kg", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "da278af5-097b-47e7-903d-4deac395c4de", - "label": "Spire", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Spire's constellation of 60+ nanosatellites is designed, built, and operated by Spire out of Glasgow, UK and its European headquarters in Luxembourg. With a diversified launch manifest and the capacity to build up to two satellites per week, Spire's constellation continues to grow. The 28-strong ground station network provides timely data that is processed by Spire and made available through their customer API.\n\nSpire is a data and analytics company that collects data from space to solve problems on Earth. They identify, track, and predict the movement of the world's resources and weather systems by 'listening' to the planet in real-time and applying machine learning to understand what will happen in the future. They continue to launch additional satellites and add new payloads to the constellation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc626ae7-1ebe-4b9d-9b73-c048fa92434f", - "label": "Sentinel-5", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "SENTINEL-5 is a European Earth observation mission developed to support the European Commission Copernicus Programme for monitoring the earth.\n\n \n\nThe SENTINEL-5 mission consists in a single instrument which is a UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectrometer observing the earth in nadir mode with a wide swath. It is embarked as a Customer Furnished Item (CFI) on the MetOp-SG A satellite (illustrated in Figure 1) which is operated by EUMETSAT as part of the EPS-SG (EUMETSAT Polar System Second Generation) system.\n\n \n\nThe main objective of the SENTINEL-5 mission is to perform atmospheric measurements, with high spatio-temporal resolution, relating to air quality, climate forcing, ozone and UV radiation and providing a daily global coverage.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "77e9a75e-2c3b-428b-8b21-b6a902dd8fee", - "label": "Sentinel-5P", - "broader": "dc626ae7-1ebe-4b9d-9b73-c048fa92434f", - "definition": "A precursor satellite mission, Sentinel-5P aims to fill in the data gap and provide data continuity between the retirement of the Envisat satellite and NASA's Aura mission and the launch of Sentinel-5. The mission will perform atmospheric monitoring and was launched in October 2017.\n\nLaunch Date: 13 October 2017\n\nOperational lifespan: 7 years\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nThe Sentinel-5 Precursor objectives are to provide operational space-borne observations in support to the operational monitoring of:\n\nAir Quality\nOzone and Surface UV\nClimate\nIt will provide measurements of:\n\nOzone\nNO_2\nSO_2\nFormaldehyde\nAerosol\nCarbonmonoxide\nMethane\nClouds\nMission Orbit:\n\nOrbit Type: Sun-synchronous, polar\nOrbit Height: 824 km\nInclination: 98.74°\nRepeat Cycle: 16 days Mean LST: 13:30 at Ascending Node\nSentinel-5 Precursor is foreseen to operate in loose formation with Suomi-NPP\n\n \n\nPayload:\n\nThe TROPOMI instrument is a UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR push-broom grating spectrometer.\n\nSpectral range: 270-495 nm, 710-775 nm, 2305-2385 nm\nSpectral resolution: 0.25-0.55 nm\nObservation mode: nadir pointing, global daily coverage, 7x7 km^2 ground\nPayload Mass: 200kg\nConfiguration:\nThe spacecraft launch mass is ~900 kg\n\nLaunch vehicle: \nROCKOT\n\nContractors:\n\nPrime Contractor: Airbus Defence & Space\nTROPOMI contract: Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", - "label": "NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Missions in the NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program are characterized by innovative design and relatively rapid implementation. These are focused missions that uniquely examine important components and physical processes within the global climate systems, including atmospheric CO2 distribution, sea surface salinity variation, mass water movement, and the vertical structure of clouds and aerosols.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01b319ce-cbe2-4894-bb33-04c43ceef23b", - "label": "CALIPSO", - "broader": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate]\n\nThe CALIPSO satellite was developed to help scientists answer significant questions and provide new information about the effects of clouds and aerosols (airborne particles) on changes in the Earth's climate. Understanding these components will provide the international science community with a more comprehensive data set that is essential for a better understanding of the Earth's climatic processes. Accurate climate model predictions will provide international and national leaders accurate information to make more informed policy decisions about global climate change.\n\nCALIPSO flies a 3-channel lidar with a suite of passive instruments in formation with Aqua to obtain coincident observations of radiative fluxes and atmospheric conditions. This enables new observationally based assessments of the radiative effects of aerosol and clouds that will greatly improve out ability to predict future climate change.\n\nCloudSat also flies in formation with CALIPSO to provide a comprehensive characterization of the structure and composition of clouds and their effects on climate under all weather conditions. This comprehensive set of measurements is essential for accurate quantification of global aerosol and cloud radiative effects to understand their role in formation and variation of Earth's climate. This is a cooperative mission with France.\n\nFor more information on CALIPSO, see:\nhttps://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CALIPSO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n Long_Name: Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WFC\n Short_Name: CALIOP\n Short_Name: IIR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-17\n Online_Resource: https://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/calipso/calipso_table\n nline_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/calipso/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: FRANCE/CNES\n Primary_Sponsor: Alcatel\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3a724fa-5d0c-4ca1-872b-41ef08ab7b5d", - "label": "CloudSat", - "broader": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Missions Home Page]\n\nCloudSat uses advanced radar to 'slice' through clouds to see their vertical structure, providing a completely new observational capability from space. Earlier satellites could only image the uppermost layers of clouds. CloudSat is among the first satellites to study clouds on a global basis. It will look at their structure, composition and effects. This is a cooperative mission with Canada. CloudSat measurements have applications in air quality, weather models, water management, aviation safety, and disaster management.\n\nThe key observations are the vertical profiles of cloud liquid water and ice water contents and related cloud physical and radiative properties. The spacecraft payload consists of a millimeter-wave radar. CloudSat will fly in tight formation with the CALIPSO satellite carrying a backscattering lidar, and these two satellites will follow behind the Aqua satellite in a somewhat looser formation. The combination of data from the CloudSat radar with coincident measurements from CALIPSO and Aqua provides a rich source of information that can be used to assess the role of clouds in both weather and climate.\n \nCloudSat was launched on 2006-04-28 from Vandenberg AFB, California\n\nMore Information: http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CloudSat\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: CloudSat\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CloudSat\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CloudSat-CPR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 Degrees\n Period: 99 Minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-17\n Online_Resource: https://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cloudsat/\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cloudsat/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-28\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 22 months\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: CANADA/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD/USAF\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", - "label": "Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) series, also known as its nickname, 'Himawari' (meaning a 'sunflower'), is on the geostationary orbit at 140 degrees of east longitude to carry out weather observation from space being part of the World Weather Watch (WWW) project of the World Meteorological Organization.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0c08e0d6-ed87-4fc8-8dc9-77887a8bb256", - "label": "GMS-5", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite series are spin-stabilized satellites. They have been developed to contribute to the improvement of Japan's meteorological services and the development of weather satellite technology. The satellites consist of a despun section which holds the earth-oriented antennas and a 100-rpm rotating spin section which contains the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR), electronic devices, etc. They have been used for the World Meteorological Organization's world Weather Watch Program which is sustained by five geostationary satellites.\n\nGMS-5 made its final observation at 00 UTC on 22 May 2003 and is temporarily replaced by the United States' geostationary meteorological satellite GOES-9. MTSAT-1R, the successor to GMS-5, will be launched in the early coming winter (January and February, 2004). \nCharacteristics:\n\nDimensions: Cylindrical, Diameter : 214.6cm\nHeight: (before AKM separation) 444.1cm\n(after AKM separation) 353.9cm\nWeight: 747kg (at launch) 344kg (beginning of life)\nAttitude control: Spin-stabilized\nDesign life: 5 years\nReliability: More than 0.5 after 5 years (Specification)\nLaunch Vehicle: H-II\nLaunch site: Tanegashima Space Center, Kagoshima, Japan\nLaunch date: Early 1995\nFinal Observation: 22 May 2003\nOrbit: Geostationary orbit, 140deg. E. longitude\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-5\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://psbcw1.nesdis.noaa.gov/terascan/home_basic/geosats_sensors_tables.html#GMS%20Sensor\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-03-18\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16dbe86f-4f86-4f78-a393-9c047759c0ee", - "label": "GMS-4", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite series are spin-stabilized satellites. They have been developed to contribute to the improvement of Japan's meteorological services and the development of weather satellite technology. The satellites consist of a despun section which holds the earth-oriented antennas and a 100-rpm rotating spin section which contains the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR), electronic devices, etc. They have been used for the World Meteorological Organization's world Weather Watch Program which is sustained by five geostationary satellites.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nDimensions: Cylindrical, Diameter 214.6cm\nHeight (before AKM separation) 444.1cm (after AKM separation)\n345.1cm\nInitial Weight after stationing: 325kg Attitude control:\nSpin-stabilized\nDesign life: 5 years\nReliability More than 0.5 after 5 years (Specification)\nLaunch vehicle: H-I Launch Vehicle\nLaunch site:\nTanegashima Space Center, Kagoshima , Japan Launch date:\nSeptember 6, 1989 Orbit Geostationary orbit,\n140deg. E. longitude 296kg\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-4\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS 4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-09-06\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a4d7fd4-36e7-42a4-9239-5e89ec0b142d", - "label": "GMS-1", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS-1) was Japan's contribution to the international GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program). One major objective of GARP was to obtain synoptic global meteorological data sets for one year's duration (to include two optimized observing periods of a few weeks each). These data served as raw material to optimize computer models for meteorological prediction. It was hoped that determination could be made of the time limitation for short-term modeling. The GMS series has been used for the World Meteorological Organization's World Weather Watch. The satellite was spin-stabilized with a despun earth-pointing antenna. The GMS series carried the Visible and Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR). Launched by a US Delta rocket in July 1977, the satellite was positioned near 140 deg E. Designed to operate for 5 years, the satellite was turned off in 1981 after 4 1/2 years in orbit.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA). WWW: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nTechnical contact:\n Yukio Haruyama, Earth Observation program office director,\n Program plannig and management department,\n National space development agency of Japan Head office\n Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\n Phone: 81-3-5470-4252\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-1\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-1.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-07-14\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63c5a148-a766-45c0-b604-6c0c706ff368", - "label": "GMS-2", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (GMS) were Japan's contribution to the international Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). The GMS series carried the Visible and Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR). The satellite was spin-stabilized with a despun earth-pointing antenna. Launched by a Japan N-2 rocket in a August 1981, the satellite was positioned near 140 deg E and was designed to operate for 5 years. This was a follow-on GMS type spacecraft launched and controlled by NASDA of Japan. The spacecraft was launched in August 1981, and turned off in September 1984.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA). WWW: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nTechnical contact:\n Yukio Haruyama, Earth Observation program office director,\n Program planning and management department,\n National space development agency of Japan Head office\n Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\n Phone: 81-3-5470-4252\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-2\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-08-10\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8952068-667a-4d77-8e4c-e40bcd310cdd", - "label": "GMS-3", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (GMS) were Japan's contribution to the international Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). The GMS series carried the Visible and Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR). The satellite was spin-stabilized with a despun earth-pointing antenna. The satellite was positioned near 140 deg E and was designed to operate for 5 years. This was a follow-on GMS type spacecraft launched and controlled by NASDA of Japan. The spacecraft was launched in August 1984, and turned off in December 1989.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA). WWW: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nTechnical contact:\n Yukio Haruyama, Earth Observation program office director,\n Program plannig and management department,\n National space development agency of Japan Head office\n Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\n Phone: 81-3-5470-4252\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-3\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-08-03\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acf612e2-fcf8-40a5-a08a-dd59d689ef0b", - "label": "GMS", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite series are spin-stabilized satellites. They have been developed to contribute to the improvement of Japan's meteorological services and the development of weather satellite technology. The satellites consist of a despun section which holds the earth-oriented antennas and a 100-rpm rotating spin section which contains the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR), electronic devices, etc. They have been used for the World Meteorological Organization's world Weather Watch Program which is sustained by five geostationary satellites. The first satellite in the series was launched by a U.S. Delta rocket in July 1977. The GMS-2,3 were launched by Japanese N-II rockets in August 1981 and 1984, and the GMS-4 was launched by Japanese H-I rocket in September. The following is a summary of the GMS series. \n\nNAME LAUNCHED ALTITUDE INCLINATION INSTRUMENT\n (KM) (DEG)\n------- -------- -------- ----------- ----------\nGMS-1 JULY 77 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-2 AUG. 81 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-3 AUG. 84 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-4 SEP. 89 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-5 1994 36,000 0 VISSR\n (to be launched)\n---------------\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS\n Long_Name: Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Himawari\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", - "label": "International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ISIS 1 and 2 ('International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies') were the third and fourth in a series of Canadian satellites launched to study the ionosphere over one complete solar cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e8963d6-040a-4df2-a7f6-c7dbc1ef1bda", - "label": "ISIS-1", - "broader": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nISIS 1 was an ionospheric observatory instrumented with sweep- and\nfixed-frequency ionosondes, a VLF receiver, energetic and soft particle\ndetectors, an ion mass spectrometer, an electrostatic probe, an electrostatic\nanalyzer, a beacon transmitter, and a cosmic noise experiment. The sounder used\ntwo dipole antennas (73 and 18.7 m long). The satellite was spin-stabilized at\nabout 2.9 rpm after antenna deployment. Some control was exercised over the\nspin rate and attitude by using magnetically induced torques to change the spin\nrate and to precess the spin axis. A tape recorder with 1-h capacity was\nincluded on the satellite. The satellite could be programmed to take recorded\nobservations for four different time periods for each full recording period.\nThe recorder data were dumped only at Ottawa. For non-tape-recorded\nobservations, data for the satellite and subsatellite regions could be acquired\nand telemetered when the spacecraft was in the line of sight of telemetry\nstations. The selected telemetry stations were in areas that provided primary\ndata coverage near the 80-deg-W meridian and in areas near Hawaii, Singapore,\nAustralia, England, Norway, India, Japan, Antarctica, New Zealand, and Central\nAfrica. NASA support of the ISIS project was terminated on October 1, 1979. A\nsignificant amount of experimental data, however, was acquired after this date\nby the Canadian project team. ISIS 1 operations were terminated in Canada on\nMarch 9, 1984. The Radio Research Laboratories (Tokyo, Japan) then requested\nand received permission to reactivate ISIS 1. Regular ISIS 1 operations were\nstarted from Kashima, Japan, in early August 1984. ISIS 1 was deactivated\neffective January 24, 1990.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1969-01-30 06:43:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1969-02-04\n Apogee (km or AU): 3526.\n Perigee (km or AU): 578.\n Inclination (degree) : 88.42\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ISIS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ISIS (International Satellite for Ionospheric S\n Short_Name: ISIS-1\n Long_Name: International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ISIS-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LASER SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: VLF RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 88.4\n Period: 128.4 min\n Perigee: 578 km\n Apogee: 3526 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1969-009A\n Sample_Image: http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/img/I-1_ISIS1-photo.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-01-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3725789-7cae-48f1-9c2c-a27bc30c79a1", - "label": "ISIS-2", - "broader": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nISIS 2 was an ionospheric observatory instrumented with a sweep- and a\nfixed-frequency ionosonde, a VLF receiver, energetic and soft particle\ndetectors, an ion mass spectrometer, an electrostatic probe, a retarding\npotential analyzer, a beacon transmitter, a cosmic noise experiment, and two\nphotometers. Two long crossed-dipole antennas (73 and 18.7 m) were used for the\nsounding, VLF, and cosmic noise experiments. The spacecraft was spin-stabilized\nto about 2 rpm after antenna deployment. There were two basic orientation modes\nfor the spacecraft, cartwheel and orbit-aligned. The spacecraft operated\napproximately the same length of time in each mode, remaining in one mode\ntypically 3 to 5 months. The cartwheel mode with the axis perpendicular to the\norbit plane was made available to provide ram and wake data for some\nexperiments for each spin period, rather than for each orbit period. Attitude\nand spin information was obtained from a three-axis magnetometer and a sun\nsensor. Control of attitude and spin was possible by means of magnetic\ntorquing. The experiment package also included a programmable tape recorder\nwith a 1-h capacity. For nonrecorded observations, data from satellite and\nsubsatellite regions were telemetered when the spacecraft was in the line of\nsight of a telemetry station. Telemetry stations were located so that primary\ndata coverage was near the 80-deg-W meridian and near Hawaii, Singapore,\nAustralia, England, France, Norway, India, Japan, Antarctica, New Zealand, and\nCentral Africa. NASA support of the ISIS project was terminated on October 1,\n1979. A significant amount of experimental data, however, was acquired after\nthis date by the Canadian project team. ISIS 2 operations were terminated in\nCanada on March 9, 1984. The Radio Research Laboratories (Tokyo, Japan) then\nrequested and received permission to reactivate ISIS 2. Regular ISIS 2\noperations were started from Kashima, Japan, in early August 1984. ISIS 2 was\ndeactivated effective 24, 1990.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1971-04-01 02:53:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1971-04-02\n Apogee (km or AU): 1428.\n Perigee (km or AU): 1358.\n Inclination (degree) : 88.1\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ISIS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ISIS (International Satellite for Ionospheric S\n Short_Name: ISIS-2\n Long_Name: International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ISIS-B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n Short_Name: VLF RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 88.1 deg\n Perigee: 1358 km\n Apogee: 1428 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1971-024A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1971-04-01 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e13d801e-19a3-4516-a64c-27f003b3d963", - "label": "Aquarius SAC-D", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Aquarius completed its primary three-year mission in November 2014]\n\nMission Overview\n \nThe Aquarius/SAC-D mission was developed collaboratively between NASA and Argentina's space agency, Comisión Nacional \nde Actividades Espaciales (CONAE) to best meet the goals of each agency while giving priority to salinity measurements. \nCONAE built complementary sensors to detect rain, sea ice, and wind speed, plus sea surface temperature sampling. \nCONAE-sponsored instruments — including sensors from the French Space Agency (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CNES) \nand another from the Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI) — provide environmental data for a wide range \nof applications, including natural hazards, land processes, epidemiological studies, and air quality issues.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n Long_Name: Aquarius SAC-D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 657\n Orbit_Inclination: 98\n Equator_Crossing: 18:00 Local time: e.g.\n Period: 98\n Repeat_Cycle: 7\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-04-01\n Online_Resource: https://aquarius.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-06-10\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e31c4750-9903-4de7-95ef-faa9610f3a63", - "label": "Aeolus", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Earth Explorer Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus will provide global observations of wind profiles from space to improve the quality of weather forecasts, and to advance our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and climate processes.\n\nAlthough there are several ways of measuring wind from a satellite, Aeolus will utilise the active Doppler Wind Lidars (DWL) method. This is the only method that has the potential to provide the required data globally, from direct wind observations. In addition, a DWL will provide information on cloud top heights, vertical distribution of cloud, aerosol properties, and wind variability. This information is a useful by-product of the DWL method.\n\nAn improved model of the Earth's climate and atmosphere will lead to progress in numerical weather prediction (NWP), especially concerning long-term forecasting. It is widely recognised that a new global atmospheric observing system, such as Aeolus, will have a great effect upon operational weather forecasting. The provision of detailed wind profiles will also benefit scientists involved with climate research, allowing for greater accuracy in the numerical modelling of tropical regions in particular. \n\nThe Aeolus mission was launched on 22 August 2018.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "label": "Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Program (GOES) is a joint effort of NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\n\nThe GOES system currently consists of GOES-13, operating as GOES-East, in the eastern part of the constellation at 75 degrees west longitude and GOES-15, operating as GOES-West, at 135 degrees west longitude. The GOES-R series will maintain the two-satellite system implemented by the current GOES series. However, the locations of the operational GOES-R satellites will be 75 degrees west longitude and 137 degrees west longitude. The latter is a shift in order to eliminate conflicts with other satellite systems. The GOES-R series operational lifetime extends through December 2036.\n\nThese spacecraft help meteorologists observe and predict local weather events, including thunderstorms, tornadoes, fog, hurricanes, flash floods and other severe weather. In addition, GOES observations have proven helpful in monitoring dust storms, volcanic eruptions and forest fires.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1d7d9f4c-18f5-49f2-bb53-1fb93efbbbc3", - "label": "GOES-18", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "NOAA’s GOES-T, the third in a series of four advanced geostationary weather satellites, blasted into orbit aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rocket at 4:38 p.m. ET today (March 1, 2022) from Cape Canaveral, Florida. GOES-T’s mission managers confirmed that its solar arrays successfully deployed at 8:28 p.m. EST, and the satellite was operating on its own power.\n\nGOES-T will track destructive wildfires, lightning, Pacific Ocean-based storms, dense fog, and other hazards that threaten the U.S. West Coast, Hawaii and Alaska. It will also monitor solar activity and space weather to provide early warnings of disruptions to power grids, communications and navigation systems. \n\n\n“GOES-T joins the suite of advanced technology providing critical data and imagery to forecasters and researchers tracking hazardous weather and working toward building a climate ready nation,” said NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad, Ph.D. \n\nOnce GOES-T is positioned in a geostationary orbit 22,300 miles above the Earth, after approximately two weeks, it will be renamed GOES-18. After undergoing a full checkout and validating its six high-tech instruments, the new satellite will move to the GOES-West position and replace GOES-17 in early 2023. \n\nFrom there, it will constantly provide advanced imagery and atmospheric measurements. Observations from GOES-18 will be fed into the NOAA's National Weather Service’s computer models used by meteorologists to develop forecasts and help predict the formation, growth, intensity and movement of hazardous weather systems. \n\nhttps://www.noaa.gov/news-release/noaas-goes-t-blasts-into-orbit", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2304694e-c900-4d63-b458-80163d5dcd86", - "label": "GOES-9", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "GOES 9 was launched on May 23, 1995. GOES-9, which is currently\npartially operational, is being provided to the Japanese Meteorological\nAgency to replace their failing geostationary satellite.\n\nGOES I-M represents the next generation of meteorological satellites\nand introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan,\noffers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures\nof local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term\nforecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and\nindependent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather\nforecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to\nincrease the accuracy of their forecasts.\n\nEach satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager\nand a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and\ninfrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the\natmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals\nwhere the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather\nservices both in the United States and around the world, including the\nglobal research community.\n\nThe GOES I-M mission is scheduled to run from the mid-1990s into the\nfirst decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has\nbeen designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at\nleast five years.\nThe GOES I-M system performs the following basic functions:\n+ Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and\nsounding data.\n+ Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor\n(SEM) data.\n+ Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection\nPlatforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and\nremote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station.\n+ Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to\nusers, independent of all other functions.\n+ Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels\nto the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue\nSatellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system.\nGOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system.\nA dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to\ndetect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based\nsources. These unique identification signals are normally combined\nwith signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and\nrelayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are\nused to perform effective search and rescue operations.\nThe GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern\nPacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and\nwestern Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf\nof Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located\nat 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common\nground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia,\nsupports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite\nOperations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides\nspacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering\nanalyses.\n\nDelivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument\ndata for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and\nretransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community.\nThe processed data are received at the control center and disseminated\nto the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological\nCenter, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including\nthe National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe\nStorms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also\nreceived by Department of Defense installations, universities, and\nnumerous private commercial users.\n*The GOES-9 satellite was replaced by GOES-10 in July 1998*\n\nMAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS\nMission life 5 years, minimum\nDimensions\n Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube\n Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet)\nWeight 2100 kg (4600 lb)\nOrbit Geosynchronous\n Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi)\n Longitude 75W and 135W\n Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree\nPower 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery\nbackup\nLaunch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur\n(GOES-L/M)\nCommunications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1\nMbits/sec\nGOES-I/M IMAGER\nThe GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense\nradiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the\nEarth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep\neast-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a\ntwo-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth\ndisc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and\nvarious sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene\nusing a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid\ncontinuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale\n(regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination.\nIMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS\n CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5*\n WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12\nPRODUCT\nClouds x x x x x\nWater Vapor* x x x\nSurface Temp. o x o\nWinds x x x\nAlbedo + IR Flux x o x o\nFires + Smoke x x o o\nKEY: * = new operational data\n x = primary channel\n o = secondary channel\nGOES-I/M SOUNDER\nThe GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering\nthe spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15\nmicrons. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric\ntemperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures,\nand ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It\noperates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a\nsimilarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector\narray assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or\natmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral\nfilters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the\ninfrared channel definition.\nPRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY\n RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY\n Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative\nPRODUCT\n TEMPERATURE\n Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K\n Land --- 10 2 K 1 K\n Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K\n MOISTURE\n Profile 2-4 50 30% 20%\n Total --- 10 20% 10%\n Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec\n CLOUD\n Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb\n Amount total 10 15% 5%\n OZONE*\n Total --- 50 30% 15%\n Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec\nIR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2\nKEY: * = potential future product\n\nGOES 9 information is available at: 'http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/'\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page at:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/Jtrack/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES J\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/Jtrack/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-05-23\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b10bfcf-f7ab-4ce1-9a4e-0b6f397a7ae0", - "label": "GOES-11", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Update 2011-12-12: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06, Source: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/status.html ]\n\n[Text For Archival Purposes only]\n\nGOES-11 (GOES-L) was launched May 3, 2000 from Cape Canaveral Air Station. The spacecraft will continue the long term geostationary monitoring of U.S. weather. The spacecraft will monitor hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather as well as provide short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting. Combined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations, real-time GOES data will greatly aid weather foecasters in providing better warnings of severe weather.\n\nNOAA's National Environmmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service will operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and GOES I-M Sounder.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-L\n Short_Name: GOES-NEXT\n Short_Name: 26352\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Perigee: 35.790 (km)\n Apogee: 35.7917 (km)\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2000-022A\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/goes-spacecraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-05-03\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c8920b1-3ed2-417f-90d7-f94a387c77ac", - "label": "GOES-7", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-022A ]\n\nGOES 7 was launched in February 1987 and was a NASA-developed,\nNOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically\nshaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive\nof a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell.\nThe primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust\ntube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the\nEarth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support\nstructure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the\nsolar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the\nprimary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space\nbetween the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft\nattitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate\nsets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by\nground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in\nits telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided\ntelemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer\natmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system,\nspace environment monitor, energetic particle monitor, and a magnetic field\nmonitor. GOES 7 was positioned at 98 degrees West in the summer (Atlantic\nhurricane season) and 108 degrees West in the winter (Pacific storm season).\n\nFor more information on GOES satellites: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES H\n Short_Name: PEACESAT\n Short_Name: 17561\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: VAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.10000000149011612°\n Period: 1440.0 minutes\n Perigee: 35788.0 km\n Apogee: 35788.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-022A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/goes_2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1987-02-26\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c57a713-8cfe-4e65-8d6c-d30a59786313", - "label": "GOES-13", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "GOES-13 (GOES-N) lifted off aboard a Boeing Delta IV rocket from Space Launch\nComplex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida at 6:11 pm EDT on May\n25, 2006.\n\nGOES-13 (GOES-N) is the latest in a series of Earth monitoring satellites.\nGeostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) provide the kind of\ncontinuous monitoring necessary for intensive data analysis. Geostationary\ndescribes an orbit in which a satellite is always in the same position with\nrespect to the rotating Earth. This allows GOES to hover continuously over one\nposition on the Earth's surface, appearing stationary. As a result, GOES\nprovide a constant vigil for the atmospheric 'triggers' for severe weather\nconditions such as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes.\n\nOrbit: \nAltitude: 36000 km\nGeo-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: \nWeight 3200 kg\nSize: 4.2 meters (l) x 1.88 meters (w)\nPower: 2300 watts\nMission Life: 5 years\n\nInstruments: \nSounder\nImager\nSEM (Space Environment Monitor)\nS and R (Search and Rescue)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/goes-n/main/index.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES 13\n Short_Name: GOES-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES N-P IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SXI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/goes-n/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-018A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-05-25\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54aa88e0-f005-4525-bb26-1b8ed615b5f2", - "label": "GOES-3", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-062A ]\n\nGOES 3 was launched in June 1978 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 135 degrees West as GOES-WEST.\n\nFor more information on GOES satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES C\n Short_Name: 10953\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-062A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/goes.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-06-16\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59b9924a-a10f-4205-9051-ed611164fd97", - "label": "GOES-2", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-048A ]\n\nGOES 2 was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer (VISSR) to provide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance-derived temperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, (2) a meteorological data collection and transmission system to relay processed data from central weather facilities to APT-equipped regional stations and to collect and retransmit data from remotely located earth-based platforms, and (3) a space environment monitor (SEM) system to measure proton, electron, and solar X-ray fluxes and magnetic fields. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit. For more detailed information, see 'The GOES/SMS User's Guide' (TRF B28599), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-B\n Short_Name: 10061\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-048A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-06-16\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64fabc3c-0684-4325-9831-bf7cc461684d", - "label": "GOES-8", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "GOES 8 (GOES-I) was launched on April 13, 1994. On Tuesday April 1,\n2003 GOES-12 (Formerly Referred to as GOES-M) replaced GOES-8 as the\noperational GOES East Satellite. NOAA deactivated the satellite on May\n5, 2004 and will boost it into an orbit 350 kilometers above its\noriginal geostationary position, where it will be disposed safely in\nthree controlled burns.\n\nGOES I-M represented the next generation of meteorological satellites\nand introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan,\noffers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures\nof local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term\nforecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and\nindependent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather\nforecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to\nincrease the accuracy of their forecasts.\n\nEach satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager\nand a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and\ninfrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the\natmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals\nwhere the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather\nservices both in the United States and around the world, including the\nglobal research community.\n\nThe GOES I-M mission ran from the mid-1990s into the\nfirst decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has\nbeen designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at\nleast five years.\n\nThe GOES I-M system performed the following basic functions:\n+ Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and\nsounding data.\n+ Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor\n(SEM) data.\n+ Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection\nPlatforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and\nremote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station.\n+ Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to\nusers, independent of all other functions.\n+ Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels\nto the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue\nSatellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system.\nGOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system.\nA dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to\ndetect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based\nsources. These unique identification signals are normally combined\nwith signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and\nrelayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are\nused to perform effective search and rescue operations.\nThe GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern\nPacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and\nwestern Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf\nof Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located\nat 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common\nground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia,\nsupports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite\nOperations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides\nspacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering\nanalyses.\n\nDelivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument\ndata for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and\nretransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community.\nThe processed data are received at the control center and disseminated\nto the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological\nCenter, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including\nthe National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe\nStorms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also\nreceived by Department of Defense installations, universities, and\nnumerous private commercial users.\n\nMAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS\nMission life 5 years, minimum\nDimensions\n Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube\n Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet)\nWeight 2100 kg (4600 lb)\nOrbit Geosynchronous\n Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi)\n Longitude 75W and 135W\n Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree\nPower 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery\nbackup\nLaunch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur\n(GOES-L/M)\nCommunications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1\nMbits/sec\nGOES-I/M IMAGER\nThe GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense\nradiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the\nEarth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep\neast-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a\ntwo-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth\ndisc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and\nvarious sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene\nusing a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid\ncontinuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale\n(regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination.\nIMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS\n CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5*\n WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12\nPRODUCT\nClouds x x x x x\nWater Vapor* x x x\nSurface Temp. o x o\nWinds x x x\nAlbedo + IR Flux x o x o\nFires + Smoke x x o o\nKEY: * = new operational data\n x = primary channel\n o = secondary channel\n\nGOES-I/M SOUNDER\nThe GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering\nthe spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15\nmicrons. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric\ntemperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures,\nand ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It\noperates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a\nsimilarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector\narray assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or\natmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral\nfilters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the\ninfrared channel definition.\n\nPRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY\n RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY\n Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative\nPRODUCT\n TEMPERATURE\n Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K\n Land --- 10 2 K 1 K\n Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K\n MOISTURE\n Profile 2-4 50 30% 20%\n Total --- 10 20% 10%\n Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec\n CLOUD\n Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb\n Amount total 10 15% 5%\n OZONE*\n Total --- 50 30% 15%\n Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec\nIR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2\nKEY: * = potential future product\n\nGOES 8 information is available at:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES I\n Short_Name: GOES-NEXT\n Short_Name: 23051\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Short_Name: EPM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-022A\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-13\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b9ee582-1641-4f3b-8ce2-22ad3aae93fa", - "label": "GOES", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "GOES satellites provide the kind of continuous monitoring necessary\nfor intensive data analysis. They circle the Earth in a geosynchronous\norbit, which means they orbit the equatorial plane of the Earth at a\nspeed matching the Earth's rotation. This allows them to hover\ncontinuously over one position on the surface. The geosynchronous\nplane is about 35,800 km (22,300 miles) above the Earth, high enough\nto allow the satellites a full-disc view of the Earth. Because they\nstay above a fixed spot on the surface, they provide a constant vigil\nfor the atmospheric 'triggers' for severe weather conditions such as\ntornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes. When these\nconditions develop the GOES satellites are able to monitor storm\ndevelopment and track their movements.\n\nGOES satellite imagery is also used to estimate rainfall during the\nthunderstorms and hurricanes for flash flood warnings, as well as\nestimates snowfall accumulations and overall extent of snow\ncover. Such data help meteorologists issue winter storm warnings and\nspring snow melt advisories. Satellite sensors also detect ice fields\nand map the movements of sea and lake ice.\n\nNASA launched the first GOES for NOAA in 1975 and followed it with\nanother in 1977. Currently, the United States is operating GOES-10 and\nGOES-12. (GOES-9, which is partially operational, is being provided to\nthe Japanese Meteorological Agency to replace their failing\ngeostationary satellite.) GOES-11 is being stored in orbit as a\nreplacement for GOES-12 or GOES-10 in the event of failure.\n\nAdditional Information on GOES Satellites:\n'http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/'\n\nTo view a 3D orbit of GOES satellites, observe the J Track\nsatellite tracking web page at:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/'\n\n[Summary Extracted from the NOAA Office of Satellite Operations Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES\n Long_Name: NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n Short_Name: GOES-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: HEPAD\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: VAS\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: SXI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35,800 km (22,300 miles)\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.41 degrees\n Period: 1,436 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: GOES flies in an orbit above the equator at the same rate as the equator turns -- one cycle per day.\n Apogee: 400 000 km (240 000 mi)\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://www.goes.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/text/goes.databook.html\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/goesfaq.html\n Sample_Image: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/thenextgeneration.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 7 to 11 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6decd6f7-1572-4716-908e-53320218efa1", - "label": "GOES-10", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-019A ]\n\nThe Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOES 10 is the third satellite in a series of next generation geosynchronous spacecraft, referred to as GOES-NEXT and represented by the GOES I through GOES M spacecraft. The GOES-NEXT series is a joint effort on the part of NASA and NOAA to provide continued operational monitoring of weather systems primarily over the United States, distribute meteorological data to regional and national weather offices within the USA, contribute to the development of an environmental data collection network, contribute to the search and rescue program, improve the capability for forcasting and provide real-time warnings of solar distrubances, and to extend knowledge and understanding of atmospheric processes to improve short and long-term weather forecasts.\n\nThe GOES-NEXT series extends the capabilities of the previous GOES 1-7 spacecraft. The GOES I-M spacecraft will be placed over the equator at 135 deg West or 75 deg West. The design allows unobstructed views of the Earth for operational coverage by the spacecraft sensors. The spacecraft configuration is a compact box-shaped main body that carries the Earth-observing instruments, a continuous-drive solar array attached to the south panel through a yoke assembly, and a solar pointing instrument gimbal mounted on the solar panel yoke. The main body accomodates the sensors, electronics, and support subsystems. The communication antennas, except the Tracking, Telemetry, and Command (TT&C) antenna, are hard-mounted to the Earth-facing panel. The Propulsion Module consists of the fuel and oxidizer tanks for the bipropellant propulsion subsystem mounted on the central cylinder. The Attitude and Orbit Control Substem (AOCS) provides attitude control of the spacecraft. The AOCS consists of the sensors, electronics, and the actuators. The GOES power is generated from the solar array and two 12 A-hr batteries. Power is automatically regulated during solar eclipses. A conical shaped solar sail at the end of a 58-foot boom balances torque caused by solar radiation. The main body of the spacecraft is a 2-meter cube. In its deployed orbit configuration, the overall length is about 27 meters. Initial mass was about 4640 pounds, including fuel. Design lifetime is about five years.\n\nThe Image Navigation/Registration (INR) system provides Imager and Sounder data products in real-time to users. The Communications, Command, and Data Handling subsystem is comprised of antennas, receivers, transponders, transmitters, data encoders and encryptors and multiplexers. The Tracking Telemetry and Command (TT&C) subsystem provides the necessary monitor and command link between the spacecraft and the ground stations.\n\nThe GOES-NEXT instruments consist of the following: (1) Earth Imaging System, a 5-channel visible and infrared radiometer which provides Earth imagery 24 hours a day; (2) Sounding System, a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer for obtaining atmospheric temperature and moisture soundings; (3) a Space Environment Monitor (SEM), which consists of a magnetic field sensor, a solar X-ray sensor, an energetic particle sensor (EPS), and a High Energy Proton and Alpha Detector (HEPAD); (4) a Search and Rescue subsystem (SARSAT), which receives signals from 406 MHz distress beacons and relays them to the ground; (5) a Data Collection System (DCS) for collecting and relaying real-time information from Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) such as buoys, balloons, remote weather stations, ships, and aircraft; and (6) a Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) system which relays processed weather imagary from the Wallops Island station to the user community. The SEC package has been frequently eratic during 2003.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: 24786\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-019A\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/goes_2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-04-25\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93ca4f6a-2552-408b-adc2-2a3ca64a4a66", - "label": "GOES-6", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-041A ]\n\nGOES 6 was launched in April 1983 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated,\ngeosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped\nspacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a\nmagnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The\nprimary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube.\nThe VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth\nthrough a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure\nextended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels,\nwhich formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source\nof electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust\ntube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment,\nbatteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet\nthrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground\ncommand. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its\ntelemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided\ntelemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer\natmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system,\nspace environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. GOES 6 was\nmoved from its 135 degrees West position to a more central 98 degrees West\nposition when GOES 5 failed on July 29, 1984.\n\nFor more information on GOES satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES F\n Short_Name: 14050\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n Short_Name: EPM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-041A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-04-28\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a5e161d-6979-4c0f-a6bd-7d3c268fef18", - "label": "GOES-1", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nGOES-1 (SMS-C) was launched in October 1975 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. On December 1, 1978, responsibility for GOES 1 was turned over to ESA to be used as part of FGGE/GARP. It was stationed over the Indian Ocean and controlled by ESOC in Darmstadt, F.R.G. In December 1979, it was returned to the control of NOAA and positioned at 135 degrees West. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 6 was moved east and GOES 1 was reactivated by NOAA to provide visible imaging capability over the western U.S. GOES 1 failed on February 3, 1985. \n\nAdditional Information on GOES Satellites: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS-3\n Short_Name: GOES-A\n Short_Name: SMS-C\n Short_Name: 8366\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: Magnetic Field Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-100A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-10-16\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9dfc4f09-66e5-4e70-b4f9-72f52855c9c3", - "label": "GOES-14", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Home Page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-O/main/index.html ]\n\nThe GOES-O satellite lifted off from Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 6:51 p.m. EDT [2009-06-27] atop a Delta IV rocket. From a position about 22,300 miles above Earth, the advanced weather satellite will keep an unblinking eye on atmospheric conditions in the Eastern United States and Atlantic Ocean.\n\n[Source: GOES project Office NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/goes_o_spacecraft.html ]\n\nGeostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-O represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. GOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. GOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. The GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-O continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13.\n\nGOES-P is also in ground storage following the completion of environmental testing and is prepared for an April 2009 launch readiness with a July 2010, engineering handover date requirement. \n\nSummary provided by http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/goes_o_spacecraft.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-14\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 14\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SXI\n Short_Name: GOES N-P IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/goes_o_spacecraft.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2009-033A\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-O/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/goes-n-o-p\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/launchinfo/images/GOESN_launch.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-06-27\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a93b5d7d-5bf4-49d3-b05f-b5f0b55b1bf6", - "label": "GOES-12", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "GOES-12 (GOES-M) was launched July 23, 2001 from Cape Canaveral Air\nStation. On Tuesday April 1, 2003 at approximately 1815 UTC, GOES-12\nreplaced GOES-8 as the operational GOES East Satellite.\n\nThe spacecraft will perform long term geostationary monitoring of\nU.S. weather. GOES 12's mission is the monitoring of\nhurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather\nas well as providing short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting.\nCombined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations,\nreal-time GOES data greatly aids weather foecasters in providing\nbetter warnings of severe weather.\n\nNOAA's National Environmmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service\nwill operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and\nGOES I-M Sounder.\n\nFor more information see\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n Short_Name: 26871\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXI\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2001-031A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-07-23\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bec0b215-7fe0-46e8-855a-d1807779f004", - "label": "GOES-17", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) – R Series is the nation’s most advanced fleet of geostationary weather satellites. The GOES-R Series significantly improves the detection and observation of\nenvironmental phenomena that directly affect public safety, protection of property and our nation’s economic health and prosperity. \n\nThe satellites provide advanced imaging with increased spatial resolution and faster coverage for more accurate forecasts, real-time mapping of lightning activity, and improved monitoring of solar activity and space\nweather. \n\nThe GOES-R Series is a four-satellite program (GOES-R/S/T/U) that will extend the availability of the operational GOES satellite system through 2036.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbc78fde-7247-4906-b553-92c125fd848d", - "label": "GOES-16", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R) is the nation’s next generation of geostationary weather satellites. The GOES-R series will significantly improve the detection and observation of environmental phenomena that directly affect public safety, protection of property and our nation’s economic health and prosperity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc07c141-768f-4e46-a222-5a423b6018a0", - "label": "GOES-5", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1981-049A ]\n\nGOES 5 was launched in May 1981 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at at 75 degrees West as GOES-EAST, but on July 30, 1984, GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure, thus NOAA had to relocate GOES 6 to a more central 98 degrees West position, and to reactivate GOES 1 and GOES 4 for the acquisition and relay of VISSR information, respectively, from the western U.S. \n\nFor more information on GOES satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES E\n Short_Name: 12472\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1981-049A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-05-22\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9415082-d8d2-4073-ba8a-fe22a2c521b6", - "label": "GOES-15", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Update 2011-12-13: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06, Source: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/status.html ]\n\n\n[Source: NASA GOES Mission Overview, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-P/overview/index.html ]\n\nThe Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-P represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. \n\nGOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. \n\nGOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. \n\nThe GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-P continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13.\n\nGOES-P Launches!\n\nThe GOES-P satellite launched at 6:57 p.m. EST March 4 aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV rocket from Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. \n \nGOES-P is the third and final spacecraft to be launched in the GOES-N series of geostationary environmental weather satellites.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-15\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-15\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 15\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-P\n Short_Name: 36411\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n Short_Name: GOES N-P IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 24 hours\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-02-24\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/n_p_spacecraft.html\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/goespstatus.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-P/news/goes-15-active.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-P/main/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2010-008A\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/images/content/417581main_2010-1220_1600_946-710.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-03-04\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1b830e-d451-46df-a8c6-4538ed9a5960", - "label": "GOES-4", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1980-074A ]\n\n GOES 4 was launched in September 1980 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 100 degrees West initially, but replaced GOES 3 at 135 degrees West in March 1981. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 4 was reactivated by NOAA to provide GOES 1 VISSR data relay services to western users.\n\nMore information about GOES Satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES D\n Short_Name: 11964\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1980-074A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1980-09-09\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", - "label": "FengYun-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "FengYun-2, or FY-2 (FengYun means 'winds and clouds' in Chinese), is the geostationary meteorological satellite series of China, organized and operated by NSMC (National Satellite Meteorological Center) of CMA (China Meteorological Administration) and built by SAST (Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology), affiliated to CASIC (China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation). China started its FY-2 development program in 1980.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3019aa61-89f6-4226-97b3-6c80ef65da10", - "label": "FY-2D", - "broader": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2b2dc9e-7a97-4e16-8562-1087a74fb9c9", - "label": "FY-2E", - "broader": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3679e9e-5a95-46f4-a856-e51d459469fd", - "label": "MTSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e377ef25-1612-4b8d-ac98-54e3977d7e31", - "label": "CRYOSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Europe's first ice mission is an advanced radar altimeter specifically designed to monitor the most dynamic sections of Earth's cryosphere. It borrows synthetic aperture radar and interferometry techniques from standard imaging radar missions to sharpen its accuracy over rugged ice sheet margins and sea ice in polar waters. CryoSat-2 measures 'freeboard' - the difference in height between sea ice and adjacent water - as well as ice sheet altitude, tracking changes in ice thickness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", - "label": "Disaster Monitoring Constellation- 2nd Generation (DMC-2G)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The second generation of enhanced DMC satellites (launched 2009) provides hugely increased imaging capacity, retaining the same 650km swath width, but with twice the pixel density at 22 metre GSD. Radiometry was greatly enhanced to provide improved MTF and S/N. The satellites are routinely cross-calibrated within 1% of Landsat.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03afbb23-76cc-4241-b5a3-853367f8461f", - "label": "UK-DMC-2", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", - "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international programme initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) from the United Kingdom, to construct a network of five affordable Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dda5116-4079-445e-ae1c-614e49879cf3", - "label": "NigeriaSat-2", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", - "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international programme initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) from the United Kingdom, to construct a network of five affordable Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35cafb99-393d-4727-a89d-5472512b2fdf", - "label": "NigeriaSat-X", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", - "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international programme initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) from the United Kingdom, to construct a network of five affordable Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b35d386-0999-4b6e-ad12-f8501427b0ca", - "label": "Deimos-1", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", - "definition": "The Deimos-1 mission is fully owned and operated by Deimos Imaging (DMI), an UrtheCast company. Deimos-1 satellite was successfully launched on 29 July 2009 from the Baikonur Launch Complex (Kazakhstan) in the Russian-Ukrainian Dnepr launcher. The mission is fully dedicated to Earth Observation and captures images all around the world. Thus, currently the Deimos-1 system provides capabilities well above and beyond the design goals.\n\nThe payload is a three-band multispectral imager system with 22m Ground Sample Distance (GSD) at nominal altitude (663 km) with 625 km swath, 8 or 10 bits radiometric depth available. Imager delivers data in three spectral bands, very close to the Near-Infrared (NIR), Red (R) and Green (G) bands in the Landsat series of US satellites. The satellite payload is a dual bank linear CCD push broom imager, so that banks are mounted at an angle to provide a wide imaging swath, one of the most characteristics Deimos-1 features.\n\nlaunch: July 2009\nlifetime: 10 years\norbit: Sun-Synchronous\naltitude: 650 Km\nweight: 100 Kg\nsize: 60x60x60 cm\ncomms: bands S/X\nbands: R,G,NIR\nresolution: 22 m\nswath: 650 km\nmade by: SSTL Ltd.\nlauncher: Dnepr – Baikonur", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", - "label": "Orbiting Carbon Observatory", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "OCO is a NASA sponsored minisatellite mission selected in July 2002 within the ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program. The OCO science objective is to provide global measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) needed to describe the geographic distribution and variability of carbon dioxide sources and sinks. CO2 measurements are essential to resolving significant discrepancies in our understanding of the global carbon budget and, hence, humankind's role in global climate change.\n\nThe Orbiting Carbon Observatory, a mission that partners with industry and academia, will generate knowledge needed to improve projections of future carbon dioxide levels within Earth's atmosphere. Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have raised concerns about global warming. Even though the biosphere and oceans are currently absorbing about half of the CO2 generated by human activities, the nature and geographic distribution of these CO2 sinks are too poorly understood to predict their response to future climate and land-use changes. The OCO mission is led and managed by JPL (PI: David Crisp). The project includes more than 19 universities as well as corporate and international partners (investigators from the USA, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Australia).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6d5f222a-7750-4fd3-aa14-3c0d0059bc85", - "label": "OCO-2", - "broader": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", - "definition": "The OCO-2 Project science objectives are to collect the space-based measurements needed to quantify variations in the column averaged atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) dry air mole fraction, XCO2, with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to improve our understanding of surface CO2 sources and sinks (fluxes) on regional scales (≥1000km) and the processes controlling their variability over the seasonal cycle. This mission validates a space-based measurement approach and analysis concept that could be used for future systematic CO2 monitoring missions.\n\nMore Information: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OCO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: OCO-2\n Long_Name: Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-09-10\n Online_Resource: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/projects/OCO/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-07-02\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da687fb4-016d-4b4d-92c2-380640ca5640", - "label": "OCO-3", - "broader": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", - "definition": "Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) will be flying on the International Space Station (ISS) and will continue the important measurement begun by OCO-2 in 2014. Some quick facts about OCO-3 are:\n\n- OCO-3 is a critical element in the continuation of global carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements focused on understanding the regional sources and sinks of CO2 from the unique vantage point of the International Space Station (ISS).\n\n- OCO-3 can also contribute to focused studies of how space based measurements can constrain rapidly changing anthropogenic (man-made) emissions. Anthropogenic emissions could be the largest source of uncertainty in the global carbon budget as OCO-3 measurements reduce uncertainty of natural fluxes. OCO-3 has the ability to makes measurements at different times of the day.\n\n- OCO-3 measurements can be combined with evapotranspiration and biomass measurements, such as those from other ISS instruments ECOSTRESS and GEDI, to study process details of the terrestrial ecosystem.\n\n- OCO-2 has demonstrated that atmospheric XCO2 can be measured from space with precision of better than 1 ppm. OCO-3 is expected to have similar performance. \n\nMore Information: https://ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5eb6afb-5d3e-4767-ad08-5293c5b2d88b", - "label": "TOPEX/POSEIDON", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "TOPEX/Poseidon was an oceanography mission to monitor global ocean circulation, improve global climate predictions, and monitor events such as El Niño and ocean eddies. These data have greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of the ocean in the formation of Earth?s weather and climate.\n\nKey TOPEX/Poseidon Facts\nJoint with France\nMass: 2388 kg\nPower: 3,385 W\nOperating Life: Over 13 years, until October 9, 2005\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n Long_Name: Topography Experiment/Poseidon\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSALT\n Short_Name: TMR\n Short_Name: LRA\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: NRA\n Short_Name: TRSR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1336 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 66 degrees\n Period: 112.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 10 days\n Perigee: 1,331 km (827 mi)\n Apogee: 1,344 km (835 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/topex.html\n Online_Resource: http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_14.htm\n Online_Resource: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/gifs/BHT.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-08-10\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "label": "Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Complementing the geostationary satellites are polar-orbiting satellites known as POES, S-NPP, and JPSS-1 (now NOAA-20). NOAA-20 is the first of the JPSS Series. Polar orbiting satellites constantly circle the Earth in an almost north-south orbit, passing close to both poles.\n\nThe POES satellite system offers the advantage of daily global coverage, by making nearly polar orbits 14 times per day approximately 520 miles above the surface of the Earth. The Earth's rotation allows the satellite to see a different view with each orbit, and each satellite provides two complete views of weather around the world each day. NOAA partners with the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) to constantly operate two polar-orbiting satellites – one POES and one European polar-orbiting satellite called Metop.\n\nThe POES instruments include the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument and the Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) suite. The EUMETSAT-provided Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) instrument completes the ATOVS suite. The AVHRR/ATOVS provides visible, infrared, and microwave data which is used for a variety of applications such as cloud and precipitation monitoring, determination of surface properties, and humidity profiles.\n\nData from the POES series supports a broad range of environmental monitoring applications including weather analysis and forecasting, climate research and prediction, global sea surface temperature measurements, atmospheric soundings of temperature and humidity, ocean dynamics research, volcanic eruption monitoring, forest fire detection, global vegetation analysis, search and rescue, and many other applications.\n\nThe orbits are circular, with an altitude between 830 (morning orbit) and 870 (afternoon orbit) km, and are sun synchronous. One satellite crosses the equator at 7:30 a.m. local time, the other at 1:40 p.m. local time. The circular orbit permits uniform data acquisition by the satellite and efficient control of the satellite by the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) stations located near Fairbanks, Alaska and Wallops Island, Virginia. Operating as pair, these satellites ensure that data for any region of the Earth are no more than six hours old.\n\nA suite of instruments is able to measure many parameters of the Earth's atmosphere, its surface, cloud cover, incoming solar protons, positive ions, electron-flux density, and the energy spectrum at the satellite altitude. As a part of the mission, the satellites can receive, process and retransmit data from Search and Rescue beacon transmitters, and automatic data collection platforms on land, ocean buoys, or aboard free-floating balloons.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "19ca6acd-5a83-4f3c-8237-fd3178dad1af", - "label": "NOAA-10", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-10 (ATN series) was launched on September 17, 1986 and is a\nthird-generation operational meteorological satellite. The satellite\ndesign provides an economical and stable sun-synchronous platform. This\nplatform enables the satellite to carry advanced operational instruments\nthat measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and\nthe near-space environment. The satellite is based upon the Block 5D\nspacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and is capable of\nmaintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus\n0.1 degree with a motion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\n\nPrimary sensors include (1) an Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR), (2) TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), (3)\nEarth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), and (4) a Solar Backscatter\nUltraviolet Spectrometer (SBUV/2). Secondary experiments consist of a\nSpace Environment Monitor (SEM), and a Data Collection System (DCS). A\nSearch and Rescue (SAR) system is also carried on NOAA-10.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.50 m\n Inclination: 98.59 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00256\n Periapsis: 833.00 km Apoapsis: 870.00 km\n\nFor more information about the NOAA POES satellite series link to the\nURL: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/psguide/satellite/noaasat.html'\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/'\n___________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-10\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-10\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n Short_Name: ERBE\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.59 deg\n Period: 101.50 m\n Perigee: 833 km\n Apogee: 870 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/html/c1/sec1-46.htm\n Sample_Image: http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/erbe/noaasat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1986-09-17\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "304d5731-5627-4f4a-9b9e-3de6f39f9b3d", - "label": "NOAA-9", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-9 (ATN series) was launched on December 12, 1984 and was a\nthird-generation operational meteorological satellite. The satellite\ndesign provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous platform.\nThis platform enables the satellite to carry advanced operational\ninstruments to measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud\ncover, and the near-space environment. The satellite was based upon\nthe Block 5D spacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and was\ncapable of maintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus\nor minus 0.1 degree with a motion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\n\nPrimary sensors included (1) an Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR), (2) a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS),\n(3) an Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), and (4) a Solar\nBackscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV/2). The secondary experiment\nwas a Data Collection and Platform Location System (DCPLS). A Search\nand Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system was also carried\non NOAA-9.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 102.00 m\n Inclination: 99.17 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00145\n Periapsis: 841.00 km Apoapsis: 862.00 km\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack'\n\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-9\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-9\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: ERBE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.17 deg\n Period: 102 min\n Perigee: 841 km\n Apogee: 862 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-12-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37afee26-f2fd-47df-b8e0-7cccd71e6b8c", - "label": "NOAA-18", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "[Source: NOAA-N Project home page, \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/main/index.html ]\n\nNOAA-N is the latest polar-orbiting satellite developed by NASA for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-N will collect information about Earth's atmosphere and environment to improve weather prediction and climate research across the globe.\n\nNOAA-N is the 15th in a series of polar-orbiting satellites dating back to 1978. NOAA uses two satellites, a morning and afternoon satellite, to ensure every part of the Earth is observed at least twice every 12 hours.\n\nSevere weather is monitored and reported to the National Weather Service which broadcasts the findings to the global community. With the early warning, effects of catastrophic weather events can be minimized. NOAA-N also has instruments to support an international search-and-rescue program. The Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System, called COPAS-SARSAT, transmits to ground stations the location of emergency beacons from ships, aircraft and people in distress around the world. The program, in place since 1982, has saved about 18,000 lives.\n\nNOAA-N is the first in a series of polar-orbiting satellites to be part of a joint cooperation project with the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMESTAT). \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-18\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-18\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SARR\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.74 deg\n Period: 102.1 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/spacecraft/noaan_spacecraft.html\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/nnpsupp.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/noaa-n\n Sample_Image: http://www.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/spb/mirs/img/NOAA18.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-05-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: Greater than 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e1c1312-4559-4318-a64f-d7aafd08550b", - "label": "NOAA-4", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-4 was launched in November 1974 and was one in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS system. The\nprimary objective was to provide global daytime and nighttime direct\nreadout real-time cloudcover data on a daily basis. The\nsun-synchronous spacecraft was also capable of supplying global\natmospheric temperature soundings and very high resolution infrared\ncloudcover data for selected areas in either a direct readout or a\ntape-recorder mode. A secondary objective was to obtain global\nsolar-proton flux data on a real-time daily basis. The sensors were\nmounted on the satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed\nvertically earthward. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by\n1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar panels that\nwere folded during launch and deployed after orbit was achieved. Each\npanel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and was covered with\napproximately 3500 solar cells measuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR).\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4357816a-ede9-4a78-852c-fd6474671567", - "label": "NOAA-13", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-13 (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) Weather Satellite:\n\nObjective:\n\nTo continue the Advanced TIROS-N program by working as a\ncompanion with NOAA-10, 11 and 12 in order to provide continuous\ncoverage of the Earth and to provide high-resolution global\nmeteorological data.\n\nDescription:\n\nThe spacecraft was launched on August 9, 1993 at Vandenberg Air\nForce Base, California on board the Atlas E.\n\nThe spacecraft was rectangularly shaped (166' long by 74' high)\nand powered by a 191' by 94' solar array. The satellite was\nEarth oriented, three-axis stabilized and weighed approximately\n2200 pounds. NOAA-13 was the sixth operational satellite in the\nAdvanced TIROS-N series. The satellite carried the AVHRR, TOVS,\nand the solar proton monitor. All of which were present on\nprevious NOAA satellites. The ERBE instruments, the SBUV\nradiometer and the SARSAT systems were also flown on this\nsatellite.\n\nNOAA-13 was placed in a near circular, (470nm) polar orbit. The\nspacecraft and its systems operated successfully for 12 days\nuntil a circuit failure resulted in a power loss aboard the\ncraft. At this time the spacecraft is still in its polar orbit;\nhowever, no data is being received.\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: GE Astro\nPlatform: evolved from NOAA 2nd generation\nMass at launch: 1420 kg\nMass in orbit: ~1050 kg\nDimension: 4.18 m long x 1.88 m diameter\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDesign lifetime: 3 years\nAPT downlink freq: 137.620 MHz (standby)\nHRPT downlink freq: 1698.0 MHz\nBeacon: 136.770 MHz\n\nPayload:\n\nAVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer:\n\nWavebands:\n0.58-0.68 µm (visible): cloud, snow and ice monitoring\n0.725-1.10 µm (near IR): water, vegetation and agriculture surveys\n3.55-3.93 µm (near IR): sea surface temperature, volcano, forest\nfire activity 10.3-11.3 µm (thermal IR): sea surface\ntemperature, soil moisture 11.3-12.5 µm (thermal IR): sea\nsurface temperature, soil moisture Resolution: 1.1 km Swath\nwidth: 3000 km\n\nTOVS (Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder):\n\nHIRS/2 (High Resolution IR Sounder): 20 channels in the 0.69 -\n14 - 95 µm band; 17.4 km resolution\n\nSSU (Stratospheric Sounding Unit): step-scanned far IR\nspectrometer with 3 channels in the CO² absorption band (15\nµm);147.3 km resolution\n\nMSU (Microwave Sounding Unit): passive 4-channel radiometer\noperating around 55 GHz; 109 km resolution\n\n\nPARTICIPANTS:\n\nNASA, USAF, ITT, Martin Marietta AstroSpace, Ball Aerospace,\nMarconi, JPL, Loral, NOAA, National Weather Service.\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-13\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ATLES E\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Short_Name: MSU\n Short_Name: SSU\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 12 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-05\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/html/c1/sec1-49.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/images/guide/f149-3.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-08-09\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3-years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52354476-6975-457e-9d1d-e0f3b5e8f407", - "label": "NOAA-2", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-2 was launched in October 1972 and was the first in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS\nsystem. NOAA-2 was not equipped with conventional TV cameras. It was\nthe first operational weather satellite to rely solely upon\nradiometric imaging to obtain cloudcover data. The primary objective\nwas to provide global daytime and nighttime direct readout real-time\ncloudcover data on a daily basis. The sun-synchronous spacecraft was\nalso capable of supplying global atmospheric temperature soundings and\nvery high resolution infrared cloudcover data for selected areas in\neither a direct readout or a tape-recorder mode. A secondary objective\nwas to obtain global solar-proton flux data on a real-time daily\nbasis. The sensors were mounted on the satellite baseplate with their\noptical axes directed vertically earthward. The nearly cubical\nspacecraft measured 1 by 1 by 1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with\nthree curved solar panels that were folded during launch and deployed\nafter orbit was achieved. Each panel measured over 4.2 m in length\nwhen unfolded and was covered with approximately 3500 solar cells\nmeasuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and attitude control system\nmaintained desired spacecraft orientation through gyroscopic\nprinciples incorporated into the satellite design. Earth orientation\nof the satellite body was maintained by taking advantage of the\nprecession induced from a momentum flywheel so that the satellite body\nprecession rate of one revolution per orbit provided the desired\n'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in attitude and\norientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by varying the\nspeed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR). The spacecraft operated satisfactorily until March\n18, 1974, when the VTPR failed. NOAA-2 was then placed in a marginal\nstandby mode from March 19 to July 1, 1974. It was then used as the\noperational NOAA satellite until October 16, 1974, when it was again\nplaced in a marginal standby mode. The spacecraft was deactivated on\nJanuary 30, 1975.\n\nMore Information about NOAA-2:\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-082A\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, https://nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-2\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IKAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-082A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-10-01\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53a886bf-db3f-4b8c-a111-ba6593dae207", - "label": "NOAA-16", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-16 previously NOAA-L was launched on Spetember 21, 2000 on a\nTitan2 launch vehicle.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation - 26536 / 00055A\nLaunch date - 21 Sep 2000\nCountry of origin - United States\nMission - Meteorology\nPerigee/Apogee - 870 km\nInclination - 98.70\nPeriod - 102 min\nLaunch vehicle - Titan 2 #22\n\nMore Information:\n'http://www.tbs-satellite.com/tse/online/sat_noaa_16.html'\n'http://www.osd.noaa.gov/'\n\nTrack NOAA-16:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-16\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-16\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-L\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 deg\n Period: 102.1 min\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/spacecraftStatusSummary.asp?spacecraft=16\n Sample_Image: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/noaa-l.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-09-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "550199a6-a331-4392-b5d3-30270c83f773", - "label": "NOAA-5", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-5 was launched in July 1976 and was one in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS system. The\nprimary objective was to provide global daytime and nighttime direct\nreadout real-time cloudcover data on a daily basis. The\nsun-synchronous spacecraft was also capable of supplying global\natmospheric temperature soundings and very high resolution infrared\ncloudcover data for selected areas in either a direct readout or a\ntape-recorder mode. A secondary objective was to obtain global\nsolar-proton flux data on a real-time daily basis. The sensors were\nmounted on the satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed\nvertically earthward. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by\n1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar panels that\nwere folded during launch and deployed after orbit was achieved. Each\npanel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and was covered with\napproximately 3500 solar cells measuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR). The spacecraft was placed in a sun-synchronous orbit\nwith equatorial crossing of the ascending node near 8:30 a.m. local\ntime.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-5\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-5\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-07-29\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "613988b8-740a-461d-a24f-39cc84a8ba8d", - "label": "NOAA-3", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-4 was launched in November 1974 and was one in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS system. The\nprimary objective was to provide global daytime and nighttime direct\nreadout real-time cloudcover data on a daily basis. The\nsun-synchronous spacecraft was also capable of supplying global\natmospheric temperature soundings and very high resolution infrared\ncloudcover data for selected areas in either a direct readout or a\ntape-recorder mode. A secondary objective was to obtain global\nsolar-proton flux data on a real-time daily basis. The sensors were\nmounted on the satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed\nvertically earthward. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by\n1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar panels that\nwere folded during launch and deployed after orbit was achieved. Each\npanel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and was covered with\napproximately 3500 solar cells measuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR).\n\nMore information about NOAA-4: \nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-086A\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office, https://nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov/).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b3f1f0f-353b-45b7-9dc0-567afa2c82c5", - "label": "NOAA-12", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-032A ]\n\nNOAA-12 (NOAA-D before launch) is a third-generation operational meteorological satellite for use in the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS). The satellite design provides an economical and stable sun-synchronous (morning equator-crossing) platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment. Primary sensors include an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) for observing daytime and nighttime global radiances and temperatures and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) for obtaining temperature and water vapor profiles through the earth's atmosphere. Secondary experiments consist of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM), which measures the proton and electron fluxes near the earth, and an ARGOS Data Collection and Location System, which processes and relays to central data acquisition stations the various meteorological data received from free-floating balloons and ocean buoys distributed around the globe. The satellite is based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and it is capable of maintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 deg with a motion rate of less than 0.035 deg/s. NOAA 12 operations were closed as of April 2001.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-12\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-D\n Short_Name: 21263\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: ADCS\n Short_Name: HIRS\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: SEM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.70 deg\n Period: 101.3 minutes\n Perigee: 821.0 km\n Apogee: 841.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/index.htm\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-032A\n Online_Resource: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/genlsatl.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-05-14\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7441d55f-26c8-4f7f-ad75-1402c6a6e470", - "label": "NOAA-15", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA 15, also known as NOAA-K before launch, was an operational,\npolar orbiting, meteorological satellite operated by the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was the latest in the Advanced\nTIROS-N (ATN) series and the design was based on the Defense\nMeteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Launched by the Titan II rocket\nfrom Vandenberg AFB, NOAA-K replaced the decommissioned NOAA 12\nin an afternoon equator-crossing orbit. It provided support to environmental\nmonitoring by complementing the NOAA/NESS geostationary\nmeteorological satellite program (GOES). Instruments were flown for\nimaging and measurement of the Earth's atmosphere, its surface, and cloud\ncover, including Earth radiation, atmospheric ozone, aerosol distribution, sea\nsurface temperature, vertical temperature and water profiles in the\ntroposphere and stratosphere; measurement of proton and electron flux at\norbit altitude, and remote platform data collection, and for SARSAT. They\nincluded (1) an improved six-channel Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer/3 (AVHRR/3); (2) an improved High Resolution Infrared\nRadiation Sounder (HIRS/3); (3) the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided\nTracking System (S&R), which consists of the Search and Rescure\nRepeater (SARR) and the Search and Rescue Processor (SARP-2); (4) the\nFrench/CNES-provided improved ARGOS Data Collection System (DCS-2);\nand (5) the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSUs), which replaced\nthe previous MSU and SSU instruments to become the first in the NOAA\nseries to support dedicated microwave measurements of temperature,\nmoisture, surface and hydrological studies in cloudy regions where visible\nand infrared instruments have decreased capability.\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/intro.htm\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\n\nNOAA-K CHARACTERISTICS\n\nMain Body: 4.2m long, 1.88m diameter\nSolar Array: 2.73 by 6.14 m\nWeight: At liftoff 2231.7 kg\n (includes 756.7 kg of expendable fuel)\nLifetime: Greater than 2 years\nLoad Power Requirements: 833 Watts for 0 degree sun angle\n 750 Watts for 80 degree sun angle\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.20 m\n Inclination: 98.70 degrees\n Periapsis: 808.00 km Apoapsis: 824.00 km\n\n\nInformation was adopted from NSSDC Master Catalog and the J Track\nLiftoff web pages.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-15\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-15\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 807 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 deg\n Period: 101.1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/spacecraftStatusSummary.asp?spacecraft=15\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-05-13\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2620edb-fa1b-4e76-99db-581a1766f22a", - "label": "NOAA POES", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "The world's first operational weather satellite system was placed into\nservice with the launching of the Environmental Satellite Services\nAdministration (which in 1970 became the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration, NOAA) satellites, ESSA-1, on February 3, 1966, and ESSA-2, on\nFebruary 28, 1966. The objective of this program, called the TIROS Operational\nSystem (TOS), was to acquire global observational data routinely on a daily\nbasis. This system consisted of a pair of ESSA satellites in sun synchronous\n(polar) orbit. The odd numbered satellites (ESSA-1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) utilized\nthe Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) to obtain global imagery which were\ntransmitted to the ESSA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) stations at Wallops,\nVirginia, and Fairbanks, Alaska. The CDA stations relayed the data to\nthe National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS), which later became the\nNational Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS),\nlocated in Suitland, Maryland, for processing and distribution to forecasting\ncenters of the U.S. and other nations. The even numbered satellites (ESSA-2,\n4, 6, and 8) were equipped with Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) TV cameras\nwhich transmitted television pictures directly to ground stations worldwide.\nThe ESSA satellites operated in orbits at altitudes of approximately 1450 km.\n The second generation operational polar orbiting satellites started with\nthe ITOS-1 (Improved TIROS Operational System) mission launched on January 23,\n1970 which combined the joint capabilities of two ESSA spacecraft; essentially,\nthe direct readout APT system and the global stored images of the AVCS. The\nsecond generation objectives were to provide improved operational Infrared\n(IR) and Visible (VIS) observations of Earth cloud cover for use in weather\nanalysis and forecasting and also to provide solar proton and global heat data\non a daily basis. ITOS-1 also carried an operational 2 channel Scanning\nRadiometer (SR) providing day and night radiometric data for immediate\ntransmission as well as acquisition data stored for delayed transmission to CDA\nstations. With an Infrared 5 channel scanner, global observation of the Earth\natmosphere and surface areas was available once every 12 hours. A second ITOS\nspacecraft, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite,\nNOAA-1, was launched on December 11, 1970.\n The ITOS system evolved further with the development of the ITOS-D\nsatellites, NOAA-2, 3, 4, and 5 and were placed into orbit in 1972, 1973, 1974,\nand 1975, respectively. These had a new sensor complement to provide day and\nnight imaging by means of the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) along with\nthe medium resolution Scanning Radiometer (SR). The Vertical Temperature\nProfile Radiometer (VTPR) for sounding the atmosphere and the Solar Proton\nMonitor (SPM) for measurements of solar proton and electron flux in the\nvicinity of the satellite were added.\n The first spacecraft in the third generation operational polar orbiting\nenvironmental satellite system was TIROS-N which was launched in 1978. The\nthird generation objectives were to provide observations for the atmosphere,\ncloud cover, surface and near-surface. The TIROS-N type satellites that\nfollowed were NOAA-A (6), NOAA-B which failed to achieve useful orbit, NOAA-C\n(7), and NOAA-D. The TIROS-N system provided NOAA with the global\nmeteorological and environmental data required for normal operations and for\nthe experimental World Weather Watch (WWW) Program. The spacecraft had a new\ncomplement of data gathering instruments. The Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR) provided day and night imaging in the Visible (VIS) and\nInfrared (IR), sea surface temperature (SST) determination, estimation of heat\nbudget components, and identification of snow and sea ice. The TIROS\nOperational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) supplied improved estimates of the vertical\nstructure of the atmosphere. The Data Collection System (DCS) gathered\nenvironmental data from fixed and moving platforms such as buoys and\nballoons, and transmitted the data to central stations for processing and\nrelay to users. The Solar Environment Monitor (SEM) measured solar proton,\nelectron, and alpha particle densities. The data collected were stored onboard\nthe satellite for transmission to the NOAA central processing facility at\nSuitland, Maryland, through the Wallops and Fairbanks CDA stations. Satellite\ndata also were transmitted in real time direct readout at VHF and S-band\nfrequencies to remote stations worldwide.\n The Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) type satellites were NOAA-E (8), NOAA-F (9),\nNOAA-G (10), NOAA-H (11), NOAA-I (12), and NOAA-J (13), the latter two\nscheduled for launch in 1990 and 1991 respectively. The spacecraft was\nlengthened 0.5m and the solar array was enlarged to provide additional power.\nNew systems were added starting with NOAA-8: the Search and Rescue (SAR)\nsystem; NOAA-9: the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) instruments and\nthe Solar Backscatter UltraViolet (SBUV) radiometer; NOAA-10: ERBE instruments.\nFor more information about the NOAA POES satellite series link to the\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA POES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA POES\n Long_Name: NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA POES\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/index.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/images/poesSpacecraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6a7b0e4-f58a-42fe-b723-d6405d4afde2", - "label": "NOAA-8", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-8 was launched in March 1983 and was a third-generation operational\nmeteorological satellite for use in the National Environmental Satellite Data\nand Information Service (NESDIS) of NOAA. NOAA-8 was the first spacecraft of\nthe advanced TIROS-N (ATN) series. The satellite design provided an economical\nand stable sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to\nmeasure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a motion\nrate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)\nand a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary experiments\nconsisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data Collection and\nPlatform Location System (DCPLS). A Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking\n(SARSAT) system was also included on NOAA-8. Although designed for a 2-year\nlife span, NOAA-8 experienced a premature failure in June 1984.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA,'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-8\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-E\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: TOVS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.dk3wn.info/images/noaa.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-06-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2e2ad86-b73f-44fd-9992-6f32820ea847", - "label": "NOAA-11", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-11 (ATN series) was launched on September 24, 1988 and is a\nthird-generation operational meteorological satellite for use in the\nNational Operational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS). The\nsatellite design provides an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform. This platform enables the satellite to carry advanced\noperational instruments to measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface\nand cloud cover, and the near-space environment. The satellite is based\nupon the Block 5D spacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and\nis capable of maintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus\nor minus 0.1 degree with a motion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\n\nPrimary sensors include (1) an Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR), (2) TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), and\n(3) a Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SBUV/2). The\nsecondary experiment is a Data Collection System (DCS). A Search and\nRescue (SAR) system is also carried on NOAA-11.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.50 m\n Inclination: 99.00 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00256\n Periapsis: 833.00 km Apoapsis: 870.00 km\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/'\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: SBUV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 deg\n Perigee: 833 km\n Apogee: 870 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-09-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4d60d40-59b9-46ab-a4c5-a2e534680b05", - "label": "NOAA-17", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-17 (previously NOAA-M) was launched on June 24, 2002 from Vandenberg\nAFB, CA.\n\nNOAA-M POES (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nPolar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites) provides global\ncoverage of numerous atmospheric and surface parameters for weather\nforecasting and meteorological research, as well as space environment\nmonitors and an aircraft and maritime emergency beacon system. This is a\nreimbursable project for NOAA. NASA builds and launches the satellites.\nNOAA operates the satellites post commissioning and check-out period and\nuses the data in weather forecasts.??Energy forecasting, aviation safety,\ndisaster management, public health, and air quality.???\n\nInstruments include:\n\n* AMSU-B (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B)\n* MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder)\n* SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer)\n* DCS (Data Collection System)\n* S&R (Search and Rescue)\n* AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)\n* HIRS (High Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder)\n* AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A)\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://poes.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-17\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-17\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-M\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7 deg\n Period: 101.2 min\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/spacecraftStatusSummary.asp?spacecraft=17\n Sample_Image: http://www.horizon.co.fk/images/weather/noaa-17-06220146-mcir-precip.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-06-24\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7461b99-2b6f-460a-ae7f-6bb37515684d", - "label": "NOAA-19", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Portal, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NOAA-N-Prime/main/index.html ]\n\nThe Delta II carrying NOAA-N Prime lifted off Feb. 6, 2009 at 2:22 a.m. Pacific time, 5:22 a.m. Eastern time from Space Launch Complex-2 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.\n\n[Image and Text Source: NOAA-N Prime Spacecraft web page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/spacecraft/noaanprime_spacecraft.html ]\n\nNOAA-N Prime will be the last in the series of TIROS ATN. NOAA-N' has a planned launch date of February 2009 from Vandenberg AFB, CA by a Delta II launch vehicle.\n\nThe spacecraft will continue to provide a polar-orbiting platform to support (1) environmental monitoring instruments for imaging and measuring the Earth's atmosphere, its surface, and cloud cover, including Earth radiation, atmospheric ozone, aerosol distribution, sea surface temperature, and vertical temperature and water profiles in the troposphere and stratosphere; (2) measurement of proton and electron flux at orbit altitude; (3) data collection from remote platforms; and (4) the Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system.\n\nAdditionally, NOAA-N' will be the fifth in the series of support dedicated microwave instruments for the generation of temperature, moisture, surface, and hydrological products in cloudy regions where visible and infrared (IR) instruments have decreased capability.\n\nThis spacecraft will carry an Advanced - DCS instead of the previous DCS. \n\nMore Information:\nhttp://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/spacecraft/noaanprime_spacecraft.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-19\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-19\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SARR\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.osd.noaa.gov/POES/noaa_n_prime.htm\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/Goes_N_Prime.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/nnpsupp.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NOAA-N-Prime/main/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/gallery/N%20Prime/unpacking/Unpacking-5_800px.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-02-06\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8b9a664-2e7e-4dae-8efc-1ce4ace7ac63", - "label": "NOAA-6", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-6 was launched in June 1979 and was a third generation\noperational meteorological satellite for use in the National\nOperational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support\nof the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-84. The\nsatellite design provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's\natmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a\nmotion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(AVHRR) and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary\nexperiments consisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data\nCollection and Platform Location System (DCPLS). In early 1984, only\none to two NOAA-6 passes were taken per day due to priorities for\nNOAA-7 and 8 data. However, when NOAA-8 failed in late June 1984,\nNOAA-6 was returned to full operational status to continue to provide\nmorning orbit operational data.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-6\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: TOVS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 deg\n Period: 92.6 min\n Perigee: 382 km\n Apogee: 425 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.siloworld.com/MISSILE%20%20LAUNCHES/VAFB/SLC-3/19790627_025F_0568.JPG\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-06-27\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4bfa8e2-4ce3-482e-8b2a-1297f65fdc8a", - "label": "NOAA-14", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA 14 (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) Weather Satellite:\n\nObjectives:\n\nTo continue the Advanced TIROS-N program by working as a\ncompanion with NOAA-10, 11 and 12 in order to provide continuous\ncoverage of the Earth and to provide high-resolution global\nmeteorological data.\n\nNOAA-14 is the sixth operational satellite in the Advanced\nTIROS-N series (NOAA 13 never officially became operational as\nit failed during its 21 day checkout period). The satellite\ncarried the AVHRR, TOVS, and the solar proton monitor. All of\nwhich were present on previous NOAA satellites. The ERBE\ninstruments, the SBUV radiometer and the SARSAT systems were\nalso flown on this satellite. NOAA-14 was placed in a near\ncircular, (470nm) polar orbit.\n\nNOAA 14 replaced NOAA 11 whose cloud cover imaging instrument\nhad failed a few months before this launch. Besides an imaging\nradiometer, it carries optical sounders to monitor temperature\nand moisture content in the atmosphere, and counters to measure\nenergetic electrons and protons.\n\nA gas leak caused some difficulties in attitude control shortly\nafter launch, but this has been resolved. The motor for the\nMicrowave Sounding Unit on the NOAA 14 spacecraft has stopped\nworking. Records show the unit is from a delivery made to Martin\nMarietta dating back to 1984! The microwave sounder returned to\nnormal operation in May 1995 after a software patch was\ninstalled to cope with any repeat failure. Its life expectancy\nremains uncertain.\n\nIn Feb 1995, the SARP failed, the SBUV/2 Cloud Cover Radiometer\n(CCR) failed, and DTR 4A/B was deemed inoperable.\n\n\nSpecifications:\n\nDesignation: 23455 / 94089A\nLaunch date: 30 Dec 1994 at 10:02 UT\nCountry of origin: United States\nPerigee/Apogee: 847/861 km\nInclination: 98.9°\nPeriod: 02 min\nLaunch vehicle: Atlas E\nLaunch site: Vandenberg SLC3\nPrime contractor: GE Astro\nPlatform: evolved from NOAA 2nd generation\nMass at launch: 1420 kg\nMass in orbit: ~1050 kg\nDimension: 4.18 m long x 1.88 m diameter\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDesign lifetime: 3 years\nAPT downlink freq: 137.620 MHz (standby)\nHRPT downlink freq: 1698.0 MHz\nBeacon: 136.770 MHz\n\nPayload:\n\nAVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer):\n\nWavebands: 0.58-0.68 µm (visible): cloud, snow and ice monitoring\n0.725-1.10 µm (near IR): water, vegetation and agriculture surveys\n3.55-3.93 µm (near IR): sea surface temperature, volcano, forest fire activity\n10.3-11.3 µm (thermal IR): sea surface temperature, soil moisture\n11.3-12.5 µm (thermal IR): sea surface temperature, soil moisture\nResolution: 1.1 km\nSwath width: 3000 km\n\nTOVS (Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder):\n\nHIRS/2 (High Resolution IR Sounder): 20 channels in the 0.69 -\n14 - 95 µm band; 17.4 km resolution SSU (Stratospheric Sounding\nUnit): step-scanned far IR spectrometer with 3 channels in the\nCO² absorption band (15 µm);147.3 km resolution MSU (Microwave\nSounding Unit): passive 4-channel radiometer operating around 55\nGHz; 109 km resolution\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-14\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Short_Name: MSU\n Short_Name: SSU\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9 DEG\n Period: 02 min\n Perigee: 847 km\n Apogee: 861 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-05\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/html/c1/sec1-410.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/images/guide/f1410-1.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-12-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f80b13a8-7692-4d1a-be08-851544cd0cde", - "label": "NOAA-1", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-1 (ITOS-1) was launched in December 1970 and the primary\nobjective of the sun-synchronous meteorological satellite was to\nprovide improved operational infrared and visual observations of earth\ncloud cover for use in weather analysis and forecasting. Secondary\nobjectives included providing solar proton and global heat balance\ndata on a regular daily basis. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured\n1 by 1 by 1.2 m. The TV cameras and infrared sensors were mounted on\nthe satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed vertically\nearthward. The spacecraft was equipped with three curved solar panels\nthat were folded during launch and deployed after orbit was\nachieved. Each panel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and\nwas covered with 3420 solar cells, each measuring 2 by 2 cm. The\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThis spacecraft carried four cameras; two television cameras for\nAutomatic Picture Transmission (APT), and two Advanced Vidicon Camera\nSystem (AVCS) cameras. The satellite also carried a low-resolution\nflat plate radiometer, a solar proton monitor, and two scanning\nradiometers that not only measured emitted IR radiation but also\nserved as a backup system for the onboard cameras. Launched into a\nnear-polar orbit, the spacecraft and its subsystems performed normally\nuntil May 29, 1971 when the incremental tape recorder failed,\nresulting in partial loss of solar proton data and total loss of flat\nplate radiometer data. The APT and Direct Readout Infrared (DRIR)\nsubsystems were turned off on June 20, 1971 in an attempt to reduce\nthe above normal temperature due to overheating in the attitude\ncontrol system. The AVCS was turned off shortly thereafter, and the\nscanning radiometer continued partial operations until the spacecraft\nwas deactivated on August 19, 1971.\nFor more information about NOAA-1:\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-106A\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, https://nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-1\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ITOS-A \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-106A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-12-11 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd4a398d-682c-4748-8349-83a8aa47cebf", - "label": "NOAA-7", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", - "definition": "NOAA-7 was launched in June 1981 and was a third generation\noperational meteorological satellite for use in the National\nOperational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support\nof the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-84. The\nsatellite design provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's\natmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a\nmotion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(AVHRR) and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary\nexperiments consisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data\nCollection and Platform Location System (DCPLS). A contamination\nmonitor was provided by the U.S. Air Force to assess contamination\nsources, levels, and effects for consideration on future spacecraft.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-7\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.siloworld.com/MISSILE%20%20LAUNCHES/VAFB/SLC-3/19810623_087F_1229.JPG\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-06-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9611632-822d-468b-9748-a392991a0718", - "label": "SkySat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The SkySat constellation is the Very High Resolution component of Planet's satellite image portfolio. Skysat-A and B generation satellites were launched in 2013/14. The SkySat-C generation satellite is a high-resolution Earth imaging satellite, first launched in 2016. Eleven are currently in orbit, all collecting thousands of square kilometres of imagery. Each satellite is 3-axis stabilised and agile enough to slew between different targets of interest. Each satellite has four thrusters for orbital control, along with four reaction wheels and three magnetic torquers for attitude control.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", - "label": "Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico (SAC)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "SAC-D/Aquarius is a cooperative international mission between CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina, and NASA, USA. NASA uses the term Aquarius for the mission within its ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program (where Aquarius happens to be the prime instrument of the mission). At CONAE, which provides the spacecraft, the mission is referred to as SAC-D (Scientific Application Satellite-D) in reference to its previous missions. On March 3, 2004, the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for SAC-D/Aquarius construction was signed by Jorge Taiana, vice-chairman of the Board of the Argentine Space Agency CONAE, and the Administrator of NASA, Sean O'Keefe. The MOU was signed in Buenos Aires giving formal status to the decision to construct fully in Argentina the joint space mission SAC-D/Aquarius.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "12fff8c1-4062-48ce-a85e-ef85cc6fc370", - "label": "SAC-C", - "broader": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", - "definition": "SAC-C is an international cooperative mission between NASA, the Argentine Commission on Space Activities (CONAE), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES or the French Space Agency), Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais (Brazilian Space Agency), Danish Space Research Institute, and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency). SAC-C was developed through the partnership of its senior partners, CONAE and NASA with contributions from Brazil, Denmark, France, and Italy.\n\nSAC-C will provide multispectral imaging of terrestrial and coastal environments. The spacecraft will study the structure and dynamics of the Earth?s atmosphere, ionosphere and geomagnetic field. SAC-C will seek to measure the space radiation in the environment and its influence on advanced electronic components. The satellite will determine the migration route of the Franca whale and verify autonomous methods of attitude and orbit determination.\n\nCONAE is responsible for development of the spacecraft and several instruments. The Brazilian Space Agency provided the testing facilities for SAC-C. The Italian Space Agency has partnered with CONAE to supply both solar panels and two GPS receivers. The Danish Space Research Institute provided the Magnetic Mapping Payload which carries a NASA Supplied Helium Magnetometer, and CNES is contributing an experiment to test the response of electronic circuitry to space radiation. The launch vehicle and some science instruments are provided by NASA. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. is responsible for overall project management.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAC-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SAC\n Short_Name: SAC-C\n Long_Name: Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico - C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOBLAS\n Short_Name: MMRS\n Short_Name: IST\n Short_Name: INES\n Short_Name: ICARE\n Short_Name: HRTC\n Short_Name: HCS\n Short_Name: GOLPE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 702 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.conae.gov.ar/satelites/sac-c.html\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/sac-c__2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-11-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Argentina/CoNAE\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3be80dc-37f6-44b9-afd4-37c261c13367", - "label": "SAC-A", - "broader": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", - "definition": "[Source: NASA National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-069B ]\n\nSatellite de Aplicaciones Cientifico-A (SAC-A) was a small non-recoverable satellite built by the Argentinean National Commission of Space Activities (CoNAE). The satellite will test and characterize the performance of new equipment and technologies which may be used in future operational or scientific missions.\n\nThe satellite payload included a Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) to provide real-time autonomous attitude measurements for the satellite, a CCD camera to perform digital space photography, Argentinean built silicon solar cells, a magnetometer to take scalar measurements of the Earth's magnetic field, and an Argentinean experiment to track endangered whale population migrations in the southern hemisphere. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAC-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SAC\n Short_Name: SAC-A\n Long_Name: Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico - A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAC-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 51.6 deg\n Period: 92.3 min\n Perigee: 378 km\n Apogee: 395 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-069B\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/sac-a__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-12-14\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Argentina./CoNAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb9164bb-4dba-4598-ba56-cb24d8db5527", - "label": "SAC-D", - "broader": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea7fd15d-190d-43f3-bdd3-75f5d88dc3f8", - "label": "Aqua", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Aqua is a major international Earth Science satellite mission centered at NASA. Launched on May 4, 2002, the satellite has six different Earth-observing instruments on board and is named for the large amount of information being obtained about water in the Earth system from its stream of approximately 89 Gigabytes of data a day. The water variables being measured include almost all elements of the water cycle and involve water in its liquid, solid, and vapor forms. Additional variables being measured include radiative energy fluxes, aerosols, vegetation cover on the land, phytoplankton and dissolved organic matter in the oceans, and air, land, and water temperatures.\n\nKey Aqua Facts\nJoint with Brazil and Japan\nDimensions: 2.7 m x 2.5 m x 6.5 m stowed; 4.8 m x 16.7 m x 8.0 m deployed\nMass: 2,934 kg (1,750 kg spacecraft, 1,082 kg instruments, 102 kg propellants)\nPower: 4,600 W silicon cell array and a NiH2 battery\nAverage Data Rate: 89 Gbytes/day\nData Storage: 136-Gbit solid state recorder (SSR) for storage of up to two orbits of data\nData Relay Methods: Direct downlink from the SSR to polar ground stations; direct broadcast\nData Links: X-band\nTelemetry: S-band\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: AQUA\n Long_Name: Earth Observing System, AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CERES-FM4\n Short_Name: CERES-FM3\n Short_Name: AIRS\n Short_Name: AMSR-E\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Short_Name: HSB\n Short_Name: MODIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 1:30 p.m. (south to north) and 1:30 a.m. (north to south)\n Period: 98.8 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days (233 revolutions)\n Perigee: 699 km (434 mi)\n Apogee: 706 km (438 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/aqua/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-05-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 6 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: BRAZIL/INPE\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb4175de-3ee7-4897-bbbe-590ad7e09b4f", - "label": "PACE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PACE is NASA's Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem mission, currently in the design phase of mission development. It is scheduled to launch in 2022, extending and improving NASA's over 20-year record of satellite observations of global ocean biology, aerosols (tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere), and clouds. \n\nPACE will advance the assessment of ocean health by measuring the distribution of phytoplankton, tiny plants and algae that sustain the marine food web. It will also continue systematic records of key atmospheric variables associated with air quality and Earth's climate. \n\nMore information: https://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec3e5f45-f6a2-4d1f-aa6f-51a638c7852f", - "label": "NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The mission of the Explorers Program is to provide frequent flight opportunities for world-class scientific investigations from space utilizing innovative, streamlined and efficient management approaches within the heliophysics and astrophysics science areas.\n\nThe program seeks to enhance public awareness of, and appreciation for, space science and to incorporate educational and public outreach activities as integral parts of space science investigations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dda33ba1-2108-4297-a221-d94726c60792", - "label": "AIM", - "broader": "ec3e5f45-f6a2-4d1f-aa6f-51a638c7852f", - "definition": "NASA's AIM spacecraft began its two-year mission April 25, 2007 after a flawless ride to Earth orbit aboard an Orbital Sciences Pegasus XL rocket. Launch took place at 1:26 PDT. Launch operations at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California ran smoothly, with no technical or weather issues causing concern.\n\nThe AIM mission is the first dedicated to exploring mysterious ice clouds that dot the edge of space in Earth's polar regions. These clouds have grown brighter and more prevalent in recent years and some scientists suggest that changes in these clouds may be the result of climate change.\n\n[Source: NASA AIM Mission Home Page \n https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/index.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AIM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Small Explorers (SMEX)\n Short_Name: AIM\n Long_Name: Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SOFIE\n Short_Name: CIPS-AIM\n Short_Name: CDE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 600km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4° inclination\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-04-25\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 26 months\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec484699-009f-4f39-93aa-d11379b4288a", - "label": "COMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "In 1996, Korea established its long-term plan of the National Space Program which was revised in 2000 to accommodate the public and civilian demand for satellite utilization and to maintain the continuity of satellite services. The plan prospects the details of the future space activities of Korea until 2015 and serves as a basis for space development in Korea. In response to this space plan, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) started to define and formulate the basic requirements for COMS, the first geostationary meteorological satellite mission of Korea. - Note: The nickname Cheollian means long distance view (literally 'Thousand Li View') in Korean.\n\nCOMS is a geostationary meteorological satellite program of Korea with multifunctional applications in the fields of:\n\n1) Experimental communications: a) in-orbit verification of developed communication technology, b) experiment of wide-band multimedia communication service\n\n2) Ocean color monitoring: a) monitoring of marine environment and ecosystem, b) production of fishery information. The scope of the ocean color mission includes detecting, monitoring and predicting short-term biological phenomena such as HAB (Harmful Algal Bloom), studies on biogeochemical variables, monitoring health of the marine ecosystem, coastal zone and resource management and providing information for fishing communities.\n\n3) Meteorological observations: a) continuous monitoring of the ground segment from GEO and extraction of meteorological products, b) early detection of severe weather phenomena, c) monitoring of long-term change of SST and clouds. The meteorological mission will complement the existing network of geostationary satellites, providing improved input data for numerical weather prediction models, and monitoring climate changes; the data, imagery and derived products will be freely available to both domestic and international community in real-time or near real-time basis through direct broadcasting or land lines.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edf02962-aafa-484f-84e5-2549f6db7552", - "label": "FengYun-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3ad82f6f-152d-4565-ada3-0f1a4ceacb6f", - "label": "FY-1A", - "broader": "edf02962-aafa-484f-84e5-2549f6db7552", - "definition": "FengYun (FengYun = wind and cloud) is a meteorological satellite series of China, organized by CMA (China Meteorological Administration). Within the meteorological program, the odd-numbered satellites (FengYun-1 or simply FY-1) refer to the polar-orbiting LEO series, while the even-numbered S/C (FY-2, FY-4, etc.) refer to the GEO series. 1) 2)\n\nThe first generation LEO satellite (FY-1) series consists of a total of four spacecraft (FY-1A, -1B, -1C, and -1D). The funding body in China is the Ministry of Aerospace, while CMA (China Meteorological Administration) is the agency authorized and empowered to administer the national meteorological service in the governmental capacity, and is charged with the organizational arrangement and coordination of national meteorological affairs.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "label": "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements.\n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1071feea-75f0-49f7-a87a-9e08b153ccc3", - "label": "TROPICS/05", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f2b1f43-f737-4236-8231-5f89d1802cf6", - "label": "TROPICS/02", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66445c7d-6628-4955-8403-17cbe4a1de4a", - "label": "TROPICS/01", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f7b095a-94af-4ca3-8917-d1e1b8b99b80", - "label": "TROPICS/07", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd1174ed-f4ed-463a-b372-de14e45d658b", - "label": "TROPICS/06", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ccf920b3-c5a0-4408-8c84-0cc8743adc33", - "label": "TROPICS/03", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1594cda-7e89-4cab-8c6f-02ee081b59a5", - "label": "TROPICS/04", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef053df7-ff76-47f3-a335-5d4e87e51b92", - "label": "LARES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "LARES is a small space mission that will achieve important measurements in gravitational physics, General Relativity, space geodesy and geodynamics\n\nIn particular, together with the LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2 satellites and with the GRACE models, it will provide a very accurate determination of the Earth gravitomagnetic field and of the Lense-Thirring effect.\n\nThe orbital data are acquired by the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), a worldwide network of a number of laser-ranging stations. \n\nThe Data analysis is carried on by a research centre at Sapienza, Univeristy of Rome in collaboration with Italian Space Agency (ASI), University of Salento, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), University of Maryland Baltimore County, NASA Goddard, University of Texas at Austin and the German Research Centre for Geoscience (GFZ) of Potsdam.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", - "label": "Resurs", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A series of Russian commercial Earth observation satellites capable of acquiring high-resolution imagery (resolution up to 1.0 m). The spacecraft is operated by Roscosmos as a replacement of the Resurs-DK No.1 satellite.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "75227aec-09d6-47e5-bdd1-4eeed285ff9b", - "label": "RESURS-O1", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", - "definition": "There are two types of remote sensing instrument on board\nRESURS-O1. The MSU-E is comparable with instruments on other\nsatellites, such as Landsat, while the MSU-SK offers\nperspectives of the Earth that have never been available\nbefore. It has a wide swath and medium resolution, and bridges\nthe enormous gap in coverage and detail between SPOT/Landsat TM\nand NOAA AVHRR. It makes it an ideal complement to both of these\ndata sets, better defining the regional context of a local\nstudy, or giving focus at regional scales to a continental\nsurvey.\n\nTechnical Information:\n\nlaunch date: 4 November 1994\norbit: sun-synchronous, circular\naverage altitude: 678 km\ninclination: 98.04\neccentricity: 0.0128\nargument of perigee: 88.93\ncycle: 21 days\norbit period: 98 minutes\nsatellite mass: 1950 kg\nscientific payload mass: 550 kg\nattitude control: orbital, triaxial, active\ndata transfer rate: 7.68 Mbits/s\ndown-link frequency: 8192 MHz\ndesign lifetime: 2 years\nlaunched from: Baikonur\ncarrier Zenit\n\n[Summary provided by the Sputnik Server]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RESURS-O1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: RESURS-O1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: RESURS-01\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSU-SK\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 678\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.04\n Period: 98\n Repeat_Cycle: 21\n Perigee: 88.93\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://sputnik.infospace.ru/resurs/engl/resurs.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-11-04\n Design_Life: 2 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7560954-fe13-4e8a-bb12-1289154a3a24", - "label": "Resurs-P N1", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", - "definition": "Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Resurs-P N1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GSA\n Short_Name: SHMSA-VR\n Short_Name: SHMSA-SR\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (2)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 475 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Online_Resource: http://en.samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Sample_Image: http://www.ntsomz.ru/img/resurs-p_scheme.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-06-25\n Design_Life: 5 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b00d17a2-b509-4b42-86fd-d50bf50cfc3c", - "label": "Resurs-P N2", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", - "definition": "Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N2\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Resurs-P N2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (2)\n Short_Name: GSA (1)\n Short_Name: SHMSA-VR\n Short_Name: SHMSA-SR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 475 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Online_Resource: http://en.samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Sample_Image: https://hi-tech.imgsmail.ru/hitech_img/source/a9/e4/60d9293c45c431051af8cf310903.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2015-12-26\n Design_Life: 5 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff2141a6-5682-44da-88fc-9a4e78de35ad", - "label": "Resurs DK 1", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", - "definition": "Environmental Satellite Resurs-DK N1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Resurs DK 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Resurs DK 1\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Resurs-DK N1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (1)\n Short_Name: Arina\n Short_Name: Pamela\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 361x604 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 70 degrees\n Period: 94 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 6 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > INCLINED NON-POLAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_dk_1/\n Online_Resource: http://en.samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_dk_1/\n Sample_Image: http://ruscosmos.narod.ru/KA/RSR-DK/karsr/DK.jpg\n Sample_Image: http://wizard.roma2.infn.it/pamela/images/resurs-DK1_Spacecraft.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-06-15\n Design_Life: 9 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "efdc8649-0ef2-4d41-999a-2bb104a06f34", - "label": "NCEP GTS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Global Telecommunication System (GTS) consists of an integrated network of point-to-point circuits, and multi-point circuits which interconnect meteorological telecommunication centres.\n\nThe circuits of the GTS are composed of a combination of terrestrial and satellite telecommunication \nlinks of:\n\n- point-to-point circuits,\n \n- point-to-multi-point circuits for data distribution,\n \n- multi-point-to-point circuits for data collection,\n \n- as well as data-communication network services. \n\n[Text and Photo Source, World Meteorological Organization: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/gts.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NCEP GTS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: NCEP GTS\n Long_Name: National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Telecommunications Systems\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/gts.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/images/StructureGTS.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NOAA NCEP\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f122ab59-266b-4be9-99ad-4c2172bcf97c", - "label": "Deimos", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The Deimos-1 and Deimos-2 mission archive and new acquisitions are now available for research and application development.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "48e0f5f2-08fb-4739-8c5f-f53e24003f8c", - "label": "Deimos-2", - "broader": "f122ab59-266b-4be9-99ad-4c2172bcf97c", - "definition": "Deimos-2 is a very-high resolution (75cm pan-sharpened) multispectral optical satellite, fully owned and operated by Deimos Imaging, an UrtheCast company.\n\nThe Deimos-2 end-to-end system has been designed to provide a costeffective yet highly responsive service to customers worldwide.\n\nDeimos-2 is the second satellite of the Deimos Earth Observation system, following Deimos-1, which was launched in 2009 and provides mid-resolution, very-wide-swath imagery.\n\nDeimos-2 has been launched on 19 June 2014, with a mission lifetime of at least seven years. It operates from a Sun-synchronous orbit at a mean altitude of 620 km, with a local time of ascending node (LTAN) of 10h30, which allows an average revisit time of two days worldwide (one day at mid-latitudes). The spacecraft design is based on an agile platform for fast and precise off-nadir imaging (up to 30º over nominal scenarios and up to 45º in emergency cases), and it carries a push-broom very-high resolution camera with 5 spectral channels (1 panchromatic, 4 multispectral).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1503638-4366-4025-8d27-6aefedc4c4dd", - "label": "TIUNGSAT-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "TiungSat-1 is Malaysia's first national microsatellite. It was designed and developed in a collaborative effort between the Malaysian government, under the government appointed company ATSB \\[Astronautic Technology (Malaysia) Sdn. Bdh.\\] of Kuala Lumpur, and SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.) of Surrey, UK. In the view of the Malaysian government, the satellite development program was seen as an impetus for expanding Malaysia's capability in the area of high-technology industry. The first satellite was named 'Tiung' after a beautiful small singing bird in Malaysia. Astronautic Technology Sdn. Bhd. (ATSB) is a research and development organization, which was formed in 1995 by the government of Malaysia. \n\nThe TiungSat-1 specific applications are in the following fields:\n\n* Collection of imagery for environmental and meteorological use\n* Digital S&F (Store & Forward) communications\n* Technology demonstration\n* Space science\n* Amateur radio access\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe TiungSat-1 S/C structure comprises eleven module trays used to house the electronics for the bus and payload systems. The box-like spacecraft has a size of 690 mm x 360 mm x 360 mm; it is three-axis stabilized using a gravity-gradient boom (6 m boom with tip mass), two 3-axis magnetorquers, and a momentum wheel. Attitude is sensed by two 3-axis magnetometers and by two-axis analog sun sensors. In addition, there are UED (Underneath Earth Detector) and SOD (Sun Overhead Detector). The pointing knowledge is in roll and pitch and in yaw (3 sigma values). The S/C power is 35 W per panel, provided by four surface-mounted GaAs solar panels and by a 10-cell NiCd battery (7 Ah). The power subsystem provides regulated voltage supplies at +5V and 10V along with an unregulated supply which fluctuates between 12-14 V. Autonomous functions, safe modes and data are handled by two OBCs (On-Board Computer), OBC-186 and OBC-386. Onboard data handling via a CAN (Controller Area Network) between platform and payloads. The onboard data storage capacity is 1 Gbit. The S/C mass is 50 kg (platform = 35 kg, payload = 15 kg). The nominal design life is three years.\n\nRF communications: TiungSat uses conventional AMSAT frequencies (Malaysian Oscar-46), thereby giving amateur radio operators access to its data (imagery and communication capabilities). The microsatellite features an AX.25 protocol store-and-forward PACSAT protocol suite communications system. The uplink is in VHF-band with a data rate of 9.6 kbit/s; three receivers are used: Rx1 operates at 144.46 MHz, Rx2 and Rx3 operate at 145.86 145.925 MHz, selectable. The downlink is dual-redundant in UHF-band (435 to 438 MHz range with 437.300, 437.325, 437.350, 437.375 MHz, selectable) with data rates of 9.6, and 38.4 kbit/s (experimentally at 76.8 kit/s). An error-protected digital packet communications protocol is used. All spacecraft operations are performed at ATSB in Kuala Lumpur.\n\nTiungSat-1 was launched Sept. 26, 2000 on a Dnepr-1 vehicle along with other satellites (the other payloads were: SaudiSat-1A/-1B of SISR (Saudi Institute for Space Research), UniSat of the University of Rome, and MegSat-1 of the MegSat Space Division of 'Gruppo Meggiorin,' Bresia, Italy) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan.\n\nOrbit: Circular orbit, altitude = 650 km, inclination = 64, period = 97 minutes.\n\nSpacecraft operations are carried out at ATSB's Mission Control Station located at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor. The satellite has also been used in a number of educational activities ranging from the physical sciences to the humanities.\n\nOperational status of TiungSat-1 as of 2004: The payload was fully operational well beyond its design life of three years. However, since Jan. 2004, the payload is only being operated intermittently to reduce the power consumption of the battery.\n\nSensor/experiment complement (MSEIS, MEIS, S&F, CEDEX):\n\nMSEIS (Multi-Spectral Earth Imaging System). MSEIS is a NAC (Narrow Angle Camera), a multispectral system of three cameras (green, red and near-infrared) in parallel, each with a 75 mm focal length optic and 100 mm aperture diameter. The NAC system provides a 78 m ground spatial resolution in three spectral bands: 510-590 nm, 610-690 nm and 810-890 nm (green, red, and near infrared). A two-dimensional CCD staring array detector with 1024 x 1024 pixels is used providing snapshot imagery of scene size 78 km x 78 km. Up to four contiguous images can be collected along the flight path. The data are digitized to 8 bits radiometric resolution (256 levels).\n\nMEIS (Metrological Earth Imaging System). MEIS is a single-band WAC (Wide Angle Camera) system with 6.5 mm focal length optics. It provides NIR imagery (810-890 nm) with a 900 m spatial resolution. The CCD area array detector has a size of 1024 x 1024 elements (pixels) for snapshot observations. Data are quantized to 8 bits radiometric resolution. An image has the size of 900 km x 900 km. The data is being used for meteorological applications.\n\nS&F (Digital Store & Forward Communications). The subsystem provides global, frequency-agile, communications for any form of digitized data: e-mail, voice-mail, scientific data exchange, fax, imagery, or even Internet mail for remote regions. The low cost and direct access offered by the TiungSat-1 microsatellite in orbit also makes it ideal for use by scientists, engineers and students based in institutes, universities and even schools throughout the world. - DSPE (Digital Signal Processing Experiment). The DSPE consists of a TM320C31 low power DSP suitable for special or general purpose signal processing tasks on LEO satellites. The VHF scanner operates in the 140-150 MHz range. A built-in FSK decoder is used. The system is capable to detect signals from a pre-set signal strength threshold within selected bar. DSP can be used for processing audio transmission for rebroadcast.\n\nCEDEX (Cosmic Ray Energy Deposition Experiment). The objective of CEDEX is to characterize the TiungSat-1 orbit radiation environment in terms of the observed particle LET (Linear Energy Transfer) spectrum at the spacecraft. The primary sensor consists of a 30mm x 30mm PIN diode detector 300 microns in depth, housed in a separate screened aluminium unit mounted on the CEDEX module box (three area PIN-diode detectors are mounted in a 'telescopic' arrangement; hence, information pertaining to directions of the energy particles detected can be derived.). This is connected to a charge amplifier and a pulse-shaping circuit which, in turn, are connected to an event-driven, hardware-logic controlled pulse-height multi-channel analyzer. CEDEX is controlled autonomously by a CAN-microcontroller with its own data-storage RAM and built-in data-compression software. This sends data to an internal CAN-controller which formats and sends them on to the primary OBC via the spacecraft's CAN (Controlled Area Network) bus. CEDEX is a multichannel analyzer with 512 channels and a 0.5 pC (picocoulomb) charge resolution. The instrument charge range is between 0.2 -24 pC, equivalent to a normal incidence particle LET range of about 60 - 7500 MeV cm2 g-1 (200,000 particles/s).\n\nThe CEDEX data obtained are comparable directly with such instruments as CREDO-II flown on STRV-1c (launch Nov. 16, 2000) and CRE (Cosmic Ray Experiment) flown on KitSat-1 (launch Aug. 10, 1992) and PoSat-1 (launch Sept. 26, 1993).\n\nExperimental Microsatellite GPS, an SSTL/ESA collaboration. An advanced 12-channel GPS receiver with two GPS patch antennas is installed for several objectives: 1) onboard generation of Keplerian orbital elements (NORAD experiment, this was first performed on PoSat), 2) onboard navigation, attitude, and timing services, and 3) refractive sounding of the ionosphere. The instrument is primarily used for orbit and position determination and for precise onboard timing services. In parallel, the instrument is also employed for refractive ionospheric monitoring. The TEC (Total Electron Content) occultation observations of the instrument provide slant range measurements which can be converted into vertical profiles. \n\nInformation provided by: http://www.eoPortal.org\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIUNGSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TIUNGSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: MySat-1\n Short_Name: Oscar-46\n Short_Name: MO-46\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 650\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.6\n Period: 97.1\n Perigee: 605.3\n Apogee: 647\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-19\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7470\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-09-26\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Malaysia\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", - "label": "OrbView", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "GeoEye’s OrbView-3 satellite was among the world’s first commercial satellites to provide high-resolution imagery from space. OrbView-3 collected one meter panchromatic (black and white) or four meter multispectral (color) imagery at a swath width of 8 km for both sensors. One meter imagery enables more accurate viewing and mapping of houses, automobiles and aircraft, and makes it possible to create precise digital products. Four meter multispectral imagery provides color and near infrared (NIR) information to further characterize cities, rural areas and undeveloped land from space. Imagery from the OrbView-3 satellite complements existing geographic information system (GIS) data for commercial, environmental and national security customers. OrbView-3 orbits 470 km above the Earth in a sun-synchronous polar orbit while collecting imagery of the Earth's surface at one meter resolution in the Panchromatic (black and white) mode, or at four meter resolution in the Multispectral (color) mode with a three day repeat cycle.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center received 179,981 OrbView-3 image “segments” from GeoEye with no restrictions. The data were delivered in Basic Enhanced (Level 1B) radiometrically corrected format. The product files include satellite telemetry data, rational functions, post-processed Ground Sample Distance (GPS) at nadir data, and sufficient metadata for rigorous triangulation.\n\nThe data in this collection were acquired between September 2003 and March 2007, from the multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (Pan) sensors. Over 84% of the Orbview-3 collection is PAN (black & white).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7a186060-a313-4047-ba21-27a0ffdff8e4", - "label": "OrbView-1", - "broader": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", - "definition": "MicroLab 1, also known as OrbView 1 was launched on April 3,\n1995, OrbView-1 provides the world's first broad-area\ncloud-to-cloud lightning data.\n\nOrbView-1's payload consists of two sensors:\n\n-an Optical Transient Detector (OTD) provided by NASA's Marshall\nSpace Flight Center, and\n\n-an atmospheric monitoring instrument (GPS/MET) sponsored by the\nNational Science Foundation and the University Consortium for\nAtmospheric Research.\n\nThe OTD sensor maps atmospheric lighting strikes and has\nprovided NASA with information important to the understanding of\nsevere weather patterns. The GPS/MET sensor has proven that the\nsignals from the GPS satellite constellation used for precision\nnavigation can also be used to provide important atmospheric\ndata. The success of the GPS/MET sensor has further validated\nthe concept of using space-based sensors to improve worldwide\nweather prediction.\n\nThe OrbView-1 program is the result of a unique\ngovernment-industry partnership between ORBIMAGE and NASA. Under\nthis arrangement, NASA provided the OTD sensor for use on\nOrbView-1 and ORBIMAGE agreed to conduct an initial six-month\nexperiment of the sensor. NASA's cost for data under this\nprogram over the past five years has totaled approximately\nů.2 million.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/orbview-1.htm\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MICROLAB-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MICROLAB-1\n Long_Name: OSC Microlab-1 Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OrbView-1 \n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: OTD\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/orbview-1.htm\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/orbview-1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Lsogistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-04-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aef85316-b8f8-422a-add0-8130b113fa7d", - "label": "OrbView-2", - "broader": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", - "definition": "OrbView-2 is an imaging satellite, developed, owned, managed and operated by Orbital Imaging Corporation (OrbImage) of Dulles, VA. The overall objective of the OrbView-2/SeaWiFS mission is to provide quantitative data on global ocean bio-optical properties to the Earth science community. The OrbView-2 satellite includes the SeaWiFS (Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor) imaging system, an 8-band multispectral imaging instrument with a one kilometer spatial resolution.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2b0301b-2f33-4048-9381-25a92226ed66", - "label": "ASIM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "ASIM is a climate observatory designed for detecting transient luminous event and terrestrial gamma ray flashes. ASIM will be mounted externally on the European Space Laboratory on ISS, Columbus. The ASIM payload consists of four sub-systems, CEPA, DHPU, MXGS, and MMIA. The CEPA and DHPU form the structural and electrical platform servicing the MXGS and MMIA scientific instruments. The DHPU, MXGS, and MMIA are mounted on-top of the CEPA. The power and data connections from ISS are routed through the CEPA to the DHPU, which converts 120V ISS supply to 28V instrument supply and handles all data communication.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5509236-8a81-4ebe-af91-d65aa58d4ab5", - "label": "CHAMP", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "CHAMP will generate for the first time simultaneously highly precise gravity\nand magnetic field measurements over a 5 years period. This will allow us to\ndetect besides the spatial variations of both fields also their variability\nwith time. The CHAMP mission will open a new era in geopotential research and\nwill become a significant contributor to the Decade of Geopotentials. It will\nperform the following three tasks: 1) Mapping of the Earth's global long to\nmedium wavelength gravity field and temporal variations with applications in\nthe geophysics, geodesy and oceanography; 2) Mapping of the Earth's global\nmagnetic field and temporal variations with applications in geophysics and\nsolar terrestrial physics; 3) Atmosphere/ionosphere sounding with applications\nin global climate studies, weather forecasting, disaster research and\nnavigation.\n\nCHAMP-derived data will serve as an ideal basis for a further refinement of\nmodern satellite surveying methods and constructing digital terrain models\ncovering large land and ice areas for remote sensing applications and for\ncartography. The evaluation of all three kinds of signals CHAMP will be\nobserving will allow a complete and integrated modeling of the structure and\ndynamics of the Earth core and mantle. Such an improvement will strongly\nenhance studies concerning the structure and composition of the Earth's\ninterior and will open new insights and application areas in geodesy, solid\nEarth physics and oceanography.\n\nLaunch: Launched: July 15, 2000\nLaunch Site: Plesetzk, Russia\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 450 km and circular\nInclination: 87.27\nPeriod: 94 minutes\nNon-Sun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Weight: 500 kg\nPower: 167 watts\nDesign Life: 5 years\n\nInstruments: LRR (Laser Retro Reflector)\nOVM (Overhauser Magnetometer) and the FGM (Fluxgate Magnetometer)\nDIDM (Digital Ion Drift Meter)\nACC (Accelerometer)\nGPS (Global Positioning System) Receiver\n\nCHAMP home Page: \nhttp://op.gfz-potsdam.de/champ/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CHAMP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n Long_Name: Challenging Minisatellite Payload\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CHAMP-BLACKJACK\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: DIDM\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 450 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 87.27\n Period: 94 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-24\n Online_Resource: http://op.gfz-potsdam.de/champ/\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/missions/champ/\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=66\n Sample_Image: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/champ/media_CHAMP/champ_startconf.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-07-15\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany/GFZ\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f75e34e2-ebe7-4a6c-8bf6-da596a36b632", - "label": "GRACE-FO", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Source: GRACE-FO Home Page, https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on (GRACE-FO) mission is a partnership between NASA and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). GRACE-FO is a successor to the original GRACE mission, which began orbiting Earth on March 17, 2002. GRACE-FO will carry on the extremely successful work of its predecessor while testing a new technology designed to dramatically improve the already remarkable precision of its measurement system.\n\nGRACE-FO, launched in May 2018, will continue the work of tracking Earth's water movement to monitor changes in underground water storage, the amount of water in large lakes and rivers, soil moisture, ice sheets and glaciers, and sea level caused by the addition of water to the ocean. These discoveries provide a unique view of Earth's climate and have far-reaching benefits to society and the world's population.\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: GRACE-FO\n Long_Name: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow On\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: \n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f79e1dd5-797c-4aa6-ab58-433c1abaec26", - "label": "Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "JERS (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) was a Japanese Earth observation satellite launched by NASDA (National Space Development Agency); also known by the national name Fuyo. Following on the success of MOS, JERS tested the performance of optical sensors and a synthetic aperture radar, and made observations for use in land survey, agriculture, forestry, fishery, environmental preservation, disaster prevention, and coastal surveillance. Some of its data were shared with the University of Alaska for research purposes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f3230e87-898e-45d1-aa7f-b5b42eb3a3fc", - "label": "JERS-1", - "broader": "f79e1dd5-797c-4aa6-ab58-433c1abaec26", - "definition": "[Source: JAXA, http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/JERS-1/en/index.html ]\n\nJERS-1 is an Earth Observation Satellite to cover the global land area for national land survey, agriculture, forestry, and fishery, environmental protection, disaster protection, and coastal monitoring, etc. focusing on observation around the world and resource exploitation. It was launched into a solar-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit at an altitude of 568 km with a recurrent period of 44 days by the H-I launch vehicle on February 11, 1992 from National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) Tanegashima Space Center, and has been continuing to observe and collect data with a mission data recorder by the high performance Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Optical Sensor (OPS).\n\nSAR is an active sensor which transmits microwave and observes characteristics, inequality, slope in the surface of the earth, etc. without being influenced by the weather day and night due to scattered waves from the Earth.\n\nOPS can observe in seven bands from the visible region to short wave infrared band and is capable of stereoscopic observation by forward look of 15.3 (J from nadir in near infrared band and highly is usable for identifying stones, rocks, and minerals.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: JERS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: JERS\n Short_Name: JERS-1\n Long_Name: Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: FUYO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPS\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 580 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 deg\n Period: 96 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/JERS-1/en/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/jers1/img/photo_jers1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-02-11\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", - "label": "Japan Marine Observation Satellite (MOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Japanese earth sea satellite. The MOS 1A and 1B satellites, also known as Momo 1A and 1B, were Japan's first Earth resources satellites. The satellites were designed to monitor ocean currents, sea surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor, ocean chlorophyll levels, precipitation, and land vegetation. They also acted as relays for data from remote surface sensor platforms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3f023faf-79fe-4efd-99cf-efdea9fd2e67", - "label": "MOS-1B", - "broader": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe Japanese Marine Observation Satellite-1b (MOS-1b) was the second\nEarth resources satellite in the MOS series to be launched by NASDA to\nmonitor atmospheric water vapor, ocean currents, sea surface\ntemperature, ice floe dynamics, chlorophyll concentration in the\noceans, and vegetation and agricultural land applications. The MOS-1b\ncarried the same three sensors as the MOS-1a: a Multi-spectrum\nElectronic Self-Scanning Radiometer (MESSR), a Visible and Thermal\nInfrared Radiometer (VTIR), and a Microwave Scanning Radiometer\n(MSR). Data was transmitted real-time to the Hatoyama Earth\nObservation Center for processing and is available through the Data\nService Department, Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan\n(RESTEC). The satellite also included a Data Collection System (DCS)\nTransponder designed to be a forerunner of the Japanese TDRSS, used to\ncollect and relay information from surface Data Collection Platforms\n(DCPs) and locate DCPs based on the Doppler frequency of received\nsignals. The satellite is a 1.26 x 1.48 x 2.4 meter high box-shape of\naluminium honeycomb construction with a single solar array of three\n1.51 meter wide panels. The satellite is controlled in three axes by\nmomentum wheels and four IN hydrazine thrusters. Other MOS satellites\nare planned throughout the 1990's.\n\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1990-02-07\n Epoch Date and Time :\n Apogee (km or AU): 940.\n Perigee (km or AU): 909.\n Inclination (degree) : 99.\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-06-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MOS-1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: MOS (Japan Marine Observation Satellite)\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n Long_Name: Japanese Marine Observation Satellite-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Momo-1b\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSR\n Short_Name: VTIR\n Short_Name: MESSR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/mos1/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/mos\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-02-07\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdf3698d-ace4-432b-80aa-8757f8d53d58", - "label": "MOS-1", - "broader": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", - "definition": "NASDA launched the Japanese Marine Observation Satellite 1(MOS-1) on\nFebruary 19, 1987. The MOS-1 carries three instruments on board, the\nMESSR (Multispectrum Electronic Self Scanning Radiometer), VTIR\n(Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer) and MSR (Microwave Scanning\nRadiometer). MOS-1 is Japan's first earth observation satellite which\nhas a sun-synchronous and sub-recurrent orbit at a nominal altitude of\n909 km and an inclination of 99 deg. The local mean time at\ndescending node is 10:00-11:00 AM. MOS-1/b, which carries the same\nsensors as MOS-1 was launched on February 7, 1990 to provide\ncontinuous data to users. The following is a summary of MOS-1 and\nMOS-1/b.\n\n\nNAME LAUNCHED ALTITUDE INCLINATION INSTRUMENTS\n (KM) (DEG)\n------- --------- -------- ----------- --------------\nMOS-1 19 FEB 87 909 99 MESSR, VTIR,\n MSR\nMOS-1/b 7 FEB 90 909 99 MESSR, VTIR,\n MSR\n---------------\n\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MOS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: MOS (Japan Marine Observation Satellite)\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Long_Name: Japanese Marine Observation Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Momo-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSR\n Short_Name: VTIR\n Short_Name: MESSR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/mos1/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/mos\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1987-02-19\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "label": "Nimbus", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Nimbus is a NASA meteorological research-and-development satellite program (parallel to the operational TIROS program) which started in 1963 with the prime objective to test new instrument concepts (introduction of sensor technology), a secondary objective was to provide atmospheric data for improved weather forecasts. Eventually, the series grew more into a major Earth sciences program (study of oceans, land surfaces and atmosphere) with the availability of better sensing instrumentation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0af3eeb1-3339-46ad-964f-2d18dce319fe", - "label": "Nimbus-7", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "The Nimbus 7 research-and-development satellite served as a\nstabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced\nsystems for sensing and collecting data in the pollution,\noceanographic and meteorological disciplines. The polar-orbiting\nspacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow\ntorus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control\nhousing unit that was connected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss\nstructure. Configured somewhat like an ocean buoy, Nimbus-7 was\nnearly 3.04 m tall, 1.52 m in diameter at the base, and about 3.96 m\nwide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that formed the\nsatellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules.\nThe lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and\nantennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus\nprovided support for the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the\ncontrol housing unit, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were\nsun sensors, horizon scanners, and a command antenna. The spacecraft\nspin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced attitude-control\nsystem permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled to\nwithin plus or minus 1 deg in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw).\nEight experiments were selected: (1) Limb Infrared Monitoring of the\nStratosphere (LIMS), (2) Stratospheric And Mesopheric Sounder (SAMS),\n(3) Coastal-Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), (4) Stratospheric Aerosol\nMeasurement II (SAM II), (5) Earth Radiation Budget (ERB), (6)\nScanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), (7) Solar\nBackscatter UV and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS), and\n(8) Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR). These sensors\nwere capable of observing several parameters at and below the\nmesospheric levels. The Nimbus-7 spacecraft was turned off in 1994\nafter 16 years of service.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Nimbus-G\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CZCS\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Short_Name: SBUV\n Short_Name: LIMS\n Short_Name: THIR\n Short_Name: SAMS\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Short_Name: ERB\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 955 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.1 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 12:00 PM for ascending and 12:00 AM for descending\n Period: 104.15 min.\n Repeat_Cycle: 6 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1978-098A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Sample_Image: http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/n7toms/images/n7c100small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-10-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "486c2802-dca4-49a3-8bb8-4889e6961014", - "label": "Nimbus-2", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "Nimbus-2 was launched in May 1966 and was the second in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major elements: (1) a sensory\nring, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system housing. The solar paddles\nand the control system housing were connected to the sensory ring by a truss\nstructure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy. Nimbus-2 was\nnearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m across with\nsolar paddles extended. The sensory ring, which formed the satellite base,\nhoused the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the\ntorus-shaped sensory ring provided mounting space for sensors and telemetry\nantennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center of the torus provided\nsupport for the larger experiments and tape recorders. Mounted on the control\nsystem housing, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors,\nhorizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command antenna. Use\nof a stabilization and control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to\nbe controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for all three axes (pitch, roll,\nand yaw).\nThe spacecraft carried an advanced vidicon camera system for recording and\nstoring remote cloudcover pictures, an automatic picture transmission camera\nfor providing real-time cloudcover pictures, and both high- and\nmedium-resolution infrared radiometers (HRIR and MRIR) for measuring the\nintensity and distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by and\nreflected from the earth and its atmosphere. The spacecraft and experiments\nperformed normally after launch until July 26, 1966, when the spacecraft tape\nrecorder failed. Its function was taken over by the HRIR tape recorder until\nNovember 15, 1966, when it also failed. Some real-time data were collected\nuntil January 17, 1969, when the spacecraft mission was terminated owing to\ndeterioration of the horizon scanner used for earth reference.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-2 Users' Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Nimbus-C\n Short_Name: 02173\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-2\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-2\n Short_Name: MRIR NIMBUS-2\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 100.3499984741211 Degrees\n Period: 108 minutes\n Perigee: 1103.0 km\n Apogee: 1179.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1966-040A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Sample_Image: http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:3-Xfyn-FEFls8M:http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/nimbus_ii.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-05-15\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b956645-9c85-4b3d-8771-159a62005911", - "label": "Nimbus-4", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "Nimbus-4 was launched in April 1970 and was the fourth in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a\nring-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system\nhousing. The solar paddles and the control system were connected to the sensor\nmount by a truss structure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean\nbuoy. Nimbus-4 was nearly 3.7 m tall, 1.45 m in diameter at the base, and about\n3 m across with solar paddles extended. The torus-shaped sensor mount, which\nformed the satellite base, housed the electronics equipment and battery\nmodules. The lower surface of the torus ring provided mounting space for\nsensors and telemetry antennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center\nof the torus provided support for the larger experiments and tape recorders.\nMounted on the control system housing, which was on top of the spacecraft, were\nsun sensors, horizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command\nantenna. Use of an advanced attitude-control subsystem permitted the\nspacecraft's orientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for\nall three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw).\nPrimary experiments consisted of an image dissector camera system for providing\ndaytime cloudcover pictures both in real-time and recorded modes,\ntemperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) for measuring daytime and\nnighttime surface and cloudtop temperatures as well as the water vapor content\nof the upper atmosphere, infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) for\nmeasuring the emission spectra of the earth/atmosphere system, satellite\ninfrared spectrometer (SIRS) for determining the vertical profiles of\ntemperature and water vapor in the atmosphere, a monitor of ultraviolet solar\nenergy (MUSE) for detecting solar UV radiation, a backscatter ultraviolet (BUV)\ndetector for monitoring the vertical distribution and total amount of\natmospheric ozone on a global scale, a filter wedge spectrometer (FWS) for\naccurate measurement of IR radiance as a function of wavelength from the\nearth/atmosphere system, a selective chopper radiometer (SCR) for determining\nthe temperatures of six successive 10-km layers in the atmosphere from\nabsorption measurements in the 15-micrometer CO2 band, and an interrogation,\nrecording, and location system (IRLS) for locating, interrogating, recording,\nand retransmitting meteorological and geophysical data from remote collection\nstations. The spacecraft performed well until April 14, 1971, when attitude\nproblems started. The experiments then operated on a limited time basis until\nSeptember 30, 1980.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-4 User's Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: BUV\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1970-025A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/nimbus-4__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-04-08\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bbdcd8e-cbe4-48db-96e6-1d5f1dd1e857", - "label": "Nimbus-6", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "Nimbus-6 was launched in June 1975 and was a research-and-development\nsatellite serving as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for testing advanced\nsystems for sensing and collecting meteorological data on a global scale. The\npolar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow\ntorus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control housing unit\nconnected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss structure. Configured somewhat\nlike an ocean buoy, Nimbus-6 was nearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the\nbase, and about 3 m wide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that\nformed the satellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules.\nThe lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and\nantennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus supported\nthe larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control housing unit, which was\nlocated on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a\ncommand antenna. The spacecraft spin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced\nattitude-control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled\nto within plus or minus 1 degree in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw).\nThe experiments selected for Nimbus-6 were the earth radiation budget (ERB),\nelectrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR), high-resolution infrared\nradiation sounder (HIRS), limb radiance inversion radiometer (LRIR), pressure\nmodulated radiometer (PMR), scanning microwave spectrometer (SCAMS),\ntemperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR), tracking and data relay\nexperiment (T+DRE), and the tropical wind energy conversion and reference level\nexperiment (TWERLE). This complement of advanced sensors was capable of mapping\ntropospheric temperature, water vapor abundance, and cloud water content;\nproviding vertical profiles of temperature, ozone, and water vapor;\ntransmitting real-time data to a geostationary spacecraft (ATS 6); and yielding\ndata on the earth's radiation budget.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-6 User's Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-F\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ESMR\n Short_Name: THIR\n Short_Name: HIRS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-15\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-052A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-06-12\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "955e7643-bd77-44aa-ba05-f7b841ce582b", - "label": "Nimbus-5", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "Nimbus-5 was launched in December 1972 and was a research-and-development\nsatellite designed to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for\nthe testing of advanced meteorological sensor systems and collecting\nmeteorological and geological data on a global scale. The polar-orbiting\nspacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow, ring-shaped\nsensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control system housing. The solar\npaddles and control system housing were connected to the sensor mount by a\ntruss structure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy.\nNimbus-5 was nearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m\nwide with solar paddles extended. The torus-shaped sensor mount, which formed\nthe satellite base, housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The\nlower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and antennas.\nA box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus provided support\nfor the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control system housing, which\nwas located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a\ncommand antenna. An advanced attitude-control system permitted the spacecraft\norientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree in all three axes\n(pitch, roll, and yaw).\nPrimary experiments included a temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR)\nfor measuring day and night surface and cloudtop temperatures as well as the\nwater vapor content of the upper atmosphere, electrically scanning microwave\nradiometer (ESMR) for mapping the microwave radiation from the earth's surface\nand atmosphere, infrared temperature profile radiometer (ITPR) for obtaining\nvertical profiles of temperature and moisture, Nimbus E microwave spectrometer\n(NEMS) for determining tropospheric temperature profiles, atmospheric water\nvapor abundances, and cloud liquid water contents, selective chopper radiometer\n(SCR) for observing the global temperature structure of the atmosphere, and a\nsurface composition mapping radiometer (SCMR) for measuring the differences in\nthe thermal emission characteristics of the earth's surface.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-5 User's Guide\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: THIR\n Short_Name: SCR\n Short_Name: NEMS\n Short_Name: ITPR\n Short_Name: ESMR\n Short_Name: SCMR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1020 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 100.10 degrees\n Period: 107.20 minutes\n Perigee: 1088 km\n Apogee: 1101 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-097A\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus-5\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-12-11\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acc28309-0d1a-4533-9b18-c5ac2b0deea8", - "label": "Nimbus-3", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "Nimbus-3 was launched in April 1969 and was the third in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major elements: (1) a sensory\nring, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system housing. The solar paddles\nand the control system housing were connected to the sensory ring by a truss\nstructure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy. Nimbus-3 was\nnearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m across with\nsolar paddles extended. The torus-shaped sensory ring, which formed the\nsatellite base, housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower\nsurface of the torus ring provided mounting space for sensors and telemetry\nantennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center of the torus provided\nsupport for the larger experiments and tape recorders. Mounted on the control\nsystem housing, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors,\nhorizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command antenna. Use\nof the attitude control subsystem (ACS) permitted the spacecraft's orientation\nto be controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for all three axes (pitch,\nroll, and yaw).\nPrimary experiments consisted of a satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS) for\ndetermining the vertical temperature profiles of the atmosphere, an infrared\ninterferometer spectrometer (IRIS) for measuring the emission spectra of the\nearth-atmosphere system, both high- and medium-resolution infrared radiometers\n(HRIR and MRIR) for yielding information on the distribution and intensity of\ninfrared radiation emitted and reflected by the earth and its atmosphere,\nmonitor of ultraviolet solar energy (MUSE) for detecting solar UV radiation,\nimage dissector camera system for providing daytime cloudcover pictures in both\nreal-time mode using the real time transmission system and tape recorder mode\nusing the high data rate storage system, radioisotope thermoelectric generator\n(RTG) SNAP-19 to assess the operational capability of radioisotope power for\nspace applications, and an interrogation, recording and location system (IRLS)\nexperiment designed to locate, interrogate, record, and retransmit\nmeteorological and geophysical data from remote collection stations.\nNimbus-3 was successful and performed normally until July 22, 1969, when the\nIRIS experiment failed. The HRIR and the SIRS experiments were terminated on\nJanuary 25, 1970, and June 21, 1970, respectively. The remaining experiments\ncontinued operation until September 25, 1970, when the rear horizon scanner\nfailed. Without this horizon scanner, it was impossible to maintain proper\nspacecraft attitude, thus making most experimental observations useless. All\nspacecraft operations were terminated on January 22, 1972.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-3 User's Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Nimbus-B2\n Short_Name: 03890\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.91000366210938 degrees\n Period: 107.4000015258789 minutes\n Perigee: 1075.0 km\t\n Apogee: 1135.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1969-037A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/nimbus_iii.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-04-14\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df91d23f-2c02-4bc1-92c1-a105fb0deb05", - "label": "Nimbus", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "The Nimbus Technology satellite program was initiated by NASA in the early\n1960's to develop an observational system capable of meeting the research and\ndevelopment needs of Earth scientists. The objectives of the program were to:\ndevelop advanced passive radiometric and spectrometric sensors for surveillance\nof the atmosphere and oceans; develop and evaluate new active and passive\nsensors for sounding the atmosphere and for mapping surface characteristics;\ndevelop advaced space technology and ground data processing techniques for\nmeteorological and scientific research; and participate in global observation\nprograms such as the World Weather Watch (WWW). Eight spacecraft were built, of\nwhich 7 were launched, with one failure, between 1964 and 1978. The Nimbus\nsatellites were placed in polar orbits and acquired global data twice every 24\nhours.\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/earth/nimbus.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc1b2147-7086-4164-a2e5-596f83e1431c", - "label": "Nimbus-1", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", - "definition": "Nimbus-1 was launched in August 1964 and was the first in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major elements: (1) a sensory\nring, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system housing. The solar paddles\nand the control system housing were connected to the sensory ring by a truss\nstructure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy. Nimbus-1 was\nnearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m across with\nsolar paddles extended. The sensory ring, which formed the satellite base,\nhoused the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the\ntorus-shaped sensory ring provided mounting space for sensors and telemetry\nantennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center of the torus provided\nsupport for the larger experiments and tape recorders. Mounted on the control\nsystem housing, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors,\nhorizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command antenna. Use\nof a stabilization and control system allowed the spacecraft's orientation to\nbe controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for all three axes (pitch, roll,\nand yaw).\nThe spacecraft carried an advanced vidicon camera system for recording and\nstoring remote cloudcover pictures, an automatic picture transmission camera\nfor providing real-time cloudcover pictures, and a high-resolution infrared\nradiometer to complement the daytime TV coverage and to measure nighttime\nradiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. A short second-stage\nburn resulted in an unplanned eccentric orbit. Otherwise, the spacecraft and\nits experiments operated successfully until September 22, 1964. The solar\npaddles became locked in position, resulting in inadequate electrical power to\ncontinue operations.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-A\n Short_Name: 00872\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-1\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-1\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degrees\n Period: 98.41999816894531 minutes\t\n Perigee: 429.0 km\n Apogee: 937.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1964-052A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-08-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9922bc7-cbad-4230-ad65-08c5998a8e0f", - "label": "TSINGHUA-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Tsinghua-1 is a microsatellite of Tsinghua University, developed and built in a joint venture between SSTL of Guildford, Surrey, UK, and Tsinghua University in Beijing, China. The TSRC (Tsinghua Space Research Center) was set up in Oct. 1998 with the goal to integrate all space research activities at Tsinghua University and to provide a means and facilities for S/C building. The joint-venture company in Beijing is referred to as T-SSSC (Tsinghua-Surrey Small Satellite Company). The cooperative program is to develop and build microsatellites (Tsinghua-1) and nanosatellites (THNS-1) and to provide integrated training in small satellite design.\n\nTsinghua-1 (also referred to as 'Hangtian' in Chinese) is a demonstrator microsatellite in the 50 kg class of size: 35 cm x 35 cm x 64 cm. The overall objective is to provide daily high-resolution imaging for disaster monitoring and mitigation on a worldwide scale. A further goal of Tsinghua-1 is to conduct communications research in LEO. The design uses the new MicroSat-70 platform modules or trays to carry the subsystems and payload. The power subsystem design includes the regulation, protection and distribution of a 35 W solar array and 7 Ah NiCd batteries. This subsystem essentially offers two buses: an unregulated 14 V bus and a regulated 5 V bus. The three payload modules include the GPS receiver (SGR-10 with 12 channels), transputer, and DSP/DTE (Digital Signal Processing/Data Transfer Experiment) unit. The three cameras and 3 reaction wheels are accommodated in the Earth Observation Compartment. Two GPS antennas are accommodated on the space facing side of the S/C.\n\nThe spacecraft is three-axis stabilized using a combination of passive (gravity-gradient boom) and active (magnetorquers, reaction wheels) actuator elements. The platform is nadir pointing. Attitude is sensed by sun sensors and a magnetometer. The body-pointing platform has the capability to perform fast slew maneuvers within 15 about the roll axis (or 180 about the yaw axis). An off-nadir pointing configuration can be sustained for up to half an orbit. Onboard data handling is provided with a dual CAN (Controller Area Network) bus (ISO 11898 & ISO 11519-1) 20 Mbit/s, and INMOS serial point-to-point link 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous duplex UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter).\n\nA launch of Tsinghua-1, along with SNAP-1 of SSTL as secondary payloads to Nadezhda-6, the prime Russian S&RSAT (Search & Rescue Satellite) of COSPAS, took place on June 28, 2000 on a Russian Cosmos-3M launcher from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 700 km, inclination = 98, period of 100 minutes.\n\nStatus of Tsinghua-1 mission: The spacecraft is operational as of 2004. \n\nSensor complement:\n\nMEIS (Multispectral Earth Imaging System).MEIS is a demonstrator instrument intended for the upcoming DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation) mission. The objective is to acquire multispectral Earth surface imagery with a spatial resolution of 40 m (snapshot imagery). The MEIS camera assembly consists of three cameras (one for each spectral band) mounted at an angle of 15 from nadir so that the yaw angle can be selected to offer the required off-pointing angle of 15 from nadir. The image swath width is 80 km and each camera can collect four images contiguously along the flight path. The instrument performs autonomous onboard histogram analysis to ensure optimum image quality involving image processing, compression and onboard storage. The OBCs may also be used to carry out autonomous onboard cloud editing and high-compression thumb-nail image previews.\n\nSGR-10 (Space GPS Receiver-10). The objective is real-time positioning for tracking the satellite and providing orbital elements for the spacecraft mission and ground station. SGR is a customized COTS-developed receiver. The instrument is based on the second generation GPS chip set of MITEL Semiconductors. The SGR consists of the following elements: GPS antennas, LNAs, the RF section, the digital section and the TLM/TC node. \n\nRF section: The SGR has two separate RF front-ends in the RF section which are responsible for down-converting the GPS signals and digitizing the IF signals. The RF sections use the same local oscillator so that the measurements are referenced to the same fundamental TCXO clock.\n\nDigital section: This part consists of hardware correlator channels, memory, a 32 bit RISC microprocessor with supporting peripherals and the interface circuitry. There are 24 C/A code correlation channels available, although only 12 channels are available if only 2 antennas are used.\n\nTLM/TC node: A separate 8 bit microcontroller is used to provide telemetry and telecommands. The telemetry includes status monitoring of SGR, while telecommand include reset, power down parts of the receiver, some redundancy switching etc.\n\nThe SGR-10 receives the L1 signal from the GPS constellation. The total SGR mass is 1.355 kg, including antenna/LNA. The accuracy of positioning, velocity and time synchronization (under Selective Availability on GPS) are: 150 m, 1 m/s, 3-D, 2 sigma approximately, and + 1 s, respectively. \n\nInformation from http://www.eoPortal.org\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TSINGHUA-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TSINGHUA-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 700\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.14\n Period: 98.68\n Perigee: 687\n Apogee: 713\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-19\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=9264\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-06-28\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Tsinghua University (China)\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbfed562-4772-48fe-b2bb-7ebced3a7c9f", - "label": "SCATSAT-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Scatterometer Satellite-1 (SCATSAT-1) is a satellite providing weather forecasting, cyclone prediction, and tracking services to India. It has been developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Satellite Centre.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc4a8eda-b910-4df6-8012-d573e5835707", - "label": "MTSAT-1R", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "The MTSAT-1R is a geostationary satellite from Japan. It has an onboard sensor, which is called the Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager (JAMI). JAMI obtains round earth imagery, called 'full-disk image', and observes earth surface conditions and cloud distributions as well as meteorological phenomena such as typhoons, depressions, front and so on. In addition, the various meteorological parameters, such as sea surface temperature and cloud motion winds are extracted from image data.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MTSAT-1R\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: MTSAT-1R\n Long_Name: Multi-functional Transport Satellite 1 Replacement\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: JAMI\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-06\n Online_Resource: http://mscweb.kishou.go.jp/index.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-02-26\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan Meteorological Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe07a2e4-a6cd-401c-af3e-433bbc8c2c98", - "label": "HY2-A", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "HY-2 is a second generation ocean observation/monitoring satellite series approved by CNSA (China National Space Administration) Beijing in Feb. 2007. The HY-2A mission represents a follow-up of the HY-1A and HY-1B missions.\n\nThe overall objective of HY-2 is the measurement of ocean dynamic and environmental parameters in the microwave region (i.e., all weather observations). The requirements call also for the collection of data on marine wind setup (wind vector), marine surface height, and SST (Sea Surface Temperature), along with aero-marine forecasts for the prevention and relief of disaster.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe4a4604-029e-4cdc-93f0-6d8799dd25e5", - "label": "PROBA-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "[Text Source: ESA Proba web site, http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/index.html ]\n\nThe Project for On-Board Autonomy (Proba) is a technology demonstration mission of the European Space Agency, funded within the frame of ESA's General Support Technology Programme. It is managed by ESA??s Control and Data Systems Division within the Department of Electrical Engineering, part of the Directorate for Technical and Operational Support at ESA/ESTEC.\n \nWork on the project began in mid-1998 and Proba was successfully launched on 22 October, 2001, initially for a one-year mission. \nProba objectives\n \nThe objectives of Proba are:\n\n-in-orbit demonstration and evaluation of new hardware and software\nspacecraft technologies\n\n- in-orbit demonstration and evaluation of onboard operational\nautonomy\n\n- in-orbit trial and demonstration of Earth observation and space\nenvironment instruments\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/index.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PROBA-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n Long_Name: Project for On-Board Autonomy, PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: PROBA\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PROBA.CHRIS.1A\n Short_Name: HRC\n Short_Name: WAC\n Short_Name: SREM\n Short_Name: DEBIE\n Short_Name: SIPS\n Short_Name: MRM\n Short_Name: PASS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 615 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.75 deg\n Period: 101.3 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-21\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Proba_web_site/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-10-22\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", - "label": "Earth Explorers", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "Earth Explorers are smaller research missions dedicated to specific aspects of our Earth environment whilst demonstrating new technology in space. Earth Explorer missions focus on the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and the Earth's interior with the overall emphasis on learning more about the interactions between these components and the impact that human activity is having on natural Earth processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a641c997-0bd2-41aa-ba43-8e03066c3c2a", - "label": "SMOS", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", - "definition": "[Source: ESA, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAMBA2VMOC_LPsmos_0.html ]\n\nESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has been designed to observe soil moisture over the Earth's landmasses and salinity over the oceans. Soil moisture data are urgently required for hydrological studies and data on ocean salinity are vital for improving our understanding of ocean circulation patterns.\n \nLaunched on 2 November 2009, SMOS is the second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission to be developed as part of ESA's Living Planet Programme. As well as demonstrating the use of the new radiometer, the data acquired from this mission will contribute to furthering our knowledge of the Earth's water cycle. The data acquired from the SMOS mission will lead to better weather and extreme-event forecasting, and contribute to seasonal-climate forecasting. As a secondary objective, SMOS will also provide observations over regions of snow and ice, contributing to studies of the cryosphere.\n\nFacts and figures \n• Launch: 2 November 2009 \n• Orbit: Mean altitude of 758 km and inclination of 98.44°; low-Earth, polar, Sun-synchronous, quasi-circular, dusk-dawn, 23-day repeat cycle, 3-day sub-cycle \n• Lifetime: Three years (including a six-month commissioning phase) with a possible two-year extension \n• Instrument: Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis – MIRAS, 2D interferometric L-band radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz (21 cm wavelength), with 69 antenna receivers distributed on a Y-shaped deployable antenna array and central hub. H and V polarisations measured sequentially \n• Satellite: Proteus platform adapted to the needs of the SMOS mission \n• Satellite mass: 658 kg (platform: 275 kg, payload: 355 kg, fuel: 28 kg) \n• Dimensions at launch: Cylinder 2.4 m high and 2.3 m in diameter \n• Power: Deployable solar panels with Si-cells, Li-Ion battery. Maximum power available for satellite: 1065 W, maximum consumption for MIRAS payload: 511 W \n• Communication links: X-band downlink for science data to ESA’s European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) in Villafranca, Spain, complemented by an X-band station in Svalbard, Norway, for acquisition of near-realtime data products; S-band uplink (4 kbps) and downlink (722 kbps) to Kiruna, Sweden, for satellite telemetry and telecommand (generic Proteus ground station) \n• Launcher: Rockot (with Breeze-KM upper stage) by Eurockot Launch Services GmbH \n• Launch site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia \n• Mission control: CNES Proteus Control and Command Centre in Toulouse, France, via CNES S-band ground station network – Kiruna in Sweden, Aussaguel in France and Kourou in French Guiana \n• Data processing: Data Processing Centre at ESAC, long-term archive at Kiruna, and User Services via ESA’s Centre for Earth Observation ESRIN in Frascati, Italy\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Earth Explorers\n Short_Name: SMOS\n Long_Name: Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission)\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MIRAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 758 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.44 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 23 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/SMOS/\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/8042-gp-smos-to-provide-a-unique-map.php\n Online_Resource: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/SMOS/SMOS_factsheet_22Jun09.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAMBA2VMOC_LPsmos_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/smos_key-visual_FINAL_H.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-11-02\n Launch_Site: PLESETSK COSMODROME, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: 3 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a915ab2f-46c5-493b-9f18-aeb3383ee72b", - "label": "CRYOSAT-2", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", - "definition": "Europe's first ice mission is an advanced radar altimeter specifically designed to monitor the most dynamic sections of Earth's cryosphere. It borrows synthetic aperture radar and interferometry techniques from standard imaging radar missions to sharpen its accuracy over rugged ice sheet margins and sea ice in polar waters. CryoSat-2 measures 'freeboard' - the difference in height between sea ice and adjacent water - as well as ice sheet altitude, tracking changes in ice thickness.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CRYOSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Earth Explorers\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: DORIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 717 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 92 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 369 days with 30 day sub-cycle\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPcryosat.html\n Sample_Image: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/EarthObservation/cryosat/4_sar_hz31_H.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-04-08\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 3 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9b21edd-49b7-43be-8e35-8652bbc5559a", - "label": "Biomass", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", - "definition": "The Biomass mission will address a fundamental gap in our understanding of the land component of the Earth system, which is the status and the dynamics of Earth’s forests, as represented by the distribution of forest biomass and its changes. With accurate, frequent and global information on these forest properties at a spatial scale of 200 m, it will be possible to address a range of critical issues with far-reaching scientific and societal consequences. The Biomass mission will explore Earth’s surface for the first time at the P-band wavelength, making observations that could have a wide range of as yet unforeseen applications, such as for mapping subsurface geological features in deserts in support of palaeohydrological studies and in ice sheets, and the surface topography of areas covered by dense vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4fc57c3-7f36-40dc-8067-8b1f4dff4e3d", - "label": "GOCE", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", - "definition": "[Source: ESA GOCE Home page, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAYEK1VMOC_LPgoce_0.html ]\n \nLaunched on 17 March 2009 - End of mission 10 November 2013, ESA's Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) was developed to bring about a whole new level of understanding of one of Earth's most fundamental forces of nature – the gravity field.\n \nDubbed the 'Formula 1' of satellites, this sleek high-tech gravity satellite embodies many firsts in its design and use of new technology in space to map Earth's gravity field in unprecedented detail. As the most advanced gravity space mission to date, GOCE will realise a broad range of fascinating new possibilities for oceanography, solid Earth physics, geodesy and sea-level research, and significantly contribute to furthering our understanding of climate change. \n \nAlthough invisible, gravity is a complex force of nature that has an immeasurable impact on our everyday lives. It is often assumed that the force of gravity on the surface of the Earth has a constant value, but in fact the value of 'g' varies subtly from place to place. These variations are due to a number of factors such as the rotation of the Earth, the position of mountains and ocean trenches and variations in density of the Earth's interior.\n\nOver its life of about 20 months, GOCE will map these global variations in the gravity field with extreme detail and accuracy. This will result in a unique model of the 'geoid', which is the surface of equal gravitational potential defined by the gravity field – crucial for deriving accurate measurements of ocean circulation and sea-level change, both of which are affected by climate change. GOCE-derived data are also much needed to understand more about processes occurring inside the Earth and for use in practical applications such as surveying and levelling.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOCE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Earth Explorers\n Short_Name: GOCE\n Long_Name: Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: EGG\n Short_Name: SSTI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 250 km (Hibernation 270 km)\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.7°\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-05-15\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPgoce.html\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/goce_general.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-03-17\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 20 months\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", - "label": "Indian Mini Satellite (IMS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "A family of modular mini satellite buses developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a4d7359a-ec66-49d6-a394-3cf2794dd552", - "label": "IMS-1", - "broader": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", - "definition": "IMS-1, previously referred to as TWSat (Third World Satellite), is a low-cost microsatellite imaging mission of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization). The overall objective is to provide medium-resolution imagery for developing countries for free. Around 50 data reception terminals will be installed by ISRO in selected Third World countries and also at some universities in India.\n\nhe project started in 2005 with a definition phase of the mission. The ISRO approach was to develop two versions of a standard small spacecraft bus (SSB) design with the objective to provide a low-cost and a quick-response time approach to space.\n\n• A microsatellite version (first use by the IMS-1 mission)\n\n• A minisatellite version (first use by the SARAL mission)\n\nThe main advantage of these 'smallsats' is the fact that they can be launched by a PSLV vehicle as a piggyback payload on any one of the larger primary payloads (like IRS satellites).\n\nThe modular design concept of the SSB is suited for series production making the bus a natural choice for constellation-flight applications. The design layout is such that the bus module and the payload module of each series may be integrated and tested separately (thus reducing the interdependency during the realization between both modules). Each SSB version is 3-axis stabilized. SSB is also designed to accommodate different types of payloads with minor modification from mission to mission. \n\nThe SSB micro-bus uses aluminum honeycomb panels arranged in a cuboid structure with internal shear frames. This design is made to provide maximum area for mounting the packages while being sturdy. All the subsystem packages are mounted within the cuboid except sensors and antennas which are mounted outside. The structure includes a launch vehicle interface and solar panel interfaces. The payloads are mounted on the top deck, with optical axis towards the + yaw direction.\n\nThe power subsystem consists of solar panels, battery, power conditioning and distribution units. There are two solar panels of size 0.81m x 0.72 m in the roll direction of the satellite. The panels are stowed during the launch and deployed after injection to the orbit. The satellite is nominally in sun-pointing mode with the solar panels facing the sun. For every payload operation, the satellite is maneuvered into an Earth-pointing mode and goes back to the sun-pointing mode after the imaging operation. Multi-junction solar cells are being used to provide higher efficiency of power conversion to generate about 230 W. A Li-ion battery is used with a capacity of 10.5 Ah, having a mass of about 3.5 kg. The power subsystem provides a single raw bus of 28 to 33 V. There are four DC/DC converters which provide the required secondary voltages for the payloads and bus subsystems.\n\nThe AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem) uses sun sensors with 4π FOV providing an accuracy of 0.5º in all axes. The sun sensors are being used for sun acquisition and safe mode detection and recovery. A MEMS-based magnetometer is being used in the spacecraft de-tumbling support mode and in the momentum dumping of the reaction wheels. A star sensor, providing an inertial quaternion output, is used as prime sensor during 3-axis stabilization and during the maneuver support modes. The accuracy of the star sensor is < 40 arcsec in all axes. In addition, there are two miniaturized gyros which are dynamically tuned. A GPS-based SPS (Satellite Positioning System) is used to provide the satellite position to an accuracy of < 30 m. Actuation is provided by magnetic torquers (momentum dumping), micro reaction wheels,and an RCS (Reaction Control Subsystem). The reaction wheels have aan angular momentum capacity of 0.36 Nms and a torque of 0.015 Nm. The wheels are arranged in a tetrahedral configuration to provide enhanced torques about any axis. The RCS consists of a single tank (8 liter volume) containing a monopropellant fuel and a single 1N thruster. The thruster is primarily used for orbit corrections.\n\nBMU (Bus Management Unit): The BMU represents the heart of the satellite providing the functions of telecommand decoding, house keeping telemetry, data encoding, sensor processing, on/off control of the subsystems and heaters, command distribution, spacecraft control during initial acquisition, normal mode, safe mode etc., using the actuators. This subsystem is realized in a single PCB (Printed Circuit Board).\n\nPassive control methods (with elements like multi layer insulation blankets, optical surface reflectors, thermal paints and heaters wherever necessary.) are being used in the thermal control subsystem. \n\nLaunch: A launch of IMS-1 as a secondary payload on a PSLV vehicle (PSLV-C9) took place on April 28, 2008 from the SDSC-SHAR launch site (Sriharikota, India) of ISRO. The primary payload on this flight was CartoSat-2A (launch mass of 690 kg), an Indian military high-resolution panchromatic imaging satellite (based on CartoSat-2 of ISRO).\n\nTWSat carries two payloads: the Mx-T (Multispectral Camera) and the HySI (Hyperspectral Imager). However, since the data of both imagers is rather high, only one of them will be powered on and data transmitted at any given time.\n\nMx-T (Multispectral Camera). The instrument of modular design provides four spectral bands in VNIR, where each band employs an individual lens, a separate CCD detector, and separate front-end electronics. The camera operates in a pushbroom scanning mode to image the Earth. The spatial resolution at nadir is 36 m on a swath of 151 km. The 12 bit video output is coded to 10 bit with multi-linear gain. Mx-T has a mass of 5.5 kg and a power consumption of 18 W.\n\nAll the front end electronics and the video processors are accommodated on the electro optical module (EOM) itself. Each band has one detector which gives out data in 4 ports with 10 bits per pixel. The source data (32 Mbit/s) is sent to the baseband data handling system of the microsatellite bus, compressed and stored in SSR (Solid State Recorder). The recorded data is transmitted to the ground in S-band at 8 Mbit/s. \n\nHySI-T (Hyperspectral Imager). The prototype instrument providing a total of 64 spectral bands in the VNIR region. Spectral separation is realized using the wedge filter technique. Detection is provided with a CMOS/APS (Active Pixel Sensor) area device. - The HySI-T data may be used for resource characterization and detailed studies. The HySI-T is being used on an experimental basis to obtain experience of such a payload and also of handling the hyperspectral data and generating the application models.\n\nMission operations: While Mx-T serves the basic requirement of the imaging mission, the HySI-T is incorporated on an experimental basis. It is planned to operate the Mx-T instrument on for most of the orbits based on the user demands, while the HySI-T is operated over Indian ground stations for evaluation purposes. Either of the payloads will be operated at a time in order to conserve the available resources on board the microsatellite.\n\nThe data from the two payloads is being downlinked separately. The Mx-T data is compressed at a ratio of 3.4:1, formatted, RS (Reed Solomon) encoded and stored on SSR (Solid Sate Recorder). The downlink is in near real-time via the S-band transmitter. The SSR has the storage capacity of 16 Gbit providing a maximum storage volume of 20 minutes data in segmented form. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IMS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MX-T\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 635 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 km\n Period: 97.3 minutes\n Perigee: 626.5 km\n Apogee: 646.3 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-27\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=15158\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6100/IMS1_Auto9.jpeg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-04-28\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa137482-53a7-455d-b8d8-52d487380c2a", - "label": "IMS-2", - "broader": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", - "definition": "IMS-2 Bus is evolved as a standard bus of 400 kg class which includes a payload capability of around 200kg. IMS-2 development is an important milestone as it is envisaged to be a work horse for different types of remote sensing applications. The first mission of IMS-2 is SARAL. SARAL is a co-operative mission between ISRO and CNES with payloads from CNES and spacecraft bus from ISRO.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", - "label": "Space Stations/Crewed Spacecraft", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", - "definition": "Space Stations: A space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live and work in outer space for a period of time.\n\nCrewed Spacecraft: A vehicle, vessel or machine designed to (transport) humans in outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "label": "Space Shuttle", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", - "definition": "Between the first launch on April 12, 1981, and the final landing on July 21, 2011, NASA's space shuttle fleet -- Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour -- flew 135 missions, helped construct the International Space Station and inspired generations. NASA's space shuttle fleet began setting records with its first launch on April 12, 1981 and continued to set high marks of achievement and endurance through 30 years of missions. Starting with Columbia and continuing with Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour, the spacecraft has carried people into orbit repeatedly, launched, recovered and repaired satellites, conducted cutting-edge research and built the largest structure in space, the International Space Station. The final space shuttle mission, STS-135, ended July 21, 2011 when Atlantis rolled to a stop at its home port, NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\n\nAs humanity's first reusable spacecraft, the space shuttle pushed the bounds of discovery ever farther, requiring not only advanced technologies but the tremendous effort of a vast workforce. Thousands of civil servants and contractors throughout NASA's field centers and across the nation have demonstrated an unwavering commitment to mission success and the greater goal of space exploration.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "019b76a2-3576-4a03-a91f-8519319d66ee", - "label": "STS-62", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Space Transport System STS-62\n\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nThe 14-day mission is the latest in a series of Extended\nDuration Orbiter (EDO) flights which will provide additional\ninformation for on-going medical studies that assess the impact\nof long-duration spaceflight, 10 or more days, on astronaut\nhealth, identify any operational medical concerns and test\ncountermeasures for the adverse effects of weightlessness on\nhuman physiology.\n\nThe United States Microgravity Payload (USMP) will be making its\nsecond flight aboard the Space Shuttle. The USMP flights are\nregularly scheduled on Shuttle missions to permit scientists\naccess to space for microgravity and fundamental science\nexperiments which cannot be duplicated on Earth and provide the\nfoundation for advanced scientific investigations that will be\ndone on the international space station.\n\nThe Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST-2) payload\ncontains six experiments that will obtain technology data to\nsupport future needs for advanced satellites, sensors,\nmicrocircuits and the space station. Data gathered by the OAST-2\nexperiments could lead to satellites and spacecraft that are\ncheaper, more reliable and able to operate more efficiently.\n\nSTS-62 will help scientists calibrate sensitive ozone- detecting\ninstruments with the sixth flight of the Shuttle Solar\nBackscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) Instrument. This highly\ncalibrated tool is used to check data from ozone-measuring\ninstruments on free-flying satellites -- NASA's Total Ozone\nMapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Upper Atmosphere Research\nSatellite (UARS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration NOAA-9 and NOAA-11 satellites.\n\nThe Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiments and the Commercial\nProtein Crystal Growth (CPCG) experiments aboard Columbia will\nhelp scientists understand the growth of crystals to study the\ncomplex molecular structures of important proteins. By knowing\nthe structure of specific proteins, scientists can design new\ndrug treatments for humans and animals and develop new or better\nfood crops.\n\nNASA's efforts in the important field of biotechnology are\nrepresented by the fourth flight of the Physiological Systems\nExperiment which is designed to evaluate pharmaceutical,\nagricultural or biotechnological products, and the first flight\nof the Biotechnology Specimen Temperature Controller (BSTC),\ndesigned to test the performance of a temperature control device\nbeing developed for use with the Bioreactor, a cell- culture\ngrowth device. Also flying again on the Shuttle is the\nCommercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payload which\nwill support more than 15 commercial life science investigations\nthat have application in biomaterials, biotechnology, medicine\nand agriculture.\n\nThe Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE) will make its\nsecond flight on STS-62. MODE investigates how the microgravity\nof space flight influences the behavior of large space\nstructures. The MODE test article can be configured in different\nshapes typical of space structural forms-- the truss of a space\nstation, for example -- to help engineers develop and verify an\nanalytical modeling capability for predicting the linear and\nnonlinear modal characteristics of space structures in a\nmicrogravity environment. MODE also will gather force\nmeasurements of nominal, crew-induced disturbance loads on the\nShuttle.\n\nAstronauts will demonstrate a new magnetic end effector and\ngrapple fixture design for the Shuttle's Canadian-built robot\narm that engineers believe will increase the arm's dexterity and\nalignment accuracy, provide operators with a sense of touch and\nallow the use of more compact 'handles' on satellites and other\nShuttle payloads.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-62/mission-sts-62.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15541ce2-b06c-4597-8eb1-745e1c72600b", - "label": "OV-105", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Endeavour, the newest addition to the four-orbiter fleet, is named after the first ship commanded by James Cook, the 18th century British explorer, navigator and astronomer. For the first time, a national competition involving students in elementary and secondary schools produced the name of the new orbiter; it was announced by President George Bush in 1989. The Space Shuttle orbiter Endeavour was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in May 1991, and flew its first mission, highlighted by the dramatic rescue of a stranded communications satellite, a year later in May 1992.\n\nEndeavour features new hardware designed to improve and expand orbiter capabilities. Most of this equipment was later incorporated into the other three orbiters during out-of-service major inspection and modification programs. Endeavour's upgrades include:\n\n-A 40-foot diameter drag chute that is expected to reduce the orbiter's rollout distance by 1,000 to 2,000 feet.\n\n-The plumbing and electrical connections needed for Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) modifications to allow up to 28-day missions.\n\n-Updated avionics systems that include advanced general purpose computers, improved inertial measurement units and tactical air navigation systems, enhanced master events controllers and multiplexer-demultiplexers, a solid-state star tracker and improved nose wheel steering mechanisms.\n\n-An improved version of the Auxiliary Power Units (APU's) that provide power to operate the Shuttle's hydraulic systems.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-105\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-105\n Long_Name: Endeavour Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html\n Sample_Image: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/images/medium/02pd0590-m.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-05-07\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "184a4b22-f26d-4358-8eb1-ab4262d4524e", - "label": "SRL-1", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The Space Radar Laboratory - 1 (SRL-1) was launched onboard the Space Shuttle 'Endeavor' (STS-59) on April 9, 1994. The SRL-1 consists of two elements: a suite of radar instruments called the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) jointly developed by NASA and DARA of Germany and ASI of Italy, and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS) instrument to measure atmospheric air pollution. SRL-1 is the first in a series of flights of this payload designed to (1) acquire radar imagery of the Earth's surface for studies in geology, geography, hydrology, oceanography, agronomy, and botany; (2) gather data for future space-borne radar systems; and (3) provide measurements of the global distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) in the troposphere. Instruments on board include the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) with multi-frequency (C- and L-Bands), multi-polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH), and multi-incidence angle (15 to 55 degrees) capabilities thus lending itself to a wide range of earth surface applications; the X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR), an X-band, VV-polarized imaging radar system, built by Dornier (Germany) and Alenia (Italy) for the German Space Agency (DARA)/German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI); and, the Mapping Air Pollution from Space (MAPS) instrument for the study of global air pollution. The MAPS instrument, from NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth (MtPE) Program. Four 45-Mbps data channels were recorded on special high data rate tape recorders and real-time data was transmitted to ground stations. About 50 hours each of SIR-C and X-SAR data were recorded during the mission. The combined SIR-C/X-SAR Science Team was made up of 49 members and 3 associates representing 13 countries. SIR-C/X-SAR data collection was focused on several worldwide supersites and correlated with ground and aircraft measurements. Radar data was also calibrated to allow comparisons with other operating spaceborne radars (ERS-1 SAR, JERS-1 SAR).\n\nBoth SIR-C and X-SAR will use on-board tape recorders to store data as well as limited real-time transmissions to the ground. Each radar has its own on-board data handling system and each radar can have its data routed through the TDRSS for real-time transmission (Ku-band). SIR-C data are recorded in parallel and X-SAR data is recorded serially. SIR-C and X-SAR data will be preprocessed at the Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) at NASA/JSC before delivery to JPL and operations centers in Germany and Italy. Commands are sent to the SRL-1 from POCC. At mission end, data tapes recorded on-board are sent to the PI sites.\n\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR part of the SRL-1 mission is expected to collect over 50 hours of data, both recorded and real-time. Real-time raw data will be pre-processed by the instrument PIs and science teams and stored at the PI sites at JPL, in Germany, and in Italy for analysis. SIR-C data will be processed at JPL using the JPL advanced digital SAR processor, leading to processed SAR images on 8-mm digital tape and on film. Plans include the production of CD-ROMs with 100 m resolution images. X-SAR data will be pre-processed within 3 months. Image products will be made available to X-SAR investigators. Both Germany and Italy will operate separate archives and processing facilities for X-SAR data. SIR-C processed data will eventually be be archived with the EOSDIS DAAC at EROS Data Center. All processed MAPS data is expected to be archived with the EOSDIS DAAC at NASA/Langley. Two additional flights of SRL are planned (August 1994 and 1995).\n\nSome SIR-C and X-SAR images are publically available on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) FTP site: jplinfo.jpl.nasa.gov in the directory /sircxsar. The images are also available through the World Wide Web (WWW) at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/. Both servers also have extensive information about the mission.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SRL-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SRL-1\n Long_Name: Space Radar Laboratory-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SRL-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: X-SAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-59.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "186b17f1-68bc-4f05-8b2b-932d24c57e3a", - "label": "STS-41G", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The 13th flight of the Space Shuttle (STS 41-G) carried the OSTA-3 (Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications) payload designed for conducting experiments in earth remote sensing. This experiment payload consisted of 1) a Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) for studies of the earth's surface, 2) a Large Format Camera (LFC) for cartographic mappings of the earth, 3) a Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS) experiment to determine the distribution of CO in the atmosphere, and 4) a Feature Identification and Location Experiment (FILE) for classification of surface materials. The SIR-B was an upgraded version of the SIR-A flown on the OSTA-1 payload during the STS-2 mission (NSSDC ID 81-111A-01). The MAPS and FILE sensors were the reflies of those same instruments on the OSTA-1 payload (NSSDC ID 81-111A-04 and 81-111A-03). The mission lasted 8 days and, except for SIR-B, all instruments met their pre launch requirements.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-41G\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-41G\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-41G\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Challenger (6)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n Perigee: 216 km\n Apogee: 229 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-41g.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/images/images/pao/STS41G/10061805.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-10-05\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "307e058f-5a6c-4b6b-b1a3-6a06a559a21b", - "label": "STS-34", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Space Transport System STS-34\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nSpace Shuttle mission STS-34 will deploy the Galileo planetary exploration spacecraft into low-Earth orbit starting Galileo on its journey to explore Jupiter. Galileo will be the second planetary probe deployed from the Shuttle this year following Atlantis' successful launch of Magellan toward Venus exploration in May.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-34\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-34\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-34\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 185\n Orbit_Inclination: 34.3\n Period: 39\n Repeat_Cycle: 4\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-34/mission-sts-34.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/images/images/pao/STS34/10063739.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-10-23\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "320292c9-dd15-43db-bbe7-36a217efc535", - "label": "Spacelab-1", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The first Spacelab mission was a joint NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) mission. Spacelab 1 consisted of a pressurized compartment (module) for housing equipment and flight personnel and a space-exposed platform to accommodate instruments. The compartment and platform were flown into space and returned inside the payload compartment of the Space Shuttle. The mission lasted 10 days, and while in space, the Shuttle payload compartment doors were opened to allow viewing of the earth, sun, and deep space. Spacelab 1 was a multidiscipline mission comprising five broad areas of investigation: Atmospheric Physics and Earth Observations, Space Plasma Physics, Astronomy and Solar Physics, Material Sciences and Technology, and Life Sciences. The Atmospheric Physics investigations conducted studies of the earth's environment through surveys of temperature, composition, and motion of the atmosphere. The Earth Observations investigations used and evaluated the capability of advanced measuring systems for making topographic and thematic maps from high-resolution photographs and from remote-sensing data. Investigations in the Space Plasma Physics group studied the charged particle or plasma environment of the earth. The Astronomy investigations studied astronomical sources of radiation in the ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths. The Solar Physics investigations measured the total energy output of the sun using three different methods with the instruments cross calibrated so that meaningful comparisons could be made. The Material Sciences and Technology investigations took advantage of the microgravity conditions to perform studies in such areas as crystal growth, metallurgy, tribology, fluid physics, and ceramics technology. The Life Sciences investigations were concerned with the effects of the space environment (zero gravity and high-energy radiation) on human physiology and on the growth, development, and organization of biological systems. The mission was considered very successful.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "391b3a49-2960-4be9-a12b-29f2f912da99", - "label": "STS-72", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The primary objective of the STS-72 mission is to capture and return to Earth a Japanese microgravity research spacecraft known as Space Flyer Unit (SFU). The 7,885lbs SFU spacecraft was launched by Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA) from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan at 8:01 UT on March 18, 1995 aboard a Japanese H-II rocket (HII-3).\n\nThe STS-72 mission will also deploy (for about 50 hours) and then retrieve the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer (OAST-Flyer) spacecraft. OAST-Flyer is the seventh in a series of missions aboard reuseable free-flying Spartan carriers. It consists of four experiments: Return Flux Experiment (REFLEX), Global Positioning System Attitude Determination and Control Experiment (GADACS), Solar Exposure to Laser Ordnance Device (SELODE) and the University of Maryland Spartan Packet Radio Experiment (SPRE).\n\nOther experiments onboard STS-72 include the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment (SSBUV-8) (previously flown on STS-34, STS-41, STS-43, STS-45, STS-56, STS-62 and STS-66), EDFT-03, Shuttle Laser Altimeter Payload (SLA-01/GAS(5)), VDA-2, National Institutes of Health NIH-R3 Experiment, Space Tissue Loss Experiment (STL/NIH-C), Pool Boiling Experiment (PBE) (hardware previously flown on STS-47, STS-57 and STS-60) and the Thermal Energy Storage (TES-2) experiment (previously flown on STS-69).\n\nGet Away Special payloads include the United States Air Force Academy G-342 Flexible Beam Experiment (FLEXBEAM-2), Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies' G-459 - Protein Crystal Growth Experiment and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory GAS Ballast Can with Sample Return Experiment.\n\nEndeavour's 10th flight also includes two 6.5 hour spacewalks by three astronauts to test hardware and tools that will be used in the assembly of the International Space Station starting in late 1997. EVA-1 on flight day five consists of Crewmembers Leroy Chiao (EV1) and Dan Barry (EV2) while EVA-2 on Flight Day 7 consists of Leroy Chiao (EV1) and Winston Scott (EV2).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-72\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-72\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-72\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 250 nm (288 statute miles)\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-72/mission-sts-72.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134518main_sts-72-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-01-11\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "430147e6-cf02-4d33-8806-033c85364fd4", - "label": "STS-51F", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nSpacelab 2, a NASA developed payload, had a configuration that included an\nigloo attached to a lead pallet, with the Instrument Pointing Subsystem (IPS)\nmounted on it, a two pallet train, and an experiment special support structure.\nThe flight objective was to demonstrate Spacelab's capabilities through a\nmultidisciplinary research program and to verify system performance.\nInvestigations in the field of astrophysics and solar astronomy included a sky\nsurvey for extended infrared sources, x-ray imaging of cluster galaxies, cosmic\nray measurements, studies of small-scale structures on the sun's surface, and a\nmeasurement of the coronal helium abundance. In addition, there were\nmeasurements of: the solar ultraviolet flux; the plasma environment and plasma\nprocesses near the Orbiter; and zero-gravity effects on technology processes\nand on the behavior of liquid helium. Life sciences problems investigated\nincluded bone demineralization in humans and lignin formation in plants.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1985-07-29 21:00:00\n Epoch Date and Time :\n Apogee (km or AU): 321.\n Perigee (km or AU): 312.\n Inclination (degree) : 49.5\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-06-19", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45da4f3c-c73d-4299-ba88-e26775f3c9f2", - "label": "STS-39", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Space Transport System STS-39\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nMission STS-39 is the first unclassified Department of Defense-\ndedicated Space Shuttle mission, highlighted by around-the-clock\nobservations of the atmosphere, gas releases, Shuttle engine firings,\nsubsatellite gas releases and the Shuttle's orbital environment in\nwavelengths ranging from infrared to the far ultraviolet.\n\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-39/mission-sts-39.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e7df1af-daec-4ee1-9e83-9f013d573fc1", - "label": "SRL-2", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "During the 10 day mission, the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload in Endeavour's cargo bay will make its second flight. The SRL payload, which first flew during STS-59 in April 1994, will again give scientists highly detailed information that will help them distinguish between human-induced environmental changes and other natural forms of change.\n\nSRL-2 will take radar images of the Earth's surface for Earth system sciences studies, including geology, geography, hydrology, oceanography, agronomy and botany.\n\nThe SRL payload is comprised of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS). The German Space Agency (DARA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) are providing the X-SAR instrument.\n\nThe imaging radar of the SIR-C/X-SAR instruments has the ability to make measurements over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The radar waves can penetrate clouds, and under certain conditions, also can 'see' through vegetation, ice and extremely dry sand. In many cases, radar is the only way scientists can explore inaccessible regions of the Earth's surface. \n\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR radar data provide information about how many of Earth's complex systems - those processes that control the movement of land, water, air and life - work together to make this a livable planet. The science team particularly wants to study the amount of vegetation coverage, the extent of snow packs, wetlands areas, geologic features such as rock types and their distribution, volcanic activity, ocean wave heights and wind speed. STS-68 will fly over the same sites that STS-59 observed so that scientists will be able to study seasonal changes that may have occurred in those areas between the missions.\n\nAn international team of 49 science investigators and three associates will conduct the SIR-C/X-SAR experiments. Thirteen nations are represented: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and the United States.\n\nThe MAPS experiment will measure the global distribution of carbon monoxide in the troposphere, or lower atmosphere. Measurements of carbon monoxide, an important element in several chemical cycles, provide scientists with indications of how well the atmosphere can cleanse itself of 'greenhouse gases,' chemicals that can increase the atmosphere's temperature.\n\nSTS-68 provided a continuation of NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) experiments program. The project gives a person or organization a chance to perform experiments in space on a Shuttle mission. Two universities, North Carolina A&T State University and University of Alabama in Huntsville, and the Swedish Space Corp., Soina, Sweden, will have small self-contained payloads flying during the STS-68 mission. Other GAS hardware in Endeavour's payload bay will carry 500,000 commemorative stamps for the U.S. Postal Service in recognition of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing.\n\nOther payloads aboard Endeavour include the Biological Research in Canister (BRIC) which will fly for the first time, and the Military Applications of Ship Tracks (MAST) which will be making its second flight. BRIC experiments, sponsored by NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, are designed to examine the effects of microgravity on a wide range of physiological processes in higher order plants and arthropod animals (e.g., insects, spiders, centipedes, crustaceans). MAST is an experiment sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and is part of a five-year research program developed by ONR to examine the effects of ships on the marine environment.\n\nThe Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG) experiment, the Chromosome and Plant Cell Division in Space Experiment (CHROMEX) and the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) experiment also will be carried aboard Endeavour.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SRL-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SRL-2\n Long_Name: Space Radar Laboratory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SRL-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: X-SAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/backup%2010-5/sts-68/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-09-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50b3f253-e76a-4895-bd28-e477052ca1bb", - "label": "STS-45", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Studies of the sun, the upper reaches of Earth's atmosphere and astronomical objects using an international array of instruments in Atlantis' cargo bay will highlight Shuttle Mission STS-45.\n\nAtlantis will carry the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-1 (ATLAS-1), 12 instruments from the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Japan, that will conduct 13 experiments to study the chemistry of the atmosphere, solar radiation, space plasma physics and ultraviolet astronomy. ATLAS-1 is planned to be the first of several ATLAS flights designed to cover an entire 11-year solar cycle, the regular period of energetic activity by the sun. Co- manifested with ATLAS-1 is the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SSBUV), which provides highly calibrated measurements of ozone to fine-tune measurements made by other NASA and NOAA satellites.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-45\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-45\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-45\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 160nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57.0 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-45/mission-sts-45.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134440main_sts-45-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-03-24\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "595c5eb0-2a7d-452b-8a62-d492375b78fa", - "label": "OV-104", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Atlantis, the fourth orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after the primary research vessel for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts from 1930 to 1966. The spaceship Atlantis has carried on the spirit of the sailing vessel with several important voyages of its own, including the Galileo planetary explorer mission in 1989 and the deployment of the Arthur Holley Compton Gamma Ray Observatory in 1991.\n\nAtlantis benefited from lessons learned in the construction and testing of Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger. At rollout, its weight was some 6,974 pounds less than Columbia. The Experience gained during the Orbiter assembly process also enabled Atlantis to be completed with a 49.5 percent reduction in man hours (compared to Columbia). Much of this decrease can be attributed to the greater use of thermal protection blankets on the upper orbiter body instead of tiles. During the construction of Discovery and Atlantis, NASA opted to have the various contractors manufacture a set of 'structural spares' to facilitate the repair of an Orbiter if one was damaged during an accident. This contract was valued at 踥 million and consisted of a spare aft-fuselage, mid-fuselage, forward fuselage halves, vertical tail and rudder, wings, elevons and a body flap. These spares were later assembled into the orbiter Endeavour. Atlantis was shipped to California to undergo upgrades and modifications. These modifications include a drag chute, new plumbing lines that configure the orbiter for extended duration, more than 800 new heat protection tiles and blankets and new insulation for the main landing gear.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-104\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-104\n Long_Name: Atlantis Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/atlantis.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.centralfloridavillaholiday.com/images/nasa_shuttle_launch.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1985-10-03\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bfe76ac-90dc-4620-8da8-1178cf637b2d", - "label": "OV-102", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Columbia, the oldest orbiter in the Shuttle fleet, is named after the Boston, Massachusetts based sloop captained by American Robert Gray. The spaceship Columbia has continued the pioneering legacy of its forebears, becoming the first Space Shuttle to fly into Earth orbit in 1981. Four sister ships joined the fleet over the next 10 years: Challenger, arriving in 1982 but destroyed four years later; Discovery, 1983; Atlantis, 1985; and Endeavour, built as a replacement for Challenger, 1991. A test vehicle, the Enterprise, was used for suborbital approach and landing tests and did not fly in space.\n\nColumbia was the first on-line orbiter to undergo the scheduled inspection and retrofit program. It was transported August 10, 1991, after its completion of mission STS-40, to prime Shuttle contractor Rockwell International's Palmdale, California assembly plant. The oldest orbiter in the fleet underwent approximately 50 modifications, including the addition of carbon brakes, drag chute, improved nose wheel steering, removal of development flight instrumentation and an enhancement of its thermal protection system. The orbiter returned to KSC February 9, 1992 to begin processing for mission STS-50 in June of that year.\n\nOn October 8, 1994, Columbia was transported to Palmdale California for its first ODMP. Approximately 90 modifications and upgrades were made to Columbia during this 6 month period. Modifications included upgrades to the main landing gear thermal barrier, tire pressure monitoring system and radiator drive circuitry. (Reference KSC Press Release 113-94 and Shuttle Status Report 10/10/94)\n\nOn September 24, 1999, Columbia was transported to Palmdale California for its second ODMP. While in California, workers will perform more than 100 modifications on the vehicle. Columbia will be the second orbiter outfitted with the multi-functional electronic display system (MEDS) or 'glass cockpit'. Last year, Shuttle Atlantis had the full-color, flat-panel displays installed on its flight deck during an OMDP. The new system improves crew interaction with the orbiter during flight and reduces the high cost of maintaining the outdated electromechanical cockpit displays currently onboard. (Reference KSC Press Release 74-99).\n\nOn February 1, 2003, Columbia was lost during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-102\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-102\n Long_Name: Columbia Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Columbia\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia-logo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6462dbc4-9b1f-4cb4-9ae1-8eed8bf3f17c", - "label": "STS-56", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "A variety of scientific questions will be addressed when NASA conducts Shuttle mission STS-56 in late March 1993. The crew on Space Shuttle Discovery will gather data on the relationship between sun's energy output and Earth's middle-atmosphere chemical make-up and how these factors affect the Earth's ozone level.\n\nThe crew will use the Atmospheric Laboratory for Science and Applications (ATLAS 2) and Shuttle Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) payloads aboard Discovery to gather this information.\n\nThe source of solar wind and the possible applications a microgravity environment can provide for research in drug development and the changes which occur in muscles and bones in a weightless condition are some of the other areas to be investigated during the STS-56 mission.\n\n{Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-56\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-56\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-56\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DISCOVERY\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 160nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-56/mission-sts-56.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-56/sts-56-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-04-08\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70d24549-a5ef-47b1-8131-f5c48e7e93d4", - "label": "Spacelab-3", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The Spacelab 3 mission was the second flight of Spacelab, the reusable and versatile space laboratory developed for NASA by the European Space Agency (ESA); it was also the first NASA-dedicated Spacelab mission. The SL-3 crew consisted of Commander Robert F. Overmyer, Pilot Frederick D. Gregory,\nMission Specialists Don L. Lind, Norman E. Thagard, and William E. Thornton, and Payload Specialists Lodewijk van den Berg and Taylor G. Wang. Rather than carrying experiments covering a broad range of disciplines as did Spacelab 1, the SL-3 payload investigations focused mainly on microgravity and included experiments in life sciences, materials science, fluid mechanics, and atmospheric and astronomical observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73fef640-5d7a-4798-93d3-a97b712287a2", - "label": "SPAS-II", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The SPAS (Shuttle Pallet Satellite) satellite was a reusable free-flying vehicle built by Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm.which could be deployed and then retrieved by the US Space Shuttle's Remote Manipulator System arm. The original SPAS, with materials processing and SDI-related sensor payloads, was used on several missions (STS-7, STS-11, STS-39). An experiment-carrying truss (USS) based on the original SPAS structure (but without the avionics and attitude control) was flown on the Spacelab D-1 and D-2 missions.\n\nThe shuttle was launched on April 28, 1991 and landed May 6, 1991. Unclassified payload included the Infrared Background Signature Survey (IBSS) with Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV), Chemical Release Observation (CRO) and Shuttle Pallet Satellite-II (SPAS-II) experiments; and Space Test Payload-1 (STP-1). Classified payload consisted of Multi-Purpose Release Canister (MPEC). Also on board was Radiation Monitoring Equipment III (RME III) and Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense Systems-1A (CLOUDS-1).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPAS-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SPAS-II\n Long_Name: Shuttle Pallet Satellite-II\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ORFEUS II\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-39.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-04-28\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "806b38f9-e3d7-4ac9-b403-7af2fdcc5381", - "label": "STS-7", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Manned five crew. Deployed Anik C2, Palapa B1; deployed and retrieved SPAS platform. Payloads: Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA)-2 experiments, deployment of PALAPA-B1 communications satellite for Indonesia with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D and Telesat-F communications satellite for Canada with PAM-D, German Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS)-01, seven getaway specials (GAS), Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-7\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CHALLENGER\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOMS-01\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 160nm-170nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-7/mission-sts-7.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-7/sts-7-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-06-18\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b619f22-98ef-4a50-871d-04fc49ecdf03", - "label": "STS-66", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Sciences - 3 (ATLAS-03) is the primary payload aboard STS-66. It will continue the series of Spacelab flights to study the energy of the sun and how it affects the Earth's climate and environment. The ATLAS 3 mission will make the first detailed measurements from the Shuttle of the Northern Hemisphere's middle atmosphere in late fall. The timing of the flight, when the Antarctic ozone hole is diminishing, allows scientists to study possible effects of the ozone hole on mid-latitudes, the way Antarctic air recovers, and how the northern atmosphere changes as the winter season approaches.\n\nIn addition to the ATLAS-03 investigations, the mission will include deployment and retrieval of the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometer Telescopefor Atmosphere, or CRISTA. Mounted on the Shuttle Pallet Satellite, the payload is designed to explore the variability of the atmosphere and provide measurements that will complement those obtained by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite launched aboard Discovery in 1991. CRISTA-SPAS is a joint U.S./German experiment.\n\nOther payloads in Atlantis cargo bay include the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV-7) payload and the Experiment on the Sun Complementing ATLAS (ESCAPE-II). Payloads located in the middeck include the Physiological & Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE/NIR-R), Protein Crystal Growth-Thermal Enclosure (PCG-TES), Protein Crystal Growth- Single Locker (PCG-STES), Space Tissue Loss/National Institute of Health (STL/NIH-C), Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) and the Heat Pipe Performance-2 Experiment (HPP-2).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-66\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-66\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-66\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 164nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-66/mission-sts-66.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134504main_sts-66-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-11-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dd0a34f-2aba-4313-bc2e-b9a742d91862", - "label": "STS-68", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "During the 10 day mission, the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload in Endeavour's cargo bay will make its second flight. The SRL payload, which first flew during STS-59 in April 1994, will again give scientists highly detailed information that will help them distinguish between human-induced environmental changes and other natural forms of change.\n\nSRL-2 will take radar images of the Earth's surface for Earth system sciences studies, including geology, geography, hydrology, oceanography, agronomy and botany.\n\nThe SRL payload is comprised of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS). The German Space Agency (DARA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) are providing the X-SAR instrument.\n\nThe imaging radar of the SIR-C/X-SAR instruments has the ability to make measurements over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The radar waves can penetrate clouds, and under certain conditions, also can 'see' through vegetation, ice and extremely dry sand. In many cases, radar is the only way scientists can explore inaccessible regions of the Earth's surface.\n\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR radar data provide information about how many of Earth's complex systems - those processes that control the movement of land, water, air and life - work together to make this a livable planet. The science team particularly wants to study the amount of vegetation coverage, the extent of snow packs, wetlands areas, geologic features such as rock types and their distribution, volcanic activity, ocean wave heights and wind speed. STS-68 will fly over the same sites that STS-59 observed so that scientists will be able to study seasonal changes that may have occurred in those areas between the missions.\n\nAn international team of 49 science investigators and three associates will conduct the SIR-C/X-SAR experiments. Thirteen nations are represented: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and the United States. The MAPS experiment will measure the global distribution of carbon monoxide in the troposphere, or lower atmosphere. Measurements of carbon monoxide, an important element in several chemical cycles, provide scientists with indications of how well the atmosphere can cleanse itself of 'greenhouse gases,' chemicals that can increase the atmosphere's temperature.\n\nSTS-68 provided a continuation of NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) experiments program. The project gives a person or organization a chance to perform experiments in space on a Shuttle mission. Two universities, North Carolina A&T State University and University of Alabama in Huntsville, and the Swedish Space Corp., Soina, Sweden, will have small self-contained payloads flying during the STS-68 mission. Other GAS hardware in Endeavour's payload bay will carry 500,000 commemorative stamps for the U.S. Postal Service in recognition of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing.\n\nOther payloads aboard Endeavour include the Biological Research in Canister (BRIC) which will fly for the first time, and the Military Applications of Ship Tracks (MAST) which will be making its second flight. BRIC experiments, sponsored by NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, are designed to examine the effects of microgravity on a wide range of physiological processes in higher order plants and arthropod animals (e.g., insects, spiders, centipedes, crustaceans). MAST is an experiment sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and is part of a five-year research program developed by ONR to examine the effects of ships on the marine environment.\n\nThe Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG) experiment, the Chromosome and Plant Cell Division in Space Experiment (CHROMEX) and the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) experiment also will be carried aboard Endeavour.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-68\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-68\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-68\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 57\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-68/mission-sts-68.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134508main_sts-68-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-09-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "982f77c0-4379-4263-a231-c8dec440e57d", - "label": "ATLAS-3", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The third flight in a series of Space Shuttle-Spacelab missions, designated the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS), was part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. The series was intended to study the composition of the middle atmosphere and its possible variations due to solar changes over the course of an 11-year solar cycle. The third flight of ATLAS focused on atmospheric and solar physics and consisted of the same experments as in ATLAS-2 with the addition of two co-manifested experiments. The ATLAS-3 instruments were mounted on Spacelab pallets in the Shuttle payload bay. The Shuttle's changing orientation to Earth placed the experiments in advantageous orbiting locations to observe the atmosphere and the Sun. The Shuttle orbiter orientation was either inertially fixed so that the selected instruments were pointed at the Sun, or nadir pointed for observations of the Earth's atmosphere. Crew members were in consultation with the investigators while controlling and monitoring the experiments. The ATLAS-3 core instruments consisted of: (1) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM); (2) Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON); (3) Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC); (4) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); (5) Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS); and (6) Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS). The ATLAS-3 payload was co-manifested with the 6th flight of the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV-06) experiment, the German Space Agency (DARA) Shuttle Pallet Satellite/Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (SPAS/CRISTA) from Germany, and the Middle Atmospheric High Resolution Spectrograph Investigation (MAHRSI) from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Both MAHRSI and CRISTA were mounted on the German SPAS carrier and were integrated into the ATLAS-3 science plan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e00a9bb-bff6-44aa-976c-fd1ac1c014b0", - "label": "STS-55", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The 54th flight of the Space Shuttle will be devoted primarily to Germany for conducting a wide range of experiments in the microgravity environment of space flight.\n\nColumbia, the flagship of the Shuttle fleet, will make its 14th voyage into Earth orbit carrying a crew of seven, including two German payload specialists. STS-55's primary payload is Spacelab D2, for the second Shuttle mission dedicated to Germany. Spacelab D1 was flown in 1985. Spacelab is a self-contained, space-based research laboratory carried inside the Shuttle's 60- foot-long cargo bay.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-55\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-55\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-55\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: COLUMBIA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-55/mission-sts-55.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-04-26\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5cdaa1d-0ca7-4b37-bb53-166f9f168430", - "label": "ATLAS-1", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "ATLAS missions were part of Phase I of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a large-scale, unified study of planet Earth as a single, dynamic system. Throughout the ATLAS series, scientists gathered new information to gain a better understanding of how the atmosphere reacts to natural and human-induced atmospheric changes. That knowledge helped us identify measures to keep our planet suitable for life for future generations.\n\nATLAS-1 flew aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-45 in spring 1992. It was the first of up to nine ATLAS missions that were undertaken throughout one solar cycle, which lasted 11 years. During that period solar flares, sunspots and other magnetic activity in the sun changes from one extreme to the other and back.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7443743-c640-4eaf-a525-61651a9d954d", - "label": "STS-11", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "First untethered space walks by McCandless and Stewart, using manned maneuvering unit. WESTAR-VI and PALAPA-B2 satellites deployed, but failure of Payload Assist Module-D (PAM-D) rocket motors left them in radical low-Earth orbits. German-built Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), first flown on STS-7, became first satellite refurbished and flown again. SPAS remained in payload bay due to electrical problem with Remote Manipulator System (RMS). RMS manipulator foot restraint first used, practice procedures performed for Solar Maximum satellite retrieval and repair planned for next mission. Integrated Rendezvous Target (IRT) failed due to internal failure. Five Get Away Special canisters flown in cargo bay and Cinema-360 camera used by crew. Other payloads: Acoustic Containerless Experiment System (ACES); Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR); and Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME), and Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) payload.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-11\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Challenger\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOMS-01\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/41-b/mission-41-b.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/images/images/pao/STS41B/10061751.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-02-03\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a771d41b-2298-47fd-9e5d-f99370540e98", - "label": "SPACE SHUTTLES", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "A Space Shuttle is a reusable spacecraft with wings for controlled descent in the atmosphere, designed to transport astronauts between Earth and an orbiting space station and also used to deploy and retrieve satellites.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPACE SHUTTLES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SPACE SHUTTLES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle\n Sample_Image: http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacepictures/shuttle_endeavour.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab66dd2f-7d5a-4e6f-a3dc-ec34849cf766", - "label": "STS-41", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Space Transport System STS-41\n\nMission Highlights:\n\nThree satellites deployed: Satellite Business System SBS-D, SYNCOM IV-2 (also known as LEASAT2) and TELSTAR. The 102- foot-tall, 13-loot-wide Office of Application and Space Technology (OAST-1) solar wing extended from payload bay. Wing carried different types of solar cells and extended to full height several times. It demonstrated large lightweight solar arrays for future in building large facilities in space such as Space Station. Other payloads: Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) Ill; Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME); Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiment; lMAX camera, being flown second time; and an Air Force experiment, Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense Systems (CLOUDS).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-41\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-41\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-41\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: discovery\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45\n Repeat_Cycle: 4\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-41/sts-41-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-08-30\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af8374fb-1543-4eb2-a67e-5da2237505d3", - "label": "OV-099", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Challenger, the second orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after the British Naval research vessel HMS Challenger that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870's. The Apollo 17 lunar module also carried the name of Challenger. Like her historic predecessors, Space Shuttle Challenger and her crews made significant contributions to America's scientific growth.\n\nChallenger started out as a high-fidelity structural test article (STA-099). The airframe was completed by Rockwell and delivered to Lockheed Plant 42 for structural testing on 02/04/78. The orbiter structure had evolved under such weight-saving pressure that virtually all components of the air frame were required to handle significant structural stress. With such an optimized design, it was difficult to accurately predict mechanical and thermal loading with the computer software available at the time. The only safe approach was to submit the structural test article to intensive testing and analysis. STA-099 underwent 11 months of intensive vibration testing in a 43 ton steel rig built especially for the Space Shuttle Test Program. The rig consisted of 256 hydraulic jacks, distributed over 836 load application points. Under computer control, it was possible to simulate the expected stress levels of launch, ascent, on-orbit, reentry and landing. Three 1 million pound-force hyd raulic cylinders were used to simulate the thrust from the Space Shuttle Main Engines. Heating and thermal simulations were also done. On January 28, 1986, the Challenger and its seven-member crew were lost 73 seconds after launch when a booster failure resulted in the breakup of the vehicle.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-099\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-099\n Long_Name: Challenger Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: challenger\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/resources/orbiters/challenger.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b978a160-ed2c-41e2-b993-7429ba4b2688", - "label": "STS-64", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The STS-64 mission will carry the LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE), a project to measure atmospheric parameters from a space platform utilizing laser sensors, the Robot Operated Materials Processing System (ROMPS) to investigate robot handling of thin film samples, and the Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN-201). SPARTAN is a free-flying retrievable platform with two telescopes to study the solar wind, a continuous stream of electrons, heavy protons and heavy ions ejected from the sun and traveling through space at speeds of almost 1 million miles per hour. The solar wind frequently causes problems on Earth by disrupting navigation, communications and electrical power.\n\nThe STS-64 mission will also carry the Shuttle Plume Impingement Flight Experiment (SPIFEX). This experiment is designed to directly measure RCS plume loads in the far-field regime under actual on-orbit conditions. Discovery's payload bay also contains a GAS bridge assembly with 12 GAS canisters (G-178, G-254, G-312, G-325, G-417, G-453, G-454, G-456, G-485, G-506 and G-562). One additional experiment in the payload bay is the Trajectory Control Sensor (TCS) package positioned on an Adaptive Payload Carrier. It will provide relative trajectory data on a target vehicle operating in close proximity (less than 5000ft) of the Orbiter. The TCS will provide range and range rate data for target vehicles having a reflective surface. Additionally, the TCS provides bearing, bearing rate, attitude, and attitude rates for target vehicles utilizing special retro-reflectors.\n\nIn Discovery's middeck area, STS-64 will carry the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) system, the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), the Biological Research in Canister III (BRIC-III) experiment, the Radiation Monitoring Equipment III (RME-III) experiment. Other experiments onboard STS-64 include Military Application of Ship Trails (MAST), Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II (SAREX-II) and Air Force Maui Optical Site Calibration Test (AMOS).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-64\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-64\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-64\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Discovery\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 140 nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-64/mission-sts-64.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134500main_sts-64-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-09-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba33ff1b-a3a6-4d01-b6e6-a78ce7f20e32", - "label": "STS-59", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Scientists around the world will be provided a unique vantage point for studying how the Earth's global environment is changing when Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on Shuttle mission STS-59. During the 9-day mission, the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload in Endeavour's cargo bay will give scientists highly detailed information that will help them distinguish human-induced environmental changes from other natural forms of change.\n\nThe Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload is comprised of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS). The German Space Agency (DARA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) are providing the X-SAR instrument. \n\nThe imaging radar of the SIR-C/X-SAR instruments have the ability to make measurements over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The radar waves can penetrate clouds, and under certain conditions, can also 'see' through vegetation, ice and extremely dry sand. In many cases, radar is the only way scientists can explore inaccessible regions of the Earth's surface.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-59\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-59\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-59\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 121nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-59/mission-sts-59.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/136249main_sts-59-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0866d20-5a1e-4365-965b-0673826bd398", - "label": "STS-2", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Space Transport System STS-2\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nDemonstrate safe re-launch and safe return of the orbiter and crew. Verify the combined performance of the entire shuttle vehicle - orbiter, solid rocket boosters and external tank.\n\nPayloads included the Orbital Flight Test Pallet consisting of the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS) experiment, the Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer (SMIRR) experiment, the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiment, the Features Identification and Location Experiment (FILE) and the Ocean Color Experimetn (OCE). Also included was the 11,048 lb Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) pallet, the Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package (ACIP), the Induced Environment Contamination Monitor (IECM) and the 5,395 lb Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications Pallet (OSTA-1).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-2\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: columbia\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 291\n Orbit_Inclination: 38.03\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-2/mission-sts-2.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-2/sts-2-patch.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-11-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc33ee94-f31e-4e4a-a659-f5c6fc244710", - "label": "STS-99", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The primary objective of the STS-99 mission was to complete high resolution mapping of large sections of the Earth's surface using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), a specially modified radar system. This radar system produced unrivaled 3-D images of the Earth's Surface. The mission was launched at 1231 on February 11, 2000 onboard the space shuttle Endeavour, and led by Commander Kevin Kregel. The crew was Pilot Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie and Mission Specialists Janet L. Kavandi, Janice E. Voss, Mamoru Mohri from the National Space Development Agency (Japanese Space Agency), and Gerhard P. J. Thiele from DARA (German Space Agency). This videotape shows a press briefing about a mechanical problem that the shuttle was having. There was discussion about possibly scrubbing the launch due to the problem with the Enhanced Master Events Controller. A problem with a fuel pump part had also become evident and there was discussion about the impact that this could have on the flight. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-99\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-99\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-99\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: SRTM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 126 nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-99/mission-sts-99.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-02-11\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d03c64a2-2352-424f-8345-ee17fc859167", - "label": "STS-9", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "For the STS-9 mission Columbia was once again back in orbit.The launch occurred at ll a.m. EST, Nov. 28, 1983, after a 2-month delay because of a nozzle problem with one of the SRBs. This necessitated moving the vehicle back to the Vehicle Assembly Building where the nozzle was replaced.\n\nThe 6-member crew -- a manned space flight record at the time -- included John W. Young, commander, on his second Shuttle flight; Brewster H. Shaw, pilot; Owen Garriott and Robert A. Parker, both mission specialists; and Byron K. Lichtenberg and Ulf Merbold payload specialists -- the first two non-astronauts to fly on the Shuttle. Merbold, a citizen of West Germany, also was the first foreign citizen to participate in a Shuttle flight. Lichtenberg was a researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-9\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Columbia\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 155nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57.0 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-9/mission-sts-9.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-9/sts-9-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-11-28\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da093451-5b0d-49cc-87ad-18ce04aff12f", - "label": "STS-51B", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The first dedicated mission with acquisition of science data as its primary objective, Spacelab 3 was a multidisciplinary mission emphasizing investigations requiring the low-gravity environment of Earth orbit. The experiments covered several disciplines. For the materials processing discipline, higher-quality crystals were grown by two methods; namely, seed crystal growth in a saturated solution and condensation from the vapor phase. The two fluid physics experiments studied the dynamic behavior of rotating and oscillating liquid drops, and the convection processes found in planetary atmospheres and in stellar interiors. The performance of equipment and facilities specially designed for investigations on the Spacelab Life Sciences mission series was evaluated. The investigations selected for the Spacelab 3 mission originated in the United States, France, and India, and represented a total of five different disciplines, including material science, life sciences, fluid mechanics, atmospheric science, and astronomy. Two of the investigations, one in material science and one in astronomy, had already flown aboard Spacelab 1. Many of the Spacelab 3 investigations were scheduled to be modified and reflown on later missions to further explore the discoveries of this mission. Some of the experiments were located in the module, some on the pallet in the payload bay, and one at middeck. Spacelab 3 consisted of a Spacelab long module and a pallet. The mission successfully demonstrated the capability of Spacelab for multidiscipline research in microgravity.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-51B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-51B\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-51B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Challenger\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45 degrees\n Perigee: 370 km\n Apogee: 370 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-51/mission-sts-51.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134455main_sts-51b-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1985-04-29\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4e2e121-378a-48f0-b160-0ebd48030b50", - "label": "ATLAS-2", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The second flight in a series of Space Shuttle-Spacelab missions, designated the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS), was part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. The first ATLAS was flown on STS 45 in March 1992. The ATLAS series was intended to study the composition of the middle atmosphere and its possible variations due to solar changes over the course of an 11-year solar cycle. The second flight of ATLAS focused on atmospheric and solar physics studies and did not include the experiments on space plasma physics and astronomy that were flown with the ATLAS 1 payload. The ATLAS 2 instruments were mounted on Spacelab pallets (provided by ESA) in the Shuttle payload bay. The ATLAS 2 instrument power supply, command and data handling system and temperature control systems were housed in a pressurized container called an igloo located in front of the pallet. The Shuttle's changing orientation to Earth placed the experiments in advantageous orbiting locations to observe the atmosphere and the Sun. The Shuttle orbiter orientation was either inertially fixed so that selected instruments were pointed at the Sun, or nadir pointed for observations of the Earth's atmosphere. Crew members were in consultation with the investigators while controlling and monitoring the experiments. The atmospheric and solar instrument data were also used to provide correlative measurements with the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and the Solar-Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV/2) instruments on board the NOAA polar orbiters. The ATLAS 2 core instruments consisted of: (1) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM); (2) Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON); (3) Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC); (4) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); (5) Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS); and, (6) Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS). The ATLAS 2 payload was co-manifested with the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV 05) experiment and integrated into the ATLAS Science Plan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e771da36-4162-407d-add9-46e6e0e80417", - "label": "STS-43", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "Atlantis will put NASA's fourth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-E) into orbit on Space Shuttle mission STS-43 to update the satellite tracking network, resulting in two operating satellites plus a complement of two spares in the space network.\n\nTDRS-E, to be deployed from Atlantis about 6 hours after launch, will be boosted to a geosynchronous orbit by an attached upper stage where TDRS-E will be positioned to remain stationary 22,400 miles above the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hawaii.\n\nThe Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, in operation since the eighth Space Shuttle flight, provides almost uninterrupted communications with Earth-orbiting shuttles and satellites and has replaced the intermittent coverage provided by globe-encircling ground tracking stations used during the early space program. A reduced string of ground stations remains in operation, however, for radar tracking and backup communications.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-43\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-43\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-43\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis (9)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 174nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-43/mission-sts-43.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134436main_sts-43-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-02\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f03dc3d3-f280-4ff4-b0e6-de800bb21ebb", - "label": "OV-103", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", - "definition": "The Space Shuttle Discover was the the third orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after one of two ships that were used by the British explorer James Cook in the 1770s during voyages in the South Pacific that led to the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. Another of his ships was the Endeavour, the namesake of NASA's newest orbiter.\n\nDiscovery benefited from lessons learned in the construction and testing of Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger. At rollout, its weight was some 6,870 pounds less than Columbia. Two orbiters, Challenger and Discovery, were modified at KSC to enable them to carry the Centaur upper stage in the payload bay. These modifications included extra plumbing to load and vent Centaur's cryogenic (L02/LH2) propellants (other IUS/PAM upper stages use solid propellants), and controls on the aft flight deck for loading and monitoring the Centaur stage. No Centaur flight was ever flown and after the loss of Challenger it was decided that the risk was too great to launch a shuttle with a fueled Centaur upper stage in the payload bay.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-103\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-103\n Long_Name: Discovery Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Discovery\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/discovery.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/discovery-logo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-08-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "label": "Gemini", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", - "definition": "Project Gemini was NASA's second human spaceflight program. Conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, Gemini started in 1961 and concluded in 1966. The Gemini spacecraft carried a two-astronaut crew. Ten Gemini crews and 16 individual astronauts flew low Earth orbit (LEO) missions during 1965 and 1966.\n\nGemini's objective was the development of space travel techniques to support the Apollo mission to land astronauts on the Moon. In doing so, it allowed the United States to catch up and overcome the lead in human spaceflight capability the Soviet Union had obtained in the early years of the Space Race, by demonstrating: mission endurance up to just under 14 days, longer than the eight days required for a round trip to the Moon; methods of performing extra-vehicular activity (EVA) without tiring; and the orbital maneuvers necessary to achieve rendezvous and docking with another spacecraft.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1c4b5e76-b447-4dab-acb5-4badecbf682a", - "label": "GEMINI-3", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "GEMINI 3 was the first manned Earth-orbiting spacecraft of the GEMINI series. Its primary objective was to demonstrate the manned qualifications of the GEMINI spacecraft. A synergistic effect of zero-g and radiation on white blood cells experiment, a sea urchin egg growth under zero-g experiment, and one technological experiment were conducted. Several of the photographs taken by the astronauts were later considered suitable for synoptic terrain studies. After 5 hours, the spacecraft successfully reentered the atmosphere and landed 60 n.m. (111 km) from the target area. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II (3)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 33 degrees\n Perigee: 160 km\n Apogee: 240 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-03-23\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ef441a3-0fa2-4c1d-81d8-4312dcdde415", - "label": "GEMINI", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "Gemini (GPS-based Orbit Estimation and Laser Metrology for\nIntersatellite Navigation) is a technology mission, proposed by\nDLR?s German Space Operations Center (GSOC), Astrium GmbH, and\nVectronic Aerospace GmbH. aiming The major Gemini mission\nobjective is the controlled establishment of a satellite\nformation in a low-Earth orbit. To that end, advanced in-orbit\ntechnologies will be demonstrated based on laser metrology, as\nwell as innovative GPS-based approaches to relative\nnavigation. As part of its technological objectives, the Gemini\nformation control will entirely be based on an autonomous orbit\ncontrol approach. Secondary mission objectives concern the\nseparation concept from the launcher, the drift stop and the\ndevelopment of a controlled formation acquisition strategy. As\na technology demonstration mission, emphasis is given to an\nindependent verification of the relative distance by means of a\nlaser radar sensor. To allow a formation flying demonstration\nfor a wide ran ge of applications, the technologies for the\ncontrol of the relative distance cover both the regime of close\nand wide formations ranging from several hundreds of meters up\nto 100 km. In contrast to the relaxed orbit control\nrequirements of nowadays formations, Gemini aims at a relative\nposition keeping of several cm to several meters, that is\nexpected to be of significance for many of the upcoming\nformation flying missions and, in addition, paves the way for\neven more advanced requirements, such as for SMART 2. To\nachieve that level of control accuracy, the Gemini sensors have\nto provide relative position measurements in the range of\nmillimeters or better, that may not be achievable solely using\na spaceborne GPS receiver.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3aa4763b-bc85-4609-96fe-0d0eff904fef", - "label": "GEMINI-5", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "Gemini 5, manned with two astronauts, was the third earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini series. The cone-shaped spacecraft was 3.05 m in diameter at the largest end, which was the rear of the craft. The major objectives of this mission were to demonstrate (1) a long-duration manned flight using a fuel cell power system, (2) rendezvous capabilities, and (3) rendezvous maneuvers. scientific studies included zodiacal light, synoptic terrain, synoptic weather photography, and a cloud top spectrometer experiment. In addition, five medical and seven technological experiments were performed during the mission. The 120-orbit flight lasted 8 days, returning to earth on august 29, 1965. The mission was considered successful.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II (5)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.61 degrees\n Perigee: 197 km\n Apogee: 303 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-v/gemini-v.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-v/gemini-v-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-08-21\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bd3a9c0-07cf-41eb-917d-d40162429a59", - "label": "GEMINI-12", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "Gemini 12 was the tenth and final flight of the Gemini series, which bridged the Mercury and Apollo programs. This mission was scheduled to perform rendezvous and docking with the Agena target vehicle, to conduct three extravehicular activity (EVA) operations, and to conduct a tethered station keeping exercise. There were also 14 scientific, medical, and technological experiments on board. The successfully performed scientific experiments were (1) frog egg growth under zero-g, (2) synoptic terrain photography, (3) synoptic weather photography, (4) nuclear emulsions, (5) airglow horizon photography, (6) UV astronomical photography, and (7) dim sky photography. Two micrometeorite collection experiments, as well as three space phenomena photography experiments, were not fully completed. There were fuel cell and attitude control thruster problems during the mission, which was otherwise highly successful. Reentry was accomplished after 59 orbits, with the spacecraft under automatic control. It landed within 4.8 km of the intended impact point on november 15, 1966.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: gemini-12\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.78 degrees\n Perigee: 243 km\n Apogee: 310 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/flights/gemini12.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/0/10074584.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-11-11\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fb34887-645d-4eea-94c3-a0b15df84a3d", - "label": "GEMINI-10", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "This spacecraft, an ATLAS/AGENA vehicle, was successfully launched from Cape Kennedy on July 18, 1966. It was the GEMINI X AGENA target vehicle (GATV10) with which the GEMINI 10 crew of young and collins successfully docked on July 21, 1966, 5 hr, 21 min after GEMINI 10 was launched. during rendezvous and docking, three midcourse maneuvers were effected using the GATV secondary propulsion system. In maneuver 1, the orbital apogee was changed from 163 n.m. to 414 n.m., the perigee from 158 to 160 n.m., the period from 90.4 to 94.9 min, and the inclination from 2887 to 2888 deg. During maneuver 2, the apogee was changed from 414 to 206 n.m., the perigee from 160 to 160 n.m., the period from 94.9 to 91.2 min, and the inclination from 2888 to 2886 deg. During maneuver 3, the apogee was changed from 206 to 209 n.m., the perigee from 160 to 204 n.m., the period from 91.2 to 92.0 min, and the inclination from 2886 to 2884 deg.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II\n Short_Name: EVA\n Short_Name: Pad LC-19\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.9 degrees\n Period: 92 minutes\n Perigee: 160 km\n Apogee: 206 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-18\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-x/gemini-x.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-x/gemini-x-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-07-18\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c0aee1a-955d-48c1-acc0-f7d095030308", - "label": "GEMINI-6", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nGEMINI 6 was the fifth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the GEMINI series,\nhaving been launched after GEMINI 7. the mission priorities were to demonstrate\non-time launch procedures, closed-loop rendezvous capabilities, and\nstationkeeping techniques with GEMINI 7. the crew conducted three scientific\nexperiments -- (1) synoptic terrain photography, (2) synoptic weather\nphotography, and (3) dim light photography. The mission was successfully\ncompleted after 25 hours of flight. The spacecraft landed within 11 km of the\ntarget point on December 16, 1965.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1965-12-15 13:40:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1965-12-15\n Apogee (km or AU): 271.\n Perigee (km or AU): 258.\n Inclination (degree) : 28.89\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-vi-a/gemini-vi-a.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6dbd3d85-18ca-4bc6-984b-add0889db68f", - "label": "GEMINI-11", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n Gemini 11 was the ninth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini\n series. The 3-day mission was designed to achieve a first orbit\n rendezvous and docking with the agena target vehicle, to accomplish\n two extravehicular activity (EVA) tests, and to perform spacecraft\n maneuvers. There were also eight scientific and four technological\n experiments on board. The scientific experiments were (1) synergistic\n effect of zero-g and radiation on white blood cells, (2) synoptic\n terrain photography, (3) synoptic weather photography, (4) nuclear\n emulsions, (5) airglow horizon photography, (6) UV astronomical\n photography, (7) Gemini ion wake measurement, and (8) dim sky\n photography. The experiments and the other mission objectives were\n successfully completed. Reentry occurred after 44 orbits using the\n first closed-loop automatic reentry mode. The spacecraft landed within\n 4.8 km of the planned impact point on september 15, 1966.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1966-09-12 14:38:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1966-09-12\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 280.\n Perigee(km) : 161.\n Inclination : 28.83\n Date of last update : 1992-05-11\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.friends-partners.ru/partners/mwade/flights/gemini11.htm'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.8\n Perigee: 161\n Apogee: 280\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.friends-partners.ru/partners/mwade/flights/gemini11.htm\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-xi/gemini-xi-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-09-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "799b81e7-1b2d-4837-88e0-a01836697615", - "label": "GEMINI-4", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "GEMINI 4 was the second manned mission of the GEMINI series and carried J. A. Mcdivitt and E. H. White on a 4-day, 62-orbit, 98-hr flight from June 3 to June 7, 1965. The spacecraft was conical and had a diameter of 3.05 m at the large end, which was the rear of the spacecraft and which was covered by a fiberglass heat shield to protect the craft during reentry. The objective of the mission was to test the performance of the astronauts and capsule for an extended length of time in space. The spacecraft was transported to space with a titan rocket. White performed a 23-min eva (walk) in space attached to the spacecraft by an 8-m tether. Medical and engineering experiments were performed. The scientific experiments performed were visual and photographic. The experiments performed were electrostatic charge (msc-1), proton-electron spectrometer (msc-2), triaxial magnetometer (msc-3), two-color earth limb photos (msc-10), inflight exerciser (m-3), inflight phonocardiogram (m-4), bone demineralization (m-6), synoptic terrain photos (s-5), synoptic weather photos (s-6), dim and twilight phenomena (s-28), radiation (d-8), and simple navigation (d-9). The mission was successful, and the spacecraft landed in the pacific on June 7, 1965.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Titan-II (4)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.53 degrees\n Period: 56 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 4 days\n Perigee: 162 km\n Apogee: 281 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-iv/gemini-iv.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-iv/gemini-iv-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-06-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92df7f2e-7258-4140-be9f-888b1ae454ce", - "label": "GEMINI-7", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nGEMINI 7 was the fourth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the GEMINI series.\nits mission priorities were (1) to demonstrate a 2-week flight, (2) to perform\nstationkeeping with the GEMINI launch vehicle stage 2, (3) to evaluate the\n'shirt sleeve' environment, (4) to act as a rendezvous target for GEMINI 6, and\n(5) to demonstrate controlled reentry to within 11 km of the landing point. The\ncrew members had four scientific experiments to perform. These were synoptic\nterrain, synoptic weather, dim light photography, and visual acuity in the\nspace environment. Four technological and eight medical experiments were also\nconducted. All experiments and mission objectives were successfully completed.\nThe spacecraft reentered the atmosphere after 15 days in space and landed\nwithin 11 km of the target point.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1965-12-04 19:26:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1965-12-12\n Apogee (km or AU): 298.\n Perigee (km or AU): 292.\n Inclination (degree) : 28.9\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-vii/gemini-vii.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93baec30-36eb-499b-9523-10e30b8ed846", - "label": "GEMINI-8", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n\n Gemini 8 was the sixth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini\n series. The primary mission objectives were to perform rendezvous and\n four docking tests with the Agena target vehicle and to execute an\n extravehicular activity (EVA) experiment. Ten technological, medical,\n and scientific experiments were carried on board. Of the six\n scientific experiments only the Agena micrometeorite collection was\n successful. the others -- (1) zodiacal light photography, (2) frog egg\n growth, (3) synoptic terrain photography, (4) nuclear emulsions, and\n (5) spectrophotography of clouds -- were incomplete, owing to a large\n loss of fuel and early termination of the mission. The EVA docking and\n other maneuvers were canceled. The spacecraft reentered the earth's\n atmosphere after 6.5 orbits and landed in the pacific ocean on March\n 17, 1966.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1966-03-16 16:48:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1966-03-17\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 298.\n Perigee(km) : 285.\n Inclination : 28.88\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-viii/gemini-viii.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0925c59-450c-46be-8735-a0ead1bbf437", - "label": "GEMINI-9", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", - "definition": "Gemini 9, manned with two astronauts, was the seventh earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini series. The blunt, cone-shaped spacecraft was 3.048 cm in diameter at the rear of the craft. Primary mission objectives were to demonstrate (1) three rendezvous techniques, (2) an extravehicular activity (EVA) to test the astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU), and (3) precision landing capability. scientific objectives included obtaining zodiacal light and airglow horizon photographs. Two micrometeorite studies were to be carried out, and there were also one medical and two technological experiments. the agena target vehicle failed to achieve orbit, and the agena micrometeorite experiment hardware was lost. Other experiments functioned normally. The three rendezvous techniques were demonstrated, although docking could not be achieved due to a failure of the augmented target-docking shroud to jettison. The EVA was curtailed due to fogging of the visor and energy expended by the astronaut. Reentry was routinely accomplished after 47 orbits on june 6, 1966, within 3.2 km of the target point.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II (9)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.86 degrees\n Perigee: 270 km\n Apogee: 272 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/flights/gemini9.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/0/10074373.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-06-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "label": "Space Station", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", - "definition": "A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite. Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0a14ea80-5b3a-4d6f-a81b-38150a1fbe93", - "label": "SOYUZ", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "SPOT 4 is the fourth member of the SPOT family. SPOT 4 was\nplaced in orbit on March 24 1998 on an Ariane launcher. Designed\nand developed by the French space agency CNES (Centre National\nd'Études Spatiales), the SPOT system is the world leader in\ncivil earth observation.\n\nThe SPOT system comprises three satellites (SPOT 1, SPOT 2 and\nSPOT 4), an orbit and mission control ground segment, a global\nnetwork of receiving and processing stations, and an\ninternational product distribution and marketing network.\n\nSpecifications on SPOT 4\n\nPrime contractor: Matra Marconi Space\nPlatform: Spot Mk 2\nMass at launch: 2755 kg\nDry mass: 2600 kg\nPayload mass: 1390 kg\nDimension: 2.5 x 2.5 x 5.35 m\nSolar array: 4 x 8 m\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDC power: EOL (2200 W)\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\n\nAdditional inforamtion avaialble at\n'http://spot4.cnes.fr/'\n\n[Summary provided by CNES]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "207e6805-2bdf-4954-8178-c4cd63ce2269", - "label": "MIR-PRIRODA", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "The Russian space station MIR was launched in 1986, providing opportunities in many scientific areas. Planning for an environmental remote sensing module began in the mid-1980's which was later called PRIRODA (Russian for 'Nature'). The PRIRODA module was launched from Baykonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan aboard a Proton-K rocket on April 23, 1996. The PRIRODA module docked with the MIR space station on April 26, 1996. The PRIRODA module consists of a passive microwave package (IKAR) consisting of 3 instuments: IKAR-N, IKAR-D, and IKAR-P; an active microwave Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR); and the following optical instruments: an infrared ISTOK-1 from Russia, Czechia, MOS-A and MOSD-B imaging radiometers from Germany, MOMS-2P high resolution multispectral ans stereo scanner from Germany, MSU-SK and MSU-E multispectral scanners from Russia, a TV-camera, and an OZONE-M ozone profiler. The PRIRODA mission is conducted by the Russian Space Agency (RKA), the Institute for Radioelectronics of the Russian Acadamy of Sciences, and RKK ENERGIA. International participants include Belorussia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine, and USA.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MIR-PRIRODA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: MIR-PRIRODA\n Long_Name: PRIRODA Module of MIR Space Station\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: mir-priroda\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-31\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/priroda.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-04-23\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93c5d18c-be62-46c4-9545-42f73a854d85", - "label": "ISS", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "The International Space Station is the largest and most complex international scientific project in history. The station represents a move of unprecedented scale off the home planet. Led by the United States, the International Space Station draws upon the scientific and technological resources of 16 nations: Canada, Japan, Russia, 11 nations of the European Space Agency and Brazil.\n\nThe goals of the International Space Station are:\n\n1. Find solutions to crucial problems in medicine, ecology and other areas of science.\n\n2. Lay the foundation for developing space-based commerce and enterprise.\n\n3. Create greater worldwide demand for space-related education at all levels by cultivating the excitement, wonder and discovery that the ISS symbolizes.\n\n4. Foster world peace through high-profile, long-term international cooperation in space.\n\n[Summary provided by Boeing and NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ISS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: ISS\n Long_Name: International Space Station\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ISS\n Short_Name: FGB\n Short_Name: MKS\n Short_Name: Space Station\n Short_Name: Unity\n Short_Name: Zarya\n Short_Name: 25544\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CATS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: ~ 350 Km\n Orbit_Inclination: 51.6°\n Period: 92.0 minutes\n Perigee: 384.0 km\n Apogee: 396.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station\n Sample_Image: http://www.our-picks.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/international-space-station.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-11-20\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia/RKA\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0e515cf-ed97-4870-bdde-6c00b0c998ee", - "label": "MERCURY", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "Initiated in 1958, completed in 1963, Project Mercury was the United States' first man-in-space program. The objectives of the program, which made six manned flights from 1961 to 1963, were specific:\n\n- To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth\n- To investigate man's ability to function in space\n- To recover both man and spacecraft safely\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MERCURY\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: MERCURY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/goals.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/163519main_mercury-missions-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0f992d7-3ff5-4470-849a-a540a9f8ce3e", - "label": "SKYLAB", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "The Skylab (SL) was a manned, orbiting spacecraft composed of five parts: the Apollo telescope mount (ATM), the multiple docking adapter (MDA), the airlock module (AM), the instrument unit (IU), and the orbital workshop (OWS).\n\nThe Skylab was in the form of a cylinder, with the ATM being positioned 90 degrees from the longitudinal axis after insertion into orbit. The ATM was a solar observatory, and it provided attitude control and experiment pointing for the rest of the cluster. The retrieval and installation of film used in the ATM was accomplished by astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA). The MDA served as a dock for the command and service modules, which served as personnel taxies to the Skylab.\n\nThe OWS was a modified Saturn 4B stage suitable for long duration manned habitation in orbit. It contained provisions and crew quarters necessary to support three-person crews for periods of up to 84 days each. All parts were also capable of unmanned, in-orbit storage, reactivation, and reuse. The Skylab itself was launched on May 14, 1973. It was first manned during the period May 25 to June 22, 1973, by the crew of the SL-2 mission. Next, it was manned during the period July 28 to September 25, 1973, by the crew of the SL-3 mission. The final manned period was from November 16, 1973, to February 8, 1974, when it was manned by the crew from the SL-4 mission.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SKYLAB\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: SKYLAB\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: skylab\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-31\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/skylab/skylab.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/144461main_skylab_over_earth2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1973-05-14\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b86cb129-67f0-40e1-91c4-5b4755cd8477", - "label": "CALET", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), an apparatus for observing high-energy electrons and gamma-rays, is Japan’s first full-scale project for observing cosmic rays in space. It will be launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014 via Japan’s HTV-5 (Kounotori-5) transfer vehicle, where it will conduct observation of primary cosmic rays for a period of 2 to 5 years. Using equipment called a ‘calorimeter’ fitted with state-of-the-art electronic detection technology, CALET will measure the energy of particles flying through space, as well as the type of particles and their direction of arrival. We can expect these measurements to lead to new world-leading discoveries, such as the propagation and acceleration mechanisms of high-energy cosmic rays—still unexplained even now, 100 years on since the discovery of cosmic rays—as well as the search for dark matter, further elucidation of gamma-ray bursts, and more.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf915b86-38c0-4450-827c-6640c54a555b", - "label": "MUSES", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "The Multiple-User System for Earth Sensing (MUSES) is a precision-pointing platform mounted externally to the International Space Station (ISS). The platform can host four instruments simultaneously and offers the ability to change, upgrade, and robotically service each individually. It is a space-based, Earth-pointing platform providing position sensing, data downlink, and other core services for each payload attitude control. MUSES is the first commercial Earth-sensing platform on the ISS; designed, built, operated and managed by the commercial entity TBE (Teledyne Brown Engineering) providing research institutions and private sector companies outside NASA the opportunity to mount their instruments on the platform. MUSES was positioned on board the ISS in 2017 and transformed the space station into a universal instrument platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e554b6aa-8d53-4fc5-a7d3-e43808d9e41b", - "label": "OSTA-1", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", - "definition": "The STS-2 mission was planned as a five day mission, but was cut\nnearly three days due to the failure of one of three fuel cells\nthat produce electricity and drinking water. However, 90 percent\nof the mission objectives were still achieved.\n\nThe flight marked the first time a manned space vehicle had been\nreflown with a second crew: Commander Joseph Engle and Pilot\nRichard Truly. It again carried the Development Flight\nInstrumentation (DFI) package , which contained sensors and\nmeasuring devices to record orbiter performance and the stresses\nthat occurred during launch, ascent, orbital flight, descent and\nlanding. Also, onboard were the Office of Space and Terrestrial\nApplications-1 (OSTA-1) Earth observation experiments mounted on\nSpacelab pallet in payload bay. These instruments, including the\nShuttle Imaging Radar-A (SIR-1), successfully carried out remote\nsensing of Earth resources, environmental quality, ocean and\nweather conditions. In addition, the Canadian-built Remote\nManipulator System (RMS), a mechanical robot arm located in the\npayload bay of the Shuttle, was successfully operated for the\nfirst time.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/ch1.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", - "label": "Apollo", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", - "definition": "The Apollo program was the name of NASA's project to land humans on the moon in the 1960s and early 1970s. With the success of Apollo 11 in 1969, which put astronauts on the lunar surface for the first time in history, the U.S. was able to declare victory in the space race against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. \n\nBeginning in 1961, the Apollo program consisted of 11 total spaceflights; four of those tested equipment, and six of the other seven flights landed people on the moon, according to NASA. The first crewed flight occurred in 1968, and the final mission occurred in 1972. \n\nBy the time the Apollo missions came to an end, 12 astronauts had walked on or driven over the moon's surface, conducting scientific research and snagging rocks to bring back to researchers on Earth. These samples are still being used to make new discoveries more than 50 years after they were collected.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6368896e-e7dc-4b4a-b081-7283a3700a02", - "label": "APOLLO-SOYUZ", - "broader": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "812c1d73-a38d-498c-9b6b-493a6634a21a", - "label": "APOLLO-SOYUZ", - "broader": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", - "definition": "The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) was the first human\nspaceflight mission managed jointly by two nations. It was\ndesigned to test the compatibility of rendezvous and docking\nsystems for American and Soviet spacecraft in order to open the\nway for future joint human flights. There were a number of\ndifficulties that both nations had to resolve in the mission\ndesign before they could assure a safe docking of both\nspacecraft and an on-orbit meeting of crewmembers. The technical\nchallenges included different measuring systems, the different\nspacecraft and thus mating adapter designs, and different air\npressures and mixtures.\n\nThe Apollo spacecraft was the same design as those used on lunar\nexploration missions. Several modifications were made for the\nApollo-Soyuz mission, however, including the addition of\npropellants for the reaction control system, heaters for\ntemperature control, and extra equipment needed to operate the\nDocking Module. The Soyuz had been the Soviet's primary\nspacecraft since 1967. It consisted of three basic\nmodules?Orbital, Descent, and Instrument?no major modifications\nwere needed.\n\nThe mission began with the Soyuz launch on July 15, 1975,\nfollowed by the Apollo launch seven hours later. The docking in\nspace of, the two spacecraft took place at 2:17\np.m. U.S. central time on July 17. Two days worth of joint\noperations followed. After separation, the Soyuz remained in\nspace for almost two days before landing in the U.S.S.R. on July\n21. The Apollo spacecraft remained in space for another three\ndays before splashing down near Hawaii on July 24.\n\nThe mission was a resounding success for both Americans and\nSoviets. They achieved their goal of obtaining flight experience\nfor rendezvous and docking of human spacecraft. In addition,\nthey also demonstrated in-flight intervehicular crew transfer,\nas well as accomplished a series of scientific experiments. The\nASTP mission was not only successful as a space effort, but the\nmutual confidence and trust it engendered made it a huge step in\ninternational cooperation during the Cold War.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/astp/astp.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84be98c7-9e25-42a7-8da6-0336b8bd8fcc", - "label": "APOLLO", - "broader": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", - "definition": "The Apollo program was designed to land humans on the Moon and\nbring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions (Apollos\n11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17) achieved this goal. Apollos 7 and 9\nwere Earth orbiting missions to test the Command and Lunar\nModules, and did not return lunar data. Apollos 8 and 10 tested\nvarious components while orbiting the Moon, and returned\nphotography of the lunar surface. Apollo 13 did not land on the\nMoon due to a malfunction, but also returned photographs. The\nsix missions that landed on the Moon returned a wealth of\nscientific data and almost 400 kilograms of lunar\nsamples. Experiments included soil mechanics, meteoroids,\nseismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar\nwind experiments.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: APOLLO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: APOLLO\n Short_Name: APOLLO\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Apollo\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://history.nasa.gov/apollo.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html\n Online_Resource: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo.htm\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo1_crew.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-01-27\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "label": "Solar/Space Observation Satellites", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", - "definition": "Satellites that observe the Earth's sun and the physical universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0aad04f5-5438-4800-a0c9-6155656a720e", - "label": "WIND", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "WIND was launched on November 1, 1994 and is the first of two NASA spacecraft in the Global Geospace Science initiative and part of the ISTP Project. WIND was positioned in a sunward, multiple double-lunar swingby orbit with a maximum apogee of 250Re during the first two years of operation. This was followed by a halo orbit at the Earth-Sun L1 point.\n\nThe science objectives of the WIND mission are:\n- Provide conplete plasma, energetic particle, and magnetic field input for\nmagnetospheric and ionospheric studies.\n- Determine the magnetospheric output to interplanetary space in the\nup-stream region\n- Investigate basic plasma processes occuring in the near-Earth solar wind\n- Provide baseline ecliptic plane observations to be used in heliospheric\nlatitudes from ULYSSES. \n\nWIND carries the following instruments:\nRadio and Plasma Wave experiment (WAVES)\nEnergetic Particle Acceleration, Composition, and Transport (EPACT)\nSolar Wind Experiment (SWE)\nSolar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Studies (SWICS/MASS/STICS)\nMagnetic Fields Investigation (MFI)\n3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle Analyzer (3DP)\nTransient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS)\nGamma Ray Burst Studies (KONUS)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/wind.shtml\nand\nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WIND\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GGS/Wind\n Short_Name: ISTP/Wind\n Short_Name: Wind/GGS\n Short_Name: Wind/ISTP\n Short_Name: 23333\n Short_Name: 1994-071A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SWIMS\n Short_Name: KONUS\n Short_Name: TGRS\n Short_Name: 3DP\n Short_Name: MFI\n Short_Name: SMS\n Short_Name: SWE\n Short_Name: EPACT\n Short_Name: WAVES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Perigee: 235 ER\n Apogee: 265 ER\n Orbit_Type: LPO > L1 > Lissajous Orbit > Halo Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/wind.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-11-01\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17d64f1b-288c-4e11-9253-dc6468310607", - "label": "FAST", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Fast Auroral SnapshoT Explorer (FAST), the second mission in NASA's Small\nExplorer Satellite Program (SMEX), is a satellite designed to study Earth's\naurora. This highly successful spacecraft has helped scientists answer\nfundamental questions about the causes and makeup of the aurora. \n\nFAST was launched on August 21, 1996 from a Pegasus rocket into a highly\nelliptical orbit. It crosses Earth's auroral zones (donut shaped regions\ncentered on the poles) four times each orbit, and only collects high-resolution\ndata ('snapshots') while in those zones. It ventures high into the charged\nparticle environment of the aurora to measure the electric and magnetic fields,\nplasma waves, energetic electrons and ions, ion mass composition, and thermal\nplasma density and temperature.\n\nThe FAST instrument set consists of sixteen electrostatic analyzers, four\nelectric field langmuir probes suspended on 30 m wire booms, two electric field\nlangmuir probes on 3 m extendible booms, searchcoil and fluxgate magnetometers\nand a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The science investigation makes\nextremely temporal and spatial resolution measurements of the auroral plasma at\napogee altitude. The instrument hardware consists of the sensor assemblies and\nan instrument data processor. The instrument electronics include a 32-bit data\nprocessing unit that performs the science data processing and recording in a\none gigabit, solid-state memory. The stored data are transferred to the ground\nat one of three selectable high data rates of 900 Kbps, 1.5 Mbps or 2.25 Mbps.\nThe instruments weigh 51 kg; the total observatory mass is 191 kg. The FAST\nmission is in a 351 x 4175 km orbit with an 83? inclination.\n\nThe FAST observatory is a 12 rpm, spin-stabilized spacecraft with its spin axis\noriented parallel to the orbit axis. Spin rate and spin-axis orientation are\nmaintained by two magnetic torquer coils, one spinning Sun sensor, one horizon\ncrossing indicator and a spacecraft magnetometer. The Attitude Control System\n(ACS) provides closed-loop spin-rate control. Spin-axis precession is performed\nopen loop and is closed via ground commands. After computation on the ground,\nattitude knowledge is accurate to within one degree.\n\nThe body-mounted solar array contains 5.6 m2 of solar cells that can distribute\n52 W of orbit average power to the spacecraft and instruments. The orbit\naverage power consumption of the spacecraft hardware is 33 W. The instruments\nconsume 19 W orbit average power, 39 W when operating. Instruments are\nfrequently powered off in order to maintain a positive energy balance.\n\nThe data system for the FAST mission consists of dual 8085, 8-bit spacecraft\ncomputers. The spacecraft computers perform health and safety functions, power\ndistribution, data encoding/decoding and launch vehicle interface. A\nmulti-element micropatch antenna mounted on a boom above the spacecraft\nsupports ground communications. Commands are uplinked at 2 Kbps. Health and\nsafety data is telemetered to the ground at 4 Kbps. A Transportable Orbital\nTracking Station (TOTS) was placed in Alaska to collect real-time science\ntelemetry while the spacecraft is passing through the northern aurora. TOTS is\nhighly automated and portable; it has an 8 m antenna with 200 W of uplink power\nand can be packed for shipment in three ISO containers.\n \nThe FAST instruments consist of:\nElectric Field Experiment: The electric field experiment is composed of three\northogonal boom pairs. Spherical sensors deployed on radial wire and axial\nstacer booms will provide information on the plasma density and electron\ntemperature.\n\nMagnetic Field Experiment: The magnetic field experiment consists of two\nmagnetometers mounted 180? apart on deployable graphite epoxy booms. The search\ncoil magnetometer uses a three-axis sensor system to provide magnetic field\ndata over the frequency range of 10 Hz to 2.5 kHz. The flux gate magnetometer\nis a three-axis system using high, stable, low noise, ring core sensors to\nprovide magnetic field information for DC to 100 Hz.\n\nTime-of-Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrograph (TEAMS): The TEAMS instrument is\na high sensitivity, mass-resolving spectrometer that measures full\nthree-dimension distribution functions of the major ion species with one spin\nof the spacecraft. The TEAMS experiment covers the core of all plasma\ndistributions of importance in the auroral region.\n\nElectrostatic Analyzers (ESA): Sixteen ESAs configured in four stacks will be\nused for both electron and ion measurements. The four stacks are placed around\nthe spacecraft such that the entire package is provided a full 360? field of\nview. The ESAs can provide a 64-step energy sweep, covering approximately 3 eV\nto 30 KeV up to 16 times per second.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FAST\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FAST\n Long_Name: Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 70\n Short_Name: SMEX/FAST\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/FAST\n Short_Name: 24285\n Short_Name: 1996-049A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MFS/FAST\n Short_Name: EFS/FAST\n Short_Name: ESA/FAST\n Short_Name: TEAMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 83 degrees\n Period: 133 m\n Perigee: 350 km\n Apogee: 4175 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/intro.html\n Sample_Image: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/graphics/fast.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-08-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", - "label": "Explorer", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "Explorer, any of the largest series of unmanned U.S. spacecraft, consisting of 55 scientific satellites launched between 1958 and 1975. Explorer 1 (launched Jan. 31, 1958), the first space satellite orbited by the United States, discovered the innermost of the Van Allen radiation belts, two zones of charged particles that surround Earth. Explorer 1’s discovery of the Van Allen belts was the first scientific discovery made by an artificial satellite. Explorer 6 (launched Aug. 7, 1959) took the first pictures of Earth from orbit. Other notable craft in the series include Explorer 38 (launched July 4, 1968; also known as Radio Astronomy Explorer), which measured galactic radio sources and studied low frequencies in space, and Explorer 53 (launched May 7, 1975; also known as Small Astronomy Satellite-C), which was sent out to explore X-ray sources both inside and outside the Milky Way Galaxy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4a23392b-1472-4437-868a-eaf788b6b690", - "label": "EXPLORER-31 (DME-A)", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", - "definition": "The Direct Measurement Explorer-A (DME-A) satellite was launched in November 1965 into a near-earth orbit ranging between altitudes of 500 and 3000 km to sample and measure charged particles. The attitude control system is used to keep the spin axis aligned with the orbit normal and to maintain the spin rate. Spin axis control is achieved by a chargeable permanent magnet system which is operated upon command and reacts with the earth's field to produce precession of several degrees per minute. With this system the spin axis was kept within 10 degrees of the orbit normal for several weeks at a time, although larger deviations have been tolerated. The spin rate was observed to decay at 0.05 rpm per day. Periodic use of the spin rate control system has compensated for spin decay. This system is analogous to a DC motor in which the entire satellite is the armature.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-31 (DME-A)\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EXPLORER\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-31 (DME-A)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer-A\n Short_Name: Explorer 31\n Short_Name: 01806\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPHERICAL MASS SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS\n Short_Name: ENERGETIC ELECTRON CURRENT MONITOR\n Short_Name: ELECTRON TEMPERATURE PROBE\n Short_Name: MAGNETIC ION-MASS SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 79.80 degrees\n Period: 119.70 min\n Perigee: 505 km\n Apogee: 2833 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0656730\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/DME.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-11-29\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac093d50-d9c2-4aca-87d6-0c79a9ce6cb3", - "label": "EXPLORER-35", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", - "definition": "AIMP-2 (AIMP-E or IMP-E or Explorer 35, NSSDC ID: 76-070A) was a spin- stabilized 230 kg spacecraft instrumented for interplanetary studies at lunar distances. It was successfully 'anchored' to the earth's moon, and stayed that way during its operational life. The AIMP-2 sensors were designed to study the interplanetary plasmas, the magnetic fields, fluxes of energetic particles, and solar X-rays. The spacecraft was launched into an elliptical lunar orbit. The spin axis direction was nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, and the AIMP-2 spin rate was 25.6 rpm, giving a spin period of 2.34 sec. The overall AIMP-2 mission objectives were achieved. After successful operation and data gathering for 6 years, the spacecraft was turned off on June 24, 1973.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-35\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EXPLORER\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-35\n Long_Name: Interplanetary Monitoring Platform D (IMP-E)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AIMP 2\n Short_Name: AIMP-E \n Short_Name: IMP-E\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1967-070A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/explorer_35.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-07-19\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6092442-77cc-4978-9e4d-3ebea97db988", - "label": "Explorer-7", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", - "definition": "Explorer 7 (1959 Iota) was designed to measure solar X-ray and Lyman-alpha flux, trapped energetic particles, and heavy primary cosmic rays (Z>5). Secondary objectives included collecting data on micrometeoroid penetration and molecular sputtering and studying the Earth-atmosphere heat balance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e54cff9a-7866-448b-adad-88b344021e3c", - "label": "EXPLORER-33", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", - "definition": "AIMP-1 (also known as AIMP-D or IMP-D or Explorer 33, NSSDC ID: 66-058A) was launched into a lunar orbit in order to 'anchor' it to the lunar distance from the earth. AIMP-1 was a spin-stabilized spacecraft with spin axis parallel to the ecliptic plane, and spin period varying between 2.2 sec and 3.6 sec. The spacecraft was instrumented for studies of interplanetary plasma, energetic charged particles [electrons, protons and helium ions (alpha particles)], magnetic fields, and solar X-rays at lunar distances. Unfortunately, the spacecraft failed to achieve lunar orbit but did achieve major mission objectives. The initial AIMP-1 apogee occurred at about 16:00 hour local time. Over the first 3-year period, perigee varied between 6 earth radii and 44 earth radii and apogee varied between 70 earth radii and 135 earth radii. The inclination with respect to the equatorial plane of the earth varied between 7 degrees and 60 degrees. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-33\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EXPLORER\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-33\n Long_Name: Interplanetary Monitoring Platform D (IMP-D)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 33 \n Short_Name: AIMP-D \n Short_Name: IMP-D\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 24.4 degrees\n Period: 3879 min\n Perigee: 2657 km\n Apogee: 4808 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-058A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/explorer33.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-07-01\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "18f50c33-af5a-48b1-9a34-9be9347cedbc", - "label": "C/NOFS", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) is a prototype operational system designed to monitor and forecast ionospheric scintillation in real-time and on a global scale. Timely location of scintillation outage regions would enable the warfighter to modify mission plans and prevent potential mission failures by optimizing and tailoring communications routes, paths, and/or priorities and effectively use satellite communications, navigation, and surveillance assets. It will include three critical elements. The first is a space-borne sensor system consisting of seven proven sensors to provide data for global, real-time specification, and 4 hour forecast capability. The second is a series of regional ground networks that augment the space based sensors for real time, high resolution coverage in theater. The third is a forecasting/decision aid software package that produces tailored space environmental forecasts and warnings in the form of outage maps for the warfighter.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/cnofs.htm\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C/NOFS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: C/NOFS\n Long_Name: Communication and Navigation Outage Forecast System\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: C/NOFS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/cnofs.htm\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "label": "Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Orbiting Solar Observatory (abbreviated OSO) Program was the name of a series of American space telescopes primarily intended to study the Sun, though they also included important non-solar experiments. Eight were launched successfully into low Earth orbit by NASA between 1962 and 1975 using Delta rockets. Their primary mission was to observe an 11-year sun spot cycle in UV and X-ray spectra. The initial seven (OSO 1–7) were built by Ball Aerospace, then known as Ball Brothers Research Corporation (BBRC), in Boulder, Colorado. OSO 8 was built by Hughes Space and Communications Company, in Culver City, California.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3aea48c3-0abb-4c1a-87f7-4035473d0015", - "label": "OSO-2", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 00987 / 65007A\nLaunch date: 3 Feb 1965\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 294/306 km\nInclination: 32.8?\nPeriod: 90.5 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #29\n\nDecay: 9 Aug 1989\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-2\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO 2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.8 degrees\n Period: 90.5 min\n Perigee: 294 km\n Apogee: 306 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/images/oso_images.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-02-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73ae7b33-4b42-47a6-ac52-5aaf791823ac", - "label": "OSO-5", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 03663 / 69006A\nLaunch date: 22 Jan 1969\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 538/559 km\nInclination: 33°\nPeriod: 95.6 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #64\n\nOut of service: Jul 1975\nDecay: 2 Apr 1984\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso5.html'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-5\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 33 degrees\n Period: 95.6 min\n Perigee: 538 km\n Apogee: 559 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso5.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso5_wheel.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-01-22\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0e267fd-fde9-490a-a582-cd57464382ba", - "label": "OSO-1", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation. The OSO 1 was the first satellite to have pointed instruments and\nonboard tape recorders for data storage. The OSO 1 platform consisted of a\nsail section, which pointed two experiments continuously toward the sun,\nsupplying power to the experiments from the solar batteries and rechargeable\nchemical batteries; and a wheel section, which spun about an axis perpendicular\nto the pointing direction of the sail and carried seven experiments. Attitude\nadjustment was performed by gas jets. Data were simultaneously recorded on tape\nand transmitted by FM telemetry. A command system provided for 10 ground-based\ncommands. The spacecraft performed normally until the second onboard tape\nrecorder failed May 15, 1962. The spacecraft provided real-time data until May\n1964, when the power cells failed.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 00255 / 62006A\nLaunch date: 7 Mar 1962\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 522/553 km\nInclination: 32.8°\nPeriod: 95.3 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #8\n\nEnd of Life:\n\nOut of service Apr 1963\nDecay 8 Oct 1981\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-1\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.8 degrees\n Period: 95.3 min\n Perigee: 522 km\n Apogee: 553 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasm.si.edu/spacecraft/images/SS-Astro/A19820270000d.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-03-07\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2f755b5-e29a-4e57-8372-ab18a76c62ca", - "label": "OSO-7", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar\n physics experiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle\n and to map the entire celestial sphere for direction and intensity of\n UV light and X-ray and gamma radiation. The OSO 7 platform consisted\n of a sail section, which pointed two experiments continually toward\n the sun, and a wheel section, which spun about an axis perpendicular\n to the pointing direction of the sail and carried four experiments.\n Attitude adjustment was performed by gas jets and a magnetic torquing\n coil. A pointing control permitted the pointed experiments to scan\n the region of the solar disk in a 60- by 60-arc-min raster pattern.\n In addition, the pointed section could be commanded to select and scan\n any 7.5- by 5-arc-min region near the solar disk. Data were\n simultaneously recorded on tape and transmitted by PCM/PM telemetry.\n A command system provided for at least 155 ground-based commands.\n Only real-time data have been received since May 1973, when the second\n tape recorder failed. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere\n July 9, 1974.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1971-09-29 09:50:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1971-09-30\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 572.\n Perigee(km) : 321.\n Inclination : 33.1\n Date of last update : 2003-01-28\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso7/oso7.html'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-7\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 33.1 degrees\n Perigee: 321 km\n Apogee: 572 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso7/oso7.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso7_flight.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1971-09-29\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a364e4c0-444a-4dec-9fa4-cf740e340411", - "label": "OSO-6", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 04065 / 69068A\nLaunch date: 9 Aug 1969\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission Scientific: Sun observation\nPerigee/Apogee: 489/554 km\nInclination: 32.9°\nPeriod: 95.1 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #72\n\nOut of service: Jan 1972\nDecay: 7 Mar 1981\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso6.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-6\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-6\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.9 degrees\n Period: 95.1 min\n Perigee: 489 km\n Apogee: 554 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso6.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso7.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-08-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7eaad99-82e7-4edb-a3d3-9e10d2c209c3", - "label": "OSO-4", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 03000 / 67100A\nLaunch date: 18 Oct 1967\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 552/555 km\nInclination: 32.9°\nPeriod: 95.7 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #53\n\nOut of service: Dec 1971\nDecay: 15 Jun 1982\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso4.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-4\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.9 degrees\n Period: 95.7 min\n Perigee: 552 km\n Apogee: 555 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso4.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso4.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-10-18\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e58bc59d-a030-4cc4-80a9-f9cb7f294244", - "label": "OSO-8", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 07970 / 75057A\nLaunch date: 21 Jun 1975\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 539/553 km\nInclination: 32.9°\nPeriod: 95.6 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #112\nMass at launch: 1064 kg\n\nOut of service: Sep 1978\nDecay: 9 Jul 1986\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso8/oso8.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-8\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-8\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.9 degrees\n Period: 95.6 min\n Perigee: 539 km\n Apogee: 553 km \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso8/oso8.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso8_2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-06-21\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb5ac938-4c9a-4abd-9b62-7ae1ac63b34e", - "label": "OSO-3", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", - "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 02703 / 67020A\nLaunch date: 8 Mar 1967\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 546/570 km\nInclination: 32.8°\nPeriod: 95.8 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #46\n\nOut of service: Nov 1969\nDecay: 4 Apr 1982\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso3.html'\n\n[Summary provided by of The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-3\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.8 degrees\n Period: 95.8 min\n Perigee: 546 km\n Apogee: 570 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso3.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso3.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-03-08\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f48df58-92d6-4f8c-bb95-872709133d7b", - "label": "GRO", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) was the second of NASA's\nGreat Observatories. Compton, at 17 tons, was the heaviest\nastrophysical payload ever flown at the time of its launch on\nApril 5, 1991 aboard the space shuttle Atlantis. Compton was\nsafely deorbited and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on June\n4, 2000.\n\nThe objective of the Compton GRO was to make comprehensive\nobservations of gamma ray sources throughout the Universe. The\nobservatory carried four scientific instruments that made gamma\nray energy measurements from 0.1 million electron volts to\n30,000 million electron volts.\n\nThe end of life was in June 2000. The failure of 1 gyroscope\nrequires the deorbitation of the satellite in order to make sure\nit will not fall in a populated area. It is too large to\ncompletely burn in the atmosphere.\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: TRW\nDimension: 7.7 x 5.5 x 4.6 m\nMass at launch: 15622 kg\nDry mass: 13800 kg\nSolar array: 21.5 m\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDC power: EOL: 3980 W\nDesign lifetime: 2 years (min)\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GRO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GRO\n Long_Name: Gamma-Ray Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CGRO\n Short_Name: GRO\n Short_Name: 1991-027B\n Short_Name: 20225\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: BATSE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n Period: 90 m\n Perigee: 362 km\n Apogee: 457 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/cgro.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-04-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "236ccd86-2d36-4312-b73b-c273039e3a2d", - "label": "COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "[Source: COSMIC Home Page at UCAR, http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/about.html ]\n\nFORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Overview\n\nFORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3C) is a joint Taiwan/US science mission for weather, climate, space weather and geodetic research. The F3C mission was successfully launched on 15 April 2006. Six identical micro satellites, each carrying an advanced GPS radio occultation (RO) receiver, a Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) and a Tri Band Beacon (TBB) were deployed. The satellites have since been raised by Taiwan's National Space Organization (NSPO) to their final orbit altitude at 800km to achieve an operational constellation of six orbital planes separated by 30 degrees. The payload science data are currently being downloaded every orbit via two NOAA TT&C stations (in Alaska and Norway) and one NSF/NASA station in McMurdo, Antarctica and transferred to the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archival Center (CDAAC) at UCAR in Boulder. The CDAAC currently processes the COSMIC science data in near real time - Ninety percent of RO profiles are delivered to operational weather centers within 3 hours of observation. CDAAC also reprocesses data in a more accurate post-processed mode (within 6 weeks of observation) for COSMIC as well as other missions including GPS/MET, CHAMP, SAC-C, and GRACE.\n\nCOSMIC is currently providing between 1000-2500 daily RO profiles in the neutral atmosphere, 1000-2500 daily electron density profiles and total electron content arcs, and TIP radiance products. The data have already demonstrated their value for operational weather forecasting, hurricane forecasting, and investigations of the atmospheric boundary layer. The data have been used extensively to test ionospheric models and their use in operational space weather models is under development. COSMIC GPS RO data also have the potential to be of great benefit to climate studies due to their demonstrated high precision and global and diurnal sampling coverage.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n Long_Name: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3A\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3B\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3C\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3D\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3E\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3F\n Short_Name: 2006-011A\n Short_Name: 2006-011B\n Short_Name: 2006-011C\n Short_Name: 2006-011D\n Short_Name: 2006-011E\n Short_Name: 2006-011F\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RO\n Short_Name: TBB\n Short_Name: TIP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 72 degrees\n Period: 95 m\n Perigee: 496 km\n Apogee: 540 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nspo.org.tw/2008e/projects/project3/hot.shtml?right=no\n Sample_Image: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/images/rocksat.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-15\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NSF/UCAR\n Primary_Sponsor: TAIWAN/NSPO\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD/USAF\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD/ONR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "253d5637-2f35-464d-bc79-db0f843604fe", - "label": "HST", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a cooperative program of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to operate a long-lived space-based observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community. HST is an observatory first dream of in the 1940s, designed and built in the 1970s and 80s, and operational only in the 1990s. Since its preliminary inception, HST was designed to be a different type of mission for NASA -- a long-term space-based observatory. To accomplish this goal and protect the spacecraft against instrument and equipment failures, NASA had always planned on regular servicing missions. Hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and stabilized in all three axes. HST is a 2.4-meter reflecting telescope, which was deployed, in low-Earth orbit (600 kilometers) by the crew of the space shuttle Discovery (STS-31) on 25 April 1990. \n\nAdditional information available at http://www.stsci.edu/hst/HST_overview/ \n \n [Source: Space Telescope Science Institute] \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HST\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HST\n Long_Name: Hubble Space Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Hubble Space Telescope\n Short_Name: 1990-037B\n Short_Name: Space Telescope\n Short_Name: 20580\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 575 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.48 degrees\n Period: 96.66 m\n Perigee: 586.47 km\n Apogee: 610.44 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.stsci.edu/hst/HST_overview/\n Online_Resource: http://hubble.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://hubblesite.org/\n Sample_Image: http://hubble.nasa.gov/art/zzcover/hubble_earth_horz.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-04-25\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c45bc59-32ce-4e5d-a602-6fec80ff7f1c", - "label": "SORCE", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) is a NASA-sponsored satellite mission that is providing state-of-the-art measurements of incoming x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and total solar radiation. The measurements provided by SORCE specifically address long-term climate change, natural variability and enhanced climate prediction, and atmospheric ozone and UV-B radiation. These measurements are critical to studies of the Sun; its effect on our Earth system; and its influence on humankind.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "436570eb-cb83-48d3-81d7-a6b6c6a777b4", - "label": "CLUSTER-II", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The aim of the Cluster mission is to study small-scale structures of the\nmagnetosphere and its environment in three dimensions. To achieve this, Cluster\nis constituted of four identical spacecraft that will flight in a tetrahedral\nconfiguration. The separation distances between the spacecraft will be varied\nbetween 600 km and 20 000 km, according to the key scientific regions. \n\nThe first Cluster mission was launched on 4 June 1996, but the launch vehicle \nexploded 37 seconds into the flight.\n\nCluster II was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 16 July 2000\nand 9 August 2000. The four satellites were put into orbit, in pairs, by two\nSoyuz rockets provided by the Russian-French Starsem company. Starsem has four\nshareholders - Aerospatiale, Arianespace, the Russian Space Agency and TsSKB\nSamara, the manufacturer of the Soyuz vehicle. \n\nEach of the four spacecraft carries an identical set of 11 instruments to\ninvestigate charged particles, electrical and magnetic fields. These were built\nby European and American instrument teams led by Principal Investigators. \n\nFGM-Fluxgate Magnetometer\n\nEDI -Electron Drift Instrument\n\nASPOC-Active Spacecraft Potential Control experiment\n\nSTAFF -Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation experiment\n\nEFW-Electric Field and Wave experiment\n\nDWP-Digital Wave Processing experiment\n\nWHISPER-Waves of High frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by\nRelaxation experiment\n\nWBD-Wide Band Data instrument\n\nPEACE-Plasma Electron And Current Experiment\n\nCIS-Cluster Ion Spectrometry experiment\n\nRAPID-Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors\n\nSee:\nhttp://clusterlaunch.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=8\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CLUSTER-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n Long_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Cluster-2\n Short_Name: FM6\n Short_Name: FM5\n Short_Name: FM7\n Short_Name: FM8\n Short_Name: Salsa\n Short_Name: 26411\n Short_Name: 26463\n Short_Name: 26410\n Short_Name: 26464\n Short_Name: Samba\n Short_Name: Rumba\n Short_Name: Tango\n Short_Name: 2000-045B\n Short_Name: 2000-041A\n Short_Name: 2000-041B\n Short_Name: 2000-045A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: EFW\n Short_Name: FGM\n Short_Name: EDI\n Short_Name: ASPOC\n Short_Name: STAFF\n Short_Name: DWP\n Short_Name: WHISPER\n Short_Name: WBD\n Short_Name: PEACE\n Short_Name: CIS\n Short_Name: RAPID\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 90.7 degrees\n Period: 620 m\n Perigee: 19,000 km\n Apogee: 119,000 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=8\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/2e/hires_36654.JPG\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-07-16\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Design_Life: 9 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43e942db-8536-4268-8bd4-cea81573b8ee", - "label": "SOHO", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The SOHO (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) project is being carried out by the\nEuropean Space Agency (ESA) and the US National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA) as a cooperative effort between the two agencies in the\nframework of the Solar Terrestrial Science Program (STSP) comprising SOHO and\nCLUSTER, and the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP), with\nGeotail (ISAS-Japan), Wind, and Polar.\n\nSOHO was launched on December 2, 1995. The SOHO spacecraft was\nbuilt in Europe by an industry team led by Matra, and\ninstruments were provided by European and American\nscientists. There are nine European Principal Investigators\n(PI's) and three American ones. Large engineering teams and more\nthan 200 co-investigators from many institutions supported the\nPI's in the development of the instruments and in the\npreparation of their operations and data analysis. NASA was\nresponsible for the launch and is now responsible for mission\noperations. Large radio dishes around the world which form\nNASA's Deep Space Network are used to track the spacecraft\nbeyond the Earth's orbit. Mission control is based at Goddard\nSpace Flight Center in Maryland.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOHO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SOHO\n Long_Name: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory\n Short_Name: 23726\n Short_Name: 1995-065A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VIRGO\n Short_Name: UVCS\n Short_Name: SWAN\n Short_Name: SUMER\n Short_Name: MDI\n Short_Name: LASCO\n Short_Name: GOLF\n Short_Name: ERNE\n Short_Name: EIT\n Short_Name: COSTEP\n Short_Name: CELIAS\n Short_Name: CDS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Apogee: 1.5 million km\n Orbit_Type: LPO > L1 > Lissajous Orbit > Halo Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/soho/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=14\n Sample_Image: http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/Posters/images/large/soho-poster.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-12-02\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44941da4-aae8-4776-8db0-f2c3eb5eb5e6", - "label": "EQUATOR-S", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "EQUATOR-S is a low-cost mission designed to study the Earth's equatorial\nmagnetosphere out to distances of 67000 km and it forms an element of the\nclosely-coordinated fleet of satellites that comprise the IASTP program\n(http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/sci_operations/www-sites.html) . It is\nbased on a simple spacecraft design and carries a science payload consisting of\nadvanced instruments that were developed for other IASTP missions. Unique\nfeatures of EQUATOR-S are its nearly equatorial orbit and its high spin rate.\nIt was launched as an auxiliary payload on an Ariane-4 on December 2nd, 1997.\nThe mission is intended for a two-year lifetime.\n\nThe idea of an equatorial satellite dates back to NASA's GGS (Global Geospace\nScience) program originally conceived in 1980. When the equatorial element of\nthe program was abandoned in 1986 and several subsequent attempts to rescue the\nmission had failed, the Max-Planck-Institut f?r extraterrestrische Physik (MPE)\ndecided in 1991 to fill this gap in the GGS (and in the international IASTP)\nprogram because of its interest in the global magnetospheric science, and\nbecause it provided an opportunity for a test of an advanced instrument, EDI,\nto measure electric fields with dual electron beams. The realization of\nEQUATOR-S was possible through a grant from the German Space Agency DARA\n(meanwhile part of DLR), that was approved in late 1994, but also through\nMPE-internal funds and personnel. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-spacecraft.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EQUATOR-S\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EQUATOR-S\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EQUATOR-S\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/\n Sample_Image: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/PIFICONS/eqs-spacecraft.gif\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", - "label": "Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "Launched in October 2006, the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, or STEREO, has provided scientists a unique and revolutionary view of the Sun-Earth System. Composed of two nearly identical observatories -- one ahead of Earth in its orbit, the other trailing behind -- STEREO has traced the flow of energy and matter from the Sun to Earth. \n\n \nSolar ejections, like coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are the most powerful drivers of the Sun-Earth connection. Yet despite their importance, scientists don't fully understand the origin and evolution of CMEs, nor their structure or extent in interplanetary space. STEREO's unique 3D images of the structure of CMEs is enabling scientists to determine their fundamental nature and origin.\n\nSTEREO is also a key addition to the fleet of space weather detection satellites. It provides more accurate alerts for the arrival time of Earth-directed solar ejections with its unique side-viewing perspective.\n\n \nOn Oct. 1, 2014, NASA mission operations lost communication with one of the spacecraft, STEREO-B. Efforts to regain contact are ongoing. STEREO-A continues to operate normally and provide views of parts of the far side of the Sun otherwise unseeable from Earth’s perspective.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "68820e6c-4047-4830-99a8-57e13cc5699d", - "label": "STEREO A", - "broader": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", - "definition": "STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) is a 2-year NASA mission employing two nearly identical space-based observatories to provide the very first, 3-D 'stereo' images of the sun to study the nature of coronal mass ejections. These powerful solar eruptions are a major source of the magnetic disruptions on Earth and a key component of space weather, which can greatly affect satellite operations, communications, power systems, the lives of humans in space, and global climate.\n\nSTEREO is the third mission in NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program. The twin observatories launched aboard a single Boeing Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on Oct. 25, 2006, at 8:52 p.m. EDT.\n\nSTEREO is sponsored by NASA Headquarters' Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program Office, in Greenbelt, Md., manages the mission, instruments and science center. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), in Laurel, Md., designed and built the spacecraft and will operate the twin observatories for NASA during the mission. \n\nThe two spacecraft are launched to drift slowly away from the Earth in opposite directions at about 10 degrees per year for the lagging spacecraft and 20 degrees per year for the leading one. Optimal longitudinal separation of about sixty degrees is achieved after two years. Afterwards the separation gradually increases beyond the design lifetime of two years with the possibility of extended mission observations at larger angles. Science instruments selected for STEREO include the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) for extreme ultraviolet (EUV), white-light coronographic, and heliospheric imaging, the STEREO/WAVES (SWAVES) interplanetary radio burst tracker, the In situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients (IMPACT) investigation for in-situ sampling the 3-D distribution and plasma characteristics of solar energetic particles and the interplanetary magnetic field, and the PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion and Composition (PLASTIC) experiment to measure elemental and charge composition of ambient and CME plasma ions. STEREO data recorded and stored onboard each spacecraft will be downlinked through the NASA Deep Space Network on a daily schedule. Real-time space weather data will be continuously transmitted through a separate beacon system to NASA and non-NASA receiving stations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STEREO A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n Long_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STEREO East\n Short_Name: STEREO Lag\n Short_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory A\n Short_Name: 29510\n Short_Name: 2006-047A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SWAVES\n Short_Name: SECCHI\n Short_Name: PLASTIC\n Short_Name: IMPACT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/gallery/images/artistConcepts/tn/PanelsDeploy_tn.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-10-26\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Johns Hopkins/APL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad945ca6-cd6f-4e21-abe0-e7e7bba68523", - "label": "STEREO B", - "broader": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", - "definition": "STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) is a 2-year NASA mission\nemploying two nearly identical space-based observatories to provide the very\nfirst, 3-D 'stereo' images of the sun to study the nature of coronal mass\nejections. These powerful solar eruptions are a major source of the magnetic\ndisruptions on Earth and a key component of space weather, which can greatly\naffect satellite operations, communications, power systems, the lives of humans\nin space, and global climate.\n\nSTEREO is the third mission in NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program. The\ntwin observatories launched aboard a single Boeing Delta II rocket from Cape\nCanaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on Oct. 25, 2006, at 8:52 p.m. EDT.\n\nSTEREO is sponsored by NASA Headquarters' Science Mission Directorate,\nWashington, D.C. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Solar Terrestrial Probes\nProgram Office, in Greenbelt, Md., manages the mission, instruments and science\ncenter. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), in\nLaurel, Md., designed and built the spacecraft and will operate the twin\nobservatories for NASA during the mission.\n\nThe two spacecraft are launched to drift slowly away from the Earth in opposite\ndirections at about 10 degrees per year for the lagging spacecraft and 20\ndegrees per year for the leading one. Optimal longitudinal separation of about\nsixty degrees is achieved after two years. Afterwards the separation gradually\nincreases beyond the design lifetime of two years with the possibility of\nextended mission observations at larger angles. Science instruments selected\nfor STEREO include the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric\nInvestigation (SECCHI) for extreme ultraviolet (EUV), white-light\ncoronographic, and heliospheric imaging, the STEREO/WAVES (SWAVES)\ninterplanetary radio burst tracker, the In situ Measurements of Particles and\nCME Transients (IMPACT) investigation for in-situ sampling the 3-D distribution\nand plasma characteristics of solar energetic particles and the interplanetary\nmagnetic field, and the PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion and Composition (PLASTIC)\nexperiment to measure elemental and charge composition of ambient and CME\nplasma ions. STEREO data recorded and stored onboard each spacecraft will be\ndownlinked through the NASA Deep Space Network on a daily schedule. Real-time\nspace weather data will be continuously transmitted through a separate beacon\nsystem to NASA and non-NASA receiving stations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STEREO B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Long_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STEREO Lead\n Short_Name: STEREO West\n Short_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory B\n Short_Name: 29511\n Short_Name: 2006-047B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IMPACT\n Short_Name: PLASTIC\n Short_Name: SECCHI\n Short_Name: SWAVES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov/ \n Sample_Image: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/gallery/images/artistConcepts/tn/PanelsDeploy_tn.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-10-26\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Johns Hopkins/APL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5255d395-6dd9-49ba-aaf4-44450f708a3c", - "label": "HINOTORI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The main objective of the HINOTORI mission was the detailed study of solar flares during solar maximum. Principal investigations were (1) imaging of solar flare X rays in the range 10 to 40 keV by means of rotating modulation collimators and (2) spectroscopy of X-ray emission lines from highly ionized iron in solar flares in the range 1.7 to 2.0 A by means of a Bragg spectrometer. Wavelength scanning was achieved by the spacecraft revolution, with an offset pointing of the spin axis with respect to the sun. Investigations (1) and (2) each had a time resolution of 6 s. In addition, the following investigations were included: three solar flare X-ray monitors that recorded the time profile and spectrum of the X-ray flares in the range 2 to 20 keV, a solar flare gamma-ray detector for the range 0.2 to 9.0 MeV, a particle detector that monitored electron flux above 100 keV, and plasma probes for the measurement of electron density and temperature. \n\nInformation provided by http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-017A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HINOTORI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HINOTORI\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ASTRO-A\n Short_Name: Astronomical Satellite-A\n Short_Name: 12307\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n Short_Name: BCS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-017A\n Sample_Image: http://jda.jaxa.jp/jda/get_image.php?f_id=1414&type=L\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-02-21\n Primary_Sponsor: Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, U of Tokyo/Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "label": "Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "Geostationary satellites circle the Earth in geosynchronous orbit, which means they orbit the Earth’s equatorial plane at a speed matching the Earth’s rotation. This allows them to stay in a fixed position in the sky, remaining stationary with respect to a point on the ground. GOES satellites continually view the Western Hemisphere from approximately 22,300 miles above Earth.\n\nSince 1975, NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) have provided continuous imagery and data on atmospheric conditions and solar activity (space weather). They have even aided in search and rescue of people in distress. GOES data products have led to more accurate and timely weather forecasts and better understanding of long-term climate conditions. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) builds and launches the GOES, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates them. In October 2015, NOAA celebrated the 40th anniversary of the launch of the first GOES satellite.\n\nGOES satellites are designated with a letter prior to launch and renamed with a number once achieving geostationary orbit. The GOES-N series consists of GOES-13, GOES-14, and GOES-15.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "18ceff7d-c5cd-4a72-86af-9a3ac0a884c4", - "label": "GOES-5", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 5 was launched in May 1981 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at at 75 degrees West as GOES-EAST, but on July 30, 1984, GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure, thus NOAA had to relocate GOES 6 to a more central 98 degrees West position, and to reactivate GOES 1 and GOES 4 for the acquisition and relay of VISSR information, respectively, from the western U.S. For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2fa330c6-862b-408a-bdea-cc0eb502f3d2", - "label": "GOES-8", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 8 (GOES-I) was launched on April 13, 1994. On Tuesday April 1, 2003 GOES-12 (Formerly Referred to as GOES-M) replaced GOES-8 as the operational GOES East Satellite. NOAA deactivated the satellite on May 5, 2004 and will boost it into an orbit 350 kilometers above its original geostationary position, where it will be disposed safely in three controlled burns. GOES I-M represented the next generation of meteorological satellites and introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan, offers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures of local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term forecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and independent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather forecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to increase the accuracy of their forecasts. Each satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager and a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and infrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the atmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals where the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather services both in the United States and around the world, including the global research community. The GOES I-M mission ran from the mid-1990s into the first decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has been designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at least five years. The GOES I-M system performed the following basic functions: + Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and sounding data. + Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor (SEM) data. + Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and remote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station. + Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to users, independent of all other functions. + Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels to the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system. GOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system. A dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to detect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based sources. These unique identification signals are normally combined with signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and relayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are used to perform effective search and rescue operations. The GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern Pacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and western Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf of Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located at 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common ground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia, supports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides spacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering analyses. Delivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument data for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and retransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community. The processed data are received at the control center and disseminated to the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological Center, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including the National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also received by Department of Defense installations, universities, and numerous private commercial users. MAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS Mission life 5 years, minimum Dimensions Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet) Weight 2100 kg (4600 lb) Orbit Geosynchronous Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi) Longitude 75W and 135W Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree Power 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery backup Launch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur (GOES-L/M) Communications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1 Mbits/sec GOES-I/M IMAGER The GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense radiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the Earth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep east-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a two-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth disc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and various sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene using a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid continuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale (regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination. IMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5* WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12 PRODUCT Clouds x x x x x Water Vapor* x x x Surface Temp. o x o Winds x x x Albedo + IR Flux x o x o Fires + Smoke x x o o KEY: * = new operational data x = primary channel o = secondary channel GOES-I/M SOUNDER The GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition. PRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative PRODUCT TEMPERATURE Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K Land --- 10 2 K 1 K Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K MOISTURE Profile 2-4 50 30% 20% Total --- 10 20% 10% Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec CLOUD Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb Amount total 10 15% 5% OZONE* Total --- 50 30% 15% Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec IR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2 KEY: * = potential future product GOES 8 information is available at: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49178ef5-a003-4de2-9553-066f629bb072", - "label": "GOES-10", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOES 10 is the third satellite in a series of next generation geosynchronous spacecraft, referred to as GOES-NEXT and represented by the GOES I through GOES M spacecraft. The GOES-NEXT series is a joint effort on the part of NASA and NOAA to provide continued operational monitoring of weather systems primarily over the United States, distribute meteorological data to regional and national weather offices within the USA, contribute to the development of an environmental data collection network, contribute to the search and rescue program, improve the capability for forcasting and provide real-time warnings of solar distrubances, and to extend knowledge and understanding of atmospheric processes to improve short and long-term weather forecasts. The GOES-NEXT series extends the capabilities of the previous GOES 1-7 spacecraft. The GOES I-M spacecraft will be placed over the equator at 135 deg West or 75 deg West. The design allows unobstructed views of the Earth for operational coverage by the spacecraft sensors. The spacecraft configuration is a compact box-shaped main body that carries the Earth-observing instruments, a continuous-drive solar array attached to the south panel through a yoke assembly, and a solar pointing instrument gimbal mounted on the solar panel yoke. The main body accomodates the sensors, electronics, and support subsystems. The communication antennas, except the Tracking, Telemetry, and Command (TT&C) antenna, are hard-mounted to the Earth-facing panel. The Propulsion Module consists of the fuel and oxidizer tanks for the bipropellant propulsion subsystem mounted on the central cylinder. The Attitude and Orbit Control Substem (AOCS) provides attitude control of the spacecraft. The AOCS consists of the sensors, electronics, and the actuators. The GOES power is generated from the solar array and two 12 A-hr batteries. Power is automatically regulated during solar eclipses. A conical shaped solar sail at the end of a 58-foot boom balances torque caused by solar radiation. The main body of the spacecraft is a 2-meter cube. In its deployed orbit configuration, the overall length is about 27 meters. Initial mass was about 4640 pounds, including fuel. Design lifetime is about five years. The Image Navigation/Registration (INR) system provides Imager and Sounder data products in real-time to users. The Communications, Command, and Data Handling subsystem is comprised of antennas, receivers, transponders, transmitters, data encoders and encryptors and multiplexers. The Tracking Telemetry and Command (TT&C) subsystem provides the necessary monitor and command link between the spacecraft and the ground stations. The GOES-NEXT instruments consist of the following: (1) Earth Imaging System, a 5-channel visible and infrared radiometer which provides Earth imagery 24 hours a day; (2) Sounding System, a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer for obtaining atmospheric temperature and moisture soundings; (3) a Space Environment Monitor (SEM), which consists of a magnetic field sensor, a solar X-ray sensor, an energetic particle sensor (EPS), and a High Energy Proton and Alpha Detector (HEPAD); (4) a Search and Rescue subsystem (SARSAT), which receives signals from 406 MHz distress beacons and relays them to the ground; (5) a Data Collection System (DCS) for collecting and relaying real-time information from Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) such as buoys, balloons, remote weather stations, ships, and aircraft; and (6) a Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) system which relays processed weather imagary from the Wallops Island station to the user community. The SEC package has been frequently eratic during 2003.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "530c0bf3-28b9-4cb7-ad4e-979ad7444933", - "label": "GOES-14", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "The GOES-O satellite lifted off from Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 6:51 p.m. EDT [2009-06-27] atop a Delta IV rocket. From a position about 22,300 miles above Earth, the advanced weather satellite will keep an unblinking eye on atmospheric conditions in the Eastern United States and Atlantic Ocean. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-O represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. GOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. GOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. The GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-O continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13. GOES-P is also in ground storage following the completion of environmental testing and is prepared for an April 2009 launch readiness with a July 2010, engineering handover date requirement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72ebfb29-14dd-4306-a28c-ecfc25fc8ad6", - "label": "GOES-16", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R) is the nation’s next generation of geostationary weather satellites. The GOES-R series will significantly improve the detection and observation of environmental phenomena that directly affect public safety, protection of property and our nation’s economic health and prosperity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79de5661-cfa3-491d-bb30-4414452676e8", - "label": "GOES-4", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 4 was launched in September 1980 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 100 degrees West initially, but replaced GOES 3 at 135 degrees West in March 1981. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 4 was reactivated by NOAA to provide GOES 1 VISSR data relay services to western users. More information about GOES Satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8651726e-1f93-4a65-9e09-4be1e3075e5d", - "label": "GOES-9", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 9 was launched on May 23, 1995. GOES-9, which is currently partially operational, is being provided to the Japanese Meteorological Agency to replace their failing geostationary satellite. GOES I-M represents the next generation of meteorological satellites and introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan, offers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures of local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term forecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and independent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather forecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to increase the accuracy of their forecasts. Each satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager and a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and infrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the atmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals where the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather services both in the United States and around the world, including the global research community. The GOES I-M mission is scheduled to run from the mid-1990s into the first decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has been designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at least five years. The GOES I-M system performs the following basic functions: + Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and sounding data. + Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor (SEM) data. + Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and remote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station. + Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to users, independent of all other functions. + Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels to the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system. GOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system. A dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to detect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based sources. These unique identification signals are normally combined with signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and relayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are used to perform effective search and rescue operations. The GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern Pacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and western Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf of Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located at 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common ground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia, supports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides spacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering analyses. Delivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument data for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and retransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community. The processed data are received at the control center and disseminated to the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological Center, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including the National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also received by Department of Defense installations, universities, and numerous private commercial users. *The GOES-9 satellite was replaced by GOES-10 in July 1998* MAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS Mission life 5 years, minimum Dimensions Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet) Weight 2100 kg (4600 lb) Orbit Geosynchronous Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi) Longitude 75W and 135W Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree Power 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery backup Launch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur (GOES-L/M) Communications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1 Mbits/sec GOES-I/M IMAGER The GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense radiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the Earth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep east-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a two-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth disc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and various sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene using a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid continuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale (regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination. IMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5* WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12 PRODUCT Clouds x x x x x Water Vapor* x x x Surface Temp. o x o Winds x x x Albedo + IR Flux x o x o Fires + Smoke x x o o KEY: * = new operational data x = primary channel o = secondary channel GOES-I/M SOUNDER The GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition. PRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative PRODUCT TEMPERATURE Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K Land --- 10 2 K 1 K Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K MOISTURE Profile 2-4 50 30% 20% Total --- 10 20% 10% Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec CLOUD Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb Amount total 10 15% 5% OZONE* Total --- 50 30% 15% Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec IR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2 KEY: * = potential future product", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98685a1b-9825-43c0-b0d9-6a65f8cb8c7c", - "label": "GOES-13", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES-13 (GOES-N) lifted off aboard a Boeing Delta IV rocket from Space Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida at 6:11 pm EDT on May 25, 2006. GOES-13 (GOES-N) is the latest in a series of Earth monitoring satellites. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) provide the kind of continuous monitoring necessary for intensive data analysis. Geostationary describes an orbit in which a satellite is always in the same position with respect to the rotating Earth. This allows GOES to hover continuously over one position on the Earth's surface, appearing stationary. As a result, GOES provide a constant vigil for the atmospheric 'triggers' for severe weather conditions such as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes. Orbit: Altitude: 36000 km Geo-Synchronous Vital Statistics: Weight 3200 kg Size: 4.2 meters (l) x 1.88 meters (w) Power: 2300 watts Mission Life: 5 years Instruments: Sounder Imager SEM (Space Environment Monitor) S and R (Search and Rescue)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a520a517-f8da-4bf7-9dec-5e8758dad38a", - "label": "GOES-3", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 3 was launched in June 1978 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 135 degrees West as GOES-WEST. For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b048b823-7125-4426-b25d-121c85044bb4", - "label": "GOES-6", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 6 was launched in April 1983 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. GOES 6 was moved from its 135 degrees West position to a more central 98 degrees West position when GOES 5 failed on July 29, 1984. For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ccc4869c-ff0c-41ef-b621-eaeae1ffb79b", - "label": "GOES-12", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "OES-12 (GOES-M) was launched July 23, 2001 from Cape Canaveral Air Station. On Tuesday April 1, 2003 at approximately 1815 UTC, GOES-12 replaced GOES-8 as the operational GOES East Satellite. The spacecraft will perform long term geostationary monitoring of U.S. weather. GOES 12's mission is the monitoring of hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather as well as providing short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting. Combined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations, real-time GOES data greatly aids weather foecasters in providing better warnings of severe weather. NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service will operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and GOES I-M Sounder.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1c98f16-ae13-45a0-b1bf-de4fd2a5b1c7", - "label": "GOES-11", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "Update 2011-12-12: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06, Source: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/status.html ] [Text For Archival Purposes only] GOES-11 (GOES-L) was launched May 3, 2000 from Cape Canaveral Air Station. The spacecraft will continue the long term geostationary monitoring of U.S. weather. The spacecraft will monitor hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather as well as provide short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting. Combined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations, real-time GOES data will greatly aid weather foecasters in providing better warnings of severe weather. NOAA's National Environmmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service will operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and GOES I-M Sounder. For more information see: https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8fbbfce-0ba2-431c-8533-a1ec9347efd1", - "label": "GOES-7", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 7 was launched in February 1987 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, energetic particle monitor, and a magnetic field monitor. GOES 7 was positioned at 98 degrees West in the summer (Atlantic hurricane season) and 108 degrees West in the winter (Pacific storm season). For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2b36444-124d-4f32-97c7-dc8a09b2d0f0", - "label": "GOES-2", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES 2 was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer (VISSR) to provide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance-derived temperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, (2) a meteorological data collection and transmission system to relay processed data from central weather facilities to APT-equipped regional stations and to collect and retransmit data from remotely located earth-based platforms, and (3) a space environment monitor (SEM) system to measure proton, electron, and solar X-ray fluxes and magnetic fields. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit. For more detailed information, see 'The GOES/SMS User's Guide' (TRF B28599), available from NSSDC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f86fcbce-178c-410a-8e6e-380c0bc392ad", - "label": "GOES-1", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "GOES-1 (SMS-C) was launched in October 1975 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. On December 1, 1978, responsibility for GOES 1 was turned over to ESA to be used as part of FGGE/GARP. It was stationed over the Indian Ocean and controlled by ESOC in Darmstadt, F.R.G. In December 1979, it was returned to the control of NOAA and positioned at 135 degrees West. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 6 was moved east and GOES 1 was reactivated by NOAA to provide visible imaging capability over the western U.S. GOES 1 failed on February 3, 1985. Additional Information on GOES Satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9649a77-f89c-4b3a-a5e5-624ccfccf97d", - "label": "GOES-15", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", - "definition": "[Update 2011-12-13: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06]\nThe Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-P represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. GOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. GOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. The GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-P continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13. GOES-P Launches! The GOES-P satellite launched at 6:57 p.m. EST March 4 aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV rocket from Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. GOES-P is the third and final spacecraft to be launched in the GOES-N series of geostationary environmental weather satellites.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f00151d-b33f-472a-a263-eff7b46b296d", - "label": "TSIS-1", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72594fae-e32a-4f62-88ad-d871ef0ff29a", - "label": "ULYSSES", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The primary objectives of Ulysses, formerly the International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM), are to investigate, as a function of solar latitude, the properties of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field, of galactic cosmic rays and neutral interstellar gas, and to study energetic particle composition and acceleration. The 55 kg payload includes two magnetometers, two solar wind plasma instruments, a unified radio/plasma wave instrument, three energetic charged particle instruments, an interstellar neutral gas sensor, a solar X-ray/cosmic gamma-ray burst detector, and a cosmic dust sensor. The communications systems is also used to study the solar corona and to search for gravitational waves. Secondary objectives included interplanetary and planetary physics investigations during the initial Earth-Jupiter phase and investigations in the Jovian magnetosphere. The spacecraft used a Jupiter swingby in Feb. 1992 to transfer to a heliospheric orbit with high heliocentric inclination, and will pass over the rotational south pole of the sun in mid-1994 at 2 AU, and over the north pole in mid-1995. A second solar orbit will take Ulysses again over the south and north poles in years 2000 and 2001, respectively. The spacecraft is powered by a single radio-isotope generator. It is spin stabilized at a rate of 5 rpm and its high-gain antenna points continuously to the earth. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ULYSSES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: International Solar Polar Mission\n Short_Name: Solar Polar\n Short_Name: 20842\n Short_Name: 1990-090B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: EPAC\n Short_Name: FGM-U\n Short_Name: DUST\n Short_Name: URAP\n Short_Name: SWOOPS\n Short_Name: SWICS-U\n Short_Name: HI-SCALE\n Short_Name: COSPIN\n Short_Name: GRB\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 2264 days\n Perigee: 1.35 AU\n Apogee: 5.4 AU\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-05\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://helio2.estec.esa.nl/ulysses_/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/ulysses_test.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-10-06\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76e768b0-150f-4986-8504-42a713c9c841", - "label": "ACRIMSAT", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The purpose of the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III)\ninstrument is to study total solar Irradiance from the Sun. The ACRIM III\npackage is flying on a spacecraft called ACRIMSAT. The spacecraft was launched\non December 20, 1999 as a secondary payload on a Taurus launch vehicle. ACRIM\nIII, third in a series of long-term solar-monitoring tools built for NASA by\nthe Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will continue to extend the database first\ncreated by ACRIM I, which was launched in 1980 on the Solar Maximum Mission\n(SMM) spacecraft. ACRIM II followed on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite\n(UARS) in 1991. ACRIMSAT data will be correlated with possible global warming\ndata, ice cap shrinkage data, and ozone layer depletion data. It is theorized\nthat as much as 25 percent of the Earth's total global warming may be solar in\norigin due to small increases in the Sun's total energy output since the last\ncentury. By measuring incoming solar radiation and adding measurements of ocean\nand atmosphere currents and temperatures, as well as surface temperatures,\nclimatologists will be able to improve their predictions of climate and global\nwarming over the next century. Energy forecasting, carbon management, public\nhealth.\n\nLaunch: Launched: December 20, 1999\nLaunch Vehicle: Taurus\nLaunch Site: Western Test Range, Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 680 km\nInclination: 98.13 degrees Sun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Weight: 13 kg\nPower: 49 watts\nDesign Life: 5 years\n\nInstruments: Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) instrument (4 Shuttle)\nSMM/ACRIM I\nSMM/ACRIM II\n\nWebsite: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIMSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ACRIMSAT\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 1999-070B\n Short_Name: 26033\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM III\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 685 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.13 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:50 AM descending node\n Period: 99 m\n Perigee: 683 km\n Apogee: 727 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-radiometer-irradiance-monitor-satellite\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/missions/acrimsat.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-12-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7747d786-1e89-4c8e-a9ea-3e90c93d95e0", - "label": "SAMPEX", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "SAMPEX is the first of SMEX'es (SMall EXplorers). SAMPEX was launched in July 1992 from Western Test Range (Lompoc,CA) at 1419 UT on July 3, 1992. SAMPEX orbits at an altitude 520 by 670 Km and 82 degrees inclination and carries four instruments on board. SAMPEX measures energetic electrons as well as ion composition of particle populations from ~0.4 MeV/nucleon to hundreds of MeV/nucleon from a zenith-oriented satellite in a near polar orbit. The Payload combines some of the most sensitive particle sensors ever flown in space. \n\nInformation provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/sampex/sampex.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAMPEX\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SAMPEX\n Long_Name: SolarAnomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: sampex\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ION CHROMATOGRAPHS\n Short_Name: SOLAR TELESCOPES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 520 by 670 Km\n Orbit_Inclination: 82 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sampex/sampex.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sampex/sampex.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-07-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", - "label": "Pioneer", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes exploration. The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, successfully sent one spacecraft to fly by the Moon, and successfully sent one spacecraft to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus. The second program, which ran from 1965 to 1992, sent four spacecraft to measure interplanetary space weather, two to explore Jupiter and Saturn, and two to explore Venus. The two outer planet probes, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1128de1e-ca90-4400-8ee8-3659106f3d65", - "label": "PIONEER 7", - "broader": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35fa31c4-a259-4b5d-82e0-48b5bdddd13a", - "label": "PIONEER 7", - "broader": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", - "definition": "Identical to Pioneer 6, Pioneer 7 was put into heliocentric orbit at 0.814 x 0.985 AU to study the solar magnetic field, the solar wind, and cosmic rays at widely separated points in solar orbit. \n\nOn 7 September 1968, the spacecraft was correctly aligned with the Sun and Earth to begin studying Earth's magnetic tail. \n\nIn 1977, eleven years after its launch, Pioneer 7 registered the magnetic tail 19.3 million kilometers out, three times further into space than recorded previously. \n\nOn 20 March 1986, the spacecraft flew within 12.3 million kilometers of Halley's Comet and monitored the interaction between the cometary hydrogen tail and the solar wind. \n\nAs with Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 8, NASA continues to maintain intermittent contact with Pioneer 7, more than thirty years after its mission began. On 31 March 1995, for example, the plasma analyzer was turned on during 2 hours of contact with the ground.\n\nInformation provided by http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=Pioneer%207&Letter=P&Display=ReadMore\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PIONEER 7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: PROBES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Letter=P&Alias=Pioneer%207\n Sample_Image: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/images/miss-pioneer_07.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-08-17\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5041b9b-2a20-4cd3-9154-f9c62fbf6d1f", - "label": "PIONEER 6", - "broader": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", - "definition": "Pioneer 6 was the first of four NASA spacecraft designed to study interplanetary phenomena in space. The spacecraft successfully provided simultaneous scientific measurements at widely dispersed locations in heliocentric orbit. It returned the first data on the tenuous solar atmosphere and later recorded the passage of Comet Kohoutek's tail in 1974. \n\nAlong with Pioneers 7, 8, and 9, the spacecraft formed a ring of solar weather stations spaced along Earth's orbit. Measurements by the four Pioneers were used to predict solar storms for approximately 1,000 primary users, including the Federal Aviation Administration; commercial airlines; power companies; communication companies; military organizations; and entities involved in surveying, navigation, and electronic prospecting. \n\nBy December 1990, Pioneer 6 had circled the Sun twentynine times (traveling 24.8 billion kilometers) and had been operational for twenty years -- a record for a deep space probe. Its original slated lifetime had been only six months. \n\nOn 15 December 1996, the spacecraft's primary transmitter failed, but during a track on 11 July 1996, ground controllers switched on the backup transmitter. \n\nOf the spacecraft's six scientific instruments, two (the plasma analyzer and the cosmic-ray detector) still continue to function. \n\nNASA maintains contact with the spacecraft once or twice each year. For example, 1 hour's worth of scientific data was collected on 29 July and 15 December 1995 (although the primary transmitter failed soon after that), and again on 6 October 1997, more than thirty years after launch. The probe's solar arrays continue to deteriorate, although the transmitters can be turned on at perihelion when the solar flux is strong enough to provide sufficient power. \n\nOn 8 December 2000, to commemorate its thirty-fifth anniversary of operation, ground controllers established successful contact with the spacecraft for about 2 hours.\n\nInformation provided by http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=Pioneer%206&Letter=P&Display=ReadMore\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PIONEER 6\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Short_Name: MUON COSMIC RAY DETECTORS\n Short_Name: PROBES\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=Pioneer%206&Letter=P&Display=ReadMore\n Sample_Image: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/images/miss-pioneer_06.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-12-16\n Design_Life: 6 months\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d44ede4-e2e4-43b8-a970-11f1f75394d5", - "label": "GEOTAIL", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The GEOTAIL mission is a collaborative project undertaken by the Institute of\nSpace and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and the National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA). Its primary objective is to study the dynamics of the\nEarth's magnetotail over a wide range of distance, extending from the\nnear-Earth region (8 Earth radii (Re) from the Earth) to the distant tail\n(about 200 Re). The GEOTAIL spacecraft was designed and built by ISAS and was\nlaunched on July 24, 1992.\n\nThe Geotail mission measures global energy flow and transformation in the\nmagnetotail to increase understanding of fundamental magnetospheric processes.\nThis will include the physics of the magnetopause, the plasma sheet, and\nreconnection and neutral line formation (i.e., the mechanisms of input,\ntransport, storage, release and conversion of energy in the magnetotail).\nGeotail, together with Wind, Polar, SOHO, and Cluster projects, constitute a\ncooperative scientific satellite project designated the International\nSolar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) program which aims at gaining improved\nunderstanding of the physics of solar terrestrial relations.\n\nGeotail is a spin-stabilized spacecraft utilizing mechanically despun antennas\nwith a design lifetime of about four years. The nominal spin rate of the\nspacecraft is about 20 rpm around a spin axis maintained between 85 and 89 deg\nto the ecliptic plane. Geotail is cylindrical, approximately 2.2 m in diameter\nand 1.6 m high with body-mounted solar cells. Geotail also has a two-hour\nback-up battery subsystem which operates when the spacecraft is in the Earth's\nshadow.\n\nReal-time telemetry data transmitted in the X-band are received at the Usuda\nDeep Space Center (UDSC) in Japan. There are two tape recorders on board, each\nwith a capacity of 450 Mbit which allow daily 24-hour data coverage. The data\nare collected in playback mode by the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN).\n\nThe Geotail mission is divided into two phases. During the two-year initial\nphase, the orbit apogee was kept on the nightside of the Earth by using the\nMoon's gravity in a series of double-lunar swing-by maneuvers that result in\nthe spacecraft spending most of its time in the distant magnetotail (maximum\napogee about 200 Earth radii) with a period varying from one to four months.\nThen, starting in November 1994, there were a series of maneuvers to bring the\nspacecraft into its near-Earth orbit. This transition orbit lasted about three\nmonths with the apogee varying from 50 RE to 30 RE. The second phase is\ndedicated to the study of near-Earth magnetospheric processes, including\nneutral line formation.\n\nThe GEOTAIL mission consists of the following experiments:\n- Comprehensive Plasma Investigation (CPI)\n- Electric Fields Detector (EFD)\n- Energetic Particle and Ion Composition (EPIC)\n- High-Energy Particles (HEP)\n- Low-Energy Particles (LEP)\n- Magnetic Field Experiment\n- Plasma Waves Investigation (PWI)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOTAIL\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GGS/Geotail\n Short_Name: GTL\n Short_Name: Geomagnetic Tail Lab\n Short_Name: ISTP/Geotail\n Short_Name: 22049\n Short_Name: 1992-044A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MFE\n Short_Name: PWI\n Short_Name: LEP\n Short_Name: HEP\n Short_Name: EPIC\n Short_Name: EFD\n Short_Name: CPI-G\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 5.15 degrees - 7.45 degrees\n Period: 43 days - 49 days\n Perigee: 47,835 km - 51,024 km\n Apogee: 869,421 km - 191,340 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://www.stp.isas.ac.jp/geotail/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/geotail.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-07-24\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: ISAS, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "848796c8-2654-4c1e-b70f-a85834f4fcef", - "label": "FERMI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "[Source: FERMI Project, http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Universe is home to numerous exotic and beautiful phenomena, some of which can generate almost inconceivable amounts of energy. Supermassive black holes, merging neutron stars, streams of hot gas moving close to the speed of light ... these are but a few of the marvels that generate gamma-ray radiation, the most energetic form of radiation, billions of times more energetic than the type of light visible to our eyes. What is happening to produce this much energy? What happens to the surrounding environment near these phenomena? How will studying these energetic objects add to our understanding of the very nature of the Universe and how it behaves?\n\nThe Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, formerly GLAST, will open this high-energy world to exploration and help us to answer these questions. With Fermi, astronomers will at long last have a superior tool to study how black holes, notorious for pulling matter in, can accelerate jets of gas outward at fantastic speeds. Physicists will be able to study subatomic particles at energies far greater than those seen in ground-based particle accelerators. And cosmologists will gain valuable information about the birth and early evolution of the Universe.\n\nFor this unique endeavor, one that brings together the astrophysics and particle physics communities, NASA is teaming up with the U.S. Department of Energy and institutions in France, Germany, Japan, Italy and Sweden. General Dynamics was chosen to build the spacecraft. Fermi was launched June 11, 2008 at 12:05 pm EDT.\nMission Objectives\n\n - Explore the most extreme environments in the Universe, where nature harnesses energies far beyond anything possible on Earth.\n - Search for signs of new laws of physics and what composes the mysterious Dark Matter.\n - Explain how black holes accelerate immense jets of material to nearly light speed.\n - Help crack the mysteries of the stupendously powerful explosions known as gamma-ray bursts.\n - Answer long-standing questions across a broad range of topics, including solar flares, pulsars and the origin of cosmic rays.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FERMI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FERMI\n Long_Name: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GLAST\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LAT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/glast\n Sample_Image: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/glast/graphic\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-06-11\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9277b570-917c-4fd2-acba-3cb167c4c4c9", - "label": "Living with a Star", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The LWS Program provides missions to improve our understanding of how and why the Sun varies, how the Earth and Solar System respond, and how the variability and response affects humanity in Space and on Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8c1066ca-a1e6-47c2-aab8-ac70ed33f948", - "label": "SDO", - "broader": "9277b570-917c-4fd2-acba-3cb167c4c4c9", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Home Page, https://science.nasa.gov/ ]\n\n[SDO was successfully launched on 2010-02-11. Please follow the SDO home page for mission updates. https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ] \n\nThe Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the first mission to be launched for NASA's Living With a Star (LWS) Program, a program designed to understand the causes of solar variability and its impacts on Earth. SDO is designed to help us understand study the Sun's influence on Earth and Near-Earth space by studying observing the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously.\n\nSDO's goal is to understand, driving towards a predictive capability, the solar variations that influence life on Earth and humanity's technological systems by determining how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured how this stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the heliosphere and geospace in the form of solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar irradiance. SDO data will help us to understand the cause the how and why of the Sun's magnetic activity changes. It will determine how the magnetic field is generated and structured, and how the stored magnetic energy is released into the heliosphere and geospace. SDO data and analysis will also help us develop the ability to predict the solar activity variations. that influence life on Earth and humanity's technological systems.\n\nSDO will observe different layers in solar atmosphere from visible surface, photosphere, to outer corona. measure the properties of the Sun and solar activity. There are few types of measurements but many of them will be taken. For example, Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) will record maps of magnetic fields on entire visible solar hemisphere. HMI will also observe flows of plasma in the photosphere. These observations will be used to study motions throughout solar atmosphere: from the global scale (solar rotation), to small spatial scales (e.g. convective motions, which the surface velocity is measured by HMI. This data can be used for many different studies. One is the surface rotation rate, which must be removed to study the others. After subtracting the rotation, you have the oscillation and convective velocities. The latter look like billows of storm clouds covering the Sun. Hot gas moves outward at the center of the billows and downward at the edges—just like boiling water). Data from HMI will also allow us to study processes taking place underneath the visible surface. These studies will be conducted using methods of helioseismology, in the same manner as geologies on Earth study interior of our planet. Other SDO instruments, Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) will study hot outer layers of solar atmosphere, corona. AIA will take images and movies of corona in several wavelengths of ultraviolet light. The third SDO instrument, ), Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) will observe total every flux from the Sun, or irradiance. The variations in irradiance are important component of Earth's atmosphere and climate models. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SDO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Living with a Star\n Short_Name: SDO\n Long_Name: Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HMI-SDO\n Short_Name: AIA-SDO\n Short_Name: EVE-SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Non-Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Online_Resource: https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/main/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-02-11\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years 3 months\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", - "label": "Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "IMP (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform) was a series of NASA probes, managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, aimed at investigating plasma (ionized gas) and magnetic fields in interplanetary space. The placement of IMPs in a variety of solar and Earth orbits enabled the study of spatial and temporal relationships of geophysical and interplanetary phenomena simultaneously by several spacecraft. The IMP network also provided a crucial early warning of solar flare activity for Apollo manned missions that ventured beyond the Van Allen belts. IMPs were a subprogram of the Explorer series and also designated Explorers 18, 21, 28, 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, and 50 (see Explorer entry for orbital details, etc).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4b4e3fbd-27e9-4022-ab65-09026234ed14", - "label": "IMP-8", - "broader": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", - "definition": "IMP-8 (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-8) was launched by NASA on October\n26, 1973 to measure the magnetic fields, plasmas, and energetic charged\nparticles (e.g., cosmic rays) of the Earth's magnetotail and magnetosheath and\nof the near-Earth solar wind. IMP-8, the last of ten IMP (Interplanetary\nMonitoring Platform) or AIMP (Anchored-IMP) spacecraft launched in 10 years,\ncontinues to operate to this day in its near-circular, 35 Earth Radii, 12-day\norbit. It is an important adjunct to the International Solar Terrestrial\nPhysics program, provides in-ecliptic, one Astronomical Unit baseline data for\nthe deep space Voyager and Ulysses missions, and continues to accumulate a\nlong-timeseries database useful in understanding long-term solar processes. \n\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/imp-8.html\n\n[Source: NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b36ad79-8cf3-46a9-b26c-52f3a0f1eac9", - "label": "IMP-I", - "broader": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", - "definition": "IMP-6 (IMP-I or Explorer 43, NSSDC ID: 71-019A) was a 16-sided drum-shaped\nspacecraft of dimensions: 1.8212 meter high and 1.3564 meter in diameter.\nIts mass was 635 kg. The spacecraft spin axis was perpendicular to the\necliptic plane with a spin rate of 5 rpm, giving it a spin period of\n12 seconds. IMP-6 continued the study, begun by earlier IMPs, of the\ninterplanetary and outer magnetospheric regions by measuring energetic\nparticles, plasma, and electric and magnetic fields. A radio astronomy\nexperiment was also included in the spacecraft payload. The initial\napogee point was near the earth-sun line. The solar-cell and chemical-\nbattery powered spacecraft carried two transmitters. One continuously\ntransmitted PCM encoder data at a 1600-bps information bit rate. The\nsecond transmitter was used for transmission of VLF data and for ranging\ninformation. Three orthogonal pairs of dipole antennas were used for\nthe electric fields experiments, and one of these pairs was also used\nfor the radio astronomy experiment. The members of the antenna pair\nalong the spacecraft spin axis extended 2.9 meter, the members of the\nantennal pair used in both the electric field and radio astronomy\nexperiments extended 45.5 meter, and the members of the third pair were\nslightly unbalanced, extending 24.4 meter and 27.6 meter, respectively.\nAll four elements perpendicular to the spin axis were to have extended\n45.5 meter. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere on October 2,\n1974, after a highly successful mission. The IMP (Interplanetary\nMonitoring Platform) spacecraft exploration program was carried out by\nthe United States.\n_____________________________________________________________\nEntry taken from:\n Hills, H. K., R. G. Littlefield, N. J. Schofield and\n J. I. Vette: 'Data Catalog Series for Space Science and\n Applications Flight Missions', Vol. 3A, NSSDC/WDC-A,\n NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, September 1982.\n_________________________________________________________________\nSee also:\n Fairfield, D. H., Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 1368, 1974.\n Frank, L. A. et al., Journal of Geophysical Research,\n 82, 129, 1977.\n Armstrong, T. and S. M. Krimigis, Journal of Geophysical\n Research, 81, 677, 1976.\n Williams, D. J., NOAA Technical Report, ERL 393-SEL 40,\n U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado, USA,\n October 1977.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c2ad4c0-d1ee-4940-85c7-53d903b500ab", - "label": "POLAR", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Polar spacecraft was launched on February 24, 1996, to obtain data from\nboth high- and low-altitude perspectives of this active region of geospace.\nHigh above the poles the particles of the solar wind and the energy of the wind\ncan find their way into the magnetosphere. At lesser altitudes energy is\ntransferred from electric fields and electromagnetic waves to electrons that\nthen plunge into the atmosphere to create the aurora. At mid-altitudes nearer\nthe equator the satellite passes through the Earth's trapped radiation, the Van\nAllen belts. Out of the polar ionosphere flows plasma to populate the\nmagnetosphere. Through this region particles and energy flow from the\ngeomagnetic tail to the atmosphere. Thus the instruments on the Polar\nsatellites see a lot of action in the various plasma parameters that they\nmeasure.\n\nThree of the twelve scientific instruments aboard the Polar satellite are used\nto image the aurora in various wavelengths when the satellite is near apogee,\nhigh over the northern polar region. The other nine instruments make\nmeasurements in-situ, at the location of the satellite, around the entire\norbit. They measure the fluxes of charged particles, electrons and protons, as\nwell as heavier ions, from thermal energies into MeV energies. They measure\nmagnetic and electric fields, plus electromagnetic waves. They must make these\nmeasurements in great detail in order for scientists to be able to learn new\nthings about the environment in the region over the poles of the Earth.\n\nThe Polar satellite is in a highly elliptical orbit, with apogee at 9 earth\nradii and perigee at 1.8 earth radii geocentric. The inclination is 86 deg. and\nthe period about 18 hours. Initially apogee was over the northern polar region,\nbut apogee has been moving towards the equator at about 16 deg. per year. The\nnominal mission duration was two years, but a three year extended mission has\nbeen approved. \n\nDetails on the POLAR mission and instrumentation are provided in Space Science\nReviews (Vol. 71, Nos. 1-4, 1995) and reprinted in The Global Geospace Mission,\nedited by C. T. Russell (Kluwer, 1995).\n\nFor more information, see: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: POLAR\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: POLAR\n Long_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GGS/Polar\n Short_Name: STP/Polar\n Short_Name: Polar Plasma Laboratory\n Short_Name: 23802\n Short_Name: 1996-013A\n Short_Name: POLAR-EFI\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MDI\n Short_Name: VIS\n Short_Name: UVI\n Short_Name: TIMAS\n Short_Name: TIDE\n Short_Name: SEPS\n Short_Name: PWI-P\n Short_Name: PIXIE\n Short_Name: MFE-P\n Short_Name: HYDRA\n Short_Name: EPI\n Short_Name: CEPPAD\n Short_Name: CAMMICE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 85.9 degrees\n Period: 938.1 min\n Perigee: 185 km\n Apogee: 50551 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/polar.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-02-24\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", - "label": "NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "437b468d-4635-4cb9-b875-0795beb47f6d", - "label": "TRACE", - "broader": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", - "definition": "The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) is a NASA Small Explorer\n(SMEX) mission to image the solar corona and transition region at high angular\nand temporal resolution.\n\nTRACE was launched on a Pegasus launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base\nin April 1998. The launch was scheduled to allow joint observations with SOHO \nduring the rising phase of the solar cycle to sunspot maximum. No transition\nregion or coronal imager has witnessed the onset and rise of a solar cycle.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://trace.lmsal.com/ \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TRACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)\n Short_Name: TRACE\n Long_Name: Transition Region and Coronal Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 73\n Short_Name: SMEX/TRACE\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/TRACE\n Short_Name: 25280\n Short_Name: 1998-020A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 700 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.84 degrees\n Period: 95.48 m\n Perigee: 520.0 km\n Apogee: 547.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://trace.lmsal.com/\n Online_Resource: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/trace.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-04-02\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Labs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7a1d916-1dc9-4dbd-8a7e-554be1b7379c", - "label": "GEMS", - "broader": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News, http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2009/gems_explore.html ]\n\nAn exciting new astrophysics mission led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., will provide a revolutionary window into the universe. Named the Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS), the satellite will be the first to systematically measure the polarization of cosmic X-ray sources.\n\n'To date, astronomers have measured X-ray polarization from only a single object outside the solar system -- the famous Crab Nebula, the luminous cloud that marks the site of an exploded star,' said Jean Swank, a Goddard astrophysicist and the GEMS principal investigator. “We expect that GEMS will detect dozens of sources and really open up this new frontier.'\n\nGoddard will provide the X-ray mirrors and polarimeter instrument for GEMS and oversee the mission's science operations center, science data processing and systems engineering.\n\nElectromagnetic radiation -- light, radio waves, X-rays -- contains a varying electric field. Polarization refers to this field's direction. An everyday example of putting polarization to use is as close as a pair of sunglasses. Reflected light contains an electric field with a specific orientation. Because polarized sunglasses block light vibrating in this direction, they can reduce the glare of reflected sunlight.\n\nThe extreme gravitational field near a spinning black hole not only bends the paths of X-rays, it also alters the directions of their electric fields. Polarization measurements can reveal the presence of a black hole and provide astronomers with information on its spin. Fast-moving electrons emit polarized X-rays as they spiral through intense magnetic fields, providing GEMS with the means to explore another aspect of extreme environments.\n\n'Thanks to these effects, GEMS can probe spatial scales far smaller than any telescope can possibly image,' Swank said. Polarized X-rays carry information about the structure of cosmic sources that isn't available in any other way.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)\n Short_Name: GEMS\n Long_Name: Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2009/gems_explore.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gems/\n Online_Resource: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/376204main_GEMS_labeled_226.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-07-01\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a60eb82b-e058-4b1d-bc09-864d886e8c48", - "label": "ACE", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) is an Explorer mission that is\nbeing managed by the Office of Space Science Mission and Payload\nDevelopment Division of the National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA). The primary purpose of ACE is to determine and\ncompare the isotopic and elemental composition of several distinct\nsamples of matter, including the solar corona, the interplanetary\nmedium, the local interstellar medium, and Galactic matter.\nThe spacecraft is 1.6 meters across and 1 meter high, not including\nthe four solar arrays and the magnetometer booms attached to two of\nthe solar panels. It will weigh 785 kg, which includes 189 kg of\nhydrazine fuel for orbit insertion and maintenance. The solar arrays\nwill generate about 500 watts of power at the beginning of life. The\nspacecraft will spin at 5 rpm, with the spin axis generally pointed\nalong the Earth-sun line and most of the scientific instruments on the\ntop (sunward) deck. The instruments that are carried on ACE are as follows:\nCosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS), Electon,Proton,and Alpha Monitor\n(EPAM), Magnetometer (MAG), Solar Energetic Particle Ionic Charge Analyzer\n(SEPICA), Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS), Solar Wind Electon, Proton, and\nAlpha Monitor (SWEPAM), Solar Wind Ionic Charge Spectrometer (SWICS),\nSolar Wind Ion Mass Spectrometer (SWIMS), and Ultra Low Energy Isotope\nSpectrometer (ULEIS).\n\nACE launched on a McDonnell-Douglas Delta II 7920 launch vehicle on\nAugust 25, 1997 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\nIn order to get away from the effects of the Earth's magnetic field,\nthe ACE spacecraft has travelled almost a million miles (1.5 million\nkm) from the Earth to the Earth-sun libration point (L1). By orbiting\nthe L1 point, ACE will stay in a relatively constant position with\nrespect to the Earth as the Earth revolves around the sun.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ACE\n Long_Name: Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 71\n Short_Name: 1997-045A\n Short_Name: 24912\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAG\n Short_Name: SWICS\n Short_Name: SEPICA\n Short_Name: SIS\n Short_Name: SWEPAM\n Short_Name: EPAM\n Short_Name: SWIMS\n Short_Name: ULEIS\n Short_Name: CRIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1.5 million km\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.7 degrees\n Perigee: 179 km\n Apogee: 1256768 km\n Orbit_Type: LPO > L1 > Lissajous Orbit > Halo Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ACE_FactSheet.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/ace1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-08-25\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: California Institute of Technology\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac6d0fd3-a559-4f59-b862-51addf61944a", - "label": "RHESSI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI) mission consists of a single\nspin-stabilized spacecraft in a low-altitude orbit inclined 38 degrees to the\nEarth's equator. The only instrument on board is an imaging spectrometer with\nthe ability to obtain high fidelity color movies of solar flares in X rays and\ngamma rays. It uses two new complementary technologies: fine grids to modulate\nthe solar radiation, and germanium detectors to measure the energy of each\nphoton very precisely. The HESSI was renamed the Reuven Ramaty High Energy\nSolar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). RHESSI is a NASA Small Explorer satellite\nand was launched February 5, 2002.\n\nRHESSI's imaging capability is achieved with fine tungsten and/or molybdenum\ngrids that modulate the solar X-ray flux as the spacecraft rotates at ~ 15 rpm.\nUp to 20 detailed images can be obtained per second. This is sufficient to\ntrack the electrons as they travel from their acceleration site, believed to be\nin the solar corona, and slow down on their way to the lower solar atmosphere.\n\nThe high-resolution spectroscopy is achieved with 9 cooled germanium crystals\nthat detect the X-ray and gamma-ray photons transmitted through the grids over\nthe broad energy range of 3 keV to 20 MeV. Their fine energy resolution of\nabout 1 keV is more than sufficient to reveal the detailed features of the\nX-ray and gamma-ray spectra, clues to the nature of the electron and ion\nacceleration processes. \n\nFor more information, see;\nhttp://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/index.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RHESSI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: RHESSI\n Long_Name: Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HESSI\n Short_Name: Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager\n Short_Name: SMEX/RHESSI\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/RHESSI\n Short_Name: 27370\n Short_Name: 2002-004A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HESSI SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: HESSI IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 600 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 38 degrees\n Period: 96.5 m\n Perigee: 579 km\n Apogee: 607 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/hessicraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-02-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b003a4a0-0dc3-498b-9795-a197e25cff6c", - "label": "NASA Medium Class Explorers (MIDEX)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6524ba60-7265-49ae-b368-c18d981e7381", - "label": "THEMIS", - "broader": "b003a4a0-0dc3-498b-9795-a197e25cff6c", - "definition": "[Source: NASA THEMIS Mission Home Page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/mission/ ]\n\nNASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) aims to resolve one of the oldest mysteries in space physics, namely to determine what physical process in near-Earth space initiates the violent eruptions of the aurora that occur during substorms in the Earth's magnetosphere.\n\nTHEMIS is a 2-year mission consisting of 5 identical probes that will study the violent colorful eruptions of Auroras.\n\nFor the first time NASA will launch a constellation of five satellites to study substorms. The THEMIS probes will line up over North America once every four days. Over the mission’s two-year lifetime, the probes should be able to observe some 30 substorms.\n\nTHEMIS is the fifth medium-class mission under NASA's Explorer Program, which was conceived to provide frequent flight opportunities for world-class scientific investigations from space within the Heliophysics and Astrophysics science areas. The Explorers Program Office at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., manages this NASA-funded mission. The University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory and Swales Aerospace, Beltsville, Md., built the THEMIS probes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Medium Class Explorers (MIDEX)\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n Long_Name: Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: THEMIS-SST\n Short_Name: THEMIS-ESA\n Short_Name: THEMIS-FGM\n Short_Name: THEMIS-EFI\n Short_Name: SCM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-17\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/main/\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://www.atk.com/Customer_Solutions_SpaceSystems/cs_ss_spacesys_ssp_ppcs-themis.asp\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/164405main_THEMIS-Spacecraft_bus2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-02-17\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5e24e20-f99f-423f-83ac-d3eb5989ac48", - "label": "STPSat-3", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "STPSat-3 Mission: Launched from Wallops Flight Center Va., on Nov. 19, 2013 – three years to the day since STPSat-2 launched from Kodiak, Alaska.\n\nSTPSat-3 is the primary satellite for the U.S. Air Force Operationally Responsive Space (ORS)-3 enabler mission. STPSat-3 was launched along with numerous28 CubeSats as part of the ORS-3 mission. The ORS-3 enabler mission is demonstrating, testing and verifying rapid response spacecraft technologies to decrease launch timelines and reduce mission costs.\n\n[Source: Ball Aerospace Home Page, http://www.ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=303 ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STPSat-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STPSat-3\n Long_Name: U.S. Air Force Space Test Program Satellite 3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ORS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 400 and 850 km altitude\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-03-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=303\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/o/ors-3\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-11-19\n Launch_Site: WALLOPS FLIGHT FACILITY, WALLOPS ISLAND, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", - "label": "Helios", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "These are a pair of probes that were launched into heliocentric orbit to study solar processes. As a joint venture of West Germany's space agency DLR (70 percent share) and NASA (30 percent share) the probes were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, on December 10, 1974, and January 15, 1976, respectively. As built by the main contractor, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, they were the first space probes built outside the United States and the Soviet Union to leave Earth's orbit.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5d34bc0e-e9a2-422e-aa9d-8dcb826af251", - "label": "HELIOS 2", - "broader": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", - "definition": "Helios 2 was launched into a solar orbit on 15 January 1976. It had a perihelion of 0.29 AU and an aphelion of 1 AU. Its orbit made it an ideal platform for making long baseline time-of-arrival measurements to obtain source direction. The satellite rotated with a ~ 1-s spin period. The mission ended in 1981.\n\nInformation provided by http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/helios2.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HELIOS 2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HELIOS 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HELIOS 2\n Short_Name: 08582\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SCINTILLATION COUNTERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.0°\n Period: 185.6 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/helios2.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/2743-helios-ii-a-new-generation-of-military-satellites.php\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/helios2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-01-15\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bb5d516-de20-41eb-9b54-109f939b764c", - "label": "HELIOS 1", - "broader": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", - "definition": "Helios 1 was a joint German- American deep space mission to study the main solar processes and solar-terrestrial relationships. Specifically, the spacecraft's instruments were designed to investigate phenomena such as solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays, and cosmic dust in regions between Earth's orbit and approximately 0.3 AU from the Sun. \n\nIt was the largest bilateral project to date for NASA, with Germany paying about $180 million of the total $260-million cost. Germany provided the spacecraft and NASA the launch vehicles. \n\nAfter a successful launch, Helios 1 passed within 47 million kilometers of the Sun at a speed of 238,000 kilometers per hour on 15 March 1975, the closest any humanmade object had been to our nearest star. During its mission, the spacecraft spun once every second to evenly distribute the heat coming from the Sun, 90 percent of which was reflected by optical surface mirrors. Its data indicated the presence of fifteen times more micrometeorites close to the Sun than there are near Earth. \n\nInformation provided by http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Sun&MCode=Helios_01&Display=ReadMore\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HELIOS 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HELIOS 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Helio 1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Short_Name: 3DP\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Sun&MCode=Helios_01&Display=ReadMore\n Sample_Image: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/images/miss-helios_01.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1974-11-10\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd6d6791-759d-4ebc-baef-0b2148648b91", - "label": "HESSI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The HESSI mission consists of a single spin-stabilized spacecraft in a low-altitude orbit inclined 38 degrees to the Earth's equator. The only instrument on board is an imaging spectrometer with the ability to obtain high fidelity color movies of solar flares in X rays and gamma rays. It uses two new complementary technologies: fine grids to modulate the solar radiation, and germanium detectors to measure the energy of each photon very precisely. \n\nHESSI's imaging capability is achieved with fine tungsten and/or molybdenum grids that modulate the solar X-ray flux as the spacecraft rotates at ~ 15 rpm. Up to 20 detailed images can be obtained per second. This is sufficient to track the electrons as they travel from their acceleration site, believed to be in the solar corona, and slow down on their way to the lower solar atmosphere. \n\nThe high-resolution spectroscopy is achieved with 9 cooled germanium crystals that detect the X-ray and gamma-ray photons transmitted through the grids over the broad energy range of 3 keV to 20 MeV. Their fine energy resolution of about 1 keV is more than sufficient to reveal the detailed features of the X-ray and gamma-ray spectra, clues to the nature of the electron and ion acceleration processes. \n\nA spinning spacecraft pointing at or near Sun center provides a simple and reliable way to achieve the rotation required for the HESSI imaging technique. A low-altitude equatorial orbit that can be reached with a Pegasus launch vehicle is chosen to minimize damage to the germanium detectors from the charged particles in the Earth's radiation belts. \n\nContext observations from ground-based observatories and a theory program are also integral parts of the HESSI mission. Ground-based optical and radio telescopes will provide complementary data on the magnetic fields, electric currents, hot plasma, and the energetic electrons in the flaring regions where the X-ray and gamma-ray emissions are generated. Also, it is hoped that other spacecraft will provide additional simultaneous observations of the thermal and dynamic environment to further enhance our knowledge of the conditions in the flaring region. \n\n[Information provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HESSI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HESSI\n Long_Name: High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HESSI\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: POLARIMETERS\n Short_Name: SPECTROGRAPHS\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Short_Name: VECTOR MAGNETOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 600 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 38 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/hessicraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-02-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", - "label": "Solar Radiation (SOLRAD)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "An American series of satellites sponsored by the US Navy in a program to continuously monitor the Sun. SOLRAD was the Naval Research Laboratory's first post-Vanguard satellite.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "032d5a46-7a5e-46d2-ae07-034e59a611b4", - "label": "SOLRAD-7A", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", - "definition": "Solrad 7A Characteristics:\n\nDesignation: 00730 / 64001D\nLaunch date: 11 Jan 1964\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific\nPerigee/Apogee: 900/921 km\nInclination: 69.9 degrees\nPeriod: 103.2 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Agena\nLaunch site: Vandenberg\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-7A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-7A\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-7A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: solrad-7a\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 69.9 degrees \n Period: 103.2 minutes\n Perigee: 900 km\n Apogee: 921 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-001D-01\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-01-11\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "849f648c-c8d7-448c-bea6-5fd642705a14", - "label": "SOLRAD-9", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", - "definition": "This NRL satellite was one of the Solrad series that began\nin 1960 to provide continuous coverage of solar radiation\nwith a set of standard photometers. Solrad 9 was a\nspin-stabilized satellite oriented with its spin axis\nperpendicular to the sun-satellite line so that the\n14 solar X-ray and UV photometers pointing radially\noutward from its equatorial belt viewed the sun with\neach revolution.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 03141 / 68017A\nLaunch date: 5 Mar 1968\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Observation of the Sun)\nPerigee/Apogee: 353/433 km\nInclination: 59.3°\nPeriod: 92.4 min\nLaunch vehicle: Scout #60\nDecay: 16 Nov 1990\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-9\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-9\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 59.3 degrees\n Period: 92.4 minutes\n Perigee: 353 km\n Apogee: 433 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0686019\n Sample_Image: http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app3/1968-017a.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-03-15\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "895be672-a1c7-4bf0-a6fb-13816bac13c8", - "label": "SOLRAD-10", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", - "definition": "Solrad 10, known as Explorer 44 before launch, was the third in\na series of small satellites launched by the US Naval Research\nLaboratory to study the Sun. It went into orbit on 8 July\n1971. It was in an eccentric orbit, with apogee 630 km, perigee\n436 km, and inclination 51 degrees. The orbital period was just\nover 95 minutes. The satellite was spin stabilized at 60\nrpm. The satellite spin axis was pointed toward the Sun. All of\nthe solar X-ray and UV sensors were located on the Sun-facing\nend parallel to the spin axis. The satellite was 12 sided, with\na diameter of 0.76 m and a height of 0.59 m. It weighed about\n118 kg. Solrad 10's scientific instruments were dedicated to\nstudying the solar electromagnetic radiation, specifically in\nthe UV/X-ray region. However, it could be commanded to study\nradiations from other stellar sources. The spacecraft descended\ninto the atmosphere on 15 December 1979.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/solrad10.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-10\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-10\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 51 degrees\n Perigee: 436 km\n Apogee: 630 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/solrad10.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/solrad10_small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1971-07-08\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a59bfb93-9bb4-47c1-84ea-5357788e97a3", - "label": "SOLRAD-7B", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", - "definition": "The Solar Radiation (SOLRAD) series 1, 4, 6 - 10 collected solar X-ray\nand ultraviolet data during numerous intervals in the years 1960 -\n1973.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 01291 / 65016D\nLaunch date: 9 Mar 1965\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific\nPerigee/Apogee: 900/928 km\nInclination: 70.1°\nPeriod: 103.3 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Agena D\nLaunch site: Vandenberg\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-7B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-7B\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-7B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: solrad-7B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 70.1 degrees\n Period: 103.3 minutes\n Perigee: 900 km\n Apogee: 928 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1965-016D\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/z/zgrab.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-03-09\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: United States Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d17cc4a4-bf4a-4b9f-8314-6aed5e32f588", - "label": "SOLRAD-8", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", - "definition": "The NRL Solrad 8 satellite was one of the Solrad series that\nbegan in 1960 to provide continuous coverage of solar radiation\nwith a set of standard photometers. Solrad 8 was a\nspin-stabilized satellite oriented with its spin axis\nperpendicular to the sun-satellite line so that the 14 solar\nX-ray and ultraviolet photometers pointing radially outward from\nits equatorial belt viewed the sun with each revolution. Data\nwere transmitted in real time by means of an FM/AM telemetry\nsystem and were recorded by the stations on the STADAN tracking\nnetwork. The satellite performed normally except for the spin\nsystem, which failed to maintain 60 rpm (at spin rates below 10\nrpm data reduction became difficult). The spin rate gradually\ndecreased to 4 rpm on September 12, 1966. At that time, ground\ncommand succeeded in reactivating spinup to 78 rpm, which\nexhausted the gas supply. From this point, the spin rate\ngradually decreased to 10 rpm in August 1967, when data\ncollection was substantially decreased.\n\n[Summary provided by Gunther's Space Page]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-8\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-8\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/index_frame.htm?http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_se-a.htm\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/se-a__explorer30__solrad-8__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-05-20\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e101ee62-014e-4cc0-8262-088272d6f65f", - "label": "SOLRAD-1", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", - "definition": "Orbiting Solar Observatory - 1 (OSO-1) Engineering Prototype\n\nThe Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series was the earliest of\nthe spin stabilized scientific satellites. OSO-1 was launched\non March 7, 1962 to study the sun in the ultraviolet, x-ray and\ngamma-ray regions of the spectrum. Sun sensors connected to\nservo-feedback systems on the upper 'sail' portion were\ndesigned to keep the pointed instruments (75 pound payload) to\nwithin +/- 1 minute of arc on the center of the sun. The lower\nspinning portion carried some 100 pounds of instruments and\nrotated once every two seconds, allowing those instruments to\nscan the solar disk and atmosphere. The OSO had three\nprotruding arms that extended after deployment which gave the\nsystem greater axial stability. Among many observations by the\nbattery of instruments on OSO was that the sun's corona had\nopenings, now called coronal holes, which were interpreted as\nhuge fast-moving bubbles rising through the corona. Ball\nAerospace Systems Division restored the OSO-I engineering\nprototype in 1982 af ter it was transferred from NASA in 1981.\n\nFor additional information, link to\n'http://www.nasm.si.edu/nasm/dsh/artifacts/SS-OSO1.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Smithsonian, National Air and Space Museum]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-1\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: solrad-1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasm.si.edu/nasm/dsh/artifacts/SS-OSO1.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.weltraumforschung.de/Images/solrad1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-03-07\n Primary_Sponsor: United States Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c31354ca-9db7-4ea5-b1ed-9b2dbfc06118", - "label": "IRAS", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS)was a joint scientific\nproject sponsored by the United Kingdom, the United States, and\nthe Netherlands. IRAS was launched in January of 1983 and ended\nits mission ten months later. IRAS' mission was to map the\nentire sky at infrared wavelengths. It was equipped with a\nspecial infrared telescope to scan the sky. IRAS was the first\nsatellite to discover a comet. The comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock was\nnamed for the probe and two co-discovering astronomers. During\nits lifespan, IRAS observed 20,000 galaxies, 130,000 stars and\n90,000 other space objects and star clusters. IRAS detectors\nfound a disk of dusty material and fine rock around the star\nVega which may be an early stage in the formation of a new solar\nsystem. IRAS' most famous discovery was that of a new type of\ngalaxy, a starburst galaxy. In starburst galaxies, new stars are\nforming more rapidly than in other types of galaxies.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/iras/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRAS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Long_Name: Infrared Astronomy Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRAS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL TELESCOPES\n Short_Name: LRS - Low Resolution Spectrometer\n Short_Name: CPC - Chopped Photometric Channel\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 degrees\n Perigee: 884 km\n Apogee: 903 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/IRAS.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/IRAS.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-01-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", - "label": "Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Radio Astronomy Explorer investigated low frequency (long wave-length) radio emissions from the sun and its planets as well as galactic and extragalactic sources. The spacecraft had a mass of about 190 kg. It was equipped with a dipole antenna (36 m from tip to tip) and two V-shaped antennas. These antennas consist of four 230 m long elements which form a large 'X' with the spacecraft in the center. The V-shaped antennas provided gravity gradient stabilization. The RAE program, as planned, called for a series of four spacecraft with the first scheduled for launch in early 1968. Two missions (RAE-A and B) were approved and payloads for them were selected. Missions RAE-C, and D were not approved. RAE-A and B were intended for a circular orbit with an altitude of 5800 km. Inclination of the orbit to the equator was 58 degrees retrograde and the orbital period was 3.83 hours.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "82b2d471-ddff-4c3c-8eed-82e834cc0029", - "label": "RAE-B", - "broader": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", - "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n This RAE-B mission was the second of a pair of Radio Astronomy\n Explorer satellites. It was placed into lunar orbit on June 15, 1973,\n to provide radio astronomical measurements of the planets, the sun,\n and the galaxy over the frequency range of 25 kHz to 13.1 MHz. The\n experiment complement consisted of two Ryle-Vonberg radiometers (nine\n channels each), three swept-frequency burst receivers (32 channels\n each), and an impedance probe for calibration. The experiment\n antennas consisted of a 229-m upper V-antenna pointed away from the\n moon; a 183-m lower V-antenna pointed toward the moon; and a 37-m\n dipole antenna parallel to the lunar surface. The lower V-antenna was\n extended to its full 229-m length in November 1974. The spacecraft\n body was a truncated cylinder 36.25 in. in diameter and approximately\n 31-in. high, with four fixed solar paddles. The maneuvering system\n consisted of a hydrazine velocity correction package, a cold gas\n attitude control system, and a solid fuel lunar insertion motor. Data\n were returned to the earth via either a low power UHF/(400 MHz)\n transmitter, in real time, or stored in an onboard tape recorder and\n transmitted to earth via a high power UHF transmitter (400 MHz). Two\n tape recorders provided backup storage. A VHF transmitter served\n primarily for range and range-rate measurements and as a backup.\n Commands were received on a VHF (148 MHz) receiver, which also was a\n part of the range and range-rate system. Spacecraft attitude was\n determined by (1) a solar aspect system, (2) a horizon sensor system,\n and (3) a panoramic attitude sensor system, and was accurate to 1 deg.\n The spacecraft was gravity gradient oriented (Z axis parallel to local\n vertical) and was equipped with libration dampers to damp out\n oscillations. For additional information, see J. K. Alexander et al.,\n Astron. & Astrophys., v. 40, p. 365, 1975.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1973-06-10 14:13:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1973-06-21 00:00:00\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 1063.84\n Perigee(km) : 1052.98\n Inclination : 55.7\n Date of last update : 1992-03-09\n*** Note: For datasets information under this source name, select option 1\n*** from the MD_MAIN menu, and then search by source.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4c1befd-8eae-4cc0-b7ce-1a5306f79fa8", - "label": "RAE-A", - "broader": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", - "definition": "The RAE-1 spacecraft measured the intensity of celestial radio sources,\nparticularly the sun, as a function of time, direction, and frequency (0.2 to\n20 MHz). The spacecraft was gravity gradient oriented. The spacecraft weight\nwas 193 kg, and average power consumption was 25 W. It carried two 750-ft-long\nV-antennas, one facing toward the earth and one facing away from the earth. A\n120-ft-long dipole antenna was oriented tangentially with respect to the\nearth's surface. The spacecraft was also equipped with one 136-MHz telemetry\nturnstile. The onboard experiments consisted of four step-frequency\nRyle-Vonberg radiometers operating from 0.45 to 9.18 MHz, two multichannel\ntotal power radiometers operating from 0.2 to 5.4 MHz, one step frequency\nV-antenna impedance probe operating from 0.24 to 7.86 MHz, and one dipole\nantenna capacitance probe operating from 0.25 to 2.2 MHz. RAE-1 was designed\nfor a 1-year minimum operating lifetime. The spaecraft tape recorder\nperformance began to deteriorate after 2 months in orbit. In spite of several\ncases of instrument malfunction, good data were obtained on all three antenna\nsystems. For more details, see R. R. Weber, J. K. Alexander, and R. G. Stone,\nRadio Sci., v. 6, p. 1085, 1971.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1968-07-04 17:31:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1968-07-07\n Apogee (km or AU): 5861.\n Perigee (km or AU): 5851.\n Inclination (degree) : 120.6\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RAE-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: RAE (Radio Astronomy Explorer)\n Short_Name: RAE-A\n Long_Name: Radio Astronomy Explorer-A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 38\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 120.6\n Perigee: 5851\n Apogee: 5861\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1968-055A\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/r/rae.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-07-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5799ec3-693e-4ee7-ad8e-376b2e515a44", - "label": "HINODE", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "Solar-B (Hinode) is an international mission to study our nearest star, the\nsun. To accomplish this, the Solar-B mission includes a suite of three science\ninstruments -- the Solar Optical Telescope, X-ray Telescope and Extreme\nUltraviolet Imaging Spectrometer. SOLAR-B is the third solar physics satellite\nof JAXA which was approved as a successor of the highly successful Japan/US/UK\nYOHKOH (SOLAR-A) collaboration. \n\nTogether, these instruments will study the generation, transport, and\ndissipation of magnetic energy from the photosphere to the corona and will\nrecord how energy stored in the sun's magnetic field is released, either\ngradually or violently, as the field rises into the sun?s outer atmosphere.\n\nLed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Solar-B mission is a\ncollaboration between the space agencies of Japan, the United States, the\nUnited Kingdom and Europe. NASA helped in the development, funding and assembly\nof the spacecraft?s three science instruments. Solar-B is part of the Solar\nTerrestrial Probes (STP) Program within the Heliophysics Division of NASA's\nScience Mission Directorate in Washington. The Solar Terrestrial Probes Program\nis managed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. NASA's\nMarshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., managed the development of\ninstrument components provided by NASA, with additional support by academia and\nindustry. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HINODE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HINODE\n Long_Name: Hinode (Solar-B)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar-B\n Short_Name: 29479\n Short_Name: 2006-041A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SOT\n Short_Name: EIS\n Short_Name: XRT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.3 degrees\n Period: 94.54 m\n Perigee: 318 km\n Apogee: 675 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-15\n Online_Resource: http://solar-b.nao.ac.jp/index_e.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/solar/\n Online_Resource: http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/hinode/index.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/solar_b.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-09-22\n Launch_Site: Uchinoura Space Center, Japan\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cea7a056-9bc7-43be-a689-8a15fac587b7", - "label": "YOHKOH", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The YOHKOH satellite, also called 'Sunbeam' was launched into\nspace from the Kagoshima Space Center (KSC) in Southern\nJapan. This is a project of the Japanese Institute of Space and\nAstronautical Science (ISAS). The scientific objective has been\nto observe the energetic phenomena taking place on the Sun,\nspecifically solar flares in x-ray and gamma-ray emissions.\n\nInstruments on the satellite:\n\nthe Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS)\nthe Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS)\nthe Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT)\nthe Hard X-Ray Telescope (HXT)\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/yohkoh.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: YOHKOH\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: YOHKOH\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar-A\n Short_Name: 1991-062A\n Short_Name: 21694\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WBS\n Short_Name: SXT\n Short_Name: BCS\n Short_Name: HXT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31.3 degrees\n Period: 97.9 m\n Perigee: 517.9 km\n Apogee: 792.6 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/Yohkoh.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/yohkoh.htm\n Online_Resource: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/yohkoh_archive.html\n Sample_Image: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/yohkoh.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-30\n Launch_Site: Uchinoura Space Center, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d109e6f1-c4b6-45bc-9e1a-4d23a2bae1b1", - "label": "SMM", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) was designed to provide coordinated\nobservations of solar activity, in particular solar flares, during a\nperiod of maximum solar activity. The payload was made up of seven\ninstruments, specifically selected to study the short-wavelength and\ncoronal manifestations of flares. The total solar irradiance was\nmeasured by ACRIM, gamma rays by GRS, hard X-rays by the HXRBS, soft\nX-rays by XRP and HXIS, ultraviolet by UVSP, and the C/P imaged the\ncorona 2-5 radii from the sun. Data were obtained on the storage and\nrelease of flare energy, particle acceleration, formation of hot\nplasma, and mass ejection. Complementary studies were made as part of\nthe SMM guest investigator program, and coordinated in-situ\nmeasurements of flare particle emissions were made from the ISEE-3\nspacecraft.\n\nThe SMM observatory was of modular construction and measured\napproximately 4 m in length, fitting into a circular envelope 2.3 m in\ndiameter. The instrument module occupied the top 2.3 m and contained\nall the solar payload instruments together with the fine-pointing\nSun-sensor system. Below the instrument module was the Multimission\nModular Spacecraft (MMS) containing the systems for attitude control,\npower, communication, and data handling. Between the instrument module\nand the MMS was the transition adaptor, supporting two fixed solar\npaddles that supplied between 1500 and 3000 W of power.\nQuick and coordinated responses to solar flares were considered\nessential for meeting the scientific objectives of the\nmission. Therefore, the ground system was designed to facilitate\ncoordinated data evaluation, observation, planning, and command uplink\nto the onboard stored command processor. Onboard coordination of\nresponse to a flare was performed in real time. The attitude-control\nsoftware allowed observatory repointings and slow scanning motions;\nthere was also a special module for tracking a solar feature over many\ndays.\n\nA repair mission by the space shuttle (STS-41C) was performed in\n1984. During the repair mission the Shuttle astronauts rendezvoused\nwith SMM and replaced successfully some hardware. As a result the\ncoronagraph observations resumed until the end of mission.\nSMM collected data until Nov. 24, 1989, and re-entered on Dec. 2, 1989.\n\nFor more details, see\nE. G. Chipman, Ap. J., v. 244, p. L113, 1981,\nand J. D. Bohlin et al., Solar Phys., v. 65, p. 5,1980.\n \nLAUNCH DATE- 02/14/80\nORBIT PARAMETERS\n ORBIT TYPE- GEOCENTRIC EPOCH DATE- 02/15/80\n ORBIT PERIOD- 94.8 MIN INCLINATION- 28.5 DEG\n PERIAPSIS- 508. KM ALT APOAPSIS- 512. KM ALT\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SMM\n Long_Name: Solar Maximum Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar Max\n Short_Name: Solar Maximum Mission\n Short_Name: 1980-014A\n Short_Name: 11703\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM\n Short_Name: UVSP\n Short_Name: HXRBS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n Period: 94.8 m\n Perigee: 508 km\n Apogee: 512 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/smm/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/smm_capture.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1980-02-14\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9cc74c9-34f5-48a4-a982-e4c6f8a5171c", - "label": "DSCOVR", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", - "definition": "[Text Source: NOAA NESDIS]\n\nThe Deep Space Climate Observatory, or DSCOVR, will maintain the nation's real-time solar wind monitoring capabilities\nwhich are critical to the accuracy and lead time of NOAA's space weather alerts and forecasts. Without timely and accurate warnings, space weather events like the geomagnetic storms caused by changes in solar wind have the potential to disrupt nearly every major public infrastructure system, including power grids, telecommunications, aviation and GPS.\n\nDSCOVR will succeed NASA's Advanced Composition Explore's (ACE) role in supporting solar wind alerts and warnings from the L1 orbit, the neutral gravity point between the Earth and sun approximately one million miles from Earth. L1 is a good position from which to monitor the sun, because the constant stream of particles from the sun (the solar wind) reaches L1 about an hour before reaching Earth.\n\nMore Information: https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DSCOVR\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: DSCOVR\n Long_Name: Deep Space Climate Observatory\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-05-07\n Online_Resource: https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observ\n Online_Resource: https://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/dscovr/dscovr_table\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "label": "Air-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", - "definition": "Platforms or a structure that are in the air-space and include a kite, helicopter or aircraft. Fixed wing aircraft are the platform of choice for most applications as they provide a stable platform for small-area, high resolution surveys. Airborne platforms can also serve to test spaceborne sensors before they are placed into orbit. These air-based platforms have downward or sideward looking sensors that are mounted on an aircraft to obtain images of the earth's surface. An advantage of airborne remote sensing, compared to satellite remote sensing, is the capability of offering very high spatial resolution images.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", - "label": "Dropwindsondes", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "Weather instruments that collect atmospheric data as they descend after being dropped from research aircraft. These dropwindsondes obtain vertical profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity from 400mb to the surface. This data is then ingested by numerical numerical models to come up with hurricane track and intensity forecasts. These observations provide grid points of observations over the tropical oceans which are generally devoid of weather observations. Aberson and Franklin (1999) state that 'accurate modeling of tropical cyclone motion and intensity requires both realistic numerical models and accurate representation of meteorological fields through the depth of the troposphere on a variety of scales.' While models have greatly improved over the past 20 years, significant forecast improvements are still possible by decreasing the analysis error. This has been the primary goal of the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) branch of NOAA. This is wh! y NOAA has procured a new generation of dropwindsondes based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) as well a Gulfstream-IV jet aircraft (G-IV). A study of the impact of the new dropwindsondes' observations on hurricane forecast models was conducted by Aberson and Frankilin in 1997. In the 1997 study about 30 dropwindsondes were used during each mission. These observations were then put into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and VICBAR hurricane models and the Global Spectral Model (GSM) using the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation (GDAS). GDAS uses a quality control algorithm, synthetic data and analysis procedures, and the Global Spectral Model in its data assimilation. Further information about the data assimilation can be found in Aberson and Franklin (1999). For the study NCEP's GSM is run and is used as the boundary conditions for the HRD's barotropic model (VICBAR) and the GFDL model. The track forecasts of the GSM, VICBAR, and GFDL models were compared to the CLIPER model to calculate track errors and the SHIFOR model to calculate intensity errors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fa514134-ff56-47d1-bc02-6b8568ad21e7", - "label": "DROPWINDSONDES", - "broader": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", - "definition": "Dropwindsondes are weather instruments that collect atmospheric\n data as they descend after being dropped from research\n aircraft. These dropwindsondes obtain vertical profiles of\n wind, temperature, and humidity from 400mb to the surface.\n This data is then ingested by numerical numerical models to\n come up with hurricane track and intensity forecasts. These\n observations provide grid points of observations over the\n tropical oceans which are generally devoid of weather\n observations. Aberson and Franklin (1999) state that 'accurate\n modeling of tropical cyclone motion and intensity requires both\n realistic numerical models and accurate representation of\n meteorological fields through the depth of the troposphere on a\n variety of scales.' While models have greatly improved over\n the past 20 years, significant forecast improvements are still\n possible by decreasing the analysis error. This has been the\n primary goal of the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) branch of\n NOAA. This is wh! y NOAA has procured a new generation of\n dropwindsondes based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) as\n well a Gulfstream-IV jet aircraft (G-IV). A study of the\n impact of the new dropwindsondes' observations on hurricane\n forecast models was conducted by Aberson and Frankilin in 1997.\n\n In the 1997 study about 30 dropwindsondes were used during each\n mission. These observations were then put into the Geophysical\n Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and VICBAR hurricane models\n and the Global Spectral Model (GSM) using the National Center\n for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation\n (GDAS). GDAS uses a quality control algorithm, synthetic data\n and analysis procedures, and the Global Spectral Model in its\n data assimilation. Further information about the data\n assimilation can be found in Aberson and Franklin (1999).\n\n For the study NCEP's GSM is run and is used as the boundary\n conditions for the HRD's barotropic model (VICBAR) and the GFDL\n model. The track forecasts of the GSM, VICBAR, and GFDL models\n were compared to the CLIPER model to calculate track errors and\n the SHIFOR model to calculate intensity errors. The CLIPER and\n SHIFOR models are statistical regression models which use only\n climatology and persistence in their forecasts.\n\n More info at:\n 'http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/education/spring2000/louisb/Results.html'\n\n[Source: Reuters]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fea5b6b5-7b78-4a4e-b722-e0b5a89e2632", - "label": "Dropsondes", - "broader": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", - "definition": "A dropsonde is a weather device that is designed to be dropped out of an aircraft at specified altitudes and due to the force of gravity, drop to the Earth. During the descent the GPS dropsonde collects data of the surrounding atmosphere that is remotely sent back to the aircraft by radio transmission.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "label": "Jet", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "An airplane powered by one or more jet engines.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0c31ed1c-8ec6-4f7c-ac27-23fb428b7415", - "label": "DLR-Falcon", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "Among its fleet of highly modified aircraft the twin engine jet Falcon 20 E covers the largest flight envelope and is one of the few aircraft in Europe which is able to reach the stratosphere well above the cruise altitude of most airliners. The Falcon offers unique modifications and features which make it a true multipurpose sensor platform which can be configured to the individual needs of multiple applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dea03cc-d165-4f61-9a8c-b624b981f36a", - "label": "DC-6", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Douglas DC-6 was one of the first airplanes to fly a regularly scheduled around-the-world route. With its higher performance, increased accommodation, greater payload and pressurized cabin, it was a natural evolution of the DC-4.\n\nAlthough the DC-6 had the same wingspan as the DC-4, its engines helped it fly 90 mph faster than the DC-4, carry 3,000 pounds more payload and fly 850 miles farther. The DC-6 could maintain the cabin pressure of 5,000 feet while flying at 20,000 feet.\n\nAmerican Airlines and United Airlines ordered the commercial DC-6 in 1946, and Pan American Airways used the DC-6 to start tourist-class service across the North Atlantic. The 29th DC-6 was ordered by the Air Force, adapted as the presidential aircraft and designated the VC-118. It was delivered on July 1, 1947, and called The Independence after President Harry Truman's hometown, Independence, Mo.\n\nThe larger, all-cargo DC-6A first flew Sept. 29, 1949; the larger capacity DC-6B, which could seat up 102 people, first flew Feb. 10, 1951. After the Korean War broke out in 1951, the military ordered DC-6As modified as either C-118A 'Liftmaster' personnel carriers, as the Navy's R6D transports or as MC-118As for aeromedical evacuation. Between 1947 and 1959, Douglas built a total of 704 DC-6s, 167 of them military versions. By 1998, the DC-6 was still flying with smaller airlines around the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "293eba8a-cae4-4505-9c59-d1e223990ea4", - "label": "J-31", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "A Chinese prototype mid-sized twinjet 5th-generation fighter aircraft developed by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38f334bd-7507-43ed-8b45-d1c8ac2379a2", - "label": "G-I", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "Grumman developed the Gulfstream I turbine powered executive transport to replace the many hundred war surplus piston twins performing such missions in the mid 1950s.\n\nDesign work began in 1956, with first flight of the Gulfstream I prototype occurring on August 14 1958. FAA Type certification was awarded on May 21 1959 and deliveries of production aircraft followed from that June. Notably, the Gulfstream I was the first US twin engined corporate transport to be certificated to cruise at 30,000ft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a59dbd3-86c4-47dd-aeb1-935c657aa544", - "label": "NSF/NCAR C-130", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "FAQs, Investigator Handbook and other materials related to capabilities of the NSF/NCAR C-130\n\nC-130 is a versatile airborne research platform that is well suited for studies of the middle troposphere.With its 13,000 lbs payload capability and 10 hour endurance, the C-130 is well suited for a variety of research tasks that do not require reaching altitudes in excess of 26,000 feet. With excellent low altitude performance the C-130 is used extensively for studies of the planetary boundary layer, flying as low as 100 feet above the surface of the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4595fee4-25d7-41f3-abe0-73203138c243", - "label": "Alpha", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The NASA Ames Research Center operates a new research platform for atmospheric studies: an instrumented Alpha Jet. The present complement of instruments allows for the determination of carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, and methane concentrations as well as measurements of three-dimensional wind speeds, temperature, and pressure. Planned future instrumentation includes an Air-Core sampler and an instrument to measure formaldehyde. We give examples of measurements that have been made, including measurements carried out during a downward spiral over an expected methane source. An attractive property of this airborne system is its ability to respond rapidly to unexpected atmospheric events such as large forest fires or severe air quality events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47b6caf1-e14c-458c-84a1-ec64cf29b534", - "label": "HU-25C", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Dassault HU-25C Guardian is a modified twin-engine business jet, based on the civilian Dassault FA-20G Falcon. The aircraft was previously used by the U.S. Coast Guard as a search-and-rescue platform. NASA acquired this aircraft in 2011 to provide a medium altitude, medium range platform for remote sensing instruments and satellite support. Payload accommodations include a nadir camera port, large search windows on each side of the fuselage, a hard point with pylon under each wing, provisions for mounting atmospheric sampling probes on the crown of the fuselage, and a nadir drop hatch (32 in. long x 19.7 in. wide).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c7ba790-030e-4cd6-99e8-9fe9809c5052", - "label": "LEARJET", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Learjet started life as an abortive Swiss ground-attack fighter aircraft, the FFA P-16. Development started in 1952 and prototypes were ordered the next year. The first prototypes flew in 1955 and construction and testing continued until 1958 when an order for 100 was placed. This was reversed soon after due to a crash of the third prototype. Two additional prototypes were finished, the last in 1960, but the project was ended at this point.\n\nThe basic structure of this aircraft was seen by Bill Lear and his team as a good starting point to the development of a business jet, which was originally intended to be called the SAAC-23. The wing with its distinctive tip fuel tanks and landing gear of the first Learjets were little changed from those used by the fighter prototypes. The tooling for building the aircraft was purchased and moved to Wichita, Kansas in 1962. On February 7, assembly of the first Learjet began. The next year, the company was renamed the Lear Jet Corporation.\n\n[Text provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.aerospace-technology.com ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LEARJET\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: LEARJET\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.learjet.com/\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet\n Sample_Image: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/learjet/images/Learjet45_2.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "701c4a38-b7f2-41de-ab5f-d1c8ad76a717", - "label": "NASA WB-57F", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas is the home of the NASA WB-57 High Altitude Research Program. Two fully operational WB-57 aircraft are based near JSC at Ellington Field. Both aircraft have been flying research missions since the early 1960's, and continue to be an asset to the scientific community with professional, reliable, customer-oriented service designed to meet all scientific objectives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f1568aa-e87e-4b83-a622-e8f8a03f75bd", - "label": "NASA S-3B VIKING", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Lockheed S-3 Viking is a jet aircraft originally used by the United States Navy to identify, track, and destroy enemy submarines. In the late 1990s, the S-3B's mission focus shifted to surface warfare and aerial refueling. After the retirement of the A-6 Intruder and A-7 Corsair II, the Viking was the only airborne refueling platform organic to the Carrier Air Wing(s) until the fielding of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet...\n\nOne aircraft was transformed into a state-of-the-art NASA research aircraft. The Navy's Fleet Readiness Center - Southeast and a Boeing facility in Fla. enhanced the plane by adding commercial satellite communications, global positioning navigation and weather radar systems. They installed research equipment racks in what was once the plane's bomb bay. NASA's S-3B Viking is equipped to conduct science and aeronautics missions, such as environmental monitoring, satellite communications testing and aviation safety research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f2883c4-bbaf-4150-93d8-dc48716476ca", - "label": "UND CITATION II", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The University of North Dakota owns and operates a Cessna Citation II aircraft for the purpose of atmospheric research. This aircraft type has a number of design and performance characteristics that make it an ideal platform for a wide range of atmospheric studies. The Citation II is a twin-engine fanjet with an operating ceiling of 43,000 feet (13.1 km). The turbofan engines provide sufficient power to cruise at speeds of up to 340 knots (175 m s-1) or climb at 3300 feet per minute (16.8 m s-1). These high performance capabilities are accompanied by relatively low fuel consumption at all altitudes, giving the Citation an on-station time of 3-5 hours, depending on mission type. Long wings allow it to be operated out of relatively short airstrips and to be flown at the slower speeds (140 kts/72 m s-1) necessary for many types of measurements. The Citation is certified for flight into known icing conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80b0db4e-1a31-4b54-b61f-f4bd9f17d96a", - "label": "CESSNA CITATION II", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Cessna Citation (CE-550) is a versatile twin-engine jet aircraft modified for acquiring remote sensing imagery. The aircraft is equipped with two equal sized camera ports which can support a wide variety of remote sensing configurations including large format aerial photography as well as data collection for digital cameras, hyperspectral, multispectral, and LIDAR systems.\n\nStandard configuration includes space for two pilots, two equipment operators, and a scientific equipment rack. The aircraft can accommodate additional passengers depending on the amount of scientific equipment. The aircraft's unique side-by-side sensor port modification allows two different sensors to collect data simultaneously. The sensor ports have glass optical flats that allow the cabin to remain pressurized. Additionally, two high-precision GPS antennas provide signals to user receivers.\n\nThe Citation primarily supports the Remote Sensing Division of the National Geodetic Survey, collecting remote sensing data in support of coastal mapping and remote sensing research. Imagery acquired onboard the Citation is used for updating the shoreline and shore features on NOAA's nautical charts. The Citation also serves as an emergency responder during hurricane season by collecting digital photography of damaged areas caused by hurricane landfall.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "879d697c-381f-45df-a48d-2d9095bc5c54", - "label": "NSF/NCAR GV HIAPER", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The NSF/NCAR High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) aircraft is the preeminent airborne research platform for scientists and researchers in several disciplines. HIAPER has demonstrated success in collecting data required to meet a broad range of scientific studies and objectives, including air quality and chemistry; chemical composition and transport within the atmosphere; effects of the chemical process on climate change; atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics on the synoptic and mesoscales; cloud properties and processes; atmospheric predictability; geological surveys; and electrification of the atmosphere.\n\nIn support of university-driven observational field campaigns, HIAPER is maintained and operated on behalf of the National Science Foundation by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. HIAPER is based in Broomfield, Colorado, USA, and is managed by EOL’s Research Aviation Facility (RAF).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b7834c1-2c66-414e-a655-2298e7dcc479", - "label": "Airplane", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "A fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "924c4b23-30f0-451f-baa2-b6de47c94e58", - "label": "G-V", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "A long-range, large business jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, derived from the previous Gulfstream IV. It flies up to Mach 0.885 (508 kn; 940 km/h), up to 51,000 feet (16,000 m) and has a 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) range. It typically accommodates four crew and 14 passengers. It first flew on November 28, 1995, and entered service in June 1997. It is used by the US military under the designation C-37A. It is followed by an improved version, the Gulfstream 550 (Model GV-SP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7b0e975-f965-4f8f-aa85-68aeae48ffb1", - "label": "G-III", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "A Grumman Gulfstream III (G-III) business jet has been modified and instrumented by NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center to serve as a multi-role cooperative research platform testbed for a variety of flight research experiments. The twin-turbofan aircraft provides long-term capability for efficient testing of subsonic flight experiments for NASA, the U.S. Air Force, other government agencies, academia, and private industry. The aircraft, which carried the military designation of C-20A, was obtained from the U.S. Air Force in 2003.\n\nNASA Dryden's G-III is equipped with a self-contained on-board Data Collection and Processing System (DCAPS). This embedded instrumentation system allows for automated configuration setups to reduce required engineering support for each mission. It includes primary and backup systems to assure mission reliability, with the backup system available for use concurrently as a slave system when needed. DCAPS is designed to allow easy upgrades, addition of add-on systems for expansion, and to operate in both autonomous and manual modes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a930c78a-6ed3-4a49-ad2d-bd2c5c36d291", - "label": "NASA DC-8", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "NASA operates a highly modified Douglas DC-8 jetliner as a flying science laboratory. The aircraft, based at NASA's Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in Palmdale, Calif., is used to collect data for experiments in support of projects serving the world's scientific community. Federal, state, academic and foreign investigators are among those who use NASA’s DC-8.\n \nData gathered with the aircraft at flight altitude and by remote sensing have been used for studies in archaeology, ecology, geography, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, volcanology, atmospheric chemistry, cryospheric science, soil science and biology. \n\nFour types of missions are flown with the DC-8: sensor development, satellite sensor verification, space vehicle launch or re-entry telemetry data retrieval and optical tracking, and basic research studies of Earth's surface and atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aad5d9e8-7e22-4abc-a8c3-9cdc7578bca6", - "label": "G-IV", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Gulfstream IV-SP (G-IV) is a high altitude, high speed, twin turbofan jet aircraft acquired by AOC in 1996. The G-IV is currently configured for operational support of the National Hurricane Center synoptic surveillance mission and is expected to provide support for NOAA programs for many years to come. This mission is designed to collect, process and transmit vertical atmospheric soundings in the environment of the hurricane. The principle tool used for this task is the GPS dropwindsonde.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b16010e6-c7ea-4c98-929e-3f844ca2f2c2", - "label": "NASA ER-2", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The ER-2 is a civilian version of the Air Force's U2-S reconnaissance platform. These high-altitude aircraft are used as platforms for investigations that cannot be accomplished by sensor platforms of the private sector. Aircraft and spacecraft have proven to be excellent platforms for remote and in situ sensing. The ER-2, flying at the edge of space, can scan shorelines, measure water levels, help fight forest fires, profile the atmosphere, assess flood damage, and sample the stratosphere.\n\n[Text and Photo provided by: \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/AirSci/ER-2/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NASA ER-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n Long_Name: NASA Earth Resources-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: COSMIR\n Short_Name: NAST-MTS\n Short_Name: NAST-M\n Short_Name: NAST-I\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/AirSci/ER-2/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-046-DFRC.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/images/content/85208main_EC99-45225-2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bab77f95-aa34-42aa-9a12-922d1c9fae63", - "label": "A340-600", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "Designed as an early generation 747 replacement, the A340-600 flies 380 passengers in a three-class cabin layout (419 in 2 class) over 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km). It provides similar passenger capacity to a 747 but with 25% more cargo volume, and at lower trip and seat costs. First flight of the A340-600 was made on 23 April 2001. Virgin Atlantic began commercial services in August 2002.\n\nThe A340-600 is more than 10 m longer than a basic -300, making it the longest airliner currently in production; more than four metres longer than the Boeing 747-400. The Airbus A340-600 will continue to hold the record for being the worlds longest commercial aircraft until the first Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental is rolled out in 2010. It is powered by four 56,000 lbf (249 kN) thrust Rolls-Royce Trent 556 turbofans. It also has an additional four-wheel undercarriage on the fuselage center-line to cope with the increased MTOW. Airbus has made provisions for freeing additional upper deck main cabin space, by providing optional arrangements for additional facilities such as crew rest areas, galleys, and lavatories upon the 'stretched' A340 aircraft's lower decks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3a21a28-538b-4292-9570-5fd3da9ce4d2", - "label": "T-39", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The T-39 is the Air Force version of Rockwell's popular Sabreliner executive aircraft. This handy twin-jet utility plane has been used for many purposes: a four-passenger executive transport, light priority cargo and for radar and navigational training. The T-39 Sabreliner is a low wing, twin jet aircraft. The cockpit and cabin compartments are pressurized and soundproofed for high altitude flight. Power is supplied by two Pratt and Whitney, J60 gas turbine engines located on each side of the aft fuselage. The rated sea level static thrust of each engine is 3,000 pounds at military power.\n\nThe T-39 was developed by North American Aviation Inc. as a private venture to meet a USAF requirement for a twin jet utility trainer. The prototype T-39 made its first flight on September 16, 1958. In January 1959, the USAF placed a production order and on June 30, 1960, the first production T-39A made its initial flight. In all, 143 T-39As and 6 T-39Bs were built for the USAF.\n\nAnother 62 T-39 variants were produced for the Navy. In July 1961, the Navy ordered ten of North American’s Model NA-277 to train radar operators. In that order the aircraft was designated T3J-1, but by the time the first one was delivered in 1962, the designation had been changed to T-39D. A total of 52 additional aircraft were accepted. After the bulk of military contracts had been met, the Sabreliner entered the commercial market where it became a highly successful executive jet transport.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d77685bd-aa94-4717-bd97-632699d999b5", - "label": "HU-25A", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Dassault HU-25C Guardian is a modified twin-engine business jet, based on the civilian Dassault FA-20G Falcon. The aircraft was previously used by the U.S. Coast Guard as a search-and-rescue platform. NASA acquired this aircraft in 2011 to provide a medium altitude, medium range platform for remote sensing instruments and satellite support. Payload accommodations include a nadir camera port, large search windows on each side of the fuselage, a hard point with pylon under each wing, provisions for mounting atmospheric sampling probes on the crown of the fuselage, and a nadir drop hatch (32 in. long x 19.7 in. wide).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9b3e773-5a35-4793-9683-737a9dc82524", - "label": "G-II", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop powered Grumman Gulfstream I proved to be quite successful as a large long range corporate transport, while the availability of an faster and more powerful turbojet powered model, the Rolls-Royce Spey meant that a jet powered successor was a logical development. Grumman launched such an aircraft, named the Gulfstream II or G-II, in May 1965.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee4eccba-83d0-4ba5-83f4-8e366712b44f", - "label": "CORSAIR 131A", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "The S-3B Viking was built to take off and land on carrier ships, fly into enemy territory and take out threatening submarines. It's rugged, fast and powerful, but its fighting days are numbered.\n\nThough the United States Navy is slowly decommissioning the fleet, one S-3B is still flying in hostile conditions. Its next mission? Venture into hazardous weather to study a phenomenon that has caused more than 100 commercial aircraft engines to fail, stall or temporarily lose power.\n\nEngineers from NASA's Glenn Research Center, Boeing and the Navy have combined forces to transform the S-3B into a state-of-the-art NASA research aircraft. Last month, NASA Glenn unveiled the modified plane in Cleveland.\n\n'We were able to capitalize on the decommissioning by acquiring the aircraft directly from the Navy,' explained Dr. Rickey Shyne, director of Glenn's Facilities and Test Directorate. 'This saved taxpayers millions of dollars compared to the cost of a new aircraft.'\n\nWorkers at the Navy's Fleet Readiness Center - Southeast and a Boeing facility in Fla. enhanced the plane by adding commercial satellite communications, global positioning navigation and weather radar systems. They installed research equipment racks in what was once the plane's bomb bay. And they gave it a shiny blue-and-white NASA paint job.\n\nWith these new features, NASA's S-3B Viking is equipped to conduct science and aeronautics missions, such as environmental monitoring, satellite communications testing and aviation safety research. It can fly up to 40,000 feet high and reach speeds faster than 500 miles per hour, which makes it perfect for studying commercial airline safety issues.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4dbe34b-a93e-439f-bdbb-4167c833aba6", - "label": "G-LiHT", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "Goddard’s Lidar, Hyperspectral and Thermal (G-LiHT) airborne imaging system simultaneously maps the composition, structure, and function of terrestrial ecosystems. The G-LiHT platform is comprised of Light\nRanging and Detection (LiDAR), visible and near-infrared (VNIR) imaging spectroscopy, and broad band thermal instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc0c7954-fdd2-4a16-905e-d3688dfc9be1", - "label": "CONVAIR-990", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "he Convair 990 Coronado was an enhanced version of the Convair 880. Specifically, it was 10 feet longer, could hold as many as 39 more passengers, and has anti-shock bodies extending back from the trailing edge of the wing (see picture below).\n\nGeneral Dynamics, the parent company of Convair, was the third American aerospace company to enter the jet race behind Boeing with its 707 and Douglas with its DC-9. Being third was a distinct disadvantage as most airlines had already purchased jets before the first Convair ever flew. However, Convair believed it could win with a jet that would be the fastest civilian aircraft in the skies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba1d0da3-7f0b-4390-833f-67708525f1a3", - "label": "Long EZ", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", - "definition": "Long-EZ N3R is a plans-built aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. It is used in research mainly for flux measurements at lower altitudes", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", - "label": "Rotorcraft/Helicopter", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "An aircraft (such as a helicopter) whose lift is derived principally from rotating airfoils.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06e037ed-f463-4fa3-a23e-8f694b321eb1", - "label": "HELICOPTER", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", - "definition": "An aircraft that derives its lift from blades that rotate about an approximately vertical central axis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50ce4651-516f-4b05-a5e0-864617ec26eb", - "label": "AS350-B2", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", - "definition": "A single-engine light utility helicopter originally designed and manufactured in France by Aerospatiale and Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters). In North America, the AS350 is marketed as the AStar. The AS355 Ecureuil 2 is a twin-engine variant, marketed in North America as the TwinStar. The Eurocopter EC130 is a derivative of the AS350 airframe and is considered by the manufacturer to be part of the Écureuil single-engine family.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "770c3b12-d083-4df9-8b36-27a4786794bb", - "label": "AS355-F2", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", - "definition": "A twin-engine light utility helicopter developed and originally manufactured by Aérospatiale in France. The Écureuil 2 was directly derived from the single-engined AS350 Écureuil, performing its maiden flight on 28 September 1979 and introduced to service shortly thereafter. The type was commonly marketed in North America as the TwinStar. During the 1990s, Aérospatiale merged its helicopter interests into the multinational Eurocopter consortium; under this new entity, the Écureuil 2 continued to be manufactured. Shortly after Eurocopter's rebranding as Airbus Helicopters, the group decided to discontinue production of the Écureuil 2 during 2016, however, production of its single-engined siblings has continued since then.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad1d4887-ac0d-43a0-9e9b-b42172befebc", - "label": "AS350-B3", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", - "definition": "AS350 B3e is a high performance, single engine, light helicopter manufactured by Eurocopter. The AS350 B3e helicopter, developed as a variant of the AS350 B3, is the latest member of the Ecureuil family. The new variant is designed for operations in a wide range of missions, temperatures and geographies.\n\nThe AS350 B3e can be used for wide range of operations including fire fighting, hoisting, news gathering, power line inspection, passenger transportation and law enforcement. The aircraft delivers best in class endurance, range and fast cruise speed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "label": "Propeller", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "A device that consists of a central hub with radiating blades placed and twisted so that each forms part of a helical surface and that is used to propel a vehicle (such as a ship).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02d1826b-a34b-4773-a61d-de91677eb8bd", - "label": "NRL P-3", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "https://www.eol.ucar.edu/observing_facilities/nrl-p-3", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03c57589-9fc0-4ffb-b0c4-73a6e065a74f", - "label": "PIPER AZTEC", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Piper PA-23, named Apache and later Aztec, was an American twin-engined monoplane, the first twin-engine aircraft built by Piper Aircraft.\n\nOriginally to be named the 'Twin-Stinson' and designed as a four-seater low-wing all-metal monoplane with a twin tail, the prototype first flew 2 March 1952. The prototype was then named the PA-21 to conform to Piper's numerical nomenclature[1] It was redesigned with a single vertical stabilizer and an all-metal rear fuselage and renamed to Apache 150 when it entered production in 1954; 1,231 were built. In 1958, the Apache 160 was produced by upgrading the engines to 160 hp (119 kW), and 816 were built before being superseded by the Apache 235, which went to 235 hp (175 kW) engines and swept tail surfaces (119 built).\n\nDeclining sales of the Apache prompted the redesign dubbed PA-23-250 Aztec, with 250 hp (186 kW) Lycoming. The first models were delivered with O-540 Lycoming carburetor engines. These first models came in a five-seat configuration which became available in 1959. The later models of the Aztec were equipped with IO-540 fuel-injected engines and six-seat capacity, and continued in production until 1982. There were also turbocharged versions of the later models, which were able to fly at higher altitudes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04da5a44-7299-4d07-b85f-26db1552d00a", - "label": "C-185", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "050f6aee-d3c0-4d1c-9c88-86c9e5ac9e81", - "label": "FOKKER F27", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Fokker F27 Friendship is a turboprop airliner designed and built by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.\n\nDesign of the Fokker F27 started in the 1950s as a replacement to the successful DC-3 airliner. The manufacturer evaluated a number of different configurations before finally deciding on a high wing twin Rolls-Royce Dart engine layout with a pressurised cabin for 28 passengers.\n\nThe first prototype, registered PH-NIV, first flew on 24 November 1955. The second prototype and initial production machines were 3 ft (0.9 m) longer, addressing the first aircraft's slightly tail-heavy handling and also providing space for more (32) passengers. These aircraft also used the more powerful Dart Mk 528 engine. The first production model, the F27-100, was delivered to Aer Lingus in September 1958.\n\nIn 1956 Fokker signed a licensing deal with the US aircraft manufacturer Fairchild for the latter to construct the F27 in the USA. The first U.S.-built aircraft flew on 12 April 1958. Fairchild also independently developed a stretched version, called the FH-227.\n\nAt the end of the Fokker F27s production in 1987, 793 units had been built (including 207 in the USA by Fairchild), which makes it the most successful western European civil turboprop airliner.\n\nMany aircraft have been modified from passenger service to cargo or express-package freighter roles.\n\nIn the early 1980s, Fokker developed a successor to the Friendship, the Fokker 50. Although based on the F27-500 airframe, the Fokker 50 is virtually a new aircraft with Pratt & Whitney Canada engines and modern systems. Its general performance and passenger comfort were improved over the F27.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b69c56f-5aaa-46a2-83da-9c4cffc7c181", - "label": "CONVAIR CV-580", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "While Convair (based in San Diego like the Classic Airliner Page) was quite successful with its piston powered CV-240/340/440 series of twins, it recognized as early as 1950 that turboprop engines offered some clear advantages over the 'round engines'. Instead of building a new plane, Convair decided that those very Convair-Liners could be re-engined instead. An experimental installation of Allison T56 engines into a CV-240 in 1950 was quite successful, but the first commercial conversion did not take place until 1954, and then with British Napier Elands. \n\n[Text provided by: http://www.calclassic.com/580.htm ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://images3.jetphotos.net/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CONVAIR CV-580\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CONVAIR CV-580\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.calclassic.com/580.htm\n Sample_Image: http://images3.jetphotos.net/img/2/4/6/2/79826_1215091264.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fa676d8-e487-4905-81c7-1a98150e86c8", - "label": "C-131A", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The C-131 was a military transport version of the Convair-Liner 240 built by General Dynamics. It was the first pressurized, twin engine transport ordered by the Military Air Transport Service. The T-29 version of this aircraft filled the back of the plane with student stations and was used to train bombardiers, navigators and electronic warfare officers. \n\n[Text and Photo provided by: http://www.marchfield.org/c131d.htm ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C-131A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: C-131A\n Long_Name: Convair C-131 Samaritan\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/specs/convair/c-131a.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.marchfield.org/c131d.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.marchfield.org/c131z262.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18cb3d65-a7ab-4220-b7e3-38b98ce04ac7", - "label": "UC-12B", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The NASA Langley Beechcraft UC-12B Huron (NASA 528) is an all-metal, twin-turboprop research aircraft. The UC-12B aircraft is a military version of a Beechcraft B200 King Air. NASA Langley acquired this aircraft in 2007 from the U.S. Marine Corps. The aircraft has been modified with two nadir-viewing ports: 29.5 x 29.5-in. in the forward section of the passenger cabin and 26.75 x 22.5 in. in the aft section. These downward-looking portals allow the use of a wide variety of optical, laser, or R-F based devices that might require a nadir look angle out of the aircraft. Research-supporting subsystems, such as electrical power distribution, TCAS, GPS and satellite phone communications also have been installed. The UC-12B aircraft also has a cargo door in the aft left side of the passenger cabin that can accommodate payloads up to 51.5 in. wide. In past operations, the cargo door has allowed a forklift with a boom attachment to place large, heavy payloads directly into the aircraft cabin. In its current configuration, the aircraft serves as the primary flight platform for a suite of aerosol and cloud remote-sensing instruments, including the NASA Langley Doppler Aerosol Wind LIDAR (DAWN). The aircraft is fully IFR capable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bfe5750-3641-4ff1-b8bf-40deb163abf0", - "label": "BT-67", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The BT-67 is a world-class transport aircraft with an impressive resume of performance. Its robust airframe and state-of-the-art components stand ready to deliver a range of special mission capabilities that will provide unlimited opportunities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d0fbb34-9f52-41cc-8b83-b45af8e58777", - "label": "UMD Cessna", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The University Of Maryland Cessna 402B Research Aircraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20d7a6a7-1c69-469b-ac53-92078dcb2a67", - "label": "AC-500S", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Rockwell Aero Commander (AC-500S) is a versatile and stable high-winged twin piston-engine aircraft that is suitable for a variety of missions. Standard configuration allows for mission equipment and two pilots. However, with the scientific packages removed, seating for five additional passengers may be installed. NOAA's two aero commanders are utilized primarily as aerial survey platforms for visual verification of aeronautical charts, high-resolution aerial photography, and snow water equivalent and soil moisture content measurements. Additionally, the aircraft has been used in biological investigations, such as algal bloom measurements and sea turtle population assessments, and post-hurricane and severe flood damage assessment photography.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29564e60-e0d6-4d5d-9999-97b9cd16a034", - "label": "P-3A ORION", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The P-3A ORION is the Chilean Armada P-3 aircraft used during the 2002, 2004 and 2008 NASA missions that included Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) instrument data used in the recent Level 4 IceBridge derived data product.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: P-3A ORION\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: P-3A ORION\n Long_Name: Lockheed P-3A Orion\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-03-13\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32e58bec-22e7-406e-bded-20d97de35f64", - "label": "SA Mooney", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Scientific Aviation manned fleet consists of four Mooney aircraft, each with slightly different features. These aircraft are highly versatile, exhibit excellent flight capabilities in a large range of environments, have low operating costs compared to larger aircraft, and are fully FAA certified. All of our Mooney aircraft feature advanced avionics and navigational systems, and can be customized with a scientific payload specific to your mission requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "365c9e65-c156-4763-968a-a3e53e8accff", - "label": "GULFSTREAM 1000 (695A)", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Gulfstream Jet Prop Commander 1000 (AC-695A) is a stable high-wing, pressurized, twin-engine turboprop aircraft that is suitable for a variety of missions. Standard configuration allows for mission equipment, two pilots and one observer. However, the aircraft can be configured for two scientists/observers and mission equipment in the cabin. NOAA’s AC-695A Jet Prop Commander is typically utilized by the National Weather Service (NWS) National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a710b96-89c3-4783-b811-e9c5a3f3784f", - "label": "PA-12", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "From August 9 to December 10, 1947, Clifford Evans and George Truman circled the globe in their Piper Super Cruisers, covering 35,897 kilometers (22,436 miles), the first time light personal aircraft accomplished such a feat. Evans flew the City of Washington while Truman flew the City of The Angels, now at the Piper Aviation Museum in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.\n\nThe PA-12 was a more powerful J-5 Cruiser, with an electric starter, navigation lights, and a cabin heater. For the flight, Piper Aircraft arranged for second-hand planes and extra fuel tanks while radio and navigation equipment were also donated. Evans built a drift meter for each aircraft. Flags of each nation they visited were hand-painted on the fuselages' left sides and 53 of 55 city stops on the right sides.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PA-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: PA-12\n Long_Name: Piper PA-12 Super Cruiser\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19500101000\n Sample_Image: http://airandspace.si.edu/images/collections/media/previews/A19500101000cp02.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ecc7e27-1cf9-4c7d-817f-557752323560", - "label": "AC-680E", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Aero Commander 500 is the first in a series of light twin-engined aircraft originally built by the Aero Design and Engineering Company in the late 1940s. It later became the Aero Commander division of Rockwell International. The initial production version was the Aero Commander 520. Versions manufactured after 1967 are known as the Shrike Commander.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45abac35-586f-4fed-ac38-5dcd59af2cc5", - "label": "NASA P-3", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The P-3B is a specialized aircraft operated as an airborne “platform” in support of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. The aircraft supports scientific investigations by NASA and visiting scientists from universities, other agencies and organizations worldwide. With instruments installed, the aircraft serves an economical test bed for studying the Earth and for new concepts in satellite design. The aircraft supports scientific studies across all disciplines of Earth Science such as forest ecology, atmospherics, ocean and ice dynamics, land processes and many more. The P-3 aircraft can carry instrument payloads consisting of one to several at once while supporting Earth studies all over the globe.\n\nScientific instrument installations on the aircraft generally consist of external components such as a sensors, antennas or probes while inside the aircraft the supporting control and data analysis computers are installed in specially designed rack modules. Multiple instrument payloads are an economical way for cooperating scientists to intercompare data when studying Earth processes. A diverse mix of engineers, technicians, scientists, pilots and managers all team together to safely complete the aircraft-instrument integration designs and hardware fabrications and conduct the flight portions of studies. Once designed, all components can be quickly and economically.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a9f3704-2947-483b-8fe7-992692c9f289", - "label": "WP-3D ORION", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "Two of the world's premier research aircraft, the renowned NOAA WP-3D Orions, participate in a wide variety of national and international meteorological, oceanographic and environmental research programs in addition to their widely known use in hurricane research and reconnaissance. These versatile turboprop aircraft are equipped with an unprecedented variety of scientific instrumentation, radars and recording systems for both in-situ and remote sensing measurements of the atmosphere, the earth and its environment. Obtained as new aircraft from the Lockheed production line in the mid-70's, these robust and well maintained aircraft have led NOAA's continuing effort to monitor and study hurricanes and other severe storms, the quality of the atmosphere, the state of the ocean and its fish population, and climate trends.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64b518f5-2026-4c5b-9bae-9fa55b5b5778", - "label": "UWKA", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The University of Wyoming Beechcraft King Air 200T (N2UW) is the third atmospheric research aircraft we have operated since the mid 1960's. Click here for photos. Click here for driving instructions to the facility.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fa682b9-c6b5-46ca-971f-b7ecd4bf304d", - "label": "AC-690A", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "A series of light-twin piston-engined and turboprop aircraft originally built by the Aero Design and Engineering Company in the late 1940s, renamed the Aero Commander company in 1950, and a division of Rockwell International from 1965. The initial production version was the 200-mph, seven-seat Aero Commander 520. An improved version, the 500S, manufactured after 1967, is known as the Shrike Commander. Larger variants are known by numerous model names and designations, ranging up to the 330-mph, 11-seat Model 695B/Jetprop 1000B turboprop.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ec84078-8ced-4e7f-9a8c-781cc5d2bd8d", - "label": "SKYVAN", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Skyvan is a 19-seater twin turboprop aircraft manufactured by Short Brothers, at the time Short Brothers & Harland Ltd, and used mainly for short-haul freight and skydiving.\n\nThe Skyvan is a high wing twin engined all-metal monoplane with a high cantilever tailplane with twin rudders. The first flight of the Skyvan, the Skyvan 1, was on 17 January 1963.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80374e6d-fef6-4b11-bcc4-53568a3db220", - "label": "CESSNA 188", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Cessna 188 is a family of light agricultural airplanes produced between 1966 and 1983 by the Cessna Aircraft Company.\n\nThe various versions of the 188 — the AGwagon, AGpickup, AGtruck and AGhusky, along with the AGcarryall variant of the 185, constituted Cessna's line of agricultural aircraft.\n\nIn the early 1960s Cessna decided to expand their already wide line of light aircraft by entering the agricultural aircraft market. They surveyed pilots and operators of other brands of agricultural aircraft to see what features and capabilities these operators were looking for. The resulting aircraft was a conventional single-seat, piston-powered, strut-braced low-winged agricultural airplane.\n\nThe 188 is the only single-engined Cessna design that does not have a high-wing.\n\nThe Cessna 188 borrowed heavily from the Cessna 180, the initial version using the same tail cone and fin structure as well as the same Continental O-470-R 230hp (170kW) powerplant. The 188’s airframe is predominantly built from 2024-T3 aluminum, with the chemical hopper constructed from fibreglass. The fuselage is of semi-monocoque construction and is pressurized on later models (using the dynamic pressure resulting from the aircraft's forward speed) to reduce induction of chemicals into the airframe.\n\nThe Cessna 188 was first flown on 19 February 1965. The aircraft was certified and entered production in February 1966, with 241 aircraft delivered the first year.\n\nThe initial design of the Cessna 188 was so successful that over its 17-year production run the basic airframe remained unchanged. Only the engines and the agricultural products dispensing systems were upgraded, other than some minor changes to the ventilation systems.\n\nA total of 3967 Cessna 188s of all four variants were built during its production run.\n\n[Text and Photo provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_188 ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CESSNA 188\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CESSNA 188\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_188\n Online_Resource: http://www.cessna.com/\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/CessnaA188BAGtruckC-GSWZ.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b1791fe-cef8-4883-a634-b3963a39c8a6", - "label": "WC-130J", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The WC-130 Hercules is a high-wing, medium-range aircraft used in weather reconnaissance missions. This plane is a C-130 transport configured with palletized weather instrumentation for penetration of tropical disturbances and storms, hurricanes and winter storms to obtain data on movement, size and intensity. The WC-130 is the weather data collection platform for the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e7d2140-fbbb-4169-ba3e-e6d1fe6c7cf8", - "label": "HC-130", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The HC-130 is an extended-range, combat rescue version of the C-130 transport aircraft. Capable of independent employment in the no-to-low threat environment. Its primary mission is to provide air refueling for rescue helicopters. The HC-130 can perform extended searches in a permissive environment and has the capability to airdrop pararescuemen and survival equipment to isolated survivors when a delay in the arrival of a recovery vehicle is anticipated. Flights to air refueling areas or drop zones are accomplished at tactical low altitude to avoid threats. NVG-assisted, low-altitude air refueling and other operations in a low-threat environment are performed by specially trained crews. The crew can perform airborne mission commander (AMC) duties in a no-to-low threat environment when threat conditions permit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "992b25fe-7863-4885-98b9-875ddafb6935", - "label": "CESSNA T206H", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Cessna 205, 206 and 207, known primarily as the Stationair (and marketed variously as the Super Skywagon, Skywagon and Super Skylane), are a family of single-engined, general aviation aircraft with fixed landing gear, used in commercial air service as well as for personal use. The family was originally developed from the popular retractable-gear Cessna 210 and produced by the Cessna Aircraft Company.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "993d2657-71e9-4c5a-b456-ffce88699c55", - "label": "PIPER NAVAJO CHIEFTAIN", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The PA-31 Navajo is a family of cabin-class, twin-engine aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft using Lycoming engines for the general aviation market.\n\nIn the mid-1960s, an aircraft of this size was sorely needed and founder William T. Piper requested the type be developed. Targeted at small-scale cargo and feeder liner operations and the corporate market, the aircraft was a success. It continues to prove a popular choice, but due to greatly decreased demand across the general aviation sector in the 1980s, production of the PA-31 ceased.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fd64ddf-4c61-45ae-8721-aa306829a165", - "label": "Convair-580", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "http://carg.atmos.washington.edu/sys/research/improve/convair_inst.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2128496-3729-45ff-9feb-20b9b700470b", - "label": "BE-200", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The basic configuration of the Be-200 amphibious aircraft is indended for fighting the forest fires using the fire extinguishant fluids. While doing this, the aircraft can fulfill the following tasks:\n\n- stop and restrain the spread of the big forest fires by developing the protecting strip due to multiple drops on the fire edge;\n\n- extinguishing the small fire and fire which only starts to develop;\n\n- delivery of fire brigades and fire extingushing equipment to the fire region by landing on preselected water area of aifield, and return to the base. \n\nA particular feature of the Be-200 aircraft, when compared with the other amphibians, is that it has fully pressurized fuselage, which allows to fulfill a lot of missions.\n\nThe aircraft is fitted with flight/navigation and communication equipment allowing the navigation and flight control at all flight phases in adverse weather conditions at any season, day and night.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3d03059-eeec-4afd-b3f1-c24a1fcf3862", - "label": "DHC-6", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The DeHavilland Twin Otter (DHC-6) is a highly maneuverable, versatile aircraft which can be flown slowly (80-160 knots/150-300 km/hr) and in tight circles. The Twin Otter is a high-winged, unpressurized, twin-engine turboprop aircraft equipped with color weather radar, radar altimeter, dual GPS/Loran-C navigation systems with scientific data drops, and camera ports in the nose and belly areas. A standard flight crew consists of two NOAA pilots. In support of NOAA or NOAA-related missions, this platform has conducted low-level slow speed aerial surveys of marine mammals, aerial video surveys of coastal erosion, various remote sensing missions, atmospheric air chemistry sampling, and atmospheric eddy flux and concentration gradient assessments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a790e30f-5a13-4188-befb-2647a884034b", - "label": "C-130", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The C-130 Hercules primarily performs the intratheater portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for paradropping troops and equipment into hostile areas. Basic and specialized versions perform a diversity of roles, including airlift support, DEW Line and Arctic ice resupply, aeromedical missions, aerial spray missions, fire-fighting duties for the US Forest Service, and natural disaster relief missions. In recent years, they have been used to bring humanitarian relief to many countries, including Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Rwanda.\n\nFour decades have elapsed since the Air Force issued its original design specification, yet the remarkable C-130 remains in production. The turbo-prop, high-wing, versatile 'Herc' has accumulated over 20 million flight hours. It is the preferred transport aircraft for many US Government services and over 60 foreign countries. The basic airframe has been modified to hundreds of different configurations to meet an ever-changing environment and mission requirement. The C-130 Hercules has unsurpassed versatility, performance, and mission effectiveness. Early C-130A, B, and D versions are now retired. \n\n[Text provided by: http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/c-130.htm ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.globalaircraft.org/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C-130\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: C-130\n Long_Name: Lockheed C-130 Hercules\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules\n Online_Resource: http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=92\n Sample_Image: http://www.globalaircraft.org/photos/planephotos/c-130_1.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abe97ffb-af51-43b2-a1d4-a922ddf9bc6e", - "label": "C-23 Sherpa", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s (GSFC) Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) Aircraft Office operates the NASA C-23 Sherpa research aircraft available to support airborne science research. The C-23 is used to perform scientific research, provide logistics support on an as-needed basis to other airborne science missions, and can be used as a technology test bed for new airborne and satellite instrumentation. This aircraft is also available to support range surveillance and recovery operations as needed. The C-23 is a self-sufficient aircraft that can operate from short field civilian and military airports to remote areas of the world in support of scientific studies and other operations. The C-23 is a two-engine turboprop aircraft designed to operate efficiently, under the most arduous conditions, in a wide range of mission configurations. The large square-section cargo hold, with excellent access at both ends (4 side fuselage doors and aft cargo ramp), and a 7000 pound payload, offers ready flexibility to perform a variety of missions. The aircraft also has 22 cabin windows as well as a nose cargo area available for installations. An internal auxillary fuel tank is also available which is capable of extending the aircraft range to 1,000nm and 7 hours endurance.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C-23 Sherpa\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: C-23 Sherpa\n Long_Name: Short Brothers C-23 Sherpa\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2016-08-05\n Online_Resource: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/C-23_Sherpa\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aef364b1-6a71-49c0-b248-6dc1ecd4eaa3", - "label": "DHC-3", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The DeHavilland DHC-3 Otter's primary purpose is for utility and personnel transport. However, the DHC-3 was used by the U.S. Military and the Canadian Military as a search and rescue aircraft.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DHC-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: DHC-3\n Long_Name: DeHavilland DHC-3 Otter\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.dhc3otter.com/profile.htm\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1a1eda8-55a5-43a0-a984-239ab657be68", - "label": "NASA ELECTRA", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "Lockheed's Electra provided a number of airlines with their introduction to turbine powered aircraft. Today it remains popular with freight operators.\n\nThe Lockheed L-188 Electra was developed to meet a 1954 American Airlines requirement for a domestic short to medium range 75 to 100 seat airliner. In June 1955 American awarded Lockheed an order for 35 such aircraft. Lockheed's design, the L-188, was a low wing, four turboprop powered aircraft. Many other airlines shared American's interest in the L-188, and by the time the first prototype flew on December 6 1957, the order book stood at 144. Service entry was with Eastern Airlines (due to a pilot's strike at American) on January 12 1959.\n\nHowever, any optimism Lockheed felt about a strong sales future would have been short lived, as a number of crashes in 1959 and 1960 (two of which where the aircraft broke up in flight) contributed to a number of order cancellations.\n\nAs an interim measure following the crashes, speed restrictions were imposed on Electras. Investigations uncovered a design defect with the engine mountings where the wing would shake and eventually break up. Lockheed undertook a significant modification program where the nacelles, nacelle mountings and wing structure were strengthened, and the speed restrictions were eventually lifted in 1961. After that the Electra proved reliable and popular in service, but the damage had been done and production wound up in 1961 after 170 had been built.\n\nLockheed built two basic versions of the Electra. The L-188A was the basic production aircraft, and accounted for most Electra sales. The L-188C entered service with KLM in 1959 and had greater fuel capacity and higher weights, and thus improved payload range performance.\n\nThe Electra also forms the basis for the hugely successful P-3 Orion long range maritime surveillance aircraft of which more than 600 have been built.\n\nMost Electras currently in service are configured as freighters. From 1967 Lockheed converted 41 Electras to freighters or convertible freighter/passenger aircraft, fitting a strengthened floor and a large cargo door forward of the wing on the left side. Other companies have also converted Electras to freighters. However, a small number remain in passenger service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c285cedc-7581-4abc-aeee-978ffd3a8879", - "label": "G-1 AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The G-1 is a large twin turboprop with performance characteristics of contemporary production aircraft. It is capable of measurements to altitudes approaching 30,000 feet over ranges of 1500 nautical miles, and can be operated at speeds that enable both relatively slow sampling and rapid deployment to field sites throughout the world. The aircraft is configured for versatile research applications. It accommodates a variety of external probes for aerosol, radiation, and turbulence measurements and internal sampling systems for a wide range of measurements. The G-1 has sufficient cabin volume, electrical power and payload capabilities, and flight characteristics to accommodate a variety of instrument systems and experimental equipment configurations. Internal instrumentation is mounted in removable racks to enable rapid reconfiguration as necessary. Data from most systems are acquired on a central computer that is tailored to airborne research data acquisition. In addition to acquiring the various analog and digital input signals, it can be configured to communicate with and/or control other systems onboard, and to provide time synchronization to other computers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c88b260b-2acd-417e-9c82-3a8226b4e218", - "label": "LA-27", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Lake Renegade Seawolf (LA-27) is a rugged, adaptable, single turbo-charged piston engine amphibious aircraft designed for nearshore low-level surveys. The aircraft is equipped with external fuel tanks, bubble windows, and NATO hardpoints. A standard crew consists of one pilot and up to three scientists. The Lake aircraft has been used for biological surveys including red drum, sea turtle and marine mammal surveys, as well as on site terrain observations. \n\n[Photo and text provided by NOAA, \nhttp://www.aoc.noaa.gov/aircraft_lake.htm ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LA-27\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: LA-27\n Long_Name: Lake Seawolf LA-27\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.aoc.noaa.gov/aircraft_lake.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.aoc.noaa.gov/images/lake1.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c97d09d4-4966-42ed-a6c7-4330a1e76edf", - "label": "Cessna Pelican", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Pelican is a highly-modified Cessna 337, O2, Skymaster originally developed by the Office of Naval Research for low-altitude, long-endurance atmospheric and oceanographic sampling. Through an SBIR program between Zivko Aeronautics and GA, the air vehicle was configured to operate as a true Predator UAV surrogate for the U.S. Navy. Pelican has supported several military exercises that require a UAV capability for the troops to work with, but where a real UAV wasn't practical to operate due to FAA restrictions. With Pelican, the US Military can realistically train with capabilities very close to those of the UAV's that they will work with on the battlefield.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6aa2406-0323-43c1-b890-3509ee22784e", - "label": "B-200", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Beechcraft Super King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation (now the Beechcraft Division of Hawker Beechcraft). The King Air line comprises a number of model series that fall into two families: the Model 90 series, Model 100 series (these models comprising the King Air family), Model 200 series and Model 300 series. The latter two models were originally marketed as the 'Super King Air' family, but the 'Super' was dropped in 1996.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d80f3d86-ab38-4c27-82c5-aeae2b4c3370", - "label": "CESSNA SINGLE-ENGINE AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e10cf52f-a68a-4593-896b-8fe3d17483fe", - "label": "CESSNA 320", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Cessna 310/320\n\nThe sleek Cessna 310 was the first twin engine design from Cessna to enter production after WW2.\n\nThe 310 first flew on January 3 1953. The modern rakish lines of the new twin were backed up by innovative features such as engine exhaust thrust augmentor tubes and the storage of all fuel in tip tanks. Deliveries commenced in late 1954.\n\nThe first significant upgrade to the 310 line came with the 310C of 1959, which introduced more powerful 195kW (260hp) IO-470-D engines. The 310D of 1960 featured swept back vertical tail surfaces. An extra cabin window was added with the 310F. A development of the 310F was the turbocharged 320 Skyknight, with TSIO-470-B engines and a fourth cabin side-window. The Skyknight was in production between 1961 and 1969 (the 320D, E and F were named Executive Skyknight), when it was replaced by the similar Turbo 310.\n\nThe 310G introduced the 'stabila-tip' tip tanks, while the 310K replaced the rear two windows on each side with a single unit. Subsequent significant developments include the 310Q and turbocharged T310Q with redesigned rear cabin with a skylight window, and the final 310R and T310R, identifiable for their lengthened noses. Production ended in 1980.\n\nUSAF military versions were the L-27A (310A) and L-27B (310M) Blue Canoe, later redesignated U-3A and U-3B. \n\n[Text provided by: http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=149 ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.edcoatescollection.com ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CESSNA 320\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CESSNA 320\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_310\n Online_Resource: http://www.cessna.com/\n Sample_Image: http://www.edcoatescollection.com/ac3/Civil%20Planes/Cessna%20320%20Skynight.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaa3cf37-b738-47ae-abac-7c430d4ecdc7", - "label": "TWIN OTTER CIRPAS NPS", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "A Twin Otter research aircraft has been operated by the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA since 1998. The aircraft supports atmospheric and oceanographic research for Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and others. The airplane is instrumented to measure the meteorological state variables, flight path and platform attitude, turbulence, aerosol particle concentration and size spectra, cloud and precipitation drop concentration and size spectra, light scatter and absorption coefficients and sea surface temperature. Ample room is in the cabin for rack-mountable guest instruments. Well characterized aerosol community inlet provides air samples into the cabin. Nadir and zenith ports provide up and down view for radiometers, sunphotometers and imaging instruments. Satellite communication system permits flight following from the ground and viewing of data in real time, as well as chat-room communication between flight scientist and science team on ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb80f2b1-4c2f-4cbb-8cb2-40a7613edff3", - "label": "P-3B", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "In April 1958 Lockheed corporation won a US Navy competition to find a replacement for the Navy's aging P2V Neptune series of long range antisubmarine warfare and maritime patrol aircraft. Lockheed's winning proposal was designated 'P3V Orion'. Named for the winter constellation of the mighty hunter, the Orion was actually derived from the famous Lockheed Electra civil airliner. \n\n[Text provided by:\nhttp://www.geocities.com/lucktam/awacs/orion/orion.htm ]\n\n[Photo provided by: \nhttp://www.farfromglory.com/images/p3b.jpg ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: P-3B ORION\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: P-3B ORION\n Long_Name: Lockheed P-3B Orion\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/specs/lockheed/p-3b.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/types/usa/lockheed_martin/p-3/P-3_Orion.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.farfromglory.com/images/p3b.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebf5d441-db97-4691-a8fc-08b4afdbac46", - "label": "CESSNA 206", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Cessna 205, 206, and 207, known variously as the Super Skywagon, Stationair, and Super Skylane are a family of single engine, general aviation aircraft with fixed landing gear used in commercial air service and also for personal use. The family was originally developed from the popular retractable-gear Cessna 210.\n\nThe line's combination of a powerful engine, rugged construction and a large cabin has made these aircraft popular bush planes. Cessna describes the 206 as 'the sport-utility vehicle of the air.' These airplanes are also used for aerial photography, skydiving and other utility purposes. They can also be equipped with floats, amphibious floats and skis. Alternatively, they can be fitted with luxury appointments for use as a personal air transport.\n\nBetween the start of production in 1962 and 2006 the total Cessna 205, 206 and 207 production has been 8509 aircraft so far.\n\n[Text and Photo provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_206 ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CESSNA 206\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CESSNA 206\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_206\n Online_Resource: http://www.cessna.com/\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cessna.206h.stationair2.arp.jpg/800px-Cessna.206h.stationair2.arp.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee829117-a171-4500-a0a5-81cac07f1071", - "label": "CESSNA 172 SKYHAWK", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is a four-seat, single-engine, high-wing airplane.\n\nMore Cessna 172s have been built than any other aircraft. It is probably the most popular flight training aircraft in the world.\n\nMeasured by its longevity and popularity, the Cessna 172 is the most successful mass produced light aircraft in history. The first production models were delivered in 1956 and they are still in production as of 2008; more than 43,000 have been built.[1] The Skyhawk's main competitors have been the Beechcraft Musketeer and Grumman AA-5 series (neither in production), the Piper Cherokee and, more recently, the Diamond DA40.\n\nThe Cessna 172 started life as a tricycle landing gear upgrade from the taildragger Cessna 170, with a basic level of standard equipment. The first flight of the prototype was in November 1955. The 172 became an overnight sales success and over 1400 were built in 1956, its first full year of production.\n\nEarly 172s were similar in appearance to the 170, with the same straight aft fuselage and tall gear legs, although the 172 had a straight vertical tail while the 170 had a rounded fin and rudder. Later 172 versions incorporated revised landing gear and the sweptback tail which is still in use today.The final aesthetic development in the mid-1960s, was a lowered rear deck that allowed an aft window. Cessna advertised this added rear visibility as 'Omni-Vision' . This airframe configuration has remained almost unchanged since then, except for updates in avionics and engines, including the Garmin G1000 glass cockpit in 2005. Production had been halted in the mid-1980s, but was resumed in 1996 with the 160 hp (120 kW) Cessna 172R Skyhawk and was supplemented in 1998 by the 180 hp (135 kW) Cessna 172S Skyhawk SP.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef194fe1-50e0-4ba7-943a-c87c6f5e72c1", - "label": "NOAA Twin Otter", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "With an endurance of 4-6 hours at survey speeds, the Twin Otter is more than capable of covering over 600+ nautical miles of low altitude survey in a given flight at max fuel loads. These aircraft remain very busy year round supporting airborne marine mammal, hydrological, remote sensing, air chemistry and emergency response programs. Normal crew size is two pilots with a cabin capable of seating six people with smaller science equipment installed. Known for its stability at slower speeds, the Twin Otter is capable of surveying between 90-140 knots over the ground, making it ideal for missions that require a slower aircraft for data collection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f959e3c5-f014-40b7-a134-4d41b616f79d", - "label": "King Air", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "The Beechcraft King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation (now Beechcraft Division of Hawker Beechcraft). The King Air line comprises a number of models that have been divided into two families; the Model 90 and 100 series are known as King Airs, while the Model 200 and 300 series were originally marketed as Super King Airs, with 'Super' being dropped by Beechcraft in 1996 (although it is still often used to differentiate the 200 and 300 series King Airs from their smaller stablemates). As of October 2007, the only small King Air in production is the conventional-tail C90GT.\n\nThe King Air was the first aircraft in its class and has been in continuous production since 1964. It has outsold all of its turboprop competitors combined and is the only small twin-turboprop business aircraft in production. It now faces competition from jet aircraft such as the Beechcraft Premier I and Cessna Citation Mustang.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb9f4171-b9b6-4627-9c79-1d3b5890dfc4", - "label": "NP-3C Orion", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdb96a23-16f4-4df4-a60b-a4d1123587ce", - "label": "NCAR ELECTRA", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "812304fb-2eaf-4ce8-ac49-2de68c025927", - "label": "Rockets", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "A vehicle or device propelled by one or more rocket engines, especially such a vehicle designed to travel through space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c2a3f38e-524a-46ee-ac1b-2a12910e6bdd", - "label": "ROCKETS", - "broader": "812304fb-2eaf-4ce8-ac49-2de68c025927", - "definition": "A vehicle or device propelled by one or more rocket engines, especially such a vehicle designed to travel through space.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", - "label": "Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "An aircraft (also known as a drone) without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an uncrewed aircraft system (UAS), which includes adding a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the UAV. The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control by a human operator, as remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA), or with various degrees of autonomy, such as autopilot assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "46392889-f6e2-4b06-8f79-87f2ff9d4349", - "label": "ALTUS", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", - "definition": "The ALTUS II, the first of the two craft to be completed, made its first flight on May 1, 1996. With its engine at first augmented by a single-stage turbocharger, the ALTUS II reached an altitude of 37,000 ft during its first series of development flights at Dryden in August, 1996. In October of that year, the ALTUS II was flown in an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM-UAV) study in Oklahoma conducted by Sandia National Laboratories for the Department of Energy (DOE). During the course of those flights, the ALTUS II set a single-flight endurance record for remotely operated aircraft of more than 26 hours.\n\nThe ALTUS I, completed in 1997, flew a series of development flights at Dryden that summer. Those test flights saw the craft reach an altitude of 43,500 ft while carrying a simulated 300-lb payload, a record for a remotely operated aircraft powered by a piston engine augmented with a single-stage turbocharger.\n\nAfter major modifications and upgrades, including installation of a two-stage turbocharger in place of its original single-stage unit, a larger fuel tank and additional intercooling capacity, the ALTUS II returned to flight status in the summer of 1998. The goal of its development test flights was to reach one of the major Level 2 performance milestones within NASA's ERAST program: to fly a gasoline-fueled, piston-engine remotely piloted aircraft for several hours at an altitude at or near 60,000 feet. On March 5, 1999, The ALTUS II maintained flight at or above 55,000 feet for three hours, reaching a maximum density altitude of 57,300 feet during the mission.\n\nLater that spring, the ALTUS II flew another series of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement missions conducted by Sandia National Laboratories for the DOE. Hard-to-measure properties of high-level cirrus clouds that may affect global warming were recorded using specially designed instruments while the Altus flew at 50,000 feet altitude off the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i. Clouds both reflect incoming solar energy back to space, and absorb warm longwave radiation from the Earth's surface, keeping that heat in the atmosphere. Data from the study will help scientists better understand how these dual roles of clouds in reflecting and absorbing solar energy work, and build more accurate global climate models.\n\nIn September, 2001, ALTUS II served as the UAV platform for a flight demonstration of remote sensoring and imaging capabilities that could detect hot spots in wildfires and relay that data in near- real time via the Internet to firefighting commanders below. The demonstration, led by NASA Ames Research Center, was flown over GA-ASI's El Mirage development facility in Southern California.\n\nIn the summer of 2002, The Altus II served as the airborne platform for the Altus Cumulus Electrification Study (ACES), led by Dr. Richard Blakeslee of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The ACES experiment focused on the collection of electrical, magnetic and optical measurements of thunderstorms. Data collected will help scientists understand the development and life cycles of thunderstorms, which in turn may allow meteorologists to more accurately predict when destructive storms may hit. For more information on the ACES study, visit the National Space Science and Technology Center web site at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6be3bc48-c307-4583-8357-34262cf8f35d", - "label": "AEROSONDE", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", - "definition": "A small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed to collect weather data, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and wind measurements over oceans and remote areas. The Aerosonde was developed by Insitu, and is now manufactured by Aerosonde Ltd, which is a strategic business of AAI Corporation. The Aerosonde is powered by a modified Enya R120 model aircraft engine, and carries on board a small computer, meteorological instruments, and a GPS receiver for navigation. It is also used by the United States Armed Forces for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c58928b-d25f-46cf-a8a6-3d5a27cc2248", - "label": "IKHANA", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", - "definition": "NASA's Ikhana / Predator B has a wingspan of 66 feet and is 36 feet long. More than 400 pounds of sensors can be carried internally and over 2,000 pounds in external under-wing pods. Ikhana is powered by a Honeywell TPE 331-10T turbine engine and is capable of reaching altitudes above 40,000 feet. The Ikhana is the first production Predator B equipped with a digital electronic engine controller developed by Honeywell and GA-ASI that will make Ikhana five to 10 percent more fuel efficient than earlier versions of the aircraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b6da136-51c7-4941-8023-5826be7a9273", - "label": "UAV", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", - "definition": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are remotely piloted or self-piloted aircraft that can carry cameras, sensors, communications equipment or other payloads. They have been used in a reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering role since the 1950s, and more challenging roles are envisioned, including combat missions. Since 1964 the Defense Department has developed 11 different UAVs, though due to acquisition and development problems only 3 entered production. The US Navy has studyied the feasibility of operating VTOL UAVs since the early 1960s, the QH-50 Gyrodyne torpedo-delivery drone being an early example. However, high cost and technological immaturity have precluded acquiring and fielding operational VTOL UAV systems.\n\nBy the early 1990s DOD sought UAVs to satisfy surveillance requirements in Close Range, Short Range or Endurance categories. Close Range was defined to be within 50 kilometers, Short Range was defined as within 200 kilometers and Endurance as anything beyond. By the late 1990s, the Close and Short Range categories were combined, and a separate Shipboard category emerged. The current classes of these vehicles are the Tactical UAV and the Endurance category.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5aedd55-cce6-417c-97c0-595448406ad5", - "label": "RQ-4", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", - "definition": "A high-altitude, remotely-piloted, surveillance aircraft. It was initially designed by Ryan Aeronautical (now part of Northrop Grumman), and known as Tier II+ during development. The RQ-4 provides a broad overview and systematic surveillance using high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensors with long loiter times over target areas. It can survey as much as 40,000 square miles (100,000 km2) of terrain per day, an area the size of South Korea or Iceland.\n\nThe Global Hawk is operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). It is used as a High-Altitude Long Endurance platform[2] covering the spectrum of intelligence collection capability to support forces in worldwide military operations. According to the USAF, the superior surveillance capabilities of the aircraft allow more precise weapons targeting and better protection of friendly forces.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3494b27-4de0-45d9-9a5b-8dae39785182", - "label": "GLOBAL HAWK", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", - "definition": "The Northrop Grumman (formerly Ryan Aeronautical) RQ-4 Global Hawk (known as Tier II+ during development) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used by the United States Air Force and Navy as a surveillance aircraft.\n\nIn role and operational design, the Global Hawk is similar to the Lockheed U-2, the venerable 1950s spy plane. It is a theater commander's asset to provide a broad overview and systematic target surveillance. For this purpose, the Global Hawk is able to provide high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)—that can penetrate cloud-cover and sandstorms— and Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) imagery at long range with long loiter times over target areas. It can survey as much as 40,000 square miles (103,600 square kilometers) of terrain a day.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", - "label": "Balloons", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "A nonporous bag of light material that can be inflated especially with air or gas. A bag that is filled with heated air or a gas lighter than air so as to rise and float in the atmosphere and that usually carries a suspended load.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2516981b-e560-479d-ba96-f8edfb54efe9", - "label": "RADIOSONDES", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", - "definition": "The radiosonde is a balloon-borne instrument platform with radio transmitting capabilities. Originally named a radio-meteorograph, the instrument is now referred to as a radiosonde, a name apparently derived by H. Hergesell from a combination of the words 'radio' for the onboard radio transmitter and 'sonde', which is messenger from old English.\n\nThe radiosonde contains instruments capable of making direct in-situ measurements of air temperature, humidity and pressure with height, typically to altitudes of approximately 30 km. These observed data are transmitted immediately to the ground station by a radio transmitter located within the instrument package. The ascent of a radiosonde provides an indirect measure of the wind speed and direction at various levels throughout the troposphere. Ground based radio direction finding antenna equipment track the motion of the radiosonde during its ascent through the air. The recorded elevation and azimuth information are converted to wind speed and direction at various levels by triangulation techniques.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95707b1d-4451-4958-af57-0fdf70444cac", - "label": "EOLE", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", - "definition": "Eole, a.k.a. CAS 1 (Cooperative Application Satellite), FR 2\n (France), the second French experimental data relay satellite\n for meteorological data and the first launched by NASA under a\n cooperative agreement with the Centre National d'Etudes\n Spatiales (CNES), was designed to function primarily as a\n communications satellite to acquire and relay telemetered data\n on altitude, pressure, temperature, moisture, and upper\n atmospheric wind velocities from instrumented earth-circling\n constant density meteorological balloons. The octagonally\n shaped satellite measured 0.71 m across opposite corners and\n was 0.58 m long. Electrical power (20 W average) was supplied\n by eight rectangular solar panels deployed 45 deg from the EOLE\n 1 upper octagonal structure after orbital insertion, and by 15\n rechargeable silver-cadmium batteries. Constant earth\n orientation was maintained by a deployable 10.06-m gravity\n gradient boom. Satellite spin was near zero rpm in orbit, and\n the attitude was programme! d to remain stable within 9 deg of\n local vertical. The data were stored on board the spacecraft\n and unloaded on command when the spacecraft was within range of\n the ground station. The onboard telemetry consisted of (1) a\n 136.350-MHz downlink transmitter for relaying balloon telemetry\n to ground stations and also to serve as a tracking beacon, (2)\n a 148.25-MHz receiver for receiving spacecraft commands and\n telemetry programs for balloon operations, and (3) a\n spacecraft-to-balloon transmitter (464.84 MHz) and receiver\n (401.7196 MHz). The satellite operation was successful with the\n exception of the inadvertent destruction of 71 balloons by an\n erroneous ground command. The last balloon ceased transmitting\n in January 1973. However, the spacecraft was subsequently used\n to track and receive data from ocean buoys, icebergs, and\n ships.\n\n More info at:\n 'http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de\n /space/doc_sdat/eole.htm'\n\n[Source: Gunther's Space Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1586112-38f5-461c-9e88-0a95cf62062c", - "label": "BALLOONS", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", - "definition": "1. A flexible bag designed to be inflated with hot air or with a\ngas, such as helium, that is lighter than the surrounding air,\ncausing it to rise and float in the atmosphere.\n\nSuch a bag with sufficient capacity to lift and transport a\nsuspended gondola or other load.\n\nSuch a bag shaped like a figure or object when inflated; an inflatable.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage? Dictionary of the English\nLanguage, Fourth Edition Copyright ? 2000 by Houghton Mifflin\nCompany.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1cfc5a9-e688-4f2e-88b0-9d72d07ea41a", - "label": "MAXIS", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", - "definition": "To study electron precipitation from the magnetosphere into the ionosphere. This electron precipitation creates the aurora (northern and southern lights) along with X-rays which can be observed with our balloon instrumentation. For this project, the University of Washington provided a bismuth germanate (BGO)\nX-ray spectrometer and two X-ray imaging cameras. One camera has a pinhole collimator and the other has a coded aperture mask collimator. Both cameras use scintillating crystals and photomultiplier tubes to detect X-rays which are produced in the aurora. The Berkeley balloon group provided a high resolution\ngermanium X-ray spectrometer. All of these instruments flew on the INTERBOA campaign in 1996, where they observed an unusual relativistic electron precipitation event.\n\nThe MAXIS balloon was terminated on January 30, 2000 at 22:13 UT after a successful 450 hour flight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbb82f09-3a6f-4840-b1a9-c4acc3f6bbe8", - "label": "PIBAL", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", - "definition": "A small balloon whose ascent is followed by a theodolite in order to obtain data for the computation of the speed and direction of winds in the upper air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", - "label": "Sounding Rockets", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", - "definition": "Sub-orbital rockets that carry a payload above the Earth's atmosphere for period of up to 15 minutes, but which do not place the payload into orbit around the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3b3bc1cb-312d-448c-8cdf-a8de43bb540a", - "label": "SOUNDING ROCKETS", - "broader": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", - "definition": "Sounding rockets are sub-orbital rockets that carry a payload above the Earth's atmosphere for period of up to 15 minutes, but which do not place the payload into orbit around the Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e9e86b0-d613-4069-abe2-8291a6fac3ef", - "label": "Titan 34D", - "broader": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", - "definition": "Still quite similar to the Titan III-C on which it was based, the Titan 34D was introduced in 1982 and could incorporate either the Transtage third stage or a new upper stage called an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). The IUS was a two-stage booster which effectively provided a third and fourth stage that allowed the Titan 34D to carry large military payloads into orbit. Performance of the Titan 34D was also improved by adding a one-half segment to the previous generation of Titan III solid rocket boosters, making a total of five and one-half segments per booster. The two resulting United Technologies solid rocket boosters burned Powered Aluminum/Ammonium Perchlorate solid fuel and could produce a combined thrust of 2,498,000 pounds. The first stage Aerojet engine could produce a thrust of 532,000 pounds. An Aerojet second stage engine could produce a 101,000-pound thrust. Both the first and second stage engines burned Aerozine 50/Nitrogen Tetroxide liquid fuel. The IUS first stage could produce a thrust of 62,000 pounds, while its second stage was capable of producing a 26,000-pound thrust. Both IUS stages were solid-fueled. The Titan 34D was able to carry a 27,500-pound payload to low-Earth orbit or a 4,200-pound payload to geostationary transfer orbit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a044e8ff-8225-4bba-85c4-80ea394e007b", - "label": "Titan IIID", - "broader": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", - "definition": "The Titan IIID or Titan 3D was an American expendable launch system, part of the Titan rocket family. Titan IIID was flown 22 times with KH-9 and KH-11 satellites between 1971 and 1982, all successful launches. It was designed for heavy LEO payloads.\n\nThe Titan IIID first flew on 15 June 1971, launching the first KH-9 satellite. It was retired from service in 1982, and replaced by the uprated Titan 34D. All launches occurred from Space Launch Complex 4E at Vandenberg Air Force Base.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-platformtype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-platformtype.json deleted file mode 100644 index 27629ba..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-platformtype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "label": "Platform Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "21581605-c47a-4e2b-8bdc-f99ccba14d64", - "label": "Aircraft", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "245a9adf-2db6-434a-a052-3931c4e18e00", - "label": "In Situ Land-based Platforms", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "269e6617-919c-455e-b3ae-5faa7483abf1", - "label": "Interplanetary Spacecraft", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415980f0-80de-4b1f-8937-6d32b4eb5fa3", - "label": "Maps/Charts/Photographs", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88719898-3f20-4af2-ab02-fb6e1546e61f", - "label": "Balloons/Rockets", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89ff9bda-137b-4bad-91fc-4183d83aad64", - "label": "Not provided", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab7ab46a-57e8-40f7-92ad-abafc1b94130", - "label": "Navigation Platforms", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6d7b54a-130d-49fc-a391-4ae0036fd7a0", - "label": "Space Stations/Crewed Spacecraft", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd6e607f-8709-45cf-9882-b14b82c9d931", - "label": "Models/Analyses", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0f89522-a581-4a24-9a49-ba738d700b70", - "label": "In Situ Ocean-based Platforms", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2c2bf0c-0b8d-4513-b5ec-b2260ea277f3", - "label": "Solar/Space Observation Satellites", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f48231d4-0d47-4208-9830-13a7d0e3c1bb", - "label": "Earth Observation Satellites", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-private.json b/resources/json/gcmd-private.json deleted file mode 100644 index e02b29a..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-private.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", - "label": "Private", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "66b8d019-a902-47de-b2d8-35e3acede573", - "label": "True", - "broader": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1e0b99e-b744-4351-b10e-c1641a9274cb", - "label": "False", - "broader": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-productflag.json b/resources/json/gcmd-productflag.json deleted file mode 100644 index 06f367f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-productflag.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", - "label": "Product Flag", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "49ec20fd-a4a3-407a-9c2d-463c416599ea", - "label": "DATA_PRODUCT_FILE", - "broader": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54019f73-1c31-4d77-9b3c-1554e73b0ae0", - "label": "Not provided", - "broader": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f4bc10d-f41f-4fe8-aae4-6a0eab3f6857", - "label": "INSTRUMENT_ANCILLARY_FILE", - "broader": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4278bde-151c-4801-8d22-8d8792927514", - "label": "SYSTEM/SPACECRAFT_FILE", - "broader": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ece2e7b5-d379-4efc-89c2-fbc3ede67768", - "label": "EXTERNAL_DATA", - "broader": "54cfb555-6e95-4e89-96b9-57863cbf732f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-productlevelid.json b/resources/json/gcmd-productlevelid.json deleted file mode 100644 index d11a70d..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-productlevelid.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "label": "Product Level Id", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "133f0bed-a48c-4a1a-8790-4f2485a55a4f", - "label": "1B", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3797d495-1849-4c33-bdb6-50e40d5b74e4", - "label": "2G", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bd06926-fde3-45f1-8895-678416d854f6", - "label": "2", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "808cdb91-d7eb-4625-96c5-0e2caed61636", - "label": "3", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87fdeb97-2d3e-4812-8540-b88f425d920c", - "label": "1A", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a930f39b-a41f-4122-8a79-c800960ffda5", - "label": "1", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acb6dc53-b39d-4590-8963-9cf2fa624b6a", - "label": "Not provided", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af090ded-5f1f-49bd-96ef-ebe2f4227e69", - "label": "4", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b58fa5bb-dfc7-4d6c-b240-161fe44c15d3", - "label": "0", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b85956c5-19b8-4e2a-bdae-358f9f1be0ab", - "label": "NA", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0adb8af-d267-48e5-bf19-7a1ac0c62b33", - "label": "1T", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f14f5874-765a-4d2b-af98-f681c870ec61", - "label": "2P", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-projectionauthority.json b/resources/json/gcmd-projectionauthority.json deleted file mode 100644 index 3b50362..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-projectionauthority.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,136 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "label": "Projection Authority", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03beaaba-1d89-463a-aa53-8cad8ee5b794", - "label": "2163", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c62f978-7718-4fda-a065-cd0e1ad7cfc6", - "label": "6931", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cb807b4-0c84-4afa-b0c2-3245a5125f41", - "label": "900913", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f967806-e67c-4ed3-847d-6542a03bd0b5", - "label": "3411", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36c63f5c-5306-4133-afd4-107343865cdf", - "label": "9822", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5834adab-8d9a-4be7-b6df-dba30f1e14bf", - "label": "4326", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b5767e2-7e1a-4c9a-97b4-a3bda1ee2835", - "label": "9807", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fe83cf2-682f-454c-a7f9-4fffb127fd3d", - "label": "54008", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67606429-5d07-4d23-af2d-9e3c7126a11e", - "label": "3410", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82a189c0-1264-4af1-8e3a-9ef8dfc3f3d1", - "label": "54003", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89653df0-3950-42f6-8716-8434db762179", - "label": "6933", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9abf55a2-7255-47b7-9cbe-8e6eecd1bcfc", - "label": "3408", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abf64b03-1a34-4daf-89c1-7f463183abe0", - "label": "26917", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d78d2f75-2098-442d-8299-4e498686eef7", - "label": "54009", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5704ba-fb6a-4733-8233-8fcbc6f36fab", - "label": "54004", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e27884cc-5a03-4d9d-bf4e-33522c78c509", - "label": "2000.63", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f648eff9-f5c3-4cb7-9aef-4a51e58dad03", - "label": "3395", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7ecfae5-dde6-4fcb-b415-d3172ab91ca7", - "label": "3785", - "broader": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-projectiondatumnames.json b/resources/json/gcmd-projectiondatumnames.json deleted file mode 100644 index 2d56dd1..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-projectiondatumnames.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "label": "Projection Datum Names", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a5e23990-f514-4015-ae8b-35fe6788c331", - "label": "North American Datum (NAD) 1927", - "broader": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b45a8880-f8d4-444b-9616-7093d17af970", - "label": "North American Datum (NAD) 1983", - "broader": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5d437f-4346-4ee7-89fb-bd6bbf71e8c6", - "label": "World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984", - "broader": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-projectionname.json b/resources/json/gcmd-projectionname.json deleted file mode 100644 index 8dc08a9..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-projectionname.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,367 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "label": "Projection Name", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00e170c5-050b-4e32-97b1-866875f9ab9f", - "label": "Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "021693f3-5219-46d1-80ef-7b919c1cb1ee", - "label": "NSIDC EASE Grid North and South (Lambert EA)", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0793e236-b391-4331-b53d-df4d898325ee", - "label": "Universal Transverse Mercator", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "079746fb-7e2e-4a2e-8631-ec4f1e1cf8a0", - "label": "MODIS Sinusoidal System", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b48ea57-c7c6-4f8d-989b-f230aad58c5c", - "label": "Cylindrical", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "120632ca-25aa-4bc5-8614-a826ce6203bf", - "label": "WGS 84 / NSIDC EASE-Grid South", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "175c8ba4-4e82-4017-a3eb-2513a3899332", - "label": "NAD83 / UTM zone 17N", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19600d71-1e28-4ed9-b54a-3278d3ac10bf", - "label": "NSIDC EASE Grid Global", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1daa2339-d062-4fc9-8526-43ff8d49282f", - "label": "Lambert Conic Conformal", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a75423c-60b8-4010-b87d-4f9d6ed1b4ba", - "label": "WGS 84 / UTM zone 24N", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "366b32d5-531b-4528-9407-f28ff8041708", - "label": "Lambert Equal Area", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "405dc152-9080-42ce-a951-d64b3d5a1b58", - "label": "NSIDC EASE-Grid Global", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48dd67b6-83bb-4a20-8355-0bd17191188b", - "label": "NSIDC Sea Ice Polar Stereographic South", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53738d17-38de-4bfa-aea4-120e58fe5ecf", - "label": "WGS 84 / UPS North (N,E)", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54d34e27-a65a-4c63-8480-c6e87c7807b3", - "label": "WGS 84 / North Pole LAEA Atlantic", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5961d03f-2ec4-4434-846f-0ef36d9bc106", - "label": "EASE Grid 2.0 N. 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"definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "644ac47c-e626-4f24-8ea3-3191bda7312c", - "label": "WGS 84 / North Pole LAEA Alaska", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6647fd5d-f8c6-4768-9e62-c1b657887ebb", - "label": "UTM Southern Hemisphere", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "713d7a61-0148-4206-b39a-4adb797c488d", - "label": "WGS 84 / NSIDC EASE-Grid North", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f5b14de-09f4-40fb-ad42-8624eba29d43", - "label": "Polar Stereographic", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83cb54aa-6239-4760-9a34-493d8df01bd9", - "label": "WGS 84 / North Pole LAEA Canada", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b07146f-b0c0-4ce6-9574-f2a833c297bb", - "label": "NSIDC Sea Ice Polar Stereographic North", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dd2020b-4806-4450-8a82-451aebb693e3", - "label": "Military Grid Reference", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91c87e1c-1c44-4c38-a746-cca0d0c57b01", - "label": "Plate Carree", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96e55211-8fc7-4db9-b2b2-3defbe5b4b28", - "label": "WELD Albers Equal Area", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9877bb7b-aab3-4705-9969-20aa156dc324", - "label": "EASE-Grid", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a62f6d1-1bf2-4864-9e44-356672dabea6", - "label": "Geographic", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a06b5f01-1655-49e9-9b43-aa1725a40295", - "label": "NSIDC EASE-Grid North", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2fb3f0f-ea63-4484-974a-fc22bf5e049d", - "label": "NSIDC EASE-Grid South", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a63c6013-3c1e-44a1-93a6-01907da538b5", - "label": "Cylindrical Equal Area", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b02906d6-2b4e-4abe-8d02-6115b9a78d96", - "label": "UTM Northern Hemisphere", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2643c4d-915a-42af-bfd1-2ca5f792d9da", - "label": "Transverse Mercator", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4db32ae-fef0-4a7e-a0c3-e36229456ec7", - "label": "WGS 84 / UPS South (N,E)", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b60e5313-8051-465b-bf03-2510e5d34a21", - "label": "WGS 84 / North Pole LAEA Bering Sea", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c00d4a75-7569-403f-b2a5-8d46a17d40e6", - "label": "WGS 84 / NSIDC EASE-Grid Global", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3c51bd2-cf16-4785-a846-838fed85a332", - "label": "World Mollweide", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9a729c9-a1ef-44f4-ab3b-5f2d95735abe", - "label": "WGS 84 / NSIDC Sea Ice Polar Stereographic South", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d08f2186-251c-4a3a-ad17-1827095f448b", - "label": "Sinusoidal", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d85c94ab-ebd1-4323-aa05-96e2ace3ad44", - "label": "State Plane Coordinates", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8bdb52f-1163-4f15-810e-ef3b624fd7c0", - "label": "WGS 84 / North Pole LAEA Europe", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "daf5324f-4320-4801-a8f0-db52738ab5c9", - "label": "Canadian Albers Equal Area Conic", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddbbe8d0-0a66-4167-a7f0-6a0f383ad5e7", - "label": "WGS 84 / North Pole LAEA Russia", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddc692ce-33a4-46fe-af58-fec8f89cb360", - "label": "Mercator", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2a7a67f-6087-4faf-8962-c42c90f58758", - "label": "WGS 84 / Antarctic Polar Stereographic", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f11794cc-c919-4d1b-b655-858aa0eae943", - "label": "WGS 84 / NSIDC Sea Ice Polar Stereographic North", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa08863a-ece9-4eb9-bed3-fe84ff2c2c48", - "label": "EASE-Grid 2.0", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fda3baa2-2e51-4e4a-abea-2677657d2eb6", - "label": "WGS84 - World Geodetic System 1984", - "broader": "9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-projects.json b/resources/json/gcmd-projects.json deleted file mode 100644 index a32d37a..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-projects.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13236 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "label": "Projects", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "label": "A - C", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "006d842b-9c63-498f-b198-9afdc16c91b6", - "label": "CEAREX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX) was conducted to\nstudy the processes regulating eastern Arctic Ocean exchange of\nmomentum, heat, and biomass. The primary CEAREX objectives were to\nunderstand the structure and function of mesoscale and submesoscale\nprocess in the transport of heat northward, and to understand the ice\nbehavior and associated acoustic ambient noise and coherence (CEAREX,\n1990).\nCEAREX was a multi-national, multi-platform field program carried out\nin the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and north to Svalbard, from\nSeptember 1988 through May 1989. Participating nations included\nCanada, Denmark, France, Norway, and the United States. The field\nprogram consisted of four phases: Polarbjorn Drift Phase, Whaler's\nBay/SIZEX Phase, Oceanography Camp Phase, and Acoustic Camp Phase.\nCEAREX collected data on meteorological conditions, bathymetry,\nhydrography, acoustic and ambient noise, sea ice dynamics\n(acceleration, deformation, stress), positions from GPS satellite\nmeasurements, and biophysical data. Data were collected using ship\nplatforms, ARGOS buoys, helicopter and aircraft, meteorology stations\non the drifting ice, rawinsonde, CTD casts, and satellites.\nCEAREX was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR).\nReference:\nPritchard, R.S., et al. 1990. 'CEAREX Drift Experiment', EOS\nTransactions of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 71, No. 40,\nOctober 2, 1990.\nContacts:\nDr. Robert S. Pritchard\nIce Casting, Inc.\n11042 Sand Point Way, NE\nSeattle, WA 98125-5846\nEmail: OMNET > r.pritchard\nClaire Hanson\nNational Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)\nCIRES, Campus Box 449\nUniversity of Colorado\nBoulder, CO 80309\nPhone: 303-492-1834\nFAX: 303-492-5171\nEmail: OMNET > c.hanson\n Internet > hanson@kryos.colorado.edu\nData Availability:\nThe CEAREX data is available on CD-ROM from the National Snow and Ice\nData Center (NSIDC). The CD-ROM contains CEAREX data as well as data\nfrom MIZEX 1983, 1984, 1987, and MIZEX West, SIZEX, and EUBEX.\nClaire Hanson\nNational Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)\nCIRES, Campus Box 449\nUniversity of Colorado\nBoulder, CO 80309\nPhone: 303-492-1834\nFAX: 303-492-5171\nEmail: OMNET > c.hanson\n Internet > hanson@kryos.colorado.edu", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00923bad-d9ac-4093-aca3-83d3e9ae3171", - "label": "CREEFS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An international cooperative effort to increase tropical taxonomic expertise, conduct a taxonomically diversified global census of coral reef ecosystems, and improve access to and unify coral reef ecosystem information scattered throughout the globe.\n\nCoral reefs are considered to be the most biologically diverse of all marine ecosystems. While individual reef systems likely host tens of thousands of species, most of this diversity remains undocumented. Significant declines in key indicators of reef ecosystem health suggest a degradation of coral reefs globally in response to the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors. The vulnerability of coral reef ecosystems is anticipated to increase significantly in response to climate change induced coral bleaching and disease, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and changing storm tracks. There is a clear danger that much reef biodiversity could be lost before it is even documented, and researchers will be left with a limited and poor understanding of undisturbed reef communities on which to base future management decisions. Under these rapidly changing conditions, a key goal for reef resource managers and policy makers over the next several decades will be the development of tools to increase the resilience of global communities through effective conservation of coral reef biodiversity. In order to develop reasonable approaches to improve the resilience of coral reef biodiversity, and to effectively use the ecosystem approach to management, it is first necessary to understand existing biodiversity and changes over time. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.creefs.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00ab1bb7-6b30-4be0-9ef5-68b5af38d991", - "label": "BDBP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Baltic Drainage Basin Project (BDBP) is a multi-disciplinary\nresearch project under the EU 1991-1994 Environment Research\nProgramme. It was developed as joint effort between the Beijer\nInstitute, Stockholm, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm\nUniversity and UNEP/GRID-Arendal.\n\nThe GIS database, mainly focusing upon land cover/land use and\npopulation, was developed as a joint effort between the Beijer\nInstitute, Stockholm; the Department of Systems Ecology,\nStockholm University; and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. The database was\nused for analytical purposes during the BDBP. Following this,\nthe GIS database was further refined and prepared for public\ndissemination. Concurrently, a number of maps in conventional\ngraphical formats were prepared and included. The GIS and Maps\ndatabase was first released in August 1995. Later, a number of\nstatistical tables, also derived from the GIS database, were\nincluded. The available data sets include administrative units,\narable lands, pasture lands, coastlines, land cover, population\ndensity, sub-watershed drainage basins, and wetland\ndistribution.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.grida.no/baltic/index.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by UNEP/GRID-Arendal", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "011bd4b2-3b6c-4f51-af8a-edbb9dde9073", - "label": "BANZARE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mawson organised and led the British, Australian and New Zealand\nAntarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) during the summers of 1929-31\nto explore the region of Antarctica directly south of Australia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01391b8e-33dd-4703-9881-dfb1ade8bcc7", - "label": "CGC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate and Global Change Program represents a National Oceanic\nand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) contribution to evolving\nnational and international programs designed to improve our ability to\nobserve, understand, predict, and respond to changes in the global\nenvironment. This program builds on NOAA's mission requirements and\nlong-standing capabilities in global change research and\nprediction. The NOAA Program is a key contributing element of the\nU.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), which is coordinated by\nthe interagency Committee on Environmental and Natural\nResources. NOAA's program is designed to complement other agencies'\ncontributions to that national effort.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01802b84-2ef2-495b-921a-46a53116f510", - "label": "AfSIS/CLIMATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01a9de18-14fc-4f38-a433-221d64829e0b", - "label": "BTF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BTF\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=214\n\nPolar environments are changing rapidly. Resulting impacts on terrestrial/freshwater ecosystems affect a) higher trophic levels and resources for Arctic residents, b) biodiversity in both polar regions and beyond due to the migration of many species, and c) land-atmosphere processes through changes in surface reflectivity and exchange of trace gases. \nPolar lands are vast and diverse and the knowledge of geographical variation in recent ecosystem change is limited. Attribution of change is difficult because the primary drivers vary from site to site and between the poles: at some sites multiple drivers of change (e.g. climate, UV-B, contaminants, habitat fragmentation) operate concurrently. \nBetween 1964 and 1974, a network of IBP* Tundra Biome sites was established in both polar areas. Intensive investigations of primary production, production processes, decomposition, plant community structure and soil fauna were carried out together with studies of freshwater ecosystems. These sites and many of the original researchers represent a unique asset for detecting multidecadal environmental change. IPY provides timely opportunities for collating data on past changes, passing knowledge to new generations of researchers and documenting environmental characteristics of sites to facilitate detection and attribution of future changes at IBP sites and others, and on IBP topics in an interdisciplinary context. \n\nGoals\n1. To assess multidecadal past changes in the structure and function of Polar terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and environments in relation to diverse divers of change \n2. To assess the current status of Polar ecosystems and their biodiversity\n3. To permanently record precise locations of old sites in order to perpetuate platforms for a) the assessment of future changes in Polar ecosystems and their environments and b) sampling for Polar research and assessment programmes.\n\nApproach\nIBP sites in both polar regions will be re-visited, documented, and pinpointed with GPS. IBP Tundra Biome alpine and temperate upland sites will be included: comparison among such diverse, cold sites gave increased information on the environmental controls of ecosystem processes. The cold, temperate sites are now even more relevant as they represent analogues of future, warmer, polar sites. BTF will also include appropriate non-IBP polar and sub-polar sites. Investigations of primary production, production processes, decomposition, plant community structure and soil fauna will be repeated using original techniques. Additional measurements (biological and non-biological) will be made following meetings of the BTF group and representatives of linked projects (e.g. ITEX*, IPA*, TARANTELLA*) to maximise the efficiency of time in the field in often remote localities and to ensure cross-disciplinary connections. \nBTF will include, or link to, remote sensing projects that will provide a larger geographical context (GOA*) and provide baseline information on vegetation structure from radar and laser remote sensing. The sites will provide validation for remote sensing and modelling communities. The network will also include other aspects of retrospective analysis of ecosystems (e.g. photographic records from the late 1960's) and populations (e.g. retrospective growth analyses) and provide sampling possibilities for various environmental assessments. The project will be implemented by younger researchers interacting with older generations. Data and metadata will be registered with the IPY Project COMAAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01b1a8ab-5c29-48cd-a283-713d74edf2e2", - "label": "AMEX/EMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The other experiments, AMEX (Australian Monsoon Experiment)\nconducted by the Bureau, EMEX (Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment)\nconducted by NOAA and a consortium of US universities, will\ninvestigate the synoptic environment and heat exchange processes\nin the Australian monsoon. The CSIRO F-27 aircraft will be\ninvolved in AMEX and will provide a platform for a series of\ntrace gas measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02963adc-1abc-48f9-95e3-546ab371ff50", - "label": "BIOGEOGRAFIA DE AVES MARINAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03866903-66a9-42d7-a5d6-aef57067da0d", - "label": "BLAST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Bromine Latitudinal Air/Sea Transect (BLAST) expeditions by\nNOAA/CMDL consisted of 3 cruises. BLAST I in 1994 in the Eastern\nPacific Ocean, BLAST II, also in 1994 in the Atlantic Ocean, and BLAST\nIII in 1996 in the Southern Oceans near Antarctica.\nThe BLAST I 1994 expedition was intended to test the reliabilty of a\ngas chromatograph / mass spectrometer (GC/MS) combination instrument\nat sea and then measure methyl bromide (CH3Br) in the marine air and\nthe surface waters of the East Pacific Ocean to determine whether the\nocean is a source or a sink for this compound. Along with methyl\nbromide, about 20 other compounds in both air and surface waters was\nmeasured. The BLAST I expedition started in Seattle, WA, crossed\nseveral regions of the East Pacific and reached the inland passage of\nChile at 41 degrees S, and finally Punta Arenas, Chile, at 54 degrees\nS about 4.5 weeks after its beginning. The NOAA Ship Discoverer (R\n102) was used in the BLAST I expedition.\nThe BLAST II 1994 cruise was a continuation of the BLAST I 94 mission\nin order to verify findings from the first cruise, but in the Atlantic\nOcean rather than the Pacific. In addition to all compounds that were\nmeasured during BLAST 94, other halogenated methanes were also\nmeasured. The cruise covered an equally wide latitudinal range as\nBLAST 94, similar oceanic regimes such as coastal and coastally\ninfluenced waters, upwelling regions and open ocean gyres, but\nslightly different seasons, fall in the northern hemisphere and spring\nin the southern hemisphere. The entire cruise was almost 5 weeks long\nand was conducted between 18 October, 1994 and 21 November, 1994. The\ndata for methyl bromide basically confirmed what was seen during BLAST\nI 94 and contributed valuable information to NOAA/CMDL's database for\nmethyl halides. The ship FS Polarstern, used for the BLAST II\nexpedition, operates out of Bremerhaven, Germany, and is run by the\nAlfred Wegener Polarforschung mainly as a research vessel and supply\nship for the German Antarctica station Georg von Neumayer.\nThe BLAST III cruise was conducted between February 22nd and April\n7th, 1996 from McMurdo, Antarctica, along the coast and through the\nice of Antarctica to Punta Arenas, Chile. This cruise was a\ncontinuation of previous BLAST cruises. The main focus on these\nexpeditions has been the measurement of methyl bromide and a suite of\nother methyl halides, very similar to the setup during BLAST II. The\nship Nathanial Palmer, used for the BLAST III expedition, is operated\nby Antarctic Support Associates which headquarters located in\nEnglewood, Colorado.\nReferences:\nNet Sink for Atmospheric CH3Br in the East Pacific Ocean, J.M. Lobert,\nJ.H. Butler, S.A. Montzka, L.S. Geller, R.C. Myers, and J.W. Elkins,\nScience 267, 1002-1005 (1995)\nBLAST 94: Bromine Latitudinal Air/Sea Transect 1994: Report on Oceanic\nMeasurements of Methyl Bromide and Other Compounds. J.M. Lobert,\nJ.H. Butler, L.S. Geller, S.A. Yvon, S.A. Montzka, R.C. Myers, A.D.\nClarke, and J.W. Elkins. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-10.\nThe Latitudinal Distribution of Atmospheric Sulfur Hexafluoride,\nL.S. Geller, J.W. Elkins, R.C. Myers, J.M. Lobert, and J.H. Butler.\nsubmitted to GRL (1996).\nThe distribution and cycling of halogenated trace gases between the\natmosphere and ocean. J.H. Butler, J.M. Lobert, S.A. Yvon, and\nL.S. Geller. In: G. Kattnetterer (eds.), The Expedition ANTARKTIS XII\nof FS Polarstern in 1994/95, Reports of Legs ANT XII/1 and 2.\nBerichte zur Polarforschung, Vol 168, 27-40, 1995. Bremerhaven,\nGermany: Alfred Wegener Instir Polar- und Meeresforschung.\nUndersaturations of CH3Br in the Southern Ocean, J.M. Lobert,\nS.A. Yvon-Lewis, J.H. Butler, S.A. Montzka, and R.C. Myers,\nGeophys. Res. Lett., 24(2), 171-172, 1997.\nBLAST I Contacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJurgen M. Lobert +1 303 497 7006 (tel) 7850 (fax) jurgen@fiji.ucsd.edu\nBLAST II and III Contacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJurgen M. Lobert +1 303 497 7006 (tel) 7850 (fax) jurgen@fiji.ucsd.edu\nShari A. Yvon +1 303 497 7015 (tel) 7850 (fax) syvon@cmdl.noaa.gov\nData are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account:\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/blast_94'\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/blast_ii'\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/blast_iii'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04ebf2ad-0d10-4e27-aeab-197b8670324b", - "label": "ACRIMII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The second Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM)\n satellite solar monitoring experiment (ACRIM II) has been\n providing total solar irradiance observations since its launch\n as part of the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) in\n late 1991. The UARS is a three-axis stabilized, Earth-oriented\n spacecraft with an orbit at inclination of 57 degrees and\n altitude 585 km. The UARS orbit provides about 60 minutes of\n sunlight in each orbit of which about 35 minutes are available\n for solar viewing. During this period the Solar/Stellar Pointing\n Platform points the instrument to the center of the Sun.\n\n For more information link to:\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/SOLAR/IRRADIANCE/uars.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0571653e-35f6-462c-ace6-91317ba2161f", - "label": "ACID-MODES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Acid Model Operational Diagnostic Evaluation Study (Acid MODES),\nwas funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (59 Eulerian Model\nEvaluation Field Study (EMEFS) sites including variability (VAR) and\ngradient (GRAD) special study sub-networks). The Acid MODES\nvariability sub-network was a four-site cluster of sites used to\nevaluate spatial concentration variability on the 80 - 100 km grid\nscale of the models being evaluated. The gradient sub-network\nsimilarly provided a higher spatial network resolution in an area\nwhere sharp spatial concentration gradients were observed in previous\nstudies. The study operated from 6/1/1988 to 5/30/1990 over the\nEastern USA.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/acid.htm' for more information\non the Acid MODES.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05f19de3-48f6-4461-ad70-ee55333a1ee4", - "label": "COP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "COP provides scientific information to assist decision makers in\nmeeting the challenges of managing our Nation's coastal resources. COP\ntargets critical issues which exist in the Nation's estuaries, coastal\nwaters, and Great Lakes. COP translates its findings into accessible\ninformation and the transfer of technology to coastal managers,\nplanners, lawmakers, and the public. Its aim is to create near-term\nand continuous improvements in environmental decisions affecting the\ncoastal ocean and its resources.\n\nThe Coastal Ocean Program provides a focal point through which the\nagency, together with other organizations with responsibilities for\nthe coastal environment and its resources, can make significant\nstrides toward finding the solutions that will protect coastal\nresources and ensure their availability and well-being for future\ngenerations.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cop.noaa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "061abbeb-2278-4274-a632-664a82cf7a0d", - "label": "COUNTRY FOOD SAFETY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The food-borne parasites Trichinella nativa, Toxoplasma gondii, and Anisakis simplex are significant Arctic human zoonoses; endemic to some regions and directly related to the consumption of country foods. Many Northerners remain reliant on wildlife as a source of food, financial income and cultural identity and are demanding programs which will provide greater security in the safety of country foods and programs that ensure the long-term sustainability of wildlife populations. Changing climatic conditions are predicted to alter wildlife habitat, facilitate the northward migration of wildlife diseases and parasites, and alter contaminant cycling and fate; all of which have the potential to detrimentally affect the health and long term sustainability of wildlife populations and ultimately the source and safety of country foods (ACIA 2004; Boonstra 2004; Derocher et al. 2003; Harvell et al., 2002; Hoberg et al., 2002; Kutz et al. 2004; Lie et al. 2004 & 2005). Adequate baseline data (benchmarks) regarding the current health conditions of wildlife (including zoonotic pathogens) is therefore urgently needed for the assessment and prediction of wildlife health impacts resulting from the cumulative impacts of multiple stressors associated with climate change and exposure to anthropogenic contaminants.\n\nIssues regarding potential impacts to Arctic wildlife health and the safety of country foods are complex and will require an integrated approach from a wide range of scientific and social disciplines. The work outlined in this proposal will integrate well in a supportive manner with other IPY proposals (710, 742, 364, 261- Canadian #, and 231) focussed on wildlife health and social aspects.\n\nDuring 2007 to 2009 we propose the following:\nOverall objectives –\n1. Document distribution and abundance of Trichinella nativa, Toxoplasma gondii, and Anisakis simplex in Arctic/subarctic wildlife.\n2. Develop community capacity for ongoing detection and monitoring of above zoonotic pathogens through the development of a community-based testing program in order to provide Northerners rapid information regarding the safety of harvested country foods. This program will build upon other currently existing initiatives such as the Nunavik and Nunavut Trichinellosis Prevention Programs with the purpose enhancing the science, and broadening the present scope of services and capacity building within the communities. Once this framework is established it will be expanded to monitoring a variety of biological ‘indicators’ in various wildlife species in order to begin the process of establishing baseline benchmarks regarding wildlife health by engaging local hunters from selected communities to report on general health indices (i.e., body condition, behavior, pathogen observations). The collection of wildlife health indices will be modeled after the Nunavut Wildlife Health Assessment project and the Shatu Community based monitoring program which have been administered by investigators of this current proposal.\n3. Facilitate the collection of wildlife samples for other researchers outside of this project. It is recognized that the collective impact of multiple IPY research request to northern communities will present a daunting task to local Hunter and Trapper Organizations / Associations within Canada, and similar organizations in other circumpolar locations. We propose to help avoid duplication of sampling effort by working in a liaison manner with the local hunter organization and northern communities for which we have already established a measure of familiarity and trust.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=186", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "074f1aec-503d-4830-8d7c-3ece00ddf37d", - "label": "CLASIC07", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07500391-44a7-4752-a0ac-41c6e7d58917", - "label": "CLARET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Dr.Eberhard and his associates are studying the information on clouds\nuniquely available from CO2 lidar, which operates in the 9-11\nmicrometer wavelength range. Techniques are being developed to\nmeasure mean (or effective) radius of cloud drop size distributions,\nand discriminate between water and ice clouds using\nwavelength-dependent backscatter and extinction. Cloud dynamics using\nDoppler measurements of particle motions are also being investigated.\nThe coupling of data from this lidar with other sensors,\n(e.g. mm-wavelength radar), provides other important parameters such\nas vertical profiles of number concentration, effective radius, and\nice water content of cirrus clouds. The phenomenon of zenith-enhanced\nlidar backscatter from oriented crystals has also been systematically\nexamined. The LIDAR method is used to extract optical depth and\nemissivity of clouds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "076d61a5-e39d-4c9b-ba78-2eea650781a5", - "label": "AFSIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) is developing continent-wide digital soil maps for sub-Saharan Africa using new types of soil analysis and statistical methods, and conducting agronomic field trials in selected sentinel sites. These efforts include the compilation and rescue of legacy soil profile data, new data collection and analysis, and system development for large-scale soil mapping using remote sensing imagery and crowdsourced ground observations.\n\nThe project area includes ~17.5 million km2 of continental sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), an area that encompasses more than 90% of Africa’s human population living in 42 countries. The project area excludes hot and cold desert regions based on the recently revised Köppen-Geiger climate classification, as well as the non-desert areas of Northern Africa.\n\nhttp://africasoils.net/data/overview", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07a12d76-3794-4d1f-8db3-96a4c9814d54", - "label": "25090-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "086f7566-5193-4bc3-a75a-c073e379bbe9", - "label": "ACCP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program (ACCP) was an investigation to determine the theoretical and empirical basis for remote sensing of nitrogen and lignin concentrations in vegetation canopies of different ecosystems. The ACCP data consist of AVIRIS images, laboratory chemical analysis of field samples, laboratory spectra and chemical analyses from several mini-canopy experiments, and canopy modeling data.\n\nApproximately 1000 leaf samples from fresh forest foliage were collected from 5 geographically distinct sites and analyzed at the University of New Hampshire to determine carbon constituents (non-polar, polar, cellulose, and lignin) content using a series of extractions, and nitrogen content using a standard combustion procedure. Results were used as a calibration set for Visible/NIR reflectance and the estimation of carbon and nitrogen concentrations at both the leaf and canopy level. The canopy level study used high spectral resolution data from NASA's AVIRIS to estimate canopy level nitrogen and lignin concentration for the study sites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08ac9d05-1676-4556-b097-ee82fc162918", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/AOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) research seeks to understand\nthe arctic marine environment and its role in climate and global\nchange. The arctic marine environment is an interactive system\ncomprising the water, ice, air, biota, dissolved chemicals, and\nsediments of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Through feedback\nprocesses that are only partially understood, this system has a\nsignificant impact on global climate, and in turn is highly sensitive\nto environmental perturbations originating elsewhere.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://nsidc.org/arcss/projects/oaii.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09d79dd9-9c84-4625-ad55-3e2edf2393e0", - "label": "C-AMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Enhanced ObservingPeriod (CEOP) seeks to establish an integrated global observing system for the water cycle which responds to both scientific and social needs. It is built as the foundation of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization(WMO) and Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) under the framework of the Integrated Global Observing Strategy partnership (IGOS-P).\n\nObjectives:\n\nCEOP is an effort to address some of the critical aspects of the climate system involving land areas in particular over a 2 year period beginning in mid-2001. It will focus on two overall issues: 1) water and energy fluxes and reservoirs over land areas, and 2) monsoonal circulations. CEOP will involve the simultaneous or near-simultaneous collection of observations from several regions around the world. In particular, it will include: 1) several reference sites in the continental-scale experimental regions of GEWEX as well as other regions, 2) extensive field measurements for addressing monsoonal systems, and 3) validation studies for new satellite systems CEOP will lead to: 1) better understanding of water and energy fluxes and reservoirs over specific land areas, 2) progress at better appreciating the role of land areas in the whole climate system, 3) a testing of our capabilities to transfer techniques and models between different GEWEX continental-scale experimental (and other) regions and to predict water-related parameters and, 4) enhanced understanding of the land-atmosphere-ocean interactions. CEOP Enhanced Observing Period 1 (EOP-1) covers the time period from 1 July 2001 through 30 September 2001.\n\nSummary provided by http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/projs?CEOP%2FEOP-1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a2a66b4-1142-462a-9fae-850942ea0e8a", - "label": "CAMP-CEOP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP), which is built as the foundation of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)and the framework of Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P),seeks to establish an integrated global observing system for the water cycle which responds to both scientific and social needs.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.ceop.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a33b584-f70c-4949-8178-8d13e4bc9a93", - "label": "ARCTIC PORTAL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Arctic Portal\nProject URL: http://www.arcticportal.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=388\n\n\nThough the creation of the Arctic Portal concept, ( a web portal, accessible through the internet, focused on the Arctic and the Arctic Council ) the feasibility study, and preliminary design elements originate within the Arctic Council, and it is the Arctic Council that will launch the Arctic Portal, the Portal has four main components: \nArctic Council:\nThe Arctic Portal will enable the Arctic Council to operate more efficiently, maximizing limited financial and human resources. It will serve to enhance the operations of the Working Groups, Permanent Participants (Indigenous Peoples Organizations), and Observer countries and organizations. It will provide a means for the Working Groups and their Secretariats to establish better communication and cooperation on those elements of day-to-day operations that they share in common, such as a common calendar, joint project directory, and on-line document library, none of which currently exist. The Arctic Portal will also allow for the Arctic Council to hold virtual meetings. This will enable better meeting attendance by the Indigenous Peoples Organizations and other interested stakeholders who have limited financial and staff resources. \nProfessional/Scientific: \nThe Arctic Portal may serve as a main storage of data and provide interactive working venues on the web for research projects in the Arctic, including those of the Arctic Council Working Groups, providing data management and analysis capabilities. Two such projects, submitted as IPY projects are the CBMP and COMAAR. Remote sensing data, and GIS-mapping will now be possible as well through the Arctic Portal, and it will link data from the different Working Groups and scientific projects in the Arctic more easily and cost-effectively. Professionals located across the globe will have better access to data and information sharing through this Portal, including the use of virtual meetings and access to password-protected draft documents. This is especially relevant with Working Group Assessments which involve experts from many different regions, not just the Arctic.\nIndigenous Peoples Organizations/Communities:\nThe Arctic Portal will serve the Indigenous Peoples Organizations of the Arctic Council as well as other Arctic Indigenous communities. It will provide a gateway into a multi-media/multi-lingual site where culture, history and language can be shared and preserved. Stories, maps and photographs of sacred sites, customs, and historical facts can be shared using audio, video, and photography. In addition, this is where important issues of concern can be presented, such as climate change and the changes in migration patterns of species on which livelihoods depend. It will be a tool to help with regional development issues and will communicate many different levels of information, for primary and secondary education up to national and regional governments and policymakers. Intellectual property rights will be correctly addressed with all such information put on the Arctic Portal. \nGeneral Public:\nThe Arctic Portal will make it much easier to download and order Arctic publications using the online document library. It will also provide basic information about the Arctic and its residents, species of flora and fauna, the state of the environment and the current issues being addressed by researchers and policy makers in a simple format for use by educators and the general public. Different maps of the Arctic countries can be made easily available, as well as publications for the public by national agencies of each of the Arctic countries. A general calendar of events will be created to serv the interest of the general public, professionals and other interested stakeholders.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0adad482-4712-47c7-a676-80cfbddb7c41", - "label": "ABRACOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ABRACOS project is a collaboration between the Agencia Brasileira de\nCooperacao and the UK Overseas Development Administration. Data is made\navailable by the UK Istitute of Hydrology and the Instituto Nacional de\nPesquisas Espaciais (Brazil-INPE).\nDatasets relating to Climate, Micrometeorology, Evaporation, Physiology,\nCarbon Dioxide Fluxes, and Soil Physics have been produced by this project.\nThe ABRACOS datasets are available via World Wide Web.\n\nLink to: 'http://lba.cptec.inpe.br/lba/prelba/abracos/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b456b7b-b3a1-4840-841f-4277ce175a41", - "label": "CHRONOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CHRONOS provides services for geospatial data via WFS and WMS capabilities URL's can be found to the right of this page. In addition, several tutorials will be provided examples of the use of these resources. \n\nGIS client:\nCHRONOS is integrating the Cartoweb open source cross platform GIS client into the geospatially enabled data sources. The goal is to connect data searched geospatially into the other searches (text and time based) at the CHRONOS site. Also we will connect these with external open data source reachable via service calls. Integrating searches regardless of the user interface is a goal to address the need for researchers to quickly and effectively locate data related to their research efforts. \n\nSummary provided by http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=search_gis", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b578aa0-e4f0-4af1-95d3-6b2093ed80a7", - "label": "CBMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CBMP\nProject URL: http://arcticportal.org/en/caff/cbmp\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=133\n\nWhat is the CBMP?\n- The CBMP is an international network of key scientists and conservation experts from 8 Arctic countries, including indigenous organizations. \n- It collaborates to document the dramatic changes in the North, why these changes occur and what can be done about them.\n\nWhy is the CBMP needed?\n- Public interest in Global Change is high and increasing. Key question: What is happening to the climate and the environment, particularly in the North where changes are predicted to be most intense. \n- Political support is high: Environment Ministers from all 8 Arctic countries ordered in November 2004 that a CBMP be launched as soon as possible.\n- Good circumpolar information is needed to make the best conservation decisions as pressures on the Arctic increase.\n- With the international polar year coming up in 2007, timing is right to ramp up monitoring efforts on a circumpolar basis.\n- Collaboration increases efficiency and impact of conservation work, compared to each country working alone on these issues. \n\nWhere is the CBMP at?\n- The CBMP has just been officially launched on Sept 8, 2005, at an international meeting in Cambridge, England\n- The Cambridge meeting also achieved the following:\no Brought together almost 60 key arctic scientists and conservation experts\no Selected a suite of 12 indicator areas to be monitored\no Developed a data management strategy\no Confirmed collaboration with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre as the main data hub\no Established remote sensing and community monitoring task teams\no Confirmed financial support from Microsoft Research for up to 5 years and substantial in kind and monetary support from Canada\no Confirmed Canada as the lead country for the CBMP \no Established an international secretariat for the CBMP with full time staff to oversee implementation of the program\n\nWhat are the next steps and longer term goals?\n- Stepping up circumpolar monitoring efforts to document changes in Arctic Biodiversity\n- Monitor key drivers of change and a suite of 12 key indicators\n- Report on why biodiversity is changing and what can be done about it\n- Develop a web portal that displays monitoring information and policy advise\n- Development of a Polar Global Environmental Outlook report.\n- Develop a high profile Arctic Biodiversity Assessment by 2010", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b66955e-f979-41bd-9fa4-69536fc698d4", - "label": "ARIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) Project will bring geodetic imaging capabilities to an operational level in support of local, national, and international hazard science and response communities.\n\nThe Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) Project, a joint effort of California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is developing the infrastructure to generate imaging products in near real-time that can improve situational awareness for disaster response. The ARIA Project is also developing provide automated imaging and analysis capabilities necessary to keep up with the increase in raw data from geodetic imaging missions planned for launch by NASA, as well as international space agencies.\n\nMore Information: https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ce6939f-a7c4-4828-a4a5-bab96f27dfb5", - "label": "CESIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "There have been a number of initiatives in recent years to generate indicators\nof national-level sustainability, resilience and vulnerability, yet obtaining\nthe data behind these efforts is often difficult. Even where data are publicly\navailable for download, combining them with other indicators or ingesting them\ninto other databases can be problematic. Through this compendium SEDAC has\nsought to make the acquisition, comparison and analysis of sustainability\nindicators easier by compiling them in a single database, incorporating\nmultiple country codes, and condensing the indicator descriptions into short\nmethodological summaries in an accompanying metadata database.\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d816d98-ad26-4e2c-abee-77161da7d02d", - "label": "B-CILCAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: B-CILCAS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=390\n\nSpiders are important general predators of insects and other arthropods in all terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. In addition they are an important food source for smaller vertebrates, like birds. Therefore they act as important key nodes in the arctic food web. The proposed project aims at an extensive documentation of the current status of arctic spider biodiversity and genetic diversity and at the evaluation of climate change-driven modification of spider lifecycles.\n\nArctic spider biodiversity has been addressed selectively, but not yet comprehensively. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the assessment of spider diversity allows to conclude on the diversity of all arthropods in a given habitat. In addition, spiders, especially lycosids (wolf spiders), are valid model organisms for the monitoring of climate change impact on arctic habitats and their microclimate. In fact, spiders adapt their lifecycle frequencies to microclimatic conditions. Since in the arctic lifecycles take up to several years, changes will almost instantly be assessable by analysis of the life stages present. \n\nOur aim is to combine an arctic-wide spider biodiversity survey and the monitoring of climate induced lifecycle changes in a set of model species at several circum-arctic locations. For the first aim, surveys will be conducted at a selected set of locations, to assess data across the arctic, partly linked to existing stations and other IPY reference sites and projects. In addition, we try to extend our resolution by including students of the whole arctic via the GLOBE project. Collected specimens will be identified by spider taxonomy experts, and characterized using molecular markers for a subset of samples, to address genetic diversity. \n\nOn the long-term, dynamics of species and genetic biodiversity, shall be addressed. This will allow to estimate speed of speciation in the arctic and the time of isolation between distant populations. We will extend existing field methodologies, e.g. pitfall trapping, by establishing complementary new ones, which allow direct monitoring of microclimate changes in arctic habitats. \n\nMajor methodologies will be: (1) pitfall trap and hand collection, classic taxonomy, voucher specimen deposition in museum collections, assembly of a biodiversity database. (2) Microclimate measurements and correlation to biodiversity data. (3) morphometric and statistic lifecycle analysis based on pitfall trap data for selected species of the lycosids. (4) Long term RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) based remote sensing of microchip tagged spiders (lycosids) in semi-closed experimental plots, in order to address activity data, which will be correlated as a baseline to pitfall trap data and allow to record minor activities during winter and cold periods. (5) Manipulated test plots (artificial heating, etc.), in order to simulate microclimate induced lifecycle changes in lycosids directly. (6) Genetic analysis of distant populations, latitudinal and longitudinal. \n\nFor most activities, instant setup at several circum-arctic locations is possible. The RFID-technique will have to be tested first at one location. At a later phase, a standardized setup can be implemented into a variety of circum-arctic locations. All data will be linked to microclimate data as well as general climate data and will be made available to the general public via databases and scientific publications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0dd5a2d9-987d-4a29-9387-89bec0e531f8", - "label": "CIYCP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CIYCP\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=446\nOver a million indigenous people inhabit the circumpolar Arctic. Understandably, one of their main priorities over the past decade has been to improve their social and economic well-being and increase their political voice. However, in light of the ominous predictions about the impacts of global warming on the Arctic ecosystem and the recent rash of catastrophic natural events in both hemispheres, there is growing recognition that significant attention also needs to be paid to protecting the natural environment, which is the third component of sustainable development. For this, much of the burden will fall to the youth who make up well over 50% of the Arctic's indigenous populations and are acknowledged as one of the world's fastest growing demographic groups. \n\nAs they move into adulthood, these young people will soon be faced with the challenge of achieving sustainable livelihoods while protecting their natural environment and conserving its ecological resources and integrity. This will mean making hard choices between oft-competing land and resource uses while maintaining a healthy and reasonable balance between economic, environmental, cultural and social goals. Their task will be further compounded by differing social perceptions and by economic, political and environmental decisions made in multinational and global fora. To help them better face these challenges, it is prudent to begin equipping them with the proper knowledge and skills they will need to make informed decisions on their environment and on sustainable resource use, to acquaint them with global and regional environmental instruments and issues and to engage them early in the ongoing processes, dialogue and debates. This Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Project consists of three inter-related components designed to achieve these goals. \n\nThe three components of the Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Project are:\n\n- A series of Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Workshops to a) better familiarise indigenous youth from the north with contemporary conservation and sustainable use issues and instruments, b) provide them with an opportunity to exchange ideas on the environment and on conservation, and c) seek their input on priorities and future directions for this pilot Circumpolar Conservation Project. A preliminary design for Workshop I has been completed. The executing agency for this component will be the Toronto Zoo.\n\n- An updateable two-part Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Guide to a) educate and inform young indigenous people on the various global and regional conservation instruments, programmes and organisations relevant to the north, and b) provide an overview of important conservation issues and challenges of particular relevance for northern indigenous peoples. A preliminary design for the two parts of the Guide has been prepared. The executing agency for this component will be Twin Dolphins.\n\n- A pilot Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Network, initially set up on a trial basis, to a) provide a participatory mechanism for northern indigenous youth to become more involved and engaged in conservation issues and debates, b) integrate them into the processes of conservation and c) to provide them with an ongoing opportunity for dialogue and input. This component is being addressed from both a technical and a content standpoint. It will be carried out in three phases beginning with a Technical Experts Meeting, followed by a Feasibility Study and by a Trial Implementation and Evaluation phase to be carried out in co-operation with several northern schools across the Arctic. A preliminary description of the phases of Component III has been prepared and investigations are now underway to select the appropriate agencies and schools to execute the Network component.\n\nNote: The project proponents are currently investigating the potential of adding a fourth component as a corollary to this Project. This would be a circumpolar network of ex-situ conservation facilities to include, inter alia, the Toronto Zoo and zoos from other countries with expertise in Arctic conservation. These facilities would supplement, complement and enhance the education and outreach components of the Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Project. The project proponents are currently investigating adding this as a corollary component. \n\nThis Project is consistent with and responds to the overall objectives of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan; the Millennium Development Goals and Strategy; the UN Decade of Education; and is consistent with the goals and objectives of major Regional and Global Conservation Instruments and Programmes", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e08dbf2-162a-4dbf-a60e-ab55ffeefa3c", - "label": "ANTARCTIC GEODESY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Geoscience Australia plays a key role in the Antarctic region through its field work and computations carried out in the Geodesy program, as well as its participation in the Geoscience Standing Scientific Group (GSSG), part of the international committee, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).\n\nSCAR provides a forum for scientists of all countries with research activities in the Antarctic to discuss their field activities and promote cooperation and collaboration in scientific research amongst Antarctic Treaty Nations.\n\nThe surveying, mapping and geoscientific research activities of Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research are coordinated through the Geoscience Standing Scientific Group.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/antarc/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e7404f6-1094-47e8-a967-a1e0247e024b", - "label": "COMPASS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: COMPASS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=267\n\nCOMPASS provides an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to understanding the input of Antarctica into global climate formation during the observation period of IPY 2007-2008. COMPASS is realised through following four themes:\n1. Records of Antarctic climate variability and change\n2. Climate processes at the Antarctic central and coastal zones\n3. Southern Hemisphere teleconnections and land - air - sea - ice interactions\n4. Antarctica and the global climate system\n\nThe COMPASS Project cluster has the goal of creating a definitive, high quality data set of IPY Antarctic standard meteorological observations for use in climate research and applied studies. The project results will be freely available to the Antarctic community. The primary source of COMPASS Project data will be the netwoirk of Antarctic manned research stations and automatic weather stations (AWSs) being actively operating during IPY period observational period.\nThis proposal describes IPY activities grouped in the Antarctic Meteorology cluster of EOIs that contribute to the goals of COMPASS.\n\nObjectives:\n1. To obtain a synoptic circumpolar snapshot of the atmospheric environment of the Southern Hemisphere (collaboration with other IPY activities will extend the snapshot to include solar radiation, trace gases, permafrost and geomagnetism).\n2. To enhance understanding of the role of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric processes in present climate, including teleconnections between polar and lower latitudes, connections between synoptic, mesoscale and large-scale circulation systems, solar radiation cloudy feedbacks, greenhouse gases emission, land - air- - sea - ice interactions.\n\nOutcomes/Deliverables:\n1. Improved description of atmosphere features for a better understanding of southern polar climate processes.\n2. Proof of concept of a viable, cost-effective, sustained observing system for the southern polar regions (including land, atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere).\n3. A baseline for the assessment of future climate change.\n\nMajor field programs:\n1. A circumpolar data set of full multi-disciplinary measurement program with extending from the Antarctic continent northward to Sub-Antarctic Islands, including current surface (00, 06, 12, 18 GMT) and upper-air observations (00, 12, GMT) (totally about 120 synoptic parameters).\n2. An enhanced circumpolar dataset of solar radiation measurements, including UV-B radiation variability based on surface observations, satellite data and model estimations.\n3. An enhanced circumpolar dataset of cloud cover parameters variability, including number of cloudy levels, top and bottom boundary height of clouds, water content of clouds and so on (totally about 40 parameters) based on surface observations, upper-air data diagnosis, satellite information, lidar measurements (EOI 757).\n4. An enhanced circumpolar dataset of precipitation and snow cover parameters variability, including precipitation correction procedure.\n5. Greenhouse gases dataset formation, based on surface and satellite data.\n6. Dataset on atmospheric aerosol composition and distribution.\n7. Automatic Weather Stations information and data quality control.\n8. Atmospheric boundary layer turbulent flux measurements (EOI 805).\n9. Synoptic map collection and macro-scale circulation form classification.\n\nThe observations will be integrated closely with modelling studies using a variety of approaches (global and regional atmospheric models, photo-chemical models, coupled climate models (EOI 582)).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e9111f2-ca44-41da-8104-9b95d58e74c1", - "label": "ABLE-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Flow structures and scalar dispersions in urban boundary layers are analyzed, using large eddy simulation with an explicitly resolved urban geometry. Two types of urban surface geometry have been investigated. One is large square/staggered arrays of uniform building with various areal densities (Experiment-1), and the other is a real 3-D building geometry using GIS-data of Tokyo Metropolitan area (Experiment-2).\n\nThe purpose of the Experiment-1 is to obtain basic knowledge for making simple urban canopy models for meso-scale simulations. First, a passive scalar was released at a constant flux from all constituent surfaces under fully-developed turbulent flows, and then a dataset of relative value of local transfer coefficients of each constituent surface was constructed for a wide range of simple building arrays. Second, simulations with a constant heat flux to one of the constituent surfaces (four vertical walls, roof, and floor, respectively) were performed. The results revealed that the heating of windward-wall generates significantly larger Reynolds stress than the heating of the other surfaces even though the heat fluxes per unit lot area are all the same.\n\nThis summary is from http://ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2006/techprogram/paper_104296.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eaeb9f1-4f3a-483e-a470-266738c7604c", - "label": "COHMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "COHMEX was conducted in the vicinity of Huntsville, Alabama during\nJune-July, 1986. The objectives of this field experiment were to\ninvestigate the morphology, dynamics, microphysics, and electrical\nevolution of storms and the relation of storm electrical activity to\nprecipitation and dynamical processes. The primary instrumentation\nused in quantifying storm electrification included the ER-2 LIP,\n4-station MSFC lightning direction finder network, NCAR research\nradars, and T-28 field mills.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f116222-4f9c-491a-a3d9-5fe414d99e3d", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC DRAG EXPERIMENT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This experiment was designed to determine nonsystematic changes of\nupper atmospheric density by conducting studies of the drag on a 3.6-m\ndiameter, low-density sphere caused by short-term variations in solar\nactivity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f6028cf-a319-463b-868a-efef41a6c3d8", - "label": "AGAGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) began in\n1994, continuing a global network program to provide continuous\nmeasurements of methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O) and\nChloroflurocarbons CFCl3 (CFC-11), CF2Cl2 (CFC-12), and CF2ClCFC12\n(CFC-113); methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3); chloroform (CHCl3), and carbon\ntetrachloride (CCl4). The network includes observation stations\nsituated at different sites throughout the world: Cape Grim, Tasmania;\nPoint Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged Point, Barbados; and Mace Head,\nIreland; and Trinidad Head, California. Stations existed at Cape\nMeares, Oregon and Adrigole, Ireland. The AGAGE is the third phase of\na monitoring network consisting of the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment\n(ALE) and the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE). The AGAGE\nphase began in 1994.\nThe ALE phase (1978-1986) utilized the Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas\nchromotographs; the GAGE phase utilized the HP5880 gas chromotagraphs;\nand the recently initiated Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases\nExperiment (AGAGE) uses a new fully automated system from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed HP5890 and\nCarle Instruments gas chromotographic components.\nThe ALE/GAGE/AGAGE daily and monthly data are available via anonymous\nFTP from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) as\nfollows:\nftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov\ncd pub/ale_gage_Agage/\nor\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/'\nThe subdirectory, Agage, contain data from the AGAGE phase of the\nexperiment.\nFurther information can be obtained from:\nCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nBuilding 1000, MS-6335\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6335\nPhone: 423-574-4791\nFAX: 423-574-2232\nEmail: cdp@ornl.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10dacf4d-3058-43a2-9cc4-9752ff5f6859", - "label": "CROPCLIM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "In the coming decades the agricultural sector faces many challenges stemming from growing global populations, land degradation, and loss of cropland to urbanization. Although food production has been able to keep pace with population growth on the global scale, periodically there are serious regional deficits, and poverty related nutritional deficiencies affect close to a billion people globally. In this century climate change is one factor that could affect food production and availability in many parts of the world, particularly those most prone to drought and famine.\n\nThese data sets are based on two studies that use similar methods to identify likely impacts of climate change on crop yields. The first, Potential Impacts of Climate Change on World Food Supply: Data Sets from a Major Crop Modeling Study, was released in 2001, and the second, Effects of Climate Change on Global Food Production from SRES Emissions and Socioeconomic Scenarios, was released in 2009.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11d3fa4f-55d2-48d4-bace-85881d916e1f", - "label": "CLUE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CLUE\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=337\n\nLife in the Arctic is changing very fast, and there are serious problems behind the façade of its modernization process. High rates of morbidity and mortality, increased migration, unemployment and crisis of the native economies are taking place in many Arctic countries along with aggravated environmental problems contamination and degradation of the natural environment, rapid climate change, and shrinking of the pristine and traditional land use areas. Interdependence of social, economic and environmental problems, with their particular manifestations in the regions of traditional subsistence by indigenous peoples, require development of specific methods of scientific inquiry, aimed at understanding the various national and local approaches to their solutions. Northern populations, depending upon how they are recognized within a wide variety of legal and political frameworks, thereby obtain access to land-based resources. The immemorial presence of people on the land has often provided the justification for their confirmed rights or stipulated privileges (an important distinction) with regard to land use. Once states have defined who can access land resources and what kinds of usage such access might entail, however, a circular dynamic is formed whereby categories of people (and even historically well-defined groups) aspire to be 'recognized' according to these legal criteria. The concept of 'indigenous people' has come to mean different things in different countries and to be associated with a wide variety of accompanying land use regulations. Even the size of a defined ethnic group can be of significance with respect to resource use, as in Russia where placement of peoples on the list of the 'small peoples of the North' holds great significance for their land rights and development, but might also thereby come to disqualify them from membership in a larger group with certain rights of political autonomy. In effect, there are compelling reasons for how groups manage to present themselves and different strategies that must be employed according to the different criteria established by their encompassing states. Similarly, the distinction between group and category is also open to strategic negotiation. In the West, new Indian tribes have been 'constructed' in order to form effective lobbies for environmental protection. This ongoing circular dynamic whereby historical land use has come to define people, and the definition of people has come to define their land use rights, is of essential significance to the sustainability of the human dimension in the North.\nThe proposed research methodology will be based on anthropological fieldwork accompanied by semi-structured sociological interviews of both members of local northern populations, members of their representative organizations and also government resource administrators. We shall seek to establish the current 'rules of the game' with respect to definitions, eligibility criteria, and accompanying land rights/privileges. We will also seek to uncover the tensions between and within groups (haves and have nots) generated by these systems. We are interested in how, in effect, the system developed historically and politically. Current tensions will also outline the course of future changes. It is our conviction that these systems generate the seeds to their own future development. Hence research will focus upon current dissatisfactions and hopes and will also ask informants to speculate on possible corrective measures and what the effects of such measures might be if taken. We will thereby obtain material with a continuity of time depth as well as comparative material from different circumpolar countries. As each country deals with the much the same issues from different vantage points in national policy, and increasingly through similar foundations ratified in international conventions, such research into the pros and cons of various regulatory systems is essential.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12ee3357-2079-4924-a956-6ba4498a9a65", - "label": "CBP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Chesapeake Bay Program is the unique regional partnership that's\nbeen directing and conducting the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay\nsince the signing of the historic Chesapeake Bay Agreement of\n1983. The Bay Program partners includethe states of Maryland,\nPennsylvania and Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake\nBay Commission, a tri-state legislative body; the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency, representing the federal government; and\nparticipating advisory groups.\n\nAs the largest estuary in the United States and one of the most\nproductive in the world, the Chesapeake Bay was this nation's first\nestuary targeted for restoration and protection. In the late 1970s,\nscientific and estuarine research on the Bay pinpointed three areas\nrequiring immediate attention: nutrient over-enrichment, dwindling\nunderwater Bay grasses and toxic pollution. Once the initialresearch\nwas completed, the Bay Program evolved as the means to restore this\nexceptionally valuable resource.\n\nSince its inception in 1983, the Bay Program's highest priority has\nbeen the restoration of the Bay's living resources- its finfish,\nshellfish, Bay grasses, and other aquatic life and\nwildlife. Improvements include fisheries and habitat restoration,\nrecovery of Bay grasses, nutrient and toxic reductions, and\nsignificant advances in estuarine science.\n\nConsidered a national and international model for estuarine research\nand restoration programs, the Bay Program is a partnership led by the\nChesapeake Executive Council. The members of the Executive Council are\nthe governors of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania; the mayor of the\nDistrict of Columbia; the administrator of the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency and the chair of the Chesapeake Bay Commission. The\nExecutive Council meets annually to establish the policy direction for\nthe Bay Program.\n\nIn the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement , the Executive Council set a\ngoal to reduce the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous entering the Bay\nby 40% by 2000. Achieving a 40% nutrient reduction will ultimately\nimprove the oxygen levels in Baywaters and encourage aquatic life to\nflourish. In 1992, the Bay Program partners agreed to continue the 40%\nreduction goal beyond 2000 as well as to attack nutrients at their\nsource - upstream in the Bay's tributaries. As a result, Pennsylvania,\nMaryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia began developing\ntributary strategies to achieve nutrient reduction targets.\n\nOn June 28, 2000, the Chesapeake Bay Program partners signed the new\nChesapeake 2000 Agreement, which will guide the next decade of\nrestoration and protection efforts throughout the Bay watershed. The\nagreement commits to protecting and restoring living resources, vital\nhabitats and water quality of the Bay and its watershed.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.chesapeakebay.net/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13855299-505b-47e3-8d24-3dcee58a5a52", - "label": "CORSACS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Our main objective in this proposed research is to investigate the relative importance and potential interactive effects of iron, light and CO2 levels in structuring algal assemblages and growth rates in the Ross Sea. We hypothesize that the interaction of these three variables largely determines the bottom-up control on these two dominant Southern Ocean phytoplankton taxa. Grazing and other loss processes will also be important variables in determining the relative dominance of these two taxa; however, the study proposed here will primarily focus on the bottom-up control mechanisms. It is important to understand such environmentally-driven taxonomic shifts in primary production, since they are expected to impact the fixation and export of carbon and nutrients, and the production of DMS, thus potentially providing both positive and negative feedbacks on climate.\n\nWithin the context of this proposal, we consider a range of ambient iron, light and pCO2 levels that span those typically observed in the Ross Sea during the growing season. That is, dissolved iron ranging from ~0.1 nM (“low iron”) to >1 nM (“high iron”) (Fitzwater et al. 2000; Sedwick et al. 2000); mean irradiance (resulting from vertical mixing/self shading) ranging from <10% Io (“low light”) to >40% (“high light”) (Arrigo et al., 1998, 1999), which may be adjusted based on our field observations (see section 6.3.3); and pCO2 ranging (Sweeney et al. 2001) from ~150 ppm (“low CO2”) to the probable higher levels of pCO2 — 750 ppm as a conservative estimate — that are likely to be attained later this century due to anthropogenic perturbation of the global carbon cycle (IPCC, 2001).\n\nFrom the information currently available from both field observations and experiments, we have formulated the following specific hypotheses regarding the interactive role of iron, light and CO2 in regulating algal composition in the Ross Sea. Principally, we propose that diatoms bloom in the southern Ross Sea only under optimum conditions of high iron, light and pCO2; colonial Phaeocystis dominate under conditions of high iron with either (or both) low light or low pCO2; and solitary Phaeocystis are predominant under conditions of low iron with either (or both) low light or low pCO2. Two cruises are planned to investigate the interactions between the primary productivity of the Ross Sea and pCO2, iron and other trace elements. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.whoi.edu/sbl/liteSite.do?litesiteid=2530&articleId=4191", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13a262d6-0817-47ed-b3a7-ba042f89885f", - "label": "ABC-NET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ABC-NET\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=300\n\nThe theme of this project is to establish comprehensive, arctic-wide, locally driven monitoring programmes for biodiversity of Arctic char through two linked components: 1) Community-based monitoring, and 2) Research-based Monitoring. Such work will allow for both local indigenous peoples and researchers to document changes in the biodiversity of char populations and their local ecosystems and to link their findings into a comprehensive view of global change as it affects this key Arctic fishery resource. During the IPY period (2006-2008) this activity will: a) establish a network and outreach among northern communities, char researchers, conservation groups, and other IPY projects; b) research and/or summarise present local and global biodiversity in chars; c) develop appropriate monitoring protocols for char status and diversity; and, d) establish relevant local and global monitoring/research sites and teams in as many Arctic countries as possible. Using these IPY short-term products as the background, the long-term goals are to establish long-term funding for the Network, extend it to un- or under-represented areas, and establish legacy databases and trained individuals, assessment schedules, and monitoring approaches and research topics suitable for long-term monitoring and research. This activity is fundamental to the conservation and sustainability of this pivotal arctic aquatic resource and will contribute to this by documenting present status and impacts on this fish and its Arctic ecosystems, project future status, and provide the foundation for adaptation strategies designed to meet challenges of change in the Arctic.\nFurther, this activity is a direct response fulfilling a specific aim and initiative of the Arctic Council as follows. In its acceptance of the findings and projections from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), the Arctic Council directed two of its working groups, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) and Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) to examine the ACIA findings and develop follow-on programmes and activities, both individually and jointly, to address key projections for the future of the Arctic. A primary response of the CAFF working group was the implementation of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP, IPY133) formally released in September, 2005 (http://www.caff.is). The CBMP calls for the development of a number of specific networks designed to monitor the status and change of key Arctic organisms of primary importance to the integrity of Arctic ecosystems and the culture and livelihood of indigenous peoples. Arctic char was specifically designated by the CBMP as a target species for monitoring the general health and biodiversity of Arctic aquatic ecosystems. Results and activities from this char network will contribute directly to CBMP work; furthermore, additional networks (e.g., Freshwater Biodiversity, IPY202) and specific research endeavours (e.g., Arctic char thermal habitat use; IPY 144) developed through IPY stimulus are directly linked to this IPY proposal (i.e., lead on this project, J. Reist, is a member of the CBMP, and is a co-lead (144) or named participant (202) of other projects). A component of this project is also linked to the IPY Youth project (IPY168). This proposed network is also tightly linked to established existing char researchers (i.e. International Society of Arctic char Fanatics, ISACF IPY project co-lead, J. Hammar, is principal of ISACF and J. Reist is a long-time member).\nChars are a group of closely related fish species that collectively form a key renewable resource for northern peoples from the sub-Arctic through to the northernmost freshwaters of all Arctic nations. Chars exhibit great biodiversity both within and among locations (e.g., ecological forms, life history types, etc.). These forms may act as distinct ecological 'species' in Arctic systems thus contribute to ecosystem stability and resilience. Chars also may occupy and migrate among many habitats during their life history, thus are key components of, and linking entities between, freshwater (both lakes and rivers), estuarine, and near-shore ecosystems. Chars are usually apex predators within their ecosystems thus they integrate lower-level ecosystem impacts. Chars are highly responsive to many anthropogenic impacts and are pivotal integrators of both short-term (e.g., exploitation, contaminants, habitat change, industrial development) and long-term (e.g., climate variability and change) direct effects both on themselves and indirect effects on their ecosystems. Chars are also widely fished supporting local food, commercial and sport fisheries as well as northern aquaculture endeavours. Thus, chars are of primary interest to northern peoples as a key resource, hence interest and involvement of community-based monitoring is high. Accordingly, chars are useful both as monitors of ecosystem change and for understanding responses of northern resources and ecosystems to anthropogenic drivers at many temporal and spatial levels. This network will provide the basis for integrating these activities throughout the Arctic thereby establishing a lasting legacy for a key northern renewable resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "145f0552-8470-4db9-9e28-a351d8aa0ad1", - "label": "ARP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program is to achieve\nsignificant environmental and public health benefits through\nreductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen\noxides (NOx), the primary causes of acid rain. To achieve this\ngoal at the lowest cost to society, the program employs both\ntraditional and innovative, market-based approaches for\ncontrolling air pollution. In addition, the program encourages\nenergy efficiency and pollution prevention.\n\nView the entire project description at\n'http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/arp/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1491b3b0-a1ac-4ce5-bbbd-e6fc7516974b", - "label": "AASTO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Automated Astrophysical Site-Testing Observatory (AASTO), is a self-powered, self-heated autonomous laboratory that hosts a suite of site-testing instruments. These instruments cover the spectrum from UV to submillimeter, and are intended to fully characterize potential astronomical sites at a variety of locations on the high Antarctic plateau. The CARA AASTO project enjoys strong collaboration with the University of New South Wales and the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Australia.\n\nIt is currently operational at South Pole station, and will later be deployed to remote, uninhabited sites on the high Antarctic plateau. It has a suite of astronomical site-testing instruments, so that potential observatory sites can be fully characterized over a wide range of wavelengths.\n\nIn addition to the astronomical site-testing data, the AASTO also collects weather data such as temperature, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://astro.uchicago.edu/cara/research/site_testing/aasto.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14b8c15c-2906-4b3a-82c5-ea465cae2e59", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) research seeks to understand\ninteractions between land, atmosphere, and ice in the Arctic. LAII\nresearch, focusing primarily on Alaska, constitutes a major\ncontribution of land-based data to U.S. global change research in the\nArctic.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://arcss.colorado.edu/arcss/projects/laii.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14c549f4-19d4-4297-9e0c-4bd950ff0786", - "label": "CLEOPATRA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: Ice Edge Programme, http://www.iceedge.no/cleopatra/project-summary ]\n\nThis project will investigate how increased light intensities, due to reduced ice concentrations and ice extent, affect timing, quantity and quality of primary and secondary production in the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ).The MIZ is the key productive area of Arctic shelf seas. The ongoing warming of Arctic regions will lead to a northward retreat of the MIZ, and to an earlier opening of huge areas in spring. This may result in a temporal mismatch between the phytoplankton spring bloom and zooplankton reproduction. Less ice will also reduce the ice algae production that may be an important food source for spawning zooplankton prior to the phytoplankton spring bloom. Quantity and quality of primary production in seasonally ice-covered seas is primarily regulated by light and nutrients. Excess light, however, is potentially detrimental for algae and can reduce algal food quality. A decrease in the relative amount of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in algae due to excess light may affect the reproductive success and growth of zooplankton, and thereby the transport of energy to higher trophic levels, such as fish, birds, and mammals. We will carry out an extensive field campaign in spring, land based in the high Arctic fjord Rijpfjorden (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard), to follow the development in biomass and food quality of ice algae, phytoplankton and secondary production before, under and after ice break up. The copepod Calanus glacialis, the key herbivore in Arctic shelf seas will be used as target species for secondary production. The role of PUFAs for the reproductive success of Calanus, as well as the algal potential for acclimation to high and shifting light intensities will be studied in controlled laboratory experiments in Ny Ålesund (Marine Laboratory) and Longyearbyen (UNIS). Ultimately, this study aims to predict food web effects of reduced ice concentrations and ice cover in Arctic shelf seas, such as the Barents Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14d25657-76a7-4570-82d2-27f8eb0bd2f8", - "label": "BROMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objective of this interdisciplinary research, anchored by the BRomine, Ozone, and Mercury EXperiment (BROMEX) field study, is to investigate impacts of Arctic sea ice reduction on bromine, ozone, and mercury chemical processes, transport, and distribution, from sea ice surfaces and near leads on the Arctic Ocean, and atmospheric transport of these chemicals to high mountains on land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1651dd4f-d5f9-4d1e-841e-5c805a0809dd", - "label": "CCCO/CO2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1761ff72-1908-48a1-ae6e-ac53daaf04e4", - "label": "CREDDP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Columbia River Estuary Data Development Program (CREDDP) has two purposes:\nto increase understanding of the ecology of the Columbia River Estuary and to\nprovide information useful in making land and water use decisions. The program\nwas initiated by local governments and citizens who saw a need for a better\ninformation base for use in managing natural resources and in planning for\ndevelopment. In response to these concerns, the Governors of Oregon and\nWashington requested in 1974 that the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission\n(PNRBC) undertake an interdisciplinary ecological study of the estuary. At\napproximately the same time, local governments and port districts formed the\nColumbia River Estuary Study Taskforce (CREST) to develop a regional management\nplan for the estuary.\nCREDDP was designed to meet the needs of those groups who were expected to be\nthe principal users of the information being developed. One group consisted of\ngovernment officials and others involved in planning. The other group was\nresearchers and educators. The ecological research in CREDDP focuses on the\nlinkages among different elements in the food web and the influence on that web\nof such physical processes as currents, sediment transport, and salinity\nintrusion.\nResearch was divided into thirteen projects, called work units. Three work\nunits, Emergent Plant Primary Production, Benthic Primary Production, and Water\nColumn Primary Production, dealt with the plant life which, through\nphotosynthesis and uptake of chemical nutrients, forms the base of the esturine\nfood web. The goals of these work units were to describe and map the\nproductivity and biomass patterns of the estuary's primary producers and to\ndescribe the relationship of physical factors to primary producers and their\nproductivity levels.\nThe higher trophic levels in the estuarine food web were the focus of seven\nCREDDP work units: Zooplankton and Larval Fish, Benthic Infauna, Epibenthic\nOrganisms, Fish, Avifauna, Wildlife, and Marine Mammals. The goals of these\nwork units were to describe and map the abundance patterns of the invertebrate\nand vertebrate species and to describe these species' relationships to relevant\nphysical factors.\nThe other three work units, Sedimentation and Shoaling, Currents, and\nSimulation, dealt with physical processes. The work unit goals were to\ncharacterize and map bottom sediment distribution, to characterize sediment\ntransport, and to determine the cause of bathymetric change, and to determine\nand model circulation patterns, vertical mixing and salinity patterns.\nFinal reports on all these thirteen work units have been published. In\naddition, these results are integrated in a comprehensive synthesis entitled\nTHE DYNAMICS OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTURINE ECOSYSTEM, the purpose of which is\nto develop and description of the estuary at the ecosystem level of\norganization.\nOther documents available are:\n INDEX TO CREDDP DATA\n GUIDE TO THE USE OF CREDDP INFORMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS\n THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY: ATLAS OF PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL\n CHARACTERISTICS\n BATHYMETRIC ATLAS OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY\n CHANGES IN COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY HABITAT OVER THE PAST CENTURY\n COLUMBIA'S GATEWAY\n LITERATURE SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY\n ABSTRACTS OF MAJOR CREDDP PUBLICATIONS\nTo order any of the above documents or to obtain further information about\nCREDDP, its publications or its archives, call (503) 325-0435, or write\n CREST\n P.O.Box 175\n Astoria, Oregon 97103", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17b47095-5ac1-4d99-9ff1-7a662d535c66", - "label": "AQUARIUS SAC-D", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mission Overview\n The joint U.S./Argentinian Aquarius/Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC)-D mission will map the salinity—the concentration of dissolved salt—at the ocean surface, information critical to improving our understanding of two major components of Earth's climate system: the water cycle and ocean circulation. By measuring ocean salinity from space, Aquarius will provide new insights into how the massive natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice influences ocean circulation, weather and climate.\n\nBecause ocean surface salinity varies from place to place and over time, scientists can use it to trace the ocean's role in Earth's water cycle. For example, more than 85 percent of global evaporation and more than 75 percent of global precipitation occur over the ocean. By measuring changes in ocean surface salinity caused by these processes, as well as by ice melting and river runoff, Aquarius/SAC-D will provide important new information about how Earth's freshwater moves between the ocean and atmosphere and around the globe.\n\nKnowing ocean surface salinity can also help scientists track ocean currents and better understand ocean circulation. Salinity, together with temperature, determines how dense and buoyant seawater is. This, in turn, drives how ocean waters are layered and mixed and the formation of water masses. Salinity also has a major effect on ocean circulation, including the flow of currents that move heat from the tropics to the poles.\n\nAquarius/SAC-D will provide essential ocean surface salinity data needed to link the water cycle and ocean circulation—two major components of the climate system. This information, in turn, will help scientists improve the accuracy of computer climate models.\n\nGlobal ocean salinity has been an area of much scientific uncertainty. Past measurements of salinity have been limited mostly to summertime observations in shipping lanes. Recently, a European mission has begun making ocean surface salinity measurements. With the launch of Aquarius/SAC-D, scientists will collect more data in the mission's first few months than had been amassed by ships and in-water sensors during the previous 125 years.\n\nScheduled for launch no earlier than June 2011, Aquarius/SAC-D is designed to measure ocean surface salinity for at least three years, repeating its global pattern every seven days. During its lifetime, the mission will provide monthly maps of global changes in ocean surface salinity with a resolution of 150 kilometers (93 miles), showing how salinity changes from month-to-month, season-to-season and year-to-year. The spacecraft will fly in a sun-synchronous orbit 657 kilometers (408 miles) above Earth's surface.\n\nNASA's Aquarius is the primary instrument on the SAC-D spacecraft. It consists of three passive microwave radiometers to detect the surface emission that is used to obtain salinity and an active scatterometer to measure the ocean waves that affect the precision of the salinity measurement. While salinity levels in the open ocean generally range from 32 to 37 practical salinity units, or psu (roughly equivalent to parts per thousand), the Aquarius sensor will be able to detect changes in salinity as small as 0.2 psu. This is equivalent to about a 'pinch' (i.e., 1/8 of a teaspoon) of salt in one gallon of water.\n\nAquarius/SAC-D is a collaboration between NASA and Argentina's space agency, Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE), with participation from Brazil, Canada, France and Italy. The Aquarius instrument was jointly built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. JPL will manage Aquarius through the mission's commissioning phase and will archive mission data. Goddard will manage the mission's operations phase and process Aquarius science data. NASA's Launch Services Program at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida is managing the launch. CONAE is providing the SAC-D spacecraft, an optical camera, a thermal camera in collaboration with Canada, a microwave radiometer, sensors developed by various Argentine institutions, and the mission operations center in Argentina. France and Italy are also contributing instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18488f23-7ad7-4774-bc38-386251bc8372", - "label": "CHAOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From January 30 to March 29 2001, a team of 25 scientists, including Charlie McClennen and Amy Leventer (Chief Scientist), and Colgate undergraduate geology majors Natalie McLenaghan, Meredith Metcalf, and Caroline Olson, explored the East Antarctic Margin on cruise NBP0101 of the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer. The Palmer is one of two icebreakers leased by the National Science Foundation and is dedicated almost entirely to conducting scientific research in the Southern Ocean. This 58-day cruise left from Hobart Tasmania and returned to port in Capetown South Africa, after transiting nearly a quarter of the way around the perimeter of Antarctica. Along the way, nearly a quarter mile of sediment core was recovered from seven deep shelf basins, with the goal of developing a record of climate and oceanographic change during the Quaternary. Although the pace of recent climate change appears to be more rapid and of a larger scale in Antarctica compared to other areas of the globe, the factors forcing climate change in Antarctica are not well understood, due to the relative inaccessibility of the southernmost continent and the inhospitable working conditions. In order to address this scarcity of samples, particularly from the eastern side of the continent, we devoted our two months of ship time to acquiring as much data as possible. Most of the sediment core material was recovered with the 'Jumbo Piston Corer,' a 90-foot long, 5' diameter, assembly of steel barrels, plastic core liner, and lead weights. Core sites were selected based on a combination of sub-bottom profiling and seafloor bathymetric mapping of well stratified and undisturbed acoustic reflectors. Back in the lab, our group has been responsible for two lines of investigation. First, we develop paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on microscopic analysis of diatoms, single celled algae with a hard silica skeleton that serves as a permanent record of past climate. Second, we work with the sea floor maps to decipher the geologic processes that have shaped the seabed. Natalie, Caroline and Meredith worked with both Charlie and Amy as well as with our colleagues from other institutions, on senior projects based on the data collected during the cruise. Their contribution to the success of this cruise has been invaluable. Geology undergrads will continue the detailed analysis for the next few years as we extract the clearest indicators of Antarctic margin climate change from the core samples. \n\nSummary provided by http://departments.colgate.edu/geology/research/levant.htm?FDSID=331", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a02732b-e091-47ee-be97-14f010b1e07c", - "label": "CI2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The FIRE Cirrus Intensive Field Observations-II (IFO-II) was conducted\nNovember 13 - December 3, 1991, in southeastern Kansas. The goal of\nCirrus IFO-II was to investigate the cloud properties and physical\nprocesses of mid-continent cirrus clouds and advected sub-tropical\ncirrus clouds. The Cirrus IFO-II combined coordinated satellite,\nairborne, and surface-based observations with modeling activities to\nstudy the roles and interactions of processes acting over telescoping\nscales ranging from the microscale to the large-scale and on\ncharacterizing the physical, radiative, and optical properties of\ncirrus clouds (E7IRE Cirrus Intensive Field Observations-II:\nOperations Plan, 1991). The data has been instrumental in developing\nparameterizations relating cloud-scale processes to climate-scale\nvariables, and in improving our understanding and utilization of ISCCP\ndata products.\n\nSCENTIFIC OBJECTIVES:\n\nThe key science objectives for the Cirrus IFO-II field experiment were to:\n\nIncorporate FIRE-I data and -II data into models of varying scale and\ncomplexity for the purpose of developing and testing CIRRUS\nparameterizations and assessing capabilities to reliably simulate\ncirrus development on short and long time scales. Characterize the\nphysical, thermodynamical, and dynamical development of cirrus clouds\non the synoptic scale, the mesoscale, the convective/turbulent scale,\nand the microscale. Characterize relationships among various cirrus\ncloud optical properties, including, cloud optical depths in the\nvisible, near infrared, and infrared, cloud scattering phase\nfunctions, and cloud single-scattering albedos; and the corresponding\ncloud physical properties, including, particle size, number density,\nphase, and habit, and cloud height, temperature, and thickness.\nExplicitly quantify the capabilities and limitations of methods to\nderive physical and optical cirrus cloud properties from satellite\nobservations, especially ISCCP, and future techniques for producing\nglobal cloud climatologies in the EOS era. Quantify the impact of\ncirrus clouds on the surface, atmosphere, and top-of- atmosphere\nradiation budgets. Improve the capability to utilize surface-based\nactive and passive remote sensing observations for quantitative\nstudies of cirrus clouds.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/fire/FIRE_II/cirrus_ifo2.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1af4d897-4b66-4c0b-a03b-3d19882a7c25", - "label": "CATS-ISS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cb6e038-d017-48f0-8847-f7b021a091c3", - "label": "CCSP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Change Science Program integrates federal research on climate and global change, as sponsored by thirteen federal agencies and overseen by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Council on Environmental Quality, the National Economic Council and the Office of\nManagement and Budget. \nDuring the past thirteen years the United States, through the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), has made the world's largest scientific investment in the areas of climate change and global change research -- a total investment of almost $20 billion. The USGCRP, in collaboration with several other national and international science programs, has documented and characterized several important aspects of the sources, abundances and lifetimes of greenhouse gases; has mounted extensive space-based monitoring systems for global-wide monitoring of climate and ecosystem parameters; has begun to address the complex issues of various aerosol species that may significantly influence climate parameters; has advanced our understanding of the global water and carbon cycles (but with major remaining uncertainties); and has developed several approaches to computer modeling of the global climate.\n\nBecause of the scientific accomplishments achieved by USGCRP and other research programs during a productive &period of discovery and characterization& since 1990, we are now ready to move into a new\n&period of differentiation and strategy investigation&, which is the theme of the President's Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI). In announcing the CCRI, the President directed the reestablishment of priorities for climate change research, including a focus on identifying the scientific information that can be developed within 2 to 5 years to assist the nation's evaluation of optimal strategies to address global change risks. The President also called for improved coordination among federal agencies, to assure that research results are made available to\nall stakeholders, from national policy leaders to local resource managers.\n\nThe President's direction for CCRI, focusing on the development of near-term decision-support information, requires close integration with the many existing programs managed under the U.S. Global Change Research Program. This will ensure internal consistency of the CCRI research with the full body of global change information developed under the\nUSGCRP.\n\nTo accomplish this integration of USGCRP and CCRI activities, the Interagency Climate Change Science Program has assumed oversight of both\nprograms, with a single interagency committee responsible for the entire range of science projects sponsored by both programs. The Interagency\nClimate Change Science Program retains the responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the Global Change Research Act of 1990, including its provisions for annual reporting of findings and short-term plans, scientific reviews by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, and periodic publication of a ten-year strategic plan for the program.\n\nInformation provided http://www.climatescience.gov/about/default.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ce21438-4c23-4bb5-b99a-da98622cdd02", - "label": "CERES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Clouds and the Earth s Radiant Energy System (CERES)\n experiment is one of the highest priority scientific satellite\n instruments developed for EOS. CERES products include both\n solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the\n atmosphere to the Earth's surface. Cloud properties are\n determined using simultaneous measurements by other EOS\n instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging\n Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Analyses of the CERES data, which\n build upon the foundation laid by previous missions such as the\n Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), will lead to a better\n understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in\n global climate change.\n\n CERES instruments were launched aboard the Tropical Rainfall\n Measuring Mission (TRMM) in November 1997 and on the EOS Terra\n satellite in December 1999. Two additional instruments will fly\n on the EOS Aqua spacecraft in 2002. Multiple satellites are\n needed to provide adequate temporal sampling since clouds and\n radiative fluxes vary throughout the day. The first 24 months\n of CERES data collected on both TRMM and Terra demonstrate that\n the CERES instruments are substantially improved over the ERBE\n instruments. The CERES data show lower noise, improved ties to\n the ground calibration in absolute terms, and smaller fields of\n view. CERES instrument calibration stability on TRMM and Terra\n is typically better than 0.2%, and calibration consistency from\n ground to space is better than 0.25%. Onboard calibration\n sources provide traceability of the measurements to the\n International Temperature Scale of 1990 at the 0.2% level. Such\n levels of accuracy have never before been achieved for rad!\n iation budget instruments.\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/ceres/ASDceres.html'\n\nThe NASA Langley Web Ordering Tool:\n'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/JORDER/ceres.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ceedc1e-8285-471a-813f-fd302a653993", - "label": "ACE (Antarctic)", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE), organised by the Swiss Polar Institute (SPI), took place in the austral summer of 2016 / 17. Scientists from all over the world studied a wide range of disciplines, collecting data and samples from the Southern Ocean and a number of terrestrial sites on islands around Antarctica, as well as the continent itself.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e084707-5c2c-459c-a117-0f01e1fcb58e", - "label": "AON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AON is an NSF initiative for the International Polar Year (IPY) to improve observational capabilities in the Arctic and leave a long-term legacy for the benefit of science and society. AON data will contribute to scientific research leading to (1) increased knowledge and understanding of the regional and global causes and consequences of present-day environmental Arctic Change, (2) scenarios for and prediction of the course of future Arctic Change and its regional and global consequences, and (3) the development of adaptive responses to Arctic Change.\n\nAON is integral to the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH). AON currently consists of 28 projects funded by the NSF Office of Polar Programs. The AON projects fall into the following SEARCH Implementation Plan categories: Atmosphere; Ocean and Sea Ice; Hydrology/Cryosphere; Terrestrial Ecosystems; and Human Dimensions. Data and information management support for these projects, as well as IASOA (International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere), will be provided by CADIS (Cooperative Arctic Data and Information Service).\n\nFor more information about AON projects, see http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/aon-cadis/projects/\n\nProject Website: http://dels.nas.edu/prb/aon/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f515c33-1841-4897-922c-8cc6486c6341", - "label": "ASO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fbeb540-738d-423b-bad4-2a8dd52ff0b1", - "label": "CDRK", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Airborne Measurement of Carbon dioxide as Greenhouse gases over Kanagawa prefecture area.\n\n\nhttp://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/199908/000019990899A0213033.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ffec712-ab76-4104-b31a-e5b6568e2a2f", - "label": "AfriSAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AfriSAR mission was an airborne campaign that collected radar and field measurements of forests in Gabon, West Africa. The mission was a NASA collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Gabonese Space Agency. During the 2016 AfriSAR campaign, NASA UAVSAR and LVIS instruments collected data that will be used to derive forest canopy height, structure, and topography. The AfriSAR data will help prepare for and calibrate current and upcoming spaceborne missions that aim to gauge the role of forests in Earths carbon cycle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fffaa58-72f8-4044-a4cc-f7cc57c07b09", - "label": "ACCO-NET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ACCO-Net\nProject URL: http://www.awi-potsdam.de/acd/acconet/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=90\n\nThe coastal zone is the interface through which land-ocean exchanges in the Arctic are mediated and it is the region of most high-latitude human activities. The coastal margin hosts a complex interaction of marine, terrestrial and atmospheric processes that are extremely vulnerable to predicted environmental changes and anthropogenic stressors. These high-latitude coasts are typically permafrost-dominated and suffer from rapid erosion with serious implications for ecosystems and communities (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) - key finding #5). Furthermore, changes in inputs of water and constituents (nutrients, sediments, dissolved inorganic matter and contaminants) from major Arctic rivers have the potential to fundamentally alter biogeochemical cycling and productivity in the coastal zone and in the Arctic marginal seas (continental shelves). Changes in the Arctic coastal zone, including coastal erosion and riverine fluxes, will not only affect regional biological and human systems, but are also likely to influence the global system. For example, degradation of coastal and offshore permafrost may lead to the release of greenhouse gases (GHG), and increases in freshwater inputs may alter regional as well as large-scale ocean circulation and climate patterns. To detect and quantify trajectories in coastal/shelf systems, their components and transformations must first be monitored. A coordinated monitoring programme incorporating diverse regions and providing site-specific, fine-scale baseline and time-series data will yield maximum value, facilitating local and circum-Arctic studies, such as validation of multiscale biodiversity and coastal community models. \n\nTo address these issues, it is proposed that an internationally coordinated circum-Arctic network of coastal and marginal seas observatories (~20 key sites including deltas and estuaries of major Siberian and North American rivers) be established within the IPY 2007-2008 framework based on ecoregion representation criteria. The sites will be loci for multi-disciplinary, multi-resolution studies set within a broader eco- and socio-regional frame of reference and will include sensitive areas with varying degrees of human impact. Site selection will be coordinated with local communities and will build upon existing monitoring programmes and data availability. In particular, the circum-Arctic coastal key sites established within the IASC/IPA/IGBP-LOICZ project Artic Coastal Dynamics (ACD), the river monitoring stations installed at down-stream locations on the 6 largest rivers draining the pan-Arctic watershed (Yenisey, Lena, Ob, Kolyma, Yukon, Mackenzie) as part of the NSF-ARCSS Freshwater Initiative (FWI), and the pilot version of the Hudson Bay Complex Observatory (MERICA) will be considered.\n\nThe recommended strategy is outlined in five steps:\n(1) Initial site characterisation and representation assessment: \n(a) acquisition of comprehensive, high-resolution imagery of the circum-Arctic coastline, (\nb) physical (atmospheric, terrestrial, inter-tidal and marine coastal conditions), \n(c) ecological (marine and terrestrial classification, habitat mapping, assessment of biodiversity indicators and components), \n(d) biogeochemical fluxes of major and minor elements and greenhouse gases \n(e) Socio-economic (general situation, interaction of resource users, assessment of resources used, local knowledge of coastal processes, state of legal and administrative regulations);\n\n(2) Monitoring of changes: \n(a) physical (atmospheric and oceanographic forcing, permafrost parameters, coastal terrestrial and marine morphology, riverine fluxes), \n(b) ecological (habitats, biodiversity, living resource assessment) \n(c) biogeochemistry, (C, N, and gas fluxes, environmental quality, biological production and biogeochemical cycles), \n(d) socio-economic (industrial production, plans and potential constraints for development, quality of life, local economy, population and demography, social problems of native peoples);\n\n(3) Data analyses: \n(a) change detection, \n(b) identification of interdependencies amongst physical, biological, social, and ecological parameters; \n\n(4) Data/information management: \n(a) metadata standards, \n(b) Arctic spatial data infrastructure, \n(c) web accessible databases and products (e.g. maps), \n(d) data accessibility to local and scientific communities;\n\n(5) Synthesis: formulation of models at multiple levels (conceptual to regional and global numerical) incorporating interdependent physical, biological and environmental changes in response to natural and anthropogenic forcing, development of response strategies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2058cc8b-67e0-4368-85b4-304b8c00bb95", - "label": "COISF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This award supported a four year project to develop of better understanding the\nice streams of the Ross Sea Embayment (A--F) which drain the interior West\nAntarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) by rapidly moving vast quantities of ice to the\ncalving front of the Ross Ice Shelf. The project examined the role of these ice\nstreams as buffers between the interior ice and the floating ice shelves. The\nreasons for their fast flow, the factors controlling their current\ngrounding-line-, margin-, and head-positions are crucial to any attempt at\nmodeling the WAIS system and predicting the future of the ice sheet. For the\nAntarctic ice streams of the Siple Coast, the transition from no-sliding (or\nall internal deformation) to motion dominated by sliding is defined as the\n'onset-region'. To fully understand (and adequately model) the WAIS, this onset\nregion must be better understood. The lateral margins of the ice streams are\nalso a transition that need better explanation. Hypotheses on controls of the\nlocation of the onset region range from the 'purely-glaciologic' to the\n'purely-geologic. Thus, to model the ice sheet accurately, the basal boundary\nconditions (roughness, wetness, till properties) and a good subglacial geologic\nmap, showing the distribution, thickness, and properties of the sedimentary\nbasins, are required. These parameters can be estimated from seismic, radar,\nand other geophysical methods. The transition region of ice stream D was\nstudied in detail with this coupled geophysical experiment. In addition,\nselected other locations on ice streams C & D were made, in order to compare\nand contrast conditions with the main site on ice stream D. Site-selection for\nthe main camp wasbased on existing radar, GPS, and satellite data as well as\ninput from the modeling community.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20973724-3e1a-407d-83fe-ef2e6c5e7c18", - "label": "CAMEX-3", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The third in the series of CAMEX field studies (CAMEX-3) is planned\nfor August - September, 1998. This field campaign will be devoted to\nthe study of hurricane tracking and intensification using NASA-funded\naircraft remote sensing instrumentation. The NASA ER-2 and DC-8 are\nthe primary aircraft platforms currently planned for the deployment;\nhowever, collaborations with the National Weather Service/Tropical\nPrediction Center/National Hurricane Center and National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration/Hurricane Research Division are being\ndeveloped so that actual mission sorties may involve as many as five\nto six aircraft.\n\nThe remote sensing instrumentation to be utilized by NASA during\nCAMEX-3 will yield high spatial and temporal information of hurricane\nstructure, dynamics, and motion. These data, when analyzed within the\ncontext of more traditional aircraft, satellite, and ground-based\nradar observations, should provide additional insight to hurricane\nmodelers and forecasters who continually strive to improve hurricane\npredictions. The ultimate goal of CAMEX-3 is to provide information\nwhich could someday assist in decreasing the size of coastal\nevacuation areas and increasing the warning time for those areas.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/aeri.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20f9ac3d-0bb2-4c76-9624-dce12d89f4ab", - "label": "CAMREX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objective of our CAMREX (Carbon in the Amazon River Experiment) project for two decades has been to determine the sequence of processes that controls the distributions and transformations of water and bioactive elements (C, N, P, and O) in the Amazon River system. The basic questions we are addressing are: \n\nHow are biogeochemical signatures of the river system imparted by aggregated land surfaces, and at what rates and scales? \nHow are the signatures of land-derived and in-situ processes modified during transit through the river system? \nWhat role does the evasion (outgassing) of CO2 from the river system to the atmosphere play in the carbon cycle of moist tropical forests? \n\nThis information is taken from http://boto.ocean.washington.edu/camrex/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21b3c5bb-e239-4e1f-90b9-39fc7c875856", - "label": "ACES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV) represents an exciting new technology that can contribute in significant and unique ways to lightning and storm observations. In turn, these measurements can be linked to global scale processes (e.g., global water and energy cycle, climate variability and prediction, atmospheric chemistry) to provide an improved understanding of the total Earth system.\n\nWe have chosen the ALTUS II aircraft produced by General Atomic-Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) for the ACES investigation. The decision to select GA-ASI as the partner was based on a number of factors including the maturity level of the ALTUS aircraft, its performance capabilities and proven flight record, and the successful integration and flight of the ACES payload on ALTUS in September 2000 under a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) activity with IDEA managed by one of the Co-Investigators (Co-Is), Dr. R. Goldberg.\n\nWe propose to fly ALTUS as a component of a currently funded field experiment. That field experiment, in the vicinity of NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC), is being conducted to both validate the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite measurements, and investigate lightning activity and its relationship to storm morphology. The ACES payload, already developed and flown on ALTUS, includes several electrical, magnetic, and optical sensors to remotely characterize the lightning activity and the electrical environment within and around thunderstorms.\n\nThis summary is from http://aces.msfc.nasa.gov/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22131dc3-ec65-4371-b24c-ad3391780ced", - "label": "ACSOE-NAE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The North Atlantic Experiment was a pert of the Marine Aerosol and Gas\nExchange (MAGE) component of the Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the\nOceanic Environment (ACSOE) project.\n\nThe aims of the experiment were:\n\nTo investigate the mechanisms producing climatically important gases\nin seawater.\n\nTo investigate how the rates of climatically important gas production\nvary with biological and physiochemical parameters.\n\nTo assess whether measured gaseous emissions can be used in models to\nidentify the major atmospheric transformation processes.\n\nTo investigate how the plankton community responds to atmospheric\ndeposition of nutrients in terms of growth rates and production of\nclimaticallyThe experiment was based around an RRS Discovery cruise in June and\nearly July 1998 that followed the development of a bloom in a patch of\nwater marked with SF6. Associated aircraft overflights to\ninvestigate the physical and chemical evolution of particles in the\nmarine boundary layer were planned but were not possible.\n\nA wide range of oceanographic, meteorological and atmospheric\nparameters were measured during the cruise. The fieldwork was\nsupported by modelling work with a zero-dimensional time-dependent\nphotochemical box model of an air mass in the marine boundary layer. important\ntrace gases and their precursors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22e8371e-28a6-4670-841e-288252792918", - "label": "CITIPIX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CITIPIX is a project developed by Kodak's Earth imaging\n department. Data is provided by ALTAPHOTO, in which aerial\n photography is acquired from the top 95 most populated American\n Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA). It also includes outlyig\n counties of each MSA and hte 10 most populated Canadian cities\n with thier outlying areas as well.\n\n For more information and sample CITIPIX Imagery, link to\n'http://kei.kodak.com/specification.asp#'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24202b71-b95b-43a0-a106-6620fd8a4da2", - "label": "CENCAL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Central California Council Diving Clubs, Inc. (Cen Cal) is dedicated to the principles of wise and equitable legislation, safety, conservation, access, sportsmanship, underwater sports and to furthering the knowledge of the marine phenomena. \n\nCen Cal has directorships and committees involved in all facets of diving and other underwater activities. Its efforts are directed toward promoting the interests of the various aspects of the underwater world. \n\nWe are a tax-exempt, not-for-profit organization, incorporated in the State of California. As a corporation, we have a constitution, bylaws and a Board of Directors elected by the membership. Each member club is entitled to a representative and also has a district representative. \n\nThe Council meets monthly on the last Wednesday excepting December. See Directions for location. All divers are welcome! \n\nThis information is provided http://www.cencal.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24e7702e-72a3-40f0-83b1-11018cd7fc99", - "label": "CALJET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) experiment was a\nstudy initiated by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) in early 1998. The purpose of CALJET was to\nobserve pre-frontal Low Level jet streams contained within\nextratropical cyclones. This data will then be used to improve cyclone\nforcasts and provide more accurate emergency warnings.\nAdditional CALJET information is available at the official Home Page.\nLink to: 'http://www.etl.noaa.gov/programs/1998/caljet/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2679af7a-7d63-4c4c-8a94-e1e363426259", - "label": "CLMBS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Crater Lake Multibeam Survey (CLMBS) took place from July 28\nto August 3, 2000 using a Kongsberg Simrad EM1002 Multibeam\nSonar System. The system collects both bathymetry and\nco-registered, calibrated backscatter data.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/dds/dds-72/site/arcex.htm'\nor 'http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of00-405/'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "268e9d90-0f6d-46e1-b197-8e0a0123f39e", - "label": "AMSRICE06", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AMSRIce06 campaign, headed by Don Cavalieri, was conducted over a one-week period in March 2006. Joint ground and aircraft measurements of snow and sea ice were taken over the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean. The objectives of the experiment were to compare field, airborne, and other satellite data in order to validate and improve existing snow depth on sea ice retrieval algorithms for the AMSR-E instrument. For more information and campaign maps, visit the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Sea Ice Remote Sensing: Arctic 2006 Web page.\n\nhttp://nsidc.org/data/amsr_validation/cryosphere/amsrice06/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "271041df-bbfe-426e-857d-3430fdf3577d", - "label": "ACE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) is an Explorer mission\nthat was managed by the Office of Space Science Mission and\nPayload Development Division of the National Aeronautics and\nSpace Administration (NASA).\n\nThe Earth is constantly bombarded with a stream of accelerated\nparticles arriving not only from the Sun, but also from\ninterstellar and galactic sources. Study of these energetic\nparticles will contribute to our understanding of the formation\nand evolution of the solar system as well as the astrophysical\nprocesses involved. The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\nspacecraft carrying six high-resolution sensors and three\nmonitoring instruments samples low-energy particles of solar\norigin and high-energy galactic particles with a collecting\npower 10 to 1000 times greater than past or planned experiments.\n\nFrom a vantage point approximately 1/100 of the distance from\nthe Earth to the Sun ACE performs measurements over a wide range\nof energy and nuclear mass, under all solar wind flow conditions\nand during both large and small particle events including solar\nflares. ACE provides near-real-time solar wind information over\nshort time periods. When reporting space weather ACE can provide\nan advance warning (about one hour) of geomagnetic storms that\ncan overload power grids, disrupt communications on Earth, and\npresent a hazard to astronauts.\n\nACE orbits the L1 libration point which is a point of Earth-Sun\ngravitational equilibrium about 1.5 million km from Earth and\n148.5 million km from the Sun. With a semi-major axis of\napproximately 200,000 km the elliptical orbit affords ACE a\nprime view of the Sun and the galactic regions beyond.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28d076d2-5219-4549-8e60-64b2904f5798", - "label": "ATTREX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Stratospheric water vapor has large impacts on the earth’s climate and energy budget. Future changes in stratospheric humidity and ozone concentration in response to changing climate are significant climate feedbacks. While the tropospheric water vapor climate feedback is well represented in global models, predictions of future changes in stratospheric humidity are highly uncertain because of gaps in our understanding of physical processes occurring in the region of the atmosphere that controls the composition of the stratosphere, the Tropical Tropopause Layer. Uncertainties in the Tropical Tropopause Layer region’s chemical composition also limit our ability to predict future changes in stratospheric ozone. By improving our understanding of the processes that control how much water vapor gets into this region from lower in the atmosphere, the ATTREX investigation will directly address these uncertainties in our knowledge of the climate system.\n\nSummary provided by http://science.nasa.gov/missions/attrex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29738461-5953-482a-90ef-7f3fdbcf7b4a", - "label": "AARAM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Andean Amazon Rivers Analysis and Management (AARAM) project pursues active research and training programs while simultaneously working with national and local organizations to develop water management policies and programs.\n\nThis Summary is from http://aaram.fiu.edu/welcome.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29d71c2b-8efd-49ed-835c-3c5f62534eba", - "label": "ARCOD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Ocean is unique on Earth in its physical and biological properties. It is the most extreme ocean in regard to the seasonality of light and its year-round existing ice cover. Current knowledge indicates that the Arctic seas hold a multitude of unique life forms highly adapted in their life history, ecology and physiology to the extreme and seasonal conditions of their environment. Our knowledge of what currently lives in the Arctic Ocean is still rudimentary compared to most other regions, due to the logistical challenges imposed by its multiyear ice and inhospitable climate. \n\nThe Arctic Ocean is also the area where the impact of climate change might be strongest expressed. The already on-going changes make the effort to identify the diversity of life in the major three realms (sea ice, water column and sea floor) an urgent issue. Changes in the environmental conditions will have direct effects on the marine biota on multiple scales, from communities and populations to individuals. Species level information is, therefore, essential to discussions on climate change or anthropogenic impact, their expressions and effects. These effects can only be detected through long-term monitoring of key species, communities and processes. For monitoring and assessment of changes, the availability of baseline data is crucial.\n\nThe Census of Marine Life is implementing a project aimed at documenting the present Arctic Ocean Biodiversity (PDF download) using an international Pan-Arctic view. The operational approach is for coordinated research efforts, designed to examine the diversity in each of the major three realms: sea ice, water column and sea floor. This program will consolidate what is known and fill remaining gaps in our knowledge: it aims for active participation in the International Polar Year 2007/2008. ArcOD was listed as lead for the Arctic Ocean diversity cluster by ICSU. Most recent research efforts in the Arctic Ocean focus on processes. The emphasis of this program is on biodiversity, because processes are critically impacted by the composition of biota involved in them.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29f04f16-3652-4210-bd9e-1578718aac70", - "label": "COADS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\n Growing concerns with effects of climatic anomalies have brought the\nrealization that climate itself is dynamic and that observations from the\noceans require the same detailed study that has been devoted to observation\nfrom stations on land for over a century.\n These considerations formed the starting point for the construction of a\nComprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). Development of COADS is a\ncontinuing cooperative effort between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), its Environmental Research Laboratories, National\nClimatic Data Center (NCDC), and Cooperative Institute for Research in\nEnvironmental Sciences (CIRES), and the National Science Foundation's National\nCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Initiated in 1981, the COADS project\nhas used modern formats to minimize storage volume and other innovations in\ndata organization to provide for the first-time convenient and efficient\naccess to a unique record of ocean-atmosphere behavior, beginning in 1854 and\ncontinuing into the future.\nProject Description:\n Global marine data observed during 1854-1979, primarily by\nships-of-opportunity, have been collected, edited, and summarized\nstatistically for each month of each year of the period, using 2 degree\nlatitude times 2 degree longitude boxes. Products now available in a first\nrelease from this Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set include full\nquality-controlled (trimmed) reports and summaries. Each of the 70 million\nunique reports contains 28 elements of weather, position, etc., as well as\nflags indicating which observations were statistically trimmed. The\nsummaries give 14 statistics, such as the median and mean, for each of eight\nobserved variables of air and sea surface temperatures, wind, pressure,\nhumidity, and cloudiness, plus 11 derived variables. Relatively noisy\n(untrimmed) individual reports and summaries (giving 14 statistics for each of\nthe eight observed variables) are available for investigators who prefer their\nown quality control. Two other report forms, inventories, and decade-month\nsummaries are among the other data products available. FORTRAN 77 software\navailable to help read 'packed binary' data products and processing details,\nsuch as the method of identifying duplicate reports, are also described.\nData Products:\n COADS products currently available from NCAR or NCDC are listed in the\nfollowing table. Product numbers correspond to Release 1 (gaps in numbering\nrefer to earlier versions of available products that are no longer supported).\nType of product is indicated by R (individual marine reports), M (2 degrees\nyear-month summaries), D (2 degrees decade-month summaries), or -- (other).\nThe number of tapes is based on a tape density of 6250 characters/inch.\nFootnotes to commonly selected products give some additional details (minor\nproducts may later be reviewed for retention). All tapes are available\nthrough NCAR, except product number 19, which is available through NCDC.\n PRODUCT TYPE No. of TAPES\n1. Long Marine Reports (LMR)* R 48\n2. Inventories (INV) -- 1\n6. Decadal Summary Untrimmed Limits (DSUL) -- 1\n8. Trimming Performance (TRP) -- 2\n9. Decadal Summaries Trimmed (DST) D 2\n10. Compressed Marine Reports (CMR)** R 18\n12. Decadal Summaries Untrimmed (DSU) D 2\n13. Monthly Summaries Untrimmed Timesort (MUS.T) M 9\n14. Monthly Summaries Untrimmed Boxsort (MSU.B) M 9\n15. Monthly Summaries Trimmed Timesort (MST.T) M 18\n16. Monthly Summaries Trimmed Boxsort (MST.B) M 17\n17. Monthly Summary Untrimmed Groups (MSUG) M 4\n18. Monthly Summary Trimmed Groups (MSTG)*** M 10\n19. NCDC Result (TD-1129)**** R 115\n * The complete observational record stored in a variable-length format.\nSort is by 10 degree box, year, month, 1 degree box, day, hour, and deck.\nDuplicate reports have either been eliminated or flagged. Coverage:\n1800-1969 (56 'suspect' reports in 1800-1852 are included), 1970-79\nseparately; landlocked reports are flagged. Volume: 39.5 Gbit.\n ** A selection of 28 frequently used elements. Individual ship number or call\nsign is omitted, as are wave and swell fields, etc. Variables outside\ntrimming limits were flagged. Sort is by 10 degree box, month, 2 degree box,\nyear, day, hour, longitude, latitude. Coverage: 1854-1969; 1970-79\nseparately; landlocked reports are flagged. Volume: 13.7 Gbit.\n *** Five trimmed groups, each containing four variables, with eight statistics\nincluded for each variable. Sort is by year, month, 2 degree box. Coverage:\n1854-1979; landlocked data are deleted. Volume: 1.72 Gbit per group (4.5\nmillion year-month-2 degree boxes). Two tapes per group file (thus 4\nuntrimmed and 10 trimmed tapes total).\n**** The full observational record (except for some near-duplicate reports) in\nan ASCII-Character TD-1129 format. Sort is by Marsden Square (MSQ), year,\nmonth, 1 degree MSQ, day, hour, deck (or for 1970-79: MSQ, 1 degree MSQ, year,\nmonth, day, hour, deck). Coverage: 1800-1969; 1970-79 separately; landlocked\nreports are flagged. Volume: 84.6 Gbit.\nContacts:\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research\nData Support Section\nNCAR/SCD\nP.O. Box 3000\nBoulder, CO 80307\nPhone: 303-497-1219\nFAX: 303-497-1298\nEmail: datahelp@ncar.ucar.edu\nNCAR Home Page: 'http://www.ucar.edu/'\nNational Climatic Data Center\n151 Patton Avenue, Room 120\nFederal Building\nAsheville, NC 28801-5001\nPhone: 704-271-4800\nFAX: 704-271-4876\nemail: orders@ncdc.noaa.gov\nNCDC Home Page: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/'\nFTP: ftp hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov\n login: storm\n password: research\nReferences:\n Woodruff, S.D., R.J. Slutz, R.L. Jenne, and P.M. Steurer: Bulletin of the\nAmerican Meteorological Society, Vol. 68, No. 10, October 1987, USA.\n Slutz, R.J., S.J. Lubker, J.D. Hiscox, S.D. Woodruff, R.L. Jenne, D.H.\nJoseph, P.M. Steurer, and J.D. Elms, 1985: Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data\nSet; Release 1. NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Climate Research\nProgram, Boulder, Colo., 268 pp. (NTIS PB86-105723).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a7ed9f0-03c3-46db-a269-259f419efdc4", - "label": "COPOL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: COntaminants in POLar regions (COPOL)\nProject URL: http://copol.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=175\nIntroduction\n\nContaminants have been detected both in the Antarctic Ecosystem (AAE) and in the Arctic Ecosystem (AE). It has been illustrated that in Polar Regions, concentrations of some semi-volatile contaminants may become elevated due to the cold-condensation effect. Global warming is also expected to alter contaminant dynamics and fate in polar regions although the magnitude and nature of these effects is difficult to predict. Because many of these contaminants, like organochlorines, exhibit toxicity and are persistent, they pose a risk to organisms that reside in Polar Regions. For the AE this has been shown, see for instance the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) in which some partners of the current consortium participated. For an assessment of the extent of contamination in the Polar Regions, and associated risks, information is needed on routes of transport to Polar Regions, fate of contaminants in Polar Regions and food web uptake and levels in biota, preferably combined with spatial and temporal trends. This EoI is a combined effort in order to assess this in a multi-disciplinary way, in an international consortium, focused on both Polar Regions. Within the EoI two research pillars are defined: 1) on the transport and fate of contaminants to and in Polar Regions, 2) on the food web transfer and contaminant status of higher organisms. \n\nResearch pillar 1: atmospheric transport, deposition and photochemistry à input to Polar Regions\nIn order to address the occurrence and routes of transport to Polar Regions, an international circumpolar network will be established to document contaminant deposition to terrestrial Arctic/Antarctic environments, using the moss/lichen monitoring approach and snow-sampling approaches coupled with passive POPs samplers. This network will build upon passive sampling devices in co-operation with the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Project, but also on in situ passive biomonitors (lichens and mosses). It builds on the work of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) in advancing our understanding of spatial patterns of contaminant deposition in the Arctic, and adds an Antarctic module. It is linked to other IPY EoI's and full proposals like OASIS, GOA and ATMOPOL. The work will fill knowledge gaps defined by successful ongoing Arctic programs (Northern Contaminants Program and Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) and contribute to development and validation of models used to predict contaminant transport and deposition.\n\nResearch pillar 2: food web transfer and risks\nThe focus of this initiative will be to document recent trends and derive conclusions on the nature of contaminant biotransport through diverse trophic level pathways of polar food web and to compare/contrast contaminant distributions and bioaccumulation for Antarctic and Arctic food webs. Integrated bipolar research, using similar methods, will be highly beneficial to both regions. The AAE has very little anthropogenic influence and may therefore act as reference for the AE, while for AE more toxicity data is available, which may be extrapolated to the Antarctic region. The following topics will be addressed: trophic magnification factors for predator-prey species in AAE and AE (food web transfer to birds and mammals, including ringed seals in the AE), comparison of compound patterns and levels in Antarctica with the Arctic, spatial and temporal trends between and within AAE and AE, emerging contaminants and toxicity assessment at lower trophic levels, especially for Antarctic species. Contaminants in combination with dietary descriptors (for instance stable isotopes) will be used as ecological markers to enhance the understanding of the polar marine food web and trophic relations, which account for the elevated level of contaminants at higher trophic levels. For the AAE, specific attention will be drawn to the role of stations in the local contamination of the environment.\nThe research will be designed such that the overall outcome of the project will be an integrated picture of new knowledge on routes and mode of transport to Polar Regions, and uptake and food web transfer in Polar Ecosystems. Integration of Arctic and Antarctic data will enable comparisons between the regions, but will also use the specific values of the data of the two regions (Antarctica being perhaps a better reference site, Arctic region with more toxicity data).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2da57231-bb54-4862-84da-944489bebbb6", - "label": "ALOS-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dc1ac25-cbf7-439a-9b3c-ce89b22d43d3", - "label": "CARO-COOPS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Carolinas Coastal Ocean Observing and Prediction System\n(Caro-COOPS) initiative is based upon an instrumented array of coastal\nand offshore moorings, which are being deployed off of the coast of\nthe Carolinas. The information from this observing system will be used\nto monitor and model estuarine and coastal ocean conditions, as well\nas develop predictive tools and ultimately forecasts for coastal\nmanagers. The initial product of Caro-COOPS will be an advanced,\nintegrated storm surge model, based on real-time monitoring of\nhydrologic and meteorological conditions and processed by\nstate-of-the-art computer models. Future applications of Caro-COOPS\ninformation will include water quality and transport of pollutants,\nsediment transport and shoreline stability, and the state of the\nfisheries. Caro-COOPS also include a sophisticated information\nmanagement infrastructure designed to process and deliver information\nto a variety of public users, as well as to model applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e2c64fa-0b00-426f-a280-37bf07eea560", - "label": "CASES-99", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The concept of CASES-99 was borne out of a scientific interest in\nstable atmospheric conditions. The stable atmosphere, due to its\ngenerally weak or intermittent turbulence (`bursting'), is the source\nof a number of outstanding problems in atmospheric science,\nagricultural meteorology, and signal propagation, amongothers. As\nsuch, CASES-99 focussed it's Intense Observing Periods during the\nclear sky, light near-surface wind, nocturnal boundary layer (NBL)\nconditions, which are conducive to stable (Ri > 0.25) and very stable\nconditions (Ri > 1.0). There are also significant components that will\nstudy the transition periods (from daytime, unstable to nighttime,\nstable conditions and vice-versa).\n\nThe experimental period was from October 1-31, 1999 near Leon, Kansas\n(50 km) east of Wichita, Kansas with a 3 day intercomparison and\ninstrument testing period from September 27-30. This area was chosen\nfor CASES-99 due to its relative lack of obstacles, relatively flat\nterrain (average slopes are 0.5 degrees), and reasonable access to\npower and phone lines. A large number of instrumentswill be deployed\nin a an area 4.8 x 3.2 km, to capture stable NBL heterogeneity, with\nsome outlying instrumentation. These instruments include a heavily\ninstrumented 60 m tower, numerous 10 m towers (many with flux\nmeasurements), multiple radars, lidars, scintillometers, tethersondes,\nrawinsondes and research aircraft. See the experimental design for\ndetails.\n\nCASES-99 was a very successful experiment and essentially all of our\nscientific goals can be addressed with the data taken. The data is\nstored for public use (no password protection) in the UCAR JOSS\nCASES-99 Data Archive . The Archive contains quality-controlled data\ncomplete with timestamps in UTC and descriptions of the data therein,\nlisted by data platform.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.colorado-research.com/cases/CASES-99.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e61366f-04e7-44c2-8d0f-ad44783eccdc", - "label": "ANSLOPE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AnSlope seeks an answer to the question: What is the role of the Antarctic\nSlope Front and continental slope morphology in the exchanges of mass, heat,\nand freshwater between the shelf and oceanic regimes, in particular those\nleading to outflows of dense water into intermediate and deep layers of the\nadjacent deep basins and world ocean circulation?\n\nThe importance to the global ocean circulation and climate of cold water masses\noriginating in the Antarctic is now understood, but the processes by which\nthese water masses enter the deep ocean circulation are not. We have developed\na program called AnSlope to address this problem. Our primary goal is to\nidentify the principal physical processes that govern the transfer of\nshelf-modified dense water into intermediate and deep layers of the adjacent\ndeep ocean. At the same time, we seek to understand the compensatory poleward\nflow of waters from the oceanic regime. We identify the upper continental slope\nas the critical gateway for the exchange of shelf and deep ocean waters. Here\nthe topography, velocity and density fields associated with the nearly\nubiquitous Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) must strongly influence the advective\nand turbulent transfer of water properties between the shelf and oceanic\nregimes.\n\nAnSlope has four specific objectives: [A] Determine the ASF mean structure and\nthe principal scales of variability (spatial from ~1 km to ~100 km, and\ntemporal from tidal to seasonal), and estimate the role of the Front on\ncross-slope exchanges and mixing of adjacent water masses; [B] Determine the\ninfluence of slope topography (canyons, proximity to a continental boundary,\nisobath divergence/convergence) on frontal location and outflow of dense Shelf\nWater; [C] Establish the role of frontal instabilities, benthic boundary layer\ntransports, tides and other oscillatory processes on cross-slope advection and\nfluxes; and [D] Assess the effect of diapycnal mixing (shear-driven and\ndouble-diffusive), lateral mixing identified through intrusions, and\nnonlinearities in the equation of state (thermobaricity and cabbeling) on the\nrate of descent and fate of outflowing, near-freezing Shelf Water.\n\nAnSlope addresses these objectives with an integrated observational and\nmodeling program structured as follows. A collaborative core program begins in\n2002, containing the components considered central to meeting AnSlope\nobjectives, primarily through acquisition of a set of measurements focused over\nthe outer continental shelf and upper slope of the northwestern Ross Sea. This\nwill allow us to assess the regional AABW production rate, and to identify the\ncross-front exchange processes that must be taken into account when assessing\nprovision of dense water to the deep basins elsewhere around Antarctica. The\ncore elements are: moorings; CTD/LADCP and CTD-based microstructure; tracers;\nand basic tidal modeling. 'Enhancement' proposals, to be submitted separately,\nrequest support for the modeling studies that are necessary to fully exploit\nthe measurements and develop the techniques for parameterizing cross-front\nexchanges in regional and global models. Three cruises are proposed, beginning\nin Austral summer 2003, over a period of 12 to 14 months. Moorings would be in\nplace throughout this period. The Italian CLIMA program in the Ross Sea\nprovides a valuable international enhancement for the AnSlope observational\ncomponent. The German BRIOS-2 coupled ice-ocean GCM program is complementary to\nthe US process-oriented modeling studies, and provides a test-bed for\nAnSlope-generated parameterizations of cross-front exchange.\n\nAdditional information can be found at\n'http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/projects/anslope.shtml'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f82a7a1-fd21-425f-a489-25316de8601f", - "label": "CASERTZ", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CASERTZ geophysical surveys were aimed at understanding geological\ncontrols on ice streams of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, ultimately to\nhelp assess the potential for ice sheet collapse. Blankenship et\nal. (2001) used ice surface elevations and ice thicknesses (reported\nhere) to calculate driving stresses across the ice sheet and thus to\nidentify regions of rapid basal movement by ice streams.\n\nReference: Blankenship, D.D., D.L. Morse, C.A. Finn, R.E. Bell,\nM.E. Peters, S.D. Kempf, S.M. Hodge, M. Studinger, J.C. Behrendt, and\nJ.M. Brozena. 2001. Geologic controls on the initiation of rapid basal\nmotion for West Antarctic ice streams: A geophysical perspective\nincluding new airborne radar sounding and laser altimetry results. The\nWest Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment. Antarctic Research\nSeries 77: 105-121.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30030c75-9638-4fef-9f5a-570a0e2b28ef", - "label": "BACPAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "NOAA/CMDL values of trace halocarbons in the marine atmosphere, and surface and subsurface waters measured in 1994-2004 \nThese research expeditions were conducted over a 10-year period with the primary objective of understanding more about the exchange of halocarbons across the air-sea interface and the role of the ocean in regulating the atmospheric composition of these gases. \n\nInformation provided by http://cdiac.ornl.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31c053ae-d8a5-49e8-9017-b7ac2f80e0eb", - "label": "CWP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Coastal Wave is a leading provider of Internet services and network consulting in Northwest Ohio. Based in Port Clinton, Coastal Wave provides a variety of Internet solutions, including a broadband wireless network spanning a radius of over 50 miles.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.coastalwave.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31fd2740-2aa1-4bf9-bf28-1dde873e973f", - "label": "CAMEX-4", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CAMEX-4 is focused on the study of tropical cyclone (hurricane)\ndevelopment, tracking, intensification, and landfalling impacts using\nNASA-funded aircraft and surface remote sensing instrumentation. The\nprimary aircraft used during CAMEX-4 are the NASA DC-8 and ER-2\nresearch airborne platforms. These instrumented aircraft will fly\nover, through, and around selected hurricanes as they approachlandfall\nin the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and along the east coast of the\nUnited States. The NASA aircraft will investigate upper altitude\nregions of the hurricane not normally sampled. Where possible,\nmeasurements will be compared and validated with coincident\nobservations from the QuikSCAT, Terra, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring\nMission satellites. This study will yield high spatial and temporal\ninformation of hurricane structure, dynamics, and motion. These data,\nwhen analyzed within the context of more traditional aircraft,\nsatellite, and ground-based radar observations,should provide\nadditional insight to hurricane modelers and forecasters who\ncontinually strive to improve hurricane predictions.More accurate\nhurricane predictions at landfall will result in decreasing the size\nof necessary coastal evacuations and increasing the warning time for\nthose areas.\n\nWhile remote sensing of the hurricane environment is the primary\nobjective of CAMEX-4, there will also be separate flights to study\nthunderstorm structure, precipitation systems, and atmospheric water\nvapor profiles. This portion of CAMEX-4 is known as KAMP, Keys Area\nMicrophysics Project. The objective of the KAMPflights is to improve\nquantitative precipitation estimates from passive and active microwave\ninstruments.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://camex.msfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32109d23-de57-48ce-ae46-509ebbe08d41", - "label": "ADBEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From tentative first steps in the late 1970s, Australian research in Antarctic marine biology is now participating in international programs aimed at ensuring that harvesting of Southern Ocean living species can be sustained without harming this vital resource. The task is as herculean as it is important.\n\nAustralian research into Antarctic marine biology began in the late 1970s, spurred on by the establishment of the international BIOMASS (Biological Investigations into Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks) Program. Driven by the development of a fishery for krill, BIOMASS looked at the distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill, seeking information on the interrelationships between krill and the other elements of the marine ecosystem.\n\nAustralian Antarctic marine research was made feasible by the conversion of the supply ship Nella Dan into a functional research vessel, in which the Australian Antarctic Division made its first concerted forays into open ocean research. Australia was a participant in the highly successful 1981 First International BIOMASS experiment (FIBEX) – the first attempt to survey the distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill using acoustic techniques. The results from this huge effort, using 13 ships from 11 nations, were translated 10 years later into catch limits for the krill fishery in the Atlantic and South West Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean. The Second International BIOMASS Experiment (SIBEX) was fraught with logistic difficulties.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=4305", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3231716f-f626-43c5-8ccc-7926b72e3654", - "label": "AMTEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A mesoscale numerical simulation (35 km) of a return-flow event over the Gulf of Mexico that occurred during the Gulf of Mexico Experiment (GUFMEX) is presented in order to examine the structure and the transformation of the polar air mass and to assess the model's skill in simulating the event. The study deals with the phase of cold-air outbreak over the Gulf of Mexico and the subsequent rapid modification of the cold air mass by the underlying warm ocean, prior to the onset or return flow.\n\n\nhttp://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0450(1992)031%3C0946%3ANSOATO%3E2.0.CO%3B2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32d8bd9e-bfdf-40de-9703-77b4527d9380", - "label": "BIOENERGETICA GAVIOTA COCINERA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This study investigates the breeding and feeding biology of Kelp Gull\nat Antarctica. The study includes data on the following:\n- Breeding chronology;\n- Breeding success;\n- Feeding tactics;\n- Feeding times;\n- Displacement behaviors;\n- Pursuit behaviors; and\n- Kleptoparasitic behaviors.\n\nPeriodic sampling of food items (Antarctic limpets, in particular)\nis conducted to gather information on energetics and estimates of food\navailability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "342ee29f-1e63-4bb4-b8d0-8f07472de7a9", - "label": "ARCTIC RESILIENCY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Like the July 2005 submission this is a living document which evolves as partnerships and resources are negotiated. Health related mega-projects in the Arctic have so far highlighted diseases and illnesses separating the aspirations and the accomplishments of Arctic peoples. This programme is framed by Arctic peoples’ resiliency, where partnerships are fostered which highlights the strength and aspiration of Arctic residents. Over the last few decades many Canadian Arctic peoples have negotiated land claims and set up governance and structures to protect and enhance their knowledge, languages. This will cover the first theme of the three proposed for this project; namely the Dynamics of Governance and Local Authority. This includes issues such as self-determination, governance, economic change and community dynamics.\n\nSecondly, within this model specific health concerns will be addressed including diabetes, heart disease, HIV, cancer, mental health, injuries. In addition factors that contribute to health including genuine progress indicators, water, environmental health, ownership of health, addictions, lifestyle, technology impacts and cumulative effects will be explored. The second theme of this project, then covers Northern Health Indicators, which addresses issues such as unintentional/intentional injuries, mental health lifestyle (addictions), and genuine progress indicators.\n\nThis programme is also framed by having to understand the Arctic peoples’ health through diversity by brining in issues from the point of view gender, and youth. This will aid in animating the cultural and individual contributions. An overarching community driven, Arctic lead, health and wellness research network is proposed that facilitates and participates in health research activities during the IPY within a model in which the resiliency and diversity of Arctic peoples is highlighted to answer questions that will create healthy environments and improve the health of persons in the circumpolar Arctic\n\nThis Canadian led Network would link territories, countries, communities, researchers, research and data management and that would serve as an international Canadian led legacy for IPY. It will also ensure best practices for community based health and wellness research throughout the IPY. As well as create a legacy for health research in Circumpolar Health Research across the Circumpolar North.\n\nThe above will be done through the creation of a network which allows for communication and integration of knowledge from various sources including medical science, traditional knowledge, social sciences, environmental sciences, biological, sociological historical – to mention few. And these will allow the third theme Northern Populations in Transition to emerge where topics like environmental change, technology and traditional foods and medicines come to play a role in understanding Arctic health in broadest sense.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=183", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "349b981d-16e9-4d2a-9ec7-6c741a202f3b", - "label": "AASE-II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From October 1991 through March 1992, the NASA ER-2 and the DC-8 aircraft were flown out of Fairbanks, Alaska, and Bangor, Maine, to examine the evolution of the chemistry of the stratospheric polar vortex over the course of the winter. This was AASE II. \n \nAASE II began about two and a half years after the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Experiment (AASE), which determined that the chlorine chemistry in the Northern Hemisphere polar winter stratosphere was indeed perturbed, similar to the situation in the Southern Hemisphere winter. This mission was designed to measure chemical and meteorological variables as the Northern polar vortex--the ring of winds which circles the pole in winter--evolved through the season.\n \nThe first deployment was out of Fairbanks, Alaska, in October 1991. The ER-2 flew north to the pole to survey the beginnings of the polar vortex. Subsequent deployments were staged from Bangor, Maine, for two-week periods spaced about two weeks apart from November 1991 through March 1992. Most flights were north towards the polar vortex, but a few went south towards the tropics to survey aerosols injected into the stratosphere by the eruption of the Pinatubo volcano in June 1991.\n \nThe ER-2 was joined by the NASA DC-8 beginning with the January deployment. The DC-8, which has a much longer range than the ER-2, flew circuits from NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, to Fairbanks, Alaska, to Stavanger, Norway, to Bangor, Maine, and then back to NASA Ames.\n \nFor more information, link to: http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/aase2/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34b067e5-f6ac-44f7-8dfd-0b55f372216d", - "label": "ANSMET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The homepage has been designed to give you a pictoral tour of how and why ANSMET hunts for meteorites in the Antarctic. The images have been provided by field party members from the 20 field seasons ANSMET has had since 1976. ANSMET is a program supported by grants from the Office of Polar Programs of the U.S. National Science Foundation and by the Solar System Exploration Division of NASA. The Principal Investigator of the current grant is Dr. Ralph P. Harvey of the Department of Geological Sciences at Case Western Reserve University. Prof. William A. Cassidy of the University of Pittsburgh was the founder of ANSMET and Principal Investigator until 1991. John Schutt has been our field safety officer since 1980. Since 1976, ANSMET has been recovering meteorite specimens from the East Antarctic Icesheet- a total of over 10,000 as of today.\n\nInformation provided by http://caslabs.case.edu/ansmet/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35064bfb-c783-4b48-9630-5ad2eeebca1c", - "label": "CGL2007-60369-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35865cda-e394-4745-847f-9061fa75113f", - "label": "CHAMP_ESE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CHAMP (Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload for Geo-scientific Research\nand Applications program) will perform the following three tasks: 1)\nMapping of the Earth's global long to medium wavelength gravity field\nand temporal variations with applications in the geophysics, geodesy\nand oceanography; 2) Mapping of the Earth's global magnetic field and\ntemporal variations with applications in geophysics and solar\nterrestrial physics; 3) Atmosphere/ionosphere sounding with\napplications in global climate studies, weather forecasting, disaster\nresearch and navigation. This is a cooperative project with\nGermany. Energy forecasting and water management.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: July 15, 2000\n Launch Site: Plesetzk, Russia\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 450 km and circular\n Non-Sun-Synchronous\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 500 kg\n Power: 167 watts\n Design Life: 5 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n LRR (Laser Retro Reflector)\n OVM (Overhauser Magnetometer) and the FGM (Fluxgate Magnetometer)\n DIDM (Digital Ion Drift Meter)\n ACC (Accelerometer)\n GPS (Global Positioning System) Receiver\n\n For more information on CHAMP, see\n 'http://op.gfz-potsdam.de/champ/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36261f8e-7b4f-4405-b0f9-a9faea4fb527", - "label": "BIANZO II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BIANZOII will investigate biodiversity patterns of the Antarctic zoobenthos and their causal processes for three representative groups of different size categories: nematodes (meiobenthos), amphipods (macrobenthos) and echinoids (megabenthos). Trophodynamic aspects of these benthic groups and their ability to cope with temperature and temperature-related changes (food composition and availability, pH of the seawater...) will be studied mainly in an experimental approach. Information collected in previous studies and in the first two work packages will be used to initiate the development of a model about the possible changes in the benthic communities due to global environmental change.\n\nExpected results and/or products are:\n1. An improved knowledge of the composition and biogeography of the target groups in poorly known parts of the Southern Ocean, e.g. the deep-sea and a recently collapsed ice shelf east of the Antarctic Peninsula;\n\n2. An improved knowledge of species diversity and distribution patterns and similarities with oceans worldwide;\n\n3. A better understanding of the trophic position of the three benthic taxa;\n\n4. An evaluation of the share of prokaryotes in benthic energy flows through amphipods;\n\n5. An estimation of metabolic rates of scavenger amphipods based on respiration and excretion measurements;\n\n6. Characterization of the trophic categories of Antarctic echinoids and feeding plasticity of selected taxa;\n\n7. Measuring the effect of seawater acidification on the skeletogenesis of selected taxa.\nBIANZO II is IPY activity #391. It is part of CAML (Census of Antarctic Marine Life) and contributes to SCAR EBA (Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic). The partners are also involved in other IPY projects: ANDEEP-SYSTCO and ClicOPEN. BIANZO II is also involved in SCAR-MarBIN.\n\nhttp://www.belspo.be/belspo/fedra/proj.asp?l=en&COD=SD/BA/02A", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36d131d7-5961-405e-9d3b-09db4d292bfa", - "label": "ACDP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Community Association of Progressive Dominicans (ACDP) is a highly respected organization providing services to residents of Northern Manhattan and the Bronx. ACDP was founded in 1979 and incorporated in 1980 as the first non-profit to focus on the needs of New York’s Dominican immigrants and the communities in which they live. ACDP has organized the community to develop high quality programs providing direct assistance to 23,359 persons annually. With a Team of volunteer of over 230 persons, ACDP serves the community in the following critical areas: \n\nEducation and Youth Leadership \nPublic and Mental Health \nFood and Nutrition \nImmigration and Citizenship \nHousing \nEconomic Development \n\nACDP's programs are part of an integrated organizational whole. Together, the programs nurture and challenge individuals and community institutions. They bring people together by celebrating diversity and opposing all forms of stereotyping and discrimination. \n\nThis summary is from http://www.acdp.org/AboutUs.aspx", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37f12f97-1fca-4277-8464-331665481067", - "label": "AICEMI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AICEMI\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=248\n\nAICEMI is proposed by the permanent participants of the Arctic Council (Aleut International Association, Arctic Athabaskan Council, Gwich in Council International, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, and Saami Council) as an umbrella project for community-based (CB) programs and/or CB components of other IPY projects. \nPreliminary goals:\n-Ensuring synergies between CB projects and enhancing their significance and potential sustainability during the IPY and beyond\n-Facilitating IPY projects with community-based component to ensure involvement of appropriate organizations/projects/individuals \n-Protecting intellectual and economic interests of indigenous and other local residents through providing assistance in the development of the control mechanisms and legal instruments regulating the use of information based on traditional and indigenous knowledge \n\nThe goals could be achieved through:\n-Facilitation and coordination of communication among IPY CB projects and between the projects and higher level networks, science community and the public\n-Development of data management policies and procedures for cluster projects in cooperation with IPY electronic data management services.\n\nPossible CB sub-networks:\n1. Bering Sea Sub-network (BSSN), EO 922\n2. ALISON, EO 6\n3. Environment Monitoring and Aboriginal Land Claims: Implementation Challenges, EO 510 Northern Community Science: the establishment of a regional network of environmental science centres, EO 128\n4. Elders of the Northern Ice, EO 332\n\nAICEMI will respond to the needs for CB component of large scale projects such as Integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System (ID No: 14) and Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring (ID No.:133).\n\nThis proposal will be reviewed and further developed at the permanent participants workshop in February 2006 in Denmark.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39a76532-c8e2-40b3-91f1-d5675fecf670", - "label": "ASPECT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ASPeCt is a programme of multi-disciplinary Antarctic sea ice zone\nresearch within the SCAR Global Change Programme. ASPeCt will\nspecifically address key identified deficiencies in our understanding\nand data from the sea ice zone. The programme is designed to\ncomplement and to contribute to the other international programmes in\nthis region and will build on existing and proposed research\nprogrammes, and the shipping activities of National Antarctic\noperators, and will also include a component of data-rescue of\nvaluable historical sea ice zone information.\n\n\nThe overall aim of ASPeCt is to understand and model the role of\nAntarctic sea ice in the coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean system. This\nrequires an understanding of key processes, and the determination of\nphysical, chemical, and biological properties of the sea ice\nzone. These are addressed by objectives which are:\n\n\nI. To establish the distribution of the basic physical properties of\nsea ice that are important to air-sea interaction and to biological\nprocesses within the Antarctic sea-ice zone (ice and snow cover\nthickness distributions; structural, chemical and thermal properties\nof the snow and ice; upper ocean hydrography; floe size and lead\ndistribution). These data are required to derive forcing and\nvalidation fields for climate models and to determine factors\ncontrolling the biology and ecology of the sea ice-associated biota.\n\n\nII. To understand the key sea-ice zone processes necessary for\nimproved parameterization of these processes in coupled models.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/aspect/contents.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a6b742f-1330-4636-87ab-da45c5182c79", - "label": "BERING LAND BRIDGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Bering Strait connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans via the Arctic Ocean. The Strait is currently only 50 meters deep. During low sea level stands produced by continental glaciation it was emergent, forming the Bering Land Bridge connection between North America and Asia. This is the only area on Earth where the circulation between ocean basins has been blocked and a migration corridor between continental landmasses has been opened by falling sea levels of the Pleistocene epoch. Scientific drilling to recover a proximal record of the region can be most promisingly recovered in the thick (> 3 km) basinal sequences of the Norton and Hope basins immediately to the south and north of the Strait. The sedimentary record of marine transgressions and regressions within the Bering Strait region that includes intercalated terrestrial lacustrine sediments would have the potential to resolve crucial questions regarding Bering Land Bridge paleoecology and climate change.\nFunds to conduct a workshop to identify, select and prioritize drilling sites in Bering Sea Shelf basins with the potential to contain thick sequences of alternating marine and terrestrial sediments was approved by Joint Oceanographic Institutions/United States Science Support Program (JOI/USSSP) . Workshop to be held 21-222 June, 2005. The workshop focused on key scientific questions, identification of drilling sites with the potential to answer these questions, discussing the most appropriate platform or platforms, proposal submissions, and multi-proxy analyses. Products of this workshop will include a discussion of the potential scientific gains, a list of recommended drilling sites, and, ultimately, proposals submitted to the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.\nScientific issues included: Studies of global freshwater transport have demonstrated a net flux of water from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic through the Bering Strait at a rate of 0.8 Sverdrups per year which accounts for nearly one-third of the total freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean . Models indicate that increased flow of fresher North Pacific water through the submerged Bering Strait can also lead to suppression of NADW formation . The opening and closing of the Bering Strait clearly has global climatic implications with regard to the cause and the duration of glacial and interglacial climatic oscillations, yet the numerous and sometimes contradictory models cannot be adequately tested because an accurate chronology of the emergence and submergence of the Strait is lacking. Reconstruction of the sea level history of the Bering Strait, including the exact timing of the opening and closing of the land bridge and the rates of associated sea level changes, the presence/absence of sea/terrestrial ice, is essential to understanding its role as a trigger or pacemaker of northern hemisphere climate changes. The Bering Land Bridge served as an oscillating biological filter between marine and terrestrial for plants, animals, and humans that passed between Eurasia and North America during the Late Quaternary period. Previous exchanges of species between Asia and North America during the Miocene and Late Cretaceous indicate that the Bering Strait region experienced intervals of emergence prior to the Pleistocene. Intercontinental exchange and competition from foreign species has been sited as a causal factor in the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Pleistocene extinctions. It needs to be determined if there was a north-south and/or east west ecological gradient on the central land bridge? If so did the gradients varied in space and time?\nIn addition to organic remains, identification and dating of tephras contained within terrestrial or marine sediments of the Bering Strait will further enhance understanding of the chronology of Quaternary eruptions and their role in global climate variations. Geochemical characterization of tephras from Bering Strait cores could provide a record of the frequency, magnitude, and timing of eruptions at volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Seward Peninsula, and islands in Bering Sea. Furthermore, volcanic ash deposits are one of the only possible ways of demonstrating precise correlations between terrestrial and marine deposits throughout Beringia and the Bering Sea.\n. The workshop participants resolved that in order to address unresolved questions regarding global ocean circulation and rapid climate changes, and to permit reconstruction of the flora, fauna, and climate of the lowlands in the center of the Beringian subcontinent, basinal features that contain both marine and terrestrial lacustrine sediments must be targeted\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=29", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b01c18c-e4c9-459a-9438-3e39f22c6f3f", - "label": "CAPAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Nicaragua possesses a system of Protected Areas that shelters a wide range of ecosystems that includes thousands of flora and fauna species. There are about 12.000 vegetable classified species beside another 5.000 not classified yet. Furthermore there are more than 1.400 classified animal species. This is a real biological treasure. \n\nSummary provided by: http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b55924e-cbe4-4f16-8616-b70533be4ca1", - "label": "CARPE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) is a\n5 year, $14 million regional project, funded by the United States\nAgency for International Development (USAID) to address the issue of\ndeforestation in the Congo Basin forest zone, in the middle of the\nAfrican continent. One of the least developed regions of the world,\nthe Congo Basin, holds massive expanses of closed canopy tropical\nforest, second only to the Amazon Basin in area.\nA GIS and Remote Sensing CD-ROM product is now available as are other\nCARPE publications: See: 'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/products.htm'\nPartners include the following:\nBiodiversity Support Program\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/bsp/bsp.htm'\nNASA/University of Maryland Partnership\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/gsfc-umd/umdcarpe.htm'\nPeace Corps 'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/pc/pccarpe.htm'\nU.S. Department of Agriculture/Forest Service\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/usfs/usfcarpe.htm'\nWildlife Conservation Society\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/wcs/wcscarpe.htm'\nWorld Learning (PVO-NGO/NRMS)\nWorld Resources Institute\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/wri/wricarpe.htm' World\nWildlife Fund 'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/wwf/wwf.htm'\nAfrican Government Agencies\nAfrican Non-Governmental Organizations\nAfrican Universities\nFor more information, view the CARPE Home Page, hosted by the\nUniversity of Virginia:\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b7a4fa8-6336-4fe3-a7cd-aac2dbf019c9", - "label": "ADEPT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ADEPT is a scientific project (CTM2011-23458) funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation). ADEPT addresses the study of the effect of atmospheric aerosol deposition on the dynamics of a marine LNLC (low nutrient low chlorophyll) system, namely the Mediterranean. To achieve its goal, ADEPT uses a multiscale and complementary approach. Relationships between atmospheric deposition and ocean nutrient and plankton dynamics are studied at a coastal scale and at the Mediterranean basin scale. Laboratory experiments focus to understand some of the underlying mechanisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bbdb017-92b2-4f57-bc6e-f540aad0dd53", - "label": "ASSIST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Academic Support for Spatial Information SysTems (ASSIST) is an educational\nproject that focuses on provideing support for the GIS user community.\nThis project is supported by the University of Leicester, Department of\nGeography and provides educational and training materials associated\nwith a variety of popular GIS systems.\n\nSystems Included:\n\n1. GRASS 'http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/assist/grass/index.html'\n2. Arc/Info 'http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/assist/arc/index.html'\n3. IDRISI 'http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/assist/idrisi/index.html'\n\nContact Information:\n\nProject ASSIST\nDepartment of Geography\nUniversity of Leicester\nLeicester LE1 7RH\nUK\n\nTel: +44 (0)116 252 3823\nFax: +44 (0)116 252 3854\nemail: geog@le.ac.uk\n\n[Summary provided by University of Leicester]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c6fdd82-330a-4ab3-b373-a319fae5496f", - "label": "CloudSat", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CloudSAT uses advanced radar to 'slice' through clouds to see their vertical structure, providing a completely new observational capability from space. Current satellites can only image the uppermost layers of clouds. CloudSAT will be one of the first satellites to study clouds on a global basis. It will look at their structure,\ncomposition and effects. This is a cooperative mission with Canada. Air quality, weather models, water management, aviation safety, disaster management.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: 2006-04-28 \n Launch Site: Western Test Range, Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 705 km\n Sun-Synchronous\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 999 kg\n Power: 700 watts\n Design Life: 2 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n 94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR)\n\n For more information, see\n http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cbaca44-8ade-4dce-b0c8-103d68965fca", - "label": "CILAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "As revenue from sales of commercial games exceeds movie box office sales, there is a renewed interest in how games can be used in educational settings.\n\nThe pedagogical laboratory provides education majors an opportunity to work like scientists who experiment with the latest findings in learning and instructional theories by trying them out with K-12 students recruited from local schools, observing student learning,\n\nEducational robotics activities are gaining in popularity.\n\n\nhttp://cilat.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ced2adf-ad4a-45ab-a043-4b02ccae0463", - "label": "CORINE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aim of the European Union's Coordination of Information on\nthe Environment (CORINE) project is to provide up to date\ninformation on land cover at scale 1:100.000 for the whole\nEurope. The database includes 44 categories in accordance with a\nstandard European nomenclature, organised into five large groups:\nartificial surfaces, agricultural areas, forest and semi-natural\nareas, wetlands, water bodies. Classification was done by visual\ninterpretation using Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite image maps\nwith the help of topographic maps as main ancillary material and\nfield work. Following digitization the land cover information is\nstored in topological structure as ARC/INFO database.\n\nThe project started in 1993 in Hungary together with the\nneighbouring Central and East European countries and finished for\nHungary in 1996. The final product has been integrated into the\nEuropean database and is available for users. Printed maps\ncovering the whole country were produced at scales 1:500.000 and\n1:200.000.\n\nAn experimental project to derive similar land cover at scale\n1:50.000 was also carried out for selected areas. An experimental\nCORINE Land Cover?Level 4 nomenclature was formulated for Central\nEurope by experts of the participating countries (Czech Republic,\nHungary, Poland and Slovakian) including 87 categories. Mapping\nwas based on digitally merged Landsat TM and SPOT PAN satellite\nimagery. Two larger blocks have been mapped (Bükk-Nyírség and\nKiskunság) covering about 15% of the country.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://fish.fomi.hu/angolfish/adathaz/termekek/CORINE/corine.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Budapest Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and\nRemote Sensing]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d180ef3-04f9-48c7-8dc2-fa823c868f98", - "label": "CAPEFAREWELL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: RadTrace\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=443\n\nRadionuclides can serve as valuable tracers of atmospheric and terrestrial transport processes, which will be altered by changing climate patterns. This project is anchored in the existing Health Canada radiological monitoring network operated throughout Canada. The network includes seven Arctic sites equipped with high volume samplers for airborne particulates. Two of these sites are also equipped for noble gas collection and one site is equipped with a continuous gamma radiation monitor. In addition to the primary functions of supporting of the Canadian Federal Nuclear Emergency Plan and the international Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the network provides regular measurements of a wide range of naturally-occurring radionuclide concentrations in air. Heavy metals and some organic compounds will also be measured in airborne particulates collected by the air samplers. An archive of air filters extending back to the early 1970s will allow the elucidation of time trends in these contaminants. The Health Canada air monitoring network covers an area extending from 55o to 83o North Latitude and 60o to 135o West Longitude, representing a large fraction of the entire land mass in the North polar region. \n\nData from the Canadian network will supplemented with similar data collected by collaborators in other countries -notably Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. Ground-based sample collections will also be carried out in the Canadian north to gain a better understanding of the deposition of atmospheric contaminants and their movement through food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe objectives of this project are:\n-Establish an international database for sharing data between monitoring networks in collaborating countries.\n-Develop and extend atmospheric transport models to trace the movement of radionuclides and other contaminants from sources in temperate zones to remote Arctic locations\n-Demonstrate changing trends in atmospheric circulation to the Arctic and within the Arctic by using these contaminants as tracers of atmospheric processes. \n-Document changes in soil gas emanation due to changing permafrost conditions.\n-Examine the link between climate change and forest fires in the north\n-Contribute to an understanding of ozone depletion in the stratosphere and ozone chemistry at ground level.\n-Assess the impact of these changes on the movement of contaminants through Arctic ecosystems and particularly in food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe following ongoing and future studies will be carried out with the aid of air monitoring networks for radionuclides and other contaminants:\n-A study carried out in collaboration with Meteorological Services of Canada has traced the movement of iodine-129 from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities in Siberia to remote locations in the Canadian Arctic. \n-Radioxenon from the reactor belt in eastern North America has been traced to Yellowknife, NWT. Measurements will be extended to include the long-lived krypton-85, a waste product from nuclear fuel reprocessing, in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions.\n-Cesium-137 released from wood-burning in distant forest fires has been detected at the Yellowknife location. Levoglucosan, a combustion product from forest fires, will also be measured on archived air filters to provide an historical record of forest fire effects. \n-Measurements of uranium, radium, lead-210, and potassium-40, and total dust loading will give information on intercontinental dust transport.\n-The short-lived radon and thoron decay products (lead-212, bismuth-214) are indicative of local emanations of soil gas and will be used to study changing permafrost conditions. \n-The beryllium isotopes (Be-7 and Be-10) are produced by cosmic irradiation of air molecules in the stratosphere. Their abundances and ratios at the earth's surface give information on exchanges of air masses between the stratosphere and troposphere, which are vulnerable to changing climate conditions.\n-Measurements of heavy metals (e.g., Hg, Cd) and selected organic compounds will extend the range of sources and pathways that can be studied and will aid in the understanding of atmospheric chemistry processes in the Arctic. \n\nDetails are still being worked out on the ground based studies. They will include collections of precipitation, soil, lichens, and higher plants to track the deposition of airborne contaminants and their movement through the food chain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d1b5e61-b6fd-42e4-8d99-c0901e9b32b0", - "label": "AWDN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) records hourly data for air\ntemperature and humidity, soil temperature, wind speed and direction,\nsolar radiation, and precipitation.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://hpccsun.unl.edu/awdn/home.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d420fac-88c4-4b06-bddb-25af93d9d160", - "label": "AMSRICE03", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AMSRIce03 campaign, headed by Don Cavalieri, was conducted over a three-week period in March 2003. Joint ground and aircraft measurements were taken in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas in the Arctic Ocean, and in Elson Lagoon, off the northern coast of Alaska, USA. The objectives of the experiment were to compare field, airborne, and other satellite data in order to validate and improve existing sea ice retrieval algorithms for the AMSR-E instrument. \n\nhttp://nsidc.org/data/amsr_validation/cryosphere/amsrice03/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d538499-d29b-482d-8caf-b62a605456ae", - "label": "CRIPA-X (FINNARP)", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e9cddd9-724e-43a5-9784-adcfaa410d98", - "label": "BSSN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BSSN\nProject URL: http://www.arcticpeoples.org/key-issues/monitoring/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=247\n\nThis project will create an infrastructure for monitoring and observation by the indigenous and other Arctic residents organizations based in the coastal communities of the Bering Sea region (BSR) including Bering Strait and adjacent Chukchi Sea. It will increase capacity and effectiveness of the circum-Arctic monitoring through responding to the need of the long-term collection of data in remote Arctic locations, in particularly, in BSR that was identified as a priority monitoring area by many scientists, e.g. by the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme of the Arctic Council. The project will use IPY as an impetus to consolidate current research and jump-start new cooperative activities between scientists, indigenous and other citizens groups from the North East Russia and Alaska, U.S. Whereas, the region is known for an international cooperative research in specific species management, e.g. Gray whales and Polar bear, efforts on creation of circum-Bering Sea research interface have not been successful due to political and logistical reasons. BSSN will work specifically with community-based/place based research and will attempt to integrate these efforts with broader scientific activities in the region and globally.\nBSSN will consist of community-based and/or international regional organizations, primarily indigenous. In addition to the international organization (AIA, ICC, CAFF, UNEP), the list of initial partners will include five Alaska Natives regional non-profit organizations, eight regional organizations in Chukotka and Kamchatka in Russia, Alaska Native Science Commission and University of Alaska. The Network will cooperate with other organizations, projects and scientists from the cluster projects. The initial program activities will be based on the existing and emerging research and monitoring projects implemented by its partners. Examples of potential monitoring targets related to climate change, biodiversity and human health: shift of southern species north, changes in distribution and abundance of fish and other temperature-sensitive species, change in ice patterns, weather observations, contaminants presence in environment and traditional foods, weather related accidents, occurrence of infectious diseases.\nThe research activities that are currently undertaken in cooperation with scientists will continue in BSSN. This project will advance this work by scaling it up to the international level. It will create a system for sharing of the best practices of individual projects/organizations in the region and in the Arctic, will enable scientists to reach key areas in the region for collection of specific data and will improve standardized data management. \nThe Network will employ the following principles: ecosystem approach BSSN has ecosystem boundaries and the collected data will help better understand relationships between various elements of ecosystem; openness and transparency based on defined structure and management; use of the best available knowledge - western science and expertise derived from traditional and indigenous knowledge will be utilized. Local and indigenous experts, recognized as such in their respective communities, will be offered an opportunity to work side-by-side with scientists contributing to generate hypotheses, analyze empirical data, develop and perform research activities where appropriate. The network will consist of organizations, not projects, to ensure sustainability and continuity. \nIn 2006, BSSN will conduct a series of workshops to devise the Network management structure, logistics, memberships and means for sustainability. Work plans for activities assuring BSSN input to major IPY projects (CBMP, AHHI, and ESSAS via BEST and SEARCH, etc.) and output from independent thematic projects, e.g. ALISON, will be developed. A data management process will be established for the network. Alaska Native Science Commission and the University of Alaska will lead this work. The process will go through rigorous reviews by BSSN members and will conform to the standards/matrix developed by IPY data management services. \nInitial research activities may begin in 2006 with thematic observation systems based on current projects and will continue in 2007-08 with inclusion of new monitoring projects, e.g. invasive species or distribution of particular species. Such thematic networks could be developed for CBMP and other interested programs. The list of current projects includes: 1.) Oil spill monitoring, lead partner (LP) Aleutian Pribilof Island Association (APIA), funded; 2.) Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, LP Aleut International Association, funding pending; 3.) Shark distribution changes, LP APIA, funding pending; 4.)Traditional food safety, LP APIA; 5.) Polar bear and whale hunting projects of the Alaska Chukotka development Program", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fe9c479-3cb5-45bf-8f4d-637282dccfa3", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS AND", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic will experience some of the more dramatic environmental changes in the 21st century as surface air temperatures continue to rise in response to anthropogenic forcing. This will lead to an intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle. At regional scales, however, it remains unknown how precipitation, evaporation, and river discharge are evolving in a warmer world. This study will investigate the role of large-scale atmospheric anomalies in the Canadian northern hydrologic cycle with a focus on the IPY. Specifically, we will address the following science questions:\n\n1) What are the dominant large-scale atmospheric teleconnections that affect northern Canada?\n2) What is the role of these teleconnections and their relative contributions to the atmospheric and surface water budgets of high-latitude river basins in a changing environment?\n3) How will the meteorological and hydrological variables differ from their mean state during the IPY and how will they evolve in the near future?\n\nTo answer these important science questions, the following work will be conducted according to the proposed timeline:\n\n-2006-2007: Historical meteorological and hydrological data will be analysed. Relationships between atmospheric teleconnections such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the state of the hydrologic budget over northern Canada will be evaluated. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA40) data set will provide global meteorological data that will be supplemented by observed river discharge from the Canadian Hydrometric Database (HYDAT) and observed precipitation and temperature from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia. The analysis will cover the period 1964-2004 for which spatial and temporal coverage is best and focus on the Mackenzie and Hudson Bay river basins.\n\n-2007-2008: During the IPY intensive observing period, real-time monitoring of the atmospheric teleconnection indexes and of the hydrologic budget in northern Canada will be maintained. The daily and recent state of atmospheric and hydrologic variables, including daily assessments of their deviations from the mean, will be reported on our website to provide other researchers this valuable information.\n\n-2008-2009: A diagnostic study of the atmospheric and hydrologic state over northern Canada during the IPY will be conducted. This work will focus on the anomalies during the IPY from the mean state (1964-2004). An assessment of trends in the atmospheric teleconnection indexes and in the hydrometeorological variables will provide insights on the possible future state of northern Canada’s hydrologic cycle.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details-print.php?id=159", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40ec23d6-2895-46e7-b606-8ec6bc50f8d5", - "label": "CRYSTAL-FACE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers -\nFlorida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) is a measurement\ncampaign designed to investigate tropical cirrus cloud physical\nproperties and formation processes. Understanding the production of\nupper tropospheric cirrus clouds is essential for the successful\nmodeling of the Earth's climate\n\nCarbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activities warm\nour climate. Two effects of this warming are the increase of clouds\nand the rise of water vapor in the atmosphere. Both of these in turn\ninfluence the impacts of the man-made gases on global warming. Clouds\ncan reflect the sun rays away from the surface, cooling the climate,\nbut they also act as radiative heat. These various interactions are\ncomplex and not fully understood. However, the processes are crucial\nin determining the eventual overall effect of manmade greenhouse gases\non the earth's climate. The detailed measurements from the\nCRYSTAL-FACE mission will assist in improving our climate models. Six\naircraft will be equipped with state-of-the-art instruments to measure\ncharacteristics of clouds and how clouds alter the atmosphere's\ntemperature. These measurements will be compared with ground based\nradars, satellites, and the results of advanced atmospheric models, in\norder to improve our ability to forecast future climate change. This\nlarge multi-agency experiment will unite seven NASA centers, NOAA,\nNational Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Office of Naval\nResearch, U.S. Weather Research Program, Universities and other\ngovernment weather researchers in this well coordinated study of our\nenvironment.\n\nFor further information, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/crystalface/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40f91183-5b08-410a-9dad-b02748c3c340", - "label": "ARGAU", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The main hypothesis of the ARGAU program is that the Southern Atlantic\nOcean would be the ocean reacting the faster and more intensely to the\nclimatic change induced by the anthropogenic atmospheric CO2\nincrease. To evidence these changes, ARGAU, a long term (10 years)\nprogram based on oceanographic cruises (summer and winter, from Buenos\nAires to the Weddell Sea) onboard the Argentinean Icebreaker ?\nAlmirante Irizar ? is carried out. In order to describe, explain and\nmodel the trend and variability of CO2 fluxes in this area at various\ntime scale, the physico-chemical characterization of the different\nwater masses is being studied together with the biological communities\npresent in the water column, within a multidisciplinary approach.\n\nThe first two cruises were carried out between 20 March and 14 May,\n2000 (ARGAU Zero) and 2 January-15 April, 2001 (ARGAU 1). Different\nfrontal structures are revealed by sea surface temperature and sea\nsurface salinity gradients: The Patagonian frontal shelf, the\nAntarctic Circumpolar Current and the Malvinas cyclonic current. The\nresults of both cruises suggest that major part of the southwest\nAtlantic Ocean appears as a CO2 sink. The strongest sink areas were\nfound around the Antarctic Peninsula (at 68?W) with a DPCO2 of\n-80ppm. This strong sink is correlated to the highest fluorimetric\nsignal and chlorophyll-a concentration (around 4 mg.m-3) and\nrelatively low nitrate and phosphate concentrations (10 and 0.8 ?g.l-1\nrespectively). This could be explained by a bloom of Dactyliosolen\nantarcticus (Castracane). The second strong sink observed at 56.5?W\nwith a DPCO2 of -40ppm is associated to the coldest temperature\n(-1.8?C).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4236799a-f395-4a7c-98c6-bb387b5ac7d3", - "label": "COTS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'Building regional capacity for the collection and application of coastal and\nocean information'.\n\nThe Coastal Observation Technology System (COTS) project grants were initiated\nin 2002 to further the development of integrated coastal ocean observing\nsystems on a regional basis. The COTS projects are an alliance of\ncongressionally directed and competitively funded projects focusing on regional\ncoastal observation, research, technology and prediction, with an emphasis on\ndata management and integration. In FY05 13 projects were funded by\nCongressional direction to contribute to the formation of IOOS. These projects\ncover a wide range of ocean and coastal observations research activities,\nincluding ecological forecasting, modeling, and storm surge prediction.\n\nCOTS funds also support competitively selected pilot observing system\ntechnology projects (3) and regional coordination projects (11) to establish\nthe framework for Regional Associations (RAs). The RAs will serve as a forum to\nimprove the regional coastal ocean observing systems (RCOOS), by enabling\nstakeholders to influence IOOS development by identifying and establishing\nregional observation priorities.\n\n[Summary adopted from 'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/cots/']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42528daf-a3b4-4424-ad77-85f2595dc823", - "label": "CONFLUENCIA_WEDDELL-SCOTIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CONFLUENCIA WWEDDELL-SCOTIA\n\nThe proposed program will focus on quantifying both the deep\nboundary currents and the overlying mixing processes which\ncombine to transfer Weddell Sea waters northward through the\nWSC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43070912-4687-40ae-b389-264f5347c25d", - "label": "BIOFLAME", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BIOFLAME will study the DNA 'fingerprints' of biological evolution to trace the way species adapt to environmental extremes. We will use state-of-the-art genomics technology to investigate the DNA of individuals, populations, natural communities and entire ecosystems, synthesising information across all these different scales of life. While surveying gene sequences and their functions, we will assess the potential for commercial exploitation. Objectives are to: Understand how the genomes of different species influence their responses to environmental variation and change at the level of individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems; Find out how climate change influences biodiversity and affects important ways the ecosystem functions within the Antarctic and globally; Determine the role of Antarctica and extreme environments in evolutionary change and the development of global biodiversity. \n\nBIOFLAME will link to GEACEP, ACES and DISCOVERY 2010. Component projects of BIOFALME are: BIOFLAME-BIOPEARL: BIOdiversity dynamics: Phylogeography, Evolution And Radiation of Life and BIOFLAME-BIOREACH: BIOlogical Responses to Extreme Antarctic Conditions and Hyper-extremes \n\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/current_programmes/bioflame.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "432d2336-1111-4305-a8cb-8d0c8a3af632", - "label": "Aura", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura is a NASA mission to study the\n Earth's ozone, air quality and climate. This mission is designed\n exclusively to conduct research on the composition, chemistry and\n dynamics of the Earth's upper and lower atmosphere employing multiple\n instruments on a single satellite. EOS Aura is the third in a series\n of major Earth observing satellites to study the environment and\n climate change and is part of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. The\n first and second missions, Terra and Aqua, are designed to study the\n land, oceans, and the Earth's radiation budget. Aura's chemistry\n measurements will also follow up on measurements which began with\n NASA'S Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite and continue the record of\n satellite ozone data collected from the TOMS missions.\n \n The EOS Aura satellite, instruments, launch, and science\n investigations are managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in\n Greenbelt, Maryland. The satellite was launched in July 2004\n and will operated for five or more years. Scientific investigations will\n continue throughout the years the spacecraft is in operation and\n several years afterwards.\n \n The Aura Project staff includes managers, engineers, administrators\n and financial personnel, science advisory personnel, and functional\n Working Groups. The Project administers the contracts for each of\n Aura's instruments and the Aura spacecraft and specifies the launch\n vehicle. They oversee the design, fabrication, assembly and testing of\n each instrument and the integration of all the instruments to the\n spacecraft. They devise and implement the plans, specifications,\n schedules and budgets required to build the Aura spacecraft and deploy\n it in orbit. They also provide multi-disciplinary engineering\n expertise to deal with diverse technical challenges that occur when\n developing, building, and testing a complex spacecraft system.\n \n Aura consists of the following instruments:\n High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)\n Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)\n Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)\n Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES)\n\n **Aura was successfully launched on July 15, 2004 from \n Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA**\n \n For more information and mission updates, see:\n https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \n For more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n https://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43e2297c-0116-4037-81fd-12f21792f63e", - "label": "CCMA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CCCma is located on the beautiful University of Victoria campus, in the Ian Stewart Complex at the intersection of McKenzie Avenue and Gordon Head Road (see map). Follow this link if would like to know more about Victoria and find out how to reach us. \n\nYou will find a wide range of information on this site. Be sure to check out our employment and graduate studies pages for opportunities to do research in our group. Also check out our user friendly interactive data section, where you can download data from various climate simulations performed with our models. A username and password are required. These are easily obtained by an online registration form and agreeing to the licensing conditions. Once you have applied, you will be notified of your username and password by email instantly. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.cccma.ec.gc.ca/eng_index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44c9591c-3633-4ecf-8c11-9df8c28557bc", - "label": "BIAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BIAC\nProject URL: http://www.uib.no/People/ngfso/BIAC/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=23\n\nGeneral: The aim of the proposed project is to study mechanisms, manifestations and impacts of bottom water formation on the bipolar Atlantic Ocean shelves. Key areas are the Barents Sea, and the southern Weddell Sea.\n\nThe proposed activity is to \ni) Identify key regions where dense water is formed and contributes to bottom water formation and thermohaline circulation; \nii) Study cooling and freezing processes in these areas by remote sensing, in situ measurements and modeling;\niii) Estimate production rates of dense water; \niv) Study cascading of dense water towards the deep ocean by direct measurements and modeling of the bottom plume characteristics like velocity and turbulent structures; \nv) Measure and calculate the mixing processes in these downward cascading waters and obtain production rates of bottom water; \nvi) Define physical and biogeochemical controls on ocean carbon biogeochemistry; \nvii) Investigate relationships between variability in deep-water formation, CO2 uptake rates and large scale natural or anthropogenic climate forcing. \nviii) Study the relationships between variability in the bipolar deep-water formation and the global ocean circulation using the ROMS model system; \nix) Study the role of the variability of Antarctic ice sheet for triggering glacial cycles by combining paleo-climatological sampling and paleo modeling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46e02474-72d7-4c81-9474-952a79bfdc42", - "label": "ANTARCTIC BENTHIC COMMUNITIES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The continental shelf around Antarctica is relatively narrow, 60 to 240km wide. It ranges from very shallow areas of less than 50m near the coast to areas deeper than 800m deep. The average depth is 500m. Beyond the shelf the Antarctic continental slope descends to over 3000m and levels out on the abyssal plains at depths of 3700 - 5000m (5km) deep. Soft sediments (mud, sand and gravel) are the single largest habitat on the continental shelf, slope and abyssal plains in Antarctica, and probably cover over 90% of the seabed. The abyssal plains consist only of soft-sediments with occasional boulders.\n\nSummary Provided by: http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1656", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47c8554b-3c79-4ccb-94fd-aecb6cbed79e", - "label": "ACR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Antarctic Climate Research originates from the National\nInstitute of Polar Research. The tasks of this research include\nconduct comprehensive scientific research in various disciplines\nin the polar regions and administer the scientific programs of\nand provide logistic support to the Japanese Antarctic Research\nExpeditions. These climatic studies are important in\nunderstanding the environment of the Antarctic region.\n\nLink to the National Institute of Polar Research at\n'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/outline/index.html' to find more\ninformation on this research and other research going on in the\npolar regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47f7c4a8-84fb-4c0f-9a63-e3100703fd3a", - "label": "CRYSYS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'http://www.tor.ec.gc.ca/CRYSYS/'\n\nCRYSYS is Canada's contribution to NASA's Earth Observing System\n(EOS) Program. Its mission is to develop capabilities to monitor and\nbetter understand variations in major components of the cryosphere\n(sea ice, lake ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and frozen\nground/permafrost).\n\nCRYSYS was initiated by Canadian scientists in 1988 in response to\nNASA's request for research related to its Earth Observing System\nProgram ( EOS). CRYSYS offers Canadian scientists opportunities to\nplay a significant role in developing methods for extracting\ninformation on the cryosphere from conventional and remote sensing\nsystems as part of EOS. CRYSYS also provides Canadian scientiests\nwith a link to the data and information system of EOS (EOSDIS),\n and allows CRYSYS investigators access to the huge volumes of\nsatellite data being archived under the EOS program. In 1993, the\nMeteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, took over the\nrole of principal sponsoring agency for CRYSYS. CRYSYS currently\ninvolves over 30 researchers from 14 universities and 4 federal\nagencies.\n\nThe basic scientific goals of CRYSYS are:\n\n- to develop capabilities for monitoring and understanding regional and North\nAmerican variations in cryospheric variables;\n- to develop and validate local, regional and global models of climate/\ncryospheric processes and dynamics to improve understanding of the role of the\ncryosphere in the climate system;\n- to assemble, maintain and analyze key historical, operational and research\ncryospheric data sets to support climate monitoring and model validation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48193b4b-4805-4716-8e43-36790fa83bdb", - "label": "Aotearoa New Zealand Ross Ice Shelf Programme", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48b1dab6-a14a-43f1-ad16-eb059e4259e4", - "label": "CODE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (HyCODE) is an Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsored five-year interdisciplinary program. HyCODE field experiments are located 1) off the coast of New Jersey at the Long-term Ecological Observatory site in 15 m water depth (LEO-15), 2) on the west Florida Shelf as part of the ONR Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms ( EcoHAB) program, and 3) in the Bahamas near Lee Stocking Island as part of the ONR Coastal Benthic Optical Processes (CoBOP) program. This website focuses on the New Jersey shelf, which is located in the New York Bight (NYB) and the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). The main objective of the HyCODE program is to develop an understanding of the diverse processes that control inherent and apparent optical properties (IOPs and AOPs, respectively) in the coastal ocean by use of hyperspectral imagery. Basic research is centered on the investigation of the impact of relatively small-scale physical, biological, and chemical processes on near-surface spectral IOPs and AOPs. Some of the processes under investigation for the HyCODE project include advection of optically important material, phytoplankton growth and loss, bubble injection, sediment resuspension, fronts, and internal waves. Applied research focuses on the development and validation of hyperspectral ocean color algorithms. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.opl.ucsb.edu/hycodeopl.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49512e9f-71c9-41ac-bd89-0de6d7308d24", - "label": "CALM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring) program currently\nconsists of 69 research sites operated by researchers from from\nCanada, China, Denmark/ Greenland, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Norway,\nPoland/Svalbard, Russia, Sweden/Svalbard, Switzerland, and United\nStates. Although the CALM program began as a voluntary effort in 1991,\nit has recently been formalized with a 5-year grant from the\nU.S. National Science Foundation (OPP-9732051). Investigators at these\nsites measure the seasonal thaw depth across plots using a standard\nprotocol. Soil and air temperature, and soil moisture content, are\nalso measured at many sites. If these areally averaged measurements\nare combined with site-specific information on soil, landscape,\nvegetation, and measurements of air and soil temperature, the\nstability and projected changes in regional thaw depth and the spatial\npatterns can be more realistically modeled and validated.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://k2.gissa.uc.edu/~kenhinke/CALM/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b2c9ccf-cb37-480a-92a2-21ff2c46a0a3", - "label": "APIOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Acid Precipitation In Ontario Study (APIOS), operated by the\nOntario (Canada) Ministry of Environment and Energy, consisted of 18\nmonitoring sites during the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study\n(EMEFS) from 6/1/1988 to 5/31/1990 in Ontario, Canada.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/apios.htm' for more information\non the APIOS.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b5853a1-aab4-4319-9815-9312fb475859", - "label": "ALIENS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Aliens\nProject URL: http://ipy.antarctica.gov.au/projects/aliens-in-antarctica\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=170\n\nThe impact of non-native (alien) species on ecosystems is one of the big issues of the 21st Century. Human travel is occurring at an unprecedented level across the globe.\n\nCurrently alien microbes, fungi, plants and animals occur on some parts of the Antarctic continent and most of the sub-Antarctic islands. These have been transported to the region through human activity (Frenot et al 2005). Introduction routes are largely associated with movement of people and cargo in association with national scientific program and tourist operations (Whinam et al 2005). The impact of these alien species ranges from minor transient introduction to substantial loss of local biodiversity and changes to ecosystem processes and evolution. With rapid climate change occurring in some parts of Antarctica, greater numbers of alien introductions and more successful invasions by aliens are likely, with consequent increases in impacts on ecosystems (Bergstrom and Chown, 1999).\n\nThis project aims to assess the extent to which the annual migratory human population carry propagules (seeds, spores, eggs) of alien species unintendedly into the Antarctic region. It aims to take a snap shot of the propagule load during the first IPY summer. This project will be the first time that an assessment of the extent of transfer of alien species into an entire biome has ever been made. \n\nThis project will attempt to assess the propagule load carried by people on a large subsample of Antarctic voyages/flights into the Antarctic and subantarctic islands during the 2007/08 summer of IPY. Expeditioners' outer clothing and equipment will be inspected for propagules. Samples will be collected and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible and using scaling- up procedures total propagule loads will be assessed. Furthermore recent travel histories of expeditioners will be taken, to assess potential sources of propagules. The significance of this element of the project is that propagules from cold areas such as the Arctic will have a greater chance of establishing in the Antarctic than those from warmer ecosystems.\n\nReferences\n\nWhinam, J., Chilcott N. & Bergstrom, D.M. (2005). Subantarctic hitchhikers: expedition as vectors for the introduction of alien organisms. Biological Conservation 121: 207-219.\n\nFrenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J.,Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P.,Skotnicki, M., & Bergstrom, D.M. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews. 80:45-72\n\nBergstrom, D.M. & Chown, S.L (1999) Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(12). 472-477", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ba24787-27f8-4d22-819a-b32efe17733c", - "label": "ARCTIC WOLVES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Arctic ecosystems are being strongly affected by global change and there is strong interest in being able to predict ecosystem responses to disturbance and for developing viable strategies for conserving biodiversity and managing the consequences of climate changes. Several international initiatives have been implemented to monitor and study the response to global warming of some tundra ecosystem components such as plants or permafrost. However, similar internationally-coordinated efforts for research on arctic food webs focusing on wildlife species (i.e. birds and mammals) are lacking. Yet, arctic food webs throughout the circumpolar world generally contain few species and are often dominated by the same groups of species, and so lend themselves well as systems suitable for comparative research. Our project will focus on key species of herbivores (e.g. geese, lemmings, and muskox), insectivores (e.g. shorebirds), and predators (e.g. foxes, snowy owls, falcons, gulls, and jaegers), and their interactions at a large number of arctic sites across North America and Eurasia. There will be a special effort in providing data from the winter period, which is poorly described in the Arctic. A primary objective is to document patterns of abundance, distribution, and phenology of reproduction of these species over large spatial and temporal scales using standardized protocols. These patterns will be related to local and regional climatic conditions. A secondary objective is to determine the relative importance of bottom-up (resources) and top-down (predators) forces in structuring these arctic food webs, and how climate affects these trophic linkages. Lemmings, which form the backbone of the terrestrial food web of the arctic, fluctuate cyclically in many locations, reaching peaks every 3-4 years. These cycles are reflected in cyclic abundance of specialist predators such as arctic foxes, snowy owls, jaegers, and weasels, which in turn may affect production of alternative prey like geese and shorebirds. Some of these complex interactions have been studied locally (Gauthier et al. 2004), but there have been few quantitative regional surveys to investigate synchrony among independent populations. In particular, we do not know how much synchrony occurs between or within continents, and this will affect how predators can operate within these polar ecosystems (Krebs et al. 2002). Geese and shorebirds are migratory birds using the Arctic only for summer breeding and offer an interesting contrast. Many goose populations have increased worldwide in recent decades, and goose grazing now has a large impact on several arctic wetlands. Although their population increase is largely fuelled by events occurring on their wintering grounds, they impose a large allochthonous influence on the tundra that seriously impacts ecosystem functioning (Abrahams et al. 2005, Gauthier et al. 2005). In contrast, many shorebird species appear to be declining worldwide, largely for unknown reasons (International Wader Study Group 2003). Shorebirds are a vital component of Arctic biodiversity with 37 species present in various parts of the circumpolar Arctic, but their globe-spanning migrations put their populations more at risk than most other species. Indeed, as global change will occur at varying speed and intensity at different latitudes, they will face multiple threats throughout their annual range, posing unique challenges for conservation. Arctic foxes are key predators of the arctic tundra that feed mostly on lemmings and birds. Their habitats have been recently invaded by red foxes in many parts of Eurasia and North America. Global warming should exacerbate this pattern but consequences on the arctic food chain are currently unknown. Foxes constitute a prime example of the changes in community structure that probably awaits the arctic tundra. Our project will build on arctic sites that already have a history of monitoring the wildlife species described in this proposal (core sites). Other sites will be added for the duration of IPY to expand the spatial coverage to poorly-known areas of the tundra (secondary sites). Inclusion of sites that lack some significant components of the arctic biota (e.g. islands without lemmings, geese or weasels) should allow fruitful comparisons to understand the role of these species in the arctic ecosystem. The abundance and distribution of all relevant species will be determined annually using the same technique at all sites. For birds, this will be largely determined by finding the nests of breeding individuals, which will also provide information on phenology. Similarly, for foxes this will be based on finding and monitoring active dens. For lemmings, various trapping techniques (snap and live-trapping) will be used. We will take blood, hair or feather samples from vertebrates (especially nomadic predators) for genetic and isotopic analysis to better understand population differentiation and trophic linkages. Exclosures will be built to monitor resource availability for herbivores, and their grazing impact. Insects will also be sampled to determine their seasonal abundance for insectivorous birds. Radio-tracking of some species will be used to monitor patterns of habitat use and activity. Winter work of resident arctic species will rely on direct observations or remote techniques (e.g. satellite or GPS radio-tracking). Climatic data will also be recorded at most sites year-round using automated stations. Our leading principle will be to collect data and to conduct experiments using a set of standard protocols that will allow comparison across all sites, and eventually meta-analyses of data from several sites.Abrahams, KF et al. 2005. Glob. Change Biol.11:841-855. Gauthier G et al. 2004. Integr. Comp. Biol. 44:119-129 Gauthier, G et al. Glob. Change Biol. 11:856-868. Krebs CJ et al. 2002. Can. J. Zool. 80:1323-1333.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=11", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bec3ae6-a05f-4d01-9f57-418626103c40", - "label": "CEOP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) was originally\nenvisioned as a major step towards bringing together the research\nactivities in the GEWEX Hydrometeorology Panel (GHP) and is being\ndeveloped and implemented within the Global Energy and Water Cycle\nExperiment (GEWEX) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).\nAlthough initiated and managed within GEWEX, the implementation of\nCEOP requires close and strong co-operation across other projects and\nrelated activities within the WCRP; in particular, the Climate\nVariability and Predictability (CLIVAR) study, the emerging Climate\nand Cryosphere (CliC) project, and the joint World Meteorology\nOrganization (WMO) Commission for Atmospheric Sciences/Joint\nScientific Committee WCRP Working Group on Numerical Experimentation\n(WGNE). It has also been endorsed by the Integrated Global Observing\nStrategy Partnership (IGOS-P) as the first element of the IGOS Water\nCycle Theme.\n\nAdditional information on CEOP can be found at the CEOP project Home\nPage:\n'http://www.ceop.net/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c838262-899b-4590-9192-2d3e1eff1247", - "label": "BAGIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The goal of the San Francisco Bay Area Demonstration GIS Project\n(BAGIS) is to develop a set of geographic information and\ngeoprocessing tools to allow on-line access to baseline map and\nimagery data for the San Francisco Bay and near coastal\nareas. This is a collaborative effort undertaken by the UC\nBerkeley Research Program in Environmental Planning and\nGeographic Information Systems (REGIS), the San Francisco Bay\nConservation and Development Commission (BCDC), and the National\nOcean Service (NOS) within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA). The BAGIS project is one of the program\nactivities of the larger NOS/NOAA San Francisco Bay\nDemonstration Project, which explores methods for integrated\nsupport for maritime commerce and coastal resource management.\n\nBAGIS Web Site\n\n\n1. Types of Information Resources\n -Geospatial point, vector, and raster data\n -Image data\n -Real-Time data\n -Text Report\n\n2. Types of Accesses to these Resources\n -Locational - directed: search tools via metadata\n -Locational - undirected: browse metadata, descriptive text and\n images\n -Identification - overview: descriptive text, thumbnail images\n -Identification - detailed: metadata\n -Visualization: graphic images, GIS display\n -Interaction: GIS display and query functions\n -Integration: GIS overlay functions\n -Acquisiton: download capabilities for some data layers\n\n3. Types of Users\n -Novice users - Overview information, browse tools\n -Moderate - metadata, search tools\n -Advanced - GIS capabilities, download ability\n\n4. Purposes for Use\n -Users with an interest in SF BAY Area.\n -Users interested in geographic features or subjects covered by data.\n -Users interested in the online presentation of geographic\n information\n -Others: more user feedback is needed to determine\n\nBAGIS Data:\n\n1. San Francisco Bay Bathymetric Point and contour Line Data\n -One gzipped, tar file that contains 13 ordered DOGS text files and\n FGDC metadata\n -FTP Link for obtaining DOGS software\n -FTP Link to DOGS User Manual\n -Bathymetric Contour file and metadata - ArcInfo Export file\n -Bathymetric Contour file and metadata - ArcView Shape file\n\n\n2. NOAA Nautical Charts for the San Francisco Bay: These scanned\n Nautical Charts are copyrighted and are therefore not\n available for download. Please see the metadata for\n information on obtaining these charts in digital form. You\n can view these nautical charts online via the BAGIS Web GIS\n page.\n\n\n\n3. NOS Topographic Survey Sheets (T-Sheets) for the San\n Francisco Bay Area Forty\n -two high-resolution NOS T-Sheets in\n pcx format are available for download along with their FGDC\n metadata.\n -Large-scale T-Sheets, 1851-1900\n -Small-scale T-Sheets, 1981-1982\n\n4. San Francisco Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) data\n Eight ESI Coverages with Metadata, available as ArcInfo\n Export (e00) files, geographic coordinate system:\n -esi.e00\n -index.e00\n -mmammal.e00\n -bird.e00\n -fish.e00\n -tmam.e00\n -crust.e00\n -hydro.e00\n\n Four ESI Lookup Tables, available as ArcInfo Export (e00)\n files, geographic coordinate system:\n\n -biores\n -species\n -season\n -polys.lut\n\n5. NOAA San Francisco 1:80K MLLW Medium Resolution Shoreline file\n\n -In ArcInfo Export format with metadata\n -In ArcView Shapefile format with metadata\n -In GRASS vector format with metadata (UTM Nad 27)\n\n6. San Francisco Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (SFPORTS) data\n\n -Sensor locations available as GRASS Sites files with Metadata\n -For Sensor Observations see the SFPORTS Information Hub\n\n7. The U.S. Coast Pilot 7 Pacific Coast: California, Oregon,\nWashington and Hawaii, 30th edition\n\nThe Coast Pilot is not available for download. However, the\nentire 511 page volume is available online at '\nhttp://www.regis.berkeley.edu/bagis/bagis_cpilot.html'\n\nBAGIS Homepage:'http://www.regis.berkeley.edu/bagis/'\n\n[Summary provided by REGIS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d36c8de-d332-4135-b06f-47d5dec03b45", - "label": "ANDEEP-SYSTCO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ANDEEP-SYSTCO\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/ANDEEP-SYSTCO.248+M52087573ab0.0.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=66\n\nThe scientific objectives of ANtarctic benthic DEEP-sea biodiversity: colonisation history and recent community patterns - SYSTem COupling (ANDEEP - SYSTCO) are: \n-to build on the international and interdisciplinary investigations which were begun during ANDEEP I-III. \n-to add a novel, innovative aspect to polar biological research - and to ANDEEP - by involving scientists from different disciplines, such as atmospheric sciences, climatology, hydrography, planktology, physical oceanography, geophysics, geology, sedimentology, bathymetry etc. to shed light on atmospheric-pelagic-benthic coupling processes.\n-to broaden the scientific scope of ANDEEP, by the use of innovative technology (modern satellites, very fine-meshed plankton samplers, novel sea-bed landers, ROVs, plankton suctors, etc., to train a new generation of polar scientists.\n\nImportant issues addressed are: \n\nAtmosphere: measurements of parameters like aerosols, ozone, reflectivity, UV irradiance, or volcanic activity (SO2) via spacecrafts (e.g. Adeos, Nimbus, OMI) will for example inform about the particle load of the atmosphere, and the magnitude of light penetration (e g. Cryosat for surface fluxes and vertical profiles of the fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer). \n\nPlankton: influence of atmospheric processes on processes in the water column, of the biogeochemistry of the surface water on primary productivity, the importance (e.g. biomass and diversity) of the nanoplankton in the food web, vertical changes in the plankton community to abyssal depths. \n\nBenthos: biology of abyssal key species. Role of the bottom-nepheloid for recruitment (larvae) of benthic animals (plankton suctor). Influence of quantity and quality of food sinking through the water column for abyssal life. Functional morphology & physiology of abyssal animals.\n\nSeabed characteristics: Effects of sedimentology, biogeochemistry, and pore water on benthic life in time and space (palaeontology). Sedimentation rates and processes over time (geophysics, sub-bottom 3.5 kHZ profiler; detailed bathymetric mapping).\n\nANDEEP-SYSTCO is a multi-national IPY project that contributes to EBA and CAML.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dce00f0-38e3-4fc5-934f-118e00b023a3", - "label": "CAMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CAMP (California Monitoring Program) involves the measuring of water quality in California waters. Parameters measured must be water quality related or include water quality parameters. Water quality parameters include physical, chemical, or toxicity data. Related data may include sediment chemistry or toxicity, benthic, or tissue bioaccumulation parameters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e258da9-876a-4971-b354-cea222a4cc27", - "label": "BEARHEALTH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BearHealth\nProject URL: http://www.biologi.no/bearhealth-eng.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=134\n\nGlobal atmospheric and oceanic pathways and processes result in the deposition of semi-volatile organic contaminants in the Arctic. With the ratification of the Stockholm POPs protocol the Arctic has become a strategic location with which to monitor global contaminants. Polar bears are top arctic predators, and hunted regularly by indigenous people, which so far has not been a threat to the stability of circumpolar subpopulation numbers. Polar bears are also captured and released for various research and monitoring porojects and thus accessible for biosampling. Polar bears are therefore ideal biomonitors of spatial and temporal distribution, dynamics, fate, biomagnification and potential effects of legacy and emerging organic contaminants of anthropogenic origin and present in the arctic environment. Furthermore, polar bears are indicators of ecosystem health and environmental change such as in sea ice habitat due to global warming. POPs and mercury and their concentrations in polar bear fat have been corelated to a number of biomarker endpoints of various effects including bone density, histology of immunological organs, renal lesions, liver morphology, immune function and/or hormones in polar bears from Svalbard, East Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.\n\nPolar bears are exposed to a wide range of organohalogen contaminants at relatively high concentrations because of their high trophic level dependence as well as their preference to the blubber of their prey. For example, POP studies carried out in the circumpolar Arctic have shown high levels of selected POPs in polar bears from especially East Greenland, Svalbard and Russian Arctic. The highest levels POPs such as oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor and p,p-DDE were found in bears from Franz Josef Land and Kara Sea in the Russian Arctic. Polar bears from the Western Russian Arctic are exposed to higher levels of chlordanes and p,p-DDE than polar bears from locations westwards and eastwards from this region. Bears from the Western Russian Arctic (Franz Josef Land and Kara Sea) also had highest PCB levels compared to Svalbard, East Siberian and Chukchi Sea. A number of POPs such as PBDE, PFOS and chlorinated compounds are expected to increase to high levels.\n\nBy 2007-2008 it will be almost a decade since the last semi-circumpolar assessment of the spatial and temporal distribution of legacy and emerging POPs, and their metabolic by-products, was conducted in polar bears. Furthermore, the last truly circumpolar assessment, including bears from the Russian Arctic, will have been at least 15 years past. Emerging contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other brominated flame retardant compounds and perfluorinated compounds, have also yet to be determined in polar bears from the Russian Arctic. In addition, two related IPY pre-proposals are also being submitted, with essentially the same international, collaborative team, to assess the circumpolar, spatial and temporal distribution of legacy and emerging contaminants - including the rising mercury levels in the Western Arctic - in polar bear and ringed seal (blubber), which is the major dietary species for polar bears. \n\nTherefore, we propose to examine region-specific effect parameters (histology on internal organs, bone morphology) from necropsy samples taken via local Inuit hunters and haematology samples from the on-going telemetry studies, clitoris biopsies and rectal, vaginal and tracheal swabs and blood samples for bacteriology/virology, cytology and parasitology, vitamin and hormone profiles. These will be linked to the potential relationship between regionally bioaccumulation differences for the organohalogen contaminants and mercury levels. Fatty acid profiles and stable isotopes will also be determined to assess region-specific similarities and differences in polar bear diets linked to habitat climate factors - such as ice extent - from climate changes. Futhermore, genetical analysis would be helpful in the differentiaton of subpopulations in relation to hunting and management. This will be facilitated through the IUCN PBSG (Polar Bear Specialist Group) lead by Denmark as given in the resolutions from the last meeting in Seattle, June 2005. Beside this, a large Danish-Greenland research programme with numeours international scientific cooperation partners has been on-going since 1999, with several international published peer-reviewed papers. \n\nThe present study would follow up previous work by resampling the same polar bear subpopulations with the help of polar bear biologists and hunters in circumpolar countries, with extension to populations in the Russian Arctic. This proposed project will build on the network of interested scientists in Alaska (USA), Nunavut/Canada, Greenland/Denmark and Norway, as well as new Russian collaborators, that was established in 2000-2001. The proposed study would complement polar bear and ringed seal programs envisaged under IPY, or ongoing in each country, which are focussed, broadly speaking, on marine mammal ecology including polar bears. It would also link to human health and social integrity studies related to traditional diet and contaminants as well as climate changes. The project would use a common protocol for sample collection (timing, tissue type, preservation) and analysis. Chemical analysis would be done in 3-4 Canadian, Danish and Alascian labs (few specialised analyses might be done by a single specialized lab) while the pathological/micro pathogen analyses may be done at different national labs. Tissues would be archived for future chemical analyses. The contaminant results would be interpreted in terms of temporal trends (compared to previous studies on the same populations), spatial trends (especially of new contaminants) and potential for effects on polar bears and by extension to human exposure. In addition markers of climate changes will be developed, analysed and interpreted.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ffc0e84-45c1-44de-b077-ac63bd4312ef", - "label": "BCI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The mission of Bat Conservation International is to protect and\nrestore bats and their habitats worldwide. It was founded in 1982, as\nscientists around the world became concerned that bats essential to\nthe balance of nature and human economies were in alarming\ndecline. Under the founding guidance of Dr. Merlin Tuttle, an\ninternationally recognized authority on bats, the organization has\nachieved unprecedented progress by emphasizing sustainable uses of\nnatural resources that benefit both bats and people. For more\ninformation, link to 'http://www.batcon.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50f77c34-ac29-4222-8d1d-6a51398a40b9", - "label": "ARK-VII/3B", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aim of this project was to map the crustal structure of totally\ndifferent geological units in a region of close proximity and to map\nthe sedimentary distribution and the western boundary of the Mesozoic\nsediment basin of Jameson Land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50faa646-2d5e-460a-b676-3b76aaa4aa8d", - "label": "CCAMLR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living\nResources (CCAMLR) is an intergovernmental organisation established by\nan international convention. The Commission, assisted by its\nScientific Committee, is responsible for developing measures necessary\nfor the conservation of marine living resources in the Southern Ocean\nsurrounding Antarctica.\n\nThe negotiation of the Convention was initiated by the Antarctic\nTreaty Consultative Parties (ATCP's) following reports of scientific\nstudies expressing concern that unregulated fishing of Antarctic\nspecies, especially krill, could result in irreversible damage to the\npopulations of other species in the Antarctic marine ecosystem.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.dfat.gov.au/environment/ccamlr.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51aaa152-f21c-4fb7-b287-4b345563596a", - "label": "ASI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Social Indicators project (ASI) is a new project following up on the Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR). The ASI project seeks to devise indicators to facilitate the tracking and monitoring of human development in the Arctic, and is being developed under the auspices of the Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) of the Arctic Council. The project period is 2006-2008, with the final report being planned for late summer of 2008, and a presentation of results at the Sixth International Congress of Arctic Social Sciences (ICASS IV) in Nuuk, Greenland.\nThe project’s main objective is to devise a limited set of indicators that reflect key aspects of human development in the Arctic, that are tractable in terms of measurement, and that can be monitored over time at a reasonable cost in terms of labour and material resources. The goal is to weigh the relative merits of a range of proposed indicators of human development in the Arctic, to select a number of indicators that seem most likely to prove successful in this context, and to test indicators with existing data and in discussions with representatives from various Arctic communities. The project, which covers the developmental stage in a long-term effort to measure and monitor human development on an integrated basis in the circumpolar Arctic can benefit a wide range of stakeholders, including those involved in Arctic policy making processes, residents of the North, and those engaged in the Arctic social sciences.\nThe scope and significance of the AHDR report has been recognized and widely praised both among those concerned with Arctic affairs and among those who deal with human development in the world at large. It presents a broad overview of the state of human development or social well-being in the circumpolar Arctic as of the early years of the 21st century, and as such, provides a baseline or a starting point from which to measure changes over time in the state of human development. The development of a suite of indicators was a part of the original vision of those who articulated the rationale for the development of the AHDR, but there was neither the time nor the material resources needed to produce a high quality product of this type. Therefore, the AHDR does not present quantifiable indicators suitable for monitoring or tracking changes in human development in the Arctic. There remains, however, an obvious need for indicators of this sort, and this is where the ASI follow-up project will seek to fill a critical gap.\nWhen determining the usefulness of an indicator and deciding among a group of possible indicators we can look at whether the chosen indicators are generalizable and stable, easy to measure in a broadly accepted manner, and suitable for use in longitudinal analyses. Thus, the exercise of devising useful indicators is indeed a challenge. From this perspective, then, it is desirable to develop a small suite of indicators that capture the essential features of the phenomenon in question and can be measured empirically in a simple and intuitively appealing manner. The ASI working group has so far decided on six domains for the construction of social indicators, and team leaders have been assigned to each of these domains: (1) Fate control and or the ability to guide one’s own destiny; (2) Cultural integrity or belonging to a viable local culture; and (3) Contact with nature or interacting closely with the natural world. Three additional domains have been identified – namely, the domains used by the UNDP in constructing the Human Development Index: (4) Education; (5) Demography/Health; and (6) Material Well-being. The work on the construction of indicators for these six domains is now underway.\nThere will be a number of components to the project’s assessment strategy, which will include a consultation process and the testing of indicators using existing data and discussions with representatives from various Arctic communities. Community and indigenous feedback will be a critical part of the evaluation process.\nThe development of a report on Arctic Social Indicators will enable various stakeholders to evaluate trends that affect sustainable human development among residents of the Arctic over time. The ASI report will make it possible to compare and contrast conditions of human development throughout the Arctic. This will assist policymakers and the Arctic Council working groups to identify priorities. While the AHDR provided a baseline to human development in the Arctic, the proposed Arctic Social Indicator project will better enable the SDWG and policymakers at large to identify major changes relating to human development in the Arctic and hence provide a tool for measuring development, the effectiveness of policies and appropriateness of actions to address issues of human development.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=462", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51c38679-3f74-4020-aa9b-c5d432c59580", - "label": "BALTEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Baltic Sea experiment (BALTEX) is one of the five\ncontinental-scale experiments of the Global Energy and Water\nCycle Experiment (GEWEX). BALTEX aims to provide a better\nunderstanding of the processes of the climate system and to\nimprove and to validate the water cycle in regional numerical\nmodels for weather forecasting and climate studies. A major\neffort is undertaken to couple interactively the atmosphere with\nthe vegetated continental surfaces and the Baltic Sea including\nits sea-ice. Major achievements have been obtained in an\nimproved understanding of related exchange processes. For the\nfirst time an interactive atmosphere-ocean-land surface model\nfor the BALTEX area was tested.\n\nThe 'Institut f?r Meereskunde' has been involved in BALTEX since\nthe beginning in several projects, comprehending both, modelling\nand measuring activities. This includes the investigation of the\nenergy and water cycle from global numerical models like the\nNCAR/NCEP-re-analysis projects as well as the development of a\nfully coupled regional atmosphere-ocean model based on the\nregional atmospheric model REMO and the coupled sea-ice-ocean\nmodel BSIOM. Due to the lack of suitable instruments to measure\nprecipitation under high wind speeds, the development of a new\nship rain gauge started several years ago within the frame of\nWOCE (World Ocean Experiment) and was completed within\nBALTEX. This new type of ship rain gauges has been mounted on\nseveral merchant ships travelling from Germany to Finland to\nperform routinely precipitation measurements over the Baltic\nSea.\n\nMajor contributions to BALTEX have been provided by the IfM Kiel\nthrough the EU Projects BASYS (Baltic Sea System Study,\n1996-1999) and PEP (Pilot Study of Evaporation and Precipitation\nin BALTEX, 1998-2000) and the BMBF-funded project Water Cycle\n(1994- 2000). Within a DFG-funded project, the Kiel Baltic Sea\nmodel (BSIOM) has been coupled to the regional atmospheric model\nREMO to study the coupling mechanisms on a regional scale.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://w3.gkss.de/baltex/baltex_home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Andreas Villwock]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "527e8a39-c242-4f8d-9d78-11ce426fa52b", - "label": "CLIVAR VACS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The specific objectives of CLIVAR are:\n\n To describe and understand the physical processes responsible for climate variability and predictability on seasonal, interannual, decadal, and centennial time-scales, through the collection and analysis of observations and the development and application of models of the coupled climate system, in cooperation with other relevant climate-research and observing programmes.\n\n To extend the record of climate variability over the time-scales of interest through the assembly of quality-controlled paleoclimatic and instrumental data sets.\n\n To extend the range and accuracy of seasonal to interannual climate prediction through the development of global coupled predictive models.\n\n To understand and predict the response of the climate system to increases of radiatively active gases and aerosols and to compare these predictions to the observed climate record in order to detect the anthropogenic modification of the natural climate signal.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.clivar.org/about/objectives.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "535a1f0e-63ae-4e10-b9cc-fff7d93d75a9", - "label": "AGASP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AGASP flights were special missions flown from Norway and\nThule AFB, to obtain measurements for determining the rate at\nwhich carbon dioxide in the arctic atmosphere was being absorbed\nby a Norwegian Sea 'sink'. Those sinks in oceans around the\nworld are believed to regularly absorb carbon dioxide from the\natmosphere, and this absorption is believed to play an important\nrole in removing excess carbon dioxide from the\natmosphere. Computer models indicated that excess carbon dioxide\nin the atmosphere from human activity would cause a 'greenhouse'\neffect; and we still are hearing about this of course, 17 years\nlater. The AGASP flights also determined how representative haze\nsamples were by comparing them to observations from ground based\ninstruments in an arctic air sampling network from the Barrow\nGMCC observatory, which is a NOAA baseline monitoring station on\nthe North Coast of Alaska.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.qsl.net/kg0yh/agasp.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5470f080-afa6-41cb-b896-69e9b1b24412", - "label": "ARG-PNUD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "At the Millennium Summit of the United Nations, held in 2000, world leaders allocated to development a central role in the global agenda through the Millennium Development Goals, which set clear targets for reducing poverty, disease, illiteracy , Environmental degradation and discrimination against women by 2015. Presente en 166 países, el PNUD utiliza su red mundial para ayudar al sistema de las Naciones Unidas ya sus asociados a despertar una mayor conciencia y verificar los progresos realizados, a la vez que conecta a los países con los conocimientos y los recursos necesarios para lograr estos objetivos. Present in 166 countries, UNDP uses its global network to help the United Nations system and its partners to arouse greater awareness and monitor developments, in turn connects to countries with the knowledge and resources necessary to achieve these objectives.\n\nNos concentramos en ayudar a los países a elaborar y compartir soluciones para los desafíos que plantean las cuestiones siguientes: We focus on helping countries build and share solutions to the challenges posed the following questions:\n\n * Gobernabilidad democrática Democratic governance\n * Reducción de la pobreza Poverty Reduction\n * Prevención y recuperación de las crisis Prevention and recovery of crisis\n * Energía y medio ambiente Energy and environment\n * VIH/SIDA HIV / AIDS \n\nEn cada una de estas esferas temáticas, el PNUD propugna la protección de los derechos humanos y especialmente la potenciación de la mujer. In each of these thematic areas, UNDP advocates the protection of human rights and especially women's empowerment. Mediante nuestra red mundial, tratamos de identificar y difundir medios de promover la igualdad de género como una dimensión esencial de asegurar la participación y la responsabilidad políticas; el fortalecimiento económico y la planificación efectiva del desarrollo; la prevención de las crisis y la solución de controversias; el acceso al agua limpia, y servicios de saneamiento y energía; el uso óptimo de nuevas tecnologías para fines de desarrollo, y la movilización de la sociedad contra el VIH/SIDA. Through our global network, we try to identify and disseminate ways of promoting gender equality as an essential dimension of ensuring participation and accountability policies, strengthening economic and effective planning of development, crisis prevention and resolution of disputes ; Access to clean water and sanitation and energy; the optimal use of new technologies for development, and mobilizing society against HIV / AIDS. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.undp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "548597c4-aa4f-4570-ac85-23c49da75cca", - "label": "BIRDHEALTH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BIRDHEALTH\nProject URL: http://www.birdhealth.nl/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=172\n\nIn short, the aim of the project is:\n1. Study geographic variation in infections, parasites, immune system functioning and pollution levels in birds.\n2. An effect study on individual marked birds\n3. Modelling future scenario's of geographic variation and relating the findings to climate change, nature management and human health.\n\nHealthy individuals are able to optimize resource use, survival and reproduction. Health of an individual will be under constant attack. Animals have developed immunological, physiological and behavioural strategies to battle these attacks from pathogens, parasites and/or pollution on their health. This battle for health is the main theme of the study. \n\nIndividually marked birds are the subject of this study. They can be studied over their life time in the wild. Health of marked individuals can be correlated with present and future fitness. Experimental manipulations will quantify the consequences of specific attacks on health and will determine cause and effect in the correlations.\n\nEcological immunology is a fast developing field, with beautiful examples of individual and species differences in immune response. Population size and distribution is structured by pathogens, parasites and pollution, which effect on fitness often is a complex interaction in an evolution of the struggle for survival. Spatial and temporal variation between populations and individuals is the main focus of the study.\n\nThe polar regions are of special interest for this study. These areas are considered to have relatively low levels of pathogens, parasites and pollution. Migratory birds linking temperate regions with the Arctic are potential vectors of diseases as shown by the recent spread of the West Nile Virus and Avian Influenza: diseases which are threatening domestic animals and humans. With a changing arctic due to climate change and pollution, more knowledge is needed on how animals cope with attacks on their health.\n\nIn the IPY, we will classify the occurrence of pathogens, antibodies, parasites and pollution levels in individually marked wild birds in the Arctic and Antarctic. We will study the immune system by running tests on blood samples or by challenging the individuals and monitor the production of antibodies. Fitness of the birds is measured during sampling as reproductive output or body condition, but also later as e.g. survival. Health can be monitored over time when the individual is repeatedly seen or caught. Finally we will model temporal and spatial variation and relate our findings to climate change, nature management and human health.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54cc5463-ef76-4ba9-af28-5854fb2da472", - "label": "ARK-X/2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aim of the marine gravity measurements of the ARK-V/3b was to map\nthe crustal structure of totally different geological units in a\nregion of close proximity and map the sedimentary distribution and the\nwestern boundary of the Mesozoic sediment basin of Jameson Land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "565c1ae1-764f-4dca-86b2-f6b5ada98e3d", - "label": "AIRMON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) is an\narray of stations designed to provide a research-based foundation for the\nroutine operations of the nation's deposition monitoring networks -- the\nNational Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) for wet deposition, and the\nClean Air Status and Tends Network (CASTNet) for dry. A subprogram is\nspecifically designed to detect the benefits of emissions controls\nmandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and to quantify these\nbenefits in terms of deposition to sensitive areas.\n\nAIRMoN combines two previously-existing deposition research networks that\nhave appropriate characteristics (previously known as the MAP3S\nprecipitation chemistry network and the CORE/satellite Dry Deposition\nInferential Method network) under a single operational umbrella, so as to\ngenerate a new monitoring activity to which on-line modeling and analysis\ncan be easily applied. An air-sampling component of AIRMoN provides some\nunique information on changes in air quality.\n\nAIRMoN has been endorsed, in principle, by both the National Acid\nPrecipitation Assessment Program and NOAA. To get started on the endeavor,\nthe daily-sampling precipitation chemistry research program, previously\noperated under the auspices of the Department of Energy was transferred to\nNOAA (the MAP3S program). Plans for AIRMoN were endorsed during 1992 by\nNOAA and by the Department of Commerce, and were accepted by OMB as an\nimportant contribution to NAPAP and to the debate about the consequences\nof the Clean Air Act Amendments controls. The activity was subsumed into a\nfunding package now well recognized NOAA's 'Health of the Atmosphere'\ninitiative, and is widely viewed as a central piece in NOAA's\n'environmental stewardship' portfolio.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.arl.noaa.gov/research/programs/airmon.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56e8d3c9-8ffb-4497-ba6b-86fbe56e6dcb", - "label": "ANT-VI/3", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aims of the seismic reflection and refraction surveys in the Weddell Sea\nare:\na) to develop a model on the break-up of this part of Gondwana,\nb) to map the ocean-continent boundary,\nc) to develop an idea about the evolution of the area since the break-up of\nGondwana,\nd) to map the sediment distribution and the seismostratigraphy of the region\nin order to reconstruct major oceanic current systems.\n\nShot interval varies between 25 m and 30 m for the seismic reflection and 75\nm and 150 m for the seismic refraction data. Since the data have been collected\nover a long period of time, they are in various stages of processing up to\nmigration.\n\nThe following instruments were used:\n800 and 3000 m long streamer(24 and 96 channel), 6,24 l airgun arrays,\n3 l GI gun, 32 l airgun, 6-channel Reftek stations with 3-component\nseismometer and geophone arrays.\n\nThe geographical coverage is as follows:\nabout 10000 km of seismic reflection and about 1500 km of seismic refraction\ndata have been collected in the Weddel Sea, Antarctica.\nThese data cover the entire region from shelf to deep sea.\n\nData are available on request, but with special arrangement.\nInformation is from \nhttp://xena2-prod.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/gdp/search action=fullMetadata&entryLang=en&entryId=1517&entryType=productCollection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56f22b72-da5c-4b9e-a3a4-d12469ee91ce", - "label": "CIESIN/GER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57945d4d-5da2-4c37-b871-65aad81009a8", - "label": "CRN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Collaborative Research Network Program program has been created with the idea of helping develop networks of scientists and scientific institutions working together in an integrated fashion on a common global change issue of regional importance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "584dd91f-bbf4-4c20-8d4b-f5b5e57cd001", - "label": "CCAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coastal Change Analysis Program is designed to monitor change in\nterrestrial land cover and nearshore benthic resources within coastal\nenvironments of the United States including the Atlantic, Pacific, and\nGulf of Mexico, the Great Lakes, Alaska, Hawaii, and all\nU.S. Territories and possessions. C-CAP classifies types of land\ncover, analyzes and monitors changes in coastal submerged habitats,\nwetland habitats, and adjacent uplands using remote sensing techniques\n(satellite imagery and aerial photography). Through this analysis,\nscientists can correlate the changes in terrestrial regions with those\nin coastal aquatic habitats, and with changes in the distribution,\nabundance, and health of living marine resources. The program is\nmanaged through the NOAA Coastal Services Center in Charleston, South\nCarolina, in coordination with the National Marine Fisheries Service\nLaboratory in Beaufort, North Carolina, and with technical support\nfrom the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "584e252b-e44e-410d-be6c-055348571406", - "label": "BAPMON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "With a view to documenting the long term changes in composition of\ntrace species of the atmosphere as a result of changing land use\npattern, WMO had commissioned a global programme called Background Air\nPollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN) which is now a part of the\nGlobal Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Programme. India had set up 10 such\nBAPMon stations.\n\nAt these stations, rain water samples are collected every month and\nthese are sent to the Central Chemical Laboratory at Pune for complete\nchemical analysis. Acidity of rain and mineral deposition is\ndetermined from these.\n\nAtmospheric turbidity which indicates the columnar aerosol load of the\natmosphere, is also measured at these stations using sunphotmeters.\nThese data are important for identifying the current levels of\npollution as well as for study of the long term trends in the\nconcentration of trace constituents of the atmosphere which may affect\nthe environment and induce a climate change.\n\nTo study the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and terrain\nmodification on micro-climatological features of urban areas, urban\nclimatological studies are carried out in metropolitan cities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5891d145-f9c0-406c-9002-08aadb11a40e", - "label": "AFSIS/MODIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) is developing continent-wide digital soil maps for sub-Saharan Africa using new types of soil analysis and statistical methods, and conducting agronomic field trials in selected sentinel sites. These efforts include the compilation and rescue of legacy soil profile data, new data collection and analysis, and system development for large-scale soil mapping using remote sensing imagery and crowdsourced ground observations.\n\nNASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data products provide important inputs, or covariates, for the continent-wide spatial prediction of soil properties. Using both existing services and emerging frameworks, AfSIS is assembling 1) input grids to be used in development of baseline soil property maps and 2) processes to update these grids with the latest data as it becomes available.\n\nFor more information, see\nhttp://www.africasoils.net/data/ModisData", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59061653-e0f6-47c0-8d55-d51fc70a5689", - "label": "ANT-X/2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. Much of the southern part of the sea, up to Elephant Island, is permanent ice, the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, (Argentine Antarctica) and Britain (British Antarctic Territory), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile (Antarctic Chilean Territory). At its widest the sea is around 2,000 km across, in area it is around 2.8 million km².\n\nThe sea is named after the British sailor James Weddell who entered the sea in 1823 as far as 74° S. It was first widely explored by the Scot William S. Bruce over 1902-04.\n\nIt was in this sea that Shackleton's ship, the Endurance was trapped and crushed by ice in 1915.\n\nThe ice shelves which used to extend roughly 3900 square miles (10,000 km²) over the Weddell Sea have completely disappeared by 2002.\n\nSummary provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "591b5ce9-d323-4005-a558-5761d1828649", - "label": "CCAWS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cryospheric Change Analysis Web Services (CCAWS) project is developing a scalable cryospheric analysis portal for the study of Greenland's ice mass balance. This portal will include interactive data analysis tools, seamless data access, and interoperable information services. To make this possible, a set of existing subsetting, gridding, projection, and visualization tools at NSIDC will be made into modular Web services. Also, as part of this project, NSIDC will bring in several new data sets.\n\n[Summary provided by NSIDC.]\n\nhttps://nsidc.org/research/projects/Stroeve_Cryospheric_Change_Analysis.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59d33919-d494-4b22-9a16-039cd7b8af57", - "label": "ARCSS/NPEO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO) is a year-round, automated scientific observatory, deploying various instruments each April in order to learn how the world's northernmost sea helps regulate global climate. It consists of a set of unmanned scientific platforms that record oceanographic, cryospheric, and atmospheric data throughout the year. More information about the project is available at the project Web site, North Pole Environmental Observatory. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.nsidc.com/cgi-bin/get_metadata.pl?id=arcss156", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5acaedee-52a3-4ece-9812-7fdc3426e9f2", - "label": "COMARGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An integrated effort to document and explain biodiversity patterns on gradient-dominated continental margins, including the potential interactions among their variety of habitats and ecosystems.\n\nThe continental margins are the ribbons of seafloor beginning at the edge of the continental slope and extending rapidly to abyssal plain depths. During the past few decades, our understanding of deep continental margin habitats has changed more than for any other large area of Earth. While it has been known for a long time that the ocean margins are a mixture of rugged mountainous scenery and sediment- covered slopes, it is only in recent times, with higher-resolution bathymetry and increased bottom sampling, that areas once envisioned as monotonous landscapes are now acknowledged to have a high degree of complexity and diversity. Continental margins furthermore support some of the ocean's strongest gradients (e.g. depth, pressure, organic matter flux, oxygen). Collectively, these processes create unique ecosystems, which some are only now being discovered and which we are just beginning to understand. As exploitation of living and mineral resources is advancing faster than ecological knowledge on continental slopes, a comprehensive analysis of species distribution, biodiversity patterns and processes on continental margins is needed. \n\nAn objective of COMARGE is to turn basic advances in ecology into sound environmental advice. Fundamental patterns of species distribution first observed and explained in the context of monotonous slopes will be re-evaluated in light of the newly recognized heterogeneity of continental margins. Multi-scale habitat definition and mapping will provide basic georeferenced information to develop environmental sensitivity maps. Comprehensive cross-margin syntheses at the species level will enlighten benthic species distributions in the deep-sea realm and refine estimates of how many species co-exist on continental margins. The scale of species distribution is a matter of debate among deep-sea ecologists and a basic requirement in conservation policies. Comprehensive cross-margin syntheses at the community level will allow local to global testing of controls on species diversity, will generate data inputs for food web models and will provide insights in theoretical ecology. A better understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, ecosystem functioning and their inter-relationships is acutely needed in order to forecast environmental risks on continental margins.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ifremer.fr/comarge/en/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bc04916-3d5c-4097-ba0e-dba38096f607", - "label": "ACE-1/CODIAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Southern Hemisphere Marine Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1) is the first in a series of experiments which will characterize the chemical and physical processes controlling the evolution and properties of atmospheric aerosols and the role in radiative climate forcing. The field phase of ACE-1 will begin 1 October 1995 with data collection to support ship and aircraft latitudinal transects. Intensive operations in the Southern Pacific Ocean will occur from 15 November to 14 December 1995 from an operations center in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Data collection activities will conclude on 25 December 1995. Details of ACE-1 science objectives can be found in the ACE-1 Science and Implementation Plan, August 1995. Data management support for the program is discussed in the ACE-1 Data Management Plan, September 1995 and operational support details are provided in the ACE-1 Operations Plan, September 1995. operations center Objectives: The specific goal of ACE-1 is to determine and understand the properties and controlling factors of the aerosol in the remote marine environment that are relevant to radiative forcing and climate. To achieve this goal, the ACE-1 Science Team has defined three specific objectives: 1) Document the chemical, physical and radiative characteristics of remote marine aerosols and investigate the relationships between these aerosol properties; 2) Determine the key physical and chemical processes controlling the formation and fate of aerosols and how these processes affect the number size distribution, the chemical composition, and the radiative and cloud nucleating properties of the particles; 3) Assess the climatic importance of remote marine aerosols.\n\nSummary provided by http://cdp.ucar.edu/browse/browse.htm;jsessionid=E96F822416A57E9915097D39DB76692E?uri=http://data.eol.ucar.edu/jedi/catalog/ucar.ncar.eol.project.ACE_1.thredds.xml&ID=ucar.ncar.eol.project.ACE_1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5be44f3f-87a8-4549-99f0-9a9102b10240", - "label": "ACOUSTIC MONITORING, PMEL/NOAA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Acoustic Monitoring Project of the VENTS Program has\nperformed continuous monitoring of ridge systems in the eastern\nPacific since August, 1991 using the U.S. Navy SOund\nSUrveillance System (SOSUS) network and autonomous\nhydrophones. In May, 1996, long-term monitoring of the spreading\ncenters in the central equatorial Pacific (East Pacific Rise,\nGalapagos Ridge) was initiated using moored autonomous\nhydrophones.\n\nNOAA/VENTS Acoustic Monitoring Research Staff:\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/geophysics/tfazgrp.html'\n\nFor additional information please visit:\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/geophysics/acoustics_geophys.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c058e32-db60-4651-b625-57675139800a", - "label": "AKOA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c70d6af-b73d-418e-a793-47481302eeb5", - "label": "COMET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "During the 1980s, the National Weather Service (NWS) embarked on a\nmajor modernization program. As a key part of this effort, NWS\nmanagement emphasized strengthening the professional preparation and\ncurrent qualifications of operational meteorologists to apply\nmesoscale data effectively. A second goal was to accelerate the\nincorporation of research findings into operational practices.\n\nAt the request of the NWS, the UCAR Board of Trustees established the\nCooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and\nTraining (COMET) in 1989. The COMET Program was originally envisioned\nas a broad effort to affect meteorology education and training in the\nUnited States. However, the program has recently been involved in\nactivities to enhance meteorology education in universities and\nmeteorological services throughout the world. The COMET program\ndirector is Dr. Timothy Spangler.\n\nTo meet the objective of improving mesoscale forecasting in the United\nStates, an Outreach Program was developed at the COMET Program. This\nprogram currently provides financial support to universities for\ncollaborative research projects, graduate student fellowships,\npostdoctoral fellowships, and other activities.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.comet.ucar.edu/cometprogram.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d2eac9b-98e6-4445-90c2-92d2110ec255", - "label": "BRAPA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d514a31-380c-4a84-8050-cc358d51cd82", - "label": "BigFoot", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objective of BigFoot was to provide ground validation of MODLand (MODIS Land Discipline Group) land cover, leaf area index (LAI), fAPAR, and net primary production (NPP) products. The name BigFoot was selected to describe the multiple scales, or footprints, of ground validation that the project will undertake. The BigFoot study plan covered measurement, mapping, and modeling activities at four sites, each equipped with a meteorological flux tower that makes continuous measurements of energy, water, and carbon fluxes for a roughly 1-km2 footprint.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e0b1104-2d0d-4372-9681-93f639c41dd2", - "label": "ARMCAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Campaign Summary Name: Arctic Radiation Measurment in Column:\nAtmosphere-Surface Dates: 02 June 1995 - 16 June 1995 Location:\nAlaska: (Brooks Range, North Slope, Beaufort Sea) Principal\nInvestigator: Dr. Michael King (NASA GSFC) Objective: Detect and\ndifferentiate between clouds, ice, and snow. Determine the scattering\nalbedo of clouds at selected wavelengths in the visible and\nnear-infrared bands.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MAS/armcashome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e860805-4b5f-4605-9380-6e9791646d9b", - "label": "AC SQUARED", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctica is the primary heat sink in the global climate system, and plays an important role in climate change and variability. Projections of the state of global change (e.g., global warming, ozone depletion) must accurately account for Antarctic atmospheric processes whose effects are transmitted to the rest of the planet via the atmosphere and the ocean. In addition, the processes by which tropical latitudes impact Antarctic are not well understood.\n\nAs a means to improve our understanding of atmospheric processes and transports between Antarctica and lower latitudes, a basic and applied research program is proposed to explore these atmospheric processes in detail. AC Squared will consist of both observational and modeling components with the fundamental goals to study the physical processes associated with transports throughout atmospheric column from the near-surface layer to the lower stratosphere and examine modulation of those transports during episodes of extratropical cyclone forcing, to accurately simulate these processes within numerical models, and to understand the mechanisms that produce teleconnections from the tropics and Antarctica, especially the interaction between the Southern Annular Mode and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. As an additional benefit, AC Squared will advance short term to medium range weather forecasting in the high southern latitudes. It is believed that proper representation of Antarctic processes is prerequisite to accurate climate studies, especially since Antarctic transports are strongly tied to local topographic and mesoscale processes that are currently not resolved within GCMs. It is therefore necessary to understand local and regional processes before these effects can be assimilated into GCMs and global change issues can be considered. A series of objectives have been set for AC Squared that are deemed necessary before climate sensitivity issues can be addressed:\n\n• Objective 1: To better understand key phenomena such as boundary-layer dynamics, topographic modification of synoptic and mesoscale features, cloud-radiation interactions, and moist processes accompanying episodes of cyclonic activity over the Southern Ocean adjacent to Antarctica that are associated with interactions between Antarctica and lower latitudes.\n• Objective 2: To examine key processes associated with the dynamics and chemistry of the lower stratosphere including development of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), conduct field observations and in-situ measurements of chemical species and transports and modulation by large-scale dynamics processes.\n• Objective 3: To conduct detailed measurements of key physical processes in the boundary layer and free atmosphere to permit the development of accurate parameterization schemes for use within numerical models, leading to high quality simulations of the atmospheric interactions.\n• Objective 4: To investigate the nature of atmospheric teleconnections and their modulation of the atmospheric interactions between Antarctica and lower latitudes using numerical models, atmospheric reanalyses, and satellite observations\n\nObjectives 1 and 2 will rely primarily on observations from the state-of-the-art HIAPER research aircraft flown out of Punta Arenas, Chile and southern New Zealand. Studies will be concentrated over the Weddell and Ross Sea embayments and areas to the north in association with the Schwerdtfeger Air Stream (SAS) and the Ross Air Stream (RAS), respectively. Satellite observations show PSCs to form frequently in the Weddell Sea area and airborne measurements will be conducted in the lower stratosphere in support of studies of transport dynamics of key chemical species.\n\nObjective 3 will rely on a combination of airborne and ground-based measurements that will likely be concentrated in the Ross Sea vicinity. Attempts are being made to use fixed wing research aircraft such as the British Twin Otter or Twin Otters currently used in support of U.S operations for low-level measurements.\n\nObjective 4 has a strong climate component and objective 1 can be thought of as case studies of the phenomena studied over a much longer period by this objective.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=180", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5efb4c91-25c4-4c9c-8135-680a822cc553", - "label": "ARIANNA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARIANNA: A New Frontier In UHE Particle Physics\n\nARIANNA is a new neutrino telescope that can detect neutrinos with energies between 10^15 and 10^20 eV. The final telescope will consist of 960 detectors arranged in a grid of 30km x 30km. ARIANNA intends on detecting Cherenkov light at radio frequencies with specialized antenna and using these detections to learn more about some of the big questions in ultra-high energy particle physics including probing the GZK cutoff as well as possibly aiding the understanding of ultra-high energy neutrino sources. \n\nARIANNA intends to answer, or at least help to answer, some pressing questions in high energy neutrino physics due to a variety of capabilities:\n\n- ARIANNA increases the sensitivity for the detection of GZK neutrinos by an order of magnitude over the state-of-the-art detectors currently under construction, such as ANITA. Simulations indicate that ARIANNA can observe ~ 40 events per 6 months of operation based on widely used predictions for the GZK neutrino flux by Engel, Steckel & Stanev.\n\n- ARIANNA can test alternative scenarios for GZK neutrino production. For example, models that assume that extragalactic cosmic rays are mixed elemental composition, or perhaps entirely iron nuclei, predict fluxes that may be as small as ~5% of the ESS predictions.\n\n- ARIANNA can survey the southern half the sky for point sources of high-energy neutrinos with unprecedented sensitivity. Preliminary reconstruction studies show that the neutrino direction be measured to a precision of 1 degree, and additional improvements in the reconstruction procedure are expected. These encouraging results show that good reconstruction can be achieved despite imprecise knowledge of the path of the signal.\n\n- ARIANNA can probe for physics beyond the standard model by measuring the neutrino cross-section at center of momentum energies of 100 TeV, a factor 10 larger than available at the LHC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f536748-34fe-4c5e-aed6-6bb26cad9935", - "label": "CITE-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The (Chemical Instrument Test and evaluation-1 CITE missions\nfocused on Ctesting and evaluating the ability of\ninstrumentation to measure key tropospheric constituents. The\nmethodology has been the intercomparison of airborne\nmeasurements obtained for the same species by instruments\nutilizing fundamentally different detection principles. These\nmissions provide the instrumentation techniques being employed\nduring the ABLE (Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments)\nmissions.\n\nThe CITE-1 project consisted of one ground-based experiment\n(Wallops Island, VA, in 1983) and two expeditions employing the\nNASA Convair-990 aircraft (California and the central Pacific\nOcean in Fall 1983, and California and the southwestern U.S. in\nSpring 1984). These investigations tested instruments designed\nto measure CO, NO, and OH. The instruments were: for CO, a new\nlaser differential absorption system, together with two proven\ngas chromatographs; for NO, an experiment laser-induced\nfluorescence (LIF) system and two chemiluminescence (CL)\nsystems; and for OH, two LIF systems (one lidar-based, one in\nsitu) and a radiochemical tracer technique.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fa77dc4-21c6-4cd8-a433-c6cb5af2f650", - "label": "CEDAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) is a\nfocused Global Change program sponsored by the National Science\nFoundation (NSF) to enhance the capability of ground-based instruments\nto measure the upper atmosphere and to coordinate instrument and model\ndata for the benefit of the scientific community.\nThe CEDAR Data Base (formerly the Incoherent Scatter Radar Data Base)\nis a cooperative project between the National Center for Atmospheric\nResearch (NCAR) and several institutions that provide upper atmosphere\ndata and model output for community use. There are 10 GB of data on\nthe cedar.hao.ucar.edu computer in the High Altitude Observatory (HAO)\ndivision of NCAR.\nThe CEDAR Data Base, Data Base Catalog, ftp site, and model output data\nare located at the HAO:\n'http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/index.html'\nThe CEDAR concept originated in the mid-1980's and was developed over\nseveral years through workshops, symposia, and committee deliberations\nby nearly 100 scientists involved in aeronomical studies. These\nactivities led to a comprehensive report that provided a framework for\ndeveloping upper atmospheric research in the United States through an\nevolutionary strategy of instrument development and deployment\ncoordinated with campaign activities related to the globalscale,\ncoupled, nearearth environment. The program has attracted a large\nnumber of graduate students and many international\ncollaborators. Guidance is provided by a science steering committee\nappointed by the NSF Aeronomy and Upper Atmospheric Facilities program\ndirectors; scientific feedback to the community is provided by\nnewsletters and an annual summer workshop.\nThree broad categories embrace the scientific goals of the CEDAR\nprogram: (1) dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere, with\nparticular emphasis on the hard to observe region between 80 and 150\nkm; (2) coupling between the mesosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere,\nexosphere, and magnetosphere; and (3) horizontal coupling between\nadjacent geographic regions. CEDAR has provided the community with\nimproved spectrometers, interferometers, and imagers; allowed upgrades\nof existing facilities; and supported the development of lidars and\nsmall radars. Several facilities have been established containing a\nbroad array of state of the art tools to provide a solid\ninfrastructure with which to attack outstanding aeronomy problems well\ninto the future.\nAn Interim Review, 1988-1992 Prepared by the CEDAR Science Steering\nCommittee is available at: 'http://www.nsf.gov/geo/egch/'\nContacts:\nBarbara Emery\nHigh Altitude Observatory\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research\nP.O. Box 3000\nBoulder, CO 80307\nPhone: 303-497-1596\nFAX: 303-497-1589\nEmail: emery@ucar.edu\nRoy Barnes\nScientific Computing Division\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research\nP.O. Box 3000\nBoulder, CO 80307\nPhone: 303-497-1230\nFAX: 303-497-1137\nEmail: bozo@ucar.edu\nMailing address:\n CEDAR Data Base\n High Altitude Observatory (HAO)\n National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)\n Post Office Box 3000\n Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fde0951-9013-4a98-b7b0-631a01558687", - "label": "BIOQUIMICA APLICADA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600c2c69-984e-485a-9ce1-ee89d2309ea1", - "label": "CAWSES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CAWSES (Climate And Weather of the Sun-Earth System) is an international program sponsored by SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics) established with an aim of significantly enhancing our understanding of the space environment and its impacts on life and society. The main functions of CAWSES are to help coordinate international activities in observations, modeling, and applications crucial to achieving this understanding, to involve scientists in both developed and developing countries, and to provide educational opportunities for students of all levels. \n\nProject URL: http://www.bu.edu/cawses/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61271d6f-8a7a-48a0-83c0-3beea456a76c", - "label": "BBSR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mission Statement:\n\nBBSR's mission is to conduct research and science education of the\nhighest quality from the special perspective of a mid-ocean island and\nto provide well-equipped facilities and responsive staff support to\nvisiting scientists, faculty and students from around the world.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.bbsr.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "613b561e-b52f-47f4-bd2d-e430356ba982", - "label": "AVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "For 4 days during February 1964, the Marshall Space Flight Center\nsupported an observational program in which rawinsonde data were\ncollected from a network of 30 stations in the southeastern U.S. at\nintervals of 3 hours or less. This program, called Project\nAVE(Atmospheric Variability Experiment), presents, for the first time,\ndata with a high degree of time resolution over a spatially and\n2temporally extensive network.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6164f0e8-e208-4742-ac28-981366ca622a", - "label": "CFSV2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62469de4-6734-48a6-8c07-bc571d0e5d21", - "label": "CAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CAR project consists of many missions spanning the globe. The versatility of the CAR measurements has allowed for multiple missions investigating snow melt and albedo, air quality, ocean reflectance anisotropy and implications in ocean color remote sensing problems, radiative characteristics of clouds embedded in smoke, and changes in vegetation. Although the applications of the instrument and data have expanded over time, primary applications were for cloud diffusion domain studies and measurements of bidirectional reflectance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62bc69a0-d55f-4bd1-9d20-ef1442eec981", - "label": "AMIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) is conducted in\nassociation with the The Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and\nIntercomparison (PCMDI) project. Some 30 AMIP modeling groups are\nsimulating the climate of the decade 1979-1988 using the observed\nmonthly sea-surface temperature and sea ice, as well as common values\nof solar luminosity (1365 W/m^2) and atmospheric carbon dioxide\nconcentration (345 ppm). The participating models' principal\nnumerical algorithms and dynamical/ physical parameterizations are\nsummarized in AMIP model documentation.\nA set of monthly-mean standard output data from each AMIP model is\narchived at PCMDI. Some AMIP modeling groups have also provided\nhistory data at six-hourly intervals. Analysis of the models'\nperformance in comparison with observational data reveals their\nsystematic errors, while comparison of the AMIP simulations with each\nother provides a measure of current modeling uncertainties.\nMore AMIP information is located on the World Wide Web.\nLink to: 'http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/amip/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63beee03-8d32-4b59-8690-83f32bdbbda8", - "label": "AMBER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Proposal URL: \nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=325\n\nTo assess the impacts of climate change there is a need to significantly improve our understanding of Arctic Marine ecosystems. The lack of information in the Canadian Arctic Ocean on fish species distributions, their densities and ability to respond to climate change has implications for the development of new marine fisheries and ensuring that the current subsistence fisheries are sustainable. AMBER is part of an international cluster i.e by ArcOD, which deals with Arctic biodiversity. Many of the existing fisheries in the Arctic are dependent on the productivity of near shore coastal or estuarine ecosystems. Anadromous Arctic char, for example, obtain most of their energy during the short Arctic summer while feeding in the marine (estuarial) environment. Nunavut’s largest commercial fishery is dependent on the deep-water marine ecosystems of Baffin Bay and Davis Strait. Climate change models suggest that global warming will impact these ecosystems. AMBER will intensely study three Arctic Marine inshore environments, which support large subsistence Arctic Char fisheries, and the deep-water ecosystem of Nunavut’s Greenland Turbot fishery. AMBER will improve our understanding of the ecology of Arctic marine ecosystems so the impacts of climate change can be better assessed and help provide the information needed to take an ecosystem approach to the management and development of the Arctic marine fisheries resource. Furthermore, there is a need for much better linkages between the physical changes occurring in the marine environment and biota, including fish behaviour and feeding patterns. AMBER proposes to work with researchers and companies developing new technologies to monitor changes in ocean currents, salinity and temperature in order to correlate with fish distributions and energy requirements. We will develop energy models for inshore/estuarine fisheries and correlate with climate change scenarios and alien species invasions. The energy models will have direct application to inshore estuarine fisheries throughout the Arctic. Knowledge gained from AMBER will help northern communities plan for the impacts of Arctic warming and improve management of Arctic fisheries. By focusing AMBER on ecosystems which support important subsistence and commercial fisheries, AMBER will be able to effectively engage community participation in the project. Both of AMBER’s project leads have extensive experience working with Arctic communities.\nAMBER also proposes to study the inshore Arctic char fisheries associated with Iqaluit (Frobisher Bay, Nunavut), and Holman and Prince Albert Sound (Northwest Territories). The Iqaluit system represents a high tide estuarine marine environment; while Holman represents a near-shore marine environment influenced by ice melt. Both locations have community based fisheries management and monitoring programs that will be integrated into AMBER. The study of the Deep-water marine ecosystem associated with the Greenland turbot fishery will build on our current research underway in the Davis Strait, strengthen our international collaborations and expand the knowledge of Arctic marine food webs. AMBER will also increase the breadth and depth of knowledge on factors shaping Arctic marine biological communities by building new interdisciplinary synergies with the Early Warning System for Detecting Arctic Marine Ecosystem Change through the Use of Top Predators and Reconstructing the Surface of the Arctic Ocean Basin. As more is learned about the current distributions and densities of Arctic marine biota, an understanding of ocean currents and movements of fresh and saline waters, will undoubtedly be important in predicting future distributional patterns of biota.\nAMBER will directly engage northern communities by incorporating and expanding existing community fisheries monitoring projects. The knowledge and experience gained through AMBER will provide the baseline information required to set ecosystem objectives and reference levels for monitoring the health of these important ecosystems. By including three different systems in AMBER, models will be developed which will aid other communities in developing monitoring programs. The interactions at the community level will involve schools, colleges, northern research Institutes and the local Hunters and Trappers Associations and the development of inshore environmental monitoring and fisheries training. The legacy will be an educational/training knowledge base, which will include technical skills and decision-making capabilities, along with monitoring buoys, which will be an integral part of the Arctic communities’ contribution to global models on climate change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65084c71-40a0-4e85-b3e5-7a36a8b8ecfb", - "label": "ANT-VIII/5", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of the ANT VIII/5 was to document the benthic fauna of the\nWeddell Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "654555c2-d688-4353-bbc0-f2a1c9c031d5", - "label": "BBMSES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Southern elephant seal is a polygynous, sexual dimorphic species \nin which males are 4 -10 times greater ... than females. Males begin to \narrive at the start of the breeding season and fight each other in \nareas where females will settle to give birth. When pregnant females \nbegin to arrive, they gather in groups called harems. The result of \nthe encounters between males is a dominance hierarchy at each breeding \narea, which reduces access to the grouped females to the \nhighest-ranking males, thus allowing them to increase their breeding \nsuccess. Male size is an important variable to take into account in \nthis social structure; however, additional factors such as prior \nresidence at the breeding area, male age, and time spent on the beach \ncould also be variables that affect male social rank in the dominance \nhierarchy and thus male breeding success. \n\nBy combining different techniques (paternity analyses, body \nmeasurements, daily censuses) we propose to study the breeding biology \nof southern elephant seals at Stranger Point, King George Island, \nidentifying potential different strategies displayed by males to \nincrease their breeding success. \n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.dna.gov.ar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "659ae0e6-8a69-4e5e-841f-5b5dcfcc33bf", - "label": "AFSIS/CLIMATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) is developing continent-wide digital soil maps for sub-Saharan Africa using new types of soil analysis and statistical methods, and conducting agronomic field trials in selected sentinel sites. These efforts include the compilation and rescue of legacy soil profile data, new data collection and analysis, and system development for large-scale soil mapping using remote sensing imagery and crowdsourced ground observations.\n\nThe important role of soil moisture for the environment and climate system is well known. Soil moisture influences hydrological and agricultural processes, runoff generation, drought development and many other processes. It also impacts on the climate system through atmospheric feedbacks. Soil moisture is a source of water for evapotranspiration over the continents, and is involved in both the water and the energy cycles. Soil moisture was recognised as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) in 2010.\n\nFor more information, see\nhttp://www.esa-soilmoisture-cci.org/\nhttp://www.africasoils.net/home", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65e676a9-419c-433b-a248-8b22aca31bf4", - "label": "ACRP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Archive of Census Related Products (ARCP) is one of several efforts to\nsupport the Population, Land Use, and Emissions (PLUE) Data Project at CIESIN.\nThis archive is a collection of georeferenced data files containing census\ninformation that spans the United States and its territories. This coverage\nwill expand to include Mexico and Canada, establishing a North American\nrepository for population, land use, and emissions data and integrated data\nproducts. These data files are value-added products derived from the original\n1990 census files compiled by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The major\ncomponents are:\n\n-TIGER - boundary files based on TIGER 1992 files containing U.S. census\ngeographies.\n\n-STF - demographic data files containing population and housing\ncharacteristics from the 1990 Summary Tape File STF3A and STF1B.\n\n-STP - migration files derived from the STP28 Special Tabulation for 1990\nwhich show the movement of persons by county.\n \n-PUMS - public-use microdata samples which provide information for a\nsample of housing units with data on the characteristics of each unit and the\npeople in it. The data are 5% and 1% samples of the population and housing of\nthe U.S.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/cenguide.html\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65fda34f-656e-4b94-b8e8-58200cae07aa", - "label": "ARCTIC VENTS EXPEDITIONS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "We propose an international collaboration to study hydrothermal venting on the ultra-slow spreading Arctic mid-ocean ridge system. The Gakkel Ridge is a key target for hydrothermal studies because it has distinctive geological characteristics as a result of ultra-slow spreading (full spreading rate of 3-7 mm/yr), and because it is hydrographically isolated from the rest of the world’s ocean basins, which has important implications for vent field biological communities. In addition, major portions of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system lie in deep water (> 4000 m) under the ice pack, rendering them inaccessible to traditional deep submergence technologies. We are solving this problem by developing robotic vehicles that will be able to autonomously detect, localize, survey, and sample deep-sea vent fields under the Arctic ice pack. As a result, our project is technology intensive and involves a strong component of discovery while at sea, which, when combined with our scientific objectives produces a compelling project that is very much in line with the objectives and spirit of the International Polar Year.\nOur major scientific themes are the geological diversity and biogeography of hydrothermal vents on the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system. Our major technology theme is autonomous exploration and sample return with an explicit mandate to develop techniques and methods for eventual use in astrobiology missions to search for life under the ice covered oceans of Europa, a moon of Jupiter (through funding from the US NASA). Our plan is to stage a series of at least two expeditions to different portions of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge during the IPY period (2007-2008). A US-led expedition will target suspected hydrothermal vent sites under 'permanent' pack ice at 85E and 9E on the Gakkel Ridge, and a Norway-led expedition will target sites in seasonally ice-free water over the Mohns Ridge. The results of these two expeditions will be combined to reveal systematic patterns regarding biogeography (through both community-level and genetic-level investigations) of vent-endemic fauna, to study the differences between basalt vs. peridotite hosted vent fields, and to improve our understanding of hydrothermal circulation at ultra-slow spreading plate boundaries where amagmatic extension and long-lived faulting are the dominant mechanisms.\nThrough a combination of both traditional and novel instrumentation technologies we will conduct hydrographic surveys to constrain the size, shape, and composition of hydrothermal plumes in the water column above the vent fields. At the Mohns Ridge, the Norwegian led efforts will then proceed as usual for vent field studies in open water using an remotely operated vehicle (ROV). On the Gakkel Ridge the shape of the plume, and the location of the positively buoyant plume stem, in particular, will be used to localize the source vent fields to ≤ 100m, and this information will be used to guide autonomous surveys (with autonomous underwater vehicles - AUVs) to generate fine-scale microbathymetry maps and photomosaics of the vent fields. The photomosaic imagery will be used to identify immobile sampling targets, and an AUV equipped with a rudimentary manipulator/sampler will then be used to acquire immobile (e.g., sessile) samples. The PUMA and JAGUAR AUVs are presently under development at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for this mission, with a customized AUV-mounted manipulator being developed at the University of Maryland's Space Systems Laboratory. The AUVs will be tested under the Arctic ice pack in summer 2006 from the USCG Healy.\nAfter the expeditions samples and survey data will be disseminated to collaborating scientists at various institutions within our international consortium, such that a comprehensive suite of measurements and analyses will be conducted. Our formal effort will conclude with an international workshop to disseminate our results and focus future initiatives. Major funding for our proposed research is already in hand (see Section 3.10) through the US National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs (Arctic Natural Sciences section) and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In addition, the Norwegian-led effort to find and study vent fields on the Mohns Ridge has already gotten off to a fantastic start with the major discovery of new vent fields during the summer 2005 field season (http://195.37.14.189/public_html/sciencewriteratsea/Norway2005/web-content/Navigation/press/Norway.html). Scientists and engineers in Japan and Germany will contribute to the project by providing key personnel and equipment for the various Arctic expeditions, and by collaborating in post-cruise analyses of survey and sample data.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=173", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "662ebc50-d0b1-417c-90b2-21194dbacdfa", - "label": "BGEP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian Basin with its Beaufort Gyre (BG) contains about 45,000 km3 of fresh water (Aagaard and Carmack, 1989). This is the major reservoir of fresh water stored in the Arctic Ocean and its volume is 10-15 times larger than the total annual river runoff to the Arctic Ocean, and at least two times larger than the amount of fresh water stored in the sea ice. What is the mechanism of fresh water accumulation in the BG? A release of only 5% of this fresh water is enough to cause a salinity anomaly with the magnitude of the Great Salinity Anomaly of the 1970s.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66caedf0-4390-4018-879b-69e8d2151638", - "label": "CORAL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) promotes coral reef conservation\naround the world by working with the dive industry, governments, local\ncommunities and other organizations to protect and manage coral reefs,\nestablish marine parks, fund conservation efforts, and raise public\nawareness with the mission to keep coral reefs alive for future\ngenerations.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.coralreefalliance.org/about/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67700e50-d67a-4491-8d1e-629c97c00385", - "label": "CHARTERBOAT SURVEY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of this survey is to determine relative abundance and\ndistribution of fishes caught by charterboats. Depending on the year, data\nwere collected by contract employees and/or volunteers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67968751-1c72-4e77-92a5-6e6430c92e72", - "label": "CalNex", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CalNex, the California Nexus: Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change project was a joint effort of the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the California Energy Commission (CEC) to study of atmospheric processes over California and the eastern Pacific coastal region in 2010. This study emphasized the interactions between air quality and climate change issues, including those affecting the hydrologic cycle. It constited of a series of comprehensive regional air quality and climate assessments conducted by NOAA and an expansion of CARB’s leadership of California air quality studies. It complemented the ongoing CEC regional climate change studies.\n\nCalNex consisted of in-situ measurement of chemical species from aircraft, ship and ground stations, scanning lidar ozone mapping, and chemical modeling during May and June of 2010. More information is available at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/calnex/ or\n\nRyerson et al. (2012), Overview of the 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study, J. Geophys. Res., CalNex special issue, submitted.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69966e64-9135-4d58-a1f5-85db86edb20b", - "label": "CRAC-ICE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CRAC-ICE\nProject URL: http://www.annee-polaire.fr/api/la_recherche_francaise_et_l_api/81_collaborative_research_into_antarctic_calving_and_iceberg_evolution\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=81\n\nCRAC-ICE will be a coordinated investigation into calving processes on three major Antarctic ice shelves, and a (long-term) monitoring of icebergs in the Southern Ocean, including the study of the physical processes related to iceberg drift and decay. The processes leading to a calving event include the initiation and propagation of through-cutting rifts. Iceberg calving can result in a significant loss of mass from the Antarctic ice sheet, and represents ~ 65% of the total ice sheet ablation. Therefore, it is critical to understand the processes which precede and lead up to a major calving event in order to realistically assess how future climate changes might affect the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Post-calving, iceberg drift is influenced by the shape of the coastline, bottom topography, and a combination of tides, currents, wind, and sea ice. Monitoring the evolution of icebergs as they drift into warmer waters provides a valuable experiment in how rapid climate change influences ice shelves - especially such components as firn compaction, the impact of surface meltwater, ponding, and iceberg break-up. Grounded icebergs cause a severe devastation of the sea floor, forcing benthic communities to re-colonise. Iceberg melting and decay represents a significant source of freshwater (and mineral dust) primarily into the upper layers of the Southern Ocean's northern fringe. A stabilisation of the weakly stratified water column has important and poorly understood consequences for sea ice and water masses involved in deep and bottom water formation, and the biology of the euphotic zone. \n\nCRAC-ICE's first objective is to develop an understanding of the mechanics of ice shelf rift initiation and propagation via three complementary components:\n1. Fieldwork: Networks of autonomous observation stations (GPS, seismometers, webcams and AWS) will be deployed around selected rift tips on each ice shelf for one year. The measurements will be combined with oceanographic measurements of currents, temperature and salinity, and significant wave heights. These mirror campaigns will provide a continuous time series of rift widening (GPS) as well as rupture locations and source mechanisms (seismic), which can be compared with environmental effects such as large storms. Ground penetrating radar profiles will be collected, to probe the subsurface structure of the rift. Cores will be taken of the mélange inside each rift to determine its composition. On the Ross Ice Shelf, autonomous vertical profilers will be installed beneath a rift to monitor ocean currents and mixing, and to take depth profiles of salinity and temperature on a daily basis for one year. \n2. Satellite data analysis: Satellite images (e.g. MODIS, MISR, ASTER, RADARSAT) provide 'snapshot' observations of the surface expression of the rift at discrete time intervals. Image pairs provide estimates of velocity, ice strain rates, and rift widening rates on much larger spatial and temporal scales than the ground-based measurements. InSAR analysis using Radarsat will provide rift deformation rates. ICESat/CryoSat laser and radar altimeter data will be used to provide surface profile information for each rift and estimate mélange thickness.\n3. Modeling: Physical modelling, using a large ice tank, will be used to simulate ice shelf behaviour over a range of conditions. The results from these experiments, along with data collected in (1) and (2), will be used to construct realistic suites of numerical models of ice shelves which explicitly include fracture physics. This will enable careful hypothesis testing of the mechanisms and processes which occur during ice shelf break up - including the effect of mélange within rifts.\n\nCRAC-ICE's second objective is the monitoring of iceberg evolution as they drift away from their calving sites, based on:\n1. Shipbased observations near drifting bergs, including the deployment of autonomous observation stations on icebergs of various sizes equipped with sensors for position, air pressure, strain and tilt, reporting via the ARGOS system.\n2. Satellite data analysis using imagery (e.g. Envisat, Radarsat, ALOS) with different spatial resolution. A pattern-recognition algorithm will be applied to identify and track icebergs with minimum lengths between 200 - 500 m (depending on pixel size). Radar imagery will be used to monitor the physical changes in icebergs (surface melting, firn compaction, ponding, etc.) from their sites of calving through to their final break-up. Estimates of the total mass loss (and related freshwater flux) will be made by combining size information from satellite imagery with freeboard elevation from satellite altimetry (ICESat, CryoSat, Envisat), both compared with modeled melt rates. \n3. Modeling of iceberg drift to guide image acquisition. The simulated track will be used to bridge the interval between a pair of images. Modeled side wall (including wave erosion) and basal melting will be used to verify the observed mass losses due to size and freeboard reductions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69d04002-7b85-474e-aa76-33dccd40c05b", - "label": "ADLP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) is a distributed digital library with collections of georeferenced materials. ADL includes the operational library, with various nodes and collections, and the research program through which digital library architectures, gazetteer applications, educational applications, and software components are modeled, prototyped, and evaluated.\n\nADL provides HTML clients to access its collections and gazetteer, and provides specific information management tools, such as the Feature Type Thesaurus for classing types of geographic features, as well as downloadable software code.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69efba4b-e680-44c0-8080-fa561cbb2c75", - "label": "CALCOFI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CalCOFI survey area overlays three coastal zoogeographic\nprovinces, a coastal upwelling zone, and three oceanic water masses.\nThe oceanographic and ecological complexity of this region has been a\nfertile research field for NMFS scientists since the beginning of\nCalCOFI. A key goal is to learn how dynamic oceanographic features\naffect the distribution and abundance of important fish species and\nfish assemblages. This is important if we are to progress from single\nspecies to multi-species and ecosystem management strategies. Close\ncollaboration with Mexican research partners in relation to their\nbiological-oceanographic survey.\n\nFor more information, link to ' http://swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov/frd/CalCOFI/CC1.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ae368ca-ed43-44fa-b422-e0c796881f26", - "label": "ARESE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARESE, the ARM Enhanced Shortwave Experiment, concluded a very\nsuccessful deployment to Oklahoma on November 1, 1995. The purpose of\nthis five week long campaign was to conduct a series of instrumented\nflights to measure the interaction of solar energy with clear and\ncloudy skies to provide additional insight into recent observations of\nenhanced absorption in cloudy atmospheres.As such, ARESE focused on\ntwo scientific objectives: (1) the direct measurement of the\nabsorption of solar radiation by clear and cloudy atmospheres and the\nplacement of bounds on these measurements; and\n\n(2) the investigation of the possible causes of absorption in excess\n of the model predictions.\n\nTo accomplish these objectives, ARESE used a combination of satellite,\n aircraft, and ground observations to make highly accurate solar flux\n measurements at different altitudes throughout the atmospheric\n column. At the heart of this was a carefully 'stacked' Twin Otter\n and Egrett 'cloud sandwich' with the Otter at 1500 - 5000 ft and the\n Egrett at 43,000 ft. This was overflown by an ER-2 flying at 65,000\n ft, which because of its much higher speed did not stay in constant\n alignment with the Twin Otter/Egrett stack but did provide periodic\n coincidences with these other aircraft. All three aircraft carried\n identical up- and down-looking 'Valero' radiometers and flew over\n identical up-looking radiometers at the CART central and extended\n facilities. Radiance measurements from the GOES satellites were used\n to retrieve top-of-the atmosphere fluxes. These flux measurements\n were supplemented by a variety of cloud property measurements from\n the ground, the Egrett and the ER-2, including! radar, lidar and\n multispectral measurements.\n\nThese baseline ARESE flights were conducted at the CART site from\nSeptember 25 through November 1. During that time we flew twelve\nscientific data flights and accumulated approximately 60 hours of\nin-flight data under a variety of atmospheric conditions ranging from\nclear to solid overcast. These flights are detailed in the table below\nand include: cloud forcing experiments under scattered, broken, and\nsolid overcast conditions including low, mid-, and high-level cloud\ndecks; clear sky column absorption and surface albedo measurements;\nclear sky flux profiling measurements; and in-flight, co- altitude\nintercomparisons of flux measurements made from the two aircraft. The\ndata appear to be of excellent quality and comprise a unique data set\nfor testing our understanding of the absorption of solar radiation in\nboth clear and cloudy atmospheres.\n\nIn addition to these baseline solar absorption experiments, the ER-2\nalso performed some key calibration experiments. These used highly\naccurate spectral radiance measurements from the MODIS Airborne\nSimulator (MAS) to calibrate radiance measurements from the GOES\nsatellite and to improve retrieval algorithms for converting spectral\nradiances to spectral fluxes.\n\nThe success of this deployment was the result of the tremendous\nefforts of a multi-laboratory multiagency team comprised of five DOE\nLaboratories, three NASA Centers, about a dozen universities and three\naircraft companies. The ARM Program sponsored the ground-based\nmeasurements, ARM-UAV (Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle) the coordinated\nEgrett and Otter measurements, and ARM and NASA the ER-2\nflights. Funding was provided through the DOE's ARM Program and\nthrough DoD's Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program\n(SERDP).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/iops/arese/AR_summ.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b41bc6a-45b9-443d-bd3a-40d3314b725d", - "label": "CBMAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "State and local government officials have long struggled with the\ncomplexity involved in protecting and improving water quality in their\njurisdictions. Due to technical, environmental, and regulatory\ncomplications, these officials have grappled with this important\nissue, often coming up short of a workable, consistent plan for water\nresource management. Recently, scientific literature has shown that\nthe amount of impervious surface in a watershed proves to be a useful,\neasily identifiable indicator of overall water quality. In response to\nthis finding, the Towson University Center for Geographic Information\nSciences (CGIS) and its partners--the Towson University Department of\nGeography and Environmental Planning, the Maryland Space Grant\nConsortium, the Washington College Center for the Environment and\nSociety, and the Maryland Virtual High School--completeda project to\nmap impervious cover for the entire Chesapeake Bay and Maryland\nCoastal Bays watersheds. The goal of this project is to supply state\nand local official with the impervious surface data and with the\ntechnical and theoretical background they need to integrate\nimperviousness into their water quality protection measures.\n\nTo complete the impervious surface mapping project, CGIS used remote\nsensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies to\nidentify pervious and impervious land cover types throughout the\nChesapeake Bay and Maryland Coastal Bays watersheds. The data was then\n'clipped' by watershed and county boundaries tomake the information as\nuseful as possible to its intended audience--state and local\ngovernment officials. This data was then uploaded onto a CGIS server\nto be distributed to its end users via an online Infomart, complete\nwith raw remotely sensed data (Landsat 7 EMT+), geospatial data, and\nbackground information onremote sensing/digital image\nprocessing. Additionally, the Infomart contains a link for K-12\nteachers, which includes lesson plans on imperviousness that teachers\ncan use within their classrooms. K-12 teachers and their students have\nalready played an integral role in the impervious surface project by\nground truthing over 15,000 land-cover points, using portable GPS\nunits supplied to them by CGIS. Finally, the Infomart serves as the\nfocus of a Project NEMO (Non-Point Education of Municipal Officials),\nuniversity-based outreach program to educategovernment officials on\nwatershed ecology, imperviousness, and potential mitigation measures.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://chesapeake.towson.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c2b160a-5adf-40c1-a4c6-953a7986151a", - "label": "CAMEX-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The second field campaign in the CAMEX series (CAMEX-2) was conducted from August 21 through September 2, 1995. The AMPR was deployed during CAMEX-2 which was a NASA funded scientific study conducted out of Wallops Flight Facility, VA. This experiment was designed to study the three-dimensional moisture fields using satellite, aircraft, and ground-based instrumentation and the multi-frequency radiometric and lightning signatures of tropical convection in support of the Mission to Planet Earth. The geographic domain of the CAMEX-2 region was between 25.5 degrees north to 43 degrees north latitude and 70 degrees west to 83 degrees west longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cf29a28-1b97-444b-9d3d-ad9f23599cef", - "label": "CBR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Columbia Basin Research (CBR) is a joint effort of scientific\nresearch projects through the School of Aquatic and Fishery\nSciences at the University of Washington under the leadership of\nJames Anderson and John Skalski.\n\nWe investigate issues surrounding salmon biology in the Columbia\nand Snake River basins. Our research has produced computer\nmodels which simulate and predict salmon migration and survival\nin the Columbia Basin and salmon harvest in the North\nPacific. We also function as a secondary database site,\nproviding data and tools to analyze salmon issues in Columbia\nBasin. As a secondary database site, we add value to the data\nthrough statistical analysis and modeling activities.\n\nThe Columbia Basin Research group occupies an office in downtown\nSeattle (see directions for exact location). Currently, the CBR\ngroup has 15+ staff members including two faculty members,\nresearch consultants, computer programmers, database manager,\ngraduate students, system administrator, program administrators,\nand various other staff. CBR has multiple computing\ncapabilities, including Win32 and Unix, and multiple database\ncapabilities, including Ingres and Oracle.\n\nContact Information:\n\nColumbia Basin Research\nPuget Sound Plaza\n1325 4th Avenue, Ste 1820\nSeattle, WA 98101-2509\n\nPersonal:\nJim Anderson\njim@cbr.washington.edu\nPhone: 206-543-4772\nFax: 206-616-7452\n\nCBR Homepage: 'http://www.cbr.washington.edu/'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Washington]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e06bfe5-bf2c-4e43-96f0-88ab10ddae1d", - "label": "CLICOPEN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ClicOPEN\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/ClicOPEN.68+M52087573ab0.0.html\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=34\n\nThe response of terrestrial and marine coastal systems to ongoing climate change\n\nThe Western Antarctic Peninsula is getting warmer and warmer. Rapid regional warming of air temperatures observed over the last fifty years has been exceptional and unprecedented within the past 500 years. As a consequence, glaciers are retreating and leaving new ice-free areas for primary colonization of terrestrial and near shore marine plants and animals.\n\nThe ClicOPEN initiative is aimed at investigating the response of terrestrial and marine coastal systems to ongoing climate change along this area. The project is land based and uses existing Antarctic research stations in four different areas of the Antarctic Peninsula as platforms for synoptic field and laboratory studies during the IPY. It will start during the Antarctic summer of 2006/2007.\n\nThe objectives within the ClicOPEN approach are dual:\nA) to analyze and quantify effects of glacial melting and increased rock erosion on terrestrial and near shore marine ecosystems on a latitudinal gradient along the Western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. \nB) to provide a basis for a mechanistic understanding of climate change processes at the peninsula that will serve to draw a link to present and future changes in more remote shelf regions of the Southern Ocean. \n\nClicOPEN is land based and uses existing Antarctic research stations in 4 different areas of the Antarctic Peninsula as platforms for synoptic field and laboratory studies during the IPY. Comparative work at McMurdo, Ross Sea is intended. A station based programme enables us to include many scientists into cooperative and comparative work, make use of the existing logistic background provided by field stations and home institutions, and also to draw from historical data sets in locations of long-term scientific records, including temperature records and documented contours of ice caps and glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ffd7617-25fd-4464-bbd3-fc02e33ffafb", - "label": "CEMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702ab0e0-3f0e-4782-890a-026c15486526", - "label": "AVISO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AVISO (Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data) program seeks to provide long-term, continuous altimetry datasets by merging past and present satellite altimetry missions. Aviso distributes satellite altimetry data from Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1, ERS-1 and ERS-2, and EnviSat, and Doris precise orbit determination and positioning products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "718e04d8-20fe-4abf-879c-eb6a7996164e", - "label": "CLPNH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Cold Land Processes in the Northern Hemisphere\nProject URL: http://neespi.org/team/CLPNH_IPY.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=138\n\nRationale: The stability of the ecosystems in more than a half of Northern Eurasia and north North America (in Cold Land Regions, CLR) relies on the stability of seasonal snow cover and ice that, so far, holds these ecosystems together. Breach of this stability affects societies and economic activity in high latitudes. Currently, changes in terrestrial cryosphere are among the strongest contemporary environmental changes. However, these changes as well as their associated feedbacks and impacts are still inadequately described within the contemporary Earth System Models. During the 20th century, we observed snow cover and glaciers' retreat and permafrost thaw affecting water supply, land cover, and the carbon cycle. Glacier wastage has affected sea level rise, water freshening, sea ice reduction, bioproductivity changing, and redistributing gravity field patterns. Further consequences are difficult to predict. Paleodata, instrumental observations, and model simulations of future climate changes suggest significant and rapid changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and land cover occur in high latitudes particularly over the CLR. It is critical to develop the ability to measure, monitor, and model the processes that will provide the possibility for accurate future projections of climatic and environmental changes in these regions because these changes have the potential to impact the Global Earth System and human society. We need (a) to understand how the changes in these regions affect regional and global biogeochemical, surface energy and water cycles, as well as human societies and how to develop the capability to predict changes to support global projections, informed decision making, and numerous applications in these regions; (b) to establish (restore, develop, utilize) an observational system to retrieve and properly interpret information about the current state and changes of the environment in the CLR; (c) assess their interactions with global climate and society; and (d) enhance the predictive capability of Earth System models to account for environmental changes over the Northern Hemisphere and the globe.\n\nThe overarching science question of this IPY activity is: How do terrestrial cryosphere dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere interact with and alter the biosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere of the Earth? \nThe Science question dictates the following research strategy: We have to define first (a) what deficiencies currently exist in understanding the major processes in cold land regions? (b) what are the major sources of uncertainties? (c) what information is needed to run (and/or develop) sufficiently complete models that describe these processes? Thereafter, targeted field campaigns, data gathering /recovery, and/or new networks should be initiated. \n\nWithin the triad: observations, process studies, and modeling, the role of Process Studies in Cold Land Regions is to improve models that reproduce the changes in the Earth System behavior in response to the changes in high latitudes. Currently existing models do not describe sufficiently well the critical processes of interactions and their dynamics within terrestrial ecosystems, atmosphere, hydrosphere, coastal zone, and cryosphere in CLR. Also, the initial state of some of components of the Earth System in the Regions (e.g., the cryosphere) is not yet well known. We need to justify both the innovative research and efforts to improve observations in the region that otherwise could be ineffective investments in old technology and practices. \n\nThree terrestrial components of the cryosphere in the CLR of the Northern Hemisphere: snow cover, permafrost, and small glaciers will be studied as well as their interactions with society and potential feedbacks to the Global Earth System. Within each area of research the foci of studies will be on (a) the models' development to improve understanding and projections of the dynamics of the Earth System in high latitudes and its interactions with the Global Earth System and (b) creation of conditions for seamless implementation of these models (e.g., organizing the input data stream for them) in a quest of answering the overarching science question and serving numerous practical applications. \n\nTasks for snow cover studies. Major issues: (a) Global Earth System modeling and numerous applications require high resolution global snow water equivalent measurements, their extension in the past, and a proper physical description of processes describing snow dynamics; (b) Having a new Cold Land Processes Mission (CLPM) as a long-term objective, the IPY is the right time for extensive and focused groundwork to secure the Mission success. Tools: (a) Extensive field campaigns and network legacy to guaranty the CLPM calibration and ongoing support over the Hemisphere; (b) Studies of compatibility of various (in-situ and remote) instrumentation and data rescue efforts; (c) Development of a portable (scalable) physically based model of short-term and seasonal snow evolution applicable to rough terrain and/or in the presence of vegetation.\n\nTasks for permafrost studies. Major issue: Permafrost changes (warming and thawing) have global consequences these processes should be well understood, monitored, modeled, and projected. Mitigation strategies should be timely developed. Tools: (a) Establish and support a comprehensive permafrost monitoring system in the high latitudes including the Arctic coastal zone; (b) Develop reliable models accounting for changes in the permafrost and its interactions with terrestrial ecosystems, hydrology, atmosphere, and society and incorporate them into emerging global Earth System and reanalyses models; (c) Develop specialty models that seamlessly account for specifics of permafrost environment in practical applications (coastal erosion, cold land engineering, etc.) \n\nTasks for glaciers' studies. Major issues: Increase in accuracy of monitoring of glaciers' dynamics from space and in situ observations to resolve the major uncertainties of the global glaciers' changes, first of all surface area and distribution versus elevation and surface mass balance with extrapolation from the observational network to the larger glacier systems. Tools: (a) Develop a conceptual model for areal generalization of the glaciers' characteristics and their monitoring; (b) Develop a portable model that describes the processes of glaciers' change in response to climate change; the model should be useable as a block in the regional and global climate models as well as for water and natural hazard management; (c) Repeat regular monitoring using laser altimetry for glaciers in CLR and blending these observations with existing long-term observational network data; (d) Assessment of direct anthropogenic impact on glaciers' dynamics (e.g., due to air pollution). Mostly small glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere will be studied within this IPY proposal.\n\nTasks for socio-economic studies. Major issue: Fragile environment and harsh climatic conditions in high latitudes put additional stress on societal sustainability during rapid environmental changes. Tools: (a) Determine the impacts of environmental changes in high latitudes on humans in particular on the indigenous population; (b) Develop models of economic effect, both positive and negative, of the ongoing and possible climate changes, snow- glaciers- and permafrost-related hazards; (c) Develop the societal feedback loop models for use in Global Earth models; (d) Develop mitigation strategies for the populations negatively affected by contemporary and projected environmental changes.\n\nTasks for integration studies. Major issue: Need for suite of regional models that incorporate peculiarities of interactions of climate, cryosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere of high latitudes and serve as a reliable internal block to Global Earth Models. Tools: (a) Develop regional models (e.g., reanalysis, WRF, LDAS) with specialty blocks (hydrology, cold land, coastal processes, ecosystem, societal interactions) incorporating major feedbacks that are specific for high latitudinal land areas and are of global importance (e.g., potentially powerful permafrost thawing over CLR and the Arctic coastal zone and greenhouse gases emission positive feedback); (b) Develop (improve) regional numerical weather forecast models to account for specifics of the high latitudes (including specific societal needs); (c) Verify Global Climate Models' projections in the high latitudes; (d) Organize input data stream (remote and in-situ) sufficient for operating the system that can answer the overarching science question and serve numerous practical applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71e8e873-a201-48a7-b7e6-f880e5fe69b9", - "label": "ANTHROMES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Anthropogenic biomes, also known as 'anthromes' or 'human biomes', describe the terrestrial biosphere in its contemporary, human-altered form using global ecosystem units defined by patterns of sustained direct human interaction. Ellis and Ramankutty (2008) delineate 21 anthropogenic biomes based on population density, land use and vegetation cover. The anthropogenic biomes are grouped into six major categories -- dense settlements, villages, croplands, rangeland, forested and wildlands.\n\nThe Anthropogenic Biomes of the World, Version 1 data set describes globally-significant ecological patterns within the terrestrial biosphere caused by sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including agriculture, urbanization, forestry and other land uses circa 2001-2006.\n\nAnthropogenic Biomes of the World, Version 2: 1700-2000 (Ellis et al 2010), describes historical transformations within the terrestrial biosphere caused by sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including agriculture and urbanization. Between 1700 and 2000, the terrestrial biosphere made the critical transition from mostly wild to mostly anthropogenic, passing the 50% mark early in the 20th century. \n\nUsers can download each dataset as one global raster or as a raster for each of the 6 populated continents. The data are available in GeoTiff and Esri grid formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72d37a19-68c1-4d6c-90cb-6cbc527e51f9", - "label": "ARWAMLP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Adapted from Animas River Abandoned Mine Lands Project introduction,\n'http://amli.usgs.gov/amli/data/animas/', and the Abandoned Mine Lands\nInitiative home page, 'http://amli.usgs.gov/amli/']\n\nThe Animas River Watershed Abandoned Mine Lands Project (ARWAMLP) is being\nconducted as part of the larger U.S. Geological Survey Project, the Abandoned\nMine Lands Initiative (AMLI). The purpose of AMLI is to provide technical\nassistance in support of Federal Land Management Agency (FLMA) actions to\nremediate contamination associated with abandoned hard rock mining activities.\nThis initiative is part of a larger strategy by the U.S. Department of the\nInterior and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to coordinate activities for\nthe cleanup of federal lands affected by abandoned mine lands. The Animas\nRiver portion of the project focuses on the upper Animas River watershed in\nsouthwestern Colorado.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "744601d5-cedc-4c12-96a8-63b4ae004d78", - "label": "AIDJEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "During the summer of 1975 AIDJEX maintained four manned camps on\nice floes in the Arctic Ocean. Instrumentation located at those\ncamps, or deployed on floating data buoys, recorded surface and\ngeostrophic winds, ocean current velocity at 2 and 30 meter\ndepths, and camp (ice floe) position. Data are archived as daily\naverage values for each camp, as well as ice velocity and\nsmoothed positions. Surface pressure and geostrophic wind data\nare also available at 6-hourly intervals. Data acquired during\nthe AIDJEX main experiment have been validated, for the most\npart, by the principal investigators and analysts. Data are\navailable on diskette or via ftp.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0013.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7460e146-765c-40c7-95f5-94ba87e21b7e", - "label": "ASTAPA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ASTAPA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=293\n\nUsing a unique Canadian technology, the ASTAPA system will supplement existing and planned ocean observing systems with the capacity to monitor passages of rare and commercially important animals for up to 20 years and will also extend the reach of physical monitoring systems. The original concept of an Arctic Curtain& (EOI 640, Canada ) to monitor seasonal migrations of fish, expanded through the IPY process and a global proposal to the Canadian Foundation of Innovation for an Ocean Shelf Tracking and Physic Array (OSTAPA). The original EOI for a single line of acoustic receivers through the narrowest channels in the Canadian Archipelago drew interest from marine mammal trackers and ocean observers from the Bering Strait to Norway. So, ASTAPA now includes multiple lines to record direction and speed of travel as well as local oceanographics at key passages. ASTAPA would have the proven data gathering and management capacity of the operational Census of Marine Life (COML) Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST) project (www.postcoml.org) to tag animals as small as 20g with individually unique acoustic codes and to follow larger tags for up to 20 years.\nThe Arctic is a more challenging environment, but the POST personnel with technical experience will work with DFO colleagues to develop the logistics for putting the system in place. A consortium would be developed to maintain receiver lines. VR3 receivers, produced by Canadian manufacturer, VEMCO-AMIRIX, allow frequent data recovery for up to seven years simply by putting a hydrophone modem connection in the water. In the Arctic this can be done throughout the winter through an ice hole, and in summer from small boats. Individual receivers record the presence of a tag within a kilometer, so tagged animal movements in open water or under ice can be tracked. Also, VR3s have sensors to measure, store and download physical data via modem, so there is strong synergy and potential savings between physics and biology. As with POST, most tagging would be done by other researchers and consortia. We have identified a broad range of projects interested in the data ASTAPA can return. There are two ways that ASTAPA complements the many projects tagging animals with satellite tags: (1) acoustic tags implanted at the same time provide a unique identifier for up to 20 years, so that changes in individual animal behaviour can be correlated with climate change and (2) data recovery is controlled locally by local people and does not depend on remote multi-billion dollar satellite networks. Planned future developments will add download capacity to VR3 receivers so that data stored in archival tags can be transferred acoustically to receivers instead of by radio to satellites, greatly reducing data costs. \nASTAPA complements several of the other IPY EOIs. For example EOI 624 AMBER examines fish distributions, density and reaction to climate change. Much of the field work for this project will be centered in the waterways around Resolute. ASTAPA proposes the installation of an acoustic curtain in this area. The logistical crossover between the two projects will be high. Also, our monitoring of animal movement and the characteristics of the water column will complement AMBER, just as their information of fish fauna composition, density and distribution will complement ASTAPA. Also, EOI 713 Canadian Arctic CoML will provide information on biodiversity that will be valuable in completing the picture of multi species interactions that we observe by animal tracking. Logistical cross-over includes at the least ship time on the CCGS Amundsen. EOI's 663 GWAMM, 77 and 153 MEOP will provide information on the physical attributes of the water column profiled by tagged marine mammals, including information from areas under ice. We will also have similar information. Ship gathered CTD's by these projects will also increase our knowledge of physical variables of the water column as our static lines provide the same information at key points. Also, logistics of equipment movement and animal tagging can be coordinated to reduce effort and cost and maximize results. EOI's 688 COME and 673 Canadian Icebreaker provide transport to remote locations for installation and downloading of acoustic curtain data. While EOI's 682 Freshwater Flux in Canadian Arctic, 80 and 14 IAOOS will provide much needed information on the movement and characteristics of waters throughout the Arctic Archipelago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75ec4186-d922-45bc-bd71-2e22ee2ff96d", - "label": "ATom", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) is a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-2 mission to study the impact of human-produced air pollution on greenhouse gases and on chemically reactive gases in the atmosphere. ATom deployed an extensive gas and aerosol payload on the NASA DC-8 aircraft for systematic, global-scale sampling of the atmosphere, profiling continuously from 0.2 to 12 km altitude. Around-the-world flights were conducted in each of four seasons between 2016 and 2018.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77509487-4f7d-4685-a47b-f3e3a468f197", - "label": "CABRILLO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CABRILLO Project (Southern CAlifornia Bight Regional Investigations Life, Land, and Ocean) of the U.S. Geological Survey addresses complex oceanographic and hazard issues that affect Southern California coastal communities.\n\nThe offshore area is geologically active resulting in the potential for earthquakes, underwater mass-wasting events (submarine landslides and slumps), and tsunamis. The geology of the seafloor along the coast and continental shelf of Southern California provides diverse habitats that include rich fisheries, kelp forests, marine mammals, and many other niches and biological guilds. Both human and non-human inhabitants are at risk from pollution of the coastal ocean and from the degradation of fresh-water sources as a result of salt-water intrusion. In addition, the coastal ocean is a resource for economic development (shipping), communication (trans-oceanic cables), fishing, recreation, and tourism. The CABRILLO project provides USGS scientists with an interdisciplinary framework in which these complex coastal issues can be studied.\n\nCABRILLO efforts currently focus on six component tasks and a regional synthesis:\n\n * CASA - Salt Water Intrusion investigates offshore-onshore components of salt-water intrusion into coastal aquifers by developing 2D and 3D stratigraphic models of potential salt-water infiltration.\n * Océano - Contaminant Processes studies ocean contaminants, their distribution along the coastal region and the processes by which they are transported.\n * Playa - Coastal Change addresses issues of coastal change, including beach loss, shoreline retreat, and the processes that impact coastal stability.\n * Tierra - Geologic Hazards investigates geologic hazards associated with submarine landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis.\n * Vida - Benthic Habitats concerns the relationship between sea-floor rock and sediment and benthic habitats.\n * Región - Regional Synthesis provides a regional synthesis of Southern California's coastal and marine geology, the impact of man on the environment and the impact of the natural environment on man. \n\nSummary provided by http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/cabrillo/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77a99702-4771-4ca3-a2bf-026c1aa1fec5", - "label": "CBERS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78221fe7-9722-4e6a-ba34-4dea581429cb", - "label": "CHESS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A global study of the biogeography of deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems and the processes that drive them.\n\nBackground\nDirected from the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS) in the UK, the Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), in Barcelona, Spain, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in the US, ChEss is improving our knowledge of the biodiversity and biogeography of species from deep-water chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems at a global scale and increasing our understanding of the processes that shape these communities. In order to achieve such ambitious goals, scientists from around the globe have been brought together under the ChEss umbrella to coordinate their activities focusing on ChEss scientific objectives. ChEss is addressing the main questions of CoML on diversity, abundance and distribution of marine species, within the realm of deep-water reducing environments such as hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, whale falls, sunken wood and areas of low oxygen that intersect with continental margins and seamounts. It is crucial to combine results from research on all these systems in order to understand the phylogeographic relationships amongst all deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7881d16a-81c3-4563-b6a8-99d40965a90b", - "label": "BAHC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Biospheric Aspects of the Hydrologic Cycle (BAHC) is an interdisciplinary\nproject combining and integrating expertise from ecophysiology, pedology,\nhydrology, meteorology, and other disciplines.\nBAHC is one of eleven program elements of the International\nGeosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). BAHC attempts to answer the central\nquestion: How does vegetation interact with the physical processes of the\nhydrological cycle?\nBAHC develops techniques and algorithms to provide climatic data at\nscales for hydroecological research. Furthermore, BAHC provides\nsoil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer models at larger scales, in\nparticular, the areal pattern of heat and moisture fluxes according to\nland-surface heterogeneity.\nContact:\n-------\nBAHC International Project Office\nPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research\nTelegrafenberg, P. O. 601 203\nD-14412 Potsdam\nGermany\nTel: (+49-331) 228 2543\nFax: (+49-331) 288 2547\nE-mail: bahc@pik-potsdam.de\nURL: 'http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~bahc'\n[This information was adapted from the BAHC web pages at the Potsdam\nInstitute for Climate Impact Research (PIK).]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "788638a9-ce3e-4a3e-94d6-b763e484ae7f", - "label": "AAOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, a multi-institutional effort managed by NASA Ames with participation by Ames scientists, was a major airborne campaign conducted during August and September of 1987 to study the sudden and unanticipated decrease observed in the abundance of ozone over Antarctica in the Austral spring since 1979. Specially instrumented NASA ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft were used to acquire a database on the chemical, meteorological and cloud-physical parameters associated with the phenomenon. The aircraft experiments were coupled with data from three separate satellite systems and ground based sensors located in various places on Antarctica. The collection of data from all experiments was the result of international collaboration and represents the most massive data acquisition ever performed over the Antarctic region.\n \nThe instrumentation used to acquire the airborne data was developed under long-standing programs funded by the Upper Atmospheric Research and Tropospheric Chemistry offices of NASA's Earth Science and Applications Division. Results of the mission were presented at a Polar Ozone Symposium in Snowmass, Colorado in May of 1988. A two volume special issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research devoted to this experimental effort was published in August and November of 1989. The data obtained during the Antarctic mission show the lowest ozone levels ever recorded and directly implicate man-made chemical compounds, chlorofluorocarbons, in the enormous ozone loss over this remote region in the southern hemisphere.\n \nOne of the most compelling pieces of evidence leading to this conclusion is shown in the chart . These data, measured on the ER-2 aircraft as it flew south from Chile into the ozone hole, show the dramatic inverse correlation between ozone and chlorine monoxide. Because chlorine monoxide is produced by the process in which manmade chlorine destroys ozone, the large quantities observed provide strong evidence that manmade chemicals are involved in the Antarctic ozone loss process.\n \nRESEARCH SITE: Antarctica\n \nCOLLABORATORS: NASA Goddard, NASA Langley, Jet Propulsion\nLaboratory, NOAA Aeronomy Lab, National Center for\nAtmospheric Research, AER Inc., Harvard University,\nUniversity of Denver, University of Washington,\nU.K. Meteo-rological Office, the European Center for\nMedium Range Forecasting, and CNRM.\n \nFor more information, link to:\nhttp://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/aaoe/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78c7f01d-27b0-44cf-abfe-ba2721680636", - "label": "AOMIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) is an international effort to identify systematic errors in Arctic Ocean models under realistic forcing.\n \n \nThe main goals of the research are to examine the ability of Arctic Ocean models to simulate variability on seasonal to interannual scales, and to qualitatively and quantitatively understand the behaviour of different Arctic Ocean models. AOMIP's major objective is to use a suite of sophisticated models to simulate the Arctic Ocean circulation for the periods 1948-2002 and 1901-2002. Forcing will use the observed climatology and the daily atmospheric pressure and air temperature fields. Model results will be contrasted and compared to understand model strengths and weaknesses.\n \nAOMIP will bring together the international modeling community for a comprehensive evaluation and validation of current Arctic Ocean models. The project will provide valuable information on improving Arctic Ocean models and will result in a better understanding of the processes that maintain the Arctic's observed variability.\n \nFor more information, link to:\nhttp://efdl.cims.nyu.edu/project_aomip/overview.html\nand\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=29836\n \n [Summary provided by New York University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78cbff2e-7782-4892-9fc7-d1a223c4e209", - "label": "CBESS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Chesapeake Bay Earth Science Study (CBESS) was a baseline\ninventory of Chesapeake Bay bottom sediments, particularly of\nthose properties or features (e.g. sediment type, water content,\nsulfur content, carbon content) that affect the distribution of\ntoxic substances. The project, funded by the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency, was a cooperative effort between the states\nof Maryland and Virginia. The Maryland Geological Survey and the\nVirginia Institute of Marine Science were responsible for\nsampling and analyzing sediments deposited in the waters of\ntheir respective states.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.mgs.md.gov/coastal/data/baysedata.html'\n\n[Summary provided by MGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79402810-c844-4c97-965b-0e8691c3a60e", - "label": "AIRMISR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AirMISR -- the Airborne Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer --\n is a an airborne instrument for obtaining multi-angle imagery\n similar to that of the satellite-borne MISR instrument, which is\n designed to contribute to studies of Earth's ecology and\n climate. AirMISR flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. It was\n built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,\n California.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/air.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79b449bd-27f4-4384-ae00-28a1ed675e52", - "label": "AMLI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[from Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative home page, 'http://amli.usgs.gov/amli/']\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting an Abandoned Mine Lands (AML)\nInitiative during the fiscal years 1997 through 2001 to provide technical\nassistance in support of Federal Land Management Agency (FLMA) actions to\nremediate contamination associated with abandoned hard rock mining activities.\nThis initiative is part of a larger strategy by the U.S. Department of the\nInterior and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to coordinate activities for\nthe cleanup of federal lands affected by AML. The strategy will employ a\nwatershed approach, in which contaminated sites are identified and remediated\nbased on their effect on the water and ecosystem quality of a targeted\nwatershed. The initiative will be implemented on a pilot scale in two\nwatersheds, the Boulder River basin in southwestern Montana and the Upper\nAnimas River basin in southwestern Colorado.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a67175e-b394-4ab8-9671-546016bf8ee4", - "label": "CRREL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Our mission is to solve interdisciplinary, strategically important problems of the US Army Corps of Engineers, Army, DOD, and the Nation by advancing and applying science and engineering to complex environments, materials, and processes in all seasons and climates, with unique core competencies related to the Earth's cold regions. \n\nThe history of CRREL goes back to long before its inception in 1961. In the 124 years since Alaska was purchased from Russia, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has been involved in cold regions research and development. During World War II, organizations were created which, in 1961, were brought\nGroundbreaking ceremony at CRREL.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/crrel/history.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e8fca64-48e1-47a3-af7e-75351766eedc", - "label": "AMPPOP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AMPPoP aims to standardize the approaches for studying population dynamics, breeding and foraging activities of penguins all around the Antarctic continent so as to better understand the diverse population trends and relate them to climate change.\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=251", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7eae1fb8-6e5d-44c3-bfe5-0ae96b0244b6", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/SBI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) project focuses on shelf, shelf break and upper-slope water mass and ecosystem modifications, material fluxes and biogeochemical cycles. The geographical focus is on the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas and adjacent upper slopes, with the aim of generalization of the results into Pan Arctic and global models. The overarching goal of the SBI project is to understand the physical and biogeochemical processes that link the Arctic shelves, slopes, and deep basins. Relevant to this proposal, the SBI project will focus on a) biogeochemical modifications of Pacific water over the Beaufort and Chukchi shelf and slope regions, with emphasis on carbon and nitrogen; and b) comparative analysis of the findings over the broad Chukchi shelf and narrow Beaufort shelf and adjacent slopes to facilitate integration of the Western Arctic into a Pan-Arctic perspective. We will support the goals of SBI by evaluating the processes of carbon and nitrogen transport, exchanges and transformations in the regions of interest. Our specific interests will be: a) determination of mass transport and fate of carbon and nitrogen associated with the volume transports calculated by SBI collaborators; b) interpretation of carbon and nitrogen spatial distributions and temporal variability relative to biological and physical conditions; c) evaluation of partitioning of organic matter between dissolved and particulate phases; d) determination of net community production and it’s fate as DOM, suspended POM, and sinking POM; e) determination of C:N stoichiometry as a complement to biological studies, particularly in relation to community structure and seasonal progression of intense phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas; and f) evaluation of the contribution of DOM vs. POM to apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) development in the Arctic halocline and export from the shelf. We will measure the full suite of carbon and nitrogen variables in survey mode. These include dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), as well as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), a required variable, will be measured by the Category 2 hydrographic team contracted by SBI. We will also measure alkalinity to aid in identification of water masses, and the seawater pCO2 (e.g., ?pCO2) of the surface water to estimate air/sea flux of CO2). DOC, DIC, total alkalinity, and seawater pCO2 will be determined at sea. DON, PON, and POC will be analyzed at our shore labs. We require that 4 individuals from our groups (2 for organic variables and 2 for inorganic variables) join each of two 6-week processes cruises each summer (2002 and 2004). Synthesis of data will progress throughout the five-year project, culminating in the overarching final year synthesis. We anticipate ongoing synthesis and modeling collaborations with other funded SBI groups, including the physical oceanographic and tracer groups, the service groups and biological studies groups. \n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.vecopolar.com/arlss_reports/ARLSS_ProjectsDetail.aspx?cbPropNum=0124900", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fd87987-348b-48ad-9f99-33ae9955c106", - "label": "CLICCRYOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Cryos - State of the Cryosphere\nProject URL: http://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/ipy-cryos/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=105\n\nThe cryosphere, which includes sea-, lake-, and river-ice, snow cover, solid precipitation, glaciers, icebergs, ice sheets, ice caps, permafrost, and seasonally frozen ground, plays a crucial role in not only the polar climate system, but also in the global climate system. It is inseparable from the polar freshwater system, both on land, ice and in the sea. Understanding the state of the cryosphere, and its associated past, present and future variability and change in time and space, is essential to understanding the polar environment in terms of its physical and biogeochemical interactions with the ocean, atmosphere and terrestrial systems, and the impacts on and interactions with social, cultural and economic systems. \nThis project is proposed and supported by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project to provide a framework for assessing the polar cryospheric system and the related physical and chemical processes, interactions and impacts within the Earth system. The IPY provides the opportunity for a coordinated circumpolar assessment of both polar regions by nations and their organizations, scientists, and residents that likely would not be otherwise undertaken.\n\nThe 'State and Fate of the Polar Cryosphere' will establish links with the main projects (clusters) involved in monitoring, assessing, and understanding the variability, uncertainty, and change in the global cryosphere. This includes projects that will study permafrost, glaciers and ice sheets, sea ice, snow cover, and precipitation, as well as those involved in developing observing systems and data and information systems. We are also linking with projects involved in socioeconomic and cultural issues and those that will provide education and outreach, including traditional knowledge. (See section 4.2 for a complete list of participants.) The project will play a leadership, management, and coordinating role in the development of a sustained long-term cryospheric polar observing system, which would be implemented in the future through GCOS, GOOS, GTOS, CEOS, and possibly GEOSS. \n\nWe propose to coordinate activities and synthesize results to: \n1. assess the current state of cryospheric parameters in the high latitude regions, providing a snapshot of the cryosphere and an evaluation of its current (IPY) state in the context of past states and projections of the future;\n2. formulate the observational requirements of cryospheric variables for weather and climate monitoring and prediction and for other environmental assessments;\n3. strengthen international cooperation in the development of cryospheric observing systems.\n\nThe CliC International Project Office will support the coordination, and the CliC Data and Information System (DISC, http://clic.npolar.no/disc/) will provide the portal on the current state of the global cryosphere.\n\nThe 'State and Fate of the Polar Cryosphere' project will complement the newly developed Cryosphere Theme for the Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS), which is being developed jointly by CliC and SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) (http://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/IGOS-cryo).\n\nThis project will also develop links to a number of diverse projects and activities that are examining the effects of a changing cryosphere on biological and human systems, e.g., the implications of changing polar snow cover characteristics on bird and mammal breeding. The aim is to document not only the changes that are happening to the global cryosphere, but to also highlight the diverse impacts of these changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80585695-515f-49bf-8357-4705480f614c", - "label": "ANTARCTICVP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Transantarctic Vertebrate Paleontology Project involves the collection and study of Triassic to Jurassic age vertebrates from the southern Transantarctic Mountains near the Beardmore and Shackleton Glaciers, Antarctica. William R. Hammer of Augustana College, currently the Principal Investigator on a National Science Foundation grant supporting this research, has led seven vertebrate collecting expeditions to these regions since 1977. To date faunas of four different ages have been studied. Included among the taxa discovered are synapsids, prolacertids, procolophonids, a rauisuchid and a variety of temnospondyl amphibians from the Early Triassic, synapsids and large capitosaurid temnospondyls from the early Middle Triassic, a few indeterminant bone fragments and a dicynodont tusk from the Late Traissic. The theropod Cryolophosaurus ellioti, along with prosauropod, sauropod, tritylodont, and pterosaur taxa are known from the Early Jurassic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8078ed39-5892-4222-a019-14048c8dd9af", - "label": "CHMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The mission of the Coral Health and Monitoring Program is to provide\nservices to help improve and sustain coral reef health throughout the\nworld.\n\nOur long term goals are:\n\nEstablish an international network of coral reef researchers for the\npurpose of sharing knowledge and information on coral health and\nmonitoring.\n\nProvide near real-time data products derived from satellite images and\nmonitoring stations at coral reef areas.\n\nProvide a data repository for historical data collected from coral\nreef areas.\n\nAdd to the general fund of coral reef knowledge.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.coral.noaa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "808115fe-8c35-4c8e-b848-4c36c54fef6d", - "label": "ARC-MIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Modeling Intercomparison Project:\nBackground\n\nA powerful method for improving regional climate simulations is the\ncomparison of simulations produced by different models with each other\nas well as with available observations. Strengths and weaknesses of\nmodel structures, numerics and parameterizations can be assessed\nside-by-side. The utility of model intercomparisons is greatly\nenhanced if the models operate under the same external constraints and\nuse a data-rich case study such as SHEBA.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://cires.colorado.edu/lynch/arcmip/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8129149b-3d95-47e8-a156-2d66266184a8", - "label": "BRFEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A field campaign was carried out near Boardman, Oregon, to study the effects of subgrid-scale variability of sensible-and latent-heat fluxes on surface boundary-layer properties. The experiment involved three U.S. Department of Energy laboratories, one National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration laboratory, and several universities. The experiment was conducted in a region of severe contrasts in adjacent surface types that accentuated the response of the atmosphere to variable surface forcing. Large values of sensible-heat flux and low values of latent-heat flux characterized a sagebrush steppe area; significantly smaller sen- sible-heat fluxes and much larger latent-heat fluxes were associated with extensive tracts of irrigated farmland to the north, east, and west of the steppe. Data were obtained from an array of surface flux stations, remote-sensing devices, an instrumented aircraft, and soil and vegetation measurements. The data will be used to address the problem of extrapolating from a limited number of local measurements to area-averaged values of fluxes suitable for use in global climate models. \n\nSummary provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992BAMS...73.1785D", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "814903bc-b83b-4229-b617-f6273b64bfee", - "label": "AEOLUS 1980", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "818ae3b2-c435-49f3-8f7d-baac319b49da", - "label": "BD CARTO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BD CARTO is one of the four databases produced by IGN-F together with\nBD ALTI, BD TOPO and GEOROUTE. It is useful for positioning, handling,\nmanaging, comunicating geographic information related to NUTS III in\nFrance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8209a3d9-a4e3-4fbb-928a-e29a5875eafc", - "label": "BOFS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study (BOFS) was a Community\n Research Project of the Marine and Atmospheric Sciences\n Directorate of the Natural Environment Research Council and was\n hosted by the Plymouth Marine Laboratory from April 1987 and\n April 1992, with a bridging to April 1993 for cruises to the\n Southern Oceans. The North Atlantic field programme was\n conducted between May 1989 and July 1991. BOFS formed a\n significant part of the UK's contribution to the IGBP's Joint\n Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS).\n\n From the outset, BODC took the lead role in organising and\n ensuring the proper management and processing of BOFS data. The\n aim throughout was to make high quality data readily available\n to project scientists with minimal delay, and to ensure the\n publication of a comprehensive fully worked up data set at the\n end of the project.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.bodc.ac.uk/frames/index2.html?../projects/bofs.html&2'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82593005-dc77-43ee-b9a2-19017d32c7ff", - "label": "ANT-XII/2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. Much of the southern part of the sea, up to Elephant Island, is permanent ice, the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, (Argentine Antarctica) and Britain (British Antarctic Territory), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile (Antarctic Chilean Territory). At its widest the sea is around 2,000 km across, in area it is around 2.8 million km².\n\nThe sea is named after the British sailor James Weddell who entered the sea in 1823 as far as 74° S. It was first widely explored by the Scot William S. Bruce over 1902-04.\n\nIt was in this sea that Shackleton's ship, the Endurance was trapped and crushed by ice in 1915.\n\nThe ice shelves which used to extend roughly 3900 square miles (10,000 km²) over the Weddell Sea have completely disappeared by 2002.\n\nSummary provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85112e2e-16b0-4c11-b2df-b1f8f95ff86f", - "label": "BIOME 6000", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'Climate-vegetation interactions: a 6000 yr BP experiment' is a current focus of GAIM. The experiment aims to quantify the importance of biogeophysical feedbacks in the climate system by comparing the performance of coupled and uncoupled climate-biosphere models, driven by the Earth's orbitally-induced change in seasonal insolation from 6000 yr BP to present. The existing, extensive coverage of palaeodata describing the state of the terrestrial biosphere at 6000 yr BP should provide a decisive standard against which to evaluate the model results.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://gaim.unh.edu/Structure/Key_Issues/Biome6000/1994workshop.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85daa6ce-2b86-47c9-a84e-540ae692f969", - "label": "ANTPAC97", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Paleoceanographic team was organized within the Laboratory of Geodynamics and Paleoceanography in 2005, after the reorganization of the Laboratory of Ore Genesis and Paleoceanography. The main research subjects of the team are the high resolution paleoceanographic reconstructions in the different areas of the World Ocean, global correlations, and teleconnections. The group headed by Dr. Sc. Elena Ivanova consists of five persons, including Emeritus Professor Ivar Murdmaa, and associated students from Moscow State University and Russian University of Geological Prospecting. Current research is mainly focused on the Tropical Pacific, Barents -Kara Seas and Black Sea.\n\n\nhttp://www.ocean.ru/eng/content/view/56/41/1/1/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85e01b79-19c9-4078-9e12-28957b98ccb1", - "label": "CAML", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CAML\nProject URL: http://www.caml.aq/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=53\n\nThe Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) investigates the distribution and abundance of Antarctica's marine biodiversity, how it is affected by climate change, and how change will alter the nature of the ecosystem services currently provided by the Southern Ocean for the benefit of mankind.\n\nThe CAML is a five-year project that will focus the attention of the public on the ice-bound oceans of Antarctica during the International Polar Year (IPY) in 2007/08. Its objective is to study the evolution of life in Antarctic waters, to determine how this has influenced the diversity of the present biota, and to use these observations to predict how it might respond to future change. The CAML will collaborate with biological oceanographers in its work, for at its heart lies the integrated nature of ecological and biological change.\n\nPolar regions experience greater rates of climate change than elsewhere on the planet. The fauna of the regions are uniquely adapted to the extreme environments in which they exist, and may be vulnerable to shifts in climate. There is an urgent need to establish the state of these communities, and in particular their biodiversity, if we are to understand the impact of climate change. The project will integrate knowledge across all regions, biomes, habitats and fields of study to strengthen our knowledge of ecosystem dynamics in this high latitude, frozen ocean system. Only through a multi-scale level of investigation will a better understanding of the diversity and status of Antarctica's marine life be obtained.\n\nThe CAML's main biodiversity data will be collected from 17 research vessels during the IPY. In addition, tourist vessels will contribute observations and other ships will collect samples using the Continuous Plankton Recorder. The biodiversity data, collected as georeferenced species records, will available on the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research's Marine Biodiversity Information Network (SCAR-MarBIN http://www.scarmarbin.be) for researchers, governments and others concerned with ocean management.\n\nThe CAML will leave legacy sites for future comparability studies. It will employ modern genomic techniques and contribute to the Barcode of Life project, integrating with other Census projects. In particular, the CAML will interact very strongly with the Arctic Ocean Diversity Project (ArcOD), drawing comparisons between differences in ecological structure and dynamics between the Arctic and Southern Oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "861ffbe4-50be-4e26-bfb3-8f7e9bd3c215", - "label": "CPEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) aircraft field campaign will take place in the North Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean Oceanic region during the early summer of 2017. This campaign hopes to collect data that can help to answer questions about convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation. For this effort, NASA's DC-8 aircraft will log 100 hours of flight time and be equipped with multiple instruments capable of taking measurements that will help scientists improve their understanding of convective processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "865292d8-91d9-42fc-8f5e-350c9d5d64cc", - "label": "CALIPSO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CALIPSO was selected as an Earth System Science Pathfinder satellite\nmission in December 1998 to address the role of clouds and aerosols in\nthe Earth's radiation budget. NASA Langley Research Center is leading\nthe mission and is providing overall project management, systems\nengineering, payload mission operations, data validation, processing\nand archival. CNES is providing a PROTEUS spacecraft, the imaging\ninfrared radiometer (IIR), payload-to-spacecraft integration, and\nspacecraft mission operations. CALIPSO is being developed through\ncollaboration between NASA and the French space agency, Centre\nNational d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES).\n\nCALIPSO will fly a three-channel lidar and passive instruments to\nprovide key measurements of aerosol and cloud properties needed to\nimprove climate predictions. CALIPSO is co-manifested with the\nCloudSat satellite for a October 2004 launch on a Delta II launch\nvehicle. They both will operate as part of a constellation of\nsatellites including EOS Aqua, EOS Aura, and PARASOL (Polarization and\nAnisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science coupled with\nObservations from a Lidar), which is being developed by CNES. The\nsatellites of the constellation will fly in a 705-km circular\nsun-synchronous polar orbit with a nominal ascending node equatorial\ncrossing time of 13:30 local time. This constellation will provide\nnearly simultaneous and co-located observations that will allow\nnumerous synergies to be realized by combining CALIPSO observations\nwith complementary observations from other platforms. This unique data\nset of aerosol and cloud optical and physical properties and\naerosol-cloud interactions will substantially increase our\nunderstanding of the climate system and the potential for climate\nchange.\n\nFor more information on the CALIPSO project, see:\n'http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP)\nProgram, see:\n'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise (ESE):\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "867bc74f-1849-4ee8-a1dd-e2441c8f9742", - "label": "CIRCUMPOLAR POPULATION MONITORI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Climate change is already dramatically affecting the biosphere, but its effects on biological communities are still poorly understood. Because of the sensitivity of sea ice extent to temperature fluctuation, and the sensitivity of high-latitude species to changes in ice extent, the Southern Ocean represents a natural laboratory in which to investigate the impacts of global and regional climate change and any consequent biotic modifications. In the Southern Ocean, individual species depending on their link to sea ice may be affected independently, or there may be changes due to complex, multispecies interactions, e.g. bottom-up cascades from plankton to krill, fish and top-predators; conversely, top-down cascades could result from alterations of predation pressure as changing sea ice affects the degree of access of top predators to their prey. In this context, it is now well documented that, among air-breathing top-predators, variations in penguin population can be used as an indicator of climatic changes. The census of penguin populations over several decades and all around the continent has indeed revealed general long-term trends, some of which appear to be contradictory depending on spatial scale. For example, the West Antarctic Peninsula show trends that differ from those observed in the Ross Sea and elsewhere. Furthermore, colonies at the regional scale, such as the South Orkney Islands, can also show contrasting population trajectories. It has been found that small colonies respond more dramatically to the altered environment than larger ones, a response affected by the proximity of neighbouring colonies and their respective size. In other words, some of the fundamental mechanisms driving the dynamics of penguin populations still remain largely unidentified. A long-term monitoring of individual birds using methods that minimize disturbance is therefore necessary to determine the life-history parameters that respond to climate change, such as survival, emigration, breeding performance and foraging success as well as metapopulation dynamics (clusters of colonies). It is also critical to ascertain that the differences within and between colonies are not due to an experimental bias. A co-ordinated effort, therefore, is required in the monitoring and analysis at different sites, both in following individuals over the complete breeding season and in tracking them at sea where they feed The main goal of this project is precisely to address these issues. This will be carried out in the context of other IPY projects that have related objectives and in the context of existing long-term monitoring programmes that are already well established. These include the Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) IPY EoI 83, Integrated Analyses of Circumpolar Climate Interactions and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) IPY 417, and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). We propose:\n\n1. To define and use a population monitoring protocol for land-based top-predators that allows us to obtain large, quantitative sample sizes of year-round biological information about their breeding performance and at-sea activity and distribution with minimum disturbance for the population studied. This challenging task is feasible because of the major advances in microelectronics that have occurred over recent years. Our project will combine state-of-art electronic identification of individuals with the most-advanced bio-logging approaches. To minimize disturbance, the identification of animals requires that individuals are tagged with miniature passive implanted transponder microchips that are detected by radio receiver antennae (Automatic Identification System, AIS). This will be complemented by the bio-logging approach, which is based on externally-attached, miniature data-recorders that monitor the location, time-budget and/or feeding activity of free ranging animals.\n2. To co-ordinate and standardize the monitoring and analysis procedures used by different research groups so as to provide a circumpolar network of information on the status of penguin populations, an activity to further the goals of CCAMLR. This will include promoting the development of automatic systems to monitor penguin populations at sites not yet monitored and to provide assistance to research groups that do not yet have the expertise or resources in this domain.\n3. To share information on the population dynamics of penguins in relation to environmental variability (especially sea-ice) with: a) lead IPY projects (e.g. CAML EoI 83 and ICED EoI 417); b) other research groups investigating biological variability at other levels in the food chain (e.g. fish IPY EoI 248); and with d) a wider audience through media links and through internet-related links, including e) graduate and undergraduate students whose majors are related to Antarctic topics (e.g. through courses and lectures given at the International Antarctic Institute: http://www.iai.utas.edu.au/).\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=251", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86a7b87d-19aa-4777-833e-23d41304b833", - "label": "AIMS/LMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AIMS Long-term Monitoring Program is designed to detect changes in\nreef communities over time at a regional scale. Regions in this\ncontext refer to the combinations of three positions across the shelf\n(inshore, mid-shelf, outer shelf) at six altitudes (sectors). Where\npossible, three reefs are selected in each region.\n\nSurveys by the Long-term Monitoring Program involve three\n'tasks':\n\nManta tow surveys\nVideo surveys\nVisual count\n\nFor more information on the Long-term Monitoring Program\n\n'www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/reef-monitoring/reef-monitoring-index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "871d8e69-0d2c-4e89-b683-84fdbee0f230", - "label": "BIOLOGIA HUMANA Y MEDICINA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project involves the study of human health and responses to\nenvironmental conditions and climate in Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88138bbd-4f54-4cca-841b-d26623931b4b", - "label": "COLD LAND PROCESSES IN THE NORT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Rationale: The stability of the ecosystems in more than a half of Northern Eurasia and north North America (in Cold Land Regions, CLR) relies on the stability of seasonal snow cover and ice that, so far, holds these ecosystems together. Breach of this stability affects societies and economic activity in high latitudes. Currently, changes in terrestrial cryosphere are among the strongest contemporary environmental changes. However, these changes as well as their associated feedbacks and impacts are still inadequately described within the contemporary Earth System Models. During the 20th century, we observed snow cover and glaciers’ retreat and permafrost thaw affecting water supply, land cover, and the carbon cycle. Glacier wastage has affected sea level rise, water freshening, sea ice reduction, bioproductivity changing, and redistributing gravity field patterns. Further consequences are difficult to predict. Paleodata, instrumental observations, and model simulations of future climate changes suggest significant and rapid changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and land cover occur in high latitudes particularly over the CLR. It is critical to develop the ability to measure, monitor, and model the processes that will provide the possibility for accurate future projections of climatic and environmental changes in these regions because these changes have the potential to impact the Global Earth System and human society. We need (a) to understand how the changes in these regions affect regional and global biogeochemical, surface energy and water cycles, as well as human societies and how to develop the capability to predict changes to support global projections, informed decision making, and numerous applications in these regions; (b) to establish (restore, develop, utilize) an observational system to retrieve and properly interpret information about the current state and changes of the environment in the CLR; (c) assess their interactions with global climate and society; and (d) enhance the predictive capability of Earth System models to account for environmental changes over the Northern Hemisphere and the globe.\n\nThe overarching science question of this IPY activity is: How do terrestrial cryosphere dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere interact with and alter the biosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere of the Earth?\nThe Science question dictates the following research strategy: We have to define first (a) what deficiencies currently exist in understanding the major processes in cold land regions? (b) what are the major sources of uncertainties? (c) what information is needed to run (and/or develop) sufficiently complete models that describe these processes? Thereafter, targeted field campaigns, data gathering /recovery, and/or new networks should be initiated.\n\nWithin the triad: observations, process studies, and modeling, the role of Process Studies in Cold Land Regions is to improve models that reproduce the changes in the Earth System behavior in response to the changes in high latitudes. Currently existing models do not describe sufficiently well the critical processes of interactions and their dynamics within terrestrial ecosystems, atmosphere, hydrosphere, coastal zone, and cryosphere in CLR. Also, the initial state of some of components of the Earth System in the Regions (e.g., the cryosphere) is not yet well known. We need to justify both the innovative research and efforts to improve observations in the region that otherwise could be ineffective investments in old technology and practices.\n\nThree terrestrial components of the cryosphere in the CLR of the Northern Hemisphere: snow cover, permafrost, and small glaciers will be studied as well as their interactions with society and potential feedbacks to the Global Earth System. Within each area of research the foci of studies will be on (a) the models’ development to improve understanding and projections of the dynamics of the Earth System in high latitudes and its interactions with the Global Earth System and (b) creation of conditions for seamless implementation of these models (e.g., organizing the input data stream for them) in a quest of answering the overarching science question and serving numerous practical applications.\n\nTasks for snow cover studies. Major issues: (a) Global Earth System modeling and numerous applications require high resolution global snow water equivalent measurements, their extension in the past, and a proper physical description of processes describing snow dynamics; (b) Having a new Cold Land Processes Mission (CLPM) as a long-term objective, the IPY is the right time for extensive and focused groundwork to secure the Mission success. Tools: (a) Extensive field campaigns and network legacy to guaranty the CLPM calibration and ongoing support over the Hemisphere; (b) Studies of compatibility of various (in-situ and remote) instrumentation and data rescue efforts; (c) Development of a portable (scalable) physically based model of short-term and seasonal snow evolution applicable to rough terrain and/or in the presence of vegetation.\n\nTasks for permafrost studies. Major issue: Permafrost changes (warming and thawing) have global consequences => these processes should be well understood, monitored, modeled, and projected. Mitigation strategies should be timely developed. Tools: (a) Establish and support a comprehensive permafrost monitoring system in the high latitudes including the Arctic coastal zone; (b) Develop reliable models accounting for changes in the permafrost and its interactions with terrestrial ecosystems, hydrology, atmosphere, and society and incorporate them into emerging global Earth System and reanalyses models; (c) Develop specialty models that seamlessly account for specifics of permafrost environment in practical applications (coastal erosion, cold land engineering, etc.)\n\nTasks for glaciers’ studies. Major issues: Increase in accuracy of monitoring of glaciers' dynamics from space and in situ observations to resolve the major uncertainties of the global glaciers' changes, first of all surface area and distribution versus elevation and surface mass balance with extrapolation from the observational network to the larger glacier systems. Tools: (a) Develop a conceptual model for areal generalization of the glaciers’ characteristics and their monitoring; (b) Develop a portable model that describes the processes of glaciers’ change in response to climate change; the model should be useable as a block in the regional and global climate models as well as for water and natural hazard management; (c) Repeat regular monitoring using laser altimetry for glaciers in CLR and blending these observations with existing long-term observational network data; (d) Assessment of direct anthropogenic impact on glaciers’ dynamics (e.g., due to air pollution). Mostly small glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere will be studied within this IPY proposal.\n\nTasks for socio-economic studies. Major issue: Fragile environment and harsh climatic conditions in high latitudes put additional stress on societal sustainability during rapid environmental changes. Tools: (a) Determine the impacts of environmental changes in high latitudes on humans in particular on the indigenous population; (b) Develop models of economic effect, both positive and negative, of the ongoing and possible climate changes, snow- glaciers- and permafrost-related hazards; (c) Develop the societal feedback loop models for use in Global Earth models; (d) Develop mitigation strategies for the populations negatively affected by contemporary and projected environmental changes.\n\nTasks for integration studies. Major issue: Need for suite of regional models that incorporate peculiarities of interactions of climate, cryosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere of high latitudes and serve as a reliable internal block to Global Earth Models. Tools: (a) Develop regional models (e.g., reanalysis, WRF, LDAS) with specialty blocks (hydrology, cold land, coastal processes, ecosystem, societal interactions) incorporating major feedbacks that are specific for high latitudinal land areas and are of global importance (e.g., potentially powerful permafrost thawing over CLR and the Arctic coastal zone – greenhouse gases emission positive feedback); (b) Develop (improve) regional numerical weather forecast models to account for specifics of the high latitudes (including specific societal needs); (c) Verify Global Climate Models’ projections in the high latitudes; (d) Organize input data stream (remote and in-situ) sufficient for operating the system that can answer the overarching science question and serve numerous practical applications.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=138", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88313530-42b7-4c5b-a5d9-412534c63ef4", - "label": "CETA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CETA program (Distribution des cétacés en Terre Adélie) was launched by the French Polar Institute (IPEV) in 2009 to carry out a first pilot study on cetacean distribution off Adelie Land (IWC Area V). An opportunistic survey conducted in January 2010 allowed the collection of 38 sightings on the continental shelf off the Adélie Land coastline, totalising a minimum of 84 individuals. True blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were identified for the first time in the Adélie Land region. Sightings of antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and killer whale (Orcinus orca) type A and C confirmed the presence of both species in this area. Photo-ID were realised on three blue whales and two humpback whales. One of the two humpback was previously photo-ID in Hervey Bay, East Australia in 2002. A biopsy was collected on one humpback whale. The presence of great whales (8 individuals of blue and humpback whales) in the Adélie Depression raised the issue of the importance of this area for such endangered species. The second year of this pilot study will be conducted in January 2011, after which data will combined to evaluate relative abundance of cetaceans in the region. This work is a part of the Southern Ocean Research Partnerships (SORP) on non-lethal whale research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "885f9438-23f7-4433-b02e-d74305e8bdb9", - "label": "AASE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AASE Mission Overview\n \nNASA is addressing the crucial scientific issue of global ozone depletion. A major airborne campaign was planned and executed in August and September of 1987 to study the sudden and unanticipated decrease observed in the abundance of ozone over Antarctica in the Austral spring since 1979. Results from that study have provided data which directly implicate man-made chemical compounds, chlorofluorocarbons, in the enormous ozone loss over this remote region in the southern hemisphere. To continue the study of the production and loss mechanisms for ozone in the polar stratosphere and to assess man's growing influence on his environment, NASA is planning a follow-on experiment to the one conducted over the Antarctic. A second major aircraft-campaign is planned for January - February 1989. The recently published Ozone Trends Panel Report found that the largest decreases in total ozone occurred during January-February at latitudes near the edge of the Arctic vortex. This experiment! will investigate the Arctic polar stratosphere from a base in Norway.\n \nObjectives\n \nThe primary objectives of the 1989 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition are:\n \nTo study the production and loss mechanisms of ozone in the north polar stratospheric environment.\n \nTo study the effect on ozone distribution of the Arctic polar vortex and of the cold temperatures associated with the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC's). \n\nApproach\n \nThe Upper Atmospheric Research Program sponsored by the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications has supported the development of instrumentation specifically designed to measure trace species critical to the understanding of stratospheric photochemistry and dynamics. This airborne instrumentation has been flown in two previous experiments: the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project and the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. We propose to use the suite of instruments flown in these earlier experiments to address the objectives defined for the Arctic Ozone Expedition. We propose to operate the ER-2 out of Stavanger, Norway (59 N, 5 degrees 38'E). We are planning 10 missions, each with a duration of 7 hours, allowing a range of about 20 degrees of latitude. The field experiment will last approximately 7-8 weeks from the last week of December 1988 through the middle of February 1989. This time period should allow us to make measurements during the statistically most active period for the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic.\n \nThe DC-8 will be deployed for the same period of time as the ER-2, and while most of the flights will be closely coordinated with those of the ER-2, many flights will be quite independent. The data from the two aircraft will be complementary. Because of its limited range, the ER-2 will not be able to survey the entire Arctic region of interest, whereas the greater range of the DC-8 will enable it to survey the polar vortex and air processed through the cold temperature region of the polar vortex. The number of flights would be comparable to those of the ER-2; the prime operating site the same as the ER-2: Stavanger, Norway.\n \nMETEOROLOGICALLY GUIDED FLIGHT TRACKS\n \nIn addition to normal weather forecast products to aid in flight planning from the scientific point of view, the mission will have available forecasts of air parcel trajectories and potential vorticity maps, which can be used to follow the movement of air masses of interest, and to define the vortex dynamics. \n \nFor more information, link to http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/aase/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8894d92c-be32-465b-ae08-e5de755a92fc", - "label": "CESM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88f6ac5e-0309-431a-b8d5-3c5a3435268b", - "label": "BIOMAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Management of coastal ecosystems requires structured knowledge of the habitats and plant and animal communities i.e. BIOTOPES present on the sea bed.\n\nIn addition this information aids the:\n\n * Assessment of sites of conservation importance\n * Determination of areas sensitive to disturbance and pollution\n * Preparation of environmental impact assessments\n * Monitoring of environmental change \n\nBioMar is 50% funded by the Commission of European Communities under the LIFE programme. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.tcd.ie/Centre_for_the_Environment/biomar.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "894d9914-d58d-4965-bb9a-a379437ace5a", - "label": "ABLE-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ABLE missions have been designed specifically to study the rate of\nexchange of material between the Earth's surface and its atmospheric\nboundary layer, and the processes by which gases and aerosols are\nmoved between the boundary layer and the 'free' troposphere. These\nexpeditions are conducted in ecosystems of the world that are ... known to\nexert a major influence on global atmospheric chemistry. In some\ncases, these ecosystems are undergoing profound changes as a\nconsequence of natural processes and/or human impact.\n\nThe ABLE-2 project consisted of two expeditions: the first in the\nAmazonian dry season (ABLE-2A, July-August 1985); and the second in\nthe wet season (ABLE-2B, April-May 1987). The ABLE-2 core research\ndata were gathered by NASA Electra aircraft flights that stretched\nfrom Belem, at the mouth of the Amazon River, west to Tabatinga, on\nthe Brazil-Colombia border, from a base at Manaus in the heart of the\nforest. These observations were supplemented by ground based chemical\nand meteorological measurements in the dry forest, the Amazon\nfloodplain, and the tributary rivers through use of enclosures, an\ninstrumented tower in the jungle, a large tethered balloon, and\nweather and ozonesondes.\n\nThis study showed air above the Amazon jungle to be extremely clean\nduring the wet season but deteroirated dramatically during the dry\nseason as the result of biomass burning, performed mostly at the edges\nof the forest. Biomass burning is also a source of greenhouse gases\ncarbon dioxide and methane, as well as other pollutants (carbon\nmonoxide and oxides of nitrogen). Amazonian ozone deposition rates\nwere found to be 5 to 50 times higher than those previously measured\nover pine forests and water surfaces. The Amazon River floodplain is\na globally significant source of methane, supplying about 12% of the\nestimated worldwide total from all wetlands sources. Over Amazonia,\ncarbon monoxide is enhanced by factors ranging from 1.2 to 2.7 by\ncomparison with adjacent regions due to isoprene oxidation and biomass\nburning. Over the rainforest individual convective storms transport\n200 megatons of air per hour, of which 3 megatons is water vapor that\nreleases 100,000 megawatts of energy into the atmosphere through\ncondensation into rain.\n\nThe ABLE was a collaboration of U.S. and Brazilian scientists\nsponsored by NASA and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)\nand supported by the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) component of\nthe NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program.\n\nABLE-2 data is also available on CD-ROM:\nhttp://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/ABLE_CD.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "895b52a8-7a8f-416f-8557-e2294370e671", - "label": "CIESIN/MEC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89fabd40-60d3-45a1-a347-ca89af539aa4", - "label": "COROAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The global objective of project COROAS, which is intended to be a\ncontribution from the Brazilian oceanographic community to the WOCE\nprogramme, is the determination of seasonal mean fields of velocity,\nheat and mass transports by the Brazil Current and the AAIW flowing\ninto the coastal region of southeastern Brazil. The specific\nobjectives are the following:\n\n1. To estimate the baroclinic and barotropic components of the\ncirculation along the Brazilian coast, including the continental shelf\nand the shelf break regions, between Ubatuba (SP) and Canan?ia (SP);\n\n2.To continously monitor the velocity field and the heat and mass\ntransports of the Brazil Current (BC) and the Antartic Intermediate\nWater (AAIW), along the southeastern brazilian coast;\n\n3 To determine the importance of meso-scale vortices in the heat and\nmass transports in the Brazil Current;\n\n4.To determine the response of the continental shelf water to the\nforcing represented by intrusions of the BC and AAIW, including the\nstudy of the influence of the Brazil Current eddies in the renovation\nof the continental shelf water.\n\n5. To study the deep circulation in the Brazil Basin, including its\ninteraction with the Argentine Basin.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.labmon.io.usp.br/projects/coroas/coroas.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a1daa35-8f35-4302-b501-2e665035c7b6", - "label": "ASAID", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ASAID\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=88\n\nThis project makes use of the unique focus of IPY cooperation to synthesize, collect, analyze and produce comprehensive data sets on the spatial and temporal patterns of accumulation of snow and the perimeter discharge of ice from the Antarctic ice sheet. The work can be subdivided into three major activities, each requiring a distinctly different approach. \n\n1) Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Net surface Accumulation. Various successful ITASE traverses of the Antarctic over the past decade have begun the process of collecting high-frequency radar soundings that, when tied to dated ice cores, provide a continuous transect of accumulation history by following dated radar horizons. We will expand these observations in two ways: by encouraging the collection of more data as part of any IPY or post-IPY traverse across Antarctica including identifying commercially available equipment that can be used to begin standardizing the international data set; and by collecting additional data with an existing airborne high-frequency radar system flown in areas that both fill in major gaps in coverage and increase the number of intersecting transect tie-points. The distributed product from this activity will be a three-dimensional mapping of numerous isochrones that represent the spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic accumulation at an unprecedented level of detail. \n\n2) Position and Velocity at the Grounding Line. These will be determined exclusively from satellite data using proven techniques. Interferometric SAR analysis has already determined many segments of the grounding line and SAR data are presently being analyzed to determine surface ice velocity over the region north of 72S. Two other satellite data sets will assist in this analysis: Landsat data, made available through a planned map mosaicing activity, will be examined to help in the delineation of the grounding line and flow rate; and satellite altimetry will provide additional indications of the grounding line transition. These data provide an earlier epoch measurement. It is hoped that a new collection of interferometric quality SAR data will be part of IPY to allow a common epoch for the data sets of surface velocity and ice thickness. The comparison of this new velocity data with the previous large-scale mapping of ice speed, as well as a wealth of isolated older measurements, will provide useful indications of the temporal variation of ice discharge and grounding line position along large portions of the Antarctic's grounded perimeter. \n\n3) Ice Thickness at the Grounding Line. These data are required to complete the calculation of ice discharge. Our goal is to make direct measurements as nearly coincident with the flow measurements, as possible. This is a very challenging task. Negotiations are continuing in countries that have operational airborne ice penetrating radars that can measure ice thickness of more than one kilometer. Some other IPY programs (e.g., ACE, PET and GIGAGAP) have indicated a willingness to include needed measurements as part of their field program. Where new measurements are not possible during IPY, or perhaps immediately thereafter, older measurements will be used. There are many existing data sets for portions of the Antarctic perimeter - the largest being from the Italian program. Additionally, we will develop the means to use satellite altimetry (ICESat and possibly Cryosat) to provide more widely spaced measurements of ice thickness inferred from surface elevations on floating ice immediately adjacent to the grounding line.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a49555b-4343-4280-88e0-41b916d39123", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) component of ARCSS has investigated the arctic marine system in the context of global change. The research programs in the Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) section of ARCSS primarily deal with the oceanographic environment and the surrounding interfaces with the atmosphere, bottom, shoreline and surface ice. It is a common goal to have OAII scientific research use the best scientific methods that are based on standardized and community-accepted measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a752ca9-e566-4fd0-a9a8-ae34af245241", - "label": "AGCS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AGCS is a major research programme to investigate the nature of the atmospheric and oceanic linkages between the climate of the Antarctic and the rest of the Earth system, and the mechanisms involved therein.\n\nThe programme makes use of existing deep and shallow ice cores, satellite data, the output of global and regional coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models and in-situ meteorological and oceanic data to understand the means by which signals of tropical and mid-latitude climate variability reach the Antarctic, and high latitude climate signals are exported northwards.\n\nIt has four major, closely linked themes of research dealing with decadal time scale variability in the Antarctic climate system, global and regional climate signals in ice cores, natural and anthropogenic forcing on the Antarctic climate system and the export of Antarctic climate signals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b04fa4c-d59e-44d1-a0ff-3bb005574340", - "label": "CRESTA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Catastropeh Risk Evaluation and Standardizing Target Accumulation\n(CRESTA) was founded in 1977. Their goal was to improve\naccumulation control systems, and assist in catastrophe loss\nmanagement.\n\nThere are altogether, 20 accululation assessment zones created\nby CRESTA. The high-risk zones for earthquakes are\nVancover/Victoria (1,2,3,4), Greater Montreal (5,6,7,8) and\nQuebec City (9,10).\n\n[Summary provided by Canadian Institute of Actuaries]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bc37931-967a-42d5-ae10-f9cd891cbcf4", - "label": "CMARZ", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ) is a global, taxonomically comprehensive biodiversity assessment of animal plankton, including ~6,800 described species in fifteen phyla.\n\nThe Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ) will work toward a taxonomically comprehensive assessment of biodiversity of animal plankton throughout the world oceans (Fig. 1). The project goal is to produce accurate and complete information on zooplankton species diversity, biomass, biogeographical distribution, genetic diversity, and community structure by 2010. Our taxonomic focus is the animals that drift with ocean currents throughout their lives (i.e., the holozooplankton). This assemblage currently includes ~6,800 described species in fifteen phyla; our expectation is that at least that many new species will be discovered as a result of our efforts. The census will encompass unique marine environments and those likely to be inhabited by endemic and undescribed zooplankton species.\n\nSampling zooplankton in many ocean regions will be accomplished during the first years of the project by coordinating with ongoing, planned, and proposed programs, surveys, and initiatives. CMarZ will also make use of existing data and archived zooplankton collections. The global survey design will be optimized using theoretical and numerical models in collaboration with the CoML FMAP (Future of Marine Animal Populations) project. Sampling systems will include traditional nets and trawls, remote detection, optical sensors, and integrated sensor systems deployed on towed, remotely-operated, or autonomous vehicles and submersibles (Fig. 2). New sampling methodologies are needed to collect and study rare and fragile organisms. Molecular analysis will include determining a DNA barcode (i.e., reference DNA sequence) for each species; describing genetic diversity and structure of populations and species, identifying cryptic species, and reconstructing their evolutionary histories.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.cmarz.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c23a8ac-05cb-4bb6-b207-0d0bfa710f2d", - "label": "CAVIAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CAVIAR\nProject URL: http://www.arcticcentre.org/caviar\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=157\n\nProblem & Rationale\nThe Arctic is currently undergoing rapid social and environmental changes, and the cumulative effects are felt across the region. The rapidity and pervasiveness of these changes continue to present challenges to the adaptive capacity for local communities and Arctic societies (ACIA 2005, AHDR 2004). Local responses to these challenges will depend, in part, on the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of human-environment systems, where vulnerability describes the degree to which a system is likely to experience harm due to exposure to a hazard, either a perturbation or a stress, and adaptation refers to change in a system in response to some force or perturbation. Yet, the processes that shape vulnerability and adaptive capacity are not well understood. The aim of this project is to develop and apply methods for assessing the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of human systems in local Arctic communities. This analysis will enable comparison of local communities experiencing (or expected to experience) rapid and cumulative changes under different internal and external conditions. Project results will also indicate areas or actions for improving resilience. \n\nResearch Objectives\nThe research will enhance empirical and theoretical understanding of processes that shape vulnerability and adaptation across the circumpolar region by\n1. further developing the theoretical concept of vulnerability (Turner et al, 2003; Smit and Pilifosova, 2003) and refining and applying an interdisciplinary research methodology for vulnerability studies (ie. Huq and Lim, 2005; Keskitalo, 2004; Ford and Smit, 2004)\n2. identifying social and environmental factors and stresses and document the interactions which shape adaptive capacity and vulnerability.\n3. improving understanding of the interrelations between local vulnerability and decision-making across scales.\n\nActivities\nA framework for vulnerability assessment will be developed to guide field research in communities across the Arctic and to facilitate comparison and integration of results in an interdisciplinary analysis. A methodology for carrying out empirical research will be developed and applied to document the vulnerabilities of communities, including their exposures, their adaptive capacities and their adaptation strategies. The methodology involves collaboration with communities, employs case studies, engages stakeholders, integrates local and indigenous knowledge, is community and place specific, recognizes multiple sources of stimulus, and is fundamentally interdisciplinary. Data will be collected using established protocols and procedures from secondary sources (government records on socio-economic and climate conditions; satellite imagery, reports) and primary sources (interviews, focus groups, participant, questionnaires).\nThe research will be undertaken in local and indigenous communities in all eight Arctic countries:, Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the USA.\n\nOutcomes \nThe broad contributions of the project include:\na) Development of a robust vulnerability framework and methodology for community assessment.\nb) Knowledge on the nature of the vulnerabilities, exposures and adaptive capacities of Arctic communities, compared and integrated in an analysis for the circumpolar region.\nc) Input to policy and decision-making to enhance the resilience and sustainability of Arctic communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c4a8e9c-035c-40c6-a9bd-4dbb9530c4b4", - "label": "ADP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The American Drylands Project involves studies to understand, monitor, and predict changes in physical and ecological landscapes and how these changes influence landscape stability, ecosystem dynamics, and human communities of American drylands.\n\nSummary provided by: http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/sw/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dc93a69-d690-4aba-b80e-a0c604dfbdf5", - "label": "ARCTIC'91", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ARCTIC'91 study concentrated on studying the structure of the\noceanic crust of the Arctic Ocean.During the ARCTIC '91 expedition\naboard RV Polarstern (ARK VIII/3) to the Central Arctic Ocean, a box\ncorer sample on the Gakkel Ridge at 87?N and 60?E yielded a layer of\nsand-sized, dark brown volcanic glass shards at the surface of the\nsediment core.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.elsevier.com/gej-ng/10/18/23/43/21/36/abstract.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e6ac9fb-b2a0-4547-915d-15b4e0df7d4a", - "label": "CAPE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment (CaPE)\ntook place in central Florida with a latitude range of 43N, to 25.5N,\nwesternmost longitude of 86W, and easternmost longitude of 69W. The\nCaPE Flight Activity began on July 18, 1991 and ended on Aug. 17,\n1991. Making use of the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer\n(AMPR) on board on a NASA ER-2 aircraft flying at a nominal 20km\naltitude, passive microwave measurements were made of convective\nactivity. The purpose of the experiment was to collect precipitation\ndata in tropical convective storm cells over both water and land. Data\nreturned included ice/water concentrations and amounts, and the\nstructure of the convective cells.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e8f77e0-ef24-4ae4-a96d-bcc29572212f", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Atlantis will carry the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and\nScience-1 (ATLAS-1), 12 instruments from the United States, France,\nGermany, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Japan, that will\nconduct 13 experiments to study the chemistry of the atmosphere, solar\nradiation, space plasma physics and ultraviolet astronomy. ATLAS-1 is\nplanned to be the first of several ATLAS flights designed to cover an\nentire 11-year solar cycle, the regular period of energetic activity\nby the sun. Co- manifested with ATLAS-1 is the Shuttle Solar\nBackscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SSBUV), which provides highly\ncalibrated measurements of ozone to fine-tune measurements made by\nother NASA and NOAA satellites.\n\n Commanding Atlantis will be Charles Bolden, making his third\nspace flight. Brian Duffy will serve as pilot, making his first\nshuttle flight. Mission Specialists include Kathy Sullivan, making\nher third flight; Dave Leestma, making his third space flight; and\nMike Foale, making his first space flight. Payload specialists will\nbe Byron Lichtenberg, making his second flight, and Dirk Frimout,\nBelgian Scientist, making his first flight.\n\n ATLAS operations will continue 24 hours a day, with the crew\nsplit into two teams each on a 12-hour shift. The Red Team will\nconsist of Leestma, Foale and Lichtenberg. The Blue Team will be\nDuffy, Sullivan and Frimout. Bolden, as Commander, will set his own\nhours.\n\n Secondary experiments aboard Atlantis will include Space Tissue\nLoss, a study of the effects of weightlessness on body tissues; the\nVisual Function Tester, a study of the effects of weightlessness on\nhuman vision; the Radiation Monitoring Equipment, an often-flown\ndevice that measures radiation aboard the Shuttle; Investigations into\nPolymer Membrane Processing, a study of developing polymer membranes\nused as filters in many industries and in space and the Cloud Logic to\nOptimize Use of Defense Systems, an investigation to quantify the\nvariation in apparent cloud cover as a function of the angle at which\nclouds of various types are viewed.\n\n Also flying on STS-45 will be NASA's Get Away Special payload, a\nprogram which provides individuals and organizations the opportunity\nto send scientific research and development experiments on board a\nSpace Shuttle.\n\n In addition, the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment will provide\namateur radio operators worldwide, plus students at several selected\nschools, the opportunity to converse with crew members aboard\nAtlantis.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f528b66-670d-4198-b014-7fdc9e1f6890", - "label": "CMIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CMIP, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, is the analog of AMIP\nfor global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. CMIP\nbegan in 1995 under the auspices of the Numerical Experimentation\nGroup 2 (NEG-2) of CLIVAR. The PCMDI supports CMIP in much the same\nway that it supports AMIP: by helping NEG-2 to determine the scope of\nthe project, by maintaining the project's data base, and by\nparticipating in data analysis. CMIP has received model output from\npre-industrial climate simulations ('control runs') of 18 coupled\nGCMs. A new phase of CMIP (CMIP2) will examine model responses to\nanthropogenic climate forcing.\nThe second phase of the project (CMIP2) began in January 1997. This\nphase will examine model responses to an idealized scenario of\nanthropogenic climate forcing: a 1% per year increase in atmospheric\ncarbon dioxide. Diagnosis of the model output will produce the first\ncomprehensive data base on model predictions of future climatic\nchanges.\nMore CMIP information is available on the World Wide Web.\nLink to: 'http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90246f7d-8153-4ed4-92ec-16235bde5c71", - "label": "CWIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CEOS WGISS Integrated Catalog (CWIC) will act as middleware between the WGISS agency data partners and user interface client partners by translating between the GEO-supported OGC CSW protocol to the catalog standards used by the partner data systems. Societal Benefit Area (SBA) portals and virtual constellation portals will send search requests for satellite data to CWIC, which will send the directory/collection searches to the CEOS IDN and distribute the inventory searches using the WGISS common search criteria to partner data systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9162e1c9-968b-4d07-b396-e7e4a745ada0", - "label": "AGAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province (AGAP)\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=67\n\nThis project is a multinational campaign to collect a range of data that will impact on our understanding of the Earth as a bipolar coupled system, where Antarctica's evolution impacts on global scale changes of sea level, ice volume and climate. This project involves a transect from the centre of the Antarctic continent, where the ice sheet is underlain by the Gamburtsev Mountains, northwards into Prydz Bay. We will acquire major new data sets including offshore marine data, gravity, magnetics, ice radar soundings and a wealth of geological observations. This will also be part of a multinational Gamburtsev Mountains IPY expedition that will include the GAMBIT (EoI 558) regional aerogeophysical program, a Chinese drilling program (GMDP) and a passive seismic experiment (GAMSEIS - EoI 412).\n\nThe main objective is to derive a four dimensional evolutionary history of the area of East Antarctica affected by the world's largest glacier (Lambert) and associated ice shelf (Amery). The project is focused in an area that exhibits the largest set of geological exposures in East Antarctica (Prince Charles Mountains). This southern part of the transect will cover the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains. Nothing is known about the nature of this ice-covered Antarctic 'highland'. It was from this region that the expanding Antarctic ice sheet originated and it has been suggested that during warmer periods, this terrain was drained first by ice streams and then, nearer the coast, by rivers from which thick sediments accumulated. In the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic these sediments probably included the Amery Group of East Antarctica together with a huge succession of similarly aged sediments that were deposited in Africa, India and Australia. The modern East Antarctic ice sheet is also thought to have nucleated on this “highland”, and progressively expanded from there to cover the continent as Antarctica gradually cooled.\n\nThe marine sub-project will target the Lambert Rift system in the area of Prydz Bay with acquisition of deep crustal geophysical data and sediment cores that will be integrated with the continental based data sets. The sedimentary and glacial history of Prydz Bay and the structural grain of its uppermost basement are relatively well known from extensive shallow to medium depth seismic reflection profiling and ODP Legs 119 and 188. This existing information will serve as an important parameter basis to build deep dynamic crustal and lithospheric models of the evolution of the Lambert Rift system and its role in the ice-sheet dynamics of East Antarctica.\n\nThe marine geoscience activities will be facilitated through the deployment of the RV 'Polarstern' and the RV 'Akademik Alexander Karpinsky' in 2007, with a continental and airborne based program in the Prince Charles Mountains and the Gamburtsev Mountains during the 2007/08 austral summer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "923cea9b-32b6-4e7e-87ed-b9f1eaea30af", - "label": "BMDO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The fundamental objective of the BMD program is to develop the\ncapability to defend the forces and territories of the United States,\nits Allies, and friends against all classes of ballistic missile\nthreats. The Department will develop technologies and deploy systems\npromising an effective, reliable, and affordable missile defense\nsystem. The RDT&E program is designed to develop effective systems\nover time by developing layered defenses that employ complementary\nsensors and weapons to engage threat targets in the boost, midcourse,\nand terminal phases of flight and to deploy that capability\nincrementally.\n\nAt the direction of the Secretary of Defense, we have developed a\nresearch, development and test program that focuses on missile defense\nas a single integrated BMD system, no longer differentiating between\ntheater and national missile defense. This revised structure involves\nthree basic thrusts. First, the new BMD program will build on the\ntechnical progress we have made to date by providing the funding\nrequired to develop and test selective elements of the current program\nfully.\n\nSecond, the new program will pursue a broad range of activities in\norder to aggressively evaluate and develop technologies for the\nintegration of land, sea, air, or space-based platforms to counter\nballistic missiles in all phases of their flight. The new program will\nnot cut corners. Rather, it is designed to pursue parallel development\npaths to improve the likelihood of achieving an effective, layered\nmissile defense.\n\nThird, the new testing program will incorporate a larger number of\ntests than in the past. They will employ more realistic scenarios and\ncountermeasures. This will allow us to achieve greater confidence in\nour planning and development. Through this robust testing activity, we\nmay discover opportunities to accelerate elements of the program based\non their performance, and increase the overall credibility and\ncapability of BMD systems. This approach is designed to enable\ncontingency use of the demonstrated BMD capabilities, if directed.\n\nThe goal of the BMD System is a layered defense that provides multiple\nengagement opportunities along the entire flight path of a ballistic\nmissile. Over the next three to five years we will pursue parallel\ntechnical paths to reduce schedule and cost risk in the individual\nRDT&E efforts. We will explore and demonstrate kinetic and directed\nenergy kill mechanisms for potential sea-, ground-, air-, and\nspace-based operations to engage threat missiles in the boost,\nmidcourse, and terminal phases of flight. In parallel, sensor suites\nand battle management and command and control (BMC2) will be developed\nto form the backbone of the BMD System.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.acq.osd.mil/bmdo/bmdolink/html/system.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92d6df0b-cbca-4b9e-ab9a-f2ca92adcb5b", - "label": "ASR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93b70be3-eab1-4492-b1fa-2a2831aba03c", - "label": "BPUCJRI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Project finalized in 2004 and will be continued by the Project\nPICTA-17-2004 (years 2004-2007)\n\nThe project work comprises the study of the Gustav Group exposed\non James Ross Island and consists of the following phases:\n\n1. Bed-by-bed collecting of macrofossils and samples for microfossil\nprocessing.\n\n2. Systematic study of the ... macrofauna collected.\n\n3. Definition and characterization of biostratigraphical zones.\n\n4. Correlation of the Antarctic sequences with other sections in\nthe Southern Hemisphere, in particular with Patagonia.\n\n5. Biogeographical, palaeoecological and paleoenvironmental\ninterpretation.\n\nEn Espanol:\n\nEste proyecto finaliza en el ano 2004 y continuara con el Proyecto\nPICTA-17-2004 (anos 2004-2007)\n\nProyecto Bioestratigrafia y Paleontologia del Cretacico superior de la Isla\nJames:\n\nEste Proyecto se propone realizar investigaciones en el Cretacico\nsuperior de la Isla James Ross. Se trata de analizar la sucesion\nestratigrafica, la paleontologia unidades y la bioestratigrafia del\nGrupo Gustav. Esto podra establecer una correlacion mas precisa entre\nlas mismas y con las unidades de Cuenca Austral y con otras del\nHemisferio Austral. Los resultados de estas investigaciones\ncontribuiran a llenar un vacio de conocimiento geologico y\nbioestratigrafico. Tambien se contempla la realizacion de Trabajos\nFinales de Licenciatura de alumnos de la Universidad de Buenos Aires,\ncontribuyendo a la formacion y capacitacion de futuros profesionales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "948cf07f-32c5-4851-8965-6ab887a1cfdb", - "label": "AESOPS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The U.S. JGOFS Antarctic Environment and Southern Ocean Process\nStudy (AESOPS) began field work on August 29, 1996 and ended\nduring April of 1998. The cruises were staged from Lyttleton,\nNew Zealand. The logistics for the Southern Ocean was\ncoordinated by Antarctic Support Associates (ASA) and the\npurpose of this study was to investigate carbon fluxes in the\nSouthern Ocean and try to understand ocean processes.\n\nView available data sets at\n'http://www1.whoi.edu/southernobjects.html'\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www1.whoi.edu/southern.html'\n\n[Summary provided by U.S. JGOFS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96365d17-fc59-47d6-af5b-965eb628f9d1", - "label": "ATS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "To assess legacy lessons of the Antarctic Treaty on its 50th anniversary in the city where it was signed 'in the interest of all mankind' - the Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance will be convened in an inclusive international and interdisciplinary manner at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC from November 30 to December 3, 2009. The Antarctic Treaty Summit is endorsed by the International Polar Year with initial public-private funding from the US-UK Fulbright Commission, Tinker Foundation, Marine Mammal Commission and American Geophysical Union.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.atsummit50.aq/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "981c0e19-f1cf-4440-83b0-68f4d8efc19e", - "label": "ATLAS/CODIAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Arctic Transitions\nin the Land-Atmosphere System (ATLAS) program is designed as an\ninterdisciplinary multi-year project with many investigators and\nvaried instrumentation to address the affect of global climate\nchange on Arctic systems.\n\nInformation on the ATLAS Project is\nlocated at: the LAII web page: 'http://www.laii.uaf.edu/'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98d21ec8-cea3-446f-aa0e-188604f412c3", - "label": "CAMEX-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The first field campaign in the CAMEX series (CAMEX-1) was conducted from September 8 through October 7, 1993. The AMPR was deployed during CAMEX-1 which was a NASA funded scientific study conducted out of Wallops Flight Facility, VA. This experiment was designed to study the three-dimensional moisture fields using satellite, aircraft, and ground-based instrumentation and the multi-frequency radiometric and lightning signatures of tropical convection in support of the Mission to Planet Earth. The geographic domain of the CAMEX-1 region was between 25.5 degrees north to 43 degrees north latitude and 70 degrees west to 83 degrees west longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99102bce-fac6-4e92-bd08-02e162b3d5f2", - "label": "ACSYS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The scientific goal of ACSYS, which started its main observational phase on January 1, 1994 and will continue for a ten-year period, is to ascertain the role of the Arctic in the global climate. To attain this goal, ACSYS seeks to develop and co-ordinate national and international Arctic science activities aimed at the three main objectives. \n\nUnderstanding the interactions between the Arctic Ocean circulation, ice cover, the atmosphere and the hydrological cycle. Initiating long-term climate research and monitoring programmes for the Arctic. Providing a scientific basis for an accurate representation of Arctic processes in global climate models. The rational for the ACSYS proposal is the expectation that a consolidated science and implementation plan, based on a broad scientific consensus, will constitute a sound justification for the provision of adequate resources and logistics to carry out research on the Arctic climate system. The project's framework includes several programs. \n\nThis summary is from http://acsys.npolar.no/introduction/goals.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99bfdead-54e1-4ef1-9d59-284a6f730c16", - "label": "BIOMASS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BIOMASS Programme was established in the late 1970's for the study\nof the Antarctic marine ecosystem and its living resources. Data\nwere collected during 3 major field experiments between 1981 and\n1985. The first focused on extended spatial coverage, whilst the\nsecond and third were concerned with repeat sampling at pre-defined\nlocations to give a temporal sequence. Data collected from these\nfield experiments were transferred to a central BIOMASS Data Centre\nto enable their standardisation for integrated analysis. The Data\nCentre was also responsible for running a series of data analysis\nworkshops. With the end of the BIOMASS Programme in 1991, the data\nset and its supporting documentation are being prepared for\ndistribution to those scientists who took part in BIOMASS and to any\nother investigators who request copies. The BIOMASS Data Centre\nfaced many problems in standardising, integrating and documenting\nthe data supplied by individual researchers into a coherent data!\nset. The majority of these problems were managerial rather than\ntechnical. There was a lack of integration of the data management\nwith the objectives of the science programme. For example, the need\nfor a BIOMASS Data Centre was identified in 1979, but it was not\nfinally established until 1986. Once established, the Data Centre\ndid not always respond to the scientific requirements of the\nprogramme. There was an over reliance on software that was developed\nwithin the Data Centre instead of using commercially available\nproducts. Time was spent creating and testing software, which would\nhave been better spent supporting data analysis.\n\nProblems were experienced in persuading individual researchers to\ncontribute data to the Data Centre. Researchers often found that the\neffort involved in submitting their data to the Data Centre was much\ngreater than the benefits they gained. Ensuring that the data were\nvalidated and of the required quality was also difficult. The task was\nhampered by the lack of supporting information about the data\nthemselves (the meta-data). Restricted access to certain data sets\nreduced the effectiveness of the BIOMASS Data Centre and it operated\nfor much of its life with a very restrictive data access\nprotocol. This was designed to protect some data sets before their\noriginators had published their own analyses, but hampered the\ndistribution of data to the wider BIOMASS community.\n\nThe lessons that have been learned from BIOMASS about the management\nof complex, large-scale, biological data sets will be of great use to\nfuture programmes. Increasing the quality of data holdings, especially\nby the inclusion of meta-data, will increase the chances of\nsuccessfully networking databases together to support biodiversity and\nother research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a81f17f-1e72-40aa-a933-8e8a06ea35e0", - "label": "ALACE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ALACE or the Airborne LIDAR Assessment of Coastal Erosion is the\n name of the inter-agency project involving the NOAA Coastal\n Services Center, the USGS Center for Coastal Geology, the NASA\n Wallops Flight Facility, and the NOAA Aircraft Operations\n Center. The project coordinates and conducts LIDAR beach surveys\n using the Airborne Topographic Mapper instrument developed by\n NASA. Work on the ALACE project at the NOAA Coastal Services\n Center is carried out under the Topographic Change Mapping\n project.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/tcm/faqs.html#1.5'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a8480a1-64e0-4881-b58e-eb47e60e3934", - "label": "AIRSTREAM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Airstream began with a single man and a most singular dream. The man was Wally Byam: his dream, to build the perfect travel trailer. One that would move like a stream of air. One that would be light enough to be towed by a standard automobile. One that would provide first-class living accommodations anywhere in the world. Thus, over 70 years ago was born the first Airstream trailer. And with it was born yet another dream, a dream of new freedom, new places, new experiences, and new friendships. It was a dream so powerful, so enduring it did far more than create a new way of travel; it created a new way of life shared by thousands upon thousands of families.\n\nThe Airstream philosophy has always been and will always be, ' Let's not make any changes — let's make only improvements!' Every inch of an Airstream has a functional purpose. There is no planned obsolescence. This is as true in today's models as it was of the first Airstream to see the light of the open road. The classic Airstream of the thirties is no museum piece. Still in use today, it is as sturdy and modern in appearance as the first day it swung into traffic. As a result, an Airstream is always 'in style' — conceived and constructed as a lifetime investment in happiness.\n\nToday, the Airstream is the most thoroughly tested Airstream in trailer history. It is years ahead in engineering — the culmination of over 70 years of experience in trailer making, millions of miles of Caravan travel throughout the world; plus millions of miles more, run up by happy Airstream owners! More than ever, the Airstream remains a testimonial to the practical vision, the tenacity and know-how of one dedicated man — Wally Byam, and his team who made your travel dreams come true.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.airstream.com/company/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9aa5e178-40ee-44eb-8731-2d488394da49", - "label": "ACCE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic Climate and Circulation Experiment (ACCE) is a 5-year\nprogram sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to examine\nocean-atmosphere interaction in the North Atlantic ocean. The purpose\nof the experiment is to study the ocean's effect on climate change.\nProfiling Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (PALACE) drifters\nare used to track water masses in the subarctic gyre and the\nsubtropical gyre of the North Atlantic ocean. In addition, these\ndrifters measure vertical profiles of salinity and temperature in the\nwater column.\nIndividual projects are conducted by scientists at the University of\nWashington, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Scripps Institution\nof Oceanography, the University of Miami, and the NOAA Atlantic\nOceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML).\n[This information was obtained from the Profiling Drifters website of\nthe Univ. of Washington, School of Oceanography.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bd3bda8-c1ee-4b1c-8877-8571627b5ef6", - "label": "CALVA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ongoing global climate change has a complex signature in Antarctica. The set-back of the stratospheric ozone hole (Montreal protocol), natural variability cycles (Antarctic oscillation), a complex contribution by the southern ocean, presently result in a delayed response on a large part of the continent (east Antarctica) but a strong signature elsewhere (Peninsula, Weddell and Belingshausen sectors).\n\nIt is very likely that climate changes in the course of the present century will be significant over Antarctica (Krinner et al. 2007, Genthon et al. 2009) but the magnitude and detailed chronology of this change remains to be firmly established. Climate change over Antarctica will affect mass balance and thus sea-level with global consequences.\n\nTherefore, it is important to make sure that meteorological and climate models used to predict climate and mass balance change over Antarctica are calibrated and validated with proper field data. Such observation is necessarily of limited spatial and to some extent temporal significance. It is thus important to also improve our ability to exploit satellite information to inter- and extrapolate the field data to scales compatible with models and more generally to the full scale of Antarctica. A main point about the present [CALVA] project is is that it jointly coordinates field activities in support of both climate models and satellite remote sensing.\n\n\nThe objectives of the project CALVA is to deploy, maintain and exploit a set of automatic autonomous instrumental systems, to carry manual observations on the field , and to participate in special observing campaigns to improve calibration of and validate analysis and forecast climate models and satellite data processing algorithms. Selection of necessary data and of methods to acquire the data are thus determined by the common and specific needs of models and remote sensing.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/~christo/calva/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cd9191e-db82-408b-a3bd-9f9bb7ce0679", - "label": "AHHI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AHHI\nProject URL: http://www.arctichealth.org/ahhi/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=167\n\nThe Arctic Human Health Initiative (AHHI) is an IPY (2007-2008) Arctic Council project that aims to increase the visibility and awareness of health concerns of Arctic peoples, to foster human health research, and promote health protection strategies that will improve the health and well-being of all Arctic Residents. The AHHI core project will seek to advance the joint circumpolar human health research agendas of the Arctic Council (AC; www.arcticcouncil.org ), an eight nation intergovernmental forum for sustainable development and environmental protection, and the working groups of the International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH). Current AC human health activities include monitoring the human health impact of anthropogenic pollutants, climate variability, infectious diseases, and the expansion and assessment of tele-health innovations in Arctic regions. The IUCH (www.iuch.org ) promotes international cooperation, research, scientific information exchange and education in the areas of Arctic Health Policy, Birth Defects & Genetics, Cancer, Diet & Heart, Environmental Health & Subsistence Food Security, Family Health, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Health Surveys, HIV/AIDS, STDs, Indigenous Peoples Health, Infectious Diseases, Injury Prevention, Occupational Safety & Health, Population-Based Planning, Tobacco & Health, and Women's Health. An anticipated outcome of the AHHI will be the development of an organizational infrastructure for the coordination of human health research activities in Arctic regions. \n\nA key element of the AHHI will be the development of new, and expansion of existing human health surveillance, monitoring and research networks. These circumpolar networks will allow the monitoring of diseases of concern in Arctic communities through the development of standardized study protocols, data collection, laboratory methods, and data analysis. Once established these networks will allow the monitoring of disease prevalence over time, the determination of risk factors for disease and evaluation and implementation of disease prevention and control strategies. Networks also provide opportunities for the development of sustainable partnerships between communities and researcher through the establishment of community-based monitoring activities. \n\nA focus of the AHHI is the establishment of research activities focusing on human health issues of concern to Arctic residents. Priority areas include the human health impact of: \n-Regional and inter-continentally transported anthropogenic pollution in Arctic regions.\n-Oil, gas and other sustainable development activities. \n-Contaminants and zoonotic infectious diseases on the traditional food supply.\n-Climate variability on human health and traditional food supply. \n-Infectious diseases including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, vaccine preventable diseases, emerging infectious diseases such as SARS.\n-The effects of the changing Arctic environment on the evolution, ecology, and emergence of zoonotic disease, particularly avian influenza.\n-Chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. \n-Behavioural health issues, such as suicide, interpersonal violence and substance abuse, and unintentional injuries. \nResearch activities will include the use of culturally sensitive health interview surveys which are a useful tool for characterizing health and risky behaviours, the health status of populations, and the development of culturally appropriate interventions. \n\nIn the area of health communication several symposia and topic specific work shops are planned before during and following IPY which will allow the, development of new collaborations, evaluation of advances made in the health of Arctic peoples, the health disparities that remain, and to examine future risks to the health and well-being of all Arctic residents. \n\nDetails regarding AHHI specific projects, plans and progress can be found at: www.arctichealth.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d15fd57-884c-4f9d-a909-7dfa46453ad2", - "label": "AVHRR PATHFINDER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NOAA/ NASA AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder sea surface temperature data\nare derived from the 5-channel Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometers (AVHRR) on board the NOAA -7, -9, -11 and -14 polar\norbiting satellites. Daily, 8-day and monthly averaged data for both\nthe ascending pass (daytime) and descending pass (nighttime) are\navailable on equal-angle grids of 4096 pixels/360 degrees (nominally\nreferred to as the 9km resolution), 2048 pixels/360 degrees (nominally\nreferred to as the 18km resolution), and 720 pixels/360 degrees\n(nominally referred to as the 54km resolution or 0.5 degree\nresolution). Data in different spatial/temporal resolutions are\navailable from 1985 - 2000.\n\nGlobal files are available through PO.DAAC ftp or order form and\ndesired regions are available through the AVHRR Pathfinder subsetting\nsystem.\n\nFor morer information, link to 'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sst/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d370cbc-3f14-47cc-9ea7-7c551a0c05c6", - "label": "CARINA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean) data synthesis project is an international collaborative effort of the EU IP CARBOOCEAN, and US partners. It has produced a merged internally consistent data set of open ocean subsurface measurements for biogeochemical investigations, in particular, studies involving the carbon system. The original focus area was the North Atlantic Ocean, but over time the geographic extent expanded and CARINA now includes data from the entire Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. Carbon data from the Pacific Ocean are being synthesized in the PICES effort.\n\nThe CARINA database includes data from 188 cruises. The salinity, oxygen, nutrient, inorganic carbon system and CFC data have been subjected to extensive quality control and adjustments have been made when necessary. The internally consistent data are available as three data products, one each for the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, the Atlantic and the Southern Oceans (CARINA Data Products). In addition, all of the individual cruise data files have been made available in WOCE exchange format in a single location (Cruise Summary Table) along with metadata and references. We strongly recommend users to employ the data products instead of the individual cruise files as the data in the latter have not been corrected for biases identified during the secondary QC. The CARINA effort is further described in the following as well as in the CARINA special issue of Earth System Science Data (ESSD) Journal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9dfde9c9-614d-4619-8ef1-a0c1cc9a458b", - "label": "APEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: APEX\nProject URL: http://www.apex.geo.su.se/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=39\n\nAPEX - Arctic Palaeoclimate and its Extremes is a network research programme aiming to understand Arctic climatic changes beyond instrumental records. Our particular emphasis is to focus on the magnitude/frequency of the climate variability and, in particular, the 'extremes' versus the 'normal' conditions of the climate system. It is an interdisciplinary programme that integrates marine and terrestrial science and utilises modelling and field observations. APEX involves scientists from 15 European countries, Canada and USA and is one of the coordinating programmes for palaeoclimate research during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007/2008.\n\nSee http://www.apex.geo.su.se/projects/projects.html for a list of all APEX individual research projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e2c4045-248e-465f-a541-e2e5587e00ff", - "label": "ADEPD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ADEPD (Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor) project falls under the work programme of EU/MAST (Marine Science and Technology) related to Global Change and had establish a network of European researchers involved in geochemical and biological processes in the deep sea of the Atlantic. The network was used for the exchange of biogeochemical benthic data and compiled at integrating present knowledge of processes at the deep sea floor. It was a supporting action contributing to JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies), with benefits for natural resource management. Data were compiled and archived in the information system PANGAEA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fd8dd7a-aff9-4c00-af8a-fc0fb8d2b169", - "label": "ARCTIC SEA ICE PROPERTIES AND P", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic sea ice cover is undergoing significant climate-induced changes, resulting in a reduction in ice extent and a net thinning of the sea ice cover. The sea ice cover plays an important role in the global climate system, both as an indicator and an amplifier of environmental change. It is important to continue and expand long-term observations of these changes to improve the fundamental understanding of the role of the sea ice cover in the global climate system and its utility as a climate change indicator. This formidable task spans an extensive range of temporal and spatial scales. An integrated, coordinated, and interdisciplinary approach will be used to monitor the state of the Arctic sea ice cover and investigate its governing processes. There are numerous tools that will be brought to bear on this task, including satellite remote sensing, autonomous rovers, buoys, ocean moorings, field campaigns and numerical models. Satellite remote sensing provides large-scale descriptions of such basic parameters as ice distribution, melt zone, ice motion, and cloud fraction at intervals of half a day to a week. Buoys and moorings will contribute high temporal resolution and can measure parameters currently unavailable from space such as atmospheric fluxes, ice thickness, internal ice temperature, photographs of surface conditions, and ocean temperature and salinity. The fixed observing systems will be complemented by autonomous mobile platforms including aerial vehicles, underwater vehicles, and land vehicles. A coordinated array of such vehicles, with integrated sensor systems, will provide spatial and temporal coverage that has previously been unavailable. Field campaigns will be used to explore, in detail, the state of the ice cover and the processes that govern the ice cover. The campaigns will be pan-Arctic including areas that have been largely unexamined, such as the region north of Greenland. Process studies will examine the interactions of the lower atmosphere, ice surface, and upper ocean that are crucial for understanding and modeling the the pack ice mass balance. Special attention will be paid to the impact of the hetereogeneity of the snow and ice on thermodynamic and dynamic processes. New techniques will be employed, such as isotope analysis of sea ice samples for information on surface water mass changes. Numerical models will be used to assess the character of the changes in the ice cover and predict their impacts on the rest of the climate system. Models will also assist in planning the observation program. The synthesis of the observations and models will provide a comprehensive picture of Arctic change. The seasonal ice zone (SIZ), which is predicted to extend over most of the Arctic Ocean by mid-century, is of particular interest. Given the challenges of operating in the SIZ environment, data for this component of the cryosphere are lacking, making it impossible to effectively predict the consequences of this dramatic change. We plan to obtain a comprehensive data set of key biophysical variables describing the evolution and state of the seasonal ice zone. The activities will examine the role of the snow cover in atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction, shifting patterns of spatio-temporal variability in sub-Arctic and Arctic seas, the important role of ice-associated biological communities in Arctic ecosystems, and latitudinal and bi-polar contrasts in atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction and biodiversity. Recent sea ice ecosystem changes will be assessed and potential future changes and their consequent impacts on higher trophic levels will be estimated. The International Polar Year will be an extraordinary opportunity to capture the imagination of students and the public. We will use this opportunity to convey not only information about the Arctic sea ice cover and its role in global climate, but also an understanding and an appreciation of science in general. We propose an extensive educational outreach component that will include media contacts, web sites, public lectures, and K-12 classroom programs. Undergraduate and graduate students will be entrained in all aspects of the our work from the planning stage to the field observations and modeling. A two week long International Summer School on Sea Ice will be held at the University Centre in Svalbard to increase the knowledge of sea ice related geophysics among both students and scientists, faciliate interdisciplinary research, and stimulate international cooperation.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=95", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0a58581-dc8e-4a19-9c2d-373b72e04ddf", - "label": "CCCCS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Northern California Circulation Study (NCCCS) is a 5-year physical\noceanography study of circulation on the continental shelf and upper\nslope between San Francisco and the Oregon border. Objectives: to\nobtain high-quality, direct and indirect current measurements with\nsufficient temporal and spatial resolution to describe primary\nadvective processes and circulation in terms of statistics and dynamic\nprocesses.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/zoo/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1224730-fb7b-4b12-964e-4d46f599b2b2", - "label": "AfSIS/CLIMATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a158023c-e9d1-4d71-b8f6-5bd3afa4b095", - "label": "AQUARIUS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Aquarius Mission Home Page] \n\n[10-Jun-11] Aquarius/SAC-D rocketed into space at 7:20:13 AM PDT. Less than 57 minutes later it separated from the rocket's second stage and began communicating with ground controllers and unfurling its solar arrays. \n\nAquarius is a focused satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Salinity (SSS). Scientific progress is limited because conventional in situ SSS sampling is too sparse to give the global view of salinity variability that only a satellite can provide. Aquarius will resolve missing physical processes that link the water cycle, the climate, and the ocean.\n \nFor more information on AQUARIUS, see http://aquarius.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1fdf8d7-fd5a-4a38-b61d-c4040e28429a", - "label": "ACE-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Southern Hemisphere Marine Aerosol Characterization Experiment\n(ACE-1) is the first of a series of experiments that will quantify the\ncombined chemical and physical processes controlling the evolution and\nproperties of the atmospheric aerosol relevant to radiative forcing\nand climate. The objectives of this series of process studies are to\nprovide the necessary data to incorporate aerosols into global climate\nforcing by aerosols. The goal of ACE-1 is to document the chemical,\nphysical, and optical characteristics and determine the controlling\nprocesses of the marine atmopsheric gas/aerosol systems over the North\nAtlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, with a primary focus on the\nanthropogenic perturbation of these systems.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://cloud.ucsd.edu/missions/ace-1.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a27803de-4a71-46c7-a75c-f867f7214545", - "label": "CBC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CBC 'is the oldest and largest wildlife survey in the world'\n(Butcher 1990). The National Audubon Society sponsors the survey and\npublishes results. It is designed as a series of circular count areas,\nand birders count birds within these 'circles' each year on a\nprespecified day around 25 December. With lots of circles (over 1,500)\nand a long history (the CBC was started in 1900), it is hard to\ndispute Greg Butcher's 'oldest and largest' label for the survey\n(Butcher 1990).\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/int1cbc.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2cd5a8a-fb88-47a1-8dfa-91c519403f24", - "label": "COSPAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established by\nICSU: The International Council for Science in October 1958 to\ncontinue the cooperative programs of rocket and satellite\nresearch successfully undertaken during the International\nGeophysical Year of 1957-1958. The ICSU resolution creating\nCOSPAR stated that the primary purpose of COSPAR would be to\n'provide the world scientific community with the means whereby\nit may exploit the possibilities of satellites and space probes\nof all kinds for scientific purposes, and exchange the resulting\ndata on a cooperative basis.'\n\nCOSPAR is an interdisciplinary scientific organization concerned\nwith international progress in all areas of scientific research\ncarried out with space vehicles, rockets, and balloons.\n\nCOSPAR's objectives are carried out by the international\ncommunity of scientists working through ICSU and its adhering\nNational Academies and International Scientific\nUnions. Operating under the rules of ICSU, COSPAR ignores\npolitical considerations and considers all questions solely from\nthe scientific viewpoint.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Data/portals/gcmd/project_search/top.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2e3a718-1f2f-4b5d-a5cb-6bc34c810a7a", - "label": "ARCTIC-HYDRA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Arctic-Hydra\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=104\n\nThe scientific goals of the Arctic-HYDRA project are: To characterize variability in the Arctic Hydrological Cycle (AHC) and to examine linkages between atmospheric forcing and continental discharge to the ocean; to assess the historical response of the Arctic Ocean to variations in freshwater input from rivers and net precipitation over the ocean; to attribute to specific elements of the AHC or to external forcing the sources of observed spatial-temporal variability in the land-ocean-ice-atmosphere system; to detect emerging changes in the contemporary state of the AHC in near real time and to place such changes into a broader historical context. \n\nGiven the scope of these goals and the relatively short time-frame of the IPY, Arctic-HYDRA also forms part of the parallel longer term (10-15 yr) objectives of the ICARPII (International Conference on Arctic Research Planning) Working Group 7 (WG7) project 'Terrestrial Cryospheric and Hydrologic Processes and Systems'. \n\nThe Arctic-HYDRA project consists of a core network for observation of the AHC (Arctic-HYCOS) coupled with a suite of intensive, focused process studies that are based on in-depth measurements and modelling of the individual components of the AHC. Furthermore, hydrological models and data assimilation techniques will be developed to generate a comprehensive, integrated description of the AHC including the feedbacks between the atmosphere, cryosphere and the oceans. The project will have a data management and information system in accordance with IPY and WMO protocol. It will establish links with other relevant clusters, e.g. on meteorology, climatology, cryosphere, including permafrost, snow-cover and glaciers, biosphere and societal issues affected by the AHC.\n\nThe Arctic-HYCOS is the core network of the Arctic-HYDRA. This system is intended to provide hydrological information of a high quality, both historical as well as near real time data. It will provide an important benchmark for understanding future change to the AHC; information essential to the longer term ICARPII-WG7 program. The system will be based on the existing national data bases and observation systems in the Arctic countries that have historical long-term observation series on the large rivers discharging to the Arctic Ocean, as well as stations on tributaries and smaller rivers. The Arctic-HYCOS network will meet the requirements of WMO-HYCOS. During the International Polar Year (IPY) four test hydrological stations are to be established in the Mackenzie (Canada), Lena and Pechora (Russia) and Tana (Norway, Finland) river basins. It is envisaged that additional sites will be established in accordance with the broader plan of the Arctic-HYCOS and ICARPII-WG7 program. \n\nTo complement the core network, a set of Long Term Hydrological Observatories (LTHOs) will be established in Arctic North America and Eurasia. They will collect basic hydrologic data such as precipitation, stream flow, groundwater levels, etc. as well as meteorological and biogeochemical data. In Alaska a LTHO (the Kuparuk River) will serve as an international natural laboratory dedicated to understanding the dynamic interactions between hydrological, ecological and climatological processes. Another LTHO will be established in the Eurasian Continent with focus on the ocean/atmospheric interactions with the hydrological cycle, including radio-sonde observation, radar measurement, GPS and solid precipitation measurements. Similar LTHO or network of research basins will focus on advancing our understanding and description of land surface cryospheric processes in order to improve the predictive capacity of Arctic atmospheric, cryospheric and hydrological models at small to medium scales. This will include observations of snow accumulation, over-winter ablation processes, snowmelt, soil thermodynamics, infiltration and water redistribution in frozen and thawing soils and cold regions water balance components in non-frozen periods. Two additional LTHOs will focus on the impact of aerosols on the AHC with supplementary UAV measurements and enhanced surface observations. The LTHO observations will be used to improve atmospheric, hydrologic and cryospheric process representations and also to evaluate meso-scale representations in models and assess model performance and sensitivity in multi-criteria prediction. The LTHO network will form the platform for developing the 'supersites' of monitoring and research activities identified for the ICARPII-program.\n\nThe Arctic-Hydra executes a strategy for synthesis and integration studies of the AHC based on the Arctic-RIMS project. It will produce time-varying aerological and land surface water budgets including river and ice melt inputs to the Arctic Ocean. All key elements of the terrestrial and ocean water balance will be provided, including an assessment of potential error. A guiding philosophy of the proposed research is to 'stay close to the data' although both data assimilation and modelling systems will be used for generalizations. The use of observations, either by themselves or as model drivers, provides a 'reality-based' framework to understand observed variability and change in the Arctic system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2fdfe2b-ad54-4156-a385-dc4d93753897", - "label": "CITE-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CITE missions focused on testing and evaluating the ability\nof instrumentation to measure key tropospheric constituents. The\nmethodology has been the intercomparison of airborne\nmeasurements obtained for the same species by instruments\nutilizing fundamentally different detection principles. These\nmissions provide the instrumentation techniques being employed\nduring the ABLE (Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments)\nmissions.\n\nThe CITE-2 project was conducted aboard the NASA Electra\naircraft over California and the eastern Pacific Ocean in Summer\n1986. It compared instruments that measured components of the\nnitrogen oxide photochemical cycle, which strongly influences\nozone and OH concentrations in the troposphere. CITE-2 obtained\nnew scientific data on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric acid\n(HNO3), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) within both clean\n(Pacific) and polluted (continental) air. Ancillary instruments\nrecorded abundances of other tropospheric chemical species to\ntest models of tropospheric photochemistry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a30ac9a7-82b0-42b6-93db-2764bd7535ca", - "label": "AA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ArcAtlas: Our Earth brings to your computer a large collection of maps and information about the earth--its people, plants, animals, and their various environments and economies. Whether you're a researcher needing specific information and analytical tools, a teacher or student exploring the earth and its inhabitants, or just curious, ArcAtlas: Our Earth has something to offer you. \n\nArcAtlas: Our Earth is a unique digital atlas, the result of many years of research by geographers and other earth scientists from Russia and the United States. More than forty different geographic themes were compiled for this atlas, with much of the information developed especially for this project. \n\nThe collaboration involved the efforts of more than 120 scientists and specialists belonging to a dozen research and other institutions including DATA + (Russia), the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, and ESRI (United States). \n\nThis summary is from the ESRI home page at http://www.esri.com/data/catalog/esri/esri_aa.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a449b571-1eb9-4cd4-8e45-9debe0a3aab4", - "label": "CHAMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) is a German small satellite mission\nfor geoscientific and atmospheric research and applications, managed by GFZ.\nWith its highly precise, multifunctional and complementary payload elements\n(magnetometer, accelerometer, star sensor, GPS receiver, laser retro reflector,\nion drift meter) and its orbit characteristics (near polar, low altitude, long\nduration) CHAMP will generate for the first time simultaneously highly precise\ngravity and magnetic field measurements over a 5 years period. This will allow\nto detect besides the spatial variations of both fields also their variability\nwith time. The CHAMP mission will open a new era in geopotential research and\nwill become a significant contributor to the Decade of Geopotentials. In\naddition with the radio occultation measurements onboard the spacecraft and the\ninfrastructure developed on ground, CHAMP will become a pilot mission for the\npre-operational use of space-borne GPS observations for atmospheric and\nionospheric research and applications in weather prediction and space weather\nmonitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a558e4e1-1859-4f77-a28d-b5566ed57a3f", - "label": "CEOS Water Portal", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CEOS Water Portal led by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is a project of the Applications Subgroup of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Information Systems and Services (WGISS).\n\nThe purpose of the CEOS Water Portal Project is to provide assistance to the water relevant scientists and general users (or non-researchers) in the development of data services associated with data integration and distribution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a65263c0-9b7b-4c4d-9334-06dda7e3895a", - "label": "ACRIM III", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III)\ninvolves the Monitoring of the total variability of solar\nirradiance with active cavity radiometer solar monitoring\nsensors. ACRIM III was successfully launched on board the\nACRIMSAT spacecraft on December 20, 1999.\n\nLink to the ACRIM website at 'http://www.acrim.com/2000.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a66dd1f5-b6dd-443d-a3d6-bb4fa32a1d2e", - "label": "CONCORDIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "While there is an increasing awareness of the importance of Antarctic research, the 14 million km² Antarctic continent still only houses two permanent inland research stations, Amundsen-Scott and Vostok. Recognizing the unique research opportunities offered by the Antarctic Plateau, the French and Italian Antarctic program agreed in 1993 to cooperate in developing a permanent research support facility at Dome C. The new station, named “Concordia” (75°06’ S -123°23’ E), will be opened for wintering in 2005. However, the two first years will be mainly dedicated to the achievement of the buildings, tests of safety protocols and settlement of some scientific equipment. For this reason, Concordia is expected to be fully operational when the International Polar Year starts, in 2007. Dome C has several valuable characteristics that support the installation of a permanent scientific station: A substantial layer of ice, about 3,300m thick, offers great potential for climatic reconstruction. Ice cores were collected by the EPICA program, a European project involving 10 countries, and more than 900,000 years of climatic records are expected from these samples. In addition, numerous small lakes have been detected in vicinity of Concordia, giving opportunities for exploration and tests of new technologies for the exploration sub-glacial environment. The area corresponds almost to the centre of the polar vortex, a major component of the Antarctic Oscillation driving the heat and mass exchanges between the Antarctic continent and the surrounding ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere coupled system. This area is also suitable for studying the ozone depletion and the subsequent cooling of the stratosphere in spring. The Concordia station is a vantage central Antarctic site to analyze polar meteorological high-resolution data and to evaluate the performance of satellite instruments in terms of local and large scale circulation, surface meteorology and processes, boundary layer and free atmosphere meteorological profiles… The Antarctic Plateau is a well recognised, favourable site for astronomic observations due to its geographic location and its extremely dry, cold, rarefied and stable atmosphere. Millimetric/microwave polarimeters can exploit their high sensitivity in Dome-C, rivalling with space based instruments in selected sky areas. Dome-C is the only built location on the Earth where the 200 micron window is usable; the extremely low atmospheric emissivity will also allow optimal use of the other mm/sub-mm atmospheric windows for Galactic, Extragalactic and Cosmological studies. Dome C is a particularly promising location, at critical distance from highly active seismic regions to allow optimal sampling of the deep mantle and the core in crucial geometries. Besides, it is situated on the East Antarctic plateau about 1,000 km away from the coast in a site potentially very quiet and therefore ideal for seismographic observations. Dome C, at 3,233m above the continental crust, is protected from any magnetic perturbations by earth crust anomalies and is an ideal place for studying magnetism. Concordia is also a unique place to study the Earth-Solar relations within the particular polar cap region, and to understand their symmetrical and asymmetrical properties with respect to the Northern hemisphere Dome C is as a very isolated site with severe climatic conditions. It will be an excellent site for evaluating techniques and procedures for future work on other planets. It is also an excellent site for studying small groups of people in conditions close to those encountered in space vehicles or orbital stations. So, Concordia Station will be a new earth observatory and a logistic centre permitting the exploration of the East Antarctic plateau and giving opportunities to deploy new technical challenges and international projects.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=888", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a823862f-69d2-40ad-ae32-756c89d33eb2", - "label": "ARCATLAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ArcAtlas: Our Earth is digital atlas comprised of small scale GIS\ndata sets and digital images containing information related to\nboth the physical and cultural environment. More than 40\ndifferent geographic themes are incorporated. A number of\nprepared ArcView projects allow the user to view precompiled\nviews by theme and region. Data are in ARC/INFO, ArcView or image\nformats. The map content and level of detail are similar to other\nstandard maps at scales of 1:10,000,000 for Europe; 1:20,000,000\nfor North and South America, Africa, and Antarctica; and\n1:25,000,000 for Asia and Australia.\n\nThis data was prepared in a collaborative effort involving DATA+\n(Russia), the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of\nSciences, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, and ESRI. See\nthe documentation for more detailed information about this\ndata. ArcAtlas is available to NCSU affiliates in conjunction\nwith the campus license for ESRI software.\n\nData layers:\n\nWorld (the top level directory) atlas.apr (startup\nArcView project for ArcView 2.1 UNIX) atlas.hlp (atlas text\nreadable by ArcView 2.1 UNIX) atlas.pdf (atlas text for use with\nAdobe Acrobat Reader) atlas_m2.apr(startup ArcView project for\nArcView 2.1 for Mac) atlas_pc.apr (startup ArcView project for\nArcView 2.1 for Windows) atlas_pc.hlp (atlas text in Windows help\nformat) atlas3.apr (startup ArcView project for ArcView 3.0 for\nUNIX and Mac) atlaspc3.apr (startup ArcView project for ArcView\n3.0 for Windows) banner.bmp (image used as ArcAtlas title banner)\n\n\natmosph (atmosphere data, projects, and map images) frstfree\n (Frost-free Period data, projects, and map images) sample\n directory contents// affrf.apr (Africa Frost-free Period\n ArcView project) aufrf.apr (Australia ArcView project)\n euasfrf.apr (Europe and Asia ArcView project) frf.tif\n (Frost-free Period 'Look at map' image) nafrf.apr (North\n America ArcView project) safrf.apr (South America ArcView\n project) wdfrf.tif (Frost-free Period 'World map' image)\n afdurdd (Africa Frost-free Period ARC/INFO coverage) asdurdd\n (Asia ARC/INFO coverage) audurdd (Australia ARC/INFO coverage)\n eudurdd (Europe ARC/INFO coverage) info (INFO directory for\n the Frost-Free Period coverages) nadurdd (North America\n ARC/INFO coverage) sadurdd (South America ARC/INFO coverage)\n //end sample directory contents pcip_jan (Precipitation,\n January) pcip_jul (Precipitation, July) pcip_yr\n (Precipitiation, Annual) solar_rd (Solar Radiation) temp_jan\n (Air Temperature, January) temp_jul (Air Temperature, July)\n temp_yr (Air Temperature, Year)\n\n\n codes (text descriptions of attribute codes--used by UNIX\n help, atlas.hlp) agricult.txt (text file for agriculture\n codes) etc.\n\n\n descript (text descriptions of space images and photos) a1.doc\n (text file describing image number a1) etc.\n\n\n grd_img (World Grid and Image Location data) animlb\n (Antarctica Image Location ARC/INFO coverage) grid (World Grid\n ARC/INFO coverage) gridlb (World Grid for Antarctica ARC/INFO\n coverage) image (World Image Location ARC/INFO coverage) info\n (INFO directory for World Grid and Image Location coverages)\n\n\n hydrosph (hydrosphere data, projects, and map images)\n glaciers (Glaciers)\n grwater (Groundwater Discharge)\n hydronet (Hydrographic Network)\n permfrst (Permafrost)\n reserv (Reservoirs)\n snow (Snow Cover)\n surf_run (Surface Runoff)\n\n indx_map (space image and photograph index maps)\n africa.tif (index map for Africa)\n etc.\n\n\n lithosph (lithosphere data, projects, and map images)\n craters (Impact Craters)\n equake (Earthquakes)\n faults (Faults)\n geo (Geological Structure)\n m_sculpt (Morphosculpture)\n m_struct (Morphologic Structure)\n peaks (Peaks)\n plates (Lithospheric Plates, world coverage)\n quat_dep (Quaternary Deposits)\n volc (Volcanoes)\n\n\n refer (reference maps)\n af_g_n.tif (Africa, general reference, north)\n af_g_s.tif (Africa, general reference, south)\n af_north.tif (Africa, physical features, north)\n af_south.tif (Africa, physical features, south)\n af_stref.tif (Africa, structural reference)\n af_z_e.tif (Africa, zoomed-in, east)\n af_z_s.tif (Africa, zoomed-in, south)\n etc.\n\n\n resource (resources data, projects, and map images)\n agricult (Agriculture)\n landscap (Present Landscapes)\n landuse (Land Use)\n minerals (Mineral Resources)\n protect (Protected Areas)\n soils (Soils)\n veg (Vegetation)\n wildlife (Wildlife)\n\n\n slides (space images and photographs)\n a1.tif (space image number a1)\n ag101.shp (used to annotate an image view)\n d1.tif (space image number d1)\n des2.tif (space image number des2)\n gr03.tif (ground slide number gr03)\n etc.\n\n\n society (society data, projects, and map images)\n city (Urban Areas)\n country (Political Structure)\n pop (Population Density)\n\n\n socinfra (social infrastructure data, projects, and map images)\n airport (International Airports)\n electric (Electric Power Plants)\n manufact (Manufacturing Industry)\n mining (Extractive Industry)\n pipeline (Pipelines)\n rds_rr (Transportation Structure)\n tran_net (Transportation Network Density)\n\n Access the atlas at:\n 'http://gisstore.esri.com/acb/showdetl.cfm?&User_ID=1648277&\n St=4865&St2=69091731&St3=36254554&DS_ID=2&Product_\n ID=169&DID=6'\n\n [Summary provided by ESRI]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a84fc488-9a6d-476c-909e-f60c5ab51731", - "label": "ACE-SCAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ACE\nProject URL: http://www.ace.scar.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=54\n\nACE is an international research initiative that has grown out of the ANTOSTRAT (ANTarctic Offshore STRATigraphy) project. ANTOSTRAT orginated in 1990 as an offshoot project of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Group of Specialists on the Evolution of Cenozoic Paleoenvironments of the Southern High Latitudes. The ANTOSTRAT program officially came to an end in July 2002. The goal of ACE is to continue the study of Antarctic climate and glacial history through paleoclimate and ice sheet modeling studies, purposefully integrated with geological investigations of the proxy record of ancient Antarctic climates and ice sheets. ACE is now an official SCAR program. A more complete introduction to ACE can be found at http://www.ace.scar.org//intro1.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9030d26-73c7-438e-8b9b-21210671ad91", - "label": "ARK-V/3B", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objectives of this project were to map the crustal structure of\ntotally different geological units in a region of close proximity and\nmap the sedimentary distribution and the western boundary of the\nMesozoic sediment basin of Jameson Land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9761f04-9db8-49e9-8887-828865b3c2e7", - "label": "CRP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cape Roberts Project: This joint venture brings together the\nnational antarctic programs and scientists from Australia, Germany,\nItaly, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of\nAmerica. The aim is to recover and analyze cores from the sedimentary\nstrata beneath the sea floor off Cape Roberts, in the southwest corner\nof the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Geologically the strata to be drilled are\nlocated just within a major rift ^? the West Antarctic Rift System ^?\nand have also been close to the South Pole for the last 130 million\nyears. They are over 1,500 meters (m) thick, and were laid down\nbetween 30 and more than 100 million years ago.\n\nNormally, strata from that long ago (Mid-Cretaceous to Paleogene) are\ndeeply buried, but strata from the sea floor off Cape Roberts record\nold glacial and rifting events at or near the surface. Operations are\ndesigned to recover a complete core representing the target 1,500 m of\nstrata; drilling for cores at three separate locations will accomplish\nthis, with the depth of individual excavations up to 700 m below the\nsea floor. Curators cut the aggregate core into 1 m lengths, describe\nthem in geological detail, and then photograph them. Samples are then\ndistributed to researchers for a wide range of analyses ^? from\nextracting specific target fossils to determining more precise age and\ncomposition data for the sample.\n\nThe cores should help scientists answer two important questions:\n\nBefore the glaciations of the last 36 million years, were there ice\nsheets on Antarctica that may have caused fluctuations in world-wide\nsea levels?\n\nHow and when did the rifting of the Antarctic continent contribute to\nthe formation of the Transantarctic Mountains and the Ross Sea?\n\nDeveloping scientific models to answer these questions should provide\nmore general insight into the etiology of changes in global sea level,\nas well as the origins of mountains and basins.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf0030/nsf0030html/cape_roberts.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9e667e3-da0c-4c6d-94ff-02258c346c95", - "label": "C-MAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Clean Air Mapping ana Analysis Program(C-MAP) is an assessment\ntool developed by the Clean Air Markets Division (CAMD) to\nbetter understand and characterize the effectiveness of\nenvironmental programs such as the Acid Rain Program. The\nprimary goal behind the development of a GIS was to gain a\nthorough understanding of the impacts of sulfur dioxide and\nnitrogen oxides emission reductions to the environment. The\ndecision to implement a GIS stemmed from a need to better\nunderstand the implications of answers to policy questions\nregarding acid rain control, and therefore to improve the\ndecision-making process. The extensive GIS database, available\nfor download, enables users to visually integrate various\nemissions and effects data in map format, using their own GIS\nsoftware. Sample maps illustrating current trends and policy\nissues of interest are displayed in the map gallery for viewing\nand download.\n\nGIS is helping in the assessment of whether current control\nlevels provide adequate protection of human health and the\nenvironment. CAMD is using GIS to explore spatial patterns and\nanalyze regional trends in air quality, visibility, surface\nwater quality, acid deposition and forest health, as related to\nemission levels:\n\n1. Display and compare trends in environmental indicators (for\nexample, acid deposition, surface water chemistry, ambient air\nconcentrations) at national or regional scales.\n\n2. Display such trends in environmental indicators overlaid with\ntrends in emissions.\n\n3. Display trends at different annual time scales (for example\nover 1-, 5-, or 10-year periods), or design annual vs. seasonal\ncomparisons.\n\n4. Mark progress toward environmental goals\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aac38e39-cf65-4345-b56e-e710e8e1875e", - "label": "ASMAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "In order to define stress orientation in the Antarctic interior, we have examined young volcanic cones found within Cenozoic volcanic provinces of the McMurdo Volcanic Group. Volcanic cones were mapped on regional satellite imagery using a combination of previous mapping, aerial photography, and digital photography and video taken from helicopter. \n\nThe volcanic cone data sets include: \n1) maps showing cone locations and shapes, \n2) 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data for individual cones, and \n3) digital photographs of individual cones. \n\nThese data will be integrated with other geologic and geochronologic data in order to interpret stress field orientation in southern and northern Victoria Land. The data sets are available from the project investigators. Detailed description of the data sets and interpretations made from them can be found in published abstracts and manuscripts in preparation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aafc2fb8-4922-4231-b9c4-c90f95ef0794", - "label": "CLICOPEN EOI 193", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Full Proposals for IPY 2007-2008 Activities\nClick for printer friendly version Proposed IPY Activity Details\n\n1.0 PROPOSER INFORMATION\n\n(Activity ID No: 34)\n\n1.1 Title of Activity\nImpact of CLImate induced glacial melting on marine and terrestric COastal communities on a gradient along the Western Antarctic PENinsula\n\n1.2 Short Form Title of Proposed Activity\nClicOPEN EoI 193\n\n1.3 Activity Leader Details\ndoris abele\nAlfred Wegener Institute f Polar & Marine Res\nGermany\n\n1.4 Lead International Organisation(s) (if applicable)\nNULL\nNULL\nNULL\nNULL\n\n1.5 Other Countries involved in the activity\nArgentina\nCanada\nPoland\nUkraine\nAustralia\nChile\nRussia\nUruguay\nBrazil\nGreat Britain\nSpain\nUSA\nBelgium\nKorea\nSweden\nNULL\n\n1.6 Expression of Intent ID #'s brought together in this proposed activity\n193, 194, 726, 233\n\n1.7 Location of Field Activities\nAntarctic\n\n1.8 Which IPY themes are addressed\n1. Current state of the environment\n2. Change in the polar regions\n4. Exploring new frontiers\n5. The polar regions as vantage points\n\n1.9 What is the main IPY target addressed by this activity\n1. Natural or social science\ntop of page\n2.0 SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVITY\n\nRapid regional warming of air temperature on the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) observed over the last 50 yrs is exceptional and unprecedented within the past 500 yrs records of ice core data (Vaughan et al. 2001, Science 293). At Vernadsky Station (former Faraday, Beascochea Bay) aerial warming averages 0.56°C per decade since the 1950s (Turner et al. 2005, Int. J. Climatol. 25: 279-294). The glacial systems of the Antarctic Peninsula show direct responses to the climatic changes, including retreat of ice fronts and increased melt water production. The broad pattern of glacial retreat over time reflects the trend of atmospheric warming in the peninsula region since the 1940s: the magnitude of glacial retreat (average change in m a-1) increases towards the southern sectors (Cook et al. 2005, Science 308). It results that changes of terrestrial as well as marine ecosystems along the Peninsula are expected to be more subtle and graded in the North and more radical at the South-Western coasts of the WAP. A directly and plausibly relatable effect of glacial retreat along WAP is the opening of newly ice-free areas for the colonization of terrestrial and intertidal plant vegetation and animals. The ClicOPEN initiative is aimed at investigating the response of terrestrial and marine coastal systems to ongoing climate change in 4 areas of interest along the WAP. Comparative work can be carried out at Mac Murdo, Ross Sea, where climate change is far less (0.1°C/decade, Kejna & Lagun, Polish Polar Studies, 2004).\nRationale of ClicOPEN: Locally increased import of fresh water from melting glaciers and increased sediment import from rock abrasion (by both, glacial melting and aerosol transport) are anticipated primary effects in coastal marine ecosystems. Warming and freshening of surface waters will impact shallow intertidal habitats. Freshening and shading induced changes of benthic and pelagic primary production and the alterations in the phytoplankton community composition are prone to alter quality and quantity of food supply for zooplankton, as well as for benthic filter and detritus feeders. This may entail important changes of trophic coupling in the coastal food webs. In the terrestrial sphere, an impact of glacial retreat and climate warming on the genetic diversity and evolutionary fitness of sessile lichens and bryophytes through range shifts and associated bottleneck effects is expected, and will be investigated using molecular markers. The climatic changes that propagate glacial melting on the WAP are prone also to impinge on Antarctic bottom communities and sediment composition in more remote areas of the Southern Ocean (e.g. South Georgia, South Orkneys, Weddell Sea). Loss of sea ice has been observed in several places beginning in the 1970s (Parkinson 2002). The reduction in sea ice correlates with a loss of krill stock density, likely to entail severe changes within coastal Antarctic food webs (Loeb et al. 1997, Nature 387, Atkinson et al. 2004, Nature 432). The ClicOPEN project aims to link the effects of glacial melting at the coast and the processes in key habitats at the shelf ice edge under focus in other EoIs like, CCAMLR (IPY 148), HABIPOL (IPY 543) and 'Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML)'. The objectives within the ClicOPEN approach are dual:\nA) to analyze and quantify effects of glacial melting and increased rock erosion on terrestrial and near shore marine ecosystems on a latitudinal gradient along the Western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.\nB) to provide a basis for a mechanistic understanding of climate change processes at the peninsula that will serve to draw a link to present and future changes in more remote shelf regions of the Southern Ocean.\nClicOPEN is land based and uses existing Antarctic research stations in 4 different areas of the Antarctic Peninsula as platforms for synoptic field and laboratory studies during the IPY. Comparative work at McMurdo, Ross Sea is intended. A station based programme enables us to include many scientists into cooperative and comparative work, make use of the existing logistic background provided by field stations and home institutions, and also to draw from historical data sets in locations of long-term scientific records, including temperature records and documented contours of ice caps and glaciers.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=34", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab977a30-edb5-4f89-b5b4-50bfdb430a07", - "label": "ARCSS/HARC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The goal of the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) is to\nenhance understanding of human interaction with physical and\nbiological environmental change in the Arctic. Therefore HARC research\nmust build on the results of previous and ongoing global change\nstudies of the paleo- and contemporary environment to integrate\nphysical, ecosystem and climate research with a broad range of social\nsciences. HARC research places human activity as a vital driver and as\na link among the terrestrial, marine, and climatic subsystems. HARC\nresearch will focus exclusively on current and potential impacts on or\nby human activity that may be expected to occur in response to global\nchange.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac7ce0cb-feea-48b2-8e6a-28f4423f2c1a", - "label": "CENSEAM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A global study of seamount ecosystems, to determine their role in the biogeography, biodiversity, productivity, and evolution of marine organisms, and to evaluate the effects of human exploitation.\n\nSeamounts are ubiquitous features of the world's underwater topography and may play an important role in patterns of marine biogeography, potentially supporting high biodiversity and unique biological communities. Seamounts are often highly productive ecosystems, and may act as feeding grounds for fishes, marine mammals and seabirds. They are targeted for resource extraction such as fisheries and mining, but are ecologically vulnerable to such exploitation. At a global scale their biodiversity is poorly known with relatively few (< 200 of an estimated 100 000) seamounts having been studied in any detail.\n\nCenSeam commenced in 2005 and the CenSeam science community, with particular input from CenSeam's Data Analysis Working Group (DAWG), has defined two overarching priority themes (1) What factors drive community composition and diversity on seamounts, including any differences between seamounts and other habitat types? (2) What are the impacts of human activities on seamount community structure and function?\n\nCenSeam has been working to coordinate existing and planned programs for maximum benefit, catalyze new seamount sampling activities, align research approaches and data collection where possible to ensure that opportunities for collaboration between programs are maximized, and integrate and analyze incoming information to create new knowledge. The program is working toward standardizing sampling methods (through the Standardisation Working Group, SWG) and data reporting (through the DAWG) wherever possible, to facilitate comparisons of biodiversity between areas.\n\nCenSeam is helping to guide future sampling with a global perspective to fill critical knowledge gaps and target understudied regions and types of seamounts. In addition to fostering new expeditions, CenSeam is also consolidating and synthesizing existing data. OBIS is served by the open-access SeamountsOnline database (http://seamounts.sdsc.edu/), which is continually being expanded to include more physical and oceanographic data, and new data as they become available. This integrated seamount database is key to comprehensive synthesis and analysis of data as the program develops.\n\nCenSeam's website is continually updated and CenSeam newsletters are regularly circulated (and can additionally be downloaded from the website; http://censeam.niwa.co.nz/censeam_news/newsletters). As well as serving the science community, the website targets students and members of the public with ship-to-shore logs and features on some of the weird and wonderful creatures found on seamounts (http://censeam.niwa.co.nz/outreach/censeam_creatures).\n\nBy the end of the Census in 2010, much will remain unknowable given the large number of seamounts, their widespread distribution, and large variability in physical characteristics and habitat type. But under CenSeam much progress will be made to improve our understanding of, and erect new paradigms about, seamount ecosystems.\n\nSummary provided by http://censeam.niwa.co.nz/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acb1f3b8-5938-4b4a-9557-e765fea797e4", - "label": "ARCPAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "As a part of the International Polar Year, NOAA scientists and their U.S. and international colleagues are conducting the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) field study. ARCPAC is an airborne research activity to investigate the climate-changing characteristics of pollution in the Arctic. The ARCPAC work is a part of the international POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) research activity.\n \nDuring the spring of 2008, the NOAA WP-3D Orion carried out a series of flights from Fairbanks, Alaska. The aircraft was outfitted with 26 instruments to transform it into a “flying chemical laboratory” that could measure physical and chemical properties of aerosol fine particles comprising Arctic Haze, cloud properties, and radiation, along with ozone, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and other trace gases that affect climate in the Arctic. \n\nFor more information see http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/arcpac/ or Brock, C.A. et al, Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic climate (ARCPAC) project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2423-2453, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2423-2011, 2011.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acb34ab9-68ae-4de6-a43d-dcd407eba962", - "label": "Columbia", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Columbia (OV-102), the first of NASA's orbiter fleet, was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in March 1979. Columbia initiated the Space Shuttle flight program when it lifted off Pad A in the Launch Complex 39 area at KSC on April 12, 1981. It proved the operational concept of a winged, reusable spaceship by successfully completing the Orbital Flight Test Program - missions STS-1 through STS-4.\n \nOther, achievements for Columbia included the recovery of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite from orbit during mission STS-32 in January 1990, and the STS-40 Spacelab Life Sciences mission in June 1991 - the first manned Spacelab mission totally dedicated to human medical research.\n \nColumbia was destroyed over east Texas on its landing descent to Kennedy Space Center on Feb. 1, 2003, at 8:59 a.m. EST at the conclusion of a microgravity research mission, STS-107.\n \nColumbia was named after a small sailing vessel that operated out of Boston in 1792 and explored the mouth of the Columbia River. One of the first ships of the U.S. Navy to circumnavigate the globe was named Columbia. The command module for the Apollo 11 lunar mission was also named Columbia.\n\nText Source: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/orbiterscol.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad8642d7-f741-47b8-bcf9-17764dd977c0", - "label": "ACCENT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ACCENT's goals are to promote a common European strategy for research on atmospheric composition change, to develop and maintain durable means of communication and collaboration within the European scientific community, to facilitate this research and to optimise two-way interaction with policy-makers and the general public. \n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.accent-network.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae02541a-4968-4573-8569-0f4a02575ab2", - "label": "Climate", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC archives climate data sets that include measured and modeled values for variables such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, wind velocity, and cloud cover. The climate collection includes station measurement data as well as gridded mean values for the variables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae8a04b2-6721-4164-b6d6-0b61be25b055", - "label": "ACSOE-MAGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (MAGE) was a component of the\nNERC Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment\n(ACSOE) project aimed at studying chemical exchange across the\nair-sea interface.\n\nThe component included two experiments that were purely a part of ACSOE:\n\nEastern Atlantic Experiment (spring 1996 and 1997)\n\nNorth Atlantic Experiment (June 1998)\n\nIn addition, MAGE contributed ship time in October 1996 to the\nEU ASGAMAGE project and this was included as an experiment\nwithin the organisational structure of MAGE.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af403855-76e6-493b-b56c-4462164f7af5", - "label": "CURTAIN I-VIII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Curtain I-VIII was a series of experiments from February 1987 to June\n1988 used for model initialization of the Regional Acid Deposition\nModel (RADM).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afde7d35-82ce-4887-b6dd-d09bb687e045", - "label": "BOING", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Baltic On-line Interactive Geographical and Environmental\nInformation Service (BOING)Project is a two year project,\nrunning 2000-2001, that will create a prototype website on the\nissue of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea: background, causes\nand current status. The idea is to use new techniques provided\nby the Internet to produce a prototype Internet-based\ninformation service, a working model, of an integrated and\nco-ordinated information supply system. Throughout the project,\ninformation providers and users will be in focus.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.grida.no/boing/about.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by UNEP/GRID-Arendal]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1480611-f4c2-4f23-9b18-83017e49e118", - "label": "CARVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) was a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-1 mission. From 2011 to 2015, CARVE collected airborne measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide and relevant land surface parameters in the Alaskan Arctic. Continuous ground-based measurements provide temporal and regional context as well as calibration for CARVE airborne measurements. CARVE provides an integrated set of greenhouse gas data that provide insights into Arctic carbon cycling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1959ae2-b568-41b2-9324-2aef9a905028", - "label": "COHH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mission: To improve the public health through enhanced understanding of how\noceanic processes affect the distribution and persistence of human pathogens\nand toxin producing organisms.\n\nThe National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institute of\nEnvironmental Health Services (NIEHS), one of the National Institutes of\nHealth, are funding four joint Centers for Oceans and Human Health (COHH,\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/science/cohh/). The centers are the following:\n\n-Woods Hole Center for Oceans & Human Health (WHCOHH)\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/science/cohh/whcohh/index.htm\n-Oceans and Human Health Center at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School\n(OHH), http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/ohh/\n-Pacific Research Center for Marine Biomedicine (PRCMB)\nhttp://www.prcmb.hawaii.edu/index.asp\n-The Washington Center", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1cc3a0a-eec7-4774-8e31-67be634036c8", - "label": "ACT-America", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ACT-America, or Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America, project is a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-2 mission to study the transport and fluxes of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane across three regions in the eastern United States. Flight campaigns measured transport of greenhouse gases by continental-scale weather systems. Ground-based measurements of greenhouse gases were also collected. Project goals include better estimates of greenhouse gas sources and sinks which are required for climate management and for prediction of future climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b46fb1e0-2287-4c3c-ba92-d7cc727387ff", - "label": "CMGOOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "GOOS is a permanent global system for observations, modelling and analysis of marine and ocean variables to support operational ocean services worldwide. GOOS provides accurate descriptions of the present state of the oceans, including living resources; continuous forecasts of the future conditions of the sea for as far ahead as possible, and the basis for forecasts of climate change. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.ioc-goos.org/content/view/12/26/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4ee0e0e-56b3-4833-842d-ac04a4d78984", - "label": "AERONET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) is an optical ground based aerosol\nmonitoring network and data archive supported by NASA's Earth\nObserving System and expanded by federation with many non-NASA\ninstitutions. The network hardware consists of identical automatic\nsun-sky scanning spectral radiometers owned by national agencies and\nuniversities. AERONET sites are located around the world. Data is\navailable from the AERONET web site at:\n\n'http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4f4c84a-cae5-497b-a1f8-9694fa1425a3", - "label": "CATS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Nunavut's Qikiqtaaluk Region is the most northerly part of Canada and is composed mainly of islands in the Canadian Archipelago. In fact, this vast region of a million plus square kilometres has only the smallest toehold on mainland Canada at Melville Peninsula. But it is the waters, not the lands of Qikiqtaaluk that are the focus of a Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) project called the Canadian Arctic Through-flow study (or CAT, for short). To be precise, CAT is looking at the currents that run between the islands, moving the waters and sea-ice of the Arctic Ocean south through the Labrador Sea into the Atlantic.\n\nhttp://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/publications/article/2008/12-08-2008-eng.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b54d8a1e-6151-4790-a29a-49336daae918", - "label": "CMDL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) of the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, conducts sustained\nobservations and research related to source and sink strengths, trends\nand global distributions of atmospheric constituents that are capable\nof forcing change in the climate of Earth through modification of the\natmospheric radiative environment, those that may cause depletion of\nthe global ozone layer, and those that affect baseline air\nquality. CMDL accomplishes this mission primarily through long-term\nmeasurements of key atmospheric species at sites spanning the globe,\nincluding four fully-equipped Baseline Observatories. These key\nspecies include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous\noxide, surface and stratospheric ozone, halogenated compounds\nincluding CFC replacements, hydrocarbons, sulfur gases, aerosols, and\nsolar and infrared radiation. The measurements are of the highest\nquality and accuracy possible, and document global changes in key\natmospheric species, which are all affected by mankind, identifying\nsources of interannual variability. In addition, research programs in\nkey regions, utilizing an array of platforms including aircraft,\nballoons, ocean vessels and towers, complement the land-based\ninformation. CMDL's data are used to assess climate forcing, ozone\ndepletion and baseline air quality, to develop and test diagnostic and\npredictive models, and to keep the public, policy makers, and\nscientists abreast of the current state of our chemical and radiative\natmosphere.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/aboutcmdl.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6471b36-afce-4d8e-b5c6-f6a1ec7f4764", - "label": "AFEAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The benefits of refrigeration, air conditioning, and energy\n efficient insulation can be provided conveniently and\n effectively by hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and\n hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These retain many of the\n properties of CFCs that are desired by users. However,\n the presence of hydrogen in their structures means\n that, unlike CFCs, the alternatives are largely removed\n in the lower atmosphere by natural processes. The\n environmentally important properties of HCFCs and HFCs\n were reviewed by the Alternative Fluorocarbons\n Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) in\n 1989. Leading experts from around the world evaluated\n the available scientific information. The experts\n concluded that the ozone depletion potentials (ODPs)\n and global warming potentials (GWPs) of HCFCs and HFCs\n are much smaller than those for the CFCs, and they\n should not contribute to tropospheric ozone or acid\n deposition.\n\nFor more information link to the program site at\n'http://www.afeas.org/about.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b679fbfd-35db-4169-8a16-9163919d261d", - "label": "AVHRR 1-KM PATHFINDER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Polar Pathfinder Twice-Daily 5 km EASE-Grid Composites are a collection of products for both poles, consisting of twice-daily calibrated and gridded satellite channel data and derived parameters. Data include five AVHRR channels, clear sky surface broadband albedo and skin temperature, solar zenith angle, satellite elevation angle, sun-satellite relative azimuth angle, surface type mask, cloud mask, and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) of acquisition. AVHRR Polar Pathfinder data extend pole ward from 48.4 degrees north and 53.2 degrees south latitudes, from 24 July 1981 through 30 June 2005. Data are in 1-byte and 2-byte integer grid format and are available by FTP.\n\nSummary provided by http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/nsidc0066_avhrr_5km.gd.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b737d0d8-13f9-46d7-bd4c-ec1a63f4a62f", - "label": "ABoVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) is a NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program field campaign conducted in Alaska and western Canada between 2016 and 2021. Research for ABoVE links field-based, process-level studies with geospatial data products derived from airborne and satellite sensors, providing a foundation for improving the analysis, and modeling capabilities needed to understand and predict ecosystem responses to, and societal implications of, climate change in the Artcic and Boreal regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b86265cd-12e0-42d5-b0e7-d2bb845adaa5", - "label": "CONCORDIASI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Concordiasi is an international project, currently supported by the following agencies: Météo-France, CNES, CNRS/INSU, NSF, NCAR, University of Wyoming, Purdue University, University of Colorado, the Alfred Wegener Institute, the Met Office and ECMWF. Concordiasi also benefits from logistic or financial support of the operational polar agencies IPEV, PNRA, USAP and BAS, and from BSRN measurements at Concordia. Concordiasi is part of the THORPEX-IPY cluster within the International Polar Year effort.\n\nThree field experiments are part of Concordiasi, two which have occurred during the autumn 2008 and 2009 (Austral spring) in Antarctica and a third one planned in Austral spring 2010. Additional in-situ measurements include radiosoundings at the Concordia station at Dome C and at Dumont d'Urville in 2008, at Concordia in 2009 and high altitude balloons able to drop dropsondes, launched on demand under a parachute and measuring atmospheric parameters on their way down over Antarctica in 2010.Some of the balloons will carry experimental instruments measuring ozone and particles at flight level. Some will also be enhanced to carry GPS receivers in order to perform radio-occultation measurements. Data can be accessed at the following address http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/concordiasi-dataset/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8cdc313-fb09-4796-99ac-079de0dcb042", - "label": "ARCSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding polar processes for climate and global change. ARCSS is the only element of the U.S. Global Change Research Program specifically concerned with the arctic region. By focusing on understanding Arctic processes in great detail, investigators are better able to characterize global changes through the improvement of global-scale models and other research tools. \n \n A major concern of the arctic research community is the availability of reliable data for research. The ARCSS Data Coordination Center (ADCC), while working with ARCSS investigators, the ARCSS Committee, Science Management Offices and NSF, is continually acquiring data and developing data products appropriate and useful for the research community. Integrating data and information from among the ARCSS ocean-based, land-based, ice core, paleoclimate and human-dimension communities is a high priority at the ADCC. \n \nAll NSIDC data, including ARCSS data, are described and available via NSIDC Data Products and Services. However, the National Center for Atmoshperic Research's (NCAR) Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) is now the primary ARCSS data site. See http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/arcss/\n\n[Summary provided by http://nsidc.org/data/arcss/ ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9078155-35cc-4702-9b81-5019cd21f8c2", - "label": "BIO_INST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary research area, which may be described as conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules using tools of informatics and allied techniques, with an aim to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules to answer some of the larger questions in biology. The bioinformatics spectrum ranges from collection & organization of biological databases to complex solutions including Gene-finding, Protein sequence analysis, Prediction of 3D structure, Structure-function analysis with some immediate applications such as Rational Drug design . \n\n Main Objectives\n\nBeing located in a premier institution in the country, the centre plays a significant role in disseminating much of the information required for various aspects of research in life sciences locally and in the whole country. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~dichome/ab.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b971f45d-3a45-4ef2-99df-d6b88bbc7cc3", - "label": "CLIVAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CLIVAR- An International Programme on Climate Variability and Predictability\n\nCLIVAR is an international research programme investigating climate\nvariability and predictability on time-scales from months to decades\nand the response of the climate system to anthropogenic\nforcing. CLIVAR, as one of the major components of the World Climate\nResearch Programme (WCRP), started in 1995 has a lifetime of 15 years.\n\nThe overall purpose and goal of CLIVAR is:\n\nTo describe and understand climate variability and predictability on\nseasonal to centennial time-scales, identify the physical processes\nresponsible, including anthropogenic effects, and develop modeling and\npredictive capabilities where practicable.\n\nThe specific CLIVAR Objectives are:\n\nDescribe and understand the physical processes responsible for climate\nvariability and predictability on seasonal, interannual, decadal and\ncentennial time scales, through the collection and analysis of\nobservations and the development and application of models of the\ncoupled climate system and its component parts, in co-operation with\nother relevant climate research and observing programmes;\n\nExtend the record of climate variability over the time scales of\ninterest through the assembly of quality-controlled paleoclimate and\ninstrumental data sets;\n\nExtend the range and accuracy of seasonal to interannual climate\nprediction through the development of global coupled predictive\nmodels;\n\nUnderstand and predict the response of the climate system to increases\nof radiatively active gases and aerosols and to compare these\npredictions with the observed climate record in order to detect any\nanthropogenic modification of the natural climate signal.\n\nCLIVAR Home Page: 'http://www.clivar.org/'\nInternational CLIVAR Project Office\n256/20 Southampton Oceanography Centre\nEmpress Dock, SOUTHAMPTON SO14 3ZH, UK\nPhone: +44-2380 596777\nFax: +44-2380 596204\nemail: icpo@soc.soton.ac.uk", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba565e80-c481-4e75-b133-60cb72bf7d4a", - "label": "CACHE-PEP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CACHE will use data from ice cores, ocean sediments, lake sediments and contemporary measurements of atmospheric chemistry to cast new light on the climate of the last million years. The objective is to determine the key drivers and feedbacks that have controlled climate change and the chemistry of the global atmosphere past and present, and to improve computer models used to predict climate change. Main objectives are to: Extend the existing 10,000-year climate record for the Americas by sampling from the sub-Antarctic, through the Antarctic Peninsula to the South Pole; Understand the relationship between the Antarctic and global climate over timescales up to a million years; Determine the main causes and amplifiers of climate change over the last ~1My; Quantify the chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and Antarctic ice and snow; Understand how changes in the amount of ice and snow on Earth affect the chemistry of the atmosphere.\n\nCACHE will drill and analyze the first complete Holocene ice core climate record from the Antarctic Peninsula. The results will be combined with those from the cores recently extracted from Dome C and Berkner Island, existing data from other sectors of Antarctica, and other climate history data worldwide. This will provide an unprecedented record of the links between carbon cycle. \n\nComponent Projects of CACHE are: CACHE-CEFAC: Chemical Exchange and Feedbacks between the Atmosphere and Cryosphere; CACHE-DRAM: DRivers and AMplifiers of late Quaternary climate change ; and CACHE-PEP: Natural climate variability - extending the Americas Pole-Equator-Pole palaeoclimate transect through the Antarctic Peninsula to the Pole \n\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/current_programmes/cache.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baf1cdf5-f2f4-4fd5-a701-3a26699f4213", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII/ATLAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ATLAS is a coordinated program that will examine the\ngeographical patterns and controls over climate-land surface\nexchange and develop reasonable scenarios of future change in\nthe Arctic.\n\nFor more information, link to ' http://www.laii.uaf.edu/projects.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baf5513a-5d35-4bd7-a079-2a2bba9f9fe4", - "label": "CEDAMAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A deep-sea project documenting species diversity of abyssal plains to increase understanding of the historical causes and ecological factors regulating biodiversity and global change.\nCensus of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life (CeDAMar) is one of seven initial field projects of the Census of Marine Life (CoML). The goal of this project is to document actual species diversity of abyssal plans as a basis for global change research and for a better understanding of historical causes and actual ecological factors regulating biodiversity. To achieve this, CeDAMar will collect reliable data on the large-scale distribution of one of the largest and most inaccessible environments on our planet.\n \nThe Deep Unkown\nThe deep sea harbors vast numbers of species, most of which are still unknown. Global estimates of marine species vary between 500,000 and 10 million. Since there is no inventory of the fauna of even a single ocean basin, extrapolation of total species numbers of the global abyssal fauna is impossible or at best very speculative. The program will focus on benthic, epibenthic and hyperbenthic organisms because of their high species-richness.\n\nThe study of the deep sea offers a number of advantages. Environmental factors appear to be more homogenous in the deep sea than in many other environments and are easier to measure due to the relative uniformity of large areas. Anthropogenic effects are reduced, and communities are for the most part found in their natural state. Geological information on kinds and age of the sediments in the deep sea is available from past and ongoing projects.\n\nScientific Objectives\nCeDAMar will develop standardized protocols for surveying marine organisms in abyssal marine sediments, including reliable collecting devices in order to avoid damage to fragile deepsea animals. The standard protocols will enable results from different ocean basins will be comparable today as well as in the future. CeDAMar will also contribute to the development and testing of new, more efficient collecting techniques.\n\nSamples will be collected along approximately 1000 km long transects. To exclude small-scale variations which could influence biodiversity estimations, larger areas will be sampled with an epibenthic sledge and repeated box corer (or new devices with the same function) and multicorer hauls. Underwater cameras will document the morphology of the ocean bed, the effects of bioturbation and the abundance of microfauna. The collected material will be analyzed with modern systematic methods.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.coml.org/projects/census-diversity-abyssal-marine-life-cedamar", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb4e35cc-520c-4d24-984f-d81cb2965a85", - "label": "COML", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Census of Marine Life is a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations engaged in a 10-year scientific initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans. The world's first comprehensive Census of Marine Life - past, present, and future - will be released in 2010.\n\nThe stated purpose of the Census of Marine Life is to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life. Each plays an important role in what is known, unknown, and may never be known about what lives in the global ocean.\n\nFirst, diversity. The Census aims to make for the first time a comprehensive global list of all forms of life in the sea. No such unified list yet exists. Census scientists estimate that about 230,000 species of marine animals have been described and reside in jars in collections in museums of natural history and other repositories. Since the Census began in 2000, researchers have added more than 5600 species to the lists. They aim to add many thousands more by 2010. The database of the Census already includes records for more than 16 million records, old and new. By 2010, the goal is to have all the old and the new species in an on-line encyclopedia with a webpage for every species. In addition, we will estimate how many species remain unknown, that is, remain to be discovered. The number could be astonishingly large, perhaps a million or more, if all small animals and protists are included. For comparison, biologists have described about 1.5 million terrestrial plants and animals.\n\nSecond, distribution. The Census aims to produce maps where the animals have been observed or where they could live, that is, the territory or range of the species. Knowing the range matters a lot for people concerned about, for example, possible consequences of global climate change.\n\nThird, abundance. No Census is complete without measures of abundance. We want to know not only that there is such a thing as a Madagascar crab but how many there are. For marine life, populations are being estimated either in numbers or in total kilos, called biomass.\n\nTo complete the context, it is important to understand the top motivations for the Census of Marine Life. Most importantly, much of the ocean is unexplored. Most of the records in its database are for observations near the surface, and down to 1000 meters. No observations have been made in most of the deep ocean, while most of the ocean is deep.\n\nAnother important issue is that diversity varies in space. Marine hot spots, like the rain forests of the land, exist off for large fish off the coasts of Brazil and Australia. The goal is to know much more about marine hot spots, to help conserve these large fish. Their abundance and thus their diversity is changing, especially for commercially important species. Between 1952 and 1976, for example, fishermen and their customers emptied many areas of the ocean of tuna.\n\nThe Census has evolved a strategy of 14 field projects to touch the major habitats and groups of species in the global ocean. Eleven field projects address habitats, such as seamounts or the Arctic Ocean. Three field projects look globally at animals that either traverse the seas or appear globally distributed: the top predators such as tuna and the plankton and the microbes. The projects employ a mix of technologies. These include acoustics or sound, optics or cameras, tags placed on individual animals that store or report data, and genetics, as well as some actual capture of animals. The technologies complement one another. Sound can survey large areas in the ocean, while light cannot. Light can capture detail and characters that sound cannot. And genetics can make identifications from fragments of specimens or larvae where pictures tell little.\n\nThis mix of curiosity, need to know, technology, and scientists willing to investigate the unexplored and undiscovered will result in a Census of Marine Life in 2010 that provides a much clearer picture of what lives below the surface around the globe. Several reasons make such a report timely, indeed urgent. Crises in the sea are reported regularly. One recent study predicted the end of commercial fishery globally by 2050, if current trends persist. Better information is needed to fashion the management that will sustain fisheries, conserve diversity, reverse losses of habitat, reduce impacts of pollution, and respond to global climate change. Hence, there are biological, economic, philosophical and political reasons to push for greater exploration and understanding of the ocean and its inhabitants. Indeed, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity requires signatories to collect information on living resources, but, as yet, no nation has a complete baseline of such information. The Census of Marine Life's global network of researchers will help to fill this knowledge gap, providing critical information to help guide decisions on how to manage global marine resources for the future.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.coml.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb6d33f4-cbd1-4a07-9cf1-4b329da20897", - "label": "ABES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project will advance the methods for monitoring seismic and biological activity in the Southern Ocean by the use of long-term passive acoustic recordings. We propose to deploy an array of four SHARPs (Seismic and High-frequency Acoustic Recording Packages) circumpolarly around the Antarctic Continent, over year-long periods. We will collect data on acoustic call characteristics and source level for a broad range of marine mammal and other species. The improved technology for passive monitoring will allow us to expand the range of marine mammal species monitored to include the largest odontocetes: sperm (Physeter macrocephalus), killer (Orcinus orca), beaked (Mesoplodon spp), and possibly southern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon planifrons), all the mysticetes known to inhabit the Southern Ocean: blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (B. physalus), sei (B. borealis), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), southern right (Eubalaena australis), and minke whales (B. bonaerensis), as well as most pinnipeds: leopard (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell (Leptonychotes weddellii), crabeater (Lobodon carcinophagus), Ross (Ommatophoca rossii), southern elephant (Mirounga leonine), and fur seals. Fish choruses should also be present in these data and are know to produce sounds with diurnal variability. The acoustic data will be used to investigate the seasonality and abundance of these species in the Southern Ocean, as well as the ways that physical and biological processes interact to determine the patterns of distribution and abundance of cetaceans in the Antarctic.\n\nAt the same time this project will fill a large gap in global seismic coverage by placing seafloor seismic sensors at Southern Ocean locations, far from existing sites. These seismic sensors will lead to a more uniform coverage for seismic wave propagation within the Earth, and better understanding of local seismicity in the Southern Ocean.\n\nThe recording packages that we propose to deploy in the Southern Ocean are a proto-type ocean observatory. They have significant data recording capacity (1600 Gbytes) and can support batteries sufficient for year-long deployments of seismic, acoustic and other sensors. We plan to expand the range of sensors recorded by these instruments beyond the seismic/acoustic sensors currently proposed, and in so doing create a facility for long-term multi-disciplinary observations.\n\nThis proposal will have a broader impact on society by providing support for graduate education, developing infrastructure for future multi-disciplinary observation platforms, and providing support for outreach projects. The development of SHARPs will advance our capabilities for scientific monitoring and will serve as starting platforms for future, more integrated observation stations. This project will serve as an educational platform to enable K-12 students to virtually experience Antarctica in a way that represents its geographic and biologic diversity. To this end, we will incorporate educational material gathered from this experiment into our museum exhibit “Voices in the Sea” at the Aquarium of the Pacific (Long Beach, CA),\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=52", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb80fefd-6a80-4e50-a693-b0125dd7c57c", - "label": "AMICS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The main objective of the AMICS network proposal is to contribute to the international research effort leading to an improved understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the Antarctic ice sheet resulting from climatic change. More specifically it aims at a better knowledge of the internal dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet and to a better assessment of the interactions of the ice sheet with its boundary conditions. The major components of this interdisciplinary research objective are modelling and ice composition studies.\n\nThe aim of this research network is to clarify the dynamic interactions between the ice sheet and its boundary conditions, such as the substratum, based on analysis of ice from the basal part of the Antarctic ice sheet and ice-sheet modelling. Results from the analyses will put constraints on the basal boundary conditions of the numerical model and will make validation of the model possible with regard to the melting and refreezing processes at the base. Further constraints come from radio-echo sounding (RES) surveys and SAR interferometric applications. For this purpose, the high-resolution numerical model of complex ice flow will be adapted to three-dimensions and refined. With the numerical model we hope to translate the results of the ice-composition analyses into physical processes, hence providing the scientific community with a model tool of complex basal interaction. As basal processes play an important role in the onset of fast-flowing areas such as ice streams, the role of ice streams, outlet glaciers and ice shelves in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and their influence on the variability of the ice sheet with changing climate will be investigated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbf4ada4-c720-42ac-8505-009216c17890", - "label": "CARE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CARE\nProject URL: http://www.ipy-care.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=28\n\nThe overall objective of CARE/ASR is to explore, quantify and model Arctic climate change, its interaction with the climate in lower latitudes and its impact on Arctic marine ecosystems, and to assess the socio-economic consequences for Europe. \n\nThe specific objectives are: \n1. To determine the processes responsible for the past and present variability and changes in the Arctic climate system and to improve their representation in climate models. \n2. To understand the degree to which recent variability and changes in the Arctic climate system, e.g., shrinking sea-ice cover, thawing permafrost and increased methane emission, are of natural or of anthropogenic origin. \n3. To understand and quantify the response of marine biological processes to climate change and their impact on Arctic marine ecosystems and the air-sea CO2 fluxes and to improve their representation in ecosystem models and inclusion in global climate models. \n4. To quantify the impact of the Arctic freshwater budget on the global thermohaline circulation (THC) and its impact on climate, and to assess possible impact on rapid climate change, sea-level change and sequestration of CO2. \n5. To improve capabilities to predict Arctic climate on decadal and longer time scales and design optimal components of an integrated monitoring and forecasting system. \n6. To assess the impact of climate change in the Arctic on the THC, marine ecosystems and fisheries, transportation, offshore industry and oil and gas production, coastal infrastructures, and on climate in Europe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbf5341a-145d-42d6-9221-a3eafb2df283", - "label": "ASTROPOLES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AstroPoles\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=124\n\nIt has long been recognised that the polar plateaus provide the best sites on the Earth's surface for the conduct of a wide range of astronomical observations, from optical to millimetre wavelengths. This is on account of the extremely cold, dry and stable air found there. The exceptional site conditions would allow observations to be made of the cosmos, with greater sensitivity and clarity, and across a wider part of the electromagnetic spectrum, than from temperate-latitude sites. This IPY project aims to quantify these conditions at four sites, Summit in Greenland, Ellesmere Island in Canada, and Domes A and C on the Antarctic plateau, and then to begin the process of turning these sites into frontline observatories. Dome A is likely to be the pre-eminent location on the Earth for observational astronomy, but has only recently been visited by humans (China in 2005). Dome C is the site for a new station (France/Italy, fully operational in 2005), and already shows indications for better seeing conditions than for any existing observatory. Summit Station (Denmark/USA) and Ellesmere Island (Canada) are also extremely cold and dry. They are the best prospective observing sites in the northern polar regions and their conditions have not yet been quantified.\n\nThe project builds upon a decade of site testing experience, at both the South Pole and at Dome C, including the development of autonomous observatories that can gather the data over the winter. In particular, it will make use of AASTINOs (Automated Astrophysical Site Testing International Observatories) to conduct a range of experiments at each site, and to transmit the data to their operations centres via satellite phones. Measurements made will include the sky brightness (auroral in the optical, thermal emission in the infrared), the optical seeing and the transparency, precipitable water vapour content and microturbulence levels in the atmosphere, as well as the meteorological conditions. These will provide the baseline data needed to quantitatively assess what future astronomical facilities could be built in the polar regions, and the science programs they could tackle. The AASTINO's and their experimental suites will need to be brought to the four sites by overland traverse or by air transportation, with the scientists taken in by air to assemble them.\n\nWhile the sites have not been fully characterised, it is already clear that the Antarctic plateau sites are superior to any existing observatories for a range of frontline experiments. This IPY project will also be used to instigate pathfinder experiments aimed at tackling fundamental problems in astrophysics, in particular to test enabling technologies that will make them possible. These experiments will, in turn, lead to the development of new frontline facilities beyond the IPY. The science program we would conduct with these facilities includes measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave radiation background resulting from the Big Bang, the use of optical and infrared telescopes to examine the formation of galaxies, sub-millimetre and terahertz frequency telescopes and interferometers to probe the dense molecular clouds where stars are born, the search for other earth-like planets in the Galaxy using interferometric and microlensing techniques, and the measurement of the earthshine from the Moon to probe the variations in the Earth's albedo, primarily resulting from changing cloud cover.\n\nA critical design review of the project will be held during the SCAR meeting in Hobart in 2006. An international science meeting on Astronomy in the Polar Regions will also be organised for 2007, possibly in the UK or Greenland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc14beec-ff4f-4b80-8349-cc08e4a2f007", - "label": "APIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctic Pack Ice Seals Project is run by the Australian\nAntarctic Division and studies the distribution and abundance of\npack ice seals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc5be83a-4550-403c-a40b-b60012c3f483", - "label": "ASHCAN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc8b174d-7bc3-48f2-8c26-9108ca3d6e52", - "label": "CDIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The goal of the Climate Data Imaging Project is to preserve and disseminate unique climatological data from historical sources in the NOAA Central Library. The images are provided in PDF and multi-page TIFF formats. The files in PDF format can be viewed using the free Adobe reader, while the TIFF files require use of a reader capable of reading multi-page TIFF files. For assistance please contact the Library staff members listed below. \n\nThis information is provided by http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/data_rescue_home.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd3a3836-034d-4e19-84f0-96cec3473596", - "label": "CLPX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cold Land Processes Field Experiment will focus on\ndeveloping the quantitative understanding, models, and\nmeasurements necessary to extend our local-scale understanding\nof water fluxes, storage, and transformations to regional and\nglobal scales. The experiment will particularly emphasize\ndeveloping a strong synergism between process-oriented\nunderstanding, land surface models and microwave remote sensing.\n\nMicrowave sensors appear ideal to measure properties of the\nterrestrial cryosphere because the microwave signal is\nsensitive to the dielectric constant of surface materials,\nwhich in turn is sensitive to the phase of water, ice or liquid\n[Koh, 1992]. Passive microwave sensors are sensitive to the\nphysical temperature of surface materials. Both active and\npassive microwave sensors have demonstrated sensitivity to snow\nproperties and the freeze/thaw status of soils [Goodison and\nWalker, 1993; Chang, et al., 1996; Shi and Dozier,\n2000]. Microwave signal response is influenced by snow depth,\ndensity, wetness, crystal size and shape, ice crusts and layer\nstructure, surface roughness, vegetation characteristics, soil\nmoisture, and soil freeze/thaw status [Davis et al., 1987; Hall\net al., 1986; McDonald and Ulaby, 1993; Josberger et al., 1996,\nKim, 1999; Rosenfeld and Grody, 2000]. While visible and\nnear-infrared sensors cannot see through clouds and require\nadequate solar illumina! tion, which is a frequent and severe\nlimitation in cold regions during winter [Cline and Carroll,\n1999], measurements of the Earth surface in the microwave\nspectral regions can be largely insensitive to weather\nconditions and solar illumination. These properties make\nmicrowave remote sensing attractive for providing spatially\ndistributed information to improve and update land-surface\nmodels for cold regions, either through assimilation of\nstate-variable information estimated from microwave remote\nsensing observations using inversion algorithms, or possibly\neven through direct assimilation of microwave remote sensing\ndata themselves.\n\nThe specific objectives of the Cold Land Processes Field\nExperiment are to:\n\n1. Evaluate and improve snow water equivalent retrieval\nalgorithms for space-borne passive microwave sensors\n(e.g. SSM/I and AMSR-E);\n\n2. Evaluate and improve radar retrieval algorithms for snow\ndepth, density, and wetness, and soil freeze/thaw status;\n\n3. Improve radar retrieval algorithms to enable discrimination\nof freeze/thaw status of different surfaces (i.e. snow, soil,\nand vegetation); Examine the effects of scale (spatial\nresolution) on the skill of active and passive microwave remote\nsensing retrieval algorithms for snow and freeze/thaw status;\n\n4. Evaluate and improve spatially distributed, uncoupled\nsnow/soil models and coupled cold land surface schemes from\npoint scales to typical mesoscale grid-resolutions\n(i.e. 25-km);\n\n5. Examine the feasibility of coupling forward microwave\nradiative-transfer schemes to spatially distributed snow/soil\nmodels, to improve assimilation of microwave remote sensing\ndata;\n\n6. Examine the spatial variability of snow and frozen soil\ndistributions in different environments and a) improve the\nrepresentation of subgrid-scale variability of snow and frozen\nsoil in coupled and uncoupled land surface models, and b)\nimprove the representation of orographic precipitation\n(snowfall) in atmospheric models;\n\n7. Examine methods of extending local-scale, process-oriented\nequations describing important cold-land hydrologic and\nboundary layer properties to larger scales typical of regional\nand global atmospheric and hydrologic models.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.nohrsc.nws.gov/~cline/clpx.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd977f0f-7032-4be9-90c6-28363767e53a", - "label": "AMI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdc1ca05-4e47-49f9-9b56-583c169861c0", - "label": "CARP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An expectation of Canada’s full membership in SCAR is the development of a Canadian Antarctic research program. In its strategy document “Antarctic Science and Bipolar Linkages “ (CPC 2002) the Canadian Committee for Antarctic Research (CCAR) identified the creation of a Canadian Antarctic Research Program (CARP) as one of its highest priorities. In 2003 CCAR organised an international workshop (Polar Connections) to identify areas of Canadian scientific expertise that will form the basis of CARP. During IPY, polar science will be in the national and international spotlight and it will be an ideal time for Canada to launch CARP. A Canadian Antarctic Research Program will provide support for Canadian research activities in Antarctica and will compliment traditional sources of research funding (NSERC, SSHRC, CIHR).\n\nCanadian scientists have conducted research in Antarctica for decades, but in the absence of a national program Canadians participate as part of national programs of other countries. CARP will allow Canadians to design and lead their own research projects and participate in or even lead international projects. Canada does not intend to build a research base in Antarctica but through CARP Canadian researchers will buy space and support from other countries.\n\nAt the heart of CARP is a science program emphasising (but not limited to) three scientific themes where Canadian researchers are already active:\nTheme 1, Contaminants, biota and polar microbial ecosystems,\nTheme 2, Ice observations, ice sheet dynamics and environmental change,\nTheme 3, Polar desert landscape ecology and geomorphology.\nThe research team involved in contaminants, biota and polar microbial ecosystems is the most advanced in its research planning with Antarctic partnerships and active field programs with France, UK, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Contaminants in polar environments are a serious problem and are an area of science where Canada is a recognised world leader. This research is truly bipolar in nature and has tremendous value for the people of northern Canada. Canadian researchers and technologies also have international recognition in the area of ice observations and environmental change. For example RADARSAT is one of the most widely used remote sensing platforms in the analysis of Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelf dynamics. Several Canadians are involved in ongoing ice research in both Polar Regions as well as ice sheet modelling, reconstruction and neotectonics. This research will compliment activities in the Canadian Arctic that is included in several other IPY proposals. Research activities in various aspects of Antarctic landscape ecology; geomorphology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction is underway by several Canadian researchers in partnership with New Zealand, Italy, USA, UK and Bulgaria. The main focus of this theme will be an investigation of landscape relationships along an environmental gradient in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region. Research outside of these theme areas will also need to be supported by CARP. Data management is also a key component of CARP and plans include the use of innovative GIS tools developed by Canadian researchers involved in the Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica.\n\nCARP will provide the basis for a co-ordinated program of Canadian Antarctic research. CARP will serve as a focus for Canadian Antarctic research, working with relevant agencies and organisations to articulate science objectives that reflect Canada’s need for information about Antarctica. CARP provides a vehicle for grouping all Canadian IPY proposals with bipolar and antarctic activities.\n\nThe Earth’s Polar Regions drive many global systems and with uncertainties about global climate change looming large the need for information about both Polar Regions has never been greater. As a polar nation Canada needs to be concerned with both the Arctic and the Antarctic as part of the global system.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=329", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be4264ff-db66-4064-8269-ccaadf0139ec", - "label": "ARM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program is the largest global\nchange research program supported by the U.S. Department of Energy\n(DOE). ARM scientists focus on obtaining field measurements and\ndeveloping models to better understand the processes that control\nsolar and thermal infrared radiative transfer in the atmosphere\n(especially in clouds) and at the earth's surface.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.arm.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "beeb3595-a21e-4fb7-bbed-e19e7a6e4136", - "label": "CAPMON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network is a non-urban air quality monitoring network with siting criteria designed to ensure that the measurement locations are regionally representative (not affected by local sources of air pollution). Scientists involved with the measurement of atmospheric pollution in urban centres would consider most CAPMoN sites to be remote and pristine. There are currently 28 measurement sites in Canada and 1 in the U.S.A. \n\nhttp://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/capmon/index_e.cfm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf2f46c4-0f63-4b6c-a404-90ab6c10e85d", - "label": "ACSYS-ABSIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "First results obtained with the meso scale model METRAS show that small scale variations of the sea ice concentration can significantly influence the large scale transports of momentum, heat, and humidity. This concerns the surface fluxes and the vertical profiles of the fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Based on these results and on airborne and ship based measurements (campaigns REFLEX, ARTIST, and ACSYS) improved parameterizations of fluxes over sea ice covered areas will be developed and tested. The influence of an inhomogenous sea ice concentration on the large scale transports of energy and humidity as well as the scale dependence of parameterizations will be further analyzed. \nAnother goal is the study of cloud formation over ice covered areas. \n\nThis information is from \nhttp://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Climate/rndatmobound.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfa8d7da-e2dd-472f-a977-f11b95d5be09", - "label": "CEPEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "C4 seeks to develop a theoretical, observational, and modeling base\nfor understanding and predicting cloud-chemistry-climate\ninteractions. To this end, C4 took the lead in designing,\nimplementing, and analyzing the results of a major field observing\nprogram known as CEPEX the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment,\nconducted in March of 1993. The project yielded important new\ninformation about the absorption of solar radiation by clouds and the\nrelative roles of cirrus cloud radiative effects and surface\nevaporation in limiting maximum sea surface temperatures in the\nequatorial Pacific. This large, interdisciplinary experiment,\ninvolving 15 institutions from the US and Germany, has created a\nmuch-needed observational basis for unraveling phenomena which were\npreviously understood only theoretically. C4's infrastructure and\nframe work for cooperative research were instrumental in making CEPEX\na success.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www-c4.ucsd.edu/~cids/cepex/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c04eef05-1aa0-462e-81c5-7575312a550a", - "label": "CGL-2004-01348-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c095d268-b776-44ac-bbd9-9fc70ef81395", - "label": "BENEFIT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Benguela Environment Fisheries Interaction and Training\n(BENEFIT) Programme is a regional partnership between Namibia,\nAngola and South Africa focused on fisheries and the marine\nresources of the Benguela Current ecosystem off southwest\nAfrica. BENEFIT was originally conceived in 1995, adopted by the\nSouthern Africa Development Community (SADC) as a project in\nJune 1996, and formally inaugrated in April 1997.\n\nThe overall goal of BENEFIT is to promote the sustainable\nutilisation of the living resources of the Benguela Current\nEcosystem. As outlined in the 1997 Science Plan, this goal is to\nbe achieved through an active science and technology programme\nintegrated with capacity development within the Benguela region.\n\nContact Information:\n\nSecretariat\nP.O.Box 912\nSwakopmund\nNamibia\nPhone: +264 (0)64 4101164\nFax: +264 (0)64 405913\nE-mail: nsweijd@benguela.org\n vfilipe@benguela.org\n prabe@benguela.org\n cokane@benguela.org\n\nWebpage: 'http://www.benefit.org.na/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c11402e0-af16-4e20-a8b6-a4fef05d2b2f", - "label": "CASO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CASO\nProject URL: http://www.clivar.org/organization/southern/CASO/\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=132\n\nCASO provides an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to understanding the role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in past, present and future climate during the IPY 2007-2008 (see http://www.clivar.org/organization/southern/documents/SOIPY.pdf for a more complete description of the CASO science plan). \n\nCASO is organised into five themes: \n1. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the global water cycle \n2. Southern hemisphere teleconnections\n3. Climate processes at the Antarctic continental margin\n4. Climate ecosystem biogeochemistry interactions in the Southern Ocean \n5. Records of past Antarctic climate variability and change \n\nThis proposal describes IPY activities grouped in the Antarctic Ocean Circulation cluster of EOIs that contribute to the goals of CASO.\n\nObjectives:\n1. To obtain a synoptic circumpolar snapshot of the physical environment of the Southern Ocean (collaboration with other IPY activities will extend the snapshot to include biogeochemistry, ecology, and biodiversity).\n2. To enhance understanding of the role of the Southern Ocean in past, present and future climate, including connections between the zonal and meridional circulation of the Southern Ocean, water mass transformation, atmospheric variability, ocean-cryosphere interactions, physical-biogeochemical-ecological linkages, and teleconnections between polar and lower latitudes.\n\nOutcomes/Deliverables:\n1. Improved climate predictions, from models that incorporate a better understanding of southern polar processes.\n2. Proof of concept of a viable, cost-effective, sustained observing system for the southern polar regions (including ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere).\n3. A baseline for the assessment of future change.\n\nMajor field programs:\n1. A circumpolar array of full-depth multi-disciplinary hydrographic sections and XBT/XCTD sections, extending from the Antarctic continent northward across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, including key water mass formation regions (EOIs 109, 173, 225 284, 599, 730, 770, 806, 924, 51, 350, 283, 584, 911, 271, 440, 596).\n2. An enhanced circumpolar array of sea ice drifters, measuring a range of ice, ocean and atmosphere parameters (108, 109, 51).\n3. Profiling floats deployed throughout the Southern Ocean, including acoustically-tracked floats in ice-covered areas (109, 180, 599, 485, 596).\n4. Current meter moorings to provide time series of ocean currents and water mass properties at key passages, in centres of action of dominant modes of variability, and in areas of bottom water formation and export (109, 173, 225, 599, 604, 806, 51, 596).\n5. Environmental sensors deployed on marine mammals (77, 596).\n6. Direct measurements of diapycnal and isopycnal mixing rates in the Southern Ocean (183).\n7. Analysis of ice cores, sediment cores and deep corals to extend observations of Southern Ocean variability back beyond the instrumental era (109, 806, 51).\n8. Bottom pressure gauges will be used near Drake Passage to monitor ocean currents, validate tidal models, and improve regional corrections to satellite altimeter products (567, 580).\n9. Automatic weather stations, flux measurements in the boundary layer and drifters to measure atmospheric variability (pressure, winds, heat and freshwater flux) (108, 109). \n\nThe observations will be integrated closely with modelling studies using a variety of approaches (coupled climate models; high resolution ocean-ice models; atmospheric models; tidal models; Lagrangian diagnostics; 320, 284, 567, 580, 590,117).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c12673b5-68cd-481b-ba98-10c0e9136ff8", - "label": "ARB", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Aerosol Research Branch (ARB) Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) project has been taking ground based LIDAR measurements from Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia since May 1974. These LIDAR measurements provide high resolution vertical profiles of the upper tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols. The LIDAR system has evolved over the years and provides a valuable long-term history of the middle-latitude stratospheric aerosol.\n\nProject Description:\nThe measurements for ARB were made using a LIDAR system. This system uses a ruby laser that emits one joule per pulse with a repeat rate of 0.15 hertz (Hz) at a wavelength of 0.6943 micrometers. This system also uses a 48 inch cassegrainian configured telescope mounted on a movable platform. The transmitter laser beam has a divergence of about 1.0 mrad, and the maximum receiver field of view is 4.0 mrad. The LIDAR has a signal bandwidth of 1 MHz, and this is equal to a 150 meter vertical resolution. Three photomultiplier tubes are used to enhance the dynamic range. These tubes are electronically switched on at specific times after the laser has been fired. The photomultiplier tube output signals are processed by 12-bit Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) based digitizers and acquired by a personal computer.\n\nData Used and Produced:\nThe Aerosol Research Branch (ARB) 48-inch LIDAR (ARB_48_IN_LIDAR) data set contains data collected from a 48-inch LIDAR system located at NASA Langley Research Center. Each granule consists of one year of data. Data are available from 1982 through the present. Data are continuously being collected. The days of data are different in each granule. Each measurement consists of four parameters: stratospheric integrated backscatter from tropopause to 30 km, altitude levels, scattering ratio at each altitude level, and aerosol backscattering coefficient at each altitude level. An image has been produced to represent the data collected for each granule.\n\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n Email: support-asdc@earthdata.nasa.gov\n WWW: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n Project Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Physics Department\n Hampton University\n Hampton, VA 23668\n USA\n Phone: (757) 728-6867\n Email: pat.mccormick@hamptonu.edu\n Mary T. Osborn\n SAIC\n Atmospheric Science Division - Aerosol\n Research Branch\n Mail Stop 475\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n\n References:\n Fuller, W. H., Osborn, M. T., and Hunt, W. H. 48-Inch Lidar Aerosol\n Measurements Taken at the Langley Research Center - May 1974 to December 1987. \n NASA RP-1209, 1988.\n\n Osborn, M. T., R. J. DeCoursey, C. R., Trepte, D. M. Winker, and\n D. C. Woods, Evolution of the Pinatubo Volcanic Cloud Over Hampton, Virginia,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 22, No. 9, May 1, 1995, pp 1101-1104.\n\n Russell, Philip B., Swissler, Thomas J., and McCormick, M. Patrick,\n Methodology for Error Analysis and Simulation of Lidar Aerosol\n Measurements. Appl. Opt., vol. 18, no. 22, Nov. 15, 1979, pp. 3783-3797.\n\n Woods, D. C., M. T. Osborn, D., M. Winker, R. J. DeCoursey, and\n O. Youngbluth, 48-inch Lidar Aerosol Measurements Taken at the Langley Research\n Center - July 1991 to December 1992. NASA RP-1334, 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1564b40-d4ae-4e5b-b925-411b93cb68c5", - "label": "CHaNGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project is a multidisciplinary investigation of coastal system response to sea-level rise, climate dynamics, and geomorphic change at the East Carolina University.\n\nhttp://www2.ecu.edu/geol/CHaNGE/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c17d7b85-708d-49ab-82ad-3fa84840c81b", - "label": "AOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Ocean Experiment (AOE) 2001 was a multi-disciplinary\nprogram sponsored by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat in\ncollaboration with several other institutions including the\nStockholm University and the NOAA's Environmental Technologies\nLaboratory in Boulder Colorado. During a 2-1/2 month period\nbeginning in late-June, 2001, the Swedish Maritime\nAdministration Icebreaker Oden became the host platform for\nscientists and support personnel from 13 different countries\nworking in the fields of Oceanography, Geology, Ice and Aerosol\nPhysics, Marine Biology, Atmospheric Chemistry and\nMeteorology. The principal goal of the Atmospheric Program was\nto enhance understanding about how natural sources of\natmospheric aerosols affect climate through impact on the\nradiation balance. This case study presents data from 5 July\n2001 to 26 Aug 2001 and covers a region from 80N to 90N latitude\nand from 15W to 15E longitude.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/aoe2001/aoe2001.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2ff36f2-6845-44d6-8074-eeff162b1c4b", - "label": "AM-DTR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The project addresses Antarctic meteorology and interaction between the atmosphere, snow and ice. The specific study topics are:\n- snow and ice surface albedo\n- radiative fluxes and cloud radiative forcing\n- snow properties and thermodynamics \n- mesoscale meteorology\n- boundary layer meteorology\n\nThe project is carried out in co-operation between University of Helsinki and Finnish Meteorological Institute.\n\nProject URL: http://www.fimr.fi/en/etelamanner/etelamanner-tutkimus/tutkimusprojektit/meteorologia.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c35c505c-3ef9-4364-aec2-369fadb20302", - "label": "CIOSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The primary purpose of CIOSS is to establish a cooperative (federal-academic) center of excellence for research involving satellite remote sensing of the ocean and the air-sea interface. CIOSS’ research themes are: 1) satellite sensors and techniques; 2) ocean-atmosphere fields and fluxes; 3) ocean-atmosphere models and data assimilation; 4) ocean-atmosphere analyses; and 5) outreach, education and training. These research themes are aligned to achieve four goals:\n\n1) Foster and provide a focus for research related to NOAA’s mission responsibilities and strategic objectives in the coastal and open ocean, emphasizing those aspects of oceanography and air-sea interaction that utilize satellite data, along with models of oceanic and atmospheric circulation.\n\n2) Collaborate with NOAA research scientists in using satellite ocean remote sensing through: evaluation, validation, and improvement of data products from existing and planned instruments; development of new multi-sensor products, models, and assimilation techniques; and investigation and creation of new approaches for satellite data production, distribution, and management.\n\n3) Improve the effectiveness of graduate-level education and expand the scientific training and research experiences available to graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and scientists from NOAA and other governmental laboratories and facilities.\n\n4) Educate and train research scientists, students, policy makers and the public to use, and to appreciate the use of, satellite data in research that improves our understanding of the ocean and overlying atmosphere.\n\n[Summary provided by: http://cioss.coas.oregonstate.edu/ ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3e4cc88-5f3e-418d-a49d-2c34c289c4a3", - "label": "ARCSS/GISP2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2), initiated in 1988, was the\nfirst project funded under the Arctic System Science (ARCSS)\nprogram. Studies of the GISP2 ice cores and companion European cores\n(the GReenland Ice core Project, or GRIP, cores) ushered in a new era\nof continuous, high-resolution, multi-parameter paleoenvironmental\ninvestigation.\n\nThe GISP2 cores offered a high-resolution archive of more than 110,000\nyears of global change history, including at least the last\ninterglacial-to-glacial cycle. They provide the longest such record\navailable from the Northern Hemisphere. Scientists studying the GISP2\ncores analyzed ice stratigraphy, trapped gases and their stable\nisotopes, stable isotopes in ice, particulates, major and trace\nelement chemistry of ice, ice conductivity, and physical properties of\nthe cores. The detailed paleoenvironmental history revealed by GISP2\nresearch has greatly expanded our understanding of global change and\nearth system science.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://gust.sr.unh.edu/GISP2/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c425d73d-0f4a-4691-8ff2-6d30a09c46a3", - "label": "CINDY 2011", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Background:\n\nMadden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), which is the dominant intraseasonal mode in the tropics, is known as a phenomenon which has a strong impact on not only the tropical climate but also the global climate through the interaction with El Nino, monsoon, tropical cyclone genesis, and so on.\n\nObjectives:\n\nThe aim of the field experiment CINDY2011 is to collect in-situ atmospheric and oceanic data to study MJO over the equatorial Indian Ocean, with a focus on the initiation process. Key scientific issures are 1) evolution of moisture (and moist static energy), 2) relationships between the evolution and meso-scale convective systems, and 3) roles of the equatorial wave and sea surface condition. \n\nObservational Plan:\n\nWide-areal observation network will be constructed over the central Indian Ocean with ships, land-based sites, and a mooring array as a multi-national effort. Currently, intensive observation is scheduled from October 2011 to January 2012.\n\nData Policy:\n\nCINDY2011/DYNAMO adopts 'timely release and free/open sharing data policy' for all data obtained during field campaign.\n\nFor more information, see http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/cindy/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5286f59-b881-44e6-985a-cbef54d73474", - "label": "ACE-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) took\nplace from 16 June till 24 July, 1997, over the sub-tropical\nNorth-East Atlantic.\n\nThe choice of the area and time period was based on the\nfollowing considerations. The area is characterized by large\nscale subsidence and therefore by the existence of a distinct\ntemperature inversion separating the marine boundary layer\n(MBL) from the free troposphere FT. Earlier observations\n(ASTEX, Prospero, Raes, ?) have shown that in he MBL of the\nN.E. Atlantic clean air alternates with anthropogenic pollution\nfrom Europe and possibly from N. America (ASTEX, McGovern, see\ndiscussion below). In the FT aloft, clean air masses alternate\nwith mineral dust transported out of N. Africa (Propspero,\nRaes). The area thus offers opportunities for studying the\ncharacteristics of various aerosol types. Furthermore, the\ndynamics of the MBL in this area are reasonably well understood\n(ASTEX) so that Lagrangian experiments could be planned\nfocusing on aerosol processing during transport over the\nocean. In addition, the area offers good opportunities to study\nthe interaction of aerosol! s with the low level MBL\nstratiform clouds.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Determine the physical, chemical, radiative and cloud\nnucleating properties of the major aerosol types in the North\nAtlantic region and investigate the relationships between these\nproperties.\n\n2. Quantify the physical and chemical processes controlling the\nevolution of the major aerosol types and in particular their\nphysical, chemical, radiative and cloud nucleating processes.\n\n3. Develop procedures to extrapolate aerosol properties and\nprocesses from the local to regional and global scale, and\nassess the regional direct and indirect radiative forcing by\naerosols in the North Atlantic region.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ei.jrc.it/ace2/tellusov.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Frank Raes 1, Timothy Bates 2,\nGe' Verver 3, Daan Vogelenzang 3 and Marc Van Liedekerke1]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c530c6f9-844a-45a3-8bb2-5e33c33fc3c3", - "label": "COMPLEX MONITORING AND ELABORAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Substantiation of Activity\nProtected natural areas (PAS) are national patrimony objects. PAS are very important in nature conservation, especially in preservation of environmental standards and plant and animal gene pools, and in maintenance of ecological balance. PAS are conductive to renewal of natural resources and improve the quality of human environment.\nThe importance of ecological monitoring in the Arctic and Subarctic zones within the framework of the International Polar Year is due to a low level of stability of the Arctic, Subarctic and northern Taiga ecosystems under the pressure of anthropogenic load and, consequently, their high vulnerability.\nComplex ecological research is planned on the territory of the reserves heavily affected by pollution: the Kostomukshskii and the Pasvik state nature reserves. The Kostomukshskii reserve is situated in the north-eastern Karelia, near the border with Finland. In 1990, a Russian-Finnish reserve “Druzhba” (“Friendship”) was founded, represented by the Kostomukshskii reserve on the Russian side and by five isolated PAS on the Finnish side. An ore mining and processing enterprise (OMPE) is situated very close to the reserve, emitting into the atmosphere up to 60-70 thousand tons of pollutants annually, including up to 50 thousand tons of sulphur dioxide. The Pasvik reserve is situated in the Pechanga district of the Murmansk region, in the River Pas catchment area, near the border with Norway. An OMPE “Pechanganikel’” is situated at a distance of 15 kilometres from the reserve, emitting into the atmosphere up to 260 thousand tons of sulphur dioxide, 300 tons of nickel and 230 tons of copper annually.\n\nMain research objectives\nDevelopment and implementation of a program of complex PAS monitoring, for development of rational schemes of nature protection and management in PAS.\nDevelopment and implementation of an IAS on PAS of the Russian Polar Zone on the basis of GIS technologies, for support of management decisions.\nEcological education and increasing public awareness of PAS as a mechanism of wildlife conservation.\n\nResearch stages\nStage 1. Collection of information available in the library stocks and its analytical review.\nStage 2. Creation of a set of basic digital cartographic materials on the territories in question, development and substantiation of information system structure and composition of information resources.\nStage 3. Complex field research at the pilot objects, including eco-geochemical testing and other specialised investigations.\nStage 4. Chemical-analytical investigations.\nStage 5. Office studies of the materials collected and the incoming analytical data. Compilation of the factual information bank.\nStage 6. Development of a programme of complex monitoring (involving climate, eco-geochemical, landscape and biocenological, social and ethnographic factors, economic activity, management, etc.).\nStage 7. Elaboration and implementation of an IAS of PAS, loaded with data on specific objects.\nStage 8. PAS popularisation by means of development of a web-site “Polar Zone PAS”, reports and publications.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=284", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c588df37-65b7-4c59-8b6f-94259f1b17ba", - "label": "AAWS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Project supports a network of automated weather stations designed to record meteorological information in Antarctica and other locations.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c72fe5bf-6ec6-48bc-9888-257db1daf0af", - "label": "ATDD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The primary objective of this A-Train virtual data portal/center, the A-Train\nData Depot (ATDD), is to process, archive, provide access, visualize, analyze\nand correlate distributed atmosphere measurements from various A-Train\ninstruments along A-Train tracks. \n\nThe ATDD will enable the free movement of remotely located A-Train data, so\nthat, they are combined to create a consolidated, almost synoptic, vertical\nview of the Earth's Atmosphere. Once the infrastructure of the ATDD is in\nplace, it will be easily evolved to serve data from all A-Train data\nmeasurements: one-stop-shopping.\n\nThe first data products being prepared for ATDD are Aqua/MODIS products\nsubsetted along the CloudSat ground track and Aura/MLS scan track.\n\n[Text from the A-Train Data Depot Home Page \nhttp://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/atdd/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c77e30a6-521f-4663-b185-f58f544fb7ce", - "label": "CASP II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) II was conducted near the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland , Canada, from 15 January through 15 March 1992 to improve understanding and prediction of the mesoscale structure of east coast storms and to improve understanding of the interaction between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice (Stewart, R.E., 1991: Canadian Atlantic Storms Program: Progress and Plans of the Meteorological Component, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,72,364-371). Data were collected from aircraft, the local meteorological network, a special &mesonet&, and Doppler radar. This case study presents data from 26 Feb 1992 to 27 Feb 1992 and covers a region from 35N to 55N latitude and from 80W to 40W longitude. The data for this experiment is under Working Group 3 (Extratropical Layer Cloud Systems) of the GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) to improve physical parameterizations of clouds, other boundary layer processes, and their interactions. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/casp/casp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c77f71dc-57b5-4579-bba4-6f1a743f76d3", - "label": "COMITE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: COMITE Data Set Home Page, http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Endorsed-projects/COMITE-December-2011 ]\n\nTemperature is a major driver of microbial plankton metabolism and ecosystem function although its interactions with other variables such as nutrient availability or predation pressure have precluded a comprehensive assessment of its role in the coastal ocean. Ecological theories linking temperature to metabolism, body size and abundance have been successfully applied to many groups of organisms including phytoplankton, with heterotrophic bacteria being frequently left aside. For instance, the growing consensus that bacterial biomass will increase in a warmer ocean likely characterized by lower phytoplankton biomass contradicts the predictions of the metabolic theory of ecology. Unraveling the reasons for this apparent departure underlies the objectives of this project. Both the biodiversity and functioning of pelagic ecosystems will likely be affected by temperature changes.\n\nCOMITE will address the effects of future warming on the ecology and biogeochemical role of temperate coastal microbial assemblages through three different approaches:\n\n1. a retrospective analysis of the linkages between temperature, other environmental drivers and bacterial community structure and size-abundance relationships in a coastal time-series initiated in 2002 off Xixón, Spain (southern Bay of Biscay);\n \n2. monthly experiments assessing the response of different bacterial groups to ambient temperature plus -3 and +3ºC over a complete annual cycle;\n \n3. comprehensive evaluation of the temperature-dependence of organic matter fluxes through microbial plankton at four significant oceanographic periods (spring phytoplankton bloom, summer stratification, autumn bloom and winter mixing).\n\nThe final goal of COMITE data analysis is to build a predictive, testable model on the effects of realistic temperature rises on the biogeochemical role of oceanic bacteria. Among other novel approaches, the project will:\n\n1. test for the first time whether enhanced metabolism due to higher temperature will result in lower bacterial biomass;\n \n2. integrate bacterial phylogenetic and physiological structure within the temperature response as formulated in the metabolic theory of ecology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7878548-e3ea-4342-aaa7-1ae2ea4c8459", - "label": "CIESIN/IPCC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7d20b32-60c5-4f18-a237-7757d39af31a", - "label": "CYGNSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Launched on 15 December 2016, CYGNSS is a NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder Mission that is intended to collect the first frequent space‐based measurements of surface wind speeds in the inner core of tropical cyclones. Made up of a constellation of eight micro-satellites, the observatories provide nearly gap-free Earth coverage using an orbital inclination of approximately 35° from the equator, with a mean (i.e., average) revisit time of seven hours and a median revisit time of three hours. This inclination allows CYGNSS to measure ocean surface winds between approximately 38° N and 38° S latitude. This range includes the critical latitude band for tropical cyclone formation and movement. CYGNSS is NASA’s first mission to perform surface remote sensing using an existing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7e34000-213b-4b0e-abc1-dd51215266a2", - "label": "CLAMS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurments for Satellites (CLAMS)\nis a satellite validation experiment.\n\nThe primary objectives of CLAMS is to validate satellite retrievals of\naerosols, radiative flux profiles, temperature, water vapor profiles,\nand sea surface temperature.\n\nCLAMS will help us determine how to account for platform efects in the\nmeasurement of upwelling radiation.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www-clams.larc.nasa.gov/clams/overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c81e704f-ab9e-4e3d-91b4-42fc78d4abe3", - "label": "CTM2009-08154-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8962003-c42d-4788-9b2b-60ebaff5de67", - "label": "BDAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BDAT contains environmental data concerning the San Francisco Bay-Delta and provides public access to that data. Over fifty organizations contribute data voluntarily to this project. The database includes biological, water quality, and meteorological data. These can be used to gauge the health of the estuary and to manage water and environmental resources.\n\nBDAT is a part of the California Environmental Data Exchange Network (CEDEN), which includes projects and organizations from all parts of the state. Find out how you can contribute and benefit from participation in CEDEN.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://bdat.ca.gov/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8cf348a-3658-43d2-a0b9-8fd59e0db757", - "label": "BOREAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was a large-scale international interdisciplinary experiment in the boreal forests of central Canada. Its focus was improving our understanding of the exchanges of radiative energy, sensible heat, water, CO2 and trace gases between the boreal forest and the lower atmosphere. A primary objective of BOREAS was to collect the data needed to improve computer simulation models of the important processes controlling these exchanges so that scientists can anticipate the effects of global change on the biome. A BOREAS follow-on project extended and built upon the original BOREAS goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cae49dd9-0883-44dc-9644-d54357fa7271", - "label": "ATMOPOL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ATMOPOL\nProject URL: http://www.unis.no/staff_homepages/RolandK/ATMOPOL.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=76\n\nThe project aims at establishing a long-term Arctic-Antarctic network of monitoring stations for atmospheric monitoring of anthropogenic pollution. Based upon the long and excellent experiences with different scientific groups performing air monitoring within the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), an expanded network will be established including all AMAP stations and all major Antarctic 'year-around' research stations. As an integrated project within the 'International Polar Year 2007-08' initiative, the ATMOPOL co-operation intend to:\n\n- Establish a long-term coordinated international Arctic-Antarctic contaminant programme.\n- Develop and implement a joint sampling and monitoring strategy as an official guideline for all participating stations.\n- Support bi-polar international atmospheric research with high-quality data on atmospheric long-range transport of contaminants (sources, pathways and fate).\n- Support future risk assessment of contaminants for Polar Regions based on effects of relevant contamination levels and polar organisms\n\nBased upon the well-established experiences of circum-Arctic atmospheric contaminant monitoring in the Arctic under the AMAP umbrella, a bi-polar atmospheric contaminant network will be established and maintained. In conjunction with the polar network of atmospheric monitoring stations for air pollution, surface-based and satellite instrumentation will be utilised to provide the characterization of the Arctic atmospheric-water-ice cycle. Together with numerical weather prediction and chemical transport model calculations, simultaneous measurements of pollutants at various locations in the Arctic and Antarctic will enhance our understanding of chemical transport and distribution as well as their long-term atmospheric trends. In addition to investigating the importance of atmospheric transport of pollutants an understanding of the transference and impact of these pollutants on both terrestrial and marine environments will be sought. A secretariat and a 'scientific project board' will be established. During this initial phase of the project (2006), a guideline on priority target compounds, sampling strategies, equipment and instrumentation, analytical requirements, as well as quality assurance protocols (including laboratory intercalibration exercises) will be developed and implemented. \n\nThe ATMOPOL initiative aims to address highly relevant environmental change processes and, thus, will strive to answering the following scientific questions:\n- How does climate change influence the atmospheric long-range transport of pollutants?\n- Are environmental scientists able to fill the gaps in international pollution inventories and identification of possible sources for atmospheric pollution in Polar Regions?\n- What are the differences in transport pathways and distribution patterns of various atmospheric pollutants between Arctic and Antarctic environments? Why are there such differences?\n- What is the final fate of atmospherically transported pollutants and how does this impact on the environment and indigenous people?\n\nIn order to understand the underlying atmospheric chemistry of pollution, e.g. atmospheric mercury deposition events, routine surface measurements of UV radiation as well as campaign related measurements of UV radiation profiles will also be included.The project will establish a cooperative network on atmospheric contaminant monitoring in Polar Regions far beyond the IPY 2007/08 period and is, thus, planned as an 'open-end' programme. All produced data will be available for all participating institutions for scientific purposes as basis for joint publications and reports from the ATMOPOL database to be developed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caf420b8-fd11-4c59-acdc-58176f8db734", - "label": "COMAAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Project URL: http://www.ans.kiruna.se/meetings/comaar/info.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=305\n\nCOMAAR will be established as a consortium under the auspices of the Arctic Council, composed of AC Working Groups, major observation and monitoring networks, platforms/observatories, government agencies and other relevant institutions involved in observation and monitoring in the Arctic. The main objectives of COMAAR are to increase effectiveness and efficiency in the use of infrastructure, personnel and funding, and to improve coordination for sustained long-term time series observations and for data handling.\n\nCOMAAR will bring together conventional scientific approaches to observation and monitoring with local and traditional knowledge approaches. This will lead to synergies and added value in data availability that will underpin a new generation of scientific analysis, publications and assessments for policy making. At the same time, COMAAR will facilitate communication between the scientific community and Arctic residents, as well as society at large that will lead to a better understanding of living conditions and resource availability as well as new opportunities for the next generation of researchers. COMAAR will provide a united front to enhance sustainability of existing observatories/platforms and the development of new observatories/platforms, methodologies and technologies.\n\nCOMAAR will be managed by a Steering Committee with balanced representation from different disciplines. Coordination tasks will be undertaken by task teams and thematic and multidisciplinary panels that will be set up to address specific issues that will change over time. They include: establishing centralised data and metadata bases for monitoring and observation of the Arctic, harmonisation and standardisation of methods and metadata, data and metadata handling, and providing information for an Arctic portal. COMAAR will also provide a forum for continuous consultation and interaction between consortium partners. They will meet at regular intervals and in varying configurations to move the coordination process forward.\n\nCOMAAR will contribute to: improved capacity for assessing and predicting the current and future state of the Arctic, substantially more efficient overall access to data, improved data management protocols and quality controlled data, international information sharing and dissemination of data, increased capability to identify gaps in the current knowledge base, improved linkages and understanding between Arctic residents, science researchers, logistics operators, political decision makers, funding agencies, and educators, improved knowledge transfer and information flow between platforms and user groups.\n\nMajor deliverables provided by COMAAR will include:\n-bridges among a range of multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral stakeholders within and outside the Arctic Council,\n-coordinated input of observation and monitoring metadata and data for an Arctic portal, a global system of systems, international and regional conventions and other regulatory frameworks,\n-coordinated major multi-disciplinary baseline data sets, agreed metadata, operating guidelines, and protocols,\n-a forum for continuous consultation and regular meetings of consortium partners.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb1b59bf-aba6-4b5d-8be5-a2b34e523b5c", - "label": "ARCSS/SCICEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "SCICEX is a 5 year program (1995-1999) in which the Navy has made\navailable a Sturgeon-class, nuclear powered, attack submarine for\nunclassified science cruises to the Arctic Ocean. Beginning with a\ntest cruise in 1993, civilian scientists together with Navy personnel\nhave collected a variety of information on the geology, physics,\nchemistry and biology of this critical region. The unmatched mobility\nof submarines in ice covered oceans has allowed data to be collected\nfrom over 100,000 miles of shiptrack in the Arctic providing samples\nfrom some regions that have never before been visited. The purpose of\nthis page is twofold; 1) to make public information about the program\nand some of its accomplishments; and 2) to provide for exchange of\ndata collected during the program by the scientist involved.\n\nFor mor einformation, link to 'http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/SCICEX/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb7afa44-df4a-424c-8b2d-b26e447b0274", - "label": "ASHOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "In March through November 1994, the NASA ER-2 flew out of Barbers\nPoint, Hawaii, and Christchurch, New Zealand. These flights\nconstituted the ASHOE/MAESA mission.\n\nThe ASHOE part of the mission was intended to examine the causes of\nozone loss in the Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere and to\ninvestigate how the loss is related to polar, mid-latitude, and\ntropical processes\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/Public/Analysis/aircraft/ashoe/ashoe.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb8b22c9-75a2-463a-92e9-08b9576e7185", - "label": "CASTNET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) and the\nNational Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) were developed\nto monitor dry and wet acid deposition,\nrespectively. Monitoring site locations are predominantly rural\nby design to assess the relationship between regional pollution\nand changes in regional patterns in deposition. CASTNET also\nincludes measurements of rural ozone and the chemical\nconstituents of PM 2.5. Rural monitoring sites of NADP and\nCASTNET provide data where sensitive ecosystems are located and\nprovide insight into natural background levels of pollutants\nwhere urban influences are minimal. These data provide needed\ninformation to scientists and policy analysts to study and\nevaluate numerous environmental effects, particularly those\ncaused by regional sources of emissions for which long range\ntransport plays an important role. Measurements from these\nnetworks are also important for understanding non-ecological\nimpacts of air pollution such as visibil! ity impairment and\ndamage to materials, particularly those of cultural and\nhistorical importance.\n\nCASTNET stations measure:\n\n1. weekly average atmospheric concentrations of sulfate,\nnitrate, ammonium, sulfur dioxide, and nitric acid.\n\n2. hourly concentrations of ambient ozone levels.\n\n3. meteorological conditions required for caclulating dry\ndeposition rates\n\n[For more information, link to\n'http://www.epa.gov/castnet/'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbcdf37a-0921-4a20-8f4a-00cb40b43098", - "label": "ALPEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Alpine Experiment is historical data set DSI-9684 archived at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The last major field experiment of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) evolved from its sub-program on the Air-Flow Over and Around Mountains, called Alpine Experiment (ALPEX).\n\nThe project has focused on circulations due to wind forcing, including storm surges in the Adriatic and Western Mediterranean Sea. This project was in direct support of the World Meteorological Organization with 20 nations taking part in the project. The specific tasks of the project were: \n\n1. To investigate the mechanism of cyclogenesis in the lee of mountains, \n2. To study local mountain wind phenomena such as foehn, mistral and bora, \n3. To determine the total drag of a mountain - complex (Alps), \n4. To measure the vertical flux of horizontal momentum in lee - waves, \n5. To observe orographic influences on precipitation, floods, and heat budget.\n\nThe world data center for meteorology located in the NCDC provides information on ALPEX data transferred to NCDC from the designated ALPEX collection centers. Information is available on selected national archive data upon request. Information may be provided for: \n\n1. ALPEX quick-look data sets (a) microfilm, (b) digital.\n2. Special platform data (research ACFT data). \n3. Level II-b (dropwindsonde data). \n4. Level III-b (ALPEX analysis data). \n5. Special satellite data.\n6. U.S. National holding data.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/NCDC/C00188.xml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd13c126-6597-487e-9648-138541c1a1da", - "label": "AGLANDS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Purpose: To provide data on the extent of croplands for research on human-environment interactions.\n\nAbstract: The Global Croplands data set represents the proportion of land areas used as cropland (land used for the cultivation of food) in the year 2000. Satellite data from Modetate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) Image Vegetation sensor were combined with agricultural inventory data to create a global data set. The visual presentation of this data demonstrates the extent to which human land use for agriculture has changed the Earth and in which areas this change is most intense. The data was compiled by Navin Ramankutty , et. al. (2008) and distributed by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd94d60b-3b63-44a8-b513-a41ab9651ef2", - "label": "ASInv", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda4025c-b996-442d-90f9-1b75af7ff6e6", - "label": "AAE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Sir Douglas Mawson (1882-1958) is Australia's most renowned Antarctic\nscientist and explorer. In 1911 Mawson organized and commanded the\nAustralasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE 1911-14) and was the sole\nsurvivor of a three-man sledging journey that ended tragically. While\nthere, they studies the landscape and the ecosystem of the Antarctic.\n\nFor additional information on Sir Douglas Mawson and the project link\nto 'http://209.207.189.31/antarctic/history/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce460962-f74d-459d-977c-97b6c6f06dd0", - "label": "ARCTIC CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of the Arctic Climatology Project was to compile digital\ndata on arctic regions to expand scientific understanding of the\nArctic.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://nsidc.org/data/g01938.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cec590d3-556e-4600-88e0-cd0498875890", - "label": "AMES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Studies (AMES)\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=131\n\nThe Southern Ocean marine ecosystem has been exploited commercially for over 200 years, resulting in large shifts in ecosystem structure, as different elements of the marine food web have been intensely exploited. Over the last 25 years the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) has not only managed the currently exploited species but has also taken a global lead in developing ecosystem-based management methods. Now the recognition that polar regions are undergoing substantial climate change heightens the urgency to understand how exploited marine ecosystems can be sustainably managed in an environment that is both extremely variable and changing.\n \nIn this core program we will study the biomass and production capacity of large marine ecosystems, focusing particularly on the geographic distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill, plankton and nekton, considering a combination of factors such as the interaction between species life cycles, ocean circulation, frontal systems, sea-ice cover, food supply, and concentration of vertebrate predators, such as fish, birds, and marine mammals. We will provide an integrated view of the communities and their functioning within the oceanic ecosystems. This will be done through ecosystem-based surveys to map the biological production at all trophic levels, and by comparing the trophic structure and interactions. Such studies are vital for the development of integrated large-ecosystem models that can be used to manage exploited species in an open ocean pelagic environment. \n\nSome component projects will cover large spatial regions such as the Southwest Atlantic at relatively low resolution while others focus on smaller areas to study in more detail the role of key species within the trophic web and consider the effect of seasonality. Key physical processes within the marine ecosystems will be monitored and modelled to establish the physical framework for exploring the variability of the biological production.\n\nObjectives: Obtain a synoptic circumpolar assessment of the Antarctic marine pelagic resources, their environment, food supply and their main predators. \n\nMajor field program activities:\n- Undertake quasi-synoptic multi-disciplinary hydrographic (CTD) and biological (hydroacousticsand biological sampling) studies from the ice-edge or Antarctic continent northward across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Polar Front. These studies will cover key regions of the Southern Ocean and presently include the Southwest and Southeast Atlantic, the Ross and Weddell Seas.\n- Census the large-scale distribution of predators and determine the interaction with prey.\n- Determine the Circumpolar demography and population dynamics of key species\n- Determine interaction of key species with seasonal sea ice in the ice-covered areas of the Weddell and Ross Seas.\n- Determine seasonal variation in pelagic ecosystem\n\nModelling studies: \nThe results from the field program activities will fill existing gaps in the quantitative experimental data available for input to conceptual ecosystem models (148, 397, 130) to explore the production potential of the systems and the effects of different harvesting regime. Development of such models will form a key part of both this Program and also a key link to the modelling work undertaken within the ICED Program (417).\n \nLinkages:\nThe science goals of this Program depend on close integration between physical oceanography (of both continental margin and open ocean environments), biogeochemistry, ecology, sea ice studies and meteorology. In addition to the component projects within the Resources cluster we will also develop cross cluster linkages to ensure full inter-disciplinary integration. The division of IPY EOIs into disciplinary clusters is a necessary but artificial distinction. The science goals of CCAMLR depend on close integration between physical oceanography (of both continental margin and open ocean environments), biogeochemistry, ecology, sea ice studies, meteorology (EoI 16, 83, 109, 193, 417, 577).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d008094b-2a76-440c-90e2-1dcab4444e8a", - "label": "AQ-NWP100", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AQ-NWP100\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=338\n\nThe objective of the Arctic Quest project is to promote an increased interest and understanding of the arctic polar region internationally through the sharing of art of the 25 artists involved in the project between the North and South, from East to West in Canada and beyond. The goals of the Arctic Quest project are to form new connections with international artists and to cultivate vital cultural links between southern Canada's artistic community and Inuit artists at both professional and student levels, and to expose the resulting body of art to the Polar region communities and the international public to increase appreciation and awareness and stimulate interest in the fragile Polar region. \n\nFor the first phase of the project 25 artists from Canada and the United will begin in 2006 with an Arctic voyage celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the first successful navigation of the Northwest Passage by Roald Amundsen. They will follow in the footsteps of famous explorers and great artists that have inspired them. They will paint the landscape, people, flora and fauna and weather as they interpret it. This voyage in Canadian, Greenland (Danish) and International waters, will retrace some of the early explorers and artists original routes, stopping periodically to sketch, paint and photograph what they see. After 12 days at sea, the group will return to their studios and record and develop their experiences in paint.\n\nDuring the second phase of the project the artists will share their artistic interpretations in an extensive series of exhibitions throughout 2007 and 2008, planned to coincide with International Circumpolar Year. The Arctic Quest Exhibition is planned to contain artwork of early explorers, representatives of the Group of Seven (Harris, Varley, and A.Y. Jackson), Doris McCarthy and Maurice Haycock (two artists inspired by the Group of Seven) as well as the works of the 25 contemporary artists, who have been in turn inspired by those who went before. Works of Inuit artists will also be included.\n\nBoth elements of the project are supported by a variety of educational, outreach and legacy initiatives. For example, the Arctic Quest voyage will include art shows of local Inuit talents, invitations of local Inuit artists aboard the vessel, painting workshops with children to develop artistic skills and donations of artist materials to communities visited during the expedition. In addition the project will restore and dedicate the yellow cabin in Pangnirtung built by artist Maurice Haycock in 1926 during a year's surveying assignment with the Geological Survey of Canada. A restoration plan would be developed with the community: some thoughts at this time include a historic site, art library, art store, artist studio, or all of the above. As well, a cairn commemorating the work of Maurice Haycock will be built by a small group of the artists at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island in close proximity to one built by Dr. Haycock in 1969 in recognition of his friend and painting companion A.Y. Jackson's most northerly painting location in 1927, the year they met. And finally, a documentary film by Janet and John Foster, Gemini Award Winning Film makers, will highlight the artists entire journey with a focus on the historic roots of the expedition, including Amundsen's successful navigation through the Northwest Passage. This documentary will draw attention to the area, the issues related to the arctic such as global warming, sovereignty issues and its sensitive and fragile environment.\n\nThe Arctic Quest Exhibition will travel to communities in Canada, the United States and Norway. Concurrent with the art exhibition, there will be outreach programs, screening of the documentary, art workshops for children, demonstrations of Inuit artistic skills and cultural crafts, and lectures. Inuit painting workshops will be given as part of the Ontario Lieutenant Governor's Twinning Initiative between the North and South. Two book launches will also bring attention to the historic work of the Geological Survey of Canada, plus early settlement by Inuit and exploration by Europeans in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Maurice Haycock's Diary of a year in the arctic in 1927, and Historic Sites in the Canadian Arctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1335d8f-1660-410f-ad44-ea5b28e223bf", - "label": "CD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "China Dimensions (CD) studies change in world populations and how they\naffect the global environemnt. Thier website offers a collection of\nnatural science and socioenomic research and educational\nactivities. It enables reserchers and the public to obtain accurate\nand timely information on the world's most populous country.\n\nForm more information, link to 'http://sedac.ciesin.org/china/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1a71466-3714-44f4-84f9-57c5ae58c5f0", - "label": "AMUNDSEN SEA EMBAYMENT PLAN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project links together multidisciplinary interests in the region of West Antarctica where the ice sheet discharges into the Amundsen Sea. It is one of the most active ice sheet areas, is already contributing a significant fraction of the increasing sea level, and holds the potential to dwarf other sea level contributions in the future. Aside from routine satellite coverage that monitor elevation and surface features, information about the area is limited. Our project will greatly advance our knowledge of ice dynamics of the area, the basal conditions, sub-shelf oceanic interactions, atmospheric transport of incoming snow, and historical record of ice extent. These studies will be conducted with the direct intention of supplying the involved modeling experts with necessary data to construct, initialize and validate advanced full-stress tensor models of ice flow.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/amundsen_sea_embayment/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d27ebf24-f3d3-447b-b4ed-508de97768d7", - "label": "BIPOMAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BIPOMAC\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/BIPOMAC.100+M52087573ab0.0.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=130\n\nPaleoclimatic research indicates that processes and conditions in polar regions play a large role in driving and amplifying global climate variability at centennial to millenial time scales. The outstanding role of polar regions in the global climate system is currently evidenced by the distinct warming of polar regions (e.g. Arctic realm, Antarctic Peninsula) that exceed modern warming on a global scale. Polar processes and conditions include biological cycling and physical circulation in the polar oceans, the formation and distribution of sea ice, the behavior of permafrost areas, atmospheric circulation and transport of water vapor, and the volume and stability of continental ice. Polar and subpolar High-Nutrient-Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) areas may act as CO2 sinks during glacial periods when the increased input of the micronutrient, iron, stimulates primary production. The extent and the seasonal variability of sea ice influences the Earth's albedo, water mass production, heat and gas exchange between the ocean and atmosphere, and biological productivity. Melt water pulses, which alter surface ocean density gradients, may induce rapid climate change. The impact of such environmental events in the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, and Southern Ocean may propagate globally via ocean circulation, through the operation of the 'bipolar seesaw'. New data suggest a less stable Antarctic ice volume than generally presumed, even during cold periods, and shed new light on the vulnerability of the Antarctic ice sheets and their effect on global ocean circulation and sea level change. What is needed now is determined investigation of these diverse processes so a sophisticated picture of the power of polar regions to drive climate change can be assembled.\n\nThe international and multidisciplinary effort within the proposed BIPOMAC network will generate the coordinated, broad-ranging influx of knowledge necessary to clarify the intertwined roles of bipolar ice, ocean, and atmospheric processes in climate evolution and sea level change at different operational modes of the “bipolar climate machinery”. This wave of knowledge will come from carefully selected marine and terrestrial records covering the Pliocene to Holocene from both polar regions. This will also include records from areas that have to date been sparsely investigated, if at all (central Arctic Ocean, Arctic Pacific, NE Siberia, Antarctic Pacific, Antarctic ice shelf). The better understanding of the polar systems will substantially increase our ability to forecast future climate and sea level change, and help us focus our responses to the environmental challenges that we will be facing.\n\nThe BIPOMAC network combines: \n\n(1) Process studies to clarify mechanisms of polar sediment deposition and alteration and quantify the impacts on paleoenvironmental proxies. These studies include that of polar land to ocean sediment transfer, sediment and particle fluxes in the polar seas and lakes, and the paleoecological implications of an experiment in the Scotia Sea to test iron addition as a means for CO2 sequestration.\n\n(2) Paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on well-dated northern and southern polar paleoceanographic, paleolimnological, terrestrial fossil, and continental ice volume/extent records. Study intervals and areas include: \n(a) warmer-than-present Pliocene and Pleistocene intervals from the Canadian Arctic (Beaver Pond, Bylot Island), the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean and expected from NE Siberia (El' gygytgyn) and Antarctic near-shore drillsites (ANDRILL); \n(b) Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles from shelf/coastal lowland permafrost and lake deposits of NE Siberia (e.g. Lake El´gygytgyn), North Greenland terrestrial records and from Patagonian/South American lake sediments; and marine deposits from the continental margin and deep Arctic Ocean, the Arctic and Subarctic Pacific, Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk, North Atlantic, the Indian, Atlantic (Scotia Sea) and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean including near-shore studies in the areas of Prydz Bay, the Antarctic Peninsula and the Ross Sea (e.g. McMurdo Sound); \n(c) the Late Glacial and Holocene documented in terrestrial, permafrost and/or lake deposits from a large variety of locations in the Canadian and Russian Arctic, NE Siberia and Kamtchatka, on Svalbard, Southern Ocean islands and in Antarctic coastal areas (e.g. Prydz Bay) together with marine deposits from the Arctic continental shelf and margin, the Arctic Pacific, Bering Sea and Sea of Okchotsk, the Indian, Atlantic (Scotia Sea) and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. \n\n(3) Numerical modeling of ice-atmosphere-ocean processes to decipher the complex pathway and timing of climate development, its internal amplification and propagation mechanisms (ice/ocean/atmosphere), and the effect of external forcing (insolation/solar activity).\n\nThe BIPOMAC network also includes projects for the development of innovative methods for the enhancement of paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on diatom biomarkers and stable isotopes of biogenic opal and associated organic matter, and the increase in the accuracy of dating with the radiocarbon method in polar, low-carbonate sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d287b7f5-7565-4602-a023-005578328c22", - "label": "CMS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) program is designed to make significant contributions in characterizing, quantifying, understanding, and predicting the evolution of global carbon sources and sinks through improved monitoring of carbon stocks and fluxes. The System uses NASA satellite observations and modeling/analysis capabilities to establish the accuracy, quantitative uncertainties, and utility of products for supporting national and international policy, regulatory, and management activities. CMS data products are designed to inform near-term policy development and planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2b28f7e-eafd-49e8-9c54-41354053d767", - "label": "CUENCAS_SEDIMENTARIAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2f01f81-f934-474d-8ad4-f0cf5e834217", - "label": "ARSLOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARSLOE was sponsored jointly by the Coastal Engineering Research\nCenter (CERC) of the US Army Corps of Engineers and the National\nOcean Survey (now Service) of NOAA; it was conducted from 6 October\nto 30 November 1980 in the area off Duck, NC, near the CERC Field\nResearch Facility. The data were collected using modern electronic\nsensors such as EM current meters, waveriders, wave staffs and\npressure gauges. Instrument type and characteristics, position,\nmean sea level, initial time, time span of the data sample and\nsampling period are reported for each series of measurements.\nDepending on the type of instrument used and data collected, data\nare reported in eight alternate data records. These contain: 1) EM\ncurrent meter data (east and north components); 2) Baylor gauge\ndata (water level); 3) pressure gauge data (water pressure); 4)\nwaverider data (wave displacement); 5) wave direction buoy (wave\ndisplacement, east and north wave slope components); 6) wave\nspectra (co- and quadspectra); 7) wave data (angular Fourier\ncoefficients); and 8) three-axis current meter data (east and north\ncomponents).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3e59590-c9b4-46f2-9f66-e7de357935f5", - "label": "AMERIFLUX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AmeriFlux Program is a network of CO2 flux measurement sites\nthroughout North and Central America. The AmeriFlux network is\nintended to address complex issues relating to the global carbon cycle\nby contributing to the understanding of factors that regulate rates of\nuptake and net sequestration of CO2 by major biomes. The AmeriFlux is\na cooperative program with funding from a number of federal agencies\nincluding Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Commerce/NOAA,\nU.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, NASA, and the\nNational Science Foundation (NSF).\n\nThe challenges for AmeriFlux are to; (1) extend surface-atmosphere CO2\nflux studies in the spatial domain, producing a continental-scale data\nbase for evaluating the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to\nsequester carbon, (2) understand the analogous phenomena in a broad\nrange of major ecosystem types of potential importance in the global\ncarbon budget, (3) extend studies in the temporal domain to define the\nimpact of climate variation and climate change on carbon exchange\nbetween the atmosphere and major biomes at decadal time scales, and,\n(4) contribute to a global data base needed for global carbon cycle\nmodel testing and validation. [from the AmeriFlux Science Plan]\n\nFor more information on the AmeriFlux Program including particpants\nand data access, see:\n\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d42b7d24-a2b0-4fc6-b2a7-d9b21acd7e1c", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/NEW", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to\nstudy the properties of the Arctic ocean, atmosphere, sea-ice and\nbiology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near\nnortheastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding\nof Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program will\nevaluate the magnitude and temporal variability of biologically\nproduced large particulate organic material, its flux to the benthos,\nand its fate using a variety of complimentary experimental techniques.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4dd9cfc-2625-4d4d-9b5b-67bb541baa8d", - "label": "Aqua", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'Aqua', Latin for 'water,' is a NASA Earth Science satellite mission\nnamed for the large amount of information that the mission will be\ncollecting about the Earth's water cycle, including evaporation from\nthe oceans, water vapor in the atmosphere, clouds, precipitation, soil\nmoisture, sea ice, land ice, and snow cover on the land and\nice. Additional variables also being measured by Aqua include\nradiative energy fluxes, aerosols, vegetation cover on the land,\nphytoplankton and dissolved organic matter in the oceans, and air,\nland, and water temperatures.\n\nAqua is one of a series of spacebased platforms that are central to\nNASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), a long term study of the scope,\ndynamics and implications of global change. The Aqua program is\ncomposed of Aqua and other spacecraft (including Terra and Aura) and a\ndata distribution system (ESDIS, and Mission Operations Center\nImplementation Team). Multidisciplinary teams of scientists and\nresearchers from North and South America, Asia, Australia and Europe\nwill put the data to work.\n\nThe Aqua mission is a part of the NASA-centered international Earth\nObserving System (EOS). Aqua was formerly named EOS PM, signifying its\nafternoon equatorial crossing time. Aqua was launched May 4, 2002.\n\nFor more information on the Aqua mission, see:\nhttps://aqua.nasa.gov/ \n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\nhttps://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5664e55-9eb2-45df-8325-236607ef870a", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII/ITEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Science Summary:\nThe aim of this research is to analyze the role of temperature, light, and nutrient availability in regulating primary production of arctic tundra ecosytems at several levels of ecological organization and at different time scales. The research is organized around three general hypotheses about the mechanisms reeulating adjustments of primary production in response to short- and long-term variation in climate. The basic idea is that different mechanisms control the responses to climate at different levels of ecological organization and at different time scales. In order to obtain useful predictions of the effects of climate change on primary production, a better understanding of relationships between these interacting mechanisms of adjustment to climate change is needed. To test the three general hypotheses, this five-year program of research will focus on an integrated series of field experiments in moist tussock tundra at Toolik Lake, Alaska. The mechanisms to be studied include those operating at the physiological level (e.g., photosynthesis), the whole-plant level (storage and recycling, changes in allocation and biomass turnover), the species and ecotype levels (constraints on nutrient use efficiency and growth rates), and the whole-ecosystem level (climate controls on soil nutrient supply). This project is part of International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). It is funded within the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program. Collaboration with other ecologist working at Toolik Lake and at other arctic sites as part of the Long-Term Ecological research (LTER) and Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) programs will increase the application and impact of this research.\n\nLogistics Summary:\nThis project will work at Toolik field station with a goal of analyzing the role of temperature, light, and nutrient availability in regulating primary production of arctic tundra ecosystems at several levels of ecological organization and at different time scales. Logistics support to include: dates - May 01 through August 31 332 total user days at Toolik (252 for ITEX, 80 for REU), 3 days helicopter support (per Williams & Riseng) all other support provided by IAB.\nThis information is from http://www.vecopolar.com/arlss_reports/ARLSS_ProjectsDetail.aspx?cbPropNum=9415411", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5685bd5-8bcf-4d90-8359-a7da87ff7aa2", - "label": "ARCTEC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ARCTEC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=431\n\nNorthern regions are facing unprecedented rates of change from resource extraction, climate change, technological innovation, and population growth. Northern communities and governments wish to plan for the future by understanding changes and applying tools to manage them in an integrated way. The science of cumulative effects theorizes that ecological, social, and economic conditions respond to increasing doses of human-induced changes in ways that can be measured empirically. Dose-response curves provide a scientific framework to unify change measurement across disciplines. By examining responses along a continuum of landscape change, relationships between ecological, economic and social indicators can be developed. These dose-response curves can then be integrated into landscape models to evaluate trade-offs and identify practical options that optimize social, ecological, and economic outcomes. Such models help empower northern governments, aboriginal groups, and communities to understand and accept trade-offs associated with cumulative effects management. \nWe have gathered a team with expertise and a performance record linking economic, social, and ecological responses to intensity of human development in northern communities. Comparative and integrated Arctic case studies will be conducted in Canada in the Southeast Yukon and Labrador. Ecological dose-response curves will be generated for our case study areas by surveying aquatic (water quality, benthic invertebrate and fish) and terrestrial (bird and mammal) communities along gradients of human activity. Social and economic dose-response curves will be generated using interviews to document community preferences along similar land use change gradients. These data will be used to generate predictive relationships between ecological, social and economic indicators and human activity using common dose-response methodologies. Spatial and aspatial cumulative effects models will be used to conduct informed trade-off analyses to illustrate the benefits and liabilities associated with different northern land use trajectories. Implementation schemes that support desired ecological and socio-economic outcomes and reflect existing structures will be developed. Our Canadian methodology is tied to comparative methodologies used by our international partners in Scandinavia and Russia. Through the European Water Directive, Sweden has committed to the collection of trans polar data using the reference condition approach to understand how aquatic communities respond to arctic development (Dr. RK Johnson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). The land use-land cover change project in northern Canada and eastern Russia (ARCTLANDS, Mr. Andrey Petrov EoI 338) will relate historical land use changes to social indicators of community well-being using common methodology, and to biodiversity indicators of ecological sustainability using a similar gradient approach across Scandinavia, eastern Europe and western Russia (Dr. Per Angelstam, Swedish Univ. Agricultural Sciences) . Studies are being undertaken in 70 areas in Finland to understand factors affecting the implementation and social acceptance of laws for conservation of biodiversity across landscapes (Dr. Mikael Hilden, Finnish Environment Institute). Our IPY integrated approach is based upon research we have conducted over the past 2 years under The Working Landscapes: Integrated Ecosystems Management Project of the Northern Ecosystems Initiative (NEI), funded by Environment Canada (see Section 3.1). \nComparative analysis between our Canadian and international case studies will be used to understand the: 1) transferability of information on social and ecological impacts between northern regions; 2) extent to which impacts depend on the institutional and legal setting in which they are experienced; and 3) the relationship between resiliency of social and ecological systems and site context. The impact of management variables (e.g., scale of management area, demographic makeup of communities, duration of impacts) on the effectiveness of management systems will also be evaluated. We will leave a legacy of training on data collection and analyses so that northern communities can track outcomes as development progresses. This legacy will be implemented through Yukon College as well as the proposed NWT Environmental Sciences Centre of Excellence (EoI 697) and Legacy Research and Outreach Centre in the Yukon (EoI 700), and through technology transfer with the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (Activity No. 133). Results from our project will assist Northern Communities in developing effective regional resource management systems that take advantage of lessons learned elsewhere, while at the same time being responsive to critical site specific variables and features. The integrated framework provides a baseline of information about ecological and human responses to environmental change that can also be used to assess the impacts of climate driven changes on ecosystem variables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5dece5f-18ca-4e93-b93b-ffe9334db40a", - "label": "ANSMET/NASA - 80NSSC17K0696", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8221033-713c-4e11-8112-188a02ca6a5b", - "label": "AERP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Amboseli Elephant Research Project (AERP) involves the study\nof elephants in Amboseli National Park in Kenya, Africa. This\nproject started in 1972 when Cynthia Moss, who was studying the\nelephants in the park, identified and recorded more than 1,700\nelephants by name, number, or code. Currently the project\ninvolves the collection, analysis, and production of datasets\nfrom the result of studying the 1,100 elephants presently living\nin the park.\n\nFor additional information on AERP, link to\n'http://www.elephanttrust.org/'\n\nRead the latest Amboseli Elephant Research Project Report at\n'http://www.elephanttrust.org/2002/WebReport9-02.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d846b871-1b6b-49c6-8bbd-b88df151896e", - "label": "COLD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Coupled Ocean-Ice Linkages & Dynamics (COLD) consists of Long-Term\necological Research (LTER), Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem\nRates (RACER), and Studies in Antarctic Coupled Linkages Among Micro\nOrganisms (SANTA CLAUS).\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hotcold.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8cece4e-35f7-46fd-a7a9-4635c9baac64", - "label": "BASICS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An air-sea-ice interaction experiment was conducted in the eastern Bering Sea during late February and early March 1981. Observations of the atmospheric surface layer were made from a buoy anchored 100 km seaward of the ice edge, from a ship steaming in the marginal ice zone (MIZ), and from an instrumented tower erected 100 km into the ice pack. During typical off-ice wind conditions the atmospheric surface layer was found to warm and accelerate with passage over the MIZ. Observations of the atmospheric boundary layer made from sondes launched from the ship in the MIZ showed a gradual warming and rising of the mixed layer with off-ice winds. Oceanic profiles of density and temperature conducted from the ship indicated a homogeneous column seaward of the ice edge, a two-level system under the MIZ with a mixed layer of oceanic water lying below a cooler, fresher lens of water beneath the ice and a homogeneous column north of the MIZ. Near-surface current meter profiles conducted from the within-pack station verified the presence of a sub-ice logarithmic boundary layer. Wind tower and current meter measurements generated estimates of air and water drag coefficients for the ice of 3.09 × 10 at 10 m and 14.7 × 10 at –2 m, respectively. The ice floes in the vicinity of the station were tracked for about 2 weeks until they reached the ice edge and melted. Tidal forces were seen to be an important component in the motion of ice floes. Floes were also observed to accelerate as they approached the ice edge.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/publications/search_abstract.php?fmContributionNum=617", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8e0880e-c109-416a-bf27-ee3436b29393", - "label": "ACLR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d90cb544-cf4c-4d75-bd15-c45ba92840f3", - "label": "ASGAMAGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ASGAMAGE\n\nAir Sea GAs Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (ASGAMAGE) was an EU\nMAST-3 project with ship time contributed by the NERC ACSOE project as\npart of its MAGE component.\n\nThe objectives of ASGAMAGE were:\n\nTo find relationships between the transport coefficients for\nthe gas fluxes and any relevant geophysical parameters.\n\nTo test new methods and new equipment for the measurement of\nair-sea fluxes of CO2, DMS and other gases.\n\nTo intercompare different methods and systems to measure the\ntransfer velocity of trace gases over the sea.\n\nTo find out whether and, if at all, under what conditions\nthere can be a significant vertical gradients in the carbon dioxide\nconcentration in the upper metres of the water column\n\nThe field experiments were carried out in May and October 1996\nat and around the Meetpost Noordwijk research platform (9 km off the\nDutch coast). During the second period the UK research vessel\n\nRRS Challenger operated in the vicinity of the platform. The\ninstrument platform was heavily instrumented collecting oceanographic,\natmospheric and meteorological parameters thus:\n\nThe instruments on the west boom were concerned with the\nmeasurement of gas transfer velocities using the eddy correlation\ntechnique.\n\nThe Challenger cruise was primarily concerned with the field\nmeasurement of air-sea gas transfer velocities using double\n(SF6/3He) and triple(SF6/3He/bacterial spores) tracers\nand the collection of basic oceanographic and meteorological data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d91ab3c6-89b0-4748-b824-1e3d45e49049", - "label": "CLIMATE CHANGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The climate of Alaska has changed substantially over the last 100 years for which direct observations are available. For the last 50 years reliable data are available, while before this time calibration of the instrumentation was spotty, and major breaks in the observations have occurred. During the last 50 years the temperature in Alaska increased by some 3°F (Stafford, Wendler and Curtis 2000, Theoretical and Applied Climatology 67, 33-44), which is about 6 times the worldwide rate of about 1°F per century. This increase varied both in place and time, and seasonally, winter showed the largest increase followed by spring. The temperature increase was not steady over the 50 years; in the mid-seventies a strong temperature increase was observed (Hartmann and Wendler 2005, Journal of Climate, in press). Since then the temperature has not increased, with the exception of the North Slope. This strong, sudden temperature increase indicates that it is due to a circulation change, and at least not directly caused by increased greenhouse gases. We plan to further investigate the climate change, not only for mean values, but also for extremes.\nSea ice has decreased in the Southern Beaufort Sea and a good correlation between sea ice concentration and mean annual temperatures of coastal station was observed (Wendler, Moore, Curtis and Stuefer 2002, Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium, 202-210). This decrease in the sea ice leads to more open water, and during stormy periods, more erosion of the coastline occurs due to more wave action resulting from a longer fetch. There are further some indications that storminess has increased. The increased erosion rate is of great importance for villages at the North and west coast of Alaska, Shishmaref being the most prominent one, but for sure not the only one. We plan to investigate the relationship between temperature, sea ice, storminess and erosion. The surface energy budget for different ice concentration and ice types are proposed to be studied during a cruise in the Arctic Ocean jointly with our Russian colleagues.\nThe observed temperature increase has resulted also in glacier retreat. The mass balance of a glacier is the result of solid precipitation and the melting in summer due to temperatures above the freezing level. Most of the glaciers, and the largest in sice are found in the southern Alaska (Bering and Malaspina Glaciers, Juneau and Harding Ice Fields), where the temperature is much warmer than in the northern Alaska, however, the snow fall is also much higher by a factor of 10. The retreat is especially large in the Brooks Range, where the temperature increase was accompanied by a decrease in precipitation (Curtis Wendler Stone Dutton 1998, International Journal of Climatology 18, 1687-1707). McCall Glacier, studied since the IGY, is a typical example. We propose to investigate the glacier behavior in each of the 3 major mountain ranges as function of the climatic change observed since IGY. There is a good background of selected glaciers since IGY on which our study will concentrate.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=114", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da7c5f30-7295-489e-a0a7-a5e502ef4def", - "label": "CAV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Instituto Antártico Argentino was created under the Decree Nº 7338 on April the 17th 1951. Its founder and first director was the colonel Hernán Pujato. The goal of this creation was the need of a specialized organism to orientate, control, address and perform scientific and technical research and studies concerning this region, in coordination with the Comisión Nacional del Antártico, an institution depending on the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Stations set up at Marguerite Bay, Hope Bay, and Filchner Ice Shelf, and scientific summer seasons were the support for these goals, including a wide range of earth, sea and air sciences. On January the 26th, 1956, the Internal Rules of the Instituto Antártico Argentino are established. These Rules fix the scientific and technical nature of the institution. The Instituto Antártico Argentino becomes a dependency of the Navy Ministry, and doctor Rodolfo N. M. Panzarini (1956-57)(1958-68), Rear-admiral, Doctor on oceanography and Professor at Universidad de Buenos Aires, is designed Director. Since this time, the Instituto Antártico Argentino participated in several international scientific events, as the International Geophysic Year (1957-58) and the International Quiet Sun Year (1964-65). From 1958 to 1963, the Institute managed Ellsworth Station, Weddell Sea, transferred by USA after the International Geophysic Year. In 1964, Brown base, Paradise Bay, was incorporated as a permanent scientific station. In 1970 the Dirección Nacional del Antártico, a dependency of the Ministry of Defense, was created. The new institution had administrative and logistic functions and included the Antarctic Institute as the scientific organism with three departments: Science, Technique, and Scientific Exchange. In this time, twenty-one programmes were performed, including earth sciences, biological sciencies, and atmosphere sciences, in coordination with other national and international institutions. During the 80´s, the old shelter located at Potter cove, 25 de Mayo (King George) island, was incorporated, and became latter Jubany Base, where Dallmann laboratory operates. Dallmann laboratory is the only one in Antarctida to be operated in cooperation between two countries: Germany and Argentina. Research on biological and earth science fields is carried out at this laboratory. In 2003, under the Decree Nº 207/2003 issued by the Executive Power of Argentina, the Dirección Nacional del Antártico and the Instituto Antártico Argentino became a part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult. Accordingly to the principles of its creation, the Instituto Antártico Argentino, as a part of Dirección Nacional del Antártico, participates at present, with its scientific, technical and administrative staff, in a wide range of national and international programmes for a better understanding of the Antarctic. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db41ccc3-cd93-48a0-818d-59abc538be22", - "label": "BBS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BBS is a long-term, large-scale, international avian monitoring program initiated in 1966 to track the status and trends of North American bird populations. The USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and the Canadian Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Research Center jointly coordinate the BBS program. \n\nIn the mid-twentieth century, the success of DDT as a pesticide ushered in a new era of synthetic chemical pest control. As pesticide use grew, concerns, as epitomized by Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, regarding their effects on wildlife began to surface. Local studies had attributed some bird kills to pesticides, but it was unclear how, or if, bird populations were being affected at regional or national levels. Responding to this concern, Chandler Robbins and colleagues at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center developed the North American Breeding Bird Survey to monitor bird populations over large geographic areas.\n\nAlthough most concerns over pesticide use in North America have subsided in recent decades, bird populations continue to be subjected to numerous widespread threats including habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, land-use changes, and other chemical contaminants. Today, the BBS continues to monitor bird populations across North America and informs researchers and wildlife managers of significant changes in bird population levels. If significant declines are detected, their causes can then be identified and appropriate actions taken to reverse them before populations reach critically low levels.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBS/about/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db7e4e2a-f55a-4515-bdd9-c5bc48e3c6d9", - "label": "Copernicus CMEMS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Copernicus Marine Service has been designed to respond to issues emerging in the environmental, business and scientific sectors. Using information from both satellite and in situ observations, it provides state-of-the-art analyses and forecasts daily, which offer an unprecedented capability to observe, understand and anticipate marine environment events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db9930fe-9e55-4bfe-a15f-d6773feb994a", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic region research project, called ArCS (Arctic Challenge for Sustainability), is a national flagship project funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. This project aims to elucidate the changes in the climate and environment, clarify their effects on human society, and provide accurate projections and environmental assessments for internal and external stakeholders so that they can make appropriate decisions on the sustainable development of the Arctic region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbc02bcb-91c1-41b7-8fc2-06e99b8f481e", - "label": "CAPP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CAPP\nProject URL: http://igras.geonet.ru/cwg/projects.html#capp\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=373\n\nThe International Permafrost Association Carbon Pools in Permafrost Regions (IPA CAPP) Project aims at quantifying, characterizing and modeling below-ground organic matter quantity and quality along ecoclimatic and edaphic gradients in high latitude and high altitude regions characterized by the presence of isolated to continuous permafrost. \n\nThe CAPP Project coordinates its activities with other international programs such as the ESSP Global Carbon Project and the WCRP Climate and Cryosphere Project, and aims to develop an active network of scientists engaged in this type of research.\n\nIn the initial stage the existing Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD) of the IPA/IUSS Cryosol Working Group will be further developed, by adding new data and information on carbon in permafrost, non-permafrost and peat soils. The NCSCD will aim to incorporate already existing data from poorly represented regions (e.g. Russia), and also from lake sediments and deep ice- and carbon-rich Quaternary deposits. CAPP related research and monitoring carried out by project participants is currently restricted to a limited number of locations. Within this project the participants will contribute to and initiate new research activities at up to 10-12 high latitude transects in the northern hemisphere, complemented by 2 transects in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions, and additional altitudinal transects in high alpine environments. CAPP is therefore linked closely with IPY projects ANTPAS (33), TSP (50) and ACCO-NET (90).\n\nThe allocation of below-ground carbon in the landscape and quantity and quality among different permafrost settings will be investigated through intensive study sites along the transects. The organic matter will be analyzed using a hierarchy of increasingly sophisticated geochemical and absolute dating techniques.\n\nAn important objective is to develop a carbon database that can be linked with remote sensing classifications at global to regional scales used in climate, biome and ecosystem models. Gained expert knowledge about soil carbon related processes will be used in process-based dynamic global vegetation models for a more reliable projection of the future terrestrial component of the global carbon balance and for model validation purposes. Results from CAPP will enable climate models to include one of the potentially most significant positive feedbacks in the global climate system. \n\nProtocols are developed for the carbon database, field sampling, physico-chemical analyses and upscaling exercises. CAPP activities will provide better understanding of total below-ground organic matter allocation and its susceptibility to decay. This will be used to evaluate the fate of this very significant carbon pool under global warming. High latitude terrestrial ecosystems are important reservoirs of soil organic matter. There is more carbon in these below-ground pools than in the living phytomass of all forests on Earth together. It is therefore important to communicate to the wider scientific community and general public the potential role of thawing permafrost carbon stocks in the Earth System.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dca3a30b-efcc-49c0-8ae9-4f8acfdd9a89", - "label": "CMO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coastal Mixing and Optics Program is an oceanography program to\nstudy the mixing of ocean water on the continental shelf, and the\neffect of the mixing on the transmission of light through the\nwater. An experiment was carried out in 1996-97 at a location in the\nMid-Atlantic Bight, 80 miles southeast of Montauk Point, Long Island,\nand 60 miles south of Martha's Vinyard.\nThere were two 'Primer' programs which were closely related to the CMO\nProgram and involved ocean acoustics on the shelf. These acoustics\nprograms were the Synthetic Aperture Sonar Volume Coherence primer,\nand the Sound Propagation from the Continental Slope to the\nContinental Shelf primer.\nAll of these programs are sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.\nThe following institutions are involved in the program: Johns Hopkins\nUniversity Applied Physics Lab, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,\nUniversity of California Santa Barbara, Oregon State University,\nUniversity of Washington Applied Physics Lab, Bedford Institute of\nOceanography, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Texas A&M University,\nUniversity of Connecticut, and Dalhousie University.\nFor more information, see the CMO website at University of Washington\nApplied Physics Laboratory:\n'http://wavelet.apl.washington.edu/CMO/'\n[This project summary was derived from the CMO website at the\nUniversity of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd8b2ab7-8545-4f1c-a4e1-6b82961b5fb7", - "label": "ARCTAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) field campaign is poised to help scientists identify how air pollution contributes to climate changes in the Arctic.\n\nThe campaign began April 2008 in Fairbanks, Alaska. Three NASA research aircraft -- the DC-8, P-3 and B-200 -- will serve as airborne laboratories for the next three weeks, carrying instruments to measure air pollution gases and aerosols and solar radiation. Of particular interest is the formation of the springtime 'arctic haze,' which is fueled by sunlight causing chemical reactions of pollutants accumulated over the winter from long-range transport from lower latitudes.\n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/arctas/\nhttp://www.espo.nasa.gov/arctas/\n\n[Source: NASA ARCTAS Mission Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd9941d5-28ba-4820-a85e-f1e95184f5f8", - "label": "ANDRILL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing)Program is an international consortium to obtain\nstratigraphic records from fast-ice, ice shelf and land-based platforms in\nAntarctica with the goal of further advancing our understanding of the\ngeological and climatic history of Antarctica. A workshop was held in 2001 at\nOxford University to develop the science plan for ANDRILL. The results of this\nworkshop, an introduction to ANDRILL science and structure, and the scientists\nwho have expressed an interest in ANDRILL are published in a workshop volume\nthat is available at 'http://andrill-server.unl.edu/workshop_report.htm' and\navailable from the ANDRILL Science Management Office as ANDRILL Contribution 1.\nThe Workshop report presents the science objectives of ANDRILL, reviews sites\nproposed as targets, introduces key scientific questions and presents an\nintroduction of key fields in geosciences that ANDRILL will address. Statements\nof interest from the group of international scientists who attended the\nworkshop, as well as others who expressed interest are included. Proceedings of\nthe working groups are also included. This contribution is intended to be a\nreference resource for scientists with no prior Antarctic experience who desire\nto become involved as a scientist in ANDRILL. Additional information about\nANDRILL and updates are available at 'http://andrill-server.unl.edu'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de0e4cc6-e2f3-4a95-9f4f-8f5bd32dbb42", - "label": "ANSMET/NASA - NNX10AQ75G", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "debb3c8d-ecba-4517-bfbd-a9f463208e4b", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/SHEBA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Science Summary:\n\nThis research project is a key component of a large, coordinated, multi-investigator program, Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) . The research program was conducted for 13 months from a ship frozen into the ice pack. This investigator used the Twin Otter logistics aircraft to conduct surveys of the surface temperature in the vicinity of the ship in order to determine the thin-ice thickness distribution. This research will be important for the determination of the effects of the flux of incoming heat radiating onto the ice floe as a function of changing atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Ice surface temperature was measured with a narrow-beam radiometer and a video tape record of the surface was recorded during daylight flights. The surveys covered an area within 50 km of the ship. The sea ice temperature measurement program makes an essential contribution to the SHEBA team of researchers who will measure atmospheric variables with a large array of instruments on the ice floe and aircraft flying above as well as ice and ocean property measurements made on and below the ice floe. The combined set of measurements in SHEBA will allow refinement of climate models for the Arctic region. Those improved models will lead to better predictions of the climate and the permanence of the Arctic ice cap under a proposed global warming that could occur if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are increased above present levels.\n\nLogistics Summary:\n\nFor the Surface Heat Budget of the Oceans (SHEBA) Project, the Canadian Coast Guard Icebreaker Des Groseilliers was frozen into the Beaufort Sea pack ice 300 km north of Prudhoe Bay and left to drift from October 1997 to October 1998. The ship was used as a base of operations and floating scientific research station. During its year in the ice it followed a meandering path and ended up 400 miles north of its point of origin. During the SHEBA campaign, researchers conducted measurements in an approximately 100 square km area around the SHEBA site. Logistics were provided by ONR and U. Washington. This project utilized the Twin Otter logistics support aircraft to conduct surveys of the surface temperature from October 1997 through May 1998 . Nine survey flights were completed on six different campaigns. \n\nThis information is taken from \n\nhttp://www.vecopolar.com/arlss_reports/ARLSS_ProjectsDetail.aspx?cbPropNum=9701514", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5373fc-f65c-4f29-92dd-45bdd28ea541", - "label": "CAMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Convection And Moisture EXperiment (CAMEX) is a series of field\nresearch investigations sponsored by the Earth Science Enterprise\n(ESE) program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA). The overall goal of CAMEX is to study atmospheric water vapor\nand precipitation processes using a unique array of aircraft, balloon,\nand land-based remote sensors. The first two CAMEX field studies were\nconducted at Wallops Island, Virginia, during 1993 and 1995. The third\nin the series of CAMEX field studies (CAMEX-3) was conducted in August\nand September 1998, covering the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and\nAtlantic Ocean. CAMEX-3 successfully studied Hurricanes Bonnie,\nDanielle, Earl and Georges and collected data for research in tropical\ncyclone development, tracking, intensification, and landfalling\nimpacts using NASA-funded aircraft and surface remote sensing\ninstrumentation.\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/camex3/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5e783d-9877-412c-a5b7-3e826ed033e5", - "label": "Australian Antarctic program", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Australian Antarctic Program conducts world-class science of critical national importance and global significance that delivers on Australian Antarctic policy and operational priorities. The Program is led, coordinated and delivered by the Australian Antarctic Division.\n\nThe Australian Antarctic Program is highly collaborative, comprising partnerships across government and with more than 150 national and international research institutions. Together, these partnerships contribute to advancing Australia’s interests in Antarctica and the subantarctic region. Australia also works with other countries’ Antarctic programs to run joint international scientific and logistical support operations.\n\nAntarctic science, aligned with our policy interests and integrated with our operational capabilities, is at the heart of the Australian Antarctic Program. Together, Australian and international scientists participating in the program, deliver world-class scientific research consistent with Australia’s Antarctic science strategic priorities.\n\nThese priorities include:\n\nunderstanding the role of Antarctica in the global climate system;\nunderstanding and conserving Antarctica’s unique life forms;\nprotecting the Antarctic environment; and\nsupporting sound environmental stewardship in the region, with a particular focus on fisheries.\nScience conducted through the Australian Antarctic Program:\n\ngives us the knowledge and understanding to develop the technologies and make the policies needed to protect the Antarctic environment and conserve the Southern Ocean ecosystem;\nenables Australia to contribute to and strengthen the Antarctic Treaty system and its comprehensive environmental protection regime, ensuring that the Antarctic environment remains valued, protected and understood;\nsupports Australia’s leadership in environmental stewardship;\nsupports valuable Australian commercial operations and opportunities such as sustainable fishing within the Antarctic Treaty system’s governance framework.\nThe operational and logistical building blocks of the Australian Antarctic Program are highly capable people, our four research stations, multipurpose icebreaker, aviation and field support capabilities.\n\nShipping is the backbone of the Australian Antarctic Program. The next-generation successor to the Aurora Australis will provide a step-change in Australia’s Antarctic capabilities and sustain the next generation of Australian Antarctic science and operations in Antarctica.\n\nAviation also plays a critical role in sustaining Australia’s contemporary operations in Antarctica. Modern, sophisticated research and intra and inter-continental transport systems are critical to Australia continuing to lead a world-class Antarctic program into the future and to maintain our position as a leading Antarctic nation.\n\nRead more about the Australian Antarctic Program in the Australian Antarctic Strategy and 20 Year Action Plan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e131ffcb-da1a-4a1a-ad41-ad5ffab31c26", - "label": "BCLME", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME)draft proposal\nwas submitted to the GEF for funding through the United National\nDevelopment Programme (UNDP) in 1997. The BCLME Programme aims to\nenhance national and regional efforts towards sustainable and\nintegrated management of the Benguela Current Large Marine\nEcosystem. This has been carried out by establishing a regional\nco-operative mechanism, undertaking a review of existing\nknowledge of the status and threats to the BCLME and developing a\nStrategic Action Programme (SAP) to address both these threats\nand gaps in knowledge essential to the sustainable management of\nthe ecosystem.\n\nDr Michael O^?Toole\nRegional Co-ordinator\nMinistry of Fisheries and Marine Resources\nPrivate Bag x 13355\nWindhoek\nNAMIBIA\n\nTel: 264-61-2053084\nFax: 264-61-220558\nEmail: bclme@mweb.com.na\nWebpage: 'http://www.bclme.org'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1b234be-7ac5-4dc5-a7d0-6e17d62ce613", - "label": "AARDDVARK", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Antarctic-Arctic Radiation-belt (Dynamic) Deposition - VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium (AARDDVARK) provides continuous long-range observations of the lower-ionosphere. The Konsortia sensors detect changes in ionisation levels from ~30-85 km altitude, with the goal of increasing the understanding of energy coupling between the Earth's atmosphere, Sun, and Space. We use the upper atmosphere as a gigantic energetic particle detector to observe and understand changing energy flows; this Science area impacts our knowledge of global change, communications, and navigation. The joint NZ-UK Antarctic-Arctic Radiation-belt (Dynamic) Deposition - VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortia (AARDDVARK) is a new extension of a well-establish experimental technique, allowing long-range probing of ionisation changes at comparatively low altitudes. Most other instruments which can probe the same altitudes are limited to essentially overhead measurements. At this stage AARDDVARK is essentially unique, as similar systems are only deployed at a regional level.\n\n[Information provided by http://www.physics.otago.ac.nz/space/AARDDVARK_homepage.htm]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e28be4ce-2494-4ee4-9cfa-112c0c25edb8", - "label": "BATSE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BATSE was a high energy astrophysics experiment in orbit around Earth on NASA's Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. The primary objective of BATSE was to study the phenomenon of gamma-ray bursts , although the detectors also recorded data from pulsars , terrestrial gamma-ray flashes , soft gamma repeaters, black holes, and other exotic astrophysical objects. \nBATSE responded to, or triggered on, sudden changes in count rates above background levels. It was also capable of detecting less impulsive sources by measuring their modulation using the Earth Occultation technique. View a typical one-day orbit of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. \n\nThis information is provided by http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2fe1744-c8c1-4829-b622-04896d4243eb", - "label": "ANTLER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ANTLER\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=400\n\nANTLER will provide a basis for research on the social significance of Rangifer (reindeer husbandry and caribou hunting). ANTLER is a research-network initiative with the aim to provide support, methodological integration, data management, and education and outreach facilities for participating projects. These projects share the same topic yet they may employ different methodologies. \n\nIn addition to the existing scholarship on human-Rangifer relations, IPY 2007-2008 will foster new social-science case studies in many circumpolar regions where reindeer herding and/or caribou hunting take place. ANTLER seeks to unite these efforts, with the aim to assess the current social, socio-economic and cultural significance of reindeer herding and caribou hunting 'on the ground' and to provide reliable and realistic information for future management strategies. ANTLER participants will also compare and evaluate various methodologies in the field of Rangifer research and strategies for improved data management. ANTLER will contribute to a better understanding of an important human-animal relationship in the Arctic: on the one hand, through contributing knowledge concerning the social significance of Rangifer as it shapes human life in the Arctic; on the other hand, through examining the significance of human social, economic and political strategies as they affect Rangifer populations, distribution and its position in the Arctic ecosystem. ANTLER addresses reindeer herding and caribou hunting as important elements in Arctic and sub-Arctic environments and economies. The International Polar Year provides a timely and excellent framework for this international initiative, which will also serve as basis for enhanced multidisciplinary research on Rangifer. \n\nWithin the wider field of research on human-Rangifer systems, ANTLER's main emphasis is on domesticated reindeer and the domain of knowledge produced by social sciences. It thus complements other projects (such as EALAT and CARMA) with their stronger emphasis on other domains of knowledge. \n\nUnder the ANTLER umbrella there are two levels of integration. Firstly, there will be five or more key projects, so-called integrated projects, which serve as flagship activities with a research design tailored in accordance with the ANTLER agenda a priori. Secondly, there will be a number of associated projects, each of them designed in its own manner, which contribute selected data to ANTLER.\n\nA network secretariat will organize three international workshops and provide communication and dissemination facilities. The initiators shall apply to the Finnish Academy and the ESRC (United Kingdom), which have a bilateral cooperation agreement, and the Norwegian Research Council for financial support for these central activities. \n\nThis Cooperation Proposal is jointly submitted by three scientific institutions which have a pivotal position in Rangifer social-sicence research: the Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland (Finland), the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (Germany) and the Scott Polar Research Institute (United Kingdom). The initiators have excellent connections to research institutions across the North, Arctic circumpolar communities and regional NGOs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e485a083-ff32-4d34-a280-456898d9d2e0", - "label": "BIOLOGIA DE LOS PETRELES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4b0a545-5567-47ad-8d02-5cad65295cda", - "label": "CIESIN/EMAW", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The pedagogical laboratory provides education majors an opportunity to work like scientists who experiment with the latest findings in learning and instructional theories by trying them out with K-12 students recruited from local schools, observing student learning, and reflecting on the educational outcomes. Current activities include robotics challenges for grades K-8 designed to develop skills in scientific inquiry, problem solving, and mathematics.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.cilat.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4c077f0-4556-41bf-b8f0-58e3fd9c1a9f", - "label": "CFSR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4c69c7d-198b-465a-8a03-b8d8a4a7c618", - "label": "APEX/WARMPAST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: WARMPAST\nProject URL: http://www.apex.geo.su.se/ipy-project-info/ipy-project-no-786.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=36\n\nThe overall goal of this initiative is to advance our knowledge of climate warming in the Arctic, by studying past climate change. We will focus mainly on the ocean circulation and climate of the NW Eurasian continental margin. The present climate in the Arctic shows signs of rapid change with decreasing sea ice cover and increasing temperature of the Atlantic Water. The implications of this warming are highly uncertain, as modelling experiments projecting temperatures for the next 100 years show a largescatter at high northern latitudes.\n\nThe project will include the following modules (M): M1 Rapid changes in the Atlantic Water inflow into the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, M2 Ice sheet/glacier response to warming, M3 Improving ocean temperature and sea-ice proxies; M4 Climate modelling.\n\nM1: Periods in the past during which the climate was instable and reached warmer conditions than today: a) Marine isotope stages (MIS) 12/11; b) MIS 6/5; c) Younger Dryas/Holocene climate optimum, and d) last millennium. Sea Surface Temperature ( SST) will be quantified using a multidisciplinary approach, combining faunal/floral based transfer functions and geochemical tracers. For the Holocene and the last millennium climate will be investigated in marine sediments, lake sediments and ice cores from Svalbard and marine sediments from the SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland margin. Further, archaeological sites in Norway and Svalbard will be investigated to explore the relationship between climate and human settlement and activities. \n\nM2: Implications of climate warming for growth and decay of ice sheets and tide water glaciers, and its effect on ice stream dynamics in the Barents Sea and the Svalbard and SE Greenland margin.\n\nM3: Reconstructions of SST below 5 OC based both on transfer functions and geochemical tracers are subject to large uncertainties. This is partly due to incomplete modern training sets at high latitudes. We aim to improve modern analogue data on planktonic and benthic foraminifera, diatoms, dinocysts, foraminiferal Ca/Mg-ratios and oxygen and carbon isotopes. From the same proxies we will also develop transfer functions for sea ice.\n\nM4: An important motivation for attempting to simulate the climatic conditions of the past is that such experiments provide opportunities for evaluating how models respond to large changes in forcing.\nCombined with high resolution acoustic data, cores will be sampled from high resolution sediment fans off northern and western Spitsbergen, the Spitsbergen fjords (in particular Kongsfjorden) and the Barents/Kara/Laptev Sea margin. Multi-core/box core surface samples >70ON in the NE Atlantic will be sampled. The SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland component will rely on existing seafloor samples. The project will include exchange programs and training courses for PhD students and young researchers.\nThis expression of intent focus on research questions addressed by IGP-PAGES and CLIVAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e66edf58-9a3d-4250-b2ba-9120b943403f", - "label": "BEST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BEST Program is a monitoring and assessment program of the\nBiological Resource Division of the United States Geological Survey\n(USGS). BEST evaluates environmental contaminants and their effects on\nspecies and lands under the stewardship of the Department of Interior\nto provide scientific information and guide management actions.\n\nThe golas of the BEST Program are to measure and assess the effects of\ncontaminants on selected species and habitats throughout the Nation;\nconduct research and synthesis activities directed at providing\ninnovative biomonitoring methods and tools for opeational\napplications, and deliver effective and efficient tools to DOI bureaus\nfor assessing contaminant threats to species and lands.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.best.usgs.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7d80dd2-c0da-4977-9a35-2a4da27e1168", - "label": "AirMOSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) investigation provided high-resolution observations of root-zone soil moisture over nine major North American biomes. The campaign goals were to quantify the impact of variations in soil moisture on the estimation of regional carbon fluxes and to extrapolate the reduced-uncertainty estimates of regional carbon fluxes to the continental scale of North America. The AirMOSS campaign used an airborne ultra-high frequency synthetic aperture radar flown on a Gulfstream-III aircraft to derive estimates of soil moisture down to approximately 1.2 meters. Extensive ground, tower, and aircraft in-situ measurements were collected to validate root-zone soil measurements and carbon flux model estimates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e90cd1c1-cdd3-47c1-a20c-33a7a4a47974", - "label": "ACRIMSAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ACRIMSAT Mission will measure Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) during\nits five-year mission life. The ACRIMSAT spacecraft, carrying the\nACRIM III instrument was launched December 21, 1999. The instrument,\nthird in a series of long-term solar-monitoring tools built for NASA\nby the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will continue to extend the database\nfirst created by ACRIM I, which was launched in 1980 on the Solar\nMaximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft. ACRIM II followed on the Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in 1991.\n\nThe ACRIMSAT mission is funded by NASA through the Earth Science\nPrograms Office at Goddard Space Flight Center. The ACRIMSAT Project\nOffice at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA) manages the\ndesign, fabrication, and test of the ACRIM III instrument and manages\nthe subcontract for the ACRIMSAT spacecraft being built by Orbital\nSciences Corporation. The ACRIM III data products will be available\nthrough the Langley EOS Data Analysis and Archive Center.\n\nThe Principal Investigator for the ACRIM mission is Dr. Richard\nWillson of Columbia University. Ron Zenone of the Jet Propulsion\nLaboratory is the ACRIM Project Manager. Roger Helizon of the Jet\nPropulsion Laboratory is the ACRIM Instrument Scientist. Tom\nItchkawich of Orbital Sciences Corporation is the ACRIMSAT Spacecraft\nProgram Manager.\n\nFor more information on ACRIM and ACRIMSAT, see:\n'http://acrim.jpl.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), see:\n'http://www.earth.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e97ffdbe-5a93-4477-866d-cf4200c1437f", - "label": "CARMA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CARMA\nProject URL:http://yukon.taiga.net/carma/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=162\n\n\nPresently there are over 4 million wild and 1.8 million domestic reindeer and caribou inhabiting the earth's arctic regions. This keystone species has been an economic and cultural mainstay of nearly every indigenous group in the Arctic. Recent profound changes have been occurring in the North with the potential to jeopardize the relationship forged over countless generations between Rangifer, the land and the people. \n\nIn late 2004 a concerned circumpolar group of social scientists, biologists, ecologists, abiotic specialists, aboriginal leaders, and resource managers met in Vancouver, Canada to launch an organization to track and assess the impacts of the changes that are occurring. This group, the CARMA Network (CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment network www.taiga.net/CARMA ) defined its mission:\n\nTo monitor and assess the impacts of global change on the human/Rangifer system across the Arctic through cooperation, both geographically and across disciplines. \n\nAt present, knowledge of many of the Arctic's significant Rangifer populations is fragmented and the relationship among the peoples dependent upon these populations is largely undocumented. Therefore, the CARMA Network proposes an extensive two-year coordinated program through IPY that will \n1) provide a solid baseline of information on representative Rangifer populations and the human communities dependent upon them\n2) establish an on-going monitoring and assessment network of these systems \n\nTo meet these objectives, the following operating principles are proposed: \n-Keep it simple, relevant to the needs of Arctic residents; keep it transparent\n-Conduct monitoring and assessment using an interdisciplinary approach\n-Include and integrate local/traditional knowledge, industry research, field-based biological studies, and remote sensing research\nFocus initially on wild Rangifer populations and those human communities that use the Rangifer resource\n-Build on existing monitoring and assessment programs\n-Serve as a central depository for historical and current information on indicators \n-Develop and standardized protocols for collecting, documenting, and assembling indicators \n-Provide annual analysis on indicators by region and value-added indicators that all regions can share \n-Use a comparative approach to address research questions and advance common understanding of the Arctic System\n-Serve as a resource for policy makers facing regional decisions related to Human-Rangifer Systems \n\nQuestions to be addressed include (but are not limited to): \n\n-What are the most predictive indicators of change in the resilience of Human-Rangifer Systems? \n-How will the combined heterogeneity of regional climate forces and ecological conditions affect availability and use of wild Rangifer?\n-How do we best measure the cumulative effect of landscape-level human activity, climate change, and management policies on the Human-Rangifer Systems? \n-How may disease and parasites that are affected by climate change potentially affect the health of caribou?\n-What are the key social-ecological thresholds of critical change in these systems?\n-How can these systems be managed to enhance sustainability and adaptive capacity?\n\nWe consider such a project as starting the clock across the North, where information gathering is coordinated and comparable, where protocols are standardized, tested and utilized. At the completion of the IPY period, CARMA will produce a comprehensive comparative analysis of Circumarctic Rangifer populations, which will be the tangible legacy upon which the CARMA Network can proceed into the 21st Century.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea88e2c2-a07b-48e8-b426-274736ab8f9e", - "label": "ABACUS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ABACUS\nProject URL: http://www.abacus-ipy.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=246\n\nOur objective is to improve understanding of the controls on carbon (C), water and energy exchange between arctic terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. We propose a linked programme of plant and soil process studies, isotope analyses, flux measurements, micro-meteorology, process modelling, and aircraft and satellite observations to improve predictions of the response of the arctic terrestrial biosphere to global change. \nClimate warming is resulting from disruption of the global C cycle. The Arctic is already warming significantly, and warming is expected to be fastest and greatest at high latitudes, 4-7ºC over the next century. However, complex linkages between climate, C cycle, energy balance, and hydrology mean that the details of such changes and the response of arctic ecosystems remain poorly understood. The Arctic governs some critical feedbacks in global change: (i) the release by warming of considerable but poorly quantified C stores from high latitude soils (20-60% of the global soil C pool, (Hobbie et al., 2000)) could accelerate the build-up of atmospheric CO2, (ii) a shift in albedo from vegetation changes and altered snow dynamics may affect the global energy balance, (iii) alterations in river discharge into the Arctic Ocean, due to changes in arctic hydrology, may affect the thermohaline circulation (Peterson et al., 2002). Our proposed research will resolve critical unknowns related to these potential feedbacks in the arctic C, energy and water cycles. To improve our understanding of the C, water and energy cycles, we will:\n· quantify the turnover of soil organic matter (SOM), particularly of contrasting age;\n· quantify the differences in C uptake, respiration and allocation among key arctic vegetation types and their responses to drivers: snow, soil temperature (and freezing) and soil moisture);\n· test whether regional estimates of the C cycle derived from atmospheric sampling by aircraft are consistent with upscaled measurements from the land surface;\n· determine regional budgets of net CH4 emissions and their repose to the hydrological drivers;\n· generate improved estimates of the total C stocks of arctic systems in soils and vegetation, with a detailed estimate of errors;\n· investigate the strength of coupling between land-atmosphere energy exchanges and local snow cover and soil moisture;\n· test the accuracy of snow melt, soil moisture and thaw predictions; and determine how to better represent sub-grid scale hydrological processes in regional and global climate models;\n· determine how the interactions of topography with seasonal changes in hydrology govern the strength of C sources and sinks over the arctic landscape.\nOur approach is based on linking multi-scale measurements with models representing our best current understanding. We will determine C, water and energy fluxes at a range of scales using small chambers, eddy flux towers, and aircraft. We will monitor C allocation and turnover in vegetation and soils using direct sampling, but also isotopic analyses and labelling experiments. We will determine landscape patterns of vegetation C, soil C and moisture, and snow-cover with a mix of field surveys, aircraft and satellite imagery. We will use a mix of simple empirical models, ecophysiological models, C turnover models and a land surface scheme from a climate model. Our multi-scale measurements, extensive surveys and process investigations will help to determine the errors in current model characterisations of the behaviour and state of the Arctic, which are reliant on relatively coarse resolution data on soils and vegetation, and simple descriptions of key processes. Close integration of models with data from the start of the consortium will allow us to modify the fieldwork in the light of identified model-data inconsistencies. We will also attempt some innovative experiments, for instance using aircraft to sample the atmosphere for determination of 14C content, a key indicator of soil C turnover. We will work in Sweden and Finland largely, in close collaboration with IPY project 213, ENVISNAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eadd2599-6064-4dc5-bec6-4413332cd2b7", - "label": "BIO_BURN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nBiomass burning studies investigate the impact of particulates\nproduced during biomass burning on the radiation budget of the Earth\nand the global climate.\nProject Description:\nThe Langley Research Center (LaRC) Biomass Burning project involved\nground-based and airborne measurements of particulate and gaseous\nemissions from burning in very diverse ecosystems. The impact of\nburning on the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen gases (nitric oxide\nand nitrous oxide) from the soil the atmosphere was also measured.\nData Used and Produced:\nBiomass Burning 5x5 degree data are in the form of biomass matter\nburned in units of teragrams of dry biomass matter per month for the\npeak burning month. For each 5 degree by 5 degree latitude by\nlongitude box, the following data are given: total amount of biomass\nburned (T), amount of biomass burned in forest (F) fires, amount of\nbiomass burned in in Savanna (S) fires, and the month maximum burning.\nData are available for 1980. Each granule consist of one year of data\nper region.\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n DAAC Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: Dr. Joel S. Levine\n Theoretical Studies Branch\n Atmospheric Sciences Division\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-5692\n FAX: (757) 864-6326\n INTERNET > J.S.LEVINE@LaRC.NASA.GOV\n Home Page: 'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Home Page:\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/biomass_burn/biomass_burn.html'\nReferences:\nLevine, J. S., 1992: Climate, The Encyclopedia of Earth System Science\n(W. A. Nierenberg, Editor), Academic Press, Inc., Volume 1, page 503-515.\nLevine, J. S. (Editor), 1991: Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic,\nand Biospheric Implications, The MIT Press, Inc., 569 pages.\nLevine, J. S., 1992: Ozone, Climate, and Global Atmospheric Change,\nScience Activities, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp 10-16.\nLevine, J. S., W. R. Cofer, D. R. Cahoon, and E. L. Winstead, 1995:\nBiomass Burning: A Driver for Global Change, Environmental Science and\nTechnology, Volume 29, Number 3, pages 120A-125A.\nWei Min Hao and Mei-Huey Liu, Spatial and Temporal Distribution of\nTropical Biomass, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Volume 8, No. 4,\npages 495-503, December 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eae0176a-fb8d-4bdc-8884-40fa38ce08e5", - "label": "CARBOCHANGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: IMBER Home Page, http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Endorsed-projects/CARBOCHANGE-November-2011\n\nCARBOCHANGE will provide the best possible process-based quantification of net ocean carbon uptake under changing climate conditions using past and present ocean carbon cycle changes for a better prediction of future ocean carbon uptake. We will improve the quantitative understanding of key biogeochemical processes (particle flux, ecosystem community structure, lateral advection) and physical processes (overturning circulation, ice cover, mixing) through a combination of observations and models. We will upscale new process understanding to large-scale integrative feedbacks of the ocean carbon cycle to climate change and rising carbon dioxide concentrations. We will quantify the vulnerability of the ocean carbon sources and sinks in a probabilistic sense using cutting edge coupled \nEarth system models under a variety of emission scenarios including climate stabilisation scenarios as required for the 5th IPCC assessment report. The drivers for the vulnerabilities will be identified. The most actual observations of the changing ocean carbon sink will be systematically integrated with the newest ocean carbon models, a coupled land-ocean model, an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, and fully fledged Earth system models through a spectrum of data assimilation methods as well as advanced performance assessment tools. Results will be optimal process descriptions and most realistic error margins for future ocean carbon uptake quantifications with models under the presently available observational evidence. The project will deliver calibrated future evolutions of ocean pH and carbonate saturation as required by the research community on ocean acidification in the EU project EPOCA and further projects in this field. The time history of atmosphere-ocean carbon fluxes past, present and future will be synthesised globally as well as regionally for the transcontinental RECCAP project. Observations and model results will merge into GEOSS/GEO through links with the European coordination action COCOS and will prepare the marine branch of the European Research Infrastructure ICOS. Results of the project will be summarised and forwarded to policy makers working on climate change mitigation through specifically targeted outreach papers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1f6146-4670-4824-9776-510c8c99e693", - "label": "BASE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment (BASE) study was a\nCanadian-led international field campaign to study the weather\nsystems occurring in southern Beaufort Sea and surrounding areas\nof the Arctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebca7499-c597-41dd-9e82-9b4fe93de83b", - "label": "AIM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AIM is the first satellite mission dedicated to the study of noctilucent or “night-shining” clouds (NLCs) also called Polar Mesospheric clouds (PMCs). It has provided the first global-scale view of the clouds over the entire 2007 Northern Hemisphere season with an unprecedented resolution of 5 km by 5 km and is nearing completion of observations in the Southern Hemisphere season. Despite a significant increase in PMC research in recent years, relatively little is known about the basic physics of these clouds at ”the edge of space” and why they are changing. They have increased in brightness over time, are being seen more often and appear to be occurring at lower latitudes than ever before. The overall goal of the baseline mission is to determine why PMCs form and vary. Since the launch of AIM on April 25, 2007, significant progress has been made in achieving this goal and that progress continues at a rapid rate. The AIM data is of very high quality and has changed our view of PMCs and their environment after only one northern hemisphere (NH) season of observations. The startling similarity between the PMC structure observed by CIPS and that seen in tropospheric clouds suggests that the mesosphere may share some of the same dynamical processes responsible for weather near Earth’s surface. If this similarity holds up in further analysis, it introduces an entirely different view of potential mechanisms responsible for PMC formation and variability. \n\nAIM has provided the most detailed picture of NH clouds ever collected:\n\n- The clouds appear every day, are widespread and are highly variable on hourly to daily time scales.\n- PMC brightness varies over horizontal scales of a few kilometers, and because of the AIM high horizontal resolution, we now know that over small regions the clouds are ten times brighter than measured by previous space-based instruments.\n- A previously suspected, but never before seen, population of very small ice particles was measured that is believed to be responsible for strong radar echoes from the summertime mesosphere.\n- Mesospheric ice occurs in one continuous layer extending from below the main peak at 83 km up to around 90 km.\n- Mesospheric cloud structures, resolved for the first time by the CIPS imager, exhibit complex features present in normal tropospheric clouds.\n\n\nINFORMATION PROVIDED BY http://aim.hamptonu.edu/mission/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec5700a1-a0da-4c51-a749-4230463f7e68", - "label": "CLIMAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CLIMAP (Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and\nPrediction) Project was funded by the National Science\nFoundation as part of the International Decade of Ocean\nExploration (IDOE). The CLIMAP Surface Configuration Data Set\nwas compiled by Oregon State University, and contains raw data\nfor certain Climatic boundary conditions during the last glacial\nmaximum, and for the present which were used by CLIMAP staff for\ncomputation of albedo, reconstructions, and comparisons. Data\ntypes include sea surface temperature, elevation, bathymetry,\nvegetation, soil, relief type, and the following as percent of\ngrid cell: water, exposed soil, glacial ice, and vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec8020a8-5308-4ffd-8559-f80689a8ae97", - "label": "ASTEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) was conducted\nin June 1992 off North Africa in the area of Azores and Madeira\nIslands. ASTEX was based on two islands and several ships in an area\nwhere the total cloud cover (mostly stratocumulus) ranges from 50 -\n60%. The region is dominated by low-level clouds with moderate optical\nthicknesses, from about 1 to 10 on average. The optically thinner\n(more highly broken) clouds generally have cloud tops below the 800 mb\nlevel). The optically thicker clouds have lower top pressures down to\nabout 700 mb. The region is characterized by broken low cloudiness and\nstrong gradients of low level cloud amount. Satellite studies show\ncloud conditions ranging from solid stratocumulus decks to broken\ntrade cumulus. The region is not directly influenced by continental\neffects, and islands provide suitable sites for surface observations\nand aircraft operations. ASTEX was thus able to address issues related\nto the stratocumulus to trade-cumulus transition and cloud-mode\nselection.\n\nASTEX involved intensive measurements from several platforms and was\ndesigned to study how the transition and mode selection are affected\nby 1) cloud-top entrainment instability, 2) diurnal decoupling and\nclearing due to solar absorption, 3) patchy drizzle and a transition\nto horizontally inhomogeneous clouds through decoupling, 4) mesoscale\nvariability in cloud thickness and associated mesoscale circulations,\nand 5) episodic strong subsidence lowering the inversion below the\nlifting condensation level. From a broader perspective ASTEX was\ndesigned to provide improved dynamical, radiative, and microphysical\nmodels and an improved understanding of the impact of aerosols, cloud\nmicrophysics, and chemistry on large-scale cloud properties.\n\nFrom a broader perspective ASTEX was designed to provide improved\ndynamical, radiative, and microphysical models and an improved\nunderstanding of the impact of aerosols, cloud microphysics, and\nchemistry on large-scale cloud properties.\n\nA telescoping approach was used in ASTEX to investigate connections\nbetween scales ranging from microns to thousands of\nkilometers. Satellites and upper- level aircraft provided a\ndescription of large-scale cloud features, and instrumented aircraft\nflying in the boundary layer and surface- based remote sensing systems\nprovided a description of the mean, turbulence, and mesoscale\nvariability in cloud microphysical properties of boundary layer\nclouds. A major deficiency of the FIRE observations, however, was an\ninadequate definition of the large-scale fields of temperature,\nmoisture, and winds. This deficiency was removed for ASTEX by making 4\n- 8 soundings per day from the surface sites and ships, and including\nmany of these upper-air observations on the Global Telecommunications\nSystem (GTS) for assimilation into the ECMWF and NMC\nanalyses. Furthermore, based on the demonstrated utility of\nsurface-based remote sensing during FIRE (Albrecht et al. 1990), the\nuse of such systems was expanded during ASTEX.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://kiwi.atmos.colostate.edu/scm/astex.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed46550c-7905-4472-acca-fb4d2468cc11", - "label": "CRESS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of CRESS is to analyze and facilitate the use of\ncommercial terrestrial remote sensing products by the earth science\ncommunity, which could benefit from the advent of new, very high\nresolution commercial data products. The goal of CRESS is to encourage\nthe integration of commercial data in earth system science by (A)\ndemonstrating the utility of such data through validation activities;\n(B) providing contacts to vendors and validation sites around the\nworld; and (C) navigating the legal and policy issues of access and\nuse of such data.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.geog.umd.edu/landcover/cress/about.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eda531e9-97fe-4abc-a04a-04a801c86653", - "label": "ALE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE) began in 1978 as a global\nnetwork program to provide continuous high-frequency gas\nchromatographic measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O),\nChloroflurocarbons CFCl3 (CFC-11), and CF2Cl2 (CFC-12). The network\nincluded observation stations situated at different sites throughout\nthe world: Cape Grim, Tasmania; Point Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged\nPoint, Barbados; Cape Meares, Oregon and Adrigole, Ireland. The ALE\nis but one phase of a monitoring network consisting of the Global\nAtmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE) and the Advanced GAGE. The ALE\nphase ended in mid-1986.\nThe ALE phase (1978-1986) utilized the Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas\nchromotographs; the GAGE phase utilized the HP5880 gas chromotagraphs;\nand the recently initiated Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases\nExperiment (AGAGE) uses a new fully automated system from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed HP5890 and\nCarle Instruments gas chromotographic components.\nThe ALE/GAGE/AGAGE daily and monthly data are available via anonymous\nFTP from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) as\nfollows:\nftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov\ncd pub/ale_gage_Agage/\nor\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/'\nThis subdirectory, ale, contains data from the ALE phase of the\nALE/GAGE/AGAGE experiment.\nFurther information can be obtained from:\nCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nBuilding 1000, MS-6335\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6335\nPhone: 423-574-4791\nFAX: 423-574-2232\nEmail: cdp@ornl.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edc17490-0b06-4bbd-858d-e7bf48d38517", - "label": "CARIBIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CARIBIC is an innovative scientific project to study and monitor important chemical and physical processes in the Earth´s atmosphere. Detailed and extensive measurements are made during long distance flights. We deploy an airfreight container with automated scientific apparatus which are connected to an air and particle (aerosol) inlet underneath the aircraft. We use an Airbus A340-600 from Lufthansa since December 2004. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.caribic-atmospheric.com/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ede2e27f-5a30-46be-9e95-245ea7a30376", - "label": "ANTPAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctic permafrost forms an integral part of the terrestrial cryosphere, yet information on its distribution, thickness, age, and physical and geochemical properties is highly fragmented and absent for large sectors of the region. At the same time, active layer and permafrost conditions are increasingly recognized to be highly sensitive to climate change. Such changes can create important responses in regional hydrology, ecosystems functioning, landscape stability and human environmental impacts. At the same time Antarctic permafrost and soils archive high resolution long-term (Ma) records of past environmental change and biological activity.\n\nObjectives\nThe combined IPA working group on Antarctic Permafrost and SCAR expert group on Antarctic Soils, Permafrost and Periglacial Environments, in close working relationship with the IUSS cryosols group, have launched the ANTPAS project to address some of the current shortcomings and research needs. The overall aim is to develop an internationally coordinated, web-accessible, database and monitoring system on Antarctic permafrost and soils. Specific objectives are:\n\nA common, web-accessible repository for permafrost and soils data.\n\nThe production of thematic maps on Antarctic permafrost and soils.\n\nA system of boreholes providing data on permafrost and soils properties, records of past environmental change, and recording permafrost responses to climate change.\n\nA well-designed monitoring system recording active layer and periglacial process responses to climate change along selected environmental gradients. \n\nANTPAS is an IPY endorsed activity.\n\nPROJECT URL: http://erth.waikato.ac.nz/antpas/index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eed1e87e-86a4-449b-b7f4-e1ac81f62b1e", - "label": "BOMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "With the cooperation of the Government of Barbados and with the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as lead agency, the\nBarbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) was\nconducted over the tropical Atlantic East of Barbados in the summer of\n1969. The field operations for this multiagency national study of the\nocean-atmosphere system were divided into four observation periods:\nMay 3 to 15, May 24 to June 10, June 19 to July 2, and July 11 to july\n28. The first three were devoted to the Sea Air Interaction\nProgram--the BOMEX 'Core Experiment'--within a 500-km by 500-km square\nship array. During the fourth period, the array was extended southward\nto incorporate the Intertropical Convergence Zone.\n\nFollowing the field operations, the Barbados Oceanographic and\nMeteorological Analysis Project (BOMAP) Office was established to\nreduce and process the data that had been collected by ship, aircraft,\nand land-based acquisition system under the operational control of the\nBOMEX Temporary Archive at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in\nAsheville, N.C., in 1971.\n\nOn July 1,1971, the BOMEX office became the Center for Experiment\nDesign and Data Analysis (CEDDA) and was subsequently transferred from\nNOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories to its Environmental Data\nService. One of the tasks assigned to CEDDA--in addition to its\nparticipation in other field experiments, was to reprocess the BOMEX\ndata. Final validation of the data was undertaken through detailed\nanalysis and application of necessary corrections, a task that was\ncompleted in the fall of 1974, when the BOMEX Permanent Archive was\nestablished at NCDC.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://rainbow.ldgo.columbia.edu/data/NASAentries/nasa611.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef0c92df-aae9-42b6-8b60-cbdc52614b2e", - "label": "CIBAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CIBAC is a multi-sectoral organization dedicated towards fighting graft, corruption and cronyism in government. It is made up of people bound together with the common belief that such diseases must be stamped out in order for true national development to commence.\n\nFormed in 1997, CIBAC has grown into a nationwide organization through the efforts of the idealistic and dedicated men and women who compose it. But the fight against corruption is no easy task, it is for this reason that CIBAC continues its invitation for nationalistic, law-abiding and God-fearing citizens to join its cause and contribute towards ensuring a better future for our country.\n\nCIBAC has continuously faced corruption head on. It is instrumental in the filing of cases against erring officials with the Ombudsman and other courts. It has also joined hands with other civic groups as petitioners in filing cases of plunder, graft and corruption, bribery, violations of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Government Employees, and perjury against known public officials. Primary among these is the impeachment complaint filed against former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada in 2000.\n\nCIBAC has not limited its battle against corruption to the courts though. Since 1998, it has been an active participant in peaceful mass actions and mobilizations to reiterate its stand against all forms of corruption. It also continues to broaden its network of anti-corruption groups and agencies to intensify its campaign against corruption.\n\nAs a party-list member in the House of Representatives, CIBAC has taken a more active legislative stand on issues pertaining to good governance, transparency and honesty in the conduct of operations and management of both the public and private sectors, and promotion of the welfare of the marginalized sectors and interest groups, particularly the youth, women, overseas filipino wokers, rural communities, urban poor and labor. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.cibac.org/content/view/12/30/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efc4e98a-c529-4c02-8f70-a78dbd54cb29", - "label": "CASES-97", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From 22 April to 22 May 1997 the first expedition to the CASES\nsite was made by boundary layer and radar meteorology scientists\nfrom Universities and government laboratories. For further\ninformation on the CASES site, collaborators, and philosophy,\nplease contact the CASES website,\n'http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/cases'. The broad objectives of the\nexpedition were two-fold: a) observe and model the effects of\nsoil moisture on the fair weather boundary layer's diurnal cycle\nand b) Begin a determination of the relationship between S-band\npolarized radar signals, NEXRAD radar signals, and observed\nrainfall. The two objectives covered most of the weather events\nthat occurred during the expedition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0594909-eb12-46a8-89e0-2a83a9a1ad25", - "label": "ACSOE-EAE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Eastern Atlantic Experiment was a part of the Marine Aerosol and\nGas Exchange (MAGE) component of the Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in\nthe Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) project.\n\nThe aims of the experiment were:\n\nTo quantify input of DMS into a parcel of air\n\nTo examine the oxidation of DMS and its reaction with nitrogen species\nwith time\n\nTo investigate the formation of new particles as a result of these\ntransformations\n\nTo discriminate between the natural and anthropogenic fractions of\nsulphur and nitrogen using isotopic measurements\n\nThe experiment included two campaigns in the spring seasons of 1996\nand 1997, each of which incorporated three elements:\n\nA land-based site at Mace Head (at the seaward end of Galway Bay)\nA research vessel operating off the west coast of Ireland (RRS Challenger)\n\nResearch aircraft overflights to link shipborne and land-based measurements\n\nThe primary measurements made during the campaigns were concentrations\nof DMS in the atmosphere and the water column, but a wide range of\nadditional measurements were made including:\n\nAtmospheric ozone and nitrogen species\nAtmospheric particulates and their chemistry\nAtmospheric nitrogen and sulphur isotopic composition\nOceanic temperature, salinity, attenuance and chlorophyll\nMeteorology\n\nThe fieldwork was supported by modelling work with a zero-dimensional\ntime-dependent photochemical box model of an air mass in the marine\nboundary layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0b1c9c2-06b1-46c3-8b49-2ff046ed7496", - "label": "ALOS Science Project", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Science Project", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0f41a60-ce82-4cf4-87b4-e96087ffcd5e", - "label": "ADEOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1dda0a8-4566-4190-85b1-11bac7014916", - "label": "CERDP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objectives of the Compost/Erosion Research and Demonstration\nProject (CERDP) are:\n\n1. Measure and compare the quantity and quality of roadside vegetation\n(grasses) grown on conventionally treated roadway foreslopes with\nvegetation produced on foreslopes amended with various levels of\nthree types of composted organics produced in Iowa.\n\n2. Measure and compare soil characteristics, runoff quantity, and\nsoil erosion occurring on conventionally-treated roadway foreslopes\nwith that occurring on foreslopes treated with composted organics.\n\n3. Use field measurements of soil erosion to calculate interrill and\nrill soil erodibility factors that can be used with the USDA Water\nErosion Prediction Program to model and predict the effects of compost.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ae.iastate.edu/compost/'\n\n[Summary provided by Iowa State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f29edfc7-da20-4182-8de7-3aab592f3e5b", - "label": "CEFA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CEFA is an acronym for the Program for Climate, Ecosystem and Fire\nApplications. It was formed on October 1, 1998 through an assistance\nagreement between the Bureau of Land Management Nevada State Office\nand the Desert Research Institute (DRI). As of November 2000, a new\n5-year assistance agreement was signed with the BLM national Office of\nFire and Aviation to continue basic climate studies and product\ndevelopment for fire managment at the national level. CEFA resides\nwithin the Division of Atmospheric Sciences of DRI, and works closely\nwith the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). The primary functions\nof CEFA are:\n\n1.Perform studies and applied research to improve the understanding of\n relationships between climate, weather, fire and natural resources.\n\n2.Serve as a liaison between the decision-maker (user) and the\n scientific research community by providing product training,\n education, assisting in technology transfer, and eliciting user\n feedback.\n\n3.Improve operational fire weather forecasting and smoke prediction\n using new knowledge of climate and meteorology.\n\n4.Provide a source for fire, ecosystem and related climate information.\n\n5.Provide a human dimensions component including risk, impacts, hazard\n assessment.\n\n6.Develop decision-support tools for fire applications.\n\n7.Provide a societal interactions component.\n\n8.Provide climate and weather information directly for fire and\n ecosystem decision-making and strategic planning\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cefa.dri.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3132ae1-d6a1-4c89-9d45-b67caa30d7ef", - "label": "CISNET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project is part of a nationwide project cooperatively funded by\nEPA, NOAA and NASA, termed 'CISNet' (Coastal Intensive Site\nNetwork).\n\nThe objects of CISNet are:\n\nTo develop a sound scientific basis for understanding ecological\nresponses to anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments.\n\nTo demonstrate the usefulness of a set of intensively monitored sites\nfor examining short-term variability in long-term trend behavior in\nthe relationships between changes in environmental stressors.\n\nTo provide intensively monitored sites for development and evaluation\nof change in coastal systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f31cd204-a612-4edf-a44b-a7cdc318c025", - "label": "ALIVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ALIVE I-V was a series of five experiments conducted in\ncollaboration with the U.S. Army at White Sands, New Mexico.\nData measuring the concentration of atmospheric aerosols were\nreceived from a NOAA King Air aircraft and used to calibrate\nand test Army lidar.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f32d0982-79c6-4e26-b967-1db1dbddf592", - "label": "AIRMSPI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Airborne Multi-angle Spectro Polarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) is an airborne prototype instrument similar to that of the future satellite-borne MSPI instrument for obtaining multi-angle polarization imagery. AirMSPI flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. The instrument was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\n\nMore information is available at: \nhttp://airbornescience.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/airmspi/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f47c03be-9bc0-4b8b-aa38-89dbac684c26", - "label": "ADEOS-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f484e5fa-dfc7-4963-b098-5b5e3ed2d61f", - "label": "BALANS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Land Cover Information for the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin\n(BALANS) developed a seamless, homogeneous land cover database\nfor the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin, based upon medium-resolution\nsatellite data. 'Medium resolution' satellites provide\nappropriate datasets for mapping very large areas. Their\nmultispectral (i.e. colour) images each cover from 350,000 km2\nto over 600,000 km2, and yet show features smaller than 200\nmetres. By joining several such images together, land cover can\nbe mapped consistently over huge areas. The satellite-based\napproach provides a realistic opportunity to produce land cover\ninformation for the entire Baltic Sea Drainage Basin. Such\nspatially and thematically detailed, update-able and\ncost-effective data is of interest to many users.\n\nThe BALANS database provides a spatial resolution of 150 metres,\nand provides land cover information in several general, as well\nas in some more detailed classes. Currently, the basic database\nhas been established and a number of products can be derived to\nmeet users' specific needs for given geographical areas, data\nformats (raster or vector), spatial resolution/scale, and\nclassification schemes. A generalised version of the database is\nfreely available, including the land cover classes Artificial\nsurfaces, Forest, Water, Wetlands, Snow/ice and other open\nland. The minimum mapping unit is 10 hectares for water and 25\nhectares for the remaining classes. This demonstration database\ncan be downloaded from the page 'Download demo data', accessible\nvia the listbox in the upper right corner.\n\nThe original database has more detailed classes and a minimum\nmapping unit of 150x150 metres. To buy this high-resolution\nversion, please turn to 'Contact expert' via the listbox and\nsend us an E-mail from there.\n\nThe BALANS project was selected for financing by the European\nCommission within the 4th Framework Programme. The 2.5 year\nproject finished in August 2001. The project team was led by\nMetria Milj?analys, in collaboration with Finnish Environment\nInstitute, Novosat Oy, GRID-Arendal, GRID-Warsaw and Swedish\nMeteorological and Hydrological Institute.\n\nAdditional information available at\n\n'http://www.lantmateriet.se/ramset.asp?rest=/cms/niva3.asp?produkt='\nENPJ8'&pg_kod=5B&pg_namn=Fj?rranalys_och_visualisering/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f60500e9-5fdc-4423-843a-03c69be84794", - "label": "CLIMPROB", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ClimProb is a java based climate analysis application which has a variety of\ntools available to view and examine weather related data sets. Users define a\ntime period from a choice of over 800 stations located throughout the United\nStates. Once the user has chosen a state and station to analyze, the time\nperiod of interest is defined. The user then selects a type ... of analyses to be performed: temperature, precipitation, or degree days. From the user specified information, Climprob produces a table with the left side showing a\nchronological series of values and the right side showing a probability\ndistribution of the data. The bottom of the tables also show the mean value of\nthe data, the standard deviation, the slope, and the intercept of the data.\nOnce a table of data has been generated, ClimProb can graphically display the\ndata. Data can be displayed in three types of graphs at the users discretion:\na time series, a probability distribution, or a histogram.\n\nThe web site also includes links to a variety of classroom lessons that\nincorporate the use of ClimProb. The lessons were developed by K-16 teachers\nand have been partitioned into elementary, middle, and college-level\nactivities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f667780f-c108-4e70-9c75-eb46f3668620", - "label": "ACSOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Eastern Atlantic Experiment was a part of the Marine Aerosol and\nGas Exchange (MAGE) component of the Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in\nthe Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) project.\n\nThe aims of the experiment were:\n\nTo quantify input of DMS into a parcel of air\n\nTo examine the oxidation of DMS and its reaction with nitrogen species\nwith time\n\nTo investigate the formation of new particles as a result of these\ntransformations\n\nTo discriminate between the natural and anthropogenic fractions ofA\nresearch vessel operating off the west coast of Ireland (RRS\nChallenger)\n\nResearch aircraft overflights to link shipborne and land-based measurements.\n\nThe primary measurements made during the campaigns were concentrations\nof DMS in the atmosphere and the water column, but a wide range of\nadditional measurements were made including:\n\nAtmospheric ozone and nitrogen species\nAtmospheric particulates and their chemistry\nAtmospheric nitrogen and sulphur isotopic composition\nOceanic temperature, salinity, attenuance and chlorophyll\nMeteorology\n\nThe fieldwork was supported by modelling work with a zero-dimensional\ntime-dependent photochemical box model of an air mass in the marine\nboundary layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6ee137c-80ea-4ca3-85d3-21d331671a98", - "label": "ARD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ARD\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=411\n\n\nThe purposes of the project are to employ existing and new data and information to describe and analyse,\ni) onshore and offshore mineral and biological resources in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic from northern Norway and the Kola Peninsula in the west to the Bering Strait in the east,\nii) existing and planned economic and commercial activities based on the resources,\niii) environmental, infrastructural, economic, social, and institutional factors and conditions of importance to the exploitation of the resources and to particular types of business and investment opportunities, and\niv) within a paradigm of sustainable development, create plausible scenarios of social, economic, and commercial trends over the next 10-20 and 20-40 years. \n\nThe overall aim is to, \nproduce a source of data, information, and analyses about the natural resources of the northern and Arctic parts of Norway and Russia that is unique and will be judged to be the obvious first choice of consultation for investment information and opportunities by state and private companies and organizations in Norway, Russia, and elsewhere. \n\nThe project has five sections. \nSection 1 will consist of the most comprehensive description of mineral and biological resources and activites based on them so far undertaken.\nSection 2 will give an exhaustive account of infrastruture, especially transportation, communication, and logistical factors.\nSection 3 will concentrate on environmental factors, challenges, and conditions adverse or conducive to sustainable exploitation of the natural resources.\nSection 4 will describe and analyse economic, social, legal, and institutional factors that in various ways will affect the viability of economic and commercial activities.\nSection 5 will build on and draw together the results of the previous sections to make scenarios of sustainable development in the regions over the next 10-20 and 20-40 years. \n\nThe implementation of the project will proceed in two phases. The first will cover northern and Arctic Norway and northwest Russia, defined as the Murmansk Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, the Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Republic of Komi, the Nenets Autonomous Akrug, and the Barents, White, Pechora, and Kara Seas. This phase will last from May 2006 to April 2008.\nThe second phase, covering the Russian Arctic from the Urals to the Bering Strait, will commence immediately upon the completion of the first phase and will last another two years. \n\nNorthwards the area covered by the project has a natural limit given by the summer time sea-ice edge, including the Northern Sea Route to the Bering Strait. Onshore the project will cover areas to the south where resources are recoverable and accessible by reasonable means of transport. This will include areas along some of the major waterways and rivers in both countries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f71a35d6-ebb6-471b-8d3e-572a59cd8d95", - "label": "CFRP III", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Australian Cold Front Research Project (CFRP) Phase III case\nstudy focused on a cool change passage that took place over the\nsouth coast of Australia (approximate area 47S-27S latitude,\n125E-157E longitude) over the time period November 17-19, 1984.\n\nView data, images, and animations at\n'http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/projects/gewex-wg3.html#cfrp3'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f75bc31f-afda-45f4-bc90-226b7b0ee818", - "label": "BIOTAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BIOTAS Programme was established in the late 1980's to coordinate\nterrestrial, limnological and littoral biological and related\nenvironmental research in the Antarctic. BIOTAS is a body of\ninteracting scientists with common interests and goals who exchange\nideas and information to ensure awareness of current and proposed\nresearch. This is to help maximise the value of their own research and\nto minimise the duplication of effort and the wasting of resources.\n\nThe objectives of BIOTAS include the encouragement of collaboration\nand, where desirable, replication of research studies using\nstandardised procedures. Also, to encourage research studies to follow\na more unified approach, so that national programmes may complement\neach other and permit a more valid comparison of data between\nlocalities and systems. To facilitate this, BIOTAS has produced a\nmanual of methods to aid standardisation and inter-comparability\n(Wynn-Williams, 1992). As yet, there is no computer network linking\nmembers of BIOTAS. However, the Microbial Strain Data Network is\nalready used by the British Antarctic Survey to hold data on microbial\ncultures and its use may well be extended to include other data sets\nof relevance to BIOTAS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f797f237-8afc-436b-8836-13481dfe0fd4", - "label": "ARTEMIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Programme Description:\n----------------------\nARTEMIS (Africa Real Time Environmental Monitoring Using Imaging Satellites) is\nan operational environmental monitoring program of the United Nations Food and\nAgricultural Organisation. It provides real and near-real time precipitation\nand vegetation assessment for Africa, the Near East and southwest Asia based on\nthe integrated use of high frequency Meteosat and NOAA AVHRR data. ARTEMIS was\ndesigned and implemented for FAO by the National Aerospace Laboratory of the\nNetherlands, in co-operation with Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA) and the\nBritish Universities of Bristol and Reading. ARTEMIS became operational (at\nthe FAO Remote Sensing Centre, Rome) during August 1988.\nARTEMIS was developed to improve the supply of information on growing\nconditions for the FAO Global Information and Early Warning System\n(GIEWS) and Emergency Centre for Locust Operations (ECLO). However,\nARTEMIS data are now, more and more, provided to users involved in\nearly warning for food security and desert locust control at the\nregional and national levels in Africa. The ARTEMIS products are\ndistributed to its users on colour hardcopies, IBM-PC compatible\ndiskettes, tapes and as point-listing using mail, pouch and courier\nservices. In addition, FAO and the European Space Agency (ESA) are\ncollaborating to develop a dedicated satellite communications system,\nDIANA (Data and Information Available Now in Africa), which will\nenable high speed digital dissemination of ARTEMIS products, and other\ninformation, to remote stations in Africa.\nDatabases and Products:\n-----------------------\nARTEMIS uses the following reference databases:\n1. Geographic -\n CIA World Database I (coastlines, country boundaries and major rivers);\n2. Agroclimatological -\n mean annual/mean monthly rainfall, and 10-day potential evapotranspiration\n (PET) for Africa (based on published FAO agroclimatological records);\n3. Desert Locust Habitat -\n 5-class ranking of potential desert locust habitats in the recession area of\n West Africa (in preparation, based on unpublished data).\nARTEMIS produces the following operational databases:\n1. Cold Cloud Duration (operational) -\n 10-day and monthly cumulative raincloud duration data for Africa and the\n Near East (derived from hourly Meteosat Primary Data User Station data).\n Produced continuously since the third dekad of August, 1988;\n2. Number of Rainfall Days (operational) -\n Total number of raindays during 10-day and monthly periods, for Africa and\n the Near East (derived form Meteosat Primary Data User Station data).\n Produced continuously since the third dekad of August, 1988;\n3. Estimated Rainfall (operational) -\n 10-day and monthly rainfall (mm) for Africa (Sahelian-Sudanian zone) based\n on a regression between cold cloud duration (derived from Meteosat Primary\n Data User Station data and observed rainfall). Produced continuously since\n the third dekad of August, 1988;\n4. NOAA Vegetation Index (NDVI) (operational) -\n 10-day and monthly composite vegetation index data for Africa, the Near East\n and southwest Asia. Data for Africa available from 1982 onwards. Historical\n data for other regions are being prepared;\n5. Crop Moisture Availability (experimental) -\n Water balance data on 10-day basis for Africa (Sahelian-Sudanian zone) using\n a simple waterbalance method based on 'Estimated Rainfall data', and fixed\n crop coefficient and soil water holding capacity parameters;\n6. Monthly Rainfall Anomalies (experimental) -\n Monthly rainfall anomaly data for West Africa obtained through comparison of\n monthly estimated rainfall (i.e. 'Estimated Rainfall' data) with the\n long-term norm (i.e. 'Agroclimatological' data);\n7. Potential Breeding Activity Factor (experimental) -\n Desert locust potential breeding activity derived from 'Desert Locust\n Habitat' data and data from the operational NDVI database.\nAll ARTEMIS products are available in a common geographic projection\n(Hammer-Aitoff equal area projection, at a spatial resolution of 7.6 km), in\neither photographic or digital format (digital image size roughly 2.6 Mb).\nProgramme Contact:\n------------------\n Jelle U. Hielkema\n Environmental Monitoring Group,\n Remote Sensing Centre (AGRT),\n Food and Agricultural Organisation,\n United Nations,\n Rome, Italy\n Telephone: +39 6 5797 1\n Facsimile: +39 6 5797 3152 or 5782610\nReference:\n----------\nHielkama, J.U., 1990, Operational satellite environmental monitoring for food\nsecurity by FAO: The ARTEMIS System. In Remote Sensing and the Earth's\nEnvironment, ESA SP-301, 125-134.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f864e69a-e459-4c58-b410-351eccc8705a", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII/FLUX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and energy balance were made using chamber-, tower-, and aircraft-based measurement techniques in Alaskan arctic tundra ecosystems during the 1994-1995 growing seasons (June–August). One of our objectives was to quantify the interrelationships between the NEE and the energy balance measurements made from different sampling techniques. Qualitative and quantitative intercomparisons revealed that on average the correspondence between the mass and energy fluxes measured by these sampling methods was good despite potential spatial and temporal mismatches in sampling scale. Quantitative comparisons using least squares linear regression analyses with the tower-based measurements of NEE as the independent variable indicate that the chamber- and aircraft-based NEE measurements were generally lower relative to the tower-based measurements (slope=0.76–0.86). Similarly, tower-aircraft comparisons of latent (Le) and sensible (H) heat exchange indicated that the aircraft-based measurements were lower than the tower-based measurements (slope=0.72–0.80). Qualitative comparisons, however, indicate that the correspondence among the chamber-, tower-, and aircraft-measured fluxes varied both seasonally and interannually, suggesting the lack of a consistent bias between the sampling techniques. The results suggest that differences observed between the chamber, tower, and aircraft flux measurements were primarily due to the failure to account for the spatial distribution of surface types in the tower and aircraft sampling footprint, problems involved in the comparison of temporal and spatial averages, and temporal (e.g., seasonal and interannual) variance in rates of mass and energy flux for a given point. Other potential sources of variance include the underestimation of nocturnal NEE by the tower-based eddy covariance system, and the periodic occurrence of an elevated CO2 plume in the atmosphere over the Prudhoe Bay oil field. Even with these potential sources of variation, the results reveal that the various methods give comparable estimates of NEE and energy flux within a range of temporal or spatial variability.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1998/1998JD200015.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8d84499-2368-42d5-8def-df8b8c81725e", - "label": "CIESIN/TSUNAMI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9fd6f89-9a67-4ece-9514-3803e7787520", - "label": "ARGO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARGO is a broad-scale global array of temperature/salinity profiling\nfloats, known as Argo, is planned as a major component of the ocean\nobserving system. Deployment began in 2000. Conceptually, Argo builds\non the existing upper-ocean thermal networks, extending their spatial\nand temporal coverage, depth range and accuracy, and enhancing them\nthrough addition of salinity and velocity measurements. The name Argo\nis chosen to emphasize the strong complementary relationship of the\nglobal float array with the Jason altimeter mission. For the first\ntime, the physical state of the upper ocean will be systematically\nmeasured and assimilated in near real-time.\n\nObjectives of Argo fall into several categories. Argo will provide a\nquantitative description of the evolving state of the upper ocean and\nthe patterns of ocean climate variability, including heat and\nfreshwater storage and transport. The data will enhance the value of\nthe Jason altimeter through measurement of subsurface vertical\nstructure (T(z), S(z)) and reference velocity, with sufficient\ncoverage and resolution for interpretation of altimetric sea surface\nheight variability. Argo data will be used for initialization of\nocean and coupled forecast models, data assimilation and dynamical\nmodel testing. A primary focus of Argo is seasonal to decadal climate\nvariability and predictability, but a wide range of applications for\nhigh-quality global ocean analyses is anticipated.\n\nThe initial design of the Argo network is based on experience from the\npresent observing system, on newly gained knowledge of variability\nfrom the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter, and on estimated requirements for\nclimate and high-resolution ocean models. Argo will provide 100,000\nT/S profiles and reference velocity measurements per year from about\n3000 floats distributed over the global oceans at 3-degree spacing.\nFloats will cycle to 2000 m depth every 10 days, with a 4-5 year\nlifetime for individual instruments. All Argo data will be publicly\navailable in near real-time via the GTS, and in scientifically\nquality-controlled form with a few months delay. Global coverage\nshould be achieved during the Global Ocean Data Assimilation\nExperiment, which together with CLIVAR and GCOS/GOOS, provide the\nmajor scientific and operational impetus for Argo. The design\nemphasizes the need to integrate Argo within the overall framework of\nthe global ocean observing system.\n\nInternational planning for Argo, including sampling and technical\nissues, is coordinated by the Argo Science Team. Nations presently\nhaving Argo plans that include float procurement or production include\nAustralia, Canada, France, Japan, U.K., and U.S.A., plus a European\nUnion proposal. Combined deployments from these nations are expected\nto exceed 700 floats per year by 2002. Broad participation in Argo by\nmany nations is anticipated and encouraged either through float\nprocurement, logistical support for float deployment, or through\nanalysis and assimilation of Argo data.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa3ac5f0-614d-4a08-8eca-f1ce3cf3090c", - "label": "ARCDIV.NET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ARCDIV NET\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=72\n\nThe Network for Arctic Climate and Biological Diversity Studies (ARCDIV) is a multidisciplinary research cluster under the International Polar Year (IPY 2007-2008), seeking to explore the diversity of climates and ecosystems at landscape scale within the Arctic region, by integrating historical, existing and new intense measurements of key physical and biological variables and processes at multiple Arctic observational sites.\n\nRationale: The recently published Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) presents detailed information of the significant contemporary changes in regional variability and trends of climate and ecosystems in the Arctic, with important coupling and feedback mechanisms to the global climate system. The ARCDIV cluster will establish several reference areas in the Arctic, equipped with permanent long-term and new intense campaign based measurements of physical and biological parameters on various temporal and spatial scales, with the aim to resolve the variability of climate and biological diversity on landscape and regional scales around the Arctic. These new observations will be held against data from long-term climate monitoring and experimentally manipulated plots. This is a new frontier for climate change and ecosystem interaction studies aiming at understanding small-scale physical and biological variability in time and space and their links to the large-scale regional climate variability and trend patterns with relation to global climate change.\n\nScientific Content: Multidisciplinary research groups will set up coordinated and intense atmospheric/terrestrial measurement systems and field observations at the different reference sites, integrating the following scientific themes and activities on the basis of variable geometry:\n\n· Physical observations: Meteorological synoptic and automatic weather stations, micrometeorological measurements, radiosondes, UAV and sodar profiling of the ABL, atmospheric radiation including UV, surface radiation budget, regional spectral albedo on land and sea ice, surface energy balance, snow/ice distribution, hydrology, geochemistry, wetland methane fluxes, arrays of temperature loggers and freeze-thawing events.\n\n· Biological observations: Vegetation monitoring and mapping, cryobiology, alpha/beta and genetic diversity, nutrient and carbon cycling/sequestration, microbial communities in soil and freshwater, trophic interactions and structure, predator-prey systems, herbivory, stress parameters, structure and function of ecosystems and colonization.\n\n· Models/Integration: Physical, atmospheric circulation, landscape and radiation transfer models will be used together with the intense physical observations to describe the local abiotic environmental variability and its relation to the regional atmospheric circulation. GIS-systems will assist sampling and integrated analysis of the physical and biological parameters. Remote sensing will be used for extraction of physical and biological parameters at the reference sites. Multi-scale statistical methods will be used for integrated analysis, including the possible projection of future changes.\n\n-Cluster components: This multidisciplinary initiative cluster a coherent set of EOI's for the purpose of coordinating the many complementary research groups of different disciplines and nationalities that are active at various sites/stations in the Arctic, studying different aspects of climate and biological diversity. The added value for all partners is to get access to data relevant for own studies and the total integration of physical and biological knowledge in order to address the complex interaction mechanisms between abiotic and biotic parameters involving small and regional scales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fac9a08e-22b7-48dc-bff9-60e9156ba0eb", - "label": "AMBS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctic Multibeam Bathymetry and Geophysical Data S ynthesis (AMBS) delivers shaded relief maps, bathymetry grids, multibeam bathymetry field data and other geophysical data from the Southern Ocean, primarily collected with the R/V N. B. Palmer. This effort initiated in 2003 with support of the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation. To learn more view the R/V Palmer Data Acquisition Status Report, read other Project Related Documents, see what's new and explore Antarctic Related web links.\n\nAntarcticMBS currently provides access to multibeam bathymetry and trackline geophysical data from 75% of all multibeam expeditions of the R/V Palmer within the Southern Ocean.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.marine-geo.org/antarctic/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb01344f-5a68-41e6-b75c-37ffb8d78a58", - "label": "ACE-ASIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE) are designed to increase our understanding of how atmospheric aerosol particles affect the Earth's climate system. ACE-Asia was the fourth in this series of experiments organized by the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Program (A Core Project of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program). \n\nACE-Asia took place during the spring of 2001 (schedule) off the coast of China, Japan and Korea (map). The ACE-Asia region includes many types of aerosol particles of widely varying composition and size derived from one of the largest aerosol source regions on Earth. These particles include those emitted by human activities and industrial sources, as well as wind-blown dust. Results from ACE-Asia have improved our understanding of how atmospheric aerosols influence the chemical and radiative properties of the Earth’s atmosphere. Specifically: \n\nThe dust we can observe by satellite, transported half way around the globe, is not just dust, it is dust mixed with pollution. Air pollution changes dust aerosols in many ways, adding black carbon, toxic materials, and acidic gases to the mineral particles. Atmospheric chemistry and its impact on air quality and climate change are truly global issues. \n \nWe can not measure dust in one region and assume that dust everywhere around the Earth has the same impact on climate. The dust that is transported from East Asia to the Pacific does not absorb as much light as the dark aerosol from South Asia or some previous measurements of dust from the Sahara Desert. There are dramatic regional differences in the chemical and optical properties of aerosols. \n \nCombining ACE-Asia suborbital and satellite measurements yields monthly average (April 2001) cloud-free aerosol radiative forcing at the surface exceeding -30 W m-2 in a plume covering the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan and region downwind of Japan. \n\nThis summary is from http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/Field/aceasia/ACEAsiaDescription.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc324e61-d5fd-4fa9-9bab-54777307a607", - "label": "ATOST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic-THORPEX Observing System Test (Atlantic - TOST) is planned as a field campaign to make a significant contribution towards this common goal. The primary aim of the Atlantic TOST is to test the real-time quasi operational targeting of observations using a number of platforms (including AMDAR, ASAP ships, extra radiosonde ascents, research aircraft and meteorological satellites). To do this, it is necessary to identify suitable cases for targeting, provide information on the location of sensitive areas, and have the facilities to control each observing system at short notice. The Atlantic TOST will be the first time that the real-time adaptive control of such a complex set of observing platforms has been attempted. It is considered to be an essential preparation or proof of concept for future targeting field campaigns. Additional scientific objectives of the Atlantic TOST will contribute to the understanding of the location and predictability of sensitive areas and the impact of targeted observations on forecast performance (and the benefit of potential new observing platforms).\n\nInformation is taken from http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/arep/thorpex/atlantic_ob_system.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc4524ac-aae5-42d3-95f7-154ff353a168", - "label": "AICI-IPY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The polar atmosphere is often considered both pristine and simple. However, there is a strong dynamic between the lower atmosphere and ice surfaces. Over the polar plateau, production in the snowpack controls the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Halogen chemistry over the sea ice zone depletes boundary layer ozone, and causes mercury deposition. Persistent organic compounds undergo a distillation which leads to their deposition in polar regions. Biochemical processes in open leads play a major role in formation of cloud condensation (CCN) and ice forming nuclei (IFN), and through cloud formation this process may play a vital role in ice-albedo climate feedbacks.\nThe IGBP projects, IGAC and SOLAS, have jointly endorsed a task, “Air-Ice Chemical Interactions”, to determine the importance of these processes, and assess how they would alter with a warming climate and shrinking cryosphere. IPY offers a unique opportunity to determine the spatio-temporal pattern of chemistry and processes from the ice surface through the boundary layer, including cloud formation, by linking various field activities carried out in the same year. AICI-IPY will provide an overall framework, arrange supporting laboratory and modelling studies and integration of remote sensing data, and organise synthesis meetings. This work will support and link these more focussed field activities:\nPolar plateau intensives: studying the influence of the snowpack, and boundary layer structure, by measuring concentrations, fluxes and processes at sites with different characteristics. Summit, Greenland has a long pedigree in air-snow studies, and this will be extended under AICI-IPY. The ANTCI group at South Pole expect to carry out further campaigns in IPY. AICI-IPY scientists will aim to add activities at Concordia (Antarctica).\nThe Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS) will focus on the processes that control boundary layer clouds north of 80ºN, looking at CCN, IFN, and investigating marine biochemical and boundary layer meteorological processes that control their numbers. ASCOS expects to use the Swedish icebreaker, drifting from North Pole during summer 2007, and this will provide opportunities for synergy with other parts of AICI and related projects.\nIn the sea ice zone, both Arctic and Antarctic studies of gas phase chemistry are planned. The Arctic studies will mainly be hosted by the related project, OASIS (Ocean-Air-Sea Ice-Snow Interactions – EoI 344). OASIS contains ambitions both wider (biogeochemistry) and narrower (Arctic ocean/coast) than AICI, and will submit a separate detailed plan to IPY. POLARCAT (EoI 244) will provide some vertical context in the Arctic through aircraft campaign. Counterpart Antarctic coastal studies are already planned in Dronning Maud Land.\nTo provide an overall context for the intensive campaigns, AICI-IPY will determine the year-round spatial distribution of at least that most important molecule, ozone, in the boundary layer. No picture exists of the scale of ozone production and depletion, and its concentration in the boundary layer is not amenable to satellite observations. This work will link other AICI studies, using sensors deployed on autonomous platforms and buoys. AICI will coordinate individual polar operators to fill gaps on the map in the Antarctic and over Arctic land, while OASIS will cover parts of the Arctic Ocean.\n\nInformation provided http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=20", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc98fe19-b93e-475e-b932-96ae84469f0a", - "label": "CRIPA (FINNARP)", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd6f46d4-1406-4f46-8dfd-93750560a59a", - "label": "BPL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: RadTrace\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=443\n\nRadionuclides can serve as valuable tracers of atmospheric and terrestrial transport processes, which will be altered by changing climate patterns. This project is anchored in the existing Health Canada radiological monitoring network operated throughout Canada. The network includes seven Arctic sites equipped with high volume samplers for airborne particulates. Two of these sites are also equipped for noble gas collection and one site is equipped with a continuous gamma radiation monitor. In addition to the primary functions of supporting of the Canadian Federal Nuclear Emergency Plan and the international Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the network provides regular measurements of a wide range of naturally-occurring radionuclide concentrations in air. Heavy metals and some organic compounds will also be measured in airborne particulates collected by the air samplers. An archive of air filters extending back to the early 1970s will allow the elucidation of time trends in these contaminants. The Health Canada air monitoring network covers an area extending from 55o to 83o North Latitude and 60o to 135o West Longitude, representing a large fraction of the entire land mass in the North polar region. \n\nData from the Canadian network will supplemented with similar data collected by collaborators in other countries notably Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. Ground-based sample collections will also be carried out in the Canadian north to gain a better understanding of the deposition of atmospheric contaminants and their movement through food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe objectives of this project are:\n-Establish an international database for sharing data between monitoring networks in collaborating countries.\n-Develop and extend atmospheric transport models to trace the movement of radionuclides and other contaminants from sources in temperate zones to remote Arctic locations\n-Demonstrate changing trends in atmospheric circulation to the Arctic and within the Arctic by using these contaminants as tracers of atmospheric processes. \n-Document changes in soil gas emanation due to changing permafrost conditions.\n-Examine the link between climate change and forest fires in the north\n-Contribute to an understanding of ozone depletion in the stratosphere and ozone chemistry at ground level.\n-Assess the impact of these changes on the movement of contaminants through Arctic ecosystems and particularly in food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe following ongoing and future studies will be carried out with the aid of air monitoring networks for radionuclides and other contaminants:\n-A study carried out in collaboration with Meteorological Services of Canada has traced the movement of iodine-129 from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities in Siberia to remote locations in the Canadian Arctic. \n-Radioxenon from the reactor belt in eastern North America has been traced to Yellowknife, NWT. Measurements will be extended to include the long-lived krypton-85, a waste product from nuclear fuel reprocessing, in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions.\n-Cesium-137 released from wood-burning in distant forest fires has been detected at the Yellowknife location. Levoglucosan, a combustion product from forest fires, will also be measured on archived air filters to provide an historical record of forest fire effects. \n-Measurements of uranium, radium, lead-210, and potassium-40, and total dust loading will give information on intercontinental dust transport.\n-The short-lived radon and thoron decay products (lead-212, bismuth-214) are indicative of local emanations of soil gas and will be used to study changing permafrost conditions. \n-The beryllium isotopes (Be-7 and Be-10) are produced by cosmic irradiation of air molecules in the stratosphere. Their abundances and ratios at the earth's surface give information on exchanges of air masses between the stratosphere and troposphere, which are vulnerable to changing climate conditions.\n-Measurements of heavy metals (e.g., Hg, Cd) and selected organic compounds will extend the range of sources and pathways that can be studied and will aid in the understanding of atmospheric chemistry processes in the Arctic. \n\nDetails are still being worked out on the ground based studies. They will include collections of precipitation, soil, lichens, and higher plants to track the deposition of airborne contaminants and their movement through the food chain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd88f6ab-af8a-4bb2-852b-5abc779f991d", - "label": "AICI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AICI-IPY\nProject URL: http://www.esei.purdue.edu/aici/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=20\n\nThe polar atmosphere is often considered both pristine and simple. However, there is a strong dynamic between the lower atmosphere and ice surfaces. Over the polar plateau, production in the snowpack controls the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Halogen chemistry over the sea ice zone depletes boundary layer ozone, and causes mercury deposition. Persistent organic compounds undergo a distillation which leads to their deposition in polar regions. Biochemical processes in open leads play a major role in formation of cloud condensation (CCN) and ice forming nuclei (IFN), and through cloud formation this process may play a vital role in ice-albedo climate feedbacks.\n\nThe IGBP projects, IGAC and SOLAS, have jointly endorsed a task, “Air-Ice Chemical Interactions”, to determine the importance of these processes, and assess how they would alter with a warming climate and shrinking cryosphere. \n\nIPY offers a unique opportunity to determine the spatio-temporal pattern of chemistry and processes from the ice surface through the boundary layer, including cloud formation, by linking various field activities carried out in the same year. AICI-IPY will provide an overall framework, arrange supporting laboratory and modeling studies and integration of remote sensing data, and organise synthesis meetings. This work will support and link these more focused field activities:\n\nPolar plateau intensives: studying the influence of the snowpack, and boundary layer structure, by measuring concentrations, fluxes and processes at sites with different characteristics. Summit, Greenland has a long pedigree in air-snow studies, and this will be extended under AICI-IPY. The ANTCI group at South Pole expect to carry out further campaigns in IPY. AICI-IPY scientists will aim to add activities at Concordia (Antarctica). The Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS) will focus on the processes that control boundary layer clouds north of 80ºN, looking at CCN, IFN, and investigating marine biochemical and boundary layer meteorological processes that control their numbers. ASCOS expects to use the Swedish icebreaker, drifting from North Pole during summer 2007, and this will provide opportunities for synergy with other parts of AICI and related projects.\n\nIn the sea ice zone, both Arctic and Antarctic studies of gas phase chemistry are planned. The Arctic studies will mainly be hosted by the related project, OASIS (Ocean-Air-Sea Ice-Snow Interactions – EoI 344). OASIS contains ambitions both wider (biogeochemistry) and narrower (Arctic ocean/coast) than AICI, and will submit a separate detailed plan to IPY. POLARCAT (EoI 244) will provide some vertical context in the Arctic through aircraft campaign. Counterpart Antarctic coastal studies are already planned in Dronning Maud Land.\n\nTo provide an overall context for the intensive campaigns, AICI-IPY will determine the year-round spatial distribution of at least that most important molecule, ozone, in the boundary layer. No picture exists of the scale of ozone production and depletion, and its concentration in the boundary layer is not amenable to satellite observations. This work will link other AICI studies, using sensors deployed on autonomous platforms and buoys. AICI will coordinate individual polar operators to fill gaps on the map in the Antarctic and over Arctic land, while OASIS will cover parts of the Arctic Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fde53d04-eb86-44a6-b0cc-e58b5d70190f", - "label": "ANSMET/NASA - NNX13AQ24G", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe0e72ea-1d70-43f5-85dc-096c94099264", - "label": "ARW/SJC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Air pollutants are associated with adverse respiratory effects mainly in susceptible groups. This study was designed to assess the impact of the ionic composition of particulate matter on asthmatic respiratory functions in São Paulo city.\n\nhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH3-4MMFVYD-5&_user=2429682&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000057245&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2429682&md5=6c6f8823dd38c87d80c65b438e89557c", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe2719de-c5c8-4ce6-8230-1d16c8155991", - "label": "ANTARCTIC SEA ICE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Sea ice thickness, combined with areal extent as the sea ice mass balance, is the principal response of climatic and oceanic interaction in the marine areas of Antarctica. A major thrust of the project is to obtain sea ice thickness, extent, and physical properties in order to characterize mechanisms of growth and decay and the roles of both the ocean and atmosphere in the sea ice annual cycle. Ice thickness data will be obtained by a variety of methods including visual and automatic camera ice observations from vessels, buoy arrays, airborne EM surveys, underice draft surveys using Autosub AUVs, satellite remote sensing and moored Upward Looking Sonar arrays. Establishment of a quantitative base for circumpolar ice thickness will allow for comparison to the ASPeCt ice thickness distribution derived from ship observations in the past and for future determinations of the thickness distribution that will be available from validated satellite altimetric observations. The Antarctic sea ice cover can then be quantitatively evaluated for response to global climate change in the future and these measurements, as the ice thickness baseline, will be a legacy of IPY. Comparisons of altimetric derived ice thicknesses with prior ship observations will provide ice thickness variability for a thirty year record in selected areas providing some possibility of interdecadal variability determination in sea ice thickness for the recent past as well. A new project from Finland, (S1FL), will contribute to the overall program by investigations of Sea Ice Mechanics and Modeling.\nFor the fast ice, a network of coastal stations, the Antarctic Fast Ice Network (277), is being established. As with the drifting pack, the response of the fast ice to changes in climate and oceanic influence will be monitored and understood with an array of stations to evaluate regional influences. Because of the access from the manned stations, a wider variety of through ice measurements and detailed structural analyses can be made on a year-round basis than for the drifting pack giving more detailed information. A variety of remote sensing data will also be used to map and characterize fast ice and ground stations will be used to provide validation for remote sensing.\nRemote sensing is a direct component of the lead project (270), to validate satellite altimetric measurements of Antarctic sea ice thickness. Two other projects are primarily remote sensing projects: Multi-frequency, multi-polarization helicopter-borne scatterometer measurements of sea ice radar backscatter'.(308), and a new project from Malaysia, (S2Malay), Polar Ice Monitoring and Parameter Retrieval with Microwave Remote Sensing. One focus of the first project will be on the investigation of the multi-frequency backscattering properties of thin ice, including an attempt to derive its thickness from these measurements and to map frost flowers. S2Malay will perform theoretical modelling and conduct its ground truth measurements on thick fast ice in association with the Antarctic Fast Ice Network(277).\nIn collaboration with the field work, modelling and remote sensing associated with ice thickness and physical properties measurements (9 eoi’s), three projects coordinated by BASICS(862) will conduct year-round studies of Antarctic sea ice physics, biogeochemistry and biology on drifting pack ice and fast ice to better understand and budget exchanges of energy and matter across ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interfaces. BASICS will quantify their potential impact on fluxes of climatically important gases (CO2, DMS) and carbon export to the deep ocean; the Study of Antarctic Sea Ice Ecosystems(818) will focus on the biology within sea ice and relationship to ice physical properties; while Carbon in Sea Ice (976) will provide coordination between the Antarctic and Arctic efforts to understand how sea ice biogeochemistry controls CO2 fluxes.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=141", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffdb1819-43ba-4307-80db-dae705f62a8d", - "label": "BASS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BASS2000 is an archive of french ground-based solar data and is constituted of two components : in Meudon, on-line data catalogues provide daily all observations of the Meudon spectroheliograph, some data of the Nançay radioheliograph and of the total flux antenna, as well as a few images per day of the Pic du Midi coronograph. Processed data are also available (such as synoptic maps for example). In Tarbes, the catalogue of off-line data contains THEMIS data (spectropolarimeter &MTR& and spectro-imagery &MSDP&), all data from the Nançay radioheliograph (all frequencies, full cadence), some data of the L.J.R at the Pic ! du Midi, and a good part of data from the Pic du Midi coronagraph. \nIn addition to these solar data catalogues, BASS2000 provide other on-line services : informations about instruments and processing codes, including various information's for the preparation of observations (THEMIS), a bibliography, public outreach pages about solar physics and lists of useful links. \n\nThis information is taken from http://bass2000.obspm.fr/commun/pageac_ang.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0a48b3c-ab3d-4331-b992-367352d5c09c", - "label": "ACEPOL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and Lidar (ACEPOL) campaignExternal Link ... will perform aerosol and cloud measurements over the USA from the NASA high altitude ER-2 aircraft using measurements from four spectro/photo polarimeters (RSP, AirMSPI, AirHARP, and AirSPEX) which differ in terms of spectral, angular, and spatial sampling. The measurements from these passive sensors will be complemented by measurements from active sensors (airborne HSRL-2 and CPL lidars).\n\nAdditional Information: https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/acepol/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b08576d5-6253-47de-a1b3-562808f3282f", - "label": "ACTIVATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "NASA’s Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) project is a five-year project (January 2019 – December 2023) that will provide important globally-relevant data about changes in marine boundary layer cloud systems, atmospheric aerosols and multiple feedbacks that warm or cool the climate. Marine boundary layer clouds play a critical role in Earth’s energy balance and water cycle. ACTIVATE will study the atmosphere over the western North Atlantic Ocean and sample its broad range of aerosol, cloud and meteorological conditions using two aircraft based at NASA’s Langley Research Center. As an integral part of ACTIVATE, a suite of modeling tools and analysis techniques will be employed to inform preflight planning, perform data analysis, and climate model uncertainty quantification and improvement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e573a56-b485-4a7f-a652-6d941e7d0ce0", - "label": "CAMP2Ex", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex) is a response to the need to deconvolute the fields of tropical meteorology and aerosol science at the meso-b to cloud level. The NASA Earth Science Division will be operating NASA’s P-3 (tail number N426NA) research aircraft and the SPEC, Inc. Lear Jet 35A (tail number N474KA) out of Clark Airport in the Philippines during the period 20 August to 10 October 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "131f1025-4fea-44e3-accf-c68c758c570b", - "label": "Aeolus", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ADM Aeolus, which launched Aug. 22, 2018, works by shooting laser beams in the ultraviolet wavelength down at the Earth. The scattered light that bounces back to the orbiting instrument allows it to 'see' atmospheric particles, aerosols and molecules as wind carries them through the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efdf69b0-1c39-4c83-aee5-bede2dc3eef5", - "label": "ATOMIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Saildrone is a wind and solar powered unmanned surface vehicle (USV) capable of long distance deployments lasting up to 12 months and providing high quality, near real-time, multivariate surface ocean and atmospheric observations while transiting at typical speeds of 3-5 knots. The drone is autonomous in that it may be guided remotely from land while being completely wind driven. The saildrone ATOMIC (Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign) campaign involved the deployment of a fleet of saildrones, jointly funded by NASA and NOAA, in the Atlantic waters offshore of Barbados over a 45 day period from 17 January to 2 March 2020. The goal was to understand the Ocean-Atmosphere interaction particularly over the mesoscale ocean eddies in that region. The saildrones were equipped with a suite of instruments that included a CTD, IR pyrometer, fluorometer, dissolved oxygen sensor, anemometer, barometer, and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Additionally, four temperature data loggers were positioned vertically along hull to provide further information on thermal variability near the ocean surface. This Saildrone ATOMIC dataset is comprised of two data files for each of the three NASA-funded saildrones deployed, one for the surface observations and one for the ADCP measuements. The surface data files contain saildrone platform telemetry and near-surface observational data (air temperature, sea surface skin and bulk temperatures, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll-a concentrations, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction) spanning the entire cruise at 1 minute temporal resolution. The ADCP files for each saildrone are at 5 minute resolution for the duration of the deployments. All data files are in netCDF format and CF/ACDD compliant consistent with the NOAA/NCEI specification.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ec94c96-e4a0-4361-b58f-02e145a5dcc6", - "label": "ARISE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Overall Objective:\n\nAcquire well calibrated data sets using aircraft and surface-based sensors to support the use of NASA satellite and other assets for developing a quantitative process level understanding of the relationship between changes in Arctic ice and regional energy budgets as influenced by clouds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b960097c-f050-4d34-af06-517dc49b6e4e", - "label": "AJAX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Ames Research Center operates a new research platform for atmospheric studies: an instrumented Alpha Jet. The present complement of instruments allows for the determination of carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, and methane concentrations as well as measurements of three-dimensional wind speeds, temperature, and pressure. Planned future instrumentation includes an Air-Core sampler and an instrument to measure formaldehyde. We give examples of measurements that have been made, including measurements carried out during a downward spiral over an expected methane source. An attractive property of this airborne system is its ability to respond rapidly to unexpected atmospheric events such as large forest fires or severe air quality events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01406abd-c93d-40d1-9bc3-7bc6388bc508", - "label": "CSDA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Commercial Smallsat Data Acquisition (CSDA) Program was established to identify, evaluate, and acquire data from commercial sources that support NASA's Earth science research and application goals. NASA's Earth Science Division (ESD) recognizes the potential impact commercial small-satellite (smallsat) constellations may have in encouraging/enabling efficient approaches to advancing Earth System Science and applications development for societal benefit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fc29174-d5bc-464e-ad01-ae02595d4bd6", - "label": "ARCS II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Aiming to foster the realization of a sustainable society, the ArCS II project will promote advanced research to understand the current status and process of environmental changes in the Arctic and to improve meteorological and climate prediction in order to assess the impact of rapid environmental changes in the Arctic on human society, including Japan, as well as to implement the results of this research into society.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efcad04c-9e9c-42ad-be9b-a670f7454a2a", - "label": "CARAFE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Objectives\n\nAssemble a versatile, economical system for measuring airborne fluxes\nQuantify greenhouse gas (GHG) sources/sinks over a spectrum of ecosystems\nEvaluate biophysical process models and parameterizations\nValidate top-level satellite flux products from OCO-2 and other missions", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4a7a825-1158-41bc-afa2-9b81422ea876", - "label": "C3VP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2f95e5d-9fe5-49b3-b712-019d78172753", - "label": "C3VP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Project (C3VP) was a collaborative international field campaign that took place in southern Canada during the 2006/2007 winter season. With the help of multiple organizations, including the NASA GPM and PMM science teams, the campaign used various ground-based and airborne instrumentation to thoroughly study cold season precipitation systems and therefore improve the modeling and remote sensing of snowfall. The campaign took place in the vicinity of the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CARE) in the Great Lakes region of Ontario, Canada. The site was operated by the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC). The main objectives of the campaign were to capture more ground and airborne observations of winter precipitation, to validate data from the\nCloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and NASA CloudSat satellites, and to further improve the remote sensing and modeling of winter precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "258fbd3e-3848-4d0c-885c-5704256b5bc4", - "label": "ACCLIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) will conduct a two-month campaign in Summer 2022* in the Republic of Korea: the Asian Summer Monsoon Chemical & CLimate Impact Project (ACCLIP). Two aircraft (the NASA WB-57 and the NCAR G-V), outfitted with state-of-the-art sensors, and approximately 80 scientists from the US and other international research organizations will participate in ACCLIP. \n\nThe Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) is the largest meteorological pattern in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer season. Persistent convection and the large anticyclonic flow pattern in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) associated with ASM leads to a significant enhancement in the UTLS of trace species from pollution and biomass burning origins. The monsoon convection occurs over South, Southeast, and East Asia, a region of uniquely complex and rapidly changing emissions tied to both its high population density and significant economic growth. The coupling of the most polluted boundary layer on Earth to the largest dynamical system in the summer season through the deep monsoon convection has the potential to create significant chemical and climate impacts. An accurate representation of the ASM transport, chemical and microphysical processes in chemistry-climate models is much needed for characterizing ASM chemistry-climate interactions and for predicting its future impact in a changing climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36635fd7-4504-470a-8d12-b420374349dc", - "label": "CC-VEx", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CALIPSO-CloudSat Validation Experiment (CC-VEx) was conducted between July 24 and August 14, 2006 and was designed to provide coincident observations of cloud and aerosol (small particles) layers needed to support calibration and validation studies for two new satellite missions: CALIPSO and CloudSat. These missions provide valuable new information on vertical structure and properties of aerosols and clouds needed to improve our understanding of climate, weather, and air quality. They were launched together on a Delta II launch vehicle on April 28, 2006 and placed in formation with three other earth observing satellites into what is commonly known as the “ A-Train” satellite constellation. CALIPSO is a joint mission between NASA and the French space agency, CNES, and its payload consists of an innovative two-wavelength polarization-sensitive lidar, an infrared imaging radiometer, and a wide field-of-view camera. CloudSat is a partnership between NASA, the Canadian space agency, and the United States Air Force, and its payload consists ofa state-of-the-art cloud profiling radar operating at 94 GHz.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec3ec9ab-c1ac-4566-bb0c-3ecfb220446c", - "label": "AMAPPS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (AMAPPS) is a comprehensive multiagency research program, which overarching goal is to assess the abundance, distribution, ecology, and behavior of marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds throughout the U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf and to evaluate these data within an ecosystem context where the results are accessible to managers, scientists and the public. AMAPPS is a multi-agency research program involving the National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and the U.S. Navy. A range of tools are used including collecting visual, passive acoustic, and telemetry data of protected species, along with direct (e.g. nets and active acoustics) and indirect (photographic and satellite imagery) sampling of other trophic levels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7184f2f4-c89e-44fb-a35a-db1c63f11c77", - "label": "ASCENDS Airborne", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ASCENDS Airborne Campaign was a multi-year effort conducted between 2011 and 2017 to support the science definition study of the Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission, whose objective was to make global atmospheric column carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements without a seasonal, latitudinal, or diurnal bias. Through the airborne campaign, several NASA lidar teams made substantial advances in developing suitable lidar techniques and instruments, demonstrating lidar capabilities from aircraft, improving the understanding of the characteristics needed in the measurements, and advancing the technologies needed for the space lidar. The 2017 ASCENDS airborne deployment was flown on the NASA DC-8 in late July and early August 2017 and was planned in coordination with the NASA Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) 2017 field campaign.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10e3f0f0-f15f-4203-9481-8c5941ba1982", - "label": "COMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CO2 and MEthane eXperiment (COMEX) conducted in coordination with the HyspIRI campaign, demonstrated that methane emissions associated with fossil fuel production activities in the Bakersfield area were of sufficient magnitude and size for space-based observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6aa2a5ed-41e0-4eaa-ac23-6dd05a22c147", - "label": "CPEX-AW", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Convective Processes Experiment – Aerosols & Winds (CPEX-AW) campaign is a joint effort between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) with the primary goal of conducting a post-launch calibration and validation activities of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission-Aeolus (ADM-AEOLUS) Earth observation wind Lidar satellite in St. Croix. CPEX-AW is a follow-on to the Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign which took place in the summer of 2017 (https://cpex.jpl.nasa.gov/). In addition to joint calibration/validation of ADM-AEOLUS, CPEX-AW will study the dynamics and microphysics related to the Saharan Air Layer, African Easterly Waves and Jets, Tropical Easterly Jet, and deep convection in the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48b63b37-24ba-4707-8aa9-72d53ab79f96", - "label": "AQDH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A collection of air quality data that can be used for health-related research and applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95ad06b3-f97b-4ac8-965d-b5a86cf066c1", - "label": "CLIMMIG", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A collection of population and climate migration projections developed for the World Bank's Groundswell report series.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9e09d38-e482-4886-8575-ec5829ed072b", - "label": "ACMAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP) uses models to help integrate observations from multiple satellite, airborne- and ground-based instruments in four main areas: air quality and oxidation efficiency in the troposphere, how pollution-sourced aerosols affect cloud properties, stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion, and interactions between atmospheric chemistry and climate. ACMAP also supports small amounts of research into long-term trends in atmospheric composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f24f2773-0252-4bab-a796-e41ab82206e3", - "label": "COWVR-TEMPEST/STP-H8", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Department of Defense (DoD)-sponsored Space Test Program-Houston 8 (STP-H8) mission, carrying Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)'s Compact Ocean Wind Vector Radiometer (COWVR) and Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems (TEMPEST), aims to demonstrate new low-cost microwave sensor technologies for weather applications.\n\nCOWVR and TEMPEST were launched on Dec.21, 2021 at 5:07am EST from the Kennedy Space Center to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of SpaceX’s 24th Commercial Resupply Mission (CRS-24). The instruments were deployed to the JEM-EF module of the ISS to commence a planned 3-year operation.\n\nNASA contributions to the mission: NASA funded the development of TEMPEST-D and its spare copy, which became TEMPEST-H8, through the Earth Ventures Technology Demonstration Program. NASA also provided the launch as a part of the ISS crew resupply missions. A little more loosely tied is that COWVR uses receiver designs from Jason-3, which was an instrument originally developed by JPL for NASA to support the Jason altimeter mission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df7cc2b7-8b91-4b2d-8fd7-14414d89eb25", - "label": "CPEX-CV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "NASA’s Convective Processes Experiment – Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) is a continuation of the truncated CPEX – Aerosols and Winds (CPEX-AW) field program flown out of St. Croix, USVI between 17 August – 10 September 2021. As in CPEX-AW, CPEX-CV will fly the NASA DC-8 medium-altitude aircraft equipped with an suite of remote sensors and dropsonde-launch capability that will allow for the measurement of tropospheric aerosols, winds, temperature, water vapor, and precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6b1012f-7e03-44cc-96f7-1f580c5eaad1", - "label": "AVIRIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer - Classic (AVIRIS-C) and Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) are two Facility Instruments (FIs) that are part of NASA’s Airborne Science Program (ASP) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) Earth Science Airborne Program. The AVIRIS-C is an imaging spectrometer that delivers calibrated images of the upwelling spectral radiance in 224 contiguous spectral channels with wavelengths from 400 to 2500 nanometers (nm). The AVIRIS-NG is the successor to AVIRIS-Classic and provides high signal-to-noise ratio imaging spectroscopy measurements in 425 contiguous spectral channels with wavelengths in the solar reflected spectral range (380-2510 nm). The AVIRIS-NG started operation in 2014 and is expected to replace the AVIRIS-C instrument. Data from AVIRIS-C and AVIRIS-NG have been applied to a wide range of studies in the fields of terrestrial and coastal aquatic plant physiology, atmospheric and aerosol studies, environmental science, snow hydrology, geology, volcanology, oceanography, soil and land management, agriculture, and limnology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d8da977-caa2-42bd-adc8-5f5c8b496dba", - "label": "CALIPSO-NVF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CALIPSO-NVF 2022 is a NASA airborne deployment of the LaRC HSRL-2 out of Bermuda for a series of nighttime underflights of the CALIPSO satellite. The goal is to verify the nighttime calibration and feature detection accuracy of the CALIPSO lidar.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59ab5342-42e6-4dc9-9a7a-9753248cdab9", - "label": "CIMR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coprpencius Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) is a high priority candidate satellite mission, within the European Commission's (COM) Copernicus Expansion program. EC recently outlined new objectives pertaining to improved spatial and temporal coverage of sea ice and Arctic environment, in order to aid Arctic user communities. Currently, CIMR is in the preparatory phase, with an estimated launch date in the 2025+ time frame.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f5a8960-50b7-40c9-8e0d-068d5f42b0c7", - "label": "ASP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This major New Zealand Government-funded research project supports a range of physical and biological science to understand Antarctica’s impact on the global earth system and New Zealand, and how this might change in a warming world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfcd21aa-d627-4c52-845f-fd5a33f370e9", - "label": "CPF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CLARREO Pathfinder’s data will help us better understand Earth’s changing climate. CLARREO Pathfinder (CPF) data will do this by taking highly accurate measurements of sunlight reflected by Earth and the Moon. These measurements, which will be anchored to international standards, will be five to ten times more accurate than those from existing sensors. CPF will have the unique ability to maintain its high accuracy throughout its lifetime. CPF will also showcase novel techniques in transferring its high accuracy to other sensors monitoring Earth. Higher accuracy means greater certainty in our measurements, which makes it possible to detect Earth’s subtle climate change trends decades sooner than otherwise possible, and provides the knowledge needed to make informed decisions in response.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db26976f-8113-4b2c-8e8a-cc059a5bb255", - "label": "CRV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Risk and Vulnerability collection contains data that can be used for assessing U.S. communities that have been identified as being most at risk, based on weather and climate hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities, along with federal funding that has been made available to such locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a09bdb30-29b3-45c2-99d7-e943aa990347", - "label": "CRV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Risk and Vulnerability collection contains data that can be used for assessing U.S. communities that have been identified as being most at risk, based on weather and climate hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities, along with federal funding that has been made available to such locations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "label": "D - F", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00b6ae8f-c95d-404e-9300-79705f138ecb", - "label": "DOERAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The US Department of Energy's (DOE) Resource Assessment Program produces scientific descriptions and assessments of the nation's renewable energy resources, such as solar energy. Information about the resources --- for example, how solar energy varies with location and climate - is required to develop energy conversion technologies, design and site systems, and forecast the systems' performance.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.energystorm.us/Department_Of_Energy_Resource_Assessment_Program_5_year_Plan_Fy_1991_fy_1995-r198280.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f068a2-87f9-4cc7-a181-7f839064dfb5", - "label": "ENVISNAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ENVISNAR\nProject URL: http://www.ans.kiruna.se/meetings/envisnar/info.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=213\n\nThere is increasing recognition that multiple environmental changes are occurring in the northern regions of Europe. Some of these environmental changes, for example climate warming, levels of UV-B radiation, and habitat fragmentation, are projected to continue leading to impacts on the lands of the Nordic countries unprecedented since deglaciation some 10,000 year ago. \n\nThere will likely be large impacts on the peoples of the North, both problems and opportunities, and consequences outside the region because of the important role that the Arctic plays in the earth system: changes in treeline and snow and ice cover affect the transfer of energy and water between land and atmosphere; changes in vegetation, soils and permafrost affect the atmospheric composition of greenhouse gases; millions of birds that breed and feed in the Arctic are important winter components of the biodiversity of European countries further south. Although some arctic Nordic observatories such as the Abisko Station have monitored the environment for nearly 100 years, and much research has been initiated within the last decade, our baseline information on multiple and often interacting environmental changes is still weak and our ability to project impacts of future environmental changes on ecosystems and the land surface at the landscape scale is poor. However, it is the landscape scale of changes that is relevant to people. \n\nAims\nA new collaborative, co-ordinated programme is required to:\n-provide a standardised, georeferenced baseline of environmental information, including statistics and processes, against which changes throughout the current century can be measured, \n-develop models of climate, land use, biodiversity and ecosystem function that can be inter-linked and applied to landscape level projections\n-establish standardised monitoring that can detect change at multiple local sites and that can validate model projections and remotely sensed data.\n\nStrategy \nAn &expedition& to northernmost Sweden will be arranged in which international scientists will be offered logistic support to join Abisko researchers working in the field. The research will be focused on large scale land-freshwater-atmospheric exchange studies at the catchment scale, and will include scientists from several natural science disciplines (such as plant ecology, bio-geochemistry, hydrology, biodiversity, GIS, remote science, meteorology etc). The bio-geo modelling community will be involved, particularly for upscaling. \n\nThe local Swedish indigenous people, the Saami , will be invited to host members of the indigenous peoples from around the Arctic to discuss and initiate collaboration on environmental issues and monitoring.\n\nJoint meetings of the scientists working in the field, computer modellers and indigenous peoples will be arranged for cross-fertilisation and collaboration on environmental process understanding, monitoring and assessment, and projection of environmental change and its impacts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0841e73b-f93e-43f4-83fb-1bfe1ef387fa", - "label": "ECOHAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "ECOHAB is a multi-agency partnership between NOAA' s Center for Sponsored\nCoastal Ocean Research (CSCOR) and the National Science Foundation, U.S.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,\nand the Office of Naval Research. Through a combination of long-term regional\nstudies and short-term targeted studies, ECOHAB seeks to produce new,\nstate-of-the-art detection methodologies for HABs and their toxins, to\nunderstand the causes and dynamics of HABs, to develop forecasts of HAB growth,\ntransport, and toxicity, and to predict and ameliorate impacts on higher\ntrophic levels and humans. Research results will be used to guide management of\ncoastal resources to reduce HAB development, impacts, and future threats.\nProjects selected for support must successfully compete in a rigorous external,\npeer-review process that ensures a high-level of scientific merit. Projects\ninclude a mix of investigators from academic, state, Federal (including NOAA\nOcean Service), and non-profit institutions.\n\nIn its simplest form, the goal of the ECOHAB program is to develop an\nunderstanding of the population dynamics and trophic impacts of harmful algal\nspecies which can be used as a basis for minimizing adverse effects on the\neconomy, public health, and marine ecosystems. \n\n[Information obtained from the following websites:\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/science/B/ecohab/ \nhttp://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/nationplan/ECOHAB/ECOHABhtml.html\nhttp://www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/hab/current/fact-ecohab.html]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09b90cb0-9fb6-4941-9c4f-ac0bf755a76e", - "label": "FOCI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FOCI is a collection of NOAA research programs attempting to\nunderstand the influence of environment on the abundance of\nvarious commercially valuable fish and shellfish stocks in\nAlaskan waters and their role in the ecosystem. FOCI comprises\na number of programs: Shelikof Strait FOCI, Bering Sea FOCI, and\nSoutheast Bering Sea Carrying Capacity, Arctic Research\nInitiative, West Coast GLOBEC, NSF Inner Front Study, and North\nPacific Marine Research Program. Shelikof Strait FOCI and Bering\nSea FOCI examine a specific species of fish, walleye pollock\nTheragra chalcogramma. Southeast Bering Sea Carrying Capacity\ntakes a broader view of the ecosystem of the southern Bering Sea\nshelf. Other programs address scientific themes that directly\nrelate to FOCI research. Research is conducted by personnel at\ntwo NOAA laboratories in Seattle, Washington (the National\nMarine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center and\nthe Office of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research's Pacific\nMarine Environmental Laboratory), and by scientists at the\nUniversity of Alaska and other academic and research institutes.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/foci/overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b1b0be8-fc5e-45da-8b79-c73e63ae001e", - "label": "DSS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project is designed to bring together a wide range of scholars, students, institutions, and approaches to study the key-concepts of movement, communication and strategies among arctic peoples.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/dynamic_social_strategies", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c48d025-9e99-4833-9728-b8fedb46a243", - "label": "EPS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EPS is Europe’s first polar orbiting operational meteorological satellite system, and it is the European contribution to the Initial Joint Polar-Orbiting Operational Satellite System (IJPS). In this joint European-US polar satellite system, EUMETSAT has the operational responsibility for the &morning orbit& with the Metop satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c581eef-6641-48b3-af4f-9252ae4504ca", - "label": "FADMP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Florida Acid Deposition Monitoring Program (FADMP), funded by the\nFlorida Electric Power Coordinating Group, operated 4 monitoring sites\nduring the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS) from 6/1/1988\nto 5/31/1990 in Florida.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/fadmp.htm' for more information\non the FADMP.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10bbe916-c98b-41c3-909e-61bb5195fc62", - "label": "EUROTRAC-TOR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EUROTRAC-TOR programme was set up to study and quantify the\nunderlying chemical and transport processes of importance for the\noccurrence of photochemical oxidants in Europe. The project, which\nlasted from 1988-1995, involved establishing advanced monitoring\nsites, monitoring for a number of years and evaluation of the data,\nincluding modelling. All data are freely available to other\nscientists, provided that proper credit is given to the people\nresponsible for the data. Name and adress for the responsibles are\ngiven in the data files.\nThe scientific aims of TOR were:\n1.To elucidate the chemistry and transport of ozone and other\n photo-oxidants in the troposphere\n2.To determine and model trends in concentration of photo-oxidants;\n3.To measure the excess ozone concentration Europe relative to the\n average of northern mid-latitudes, and to study its seasonal,\n latitudinal and vertical variation;\n4.To try to measure any transfer of ozone between the boundary layer\n and the free troposphere, and between the troposphere and the\n stratosphere.\nWWW: 'http://www.nilu.no/informasjon/tor.html'\n\n[Adapted from the NILU Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11b2edd9-b2f3-474c-84fe-f7aa49f2834a", - "label": "FLDAS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Famine Early Warning Systems Network is a leading provider of early warning and analysis on food insecurity. Created by USAID in 1985 to help decision-makers plan for humanitarian crises, FEWS NET provides evidence-based analysis on some 34 countries. Implementing team members include NASA, NOAA, USDA, and USGS, along with Chemonics International Inc. and Kimetrica", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1201ce55-8d7e-414e-8ca6-b0867fce9105", - "label": "FIRMS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FIRMS delivers global MODIS hotspots / fire locations in easy to use formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "125f1a2b-4615-4bf9-b2a5-95f3274f29bc", - "label": "FLOSS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This document describes the first phase of the FLOSS project, which studied the surface meteorology of snow-covered rangeland in the North Park region of Colorado, near Walden, from December 2001 to March 2002.\n\nThe second phase of that project, FLOSSII, is described in a separate document.\n\nIf you reached this page from a search engine, click here to see the full report, with frames.\n\nThis document is a standard product of NCAR/ATD/RTF and gives an overview of the measurements taken using the Integrated Surface Flux Facility (ISFF) and conditions during the FLOSS field experiment. \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/rtf/projects/FLOSS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12db8d73-1c99-4798-a8d6-5780740fea58", - "label": "ERBE MEaSUREs", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "More information on MEaSUREs Projects\n\nhttps://earthdata.nasa.gov/community/community-data-system-programs/measures-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13e2e178-0218-4d7a-a5fa-9998c0a19d81", - "label": "FRAQS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The goal of the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (NFRAQS) is to determine the fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM) originating from various sources. As a part of that effort the Colorado School of Mines/Colorado Institute for Fuels and High Altitude Engine Research (CIFER) proposed to perform in use emissions measurements from several medium and heavy-duty diesel fueled vehicles. This testing will be performed in CIFER's heavy-duty chassis dynamometer laboratory.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.mines.edu/research/cifer/research/NFRAQS.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "166c4782-1749-4b10-bd33-7276d49de7a1", - "label": "ERA15", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ba82763-7072-40f3-b2d8-75544b3941a8", - "label": "DUNDEE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Overview of the Experiment:\n\nDUNDEE was carried out in the vicinity of Darwin, Northern Territory,\nAustralia during the wet seasons of November 1988 through February\n1989, and November 1989 through February 1990. The general goal of\nDUNDEE was to investigate the dynamical and electrical properties of\ntropical mesoscale convective systems and isolated deep convective\nstorms. The observational network consisted of two C-band Doppler\nradars (MIT and TOGA), a 50 MHz vertically pointing wind profiler,\nmesonet stations, upper air sounding stations, and cloud electricity\ninstrumentation.\n\nDUNDEE was a collaborative effort between Colorado State University\n(S.A. Rutledge), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n(E. Williams), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and\nthe Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (T. Keenan).\n\nLink to\n'http://radarmet.atmos.colostate.edu/~rob/rsch/darwin_stats.html'\nfor Profiler-Scanning Radar Statistics.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://olympic.atmos.colostate.edu/dundee.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "205df2ad-cbc2-46a7-941b-d1b49a1c85fe", - "label": "EPIC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Process (EPIC)monitor\nheat, moisture and momentum fluxes, and upper ocean temperature,\nsalinity and horizontal currents from the stratus deck region at 8°S,\n95°W through the cold tongue to 12°N, 95°W, north of the intertropical\nconvergence zone.\n\nPrincipal Investigator Contact:\nMeghan F. Cronin\n7600 Sand Point Way NE\nSeattle WA 98115 USA\nTel: 206-526-6449\nFax: 206-526-6744\nE-Mail: cronin@pmel.noaa.gov\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/epic/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22098c16-02f8-45b3-99f0-01886e0260b2", - "label": "DIAS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DIAS is a project for the creation of knowledge which can be shared worldwide.With the goal of providing access to global and regional sensing data,we have developed a pilot system for the creation of an information storage infrastructure for public benefit applications and the deepening of scientific knowledge in the areas of climate, water cycle, for application in fisheries, agriculture and biodiversity managementparticularly through the linking of information across disciplines.This approach has proven to be effective with the successful implementation of our pilot project.\n\nBased on this success, DIAS has begun an Environmental information Integration Program to extend and enhance our services.Through this project, stakeholders in various fields can leverage the fusion of large-scale datasets and applicative knowledge.We are proposing the development of a prototype workbench system for information infrastructure,a workbench for leveraging our implemented information infrastructure, allowing users to develop new results based on our accumulated data and expertisefor the solution of global societal dilemmas.Our design strategy is for an operational framework which can provide public benefit in the form of policy-directed data delivery.\n\nFor more information, see http://www.editoria.u-tokyo.ac.jp/projects/dias/?locale=en", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29052cba-ed98-49fc-86c7-c6343730e9fe", - "label": "Daymet", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Daymet provides long-term, continuous, gridded estimates of daily weather and climatology variables by interpolating and extrapolating ground-based observations through statistical modeling techniques. The Daymet data products provide driver data for biogeochemical terrestrial modeling and have myriad applications in many Earth science, natural resource, biodiversity, and agricultural research areas. Daymet weather variables include daily minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, shortwave radiation, snow water equivalent, and day length produced on a 1 km x 1 km gridded surface over continental North America and Hawaii from 1980 and over Puerto Rico from 1950 through the end of the most recent full calendar year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a689c8c-45f5-4f8d-94f5-e6b878cfcfb4", - "label": "ECOLOGIA_DEL_PLANCTON", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This data set contains zooplankton and microzooplankton systematics and ecology\ndata.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b7a861e-8b52-4e95-9311-6339c7e3fc83", - "label": "EUVRAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of this project is to analyze the effect that the incident UV\nradiation has on the Antarctic bacterial flora. Two different systems will be\nstudied:\n\na) Effect on coastal marine bacteria. We will continue with experimental assays\nusing interferential filters in order to infer the effects of the different\nwavelength bands ... (PAR, UV-A y UV-B) on the viability of the predominant\nbacterial strains of the coastal marine ecosystem as well as on the bacterial\ncommunity as a whole. Assays at different deeps using the water column as a\nnatural UV filter will be performed. These studies will be made not only using\nfixed systems but using dynamic systems too, in order to simulate the natural\nvertical circulation of the water masses and the microorganisms living in such\nwater masses. The field studies will be complemented and compared with\nlaboratory assays where the bacterial isolates will be maintained under\ndifferent irradiation regimes. In all cases, bacterial viability will be\nevaluated by viable counts. In addition, generation of oxygen-reactive species\nwill be analyzed.\n\nb) Effect on the soil bacteria associated to Antarctic plants. It is well known\nthat the UV radiation induces on the vegetation a number of responses including\nproduction of flavonoids and other UV-screen pigments. Since some authors have\nreported that these compounds have biocide activity, an excess of UV radiation\ncould be affecting indirectly the Antarctic soils bacterial communities through\ntheir action on the scarce vegetation. The objective of this part of the\nproject is to study the populations of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus\nquitensis in the surrounding of Jubany Station, Antarctica and to analyze if\ntheir response to UV radiation are related to the dynamics of bacterial\ncommunities associated to their structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bb02bdb-5d13-4438-b5fe-0af2b75d1b98", - "label": "DOGEE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The rates at which gases exchange between the oceans and the atmosphere are extremely important to global biogeochemical cycles and to predicting and modelling future climate change, but quantifying them accurately currently remains elusive. Some important issues requiring accurate such estimates include the rate at which anthropogenic carbon dioxide can be taken up by the oceans, quantifying the marine sources of other important atmospheric greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide, and investigating the roles of other marine derived atmospheric gases in a range of climate and atmospheric chemistry related issues. Although advances have been made in our understanding of the gas exchange process in recent years, these advances are still not sufficient to enable us to understand and predict the effects of the major controlling processes. A major problem in the past has been that individual controlling processes have tended to be addressed in isolation, although it is clear that they are all interconnected. What is now required in order to build on past advances is a fully integrated study of the problem using a variety of state-of-the-art techniques. We will achieve this aim by bringing together for the first time, a team of UK experts with diverse interests and expertise within the field of air-sea gas exchange, but with the common goal of understanding these processes more fully. The UK SOLAS directed programme is an ideal framework within which to do this. We plan to participate in two research cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean, during which we will make a variety of key measurements and observations (measure seastate, whitecapping and wave breaking, evaluate the role of bubbles and surfactants in gas transfer, and employ a combination of direct gas flux measurement techniques for CO2, DMS, halocarbons and other gases), supported by a suite of ancillary water column and meteorological data. Our overarching strategy is to constrain these various measurements within an experiment in which we will release gaseous tracers to the water column. By measuring the rates at which these tracers escape to air we will derive important information on gas exchange rates that will provide a framework for interpreting our other measurements. Our cruises will be timed to coincide with times of maximum air-sea exchange fluxes of climatically relevant trace gases. During one of these we will release a natural surfactant along with the gaseous tracers, in order tto investigate the role of surface organic slicks, which are known to suppress air-sea gas exchange. We also anticipate the participation of a number of US-based groups with aims and measurement capabilities complimentary to our own, which will bring 'added value' to the programme. However these are conditional upon external funding from NSF and other US government funding agencies.\n\nSummary provided by: http://gotw.nerc.ac.uk/list_full.asp?pcode=NE%2FC001702%2F1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2edb57eb-b8e3-4d2d-9d65-5a81ebd52bc3", - "label": "DISCOVERY 2010", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DISCOVERY 2010 will investigate and describe the response of an ocean ecosystem to climate variability, climate change and commercial exploitation. The programme builds on past studies by BAS on the detailed nature of the South Georgia marine ecosystem and its links with the large-scale physical and biological behaviour of the Southern Ocean. The aim is to identify, quantify and model key interactions and processes on scales that range from microscopic life forms to higher predators (penguins, albatrosses, seals and whales), and from the local to the circumpolar. Main objectives are to: Assess the links between the status of local marine food webs and variability and change in the Southern Ocean; and Develop a linked set of ecosystem models applying relevant marine physics and biology over scales from the local to that of the entire Southern Ocean.\n\nDISCOVERY 2010 will undertake an integrated programme of shipboard and land-based field studies of the marine food web, combined with modelling. We will pay particular attention to critical phases in the life cycles of key species, and to examining interactive effects in food webs. Interacting biological and physical processes will be modelled across a range of spatial scales to significantly improve our representation of the ocean ecosystem, upon which sustainable management and the prediction of future climate change can be based. DISCOVERY 2010 will link to BIOFLAME, ACES, and COMPLEXITY, two international programmes, and to a collaborative programme with the University of East Anglia on the role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle. \n\nComponent Projects of Discover 2010 are: DISCOVERY-OEM: Ocean Ecosystems and Management; DISCOVERY-FOOD-WEBS: Scotia Sea FOOD-WEBS; DISCOVERY-FLEXICON: FLEXIbility and CONstraints in life histories; DISCOVERY-CEMI: Circumpolar Ecosystems; Modelling and Integration \n\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/current_programmes/discovery_2010.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f144b3b-b730-412e-9b45-2c36117269c0", - "label": "EMAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) is a\nresearch program to develop the tools necessary to monitor and\nassess the status and trends of national ecological\nresources. EMAP's goal is to develop the scientific\nunderstanding for translating environmental monitoring data from\nmultiple spatial and temporal scales into assessments of current\necological condition and forecasts of future risks to our\nnatural resources.\n\nEMAP aims to advance the science of ecological monitoring and\necological risk assessment, guide national monitoring with\nimproved scientific understanding of ecosystem integrity and\ndynamics, and demonstrate multi-agency monitoring through large\nregional projects. EMAP develops indicators to monitor the\ncondition of ecological resources. EMAP also investigates\ndesigns that address the acquisition, aggregation, and analysis\nof multiscale and multitier data.\n\nContact:\n\nDr. Michael McDonald\nE-Mail: mcdonald.michael@epa.gov\n\n\nEMAP Homepage: 'http://www.epa.gov/docs/emap/'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f9f4cc9-6af6-4852-8e69-a038b0af3bb0", - "label": "DISCOVER", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The primary objective of the Distributed Information Services for Climate and Ocean Products and Visualizations for Earth Research (DISCOVER) Project is to provide highly accurate, long-term ocean and climate products suitable for the most demanding Earth research applications via easy-to-use display and data access tools. These products are derived from a large network of satellite microwave sensors going back to 1979. Most of the products are produced in near real-time (3-12 hours) on a 24x7 basis and hence are also suitable for some weather applications. The products include sea-surface temperature and wind, air temperature, atmospheric water vapor, cloud water, and rain rate. A key element of DISCOVER is the merging of multiple sensors from multiple platforms into geophysical data sets consistent in both space and time. \n\nInformation provided by http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30398892-cfbd-402b-8346-69d83eb4917c", - "label": "ENRR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The major El Nino of 2015-2016 presented an unprecedented scientific opportunity for NOAA to accelerate advances in understanding and predictions of an extreme climate event and its impacts through research conducted while the event was ongoing. ESRL's Physical Sciences Division (PSD) played a central role in the NOAA El Nino Rapid Response (ENRR) field campaign to determine key mechanisms affecting El Niño's impacts on the U.S. and their implications for improving NOAA's observational systems, models and predictions. The ENRR campaign spanned the central and eastern tropical Pacific to California. Multiple types of observing resources collected measurements from the air, ocean, and ground between January and March of 2016. Of particular interest was the increased risk for intense wintertime storms and heavy rainfall affecting the US West Coast during this event's very strong El Nino", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32658d24-ab47-41b5-9614-2becccde8e55", - "label": "ERA-I", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34cb53af-f2cd-4b04-8357-25503e34b92a", - "label": "DOE/BER", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program supports fundamental research and scientific user facilities to address diverse and critical global challenges. The program seeks to understand how genomic information is translated to functional capabilities, enabling more confident redesign of microbes and plants for sustainable biofuel production, improved carbon storage, or contaminant bioremediation. BER research advances understanding of the roles of Earth’s biogeochemical systems (the atmosphere, land, oceans, sea ice, and subsurface) in determining climate so we can predict climate decades or centuries into the future, information needed to plan for future energy and resource needs. Solutions to these challenges are driven by a foundation of scientific knowledge and inquiry in atmospheric chemistry and physics, ecology, biology, and biogeochemistry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3565b745-0b09-4bac-92b0-459f1d7c400a", - "label": "EUROCS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The project EUROCS aims to improve the treatment of cloud systems in global and regional climate models. In addition, benefits will be also gained for hydrology and severe weather issues. Clouds probably remain the largest source of uncertainty affecting evaluations of climate change in response to anthropogenic change. The recent interest to develop capability to predict regional changes of climate, stress also the importance to better represent clouds in models. EUROCS concentrates its efforts on 4 major and well identified deficiencies of climate models: \nI. stratocumulus over ocean, \nII. diurnal cycle of cumulus, \nIII. diurnal cycle of precipitating deep convection over continents, \nIV. sensitivity of deep convection development on the moisture profile. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/eurocs/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "356e018f-f15d-462f-8403-887b726a4372", - "label": "ENERGY", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The location and status of energy infrastructure, especially in relationship to population and land use, are important from many perspectives including access to energy, development, environmental impacts on land, air, and water resources, disaster risk management, and mitigation and adaptation to climate change. This collection presently includes two datasets on the locations of nuclear power facilities with their associated attributes and on estimated country-level populations in proximity to those locations with at least one operating reactor in March 2012.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "361085a8-6d96-4f38-8621-d9d63278acf2", - "label": "ESSAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Proposal URL: \nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=155\n\nESSAR addresses how climate variability and change affects the marine\necosystems of the polar (Subarctic and Arctic) seas and their\nsustainability. To provide accurate projections on the impact of\nclimate warming on these ecosystems requires improved knowledge of its\ncomponents and their linkages. Because of the complexity of the\ninteractions, accurate predictions of what will happen to individual\nspecies requires knowledge on key life-history traits and of what will\nhappen to the ecosystem as a whole, as species do not function\nseparately from their ecosystem. ESSAR, therefore, encompasses\nretrospective and field studies on physics, plankton, benthos, fish\nand shellfish, marine mammals, sea birds and humans. The field studies\nwill be carried out in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans during\n2007-2008. The data gathered will be used, together with bio-physical\nmodels, to make quantifiable predictions of the effects of both\nclimate variability and long-term climate change on arctic polar\nmarine ecosystems.\n\nTo understand the effects of climate variability and change on marine\necosystems we first must document what changes have occurred in the\nphysical oceanography, as well as understand the driving forces behind\nthem. ESSAR will therefore assemble historical data on the physical\noceanography and collect new data to fill in critical gaps in our\nknowledge, such as moored current measurements in the Davis\nStrait-Hudson Strait-Labrador Shelf region and in the northern Barents\nSea between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. With recent reductions in\nsea ice and predictions of much greater reductions, ESSAR will address\nthe effects of changes in sea ice on various parts of the\necosystem. Results from past and present studies will be assembled to\ndocument distributional shifts of several marine species from plankton\nto marine mammals and seabirds. Also, new field studies in the\nSubarctic of both the Pacific and Atlantic, and in the Arctic, will\nexamine the relationship between thermal heating of the waters and\nchanges in ice coverage, including various feedback\nmechanisms. Nutrient, chlorophyll, ice algae, chemical tracers,\nphytoplankton and zooplankton measurements will determine the effect\nof ice decline on biological processes. An important change following\nthe reduction in ice will be an increase in light levels. Detailed\nstudies of the role of light levels on primary and secondary\nproduction along the latitudinal gradients from 45°N to near the pole\nwill determine how light levels and day duration modify ecosystem\nfunction. The effects of water mass transformations on plankton\nproduction will be compared and contrasted with the effects of sea ice\nand light to determine their relative importance. Our understanding of\nthe sources and variability in zooplankton and their role in the food\nchain varies regionally. Data are relatively scarce in the Labrador\nSea, therefore, under ESSAR, concentrated zooplankton studies,\nespecially on Calanus finmarchicus, will be carried out. Field-based\nstudies will also focus on the effects of the physical variability on\nthe energy flow through Arctic and Subarctic marine food webs from\nplankton through fish to marine mammals and seabirds, e.g. in the\nBarents Sea, the Norwegian Sea, Lancaster Sound and Hudson Bay. From\nthe human perspective, certain marine species are more important than\nothers because of their commercial or subsistence values. The physical\nenvironment also influences these species, but our understanding of\nthe mechanisms is limited. One of the most important commercial\nspecies in the Northwest Atlantic is shrimp (Pandulus borealis). As\npart of ESSAR, there will be studies of the role of physical\noceanography and biological production cycles in recruitment,\nabundance and distribution of shrimp in Davis Strait, off West\nGreenland, on the Labrador Shelf and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. At\nthe upper ends of the food web, marine mammals and seabirds will be\naffected by changes in the lower ends. Studies will determine the role\nof changes in sea ice and warming waters on marine mammal fitness,\nincluding whales, walruses, seals and polar bears. Seabirds respond\nrelatively quickly to changes in their prey and often can be monitored\nrelatively easily compared to their prey in the marine\nenvironment. ESSAR, through the Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird) and\nthe members of Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), will\nmonitor how changes in productivity of Arctic and Sub-Arctic seas\naffect circumpolar seabird populations. Seabird diet studies also will\nbe carried out and compared to similar studies conducted in the 1970s\nand 1980s as a means of detecting if and how the marine ecosystem has\nchanged. As well, detailed studies in the smaller region of Svalbard\nwill be carried out to investigate the changes in seabird community\nstructure as a function of temperature and zooplankton. The effects of\nthese changes to the bird community on the terrestrial ecosystem\nthrough the guano deposited back on land will also be part of this\nstudy. Finally, comparisons between the various geographic regions to\nprovide additional insights will be an important component of ESSAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3676031d-011b-4561-af6a-f83f282974b3", - "label": "DSCOVR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DSCVR previously known as Triana uses the Sun-Earth libration point\n(1,000,000 km away from Earth) to continuously observe the Earth. This\nis a cooperative project between the offices of Earth and Space\nscience.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launch scheduled for Spring 2020 as of\n Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center\n\n ORBIT:\n\nTriana has a 1 million-mile journey to reach L1 (the Lagrange neutral\ngravity point between the Earth and the Sun) from which it will\nobserve Earth.\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 4248.6 kg\n Power: 1,700 watts\n Design Life: 2 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n Advanced Whole Earth Radiometer\n A suite of small, next-generation space weather monitoring instruments\n Scripps EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera)\n\n For more information on DSCVR see\n 'http://triana.gsfc.nasa.gov/home/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36a7aee1-1985-4f75-9097-85f164289467", - "label": "DAPTF", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Amphibian Specialist Group strives to conserve biological diversity by stimulating, developing, and executing practical programs to conserve amphibians and their habitats around the world. This will be achieved by supporting a global web of partners to develop funding, capacity and technology transfer to achieve shared, strategic amphibian conservation goals.\nHow the ASG was formed\n\nIn September 2005 in Washington, DC, a Summit was convened by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Conservation International to bring together the world leaders in amphibian conservation. The purpose: to devise a global strategy of action to arrest amphibian declines and extinctions. The Summit produced a declaration (PDF) and a more comprehensive Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP) will be published in early 2007. Because of the scale of response required to tackle the current amphibian crisis, the decision was made to merge the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force (DAPTF), the Global Amphibian Specialist Group (GASG) and the Global Amphibian Assessment into a unified body devoted to Global amphibian conservation: The IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG).\n\nThe ASG takes IUCN's Specialist Group model to the next level of effectiveness through the establishment of a Secretariat and that will serve as dynamic hub to coordinate Regional centers and a global web of stakeholders and to leverage the intellectual, institutional, and financial capacity towards shared, strategic amphibian conservation goals.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.amphibians.org./", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3929d78c-be5e-49e1-ba69-cb456d7123e0", - "label": "ESG", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth System Grid II (ESG) is a new research project sponsored by the U.S. DOE Office of Science under the auspices of the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing program (SciDAC). The primary goal of ESG is to address the formidable challenges associated with enabling analysis of and knowledge development from global Earth System models. Through a combination of Grid technologies and emerging community technology, distributed federations of supercomputers and large-scale data & analysis servers will provide a seamless and powerful environment that enables the next generation of climate research. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.earthsystemgrid.org/about/overviewPage.do", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3970129f-8bb5-49bb-8517-1532f0a0f828", - "label": "ESRL", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "At NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), scientists study atmospheric and other processes that affect air quality, weather, and climate. By better understanding the dynamic Earth system, we can better understand what drives this afternoon's haze, next month's hurricanes, and next century's climate. ESRL researchers monitor the atmosphere, study the physical and chemical processes that comprise the Earth system, and integrate those findings into environmental information products. Our work improves critical weather and climate tools for the public and private sectors, from hourly forecasts to international science assessments with policy-relevant findings.\n\n[Summary provided by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).]\nhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39db20dd-ff35-462e-906c-f8255ddaf89b", - "label": "EDGAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EDGAR database is a joint project of RIVM and TNO and stores\nglobal inventories of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions\nfrom anthropogenic sources including halocarbons both on a per country\nbasis as well as on 1o x 1o grid. The database has been developed with\nfinancial support from the Dutch Ministry of the Environment (VROM)\nand the Dutch National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and\nClimate Change (NRP), in close cooperation with the Global Emissions\nInventory Activity (GEIA), a component of the International\nAtmospheric Chemistry Programme (IGAC) of the International\nGeosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP).\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.rivm.nl/env/int/coredata/edgar/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d01c591-1681-40d5-8c86-3d4d8319d654", - "label": "EPI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Environmental Performance Index centers on two broad environmental\nprotection objectives: \n\n(1) reducing environmental stresses on human health\n\n(2) promoting ecosystem vitality and sound natural resource management. \n\nEnvironmental health and ecosystem vitality are gauged using sixteen indicators\ntracked in six policy categories: Environmental Health, Air Quality, Water\nResources, Productive Natural Resources, Biodiversity and Habitat, and\nSustainable Energy. The EPI utilizes a proximity-to-target methodology focused\non a core set of environmental outcomes linked to policy goals. The Pilot 2006\nEPI includes 133 countries based on data availability.\n\nProject URL: http://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/epi/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d1847aa-4eba-4c78-b4fc-f4223ca16539", - "label": "EOS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth Observing System (EOS) is the centerpiece of NASA's Earth\nScience Enterprise (ESE). It consists of a science component and a\ndata system supporting a coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low\ninclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land\nsurface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. By enabling\nimproved understanding of the Earth as an integrated system, the EOS\nprogram has benefits for us all. The EOS Project Science Office\n(EOSPSO) is committed to helping bring program information and\nresources to program scientists and the general public alike.\n\nEOS Program Description:\n\nSince its creation in 1958, NASA has been studying the Earth and its\nchanging environment by observing the atmosphere, oceans, land, ice,\nand snow, and their influence on climate and weather. We now realize\nthat the key to gaining a better understanding of the global\nenvironment is exploring how the Earth's systems of air, land, water,\nand life interact with each other. This approach -- called Earth\nSystem Science -- blends together fields like meteorology,\noceanography, biology, and atmospheric science.\n\nIn 1991, NASA launched a more comprehensive program to study the Earth\nas an environmental system, now called the Earth Science\nEnterprise. By using satellites and other tools to intensively study\nthe Earth, we hope to expand our understanding of how natural\nprocesses affect us, and how we might be affecting them. Such studies\nwill yield improved weather forecasts, tools for managing agriculture\nand forests, information for fishermen and local planners, and,\neventually, the ability to predict how the climate will change in the\nfuture.\n\nThe Earth Science Enterprise has three main components: a series of\nEarth-observing satellites, an advanced data system, and teams of\nscientists who will study the data. Key areas of study include clouds;\nwater and energy cycles; oceans; chemistry of the atmosphere; land\nsurface; water and ecosystem processes; glaciers and polar ice sheets;\nand the solid Earth.\n\nPhase I of the Earth Science Enterprise had been comprised of focused,\nfree-flying satellites, Space Shuttle missions, and various airborne\nand ground-based studies. Phase II began in December of 1999 with the\nlaunch of the first Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite, Terra\n(formerly AM-1) and Landsat 7. EOS is the first observing system to\noffer integrated measurements of the Earth's processes. It consists of\na science component and a data system supporting a coordinated series\nof polar-orbiting and low-inclination satellites for long-term global\nobservations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere,\nand oceans. We have initiated an era of unprecedented observational\ncapability for understanding the planet.\n\nJust as the first weather and communications satellites fundamentally\nchanged our way of thinking about those fields, so the elements of the\nEarth Science Enterprise will expand our perspective of the global\nenvironment and climate. Working together with our partners around the\nworld, we are well on our way to improving our knowledge of the Earth\nand using that knowledge to the benefit of all humanity.\n\nFor more information, link to the EOS homepage at\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e0843ae-d6ed-4972-b164-53adc891563a", - "label": "DC3", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f85676a-11a0-460b-a25a-a9bb9118a6c4", - "label": "DISCOVER-AQ", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The overarching objective of the DISCOVER-AQ investigation is to improve the interpretation of satellite observations to diagnose near‐surface conditions relating to air quality. To diagnose air quality conditions from space, reliable satellite information on aerosols and ozone precursors is needed for specific, highly‐correlated times and locations to be used in air quality models and compared to surface- and aircraft-based measurements. DISCOVER‐AQ will provide an integrated dataset of airborne and surface observations relevant to the diagnosis of surface air quality conditions from space.\n \nSummary provided by http://science.nasa.gov/missions/discover-aq/\n\nAlso, see: http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/discover-aq/discover-aq.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41e89e83-e33c-425e-ad11-6bcde962d699", - "label": "FED MAC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Biospheric Sciences Branch (formerly Earth Resources Branch)\nwithin the Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space\nFlight Center and associated University investigators are involved in\na research program entitled Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) which is\nfundamentally concerned with vegetation change of forest ecosystems at\nlocal to regional spatial scales (100 to 10,000 meters) and temporal\nscales ranging from monthly to decadal periods (10 to 100 years). The\nnature and extent of the impacts of these changes, as well as the\nfeedbacks to global climate, may be addressed through modeling the\ninteractions of the vegetation, soil, and energy components of the\nboreal ecosystem.\n\nThe FED ecosystem modeling research efforts concentrate on the North\nAmerican boreal and northern hardwood transition forests with\nemphasis on optical and radar remote sensing technology. This\nresearch employs an integrated approach of field and aircraft\nstudies, theoretical modeling, and satellite image data processing to\ninfer where landscape pattern and process ecosystem model predictions\nsucceed or fail at regional spatial scales and interannual temporal\nscales. We are also using remote sensing observations as a check on\npotentially observable forest ecosystem model predicted attributes\n(e.g., species composition, tree height distributions, land use\npatterns). Conversely, we are investigating the potential of remote\nsensing observations for extracting biophysical properties of forest\ncanopies, soils, and hydrologic parameters used in our forest\necosystem models. On-going work, in addition to activities discussed\nhere, include modeling, measurement, and data compilation or a number of\nboreal zone sites.\n\nThe FED model framework (see Levine et al., 1983) integrates existing\nmodels of forest growth and succession (i.e., FORET model of Shugart\nand West, 1984 and ZELIG Model of Smith and Urban, 1988), soil\nprocesses (Residue model of Bidlake et al., 1992; Bristow, et al.,\n1986; TERRA model of Levine, 1984; Levine and Ciolkosz, 1988), and\nenergy dynamics (e.g., Smith et. al., 1981; Kimes and Kirchner,\n1982). Each of the models interact with the others to provide feedback\ncontrols on growth, soil related processes, and energy internal and\nexternal to the forest environment. The forest succession and soil\nprocess models require input at the species and soil characteristics\nlevel, respectively. This makes this formulation useful for examining\nthe effects of changes in climate or anthropogenic factors on the\ncommunity composition and structure of the boreal forest.\n\nThe results anticipated from this experiment will enable development\nand validation of the integrated model to usefully characterize the\necosystem dynamics of the boreal forest under a variety of\nconditions. A number of questions pertinent to the combined\nexperiment may then be considered. For example, how do climatic\ngradients determine the spatial distribution of species within the\nboreal forest? What are the possible effects of global climate change\non the boreal forest? Is the boreal forest a net source or sink of\ncarbon and methane and will the present state change if climate\nchanges? Also relevant to the issue of global change are the\nmagnitudes of the feedbacks between climate and vegetation. The\nmodel, as formulated, can provide insights into the effects of\nclimate change on ecosystem dynamics, but does not consider the\neffects of ecosystem changes on climate directly. However, the model\ncan provide, as outputs, factors that impact climate such as albedo,\nevapotranspiration, and trace gas fluxes (i.e., carbon dioxide,\nmethane, and nitrogen). These questions are also relevant to the\nBOREAS experiment.\n\nThe overall objective of our work was to capitalize on and develop the\nunique advantages of remote sensing data combined with models of\nforest ecosystem dynamics for characterizing northern/boreal forest\necosystems, especially with regard to the interpretation of landscape\npatterns and processes at local and regional scales. Specific\nobjectives for the FED experiment at IP's Northern Experimental Forest\nincluded:\n\n1. Enhance the development of an integrated quantitative model which\n simulates forest, soil, and energy dynamics processes in northern\n forest environments. This will be achieved through modification and\n continuing development of the three types of sub-models discussed\n above.\n\n2. Develop improved remote sensing technology to infer biophysical\n parameter inputs for forest succession and soil models. The\n relationships among remote sensing and forest canopy\n characteristics required by forest succession and soil process\n models will be developed and tested.\n\n3. Develop a better understanding of the transfer and utilization of\n energy in forest canopies. This goal is being accomplished via\n collection of detailed spectral reflectance data in the field and\n laboratory, and by exercising existing radiative transfer models.\n\n4. Use field and remote sensing observations to help infer where\n landscape pattern and process ecosystem models succeed or fail at\n local to regional spatial scales and interannual temporal\n scales. This objective is being accomplished through comparison of\n model predictions with field experimental data, and changes in\n successional stage, bioproductivity, and other biophysical\n parameters based on remotely sensed measurements.\n\n5. Use field and remote sensing observations to help infer where\n landscape pattern and process ecosystem models succeed or fail at\n local to regional spatial scales and interannual temporal\n scales. This objective is being accomplished through comparison of\n model predictions with field experimental data, and changes in\n successional stage, bioproductivity, and other biophysical\n parameters based on remotely sensed measurements.\n\n6. Use remote sensing observations as a check on such potentially\n observable forest ecosystem dynamic model predicted\n attributes. Specific ecosystem model algorithms and output\n parameters are being evaluated directly by examining relationships\n developed between sensor measured response and ecosystem\n attributes.\n\n7. Use remote sensing observations and models to extract biophysical\n properties of forest canopies, soils, and hydrologic parameters\n used in our forest ecosystem models. Physically based radar and\n optical models are being applied to data collected over subsets of\n the Northern Experimental Forest to examine radar and optical\n scattering characteristics of different scene components. Model\n inversion strategies are also being applied for selected ecosystem\n model inputs.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/fedmac/fedmac.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "424fa63c-9f01-4c72-899b-5c9db63b8b80", - "label": "F DRAKE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dynamic Response And Kinematics Experiment (DRAKE) is a series of experiments to obtain measurements of various quantities in the Drake Passage. One took place in 1977 (DRAKE 77) and another in 1979 (DRAKE 79). \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/paleogloss/node12.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4449b3f3-9f6d-4974-93fe-0b1bb9591f37", - "label": "FIRE/ACE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FIRE, the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology\n Project) Regional Experiment, is going to the Arctic to study a\n variety of Arctic cloud systems under spring and summer\n conditions. A team of national and international scientists will\n conduct the FIRE Arctic Cloud Experiment (ACE) in a two-phase\n field campaign, starting in April, 1998, and a second phase to\n be conducted during July, 1998.\n\n The scientific objectives of FIRE.ACE will be to study impact of\n Arctic clouds on radiation exchange between surface, atmosphere,\n and space, and the influence of surface characteristics of sea\n ice, leads, and ice melt ponds on these clouds. FIRE.ACE will\n attempt to document, understand, and predict the Arctic\n cloud-radiation feedbacks, including changes in cloud fraction\n and vertical distribution, water vapor cloud content, cloud\n particle concentration and size, and cloud phase as atmospheric\n temperature and chemical composition change. FIRE.ACE will use\n the data to focus on improving current climate model simulations\n of the Arctic climate, especially with respect to clouds and\n their effects on the surface energy budget. In addition,\n FIRE.ACE will address a number of scientific questions dealing\n with radiation, cloud microphysics, and atmospheric chemistry.\n\n The strategy of FIRE.ACE is to use aircraft to take remote and\n in situ measurements of the Arctic cloud and surface\n characteristics. The NASA ER-2 will fly far aloft with a suite\n of remote sensors to remotely infer the cloud and radiative\n properties of the clouds that form in the vicinity of leads and\n melt ponds. The University of Washington Convair 580, National\n Center for Atmospheric Research C-130, and Canada National\n Research Council Convair 580 aircraft each will fly with a\n number of in-situ instruments to measure the optical, physical,\n radiative, and chemical properties of the clouds and radiation\n directly.\n\n NASA FIRE Arctic Cloud Experiment\n\n Purpose: Study impact of Arctic clouds on radiation exchange\n between surface, atmosphere, and space and influence of surface\n characteristics (including sea ice and leads) on these clouds.\n\n Time:\n Phase I - April 7 - June 13, 1998\n Phase II - July 6 - 30, 1998\n Location: Beaufort Sea\n\n Participants: Scientists from U.S., Canada, Great Britain, and\n Netherlands.\n\n Collaborating Experiments: National Aeronautics and Space\n Administration FIRE (First ISCCP Regional Experiment) National\n Science Foundation SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic\n Ocean) Department of Energy ARM (Atmospheric Radiation\n Measurement) Experiment Plan: Aircraft, surface-based, and\n satellites will be used to measure the physical processes of\n coupling between clouds, radiation, chemistry, and the\n atmospheric boundary layer over the Arctic sea ice in the\n Beaufort Sea and over Barrow, Alaska.\n\n Four instrumented aircraft will make atmospheric measurements of\n clouds and radiation centered over the SHEBA ice station and\n Barrow, Alaska.\n\n NASA ER-2\n NCAR C-130\n University of Washington CV-580\n Canadian NRC CV-580\n\n\n Surface-based instruments will make atmospheric measurements of\n clouds and radiation.\n\n SHEBA ice station, Des Grosielliers, Beaufort Sea\n ARM, Barrow\n\n\n The measurements will be coordinated with the overflights of\n cloud- and lead-measuring satellites.\n\n NOAA Polar Orbiter 12 & 14\n DMSP F12 & F13\n LANDSAT 6\n RESURS\n RADARSAT\n Earth Probe\n\n Points of Contact:\n\n\n Robert Curran, Radiation Sciences Program Manager, Office of\n Earth Science, NASA Headquarters, Code YS, Washington, DC,\n 20546, Telephone 202-358-1432, Email rcurran@hq.nasa.gov.\n\n David S. McDougal, FIRE Project Manager, NASA Langley Research\n Center, Mail Stop 483, Hampton, VA, 23681, Telephone\n 757-864-5832, Email d.s.mcdougal@larc.nasa.gov.\n\n Judy Curry, Arctic Cloud Lead Scientist, Department of Aerospace\n Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,\n Telephone 303-492-6417, Email curryja@cloud.colorado.edu.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/ACEDOCS/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "452b8945-bdff-43f2-87a4-2fc81754e228", - "label": "FOODBANCS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[From\n'http://homepage.mac.com/adrianglover/Foodbancs/background.html']\n\n'Primary production in Antarctic coastal waters is highly seasonal,\nyielding an intense pulse of biogenic particles to the continental\nshelf floor. This seasonal pulse may have major ramifications for\ncarbon cycling, benthic ecology, and material burial on the west\nAntarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf. Thus, we propose a multi-disciplinary\nprogram ot evaluate the seafloor accumulation, fate and benthic\ncommunity impacts of bloom material along a transect of three stations\ncrossing the Antarctic shelf in the Palmer LTER study area. Using a\nseasonal series of five cruises to our transects, we will test the\nfollowing hypotheses:\n\n1) A substantial proportion of spring/summer export production (circa\n50%) is deposited on the WAP shelf as phytodetritus or fecal pellets.\n\n2) The deposited bloom production is a source of labile POC (or a\n'food bank') for benthos for an extended period of time (months)\n\n3) Large amounts of labile bloom POC are rapidly subducted into the\nsediment column by the deposit-feeding and caching activities of\nbenthos\n\n4) Macrobenthic detritivores sustain a rapid increase in biomass and\nabundance following the spring/summer POC pulse\n\nTo test these hypotheses we will use multiple-core and box-core\nsamples, radiochemical profiles, sediment respirometry, and time-lapse\nbottom photography to evaluate (a) seabed deposition and lability of\nPOC, (b) patterns of POC mixing into sediments, (c) seasonal\nvariations in macrofaunal and megafaunal abundance, biomass and\nreproductive condition, and (d) rates of POC and silica mineralization\nand accumulation in the seabed. Fluxes of biogenic materials and\nradionuclides into midwater particle traps (D.Karl, P.I.) will be\ncontasted with our seabed deposition and burial rates to establish\nwater-column and seabed preservation efficiencies for these\nmaterials. Cruises (each 10-d in length) will be conducted to collect\nthese data in: November 1999 (shortly pre-bloom); Feb-Mar 2000 (at the\nend of the POC pulse); Apr-May 2000 (near the end of the ice-free\nsummer period), Sept-Oct 2000 (near the end of the winter-ice period),\nand Feb-Mar 2001 (end of second annual POC pulse). This project will\nsubstantially improve our understanding of the spring/summer\nproduction pulse on the WAP shelf, and its impacts on seafloor\ncommunities and carbon cycling in Antarctic coastal ecosystems.'\n\nCraig R Smith and David J DeMaster, Principal Investigators", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "454a3c42-46e4-4f6b-a83c-b624fe553e0b", - "label": "EUCREX-94", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This case study presents data from 5 April 1994 to 30 April 1994 and covers a region from 45N to 55N latitude and from 15W to 0 longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "468687d7-2b92-4980-8b6f-6c44ccd9a8e6", - "label": "DART", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DART real-time tsunami monitoring systems, developed by PMEL, are positioned at strategic locations throughout the ocean and play a critical role in tsunami forecasting.\n\nSummary provided by http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46983ecc-81e8-4a70-a5f6-30fe0a583fb2", - "label": "DIAAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Little is known about bird diseases in Antarctica with a few notable\nexceptions. The recent discoveries of certain diseases in Antarctica\nhave created concern for the future of Antarctic wildlife. Introduced\nmicroorganisms may have severe negative consequences for\ninmunologically native wildlife and novel epidemics may be especially\ndisastrous for rare or endangered species. The study of the diseases\nwhich affect Antarctic migratory birds has been an area of great\ninterest for numerous scientists. The possibility of introduction of\nseveral diseases on antarctic fauna is an important subject considered\nby the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. There has been an\nincrease in the movement of people to and within Antarctica; tourist\nand expeditioner numbers have been increasing in recent years and air\ntravel quickly takes people, equipment and food to distant\nlocalities. These factors directly contribute to an increase in the\nrisk of importing an exotic organism and or spreading of endemic\ndisease.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48b7925c-f8e0-4b82-953a-d15ad2d5ba6a", - "label": "FACE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FACE provides a technology by which the microclimate around growing\nplants may be modified to simulate climate change\nconditions. Typically CO2-enriched air is released from a circle of\nvertical pipes into plots up to 30m in diameter, and as tall as 20 m.\n\nMeasurements of photosynthesis and carbon sequestration under present\nconditions do not reveal how these processes will behave in the\nCO2-enriched atmosphere of the future. FACE creates realistic,\nmid-21st century CO2 conditions in which processes regulating plant\nand ecosystem responses to future conditions are quantified.\n\nFACE technology now has a long track record of operating efficiently\nand cost effectively for a broad range of ecosystems providing a\nresearch platform for many hundreds of investigators.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.face.bnl.gov/face1.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a6f40e6-5c20-4cb1-baf0-f089e63c7c4e", - "label": "DLP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The UC Berkeley Digital Library Project is developing the tools\nand technologies to support highly improved models of the\n'scholarly information life cycle.' Our goal is to facilitate\nthe move from the current centralized, discrete publishing\nmodel, to a distributed, continuous, and self-publishing model,\nwhile still preserving the best aspects of the current model\nsuch as peer review.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/'\n\n[Summary provided by University of California, Berkeley]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cb3922e-43f6-4288-bc0e-6beb97a48ade", - "label": "FERMANV1", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Global Fertilizer and Manure, Version 1 data represent fertilizer application rates and manure production of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P). Spatially explicit fertilizer inputs were computed by fusing national-level statistics on fertilizer use with global maps of harvested area for 175 crops. Manure production was based on livestock head count and nutrient content of manure. The data were compiled by Philip Potter and Navin Ramankutty, et. al. (2010).\n\n[Summary provided by the Socioeconomic Data and Application Center.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dac8541-0c69-4cd5-ae70-eb8819f39715", - "label": "EOSDIS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems Program. It provides end-to-end capabilities for managing NASA’s Earth science data from various sources – satellites, aircraft, field measurements, and various other programs. For the EOS satellite missions, EOSDIS provides capabilities for command and control, scheduling, data capture and initial (Level 0) processing. These capabilities, constituting the EOSDIS Mission Operations, are managed by the Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO) Project. NASA network capabilities transport the data to the science operations facilities.\n\nThe remaining capabilities of EOSDIS constitute the EOSDIS Science Operations, which are managed by the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project. These capabilities include: generation of higher level (Level 1-4) science data products for EOS missions; archiving and distribution of data products from EOS and other satellite missions, as well as aircraft and field measurement campaigns. The EOSDIS science operations are performed within a distributed system of many interconnected nodes (Science Investigator-led Processing Systems and distributed, discipline-specific, Earth science data centers) with specific responsibilities for production, archiving, and distribution of Earth science data products. The distributed data centers serve a large and diverse user community (as indicated by EOSDIS performance metrics) by providing capabilities to search and access science data products and specialized services.\n\nFor more information, see http://earthdata.nasa.gov/about-eosdis", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5251e4db-da24-4dc9-9a94-72300a3be751", - "label": "FIRESCAN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Fire Research Campaign Asia-North (FIRESCAN) was initiated in 1992. FIRESCAN addresses the role of fire in boreal ecosystems and the consequences for the global atmosphere and climate. On 6 July 1993 a large forest fire experiment was conducted on Bor Forest Island, Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia. The major objective of the Bor Forest Island Fire Experiment was to conduct a high-intensity, stand replacement fire that would permit the documentation of fire behavior and effects in a manner that would allow comparison of eastern and western fire research methodologies. The major parameters investigated comprised:\n\n 1. Fire ecology of Pinus sylvestris forests of the Sym Plain, including the long-term pollen and sediment records and a dendrochronology-derived fire history\n 2. Vegetation and fuels (pre-fire and post-fire recovery, fuel loading and consumption, tree mortality)\n 3. Fire behavior (fuels, fire weather, fire behavior)\n 4. Emissions of gases (CO2, CO, H2, CH3Br, CH3Cl) and aerosol (particle deposition) \n\nSummary provided by http://www.igac.noaa.gov/newsletter/15/boreal.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52756049-0999-44c2-ad27-4521292ef3ac", - "label": "EDIMS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Environmental Data and Information Management System (EDIMS)- The Environmental Data and Information Management System (EDIMS) was developed for the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment (GOM/CME) to facilitate communication and to allow the easy transfer of data between those with common interests in the Gulf of Maine. It is centered at the University, of New Hampshire, but provides access to information and data that is widely distributed throughout the Gulf of Maine region. Communication to EDIMS is accomplished through the Internet (http://opaJ-www.unh.edu/edims.html). The EDIMS manager is Karen Garrison (kmg@kepler.uni.edu). \n\nEMIMS functions are divided into three categories: archived information and data, communications and directions to other data sets. The archived information includes a directory of addresses of persons working in the Gulf of Maine region, a directory of data sets relevant to the Gulf of Maine and some data sets directly available electronically through EDIMS. \n\nInformation provided by http://216.239.51.104/search?q=cache:g8mAM9JP68UJ:www.ices.dk/globec/reports/CM1996-A7.doc+EDIMS+environmental+data&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=us", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52d25f01-494e-40f7-905c-066fe56d9d2e", - "label": "FGBNMS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Flower Garden Banks NMS is the only marine sanctuary located in the Gulf of Mexico. Our interactive map allows users to view sanctuary data, photographs, and shaded relief, along with reference data that includes buoys, artificial reefs, and climatology.\n\nThe Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (NMS) Maps application uses ESRI's ArcGIS server technology to integrate data and imagery into a user-friendly interface. The map was created in partnership with NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries program.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54044418-fc67-4af3-9b0d-f85f6ab1a54e", - "label": "EPN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Phenology is the study of recurring biological events, such as flowering or migration, in relation to climate, weather and other environmental factors. Phenological records therefore 'provide an integrative indication of the sensitivity of natural systems for climate change'. The European Phenology Network (EPN) aims to improve communication between regional and national phonological monitoring networks in Europe, to improve access to data, to increase exchange of knowledge between phenologists of different scientific backgrounds and to promote the applications of phenological research. The website provides an introduction to the European Network and its objectives. It examines the applications of phenology across a number of disciplines including ecology, agriculture and human health and has some examples of observed phenological changes in Europe. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.dow.wau.nl/msa/epn/about_EPN.asp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56c50986-b670-4bae-890e-8e705500bb16", - "label": "EVINCE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No description available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "577d12af-d674-4d03-b28a-6a8e77b5c27b", - "label": "EVOLANTA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The aim of the EVOLANTA program is to provide a framework for research\nto improve our understanding of the evolutionary history and biology\nof unique Antarctic biota, and to integrate this with developing\nknowledge of the climatic and tectonic context within which this\nevolution has occured and continues to occur.\n\nFocus:\n1. gene flow\n2. evolutionary response to global change\n3, Antarctic/Arctic comparisons\n\nFor more information , link\nto 'http://www.sun.ac.za/zoology/scar/acrobat/Evolbiosciplan.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58220d60-13c7-4562-aa0e-1a046e326a2c", - "label": "EPOCA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EU FP7 Integrated Project EPOCA (European Project on OCean Acidification) was launched in June 2008 with the overall goal to advance our understanding of the biological, ecological, biogeochemical, and societal implications of ocean acidification (Fig. 1). The EPOCA consortium brings together more than 100 researchers from 27 institutes1 and 9 European countries. The budget of this 4 year long project is 15.9 M€, including 6.5 M€ from the European Commission.\n\nhttp://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/2008/07/13/epoca-european-project-on-ocean-acidification/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59505ffe-4725-4954-8d4f-15f465f53bf6", - "label": "EOSRAM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project addresses the question of how extensive land use change or more subtle regional climate variations modify the natural functioning and structure of the Amazonian ecosystems, from routing of water and its chemical load through precipitation and drainage systems back to the atmosphere and the oceans. The biogeochemical and hydrological processes of this and other continental-scale tropical regions may function in fundamentally different ways than the better-known temperate or boreal regions of the world. The focus of this project is to model, within the context of land-cover changes, the transport and distribution of water, sediment and bioactive chemicals along the Amazon valley network and the transfer of biogenic gases between the land surface and the atmosphere along with mobilization of particulate matter through the river system to the ocean. \n\nThis information is provided by http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/guides/eosram_project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59f6c3b1-ad45-4ab6-bd93-93a0d9790dcf", - "label": "DYCOMS-II", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus Phase II:\nEntrainment Studies (DYCOMS-II) is the name given to a field\ncampaign which proposes to collect data for the purposes of\ntesting large-eddy simulations of nocturnal\nstratocumulus. DYCOMS-II will be based on measurements taken from\nthe NCAR EC-130Q in and around nocturnal marine\nstratocumulus. The experiment will consist of 9 flights out of\nNorth Island Naval Air Station (just west of San Diego) between\nJuly 7 and July 28, 2001. Eight of these flights will be\nnocturnal. For more information about the experimental objectives\nand strategy, as well as references and contacts click on the\nappropriate link below.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. The DYCOMS-II field program is designed to collect data to\ntest large-eddy simulations of stratocumulus\n\n2. To test a recently proposed technique to measure large-scale\ndivergence\n\n3. To test our ability to close scalar budgets under ideal\nsituations\n\n4. To increase our understanding and of the statistical signature\nof the diurnal cycle in marine stratocumulus\n\nStrategies:\n\nOur basic strategy is to make use of a unique combination of\ninstrumentation and flight plans to measure both the large-scale\nenvironment and the turbulent dynamics of summertime, nocturnal,\nsubtropical marine stratocumulus.\n\nInstruments:\n\n1. EC-130Q Hercules: This four-engine, medium-size utility\nturboprop has been modified from a U.S. military tactical\naircraft to a versatile and capable research platform that will\ndeliver the scientific instrumentation to the target area. The\nHercules has a 10-hour flight endurance, covers a 2,900 nautical\nmile range at 20,000 ft, and carries a payload of up to 23,000\nlb. In addition to the standard sensors that measure atmospheric\nstate parameters, cloud physics, and radiation, the C-130 will be\nequipped with specialized instrumentation for measuring the state\nof the atmosphere away from the aircraft. These latter\ninstruments include the Staring (Scanning) Aerosol Backscatter\nLidar (SABL), the ATD Dropwindsonde System, and the Wyoming cloud\nradar.\n\n2. GPS Dropsondes: These third-generation dropsonde, use a new\nsensor module and a GPS receiver from Vaisala Inc. A unique\nsquare-cone parachute is used to reduce the initial shock load\nand slow and stabilize the sonde. The parachute is immediately\ndeployed on exit from the launch chute and streamers for about\nfive seconds until filled by ram-air. The stability of the square\ncone parachute is very good during the sonde's descent and\nreduces or eliminates any pendulum motion of the sonde. The fall\nspeeds of the sondes in the subtropical boundary layer are\nestimated to be between 10 and 15 m/s, yielding profiles with a\nresolution of less than 10m. Four sondes can be tracked from the\naircraft simultaneoulsy.\n\n3. Scanning Aerosol Backscatter Lidar (SABL): The SABL lidar is\na compact and reliable instrument that detects backscatter from\nair molecules, aerosols, and hydrometeors (water and ice) and is\nused to measure and map distributions of relative aerosol\nconcentrations. The instrument operates at two wavelengths 532\n(green) and 1064 nm (infrared). On the C130 aircraft, it operates\nfrom zenith to nadir out to distances from 10 to 15 km with range\nresolutions down to 7.5 meters and along-track resolution to 4\nmeters. The lidar is not eye-safe and thus its scanning\ncapabilities are currently limited. During DYCOMS-II it will be\nmounted on a pod on a wing of the C130 and will be used primarily\nin a downward staring mode to provide information about cloud top\nstructure. Craig Walther and Bruce Morley of NCAR lead the SABL\ndevelopment.\n\n4. Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR): The Wyoming Cloud Radar is an\nobservational system for the study of cloud structure and\ncomposition. It is intended for airborne use; principally on the\nWyoming KingAir. Operating at 95 GHz (3 mm wavelength), the radar\nprovides high-resolution measurements of reflectivity, velocity\nand polarization fields in vertical or horizontal\nsections. Coupled with the in situ observations of hydrometeors\nand air motions from the same aircraft these data yield unique\ninformation for analyses of cloud and precipitation\nprocesses. During DYCOMS it is proposed that the radar will be\nmounted on the C130. Gabor Vali of the University of Wyoming is\nthe primary contact for the implementation of the WCR during\nDYCOMS-II.\n\n5. Tunable Diode Laser (TDL): The tunable diode laser was\ndeveloped by Randall May of Spectra Sensors. The prototype\ninstrument is shown below mounted on the DC-8. The TDL on the\nC-130 is mounted under a wing pod. The TDL is an open-path\ninstrument that makes independent water vapor measurements every\n125 ms. Although as currently configured these measurements are\naveraged together to provide data at 1Hz, during DYCOMS each\nindependent sample will be saved. The resultant 8Hz data should\nbe sufficient for measuring fluxes outside of the surface\nlayer. Previous experience with the prototype instrument during\nCAMEX, and experience with the current instrument on 30 flights\nduring TOPSE suggests that it performs very well and should\nprovide unprecedented measurements of water-vapor in and around\nthe marine boundary layer, both in and out of clouds. Bruce\nGandrud of NCAR is a primary contact for the implementation of\nthe TDL.\n\n6. Fast Ozone: The NCAR NO chemiluminesence techique for\nmeasureing Ozone has been recently modified to increase its\nfrequency response. Preliminary tests with a cylindric reaction\nchamber indicate a frequency response of 5.5Hz with 1 ppbv of\nsensitivity. Tests with a conic reaction chamber have an slightly\nimproved frequency response (6.5Hz) and a slightly reduced (4\nppbv) sensitivity. The lead developer of this instrument is\nTeresa Campos of NCAR.\n\n7. Fast DMS (APIMS): The atmospheric pressure ionization mass\n spectrometer (APIMS) has been developed by Alan Bandy and\n colleagues at Drexel University. The method is based on mass\n spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionization as a source\n of ions, and uses deuterated DMS as an internal standard. This\n internal standard allows monitoring of the DMS mixing ratio\n directly, which is a significant advantage in flux\n determinations using eddy correlation. The instrument\n sensitivity is about 100 counts per second per pptv. At a\n typical DMS concentration of 100 pptv, the count rate is 104\n counts per second. At a sample rate of 40 samples per second\n this is 250 counts per sampling interval. This yields a\n signal-to-noise of about 16 since the blank is negligible. The\n instrument was first flown on test flights in November of 1999,\n and we are hopeful that a second round of test flights\n scheduled for August 2000 will demonstrate the capability of\n the DMS instrument for entrainment mea! surements.\n\n8. Particulate Volume Monitor (PVM-100A): The PVM is a cloud\n microphysics probe designed to measure for small droplets the\n liquid water content (LWC), droplet surface area (PSA), and\n droplet effective radius (Re); see Fig. 1 (below). The PVM\n makes these measurements optically on a cloud volume of about\n 10 cm^3, thus minimizing statistical sampling errors; and the\n measurements are independent of air speed. The accuracy of the\n PVM is estimated to be better than 10% for droplet spectra\n with VMD (volume medium diameter) smaller than 30 um, and the\n precision is on the order of 0.002 g/m^3. The PVM has the\n unique capability of making these measurements at a rate\n several orders of magnitude faster than other methods. An\n example of 1000-Hz LWC measurements made with the PVM on the\n C-130 during SCMS (Small Cumulus Microphysics Study) is shown\n in Fig. 2 . This 10-cm resolution LWC data show a large amount\n of fine scale in-cloud structure not seen in the 1-Hz data\n often collected with! other probes. The planned PVM data\n collection rate for DYCOMS-II is 2000 Hz, which gives 5-cm\n in-cloud resolution. This will be useful in studying the fine\n scales potentially associated with the entrainment\n process. Also accurate and fast LWC measurements can be\n combined with vertical velocity measurements from a gust probe\n to estimate the entrainment velocity into the Sc using a\n q-conservation method described earlier by Steve Nicholls.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Bjorn Stevens (Principal Investigator)\n Department of Atmospheric Sciences\n 405 Hilgard Avenue\n Box 951565\n Los Angeles CA 90095-1565\n (310) 206-7428 (voice) -5219 (fax)\n bstevens@atmos.ucla.edu\n 'http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~bstevens'\n\n DYCOMS-II Homepage: 'http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~bstevens/dycoms/'\n\n [Summary provided by UCLA Department of Atmospheric Science]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b1e5de3-c462-47a3-8f3d-3078882583af", - "label": "DUACS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Developing Use of Altimetry for Climate Studies (DUCAS) is a European\nproject funded by the Environmental and Climate program, in the\nframework of the Centerfor Earth Observations. DUCAS is also partially\nfunded by the Region Midi-Pyrenees.\n\nIt is lead by Phillip Gasper, from CLS-Argos.\n\nIts aim is to develop altimetry applications for climate studies, and\nfor climate prediction at timescales of seasons to years, in\nparticular using coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation\nmodels. It thus develops both a Near-Real-Time altimeter data\nprocessing facility at CLS-Argos and climate applications in the four\nclimate groups.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cerfacs.fr/~rogel/duacs.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b6117b0-ed55-462e-8eff-f96dc523fb6f", - "label": "DBH", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The aim of this study is to analyze the biodegradation capacity of the \nAntarctic bacterial flora. \n\nThe research is comprised of the following steps: \n-Isolation and screening of hydrocarbon degraders bacteria. \n-Study of the optimal conditions for biodegradation. \n-Study of the biosurfactants production. \n-Relationship between plasmidic DNA and biodegradation capacity. \n-Evaluation of the potential use of the strains in the designe of \nbioremediation strategies. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.dna.gov.ar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c039105-946e-444c-90ab-a7c19ed179b5", - "label": "EMP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Recording, evaluating, and actively intervening over time in the interaction of living and nonliving elements in a specific environment.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=317&b=20&n=10", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c2c4a55-5576-4811-9daf-ac981d68e14d", - "label": "FOOD", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This collection includes data from the program FEWS NET, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, is a leading provider of early warning and analysis on acute food insecurity. Created in 1985 by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) after devastating famines in East and West Africa, FEWS NET provides objective, evidence-based analysis to help government decision-makers and relief agencies plan for and respond to humanitarian crises", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c7c9a71-494f-4d27-b6c4-81c1d66178cf", - "label": "EOSEP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth Observing System Education Project (EOSEP) of the University of Montana has developed the Lewis and Clark Information System (LCIS) to demonstrate the usefulness and application of satellite imagery within a thematic context. The LCIS is a dynamic website that aggregates information on the Lewis and Clark Expedition for the K-12 education community. The LCIS also provides an online environment for the collection, manipulation and comparison of data acquired along the Lewis and Clark Trail. Through comparison of past and present landscapes, teachers will be able to engage students in active learning while helping them to understand the variety of factors that affect Earth’s complex systems on a local, regional, and continental level. \n\nInformation provided by http://gis2.esri.com/library/userconf/educ02/pap5147/p5147.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f139d40-4050-4a8e-bd2b-fcae1cfe3d01", - "label": "ESIP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) is an open networked community that brings together science, data and information technology practitioners. On an individual level, participation in the ESIP Federation is beneficial because it provides an intellectual commons to expose, gather and enhance in-house capabilities in support of an organization’s own mandate. In this forum, practioners work together on interoperability efforts across Earth and environmental science allowing self-governed and directed groups to emerge around common issues, ebbing and flowing as the need for them arises. These efforts catalyze connections across organizations, people, systems and data allowing for improved interoperability in distributed systems. By virtue of working in the larger community, ESIP members experience the network effect, which enables more coordinated cyberinfrastructure across domain-specific communities. Using this open, community-based, discipline and agency neutral approach, the ESIP Federation has a 14-year track record of success and continued growth.\n \n For more information, see: http://www.esipfed.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6021f786-7b5c-478f-af31-5c91c2adb17e", - "label": "EUCREX-93", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This case study presents data from 10 Sep 1993 to 15 Oct 1993 and covers a region from 50N to 65N latitude and from 20W to 5E longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6485f13c-b08d-4a4e-af5e-43e45e13f936", - "label": "DDC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "From the IPCC Data Distribution Centre [http://www.ipcc-data.org/ddc_about.html] \n\nThe DDC has been established to facilitate the timely distribution of a consistent set of up-to-date scenarios of changes in climate and related environmental and socio-economic factors for use in climate impacts assessments. The intention is that these new assessments can feed into the review process of the IPCC.\n\nThe initiative to establish a DDC grew out of a recommendation by the IPCC Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate Analysis (TGICA). This Task Group was itself formed following a recommendation made at the IPCC Workshop on Regional Climate Change Projections for Impact Assessment (London, 24-26 September 1996).\n\nThe establishment of the DDC was approved by the IPCC Bureau at its Thirteenth session (9-11 July 1997) and it was subsequently determined at the XIIIth IPCC Plenary (Maldives, 22-28 September 1997) that the DDC would be a shared operation between the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the United Kingdom and the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) in Germany. In 2003 a third centre, the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in the USA, joined the DDC collaboration. From February 1st, 2007 British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) has replaced CRU as the United Kingdom partner.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64b616f2-ce19-4314-ab74-7f0ac7cb269d", - "label": "FMAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) is a network of scientists within the Census of Marine Life trying to understand the past, present and future of marine life. FMAP has a strong emphasis on statistical modeling of patterns derived from biological data, with a focus on data synthesis, often by means of meta-analysis.\n\nFMAP attempts to describe and synthesize globally changing patterns of species abundance, distribution, and diversity, and to model the effects of fishing, climate change and other key variables on those patterns. This work is done across ocean realms and with an emphasis on understanding past changes and predicting future scenarios.\n\nHistory & Current Developments\n\nFMAP grew out of a workshop held in Halifax, Nova Scotia (Canada) in June 2002. Representatives of the all major elements of the Census of Marine Life participated in this initial event and continue to contribute as the vision of FMAP evolves into a working program. Funding from the Sloan Foundation was in place as of the spring of 2003. \n\nAside from predictions, FMAP will contribute to the Census of Marine Life in several key ways. Models are needed to design sampling programs and to synthesize data in order to understand what lived in the oceans in the past and what lives in the oceans today. These synthetic models can then be used to predict what will live in the oceans in the future. \n\nMoreover, modeling can help define the limits of knowledge: what is known, what is unknown but knowable, and what is likely to remain unknowable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6608f9da-04bf-47ea-92f3-8e47df61f752", - "label": "FIBEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks (BIOMASS) Programme was established in the late 1970's for the study of the Antarctic marine ecosystem and its living resources (Thorley, online resource). Data were collected during 3 major field experiments between 1981 and 1985, divided into two periods: First International BIOMASS Experiment (FIBEX) in 1980-1981, and the Second International BIOMASS Experiment (SIBEX) in 1983-1985. In total 34 cruises were carried out (El-Sayed, online resource), of which 21 cruises were gathered in this data set.\n\nSummary provided by http://seamap.env.duke.edu/about/termsofuse?url=http://seamap.env.duke.edu/datasets/detail/75", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b2b0b1c-e8ce-48f8-8b75-62221d2096f5", - "label": "EMEFS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Description: Canada and the United States carried out an atmospheric\nresearch program called the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study\n(EMEFS) from June 1, 1988 to May 31, 1990 under the coordination and\nmanagement of a bi-lateral, multi-agency Project Management Group\n(PMG). The objective of the program was to collect daily air and\nprecipitation chemistry data for use in evaluating two Eulerian\nlong-range transport models: the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM)\ndeveloped by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the\nAtmospheric Deposition and Oxidants Model (ADOM) developed jointly by\nEnvironment Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy,\nthe German Umweltbundesamt, and the Electric Power Research Institute.\nData collected have been and continue to be used to evaluate estimates\nof sulfate (SO4=) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations in air and\nprecipitation. The field component of EMEFS had two parts:\n1) a surface network designed to collect data for operational model\nevaluations, i.e., over long-periods and large spatial scales, and 2)\nintensive surface and aircraft field campaigns to support short-term\ndiagnostic model evaluations. The EMEFS surface network consisted of\napproximately 130 sites in five networks sponsored by different\ngovernmental and non-governmental agencies. Site selection was\ncoordinated by the agencies to establish a regionally representative\nnetwork. The five networks were:\nOEN: Operational Evaluation Network - funded by the Electric Power\nResearch Institute (25 EMEFS sites)\nCAPMoN: Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network - operated\nby Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service (22 EMEFS\nsites)\nFADMP: Florida Acid Deposition Monitoring Program - funded by the\nFlorida Electric Power Coordinating Group (4 EMEFS sites)\nAPIOS: Acid Precipitation In Ontario Study - operated by the Ontario\nMinistry of Environment and Energy (18 EMEFS sites).\nAcid MODES: Acid Model Operational Diagnostic Evaluation Study -\nfunded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (59 EMEFS sites\nincluding variability (VAR) and gradient (GRAD) special study\nsub-networks). The Acid MODES variability sub-network was a four-site\ncluster of sites used to evaluate spatial concentration variability on\nthe 80 - 100 km grid scale of the models being evaluated. The\ngradient sub-network similarly provided a higher spatial network\nresolution in an area where sharp spatial concentration gradients were\nobserved in previous studies.\nFor more information see:\n'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6efd7ce6-ef47-4527-b7e4-88484f74633e", - "label": "ESI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) is a measure of\noverall progress towards environmental sustainability, developed\nfor 142 countries. The ESI scores are based upon a set of 20 core\n'indicators,' each of which combines two to eight variables for a\ntotal of 68 underlying variables. The ESI permits cross-national\ncomparisons of environmental progress in a systematic and\nquantitative fashion. It represents a first step towards a more\nanalytically driven approach to environmental decisionmaking.\n\nThe documents made available here provide in-depth details on the\nanalytical framework, quantitative methodology, and data sources\nthat underlie the ESI . We welcome criticisms, suggestions, and\ncomments.\n\nThe ESI is the result of collaboration among the World Economic\nForum's Global Leaders for Tomorrow Environment Task Force, The\nYale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, and the Columbia\nUniversity Center for International Earth Science Information\nNetwork (CIESIN).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ciesin.org/indicators/ESI/'\n\n[Summary provided by CIESIN]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fd129b1-f3d8-4551-8e39-6d137c24199a", - "label": "DE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of ADEPT Digital Earth (DE) development is to design, implement, and evaluate real-time 3D interfaces for visualizing ADEPT geospatial digital library technology. Research includes:\n\napplying existing DE and related technologies to known problem areas \nexpanding the potential user base of DE and geospatial digital library technology \ncreating customer feedback loops to drive further research and development in this area \n\nThis information is provided by http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/research/de/index.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "731691d4-e9b3-4ec2-92f6-8ca6628dd816", - "label": "DKLN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DKLN >Digitale Kleur Luchtfotokaart van Nederland (Digital Color\n Aerial Photomap of the Netherlands) provides digital aerial\n photography of the Netherlands for the year 2000 at a scale of\n 1:25,000.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://services.esribelux.com/dkln/default.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73f95799-e579-4a24-8e02-5c0a84271129", - "label": "FIRE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Experiment Summary\n \n 1. Experiment Name: First ISCCP Regional Experiment Cirrus IFO II\n 2. Dates Spanned: 31 October 1991 - 07 December 1991\n 3. Location: South-Central United States\n \n 4. Science Objective: The goal of FIRE, the First ISCCP\n (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional\n Experiment, is to understand the role of clouds in climate\n and climate change. FIRE also seeks to improve our ability to\n remotely sense clouds from satellites, aircraft, and the\n surface. FIRE focuses on two climatologically important and\n areally extensive cloud types: cirrus and statocumulus.\n \n 5. Spectral Band Configuration:\n \n DATA CHANNEL MAS BAND CentralWavelength 50%Bandwidth\n \n 01 (bit bucket for 10-bit data: Channels 7,8,9,10)\n 02 N/A 0.680 0.010\n 03 N/A 1.630 0.050\n 04 N/A 1.930 0.050\n 05 N/A 2.080 0.050\n 06 N/A 2.130 0.050\n 07 N/A 3.750 0.150\n 08 N/A 4.650 0.150\n 09 N/A 4.500 0.150\n 10 N/A 8.800 0.400\n 11 N/A 10.950 0.500\n 12 N/A 11.950 0.500\n \n \n For more information, link to\n http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/data/deploy_html/fire_home.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76575989-9e4d-4025-bac0-634d6a259b97", - "label": "EAFSA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project deals with different aspects of the ecology (trophic position, reproduction, age and growth) of the Antarctic ichthyofauna in the Scotia Arc (South Georgia Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and west Antarctic Peninsula). The fish species studied belong to the endemic Antarctic Suborder Notothenioidei; most of them ... have been or are presently object of commercial exploitation. These are the patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, the mackerel ice fish Champsocephalus gunnari and the Antarctic cods Notothenia rossii, Gobionotothen gibberifrons and N. coriiceps, among others. Monitoring of demersal fish at inshore sites of the South Shetland Islands, to evaluate the impact of the former offshore commercial fishery in the area in the late 1970s. Effect of long term shore-based sampling programs on near-shore fish populations. Scope of the project is in line with the aim of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76aaebd8-8563-40a8-bde6-84242d970d09", - "label": "FIFE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE) project conducted field studies on a prairie site in Kansas from 1987 to 1989. Later FIFE Follow-on work included additional analyses of data collected during the initial field campaigns and additional field measurements. The objectives of both FIFE and FIFE Follow-on were to understand the biophysical processes controlling the fluxes of radiation, moisture, and carbon dioxide between the land surface and the atmosphere, and to develop remote-sensing methodologies for observing these processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7892908f-a3b9-42e7-8345-84db6d606f29", - "label": "EBC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Hydrographic/ADCP surveys, satellite imagery, and surface drifters have all served to revise our view of the coastal upwelling that occurs seasonally in most eastern boundary regions, such as off the coast of California. Instead of a uniform upwelling along the coast, with an offshore Ekman flow at the surface and a return flow at depth, we now have a view that much of the transport occurs as 'squirts and jets' -- upwelling centers associated with capes and promontories, offshore transport in intense jets, and a vigorous field of mesoscale eddies.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://tryfan.ucsd.edu/ebc/ebc.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7952c8df-163d-405d-8f6d-257710e8dc3f", - "label": "ESDIS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Mission Statement\nThe Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project is responsible for providing scientific and other users access to data from NASA's Earth science missions:\n\n * The ESDIS Project provides access to data through the development and operation of the science systems of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Data and Information System (EOSDIS)\n * Data products from EOS and other NASA Earth science missions are stored at several data centers to support interactive and interoperable retrieval and distribution of data products\n * For the design, development, integration, testing, and operation of the science systems, the ESDIS Project provides:\n o Project management\n o Systems engineering\n o Technical direction\n * To evolve the capabilities of EOSDIS to support changing user requirements, the ESDIS Project coordinates development of scientific, discipline-unique functions at the data centers\n * The ESDIS Project is part of the Earth Science Projects Division, the designated Earth science program management office for flight, ground, and science performed at the GSFC\n * The ESDIS Project supports the Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters in representing NASA in interagency and international working groups:\n o To develop standards for science information exchange\n o To develop interoperability functions with other data centers\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esdis.eosdis.nasa.gov/about/mission.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aa8d139-ef0f-4c35-b2fd-2eb7bab1310f", - "label": "ESA CCI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7beda062-19ba-4cf4-83f5-d4f2ac16e700", - "label": "ERICA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\n -Understanding the fundamental physical processes occuring in the\n atmosphere during rapid intensification of cyclones at sea.\n -Determining those physical processes that need to be incorporated\n into dynamical prediction models.\n -Identifying measurable precursors as necessary input into the\n initial analysis for accurate and detailed operational model predictions.\nProject Description:\n The Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA),\nunder the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Heavy Weather at Sea Accelerated\nResearch Initiative program, is a study to determine physical mechanisms and\nprocesses which lead to explosive wintertime storms developing over the\nAtlantic Ocean. ERICA is a follow-up study to the Genesis of Atlantic Lows\nExperiment (GALE), conducted in the winter of 1986. Other contributors include\nseveral departments of the Navy and the Air Force as well as the National\nWeather Service (NWS), National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\nNational Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS),\nEnvironmental Research Laboratory (ERL), Department of Transportation (DOT),\nDepartment of Energy (DOE), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Center\nfor Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Air Weather Service (AWS), Atmospheric\nEnvironment Service (AES) of Toronto, Canada, along with universities and\nresearch organizations in the United States and Canada. Operations are being\ncarried out at three main centers; the World Weather Building, Camp Springs,\nMaryland, Maritimes Weather Center, Bedford, Nova Scotia and Naval Air Station,\nBrunswick, Maine. The field phase of ERICA began 1 December 1988 and ended 26\nFebruary 1989. The experiment was designed to focus on east coast winter\nstorms that rapidly intensified over a few hours and a few hundred kilometers\nand deepened tens of millibars per six hours. These ERICA-type storms in the\nprevious 22 years before the field study mainly developed over the northwestern\nAtlantic from Washington D.C. to St Johns, Newfoundland.\nData Sources:\n The ERICA observing region covers the eastern half of the United States,\nsimilar to that observed during GALE, as well as southeastern Canada and the\nnorthwestern Atlantic west of 50 degrees west. Rawinsonde observations are\nbeing supplied by the NWS and NCAR (CLASS-Cross Chain Loran Atmospheric\nSounding System). Canada's AES and military are providing standard\nmeteorological parameters. The satellite observations are being taken from\nGOES-6 and GOES-7, NOAA-10 and NOAA-11, DMSP-F8 and F9 and GEOSAT which provide\nradiance measurements. Surface observations are being supplied by the standard\nNWS network along with the FAA, Coast Guard and military stations. Nova Scotia\nhas also set up a ground-based network (Mesonet) to measure temperature,\npressure, humidity, wind speed and direction. The meteorological buoy network\nis supported by NOAA, Navy, AES and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutite\n(WHOI) measuring surface and sub-surface parameters. Ship data is also being\nobtained and quality controlled by the NWS and the ECMWF. Aircraft\nobservations are being provided by the Air Force, Navy, NOAA and NCAR; the Air\nForce flights deploying omega dropsondes and gathering cyclonic-scale data over\nthe ocean, the NCAR missions accumulating jet stream structure data that could\nimpact the rapid intensification phase, the NOAA flights over the low-level\ncyclone, frontal zones, updraft zones and convective regions, and the Navy\nmissions deploying drifting buoys and dropwindsondes. Radar observations are\nbeing provided by NWS, NOAA (Doppler/non Doppler) and the Air Force Geophysics\nLaboratory (Doppler).\nData Products:\n Drexel University is the central archive and disrtibution center for ERICA\ndata. The ERICA Data Center (EDC) is funded by the Office of Naval Research\n(ONR).\n 1. AIRCRAFT: NCAR (flight level), NOAA (flight level,doppler/nondoppler,\n cloud physics) and AWS(flight level) data are available in digitized\n form. Color slides of NOAA radar data are also available.\n 2. SOUNDING: Master sounding file containing 10mb interval data\n (hydrostatic height, temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and\n speed) is available in digitized form. Other products, which include\n NCDC upper air, CYCLE and Yarmouth (Canada), CLASS and LeSonde (NCAR),\n Dropsonde (AWS), Wind Profiler (Pennsylvania State University) and\n Marine (Navy) sounding data are also available in digitized format.\n Products available on hardcopy include Skew-Ts of ERICA soundings,\n Constant Pressure Charts of ERICA Soundings, NMC North American\n Constant Pressure Analyses, NCAR Skew-Ts of CLASS soundings, and NCAR\n Skew-Ts of LeSonde dropwindsondes.\n 3. RADAR: Canadian data from Halifax and Holyrood is available in\n digitized form. Hardcopies are also available for these sites along\n with the NWS sites.\n 4. SATELLITE: GOES-6 and GOES-7 imagery and Satellite Wind data, NOAA-10\n and NOAA-11 SST Analyses (from AVHRR) and TOVS soundings, GEOSAT\n Surface Wind data and DMSP F8 and F9 soundings are available in\n digitized format. Other products include an ERICA Satellite Atlas,\n Videotapes of GOES imagery, hardcopy of NESDIS SST Analyses and slides\n of SST Analyses and Difference fields.\n 5. BOUNDARY LAYER: Dr. Fred Sanders' Surface Pressure Analyses, NCDC\n Precipitation observations, NCDC Hourly Surface data, Nova Scotia\n Mesonet data, Canadian Hourly Surface data, a Master Marine data tape\n containing buoy and SST analyses, NCDC Surface Marine data, Canadian\n Marine data, Navy Surface reports and AES, WHOI and NDBC buoy data are\n available in digitized form. Other products include NMC Surface\n Analyses, Maritime Weather Center Surface Analyses, Dr. Fred Sanders'\n Surface Analyses, NWS Observed Snow Cover Maps and NCDC Ships' Logs\n available on hardcopy.\n *** The ERICA Compact Disc (CD)/ROM containing Aircraft, Sounding, Satellite,\n Boundary, Documentation and Access Software, Text of ERICA Data Users\n Guide and NCAR Terrain Data is available from the ERICA Data Center and\n is accessible from both IBM and APPLE PC computers as well as\n workstations.\n Project Archive Contact:\n Edward Hartnett\n ERICA Data Center\n Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science\n Drexel University\n Philadelphia, PA 19104\n 215-895-2786\n OMNET > ERICA.DATA.CENTER\n INTERNET > ED@CONVEX.DREXEL.EDU (129.25.1.200)\n Project Director Contact:\n Dr. Carl Kreitzberg\n Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science\n Drexel University\n 32nd & Chestnut St.\n Philadelphia, PA 19104\n 215-895-2726\n References:\n Hadlock, R., and C. W. Kreitzberg, 1988: The Experiment on Rapidly\n Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA) Field Study: Objectives\n and Plans. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 69,\n 1309-1320.\n Hartnett, Ed, 1990: ERICA Data Users Guide.\nWWW: 'http://einstein.drexel.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7db1b84d-ce89-4133-bc77-0df17b1d1013", - "label": "FED", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project is concerned with modeling\nand monitoring ecosystem processes and patterns in response to natural\nand anthropogenic effects. The project uses coupled ecosystem models\nand remote sensing models and measurements to predict and observe\necosystem change. The overall objective of the FED project is to link\nand use models of forest dynamics, soil processes, and canopy\nenergetics to understand how ecosystem response to change affects\npatterns and processes in northern and boreal forests and to assess\nthe implications for global change.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ddf6d35-54ee-4a2c-a2a3-afcae305967c", - "label": "Delta-X", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Delta-X mission is a 5-year NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-3 mission to study the Mississippi River Delta in the United States, which is growing and sinking in different areas. River deltas and their wetlands are drowning as a result of sea level rise and reduced sediment inputs. The Delta-X mission will determine which parts will survive and continue to grow, and which parts will be lost. Delta-X begins with airborne and in situ data acquisition and carries through data analysis, model integration, and validation to predict the extent and spatial patterns of future deltaic land loss or gain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f29e0ae-2d9e-4989-a863-43b7b875adfd", - "label": "FIRE/MTV", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Background and rationale:\nAt some time or another most of the world's terrestrial ecosystems are\ndirectly affected by fire. Though some fires occur naturally\n(wildfires), by far the greater part are the result of human\nactivities. Much of the world's tropical savannahs are periodically\nburned; in Africa alone around 75% of the savannah burns annually, an\narea of more than 300 millions hectares. Forest fires, savannahs\nfires, burning of fuel wood, charcoal production and burning of\nagricultural wastes together consume an estimated 8680 million tons of\ndry plant material per year.\nThe consequences of biomass burning are extremely diverse. It affects\natmospheric chemistry, climate, vegetation distribution and, of course\nhuman avtivities. The ecological, environmental and economic effects\nof biomass burning occur across all scales, from the local to global,\nyet systematic documentation of global biomass burning patterns and\nhistory are not available. This lack of information is keenly felt,\nboth by the international scientific community, and by policy\nmakers. The research project FIre in global Resource and Environmental\nmonitoring (FIRE) has been initiated in 1994, by the Monitoring of\nTropical Vegetation unit (MTV) of the Commission of the European Union\nJoint Research Centre, in order to adress such issues during a 4 years\nperiod, with a key objective being the documenting of biomass burning\npatterns for the entire tropical belt and the analysis of such\npatterns in relation to land use/land cover dynamics.\nAn integrated approach to biomass burning studies:\nAt the 1991 Dahlem Workshop on Global Changes in the Perspective of\nthe Past, a proposal was made to integrate established fire behaviour\nand emission models into a new approach, where ecosystem\ncharacterisation, in terms of fuel situation and satellite\nidentification of fire occurrence are the starting point. The FIRE\nproject is concentrating in particular on those acpects of the Dahlem\nmodel driven by satellite data.\nSatellite observations as main source of information:\nEarth observation from space provides systematic and consistent\nmeasurements of a series of parameters related to fire and fire\nimpacts. Fire detection from space currently relies on visible and\nthermal information from sensors on the Meteosat, Landsat, SPOT and\nNOAA satellites.\nThese systems together cover a range of spatial, spectral and temporal\nresolutions which on the one hand permit detailed study of individual\nfires, and on the other allow regular monitoring of the incidence of\nfire for entire continents.\nThe Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA\nsatellites is the main source of data for the studies done by the FIRE\nproject. Historical archives of these data, on a daily basis at 4 km\nresolution (the Global Area Coverage data, GAC), extend back to 1981:\nthe FIRE project has done the processing and analysis of these\nAVHRR-GAC data for the african continent. The resulting data sets are\nused for continental scale vegetation studies, more specifically for\ndetection of land cover changes, and for documenting spatio- temporal\nvariations in burning patterns for the continent of Africa over the\nlast decade.\nMore complete documentation of burning patterns for the whole tropical\nbelt has been initiated by the FIRE project using the global 1-km\nresolution AVHRR image archive established at the U.S. satellite data\narchive, Sioux Falls, under the auspices of the IGBP. Analysis of\nthese data has required considerable development of processing\nenvironments: An automatic method for global detection of vegetation\nfires, which adjusts as necessary to accomodate seasonal and spatial\nfactors, has been developed and applied succesfully for the processing\nand analysis of one week of daily global data (14 Gb of data). The\nFIRE project is currently extending the processing to six months of\ndaily 1-km global data.\nIn the same time, detection and assessment of burnt areas are becoming\nkey issues in the overall research effort of the FIRE project. Data\nprovided by the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-1) onboard the\nERS satellite, are being used to quantify the extent of burnt\nsurfaces. Last, a mobile AVHRR data receiving station is used by the\nFIRE project, in the framework of ground experimental campaigns, to\nvalidate fire detection methods for different tropical ecosystems, and\nto provide input to fire management programmes at country level.\nAssembling and use of consistent data sets on\nBB dynamics adapted to the modelling of\nsoil-vegetation-atmosphere exchanges and\ntheir evolution in time\nThe FIRE project is involved in co-operative research related to the\nrole of biomass burning in tropospheric and precipitations chemistry,\nforest monitoring, land cover changes. As such a great effort is done\nto assemble and format the fire related informations, as derived from\nremote sensing, in consistent data sets adapted to the modelling of\nsoil-vegetation- atmosphere exchanges and their evolution in time:\nsuch data sets are currently sustaining the FIRE project contributions\nto international experiments among which the IGBP-IGAC activity\nEXPRESSO (EXPeriment for Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxydants) and\nto a research activity of the European Union on the modelling of\nemissions of black carbon aerosols at global scale. Moreover the FIRE\nproject is involved in a co-operative research with the UE's TREES\n(TRopical Ecosystem and Environment observation from Space) project:\nthe detection of fires is an essential part of the alarm system under\ndevelopment, in the TREES project, to pinpoint zones of active\ndeforestation.\nReferences:\nGregoire J-M., 1993, Description quantitative des regimes de feu en\nzone soudanienne d'Afrique de l'Ouest. SECHERESSE no. 1, vol. 4, mars\n1993, 37-45\nGregoire J-M., Belward A.S. et Kennedy P., 1993. Dynamiques de\nsaturation du signal dans la bande 3 du senseur AVHRR: Handicap majeur\nou source d'information pour la surveillance de l'environnement en\nmilieu soudano-guineen d'Afrique de l'Ouest ? International Journal of\nRemote Sensing, 1993, Vol. 14, No. 11, 2079-2095\nBelward A.S., Gregoire J-M., D'Souza G., Trigg S., Hawkes M., Brustet\nJ-M., Sera D., Tireford J-L., Charlot J-M. and Vuattoux R., 1993,\nIn-Situ, real time fire detection using NOAA/AVHRR data. proceedings\nof the VI AVHRR Data User's Meeting, Belgirate, Italy, 29th June - 2nd\nJuly 1993, published by EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany, EUM P 12, ISSN\n1015 9576, 333-339\nBelward A.S., Kennedy P.J., and Gregoire J-M., 1994. The limitations\nand potential of AVHRR GAC data for continental scale fire\nstudies. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1994, Vol. 15, No. 11, 2215-2234\nKennedy P.J., Belward A.S., and Gregoire J-M., 1994. An improved\napproach to fire monitoring in West Africa using AVHRR\ndata. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1994, Vol. 15, No. 11, 2235-2255\nMalingreau J.P., and Belward A.S., 1994, Recent activities in the\nEuropean Community for the creation and analysis of global AVHRR data\nsets. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1994, vol. 15, no. 17, pp. 3397-3416\nBrivio P.A., Gregoire J-M., Lefeivre B., and Ober G., 1994. Use of the\nrose-diagram method for vegetation fire patterns analysis at regional\nscale in Africa. 14th Int. CODATA Conf. 'Data knowledge in a changing\nworld', Chambery, France, 18-22 September 1994.\nKoffi B., J-M.Gregoire, G.Mahe and J-P.Lacaux, 1995, Remote sensing of\nbush fires dynamics in Central Africa from 1984 to 1988: analysis in\nrelation to regional vegetation and pluviometric patterns. Atmospheric\nResearch 39 (1995) 179-200\nBelward A.S., Hollifield A., and James M., 1995, The potential of the\nNASA GAC Pathfinder product for the creation of global thematic data\nsets: the case of biomass burning patterns Int. J. Remote Sensing,\n1995, Letter RES100942, p.9\nKoffi B., Gregoire J-M., Brivio P.A., et Lacaux J-P.,\n1995. Teledetection satellitaire et chimie des pluies: Deux approches\ncomplementaires pour l'etude de l'impact des feux de vegetation sur le\ncontenu chimique de la troposphere en region tropicale. Compte-rendus\nSeminaire 'IGAC-DEBITS -Africa (IDAF): dry and wet depositions in\nAfrica', Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 5-8 decembre 1994 , p. 4, WMO,\nIGBP, ENRICH, MEDIAS-France, Avril 1995\nEva H, Belward A.S., Gregoire J-M., Moula M., Brustet J-M., Janodet\nE. and Viovy N., 1995, The application of Along Track Scanning\nRadiometer data to Burnt Area mapping in different savannah ecosystems\nin Central Africa. Proceedings of the meteorological satellite data\nuser's conference, Winchester, UK, EUMETSAT, 4th to 8th Sep. 1995\nEhrlich D., Gregoire J-M., Eva H., Janodet E., and Koffi B., 1995,\nFire detection, land cover characterization and burnt area estimation\nin the savannah-forest transition zone of Central Africa. Publication\nof the European Communities, EUR 16314 EN, Brussels.Luxembourg, 1995,\npp. 72\nGregoire J-M., 1995, FIRE: FIre in global Resource and Environmental\nmonitoring A project of the European Commission. MEDIAS Newsletter,\nno. 7, aout 1995, pp. 13-14\nBrivio P.A., Gregoire J-M., Koffi B., and Ober G., 1995, An automatic\nclustering technique applied to the study of vegetation fire patterns\ndistribution in the African continent. Proceeding IGARSS,95\nQuantitative remote sensing for science and applications, Vol. 1,\npp. 112-114, Firenze, 10-14 July 1995.\nBrivio P.A., Ober G., Koffi B., and Gregoire J-M., 1995, Techniques\nfor spatio-temporal analysis of vegetation fires in the tropical belt\nof Africa. in Global Process Monitoring and Remote Sensing of the\nOcean and Sea Ice, Paris France 25-28 September 1995, Deering D.W. and\nGudmandsen P. Editors, Proceedings EUROPTO Series SPIE Vol. 2586,\n162-171, 1995\nBarbosa P., and Gregoire J-M., 1995, Mapping of burnt surfaces at\ncontinental scale. A methodological approach for the analysis of\nNOAA/AVHRR/GAC time series. EARSeL Workshop on Remote sensing and GIS\napplications to forest fire management, Universidad de Alcala de\nHenares, Spain, 7th - 9th September 1995, 53-57\nJones S., 1995, Spatio-temporal distribution of vegetation fire in\ncontinental Southeast Asia as monitored by 1 km AVHRR data. IGBP-DIS\nWorkshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995,\nIGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nMalingreau J.P., and Dwyer E., 1995, A framework for the preparation\nand analysis of the Global Fire Product. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global\nFire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change\nReport, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nMalingreau J.P., Leysen M., and Degrandi F., 1995, Detecting and\nmeasuring burn scars in tropical vegetation using ERS-1 SAR\ndata. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October\n17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nEva H., 1995, Along Track Scanning Radiometer data fro burnt area\nmapping. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra,\nOctober 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press\n1996.\nEva H., and Flasse S., 1995, A comparison of contextual and threshold\nactive fire detection algorithms. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire\nMonitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change\nReport, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nDwyer E., and Malingreau J.P., 1995, Global Fire Product. IGBP-DIS\nWorkshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995,\nIGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nBarbosa P., and Gregoire J-M., 1995, Mapping of burnt surfaces at\ncontinental scale. The potential of NOAA/AVHRR/GAC time\nseries. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra,\nOctober 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press\n1996.\nGregoire J-M., 1995, Use of AVHRR data for the study of vegetation\nfires in Africa: Fire management perspectives. EURO COURSES Remote\nSensing Volume 5, Advances in the use of AVHRR data for land\napplications, edited by D'Souza G., Belward A.S. and Malingreau J-P.,\np. 469, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995, 310-334\nMalingreau J-P., and Gregoire J-M., 1996, Developing a global\nvegetation fire monitoring system for global change studies: current\npossibilities and perspectives. AGU Conference on 'Biomass Burning and\nGlobal Change', Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, March 13-17 1995, in\npress 1996\nB.Koffi, J-M.Gregoire, H.D. Eva, 1996, Satellite monitoring of\nvegetation fires on a multi-annual basis at continental scale, in\nAfrica. in proceedings of the AGU Conference 'Biomass Burning and\nGlobal Change', Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, March 13-17 1995,\nJ. Levine editor, MIT Press, in press 1996.\nMoula M., Brustet J.M., Fontan J., Eva H., and Gregoire J-M., 1996,\nContribution of Spread-Fire Model in the Study of Savannah Fires. AGU\nConference on 'Biomass Burning and Global Change', Williamsburg,\nVirginia, USA, March 13-17 1995, J. Levine editor, MIT Press, in\npress 1996.\nCooke W.F., Koffi B., and Gregoire J-M., 1996, Seasonality of\nvegetation fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to\na global chemistry model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101 (D15),\n21051 - 21065, 1996.\nKoffi B., 1995, The continental fire product for Africa as derived\nfrom NOAA-AVHRR-GAC images - Definition and methods. JRC Technical\nNote no. I.96.04, p. 20, January 96\nKoffi B., Koffi E., and Gregoire J.-M., [1996]. Atlas of fire\nseasonality and its interannual variability for the African\ncontinent. Publication of the European Commission, EUR 16407,\nLuxembourg, p.20, 1996.\nEva H., and Gregoire J-M. [1996]. Regional Burnt Area Detection with\nERS-1 Along Track Scanning Radiometer Data. proceedings E.G.S. Annual\nMeeting - Session OA19: Biomass Burning, European Geophysical Society,\nLa Haye, Pays-Bas, 6-10 mai 1996, in press.\nBrivio P.A., Gregoire J-M., Lefeivre B., and Ober G., 1996. Use of the\nrose-diagram method for vegetation fire patterns analysis at regional\nscale in Africa. in 'Geoscience and Water Resources: Environmental\nData Modeling'. C. Bardinet and J.J. Royer (eds), Springer-Verlag. in\npress, 1996.\nGregoire J-M., Barbosa P., Dwyer E., Eva H., Jones S., Koffi B.,\nMalingreau J.P., 1996. Vegetation fire research at the Monitoring\nTropical Vegetation Unit: Product availability - June\n1996. Publication of the European Commission, EUR 16433 EN,\nBrussels.Luxembourg, June 1996, pp. 84.\nProject Contact:\nJ-M. Gregoire\nMonitoring Tropical Vegetation Unit\nSpace Applications Institute\nJoint Research Center of the European Commission, TP. 440, 21020\nISPRA, ITALY.\nTel: (39) 332 78 92 15 / 9830.\nFax: (39) 332 78 90 73.\nE-mail: jean-marie.gregoire@jrc.it", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "804dc98c-e7b8-42fd-921b-3fa28082a2b3", - "label": "Discovery", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Discovery (OV-103) was NASA's third space shuttle orbiter to join the fleet, arriving for the first time at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in November 1983.\n\nAfter checkout and processing, it was launched on Aug. 30, 1984, for its first mission, 41-D, to deploy three communications satellites.\n\nSince that inaugural flight, Discovery has completed more than 30 successful missions, surpassing the number of flights made by any other orbiter in NASA's fleet. Just like all of the orbiters, it has undergone some major modifications over the years. The most recent began in 2002 and was the first carried out at Kennedy. It provided 99 upgrades and 88 special tests, including new changes to make it safer for flight.\n\nImage left: Space Shuttle Discovery lifts off Pad B at the Kennedy Space Center on September 12, 1993, to begin STS-51. Image credit: NASA\n\nDiscovery has the distinction of being chosen as the Return to Flight orbiter twice. The first was for STS-26 in 1988, and the second when it carried the STS-114 crew on NASA's Return to Flight mission to the International Space Station in July 2005.\n\nThe choice of the name 'Discovery' carried on a tradition drawn from some historic, Earth-bound exploring ships of the past. One of these sailing forerunners was the vessel used in the early 1600s by Henry Hudson to explore Hudson Bay and search for a northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.\n\nAnother such ship was used by British explorer James Cook in the 1770s during his voyages in the South Pacific, leading to the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, two British Royal Geographical Society ships have carried the name 'Discovery' as they sailed on expeditions to the North Pole and the Antarctic.\n\nDestined for exploring the heavens instead of the seas, it was only fitting that NASA's Discovery carried the Hubble Space Telescope into space during mission STS-31 in April 1990, and provided both the second and third Hubble servicing missions (STS-82 in February 1997 and STS-103 in December 1999).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/discovery-info.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8122fa0a-07b8-4bef-a21f-04204ef76e2f", - "label": "FRLAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FRLAB (Front Range Lidar and Ballon Experiment 3) was an\nexperiment conducted along the front range of the Rockies in\nColorado and Wyoming to measure concentrations of black carbon\nin the amosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "820f2f42-79e8-4ea5-be0b-b828766e11ad", - "label": "EPICA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Questions posed for the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA):\n\n1. Are global climate changes always triggered in the Northern\n Hemisphere or is also the opposite sequence possible?\n2. How are global changes coupled between the two hemispheres?\n3. Are rapid climatic changes also observed in previous climatic cycles?\n4. Do transitions from glacial to interglacial periods and back follow\n always the same pattern or is there a variety of mechanisms\n involved?\n\nProposal:\n\nDrill at two sites in Antarctica: In central East Antarctica at Dome C\nand in the Atlantic sector in Dronning Maud Land at a site yet to be\ndetermined.\n\nContributions:\n\n1. Provide our expertise in the drilling technology and provide\n especially the drill tower, the winch control and the drill heads.\n\n2. Measure several parameters along the ice core with Continuous Flow\n Analysis (CFA).\n\n3. Measure the CO2 and CH4 concentration and the isotopic composition\n (d13C of CO2 and d18O of O2) of the air enclosed in bubbles and air\n hydrates.\n\n4. Participate in the site selection for the drilling in the Atlantic\n sector.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.climate.unibe.ch/clim_recon/epica.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "829f4baa-2fe3-4b94-9d69-9d941db3478f", - "label": "EOSAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EOSAP includes both empirical and modeling studies of rainfall and\nrunoff from sample hillslopes to the entire Amazon basin.\n\nThe data are contained in one file which is in tar and compressed\nformat covering the period from January 1972 through December\n1992. When this file is uncompressed and untarred, 21 HDF files are\ngenerated. Each HDF file corresponds to one year within the data set\nand contains 12 images (one image per month). The monthly total\nprecipitation is in a 129 by 171 element array. The data is based on\nmonthly rain datasets from Peru and Bolivia and daily rain datasets\nfrom Brazil. The precipitation data is derived from a linear\ninterpolation of all stations within one degree with data from a\nminimum of four stations. Topographic and other information is not\nused in the interpolations. The precipitation data is in units of\ntotal mm/month. The extent of the gridded data ranges from latitudes\nof 20.2S to 5.6N and longitudes from 79.8W to 45.6W. The data are\nextrapolated to the edge of the grid but are deemed reliable only over\nthe Amazon River Basin area.\n\nLink to\n'http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/hydrology/guides/amazon_precip_guide.html'\nto view the Amazon River Basin Precipitation Data Set Document.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83650209-8c1e-4e5c-9125-9c2a93a53e3b", - "label": "DODS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Distributed Oceanographic Data System (DODS) makes remote,\nscientific data accessible, over the Internet, through familiar data\nanalysis and visualization packages. IDL, Ferret and Matlab are some\nof these analysis packages though which remote data are accessible via\nDODS.\n\nDODS converts transparently from a number of commonly used data\nformats into the format appropriate for the analysis package. Some of\nthese data formats are HDF, netCDF, JGOFS, Matlab, and DSP.\n\nDODS is based on two principles:\n1. Scientists, as well as national archives, are data providers\n2. Users should have access to data directly from their analysis packages\n\nSupport is provided to the DODS community by the University\nCorporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Unidata Program Center:\nsupport@unidata.ucar.edu\n\nMore information, software for download, and software installation\ndocumentation are available at the DODS web site:\nhttp://www.opendap.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83ecc786-6906-4028-9318-4beb8776b664", - "label": "EOSNRP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The University of Montana EOS Training Center Natural Resource Project\nwill present natural resource managers with some of the most advanced\nsatellite and model applications available for evaluating difficult\nlandscape-level measurements. Remotely sensed data provided by NASA's\nEOS mission will provide regional to global estimates of biophysical\nvariables to assist land resource and policy professionals in making\nsound management decisions. The data products are relevant to a broad\nrange of applications in forest and range productivity, hydrology, and\nfire management. The UM EOS Training Center will train natural\nresource land managers in understanding and acquiring EOS data to\nenhance the utility of EOS in land management.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://eostc.umt.edu/forestry/default.asp'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8497a1a8-5192-4e94-aabd-e8c349f2f79c", - "label": "EUDASM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "For some 40 years, ISRIC – World Soil Information has been providing significant support to the international science community by collecting and archiving regional-, national- and global-scale maps of soils and land resources.\n\nDespite effective procedures for storage and maintenance, most organizations involved in archiving struggle to arrest the deterioration of paper maps and the quality of information they contain. Deterioration occurs for various reasons that include handling, transport, exposure to light, moisture and atmospheric pollution.\n\nRealizing the need to conserve the information on existing maps, which underpin the fast-developing thematic mapping strategies to support soil protection, the Institute of Environment and Sustainability (IES) in the European Commission (Italy) and ISRIC – World Soil Information initiated the European Digital Archive of Soil Maps (EuDASM). The immediate objective is to transfer soil information into digital format, with the maximum resolution possible, to preserve the information of paper maps that are vulnerable to deterioration.\n\nBeyond data rescue, the archive is expected to develop into a common platform for storing soil maps from around the world and making the information readily accessible. Organisations that maintain soil map archives in paper form, and wishing to conserve this information by transferring it into digital form, are invited to join the EuDASM programme.\n\nThe initiative for this programme was taken by Dr Luca Montanarella of the European Joint Research Centre and Dr Otto Spaargaren of ISRIC – World Soil Information in October 2004. The first level success for this initiative was figured out by completion of the around 2000 soil maps pertaining to the African continent. Through this digitization programme the map quality and precision of information were preserved against further loss assuming to be required for future use by land resources specialists.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/indexes/about.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "864721d1-ffdc-4352-b8b5-bbd93138fc9d", - "label": "FADS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Florida Acid Deposition Study (FADS) network began operations in\nmid-1981 and ended in August 1985. The goal was to better understand\nthe relationship between power plant emissions and environmental\nquality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86f81701-8e58-4929-89a1-34d6cd0eb051", - "label": "ESONET-NOE-LIDO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Description:\n\nLIDO Twin Site: Gulf of Cadiz + Eastern Sicily\n\nGeohazard / Acoustic, Mammal acoustics:\n\n- to extend the present capabilities of the observatories working in the Eastern Sicily site (NEMO-SN1) and in the Gulf of Cadiz (GEOSTAR revised for NEAREST pilot experiment) by including sensor equipments related to other disciplines (bioacoustics);\n \n- to establish a nucleus of a regional network of multidisciplinary seafloor observatories allowing the long term monitoring of geohazards and marine ambient nois.\nLinked with NEAREST (Tsunami) and NEMO (uses the 2 cables).\n\nScientific objectives: \n\n- Long term monitoring of earthquakes and tsunamis.\n \n- Characterization of marine ambient noise with special attention to marine mammals\n\n\nhttp://www.esonet-noe.org/Demonstration-missions/LIDO", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8824dc98-269e-4fea-84fa-e07bb3dca456", - "label": "ERAQS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Program Title: Eastern Regional Air Quality Study\nThe Eastern Regional Air Quality study (ERAQS) extended the\ncomprehensive aerometric measurements initiated under the Sulfate\nRegional Experiment (SURE). This was done with two major objectives\nin mind:\n1) To complete two years of continuous air quality data acquisition in\nthe northeastern United States in order to check seasonal and annual\nvariability of air pollutants and precursor materials and extend the\nSURE data base.\n2) To provide one full year of collocated aerometric and precipitation\nchemistry data in the northeastern United States in order to define\nany association between local air quality data and acidic deposition.\nThe nine Class I SURE stations were operated continuously for an\nadditional period of 14 months according to the protocols developed\nfor the SURE. Simultaneously, collocated precipitation chemistry\nsamples were collected on a daily (event) basis.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/eraqs/eraqs.htm' for information on\nthe ERAQS study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88bd4ce1-adaa-42d8-befa-bd560a9deadf", - "label": "ECOSTRESS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "ECOSTRESS is addressing three overarching science questions:\n\nHow is the terrestrial biosphere responding to changes in water availability?\nHow do changes in diurnal vegetation water stress impact the global carbon cycle?\nCan agricultural vulnerability be reduced through advanced monitoring of agricultural water consumptive use and improved drought estimation?\n\nSource: https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "895ecaa3-bbe0-40d1-92ae-5ad66b00272e", - "label": "EMOLT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The eMOLT project (http://www.emolt.org/) is a non-profit collaboration of\nindustry, science, and academics devoted to monitoring of the physical\nenvironment of the Gulf of Maine and the Southern New England shelf. In a\nseries of phases funded by the Northeast Consortium (2000-2005), we have\ndeveloped low-cost strategies to measure bottom temperature and salinity and,\nmost recently, surface current velocity with the help of nearly 100 lobstermen \ndispersed along the entire New England coast. We hope to extend our existing\nmulti-year time series (as well as our monitoring capabilities), continue\nintegration with the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS), and\ncontribute to whatever operational system is developed for our region in the\nfuture.\n\nThe eMOLT partners currently include all the major lobstermen associations in\nNew England (Maine, Massachusetts, Downeast, and Atlantic Offshore), a NOAA\nscientist, the Gulf of Maine Lobster Foundation, and the Marine Science\nDepartment at the Southern Maine Community College. Having created this\nnetwork of participating fishermen, our primary goal is to supply these\nindividuals with the latest in low-cost instrumentation sufficient for\nmaintaining continuous time series of physical variables at fixed locations and\ndepths. Our database now consist of 1.3 million hourly records of temperature,\n80k hourly records of salinity, and 40k satellite drifter fixes. While our\nmission is primarily motivated by lobster science and the need to document\nbackground conditions, we make our database accessible to the general public\nand the recently-formed GoM Ocean Data Partnership in the form of web served\nproducts and raw data (see www.emolt.org).\n\nIn our quest to minimize instrumentation cost, we have partnered with engineers\nin the private sector to develop devices that may be of interest to the\noceanographic community in general. The first is a GPS drifter at nearly a\nthird the cost of conventional units that implements the SENS technology with\nthe GLOBALSTAR low-orbiting satellite system. These units have already logged\nmore than 30 thousand kilometers of ocean. Another is a real-time bottom\ntemperature sensor (attached to lobster traps) that wirelessly transmits data\nto a shipboard system as it is hauled on deck. Both of these units should be\ncommercially available in 2005.\n\nWe expect the primary users of eMOLT data, aside from the lobstermen\nthemselves, will be local ocean circulation modelers. The need for data in\ninitialization, assimilation, and validation of their numerical simulations is\nbecoming more and more obvious. The complex time-varying nature of the Gulf\nof Maine system calls for incorporating as much data as possible in order to\ngenerate realistic flow fields. We hope to supplement the data supplied by \nGoMOOS by providing modelers with a extensive array of bottom observations as\nwell as Lagrangian drifter tracks. Our hope is that these numerical models\nwill someday help in our understanding of lobster larvae drift and the fate of\nany particles for that matter, such as Harmful Algal Blooms, along our coast. \nWhat are the mechanisms that govern the both the short-term and long-term\nvariability of the GoM ecosystem and can we generate realistic, time-varying,\n3-d simulations of these changes?\n\nOur philosophy is that local fishermen already spend their days at sea, have\nthe biggest stake in preserving our coastal marine resources, and are the most\nknowledgeable of the local waters. Their interest, curiosity, and enthusiasm\nare sincere. They should play an important part in our nation's Integrated\nOcean Observing Systems. \n\n[Abstract taken from http://www.emolt.org/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8adc53f7-5f97-4844-9eae-6aecbc9933c3", - "label": "EASIZ", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EASIZ (Ecology of the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone) programme ran from 1994 to 2004, and involved over 150 scientists from more than 17 countries. The main scientific aim was an integrated study of the water column and benthos, linked by bentho-pelagic coupling, of the Antarctic continental shelf. Because water-column studies were well served by existing international programmes (SO-JGOFS, SO-GLOBEC) and national biological oceanographic programmes, EASIZ itself concentrated on the benthos and bentho-pelagic coupling.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/34/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bad22df-3d3c-44bd-a30e-fa83375b9f07", - "label": "FORAST", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Forest Responses to Anthropogenic Stress (FORAST) project\nwas designed (1) to determine whether evidence of alterations of\nlong-term growth patterns of several species of eastern forest\ntrees was apparent in tree-ring chronologies from within the\nregion and (2) to identify environmental variables that were\ntemporally or spatially correlated with any observed\nchanges. The project was supported principally by the\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with additional\nsupport from the National Park Service.\n\nThe FORAST project was initiated in 1982 as exploratory research\nto document patterns of radial growth of forest trees during the\nprevious 50 or more years within 15 states in the northeastern\nUnited States. Radial growth measurements from more than 7000\ntrees are provided along with data on a variety of measured and\ncalculated indices of stand characteristics (basal area,\ndensity, and competitive indices); climate (temperature,\nprecipitation, and drought); and anthropogenic pollutants (state\nand regional emissions of SO2 and NOx, ozone monitoring data,\nand frequency of atmospheric-stagnation episodes and atmospheric\nhaze). These data were compiled into a single database to\nfacilitate exploratory analysis of tree growth patterns and\nresponses to local and regional environmental conditions.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/db1005.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "924d1190-e181-4bc3-842f-f304ca9b8944", - "label": "FRENTES_OCEANICOS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "There are a number of countries conducting research in the Antarctic Peninsula under the Glaciology of the Antarctic Peninsula (GAP) program. The record of past ice-sheet configuration, oceanographic characteristics, and atmospheric circulation patterns produced by GAP researchers will be of obvious relevance to WAIS investigations. WAIS will maintain open communication with GAP researchers to keep them informed of planned WAIS investigations and important results, and to facilitate collaborations between investigators that will benefit each program.\n\nSummary provided by http://neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/documentation/chap6.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92e4c3c4-13e6-47f2-92f3-52c8d2c8a081", - "label": "ENERGIAS_NO_CONVENCIONALES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "ENERGIAS_NO_CONVENCIONALES describes data taken from the volcano on\nDeception Island in the South Shetland Islands off Antarctica.\n\nObservations include:\n\ngravimtric measurements points\nterrestial magnetic points\nseismic event dates\ngeochemical analyses\nanalyses of fumarole gas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92f77d34-bfd3-4461-ac76-bb8130c28502", - "label": "FGE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "APL deployed the Flare Genesis Experiment (FGE) in Antarctica to\nprovide the sharpest view ever obtained of the evolution of activity\nin the solar atmosphere. FGE is a balloon-borne solar telescope with\nan 80-cm telescope that will supply 0.2 arcsec images to a vector\nmagnetograph to map photospheric and chromospheric magnetic\nfields. The experiment will advance basic scientific understanding of\nthe mechanism of solar variability and provide the practical\nengineering experience needed for building a large solar observatory\nin space. Flare Genesis will operate in uninterrupted sunlight well\nabove the turbulent layers of the atmosphere at 125,000 feet to take\nhigh-resolution photographs. On-board tape recorders holding 90\ngigabytes will collect 110,000 images, and the communications system\nwill relay several thousand images to the ground.\n\nFGE has completed its test flight and has been successfully integrated\nwith the NSBF package. The pointing system surpasses the design goal\nof 10 arcsec rms jitter, and H-alpha images from the Target Selector\nTelescope and limb photos through the main telescope have been\nrecorded. FGE utilizes several innovative APL developed systems, such\nas the silicon retina with a fast tilt-tip mirror for image motion\ncompensation and APL's FRISC microcontroller.\n\nFrom January 10 to 27, 2000, the Flare Genesis solar telescope\nobserved the Sun while suspended from a balloon in the stratosphere\nabove Antarctica. The goal of the mission was to acquire long time\nseries of high-resolution images and vector magnetograms of the solar\nphotosphere and chromosphere. Images were obtained in the magnetically\nsensitive Ca I line at 6122 Angstroms and at H-alpha (6563\nAngstroms). The FGE data were obtained in the context of Max\nMillennium Observing Campaign #004, the objective of which was to\nstudy the ``Genesis of Solar Flares and Active Filaments/Sigmoids.'\nFlare Genesis obtained about 26,000 usable images on the 8 targeted\nactive regions. A preliminary examination reveals a good sequence on\nan emerging flux region and data on the M1 flare on January 22, as\nwell as a number of sequences on active filaments. We will present the\nresults of our first analysis efforts. Flare Genesis was supported by\nNASA grants NAG5-4955, NAG5-5139, and NAG5-8331 and by NSF grant\nOPP-9615073. The Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the\nBallistic Missile Defense Organization supported early development of\nthe Flare Genesis Experiment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98dc8278-fe0a-4e36-a638-9d7a5b0ed826", - "label": "FedEO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FedEO (Federated Earth Observation missions access) provides a unique entry point to a growing number of scientific catalogues and services for, but not limited to, EO European and Canadian missions. FedEO is deployed with ESA (European Space Agency) infrastructure as a gateway to:\n\nProvide brokered discovery, access and ordering capability to European/Canadian EO missions data based on HMA (Heterogeneous Missions Accessibility) interfaces;\n \nImplement the OpenSearch OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) and other interfaces for an increased number of discoverable and accessible EO data collections;\n \nImplement the OpenSearch OGC interfaces for interfacing with CEOS Community Catalogues and Clients.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9908a39a-97d5-4c99-afe9-45b5e005a7b4", - "label": "FRONTS 92", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Fronts 92 field experiment took place in the Eastern North Atlantic with the objective to study the dynamics of frontal systems in the region. The data presented here are from the third Intensive Observation Period (IOP). During this period a rapidly developing cold frontal wave crossed the field experiment area.\n\nThis case study presents data from 27 April 1992 to 28 April 1992 and covers a region from 30N to 60N latitude and from 50W to 10E longitude.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/fronts/fronts.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9aac36b0-330e-47d1-9d53-c621e79a1030", - "label": "FINSKEN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FINSKEN, a research project in the Finnish Global Change Research Programme (FIGARE), has developed up-to-date projections of changes in environmental and related factors in Finland during the 21st century and beyond. FINSKEN consists of:\n\n * Socio-economic and technological scenarios\n * Atmospheric composition scenarios\n * Acid deposition scenarios\n * Climate scenarios\n * Sea-level scenarios\n\nSummary provided by http://www.finessi.info/finsken/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c3c6e76-c7e3-4ba4-8d8e-c6a673fba052", - "label": "EPPB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of this project is to continue the study of Antarctic\n bacteria able to produce exoenzymes with high activity at low\n temperatures and evaluate their potential industrial application. In\n addition, owing to the ecological relevance of these bacterial\n activities, we decided to make a broad study of the ... bacterial\n communities from which these strains were isolated. Screenings of\n psychrophilic bacteria will be made using selective culture media (in\n Petri dishes or liquid cultures) that permit us to detect the desired\n enzymatic activities (proteases, amylases, lipases, etc). Strains\n showing the desired activity will be studied to determine their\n psychrophilic character and to optimise the extracellular enzymes\n production under different culture. Subsequently, purification and\n characterisation of the enzymes showing the biotechnological\n potential will be performed. Taxonomic studies will be made by\n sequencing 16S rARN gene and bacterial communities will be analyzed\n using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and restriction\n fragments length polymorphism (RFLP). Due to the interest showed by\n many biotechnological industries in the metabolic capabilities of\n these extremophilic microorganisms agreements are being established in\n order to develop studies about the industrial application of the\n genome sequence and the products of these isolated strains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d4b91aa-37a1-4599-bf1f-e111b9e09e18", - "label": "EPA/GMP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The United States environmental Protection Agency Gulf of Mexico\nProgram began in 1988 and concentrates itself on the five Gulf Coast\nstates. The projects have encompassed everything from improving septic\nsystems to planting seagrass to protect habitats. Chances are if it\ninvolved helping the ecological and economic health of the region, the\nGulf of Mexico Program was there to help in some form or another.\n\nFive Gulf Coast States and Information Links:\n\nAlabama:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/pubinfo/artificialbeach.html'\n\nFlorida:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/habitat/seagrassplan.html'\n\nLouisiana:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/pubinfo/empact.html'\n\nMississippi:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/pubinfo/poplar.html'\n\nTexas:\n\nFor more information on the Gulf of Mexico Program, link to\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ea5758a-aa3f-4278-b614-b98b82b31619", - "label": "ECONOR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ECONOR\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=355\n\nThe project builds on two prior activities. \n\nFirst, the ArcStat project has performed a very important service in setting up a data base system for economic activity in the Arctic (University Laval, Quebec, Gerard) . That activity has a history and a purpose of its own, valid and valuable independently of the proposed IPY activity, but will prove additionally valuable as a basis for the proposed activity. \n\nSecond, the ECONOR project, funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Nordic Council of Ministers, has seven participating institutions throughout the Arctic (see list, concluding section). The project has built a network and started documentation and analysis of the importance of the Arctic to the rest of the world. Using the network through workshops and collection of data and analysis, the project focuses on trade and other economic flows between the Arctic regions and the rest of the world. Briefly, the draft report concludes: i) the Arctic is important to the rest of the world as a resource provider through trade flows, not only because of its unique natural habitats and the livelihoods of the people living there; ii) climate change may raise the value of certain resources to the rest of the world (increased growth, reduced costs), while reducing the value of others; iii) increased access, due to receding sea ice, will not only increase the value of important resources, but also put stress on existing control regimes, including geopolitically through maritime transport and military presence. \n\nProposed activities in the ECONOR II project are as follows:\n\na) The value of Arctic natural resources. The value of natural resources (oil, gas and other mineral resources, fish, forests, tourism) will here be estimated based on an optimal control regime, i.e. assuming that challenges such as over fishing, stalemate and conflict will somehow be handled adequately. Environmental stresses will be among the important management challenges in this critically vulnerable area. \nb) Sovereign control and access to resources in the Arctic. This activity builds on existing boundaries of sovereign control, and asks what important coordination requirements there are between countries in order for resources and activities to be managed sensibly in an era when both access to and pressure on arctic resources will be increasing. The activity comprises analysis of political economy, but limited to the perspective of interests between countries. \nc) The political economy of natural resources development in the Arctic. This project applies concepts from the literature on decentralization, to analyze how institutions within each country influences both how resources are developed and how the rent is distributed. Is it the case, for instance, that delegation of decision-making power to an Arctic region, or to indigenous people (or both) will influence how the resources are developed, employment consequences in the Arctic, and how beneficial resource developments will be? \n\nFor all the three activities, there is a required minimum level of participation from the network institutions, and this comprises data provision and descriptive analysis. As an example of how this goes beyond data on resources and activity levels, information is required on how decision making is delegated to Arctic sub-national entities in the federal countries (USA, Canada, Russia) and in the unitary countries (Norway, Greenland, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Sweden, Finland). On this basis, specialized activities will be built, as funding allows.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a09fc112-981e-49f1-80cd-4aa3bdfeb437", - "label": "ECOBIO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project undertakes ecological monitoring, long term research, and studies on interspecific interactions between vertebrates, plants and invertebrates - in relation with climate change. Particular areas of interest are: Monitoring of flora and invertebrate fauna : phenology, fluctuations in abundance, establishment and expansion of introduced species (Crozet, Kerguelen); Impact of climate change on vegetation and soil erosion (Kerguelen); Impact of introduced predator species on the communities of terrestrial invertebrates : the domestic mouse Mus musculus and the beetle Oopterus soledadinus (Kerguelen); Interspecific relationships: Pringlea antiscorbutica, subantarctic Brassicaceae and Calycopteryx moseleyi, subantarctic Diptera (Kerguelen), Acaena magellanica, autochtonous Rosaceae and Taraxacum officinale, introduced Asteraceae (Kerguelen) / impact of the introduced Lumbricidae Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis on the autochtonous edaphic fauna (Crozet). \n\nhttp://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev/programmes_de_recherche/en_cours/136_api_137_et_170_changements_climatiques_actions_anthropiques_et_biodiversite_des_ecosystemes_terrestres_subantarctiques", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5c1ff07-4440-4287-87c6-c60ebc11f8aa", - "label": "ERBE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The radiation budget represents the balance between incoming energy\nfrom the Sun and outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected (shortwave)\nenergy from the Earth. In the 1970's, NASA recognized the importance\nof improving our understanding of the radiation budget and its effects\non the Earth's climate. Langley Research Center was charged with\ndeveloping a new generation of instrumentation to make accurate\nregional and global measurements of the components of the radiation\nbudget. The Goddard Space Flight Center built the Earth Radiation\nBudget Satellite (ERBS) on which the first Earth Radiation Budget\nExperiment (ERBE) instruments were launched by the Space Shuttle\nChallenger in 1984. ERBE instruments were also launched on two\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather monitoring\nsatellites, NOAA 9 and NOAA 10 in 1984 and 1986.\n\nAn international team of scientists was selected from proposals to an\nAnnouncement of Opportunity in 1978 to participate in the design and\ndevelopment of ERBE. Dr Bruce Barkstrom, of the Radiation Sciences\nBranch of Langley's Atmospheric Sciences Competency, was selected as\nthe ERBE Principal Investigator. He led the team through 30 meetings\nto guide the development of the instrumentation and the ground\nprocessing software for analyzing the data.\n\nThe ERBE Data Management Team was formed to design and develop the\nground data processing system based on algorithms from the Science\nTeam. Jim Kibler, Head of the Data Management Office in Langley's\nAtmospheric Sciences Competency, led the team through three iterative\nreleases of the system to be ready for processing at the first launch.\n\nFor more information on ERBE and ERBS, see:\nhttps://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/ERBE.html\nhttps://science.larc.nasa.gov/erbe/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5ea0b3d-980b-4ff3-a833-71ce4adde2b7", - "label": "EASOE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EASOE was the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment conducted\nduring the winter of 1991-1992 mainly over Northern Europe. The aim of\nthe project was to take measurements of key chemical species that\nwould provide information to explain the observed northern hemisphere\nozone loss. Data from this experiment is available from the Norwegian\nAir Institute (NILU).\nSee: 'http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/data/easoe.html'\nand\n'http://www.nilu.no/first-e.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6373353-420b-4db2-a7cf-5524bb0c17d1", - "label": "EOS LAND VAL", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of the EOS Land Validation (Land Val) Project is to support the validation of Earth Observing System (EOS) Land Products, especially MODIS, ASTER, MISR, and LANDSAT 7. The data include in-situ and aircraft measurements for validating satellite products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a781bc3d-6304-4592-89c9-77883f97e7b7", - "label": "FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY NETWORK", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (2004, 2005) concluded that predicted changes in climate and UV in the Arctic are expected to have far-reaching impacts on the hydrology and ecology of freshwater ecosystems. Key effects include changes in the distribution, abundance and ecology of aquatic species in various trophic levels, dramatic alterations in the physical environment that makes up their habitat, changes to the chemical properties of that environment, and alterations to the processes that act on and within freshwater ecosystems. Interactions of climatic variables, such as temperature and precipitation, with freshwater ecosystems are highly complex and hence can be propagated through ecosystems in ways that are often difficult to predict. This is partly because of our still relatively poor understanding of the structure and function of arctic freshwater systems and their basic inter-relationships with climate and other environmental variables, as well as by a paucity of long-term freshwater monitoring sites and integrated hydro-ecological research programs in the Arctic. Predictions of hydro-ecological impacts are further complicated by synergistic and cumulative effects.\nThe Arctic Council accepted the findings from the ACIA and directed two of its scientific working groups (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) and Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)) to review the ACIA findings and develop follow-on programmes and activities to address the key knowledge gaps that were identified. One of the outcomes of this process by the CAFF working group was the implementation of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring\nProgramme (CBMP) formally released in September, 2005 (http://www.caff.is). The CBMP calls for the development of a number of specific monitoring networks designed to quantify the status and trends of Arctic biota of primary importance to the ecological integrity of Arctic ecosystems and the culture and livelihood of indigenous peoples.\nBuilding on existing regional and national aquatic biomonitoring and research programs in the Arctic, this proposal is concerned with the development and implemenation of a freshwater biodiversity monitoring and research network that focuses on obtaining a circumpolar perspective on the current and future status of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem structure and function. The network will focus on data collection, interpretation and dissemination on the status and trends of pelagic and benthic macroinvertebrates, phyoplankton and microbial communities/assemblages, and macrophytes) in representative lentic (lake, pond, wetlands) and lotic (river, stream) ecosystems.\nComplementing the proposed Char Monitoring Network (Reist) and the overall CBMP framework (Raillard) , specific goals during the IPY period (2006-2008) will be to: 1) establish and formalize the circumpolar network through workshops, linkages and outreach to indigenous peoples, researchers, conservation groups, etc.; 2) prepare a state of aquatic ecosystem biodiversity report through collating and analyses of existing information; and, 3) establish relevant parameters for continued monitoring and assessment of aquatic biodiversity; 3) create a database of georeferenced and genetically barcoded specimens; and, 4) establish the network of long-term monitoring/research sites/teams in as many Arctic countries as possible. The IPY-related outcomes will be used as a foundation to secure long-term funding for the Network, establish legacy databases, and launch new approaches (e.g., genetic barcoding) and research topics suitable for long-term monitoring and research, as recommeded by ACIA. The scientific products of the network will be used to support decision-makers responsible for the management, conservation and protection of aquatic ecosystems and related biological resources in the Arctic.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=202", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8d2c825-5944-47aa-b71a-88e019382c15", - "label": "DNAG", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Decade of North American Geology Project was established by the\nGeological Society of America to celebrate its 1988 Centennial\nyear. The series is intended to provide a massive, systematic\nsynthesis of geological knowledge of North America which will serve as\na benchmark of research up through the 1980's. To date the project has\nsuffered some delays, and a few volumes have been cancelled.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.lib.utexas.edu/geo/DNAG_GUIDE.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8eb9d1d-2a19-44fc-8de3-a4b54c229a95", - "label": "FIPS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Forest Inventory and Planning System (FIPS) deals with the\ndevelopment of a Geographic Information System (GIS) that will assist\nthe Forest Service in three key areas:\n\n 1. Provision of forest inventory data\n\n 2. Forest planning\n\n 3. Administration of forestry grants and premiums\n\n Data sets involved with this system include:\n\n Dùchas Datasets (Special Areas of Conservation, National\n Heritage Areas, Nature Reserves, Special Protection Areas and\n Sites and Monuments); 25 Raster Maps (Ordnance Survey Ireland -\n OSI); 1:40000 black and white orthophotography (OSI); Roads,\n Rivers and Lakes, 1:50000 dataset (OSI); Administrative\n boundaries ie. County, DED, Townland, (OSI); Sensitive Rivers;\n Agriculture Parcels (Land Parcel Identification System Dataset\n from the Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development);\n and Forest Soils and Productivity Coverage\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://www.dcmnr.gov.ie/display.asp/pg=204'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af8454a6-77bf-44cb-b59f-5b512aea332f", - "label": "DHARMA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The research project “DHARMA. Diversity, Heterotrophy, Autotrophy and Relations among Antarctic Microorganisms' was funded by the CICYT (ANT-97-1155). Led by Carlos Pedrós-Alió (ICM, CSIC), the project involved researchers from six Spanish and one foreign institutions. The project was carried out in the waters of the Southern Ocean, in an oceanographic expedition on the BIO Hesperides research vessel where we sampled the Drake Passage waters, the Wedell Sea and the Gerlache Strait. The objectives of this project were:\n\n- To analyze the diversity of microbial communities in surface and deep Antarctic waters, and\n\n- To know the effects of temperature on the different activities of microbial plankton.\nOur group was responsible for analyzing the degradation processes of polymeric organic matter carried out by the bacterioplankton.\n\nhttp://www.microbiologia.ehu.es/s0093-gimiccon/en/contenidos/informacion/gi0241_proyectos/en_00241_pr/00241_proyectos.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b155150e-405b-4db3-b1f6-9a5cde5f9da7", - "label": "DVS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dry valley plant-soil systems are very stressed and rely on external resources\n(spatial subsidies). The effect(s) of such subsidies on these ecosystems is\nlargely unexplored, but may influence community and ecosystem level properties.\nWe plan to conduct an experiment at two sites in Antarctica - a stressed site\n(Garwood Valley) and an extreme site (Beacons) where resources may enter by\naerial deposition. We will estimate and use resources of differing quality\n(bird droppings, microbial mats, surface foams and dust) and measure how the\ndecomposer subsystem develops including community composition and diversity,\nmicrobial activity and key decomposer processes including decomposition and\nnitrogen release patterns.\n\nFor additional information about the Antarctic Dry Valley Soils Project, please\nsee http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/dvs/dvs_index.htm\n\n[Abstract taken from http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/dvs/dvs_aims.htm]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b280f2ca-0c43-4690-9724-9c495fec2efc", - "label": "EPOCS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) Project collects\nclimatic and meteorological data throughout the equatorial Pacific\nregion.\n\nTechnical Information:\n\nPeriods: 1950-1979\n\nVariables:\nu wind componet\nv wind componet\nsea surface temperature\nsea level pressure\noutgoing longwave radiation\nsea surface\n\nFrequency of data collection:\nmonthly\n\nTypes of analyses:\ngridded\nsynoptic\nsea\noceanographic\nsurface\ntime series sort\n\nCoverage:\ntropical region with 2-degree resolution\n\nContact:\nSteve Worley\n303-497-1248\nworley@ucar.edu", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4245c96-6cdd-474e-a10a-e1abaa04f169", - "label": "FIRE I", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FIRE-I Implementation Plan (1985) outlines a series of investigations and observations designed to meet the goals of basic understanding and parameterization. In this plan, FIRE-I is meant to address the issues of basic understanding and parameterization of cirrus and marine stratocumulus cloud fields and ISCCP data products. \n\nSummary provided by http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/fire/FIRE_I/2.2.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b54b8b20-4e3d-47b5-bdf6-2c6e5a3b6071", - "label": "FEWS NET", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5c35cc4-a0fa-47db-baaf-3ae7a7b34a8c", - "label": "DEVOTE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The DEVOTE (Development and Evaluation of satellite ValidatiOn Tools by Experimenters) project will modify the NASA Langley B-200 aircraft to carry a suite of in situ instruments and then deploy this aircraft along with a remote sensor suite aboard the NASA Langley UC-12 aircraft to study aerosol and cloud optical and microphysical parameters. Coincident measurements will be taken over AERONET ground sites and along atmospheric satellite ground tracks to demonstrate the ability to utilize these platforms for future scientific measurement campaigns. Measurements will also be useful for evaluating advanced data retrieval algorithms using combined lidar and polarimeter data. For more information, visit: http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/devote/devote.html.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b62d98d4-bd19-4a02-867f-5f5a94520172", - "label": "EFX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This data set archives the results of the Elkins Flux experiment using\na GC gas chromatograph.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6d167db-9950-419b-ba8e-c70095457851", - "label": "FRAMZY", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Atmospheric cyclones in the Fram Strait affect the sea ice transport from the Arctic Ocean into the Atlantic Ocean. During the field experiment FRAMZY in April 1999 a Fram Strait cyclone and its impact on the ice drift was measured using a research aircraft and an array of 15 ice buoys. The synoptic-scale cyclone moved from the south into the area. It was discernible up to 500 hPa in the pressure field, but the horizontal temperature contrast of up to 16 K between the warm and cold sides was confined to the lowest 500 m. The average ice drift was 0.21 ms−1 toward 200° but increased to 0.6 ms−1 during the cyclone passage. The ice drift amounted to 1.6% of the geostrophic wind with a turning angle of 51° on the average. Comparisons between the aircraft measurements and operational weather model analyses show an insufficient representation of the temperature inversion and indicate an underestimate of wind speed and, thus, momentum transfer to the sea ice.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JD002638.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6d9f0d1-0d8d-4e13-8daf-e8b0cd6cbe35", - "label": "ESSE_21", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ESSE21\nProject URL: http://esse21.usra.edu/ESSE21/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=179\n\nFor fifteen years the NASA-sponsored Earth System Science Education for the 21st Century (ESSE 21) and precursor programs have fostered among colleges and universities an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the Earth as a system of interrelated air, water, land, life and social processes. Led by the Universities Space Research Association (USRA), ESSE 21 offers colleges and universities small, competitive grants to develop Earth system science courses, curricula, and degree programs. ESSE 21 engages a collaborative community of educators and scientists as partners in jointly developing and sharing courses and learning resources focused on Earth system science research and application. ESSE 21 places special emphasis on reaching minority serving institutions. Sixty-three teams have been funded since 1991 supporting faculty from different disciplines to come together to develop and offer courses with relevant and compelling science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) content focused on understanding Earth. ESSE 21 participants stimulate their students' critical and creative thinking with Earth system models, research results, data and visualizations available from NASA and the broader interdisciplinary community engaged in Earth system science. These resources increase opportunities for teaching and learning about the Earth as a system while developing competency in underlying STEM principles.\n\nUnderstanding the Earth as a system is central to the IPY theme. ESSE 21 and IPY share common goals, seeking to attract and develop the next generation of scientists, engineers, leaders and citizens mindful of Earth system connections. The IPY seeks to make the polar regions and processes better known to people beyond the polar regions and offers an opportunity for people living in the Arctic to strengthen their communication with the rest of the world. An ESSE 21 partnership with the IPY will forward the goals of both organizations. ESSE 21 seeks to increase awareness of IPY science themes and learning resources in the broader undergraduate ESS community being served by the program, focus interest in the role of polar regions in ESS among the ESSE 21 participants and others, and foster collaboration between the ESS educators and the broader IPY science and education partners.\n\nESSE 21 will include a section on the International Polar Year (IPY) as a topical supplement to its Design Guide for Undergraduate Earth System Science Education. ESSE 21 intends to develop partnerships with other organizations that have submitted Expressions of Interest, such as EoI 404, which represents a cluster of 17 organizations commited to IPY education. Other EoIs that will be contacted to explore ways that ESSE 21 can contribute include 196, 315, 341, 468.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7b161b4-4c62-44f5-84d6-d2081c71d068", - "label": "EMPACT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EMPACT is a new approach to working with communities to collect,\nmanage, and present environmental information. It aims to work with\ncommunities to make timely, accurate, and understandable environmental\ninformation available to millions of people in the largest\nmetropolitan areas across the country so that communities and\nindividuals can make informed, day- to- day decisions about their\nlives.\n\nThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has started a number of\nprojects that work with communities which provide environmental\ninformation to communities and individuals by means of the latest\nmeasurement,information management, and communications technologies. These\ninitial EPA projects, for example,will:\n\n Develop improved air quality tracking systems for the Cleveland, OH area.\n Provide immediate clean-water information at Los Angeles, CA beaches.\n Provide daily information to help children avoid harmful exposure to\n ultraviolet radiation in Phoenix, AZ.\n Keep track of water quality in Long Island Sound, NY.\n Reduce the risk of lead exposure to children in their own backyards in\n the Boston, MA area.\n Provide information on contamination at hazardous-waste sites in\n Northern New Jersey.\n Keep better track of toxic air pollutants in the San Francisco, CA area.\n\nEPA will coordinate EMPACT activities among Federal, States, tribal,\nand local governments. Additionally, groups such as community health\nofficials, businesses, industries, schools, and environmental\norganizations will be involved.\n\nTo help make EMPACT work, EPA will work closely with two other Federal\nagencies: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nand the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The resources and expertise of\nthese two agencies will help EPA achieve nationwide consistency in\nmeasuring environmental data, managing that data, and effectively\ndelivering it to the public. Data obtained from both NOAA and USGS\nwill also help EPA get a truer, more complete picture of our\nenvironment, coast to coast.\n\nFor more information on the EMPACT Program\n'http://www.epa.gov/realtime/about.htm'\n\nEMPACT Program\nOffice of Environmental Information\nU. S. EPA (8722R)\n401 M Street, S. W.\nWashington, DC 20460\nTelephone: 202- 564-5179\nFacsimile: 202- 565- 1966", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c11cb49c-59b9-4633-9ad1-cfe46bafd747", - "label": "FIRE/MS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The First ISCCP Regional Experiments have been designed to improve data products and cloud/radiation parameterizations used in general circulation models (GCMs). Specifically, the goals of FIRE are (1) to improve the basic understanding of the interaction of physical processes in determining life cycles of cirrus and marine stratocumulus systems and the ... radiative properties of these clouds during their life cycles and (2) to investigate the interrelationships between the ISCCP data, GCM parameterizations, and higher space and time resolution cloud data.\n\nTo-date, four intensive field-observation periods were planned and executed: a cirrus IFO (October 13 - November 2, 1986); a marine stratocumulus IFO off the southwestern coast of California (June 29 - July 20, 1987); a second cirrus IFO in southeastern Kansas (November 13 - December 7, 1991); and a second marine stratocumulus IFO in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean (July 1 - July 28, 1992). Each mission combined coordinated satellite, airborne, and surface observations with modeling studies to investigate the cloud properties and physical processes of the cloud systems.\n\nThese data were collected during the FIRE Marine Stratocumulus experiment on San Nicolas Island, California. They are as follows: cloud base height data measured with a ceilometer; processed CLASS sounding (CSD) data up to 2 kilometers (thermodynamic data only), raw CSD recorded at 3.3 second intervals (thermodynamic data only), and raw CSD at 10 second intervals (thermodynamic and wind data).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2bf0567-81ef-43ae-ae0b-9c42eb5e3152", - "label": "ECORS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of the program ECORS is entirely contained in its title: Study by Continental and Oceanic Seismic reflection and refraction. It is to explore the Earth's crust as a whole, its variations in thickness and its internal structure to reconstitute its properties and developments. In this scientific goal added some applications. \n\nIt is possible to discover in the bottom of ponds known as fronts or mountainous areas of sediment that could reveal hidden hydrocarbons. Awareness precise fracture zones may be useful in geothermal exploration and assessment of earthquake risk. The program also works to improving the means geophysical implemented, both on the field and the processing of data.\n\n\nSummary procvided by http://cats.u-strasbg.fr/ecors.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3482d6b-cb24-4075-a00d-994a42238058", - "label": "FLEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FILE: BT/XBT-data\n\nThis file consists of Mechanical (MBT) and XBT data, mainly from the North\nAtlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Temperature/Depth data are\navailable from 38,200 stations, covering a period from 1958 to the present.\n\nFILE: Thermistor chain time series\n\nThis file contains temperature data taken in the northeast Atlantic during GATE\n(1974) and the North Sea during FLEX (1976). There are 15 stations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4761870-851f-4955-8e3a-684821eb7549", - "label": "FLARES 22", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project involved the multiwavelength/multispacecraft\nobservations of solar flares on October 22, 2001. After a lull\nin major solar activity that began in September, the Sun\nreasserted itself with 3 major flares in four days. The\nmost-energetic class, the X-class, occured on the 19 and 22\nOctober, in two regions separated by 90 degrees of longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6c80663-613e-49db-a656-9f1c02135104", - "label": "EBA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This SCAR programme Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic (EBA) seeks to:\n 1. Understand the evolution and diversity of life in the Antarctic;\n 2. Determine how these have influenced the properties and dynamics of present\n Antarctic ecosystems and the Southern Ocean system;\n 3. Make predictions on how organisms and communities are responding and will\n respond to current and future environmental change; and\n 4. Identify EBA science outcomes that are relevant to conservation policy and\n to communicate this science to the SCAR Antarctic Treat System via the SCAR\n Antarctic Treaty Secretariat.\n \n EBA is structured in five research strands or work packages, each representing\n marine and terrestrial/freshwater ecosystems:\n \n Work Package 1: Evolutionary history of Antarctic organisms\n Work Package 2: Evolutionary adaptation to the Antarctic environment\n Work Package 3: Patterns of gene flow within, into and out of the Antarctic,\n and consequences for population dynamics: isolation as a driving force\n Work Package 4: Patterns and diversity of organisms, ecosystems and habitats in\n the Antarctic, and controlling processes\n Work Package 5: Impact of past, current and predicted future environmental\n change on biodiversity and ecosystem function.\n \n Go to this site for more information:\n http://www.eba.aq", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c70d3347-93c8-45cd-9fa1-3d8539c85dcd", - "label": "DGOMB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Deepwater Program: Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope Habitats and Benthic Ecology (DGoMB) program is funded by the Minerals Management Services (MMS). The program is intended to provide information to the MMS to develop a better understanding of the deep-sea areas that will be potentially impacted by current and future exploration and production of fossil fuel reserves in the deep water Gulf of Mexico (GOM), defined as the area with water depths from 300 to 3000 meters and mostly in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United States. The study is focused on areas that are most likely to be the target of future resource exploration and production. However, to develop an understanding of deep-sea communities, sampling in areas beyond those thought to be potential areas for exploration may be needed. A Gulf-wide perspective is sought to define the structure and function of the deep-sea communities of interest.\n\nThe proposed program will provide a better understanding of:\n\nthe present condition of biological communities in the study area, \nthe distribution and patterns of important deep-sea biota, \nthe biological and physical processes that control the environmental setting, and the effects that these processes have on the character of benthic and benthopelagic communities. \nThe study emphasizes understanding the make-up and variability of soft-bottom biological communities with a secondary effort to characterize the important biological and abiotic processes that sustain or change the observed patterns. The study will:\n\ndetail the composition and structure of slope biological communities \ninfer the relationship between these communities and local conditions and forcing factors, characterize the health and functioning of deep-sea communities, and compare and contrast the GOM region with similar oceanic basins.\n\nThis information is provided by \nhttp://www-gerg.tamu.edu/menu_fieldProgram/DGoMB/dgomb.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c756d969-957f-4f3e-a2e0-acf4824fefa9", - "label": "FIRE II", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Ground Based Remote Sensing Information Site is a resource for quickly perusing data collected at the SHEBA ice station for the days on which there were FIRE-ACE aircraft overhead. You can browse and download radar and lidar data, as well as browse rawinsonde and DOE/ARM quick look data sets. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/fire/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8ee049e-dd41-4566-ae69-0e11c655e41a", - "label": "ELTA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Long Term Archive (LTA) at the National Center for Earth Resource Observations and Science (EROS) in Sioux Falls, SD is one of the largest civilian remote sensing data archives. It contains a comprehensive record of the Earth's changing land surface. Scientists from around the world depend on this archive to conduct research on changes that affect our environment, resources, health, and safety. Time series images are a valuable resource for scientists, disaster managers, engineers, educators, and the general public. USGS EROS has archived, managed, and preserved land remote sensing data for more than 35 years and is a leader in preserving land remote sensing imagery. USGS EROS has a mandate to provide access and data preservation support for its land remote sensing data archive.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Center for Earth Resource Observations and Science (EROS) initially operated in an office in downtown Sioux Falls, South Dakota that opened on September 28, 1971. The Karl E. Mundt Federal Building is located in the countryside about 15 miles northeast of Sioux Falls. Built to exclusively support the activities of EROS, the building was officially dedicated on August 7, 1973. NASA and USGS announced on August 28,1990 that EROS would process, archive and distribute land processes data received from EOS satellites, thus establishing a Distributed Active Archive Center, or DAAC. A 65,000 square-foot addition to the building was constructed to support this new role, and was dedicated on August 19, 1996.\n\n[Summary provided by the U.S. Geological Survey.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c90d68d2-0b4f-4d99-a324-499b20f9a1f2", - "label": "EPA CTMD PROGRAM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Complex Terrain Model Development Program goals were to develop\nand demonstrate a reliable model of atmospheric dispersion for\npollutent emissions in irregular mountainous terrain.\n\nFor additional information on this project, visit the EPA homepage\nat 'http://www.epa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9bb5fd6-4376-4525-bd59-42bc532717da", - "label": "FLORENCE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FLORENCE program (FLux Oceaniques Restitues par bilan d'ENergie a la\nsurfaCE, or ocean fluxes restored from surface energy budgets) involved\ndetermination of fluxes from SST observations combined with stress and\nradiative flux estimates from satellite data alone. The FLORENCE method\nconsists of the inverse of a three-dimensional oceanic mixed-layer model in\norder to infer the net surface heat flux that yields an exact simulation of the\nobserved SST, the model being otherwise forced by wind stress data.\n\nDetermination of turbulent fluxes along the trajectories of drifting buoys\nequipped with thermistor chains allows to adjust the FLORENCE technique and\ngives some insight on flux variability. The use of such buoys in\nocean-atmosphere experiments allows to retrieve fluxes under various weather\nconditions and to compare air-sea fluxes evaluations with direct measurements\nperformed by ship, aircraft, and moored buoys.\n\nFour Marisonde GT drifters, using Argos for location and data collection, were\nreleased during the TOGA COARE Intensive Observing Period. On an hourly basis,\nthe buoys measured SST, wind speed, wind direction, and water temperature down\nto a depth of 150 meters nominal (15-m intervals). Atmospheric pressure\n(one-minute sampling) was measured at the same time every three hours (excepted\non buoy 15500).\n\nSummary provided by http://dss.ucar.edu/datasets/ds606.4/docs/marisonde.readme", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cabdfc84-b201-4ffd-9483-3bd1d79a2441", - "label": "EMSO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EMSO is a large-scale European Research Infrastructure in the field of environmental sciences. EMSO will be based on a European-scale network of seafloor observatories and platforms with the basic scientific objective of long-term monitoring, mainly in real-time, of environmental processes related to the interaction between the geosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, including natural hazards. It will be a geographically distributed infrastructure composed of several deep-seafloor observatories, which will be deployed on specific sites around European waters, reaching from the Arctic to the Black Sea passing through the Mediterranean Sea, thus forming a widely distributed pan-European infrastructure. The map above illustrates the currently-envisioned location of EMSO sites around Europe.\n\nThe creation of EMSO research infrastructure is currently supported by the European Commission under the Framework Programme 6 (FP6), through the ESONET Network of Excellence and under the Framework Programme 7 (FP7) through EMSO-Preparatory Phase.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb09356a-c843-4270-837e-ae06cfda705a", - "label": "DVDP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "From the Antarctic Marine Geology Research Center [http://www.arf.fsu.edu/projects/dry_valley_drilling.php]\n \n(1972-1974) A drilling project consisting of 14 holes drilled in the dry valleys of Antarctica, on Ross Island, McMurdo Sound, the Walcott Glacier, and with test holes near McMurdo Station. It was in effect the Cape Roberts drilling project of the 1970s. DVDP was predominately an international project between scientists from New Zealand, the US, and Japan and principally funded by the US National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs. The areas investigated have a series of independent analyses of Antarctic Geochronology, Paleoclimatology, and Paleomagnetism. For references to the results see the DVDP Bulletin Series prepared at the Dept. of Geology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfedb1b2-606d-4b0d-8006-269bbbc6a6a9", - "label": "DOMES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The DOMES Project is concerned with the environmental aspects of\nanticipated marine mining of manganese nodules. In order to\nassess the environmental conditions prior to commercial manganese\nnodule recovery, scientists involved in the DOMES Project have\nbeen studying three sites in an area in the east-central Pacific\nwhere initial mining operations are expected.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/1977-N'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2ebc4f9-ee03-4863-baa4-c485eb3bfbab", - "label": "FIFO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FIFE Follow-On - The First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land\nSurface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE) project conducted\nfield studies on a prairie site in Kansas, USA, from 1987 to 1989. The\nFIFE Follow-On work included additional analyses of data collected\nduring the initial field campaigns and additional field\nmeasurements. The objectives of both FIFE and FIFE Follow-On were to\nunderstand the biophysical processes controlling the fluxes of\nradiation, moisture, and carbon dioxide between the land surface and\nthe atmosphere, and to develop remote-sensing methodologies for\nobserving these processes.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\n1. Spatial: 15 x 15 km area; Konza Prairie Natural Research Area near\n Manhattan, Kansas, USA\n\n2. Temporal: 1987-1993; periodic intensive field campaigns\n\n3. Data Themes: micrometeorological observations, atmospheric\n conditions, and surface biophysical measurements\n\n4. Project Status: follow-on data are being added\n\n5. Data Availability: data available through the BIOME and X-Windows\n interfaces\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/FIFE/Follow_On/followon.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d313966a-c22e-4c20-898e-b741d9d2138d", - "label": "DMSP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP) is a Department of\nDefense(DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems\nCenter(SMC). The DMSP program designs, builds, launches, and maintains\nseveral near polar orbiting, sun synchronous satellites monitoring the\nmeteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics\nenvironments.\n\nDMSP satellites are in a near polar orbiting, sun synchronous orbit at\nan altitude of approximately 830 Km above the earth. Each satellite\ncrosses any point on the earth up to two times a day and has an\norbital period of about 101 minutes thus providing nearly complete\nglobal coverage of clouds every six hours.\n\nEach DMSP satellite monitors the atmospheric, oceanographic and\nsolar-geophysical environment of the Earth. The visible and infrared\nsensors collect images of global cloud distribution across a 3,000 km\nswath during both daytime and nighttime conditions. The coverage of\nthe microwave imager and sounders are one-half the visible and\ninfrared sensors coverage, thus they cover the polar regions above 60\ndegrees on a twice daily basis but the equatorial region on a daily\nbasis. The space environmental sensors record along track plasma\ndensities, velocities, composition and drifts.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d33aa3d2-23eb-426d-8a50-d3f3294ccb34", - "label": "ESSP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program home page, http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/earth-system-science-pathfinder/ ]\n \nThe Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program is a science-driven Program designed to provide an innovative approach to Earth science research by providing periodic, competitively selected opportunities to accommodate new and emergent scientific priorities. ESSP Projects include developmental, high-risk, high-return Earth Science missions including advanced remote sensing instrument approaches to achieve these priorities, and often involve partnerships with other U.S. agencies and/or with international science and space organizations. These Projects are capable of supporting a variety of scientific objectives related to Earth science, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, polar ice regions and solid earth. Projects include development and operation of space missions, space-based remote sensing instruments for missions of opportunity, and airborne science missions, and the conduct of science research utilizing data from these missions. ESSP missions encompass the entire Project life-cycle from definition, through design, development, integration and test, launch, operations, science data analysis, distribution and archival.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3eb4423-acc4-4f30-bf92-240067ce6eec", - "label": "ECOGREEN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ECOGREEN\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=122\n\nThe overall focus of the ECOGREEN consortium is to establish the scientific basis for a long-term ecosystem-based management of marine resources in West Greenland. The West Greenland society relies almost entirely on marine resources for industrial as well as subsistence utilisation. Today, the West Greenland marine ecosystem is very productive and sustains fisheries which contribute 95% of Greenland's total export value. The Greenland Marine ecosystem also sustains seals and whales who feed in the area during summer, and, from the entire North Atlantic, seabirds by the million find a critical winter habitat resource in the ice-free area. Human use of the West Greenland marine ecosystem presents a complex mosaic of small- and large-scale commercial fishing, as well as subsistence and recreational fishing and hunting. \n\nThe Arctic marine environment is vulnerable to impacts of human activities and is of high climatic sensitivity. In the Arctic, greenhouse warming over the next century is predicted to be 2-4 times higher than at lower latitudes. Increased human impact on marine ecosystems combined with effects of global climate change heightens the need for sustainable ecosystem-based management. Today, knowledge of the interaction between climate change, natural resources, human behaviour, and governance structure is fragmentary. Consequently, the knowledge base for ecosystem management is inadequate. There is a need for co-ordination of research efforts to overcome the fragmentation of these diverse fields of enquiry. An integrated research approach is needed to develop models for sustainable ecosystem management.\n\nThe West Greenland marine ecosystem is an ideal model area for integrated studies of ecosystems, resources, and associated social factors, where general theory for ecosystem dynamics and ecosystem management can be developed and tested. Management systems must take into account the wishes and influences of diverse domestic users, science-based advice from national and international bodies, and the influence of national and international public opinion. Finally, ECOGREEN can serve as a model for integrated studies of ecosystems, resources, and associated social factors for indigenous people in other Arctic regions and form the basis for establishing a real decision support system.\n\nSpecific tasks will include:\n\nDescribing and improving the understanding of physical and bio-geo-chemical interactions through field observations and empirical, dynamic and predictive modelling with emphasis on 1) Climate change (atmosphere, ice, physical and bio¬logical oceano¬graphy) 2) Pelagic-benthic coupling 3) Lateral coupling (fjord, shelf and Deep Ocean) \n\nQuantifying and improving the understanding of the eco¬system structure and productivity with emphasis on 1) Biodiversity 2) Interactions and coupling between tropic levels, and 3) Spatial and temporal scales \n\nIdentifying and describing the main social, economic and institutional drivers behind environmentally significant human behaviours with emphasis on 1) Fishing and hunting 2) Governance institutions and social interactions\n\nIdentifying and quantifying interactions between human activities and the ecosystem with emphasis on 1) Ecosystem impacts of hunting and fishing, including by-catch, discards, fish processing offal, habitat impacts of fishing gear, habitat disturbance or loss due to other human activities 2) Ecosystem impacts of other anthropogenic disturbances\n\nAnalysing the transfer of the West Greenland experiences to a generic approach for a sustainable ecosystem-based management with emphasis on 1) Reflections and operationalisation of the concept of ecosystem-based management and 2) Transfer of the West Greenland experiences to a generic approach for ecosystem management applicable into a broader Arctic context", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d556e46e-318e-4077-be50-fc61eedaec9b", - "label": "ESONET-MARMARA-DM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d599ce2d-64f6-468e-ab94-b1f6aa535ec1", - "label": "DAMOCLES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: DAMOCLES\nProject URL: http://www.seaice.dk/damocles/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=40\n\nThe main objective of DAMOCLES is to reduce the uncertainties in our understanding of climate change in the Arctic and in the impacts thereof. To meet this objective DAMOCLES will, following the approach of Numerical Weather Prediction Centers, develop an integrated system for obtaining relevant geophysical observations, transferring them to a central databank, distributing them to the modelling centers, and producing nowcasts and forecasts of the Arctic climate. But since there exists no such thing as an Arctic Ocean Observing System, nor fully validated models for Arctic climate, nor accepted methods for forecasting of climate, a number of specific objectives need to be met in DAMOCLES: \n\n1. Synoptic observational coverage of the Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover \nThe variability of sea-ice thickness, extent, concentration, ice-type and drift will be monitored by remote and in-situ systems in near real-time. Sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics will be scrutinized to better understand their role for the large-scale ice-atmosphere-ocean system \n2. Synoptic observation and investigation of atmospheric key processes \nAimed at a better predictability of the Arctic weather and climate key processes are investigated in a combined observational/process-modelling effort: the effects of Arctic cyclone on sea-ice in terms of heat and moisture transport, an improvement of boundary-layer physics over ice and ocean, an improvement of the radiative transfers and its interaction with snow and sea-ice \n3. Synoptic observation of the Arctic Ocean circulation and key processes \nAn observational system will be set up with the aim to improve the understanding of the large-scale circulation of the Arctic Ocean and its vertical and lateral exchanges as well as the communication between central basins and the shelves. New techniques will be used to assess synoptically the state of the ocean under the ice and the fluxes of heat, salt and volume across the boundaries.\n4. Integration and assimilation of observations with large-scale models \nModel sensitivities will be investigated and performance be improved by model-model and model-data comparison, aiming at an improved predictability.\nObservations will be enhanced by a set of assimilation activities to deliver re-analysed Arctic variables in time and space\n\nTo address the question of potential impacts of climate change in the Arctic the following specific objective of DAMOCLES can be formulated:\n\n5. Assessment of impact on environment and humans \nThe observationally supported model improvements, the model sensitivities and past ranges of variability will be combined with new field data. The aim is to evaluate improved predictability and its consequences, as well as the impact of projected changes on adaptation capabilities and vulnerability of the environment and human activities.\n\nExploitation and dissemination of the results are key elements of the project. Thus, a 6th specific objective is:\n6.User-friendly return of information to the community\nA website will be available; giving the community updated information about the state of the Arctic (e.g. real-time information of key atmospheric, ice and ocean variables) as well as information about the progress of the science of DAMOCLES. Education will be provided, through workshops and student scholarships. Results will be published, both in scientific journals and in the popular-scientific press. The PIs will generally make themselves available to the public to the best of their ability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6141f58-40bf-4a59-9fc2-707528e53486", - "label": "ERA40", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The ERA40 project is a global atmospheric analysis of many conventional observations and satellite data streams for the period September, 1957 - August, 2002. Analyses were produced daily at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z and 18Z. The atmospheric model was run with the following resolution:\n\n * 60 levels in the vertical;\n * T159 spherical-harmonic representation for basic dynamic fields;\n * a reduced Gaussian grid with approximately uniform 125km spacing for surface and other grid-point fields. \n\nDetailed descriptions of the project and the data assimilation system are available in The ERA-40 Project Report Series and ERA-40 Archive Plan documents from ECMWF.\n\nhttp://www.ecmwf.int/publications/library/do/references/list/192\nhttp://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/Products/Archive_Plan/index.html\n\n[Source: The ERA-40 ARCHIVE AT NCAR Home Page \nhttp://dss.ucar.edu/pub/era40/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6f34a20-4a8d-4304-b5af-b8de8fd0022a", - "label": "DIS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The WDC for Glaciology, Boulder and the Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) in collaboration with many others propose to host the IPY DIS described in the IPY Framework Document. The DIS will work closely with the Data Policy and Management Sub-Committee (Data Committee) and other data management bodies and observing networks to develop the IPY data and information policy and strategy. The DIS will then be the primary implementer of that strategy and policy recognizing that the strategy will need to evolve with the science needs and developments of IPY.\nAlthough much will depend on the strategy that is developed, we envision the DIS as an overall data management consultant and coordinator and a central data portal for an internationally distributed data management system. The DIS will continue to establish close partnerships with data centers and organizations around the world to build on existing systems. We will also work with each specific IPY cluster to ensure appropriate centralized data description and distributed archiving. Regional or discipline-specific “affinity centers” coordinated by the DIS will facilitate appropriate data description and archive. For example the Frozen Ground Data Center at the WDC, Boulder is working closely with the permafrost cluster, while the proposed Arctic Peoples’ Observations Center (EoI 358) could coordinate community-based monitoring data. Other potential affinity centers based on our current partners could include Russian data, Chinese data, data for education and outreach, remote sensing data, geospatial data infrastructures (regional and global), paleoenvironmental data, marine biological data, bibliographic data, and others (a detailed spreadsheet is available on request). Many of these affinity centers will likely create their own means of access to the data. It is unrealistic for a central DIS to be the single or even primary means of access, but we would like to establish a means to automatically share metadata across the system through a common (perhaps XML-based) framework\nSpecific activities of the DIS could include:\n•Collection (automated, where possible) of catalog metadata for all IPY projects and provision of Web-based portals to all IPY data archived around the world.\n•Examination and implementation of data discovery tools and data presentation schemes such as an interoperable web-based map server to enhance data access through a Web portal (could include a locator map for all IPY projects). \n•Identification of existing tools to facilitate data management, and build on those to meet the needs of the IPY community. For example, the Global Change Master Directory’s (GCMD) metadata authoring tool, docBuilder, could be customized.\n•Serving as a focal point for cross-disciplinary data integration, especially across the natural and social sciences.\n•Creation of appropriate management tools for non-numerical data such as interview transcripts, photographs, and videotapes.\n•Collaboration with eGY to make data management best practices and principles available to researchers and agencies, via Web pages, workshops, and other channels.\n•Acting as a clearinghouse and facilitator for data management and integration issues that need research, discussion, and resolution.\n•Working with eGY to increase awareness of the value of data management for both numerical and non-numerical data.\n•Responsive service to the IPY research community regarding data management\nThe DIS will take advantage of existing data management infrastructures, organizations, and technologies such as National and World Data Centers, the Joint Committee for Antarctic Data Management (JCADM), the GCMD, virtual observatories, and the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. This distributed system will allow for appropriate management of the various types of data including social science and physical science data, and analog collections. The distributed nature of the system will also encourage development of new and experimental data access methods, including data mining technology and innovative data presentation methods that facilitate data integration. \nIt is essential, however, to ensure ready and equitable access to and effective long-term preservation of the data. The DIS will assist distributed archives in adhering to sound data management principles and best practices as defined by the Data Committee, eGY, CODATA, WCRP CliC, JCADM, our partners, and other entities. We will ensure that these principles build upon existing international standards such the Open Archival Information System Reference Model and the ISO19115 metadata standard. The DIS will take advantage of emerging shared resources in the geosciences community, such as the effort to develop an international geophysical sample number (IGSN). In addition, the DIS could assist data providers in addressing human subjects protections and confidentiality issues for social science data and for other types of geo-referenced data.\n\nInformation provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=49", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7813120-46f6-4e02-8701-581d146cff81", - "label": "FACTS-II", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FACTS-II (Aspen FACE) system is designed to test theresponses of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) \n\nInformation provided by aspenface.mtu.edu/Safety%20Plan%202002.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de863e7e-caf7-4beb-ab2e-b9f37d96d534", - "label": "ECCO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The “Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean” (ECCO) consortium is directed at making the best possible estimates of ocean circulation and its role in climate. Solutions are obtained by combining state-of-the-art ocean circulation models with nearly complete global ocean data sets in a physically and statistically consistent manner. Products are being utilized to understanding ocean variability, biological cycles, coastal physics, and geodesy, and are available for general applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1ebbbd6-3233-44ae-82a8-9c276d300ace", - "label": "DENALI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DENALI (Denali National Park and Preserve) is a national park system\nlocated near Denali Park, AK. It features North America's highest\nmountain, Mount McKinley. Total acreage is 6,075,030 sq. miles with a\nreported 266,521 visitors a year.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.nps.gov/dena/index.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e23b4757-38f3-4be1-8d70-035dacb782f6", - "label": "ECLIPS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS)Objectives:\n\n1.Demonstrate feasibility of obtaining a long-term climatology of\ncloud base and optical depth.\n2.Improve methods of satellite cloud retrieval.\n3.Obtain a data set of cloud optical properties complementary to the\nISCCP data set. The data would be handled through a designated data\ncenter to the NCDS NASA Climate Data Center.\n\nContact Information:\n\nLIDAR RESEARCHER:\nC. Martin R. Platt, Stuart A. Young, Richard T. Austin\n\nRESEARCH ASSOCIATES:\nGraeme R. Patterson and Stephen C. Marsden\n\nMAILING ADDRESS:\nCSIRO\nDivision of Atmospheric Research\nPrivate Mail Bag No. 1\nAspendale 3195 Victoria\nAUSTRALIA\n\nTELEPHONE NUMBER:\n(613) 9239 4665, (613) 9239 4589\n\nFAX OR TELEX NUMBER:\n(613) 9239 4444\n\nELECTRONIC MAIL ADDRESS:\nsay@larry.dar.csiro.au, cmp@larry.dar.csiro.au\n\nTechnical Information:\n\nLIDAR LOCATION (CITY, COUNTRY, LAT., LONG.):\nAspendale, Australia (-38.0, 145.1)\n\nSITE ELEVATION:\n2.1 m (7 ft) MSL\n\nMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE:\nIncoherent backscatter\n\nPARAMETER(S) OR CONSTITUENT(S) MEASURED:\nClouds, Plume dispersion, stratospheric aerosols\n\nMEASUREMENT RANGE:\n0.1 - 40 km\n\nVERTICAL RESOLUTION:\n0.75m - 15 m (clouds); 60 m (stratosphere)\n\nFREQ. OF MEASUREMENT (TYPICALLY):\nPeriodic, intensive studies of clouds and plumes;\nmonthly 1991-1993, 1997 - (stratospheric aerosols)\n\nMEASUREMENT TIMES (TYPICALLY):\nDay (clouds & plumes); night (clouds & stratosphere)\n\nLASER TYPE AND WAVELENGTH:\nNd:YAG, 1064, 532, 355 nm\n\nPULSE REPETITION:\n10 pps\n\nLASER ENERGY/PULSE:\n0.35 J (1064), 0.15 J (532), 0.05 J (355)\n\nPLATFORM:\nGround-based, mobile caravan\n\nRECEIVER SIZE AND CONFIGURATION:\n35 cm (14 inch) modified Cassegrain\n\nRECEIVER FIELD-OF-VIEW:\n2 - 12 mrad\n\nRECEIVER BANDWIDTH:\n1 nm\n\nDETECTORS USED:\n2 x EMI 9816BM (S20 photocathode) for 532, 355nm,\nRCA C30955E + AM312A amp. for 1064nm\n\nSIGNAL PROCESSING:\nAnalog\n\nANALOG-T0-DIGITAL CONVERTER:\n\n1) Sony-Tektronix RTD710A, 10-bit, dual-channel digitizer with 256kb\n buffer memory,\n\n2) National VP5740A, 8-bit, dual-channel, digital storage oscilloscope.\n\nCOMPUTER:\nPentium + 386-PC networked via OS/2-Warp Connect", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e35487f5-3325-4f1f-abd0-eeb45e16e721", - "label": "DOME-C", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dome C in Antarctica is potentially the best astronomical site in the world, with conditions close to space for some atmospheric windows. An extensive site testing program at the Concordia French-Italian station is underway. Comprehensive results of this program will be available during the year 2007. Small-scale astronomical experiments should also give their first results during the IPY. In 2007, astronomers will then be able to target precisely the best scientific and observational “niches” for astronomy at Dome C. The European network ARENA has started in January, 2006, and is devoted to this task. Among the observational niches, some are already clearly identified: submillimeter wavelengths, high angular resolution, as well as Wide field IR and optical observations, and continuous observations over days or weeks. The IPY offers a unique opportunity to discuss with national and international agencies the frame for a large astronomical infrastructure in Antarctica and to undertake its development.\n\nThe development of astronomy at Dome C, for which several French and international teams (Italy, Australia, China, Germany, United Kingdom…) have expressed their interest, has to be carried out in several steps. The next years (2006-2007) will be devoted to the completion of the site characterization in summer and winter. The development of small astronomical experiments will additionally provide an overview of the specific operational constraints that any observatory will face on this site. \n\nSummary provided by http://arena.unice.fr/article.php3?id_article=111", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3f7e00b-020f-4627-9755-bb131c8215e6", - "label": "FBPK", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The heterotrophic bacterial flora of Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta was studied in Potter Cove (King George Island, South Shetland Islands). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of aerobic bacteria from sea water, skin, stomach and intestine were carried out.\n\nhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/x22815336323773n/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e438d6fc-797c-49a6-bec1-3616242355e6", - "label": "EPA/PLACES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EPA/Places (Geographic Places, US Environmental Protection\nAgency) is designed to provide a geographic focus on locations\naccross the US and their corrosponding projects.\n\nFor program links and additional information, link to\n'http://www.epa.gov/epahome/places.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e684eb55-f4f9-469d-81c8-5b0206728364", - "label": "DINOCEANTAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This data set is a dynamic coastal study for determination of the main\nparameters of the circulation off several coasts and how it changes\nthe nearby seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e75ce80a-a51d-4b24-af6f-d0b37f8c6112", - "label": "EBESA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: EBESA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=452\n\nIn spite of its remoteness and isolation, Antarctica is inextricably linked to global processes and exposed to the impact of human activities in the rest of the world. Climate changes are expected to produce faster and greater changes in high-latitude regions, because they are likely to be amplified by alterations in albedo, atmospheric precipitation and permafrost. These changes will affect Antarctic life forms, from the individual and population scale to whole communities. A better knowledge of interactions among climate, geomorphological, geopedological and hydrological features, biological and genetic diversity, and functioning of Antarctic ecosystems across broad scale gradients, is necessary to point out weak points of these interactions and to achieve a better understanding of climate-induced changes in ecosystems at lower latitudes, where responses of biotic communities to external forcing are buffered by more complex interactions and feedback processes. Through the involvement of a selected number of Italian and Czech research groups on Antarctic biology and ecology, and an ad-hoc improvement of scientific and logistic integration and exchanges between Italy and other (SCAR) countries, our intent is to study the effects of climatic and environmental changes, as well as the impact of anthropogenic contaminants on organisms and ecosystems of northern Victoria Land, James Ross Island (Antarctic Peninsula), and Patagonia. As Antarctica receives pollutants from local sources (e.g., research stations, tourism) and acts as a cold trap for atmospheric mercury and persistent organic pollutants from other continents and secondary local arising organic photo-pollutants, our aim is to establish possible sources, deposition patterns, and biological effects of persistent pollutants, through the collection and analysis of widely distributed species of uni- and pluricellular organisms. Key species of organisms will also be collected across the latitudinal transect to study their origin, evolutionary responses to different climatic and environmental conditions, genetic links and interactions with relatives in the rest of the world. Through a functional genomic approach, the evolution of structural modifications of genes responsible for adaptations to cold, dry and salty environments, will be investigated to identify biochemical markers, which can provide means to study reactions to climate and environmental changes. In selected dominating moss and lichen species, the rate of photosynthesis and respiration will be measured and the acclimation/adaptation to long-term and short-term action of stress factors such as radiation, dehydration and low temperature will be studied. We propose internationally coordinated expeditions in northern Victoria Land, James Ross Island and Patagonia, with exchange of researchers and logistic support among Italian, Czech, and other national polar operators (austral summer 2007/08) to study: (1) soil formation processes and soil organic matter, (2) long-range transport and deposition of persistent contaminants, (3) Antarctic ecosystem biodiversity and functioning (4) the phylogeny and genetic variability of bacterial, protozoan, cryptogamic, and invertebrate populations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e87c214b-e5e0-4173-a1b1-e9f3c4b66130", - "label": "ELOKA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ELOKA\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/eloka/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=187\n\nELOKA (the Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic) is envisioned as a data management service and circumpolar network for IPY 2007-2008 and beyond; its main purpose is to support and connect local and traditional knowledge projects and community-based research and monitoring programs around the North. ELOKA will be a central data portal, data management service, networking service, and resource center related to the knowledge and observations of Arctic residents. In setting up these pioneer goals, ELOKA will make a major contribution to one of the IPY 2007-2008 missions, namely, to bridge scientific studies of polar environments with the observations and ecological knowledge of polar residents. ELOKA will be an important tool in facilitating contributions from, and access by, Arctic communities to IPY research and future Arctic research.\n\nOne of the challenges of local and traditional knowledge (LTK) research and community-based monitoring to date has been effective and appropriate means of recording, storing, and managing data and information. It has been a challenge to find effective means of making community-based data and information available to Arctic residents and researchers, as well as other interested groups such as teachers, students and decision makers. ELOKA seeks to fill this gap. ELOKA will have a strong emphasis on serving Arctic community-based organizations and research through support for local and traditional knowledge projects and community-based monitoring projects by developing new management systems for data in non-numerical formats such as video, audio, maps, artwork, and photographs, and context-specific data such as interview transcripts and recorded oral histories. In ELOKA, data management does not mean data control. ELOKA will be a collaboratively designed tool that various organizations, communities, and projects can use under their own terms to help them store, search and share information. ELOKA will help LTK and community-based projects store and manage their data if that is their need, or simply provide links to those projects that are managing their own information. At the same time, ELOKA will help to negotiate and establish protocols so information is comparable across projects and regions (e.g. work to develop common approaches to metadata). ELOKA will take up the challenge to design systems of data stewardship that will respect the unique sensitivities and protections needed in community-based projects, while still allowing for broad searches for information. \n\nThe World Data Center for Glaciology (WDC) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in the U.S. propose to coordinate ELOKA. Drawing from and building upon existing data management resources and experienced staff that already handle diverse sources and forms of information, WDC/NSIDC will provide the technical backbone needed for ELOKA. With the technical component available to build on, ELOKA then proposes to collaborate with projects and organizations such as the Arctic Residents Network (ARN), Arctic Community-Based Environmental Monitoring Observation and Information Stations, and CAFF's (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna) CBMP (Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program), to work on issues of best practices and cross-community collaboration. ELOKA will work closely with the proposed IPY Data and Information Service (DIS) and with indigenous organizations at all levels, such as RAIPON (Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North) and ICC-Greenland (Inuit Circumpolar Conference-Greenland). ELOKA would be part of broader consortiums for Arctic observation and monitoring by providing an LTK focus for such as programs as COMAAR (Consortium for Coordination of Observation and Monitoring of the Arctic for Assessment and Research), the above-mentioned CBMP, and CEON (Circumarctic Environmental Observatories Network). We have partnered with a number of LTK and community-based projects (see 4.2) to initiate the development of ELOKA and will continue to build partnerships with community-based programs, organizations and networks during IPY and beyond. Feedback from the individual projects and organizations contributing and using information at ELOKA will be a key part to the development process. Many community-based projects not submitting proposals to IPY are also interested in ELOKA some of these are listed in 4.2. We expect our partner list to grow in coming months.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb0011f1-39b2-4783-866b-480d476a6785", - "label": "DULLES EXPERIMENT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Three years ago, officials at Dulles Airport conducted a little experiment to improve security on international flights. They wanted most passengers to spend less time in line at checkpoints.\n\nToday, of course, this idea sounds terribly dangerous. Who can afford to worry about passengers’ convenience? Let them wait for hours. Take away those Evians of mass destruction. Last weekend, even reading material became suspect — why would anyone on a six-hour flight need a book anyway? Stop making trouble and watch the movie!\n\nThe Dulles experiment was radical even in 2003, when airport screeners thought nothing of making passengers wait while they searched Grandma’s purse for nail scissors. But a few experts wondered if there was a better use of everyone’s time.\n\nInformation provided by http://select.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/opinion/15Tierney.html?hp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb0c862c-8808-435a-80c3-83eafb610e3d", - "label": "ERDPHPC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Ecologic Role and Distribution Patterns of the Heterotrophic\nPlanktonic Community from the Rio de la Plata Estuary, Southwestern\nAtlantic and Antarctic\n\nDuring the years 2002 to 2004,we plan to study the ecological role of\nnano- and microplanktonic heterotrophic protists (flagellates,\nciliates, dinoflagellates, radiolarians and foraminifers) in\nassociation with picoplanktonic components in the Southwestern\nAtlantic (including the Atlantic Sector of the Antarctic Ocean, the\nArgentine Sea, and the Rio de la Plata estuary), analyzing the main\nspecific associations, their distribution patterns and their\nrelationships with biotic and abiotic environmental\nparameters. Materials for this survey, largely available already, are\ncollected from the icebreaker 'Almirante Irizar' (Direccion Nacional\ndel Antartico; Argentine Sea and Antarctic Ocean), and the BIP\n'Capitan Canepa' (Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo\nPesquero; Rio de la Plata estuary) by means of continuous pump and\ndiscrete bottle samplings during the summers of 1999 through 2003. At\noceanographic stations, located at 30ft. intervals, but with a lower\nspacing in areas of steep environmental gradients (as indicated by\nvariables measured continuously or semi-continuously, mainly\ntemperature and fluorometry), two series of samples will be collected:\none aimed at measurementes of temperature, salinity, nutrients, pico-\nand nanoplankton, and the second for studies of the\nmicrozooplankton. Preservation of these materials will follow\ndifferent protocols, according to the purpose of the sample (taxonomic\nidentifications, cell counts, etc.). Through epifluorescence\ntechniques we will emphasize the analysis of the specific composition\nand the numerical abundance of one of the least known size fractions\nin this area: the nanozooplankton, including its trophic affinities\nand factors that favor mixotrophy.\n\nMicrozooplankton will be examined and counted under the inverted\nmicroscope using the Utherm?l method. Situ-derived information,\ncomplemented with laboratory grazing experments, will furnish an\nintegrated picture of the structure and dynamics of the\nmicroheterotrophic plankton that contributes to the 'biological pump'\nin the area.\n\nEspanol:\nNombre del Proyecto: Rol ecologico y patrones distributivos de la\ncomunidad heterotrofica microbiana planctonica del estuario del Rio de\nla Plata, Atlantico Sudoccidental y Antartico. (Proyecto en\ncolaboracion con Universidad de Buenos Aires)\n\nDirector: Dra. Viviana Andrea Alder\nCo-Director: Dr. Demetrio Boltovskoy\nE-mails: viviana@bg.fcen.uba.ar / demetrio@bg.fcen.uba.ar\n\nResumen del Proyecto: Se estudiara el rol ecologico de los protozoos\nheterotroficos nano y microplanctonicos en relacion con los\ncomponentes picoplanctonicos del Atlantico Sudoccidental y Antartico,\nanalizando sus asociaciones especificas, sus patrones distributivos y\nsus dependencias de los parametros bioticos y abioticos. El material,\nen gran parte ya disponible, es colectado por los buques 'Almirante\nIrizar' (DNA; Mar Argentino y Oceano Antartico) y BIP 'Capitan Canepa'\n(INIDEP; estuario del Rio de la Plata) mediante muestreos continuos\ncon bomba de succion y con botellas oceanograficas, durante los\nveranos 1999 a 2003. En cada estacion oceanografica se colectaran dos\nseries de muestras, que seran preservadas segun diferentes protocolos:\nla primera destinada para las determinaciones de salinidad,\nnutrientes, pico y nanoplancton, y la segunda para el estudio de la\nfraccion microzooplanctonica. Mediante la aplicacion de t?cnicas de\nepifluorescencia se realizara la evaluacion numerica del\nnanozooplancton, incluyendo el estudio de sus afinidades troficas y de\nlos factores que favorecen la mixotrofia. El microzooplancton sera\ncuantificado bajo microscopio invertido (tecnica de Uthermol).\n\nLa informacion obtenida in situ, sera complementada con experimentos\nde pastoreo en laboratorio, aportando una vision integral de la\nestructura y dinamica de los componentes microheterotroficos\nplanctonicos que contribuyen a la 'bomba biologica' en el area.\n\nDuracion: 2002 - 2004", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb9f47f2-1e1a-4c6c-bcf0-29316a11c686", - "label": "FASTEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment) is an\ninternational research project about weather, precisely about\nmid-latitude cyclone depressions.\n\nA most essential component of mid-latitude climate, cyclones bring\nrain water, exchange heat and sometimes turn themselves into still\ndifficult to predict deadly storms.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/dbfastex/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec3ec703-b27d-47ba-ab87-a8d759ef7f26", - "label": "EDGCM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EdGCM Project develops and distributes a research-quality global climate\nmodel (GCM) with a user-friendly interface that runs on desktop computers.\nAnyone can explore the subject of climate change using the same methods and\ntools that scientists employ. The design of the software allows students to\nlearn and experience the full scientific process including: designing\nexperiments, setting up and running computer simulations, post-processing\noutput, using scientific visualization to display results, and creating\nscientific reports ready for publishing to the web. \n\nWebsite: http://edgcm.columbia.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec73c658-ef1b-4030-8181-de96ea92c35e", - "label": "EALAT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: Reindeer herdring and climate change (EALAT)\nProject URL: http://www.ip-ipy.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=399\n\nReindeer Herders Vulnerability Study (EALÀT) focuses on adaptive capacity of reindeer pastoralism to climate change and variability and, in particular, on the integration of reindeer herders traditional knowledge in the study and analysis of their ability to adapt to environmental variability and change. \nNomadic reindeer herding practices, ancient in origin, represent models in the sustainable exploitation and management of northern terrestrial ecosystems that is based on generations of experience accumulated, conserved, developed and adapted to the climatic and administrative systems of the north. Reindeer herders traditional knowledge needs to be documented now before much of their understanding is lost due to societal/cultural transformations associated with globalization. Reindeer herding is the geographically most extensive form of animal husbandry in the Eurasian Arctic and sub-Arctic. Some 3 million reindeer provide the basis of the livelihood of herders and hunters in over 20 ethnic groups, managing pasture areas of 4 mill km2 which recently have become extremely important for other industrial interests (chiefly oil and gas development). \nReindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the north. The human-ecological systems in the North, like reindeer pastoralism, are sensitive to change, perhaps more than in virtually any other region of the globe, due in part to the variability of the Arctic climate and the characteristic ways of life of indigenous Arctic peoples. High sensitivity not withstanding, little is known about the vulnerability of such systems to change. Understanding and measuring vulnerability requires assessment of systems ability to adapt to impact and the extent to which freedom to adapt is constrained. EALÀT will therefore also examine the current state and changes of the polar environment (IPY theme 1 and 2). The network will examine traditional knowledge to adaptation in, and the vulnerability of reindeer pastoralism in case studies in Sapmi, Nenetsia, Yamal, Sakha, and Chukotka to change. It will explore (i) the influence of climate variability and change on reindeer, reindeer pastoralism and herding societies and (ii) the extent to which institutions and governance constrain, or create opportunities in, herders ability to cope with and to adapt to the effects of climate change. In addition, because many key institutions, markets, and governance affecting reindeer herders are based outside the Arctic, there are societal polar-global linkages superimposed upon the climate system and biogeochemical linkages (IPY theme 3). The limits of the adaptive capacity of reindeer husbandry must be defined, documented and explored together with the potential role of herders traditional understanding of, and techniques for, reducing their vulnerability for the effects of climate change. \n\nThe IPY EALÀT-network study follows up the Arctic Council ACIA report (Arctic Council 2004: Arctic Climatic Impact Assessment). The philosophy underlying EALÀT is wholly consistent with the recommendations of the ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council at Iceland on 24. November 2004. The Council agreed that warming of the Arctic is occurring faster than previously thought and that indigenous peoples will experience substantial challenges to their economies and cultures as a result. It is therefore important to focus, as does EALÀT, on the ability of reindeer herders to respond to these changes. \n\nWe believe that valuing traditional and scientific knowledge equally and, hence, integrating herders experience and competence within the scientific method will enable us to contribute towards reducing the vulnerability of reindeer husbandry to the effects of climate change. Local effects of warming of the global climate during the next 30 to 50 years are likely to be pronounced over reindeer pastures in the north. EALÀT will adopt a novel methodological approach, focusing on documentation, research, monitoring, outreach and communication. \n\nWe recognise that the ability to adapt to change is based on knowledge embodied in herders language, the institutions of herding and the actions of individual herders. International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry in Kautokeino will be responsible for EALÀT-outreach and communication while the Saami University College will play a lead in coordinating the research in IPY theme 6 Human society in Polar Regions. Its approach is holistic, integrating social and natural science and reindeer herders understanding in the co-production of knowledge. EALÀT will, by this means, contribute to building local competence in the indigenous peoples societies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f135f06d-067c-48a1-9598-0f8bd96d7075", - "label": "FLUAMAZON", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FLUAMAZON Experiment was designed to measure the moisture flux from the Amazon coast. This experiment took place from November 23-December 21 1989 during the period of trancision between the dry and humid season in this region. During FLUAMAZON, radiosondagens were made simultaneoulsy in five different places: Alcantara, Belem, Oiapoque, Manaus e Alta Floresta (Rocha et al., 1992). tabla 1 shows the five radiosode estations:\n\nSummary provided by http://lba.inpa.gov.br/lba/prelba/fluamaz.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1ebc668-2484-4194-a0d8-5a36da046e25", - "label": "Endeavour", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Endeavour, the last addition to the orbiter fleet, is named after the first ship commanded by James Cook, the 18th century British explorer, navigator and astronomer. On Endeavour's maiden voyage in August 1768, Cook sailed to the South Pacific (to observe and record the infrequent event of the planet Venus passing between the Earth and the sun). Determining the transit of Venus enabled early astronomers to find the distance of the sun from the Earth, which then could be used as a unit of measurement in calculating the parameters of the universe. In 1769, Cook was the first person to fully chart New Zealand (which was previously visited in 1642 by the Dutchman Abel Tasman from the Dutch province of Groningen). Cook also surveyed the eastern coast of Australia , navigated the Great Barrier Reef and traveled to Hawaii.\n\nCook's voyage on the Endeavour also established the usefulness of sending scientists on voyages of exploration. While sailing with Cook, naturalist Joseph Banks and Carl Solander collected many new families and species of plants, and encountered numerous new species of animals.\n\nEndeavour and her crew reportedly made the first long-distance voyage on which no crewman died from scurvy, the dietary disease caused by lack of ascorbic acids. Cook is credited with being the first captain to use diet as a cure for scurvy, when he made his crew eat cress, sauerkraut and an orange extract.\n\nThe Endeavour was small at about 368 tons, 100 feet in length and 20 feet in width. In contrast, its modern day namesake is 78 tons, 122 feet in length and 78 feet wide. The Endeavour of Captain Cook's day had a round bluff bow and a flat bottom. The ship's career ended on a reef along Rhode Island.\n\nFor the first time, a national competition involving students in elementary and secondary schools produced the name of the new orbiter; it was announced by President George Bush in 1989. The Space Shuttle orbiter Endeavour was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in May 1991, and flew its first mission, highlighted by the dramatic rescue of a stranded communications satellite, a year later in May 1992.\n\nIn the day-to-day world of Shuttle operations and processing, Space Shuttle orbiters go by a more prosaic designation. Endeavour is commonly refered to as OV-105, for Orbiter Vehicle-105. Empty Weight was 151,205 lbs at rollout and 172,000 lbs with main engines installed. \n\nSummary provided by http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f39b25b1-38f4-4665-a03d-aa7405c7c1c8", - "label": "FLASHFLUX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Fast Longwave And SHortwave Radiative Fluxes (FLASHFlux) project\nis based upon the algorithms developed for and data collected by the\nClouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Systems (CERES) project. CERES\nis currently producing world-class climate data products derived from\nmeasurements taken aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua spacecrafts. While of\nexceptional fidelity, these data products require a considerable\namount of processing to assure quality and verify accuracy and\nprecision. The result is that CERES data are typically released more\nthan six months after acquisition of the initial measurements. For\nclimate studies, such delays are of little consequence especially\nconsidering the improved quality of the released data products.\n\nThe FLASHFlux project was envisioned as a conduit whereby CERES data\ncould be provided to the community within a week of the initial\nmeasurements, with the trade-off that some degree of fidelity would be\nexacted to gain speed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4f0191a-f85b-4844-a575-24881d37878d", - "label": "DLESE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) is a distributed community effort involving educators, students, and scientists working together to improve the quality, quantity, and efficiency of teaching and learning about the Earth system at all levels. \n\nDLESE supports Earth system science education by providing:\n\nAccess to high-quality collections of educational resources \nAccess to Earth data sets and imagery, including the tools and interfaces that enable their effective use in educational settings \nSupport services to help educators and learners effectively create, use, and share educational resources \nCommunication networks to facilitate interactions and collaborations across all dimensions of Earth system education \nDLESE resources include electronic materials for both teachers and learners, such as lesson plans, maps, images, data sets, visualizations, assessment activities, curriculum, online courses, and much more. Funding for DLESE comes in part from the National Science Foundation. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.dlese.org/about/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f53b39fe-0f18-4a8c-95d2-533a40acc912", - "label": "EUBEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Eurasian Basin Experiment (EUBEX) was a Canadian expedition in 1981. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_modern.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f549ab85-9373-42fc-b2f9-26bce4628c29", - "label": "ESSPO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[Source: Bob Dattore, NCAR]\n\n433L is the nickname for the U.S. Air Force Weather Observing and Forecasting System. It was their first computerized operational model. \n\nESSPO was a joint program of the FAA, Department of Defense, and Department of Commerce. It stands for Electronic Support System Project Office.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5a3491e-3a89-4c26-add3-1f996f6da9ee", - "label": "FINNARP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Adapted from the FINNARP website,\n'http://www.fimr.fi/en/etelamanner/finnarp.html'\n\nThe Finnish Antarctic Research Program operates within the Institute of Marine\nResearch. Its aim is to support the practical implementation of Antarctic\nresearch projects that are funded by the Academy of Finland or other sources\nsuch as research institutes. \n\nThe fieldwork in the Antarctic is usually carried out in the Finnish research\ncentre Aboa and from there to other areas in the western Queen Maud Land. If\nneeded, FINNARP arranges working facilities in the research stations of other\ncountries as well. For marine scientific projects FINNARP arranges\ntransportation and working facilities on ships.\n\nFINNARP_95-96 includes projects carried out by the program between 1995-1996. \nSouthern Ocean research was conducted onboard the research vessel, R/V Aranda.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f69a8bfc-c3e4-4bde-8b1c-0c8d7a755ebe", - "label": "EOLE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Eole, originally FR-2, was known to NASA as CAS 1 (Cooperative Applications Satellite 1). The 84kg satellite was built by Aerospatiale. Eole relayed data from meteorological balloons released from Argentina. In 1980 the satellite was still in use for training tracking station operators. Eole is named after Aeolus, the wind god. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.planet4589.org/space/book/programs/europe/cnes/CNESFRSERIES/1971-71A.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f70e4cdb-d366-4181-b205-b553e990625c", - "label": "DACOTA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The project consists of collecting field measurements needed to better understand and then to model the dynamic behavior of coastal outlet glaciers through which does most of the drainage of the ice to the sea This study follows the observation a recent acceleration of Greenland glaciers coastal responsible for a notable decrease in the overall mass balance of the ice and therefore an increased contribution to sea level (Rignot and Kanagaratnam, 2006). If a similar trend for states West Antarctica with the disappearance of 'ice shelves', thinning and acceleration of certain concomitant large outlet glaciers (eg Pine Island Glacier, Rignot, 1998), role of East Antarctica, although potentially more threatening in terms of sea level is still poorly defined. The work proposed here intends to measure and model the present and future development of the area that is the workshop of the Astrolabe glacier (logistic facilities) as well as large outlet glaciers more distant (Ninnis, Mertz, Dibble, Terre Adélie sector - George V Land) which by their size, drain a significant portion of the East Antarctic ice cap (annual flows of ice in the order of several tens of km 3 per year).\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/pdr/dacota/projet.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8c62c37-d772-4abf-bf28-ad4440a2fb50", - "label": "ERM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) began on November 8, 1986. When it ended in\nJanuary 1990 (due to failures of both on-board tape recorders), more\nthan three years of precise altimeter data were available to the\nscientific community.\n\nSpacecraft:\nGravity gradient stablized. Two tape recorders\n\nPayload:\nRadar altimeter to measure sea surface height\n\nCountry of Origin:\nUnited States\n\nCustomer:\nUnited States Navy\n\nDesign Life:\n3 years", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9342137-1ec2-441f-b2b3-3a51e4fde384", - "label": "EPA GCRP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EPA's Global Change Research Program is an assessment-oriented program\nwith primary emphasis on understanding the potential consequences of\nclimate variability and change on human health, ecosystems, and\nsocioeconomic systems in the United States. This entails: (1)\nimproving the scientific basis for evaluating effects of global change\nin the context of other stressors and human dimensions (as humans are\ncatalysts of and respond to global change); (2) conducting assessments\nof the risks and opportunities presented by global change; and (3)\nassessing adaptation options to improve society's ability to\neffectively respond to the risks and opportunities presented by global\nchange as they emerge.\n\nThe program has made a major commitment to the National Assessment\nactivities organized through the USGCRP. The Global Change Research\nAct of 1990 mandates that the USGCRP conduct periodic assessments of\nthe potential consequences of global change for the United\nStates. (These periodic assessments are to be conducted not less than\nevery four years.) As a member of the USGCRP, EPA's Global Program\nwill continue to make significant contributions to the ongoing\nU.S. National Assessment Process. The EPA-sponsored assessments will\ncontinue to be conducted through public-private partnerships that\nactively engage researchers from the academic community, decision\nmakers, resource managers, and other affected stakeholders in the\nassessment process.\n\nEPA's intramural assessment program has four areas of emphasis: (1)\nhuman health; (2) air quality; (3) water quality; and (4) ecosystem\nhealth. These four focus areas are consistent with EPA's mission and\nthe strengths of EPA's research program.\n\nThe first focus area is Human Health. Since health is affected by a\nvariety of social, economic, political, environmental, and\ntechnological factors, assessing the health impacts of global change\nis a complex challenge. As a result, health assessments in EPA's\nGlobal Program go beyond basic epidemiological research to develop\nintegrated health assessment frameworks that consider the effects of\nmultiple stresses, their interactions, and human adaptive\nresponses. Along with health sector assessments conducted in\nconjunction with the USGCRP National Assessment process, there are\nresearch and assessment activities focused on the consequences of\nglobal change on weather-related morbidity and vector- and water-borne\ndiseases. In addition, the results from the Global Program's air\nquality assessments will be used to evaluate health consequences.\n\nThe second focus area is Ecosystems. The EPA's mission is not only to\nprotect human health but also to safeguard the natural\nenvironment. EPA has pledged to provide environmental protection that\n'contributes to making communities and ecosystems diverse,\nsustainable, and economically productive.' Consistent with this goal,\nEPA's Global Program is considering comprehensive ecosystem issues\nrelated to global change. Three research and assessment activities are\nplanned that evaluate the effects of global change on 1) aquatic\necosystems (which may include lakes, rivers, and streams; wetlands;\nand estuaries and coastal ecosystems); 2) invasive non-indigenous\nspecies; and 3) ecosystem services. The assessment of aquatic\necosystems will contribute to water quality assessments of pollutants\nand pathogens and of biocriteria. The ecosystem services assessment\nwill draw on work from the other ecosystem assessments.\n\nThe third focus area is Air Quality. Few studies have investigated the\neffect of global change on air quality. Given EPA's legal mandates\nwith respect to air pollution and substantial capability and expertise\nin modeling air quality and evaluating integrated response actions,\nexamining the effects of global change on air quality is a logical\nfocus of the Global Program. Assessments are planned that will examine\nthe potential consequences of global change on tropospheric ozone and\nparticulate matter. Each of these assessments is paired with a related\nhuman health assessment.\n\nThe fourth focus area is Water Quality. Water quality is affected by\nchanges in runoff following changes in precipitation and\nevapotranspiration and/or changes in land use. The program plans two\nassessments of the possible impacts of global change (climate and land\nuse change) on water quality. Both water quality assessments will\neither contribute to or benefit from human health and ecosystems\nassessments. In addition, results from the assessment of pollutants\nand microbial pathogens will be used in the assessment of biocriteria.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.epa.gov/globalresearch/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f981bc19-7590-4ea6-b1f4-ab13085b70bf", - "label": "EARTH VENTURE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program homepage, Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program, http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/earth-system-science-pathfinder/ ]\n\n(The) NASA Earth Venture (EV) class of missions: a series of uncoupled, relatively low-to-moderate cost, small to medium-sized, competitively selected, full orbital missions (EVF), instruments for orbital missions of opportunity (EVi) and sub-orbital projects (EVS), legacy ESSP Projects: Projects selected under prior Announcements of Opportunity that are currently in operations, and non-competitive, directed Projects: projects that are designed to meet unique needs such as the replacement of a mission that did not fulfill its intended mission requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc35b6d6-ab5b-407f-bc83-871d9cf73cc1", - "label": "Fluxnet", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FLUXNET is a global network of micrometeorological tower sites that use eddy covariance methods to measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. More than 500 tower sites around the world are operating on a long-term basis. The overarching goal of the FLUXNET data collection at ORNL DAAC is to provide information for validating remote sensing products for net primary productivity (npp), evaporation, and energy absorption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fccfe668-a5b9-428c-a96e-e4495b30e82f", - "label": "FHM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) is a\nnational program designed to determine the status, changes, and\ntrends in indicators of forest condition on an annual basis. The\nFHM program uses data from ground plots and surveys, aerial\nsurveys, and other biotic and abiotic data sources and develops\nanalytical approaches to address forest health issues that\naffect the sustainability of forest ecosystems.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/fhm/'\n\n[Summary provided by USDS Forest Service]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe40ef6f-7c4f-4ada-84cf-92d5a000a72a", - "label": "ETPA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "From the ETPA [http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM]\n\nThe Instituto Antártico Argentino was created under the Decree Nº 7338 on April the 17th 1951. Its founder and first director was the colonel Hernán Pujato. The goal of this creation was the need of a specialized organism to orientate, control, address and perform scientific and technical research and studies concerning this region, in coordination with the Comisión Nacional del Antártico, an institution depending on the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Stations set up at Marguerite Bay, Hope Bay, and Filchner Ice Shelf, and scientific summer seasons were the support for these goals, including a wide range of earth, sea and air sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff8c02aa-2e06-48f0-b9fd-1406d82977d7", - "label": "DRAKE_BIOSEAS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: DRAKE BIOSEAS\nProject URL: http://www.tierradelfuego.gov.ar/ipy/ciencia2.php\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=304\n\nThe Southern Ocean exerts a strong influence on global climate through\nthe circulation of the Circumpolar Current and the seasonal shift of\nthe sea-ice cover. While currently there are many different ways of\nassessing the intensity of phenomena associated with Climatic Change\n(ozone depletion, increase of temperature, CO2 and UV radiation),\nthere is no single tool for measuring the indirect effects of these\nalterations, most of which are critical to the functioning of\necosystems. In the marine environment, changes in thermal gradients\nmodify the global oceanic circulation pattern, thus bringing\nunpredictable consequences to the structure of communities, trophic\nrelationships and biogeochemical cycling. The geographic distribution\nand abundance of plankton stem from a combination of factors that\ninclude the interaction between the life cycle of species, oceanic\ncirculation, formation of eddies, the behaviour of frontal systems\n(e.g., advance and retreat of the sea-ice cover), and the abundance of\nvertebrate predators (fish, birds and marine mammals). Any alteration,\nnatural and/or anthropogenic (e.g., fisheries), in the intensity of\npredation leads to a change in the structure of trophic webs, thus\naffecting biodiversity, concentration of key Antarctic species,\nnutrient loading and carbon fluxes to the deep-sea, often resulting in\nthe general unbalance of the ecosystem. In order to examine within an\nintegral framework this conjunction of factors, the present project\nwill focus on the seasonality of one of the most peculiar areas of the\nSouthern Ocean: the Drake Passage, a key open-ocean choke point for\nthe Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The pronounced continental\nconstriction between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula causes\nthe northern deflection of the ACC and, jointly with the ENSO cycles,\ninfluences directly the Southwestern Atlantic in terms of\noceanographic-atmospheric and biological processes. Drake Bioseas is\nintended to achieve a first step towards the understanding of these\nprocesses by covering aspects that range from the assessment of\nair-sea interactions to geochronological surveys of the sea bottom,\nand from organisms living in the pelagic realm to benthic communities\nand micro-paleonthological indicators, emphasising in the\nMagellan-Antarctic regions and the Atlantic-Pacific\nconnections. Specific richness, population density, biomass and\ngeographic distribution, shifts in community structure and\nbiogeography, oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant defenses\nwill be examined for bacteria, protozoa, planktonic algae, meso-and\nmacrozooplankton, sea birds and marine mammals. Antarctic and\nsubantarctic fishes will be examined only as to their systematic\n(morphological and molecular) and oxidative stress; this will allow\nelucidating the patterns of distribution of key species, migration\nprocesses and physiological responses to environmental\nchanges. Special attention will be paid to dormant stages of\nmicroscopic organisms (non active bacteria, auxospore formation,\ncysts, resting propagules) as well as to factors controlling the\ntiming of activation. The role of species within the trophic web will\nbe evaluated, taking into consideration a wide spectrum of topics,\nincluding fluctuations in the nutritional mode of unicellular\norganisms, diet composition, energy content, interspecific food\noverlapping in top predators, etc. Previous information from land,\ncoastal and open ocean communities, provided from scientists involved\nin the project and by official and private institutions dedicated to\nfisheries, will constitute the tools for comparisons of past and\ncurrent conditions. Such objectives make Drake Bioseas directly link\nto CCAMLR, EBA SCAR and CAML projects. This will be the first time in\nwhich a multidisciplinary and integrated approach is made on waters of\nthe Drake Passage and its surroundings, emphasizing on the seasonal\nand inter-annual dynamics (2007-2008) of marine communities in natural\nboundaries such as Subantarctic vs. Antarctic, neritic vs. oceanic,\nPacific vs. Atlantic, summer vs. winter, low- vs. mid-latitude\nenvironments, and on trophic relationships (areas/seasons/years of\ndominance of net phytoplanktonic cells vs. DOM-based microbial food\nweb, and of crustacean vs. gelatinous zooplankton) and the magnitude\nof ecosystem fluctuations due to frontal behaviour (Subantarctic\nFront, Polar Front, Ice-Edge, winter conjunction of Polar and Ice\nfronts). Manipulative experimental work (productivity, grazing,\nphysiological responses) on board will be carried out to complement in\nsitu studies. Besides its scientific goals, the priorities of this\nendeavour embrace the legacy of an Experimental Research Centre for\nmultidisciplinary studies on cold-water organisms, and an Argentine\nicebreaker reconditioned for scientific purposes. These legacies are\nexpected to significantly contribute to the formation of a new\ngeneration of 'bio-seas' scientists.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd7b9be5-7fe0-40a2-a152-4f8fece249f9", - "label": "DCOTSS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) is a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital research project to investigate the impacts of intense thunderstorms over the U.S. on the summertime stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b80a7d46-989b-41df-a0c2-f294f72e5a6e", - "label": "FIREX-AQ", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Fire emissions in the US are approximately half from Northwestern wildfires and half from prescribed fires that burn mostly in the Southeast US. Wildfires burn slightly more fuel and therefore have overall larger emissions, but prescribed fires dominate the area burned and the number of fires. FIREX-AQ will investigate both wild and prescribed fires. Wildfires generally result in exposures with larger pollution concentrations over larger areas, and cause both local and regional air quality impacts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d8038bb-2664-4cbe-8838-878f1083e401", - "label": "EMIT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The NASA Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission will comprehensively measure the mineral composition of Earth’s dust source regions to help scientists understand how they heat\nor cool our planet. EMIT’s science objectives are specifically focused on better understanding this heating and cooling effect, which is called radiative forcing. The first objective is to deliver a new improved assessment of the heating and cooling effects of mineral dust in the Earth’s atmosphere. The second objective is to predict how future climate scenarios might change the amount and type of mineral dust emitted into the Earth’s atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68e15ab6-7c9d-4111-83b1-39e6b78cd6ac", - "label": "DEDC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This collection currently contains the Altimeter Corrected Elevations, Version 2 (ACE2), the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data in four spatial resolutions (3, 9 and 30 arc-seconds, and 5 arc-minutes).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bb284ac-a2e1-4b40-aac2-1f948af38715", - "label": "EPOCH", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The East Pacific Origins and Characteristics of Hurricanes (EPOCH) project was a NASA program manager training opportunity directed at training NASA young scientists in conceiving, planning, and executing a major airborne science field program. Combined with this goal the EPOCH project was to sample tropical cyclogenesis or intensification of an Eastern Pacific hurricane. The EPOCH project consists of three payload instruments, ER-2 X-band Radar (EXRAD), High Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR), and Advanced Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS), onboard the AV-6 Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle research aircraft. The launch site was at the Armstrong Flight Research Center located on Edwards Air Force Base in California. The launch/flight window consisted of up to six 24-hour science flights from August 1, 2017 through August 30, 2017 over the Pacific Ocean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "label": "S - U", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00de73fa-8d08-4e55-b4dc-605242f7e74d", - "label": "SO-FIA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis\n(SO-FIA)involves supporting the Forest and Rangeland Renewable\nResources Planning Act (RPA) 1993 Assessment Update program. The\nexperiment involves collecting information on current forest and\nrangeloand conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "012398b7-7d4a-4b31-b2a7-0b428ab616f1", - "label": "SEISCAN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEISCAN was a MAST III funded project to rescue early seismic reflection\nprofiles, that exist only as paper records, computer scanning and archiving\nto a CD-ROM database of image files.\n\nBetween 1997 and 2000 over 8000 images covering 1,000,000 line kilometres\nwere scanned and returned to owners free of charge.\nThese would cost 23,000,000 Euros to re-survey at current costs.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/seisweb/SEISCAN.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01e75216-1cee-4cc3-b31d-83019730da85", - "label": "USNPS. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN BERINGIAN ARCTIC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) proposes a series of integrated research, monitoring, education and outreach projects designed to better understand and communicate change in Arctic environments in Alaska (United States) and adjacent areas of Chukotka (Russia) and the Yukon Territory (Canada). Proposed projects within this effort include the following:\n\nImplement the “Vital Sign” Monitoring Program for Arctic (ARCN) and Central Alaska (CAKN) Networks. These new programs, based on conceptual models and long term monitoring objectives now in development, will implement monitoring of a broad suite of biological, chemical and physical indicators on 40.6 million acres of NPS lands and waters in and around eight national park units in Alaska. Implement baseline archaeological inventories and ethnographic research: During 2007-2008 new archaeological inventories will be conducted at selected locations in Cape Krusenstern, Denali, and Yukon-Charley Rivers to locate and systematically document prehistoric human occupation sites in arctic and subarctic coastal, inland, and riverine environments. Also, ethnographic research at Yukon-Charley will synthesize oral, written and archival data to produce a comprehensive ethnographic assessment.\nReport results of the Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Program (WACAP). During 2007-2008 this ongoing multi-regional inter-agency US program will report on airborne contaminants in arctic, subarctic, high-altitude and high latitude areas. A series of journal articles and presentations will be submitted for publication during the IPY. Results will include contaminants assessments, spring snow pack data, and atmospheric back trajectories for multiple airborne contaminants potentially affecting polar areas. A separate study will report on biological effects of airborne heavy metal deposition (mineral dust) in Cape Krusenstern.\nConvene two conferences on arctic parks and protected areas. Scientific conferences and workshops focused on science and conservation of Arctic ecosystems and cultures will be co-sponsored by NPS during the IPY. The 2007 (bilingual) conference in Chukotka will be organized with Russian cooperators through the Beringian International Heritage Program (Beringia). The 2008 symposium in Alaska will be organized with the USGS, other US cooperating agencies, and possibly Beringia program cooperators. Both symposia will be multi-disciplinary (biological, physical, cultural, and social sciences).\nFocused journal issue on climate change in Alaska’s national parks. A focused issue of the Alaska Park Science journal will be published during 2007 in both printed and web-based formats. Internet-based supporting materials, targeted to meet the curriculum requirements of middle and high-school science teachers and students, will also be developed. Issues in 2008-2009 will highlight findings from research underway during IPY.\nDigitized photo archives of arctic national parks. NPS collections of Alaska photos will be screened and a representative collection of historic photographs documenting natural and cultural resources and human activities in Alaska’s NPS areas (targeting 50-100 photographs of each area) will be digitally reproduced for use in IPY symposia and publications. This collection will also be augmented by recent photos, possibly including repeat visits to photograph and document change at the sites of historic photographs. Augment photo collection by working in cooperation with local Native residents and Native entities of the 36 neighboring communities to Arctic parks to acquire copies of historical photos documenting historical landform conditions. Obtain use permission, digitize and make available to Arctic researchers for use as dated baseline conditions.\nFocused competitive funding programs. Support for a series of new focused projects will be provided through identification and consideration of IPY-related criteria in the proposal request and evaluation processes of appropriate National Park Service competitive grant programs. Eligible activities will include research, natural and cultural resource inventories and monitoring, recording of local and traditional knowledge, trend analysis, education and public outreach in Alaska and adjacent areas of Chukotka and the Yukon Territory. For IPY 2007-2008 we will specifically invite proposals to study and inform the public about: arctic/subarctic climate change, global and local contaminants, exotic species in the arctic and subarctic, increasing human use of parks and protected areas, and resource development within and surrounding these areas.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=21", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "026d8833-f593-4554-85b0-ac89df1f21c5", - "label": "SOLAR-B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Solar-B project is past the mid point of its development\nphase. The delivery of US instruments to ISAS in Japan is scheduled to\nbe complete by April 1, 2004. The delivery of the UK instrument to\nISAS is scheduled for March 1, 2004. The Solar-B observatory is\nscheduled to be launched on a Japanese M-V rocket out of Kagoshima,\nJapan, in September 2006.\n\nMission Summary:\n\n- Determine the solar origins of space weather and global change\n\n- Solar-B will be a comprehensive study of stellar magnetic fields\n\n- New view into the magnetic dynamics of the plasma universe\n\n- International (Japan-US-UK) collaboration building on the highly\nsuccessful Yohkoh experience\n\n- Highly leveraged participation, all US contributions for high-tech\nscience instruments\n\nAdditional informaiton available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/solar-b/solar-b.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02cf9879-6863-4349-aee1-e99e1d756fb3", - "label": "SDP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "CIESIN developed a data set of country-level population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and corresponding geospatial data products (downscaled grids) for selected years. The methodology used was simple linear downscaling from regions of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) models to all countries. The downscaled population and GDP data represented an initial effort to meet the urgent needs of impacts researchers for country-level data. This work was the first exercise of its kind in downscaling socioeconomic drivers. It was based on the SRES scenarios but produced independently of the SRES report.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "050fc043-a932-453f-9ad3-f5b64f948874", - "label": "SEACOOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCCOOS brings together coastal observations in the Southern California Bight to provide information necessary to address issues in climate change, ecosystem preservation and management, coastal water quality, maritime operations, coastal hazards and national security.\n\nhttp://www.sccoos.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "065824bc-7753-44e0-b419-c17d55edf819", - "label": "SCOPE NITROGEN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCOPE project results are usually published as synthesis reports, state-of-the-science analyses and evaluations of environmental issues. Mid-term results of a project are often published as proceedings volumes, or as articles in learned reviews. Tradebook publications based on the synthesis reports and project results target a wider public.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.icsu-scope.org/publications.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0700c297-9d8d-4d9e-8fa9-84f281729b45", - "label": "SCAR-MARBIN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCAR-MarBIN (SCAR Marine Biodiversity Information Network) establishes and\nsupports a distributed system of interoperable databases, forming the Antarctic\nRegional OBIS Node, under the aegis of SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic\nResearch).\n\nSCAR-MarBIN compiles and manages existing and new information on Antarctic\nmarine biodiversity by coordinating, supporting, completing and optimizing\ndatabase networking. This information will in turn be sent to larger\nbiodiversity initiatives such as OBIS - the information component of the Census\nof Marine Life (COML)- and GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility).\nSCAR-MarBIN data policy protocols align with the Antarctic Treaty (Art. III.1)\nand IPY requirements, as well as data management protocols of GBIF and OBIS.\nSCAR-MarBIN integrates these efforts, giving a single and easy access to\nrelevant marine biodiversity information and maximizing the exploitation of\nthese resources.\n\nSCAR-MarBIN will leave a valuable legacy for future generations, in the form of\nan information tool that will provide a baseline reference for establishing a\nState of Antarctic Environment, and predicting the future for marine\ncommunities around Antarctica, which are currently facing global change.\nSCAR-MarBIN is the companion-project of the Census of Antarctic Marine Life\n(CAML), an ambitious 5-year project which aims at assessing the nature,\ndistribution and abundance of the Southern Ocean biodiversity. CAML will focus\nthe attention of the public on the ice-bound oceans of Antarctica during the\nInternational Polar Year (IPY) in 2007/08. SCAR-MarBIN will handle biodiversity\ndata arising from CAML field projects.\n\nSCAR-MarBIN is implemented within the Belgian Biodiversity Platform (BBPF).\nSCAR-MarBIN is supported by the Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO), the Alfred P.\nSloan Foundation (SLOAN) through the Census of Marine Life (CoML)and the\nScientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (SCAR).\nSCAR-MarBIN is International Polar Year Core Initiative #83 (IPY).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0788780a-b8ab-4c05-acf8-a2c25f36967d", - "label": "TARFOX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The overall goal of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing\nObservational Experiment (TARFOX) is to reduce uncertainties in\nthe effects of aerosols on climate by determining the direct\nradiative impacts, as well as the chemical, physical, and\noptical properties, of the aerosols carried over the western\nAtlantic Ocean from the United States.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Perform a variety of closure studies by using overdetermined\ndata sets to test the mutual consistency of measurements and\ncalculations of a wide range of aerosol properties and effects.\n\n2. Use the results of the closure studies to assess and reduce\nuncertainties in estimates of aerosol radiative forcing, as well\nas to guide future field programs on this subject.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgg/tarfox/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "080c728e-a0cd-4547-81df-246a20810ecb", - "label": "SESAME79", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Recently it has been proposed that the phase delay associated with the radio signals propagating from GPS satellites to a ground-based GPS receiving station can be used to infer the vertically integrated water vapor (precipitable water-PW) with a high degree of accuracy. Since a ground-based GPS receiving station is relatively inexpensive, a specially designed, dense GPS network can provide PW measurements with unprecedented coverage. Such a dataset can potentially have a significant impact on operational numerical weather prediction. In this paper, a series of numerical experiments were conducted using a variational (4DVAR) data assimilation system based on The Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5 and its adjoint. The special soundings collected in SESAME (Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment) 1979 were used in two sets of experiments. In the first set, a 1-h assimilation window and an analysis of the observed PW data were used. All data were assumed to be available at the end of the assimilation window.\n\nhttp://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2955633", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0842a8f9-e2a1-4608-b03c-2f4fbe8b0b27", - "label": "SCAR_ANTOSTRAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The membership of SCAR comprises the appropriate bodies of those national scientific academies or research councils which are the adhering bodies to ICSU and which are, or plan to be, active in Antarctic research, together with the relevant scientific Unions of ICSU. It includes the original twelve members and an increasing number of subsequent members.\n\nThere are three categories of membership: Full Members, ICSU scientific unions members and Associate Members. Full Members are those countries with active scientific research programme in Antarctica, currently 31; union members are those ICSU scientific unions that have an interest in Antarctic research, currently 9; and Associate Members are those countries without an independent research programme as yet or which are planning a research programme in the future, currently 4. In addition, there are the Honorary Members of SCAR; those individuals who have, over many years, rendered outstanding service to SCAR and scientific research in Antarctica.\n\nThe National Committee of each Full Member of SCAR appoints a Permanent Delegate and an Alternate Delegate to SCAR; ICSU Unions appoint a single Union Delegate; and Associate Members appoint a Delegate. These delegates attend the bi-ennial SCAR Delegates Meeting but only the Permanent and Union Delegates may vote.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.scar.org/about/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09e4cb54-db6d-46ae-86de-4ec783bc10fa", - "label": "ULANDSAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Objectives of Urban Remote Sensing\n\nRemote Sensing generally refers to the science, technology and physical processes involved in the detection, analysis and interpretation of information collected without coming into physical contact with the object of interest. In the context of our research and applications, urban remote sensing focuses primarily on understanding the physical properties and processes of urban environments and on the mapping and monitoring of urban land cover and spatial extent. These two objectives are related in the sense that it is necessary to understand the physical properties of the urban mosaic in order to rigorously define, map and monitor urban areas.\n\nCharacterizing the Physical Properties of the Urban Environment\n\nThe research presented here is primarily focused on the physical properties of a wide range of urban environments using passive measurement of optical reflectance and thermal emission as well as optical emission of nighttime lights. Comparative analyses of urban reflectance (visible and infrared color) and surface temperature allow us to develop robust criteria for distinguishing urban land cover from non-anthropogenic land covers. These analyses also provide important constraints on the physical properties that control mass and energy fluxes through the urban environment. These constraints are used as inputs to physical models of climatic, hydrologic and ecologic processes.\n\nMapping and Monitoring Urban Form and Growth\n\nCharacterizing the physical properties of urban land cover makes it possible to map the form and spatial extent of urban land use and to quantify changes in form and extent. This provides objective, physically-based metrics for comparative analyses of urban dynamics that cannot generally be obtained from administrative definitions of urban extent. Mapping provides static snapshots of the urban mosaic while monitoring allows us to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics. Mapping urban extent with nightlights complements the information derived from optical reflectance.\n\nEach city is linked to a jpeg image of a Landsat visible/IR composite collected by Landsat 5 (pre 1999) or Landsat 7. Most of the image areas are 30x30 km but a few are larger. All images are shown at full resolution (30 m pixel) so the scale (on screen) is equivalent. The jpeg compression causes significant loss of fine detail from the original image. Most of the images are about 200K (~40 seconds via 56K modem). A few are significantly larger.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a3e7f9b-e279-496d-aee2-41be7e05e0b4", - "label": "SEA-SKY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a4a7d30-32af-4e91-bbf5-a6381a6e8d22", - "label": "SWAMP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "South-West Area Monsoon Project (SWAMP) focuses on:\n-measurements of the central Arizona thunderstorm environments\n-examination of the monsoon structures and moistures fluxes\n-study of Mexican convective systems\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://geography.asu.edu/aztc/swamp.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Arizona University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bd7768f-7feb-4f4c-ad2c-363c33ef785c", - "label": "SHALDRIL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The understanding of Antarctica's climate, cryosphere, and biosphere evolution is limited, which is due in part to the paucity of outcrops and cores that record changes during the Tertiary. This problem has been partially rectified using conventional drill ships, such as the JOIDES Resolution, but access to key areas of the continental margin has been restricted because of the inability of these ships to operate in ice-covered waters. While researchers are restricted in their ability to acquire long cores in ice-prone areas, nature has provided an alternative method. \n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2006EO390003.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eb58e73-56d4-4f43-a20a-8e3a1120ceff", - "label": "SCCWRP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCCWRP is a joint powers agency focusing on marine environmental\nresearch. A joint powers agency is one that is formed when several\ngovernment agencies have a common mission that can be better addressed\nby pooling resources and knowledge. In our case, the common mission is\nto gather the necessary scientific information so that our member\nagencies can effectively, and cost-efficiently, protect the Southern\nCalifornia marine environment.\n\nAn important part of our mission is to ensure that the data we collect\nand synthesize effectively reaches decision-makers, scientists and the\npublic. The world-wide web provides us a new opportunity to achieve\nthis goal.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Southern California Coastal Water Research Project\n 7171 Fenwick Lane\n Westminster, CA 92683\n\n Phone: 714-894-2222\n Fax: 714-894 - 9699\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.sccwrp.org/'\n\n [Summary provided by SCCWRP]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fe1bcf2-7520-4e9a-a3aa-944834c516fa", - "label": "STERNA92", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) was an international and multi-disciplinary project with participants from more than 20 countries. Its aim was to understand the processes controlling the cycling of carbon in the oceans, its exchange with the atmosphere and sea floor, and the sensitivity of these processes to climate changes. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.bodc.ac.uk/products/collaborative_products/jgofs_final/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12caff33-ed60-4b57-beb3-2c70abd9d27f", - "label": "SCSCS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SCSCS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=357\n\nDuring last decades in the Euroarctic Region there is observed a stable tendency towards warming that enables us to assume that this is not a short-time deviations of the climatic system from the equilibrium but long-lasted changes. To main factors forming the climate of the Spitsbergen Archipelago one could refer its geographical location, atmospheric circulation, ocean impact, sea and continental ice sheet, complicated morphometrics.\nOn the Spitsbergen Archipelago there exists the huge mass of fresh water in a form of cryosphere elements (glaciers, snow cover, naleds), it has a specific biota and at the same time locates in the area of a relatively intensive economic activity compared with other Arctic Archipelagos... Thus, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of the Archipelago is a noticeable objects-indicator of the current status of the Arctic climate system and estimates of its future changes. Along with this Spitsbergen is a wonderful science platform for studying the overall spectrum of reactions of Polar Regions nature on the climate variations both of natural and anthropogenic origin.\nNowadays, a large complex of scientific researches and monitoring of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment is carried out on the basis of the infrastructure of the Russian village Barents burg, Norwegian villages Longierbuen and New-Alesunn and also the Polish research base Hornsunn. Meteorological, aerological, ice, oceanographic, biological and other observations are performed.\nIt is considered to perform the following complex investigations of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment in the framework of this project:\nMain project goals are: \n- development and unification of the existing system of complex monitoring of the principal climate forming parameters of the environment status in the area of the Spitsbergen Archipelago \nestimation of the features of the present status of the principal components of the climatic and systems of the Archipelago and surrounding Euro-Arctic aquatic regions -on the basis of the analysis of databases obtained during the project implementation and historical Russian and available international databases ;\nUnderstanding of the impact mechanisms of external climate factors on the nature of the Spitsbergen Archipelago;\ndevelopment of the scientific basis of the scenarios of possible climate changes of the Archipelago environment and forecast of possible ecological impact;\n- improvement of the technology and technical means for the system of hydrometeorological monitoring of the environment.\nThe investigations are complex ones. So, there are some separate sub-programs co-operating in the framework of general research program including the following directions:\n-Meteorological regime;\n-Hydrological regime of dry land;\n-Energy-exchange processes between the atmosphere and underlying surface;\n-Ice-cover evolution;\n-Structure and dynamics of coastal waters including fiords; \n-Climate and fresh water balance;\n-Sea-ice evolution; \n- Monitoring of contamination of air and water ambience\n-Studies of the composite and concentration of radio-active gases in the atmosphere and ocean;\n-Flora and fauna research;\n-Validation of results from remote sounding of the environment components;\n-Testing and experimental service of new measurement complexes for the Archipelago environment monitoring. \nImplementation of the above sub-programs will be realized on the basis of ZGMO «Baretsburg» (AARI, Murmansk ASMS), Norwegian research station in New Alesunn village (NPI) and Polish station in the Hornsunn Bay (Polish Academy of Sciences). Also it is assumed to perform, on the basis of the previous AARI field studies on the Archipelago, the constant-basis observations at a number of geographical objects (glaciers, lakes, river valleys, etc) for which there exist multi-year sets of field data. Here we suppose to use both automation measuring complexes and random observations using helicopters, sea- vehicles etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14a024d5-1fec-445c-8e92-6b9ed9d6f49c", - "label": "SEQUAL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In situ wind measurements collected as part of the Programme Français Océan et Climat dans l'Atlantique Equatorial (FOCAL)/Seasonal Response of the Equatorial Atlantic (SEQUAL) experiment (1983-1984) in the western and eastern parts of the equatorial Atlantic basin are described. They were obtained from meteorological stations placed Saint Peter Peter and Saint Paul Rocks (SPP) (1°N, 29°W) and at the top of a surface buoy moored in the Gulf of Guinea (0°N, 4°W). From the wind observations the wind stress was inferred, and results are compared with climatology. The wind stress time series show the abrupt increase of the winds during the spring that, at SPP, reaches a value as high as 0.35 dyn/cm2 in 2 weeks for both observed years. The 11-day running mean time series shows that the onset of the zonal component of the wind stress occurs at SPP on April 10, 1983, and on May 17, 1984, and in the Gulf of Guinea (GG) on April 5, 1983, and April 10, 1984. The monthly mean observations show an interannual variability both in the time of the onset and in the strength of the trade winds. At SPP and GG the total wind stress increases 1 month earlier than climatology in 1983 but at the same time as climatology in 1984. At SPP the zonal component of the wind stress also intensifies 1 month earlier than climatology in 1983 but 1 month later in 1984. The equatorial temperature records at 28°W and 4°W show that the depth of the 20°C isotherm, on a seasonal time scale, decreases during the relaxation period of the trade winds (boreal winter). In 1983-1984 this occurred in December 1983 at 28°W and in March 1984 at 4°W. After the onset of the local trade winds, the thermocline continues to move upward during 1 month at 28°W and during 3 months at 4°W thereafter, the thermocline deepens at both locations. At the surface, the temperature decreases when the trade winds intensify and remains low as long as the trade winds are blowing. The seasonal variations of the temperature both at the surface and below the surface at 28°W and 4°W are interpreted in the light of the results of a nonlinear multilevel model in the cases of a sudden increase and a sudden relaxation of the trade winds. \n\nInformation provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....92.3741C", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "164acd95-add1-4e06-a356-ebeb6ba9b626", - "label": "SEDAC/SDP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Presence Grids of the Gridded Global Amphibian Species Distribution is a reclassified version of the original grids of amphibian species distribution maps. The data include 1- kilometer presence/absence grids for individual species available in Geographic Coordinate System (GCS). The input vector layers were produced by a consortium led by NatureServe. The gridding and grid processing are done by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gateway/guides/species_amppres.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "168a28d0-b862-4f23-944d-776b00b6feb2", - "label": "TRMM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint mission\n between NASA and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of\n Japan designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall and the\n associated release of energy that helps to power the global\n atmospheric circulation shaping both weather and climate around the\n globe. The TRMM Observatory carries five instruments. It will include\n the first spaceborne Precipitation Radar (PR), the TRMM Microwave\n Imager (TMI), a Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS), a Cloud and Earth\n Radiant Energy System (CERES), and a Lightning Imaging Sensor\n (LIS). TRMM was successfully launched from the Tanegashima Space\n Center in Japan on November 27, 1997.\n \n The TRMM Project Office is responsible for the support of the TRMM\n mission in connection with ground-based validation of the TRMM\n observations. The TRMM Office is the focal point for the planning and\n implementation of a broad and integrated observational program of\n precipitation and related climate research, designed to meet the\n specific science validation objectives established by the TRMM science\n team, and which are also consistent with programmatic requirements\n established by NASA Headquarters. For further information see:\n \n http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \n For more information on the NASA's Earth Science Program, see:\n http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science\n \n For more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "181b186c-782f-48ea-8792-5c2979b3e19c", - "label": "SGP97", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment took\nplace in the subhumid environment in Oklahoma over a one-month\nperiod of June 18 - July 17, 1997. The objectives are:\n\n1. To examine the estimation of surface soil moisture\n and temperature using remote sensing at a hierarchy of\n scales\n\n2. To examine the feasibility of estimating vertical\n profiles of soil moisture and temperature by combining in\n situ data, remote sensing measurements at the surface,\n and modeling techniques\n\n3. To evaluate the influence of soil moisture on the local\n surface energy budget and the influence of mesoscale\n variability in the surface energy budget on the\n development of convective boundary layer\n\nThe SGP97 Hydrology Experiment as it has developed is a\ncollaboration by a team of interested scientists largely based on\nexisting sponsored scientific investigations and research projects.\nCooperation and contributions by many have resulted in a\ncomprehensive opportunity for multidisciplinary research. Version 1 of\nthe SGP97 data, available for general research use, is expected in\nSeptember 1998.\n\nSGP97 Project Homepage:\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/SGP97/sgp97.html'\n\n[Summary Adapted from the GSFC/DAAC Homepage]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1890e99e-1ece-4aa6-bec0-caf414fc2140", - "label": "SAHEL_NAFR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SAHEL_NAFR was a program developed between the U.S. Geological\nSurvey and U.S. Agency for International Development. This project\naims to develope and test a near-real time monitoring procedure using\nsatellite remote sensing and geographic information system\ntechnologies in grasshopper and locust control programs in West\nAfrica. Inherent in this goal was the need to design and present\ninformation for use by decision makers responsible for grasshopper\ncontrol. The underlying philosophy was to develop techniques that\ncould be transferred to African institutions. The resulting data base\nis referred to as the Sahelian and NW Africa 14-Day NDVI Composites\n(SAHEL_NAFR)Center was identified as the appropriate organization for\nthis process. AGRHYMET serves nine West African countries by providing\ndata on agricultural, meteorological and hydrological conditions. As\nof May 1990, greenness map production at AGRHYMET has been\noperational.\n\nThe extend of coverage is between 10 and 38 degrees North latitude and\nfrom 18 degrees West to 40 degrees East longitude.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://edc.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/sahel_nafr'\n\n [Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "189d5e16-9b32-4c30-8a1c-1f0f028dc434", - "label": "SOUTH.CAL.OCS BASELINE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19dd1dfc-3477-475e-b0fa-e8bddc5ed13c", - "label": "USCRN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is a systematic and sustained network of climate monitoring stations with sites across the conterminous U.S., Alaska, and Hawaii. These stations use high-quality instruments to measure temperature, precipitation, wind speed, soil conditions, and more. Information is available on what is measured and the USCRN station instruments.\n\nThe vision of the USCRN program is to provide a continuous series of climate observations for monitoring trends in the nation's climate and supporting climate-impact research.\n\nStations are managed and maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19f3151a-05b8-48a2-97ca-14487e2996dc", - "label": "US-MEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States-Mexico Data Collection project involves an initiative to\nprovide scientists with spatially referenced demographic data for conducting\nassessments of human interactions with the environment. The collection consists\nof the following products: Population Database of Mexico; Urban Place,\nTime-Series Population Spreadsheet of Mexico; Urban Place Geographic\nInformation System (GIS) of Mexico; GIS of Mexican Localities; GIS Coverage of\nMexican States; GIS Coverage of Mexican Municipalities; and Raster-based\nCoverage of Mexican Population. The Dataset Guide for the Georeferenced\nPopulation Data Sets of Mexico presents a detailed discussion of the database\nand information on how to access it.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b6957bc-048b-4c4f-8593-0f33a85b6579", - "label": "SAFARI 2000", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) project was an international science initiative to study the linkages between land and atmosphere processes conducted from 1999-2001 in the southern African region. In addition, SAFARI 2000 examined the relationship of biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic emissions and the consequences of their deposition to the functioning of the biogeophysical and biogeochemical systems of southern Africa.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c0794e7-622d-47bf-9ca1-1da7232193df", - "label": "SAGE III-M3M", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) role in the NASA's Earth Observation (EOS) program is to provide global, long-term measurements of key components of the Earth's atmosphere. The most important of these are the vertical distribution of aerosols and ozone from the upper troposphere through the stratosphere.\n\nIn addition, SAGE III also provides unique measurements of temperature in the stratosphere and mesosphere and profiles of trace gases such as water vapor and nitrogen dioxide that play significant roles in atmospheric radiative and chemical processes.\n\nThe SAGE III Science Team functions in a dual role where they ensure the data quality and interpret the SAGE III data in the broader context of global change.\n\nThe SAGE III instrument is a grating spectrometer that measures ultraviolet/visible energy. It relies upon the flight-proven designs used in the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM I) and SAGE I and II instruments.\n\nThe SAGE III instrument was developed and managed by NASA Langley Research Center and was built by Ball Aerospace in Boulder, CO. Three copies were produced. One instrument is mounted on the Meteor-3M\nspacecraft and a second will be place in orbit on the International Space Station in 2005. SAGE III on the Meteor-3M is a joint mission between NASA and the Russian Space Agency (RSA). The SAGE III on the Russian Meteor-3M was launched December 10, 2001 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.\n\nFor more information on SAGE III, see:\nhttps://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/sage3/sage3_table\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\nhttps://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d312757-0847-4737-ac38-134a62631643", - "label": "SPARC-IPY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The evolution of stratospheric ozone and other important and related atmospheric constituents in Polar Regions is tightly coupled to a wide range of processes acting within and outside the winter polar vortices and through the entire region from the surface to the mesopause. Much of the current understanding of these processes has been achieved within the programme of SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate), a WCRP core project, and other international projects with which it maintains collaborative links. The IPY programme offers a unique opportunity for SPARC to assemble a range of scientific expertise to study the Antarctic and Arctic Polar Vortices, the loci of key chemical and physical processes associated with ozone depletion and its eventual recovery, as well as of key features of the dynamical coupling between the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere in polar and sub-polar regions. The central goal of the SPARC IPY programme (hereinafter referred to as SPARC-IPY) is to document as completely as possible the dynamics and chemistry of the polar vortices and physical properties relevant to processes such as the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. To achieve this detailed picture and yield a unique synthesis of data on the polar middle atmosphere, SPARC-IPY will facilitate analysis of available research and operational satellite data, as well as ground-based and aircraft data, and encourage work on data assimilation and inter-comparison of assimilated data sets. This will include data from new measurement systems as well as from enhanced measurement programmes with established systems. To complement results provided by new measurement programmes, weather services carrying out routine radiosonde and ozonesonde measurements will be encouraged to increase the frequency of the observations and to store the data with full resolution. As the lead organization, the SPARC Project will coordinate the SPARC-IPY programme, promote specific new initiatives and organize workshops and meetings to facilitate research and dissemination of results. These efforts will be carried out in the context of the SPARC Project core thematic programmes of Stratospheric Chemistry and Climate; Stratosphere-Troposphere Dynamical Coupling; and Detection, Attribution, and Prediction of Stratospheric Change. SPARC-IPY is the lead EoI for sub-cluster 7.1 (IPY SPARC). The EoIs that are clustered within this proposal will constitute key components of this programme (consortium members are listed in section 4.2) which will include the following specific components: (a) An Arctic measurement programme will document the “state of the Arctic middle atmosphere” during the IPY (EoI 11, PASSMeC). This will use data from ground based and satellite systems, centered on four lidar systems located at sites across the Arctic. These lidar measurements will be coordinated with satellite and radiosonde/ozonesonde measurements. These lidars are distributed under different regimes of the Arctic middle atmosphere and provide measurements that are critical for understanding the role of tides, planetary and gravity waves in the large-scale circulation. (b) A data assimilation, modelling and analysis component will focus on assimilation and analysis of these observations to yield a comprehensive picture of the observed circulation and facilitate prediction of changes in the circulation and associated physical and chemical responses. In addition this component will include archival of assimilation products (analyses and forecasts) arising from participating middle atmosphere assimilation groups during the IPY period. Such products will be routinely produced at weather forecast centers using models with vertical domains that extend above the stratopause. Research groups employing chemistry transport models or chemistry climate models will also participate. These activities are critical for understanding the structure and evolution of the Arctic vortex, the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, the depletion of ozone, and the initiation of anomalous weather regimes associated with the Arctic Oscillation. A specific component activity will include analysis of the dynamics and chemistry associated with Stratospheric Sudden Warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic Polar atmosphere during the IPY (EoI 959, CMAM-IPY). The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), which extends from the ground to above the mesopause and includes comprehensive and coupled chemistry, radiation and dynamics, will be used to analyse SSWs during the IPY using a 3D-Var data assimilation scheme. (c) Data available from instruments in operation at different Antarctic and relevant continental sub polar sites in the southern tip of South America, where the Antarctic polar vortex/ozone hole system passes over inhabited regions, in combination with satellite data. will be collected and interpreted. Organization of special campaign periods will be promoted in collaboration with the various national agencies involved in the operation of these sites. CTM runs of relevant events using the AMR-CTM with the MECCA/MESSY chemistry module (Argentina/UK/Germany) will be carried out. The SPARC-IPY programme will also link with other closely related IPY activities (see section 3.5). The services of the SPARC Data Center will be made available to facilitate acquisition and archiving of key data that will be used for projects or generated by them during the IPY period (see section 3.6).\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=217", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ebdef23-b988-44cd-ab92-badb8eb6b3ae", - "label": "THREDDS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The THREDDS (Thematic Realtime Environmental Distributed Data Services)\nproject is developing middleware to bridge the gap between data providers and\ndata users. The goal is to simplify the discovery and use of scientific data\nand to allow scientific publications and educational materials to reference\nscientific data.\n\nThe mission of THREDDS is for students, educators and researchers to publish,\ncontribute, find, and interact with data relating to the Earth system in a\nconvenient, effective, and integrated fashion. Just as the World Wide Web and\ndigital-library technologies have simplified the process of publishing and\naccessing multimedia documents, THREDDS is building infrastructure needed for\npublishing and accessing scientific data in a similarly convenient fashion.\n\n[Text from the THREDDS Home Page]\n\nhttp://www.unidata.ucar.edu/projects/THREDDS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f5310d7-4911-4f36-89a5-8e7902fb51a9", - "label": "SIESIP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEASONAL TO INTERANNUAL EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION PARTNER\n(SIESIP) is part of the NASA sponsored ESIP Federation. SIESIP\nserves the data and informational needs such as tools of the S-I\nscience community, which includes modelers, TRMM, SCSMEX and\ninterdisciplinary Earth scientists. SIESIP partners are the\nCenter for Earth Observing and Space Research (CEOSR) of George\nMason University, the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies,\nthe Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center, and the\nUniversity of Delaware. Our main goal is to provide support for\nthe data and information needs of seasonal to interannual and\nrelated climate science communities. Our strategy includes\nproviding access to relevant data, developing flexible search\nengines for S-I and climate data, and innovative information\ntechnology solutions.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://ceosr.gmu.edu/siesip/'\n\n[Summary provided by George Mason University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f81d4cd-b32d-481c-8db9-c4e3e26edcd9", - "label": "SMAPVEX12", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "206b25f2-df99-4c88-9075-0b524fca6fa7", - "label": "SFP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "As it grows, the Southern Fire Portal (SFP) aims to become a &one-stop-shop& for fire related publications, datasets, databases, decision-support tools, models, glossaries, interactive CD-ROMs, videos, and state-of-the-knowledge literature syntheses. Combined with advanced search and a future integrated fire thesaurus, the goal is to find existing information quickly, efficiently, and for free. \n\nThe Southern Fire Portal's objectives are to improve fire science organization and accessibility by integrating and expanding three comprehensive and complementary sources of fire information: 1) the Fire Research and Management Exchange System (FRAMES), 2) the Encyclopedia of Southern Fire Science (ESFS), and 3) the Tall Timbers Research Station E.V. Komarek Fire Ecology Database and Thesaurus. \n\nThe combination of these powerful sources of information is synergistic, adding tremendous user-value to each source. The SFP is much more than a website; it is the gateway for ongoing information and technology transfer between the fire management and research communities, and their publics. \n\nInformation provided by http://frames.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt?space=CommunityPage&cached=true&parentname=SiteMap&parentid=1&in_hi_userid=2&control=SetCommunity&CommunityID=245&PageID=0", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20789c39-f6fa-472f-9b7c-35b6f2a2e404", - "label": "SCAMP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCAMP is a cooperative mapping project between the U.S. Geological\nSurvey and the California Division of Mines and Geology. The project\nprovides a variety of geologic-information products for public access\nin southern California-including geologic and geophysical maps and\nreports that describe the geologic setting and geologic history of\nsouthern California. These maps and reports are providing a foundation\nfor specialized investigations of geologic hazards and earth\nresources, and can be used for land-use planning decisions that\ninvolve earth-science data.\n\nThe project has two objectives:\n\n* Develop a uniform geologic-map data base for southwestern California\nthat will provide a geologic foundation for a broad range of societal\napplications--including evaluations of geologic hazards, natural\nresources, and environmental quality\n\n* Determine the geologic framework and geologic history of\nsouthwestern California, with emphasis on the evolution of the San\nAndreas fault system.\n\n\nThese objectives are achieved mainly by making general-purpose\ngeologic maps in digital form. Studies of isotope geology and\ngeochronology, regional geophysics and geochemistry, paleontology,\ngeomorphology, and pedology provide essential information that is\nincorporated into the map data base.\n\nFor the entire project area, the geologic-map data base will be at\n1:100,000 scale; where warranted by geologic and societal issues,\nadditional maps will be produced at 1:24,000 and 1:48,000 scale. The\nmaps produced may include both surface-geology maps and\nsubsurface-geology maps generated from drill records and from\ngeophysical data. The maps are digitally produced using the Geographic\nInformation System (GIS) software ARC/INFO, and graphic files are\navailable for downloading in several formats via anonymous ftp. Future\nplans include map release of digital geologic folios on CD-ROM. The\nprimary folio layer will be a digital geologic map, mostly captured at\n1:100,000 scale.\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://geology.wr.usgs.gov/wgmt/scamp/scamp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "222195a6-1f14-47a6-816a-4bde7e74d8f5", - "label": "START", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Global Change SysTem for Analysis, Research and Training (START),\nthrough the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global\nEnvironmental Change (IHDP), the International Geosphere-Biospehere\nProgram (IGBP), and the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), has\ndeveloped the concept of a global system of regional networks of\ninstitutions. The START mission is:\nTo develop a system of regional networks of collaborating scientists and\ninstitutions:\n - to conduct research on regional aspects of global change\n - to assess the causes and impacts of regional global change,\n - and to provide relevant information to policy makers and governments\nTo enhance scientific capacity in developing countries by\nstrengthening and connecting existing institutions, by training global\nchange scientists and by providing them with improved and enhanced\naccess to data, communication technology and research results.\nTo help mobilize the resources required to augment existing global\nchange scientific capabilities infrastructure and activities in\ndeveloping countries.\nSTART has established a network of Regional Research Networks (RRN),\nwith affiliated Regional Research Sites (RRS) and at least one\nRegional Research Center (RRC).\nDirection and oversight for START is provided by the START Scientific\nSteering Committee (START-SSC). The START-SSC also serves to provide\nan informal forum for discussions between governmental and\nnon-governmental initiatives.\nMembers of the START-SSC include scientists associated to its three\nsponsoring programmes (IGBP, WCRP, and IHDP) as well as individuals\nconnected with national, multilateral and intergovernmental\nbodies. For example, members of the START-SSC are affiliated with\ncomponents of the UN systems, the International Group of Funding\nAgencies (IGFA), the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research\n(APN), the European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH) and\nthe Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI).\nThe development of the various START regional networks is guided by\nregional START committees comprised of scientists and representatives\nof appropriate national and regional-level bodies. The International\nSTART Secretariat, located in Washington, DC, is responsible for the\nimplementation and development of START research networks.\nContact:\n-------\nInternational START Secretariat\n2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. - Suite 200\nWashington, DC 20009 USA\nPhone: 202/462-2213\nFax: 202/457-5859\nEmail: start@dis.start.org\nURL: 'http://www.start.org'\nURL: 'http://dis.start.org'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23706b32-f9ad-4438-9947-c5e0255d4871", - "label": "TEFLUN-B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Texas Florida Underflights Field Experiment(TEFLUN-B) was\nconducted between August 1 and September 30, 1998 in close\ncoordination with the 3rd Convection And Moisture Experiment\n(CAMEX-3), and focused principally on east Florida to utilize\nthe existing dense network of ground-based facilities.\n\nTEFLUN B page:\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TEFLUN/teflunb.shtml'\n\nAdditional info on TEFLUN project:\n'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/teflun/info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2375a07c-cb6c-4803-968b-98e09b8a0e71", - "label": "SCISAT_ACE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The principal goal of the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)\n mission is to investigate the chemical processes that are\n involved in the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. The ACE\n mission will work in conjunction with other instruments and\n missions planned by NASA, the European Space Agency, and other\n international partners over the next decade to gain a better\n understanding of the chemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere\n that affect the Earth?s protective ozone layer. The analysis of\n the large amount of data that will be collected will lead to a\n more informed assessment of international environmental policies\n such as the Montreal Protocol for the elimination of\n chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).\n\n The overall objective of the ACE mission is to improve our\n understanding of the depletion of the ozone layer, focusing\n close attention to what is happening over Canada and the\n Arctic. The measurements obtained by the ACE-FTS and MAESTRO\n instruments will be combined with data gathered by ground-based,\n balloon-based and other space-based projects in order to obtain\n the best possible information to predict future trends relating\n to the ozone layer and its depletion.\n\n The Government of Canada is working with the international\n scientific community to determine the extent and causes of\n atmospheric changes that threaten human health and safety. Sound\n scientific data is essential to finding effective solutions to\n problems such as depletion of the ozone layer and climate\n change. Environment Canada?s studies of the ozone layer, which\n began over 50 years ago, support a worldwide research and\n atmospheric monitoring program. And, through the leadership of\n the Canadian Space Agency, Canada is also involved in research\n studying the ozone layer from space.\n\n View the SCISAT homepage at:\n 'http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/csa_sectors/space_science/atmospheric/\nscisat/scisat.asp'\n\n [Summary provided the Canadian Space Agency]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24c9dc22-cba5-43f7-a899-179a7eaccf48", - "label": "TCSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP) mission is an Earth science field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The field phase was conducted during the period July 1-27, 2005 out of the Juan Santamaria Airfield in San Jose , Costa Rica . The TCSP field experiment flew 12 NASA ER-2 science flights, including missions to Hurricanes Dennis and Emily, Tropical Storm Gert and an eastern Pacific mesoscale complex that may possibly have further developed into Tropical Storm Eugene. The P-3 aircraft from the NOAA Hurricane Research Division (HRD) flew 18 coordinated missions with the NASA research aircraft to investigate developing tropical disturbances. Additionally, the Aerosonde uninhabited aerial vehicle flew 8 surveillance missions and the Instituto Meteorologico Nacionale (IMN) of Costa Rica launched RS-92 balloon sondes daily to gather humidity measurements and provide validation of the water vapor measurements. \n\nInformation provided by http://tcsp.msfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25224e7a-c3e9-4545-a26a-0c22e87ea5f2", - "label": "SPARC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SPARC\nProject URL: http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/SPARC/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=217\n\nThe evolution of stratospheric ozone and other important and related\natmospheric constituents in Polar Regions is tightly coupled to a wide\nrange of processes acting within and outside the winter polar vortices\nand through the entire region from the surface to the mesopause. Much\nof the current understanding of these processes has been achieved\nwithin the programme of SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role\nin Climate), a WCRP core project, and other international projects\nwith which it maintains collaborative links. The IPY programme offers\na unique opportunity for SPARC to assemble a range of scientific\nexpertise to study the Antarctic and Arctic Polar Vortices, the loci\nof key chemical and physical processes associated with ozone depletion\nand its eventual recovery, as well as of key features of the dynamical\ncoupling between the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere in\npolar and sub-polar regions. The central goal of the SPARC IPY\nprogramme (hereinafter referred to as SPARC-IPY) is to document as\ncompletely as possible the dynamics and chemistry of the polar\nvortices and physical properties relevant to processes such as the\nformation of polar stratospheric clouds. To achieve this detailed\npicture and yield a unique synthesis of data on the polar middle\natmosphere, SPARC-IPY will facilitate analysis of available research\nand operational satellite data, as well as ground-based and aircraft\ndata, and encourage work on data assimilation and inter-comparison of\nassimilated data sets. This will include data from new measurement\nsystems as well as from enhanced measurement programmes with\nestablished systems. To complement results provided by new measurement\nprogrammes, weather services carrying out routine radiosonde and\nozonesonde measurements will be encouraged to increase the frequency\nof the observations and to store the data with full resolution. As the\nlead organization, the SPARC Project will coordinate the SPARC-IPY\nprogramme, promote specific new initiatives and organize workshops and\nmeetings to facilitate research and dissemination of results. These\nefforts will be carried out in the context of the SPARC Project core\nthematic programmes of Stratospheric Chemistry and Climate;\nStratosphere-Troposphere Dynamical Coupling; and Detection,\nAttribution, and Prediction of Stratospheric Change. SPARC-IPY is the\nlead EoI for sub-cluster 7.1 (IPY SPARC). The EoIs that are clustered\nwithin this proposal will constitute key components of this programme\n(consortium members are listed in section 4.2) which will include the\nfollowing specific components: (a) An Arctic measurement programme\nwill document the “state of the Arctic middle atmosphere\nduring the IPY (EoI 11, PASSMeC). This will use data from ground based\nand satellite systems, centered on four lidar systems located at sites\nacross the Arctic. These lidar measurements will be coordinated with\nsatellite and radiosonde/ozonesonde measurements. These lidars are\ndistributed under different regimes of the Arctic middle atmosphere\nand provide measurements that are critical for understanding the role\nof tides, planetary and gravity waves in the large-scale\ncirculation. (b) A data assimilation, modelling and analysis component\nwill focus on assimilation and analysis of these observations to yield\na comprehensive picture of the observed circulation and facilitate\nprediction of changes in the circulation and associated physical and\nchemical responses. In addition this component will include archival\nof assimilation products (analyses and forecasts) arising from\nparticipating middle atmosphere assimilation groups during the IPY\nperiod. Such products will be routinely produced at weather forecast\ncenters using models with vertical domains that extend above the\nstratopause. Research groups employing chemistry transport models or\nchemistry climate models will also participate. These activities are\ncritical for understanding the structure and evolution of the Arctic\nvortex, the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, the depletion of\nozone, and the initiation of anomalous weather regimes associated with\nthe Arctic Oscillation. A specific component activity will include\nanalysis of the dynamics and chemistry associated with Stratospheric\nSudden Warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic Polar atmosphere during the IPY\n(EoI 959, CMAM-IPY). The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM),\nwhich extends from the ground to above the mesopause and includes\ncomprehensive and coupled chemistry, radiation and dynamics, will be\nused to analyse SSWs during the IPY using a 3D-Var data assimilation\nscheme. (c) Data available from instruments in operation at different\nAntarctic and relevant continental sub polar sites in the southern tip\nof South America, where the Antarctic polar vortex/ozone hole system\npasses over inhabited regions, in combination with satellite\ndata. will be collected and interpreted. Organization of special\ncampaign periods will be promoted in collaboration with the various\nnational agencies involved in the operation of these sites. CTM runs\nof relevant events using the AMR-CTM with the MECCA/MESSY chemistry\nmodule (Argentina/UK/Germany) will be carried out. The SPARC-IPY\nprogramme will also link with other closely related IPY activities\n(see section 3.5). The services of the SPARC Data Center will be made\navailable to facilitate acquisition and archiving of key data that\nwill be used for projects or generated by them during the IPY period\n(see section 3.6).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26be3eb2-624b-4576-88e0-df9d2e9169f3", - "label": "SOAR-LVS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Project Origination\nTo accomplish the objectives of CASERTZ, we partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey to develop a Twin Otter aerogeophysical platform that succeeded in integrating, ice-penetrating radar, laser altimetry, gravity and magnetic instrumentation for simultaneous operation. In 1994, in response to the science proposal to complete the CASERTZ corridors, the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs requested that the aircraft and its integrated instrumentation package be operated as a facility with a mission of providing aerogeophysical observations to the broader Antarctic science community. This request led to a Cooperative Agreement between UTIG and NSF that created the Support Office for Aerogeophysical Research (SOAR).\nThe SOAR Mission\nThe six-year Cooperative Agreement defined UTIG's responsibilities as:\n\n\n-Assisting in the development of aerogeophysical research projects with NSF/OPP investigators\n\n-Upgrading the CASERTZ instrumentation package to accommodate new science projects and advances in technology; fielding this instrument package to accomplish SOAR developed projects\n\n-Distribution of the acquired aerogeophysical data as spatially organized transects to the Project Investigators within six months of its return from the field.\n\nAn option was included for SOAR to reduce and analyze the aerogeophysical data that it collected for members of the scientific community without that capacity.\n\nSOAR Accomplishments\nBeginning in 1994, UTIG conducted aerogeophysical surveys in seven consecutive Antarctic field seasons. These SOAR-developed surveys were performed for the 20 investigators and 14 institutions listed in Table 1. The first six of these seasons were managed under the NSF/UTIG Cooperative Agreement with D. Blankenship as PI; the last, 2000/2001, was managed as a multi-investigator grant to UTIG with D. Blankenship, J. Holt, D. Morse and I. Dalziel as co PI's. To accomplish these surveys, UTIG configured the integrated instrumentation package and installed it in the aircraft on site in Antarctica each season; additionally, base camp operations were established at up to five remote sites each field season. In total, UTIG conducted an additional 225,000 line kilometers of aerogeophysical surveys in 422 flights covering the areas shown in the Figure. The spatially organized database of geophysical transects was delivered to the various investigators within the targeted six-month time frame.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/soar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27fc3ee5-600e-4add-82b1-50c3c769571c", - "label": "Salp_Antarctic", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Population ecology of Salpa thompsoni based on molecular indicators.\nStart Date: 2011-06\nEnd Date: 2014-05\nGeolocation: Southern Ocean\nMore Information: http://www.bco-dmo.org/project/2174", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "290355e7-b79c-461e-8f45-f298cf7a6244", - "label": "STACS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a2bef31-8665-45e4-8ccc-625694e7a9de", - "label": "SACC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The South American Climate Change (SACC) Consortium is an initiative sponsored by the IAI through the Cooperative Research Networks (CRN) Program. The general purpose of the SACC Consortium is:\nTo coordinate and enhance human and institutional resources in South American countries, in order to advance the understanding of the coupled effects of global change and climate variability on the oceanic, atmospheric and terrestrial ecosystems of the Western South Atlantic region.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.sacc.org.uy/index.php?start_from=5&ucat=&archive=&subaction=&id=&", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2aab7d18-3585-4b8e-87de-17d6996d886c", - "label": "USAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from http://www.usap.gov ]\n\nWithout interruption since 1956, Americans have been studying the\nAntarctic and its interactions with the rest of the planet. These\ninvestigators and supporting personnel make up the U.S. Antarctic\nProgram, which carries forward the Nation's goals of supporting the\nAntarctic Treaty, fostering cooperative research with other nations,\nprotecting the Antarctic environment, and developing measures to\nensure only equitable and wise use of resources. The program comprises\nresearch by scientists selected from universities and other research\ninstitutions and operations and support by a contractor and the Navy,\nthe Air National Guard, the Air Force, the Army, and the Cold Regions\nResearch and Engineering Laboratory of the Army. The National Science\nFoundation (the U.S. Government agency that promotes the progress of\nscience) funds and manages the program. Approximately, 3,000 Americans\nare involved each year.\n\nThe research has three goals: to understand the region and its\necosystems; to understand its effects on (and responses to) global\nprocesses such as climate; and to use the region as a platform to\nstudy the upper atmosphere and space. Antarctica's remoteness and\nextreme climate make field science more expensive than in most\nplaces. Research is done in the Antarctic only when it cannot be\nperformed at more convenient locations.\n\nThe program has three year-round research stations. In summer (the\nperiod of extensive sunlight and comparative warmth that lasts roughly\nOctober through February) additional camps are established for\nglaciologists, earth scientists, biologists, and others. Large,\nski-equipped LC-130 airplanes, which only the United States has,\nprovide air logistics. Air National Guard crews operate these\nplanes. Helicopters, flown by a contractor, provide close support for\nmany research teams. Tracked or wheeled vehicles provide transport\nover land and snow; small boats are used in coastal areas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b2297e7-5323-4ffc-b8c6-671c471e8010", - "label": "SEDAC/METADATA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c473339-954d-4193-86f5-b427640110f9", - "label": "SMAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e489791-a848-453b-9595-c4760a11c557", - "label": "SINODE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Long-term measurements from a pair of High-Frequency radar systems deployed near the coast of southern Fujian Province showed that surface currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait were composed mainly of the monsoon-driven, seasonal fluctuation of longshore current and a persistent northeastward background flow with speeds around 10 cm/s. Measurements from bottom-moored ADCPs further indicated that below the surface Ekman layer longshore currents also directed to the north all year round.\n\nhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/ww1108506037h437/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3092ae40-d8e4-49f6-87e4-39b66573d877", - "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey (SHOALS) system is\nthe world leader in airborne lidar bathymetric mapping. SHOALS employs a\ntechnique known as Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) or Airborne Lidar\nHydrography (ALH) which uses state-of-the-art LIDAR (Light Detection and\nRanging) technology to rapidly and accurately measure seabed depths and\ntopographic elevations. SHOALS can survey over large areas, far exceeding the\ncapabilities and efficiency of traditional survey methods.\n\nFor more information on SHOALS, see:\n\n'http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/'\n\n[Summary provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "309eb110-b4cd-45f2-9722-b4041d669ed8", - "label": "SEAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SEAS (Shipboard Environmental Data Aquisition System)is a program\ndeveloped by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nto provide accurate meteorological and oceanographic data in real time\nfrom ships at sea through the use of satellite data transmission\ntechniques. The system transmits data through either the GOES or\nINMARSAT C satellites to NOAA. Our goal on the World Wide Web is to\nprovide our users with timely, accurate and complete information on\nall of the SEAS vessels and provide information on products derived\nfrom their data.\n\nSEAS program homepage: 'http://seas.nos.noaa.gov/seas/seasnofr.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31b6a610-6119-4a12-b33d-1d38301f54cb", - "label": "TOVS Pathfinder", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Pathfinder Path A\ndataset contains atmospheric profiles (primarily temperature\nand humidity) and surface and cloud parameters derived using\none of three conceptually distinct algorithms identified by the\nTOVS Science Working Group (SWG) in November 1991. The purpose\nof the Pathfinder Project is to make research-quality global\nchange data sets easily available to the science community in\nsupport of the US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) using\nlong term space-based radiance measurements. The initial set of\nlevel 3 geophysical products have been derived for the\nPathfinder benchmark period from April 1987 through November\n1988.\n\nInvestigator:\n\nJoel Susskind, Satellite Data Utilization Office\nCode 910.4\nNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\nGreenbelt, Md. 20771\n301-286-7210\njoel.susskind@gsfc.nasa.gov\n\nThe basic methodology used to retrieve geophysical parameters\nfrom the TOVS observations involves use of an interactive\nforecast-retrieval-analysis scheme in which the first guess\ninformation for the retrievals (surface pressure, temperature\nprofile, and moisture profile) comes from a 6 hour forecast\ngenerated by a general circulation model. This information,\ntogether with the observed radiances, is used to generate\nretrievals for the 6 hour period centered on the forecast\ntime. An analysis is then performed using these retrievals and\nall available in situ data for that time period. This is then\nused as input to the forecast model and the cycle is repeated\nfor the next 6 hour period.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/atmospheric_dynamics/\n TOVS_A_or_B.html#pa'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32218cc4-26f0-47ff-99f7-269c3a1653a4", - "label": "UMRBPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB) Pilot Project encompasses\ninteractive modeling and observational studies of the coupled\natmosphere-surface-subsurface hydrology of the Black Hills area\nof South Dakota and Wyoming. This NASA sponsored project\nemphasizes coupled hydrologic modeling of Intermediate Scale\nAreas (ISA) in orographic terrain, the use of observations of\ndiffering temporal and spatial resolutions to assess ambient\nvariability as well as model and budget uncertainties and\nsensitivities, intercomparison of sensors, and the\ntransferability of models from the Black Hills ISA to other\nISAs. Execution of this project is being coordinated with GEWEX\nContinental-Scale International Project (GCIP) activities such\nas the GCIP Large Scale-Northwest (LSA-NW) study.\n\nThe objectives of this project are to:\n\n1. Assess the importance of 'deep' groundwater in subsurface\naquifers to water budgets and water resources in the LSA-NW.\n\n2. Determine the resolution required in atmospheric and coupled\nmodels to represent adequately precipitation and other\ncomponents of the water budget in orographic terrain. Examine\nsensitivities and important spatial scales for impacts due to\nvariations in evapotranspiration and moisture advection.\n\n3. Determine the uncertainties in atmospheric components of the\nwater budgets on ISA and larger scales in orographic terrain.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/umrb/index.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by South Dakota School of Mines and Technology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32797345-48a2-4d00-a444-a3cd2e9e4f29", - "label": "THORPEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Accelerating improvements in the accuracy of one-day to two-week high-impact weather forecasts for the benefit of society, the economy and the environment. THORPEX is a key research meteorological component of the WMO Natural Disaster Reduction and Mitigation Programme.\n\nSummary Provided by: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/thorpex_new.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3389a064-f7b7-4b09-b552-3644e8a97a86", - "label": "SCWA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCWA (Seminole County Watershed Atlas)is designed to provide\n citizens, scientists, and planners of the region with\n comprehensive and current water quality, hydrologic, and\n ecological data, as well as, a library of scientific and\n educational resources on ecology and management. Typically, the\n scientists and citizens who live and work on waterbodies have\n found it difficult to gather the information they need from the\n myriad of agencies that collect the related data. To solve this\n problem, we conceived of the Atlas as a 'One Stop Information\n Shop' for concerned citizens and scientists alike. The Atlas\n functions as a warehouse for a variety of water resources\n information, including documents and educational links. We have\n also strived to make the Atlas a rich resource that educates\n citizens about the data presented and gives scientists easy\n access to the specialized information they need. We encourage\n you to use the Atlas as a tool to help in maintaining and\n improving our vital water resources.\n\n For morre information, link to\n'http://www.seminole.wateratlas.usf.edu/help/about.asp'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34aa5e3e-ca7b-4314-ab18-f9b153885432", - "label": "TESA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Objectives: to cover the lack with geologic cartography of the zone by means of the geologic and geophysical data acquisition of average and hi-res, as much by earth as by sea, that allows to propose integral an evolutionary model of the area; to study the dynamic evolution, the Tectonics and sedimentation in Cenozoic for the limit of plates the South American woman-Scotia, in Atlantic SW and Land the Great Island of the Fire. \n\nInformation provided by http://ingeodav.fcen.uba.ar/Ingeodav/Laboratorio/Memorias/Plandetareas/Proydeinvestig.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34b493a2-a7ef-4e86-8d62-b0d53f7810c6", - "label": "SLTS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The measurement of sea level along polar coastlines presents great technical challenges for the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) of the WMO/IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM). The need for measurements in these data sparse regions has been clearly made in the scientific literature. For example, in oceanography, Arctic sea level data presently available suggest a common-mode of variability which provides insights in the quasi-resonant dynamics of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic sea level data are of particular interest within water balance studies concerning the freshening of the Arctic Ocean and its relationship to the Arctic Oscillation. Antarctic sea level changes have also been found to demonstrate considerable coherence related to the Southern Annular Mode and transports in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The need for measurements for climate studies by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has also been clearly made. Monitoring of levels in both high-latitude regions is necessary to understand more completely the spatial pattern of long term sea level change due to ocean warming and ice melt. Climate and sea level changes also affect the stability of ice shelves and fast ice and the glaciers behind them.This project will use existing and new Arctic sea level recorders (there are no sites currently operational in Greenland, for example) and will make enhancements to the existing network of gauges in Antarctica. Past and future tide gauge data sets will be used in combination with satellite altimeter and space gravity data where possible to understand further the regional ocean dynamics and climate change (EoI 580). Differences between Arctic and Antarctic in ocean dynamics and sea level response to climate change are particularly interesting. The new recorders will be high technology devices providing data at high frequency and real time, comprising the core of ongoing polar sea level monitoring networks. This will be an essential component of GLOSS and a major legacy of IPY (EoI 211).\nBenefits from enhanced polar networks can be anticipated in many ways not yet clear. However, sea level data are indispensable in many countries for practical applications such as flood warning, navigation, civil engineering and environmental monitoring, in addition to their scientific applications. Consequently, Arctic communities can be expected to benefit from investment in this collaborative sea level research. For example, the GREENSEAL project (EoI 761) will focus on developing the GLOSS network in Greenland which will benefit Arctic ocean circulation and sea ice flow studies, as well as providing essential practical data sets to local communities. The LEVANS project (EoI 304) will enhance corresponding data sets and understanding in Nordic Seas, while the Russian Arctic networks project (EoI 732) will see similar benefits to Russian science and coastal communities.\nThe further understanding of ocean tides in polar regions is a particularly important component of sea level studies, being relevant to a range of geophysical (e.g. dissipation), physical oceanographic (mixing), glaciological (sea ice formation) and biological studies (EoI 590). High latitude bathymetry and sub-ice-shelf topography are needed in addition to tidal measurements from coastal and bottom tide gauges and (where possible) altimetry over ocean and ice-shelves.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=13", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35362a9d-463a-4959-96a4-4fc077ca0ae9", - "label": "SUEFP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southeastern Ecological Framework Project is a GIS-based\nanalysis to identify ecologically significant areas and\nconnectivity in the southeast region of the US. The states\nincluded in the project are Florida, Georgia, Alabama,\nMississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee and\nKentucky.\n\nThe project began in October 1998 and was completed in December\n2001 by the University of Florida GeoPlan Center and sponsored\nby the US Environmental Protection Agency Region 4. Region 4\nPlanning & Analysis Branch continues to use this data to\nfacilitate EPA programs and to work with state and federal\nagencies and local groups to make sound conservation\ndecisions. Efforts to apply this methodology to other EPA\nRegions is being considered.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://www.geoplan.ufl.edu/epa/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Florida]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3612107e-c5ff-4e9a-9568-28a1524b385c", - "label": "STEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Stratospheric-Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP) has two objectives: (A). Investigate the mechanism and rates of irreversible transfer of mass, trace gases, and aerosols from troposphere to stratosphere and within the lower stratosphere. (B). Explain the observed extreme dryness of the stratosphere. \n\nThe first objective derives from the need for a better description of how natural and manmade chemicals move from their tropospheric sources to the stratospheric ozone shield. The second objective, though closely related to the first, deserves separate mention because it has been a fundamental mystery of atmospheric science for decades.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36b9e535-5dde-42c6-88b2-cfa9e4fd7578", - "label": "SCEPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[From South Carolina Earth Physics Project (SCEPP) home page,\n'http://www.seis.sc.edu/scepp/']\n\nThe South Carolina Earth Physics Project (SCEPP) involves the\ninstallation of digital seismographs in high schools in every county\nof the state, thus providing the connection between student's familiar\nenvironment and earthquakes that occur throughout the world on a daily\nbasis. These individual high schools will be linked, in near real\ntime, via the Internet to a central resource center at USC so that\nstudents and teachers from any high school in the state can access\nSCEPP data and share experiences with other participants. SCEPP is\nalso developing an integrated curriculum from which teachers can\nutilize data from the SCEPP network and provide pre-service and\nin-service teachers throughout the state with the training and support\nnecessary to make optimum use of this unique educational resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39e03d88-518d-43e9-9e2e-38f4180f31bd", - "label": "SBCS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Santa Barbara Channel Study (SBCS) is the same as the Santa\nBarbara Channel/Santa Marine Basin Study (SRC/SMB).\n\nThis study is an extension of the numerical modeling circulation\ncomponent of the Santa Barbara Channel-Santa Maria Basin (SBC-SMB)\nCirculation Study. The SBC-SMB Circulation Study is the title of the\nCooperative Agreement (CA) between the state of California and the\nMMS. Absence of sufficient observations, as has been the case in past\nmodeling programs, prevents proper model skill assessment. One of the\nScientific Review Panel?s April 1997 recommendations states that\nsuccessful SBC-SMB model development, successful analysis of\nobservations, and successful field work is contingent on all three\nbeing performed concurrently during the conduct of the SBC-SMB\nCirculation study. This will allow modelers valuable interaction with\nthe Study?s principal investigators (PI) (observationalists) during\nthe conduct of their respective study components.\n\nRecent numerically modeled simulations of circulation processes\ncharacteristic to the SBC have been, and continue to be, used in the\nanalysis of observations obtained in that area. Modeled simulations of\nthe characteristic flows of the SBC and SMB appropriate for OSRA, and\nmodeled circulation processes helpful to analysis of the data obtained\nin the SMB, are not scheduled for completion under the present\ncontract.\n\n Objectives:\n\n 1. Support analysis of observations obtained from the extended\n field work with numerically modeled process studies presently\n taking place in the Santa Maria Basin.\n\n 2. Provide reliable predicted ocean current information for the\n Santa Barbara Channel and the SMB by complementing the entire\n suite of observations obtained in the SBC-SMB Circulation Study.\n\n Contact Person:\n\n David Browne\n David.Browne@mms.gov\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.mms.gov/eppd/sciences/esp/profiles/pc/PC-99-04.htm'\n or 'http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/research/sbcsmb/sbc_home.html'\n\n [Summary provided by MMS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3abb1bd0-bba0-4ec4-8429-e382cbb82266", - "label": "SGP99", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ad6d7c4-467c-4ae7-a91f-5724d216fb1d", - "label": "U.S.JGOFS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.\n\nThe U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new 'wave' of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b0eb5a0-007c-4242-9f5d-f7545850f332", - "label": "TIWE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Project Information : \nThe Tropical Instability Wave Expreiment (TIWE) is a multi- institutional, multi-investigator program aimed at furthering our understanding of planetary waves, resulting from surface current instability near the equator, which affect the upper ocean balances of mass, momentum, and heat. The Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE) consists of several elements, one of which was an array of five subsurface moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), centered on the equator at 140°E. \n\n\n\nField Program : \nThe TIWE field program consisted of several elements, including : 1) an array of subsurface acoustic Doppler current profiliers (ADCPs) centered on the equator at 140°W, 2) an array of subsurface moored mechanical profilers for currents, temperature, and salinity centered upon 2°N, 140°W, 3) shipboard hydrographic measurements to map out the property fields associated with these waves and 4) a remote sensing component mapping surface expressions by satellite. The field work associated with this project was initiated in May 1990 and lasted for approximately one year. The University of South Florida (USF), College of Marine Science contribution to this field program is the deployment of five subsurface moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), centered on the equator at 140°E in a diamond shaped array. \n\nInformation provided by http://ocgweb.marine.usf.edu/tiwe_index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bfa0235-06c8-4a0b-966f-3ae72f15389e", - "label": "STUDIES OF NARWHAL TEETH", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientists with myriad backgrounds and Inuit elders with traditional knowledge will integrate results , insights and observations to explain the expression of teeth in the narwhal. The extraordinary tusk defies most of the principles and properties of teeth and remains a scientific enigma. Findings about its form and function will add to the evolutionary knowledge for this odd adaptation and will, because of unique findings of anatomy and histology recently discovered by this team, further define sensory capabilities of mammalian teeth. Scientific results have already begun to direct interest in future models of dental material design as the hard tissue of the narwhal tusk possesses a combination of unusual flexibility and strength characteristics that is highly desirable in restorative materials. These same tusk traits were observed by the Inuit before the laboratory testing was completed, and the results were reported. Likewise, traditional knowledge elucidates many aspects of narwhal anatomy, function, migration and social behavior. Both the knowledge of Inuit elders and the findings of scientists are needed for a more complete understanding of the narwhal, Qilalugaq qernertaq.\n\nScientific studies in anatomy, morphology, histology, physiology, genetics, cellular biology and narwhal social behavior are currently being conducted by the principal investigator and collaborators to elucidate tusk function. Anatomical variations of narwhal will be described from field and laboratory dissection, computerized scans (CT, MRI and micro-CT), analysis of museum specimens, and interviews with Inuit elders. Photographic morpho-metric analysis of narwhal skeletal collections at the Museum of Nature in Canada, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, the Smithsonian Institution and the American Museum of Natural History has been initiated, and we are seeking other institutions that may have additional collections, particularly those with rare specimens. Anatomic plates of narwhal anatomy will be completed based on all these collected findings.\n\nOn October 28, 2006, a panel discussion was presented by the principal investigator, Paniloo Sangoya and David Angnatsiak from the community of Pond Inlet at the 15th International Inuit Studies Conference in Paris, France. Future joint presentations with the principal investigator and Inuit elders will be encouraged and planned to express the value of scientific collaboration with Inuit elders in marine mammal research.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=164", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dcde0ef-c407-4b04-947e-17b5cd96aac6", - "label": "SUPERDARN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is an international ground-based, high-frequency (HF) radar network for studying the Earth's upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and connection into space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ea4b208-85fa-4f03-9f34-37637370fec2", - "label": "TENAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TENAP project is an Italy-Argentina bilateral cooperation\nsupported by the Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA)\nand the Direccion Nacional del Antartico (DNA).\n\n\n\nTENAP project Group:\nCentro Studi di Geologia Strutturale e Dinamica dell'Appennino, CNR,\nPisa: F. Mazzarini\n\nCIRGEO-LAQUIGE, Buenos Aires: R. Giuliano, H. Lippai, A. Tassone,\nH. Tassone\n\nDep. de Sismologia, Universidad La Plata: D. Mercerat\n\nDip. Ingegneria Navale, del Mare e per l'Ambiente, Universita di\nTrieste: F. Accaino, L. Cernobori, B. Della Vedova, I. Marson,\nG. Meton, R. Nicolich, G. Pellis, L. Petronio, M. Romanelli\n\nDip. Scienze della Terra, Universita di Genova: E. Bozzo, G. Caneva,\nF. Ferraccioli\n\nDip. Scienze Geologiche, III Universita di Roma: F. Salvini\n\nDip. Scienze della Terra, Universita di Pisa: G. Musumeci\n\nEarth Resources Laboratory, MIT Cambridge, Mass. USA: J. Zhang\n\nInstituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires: R. Del Valle, J. Febrer,\nM. Ghidella, C. Rinaldi, G. Rodriguez\n\nOsservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale, Trieste: A. Camerlenghi,\nE. Lodolo, D.Y. Nieto, M. Russi, U. Tinivella", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40ab2546-3a47-4d72-84ae-7e830d1f3ae3", - "label": "TIGP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) is building high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) for select U.S. coastal regions. These integrated bathymetric-topographic DEMs are used to support tsunami forecasting and modeling efforts at the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). The DEMs are part of the tsunami forecast system SIFT (Short-term Inundation Forecasting for Tsunamis) currently being developed by PMEL for the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers, and are used in the MOST (Method of Splitting Tsunami) model developed by PMEL to simulate tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation.\n\nBathymetric, topographic, and shoreline data used in DEM compilation are obtained from various sources, including NGDC, the U.S. National Ocean Service (NOS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and other federal, state, and local government agencies, academic institutions, and private companies. DEMs are referenced to the vertical tidal datum of Mean High Water (MHW) and horizontal datum of World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84). Grid spacings for the DEMs range from 1/3 arc-second (~10 meters) to 3 arc-seconds (~90 meters).\n\nFor more information go to: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/inundation/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "423253e2-37b0-4696-9bb4-10beb012ec00", - "label": "TC4", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA TC4 (Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling) mission will investigate the structure, properties and processes in the tropical Eastern Pacific. A-train satellite observations provide crucial information on the spatial and temporal variations of this region, however, carefully planned TC4 aircraft observations are required, both to validate satellite data and to provide critical observations not available from the satellites. High altitude aircraft will collect tropopause data while the medium altitude aircraft will provide profiles and structure measurements of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.\n\n[Source: NASA Earth Science Project Office]\n\nProject Homepage: http://www.espo.nasa.gov/tc4/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43ae48b5-50da-41f1-ae64-91ff852ad89d", - "label": "TEMPORE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Proposal URL: \nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=315\n\nThe existing general tectonic and structural maps of the Arctic and the Antarctic were published almost 30 years ago and featured mainly the Polar landmasses, whereas the offshore areas were left practically blank with only limited morphostructural information based on insufficient bathymetric knowledge. Since then, a vast amount of new data was accumulated in high latitudes, especially in their oceanic parts and continent-to-ocean transition zones where extensive geophysical and geological studies were accompanied by over-ice, submarine and ship-borne hydrographic surveys. On land the principal achievements were provided by modern isotope geochemistry methods that enabled better insight in crust-mantle relationships and improved dating of the earliest stages of geological history. As the result, a considerable progress in understanding the tectonic evolution of the Polar Regions was made, and at the same time new challenges for the future research came in sight. In particular, it became evident that conventional models of continent separation and sea floor spreading which could successfully be applied for Gondwana break-up and accompanying formation of the Southern Ocean were meeting serious difficulties in the North where their implementation appeared severely constrained by strong internal heterogeneity of the Arctic Ocean.\nPortraying the antipodal structures of the Arctic and the Antarctic and analyzing the resemblances and dissimilarities in their tectonic frameworks and histories will not only have a fundamental importance for global geodynamics but also contribute significantly to climate change research through improving knowledge of evolution of the Polar oceans and formation of seaways. The educational value of the project will arise from presentation in a condensed form of a variety of earth science data ranging from sub-aerial, sub-ice and submarine topography to configuration of the base of the Earth's crust, and from genetic classification of the major structural assemblages and features to their spatial distribution and reflection in potential fields. The final maps will be presented at 1:10,000,000 scales (with supplementary smaller scale insets) in a circum-polar projection encompassing the area to 60o N/S.\nThe main objectives of the project include: (1) Integrating abundant Arctic and Antarctic geological data and tectonic interpretations disseminated in multinational literature into a coherent generalized legend that would allow the presentation of principal structural elements and historical particularities of both Polar Regions in a unified system of graphical designations and basic terms; (2) Compiling 1:10 M maps and smaller scale insets; (3) Preparing textual supplements to the cartographic products in the form of a short booklet and more extensive explanatory notes highlighting the tectonic essentialities of the Polar Regions in a comparative context; (4) Producing the first printed products by the time of 33rd Session of IGC (Oslo, 2008) and within the scope of IPY activities.\nAchieving project goals will require participation of many countries, organizations and individuals. Adequate coordination and scientific guidance of project activities will be provided by CGMW.\nThe project is planned as a dedicated indoor effort not requiring special field expeditions and utilizing predominantly the already existing voluminous data. Additional new evidence relevant for the project purposes may, however, be readily assimilated from any 2006-2007 field activity executed by partner countries either on national basis, or within the IPY framework.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44963a0f-a06e-46f8-be28-fef02053cd1b", - "label": "SPACC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The objective of International GLOBEC's Small Pelagic fish And\n Climate Change program, (GLOBEC SPACC) is to identify linkages\n between the driving physical forces that control population\n growth of small pelagic fish populations. The long range goal\n is to forecast how changes in the pattern and intensity of\n these forces, caused by elevated greenhouse gases and global\n warming, will alter the productivity of small pelagic fish\n populations. Toward that end, fifty-four scientists met in La\n Paz, Mexico in June 1994 to begin developing a science plan for\n GLOBEC SPACC. Attendees represented interests in the fields of\n physical and biological oceanography, numerical modeling,\n zooplankton ecology, remote sensing technology, paleoecology,\n genetics, early life history of fishes, and population\n dynamics. The scientists recognized that the GLOBEC SPACC goal\n requires highly multi-disciplinary, cooperative research and\n approached this challenge with enthusiasm. They also recognized\n the need t! o work together on shared stocks. They expressed\n their interest in developing regional (e.g. Humboldt Current,\n California Current, Patagonian Shelf, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean\n ) as well as national SPACC projects.\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://www.cbl.umces.edu/fogarty/usglobec/news/news7/news7.spacc.text.html'\n\n[Summary taken from 'Synopsis of the First SPACC Planning Meeting']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47a4d6b9-dd30-4a85-91ec-8ac6e56354c4", - "label": "SEPA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[From 'http://levee.wustl.edu/seismology/SEPA/']\n\nThe SEPA project was a deployment of broadband PASSCAL instruments in\nChilean Patagonia, the South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic\nPeninsula. The initial ten broadband seismographs were deployed during\nJanuary and February, 1997. Additional sites were added in 1998 and\n1999. A complementary 6 month deployment of ocean bottom seismographs\nin the Bransfield Strait and South Shetland Islands (BSOBS) took place\nin early 1999. Most of the seismometers were removed in December 1999,\nbut one Patagonia station and three Antarctic stations continued to\noperate until November 2001. The purpose of SEPA is to study the\ntectonics and structure of the region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48838179-eafe-4cee-842a-351c81c946ad", - "label": "SCP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA Scatterometer Climate Record Pathfinder (SCP) is a NASA\nsponsored project to develop scatterometer-based data time series to\nsupport climate studies of the Earth's cryosphere and\nbiosphere. Originally developed to measure winds over the ocean from\nspace, scatterometer data has proved to be very useful in a variety of\nstudies including polar ice and tropical vegetation. Because the\nscatterometer radar signal can penetrate the surface, a scatterometer\ncan observe subsurface/subcanopy climate-related features.\n\nThe launch of Seasat, carrying a Ku-band scatterometer (SASS), in 1978\nprovided a baseline against which studies of global change can be\nmeasured. Other missions have followed SASS, including the C-band\nEuropean Space Agency (ESA) Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) -1 and -2\nmissions (1992+), the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) mission in 1996-97,\nSeaWinds on QuikSCAT (1999+), and SeaWinds on ADEOS-II (2002). With\ntheir rapid global coverage, day or night and all-weather operation,\nscatterometers offer a unique tool for long-term climate studies. The\ngoal of the SCP is to provide scatterometer-based datasets to\nresearchers involved in climate studies.\n\nThe SCP datasets are based on a time series of enhanced resolution\nimages made from the scatterometer backscatter (sigma0) measurements\nusing the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (SIR) and SIR w/filtering\nalgorithms. For the highest possible spatial resolution (as well as to\nensure full coverage over the images) multiple orbit passes are\ncombined. For SASS, NSCAT, and ERS, images of sigma0 at 40 deg\nincidence angle (A) in dB and the slope of sigma0 versus incidence\nangle (B) in dB/deg are made. For SeaWinds on sigma0 images at the\nobservation incidence angle are made. In addition to these images, a\nnumber of ancillary images and products are generated include sea ice\nextent maps and sea ice motion data sets.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Dr. David Long\n Director, Center for Remote Sensing\n Brigham Young University\n 459 CB\n Provo, UT 84602\n\n Tel: 801.378.4383\n Fax: 801.378.6586\n Email: long@ee.byu.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.scp.byu.edu/'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49393572-8c97-4a57-ae1e-3b46d8d6b522", - "label": "SDEI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4971cb51-791b-4375-ab9f-f167dbfdadba", - "label": "TAMARA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) rift-flank uplift has developed along the ancestral margin of the East Antarctic craton, and forms the boundary between the craton and the thinned lithosphere of the West Antarctic rift system. Geodynamic processes associated with the exceptionally large-magnitude uplift of the mountain belt remain poorly constrained, but may involve interaction of rift-related mechanical and thermal processes and the inherited mechanical elements of the cratonic lithosphere. The Transantarctic Mountain Aerogeophysical Research Activities (TAMARA) program proposes to document the regional structural architecture of a key segment of the Transantarctic Mountains in the region around the Royal Society Range (Fig. 1) where the rift flank is offset along a transverse accommodation zone. In December through January, 1998, the TAMARA group flew a helicopter aeromagnetic survey and collected ground gravity station data. These data will be integrated with other geologic and geophysical information from the region in order to map the large-scale structures along the TAM where relations between longitudinal and transverse structures along the rift flank can be resolved. \n\nDuring the 1997-1998 field season, the TAMARA project collected about 14,100 line-km of helicopter magnetic data, covering an area just a little less than 30,000 km2 (Fig. 2). One hundred twenty-five hours of helicopter time were used to complete the survey. Relative to the initial plans, 92.5% of line-kilometers, or 95% of the planned area, was covered. \n\nMagnetic base stations established in McMurdo and the Skelton Neve field camp recorded the daily variations of Earth's magnetic field for removal from the total-field observed from the helicopter. The position of a cesium magnetometer carried in a bird slung 30 m below the helicopter was accomplished with Trimble 4000 GPS receivers. Barometric altitudes were also recorded. The data from each flight were quality controlled. \n\nThe crew for the aeromagnetic helicopter-borne program consisted of 3 helicopter support personnel (including 2 pilots and an engineer) and 6 scientific staff (geophysicists, engineers, and quality control specialists). Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) contributed a geophysicist, an engineer, and a quality control specialist. Three additional scientists were from the USGS and Ohio State University. A general assistant for camp operations and a mountaineer were supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). \n\nIn addition to the aeromagnetic data, 65 gravity stations were collected in profile-form in the Skelton Neve region. \n\nThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 9618568. \n\nAny opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. \n\nThis information is provided by http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-452/t_desc.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49c7b990-d9c4-497a-8286-331dd465ca46", - "label": "TOCS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TOCS (Tropical Ocean Climate Study) project and technical as well as operational TRITON (Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network) buoy project in JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine and Earth Science and Technology). These two projects have been linked each other and been designed for the purpose to promote the understanding of ocean climate variations and ocean circulations in the Indo-\nPacific regions, and to contribute the monitoring of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena with theTAO (Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean) array in the Pacific Ocean.\n\nhttp://www.oceanobs09.net/proceedings/ac/FCXNL-09A02-1656637-1-AC2A02.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a2d4e54-1e39-46d6-aafd-a3f685ed4f85", - "label": "SMMR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Prabhakara Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) atmospheric liquid water (ALW) and integrated atmospheric water vapor (IWV) data sets were generated by Dr. Prabhakara Cuddapah at the Goddard Space Flight Center using SMMR antenna temperatures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d569982-00c1-4e7f-b357-0bf0b624998d", - "label": "TOGA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In order to better understand the tropical ocean/atmosphere system and\nits effect on the climate at higher latitudes, the Tropical Ocean and\nGlobal Atmosphere (TOGA) Program was initiated in 1985 by the World\nMeteorological Organization (WMO), with contributions from nations\nincluding the USA, UK, USSR, Japan, Australia, India and Chile. TOGA\nwas a major component of the WMO's World Climate Research Program\n(WCRP) and was effective in bringing together the international\nscientific research community to work on problems of global\nsignificance. Scientific oversight was provided by the TOGA\nScientific Steering Group who reports to the Joint Scientific\nCommittee of WCRP. International coordination was organized through\nthe International TOGA Project Office in Geneva and the 18-member\nIntergovernmental TOGA Board.\n\nThe U.S. contribution to TOGA involved the National Oceanic\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Science Foundation (NSF),\nand the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NOAA\ninvolvement includes the Climate Analysis Center (CAC), NOAA\nEnvironmental Research Laboratories (Pacific Marine Environmental\nLaboratory (PMEL), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological\nLaboratory (AOML), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and\nthe Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), and the\nNational Oceanographic Service (NOS). NSF support was funded\nthrough its Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Divisions and through NCAR.\nNASA's effort was funded to NASA centers and academic principal\ninvestigators while the Office of Naval Research (ONR) supports a\nnumber of university scientists.\n\nTOGA is a 10-year international program that began January 1, 1985 and\ncontinued through 1994.\n\nThe major elements of the TOGA Praogram Plan are modeling, empirical\nstudies, process studies and long-term observations. Three types of\nmodels are being used: (1) oceanographic models, in which the wind\nstress and heat flux at the air-sea interface are prescribed and the\ntime-dependent response of the upper layers of the tropical ocean is\nsimulated; (2) atmospheric models, in which the global circulation is\nsimulated given various prescriptions of the tropical SST field; and\n(3) coupled atmosphere-ocean models, which are integrated forward in\ntime from a prescribed set of initial conditions. Empirical studies\nare focusing on interannual and intraseasonal variability along with\nstatistical analyses of lead-lag relationships that may have relevance\nto seasonal climate prediction. Long-term observations include\ninterfacial measurements, and atmospheric and oceanographic\nobservations.\n\nScience Objective:\n-To gain a description of the tropical oceans and the global atmosphere as a\n time-dependent system, in order to determine the extent to which this system\n is predictable on time scales of months to years, and to understand the\n mechanisms and processes underlying that predictability.\n-To study the feasibility of modeling the coupled ocean-atmosphere system for\n the purpose of predicting its variations on time scales of months to years.\n-To provide the scientific background for designing an observing and data\n transmission system for operational prediction if this capability is\n demonstrated by coupled ocean-atmosphere models.\n\n\nData Used and Produced:\nLong-term monitoring is among the more focused of the program elements\nof TOGA. It is a prerequisite for numerical simulation and long-term\nprediction of the coupled climate system, and it supports process and\nempirical studies. Interfacial measurements such as wind stress, sea\nsurface temperature (SST) and surface energy fluxes are most central\nto the ocean-atmosphere coupling and are attaining the highest\npriority. The major sources of surface wind data over the tropical\noceans are moored buoys, ships of opportunity and island stations.\nThe moored buoys transmit wind, air temperature, SST and subsurface\ntemperature via the ARGOS/TIROS-N system. Wind observations from\nships and island stations are transmitted via the Global\nTelecommunication System (GTS). The CAC has been producing monthly\nmean SST analyses with about 2 degree spatial resolution, based upon a\nblend of in situ (ship and buoy) data and Advanced Very High\nResolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data, while also monitoring\nnet energy flux monthly mean fields generated by one of the\noperational numerical weather prediction models at the National\nMeteorological Center (NMC).\n\nObservations of the global atmosphere in suapport of TOGA relied\nheavily on the World Weather Watch/Global Telecommunications System\n(WWW/GTS). The observing network consists of two polar-orbiting\nsatellites and the full array of geostationary satellites, ships of\nopportunity, buoys, and surface and upper-air stations. The Global\nPrecipitation Center at CAC has been supportive in producing\npreliminary estimates of tropical convective precipitation from\n1986-1988 based on satellite imagery from the U.S., Japan and the\nEuropean Space Agency (ESA) geostationary satellites. Ships of\nopportunity and approximately 50 drifting buoys are being used to\nmeasure sea level pressure, air temperature and SST over data-sparse\nregions of the equatorial and extratropical South Pacific. The\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and ERL have\ncontributed some upper-air systems and Doppler profilers to the\nsurface and upper-air network.\n\nThe ocean observing system consisted of tidal gauges, satellite data,\nmoored (ATLAS) and drifting (Langrangian) buoys and and ships of\nopportunity. The island tide gauge network along with altimetric\nrange data obtained from military satellites provided sea level data.\nExpendable Bathythermograph System (XBT) lines from ships provided\nsoundings to analyze the thermal structure and the heat content. Ships\nalso carried out conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) surveys in\nthe upper 1000m of the ocean. Moored buoys, instrumented with current\nmeters and thermistor chains also provided subsurface thermal\nstructure and current data. Circulation was measured utilizing\nequatorial moorings and from a field of over 130 mixed-layer\nLangrangian drifters.\n\nThe following sites on the World Wide Web can provide further information\nas well as data access:\n TOGA COARE Data Information System\n 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/coare/'\n TOGA-TAO Realtime Data Access:\n 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/'\n\nReferences:\n National Research Council, 'TOGA, A Review of Progress and Future\n Opportunities', National Academy Press 1990.\n\n World Meteorological Organization, 'WMO/IOC Inter-governmental TOGA Board\n Report of the Third Session, Geneva, 9-12 January 1990', WMO/TD No. 357.\n\n World Meteorological Organization, 'JSC/CCCO TOGA Scientific Steering\n Group Report of the Eighth Session, Hamburg, 18-22 September 1989',\n WMO/TD No. 338.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4da9526f-64f9-4be4-afe5-566f5b8a49fe", - "label": "SP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sirenian International is a grassroots organization of people from around the\nworld who share a dedication to manatee and dugong research, education, and\nconservation. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.sirenian.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dcad6bb-0238-42ac-9eae-6c415f393278", - "label": "TOR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[TerraSAR-X was launched 2007-06-15. Text in original form for archival purposes.]\n\n\nTerraSAR-X (TSX), the first German long-duration radar mission, is being realized in the frame of a public-private partnership between the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Astrium GmbH. The spacecraft will carry as primary instrument an X-band imaging system and a high-performance antenna system, enabling different operational modes. The spacecraft will be injected into a sun-synchronous, circular dusk-dawn orbit at approximately 514 km altitude. The launch is foreseen for mid 2005 from the cosmodrome Baikonur. The mission is designed for a five year lifetime. The satellite payload will generate and down-link X-band SAR raw data, which will be processed on ground to generate X-band SAR basic products. Both partners will use SAR data and basic products for their respective fields of interest, DLR for standard science applications, Astrium for the commercial market. TSX SAR data for the science community will be made available by the DLR CAF in Oberpfaffenhofen. GFZ Potsdam and the CSR in Austin are collaborating in providing a precise dual frequency GPS flight receiver to the mission to enhance the quality of the scientific SAR products. GFZ Potsdam, the CSR in Austin and the Technical University Berlin are in particular interested and will collaborate in the precision processing of TerraSAR-X SAR data for environmental, geophysical and hydrological investigations. In view of the extensive scientific interest in the multi-mode X-Band SAR data from the TerraSAR-X mission and in view of the great importance the accurate orbit ephemeris information has for all application modes, it is proposed that GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) in collaboration with the University of Texas Center for Space Research (CSR) provides a Tracking, Occultation and Ranging (TOR) instrument package, consisting of an experimental IGOR-class high-quality GPS tracking receiver and a CHAMP-class laser retroreflector set, and the necessary support for the integration of the instrument package aboard the TSX spacecraft, GFZ and CSR jointly verify the in-orbit performance of the flight receiver and laser retroreflector data and compute high-precision TSX orbits from the validated TOR package data in order to enhance the efficiency of the SAR data processing and the quality of the SAR data products, GFZ and CSR both collect atmospheric and ionospheric radio occultation (RO) data with the same IGOR receiver for augmenting the global RO data sets as obtained from other LEO satellites (CHAMP and GRACE) to be used for improvements of numerical weather forecasts, climate change studies and space weather monitoring. Derived fundamental atmospheric and ionospheric quantities (e.g. temperature, water vapor) will be used as complementary information for SAR error correction. GFZ, CSR and the Technical University Berlin (TUB) Institute for Photogrammetry and Cartography use the resulting high quality orbit and atmospheric correction products in conjunction with DLR-provided TSX-X band SAR data for the regions specified in B.1.2.3 for improved scientific analyses. As mentioned before, the primary scientific applications are monitoring the evolution of city surface subsidence, to monitor and model local geologic hazards such as landslides and rock falls and to assess the impact of ice sheet and glacier system dynamics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ea1b3cc-d4d2-4803-a416-753cdd1ec451", - "label": "SLP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The contamination of groundwater and soils with arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) is associated with major public health, remedial, and environmental policy problems. Both arsenic and manganese are found at numerous Superfund sites. This Superfund Research Program (SRP) seeks to obtain new knowledge, facilitate the translation of these findings into policy applications, and train multidisciplinary pre- and post-doctoral students concerning the health effects, geochemistry, and remediation of As and Mn, with a particular focus on groundwater. The program has involved substantial work at the single most seriously As-affected Superfund site in Vineland, New Jersey. It also encompasses epidemiologic studies of As- and Mn-exposed adults and children residing in Bangladesh, New Hampshire and Maine. As in the past, the Columbia University SRP includes a unique balance of highly integrated biomedical and non-biomedical research.\n\nAs indicated in the list on below, the program includes three biomedical research projects, intimately intertwined with three non-biomedical projects; these projects are supported by research support cores. An Administrative Core is responsible for the supervision, coordination, and financial accountability of the entire SRP. The Research Translation Core 'Collaborating with Government & the Public: As & Mn Exposure via Groundwater' provides additional mechanisms for sustained communications among the SRP research projects, cores, government agencies, and interested parties. The RTC also helps government agencies and the public evaluate and address local groundwater contamination by providing geospatial data integration, mapping, and field assistance. Finally, the newly created SRP Community Engagement Core aims to reduce health risks of residents in Maine who rely on domestic wells for water supply and who are exposed to arsenic, and other contaminants including radon (Rn), uranium (U) and manganese (Mn).\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://superfund.ciesin.columbia.edu/niehsWeb/index.jsp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f5edaab-f1a1-4992-8ffb-270423c2b0fb", - "label": "SEDBAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Multispectral Analysis of Sedimentary Basins Project is a\ngeological research project to evaluate the utility of remote sensing\nfor sedimentary basins analysis. The goal of the project is to\ndevelop quantitative models of the formation and evolution of\nsedimentary basins through stratgraphic, structural and tectonic\nanalysis of both conventional geologic and geophysical data and\nremotely snesed data. The study site is the Wind River/Bighorn Basin\narea in Wyoming, which encompasses 32,000 square kilometers.\nThe 3 project objectives are:\n(1) investigate the origin and evolution of the Wind River/Bighorn\n sedimentary basin\n(2) develop methods for using remote sensing data in analysis of\n large scale sedimentary basins\n(3) assess the utility of integrating remote sensing data and\n conventional geologic/geophysical data for modelling basin\n formation and evolution\nData for the project include:\n Data Set Platform\nRemote sensing TM Landsat\n MSS Landsat\n SAR Seasat\n TIMS Aircraft\n NS-001 Aircraft\n AIS Aircraft\n AVIRIS Aircraft\n Aircraft SAR Aircraft\n Aerial Photos Aircraft\n Spectrometer Data Field/Lab\nConventional Geological field Field\n and map data\n Geological samples\n Geophysical data\n Borehole data\n DEMs\nPrincipal Investigator -\nHarold Lang\nJet Propulsion Laboratory\nMail Stop 183-501\nCalifornia Institute of Technology\n4800 Oak Grove Drive\nPasadena, California 91109\nFTS 792-3440\n(818) 354-3440\nReferences -\nLang, H.R., Adams, S.L., Conel, J.E., McGuffie, B.A., Paylor, E.D.,\n and Walker, R.E., 1987. Multispectral Remote Sensing as a\n Stratigraphic and Structural Tool, Wind River Basin and Big\n Horn Basin Areas, Wyoming: American Association of Petroleum\n Geologists Bulletin, v.71. 389-402.\nLang, H.R., Chadwick, O.A., and Paylor, E.D. (eds), 1991. Report of\n the Second Workshop on Geologic Applicationa of Remote Sensing\n to the Study of Sedimentary Basins: The Mountain Geologist,\n v.23, number 2-3, special issue published jointly by the\n Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists and NASA Solid\n Science Branch. 150p.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f9e19dc-adc1-4c7e-91ab-5947064737e3", - "label": "TES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) is one of four science instruments aboard NASA's Aura satellite, which was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on July 15, 2004. The satellite flies at an altitude of 705 km (438 miles) in an orbit that takes it near Earth's North and South Poles. With each orbit, the spacecraft advances 22° westward. After 233 orbits (16 days), it is back at its starting point and the pattern repeats. Thus, every 16 days, Aura re-examines the same portions of the atmosphere, and its instruments are able to measure changes that may have occurred in each sampled area. The satellite and its instruments are scheduled to perform their atmospheric studies for five years.\n\nSummary provided by http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "505c52f6-94ef-4160-a8d8-5e6bd2eb7d08", - "label": "TransCom", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom), aims to quantify and diagnose the uncertainty in inversion calculations of the global carbon budget that result from errors in simulated atmospheric transport. TransCom consists of four phases, each with unique sets of experiments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50e316c6-41f6-444d-834e-fdfa6fbc80e2", - "label": "SEAC4RS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "535c0aba-c89b-4dab-81d6-d7cf387d8894", - "label": "SIID-SMARA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "543ea038-9b69-4e9d-b3ad-34bcb33c2bfb", - "label": "SMO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Listening to the sound of the sea is an intense emotion. However the sound that we can hear from shore or aborad a boat, are just a little fraction of the thousands of “voices” of the sea.\nTogether with natural sounds, manmade sounds since about a century are an important part of the sound of the sea. Acoustic noise monitoring and the study of its variations as a function of time is a useful research tool to study marine environment and evaluate the “health of seas”.\n\nSince about ten years, scientists from three Italian Institues INFN, INGV, CIBRA, and University “Sapienza” of Roma, carry out acoustic monitoring of sea with a new methodology: the installation of submarine microphones (hydrophones) antenna in deep sea, more than 2000 m water depth, off Eastern Sicilian Coast. These antennas detect acoustic signals that, using optical fibre cables, are continuously transmitted to shore where they are recorded and analyses. This experimental technique, developed by INFN to permit identification of subatomic particle (neutrinos) of astrophysical origin, has important follow-up in biology and geophysics.\n\nThe SMO Collaboiration, formed by INFN, University Sapienza of Rome, University Roma 3, INGV, and CIBRA is building a new acoustic antenna to be deployed at 3500 m water depth, off Capo Passero (South East Sicily) to study, with sensitive acoustic devices, deep sea sounds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55161d08-b628-45e6-b1ed-5c5f3b68862d", - "label": "TAMSEIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This award, provided by the Antarctic Geology and Geophysics Program of the Office of Polar Programs, supports a project to evaluate geodynamic models for the tectonic development of Antarctica by investigating crust and upper mantle structure beneath the East-West Antarctic boundary. This experiment will use a focused broadband seismograph deployment to address two outstanding problems concerning the tectonic development of the Antarctic continent.\n\nThe origin of the Transantarctic Mountains. Even though the Transantarctic Mountains are widely considered a classic example of rift flank uplift, there appears to be little consensus about the exact uplift mechanism. Many mechanisms have been proposed, ranging from delayed phase changes to transform-flank uplift, all of which make various assumptions about upper mantle structure beneath and adjacent to the rift-side of the mountain front.\n\nThe structure of the East Antarctic Craton. East Antarctica displays the greatest modal elevation of any major cratonic block when corrected for glacial loading. The anomalous elevation of East Antarctica may have been an important factor in the onset of continental glaciation. However, the support mechanism for this anomalous topography is unknown; possible models include isostatic uplift from (a) thickened crust, (b) anomalously depleted upper mantle, and (c) thermally modified upper mantle, as well as dynamic uplift. The lateral extent of the very old continental lithosphere is also uncertain. In particular, it is unknown whether the old lithosphere extends to the western edge of East Antarctica beneath the crustal rocks deformed during the Ross Orogeny. \nTo examine details of the crust and upper mantle structure across the East-West Antarctic boundary, this passive seismic experiment is comprised of three elements: (1) A 1400 km linear array of 17 broadband seismic stations extending from the high central regions of the East Antarctic craton to the Transantarctic Mountains (Array 1). (2) An intersecting 400 km linear array of 16 broadband seismic stations extending from the coast across the Transantarctic mountains nearly perpendicular to the strike of the range in the dry valleys region (Array 2). (3) An array of 11 broadband stations in coastal regions around Ross Island and Terra Nova Bay (Array 3).\n\nThis experiment will be conducted over a three-year period, to allow sufficient data collection from naturally occurring earthquakes, and will begin in November 2000. Airborne surveys for surface elevation and ice thickness will be completed in support of this work. If feasible, aerogravity and aeromagnetics data will also be collected. Data will be analyzed using a variety of proven modeling techniques, including body and surface wave tomography, receiver function inversion, and shear wave splitting analysis. The results of these analyses will be maps of the variation in crustal thickness, upper mantle structure, anisotropy, and mantle discontinuity topography across the boundary of East and West Antarctica. These results will provide a solid foundation for understanding the geodynamics of the Antarctic continent.\n\nInformation provided by http://epsc.wustl.edu/seismology/TAMSEIS/summary.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57047c78-cdad-4a4e-8fd5-262ade019d78", - "label": "STCSMS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "On April 16, 1985, a Protocol for Scientific and Technical\nCooperation in Surveying and Mapping Studies between the\nNational Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (NBSM) of the Peoples\nRepublic of China (PRC) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),\nwas signed in Washington, D.C. to cover a period of 5\nyears. This signing was in accordance with the general\nagreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the\nPRC on Cooperation in Science and Technology that was signed in\nWashington, D.C., in January 1979, and extended by agreement in\nJanuary 1984. In April 1990, the Protocol was extended for 1\nyear, extended in April 1991 for 5 years to April 1996, and\nextended again in April 1996 for another 5 years to April 2001,\nto coincide with the same time period of the umbrella S&T\nagreement between the USA and the PRC. The Protocol, which\ncontains four annexes (Annex II, III, IV, and V), is intended\nto promote scientific and technical cooperation in\nphotogrammetry, remote sensing ! cartography, geographic\ninformation systems, and map production management, and the\nobservation, development, and processing of geodetic and\ngeophysical data.\n\nMeetings of the Joint Working Group for Scientific and\nTechnical Cooperation in Surveying and Mapping Studies are held\nevery year to introduce the latest developments, review the\npast year's cooperative activities, and develop the work plans\nfor each Annex for the coming year. It was announced at the\nAugust 1998 meeting that the NBSM has changed its name to the\nState Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (SBSM).\n\nRecent achievements under the above annexes include the release\nof small-scale topographic maps and data that were previously\nnot releasable. Environmental information over China at\n1:4,000,000 scale and 1:1,000,000 scale is now available\nbecause of these efforts. Earth gravity data, which was\npreviously unavailable, is now being exchanged. China now\nparticipates on several international standards committees for\ncartographic data and is a significant consumer of\nU.S. computers and software used for GIS. In addition, the SBSM\nhas recently signed a cooperative agreement with the Census\nBureau for the PRC, and is planning to give mapping support to\ntheir work modeled on the USGS/Census cooperation in the\nU.S. SBSM is working on ways to use their GIS expertise and\ndata to meet the needs of construction and water control\nprojects to aid in disaster management such as floods.\n\nThe Protocol is important to USA and PRC exchange activities\nbecause of the basic relationship of surveying and mapping\ninformation to many other Protocols in existence between the\ntwo countries. Moreover, remote sensing and geographic\ninformation systems are developing technologies that are\nimportant to future USGS programs which can benefit from broad\napplications and cooperative exchange of information.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://mapping.usgs.gov/html/international/asia.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "576fad0f-97e7-4d92-ac19-dbd46afdba22", - "label": "TOPEX/POSEIDON", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TOPEX/Poseidon is an oceanography mission to monitor global ocean\ncirculation, improve global climate predictions, and monitor events\nsuch as El Nino conditions and ocean eddies. These data have\nrevolutionized our understanding of the role of ocean in formation of\nthe Earth's weather and climate. The TOPEX/Poseidon satellite carried\na radar altimeter. It was a joint mission between France and the USA.\nWeather and climate change. Disaster management, early warning for\nhomeland security, carbon management, coastal zone management.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: August 10, 1992\n Launch Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 1,336 km\n Inclination: 66 degree\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 2388 kg\n Power: 3,385 watts\n Design Life: 5 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n Microwave radiometer\n GPS receiver\n Laser retroreflector array\n Dual frequency NASA radar altimeter\n Single frequency CNES radar altimeter\n DORIS: Doppler tracking system receiver\n\n For more informaion on TOPEX/Poseidon, see\n 'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/toppos/index_old.html'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59a5aa9f-1b0a-4d8a-99d2-0b6e451c2472", - "label": "SCAR_KGIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "King George Island is one of the South Shetland Islands. It is located close to\nthe Northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The island is dominated by a huge\nice cap. More than 90% of the island are glaciated. The ice-free areas and\ncoastal zones of the island carry a diverse plant and animal life. Penguins,\nseals, petrels and a comparable rich vegetation make the island's natural\nenvironment not only a favorite for tourist cruises.\n\nKing George Island has also the greatest concentration of multinational\nresearch activities in Antarctica. Human activities on the island are based on\nnine permanent stations and an airstrip maintained by the Chilean airforce.\n\nProbably nowhere else in Antarctica the need for coordinated approaches in\nresearch activities and environmental management is more evident than on King\nGeorge Island. This is reflected by Scientific Committee on Antarctic\nResearch's (SCAR) recommendation SCAR XXVI-6 adopted at the XXVIth Meeting of\nSCAR in Tokyo, July 2000, that calls for efforts to integrate scientific\nobjectives and for collaboration among the nations working on the island. The\nSCAR King George Island GIS (SCAR KGIS) project provides a fundamental\ncontribution to these endeavors.\n\nThe project makes available an integrated geographic database for use by all\ncountries and in multi-disciplinary applications. It is coordinated under the\nGeographic Information Program of the SCAR Geospatial Information Group.\n\nCurrently the project is hosted at and coordinated by Institut f. Physische\nGeographie, University Freiburg, Germany.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.kgis.scar.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a4e7de6-b0b7-41b0-a2a0-0583389cd2c7", - "label": "SCAR_A", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The primary objective of the SCAR-A experiment was to help scientists characterize the the relationship between sulfate particles and clouds' reflective properties. Sulfate aerosols are believed to provide condensation nuclei, resulting in smaller, more numerous droplets within a cloud. SCAR-A (America) was the first in a series of experiments. It was followed by the SCAR-C experiment conducted over California in 1994. A third experiment, SCAR-B (Smoke, Clouds and Radiation-Brazil), was conducted in Brazil during August and September 1995.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://charm.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/dataset_documents/base_scar_a_er2_mas_\ndataset.html'. [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5afd7fb3-e3a4-4cde-8cad-c6e0963d9eba", - "label": "SEDAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEDAC, in collaboration with ISciences, is pleased to announce the release of the TerraViva! SEDAC Viewer. The standalone (Microsoft Windows) software application employs the powerful data-viewing engine and tools of TerraViva! to let you examine hundreds of socioeconomic, environmental, and energy variables, including SEDAC datasets such as the Gridded Population of the World (GPW); Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI); the Human Footprint and Last of the Wild; the urban/rural mask from the Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP); and Population, Land Use and Climate Estimates (PLACE).\n\nInformation provided by http://sedac.ciesin.org/terraVivaUserWeb/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ba00d1c-25b8-4865-932a-80e4009fb0e9", - "label": "TWP-ICE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Warm Pool - International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) was conducted in the area around Darwin, Australia, in early 2006. The aim of the project was to examine convective cloud systems from their initial stages through to the decaying and thin high level cirrus and measure their impact on the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c091c74-33c9-4daf-a13f-46ed3499a5e2", - "label": "SOAR-TAM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Project Origination\nTo accomplish the objectives of CASERTZ, we partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey to develop a Twin Otter aerogeophysical platform that succeeded in integrating, ice-penetrating radar, laser altimetry, gravity and magnetic instrumentation for simultaneous operation. In 1994, in response to the science proposal to complete the CASERTZ corridors, the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs requested that the aircraft and its integrated instrumentation package be operated as a facility with a mission of providing aerogeophysical observations to the broader Antarctic science community. This request led to a Cooperative Agreement between UTIG and NSF that created the Support Office for Aerogeophysical Research (SOAR).\nThe SOAR Mission\nThe six-year Cooperative Agreement defined UTIG's responsibilities as:\n\n\n-Assisting in the development of aerogeophysical research projects with NSF/OPP investigators\n\n-Upgrading the CASERTZ instrumentation package to accommodate new science projects and advances in technology; fielding this instrument package to accomplish SOAR developed projects\n\n-Distribution of the acquired aerogeophysical data as spatially organized transects to the Project Investigators within six months of its return from the field.\n\nAn option was included for SOAR to reduce and analyze the aerogeophysical data that it collected for members of the scientific community without that capacity.\n\nSOAR Accomplishments\nBeginning in 1994, UTIG conducted aerogeophysical surveys in seven consecutive Antarctic field seasons. These SOAR-developed surveys were performed for the 20 investigators and 14 institutions listed in Table 1. The first six of these seasons were managed under the NSF/UTIG Cooperative Agreement with D. Blankenship as PI; the last, 2000/2001, was managed as a multi-investigator grant to UTIG with D. Blankenship, J. Holt, D. Morse and I. Dalziel as co PI's. To accomplish these surveys, UTIG configured the integrated instrumentation package and installed it in the aircraft on site in Antarctica each season; additionally, base camp operations were established at up to five remote sites each field season. In total, UTIG conducted an additional 225,000 line kilometers of aerogeophysical surveys in 422 flights covering the areas shown in the Figure. The spatially organized database of geophysical transects was delivered to the various investigators within the targeted six-month time frame.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/soar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c282223-af20-4154-bb82-f6498cd0c11b", - "label": "STP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Source: Solar Terrestrial Probes Program, http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) Program is part of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division. The Program addresses fundamental science questions about the physics of space plasmas and the flow of mass and energy through the solar system. STP program objectives are to:\n\n- Understand the fundamental physical processes of the space environment from the Sun to Earth, to other planets, and beyond to the interstellar medium.\n- Understand how human society, technological systems, and the habitability of planets are affected by solar variability and planetary magnetic fields\n- Develop the capability to predict the extreme and dynamic conditions in space in order to maximize the safety and productivity of human and robotic explorers.\n\nThese objectives support the Agency’s strategic goal to understand the Sun and its effects on Earth and the solar system. The Earth and Sun are linked together to form the system that has given origin and sustenance to our lives. STP missions will study the Earth and Sun system for insights into questions concerning how the system evolved so as to produce and sustain life, what will happen to this unique environment through the course of time, and how it will affect us.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c696373-4b32-46ad-907c-5a303b3b978c", - "label": "SIMBIOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and\nInterdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) program was conceived in\n1994 as a result of a NASA management review of the agency's strategy\nfor monitoring the bio-optical properties of the global ocean through\nocean color remote sensing from space.\nThe initial SIMBIOS program is scoped for five years (1997-2001) and\nincludes support for the science team (NASA Research Announcement\n(NRA) selections) and the project office. In 1995, the International\nOcean Colour-Coordinating Group (IOCCG) was formed to undertake the\norganization of an international SIMBIOS program. The IOCCG presently\noperates under the auspices of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic\nResearch (SCOR) and chairmanship of Dr. Trevor Platt.\n\nThe NASA program consists of the SIMBIOS Science Team and the SIMBIOS\nProject Office. The SIMBIOS Science Team, as initially defined by the\nNRA selections, was expanded to include additional investigations for\natmospheric correction algorithm validation. The SIMBIOS program is\nsubstantially augmented by the participation of the NASA-supported\nMODIS Oceans Team and SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation program.\n\nSIMBIOS collaborators associated with other relevant programs and\nscience teams who contribute data, algorithms, etc., are given access\nto SIMBIOS Project resources in return, e.g., access to the SeaWiFS\nBio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS). Besides providing\nadministrative and contract support for the science team, the SIMBIOS\nProject Office is scoped to support four primary activities: data\nproduct validation, sensor calibration, data merger algorithm\nevaluation, and satellite data processing.\n\nThe SIMBIOS Project has created a pool of ocean bio-optical\ninstruments, the use of which will be shared between NASA-supported,\nU.S. investigators contributing to the SIMBIOS program. This\n'Instrument Pool' is an attempt to provide a cost-effective\nenhancement to the overall capabilities of the SIMBIOS Science Team,\nand to provide backup in case of failure of a critical instrument\nduring an experiment. The equipment in the Instrument Pool are\npurchased and maintained by individual SIMBIOS principal\ninvestigators, but deployment schedules and priorities are coordinated\nby the Project Office with the advice of the Science Team. To better\nsupport validation of algorithms for atmospheric corrections and\naerosol property retrievals, the SIMBIOS Project Office has\nestablished a close working collaboration with the Aerosol Network\n(AERONET) project, which maintains and operates a worldwide network of\nsun-tracking photometers. The NASA AERONET program is managed GSFC\npersonnel. The Project Office has purchased equipment for nine\nadditional island and coastal sun-photometer stations to be added to\nthe AERONET, and has linked the AERONET archives to SeaBASS. In\naddition, the Project Office maintains a pool of hand-held sun\nphotometers, which are calibrated by the GSFC AERONET investigators\nand are made available to SIMBIOS investigators during field\nexperiments\n\nFor more detailed information on SIMBIOS visit\nhttp://simbios.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\nFor a list of SIMBIOS investigators visit\n'http://simbios.gsfc.nasa.gov/pi_links.html'\nRevision_Date: 1999-12-14", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c8ba9c0-b3bb-4b46-96a6-ab2906a238a3", - "label": "TTO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) study was an experiment to investigate ocean mixing as deduced from the distribution of radiochemical tracers introduced into the atmosphere and subsequently into the oceans during the 1958-1962 nuclear bomb tests. The results of this study together with knowledge about the chemistry of oceanic CO{sub 2} can be used to help understand oceanic uptake of fossil fuel CO{sub 2}. The experiment lasted 4 years and consisted of the following parts: (1) (1981); (3) laboratory analysis (1982); and (4) completion, data analysis, and reporting (1983). Shipboard measurements were published by the Scripps Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data Facility as the T.T.O. Preliminary Hydrographic Data Reports Vols. I-IV. Recently, revisions to some of the previously reported measurements have been made and estimates of total CO{sub 2} have been calculated. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.ifremer.fr/avano/notices/00063/808.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e3beb3f-1f06-49b6-890a-d0a8ffb156f5", - "label": "SOLAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SOLAS (Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study) is an international research initiative that has as its goal:\n\nTo achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change.\n\nSOLAS research covers all ocean areas including coastal seas and ice-covered regions. One fundamental characteristic of SOLAS is that the research is interdisciplinary in that it involves biology, geochemistry, physics, and mathematical modelling. It also involves another layer of interdependence because each of these disciplines has a marine side and an atmospheric side. The two sides of each discipline need to work together so that SOLAS research can be meaningful and successful. This multi-layered dependence will require a paradigm shift in the arenas of academia and funding, which is more likely to separate disciplines than to combine them.\n\nSOLAS has three scientific foci:\n\nFocus 1: Biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere\n\nThe objective of Focus 1 is to quantify feedback mechanisms involving biogeochemical coupling across the air-sea interface, which can only be achieved by studying the ocean and atmosphere in concert. These couplings include emissions of trace gases and particles and their reactions of importance in atmospheric chemistry and climate, and deposition of nutrients that control marine biological activity and carbon uptake.\n\nFocus 2: Exchange processes at the air-sea interface and the role of transport and transformation in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers\n\nThe objective of Focus 2 is to develop a quantitative understanding of processes responsible for air-sea exchange of mass, momentum and energy to permit accurate calculation of regional and global fluxes. This requires establishing the dependence of these facial transfer mechanisms on physical, biological and chemical factors within the boundary layers, and the horizontal and vertical transport and transformation processes that regulate these exchanges.\n\nFocus 3: Air-sea flux of carbon dioxide and other long-lived radiatively active gases\n\nThe air-sea carbon dioxide flux is a key inter-reservoir exchange within the global carbon cycle. The oceans also play an important role in the global budgets of other long-lived radiatively active gases, including nitrous oxide and to some extent methane. The objective of Focus 3 is to characterise the air-sea flux of these gases and the boundary layer mechanisms that drive them, in order to assess their sensitivity to variations in environmental forcing.\n\nInternational SOLAS website: http://www.solas-int.org/\n\nSOLAS Project Integration website: http://www.bodc.ac.uk/solas_integration/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f3be548-fc02-4bf2-878e-8dbca4c69865", - "label": "USGS/BRD/GAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Visualization and Enabling Technologies Section (VETS), now in its third year of existence, is a dynamic and growing program within SCD. It is focused on knowledge development, the primarily post-computational phase where data moves to information, discovery, and communication. Our program includes research, development, deployment, and state-of-the-art facilities and spans the realms of large-scale data analysis and visualization, web environments and infrastructure, collaborative environments and collaboratories, Grid technology, and education and outreach.\n\nVETS has grown by over 50% in the last year, now has a staff of 18, and will continue to grow in FY2003. This was a year of progress on many fronts. We moved our new Visualization Lab and AccessGrid into a fully operational mode, and its popularity, usage, and impact greatly exceeded our initial high expectations. NCL capabilities were dramatically expanded particularly relative to the new release of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). We made substantial progress in advancing the DOE-sponsored Earth System Grid project, engaged in collaborative work with the Unidata-led THREDDS project, and moved our NSF-funded VGEE project into its final phase. This year we played the lead role in the development of another iteration of the Knowledge Environment for the Geosciences (KEG) proposal to NSF's ITR program and contributed to quite a number of other proposals as well.\n\nWe also began work on NCAR Strategic Initiatives in the area of web-based data provision and next-generation web environments, and through the efforts of the Web Engineering Group (WEG) further expanded our core hardware and software information technology for all of UCAR. VETS staff engaged in a broad portfolio of collaborative interactions with people and projects at NCAR and other organizations. We also continued our tradition of maintaining a high level of visibility at both conferences and via a huge number of internal events. In the pages that follow, we briefly summarize our progress in providing facilities for analysis, visualization, and collaboration.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/docs/asr2002/vets.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "614b0942-6420-457c-b68d-82ac64df0a19", - "label": "TREES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Resources and Environment Monitoring by Satellite\n(TREES) Project is being conducted jointly by the Commission of\nthe European Communities (CEC) and the European Space Agency (ESA).\nMalingreau et al. (1993) describe the project in the paper 'AVHRR\nfor Global Tropical Forest Monitoring.' The project involves\ndevelopment of space observation techniques for monitoring the\ntropical forests of the world. An operational objective of the\nproject is to perform a global tropical forest inventory and\ndeforestation study using complete coverage with Advanced Very\nHigh Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1-km maximum Normalized\nDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composited data sets,\nsupplemented with high resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper\n(TM) and Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terra (SPOT)\nsatellite image data. Information about the availability of\nthe composited data sets can be requested from the TREES AVHRR contact.\n\nProject Contact:\n\nTREES Project\nInstitute for Remote Sensing Applications\nJoint Research Centre\n21020 Ispra\nITALY\n\nTel: 39-332-789830\nFax: 39-332-785545\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ciesin.org/TG/RS/trees.html'\n\n{Summary provided by JRC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61888a80-2b4e-49a2-8fc8-b81c7e852672", - "label": "SOAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from SOAR home page,\n'http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/soar/soar.htm']\n\nThe Support Office for Aerogeophysical Research (SOAR) is a science\nproject funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of\nPolar Programs (OPP) to perform aerogeophysical research in\nAntarctica. This project is part of the University of Texas at\nAustin's Institute for Geophysics.\n\nThe airborne platform is a modified DeHavillandTwin Otter with\ninstrumentation to provide high-quality, integrated observations of\ngravity, magnetics, surface elevation, and ice thickness.\n\nThe geophysical instrument suite carried aboard the airborne platform\nconsists of a gravity meter, magnetometer, laser altimeter and\nice-penetrating radar. Position information is provided by\ndifferential GPS (both pseudo-range and carrier-phase), supplemented\nby inertial navigation and precision pressure altimetry data. We\nintegrate these geophysical and positioning systems to obtain the\nhighest quality observations consistent with their simultaneous\noperation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "618e04ce-1778-48e6-b294-e635d3fab249", - "label": "SMEX04", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In much of the interior of the North American continent, summer precipitation is a dominant feature of the annual cycle. Surface boundary conditions play an important role in initiation and maintenance of the North American Monsoon System (NAMS), which controls summer precipitation over much of this region. \n\nUnderstanding these processes is a focus for the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) (http://www.joss.ucar.edu/name/) . A working hypothesis of NAME is that among the land surface antecedent boundary conditions that control the onset and intensity of the NAMS is soil moisture. The influence of the land surface is relayed through surface evaporation and associated surface cooling (dependent on soil moisture), terrain, and vegetation cover. Soil moisture and, in particular, surface wetness, can change dramatically after heavy rain events. Increased soil moisture after precipitation promotes evapotranspiration between storm events. This may contribute to enhanced convection and further precipitation. \n\nhttp://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/smex04/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6284ac44-3d31-4b6b-91e1-f733d21b5ea0", - "label": "UN-SPIDER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The mission of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) is to ensure that all countries and international and regional organizations have access to and develop the capacity to use all types of space-based information to support the full disaster management cycle.\n\nWhereas there have been a number of initiatives in recent years that have contributed to making space technologies available for humanitarian and emergency response UN-SPIDER is the first to focus on the need to ensure access to and use of such solutions during all phases of the disaster, including the risk reduction phase which will significantly contribute to an increasing reduction in loss of lives and property.\n\nThe UN-SPIDER programme is achieving this by focusing on being a gateway to space information for disaster management support, by serving as a bridge to connect the disaster management and space communities and by being a facilitator of capacity-building and institutional strengthening, in particular for developing countries.\n\nUN-SPIDER is being implemented as an open network of providers of space-based solutions to support disaster management activities. Besides Vienna (where UNOOSA is located), the Programme also has an office in Bonn, Germany and will also have an office in Beijing, China. Additionally, the Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Algeria, I.R. Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, and Ukraine are setting up UN-SPIDER Regional Support Offices.\n\nProject Home Page: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/en/unspider/index.html\n\n[Summary provided by the United Nations.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66549bb4-f479-4387-a7ad-f3321a1007ab", - "label": "UCAA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: UCAA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=70\n\nObjectives: \n\n1. To access the present scenario and interannual variability of physical properties in the Southern Ocean;\n\n2. To monitor the circulation, zonal and meridional transport, surface atmospheric heat budget and linkage between Pacific and India Ocean, and to devise a framework for understanding the climate variability.\n\nObservational program:\n\n1. XBT/XCTD observations in the Indian Sector of the southern ocean to map the present state of oceanic environment; year to year variability will be monitorted using repeated sampling by using the Indian Antaractic expedition's logistic support on board the ice-class vessels sailing between Africa and India's Antarctic station- Maitri. Additional hydrographic work will be carried out in areas of water mass formation in the Ross and Weddell Seas and subantarctic zone.\n\n2. Measurement of atmospheric stability parameters along the ship track to understand the zonal/meridional variations of boundary-level heat fluxes.\n\nLinkages with other EOI's:\n\nThere is already integrated with science goals of CASO to establish a link between physical oceanography (of both continental margin and open ocean environments), biogeochemistry, ecology, sea ice studies, ocean-ice shelf interaction, meteorology, polar-low latitude teleconnections, and paleoclimate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "666b0926-b509-4680-b551-530d8aaca9ec", - "label": "SRES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on\nEmissions Scenarios (SRES) 1x1 Degree Gridded Data Set consists\nof global gridded emissions for greenhouse gases (GHGs)\nprojected every 10 years beginning in 1990 through 2100. The\ngrids are produced for reactive gases Methane (CH4), Carbon\nMonoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Non-Methane Volatile\nOrganic Compounds (NMVOC), along with Sulfur Dioxide (SO2),\nbased on the IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios Data Set Version 1.1\n\nLink to the publication at 'http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "667e000a-2742-4d8c-a20c-57410c220093", - "label": "US-ITASE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "From its original formulation in 1990, the International Trans Antarctic\nScientific Expedition (ITASE) has had as its primary aim the collection and\ninterpretation of a continental- wide array of environmental parameters\nassembled through the coordinated efforts of scientists from several nations.\nThe primary planned product of this cooperative endeavor is the description and\nunderstanding of environmental change in Antarctica over the last ~200 years.\nAs a demonstration of the importance of the original scientific objectives\nposed by ITASE, they were adopted as a key science initiative by both the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee\non Antarctic Research (SCAR).\n\nIn May 1996 a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation was held to\ndevelop a Science and Implementation Plan for the United States contribution to\nITASE (called 'US ITASE'). Because of the long-standing US research effort in\nWest Antarctica, US ITASE chose to focus its activities in this region. At the\nUS ITASE Workshop, participants developed a multi-disciplinary research plan\nthat integrates meteorology, remote sensing, ice coring and surface glaciology,\nand geophysics through a four-phase approach. In Phase 1 meteorological\nmodeling and remote sensing will be used to plan sampling strategies conducive\nto the major objectives of US ITASE. Phase 2 will involve ground-based sampling\nover four study areas (corridors). Although a broad spatial sampling of West\nAntarctica is proposed during Phase 2, it is expected that the logistic\nrequirements for this sampling will be modest and highly efficient. Phase 3\nallows for the continuation of ground-based sampling at a limited number of key\nsites where monitoring is required. Phase 4 is interpretation and modeling.\n\nIn its entirety, ITASE incorporates a wide range of general scientific\nobjectives. Those which are specific to US ITASE address the following\nquestions:\n\n1. What is the current rate of change in mass balance over West Antarctica?\n\n2. What is the influence of major atmospheric circulation systems (e.g., ENSO)\nand oceanic circulation on the moisture flux over West Antarctica?\n\n3. How does climate (eg., temperature, accumulation rate, atmospheric\ncirculation) vary over West Antarctica on seasonal, interannual, decadal and\ncentennial scales, and what are the controls on this variability?\n\n4. What is the frequency, magnitude and effect (local to global) of any extreme\nclimate events recorded in West Antarctica?\n\n5. What is the impact of anthropogenic activity (e.g., ozone depletion,\npollutants) on the climate and atmospheric chemistry of West Antarctica?\n\n6. How much has biogeochemical cycling of S, N and C, as recorded in West\nAntarctica, varied over the last 200+ years?\n\nUS ITASE provides an important spatial perspective for the shared research\ngoals of a variety of research programs funded by the NSF, NASA and NOAA.\nNotably, questions 1-4 parallel closely themes identified by NSF's WAIS (West\nAntarctic Ice Sheet) intiative. It is expected that these overlaps of\nscientific purposes will make possible an efficient utilization of logistic\nresources in the execution of these linked research programs. \n\nA series of specific US ITASE products is proposed for the tentatively\nscheduled 1997-2007 duration of this research effort. These products will\nprovide direct benefit to national scientific efforts as noted as well as\ninternationally based science programs developed through SCAR and IGBP. In\norder to further this goal, this report was presented to the international\nrepresentatives attending the jointly sponsored GLOCHANT (SCAR) and PAGES\n(IGBP) ITASE Workshop in Cambridge, England in August 1996. It is expected that\nby the integration of US ITASE with the ITASE activities of other countries,\nmajor contributions will be made to our understanding of Antarctica's role in\nglobal change.\n\nInternet resources:\n\n'http://www.ume.maine.edu/USITASE/'\n'http://nsidc.org/agdc/itase.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "673b9356-bf59-41a9-ad7d-560abea4adc1", - "label": "SESAME", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment\n(SESAME) was a follow-up to the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone\nExperiment (EASOE) concentrating more on middle latitudes and\nspreading the measurements over a longer period. SESAME was not as\nintensive a campaign as EASOE and took place during the winter\n1994-1995.\nData is available from the Norwegian Air Institute (NILU).\nSee: 'http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/data/sesame.html'\nand\n'http://www.nilu.no/first-e.html'\nIDN_Node: ESA/ESRIN", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "674268e7-cced-4bda-baaa-3a4529dd36d4", - "label": "SEAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67afaaa1-d956-46bd-ba2b-94fe6cab8904", - "label": "SOTERPROGRAM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SOTER aims to establish a World Soils and Terrain Database, at scale 1:5 000 000, containing digitized map units and their attribute data in standardized format, using a uniform methodology. The programme is implemented by FAO, UNEP and ISRIC - World Soil Information, under the aegis of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), in collaboration with a wide range of national soil institutes (1986 - present). \n \nISRIC plays a lead role in methodology development and programme implementation. Space Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation data are being used to derive the different landform units and to generate terrain information; soil attribute data are largely derived from legacy field data. Ultimately, a global SOTER is to replace the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World (SMW), the first internationally accepted inventory of world soil resources.\n \nSOTER databases are developed at scales ranging from 1:5 million to 1:500 000, depending largely on the needs of the users (see datasets at: http://www.isric.org/UK/About+ISRIC/Projects/Track+Record/SOTER+data.htm). \n\nSOTER data have been used for a wide range of applications, including assessments of impacts of soil degradation on food supply, soil vulnerability to pollution and modelling of soil organic carbon stock and changes at national and regional levels. \n\nFor details see SOTER pages at ISRIC (http://www.isric.org/UK/About+ISRIC/Projects/Current+Projects/SOTER.htm), FAO (http://www.fao.org/AG/aGL/agll/soter.stm) and JRC-IES (http://eusoils.jrc.it/projects/soter/)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67f93e65-5991-4ffa-85ec-a26bd324181e", - "label": "UNFCCC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Over a decade ago, most countries joined an international treaty - the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - to begin to consider what can be done to reduce global warming and to cope with whatever temperature increases are inevitable. Recently, a number of nations have approved an addition to the treaty: the Kyoto Protocol, which has more powerful (and legally binding) measures. The UNFCCC secretariat supports all institutions involved in the climate change process, particularly the COP, the subsidiary bodies and their Bureau. \n\nURL: http://unfccc.int/2860.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "687d4231-8da8-4236-9cc4-26d7ff198578", - "label": "UNEP/GRID", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), established in\n1972, works to encourage sustainable development through sound\nenvironmental practices everywhere. Its activities cover a wide\nrange of issues, from atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, the\npromotion of environmental science and information, to an early\nwarning and emergency response capacity to deal with\nenvironmental disasters and emergencies.\n\nPriorities include:\n\n1. Environmental information, assessment and research\n\n2. Enhanced coordination of environmental conventions and\ndevelopment and development of policy instruments\n\n3. Fresh water\n\n4. Technology transfer and industry\n\n5. Support to Africa\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.unep.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by UNEP]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "688c4caf-7823-4a31-9c16-90aab1fb7bf5", - "label": "SEASAW", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sea spray aerosol particles, generated primarily by the action of the wind on the ocean surface, make a major contribution to the atmospheric aerosol over the global oceans. Their ability to participate in heterogeneous atmospheric chemical processes and especially their activity as cloud condensation nuclei make them very important in global climate processes. Similarly, the air-sea fluxes of trace gases, are influenced by wind speed and whitecap processes.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~lecimb/SOLAS/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68e9ba40-40fe-4cbb-9632-0c0d9fc9f833", - "label": "TOMS-N7", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1978-098A ]\n\nThe Nimbus 7 research-and-development satellite served as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced systems for sensing and collecting data in the pollution, oceanographic and meteorological disciplines. The polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow torus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control housing unit that was connected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss structure. Configured somewhat like an ocean buoy, Nimbus 7 was nearly 3.04 m tall, 1.52 m in diameter at the base, and about 3.96 m wide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that formed the satellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and antennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus provided support for the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control housing unit, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a command antenna. The spacecraft spin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced attitude-control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 deg in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw). Eight experiments were selected: (1) limb infrared monitoring of the stratosphere (LIMS), (2) stratospheric and mesopheric sounder (SAMS), (3) coastal-zone color scanner (CZCS), (4) stratospheric aerosol measurement II (SAM II), (5) earth radiation budget (ERB), (6) scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), (7) solar backscatter UV and total ozone mapping spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS), and (8) temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR). These sensors were capable of observing several parameters at and below the mesospheric levels. More details can be found in 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045) and 'Nimbus-7 Data Product Summary' (NASA RP-1215), available from NSSDC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a631048-98bd-451d-a9f4-b41460c1faba", - "label": "SEDAC/ESI VIEWER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) supports to 'benchmark the ability of nations to protect the environment.' ESI was a joint effort of Yale University's Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), and two other second-level collaborators. ESI's creators claim environmental sustainability is a 'multi-dimensional concept [arising] from development and industrialization' that is best addressed by a 'quantitative and systematic approach to environmental policymaking.' The effort looks to have come to be in 2000 then revised repeatedly, most recently in late 2004, being re-launched as '2005 ESI.' Presentation of all the background and methodological information for ESI appears in several reports formatted in Acrobat pdf available at the web site listed below.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b7154be-7797-406c-89f1-d5defb852d9e", - "label": "SEDAC/US-MEX DDVIEWER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States-Mexico Demographic Data Viewer (US-MEX DDViewer) is a web-based application providing rapid data mapping, viewing, and analysis for more than 200 demographic, social, vital statistic, and land cover variables for the United States and Mexico. A useful tool for browsing and visualizing patterns at geographic levels ranging from regions to ... counties/municipalities, US-MEX DDViewer can be used to map population, vital statistics, land cover, and household data. Map and attribute data output are displayed through a Java Applet. US-MEX DDViewer is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/#DDV", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c2cb895-67ba-4e36-a752-e09c46044b11", - "label": "TAKE5", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SPOT (Take5) experiments consist in using SPOT as a simulator of the image time series that ESA's Sentinel-2 mission will provide. The SPOT4 (Take5) experiment was operated by CNES during the first half of 2013 over 45 sites with the SPOT4 satellite. It received support from ESA, NASA, JRC and CCRS and was proposed by CESBIO. The SPOT5 (Take5) experiment is jointly conducted by CNES and ESA from April to September 2015 over 150 sites with the SPOT5 satellite. SPOT (Take5) Data are processed by THEIA land data center and are distributed with a free and open policy via the joint ESA-CNES webportal spot-take5.org.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ecbd354-00ed-4b4e-be55-6d24fa300b9c", - "label": "USACORP/WES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is made up of approximately 34,600 Civilian and 650 military members. Our military and civilian engineers, scientists and other specialists work hand in hand as leaders in engineering and environmental matters. Our diverse workforce of biologists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other professionals meets the demands of changing times and requirements as a vital part of America's Army. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.usace.army.mil/who/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f0ce607-16a5-4c13-8399-c1b051b216e4", - "label": "SEDAC/MC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Map Client is a web-based mapping tool that allows flexible interaction with spatial data from CIESINÂ’s SEDAC and other sources. The map client may be used to explore SEDAC global data holdings, organized by themes of human-environment interactions. In the clientÂ’s advanced mode, users may import data of their own or access data available ... from other online data services. One of the clientÂ’s unique features is the ability to save for future use a specific set of map layers and view of the data - a &Web map context&. The &context file& can be shared with other users who can then open up and work with the same interactive map from their own Internet browser. The client has a number of pre-set contexts that enable users to quickly generate maps for specific themes and world regions. The integrated visualization, analysis, and display of geospatial data will be of primary interest to fundamental and applied researchers, operational users, and public policy experts in the social and earth sciences. The service is provided by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in collaboration with Ionic Software®. \n\nSummary provided by http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/mapviewer/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f41849a-64e9-4dc9-a69a-a28ce2d3ded6", - "label": "ULTIMAGRI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Changing economies and patterns of trade, rather than climatic deterioration, could\nhave critically marginalized the Norse Greenland settlements and effectively sealed their fate.\nCounter-intuitively, the end of Norse Greenland might not be symptomatic of a failure to adapt\nto environmental change, but a consequence of successful wider economic developments of\nNorse communities across North Atlantic. Data from Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and medieval\nIceland is used to explore the interplay of Norse society with climate, environment, settlement,\nand other circumstances. Long term increases in vulnerability caused by economic change and\ncumulative climate changes sparked a cascading collapse of integrated interdependent settlement systems, bringing the end of Norse Greenland.\n\nhttp://www.nabohome.org/meetings/glthec/materials/keller/ArcticAnthro401-02-2.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f61e7ed-3f08-44fe-8a7f-9f932a1429f8", - "label": "USACE/WMS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The mission of the Water Management Section is to conduct water\nmanagement activities for all Corps reservoir projects within\nthe Mobile District and for the formulation of plans and\nsupervision of flood control operations at privately-owned power\ndams in the Mobile District.\n\nResponsibilities include:\n\n1. preparation and issuance of reservoir regulation instructions\nto operating officials at Corps reservoir projects for all water\ncontrol operations and the monitoring of operations of power\ncompany projects for compliance with flood control regulations;\n\n2. technical direction and assistance for the regulation of\nmulti-purpose reservoirs and studies for development of\noperation procedures for multi- purpose reservoir systems;\n\n3. preparation and revisions, as necessary, of reservoir\nregulation manuals for all storage projects, including those of\nthe power companies having a flood control requirement;\n\n4. liasion with National Weather Service and dissemination of\ncurrent and forecasted rainfall, river stage and general weather\ninformation to district elements;\n\n5. submittal of flood reports to higher authority;\n\n6. planning and operation of rainfall and river stage reporting\nnetworks in connection with the operation of reservoir projects;\n\n7. providing climatological analyses and discussion for\ninclusion in plans and specifications, design memos and other\ndocuments;\n\n8. maintaining records in various formats of reservoir\noperations and providing information about reservoir operations\nto District elements and to the public.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://water.sam.usace.army.mil/'\n\n[Summary provided by US Army Corps of Engineers]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7012c628-9aeb-49b0-aed0-3d97b42cd360", - "label": "SPARCE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Schools of the Pacific Rainfall Climate Experiment (SPaRCE)\nis a cooperative field project involving local meteorological\nservices, elementary, middle school, high school, college, and\ntrade school students from various Pacific islands, atolls, and\nthe U.S. The SPaRCE program (headquartered at the University of\nOklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma) began in January 1993 with only a\nhandful of Pacific schools. Since its implementation, the\nproject has quickly grown. There are currently over 160 schools\nfrom approximately 22 different countries enrolled.\n\nGoals of the SPARCE Program:\n\n1. Increase the number of rain gauges, as well as other\nmeteorological instrumentation, across the Pacific and\nincorporate collected observations into a comprehensive Pacific\ndatabase to be used for climate research purposes\n\n2. Foster interest and increase the awareness among students and\nteachers of the need for cooperation among different nations in\ninvestigating potential climate change\n\n3. Educate students and teachers about the importance of\nrainfall (particularly in the Pacific region) to climate studies\n\n4. Provide the students and teachers with an opportunity to make\na major contribution to the global climate research effort by\ncollecting and analyzing Pacific meteorological data\n\n5. Foster scientific and cultural exchange between students from\ndifferent countries\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.evac.ou.edu/sparce/'\n\n[Summary provided by SPARCE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7018e69a-cf48-4ee0-a253-4b0a92b373f8", - "label": "SORCE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) is a NASA-sponsored\nsatellite mission that will provide state-of-the-art measurements of\nincoming x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, near-infared, and total solar\nradiation. The measurements provided by SORCE specifically address\nlong-term climate change, natural variability and enhanced climate\nprediction, and atmospheric ozone and UV-B radiation. These\nmeasurements are critical to studies of the Sun; its effect on our\nEarth system; and its influence on humankind.\n\nSORCE was successfully launched on January 25, 2003 on a Pegasus XL\nlaunch vehicle to provide NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) with\nprecise measurements of solar radiation. It was launched into a 645\nkm, 40 degree orbit and will be operated by the Laboratory for\nAtmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado\n(CU) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. It will continue the precise\nmeasurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) that began with the ERB\ninstrument in 1979 and has continued to the present with the ACRIM\nseries of measurements. SORCE will also provide the measurements of\nthe solar spectral irradiance from 1nm to 2000nm, accounting for 95%\nof the spectral contribution to TSI. SORCE will carry four instruments\nincluding the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM), Solar Stellar Irradiance\nComparison Experiment (SOLSTICE), Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM),\nand the XUV Photometer System (XPS).\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System, see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70bd98ed-5e87-4bff-9df0-948b9238bb16", - "label": "TEFLUN-A", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Texas Florida Underflights A(TEFLUN A)took place from April\n1 - May 15,1998 and focused on East Texas.\n\nTEFLUN A page:\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TEFLUN/tefluna.shtml'\n\nAdditional info on TEFLUN project:\n'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/teflun/info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "714ef2b8-8c4b-45b4-a7cb-f984dd676f13", - "label": "TRANSPAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72c63d03-3253-4a48-b1e2-50426ea374a7", - "label": "TUNU-MAFIG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=318\n TUNU*-MAFIG (2003-2009; p.t. 10 nations and about 35 scientist\nand research students) brings focus to the diversity and physiological\nadaptations of the Arctic marine fish fauna. Arctic fishes are\nrelatively poorly studied and comparisons with the Antarctic fish\nfauna will be of particular interest in the light of the peculiar\nevolutionary history and geological time scales that characterize the\ntwo polar regions (cf. IPY-activities EBA, ID: 137 and ICEFISH, ID:\n93). Warming trends have been reported for Arctic waters in general\nand the fjords of NE Greenland in particular. The sea ice cover has\nbeen significantly reduced in NE Greenland during the past three\ndecades and this makes the area a timely Arctic key site to study\neffects of climate change on the marine biota. Fishes are known to be\nparticularly sensitive to changes in temperature and salinity. Arctic\nfishes are physiologically adapted to subzero temperatures and live\nwithin a narrow thermal zone (~ 2 °C). Therefore, even a slight\nincrease in temperature, and a concomitant reduction in salinity, may\nhave profound effects on the diversity and physiological performance\nof Arctic fishes. As such, the NE Greenland fish fauna is deemed to be\nan excellent bio-indicator of rapid changes in the Arctic marine\nenvironment.\n\n The scientific framework includes: 1) Examination of the\ndiversity and physiological adaptations of marine fishes at selected\nsites along the NE Greenland coast, i.e. between Danmarkshavn (77°N)\nand Scoresby Sund Fjord (70°N), and from the innermost part of the\nfjords to the continental slope. 2) Sampling of basic hydrographical\nand topographical data at the same sites, incl. the use of permanent\nCTD-loggers and multi-beam sonar. 3) Repetition of investigations at\nkey sites to obtain long-term data on possible inter-annual changes in\nfish diversity and hydrographical regimes. 4) Establishment of a\nmuseum collection of marine fishes encountered during the expeditions.\n\n The logistical backbone of TUNU-MAFIG consists of four\nexpeditions to NE Greenland headed by the University of Tromsø. Two\nexpeditions were conducted successfully in autumn 2003 (TUNU-I) and\n2005 (TUNU-II) with the ice strengthened R/V Jan Mayen as the\noperational base. The TUNU-III and -IV expeditions are planned to take\nplace in autumn 2007 and 2008. (*TUNU = East Greenland in the modern\nGreenlandic language)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73341f9f-84d4-4010-8392-ba88bd1c6714", - "label": "SICPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Program Announcement:\n\nNOAA invites interested institutions to submit letters of\nintent indicating interest in establishing a cooperative\nagreement with NOAA to participate in a multinational network of\nResearch Centers within the proposed Seasonal to Interannual\nClimate Prediction Program (SCPP). The proposal to establish an\nend-to-end, multinational SCPP is based on the evolution of\nexisting program efforts to observe, understand, predict, and\nassess the ocean and the atmosphere. The programmatic strength\nof these efforts has been derived from the support of individual\nfederal agencies working together within the context of the\nU.S. Global Change Research Program (GCRP). These interrelated\nefforts provide the foundation which has enabled the research\ncommunity to provide useful predictions of climate variability\non seasonal to interannual time scales and are each a component\nof a comprehensive Program. The U.S. proposes to initiate a\nmultinational planning process intended to lead to the\nestablishment of the multinational infrastructure needed to\ngenerate and transfer useful climate information and\nforecasts. This Announcement of Opportunity is intended to\nresult in the establishment of NOAA-designated Research Centers\nto pursue the development of ENSO forecast techniques in\nanticipation of the full multinational structure which will\nevolve for SCPP. NOAA intends to ask one or a group of such\nCenters selected through this announcement to assume specific\nresponsibilities for establishing a center to prepare and\ndisseminate regularly an experimental forecast to all interested\ncountries. Recognizing the value of El Nino-Southern Oscillation\n(ENSO) forecasting to countries throughout the world, this\ncenter is referred to as the International Research Institute\n(IRI) in the U.S. proposal to establish a\nSeasonal-to-Interannual Climate Prediction Program. This action\non the part of U.S. will represent the first step in the process\nof initializing the participation of all interested countries,\nand therefore NOAA wishes to emphasize that extensive\nmultinational consultation will be an integral part of the\nprocess leading to a U.S. site for an International Research\nInstitute for SCPP. Funding for activities supported under this\nannouncement will be provided through the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate and Global Change\nProgram administered by the NOAA Office of Global Programs.\n\nLink to the Program Announcement at\n'http://www.epa.gov/docs/fedrgstr/EPA-GENERAL/1995/March/Day-13/pr-352.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73610621-85e0-454b-919d-52b15dd2917d", - "label": "SEDAC/MAPPINGTOOLS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73c06edc-98f0-4698-853a-ba425cfa4828", - "label": "SAGE II", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nSince October 1984, the SAGE II instrument has been flying aboard the\nEarth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) collecting data that are being\nprocessed and archived at NASA LaRC to produce four Level 2 data\nproducts: aerosol extinction profiles at 1020, 525, 453, and 385\nnanometers, and ozone, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide mixing ratio\nprofiles. These products are nearly global in coverage, with data\nspanning from 80 degrees North to 80 degrees South latitudes.\nThe accuracy of these data was verified by extensive validation\nefforts and the data sets are now archived and available for general\nscientific use. These data may be of use to investigators who are\ninterested in spatial and temporal variations of ozone, aerosols,\nwater vapor, and nitrogen dioxide caused by seasonal and short-term\nmeteorological variations, atmospheric chemistry and microphysics, and\ntransient phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions. These data may also\nbe of some benefit for those who perform upper tropospheric studies of\naerosols or who perform climatology studies of cirrus clouds. SAM II,\nSAGE I, and SAGE II have provided data sets that are now available for\nuse and provide a span of aerosol data from late 1978 up through the\npresent time.\nProject Description:\nThe SAGE II instrument is a seven-channel Sun photometer using a\nCassegrainian-configured telescope, holographic grating, and seven\nsilicon photodiodes, some with interference filters, to define the\nseven spectral channel bandpasses. Solar radiation is reflected off a\npitch mirror into the telescope with an image of the Sun formed at the\nfocal plane. The instrument's instantaneous field-of-view, defined by\nan aperture in the focal plane, is a 1/2 X 2-1/2 arc-minute slit that\nproduces a vertical resolution at the tangent point on the earth's\nhorizon of about 0.5 kilometers. Radiation passing through the\naperture is transferred to the spectrometer section of the instrument\ncontaining the holographic grating and seven separate detector\nsystems. The holographic grating disperses the incoming radiation into\nthe various spectral regions centered at the 1020, 940, 600, 525, 453,\n448, and 385 nanometer wavelengths. Slits on the Rowland circle of the\ngrating define the spectral bandpass of the seven spectral\nchannels. The spectrometer system is inside the azimuth gimbal to\nallow the instrument to be pointed at the Sun without image\nrotation. The azimuth gimbal can be rotated over 370 degrees so that\nmeasurements can be made at any azimuth angle.\nThe operation of the instrument during each sunrise and sunset\nmeasurement is totally automatic. Prior to each sunrise or sunset\nencounter, the instrument is rotated in azimuth to its predicted solar\nacquisition position. When the Sun's intensity reaches a level of one\npercent of maximum in the Sun sensor, the instrument adjusts its\nazimuth position to lock onto the radiometric center of the Sun to\nwithin +/-45 arc-seconds and then begins acquisition of the Sun by\nrotating its pitch mirror in a predetermined direction depending on\nwhether it is a sunrise or a sunset. When the Sun is acquired, the\npitch mirror rotates back and forth across the Sun at a rate of about\n15 arc-minutes per second. The radiometric channel data are sampled at\na rate of 64 samples per second per channel, digitized to 12-bit\nresolution, and recorded for later transmission back to Earth.\nThe SAGE II experiment is ongoing. The Langley DAAC continues to\narchive these data.\nData Used and Produced:\nThe SAGE II science and engineering data, along with spacecraft time,\nposition, and housekeeping data, are stored aboard the spacecraft and\ndownlinked to NASA GSFC through a ground station. GSFC then forwards\nthese data to LaRC for processing and scientific analysis. GSFC also\nsends spacecraft and solar ephemeris data to LaRC. These data are the\ninput to the inversion process which is explained in the next\nsection. At the completion of the data processing, four Level 2 SAGE\nII products are produced: aerosol extinction profiles, ozone\nconcentration profiles, water vapor profiles, and nitrogen dioxide\nprofiles.\nThe SAGE2_AERO_PRF data set contains over ten years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data.\nThese data are in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage\nbegins October 1984 and continues to present. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 44 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_AERO_PRF_ASC data set contains over ten years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data.\nThese data are in ASCII format. The data coverage begins October 1984 and\ncontinues to present. Data are stored in parameter format. Each measurement\nevent consists of 44 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_AERO_PRF_NAT data set contains over ten years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data.\nThese data are in SAGE II's native binary format. The data coverage\nbegins October 1984 and continues to present. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 44 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_CLOUD data set contains over ten years of cloud occurrence\ndata at a given location. These granules consist of three months of\ndata (seasonal data). The data coverage begins December 1984 and\nextends through November 1990. Data are stored in Hierarchical Data\nFormat (HDF).\nThe SAGE2_H2O_PRF data set contains five years of water vapor profiles\ndata. Each granule consist of one month of data. These data are in\nHierarchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage begins January 1986\nand extends through May 1991.\nThe SAGE2_NO2_PRF data set contains over nine years of nitrogen\ndioxide concentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one\nmonth of data. These data are in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF). The\ndata coverage begins October 1984 and continues to the present. Data\nare stored in parameter format. Each measurement event consists of 34\nparameters.\nThe SAGE2_NO2_PRF_ASC data set contains over nine years of nitrogen\ndioxide concentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one\nmonth of data. These data are in ASCII format. The data coverage begins\nOctober 1984 and continues to the present. Data are stored in parameter\nformat. Each measurement event consists of 34 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_NO2_PRF_NAT data set contains over nine years of nitrogen\ndioxide concentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one\nmonth of data. These data are in SAGE II's native binary format. The\ndata coverage begins October 1984 and continues to the present. Data\nare stored in parameter format. Each measurement event consists of 34\nparameters.\nThe SAGE2_O3_PRF_ASC data set contains over nine years of ozone\nconcentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of\ndata. These data are in ASCII format. The data coverage begins October 1984\nand continues to the present. Data are stored in parameter format. Each\nmeasurement event consists of 33 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_O3_PRF_NAT data set contains over nine years of ozone\nconcentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of\ndata. These data are in SAGE II's native binary format. The data coverage\nbegins October 1984 and continues to the present. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 33 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_O3_MONTHLY data set contains six years of ozone mixing ratio\nmonthly data. Each granule consists of one month of data. These data\nare in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage begins\nJanuary 1985 and extends through December 1990. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 5 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_CD_ROM contains seven years of data and contour color maps. The\nmaps are of monthly mean aersols, ozone, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide\nmeasurements. The CD-ROM contains data from January 1985 and extends through\nDecember 1993. These data are in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF).\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n 2 South Wright Street\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-2199\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Physics Department\n Hampton University\n Hampton, VA 23668\n USA\n Phone: (757) 728-6867\n FAX: (757) 864-6910\n INTERNET > mmc@hamptonu.edu\n Michael W. Rowland\n SAIC\n Mail Stop 475\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-2691\n FAX: (757) 864-2671\n INTERNET > M.W.ROWLAND@LaRC.NASA.GOV\nReferences:\nThe following list of references is provided as a starting point for\nsomeone wishing to learn more about the SAGE II instrument, inversion\nmethod, validation studies and recent scientific studies.\nChu, W. P. and M. P. McCormick, 'Inversion of Stratospheric Aerosol\nand Gaseous Constituents from Spacecraft Solar Extinction Data in the\n0.38 - 1.0 Micron Wavelength Region,' Applied Optics 18:1404-1413,\n1979b.\nChu, W. P., M. P. McCormick, J. Lenoble, C. Brognoiz, and P.\nPruvost, 'SAGE II Inversion Algorithm,' J. Geophys. Res. 94:8339,\n1989.\nMauldin, L. E., N. H. Zaun, M. P. McCormick, J. J. Guy, and W. R.\nVaughn, 'Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II Instrument: A\nFunctional Description,' Optical Engineering 24:307, 1985.\nRussell, P. B., and M. P. McCormick, 'SAGE II Aerosol Data\nValidation and Initial Data Use: An Introduction and Overview,' J.\nGeophys. Res. 94:8335. 1989.\nRussell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler,'Validation of Aerosol\nMeasurements by the Satellite Sensors SAM II and SAGE,' Adv.\nSpace Res., 2, #5, 1983.\nRussell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, L. R. McMaster, J. M.\nRosen, D. J. Hofmann, 'Satellite and Correlative Measurements of the\nStratospheric Aerosol III: Comparison of Measurements by SAM II,\nSAGE, Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors and Lidar,' J. Atmos. Sci., 41,\n11, 1984.\nYue, G. K., M. P. McCormick, W. P. Chu, 'A Comparative Study of\nAerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE\nSatellite Experiments,' J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1984.\nYue, G. K., M. P. McCormick, W. P. Chu, 'Comparative Studies of\nAerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE II\nSatellite Experiments,' J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1984.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74d079b5-9b36-45c9-9b09-7e3646b65a85", - "label": "SPECIES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Gridded Species Distribution data collection contains richness grids for amphibian and mammal families, and IUCN Red List Threat categories which include all species that are threatened (All Threats), Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable. The download facility allows for users to locate and download 30 arc-second (~1 kilometer) resolution rasters of the species family and threat categories. The grids are available in GeoTIFF format. \n\nThe grids are intended to be of assistance to researchers for modeling, conservation, and human dimensions research purposes. This collection replaces the Gridded Species Distribution, Version 1 collection which is no longer available for distribution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "766da6f7-e9a2-4624-9444-1c611a1a0ba2", - "label": "SPECTRE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The goal of SPECTRE was to establish a reference standard\nagainst which to compare models, and also to drastically reduce\nthe uncertainties in humidity, aerosol, etc., which radiation\nmodelers had invoked in the past to excuse disagreements with\nobservations. In order to avoid the high cost and sampling\nproblems associated with aircraft, SPECTRE was designed to be a\nsurface-based program.\n\nThe SPECTRE was a tightly coordinated team effort funded by two\numbrella proposals (one to DOE, one to NASA) assembled by the\nauthors. Highly experienced subteams carried out the three main\nfunctions: spectrometer, remote, and in situ measurements.\n\nChosen spectrometers:\n\na large wavelength range (3-18 ?m);\nhigh spectral resolution (1 cm-1 or better)\ncryogenic cooling of the detectors; and\nroutine blackbody calibration in the field\n\nContact Information:\nRobert G. Ellingson\nDepartment of Meteorology\nFlorida State University\nTallahassee, FL 32306\nPhone: (850) 644-6292\nFax: (850) 644-9642\nbobe@met.fsu.edu\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~bobe/word_html/spectre_032596_AMS_copy.html'\n\n[Summary taken from Robert G. Ellingson's 'Spectral Radiance Experiment' report]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77569ccc-1f74-4163-ae8d-9f2aaec3e822", - "label": "TESAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "776fc472-c1c3-4ff5-937d-4a91e21092c5", - "label": "THESEO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "THESEO 2000 (Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone - 2000)\nis a pan-European activity consisting of THESEO projects funded in the\nEC's Environment programmes (in both the 4th and 5th Framework\nprogrammes) and a number of projects funded through the national\nprogrammes in Europe. It encompasses measurements from aircraft,\nballoons, ozonesondes, ground-based station and satellites.\n\nTHESEO-2000 opertes in collaboration with the NASA SAGE III Ozone Loss\nand Validation Experiment (SOLVE).\n\nFor more information on THESEO 2000, see:\n'http://www.nilu.no/projects/theseo2000'\n\nFor information on SOLVE, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solve/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77e2d4a3-4626-4b5f-b836-c3de3c9a52e1", - "label": "SHADOZ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) project supports the\ncollection of tropospheric ozone data through balloon-borne ozonesonde\nmeasurements for validating and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data\nfrom satellites. The project launches ozondesoondes approximately every two\nweeks from 10 tropical and subtropical southern hemisphere sites. Currently,\ntwelve active sites are participating in SHADOZ. The sites are at Ascension\nIsland; American Samoa; Fiji; Irene, South Africa; Java, Indonesia; Malindi and\nNairobi, Kenya; Natal, Brazil; Paramaribo, Surinam; La Réunion, France; San\nCristóbal, Galapagos; and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\n\nFor more information and access to data, see:\n'http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78a4190b-ca8f-4577-950d-a6680a9b6964", - "label": "TOPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "A program using electronic tagging technologies to study migration patterns of large open-ocean animals and the oceanographic factors controlling these patterns.\n\nAlthough humans have pursued pelagic animals for hundreds - indeed thousands - of years, our understanding of their complex lives remains fragmentary. Historically, the tools available to study animals and their ocean environment have provided only a 'snapshot' view of their lives. Recent technological advances, however, are revolutionizing such studies and will soon provide near-real time, narrative 'motion picture' visualizations of these animals' lives.\n\nThe Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) research program is a collaboration among scientists from the U.S., Australia, Canada, Mexico, Japan, France and the UK, that will apply new technologies to understanding the environmental basis for movements and behaviors of large pelagic animals in the North Pacific. With new electronic tags, TOPP scientists will follow the migrations of marine fishes, turtles, birds, pinnipeds, whales and Humboldt squid as they crisscross the Pacific basin. The results will answer basic questions about the animals' biology including where they feed and breed, and what migration corridors they use. By integrating these biological data with available oceanographic information, scientists can also begin to explore how the dynamic ocean environment influences these basic life functions. By tagging a broad array of taxonomically diverse species, the scientists will gain a broader understanding of how the North Pacific ecosystem functions.\n\nIn addition to providing information about the animals themselves, the data from the tags are invaluable to oceanographers. Although modern oceanographic sciences are aided by satellite-based observations, this view from space can only provide information about the oceans' surface. There is a dearth of information about the water column. This lack of data limits scientists' ability to describe ocean dynamics, and has hampered efforts to understand the coupling between the ocean, atmosphere and climate Understanding of this coupling is a critical component of models that predict changes in the global climate Since many of the TOPP organisms make repeated dives as they travel, they are continually sampling the water column-effectively 'profiling' the ocean along their path.\n\nThe goals of the TOPP program, to obtain both biological and oceanographic information for an array of species, require the development of new tools. Additional tags are being designed that will expand the range of oceanographic parameters that can be measured. Also, the tracking the movements of thousands of individuals require new software for the assimilation, storage, analysis and visualization of 3-D organismal and oceanographic data as it varies through time. The TOPP team is working with experts in computer sciences, oceanographic modeling, and data visualization to develop these tools.\n\nThe TOPP program will provide a more complete understanding about how large open-ocean animals utilize the North Pacific ecosystem as well as about the North Pacific itself. We will know which areas are most critical for feeding, reproduction and migration and better understand the environmental mechanisms that shape these behaviors. This information will both add to our current knowledge about these magnificent creatures, and will be invaluable in establishing ecosystem-based management strategies to ensure the long-term health of populations.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.topp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7906156a-dcf2-4078-b0fc-d4134eb08e87", - "label": "SeaWiFS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "purpose of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)\nProject is to provide quantitative data on global ocean bio-optical\nproperties to the Earth science community. Subtle changes in ocean\ncolor signify various types and quantities of marine phytoplankton\n(microscopic marine plants), the knowledge of which has both\nscientific and practical applications. The SeaWiFS Project operates a\nresearch data system that processes, calibrates, validates, archives\nand distributes data received from SeaWiFS. The SeaWiFS Mission is a\npart of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise.\n\nThe SeaStar spacecraft, developed by OSC, carries the SeaWiFS\ninstrument and was launched to low Earth orbit on board an extended\nPegasus launch vehicle on August 1, 1997.\n\nThe SeaWiFS data is procured as a 'data buy' from a private\ncontractor, Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC), which subcontracted\nwith the Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center (SBRC) as the builder of\nthe SeaWiFS ocean color sensor. OSC built, launched, and operates the\nSeaStar satellite carrying the sensor.\n\nThe GSFC EOS DAAC has the responsibility for the permanent archiving\nand distribution of SeaWiFS data to all approved SeaWiFS data\nusers. The SDPS provides processed data to the GSFC DAAC. Authorized\nusers may also request LAC data archived at NASA-licensed HRPT\nstations. A consolidated, on-line, electronic catalog of all holdings\nof SeaWiFS data at Goddard or NASA-licensed HRPT stations is available\nto all authorized SeaWiFS research users. Requests for data not held\nby the GSFC DAAC will be directed to the LAC station that holds the\ndata. Fees, if any, for copies of SeaWiFS data can be no higher than\nthe nominal cost of reproduction of the requested data. The EOS DAAC\nwill support the distribution of data in its holdings through\nelectronic means and on selected magnetic or optical media. Standing\norders for routine distribution of all or selected products, as they\nbecome available, are subject to approval by NASA.\n\nFor further information on the SeaWiFS Project, contact:\n\nSeaWiFS Project, Code 970.2\nNASA Goddard Space Flight Center\nGreenbelt, Maryland 20771\nTelephone: (301) 286-9676\n\nFor more information on SeaWiFS, see:\nhttps://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "792bad05-e748-405b-b636-26fdeb56c578", - "label": "TOMS-EP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)-Earth Probe (EP) provides\nglobal measurements of total column ozone and its variation on a daily\nbasis. Together with TOMS aboard Nimbus-7 and Meteor-3,it provides a\nlong-term data set of daily ozone over about two decades. Air quality\nand public health.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: July 2, 1996\n Launch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 740 km\n Inclination: 98.385 degrees\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Design Life: 2 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)\n\n For more information on TOMS-EP, see\n 'http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7945db91-b81c-48a8-a91b-dd3482dba851", - "label": "SBC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from Special Bureau for the Core home page: 'http://www.astro.oma.be/SBC/home.html']\n\nThe SBC is one of the eight Special Bureaus (SB's) of the Global Geophysical Fluids Center (GGFC), established by the International Earth Rotation Service IERS on January 1, 1998 to facilitate the link between the space geodetic and the geodynamic communities (see 'http://www.astro.oma.be/SBC/intronew.html'). Within the GGFC, the SBC is responsible for collecting, archiving, and distributing data related to the core and plays a role in promoting and coordinating research on this topic. The SBC has about twenty members from the fields of geomagnetism, Earth rotation, geodynamo modelling (numerical and experimental), and gravimetry. Some background articles of the SBC can be found at 'http://www.astro.oma.be/SBC/background.html'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7956f758-9ccb-4524-bbe7-cf26a3528a74", - "label": "SEDAC/CITATIONS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7994fafc-2cde-4dfc-86ef-57ecbf91a538", - "label": "STREX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "STREX ( Storm Transfer and Response Experiment) was an international\neffort shared by the United States and Canada, the lead agencies\nbeing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and\nthe Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service. A wide array of\ngroups and individuals from both governmental and academic\nresearch organizations participated.\n\nThe principal goals of STREX were to determine the effects of\nstructure and processes of the boundary layers of the ocean and\natmosphere on the behavior of North Pacific storms and the effects of\nsuch storms on the boundary layers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a958e06-b5fb-47ed-81ed-b4206854fc20", - "label": "SESBNS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b41cce6-4000-4a9b-840b-100fef0e74a2", - "label": "STRAPOLÉTÉ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b57d7c2-0aa8-4b44-ab46-00b1dee65cb5", - "label": "SRB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nSurface radiation budget data have the potential for contributing\nsignificantly to improved understanding of the four major components\nof the climate system: the oceans, the land surface, the cryosphere,\nand the atmosphere. Radiative fluxes into the ocean surface provide\nan important boundary forcing for the ocean general circulation.\nFurthermore, since the radiative fluxes into the ocean surface are\nsignificantly modulated by boundary layer parameters (e.g., clouds,\natmospheric humidity, and temperature), SRB may be an important factor\nin air-sea interactions. With respect to the land surface, the net\nradiative balance governs the turbulent fluxes of latent and sensible\nheat from the surface into the atmosphere. Surface radiative fluxes\nare also needed for studies related to the energy and water balance of\nplant canopies. For the cryosphere, the pack ice and its interaction\nwith surface temperature and solar radiation provides the so-called\nice-albedo feedback which is a vital component governing climate\ntrends on decadal to longer time scales. Finally, the knowledge of\nSRB together with top-of-atmosphere Earth radiation budget data can\nyield, for the first time, observational estimates of tropospheric\nradiative heating and cloud radiative forcing.\nProject Description:\nThe Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) data sets are derived from a\nvariety of data sources. The primary data source is the International\nSatellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) C1 data product. Using\nthe ISCCP C1 parameters as input, SRB results are generated using two\ndifferent algorithms. The Pinker algorithm (developed jointly by\nDrs. R.T. Pinker and I. Laszlo form the University of Maryland) is a\nphysical model which uses an iterative procedure based on\ndelta-Eddington radiative transfer calculations. The Staylor\nalgorithm (developed by Mr. W.F. Staylor from the NASA Langley\nResearch Center) is a parameterized physical model in which both cloud\nand aerosol transmission characteristics have been separately tuned to\nhistorical data at various locations around the globe. Earth\nRadiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data are also used as input to the\nmodels, as well as for top-of-atmosphere (TOA) irradiance comparisons\nwith the Pinker Model output. The Swiss Federal Institute of\nTechnology, Zurich, provides ground-truth fluxes from the Global\nEnergy Budget Archive (GEBA). These data are used for validation of\nthe Pinker and Staylor calculated downward shortwave surface\nirradiances. SRB uses the same equal area grid system as that used by\nISCCP for its C1 product. The equal-area grid contains 6596 cells\ncovering the globe; where a cell is approximately 280 km x 280 km at\nthe equator.\nData Products\n-------------\nThe SRB data package consists of daily and monthly shortwave\nparameters covering a forty-six month period from March 1985 through\nDecember 1988. The principle parameters in the data sets are Pinker\nand Staylor calculated irradiances for the surface and\ntop-of-atmosphere. The total SRB data package for each month consists\nof six files. The first file is the ASCII header file, named\nREADME.MMMYY. The second and third files are ASCII showing Fortran\nlistings of the Pinker and Staylor algorithms (PINKER.FOR and\nSTAYLOR.FOR, respectively). The fourth and fifth files are binary\ndata files in HDF format. The fourth file is the monthly binary file\nand presents monthly average gridded values for 52 different items in\neach cell (srb_monavgs_yymm). The fifth file is the daily binary file\nand presents 24-hr daily average values for 10 key items in each cell\n(srb_dayavgs_yymm). The sixth file (b_srb_monavgs_yymm.hdf) is a\ngraphics file which contains 19 global images in HDF format. The\nintent is to allow the user to quickly browse the most important SRB\nparameters without the requirement to read the entire data set.\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n Email: INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: Dr. Charles H. Whitlock\n NASA Langley Research Center\n MS 936\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001 USA\n Phone: (757) 827-4882\n FAX: (757) 864-7996\n Email: INTERNET > c.h.whitlock@larc.nasa.gov\nReferences:\nThe Astronomical Almanac, Nautical Almanac Office, U. S. Naval\nObservatory, Washington, D. C., 1985, 1980.\nBriegleb, B. P., P. Minnis, V. Ramanathan and E. Harrison, 1986:\nComparison of regional clear-sky albedos inferred from satellite\nobservations and model calculations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25,\n214-226.\nDarnell. W. L., W. F. Staylor, S. K. Gupta, and F. M. Denn, 1988:\nEstimation of surface insolation using Sun-synchronous satellite\ndata. J. Clim., 1, 820-835.\nDiPasquale, R.C., and C.H. Whitlock, 1993: 'First WCRP Long-Term Satellite\nEstimates of Surface Solar Flux for the Globe and Selected Regions',\nProceedings of the ERIM/JOANNEUM RESEARCH/CIESIN 25th International Symposium\non Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change. Graz, Austria, April 4-8,\n1993. Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.\nHoyt, D. V., 1978: A model for the calculation of solar global\ninsolation. Sol. Energy, 21, 27-35.\nKneizys, F., E. Shettle, W. Gallery, J. Chetwynd, L. Abreu, J.\nSelby, R. Fenn and R. McClatchey, 1980: Atmospheric transmittance/\nradiance: Computer code LOWTRAN5. Rep. AFGL-Tr-80-67, Air Force\nGeophysics Laboratory, Hanscomb AFB, MA, 127 pp.\nLacis, A. A., and J. E. Hansen, 1978: A parameterization for the\nabsorption of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos.\nSci, 31, 118-133.\nLacis, A. A. and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the\nabsorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos.\nSci., 31, 118-133.\nPinker, R. T. and I. Laszlo, 1992: Modeling surface solar\nirradiance for satellite applications on a global scale. J. Appl.\nMeteor., February issue.\nPinker, R. and J. Ewing, 1985: Modeling surface solar radiation:\nModel formulation and validation. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24,\n389-401.\nSchiffer, R. A. ,and W. B. Rossow, 1983: The International\nSatellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): The first project of\nthe World Climate Research Programme. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 64,\n779-784.\nSmith, W. L., H. M. Woolf, C. M. Hayden, D. Q. Wark, and L. M.\nMcMillin, 1979: The Tiros-N operational vertical sounder. Bull.\nAmer. Met. Soc., 60, 1177-1187.\nStaylor, W. F., and A. C. Wilber, 1990: Global surface albedos\nestimated from ERBE data. Proceedings of AMS Conf. on Atmospheric\nRadiation, July 23-27, 1990, San Francisco, CA, pp 231-236.\nStaylor, W. F., 1985: Reflection and emission models for clouds\nderived from Nimbus 7 Earth radiation budget scanner measurements.\nJGR, 90, 8075-8079.\nStephens, G. L., S. Ackerman and E. Smith, 1984: A shortwave\nparameterization revised to improve cloud absorption. J.\nAtmos. Sci., 41, 687-690.\nSuttles, J.T., and G. Ohring, 1986: 'Surface Radiation Budget for Climatic\nApplications'. NASA Reference Publication 1169, NASA.\nWCP-55, 1983: World Climate Research report of the experts meeting\non aerosols and their climatic effects. Williamsburg, Virginia,\n28-30 March 1983, A. Deepak and H. E. Gerber, Eds., 107 pp.\nWhitlock, C.H., Charlock T.P., Staylor, W.F., Pinker, R.T., Laszlo, L.,\nDiPasquale, R.C., and N.A. Ritchey, 1993: 'WCRP Surface Radiation Budget\nShortwave Data Product Description - Version 1.1'. NASA Technical Memorandum\n107747, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.\nWiscombe, W. J., R. M. Welch and W. D. Hall, 1984: The effects of\nvery large drops on cloud absorption. Part I: Parcel models. J.\nAtmos. Sci., 41, 1336-1355.\nWCRP, 1983: Experts meeting on aerosols and their climate effects.\nA. Deepak and H. E. Gerber editors, WCP-55, 107 pp.\nWMO.TD-No. 266, Revised March 1991, 25 pp.\nYamamoto, G., 1962: Direct absorption of solar radiation by\natmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, and molecular oxygen.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., 19, 182-188.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cc85d6a-1cce-48e3-9c83-9f3b70a7c00b", - "label": "SBI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) program is aimed at\nimproving our understanding of shelf-basin exchange and should lead to\nimproved predictions of global change impacts in the Arctic. The SBI\nprogram will include field and modeling studies directed at\nelucidating the physical and biological shelf and slope processes that\ninfluence the structure and functioning of the Arctic Ocean.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Dr. Jackie Grebmeier, Director\n Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology\n 10515 Research Drive\n Suite 100, Bldg. A\n The University of Tennessee\n Knoxville, TN 37932\n ph. (865) 974-2592; fax (865) 974-7896\n email: jgrebmei@utk.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://utk-biogw.bio.utk.edu/SBI.nsf'\n\n [Summary provided by University of Tennessee]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e317dda-643f-494d-bdf1-b017c7194add", - "label": "TIMED", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) mission is studying the influences of the Sun and humans on the least explored and understood region of Earth's atmosphere – the Mesophere and Lower Thermosphere/Ionosphere (MLTI). The MLTI region is a gateway between Earth's environment and space, where the Sun's energy is first deposited into Earth's environment. TIMED is focusing on a portion of this atmospheric region located approximately 40-110 miles (60-180 Kilometers) above the surface. The TIMED spacecraft was launched on December 7, 2001, from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, aboard a Delta II launch vehicle.\n\nInformation provided by http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/timed/timed.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e67da74-770f-4304-9353-4a72df1a6f76", - "label": "Suomi-NPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NPP represents a critical first step in building the next-generation Earth-observing satellite system that will collect data on long-term climate change and short-term weather conditions. NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Defense.\n\nMore Information: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/main/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ebca1f8-d4cd-47ac-a15a-7a15b667cbc3", - "label": "TEFLUN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TExas and FLorida UNderflights (TEFLUN) Experiment is a\nmission to obtain validation measurements for the Tropical Rain\nMeasuring Mission (TRMM). TRMM is a NASA and National Space\nDevelopment Agency of Japan (NASDA) coordinated mission that\nlaunched the TRMM satellite on 28 November 1997 with a unique\ncomplement of sensors to remotely observe rainfall throughout\nthe global tropics. TEFLUN is the first in a series of\nexperiments using a combination of airborne and surface-based\nmeasurements to complement the satellite data. Among these, are\nimportant measurements aboard the NASA high-altitude aircraft,\nsimilar to those on the TRMM satellite. They are used for\ndirect intercomparisons with TRMM overflights where possible,\nbut more frequently to simulate TRMM data by flying over\nprecipitation systems within the experimental domain. These,\nalong with surface-based measurements and computer models, will\nmake unique contributions to our understanding of the tropical\nprecipitati! on cycle.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/teflun/info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f8ab939-7ac5-439a-83bd-558a2a18a172", - "label": "SSEOP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA Space Shuttle program has been actively involved in the\ncollection of photographs of the Earth since 1981. Space Shuttle\nastronauts have taken over 125,000 photographs with hand-held\nand Shuttle-mounted cameras, including the Hasselblad 500 EL/M\n70mm, the Linhof Aero Technika 45 127mm and the Large Format\nCamera (LFC).\n\nThe Space Shuttle Earth Observation Project (SSEOP) office is\nresponsible for planning film acquisitions for each shuttle\nmission and for training the astronauts to use the cameras. The\nSSEOP office also maintains and populates the Shuttle data base\nwhich catalogs all shuttle photography. Roughly 85 percent of\nthe acquired Shuttle photographs are Earth looking views. The\nrest of the photographs may involve satellite deployments,\nextravehicular activities and photographs within the Shuttle.\n\nMost of the photographs are in natural color, although limited\namounts of black and white and color infrared-film have also\nbeen acquired.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://edc.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/shuttle'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "838c6d52-4b04-4bb1-9508-23bc011bc33d", - "label": "SALE-UNITED", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SALE-UNITED\nProject URL: http://salepo.tamu.edu/sale_united\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=42\n\nSubglacial Antarctic Lake Environments (SALE) will be an important target of exploration and research during the International Polar Year (IPY). Major campaigns by several nations that will culminate in a series of activities during the IPY have agreed to participate in SALE-UNITED. SALE-UNITED is closely aligned with the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Scientific Research Program Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments (SALE). SALE-UNITED is a coalition of scientists, modellers and technologists from Belgium, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States.\n\nThe interdisciplinary objectives of SALE-UNITED have been agreed during a series of international workshops and meetings of the SCAR SALE Group of Specialists (SALEGOS) over the last 6-7 years. SALE-UNITED will be an intensive period of exploration and study of subglacial lake environments advancing scientific discovery in glaciology, biogeochemistry, paleo-climate, biology, geology, tectonics, and ecology. The portfolio of SALE-UNITED projects will advance our understanding of the evolution of subglacial environments; their physical, chemical, and biological settings; the interconnectivity of subglacial hydrological networks; the coupling of ice sheets, climate and life; the tectonic settings; and the role of biogeochemical cycles in sustaining life in these harsh environments. The SALE-UNITED research and exploration program will span Antarctica in order to investigate subglacial lake environments of differing ages, evolutionary histories, and physical settings. These comparative studies will provide an holistic view of subglacial environments over millions of years and under differing climatic conditions. \n\nSALE-UNITED brings together 5 EoIs and coordinates its activities with an additional 30 or more EoIs including Gamburtsev Mountain exploration, major traverse projects and surveys, studies of climate change across the poles, and characterizations of polar ecosystems. Each of these programs will inform and contribute to the accomplishment of the scientific objectives of SALE-UNITED. SALE-UNITED's overarching objectives can only be realized by a coordinated program of exploration and research in multiple subglacial environments over many years. The wished for outcomes cannot be achieved by a single nation or program. Each component of SALE-UNITED will be an independently managed campaign with specific scientific objectives, logistical requirements, and management structures. Individual programs benefit from sharing resources, experiences, expertise, logistics and technologies. \n\nSALE-UNITED will be lead by an International Science and Technology Steering Committee (ISTSC). The ISTSC will form topical committees as needed to address major scientific and technological challenges. Standing Committees for Technology; Data and Information Management; and Education, Outreach and Communications (EOC) will be formed. SALE-UNITED will adhere to the SCAR Communications Plan, Capacity Building Strategy and Data Management Practices and Policies. Individual SALE-UNITED projects will adhere to their national standards for data management, access, and archive. A SALE Program Office and web site have been established and will serve as a focal point for information dissemination and as a data portal.\n\nSALE-UNITED will adhere to the ICSU/WMO data policies and actively participate in all ICSU/WMO EOC activities. The ISTSC will include the leaders of national SALE programs and be augmented by international experts. The development, implementation and promotion of environmentally benign procedures for subglacial lake environment exploration and research programs will be a key guiding principle of SALE-UNITED exploration and research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84465560-f4f8-429f-a05f-e650ec2be868", - "label": "TTAAPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TTAAPP-IPY 2007-8\nProject URL: http://ipy.antarctica.gov.au/projects/taking-the-antarctic-arctic-polar-pulse\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=341\nThe IPY 2007-2008 provides a unique opportunity to create a human polar observatory and enhance our capacity to develop an innovative multinational and multidisciplinary Polar Health Surveillance System (PHSS) utilising synergies of existing national polar research programs, activities and data collection, and to coordinate the use of data from the PHSS to understand the biophysical, clinical, cultural, social and behavioural processes that shape the sustainability of circumpolar human societies (IPY Theme #6). We propose to use the PHSS to address the following questions:\n' What physiological, psychosocial and clinical changes occur in humans temporarily resident and interacting with the extreme environment of Antarctica? \n' Are these changes comparable to those experienced in temporarily resident non-indigenous Arctic populations exposed to difficult environments? \n' How can we best prevent and treat any adverse effects of these changes? \n' How can this understanding enable us to improve healthcare, health and wellbeing of humans in Polar regions, in space and other extreme environments, and in humankind in general?\n\nActivities during this period will include the utilization and enhancement of efficient smart, innovative eHealth and telemedicine technologies in the collection and support of this snapshot of human health during the IPY in polar regions.\n\nThe programme will provide an opportunity for students and scholars from a consortium of educational facilities, universities and research institutes to participate in the proposed research activities and acquire the experience and skills necessary to become the next generation of polar human biology and medicine researchers.\n\nOnce the comprehensive IPY science and operational plans are cemented in national programs, detailed flexible, modular and opportunistic human biology and medicine research planning will be possible, utilizing the various platforms including isolated polar communities, traverses and polar marine cruises. Subprojects utilizing or contributing to the PHSS based on nationally funded priorities will be coordinated by the research group and will include studies in the following domains of interest to Antarctic and Arctic researchers:\n' Epidemiology\n' Physiology\n' Social and Behavioral Sciences (including anthropology, sociology, psychology, social geography and archival domains)\n' Immunology\n' Photo/Chronobiology\n' Public health\n' Nutrition\n' Occupational health\n' eHealth\n\nMany of these subprojects have research modules currently in the field (e.g., Antarctic Multinational Psychology Research Project, Long Term Medical Survey) which will benefit greatly by increased participation and synergies of cross-analysis of datasets across nations, across disciplines and at both poles. Existing and new research modules utilizing new observational techniques will provide a unique opportunity to obtain a snapshot of polar health (leaving a legacy of data and health surveillance systems into the future\n\nExamples of subprojects under consideration include the following:\n1. Antarctic Multinational Psychology Research Project(PI Antonio Peri)\nThe AMPRP investigates the modifications of mood, subjective health complaints, coping strategies, interpersonal relationships occurring during a Antarctic winter campaign in groups of different nationalities.\n2. Nutrition and Body Composition in Arctic(NuBCA) (PI Rosalba. Mattei)\nNutrition is a vital necessity and eating in an adequate way represents the fundamental step in order to assure health status. The aim of the study is to anticipate malnutrition that could be the cause of any reduction in physiology and psychological efficiency.\n3. Long Term Medical Survey Concordia Station Antarctica\n4. Concordia Station Study -Behavior, Coping, Group phenomenon, and psychosocial adaptation to isolation and confinement in a multicultural group combination of psychological, ethological and ethnographic methods. (PI E Rosnet)\nThe program deals with the psychosocial adaptation of a multicultural group in an isolated and confined environment. It will particularly be stressed on coping strategies and on social structure, social agreement, leadership and environmental affordances This second point will be studied toward complementary scientific approaches : psychological , ethological, and anthropological. The results will be related to the sociocultural background and the psychological characteristics of the participants and to the data of LTMS \n5. Svalbard Miner's Study (PI G Leon, H Ursin) \n6. GEOMED and others (PI Cermack). An interdisciplinary, multi-centre study to investigate the effects of the geomagnetic component of space weather on the parameters related to human health\n7. Dome A East Antarctica Psychology and Physiology Studies(X. Quanfu PI) Investigation of seasonal changes in mood and hormonal profiles, including thyroid hormones, catecholamines, and cortisol.\n8. Telemedicine respiratory system assessment and monitoring (PI S. Pillon)\n9. Seasonal Activity Variations-Polar regions(SAV-PR) (PI G Steel)\nInvestigation of seasonal psychological patterns, activity levels and arousal impacting deployments of polar sojourners in both Arctic and Antarctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89d5144f-b4b4-443a-a990-bc080e0ee7de", - "label": "UK CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Climate Change is a global issue and the Met Office Hadley Centre is leading international research into what could happen under climate change, and the impacts on current and future generations.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8adaf8f9-d842-42a6-b6c6-e4f14076b635", - "label": "SGP00", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Great Plains 2000 Hydrology Experiment involves the\ndemonstration of the viability of L-band radiometry for remotely\nsensing surface moisture. Many geophysical variables, global\nmeasurements and interpretations of soil moisture might be best\naccomplished by a combination of spaceborne and ground-based\ntechniques. This is the main objective of this project.\n\nRead the plan document at 'http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/sgp97/sgp97final.pdf'\n\n [Sumary taken from Souther Great Plains 1997 Experiment Report]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b85871f-7851-4320-9eec-6aa26b9310f7", - "label": "STORM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. STORM Hourly Surface Wind Profiler Network Data is a historical digital data set archived at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). This data set is from the Wind Profiler Network (WPN), part of the National Storm Operational Research Project (STORM). This project is being carried out by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Asheville, North Carolina, and the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Forecast Systems Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. The network consists of ground stations located in the eastern 2/3 of the United States measuring surface temperature, dew point temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and total precipitation at hourly intervals. This surface data are averaged over the previous hour at each wind profiler site. The data processing level is II a and the spatial resolution is 300 km.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/NCDC/C00334.xml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c1b6882-7ed8-409c-9768-399a048a4eb4", - "label": "TOGA COARE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response\nExperiment (TOGA COARE) was a large international field experiment\nconducted in 1992-1993 as an addendum to the TOGA Implementation Plan\nto study the atmospheric and oceanic processes over the region of the\nwestern Pacific known as the 'warm pool'. This is the region of warm\nocean and atmospheric clouds and precipitation that is linked to the\nEl Nino climate variation.\n\nTOGA COARE data are located at NOAA/National Climatic Data\nCenter (NCDC) and elsewhere. For a complete list of TOGA COARE data\nsets and data centers see: 'http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/'\n\nA deep archive of the TOGA COARE data is located at the National\ncenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, CO:\n'http://dss.ucar.edu/pub/toga_coare/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c3facfd-02f6-4a7d-8127-f41953a5436d", - "label": "STRAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Beginning in May 1995, the NASA ER-2 has flown with instruments\nto investigate the movement of long-lived trace gases in the\nlower stratosphere and upper troposphere. By increasing our\nunderstanding of such motions, the Stratospheric Tracers of\nAtmospheric Transport (STRAT) experiment should increase our\nability to determine whether certain gases in aircraft exhaust\nget into the prime ozone production region in the tropics.\n\nThe STRAT flights are out of NASA Ames Research Center and\nBarbers Point Naval Air Station. STRAT deployments have been\nsuccessfully staged in May 1995, October-November 1995,\nJanuary-February 1996, July-August 1996, and September 1996. The\nfinal regular deployment of STRAT is scheduled to take place in\nDecember 1996.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. To define the rate of transport of trace gases (such as HSCT\nexhaust emissions) from the stratosphere to the troposphere,\ni.e., to determine the global burden that will result from\ncontinuous aircraft emissions into the stratosphere. This\nobjective requires detailed measurements of tracer\nconcentrations close to the tropopause, where tracer gradients\nare very steep.\n\n2. To improve understanding of dynamical coupling and rates for\ntransport of trace gases between tropical regions (where ozone\nformation is most rapid) and higher latitudes and lower\naltitudes (where most ozone resides). For example, we seek to\ndefine the quantity of exhaust entrained from mid-latitude\nsource regions into the tropical upwelling zone, where it can be\ntransported to critical altitudes (above 25 mbar) in the\ntropics.\n\n3. To improve understanding of the chemistry in the upper\ntroposphere and lower stratosphere. This will include the first\nconcerted measurements of the coupled chemistry of odd hydrogen,\nodd nitrogen, and CO in the near-tropopause\nregion. Understanding the partitioning of NOy in this region is\npoorly constrained and the lack of OH and HO2 measurements has\nhindered progress. These observations will address some of the\nkey issues related to the influence of both a potential HSCT\nfleet as well as the existing subsonic fleet on ozone.\n\n4. To provide data sets for testing two-dimensional (2-D) and\nthree-dimensional (3-D) models used in assessments of impacts\nfrom stratospheric aviation, including meteorological data for\napplication to data-assimilation models and\nglobally-representative ensembles of tracer data.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/strat/index.html' or\n'http://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/Public/Analysis/aircraft/strat/strat.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cf00043-d9b2-43fb-a194-31c23e503f4b", - "label": "SOLVE II", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SOLVE II Mission is an international field campaign designed to\nacquire correlative data needed to validate the\nMeteor-3M/Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III\nsatellite mission. The field campaign will also acquire correlative\nmeasurements with atmospheric chemistry instruments onboard the\nADEOS-II and ENVISAT satellite missions to enhance ozone comparison\nand loss studies utilizing these data sets. Measurements will be\nmade during the Arctic winter using the NASA DC-8 aircraft, balloon\nplatforms, and ground-based instruments. These activities will take\nplace in close collaboration with the European Validation of\nInternational Satellites and Study of Ozone Loss (VINTERSOL) campaign,\nwhich will include flights of the DLR Falcon and Russian Geophysica\nM55 aircraft, other balloon platforms and ground-based instruments.\n\nSOLVE-II is co-sponsored by NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Program\n(UARP), Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP), Atmospheric\nChemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP), and Earth Observing\nSystem (EOS) of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE). VINTERSOL is\nsponsored by the European Commission.\n\nDr. Michael Kurylo and Dr. Phil DeCola are the SOLVE II Program\nScientists. Dr. Mark Schoeberl and Dr. Paul Newman are the SOLVE II\nDC-8 Project Scientists, and Mr. Michael Craig is the SOVLE II Project\nManager.\n\nSOLVE II has five basic science objectives.\nThese objectives are:\n\n1.\nMeasurement of the polar ozone loss rate in early to mid-winter.\nRelative contributions to low ozone levels from interannual variations\nin ozone transport and photochemistry will be quantified.\n\n2.\nThe understanding of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC's). The\ncomposition of PSC's and the role they play in the interactions\nbetween chlorine and nitrogen reservoir species will be examined.\n\n3.\nThe study of photochemical processes. The seasonal evolution of\nchemical processes, in particular the activation and deactivation of\nchlorine, and their impact on ozone loss will be observed.\n\n4.\nThe measurement of polar air transport and dynamics. The initial\nstate of polar stratospheric air will be defined and the exchange of\nthis air between the polar vortex and the mid-latitudes will be\nobserved. This will allow a better understanding of the effect of\ntransport on the evolution of the ozone. It will also lead to better\npredictions of the sensitivity of polar air to jet engine exhaust from\ncurrent and future aircraft.\n\n5.\nSAGE III instrument validation. Ozone, aerosol, water vapor, and NO2\nmeasurements from the DC-8 will be compared to SAGE III instrument\nmeasurements to prove the accuracy of satellite observations.\n\nFor further information, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solveII/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d4d42a9-faf2-4b20-9ae2-666d83b5dd14", - "label": "SIMBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The characterization of Antarctic sea ice thickness on a circumpolar quantitative basis will provide, for the first time, a fully quantitative baseline data set for monitoring of future change in the Antarctic sea ice cover. Using the coupling between thickness, physical property and remote sensing measurements, a full validation of altimetry (for ice thickness), and passive and active radar (for thin and thick ice characterization) will enable future monitoring to rely more on remote sensing than costly and regionally limited field surveys. Ice thickness is the principal quantitative measure of ocean-atmosphere exchanges and the data sets will therefore be the gold standard for validation of air-ice-ocean coupled models, and thereby increase confidence in their capability for future prediction. Sea ice mass balance determines salt and freshwater fluxes to the ocean, and therefore contributes directly to the formation of water masses and oceanic circulation characteristics in polar regions. Understanding the coupling between ice physics, biology and biogeochemistry will determine the direction and magnitude of gas fluxes and sediment contributions from sea ice derived fluxes. The role of ice-covered oceans in present day and past exchanges (as determined from continental ice core measurements) and relation to climate change will be better correlated and quantifie\n\nhttp://129.115.102.107/lrsg/Antarctica/SIMBA/Objectives/objectives.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d634a07-9eb6-43a6-b1b7-9285e90011e3", - "label": "USAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Instituto Antartico Argentino Antarctic Data Base describes nearly\n55,000 km of airborne magnetics and 20,000 km Gravity from Tierra del\nFuego to the Weddell, Bellingshausen and Scotia Seas. The data was\ncollected by the USAC Program, a joint effort between the U.S.,\nArgentina and Chile. Data availability is subject to agreement by the\nthree countries.\n\nInformation provided by http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/gdp/search?action=entrySummary&entryType=productCollection&entryId=1250&entryLang=en&displayHeader=true", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e9f3029-9b71-463f-b2b8-da642d2060dd", - "label": "SEDAC/ESI E-SEMINAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Environmental Sustainability Index e-Seminar (ESI_e-Seminar) is a short online course describing the many facets of environmental sustainability. The course consists of a series of video discussions and activities based on the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) mapping tool. Led by Professor Marc Levy, the course is taught in conference-style format with the perspectives of nine faculty members associated with the Columbia University Center International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nThe purpose is to increase the understanding of the dynamics between human activity and environmental processes in several specific geographic contexts around the world, ideas and techniques utilized in efforts to bring about greater environmental sustainability, and the range of available data related to environmental sustainability worldwide and the themes evident in these data.\n\nhttp://ci.columbia.edu/ci/eseminars/1401_detail.html\n\nhttp://idn.ceos.org/portals/Metadata.do?Portal=lsi_services&KeywordPath=Projects&EntryId=CIESIN_SEDAC_ESI_E-SEMINAR&MetadataView=Brief&MetadataType=1&lbnode=mdlb2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fbdb7eb-9857-4942-ac10-58c085de5c68", - "label": "TOMS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, launched in July 1996 onboard an Earth Probe Satellite (TOMS/EP), continues NASA's long-term daily mapping of the global distribution of the Earth's atmospheric ozone. TOMS/EP will again take high-resolution measurements of the total column amount of ozone from space that began with NASA's Nimbus-7 satellite in 1978 and continued with the TOMS aboard a Russian Meteor-3 satellite until the instrument stopped working in December 1994. This NASA-developed instrument, measures ozone indirectly by mapping ultraviolet light emitted by the Sun to that scattered from the Earth's atmosphere back to the satellite. The TOMS instrument has mapped in detail the global ozone distribution as well as the Antarctic 'ozone hole,' which forms September through November of each year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ff7fd0b-caa4-423d-8387-c749e2795c46", - "label": "SEDAC/GISS CROP-CLIM DBQ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In an effort to better understand the potential global impacts of climate\nchange on agriculture, in 1990 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\ncontracted the Goddard Institute for Space Studies to coordinate a major study\nof the effects of changing temperature and precipitation regimes and increased\nCO2 concentrations on crop production and its economic implications. The\ncentral aim of the study was to provide an assessment of potential climate\nchange impacts on world crop production, including quantitative estimates of\nyield changes of major food, cash and industrial crops, prices, trade and risk\nof hunger. Agricultural scientists from 18 countries estimated potential\nchanges in crop growth and production at 125 key agricultural sites using\ncompatible crop models and consistent climate change scenarios. The study\nassessed the implications of climate change for world crop yields taking into\naccount uncertainty in the level of climate change expected, physiological\neffects of CO2 on plant growth, and different adaptive responses. Projected\nyields at the agricultural sites were then aggregated to major trading regions,\nand fed into a global trade model (the Basic Linked System or BLS) in order to\nproduce regional estimates of potential price increases, food shortages, and\nrisk of hunger.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/giss_crop_study/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "913cb3ac-035d-4efd-abf0-b66bc4872204", - "label": "SNF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Superior National Forest (SNF) project was an intensive NASA experiment conducted in 1983 - 1984 in a portion of the Superior National Forest near Ely, Minnesota, U.S.A. The study area covered a 50 X 50 km area in northeastern Minnesota at the southern edge of the boreal forest. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the ability of remote sensing to provide estimates of biophysical properties of ecosystems, such as leaf area index (LAI), biomass, and net primary productivity (NPP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "926e3b35-c392-4a00-bbe3-77bd848600c2", - "label": "SLICA - RAAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SLiCA - RAAS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=386\n\nAt the recommendation of the Joint Committee, the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic Remote Access Analysis System is now linked to the IPY proposal, Present day processes, Past changes, and Spatiotemporal variability of biotic, abiotic and socio-environmental conditions and resource components along and across the Arctic delimitation zone. The SLICA-RAAS component will focus on spatiotemporal variability of socio-environmental conditions. SLICA-RAAS will contribute to the objectives of assessing the socio-economic impacts of potential future changes in the transitional zones, incorporating results into an expert information system, which will be utilized for estimating climate change responses, sustainable ecosystem management and landscape planning in support of policy decisions; To exchange methods on climate change monitoring, sustainable land use strategy and science/policy issues, and use them as a tool in forecasting ecosystem changes and options for mitigation.\n\nSLiCA itself is an interdisciplinary and international research project, which was founded in 1998. The two major objectives are (1) to develop a new research design for measurement of living conditions and individual well-being among the Inuit and Saami peoples in the Arctic and the indigenous peoples of Chukotka reflecting the welfare priorities of the indigenous peoples and (2) to carry out a survey of living conditions among these peoples. The project is developed in partnership with the indigenous peoples organisations. SLiCA has accomplished the first objective and finished data collection in Canada, Alaska, and Chukotka. By the end of 2006 data collection will be completed also in Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula. The data material will consist of approximately 8.000 personal interviews.\n\nIn 2005 and 2006 SLiCA is focusing on achieving two main objectives of the project concluding analyses and publishing the findings of the analyses. An additional main objective of the project is to make the international data set available to the scientific and indigenous communities of the Arctic as well as to political and administrative decision makers at the local, regional, national and international levels. The original project scope called for the development of a micro data set that could be shared with these communities. Our analyses to date have revealed a major challenge associated with this approach. The protection of the confidentiality of respondents requires collapsing of response categories for such variables as location (e.g. place), occupation, and income. While we anticipated the need for collapsing response categories, we did not anticipate the degree to which this would pose a constraint for multivariate analyses. We further realize that the challenge of providing analytically robust social science data sets and protecting the confidentiality of respondents is common in the Arctic social sciences. We therefore propose to contribute to the IPY goal of expanding our understanding of human dimensions of change in the Arctic by collaborating with an international team to apply and extend the concepts of remote access analysis to the SLiCA international database.\n\nThe objective of Remote Access Analysis is to provide researchers with access to a micro data set for analysis (i.e. the individual records of respondents to the SLiCA questionnaire) from their own computers. This capability is particularly valuable in the Arctic given the dispersed character of the scientific and indigenous communities and local political and administrative authorities. We further propose to extend this capability to work with restricted datasets where the sensitivity of data is sufficiently high to warrant restriction of access to the raw data. Researchers and indigenous organizations as well as political and administrative authorities at different levels will be able to conduct analyses while making it impossible to view the micro data set itself. To accomplish these objectives, the SLiCA international team is collaborating with the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan and the Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program (CSM) at the University of California, Berkeley.\n\nConsistent with the IPY goal of fostering a major step forward in our understanding of the human dimensions of change in the Arctic, we propose to have the SLiCA Remote Access Analysis System in place for the 2008 International Congress of Arctic Social Sciences, ICASS VI (endorsed by the ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for the International Polar Year 2007-2008 as an IPY activity), of the International Arctic Social Sciences Association, IASSA. We will provide a demonstration of the System and a training seminar in the use of the system at the conference.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "934c0037-3b64-4b32-ab79-4138f54036f1", - "label": "USGS_SOFIA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "South Florida Information Access (SOFIA) is an interdisciplinary\nservice that provides coherent information access in support of\nresearch, decision making, and resource management for the\nSouth Florida ecosystem restoration effort. Sponsored by the\nUSGS Place Based Science Program (PBS, formerly the USGS\nEcosystem Program), SOFIA offers a suite of information systems\nand tools enabling the selection, organization, documentation,\ndissemination and storage of data and other information\nproducts. SOFIA focuses on the projects and products of the\nSouth Florida Place Based Science Program, as well as related\nprojects and products from other information providers,\nincluding federal, state and local agencies; universities; and\nnon-governmental organizations. SOFIA personnel include a\ncross-bureau team of scientists, information managers, and\ninformatics specialists, working in close collaboration with\npartner and client agencies outside the USGS. Current and\nplanned SOFIA services include:\n\n-SOFIA web site offering up-to-date information, documents and\nother resources from the USGS South Florida Place Based Science\nProgram\n\n-Provide online clearinghouse for the South Florida Restoration\nscience forum\n\nSearchable databases, including the Data Exchange (biologic,\nhydrologic, meteorologic, and geographic datasets from all\nPBS-sponsored projects)\n\n-Searchable bibliography of USGS products for south Florida\n\n-Tools for describing and searching for information (South\nFlorida -Environmental Thesaurus; South Florida Ecosystem\nGazetteer)\n\n-Specialized tools for decision support (South Florida GEODE,\nother geospatial interfaces)\n\n-Searchable metadata (FGDC and NBII compatible records)\n\n\nCollaborators:\n\nBureau of Indian Affairs\n\nFlorida Department of Environmental Protection\n\nFlorida Geological Survey\n\nFlorida Institute of Oceanography\n\nNational Biological Service (now called the USGS Biological\nResources Division)\n\nNational Marine Fisheries Service\n\nNational Marine Sanctuary\n\nNational Park Service\n\nNational Resource Conservation Service\n\nOffice of the Governor\n\nSouth Florida Water Management District\n\nU.S. Army Corps of Engineers\n\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency\n\nU.S. Department of Justice (U.S. Attorney)\n\nU.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration)\n\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\n\nFlorida Bay & Adjacent Marine Systems Science Program\n\n\nProject Contact:\n\nRonnie Best\nCoordinator, Greater Everglades Science Program\nUnited States Geological Survey\n15631 SW 48 St.\nMiami, FL 33185\nEmail: ronnie_best@usgs.gov\n\nSOFIA Homepage: 'http://sofia.usgs.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "936a0f3a-9d0f-4328-8420-925320b486ea", - "label": "STELLA ANTARCTICA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: STELLA ANTARCTICA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=385\n\nDome C in Antarctica is potentially the best astronomical site in the world, with conditions close to space for some atmospheric windows. An extensive site testing program at the Concordia French-Italian station is underway. Comprehensive results of this program will be available during the year 2007. Small-scale astronomical experiments should also give their first results during the IPY. In 2007, astronomers will then be able to target precisely the best scientific and observational niches for astronomy at Dome C. A European network (coordinated action in the frame of the Large Research Infrastructure Research Programme's of EEC), named ARENA has just started in January, 2006, and is devoted to this task. Among the observational niches, some are already clearly identified : submillimeter wavelengths, high angular resolution, as well as Wide field IR and optical observations, and continuous observations over days or weeks. The IPY offers a unique opportunity to discuss with national and international agencies the frame for a large astronomical infrastructure in Antarctica and to undertake its development.\n\nThe development of astronomy at Dome C, for which several French and international teams (Italy, Australia, China, Germany, United Kingdom) have expressed their interest, has to be carried out in several steps. The next two years (2006-2007) will be devoted to the completion of the site characterization in Summer and Winter. The development of small astronomical experiments will additionally provide a good overview of the specific operational constraints that any observatory will face on this site. \n\nIn the meantime, the polar institutes and astronomical agencies involved in the Concordia station (INAF and PNRA in Italy, IPEV and INSU in France) will discuss, in collaboration with the Arena consortium, whether and how they wish to open officially Concordia to more international collaborations with the long-term goal of an international ambitious observatory on the site. The frame for international collaborations should ideally be determined before end 2006.\n\nOn the scientific side, in 2006 and 2007 several workshops and symposia at the national and international levels will be organized with the aims to survey the scientific topics that can be addressed by polar astronomy. \n\nOur goals during the IPY are then:\n-to define the strategy for a development of astronomy at Dome C, \n-to propose it to the agencies and to have it endorsed, \n-and to increase and develop the funding process. \nThis strategy should be based on the scientific questions that will benefit most from this exceptional site. It should aim at ambitious experiments: if indeed for some questions Dome C is the best site on Earth, we should build there the best possible telescope with the best instrumentation. \nThe legacy of STELLA ANTARCTICA will then be a development plan for an international astronomical observatory at Dome C. This plan will have been endorsed by a consortium of national and international agencies, and its funding secured, possibly through actions of the European FP7, and possibly bilateral agreements with countries outside the EU. \nWhat can be foreseen is a development plan in two major steps:\n- A first step at the European scale, taking advantage of the existing Concordia station and the capabilities of the present Italo-French logistics. Such a European scale astronomical project could be considered in a range of 10-20 M during the next 5 to 10 years.\n- The second step could be much more ambitious and target a world wide astronomical project in the range of 500-1000 M. That will also imply a change of scale of the complete logistics, and must be considered at an horizon of the order of 20 years. Concordia would have then become one of the major world astronomical facilities, and be in the position of playing a key role, like among others, answering one of the fundamental mankind questions: where else in the Universe can Life have developed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "939b6403-4402-4a7c-adcd-c65ddaf8bae0", - "label": "SIBEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The second study, Second International Biomass Experiment (SIBEX), took place in 1983-85, and focussed on describing seasonal dynamics in the Antarctic Peninsula region. BIOMASS field studies are now ended, and data have been contributed to the BIOMASS Data Centre at British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, UK. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.usglobec.org/reports/so/so.chapter3.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93e64c54-d25a-4632-85cd-c6e10b0f61d2", - "label": "SEDAC/URS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Remote Sensing generally refers to the science, technology and physical processes involved in the detection, analysis and interpretation of information collected without coming into physical contact with the object of interest. In the context of our research and applications, urban remote sensing focuses primarily on understanding the physical properties and processes of urban environments and on the mapping and monitoring of urban land cover and spatial extent. These two objectives are related in the sense that it is necessary to understand the physical properties of the urban mosaic in order to rigorously define, map and monitor urban areas.\n\nThe research presented at SEDAC is primarily focused on the physical properties of a wide range of urban environments using passive measurement of optical reflectance and thermal emission as well as optical emission of nighttime lights. Comparative analyses of urban reflectance (visible and infrared color) and surface temperature allow us to develop robust criteria for distinguishing urban land cover from non-anthropogenic land covers. These analyses also provide important constraints on the physical properties that control mass and energy fluxes through the urban environment. These constraints are used as inputs to physical models of climatic, hydrologic and ecologic processes.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ulandsat/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "940ad479-37be-4b9f-8534-83d8f1bbc748", - "label": "SEAKEYS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Florida Institute of Oceanography's (FIO) SEAKEYS (Sustained\nEcological Research Related to Management of the Florida\nKeys Seascape) program began in 1989 and has continued\nuntil the present. This program, now being supported through NOAA's\nSouth Florida Ecosystem Restoration, Prediction and Modeling Program\n(SFERPM), implements a framework for long-term monitoring and research\nalong the 220 mile Florida coral reef tract and in Florida Bay at a\ngeographical scale encompassing the Florida Keys National Marine\nSanctuary (FKNMS). The impetus for such a framework was the perceived\nmarked regional decline in coral reefs and the critical need to\nprovide data and options for resource management. The network consists\nof six instrument-enhanced Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)\nstations, cooperatively managed with NOAA's National Data Buoy Center,\nplus a proposed new one in northwest Florida Bay. These stations\nmeasure the usual C-MAN meteorological parameters, such as wind speed,\ngusts and barometric pressure, but are enhanced with oceanographic\ninstruments measuring salinity, sea temperature, fluorometry and turbidity.\n\nFor additional information about SEAKEYS please visit:\n'http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/sferpm/seakeys/ogdencover.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96bdd623-3874-4c3a-9a8b-62cfdeb86ae4", - "label": "SEDAC/TG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Thematic Guide provides users with a variety of information regarding the integrated assessment of global environmental change. The guide contains both general and detailed information which will enhance the ability of users to understand the often confusing discipline of integrated assessment. Not only is integrated assessment defined and explained, numerous articles and abstracts can be accessed which provide detailed discussion of the contemporary issues associated with integrated assessment modeling. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://sedac.ciesin.org/mva/iamcc.tg/TGHP.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9830be3b-80ea-4e8c-af46-526882b7f26d", - "label": "TAO/TRITON", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TAO array (renamed the TAO/TRITON array on 1 January 2000)\nconsists of approximately 70 moorings in the Tropical Pacific\nOcean, telemetering oceanographic and meteorological data to\nshore in real-time via the Argos satellite system.\n\nThe array is a major component of the El Ni?o/Southern\nOscillation (ENSO) Observing System, the Global Climate\nObserving System (GCOS) and the Global Ocean Observing System\n(GOOS).\n\nSupport is provided primarily by the United States (National\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and Japan (Japan Marine\nScience and Technology Center) with additional contributions\nfrom France (Institut de recherche pour le developpement).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/proj_over.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "983126bd-b08d-4bfe-acc2-2a70ef3b6c69", - "label": "USGS/EDC/SAST", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team, located at the U.S.\nGeological Survey's Eros Data Center, is accessible via the World Wide Web:\n'http://sun1.cr.usgs.gov/sast/sast-home.html'\nThe SAST maintains the SAST Database of Environmental data for the\nUpper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins.\nThe following information about the SAST project was abstracted from the\nSAST home page:\nThrough a directive from the White House Office of Science and Technology\nPolicy, an interdisciplinary Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team\n(SAST) was formed 'to provide scientific advice and assistance to Federal\nofficials responsible for making decisions with respect to flood recovery\nin the Upper Mississippi River and Missouri River Basins, and to develop\nand provide information to support the decision making process regarding\nboth nonstructural and structural approaches to river basin management.'\nThe team included scientific specialists from the Soil Conservation\nService, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, National\nBiological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey, Environmental Protection\nAgency, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. In-depth technical\nand scientific support is provided by the U.S. Geological Survey's Earth\nResources Observation System (EROS) Data Center and its in-house\ncontractor, Hughes STX Corporation.\nOver a period of 3 months at the EROS Data Center, the team developed a\nsubstantial Environmental Information System for the Upper Mississippi and\nMissouri River Basins. This system includes satellite data, elevation\ndata, digitized aerial photographs, data on historic river channels,\nman-made structures, hazardous/toxic waste sites, spatially referenced\ninformation on soils, and various geologic, biologic, hydrologic, and\nhydrographic themes. The component data sets were designed for widely\ndifferent purposes, and were received in a variety of formats and map\nscales. Data were edited, reformatted, and carefully documented to provide\nconsistency and accuracy for analysis based on overlay and mensuration.\nThe majority of data were provided by Federal agencies, and are in the\npublic domain. These will be available for release to the public for the\ncost of distribution. A small number of data sets have distribution\nrestrictions due to proprietary agreements or to protect resources at\nsensitive locations such as archaeologic sites or endangered species\nnesting areas. Data sets will be managed and maintained at various sites\nand will be distributed using Internet access as part of a clearinghouse\nfunction. One approach to Internet access involves Mosaic software and\nWorld-Wide Web services. Application of Mosaic hypertext provides a\nwindow-based browser environment allowing interested persons to read or\ndownload documents, graphics, and data layers.\nIn describing the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), the Federal\nGeographic Data Committee said, 'Geospatial data form the foundation of an\ninformation-based society' (Nancy Tosta, NSDI, written commun., May,\n1993). The SAST has provided a prototype for the development, planning,\ncreation, and distribution of a quality environmental information system\nfor the Federal Geographic Data Committee's National Spatial Data\nInfrastructure.\nFor more Information about the SAST program contact the EROS\nData Center at the following address:\nU.S. Geological Survey\nEROS Data Center\nMundt Federal Building\nSioux Falls, SD 57198\n(605) 594-6551", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "998936f6-3b4e-4a82-8979-cd24c697a845", - "label": "SnowEx", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99efc711-3132-4249-b3bf-e37f103dd81e", - "label": "U.S.GLOBEC-GB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. GLOBEC (GLOBal ocean ECosystems dynamics, http://www.usglobec.org/) is a\nresearch program organized by oceanographers and fisheries scientists to\naddress the question of how global climate change may affect the abundance and\nproduction of animals in the sea. The U.S. GLOBEC Program currently has major\nresearch efforts underway in the Georges Bank / Northwest Atlantic Region, and\nthe Northeast Pacific (with components in the California Current and in the\nCoastal Gulf of Alaska).\n\nU.S. GLOBAL OCEAN ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS, GEORGES BANK\n\nThe U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Program is a large multidisciplinary multi-year\noceanographic effort. The proximate goal is to understand the population\ndynamics of key species on the Bank - Cod, Haddock, and two species of\nzooplankton - in terms of their coupling to the physical environment and in\nterms of their predators and prey. The ultimate goal is to be able to predict\nchanges in the distribution and abundance of these species as a result of\nchanges in their physical and biotic environment as well as to anticipate how\ntheir populations might respond to climate change.\n\nThe effort is substantial, requiring\n-broad-scale surveys of the entire Bank, and\n-process studies which focus both on\n -the links between the target species and their physical environment, and\n -the determination of fundamental aspects of these species' life history\n(birth rates, growth rates, death rates, etc).\n\nEqually important are the modelling efforts that are ongoing which seek to\nprovide realistic predictions of the flow field and which utilize the life\nhistory information to produce an integrated view of the dynamics of the\npopulations.\n\nU.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Homepage:\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/globec-dir/more-about-globec.html\n\nData is available on-line through the U.S. GLOBEC Data System at\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/gb/\n\n[This information was adapted from the U.S. GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a32c09a-95eb-44d3-b127-6cb4778a0d4e", - "label": "SMEX03", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA Aqua and Japanese ADEOS-II Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Programs are committed to developing and providing daily soil moisture products. This is the first time that this challenging task has ever been attempted.\n\nThe wide range of vegetation conditions that have to be dealt with, due to the global coverage and multi-temporal observations, exceed those that have been evaluated in previous investigations.\n\nFor these reasons, validation is critical to the AMSR soil moisture product development and acceptance.\n\nSMEX03 will provide validation data for a wide range of vegetation conditions ranging from well understood grass and wheat in Oklahoma to new observations of the Amazon rainforests. In addition it will provide a test bed for other new satellite instruments such as the Envisat ASAR and aircraft based prototype satellite instruments.\n\nSMEX03 will be conducted at U.S. sites in Oklahoma, Georgia and Alabama in June and July and Brazil in December. \n\nSummary Provided by: http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/smex03/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bc49ad8-1954-4516-869a-f7521a812b10", - "label": "SCOTIA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Using existing marine sediment cores supplemented with existing and new outcrop rock samples, we are collecting and integrating ice-volume and marine paleothermometry proxy records with sediment provenance and water-mass provenance data, all collected from common samples of Cretaceous through Miocene marine sediments of the Antarctic Peninsula the Scotia & Weddell Seas and the Patagonia orocline. We are also integrating these multi-component data with thermochronometry of the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia orocline, which will allow us to constrain the spatio-temporal distribution of orogenic and ocean circulation proxies that record opening of Drake Passage.\n\nThis integrated approach is designed to:\n-determine the history of sedimentary connections and separations between crustal fragments in the Scotia Sea and adjacent continents\n-improve reconstruction of orogenic kinematics in the Patagonian orocline and Antarctic Peninsula that enabled Drake Passage opening and interpreted subsequent Antarctic environmental change\n-constrain the pattern and timing of intrusion of Pacific seawater through the Scotia Sea and into the Atlantic realm as required for set-up of the ACC\n-compare the temporal and spatial relationships between the data collected in (1) – (3) with local and global proxies for Cenozoic ice-volume and deep water temperature changes that appear to have driven middle-Cenozoic Antarctic and global environmental changes.\n\n[Summary provided by http://web2.geol.sc.edu/barbeau/ipy/index.asp ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d331d7f-6df8-4110-8fc4-9a4d52286b8f", - "label": "SLAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: Solar Variability Linkages to Atmospheric Processes\nProject URL: http://ipy.antarctica.gov.au/projects/solar-variability-linkages-to-atmospheric-processes\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=56\n\nSolar variability influences the atmosphere, particularly the global electric circuit and ozone. We propose an IPY cluster to quantify solar variability linkages to weather, climate and ozone.\n\nThe geoelectric circuit links weather and solar activity. It remains an open and a scientifically achievable goal to determine whether or not this linkage is passive or involves active coupling i.e., whether the global circuit merely responds to both meteorological and solar variations, or whether there is an active input to weather and climate via electrically induced changes in cloud microphysics. Present research indicates that the best place to measure the global circuit is the Antarctic plateau (high, dry, relatively meteorologically stable). The Greenland plateau provides an ideal northern hemisphere site. We propose making simultaneous vertical electric field and air-earth current measurements at a range of polar sites (plans presently envisage measurements at Vostok, South Pole and Concordia, 78S 24W, 84S 26W and 75S 70W). We encourage and seek to promote development of further sites, particularly in the northern polar regions. \n\nA model of the global circuit is being developed that incorporates spatially and temporally varying global ion production due to the solar wind modulation of galactic cosmic rays, globally varying tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol concentrations and ion production in the stratosphere from relativistic electron precipitation and solar energetic particle events. It is also planned to insert the polar-cap potential distribution driven by solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling into this model. We propose to compare the model and measurements to quantify limits on the hypothesis that the geoelectric circuit provides a viable path for a sun-weather linkage. Measurements indicate that the geoelectric circuit is sustained by both thunderstorm activity and electrified clouds. Published evidence exists that global thunderstorm activity has a multiplicative dependency on equatorial surface temperatures. Simultaneous measurements of the DC circuit and of power in the Schumann resonance bands may provide sensitive independent proxy monitors for both an equatorially-weighted, global temperature and rainfall. Our team includes a scientist making mid-latitude ELF/VLF measurements recording global lightning activity. We encourage measurements of Schumann resonance power and VLF-lightning data. We propose to determine how accurately our measurements can be used as proxy monitors, and to provide an accurate reference measurement of the geoelectric circuit in the IPY era.\n\nGround-based geoelectric instrumentation on the Antarctic Plateau has recently been used to confirm that broad-scale polar ionospheric convection potentials can be measured independent of the existence of small scale ionospheric irregularities. Our multiple polar-plateau geoelectric field measurements will contribute to understanding and monitoring polar-cap ionospheric convection. \n\nThe circumpolar vortex surrounding Antarctica is typical of the southern polar regions under winter conditions. This strong circumpolar vortex blocks lower latitude, ozone-rich air from reaching central Antarctica. In combination with the lack of solar insolation in winter, the total ozone content above the southern polar regions decreases dramatically. The depth of the so-called ozone hole and its rate of filling in spring depends on the previous state of the atmosphere and has been shown to be affected by external influences related to solar activity. The relative effects of the influences of short-term changes in cosmic ray intensity, variations of the interplanetary electric field on atmospheric parameters (temperature and pressure) in the southern winter polar regions, the dynamics of the ozone layer, the effects of solar UV radiation and the role of the global electric circuit on winter-spring Antarctic ozone concentrations will be examined. A study of pulsed cosmophysical signals in the Arctic (Barentzburg) and in Antarctica (Novolazarevskaya) is proposed. Measurments at Novolazarevskaya have revealed the regular occurrence of pulsed signals in the solar spectrum. The most pronounced pulses have been detected 4 days ahead of solar flare proton events (SPE). Results of the analysis of the spatial-temporal anisotropy of the cosmological signals will be used for derivation of an empirical model and to study the solar sources and mechanism of the pulsed irradiation. Study of the effects of the pulsed radiation on biological and technogenic systems is also planned.Most of our team are actively involved in enthusing students and educating the public. The geoelectric circuit with its link to thunderstorms, sprites, climate change and a sun-weather hypothesis provides considerable scope for such activities. Polar convection studies additionally provide a neat link of this proposed IPY activity with the geophysical focus of the IGY.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fe23057-575b-4e05-9310-222289663530", - "label": "SPATIALECON", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of this data collection is to provide spatial data on geographically based economic activity. The data may be of use in socioeconomic, environmental, climate, and other research.\n\nThe first data set in this collection is the Global Gridded Geographically Based Economic Data (G-Econ), Version 4 containing derived one degree grid cells of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data in GRID and ASCII formats for both Market Exchange Rate (MER) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) for the years 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fe3ddc1-e3d4-4cf5-b36a-f59e9f9d39f2", - "label": "SMP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Maryland Project (SMP) is part of the Federal Emergency\nManagement Agency (FEMA) national program developed to assist\ncommunities in becoming disaster-resistant. The Southern Maryland\nRegion, comprised of Calvert, Charles and St. Mary's Counties, was\ndesignated a Project Impact community in 1998 by James Lee Witt, the\ndirector of FEMA. This designation allowed the Region to receive\ngrant funding of 跌,000 to establish a Project Impact\nInitiative for the Southern Maryland region.\n\nThe Southern Maryland Project Impact Initiative is a federal and state\ninitiative designed to help communities become 'disaster\nresistant'. The Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland coordinates\nthe project for the region.\n\nThe goals include coordination of emergency management, mitigating\nagainst and preparing for disasters, and planning for long-term\npartnerships with the community.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.tccsmd.org/web/pp/pimpact.html'\n\n [Summary provided by TCCSMD's]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a075e942-cfbd-4d7e-ac7c-9f031e7cb782", - "label": "SPADE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Photochemistry Aerosols and Dynamics Expedition\n(SPADE) is the first in a series of field experiments designed to\nsupport the NASA High-Speed Research Program (HSRP). This program is\ndesigned to assess the impact of emissions from supersonic aircraft\noperating in the lower stratosphere. SPADE is tasked with determining\nthe key chemical processes that affect ozone levels in the\nstratosphere. A variety of chemical measurements are made from NASA's\nER-2 high-altitude aircraft based at the NASA Ames Research\nCenter. These measurements will be used to address the fundamental\nreactions between various chemicals in the stratosphere.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Richard B. Rood\n Principal Investigator\n\n Data Assimilation Office\n Laboratory for Atmospheres\n NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://sdcd.gsfc.nasa.gov/SCIDOC/SH93/Article51.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0b603d0-9261-415e-831d-02bccdee509e", - "label": "UAF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "UAF is a NOAA-wide effort to make environmental datasets easy to find and use. It is an important contribution to realizing the vision of NOAA's Global Earth Observation - Integrated Data Environment (GEO-IDE) Initiative.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0df12bf-3892-43e7-bf79-afe8238c9b8e", - "label": "SAGESTEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SageSTEP (Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project) is a regional experiment to evaluate methods of sagebrush steppe restoration in the Great Basin.\n\nThe sagebrush steppe land type occupies 100 million acres in the Western U.S. This land type is characterized by large, dry, open areas with few trees (steppe), and consists of plant communities dominated by sagebrush with a mixture of other shrubs and grasses in the understory. Healthy sagebrush steppe communities in the Great Basin are rapidly disappearing due to invasion of non-native plants (especially cheatgrass), catastrophic wildfires, and encroachment of pinyon-juniper woodlands. Sagebrush communities have been identified as one of the most threatened land types in North America, and as much as half of this land type has already been lost in the Great Basin. Many of the sagebrush communities that remain are in poor health (the sagebrush plants are old and unproductive and other native plants are scarce in the understory).\n\nFunded by the Joint Fire Science Program, SageSTEP is a 5-year study that will explore ways to restore sagebrush communities. Land management options, including prescribed fire, mechanical thinning of shrubs and trees, and herbicide application will help land managers learn how to reduce the potential for wildfire and restore healthy and diverse native plant communities. The project is fully interdisciplinary, with ecological, economic, and social components. Results of this project will provide resource managers with improved information to make restoration management decisions with reduced risk and uncertainty. \n\n\nhttp://www.sagestep.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1e7f917-a28a-46d8-b2aa-79ad1f3932a7", - "label": "SPECMAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SPECMAP Project contains climatic time series of the past\n400,000 years, as well as basic downcore and core-top data from\nwhich these time series are derived. Downcore records include\n(1) quantitative data on planktonic species and assemblages\nwhich reflect conditions in the surface waters of the Atlantic\nOcean; (2) estimates of sea-surface temperature derived from\nthese faunal data; and (3) measurements of O-18, C-13 difference\n(planktic and benthic), and Cd/Ca. The age model used to\ntransform each downcore record into a time series by correlation\nof its O-18 record with the published O-18 chronology of Imbrie\net al. (1984) is given. Time series with uniformly spaced\nsamples may be calculated by linear interpolation. The O-18\nchronologies of Imbrie et al. (1984) and Martinson et al.\n(1987) are given for reference, as well as orbital time series\ntaken from the work of Berger (1978a,b). Also archived are\nN. G. Kipp's Atlantic core-top foraminiferal data and SST\nequations FA20 and UW7 derived from them by procedures described\nin Kipp (1976).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'ftp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/paleocean/specmap/specmap1/readme_specmap1.txt'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a29a67d6-5ae3-408f-a57e-fffc6c046348", - "label": "SAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Species at Risk Program (SAR) is sponsored by the United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. The program develops scientific information on the status of sensitive species or groups of species, particularly with respect to the relationship of species abundance and distribution to habitat conditions and environmental stresses. The basic purpose of SAR is to generate information that allows the development of conservation agreements, action plans, management alternatives, etc., to provide for the protection of\nspecies and their habitats and thereby preclude the need for listing species as threatened or endangered.\n\nThe initiative provides an opportunity for scientists to participate through survey and research activities. Projects are specifically intended to be of short duration and should seek to optimize partnerships with federal agencies, states, universities, and the private sector. Successful SAR projects are often conducted by investigators who have identified key, small but critical gaps in biological knowledge.\n\nFor more information,\n link to 'http://www.ets.uidaho.edu/coop/SmallPops/Funding/sar.htm'\n or 'http://biology.usgs.gov/cro/fws.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by University of Idaho]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2b07b36-b9a8-4f73-a678-5dfb1e0458d3", - "label": "TEMPO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TEMPO is the first Instrument from NASA's Earth Venture Instrument Class Series. The mission will measure air pollution of North America, from Mexico City to the Canadian tar/oil sands, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, hourly and at high spatial resolution. TEMPO observations are from the geostationary vantage point, flying on a geostationary commercial communications host spacecraft with the goal to launch in 2018.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a34190c4-bdd8-49e0-b89b-be687081eecf", - "label": "SCICEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCICEX is a 5 year program (1995-1999) in which the Navy has made\navailable a Sturgeon-class, nuclear powered, attack submarine for\nunclassified science cruises to the Arctic Ocean. Beginning with a\ntest cruise in 1993, civilian scientists together with Navy personnel\nhave collected a variety of information on the geology, physics,\nchemistry and biology of this critical region. The unmatched mobility\nof submarines in ice covered oceans has allowed data to be collected\nfrom over 100,000 miles of shiptrack in the Arctic providing samples\nfrom some regions that have never before been visited.\n(adaopted from the SCICEX Program Page)\n\nThe following submaries have been used in SCICEX:\n\n- SCICEX/93 USS Pargo\n- SCICEX/95 USS Cavalla\n- SCICEX/96 USS Pogy\n- SCICEX/97 USS Archerfish\n- SCICEX/98 USS Hawkbill\n- SCICEX/99 USS Hawkbill\n\nFor more information, data, and research results, see the SCICEX\nProgram page at:\n'http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/SCICEX/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a426d6cc-877b-4096-b30f-9632c59f11c4", - "label": "TOMS-M3", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) is a satellite instrument for measuring ozone values. Of the five TOMS instruments which were built, four entered successful orbit. Nimbus-7 and Meteor-3 provided global measurements of total column ozone on a daily basis and together provide a complete data set of daily ozone from November 1978 - December 1994. After an eighteen month period when the program had no on-orbit capability, ADEOS TOMS was launched on August 17, 1996 and provided data until the satellite which housed it lost power on June 29, 1997. Earth Probe TOMS was launched on July 2, 1996 to provide supplemental measurements, but was boosted to a higher orbit to replace the failed ADEOS. The only total failure in the series was QuikTOMS, which was launched on September 21, 2001 but did not achieve an orbit. The transmitter for the Earth Probe TOMS failed on December 2, 2006.\n\nhttp://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a47a342c-80ea-45f0-91a5-4002eac16d1d", - "label": "SIKU", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Proposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=166\n\nSea ice is a fundamental feature of the polar environment; it is also one of its most tangible indicators of change. During the last two decades, and in the past several years in particular, both polar scientists and local indigenous residents have detected dramatic shifts in the extent, timing, and other key parameters of Arctic sea ice. Whereas earlier IPY ventures contributed greatly to the progress in the scientific knowledge and understanding of polar sea ice, IPY 2007-2008 will become a milestone in the documentation of indigenous knowledge of sea ice environment. It will also set new standards for efforts and methods to bridge scientific and local observations of change in the ice-dominated northern ecosystems.\n\nTo achieve this we propose a coordinated international study of local knowledge and use of sea ice in several indigenous communities across the Arctic region. The acronym for our project's title, Sea Ice Knowledge and Use is also the most general word for sea ice in all Inuit (Eskimo) languages from Bering Strait to Greenland. For many Arctic indigenous peoples, despite rapid and pronounced changes in lifestyles and local cultures the ice-covered sea continues to be an integral component of daily life. It remains the most productive and widely used habitat for six to nine months every year. It is also the main platform for traveling; for observing weather systems, tidal and current cycles, marine mammals and other biota; as well as for training and education in navigational and subsistence skills passed from elders to younger hunters. Further, the status of local use and knowledge of sea ice is also an indicator of social change, a function of new technologies, economic and dietary trends, and of shifts in educational practices and cultural values. For many polar communities the use and knowledge of the ice-covered sea remains the key pillar of identity and resilience. It is their most prized intellectual treasure, the best of their scholarship based upon generations of experience and achievements. For scientists it offers an invaluable vision on how changes in polar ecosystems can be thoroughly documented and internalized through another form of knowledge and observations.\n\nOur effort will include seasonal (long-term) monitoring and extensive documentation of the current status of local sea ice expertise and daily use; knowledge of ice features, hunting and traveling methods; safety rules; patterns of knowledge transmission and hunters' training in several (15 to 20) northern communities. Special focus will be placed upon the documentation of indigenous interpretations of current sea ice characteristics and environmental variability, cultural and ecological responses to increase resilience and community sustainability in times of change. Data will be collected via participant observations, interviews, and recording by local experts to illustrate: i) a seasonal sea ice topology; ii) the extent and areas of use by local people; iii) sea ice hazards; iv) key harvesting areas; v) traditional and current ice routes; vi) place names associated with ice features; vii) shifts in patterns of ice use due to social and/or environmental change; viii) recent and historical changes in subsistence and other societal strategies, due to environmental and socio-economic dynamics.\nThis body of data, supplied by maps, video, photographs, diaries of local observers, dictionaries of sea ice terms and place-names in local languages, along with other forms of records, such as narratives, memoirs, and oral histories, will create the first-ever broad dataset on indigenous knowledge and use of Arctic sea ice as of 2007-2008. Based upon cumulative observations by scientists and indigenous experts, this dataset will offer insight into both the past as well as the current conditions. The 2007-2008 dataset will thus be an invaluable baseline to any prospective comparison to detect future evidence of change, both environmental and social, for years to come and up to IPY-5 in 2057-2058. Another crucial task is to track sea ice changes over the last fifty years, and possibly longer, so that the scope and direction of change can be analyzed over a broader period of time. To achieve this the SIKU project teams will incorporate several senior researchers (science elders') and/or their field data of some 35-50 years ago, including those who had conducted their research in the years of IGY in 1957-1958, and after. This is aimed at matching past observations with the data of today's scholars working in the same communities. In a similar way, indigenous elders and experts are to work closely with hunters and community researchers of younger generations. Historical photographs, researchers' field notes, archival documents, and oral histories will be used extensively, to test the scope of change in ice, knowledge, and subsistence against observations of indigenous and scholarly experts from several generations.\n\nThe study will be undertaken as a network of regional projects led by teams from seven nations and focused on selected sites (communities) or areas (see 2.3). Each team will be multi-generational and will include a senior researcher ('elder') and younger scholars or students as well as local collaborators from various age groups. The project will be organized as a multidisciplinary study, in order to test ice records against the data on terrestrial and marine environments, hunting statistics, and weather patterns. Project personnel will include geographers, anthropologists, ice scholars, marine and terrestrial biologists, hunters, village elders, and subsistence specialists from local agencies.\nThe project will be conducted in partnership with indigenous institutions and communities. Participation and data sharing agreements will be sought with local village councils and hunters' associations as well as regional umbrella organizations (like Inuit Circumpolar Conference-Greenland, Alaskan Eskimo Walrus Commission, and others). Data will be collected, processed, and copied for prospective storage at regional archives, data-centers, and educational institutions. Photographs and records will be shared with local communities and families. The project's scientific products will be presented in team reports, co-authored papers, datasets deposited to the IPY data-management centers (see 3.6), individual/team monographs, and a final project volume of several chapters, organized by major geographic regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6dfe3d8-6ef2-409e-a734-637f76e9be67", - "label": "TPAF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "When we think of fungi in the context of food, the first image that springs to mind is probably mushrooms. The second is usually how to prevent food going mouldy and mould inhibitors have found a very useful place in the market, reducing spoilage, prolonging shelf-life and keeping down prices in the fresh produce and bakery sectors. However, delve beneath the surface and fungi can be found to have an enormous number and range of uses, though nowhere near approaching the 100,000 or so species of the fungi themselves. Their capacity to grow anywhere, from the richest of soils, to the bleakest of environments, from air conditioning systems to the Antarctic have required them to employ a remarkable range chemicals in order to survive.\n\nhttp://www.cabi.org/datapage.asp?iDocID=1223", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7bd565f-3072-485a-b146-36593ba16dc6", - "label": "SCARP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from 'http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/scarp/scarp.htm']\n\nAntarctica is the Earth's most isolated continent. It is surrounded by\nactively spreading ridges except in the South American sector. The\nmotion of South America with respect to Antarctica is latitudinal and\nleft-lateral at approximately 22 mm per year and is distributed along\nthe boundaries of the intervening Scotia plate. A prominent but\ndiscontinuous bathymetric high known as the Scotia Ridge surrounds the\nScotia plate on three sides. This feature includes some continental\nmaterial detached from the South American and Antarctic continents,\nbut its eastern closure is a volcanically and seismically active group\nof islands, the South Sandwich arc, that is separated from the Scotia\nplate by a vigorously spreading back-arc ridge. The entire\neast-closing, locally emergent bathymetric feature joining the two\ncontinents, is known as the Scotia arc. The D-shaped Sandwich plate\nand arc appear to be moving rapidly east with respect to both South\nAmerica and Antarctica, thereby for the first time introducing a\nsubduction system into the otherwise rift-bounded South Atlantic Ocean\nbasin. This motion may constitute the best evidence for mantle return\nflow from the closing Pacific Ocean basin to the expanding Atlantic\nOcean basin. The Scotia arc is nonetheless one of the most poorly\nconstrained of the major tectonic systems on Earth, yet it is a\ncritical and enigmatic link in global plate-motion circuits.\n\n\nOur proposed ScArc GPS Project (SCARP) will use the Global Positioning\nSystem (GPS) to measure the plate motions between South America,\nAntarctica and Africa, and around the Scotia arc using a newly\ndeveloped geodetic strategy known as a multimodal occupation strategy\n(MOST). This involves setting up permanent GPS receivers at a small\nnumber of sites in South America and Antarctica, and using additional\nreceivers to position numerous stations relative to this continuously\noperating network. Two seasonally occupied stations in the South\nSandwich islands will be tied to permanent GPS sites in South America,\nAntarctica and Africa, and to intervening stations in the Falkland,\nSouth Georgia and South Orkney islands that will be occupied on an\noccasional basis by British collaborators. During the initial three\nyears the South Sandwich arc motion will be easily resolved, and using\nroving stations in the Antarctic Peninsula-South Shetland Islands\narea, we should be able to determine if extension is occurring across\nBransfield Strait. We also propose to construct a relatively dense\nsubnetwork in Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego, and a moderately dense\nsubnetwork in the Antarctic Peninsula. While we do not expect to\nachieve sub-millimeter/year velocity resolution in the initial three\nyear project with these subnetworks, this project will establish the\nbaseline necessary for a follow-on suite of measurements in perhaps\nsix to eight years. The follow-on project will allow us to\ncharacterize the slow motions and deformations that occur across and\nwithin the boundaries of the Scotia plate. The deformation at the\nSouth Sandwich Trench and seafloor spreading behind the arc will be\ninvestigated by marine geophysics while GPS measurements are be\nundertaken on the islands.\n\n\nThe objectives of SCARP are to determine:\n\n1. the relative motions of the Antarctic, South American, Scotia and\nSouth Sandwich plates;\n\n2. the rate of rollback of the South Sandwich Trench in a South\nAmerican-African framework;\n\n3. strain partitioning within the South America-Scotia plate boundary\nzone, Tierra del Fuego;\n\n4. the rate of extension across the volcanically active Bransfield\ntrough and the present rate of uplift or subsidence of the extinct\nSouth Shetland Islands volcanic arc.\n\nThese objectives in turn will allow us to:\n\n1. Evaluate what the South Sandwich trench rollback tells us about\nmantle flow and the potential for transforming a passive rifted ocean\nbasin into a subducting or disappearing ocean basin. This also\nrequires shipboard work that will allow us to investigate deformation\nof the South American plate as it is subducted at the South Sandwich\ntrench;\n\n2. Test for motion between East and West Antarctica postulated as a\nsource of error in global plate circuits\n\n3. Determine why there is transpression along the northern boundary of\nthe Scotia plate and transtension along its southern boundary; and\n\n4. Contribute to a geodetic assessment of the elastic displacement\nfield associated with extension in Bransfield Strait and the\naccumulation or loss of ice on the Antarctic continent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7fe0092-c8fa-4ce7-bbdd-218f29ad530c", - "label": "USGS_PBS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The USGS Place-Based Studies (PBS) Program provides objective\nintegrated science for managers who are seeking to restore\nnatural functions and values of resources and the\nenvironment. In order to restore these functions, managers must\nhave scientific information to resolve the complex resource\nproblems that are before them. Resource managers use scientific\ninformation for several purposes. First, it helps to define the\nextent of environmental problems, and to distinguish changes\ncaused by management actions from natural changes caused by\nclimatic shifts, environmental succession, and natural climatic\nvariability. Second, understanding how the ecosystem functions\nhelps managers formulate possible solutions to those\nproblems. Third, ecosystem models provide tools for determining\nwhich proposed actions will be the most effective in resolving\nthe problems. Fourth, scientific information is necessary to\ndevelop the criteria and strategy for monitoring the success of\nmanagement mod ifications.\n\n\nGoals:\n\nThe goals of the PBS Program are (1) to provide relevant,\nhigh-quality, impartial scientific information that permits\nresource-management agencies to improve the scientific basis\nfor their decisions and to prevent or resolve\nresource-management conflicts and (2) to facilitate integration\nof scientific information.\n\nThe PBS Program integrates USGS research in specific, critical\necosystems. At present the areas under study are the San\nFrancisco Bay/Delta, South Florida, the Chesapeake Bay, the\nPlatte River, the Greater Yellowstone area, the Mojave Desert,\nand the Salton Sea. Funding has been requested to start studies\nin the Great Lakes in FY 2000 .\n\nThe information is designed to have a direct, significant, and\nimmediate impact on management and policy decisions. Multi- and\ninter-disciplinary approaches to environmental science are used\nto address issues that involve environmental resources such as\nwater, minerals, biota, and land in specific critical\necosystems in the United States.\n\nScientist are selected for their particular expertise from the\nwide array of disciplines within the USGS, and apply their\ndiverse approaches to common problems. Studies in the present\nsuite of ecosystem areas include land characterization, surface\nhydrologic and ecological modeling, geospatial database\nmanagement, ground- and surface-water hydrology, geophysics,\necology, geochemistry, paleontology, and contaminant, sediment,\nand nutrient dynamics. Scientists improve their interpretation\nof data by working with related information from other\ndisciplines.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://access.usgs.gov/about.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8ddacc6-63a6-45bf-8cb4-79f8db914458", - "label": "SMEX05", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Microwave remote sensing provides a direct measurement of soil moisture; however, there have been many challenges in algorithm science and technology that we have faced on the path to providing global measurements. Field experiments, especially those involving both ground and aircraft measurements, provide the linkage between spatial scales necessary for both algorithm development and validation. Soil Moisture Experiments 2005 (SMEX05) was designed to address algorithm development and validation related to several current and scheduled satellite systems that can provide soil moisture. \n\nhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=210810", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9806e93-8d97-45b4-8f62-79105cad4ca2", - "label": "TAFI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Time Averaged Field Initiative (TAFI) is a collaborative multi-institutional project to improve the quality and spatial and temporal distribution of the 0-5 Ma paleomagnetic record from lava flows. The paleomagnetic laboratory at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has primary responsibility for obtaining data from five locations around the globe: Spitzbergen, Idaho, Arizona, Costa Rica and Antarctica. We have now completed field work at all locations and directional analyses at the latter four. Paleointensity experiments are inherently more time consuming than directional analyses and yield data that are more difficult to interpret. Paleointensities are affected by many well known factors including differential cooling rates between the laboratory and the ancient TRMs, alteration, violation of the single domain assumptions, and so on. The key in data interpretation is to be able to tell good data from bad and has been much discussed throughout the history of paleomagnetism. We will present our paleointensity data for the last 5 million years and address issues of reliability criteria. \n\nhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMGP41B..11T", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab78175a-ab5b-44ff-92cc-5d3d2277baf9", - "label": "THORPEX-IPY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The WMO/WWRP’s THORPEX Global Research Programme involves nations from North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. THORPEX intends to conduct research that will accelerate improvements in the prediction and understanding of high-impact weather on the 1 to 14-day time-scale for the benefit of society, the environment and the economy.\nThe aims of this cluster proposal are to improve numerical weather prediction model systems and climate models by utilizing remotely sensed and in situ observations taken during the IPY and to study and advance our knowledge of meteorological, surface and ocean phenomena typical for the region. The investigations will also improve our understanding and modelling of polar-global interactions. The scope ranges from high-resolution numerical weather prediction to climate and regional ocean modelling. The motivation comes from several applications: 1) Regional weather forecasting: In polar areas there are strong needs for accurate weather forecasts. Further model-based ocean, ice and wave forecasting need accurate forcing fields. 2) Medium range (global) weather forecasting: Improved model quality in polar areas influences forecasts at mid and high latitudes. 3) Climate studies.\nThe project has four objectives:\nThe first is on forecasting and to what degree an improved use of satellite data and an optimized observational network, including targeted observations, will improve forecasts of high impact weather events (IPY project numbers 294; 394; 638; 600; 798; 811; 113; 146; 206, 410, 92, 888, contribution related to meteorology). These studies will not be limited to forecasting conditions over the poles, but will also address polar-global interactions. These investigations will provide insight into the design of the global observing system and into the potential impact of any IPY legacy measurement sites. New satellite technologies will be used to develop products that can potentially improve weather forecasts.\nThe second objective is to better understand physical and dynamic processes in the polar regions, in general, with a specific emphasis on aerosols, the microphysical properties of clouds and the possibility of improving parameterisation schemes of clouds and radiation for use in numerical weather prediction and climate models (294; 638; 600; 798; 70; 116; 158; 206; 410; 113, 297). The spatial variations in surface characteristics, stable lapse rates and extreme seasonal variations in solar radiation make the polar environment unique and a challenge for parameterizations.\nThe third objective is a deeper understanding of the polar regions through a focus on small scale weather phenomena and the impacts of topography and surface variations (394; 638; 618; 811; 113; 134; 146; 167; 297; 888, contribution related to meteorology). Such research will also provide valuable insight on the limitations of coarse-grid models, since recent research has provided evidence for a wide variety of circulations (terrain-induced vortices, downslope winds, flow channelling, thermodynamic impacts of open water etc) that are often sub-grid-scale in climate and many forecast models. This work includes investigations of the flow distortion over Greenland and how it impacts the mesoscale thermohaline circulation. In some cases the higher resolution modelling capability will remain in place as a legacy of THORPEX-IPY activities.\nTaken together the research results from first three objectives the potential to improve future predictions of the weather and climate over the polar regions. Improvement in the initial state means an improved time series of operational and research analyses for climate change research.\nThe final objective is to utilize improved forecast systems to benefit society, economy and environment. High-impact weather events in polar regions include spring thaws, sea ice movement, and severe winter cyclones resulting in strong winds, high seas, and heavy precipitation as defined by their impact on public safety, fisheries and fishery management, activities of the indigenous arctic populations, wildlife, energy production and transportation. These problems are not local to the poles as the intrusion of polar air masses into higher latitudes also has dramatic impacts and many of the polar events are linked to wave trains that are initiated at lower latitudes. During IPY, the major operational forecast centers of the world will co-operate to form a THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) that will form the basis for research on ensemble prediction and on improving society’s ability to utilize forecast information. TIGGE will also be made available for IPY field operations.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=121", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac6892b6-3ed9-4db5-a599-e12e7c73057a", - "label": "SEDAC/NHDRDC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aca28b0a-527e-435a-a98d-66b1b94a5b08", - "label": "TSP-NORWAY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The main objective of TSP NORWAY is to measure and model the permafrost distribution in Norway and Svalbard, including its thermal state, thickness and influence on periglacial landscape-forming processes.\n\nThe project focuses on empirical and numerical modeling of permafrost distribution and thermal heat fluxes in the ground, to study the impacts of past and future climate variability on permafrost distribution as demonstrated by permafrost landform activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acf23ab0-756f-495c-a49e-01ba431cf163", - "label": "SEDAC/GEOCORR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Geographic Correspondence (GeoCorr) is a web-based application for translating (converting) data between different geographic layers from the 1990 Census Summary Tape Files and the Master Area Block Level Equivalency (MABLE) database. Specific geographic layers are selected and custom 'correlation lists' are generated showing the relationship between different ... geographies. For example, how ZIP codes correspond to counties, or how census tracts relate to ZIP codes. It can also be used as a tool for looking at a single geographic layer, for example, generating a listing of ZIP codes with population counts. The application can also use x-y coordinates for filtering the data and determining population living within a specified radius of a given location. Output is available as both tabular and comma-separated value (.csv) files.\n\nGeoCorr provides access to all geographic units in the 1990 Census Summary Tape Files as well as several other layers in the MABLE database. These include: Standard census geographies (e.g., state, county, census tract, and place, plus 1980 county, place and tract), Congressional Districts (102nd and 103rd), 5-digit ZIP codes (circa 7/91), 1990 Public Use Microdata Areas (1% and 5% samples), Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), Hydrologic Unit Codes (watersheds), Labor Market Areas and Commuting Zones.\n\nMABLE is a database developed by SEDAC in collaboration with the Office of Social and Economic Data Analysis (OSEDA) at the University of Missouri-Columbia.\n\nGeoCorr is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nSummary provided by: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/#MGC", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad0f7611-4431-43b9-8160-b0a53482b9fa", - "label": "SASSI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short synoptic transects will be undertaken circumpolarly and will radiate outwards across the Antarctic continental shelf and slope. Transects will incorporate insofar as possible:* Closely-spaced full depth CTD/ADCP stations plus profiles of PAR irradiance, bio-optical properties and fluorescence (EoI 9, 57, 310, 573, 585, 596, 635, 911).* Collection throughout the water column at stations of water samples for tracer, chemical and biological analyses including oxygen isotopes, carbon parameters, inorganic and organic nutrients and trace gases, and for biomass on deck incubation experiments to evaluate auto and heterotrophic activities (EoI 9, 573, 585, 596, 635, 911).* Deployment of moored instruments along each transect to measure temperature, salinity, current velocities, sedimentary fluxes and sea level for at least one year (EoI 9, 57, 310, 573, 585, 596, 635).* Deployment on the shelf of autonomous water samplers to collect weekly samples for tracer analyses (EoI 9).* Deployment of ice-hardened surface ocean drifters across the coastal and slope break current systems, measuring temperature, salinity, sea level pressure and location (EoI 9, 310, 573).* Air-sea heat and freshwater flux and meteorological measurements (EoI 9, 573, 585).* Swath bathymetric surveys of the complex shelf and slope terrain, both to assess local circulation and mixing processes, and to detect geological/glaciological phenomena such as iceberg scour (EoI 9, 237, 310, 573, 596).* Sedimentological observations including coring and biostratigraphy (EoI 596, 635)* Turbulent mixing measurements (EoI 9, 310, 573).* Continuation of hydrographic sections poleward beneath ice shelves and/or sea ice using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) such as Autosub (EoI 9) and hot-water drilled access holes (EoI 310).* Use of AUVs to measure sea ice thickness distribution on the Antarctic shelf and slope (EoI 57)* Use of autonomous underwater vehicles and/or instrumented pelagic marine mammals to penetrate beneath sea ice and ice shelves to measure hydrographic and dynamical properties (EoI 9, 585), marine geological, chemical and biological characteristics (EoI 237)Additionally:* We will deploy subsurface Lagrangian floats to be tracked acoustically beneath the seasonal sea ice throughout the winter (EoI 9, 485, 573, 596). These will provide profiles of temperature and salinity, and geographical location, every 10 days. Plans are already in hand to ensonify the Weddell Sea, the offshore region of the Wilkes-Adelie Land and the western margin of the Antarctic Peninsula, to enable use of such floats. Extension of this tracking network to other regions surrounding Antarctica will be undertaken through SASSI to provide polar coverage to the global Argo programme.* Visible, passive microwave and synthetic aperture radar remote sensing (EoI 57, 585, 911) will be used to assess the seasonal/interannual variability of circumpolar coastal polynyas and of phytoplankton biomass. SAR, passive microwave and Cryosat altimetry will allow large scale monitoring of sea ice.* Numerical models will be developed to quantitatively study heat & freshwater fluxes and water mass transformations, and impacts of large iceberg calving events (EoI 57), processes of exchange between ice shelves and the open ocean (EoI 232), tides (EoI 573), biogeochemical cycling of C, N and P (EoI 635), short-term mesoscale instabilities, mixing processes and mass transports associated with gravity plumes across sloping bathymetry (EoI 596). Coupled ice-ocean models (EoI 585) will be analysed, and will assist in developing parameterisation for climate models.* Hot-water drilling through floating ice shelves (EoI 232, 310) will allow sub-ice-shelf CTD profiling and mooring deployment, together with acoustic determinations of basal melt rate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "add23bc3-38e6-41da-81f6-17b4d1740c90", - "label": "SGP94", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SGP97 was originally conceived as an airborne experiment for daily mapping of surface soil moisture. In expanding its scope to meet interdisciplinary interests, the main considerations in the experimental design have been (1) maintaining as much spatial airborne coverage as possible on a daily basis; (2) nesting when- and where-ever possible to allow observations at a hierarchy of scales; and (3) making maximum use of existing facilities in the area.\n\nThe core of this project is the large scale aircraft soil moisture mapping. Within logistic and fiscal constraints, this experiment will attempt to map surface soil moisture over an area of ~10,000 km2 (order of magnitude larger than previously observed) at a spatial resolution compatible with known data interpretation algorithms (~1 km). The resulting data base would allow the scaling up to projected satellite sized footprints (~10 km) and cover an area large enough to provide over 100 pixels of this size. These data would allow the examination of the information content of coarse resolution data as well as the analysis of the spatial/temporal scales generally utilized in hydrological and hydrometerological models. We will attempt temporal coverage on a daily basis over a period of one month.\n\nData will be collected using an L band passive microwave mapping instrument called ESTAR which will be flown on a P-3 aircraft. In addition to the L band system, a single beam thermal infrared sensor and a dual polarization C band microwave radiometer will be flown.\n\nThe temporal analysis will be enhanced by making continuous 24-hour observations using a truck based microwave radiometer system to complement the once-a-day aircraft measurements. This system consists of L, S, and C band single polarization instruments as well as thermal infrared. It would be located at the DOE ARM CART Central Facility which will provide the most comprehensive temporal observations.\n\nThe boundary layer component of SGP97 is configured to primarily evaluate the influence of soil moisture on the local surface energy budget and the influence of mesoscale variability in the surface energy budget on the development of convective boundary layer. To the extent possible, attempts will be made to quantify the water vapor budget of the boundary layer (advection, entrainment, and evapotranspiration) using remotely sensed and in situ data. \n\nInformation provided by http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/sgp97/explan/section1.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae2ee6b6-8032-423f-881e-45fd793a5605", - "label": "UAPSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Program Title: Utility Acid Precipitation Study Program\nTo obtain a better understanding of the relationship between power\nplant emissions and environmental quality, some 30 electric utilities\nformed the Utility Acid Precipitation Study Program (UAPSP) in 1980.\nThis group sponsored a network of precipitation chemistry monitoring\nstations designed to provide long-term, high quality data on the\nchemical composition of rainfall, primarily in the eastern U.S.\nAt several sites, stations have been operated continuously since 1979.\nThe Electric Power Research Institute's Sulfate Regional Experiment\n(SURE) network operated between 1979 and the end of 1980, and the\nUtility Acid Precipitation Study Program (UAPSP) network continued on\nfrom the beginning of 1981 until the end of 1987. At the beginning of\n1988 the EPRI Operational Evaluation Network (OEN) began operations\nwhich continued into 1990.\nThere were also several networks in other parts of the U.S. collecting\ndaily precipitation chemistry data at about the same time as UAPSP,\nthe major ones being MAP3S (Multistate Atmospheric Power Production\nPollution Study), WISC (Wisconsin Acid Deposition Monitoring Network)\nand FADS (Florida Acid Deposition Study). UAPSP converted data from\nthese networks into the standard UAPSP format, and included them in\nthe database.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/uapsp/uapsp.htm' for information on\nthe UAPSP program.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae49b96b-33f0-465b-99e4-6389d25a3e1f", - "label": "U.S.GLOBEC-NEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. GLOBEC (GLOBal ocean ECosystems dynamics, http://www.usglobec.org/) is a\nresearch program organized by oceanographers and fisheries scientists to\naddress the question of how global climate change may affect the abundance and\nproduction of animals in the sea. The U.S. GLOBEC Program currently has major\nresearch efforts underway in the Georges Bank / Northwest Atlantic Region, and\nthe Northeast Pacific (with components in the California Current and in the\nCoastal Gulf of Alaska).\n\nU.S. GLOBAL OCEAN ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS, NORTHEAST PACIFIC\n\nGOAL:\n-To understand the effects of climate variability and climate change on the\ndistribution, abundance and production of marine animals (including\ncommercially important living marine resources) in the eastern North Pacific.\n-To embody this understanding in diagnostic and prognostic ecosystem models,\ncapable of capturing the ecosystem response to major climatic fluctuations.\n\nAPPROACH: To study the effects of past and present climate variability on the\npopulation ecology and population dynamics of marine biota and living marine\nresources, and to use this information as a proxy for how the ecosystems of the\neastern North Pacific may respond to future global climate change. The strong\ntemporal variability in the physical and biological signals of the NEP will be\nused to examine the biophysical mechanisms through which zooplankton and salmon\npopulations respond to physical forcing and biological interactions in the\ncoastal regions of the two gyres. Annual and interannual variability will be\nstudied directly through long-term observations and detailed process studies;\nvariability at longer time scales will be examined through retrospective\nanalysis of directly measured and proxy data. Coupled biophysical models of the\necosystems of these regions will be developed and tested using the process\nstudies and data collected from the long-term observation programs, then\nfurther tested and improved by hindcasting selected retrospective data series.\n\nU.S. GLOBEC Northeast Pacific (NEP) Homepage:\nhttp://globec.oce.orst.edu/groups/nep/\n\nData is available on-line through the U.S. GLOBEC Data System at\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/nep/\n\n[This information was adapted from the U.S. GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af69167f-aca2-43d6-ae52-9bbd7d426897", - "label": "TARANTELLA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TARANTELLA\nProject URL: http://www.tarantella.aq/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=59\n\nTARANTELLA stands for Terrestrial ecosystems in ARctic and ANTarctic: Effects of UV Light, Liquefying ice, and Ascending temperatures. It is a project in the framework of the International Polar Year (http://www.ipy.org, IPY project no. 59)\n\nPredicted changes in climate and ozone concentrations in Polar regions, make it critically important to understand how changes in key environmental factors influence Polar terrestrial ecosystems via the modification of their individual but interconnected components.\n\nTARANTELLA aims to coordinate these studies by focusing on the experimental approach, in both the Arctic, in collaboration with ITEX, and in the Antarctic.\n\nA common methodology is used, the so-called Open-top chambers (OTC) or small greenhouses for temperature manipulations; for UV-B field research UV-B supplementation (lamps) and/or UV-B exclusion (foils), are used to experimentally establish varied UV-B levels. \n\nThe objectives of TARANTELLA are :\n\n * To compare the effects of experimentally induced climate change and enhanced UV-B radiation\n * To study and analyse effects of temperature (including moisture and nutrient availability) and UV-B radiation manipulations deployed over different periods of time and in different localities\n * To compare the patterns and processes of manipulated with non-manipulated natural controls.\n * To study these changes along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients.\n * To study plant morphological and chemical effects in response to UV-B radiation\n * To test how the balance between facilitation versus competition among autotrophic species varies with temperature and UV-B radiation and other climatic variables\n * To investigate the effects of environmental perturbation on carbon- and nutrient dynamics within and between the different compartments of the ecosystem", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af6c4ef7-c65e-4adb-a075-0ea9144dea95", - "label": "SHEBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of SHEBA is to study the heat budget of the Arctic Ocean\n and its impact on global change. The primary goals of SHEBA are: (1)\n to develop, test and implement models of arctic ocean- atmosphere-ice\n processes that demonstrably improve simulations of the present day\n arctic climate, including its variability, using General Circulation\n Models (GCMs), and (2) to improve the interpretation of satellite\n remote sensing data in the Arctic for analysis of the arctic climate\n system and provide reliable data for model input, model validation\n and climate monitoring. This work involves development of new\n technology for solar infrared flux measurements at the Arctic Ocean\n surface. Efforts will also be made to develop an all season algorithm\n to retrieve total and multi-year sea ice concentrations from SSM/I\n 85.5 Ghz imagery from satellites and conduct a validation of polar\n cloud detection principles, using AVHRR data matched with surface\n all-sky photography and sea ice coverage lo! gs. This proposal\n focuses on SHEBA PHASE I technological development and analysis of\n existing data sets.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu/projects/lubin.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1792395-5f2f-46b9-b294-1dacd6ebe0a0", - "label": "SCOPEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The South Channel Ocean Productivity Experiment was a multidisciplinary study\nof a whale-zooplankton predator-prey system in the southwestern Gulf of Maine\nthat focused on the oceanographic factors responsible for the development of\ndense patches of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus, the major prey resource for\nright whales. \n\nSee Robert D. Kenney and Karen F. Wishner. The South Channel Ocean\nProductivity EXperiment. CSR, 15:-383, 1995.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1864cae-157a-496e-b5d0-3623c6ad8ef9", - "label": "TEXAS/AQS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Texas Air Quality Study (TEXAS/AQS) involved performing the\nlargest air quality study ever done in the State of Texas. The\nstudy is designed to improve understanding of the factors that\ncontrol the formation and transport of air pollutants along the\nGulf Coast of southeastern Texas.\n\nThe plan involved six weeks of intensive sampling, beginning\nAugust 14. Measurements of gaseous, particulate, and hazardous\nair pollutants will be made at approximately 20 ground\nstations, located throughout the eastern half of the\nstate. Additional sampling will be carried out with specially\nequipped aircraft that can detect air pollutants very quickly,\nat very low concentrations.\n\nParticipating Organizations include The University of Texas at\nAustin, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC),\nUS Department of Energy (DOE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), University of Colorado Boulder, National\nCenter for Atmospheric Research, National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration, and Texas Air Research Center.\n\nLead Investigators\n\nDr. Peter Daum (Brookhaven National Laboratory)\nDr. James Meagher\nDr. Fred Fehsenfeld (National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration)\nDr. James Price (Texas Natural Resource\nConservation Commission)\nDr. David Allen (The University of\nTexas at Austin)\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.utexas.edu/research/ceer/texaqs/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Texas University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2c616e7-91f6-4f01-bd67-f656a848ee58", - "label": "SEDAC/PERN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b429b0d4-a998-43f0-a058-a74b83544882", - "label": "TWERLE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Tropical Wind, Energy Conservation and Reference Level\nExperiment (TWERLE) involves retrieving wind data from 400\nballoon-borne weather stations and NASA's Nimbus F satellite.\n\nNIMBUS 6 was launched on June 12, 1975 and the program objective\nwas to Continuation of research, development and testing of new\nmeteorological sensors, systems and systems configurations to\nmeasure atmospheric temperature, water vapor and ozone. Those\nsensors which could be used in operational weather analysis and\nprediction were to be added to the NOAA operational weather\nsatellite program.\n\n\nThis project involves the efforts of the University of\nWisconsin, Madison, GISS, and NCAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5368d66-7566-4037-be82-00620dbe3d49", - "label": "SNGCRP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sierra Nevada Global Change Research Program began in\n1991. Originally funded by the National Park Service, and now funded\nby the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey,\nthe program has involved more than 20 scientists from ten research\ninstitutions. The program set out to explore the fundamental character\nand significance of forest changes driven by the two most powerful\nagents of change in the Sierra Nevada: climate and fire. Studies are\norganized around three time periods: past, present and future. This\norganizational approach--modern mechanistic studies and extensive\npaleoecological studies informing one another under the integrative\nframework of state-of-the-art computer models--is a uniquely powerful\nway of exploring the character and significance of forest change.\n\n Contact:\n\n Dr. Thomas W. Swetnam\n\n Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research\n The University of Arizona\n Tucson, AZ 85721\n Phone: 520-621-2112\n Fax: 520-621-8229\n tswetnam@ltrr.arizona.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.werc.usgs.gov/sngc/'\n\n [Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b57aee86-44cd-4d37-b907-4c1b85b5578c", - "label": "SSF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "For decades, both private and public enterprises in America disposed of hazardous waste improperly, contaminating the nation’s soils, water, and air, creating tens of thousands of hazardous sites, and threatening human health and the environment. In response to community outcries for action, Congress passed on December 11, 1980 the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund. CERCLA and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 place a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries, generating a trust fund of billions of dollars to clean up abandoned and dangerous sites. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI), part of the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), manages the Superfund program that addresses both the short and long-term threats from potential releases of hazardous substances. EPA partners with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Research Program (SRP) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) to better understand and address the public environmental health issues related to Superfund sites. All of these agencies encourage communities living near sites impacted by hazardous substance to fully participate in decisions made about site management, and recognize the importance of making the science and related information about these sites accessible to these communities.\n\nThe Superfund Site Footprints collection of data sets is being made available to assist a wide range of researchers, government regulators, and community stakeholders who are concerned with the assessment and remediation of Superfund sites in the United States and its territories. The data provided here can be used to more precisely visualize the location of the sites in proximity to potentially vulnerable populations and ecosystems. Most of the site locations are displayed as polygon shapefiles and the remaining as points. A number of site attributes are linked to these locations. In addition, it is possible to use these data sets with other data layers in a GIS that integrates the Superfund site attributes with nearby demographic characteristics, environmental features, and critical infrastructures.\n\nSo far, these data sets, Version 1 and Version 2 respectively, have been used to undertake an Assessment of Populations in Proximity to Superfund National Priorities List Sites for the year 2000 and to create the NPL Superfund Footprint: Site, Environmental, and Population Characteristics, an online interactive mapping tool. The Assessment was generated in response to a request by the NIEHS to estimate how many people live within four miles of a Superfund site. It uses methodologies and data sets that more accurately than previous analyses determine population totals and demographic breakdowns in proximity to NPL sites. The Mapper is an innovative tool which can enhance the visualization and understanding of the characteristics of vulnerable populations, built and natural features, and environmental exposures near the National Priorities List Superfund sites. Both products were created by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) as part of the Columbia University Superfund Research Program’s Research Translation Core. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) funded the work on the Mapper as a supplemental grant to the Columbia University Superfund Research Program on the Health Effects and Geochemistry of Arsenic and Manganese (NIEHS 3 P42 ES010349-10). The dissemination of the data sets included in this collection is funded by SEDAC.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/superfund", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7117e21-fb74-47e4-bd57-4c28a5b92e11", - "label": "UARS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NASA officially announced its intent to develop the Upper Atmosphere\nResearch Satellite (UARS) in 1979. Nine instruments and a group of\ntheoretical investigators were chosen by an open proposal selection\nprocess. An additional instrument, ACRIM, was given a flight of\nopportunity on the UARS spacecraft. Due to funding delays and the\nChallenger accident, UARS was not launched until 1991. UARS is\nconsidered the first of the Mission to Planet Earth (now Earth Science\nEnterprise) series of NASA spacecraft.\n\nUARS was launched on September 15, 1991 by the Space Shuttle\nDiscovery. It is 35 feet long, 15 feet in diameter, weighs 13,000\npounds, and carries 10 instruments. UARS orbits at an altitude of 375\nmiles with an orbital inclination of 57 degrees. Designed to operate\nfor three years, eight of its ten instruments are still\nfunctioning. UARS measures ozone and chemical compounds found in the\nozone layer which affect ozone chemistry and processes. UARS also\nmeasures winds and temperatures in the stratosphere as well as the\nenergy input from the Sun. Together, these help define the role of the\nupper atmosphere in climate and climate variability.\n\nThe UARS Project Mission Objectives are to study the\na) energy input and loss in the upper atmosphere\nb) global photochemistry of the upper atmosphere\nc) dynamics of the upper atmosphere\nd) coupling among these processes\ne) coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere\n\nFour UARS instruments were devoted to measurements of constituents\nthat spectroscopically determine the concentrations of many different\nchemical species and derived the variation of atmospheric temperature\nwith altitude by observing infrared emissions from carbon dioxide\n(CO2). The instruments are:\n1) Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES)\n2) Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS)\n3) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)\n4) Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE)\n\nTwo instruments, utilizing high-resolution interferometry, will studied\nupper-atmosphere winds by sensing the Doppler shift in light absorbed\nby or emitted from atmospheric molecules. The wind instruments are:\n1) High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI)\n2) Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII)\n\nAn additional four investigations obtained estimates of the energy\nincident on the atmosphere by measuring solar ultraviolet radiation\nand the flux of charged particles from the Earth's magnetosphere.\nThese are:\n1) Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE)\n2) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM)\n3) Particle Environment Monitor (PEM)\n4) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM II)\n\n\nReferences:\n1. Reber, Carl A., The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, EOS Trans.\nAGU, 71, 1867, 1990.\n2. Reber, C. A., C. E. Trevathan, R. J. McNeal, and M. R. Luther, The\nUpper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Mission, J. Geophys. Res.\n98, D6, 10643-10647, 1993.\n3. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 20, 1993.\n4. Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, A Program to Study Global Ozone\nChange, NASA publication, 1989.\n5. Mission Operations Report, Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite\n(UARS), NASA Report S-678-48-91-01.\n\nFor more information, see the UARS Home Page:\n'http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), see:\n'http://www.earth.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b76911d8-f66a-4ae6-be71-971f27147ed5", - "label": "SO-CPR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey (SO-CPR) is an international program supported by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Action Group on CPR Research through the Standing Scientific Group on Life Sciences of SCAR. Current member nations are Australia, Japan, Germany and New Zealand. Other nations are encouraged to participate. The Survey is a major contributor to the Census of Antarctic Marine Life and SCAR's Marine Biodiversity Information Network SCAR-MarBIN. \n\nThe overall purposes of the Survey are to map the spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity of the plankton through the region, and then to use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of Southern Ocean. The Survey will also serve as a reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for comparison with other monitoring programs.\n\nUnderstanding patterns of variation in biological systems, both natural and those caused climate change, is an integral pattern of research in Antarctica. Plankton are the foundation of the Antarctic marine ecosystem and are thus the logical place to start such research. The CPR has proved to be the most cost-effective means of rapidly and repeatedly surveying plankton in large ocean systems with minimal or no cost in ship time. The CPR provides contiguous maps of zooplankton over large areas ideal for biogeographic mapping, especially in relation to frontal zones, and providing spatial-temporal variation in zooplankton community structure.\n \nThe SO-CPR Survey is an independent established program, but is part of a larger consortium CPR surveys in the North Sea, North Atlantic and North Pacific, operating through the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), that is providing an important survey tool on the health of ocean systems as well as supporting specific research such as the Census of Marine Life (CoML) and Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML). \n\nhttp://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b76fad89-06bb-454e-a779-ae57f6d6cbd0", - "label": "TRENZ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TRENZ aims to:\n1) Describe trophic relationships in near shore marine benthic ecosystems of East Antarctica and determine the importance of environmental forces (such as sea ice and primary production) to the structure of food webs and biological interactions in benthic assemblages.\n\n2) Examine how marine benthic food webs in East Antarctica respond to local scale disturbances (such as sewage outfalls and abandoned waste disposal sites) and develop predictive models of the influence of local human activities on trophic relationships.\n\n3) Develop predictive models for the potential effects of global climate change on the trophic structure and function of near shore marine benthic assemblages and determine the sensitivity of Antarctic near shore marine ecosystems as sentinels of climate change.\n\n4) Measure toxicity of organic contaminants to Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates, determine concentrations in upper trophic level fauna and to model the risk of bioaccumulation of organic contaminants (from local and global sources) in near shore marine food webs in East Antarctica.\n\n5) Examine trophic links between nearshore and offshore (shelf) benthic ecosystems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7b0a13b-d1e9-4b81-b81b-7ba0579ec815", - "label": "USDA/UVB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program is a program of\nthe US Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research,\nEducation and Extension Service (CSREES). The program was\ninitiated in 1992, through a grant to Colorado State University,\nto provide information on the geographical distribution and\ntemporal trends of UVB (ultraviolet -B) radiation in the United\nStates. This information is critical to the assessment of the\npotential impacts of increasing ultraviolet radiation levels on\nagricultural crops and forests.\n\nThis program provides:\n\n1. information to the agricultural community and others about\nthe climatological and geographical distribution of UVB\nirradiance;\n\n2. basic information necessary to support evaluations of the\npotential damage effects of UVB to agricultural crops and\nforests;\n\n3. ground truth for satellite measurements and basic information\nfor radiation transfer model calculations;\n\n4. long-term records of UVB irradiance necessary to assess trends;\n\nContact Information:\n\nDr. James R. Slusser, Program Director\nPhone: (970) 491-3623\nE-mail: sluss@uvb.nrel.colostate.edu\n\nMailing Address:\n\nUSDA UVB Radiation Monitoring Program\nNatural Resource Ecology Laboratory\nColorado State University\nFort Collins, CO 80523\n\nWebsite: 'http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/home_page.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Colorado State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7bb06e9-7022-4776-88f6-8fc4af957e1f", - "label": "USAP NBP01-01", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b885d84b-f3fb-48ec-979a-2d1892e6783d", - "label": "Soil", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC archives data on the biogeochemistry, physical, and chemical properties of soils. The data range from local-scale studies to gridded global products. The ORNL DAAC Soil Collections archive contains data on the physical and chemical properties of soils, including:\n\n- soil carbon and nitrogen\n- soil water-holding capacity\n- soil respiration\n- soil texture\n\nMost data sets are globally gridded, while a few are of a regional nature. \n\nhttp://daac.ornl.gov/SOILS/soils_collections.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b99a59f8-1caa-4d43-b123-94270528cc26", - "label": "SOGASEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Souther Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment is also known as GasEx III. The experiment took place in the Southern Ocean in austral fall of 2008 (February 29-April 12, 2008) on the NOAA SHIP RONALD H. BROWN. The research objectives for Southern Ocean GasEx are to answer the following questions:\n\n * What are the gas transfer velocities at high winds?\n * What is the effect of fetch on the gas transfer?\n * How do other non-direct wind effects influence gas transfer?\n * How do changing pCO2 and DMS levels affect the air-sea CO2 and DMS flux, respectively in the same locale?\n * Are there better predictors of gas exchange in the Southern Ocean other than wind?\n * What is the near surface horizontal and vertical variability in turbulence, pCO2, and other relevant biochemical and physical parameters?\n * How do biological processes influence pCO2 and gas exchange?\n * Do the different disparate estimates of fluxes agree, and if not why?\n * With the results from Southern Ocean GasEx, can we reconcile the current discrepancy between model based CO2 flux estimates and observation based estimates?\n\nFor more information, please visit:\nhttp://www.so-gasex.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba299a14-0b5b-4fbc-a1ce-87936f072210", - "label": "SEDAC/GW", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SEDAC Gateway is a web-based search interface for simultaneous searching of local and distributed metadata catalogs. Through the Z39.50 information \nretrieval protocol, the gateway provides search access to locally held \ncatalogs, such as the SEDAC catalog (which contains records for SEDAC's social \nscience data and interdisciplinary human dimensions datasets), and ... over 40 \nfederal-, regional- and state-level distributed catalogs, as well as a number \nof international catalogs. Together, these catalogs contain thousands of \nmetadata records from both the social and earth sciences. The metadata records \ndescribe data and information resources in a wide variety of formats, including statistical datasets, databases, images, maps, documents, interactive applications and other catalogs and collections of resources, while providing access and ordering information and direct links to the data itself, where applicable. The Gateway search supports free text, temporal and spatial searching. \n\nThe SEDAC Gateway is produced by the Columbia University Center for \nInternational Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nThe purpose is to provide search and retrieval of metadata records from local \nand distributed metadata catalogs. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/CIESIN_SEDAC_Gateway.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba7cc1c1-c5ef-43ff-9a2e-84629f0a94fa", - "label": "TOPAZ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Following the encouraging results of the DIADEM MAST-III project, TOPAZ aims\nat providing real-time forecasts for both the physics and ecology of the North\nAtlantic ocean. \n\nAs its predecessor, TOPAZ develops advanced data assimilation systems for a\ncoupled primitive equation ocean circulation and marine ecosystem model for the\nNorth Atlantic and the Nordic Seas with enhanced resolution in the European\ncoastal zones, assimilating satellite data available for real time operational\nuse.\n\nTOPAZ keeps improving the results obtained in DIADEM, partly thanks to the\nincreased computer resources recently available. Our strategy is to take\nadvantage of the newly available CPU and memory space for upgrading both the\ncirculation and the ecological models and for increasing their resolution.\nBesides, the efficiency of the various data assimilation schemes is improved. \n\nFeatures of the new model system are the following :\n-------------------------------------------\n* The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) is replaced by the Hybrid\nCoordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). It adds a fixed vertical coordinate to the\noriginal isopycnic coordinate and allows for a better description of the\nvertical movements of water masses.\n* The original ecological model by Fasham, Ducklow and Mc Kelvie (FDM model) is\nimproved so that the phytoplankton can adapt to changes in the physical and\nbiogeochemical environment. In particular, the new model allows variable carbon\nto nitrogen (C:N) and carbon to chlorphyll ratios (C:N-REcoM= C:N Regulated\nEcosystem Model).\n* An ice model is coupled to the physical model HYCOM, and measurements of ice\nconcentration and ice thickness are assimilated.\n* The model grid resolution is increased (18 to 35 km), and a common\ndiscretization for both the physics and biology is now possible, which\nsimplifies their coupling.\n\nThe data assimilation schemes used in the TOPAZ project are:\n---------------------------------------------------\n * The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, used in the real-time experiment).\n * The Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman Filter (SEEK).\n * The Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) scheme.\n\nThe observations used are satellite observed Sea Level Anomaly (SLA), Sea\nSurface Temperature (SST), Sea-ice concentrations from SSMI and - soon -\nCoriolis in-situ data.\n\nThe major outcomes in terms of products are short term forecasts issued weekly,\nopen for public access and end users.\n\nTOPAZ data in the North Atlantic Ocean are freely available from the MERSEA LAS\nserver: 'http://www.mersea.eu.org'\n\nTOPAZ Website: 'http://topaz.nersc.no/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba984ec5-fc8b-492a-af83-73c76159a8e0", - "label": "TCM-90", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-90) Research Initiative, sponsored by\nthe Office of Naval Research (ONR), was a project dedicated to\nunderstanding tropical cyclone motion and improving forecast\naccuracy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb709aa4-8e4b-44f1-9fc4-32feaf91379a", - "label": "UTLS/OZONE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "UTLS OZONE is a five year UK NERC funded thematic programme, which started in 1998, to study ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.\n \n The Programme aims to make authoritative statements on chemical, dynamical and radiative processes controlling the distribution of ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at middle latitudes. Studies related to pollution (from surface sources and from aircraft) and to chemistry/climate interactions will be in scope.\n \n WWW: http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/browse/badc/utls/data\n \n [Summary Extracted from the UTLS/NERC Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc487211-788b-463a-9c4c-78e9154ec2f3", - "label": "SOOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) was launched in August 2011 to coordinate and expand international efforts to collect and disseminate sustained observations from the Southern Ocean, with the key objective being to deliver the observations required to address key scientific and societal issues, such as climate change, sea-level rise, and the impacts of global change on marine ecosystems.\n* SOOS adopts the standard oceanographic definition of the Southern Ocean as the waters between the Subtropical Front and the Antarctic continent. This is a broader definition than used in some policy contexts, but reflects the circumpolar continuity of the waters of this oceanic domain and the strong scientific connections between them.\n\n[Available at http://www.soos.aq/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bea1cc90-4271-4883-858f-77d69ebe683c", - "label": "SIMBA DRIFT STATION", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This project was the International Polar Year sea ice drift station for Antarctic Sea Ice, a component of the overall project, Antarctic Sea Ice, endorsed internationally by the Joint Committee for IPY (www.ipy.org). Additionally, the buoys deployed were endorsed as an IPY contribution to the WCRP/SCAR International Programme on Antarctic Buoys (IPAB). The major goals of this study were to investigate the evolution of the sea ice cover in the Bellingshausen−Amundsen−Ross Seas during the late winter−summer periods. A ship−based study (NB Palmer) conducted in the Bellingshausen Sea focused on the first half of the period when the net radiation balance was still negative (Sept−Oct). The ship studies, including transit sampling stations and a drifting station were extended to include the remaining evolution of the ice cover into early summer using autonomous mass balance buoys and high temporal motion buoys, and complementary satellite measurements from the ICES at laser altimeter, RadarSAT SAR, and AMSR-E passive microwave instruments.\n\nWork from the NB Palmer was a drifting station tied to an ice floe for 27 days in the Bellingshausen Sea during a 60 day cruise, Sept−Oct 2007. During the cruise and on the ice station, on−ice measurements were conducted on sea ice physical, biological and biogeochemical properties. The ice station work included time series measurements of these properties at two sites over the period of ice station occupation. CTD and trace metal casts were conducted in transit and at the ice station. Drifting ice mass balance buoys measuring snow and ice thickness changes, ice temperatures, CTD, and under ice spectral irradiance were deployed at the ice station site and continued to transmit autonomously for up to six weeks after the ice station work until early Dec 2007. At the ice station site, and also in transit to and from the main floe ice, surveys of snow and ice physical properties were conducted. The surveys consisted of horizontal transects measuring at intervals snow depth, ice thickness and the areal extent and thickness of flooded layers observed at the snow ice interface. Line measurements were repeated three times during the twenty seven day ice station period to determine changes in snow and ice properties and thickness. Swath bathymetry of the ocean bottom during drift station and transit was obtained and ADCP profiles were continuously recorded throughout the drift station and during transit. \n\nTwo other activities were conducted under the auspices of the SIMBA project.\n\nOden Cruise 2006-summer ice conditions. This first cruise of the Oden to McMurdo Sound in 2006 consisted of underway ice observations by this project of summer ice conditions across the Ross Sea during the transit. These observations were then used to validate AMSR-E passive microwave estimates of sea ice extent and concentration along the cruise track, other comparisons were made with satellite-based ice mapping of sea ice extent conducted by the National Ice Center during the period of the cruise.\n\nDeployment of Ice Mass Balance buoy- Summer-Fall Transition in the Amundsen Sea One Ice Mass Balance buoy (IMB) that had been deployed during the drift phase of SIMBA in Oct 2007 and recovered at the end of the drift deployment was redeployed during the NB Palmer cruise to the Amundsen Sea in Jan-Feb 09.This buoy provided ice temperature, CTD, and ice and snow thickness information for seven weeks, from late summer-fall, contrasting with the spring-summer transition observed from the buoys deployed on the SIMBA drift station in 2007.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf0ff4e0-05b9-43c2-b7fa-c94d1a991697", - "label": "SEATAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEATAR is a comprehensive study of the relationship between the\nSoutheast Asian tectonic framework and the genesis of\nmetalliferous ores and hydrocarbons. It is the result of a 1973\nworkshop held in Bangkok and is sponsored by the Committee for\nCoordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian\nOffshore Areas/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission\n(CCOP/IOC).\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfa8dbee-7fee-4360-9160-a955f18cff4a", - "label": "TASTE-IDEA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TASTE-IDEA\nProject URL: http://npweb.npolar.no/prosjekter/IPYtaste\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=152\n\nOne of the most extreme environments on the surface of Earth is the ice divide that crosses the inner part of East Antarctica. Along this ice divide, Earth's oldest layered ice, long-isolated subglacial lakes, and important earth crustal structures are located. Antarctic mass balance is the most significant gap in determining the current role of the cryosphere on the present and future contribution of land ice to sea level change. Despite past international efforts, most of the East Antarctic ice sheet is still unexplored and its subglacial geologic setting is completely unknown. East Antarctic ice cores provide the longest records of climate and atmospheric parameters but we still have an imperfect understanding of the means by which the signals of regional and global climate variability reach the coring sites and are locked into the ice records. \nOnly through a concerted international effort will it be possible to access the interior of East Antarctica with sufficient logistic support for on ground cutting edge research in the hitherto almost totally unexplored regions and to link coastal sites with the interior.\nSeveral countries, under the auspices of SCAR and COMNAP have extensive experience undertaking ambitious scientific traverse programs in Antarctica. Twenty SCAR countries have been involved in the SCAR-IGBP ITASE traverse program during the last 10 years. TASTE-IDEA project represents the IPY evolution of this very successful programme. The traverses, coupled with airplane support, operate effectively as a polar research vessel, and offer ground-based platforms for multidisciplinary research coupled with the most modern technology. \nThe International Polar Year Trans-Antarctic Scientific Traverses objectives and main goals are to:\n- Obtain a new set of ice cores to extend the record of climate variability in the past on time-scales from years to millennia to integrate the short duration and lacking in instrumental record.\n- Survey of inner and coastal unexplored part of the continent by means of geophysical measurements, shallow drillings and remote sensing techniques.\n- Obtain a chronological linkage between the main deep ice drill sites in East Antarctica and survey the present-day variability in climate-meteorological condition.\n- Study how the signals of regional and global climate variability reach the coring sites and are locked into the ice record through the load and composition of atmospheric aerosol and gases and the processes occurring at the atmosphere/snow interface\n- Study the effect of the ice divide on the present climatic conditions and determine the past variations of ice divide and dome location.\n- Obtain geophysical and glaciological surveys required to identify the location of the longest coherent climate record in Antarctic ice.\n- Provide new information for surface mass balance and ice sheet elevation change.\n- Survey the ice dynamics and geologic setting of important earth crustal structures of East Antarctica Precambrian craton and at subglacial lake site.\n- Deploy permanent and/or semi-permanent instruments in inaccessible regions for exploring Planet Earth and beyond.\n- Revisit areas and sites first explored during IGY traverses to observe possible changes.\nIn order to achieve optimal results the scientific efforts along the individual traverse legs must be well coordinated, with a clear overall science plan and time frames for e.g. meteorological observations or upper air soundings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c09496c1-0dbc-4110-9a27-ce2092571ffd", - "label": "SOME", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The construction of four seafloor recording magnetometers, to the Flinders University design, was completed during February 1996, and the instruments transported to Hobart. In April they were taken on the Antarctic Vessel Aurora Australis (Voyage 6 of 1995-96) and deployed from the ship at sites Bruny (48 42' S, 144 44' E), Huon (49 49' S, 144 19' E), Rossel (50 38' S, 143 49' E) and Girardin (51 45' S, 143 17' E). In deployment, the instruments were placed to investigate the conductivity structure of the Southern Ocean Spreading Ridge (Figure 13). The magnetometers will be deployed on the floor of the Southern Ocean for a year, and time for their recovery is scheduled for Voyage 6 (1996-97) of the Aurora Australis, to take place in March 1997. \n\nThe region is also a place of concentration of the Antarctic Circum-polar Current (ACC). An important reason for the timing of SOMEx is to record simultaneously with a major international oceanographic experiment in the ACC, for which a deployment of instruments took place in March 1995, and which will run for two years. It is expected that there will be benefits from an exchange of data between the ACC experiment and SOMEx. The ACC experiment is part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). \n\nSOMEx is a collaborative study between the Australian National University and Flinders University of South Australia. \n\nInformation provided by http://rses.anu.edu.au/seismology/ar96/geomag.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c338e4a4-6c91-4ad6-942b-009a4a269b4a", - "label": "SSE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Surface Solar Energy (SSE) involves over 100 satellite-derived\nmeteorology and solar energy parameters, monthly averaged from\n10 years of data, data tables for a particular location, color\nplots on both global and regional scales, global solar energy\ndata for 1195 ground sites, and data for the RETScreen?\nRenewable Energy Project Analysis Software.\n\nSurface Solar Energy (SSE) contains data sets that involve\nresource parameters formulated for assessing and designing\nrenewable energy systems. The SSE data set is available\nfree-of-charge over the Internet\n('http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/'). The SSE global data set\nmakes it possible to quickly evaluate the potential of renewable\nenergy projects for any region of the world and is considered to\nbe accurate for preliminary feasibility studies of renewable\nenergy projects.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/'.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3d7430d-9453-4ebc-af44-f7b5a2252748", - "label": "SMERGE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c42473ce-b39b-4edd-a735-0fd08f36c40e", - "label": "SOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) is a strategic alliance of research scientists, engineers, and air quality managers from universities, federal and state governments, industry, and public interest groups.\n \nIn SOS, these groups work to design and execute scientific research and assessment programs that will increase understanding of the accumulation of ozone, other oxidants, and fine particulate matter in the atmosphere near the ground. The SOS program began in 1988 and will continue at least through the year 2002.\n \nSOS was formed in June 1988 when a group of 60 concerned scientists, federal and state agency officials and key industrial representatives gathered at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. The group posed the question of why ozone reduction measures had been unsuccessful, particularly in the South. As a result, the following actions took place:\n \nEstablishment of a multi-year research and monitoring program to study the formation of ozone in the South and to evaluate alternative strategies for its reduction. \n \nCreation of the Southern Oxidants Study, a strategic alliance committed to supporting and participating in the program.\n \nFor more information, link to http://www.ncsu.edu/sos/\n \n[Summary provided by NCSU]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4f03497-bef3-4d76-b947-f93fdf9c9a38", - "label": "SEAWINDS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SeaWinds scatterometer is a specialized microwave radar that\nmeasures near-surface wind velocity (both speed and direction) under\nall weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. This is a twin\nsister to the QuikSCAT sensor and it was launched onboard the Japanese\nADEOS-II Spacecraft on December 14, 2002 to provide similar\nobservations beyond the QuikSCAT mission. The experiment is a\nfollow-on mission and continues the data series initiated in 1996 by\nthe NSCAT.\n\nSeaWinds is a part of the Earth Observing System (EOS) which is\ndesigned to address global environmental changes, and is a joint\nmission with the National Space Development Agency of Japan\n(NASDA). Winds are a critical factor in determining regional weather\npatterns and climate. Oceans cover 70 percent of Earth's surface, and\nas the only remote-sensing system to provide accurate, frequent,\nhigh-resolution measurements of ocean surface wind velocities, under\nall weather conditions, scatterometers play an increasingly important\nrole in oceanographic, meteorological and climate studies.\n\nAs part of the SeaWinds Project, NASA sponsors a team of scientific\ninvestigators who advised the project during the development of the\ninstrument and ground data processing system. The science team will\nconduct research with SeaWinds data; their studies are expected to\nlead to improved methods of global weather forecasting and modeling.\n\nThe SeaWinds Project is managed for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise by\nthe Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute\nof Technology.\n\nFor more information on SeaWinds, see:\n'http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/seaindex.html'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise, see:\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c716dc8f-a3e2-45db-a3b5-4b61cdf903c0", - "label": "SBPPR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Biology And The Predator-Prey Relationships Between Seabirds And Seals And Antarctic Fish; Identification Of Parameters To Detect Changes In The Ecosystem Instituto Antartico Argentino (IAA) Project No. 29 2002-2004 \n\nThe aim of the project is to study the biology and the predator-prey relationships between seabirds and seals and Antarctic fish to identify... parameters that serve as indicators of changes in the ecosystem. The target species of the project are the Antarctic Shag Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis, the Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata, the Weddell Seal Leptonichotes weddelli, the Antarctic fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella and different benthic-demersal and pelagic Antarctic fish. One of the main achievements of the project was to develop a methodology to monitor changes in coastal fish populations through the analysis of the diet of the Antarctic Shag. This methodology was adopted as a &Standard Method& by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_CDA_AR_BIO_PREDATOR-PREY_REL.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb108a5b-210a-45de-bcac-831299e1ad9b", - "label": "SEARCH", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEARCH is an interagency effort to understand the nature, extent, and future development of the system-scale change presently seen in the Arctic. These changes are occurring across terrestrial, oceanic, atmospheric and human systems, including:\n\n * increased air temperatures over most of the Arctic;\n * changing ocean circulation and rising coastal sea level;\n * reduced sea ice cover; and\n * thawing permafrost.\n\nCurrently more than 40 projects are funded as SEARCH activities by U.S. agencies and many more projects relevant to SEARCH objectives are supported through other programs. \n\nFor additional information about SEARCH projects, see http://www.arcus.org/search/searchprojects/?Menu=20\n\nProject Website: http://www.arcus.org/SEARCH/index.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb24e8e2-2939-40d8-94d9-922e6eb68ac3", - "label": "STORM-WAVE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP), formerly the\nStorm-scale Operational and Research Meteorology (STORM)\nProgram, Weather Assimilation and Verification Experiment\n(STORM-WAVE) is a data collection effort focused on constructing\na unique research-quality data set from operational data\nstreams. STORM-WAVE is a collaborative effort in conjunction\nwith the VORTEX-95 and GCIP/ESOP-95 projects.\n\nThe objectives of STORM-WAVE are to: 1) Collect and provide a\nresearch quality data set to support storm-season mesoscale\nresearch in the central United States; 2) Collect\nhigh-resolution (spatial and temporal) continuous observations\nfor model verification and sensitivity studies; 3) Provide a\nresearch-quality database for use in the evaluation of the\nNOAA/NWS Modernization Program; and 4) Collect selected\nhydrological data during a critical part of the water year\n(spring/early summer).\n\nContact:\n\nCODIAC Developers\ncodiac@joss.ucar.edu\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.joss.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/codiac/projs?STORM-WAVE'\n\n[Summary provided by JOSS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd3b668a-39ca-4a03-81e6-ba3cd3bbb588", - "label": "TAMDEF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TransAntarctic Mountains DeFormation Project (TAMDEF)is a\njoint USGS and OSU program to measure crustal motion in the\nTransantarctic Mountains of Southern Victoria Land.\n\nCrustal movement is predicted as a result of variations in the\nice volume and loading of the East and West Antarctic Ice\nSheets through time. In addition we suspected there is active\ntectonism associated with the Terror Rift, an offshore fault\nzone that is nearby. There are also active volcanoes in the\nregion that may also be responsible for a measurable amount of\ncrustal deformation.\n\nContact:\n\nMike Wills, OSU\nwillis.146@osu.edu\n\nLarry Hothem, USGS\nlhothem@USGS.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~willis/'\n\n[Summary provided by OSU]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda1c0b1-2c0f-49ba-947d-05d5c26660c5", - "label": "USPAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of this data collection is to provide spatial data on urban development patterns, with a particular emphasis on informal settlements. The data may be of use in decision support systems to address issues of vulnerability, risk to natural hazards, poverty alleviation, and urban planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce88623c-13f2-496e-bd6d-391af8b0f5c7", - "label": "SAGA II/III", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Soviet/American Gas and Aerosol (SAGA) Expeditions II and III were\nto measure radiatively important trace species in the marine\nenvironment. NOAA/CMDL participated in both cruises in 1987 and 1990.\nThe overall goal of SAGA II was to evaluate the sources,\ndistributions, and fates of climatically significant trace species in\nthe remote, marine environment. The studies were to focus on obtaining\nlatitudinal distributions of key gaseous and aerosol species from 50 deg N\nto 40 deg S, defining the downwind plume from continental Asia over the\nWest Pacific and East Indian Oceans, and evaluating the air-sea\nexchange of biogenic and anthropogenic trace gases. NOAH and the\nCarbon Cycle Group were responsible for the organization of\nNOAA/CMDL's effort and the measurement of a suite of rediatively\nimportant trace species (RITS) in both the water and the atmosphere.\nFive trace gases in the surface water and atmosphere of the West\nPacific and East Indian Oceans were measured by automated gas\nchromatography from May through July 1987. The data included more than\n1000 measurements each of N2O, F11, and F12 in the surface water and\nin the atmosphere, and about 2000 measurements each of CH4 and CO2 in\nthe surface water and atmospheric boundary layer of the West\nPacific. In addition, over 600 measurements of dissolved N2O were\nobtained from hydrocasts made along the entire 45000 km cruise track.\nThe ship Akademik Korolev, used in the SAGA II expedition, departed\nHilo, HI on 1 May 1987, to proceed towards the Kuril trench, headed\nsouth along 160 deg E and 170 deg E meridians and terminated its first\nleg in Wellington, New Zealand on 9 June 1987. Leg 2 ran south of\nAustralia then north along 90 deg E to Singapore between 12 June and 6\nJuly. Leg 3 began on 9 July in Singapore and was essentially a\ntransect along 5 deg N turning up toward Hilo, HI at 180 deg E where\nit arrived on 28 July 1987.\nThe overall goal of SAGA III was similar to the one of SAGA II. In\naddition, main objectives were to evaluate the spatial and temporal\nvariability of trace gases across the interhemispheric tropical\nconvergence zone (ITCZ), to trace the zonal movement of the ITCZ, to\ndetermine halocarbon saturation anomalies and to assess their use in\ncalculating air-sea transfer coefficients, to measure the flux of N2O\nfrom equatorial waters, and to compare the results to those made in\n1987, an El Nino year. As for SAGA II, the Akademik Korolev was used\nduring this expedition. The cruise began in February 1990 in Hilo, HI,\nand crossed the equator seven times zig-zagging between 20 deg N and\n15 deg S before ending in Singapore in April 1990.\nReferences:\nTrace Gases in and Over the West Pacific and East Indian Oceans During\nthe El Nino-Southern Oscillation Event of 1987, J.H. Butler,\nJ.W. Elkins, C.M. Brunsen, K.B. Egan, T.M. Thompson, T.J. Convay,\nB.D. Hall. NOAA Data Report ERL ARL-16, available from James Butler or\nthrough NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.\nOceanic Consumption of CH3CCl3: Implications for Tropospheric\nOH. J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, T.M. Thompson, and\nB.D. Hall. J. Geophys. Res. 96D, 22347-22355 (1991).\nThird Soviet-American Gases and Aerosols (SAGA 3) Experiment: Overview\nand meteorological and oceanographic conditions. Johnson, J.E.,\nV.M. Koropalov, K.E. Pickering, A.M. Thompson, N. Bond, and\nJ.W. Elkins. J. Geophys. Res. 98D, 16893-16908, 1993\nContacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) Email: jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJames W. Elkins +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) Email: jelkins@cmdl.noaa.gov\nData are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account:\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/saga_ii'\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/saga_iii'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf498f4e-8fe1-4e60-a631-de931bc77b04", - "label": "SCTS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Southern California is working to address challenges involving air quality, mobility, energy, climate and economic recovery. The South Coast Air Quality Management District —the government agency responsible for attaining healthful air in the greater Los Angeles region—is working with transportation agencies, ports, local and state governments, and private stakeholders to develop air quality solutions. Transitioning to zero and near zero emission transportation technologies, such as those powered by electricity, is a key strategy with potential to address multiple challenges. This presentation will provide an overview of the air quality challenges faced by this region, and describe clean energy solutions being developed that have potential co-benefits for energy security, mobility, climate, and economic growth.\n\nhttp://pdx.edu/mme/event/making-connections-between-air-quality-transportation-energy-and-climate-southern-california-case?delta=0", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d07b1e83-e9cc-4fc7-b503-d4a047ad1ff8", - "label": "SANGIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "San Diego Geographic Information Systems (SanGIS) is a jointly\nfunded project of the City and County of San Diego who is\nresponsible for maintenance of and access to the region's\ngeographic databases.\n\nSanGIS was created in July, 1997, as a Joint Powers Agreement\n(JPA) between the City and County of San Diego. After 13 years\nof working together on data and application development, the\nCity and County decided to formalize their partnership in GIS by\ncreating the SanGIS JPA. Finding that access to correct and\ncurrent geographic data was considered more important than\napplication development to County and City departments, SanGIS\nfocuses on ensuring geographic data is maintained and\naccessible.\n\nMission:\n\nTo maintain and promote the use of a regional geographic data\nwarehouse for the San Diego area and to facilitate the\ndevelopment of shared geographic data and automated systems\nwhich use that data.\n\nGoals:\n\n1. To ensure geographic data currency and integrity.\n\n2. To provide cost effective access to geographic data to member\nagencies, subscribers and the public.\n\n3. To generate revenue from the sale of geographic data products\nto reduce the cost of map maintenance to member agencies.\n\nContact Information:\n\nSanGIS\n1010 Second Avenue, Suite 130A\nSan Diego, CA 92101\n\nPhone 619-702-0400\nFax: 619-702-0410\nEmail: webmaster@sangis.org\n\nFor more information,\nlinl to 'http://www.sangis.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by SanGIS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d15dd9bf-50e3-4576-aa30-5aae5205a7ef", - "label": "SMAPVEX08", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d32a5f0f-fedf-4368-b4ba-0ac7b77ce9ca", - "label": "Terra", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "'Terra,' Latin for 'land,' is the name of NASA's Earth Observing\nSystem (EOS) flagship satellite (formally known as AM-1). The Terra\nmission was launched on December 18, 1999, and began collecting\nscience data on February 24, 2000. The five sensors aboard Terra are\ndesigned to enable scientists to comprehensively examine our world's\nclimate system to observe and measure the changes on the Earth's\nlandscapes, in its oceans, and within the lower atmosphere. One of the\nmain objectives is to determine how life on Earth affects, and is\naffected by, changes within the climate system, with an emphasis on\nbetter understanding the global carbon cycle. The Terra mission is\npart of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE).\n\nFor more information on Terra, see:\nhttps://terra.nasa.gov/\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\nhttps://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d408634c-22b2-4eba-94f7-d447f4d08303", - "label": "SAVE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Two campaigns to measure transient tracers in the Atlantic Ocean (TTO/NAS and TTO/Equatorial) were funded by NSF during the period from 1980 to 1985. A complete data base for modelling this ocean basin would include a South Atlantic Study to: 1.Determine CO2 transports and their influence on world climate, 2.Constrain models of major ocean currents in this area, and 3.Confirm an observed 5-fold increase in the addition rate of new carbon to the thermocline. Eight components of such a study (SAVE) will be performed by investigators from LDGO, Princeton, University of Washington, WHOI, and SIO.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.sciencestorm.com/award/8613329.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d575db42-25c3-4468-a1c3-636305e27766", - "label": "USCG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Census Grids provide raster data sets that include not only population\nand housing counts, but a wide variety of socioeconomic characteristics. These\ngridded data sets transform irregularly shaped census block and block group\nboundaries into a regular surface a raster grid for faster and easier\nanalysis.\n\nFor more information, see: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/usgrid/\n\n[Summary provided by the Socioecomonic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC).]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6aa3622-ac56-4785-a3c1-ff5e7f7fdf1e", - "label": "SAGE III-ISS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SAGE III-ISS Data and Information\nLaunched on February 19, 2017 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III-ISS) is the second instrument from the SAGE III project, externally mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). This ISS-based instrument uses a technique known as occultation, which involves looking at the light from the Sun or Moon as it passes through Earth’s atmosphere at the edge, or limb, of the planet to provide long-term monitoring of ozone vertical profiles of the stratosphere and mesosphere. The data provided by SAGE III-ISS includes key components of atmospheric composition and their long-term variability, focusing on the study of aerosols, chlorine dioxide, clouds, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide, pressure and temperature, and water vapor. SAGE data has historically been used by the World Meteorological Organization to inform their periodic assessments of ozone depletion. These new observations from the International Space Station will continue the SAGE team's contributions to ongoing scientific understanding of the Earth's atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d79c1fca-0554-41b5-9ab5-84beffb1ed4c", - "label": "SDO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Text Source: The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Project Home page, http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/about.php ] \n\nSDO: The Solar Dynamics Observatory is the first mission to be launched for NASA's Living With a Star (LWS) Program, a program designed to understand the causes of solar variability and its impacts on Earth. SDO is designed to help us understand the Sun's influence on Earth and Near-Earth space by studying the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously. \n\nSDO's goal is to understand, driving towards a predictive capability, the solar variations that influence life on Earth and humanity's technological systems by determining \n\nhow the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured \nhow this stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the heliosphere and geospace in the form of solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar irradiance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d83f86a6-940a-4f90-839d-582b6f3e5829", - "label": "USPG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Population Grids project is part of an effort to link a range of\ngeoreferenced demographic and other socioeconomic data products with remote\nsensing data related to land cover and use.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8fa4e21-3cf6-4826-9d9d-88fbec425c60", - "label": "SEDAC/ENTRI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "ENTRI is a fast, convenient, comprehensive online service for accessing\nmultilateral environmental treaty data. ENTRI is a collaborative project\ndrawing on cooperating institution contributions and expertise. Find status\ndata for environmental treaties, treaty text and other related information\neasily. Construct custom tables by selecting countries and treaties of interest\nto you. \n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d91d04d9-3f48-43a1-a02a-d4d7306c51f6", - "label": "SJVAQS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study (SJVAQS)was performed by the\nCalifornia Air Resources Board and various other public agencies,\nprivate organizations, and universities. Sponsors included the\nU.S. EPA, California Air Resources Board, Pacific Gas and Electric\nCompany. The study begin in 1986. There was ม,000,000 in\nfunding for this project.\n\nThe SJVAQS is the core of these collaborative studies. The goals of\nthe SJVAQS are twofold: (1) provide an improved understanding of the\ntypes of conditions that lead to high ozone concentrations in the\nValley, and (2) provide decision-makers with the information needed to\ndevelop sound regional plans for equitable and effective emissions\ncontrols.\n\nThe technical objectives include:\n\nCharacterizing Valley meteorology, the temporal and spatial patterns\nand frequencies of ozone and precursor concentrations within the\nValley and surrounding areas,\n\nCharacterizing pollutant fluxes of ozone and precursors at locations\nentering and leaving the Valley,\n\nCharacterizing the temporal and spatial distribution and amounts of\nemissions from anthropogenic, biogenic, and geogenic sources,\n\nDeveloping source-receptor relationships to improve understanding of\ntransport and atmospheric processes influencing air quality in the\nValley, and\n\nDeveloping and specifying modeling and data analysis approaches for\nrelating emissions and air quality.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ws2.camsys.com/domino/html/nchrp833/databases/nch833a.nsf/\n579d47b8e7fa22ef852561f700572e3b/ef230a2f157f44988825627b0067498e?OpenDocument\n\n [Summary provided by Steve Reynolds (Envair)]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9ab0eae-bdb6-4586-81a6-f1fd7348a179", - "label": "SMILE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment (SMILE), funded by the National\nScience Foundation, was designed to study the response of the oceanic\nsurface boundary layer over the continental shelf to atmospheric\nforcing. The experiment took place over the northern California shelf\nbetween Pt.Arena and Pt. Reyes from mid-November 1988 to mid-May 1989.\n\nReference:\n\nAlessi,C. A., Lentz, S. J., and Beardsley, R. C. Shelf Mixed Layer\nExperiment (SMILE) Program Description and Coastal and Moored Array\nData Report. Technical Report 91-39, WHOI, 1991.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://uop.whoi.edu/uopdata/smile/smile.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9eb4d9d-a760-4710-8f8d-a2e79f11511a", - "label": "SPOT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da672d46-12d2-4a34-89c0-6707813006c4", - "label": "SSDP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Salton Sea Database Program (SSDP) is an Environmental Protection Agency\nfunded project at the University of Redlands to develop GIS data and research\ntechnologies to support the effort to save the Salton Sea from ecological\ncollapse. The mission of the SSDP is to serve as an Area Information Steward\nand establish an on-line data resource clearinghouse and provide ecosystem\ndecision support. By making available the inventories of existing data for the\nSalton Sea Science Sub-Committee and the research interests, the SSDP will save\nconsiderable time and money in the baseline reconnaissance, environmental\nreview process, and long-tern ecosystem management for the Salton Sea.\n\nProject Website: 'http://www.institute.redlands.edu/salton/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db0f54c2-685a-46b2-9683-691cf1c87e15", - "label": "SCENES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Subregional Cooperative Electric Utility, National Park Service\nand Enviornmental Protection Agency Study (SCENES) was a major\nlong-term observational study conducted by several industry and\ngovernment groups to understand factors influencing atmospheric\nvisibility in the southwestern United States. Routine measurements\nwere made to relate ambient aerosol concentrations and visibility.\nSeasonally intensive measurements were made that can be used to\ncharacterize regional transport of aerosols and to identify source\ncategories. Data were obtained over almost 6 years at 11 locations.\nMost of the routine measurements and external auditing were in place\nat all observatories by mid-1984 and these measurements were\nterminated or no longer contributed to the central data base after 30\nSeptember 1989. The eleven SCENES observatories focused on the\nnational parks, monuments, and recreation areas that stretch from the\nintersection of California, Arizona, and Nevada along the Grand Canyon\nand into southern Utah.\nData from the Research on Operations Limiting Visual Extinction\n(RESOLVE) and NPS observatories collected during the SCENES study\nperiod have been included in the data base for comparison, but\nobservatories were not operated using SCENES protocols. The RESOLVE\nmonitoring locations in California, which were operated in close\ncoordination with SCENES, are usually upwind of the SCENES sites under\nthe prevailing westerly flow, but could be downwind of the Los Angeles\nBasin and the San Joaquin Valley, both of which are strong sources of\nair emissions. Smelters are clustered in southern Arizona and just\nacross the border in Mexico. Power plants are spread across Arizona,\nNew Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and California.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/scenes/scenes.htm' for information on\nSCENES.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de6f934d-9c87-437f-b53f-81e50c982a6c", - "label": "SAMAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of the Sea Area Monitoring Action Plan is to have a monitoring survey implemented in the sea area in order to identify the status of release of radioactive substances from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station\n\nA research vessel of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology will measure the air dose rates over and collect seawater samples from the coastal waters near the nuclear facility. The seawater samples collected will be brought back and sent to the Japan Atomic Energy Agency for analysis.\n\nMeasuring sites: Seawater samples will be collected in the same sea area as that subject to the conventional project for comprehensive evaluation of marine environmental radioactivity. The measuring sites will be approximately 30 km off the coast (the air dose rates will be measured; a sufficient distance away from the facility for securing the safety of the vessel crew). Seawater will be collected at eight locations running parallel to the coastline at approximately 10 km intervals, and the data will be compared with that obtained in past surveys. \n\nFor more information, see http://radioactivity.nsr.go.jp/en/contents/1000/329/24/1304084_2_1.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dee88d1d-91cf-45da-bd00-d9fa0d8fba60", - "label": "SARAL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df404809-d686-486d-8836-7a68d960eab8", - "label": "SOI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SOI\nProject URL: http://www.studentsonice.com/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=343\n\nThe Students on Ice-IPY Youth Expeditions (SOI-IPY) will be educational expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic for high school and university youth from around the world. Participating youth will travel on the expeditions together teams of leading scientists, expert and educators. The ice-strengthened ship-based expeditions will be unparalleled platforms for Polar Education. Since 1999, Students on Ice - the world leader in educational youth expeditions to the Polar Regions - has successfully operated 10 youth expeditions to both the Arctic and the Antarctic involving over 500 youth from 25 countries. Students on Ice is a member of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, and has been awarded the prestigious Michael J. Smith Award for Science Promotion in Canada. SOI-IPY will build on this success and experience together with international partners and related IPY initiatives. SOI-IPY will provide inspiring, life-changing experiences to youth; will inspire the next generation of Polar researchers and scientists; will raise awareness internationally about IPY and polar issues; develop Polar curriculum and resources; create media attention and a tv-documentary series; and overall will serve as a tremendous IPY legacy project.\n\nSOI-IPY will organize and operate one Arctic expedition and one Antarctic expedition each year between 2007-2009, for a total of six educational polar expeditions between 2007-2009. The possibility of doing more than two expeditions per year will be determined by demand and funding. With sufficient interest and support, SOI-IPY will operate seperate high-school and university expedition programs.\n\nEach expedition will have 75 participating youth, and 35 scientists, experts, educators, world leaders, journalists, etc. Participating youth will be between the ages of 14-25 yrs. The goal is to have a total of 450 participating youth from countries all around the world. Students will be selected through an application process available on the Students on Ice website www.studentsonice.com. Partnerships and contests around the world will also help to select the participating students. Corporate, government, foundation and private sector funding will assist youth with the costs to participate. In some cases, youth will also raise some or all of the funds required to participate. Through existing partnerships with the Arctic Council's Future of Children and Youth Initiative and other Aboriginal organizations, SOI-IPY will endeavor to have indigenous youth and staff from all of the circumpolar countries on each polar expedition.\n\nStudents will participate in a world-class, multi-disciplinary education program prior to and during each expedition. The academic program will weave together elements of experiential, expeditionary, and problem-based learning, and will focus on Experience, Understanding, Inspiration, Transformation, Action, and Change. Lectures, workshops, and hands-on activities will focus on subjects such as marine biology, glaciology, geology, environmental issues and sciences, history, culture, politics, flora and fauna, oceanography, sustainability, traditional knowledge, art, technology, and much more. Some of the scientific/education team will conduct hands-on science activities and research as part of their ongoing research projects. Youth forums, student-led action groups, and inter-generational mentoring are examples of other learning formats that will be incorporated. \n\nThe educational benefits of SOI-IPY will be shared with millions of youth and the general public around the world via live video-conferencing, the SOI-IPY website, presentations, and conferences. Partnerships with schools and other educational organizations will bring the SOI-IPY directly to classrooms around the world. A team of international journalists and a film crew making a TV documentary series will help to give the youth voice a platform, spread IPY messages, and raise awareness about the environmental, historic, political and scientific importance of the planet's polar regions. \n\nSOI-IPY will partner with a number of respected organizations such as the Royal Canadian Geographic Society, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the Explorer's Club, The Royal Geographic Society, the IPY Youth Steering Committee, the Youth Science Foundation, Science North, Canadas Department of Foreign Affairs, the Canadian Museum of Nature, the Canadian Space Agency, the International Baccalaureate Organization, and the International Polar Foundation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df58f6d1-5db4-43cd-bbf7-7418dd695cfe", - "label": "SMONEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Hindcasts for the Indian summer monsoons (ISMs) of 2002 and 2003 have been produced from an ensemble of numerical simulations performed with a global model by changing SST. Two sets of ensemble simulations have been produced without vegetation: (i) by prescribing the weekly observed SST from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting) analyses, and (ii) by adding weekly SST anomalies (SSTA) of April to the climatological SST during the simulation period from May to August. For each ensemble, 10 simulations have been realized with different initial conditions that are prepared from ECMWF data with five each from April and May analyses of both the years. The predicted June-July monsoon rainfall over the Indian region shows good agreement with the GPCP (observed) pentad rainfall distribution when 5 member ensemble is taken from May initial conditions. The All-India June-July simulated rainfall time series matches favourably with the observed time series in both the years for the five member ensemble from May initial condition but drifts away from observation with April initial conditions. This underscores the role of initial conditions in the seasonal forecasting. But the model has failed to capture the strong intra-seasonal oscillation in July 2002. Heating over equatorial Indian Ocean for June 2002 in a particular experiment using 29th May 12 GMT as initial conditions shows some intra-seasonal oscillation in July 2002 rainfall, as in observation. Further evaluation of the seasonal simulations from this model is done by calculating the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the GPCP rainfall over India. The first four EOFs explain more than 80% of the total variance of the observed rainfall. The time series of expansion coefficients (principal components), obtained by projecting on the observed EOFs, provide a better framework for inter-comparing model simulations and their evaluation with observed data. The main finding of this study is that the All-India rainfall from various experiments with prescribed SST is better predicted on seasonal scale as compares to prescribed SST anomalies. This is indicative of a possible useful seasonal forecasts from a GCM at least for the case when monsoon is going to be good. The model responses do not differ much for 2002 and 2003 since the evolution of SST during these years was very similar, hence July rainfall seems to be largely modulated by the other feedbacks on the overall circulation.\n\nhttp://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18282121", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e06ed515-b130-4760-84a4-43857c4f0723", - "label": "TCTE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TCTE includes a Total Irradiance Monitor to measure total solar irradiance (TSI). This new instrument is similar to that providing data from NASA’s SORCE mission since 2003, and will be continuing those measurements beyond the SORCE mission. The TCTE was launched on 19 Nov. 2013 as part of the Air Force’s STPSat-3 mission and is intended for a 1.5 year mission. Solar measurements commenced after spacecraft and instrument commissioning, and TCTE TSI data from Dec. 2013 to the present are available via this site.\n\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/home/tcte/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0f89866-e148-4fe6-9545-e9b19b8e252b", - "label": "UV-B JUBANY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "UV-B Jubany involves studying the effects of UV-B radiation on\norganisms of the marine ecosystem.\n\nParameters measured include:\n\n-primary production\n-growth\n-survival\n-photoprotective substances synthesis\n-photosynthetic pigments\n-species composition\n\nView the 'Solar UV research in Argentina' report which discusses\nUV-Jubany at 'http://www.iai.int/ozone_page77.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1e533d2-10f0-4f4f-bfe1-e3b92c9abbe5", - "label": "USARP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP is an organization of the United States government which has presence in the continent of Antarctica. It co-ordinates research and the operational support for research in the region. The bodies' goals are\n\n&...to expand fundamental knowledge of the region, to foster research on global and regional problems of current scientific importance, and to use the region as a platform or base from which to support research.&\n\nThe U.S. Antarctic Program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs, supports only that research that can be done exclusively in Antarctica or that can be done best from Antarctica.\n\nInformation provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Antarctic_Program", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1e6450a-9a0f-4351-888a-e0de1d7d71f5", - "label": "STORM-FEST", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U. S. Weather Research Program, formerly the STormscale\nOperational and Research Meteorology (STORM) program, conducted an\nexperiment called the STORM-FEST (Fronts Experiment Systems Test) from\n1 February to 15 March 1992. The objectives were to study the\nmesoscale structure and dynamics of wintertime fronts, associated\nprecipitation, and severe weather over the Central U.S. with the\nlatest observing systems. During this program, the Lightning\nInstrument Package (LIP) was flown aboard the ER-2 high altitude\naircraft.\n\n Link to the U.S. Weather Research Program at\n 'http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/uswrp/'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e22b8709-ad81-4d17-a7f7-136f24029651", - "label": "SEDAC/CONFIDENTIALITY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e27a90d0-b4a3-4b47-bf1d-1d72011f6be4", - "label": "TDE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Throughfall Displacement Experiment (TDE)involves\ndeveloping models of global climate change to predict\nincreasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\n\nDetermined effect will be:\n\n1. an increase in average global temperatures\n\n2. alter regional levels of precipitation\n\n3. increased levels of drought\n\nThe experiment:\n\nExperimental manipulation of hydrologic inputs at the TDE is\naccomplished by intercepting throughfall in approximately 2000\nsubcanopy troughs (0.3 x 5 m) suspended above the forest floor\non a 'dry' treatment plot and transferring the throughfall\nacross a control plot for distribution onto a 'wet' treatment\nplot. Each plot is 80 x 80 m in size. The treatments result in a\n33% decrease in precipitation reaching the forest floor on the\ndry plot and a corresponding increase in precipitation on the\nwet plot. Reductions in soil moisture on the dry plot are\nexpected to be equivalent to the driest growing seasons of the\n1980's drought which resulted in reduced tree growth of some\nspecies.\n\nThe Throughfall Displacement Experiment is supported by the\nProgram for Ecosystem Research (PER) in the DOE Office of\nScience, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER).\n\nContact Information:\n\nPaul J. Hanson\nWalker Branch Project Coordinator\nEnvironmental Sciences Division\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nP.O. Box 2008, Building 1059\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6422 USA\nhansonpj@ornl.gov\n\nVisit the TDE website at\n'http://www.esd.ornl.gov/programs/WBW/TDEAAAAA.HTM'\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3915f8e-24ce-4ba3-a112-7dda5d83a2a4", - "label": "SEDAC/RAMSAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Ramsar Wetlands Data Gateway provides access to spatial and tabular data relevant to Wetlands of International Importance listed under the auspices of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (established in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971). The Gateway seeks to enhance the accessibility and utility of data on Ramsar sites by facilitating online access, sophisticated queries, and spatial data integration.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://sedac.ciesin.org/ramsardg/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3ab5006-cc26-4b24-a4cb-66c9a4ba92d8", - "label": "SANDS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Source: Abstract submitted for the 2010 GSA Denver Annual Meeting, http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010AM/finalprogram/abstract_176502.htm \n\nEBERSOLE, Sandy1, DARBY, Steve1, THORN, Joel2, and BROWN, Brian3, (1) Geological Survey of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486, sebersole@gsa.alabama.gov, (2) Geography, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486, (3) Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscsaloosa, AL 35486\n\nThe NASA-funded Sediment Analysis Network for Decision Support (SANDS) project focuses on enhancing suspended sediment in satellite imagery related to tropical cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico. Anlayzed data include color and infrared reflected bands from Landsat, MODIS, and SeaWiFS scenes related to tropical storms and hurricanes impacting the north-central Gulf from 2000 to 2009. Scenes include both pre- and post-storm data for each cyclone. Methodology for enhancing suspended sediment includes cluster busting, band ratio analysis, and ISODATA. Enhanced data shows suspended sediment carried out much farther into the Gulf than can be seen in normal true-color images. Increased area of sediment plumes from pre- to post- storm data is also visualized in the enhanced imagery and helps with comparison of pre- and post-storm runoff, sediment suspension, and transport patterns. ISODATA and band ratio analysis also returns spectral separation of suspended sediment plumes from Mobile Bay and the Mississippi River, a variation likely due to mineral composition differences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4cd8968-0bc2-43d7-9d61-6f56773cc412", - "label": "SPREX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SPREX (Spring Removal Experiment) took place in April 1985 in order to determine the processes affecting the transport and fate of freshwater input to the continental shelf off Georgia and South Carolina during the time of expected high runoff. It was hypothesized that this water is transported offshore in spring by a semi-permanent cyclonic eddy located at about 32/degree/N, 79/degree/W. The SPREX field program included a large array of moored current meters and other instruments, and three research vessels (R/V Cape Florida, R/V Cape Hatteras, and R/V Blue Fin) that conducted hydrographic mapping and biological and chemical sampling. Ship surveys (Cape Hatteras and Cape Florida) were designed to provide near synoptic coverage of a few specific events during SPREX. The purpose of the surveys was to determine the time variations in fresh water content and tracer concentrations over the shelf, the characteristics of shelf water/Gulf Stream water interaction, and biological responses to the events. The general cruise plan was for the Cape Florida to occupy CTD stations along cross-isobath transects out to the shelf break at three primary locations/endash/Savannah, Charleston, and Myrtle Beach. 4 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6840203", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4fc4ae3-7f46-450d-82ec-1f833c488e40", - "label": "SCIENCEPUB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SciencePub aims to answer two critical questions in current Arctic climate research: What characterizes natural climate change in the Arctic, and how did early pioneer immigrants relate to climate change? By studying natural climate archives in terrestrial and marine sediments from Svalbard, N Norway, NW Russia and adjoining seas we will advance the knowledge on processes operating during non-glacial and glacial periods. We will use this to reconstruct past changes in the climate, and the physical environment during the last interglacial-glacial cycle. This will be used to gain new insights into human immigration and adaptation strategies at the end of the last glaciation. Our cross-institutional and multidisciplinary team will use both new and well-established methods to extract quantitative and qualitative paleoclimate data to explore the interplay between the Arctic land, ocean, ice sheets and early human settlement. We will investigate modern and past land-ocean environments, including: 1) variability in the influx of warm Atlantic Water and its implications for growth and decay of ice sheets and ice streams; 2) fresh water flux to the ocean through outbursts of ice-dammed lakes and re-routing of NW Russian rivers; 3) early human responses to rapid changes in sea-level and temperatures at the end of the last glaciation, and 4) models of the human pioneer adaptations and settlement.\n\nSciencePub will strive to leave a lasting legacy of increased public awareness of the natural environmental system of the Arctic through outreach activities. These will include networking information officers from all partner institutions, training of science journalists, and by developing visualizations and mobile exhibitions. This project will strengthen Arctic competence and expertise by training young PhD- students and post docs, networking Norwegian institutions, build broader international networks, and strengthen cooperation with Russian scientists and institutions.\n\n[Summary provided by the SciencePub website, http://www.ngu.no/sciencepub/eng/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e611aeb2-85df-4b38-b034-a15045677e20", - "label": "SIZEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Seasonal Ice Zone Experiment (SIZEX) began on January 13, 1989,\nwhen the POLARBJORN sailed from Tromso en route to operations in Fram\nStrait. The first cruise lasted from February 9 until March 5, 1989,\nand the second one from March 8 until April 2, 1989. Biophysical\noceanographic operations commenced April 4 and concluded May 17,\n1989. The first SIZEX cruise concentrated on conditions in the\nvicinity of Bjornoya, south of Svalbard; all subsequent cruises were\nlocated in the Fram Strait region west of Svalbard.\n\nThe HAAKON MOSBY's (University of Bergen, Norway) participation in the\nSIZEX phase began on February 25, 1989, when the ship left Tromso,\nNorway, bound for regions in the Barents Sea. From February 26 to\nMarch 7, 1989, the ship operated in the general area between the\nSvalbard and the northern coast of Norway. On March 7, the HAAKON\nMOSBY headed northwest toward regions in the Fram Strait west and\nsouthwest of Svalbard, where the ship cruised seaward of the pack ice\nedge from March 11 to March 19, 1989. The HAAKON MOSBY then headed\nsoutheast into the Barents Sea, finally returning to port on March 23,\n1989.\n\n[Summary provided by NSIDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6c2ace3-7a6c-47a4-bef9-5c7c8fdc5cd6", - "label": "TSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TSP\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=50\n\nThe International Permafrost Association's (IPA) main contribution to IPY will be the development of a spatially distributed set of observations on past and present status of permafrost temperatures and active layer thicknesses. Emphasis is on permafrost temperatures since there is currently no global database that defines the thermal state of permafrost (TSP) for a specific time period (snapshot). The TSP data set will serve as a baseline for the assessment of the rate of change of permafrost temperatures and permafrost distribution, to validate climate model scenarios, and to support process research in order to improve our understanding of permafrost dynamics. \n\nTSP measurements, a field component of the WMO/GCOS Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), address questions related to climate warming and the attendant environmental and societal issues in the cold regions of Planet Earth (both polar regions and mid-and lower-latitude mountains and plateaus). These observations will serve as a lead element for the development of an International Network of Permafrost Observatories (INPO). Related activities include coastal erosion, belowground carbon in permafrost regions, regional mapping, data management and education. \n\nThe Permafrost Observatory Project has as its major objectives to:\n-Obtain a standardised set of permafrost temperature profiles throughout the permafrost regions of Planet Earth (snapshot); \n-Produce retrospective and contemporary global data sets of permafrost temperatures, active layer thicknesses and temperatures, and coastal erosion rates; \n-Increase the number of GTN-P boreholes, active layer, and coastal erosion sites; \n-Develop new estimates of below-ground carbon in permafrost regions;\n-Develop and promote educational and other training programs;\n-Develop additional approaches for reanalysis of past, present and future permafrost and active layer temperatures;\n-Develop research activities at site-specific and regional scales including the formalization of a periglacial monitoring network and regional permafrost mapping;\n-Utilise standard protocols and conform to IPY data management policy;\n-Report ongoing and new results at international conferences in summer 2008.\n\nThe Permafrost Observatory Project (IPY Permafrost Cluster) will consists of two major permafrost subcomponents or subclusters that provides the central focus and responds to IPY Themes 1 (Status/Baseline), 2 (Change), and 5 (Vantage point); and two subcomponents consisting of Bipolar outreach and permafrost-related activities:\n\n1. International Network of Permafrost Observatories (INPO) builds on several existing and developing IPA programmes and projects: GTN-P (both TSP-125 and Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM-439) components), Permafrost and Climate in Europe (PACE-175); and Arctic Coastal Dynamics (ACD), links to other closely related projects including ACCO-Net (182), CoCRA (391), Carbon Pools in Permafrost Regions (CAPP) as the IPA contribution to Permafrost and Carbon Emissions (PEACE: 882), the developing periglacial network, and several mapping projects (Nordic region, Central Asia). \n\n2. Antarctic Permafrost, Permafrost and Soils (ANTPAS-627) project is developed with the SCAR Expert Group on Permafrost and Periglacial Environments, and including ANTPAGE (357). ANTPAS project is submitted separately to the JC in coordination with SCAR and appropriate national Antarctic programmes.\n \n3. Bipolar outreach subcomponent including the existing IPA data, education and communication activities and developing new international university courses and training on permafrost with links to many other complementary IPY projects.\n\n4. Permafrost-related subcomponent includes EoIs that have permafrost-related activities and are directly related to 1-3.\n\nThe main Field Campaign is planned for the 12-18 month period during 2007-08, but starting in 2006 with the inspection of potential remote boreholes. The updated GTN-P catalogue of boreholes consists of more than 600 candidate boreholes throughout the permafrost regions (the majority of potential sites are in Russia), 125 sites in the CALM network, and some 25 coastal (ACD) key sites. A Project Steering Committee is under development. Data will be incorporated into the GTN-P and archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, Colorado. Education and training activities are to be coordinated and developed through the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS). IPA/IPY activities will be incorporated into the IUGS International Year of Planet Earth. During summer 2008 our results will be presented at the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost in Fairbanks, Alaska, and at the 33rd International Geological Congress in Oslo.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7fed51c-c529-458b-a052-3bece438235d", - "label": "SCAR_SDLS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The membership of SCAR comprises the appropriate bodies of those national scientific academies or research councils which are the adhering bodies to ICSU and which are, or plan to be, active in Antarctic research, together with the relevant scientific Unions of ICSU. It includes the original twelve members and an increasing number of subsequent members.\n\nThere are three categories of membership: Full Members, ICSU scientific unions members and Associate Members. Full Members are those countries with active scientific research programme in Antarctica, currently 31; union members are those ICSU scientific unions that have an interest in Antarctic research, currently 9; and Associate Members are those countries without an independent research programme as yet or which are planning a research programme in the future, currently 4. In addition, there are the Honorary Members of SCAR; those individuals who have, over many years, rendered outstanding service to SCAR and scientific research in Antarctica.\n\nThe National Committee of each Full Member of SCAR appoints a Permanent Delegate and an Alternate Delegate to SCAR; ICSU Unions appoint a single Union Delegate; and Associate Members appoint a Delegate. These delegates attend the bi-ennial SCAR Delegates Meeting but only the Permanent and Union Delegates may vote.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.scar.org/about/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e82fd9a0-8ed6-433c-ab43-e287127ff3e2", - "label": "SEDAC/DDVIEWER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Demographic Data Viewer (DDVIEWER) is a web-based application providing rapid data mapping, viewing, and analysis of more than 200 U.S. census-derived socioeconomic variables for geographic levels ranging from states to census block groups. A useful tool for browsing and visualizing population patterns, DDVIEWER is offered in Java and non-Java versions, each offering ... slightly different features. The core data processed are a collection of more than 200 variables from the 1990 U.S. Census Summary Tape File (STF)3A. These data cover various subjects including: general population; persons by race and age; households by size, type and income; families by number of workers; other income measures; level of education; unemployment; occupation; housing units, age and value. The distribution of values for these variables can be displayed for various census geographic units including: U.S. states, counties, county subdivisions, census tracts, and blockgroups. Map and attribute data output are available in a variety of formats.\n\nDDViewer is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nSummary Provided By: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/#DDV", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8c70f5e-290f-4459-b906-3d2fe5539f7d", - "label": "SRTM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The goal of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), a joint project of NASA, NIMA, and the German and Italian space agencies, is to map the world in three dimensions. In its 11-day mission on STS-99 in February 2000, SRTM collected an unprecedented 8.6 Terabytes of interferometric C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data (equivalent to about 14,317 CDs). This data will be processed to produce a rectified terrain-corrected mosaic of approximately 80% of the Earth's land surface topography (between 60 degrees North and 56 degrees South latitude) at 30-meter resolution. Aviation safety, coastal zone management, disaster management, homeland security, smart growth for infrastructure.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\nLaunched: February 11, 2000\nLaunch Site: Kennedy Space Center\n\nORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 233 km\n Inclination: 57 degrees\n Repeat Cycle: Mission duration: 11 days\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 13,600 kg\n Size: Deployed mast length: 60 m\n Power: 902800 watts\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n X-SAR\n SIR-C\n\n For more information on SRTM, see\n http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/\n \n For more information on NASA's Science Mission Directorate, see\n http://nasascience.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edee6f0a-b559-43a1-9e02-248952b251f1", - "label": "SOLVE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SAGE III (Stratospheric and Atmospheric Gas Experiment III) Ozone\nLoss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) is an experimental field\ncampaign sponsored by NASA.\n\nThe SOLVE campaign is designed to examine the processes which control\npolar to mid-latitude stratospheric ozone levels. The mission will be\nstaged during the 1999-2000 northern winter from Kiruna, Sweden. The\nSOLVE campaign will employ the NASA ER-2, NASA DC-8, the OMS in-situ\nand remote sensing balloon payloads, ground station observations, and\nan extensive theory team. The results of SOLVE will be both expand\nunderstanding of polar ozone processes, and will provide greater\nconfidence in current ozone monitoring capabilities. This knowledge\nprovides the basis for setting sound public policies which will help\nto preserve the Earth's ozone layer. Final data will be archived in\nJuly 2000.\n\nTHESEO-2000 opertes in collaboration with the NASA SAGE III Ozone Loss\nand Validation Experiment (SOLVE).\n\nFor information on SOLVE, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solve/'\n\nFor more information on THESEO 2000, see:\n'http://www.nilu.no/projects/theseo2000'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef849a5d-c0be-4295-8c41-8e2c30c89842", - "label": "SEDAC/DDCARTO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This site provides digital coverages of U.S. Census demographics to GIS users. Atlas GIS and MapInfo formats are supported. The data are provided freely for research and instructional use only. GIS files are stored in Atlas GIS export (.bna) format and can be downloaded. The data can be browsed by state.\n\nInformation provided by http://plue.sedac.ciesin.org/plue/ddcarto/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efbcd164-5f6a-4051-b839-e509cb62d2f3", - "label": "SAGE I", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nThe Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I instrument, a Sun\nphotometer, aboard the Applications Explorer Mission-2 (AEM-2)\nsatellite began collecting data in October 1979. The scientific\nobjective was to develop a global stratospheric aerosol, ozone, and\nnitrogen dioxide database that could be used for the investigation of\nthe spatial and temporal variations of these species caused by\nseasonal and short-term meteorological variations, atmospheric\nchemistry, microphysics, and transient phenomena such as volcanic\neruptions. The database could also be used for the study of trends,\natmospheric dynamics and transport, and potential climatic effects.\nThe SAGE I sensor was designed to measure the attenuation of solar\nradiation resulting from atmospheric aerosol, ozone, and nitrogen\ndioxide at four spectral regions through the Earth's atmosphere during\neach spacecraft sunrise and sunset.\nProject Description:\nThe AEM-2 satellite was placed in an orbit of approximately 600\nkilometers at an inclination of 56 degrees to extend the latitudinal\ncoverage for the solar occultation measurements from 79 degrees South\nto 79 degrees North.\nThe SAGE I instrument consists of four spectral channels centered at\nwavelengths of 1000, 600, 450, and 385 nanometers for measuring global\ndata concerning aerosol vertical extinction profiles, ozone vertical\nconcentrations profiles, and nitrogen dioxide vertical concentrations\nprofiles during spacecraft sunrise and sunset. The solar wavelengths\nof 1000 and 450 nanometers are used to generate altitude profiles of\nozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration. The SAGE I aerosol data\nwere validated by comparison with correlative lidar and dustsonde in\nsitu measurements, the ozone data were validated by comparison with\nballoon ECC ozonesonde and rocket measurements, and the nitrogen\ndioxide measurements were compared with climatology.\nThe operation of the instrument, during each sunrise and sunset\nmeasurement, was totally automatic. Prior to each sunrise or sunset,\nthe instrument was rotated in azimuth to its predicted solar\nacquisition position. When the Sun entered the instrument's field of\nview, the instrument adjusted its azimuth position to lock onto the\nradiometric center of the Sun to within +/- 45 arcsec and then\nacquired the sun by rotating its scan mirror to the proper elevation\nangle. As the Sun traversed between the horizon and the tangent\nheight of 150 kilometers, radiometric channel data were sampled at a\nrate of 64 samples per second per channel, digitized to 12-bit\nresolution, and recorded for later transmission back to Earth.\nAdditional SAGE I instrument information can be found in McCormick et\nal (1979). The SAGE I instrument collected data for almost three\nyears until the AEM-2 satellite power subsystem failed.\nData Used and Produced:\nThe SAGE I science and engineering data, along with spacecraft time,\nposition, and housekeeping data, were stored aboard the spacecraft and\nthen down linked to NASA GSFC through a ground station. GSFC then\nforwarded these data to LaRC for processing and scientific analysis.\nGSFC also sent spacecraft and solar ephemeris data to LaRC on separate\nweekly tapes.\nLaRC combines three data sources to produce the SAGE I MERDAT: (1) the\nSAGE I instrument data, (2) the spacecraft and solar ephemeris data,\nand (3) NOAA NMC temperature and density interpolations from the\nstandard NMC spatial gridded analyses at the 18 standard pressure\nlevels and at the tropopause for each tangent event location.\nThe MERDAT files are used as the data input to the inversion process.\nAt the completion of the data processing, three Level 2 SAGE I\nproducts are produced: aerosol extinction profiles, ozone\nconcentration profiles, and nitrogen dioxide concentration profiles.\nThe SAGE1_AERO_PRF_NAT data set contains three years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of three months of\ndata (seasonal data) which is in the SAGE I's native binary format.\nThe data coverage begins February 1979 and extends through November\n1981. Data are stored in event format. Each measurement event\nconsists of 48 parameters (does not include spares).\nThe SAGE1_AERO_PRF data set contains three years of aerosol extinction\nprofiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data. These\ndata are in Hiearchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage begins\nFebruary 1979 and extends through November 1981. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 38 parameters.\nThe Ozone Concentration Profiles data set is not currently available\nat the Langley DAAC. It will be archived in Hierarchical Data Format\n(HDF).\nThe Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration Profiles data set is not currently\navailable at the Langley DAAC. It will be archived in Hierarchical\nData Format (HDF).\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-8656\n FAX: (804) 864-8807\n INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Mail Stop 475\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-2669\n FAX: (804) 864-2671\n INTERNET > M.P.MCCORMICK@LaRC.NASA.GOV\n Michael W. Rowland\n SAIC\n Mail Stop 475\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-2691\n FAX: (804) 864-2671\n INTERNET > M.W.ROWLAND@LaRC.NASA.GOV\nReferences:\nThe following list of references is provided as a starting point for\nsomeone wishing to learn more about the SAGE I instrument, inversion\nmethod, validation studies and recent scientific studies.\nChandra, S.; McPeters, R. D.; Hudson, R. D.; and Planet, W. 1990:\nOzone Measurements From the NOAA-9 and the Nimbus-7 Satellites:\nImplications of Short and Long Term Variabilities. Geophys. Res.\nLett., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1573-1576.\nChu, W. P.; and McCormick, M. P. 1979: Inversion of Stratospheric\nAerosol and Gaseous Constituents From Spacecraft Solar Extinction Data\nin the 0.38-1.0 micrometer Wavelength Region. Appl. Opt., vol. 18, no. 9,\npp. 1404-1413.\nChu, W. P.; and McCormick, M. P. 1986: SAGE Observations of Stratospheric\nNitrogen Dioxide. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, no. D5, pp. 5465-5476.\nChu, W. P.; McCormick, M. P.; Lenoble, J.; Brogniez, C.; and Pruvost, P.\n1989: SAGE II Inversion Algorithm. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 94, no. D6,\npp. 8339-8351.\nCunnold, D. M.; Zawodny, J. M.; Chu, W. P.; Pommereau, J. P.; and\nGoutail, F. 1991: Validation of SAGE II NO2 Measurements. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 96, pp. 12,913-12,925.\nGeller, Marvin A.; Wu, Mao-Fou; and Gelman, Melvyn E. 1983:\nTropospheric-Stratosphere (Surface-55 km) Monthly Winter General\nCirculation Statistics for the Northern Hemisphere--Four Year Averages.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1334-1352.\nGelman, M. E.; Miller, A. J.; Johnson, K. W.; and Nagatani, R. M. 1986:\nDetection of Long-Term Trends in Global Stratospheric Temperatures From\nNMC Analyses Derived From NOAA Satellite Data. Adv. Space Res., vol. 6,\nno. 10, pp. 17-26.\nHerman, J. R.; Hudson, R. D.; and Serafino, G. 1990: Analysis of the\nEight-Year Trend in Ozone Depletion From Empirical Models of Solar\nBackscattered Ultraviolet Instrument Degradation. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 95, no. D6, pp. 7703-7416.\nKent, G. S.; and McCormick, M. P. 1984: SAGE and SAM II Measurements of\nGlobal Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth and Mass Loading.\nJ. Geophys. Res., vol. 89, no. D4, pp. 5303-5314.\nKent, G. S.; Farrukh, U. O.; Wang, P. H.; and Deepak, A. 1988: SAGE I and\nSAM II Measurements of 1 micrometer Aerosool Extinction in the Free\nTroposphere. J. Appl. Meteorol., vol. 27, pp. 269-279.\nKerr, J. B.; Evans, W. F. J.; and McConnell, J. C. 1977:\nThe Effects of NO2 Changes at Twilight on Tangent Ray NO2\nMeasurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 577-579.\nLenoble, J.; and Pruvost, P. 1983: Inference of the Aerosol\nAngstrom Coefficient From SAGE Short-Wavelength Data.\nJ. Clim. & Appl. Meteorol., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1717-1725.\nMcCormick, M. P.; Hamill, Patrick; Pepin, T. J.; Chu, W. P.; Swissler,\nT. J.; and McMaster, L. R. 1979: Satellite Studies of the\nStratospheric Aerosol. Bull. American Meteorol. Soc., vol. 60, no. 9,\npp. 1038-1046.\nMcCormick, M. Patrick; Kent, G. S.; Yue, G. K.; and Cunnold, D. M. 1982:\nStratospheric Aerosol Effects From Soufriere Volcano as Measured by\nthe SAGE Satellite System. Science, vol. 216, no. 4550, pp. 1115-1118.\nMcCormick, M. P.; Swissler, T. J.; Hilsenrath, E.; Krueger, A. J.; and\nOsborn, M. T. 1984: Satellite and Correlative Measurements of\nStratospheric Ozone: Comparison of Measurements Made by SAGE, ECC\nBalloons, Chemiluminescent, and Optical Rocketsondes. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 89, no. D4, pp. 5315-5320.\nMcCormick, M. P.; Veiga, R. E.; and Zawodny, J. M. 1989: Comparison of\nSAGE I and SAGE II Stratospheric Ozone Measurements. Ozone in the\nAtmosphere -- Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1988 and\nTropospheric Ozone Workshop, Rumen D. Bojkov and Peter Fabian, eds.,\nA Deepak Publishing, pp. 202-205.\nMcMaster, Leonard R. 1986: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment\n(SAGE II). Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, American\nMeteorological Soc., pp. J46-J48.\nReiter, R.; and McCormick, M. P. 1982: SAGE - European Ozonesonde\nComparison. Nature, vol. 300, no. 5890, pp. 337-339.\nRussell, P. B.; and McCormick, M. P.; Swissler, T. J.; Chu, W. P.;\nLivingston, J. M.; Fuller, W. H., Jr.; Rosen, J. M.; Hofmann, D. J.;\nMcMaster, L. R.; Woods, D. C.; and Pepin, T. J. 1981: Satellite and\nCorrelative Measurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol. II: Comparison\nof Measurements Made by SAM II, Dustsondes and an Airborne Lidar.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1295-1312.\nRussell, P. B.; and McCormick, M. P.; Chu, W. P.; Livingston, J. M.;\nPepin, T. J. 1981 Satellite and Correlative Measurements\nof the Stratospheric Aerosol. I: An Optical Model for Data Conversions.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1279-1294.\nRussell, P. B.; and McCormick, M. P.; Swissler, T. J.; Rosen, J. M.;\nHofmann, D. J.; and McMaster, L. R. 1984: Satellite and Correlative\nMeasurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol. III: Comparison of\nMeasurements by SAM II, SAGE, Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors,\nand Lidar. J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1791-1800.\nWang, Pi-Huan; McCormick, M. P.; and Chu, W. P. 1983: A Study on the\nPlanetary Wave Transport of Ozone During the Late February 1979\nStratospheric Warming Using the SAGE Ozone Observation and Meteorological\nInformation. J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 2419-2431.\nWang, Pi-Huan; and McCormick, M. P. 1985: Variations in Stratospheric\nAerosol Optical Depth During Northern Warmings. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 90, no. D6, pp. 10,597-10,606.\nWatson, R. T. et al. 1988: Present State of Knowledge of the Upper\nAtmosphere 1988: An Assessment Report. NASA RP-1208.\nWMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project 1981: The Stratosphere\n1981--Theory and Measurements. NASA TM-84125. (Available as WMO\nRep. No. 11.)\nWMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Proj. 1990:\nScientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989, Volume I.\nRep. No. 20, World Meteorological Organization.\nWoodbury, Gerard E.; and McCormick, M. P. 1986: Zonal and\nGeographical Distributions of Cirrus Clouds Determined From\nSAGE Data. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, no. D2, pp. 2775-2785.\nYue, Glenn K.; and Deepak, Adarsh 1983: Retrieval of Stratospheric\nAerosol Size Distribution From Atmospheric Extinction of Solar\nRadiation at Two Wavelengths. Appl. Opt., vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1639-1645.\nYue, Glenn K.; and Deepak, Adarsh 1984: Latitudinal and Altitudinal\nVariation of Size Distribution of Stratospheric Aerosols Inferred From\nSAGE Aerosol Extinction Coefficient Measurements at Two Wavelengths.\nGeophys. Res. Lett., vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 999-1002.\nYue, Glenn K.; McCormick, M. P.; and Chu, W. P. 1984: A Comparative\nStudy of Aerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE\nSatellite Experiments. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 89, no. D4, pp. 5321-5327.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f173c4b6-8e6e-4e74-bb59-acdbb89a5ecb", - "label": "SEASONS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Seasonal Ecological Analysis of Seafloor Organic Nutrient Supplies (SEASONS) is an ongoing study to investigate the impact of seasonality on benthic foraminiferal communities of the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). The WAP, in particular the northern Gerlache-southern Bransfield Straits, displays strong seasonality in primary productivity due largely to seasonal sea ice conditions and light availability. These extremes in primary productivity result in significant differences in organic flux to the sea floor. Cruises SEASONS I and II were devoted to sampling surface and near surface sediments in mid-April and late June, 2008 for foraminiferal, sedimentological, pore water, and geochemical analyses. Samples were collected across a productivity gradient, and at shallow (~600 meters) and deep (~1200 meters) water depths in the northern Gerlache-southern Bransfield Straits. Foraminiferal samples were treated to identify specimens containing protoplasm (living) at the time of collection with a protein marker, CellTracker Green and biological stain, Rose Bengal. Foraminiferal samples will be used to determine the seasonal impact on the population dynamics of the foraminiferal communities, and to assess seasonal impact on the geochemical properties of the biogenic carbonate. Additional samples were collected for organic carbon and sedimentological analyses. Pore waters were collected from the sediments for geochemical analyses. Results of these analyses will further our understanding of the environmental controls on foraminiferal geochemistry and distributions, extensively used proxies for paleoceanographic/paleoclimatic interpretations.\n\nhttps://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2008AM/finalprogram/abstract_150687.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f239cacc-e0fb-4c99-8afb-d231cf78ccc9", - "label": "SONEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SONEX was conducted to understand a variety of NOx sources including the current subsonic aircraft fleet in the North Atlantic, with and without convection. To improve the models and our understanding, Photochemistry was collected to determine the impact of subsonic aircraft emissions on Tropospheric NOx and Ozone budgets. The experiment was conducted during October-November 1997 over Bangor, Maine; Sannon, Ireland; and the Azores, Portugal. \n \nSONEX data and documentation is available at: http://www.espo.nasa.gov/sonex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f261a48f-e9f0-4d19-b506-638defc45aad", - "label": "SAM-II", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/campaign_documents/sam2_project.html\n\nScientific Objectives:\n \nThe Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM) II instrument, aboard the Earth-orbiting Nimbus 7 spacecraft, was designed to measure solar irradiance attenuated by aerosol particles in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere. The scientific objective of the SAM II experiment was to develop a stratospheric aerosol data base for the polar regions by measuring and mapping vertical profiles of the atmospheric extinction due to aerosols. This data base allows for studies of aerosol changes due to seasonal and short-term meteorological variations, atmospheric chemistry, cloud microphysics, volcanic activity and other perturbations. The results obtained are useful in a number of applications, particularly the evaluation of any potential climatic effect caused by stratospheric aerosols. \n \nProject Description: The SAM II instrument consists of a single-channel Sun photometer with a 0.04 micron passband centered at a wavelength of 1.0 micron. This is a region of the spectrum where absorption by atmospheric gases is negligible; consequently, any attenuation of sunlight is due to scattering by aerosol particles and air molecules. In operation, the instrument is activated shortly before each sunrise or sunset encountered by the satellite. A sensor with a wide field-of-view is used to indicate the Sun's presence. Two similar sensors then point the SAM II to within +-0.03 degrees in azimuth (left and right). A mirror begins a rapid vertical scan until the Sun's image is acquired by the SAM II telescope. The mirror then slowly scans vertically across the Sun at a rate of 0.25 degree per second reversing itself each time a Sun-limb crossing occurs. The entrance window to the SAM II telescope only passes sunlight of wavelengths greater than 0.9 micron. A circular aperture placed at the image plane serves to define the instantaneous field of view of the instrument to be 0.5 minute of arc. This corresponds to a vertical resolution in the atmosphere of approximately 0.5 km altitude. From the telescope, the light is directed through an interference filter, which rejects all but the 1.0 micron wavelength (+-0.02 micron) passband, to a photodiode detector. The solar intensity as a function of time is digitized, recorded, and periodically telemetered back to Earth. A description of the SAM II instrument, and of the experiment in general, is given by McCormick et al. (1979). The SAM II instrument, along with a number of other sensors, is mounted on the Nimbus 7 Earth-orbiting spacecraft. The orbital characteristics of this spacecraft determine the frequency and geographic locations of the SAM II measurements. The mode of operation of the SAM II instrument is such that it takes data during each sunrise and sunset encountered. The Nimbus 7 spacecraft has an orbital period of 104 minutes, which means that it circles the Earth nearly 14 times per day. There is a measurement opportunity for the SAM II each time that the spacecraft enters into or emerges from the Earth's shadow. Consequently, the instrument takes data during approximately 14 sunrises and 14 sunsets each Earth day. The Nimbus 7 spacecraft was placed in a high-noon, Sun-synchronous orbit; that is, the spacecraft crossed the Equator during each orbit at local noon. In general terms, this means that the orbital plane of the spacecraft was fixed with respect to the Sun, and thus all sunsets occur in the Arctic region and all sunrises occur in the Antarctic region. In the course of a single day, measurements of the stratospheric aerosol are obtained at 14 points spaced 26 degrees apart in longitude in the Arctic region and similarly for the Antarctic region. All the points obtained during 1 day in a given region are at very nearly the same latitude, but as time progresses, the latitudes of the measurements slowly change with the season by 1 to 2 degrees each week, gradually sweeping out the area from approximately 64.0 to 83.0 degrees. The lowest latitude coverage occurs at the solstices whereas the highest latitudes are measured at the equinoxes. In the course of 1 week, therefore, the instrument makes about 98 measurements in each region, all in a band of latitude of approximately 1.0 degree. These measurements give a fairly spatially dense set of data points. When the locations of all the measurements obtained in one week are plotted on a geographic set of axes, one finds that the separation between points is only about 4.0 degrees in longitude. In a 6-month period of time, the total number of observations is on the order of 5000. However, due to an orbit degradation associated with the Nimbus 7 spacecraft, there has been a change and disruption in the collection of SAM II data beginning in 1987. During the period of time from 1987 through 1993, orbital precession caused the Nimbus 7 spacecraft to cross the equator earlier than the planned high-noon crossing. This gradually moved the Antarctic coverage equatorward and the maximum latitudinal Arctic coverage slightly poleward. Initially the Antarctic latitudinal coverage extended from the lowest latitude, 64.5 degrees at the solstices, to the highest latitude, 81.0 degrees at the equinoxes. By 1992 the Antarctic coverage gradually shifted to extend from 53.1 degrees at the solstices, to 69.2 degrees at the equinoxes. In the Arctic region the initial latitudinal coverage extended from the lowest latitude, 64.1 degrees at the solstices, to the highest latitude, 83.0 degrees at the equinoxes. Gradually by 1991 the highest Arctic latitudinal coverage extended to 86.2 degrees at the equinoxes. \n\nThe orbital precession also affected the spacecraft orientation and prevented the SAM II instrument from acquiring the Sun for certain periods of time. In the Arctic region many sunset events were lost because an S-band antenna blocked SAM II's view to the Sun. Sunset events were lost for the following periods of time: mid-June through mid-August 1988; mid-March through mid-September 1989; mid-January through September 1990; and from January 7, 1991, through the present. In the Antarctic region the SAM II instrument was not able to acquire the Sun for the period of time from mid-January through October 1993. The final 2 months of SAM II data for the Antarctic region were collected during November and December 1993, and no further data is expected beyond 1993. Data Used and Produced: The SAM II satellite data are processed after being telemetered to the ground, with the data on solar intensity versus time being mathematically inverted to yield extinction coefficient versus altitude (extinction profile) for each sunrise or sunset event. The mathematical inversion used is described by Chu and McCormick (1979). The basic data product, therefore, is the extinction profile obtained during each measurement opportunity, which can be analyzed to determine the spatial and temporal variations in the upper tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol. These extinction data are archived at the Langley Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, after being subjected to an extensive validation program including comparisons with correlative aerosol observations. A detailed description of the archived data products is given in the SAM II Data User's Guide (Chu et al.,1988). The SAM2_AERO_PRF_NAT data set contains over 15 years of polar Arctic and Antarctic aerosol profiles obtained with the SAM II satellite experiment. The data coverage begins October 1978 and extends through December 1993. For each measurement event, vertical profiles of extinction km-1, extinction km-1 uncertainty, extinction ratio, extinction ratio uncertainty, NMC temperature, temperature uncertainty, and pressure are provided as a function of altitude. Questionable profiles identified using the procedures described in the SAM II Data User's Guide have been removed from this data set. In addition, a small number of events displaying incorrect measurement locations were deleted.\n \nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n Email: larc@eos.nasa.gov\n Home Page: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\n \nProject Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Email: pat.mccormick@hamptonu.edu\n\n \n References:\n The following list of references is provided as a starting point for\n someone wishing to learn more about the SAM II instrument, inversion\n method, validation studies and recent scientific studies.\n Albritton, D. L., et al., Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric\n Ozone: 1989, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report\n No. 20, 1990.\n Chu, W. P. and M. P. McCormick, Inversion of Stratospheric Aerosol and\n Gaseous Constituents From Spacecraft Solar Extinction Data in the\n 0.38-1.0 5 micron Wavelength Region, Appl. Opt., 18, no. 9, 1404-1413,\n May 1, 1979.\n Chu, W. P., M. T. Osborn, and L. R. McMaster, SAM II Data Users'\n Guide, NASA RP-1200, July 1988.\n Hamill, P. and L. R. McMaster, Polar Stratospheric Clouds - Their Role\n in Atmospheric Processes, NASA CP-2318, 1984.\n Hamill, P., O. B. Toon, and R. P. Turco, Characteristics of Polar\n Stratospheric Clouds During the Formation of the Antarctic Ozone Hole,\n Geophys. Res. Lett.,13, no. 12, Nov. Suppl., 1288-1291, 1986.\n Hamill, P., O. B. Toon, and R. P. Turco, Aerosol Nucleation in the\n Winter Arctic and Antarctic Stratospheres, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17,\n 417-420, 1990.\n Hamill, P. and O. B. Toon, Denitrification of the Polar Winter\n Stratosphere: Implications of SAM II Cloud Formation Temperatures,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 441-444, 1990.\n Hofmann, D. J. and J. M. Rosen, On the Temporal Variation of\n Stratospheric Aerosol Size and Mass During the First 18 Months\n Following the 1982 Eruptions of El Chichon, J. Geophys. Res., 89,\n no. D3, 4883-4890, June 20, 1984.\n Kent, G. S. and M. P. McCormick, SAGE and SAM II Measurements of\n Global Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth and Mass Loading,\n J. Geophys. Res., 89, no. D4, 5303-5314, June 30, 1984.\n Kent, G. S., C. R. Trepte, U. O. Farrukh, and M. P. McCormick,\n Variation in the Stratospheric Aerosol Associated With the North\n Cyclonic Polar Vortex as Measured by the SAM II Satellite Sensor,\n J. Atmos. Sci., 42, no. 14, 1536-1551, July 15, 1985.\n Kent, G. S., P.-H. Wang, U. O. Farrukh, and G. K. Yue, Validation of\n SAM II and SAGE Satellite, Final Report, NASA CR-178256, April 1987.\n Kent, G. S., U. O. Farrukh, P.-H. Wang, and A. Deepak, SAGE I and SAM\n II Measurements of 1.0 micron Aerosol Extinction in the Free\n Troposphere, J. Appl. Meteorol., 27, 269-279, March 1988.\n Madrid, C. R., The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide, NASA Goddard Space Flight\n Center, NASA TM-79969, August 1978.\n McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, T. J. Pepin, W. P. Chu, T. J. Swissler,\n and L. R. McMaster, Satellite Studies of the Stratospheric Aerosol,\n Bull. American Meteorol. Soc., 60, no. 9, 1038-1046, September 1979.\n McCormick, M. P., W. P. Chu, L. R. McMaster, G. W. Grams,\n B. M. Herman, T. J. Pepin, P. B. Russell, T. J. Swissler, SAM II\n Aerosol Profile Measurements, Poker Flat, Alaska, July 16-19, 1979,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, no. 1, 3-4, January 1981.\n McCormick, M. P., W. P. Chu, G. W. Grams, P. Hamill, B. M. Herman,\n L. R. McMaster, T. J. Pepin, P. B. Russell, H. M. Steele, and\n T. J. Swissler, High-Latitude Stratospheric Aerosols Measured by the\n SAM II Satellite System in 1978 and 1979, Science, 214, no. 4518,\n 328-331, October 16, 1981.\n McCormick, M. P., H. M. Steele, P. Hamill, W. P. Chu, and\n T. J. Swissler, Polar Stratospheric Cloud Sightings by SAM II,\n J. Atmos. Sci., 39, no. 6, 1387-1397, June 1982.\n McCormick, M. P., C. R. Trepte, and G. S. Kent, Spatial Changes in the\n Stratospheric Aerosol Associated With the North Polar Vortex,\n Geophys. Res.Lett., 10, no. 10, 941-944, October 1983.\n McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, and U. O. Farrukh, Characteristics of\n Polar Stratospheric Clouds as Observed by SAM II, SAGE, and Lidar,\n J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 63, no. 2, 267-276, April 1985.\n McCormick, M. P. and J. C. Larsen, Antarctic Springtime Measurements\n of Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Aerosol Extinction by SAM II, SAGE,\n and SAGE II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, no. 12, Nov. Suppl., 1280-1283,\n 1986.\n McCormick, M. P. and C. R. Trepte, SAM II Measurements of Antarctic\n PSC's and Aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, no. 12, Nov. Suppl.,\n 1276-1279, 1986.\n McCormick, M. P. and C. R. Trepte, Polar Stratospheric Optical Depth\n Observed Between 1978 and 1985, J. Geophys. Res., 92, no. D4,\n 4297-4306, April 20, 1987.\n McCormick, M. P., C. R. Trepte, and M. C. Pitts, Persistence of Polar\n Stratospheric Clouds in the Southern Polar region, J. Geophys. Res.,\n 94,no. D9, 11241-11251, August 30, 1989.\n McCormick, M. P., P.-H. Wang, and M. C. Pitts, Background\n Stratospheric Aerosol and Polar Stratospheric Cloud Reference Models,\n Advances in Space Research, 13, no. 1, 7-29, 1993.\n McCormick, M. P., P.-H. Wang, and L. R. Poole, Chapter 8:\n Stratospheric Aerosols and Clouds, pp. 205-222, Aerosol-Cloud-Climate\n Interactions. Edited by Peter V. Hobbs, Copyright by Academic Press,\n Inc., Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993.\n McMaster, L. R., Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II),\n Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, American Meteorological\n Soc., J46-J48, 1986.\n Osborn, M. T. and C. R. Trepte, SAM II and SAGE Data Management and\n Processing, NASA CR-178244, February 1987.\n Osborn, M. T., M. C. Pitts, K. A. Powell, and M. P. McCormick, SAM II\n Aerosol Measurements During the 1989 AASE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17,\n 397-400, 1990.\n Osborn, M. T., L. R. Poole, and P.-H. Wang, SAM II and Lidar Aerosol\n Profile Comparisons During AASE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 401-404,\n 1990.\n Pepin, T. J. and M. P. McCormick, Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement\n Experiment MA-007, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project - Preliminary Science\n Report, NASA TMX-58173,1976.\n Pitts, M. C., L. R. Poole, and M. P. McCormick, Climatology of Polar\n Stratospheric Clouds Determined From SAM II Observations, in Digest of\n Topical Meeting on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, 1990,\n (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1990), 4, 206-209.\n Pitts, M. C. and L. W. Thomason, The Impact of the Eruptions of Mount\n Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson on Antarctic Aerosol Levels During the 1991\n Austral Spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, no. 22, 2451-2454, November\n 19, 1993.\n Poole, L. R. and M. P. McCormick, Polar Stratospheric Clouds and the\n Antarctic Ozone Hole, J. Geophys. Res., 93, no. D7, 8423-8430, July\n 20, 1988.\n Poole, L. R., S. Solomon, M. P. McCormick, and M. C. Pitts, The\n Interannual Variability of Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Related\n Parameters in Antarctica During September and October,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1157-1160, 1989.\n Poole, L. R. and M. C. Pitts, Polar Stratospheric Cloud Climatology\n Based on SAM II Observations from 1978-1989, in press,\n J. Geophys. Res., 1994.\n Pueschel, R. F., K. G. Snetsinger, P. Hamill, J. K. Goodman, and\n M. P. McCormick, Nitric Acid in Polar Stratospheric Clouds: Similar\n Temperature of Nitric Acid Condensation and Cloud Formation,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 429-432, 1990.\n Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, L. R. McMaster, T. J. Pepin,\n W. P. Chu, and T. J. Swissler, SAM II Ground-Truth Plan Correlative\n Measurements for the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II)\n Sensor on the NIMBUS G Satellite, NASA TM-78747, 1978.\n Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, W. P. Chu,\n J. M. Livingston,W. H. Fuller, Jr., J. M. Rosen, D. J. Hofmann,\n L. R. McMaster, D. C. Woods, and T. J. Pepin, Satellite and\n Correlative Measurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol II: Comparison\n of Measurements Made by SAM II, Dustsondes and an Airborne Lidar,\n J. Atmos. Sci., 38, no. 6, 1295-1312, June 1981.\n Russell, P. B., T. J. Swissler, M. P. McCormick, W. P. Chu,\n J. M. Livingston, and T. J. Pepin, Satellite and Correlative\n Measurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol I: An Optical Model for Data\n Conversions, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, no. 6, 1279-1294, June 1981.\n Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, J. M. Rosen,\n D. J. Hofmann, and L. R. McMaster, Satellite Correlative Measurements\n of the Stratospheric Aerosol III: Comparison of Measurements by SAM\n II, SAGE, Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors and Lidar, J. Atmos. Sci.,\n 41, no. 11, 1791-1800, June 1, 1984.\n Russell, James M., III, Middle Atmosphere Program - Handbook for MAP,\n Volume 22, Univ. of Illinois, NASA CR-180128, September 1986.\n Steele, H. M., P. Hamill, M. P. McCormick, and T. J. Swissler, The\n Formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, no. 8,\n 2055-2067, August 1983.\n Turco, R. P., O. B. Toon, and P. Hamill, Heterogeneous Physiochemistry\n of the Polar Ozone Hole, J. Geophys. Res., 94, no. D14, 16493-16510,\n November 30, 1989.\n Twomey, S., Introduction to the Mathematics of Inversion in Remote\n Sensing and Indirect Measurements, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.,\n 1977.\n Wang, P.-H. and M. P. McCormick, Behavior of Zonal Mean Aerosol\n Extinction Ratio and Its Relationship With Zonal Mean Temperature\n During the Winter 1978-1979 Stratospheric Warming, J. Geophys. Res.,\n 90, no. D1, 2360-2364, February 20, 1985.\n Wang, P.-H. and M. P. McCormick, Variations in Stratospheric Aerosol\n Optical Depth During Northern Warmings, J. Geophys. Res., 90, no. D6,\n 10597-10606, October 20, 1985.\n Watterson, I. G. and A. F. Tuck, A Comparison of the Longitudinal\n Distributions of Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Temperatures for the\n 1987 Antarctic Spring, J.Geophys. Res., 94, no. D14, 16511-16525,\n November 30, 1989.\n Yue, G. K., M. P. McCormick, and W. P. Chu, A Comparative Study of\n Aerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE Satellite\n Experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 89, no. D4, 5321-5327, June 30, 1984.\n SAM II NASA RP'S\n SAM II Measurements of the Polar Stratospheric Aerosol,\n Vol. I - October 1978 to April 1979, NASA RP-1081\n Vol. II - April 1979 to October 1979, NASA RP-1088\n Vol. III - October 1979 to April 1980, NASA RP-1106\n Vol. IV - April 1980 to October 1980, NASA RP-1107\n Vol. V - October 1980 to April 1981, NASA RP-1140\n Vol. VI - April 1981 to October 1981, NASA RP-1141\n Vol. VII - October 1981 to April 1982, NASA RP-1164\n Vol. VIII - April 1982 to October 1982, NASA RP-1165\n Vol. IX - October 1982 to April 1983, NASA RP-1244", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2a8c4b3-6365-42ac-bbad-0843c4ba9033", - "label": "SUCCESS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Aerosol Chemical Composition Measurements for the\nSubsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS)\nwas an airborne expedition conducted aboard the NASA Ames DC-8\nresearch aircraft during April/May 1996. The purpose of this project\nwas to better determine the radiative properties of cirrus clouds and\ncontrails so that satellite observations can more reliable assess\ntheir impact on the Earth's radiation budget.\nThe goals of the program included determining how cirrus clouds form,\nwhether exhaust from subsonic aircraft affects their formation, and if\nthe changes might be climatologically significant. Measurements also\nwere performed to better determine the chemical characteristics of\ngaseous and particulate exhaust products from subsonic aircraft and\ntheir temporal evolution in the upper troposphere. The Global\nAtmospheric Chemistry Group at the University of New Hampshire is\nconducting measurements of the detailed chemical composition of the\natmospheric aerosol. For further information please see\n'http://www.gac.sr.unh.edu/'.\n[This summary was derived from The Global Atmospheric Chemistry Group\nComplex Systems Research Center Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and\nSpace University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH WWW pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f33c546a-e03b-48ff-8c36-47d0a533dbdc", - "label": "SEDAC/AIACC QS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC) is a global initiative developed in collaboration with the UNEP/WMO Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and funded by the Global Environment Facility to advance scientific understanding of climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation options in developing countries. By funding collaborative research, training and technical support, AIACC aims to enhance the scientific capacity of developing countries to assess climate change vulnerabilities and adaptations, and generate and communicate information useful for adaptation planning and action. AIACC is implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme and executed jointly by START and the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). In addition to the funding from the Global Environmental Facility, collateral funding has been provided by the United States Agency for International Development, the Canadian International Development Agency, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the World Bank. Substantial in-kind support has been donated by participating institutions in developing countries.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.aiaccproject.org/about/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4359274-ce67-45e8-8d05-0f084c7591a8", - "label": "SBC/SMB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This study is an extension of the numerical modeling circulation\ncomponent of the Santa Barbara Channel-Santa Maria Basin\n(SBC-SMB) Circulation Study. The SBC-SMB Circulation Study is\nthe title of the Cooperative Agreement (CA) between the state of\nCalifornia and the MMS. Absence of sufficient observations, as\nhas been the case in past modeling programs, prevents proper\nmodel skill assessment. One of the Scientific Review Panel?s\nApril 1997 recommendations states that successful SBC-SMB model\ndevelopment, successful analysis of observations, and successful\nfield work is contingent on all three being performed\nconcurrently during the conduct of the SBC-SMB Circulation\nstudy. This will allow modelers valuable interaction with the\nStudy?s principal investigators (PI) (observationalists) during\nthe conduct of their respective study components. Recent\nnumerically modeled simulations of circulation processes\ncharacteristic to the SBC have been, and continue to be, used in\nthe analysis of observations obtained in that area. Modeled\nsimulations of the characteristic flows of the SBC and SMB\nappropriate for OSRA, and modeled circulation processes helpful\nto analysis of the data obtained in the SMB, are not scheduled\nfor completion under the present contract.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Support analysis of observations obtained from the extended\nfield work with numerically modeled process studies presently\ntaking place in the Santa Maria Basin.\n\n2. Provide reliable predicted ocean current information for the\nSanta Barbara Channel and the SMB by complementing the entire\nsuite of observations obtained in the SBC-SMB Circulation Study.\n\nContact Person:\n\nDavid Browne\nDavid.Browne@mms.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.mms.gov/eppd/sciences/esp/profiles/pc/PC-99-04.htm'\nor 'http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/research/sbcsmb/sbc_home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by MMS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6b85a37-80a6-49f8-90b3-7ef5e2ec80f7", - "label": "STARDUST", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Stardust is the first U.S. space mission dedicated solely to the\nexploration of a comet, and the first robotic mission designed\nto return extraterrestrial material from outside the orbit of\nthe Moon.\n\nThe Stardust spacecraft was launched on February 7, 1999, from\nCape Canaveral Air Station, Florida, aboard a Delta II\nrocket. The primary goal of Stardust is to collect dust and\ncarbon-based samples during its closest encounter with Comet\nWild 2 - pronounced 'Vilt 2' after the name of its Swiss\ndiscoverer - is a rendezvous scheduled to take place in January\n2004, after nearly four years of space travel.\n\nAdditionally, the Stardust spacecraft will bring back samples of\ninterstellar dust, including recently discovered dust streaming\ninto our Solar System from the direction of Sagittarius. These\nmaterials are believed to consist of ancient pre-solar\ninterstellar grains and nebular that include remnants from the\nformation of the Solar System. Analysis of such fascinating\ncelestial specks is expected to yield important insights into\nthe evolution of the Sun its planets and possibly even the\norigin of life itself.\n\nIn order to meet up with comet Wild 2, the spacecraft will make\nthree loops around the Sun. On the second loop, its trajectory\nwill intersect the comet. During the meeting, Stardust will\nperform a variety of tasks including reporting counts of comet\nparticles encountered by the spacecraft with the Dust Flux\nMonitor, and real-time analyses of the compositions of these\nparticles and volatiles taken by the Comet and Interstellar Dust\nAnalyzer (CIDA). Using a substance called aerogel, Stardust will\ncapture these samples and store them for safe keep on its long\njourney back to Earth. This silica-based, material has been\ninserted within the Aerogel Collector Grid, which is similar to\na large tennis racket. Not until January 2006, will Stardust and\nits precise cargo return by parachuting a reentry capsule\nweighing approximately 125 pounds to the Earth's surface.\n\nStardust is the fourth NASA Discovery mission to be chosen and\nfollows on the heels of Mars Pathfinder, the Near Earth Asteroid\nRendezvous (NEAR) mission, and the Lunar Prospector\nmission. Discovery is an ongoing program that is intended to\noffer the scientific community opportunities to accomplish\nfrequent, high quality scientific investigations using\ninnovative and efficient management approaches. It seeks to keep\nperformance high and expenses low by using new technologies and\nstrict cost caps.\n\nThe Stardust Mission is a collaborative effort between NASA,\nuniversity and industry partners:\n\nThe Principal Investigator is Dr. Donald E. Brownlee of the\nUniversity of Washington, well known for his discovery of cosmic\nparticles in the stratosphere known as Brownlee Particles. He\nalso co-authored the bestseller Rare Earth : Why Complex Life Is\nUncommon, which puts forward a hypothesis predicting that\nsimple, microbial life will be widespread in the universe, while\ncomplex animal or plant life will be extremely rare.\n\nDr. Peter Tsou of the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL), innovator in\naerogel technology serves as Deputy Investigator.\n\nThe contractor for the Stardust spacecraft is Lockheed Martin\nAstronautics, Denver, Colorado.\n\nThe Jet Propulsion Laboratory has an experienced project\nmanagement team, led by Thomas C. Duxbury. In addition, JPL\nprovided the optical navigation camera.\n\nThe Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Germany provided the real-time\ndust composition analyzer for the spacecraft.\n\nAmes Research Center provided the heat shield.\n\nJohnson Space Center will provide the planetary materials\ncuratorial facility where the samples can be preserved and tests\nconducted.\n\nUniversity of Chicago provided the Navigation Camera.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to the STARDUST main page at 'http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9ee0671-6335-448e-a6c2-5f3e1ec4cac1", - "label": "TAM-CGPS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "OPP-0230285/OPP-0230356 PIs: Wilson, Terry J./Hothem, Larry D. This award, provided by the Antarctic Geology and Geophysics Program of the Office of Polar Programs, supports a project to conduct GPS measurements of bedrock crustal motions in an extended Transantarctic Mountains Deformation network (TAMDEF) to document neotectonic displacements due to tectonic deformation within the West Antarctic rift and/or to mass change of the Antarctic ice sheets. Horizontal displacements related to active neotectonic rifting, strike-slip translations, and volcanism will be tightly constrained by monitoring the combined TAMDEF and Italian VLNDEF networks of bedrock GPS stations along the Transantarctic Mountains and on offshore islands in the Ross Sea.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.sciencestorm.com/award/0230356.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb23c170-9164-40cf-aed0-5a3fbd531fad", - "label": "SAGA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Andes Project ANDES project is developing advanced technology to support distance education. Development of ANDES is funded by the Annenberg Center for Communications at USC. The ANDES system allows students to take courses at home, while accessing educational resources on the Internet and engaging in teleconferences with teachers and other students. The system will seamlessly integrate net-based and CD-ROM-based educational resources. This project will show that distance education can be delivered effectively in a computer-based mode, in contrast to conventional techniques which rely heavily on video broadcasts of lectures.\n\nThe goal of this work is to demonstrate the kinds of distance education techniques that will be available once high-speed Internet connections are commonplace. By storing resources on the student's local machine, we can dramatically increase the perceived throughput of the system. We intend to use this system as a vehicle for collaborative education and pedagogical agent technologies.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.isi.edu/isd/ANDES/andes.html~'\n\n[Summary provided by ISU]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcd3f3ff-8e76-4ed9-a046-f8e4d4949040", - "label": "STLHBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Submarine Topography of Lutzow-Holm Bay, Antarctica was was\ninvestigated by radio-echo sounding from the surface of sea\nice. The program started in 1960, but the intensive surveys were\nconducted in 1968, 1973 and in particular 1981. The data were\ncompiled as the bathymetric chart of the Lutzow-Holm Bay. The\nstudy revealed cComplicated topography formed by former glacial\nerosion exerted by former expanded ice sheets.\n\nThis project comes from the National Institute of Polar Research\n(NIPR) which was established in Tokyo on September 29, 1973.\n\nLink to NIPR at 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcdc4134-dfae-4124-80a6-c699f45589d0", - "label": "SAHFOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) is an\ninternational charity that operates the Continuous Plankton Recorder\n(CPR) survey. The Foundation has been collecting data from the North\nAtlantic and the North Sea on biogeography and ecology of plankton\nsince 1931. More recently, as the foundation has become more involved\nin international projects, work has been expanded to include other\nregions around the globe.\n\nThe results of the survey are used by marine biologists scientific\ninstitutes and in environmental change studies across the world. The\nCPR team is based in Plymouth, England and consists of analysts,\ntechnicians, researchers and administrators, who all play an integral\npart in the running of the survey.\n\nThe foundation is a charity and company limited by guarantee. It\ndepends on voluntary cooperation of the international shipping\ncommunity. A consortium of agencies from nine countries, the EU and\ninternational organisations provide financial support.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://192.171.163.165/'\n\n [Summary provided by SAHFOS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd8c74e8-9acf-4faa-b816-2db980fbf7bd", - "label": "SCAR-B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation - Brazil was one of several planned\nSCAR experiments conducted on August 13 - September 11, 1995 in\nCentral Brazil. The objective of the SCAR-B project was to study the\nradiative effects of burning biomass smoke and aerosols on clouds and\nthe climate.\nThe Smoke/Sulphate Clouds And Radiation (SCAR) experiments are a\nseries of field experiments whose main goal is to better understand\nthe impact of biomass burning and urban/industrial aerosol on the\natmosphere and therefore climate. During each SCAR experiment in situ\nand remotely sensed data are measured simultaneously with the\nobjective to characterize most of the physical and chemical components\nof the atmospheric aerosol, trace gases and clouds, the Earth's\nsurface, the radiation field and the properties of fires. The SCAR\nseries of experiments is designed to try to narrow some of the\nuncertainties associated with the affect atmospheric aerosols have on\nclimate, either directly or indirectly, as well as to generate\ninformation and prepare data for the evaluation of algorithms for\nremote sensing from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\n(MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observing System (EOS), planned for launch\nin 1998. There are three planned SCAR experiments with the main\nexperiment to focus on the tropical biomass burning environment which\ntook place in Brazil during August/September 1995. The first two SCAR\nexperiments were conducted in the Eastern United States Atlantic\nregion (SCAR-A) in 1993 and in California and the Pacific Northwest\n(SCAR-C) in 1994. SCAR-A was designed to measure the properties of\nurban and industrial pollution dominated by sulfate particles. SCAR-C\nmeasured the properties and radiative effects of smoke aerosol and\ntrace gases emitted from wild and prescribed fires in the Pacific\nNorthwest of the US. The SCAR series of experiments have been a\ncollaborative effort between United States and Brazilian scientists\nand future collaborations between the two countries is expected to\ncontinue for the long-term monitoring of trace gas and particle\nemissions and their impact on the Earth's atmosphere and climate.\n[This summary was derived from the MODIS Airborne Simulator Field\nExperiment Data home page]\nAdditional Information: 'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/MAS/scarbhome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdd410e8-52f7-4b87-b739-425c6e5fd6d6", - "label": "SMEX02", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Field experiments have been very successful at addressing a broad range of science questions in terrestrial hydrology. The data have been used in studies that went well beyond the algorithm research. \n\nFor 2002, soil moisture and water cycle field experiments will be conducted that support the Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), NASA’s Global Water and Energy Cycle Program, and future satellite missions for Terrestrial Hydrology. Main elements of the experiment are validation of AMSR brightness temperature and soil moisture retrievals, extension of instrument observations and algorithms to more challenging vegetation conditions, integration of land surface and boundary layer measurements, and the evaluation of new instrument technologies for soil moisture remote sensing. \n\nThe Soil Moisture Experiments in 2002 (SMEX02) will be conducted in Iowa over a one month period between mid-June and mid-July. \n\nInformation provided by http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/smex02/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe439b0d-db2c-4998-9890-c11c5c16641f", - "label": "SEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Idaho Dept of Water Resources and the University of Idaho's\nDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering have\ncompleted the first phase of a project to calibrate SEBAL, the\nSurface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land. While SEBAL has been\nused in Asia, Africa, and Europe, this project represents the\nfirst application in North America.\n\nThis is one of nine 'Infomart' projects across the United States\nawarded as part of a NASA and Raytheon Company program called\nthe Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS)\nSynergy Program. This work is supported by funding from The\nIdaho Department of Water Resources, the University of Idaho's\nDepartments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Civil\nEngineering, and by an EOSDIS grant.\n\nPhase I of the project was completed at the end of 2000, and\nPhase II ended at the end of 2001. IDWR and UI are presently\nworking on Phase III, which is structured as an operational test\nof SEBAL as a tool for water right management on the Eastern\nSnake River Plain.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.idwr.state.id.us/gisdata/ET/final_sebal_page.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Idaho Department of Water Resources'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe538355-a0c4-4229-b235-f4adf84256c0", - "label": "SURE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Program Code: SURE\nProgram Title: Sulfate Regional Experiment\nThe Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE) was designed to investigate the\nbehavior of airborne sulfur oxides and associated substances over the\ngreater northeastern United States. The study area extended from\neastern Kansas to theAtlantic seaboard and from mid-Alabama to\nsoutheastern Canada, an area of approximately 2,400 by 1,000 km. The\nstudy was motivated by concerns in the early 1970s that suspended\nsulfates impair human health when inhaled in a mixture of pollutant\ngases and other suspended particulate components. Since then it has\nbeen established that adverse health effects are not associated with\nambient sulfate concentrations as formerly thought. However, sulfur\noxides and their copollutants, nitrogen oxides, may have roles in\ngoverning the acidity of the atmosphere and precipitation, and in\nimpairing visibility, but these aspects of air quality were not\nstudied explicitly in the SURE project.\nThe primary objectives of the SURE project were:\n1) Establish a regional air quality data base through measurements of\nseveral parameters at the ground and aloft with specified accuracy and\nprecision, and evaluate the adequacy of the measurements selected for\nestablishing the origins of the sulfur oxide particulate complex.\n2) Establish the location and magnitude of emissions occurring during\nthe air quality measurement period with specified accuracy and\nprecision. In addition to sulfur oxides the emissions inventory\nincluded the nitrogen oxides, gaseous hydrocarbons and particles.\n3) Derive a quantitative method for relating emissions from the\nelectric power industry to regional ambient air quality as measured by\nsulfur dioxide and particulate sulfate. Using this method establishes\nthe relative importance of emission density distribution, meteorology,\nchemical transformations, and removal processes to the regional\noccurrence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.\nContinuous air quality measurements were obtained at 9 Class I\nstations from August 1977 through June 1979. Intermittent air quality\nmeasurements were obtained during seasonally representative sampling\nmonths at 45 Class II stations and from aircraft from August 1977\nthrough December 1978. These seasonally intensive sampling months\nwere August 1977, October 1977, January-February 1978, April 1978,\nJuly 1978, and October 1978.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/sure/sure.htm' for more information on\nSURE.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe761190-36bb-4eb1-8d5d-340c4a7f89ea", - "label": "SIMPLE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fed4efd8-4353-4adb-9bc5-da3d13c3db30", - "label": "TRANPAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Ten tensor magnetotelluric (MT) soundings have been acquired in a 54 km long profile across the South Pole area, East Antarctica. The MT transect was offset from the South Pole station ∼5 km and oriented 210 grid north, approximately normal to the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. Surveying around South Pole station was pursued for four main reasons. First, we sought to illuminate first-order structure and physico-chemical state (temperatures, fluids, melts) of the crust and upper mantle of this part of East Antarctica. Secondly, conditions around the South Pole differ from those of previous MT experience at central West Antarctica, so that the project would help to define MT surveying feasibility over the entire continent. Thirdly, the results would provide a crustal response baseline for possible long-term MT monitoring to deep upper mantle depths at the South Pole. Fourthly, because Antarctic logistics are difficult, support facilities at the South Pole enable relatively efficient survey procedures. In making the MT measurements, the high electrical contact impedance at the electrode-firn interface was overcome using a custom-design electrode pre-amplifier at the electrode with low output impedance to the remainder of the recording electronics. Non-plane-wave effects in the data were suppressed using a robust jackknife procedure that emphasized outlier removal from the vertical magnetic field records. Good quality data were obtained, but the rate of collection was hampered by low geomagnetic activity and wind-generated, electrostatic noise induced in the ice. Profile data were inverted using a 2-D algorithm that damps model departures from an a priori structure, in this case a smooth 1-D profile obtained from inversion of an integral of the TM mode impedance along the profile. Inverse models show clear evidence for a pronounced (∼1 km thickness), conductive section below the ice tentatively correlated with porous sediments of the Beacon Supergroup. Substantial variations in sedimentary conductance are inferred, which may translate into commensurate variations in sediment thickness. Low resistivities below ∼30 km suggest thermal activity in the lower crust and upper mantle, and mantle support for this region of elevated East Antarctica. This contrasts with resistivity structure imaged previously in central West Antarctica, where resistivity remains high into the upper mantle consistent with a fossil state of extensional activity there.\n\nhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118792635/abstract", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fef15af1-607d-4005-b1a8-778af1a4dca9", - "label": "URBANSPATIAL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff0e27f4-e65f-44b0-9134-d1c2876cce40", - "label": "U.S.GLOBEC-SO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. GLOBEC (GLOBal ocean ECosystems dynamics, http://www.usglobec.org/) is a\nresearch program organized by oceanographers and fisheries scientists to\naddress the question of how global climate change may affect the abundance and\nproduction of animals in the sea. The U.S. GLOBEC Program currently has major\nresearch efforts underway in the Georges Bank / Northwest Atlantic Region, and\nthe Northeast Pacific (with components in the California Current and in the\nCoastal Gulf of Alaska).\n\nU.S. GLOBAL OCEAN ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS, SOUTHERN OCEAN\n\nThe fundamental objectives of United States Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics\n(U.S. GLOBEC) Program are dependent upon the cooperation of scientists from\nseveral disciplines. Physicists, biologists, and chemists must make use of data\ncollected during U.S. GLOBEC field programs to further our understanding of the\ninterplay of physics, biology, and chemistry. Our objectives require\nquantitative analysis of interdisciplinary data sets and, therefore, data must\nbe exchanged between researchers. To extract the full scientific value, data\nmust be made available to the scientific community on a timely basis.\n\nU.S. GLOBEC Southern Ocean Homepage:\n'http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/Research/globec_menu.html'\n\nData is available on-line through the U.S. GLOBEC Data System at\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/soglobec/\n\n[This information was adapted from the U.S. GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2752029e-90f5-4147-9834-17e14d6c8f90", - "label": "SanctSound", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NOAA and the U.S. Navy are working to better understand underwater sound within the National Marine Sanctuary System. For the next few years, these agencies will work with numerous scientific partners to study sound within seven national marine sanctuaries and one marine national monument, which includes waters off Hawaii and the east and west coasts. Standardized measurements will assess sounds produced by marine animals, physical processes (e.g., wind and waves), and human activities. Collectively, this information will help NOAA and the Navy measure sound levels and baseline acoustic conditions in sanctuaries. This work is a continuation of ongoing Navy and NOAA monitoring and research, including efforts by NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c3e567b-c7ab-466a-9739-2a3a46dba1bb", - "label": "Sentinel-6", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The main purpose of the SENTINEL-6 mission will provide long-term continuity of the satellite altimetry measurement (sea surface height) from the TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON-1, JASON-2, and JASON-3 missions and to extend the climate data record whilst improving measurement precision and accuracy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cbdad6d-0b9b-4614-a223-e4ed430f1bc9", - "label": "SGP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The global geodetic infrastructure is comprised of several networks and individual ground stations for: Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS). NASA's Space Geodesy Program contributes to the global infrastructure through the deployment, operation, and maintenance of two coordinated networks: the NASA Space Geodesy Network (NSGN) of collocated VLBI, SLR, GNSS, and DORIS stations, and the NASA Global GNSS Network (GGN). The data produced by these networks is used for a variety of products, including: the definition of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), measurement of the Earth Orientation Parameters, and satellite precision orbit determination. The data and products from these networks are also used to support a broad range of scientific and societal applications in areas such as Earth observations, positioning, navigation, and timing.\n\nMany of the geodetic stations are decades old and are not capable of meeting future requirements. The US National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space concluded in 2007 that: 'The geodetic infrastructure needed to enhance or even to maintain the terrestrial reference frame is in danger of collapse.' NASA and many other international government agencies are responding to this conclusion by making new investments to modernize and expand their geodetic infrastructure.\n\nThe Space Geodesy Program is implementing NASA's response to the NRC recommendation by sustaining and operating NASA's legacy Space Geodesy Networks while executing the construction, deployment, and operation of the next generation Space Geodesy stations that will be part of a new NSGN. The Space Geodesy Project (SGP) deployment strategy is guided by the recommendations of the NRC Committee on the National Requirements for Precision Geodetic Infrastructure, as well as the plans of other nations for contributing to the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS). One of the main objectives of the SGP is to produce the necessary observations to realize a Terrestrial Reference Frame that has an accuracy of 1 mm (decadal scale) with stability at 0.1 mm/year (annual scale). This is an ambitious goal, as it represents an order of magnitude improvement over the current capability.\n\nNASA's Space Geodesy Program encompasses the development, deployment, operation, and maintenance of a global network of space geodetic observatories consisting of geodetic and associated instruments, a data collection and transfer system, analysis, and the public dissemination of data products required to maintain a stable terrestrial reference system, measure the Earth Orientation Parameters, and support NASA’s missions and the scientific community.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "823db75c-02e2-4d10-a181-0caf8f62c3cb", - "label": "Sentinel-5P", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Source: https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-5p]\n\nThe Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor mission is the first Copernicus mission dedicated to monitoring our atmosphere. Copernicus Sentinel-5P is the result of close collaboration between ESA, the European Commission, the Netherlands Space Office, industry, data users and scientists. The mission consists of one satellite carrying the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) instrument. The TROPOMI instrument was co-funded by ESA and The Netherlands.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "836912f3-2ae4-4b5c-8c0a-c8e3d7b10bce", - "label": "TSIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfb3c71b-a35d-42d4-9e04-c511c8000a2e", - "label": "Sentinel-3A", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sentinel-3 is primarily an ocean mission, however, the mission is also able to provide atmospheric and land applications. The mission provides data continuity for the ERS, Envisat and SPOT satellites.\n\nSentinel-3 makes use of multiple sensing instruments to accomplish its objectives; SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer), OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument), SRAL (SAR Altimeter), DORIS, and MWR (Microwave Radiometer).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a8acaff-52ce-444c-b04c-ef90f5e47c79", - "label": "Sentinel-3B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sentinel-3 is primarily an ocean mission, however, the mission is also able to provide atmospheric and land applications. The mission provides data continuity for the ERS, Envisat and SPOT satellites.\n\nSentinel-3 makes use of multiple sensing instruments to accomplish its objectives; SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer), OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument), SRAL (SAR Altimeter), DORIS, and MWR (Microwave Radiometer).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9adb566d-f4c5-403b-a518-42542aa28c8d", - "label": "TROPESS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TES has borne witness to a changing trajectory of atmospheric composition in the troposphere and revealed its complex interactions within the broader Earth System\n\nCharacterizing and predicting this trajectory requires a broad suite of wellcharacterized measurements linking emissions to concentrations in the context of natural and anthropogenic variability.\n\nTROPESS will produce long term, Earth Science Data Records (ESDRs) with uncertainties\nand observation operators pioneered by TES and enabled by the MUlti-SpEctra, MUltiSpEcies, Multi-SEnsors (MUSES) retrieval algorithm and ground data processing system.\n\nPromote the dissemination, utilization, and assimiliation of these ESDRs to support scientific and application communities, e.g., IGAC, IPCC.\n\nSupport the science of Decadal Survey and CEOS Atmospheric Composition Virtual Constellation (AC-VC) missions through a dependable forward stream of composition ESDR from existing and planned LEO instruments.\n\nSupport NASA activities including fields campaigns, mission formulation, e.g., Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSES)\n\n©2020 Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology\n\nhttps://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/tropess/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09d6e6fb-4a00-460e-9c7e-bb5b311b9467", - "label": "TROPICS (EVI-3)", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate of 21 minutes for the baseline mission, 31 minutes for the threshold mission) over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises 12 CubeSats (fully compliant 4.0 kg 3U) in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. (Picture credit: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)\n\nMore Information: https://tropics.ll.mit.edu/CMS/tropics/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3740064a-663f-4672-b246-c06972801827", - "label": "TIROS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TIROS Program (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was NASA's first experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth. At that time, the effectiveness of satellite observations was still unproven. Since satellites were a new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational parameters. The goal was to improve satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as 'should we evacuate the coast because of the hurricane?'.\n\nThe TIROS Program's first priority was the development of a meteorological satellite information system. Weather forecasting was deemed the most promising application of space-based observations.\n\nTIROS proved extremely successful, providing the first accurate weather forecasts based on data gathered from space. TIROS began continuous coverage of the Earth's weather in 1962, and was used by meteorologists worldwide. The program's success with many instrument types and orbital configurations lead to the development of more sophisticated meteorological observation satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bdeb9a4-d23b-4bb2-99fd-311e6fb79d40", - "label": "TCI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Tropical cyclone (TC) outflow and its relationship to TC intensity change and structure were investigated in the Office of Naval Research Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) field program during 2015 using dropsondes deployed from the innovative new HDSS (High Definition Sounding System) and remotely sensed observations from HIRAD (Hurricane Imaging Radiometer), both onboard the NASA WB-57 that flew in the lower stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee6e630d-b701-4cbd-933a-2b040d60e30f", - "label": "TRMM-LBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission-Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM-LBA) was a field campaign designed to collect data for validation of TRMM satellite measurements and\nnumerical cloud models. The TRMM-LBA experiment was conducted in the southwestern part of the Amazon basin in the Brazilian state of Rondonia from November 1, 1998 to February 28, 1999, during the Amazonian wet season. The experiment examined the dynamic, microphysical, electrical and diabatic heating processes of tropical convection in the Amazon region. TRMM-LBA provided detailed observations of precipitating systems from surface and aircraft instrumentation including radars, atmospheric sounding and\ntethersonde systems, a lightning location and detection network, rain gauges, disdrometers, profilers, and other related instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "035c9893-cbe4-4c38-8a96-b99f245c2c60", - "label": "SAIL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Mountains are the natural water towers of the world, but Earth System Models (ESMs) have persistently been unable to predict the timing and availability of water resources from mountains. The source(s) of model error are difficult to isolate in complex terrain with limited atmospheric or land-surface observations. Further complications arise from the gross scale mismatch between ESM grid box sizes and the relevant scales of mountainous hydrological processes. The mountain hydrometeorology community has repeatedly called for integrated atmospheric and surface observations of water and energy budgets in complex terrain that span these scales to establish benchmarks against which scale-dependent models can be developed. In response to these calls, the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) will make measurements using the second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) and a scanning X-band dual polarimetric radar near Crested Butte, Colorado. The campaign will focus on the East River Watershed, which is a 300-km2 mountainous watershed that is part of the Upper Colorado River Basin. SAIL will advance atmosphere-through-bedrock understanding of mountainous water cycles by collocating ARM atmospheric observations with long-standing collaborative resources including the ongoing surface and subsurface hydrologic observations from the Department of Energy’s Watershed Function Science Focus Area (SFA). The main science goal of the SAIL campaign is to develop a quantitative understanding of the atmosphere and land-atmosphere interaction processes, at their relevant scales, that impact mountain hydrology in the midlatitude continental interior of the United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f9f5ca4-24c0-49a6-950f-991e0ee827bf", - "label": "TRACER-AQ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Tracking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) is a Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility led campaign that will take place from June 2021-2022 (with intensive operations occurring from June through September 2021) to study the impact of aerosols on microphysical processes within convective clouds in the region near Houston, Texas (see DOE/TRACER Science Plan). The Houston region commonly has isolated convection in the presence of variable aerosol environments with measurements strategically placed to capture urban, rural, and marine driven aerosol conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c419e47-14fc-422e-ae48-4c8fe3b1ec5a", - "label": "SCOAPE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) requires the Bureau of Ocean Energy\nManagement (BOEM) to ensure compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard\n(NAAQS) so that Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and gas exploration, development, and\nproduction do not significantly impact the air quality (AQ) of any state. In July 2015, BOEM\npersonnel first approached the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to inquire\nif satellite data could be used to help monitor offshore AQ in BOEM’s jurisdiction, that portion of\nthe OCS west of 87°30’ West longitude in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) Region and the Chukchi and\nBeaufort Sea Planning Areas in the Alaska Region. An interagency agreement was signed in\n2017 to begin a study, which was named the Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution\nExperiment (SCOAPE).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4c3e1d1-41d1-4fe4-9bfc-7ea4af3e42e5", - "label": "TOTE-VOTE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The airborne UV differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system participated in the Tropical Ozone Transport Experiment/Vortex Ozone Transport Experiment (TOTE/VOTE) in late 1995/early 1996. This mission afforded the opportunity to compare the DIAL system's stratospheric ozone measuring capability with other remote-sensing instruments through correlative measurements over a latitude range from the tropics to the Arctic. These instruments included ground-based DIAL and space-based stratospheric instruments: HALOE; MLS; and SAGE II. The ozone profiles generally agreed within random error estimates for the various instruments in the middle of the profiles in the tropics, but regions of significant systematic differences, especially near or below the tropopause or at the higher altitudes were also found. The comparisons strongly suggest that the airborne UV DIAL system can play a valuable role as a mobile lower-stratospheric ozone validation instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15ec2483-ea12-434b-9cdb-c0c20d8aaacf", - "label": "SIF-ESDR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This project is developing a global, observation-based Earth System Data Record (ESDR) for quantifying global vegetation solar induced fluorescence (SIF) and photosynthesis gross primary productivity (GPP) from 1996-2020. It was funded under the 2017 Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) call (17-MEASURES-0032).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd1965ee-cf37-4773-81df-a3ec5f97e8a2", - "label": "SSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) data collection archived and disseminated here includes data sets developed based on SSP qualitative narratives and/or quantitative elements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89d4349b-69d8-4786-96eb-55363bbe28a9", - "label": "SARP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Student Airborne Research Program (SARP) is an summer internship program for rising senior undergraduate students to acquire hands-on research experience in all aspects of a scientific campaign using one or more NASA Airborne Science Program flying science laboratories. Aircraft used for SARP have included the DC-8, P-3B, C-23, UC-12B, and ER-2. Research areas include atmospheric chemistry, air quality, forest ecology, and ocean biology. Along with airborne data collection, students will participate in taking measurements at field sites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98dbcfdf-763a-4d62-9f6c-3520818a7f68", - "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Surface Water & Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission brings together two communities focused on a better understanding of the world's oceans and its terrestrial surface waters. U.S. and French oceanographers and hydrologists and international partners have joined forces to develop this new space mission to make the first global survey of Earth's surface water, observe the fine details of the ocean's surface topography, and measure how water bodies change over time. SWOT is one of 15 recommended missions listed in the 2007 National Research Council Decadal Survey of Earth science.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb9c7c89-e580-4d44-ae77-c99794b5253a", - "label": "S-MODE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) is a 5-year effort to test the hypothesis that short spatial scale ocean dynamics make important contributions to the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. This will require coordinated application of newly-developed in situ and remote sensing techniques, and it will provide an unprecedented view of the physics of submesoscale eddies and fronts and their effects on vertical transport in the upper ocean. The Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) will use measurements from a novel combination of platforms and instruments, along with data analysis and modeling, to test the hypothesis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65f63466-cf6b-4f39-adb0-df30533959e8", - "label": "TOLNet", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Ozone lidars measure continuous, high resolution ozone profiles critical for process studies and for satellite validation in the lower troposphere. However, the effectiveness of lidar validation by using single-station data is limited. Recently, NASA initiated an interagency ozone lidar observation network under the name TOLNet to promote cooperative multiple-station ozone-lidar observations to provide highly time resolved (few minutes) tropospheric-ozone vertical profiles useful for air-quality studies, model evaluation, and satellite validation. This article briefly describes the concept, stations, major specifications of the TOLNet instruments, and data archiving.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f52d2f6b-1ef2-4fbc-bdc4-61751f83b15b", - "label": "SNWG/OPERA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Started in April 2021, the Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory collects data from satellite radar and optical instruments to generate three products:\n\n- a near-global Surface Water Extent product suite,\n- a near-global Surface Disturbance product suite, and\n- a North America Displacement product suite.\n\nThe first is generated from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical data. The second is generated from optical data only. The third is generated from Interferometric SAR data. These products can be accessed through the links on our data products page.\n\nThe OPERA data products and time series are derived from measurements made by the instruments onboard the Sentinel-1 A/B, Sentinel-2 A/B, and Landsat-8/9 satellites, to be augmented by the measurements from the radars on the soon-to-be-launched NISAR and SWOT satellites.\n\nThe project is sponsored by NASA in response to the needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group (SNWG). SNWG was chartered in response to the joint Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) request to address challenges faced by US federal data-providing agencies in obtaining and aggregating space-based observations to meet the needs of their users. Every two years, the SNWG conducts an agency survey to identify gaps in the current NASA program of record and/or data sets that meet agency needs. In the 2018 biennial agency survey, surface water extent, surface disturbance, and surface displacement were identified among the top ten inter-agency needs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdfcc19f-5d86-46fd-ab8d-cf197887523d", - "label": "SISTER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Space-based Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal pathfindER (SISTER) is a NASA project aimed at prototyping workflows and generating Surface Biology and Geology (SBG)-like data products utilizing existing airborne and spaceborne sources in efforts to sustain and build the community to increase prospects for major scientific discovery post launch of the SBG mission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fb51735-8b3b-4283-8675-8ed7e2b1637e", - "label": "SASSIE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean has declined dramatically over the past decades. Autumn ice advance is slower and occurs later, while summer ice retreat is faster and occurs earlier. The result is a lengthening open-water period each year, leading to changes in air-sea heat and momentum fluxes, the freshwater cycle, surface albedo feedbacks, primary production, and regional and global climate as well as human and ecological health.\n\nOur experiment examines how summer ice melt evolves into and is inexorably linked with autumn sea ice advance. A major SASSIE milestone was completed in September 2022: a monthlong scientific cruise in the Bering Sea aboard the R/V Woldstad.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a27094d-13f7-42fa-a2af-a53183304412", - "label": "STAQS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NASA’s Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of POllution (TEMPO) mission is planned to launch in early 2023 to provide geostationary observations of air quality over North America. With this addition of high-resolution satellite measurements, the Synergistic TEMPO Air Quality Science (STAQS) mission seeks to integrate TEMPO satellite observations with traditional air quality monitoring to improve understanding of air quality science and increase societal benefit. STAQS will be conducted in summer 2023, targeting two primary domains in Los Angeles and New York City and several secondary domains across North America with ground and airborne based measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17fac673-2240-48dc-a0b8-6d5fdaac2ba4", - "label": "SHIFT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) High Frequency Time Series (SHIFT) was an airborne and field campaign during February to May 2022, with a follow up activity for one week in September, in support of NASA’s SBG mission. Its study area included a 640-square-mile (1,656-square-kilometer) area in Santa Barbara County and the coastal Pacific waters. The primary goal of the SHIFT campaign was to collect a repeated dense time series of airborne Visible to ShortWave Infrared (VSWIR) airborne imaging spectroscopy data with coincident field measurements in both inland terrestrial and coastal aquatic areas, supported in part by a broad team of research collaborators at academic institutions. The SHIFT campaign leveraged NASA’s Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) facility instrument to collect approximately weekly VSWIR imagery across the study area. The SHIFT campaign 1) enables the NASA SBG team to conduct traceability analyses related to science value of VSWIR revisit without relying on multispectral proxies, 2) enables testing algorithms for consistent performance over seasonal time scales and end-to-end workflows including community distribution, and 3) provide early adoption test cases to SHIFT application users and incubate relationships with basic and applied science partners at the University of California Santa Barbara Sedgwick Reserve and The Nature Conservancy’s Jack and Laura Dangermond Preserve.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "label": "P - R", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00230dbe-8532-4644-b241-79533b808846", - "label": "PPGM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01c9697d-3685-430a-b4f5-2b291a1c5514", - "label": "PRISM/OCS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The data sets available on this web site were created using the PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) climate mapping system, developed by Dr. Christopher Daly, PRISM Group director. PRISM is a unique knowledge-based system that uses point measurements of precipitation, temperature, and other climatic factors to produce continuous, digital grid estimates of monthly, yearly, and event-based climatic parameters. Continuously updated, this unique analytical tool incorporates point data, a digital elevation model, and expert knowledge of complex climatic extremes, including rain shadows, coastal effects, and temperature inversions. PRISM data sets are recognized world-wide as the highest-quality spatial climate data sets currently available. PRISM is the USDA's official climatological data. \n\nhttp://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02927af0-918f-4980-9e47-69950323ab6e", - "label": "PIRATA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PIRATA (Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic) is a\nproject designed by a group of scientists involved in CLIVAR, and is\nimplemented by the group through multi-national cooperation. The\npurpose of PIRATA is to study ocean-atmosphere interactions in the\ntropical Atlantic that are relevant to regional climate variability on\nseasonal, interannual and longer time scales.\n\nContributions are provided by France (with the participation of IRD in\ncollaboration with Meteo-France, CNRS, Universities and\nIFREMER), by Brazil (INPE and DHN) and by the USA (NOAA/PMEL, NASA and\nUniversities).\n\nUS PIRATA Home Page:\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pirata/'\n\nPIRATA Data Delivery:\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/data_deliv/deliv-pir.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "043d1395-6c27-44de-8463-5295a31bcbed", - "label": "RB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Revitalizing Baltimore is a national model community forestry and\nwatershed restoration project funded by the USDA Forest Service\nand managed by the Parks & People Foundation in cooperation\nwith the Maryland State Forester. The project goal is to\ndemonstrate human and natural system connections and equip\npeople to care for natural resources, while employing these\nresources to revitalize urban neighborhoods. The project is a\npartnership between the Maryland Department of Natural Resources\nForest Service, Baltimore City and Baltimore County, several\nother non-profit organizations, three community-based watershed\nassociations, businesses, and academic institutions.\n\nContact:\n\nMichael T. Rains\nDirector\nmrains@fs.fed.us\nPhone: 610-557-4103\nFax: 610-557-4177\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.fs.fed.us/na/briefs/baltimore99/baltimore.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0692113d-f92f-4e79-a036-0d9c5bb630df", - "label": "POLARIS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "POLARIS was a series of high-altitude airborne investigations to\nunderstand the behavior of polar stratospheric ozone as it changes\nfrom very high concentrations in the spring down to very low\nconcentrations in autumn. The data will help with our understanding on\nthe distribution, chemistry, and physics of stratospheric ozone after\nthe vortex breakup, during the continuous daylight conditions of\nsummer. The experiment took place during April - September 1997.\n\nFor more information see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/polaris/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0842f2a3-58d8-4e4e-a56f-03fd3ee512d7", - "label": "PASA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e5e0c08-5fee-45c7-b331-3166b603afbd", - "label": "POPDYNAMICS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eb86e26-8e23-447a-99f3-39df37a50afb", - "label": "PSU3DICE-ANT-MELTWATER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13008897-9adf-4a38-83a7-0d00cd427d6c", - "label": "REBEX-1", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "We describe the experimental apparatus, methodology, and measurements from the Radiobrightness Energy Balance Experiment 1 (REBEX-1), conducted from October, 1992 through April, 1993 near Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Three microwave radiometers measured the apparent radiobrightness of a grassy site at 19, 37, and 85 GHz. Augmenting these data were measurements of sky radiobrightnesses, terrain and sky infrared radiometric temperatures, net and global radiation, soil temperatures, soil heat flux, rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. We also acquired 100 images of the radiometer observation area over the course of the experiment using a video camera and digitization hardware. We report the experiment log, the microwave radiometer calibration record, known errors in the data, summary and monthly plots of the data, the video images of the site, and snow depth and soil moisture data. We also describe post-experiment corrections to the microwave radiometer calibrations and radiobrightness data.\n\n\nSummary provided by http://www.eecs.umich.edu/grs/rebex1.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14bf90bf-f310-44eb-bf23-f0c0c8b983c9", - "label": "RAMCES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The scientific priority of the RAMCES network is the study of CO2.\n\nFor more information, please visit: https://ramces.lsce.ipsl.fr", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16c53dc7-1c57-4a80-b5c1-6580a0bcc23f", - "label": "PEM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Abstract:\n\n\n The Pacific Exploratory Mission - Tropics B (PEM-Tropics B) was\n conducted by the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) over\n the tropical Pacific Ocean in March-April 1999. It used two\n NASA aircraft, a DC-8 and a P-3B. Its central objective was to\n improve knowledge of the factors controlling ozone, OH,\n aerosols, and related species over the vast and remote region\n defined by the tropical Pacific. Both aircraft were equipped\n with extensive instrumentation for measuring numerous chemical\n compounds and gases. The geographical coverage ranged from 38N\n to 36S in latitude and 148W to 76E in longitude. Major\n deployment sites included Hilo, Hawaii; Christmas Island;\n Tahiti; Fiji; and Easter Island. PEM-Tropics B was a sequel to\n PEM-Tropics A, conducted in September-October 1996. The latter\n field study encountered considerable biomass burning indluence\n over the South Pacific associated with the dry season in the\n southern tropics. PEM-Tropics B, conducted in the wet season of\n the so! uthern tropics, observed an exceedingly clean\n atmosphere over the South Pacific but a variety of pollution\n influences over the tropical North Pacific, including\n long-range transport from industrial sources in Eurasia and\n North America as well as from seasonal biomass burning in\n Southeast Asia. Photochemical ozone loss over both the North\n and the South Pacific exceeded local photochemical production\n by about a factor of two, implying the need for a major inflow\n term to balance the tropospheric budget over the\n region. Dedicated flights investigated the sharp air mass\n transitions at the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and at\n the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Extensive OH\n observations, many involving diurnal profiles at several\n different altitudes, permitted the first large-scale\n comparisons with photochemical model predictions. High\n concentrations of oxygenated organics were observed\n ubiquitously in the tropical Pacific atmosphere and may have\n important implicat! ions for global HOx and NOx\n budgets. Extensive equatorial measurements of DSMS and OH, some\n of which were recorded in coincidence with exceptionally high\n levels of the oxidation product DMSO, suggest that important\n aspects of marine sulfur chemistry are also still poorly\n understood.\n\n Provided by:\n\n Raper, J.L., M.M. Kleb, D.J. Jacob, D.D. Davis, R.E. Newell,\n H.E. Fuelberg, R.J. Bendura, J.M. Hoell, and R.J. McNeal", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17250e86-d839-4531-ba1e-2820774fe177", - "label": "RIVDIS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Global River Discharge (RivDIS) data set contains monthly discharge\nmeasurements for 1018 stations located throughout the world. The period of\nrecord varies widely from station to station, with a mean of 21.5 years. The\ndata were digitized from published UNESCO river archives by Charles Vorosmarty,\nBalazs Fekete, and B. A. Tucker of the Complex Systems Research Center (CSRC)\nat the University of New Hampshire.\n\nWebsite: http://www.daac.ornl.gov/RIVDIS/rivdis.html\n\n[Summary provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17b2a7dc-8154-4399-a752-90dcf22c2c9d", - "label": "PATOB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PATOB\nProject URL: http://nmml.afsc.noaa.gov/CetaceanAssessment/ipyp-methods-results.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=430\n\nBeluga whales make an ideal indicator species for Arctic climate change, given their circumpolar distribution and close association with ice formation and decay. This project will instrument 100 belugas per year over three years with satellite transmitters and, in some locations, oceanographic data loggers, to obtain a synoptic snapshot of the pattern and timing of beluga movements in relation to sea ice, surface temperature, primary productivity, bathymetry, as well as temperature and salinity at depth through beluga dive profiles. This baseline data will be invaluable information against which to make comparisons through time as the Arctic undergoes climate change. \nBy serving as autonomous underwater samplers, belugas will collect oceanographic data at depth in regions of particular interest, such as polynyas, during winter months when ship-based collection of such data would be difficult, dangerous, or impossible. Such data can assist oceanographers with modeling ocean temperatures, salinity, currents, heat exchange, formation of deep and intermediate waters.and rates of change that may aid in our understanding patterns relating to climate change. \nBelugas will be tagged across their range in Svalbard, Russia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, which will help delineate stock structure, particularly where ranges overlap but beluga migration patterns are distinct. Little is currently known about beluga stocks in Russia, so this study will make an important contribution in that area. Local arctic peoples and young scientists in training in each region will participate in the fieldwork, educational outreach, and or, data analysis. Tissue samples, measurements, and other data will be collected from each tagged beluga to aid in auxiliary studies. Finally, establishment of a real-time web-based display of beluga movements will be a window for the public through which to view this fascinating research. There will also be an educational DVD, magazine, film and aquarium exhibits produced to interpret this important science.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18d4145a-c7e2-4b38-a845-038e9930416c", - "label": "POLARPRODS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLARPRODS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=142\nMicroalgae - prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae play a key role in Arctic and Antarctic ecology as primary producers. They can cope with extreme temperatures, varying light intensities, as well as low availability of essential nutrients and other resources. Microalgae constitute a potential resource useful in biotechnological applications and they have an important advantage over many other organisms as they can be expediently cultured for the production and processing of desirable compounds. Culturing of microalgae and their maintenance in a culture collection as a stable renewable resource is a huge advantage in the development of their value to biotechnology. The promising application, with a possible turn-up both for the public health and for the safeguard of the ambient, is definitely the utilization of microalgae as a source of bioactive substances. Recently, much effort has been expended on the search for new compounds of therapeutic potential, demonstrating that microalgae of all classes possess antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. There is also a number of different modes in which microalgae are utilised in aquaculture: a) as feed to supply basic nutrients; b) as a source of pigments to improve the colour of fish; c) for other biological purposes. Some prospects for new chemicals have been reported in recent years, the most prominent of which are carotenoids of nutritional and medical value, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), polysaccharides, peptides and radical scavengers. \nEven though, the cultivation scale-up of microalgae in polar regions seem to be difficult due to the harsh climatic conditions, on the basis of preliminary experiments, we propose an innovative step to develop microalgal photobioreactors for extreme environmental conditions, which could potentially help to develop local industry and at the same time provide a viable means of treating domestic wastewaters generated by local communities. Various types of photobioreactors (both closed and semi-closed systems) are to be constructed and tested in various parts of the Arctic Region. This might lay the basis of sustainable biotechnology to cultivate local native strains, which offer a rich source of food additives and other bioactive substances. It is proposed that the experiments will be carried out at the Canadian base of Ellesmere Island and at the Italian base of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. It is expected that in the future, cultivation studies will be extended to Antarctic Region at the Italian (Mario Zucchelli Station), Czech (James Ross Island) and Indian (Schirmacher Oases) bases. \nAlthough the programme seems to be very ambitious and difficult to realize, once the prototypes of the photobioreactors are experimented in both bipolar regions, the feasibility of growing the algae and cyanobacteria for food and bio-products could become in a reality. The project will develop innovative field mass culture units, which aims to optimize light energy utilization and minimize environmental impact, potentially integrating with existing polar infrastructure and associated nutrient and energy sources. Moreover, it will establish or add to valuable bio-geographical, taxonomic, physiological, biochemical and genetic parameters for polar micro-algae. Microalgae are also key resources to wastewater treatment systems, where they remove nutrients and contaminants. For exemple, this process has been already applied to bioremediate mining sites in Artic Canada. It may be possible, therefore, to use infrastructure and wastewater from polar town sites and industrial operations, and integrate photobioreactors into future urban/industrial development. A web site will be created, with links to all academic, university and industrial partners raising individual establishment profiles and highlight ecological benefits. \nThe team will involve collaboration among Canada, Italy, Czech Republic, India and potentially other interested nations. In principle this project is continuation of existing research studies conducted recently and in the past (both in Arctic and Antarctic) by different members of the team. The exploitation of polar based bio-active metabolites is a new and innovative proposal, as is the biotechnology of outdoor studies with polar phototrophic strains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1972d5b3-339a-4d27-9542-df9d9eabfd0e", - "label": "PAGES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Past Global Changes (PAGES) is the International Geosphere-Biosphere\nProgram (IGBP) Core Project charged with providing a quantitative\nunderstanding of the Earth's past environment and defining the envelope of\nnatural environmental variability within which we can assess anthropogenic\nimpact on the Earth's biosphere, geosphere and atmosphere. In order to\npermit validation of their effectiveness, models intended to predict\nfuture environmental changes must be capable of accurately reproducing\nconditions known to have occurred in the past.\nPAGES seeks to obtain and interpret a variety of palaeoclimatic records to\nprovide the data essential for the validation of predictive climatic\nmodels. PAGES seeks the integration and intercomparison of ice, ocean and\nterrestrial palaeorecords, and encourages the creation of consistent\nanalytical and database methodologies within the palaeosciences.\nPAGES research is divided into five focus areas with associated\nactivities and tasks:\nFocus 1: Global Paleoclimate and Environmental Variability\nPaleoclimate of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (PANASH)\n - PEP I (Pole-Equator-Pole I): The Americas Transect\n - PEP II: The Austral-Asian Transect\n - PEP III: Afro-European Transect\nFocus 2: CLIVAR/PAGES Intersection\nFocus 3: International Marine Past Global Changes (IMAGES)\nFocus 4: Polar Programs\n - Circum Arctic Paleoenvironments (CAPE)\n - Quaternary Environment of the Eurasian North project (Queen)\n - International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE)\n - Antarctic Ice Margin Evolution (ANTIME)\nFocus 5: Past Ecosystems Processes and\nHuman-Environment Interactions\n - HITE (Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems)\n - LUCIFS (Land Used and Climate Impacts on Fluvial Systems during the\n Period of Agriculture)\n - LIMPACS (Human Impact on Lake Ecosystems)\n\nContact:\n-------\nPAGES International Project Office\nBaerenplatz 2\nCH-3011 Berne\nSwitzerland\nTel: (+41-31) 312 3133\nFax: (+41-31) 312 3168\nE-mail: pages@pages.unibe.ch\nURL: 'http://www.pages.unibe.ch/'\n\nPAGES data is archived at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology,\nBoulder, CO.\nSee 'http://www.pages.unibe.ch/data/data.html' for mirror sites and\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/'\n\n\n[This information was obtained from the IGBP and PAGES websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c653c3e-8eff-4cb7-adbb-3096da1bbf2e", - "label": "RASCHER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: RASCHER\nProject URL: http://igras.geonet.ru/cwg/projects.html#rascher\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=262 \n\nSoils of Polar Regions are a very important membrane in bio-cryospheric interactions, regulating natural and human-induced processes in ecosystems and landscapes of the North Latitudes. The knowledge of positive and negative feedbacks in the system climate-vegetation-soil-permafrost are of the crucial significance for understanding and forecasting response of this system to global change.\nRASCHER addresses how climate variability and change can affect the soil systems of the polar (Subarctic and Arctic) regions and their sustainability. To provide accurate projections on the impact of climate change and increase of anthropogenic influence on these systems requires improved knowledge of its components and their linkages. Soil has both very inert and changeable parameters, which are altered differently because of climate change. RASCHER will mainly focus on the study of temporal change of labile soil characteristics (temperature, carbon fluxes and other gas fluxes, microbiota and microfauna) and of more stable soil characteristics (mineral composition, organic matter content and quality, morphological features, taxonomical status) in different kinds of frontiers (treeline, tundra-bog border, southern border of permafrost, contact zone of soil and permafrost table in a profile), which are expected to be changed first due to climate change. Together with climate-induced change the influence of the other regional and international processes shift of resource development, increased tourism and relevant infrastructure to the north on permafrost-affected soils will be studied. RASCHER will be based on both database analysis and field studies. The database on soil temperatures for dozens of meteorological stations of arctic and boreal regions for the period 50-100 years and the northern circumpolar soil database are already compiled and can be used for analysis. The field studies will be carried out in the different regions of Arctic and Subarctic during 2006-2008. To understand the effects of global change on northern polar soils firstly the long-term climatic trends and correlation of air and soil temperatures on the various depths will be carried out and the relevant models will be developed. Using the prognosis for climate change the spatial model of soil temperature change in northern polar latitudes will be elaborated. \nThe potential development of northern industries, settlements and transport infrastructure (roads, pipelines) relevant to soil change will be forecasted together with social geographers and specialists in land management. The analysis of previously gained data on anthropogenic impact on permafrost-affected soils and field work in relevant human-changed environments will allow to elaborate the spatial prognostic model of anthropogenic change of Arctic and Subarctic soils. The Northern circumpolar soil database will help to differentiate this forecast related to kinds of soils and substrate. \nThe role of thermal factor in composition and functioning of the biotic complex of tundra soils (microbiota, micro- and mesofauna) as well as the selective role of negative temperatures on the structure of soil microbiocenoses and the influence of cryogenesis on adaptive functions of soil microorganisms will be studied both in the field and in a laboratory using traditional and new (DNA analysis) methods. It allows comparing new data with results of studies carried out at the same locations 30-40 years ago and assessing if any climate-induced change of soil biota has taken place. The samples collected from the same places as 20 years ago will be analyzed for the 14C activity and the soil carbon renovation rates will be calculated (Cherkinsky-Brovkin model) and then will be compared with old samples to find out if it is any acceleration of carbon turnover due to global change. \nThe frontier studies will concern the non-stability of soil thermic regimes, shrinking of isolated patches and the northward retreat of permafrost-affected soils, the assessments of possible soil change related to the vegetation transformation on the base of soil studies (carbon fluxes, humus quality, mineral composition, etc.) in different types of ecotones (forest-tundra, tundra-bog, forest-meadow, forest-bog, meadow-tundra). The other part of frontier studies is the detailed analysis of soil process at the interface of soil and permafrost tables. It concerns the study of the bio- and geochemical barrier on this interface and the study of the process of cryogenic lateral transportation at the contact zone of soil and permafrost table. This interface is the zone of high concentration of organic matter and other compounds, including pollutants. The detailed physico-chemical studies will allow determining the fate of this matter in case of permafrost thawing due to climate change or anthropogenic impact.\nSoils will be linked with vegetation and changes in vegetation by linking various geospatial data layers to improve our knowledge and the distribution of soils and their environmental linkages", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f6a5b36-78b5-4412-bf1b-f98456b12d63", - "label": "RAMS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "RAMS is a fully operable, browsable/searchable online species list of Antarctic marine species, dynamically maintained by a strong board of expert taxonomic editors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fd4b9dd-81fc-47cf-b272-4aabe4d8ff15", - "label": "PWG", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "&To develop a comprehensive, global understanding of the generation and flow of energy from the Sun through the Earth's space environment (geospace) and to define the cause-and-effect relationships between the physical processes that link different regions of this dynamic environment.& - Alexander and Nishida, 1984\n \n \nIn the 1990s, collaborations between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Institute of Space and Astronuatical Science (ISAS) of Japan resulted in the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) Science Initiative. Polar, Wind and Geotail are a part of this initiative, combining resources and scientific communities to obtain coordinated, simultaneous investigations of the Sun-Earth space environment over an extended period of time.\n \nInformation provided by http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/project_overview.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ff92afb-a7d3-42b8-91cc-dde48048fcff", - "label": "POLAR-AOD", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLAR-AOD\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=171\nThe proposed activity aims at establishing a bipolar network to obtain data needed to quantify properties of aerosols at high latitudes, including seasonal background concentrations by measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD), spectral characterizations, and the evolutionary patterns of the natural and anthropogenic processes that perturb the aerosol cycles. An effort to quantify direct and indirect climate forcing by polar aerosols will be made through a set of closure experiments using observations in conjunction with model calculation and satellite data.\nThe co-operation in the frame of POLAR-AOD will allow the following: \n1. - Definition of calibration procedures among the various sun-radiometers operating in Polar regions, in order to achieve homogeneous AOD (aerosol optical depth) evaluations and maintain a set of reference instruments in a high mountain station. Some of the instruments will be used to constitute a traveller system from one station to the other with the aim of attaining round robin inter-comparison. Regular inter-comparison campaigns (biennial) will be organized in order to compare not only calibration constants but also instrumental characteristics, such as sensitivity and influence of diffuse light. The first inter-comparison campaign, scheduled for spring 2006 at Ny-Alesund, will be used also to define and adjust the methodology and calculation procedures, like that aimed at evaluating relative optical air mass and trace-gas corrections.\n2 . - Improvement of 'in-situ' optical and chemical measurements, with an effort to operate size and time-resolved aerosol composition and concentration sampling on a long-term base (EoI ID 557).\n3. - Establishment of a data bank for spectral sun-photometric measurements (AOD archive), in-situ measurements and any other aerosol related parameters useful for assessing the quantification of aerosols and their radiative effects. This archive will fill the gap for the polar regions within the global aerosol climatology, where there is an urgent need for high-quality data on aerosol abundance and physico-chemical characteristics on a regional scale. The information is necessary to better constrain climate model simulations and improve the interpretation of remotely sensed data. Particular attention will be paid to retrospective analyses of historical data-sets, mainly from Russian Arctic and Antarctic stations. They will be recovered and stored in the archive.\n4. - Determination of reliable procedures for analysing sun-photometric and sun-radiometric data in order to describe realistically the specific conditions occurring in the polar regions. Standard programmes will be developed and supplied to the research groups involved, including cloud rejection algorithms and radiometric data analysis.\n5 - Organisation of international workshops for the presentation of the results from the various polar programs, and for the discussion of common strategies and goals, including aspects of logistics within inter-calibration activities and data exchange.\nIn Antarctica, the actual field activities will benefit from the setting up of a new international long-term monitoring programme, called TAVERN (Quantification of Tropospheric Aerosol and Thin Clouds Variability, including Radiation Budget over the East Antarctic Plateau) at the recently established Italian-French station Dome Concordia (EoI ID 198). Year-round measurements based on LIDAR, Sun and Star photometer and &in-situ& aerosol systems will make it possible to study in detail inter-annual and seasonal variation of aerosols over the high Antarctic Plateau, and also to obtain information on the thin cloud optical depth. The normal activities in other stations will be extended during the IPY operational period (EoI ID 797). The POLAR-AOD observations will complement the SRB measurements which are developed at other stations (Syowa, South Pole, Neumayer) in the frame of the BSRN (GCOS) activities, providing an important contribution for assessing forcing by aerosols.\nIn the Arctic, additional strong field activities will be promoted at the Greenland Summit Station (EoI ID 530) and Tiksi (EoI ID 820), during the IPY operational period. Real-time measurements of physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosols will allow the constitution of a data set in the Arctic, equivalent to the one acquired over the Antarctic Plateau, Summit being a natural counterpart of Dome Concordia. Also in Ny-Alesund, research activities related to aerosols will increase as a consequence of the efforts of Norway, Poland, Germany, Japan and Italy (EoIs ID 165, ID 597). The network will give support in obtaining high-quality integrated data from the large amount of field activities. Participation on cruises organised in the framework of the Arctic Experiment (AREX) and the airborne ASTAR (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds, and Radiation) activities will lead to a considerable improvement in knowledge on the vertical and spatial distribution of aerosols in the European Arctic. The present studies will complement the activities promoted by the SEARCH Program (NOAA's Study of Environmental Arctic Change). Finally the information obtained will allow participants to assess the influence of mid-latitude aerosol sources in the observed Arctic aerosol budget. \nPOLAR-AOD (EoIs ID 299, ID 557) will join the efforts of the IASOA proposal (EoI ID 138), in the task of co-ordinating different programmes of long-term atmospheric observatories in the Arctic with the purpose of setting up a circumpolar ring around the central Arctic region. The second aim is to fulfil the need for an integrated larger bi-polar network in the field of atmospheric sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "255dda0c-86fc-4eb1-b6b6-2eede696e3e8", - "label": "PROTECTION, PRESERVATION OF SCI", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "International Polar Heritage Conference.\nSince the first International Polar Year in 1882-83 there have been a number of major international science initiatives in polar regions. All of these events have been milestones in the history of mankind. Tangible evidence of many of these sites remains scattered around the frozen extremities of our planet.\n\nThe International Polar Heritage Committee (IPHC) has as one of its objectives;\n…… “to promote international co-operation in the protection and conservation of non-indigenous heritage in the Arctic and Antarctic”\n\nIt is therefore both relevant and important that the IPHC promotes an IPY event and our intention is to host a conference at which a series of presentations on a variety of polar heritage subjects will be delivered by invited specialists. The format is intended to allow for discussion on specific issues.\n\nThe theme of the conference will be PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SCIENTIFIC BASES IN THE POLAR REGIONS.\nPresentations will focus on many sites, ranging from the heroic age historic huts of Antarctica, to the remains of scientific/exploratory bases in the Arctic. Many of these were former IPY stations.\n\nAspects to be discussed will be wide ranging and may include issues such as management, conservation techniques, accessibility and the recording and dissemination of data and information.\n\nIt is proposed that he IPHC will subsequently publish presentations and proceedings from the conference in book and possibly digital form to make them available for wider distribution to the polar heritage protection community and other interested persons.\n\nVENUE\nBarrow Arctic Science Consortium, Alaska – site of one of the original IPY stations (1882-1883).\n\nTIMING\nOctober 2007 – actual dates yet to be finalized.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=135", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25fbdad2-348d-41f4-b405-cba952dcad75", - "label": "REVIZEE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Finally, a description of the regime would not be complete without mentioning the subject of dispute settlement as it is detailed in Article 297(3). With regard to fisheries disputes concerning the interpretation or application of Convention provisions, they are to be settled by a binding form of dispute settlement. However, coastal states are not obliged to submit disputes relating to the exercise of sovereign rights with respect to living resources in the exclusive economic zone to any form of compulsory dispute settlement procedures. The issues under this exception include the coastal state's discretionary powers for determining allowable catch, its harvesting capacity, the allocation of surpluses to other states and the terms and conditions established in its conservation and management laws and regulations.\n\nHowever, a coastal state would be obliged to submit to conciliation certain specific disputes - those arising from an allegation that:\n\n(i) a coastal state has manifestly failed to comply with its obligations to ensure through proper conservation and management measures that the maintenance of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone is not seriously endangered;\n(ii) a coastal state has arbitrarily refused to determine, at the request of another state, the allowable catch and its capacity to harvest living resources with respect to stocks which that other state is interested in fishing; or\n\n(iii) a coastal state has arbitrarily refused to allocate to any state, under Articles 62, 69 and 70 and under the terms and conditions established by the coastal state consistent with the Convention, the whole or part of the surplus it has declared to exist.\n\nhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/s5280T/s5280t0p.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28866996-181e-4a79-89b0-612e2063a1ce", - "label": "PMIP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: S. Joussaume and K. E. Taylor, proceedings of the third PMIP workshop, Canada, 4-8 october 1999, in WCRP-111, WMO/TD-1007, edited by P. Braconnot, 9-24, 2000. ]\n\nAtmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are continually improving in their ability to simulate the major features of today´s climate. Many of these models are being used to predict future climate change and although there is broad agreement among the models, there are also many differences in the details of their predictions. In order to determine whether models can simulate climatic conditions much different from today, the models can be used to simulate paleoclimates, and paleodata can be used to evaluate the results. Moreover, AGCMs have proved their usefulness to investigate mechanisms of past climate changes (e.g., Joussaume, 1999)). The Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) was initiated in order to coordinate and encourage the systematic study of AGCMs and to assess their ability to simulate large changes of climate such as those that occurred in the distant past. It also is serving to encourage the preparation of global reconstructions of paleoclimates that can be used to evaluate climate models.\n\nThe PMIP effort developed out of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, convened in 1991, which led to a cooperative and coordinated effort to compare model simulations with paleoclimate data. The workshop participants agreed to focus initially on two specific periods in the past : the last glacial maximum, 21 000 years before present (BP), and the mid-Holocene climate, 6 000 years BP, which correspond to extreme conditions that are relatively well documented. Simulating the last glacial maximum provides an opportunity for assessing the models´ ability to simulate extreme cold conditions as well as for studying the feedbacks associated with both a decrease of the atmospheric CO2 concentration and ice sheet elevation of 2 to 3 km above North America and northern Europe. The simulation of the mid-Holocene conditions is on the other hand a sensitivity experiment in which the seasonal contrast of incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is changed; 6000 years BP, the seasonal contrast was larger in the northern summer, leading to an increase of summer monsoons over Africa and South Asia.\n\nMore Information: http://pmip.lsce.ipsl.fr/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c891440-8ce0-4825-ae3d-0a7ba1c7c297", - "label": "PYS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Mercury-contaminated effluent was discharged into Minamata Bay from a chemical plant over a 20-year period until 1965 (from 1958 to 1959, effluent was discharged into Minamata River), causing Minamata disease. In an effort to characterize the extent of the contamination in the Yatsushiro Sea, the vertical and horizontal distributions of mercury in sediment were investigated. Sediment was sampled at 62 locations in the southern part of the sea from 4 to 6 March 1996. In the lower layers of the long cores of sediment, the total amount of mercury was at a relatively uniform low concentration.\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10989922", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31499d46-9639-43d4-a68b-f6d0b7666a56", - "label": "RETRO", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The RETRO project aims at a better exploitation of existing observational data sets of chemical trace compound concentrations by performing a 40 years reanalysis of the tropospheric chemical composition. It will for the first time collect and analyse a multitude of observational data from earth-, air-, and spaceborne instruments and evaluate all of them in a consistent manner by performing multi-decadal simulations with several comprehensive global state-of the-art models. \n\nhttp://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&PJ_RCN=6043591", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3182feec-7f69-466c-a13e-9aff70dd43ed", - "label": "PCMDI", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Program for Climate Model Diagnoses and Intercomparison (PCMDI)\nwas established in 1989 at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\nin the San Francisco Bay area. The PCMDI staff includes research\nscientists, computer scienctists, and support personel.\nPCMDI's principal mission is to develop improved methods and tools for\nthe diagnosis,validation and intercomparison of global climate models\n(GCMs) (what we call a climate modeling infrastructure), and to engage\nin research on a wide variety of outstanding problems in climate\nmodeling and analysis.\nYou may access PCMDI information on the World Wide Web.\nLink to: 'http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3235b6d0-50c0-4d1a-8556-f7a5a580993e", - "label": "POLYMODE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The International Polymode Program was a bilateral US-USSR project to study mesoscale dynamics in the ocean to improve understanding of the role of eddy processes on scales of 50 to 500 kilometers. The materials constituting this collection include research and funding proposals, planning information, correspondence, meeting minutes, and scientific reports and data collected during ship cruises.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.aip.org/history/ead/19990041.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "331e54a1-cb7d-47bd-b8e0-b542e3dd359b", - "label": "PACS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Esecutive Summary of Project:\n\n\n Over its ten-year lifetime, the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere\n (TOGA) program (1985-1995) made major strides toward\n understanding the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)\n phenomenon, which impacts surface air temperature and rainfall\n over many regions of the globe. In particular, TOGA\n demonstrated the feasibility of operational\n seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction of equatorial\n Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies based on numerical\n models that simulate, in a rudimentary manner, the physics of\n the coupled tropical ocean-atmosphere system, and it clarified\n the nature of the remote, planetary-scale atmospheric response\n to these anomalies. The U.S. Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land\n System (GOALS) program is predicated on the belief that the\n skill of operational climate prediction can be further\n increased by continued research on ENSO and by efforts to\n understand other elements of the climate system that contribute\n to the observed seasonal-to-interannual variability. The ! Pan\n American Climate Studies (PACS) program is a component of the\n U.S. GOALS program in the 1995-2005 time frame, and PACS\n provides a phenomenological context for some of the GOALS\n research.\n\n\n The overall goal of PACS is to extend the scope and improve the\n skill of operational seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction\n over the Americas. Particular emphasis is placed on warm season\n rainfall, which is not yet predictable. In the context of PACS,\n climate prediction is concerned not only with seasonal mean\n rainfall and temperature, but also with the frequency of\n occurrence of significant weather events such as hurricanes or\n floods over the course of a season or seasons.\n\n The scientific objectives of PACS are to promote a better\n understanding and more realistic simulation of (1) the boundary\n forcing of seasonal-to-interannual climate variations over the\n Americas, (2) the evolution of tropical sea surface temperature\n anomalies, (3) the seasonally varying mean climate over the\n Americas and adjacent ocean regions, (4) the time-dependent\n structure of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)/cold\n tongue complex, and (5) the relevant land surface processes.\n\n To state these objectives more explicitly:\n\n Boundary forcing: The atmospheric circulation, in isolation, is\n not predictable beyond a week or two. Hence, prospects for\n improved climate prediction on the seasonal-to-interannual time\n scale hinge on the ability to exploit the relationships between\n the planetary-scale atmospheric circulation and the slowly\n evolving and potentially predictable boundary forcing; i.e.,\n the fields of sea surface temperature, vegetation, and soil\n moisture, in which the season-to-season 'memory' of the coupled\n ocean-atmosphere-land system resides. Improved understanding of\n boundary-forced atmospheric anomalies is of central importance,\n not only to PACS, but to the entire GOALS program.\n\n Evolution of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies: For\n climate prediction of a season or more in advance, it is\n necessary to take into account the evolution of the boundary\n forcing of the atmosphere. In keeping with the general strategy\n of GOALS, PACS will seek to advance the state-of-the-art of the\n prediction of sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical\n Atlantic and Pacific, both of which are known to influence\n climate variability over parts of the Americas.\n\n Seasonally varying mean climate: Regional rainfall anomalies\n over the Americas are largely a reflection of the\n intensification or weakening, or subtle displacements in\n positions of the climatological-mean features that organize the\n rainfall, i.e., the monsoons, the oceanic ITCZs, and the\n tropical and extratropical cyclone tracks. An understanding of\n these robust climatological-mean features and their seasonal\n evolution is a prerequisite for the interpretation and\n prediction of the anomalies.\n\n Structure of the ITCZ/cold tongue complex: A major stumbling\n block in the validation of the models used to simulate tropical\n atmosphere-ocean interaction in ENSO is the lack of\n observational data for defining the structure of the ocean\n mixed layer and the overlying atmosphere in the ITCZ/cold\n tongue complex. PACS will address this deficiency through its\n field projects and the related modeling studies that will make\n use of these data.\n\n Land surface processes: The distribution of rainfall over the\n Americas is shaped, not only by sea surface temperature patterns\n but also by land surface processes, particularly during the warm\n season, when vegetation and soil moisture are highly\n influential. Orography and coastal geometry mediate these\n effects and leave a distinctive mesoscale imprint upon the\n rainfall patterns. These issues will be addressed in\n collaboration with the Global Energy and Water Experiment\n (GEWEX) and its regional programs, with PACS supplying the\n atmospheric modeling expertise and GEWEX the hydrological\n expertise. Much of this research will require the use of\n mesoscale models, applied in a climatological setting.\n\n PACS scientific objectives (1) and (2) directly address the\n scientific objectives of the GOALS program: (1) relates to\n atmospheric prediction and (2) to prediction of tropical sea\n surface temperature; in this sense they may be viewed as\n primary. Objectives (3)-(5) play a supportive role by advancing\n understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to and limit the\n predictability of the coupled global ocean-atmosphere-land\n system: (3) and (4) relate to the prediction of ENSO and other\n phenomena that give rise to tropical sea surface temperature\n anomalies, and (5) relates to the prediction of continental\n rainfall.\n\n PACS encompasses a broad range of activities, including\n empirical studies, data set development, modeling, climate\n monitoring, and more intensive, limited-term field\n experiments. In order to avoid being spread too thin, the field\n studies will focus on different regions of the Pan-American\n climate system in sequence. During the first five years they\n will focus on atmosphere-ocean interaction in the tropical\n eastern Pacific, in association with the ENSO cycle and the\n climatological-mean annual march. During the second half of\n PACS the emphasis will shift to the tropical Atlantic Ocean\n where the sea surface temperature anomalies are more subtle and\n more diverse in terms of horizontal structure than in the\n Pacific, but no less important in terms of their influence upon\n precipitation in the adjacent continental regions.\n\n This scientific prospectus/implementation plan provides the\n motivation and scientific basis for PACS and describes the\n research that will be carried out in pursuit of PACS scientific\n objectives. Section 1 gives a scientific description of\n phenomena in the ocean-atmosphere system that are likely to be\n of importance for understanding and predicting\n seasonal-to-interannual climate variations over the\n Americas. The climate and weather variations over the Americas\n that provide the practical and scientific motivation for PACS\n are discussed in Section 2, while Sections 3-5 describe the\n empirical studies, data set development, and modeling that will\n be conducted under its auspices. Section 6 describes field\n studies envisioned for PACS, starting with projects already\n funded and going on to describe activities likely to be\n proposed for the 1997-2000 time frame. Section 7 discusses\n linkages with GEWEX and its regional programs and NASA's\n Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM). Se! ction 7 also\n describes the anticipated linkages with emerging national and\n international programs, including the Scripps-Lamont Consortium\n for the Ocean's Role in Climate (CORC), the Pilot Research\n Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), the anticipated\n World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate Variability and\n Predictability (CLIVAR) international programs on the\n Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS), and\n Pacific and Atlantic basinwide extended climate studies\n (BECS). Program management is discussed in Section 8. Within\n the U.S., interagency support is being sought for PACS, with\n coordination by the GOALS Project Office. The Inter-American\n Institute for Global Change Research serves as a vehicle for\n coordinating international cooperation.\n\n Contact Person:\n\n Candance Gudmundson\n gcg@atmos.washington.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://tao.atmos.washington.edu/pacs/'\n\n [Summary provided by JISAO]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3341bea0-8f81-4833-9701-41f2b7d1758d", - "label": "POST", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST, http://www.postcoml.org/) project aims\nto build an acoustic tracking array along the west coast of North America. The\nearly applications focused on tracking the migration, life span, movement and\nbehaviour of Pacific salmon. The project is expanding to encompass other\nspecies such as rockfish, sturgeon and small pelagics.\n\nThe test array in the Salish Sea region, deployed in 2004-2005, demonstrates\nthat a large-scale monitoring system could be established to answer long-asked\nquestions about the lives of marine species.\n\nThe Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project plans to complete the permanent\nfull-scale marine telemetry array along the North American Pacific coast, from\nBaja to the Bering Sea, by 2010. The array will have 2000 receivers and 30\nlistening lines, each up to 50 km long. Capable of listening to over 250,000\nanimals at once, it will permit a near-complete census of the movements and\nmarine survival of animals ranging from small salmon smolts to large marine\nmammals.\n\nFunding was made possible by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Census of\nMarine Life (click here for funding proposal), as well as the Gordon and Betty\nMoore Foundation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "336d04f9-93f8-48fd-bece-50862dff852e", - "label": "REPRESENTATIONS OF SAMI IN THE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Sami in travel writings form an image of a history being told about them. Being represented meant for the Sami that their lives and culture appeared stereotyped, because they inhabited areas that had been labelled as void from a scientific point of view ever since the time of Carl von Linné. The north was a place devoid of substance, which could therefore be filled with the explorers’ and researchers’ opinions and fantasies. During the nineteenth century, an interest in the exotic within the borders of the home nation was aroused, and in the process the Sami became objectified in travel writing. Polar travel writing formed part of the colonial project to conquer the northern parts of the Nordic countries, including Arctic areas. With reference to the Sami, this process provides us with simplified images. The representations of the Sami appear within a colonial discourse, in the form of depictions and explanations concerning the Arctic and the Sub-Arctic, and the people who inhabited these areas. It was common practice during the nineteenth century to discover “new” people and “new” cultures, and describe them, as a process of collecting information about them, and this was part of the colonial process as it was defined at that time. The depictions of the Sami in Sven Lovén’s travel journals from 1836-37, for instance, were mythical and ethnographical; they were also interwoven with perspectives on nature and the experience of being in an Arctic landscape that could be related to the Arctic sublime. There were also descriptions about the nature of the Sami, which could be connected to a three-dimensional layer of ethnocentrism, racism and exoticism. References to scientific works and literature also occurred in the text, but to a lesser extent. In other words, the several representations that existed at one and the same time may be divided into three themes that run parallel to one another in the travel writings of Lovén. References to scientific work were not so common in Lovén’s journals, and when they occurred they were usually dictionary references. Literature such as the epos Kalevala used, as references may be perceived as being of a mythical character. Other representations of a mythical character that related to the Sami were created in the context of socio-cultural descriptions, and may thus be perceived as ethnographic. The mythical and ethnographical representations were both embedded in romanticisation. Ethnographically coloured representations were common, for example, in art during the nineteenth century. These descriptions were close to the romantic view of the Sami. There were also descriptions of real dramas in the course voyages, and these may be detected as part of the Arctic sublime. In these descriptions, the Sami became a part of the Arctic sublime, since the Sami were perceived as able to interpret the behaviour of animals, which were part of the sublime. Depictions of the nature of the Sami formed another set of representations. The nature of the Sami is also connected to Sami society, described as being in opposition to Swedish/Western society, according to a racist perception of the Sami as being of a different race and nationality. Knowledge about the Sami decreased at the end of the nineteenth century, and this changed the image of the Sami to a more romantic perception, rather than a racist one. This romantic view was not part of the canon at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but it was nevertheless possible for this opinion to flourish. In travel writings from the nineteenth century it is clear that the travel writing contained personal opinions, which contaminated the text. People and cultures were designated as ‘the Other’ to define for the travellers what the former were not, i.e. Europeans. The stereotypical representations of the Sami may have been used to define what the explorers were not, in order not to risk becoming ‘the Other’ in the new and unknown environment that was the Arctic. Explorers were able to shift between representing Culture and being part of Nature at the same time. They never risked being estranged from themselves, since the otherness between Culture and Nature was inhabited by ‘the Other’. The in-between space was a place for explorers to get to know the wild man inside themselves, but since this space was already inhabited by ‘the Other’ this exploration could not get out of hand and result in the explorer turning into an alien being, or monster.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=30", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b07527f-1a84-460f-a257-46a6cb004713", - "label": "POLAR DISTURBANCE AND ECOSYSTEM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The goal of this project is to document pan-arctic changes in large-scale disturbances (thermokarst, fire, insect outbreaks, and forest harvest), relate these to climatic and social change, and to assess their ecological, climatic, and societal consequences in high-latitude ecosystems (tundra and boreal forest). Recent trends suggest that continued high-latitude warming will likely be accompanied by increases in disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, thermokarst, and potentially forest harvest and land-cover conversion to grassland or agriculture. These disturbances have qualitatively different effects on the climate system, ecological processes, and therefore society than do those ecological processes that are more continuous functions of climatic change. Large-scale disturbances have the practical advantage that they can be quantified regionally by remote sensing so processes studied locally are more readily extrapolated to large scales. The program builds on existing research programs in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia and on global remote-sensing and inventory programs. We choose a pan-arctic scale so we can relate our results to the functioning of arctic climate system and take advantage of geographic variation in climate and disturbance regime. We also build from national and site-based research programs and databases, providing the opportunity to link processes and local, regional, and global scales. We address the following questions:\n1. How have changes in climate affected disturbance regime across the arctic and boreal zones, and how have these changes in disturbance affected climate through changes in trace gas emissions, smoke, and energy exchange? Do feedbacks from land-surface processes to climate buffer or amplify the initial climate trends? In other words, what is the net effect of these high-latitude climate feedbacks on the global climate system? We currently have circumboreal databases of disturbances (fire, insects, and forest harvest), vegetation, climate (1900-2005; projected to 2100), and date of snowmelt, providing the datasets necessary to make preliminary estimates of high-latitude climate feedbacks. National programs will refine and improve these databases and develop climatic, geographic, and socioeconomic correlations as a basis for developing rules to estimate future disturbance rates.\n2. How do changes in disturbance regime affect post-disturbance ecosystem development and future disturbance probability? Are there thresholds in disturbance severity or size that trigger qualitatively different patterns of ecosystem development? For example, are there conditions where fire at treeline or insect outbreaks at the southern margin of the boreal forest lead to a permanent land-cover transition? We will rely on regional studies to develop simple models of post-disturbance succession for fire, logging, insects, and agriculture. We are particularly interested in circumstances that trigger radically different vegetation succession such as wet tundra to shrub tundra; tundra to forest; conifer to deciduous forest; or forest to grassland. Based on preliminary studies, we are confident we can develop these models.\n3. How have changes in disturbance regime and resulting changes in ecosystem structure and functioning affected ecosystem services on which society depends, and how have human activities (ignitions, suppression, and land-cover change) influenced the response of disturbance regime to climatic change? Many ecosystem services (timber, fuelwood, berries, moose, caribou, etc.) can be estimated from the interactive effects of climate and vegetation (stand type and age). Based on maps of climate and vegetation (#1) and disturbance frequency and successional trajectory (#2), we can estimate temporal and spatial patterns of ecosystem services. Based on local and regional studies we can estimate the validity of these estimates and the extent to which they are influenced by other factors such as human harvest. We will then explore the social, economic and cultural bases for these human impacts on ecosystem services.\n4. How have policies changed in response to recent changes in climate and disturbance regime, and what factors influence the rigidity or flexibility of these policies and therefore the potential for adaptation or vulnerability at times of rapid change? Based on the patterns described above we will develop alternative scenarios of future ecosystem services (climate feedbacks and subsistence resources). We will explore with residents and policy makers policies that might influence the relative likelihood of these alternative scenarios.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=275", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bdf3438-3a42-48de-b15a-21970599bebf", - "label": "PM-ESIP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The PM-ESIP will provide science researchers and users with the capability to interactively customize and receive hydrologic data sets for use in process studies and regional and global climate studies. It will provide a framework and a process for creating, supporting, and distributing both producer and customer defined data sets for the broader Earth Observing System (EOS) science community, incorporating emerging technologies such as data content based search (data mining) and data production, gridding, and formatting on demand. PM-ESIP datasets will be important for researching long term natural and human induced climate change ('global warming'),\n\n\nhttp://lba.cptec.inpe.br/beija-flor/send/xsltText2?fileURL=tmiwop&full_datasource=LBAESIP&full_queryString=%20AND%20datasource:(lbaesip%20)&ds_id=", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d2897fa-c3d8-4614-9eb9-fc3e38fe71d6", - "label": "REASON", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "NASA’s Research, Education and Applications Solutions Network (REASoN) projects provide data products, information systems and services capabilities, and/or advanced data systems technologies integrated into the project, to address strategic needs in Earth science research, applications, and education. Forty-two projects began work in 2003 and 2004. \n \nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/our-community/community-data-system-programs/reason-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f4f5aa8-83fa-4a55-a96e-59cd61546033", - "label": "Polar Winds I", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4017a356-6af2-4166-be10-995f483201dd", - "label": "POLARTREC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PolarTREC (Teachers and Researchers Exploring and Collaborating in the Arctic and Antarctic) is a program of the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS), funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in which K-12 teachers participate in polar research, working closely with scientists as a pathway to improving science education. PolarTREC builds on the outstanding scientific and cultural opportunities in the Arctic and Antarctic to link research and education through intriguing topics that will engage students and the wider public. PolarTREC is a three-year (2007-2009) IPY project that builds on the strengths of the past TREC program in the Arctic to embrace a wider range of research activities occurring at both poles during and after the International Polar Year.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.polartrec.com/about", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41aec72b-2889-4088-be4f-63cccf1e7da2", - "label": "PRECP-V", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Processing of Emissions by Clouds and Radiation Experiment\n(PRECP-V) was conducted by NOAA and involoves the measuring of the\nfollowing atmospheric trace gases: sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide,\ncarbon monoxide, ozone, and NO-NOx.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44362c00-384e-4638-94aa-d6bedf341a1f", - "label": "REMIB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Currently the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components is a priority, given the environmental crisis of the planet in recent decades. Knowledge of biodiversity becomes urgent in view of the rapid process of the loss of ecosystems, species and genes, as well as a broad spectrum of environmental services and products derived from plants and animals pending discovery or study.\n\nIn this sense, biological collections are one of the main sources of information on biological diversity. The large quantity of information they represent and the fact that they are dynamic require, for their consultation and updating, the use of specialized computer tools. Gathering these collections in an information network allows not only for the connection of the main databanks, the updating of information and direct contact with specialists, but also access, exchange and consultation of data open to the public in general throughout the world.\n\nThe World Biodiversity Information Network (REMIB) is a computerized system of biological information (it includes databases of a curatorial, taxonomic, ecological, cartographic, bibliographic, ethno-biological type, use of catalogues on natural resources and other subject matters), based on an academic inter-institutional decentralized and international organization, formed by research and higher education centers, both public and private, that possess both scientific biological collections and data banks.\n\nPURPOSES\n\n1)Promote the exchange of biotic information through an international network of databases, and to analyze and agree to joint policies on intellectual property, quality control and the forms for distributing the data. \n2)Increase and improve accessibility and quality of this information, maintaining it up to date. \n3)Offer basic knowledge of biodiversity to the public in general, under the rules and procedures established herein. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.conabio.gob.mx/remib_ingles/doctos/acerca_remib_ing.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "448aae76-d91e-4937-8c32-cb3e8f5cc973", - "label": "PARCA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PARCA is a NASA project formally initiated in 1995 by combining into\none coordinated program various investigations associated with\nefforts, started in 1991, to assess whether airborne laser altimetry\ncould be applied to measure ice-sheet thickness changes. It has the\nprime goal of measuring and understanding the mass balance of the\nGreenland ice sheet. The main components of the program are:\n\n 1. Periodic airborne laser-altimetry surveys along precise\n repeat tracks across all major ice drainage basins. The first\n survey was completed in 1993/1994, with repeat flights along\n selected routes in 1995 and 1996, when flights were also made\n over ice caps in eastern Canada, Svalbard, and Iceland.\n Ice-thickness measurements along the same flight lines Localized\n measurements of ice thickness change in shallow drill holes.\n Monitoring of various surface characteristics of the ice sheet\n using satellite radar altimetry, SAR, passive-microwave, AVHRR,\n and scatterometer data. Surface-based measurements of ice\n motion at 30-km intervals approximately along the 2000-meter\n contour completely around the ice sheet, with interpolation of\n local relative ice motion using interferometric SAR. Shallow\n ice cores (10 - 200 meters) at many locations to infer recent\n climate history, atmospheric chemistry, and interannual\n variability of snow-accumulation rates, and to measure\n temperature and vertical ice motion at various depths.\n\n 2. Investigations of surface energy balance and factors\n affecting snow accumulation and surface ablation. This program\n is a collaborative effort with NSF, and includes the\n installation of automatic weather stations (AWS) at many of the\n drill-hole sites.\n\n 3. Estimating snow-accumulation rates by climate-model analysis\n of column water vapor obtained from radiosondes and TOVS data.\n\n 4. Detailed investigations of individual glaciers and ice\n streams responsible for much of the outflow from the ice sheet.\n\n 5. Development of a thermal probe to measure various ice\n characteristics at selected depths in the ice sheet.\n 6. Continuous monitoring of crustal motion using Global\n Positioning System (GPS) receivers at coastal sites.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://cires.colorado.edu/steffen/parca.html'\n\n [Summary provided by University of Colorado/CIRES research group]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44f030e2-dc32-422e-8f05-72825c55dee6", - "label": "RICE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment (RICE) is an experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission in the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum from the interaction of high energy neutrinos (greater than 1 PeV) with the Antarctic ice cap. The goals of this experiment are to determine the potential of the radio-detection technique for measuring the high energy cosmic neutrino flux, determining the sources of this flux, and measuring neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies above those accessible with existing accelerators. Such an experiment also has sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma ray bursts, as well as highly-ionizing charged particles (monopoles, e.g.) traversing the Antarctic icecap.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Ice_Cerenkov_Experiment", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "470272f6-f57d-4c71-b2c6-9c17fbee43c3", - "label": "PASDAC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PASDAC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=456\n\nThis proposal is being submitted to the IPY committee by northerners for the benefit of northerners. Being a resident of the arctic, I clearly understand the utter need for practical research that will help to strengthen and improve the health and well-being of community life, and will contribute to making our communities more resilient to the impacts of climate change.\n\nAt the 2006 World Urban Forum it was acknowledged by global decision-makers that climate change will be one of the key challenges faced by human settlements across the world. The goal of this research node is to build capacity for sustainable community development in Arctic regions so they are less vulnerable, more liveable and stand a better chance of coping with challenges posed by climate change. In the Arctic, building this capacity requires a proactive approach, collaboration amongst a wide range of partners, integration of policies across scales (national, regional, local), accommodation of cultural priorities, and practical application of research. \n\nThis is reflected in the 2005 Research Needs Survey for Nunavut published by C-CIARN North. It states:\nThe survey results suggest that Nunavut community members recognize considerable overlap among climate change impacts and that they do not generally view climate change adaptation challenges in isolation of other social and environmental pressures. Local climate change pressures need to reflect this holistic perspective, and focus largely on understanding the interactions and cumulative effects of climate change and a host of other factors such as resource development, rapid social change, population growth, health decline, educational achievement, long range contaminant transport, and other factors.\n\nClearly there is a growing need for the practical application of research on the uncertainty, challenges, and impacts of climate change on Arctic communities. However, in the Arctic there is a large gap between scientific research and building capacity for sustainable development.\n\nThis research will contribute practical results to climate change impact and adaptation research, provide examples of mitigation and contribute to the improving the health and well-being of Arctic communities. Areas of focus will be on housing design, building technology, alternative energy, community planning, waste management and capacity building. The current housing situation in many Arctic communities is one of severe overcrowding and complete reliance on diesel fuel for energy needs. This situation is leading to negative mental and physical health problems to individuals and leaving communities vulnerable to rising fuel prices. \n\nResearch under this activity cluster will take a much needed holistic approach to creating more environmentally friendly, affordable and culturally responsible housing options that positively contribute to the health and well-being of northern-based communities. Increased Arctic planning capacity will be needed in order to maintain community resiliency. This will require the integration of traditional knowledge and scientific research and involve Inuit, First Nation/Aboriginal groups, northerners, community planners, and scientists in different regions of the Arctic.\n\nCollaboration will involve Arctic and national governments, northern and southern-based organizations, and Arctic communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4790ab64-13b2-4ed3-b728-0e3fb67e8947", - "label": "POLES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Polar Exchange at the Sea Surface (POLES) is an EOS\ninterdisciplinary project investigating the exchange of mass and\nenergy at the air-ice-ocean interface in the polar regions. POLES is\na broad investigation into the role of polar regions in the global\nenergy and water cycles, and the atmospheric, oceanic and sea ice\nprocesses that determine that role. The primary importance of\ninvestigation is to show how these polar processes relate to global\nclimate. The POLES program is located at the Polar Science Center,\nApplied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington. The primary goal\nof the Earth Observing System (EOS), a program of the National\nAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is to advance the\nscientific understanding of the entire Earth system.\n\nScientists from 8 disciplines and 4 institutions have joined together\nin the POLES investigation to use the rich array of satellite data\ncollected from the polar regions. The data have been collected using a\nvariety of satellite-based sensors, including passive microwave\nradiometers, the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), Advanced\nVery High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and synthetic aperture radar\n(SAR). POLES scientists use satellite data to build an understanding\nof long-term patterns in the fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum\nacross the surface of the polar oceans. Their goal is to assimilate\nsatellite (and some buoy) observations into polar ocean-atmosphere\nmodels that not only refine the treatment of surface exchange\nprocesses, but also quantify the roles of horizontal transports,\noceanic mixing, and deep convection. With better use of data,\nresearchers can move beyond present climatological descriptions and\ndocument interannual variability.\n\nFor more information visit the POLES Home Page at:\n'http://psc.apl.washington.edu/POLES/POLES.html'\nor contact\nhuney@apl.washington.edu", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48f97e44-d56b-4f0d-8ddf-525a8edbe3cc", - "label": "QUIKSCAT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "NASA's Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) was lofted into space at 7:15\np.m. Pacific Daylight Time on June 19, 1999 atop a U.S. Air Force\nTitan II launch vehicle from Space Launch Complex 4 West at\nCalifornia's Vandenberg Air Force Base.\n\nThe SeaWinds on QuikSCAT mission is a 'quick recovery' mission to fill\nthe gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer\n(NSCAT), when the satellite it was flying on lost power in June\n1997. The SeaWinds instrument on the QuikSCAT satellite is a\nspecialized microwave radar that measures near-surface wind speed and\ndirection under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans.\n\nMission Partners include:\n\n* National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\n* NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)\n* Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation\n* U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center\n* Honeywell Satellite Systems Operations\n* Raytheon E-Systems Corporation\n* Lockheed Martin Astronautics\n* Hughes Electron Dynamics Division\n\n\nThe SeaWinds/QuikSCAT project is managed for NASA's Earth Science\nEnterprise by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the\nCalifornia Institute of Technology.\n\nFor more information on QuikSCAT and SeaWinds, see:\n'http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/quikindex.html'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise, see:\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e4e79f7-b8a9-47a0-93c0-21a9ee1592d7", - "label": "PAN-ALIC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Lake-ice cover has been shown to be a robust indicator of climate variability and change. Recent studies have demonstrated that break-up dates, in particular, have been occurring earlier in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere over the last 50 years in response to warmer climatic conditions in the winter and spring seasons. Break-up dates, and to a lesser extent freeze-up dates, have been shown to be strongly related to the variability and trends in the 0oC isotherm dates as well as large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns (teleconnections), particularly in western North America. The impacts of recently documented trends in air temperature and winter precipitation over the last five decades and those projected by global climate models could be significant on the timing and duration of ice cover (and on ice thickness) on Arctic lakes. This could, in turn, have an important feedback effect on energy, water, and biogeochemical cycling in various regions of the Arctic. How ice phenology (i.e. freeze-up/break-up dates, ice cover duration) and ice thickness have changed over the last five decades, and what will likely be the impacts of projected 21st century climate warming on ice cover for lakes of various depths in different regions of the pan-Artic domain are questions that must be examined in order to gain a deeper understanding of climate-lake interactions in the Arctic. The proposed research project will seek to answer these pressing questions. The overall goal will be to provide a pan-Arctic view of the temporal and spatial variability and trends in lake ice cover in relation to teleconnection patterns during the second half of the 20th century, and plausible scenarios of the response of lake ice cover to projected future climate.\n\nThe analyses from this research will provide a better understanding of the impacts of the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic oscillations on past lake-ice conditions. This, along with modelled projections of future climate, will offer insight into future regional changes to lake-ice characteristics and resultant hydrologic and ecologic impacts over various regions of the Arctic. The goal of the proposed project reflects very well the goals and objectives of the US-lead initiative Study on Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) in detecting and elucidating the recent changes in the Arctic and their impacts on human lives and activities. It is also directly related to the overarching goal of the pan-Arctic Community-wide Hydrological Analysis and Monitoring Program (Arctic-CHAMP) which seeks to better understand and predict the arctic hydrologic cycle. More specifically, the proposed research will provide observations and modeling results which will help fill current gaps in understanding the pan-Arctic hydrological cycle. This project is of direct relevance to three of the five main scientific themes of IPY: 1) to determine the present environmental status of polar regions by quantifying their spatial and temporal variability; 2) to quantify, and understand, past and present environmental and human change in polar regions in order to improve predictions; and 3) to advance our understanding of polar – global teleconnections on all scales, and of the processes controlling these interactions. Results of this project will contribute valuable information to other IPY projects, most notably “The State and Fate of the Cryosphere”, as well as international climate change programs (e.g. Climate and Cryosphere (CliC), Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), Integrated Global Observing System (IGOS) – Cryosphere) and assessments such as the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Ultimately, this project will not only deliver a pan-Arctic view of the response of lake ice to past and future climate conditions, but will also highlight the impacts of ice cover changes on regional climate, hydrology, lake ecology, and Arctic communities.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=423", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ed22be3-b000-4691-8d09-8ba29a4f5dc5", - "label": "RVAP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[from NSF Award Abstract - #8817126,\n'https://www.fastlane.nsf.gov/servlet/showaward?award=8817126']\n\nAbstract:\nThe Bransfield, Prince Gustav, and Larsen Rifts form a unique triple\nvolcanic rift system that straddles the northern tip of the antarctic\nPeninsula parallel to the South Shetland Trench and Island Arc. The\nBransfield Rift has created the Bransfield Strait back-arc basin that\nseparates the South Shetland Island Arc from the northwest tip of the\nAntarctic Peninsula. This project includes a detailed geochemical and\npetrological study of the volcanism produced in the earliest stages of\nthe rifting of an arc and the creation of a back-arc basin. All three\nof the rifts in this system have produced Late Tertiary-Recent alkali\nbasalts that provide a unique opportunity to sample the chemistry of a\nsubduction contaminated mantle wedge. By analyzing the geochemistry,\npetrology and isotopic signature of the recent, simultaneous\nvolcanisms in these three rifts. This project will be able to\nconstrain the chemical and spatial extent of chemical contamination of\na mantle wedge by a subducting lithospheric slab.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f1d550c-c595-4677-88cb-9c21287106dd", - "label": "PAGIS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Protected Areas Geographic Information System (PAGIS) is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS) project designed to assist National Estuarine Research Reserve and National Marine Sanctuary managers. NOS is providing each Reserve and Sanctuary with a fully integrated geographic information systems (GIS) and Internet capability. NOS is compiling key GIS data layers for each protected area (e.g., bathymetry, hydrography, transportation) and providing technical assistance and training in ArcView® and Spatial Analyst® to Reserve and Sanctuary staff. NOS also will be customizing ArcView® to address specific coastal management issues, as well as creating a MapObjects® Internet GIS mapping application to help support and illustrate common research agendas among the Sanctuaries and Reserves. \n\nInformation provided by http://gis2.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap198/p198.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f5e58f7-3912-463e-9cf3-76f56a05452f", - "label": "RIEH", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Project Overview:\n\nThe preponderance of empirical evidence, thus far,\nsuggest that racial minorities (Blacks, Hispanics,\nLatinos, etc.) and low-income groups are subjected\nto disproportionately large amounts of pollution and\nenvironmental risks in their neighborhoods. Minorities\nand the poor are known to be adversely affected by\nunregulated growth, ineffective regulation of industrial\nand hazardous waste facilities, and local land use policies\nthat favor those communities with political and economic\nclout (Bullard, 1994a). Environmental justice, defined as\nthe provision of fair, equitable treatment of people of all\nraces, cultures and income with respect to the development,\nimplementation and enforcement of laws, regulations and\npolicies, has become an issue of top priority in the United\nStates. However, despite the strong regional and national\ninterest in environmental justice, our ability to determine\nthe disproportionate distribution of environmental risks\nwithin minority and low-income populations is still lacking.\nIn general terms, it is well understood that racial minorities\nand the poor shoulder a disproportionate share of environmental\nhazards, but the computer-based tools needed to effectively\nredress existing and future environmental justice concerns\nare yet to be developed, especially for Iowa. In order to\nachieve a full understanding of the process and casual\nmechanisms of involved in environmental justice, an\nintegrated and spatially explicit modeling approach is needed.\n\nProject Goal:\n\nThe work proposed here will develop a GIS-based tool\nand prototype system that will allow us to investigate\nissues of environmental justice involving hazardous waste\nfacilities, underground storage tanks, and large hog farms\nin Iowa. The study will integrate a wide range of existing\nenvironmental, socioeconomic, and demographic databases with\nArcView GIS and S-Plus statistical analysis software to test\nthe overarching hypothesis that higher levels of environmental\ndegradation in Iowa are associated with race, ethnicity and\nincome. A detailed geographic analysis will be conducted to\nweigh the relative strength of the association of race and\nincome with the distribution of environmental hazards\nidentified above. The target audiences for the study are\nenvironmental citizen groups, state resource agencies,\nracial minority groups, and federal government agencies\ncharged with environmental and public health mission.\n\nThis study will address three environmental statutes:\nthe Safe Drinking Water Act, through analysis of large\nhog farms and waste lagoons; Toxic Substances Control\nAct, through analysis of hazardous waste facilities in\nthe EPA?s Toxic Release Inventory; and the Comprehensive\nEnvironmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act\n(through analysis of underground storage tanks).\nFurthermore, since the study will use a GIS-based\napproach to enhance understanding of environmental\ninequity problems and will involve workshops and\ninformation exchange, it meets the first and third\nprogram goals identified in the Office of Environmental\nJustice Small Grant Program.\n\nThis study has the potential to make significant\nfundamental contributions to our understanding of\nenvironmental justice concerns in Iowa and to provide\nthe basis for targeting and/or prioritizing enforcement,\npollution prevention, education, and outreach programs\nrequired in the implementation of environmental justice.\nAlso the project will provide the tool needed by resource\nagencies to develop comprehensive regional and statewide\nstrategy for responding to environmental justice concerns.\n\n\nProject Contact:\n\nU. Sunday Tim\n215 Davidson Hall\nIOWA State University\nAmes, IA 50011-3080 USA\nOffice Phone: 515-294-0466\nFax: 515-294-2552\ntim@iastate.edu\n\nProject Homepage 'http://www.public.iastate.edu/~acramesh/Environ.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by IOWA State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "500fcadf-1ee2-4909-9b90-6c65808a0725", - "label": "PLATES-GATES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PLATES-GATES\nProject URL: http://platesgates.geo.su.se/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=77\n\nThe world oceans are a major component of the Earth System and changes in the complex global ocean current system are likely to cause global environmental changes. On geological time-scales, these water mass exchanges are controlled by the deepening and shallowing of areas of ocean floor during the tectonic opening and closing of strategic oceanic gateways and the formation of ocean basins. Establishing the detailed tectonic, geodynamic, sedimentary and paleo-topographic histories of strategic oceanic basins and gateways will provide the essential framework for modelling studies that will relate these events to paleo-climate observations collected across the globe.\n \nPLATES & GATES adopts a multidisciplinary approach by addressing tectono-magmatic, geodynamic, sedimentary and biostratigraphic processes, utilising paleo-biological and geochemical proxies, past and recent oceanographic conditions in the gateways, as well as by using state-of-the-art geophysical techniques, sediment coring, ocean drilling and accompanying land investigations.\n\nThe main objectives include:\n(1) studies of the crust/lithosphere of the polar ocean basins and polar gateways as well as their continental margins to develop a good understanding of the past and present plate kinematics, mantle processes, margin formations, and crustal subsidence and uplift processes, \n(2) understanding the past ocean current systems in the basins and gateways by examining the record of change preserved in deep-ocean sediment deposits and drifts, and by undertaking seismic-stratigraphic investigations and analyses of present and paleo-oceanographic proxies to derive the evolution of deep-water circulation and climate change, \n(3) reconstructing detailed ocean basin and gateway opening processes and constraining the timing of shallow and deep water mass exchange between basins, \n(4) understanding the long-term paleo-climatic history from Mesozoic-Early Tertiary Greenhouse conditions to upper Tertiary-Quaternary Icehouse conditions, and \n(5) identifying and modelling the role of gateway openings/closures in the global carbon cycle, bio-evolution and the development of ice-sheets and climatic changes. \n\nPaleomagnetic, stratigraphic and petrological data from Franz Josef Land, Axel Heiberg I., Ellesmere I., the New Siberian Is. and North Greenland will be collected and analysed. Geoscientific studies including bathymetric mapping, seismic and magnetic surveying, sub-bottom profiling and sediment coring will be carried out in the Amundsen Basin, on transects across the Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge, over the Lomonosov Ridge and from the North Greenland Shelf. Geological and neotectonic studies are planned for North and East Greenland, Svalbard, Bear Island, Mohns Ridge, Knipovich Ridge and the Barents Sea. The gateways between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean will be investigated by a wide spectrum of geophysical and geological approaches to understand the timing and paleo-climatic consequences of water mass exchange. The Bering Strait, as the only freshwater connection between the Arctic and the Pacific, will be investigated by geophysical surveying and geological sampling (drilling). Geophysical and bathymetric surveying as well as geological and biological sampling is planned for critical regions of the Southern Ocean that formed since the break-up of Gondwana. A thorough revision of this break-up will be performed in parallel with new data acquisition giving special emphasis to the compilation and integration of existing data sets. Uncertainties about the early stages of development of the Drake Passage/Scotia Sea gateway will be resolved by studies of the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the basins and the origin of bathymetric highs, the structure and history of relevant plate boundaries, and deformation of neighbouring land areas. Geophysical data will be collected in the Tasmanian Gateway to constrain the timing of shallow and deep-water opening between the Indian and Pacific Oceans as well as the motion between East and West Antarctica which is critical to the timing of the uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains. Other regions of interest include the passage between the southern Kerguelen Plateau and Antarctic continent as well as major topographically outstanding transform and fracture zone systems in the Pacific. \n\nPLATES & GATES will perform Cenozoic and Mesozoic climate reconstructions using a variety of Earth system models designed to evaluate the effect of ocean gateways and basins on paleo-circulation patterns, the global carbon cycle and nature of polar ice-sheet development. These experiments will include sensitivity runs incorporating new paleo-bathymetric reconstructions arising from the new data acquisition described above. The results from these experiments will be compared with other model simulations, which include different forcing factors such as atmospheric greenhouse gasses and mountain uplift to determine the relative importance of paleo-geography on the evolution of polar and global climates over long geological timescales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "513faab8-e479-4836-9867-68d0b79bb181", - "label": "PANDA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Proposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=313\n\nThe Dome A region is the highest plateau of the Antarctic ice sheet, and could be the coldest place on the Earth’s surface. The transect from Prydz Bay-Amery Ice Shelf-Lambert Glacier Basin-Dome A is an interconnected ocean, ice-shelf and ice sheet system, which plays a very important role in east Antarctica mass balance, sea level and climate change. Dome A is a little known region of the Antarctic and, as it is the highest part of Antarctic ice sheet, it is an ideal place for observing the earth’s environmental background and making new scientific findings in a range of disciplines\n• The ice thickness at the summit of Dome A was measured as over 3000 m by the 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-21) in the austral summer of 2004/2005. Snow accumulation occurs mostly by diamond dust sublimation directly from the troposphere and the oldest ice in Antarctica may be found there. It is hence a potential site to reconstruct a 1.2M year recordof the past climate and environment.\n• With the extremely cold, dry and stable air found at the summit of Dome A, the area provides the best site on the Earth’s surface for the conduct of a wide range of astronomical observations, from optical to millimetre wavelengths.\n• Beneath the ice at Dome A and near the centre of the Antarctic Continent lie the unexplored Gamburtsev sub-glacial mountains. Study of these may contribute greatly to theoretical earth science and to understanding the geological history of Antarctica.\n• Observations along the Zhongshan-Dome A are important for studying ice dynamic processes and mass balance, recent climate history and SolarWind/Magnetosphere/Ionosphere coupling.\n• The ocean circulation in Prydz Bay is one of the major gyres around the Antarctic and it both affects and is affected by interaction beneath the Amery Ice Shelf. Improved oceanographic studies are required of the Prydz Bay circulation, it’s role in Southern Ocean circulation, and the potential impacts of change on both physical and biological systems.\nWhat we will do for PANDA?\nPANDA presents a integrated view of the Prydz Bay-Amery-Lambert glacier basin-Dome A system, with Chinese scientific and logistical leadership, partnership, coordination and cooperation for many international IPY efforts focused on this region and on Antarctica. Specifically, Chinese leadership and partnership as part of PANDA will support IPY through the following objectives:\n\n- To construct a scientific research station at the summit of Dome A supporting future scientific programs in this region nationally and internationally.\n- To establish a long-term observing/monitoring system for climate change research along the Prydz Bay, Amery Ice Shelf, Lambert glacier basin and Dome A transect, a data sparse region of Antarctica. This will involve partnerships with other meteorological, glaciological and oceanographic projects during IPY.\n- To improve understanding on variability and physical processes of the ocean and sea ice in the Prydz Bay region, and on their response and feedback to climate change. This will involve partnership with the IPY SASSI programme.\n- To understand processes of interaction between ocean and ice shelf and their effect on the stability of the ice shelf and ice sheet.\n- To obtain a series of shallow ice cores between Zhongshan and Dome A for investigation of recent climate variability and change, and a medium depth ice core at Dome A.\n- To determine site characteristics for deep ice core drilling at Dome A to potentially re-construct a 1.2M year climate record. This assessment during IPY will lead to new efforts to start deep ice core drilling in the summer of 2009/2010.\n-To assess site characteristics at Dome A for astronomical observations.\n-To find a suitable site for sub-glacial geological drilling in the Gamburtsev Mountains area.\n-To establish a chain of magnetometers between Zhongshan and Dome A for studying the dynamics of the solar wind-magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling. This will include comprehensive upper atmosphere observations at Zhongshan Station and will involve cooperation with the IPY solar-earth coupling and magnetosphere dynamics programmes.\n\nMany of these activities will leave a legacy of an infrastructure capability for international research after IPY.\nPlanned field activities during 2007-2010:\n1. Prydz Bay and Amery Ice Shelf\n-During austral summers of 2005/2006, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009: oceanographic and ice shelf surveys in Prydz Bay and Amery Ice Shenlf.\n-2007/2008: deploy hydrographic instruments into the cavity beneath the Amery Ice Shelf in collaboration with an Australian hot water drilling project. Obtain 2 year’s continuous measurements from the instruments.\n2. Zhongshan-Dome A traverse and activities at the summit of Dome A:\n2007/2008 season:\n- Glaciological observations along Zhongshan-Dome A transect.\n- To carry out glaciological observations and recover a 350-500m ice core at the summit of Dome A.\n- Undertake an ice radar survey in the Gamburtsev sub glacial area to search the suitable site for a geological drilling.\n- Determine a deep ice core drilling site, and transport a deep ice core drill to the summit of Dome A from Dome F.\n- To set up a 100 m2 building at Dome A.\n- To install several instruments for assessing astronomical conditions at Dome A\n- Install 4 low power magnetometers along the track.\n- Establish fuel depots at Dome A and at a site 800km south of Zhongshan Station.\n2008/2009 season:\n- To complete Dome A Station with a building area of 250 m2 and facilities for 10 winterers.\n- To make a pilot hole for deep ice core drilling and set up deep ice core drilling system.\n- Undertake further glaciological observations of the area.\n- Other observations.\n2009/2010 season:\n- To operate the Dome A station and start deep ice core drilling there.\n- Other observation including astronomy observations, etc.\n\nPrevious work at Zhongshan-Dome A, Amery Ice Shelf and Prydz Bay by CHINARE\nDuring the last decade CHINARE has carried out following research work:\n-Four inland traverses from the Zhongshan Station towards Dome A have been made in the summers of 1996/1997, 1997/1998,1998/1999 and 2004/2005. Glaciological observations were obtained and samples were obtained from shallow cores and snow pits along the route. During the latest traverse, the CHINARE team reached the summit of the Dome by snow mobiles. A series of measurements in glaciology and meteorology were carried out, and two automatic weather stations were installed in collaboration with Australia, one is at the summit of the Dome and one at the mid-point of the transect.\n-Glaciological field programs have been conducted on the Amery Ice Shelf in the summers of 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005. The major work has included ice radar surveys of ice thickness, GPS measurements of ice velocity, estimation of ice shelf mass balance, recovery of a 296m ice core, and hydrographic observations along the edge of the Amery Ice Shelf.\n-Physical oceanography, chemical oceanography, marine biology and geochemistry observations in the Prydz Bay region, have been carried out since 1989. A series of data have been obtained.\n-Ground-based observations of the ionosphere (imaging riometer), optical aurora, geomagnetic fields, etc. have been carried out at Zhongshan Station for more than ten years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54d080f7-f492-439a-b37e-3a7a9fe570fa", - "label": "PRSFSES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Numerical models that predict trophic structure require both accurate information on prey consumption rates and estimates of spatial and temporal variation. In the Southern Ocean little information exists on the spatial and temporal patterns of resource use by predators, so we attempted to examine these patterns for an important Antarctic predator, the southern elephant seal. We (i) defined the area of the ocean used by the adult female component of the elephant seal population at Macquarie Island; (ii) quantified the time these seals spent in the different regions of the Southern Ocean; and (iii) estimated the biomass of fish and squid prey consumed per fortnight and per region. 2. We used data from 42 post-breeding females collected from 1992 to 2001.\n\nhttp://www.jstor.org/pss/3505843", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55a3785b-3db0-41a0-a40f-5119762503a2", - "label": "POAM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) II instrument measures the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosol extinction. The instrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). POAM II was launched aboard the French SPOT-3 satellite on September 26, 1993 into a Sun synchronous polar orbit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57a925f4-48e5-4484-ab84-1b62f55e397a", - "label": "POLDER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5837d982-6f03-4994-9a79-17c87345bd01", - "label": "PMEC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: Polar Marine Ecosystems Changes PMEC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=158\n\nA Symposium sponsored or co-sponsored by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)\n\nTitle: Comparative Studies of Marine Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems and the Potential Consequences of Climate Change\n\nThemes: \n\n-Climate variability - past and present environmental status of Arctic and Antarctic seas\n-Physical, chemical and biological interactions under environmental shifts in the polar regions\n-Response of communities to varying environment and food-web relations\n-Climate and human induced changes in exploitable marine resources\n-Contamination of Arctic and Antarctic seas - present status and possible changes in relation to growing human activities in the polar regions\n-Vulnerability of marine ecosystems in the polar regions and ecosystem approach to marine management\n\nThe following more focused Theme Sessions have been extracted from submitted EoI's whose submitters have been contacted and agreed to act as conveners or co-conveners. Some of these Theme Sessions have similar or related topics. Consolidation is expected in the course of further development of the activity, as well as further topics to come in, for instance a stronger commitment from physical oceanography fields.\n\n- Circumpolar Climate Interactions and Ecosystem Dynamics in Polar Oceans\n- Biodiversity and its role in structures and functions of Polar Marine Ecosystems\n- Biodiversity and sustainable exploitation of changing resources under climate change in polar marine polar ecosystems\n- Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas\n- Hotspot Ecosystem Research on the Margins of European Seas\n- Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic: the Response of Life to Change\n- Natural and anthropogenic forcing on marine ecosystems, biogeochemistry and physical processes operating in the European Arctic\n- A comparative study of ecosystem function in ice-covered and ice-free Polar Ocean areas\n- Impact of climate induced glacial melting on marine coastal communities.\n- Changes in top predator life history, abundance and behavior patterns: Indicators of ongoing ecosystem changes?\n- Global Warming and Marine Mammals in Polar Regions\n- The impact of climate change and human-development on the predator prey dynamics of pan-arctic migratory birds\n- The importance of seasonal sea ice on life cycles of key fish species in Polar Oceans\n- Polar microorganisms and climate: Influence of climate changes on microbial biodiversity, biogeochemical processes and biomolecules\n- Polar Deep Sea Ecosystems: History and patterns of benthic communities\n- Aliens in Polar Oceans\n\n\nPotential product: \nA special volume of symposium proceedings published in co-operation with EoI Nr. 303, or alternatively in the ICES Journal of Marine Science. There may be follow up workshops or seagoing or other field activities, which are independent of this proposal, however.\n\nDate and venue: The symposium could be held in an ICES (polar) member state, for instance in Norway (Oslo or Bergen), alternatively in Capetown (RSA, ICES affiliate member state), preferably in late spring 2009 or 2010.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a3bb3bc-b564-4188-ad0e-68730eff1ffa", - "label": "PROBES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The stimulus for Processes and Resources of the Eastern Bering Sea Shelf (PROBES) was a mutual US - Japan scientific concern about the ability of the Bering Sea to support the huge annual catch, on a sustained basis, of groundfish, pelagic fish, crab and other marine resources. The question was large enough to demand the attention of oceanographic disciplines from both countries as well as from others. After several conferences, it was decided to emphasize the &Golden Triangle& (the are encompassed southeastern Bering Sea shelf in an attempt to understand the bioproductivity of this region (Hood and Kelley 1974, Hood and Takenouti 1975). In the beginning, it appeared most expedient, for logistic and funding reasons, to have each country pursue its part of the program independently.\n\nInformation provided by http://afscmaps.akctr.noaa.gov/npem/revise.jsp?id=1548", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e208038-e1de-4a0b-9037-4b3390a4fecf", - "label": "POLAR-WMT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLAR: WMT\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=45\n\nDue to distances, extreme climate, and lack of present day infrastructure, the North is critically lacking in education and training opportunities. With modern technology, incorporating advances in communications and computers, these barriers can be overcome resulting in a transforming impact in polar communities. As a global leader in online distance education (e-learning), Athabasca University Canada's Open University (AU) with its partners in the University of the Arctic and allied institutions in other countries, is the natural choice to implement viable learning programs. For example, AU's exemplary programs in Health sciences, nursing, education, policing, computer and information systems, and management, address subject areas in which there is a critical lack of skilled personnel in the North, and in particular among the indigenous communities. By combining this internationally recognized educational leadership in e-learning, which is eminently appropriate for reaching the North, with the exploration of new and appropriate technologies including satellite and mobile media, many of the major obstacles to learning in the Arctic can be overcome.\n\nGrowing from AU's experience working with information and communication technologies for learning and from its international partnerships, the participants in this project propose to develop an advanced learning network using Internet via satellite access technologies to reach remote communities and wireless devices for dissemination and communications within the communities. This high tech delivery will be used to support a learning-centred methodological approach to learning, teaching, and community development. This will promote an online learning culture in rural communities improving digital literacy, access to local and external educational resources, promoting lifelong community-centred learning and collaboration, while reducing technology resistance in dozens of pilot sites in up to eight Arctic countries using the partnerships developed through AU's membership in the University of the Arctic. The ultimate goals are growth, and the transfer of knowledge at various levels, in a range of relevant subject areas, starting with a specific, particularly appropriate module in e-portfolio development for prior learning assessment and recognition (PLAR) and a first year university course in polar astronomy/space science, taking advantage of the internet accessible astronomical observatory at Athabasca University. A range of full programmes for polar students is envisioned. This POLAR WMT learning network can also be accessed by other scientists for the training of high quality personnel using high speed electronic media to deliver courses and conduct lessons, workshops, seminars, and lectures. A principal aim of this project is to support the creation of a new culture in rural communities promoting digital literacy and reducing resistance to the use of new technologies. It will go a step further, encouraging user to add their significant contribution to the emerging applications by involving them in meaningful activities, tailored to address the needs of different user groups. Thus, this project aims to offer stimulating and creative learning environments to support vibrant user communities and will attempt an extended implementation in dozens of pilot sites in the Arctic \n\nThis project will be based on innovative 'action' and 'design-based' research methodologies and practices aimed at experimenting with and developing real world implementations of new learning experiences for remote learners using the latest technologies. The objective is to facilitate learning in homes, schools, the workplace, community centres, adult education forums, and a variety of informal contexts using wireless and mobile devices. Serving the special needs of learners in the Arctic requires a better understanding of the geographical, cultural and evolving technological environment in which they live.\n\nThe project will mobilize community support by involving stake holders (community leaders, government officials, local teachers) in the creation of a plan for the sustainability and development of the learning system exploring new technologies as they arise and their applicability for learning. This will involve (1) determining how the satellite/wireless platform will need to evolve in order to meet increasing user expectations (2) comparing this with current developments that are under way with the ICT hardware and software development companies (3) developing innovative ways of implementing the satellite/wireless infrastructure, demonstrating the enhanced potential of communication via satellite to the users in the Arctic region (4) selecting the most appropriate applications, and proposing a roadmap for replication, including both technical and pedagogical demonstrations promoting the use of satellite/wireless learning widely throughout the Arctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e4057aa-5596-4ce1-b55a-268d5f187d4a", - "label": "PG", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The mission of the Portland Greenmap project is to strengthen the community's\nawareness of and connection to its urban ecology and social resources through\nlocally created maps.\n\nGreenmaps arrange several types of information as a continuous integrated whole:\nurban hikes, how to get around without a car, socially responsible businesses,\nsources of pollution, great spots to watch the sunset, volunteer opportunities,\nhidden elements of water, waste, and energy systems, important social\nresources, and much more. The goal is to illuminate the inter-connections\nbetween society, nature and the built environment, helping residents to make\nlower impact lifestyle choices, or to make a difference by getting involved.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.portlandgreenmap.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by Ecotrust]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e6e435f-14b4-4f22-a1b7-1b4bd647459d", - "label": "ROPEX", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[from ROPEX Background page,\n'http://www.esr.org/ropex/ronice.html#bac']\n\nThe Ronne Polynya Experiment (ROPEX) was carried out in the southern\nWeddell Sea in January and February 1998, using the Royal Navy\nice-strengthened hydrographic vessel HMS Endurance. The experiment\nfocused on the southern shelf of the Weddell Sea.\n\nThe ship departed from the Falkland Islands on January 14 and returned\non February 20, operating in the southern Weddell Sea for the period\nJanuary 21 to February 12. Over one hundred\nconductivity-temperature-depth ('CTD') stations were collected in the\nregion of the Filchner overflow, and near and north of the Ronne ice\nfront. Bathymetry data were obtained over the southwestern continental\nshelf, a region for which no prior data existed. Five European current\nmeter moorings were recovered, three from the Ronne ice front and two\nfrom the Filchner Depression. Four new European/US moorings were\ndeployed in a region where dense water modified by the inclusion of\npotentially supercooled Ice Shelf Water first flows down the\ncontinental slope after leaving the Filchner Depression.\n\nThe primary goal of the program was to obtain oceanographic, sea-ice,\nand atmospheric measurements to improve our understanding of the\nphysical processes coupling the southern Weddell Sea to the\ncirculation and properties of the global ocean and atmosphere. In the\nsouthern Weddell Sea, four elements strongly interact with each other:\nthe ocean over the continental shelf; the polar atmosphere; sea-ice\n(when it is present); and the massive floating glacial ice shelves,\nwhich are the oceanic termination of continental ice as it flows off\nthe Antarctic continent.\n\nTherefore, the primary research tasks for the cruise were:\n - Atmospheric measurements over sea ice and boundary layer\ndevelopment near ice shelves;\n - Sea ice observations and sampling;\n - Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) ocean profiling;\n - Oceanographic mooring deployment and recovery; and\nBathymetry.\n\nSea ice conditions during the cruise were very favourable, allowing\nthe ship to survey a large area north of the Ronne Ice Front. No\nprevious oceanographic or even bathymetric data have been obtained\nfrom this region.\n\nOur data will be integrated with other programs in the region,\nincluding measurements obtained under the Ronne Ice Shelf (Nicholls,\n1996). This study will improve our ability to model the Weddell Sea's\nrole in such processes as the global fresh water budget and the\ngeneration of Antarctic Bottom Water, the latter being a fundamental\ncomponent of the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt (Broecker, 1991).\n\nThe primary institution responsible for the ROPEX cruise is the\nBritish Antarctic Survey (BAS). Other participating institutions are:\n\n - Southampton Oceanography Center (Southampton, UK);\n - Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (Liverpool, UK);\n - Alfred-Wegener Institute (Bremerhaven, Germany);\n - Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (Hanover, New\nHampshire);\n - Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos, New Mexico); and\n - Earth & Space Research (Seattle, Washington).\n\nThe US component of this research was supported by the National\nScience Foundation grant OPP-9615525.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e6fae0a-c0c7-47eb-b9d9-eee41543d8c7", - "label": "RAATD", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ee55466-e6e4-486d-a556-42713a8d0eb3", - "label": "PAN-AME", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PAN-AME\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=26\n\nRationale\n\nThe extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice vary considerably from year to year and over decadal time scales. Assessing the processes of oceanic and atmospheric forcing on this ice cover is critically important in understanding the response of the Arctic marine ecosystem to climate variability and change. Security of food sources is a key element in this change as is the stability of traditional lifestyles, sustainable exploitation of new resources and education of the next generation of Arctic Scientists. The present variability in sea ice cover on Arctic marine ecosystems and regional climate requires a substantial improvement in our understanding of the links between freshwater and sea ice, sea ice and climate, and sea ice and biogeochemical fluxes. The need for data is particularly strong for the shallow coastal shelf regions (30% of the Arctic basin), the shelf-basin interface and within the marginal ice zones and polynyas of the Arctic.The environmental, socio-economic and geopolitical consequences of an eventual sustained reduction of Arctic sea ice are bound to be tremendous: marine Arctic ecosystems will be displaced, a new ocean will open to exploitation, climate warming may accelerate, global ocean circulation may be modified, and traditional use will change. Given our Arctic responsibilities the PAN-AME cluster is an essential element in the international efforts to understand the current a near future changes on the physical-biological coupling within the Arctic marine ecosystem.\n\nScience \n\nThe PANA-AME cluster will focus on testable hypotheses integrated across several research projects in a coordinate effort to examine the role of that changing oceanic and atmospheric forcing have over the Arctic marine ecosystem. Space limits the presentation of these but we illustrate with these core questions to be addressed: What is the role of hydrologic, oceanographic and meteorological processes in ice growth, decay and transport in each of the cluster regions of interest (ROI) and what is the large scale context within which they are embedded? What are the hydrodynamic (including ice and snow cover dynamics) control of Arctic shelf photosynthetic production and its export to the benthos and the pelagic food web. What is the flux of carbon associated with these processes and how does this change in our various ROI? What is the potential impact of increased UV radiation on biological productivity? What is the role of microheterotrophs and mesozooplankton in transforming autochthonous and allochthonous particulate and dissolved matter? What are the trophic linagkages in various ROI within our cluster how is energy transfer between trophic levels affected by changes inn the physical system? How are contaminants linked to changes in the physical and biological systems and what is the nature of source, sink and transport these elements? Detailed physical and biological measurements will be used to constrain and calibrate physical models of ocean-sea ice-atmosphere coupling and biophysical models of ecosystem function and carbon flows within the IPY-AME regions of interest. Field work will focus on significant time scales pertinent to each of our ROI with ranges from weekly to interannually. Observatories will be a key element in the cluster with installation within the IPY timeframe and continuation of these observatories as a legacy of the IPY.\n\nBenefits\n \nThis cluster marshals the majority of existing international expertise in Arctic marine ecosystem research. It also marshals involvement of circumarctic aboriginal peoples through involvement in individual ROIs. By clustering we agree to integrate our geographically separate projects into a coordinated pan-Arctic IPY program through standardization of sampling methods, coordination of people, resources, and access to a wealth of existing arctic logistics (field stations, ice camps, ships, aircraft). We agree to archive a coordinated data repository which will remain as a legacy of this project. We also intend to share data amongst science teams working in different ROIs as a means of assessing marine ecosystem response to pan-arctic climate variability and change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60098dee-9a4f-4083-85bd-e384cd6bdbd5", - "label": "PROGRAMA GESTION AMBIENTAL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Local Environmental Management, GAL is understood as all human activities in a systematic and comprehensive, seeking to order and manage the environment and its components, to ensure a sustainable development. This includes the formulation of policies and legislation, design tools, the implementation of aspects of administration and the active participation of the citizenry.\n\n\n\nhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.conama.cl/rm/568/propertyvalue-13603.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522PROGRAMA%2BGESTION%2BAMBIENTAL%2522%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DDNP%26sa%3DG", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63a0edc5-45c9-4442-82c6-d3f04079239f", - "label": "RICE-PROJECT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "RICE (Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution) Project is an international collaboration between New Zealand, USA, Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Italy and China. The aim of the project is to recover a 750 m deep ice core from Roosevelt Island in Antarctica to determine the stability of the Ross Ice Shelf and West Antarctica in a warming world.\n\nThe potential for rapid deglaciation of West Antarctica remains a primary uncertainty in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions for 21st Century sea level rise. The recent and unpredicted collapse of multiple ice shelves and rapid acceleration of discharge of Antarctic ice suggests that dynamical responses to warming play a more significant role than is currently understood and captured in coupled climate-ice sheet models. Such models can be improved and validated by replicating known past changes. The RICE Project is an international partnership seeking to understand past, present, and future changes of the Ross Ice Shelf, a major drainage pathway of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ANDRILL programme showed, that about 5 to 3 million years ago, the last time when atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperatures were similar to those predicted for the end of the 21st Century, the Ross Ice Shelf disintegrated multiple times, initiating the collapse of West Antarctica. However, no high resolution data exist from this time period. To determine the rate of change, RICE aims to provide an annually resolved ice core record for the past 20,000 years and beyond, when global temperatures increased by 6 deg C to preindustrial temperatures, global sea level rose by ~120 m, and the Ross Ice Shelf grounding line retreated over 1,000 km. Most of the Ross Ice Shelf retreat occurred when global sea level had already reached modern levels. For this reason, the precise correlation between increasing air and ocean temperatures, and the velocity and characteristics of the ice shelf retreat, provides a unique opportunity to determine accurately the sensitivity of the Ross Ice Shelf to warming.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/antarctic/research/research-prog/rice", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "679d379a-00ed-4c09-aece-44071e7fd173", - "label": "PLEIADES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68ff39e0-50f0-4472-9cd5-7336f743200a", - "label": "PAME", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PAME\nProject URL: http://www.uib.no/pame/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=71\n\nMicrobial communities, including phytoplankton, protozoa, bacteria, archaea, fungi and virus, are by far the most abundant and the most taxonomic and genetically diverse group of organisms in marine pelagic ecosystems. Biological activity, biomass, production and remineralization in these systems are essentially microbial while higher trophic levels (crustaceans, fish, and mammals) play a minor role in quantitative terms. Microorganisms are the main drivers of biogeochemical cycles and the major producers and consumers of green-house gases, and they are therefore significant players in regulating the ecosphere. In addition, they can be important sentinels of environmental change, as alterations in the structure and biomass of microbial communities can herald changes not only in pathways of nutrient and energy transfer in foodwebs, but also in biogeochemical cycles. Despite their abundance and likely importance in polar ecosystems, very little is known about the composition of polar microbial communities, their interactions and geochemical roles, or their response to environmental changes.\n\nThe PAME program will focus on polar marine microorganisms and their activities; the processes that relate to these organisms and the significance of these organisms and their activity with respect to climate and global environmental change. The projects participating in PAME will target different aspects of microbial ecology in different polar areas. Projects may also encompass studies undertaken in warmer latitudes where these compliment and inform polar research. Field campaigns, logistics and research will be coordinated through PAME, and the projects will share and exchange data, samples, field opportunities, infrastructure, human and intellectual resources in order to obtain better and more complete datasets from field surveys and experimental studies than otherwise would be possible. \nUnderstanding microbial food web structure and function involves major research tasks related to community composition, population dynamics and flux of energy and matter. \n\nPAME will assess microbial biodiversity and community composition employing a full range of approaches from classical taxonomic studies to metagenomics of community DNA. The work will include development and application of state-of-the-art molecular methods to detect, enumerate and monitor sentinel ('indicator') microbial genes, functions and taxa, and to determine the molecular biodiversity of key microbial groups. Population dynamics, trophic interactions and flow of energy and matter between different microbial compartments and biogeochemical pools will be investigated both during field campaigns and in experimental ecosystem models (mesocosms). Experimental approaches to climate and environmental change, as well as mathematical modelling, will be integral parts of this work. The overriding aim is to understand how external and internal driving forces and control mechanisms regulate microbial processes and how they affect community structure and biogeochemical cycles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a97d2c9-d9ab-4b2c-ab6c-487889873890", - "label": "RADTRACE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Radionuclides can serve as valuable tracers of atmospheric and terrestrial transport processes, which will be altered by changing climate patterns. This project is anchored in the existing Health Canada radiological monitoring network operated throughout Canada. The network includes seven Arctic sites equipped with high volume samplers for airborne particulates. Two of these sites are also equipped for noble gas collection and one site is equipped with a continuous gamma radiation monitor. In addition to the primary functions of supporting of the Canadian Federal Nuclear Emergency Plan and the international Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the network provides regular measurements of a wide range of naturally-occurring radionuclide concentrations in air. Heavy metals and some organic compounds will also be measured in airborne particulates collected by the air samplers. An archive of air filters extending back to the early 1970s will allow the elucidation of time trends in these contaminants. The Health Canada air monitoring network covers an area extending from 55o to 83o North Latitude and 60o to 135o West Longitude, representing a large fraction of the entire land mass in the North polar region.\n\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=443", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b8102e3-a4b7-4fe5-82a6-ce4f4117234e", - "label": "RAMP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP)is a joint effort of NASA\nand the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The project was conducted\ncollaboratively by the Byrd Polar Research Center, Vexcel Corporation,\nthe Alaska SAR Facility, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with\nfunding from NASA's Pathfinder Program. The project also received\nvaluable assistance from the National Science Foundation, the\nEnvironmental Research Institute of Michigan, and the National Imagery\nand Mapping Agency.\n\nIn 1997, the Canadian RADARSAT-1 satellite was rotated in orbit, so\nthat its synthetic aperture radar (SAR) antenna looked south towards\nAntarctica. This permitted the first high-resolution mapping of the\nentire continent of Antarctica. In less than three weeks, the\nsatellite acquired a complete coverage of radar image swaths as part\nof the first Antarctic Mapping Mission (AMM-1). Swath images have been\nassembled into an image mosaic depicting the entire continent at 25 m\nresolution. The mosaic provides a detailed look at ice sheet\nmorphology, rock outcrops, research infrastructure, the coastline, and\nother features of Antarctica, as well as representing calibrated radar\nbackscatter data which may provide insight into climate processes\naffecting the upper few meters of snow cover.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://nsidc.org/daac/ramp/'\n\n [Summary provided by NSIDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e9f473c-13bd-4a8a-9efd-bc8dc865fdc0", - "label": "REEF RELIEF", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "REEF RELIEF is a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to\nPreserving and Protecting Living Coral Reef Ecosystems through local,\nregional and global efforts. REEF RELIEF was founded in 1986 by\ncharterboat skipper, Craig Quirolo, the current Director of Marine\nProjects. REEF RELIEF is a non-profit corporation, directed by a board\nof directors, a Citizen Advisory Board and a Scientific Advisory\nBoard.\n\nReef Relief's goal is S.E.A. for C.P.R. We focus on rigorous Science\nto Educate the public & Advocate policymakers to\nachieve Conservation, Protection, and Restoration of coral reefs.\n\nTo implement this new vision, the REEF RELIEF Board developed\nobjectives and strategies to meet the following goals:\n\nIncrease public awareness of the importance and value of living coral\nreef ecosystems;\n\nIncrease scientific understanding and knowledge of living coral reef\necosystems;\n\nStrengthen grassroots community-based efforts to protect coral reef\necosystems;\n\nDesign, develop and help implement strategies for marine protected\nareas associated with coral reef ecosystems;\n\nEncourage and support ecotourism as part of sustainable community\ndevelopment that protects and preserves coral reef ecosystems;\n\nStrengthen REEF RELIEF's organizational ability to carry out its new\nmission.\n\nPrograms to support these goals will based on existing efforts\nincluding the Coral Reef Conservation Program, Photo Monitoring\nSurvey, the Environmental Center & Store, International Projects, and\nfundraising efforts.\n\n\nFor additional information about REEF RELIEF please visit:\n'http://www.reefrelief.org/mission_body.html#Marine'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f2b998b-15c2-4b53-8098-63d9a7753b7f", - "label": "POLAR ATLAS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: Polar Atlas\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=176\n\nThe Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC) at Carleton University in collaboration with Natural Resources Canada, the Canadian Polar Commission, and the International polar science community proposes the development of an on-line Polar Atlas (henceforth The Atlas) for the purpose of IPY Education and Outreach. The Atlas is envisioned as significantly contributing to making IPY activities and results accessible to students, teachers, the media, policy makers, scientists, and the general public. The Atlas will enable users to interact with information on a wide range of topics identified as IPY themes including environmental change and human activity in the polar regions. One of the technological contributions of the proposed activity will be an Atlas that enables users to contribute content, thus involving polar community residents in meaningful ways.\n\nBeyond the project focus on Education and Outreach, the project will generate Canadian contributions to an infrastructure that will enable the open, free, and unrestricted access to data and information generated through the IPY programme. The Atlas will be developed on a Spatial Data Infrastructure model and the data management structures being developed by the International community (EoI 409/ proposal 49). A key national element of the SDI development strategy is partnership with Natural Resources Canada, specifically the activities related to EoI 993. The members of The Atlas proposal will take a lead role in the research aspects of the project while members of the EoI 993 proposal will lead with respect to community liaison in the Arctic and infrastructure development.\n\nThe primary project activity is to promote education and outreach by making the findings from IPY accessible to a wide range of participants. An on-line atlas developed on a SDI can provide a valuable mechanism that allows experts and non-experts alike to access information. We are currently developing such an atlas for the Antarctic region through a major collaborative research grant funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada. This atlas is being developed through international partnerships and is entitled the SCAR Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica (CAA) (http://www.carleton.ca/gcrc/caap). We have significant expertise and existing infrastructure that will facilitate extending the current Atlas framework to include both polar regions. We have partnered with several Arctic-related projects: 1) Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (EoI 358 to be submitted as a full proposal for September 30) and 2) Inuit Sea Ice Use and Occupancy Project (EoI 715, situated within a cluster initiative entitled SIKU (Sea Ice Knowledge and Use in the Arctic) to be submitted as a full proposal for September 30). To ensure that our efforts are integrated with other international efforts, we are collaborating with the Polar Post Project (EoI 469) led by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) in the United States that shares many similar objectives to the proposed Atlas. We have initiated discussions with other Canadian education-related projects such as Mission Antarctique (EoI 465) and will continue to pursue collaborative activities to enrich the proposed Atlas. \n\nThe Atlas development as proposed will require an available network of data such as a SDI or an observatory network as proposed by the eGy (Electronic Geophysical Year). We are actively involved in SDI development for the Antarctic (see section 3.6). The development of the Arctic component of the SDI will be carried out through national (EoI 993) and international partnerships. To ensure that the SDI components for the two Polar Regions are compatible, we will collaborate and coordinate efforts with other geoscientific information management initiatives, including the IPY DIS (Proposal 49) and the related Circumarctic Environmental Observatories Network/ARCUS (Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, EoI 265), the Joint Committee on Antarctic Data Management and the SCAR Experts Group on Geospatial Information.\n\nOur project will span the two-year observation period of IPY (1 March 2007-1 March\n2009) and beyond.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f8c3315-c448-40b3-a74c-1fcf0ae44040", - "label": "PROYECTO LAGOS-COMAHUE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Lagos Project (Proyecto Lagos-Comahue) was developed through a\ncollaboration between Polish (Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of\nScience) and Agentinian (CONICET - Consejo de Investigaciones\nCient?ficas, Instituto Antartico Argentino, Universidad del Comahue,\nand Universidad Buenos Aires).\n\nThe area of study includes four lakes on King George Island, one on the\nnorthern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, and lakes in the southern tip\nof South America (Lake Fagnano and Lake Yehuin - Tierra del Fuego).\n\nThe study invoves the coring of Antarctic and Patagonian lakes and\npeat bogs, and late Cenozoic to recent sediment sampling in lakes,\nmoraines and fluvioglacial environments.\n\nThe studies main emphasis is to contribute to the knowledge of climate\nevolution in relation to terrestrial environments and biota during the\nCenozoic and especially during postglacial Holocene times in the\nAntarctic Peninsula and cordilleran and marginal areas of\nsouth-western Argentina as a contribution to the Global Change\nProgram. The coring of peat and lake sediments is one of the tools\nused to obtain valuable information on the events occurred during\nPleistocene and Holocene times. The main rocks proving former\nglaciations as well as post-glacial stratigraphic units cropping out\nin the region are also under the scope of this research", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "724563e5-39ef-424b-96d0-c07ca4655803", - "label": "POL2006-05175-E/ANT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72708f2f-c4bd-411e-9606-85d29e4ec339", - "label": "PINGFO", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Instituto Antártico Argentino was created under the Decree Nº 7338 on April the 17th 1951. Its founder and first director was the colonel Hernán Pujato. The goal of this creation was the need of a specialized organism to orientate, control, address and perform scientific and technical research and studies concerning this region, in coordination with the Comisión Nacional del Antártico, an institution depending on the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs. \n\nhttp://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75b8d2f7-5c8a-41d3-9660-ebd2f2cb4b4b", - "label": "PMV", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Plume Model Validation and Development Study\nThe Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) undertook a significant\nexperimental and analytic project to evaluate atmospheric dispersion\nmodels currently applied to electric generating facilities and to\nprovide data bases for developing improved plume models. This\nproject, the Plume Model Validation and Development (PMV&D) project,\ncomprises four studies of plumes in different environmental settings.\nThe initial phase of the PMV&D project examined plume dispersion\nbehavior in relatively uncomplicated terrain. Field measurement\nprograms were conducted in the vicinity of the Kincaid Generating\nStation in central Illinois, which is located in smooth, level\nterrain. The measurement programs included nine months of continuous\nmonitoring of air quality, meteorological, and power plant emission\nvariables, supplemented by three three-week periods of intensive,\nspecialized measurements of plume dispersion.\nThe second phase of the PMV&D project investigated plume behavior in\nmoderately complex terrain. Field measurement programs were carried\nout in the vicinity of the Bull Run steam plant, situated 20 km west\nof Knoxville and 8 km east of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The field\nprograms at this site included two four-week periods of intensive,\nspecialized measurements of plume dispersion.\nThe behavior of plumes in complex terrain was studied during a third\nphase in a joint effort with EPA at the Sierra Pacific Power Company's\nTracy plant, 20 km east of Reno, Nevada along the Truckee River. A\npreliminary experiment was conducted at the site over a four-week\nperiod, including two weeks of intensive measurements of plume\nbehavior. This study laid the groundwork for the design of EPA's Full\nScale Plume Study (FSPS) at that site. EPRI supported both programs\nby supplying airborne lidar sampling of the power plant plume.\nFinally, the fourth phase of the PMV&D Project was a study conducted\nat the Perry-K Steam Station of Indianapolis (Indiana) Power and Light\nCompany to investigate plume behavior in an urban environment. The\nplant is located about 1 km from the urban center of Indianapolis.\nThe field program included four weeks of intensive measurements of\nplume dispersion and an additional week for a collocation experiment.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/pmv/pmv.htm' for information on\nPMV.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78871236-1736-40dc-b35c-6d7b9a77cdd9", - "label": "RAPID", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Rapid Climate Change (RAPID) is a £20 million, six-year (2001-2007) programme of the Natural Environment Research Council. The programme aims to improve our ability to quantify the probability and magnitude of future rapid change in climate, with a main (but not exclusive) focus on the role of the Atlantic Ocean's Thermohaline Circulation. \n\nThe specific scientific objectives of the RAPID programme were agreed by the Rapid Climate Change Steering Committee and are detailed in the RAPID Science Plan. \n\nApproximately £11M have been awarded to proposals that were submitted in response to the RAPID First round of funding . About £5M of this commitment is to design a system to continuously monitor the strength and structure of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This design effort is being matched by comparative funding from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) for collaborative projects reviewed jointly with the NERC proposals. \n\nThe RAPID programme has now completed a 2nd and last round of funding, with two parallel Announcements of Opportunity. A total of 5 bids were funded under the Joint International AO , with the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Research Council of Norway, and 11 bids under the RAPID 2nd &Science& AO. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/rapid/rapid.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e25906c-298f-41f1-bb04-c786489574f6", - "label": "PM17020", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ef318b4-8ccb-4030-b823-dcb83f8ec4e1", - "label": "RECURSOS MINERALES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f41ba25-22ef-4478-9d56-290b5d00bdea", - "label": "REEF", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Reef Environmental Education Foundation is a grass-roots,\nnon-profit organization of recreational divers, founded\nin 1991, who regularly conduct fish biodiversity and abundance\nsurveys during their dives.\n\nThe goals of this foundation are:\n\nTo educate and enlist a growing corps of volunteer divers and\nsnorkelers to conduct marine life surveys.\n\nTo provide the marine science, resource management and\nconservation communities with a reliable, geographically\nbroad and continuing source of marine biodiversity data for\npractical application in habitat conservation and resource\nmanagement.\n\nTo encourage the implementation of, and support for, effective\nmarine conservation strategies including marine protected areas\n\nTo educate divers, snorkelers and the general public about\nthreats confronting the marine environment and to encourage\nthem to become active stewards in ocean conservation.\n\nTo promote the diving community as an active partner in the\nlong-term conservation of coral reefs and other marine habitats.\n\nTo work cooperatively with other like-minded individuals and\norganizations to effectively and efficiently achieve these\ngoals.\n\nFor additional information about REEF please visit:\n'http://www.reef.org/info/join.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f6cd20d-5f30-47dd-8364-43c89b14c269", - "label": "POLAR GATEWAYS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLAR GATEWAYS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=453\n\nCommunities living near, or within, the Arctic and Antarctic circles often feel like they are at the end of the world. IPY is an unprecedented opportunity that places polar residents right at the centre of this huge, international, global programme. The development of Polar Gateways provides an opportunity for these communities to get involved in IPY, to share their voice and concerns with the rest of the world, to unite neighbours who live at opposite ends of the world, to support the IPY community, and to reach a wide audience of tourists, media, educators, artists, and decision makers.\n\nPolar Gateways proposes to establish centres at key access points to the Arctic and Antarctic. The initial proposal includes one centre in Ushuaia, Argentina, and one in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Both of these locations are home to active communities who are excited about IPY and keen to get further involved. After establishing these centres, the hope is to extend the invitation to create similar initiatives within any interested polar gateway community, North and South. The result will therefore not only be a huge education and outreach programme for IPY, but will also connect polar communities around the world who share many concerns related to physical isolation and an immediate concern for the changing environment.\n\nPolar Gateways will fulfil a range of functions, dependent on location. These may include:\n\n-Present the IPY programme and contents in the form of displays and material\n-Provide local support and a friendly face to the IPY community in the field\n-Build a network of polar communities \n-Provide a natural link between IPY field activities and local initiatives\n-Provide a focal point about IPY to media and tourists\n-Provide a local space for interviews, meetings, education, information\n-Support local capacity building\n-Connect science and scientists to education and outreach programmes globally\n-Educate about both poles from one location\n-Be an outlet for IPY merchandise, leaflets, posters, cards, dvds, etc..\n-Inform about the scientific content of IPY\n-Contribute to the IPY.org web-log with local IPY stories and experiences\n-Provide a contact point locally for IPY queries during the relevant field seasons\n-Allow contact for the international media with IPY: icebergs, scientists and all!\n-Build up an international database of close to the poles visitors-Connect Polar Gateways to each other, and activities in the Arctic and Antarctic, via web-cams and other technology \n\nLocations for the centres have already been suggested in both Ushuaia and Lonyearbyen, as well as strong community support. This is critical for the success of such a programme. It is envisaged that the Ushuaia Centre would open in time for the 2006-7 summer season and the Longyearbyen centre would be open in time for the 2007 season, thus catching the full length of IPY.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80ecc02c-f115-4de0-963b-adf39b876fcf", - "label": "POLAR VIEW", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: Polar View\nProject URL: http://www.polarview.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=372\n\nThe proposed activity will build on the Polar View network and infrastructure to develop a single point of access to ice-related information for IPY investigators.\n\nPolar View is an international consortium of members from government, industry and academia that have formed a strategic partnership to effect the operational monitoring of polar environments using Earth Observation (EO) technologies. Satellite monitoring is a powerful tool for polar monitoring. It is the only operational method to provide information over large and often inaccessible areas in a cost-effective manner. EO-derived information can support monitoring and analysis related to sustainable development (e.g. transportation, resource exploration, site remediation, bio-productivity monitoring), the environment (e.g. climate change, pollution, animal populations and habitats), and public safety (e.g. activity monitoring, disaster management, search and rescue). \n\nIt is planned to provide expert control of the remotely sensed information collaboratively with responsible ice services on the basis of routine ice charts, in particular for areas experiencing higher probability for ambiguous interpretation, such as Antarctica, areas during melt season and the fast ice zone.\n\nFunded under the European Space Agency (ESA)/European Commission Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative, Polar View brings together service providers, researchers and most of the world's national ice services to provide operational information services related to polar environments to international, national and local stakeholders worldwide. Polar View maintains close links with the JCOMM Expert Team on Sea Ice, the International Ice Charting Working Group, and the European and Canadian Space Agencies to support its operations.\n\nA dedicated web portal will be developed to deliver Polar View IPY ice information. It will include a standard suite of products consisting of ice information routinely produced by the national ice services and Polar View for both logistics (e.g. sea ice distribution information for shipping) and science (e.g. development and detailed spatio-temporal distribution of ice leads). In addition, the specialized, custom-tailored products will be offered in support of specific IPY activities. The products will be generated primarily, but not exclusively, using EO data. The portal will be a convenient, single (although not the only) access point for ice-related information.\n\nPolar View will contribute its existing mechanisms to minimize EO data acquisition conflicts and coordinate with EO data providers. Access to the information on the Polar View portal will be open to all IPY researchers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8267ea89-876b-47cb-a333-34d84a8313b7", - "label": "PRIRODA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The PRIRODA (Russian for 'Nature') module of the MIR space station,\nwas launched April 23, 1996 aboard a Proton-K rocket from the Baikonur\nCosomodrome, Kazakhstan. The PRIRODA module docked with the MIR space\nstation on April 26, 1996 to begin an extende d period of remote\nsensing observations of the Earth.\nThe goals of the PRIRODA mission include the development of optimal\nmultisensoral remote sensing methodology; investigation of optimal\ncomposition of remote sensing instrumentation; improvement of\nradiative transfer models for ocean-atmosphere system, sno w and ice\ncover, and soil and vegetation cover; methodical evaluation,\ninterpretation, and collection of data.\nThere are four main groups of investigation:\n- land surface exploration\n- ocean investigations\n- atmospheric investigations\n- ecological investigations\nThe PRIRODA mission is an international collaboration with\ncontributions from 12 nations. The PRIRODA mission is conducted by\nthe Russian Space Agency RKA, the Institute for Radioelectronics of\nthe Russian Acadamy of Sciences and RKK ENERGIA.\nFor more details on the PRIRODA mission see:\n'http://www.ba.dlr.de/NE-WS/ws5/priroda.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "849aa741-70cb-4e5b-9b43-4e670b44ae45", - "label": "POP_SCHOLAR", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POP SCHOLAR\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=295\n\nThe goal of this project is to make scholarly writing about the North more accessible to the general public, in both the North and the South. The scale of International Polar Year and the mass media attention that it will generate make this a perfect time to attract the general public to polar research. While many people are interested in the North, and aware of Northern issues in so much as they are presented in newspapers and on the evening news, such interested non-specialists do not have an obvious place to turn to get more detailed, in-depth information about Northern research. Our goal is to provide these people with a place to go for solid, complex information presented in an easy-to-read, accessible manner.\n\nThe Arctic Institute of North America, which houses the journal _Arctic_, is an ideal place to undertake this project. _Arctic_ is a leading multidisciplinary scholarly journal focusing on the North, which publishes quarterly for a largely academic audience. Many of its articles about science and culture in the North would have wide interest for a public audience, but the language and format in which they are presented is not designed for a non-academic audience. Similarly, the scientific papers in _Polar Research_ and the social sciences and humanites topics explored in _Etudes/Inuit/Studies_ have clear relevance for a larger audience base in both the North and the South. We believe that making the synopses of academic articles more user-friendly will inspire interested readers to pursue further knowledge about the North.\n\nEach quarter, we will select two to three articles from _Arctic_, _Polar Research_, and _Etudes/Inuit/Studies_ for 'popularization' and provide these synopses on the AINA website. By mounting these synopses on the Web and making them freely accessible, we are furthering that endeavour and significantly broadening our reach beyond that of a traditional subscriber-based print journal. We expect this site to become a one-stop portal for Northerners, media, and interested readers in the South.\n\nA key aspect of the project will be to partner with other Canadian and international journals with a Northern focus to expand the service to a wider range of articles that are potentially of public interest. We have, for instance, contacted the editors of _Polar Record_ and _Northern Review_ to invite them to join us in this new project, and are awaiting their responses.\n\nThe project will also partner with Native organizations such as the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami to identify priority topics of interest to Northerners and assist with translation services in the appropriate language for each region covered by a given article. Ultimately, we would like to see links from Northern community groups' own websites to the AINA website to broaden interest and access to the article synopses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86ffb726-e6d4-4113-aa67-0339ea2312a5", - "label": "PSICOANTAR II", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "874e680d-8050-4e4a-bbaa-23a2d2e30f11", - "label": "PROGRAMA MEDIO AMBIENTE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "888fa637-7afe-4255-901d-54d49e26cb64", - "label": "PRISM-RS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: PRISM-RS Home Page, http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Endorsed-projects/PRISM-RS-November-2011 ]\n\nThe Ross Sea continental shelf is one of the most productive areas in the Southern Ocean, and may comprise a significant, but unaccounted for, oceanic CO2 sink, largely driven by phytoplankton production. The processes that control the magnitude of primary production in this region are not well understood, but data suggest that iron limitation is a factor. Field observations and model simulations indicate four potential sources of dissolved iron to surface waters of the Ross Sea:\n\n circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) intruding from the shelf edge;\n sediments on shallow banks and nearshore areas;\n melting sea ice around the perimeter of the polynya;\n glacial meltwater from the Ross Ice Shelf.\n\nThe principal investigators hypothesize that hydrodynamic transport via mesoscale currents, fronts, and eddies facilitate the supply of dissolved iron from these four sources to the surface waters of the Ross Sea polynya. These hypotheses will be tested through a combination of in situ observations and numerical modeling, complemented by satellite remote sensing. In situ observations will be obtained during a month-long cruise in the austral summer. The field data will be incorporated into model simulations, which allow quantification of the relative contributions of the various hypothesized iron supply mechanisms, and assessment of their impact on primary production. The research will provide new insights and a mechanistic understanding of the complex oceanographic phenomena that regulate iron supply, primary production, and biogeochemical cycling. The research will thus form the basis for predictions about how this system may change in a warming climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89921c6e-cd97-4968-a45d-ff0b71278940", - "label": "PacIOOS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a9a3f2f-ce22-4b8f-b85d-34b13e1a6aa4", - "label": "PARDYP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The People and Resource Dynamics Project (PARDYP) is a project of the\nInternational Centre for Integrated Mountain Development\n(ICIMOD). PARDYP is a three-year watershed management research and\ndevelopment project involved in the fields of cooperative rural\nparticipation, hydrology and meteorology research, soil erosion and\nfertility studies, conservation activities, rehibilitation of degraded\nareas, and agronomic and horticultural activities.\n\nPARDYP is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation\n(SDC), the International Development Research Centre-Canada\n(IDRC-Canada), and ICIMOD. The project operates in four of ICIMOD's\npartner countries: Pakistan, India, Nepal, and China.\n\nFor more background information see:\n'http://www.icimod.org.sg/projects/pardyp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e206784-b48e-4487-948d-b263430c8368", - "label": "PDDB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Paleobiology Database is a public resource for the scientific community. It has been organized and operated by a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional, international group of paleobiological researchers. Its purpose is to provide global, collection-based occurrence and taxonomic data for marine and terrestrial animals and plants of any geological age, as well ... as web-based software for statistical analysis of the data. The project's wider, long-term goal is to encourage collaborative efforts to answer large-scale paleobiological questions by developing a useful database infrastructure and bringing together large data sets. \n\nThe Database currently includes six main tables: references, taxonomic names, \ntaxonomic opinions, primary collection data, taxonomic occurrences, and \nreidentifications of occurrences. The tables are tied together relationally \nwith record ID numbers. Most tables are relatively simple; the collection table has many fields that are described on a separate database structure page. We are working to add tables that will handle taxonomic authority information and taxonomic opinions (e.g., synonymies). At a later date we will add tables to handle phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphological attributes, stratigraphic sections, radioisotopic age estimates, and other data. \n\nSome of the major datasets within the Paleobiology Database includes: \n-North American Mammalian Paleofaunal Database 2002 \n-Middle Devonian fossils of the Michigan Basin \n-Taxonomy and distribution of Late Jurassic - Eocene lissamphibians \n-Jurassic marine faunas of France, Greenland, Portugal, and the United Kingdom \n-Silurian and Early Devonian plants 2001 \n-Ivany Thesis Collection: Middle Eocene US Gulf Coast Macrofossils \n-Maastrichtian bivalve faunas of the world 1994 \n-Marine Bivalve Genera, Revision of Sepkoski's Compendium \n-Upper Cretaceous larger invertebrate fossils from the Haustator bilira zone of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains \n-Ordovician marine faunas of the world \n-Pennsylvanian-Permian Marine Benthos of the North American Midcontinent \n-PGAP's Permian, Triassic and Jurassic terrestrial megafloras of the world \n-Paleozoic marine faunas from the paleocontinent of Laurentia 1992 \n-Carboniferous terrestrial floras of North America and Europe \n-Late Paleocene - early Eocene macrofloras of southwestern Wyoming 2000\n\nInformation provided by http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e2ab415-c9e9-47c2-8174-8d77fbe79d97", - "label": "PCCI-BMBF", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Alongside Brazil, Chile and Mexico, Argentina is one of the Latin American countries with which Germany has been engaging in bilateral scientific and technological cooperation for many years.\n\nThe 1969 intergovernmental agreement between Germany and Argentina forms the basis of bilateral cooperation in science and technology. Our cooperation partner in Argentina is the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation (MINCyT), which was established in November 2007.\n\nFor more information, visit: http://www.bmbf.de/en/5307.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e626bbf-945d-4261-86f9-054df3f5f801", - "label": "ROSS_SEA_MODEL_CODE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "This DIF entry in the Antarctic Master Directory is part of OPP Grant Number 0337247, Collaborative Research: Seasonal Biogeochemical Processes in the Ross Sea: A Modeling Approach. \n \n As part of this project we developed the FORTRAN code for a coupled ocean-ice shelf circulation model. This code has been provided to the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) project office at Rutgers University for inclusion in the next release of ROMS. This code is now being tested and implemented in the ROMS compter code structure and will be released to the larger ocean modeling community via the ROMS distribution list.\n \n For information on this code contact M. Dinniman at the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography at Old Dominion University (msd@ccpo.odu.edu) or Hernan Arango (arango@marine.rutgers.edu) at Rutgers University.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "901bf0cf-560b-499f-927f-d38d08d8880a", - "label": "REACH", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "From April 2002 through June 2004, the Regional Ecology and Coastal Hydrography\n(REACH, 'http://www.reach.unh.edu/') project conducted monthly field sampling\nin the western Gulf of Maine. REACH is one of five seed projects associated\nwith the UNH center of excellence for Coastal Ocean Observing and Analysis\n(COOA). COOA is developing and implementing new methodologies and approaches\nfor coastal ocean observing across the spectrum from data acquisition,\nanalysis, integration and synthesis.\n\nThe objective of REACH is to document and understand the functional\ninter-relationships among the major elements of the planktonic assemblage in\nthe waters of western Gulf of Maine. The field program characterized the\nphysical dynamics, nutrient availability, and phytoplankton and zooplankton\nassemblages. A long-term goal of this effort is to work toward a predictive\nindex of harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurrences in near-shore waters of the\nwestern Gulf of Maine based on an integrated assessment of the planktonic\ncommunity. The comprehensive nature of the study also enables this work to\nserve as a baseline for the western Gulf of Maine, against which future studies\ncan be compared. \n\nData can be accessed through the REACH Data System at\nhttp://reach.whoi.edu/jg/dir/reach/\n\n[Summary adapted from 'http://www.reach.unh.edu/']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "905a2989-4cba-484b-8162-9984311aa642", - "label": "PFSFC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Project on the Forecast of Sea and Fishing Conditions\n(PFSFC) involves the investingation and study of the water\ntemperature and salinity of the areas around the northern\nPacific Ocean. The objective of this project was to produce\nforecast to mariners on fishing conditions throughout the area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95587feb-897d-4053-b462-db56758def17", - "label": "PROVE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Prototype Validation Exercise (PROVE) was a mini field campaign conducted in May 1997. Three different NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) instrument teams were involved: MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer), MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer), and ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer). Coordinated field, aircraft, and satellite measurements were designed to maximize data collection and conduct cross comparisons. The 1997 campaigns were conducted in a grassland-shrub site on the Jornada Experimental Range near Las Cruces, New Mexico, and in a deciduous forest on the Walker Branch Watershed site near Oak Ridge, Tennessee.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cf91ca0-dd70-4b75-a2b1-73a94b3f7ee5", - "label": "RAISE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the\nArctic (RAISE) facilitates collaborative research between Russian and\nAmerican scientists studying terrestrial, shelf, and ocean\nenvironments in northern Eurasia in the context of global\nchange. RAISE is a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at integrating\nscientific understanding of global change in the Arctic at the\nland-sea boundary over prehistoric, historic, and current time\nframes. An international scientific steering committee promotes this\neffort, and a project office, located at the University of Alaska in\nFairbanks, provides research support.\n\nThe following research problems, identified during scientific\nworkshops supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the\nRussian Fund for Basic Research, led to the development of the RAISE\nprogram:\n\n1. Among the great unknowns in climate prediction is the potential for\nrelease of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane from\npeat and permafrost as climate warms at higher latitudes. Some of the\nlargest coastal erosion rates in the world are already occurring in\nthe Russian Arctic, and the ultimate transport and fate of resultant\nlarge fluxes of organic carbon into the Arctic Ocean are poorly\nunderstood.\n\n2. The volume of river runoff in the Arctic may also be altered by\nglobal change, and changes in the freshwater content of the Arctic\nOcean are likely to have consequences for formation of sea ice cover\nand thermohaline circulation over the Arctic-North Atlantic climate\nsystem.\n\n3. The retreat of sea ice over the vast Eurasian continental shelves\nwill also have direct impacts on biological productivity, will\naffect marine mammals and birds, and, ultimately, will impact\nsubsistence communities in both Russia and Alaska who depend\nupon current climate and hydrographic patterns.\n\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Dr. Vladimir Romanovsky\n Geophysical Institute\n University of Alaska Fairbanks\n PO Box 757320\n Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320, U.S.A.\n\n Telephone: +1.907.474.7459\n Fax: +1.907.474.7290\n e-mail: ffver@uaf.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://arcss.colorado.edu/arcss/projects/raise.html'\n or 'http://www.raise.uaf.edu/'\n\n [Summary provided by ADCC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f912ac2-1de7-403e-9d90-b8d9300fac65", - "label": "PPS-ARCTIC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PPS Arctic\nProject URL: http://www.polaryear.no/prosjekter/PPSArcticNorway\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=151\nThe PPS Arctic is a multidisciplinary research cluster composed of 9 EOI's, (cf. 1.6 & 3.11) jointly seeking to explore \ncurrent processes, past changes and spatiotemporal variability of biotic, abiotic, and socio-environmental conditions and \nresource components along and across the transition zone between arctic and boreal regions. This zone, the tundra-taiga ecotone \nvaries dramatically in width (up to hundreds of kilometres) throughout the circum-arctic North and has thus a recognized exceptional\nimportance, in terms of global vegetation, climate, biodiversity and human settlement. Further, the particular vulnerability of \nthe zone to changes in climate and land use is recognized, along with concern for subsequent alterations and shifts of its position\nwith consequences for the entire arctic region through feedback mechanisms. Despite this recognition, comprehensive and large \nscale multidisciplinary scientific focus incorporating cause, effect, and importance of its past and present transformation to \nthe biota and human societies, has been lacking. The PPS Arctic is composed of four scientific modules (cf. 3.2). The unifying \nfoci among the modules are defined by: SPACE The transitional zone between the boreal forest and the open treeless tundra; TIME \nThe Holocene, the present and the next 100 years; SCOPE Interdisciplinary research, monitoring change, and sustainable resource use. \nThe main aim is to obtain an understanding of: i) The controls on the location and pattern of the zone; ii) The effect of global \nchange on the location of the zone; iii) The feedback effect of the character and location of the zone on the global climate. \nImplicit in these three items is consideration of the role of human societies inside and near the transition zone. This refers \nboth to the responses of human communities to changes in the zone and to their impact on the ecotone. The PPS Arctic cluster \nprovides a framework for a coordinated and integrated scientific effort to understand the dynamics of the arctic-boreal transition \nzone, and ensures that results can be used in multiple contexts including informed decision making by the public and policy makers. \nSpecific objectives are: To develop effective techniques and carry out quantitative spatial and temporal analysis of the location \nof transitional ecosystems within the circumpolar arctic-boreal transition zone; To understand ecosystem and geosystem controls \nand responses in different compartments of the zone, both resilient and sensitive; To build realistic models of transition zone \ndynamics; To validate the models by ground level observations, dependent on scale and land use history; To use them to implement \na program of ecosystem, geosystem, and landscape analysis, examining the effects of global and local change on species, communities, \nand ecosystems; To assess the socio-economic impacts of potential future changes in the transitional zones, incorporating results \ninto an expert information system, which will be utilized for estimating climate change responses, sustainable ecosystem management \nand landscape planning in support of policy decisions; To exchange methods on climate change monitoring, sustainable land use \nstrategy and science/policy issues, and use them as a tool in forecasting ecosystem changes and options for mitigation. \nTo realize the main aim and specific objectives PPS Arctic focuses on a set of unifying themes: terminology, location, history \nof shifts, interface processes, model realism, effects of shifts, detecting shifts, and human societies and shifts. A range of \ntasks will be pursued, linked to these themes: Standardize terminology; Determine current location and characteristics using \nremote sensing data, aerial photographs, geographical information systems and field campaigns, as well as using local and indigenous \nknowledge; Study the history of tree distribution patterns more comprehensively using multiple techniques such as tree-ring analysis, \nmacrofossil, stomata and pollen analyses coupled with molecular genetics; Study environmental conditions across the zone by using, \nfor example, meteorological, geomorphological, hydrological, and permafrost measurements; Study population dynamics, population ecology, \ndevelopmental phenology, and physiological ecology of present tundra-taiga species; Study the effect of tree cover on ecosystem ecology \nincluding greenhouse gas fluxes and energy balance across the boreal-arctic interface (feedback effects); Study the nature and effect \nof present and past disturbances such as fires, insect outbreaks and human activities on the nature and location of the zone and its \nsustainable use; Study socio-economic and ecosystem management conditions across the zone, which includes assessment of human impacts \non the nature and location of the zone and consequences for human activities and strategies for sustainable development; Build-process \nbased models and predictions for the effects of environmental change, with a greater degree of realism than current models; Conduct \nscientific manipulation experiments and analyze data from large-scale human activities such as engineering and forestry projects to \ntest the models.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3567df3-508d-4d70-bb7f-4c89753adade", - "label": "ROME", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8000a81-3016-408e-bd10-fbcd79e1c03a", - "label": "PTHLL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "On the basis of fossil plants and paleosols recorded in the sedimentary rocks of the Transantarctic Mountains, a model of Permian to Triassic climate at high paleolatitudes is emerging: After continental glaciers melted in the early Permian, forests grew in the cold, wet climate. By the early Triassic, warmer, drier conditions inhibited prolific plant growth. A moister, but still warm climate allowed plants to flourish later in the Triassic.\n\nWe will test and refine this model and investigate the effects of climate change on Permian to Triassic landscapes and ecosystems. Using exposures in the Allan Hills, we will search for, describe, and interpret fossil forests, vertebrate tracks and burrows, arthropod trackways, and subaqueously produced biogenic structures, and document the end of glaciation and the importance of major episodic sedimentation. In so doing, we will address broader questions that will contribute to understanding\n\nthe evolution of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and how they are affected by the end-Permian extinction,\n\nthe abundance and diversity of terrestrial and aquatic arthropods at high latitudes,\n\nthe paleogeographic distribution and evolution of vertebrates and invertebrates as recorded by trace and body fossils, and\n\nthe response of landscapes to changes in climate.\n\nThe excellent record preserved by this Permian to Triassic sequence provides a unique opportunity to compare high-latitude forests and freshwater and terrestrial faunas with better-known low-latitude equivalents during an important period of their evolution.\n\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/treaty/opp06001/geo_geo.jsp#permian", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9639320-f6e0-4bbb-9510-7426b6cb4d72", - "label": "RITS 89", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The purpose of the NOAA/CMDL RITS 1989 cruise was to measure the\ninterhemispheric gradient of radiatively important trace species\n(RITS) in the atmosphere, to quantify the ocean's effect on these\ntrace gases in the surface waters, to measure the biological rate of\nproduction of dissolved N2O, and to compare these measurements to\nthose from CMDL observatories.\nThe NOAA Ship Discoverer (R 102) was used to take measurements in the\nEast Pacific Ocean in 1989.\nSee the article:\nOceanic Consumption of CH3CCl3: Implications for Tropospheric OH.\n J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, T.M. Thompson, and B.D. Hall.\n J. Geophys. Res. 96D, 22347-22355 (1991).\nContact:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nRITS 89 Data are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/rits_89'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac7a8cd4-7787-4191-87e3-42a819418a47", - "label": "Russian Space Program", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3daeef1-6ecc-41c8-a4fd-591554ff1159", - "label": "RSV-INTREPID", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: RSV-INTREPID\nProject URL: http://www.rsvintrepid.org.au/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=116\n\nRSV-INTREPID provides for two 40 day summer voyages of scientific investigation involving 50 students and 60 scientists (the students selected on merit from their second last year at school from Australia and 87 other countries). Each student will be tasked with three investigative programs designed to complement IPY dedicated projects. Our multi-disciplinary approach is aimed to give students the widest possible exposure to polar science. Intensive ship-board and shore-based investigative and experimental projects will be led and mentored by young scientists working with small student groups.We aim to consult with other EOI's to develop specialised student programs and to foster and develop joint EO and C objectives. We expect close communication and interaction to develop between our students, young science mentors and IPY project leaders. Each student will be required to prepare an investigative report which will be published in The Society's 'Proceedings' and appear on RSV-INTREPID's website. We aim to establish an RSV-INTREPID Base Station for the duration of The IPY partnered by AUSTEOC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b83947ce-eb88-456c-ab26-933ea3698f61", - "label": "PARASOL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8c2ef9e-2683-4eca-b94a-0f6f4bbeb9db", - "label": "RIS_ID_10912", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9c224ea-0cea-405f-9590-6d0024a2a952", - "label": "PLANKTONIC COPEPODS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Ecological and physiological features of the planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus in the southern Yellow sea in summer were studied to reveal its life history strategy. From the coastal shallow waters to the central part the southern Yellow Sea, a shift of the stage composition occurs from eggnauplius dominated to the fifth copepodite (CV) dominated. Most CVs reside in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), where both temperature and food abundance are low. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/fbh101v1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba59f4e2-a87c-431f-af32-3d50128289bc", - "label": "RSS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Reflection Seismic Survey (RSS) project will record a deep seismic\nreflection traverse across the Mt Isa Inlier with the purpose of\nimaging crustal geometry. In particular, the traverse is designed to\ndefine the position and nature of the boundaries between the Mt Isa\nBlock and basement provinces to the east and west. It will also define\nthe internal structure of the elements that make up the Mt Isa Block\nand nature of the boundaries between. Particular attention will be\ngiven to defining the nature of major shear zones at depth in an\nattempt to map possible fluid pathways through the crust.\n\nThe seismic results will be used to develop a 3D structural model of\nthe Mt Isa and adjacent regions. This 3D compilation will be used to\nconstrain models of the tectonic evolution of the region.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.agcrc.csiro.au/projects/1016AO/#Summary'\n\n [Summary provided by AGCRC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb34cd99-6123-4b14-8b95-73850ebb21f3", - "label": "RADAM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Many of the mutagenic or lethal effects of ionizing radiation can be traced to structural and chemical modification of cellular DNA through double-strand breaks (DSB) and clustered lesions. Although the development of mechanistic models of radiation damage in DNA has reached a high level of sophistication, further refinements are needed to understand fully the underlying mechanisms in particular on a molecular level. The proposed studies are designed to provide, in a comprehensive manner, missing information about the molecular pathways that lead from initial deposition of radiative energy to the formation of double strand breaks and lesions in DNA.\n\n\nhttp://www.isa.au.dk/networks/cost/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc515562-d258-44b6-9515-887105d49f12", - "label": "RISCC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "RISCC is an expired SCAR biology programme. The overall aim of RiSCC was to understand the likely response of Antarctic ecosytems to climate change and from this to develop theories concerning the interaction between climate change, indigenous and introduced species and ecosystem functioning.\n\nThe specific aim of the Antarctic RiSCC programme was to understand the interactions between biodiversity, functioning and climate of Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems, and to predict regional sensitivity to the impacts of climate change. This was to be achieved through gaining understanding of the differences in environments and biodiversity within and between ecosytems, potential for ecosystem processes to respond to changes in climate, and different effects of climate change on components of individual ecosytems.\n\nRiSCC has now been superceeded by the SCAR programme Evolution and Biodiversity in Antarctica - the response of life to change (EBA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd7f9c4d-88b9-483b-92fc-a251f140749a", - "label": "ROSE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "An automated gas Chromatographic system was employed at a rural site in western central Alabama to measure atmospheric hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons (oxy-hydrocarbons) on an hourly basis from June 8 to July 19, 1990. The location, which was a designated site for the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS), was instrumented for a wide variety of measurements allowing the hydrocarbon and oxy-hydrocarbon measurements to be interpreted both in terms of meteorological data and as part of a large suite of gas phase measurements. Although the site is situated in a Loblolly pine plantation, isoprene was observed to be the dominant hydrocarbon during the daytime with afternoon maxima of about 7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). Decrease of isoprene after sunset was too rapid to be accounted for solely on the basis of gas phase chemistry. During the nighttime, α-pinene and β-pinene were the dominant hydrocarbons of natural origin. The ratio of α-pinene to β-pinene showed a well-defined diurnal pattern, decreasing by more than 30% during the night; a decrease that could be understood on the basis of local gas phase chemistry. Oxy-hydrocarbons, dominated by methanol and acetone, were the most abundant compounds observed. On a carbon atom basis, the oxy-hydrocarbons contributed about 46% of the measured atmospheric burden during the daytime and about 40% at night. The similarity of the observed diurnal methanol variation to that of isoprene and subsequent measurements [McDonald and Fall, 1993] indicate that much of the observed methanol was of local biogenic origin. Correlation of acetone with methanol suggests that it, also, has a significant biogenic source. In spite of the site's rural location, anthropogenic hydrocarbons constituted, on a carbon atom basis, about 21% of the hydrocarbon burden measured during the daytime and about 55% at night. Significant diurnal variations of the anthropogenic hydrocarbons, with increases at night, appeared to be driven by the frequent formation of a shallow nocturnal boundary layer.\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JD02607.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c104c228-5137-4f37-97f6-0a0f6fd85172", - "label": "RSVP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Rapid Syndrome Validation Project\n\nLos Alamos National Laboratory is collaborating on a new tool that will provide public health officials with an early warning and response system for threats to public health.\n\nThe threat to public health from infectious diseases is increasing. New, evolving and emerging diseases have appeared in unexpected locations with increasing regularity as society becomes more mobile. Diseases such as HIV, dengue fever and hantavirus present unique and significant challenges to the public health infrastructure, both in recognizing their presence and dealing with their effects. The familiar flu virus takes a significant toll every year, causing thousands of deaths, mostly among the aged or the young.\n\nThe threat of bioterrorism also has increased. A rogue group could introduce virulent biological pathogens into a popula- tion with potentially catastrophic results, if we do not have the tools to detect and respond. Most flu epidemics are recognized only after they happen, and therefore, appropriate medical attention is often too late. \n\nhttp://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-06/danl-rsv061302.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1a45033-d7d4-486c-82a3-05992fdcd0f7", - "label": "PNRA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA) 'National Program\nof Searches in Antarctica' involves multiple studies in the Antarctic\nRegion.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.pnra.it/ANTARTIDE/HTML_it/indice.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4a4ab8a-df30-4f56-acfd-631bd2addca6", - "label": "PREOPERATIONAL SURVEY OF A DUMP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "In response to a request by Member States for more international guidance and co-ordination in the field of radioactive waste management and in recognition of the need to assist some Member States in improving their waste management programme infrastructures, the Agency in 1994 focused on: the continued implementation of the Radioactive Waste Safety Standards (RADWASS) programme; the development of radiological and safety criteria for waste disposal and the co-ordination of international radiological and environmental assessment projects; and the implementation of programmes for improving national infrastructures and the development of mechanisms for better and more effective technology transfer. Other areas receiving emphasis included direct advisory and review services, guidance on the safety, technical and planning aspects of decommissioning, quality assurance management for waste packaging and disposal systems, safety assessment of near surface disposal facilities and the environmental restoration of contaminated land masses. \n\nhttp://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep94/anr9404.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c665e02e-f3c0-4129-a4f0-9b06e41bf300", - "label": "READER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[From 'http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/background.html']\n\nThe READER Project\n\nREADER (REference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research) is a\nproject of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR\nhttp://www.scar.org/) and has the goal of creating a high quality,\nlong term dataset of mean surface and upper air meteorological\nmeasurements from in-situ Antarctic observing systems. These data will\nbe of value in climate research and climate change investigations.\n\nThe primary sources of data are the Antarctic research stations and\nautomatic weather stations. Data from mobile platforms, such as ships\nand drifting buoys are not being collected since our goal is to derive\ntime series of data at fixed locations.\n\nSurface and upper air data are being collected and the principal\nstatistics derived are monthly and annual means. Daily data will not\nbe provided in order to keep the data set to a manageable size. With\nthe resources available to the project, it is clearly not possible to\ncollect all the information that could be required by the whole range\nof investigations into change in the Antarctic. Instead a key set of\nmeteorological variables (surface temperature, mean sea level pressure\nand surface wind speed, and upper air temperature, geopotential height\nand wind speed at standard levels) are being assembled and a\ndefinitive set of measurements presented for use by researchers.\n\nA lot of stations have been operated in the Antarctic over the years;\nmany for quite short periods. However, our goal here is to provide\ninformation on the long time series that can provide insight into\nchange in the Antarctic. So to be included, the record from a station\nmust extend for 25 years, although not necessarily in a continuous\nperiod, or be currently in operation and have operated for the last 10\nyears. In READER we have chosen to use only data from year-round\nstations.\n\nIt is important when using mean data to know the number of\nobservations that were used in computing the means. As discussed in\nthe data section, the READER mean monthly values are therefore colour\ncoded to indicate the percentage of possible observations used in\ncomputing each mean.\n\nMetadata are being provided, where possible, to indicate the type of\nobserving systems used to make the measurements, changes of observing\nsite, changes of observing practice etc. The structure of the metadata\nis deliberately flexible and will vary considerable between stations,\ndepending on what information is available.\n\nThe READER data set is being disseminated via CD-ROM and through the\nWorld Wide Web at\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/programs-hosted.html. The first\nrelease of the data set covers the period up to the end of 2000 and\ncontains all the data collected so far. However, there are still a\nnumber of significant gaps and it is hoped that these can be filled\nover the coming years. In particular, we still require more upper air\ndata.\n\nThe data set will be kept up to date on a regular basis via the web\nsite and new versions of the CD released periodically.\n\nFor more information on the READER project contact:\n\nJohn Turner\nBritish Antarctic Survey\nHigh Cross\nMadingley Road\nCambridge\nCB3 0ET\nUK\nE-mail: J.Turner@bas.ac.uk\nWWW: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/jtu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c75b2984-4e92-4090-ad7d-a953338b4c30", - "label": "PHOENIX", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PHOENIX\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=432\n\nWe propose an international, scientifically and technologically interdisciplinary investigation the Antarctic Dry Valleys, to understand the signature of climate variability as written into the soils and to quantify the abundance of life's building blocks there and at the ice-soil boundary. Our field campaign provides a thorough examination of the Dry Valley's physical and chemical nature, using an integrated analysis of multiple data sets. Since the Antarctic dry valleys are among the coldest, driest places on Earth, they are an end-member environment that can be used for comparison to less harsh regions on Earth and more extreme environments on other planets. To that end, we leverage the mission return of the currently funded NASA Phoenix Mars mission, which will land between 65-72?N during the International Polar Year, by providing a direct comparison of the two analogous regions. The proposed project also highly complements Phoenix, as it will enhance the validation of two instruments, thereby strengthening the Phoenix data interpretation and perhaps allowing for an increased understanding of the different evolutionary paths of these two planets.\nThe northern polar region of Mars has many similarities to the several analog regions on the Earth, especially the Antarctic Dry Valleys. The Mars polar region is known to have a substantial amount of water-ice within the top meter of the surface (e.g., Boynton et al., 2002) with a dry overburden of a fraction of a meter thick. In addition, the atmospheric water content on Mars is extremely small only 100 pr microns at it's annual peak. Furthermore, it is thought that the north polar regions undergo climatic changes over an obliquity cycle that could melt this ice reservoir (Jakosky et al., 2003), making this region one of the most likely places on Mars to sustain life should it ever have developed. Because of the interest in tracking life forms to the most extreme environments, the knowledge gained from examining atmospheric, chemical, and mineralogical processes in this pristine region of Mars will be highly complementary in understanding similar regions on the Earth.\nTwo of the engineering model instruments that were built to fly aboard the Phoenix spacecraft, the wet chemistry laboratory and the thermal and electrical conductivity probe, will be used in the field in Antarctica. Samples will also be collected and analyzed in Phoenix analog optical and atomic-force microscopy stations, as well as an analog thermal analyzer and gas analysis instrument.\n\nBoynton, W, W. Feldman, I. Mitrofanov, et al., 2002. Distribution of hydrogen in the near surface of Mars: Evidence for subsurface ice deposits, Science, 297(5578): 81-85.\nJakosky, B., K. Nealson, C. Bakermans, R. Ley, M. Mellon, 2003. Subfreezing activity of microorganisms and the potential habitability of Mars’ polar regions, Astrobio. 3(2): 343-350.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c87a17eb-a14c-454f-8a97-83f3edc53114", - "label": "RACS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The River-Atmosphere-Coast Study (RACS) of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) of the United Kingdom studies land-sea interactions in the coastal zone and the major exchanges (physical, chemical & biological) between rivers and estuaries and the atmosphere.\n\nThe east coast of Britain between Berwick-on-Tweed and Great Yarmouth is the ... chosen site for RACS. The coastal marine study consists of several seasonal research cruises (using the NERC vessel 'RRS Challenger') along the east coast of the UK, probing the North Sea, its major estuaries (the Wash, the Humber, the Tyne and the Tees) and the English Channel. The data include RRS Challenger cruises 99 (December 1992), 108 (November/December 1993) and 115 (October/November 1994). The objectives of the cruises were to define the characteristics of the plume emanating from the Humber/Wash estuaries into the coastal zone, and to carry out surveys of the LOIS coastal study area, with particular attention given to sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) characteristics and water quality. \n\nIn addition, an intensive study of fluxes in the Humber Estuary is taking place aboard the NRA's vessel 'Sea Vigil', monitoring processes as far inland as the Aire-Ouse confluence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9cac43e-c3f1-4ec9-a477-da20b0c5b267", - "label": "PROBE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Division of Atmospheric Research took part in ARM's TOGA COARE\n(Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response\nExperiment.) PROBE experiment at Kavieng, New Guinea (2.5S, 150.8W) in\nJanuary - February, 1993. This afforded an opportunity to use the new\nradiometer alongside the CSIRO Mark II radiometer in a direct\ncomparison. The Division's 0.532 m lidar was also used, and the data\nobtained on cirrus clouds, as well as some altocumulus, will be\nanalyzed with the LIRAD method. The PROBE will also provide excellent\nradiosonde data every six hours, together with continuous microwave\ndata of water vapour column and cloud liquid water column observations\nfrom the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations's (NOAA)\nWave Propagation Laboratory (WPL). The water vapour column data will\nbe invaluable in allowing for any variations in water vapour radiance\nand transmittance at times between radiosonde observations.\n\n A preliminary analysis of the data indicates the variability\nof the cirrus and its considerable geometrical depth at times and also\nthe persistence of the cirrus cover. Particularly interesting was an\napparent diurnal variation in both the cirrus cover and the optical\ndepth with a maximum at about midday.\n\n The ARM filter radiometer was run for about 70% of the time on the\n 8.62 m filter; however, for some periods, the radiometer was\n run with the 10.86 m filter enabling a direct comparison with\n the Mark II radiometer which used a 10.84 m filter. As the\n input radiance is chopped against a 40C blackbody, the zero\n radiance when viewing liquid nitrogen actually gives a large\n negative signal; whereas, the zero voltage occurs when the\n input radiance is from a 40C blackbody. The responses of the\n two radiometers to various clouds are quite evident. The water\n vapour radiance is large, which is typical for the\n tropics. Periodically, there are either cirrus radiances or\n larger cumulus radiances superposed. Also evident is the\n superior behaviour of the new ARM radiometer. The two\n radiometer apertures were equal in the comparison; however,\n the ARM and Mark II time-constants were 1 second and 5\n seconds, respectively. By looking at the signal and noise\n levels during the calibration episodes in! more detail, we\n calculate the minimum detectable radiances (MDR) of the two\n instruments as 4.9 x hz-1/2(ARM) and 6.8 X hz-1/2(CSIRO Mark\n II).\n\n Contact:\n\n C. Martin Platt (Lead Scientist)\n mplatt@net2000.com.au\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.arm.gov/docs/iops/past/afteriop_probe1993.html'\n\n [Summary provided by ARM]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9d544a5-7467-4bab-a8df-9b2d1c14e838", - "label": "PULSE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The 'PULSE' ('http://pulse.unh.edu/') of the Gulf of Maine is a collaborative\nproject with local New Hampshire fishermen that seeks to develop a long-term\ndatabase for environmental variables in the pelagic ecosystem.\n\nWeekly samples for zooplankton, phytoplankton, hydrography and nutrients are\ncollected at two different environments: near-shore and off-shore. Such fine\nscale resolution as this will reveal interesting patterns through time that\nscientists have only had 'snap-shots' of in the past. The data collected here\nis going to be used in mathematical models that are being refined for the use\nof ultimately helping fishery managers predict future fishery limits.\n\n[Summary adapted from 'http://pulse.unh.edu/')", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9dc4a95-1412-4cff-99c4-2dbf96ff9e1e", - "label": "RUV VISUAL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb4f169f-080b-460c-a8cd-69d42554b008", - "label": "PACTOP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "High-quality bottom pressure recorder ( BPR ) measurements in the deep ocean contribute to a fundamental understanding of oceanographic processes over a wide range of time scales. These vary from long-period fluctuations induced by planetary waves, oceanic tides, and meteorological forcing events, to relatively shorter-period phenomena such as long surface gravity waves, microseisms, and tsunamis. To capture these events, several types of transducers have been incorporated into pressure sensor units designed for oceanic applications. The most common types include the vibrating wire, strain gauge, quartz-resonator, Bourdon tube, and various capacitance devices. Vibrating wire designs typically correlate vibrational frequency with pressure-induced mechanical motion (Lefcort 1968; Vitousek and Miller 1970). Capacitance plate transducers such as those described by Harris and Tucker (1963) incorporate parallel capacitance plates in which the distance between plates varies as a function of applied pressure. Capacitance is inversely proportional to the plate gap and acts to tune an LC oscillator.\n\nhttp://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/eble1991.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc34311e-542c-4b35-9b76-3c64b8c9b9cf", - "label": "POLAR-AOD-IPY", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The proposed activity aims at establishing a bipolar network to obtain data needed to quantify properties of aerosols at high latitudes, including seasonal background concentrations by measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD), spectral characterizations, and the evolutionary patterns of the natural and anthropogenic processes that perturb the aerosol cycles. An effort to quantify direct and indirect climate forcing by polar aerosols will be made through a set of closure experiments using observations in conjunction with model calculation and satellite data.\nThe co-operation in the frame of POLAR-AOD will allow the following:\n1. - Definition of calibration procedures among the various sun-radiometers operating in Polar regions, in order to achieve homogeneous AOD (aerosol optical depth) evaluations and maintain a set of reference instruments in a high mountain station. Some of the instruments will be used to constitute a traveller system from one station to the other with the aim of attaining 'round robin' inter-comparison. Regular inter-comparison campaigns (biennial) will be organized in order to compare not only calibration constants but also instrumental characteristics, such as sensitivity and influence of diffuse light. The first inter-comparison campaign, scheduled for spring 2006 at Ny-Alesund, will be used also to define and adjust the methodology and calculation procedures, like that aimed at evaluating relative optical air mass and trace-gas corrections.\n2 . - Improvement of 'in-situ' optical and chemical measurements, with an effort to operate size and time-resolved aerosol composition and concentration sampling on a long-term base (EoI ID 557).\n3. - Establishment of a data bank for spectral sun-photometric measurements (AOD archive), in-situ measurements and any other aerosol related parameters useful for assessing the quantification of aerosols and their radiative effects. This archive will fill the gap for the polar regions within the global aerosol climatology, where there is an urgent need for high-quality data on aerosol abundance and physico-chemical characteristics on a regional scale. The information is necessary to better constrain climate model simulations and improve the interpretation of remotely sensed data. Particular attention will be paid to retrospective analyses of historical data-sets, mainly from Russian Arctic and Antarctic stations. They will be recovered and stored in the archive.\n4. - Determination of reliable procedures for analysing sun-photometric and sun-radiometric data in order to describe realistically the specific conditions occurring in the polar regions. Standard programmes will be developed and supplied to the research groups involved, including cloud rejection algorithms and radiometric data analysis.\n5 - Organisation of international workshops for the presentation of the results from the various polar programs, and for the discussion of common strategies and goals, including aspects of logistics within inter-calibration activities and data exchange.\nIn Antarctica, the actual field activities will benefit from the setting up of a new international long-term monitoring programme, called TAVERN (Quantification of Tropospheric Aerosol and Thin Clouds Variability, including Radiation Budget over the East Antarctic Plateau) at the recently established Italian-French station Dome Concordia (EoI ID 198). Year-round measurements based on LIDAR, Sun and Star photometer and 'in-situ' aerosol systems will make it possible to study in detail inter-annual and seasonal variation of aerosols over the high Antarctic Plateau, and also to obtain information on the thin cloud optical depth. The normal activities in other stations will be extended during the IPY operational period (EoI ID 797). The POLAR-AOD observations will complement the SRB measurements which are developed at other stations (Syowa, South Pole, Neumayer) in the frame of the BSRN (GCOS) activities, providing an important contribution for assessing forcing by aerosols.\nIn the Arctic, additional strong field activities will be promoted at the Greenland Summit Station (EoI ID 530) and Tiksi (EoI ID 820), during the IPY operational period. Real-time measurements of physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosols will allow the constitution of a data set in the Arctic, equivalent to the one acquired over the Antarctic Plateau, Summit being a natural counterpart of Dome Concordia. Also in Ny-Alesund, research activities related to aerosols will increase as a consequence of the efforts of Norway, Poland, Germany, Japan and Italy (EoIs ID 165, ID 597). The network will give support in obtaining high-quality integrated data from the large amount of field activities. Participation on cruises organised in the framework of the Arctic Experiment (AREX) and the airborne ASTAR (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds, and Radiation) activities will lead to a considerable improvement in knowledge on the vertical and spatial distribution of aerosols in the European Arctic. The present studies will complement the activities promoted by the SEARCH Program (NOAA's Study of Environmental Arctic Change). Finally the information obtained will allow participants to assess the influence of mid-latitude aerosol sources in the observed Arctic aerosol budget.\nPOLAR-AOD (EoIs ID 299, ID 557) will join the efforts of the IASOA proposal (EoI ID 138), in the task of co-ordinating different programmes of long-term atmospheric observatories in the Arctic with the purpose of setting up a circumpolar ring around the central Arctic region. The second aim is to fulfil the need for an integrated larger bi-polar network in the field of atmospheric sciences.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=171", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce91a92c-d2bf-4458-aed3-10c69a94d0d0", - "label": "RECURSOS PESQUEROS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Program REVIZEE, approved in 1994 in the scope of the CIRM, has as objective central office to proceed to the survey from the sustainable potentials from capture from the resources livings creature in the ZEE, being aimed at to reach the following goals: \n\nto inventory the resources livings creature in the ZEE and the ambient characteristics of its occurrence; \n\nto determine its biomasses; e \n\nto establish the potentials of sustainable capture. \n\nFor in such a way, the following stages and unfoldings had been foreseen: \n\nDetermination of the distributions, sazonalidade, abundâncias and sustainable potentials of the resources livings creature in the ZEE, using techniques of fishing prospection and evaluation of supplies; \n\nAttainment of a climatológico referencial picture and an oceanographical vision of including character, for the areas physical, chemical, geologic and biological, that subsidize the understanding of the dynamics of the resources livings creature in the ZEE; \n\nAnalysis of the sustainable potentials and its perspectives of explotação, from the integration of the information of abundance and ambient characteristics; e \n\nDefinition of new lines of research, aiming at to cover eventual gaps detected in the analysis of the data, as well as guaranteeing the necessary monitoramento of supplies potentially significant fishing boats. \n\nThe final text of the Program was approved by the Resolution nº 003/94/PSRM, of 22/07/1994, and in 122ª Usual Session of the CIRM (02/08/1994). \n\nInformation provided by http://www.mma.gov.br/revizee/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d04e3907-a90f-41ee-b25b-2741efc4eaaf", - "label": "PTP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The joint effort of geo-institutions from four states of the CIS and the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam has resulted in the design, monumentation and observation of a 40 points GPS network in one of the most complex zone of continental collision between the Eurasian and Indian plates. The network covers the states of Usbekistan, Kirgistan and part of Kasachstan and has an extension of about 1.000 × 500 km. One point in the network (Kitab) is belonging to the global GPS fiducial station network, running permanently a ROGUE receiver. Another point (Maidanak) was tied to the nearby 3rd generation SLR station. By two joint teams the monumentation of the network was carried out in May/June 1992 following CSTG/SGMS monumentation standards. The first observation campaign was run in August 1992 by 11 joint teams equipped with TRIMBLE 4000 SST receivers, automatic meteo stations, generators, etc. Four corner points of the network were occupied permanently, the rest of the network was observed by seven moving teams in 6 sessions. First data analysis results have been obtained by processing the Trimble data from the regional network simultaneously with the global IGS core network data. Investigations of daily global dynamic solutions proof a baseline repeatability of 1.10−8\n\nhttp://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-78149-0_11", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d464cc53-e485-4f4e-8dbc-264ef96931c5", - "label": "RASA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Regional Aquifer System Analysis Program (RASA) is a National Program\nwhich reports provide the results of studies of regional groundwater\nsystems. The studies concern the occurence, movement, and quality of\ngroundwater in major aquifer systems.\n\nThe objective of the RASA Program is to define the regional\ngeohydrology and establish a framework of background\ninformation--geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical--that can be used\nfor regional assessment of ground-water resources and in support of\ndetailed local studies.\n\nThe project began in 1978 and was completed in 1995.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/rasa/html/TOC.html'\n\n [Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4d82a6b-35c4-449e-bc95-a5545be9a785", - "label": "PRISM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The U.S. Geological Survey's PRISM (Pliocene Research\nInvestigations Synoptic Mapping) Project is conducting\nmulti-disciplinary research o paleoclimatic conditions during\nthe middle Pliocene, the last period sustained warmth in Earth\nhistory. Mapped paleoclimatic data from th period will be used\nto validate numerical-model simulations of past climates, and\nwill thus aid in the improvement of these models' abili to\npredict climates substantially different from that of today.\nAdditionally, these data may provide insights into the nature of\nregional climatic patterns in a warmer-than-modern global\nclimate and help determine the nature, amplitude, and timing of\npaleoclimatic variations within this warm period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d54c4c4b-f96f-44ba-b90e-c6b092bac392", - "label": "PROARCA/CAPAS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The objective of PROARCA/CAPAS is to provide financial, technical, and\npolicy assistance for the management of protected areas and the\nconservation of biodiversity in Central America. PROARCA is the\nCentral American Regional Environmental Program of the US Agency for\nInternational Development (USAID), and was created to support\nCCAD. CAPAS, which stands for 'Central American Protected Areas\nSystem,' is one of the four components of PROARCA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dda87494-90fb-40d9-ad23-a440daf2057b", - "label": "PICTA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "P.I.C.T.A. stands for 'Project for Antarctic Science and Technology'. It is a\nsummon or call for projects on Antarctic Science and Technology. PICTA is\nbasically any kind of project that involves antarctic scientific or technology\nresearch, and it is funded by the Argentinean Antarctic Institute\n\nFor more information on the list of approved PICTA projects see\n'http://www.dna.gov.ar/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddb370b3-814e-4d60-882f-3b8a6d5f19c0", - "label": "REMOSUR", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: REMOSUR\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=266\n\n\nSurging glaciers are widely distributed in high mountain regions of the World and often are at the bottom of many natural catastrophic phenomenon (mudflows, outbursts of dammed lakes, ice avalanches etc). That's why the revealing of such glaciers and observation on their regime are of great scientific and practical importance.\n\nAt present as a result of field investigations, air photos and space images the regularities of fluctuations of many surging glaciers of the Pamirs (Oktyabrskiy, Gando, Bivachniy, Sugran and others) are investigated in detail. The Inventory of Surging Glaciers of the Pamirs was compiled. The experience of monitoring of these glaciers may be distributed at the glaciers of polar regions. That's why it is proposed to fulfil remote sensing investigations of surging glaciers of Alaska, Svalbard and Pamirs on the base of space images. In Alaska investigations of the regime of some surging glaciers (Muldrow, Variegated, Steele and others) were carried out. Usherbreen, Kongsvegen, Duckwitzbreen surging glaciers are the most investigated in the Svalbard.\n\nThe results of investigations of dynamically unstable glaciers in these regions will give an opportunity to define more precisely the elements of remote sensing monitoring of unstable glaciers in polar and continental regions, to clear up likeness and differences in their conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "deb4eb97-cfbd-4772-9a7e-825be24402e5", - "label": "PTBH", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "This is a collaborative sedimentology, palynology, and paleomagnetic study of Permian and Lower Triassic strata in southern Victoria Land (SVL) and the Darwin Mountains (DM), Antarctica. Results will help constrain the paleo-environmental, tectonic, palynostratigraphic, and paleogeographic histories of southern Pangea and provide a unique polar view of the world during an icehouse to greenhouse transition. \n\nUpper Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic rocks in SVL and DM were deposited during Gondwanaland's drift across the south pole, and during a transition from Icehouse to Greenhouse conditions following the demise of late Paleozoic glaciation. Based on present plate reconstructions, SVL and DM were located higher than 75 S from 320 to 210 Ma. Therefore, SVL and DM strata may provide an unusual high latitude view of the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic world. However, Permian and Triassic mean pole positions for Gondwanaland are not well constrained and have large errors associated with them. We will attempt to recover Permian and Triassic paleomagnetic signatures from petrified wood, silicified peat, and coal, all of which were cemented during early diagenesis (preliminary results indicate stable remanent magnetizations).\n\nDespite a proposed high latitude position, SVL and DM sedimentary successions record a change from Lower Permian glacigenic deposits, to Permian fluvial coal measures, to Lower Triassic non-carbonaceous fluvial deposits, and finally to Middle and Upper Triassic fluvial coal measures. Present climatic simulations suggest seasonal climatic extremes within Pangea's polar interior. Discrepancies between the geological evidence and the climate simulations need to be resolved and may be magnified by incomplete understanding of the influence of paleotopography, large lakes, and river systems at the time of deposition, as well as by incomplete documentation of paleo-environmental conditions.\n\nThe assemblage and drift of Pangea resulted in heightened orogenic activity and associated development of numerous depositional basins. One of the largest basins was the 10,000+ km long 'Gondwanide foredeep' that extended across southern South America, South Africa, the Falkland Islands, Antarctica, and Australia. Diachronous tectonism and an inversion tectonics are believed to have occurred along this margin. Antarctica's centralized location between South Africa and Australia, make SVL and DM key areas for testing these hypotheses.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.uwm.edu/~jisbell/Darwin/Darwin.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1367ae7-882b-4c75-a3f1-c90994f917a1", - "label": "PROTECTING TK", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Indigenous peoples are seeking ways to preserve and protect their traditional knowledge, to incorporate it into both their own decision-making and broader decisions when it is relevant to assessing impacts on indigenous people. At the same time, the ability to exercise some control over indigenous knowledge and maintain its integrity is important. Indigenous people also recognize that their traditional knowledge (TK) may have an economic component and are anxious to share in the benefits that may flow from use of their TK. The fundamental question that this research project seeks to address is how the law responds to these interests of indigenous peoples. What are the alternate legal avenues capable of accepting indigenous claims based on TK and what are the implications both for indigenous people and society more broadly of incorporating TK into the law in these ways? How will recognition and incorporation of TK transform familiar legal landscapes?\nThis study in Northern Canada will provide policy makers and indigenous communities in Canada and other circumpolar nations with insight as to how to protect traditional ecological knowledge and traditional knowledge involving genetic resources. It will explore the legal response to increased participation of indigenous peoples in governance and the incorporation of TK in decision making. Traditional ecological knowledge has the potential to play a major role in developing resource management and environmental policy in Northern Canada. The issue of how to incorporate TK into governance frameworks in this area is particularly pressing given the current resource boom and the ecological pressures resulting from global climate change. The study will utilize first, a review of literature, land claims and self government agreements, agreements in principle and statutes and regulations to assess TK discourse, meanings, and governance and second a case study approach in collaboration with communities in the Nunavut, Northwest Territory and Yukon to answer the following questions.\nConceptual and Factual Inquiry:\n1) Does TK exist as a single conceptual idea or is it just a way of referring to a set of (not necessarily similar) concerns?\n2) If TK is a single idea, to what extent, if at all, does it differ from other forms of knowledge with which we are more familiar?\n3) What is the connection between those holding TK and the TK? Is there a common connection or a variety of connections (religious, medicinal, economic, etc.)?\nLegal Questions:\n4) Does the nature of the connection in (3) give rise to rights in or to TK?\n5) If so, what are the legal alternatives to providing those rights (property, liability rules, acknowledgement, inalienability, constitutional protection)? 6) Do the connections and the availability of alternative forms of protection fit within justifications given for property rights? If not, which of the alternatives is best justified?\nConstitutional Questions:\nOne focus of our research is to explore whether TK in itself has any constitutional protection as an aboriginal right under s. 35 of the Canadian Constitution, or alternatively whether particular dimensions of TK may have some constitutional status as an integral aspect of broader rights. Protection of TK within the framework of rights to self-governance would provide indigenous people with the capacity to develop their own legal institutions relating to TK. We plan to explore the extent of rights and their interaction with other regulatory regimes, e.g., environmental and natural resource legislation. We also plan to explore the connection point between TK and indigenous rights under s. 35 and the duty of consultation and accommodation recently articulated by the Supreme Court of Canada.\nWhile some of these questions arise in a Canadian Constitutional context, the interplay of rights discourse and TK has a broader significance in national and international law in circumpolar regions. We plan to explore all potential intersection points between TK and international, national, regional and private rules or norms with the aim of developing national and international guidelines for the protection of TK.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=206", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e19b64e5-7115-4ce3-9dc2-cefb3699a905", - "label": "RLC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Russian Land Cover project provides 12 map data products -- land cover,\nforested area, forest carbon content, and administrative information -- for\nRussia and the former USSR.\n\nThe Russian Land Cover data archived and distributed by the Oak Ridge National\nLaboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC) were\ngenerated by scientists at the Woods Hole Research Center.\n\nWebsite: http://www.daac.ornl.gov/RLC/russian_land_cover.html\n\n[Summary provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e644d840-918f-44b0-929d-acfdc557d62e", - "label": "POLENET-ANTARCTICA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Abstract: This project constructs POLENET a network of GPS and seismic stations in West Antarctica to understand how the mass of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) changes with time. The information is ultimately used to predict sea level rise accompanying global warming and interpret climate change records. The GPS (global positioning system) stations measure vertical and horizontal movements of bedrock, while the seismic stations characterize physical properties of the ice/rock interface, lithosphere, and mantle. Combined with satellite data, this project offers a more complete picture of the ice sheet's current state, its likely change in the near future, and its overall size during the last glacial maximum. This data will also be used to infer sub-ice sheet geology and the terrestrial heat flux, critical inputs to models of glacier movement. As well, this project improves tomographic models of the earth's deep interior and core through its location in the Earth's poorly instrumented southern hemisphere. \n\nBroader impacts of this project are varied. The work is relevant to society for improving our understanding of the impacts of global warming on sea level rise. It also supports education at the postdoctoral, graduate, and undergraduate levels, and outreach to groups underrepresented in the sciences. As an International Polar Year contribution, this project establishes a legacy of infrastructure for polar measurements. It also involves an international collaboration of twenty four countries. For more information see IPY Project #185 at IPY.org and the project website polenet.org.\n\nAll seismic data and metadata for this project are archived and available at the IRIS Consortium Data Management Center (www.iris.edu) under experiment code YT.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8a08b00-73cb-4800-80fe-db2f76abcb79", - "label": "POES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: NOAA Office of Satellite Operations, http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/ ]\n\nThe POES satellite system offers the advantage of daily global coverage, by making nearly polar orbits roughly 14.1 times daily. Since the number of orbits per day is not an integer the sub orbital tracks do not repeat on a daily basis, although the local solar time of each satellite's passage is essentially unchanged for any latitude. Currently in orbit we have a morning and afternoon satellite, which provide global coverage four times daily. The POES system includes the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS).\n\nBecause of the polar orbiting nature of the POES series satellites, these satellites are able to collect global data on a daily basis for a variety of land, ocean, and atmospheric applications. Data from the POES series supports a broad range of environmental monitoring applications including weather analysis and forecasting, climate research and prediction, global sea surface temperature measurements, atmospheric soundings of temperature and humidity, ocean dynamics research, volcanic eruption monitoring, forest fire detection, global vegetation analysis, search and rescue, and many other applications. \n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/\nhttp://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecaf9590-6b7b-4628-9e0d-9896aff01006", - "label": "P_MINUS_E", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "NSF OPP Project #0087439\n\nThis award supports a project to develop the techniques for separating net\naccumulation into precipitation and sublimation in polar firn. The project will\nuse existing models for firn ventilation and models for the transfer of\nchemical species to firn to create an integrated model of vapor and chemical\nspecies transport in firn for suites of species that respond differently to\nwater mass loss. This forward model will predict the dependence of geochemistry\non water vapor loss. The knowledge gained from these forward models will then\nbe used to solve an inverse problem to predict the amount of water vapor\nsublimation and redeposition based on profiles of geochemistry in firn. This\nproject is a necessary first step toward inferring precipitation and\nevaporation in ancient environments, such as are recorded in ice cores. This\nproject will serve as the basis for a Ph.D. dissertation for a student under\nthe direction of the P.I., E.D. Waddington. Determining how to best extract\nclimate information from firn and ultimately ice cores is the major goal of\nthis project.\n\nResulting Publications: \nNeumann, T.A and E.D. Waddington. In press. Effects of firn ventilation on\nisotopic exchange. Journal of Glaciology. \n\nNeumann, T.A., E.D. Waddington, E.J. Steig and P.M. Grootes. In review. \nNon-climate influences on stable isotopes at Taylor Mouth, Antarctica. Journal\nof Glaciology.\n\nNo data were collected during this project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f026f642-dd24-46ad-a1d9-e78e69d414a1", - "label": "Polar Winds II", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2da9177-055c-4ba5-ab90-ea929a36b8db", - "label": "POLARCAT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLARCAT\nProject URL: http://www.polarcat.no/\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=32\n\nThe overall objective of POLARCAT, which proposes a coordinated programme of measurements and modelling, is to quantify the impact of trace gases, aerosols and mercury transported to the Arctic and their contribution to pollutant deposition and climate change in the region. POLARCAT has 5 major scientific objectives detailed in a White Paper, see http://zardoz.nilu.no/~andreas/POLARCAT/\n\n1) Quantification of the major transport pathways controlling distributions of oxidants, aerosols, heavy metals together with their precursors/degradation products in the Arctic troposphere during winter-spring when Arctic Haze is prevalent and during summertime. Processes controlling the carbon budget at Northern high latitude forest/tundra/ocean regions will also be investigated.\n\n2) Quantification of the optical properties and direct radiative effects of aerosols and their interactions with clouds and possible impacts on surface albedo and ice/snow cover.\n\n3) Investigation into the influence of summertime boreal forest fires on the composition of the Arctic free troposphere compared to other source regions (e.g. Asia) including the impact of soot deposition on snow/ice albedo. The impact of pyro-convection on the composition/aerosol loading of the lower stratosphere and possible influences on stratospheric ozone depletion will also be investigated.\n\n4) Determination of chemical processes controlling atmospheric composition, particularly during the winter and the spring-summer transition in the Arctic. This will include assessment of the nature and extent of ozone depletion events (link to halogen/mercury cycling) in the boundary layer; quantification of the role of VOCs and oxygenated species, relative roles of dry deposition and wet deposition of soluble species in rain- and snowfall, quantification of sources and sinks of major oxidants such as ozone and PAN including assessment of the odd-nitrogen budget. Also the chemistry and effect of polar air masses on mid- and high latitude particle formation is investigated.\n\n5) Study of processes controlling inter-annual variations in atmospheric composition over the Arctic such as transport patterns (e.g. NAO) and changing emissions in different source regions. The impact of climate change on atmospheric composition and conversely the impact of atmospheric composition change on climate will also be investigated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2e70edc-ff6b-4fd8-995e-ecb8ab83bbf8", - "label": "QUAKESIM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "QuakeSim is a project to develop a solid Earth science framework for modeling and understanding earthquake and tectonic processes. The multi-scale nature of earthquakes requires integrating many data types and models to fully simulate and understand the earthquake process. QuakeSim focuses on modeling the interseismic process through various boundary element, finite element, and analytic applications, which run on various platforms including desktop and high end computers.\n\nWe integrate and deliver the following data products through our QuakeTables database:\n\n -paleoseismic fault data\n -surface deformation data in the form of Global Positioning System (GPS) data\n -seismicity data\n -processed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) interferograms from existing satellites (in progress)\n\nMaking these data available to modelers is leading to significant improvements in earthquake forecast quality and thereby mitigating the danger from this natural hazard.\n\nSummary provided by http://quakesim.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f44e52fc-9a1a-4af6-8a1b-3e48e8e1f86b", - "label": "POLENET", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLENET\nProject URL: http://www.polenet.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=185\n\nThe science programme of the POLENET consortium will investigate polar geodynamics, the earth's magnetic field, crust, mantle and core structure and dynamics, and systems-scale interactions of the solid earth, the cryosphere, the oceans and the atmosphere. Activities will be focused on deployment of autonomous observatories at remote sites on the continents and offshore, coordinated with measurements made at permanent station observatories and by satellite campaigns. Measurements (in situ, satellite and airborne) will include GPS (w/ GLONASS, Galileo; GPS occultation/meteorological sensors), seismic, gravity (absolute and relative), geomagnetic, tide gauges (at coastal sites, or as ocean bottom sensors), and oceanographic (in situ and altimetry) and chemical (at offshore sites). Many sites will be augmented by meteorological sensors. Multidisciplinary deep sea observatories on the polar seafloor will perform continuous collection of geophysical, oceanographic and geochemical data. This initiative will overcome the scarcity of observational systems in the Earth's polar regions, and will provide a legacy in observational infrastructure and the technological capability to overcome the challenges of autonomous operations in extreme environments. \n\nGeodetic studies, including GPS measurements of crustal motion, tide-gauge measurements of relative sea-level change, and gravity measurements of mass change, constitute essential elements in developing an understanding of the stability and mass balance of the cryosphere and of ongoing sea-level change. There is a critical need to understand the contribution to sea-level change due to changes in mass balance of the major ice sheets of the world, most importantly the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Accurate measurement of millimeter-scale vertical and horizontal crustal motions is possible in only 2-5 years if continuous GPS trackers are deployed. Deployment of C-GPS stations at sufficiently high spatial resolution, and co-located GPS and absolute gravity measurements, will allow discrimination of the elastic response to modern mass change from the secular viscoelastic response to ancient ice mass change. Present-day rebound models are least well constrained in the polar regions and a bi-polar effort during IPY will reduce uncertainty levels and allow more reliable ice history models to be constructed. Together with satellite-based measurement of ice volume and mass change (ICESat, GRACE, GFO, ENVISAT, CRYOSAT), we can use these data to provide robust constraints on ice models and earth models, improving our ability to quantify ice mass loss/gain and sea-level change. Deployment of C-GPS stations across tectonic blocks and boundaries allows crustal motions due to global plate motion and intraplate neotectonic deformation to be measured and velocity fields to be mapped and modeled.\n\nSeismological data from the observatories will provide the first relatively high-resolution data on the Earth beneath the polar seas and ice sheets. Advanced techniques to image the Earth’s deep interior, such as seismic tomography, will be used to place constraints on the planet’s internal processes. Seismic imaging of the crust and mantle will assess causes for anomalously high elevations in East Antarctica, linked with ice sheet development, will provide information on heat flow and mantle viscosity that are key factors controlling ice sheet dynamics and the Earth's response to ice mass change, and will provide constraints on the magma sources for polar volcanism. Enhanced seismic station coverage will vastly improve the detection level for earthquakes and permit evaluation of seismotectonic activity and associated seismic hazard across the remote high latitudes. The axial vantage points of the poles will allow unprecedented studies of Earth's inner core, contributing to our understanding of the initial differentiation of the Earth, the Earth's thermal history, and the physics and variability of the Earth's magnetic field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f58b58c0-3e40-43bf-883f-a9690d70dd5c", - "label": "RSD", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Adapted from the GSFC/RSD Home Page]\nThe Public Use of Remote Sensing Data (RSD) effort is composed of 20\nprojects funded by the NASA Information Infrastructure Technology and\nApplications (IITA) initiative, which establishes partnerships between\ngovernment, private business and academia to promote the use of Earth\nand space science data over the Internet. Branch personnel play a key\nrole in the management of the project.\nThe activities supported in this project are largely based on World\nWide Web (WWW) servers on the Internet. The progress of these\nactivities can be followed by watching the RSD server at\n'http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/'\nThese projects support:\n-K-12 education\n-Life-long learning in museums, observatories, homes\n-Local/State governments\n-Emergency preparedness\n-Land-use planning\n-Resource management\n-Interactive TV", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f61d4d29-daa8-44c3-bae3-5656d2e48d51", - "label": "PALEOMAP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The goal of the PALEOMAP Project is to illustrate the plate tectonic\ndevelopment of the ocean basins and continents, as well as the\nchanging distribution of land and sea during the past 1100 million\nyears.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.scotese.com/Default.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7f3eede-adb0-493a-b626-44e1176fbe3d", - "label": "POL2006-06635-E/ANT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f91f01db-d4ca-4dad-8173-33d44957313c", - "label": "PMP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Poverty Mapping Project seeks to enhance current understanding of the\nglobal distribution of poverty and the geographic and biophysical conditions of\nwhere the poor live. Additionally, the project aims to assist policy makers,\ndevelopment agencies, and the poor themselves in designing interventions to\nreduce poverty.\n\nProject URL: http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/povmap/\n\n[Summary provided by CIESIN.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe0a81fb-a773-49ee-b669-eb276b1d90a5", - "label": "PEMG", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The first views of earth from space were not obtained from satellites but from converted military rockets in the early 1950s. It was not until 1 April 1960 that the first experimental meteorological satellite was launched by the USA and began to transmit basic, but very useful, cloud imagery. This satellite was such an effective proof of concept that by 1966 the USA had launched the first of a long line of operational polar satellites and its first geostationary meteorological satellite. \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/sat/CGMS/Directoryofapplications/en/ap1-03.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06e9cf54-c97d-4e49-9810-5f8cc4812757", - "label": "PISTON", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: https://onrpiston.colostate.edu/about.html ]\n\nPISTON stands for the Propagation of Intra-Seasonal Tropical OscillatioNs. While numerous tropical intra-seasonal oscillations exist, PISTON will primarily target the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO). The BSISO defines the northward and eastward movement of the Asian monsoon during northern-hemispheric (boreal) summertime. This oscillation has been observed to impact weather across the Maritime Continent and into the southeastern portions of continental Asia, and even weather within the United States. The BSISO is rather complex, and PISTON is therefore an extensive field campaign, involving both intensive numerical modeling and observational activities. Namely, the PISTON campaign emphasizes two scientific questions:\n\nHow do localized features such as island orography and individual thunderstorms influence tropical intraseasonal oscillations?", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1fd707d-420e-4236-bb00-cdfcc0287400", - "label": "R2R", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Rolling Deck to Repository (R2R) program provides fleet-wide management of underway data to ensure preservation of, and access to, our national oceanographic research assets. R2R catalogs and submits the underway environmental sensor data routinely acquired on research expeditions to long-term public archives, including the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f48525b9-cc8a-4ff9-9d28-e908dcb43f60", - "label": "RELAMPAGO", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The international field campaign RELAMPAGO (Remote Sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) investigated different phases of the life cycle of thunderstorms that occur in Argentina and took place from June 1, 2018, to April 30, 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5107ce26-93b0-4d02-bedd-39c851d9be19", - "label": "PEND", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "This collection includes a data set of natural disasters by country for 1960-2018 and a separate set of data and maps showing the pre-disaster characteristics of populations most directly affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08684c69-224d-4c4a-a1a7-ea3933ac9081", - "label": "PREFIRE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year).\n\n The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics.\n \n Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured.\n \n PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE.\n\nhttps://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "label": "J - L", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "021481a1-b432-40b7-ac0b-8fc878ed2988", - "label": "KWAJEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX), held 23 July - 15 September 1999, was a field observation campaign centered on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands and sponsored by NASA in cooperation with the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/Kwajalein Missile Range and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. The joint U.S.-Japan Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was launched in November 1997 and uses a Ku-band radar and a multi-channel passive microwave radiometer to map precipitation in the tropics. A number of physical assumptions are made within the TRMM satellite algorithms in order to obtain rain rates from the the satellite-measured radiances. The goals of KWAJEX were focused on making observations to reduce uncertainty in these physical assumptions by gathering a coordinated data set of airborne, shipborne, and ground-based measurements within tropical open ocean precipitating clouds. This site integrates information on the specific measurements made during the KWAJEX field campaign and on the ongoing data processing and analysis. \n\nProject Contacts:\n \nSandra Yuter yuter@atmos.washington.edu\nRobert A. Houze, Jr houze@atmos.washington.edu\n \nFor more information, link to the KWAJEX homepage at\nhttp://www.atmos.washington.edu/kwajex/\n \nor to:\n\nhttp://www.espo.nasa.gov/kwajex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05408c1b-88fe-4a96-9840-b1ef7a6ea382", - "label": "LIS SCF", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07d7ee85-ff43-4c76-8023-bfb9c022b53c", - "label": "LANCE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) provides access to near-real time products from the MODIS, OMI, AIRS, and MLS instruments in less than 2.5 hours from observation from the Land, Atmosphere Near-real time Capability for EOS (LANCE). The system supports application users who are interested in monitoring and analyzing a wide variety of natural and man-made phenomena. Data are freely available after self-registration.\n\nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/nrt-data", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "092746d8-be00-46e5-9980-5c9a4c9da49f", - "label": "KORUS-AQ", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a306026-d39b-4f20-b560-ccecbc11c420", - "label": "LMER", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Chesapeake Bay Land Margin Ecosystem Reserch (LMER) project\ninvestigates mechanisms affecting secondary production of estuarine\necosystems.\n\nThe Chesapeake Bay LMER project, called Trophic Interactions in\nEstuarine Systems, or TIES, began in 1995 and is scheduled to run\nuntil the year 2000. The project uses Chesapeake Bay to investigate\nmechanisms controlling secondary product ion in estuarine ecosystems.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to\n'http://www.chesapeake.org/ties/overview/overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b955597-8396-4e55-a17f-4adb5076dbae", - "label": "JONSWAP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The objective of the Joint North Sea Wave Project JONSWAP)\nwas to determine the structure of the source function governing\nthe energy balance of the ocean wind wave spectrum, with particular\nemphasis on wave growth under a stationary offshore wind\nand the attenuation of swell in water of finite depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c768749-4b35-40f2-89ae-de8022ed7428", - "label": "JERS-1", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d6a9ea0-2492-409b-aced-43b755d85e53", - "label": "JONSDAP76", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Joint North Sea Data Acquisition Project (JONSDAP 76) was an\ninternational undertaking in the North Sea during March to June\n1976. It consisted of two parts: FLEX, the Fladen Ground Experiment,\nand INOUT, the inflows of water of the whole North Sea as well as the\ninternal movements.\n\nThe INOUT period was 15 March to 25 April. Automatically ... recording\ncurrent (and usually temperature) meters were deployed at 83 positions\nand off-shore tide gauges at 11 positions. More than 10 ships carried\nout hydrographic work at various stations.\n\nThe FLEX period was 25 March to 15 June. The central position in the\nFLEX square was continually occupied by at least one (German)\nship. During the latter half of the period there was increased\nactivity from about 15 ships. There were nearly 20 positions with more\nthan 80 automatically recording instruments (some overlapping with\nINOUT) and 15 over-flights with aircraft.\n\nThe moored current meter data collected during JONSDAP 76 have been\ncompiled into a data set comprising approximately 250 data series. The\ndata were collected by 13 laboratories in 8 countries.\n\nThe data set is available from BODC on magnetic tape, floppy disk or\nvia ftp over Internet.\n\n[This description was derived from the BODC WWW pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14ca6ba9-147c-4f29-82d6-08fc89f8c3f4", - "label": "LCFRP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The mission of the Cape Fear River Program is to develop an understanding of processes which control and influence the Cape Fear River and to provide a mechanism for information exchange and public education. Specific objectives include: \n\nDevelop, implement, and manage a basin-wide coordinated physical, chemical, and biological water quality monitoring program. Point, non-point, and naturally occurring sources will be considered in developing the monitoring plan. \n\nInteract with regulatory agencies, academic institutions, local industries, and other groups to determine additional studies and analysis needed to develop an effective and successful management plan. Initiate the studies and assist in securing funding to conduct the research. \n\nDevelop scientific information to provide environmental education about the basin targeting point and non-point source contributors and produce reports to identify changes or trends. \n\nDevelop, consolidate, and maintain a data base on the Cape Fear River Basin, including historical and current data, and made data available to public and private requesters including regulatory agencies. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.uncwil.edu/cmsr/aquaticecology/lcfrp/mission.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "193086bc-e0d4-4323-92c9-599ec3a94c88", - "label": "LTP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The NASA Learning Technologies Project (LTP) is NASA’s educational technology incubator. LTP funds activities and collaborates with endeavors that incorporate NASA content with revolutionary technologies or innovative use of entrenched technologies to enhance education in the areas of math and science. \n\nSummary provided by http://learn.arc.nasa.gov/about/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c36cf52-11ea-47f4-b987-9053c3f2604e", - "label": "JAX90", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Jacksonville 90 (JAX90) field experiment was conducted during the month of October 1990 over the Gulf of Mexico. These early validation flights collected initial flight data from AMPR, which were then used to develop algorithms relating brightness temperatures observed at different wavelengths to precipitation characteristics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "208283b3-1869-46df-8d4d-5b52c799a149", - "label": "JARE 25", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2128cb03-b3f5-47e3-899f-0bc2d505dee9", - "label": "JARE 27", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21354828-fd41-4417-95a1-d53fb9e6a8ae", - "label": "LECZ", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Low Elevation Coastal Zone collection includes three data sets: the Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v1 (2000), the Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2 (1990, 2000, 2010, 2100), and the Sea Level Rise Impacts on Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance, v1 (2000 – 2010). Users are encouraged to review the methodologies used for constructing these data sets and to acknowledge uncertainties and limitations.\n\nCountry-level estimates of urban, rural and total population and land area in LECZ’s were generated globally using Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) population and land area data products. The Urban-Rural Population Estimates, v1 (2000) dataset uses GRUMP alpha data and was estimated at a 1km (30 arc second) grid resolution. The Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2 (1990, 2000, 2010, 2100) dataset used GRUMP v1 population inputs and urban-rural data, and is estimated at a ~90m (3 arc second) grid resolution to conform with the native resolution of the elevation data. The GRUMP data were also used at a 1km (30 arc second) grid resolution in order to reflect uncertainty levels in the product resulting from the interplay of input population data resolutions (based on census units) and the elevation data. This data set also reconciled the coastal boundaries using ISciences LLC’s coastal boundary data set in order to reduce the possibility of spatial mismatches. Both datasets are based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data. The low elevation coastal zones were derived from the DEM by selecting all land areas contiguous to the coast below 20m elevation. Estimates of population (head counts and percents) and land areas (square kilometers and percents) were generated for urban, rural and total locations for each country as a whole and within the LECZs.\n\nSea Level Rise Impacts on Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance, v1 (2000 – 2010) provides estimates of the area and percent area of coastal Ramsar wetland sites that would become inundated under 1 and 2 meter sea level rise scenarios.\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2152ab3d-a5fe-4878-b607-be79b6584088", - "label": "LANDSAT 7", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In 1992, the US Congress authorized the procurement, launch and\noperation of a new Landsat satellite. This new system, Landsat 7, was\nlaunched on April 15, 1999. It is the latest in a series of Landsat\nearth observation satellites dating back to 1972. The twenty-nine year\nrecord of data acquired by the Landsat satellites constitutes the\nlongest continuous record of the earth's continental\nsurfaces. Preservation of the existing record and continuation of the\nLandsat capability were identified in the law as critical to land\nsurface monitoring and global change research.\n\nLandsat 7 has a unique and essential role in the realm of earth\nobserving satellites in orbit. No other earth observing system matches\nLandsat's combination of synoptic coverage, high spatial resolution,\nspectral range and radiometric calibration. In addition, the Landsat\nProgram is committed to provide Landsat digital data to the user\ncommunity in greater quantities, more quickly and at lower cost than\nat any previous time in the history of the program.\n\nThe Landsat 7 spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin, Valley Forge,\nPennsylvania. The ETM+ instrument is a product of Hughes Santa Barbara\nRemote Sensing. Construction of both was managed through contracts\nbetween the manufacturers and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,\nGreenbelt, Maryland.\n\nThe Landsat Program, as defined by Congress in 1992 and amended by\nPresidential Decision Directive/NSTC-3 in May, 1994, was managed\ncooperatively by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\nand the USGS. NASA was responsibility for construction of the\nspacecraft and instrument. The Landsat Program is part of the NASA's\nglobal change initiative - the Earth Observing System, administered by\nthe NASA Office of Mission to Planet Earth. NOAA no longer\nparticipates in the Landsat 7 program. Landsat 7 is now operated by\nUSGS. Data processing, archiving and distribution is performed by\nUSGS. These functions will be executed in coordination with the EDC\nDistributed Active Archive Center (EDC DAAC) of NASA's Earth Observing\nSystem Data and Information System (EOSDIS) at EDC.\n\nFor more information on Landsat and Landsat 7, see:\n'http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\nand\n'http://landsat7.usgs.gov/index.php'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25941aae-ccfa-4a3c-83e6-8b3db174ca27", - "label": "LCDI", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The aims of this project are: the limnological characterization of the\ndifferent water bodies from Deception Island through the study of\nbiotic factors (distribution of continental algae) and morphometric\nand physico-chemical features; the analysis of the diversity of\nfreshwater, aerophilic and cryobiontic algae by means of a thorough\nfloristic survey and comparison with floras of surrounding areas\n(Maritime Antarctica, Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia); the study of\nthe structure and dynamics of algal communities from different\nbiotopes (phytoplankton and periphyton) throughout summer and their\nrelation with abiotic features; and the definition of the trophic\nstatus of water bodies and its relation with different sources of\nnatural eutrophication.\n\nDuration of Project: 2002-2004", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29cacd18-960f-41d0-a657-836a619ad085", - "label": "LBA-ECO", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) was an intensive scientific investigation of the tropical rainforest of Brazil and portions of adjacent countries. LBA used intensive remote-sensing techniques and ground-based experiments to investigate the atmosphere-biosphere-hydrosphere dynamics of this large tropical region. The LBA Project encompasses several scientific disciplines, or components. The LBA-ECO component focuses on the question: How do tropical forest conversion, regrowth, and selective logging influence carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, trace gas fluxes, and the prospect for sustainable land use in Amazonia?", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dcb757b-60f1-47db-b530-1a9c5c40a0e8", - "label": "LCCP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land Cover Characterization Program (LCCP) was started in 1995 to address\nNational and International requirements for land cover data that were becoming\nincreasingly sophisticated and diverse. The goal of the land cover program is\nto be a national and international center for excellence in land cover\ncharacterization. To accomplish that goal, the program:\n\n1. Develops state-of-the-art multiscale land cover characteristics data bases\nused by scientists, resource managers, planners, and educators. (Global Land\nCover and National Land Cover)\n\n2. Contributes to the understanding of the patterns, characteristics, and\ndynamics of land cover across the Nation and the Earth.(Urban Dynamics and Land\nCover Trends)\n\n3. Pursues research that improves the utility and efficiency of large-area land\ncover characterization and land cover characteristics databases.\n\n4. Serves as a central facility for access to, or information about, land cover\ndata.(Land Cover Applications Center)\n\nWebsite: 'http://landcover.usgs.gov/overview.asp'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34318c36-5b8b-47bd-8ff0-7e1693a74561", - "label": "LAKE-ICE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Project Location: Madison, Wisconsin\n Project Dates: Winters of 1997 and 1998\n\n\nThe primary goal of Lake-Induced Convection Experiment (LAKE-ICE) are\nto determine the mechanisms which control the structure and evolution\nof mesoscale convective circulations in boundary layers over Lake\nMichigan and to determine interrelationships between these mesoscale\ncirculations, fluxes throughout the depth of the boundary layer, and\ncloud and precipitation development. Additionally, Lake-ICE seeks to\nidentify the processes by which heat and moisture fluxes from each of\nthe Great Lakes augment large-scale atmospheric processes (including\nthe development of Mesoscale Aggregate Vortices - MAVs).\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/dir_off/projects/1998/LakeICE.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NCAR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3444ecc1-a60f-41f8-8a86-5826f4c086c6", - "label": "LMP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Lifemapper (LM) produces a comprehensive archive of species' geographical \ndistribution maps. It intends to re-architect the LM species data archive and \nupdate it with models derived from museum data. Therefore, a software package \ncalled DesktopGarp has been developed in order to allow the users to predict \nand analyze wild species distributions using GARP algorithm, choosing different parameters, environmental layers and custom statistical methods. This tool supports the community ecologists by modeling the a) Ecological niche, b) Species richness and abundances. Two of the most important concepts from the community ecology applied to biodiversity. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/uklmGARP.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3812ca76-937b-4ed2-8e2a-30e4858b710a", - "label": "JCOMM", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Background of Joint WMO/ICO Comission for Oceanography and\n Marine Meteorology (JCOMM):\n\n\nAs a step in the process of responding to new needs for marine\nmeteorological and oceanographic data, as expressed in particular by\nthe global observing systems (GOOS, GCOS, GTOS) as well as continuing\nto serve the traditional users of such data and services, IOC and WMO\nagreed to study the possibility of improved cooperation in the area of\nmarine data collection, analysis, integration, and\ndissemination. These organizations have been cooperating for many\nyears and had jointly established the Integrated Global Ocean Services\nSystem (IGOSS). The needs for the future demand even closer and more\neffective cooperation.\n\nThe Executive Council (EC) of the World Meteorological Organization\n(WMO) (EC-XLVIII) in June 1996 and the Executive Council (EC) of the\nIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) in October 1996\nagreed that a study should be prepared on closer collaboration between\nWMO and IOC with a view to possible co-sponsorship of the Commission\nfor Marine Meteorology (CMM) of WMO. A preliminary report was prepared\nfor the twelfth session of CMM in March 1997, which recommended that\nthe study be continued on closer cooperation between IOC and CMM and a\ndetailed proposal be prepared for the governing bodies of WMO and IOC.\n\nWMO EC-XLIX in June 1997 approved this recommendation to continue with\na full and detailed study with a view to having a single, joint\nWMO/IOC report available for consideration by the two ECs in 1998. The\n19th session of the IOC Assembly in July 1997 endorsed the completion\nof a joint study report for presentation to the 1998 EC session.\n\nThis background information contains a summary of the main discussion\nand recommendations of the report prepared by joint IOC and WMO\nconsultants. The full report (in English only) will be available at\nthe session for consultation.\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/jcomm.htm#back'\n\n [Summary provided by GOOS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "382fea4f-2aeb-414f-bde4-c7a04f5b89e6", - "label": "JARE 31", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "389bc553-a5dc-41c2-8b06-d41994c4a98c", - "label": "KOPRI Basic Project", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a252543-c4c2-48d5-b98c-5e182c70dd16", - "label": "LP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In English:\n\nThis project is aimed to achieve a higher knowledge of the limnetic systems in Polar latitudes. Particularly, it promotes the accurate description the Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island), considered one of the most important freshwater zones in the Maritime Antarctica, as well as Deception Island. This project is related to an international Polar Latitudinal Gradient aimed at understanding the effects of the environmental variables related with latitude (temperature and radiation) on the biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, and also modelling the effects of the Global Climate Change on these kind of ecosystems. This proposal involves scientists from different institutions with extensive expertise on the organisms that will be found in these ecosystems. Moreover, this proposal is closely linked with other groups from overseas, this fact will allow an exchange, both of scientists and data collected from the different ecosystems, representing an evident benefit in the production and validation of models.\n\nEn Español:\n\nEl presente proyecto pretende aumentar el conocimiento de los ecosistemas limnéticos en las zonas polares. En particular se espera describir con precisión la Península Byers (Isla Livingston) una de las zonas de ecosistemas dulceacuícolas más importantes de la Antártida Marítima, así como Isla Decepción. Este proyecto a su vez participa de un gradiente latitudinal polar en cooperación con otros programas polares internacionales con doble objetivo: por un lado estudiar las variaciones en biodiversidad en estos ecosistemas acuáticos, lo que permitirá entender como las variaciones ambientales asociadas a la latitud (radiación y temperatura) afectan a la diversidad biológica; y por otro lado pretende pronosticar las variaciones ecológicas que experimentarán los ecosistemas polares en un evento de cambio climático global. El estudio aquí propuesto incorpora especialistas, procedentes de distintos centros de investigación, en los distintos aspectos que se investigarán referentes a los ecosistemas acuáticos y cuenta con una importante componente internacional que permitirá un intercambio de investigadores y de datos obtenidos en los distintos ecosistemas polares investigados, con sus evidentes beneficios a la hora de producción de modelos.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a715e91-8a5d-4231-a6a6-980d2c7f4abf", - "label": "LWS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Living With a Star Program provides missions to improve our understanding of how and why the Sun varies, how the Earth and Solar System respond, and how the variability and response affects humanity in Space and on Earth.\n\nhttp://lws.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cd32c30-17c8-4e8e-9e08-75f44198c852", - "label": "LAKRIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The LAzarev Sea KRIll Study (LAKRIS) aims to quantify seasonal population dynamics and physiological condition of krill with an interdisciplinary approach, in a region of the Antarctic that is poorly sampled and understood.\n\nMuch of our knowledge of Antarctic krill comes from a few regions, such as the much-studied Antarctic Peninsula (Hofmann et al. 2004). But it is becoming increasingly clear that the seasonal survival mechanisms of krill are variable, so neither the local environment, (e.g. those along the Antarctic Peninsula) nor the response of krill to it, can be extrapolated easily to a wider area. The LAKRIS project will complement the existing international research activities within SO-GLOBEC and CCAMLR along the west Antarctic Peninsula, Scotia Sea and in the Southwest Indian Ocean Sector (Hofmann et al. 2004, Atkinson 2003, Nicol et al. 2000).\n \nhttp://www.awi.de/de/forschung/fachbereiche/biowissenschaften/polare_biologische_ozeanographie/projekte/finished_projects/lakris/project_overview/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e2cc17e-c2c4-4451-905b-e44381447f71", - "label": "LANDSAT-7", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Land Remote Sensing Satellite Program managed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The Landsat Satellite series began in 1972 to gather information about land surface features of the planet. Landsat 5, launched in 1984, and Landsat 7, launched in 1999, are still operational.\n\nData from the satellites have been used for monitoring land cover conditions, geological / mineralogical exploration, urban growth, and cartography. Global coverage is available and data sets are provided by the USGS at the cost of reproduction. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://landsat.usgs.gov/tools_glossary_ALL.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e417c67-941f-4eef-b54f-f6e2257c2a38", - "label": "LIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), is a space based instrument used to detect the distribution and variability of total lightning (cloud-to-cloud, intracloud, and cloud-to-ground lightning) that occurs in the tropical regions of the globe. The LIS is a science instrument aboard the TRMM Observatory, which was launched on 28 November 1997 from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan. \n\nThis lightning sensor consists of a staring imager which is optimized to locate and detect lightning with storm-scale resolution (4 to 7 km) over a large region (600 x 600 km) of the Earth's surface. The TRMM Satellite travels a distance of 7 kilometers every second (nearly 16,000 miles per hour) as it orbits the Earth, thus allowing the LIS to observe a point on the Earth or a cloud for almost 90 seconds as it passes overhead. Despite the brief duration of an observation, it is long enough to estimate the flashing rate of most storms. The instrument records the time of occurrence, measures the radiant energy, and determines the location of lightning events within its field-of-view.\n\nInformation provided by http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/lis/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4458a668-7ca2-45eb-8f34-37a579f09a1a", - "label": "JARE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4484d3bf-f312-466b-8d12-ca88d5378378", - "label": "JASON-2", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "464a0e16-e35b-4afd-8fad-efe8e96c4487", - "label": "LITE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lidar-In-Space Technology Experiment(LITE) is being developed by\nNasa Langley Research Center for a series of flights on the\nspace shuttle. Using a laser,a telescope approximately 1 meter\nin diameter and a modular design, the system will be used to\nstudy clouds, trophospheric and stratospheric aerosols,\ncharacteristics of the planetary boundary layer, stratospheric\ndensity and temperature pertubations, and to some degree,\nsurface topography. The greatly improved resolution of LITE\nwith respect to passive sensors is expected to provide a new\nand unique data set on the global distribution and optical\nproperties of clouds and aerosols , and therefore, their\nradiative and chemical effects. In addition, this data set will\nbe useful in validating and improving retrieval algorithms\nalready in use. Similarly, the ability to accurately locate the\ntop of the planetary boundary layer will aid in global climate\nmodel(GCM) parameterizations of flux transport between the\noceans and th! e atmosphere. Measurements of density\npertubations in the middle stratosphere will provide a greatly\nimproved glimpse of the global dynamics of this region compared\nto that given by current spaceborne sensors. The primary goals\nof LITE are to demonstrate the maturity of space-based lidar\ntechnology, to provide some unique measurements, and to provide\na platform for the development of technology for future\nspace-based systems.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lite/ASDlite.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b4b35aa-94b9-47ba-86f9-e7a1b2b78d1f", - "label": "LUCC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) Project is a Programme\nElement of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) of\nthe International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and the\nInternational Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental\nChange (IHDP) of the International Social Science Council (ISSC).\nThis Core Project is an interdisciplinary programme aimed to improve\nunderstanding of land use and land cover change dynamics and their\nrelationships with global environmental change. From inception, the\nplanning and implementation of the project has actively engaged both the\nphysical and social science communities.\nGeneral objectives:\n - to obtain a better understanding of global land-use and\n land-cover driving forces.\n - to investigate and document temporal and geographical dynamics of\n land-use and land-cover.\n - to define the links between sustainability and various land uses.\n - to understand the inter-relationship between LUCC, biogeochemistry\n and climate.\nLUCC's three focus areas:\n- Focus 1: Land-use dynamics - comparative case study analysis\n- Focus 2: Land-cover dynamics - empirical observations and diagnostic models\n- Focus 3: Regional and global integrated models\nFor more information visit the Land Use and Cover Change International\nProject Office site at:\n'http://www.icc.es/lucc/home.html'\nFor more information on the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program\n(IGBP) see:\n'http://www.igbp.kva.se/'\nContact:\n-------\nLUCC International Project Office\nInstitut Cartografic de Catalunya\nParc de Montjuic\nE-08038 Barcelona\nSpain\nTel: (+34-3) 425 2900\nFax: (+34-3) 426 7442\nE-mail: lucc@icc.es\nURL: 'http://www.icc.es/lucc'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d703a80-e5c6-4476-86f8-81e778d1197c", - "label": "LEDAPS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS) is a NASA-funded project to map North American forest disturbance since 1975 from the Landsat and ASTER satellite data. LEDAPS also produces maps of surface reflectance derived from Landsat imagery to support a variety of ecosystem studies. LEDAPS is part of NASA's contribution to the North American Carbon Program (NACP), a component of the USGCRP Carbon Cycle Science Program.\n\nhttp://ledaps.nascom.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5482eac9-f970-4f37-a641-fe9ce79aaf96", - "label": "LARISSA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57958b96-1f0d-4931-8163-25da2ea6941a", - "label": "KPRP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fbb5ec6-85db-49ad-9a2f-3089a644febd", - "label": "LEADEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lead Experiment (LeadEx) was a experiment sponsored by the Office of\nNaval Research (ONR) to study the crack-like openings called leads\nthat are created by the deformation of Arctic pack ice. The study was\nconducted by a group of scientists from various institutions and\ndisciplines to clarify the effect of open leads on the polar ocean and\natmosphere and to further understanding of the role of polar regions\non climate and global change.\nThe LeadEx was conducted during March and April 1992 in the Beaufort\nSea approximately 300 km north of Deadhorse, Alaska.\nLeads range from a few meters to thousands of meters wide and have\nlong been considered important to the thermodynamics of the polar\nregions. Leads can account for nearly half of the total heat flux from\nthe ocean (Badgley, 1966) because the lead exposed relatively warm\nwater to the cold atmosphere. Leads have a major effect on the\nsalinity of the ocean mixed layer.\nThe LeadEx program began in 1990 with funding from the ONR Accelerated\nResearch Initiative. Initial studies were made at the University of\nArizona and the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of\nWashington.\nThe main experiment began on March 16, 1992 with the establishment of\na base camp that drifted generally westward until the program ended on\nApril 25, 1992. Weather forecasts and remote sensing data were\nprovided by the LeadEx weather center at the National Weather Service\n(NWS) in Anchorage, Alaska. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) at\nMonterey, CA transmitted mesoscale meteorological model forecasts of\nwind, temperature, moisture, and cloud height to the LeadEx weather\ncenter twice daily. Near-real-time high-resolution satellite data from\nNOAA satellites and DMSP satellites were also made available.\nHuts and equipment were deployed from the main base camp to four sites\ncalled Lead 1 - Lead 4. Most of the data were gathered at Lead 3 and 4\nsince Leads 1 and 2 were closed soon after the sites were occupied.\nHelicopter and research aircraft made numerous oceanographic and\nmeteorological measurements.\nMeteorological effects were measured primarily by the Wave Propogation\nLaboratory (WPL) in Boulder, CO. WPL instrumentation included sonic\nanemometers, pyranometers and pyrgeometers, and 6.5 kHz SODARs.\nRawinsondes were launched by WPL to support atmospheric soundings\nconducted by the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, CA. The\nNOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) and NPS deployed\ndrifting buoys.\nSeveral aircraft programs were conducted using the University of\nWashington Convair C-131A and a DeHavilland Twin Otter (DHC-6). The\ngroup measured atmospheric temperature, water vapor concentrations and\nbiogenic emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from leads. A\nhigh-resolution, down-looking infrared thermometer was used on both\naircraft.\nGrowth rate of ice in the leads was measured by groups from PSC using\nfreeze-in buoys. Physical properties of the ice was measured by the\nCold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL).\nRemote sensing applications for ice studies was conducted by the\nDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington to\ndetermine microwave and infrared brightness temperatures of thin ice\nin the freezing leads and selected first-year ice. Observations were\nmade at 6.7, 10, 18.7, 37 GHz and 10 microns. A team from the\nEnvironmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) measured radar\nbackscatter at multiple frequencies, polarizations, and angles\nsimultaneously. A group from Williamson and Associates measured\nthermally induced stress in the lead ice.\nOceanographic measurements included profiles of conductivity,\ntemperature, turbulent shear, and acoustic backscatter. The McPhee\nResearch Company (MRC) used a mast of multiple sensors to obtain time\nseries of mean velocity, temperature, and salinity and turbulent\nfluxes. PSC used an untethered Autonomous Conductivity Temperature\nVehicle (ACTV) which carried a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD)\nprobe. A specialized pontoon boat from the Oregon State University was\nused to measure the microstructure of leads. A group from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography used a sector-scan, multibeam, Doppler\nsonar.\nReference:\nBadgley, F.J. 1966. 'Heat Budget at the surface of the Arctic Ocean',\nin 'Proceedings on the Symposium on the Arctic Heat Budget and\nAtmospheric Circulation', ed. by J.O. Fletcher, pp. 267-277, Rand\nCorporation, Santa Monica, CA. (Avail as PB-182433 from Nat. Tech.\nInf. Serv., Springfield, VA)\nMorison, J.H., M.G. McPhee, T. Curtin, and C.A. Paulson. 1992. 'The\noceanography of winter leads', J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 97, 11,199.\nMorison, J. 1993. 'The LeadEx Experiment', EOS, Transactions of the\nAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU), Volume 74, Number 35, August 31,\n1993, pp. 394, 396-397.\nContacts:\nDr. James Morison\nPolar Science Center\nApplied Physics Laboratory\nUniversity of Washington\n1013 NE 40th Street\nSeattle, WA 98105\nPhone: 206-543-1394\nFAX: 206-543-6785\nEmail: Internet > morison@apl.washington.edu\n OMNET > j.morison\nData Availability:\nThe LeadEx data is being made available via anonymous FTP from the\nPolar Sciences Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of\nWashington:\nFTP nansen.apl.washington.edu\nlogin as anonymous\nenter email address as password\ncd to leadex\nOnly a small set of data has been made available at this time, and\nadditional datasets will be added to the site as they become\navailable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60db4374-5c7c-4355-b1eb-cd2787ca2559", - "label": "LATEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Louisana-Texas Shelf Physical Oceanography Program (LATEX) is a\nsix-year oceanographic research initiative that has as its principal\nobjective the identification of key dynamical processes governing the\ncirculation, transport, and cross-shelf mixing of the waters on the\nTexas-Louisiana shelf. Sponsored by the Minerals Management Service\n(MMS) of the Department of the Interior, LATEX is the largest shelf\nphysical oceanography research project yet undertaken. MMS manages\nfederal mineral resources on the continental shelf. To meet their\nenvironmental and managerial responsibilities, the Service needs to\nunderstand physical processes and circulation on the shelf and how\nthey may affect the stability of structures and the transport of\npollutants. In addition, shelf circulation data will be used in MMS's\noil spill risk analysis models.\n\n Program Contact:\n\n LATEX A Program Office\n Department of Oceanography\n Texas A&M University\n College Station, TX 77843-3146\n tel: 409/845-9276\n fax: 409/847-8879\n e-mail: wnowlin@tamu.edu\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/LATEX/'\n\n [Summary provided by Texas A & M University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "619f4121-25e7-44b9-bd20-a41293048dc6", - "label": "LOIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) is a Community Research Project of\nthe Natural Environment Research Council of the United Kingdom. The broad\naim of LOIS is to gain an understanding of, and an ability to predict, the\nnature of environmental change in the coastal zone around the UK.\nThe LOIS CRP will provide for the first time an integrated, holistic view\nof how coastal ecosystems work, and how they are likely to respond to\nfuture environmental changes caused by the activities of people, on land\nand at sea.\nLOIS projects include the River-Atmosphere-Coast Study (RACS) and the\nShelf-Edge Study (SES). Data collection, analysis, and data archival are\nperformed by research centers and universities around the UK.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62f09666-8e9d-46d2-8674-63f504134b9b", - "label": "LOICZ", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land-Ocean Interaction n the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) Project is one\nof eleven Programme Elements of the IGBP and focuses on the area of\nthe earth's surface where land, ocean and atmosphere meet and\ninteract.\n\n Goals:\n\n 1. the nature of that dynamic interaction\n\n 2. how changes in various components of the Earth system are\n affecting coastal zones and altering their role in global cycles\n\n 3. to assess how future changes in these areas will affect their\n use by people and 4. to provide a sound scientific basis for\n future integrated management of coastal areas on a sustainable\n basis.\n\n Contact Info:\n\n LOICZ International Project Office\n Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)\n P.O. Box 59\n 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel\n The Netherlands\n Phone: 31-222 369404\n Fax: 31-222 369430\n E-Mail: loicz@nioz.nl\n WWW Home Page: 'http://www.nioz.nl/loicz/'\n\n [Summary provided by Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64faa025-65fd-4617-b3b3-eb42a60e22b8", - "label": "JASIN78", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The JASIN (Joint Air-Sea Interaction) Project was designed to study\nthe interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers with\nthe large scale motions of the sea and air.\n\nThe primary aims were as follows:\n\n1. to observe and distinguish between the physical processes causing\nmixing in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers and relate them\nto the mean properties of the layers\n\n2. to examine and quantify aspects of the momentum and heat budgets in\nthe atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers and fluxes across and\nbetween them.\n\nThe multiplicity of processes sampled necessitated a large experiment\nand JASIN involved 14 ships and 3 aircraft with more than 50 teams of\ninvestigators from 9 countries. Altogether 35 mooring systems were\ndeployed. The experiment lasted for 2 months from mid-July to\nmid-September 1978 and comprised 2 intensive observational phases\npreceded by a preparatory test period. The Project took place in the\nNorth Rockall Trough, an area of deep water (1000m - 2000m) several\nhundred kilometres off the west coast of Scotland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6757be57-5f02-4303-a2e1-2cb7ff721463", - "label": "JPSS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "[Text Source: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=71&mission_cat_id=17 ]\n\nThe Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the restructured civilian portion of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) that will make afternoon observations as it orbits Earth. The system includes the satellites and sensors supporting civil weather and climate measurements and a shared ground infrastructure with the Department of Defense weather satellite system.\n\nNOAA is responsible for the JPSS program. NASA is the program’s procurement agent, and the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., is the lead for acquisition. Data and imagery obtained from JPSS will increase the timeliness, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of public warnings and forecasts of climate and weather events, reducing the potential loss of human life and property.\n\nPolar-orbiting satellites observe Earth from space and collect and disseminate data on Earth’s weather, atmosphere, oceans, land, and near-space environment and are able to monitor the entire planet and provide data for long-range weather and climate forecasts.\n\nMore information:\nhttp://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/jpss/\nhttp://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=71&mission_cat_id=17", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b500b74-cae1-4e23-a058-1e279131a54a", - "label": "LARGE SCALE PROJECT", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In large-scale projects we can also use a 'single-collected system' \nthat connects many single solar water heaters to form a hot water \nsupply. \n\nWe can not only change SWH to suit old buildings but also cooperate \nwith architects and design especially for new buildings. All models \nfeature the same installment and convenient maintenance.\n\nhttp://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/50182289/Large_Scale_Project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bbbeaa5-15a3-47b9-9a6e-2626fdc84429", - "label": "JARE 21", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72113b58-d93c-4f52-97a5-d73c4eead2d7", - "label": "JASE TRAVERSE 2007-2008", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "JASE (Japanese-Swedish Antarctic Expedition) is a scientific research project to travel along a 2800 km traverse route across the Antarctic ice sheet. 8 Japanese and 9 Swede leave their coastal stations in November 2007 to meet inland after 1400 km long journeys. To undertake scientific missions over the whole traverse route, two crews and several instruments are exchanged at the meeting point. This project is carried out by NIPR (National Institute of Polar Research), Swedish Polar Rresearch Secretariat and Stockholm University as a contribution to IPY (International Polar Year) 2007-2008.\n\nFor more information, please visit:http://wwwice.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp/~sugishin/photo_album/jase/jase.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72ac10fc-7334-47ba-abd4-ab19959ded16", - "label": "LCTP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Land Cover Trends is a research project designed to document the types and rates, causes, and consequences of land cover change from 1973-2000 within each of 84 ecoregions spanning the conterminous United States.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://edc2.usgs.gov/LT/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72df3434-a5d1-4527-b105-d6ece1ab5c87", - "label": "JARE 22", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7470935a-3df1-4b77-9805-194648a8d852", - "label": "JARE 24", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "776d08e1-814b-4772-883b-d3a1a81ddabe", - "label": "LDCM", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is a joint NASA-United\nStates Geological Survey (USGS) mission to extend the Landsat record\nof multispectral, 30-meter resolution, seasonal, global coverage of\nthe Earth's land surface. However, neither NASA nor the USGS will\nproduce, procure, or operate a spacecraft. Rather, science data will\nbe procured from a vendor who fulfills the requirements of the LDCM\nData Specification. The means or mechanism for acquiring those data\nare at the discretion of the vendor, subject to verification by the\nGovernment that the proposed approach can produce the data and data\nproducts specified. Vendor selection is expected during the first half\nof calendar 2003.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launch scheduled for Fall 2005 as of\n Launch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 705 km\n Sun-Synchronous\n\n Determined by the requirement that the data match the Worldwide\n Reference System-2 path-row scene identification system, to\n maintain Landsat Program data continuity.\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Design Life: 5 years\n\n For more information on LDCM, see\n 'http://ldcm.nasa.gov/'\n or 'http://ldcm.usgs.gov/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7814659b-9175-4c22-8830-9b3b8210b401", - "label": "LIMITE DE LA CUENCA LARSEN", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a2b709b-562c-4131-9795-5997ced89284", - "label": "LARA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The primary goal of the project is to develop a strong science and\nimplementation plan for a long-range aircraft facility supporting\nmultidisciplinary research in the Antarctica. To achieve this goal it will\nconvene scientists representing the Antarctic research community's interest in\naerogeophysical, glaciological, atmospheric and oceanographic science to\ndiscuss scientific problems that can only be addressed through the use of an\ninstrumented, heavy-lift, long-range aircraft.\n\nThe report can be found at\nhttp://www.geo-prose.com/projects/pdfs/lara_report.pdf \n\n[Summary taken from http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/lara/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7de1ec8e-a252-4fac-b812-63738ee6611f", - "label": "LVIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "NASA's Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor, or 'LVIS', is a scanning laser altimeter instrument that is flown, by aircraft, over target areas to collect data on topography and vegetation coverage. The LVIS, which also includes data from an integrated inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system (GPS), is designed, developed and operated by the Laser Remote Sensing Laboratory, at Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttps://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e733b55-2123-4932-b227-eee92ae804cc", - "label": "LICHEN", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Short Title: LICHEN\nProject URL: http://www.polaryear.no/prosjekter/LICHEN\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=82\n\nThis proposal outlines the LICHEN research project, which focuses on the languages and cultures of the northern circumpolar region. Faced with minority languages, governments have pursued policies of assimilation. This has applied to indigenous languages in Canada, to Gaelic and Scots in Scotland, and to Finnic minority languages in the Circumpolar region. The consequence of such policies has been the creation of ambivalent or negative feelings towards the mother tongue already in childhood, leading to low self-esteem, educational underachievement, unemployment and economic deprivation, and a variety of social and health problems. It is thus clear that language and culture are as important to the survival and well-being of populations as more obvious ecological and social issues.\n\nThe aim of the project is twofold: firstly, to create an electronic framework for the collection, management, online display, and exploitation of existing corpora of the languages of the circumpolar regions, which is also applicable to other corpora that represent regional, social and other varieties of languages. To achieve this we rely on close collaboration between several well-established corpus projects to discuss common goals, needs and problems and to identify best practices. Secondly, the project aims to collect, preserve and disseminate information about the languages spoken in the region, thus also enabling research on them. This will also help promote the linguistic confidence and self-image of the speakers of these languages, strengthening their cultural awareness and facilitating cross-cultural communication between these peoples in an age of rapid global change. Thus, the project will benefit not only the academic community, but also the speakers of the languages concerned, and indeed other communities around the world battling with the same kinds of issues.\n\nThe electronic framework is being developed at the University of Oulu, Finland, as a joint venture between the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Humanities and in collaboration with other project members and international experts. Within IPY 2007-2008 both an intranet and an internet version of the framework will be developed. In addition to this the project members will participate in the collection of data and dissemination of information. Each member has a unique goal within the project: some already have data, which may need digitization or formatting to be usable within the framework; others are looking to collect data. All members share a need for common practices and common tools to make the most use out of the data available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "846c4465-17df-47c5-b5e7-7486765a2d5d", - "label": "JARE 18", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n [Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "880bf205-04e9-4f41-ae26-ff458ba63656", - "label": "LINKES", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "2005 Field season: During 1-10 February, the RV Ernest surveyed over 275 n. mi. collecting acoustic backscatter data. At the same time, the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya completed nearly three passes through the nearshore-to-shelf-break survey grid. Stations throughout the survey were occupied at night where CTD and net tow stations were conducted. Also included in this field season were preliminary ... tests of a AUV (Fetch I, Sias-Patterson) which was deployed to conduct bathymetry mapping and determine whether krill swarms could be detected by the vehicle. The AUV work was conducted with Dr. Mark Patterson of VIMS and Sias-Patterson and the Advanced Survey Technologies group at SWFSC led by Dr. David Demer. Except for a near gale which occurred exactly mid-way during the survey period, good weather allowed for extensive survey effort. In addition, instrumented buoys were deployed to test a new engineering design of the buoys used in previous field seasons. Due to technical issues, only limited data were collected during the buoy deployment.\n\n2006 Field season: During 1-10 February, the RV Ernest surveyed over 264 n. mi. collecting acoustic backscatter data. At the same time, the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya completed two passes through the nearshore-to-shelf-break survey grid. Stations throughout the survey were occupied at night where CTD and net tow stations were conducted. An additional small vessel (RV Roald) was deployed with a SIMRAD MS 20 Multibeam echosounder to map bathymetry of the nearshore area and to study krill swarm characteristics. Joint operations (specific survey lines) were conducted with all three vessels). Poor weather and sea state conditions resulted in the loss of two days of survey effort at the beginning and 1 day at the end of the period. We still managed to conduct a comparable amount of survey effort as in 2005 due to few (if any) equipment or vessel malfunctions. Instrumented buoys were deployed and collected data over several days of the survey period.\n\n2007 Field season: During 28 January to 1 February, the RV Ernest surveyed approximately 55 n.mi. collecting acoustic backscatter data. At the same time, the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya completed slightly more than one pass through the nearshore-to-shelf-break survey grid. Stations throughout the survey were occupied at night where CTD and net tow stations were conducted. An additional small vessel (RV Roald) was deployed with a SIMRAD MS 20 Multibeam echosounder to map bathymetry of the nearshore area and to study krill swarm characteristics. Joint operations (specific survey lines) were conducted with the two smaller vessels).The shorter survey period during this field season was a combination of several factors: reduced shiptime for the AMLR survey due to NOAA budgetary constraints (10 day survey period reduced to 7 days) and a combination of weather delays during the AMLR broad area survey and problems with the calibration of the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya echosounder system (7 to 5 days). In addition, during our reduced survey window, we experienced extremely poor weather and dangerous sea conditions which forced us to remain on shore and also damaged equipment when we did venture out. Despite these conditions, we were able to collect data from all three research vessels (Ernest, Roald, Yuzhmorgeologiya) to provide a 3rd year of data for this project. One instrumented buoy was deployed at the start of the nearshore survey period and collected data throughout the survey period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88827a39-e0e3-4567-af78-73c50c58e7ea", - "label": "K7", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "JAMSTEC-Kyoto University collaborative program", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f7827a1-1417-4492-9250-c977348597c2", - "label": "JGOFS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is a Core Project of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). The goal of JGOFS is to\nimprove knowledge of the processes controlling carbon fluxes between the\natmosphere, surface ocean, ocean interior and its continental margins, and\nto monitor the sensitivity of these fluxes with respect to climate\nchanges. The study covers regional to global spatial scales and seasonal\nto interannual time scales.\nJGOFS is divided into several task teams including: global survey, process\nstudy, deep ocean flux, continental margins, photosynthesis measurements,\nremote sensing, time series, synthesis and modelling, and data management.\nA global carbon dioxide (CO2) air-sea flux survey is being carried out in\nclose collaboration with the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) World\nOcean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Process studies are regional and\noccur in the North Atlantic, Equatorial Pacific, North Pacific, the\nArabian Sea, and the Southern Ocean. Time series studies include the\nBermuda-Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS); the Hawaii Ocean Time-series\n(HOTS); European Station for Time-Series in the Ocean, Canary Islands\n(ESTOC); Ocean Station Papa (PAPA); and Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time\nSeries (KNOT).\nContact:\n-------\nJGOFS International Project Office\nCentre for Studies of Environment and Resources (SMR)\nUniversity of Bergen\nBergen High-Technology Centre\nN-5020 Bergen\nNorway\nTel: (+47) 555 84246\nFax: (+47) 555 89687\nemail: jgofs@smr.uib.no\nURL: 'http://ads.smr.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.htm'\n[This information was adapted from the IGBP and JGOFS IPO websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95a821fb-8e08-476c-8ad2-5cc9e7b8fc3e", - "label": "LBA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is an international research initiative conducted from 1995-2005 and led by Brazil. The LBA Project encompasses several scientific disciplines, or components. The LBA-ECO component focuses on the question: 'How do tropical forest conversion, regrowth, and selective logging influence carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, trace gas fluxes, and the prospect for sustainable land use in Amazonia?' \n\nThe Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is the largest remaining expanse of tropical rain forest on Earth, harboring approximately one-third of all Earth's species. Although the jungle's area is so large that it reaches out into several different countries, most of its area is located within the Brazilian territory. Despite three centuries of scientific study in Amazonia, only a small fraction of its biological richness has been revealed. \n\nhttp://daac.ornl.gov/LBA/lba.shtml\n\nSummary provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95ca30fa-625e-4b18-b003-240841efa9b5", - "label": "LASE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) program was initiated\nas an effort to produce an autonomous system for measuring water vapor\nlevels from airborne and spaceborne platforms using LIDAR technology.\n\n Objectives include:\n\n 1. Develop and demonstrate autonomous DIAL systems from airborne\n and spaceborne platforms.\n\n 2. Measure water vapor, aerosol, and cloud profiles from a high\n altitude extended range U-2 (ER-2) aircraft.\n\n Use of experiment:\n\n 1. Studies of air mass modification\n 2. Studies of latent heatflux\n 3. Studies of the water vapor component of the hydrological\n cycle\n 4. Studies of atmospheric transport using water vapor as a\n tracer of atmospheric motions\n\nThe simultaneous measurement of aerosol and cloud distributions can\nprovide important information on atmospheric structure and transport,\nand many meteorological parameters can also be inferred from these\ndata. In addition, the impact of subvisible and visible aerosol/cloud\nlayers on passive satellite measurements and radiation budgets can be\nassessed. The atmospheric science investigations that can be conducted\nwith LASE are greatly enhanced because measurements of water vapor\nprofiles and column content are made simultaneously with aerosol and\ncloud distributions\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lase/ASDlase.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "992c1887-5567-4b7e-b069-02982c672db6", - "label": "LCLUC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "LCLUC is NASA's Land Use Land Cover Change program http://lcluc.umd.edu/.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b85cbce-d0fe-4f33-b504-1467655209d7", - "label": "JARE 41", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ccac021-84a6-4907-ac99-5da3a675ead2", - "label": "LGP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP, http://www.lgp.aq/) is aimed at increasing our understanding of the complex marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems that exist along the Victoria Land coast of the Ross Sea region, and using this understanding to determine the effects of environmental change on these ecosystems. Five sites have been chosen for study. Sites studied to date are:Cape Hallett, northern Victoria Land (2003-2006); Terra Nova Bay (2006-2008); Darwin Glacier region (2006-2009). Future proposed sites ar Granite Harbour and the Beardmore Glacier region. This is a multidisciplinary project involving New Zealand, U.S. and Italian research groups.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d1e0a31-891b-4a16-a049-e77f1681aec2", - "label": "LPVEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Light Precipitation Validation Experiment (LPVEx) was an international field project to evaluate and improve satellite precipitation estimates at high latitudes. In situ and remote measurements of liquid and frozen precipitation from the ground, aircraft, and satellites were collected in the vicinity of Helsnki, Finland from September 15-December 31, 2010. \n\nThese data, associated model simulations, and related documentation are archived here. Daily operations summaries and datasets can be accessed through the Calendar page while longer data records can be identified and ordered through the Data Center.\n\nhttp://lpvex.atmos.colostate.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d98b5a0-81ec-4b35-b559-4cf87ad6587d", - "label": "LS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The LandScan data set is a worldwide population database\ncompiled on a 30' X 30' latitude/longitude grid. Census counts\n(at sub-national level) were apportioned to each grid cell based\non likelihood coefficients, which are based on proximity to\nroads, slope, land cover, nighttime lights, and other data\nsets. LandScan 2001 has been developed as part of Oak Ridge\nNational Laboratory (ORNL) Global Population Project for\nestimating ambient populations at risk. The LandScan files are\navailable via the internet in ESRI grid format by continent and\nfor the world.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.ornl.gov/gist/landscan/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0b44aaa-07d2-485e-9acd-634639587018", - "label": "JAPACS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Japanese Pacific Climate Study (JAPACS) program was launched by STA\nto study the impact of ENSO on the climate in and around the Pacific. \n\nInformation provided by www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/future/pdf/Contents1.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a82d7e56-6903-496b-ab36-0b5496e8936c", - "label": "JASON-1", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Jason-1 is the first follow-on to the highly successful TOPEX/Poseidon\nmission that measured ocean surface topography to an accuracy of 4.2\ncm, enabled scientists to forecast the 1997-1998 El Nino, and improved\nunderstanding of ocean circulation and its effect of global\nclimate. The joint NASA-CNES program launched Jason-1 on December 7,\n2002 from Vandenberg AFB, CA. Like TOPEX/Poseidon, the payload\nincludes both American and French instruments. Jason-1 altimeter data\nis part of a suite of data provided by other JPL-managed ocean\nmissions--the GRACE mission will use two satellites to accurately\nmeasure Earth's mass distribution, and the QuikSCAT scatterometer\nmission will measure ocean-surface winds.\n\nFrom the moment the Jason-1 project began in September 1993 to the\nofficial memorandum of understanding in December 1996 and the\nsatellite launch in December 2002, cooperation between CNES and NASA\nhas been the driving force behind its success. The two space agencies\nhave combined their expertise in satellite design and operation,\nparticularly for the ground segment-the nerve centre of the\nmission. NASA has responsibility for satellite control and the\ninstruments it is supplying. To operate the satellite and process and\nexploit data, CNES has developed the SSALTO multimission altimetry\ncentre. SSALTO also processes data from TOPEX/Poseidon and Envisat,\nand controls and operates the Poseidon and DORIS instruments\n(including DORIS on the Spot series of satellites). JPL also uses\nSSALTO for Jason-1.\n\nFor more information on Jason-1, see:\n'http://www-aviso.cls.fr/html/missions/jason/welcome_uk.html'\n\nand\n\n'http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.html'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), see:\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad1a4b07-6136-4ed7-af29-906930630bd4", - "label": "K-T BIOGENIC RELATIONSHIPS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adcec9af-324c-414d-8a98-a2d023d638d4", - "label": "JC-JSOD", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Japan-China Joint Study on Desertification (JC-JSOD) involves\nfield of surveys in the Taklimakan desert and the surrounding\narea, and the semi-arid region surrounding Naiman. The study\nshould contribute to comprehensive research on desertification\nmechanism, basic research on the improvement of the prevention\ntechnology for desertification.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www-dir.jst.go.jp/tenkai/scf/sa/sa-txt/sa101-te.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Space Technology Agency]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afed3824-e60b-4e9b-9a9f-54863a6d61e1", - "label": "JRB-GEOLOGY-PALAEONTOLOGY", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "This multidisciplinary project is included in the geological research performed\nduring the last years on the James Ross Basin, Antarctica, by the IAA-DNA.\nAccording to this a 3 year working plan have been elaborated with a starting\nfield trip during 2001.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://xena2-prod.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/gdp/search?action=fullMetadata&entryType=productCollection&entryId=20014&entryLang=fr&language=en", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3abc0c8-6108-4047-a96b-985a4f74ad05", - "label": "LWP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Last of the Wild Dataset of the Last of the Wild Project, Version 1, 2002 (LWP-1) is derived from the LWP-1 Human Footprint Dataset. The gridded data are classified according to their raster value (wild = 0-10; not wild >10). The ten largest polygons of more than 5 square kilometers within each biome by realm are selected and identified. This dataset is produced by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), and is available in the Interrupted Goode Homolosine Projection (IGHP) system. \n\nInformation provided by http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gateway/guides/lwpv1_lwighp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4076b49-fcc7-4825-a759-01e4a43b64a7", - "label": "LTMS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "LTMS objectives:\n\n* Provide weather data from surface and upper air measurements for forecasting and showing climatic trends\n* Observe annual changes in upper atmosphere ozone concentrations\n* Sample air and snow to monitor changes in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and in the ice\n* Measure global lightning and wave activity in the magnetosphere\n* Measure the temperature of the mesosphere (87 km above the Earth’s surface)\n* Monitor selected marine species in the Scotia Sea\n* Measure changes in ocean currents, nutrients and temperature\n* Take sea-ice observations to identify annual and ten-year trends\n* Survey the diversity of groups of organisms on land and at sea\n* Carry out geological and geophysical surveys, and surveys of ice and surface features in British Antarctic Territory", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf143a7f-f803-49c8-bcad-48cfdf30dfdd", - "label": "KINNVIKA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Short Title: Kinnvika\nProject URL: http://www.kinnvika.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=58\n\nWe will mount a series of research expeditions during IPY to Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, the northernmost island in the Nordic Arctic sector which is 90% ice covered. The multi-disciplinal and multi-national initiative is composed by 26 projects, having individual goals, but well integrated common themes (http://www.eld.geo.uu.se/IPY/projects). The spectrum of projects from geosciences to the humanities, investigates how the environmental and anthropogenic dynamics have changed recently in comparison with past records of change from existing expedition logs and photographs, proxy climate data from ice-, lake- and sea-sediment cores, and dynamic studies both on terrestrial as marine ice, comprising more than 80 Principal Investigators (www.eld.geo.uu.se/IPY/personnel). \n\nWe will monitor atmospheric, terrestrial and cryospheric chemical, and physical fluxes continuously over, and beyond, the period of the IPY. The activities will be integrated to existing research and monitoring in Svalbard as well as to relevant IPY projects to which Kinnvika base will serve an important add on site.Historical remains in the field and in archives from a succession of cultures of whale hunting, trapping, exploration and mineral exploitation are abundant on Nordaustlandet and northwestern Spitsbergen. Economic change and cultural variability are major themes in the interdisciplinary humanistic research that will investigate these traces at significant sites, esp. natural harbors located at good hunting grounds of the past. Historical archaeology, including pioneering arctic marine archaeology, will be combined with scientific investigations of e.g. soil chemistry, erosion and local biological alterations resulting from human interaction with the wilderness of Spitsbergen. History of science will be a major integrating endeavor in this, relating a temporal and geographical sequence of aboriginal and Western knowledge projects to the crucial transition from colonial to post-colonial arctic science and scholarship.Earlier research expedition data viewed through modern surveys and data gathering will provide data on the degree of change and variability in this particular system. Proxy-records from a variety of natural archives will bring a time-dimension to more process-focused or monitoring studies. Special attention will be paid to the response of the cryosphere to past climate and environmental changes. This is closely linked to geological assessment of glacial history and monitoring of atmospheric pollutant transport pathways. Advanced statistical methods and numerical models will be used to elucidate linkages between the systems and global teleconnections. In addition the biological legacy of the 1957-58 IGY will be explored via investigation of anthropogenically disturbed vegetation, soils, and soil biology (invertebrates, microbes) to determine the persistence of human influence on semi-desert ecosystems. We aim to provide a platform for broadband scientific endeavour into a relatively poorly investigated part of the Svalbard Archipelago. The plethora of instruments and methods we plan to unleash are required to fully measure change and variability in the Arctic system both from the human use to the resonances within the natural system. For synergies sought between different research fields, see (www.eld.geo.uu.se/IPY/synergies).We will provide a legacy in the form of a renovated scientific base for future, primarily Nordic field research on Nordaustlandet", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf8f8e2d-6512-4b13-a009-7459f0131023", - "label": "JARE 28", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1c5214a-d77d-41b2-9a37-83d386f20e12", - "label": "LANDMAP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Following the successful completion of the Landmap Project the\nManchester InforMation and Associated Services (MIMAS), The University\nof Manchester, University College London, and Eduserv are pleased to\nannounce the release of the products and services produced by The\nLandmap Project and MIMAS to the Academic Community in the British\nIsles. The following Institutions are Licensed to access the Landmap\nData and services at MIMAS. If your institute is not licensed you can\nget a License from http://www.chest.ac.uk/datasets/landmap. These data\nsets are currently free up till July 2003.\n\nThe JISC funded Landmap Project is a joint project between MIMAS and\nUniversity College London Dept. of Geomatic Engineering and other\nproject partners. (A full list of the project participants is under\nthe Project Team link of this website.) The project was envisaged to\nprovide orthorectified satellite image mosaics of Landsat, SPOT and\nERS radar data and a high resolution Digital Elevation Model for the\nBritish Isles. This data is now available in formats that are readily\naccessible to users of Geographic Information Systems, Image\nProcessing and Desktop publishing software .\n\n Contacts:\n\n Accessing the data: info@mimas.ac.uk, MIMAS\n\n Processing your own data: info@mimas.ac.uk, MIMAS\n\n SAR techniques and DEM research: Prof. J.-P. Muller, Department\n of Geomatic Engineering, UCL\n\n GPS techniques and research: Prof. Paul Cross, Head of the\n Department of Geomatic Engineering, UCL\n\n Plannimetric accuracy: Prof. Ian Dowman, Department of Geomatic\n Engineering, UCL\n\n GIS techniques and research: Jeremy Morley, Department of\n Geomatic Engineering, UCL\n\n SAR processing software: Andy Smith, Phoenix Systems\n\n General enquiries: info@mimas.ac.uk, MIMAS\n\n For more information on LANDMAP, link to\n 'http://www.landmap.ac.uk/'\n\n [Summary provided by the University of Manchester]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5dda293-723a-460b-87a1-ebddc2b3e565", - "label": "LIE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The goals of the Line Islands Experiment can be placed into three broad categories: To provide a data sample for basic observational studies of meteorological phenomena in the oceanic portion of the Equatorial Trough Zone. To be sure, the Trough Zone has not gone unobserved in the past; some oceanographic data exist, some surface and upper-air data exist, and some satellite observations exist. However, all these data have the crucial deficiency that they are uncorrelated, and/or that much of the atmospheric data comes from the vicinity of large islands or continents -- introducing complicating effects that, in the primitive state of our knowledge, are difficult to account for. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0669284", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6c76150-ecb5-405e-9ade-c3aeeeb78046", - "label": "JMA55", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7b9a2a6-0dce-4daa-980d-3bdfd0eba478", - "label": "LTBRA.", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lake Tahoe Basin Riparian Assessment (LTBRA) is a study\nsupported by the United States Forest Service Lake Tahoe Basin\nManagement Unit and researchers at the University of Nevada at\nReno which involves an assessment of channel conditions and\nwildlife habitat in the riparian corridors of fifteen streams in\nthe Tahoe Basin. This study was funded in part by the California\nTahoe Conservancy. The study produced several sets of geographic\ndata for each of the riparian corridors.\n\nData Sets Include:\n\n1. Ground Cover Classification\n2. Channel Classification\n3. Videography Images\n4. Digital Images\n\nStreams Included in this study:\n\n'A' Priority Streams:\nBig Meadow, Blackwood Creek, Burton Creek,\nCold Creek, Meeks Creek, Taylor Creek, Trout Creek, Upper\nTruckee River, Ward Creek, Watson Creek\n\n'B' Priority Streams:\nBurke Creek, Marlette Creek, Slaughterhouse Creek, Third Creek.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.tahoecons.ca.gov/library/rip_data/'\n\n[Summary provided by California Tahoe Conservancy]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca6ea964-4416-4339-a89c-90efe5c15556", - "label": "JMA25", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cac0d555-ef19-4ea5-8b86-a326ff25e3cd", - "label": "LMREI", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lower Misouri River Ecosystem Initiative (LMREI) began in 1994 at\nthe U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental Research\nCenter in Columbia, Missouri. The goal of the LMREI was to\npartner with others to facilitate the transfer of Missouri River\nscientific data and other information needed by river management\nagencies and local, state, and federal decision makers.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Develope partnerships to facilitate communication and\ncooperation among agencies and the public.\n\n2. Create an information clearinghouse to serve as an access\npoint for data and information.\n\n3. House a geographic information system (GIS) lab to transform\ndata into maps for landscape-scale resource analysis.\n\n4. Assist in river monitoring and research projects.\n\nFor more information link to\n'http://www.cerc.cr.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfDocs/LMREI.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc36396f-bead-4d45-8357-8f494b013418", - "label": "LASHIPA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Short Title: LASHIPA\nProject URL: http://www.lashipa.nl/\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=10\n\nIntroduction:\n\nThe exploitation of natural resources in polar areas is an instructive example of the way man is exploiting the natural resources in the world. The voyages of discovery in the second half of the 16th century and later, during the so called Heroic Century of Polar Exploration (1870-1920), including the first International Polar Year (1882-1883), made it possible for the western colonial powers to penetrate into the polar areas. The voyages of discovery not only led to the exploitation of natural resources but also to scientific research. In both cases, stations were built to facilitate the work and to lodge the people. According to Friedmann’s core/periphery concept (1966) the polar areas can be called Resource Frontier Regions because they produce raw material for the industrial centres in the world core areas (Sugden 1982). Whaling, fur hunting and mining have produced raw materials for the international market for more than 400 years. These activities were carried out by companies and people from outside the polar regions. The companies belonged to the worldwide actor networks (Latour 1986, Law & Callon 1992) in the core areas and local networks in the polar areas.It is notable how similar the developments were in both polar areas. One can divide the exploitation of natural resources in both areas into two phases: directly after the discovery a first phase in which fur hunters and whalers from different countries were active and a second phase in which the activities were focussed on the exploitation of minerals.Scientific research has increased the knowledge of both areas and contributed to the understanding of global processes. The industrial settlements and the research stations have played an important geopolitical role and have serious impact on the natural environment and in the Arctic on indigenous communities. Many sites belong to the polar cultural heritage nowadays. \n\nAim and strategy:\n\nUntil now, the history of science in and exploitation of polar areas were almost exclusively studied from a regional and national approach based on written sources from the archives in the countries in the core region. The aim of this project is to study the various (hunting, whaling, mining and research) settlements/stations from a bipolar, international and comparative perspective. Field and archive research will be done to collect the necessary data. The outcome of the various studies will be compared with each other to acquire more knowledge about the history of scientific research and the exploitation of the natural resources, the impact on the natural environment and the indigenous peoples. Finally the geopolitical consequences of the stations will be studied using written and material sources.The project will start in 2006 with archive research carried out to acquire more insight into the historical context. Much archive research will be done by the participants of the project in their various countries. This will produce a body of documentation, photo and film material which may be used not only for research but also in outreach activities. Field surveys will be carried out jointly on various already known sites in both polar areas. Several selected sites will be mapped and photo documented completely and compared with archival data. In 2007-2008 field work will be done on places difficult to reach. The data analysis of the various sites will be carried out jointly. The databases and maps will be collected in Groningen and made available for cultural heritage purposes and outreach activities. Finally a synthesis will be made which will be published in a joint publication in English and translated in several other languages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc8cdc10-b695-4702-b0e5-621ed37a1545", - "label": "JARE 20", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n [Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd08a8b0-966e-4a29-b157-b0173b5b84b8", - "label": "LAKE MICHIGAN ECOL. MONITOR", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdafc426-6136-4725-9174-ad7caf192e92", - "label": "LAWN", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Local meteorology drives and shapes all ecological systems. One of the first objectives of the McMurdo LTER was to establish a meteorological network that would gather representative weather data year-round from the dry valleys. The McMurdo LTER Automatic Weather Network (LAWN) currently consists of 13 stations Stations are now operational at Explorer's Cove, in Beacon Valley and on the shores of Lakes Fryxell, Hoare, Bonney, Brownworth, Vanda, and Vida and on the Commonwealth, Howard, and Taylor glaciers. Stations routinely sample sensors every 30 seconds and send summary statistics (averages, maximums, etc.) to solid-state storage modules every 15 minutes. Several temporary meteorological stations have been set-up on Canada and Taylor glaciers since the LTER started. Data are accessible on the metadata page for each station. \n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nLAWN Meteorological Station Measurements \nTo query air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, radiation and soil temperature of any station, click here.\n\n\nTo query multiple parameters simultaneously, click here \n\nTo query AVERAGE(DAILY and MONTHLY)air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, radiation and soil temperature of any station, \n\nInformation provided by http://huey.colorado.edu/LTER/meteordata.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0bfb1b4-6e96-489b-a68d-62908fdaa603", - "label": "JASON-3", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d154c03b-8197-4d29-b653-633d1333e525", - "label": "L-RERP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In 1979, scientists at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory began investigating the sources, transformation, transport and fate of pollutants in Puget Sound and its watershed under Sec.^202 of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1971 (P.L.^92-532) which called in part for `...a comprehensive and continuing program of research with respect to the possible long range effects of pollution, overfishing, and man-induced changes of ocean ecosystems...` The effort was called the Long-Range Effects Research Program (L-RERP) after language in the Act and was later called the PMEL Marine Environmental Quality Program.^The Long-Range Effect Research Program consisted of (1) sampling dissolved and particulate constituents in the water column by bottle sampling, (2) sampling settling particles by sediment trap and (3) sampling sediments by grab, box, gravity and Kasten corers.^In the Data Report, a variety of data from particles collected in 104 traps deployed on 34 moorings in open waters between 1980 and 1985 are presented.^The text of the data report begins with the sampling and analytical methods with the accompanying quality control/quality assurance data.^The text of the data sections are a summary of the available data and published literature in which the data is interpreted along with a catalogue of the data available in the Appendix (on microfiche located in the back pocket of the data report).\n\nInformation provided by http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5229715", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d419eaa5-a761-4020-9e2b-6465fc17f09b", - "label": "KONVEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Konza Validation Experiment (KONVEX) occured during the week of\n11-18 July, 1999. The MISR team made continual sunphotometer\nobservations during the week from its Reagan, Cimel, and MFRSR\ninstruments. Radiance samples covering both the upwelling and\ndownwelling hemispheres were acquired using the PARABOLA III.\n\nFor more information, link to the summary report at\n'http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/valwork/val_\n xreports/konza99/990713_konza_summary.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d58ad0c8-1471-4c38-bb10-37301f7ef7b5", - "label": "LOWS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lake Ontario Winter Storms (LOWS; Reinking et al. 1993) project is an example of a wintertime field experiment where man–machine forecasting played an important role. The experiment was conducted between 5 January and 1 March 1990 over the Lake Ontario region. The main project objective was to improve forecasting of lake-effect snowstorms and freezing rain events over and near Lake Ontario. Guidance for field operations was provided by a lead forecaster at the NWS Forecast Office in Buffalo, New York, who worked with a project forecast committee. A lake snow outlook was provided four times daily. Data from ground-based project facilities as well as model output from a locally run version of the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model version 4 MM4 were used to assist forecasters. The focus in LOWS was on precipitation and not on PBL development, and measurement facilities did not include aircraft. Thus, project forecasters did not explicitly have to target features like PBL depth or visibility so they could take advantage of existing statistical models and decision trees (e.g., machines) for lake-effect snow.\n\nSummary provided by http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0434(1999)014%3C0955%3AFDTLIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6cd3c84-8553-4740-b489-3a9d1e8f4380", - "label": "LULC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data consists of historical land use and land cover classification data that was based primarily on the manual interpretation of 1970's and 1980's aerial photography. Secondary sources included land use maps and surveys. There are 21 possible categories of cover type. Along with the LULC files, associated maps are included which provide additional information on political units, hydrologic units, census county subdivisions, and Federal and State land ownership.\n\nLULC data is available for the conterminous U.S. and Hawaii, but coverage is not complete for all areas. The data is based on 1:100,000- and 1:250,000-scale USGS topographic quadrangles.\n\nAll LULC files are cast to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, and referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The files are available in GIRAS (Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System) or CTG (Composite Theme Grid) format.\n\nThe spatial resolution for all LULC files will depend on the format and feature type. Files in GIRAS format will have a minimum polygon area of 10 acres (4 hectares) with a minimum width of 660 feet (200 meters) for manmade features. Non-urban or natural features have a minimum polygon area of 40 acres (16 hectares) with a minimum width of 1320 feet (400 meters). Files in CTG format will have a resolution of 30 meters.\n\nhttps://lta.cr.usgs.gov/LULC", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9f44ed7-391f-4d81-af99-3af55a38adae", - "label": "LTER", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The National Science Foundation (NSF) established the U.S. Long-Term\nEcological Reseach (LTER) Program in 1980 to conduct research on\nlong-term eclogical phenomena in the United States. There are 19 sites\nin the LTER Network representing over 600 LTER scientists and\nstudents. LTER sites share a common commitment to long-term research\non the following core research topics:\no Pattern and control of primary production\no Spatial and temporal distribution of populations selected to\nrepresent trophic structure.\no Pattern and control of organic matter accumulation in surface layers\nand sediments.\no Patterns of inorganic inputs and movements of nutrients through\nsoils, groundwater and surface waters.\no Patterns and frequency of site disturbances.\nThe LTER Network consists of the following sites:\n1. H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (AND), Oregon.\n2. Arctic Tundra (ARC), Alaska\n3. Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest (BNZ), Alaska.\n4. Cedar Creek Natural History Area (CDR), Minnesota.\n5. Central Plains Experimental Range (CPR), Colorado.\n6. Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (CWT), North Carolina.\n7. Harvard Forest (HFR), Massachusetts.\n8. Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBR), New Hampshire.\n9. Jornada Experimental Range (JRN), New Mexico.\n10. Kellogg Biological Station (KBS), Michigan.\n11. Konza Prarie Research Natural Area (KNZ), Kansas.\n12. Luquillo Experimental Forest (LUQ), Puerto Rico.\n13. MacMurdo Dry Valleys (MAC), Antarctica.\n14. North Inlet Marsh (NIN), South Carolina.\n15. Niwot Ridge-Green Lakes Valley (NWT), Colorado.\n15. North Temperate Lakes (NTL), Wisconsin.\n16. Palmer Station (PAL), Antarctica.\n17. Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (SEV), New Mexico.\n18. Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR), Virginia.\nThe LTER Network Office is located at the University of Washington in\nSeattle. The Office provides leadership and coordination among LTER\nsites and the scientific community, provides electronic networking and\ndata management, and publications.\nThe LTER Network Office has also established the LTER Remote Sensing\nand GIS Laboratory to syhthesize large-scale spatial analysis, using\nsatellite data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).\nReference:\nContacts:\nRudolf Nottrott\nLTER Network Office\nUniversity of Washington\nCollege of Forest Resources AR-10\nSeattle, Washington 98195\nPhone: 206-543-8492\nFAX: 206-685-0790\nEmail: Internet > RNott@LTERnet.edu\nNSF, Division of Environmental Biology\nLong-Term Projects in Environmental Biology\nPhone: 202-357-9596\nEmail: Internet > jCallaha@nsf.gov\nData Availability:\nAvailability of LTER data can be determined through the LTER Network\nOffice. The LTER Network Office maintains an Internet gopher server\navailable though most Internet gopher clients and a Home Page on the\nWorld Wide Web (WWW). A searchable on-line core dataset information\ncatalog, FTP directories, LTER personnel, and bibliography is\navailable as well as other LTER services. The dataset catalog,\nbibliography and personnel directory databases are WAIS-indexed to\nallow searches on text strings. If you have a gopher client on your\nhost system, enter 'gopher LTERnet.edu' or access the LTER Home Page\non WWW.\nThe LTERnet also has a directory of Landsat images for several sites\navailable on the Gopher. Also, Gopher servers from some of the LTER\nsites are presently linked into LTERnet, providing information\nspecific to those sites. These can also be accessed through WWW.\nAll of the LTER information on Gopher and FTP is accessible through\nthe LTER Home Page on the World Wide Web (WWW) which can be browsed\nusing publically available software like MOSAIC. The address for the\nLTER Home Page is:\n'http://lternet.edu/'\nInstructions on how to query the Core Dataset Catalog by e-mail rather\nthan through Gopher, send any message to Catalog@LTERnet.edu.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da7cd5d3-40d0-43b2-9532-3412ce48749f", - "label": "LEADS ARI", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The objective of the Arctic Leads ARI was to gain a better\nunderstanding of lead dynamics. As part of the project, the\nArctic Leads ARI Data Set was created to encourage the assembly\nof an arctic leads climatology. The ARI was sponsored by the\nOffice of Naval Research (ONR) and included the LeadEx field\nexperiment in the spring of 1992. The Arctic Leads ARI project\nwas supported by ONR under Program Element No. 61153N with\nDr. Thomas Curtin as Program Manager. Distribution of the data\nset is supported by NASA under its Earth Observing System Data\nand Information System (EOSDIS) program.\n\nThe goal of the five year Arctic Leads ARI was a more thorough\nunderstanding of the oceanography, meteorology, and ice dynamics\nsurrounding lead formation and evolution.\n\nContact Information:\n\nNSIDC User Services\nCampus Box 449,\nUniversity of Colorado,\nBoulder, CO 80309-0449 USA\n\nTelephone: (303) 492-6199\nFax: (303) 492-2468\nE-Mail: nsidc@nsidc.org\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/arctic_leads_ari_campaign.gd.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db0e55c2-5654-452a-abc9-20cc9e417337", - "label": "KOPRI Based Project", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db348fcc-9ede-41ea-8b77-6b55c7985c54", - "label": "LMOS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS) is a multi-year cooperative\n interstate and federal effort that is seeking a regional\n solution to the ozone nonattainment problem in the Lake\n Michigan area, which includes portions of Illinois, Indiana,\n Michigan, and Wisconsin. A key objective of LMOS is to provide\n the Lake Michigan States with a technically credible\n photochemical modeling system that can be used in developing a\n regional emissions control strategy. Initial efforts involved\n the conduct of a field program during the summer of 1991,\n analyses of the data collected in the field study, the\n development of gridded, day-specific emissions estimates for\n four ozone episodes, application of a prognostic model to\n provide meteorological inputs, adaptation of the Urban Airshed\n Model (UAM-V) to the study area, evaluation of model\n performance, and the conduct of model sensitivity studies. The\n EPA has approved usage of the LMOS modeling system for\n developing revisions to the SIPs for the fo! ur Lake Michigan\n States.\n\n The Lake Michigan Ozone Control Program (LMOP) is also a\n cooperative interstate and federal effort that represents the\n regulatory continuation of LMOS. The initial goal of LMOP was to\n develop an effective regional control strategy that will provide\n for attainment of the ozone National Ambient Air Quality\n Standard (NAAQS) by the statuatory dates, and to submit\n individual State Implementation Plans that reflect this regional\n strategy. The long-term goal is to provide a mechanism for the\n Lake Michigan States to work together to ensure successful\n implementation of the regional strategy, and if appropriate,\n revision of the regional strategy, to achieve attainment (and\n maintenance) of the NAAQS.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ws2.camsys.com/domino/html/nchrp833/databases/nch833a.nsf/\n 579d47b8e7fa22ef852561f700572e3b/5d60d2d00b5542dc88256268006c4426?OpenDocument'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfafa063-f7be-4266-9d7d-afa2ed9fac54", - "label": "KPDC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0d64bd4-d8df-4c72-9657-28e0a74b4132", - "label": "JARE 26", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6c5b00e-b5f8-4ae1-8775-eda40247d707", - "label": "JARE 23", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e88ae068-b9ea-4b3a-afd0-f80cba5042fe", - "label": "LACIE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Source: USDA/FAS Crop Explorer homepage, http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/datasources.cfm ]\n\nThe main cooperating agencies for the LACIE and AgRISTARS programs were the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). These programs were the first joint effort by the U.S. government to use satellite imagery to continuously monitor and assess crop production over selected areas of the world. The AgRISTARS program followed the LACIE program and it developed many operational models and NOAA-AVHRR processing procedures currently used by PECAD and CADRE.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3044b8a-6035-4623-bf67-cd457c6e70ef", - "label": "LARC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "LARC is an acronym, which stands for Laboratorio Antartico de Radiacion Cosmica\n(Antarctic Laboratory for Cosmic Rays). LARC project started about ten years\nago as a uniquely Chilean project, but approximately five years ago the\ncosmic-ray section of IFSI/CNR was called to collaborate with the Chilean\nresearchers both for experimental and theoretical works. A detailed Proposal\nentitled Cosmic Rays in Antarctica was submitted to the Italian Antarctic\nResearch Program (PNRA/MURST, 1992-96) and it was approved. The Italian\ncounterpart joined the project in November 1993 through the signature of a\nformal agreement (convention) between the Chilean Laboratory for Cosmic Rays\n(University of Chile - Santiago) and the Italian Project Cosmic Rays in the\nHeliosphere (IFSI/CNR - Rome). Immediately, the agreement was submitted to the\nINACH (Instituto Antartico Chileno) and to the PNRA. The Italy/Chile\ncollaboration is made in the frame of the International Decade for Scientific\nCupertino in Antarctica (1991-2000).\n\nThe main objective for the LARC project is the study of the cosmic-ray\nradiation in the high-latitude southern Latin-American sector, which is not\ncovered by the worldwide network of cosmic-ray detectors. A standard super\nneutron monitor (6-NM-64 type - IQSY detector) is operating on King George\nIsland (South Shetland Island - Fildes Bay - Ardley Cove) since January 19,\n1991. The place is the seat of the E. Frei Base and the Tte. Marsh airport with\nLas Estrellas Village and a Meteorological Center.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbaf6f60-9018-43eb-973b-c2fcfaa07e4a", - "label": "LISTOS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "To investigate the evolving nature of ozone formation and transport in the NYC region and downwind, NESCAUM has launched the Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study (LISTOS). LISTOS involves a large group of researchers with state and federal agencies and academia that bring a diverse set of resources, expertise, and instrumentation skills. These encompass satellite, aircraft, balloon (ozone sondes), marine, and ground-based data collection and analysis methods to probe the New York City pollution plume and its evolution over and around Long Island Sound. Initial aircraft studies began in May 2017, with expanded activities and planning efforts during 2018 and beyond.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03b39254-0d35-47ae-a3f7-9f898c5eb2fe", - "label": "Landslide Project", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "NASA scientists are building an open global inventory of landslides and we need your help! Knowing where and when landslides occur can help communities worldwide prepare for these disasters. Become a citizen scientist and you can help inform decisions that could save lives and property today.\n\nMore Information: https://gpm.nasa.gov/landslides/", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "label": "M - O", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "004d93e3-1a3b-4308-9917-d522e822f1d3", - "label": "MERGE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERGE is an umbrella program that aims to understand the responses of terrestrial, limnetic and supraglacial polar ecosystems to climate change. \n\nTheme 1: Diversity and biogeography answers 'What taxa are present, how are the communities organized and how are they distributed, and where are they?' Conventional and modern techniques, i.e., culture-dependent to meta-genomic approaches will be used to analyze community structure and biogeography of Polar terrestrial, limnetic and supraglacial ecosystems. Addressing this theme will produce reference collections of Polar organisms and genetic material such as bulk environmental DNA. Selected groups of organisms will be studied to associate species diversification with geographical separation, and to screen for unique physiological and biochemical functions that occur in response to the extreme conditions of polar habitats.\n\nTheme 2: Food webs and ecosystem evolution will answer the question 'How do high-latitude biota interact and function?' Food webs in polar habitats have reduced complexity relative to lower latitudes and are thus likely to be sensitive to changes in species composition. Food web analyses have also highlighted the vulnerability of polar terrestrial ecosystems to climate changes. Palaeo-environmental analysis of diatoms, chemical biomarkers and other records in lake sediment cores have the potential to reveal how climate and environmental changes have driven species successions and ecosystem evolution. Process studies will include analysis of microbial production and interactions, in addition to carbon and nitrogen cycling including microbial controls on CO2 and CH4 dynamics.\n\nTheme 3: Linkages between biological, chemical and physical processes in the supraglacial biome lucidates 'How do physical, chemical and biological processes interact in icy ecosystems?' Supraglacial habitats include water-saturated snow, supraglacial channels, cryoconite holes and veins in ice. Biogeochemical processes in these environments transform atmospheric inputs to the glacier, in a similar way that watershed surfaces modify atmospheric inputs in temperate environments. This work will document the range and nature of aquatic ecosystems on the surfaces of glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic. In doing so controls on biological productivity (physical, chemical, biological); key biogeochemical transformations; and linkages between biological activity and atmospheric fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to glacial surfaces will be characterised. Some complementary studies will also be undertaken on ice shelf cryo-ecosystems that occur in both polar regions and that have some microbiological similarities to cryoconite systems.\n\nThe major purpose of the MERGE umbrella is to provide and expand the chances for sharing/exchanging/offering data, samples, logistics, expedition opportunities, field facilities, laboratories, analytical instruments, etc between the research themes.\n\nMERGE contributes to the EBA SCAR programme.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00e0cdba-ac18-4ced-b5c9-5299b9aa6cc6", - "label": "MOORINGS AND THE TIME SERIES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "017c0d8c-20ad-4e54-a9bb-9dc87c6fc07e", - "label": "OBSERVATIONS OF PMCS AND AURORA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "We propose to coordinate the synchronized observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) and aurora between the International Space Station (ISS), ground sites, and satellites. We also propose to coordinate observations from other International Polar Year (IPY) activities that might benefit from ISS observations.\nThe orbit of the ISS takes it to north and south latitudes of 51.6 degrees at altitudes of 400 km. This provides a human operated platform from which to observe artic and Antarctic phenomena on a length scale of half a continent. This compliments ground site observations and satellite data that can be synchronized in both space and time to record seasonal variations. Observations from the ISS offers an above the cloud vantage including wide angle oblique views, sun-glint textures, day-night terminator lighting, and perhaps most important, human guided observations that can fall outside the purview of pre-programmed field of view instrumentation. The ISS offers a unique platform for Antarctic atmospheric observations since it gives repeated coverage circumscribing the continent every few days where cloud cover the general lack of observation sites limits routine ground observations over long periods of time.\nWe propose to use the current observational equipment on ISS including a suite of digital still cameras, standard video cameras, and a medium resolution, fiber optic coupled visible region spectrograph. We are planning the fabrication for use on ISS of an IMAX-sized format, CCD camera optimised for low light level video if funding permits. With the NASA presidential directive for human exploration beyond Earth orbit, NASA is considering astronaut training in polar regions as analogues for human planetary missions. We propose to coordinate these polar analogue activities with ISS observations.\nParticipation in this proposal will be open to all international partners to ISS as well as any other project that wishes to coordinate observations with ISS. All ISS collected data will be archived and publicly distributed using current NASA infrastructure. This activity offers great potential for educational outreach by linking human exploration from Earth polar extremes to Earth orbital extremes to Lunar and Martian extremes. The outreach will use current NASA educational infrastructure.\nBackground\nThis proposal resulted from prior collaborations when the Lead Contact was a crewmember and Science Officer on Expedition 6 to ISS. During this expedition, synchronized aurora observations were made between ISS and ground observers in Finland. Observations of Antarctic PMC were routinely made and subsequently correlated with SNOE satellite data with collaborators from University of Colorado and University of Alaska. These efforts proved the utility of making synchronized observations between ISS, ground, and satellite and resulted in this proposal. This proposal has been submitted with the approval of Dr. Jim Garvin, NASA Chief Scientist, in the NASA Washington DC office.\nD. R. Pettit, D. W. Rusch, G. E. Thomas, A. Merkel, S. Bailey, J. M. Russell III, M. DeLand, “Near-simultaneous Observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds from the International Space Station and from Orbiting Optical Instruments”, AGU poster, Nov. 2004.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=78", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0195e50b-7039-41aa-9fac-70bedd0304a2", - "label": "NSF0944600", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Antarctica-centered project achieved: 1) the development of a GIS database as a repository for ten geological data sets from the Ford Ranges, West Antarctica, acquired through NSF-OPP funded research from 1989 to 2010; and 2) computation of digital elevation models (DEMS) using newly-available high resolution stereographic imagery provided by the Polar Geospatial Center. Undergraduate interns and research students received GIS training and undertook these activities as a means to acquire fundamental skills and analytical experience in GIS through original research focused on a contemporary question in Antarctic science.\n\nThe topics for original research for undergraduates were determined on the basis of priorities determined by the international ANTscape: Antarctic paleotopography working group (antscape.org) formed under the auspices of the Antarctic Climate Evolution (ACE) initiative. DigitalGlobe imagery was integrated in the GIS and draped upon DEMS in order to examine and quantify aspect of areas determined to be of significance for climate, ice sheet, or tectonics. \n\nThe database management and construction component educated students and provided a framework for acquisition of fundamental skills through use of ArcGIS, ENVI, and GlobalMapper. Students learned about a tectonically active region of Earth that is undergoing deglaciation and climate change. The students used the GIS and satellite imagery for inquiry and interpretation of a geological-glacial setting within the region of West Antarctica, a dynamic region that had never been examined within a single geospatial framework such as that provided by LIMA (http://lima.usgs.gov/).\n\nDuring the time of the award, seven undergraduates developed proficiency in GIS to aid their future employment or academic pursuits, while exploring research questions relating to bedrock structure and Antarctic climate evolution. Four of these completed internships at the Polar Geospatial Center, University of Minnesota, who supported the research. Server configuration and internet formats are being finalized in 2013-14, in preparation to provide electronic access to the scientific community in USA and abroad will gain access to the on-line repository of Ford Ranges geological data and digital elevation models that provide the first accurate elevation data for this region.\n\nThe host institution is in the process of reconfiguring servers in 2013; once this is completed URLs for access to the online geology GIS and DEMs will be provided at this site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "039cf517-4f9f-4743-8f4e-fe4327e320bb", - "label": "OACES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) of NOAA's Climate and Global Change (C&GC) Program has two major scientific objectives. The first is to carry out high- quality measurements of carbon dioxide (CO 2) system parameters that can be used to document the transient invasion of fossil fuel derived CO 2 into the ocean's interior. The second is to utilize these observations in ocean and atmosphere general circulation models to enable more accurate predictions of future climate change on decadal to centennial timescales. In support of these objectives, the OACES program has been making carbon system measurements on deep ocean survey cruises as well as time-series measurements of atmospheric l2CO 2 and 13CO 2 at NOAA's global cooperative flask sampling network sites. \n\nProgram Interfaces: \nThe OACES program addresses research relevant to the goals of the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. JGOFS), a core activity of the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme (IGBP). OACES research is also relevant to activities of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) program, also of IGBP. The IGAC program includes global measurements and modeling of atmospheric CO 2 and its isotopic composition. With respect to NASA, the oceanic measurements made along meridional ocean sections and process study cruises supported by OACES will provide valuable information to the NASA SeaWIFS Ocean Color Satellite mission, namely in situ ocean data that can be used to validate information derived from the satellite (i.e., &ground-truthing&). Another partner in the quest to understand the global carbon cycle is the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In addition to supporting CO 2 measurements on World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) cruises, DOE is providing certified seawater reference materials to investigators to ensure the analytical quality control of seawater total CO 2 measurements. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.gcrio.org/ocp96/progsum/DOC_09.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03d84cf1-8c44-499d-8c97-10e0e971415e", - "label": "NEESPI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NEESPI Home page: http://neespi.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0551ab0d-c04b-4c51-bd96-fac192c5a5a1", - "label": "OPENDAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OPeNDAP is a framework that simplifies all aspects of scientific data\nnetworking, allowing simple access to remote data. OPeNDAP provides software\nwhich makes local data accessible to remote locations regardless of local\nstorage format. OPeNDAP is a protocol for requesting and transporting data\nacross the web. The current OPeNDAP Data Access Protocol (DAP) uses HTTP to\nframe the requests and responses. OPeNDAP also provides tools for transforming\nexisting applications into OPeNDAP clients (i.e., enabling them to remotely\naccess OPeNDAP served data).\n\nMore information, software for download, and software installation \ndocumentation are available at the OPeNDAP web site: 'http://opendap.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06a77e43-0e64-4cfa-9125-d442bfaced33", - "label": "MONITOREO_DE_ECOSISTEMAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the content and distribution of eight key elements, namely, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Se in liver, kidney and muscle of chick individuals of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). Samples were collected during the 2002/2003 austral summer season campaign around Jubany Station (Argentine scientific station), Potter Cove, King George Island. Solutions of organs were prepared by acid-assisted microwave (MW) digestion by employing HNO3 and H202. Instrumental techniques selected to analyze the different tissues were inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).\n\nhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W6H-4GG8TG6-1&_user=2429682&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2429682&md5=add95cfa69d2b153eaa095536c29004d", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07821adf-7a9c-46f0-90c4-44774a1c7b8b", - "label": "NORLAKES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NORLAKES 4 Future \nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=169\n\nThe network for present and future circumpolar freshwater lake research and data management (NORLAKES 4 Future) is a multidisciplinary and national network under the International Polar Year initiative that seek to connect activities and data of complementary research groups that are or will perform limnological research in the Arctic.\n\nBackground. The polar regions at the Northern hemisphere have myriads of freshwater lakes that are integrated parts of the polar biome and thus are irrevocable sites for many ecosystem processes. \nArctic lakes are unique in a number of ways. The most obvious being the physical and chemical conditions that often imply a very harsh environment with low nutrient variability, low temperatures, long ice coverage and highly variable microclimate. The biodiversity as well as productivity of species in such lakes is often low and the food web structures often simple. This implies that arctic lakes are vulnerable to disturbance of almost any kind (air pollution, over exploitation, acidification, eutrophication and climate changes). \nFreshwater lakes are essential in many ways as they provide breeding habitats for birds, are the nursing ground for many insect larval stages, host valuable fish populations (salmon, charr and trout), act as buffer zones for melt waters, provides drinking water and transportation corridors for wild life and humans.\nRecent studies have shown that the coupling between pelagic and benthic food webs in arctic aquatic environments is very important for the cycling of organic matter. It is also clear that the low productivity of most Arctic lakes forces the biota to a very efficient utilization of recourses and that prey-predator interactions work in a strong manner.\n\nRationale and goal. As clearly stated in the ACIA documents it is necessary to improve and the understanding of ecosystem structure, food web behaviour and productivity in Arctic ecosystems along geographical gradients in order to enables the best management practices and protection of such ecosystems for the future. This applies also to the freshwater systems that are essential components in the terrestrial biome as well as a connection between land and sea. The establishment of a strong circumpolar freshwater research network within the IPY is seen as way forward to facilitate the present and future understanding and thus preservation of these ecosystems.\nThe most significant advances within the framework of IPY will be to enforce the research, educational and communication relationships across countries and cultures in the Arctic region. By bringing researcher together that are expects in their fields and/or regions, the network will be able to provide a profound base of knowledge of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of lakes in the Arctic region. By including young scientist as well as training aspect this initiative foster a new generation of scientists that are prepared to take action in international decision and research communities. \nThe networking activities will also include joint expeditions that serve to exploit areas previously not studied because of logistic and/or resources reasons and to share technical and scientific skills between research teams that are not yet co-working. \n\nClustering. The network consists of an already established Nordic collaboration network that has wished to open up to become a multidisciplinary and -national networking unit that will aim at coordinate complementary research groups that are or will perform limnological research in the Arctic. The partner consortium is formed by unifying the original EoI#539, that was assigned by IPY to become a lead project by several other EoI´s that were relevant including two EoI (#313 and 429) that have formed their own clusters but have expressed wished to coordinate activities where it is possible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "090c98f3-5584-4f7a-944e-b24283ba5b28", - "label": "NLCEP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Lewis and Clark Education Project (NLCEP) engages\neducators in a dynamic understanding of The Lewis and Clark\nexpedition (1803-1806) and the nature of the trail's historical\nand modern landscapes. To achieve these objectives, The\nEducation Project utilizes advanced education technologies,\nintegrates interdisciplinary curricula into the classroom,\nsupports scholarly dialogue and develops multimedia geographical\ndata accessible through the Internet. Utilizing our 40 station\nmobile computing lab, conference facilities at The University of\nMontana, a robust, interactive web presence, and remote teacher\nworkshop capabilities, The Education Project reaches out to a\nwide educational audience and supports Lewis and Clark education\nprograms across the country.\n\nThe Education Project explores landscape change and develops a\nvariety of tools that assist educators in determining the\ncultural and ecological interactions inherent in this\nchange. Comparing contemporary and historical interpretations of\nthe trail provides a framework for the integration of remote\nsensing imagery, Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global\nPositioning System (GPS) technologies. Collectively, these new\nclassroom technologies support interdisciplinary curricula and\ncontextual documentation.\n\nThe Education Project aggregates geographical, historical, and\necological information, advanced technologies, and field-based\ninterpretation. As a national resource for educators interested\nin the Lewis and Clark expedition, The Education Project pursues\ncooperative alliances with multiple Lewis and Clark programs\nacross the country and facilities the important exchange of\nideas and classroom resources across boundaries.\n\nThe National Lewis and Clark Education Project invites other\norganizations, institutions and peoples involved in preparations\nfor the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial (2003-2006) to participate\nin this Lewis and Clark education cooperative. Working closely\nwith private and public sector pioneers in technology and\neducational content, The Education Project serves a national\nconstituency and seeks to enhance the spirit of collaboration\nshared by all parties participating in the commemoration of the\n'Corps of Discovery'.\n\nFor more information, please contact\n\nJeff Crews, jcrews@eoscenter.com\n406-243-2644 Office\n406-243-2047 Fax\n\nNational Lewis and Clark Education Project\nJames E. Todd Building\nThe University of Montana\nMissoula, Montana 59812\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lewisandclarkeducationcenter.com/'\n\n[Summary provided by EOS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b5b7a74-1d27-4092-b24d-e5fadf099b66", - "label": "OCTOPUS MINOR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bc41cf0-cf0e-4122-be92-a24ac8ba6012", - "label": "MONEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) which began in 1979 as part of the\nGlobal Weather Experiment (GWE), was the first comprehensive\nexperiment on the Asian monsoon, though this experiment focused mainly\non some meteorological disturbances related to the monsoon onset and\nshort-term variability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c48bbff-0ab6-4168-8502-8d8caa235816", - "label": "NDACC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) was formed to provide a consistent, standardized set of long-term measurements of atmospheric trace gases, particles, and physical parameters via a suite of globally distributed sites. It is composed of more than 70 high-quality, remote-sensing research stations for observing and understanding the physical and chemical state of the stratosphere and upper troposphere and for assessing the impact of stratosphere changes on the underlying troposphere and on global climate. While the NDACC remains committed to monitoring changes in the stratosphere with an emphasis on the long-term evolution of the ozone layer, its priorities have broadened considerably to encompass issues such as the detection of trends in overall atmospheric composition and understanding their impacts on the stratosphere and troposphere, and establishing links between climate change and atmospheric composition. Following five years of planning, instrument design and implementation, the NDACC began network operations in January 1991.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c4fca07-ca8e-4bac-8013-d17b81db9ad1", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_0229546", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "CRAC-ICE will be a coordinated investigation into calving processes on three major Antarctic ice shelves, and a (long-term) monitoring of icebergs in the Southern Ocean, including the study of the physical processes related to iceberg drift and decay. The processes leading to a calving event include the initiation and propagation of through-cutting rifts. Iceberg calving can result in a significant loss of mass from the Antarctic ice sheet, and represents ~ 65% of the total ice sheet ablation. Therefore, it is critical to understand the processes which precede and lead up to a major calving event in order to realistically assess how future climate changes might affect the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Post-calving, iceberg drift is influenced by the shape of the coastline, bottom topography, and a combination of tides, currents, wind, and sea ice. Monitoring the evolution of icebergs as they drift into warmer waters provides a valuable experiment in how rapid climate change influences ice shelves – especially such components as firn compaction, the impact of surface meltwater, ponding, and iceberg break-up. Grounded icebergs cause a severe devastation of the sea floor, forcing benthic communities to re-colonise. Iceberg melting and decay represents a significant source of freshwater (and mineral dust) primarily into the upper layers of the Southern Ocean's northern fringe. A stabilisation of the weakly stratified water column has important and poorly understood consequences for sea ice and water masses involved in deep and bottom water formation, and the biology of the euphotic zone.\n\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=81", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c9d65f7-ad67-4e2c-8ba7-fac5920ecba0", - "label": "MDN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) is a national database of weekly\nconcentrations of total mercury in precipitation and the seasonal and\nannual flux of total mercury in wet deposition. The MDN is a part of\nthe National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) Network.\n\nThe MDN began a transition network of 13 sites in 1995. Beginning in\n1996, MDN became an official network in NADP with 26 sites in\noperation. Over 30 sites were in operation during 1998. The MDN is\nanticipated to operate for a minimum of five years and will be managed\nat the NADP Coordination Office.\n\nFor more information on MDN see:\n'http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/mdn/'\n\nFor more information on NADP see:\n'http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d7280d6-8bd8-475a-a9fb-2add8fb7c86c", - "label": "MEVO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "104ca499-ed21-42ba-8f01-402a9b41a37e", - "label": "ORNL DAAC MODIS SUBSETS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The goal of the MODIS Land Product Subsets project is to provide summaries of selected MODIS Land Products for the community to use for validation of models and remote-sensing products and to characterize field sites. The ORNL DAAC delivers the subsets along with interactive visualizations and the data are offered as comma separated text files and in GIS compatible format. The subset data are particularly useful in conjunction with other field data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "105ca912-10ee-416d-bdb2-d559aa468cb4", - "label": "NPOESS IPO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Description TBA\n\nhttp://science.nasa.gov/missions/npoes/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11c4b770-aa8d-497b-a53d-8ae770db72f6", - "label": "OISO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OISO program (Océan Indien Service d'Observation) was labelised INSU Observation Service in July 1997. Since 1997, this Observation Service is supported by three Institutes (INSU, IPEV and IPSL). This program sets up a network coupled oceanic and atmospheric observations on long time to identify and quantify oceanic CO2 sources and sinks variations , to understand air-sea CO2 exchanges from one season to another, from one year to another, to estimate the evolution of these exchanges in response to climatic changes and to identify carbon anthropic in the ocean and its evolution (bonds with the research programs). In addition to detailed study of CO2 oceanic cycle in Indian and southern south-western zone, the data collected at the time during OISO campaigns are usable to force and to validate oceanic models (e.g. IPSL/IM), the atmospheric models reverse and assimilable in the predictive approaches.\nThe recognition of the responsible processes in CO2 oceanic cycle variations requires a multiannual follow-up and pluridécennal same area. For logistic reasons, choice of a long-term follow-up is fixed on the oceanic zones covered by the ways of Marion-Dufresne rotations in the Indian Ocean, ship chartered by IPEV.\n\nInformation provided by http://soon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/en/CARAUS/OISO/Objectives.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "128c5952-616a-4e81-b961-b98c5af0ec29", - "label": "MABEL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1296508b-444a-4982-b00a-a386ae38f5dd", - "label": "NEEM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "During 2007-2011, a team of ice core researchers will drill through the ice sheet in North-West Greenland to retrieve ice from the previous interglacial, the Eemian, which ended about 115,000 years ago. Ice core samples from the Eemian will contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of climate under conditions similar to those of a future warming climate.\n\nhttp://neem.dk/about_neem/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13194a6b-4232-4281-aa10-f469e54a0de5", - "label": "OOFASH", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Faculty of Fisheries was established as the School of Fisheries at Sapporo Agricultural College in 1907. It was reorganized in 1995, and the Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences with two divisions was established in April 2000. These two institutions now have two training ships, a training factory, marine and limnological laboratories, and are leading fisheries research organizations in Japan.\n\nhttp://www.jodc.go.jp/JGOFS_DMO/testpage/Research/JP14/J14outline.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13ad9a10-53cf-4c5a-97c8-6886eb2cc3db", - "label": "MARSITE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14424fb9-540b-41e0-928c-513817b30ee7", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_0440769", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Explorers Cove, Antarctica, is currently the only place on Earth where biologists can use scuba to directly access a &deep-sea-like& ecosystem and collect basal allogromiids in bulk; it is therefore a site of profound scientific interest. Explorers Cove forams, which may normally have bathymetric ranges to >3,000 m, are ideal for field and laboratory experimentation, and serve as useful model systems for studying the ecology and evolution of deep-sea assemblages. \n\nJust as a firm understanding of the protists is vital to developing a clear picture of early eukaryotic evolution, the key to the origin of Foraminifera lies in the study of the early branching allogromiids. An improved understanding of the relationships between early forams through multigene based molecular phylogenies is a goal of this project. Additionally, a more careful study of the &crown allogromiids& will illuminate the evolutionary steps that lead to the rotaliids, which dominate many shallow-water temperate environments and pelagic foram assemblages.\n\nExtant protists represent the modern products of ancient predatory (phagotrophic) prokaryotes. Protists are well known as consumers of microbiota, but the consumption of metazoans by protists is not widely appreciated. As a result, the consequences of ancient predatory protists are rarely considered a major factor in the diversification of animals during the late Proterozoic/early Cambrian. This project will test hypothesis that predation on metazoans is widespread among basal forams, and if supported by analyses of the new protein-coding sequence data, then the role of these protists in Neoproterozoic ecosystems will need to be reevaluated.\n\nThe objectives of the research are to: test the validity of the foram phylogenetic hypotheses currently based solely on single gene sequence data; examine the ultrastructure of representative members of allogromiid clades; explore the origin of polar forams using the new molecular phylogenetic and structural data; further examine the trophic strategies of allogromiids; and to determine if carnivory is a fundamental nutritional mode for basal forams, or a special derived character. \n\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0440769", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1486c73e-678b-4be6-b190-6bb810dcbc44", - "label": "NOEDA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Under this Project NRSC/ISRO is providing Open Earth Observation Data to users. Data sets provided by NOEDA includes DEM, Satellite Images and Derived products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14b67a41-aa84-4afe-b99b-98ea9af1abf4", - "label": "MAPS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MAPS experiment measures the global distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) in the free troposphere. Because of MAPS' previous flights on board the Space Shuttle, Earth system scientists now know that carbon monoxide concentrations in the troposphere are highly variable around the planet, and that widespread burning in the South American Amazon region and the African savannas are major global sources of carbon monoxide in the troposphere.\n \nMAPS Hardware:\n \nMAPS consists of an electro-optical sensor, an electronics module, a digital tape dsata record, and an aerial camera. The 92 kg MAPS package is 90 cm long, 76 cm wide, and 58 cm high. The hardware is coupled to a cold plate and mounted on the Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (MPESS) which is installed at the forward end of the cargo bay. The electro-optical sensor incorporates two gas cells, one containing 350 hPa of CO and another containing 149 hPa of N2O; their corresponding detectors; a direct radiation detector; and external balance and gain check system; and an internal balance system.\n \nThe electronics module of MAPS consists of the signal processors, the balance system controls, and the circuitry required to operate the system. The space-qualified Lockheed Mark V tape recorder records the experiment data at an average rate of 43 bits per second. The Flight Research 35-mm aerial camera, equipped with a light sensor, photographs the groundtrack during sunlit portions of the orbit.\n \nMAPS Operations:\n \nWhen the Space Shuttle attains Earth-viewing position, the MAPS instrument pallet (shown in the lower right hand corner) power is supplied and the instrument is commanded on. After a 30-minute warmup, the instrument executes a balance cycle and gain check before it begins to take data. MAPS continues to operate throughout the Earth- observing period. Balance and gain check recur at 12-hour intervals or upon command from the Earth-based experiment team. The three instrument signals (two difference channel signals and one direct radiometer signal) and various 'housekeeping' signals are digitized, formatted, and stored on the experiment's tape recorder. These signals are also telemetered to the ground via the Space Shuttle telemetry system. When the Payload Operations Control Center receives the telemetered signals, the MAPS operations team evaluates the instrument operation and processes the signals to provide 'quick look' carbon monoxide mixing ratios along the shuttle ground track.\n \nThe aerial camera mounted next to the MAPS electro-optical head provides information on cloud cover and terrain over which the data are gathered. Operation of the camera and tape recorder can be inhibited during periods when the Shuttle is not in proper Earth-viewing attitude.\n \nMAPS Investigators:\n \nThe MAPS experiment is conducted by a team led by Principal\nInvestigator Henry G. Reichle, Jr. of NASA's Langley Research\nCenter. The MAPS science team, which advises the experiment team and\nassists in evaluation of MAPS data, consists of V. Connors, NASA\nLangley Research Center; W. Hesketh, Space Tec Ventures;\n \n P. Kasibhatla, Georgia Institute of Technology; V. Kirchoff, Instituto\n Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil; J. Logan, Harvard\n University; R. Newell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;\n R. Nicholls, York University, Canada; L. Peters, University of\n Kentucky; W. Seiler, Fraunhofer-Institut Fur Atmospharische\n Umweltforschung, Germany; H. Wallio, NASA Langley Research Center.\n\nFor more information,link to:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/MAPS.html\n \n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "164e9df9-569a-496b-9146-b47ffce516e0", - "label": "OSTM/JASON-2", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The JASON-2 project is a response to the international demand for programmes to study and observe oceans and the climate, through a worldwide ocean observation system. It is a continuation to the TOPEX/POSEIDON and JASON-1 altimetry missions developed by CNES and NASA. Altimetry, i.e. the precise measurement of ocean surface topography, has indeed become since 1992 (launch of TOPEX/POSEIDON) an essential tool for the study of oceans on a global scale.\n\nJASON-2 is part of cooperation between CNES, EUMETSAT, NASA and NOAA. Space and \nground segments of the Jason-2 mission strongly inherit from the JASON-1 mission.\n\nOnboard the JASON-2 satellite, which uses a PROTEUS platform, the payload is composed \nof a Poseidon-3 radar altimeter supplied by CNES, an Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR) \nsupplied by NASA/JPL, and a triple system for precise orbit determination: the DORIS instrument\n (CNES), GPS receiver and a Laser Retroflector Array (LRA) (NASA). Three further onboard \ninstruments (T2L2, LPT, CARMEN-2) will also be included. \n\nIn order to ensure continuity and optimal inter-calibration of observations over the long term, \nJASON-2 will fly the same orbit as JASON-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON. Moreover, data processing \nwill be integrated into the CNES ground segment 'SALP' (altimetry and precise positioning \nsystem), which already operates the altimetry missions TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON-1, \nENVISAT, GFO, whose data is distributed on the AVISO website.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17d11f3c-9ba7-4ac3-b8e6-84def57dc779", - "label": "NRL Coriolis", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1958855f-1109-4ab2-abbe-254cc013d979", - "label": "MECKAAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Norway has established satellite stations to monitor global climate change from the poles. The stations in the Arctic and Antarctic will provide information on changes in the global climate more quickly than previous systems.\n\n\nhttp://www.norway.or.kr/education/research/Trollsat_eng.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b9aa220-a09f-478a-8068-27acd9997da2", - "label": "MC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Magnetospheric Constellation (MC) mission will answer: 'How does\nthe dynamic magnetotail store, transport, and release matter and\nenergy?'\n\nOverview:\n\n- A constellation of 50 small satellites distributed in 3x7 Re to 3x40\nRe, low inclination, nested orbits.\n\n- 'Nearest neighbor' average spacing 1.0-2.0 RE between satellites, in the\ndomain of the near-Earth plasma sheet.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/mc/mc.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cb6fe8a-e3d4-4527-89ce-801890853c4c", - "label": "OIB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "IceBridge, a six-year NASA mission, is the largest airborne survey of Earth's polar ice ever flown. It will yield an unprecedented three-dimensional view of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, ice shelves and sea ice. These flights will provide a yearly, multi-instrument look at the behavior of the rapidly changing features of the Greenland and Antarctic ice.\n\nhttp://www.espo.nasa.gov/oib/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d0edf2b-aa3b-4fc9-a040-a4195efd94b5", - "label": "MBNMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is a Federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast. Stretching from Marin to Cambria, the MBNMS encompasses a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322 square miles of ocean. Supporting one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems, it is home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates and plants in a remarkably productive coastal environment. The MBNMS was established for the purpose of resource protection, research, education, and public use of this national treasure. The MBNMS is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \n\nInformation provided by http://montereybay.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ed1d634-0e86-4803-8e99-1a30abc878e4", - "label": "MACPEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mid-latitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment (MACPEX) is an airborne field campaign to investigate cirrus cloud properties and the processes that affect their impact on radiation. Utilizing the NASA WB-57 based at Ellington Field, TX, the campaign will take place in the March / April 2011 timeframe. Science flights will focus on central North America vicinity with an emphasis over the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains (DoE ARM SGP) site in Oklahoma.\n\nIn addition to the in situ measurements, flights will be coordinated with the NASA EOS / A-Train satellite observations for validation, as well as, evaluation of new remote-sensing retrievals for future Earth Science Decadal satellites. The detailed measurements aquired by MACPEX will also be used to improve cloud model parameterizations in Global Climate Models (GCMs). For more information on MACPEX and its future plans, visit: http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/macpex/macpex.html or http://www.espo.nasa.gov/macpex/.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21c804d3-1bd5-415d-b030-dc14d5f99149", - "label": "MEDIO_AMBIENTE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Antarctica has great value as a natural laboratory for scientific research on issues of global relevance. Unless your natural features can be preserved from pollution and increasing unrest due primarily to significant human activity, scientific activity could be seriously restricted. The sensitivity of the Antarctic marine and terrestrial environments indicates that special precautions must be taken to preserve them.\n\nSince the ratification of the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, or the Madrid Protocol (National Law No. 24,216), the Treaty system was reinforced by a series of rules that involve the commitment of the parties in the overall protection of the environment and its dependent and associated ecosystems and designated Antarctica as a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science.\n\nEnvironmental protection of Antarctica has two goals: one is related to the maintenance of high productivity and ecological relationships in the Southern Ocean, and the other with the maintenance of the environment in pristine condition. The main value to keep in Antarctica is its sole source of information virtually free of pollution or human, for geophysical, geological and biological useful to humanity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2469d7de-19ea-461a-8a95-a8b96639cf82", - "label": "NAWQA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Since 1991, USGS scientists with the NAWQA program have been\ncollecting and analyzing data and information in more than 50\nmajor river basins and aquifers across the Nation. The goal is\nto develop long-term consistent and comparable information on\nstreams, ground water, and aquatic ecosystems to support sound\nmanagement and policy decisions. The NAWQA program is designed\nto answer these questions:\n\n1.What is the condition of our Nation's streams and ground\nwater?\n\n2.How are these conditions changing over time?\n\n3.How do natural features and human activities affect these\nconditions? How does NAWQA answer these questions?\n\nAnswering these questions:\n\nStudy design and methods are nationally consistent so that\nwater-quality conditions can be compared on a regional and\nnational basis.\n\nStudies are long-term and cyclical so that trends in water\nquality can be analyzed to determine whether conditions are\ngetting better or worse.\n\nStudies relate human activities (contaminant sources, land and\nchemical use) and natural factors (soils, geology, hydrology,\nclimate) to water quality, aquatic life, and stream habitat so\nthat findings help with decisions about managing water resources\nand protecting drinking water and aquatic ecosystems.\n\nUSGS scientists interact with government officials, resource\nmanagers, industry representatives, and other interested parties\nso that findings are relevant to decision makers.\n\nUSGS scientists cover a range of disciplines, including\nhydrology, geology, geophysics, biology, geography, and\nstatistics so that the interdependent nature of river basins and\naquifer systems can be analyzed.\n\nUSGS is committed to making its unbiased scientific information\navailable to everyone so that findings are presented in multiple\nformats, including raw data, reports, journal articles,\npamphlets, and videos. Most of these products are free.\n\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/natsyn.html'\n\n[Summary provided by [USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2631af17-aeed-4bf2-a0a5-6e638346a4f2", - "label": "NACP-ARKEBAUER-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Controls on Soil Surface CO2, N2O and CH4 Fluxes, Ecosystem Respiration and Global Warming Potentials in Great Plains Agricultural Ecosystems\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=305\n\nThe main hypothesis of the proposed research is that ecosystem respiration is a major determinant of annual net ecosystem carbon exchange and global warming potential, and their interannual variability, for maize and soybean agroecosystems in the Great Plains region. \nThe research will determine annual ecosystem respiration and global warming potential (and their associated interannual variability) for major agroecosystems in the Great Plains region through the acquisition of unique datasets on continuous, year round measurements of soil surface trace gas fluxes using a series of autochambers. We will couple the surface CO2 fluxes with continuous estimates of aboveground plant respiration in order to provide annually integrated estimates of ecosystem respiration. We will also determine annual global warming potentials in the selected agroecosystems using the continuous measurements of surface N2O and CH4 fluxes. In addition, we will obtain information on biophysical and physiological controlling factors governing spatial and temporal variability in surface gas fluxes, ecosystem respiration and global warming potentials in these systems. \n\nThe research will increase our understanding of the basic physical and biological processes controlling surface-atmosphere exchange of energy-related greenhouse gases in the context of major agricultural land management systems in the United States. The following information will be obtained for major agroecosystems in the Great Plains region: (1) annual ecosystem respiration and global warming potential and their associated interannual variability in these cropping systems at the field scale, (2) information on biophysical and physiological controlling factors which help explain the variability in ecosystem respiration and global warming potential, and (3) unique datasets on continuous, year round measurements of soil surface CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes, depth profiles of trace gas concentrations and relevant supporting variables in the selected agroecosystems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27b504c7-40ab-4381-9b64-6925c081763f", - "label": "NTHMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program is a program designed to reduce the impact of tsunamis through hazard assessment, warning guidance, and mitigation. Information about tsunami detection buoys can be found through the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis project DART. Real-time data access for the DART buoys, US Earthquake (USGS), and NTHMP seismic waveforms is available. Other services and data products can be found at the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research.\n\nInformation provided by (http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27ebc07f-cc34-45ce-afe1-a660017bbd3d", - "label": "NEMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n(NOAA)Northeast Monitoring Program completed its second water\ncolumnmonitoring survey in the Middle Atlantic Bight for\n1984. The cruisewas conducted during the week of June 2-9, 1984\naboard the R/V CAPEHENLOPEN of the University of\nDelaware. Seventy six stations wereoccupied; the station\nlocations are shown in Figure 1. Stagingoccurred at the\nUniversity of Delaware, College of Marine Studies,Lewes,\nDelaware. The cruise was conducted by the National OceanService\n(NOS) Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment,\nOceanAssessments Division. Chemical analyses were performed by\npersonnelfrom the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).\n\nOBJECTIVES:\n\nThe objectives of the cruise were (1) to monitor the annual\ncycleof pycnocline development and associated reductions of\ndissolved oxygenlevels in bottom waters of the New York Bight;\n(2) to take ancillaryphysical and chemical data to aid in\nunderstanding processes which maycontribute to pollution\nresulting from nutrient loading; (3) to collectsurface samples\nfor phytoplankton identification and distributionstudies; (4) to\ncollect sediment samples from selected stations forC:H:N ratios,\nchlorophyll a, diatom resting spores, and N14/N15 ratios;(5) to\ncorrelate satellite-imagery with sea surface temperature; (6)\ntocollect and transmit shipboard XBT and weather data in\nreal-time viaGOES satellite; and (7) to obtain surface mapping\nof chlorophyll overthe Middle-Atlantic Bight for correlation\nwith satellite imagery.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://ccmaserver.nos.noaa.gov/Abstracts/Document559.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "280ad0d1-f0eb-4e36-acd3-882ea19e1713", - "label": "NORCLIM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NORCLIM\nProject URL: http://www.geo.vu.nl/~palmorph/staff/Norclim.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=120\n\nThe Arctic is a region characterized by the presence of sea-ice, glaciers and permafrost. By its nature, it is particular sensitive to climatic change. The last decennia of the 20th century have seen a rapid increase in mean temperatures, melting of glaciers, decrease of Arctic sea-ice coverage and thawing of permafrost areas. Continued warming will undoubtedly have strong consequences, not only for the arctic communities, but for the world as a whole. The climatic history of the past two millenia with a (warm) Roman Period, (cold) Dark Ages, (warm) Medieval Optimum, (cold) Little Ice Age and 20th Century Warming shows that rapid shifts in the natural climate regime have occurred repeatedly. There are strong indications that these climate trends are not uni-directional for the entire Arctic, but that they show regional patterns, e.g. the recent contrast between SW Greenland cooling and NW European warming. Previously, sea surface temperatures offshore SW Greenland had been relatively high during the 1950's and 1960's, when northwest European winters were generally more severe (e.g. 1962-63). Consequently, it is likely that for a given time interval patterns of human occupation and activities may also regionally have been different. prehistorical times, around 2000 years ago, the Dorset (Innuit) Culture was about to disappear in Greenland, whereas it took several centuries before a new Innuit culture immigrated. In a historical context it includes the period during which the Vikings settled on the Faroer, Iceland and Greenland and also travelled to Newfoundland. The second part of the last millennium were the heydays for dutch whaling expeditions. The latter implies that a wealth of historical data (ship's logbooks) on climatic and sea ice conditions are available.\n\nNotable is the shift of whaling activities from Spitsbergen to Davis Strait during the later part of the Little Ice Age, a well known cooling period in NW Europe.\n\nArctic archeology is about human adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. Critical boundary conditions for human survival in the Arctic, such as duration of the summer season, permafrost conditions and the presence of sea-ice are often difficult to establish based on archeological evidence alone. Research has its specific logistic problems: short seasons, permafrost, ice/snow coverage, resulting in an often scattered and fragmented archeological record. To complete this record, a consistent chronological climatic/environmental context is needed. This can be supplied by paleoclimatological research, aiming to reconstruct climatic/environmental variability at high resolution. This is achieved by analysing sedimentological (grainsize, composition), chemical (geochemistry, stable oxygen and carbon isotopes) and biological (foraminifera, diatoms, molluscs) parameters from marine/terrestrial cores and environments taken in key areas.\n\nNORCLIM (IPY 120) is designed to provide constraints on pressing questions that address the nature of the 20th century Arctic warming. The proposal focusses on natural climate variability during the past 2000 years with special emphasis on the permafrost/sea-ice relation and on contrasting climatic trends (south)west off Greenland when compared with the NE Atlantic region.\n\nThe research is based on an integrated approach to reconstruct the changes in ocean surface currents, particularly the inflow of warm Atlantic water versus outflow of ice-loaded Polar water, terrestrial environments and evolution of glaciers and ice sheets in the study area. Evidence for climatic variability will be gathered from marine/terrestrial sedimentary records (multiproxy approach), molluscs, geomorphological and archeological evidence, and historical archives (e.g. whaling data).\n\nThe objectives of NORCLIM are:\n- To correlate existing marine/terrestrial paleoclimate records\n- To link existing marine/terrestrial paleoclimate records with archeological/historical information\n- To identify gaps in our knowledge for the various key-areas\n- To fill these gaps by collecting additional information onshore and offshore for all data sets\n- To place archeological and historical data in a solid climatological framework\n- To use the confirmed regional contrasts, if any, for improved regional climate prediction and societal/economic planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28c4b196-1d9a-49e7-bd2f-2200e006876d", - "label": "NSF/OPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "292ad2e7-d152-4879-b61d-57084696ac06", - "label": "MET-READER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "READER (REference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research) is a project of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR http://www.scar.org/) and has the goal of creating a high quality, long term dataset of mean surface and upper air meteorological measurements from in-situ Antarctic observing systems. These data will be of value in climate research and climate change investigations.\n\nThe primary sources of data are the Antarctic research stations and automatic weather stations. Data from mobile platforms, such as ships and drifting buoys are not being collected since our goal is to derive time series of data at fixed locations.\n\nSurface and upper air data are being collected and the principal statistics derived are monthly and annual means. Daily data will not be provided in order to keep the data set to a manageable size. With the resources available to the project, it is clearly not possible to collect all the information that could be required by the whole range of investigations into change in the Antarctic. Instead a key set of meteorological variables (surface temperature, mean sea level pressure and surface wind speed, and upper air temperature, geopotential height and wind speed at standard levels) are being assembled and a definitive set of measurements presented for use by researchers.\n\nA lot of stations have been operated in the Antarctic over the years; many for quite short periods. However, our goal here is to provide information on the long time series that can provide insight into change in the Antarctic. So to be included, the record from a station must extend for 25 years, although not necessarily in a continuous period, or be currently in operation and have operated for the last 10 years. In READER we have chosen to use only data from year-round stations.\n\nIt is important when using mean data to know the number of observations that were used in computing the means. As discussed in the data section, the READER mean monthly values are therefore colour coded to indicate the percentage of possible observations used in computing each mean.\n\nThe READER data set is being disseminated via CD-ROM and through the World Wide Web at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/programs-hosted.html. The first release of the data set covers the period up to the end of 2000 and contains all the data collected so far. However, there are still a number of significant gaps and it is hoped that these can be filled over the coming years. In particular, we still require more upper air data.\n\nFor more information, please refer to the READER website at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29b77456-e5e7-43d1-a8e6-923298753258", - "label": "OPUS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A significant proportion of global primary production occurs in the coastal ocean where the biological pump exports carbon to deep water. The pump's efficiency depends on the fraction of carbon fixation that escapes recycling within the mixed layer, i.e. new production, which is supported by nutrient influx (e.g. nitrate or silicate) to the euphotic zone. Wind-driven coastal upwelling provides nutrient enrichment that creates high rates of new production in eastern boundary ocean margins, which will be described here using historical data collected by our group in a variety of upwelling areas. These include data from Peru, northwest Africa and Baja, California collected during the 1970's as part of the Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) Program, in the 1980's at Point Conception, CA during the Organization of Persistent Upwelling Structures (OPUS) Project, in the 1990's in Monterey Bay, CA and more recently off Bodega Bay California during the Coastal Ocean Processes Wind Events and Shelf Transport (CoOP-WEST) program. In all studies, the percent of new production or 'f ratio' was calculated using the same approach, from nitrate uptake measured using the stable isotopic tracer, 15N. A common feature in these systems, is the need for a brief window of relaxed winds (3-5 days) following an upwelling event, to enable new production rates to increase, as phytoplankton biomass accumulates. More recently, the importance of the larger sized fraction of phytoplankton (mainly diatoms) to new production in these ecosystems has been documented. The significance of this diatom dominance to carbon flux and sinking export within these productive coastal ecosystems will be discussed. \n\nhttp://74.125.95.104/search?q=cache:mHOLKkBiTjoJ:start.org/meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS32N.html+information+about+Observations+of+Persistent+Upwelling+Structures&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=us&client=firefox-a", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29c0bbcb-9261-452c-97cc-87fa308261c1", - "label": "NICAL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Nature Inspired Computation and Applications Laboratory (NICAL) is affiliated with the Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). It was the first research laboratory in China devoted to the theory and applications of natural computation, being set up in December 2003. Its mission is to be one of the leading research centres in the world in nature inspired computation and applications.\n\n\nhttp://nical.ustc.edu.cn/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b15a153-8b6a-48fc-bf93-1457b8e004c2", - "label": "NWRBDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Wildlife Refuge Boundary Digitizing Project\n(NWRBDP)involves digitizing all the refuge boundaries for Region 5 and\nregistering them to the USGS 1:24,000 topo quads. Currently we are\nfinishing up phase 1, the external boundaries of owned and approved\nareas. In phase 2 the internal parcel lines will be added, individual\ntracts coded and additional data such as the roads and hydrology\nprovided. More detailed info is available on the refuge boundary page\nabove.\n\nThe refuge status and boundary maps are used by the Fish and Wildlife\nService to show property that the agency owns and areas in which the\nagency is authorized to buy. These must be constantly updated to\nreflect recent purchases and changes in the status of property.\n\n Project Contact Person:\n\n Linda Shaffer (Supervisory Cartographer)\n U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\n Cartography and Spatial Data Services\n 300 Westgate Center Drive\n Hadley, MA 01035\n\n Phone: 413-253-8292\n Fax: 413-253-8451\n E-mail: lnda_shaffer@fws.gov\n\n Project Home Page: 'http://northeast.fws.gov/gis/refbnd/refbnd.html'\n\n [Summary provided by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e985410-590b-4eb0-bb67-419855921289", - "label": "MERCATOR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Public Interest Group (GIP) Mercator Ocean was founded in April 2002 with a\nbrief from its six member organisations (CNES, Ifremer, IRD, Meteo-France,\nCNRS, SHOM) to set up an operational system for describing the state of the\nocean, an integral part of our environment, at any given time and at any place\non our blue planet. Input for the Mercator system comes from ocean\nobservations measured by satellites or in situ observations through\nmeasurements taken at sea. These measurements are 'ingested' (assimilated) by\nthe analysis and forecasting model. The assimilation of observation data in a\nmodel is used to describe and forecast the state of the ocean for up to 14 days\nahead of time.\n\nThe project mission was thus defined in 1995 to meet a threefold objective:\n* Develop an operational oceanography system\n* Enable the development of applications by distributing its products\n* Contribute to success of the international Godae experiment along\nwith the Jason (altimetry observation) and Coriolis (in situ\nobservations) programs. Together with the Jason (satellite observations)\nprogram and Coriolis (in situ observations), Mercator (modelisation and\nassimilation) is the french contribution to Godae (Global Ocean Data\nAssimilation Experiment), first international experiment of operational\noceanography.\n\nThe intensive phase of Godae is taking place between 2003 and 2005 with the\nrise of several centers around the world able to supply real-time global ocean\nnowcasting and forecasting data. Mercator must be one of them.\n\nMERCATOR Website: 'http://www.mercator-ocean.fr/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "302dfafa-8202-4e06-baf1-3a142fbaca5c", - "label": "MESA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:\n\nThe Marine EcoSystems Analysis (MESA) Puget Sound Project has\nundertaken intensive studies of Puget Sound, with particular\nemphasis on such highly industrialized areas as Elliott and\nCommencement Boys and Sinclair Inlet. These studies have\ninvolved chemical, biological and oceanographic investigations\naimed at determining the concentrations, fates and effects of\ntoxic chemicals in the Puget Sound ecosystem. An integral part\nof these studies has been toxicity tests with field-collected\nsediments. The present study was initiated to extend sediment\ntoxicity testing to two previously untested industrialized Puget\nSound embayments: Bellingham Bay and Everett Harbor. Relatively\nhigh concentrations of toxic chemicals had been reported from\nthese two areas (Malins et al., 1982). The contaminant mixtures\ndiscovered there differed somewhat from those observed in other\nparts of Puget Sound. This study was initiated to determine if\nsediments from these two areas were toxic or not. Toxicity\ntesting was also conducted south of Bellingham Bay at Samish\nBay, chosen as a reference area. A total of 22 stations were\nchosen for study: 10 in the Everett Harbor area, 10 in\nBellingham Bay, and 2 in Samish Bay. Composite sediment grab\nsamples were collected from each station and tested for acute\nlethal, sublethal, partial life-cycle, cell reproduction and\ngenotoxic effects. These effects were examined utilizing\nsensitive test methods applied elsewhere in Puget Sound (Chapman\net al., 1982a; in press a, b). An additional station south of\nEverett Harbor was tested (with negative results) for acute\nlethal and sublethal effects. On the basis of acute lethal,\nsublethal, partial life-cycle, cell reproduction and genotoxic\neffects testing, Everett Harbor, Bellingham and Samish Bays were\nless toxic than contaminated areas such as the Duwamish Waterway\n(Elliott Bay) and the Commencement Bay Waterways. Everett Harbor\nsediments were more toxic overall than those from Bellingham\nBay. Samish Bay sediments only showed toxicity in cell\nreproduction and genotoxic tests, suggesting very different\nsediment chemistry in this area. Partial life-cycle bioassays\nwith oyster larvae (Crassostrea gigas) were conducted by\nexposing fertilized eggs to settled sediment slurries for 48 h\nthen determining the number of live larvae and any\nabnormalities. A total of 19 stations demonstrated significant\nabnormalities or mortalities; the two reference stations showed\nno significant effects. Acute lethal bioassays were conducted\nwith the sensitive amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. Two stations\n(one each in Bellingham Bay and Everett-Harbor) demonstrated\nsignificant acute lethal effects; the two reference stations\nshowed no significant effects. Sublethal effects measurements\nwere conducted with the oligochaete Monopylephorus cuticulatus\nby exposing the worms to sediment elutriates and measuring\nrespiration rates. Seven stations demonstrated significant\nrespiration rate differences compared to controls; the two\nreference stations showed no significant effects. Cell\nreproduction studies were conducted by exposing rainbow trout\ngonad (RTG-2) and bluegill fry (BF-2) cells to sediment extracts\nduring logarithmic growth. Eight stations (including one\nreference station) significantly reduced cell growth in RTG-2\ncells, and three stations (including both reference stations)\nsignificantly reduced cell growth in BF-2 cells. Genotoxic\ntests for chromosomal damage were conducted by exposing RTG-2\ncells to sediment extracts and determining mitotic (anaphase\naberration) effects. Sediment extracts from eight stations\n(including one reference station) caused significant chromosomal\ndamage. Physical and chemical data for tested samples (particle\nsize, total volatile solids, digestible organic carbon, and\nextractable organic matter) were within the ranges observed for\nother areas of Puget Sound with the following exceptions. A high\nclay content was noted in Bellingham Bay sediments and a high\npercentage of total volatile solids was noted in inner Everett\nHarbor sediments.\n\nINTRODUCTION:\n\nOne of the intents of the MESA Puget Sound Project is to develop\nan understanding of the effects of environmental contaminants upon\nPuget Sound biota. High environmental levels of particular\nchemicals have been detected in sediments from industrialized\nembayments of Puget Sound, and a variety of in situ biological\neffects (e.g. tissue abnormalities in fish and shellfish, changes in\nbiological community structure) occur in areas associated with high\nlevels of various contaminants (Malins et al., 1980, 1982; Dexter et\nal., 1981; Long, 1982). Direct evidence of toxicity from Puget Sound\nsediments has recently been provided for three of these industrialized\nembayments: Elliott Bay, Commencement Bay and Sinclair Inlet\n(Chapman et al., 1982a, in press a, b).\nContaminant mixtures found in sediments from Bellingham Bay and\nEverett Harbor were known to differ from those of the previously\ntested areas. However, the relative toxicity of sediments in these\ntwo areas was unknown. Recent indirect evidence of the potential\nfor biological effects among biota captured in the two areas\nhas been collected.\nField studies have recently recorded fin rot and lesions in bottom\nfish in Bellingham Bay and Everett Harbor (Campana, 1983;\nGronlund et al., 1983). The intent of the present study was to\ndetermine whether marine sediments from these embayments also\nexhibited toxic biological effects in direct exposure tests.\nAccordingly, composited sediment grab samples were obtained from a\ntotal of 22 stations (including a non-industrialized reference area,\nSamish Bay). These samples were tested for possible biological\neffects using a range of species and test methodologies. Sediment\ncollected from a station in Possession Sound, south of Everett\nHarbor, was also tested on an opportunistic basis. The results were\nused to determine the relative toxicity of Everett Harbor and\nBellingham Bay samples compared to those from other tested areas\nof Puget Sound.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "305bf791-4e28-48e7-8836-77b12d7d375c", - "label": "NORSWAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NORSWAM Project was undertaken in order to supplement the limited \namount of measured wave data that was available in the northern North \nSea on which to base design and certification criteria for offshore \nstructures. The project was based on the development of a numerical \nmodel to generate wave fields from existing meteorological data. The \nmodel was ... developed jointly by the Max-Planck Institute fuer \nMeteorologie (Hamburg), the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon \nLaboratory (IOSDL) and the Department of Environment Hydraulics \nResearch Station. The model was primarily run in hindcast mode so as \nto generate wave fields from the surface wind and pressure fields of \npast storm events. By selecting a representative sample of the worst \nstorms over a number of years, the wave data generated by the model \ncan be used to provide an estimate of the distribution of extreme \nwaves over the same period. For this purpose a special data set of \nsurface winds and pressure fields - the NORSWAM Input Data Set - was \ncompiled by IOSDL and the UK Meteorological Office. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_BODC_NORSWAM_InputData.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "313e5083-5612-4465-8e28-bae7ee4c46b1", - "label": "MELTDOWN 3D", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: Metldown 3D\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=405\n\nMeltdown 3D: Global Warning is a new, multiple media, informal science education project in support of the Education and Outreach mission of the International Polar Year. Driven by a giant screen (IMAX-format) 3D and 2D film and enriched by outreach, Meltdown will advance public understanding of polar science and the importance of the Poles to the global climate system; inspire greater confidence in the results of scientific study; and advance an appreciation for science, not as something separate and remote, but as vital and relevant to everyday life. \n\nThe film itself is wholly unconventional: a fast-moving, always surprising cinematic experience that weaves back and forth between live-action sequences shot in Earth's most extreme environments the Poles and stunning 3D animation depicting future conditions of our planet as modeled by the world's leading climatologists. It's a scientifically credible disaster film, designed to show the public exactly where our planet may be headed in larger-than-life pictures, and in ways words alone can't describe. \n\nMeltdown 3D will feature scientists at work in the field and will explore issues relating to polar melting, sea level rise, disruption of the thermohaline cycle, and coral bleaching, among others. The impact of the film will be enriched by extensive paper and web-based educational materials and activities, and further enhanced by a professional development programs for teachers, museum educators, and after-school program leaders. \n\nMeltdown 3D is currently in development, and is targeted to release in the final quarter of 2008 or the final quarter of 2009, coinciding with the second half of IPY (pending funding).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31994e7e-0ca5-485f-a6f1-5e7ad2ead7f7", - "label": "NOBM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34ce8f21-1ae5-494a-baa6-3d7e585f0c50", - "label": "NS&T", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Status and Trends (NS&T) program monitors the spatial\ndistributions, temporal trends and biological effects of chemical pollutants\nin estuarine and coastal marine areas of the United States. The program was\ndesigned to help determine the present conditions of the Nation's coastal\nmarine environment, and establish whether these conditions are improving or\ndeclining. To accomplish this, the program annually measures the\nconcentrations of selected contaminants in marine biota and sediments,\ncollected from coastal areas around the country. The relationship between\ncontaminant exposure and indicators of biological responses in marine\norganisms is also examined. Policy makers and resource managers may use NS&T\ndata to help assess the effects of human activities on the coastal marine\nenvironment and to indicate areas where pollution control measures are working\nor might be needed.\nThe NS&T program is administered by ORCA's Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects\nDivision (CMBAD), in conjunction with NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service\n(NMFS) and the Office of NOAA Corps Operations; ORCA is a major line office of\nthe National Ocean Service (NOS) within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA). Some components of the NS&T program are conducted\nthrough cooperative agreements with state and regional environmental monitoring\nprograms.\nThe primary emphasis of the NS&T program is the determination of the status\nand effects of toxic chemicals in coastal marine and estuarine areas. Through\nits Mussel Watch Project, the program monitors the levels of over 70\ncontaminants in sediments and the soft tissue of mussels and oysters. The\nprogram's Benthic Surveillance Project monitors the same suite of chemicals in\nsediments and benthic (bottom-dwelling) fish, and additionally analyzes fish\nfor disease conditions and specific physiological responses that are\nassociated with contaminant exposure. The chemicals selected by the NS&T\nprogram serve as indicators of human activity and, at certain levels, may be\nacutely or chronically toxic to marine life. Monitored contaminants include\n24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); 20 congeners of polychlorinated\nbiphenyls (PCBs); 15 chlorinated pesticides, including Chlordane and DDT (and\nbreakdown elements of DDT); butyltins; four major elements; and 12 trace\nelements. Sediments also are analyzed for total organic carbon content (TOC),\nand for spore concentrations of the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, which\nis associated with sewage contamination. The grain size distribution among\nsediment particles also is recorded to account for differences among\ncontaminant levels, due to differing capacities for sediments to accumulate\ncontaminants.\nThe NS&T program also conducts Bioeffects Surveys, and prepares Historical\nTrends reports and Coastal Contamination Assessments in selected coastal\nareas. Bioeffects Surveys provide information on the magnitude and extent of\ncontaminant-associated effects by measuring such properties as external and\ninternal disease, reproductive impairment and genetic damage in fish and\nbivalves, and sediment toxicity resulting from contaminants. Historical\nTrends reports identify patterns of contamination in selected coastal areas\nover extended periods of time. These studies compare new NS&T data with\npertinent historical data, including chemical analyses of of sediment core\nsegments. Coastal Contamination Assessments combine contaminant findings with\nsuch estuarine-related information as hydrologic features, point source\ncharacteristics, and projected population trends to provide comprehensive\nenvironmental assessments of selected coastal areas.\nThe NS&T program concentrates on estuaries, bays, and near-shore marine areas.\nThrough the program's Mussel Watch and Benthic Surveillance projects, samples\nare collected at regular intervals from over 300 sites throughout the United\nStates, including Alaska and Hawaii. Monitoring activities are designed to\ndescribe national and regional distributions of contamination. Sampling sites\ngenerally are located between 10 and 100 kilometers apart. Sites are selected\nto represent contaminant levels in the surrounding area and to avoid\nsmall-scale patches of contamination, or 'hot spots'. Conversely, Bioeffects\nSurveys are performed in areas where NS&T monitoring projects indicate high\nchemical pollutant levels. These surveys are conducted primarily in urban\nembayment areas, such as Boston Harbor, Tampa Bay, and the Southern California\nBight. Coastal Contamination Assessments are directed toward estuaries and\nembayments such as the Long Island Sound, and larger regions, such the Gulf of\nMaine. Sediment core samples for NS&T's Historical Trends studies also are\ncollected from selected estuaries and embayments.\nThe NS&T program was initiated in 1984. A primary objective of the program is\nto determine the current status and distribution through time of chemical\npollutants. To accomplish this, samples are collected from most NS&T\nmonitoring sites on an annual basis. Presently, the NS&T monitoring data base\ncontains data on contaminant concentrations in fish livers collected from 1984\nto 1988, and in molluscan tissues collected from 1986 to 1990. The data base\nalso contains data on contaminant concentrations in sediments from selected\nsites collected from 1984 to the present. Recent trends in contamination may\nbe inferred by comparing NS&T data with relevant historical data, derived from\nother sources. Data from NS&T core sample analyses will allow the\ndetermination of contaminant trends since pre-industrial times. Since 1986,\nthe NS&T program has conducted biological effects surveys, ranging from two to\nfour years in duration.\nQuality Assurance is a major component of the NS&T program, as it is necessary\nthat the analytical data generated by participating laboratories be consistent\nand of known quality. Analytical procedures adhere to the standard procedures\nof the NS&T Quality Assurance (QA) Project, established for all laboratories\nparticipating in the NS&T program. As part of the QA Project, laboratories\nassociated with the NS&T program participate in yearly intercomparison\nexercises administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology\n(NIST), and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada. The NS&T program\nalso administers a 'specimen bank' of samples for the purpose of retrospective\nanalyses. Samples are collected from selected NS&T monitoring sites,\npreserved in liquid nitrogen and stored at -150 C at the NIST facility in\nGaithersburg, Maryland.\nNS&T data are available in a variety of reports and publications (over 400 to\ndate). Raw data from the Benthic Surveillance Project (1984- 88) and Mussel\nWatch Project (1986-90) are available upon request in microfiche format and on\n3.5' PC and Macintosh computer diskettes. In conjunction with ORCA's\nStrategic Environmental Assessment Division (SEA), the NS&T program is\ndeveloping a desk-top database information and display system that will allow\nthe portrayal of spatial distributions and temporal trends of contamination in\nthe coastal marine environment. Software has been developed for examining,\ndisplaying, and mapping environmental and natural resource information on\nhigh-resolution base maps. Using Macintosh-related software, NS&T data will\nbe expressed in graph form and on high- resolution base maps.\nPoint of contact:\nAndrew Robertson\nThe National Status and Trends Program\nCoastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment Division\nOffice of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment\n6001 Executive Blvd; Rm. 312\nRockville, MD 20852\n(301) 443-8933\nSelected NS&T projects also are supported by a number of programs administered\nby ORCA's Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Division, including the\nNational Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory (NCPDI), the National Estuarine\nInventory (NEI), and the National Shellfish Register.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36370f59-5f3e-4465-a2d0-05ec958526e6", - "label": "ONR OCEAN OPTICS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "For more information please see:\n\nhttp://www7333.nrlssc.navy.mil/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "367a6df7-8536-440b-9c14-d086915bfa85", - "label": "NLCCP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Land Cover Characterization project was created in 1995 to support\nthe original Multi-Resolution Land Characterization (MRLC) initiative and\nfulfill the requirement to develop a nationally consistent land cover data set\nfrom MRLC data called National Land Cover Data 1992 (NLCD 92). This culminated\nin the September 2000 completion of land-cover mapping using a modified\n(Download Acrobat Reader) Anderson level II classification for the conterminous\nUnited States.\n\nWebsite: 'http://landcover.usgs.gov/nationallandcover.asp'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37ab8541-e165-493d-b5b1-ace264888b96", - "label": "NACP-LAW-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The effects of disturbance and climate on carbon storage and the exchanges of CO2, water vapor and energy exchange of evergreen coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest: integration of eddy flux, plant and soil measurements at a cluster of supersites\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=284\n\n\nThe goal is to continue investigating the effects of disturbance and interannual variation in climate on processes controlling carbon storage and the exchanges of energy, CO2, and water vapor in semi-arid and mesic coniferous forests at AmeriFlux sites in Oregon: the Metolius mature and young ponderosa pine sites (MP, YP), and the Mary’s River mature Douglas-fir site (MF). This is a cluster of supersites with measurements of ecosystem processes, eddy covariance, advection, and footprint modeling. \n\nOur objectives are to combine tower and ground-based observations at the semi-arid Metolius MP and YP to investigate effects of disturbance and interannual variation in climate on C storage and CO2 and water vapor exchange (disturbance gradient), and at the MF site for comparisons of response of mature semi-arid and mesic coniferous forests to seasonal and interannual variation in climate (climate gradient).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37ac0451-2035-4f66-8667-e797e3b58ee7", - "label": "NACP-MORISETTE-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Improving access to Land and Atmosphere science products from Earth Observing Satellites: helping NACP investigators better utilize MODIS data products\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=162\n\nThe problem:\n \nThe North American Carbon Program (NACP) is currently a major component of NASA’s carbon cycle and ecosystem research focus. However, serving on, and interacting with, the NACP science steering group, as well as the ad-hoc group on Remote Sensing for NACP and the task force to coordinate NACP’s mid-continent intensive campaign has made it clear that NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) data products are not being used to their full potential within NACP. \n\nThe solution:\n \nNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center is operationally producing global product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This is done within the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS). The related software operates on a cluster of multimission processing systems supporting several research teams. Two recent extensions of MODAPS, which were developed for archive and distribution of MODIS products, are the Atmospheres Archive and Distribution System (AADS) and the Land Archive and Distribution System (LADS). AADS and LADS offer new opportunities for custom processing and distribution of MODIS products. The goal of this proposal is to leverage, extend, and tailor the functionality available through AADS and LADS to serve the remote sensing needs of the North American Carbon Program as a: “Data and Information Systems Support for Science Focus Areas and Applications”. The purpose of these enhancements is to streamline access to MODIS atmosphere and land data products, to reduce data volume by providing only those data required by the user, and to improve the utility of data products. The proposed work will provide NACP investigators with a time series of MODIS products and custom preprocessing that will allow for direct ingest into an investigators modeling framework. By reducing the burden associated with ordering and pre-processing of MODIS products, we will enable NACP investigator to focus on the information content in MODIS data and its contribution to understanding carbon budgets. \n\nAnticipated Benefits:\n \nThis proposal will serve key researchers within the NACP who have an urgent need for enhanced support of MODIS data. The needs of this group will be representative of the larger climate modeling community and other land and atmosphere researchers; and the tools developed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37d886d4-a2ef-40e3-90bf-7b22ad389d9b", - "label": "MCM-LTER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research (MCM LTER) Program is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in an ice-free region of Antarctica. MCM joined the National Science Foundation's LTER Network in 1993 and is funded through the Office of Polar Programs in six year funding periods. \n\nThe McMurdo Dry Valleys are located on the western coast of McMurdo Sound (77°00'S 162°52'E) and form the largest relatively ice-free area (approximately 4800 square kilometers) on the Antarctic continent. These ice-free areas of Antarctica display a sharp contrast to most other ecosystems in the world, which exist under far more moderate environmental conditions. The perennially ice-covered lakes, ephemeral streams and extensive areas of exposed soil within the McMurdo Dry Valleys are subject to low temperatures, limited precipitation and salt accumulation. Thus, the dry valleys represent a region where life approaches its environmental limits, and is an 'end-member' in the spectrum of environments included in the LTER Network. The dry valleys, unlike most other ecosystems, are dominated by microorganisms, mosses, lichens, and relatively few groups of invertebrates; higher forms of life are virtually non-existent. The original objectives of the McMurdo LTER were to understand the influence of physical and biological constraints on the structure and function of dry valley ecosystems and to understand the modifying effects of material transport on these ecosystems. Now in the third funding cycle, we are poised to answer more complex questions about biodiversity, the impact of climatic legacies, and ecosystem structure and function. \n\nAreas of research covered are meteorology, glaciology, streams, limnology and soil ecology.\n\nhttp://www.mcmlter.org/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a80883a-00a9-45a9-b0e0-bd7d846b52ba", - "label": "NMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NASA space science missions have ventured to the moon, explored other planets, traveled to the edges of our solar system, and peered back in time. They have also done what is sometimes even more difficult - studied our own planet, Earth.\n \nThese missions have provided astounding views of the universe and new knowledge of our solar system, but there is still so much more to 'see' and learn. And, as missions become progressively more daring, and thus more difficult, more advanced capabilities are needed. However, before new, untried technologies are used for the first time on complex exploration missions, engineers and scientists want to make sure they will operate well, and safely, in the hazardous environment of space. \n\nTo accomplish this, NASA's Office of Space Science (OSS) and Office of Earth Science jointly established the New Millennium Program (NMP) in 1995 - an ambitious, exciting vision to speed up space exploration through the development and testing of leading-edge technologies. A unique program, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, NMP provides a critical bridge from initial concept to exploration-mission use. Through NMP, selected technologies are demonstrated in the 'laboratory' of space that can't be replicated on Earth.\n\nSince its inception over a decade ago, NMP has validated many innovative technologies for both Earth science and space science missions. Now funded and managed solely out of NASA's newly formed Science Mission Directorate (SMD), the Program continues to demonstrate advanced technologies that will enable space science missions of the 21st century with significant (a several-generation leap) technical capabilities.\n\nHighly advanced technologies are key to more capable, powerful, and efficient spacecraft and science instruments. They are also key to gathering new and exciting scientific knowledge of our solar system and of our universe. \n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\n[Source: NASA New Millennium Program]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bb604a9-2e43-458d-be7c-7a0f3e31a838", - "label": "NFDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "'http://nfdp.ccfm.org/frames2_e.htm'\n\nThe Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM) founded the National\nForestry Database Program (NFDP) in 1990 to establish a comprehensive\nnational forestry database, to develop a public information program,\nan d to provide forestry information to the federal, provincial and\nterritorial policy processes.\n\nNatural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canadian Forest Service (CFS)\ndeveloped and maintains the National Forestry Database. The CFS has\nresponsibility for disseminating national forestry statistics and for\nresponding to questions f rom the public.\n\nThe National Forestry Database (NFD) is the central database used to\ncompile Canada's national forestry statistics. The database is\nstructured to permit a description of the level of activity in any\nperiod, and to mark change in activity and in the resource itself.\nMost of the provinci al and territorial data appearing in the NFD are\nprovided each year to the d atabase managers by the provincial or\nterritorial resource management organi zations. The CFS compiles\ninformation for federal lands from data provided by the responsible\nfederal departments. Forest inventory data are compiled every five\nyears.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dd34359-fe59-421f-a601-9dddc9a956e9", - "label": "NOSR/NWO/NPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NPP funds Dutch scientific research in the polar regions, and research about the polar regions (not specifically executed in the polar regions). The assessment of grant applications, implementation and co-ordination of the NPP is the responsibility of the Earth and Life Sciences Department of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).\n\nhttp://www.nwo.nl/nwohome.nsf/pages/NWOP_89CEUE_Eng", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4191f1ab-a41d-41e4-b52f-dcd23dcdae2e", - "label": "NGDRS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Geoscience Data Repository System (NGDRS) was\ninitiated in response to the large quantities of at-risk\ngeoscience data held by the oil industry. Funded by the US\nDepartment of Energy and the Petroleum Industry since 1995, the\nAmerican Geological Institute has been developing the NGDRS as a\nsystem of geoscience data repositories, functioning as a\nclearinghouse for data now becoming available to the public\ndomain, and for building coordination between existing data\nrepositories.\n\nThe system is envisioned as a fully distributed system of data\nrepositories joined together with the NGDRS metadata catalog,\nGeoTrekTM. A wide range of political and economic circumstances\nhave been faced by the project, including full economic cycles\nin the petroleum industry, changes in Federal administrations,\nperceptions of funding competition, and poor relations between\nindustry and academia in the geoscience community, let alone\ntechnology issues of managing distributed information systems.\n\nxBy internally splitting the logical management of the project to\nfocus on data transfer/preservation issues, and metadata catalog\ndevelopment and management, the NGDRS is positioning itself to\nfirmly establish a foothold in the community. By remaining\nopportunistic on data transfers AGI has been able to extend the\nvolume of at-risk data transferred. Additionally, moving to\nopen-source and/or GPL'ed solutions for the Metadata Catalog,\nAGI is focused on reducing the cost of entry and maximize the\nlevel of control participating repositories have in the GeoTrek\nsystem, all targeted at expanding the scope of holdings and\nlistings.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_23635.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by The Geological Society of America]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42c653df-d2e4-44ce-b0b7-63d587768cb5", - "label": "NNRP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project is a joint project between the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP, formerly 'NMC') and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The goal of this joint effort is to produce new atmospheric analyses using historical data (1948 onwards) and as well to produce analyses of the current atmospheric state (Climate Data Assimilation System, CDAS).\n\nUntil recently, the meteorological community has had to use analyses that supported the real-time weather forecasting. These analyses are very inhomogeneous in time as there have been big improvements in the data assimilation systems. This played havoc with climate monitoring as these improvements were often produced changes in the apparent 'climate'. Even fundamental quantities such as the strength of the Hadley cell has changed over the years as a result of the changes in the data assimilation systems.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/wesley/reanalysis.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4477c59f-8db3-4d3a-8a96-6333286c8d5a", - "label": "NSP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The project was most active between 2002-2004 and was co-funded by EU Interreg North Sea Programme. A lot of our activities continue during 2005. The project has seven partners around the North Sea region with the mission to reduce marine litter in the North Sea. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.savethenorthsea.com/sa/node.asp?node=1368", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44fc3652-62c1-4a7c-8023-55730e982a47", - "label": "NASA-Airborne-Lidar", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "457ba900-9328-4a9a-b0b1-9ca6d1a1f2c4", - "label": "OSTM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) is a joint effort by four organizations to measure sea surface height by using a radar altimeter mounted on a low-earth orbiting satellite called Jason-2. The four mission participants are:\n* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\n* National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\n* France’s Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)\n* European Meteorological Satellite Organisation (EUMETSAT)\n\nNASA is providing launch services for the mission. The CNES Mission Operations Center will be the primary control center during Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) and Checkout. At the beginning of the Initial Routine Operations phase command and control of the satellite will be handed off to the NOAA Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC).\n\nThis satellite altimetry mission provides sea surface heights for determining ocean circulation, climate change and sea-level rise.\n\nFor more information visit 'http://www.osd.noaa.gov/ostm/index.htm' and 'http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm.html'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "471dbc57-e10e-42b4-b396-7d00906712d9", - "label": "OCOMA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In English:\n\nThe main objectives of Project OCOMA are: \n-Development and installation of a new instrument, developed by INTA to observe Bro and OClO total columns.\n-To widen the scarce available information about the time-space distribution of stratospheric NO2, O3, OClO and BrO in Antarctic and Subantarctic regions\n-To set latitudinal, seasonal and interannual trends in NO2 behaviour as well as to understand its effect on stratospheric O3\nDaily twilight observations of NO2 and O3 total columns were made over Belgrano, Marambio and Ushuaia during the term of the project. These measurements were performed with the EVA DOAS-Spectrometers, which have been developed by INTA and were brought to the three sites by means of a co-operation agreement between INTA and DNA (Argentina), within the framework of a wider project for continuous monitoring of the Antarctic and subantarctic stratosphere. \n35-40 ozonesondes were launched every year allowing the measurement of ozone vertical profiles over Belgrano.\nOClO and BrO total columns over Belgrano were obtained through the setting up of the spectrograph NEVA, a new instrument using the DOAS technique. \nAnother instrument, TEI-49C, came also into operation leading to observations of surface ozone levels in Belgrano.\n\nEn Español:\n\nLos objetivos fundamentales del proyecto OCOMA han sido:\n-Desarrollo e instalacion de un nuevo instrumento desarrollado por el INTA para la observacion de la columna total de BrO y OClO.\n-Incrementar la escasa informacion existente sobre la distribucion espacio-tiempo del NO2, Ozono, OClO, BrO presentes en la estratosfera en las regiones antartica y subantartica. \n-Determinar las tendencias latitudinales, estacionales e interanuales de NO2 e interpretar su influencia sobre el O3 estratosferico\nDurante el periodo de desarrollo del proyecto se realizaron observaciones crepusculares diarias de la columna total de NO2 y ozono sobre Belgrano, Marambio y Ushuaia utilizando los espectrometros DOAS (EVA). Estos instrumentos, desarrollados por el INTA fueron instalados en estas estaciones en 1994 gracias a un convenio de colaboración entre la Direccion Nacional del Antartico (Argentina) y el INTA. Estas observaciones estan enmarcadas en un proyecto mas amplio de monitorización continuada de la estratosfera antartica y subantartica \nSe adquirieron perfiles verticales de ozono sobre Belgrano utilizando sondas electroquimicas(ozonosondas), lanzandose 35-40 sondas al año.\nla instalacion del nuevo instrumento permitio obtener las columnas totales de OClO y BrO sobre Belgrano con el espectrografo NEVA utilizando la tecnica DOAS\nLa instalacion del instrumento TEI-49 C permitio la obtencion del ozono superficial en la estación Belgrano", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "471f8bb3-eccd-47cf-9e97-33e23b1fcbec", - "label": "OCO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is based on the original OCO mission that was developed under the \nNASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program Office and launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on \nFebruary 24, 2009. Before spacecraft separation, a launch vehicle anomaly occurred that prevented the OCO \nspacecraft from reaching injection orbit. The spacecraft was destroyed during re-entry. The Orbiting Carbon \nObservatory-2 (OCO-2) mission was authorized to enter a tailored formulation phase on March 8, 2010. As \noutlined in the Formulation Authorization Document, the OCO-2 Project is directed to make every effort \n“to duplicate the original OCO design using identical hardware, drawings, documents, procedures, and software \nwherever possible and practical” to minimize cost risk, schedule risk, and performance risk. \n \nFor more information: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "486c9b4e-5256-45fd-a7f1-2c766134e819", - "label": "OTTER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research (OTTER) project was a collaborative effort between NASA and several universities to study the ecology of western coniferous forests using remote sensing technology supported by ground observations. The primary objective of the OTTER project was to estimate major fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and water in coniferous forests using an ecosystem process model.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4943e32e-8aae-4e32-b324-29a6dd6658ec", - "label": "NOPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) is a collaboration of fifteen federal agencies to provide leadership and coordination of national oceanographic research and education initiatives. \nNOPP facilitates interactions among federal agencies, academia and industry; increases visibility for ocean issues on the national agenda; and achieves a higher level of coordinated effort across the broad oceanographic community. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.nopp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a06735a-2087-47ba-989b-4d61ce4defa4", - "label": "NOMAD", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NOMAD\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=408\n\nThe aim of this project is to establish mobile field-stations as an innovative research instrument for long-term comparison of human-Rangifer interactions in the subarctic zone. The primary focus of observation is the human-Rangifer link under current impact of socio-economic and climate change. Establishing a mobile observation facility (nomadic camp) offers the best possibilities for long-term observation in the natural environment of the tundra. Thus, researchers use the same practice of following herds that most Rangifer users themselves have used for centuries. The trajectory of the mobile station is determined by the annual migration of a chosen Rangifer herd. The data is recorded in a standardized form, dealing with impact/response description related to socio-economic and climate change, respectively. This data is transmitted from the field on a web-site of the project at regular sessions. After completion of the first migration in the centre of the Kola Peninsula (NW Russia), the station shall be made available to other researchers of the human-Rangifer link. Every effort shall be made to continue the work of the station on a longitudinal basis, inviting the cooperation of interested sub-arctic oriented institutions.\nFollow-up activities envisage a potential network of monitoring stations in the Eurasian sub-arctic zone. Such a network shall be able to transmit data, including visual material, on a regular basis through the Internet. A synchronized pan-subarctic monitoring network shall be potentially able to provide a global information exchange on current change/ resilience situations, related to the Human-Rangifer complex.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d36da67-96ea-401b-b6d5-abe902df6141", - "label": "MARGINS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MARGINS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=339\n\nRecent changes in surface elevation and discharge speed in outlet glacier systems along the margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet have provided examples of dramatic localized shifts in the balance of ice discharge, surface melt, and accumulation. These rapid changes are in sharp contrast to relatively slow variations in surface elevation in the interior, which have been tied to accumulation and firn compaction variations on a decadal timescale. The challenge of documenting and attempting to understand the processes involved has motivated a large collection of proposed research projects aimed at this problem. These range from expansions of ongoing efforts to new projects, and from individual investigators to consortia from a number of nations. They utilize a range of observational and modeling techniques and exploit evolving capabilities in atmospheric modeling, remote sensing for measurement of ice motion and surface conditions, and surface-based and aircraft-based measurement techniques. \n\nTo maximize the efficacy of efforts, an effective and timely dialog between these diverse projects is required. This dialog must encompass discussion of planned research, including field campaigns and modeling studies, interactions among field parties where practical, and rigorous discussion of results. To communicate effectively our emerging understanding, it would be of great benefit to maintain a current discussion of the collective state of the research in a common location. We believe that this new concentration of efforts focused on the downstream end of the mass balance problem in Greenland by investigators from many nations meshes well with the goals of the IPY, and forms a natural core IPY activity in Greenland.\n\nWork associated with this cluster is diverse, but the value of coordination at the international level is clear. Examples of activities that will benefit include: fieldwork that involves at least two projects from different nations using lidar and satellite measurements to track surface height change; numerous field and remote-sensing based studies of ice flow variations and patterns of surface melting; at least two projects that will use atmospheric models to estimate surface energy and mass balance; and a number of studies will exploit different approaches to ice flow modelling to interpret observations. A common goal in these studies is the documentation and understanding of ice sheet marginal change in Greenland.\n\nThis proposal for a core activity for the IPY is aimed at facilitation of communication and collaboration among an open group of consortium members, with the goal of enhancing coordination of field measurement campaigns, modeling studies, and remote sensing measurements dedicated to understanding surface conditions and ice discharge in Greenland. The intent is to use the umbrella of the IPY to lower barriers to international interaction and cooperation between projects at all scales. The improved connectivity is intended to begin at the start of projects, to have an impact on planning and measurement strategies, and continue through data analysis and into special sessions at international meetings and include integrative topical meetings specific to Greenland. \n\nIn this cluster proposal we identify a number of projects that have just received notification of funding for research that will continue through the IPY time period, projects that have submitted full proposals for funding to national funding agencies, and projects that are still in their formative stages. The suite of projects included here provides the beginning of a roster that can grow through the IPY period. All consortium members will adhere to National and ICSU requirements for IPY data policies, and utilize available resources for outreach coordination. Most activities directly involve students, and will be actively involved in training the next generation of polar scientists.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d4f0734-dad0-4bb4-a4e2-c141eaee422f", - "label": "NRSC-UOPS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) - User Order Processing System (UOPS)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d7110fa-0a59-4bfd-8f61-035b664f53c4", - "label": "NASA/COTF", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA-sponsored Classroom of the Future serves as the space agency's principal research and development center for educational technologies.\n\nThe Classroom of the Future™ opened on the campus of Wheeling Jesuit University in 1990 with one employee whose job involved delivering NASA educational materials and programs to local classrooms. Today the Classroom of the Future provides NASA with the educational research and expertise necessary for creating and delivering state-of-the-art education to the NASA audience, be they young or old.\n\nhttp://www.cet.edu/?cat=cotf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4db00dcc-197f-48e3-99cf-522ed78e7092", - "label": "NODC/COL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Coastal Ocean Laboratory (COL) participates in the acquisition of\nglobal oceanographic data, with emphasis on the coastal oceans,\nestuaries, bays, adjoining seas, and the Great Lakes, processes\nthe data, and ingests the data into data bases. It develops product\ndata bases and other derived products for use by NODC's various\ncoastal ocean stakeholders, and it maintains databases on line for\nelectronic access by the coastal science and stewardship\nconstituency. The COL performs research and develops new methods\nand techniques for using coastal physical, biological, and chemical\noceanographic data, collected at great expense to the United States\nand foreign countries, to determine the role of various processes\nwithin the world coastal oceans that contribute to the coastal marine\nsystem. The COL prepares NODC technical publications and prepares\nscientific papers/articles for scientific journals and meetings.\nThe COL defines requirements for new NODC coastal ocean data and\ninformation products and coordinates the development of such products.\n\n\nFor more information on the Coastal Ocean Laboratory visit\n'http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/col/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e90d94c-37b6-4ccc-9f43-e2ba9d9833b3", - "label": "NMDB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NMDB is a database created by teams from 12 different countries, funded in 2008-09 by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme. All neutron monitors operated in Europe and some neighbouring countries pool their data to make them available in real-time and provide easy-to use data products to scientists and other users.\n\nhttp://www.nmdb.eu/sites/default/files/NMDB_Brochure_4.pdf\n\nhttp://www.nmdb.eu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eb9f3a9-a9bb-4347-a256-4d97a9cdff5c", - "label": "MASAR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50adbbf4-38d8-43e4-b40e-e7ed792c87c3", - "label": "OTEC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is an energy technology that\n converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the\n ocean's natural thermal gradient?the fact that the ocean's\n layers of water have different temperatures?to drive a\n power-producing cycle. As long as the temperature between the\n warm surface water and the cold deep water differs by about 20?C\n (36?F), an OTEC system can produce a significant amount of\n power. The oceans are thus a vast renewable resource, with the\n potential to help us produce billions of watts of electric\n power. This potential is estimated to be about 1013 watts of\n baseload power generation, according to some experts. The cold,\n deep seawater used in the OTEC process is also rich in\n nutrients, and it can be used to culture both marine organisms\n and plant life near the shore or on land. The economics of\n energy production today have delayed the financing of a\n permanent, continuously operating OTEC plant. However, OTEC is\n very promising as an alternative energy resource for tropical\n island communities that rely heavily on imported fuel. OTEC\n plants in these markets could provide islanders with much-needed\n power, as well as desalinated water and a variety of mariculture\n products.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.nrel.gov/otec/'\n\n[Summary provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51a0e2a4-cba6-4e7a-9590-49cfbb34105a", - "label": "MULTITRACER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The salt content of sea ice is a major control on many climatically and biologically relevant processes (e.g., summer melting rates and surface albedo, the equilibrium thickness of multi-year ice, the\nformation of the brine channels that harbor microbial life in sea ice, the regulation of carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean by maintaining brine network connectivity, the sea ice mechanical\nstrength and, radiation scattering within the ice). In this project, we propose to measure and model delta O18 and Lead-210 vertical profiles (together with internal temperature and salinity) to study\nheat and brine fluxes through sea ice; two processes that are crucial for a better understanding of ice growth and melt dynamics. A unique aspect of the proposed work is that we will incorporate tracer\ntransport and fractionation into models of sea ice growth and melt. Towards this end, we propose to collect ice cores during the overwintering of the Amundsen ice breaker (Flaw Lead Polynya project), and to measure vertical profiles of temperature salinity, delta O18, and Lead-210 within each core. Tracer transport capabilities will be added to current dynamically and thermodynamically rigorous models of sea ice evolution. The modelled tracer profiles will then be used to reconstruct delta O18 values of the surface ocean along the past trajectory of the sea floe, and potential pollutant transport pathways within the Arctic Ocean. This proposal directly addresses the following major International Polar Year (IPY) objectives: (1) to advance our understanding of polar-global interactions by studying tele-connections on all scales, (2) to quantify, and understand, past and present environmental and human change in the polar regions in order to improve predictions, (3) to determine the present environmental status of the polar regions by quantifying their spatial and temporal variability, (4) to investigate the unknowns at the frontiers of science in the polar regions.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=322", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52847336-5bd4-41a9-954b-3e5344f2d10b", - "label": "MAR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In English:\n\nMAR is a coordinated Spanish project related to both stratospheric ozone and uv\nradiation fields of study. It started on January 1st 2001 and will be finished\non December 31st, 2003.\n\nThis project is aimed to widen the scarce available information about the NO2,\nO3 and OClO's time-space distribution, spectral UV radiation and\nPhotosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) on surface in Antarctic and\nsub-antartic regions. This will allow the way in which the incident UV\nradiation levels are affected through changes in these components'\nconcentration to be determined. \n\nThe project MAR is within the framework of the Spanish National Program for\nNatural Resources, priority main scientific-technical objective #6, (Antarctic\nResearch), priority research lines 6.2.1, Atmosphere Physics and Chemistry and\n6.2.3, Atmospheric processes of environmental significance.\n\nEn Español:\n\nMAR es un proyecto coordinado español enmarcado en el campo de la investigación\ndel O3 estratosférico y la radiación ultravioleta. Comenzó el 1 de enero de\n2001 y finalizará el 31 de diciembre de 2003.\n\nEste proyecto pretende incrementar la escasa información que existe en la\nactualidad sobre la distribución total espacio-tiempo del NO2, del O3 y del\nOCIO, y sobre la radiación UV espectral y la radiación fotosintéticamente\nactiva (PAR) en la superficie de las regiones antártica y subantártica, para\nasí determinar como afectan los cambios en las concentraciones de estos\ncompuestos en los niveles de radiación UV que llegan a la superficie de la\nTierra.\n\nEstá enmarcado dentro del Programa Nacional de Recursos Naturales en particular\nen el objetivo científico-técnico prioritario número 6, Investigación en la\nAntártida, dentro de la línea de investigación prioritaria 6.2.1, Física y\nQuímica de la Atmósfera, y 6.2.3, Procesos Atmosféricos de Interés\nMedioambiental.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54d3840b-e9ca-4222-a336-1af80510843f", - "label": "NAGISA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "An international collaborative effort to inventory and monitor biodiversity in the narrow inshore zone of the world's oceans at depths of less than 20 meters.\n\nThe Natural Geography In Shore Areas (NaGISA) is a collaborative effort aimed at inventorying and monitoring habitat specific biodiversity in the global near shore. The international character of the project and its target zone are reflected in the work nagisa, which is Japanese for the narrow coastal zone where the land meets the sea. NaGISA holds a unique position in the Census of Marine Life as an ambassador project, linking CoML to local interests around the world. NaGISA's first aim is to draw up an global baseline of biodiversity and then to use the network organized in that effort to continue monitoring those same shores for the next 50 years.\n\nMethods and Technology\nNaGISA used both passive and active sampling to assess quantitative/qualitative ecological/taxonomic information from the near shore zone. Employing a simple, cost-efficient and intentionally low-tech sampling protocol NaGISA will fulfill the goal of a series of well-distributed standard transects from the high intertidal zone to 20 meters water depth around the world by 2009. This is possible as the protocols are widely adaptable and have been adopted by research groups in many different countries (although new participants are always welcome!). The simple design of the protocols and unique nested hierarchy allows not only local community involvement but satisfies the technical/statistical needs of a global census.\n\nNaGISA targets two specific habitats, rocky bottom macroalgal communities and soft bottom seagrass communities. Both complex globally occurring ecosystems that are currently far less well characterized than they should be. At each NaGISA study site, replicate samples are collected at the high, mid and low intertidal and at 1, 5 and 10m subtidal zones (15 and 20m are done whenever possible). There are two levels of target sampling -- both include measurement of surface and bottom seawater temperature and a visual classification of substrata.\n\n * 1. Non-invasive sampling using photography and observational techniques, percent cover estimates of colonial invertebrates and rhizoidal macroalgae and counts of algal stipes and solitary fauna within quadrats.\n * 2. Invasive sampling, or direct removal, consists of core samples taken within sea grass beds, and careful and complete removal of all organisms (macro and meio) from small quadrats within macroalgal sites.\n\n\nSummary provided by http://www.nagisa.coml.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55cec354-c7af-4813-ae4e-ff20f13db3d5", - "label": "NORMA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: Northern Material Culture, Then and Now (NORMA)\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/eloka/partners.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=201\n\n\nPerhaps the most lasting product of the scientific output from the 1st International Polar Year (IPY) are the encyclopaedic ethnological reports resulting from expeditions to Pt. Barrow, Alaska and Fort Chimo in the Ungava District (now northern Quebec). Together, John Murdoch's Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition (1892) and Turner's Ethnology of the Ungava District (1894) form the intellectual bedrock of northern native studies in their respected regions. These publications are likely the only research results from the original IPY which still are consulted routinely by researchers. The volumes have limitations as ethnological studies; they provide a comprehensive and valuable review of the material culture of Barrow's Inupiat residents and the Inuit and Innu of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula at the time of the first IPY. Both books are highly regarded by contemporary northern native community members across Alaska's North Slope and throughout the Eastern Canadian Arctic. \nWe propose a modern version of these ethnological collecting projects. Using the categories developed by Murdoch and Turner, with a few additions (e.g. communications equipment, navigation devices), the project will document modern equivalents of the items Murdoch collected, how they are manufactured or obtained, and their uses. Photographic (digital) and written documentation will require modest expenditures. \nIt is possible that much of the documentation can be accomplished as part of the school curriculum, involving students with Elders, or as part of a summer/after school program. It could also provide excellent material for science fair projects. A number of educators have expressed interest in incorporating the data collection process into broader educational endeavours. This idea builds on an existing exchange program between a Barrow, Alaska classroom, and in one in Munich, Germany. The idea can be used by any two classes or schools (at least one Northern), and we are planning to facilitate the finding of partners and exchange of ideas through the website. The idea is that two groups of children will be writing about themselves (including the material culture of their community) and asking about their partners. On one hand this will make them aware about their own culture and the differences of the other, and on the other hand it will open their minds to respect people of the other culture. So we will have junior ethnologists exploring the others on their own level. In the Barrow/Munich collaboration, the plans are for a focus on Alaska in English and Geography classes in Munich for several months, culminating in a presentation for parents. The materials exchanged would then be analyzed by older students (12 & 13th year) under the supervision of an ethnologist, ultimately leading to a book from children to children on the two cultures. While we do not expect most school pairs to go this far, the general idea can be used at a more limited scale by individual teachers. \nIf there is interest on the part of a museum (The Anchorage Museum or the Smithsonian Institution where the original IPY collections are held) and funding is obtained for conservation and curation costs, then in addition to documentation, the project could collect examples of reasonably sized items (i.e. no airplanes or front-end loaders), with a view to an exhibition on technology, then and now. This exhibit would be designed so that at least part of it could travel widely, including to Northern communities. Small teaching collections for classroom use will be obtained.\nThe project also will attempt to duplicate photographs, ethnographic and otherwise, taken by the 1st IPY expedition in the Barrow area and in Kujjuaqq (and at other IPY stations if there is interest). Sturm and his colleagues (2001), as well as many others, have demonstrated that comparative analyses of photographs taken at the same locations over periods of generations are productive in assessing long-term landscape changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "570c5a55-4c5c-4434-a34a-420752fe592e", - "label": "O'HARE EXPERIMENT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "O'Hare's stratified experimental plan tested independent groups representing the various stages in the sequence of selection, training, and increasingly complex operations. Dr. O'Hare recruited fourteen of the competing pilots to demonstrate their situational awareness on the WOMBAT-CS test. From this group, eight participants were classified as 'elite' pilots on the basis of their consistently superior performances in gliding competitions at national and international levels; some had distinguished careers as professional pilots with both military and test flying experience. The other six participants were highly experienced but without notable competitive honors. Finally, a group of twelve male nonpilots was closely matched with the pilots in age and occupational achievement to serve as experimental controls based on the New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations.\n\nhttp://www.aero.ca/News1_97.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "580926b1-419a-40f6-b3bf-3d523d912c02", - "label": "NATURE_GIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Nature-GIS is a network bringing together the different\nstakeholders in protected areas: users and experts in IT and in\nnature conservation. Its objectives are: improving reporting on the\nimplementation of the EU policies, raising awareness on GI-GIS in\nthis field, supporting access to data and information. The\nobjectives will be actualised into a reference outcome, 'Technical\nguidelines for data infrastructures for protected areas', a\ncompanion product for operators, whose content will be verified\nthrough web access to structured geoinformation on protected areas\nusing OpenGIS technology. Through Conferences, its website,\nNewsletters and other means Nature-GIS will operate an operational\nnetwork able to involve new external users and to carry out actions\nof dissemination at different levels to diffuse the obtained\nachievements and to propose them to all operators in this field.\nIt is intended to become a permanent and structured group active in\nthe field of GIS for protected areas.\n\nThe objectives of the project are:\n\n- to offer a contribution to improve information for EU policy\nmaking and evaluation, particularly for improving reporting related\nto the implementation of the EU Nature Protection and Biodiversity\npolicy area;\n\n- to offer as well a contribution to raise awareness regarding the\nuse of GI-GIS in this field. The proposal should be seen in the\nlarger frame of its contribution to the different European\ndocuments and conventions that require research, identification and\nexchange of information to ease and promote conservation of\nbiodiversity;\n\n- as per the VI Environmental Action Plan, to contribute to develop\nand broaden the dialogue among all levels of responsibility, from\nthe EU to the local level, e.g. will support public access to data\nand information, in the EU and in the new Accession countries. Very\noperationally, Nature-GIS could become a focal point to identify\nspecific GI-GIS requirements for 'Nature Conservation &\nBiodiversity' in the E-ESDI development.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.gisig.it/nature-gis/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "583a3521-df9c-4f1e-ad8b-b54ef402b704", - "label": "NEESPI NASA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NEESPI NASA Data and Service Center home page: http://neespi.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58767ad1-2800-4406-a255-29eafd142615", - "label": "OHHI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Oceans and Human Health Initiative (OHHI) is taking a new look at how the health of our oceans, coasts and Great Lakes impacts our own health and well-being, in the context of existing knowledge of how our activities affect the health of aquatic environments. The goal of the OHHI is to understand and predict how the condition of these waters positively or negatively affect human health. In turn, the OHHI will provide tools, technologies and environmental information to resource and public health managers and the public to maximize health benefits and reduce or eliminate health risks.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/ohhi/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59667f9f-200e-4635-bc0a-29eb1e75ce71", - "label": "NARWHAL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: Narwhal Tusk Function.\nProject URL: http://www.narwhal.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=164\n\nScientists with myriad backgrounds and Inuit elders with traditional knowledge will integrate results , insights and observations to explain the expression of teeth in the narwhal. The extraordinary tusk defies most of the principles and properties of teeth and remains a scientific enigma. Findings about its form and function will add to the evolutionary knowledge for this odd adaptation and will, because of unique findings of anatomy and histology recently discovered by this team, further define sensory capabilities of mammalian teeth. Scientific results have already begun to direct interest in future models of dental material design as the hard tissue of the narwhal tusk possesses a combination of unusual flexibility and strength characteristics that is highly desirable in restorative materials. These same tusk traits were observed by the Inuit before the laboratory testing was completed, and the results were reported. Likewise, traditional knowledge elucidates many aspects of narwhal anatomy, function, migration and social behavior. Both the knowledge of Inuit elders and the findings of scientists are needed for a more complete understanding of the narwhal, Qilalugaq qernertaq. \n\nScientific studies in anatomy, morphology, histology, physiology, genetics, cellular biology and narwhal social behavior are currently being conducted by the principal investigator and collaborators to elucidate tusk function. Anatomical variations of narwhal will be described from field and laboratory dissection, computerized scans (CT, MRI and micro-CT), analysis of museum specimens, and interviews with Inuit elders. Photographic morpho-metric analysis of narwhal skeletal collections at the Museum of Nature in Canada, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, the Smithsonian Institution and the American Museum of Natural History has been initiated, and we are seeking other institutions that may have additional collections, particularly those with rare specimens. Anatomic plates of narwhal anatomy will be completed based on all these collected findings. \n\nOn October 28, 2006, a panel discussion was presented by the principal investigator, Paniloo Sangoya and David Angnatsiak from the community of Pond Inlet at the 15th International Inuit Studies Conference in Paris, France. Future joint presentations with the principal investigator and Inuit elders will be encouraged and planned to express the value of scientific collaboration with Inuit elders in marine mammal research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a8bb977-73f5-4454-a072-0ee0483868da", - "label": "OMG", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG) is a NASA Mission led by JPL Scientist Josh Willis to understand the role that the ocean plays in melting Greenland’s glaciers. From the sky and the sea, OMG gathers data about water temperatures and the glaciers all the way around Greenland to get a better idea of just how fast the ice is melting, and how fast global sea levels will rise.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aa0c908-5a3e-43a0-aadb-63739f26bfe7", - "label": "NSTS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A six year program, with a budget of $6 million, was undertaken by the Office of Sea Grant in 1976 to develop improved engineering predictive models for transport of sediment in and near the surf zone by waves and currents. The project, called the Nearshore Sediment Transport Study, has involved ten investigators from six different institutions who worked cooperatively on field studies. Three major field experiments have been conducted, the first in 1978, the second in 1980, and the last in 1981. The first two field experiments had a duratioon of approximately a month and involved synoptic measurements of more than 100 parameters of surf zone dynamics and sediment response. Sand tracer experiments were also performed and the last two field sites include concurrent trap experiments for longshore transport. All data were recorded on magnetic tape and more than a billion words were obtained in the second experiment. In the final two years of the project, emphasis has been placed on the formation of predictive models and their verification using the NSTS data sets.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.pubs.asce.org/WWWdisplay.cgi?8300240", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ab73373-37f6-46bf-9df9-a52c26947048", - "label": "NSHMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Seismic Hazard mapping Project (NSHMP) is a project\ndeveloped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS)which\ninvolves the development of hazard maps showing the likely risk\nof seismic activity throughout the United States.\n\nThe map here depict earthquake hazard by showing, by contour\nvalues, the earthquake ground motions that have a common given\nprobability of being exceeded in 50 years.\n\nThe ground motions being considered at a given location are\nthose from all future possible earthquake magnitudes at all\npossible distances from that location. The ground motion coming\nfrom a particular magnitude and distance is assigned an annual\nprobability equal to the annual probability of occurrence of the\ncausative magnitude and distance.\n\nThe method assumes a reasonable future catalog of earthquakes,\nbased upon historical earthquake locations and geological\ninformation on the recurrence rate of fault ruptures.\n\nWhen all the possible earthquakes and magnitudes have been\nconsidered, one can find a ground motion value such that the\nannual rate of its being exceeded has a certain value. Hence, on\na given map, for a given probability of exceedance, PE,\nlocations shaken more frequently, will have larger ground\nmotions.\n\nFor a LARGE exceedance probability, the map will show the\nrelatively likely ground motions, which are LOW ground motions,\nbecause small magnitude earthquakes are much more likely to\noccur than are large magnitude earthquakes. For a SMALL\nexceedance probability, the map will emphasize the effect of\nless likely events: larger-magnitude and/or closer-distance\nevents, producing overall LARGE ground motions on the map.\n\nThe maps have this format, because they are designed to be\nuseful in building codes, in which we assume that, for the most\npart, all buildings would be built to the same level of\nsafety. For other applications, maps of another format might be\nmore useful.\n\nFor instance, many buildings across the US are built more or\nless the same, regardless of earthquake hazard. If we knew that\na particular type of building was likely to fail at a particular\nground motion level, we could make a map showing contours of the\nlikelihood of that ground motion value being exceeded, due to\nearthquakes.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5acba357-33f4-49cc-8a78-637d7774a37f", - "label": "MAR-ECO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "An international exploratory study of the macrofauna of the northern mid-Atlantic Ocean including the processes that control their distribution and community structures in the waters around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.\n\nThe MAR-ECO Project is part of a ten-year global programme to explore the world's oceans entitled, the Census of Marine Life. MAR-ECO aims to describe and understand the patterns of distribution, abundance and the trophic relationships among the organisms inhabiting the waters over and around the mid-Atlantic Ridge. It also aims to identify and model the ecological processes that cause variability in these patterns. The project will chiefly focus on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and gelatinous plankton and other actively swimming organisms, but there will also be some focus on top predators such as seabirds and cetaceans, which interact with the more surface environment.\n\nThe project also aims to share the results of the research exploration with the general public and has begun public outreach initiatives including a web site, school project, ship-to-shore communication, documentary film, video shorts, exhibition ideas and a book project. A well-known Norwegian artist has expressed interest in participating in the project, which gives it a unique interdisciplinary art/science dimension. \n\nSummary provided http://www.mar-eco.no/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b06b223-8712-4e51-8508-7df6a9d16095", - "label": "MAX91", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Scientific Objective and Current Program Status:\n The scientific objective of Max '91 is to investigate the fundamental\nunsolved problems of flare physics including the processes of energy\nstorage, release, and transport, and particle acceleration. To address\nthese central scientific issues, the Max '91 observing program utilizes\nadvanced instrumentation on spacecraft, rockets, and balloons, and at\nground-based observatories. It covers the electromagnetic spectrum from\nradio through optical to X-rays and gamma-rays, and includes measurements of\nneutrons and charged particles in interplanetary space. Max '91 is designed\nto make major advances in solar flare physics through observations of high\nenergy flare phenomena and of the magnetic and thermal context in which they\ntake place. This will be achieved using recent advances in instrumentation\ntechnology that now make it possible, for the first time, to observe several\nof the most important processes on their intrinsic spatial, spectral and\ntemporal scales.\n The core space missions for Max '91 will be the Japanese Yohkoh\nspacecraft, the Gamma Ray Observatory, and the spacecraft of the Global\nGeospace Studies program, particularly WIND and CLUSTER. Instruments on\nrockets will provide high-resolution images and spectra in the UV, EUV, and\nsoft X-rays during the preflare and thermal phases.\n In addition to these space observations, NASA has a program of flights\nof advanced hard X-ray and gamma-ray instrumentation capable of making many\ntypes of observations not possible from these spacecraft or rockets. The\nNASA Max '91 Solar Balloon Program consisted of long-duration balloon\nflights in the Antarctic. The Berkeley Hard X-Ray and Gammay Ray\nSpectrometer with Robert Lin as Primary Investigator obtained balloon data\nduring the December 1990 campaign.\n Since MAX'91 is part of the FLARES 22 international campaign, many\nground-based observatories around the world has participated in monitoring\nthe Sun during the MAX-91 campaign periods.\nProject Description:\n Max '91 is a program of flare research to observe the sun during the\n1991 solar maximum in several campaigns from instruments around the world\nand in space. The following observing campaigns have been successfully\ncompleted:\n SMM, VLA, and Collaborative Observations\n 1990, June 16 - July 2\n Energetic Solar Phenomena 1990\n 1990, December 20 - 1991, January 13\n Target-of-Opportunity Campaign to Observe Active Region 6659\n 1991, June 6-17\n Gamma-Ray, Hard X-Ray, and Neutron Studies of Solar Flares\n 1991, October 3-17\n Multiwavelength/Multispacecraft Observations of Solar Flares\n 1992, January 6-24\nWorkshops have been held discussing campaign results, and their proceedings\nare available from the program office on request.\n The campaigns have been in a spirit of collaboration by scientists from\nall continents and featured the coordinated use of ground based telescopes\nin various spectral bands, and instruments on various spacecraft. The data\nare held by the individual investigators. The Max '91 campaign distributes\nbrief descriptions of the participating instruments, coverage, and the names\nand addresses of the investigators to contact.\n The Max '91 program office organizes the campaigns and subsequent\nmeetings, provides support in the form of exchange of campaign information\nbefore, during and after the campaign, and fosters development of new\ninstrumentation. After the campaign phase, which lasts from 1991-1994, a\nthree to four year phase of data analyses and interpretation will be part of\nthe Max '91 program. The Max '91 Program is an integral part of the\ninternational FLARES 22 program so that the maximum scientific return can be\nobtained with the limited available resources. Information is distributed\nvia electronic mail, electronic file transfers on SPAN and INTERNET, IUWDS\nUrsigram - GEOALERTS, electronic bulletin board service, TELEX and FAX.\nDuring the campaign daily Campaign Action notices are directly transmitted\nto the participants. In addition, Max '91 workshops are held yearly.\n Several specific research programs are sponsored in the USA by NSF and\nNASA in the framework of this campaign. The campaign coordinator will\nsupply further information on obtaining on-line information.\nCampaign Coordinator:\nDr. Alan Kiplinger Email: SPAN > 9555::AKIPLINGER\nNOAA Space Environment Laboratory SPAN > SELVAX::AKIPLINGER\nBoulder, CO 80303 INTERNET > AKIPLINGER@132.163.224.10\nPublications (Available on request):\n(1) Newsletter: MAXFACTS, optionally available via e-mail.\n Contact the Campaign Coordinator to be put on the mailing list.\n(2) 'Summary of Campaign # 1, SMM, VLA, and Collaborative Observations\n June 16 - July 2, 1989', Alan Kiplinger, Max '91 Coordinator\n(3) 'Max '91 Workshop #2: Developments in Observations and Theory for Solar\n Cycle 22', 8-9 June 1989, Robert M. Winglee and Brian R. Dennis, Eds.\n(4) 'Flares 22/MAX '91 Summary of Campaigns,' Alan Kiplinger, 1992 (3\n campaigns)\n(5) 'Flares 22/ MAX '91 Campaign Summary,' Alan Kiplinger, 1992", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c582a68-c989-4b31-a36b-b17fa294f0ab", - "label": "NIMBUS-7", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Nimbus 7 research-and-development satellite served as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced systems for sensing and collecting data in the pollution, oceanographic and meteorological disciplines. The polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow torus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control housing unit that was connected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss structure. Configured somewhat like an ocean buoy, Nimbus 7 was nearly 3.04 m tall, 1.52 m in diameter at the base, and about 3.96 m wide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that formed the satellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and antennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus provided support for the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control housing unit, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a command antenna. The spacecraft spin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced attitude-control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 deg in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw). Eight experiments were selected: (1) limb infrared monitoring of the stratosphere (LIMS), (2) stratospheric and mesopheric sounder (SAMS), (3) coastal-zone color scanner (CZCS), (4) stratospheric aerosol measurement II (SAM II), (5) earth radiation budget (ERB), (6) scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), (7) solar backscatter UV and total ozone mapping spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS), and (8) temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR). These sensors were capable of observing several parameters at and below the mesospheric levels. More details can be found in 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045) and 'Nimbus-7 Data Product Summary' (NASA RP-1215), available from NSSDC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5db224cf-cdce-4ede-b267-6f88d14f848e", - "label": "NCSS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) was established in\n1896 by federal law as a nationwide partnership of Federal,\nregional, State, and local agencies and institutions. This\npartnership works together to cooperatively investigate,\ninventory, document, classify, and interpret soils and to\ndisseminate, publish, and promote the use of information about\nthe soils of the United States and its trust territories. The\nactivities of the NCSS are carried out on National, regional,\nState, and County levels. For more information, search the WWW.\n\nThe Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is\nresponsible for the leadership of soil survey activities of the\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, for the leadership and\ncoordination of NCSS activities, and for the extension of soil\nsurvey technology to global applications. Other partners\ninclude:\n\nFederal: USDA-NRCS, USDA-USFS, USDA-ARS, DI-BLM, DI-BIA,\n\nUS ARMY-COE\n\nState: Land Grant Institutions, State Agencies (DOT), County Govt.\n\nThe USDA National Headquarters for Soil Survey operations and\nSoil Laboratory are in Lincoln, NE. USDA also has a National,\nRegional, and MLRA level Offices. Land Grant Institutions,\nUSDA-ARS, and US ARMY-COE conduct most of the basic and applied\nresearch in soil science. Some Land Grant Institutions and\nCounty Govt. also employ soil scientists and conduct a soil\nsurvey program, as do private companies and consultants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5debca96-f263-457f-b013-ecdd358a0fef", - "label": "NGRIP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NGRIP is a multinational research program, funded by participating institutions in Germany, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Iceland and the US. Primary sponsor is the Danish Research Council. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~www-glac/ngrip/index_eng.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5dfc67bc-c6d6-4a3c-8d74-062d7b45c4b8", - "label": "NPP-JPSS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NPP represents a critical first step in building the next-generation Earth-observing satellite system that will collect data on long-term climate change and short-term weather conditions. NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Defense.\n\nNPP will extend and improve upon the Earth system data records established by NASA's Earth Observing System fleet of satellites that have provided critical insights into the dynamics of the entire Earth system: clouds, oceans, vegetation, ice, solid Earth and atmosphere.\n\nNPP lifted off aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on Oct. 28, 2011 at 5:48 a.m. EDT.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e2cd84a-a62f-4802-943a-37c7c20b8009", - "label": "MAP3S", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S)\ninvolves the monitoring of precipitation quality. This project comes\nfrom the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory. The project was started in\n1977 and ended in 1991.\n\n Measurement Type: Precipitation type and amount, daily wet\n deposition of ions.\n\n Data Description: MAP3S' goal was to investigate the transport,\n transformation, and deposition of pollutants inthe Northeastern\n United States\n\n Contact Person:\n\n Rick Artz\n Phone: 301-713-0972\n E-Mail: richard.artz@noaa.gov\n\n More info at\n 'http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/warm/warmdb/warmForm.asp?Bookmark=5'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5efdcf88-77e7-40ab-a0f1-2a6fc05a7031", - "label": "NEAQS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In the summer of 2004 several separate field programs intensively studied the photochemical, heterogeneous chemical and radiative environment of the troposphere over North America, the North Atlantic Ocean, and western Europe. Previous studies have indicated that the transport of continental emissions, particularly from North America, influences the concentrations of trace species in the troposphere over the North Atlantic and Europe. An international team of scientists, representing over 100 laboratories, collaborated under the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) umbrella to coordinate the separate field programs in order to maximize the resulting advances in our understanding of regional air quality, the transport, chemical transformation and removal of aerosols, ozone, and their precursors during intercontinental transport, and the radiation balance of the troposphere. Participants utilized nine aircraft, one research vessel, several ground-based sites in North America and the Azores, a network of aerosol-ozone lidars in Europe, satellites, balloon borne sondes, and routine commercial aircraft measurements.\n\nFor more information see http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/2004/papers/ or\n\nFehsenfeld, F. C., et al. (2006), International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT): North America to Europe—Overview of the 2004 summer field study, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD007829.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5feb0c75-7984-4cf0-b92d-db9d701d8b64", - "label": "MARIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multistate Aquatic Resources Information System (MARIS) is a six state cooperative pilot project to make accessible, via a common, internet-based application, selected fish population survey data from each of the cooperating states. MARIS states include Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. These states have developed a statewide fisheries survey database containing information on relative or absolute abundance of fish species, morphometry, location, and water chemistry in selected lakes. Each state will maintain authority and responsibility for its own database, but will support internet access through a defined set of summary queries and reports. \n \nInformation provided by http://www.marisdata.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "637d42e1-60e8-42ab-89c9-73678107a75f", - "label": "OCSEAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP,\n1975-1985), was a program funded through the National\nOceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to develop\nbaseline data in anticipation of oil development on Alaska's\nContinental Shelf. The need for comprehensive geographic data\non the pelagic distribution of seabirds in Alaska and the\nNorth Pacific has long been recognized. During the OCSEAP\nProgram millions of dollars were spent to gather data on the\npelagic distributions of marine birds and mammals on the\ncontinental shelves. Ancillary data were routinely collected\non environmental conditions (e.g., ice, temperature,\nsalinity). This work culminated in an atlas on the 'Pelagic\nDistribution and Abundance of Seabirds in the Gulf of Alaska\nand Eastern Bering Sea' (Gould et al. 1982), which documented\nthe at-sea distribution and abundance of 16 common seabird\nspecies in Alaska. In addition to this work, extensive reports\nby other key investigators! laid the foundation for our\nunderstanding of the pelagic biology and distribution of\nseabirds in Alaska. A current version of the OCSEAP database\nincludes 248 data files, comprising >60,000 standard transects\nwith >325,000 records that document the environment,\ndistribution and group size of >4,000,000 animals.\n\nProject Contact:\n\nJohn Piatt (USGS)Project Leader\nfratercula@yahoo.com\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/NPPSD/OCSEAP_database.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NPPSD]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63922b03-7749-435f-a0b3-0cc886b99249", - "label": "NAVOCEANO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), the largest subordinate command within the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, is responsible for providing oceanographic products and services to all elements of the Department of Defense. NAVOCEANO is located at John C. Stennis Space Center in south Mississippi.\n\nFrom data collection through production and analysis, NAVOCEANO provides the warfighter the best available knowledge of the maritime battlespace. This includes tailored oceanographic, hydrographic, bathymetric, geophysical and acoustic products and services that aid in safe navigation and effective mission planning.\n\n[Summary provided by http://www.public.navy.mil/fltfor/cnmoc/Pages/navo_home1.aspx ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69a62053-4b44-414e-9011-c917f9d6b6d2", - "label": "Model Archive", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC Model Archive contains documentation, source code, input data, example output data, and post-processing or analysis code (if applicable) for a variety of models relevant to the NASA Terrestrial Ecology community. The archive provides the methodological detail in numerical modeling studies needed to ensure the long-term reproducibility of experimental results. The archive provides allows users to evaluate the uncertainties of model results in comparison to results from other models in assessment/policy studies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ab8ed0a-bf31-4807-9e15-a1b49b035606", - "label": "MTPE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MUSEUMS TEACHING PLANET EARTH (MuTPE) is an innovative concept in outreach recently selected to be a member of the ESIP (Earth Science Information Partnership) Federation, a program of NASA's Office of Earth Science. An expansion of the successful 'Public Connection' program funded by NASA's Learning Technologies Program, this program uses three independent mechanisms for educating the public about Earth science...\n\nhttp://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/mtpe.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b5d8bdc-0c23-4571-8f34-3404ed9e5b6d", - "label": "OCEAN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Color European Archive Network (OCEAN) is jointly funded by\nthe European Space Agency, the ESRIN Establishment in Frascati, and\nby CEC-Comission of European Communities, Joint Research Centre at\nIspra and involves the collection of the pseudo colour (the Ocean\npigment concentration). The archive data network allows users to\nsearch through the collection of data. Users can search by\ngeo-location, date, orbit, section and precentage of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bb51d32-d3bc-4379-a96b-dba4145c3272", - "label": "MECCA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate Change Assessment (MECCA)\n Enhanced Greenhouse Atlas is an industry-funded project\n designed to assess the reliability of Global Circulation Models\n (GCMs), to quantify the probable range of future climatic\n change and to convey the resulting information to policymakers\n and other interested organizations and individuals. The Enhance\n Greenhouse Atlas visualizes the results from six MECCA\n experiments employing a variety of greenhouse gas\n scenarios. The six models are: GENESIS: Global Environmental\n and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems BMRC CCM0:\n NCAR's Community Climate Model (Washington and Meehl) CCM1-OZ:\n Modified version of CCM1 CCM1W: Wang, et al (1992) version of\n CCM1 CCM1: Oglesby and Saltzman (1992) version of CCM1 The\n model results illustrate the effects of enhanced carbon dioxide\n (CO2) concentrations on surface temperature and\n precipitation. The atlas is divided into two sections\n representing surface temperature and p! recipitation. These\n are further divided into five subsections each consisting of\n displays for the four canonical months: January, April, July\n and October. The five subsections are: agreement maps; mean;\n standard deviation control run; mean differences; and\n signal-to-noise. The atlas is available on the World-Wide Web\n at: 'http://www.epri.com/ME2CA/MECCA.html' The atlas WWW pages\n were created by Jessica Weinstein. The Grid Analysis Display\n System (GrADS), developed by Brian E. Doty, was used to\n generate the graphics. Contributors and authors include:\n A. Henderson-Sellers, A.-M. Hansen, J. Arblaster, J. Hoekstra,\n K. McGuffie, C. Brescianini, C. Gross, P. Love, M. Perkins, and\n the MECCA Analysis Team, Professor R. Oglesby (Purdue\n University) and Professor W-C. Wang (SUNY Albany)\n\nData Center:\n\nData_Center_Name Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI)\nURL 'http://www.epri.com/ME2CA/MECCA.html'\n\nContact Person:\n\nCHUCK HAKKARINEN\nPosition Data Center Contact Address Electric\nPower Research Institute\n3412 Hillview Avenue, P.O. Box 10412\nPalo Alto, California 94303 USA Phone 415 855 2592 Fax 415 855\n1069 Email chakk@mecca.epri.com\n\nANN HENDERSON-SELLERS\nPosition Investigator\nAddress Macquarie University School of Earth Sciences North Ryde,\nNew South Wales 2109 Australia\nPhone +61-2-850-8398\nFax +61-2-850-9671\nEmail ann@mqclimat.mqcc.mq.oz.au", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d4597d1-b1a6-453c-b164-ea6f67f0afbc", - "label": "NDE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NOAA’s NESDIS Data Exploitation (NDE) is a data processing system that will provide the critical link between the National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) ground segment and the civilian operational user community. The system will receive NPP environmental, sensor, and temperature data records and will be tailoring them to satisfy user-required attributes such as alternative data formats, aerial coverages, frequencies, and projections. NDE will also apply value-added science algorithms to some NPP data records generating what are known as NOAA unique products (NUPs).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ff14fe4-8821-4242-bf42-272e60658a69", - "label": "MPA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Executive Order 13158 defines marine protected areas (MPAs) as 'any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.' There are many different types of MPAs in U.S. waters. Varying Definitions of MPAs Different Types and Characteristics of MPAs Working Definition for the MPA Inventory References\n\nVarying Definitions of MPAs\n\nThe term 'marine protected area' has been in use for over two decades. The concept of marine protected areas has been around for centuries. A marine protected area has come to mean different things to different people, based primarily on the level of protection provided by the MPA. Some see MPAs as sheltered or reserved areas where little, if any, use or human disturbance should be permitted. Others see them as specially managed areas designed to enhance ocean use. Many accept the definition developed by the World Conservation Union: 'any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment' (IUCN, 1988; Kelleher, 1999). Not too different is the definition in Marine Protected Areas Executive Order 13158. This defines an MPA as 'any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein' (Federal Register, 2000). Under this broad definition, a wide variety of sites could be considered as MPAs. \n\nThere are many different types of MPAs in the United States. For example, U.S. MPAs may include national marine sanctuaries, fishery management zones, national seashores, national parks, national monuments, critical habitats, national wildlife refuges, national estuarine research reserves, state conservation areas, state reserves, and many others. MPAs have different shapes, sizes, and management characteristics, and have been established for different purposes. \n\nMPAs provide different levels of protection and use. They range from areas closed to public access, such as Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Key Largo, Florida (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001); to sites that permit access but do not allow consumptive uses, such as Edmonds Underwater Park in Washington (Murray,1998); to areas where the use of specific types of fishing gear is restricted, such as certain fishery management areas; and to multiple-use areas, such as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (National Ocean Service (a), 2000).\n\nMPAs also protect a variety of specific natural and cultural resources. The near-shore Bristol Bay fishery closure area off Alaska protects king crab aggregations and habitat important to this valuable fisheries species (Code of Federal Regulations, 2000). The Virgin Islands National Park protects coral reef habitat and sea-turtle nesting areas (National Park Service, 1998). Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge protects habitat for endangered species such as the Hawaiian monk seal, coral reefs, and historical artifacts from the famous World War II battle that occurred there (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001). The Monitor National Marine Sanctuary off the coast of North Carolina protects the site of this famous Civil War-era shipwreck (National Ocean Service (b), 2000).\n\nMPAs can range dramatically in size and shape. There are small areas, such as the 14-acre Farnsworth Bank Ecological Reserve in Los Angeles County, California (McArdle, 1997), and large areas, such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, which covers 5,300 square miles (National Ocean Service (c), 2000).\n\nMPAs differ in location and jurisdiction. Some MPAs are in federal waters only, which, for the most part, extend from three to 200 miles offshore. These are managed under federal laws by federal agencies. Some MPAs are found only in state waters where both state and federal laws may apply. MPAs may overlap. The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary and Channel Islands National Park share jurisdiction over some ocean waters (National Academy of Public Administration, 2000). Finally, some MPAs, such as the Cape Cod National Seashore in Massachusetts, include both marine and land components (Bauman et al., 1998).\n\nFor more information: http://mpa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by MPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "715267b6-9f3a-41c4-b034-4a514044d715", - "label": "MERRA TIME-MEAN OBSERVATION DATA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Source: NASA/GSFC/GMAO, http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/merra/ ]\n\nMERRA is a NASA reanalysis for the satellite era using a major new version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System Version 5 (GEOS-5). The Project focuses on historical analyses of the hydrological cycle on a broad range of weather and climate time scales and places the NASA EOS suite of observations in a climate context.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "720ac85e-fb7a-44a0-b152-eb40e569c36e", - "label": "NAGDC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Aggregates of Geospatial Data collection is\ndesigned to make geospatial data usable by analysts who require\ndata aggregated to the national level. Thematically oriented\ntowards variables useful to the study of interactions between\nhumans and their environment, the collection aggregates\ngeospatial data to the national level in standard tabular\nformat.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://sedac.ciesin.org/plue/nagd/'\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72178799-53b9-44ad-8f2a-4ad51002976d", - "label": "OSCAR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OSCAR Website: 'http://www.oscar.noaa.gov/index.html'\n\nThis project is developing a processing system and data center to provide\noperational ocean surface velocity fields from satellite altimeter and vector\nwind data.\n\nThe regional focus will be the tropical Pacific, where we will demonstrate the\nvalue for a variety of users, specifically fisheries management and\nrecruitment, monitoring debris drift, larvae drift, oil spills, fronts and\neddies, as well as on-going large scale ENSO monitoring, diagnostics and\nprediction. We will encourage additional uses in search and rescue, naval and\nmaritime operations. The data will be subjected to extensive validation and\nerror analysis, and applied to various ocean, climate and dynamic basic\nresearch problems. The user base derives from the NOAA CoastWatch and climate\nprediction programs, the broad research community, the Navy's operational ocean\nanalysis program, and other civilian uses. The end product is to leave in place\na turnkey system running at NOAA/NESDIS, with an established user clientele and\neasy internet data access.\n\nThe method to derive surface currents with satellite altimeter and\nscatterometer data is the outcome of several years NASA sponsored research.\n\nThe proposed project will transition that capability to operational\noceanographic applications. The end product will be velocity maps updated\ndaily, with a goal for eventual 2-day maximum delay from time of satellite\nmeasurement. Grid resolution will be 100 km for the basin scale, and finer\nresolution in the vicinity of the Pacific Islands. The team consists of private\nnon-profit, educational and government partners with broad experience and\nfamiliarity with the data, and the scientific and technical issues. Two\nPartners are the original developers of the surface current derivation\ntechniques, and two are closely tied to satellite data sources and primary\nprocessing centers. Others represent NOAA/NESDIS, Climate Prediction Center,\nCoastWatch, NMFS and the Navy to evaluate uses and applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "729bfa0c-53c5-4969-952e-0651df1b1b0b", - "label": "OMEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Ocean Margin Exchange (OMEX) aims were to study, measure and model the physical, chemical and biological processes and fluxes happening at the ocean margin — the interface between the open Atlantic ocean and the European continental shelf. It served as a basis for the development of predictive models of global environmental changes on the oceanic system and, more specifically, on the coastal zone.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.bodc.ac.uk/projects/european/omex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73b00fc0-9381-4884-a644-96468cf07d6e", - "label": "NCCCS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Experiment: Northern California Coastal Circulation Study\n\nFunding Agency: MMS (Department of Interior, Minerals Management\nService) Contractor: EG&G Washington Analytical Services\nCenter, Inc. Dates: 1986 - 1989 Location: San Francisco to\nOregon\n\nData acquired during experiment:\n\n CTD measurements (NCCCS/ctd)\n Moored current data (NCCCS/current meters)\n XBT (NCCCS/wecoma and NCCCS/xbt)\n Bottom pressure data (NCCCS/pressure)\n Lagrangian drifter data (NCCCS/drifters)\n Sea-level data (see /NOS)\n\n\nThe Northern California Circulation Study (NCCCS), supported by\nthe Minerals Management Service, is a 5-year physical\noceanography program to describe the circulation on the\ncontinental shelf and upper slope between San Francisco and the\nOregon border. This study will result in an improved\ndescription and understanding od circulation features,\nparticularly near-surface currents. The general objectives of\nthe NCCCS are:\n\n-- To obtain high-quality direct and indirect measurements of\ncurrents on the shelf and upper slope, with adequate temporal\nand spatial resolution to describe the pricipal advective\nprocesses.\n\n-- To describe the circulation in statistical terms, including\nmean current patterns, seasonal and shorter-term variability,\nvertical structure, and response to forcing.\n\n-- To characterize the circulation in terms of dynamic\nprocesses. For each process, such as wind forcing, an\nassessment of the primary driving force, response sensitivity,\nspatial pattern, momentum balance, and advective displacement\nscale is required. (Bruce A. Magnell, EG&G Geos)\n\nFor more information,\nlink to ' http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/zoo/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "758196d0-75e7-402f-aa77-f32abf14e745", - "label": "NAAMES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is a five year investigation to resolve key processes controlling ocean system function, their influences on atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their implications for climate.\n\nObservations obtained during four, targeted ship and aircraft measurement campaigns, combined with the continuous satellite and in situ ocean sensor records, will enable improved predictive capabilities of Earth system processes and will inform ocean management and assessment of ecosystem change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7583957b-e902-4daf-a2b9-81b65c3f3b8f", - "label": "MERRA-2", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "777c788f-84ec-4b81-9da9-c53350fa5e5c", - "label": "MARINE MAMMALS PROJECT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "We work to make oceans safe for marine mammals worldwide. We strive to eliminate dolphin mortality caused by the international tuna fishing industry, to end the use of driftnets, and to stop tuna purse-seine fishers from encircling dolphins in their nets. In addition, we aim to stop the resumption of commercial whaling worldwide, to promote sustainable fishing, and to protect the habitat of whales, dolphins, and other marine species.\n\n\nhttp://www.earthisland.org/immp/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "785f7c57-93c9-4fe0-8309-ff32aa59a637", - "label": "NEMO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NeMO Project was conceived as a long-term study of the\ninteractions between geology, chemistry, and biology on a dynamic part\nof the mid-ocean ridge system, using state-of the art technology. The\ngoal is to make multiple observations at one location over several\nyears to document changes in interrelated systems. Hence, the need for\na multi-year seafloor observatory.\n\nThe site chosen for this observatory effort is called 'Axial\nSeamount'. Axial is an active volcano located on the Juan de Fuca\nRidge, about 250 miles off the coast of Oregon and Washington. The\nJuan de Fuca Ridge is a boundary where two of the Earth's tectonic\nplates move slowly, but episodically, apart. When the plates move, the\nprocess is accompanied by small earthquakes and, at some times, by\nmagma intrusions and volcanic eruptions.Axial volcano is seamount at\n460N, 1300W, at the intersection of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the\nCobb seamount chain. It rises 1100 m above the surrounding ocean floor\nto a minimum depth of 1400 m below sea level. The Axial volcano was\nchosen for the NeMO Project because it is the most volcanically active\nsite on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.\n\nThe NeMO Project also is an opportunity to share this exciting\nscientific research with teachers, students, and the general\npublic. The NeMO cruise will have a teacher at sea this summer and\nanother teacher working onshore to help make research results\navailable via the web. Daily updates are planned for the\ncalendar page describing life at sea and scientific results during the\nexpedition as well as answers to your questions during the cruise.\nA Bathymetric map of the NeMO Observatory at Axial Volcano can be\nviewed at:'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/nemo/nemo-obs.html'\nThe Oregon/Washington location map relative to Axial Volcano, NeMO Site\ncan be viewed at 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Images/JdFR_color.gif'\nRefer to the NeMO project web site for additional information.\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/nemo/project.html'\n\n\nFor more information, contact:\nWebmaster:nemo@pmel.noaa.gov\n\nNeMO Project\nNOAA/PMEL Vents Program\n2115 SE OSU Drive\nNewport, OR 97365\nPhone: (541)867-0275\nFAX: (541)867-3907\nRevision_Date: 1999-12-22", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79ebedb5-25d4-4725-9390-980ed022f829", - "label": "NSF/PLR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Division of Polar Programs (POLAR) manages and initiates National Science Foundation funding for basic research and its operational support in the Arctic and the Antarctic. The funds are provided as NSF grants to institutions (mainly U.S. universities), whose scientists perform the research at the institutions or in a polar region, and as cooperative agreements or contracts to support organizations including contractors and the U.S. military.\n\nPOLAR supports individual investigators or research teams and U.S. participation in multinational projects. Projects can involve investigators from many disciplines and institutions over several years.\n\nOrganizationally, POLAR has two science sections- one for the Arctic and the Antarctic. A third section manages the logistics and support operations including field stations, camps, laboratories, ships, and airplanes. Environmental, health and safety issues are handled by the Polar Environment, Health and Safety Section.\n \nhttp://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/about.jsp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a83d0fe-1932-4dbd-89bc-86a615886fa2", - "label": "NEI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Estuarine Inventory is administered by ORCA's Strategic\nEnvironmental Assessment (SEA) Division. In addition to the assessment\nactivities identified in the profiles that follow, the NEI is supported by the\nNational Coastal Wetlands Inventory, the Estuarine Living Marine Resources\nProgram, the National Shellfish Register, the Coastal and Ocean Resource\nEconomics Program, the Coastal Development Trends Series, and the National\nCoastal Pollution Discharge Inventory. These projects and associated data\nholdings are described elsewhere in this report.\nThe National Estuarine Inventory is a series of inter-related activities that\ndefine, characterize, and assess the Nation's estuarine systems. The goal of\nthe NEI is to develop a comprehensive framework for evaluating the health and\nstatus of the Nation's estuaries and to bring estuaries into focus as a\nnational resource base. NEI data are compiled in a systematic and consistent\nmanner that enables the Nation's estuaries to be compared and assessed\naccording to their environmental quality, economic values, and resource uses.\nThe main holdings of the NEI project are described by the data set entries\nkeyed to Campaign/Project NEI. This is supplemented by the following summaries\nof four databases:\no Physical and Hydrologic Characteristics of Estuaries\no Estuarine Land-Use Categories\no Susceptibility of Estuaries to Nutrient Related Pollution\no The National Estuarine Eutrophication Project\nPhysical and Hydrologic Characteristics\nA principal feature of the NEI is the determination of the physical dimensions\nand hydrologic features of estuarine systems of the United States. These data\nare compiled in a consistent manner to allow users to distinguish the\nsimilarities and differences among individual estuaries or groups of\nestuaries. The physical characteristics of an estuary are primary\ndeterminants of estuarine processes and ultimately affect the ecology of a\nsystem.\nThe principal physical parameter for which data are compiled is the Estuarine\nDrainage Area (EDA). Other dimensional parameters include the estuary length,\nwidth, and depth; the fluvial drainage area, or FDA (the land and water\nportion of the entire watershed upstream of the EDA); and the estuarine water\nsurface area. The seaward boundary of each estuary is identified, and the\nestuary's length, area and volume is estimated for five salinity zones (from\ntidal fresh to seawater). Estimates are also generated for the average daily\nand monthly freshwater inflow (representing the streams discharging into the\nthe entire drainage basin), tidal prism (the volume of water entering a\ncoastal system during flood tide), and prevailing tide (diurnal or\nsemidiurnal) for each estuary. Estuaries are classified according to degree\nof salinity stratification (highly stratified, moderately stratified, and\nvertically homogeneous classifications, reported for three-month periods).\nEstuarine Land-Use Categories\nThe types of land use within an estuarine drainage basin indicate the overall\nextent to which human activities may affect the environmental quality of the\nbasin and its waters. The NEI compiles information relating to the types of\nland uses within the drainage basins associated with major estuaries of the\nUnited States. When combined with information about other estuarine\ncharacteristics, land-use data may be used to assess the effects of various\npolicies on the environmental quality of the Nation's estuarine resource base.\nThe data base includes surface area estimates of seven categories and 24\nsubcategories of land uses in areas surrounding major estuaries. Categories\ninclude urban and built-up land (such as residential and industrial/commercial\ncomplexes), Agriculture, Range, Forest, Barren (such as beaches and dry salt\nflats), and Wetland land use types. Area estimates are compiled for three\nspatial units: (1) estuarine drainage areas (EDAs); (2) USGS cataloging units\n(the portion that falls within an EDA); and (3) counties that fall within or\nintersect EDAs (area estimates for the entire county).\nThe data base encompasses 92 estuaries of the contiguous United States.\nEstimates are compiled for 92 EDAs, 216 USGS cataloging units, and 523\ncounties that fall within or intersect an EDA. The spatial resolution of the\nsupporting data is 10 or 40 acres, depending on the land-use category.\nLand-use data were recorded between 1971 and 1984 and compiled during the\nmid-1980s.\nSusceptibility of Estuaries to Nutrient Discharges\nThe NEI compiles data on the annual nutrient loads entering estuaries and the\nrelative susceptibility of estuaries to nutrient-related pollution. These data\nallow water quality and resource managers to identify estuaries that are\npotentially at risk to nutrient loads and subsequently, to eutrophication\nconditions.\nData relate to parameters that influence estuarine eutrophication, based on\nnutrient loading estimates and physical and hydrologic characteristics.\nNutrient loading data include estimates of the total nitrogen and the total\nphosphorus discharged annually into estuaries from point, nonpoint, and\nupstream sources. The relative susceptibility of estuaries to nutrient\npollution is quantified by the dissolved concentration potential (DCP), an\nestimate of the relative ability of an estuary to concentrate dissolved\nsubstances, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This value characterizes the\neffect of flushing and estuarine dilution on pollutant loads. A\nclassification scheme, indicating high, medium or low DCP values, is used to\nprovide a relative ranking of estuaries in terms of their susceptibility to\nnutrient pollution.\nThe level of nutrient pollution is identified by the estimated concentrations\nof nitrogen and phosphorus, a classification of those concentrations (high,\nmedium and low concentrations), and an estimate of what percentage change\n(increase or decrease) in nutrient loadings would be required to change the\nnutrient concentration classifications. Additional data include the molecular\nratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P), which provides an estimate of which\nnutrient may be more influential in limiting phytoplankton production.\nThe data encompass 82 estuaries identified in the NEI: 23 in the Northeast; 17\nin the Southeast; 23 on the Gulf of Mexico; and 19 on the West coast. The\ndata represent overall estuarine conditions, not site-specific conditions\nwithin an estuary\nNutrient susceptibility studies were completed in 1990. Supporting physical\nand hydrologic data were generated primarily in the last decade. Loading\nestimates were derived from pollutant discharge data generated for the 1982\nbase year. Base-year estimates can be considered to approximate discharge\nconditions for a five-year period around the base year.\nThe National Estuarine Eutrophication Project\nThe National Estuarine Eutrophication Project is a data collection effort\ndesigned to quantify the degree and geographical extent of eutrophication in\ncoastal estuaries, and to test the hypothesis that nutrient loads and\neutrophic waters are linked. The Project expands upon related NEI studies,\ninvolving estuarine susceptibility to nutrient loadings (noted above), by\nassessing actual eutrophication problems and their characteristics. A goal of\nthe Project is to develop a model linking nutrient loading concentrations and\nphytoplankton production to determine the probability of eutrophication\nconditions.\nData will be collected on a variety of factors which characterize\neutrophication conditions and effects. Hydrologic characteristics, such as\nwater residence times and circulation patterns, determine the ability of an\nestuary to concentrate nutrient loads. The Project will examine such physical\nindicators as flushing, salinity, stratification, and tides. Data also will\nbe collected on factors which express eutrophication effects, including: 1)\nwater quality parameters, such as oxygen concentrations in bottom waters;\nnutrient concentrations; light penetration; turbidity; and 2) biological\nparameters, such as phytoplankton production (primary production); the\nappearance of nuisance seaweeds, algal blooms and floating algal scums;\ndecreased submerged aquatic vegetation concentrations; benthic organism\nconcentration and composition; bacterial activity; disease organisms (for\nmarine populations); and secondary production (commercial harvests).\nThe National Estuarine Eutrophication Project was initiated in 1991, however,\nsupporting data may relate to environmental conditions recorded at earlier\ndates.\nPoint of contact:\nStrategic Environmental Assessment Division\nOffice of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n6001 Executive Blvd\nRockville, MD 20852", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a9b88f5-c883-45af-98c0-04afe1566ecf", - "label": "MUSORSTOM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The deep benthos of the tropical seas represents one of the last frontiers of marine biodiversity, and recent deep-sea exploration confirms the Indo-Pacific as a major reservoir of unknown forms of life in all taxonomic groups. However, unlike most other tropical biological communities, the deep-sea benthos has suffered from a lack of focussed attention from zoologists and oceanographers. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos, a continuation of Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, is a series dedicated to inventorying and describing the deep-sea faunas of the world, with special emphasis on the most extensive of its biogeographical regions: the Indo-Pacific.\n\nhttp://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/science/science/DocScientifique/publications/presentation/listeParution/ficheParution.xsp?PARUTION_ID=305&PUBLICATION_ID=63&THEMPUB_ID=102&idx=6&nav=tableau1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b73794b-48b8-4196-84cc-2047f94101b8", - "label": "OCEANOGRAFIA BIOLOGICA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A oceanografia biológica estuda a biota e a ecologia dos oceanos, buscando compreender os mecanismos biológicos que funcionam nos oceanos. A oceanografia biológica difere da biologia marinha por estudar os organismos marinhos com um enfoque mais ecológico, relacionado com a física, a química e a geologia do oceano.\n\nNa oceanografia biológica se dividem os organismos marinhos em três categorias: plâncton, nécton e bentos. O plâncton é formado pelos organismos que vivem na coluna de água sem conseguirem nadar contra as correntes marinhas. O nécton é constituído pelos organismos que tem boa capacidade natatória, não dependendo de correntes para se deslocarem. O bentos é formado pelos organismos que vivem no substrato, fixados ou não.\n\nInformation provided by http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia#Oceanografia_Biol.C3.B3gica", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bc2c87e-ff60-4052-a340-50da54a67f28", - "label": "NHRE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE), funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and managed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), began studying hailstorms over northeastern Colorado, southwestern Nebraska, and southeastern Wyoming in the summer of 1971, working from a radar facility and field headquarters near the little town of Grover, Colorado. From 1972 through 1974, the NHRE field research program included randomized cloud seeding during the peak hail season, along with convective storm research using instrumented aircraft, radar, a precipitation network on the ground, and a variety of other research tools and facilities. The randomized seeding experiment was discontinued at the end of the 1974 hail season, and the most recent NHRE field work was an intensive observational program conducted during the summer of 1976.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.nasw.org/users/hlansford/nhre.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e49e3cf-8790-4d5b-bd42-ee046049627f", - "label": "NICE-STREAMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: SCSCS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=357\n\nDuring last decades in the Euroarctic Region there is observed a stable tendency towards warming that enables us to assume that this is not a short-time deviations of the climatic system from the equilibrium but long-lasted changes. To main factors forming the climate of the Spitsbergen Archipelago one could refer its geographical location, atmospheric circulation, ocean impact, sea and continental ice sheet, complicated morphometrics.\nOn the Spitsbergen Archipelago there exists the huge mass of fresh water in a form of cryosphere elements (glaciers, snow cover, naleds), it has a specific biota and at the same time locates in the area of a relatively intensive economic activity compared with other Arctic Archipelagos... Thus, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of the Archipelago is a noticeable objects-indicator of the current status of the Arctic climate system and estimates of its future changes. Along with this Spitsbergen is a wonderful science platform for studying the overall spectrum of reactions of Polar Regions nature on the climate variations both of natural and anthropogenic origin.\nNowadays, a large complex of scientific researches and monitoring of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment is carried out on the basis of the infrastructure of the Russian village Barents burg, Norwegian villages Longierbuen and New-Alesunn and also the Polish research base Hornsunn. Meteorological, aerological, ice, oceanographic, biological and other observations are performed.\nIt is considered to perform the following complex investigations of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment in the framework of this project:\nMain project goals are: \n- development and unification of the existing system of complex monitoring of the principal climate forming parameters of the environment status in the area of the Spitsbergen Archipelago \nestimation of the features of the present status of the principal components of the climatic and systems of the Archipelago and surrounding Euro-Arctic aquatic regions -on the basis of the analysis of databases obtained during the project implementation and historical Russian and available international databases ;\nUnderstanding of the impact mechanisms of external climate factors on the nature of the Spitsbergen Archipelago;\ndevelopment of the scientific basis of the scenarios of possible climate changes of the Archipelago environment and forecast of possible ecological impact;\n- improvement of the technology and technical means for the system of hydrometeorological monitoring of the environment.\nThe investigations are complex ones. So, there are some separate sub-programs co-operating in the framework of general research program including the following directions:\n-Meteorological regime;\n-Hydrological regime of dry land;\n-Energy-exchange processes between the atmosphere and underlying surface;\n-Ice-cover evolution;\n-Structure and dynamics of coastal waters including fiords; \n-Climate and fresh water balance;\n-Sea-ice evolution; \n- Monitoring of contamination of air and water ambience\n-Studies of the composite and concentration of radio-active gases in the atmosphere and ocean;\n-Flora and fauna research;\n-Validation of results from remote sounding of the environment components;\n-Testing and experimental service of new measurement complexes for the Archipelago environment monitoring. \nImplementation of the above sub-programs will be realized on the basis of ZGMO «Baretsburg» (AARI, Murmansk ASMS), Norwegian research station in New Alesunn village (NPI) and Polish station in the Hornsunn Bay (Polish Academy of Sciences). Also it is assumed to perform, on the basis of the previous AARI field studies on the Archipelago, the constant-basis observations at a number of geographical objects (glaciers, lakes, river valleys, etc) for which there exist multi-year sets of field data. Here we suppose to use both automation measuring complexes and random observations using helicopters, sea- vehicles etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e66de92-94e4-4f37-9254-d34ad6e0b48e", - "label": "OSADAMO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Summary of Project:\n\nThe normal use of oxygen by aerobic organisms produces several active\nspecies of oxygen. The first derivative that forms is the anion\nsuperoxide (O2-) that is a species with a negative charge, slightly\ndiffusible and relatively stable, with characteristics of free radical\n(elements with a free electron). The second product of reduction is\nhydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a highly diffusible, stable molecule.\n\nThe union of these two species, in the presence of hemoproteins (for\nexample: hemoglobin, hemocyanin, etc.) containing prosthetic group\ntransition metals, generates a new, extremely reactive species, the\nradical hydroxyl (OH-). This radical has a very short half life and,\ntherefore, interacts with compounds in its en be they proteins, lipids\nor acids, producing reversible or irreversible damage depending on its\nconcentration.\n\nAerobic animals and vegetables have within their cells enzymatic and\nnonenzymatic antioxidant defenses.\n\nWithin the enzymatic defenses we found: a) superoxide dismutase (SOD),\nb) catalase (CAT) and c) glutathione peroxidase (GPx):\n\na) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) with superoxide (O2-) anion produces\nhydrogen peroxide (equation 1):\nO2- + 2 H+ ---> H2O2 (1)\nThis enzyme contains prosthetic group transition metals for oxidation\n- reduction necessary for the dismutation of this species.\n\nb) Metabolized CAT to hydrogen peroxide turning it to water (equation\n2):\n2H2O2 ---> 2H2O + O2 (2)\nThis enzyme is peroxisomal in behavior, and, in addition to its\ncatalytic function, it can conduct a peroxidative battle with much\nlesser efficiency.\n\nc) GPx can also transform hydrogen peroxide into water and\nadditionally metabolizes organic peroxides such as lipoperoxides\n(equation 3):\n2 GSH + ROOH ---> GSSG + ROH + H2O (3)\nThis enzyme uses as substrate a non-enzymatic antioxidant, - reduced\nglutathione (GSH). This antioxidant is distributed widely in\ndifferent organs. Its function is fundamental to maintaining\noxidation balance. Another important non-enzymatic antioxidant is\nascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is crucial in the\nreplacement of the antioxidant activity of vitamin E. Also, vitamin\nE, like vitamin A, is a liposoluble that is found in cell membranes,\ncatching or extinguishing excited species that are generated in the\nreduction of oxygen.\n\nPotentially, oxidative stress is experienced by aerobic organisms when\nantioxidant defenses are surpassed by pro-oxidating forces. This\nmechanism has been implied in carcinogenesis, ischemia and reperfusion\ndamage, inflammation and aging. Evidence suggests that the health of\naquatic organisms is linked to the level of oxidative stress to which\nthey may have been exposed (Di Giulio et al., 1989). In particular,\nregarding processes by which natural atmospheric conditions or the\npresence of pollutants have increased the level of pro-oxidating\nsubstances.\n\nThe extreme physical characteristics of the Antarctic marine\nenvironment provide a challenge in confronting the oxidative\nmetabolism of the organisms that inhabit it, since natural situations\nlike, for example, the high oxygen content in the cold waters or\ngreater exposure to UV radiation (due to the hole in the ozone layer),\nwould have to lead to an adaptation in the activity of metabolizing\nenzymes of the reduced oxygen species, and non-enzymatic antioxidants.\nSimilarly, the presence of transition metals and/or xenobiotic\nsubstances in the water produce oxidative stress in the organisms\nexposed to these substances (Winston, 1991).\n\nProject Duration: 2002 - 2004\n\nEn Espanol:\nResumen del Proyecto:\n\n Como consecuencia de la utilizacion normal del oxigeno por los\norganismos aerobicos, se producen varias especies activas del oxigeno.\n\n El primer derivado que se forma es el anion superoxido (O2.-) que es\nuna especie con carga, poco difusible y relativamente estable, con\ncaracteristicas de radical libre (elementos con un electron\ndesapareado). El segundo producto de la reduccion es el peroxido de\nhidrogeno (H2 O2), molecula estable altamente difusible.\n\n La union de estas dos especies, en presencia de hemoproteinas (por\nejemplo: hemoglobina, hemocianina, etc.) que contengan metales de\ntransicion en su grupo prostetico, genera una nueva especie\nextremadamente reactiva que es el radical hidroxilo (OH.). Este\nradical tiene una vida media muy corta por lo que interactua con los\ncompuestos de sus alrededores ya sean proteinas, lipidos o acidos\nnucleicos, produciendo danos de caracter reversible o irreversible\ndependiendo de su concentracion.\n\n Los animales y vegetales aerobios tienen dentro de sus celulas\ndefensas antioxidantes enzimaticas y no enzimaticas radical hidroxilo\n(OH.). Este radical tiene una vida media muy corta por lo que\ninteractua con los compuestos de sus alrededores ya sean proteinas,\nlipidos o acidos nucleicos, produciendo danos de caracter reversible o\nirreversible dependiendo de su concentracion.\n\n Los animales y vegetales aerobios tienen dentro de sus celulas\ndefensas antioxidantes enzimaticas y no enzimaticas.\n\n Dentro de las defensas enzimaticas encontramos: a) superoxido\ndismutasa (SOD), b) catalasa (CAT) y c) glutation peroxidasa (GPx).\n\na) La SOD dismuta el anion superoxido a peroxido de hidrogeno (ecuacion 1).\n O2.- + 2 H+ ---> H2 O2 (1)\n\nEsta enzima contiene metales de transicion en su grupo prostetico con\nlos que realiza las oxido - reducciones necesarias para la dismutacion\nde esta especie.\n\nb) La CAT metaboliza al peroxido de hidrogeno convirtiendolo en agua\n(ecuacion 2).\n\n2 H2O2 ---> 2 H2O + O2 (2)\n\nEsta enzima es de ubicacion peroxisomal y ademas de su funcion\ncatalitica puede realizar una accion peroxidativa con mucha menor\neficiencia.\n\nc) La GPx tambien puede transformar el peroxido de hidrogeno en agua y\nademas metaboliza peroxidos de tipo organicos tales como los\nlipoperoxidos (ecuacion 3)\n\n2 GSH + ROOH ? GSSG + ROH + H2O (3)\n\nEsta enzima utiliza como sustrato a un antioxidante no enzimatico, que\nes el glutation reducido (GSH). Este antioxidante se encuentra\nampliamente distribuido en los distintos organos. Su funcion es\nfundamental para mantener el equilibrio oxidativo.\n\n Otro de los antioxidantes no enzimaticos importantes es el acido\nascorbico (vitamina C). Este compuesto es fundamental en la reposicion\nde la actividad antioxidante de la vitamina E. Tanto la vitamina E\ncomo la A son compuestos de caracteristicas liposolubles que se\nencuentran en la membrana de las celulas atrapando o apagando las\nespecies excitadas que se generan en la reduccion del oxigeno. El\nestres oxidativo, potencialmente, es experimentado por todos los\norganismos aerobicos cuando las defensas antioxidantes son superadas\npor las fuerzas prooxidantes. Este mecanismo se ha visto implicado en\ncarcinogenesis, dano de isquemia y reperfusion, inflamacion y\nenvejecimiento. Existe evidencia que indica que la salud de los\norganismos acuaticos puede estar ligada al nivel de estres oxidativo\nal que se encuentran expuestos (Di Giulio et al., 1989). En particular\nsobre aquellos procesos por los cuales las condiciones naturales del\nambiente o la presencia de sustancias contaminantes hubiesen\nincrementado el nivel de prooxidantes presentes.\n\nLas caracteristicas fisicas extremas del medio ambiente marino\nantartico, plantean un desafio a confrontar sobre el metabolismo\noxidativo de los organismos que lo habitan, ya que situaciones\nnaturales como, por ejemplo, el alto contenido de oxigeno de sus frias\naguas o la mayor exposicion a la radiacion UV (debido a la presencia\ndel agujero en la capa de ozono), deberian conducir a una adaptacion\nen la actividad de las enzimas metabolizadoras de las especies\nreducidas del oxigeno y en los niveles de los antioxidantes no\nenzimaticos. Del mismo modo la presencia de metales de transicion y/o\nde sustancias xenobioticas organicas en el agua se sabe que producen\nestres oxidativo en los organismos expuestos a dichas sustancias\n(Winston, 1991). Duracion: 2002 - 2004", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fa0c0f5-f3b0-4d27-8fb8-f5ff42ba7338", - "label": "NSD", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Welcome to the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) information resource for the United States Geological Survey. Located at the Florida Integrated Science Center, this site has been established as a central repository for spatially referenced biogeographic accounts of nonindigenous aquatic species.\n\nhttp://nas.er.usgs.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fa4429b-b5e8-4ffa-8e36-99e19d5cda35", - "label": "Notothenia coriiceps", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fbc7e18-7569-4864-b686-33872d0aab2e", - "label": "NANSEN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NANSEN (North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea Exchange) was set up\nunder ICES Council Resolution C.Res 1985/4:9. Its specific\nobjectives were to:\n\n1. study the hydrography and circulation of the Iceland Basin\n2. study the temporal and and spatial variability of the inflows\nand outflows across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge.\n\nResearch Vessel observations in support of NANSEN were collected\nfrom 1986 to 1989. All relevant data were managed by the ICES\nOceanographic Data Centre (stations) and the British\nOceanographic Data Centre (moored instrumentation). The\nscientific results have been presented at ASC theme sessions and\npublished in ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 225: North\nAtlantic - Norwegian Sea Exchanges: The ICES NANSEN Project,\n1998. DKK 320.00.\n\nFor more information,\nloink to 'http://www.ices.dk/ocean/project/data/nansen.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by ICES]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83ab93bb-926f-45b1-9d8b-bb6abc118f23", - "label": "NOAA-CREST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8536f2d3-73fd-45ab-b0db-bbda202cfbb5", - "label": "NADS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is a NASA-funded project whose main\nresource is an Abstract Service, which includes three sets of \nabstracts: 1) astronomy and astrophysics, containing approximately \n255,000 abstracts; 2) instrumentation, containing approximately \n460,000 abstracts; and 3) physics and geophysics, containing \napproximately 220,000 abstracts. Each dataset can be searched by \nauthor, object name (astronomy only), title, or abstract text words. \nIn addition, they have extended the abstract service to include links \nto scanned images of over 40,000 journal articles for articles \nappearing in most of the major astronomical journals. In addition to \nthe Abstract Service, the ADS provides access or pointers to\nastronomical data catalogs and data archives, thereby making data \ncollected by NASA space missions available to astronomers. In most \ncases coverage begins in 1975 but older materials are in the process\nof being added. The database includes journal articles, NASA and\nother reports, conference proceedings, and some Ph.D dissertations.\n\n\nInformation provided by http://www.lib.virginia.edu/brown/dbases/nads.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8550463a-cd35-40bd-8d60-3baa3f866fc6", - "label": "NBIOME", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In the 1980's the world's space agencies initiated a long-term program\ncalled the Earth Observing System (EOS) Mission to Planet Earth. Its goal\nis to obtain a better understanding of how the planet Earth functions and\nhow it changes with time, due to both natural and human-induced causes.\nAs part of this mission, the NBIOME (Northern Biosphere Observation and\nModelling Experiment) project was proposed and submitted to NASA by the\nCanada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) in 1988. It was approved as a\n10 year program.\n\nThe project is a cooperative effort involving CCRS, Forestry Canada,\nAgriculture Canada and a number of universities. It has been accepted\nas part of the Canadian Global Change Program co-ordinated by the Royal\nSociety of Canada.\n\nNBIOME's principal objective is to increase our understanding of the role of\nterrestrial vegetation in the total Earth system and its changes with time.\nIts goal is to develop and adapt an observation system pertaining to a\nfamily of landscape and ecosystem models, backed by process understanding,\nto monitor, evaluate and predict the impact of global change on boreal\necosystems including forests, grasslands, wetlands and tundra.\nCCRS's contribution to NBIOME is to carry out the research, development\nand demonstration of the use of satellite data to contribute to the\nestimation of carbon pools and fluxes related to Canadian ecosystems. The\nremote sensing data is particularly valuable due to the broad spatial\ndistribution of vegetation and its inaccessibility at northern latitudes\nwhere there are few settlements, limited road access and a short growing\nseason.\n\nTo achieve this goal an NBIOME Information System (NBIS) will be developed.\nIts specific objectives will be:\n 1. To develop a Vegetation Classification Algorithm based on satellite\n measurements as a principal data source and, using this algorithm,\n to produce a digital vegetation map of Canada as a baseline for\n determining future changes as well as for use in growth and\n succession models.\n 2. To develop a Phytomass Model for the vegetation of Canada and, using\n this model, to produce a map of total phytomass as input into a\n growth model.\n 3. To develop/adapt a vegetation growth model and, using this model, to\n produce digital maps of Canada showing gross primary productivity\n and net change in carbon storage for different years within the EOS\n time period.\n 4. To develop/adapt one or more Succession Models and, using these\n models, to produce digital maps of future vegetation distribution\n of Canada based on the extrapolation of observed trends and/or\n likely postulated scenarios of future climatic conditions.\n\nFurther information is available from: Dr. Josef Cihlar, Canada Centre for\nRemote Sensing, 588 Booth Street, 4th Floor, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA K1Y 0Y7,\nTelephone (613) 947-1265, FAX (613) 947-1385, INTERNET> cihlar@ccrs.emr.ca\nor, Prof Dennis Parkinson, Department of Biological Sciences, University of\nCalgary, Calgary, Alberta CANADA T2N 1N4, Telephone (403) 220-7824,\nFAX (403) 289-9311.\n\nMore details can also be attained from The Northern Biosphere Observation\nand Modelling Experiment Science Plan available from The Canadian Global\nChange Program Secretariat, c/o Royal Society of Canada, P.O. Box 9734,\nOttawa, Ontario CANADA K1G 5J4, Telephone (613) 991-5639, FAX (613)\n991-6996, INTERNET> wcsrsc@carleton.ca, web:cgcprsc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8756dcea-9c0d-43ac-b04b-d88d4bc87d7f", - "label": "NACP-MASEK-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A Community-Driven, North American Disturbance Record and Processing System for Land Satellite Data\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=210\n\nhttp://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=210", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "877928b0-e0fd-4b3c-9425-d039cb184734", - "label": "NWI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) of the U.S. Fish &\nWildlife Service produces information on the characteristics,\nextent, and status of the Nation?s wetlands and deepwater\nhabitats. The National Wetlands Inventory Center information is\nused by Federal, State, and local agencies, academic\ninstitutions, U.S. Congress, and the private sector. The NWIC\nhas mapped 90 percent of the lower 48 states, and 34 percent of\nAlaska. About 44 percent of the lower 48 states, and 13 percent\nof Alaska are digitized. Congressional mandates require the NWIC\nto produce status and trends reports to Congress at ten-year\nintervals. In addition to status and trends reports, the NWIC\nhas produced over 130 publications, including manuals, plant and\nhydric soils lists, field guides, posters, wall size resource\nmaps, atlases, state reports, and numerous articles published in\nprofessional journals.\n\nThe National Wetlands Inventory Center (NWIC) is located in\nSaint Petersburg, Florida. We are a state-of-the-art computer\noperation which is responsible for constructing the wetlands\nlayer of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. NWI maps and\ndigitial data are distributed widely throughout the country and\nthe world. We have distributed over 1.9 million maps and over 1\nmillion digital wetland map files since they were first\nintroduced.\n\nProducts and Services:\n\nThe National Wetlands Inventory has many products, you may\naccess these products by clicking on the 'specific product' or\ngo to our downloads page. Below is a list of the directories\nthat contain products that may be of value to our users:\n\n1. Dlgdata: NWI 7.5' quad maps are available here. You can\ndownload wetland maps that have been digitized and converted to\ndlg (digital line graph) format. Dlg is a vector format\ndeveloped by the USGS and the files are NOT images (gifs,\njpegs). If you want to use the dlg files you must have GIS\nsoftware (ArcInfo, Mapinfo, etc) that has the ability to import\ndlg format. The data is organized by USGS 250k map name so it is\nadvised to have a USGS index book for the state in which your\ndesired quads are located in order to find which 1:250k to\naccess.\n\n2. Arcdata: NWI maps that have been digitized and converted to\nArc Export format. The data are organized by USGS 250k map name\nand so it is advisable to have a USGS index book for the state\nin which your desired quads are located in order to find which\n250k directory to access.\n\n3. Maps: Status and ordering information about NWI products. An\nexplanation of NWI map codes and new additions to on-line\ndlgdata work areas in progress for digital wetlands data.\n\n4. Samples: 14 sample quads in dlg, dxf, moss, grass, and arc\nformats along with acreage summaries for each quad.\n\n5. Software: Amls and smls for converting NWI dlg files to\nArcInfo, unzipping software, parsing software and a public\ndomain version of tar for MS-DOS.\n\nOffice Directory:\n\nWashington Office\n\nBenjamin N. Tuggle\nChief, Division of Federal Program Activities\nU.S.Fish & Wildlife Service\nDivision of Habitat Conservation\n4401 North Fairfax Drive - Room 400\nArlington, Virginia 22203-1610\n\nNWI Center - Saint Petersburg, Florida\n\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\nNational Wetlands Inventory Center\n9720 Executive Center Drive North\nMonroe Building, Suite 101\nSaint Petersburg, Florida 33702\nPhone: 727-570-5400, Fax: 727-570-5420\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nwi.fws.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89ada70d-f2bf-421c-90b9-39655c556f9d", - "label": "OAXTC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The main goal of the NOAA/CMDL Ocean/Atmosphere Exchange of Trace Compounds\n(OAXTC) 1992 study was to determine the atmospheric mixing ratio of\nhydrochlorofluorocarbon 22 (HCFC-22) and its partial pressure in\nsurface waters of the West Pacific Ocean to assess the possible\nexistence of an oceanic sink for this compound.\nThe ship, John V. Vickers, started out of Long Beach, CA, and reached\nDutch Harbor, AK, one week later. The cruise continued to a point\noffshore of Kamchatka, Russia, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, and\nfinally ended in Noumea, New Caledonia, 12 weeks after it began.\nCFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2), methyl\nchloroform (CH3CCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), nitrous oxide (N2O)\nand HCFC-22 (CHClF2) were measured in the air and surface waters of\nthe Pacific Ocean between 55 deg N and 22 deg S during the late summer\nand early fall of 1992. Atmospheric measurements of all gases agreed\nwell with results from NOAA fixed stations at similar latitudes.\nReferences:\nOAXTC 92: OCEAN / ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE OF TRACE COMPOUNDS 1992, Oceanic\nMeasurements of HCFC-22, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CH3CCl3, CCl4, and\nN2O in the Marine air and Surface Waters of the West Pacific Ocean\n(03. August to 21 October 1992), J.M. Lobert, J.H. Butler,\nT.J. Baring, R.C. Myers, S.A. Montzka, J.W. Elkins NOAA Technical\nMemorandum ERL CMDL-9, July 1995.\nContacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJurgen M. Lobert +1 303 497 7006 (tel) 7850 (fax) jurgen@fiji.ucsd.edu\nOAXTC 92 Data are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/oaxtc_92'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89fb7b07-4baf-45ea-9f26-1309850e3576", - "label": "NACP-CHOPPING-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Quantifying Changes in Carbon Pools with Shrub Invasion of Desert Grasslands using Multi-Angle Data from EOS Terra and Aqua\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=199\n\nIn tandem with the ongoing world-wide increase in the abundance of woody plants within former grasslands, desert grasslands throughout the southwestern U.S. have experienced a dramatic increase in the abundance of shrubs since the end of the 19th century. The region thus provides an adequate subject for the development of remote sensing and modeling methods which will be useful at global scales and in other regions. We propose to estimate carbon pools in this region using remotely-sensed inputs from the NASA Earth Observing System satellites Terra and Aqua. \n\n\nWe are working to refine mapping of vegetation through improved plant community type differentiation, estimating contributions from soil, shrub and grass components and provision of structural measures. This addresses three aspects of the problem of estimating C pools: large differences in total C storage in different plant communities; the need to reliably estimate the areal proportions of soil, grass and shrubs; and the need to obtain measures of canopy structure over large areas. \n\n\nWe are working towards these goals using multi-angle spectral reflectance data and derived parameters and metrics from the MISR and MODIS instruments. The approach is based on the premise that incorporating multi-angle measures in plant community type mapping results in substantial improvements in classification and mapping; that canopy heterogeneity is reflected in these data; and that useful canopy structure measures are available in the angular domain. \n\n\nFrom 2006, we began working at the regional scale and included maps of forest canopy parameters from MISR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89fd4098-0bc4-4d26-a9fa-345390d7c9a9", - "label": "NSWS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) was a national surveey\nto study lakes and streams which were sensitive to acidic\ndeposition. Adverse aquatic effects from acidic deposition are\nunlikely in areas of the United States that were not sampled in the\nNSWS, since surface waters in these areas generally have high acid\nneutralizing capacity (ANC), with the possible exception of parts\nof the Coastal Plain, in the Southeast.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8aaae16a-333c-41f7-83c3-84107446c468", - "label": "MLML89", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Marine Light - Mixed Layer Experiment took place in \nthe sub-Arctic North Atlantic ocean, approximately 275 \nmiles south of Reykjavik, Iceland. Data is available \nfrom a buoy fielded from April 13-June 10, 1989. \nThe experiment was funded by the Office Of Naval Research. \nData from this experiment include: \n\nMeteorological Data \nWater Velocity Data \nTemperature Data \n\nInformation provided by http://uop.whoi.edu/uopdata/mlml/mlml89/mlml89.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b3562cf-3bee-4474-9a48-97cc1950d5dc", - "label": "ORACLE-03", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: ORACLE-O3\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=99\n\nThe depletion of the polar ozone layer is one of the strongest anthropogenic signals in the earth system. The IPY will approximately take place during the period of peak concentrations of man-made ozone depleting substances in the region of the ozone layer. It is also the time when potential effects from climate change, e.g. changes in temperature, water vapour abundances, and/or circulation, might begin to manifest in the stratosphere and influence ozone recovery. In April 2005, nearly eighteen years after the signing of the Montreal Protocol (MP), ozone loss is as severe as ever over the Arctic, and the timing and extent of ozone recovery is uncertain. Depletion of stratospheric ozone in polar regions has greatly enhanced harmful UV radiation in the affected areas at times of the year when ecosystems are vulnerable. The state of the polar stratosphere, and its future development will be, therefore, a major source of concern, both for circumpolar communities and people living at lower latitudes in the International Polar Year (IPY) and for decades thereafter. \n\nThe project will be divided into seven main activities: \n\n1) ozone loss (detection and impact on UV radiation, \n2) PSC (polar stratospheric clouds) and cirrus, \n3) atmospheric chemistry, \n4) UV radiation, \n5) ozone and climate change and feedback, \n6) data management, and \n7) education, outreach and communication.\n\nThe project implies precisely quantification of polar ozone losses in both hemispheres achieved with concerted international campaigns during which hundreds of ozonesondes will be launched in real-time coordination from station networks in the Arctic and Antarctic. Satellite coverage of ozone and ozone depleting substances will be unprecedented during the IPY, and data from satellites such as ENVISAT, Aura, ACE, Odin, POAM III and SAGE III will be used in a novel approach that combines these measurements with groundbased station data. \n\nUnderstanding ozone depletion requires an understanding of PSCs which are known to initiate ozone depletion through heterogeneous reactions and enhance ozone depletion through removal of nitric acid (denitrification) by cloud sedimentation. Chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of polar cloud particles and gas phase species will be obtained in-situ and remotely from stratospheric balloons and several aircraft, including the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica during a major Arctic field campaign. Complementary particle information will be gained by lidar observations from several Arctic and Antarctic NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) research stations, including the development of PSC detection capabilities with the satellite borne CALIPSO lidar.\n\nDuring the project ground-based observations will be performed at many Arctic and Antarctic NDSC-stations by means of remote sensing instruments operating in the infrared, UV/Vis and microwave spectral regions to measure the seasonal and long-term variability of ozone, water vapour, and numerous key ozone-related trace gases in the stratosphere, in addition to tropospheric pollutants, greenhouse gases, and biomass burning. Radiosonde, lidar and satellite will provide measurements of wind and temperatures in the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere. The project also comprehends monitoring of UV-, visible, and infrared radiation and ground/sea/ice albedo in various high latitude stations in the northern and southern hemisphere together with modelling studies of ozone and UV in these regions, including an epidemiological study of personal UV exposure. \n\nIntegration of field data and process studies within a modelling framework will enable predictions the future evolution of the ozone layer as well as the potential feedback on the future polar climate. The modelling efforts will focus on assimilating the observations to yield a comprehensive understanding that can both reproduce the observed circulation and chemical evolution and predict the Arctic and Antarctic middle atmosphere response to changes in the circulation and atmospheric chemistry. Atmospheric effects of manifestations of solar activity as the short-term changes of the cosmic ray intensity, variations of the interplanetary electric field and variations of the solar UV-irradiation will be included. Interactively coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) of the troposphere and the stratosphere will be used to investigate past and to assess future changes of climate and atmospheric chemical composition at higher geographical latitudes of the Earth atmosphere, particularly of ozone recovery in the stratosphere. Related changes of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation will be determined.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c1f5b1f-d2d2-41e9-ae4b-1e4064226cc7", - "label": "MESOGAMM 86", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mesogamma 86 experiment (Phase II) was conducted by NOAA/ETL during the summer of 1986 in northeastern Colorado. The experiment was in part designed to study mesoscale interactions with the small-scale circulations of gust fronts, microbursts, and thunderstorms. One of the main focuses of the experiment was to observe the interaction and evolution of colliding outflow boundaries from thunderstorms. Colliding boundaries are a key factor in mesoscale storm initiation, which is of particular importance to forecasting and local aviation. \n\nhttp://www.etl.noaa.gov/et2/projects/mesogamma.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c69c4f3-fb12-4ab5-9dac-f333bb516694", - "label": "NCTS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The 'Wind Events and Shelf Transport' (WEST) program was an interdisciplinary study of coastal upwelling off northern California in 2000-03. WEST was comprised of modeling and field observations. The primary goal of WEST was to better describe and understand the competing influences of wind forcing on planktonic productivity in coastal waters. While increased upwelling-favorable winds lead to increased nutrient supply, they also result in reduced light exposure due to deeper surface mixed layers and increased advective loss of plankton from coastal waters. The key to understanding high levels of productivity, amidst these competing responses to wind forcing, is the temporal and spatial structure of upwelling. Temporal fluctuations and spatial patterns allow strong upwelling that favors nutrient delivery to be juxtaposed with less energetic conditions that favor stratification and plankton blooms. \n\nhttp://repositories.cdlib.org/postprints/2402/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c8fe933-c8ba-456e-8756-6b361e1160f1", - "label": "OCEAN-READER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Southern Ocean READER is a portal for links to temperature, salinity and ocean current data from the Southern Ocean. This portal is the first phase of Southern Ocean data management to be conducted via the auspices of the SCAR Antarctica in the Global Climate System (AGCS) Scientific Research Programme.\n\nPlease refer to the Southern Ocean READER website for more information at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/SCAR_ssg_ps/OceanREADER/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d4a624b-a86a-4676-91a6-2d19de18cd9e", - "label": "OEN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Operational Evaluation Network (OEN), funded by the Electric Power\nResearch Institute (EPRI), operated 25 monitoring sites as part of the\nEulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS). The OEN monitored air\nquality data including precipitation chemistry, and meteorological\ndata from sites in the Eastern USA, the Plains States, and Colorado.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/oen-e.htm' for more information\non the OEN.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e4166cf-685d-446f-af1e-5b47a765c08a", - "label": "OGC/WMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Open Geospatial Consortium/Web Map Service is a specification developed\nby the Open Geospatial Consortium that defines three WMS operations:\n\n1. GetCapabilities returns service-level metadata, which is a\ndescription of the service's information content and acceptable\nrequest parameters;\n\n2. GetMap returns a map image whose geospatial and dimensional\nparameters are well defined;\n\n3. GetFeatureInfo (optional) returns information about\nparticular features shown on a map.\n\nThis specification defines a syntax for World Wide Web (WWW) Uniform Resource\nLocators (URLs) that invoke each of these operations. Also, an Extensible\nMarkup Language (XML) encoding is defined for service-level metadata.\n\nWhen requesting a map, a client may specify the information to be shown on the\nmap (one or more 'Layers'), possibly the 'Styles' of those Layers, what portion\nof the Earth is to be mapped (a 'Bounding Box'), the projected or geographic\ncoordinate reference system to be used (the 'Spatial Reference System,' or\nSRS), the desired output format, the output size (Width and Height), and\nbackground transparency and color. When two or more maps are produced with the\nsame Bounding Box, Spatial Reference System, and output size, the results can\nbe accurately layered to produce a composite map. The use of image formats that\nsupport transparent backgrounds allows the lower Layers to be visible.\nFurthermore, individual map Layers can be requested from different Servers. The\nWMS specification thus enables the creation of a network of distributed Map\nServers from which Clients can build customized maps.\n\nA particular WMS provider in a distributed WMS network need only be the steward\nof its own data collection. This stands in contrast to vertically integrated\nweb mapping sites that gather in one place all of the data to be made\naccessible by their own private interface.\n\nVisit the Open Geospatial Consortium homepage at\nhttp://www.opengeospatial.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f47d03b-d5a6-44c1-b133-ce457f69775c", - "label": "NEWS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f688e5b-2d51-4d34-9f54-0f40a369c14b", - "label": "NSCATP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A scatterometer is an instrument that measures near-surface ocean winds by sending a constant stream of radar pulses toward Earth from an orbiting satellite. When the radar pulse reflects back off the ocean surface, some of its energy is scattered by small, wind-driven waves rippling across the sea. By measuring these changes in the reflected radar signals, engineers can deduce the speed and direction of the winds that caused the ocean waves. \n\nThe NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) instrument was designed and built by JPL and flown on Japan's Midori satellite (previously known as the Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS), the largest satellite ever developed by that country. Following launch from Japan's Tanegashima Space Center on August 17, 1996 (the evening of August 16 in U.S. Pacific Daylight Time or Eastern Daylight Time), the satellite circled Earth in an orbit that took it close to the planet's north and south poles. NSCAT yielded 268,000 measurements of ocean winds each day, covering more than 90 percent of Earth's ice-free seas. \n\nhttp://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/missiondetails.cfm?mission=nscat", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9162c074-486a-46e4-85f9-8428e6efe185", - "label": "MULTI-TASTE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "TASTE is a set of freely-available tools dedicated to the development of embedded, real-time systems. It was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), together with a set of partners from the space industry. \n\nTASTE allows software designers to easily integrate heteregeneous pieces of code produced either manually (in C or Ada) or automatically by external modelling tools such as Matlab Simulink, SCADE, or Real-Time Developer Studio. \n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www.assert-project.net/-TASTE", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94ce3d58-8221-4026-b639-dddf1a330f16", - "label": "MABP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Improving our understanding of the status and vulnerability of Maine’s freshwater species and ecosystems is the primary goal of the Maine Aquatic Biodiversity Project. Such an understanding is a key requirement for ongoing and future efforts to promote the effective conservation and management of our State’s freshwater resources. MABP is a collaborative venture between The Nature Conservancy, and the Maine Departments of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, and Environmental Protection, and the Maine Natural Areas Program.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.pearl.maine.edu/Browseglobal.asp?PNI=LAKES_STREAMS&NoOfInputs=0&mode=GROUPDATA&GROUPNAME=MABP&TABLENAME=ADMIN_UMO08", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94fc6f2b-b416-4b76-bbe9-2b3dd7ba6205", - "label": "NACP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The North American Carbon Program (NACP) is a multidisciplinary research program designed to improve understanding of North America's carbon sources, sinks, and stocks. The central objective is to measure and understand the sources and sinks of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in North America and adjacent oceans. The NACP is supported by a number of different federal agencies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9850fbfa-93fc-4254-bc4e-ce0ef47228fc", - "label": "NCCOOS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "One of the primary goals of NC-COOS as it grows is to develop a robust set of Ocean Observing platforms. Having a system that is flexible and robust will allow us to observe the ocean and the atmosphere in real-time using a variety of host platforms. These include offshore buoys and Navy towers, estuarine profiling platforms, a rooftop development package, and a remotely sensed surface current radar. \n\nSummary provided by http://nccoos.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9884740e-661e-445b-8a35-45d7e093bc6e", - "label": "McMurdo Predator Prey", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98ae6624-d644-456e-b90c-31eb638c743c", - "label": "MAGS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS) is a set ofB coordinated process,\nremote sensing and modelling studies of the behaviour and the\nconnections between the atmospheric and hydrologic (water) systems of\nthe Mackenzie River Basin in northern Canada. It is being conducted by\na network of Canadian government and university scientists supported\nby the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of\nCanada, Environment Canada, and other government and industrial\npartners.\n\nThe goal of MAGS is to improve our understanding of the water and\nenergy cycle of the Mackenzie River Basin in particular and of cold\nregions in general. One its major objectives is to develop coupled\nmodels of the atmospheric and hydrological processes of the Mackenzie\nRiver Basin that can be used to evaluate the impact of both\nhuman-induced climate change and natural climate variability on\nCanada's water resources.\n\nMAGS is also an important Canadian contribution to the Global Water\nand Energy Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) ; a major international research\nproject coordinated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://www.usask.ca/geography/MAGS/index_e.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9926f517-829e-4870-b18c-9f7cee875b85", - "label": "NPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The North American Carbon Program (NACP) is a multidisciplinary research program to obtain scientific understanding of North America's carbon sources and sinks and of changes in carbon stocks needed to meet societal concerns and to provide tools for decision makers. The NACP is supported by a number of different federal agencies. The central objective is to measure and understand the sources and sinks of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in North America and in adjacent ocean regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99525a80-9765-4d53-98dd-bb7ac45e1e0c", - "label": "MIZEX-WEST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A coupled ice/ocean dynamics model is developed to provide Arctic offshore operators with 5- to 7-day forecasts of ice motions, ice conditions, and ice edge motions. An adaptive grid is introduced to follow the ice edge, and the grid may move independently of the ice motion. The grid can be Lagrangian or Eulerian at different locations away from the ice edge. Ice stress is described using an elastic-plastic model with strength determined by the ice conditions. The ocean dynamics model describes time-dependent, three-dimensional behavior, including wind-driven currents and barotropic and baroclinic flows.\n\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1990/89JC01568.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99fa440c-c70a-4220-9cc7-b4d2458ae475", - "label": "MERIT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Classical optical determinations of Earth rotation (UT1) require several weeks of observations to achieve an accuracy of approx1.5 ms of time, whereas modern techniques have demonstrated an accuracy of 0.7−0.9 ms on timescales of 1−5 days l,2. Here we have probed the limits of the accuracy and time resolution of very long baseline inteferometry (VLBI) determinations of UT1 by conducting a series of 1-h observing sessions using only one baseline. Comparison of the results from the 1-h sessions with corresponding determinations from 24-h multi-baseline sessions establishes that the accuracy of the 1-h determinations is close to 0.1 ms of time. These observations were scheduled as part of the project MERIT (monitor earth rotation and intercompare techniques of observation and analysis3) intensive observing campaign.\n\nhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6027/abs/316424a0.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ad39f2c-d00c-4804-9616-940b9ce4a8a6", - "label": "NTN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Trends Network (NTN): NTN is a 200-site network\n located in rural sites where rain and snow are collected\n weekly. Precipitation samples are analyzed by the Central\n Analytical Laboratory (CAL) at the Illinois State Water Survey\n for constituents, including nitrate, sulfate, pH, and other\n major ions. Field and lab quality assurance programs are\n included in the cost of the network to insure good quality data\n that are comparable among sites. Data are presented in both\n tabular and graphical format on the web and in special\n publications within ninety days in draft form. Sponsors\n include federal and state agencies, universities, public\n utilities and industry groups.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.aqd.nps.gov/ard/gas/NADP%20fact%20sheet.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by NPS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ad5850e-2134-4a80-a22f-50c4fddd31d5", - "label": "NASA ACCESS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The objective of NASA's Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science (ACCESS) Program is to enhance and improve existing components of the distributed and heterogeneous data and information systems infrastructure that support NASA's Earth science research goals.\n\nACCESS projects increase the interconnectedness and reuse of key information-technology (IT) software and services in use across the broad spectrum of Earth system science investigations.\n\nThe ACCESS Program supports the deployment of data and information systems and services that enable the freer movement of data and information within a distributed environment of providers and users, and the exploitation of needed tools and services to aid in measurable improvements of Earth science data access and data usability.\n\nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/our-community/community-data-system-programs/access-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c6345d1-40c9-436f-8a9a-b50e338458ad", - "label": "McMurdo Predator Prey", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d3ef717-13ee-43d3-9c71-80201e6c6d18", - "label": "NIN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Northern Information Network (NIN) encourages information sharing about the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut for more effective decision making in the areas such as resource management and economic development. NIN supports a variety of research initiatives in and about the North, including project impact assessments, sustainable development strategies, wildlife management planning, land-use planning, and emergency preparedness.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/esd/index-eng.asp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e798314-1db7-4cd6-bbae-4f0088beb553", - "label": "MetOp", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e8dd688-d3b8-4e57-938e-6eeefa28c9cc", - "label": "NACP-COLLATZ-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Impacts of Disturbance History and Climate on Carbon Fluxes from North American Forests: Application of Satellite, Inventory, and Climate Data to Inform Biogeochemical Modeling\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=202\n\nWe propose to estimate carbon fluxes from the North American continent taking into account 30 years of climate and disturbance history. Our approach is to utilize the forest age and biomass results based on time series Landsat and FIA data developed by a currently funded NASA Carbon Cycle Science Project (North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth Since 1972, PI: S. N. Goward). Dense time series data for a number of forested scenes (>25) in the US and Canada will be used to initialize and calibrate a biogeochemical model that predicts gross and net carbon fluxes. Model testing will include appropriate Ameriflux, LTER, NACP Tier 2, and FIA data. Climate variability (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) will also be included in the analysis. Then using less temporally dense satellite data but wall to wall continental coverage, the modeling will predict gross and net carbon fluxes resulting from disturbance history and climate for the forests of North America. The products of this study will be used by our collaborators as boundary conditions for atmospheric transport (forward and inversion) models. By reconciling top-down (atmosphere) and bottom-up (biogeochemistry) analyses of the net fluxes we will be able to estimate accuracy and uncertainty in our model results.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e97c07d-b6ae-460d-a941-a455b270f3fd", - "label": "NDH", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Natural Disaster Hotspots presents a global view of major natural disaster risk\nhotspots areas at relatively high risk of loss from one or more natural\nhazards. It summarizes the results of an interdisciplinary analysis of the\nlocation and characteristics of hotspots for six natural hazards earthquakes,\nvolcanoes, landslides, floods, drought, and cyclones. Data on these hazards are\ncombined with state-of-the-art data on the subnational distribution of\npopulation and economic output and past disaster losses to identify areas at\nrelatively high risk from one or more hazards.\n\nProject URL: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/hotspots/\n\n[Summary provided by CIESIN.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f2ae650-7c15-403e-9ef9-27dc61bd3349", - "label": "NAMMA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign is a field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This mission will be based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa.\n\nSummary provided by: http://namma.msfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a16eea5f-58da-45ef-aa8e-3a36d059d777", - "label": "MA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was called for by the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000. Initiated in 2001, the objective of the MA was to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and the scientific basis for action needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of those systems and their contribution to human well-being. The MA has involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings, contained in five technical volumes and six synthesis reports, provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide (such as clean water, food, forest products, flood control, and natural resources) and the options to restore, conserve or enhance the sustainable use of ecosystems. \n\nhttp://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a43d4951-8ed4-4829-8e94-f62bf81e432e", - "label": "NVAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "STC-METSAT (a division of Science and Technology Corporation) has\nproduced under a NASA sponsored research grant, a blended analysis of\nglobal water vapor. This product combines retreivals of precipitable\nwater (or water vapor) from ground-based radiosondes, in microwave\nfrequencies from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), and\ninfrared TOVS observations from the NOAA operational series of\nsatellites.\nThe NVAP data-set consists of global grids of 1x1 degree resolution\nwith daily, pentad and monthly averages. The data-set spans 5 years\nfrom 1988 - 1992. Information on this data set may be obtained from:\n'http://www.stcnet.com/projects/nvap.html'\nThe data (formally available from the Marshall Space Flight Center\nDAAC) is now be available from the EOSDIS NASA Langley Distributed\nActive Archive Center (DAAC).\n'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4e79c11-6c9c-432f-9bf8-a10c3edf81c9", - "label": "MIZEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) was an multi-national project\nthat actually began in the summer of 1983. It was the most extensive\nresearch project ever undertaken to study the ice, water and air\nconditions in the arctic sea between Svalbard and Greenland. The\nproject which eventually had over 100 researchers, was headed by\nNorwegian Oceanographer Ola M. Johannessen.\n\nThe drift ice that forms between Greenland and Svalbard, which forms\nan almost continuous sheet, had been a mystery for many years and\nalways presented challenges to Arctic researchers. They sought to\nseek the infulence of the huge air masses on the weather systems of\nthe Northern hemisphere.\n\nMIZEX gained the scientists valuable information on the way ice is\naffected by winds, current, waves and movement. Tests were done on\nthe thickness and toughness of the ice, as well as experiments to show\nwhat happens when the drift ice comes up against the warmer waters of\nthe Atlantic Ocean.\n\nOn its first year of the expedition, it was predicted to spend nearly\nŬ million (U.S.), an amount which was to be expanded to\nŰ million by 1984. Ice measurements were to be taken up until\n1990, where in the latter stages of the project, satellite photographs\nwere to be taken of the ice pack. While the project was ongoing, four\nremote-analysis aircraft measured the movements of the ice in specific\nareas; transmitting the data to the telemetry station at Troms?, which\ntransmitted the data back to the researchers on the ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a54abace-b523-4f3b-80bd-3319ce715e41", - "label": "NITEDC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7486866-faff-46aa-a571-99411d4dd145", - "label": "OCS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Outer Continental Shelf: The Federal Government administers the submerged lands, subsoil, and seabed, lying between the seaward extent of the States' jurisdiction and the seaward extent of Federal jurisdiction.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.mms.gov/aboutmms/ocs.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a76e5b1a-cd44-434e-9042-910c64b46b94", - "label": "NOAA/NASA PATHFINDER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Program was initiated in 1990 in response to\na need for improved, long time series data sets for global change\nresearch. Candidate data sets were identified based on available\ncoverage and importance of the data in global change research. All\nPathfinder data sets involve space-based observations. Pathfinder\nactivities include reprocessing of these data using\ncommunity-consensus algorithms as recommended by designated Science\nWorking Groups (SWGs). The data sets will be made available through\nthe Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) of the Earth Observing\nSystem Data Information System (EOSDIS).\nFour data sets were identified for the initial Pathfinder processing effort:\n- The Advanved Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from\nNOAA/TIROS polar orbiting satellites.\n- The TIROS Operation Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data from NOAA/TIROS polar\norbiting satellites.\n- Data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)\n- The Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) from the Defense\nMeteorological Satelitte Program (DMSP).\nNASA, through the Mission to Planet Earth (MtPE) Program, initiated\nthe following Pathfinders:\n- The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) from the\nNimbus-7 satellite\n- Selected time periods of Landsat data from land cover classification\nand change detection of several periods and regions.\nAVHRR PATHFINDER\n----------------\nAVHRR Pathfinder products consist of global vegetation and radiance\ndata over land, global sea surface temperatures, and global clouds,\nradiation, and aerosols. Data are produced from Global Area Coverage\n(GAC) observations from the AVHRR onboard NOAA-7, NOAA-9, and NOAA-11\nfrom mid-1981 through 1992.\nAVHRR Land Pathfinder data is available from the Goddard DAAC User\nServices Office:\nPhone: 301-286-3209\nFAX: 301-286-1775\nEmail: daacuso@eosdata.gsfc.nasa.gov\nGoddard DAAC User Services Office\nCode 902.2\nGlobal Change Data Center\nNASA Goddard Space Flight Center\nGreenbelt, MD 20771\nSee also the AVHRR Pathfinder Home Page at 'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\nAVHRR Ocean Pathfinder data is available from the JPL Physical Oceanography\n(PO-DAAC) Home Page on the WWW:\n'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sst/'\nJPL PO.DAAC\nJet Propulsion Laboratory MS 300-320\n4800 Oak Grove Dr.\nPasadena, CA 91109\nPhone: 818-354-9890\nFAX: 818-393-2718\nEmail: podaac@podaac.jpl.nasa.gov\nGOES PATHFINDER\n---------------\nThe GOES Pathfinder data sets consists of data products from the VISSR\nAtmospheric Sounder (VAS) in both visible and infrared from the GOES-7\nspacecraft. GOES Pathfinder data are available at:\n'http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/'\nSpace Science and Engineering Center\nUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison\nMadison, WI 53706\ngoesprods@ssec.wisc.edu\nSSM/I PATHFINDER\n----------------\nSSM/I Pathfinder data products are available from the Marshall Space\nFlight Center Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). Products (data and\nimages) include:\nAntenna Temperatures\nPrecipitation Rate\nLiquid Water Over Oceans\nWater Vapor Over Ocean\nLand Surface Classification\nLand Surface Temperature\nSSM/I products can be obtained from the MSFC DAAC WWW Home Page at:\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/'\nMSFC DAAC - User Services Office\n977 Explorer Blvd.\nHuntsville, AL 35806\nPhone: 205-922-5932\nFAX: 205-922-5723\nEmail: msfc@eos.nasa.gov\nSSM/I Pathfinder Products for Sea Ice Concentrations will be available from\nthe National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) DAAC.\nUser Services\nNSIDC/WDC CIRES\nCampus Box 449\nUniversity of Colorado\nBoulder, CO 80309-0449\nPhone: 303-492-6199\nFax: 303-492-2468\nEmail: nsidc@kryos.colorado.edu\n'http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/NASA/GUIDE/'\nSSM/I Pathfinder products for Water Vapor and Wind Speed are available\nfrom the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO-DAAC).\n'http://podaac-www.jpl.nasa.gov/'\nJPL PO.DAAC\nJet Propulsion Laboratory MS 300-320\n4800 Oak Grove Dr.\nPasadena, CA 91109\nPhone: 818-354-9890\nFAX: 818-393-2718\nEmail: podaac@podaac.jpl.nasa.gov\nTOVS PATHFINDER\n---------------\nThe TOVS Pathfinder Path C1 products are avilable from the Marshall\nSpace Flight Center Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). These\nproducts consist of daily 2.5 degree gridded layer temperatures and\noceanic rainfall derived from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU)\ninstrument (part of the TOVS instrument) on the NOAA polar orbiters.\nSSM/I products can be obtained from the MSFC DAAC WWW Home Page at:\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/'\nMSFC DAAC - User Services Office\n977 Explorer Blvd.\nHuntsville, AL 35806\nPhone: 205-922-5932\nFAX: 205-922-5723\nEmail: msfc@eos.nasa.gov\nLANDSAT PATHFINDER\n------------------\nThe Landsat Land Cover Pathfinder effort is to establish long-term,\nmedium- to high-resolution data sets for regional and global\napplications to global change research. The North American Landscape\nCharacterization (NALC) project is a component of the NASA Landsat\nPathfinder program, and is a cooperative effort between the\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, and the USGS. The data\nare available from the EROS Land Processes DAAC.\nHome Page: 'http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/landdaac.html'\nEDC DAAC User Services\nU.S. Geological Survey\nEROS Data Center\nSioux Falls, SD 57198\nPhone: 605-594-6116\nFAX: 605-594-6589\nEmail: edc@eos.nasa.gov\nPATHFINDER SAMPLER\n------------------\nPathfinder Sampler Data sets for the vernal equinox 1988 are available\nvia ftp and from the WWW:\n'http://pathfinder.arc.nasa.gov'\nThese products include:\n- AVHRR Land products and TOVS Path A and TOVS Path B products from the\nNASA GSFC DAAC\n- ISSCP, Shortwave and Longwave Radiation products from NASA LaRC\n- AVHRR Ocean Products from the JPL PO-DAAC\n- SSM/I Pathfinder products and TOVS Path C1 products from NASA MSFC DAAC\n- SSM/I gridded sea ice products from NSIDC DAAC\n- GOES Pathfinder products from SSEC, University of Wisconsin-Madison\n- TOVS Path P products from the University of Washington", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7ea29ab-3d31-42ff-9824-c4872dd20931", - "label": "NEAREST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NEAREST is addressed to the identification and characterization of potential tsunami sources located near shore in the Gulf of Cadiz; the improvement of near-real time detection of signals by a multi parameter seafloor observatory for the characterization of potential tsunamigenic sources to be used in the development of an Early Warning System (EWS) Prototype; the improvement of integrated numerical models enabling more accurate scenarios of tsunami impact and the production of accurate maps in selected areas of the Algarve (SW Portugal), highly hit by the 1755 tsunamis. In this area, highly populated and prone to devastating earthquakes and tsunamis, excellent geological/geophysical knowledge has already been acquired in the last decade.\n\nThe methodological approach will be based on the cross-checking of multi parameter time series acquired on land by seismic and tide gauge stations on the seafloor and in the water column by broad band Ocean Bottom Seismometers and a multi parameter deep-sea platform, this latter equipped with real-time communication to an onshore warning centre. Land and sea data will be integrated to be used in a prototype of EWS.\n\nNEAREST will search for sedimentological evidence of tsunamis records to improve the knowledge on the recurrence time for extreme events and will try to measure the key parameters for the comprehension of the tsunami generation mechanisms. The proposed method can be extended to other near-shore potential tsunamigenic sources, as for instance the Central Mediterranean (Western Ionian Sea), Aegean Arc and Marmara Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a851a6ec-8071-49a1-9483-b4d3753e5743", - "label": "MODIL-NAO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MODIL-NAO\nProject URL: http://www.polaryear.no/prosjekter/Modilnao\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=46\n\nMODIL-NAO is cooperation project of a scientific institute and an indigenous peoples' organisations. Cooperation will be on equal terms. Other scientific and monitoring institutions, both through IPY-related and other projects, cooperate as consultants. \n\nThe project idea was initiated by the Association of Nenets People 'Yasavey' of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO, Northwestern Russia), which has in their files documented a rather chaotic development of oil-related activities in the NAO; these activities have severe impacts on nature, reindeer pastures and the socio-economic situation of the indigenous people living in and of the land. Reindeer pastures have been and are continually destroyed and polluted. Numerous violations of Russian environmental law by oil companies seem to occur. To collect and make easily available data on this development, an Internet-based electronic GIS database and explanatory report showing these activities will be created. Data monitoring will use personal observations of 'Yasavey' members and other native representatives, questioning of native individuals in selected areas of the NAO, photo documentation, published data, inquiries at oil companies, satellite image surveying, etc. We also discuss cooperation with the Nenets Information and Analytical Center (NIAC) in the NAO.\n\nThe project is essentially a monitoring project. The GIS database will show the physical and ethno- geography (indigenous settlements and traditional land use areas) of the NAO, as well as all visible and detected impacts derived from hydrocarbon prospecting and production (drilling sites, pipelines, major vehicle track lines, damaged tundra areas, spills, etc.) as an interactive map to the scale of 1:1 mill. Details about the locations will be linked to the map in text and image format. The database will use technical solutions which have been successfully used for other topics at the Norwegian Polar Institute.\nThe accompanying report(s), to be prepared in print and on the Internet (in English and Russian), will discuss the observations in environmental, socio-economic, ethnic and human-security-related contexts. For this purpose, a working group consisting of indigenous representatives from the NAO and international experts on these topics will be formed. The discussion will incorporate experiences from similar activities in indigenous land use areas made in other parts of Russia and North America. Specialists from Canada and the Komi Republic have already indicated their interest in joining the project, while others are still to be addressed. \n\nSuch a database can be used towards management and authorities as a documentation of illegal actions, and towards oil companies for negotiations on compensation claims. At the same time, the project will train Yasavey's staff in using GIS. The project can also function as a pilot project for other areas in the circumpolar North.\n\nDependent on available funding, the project can be carried out as a one-year's project, or a several years' project in order to monitor annual changes of the situation. The least desirable length would be two years, 2007 and 2008, which would provide an indication of the annual development.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8f8a149-1284-4101-9850-c3f4497dfcdb", - "label": "MISMO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mirai Indian Ocean Cruise for the Studies of the MJO-Convection Onset project investigates the characteristics of the atmospheric and oceanic variability in the central-eastern Indian Ocean and in the boreal fall season for the study on the onset of the MJO-convection. Various atmospheric and oceanographic observations using Doppler radar, radiosonde, surface met monitor, CTD, ADCP, and so on will be carried out as a stationary observation at (0, 80.5E) about one month from the late October 2006, focusing on the vertical structure of water vapor, clouds, divergence field as well as diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature and surface flux. It is highly remarked that the combination with the buoy network deployed in this region is essential for this experiment, since it helps not only to study the heat budget but also to capture the long-term and wide-range atmospheric and oceanic features. In addition, as the MJO propagates eastward, zonal extension of the observational area is strongly desired. Thus, meteorological observations at Maldives Islands will also be conducted under the cooperation with the Maldives officials. \n\nhttp://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/mismo/index-e.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa7490a5-b263-4088-b04a-45e33be64bce", - "label": "MOS-1/1b", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac1436db-ced0-4c9c-b23b-8edfadaddded", - "label": "NARP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Antarctic Research Project) \nBiologic characterisation of the water masses of the Ross Sea. Research into the characterisation of micro-zooplanktonic communities. As of the last expedition (December 1997), pico- and nano- planktonic, and also micro-phytoplanktonic, communities have also been included in the study and the energy fluxes between the various components quantified. These researches are funded by the N.A.R.P. and are part of the CLIMA project, which is headed by Prof. Giancarlo Spezie of the Naval Institute of Naples.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.univ.trieste.it/~biologia/e-rceczo.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac248bca-e089-4c6c-bcae-622ada55e3e7", - "label": "MOWC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A common type of device for wave-energy extraction is an oscillating water column (OWC) with a compression chamber. Peak performance of most OWC systems occurs at resonance with the driving waves. At resonance, oscillations increase linearly in time until damping inhibits further growth. Parametric resonance is introduced as a means of exciting the oscillations of the water column. In parametric resonance, oscillations increase exponentially in time. The use of this kind of resonance may increase the performance of OWC systems. This type of resonance occurs when one of the parameters in an oscillator varies periodically. Asymptotic methods are used to study the nonlinear dynamics of an OWC with parametric resonance. These results are compared with those of a numerical model of a real experimental laboratory setup.\n\nhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/engi/2007/00000057/00000001/00009048", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acf2da8a-2d1a-4a26-a966-01ccd5c5bbc0", - "label": "MAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The middle atmosphere program is developing theoretical tools with\nwhich to analyze and interpret data obtained by NRL experiments (such\nas MAS, MAHRSI, WVMS, and POAM II). MAHRSI in particular provides the\nfirst global measurements of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the\nstratosphere and mesosphere. This radical may be the key to\nunderstanding the current discrepancy between model predictions and\nmeasurements of stratospheric and mesospheric ozone.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://uap-www.nrl.navy.mil/chem/map_theory.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adb55084-a6c0-445d-bbc3-b659a136411c", - "label": "NRI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Resources Inventory (NRI) is a compilation of\nnatural resource information on non-Federal land in the United\nStates--about 75 percent of the total land area.\n\nConducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural\nResources Conservation Service in cooperation with the Iowa\nState University Statistical Laboratory, this inventory captures\ndata on land cover and use, soil erosion, prime farmland soils,\nwetlands, habitat diversity, selected conservation practices,\nand related resource attributes. Data are collected every 5\nyears from the same 800,000 sample sites in all 50 States,\nPuerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and some Pacific Basin\nlocations. The NRI is a statistically based survey that has been\ndesigned and implemented using scientific principles to assess\nconditions and trends of soil, water, and related resources.\n\nThe NRI provides a record of trends in the Nation's resources\nover time and documents conservation accomplishments as well. At\neach sample point, information is available for 1982, 1987,\n1992, and 1997, so that trends and changes in land use and\nresource characteristics over 15 years can be examined and\nanalyzed. The NRI provides information for addressing\nagricultural and environmental issues at national, regional, and\nState levels.\n\nPurpose and Use:\n\nThe NRI is conducted to obtain scientific data that is valid,\ntimely, and relevant on natural resources and environmental\nconditions. Through legislation--the Rural Development Act of\n1972, the Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act of 1977, and\nother supporting acts--Congress mandates that the NRI be\nconducted at intervals of 5 years or less.\n\nInformation derived from the NRI is used by natural resource\nmanagers; policymakers; analysts; consultants; the media; other\nFederal agencies; State governments; universities;\nenvironmental, commodity, and farm groups; and the public. These\nconstituents use NRI information to formulate effective public\npolicies, fashion agricultural and natural resources\nlegislation, develop State and national conservation programs,\nallocate USDA financial and technical assistance in addressing\nnatural resource concerns, and enhance the public's\nunderstanding of natural resources and environmental issues.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af7ee91a-7c9b-4d12-ac18-9a66afbf04a9", - "label": "MAP/WINE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The middle atmosphere program is developing theoretical tools\nwith which to analyze and interpret data obtained by NRL\nexperiments (such as MAS, MAHRSI, WVMS, and POAM II). MAHRSI in\nparticular provides the first global measurements of the\nhydroxyl radical (OH) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. This\nradical may be the key to understanding the current discrepancy\nbetween model predictions and measurements of stratospheric and\nmesospheric ozone.\n\nData for this project was taken at Volgorrad, Europe and Heiss\nIsland in the Arctic Ocean.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://uap-www.nrl.navy.mil/chem/map_theory.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b27cff0b-386f-4ed8-914e-3d90ee11caed", - "label": "NADP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) was started in 1977\nunder the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) to address the\nproblem of atmospheric deposition and its effect on agricultural\ncrops, forests, rangelands, surface waters and other natural and\ncultural resources. The first monitoring sites of the NADP precipitation\nchemistry network was started in 1978 to provide information about\ngeographical patterns and temporal trends in the deposition of acidic\nchemicals and nutrients. The NADP was initially organized as Regional\nProject NC-141 by the North Central Region of the SAES. The NADP was\nendorsed by all four regions in 1982. when it became Interregional\nProject IR-7. Ten years later IR-7 was reclassified as a National\nResearch Support Project, NRSP-3.\n\nIn 1982, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)\nwas established. The NADP assumed responsibility for coordinating the\nNational Trends Network (NTN) of NAPAP since both the NADP and NTN had\ncommon siting criteria and operational procedures, and shared a common\nanalytical laboratory. In 1983, the network became the NADP/NTN.\nSeven federal agencies support NADP/NTN research and monitoring under\nNAPAP: Department of Agriculture (USDA) [Agricultural Research Service\n(USDA/ARS), Cooperative Sate Research, Education and Extension Service\n(USDA/CSREES), and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS)]; Department of\nCommerce (DOC) [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n(NOAA)]; Department of Energy (DOE) [Argonne National Laboratory\n(ANL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and Oak Ridge National\nLaboratory (ORNL)]; Department of Interior (DOI) [Bureau of Land\nManagement (BLM), USGS Biological Resources Division (BRD) (formally\nthe National Biological Service (NBS)), National Park Service (NPS),\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),\nand the USGS Branch of Technical Development and Quality Systems];\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EP); National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).\nAdditional support is provided by various other federal agencies,\nstate agencies, universities, public utilities and industry. There are\ncurently 200 sites in the network.\n\nThe primary objectives of the NADP/NTN network are the determination\nof spatial patterns and temporal trends in chemical deposition on\nterrestrial ecosystems. The Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL),\noperated by the Illinois State Water Survey is responsible for the\nchemical analysis and related support services for the entire network.\nThe NADP/NTN Coordination Office was transferred to the Illinois State\nWater Survey in 1998 from Colorado State University. The NADP/NTN\nalso has two subnetworks: the Atmospheric Integrated Research\nMonitoring Network (AIRMoN) - designed to characterize long-term\ntrends in the chemical climate of the U.S.; and the Mercury Deposition\nNetwork (MDN) - designed to develop a regional database on the weekly\nconcentrations of total mercury in precipitation and the seasonal and\nannual flux of total mercury in wet deposition.\n\nData from the NADP/NTN is available on-line at:\n'http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/' Reference: National Atmospheric Deposition\nProgram. 1993. 'NADP/NTN Annual Data Summary. Precipitation Chemistry\nin the United States. 1992', Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory,\nColordao State University, Fort Collins, CO. 480 pp. Lynch, J.A.,\nV.C. Bowersox, and C. Simmons. 1995. 'Precipitation Chemistry Trends\nin the United States: 1980-1993. Summary Report', NADP, Natural\nresources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort\nCollins, CO. 103 pp. Data Availability: The NADP/NTN data are\navailable as weekly, annual, seasonal, monthly summaries of\nprecipitation amounts, ion concentrations and depositions in hardcopy\nor electronic form from NREL.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b30640e0-94a3-4d40-a707-ccae8b38ff04", - "label": "NERR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Estuarine Research Reserve System protects more\nthan one million acres of estuarine habitat, conducts essential\nresearch and provides a variety of educational\nopportunities. Individual National Estuarine Research Reserves\nfocus on local and regional research and educational needs, but\nas a national network, there are also many system-wide\nprograms. These programs provide reserves with common research\nstandards and educational goals.\n\nThe National Estuarine Research Reserves System helps to fulfill\nNOAA's stewardship mission to sustain healthy coasts by\nimproving the nation's understanding and stewardship of\nestuaries. Established by the Coastal Zone Management Act of\n1972, as amended, the reserve system is a network of 25\nprotected areas that represent different biogeographic regions\nof the United States.\n\nEach reserve is a 'living laboratory' in which scientists\nconduct research and educators communicate research\nresults. Reserve staff members work with local communities and\nregional groups to address natural resource management issues,\nsuch as nonpoint source pollution, habitat restoration and\ninvasive species. Through integrated research and education, the\nreserves help communities develop strategies to deal\nsuccessfully with these coastal resource issues.\n\nContact:\n\nTheresa Eisenman\nTheresa.Eisenman@noaa.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.ocrm.nos.noaa.gov/nerr/programs.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5283b8b-f61a-4291-b11b-234d57c0fba8", - "label": "MAST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Monterey Area Ship Tracks experiment took place on June 11 - June 30,\n1994 on the Central California Coast.\nThe objective of the experiment was to determine if upwelling and emissions\nfrom ships and submarines affect cloud formation and if they can be detected\nremotely by looking for ocean surface temperature and cloud anomolies.\nFor more information on Level-1B Data Processing Status, Browse Imagery\nand Data Distribution Point see 'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/MAS/\nmasthome.html'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5c89dec-de1c-4a3c-94db-d595b5f9666b", - "label": "MEDSEA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Souce: MedSeA Project, http://medsea-project.eu/ ]\n\nThe European Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a changing climate (MedSeA) initiative is a project funded by the European Commission under Framework Program 7. It involves 16 institutions from 10 countries.\n\nMedSeA assesses uncertainties, risks and thresholds related to Mediterranean acidification at organismal, ecosystem and economical scales. It also emphasizes conveying the acquired scientific knowledge to a wider audience of reference users, while suggesting policy measures for adaptation and mitigation that will vary from one region to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6e82beb-e95c-4a07-84c3-9e0ff5eb9cd7", - "label": "MMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for the Instrument Science Suite\nTeam (ISST) has been released in FY '03. Magnetosphere MultiScale\n(MMS) is currently in the Formulation phase of the project. MMS is\nscheduled to be launched in 2009.\n\nMission Capabilities:\n\n- MMS will determine the small-scale basic plasma processes which\ntransport, accelerate and energize plasmas in thin boundary and\ncurrent layers -- and which control the structure and dynamics of the\nEarth's magnetosphere.\n\n- MMS will for the first time measure the 3D structure and dynamics of\nthe key magnetospheric boundary regions, from the subsolar\nmagnetopause to the distant tail.\n\n- MMS will pave the way for future Constellation-type missions.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/mms/mms.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9297de2-7552-49d6-8a21-013a91f9bdff", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_1542936", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Source: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1542936]\n\nThe overall goal of this project is to determine the effect of past changes in the size of the Antarctic Ice Sheet on global sea level. At the peak of the last ice age 25,000 years ago, sea level was 120 meters (400 feet) lower than it is at present because water that is now part of the ocean was instead part of expanded glaciers and ice sheets in North America, Eurasia, and Antarctica. Between then and now, melting and retreat of this land ice caused sea level to rise. In this project, we aim to improve our understanding of how changes in the size of the Antarctic Ice Sheet contributed to this process. The overall strategy to accomplish this involves (i) visiting areas in Antarctica that are not now covered by ice; (ii) looking for geological evidence, specifically rock surface and sediment deposits, that indicates that these areas were covered by thicker ice in the past; and (iii) determining the age of these geological surfaces and deposits. This project addresses the final part of this strategy -- determining the age of Antarctic glacial rock surfaces or sediment deposits -- using a relatively new technique that involves measuring trace elements in rock surfaces that are produced by cosmic-ray bombardment after the rock surfaces are exposed by ice retreat. By applying this method to rock samples collected in previous visits to Antarctica, the timing of past expansion and contraction of the ice sheet can be determined. The main scientific outcomes expected from this project are (i) improved understanding of how Antarctic Ice Sheet changes contributed to past global sea level rise; and (ii) improved understanding of modern observed Antarctic Ice Sheet changes in a longer-term context. This second outcome will potentially improve predictions of future ice sheet behavior. Other outcomes of the project include training of individual undergraduate and graduate students, as well as the development of a new course on sea level change to be taught at Tulane University in New Orleans, a city that is being affected by sea level change today.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba15c87a-2c86-493f-9759-a7fa968e393d", - "label": "NILS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Integrated Land System (NILS) project is a phased\neffort to develop a common data model and toolset for managing\nland records in a Geographic Information System (GIS)\nenvironment. The common data model and toolset will meet the\ncore survey and parcel management business requirements of the\nBureau of Land Management and the US Forest Service.\n\nThe four NILS models include:\n\n1. Survey Management:\n\nSurvey Management is a set of applications that provides\nsurveyors with the ability to manage survey data collected in\nthe field. It allows for exporting data to a variety of survey\nequipment and for importing data back into the Survey Management\ndatabase. GIS, raster, and field data are all integrated within\nSurvey Management for data validation and decision making while\nin the field. Survey Management will provide field surveyors\nwith tools to research survey data that can be taken into the\nfield. Additional tools will assist in the calculation of field\ndata and observations. A subset of coordinate geometry and\nlayout calculation tools will also be available. Next\nimplementation is scheduled for March 2003.\n\n\n2. Measurement Management:\n\nMeasurement Management is a desktop GIS application that allows\nsurveyors to analyze and adjust surveyed data from the\nfield. Measurement Management allows for the combination of\nmeasurement data from a variety of sources and reliabilities to\ncreate a seamless measurement network. Measurement Management\ncontains a suite of mathematical formulas that allow the\ntransformation of raw survey data into the measurement\nnetwork. This is referred to as the legal description\nfabric. The legal description fabric can then be used to create\nthe parcel fabric, which can be used by land managers for\ndecision making.\n\nMeasurement Management contains tools to input and import data,\nconstruct measured features, edit measurement data, adjust and\nanalyze the measurement network, perform least square\nadjustments, perform coordinate geometry and layout, and create\na parcel fabric. Next implementation is scheduled for March\n2003.\n\n3. Parcel Management:\n\nParcel Management will be a desktop GIS application that\nprovides tools for land managers to create and manage parcel\nfeatures and their legal area descriptions. The parcel fabric\ncan be vertically integrated with survey features captured and\nmanaged using the Survey and Measurement Management\napplications. A set of tools for standardizing and facilitating\nland management workflow processes will be provided with the\nparcel management suite of tools.\n\n4. GeoCommunicator:\n\nGeoCommunicator is an interactive Web-based land information\nportal, powered by ESRI's Geography Network, that uses the\nInternet to effectively deliver maps, geographic activities, map\nand image services, clearinghouses, spatial solutions, reference\ndocuments, potential cost sharing partners, and much more to\nindividual user browsers and desktops, allowing data providers,\nservice providers, and users throughout the United States to\ncommunicate, access, and share land-based information.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.blm.gov/nils/index.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Bureau of Land Management]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba2cf9cf-36c9-421b-bd6e-339e7cef1092", - "label": "OASIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: OASIS\nProject URL: http://www.oasishome.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=38\n\nOASIS is an international multi-disciplinary effort to study Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack Interactions in the Arctic. The specific focus is to develop a quantitative understanding of the processes that are involved in Air-Surface Interactions and chemical exchange between the title reservoirs. As the nature and extent of snow and ice cover is changing, OASIS will assess the associated impact on, and by, climate change, and the human and ecosystem impacts of air-surface exchanges of chemical species.\nOASIS will quantify the impact of chemical, physical and biological exchange processes on tropospheric chemistry, the cryosphere, and the marine environment, and their feedback mechanisms in the context of a changing climate. OASIS has identified studies in the Arctic Ocean surface environment as a key programmatic component to reach these goals. \n\nThe OASIS program was established in 2003, and has developed an internationally vetted Science Plan, and an Implementation Plan, available at http://www.OASISHome.net. A growing number of individual projects are contributing to the scientific goals since winter 2004/05. OASIS is linked to a number of international organizations and activities, including AMAP (the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program), and the IGBP (International Geosphere - Biosphere) programs IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) under the AICI (Air Ice Chemical Interactions) activity, and SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb2151c0-a808-4e9f-8960-c5841ff040b6", - "label": "Nimbus", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Nimbus satellites, first launched in 1964, carried a number of instruments: microwave radiometers, atmospheric sounders, ozone mappers, the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), infrared radiometers, etc. Nimbus-7, the last in the series, provided significant global data on sea-ice coverage, atmospheric temperature, atmospheric chemistry (i.e. ozone distribution), the Earth's radiation budget, and sea-surface temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbc711cf-dca4-405f-917b-38fb9aea7621", - "label": "MERHAB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The ultimate aim of MERHAB is to help build sustainable regional partnerships\nthat provide managers with crucial information in time for critical decisions\nneeded to mitigate HAB impacts.\n\nThe MERHAB research program is addressing the growing national HAB threat by\nexpanding the number of coastal regions benefiting from advancements in algal\nidentification, detection, modeling, and prediction. Projects selected for\nsupport must successfully compete in a peer-review process that ensures\nhigh-level scientific merit and resource management relevance. MERHAB\ncompetitions in 2002 and 2004 produced regional monitoring projects that will\nenhance State monitoring and response capabilities for red tide in the Eastern\nGulf of Mexico, freshwater toxic algae in the lower Great Lakes and domoic acid\nalong the central California coast. Eight additional projects are testing\npromising new technologies for routine monitoring use by coastal managers.\n\n[Summary adapted from\nhttp://www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/hab/current/fact-merhab.html]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be54c899-6ca6-49f5-8c64-5def73e16976", - "label": "MISR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No instrument like MISR has flown in space before. Viewing the sunlit\nEarth simultaneously at nine widely spaced angles, MISR provides\nongoing global coverage with high spatial detail. Its imagery is\ncarefully calibrated to provide accurate measures of the brightness,\ncontrast, and color of reflected sunlight.\n\nMISR provides new types of information for scientists studying Earth's\nclimate, such as the partitioning of energy and carbon between the\nland surface and the atmosphere, and the regional and global impacts\nof different types of atmospheric particles and clouds on climate. The\nchange in reflection at different view angles affords the means to\ndistinguish different types of atmospheric particles (aerosols), cloud\nforms, and land surface covers. Combined with stereoscopic techniques,\nthis enables construction of 3-D models and estimation of the total\namount of sunlight reflected by Earth's diverse environments.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be643ee6-d89b-4d74-9985-80dd783acb75", - "label": "ODPS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Discipline Processing System requires a land/water mask file as input for Level 2 processing. The mask is used to set the land mask flag for each pixel. The file is in binary format, and integers are big-endian.\n\n\nhttp://74.125.95.104/search?q=cache:4pJvFwXkJ8AJ:oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/DOCS/ODPS_Land_Mask.pdf+information+about+the+Ocean+Discipline+Processing+System&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&client=firefox-a", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c069a3b5-a5f3-4eec-9668-b8890e1aef9f", - "label": "NASA DECADAL-SURVEY", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-surveys/]\n \n Also See: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \n NASA relies on the science community to identify and prioritize leading-edge scientific questions and the observations required to answer them. One principal means by which NASA’s Science Mission Directorate engages the science community in this task is through the National Research Council (NRC). The NRC conducts studies that provide a science community consensus on key questions posed by NASA and other U.S. Government agencies. The broadest of these studies in NASA’s areas of research are decadal surveys. As the name implies, NASA and its partners ask the NRC once each decade to look out ten or more years into the future and prioritize research areas, observations, and notional missions to make those observations. \n The NRC completed its first decadal survey for Earth science, Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (NRC, 2007) in January 2007 at the request of NASA, NOAA, and USGS. [At this URL, click on “Sign In” to download a free pdf of the report.] At the highest level, the report recommends that: “The U.S. government, working in concert with the private sector, academe, the public, and its international partners, should renew its investment in Earth-observing systems and restore its leadership in Earth science and applications.”\n \n Detailed recommendations in the decadal survey are provided in three categories:\n \n - Setting the Foundation: Observations in the Current Decade\n - New Observations for the Next Decade\n - Turning Satellite Observations into Knowledge and Information\n \n For the next decade, the decadal survey identified 15 new space missions for NASA (including 1 joint mission with NOAA) and 3 missions for NOAA (including the 1 joint mission). The 15 missions for NASA are presented in three time-phased blocks. Importantly, the 17 missions are presented as the result of a “prioritization methodology designed to achieve a robust, integrated program”(pg. 7) and the “missions listed…form a minimal, yet robust, observational component of an Earth information system that is capable of addressing a broad range of societal needs.” (pg. 8)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c166e941-04ab-4df4-b412-077b16db19a4", - "label": "MAGNET", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Project Magnet involves data from low altitude, high density\nindividual track line surveys, high altitude vector data and\nregional magnetic anomaly grids. From 1951 through 1994, the\nU.S. Navy, under its Project Magnet program, continuously\ncollected vector aeromagnetic survey data to support the\nU.S. Defense Mapping Agency's world magnetic modeling and\ncharting program.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/potfld/proj_mag.shtml'\n\n[Summary provided by NGDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c168c987-6724-4f31-a027-3a396cad6318", - "label": "MECHANISM ON ASIAN MONSOON", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "During the past 12 years, more than 200 videosondes have been launched into monsoon clouds from 13 different locations in east Asia. Storm precipitation mechanisms have been investigated using videosonde data giving hydrometeor type in clouds monitored by radar. At each location, different monsoon cloud systems develop in unique synoptic disturbances. In the east Asian monsoon area, rain is divided into three different regimes with respect to the precipitation mechanism occurring in each.\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD006268.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c169fac7-df7c-4deb-8f4d-bc9883034421", - "label": "MAGIA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Antarctic Peninsula is the largest of ~ twelve micro-continental fragments between southern South America, East Antarctica, and New Zealand. Their original positions and movement history following Gondwana breakup are poorly constrained. Recent work on the Antarctic Peninsula fore-arc/arc/back-arc suggests it consists of two suspect terranes that originated elsewhere and collided with the Pacific margin of Gondwana in the Cretaceous. This study reviews provenance models for three laterally extensive, kilometers-thick sedimentary units in the Antarctic Peninsula using previous studies, and new sandstone detrital modes and chemistry. 1) The Trinity Peninsula Group accretionary complex (Triassic) was possibly derived from a glaciated continental margin and may consist of several accreted tracts. \n\nhttp://jsedres.sepmonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/73/6/1062", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2617190-cbba-44e6-b325-31edbf0c82dd", - "label": "ORACLES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Over the southeast Atlantic Ocean, a 2,000-mile-long plume of smoke from African agricultural fires meets a near-permanent cloud bank offshore. Their meeting makes a natural laboratory for studying the interactions between cloud droplets and the tiny airborne smoke particles. This month, NASA's P-3 research aircraft and a team of scientists return on their third deployment to this region as part of the Observations of Aerosols Above Clouds and their Interactions mission, or ORACLES, gathering data on how aerosols such as smoke affect clouds and in turn Earth's climate.\n\nhttps://espo.nasa.gov/oracles/content/ORACLES\nhttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/african-smoke-cloud-connection-target-of-nasa-airborne-flights", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c31fa334-41d7-47ec-bbf7-6b406c7b3247", - "label": "NDTP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The T-28 research aircraft participated in the North Dakota\nThunderstorm Project, centered at Bismarck, ND, from June 12 -\nJuly 22, 1989. The focus of investigation included the study of\ntransport, dispersion, and entrainment, and ice initiation and\nevolution. The primary role of the T-28 was to penetrate upper\nregions of convective clouds following the dispersal of sulfur\nhexafluoride (SF6), radar chaff, and/or fluorescent beads in\nlower regions of the cloud. Instrumentation on-board recorded\nSF6 levels, as well as collecting data on the hydrometeor\nspectrum from micrometer-sized cloud droplets to\ncentimeter-sized hailstones. The standard package of instruments\nprovided for the determination of temperature, vertical wind,\nelectric fields, water content, etc. During NDTP the T-28\ncarried a PMS 2D-C optical probe.\n\nFlights:\n\nFlight 512 - 6/17/89 16:10 - 17:30\nFlight 515 - 6/23/89 14:15 - 16:50\nFlight 516 - 6/27/89 19:00 - 21:20\nFlight 517 - 7/06/89 17:20 - 19:45\nFlight 518 - 7/07/89 13:30 - 15:30\nFlight 519 - 7/10/89 19:25 - 21:30\nFlight 520 - 7/14/89 15:20 - 17:45\nFlight 521 - 7/17/89 14:50 - 16:40\n\nContact:\n\nInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences\nSouth Dakota School of Mines and Technology\n501 E. St. Joseph Street\nRapid City, SD 57701-3995\n(605)394-2291\nConnie.Crandall@sdsmt.edu\n\n*use this contact when requesting data and reports*\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/institute/t28/ndtp.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by South Dakota School of Mines and Technology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3b7012e-f98f-4343-ad03-2b83202a10c6", - "label": "MELTPOND2000", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Meltpond2000 is the first in a series of Arctic and Antarctic aircraft campaigns planned as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua sea ice validation program for the EOS Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). This prelaunch Arctic field campaign was carried out between June 25 and July 6, 2000 from Thule, Greenland with the objective of quantifying the errors incurred by the AMSR-E sea ice algorithms resulting from the presence of melt ponds. A secondary objective of the mission was to develop a microwave capability to discriminate between melt ponds and seawater using low-frequency microwave radiometers. Meltpond2000 was a multiagency effort involving personnel from the Navy, NOAA, and NASA. The field component of the mission consisted of making five 8-hour flights from Thule Air Base, Greenland with a Naval Air Warfare Center P-3 aircraft over portions of Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic. The aircraft sensors were provided and operated by the Microwave Radiometry Group of NOAA's Environmental Technology Laboratory. A Navy ice observer with the National Ice Center provided visual documentation of surface ice conditions during each of the flights. Two of the five flights were coordinated with Canadian scientists making surface measurements of melt ponds at an ice camp located near Resolute Bay, Canada. Coordination with the Canadians will provide additional information on surface characteristics and will be of great value in the interpretation of the aircraft and high-resolution satellite data sets.\n\nSummary provided by http://polynya.gsfc.nasa.gov/seaice_mp2000.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c68fe850-698e-4ad5-9c37-05cbeaba74b4", - "label": "ORNL DAAC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9c09e63-c018-4870-b0cd-fcc37a2539a8", - "label": "OGC/WCS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Open Geospatial Consortium/Web Coverage Service is a specification\ndeveloped by the Open Geospatial Consortium that describes the Web Coverage\nService (WCS) that supports the networked interchange of geospatial data as\n'coverages' containing values or properties of geographic locations. Unlike the\nWeb Map Service (WMS) (OGC document #01-021r2), which filters and portrays\nspatial data to return static maps (server-rendered as pictures), the Web\nCoverage Service provides access to intact (unrendered) geospatial information,\nas needed for client-side rendering, multi-valued coverages, and input into\nscientific models and other clients beyond simple viewers.\n\nThe Web Coverage Service consists of three operations: GetCapabilities,\nGetCoverage, and DescribeCoverageType. The GetCapabilities operation returns an\nXML document describing the service and the data collections from which clients\nmay request coverages. Clients would generally run the GetCapabilities\noperation and cache its result for use throughout a session, or reuse it for\nmultiple sessions. The GetCoverage operation of a Web Coverage Service is\nnormally run after GetCapabilities has determined what queries are allowed and\nwhat data are available. The Get- Coverage operation returns values or\nproperties of geographic locations, bundled in a well-known coverage format.\nIts syntax and semantics are similar to the WMS GetMap request, but several\nextensions support the retrieval of coverages rather than static maps.\n\nVisit the Open GIS Consortium homepage at\nhttp://www.opengeospatial.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb29cf9f-d283-475c-b627-11cf92321e82", - "label": "NLDAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "North American (NLDAS) and Global (GLDAS) LDAS systems are being developed that will lead to more accurate reanalysis and forecast simulations by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Specifically, these systems will reduce the errors in the stores of soil moisture and energy which are often present in NWP models and which degrade the accuracy of forecasts. NLDAS is currently running retrospectively and in near real-time on a 1/8th-degree grid while GLDAS is running at 1/4 degree resolution. The systems are currently forced by terrestrial (NLDAS) and space based (GLDAS) precipitation data, space-based radiation data and numerical model output. In order to create an optimal scheme, the projects involve several LSMs, many sources of data, and several institutions. Data from the project can be accessed on the NLDAS and GLDAS forcing pages, the NLDAS and GLDAS model output pages, as well as on the NLDAS Realtime Image Generator page.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb745e97-670d-40ca-b638-8af7631df1f4", - "label": "MARINE_MAMMALS_PROGRAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "History of Program:\n \n The Smithsonian Institution has long had an interest in marine\n mammals, starting with the hiring of Spencer Fullerton Baird in\n 1850 as assistant secretary with the responsibility of the\n directorship of the United States National Museum. In 1878\n Baird became the second secretary of the Smithsonian\n Institution, a position he held until his death in 1887. Baird\n was an avid naturalist with a bent towards the marine\n environment. His interest lead to the hiring of such eminent\n naturalists as Leonard Stejneger and William H. Dall. Although\n Stejneger was most known for his work in herpetology and Dall\n in mollusks, they were part of a body of researchers who\n contributed to the study of marine mammals whenever\n possible. Baird also was implemental in the forming of the\n United States Fish Commission in 1871 and became the first\n director of that commission. The Fish Commission has gone\n through a variety of names changes, from the Bureau of\n Commercial Fisheries up through the National Mar! ine\n Fisheries Service. The Commission has always had an interest in\n marine mammals fostered by the interests of its first\n director. The current Marine Mammal Program of the Smithsonian\n maintains a excellent working relationship with the National\n Marine Fisheries Service resulting in numerous additions to the\n marine mammal collection.\n \n Current Marine Mammal Program:\n \n The Marine Mammal Program is a cooperative research program whose\n principal goal is to extract all biological data that we can from\n stranded and incidentally taken animals. Strandings form our only means\n of access to better than half of the cetacean species. It is possible\n to gain data on many aspects of the normal life history of cetaceans\n through a thorough examination of these specimens. We routinely\n collect data and specimens that relate to stomach contents, relative\n organ weights, parasite burden, reproductive condition and stage of\n physical maturity. We also take external morphometrics and photographs\n of the external pigmentation pattern. This data forms the basis for\n all of Dr. Mead's current research publications.\n \n For more information,\n link to 'http://vertebrates.si.edu/mammals/mammals_mmp.html'\n \n [Summary provided by Smithsonian]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc9892f8-6575-4e52-90f5-5dc6af739253", - "label": "MOVE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MOVE\nProject URL: http://www.alaska.edu/boreas/move/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=436\n\nMOVE is an international, collaborative attempt to address a major shortcoming in conceptualizing northern histories, presents and futures. While the phenomenon of state-induced population movements in the circumpolar North in the 20th and 21st centuries is well-known, to date no comparative analysis of their local and regional contexts and impacts has been undertaken. Although the role of the state in shaping the North has received some belated attention in recent years, the local expressions of moving, coping, rebuilding and remembering remain to be understood.\n\nIf seasonal and permanent population movements in the lives of circumpolar peoples were in the past responsive to the local conditions upon which subsistence life ways were based, population movements in the recent history of the North have been imposed by market and state logics of a conspicuously non-local character. Previous research on forms of relocation and resettlement sponsored by outside institutions has focused almost exclusively on the political motivations and repercussions, as well as demographic consequences of such movement. While these lines of inquiry are important, they provide few clues about local perceptions and impacts, or the persistent power of local agency to resist and condition projects of relocation. Similarly, while there is a long history of social science involvement with northern development planning and more recently with the sustainability of development -, there is a general failure to address the importance of social fabric within the context of resettlement and other population movements.\n\nMoved by the state refers to the commonality of having to cope with relocations and other population movements triggered by outside decisions. In analyzing a broad array of case studies (small and large, indigenous and non-indigenous communities, in free market and central command systems, ranging from the mid-20th to the early 21st century), the collaborative research project intends to test the extent of commonality. Demographic, political, social and cultural variables will be used to track the similarities and differences, both among communities facing being moved now and those that have been moved in the past. Extensive fieldwork, combining participant observation, various interview and survey strategies, and the recording of oral and life histories, as well as demographic and economic data collection and analysis, will form the methodological backbone of the project. Thus, the impact of past and present relocations will be addressed through a dual strategy. On the one hand, a series of regional analyses of aggregate economic and demographic data will provide an overall picture of the population movements in question. On the other hand, ethnographic fieldwork in selected villages and towns of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia will add local context and emic perspectives.\n\nIn theoretical terms, the proposed research addresses the tension between the increasingly translocal and various senses of place. The question of how local identities, in or out of place (of origin) are constituted leads to a critical interrogation of the roles of cultural and practical engagements in creating and recreating place within a particular environment. The results of this research will become increasingly relevant in the ongoing negotiations between states and communities about location and relocation in the face of increasing social and climate change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce923fb7-e574-49f6-9104-1035cc7428bf", - "label": "ODP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and 22 international partners (JOIDES) to conduct basic research into the history of the ocean basins and the overall nature of the crust beneath the ocean floor using the scientific drill ship JOIDES Resolution. Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), a group of 18 U.S. institutions, was the Program Manager. Texas A&M University, College of Geosciences was the Science Operator. Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory provided Logging Services and administered the Site Survey Data Bank.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cecfd35d-d295-4a25-a2b7-8eb8f78bbc80", - "label": "NOBLEMET", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NobleMet\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=19\n\nDue to modern industrial development, noble metals (platinum group elements-PGEs in short, such as Pt and Pd) are being used in a much broader field in recent decades. Over 20% of the goods produced in the West involve the use of PGEs somewhere in their manufacturing processes and Pt and Pd are the most widely used ones. Especially with automobile industry, noble metals and their compounds have been widely used as catalysts in automobile catalytic pollution control devices. Though those pollutants are mainly local, they are also transported to remote Arctic regions. What are the trends for those metals at present? How different comparing the current situation with the one in pre-industrial time period? Because one of the common characteristics for noble metals is reducing activation energy at reaction centres during chemical reactions and this characteristic could hold true for biochemical reactions, increasing worldwide pollution of PGEs may potentially exert affects on bio chemical reactions in the ecosystems and food chains. It is therefore of great value to investigate their past, present and trend in Arctic regions where undisturbed frozen water media preserves their archives.\n\nThis proposal is addressing some of those questions, aiming to:\n\n1.To develop precise methodologies to determine the concentrations of those noble metals in the Canadian High Arctic, down to fg/g level or 10-15 gram per gram in order to accurately quantify the content of those pollutants in the ice. This work will require special ultra-clean technique, equipment/facility and expertises, which GSC (Geological Survey Canada, NRCan) and UH (University of Heidelberg, Germany) currently holds;\n\n2.To reconstruct a temporal trend of those noble metal pollutants in the Canadian High Arctic for at least 50 years, possibly tracing back to pre-industrial time. This work requires precise dating and multi-discipline knowledge, including glaciology, ice-physics, analytical chemistry, statistics and geochemistry et al. Both GSC and UH also holds expertise in these fields. The site for this study is tentatively selected to be on Agassiz ice cap, Nunavut, Canada (Northern Ellesmere Island: 80 deg 48.0 N 72 deg 52.5 W; asl 1800 m);\n\n3.To investigate the spatial distribution of those noble metal pollutants on ice caps, at least 4 to 6 ice caps will be occupied; and 4.Hopefully to apportion the sources of the pollutants whenever possible with the achieved data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf3a607a-aef8-41db-bdc6-aea74fcfed12", - "label": "NORDIC-WOCE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The principal scientific goal in Nordic WOCE is to study the exchange of heat and water between the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas (Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas). A part of the exchange takes place in the Denmark Strait between Iceland and Greenland and the rest between Iceland and Scotland. The narrow deep channels in the Denmark Strait and around Faeroe Islands are particularly important for the exchange of deep water masses. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.helsinki.fi/~gfl_lait/woce.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d01ee024-14d2-45ad-8252-69acac5af879", - "label": "MRS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Marine Remote Sensing (MRS) involves the collection amd analysis of\nsatellite data in order to determine sea surface tempetatures.\nRegions included in this study are New Jersey Coast,\nMid-Atlantic region,Gulf Stream, Gulf of Mexico, U.S. East\nCoast, Florida Current, Cape Cod, Maine, Cheaspeake, Cape\nHatteras, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Florida Panhandle,\nAlabama, Lousisiana Coast, and Bahamas.\n\nTo view images and additional information on data products,\nlink to 'http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/sat.data2.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d20a71e2-d319-46c2-b2a5-e0ce5f935f2d", - "label": "MICROFRONTS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Microfronts experiment was designed to study the dissipation of\nkinetic energy in the surface layer especially in atmospheric frontal\nzones, to study the nature of the coherent structures and Microfronts\nwhere the transport of heat is organized by thermals, and to study the\nbulk aerodynamic relationship for use with surface radiative\ntemperature.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://blg.oce.orst.edu/microfronts/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d296d235-a33d-4e25-ac25-c43655c96bf9", - "label": "OLYMPEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Major ground-based and airborne observations for the Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX) field campaign took place between November, 2015, and January, 2016, with additional ground sampling continuing through February, on the Olympic Peninsula in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. This field campaign provides ground-based validation support of the findings resulting from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite that is a joint effort between the NASA GPM program and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).\n\nAs for all GPM-GV campaigns, the GHRC provides a collaboration portal to help investigators exchange planning information, and to support collection of real-time data as well as mission science, project and instrument status reports during the campaign. GHRC serves as the GPM-GV archive. OLYMPEX data are available to the public using HyDRO using the search word OLYMPEX.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d42ea5e2-355e-466b-97b7-08cd8ead37de", - "label": "NARSTO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NSTC's Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR)\n identified ground-level ozone as an initiative in 1995. A\n signing ceremony for the charter of the North American Research\n Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO) was held at the White\n House in February of that year. The establishment of NARSTO is a\n direct response to the identification by the National Research\n Council (NRC) of the need for a better fundamental understanding\n of urban and regional ozone and its call for a coordinated\n national program.\n\n NARSTO is a unique public/private partnership whose membership\n spans government, industry, the utilities, and academia\n throughout North America, including Mexico and Canada. Its\n primary mission is to coordinate and enhance policy-relevant\n scientific research and assessment of tropospheric ozone\n behavior, with the central goal of providing the information\n needed for workable, efficient, and effective strategies and\n policies for local and regional ozone management. NARSTO\n provides cross-organization planning to set a prioritized\n research agenda and determine the most effective strategy for\n scientific investigation, coordinates member investments where\n they voluntarily take responsibility for all needed research\n activity, and conducts periodic assessments of scientific\n advances and progress toward fulfilling its goal. NARSTO\n sponsored field campaigns have already been completed int eh\n summers of both 1995 and 1996 by the Southern Oxidants\n Study. NARSTO-North East (NE), and NARS! TO-NE coordinating\n with NARSTO-Canada East.\n\n In addition to coordinating funding for field research, NARSTO\n is currently preparing a State-of-Science Assessment that will\n comprehensively review advances in the chemical, physical, and\n meteorological science of tropospheric ozone. Throughout 1997,\n seventeen critical review papers will be prepared by experts in\n the relevant research areas. These will be presented at a NARSTO\n Science Symposium to be held in November 1997 and will also\n appear in a special issue of an air quality scientific\n journal. The Assessment Report, which will synthesize the review\n papers, is scheduled for completion by the end of December\n 1998. It will address how recent scientific progress can be used\n to develop improved options for ozone management.\n\n U. S. Federal agencies participating in NARSTO include the\n Departments of Agriculture, Commerce (National Oceanic and\n Atmospheric Administration), Energy (Office of Energy\n Research), the Interior, and Transportation, as well as\n independent agencies, such as the Environmental Protection\n Agency, the National Science Foundation, the National\n Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Tennessee Valley\n Authority.\n\n These agencies combine efforts with those of the air quality\n departments of several State governments, as well as private\n companies, to perform cooperative research and analysis of\n pertinent facets of the ozone management issue. Private sector\n participants include over 30 utilities, automotive, chemical,\n and other companies. In addition, numerous universities and\n private sector research organizations are NARSTO partners.\n\n Contact Organization:\n\n Office of Science and Technology Policy\n Executive Office of the President\n (202) 456-6020\n FAX (202) 456-6019\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/Environment/html/fac_trop_oz.html'\n\n [Summary provided by Office of Science and Technology Policy]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d74f8a76-557a-4194-8c51-f750ac560bd3", - "label": "NACP-GOWARD-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth since 1972: Empirical Assessment with Field Measurements and Satellite Remotely Sensed Observations\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=44\n\n\nIn this study we are combining the USFS FIA and Landsat information sources to characterize recent trends in North American forest disturbance and regrowth. Initial projects by this team have shown that the basic patterns of disturbance can be evaluated using change detection methods and that regrowth can be evaluated from inferences of forest structural change noted by spectral reflectance changes. Collaboration with the US Forest Service has provided important access to Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data that permit direct comparison of the satellite-based spectral reflectance patterns with ground-based forest structural attributes. Finally, our capacity to process large volumes of Landsat satellite data has been demonstrated by a series of recent projects (REALM, LEDAPS). \n\nWe will employ a statistically robust sampling system to select ~25 Landsat WRS locations within the coterminous US to conduct compartive Landsat/FIA analysis of recent disturbance and regrowth patterns. In addition, we are collaborating with our Canadian colleagues as they pursue similar analyses in their country. Combined, these analyzes will provide a continental-scale assessment of North American forest dynamics from 1972 to present. \n\nA dense biennual time-series of Landsat imagery 1972-2005) are being assembled for each lselected ocation. From these data the spatio-temporal trends in disturbance and regrowth, as will as their relation to “driving” variables (climate, management regime, etc) will be extracted. The combination Landsat-observed temporal spectral trajectories canopy reflectance modeling, , and plot-level FIA data, will be used to evaluate the diversity in regrowth dynamics that occur on this continent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d752196b-a543-4a6c-90c4-2653192160e2", - "label": "MERRA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERRA is a NASA reanalysis for the satellite era using a major new version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System Version 5 (GEOS-5). The Project focuses on historical analyses of the hydrological cycle on a broad range of weather and climate time scales and places the NASA EOS suite of observations in a climate context.\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/merra/\n\n[Source: MERRA Project Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d75bb3b8-603a-40a9-a7e8-f5f0b82db605", - "label": "MEOP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MEOP\nProject URL: http://biology.st-andrews.ac.uk/seaos/index.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=153\nMarine Mammal Exploration of the Oceans Pole to Pole (MEOP) will deploy state-of-the-art animal-borne CTD tags on strategically chosen, deep-diving marine mammal species to explore their movement patterns, behaviour and habitat utilization in Polar Regions. Concomitant with the ecological data regarding these top predators, a vast, high-precision oceanographic data set will be collected covering logistically difficult areas of ocean in Polar Seas at the fringes of the North and South Atlantic and the South Pacific that are strategically important to climate and ocean modelling. The cross-disciplinary merging of classical oceanography and marine mammal ecology will significantly advance our understanding of the world's oceans and top predators that live in them.\n\n\nMEOP partners will deploy CTD-tags on beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga) and southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Most of these species are very deep divers, with maximum dive depths that exceed 1000 m. Virtually all marine mammals forage in oceanic 'hot-spots' where productivity is high, which also coincide with human fisheries efforts and areas of high oceanographic interest. Our target species inhabit areas with significant seasonal ice-cover in both the Arctic and the Antarctic, the edges of which are of particular interest to oceanographers in terms of deep-water formation. Ice-filled waters are rarely sampled by standard oceanographic studies using ships or other methodologies especially over extended times because of logistical and cost constraints, but they are routinely visited by these polar marine mammals. MEOPs oceanographic data will also ehance our ability to accurately model currents and deal with basin scale models.\n\nIPY affords a unique opportunity to collect novel data sets from relatively little-known polar marine mammal species simultaneously with dedicated oceanographic cruises sampling along systematic grids using traditional ship-based CTD technology. Co-operation between biological and oceanographic programmes within IPY will provide MEOP with comprehensive, synoptic oceanographic coverage that will provide a unique opportunity to quantify factors determining habitat selection and use by key polar marine mammal species. The oceanographic data collected in MEOP will, in turn, provide otherwise unobtainable oceanographic data sets collected at natural hot-spots of productivity, as input data to physically-oriented modelling projects (e.g. the Bipolar Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation Programme, Transport through gaps across the Kerguelen Plateau andinter-basin exchange).\n\nThis study is especially timely given the predictions for ecosystem changes in both Arctic and Antarctic systems within the coming decades due to climate change, in addition to increasing fisheries and tourism activities in both the Arctic and Antarctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8bb1aa0-49d7-4a6a-a96e-66231b3fc7f6", - "label": "OAKrill", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8c661b9-bfe6-491b-ba17-a508f81addc1", - "label": "NASA/MBC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA Mesoamerican Biological Corridor is a three-year project developed to map and monitor land cover of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. The project is divided into two components: 1) land cover/land use mapping and 2) the development of a web page to provide project information and remote sensing data of Central America. Participants include personnel from NASA, the Global Hydrology and Climate ... Center, National Space Science and Technology Center, the University of Maine, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Central American Commission for Environment and Development (CCAD). Additionally, there are representatives participating from each of the seven Central American countries.\n\nA principal objective of this project is to facilitate cooperative scientific research, data exchange, and training between NASA and Central American researchers.\n\nSpecific Project Objectives Include:\n\n-Develop a region-wide JERS-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mosaic and land cover/land use map to support scientific research along the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.\n\n-Validate the land cover/land use map using ancillary GIS data and ground data collected on test sites selected throughout the region.\n\n-Develop landscape metrics to measure forest fragmentation and patch dynamics for landscape characterization and biodiversity analysis within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.\n\n-Conduct training and capacity development for Mesoamerican scientists in remote sensing/image processing, GIS/spatial analysis and ecological monitoring.\n\n-Develop a web page to provide project data, publications, and related information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d947e815-4104-46c0-91c9-69b9bf2c295b", - "label": "NDSC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Network for the Detection for Stratospheric Change (NDSC) is\na set of high-quality remote-sounding research stations for\nobserving and understanding the physical and chemical state of\nthe stratosphere. Ozone and key ozone-related chemical compounds\nand parameters are targeted for measurement. The NDSC is a major\ncomponent of the international upper atmosphere research effort\nand has been endorsed by national and international scientific\nagencies, including the International Ozone Commission, the\nUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World\nMeteorological Organization (WMO).\n\nGoals:\n\n1.To make the observations through which changes in the physical\nand chemical state of the stratsphere can be determined and\nunderstood. In particular, to make the earliest, possible\nidentification of changes in the ozone layer and to discern the\ncause of the changes.\n\n2.To provide an independent calibration of satellite sensors of\nthe atmosphere.\n\n3.To obtain the data that can be used to test and improve\nmulti-dimensional stratospheric chemical and dynamical models.\n\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da6f7ff1-84cf-4a1f-9b64-538518086d96", - "label": "MERSAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MERSAM\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=439\n\nMercury (Hg) in the arctic has received considerable attention since several investigations have shown an increase in Hg concentration in various biota samples, including marine mammal tissues and seabird eggs which were mainly enriched in methylmercury (MeHg). These relatively high concentrations of Hg represent an important health issue for the rural indigenous native arctic communities consuming these products. The distribution of Hg in the top level of the arctic food web is well mirrored by the concentration of Hg in seabird eggs, where spatial differences exist between the Alaskan and Canadian arctic, with a marked Hg increase observed since 1975 in the Canadian arctic and distinct Hg signatures that are measured between seabird colonies residing in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, signatures that are subject to an apparent year-to-year variability and species specific effects. These spatial and temporal patterns as well as the levels of Hg in the food web prompt several fundamental questions on the nature of the sources of Hg that need to be answered through research, namely relative anthropogenic/natural contributions of Hg throughout and across ecosystems, the processes driving these patterns (i.e., sources, atmospheric transport and deposition, ocean currents, and evolution of the food web structure), their linkages and their respective contributions over time. \nAll these processes need to be assessed on a spatial scale (considering arctic and sub-arctic regions) as well as on a temporal scale to evaluate the amplitude of these factors over time. In the absence of extensive Hg atmospheric monitoring stations in Alaska and also considering the variability and scarcity of data on Hg and MeHg levels in snow and seawater in Alaska, no direct temporal and spatial approaches can be conducted. In this proposal we utilize an indirect approach consisting of: \n(1) Tracking the sources of Hg and assessing regional differences by analyzing seabird eggs and feathers collected on a regular basis at several locations in the North American arctic and sub-arctic regions. These samples are archived at the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank (Charleston, SC, USA) administrated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), at the Canadian Wildlife Service Specimen Bank (Ottawa, ON CANADA) and are housed in various collections curated by University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) Museum of the North and independent UAF researchers.\n(2) Assessing the long-term temporal trend of Hg in the top marine food web using time series of collections of seabird eggs and feathers.\nThe spatial and retrospective approaches for monitoring Hg and MeHg in the samples will be coupled with several other sources of information including food web tracers (C and N stable isotopes ratios), as well as tracers of atmospheric transport/sources such as lead isotope ratio patterns in seabird eggs and feathers, and organic contaminant patterns in seabird eggs. Alone, all these data are valuable, but the power exists to collectively investigate the spatial/temporal relationship existing between the nature of Hg sources, their geographical extent and their accumulation/transfer in the arctic/sub-arctic foodweb.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "daeea823-fa70-4a7a-8687-41c114c2e61b", - "label": "OTN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Tracking Network (OTN), headquartered at Dalhousie University unites leading ocean scientists around the globe. The OTN is conducting the world's most comprehensive and revolutionary examination of marine life and ocean conditions, and how they are changing as the earth warms. \n\nOTN is a new global standard for ocean research. The world's climate is changing — of this we are sure. Marine life survival is becoming uncertain due to overfishing and changing migration patterns. Animals such as polar bears are becoming visibly anxious as their habitats begin to melt. Oceans are becoming warmer; the polar ice cap is melting. The alarming thing is that we don't really know why. Information from beneath the sea's surface is very limited, despite the fact that continued human survival is directly linked to stable oceanic life.\n\nOTN is a mega-science conservation project, that will put an end to this knowledge void. With it, thousands of marine animals around the world — from fish to birds to polar bears — will be tracked using acoustic sound waves. At the same time, we will be building a record of climate change — data that can be analyzed and then applied.\n\nOTN will lead to a global standard for ocean management in a way never before possible.\n\nSee http://www.oceantrackingnetwork.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbae200c-1d5a-427c-9d45-c77a3341b51e", - "label": "NO-US-TRAVERSE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A massive, largely unexplored region, the East Antarctic ice sheet looms large in the global climate system, yet relatively little is known about its climate variability or the contribution it makes to sea level changes. The field expedition for this international partnership involves scientific investigations along two overland traverses in East Antarctica: one going from the Norwegian Troll Station to the United States South Pole Station in 2007-2008; and a return traverse by a different route in 2008-2009. This project will investigate climate change in East Antarctica, with the following goals:\n\n * Investigate climate variability in Dronning Maud Land of East Antarctica on time scales of years to a million years.\n * Establish spatial and temporal variability in snow accumulation over this area of Antarctica to understand its impact on sea level.\n * Investigate the impact of atmospheric and oceanic variability on the chemical composition of firn and ice in the region.\n * Revisit areas and sites first explored by traverses in the 1960’s, for detection of possible changes and to establish benchmark data sets for future research efforts.\n\n\nFor more information, see http://traverse.npolar.no/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dca3dc83-e5f9-479d-b315-d7a495185b9c", - "label": "MARMAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Marine Resources, Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction (MARMAP)\ninvolves the collection of uniform data for fisheries\nmanagement. This information has been crucial to the ecosystems\napproaches later developed by the Fishery Management\nCouncil. The study involved the collection of temperature,\nsalinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, silicate, phosphate,\nnitrate, and nitrite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcc41cbc-007e-45f4-8a1c-792e7fc91d98", - "label": "OBIS-SEAMAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Spatial Ecological Analysis of Marine Megavertebrate Populations (SEAMAP)\ninitiative, a node of the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), has\ndeveloped a digital database of geo-referenced marine mammal, seabird and sea\nturtle distribution and abundance data. SEAMAP seeks to augment the public\nunderstanding of the ecology of marine megavertebrates by: (1) facilitating\nstudy of potential impacts on threatened species; (2) enhancing our ability to\ntest hypotheses about biogeographic and biodiversity models, and (3) supporting\nmodeling efforts to predict distributional changes in response to environmental\nchange. \n\nTo enhance the research and educational applications of this database, SEAMAP\nprovides a broad array of products (e.g., tabular information, maps and\nexplicit survey meta-data) and services (e.g., web-based query, visualization\nand analysis tools). Additionally, because this publicly-available system is\nintended for a broad audience of educators, students, resource managers and\nresearchers, SEAMAP is integrating this digital database with educational\nproducts and analytical tools. The OBIS-SEAMAP system takes advantage of\nrecent technological advances to facilitate the development of new\ncommunity-based data commons for biogeographic and conservation research. To\ndate the database includes more one-million marine mammal, bird and turtle\nobservation records from over 180 datasets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dccc2b00-3905-4257-9959-123118efd4a2", - "label": "NEXRAD", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NEXRAD system (also known as Weather Surveillance Radar -\n 1988 Doppler) is oneof NOAA's prime observation systems for\n acquiring information about meteorologicalconditions, and is\n also one of the key systems in NOAA's modernization and\n restructuring. Byusing Doppler radar technology, forecasters\n can observe the presence of precursor conditions ofsevere\n weather such as tornadoes, large hail and damaging thunderstorm\n winds. NEXRADallows for the detection of wind circulation\n patterns (e.g., mesocyclones) as precursors totornadic activity\n and provides data on the direction and speed of tornado cells\n once they form. NEXRAD also provides quantitative estimates of\n precipitation, which are important inforecasting flash floods,\n main stream river flooding and in water resource\n management. Thesevere weather and storm wind field detection\n capabilities offered by NEXRAD have contributedto a significant\n increase in the accuracy and timeliness of NWS warnings. The\n advantages ofNEXRAD ov! er conventional radars can be broken\n down into five basic areas: improvedsensitivity, improved\n resolutions, wind velocity estimation, automated data\n collection in threedimensions, and capability for scientific\n processing of data. The benefits of this system will continue\n to be improved through scientific advances inthe use of weather\n radar data, and through improved processing and data\n disseminationcapabilities. A NEXRAD Product Improvement (NPI)\n Program has been established to plan andimplement these\n continued improvements. The primary goal of the NPI Program is\n to modify,augment and improve upon the existing capabilities of\n the NEXRAD system so it can support, ina cost-effective and\n timely manner, known operational requirements, as well as\n thoserequirements that can reasonably be anticipated.The NWS is\n currently implementing two major upgrades to the NEXRAD system:\n theOpen Systems Radar Product Generator (ORPG) and the Open\n Systems Radar Data Acquisition(ORDA). ORPG will ! be deployed\n in the calendar year 2000-2002 time frame. ORDA isschedule d\n for deployment in the 2002-2004 time frame. The deployment of\n ORPG will enablethe NWS to implement many additional scientific\n products and to support better communicationscapabilities,\n including dissemination of base data as required. ORDA\n deployment will enableimprovements in data quality, including\n mitigation of range folding, also known as 'purple haze.' Work\n is also underway to develop and test a dual polarization\n capability for NEXRAD. Dual polarization is a radar signal\n transmission, reception and processing scheme that\n providesinformation on the relative height and width of\n precipitation targets. Significant improvementsare anticipated\n in estimating the amount of rainfall and identifying\n precipitation types such asrain, snow and hail. If the\n development and testing validate the promise.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://205.156.54.206/pub/im/ptnr88d.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcf46b81-36f3-4a84-9225-d08e9c873be4", - "label": "NAPAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) is an\ninteragency scientific research, monitoring and assessment\nprogram on the effects of sulfur and nitrogen oxides on the\nenvironment and human health. NAPAP acts as a coordinating\noffice between six Federal agencies, which also fosters\ncooperation among its members, other governments, States,\nuniversities, and the private sector. The participating agencies\nare the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\nthe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of\nEnergy (DOE), the Department of the Interior (DOI), the\nDepartment of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Aeronautics\nand Space Administration (NASA). NAPAP is a mature program that,\nthrough coordination, capitalizes on the different strengths of\nthe participating agencies.\n\nFor additional information please contact:\n\nNational Acid Precipitation Assessment Program\nNOAA, MailCode R/SAB\n1315 East-West Highway\nSilver Spring, MD 20910\nTelephone: (301) 713-0460 x202\nFax: (301) 713-3515\nE-mail: napap@noaa.gov\n'http://www.oar.noaa.gov/organization/napap.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddc15d7c-7d49-46b2-a8db-b2d536280879", - "label": "NOAA OneStop Project", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de61250d-9722-49b9-b111-5fffecbe0165", - "label": "MONITOREO VOLCANOLOGICO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Observatory Volcanológico Deception (OVD) was created in the austral summer of 1993 by the Argentine Antarctic Institute - University of Buenos Aires and the Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) - National Museum of Natural Sciences of Spain. It is headquartered in Argentina Deception and the Base was established in response to the revival occurring in the volcanic Deception Island during the summer of 1991-1992. Las tareas de estudio y seguimiento del sistema volcánico son realizadas por investigadores argentinos y españoles, durante el verano austral de cada año (de diciembre a marzo). The tasks of study and monitoring of volcanic system are carried out by researchers Argentines and Spaniards, during the austral summer of each year (December-March).\n\nLas actividades del Observatorio Volcanológico Decepción incluyen principalmente tareas de monitoreo sísmico y seguimiento de la composición química de los gases fumarólicos, además de estudios de gravimetría, magnetometría y controles termométricos de fumarolas y suelos calientes, entre otros. \n\nhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.gesva.gl.fcen.uba.ar/observatorio.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DVOLCANOLOGIA%2BDECEPCION%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DGzH%26sa%3DG", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e204a6ef-6391-4a59-8345-4161b6229ba6", - "label": "MEDALPEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mediterranean Alpine Experiment (MEDALPEX) formed an additional part of the\nGlobal Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) subprogram on the airflow over and\naround mountains. MEDALPEX ran concurrently with the Garp Alpine Experiment\n(ALPEX) - over the year from 1 September 1981 to 30 September 1982 with a\nspecial observation period (SOP) from 15 february 1982 to 30 April 1982. The\nmain aim of ALPEX was to study processes such as lee cyclogenesis and severe\nlocal winds (for example the Mistral and the Bora), which have two frequency\npeaks during the year, one in November and the other in April. This was one of\nthe reasons for the SOP in April.\nThe Mediterranean is a deep enclosed sea where tides are small and motion is\nessentially due to atmospheric forcing. Oceanographic experiments with\nsimultaneous meterological data collection are necessary for a better\nunderstanding of the dynamics of the Mediterranean and for setting up well\ncalibrated models. The Mediterranean may also be regarded as a small scale\nmodel of the ocean. Thus studies on the dynamics of gyres, fronts, baroclinic\ninstabilities, eddies, turbulent dissipation and intermittancy, especially\nduring storm conditions, can contribute to the understanding of energy\ntransfers in the ocean and its boundaries. The mesoscale eddies and meanders\nwhich play an essential role in this circulation, forming the summer\nthermocline and winter convection may also be studied. All of the above rely\nheavily on the spatial and temporal aspects of meterological processes.\nThe primary function of MEDALPEX was to study the response of the western part\nof the Mediterranean to wind forcing. The experiments which took place, often\nas part of an individual country's oceanographic research program, were\ndesigned with the intention of increasing understanding of the general problem\nof meterological and oceanographic interactions. Specific topics under\ninvestigation included:\ni) the interrelationship between the general circulation and mesoscale eddies;\nii) offshore dynamic response mechanisms under severe weather conditions. The\nbehavior of the Mediterranean under severe weather conditions when\noceanographic ships cannot operate has, until now, yielded only limited\ninformation. MEDALPEX sought to collect data (especially during the SOP) to\ngive more complete information during periods of bad weather;\niii)storm surges and coastal piling up - for the Adriatic Sea, more detailed\nverification of storm surges can be carried out with improved wind field data.\nThe Ligurian Sea has very small tides but sea level rises and coastal waves\nduring cyclogenesis damage the coastline. With good wind field, wave and sea\nlevel data, a model may be developed to simulate this.\nMEDALPEX was a multinational program with participants from seven countries\n(Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, U.K., U.S.S.R and Yugoslavia). A wide range of\noceanographic data, including data from tide gauges, current meters, thermistor\nchains, waverider buoys, CTD's and XBT's were collected. Classical and synopt\nmeterological measurements were made and remote sensing techniques used. The\ndata resulting from MEDALPEX were to be forwarded to the Responsible National\nOceanographic Data Center (RNODC) - in this case the World Data Center B\n(Oceanography) in Moscow - with the exception of the sea level data. The\nPermanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) undertook to act as the Sea Level\nData Center for MEDALPEX; the data management and banking was carried out by the\nMarine Information and Advisory Service (MIAS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e25399d8-139f-4641-89ee-24d42e9ed81c", - "label": "MVA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Model Visualization and Analysis service (MVA), was developed by the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). MVA provides background information on the use of integrated assessment to examine the relationship between human activities and global climate change, descriptions of integrated assessment models (IAMs), and access to model-generated output.\nPurpose of MVA--to support and enhance the use of climate change IAMs by: \ndecision makers \nresearchers \nanalysts \neducators \nthe public \n\nInformation provided by http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/mva/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3544d46-2f00-4f7b-ab04-0f7a60dbf52b", - "label": "MEaSUREs", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NASA, through its Earth Science Data Systems, supports the NASA Earth Science research community in providing Earth science data products and services driven by NASA’s Earth Science goals. NASA’s Earth Science Program is dedicated to advancing Earth remote sensing and pioneering the scientific use of satellite measurements to improve human understanding of our home planet in order to inform economic and policy decisions and improve operational services of benefit to the Nation. Through the MEaSUREs Program, NASA is continuing its commitment to expand understanding the Earth system using consistent records. NASA has begun to deploy new types of sensors to provide three-dimensional profiles of Earth’s atmosphere and surface. Emphasis is placed into linking together multiple satellites into a constellation, developing the means of utilizing a multitude of data sources to form coherent time series, and facilitating the use of extensive data in the development of comprehensive Earth system models.\n \nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/our-community/community-data-system-programs/measures-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e492fcbc-8139-43fb-9d10-7d393f62c86b", - "label": "MERSEA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERSEA ('Marine Environment and Security for the European Area') project,\nsupported by the European Commission, is directly related to the GMES (Global\nMonitoring for Environment and Security) Action Plan on global ocean monitoring\nand the marine theme.\n\nThe overall objective is to facilitate the visibility, understanding and\nexchange of the ocean modelling data, output products for users and evaluate\nthe strengths and weaknesses of the European Capacity for Ocean Monitoring and\nForecasting, i.e. the following existing basin-scale integrated monitoring\nsystems: FOAM (Met. Office, United Kingdom), MERCATOR (MERCATOR-OCEAN, France),\nMFS (INGV, Italy) and TOPAZ (NERSC, Norway).\n\nMERSEA website: 'http://strand1.mersea.eu.org/html/strand1/welcome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e59e8469-5e86-4b48-ae10-25c456569237", - "label": "NOAA CLIMATE DATA RECORD (CDR) PROGRAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6695cee-f791-459f-a5c8-c46a4b0b9d06", - "label": "OGC/WFS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Open Geospatial Consortium/Web Feature Service is a specification developed\nby the Open Geospatial Consortium that describes Web Feature Server (WFS)\noperations. The WFS operations support INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, QUERY and\nDISCOVERY of geographic features using HTTP as the distributed computing\nplatform.\n\nThis document adopts the same concept of a geographic feature as described in\nthe OGC Abstract Specification and interpreted in the Geographic Markup\nLanguage (GML) Implementation Specification [2]. That is to say that the state\nof a geographic feature is described by a set of properties where each property\ncan be thought of as a {name, type, value} tuple. The name, number, and type of\neach feature property is determined by its type definition. Geographic features\nare those that may have at least one property that is geometry-valued. This, of\ncourse, implies that features can be defined with no geometric properties at\nall. The geometries of geographic features are restricted to what OGC calls\nsimple geometries. A simple geometry is one for which coordinates are defined\nin two dimensions and the delineation of a curve is subject to linear\ninterpolation. The traditional 0, 1 and 2-dimensional geometries defined in a\n2-dimensional spatial reference system are represented by points, line strings\nand polygons. In addition, the OGC geometry model allows for geometries that\nare collections of other geometries - either homogeneous multi-point,\nmulti-line string, and multi-polygon collections or heterogeneous geometry\ncollections. Finally, GML allows features that have complex or aggregate\nnon-geometric properties.\n\nThe architecture includes:\n\nClient Application Any program or process that communicates with a web server\nusing HTTP. The most typical example is a web browser but other types of\nprograms can exist as well. For example, one can imagine a data loader or\ngeodata editor that communicates with an HTTP server.\n\nHTTP Server\nAny program that services HTTP requests. For example, the Apache program is an\nHTTP server.\n\nWeb Feature Server\nA program or module that implements support for transaction and/or query\noperations on web accessible features\n\nOGC Feature Datastore\nA software system for persistently storing and managing the spatial and\nnon-spatial properties of geographic features. The management system can be a\nSQL relational database, flat files, an ARCINFO database, an XML based\ndatastore, etc...\n\nVisit the Open Geospatial Consortium homepage at\nhttp://www.opengeospatial.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7347ded-45e0-4c90-8e0f-66e00f725dea", - "label": "MC3E", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "During April and May of 2011, the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) will take place at the ARM Southern Great Plains site in central Oklahoma and is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The campaign leverages the largest observing infrastructure currently available in the central United States combined with an extensive sounding array, remote sensing and in situ aircraft observations, NASA ground validation remote sensors, and the new ARM radar instrumentation purchased with funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The overarching goal is to provide the most complete characterization data set for convective cloud systems, precipitation, and their environment that has ever been obtained, providing details for the representation of cumulus clouds in computer models that have never before been available.\n\nhttp://campaign.arm.gov/mc3e/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e96d45ab-7668-4a46-8b69-8288666684eb", - "label": "MFSTEP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Project aims at the further development of an operational forecasting\nsystem for the Mediterranean Sea based upon three main components:\na) the Near Real Time Observing system;\nb) the numerical forecasting systems at basin scale and for regional areas;\nc) the forecast products dissemination/exploitation system.\n\nThe problems to be solved belong to three major categories:\n\n1) Technology developments, connected to the new instrumentation for NRT\nmonitoring and the provision of NRT protocols for data dissemination,\ncomprehensive of telecommunication technology and quality control procedures;\n2) Scientific development, connected to the understanding of the sampling\nscheme for different measuring platforms, the design and implementation of data\nassimilation schemes for different spatial scales, the ecosystem modelling\nvalidation/calibration experiments at the basin and the coastal areas scale and\nthe development of data assimilation techniques for biochemical data;\n3) Exploitation developments, consisting of software interfaces between\nforecast products and oil spill modelling, general contaminant dispersion\nmodels, relocatable emergency systems, search and rescue models, and fish stock\nobserving systems. In addition, the study of forecast economic value and impact\nwill be carried out.\n\nMFSTEP Website: 'http://www.bo.ingv.it/mfstep/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea8d8915-bce6-4f31-855c-e1a9085acbc2", - "label": "MOPITT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MOPITT launched on the AM-1 platform of NASA's Earth\nObserving System (EOS). The AM-1 satellite was placed in a\n705km, sun-synchronous orbit with a 10:30am equator crossing\ntime. MOPITT will measure carbon monoxide and methane in the\ntroposphere over the entire globe for a period of five years.\n\nDespite the fact that we all live in the troposphere, monitoring\nof the tropospheric composition from space has lagged\nconsiderably behind our monitoring of the upper regions of the\nearth's atmosphere mainly because of the technical difficulty of\nsuch measurements. The presence of the earth's surface provides\nconsiderable interference to most measurement methodologies and\nthe presence of clouds further impedes the mission. Overcoming\nthese problems requires a very precise instrument with a very\nhigh performance.\n\nWe want to monitor carbon monoxide and methane because they will\nhelp us understand how the troposphere reacts to various\nstimuli. These can range from natural phenomena such as the\ngrowth of forests, through agricultural sources such as rice\npaddies, to catastrophic events such as biomass burning. Most of\nthese sources can, and indeed are, being modified by human\nactivity on the planet.\n\nCarbon monoxide is particularly interesting because of its\npotential for showing us how chemicals are transported in the\ntroposphere as well as giving us information about chemical\nreactions in the troposphere.\n\nMeasurements have already shown us the production of carbon\nmonoxide in biomass burning and its transport by atmospheric\ncirculation systems. This needs to be understood on a global\nscale and incorporated into models of tropospheric transport.\n\nMethane is a greenhouse gas and the major issue here is its\nsource strength. There are a large number of potential sources,\nsuch as northern wetlands, ruminant animals, and natural gas\nleakage. However the actual strength of the individual sources\nis very poorly known. Since methane's greenhouse effect is far\nstronger than that of the better known carbon dioxide, changes\nin methane, although small in themselves, can potentially have a\nsignificant effect on the overall climate system.\n\nMeasurements of these gases are made by intercepting the\ninfra-red radiation coming from the planet and then isolating\nthe required signals. MOPITT is a nadir sounding instrument\nsince this gives the maximal chance of avoiding cloud features,\nbut this implies that it can 'see' the surface of the planet and\nthe desired signals must be seen against the background of the\nsurface radiation. The field-of-view of MOPITT is 22 x 22km and\nit views four fields simultaneously by the use of a 4 x 1 array\nof detector elements. The field of view is also continuously\nscanned through a swath about 600km wide as the instrument moves\nalong the orbit increasing both the spatial coverage of the\ninstrument and the chance of finding gaps in the cloud coverage.\n\nThe MOPITT instrument makes use of the principle of correlation\nspectroscopy whereby a cell of the gas to be measured is used as\nan optical filter in the infra-red to measure the signal from\nthe same gas in the atmosphere. The amount of gas in the\ninstrument cell is modulated by varying either the pressure or\nthe length. In addition to the correlation technique MOPITT\nmakes use of mechanically cooled detectors and filters (at 100K)\nto enhance the overall performance. The use of this cooling\ntechnique, which relies on Stirling Cycle coolers supplied by\nBritish Aerospace, is relatively new in satellite\ninstrumentation having been used on only two civilian satellite\ninstruments before. The use of mechanical cooling rather than\nstored cryogen or radiative cooling permits a relatively large\namount of cooling - sufficient for both the detectors and the\nfilter systems - whilst still permitting a five year instrument\nlife.\n\nThe MOPITT science team is international, having members from\nCanada, the United States and the United Kingdom. The instrument\nitself is being constructed by a consortium of Canadian\ncompanies: COMDEV Atlantic of Moncton, BOMEM from Quebec City,\nHughes-Leitz from Midland and SED from Saskatoon. The instrument\nis funded by the Space Science Division of the Canadian Space\nAgency. The instrument will be tested in the University of\nToronto.\n\nMOPITT completed its Preliminary Design Review in December 1993\nand the Critical Design Review is scheduled for April\n1995. Instrument delivery will be late in 1996 and the launch of\nthe AM-1 platform will be in mid- 1998. Discussions are under\nway regarding a second copy of the instrument to be launched in\nthe 2003 time frame to permit the dataset of carbon monoxide and\nmethane to be extended to ten years to look for long term\neffects.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MOPITT/home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Univesity of Toronto]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1259ba-307f-48f1-9f1b-1eeb4d50a1f3", - "label": "MARPOLMON", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Marine Pollution Monitoring Program (MARPOLMON) was implemented in\n1980 after taking over the marine Pollution Monitoring Pilot\nProgram (MAPMOPP, 1975 to 1980) to monitor marine pollution\nspreading in parts of oceans on a global scale and to evaluate\npollution problems in marine environment. Samples may have been\ncollected near marine discharge sites or during monitoring\nsurveys of large ocean areas.\n\nFor more information,\nlik to 'http://www.jodc.go.jp/data/pollution/marpolmon.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebbf3cbb-d0a0-4d5a-b42e-7ea88ee56f4e", - "label": "MOHAVE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Project MOHAVE was an extensive monitoring, modeling, and data\nassessment project designed to estimate the contributions of the\nMohave Power Plant (MPP) to haze at the Grand Canyon National Park\n(GCNP). The field study component of the project was conducted in 1992\nand contained two intensive monitoring periods (~30 days in the winter\nand ~50 days in the summer). Unique, non-depositing, non-reactive\nperfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) materials were continuously released from\nthe MPP stack during the two intensive periods to enable the tracking\nof emissions specifically from MPP. Tracer, ambient particulate\ncomposition, and SO2 concentrations were measured at about 30\nlocations in a four-state region. Two of these monitoring sites, Hopi\nPoint (HOPO) near the main visitor center at the south rim of the\ncanyon and Meadview (MEAD) near the far western end of the national\npark were used as key receptor sites representative of GCNP.\n\nProject MOHAVE operated under the joint technical and program\nmanagement of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Southern\nCalifornia Edison (SCE) in close partnership with the National Park\nService (NPS). Numerous other organizations contributed to the\noperations and assessment work of the project. Since the end of the\nfield study component of the project, data assessment and modeling\nefforts were undertaken by the many participants and have led to\nnumerous papers and reports. By design these efforts have been the\nproducts of their respective authors and have not been endorsed as\nfindings of Project MOHAVE.\n\nThe primary goal of Project MOHAVE was to determine the contribution\nof the MPP emissions to haze at GCNP and other nearby mandatory Class\nI areas where visibility is an important air quality related\nvalue. Secondary goals included an increased knowledge of the\ncontributions of other sources to haze in GCNP and the southwestern\nUnited States in general. The specific objectives to accomplish these\ngoals were:\n\n 1.Evaluate the measurements for applicability to modeling and\n data analysis activities.\n\n 2.Describe the visibility, air quality and meteorology during\n the field study period and to determine the degree to which\n these measurements represent typical visibility events at the\n Grand Canyon.\n\n 3.Further develop conceptual models of physical and chemical\n processes which affect visibility impairment at the Grand\n Canyon.\n\n 4.Estimate the contributions from different emissions sources to\n visibility impairment at the Grand Canyon, and quantitatively\n evaluate the uncertainties of those estimates.\n\n 5.Reconcile different scientific interpretations of the same\n data and present this reconciliation to policy-makers\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Default.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by IMPROVE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef5891ab-ad97-4bb5-a35a-b74d63d4fafd", - "label": "MARP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The main theme of the Malaysian Antarctic Research Program is to study the linkages, similarity or differences of either atmospheric processes or biological processes between Antarctic environment and the tropic environment. The Malaysian Antarctic Research Program Task force decided that the program would concentrate its research in the following fields:\n\n- Atmospheric Sciences\n- Biological Sciences\n- Radio Communication Science\n\nScientific research projects being carried out by Malaysian scientists are as follows:\n\n- Boundary Layer Studies of Antarctic\n- Modelling and Observational Studies of Antarctic Katabatic (MOSAK)\n- Polar Atmospheric Water Vapour/Ionospheric Measurement Using GPS\n- Model Development and Application of Microwave Remote Sensing in Antarctica\n- Microalgal Biodiversity at Antarctica\n- Occurrence of Fungi from Extreme Environments\n- Diversity and Metabolic Abilities of Antarctic Bacteria\n- Antarctica Microbial Genomic: Genomic Sequence Survey of Selected Antarctic Microbes\n- The Evolution and Diversity of Antarctica Periphytic Algae\n- The Biodiversity of the Benthic Invertebrates Fauna from the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem\n- Bacteria Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons in Antarctica\n\nhttp://www.rmi.uitm.edu.my/component/content/article/270.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f178f0e8-0672-44e3-bfba-8e545eb866da", - "label": "MIZPAC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Sharp vertical temperature fronts and complex temperature inversions observed in the Chukchi Sea during MIZPAC 77 were investigated in a further effort to define the mechanisms for the formation of finestructure. An association was found between the upper level current directions inferred from the gross ice edge recession rates and the occurrence of fronts and finestructure. Currents with a strong directional component normal to the ice edge were associated with extensive finestructure and those with a weak component were associated with sharp fronts but little or no finestructure.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA058509", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2519679-71fe-42f4-8999-3ecf3710bbed", - "label": "NOMADS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "To address a growing need for remote access to high volume\n numerical weather prediction and global climate models and\n data, the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), along with the\n National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the\n Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), initiated the\n NOAA Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS)\n project. The NOMADS framework was developed to facilitate\n climate model and observational data inter-comparison issues as\n discussed in documents such as the Intergovernmental Panel on\n Climate Change (IPCC 1990, 1995, 2001) and the U.S. National\n Assessment (2000). NOMADS is being developed as a Unified\n Climate and Weather Archive to provide Web access to model\n information so that users can make decisions about their\n specific needs. This on time scales from days (weather), to\n months (El Nino), to decades (global warming). NOMADS also\n addresses model data access needs as outlined in the\n U.S. Weather Research Program (U! SWRP) Implementation Plan\n for Research in Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting and Data\n Assimilation to 'redeem practical value of research findings\n and facilitate their transfer into operations.' For more\n information see: The NOMADS Program Overview.\n \n NOMADS is a network of data servers using established and\n emerging technologies to access and integrate model and other\n data stored in geographically distributed repositories in\n heterogeneous formats. NOMADS enables the sharing and\n inter-comparing of model results and is a major collaborative\n effort, spanning multiple Government agencies and academic\n institutions. The data available under the NOMADS framework\n include model input and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)\n gridded output models from NCEP; and Global Climate Models\n (GCM) and simulations from GFDL and other leading institutions\n from around the world. The goals of NOMADS are to:\n \n 1.Improve access to NWP and GCM's datasets.\n \n 2.Improve the linkages between the research and operational\n modeling communities.\n \n 3.Foster collaborations between the climate and weather\n communities. Provide the observational data and model analysis\n initialization products for regional models.\n \n 4.Improve the verification process of forecast and climate\n models. Promote product development and collaborations within\n the geo-science communities (ocean, weather, and climate).\n \n 5.Provides cost effective pull technologies for 'hyper-slabs'\n of high volume data sets.\n \n For more information on the NOMADS Project,\n link to http://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/\n \n To view NOMADS presentation,\n link to http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/nomads/slides/slide_1.html\n \n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3aa596f-0788-4861-b97d-bc38f59b4b0b", - "label": "NRMI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Natural Resources Management Index (NRMI) is a composite index for 226 countries derived from the average of four proximity-to-target scores from eco-region protection, access to improved sanitation, access to improved water and child mortality indicators.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/mcc.html\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f44594af-434d-4f22-b1cf-382d1b021f31", - "label": "NORTHERN GENEALOGIES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The goal of the proposed project is to develop a publicly available electronic informational system, which will be filled with ethnodemographic and genealogical data from variety of sources pertaining to the Saami, Nenets, Enets, Selkup, Nganasan, Teleut, Kumandin, Uilta, Shor and several other peoples of Siberia and the Russian North. This data will cover the period from the 16/17th c. to the present. The system will consist of a database coupled with a web-based interface performing the task of interaction with specially developed server-side modules, which pass queries to the database, and receive and present results to the user. The typical queries, which will require special modules, will be for instance, search for descendants or antecedents of a given person; or grouping of persons according to some criteria, such as given type of sanguineous marriage, economic specialisation, principles ruling the formation of households, etc.\nThe proposed system does not include any special client-side applications, since the information exchange with users will involve only already existing programmes. The result of a query will be presented to the user in one of the following standard formats at his/her option:\n1. ordinary, browser-independent web-page (HTML);\n2. CSV file, which is suitable for import into any spreadsheet application (MS Excel, OpenOffice.org Calc, etc.), or into specialised statistical packages (e.g. SPSS), as well as for transfer of data into another database system;\n3. GEDCOM, a standard format for exchange of genealogical data, suitable for use with such products as GenoPro for creation of visual representations and printing of genealogical data, and for processing with tools designed network analysis, e.g. Pajek or PGRAPH.\nThe participants of the project have already gathered considerable amount of personal demographic data pertaining to different peoples, territories and periods of time. We chose to use as model the data arrays on the Saami, Yugan Khanty, Mansi, several groups of Samoyed and Sayan-Altai Turkic peoples, and Uilta. Therefore, the already available materials pertain to the ethnic groups, which significantly vary in their economy, social organisation and history. The collected data originates from all types of historical and contemporary sources that are needed for development of the proposed information system. These arrays of data, being collected in different regions, not always cover the same periods of time. There are also chronological lacunae in some arrays due to the time framework of previous research programmes. Therefore, those lacunae will be filled with the results of field and archival research within the framework of this project.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=285", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f45ed002-113c-4db7-b5c4-5858ac604e85", - "label": "ODP/DSDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Project Description:\n The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), operating since 1983, follows the Deep Sea\n Drilling Project (DSDP) which operated from 1968 to 1985. The ODP is (as was\n the DSDP) sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and several\n foreign countries as a comprehensive investigation of the global oceans. The\n results of the two programs are a large mass of digital data as well as 96\n published DSDP 'Initial Reports' volumes, and to date 19 ODP 'Initial\n Reports' and 3 ODP 'Scientific Results' volumes. In addition, many of the\n data collected by ODP are available on microfilm or microfiche. The digital\n data were compiled from shipboard analyses, onshore laboratory analyses, and\n in some cases, from the INitial Reports and Scientific Results volumes. The\n ODP maintains 26 data bases from the DSDP and over 30 data bases from ODP\n which contain descriptions and/or analyses of marine sediments and rocks\n from Legs 1-96 of DSDP and Legs 101-present (currently completing Leg 128)\n from ODP. The DSDP data were from the cores collected by the drilling bessel\n Glomar Challenger and the ODP data are from cores gathered by the drilling\nvessel JOIDES Resolution.\nData used and produced:\n Data types include age profiles of the holes, carbon and carbonate\n percentages of sediments, density/porosity, grain size, G.R.A.P.E.\n (Gamma-Ray attenuations porosity evaluator) data, chemistry of hardrocks\n including major and minor element percentages, thin section and visual hand\n specimen descriptions of hard rock samples, paleomagnetism of both sediments\n and hard rocks in several forms, paleontology for 21 separate fossil groups\n including foraminifera, radiolara, diatoms, nannofossils, etc., penetrometer\n data, site summary information, smearslide descriptions, sonic velocity,\n vane shear measurements, visual core descriptions, x-ray mineralogy, and a\n derived sediment description file called SCREEN with computerized\n standardized sediment descriptions (for DSDP data only). Auxiliary data\n include various computerized bibliographies and indexes. Digital\n geophysical data including underway measurements and downhole logs are\n described in other entries.\n Customized data searched can be performed from one dataset or from many\n datasets. Data are currently available on hard copy (paper) printouts, on\n magnetic tape, through the BITNET network (the ODP Database Group BITNET\n address is %DATABASE@TAMODP), or on IBM or Macintosh formatted diskettes.\n Earlier DSDP data are also available on various media (including CD-ROM)\n from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colorado.\nProject Contact:\n Data Librarian, Database Group\n Ocean Drilling Program\n Texas A&M University Research Park\n 1000 Discovery Drive\n College Station, Texas 77840 U.S.A.\n (409) 845-8495, 845-2673\n Easylink (Telex) Number: 62760290\n Bitnet: DATABASE@TAMODP\nReferences:\n The Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (Washington, U.S.\n Government Printing Office) and the Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling\n Program which includes two volumes, the Initial Reports and Scientific\n Results volumes (College Station, Tx., Ocean Drilling Program).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f560fb6c-341d-4626-969f-2978d261f161", - "label": "OBIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Developed as part of the Census of Marine Life, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System, or OBIS, is world's largest on-line, database to explain the diversity, distribution and abundance of life in the ocean, past, present and future. In June 2009, OBIS has been adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and continues its operations under IOC's International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) programme.\n \n OBIS is a web-based provider of global geo-referenced information on marine\n species. We contain expert species level and habitat level databases and\n provide a variety of spatial query tools for visualizing relationships among\n species and their environment. OBIS strives to assess and integrate biological,\n physical, and chemical oceanographic data from multiple sources. Users of OBIS,\n including researchers, students, and environmental managers, will gain a\n dynamic view of the multi-dimensional oceanic world. You can explore this\n constantly expanding and developing facility through the OBIS Portal.\n \n The OBIS Portal accesses data content, information infrastructure, and\n informatics tools - maps, visualizations, and models - to provide a dynamic,\n global facility in four dimensions (the three dimensions of space plus time).\n Potential uses are to reveal new spatial/temporal patterns; to generate new\n hypotheses about the global marine ecosystem; and to guide future field\n expeditions. The scope of OBIS offers new challenges in data management,\n scientific cooperation and organization, and innovative approaches to data\n analysis. Maintaining the principle of open access, the digital atlas developed\n by OBIS is expected to provide a fundamental basis for societal and\n governmental decisions on how to harvest and conserve marine life.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f66321f0-cd83-4734-bca5-600614e8e327", - "label": "OASIS - IPY", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OASIS is an international multi-disciplinary effort to study Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack Interactions in the Arctic. The specific focus is to develop a quantitative understanding of the processes that are involved in Air-Surface Interactions and chemical exchange between the title reservoirs. As the nature and extent of snow and ice cover is changing, OASIS will assess the associated impact on, and by, climate change, and the human and ecosystem impacts of air-surface exchanges of chemical species.\nOASIS will quantify the impact of chemical, physical and biological exchange processes on tropospheric chemistry, the cryosphere, and the marine environment, and their feedback mechanisms in the context of a changing climate. OASIS has identified studies in the Arctic Ocean surface environment as a key programmatic component to reach these goals. IPY represents a unique opportunity to develop new initiatives that enable the community to do the best science, made possible by an international approach to logistics and experimentation. A legacy will be development and evaluation of new tools, implemented through a network of complex logistics, e.g. involving icebreakers, ice camps, piloted and unmanned vehicles in the atmosphere and ocean, satellite remote sensing, and computer models, to address the pressing scientific issues.\nThe OASIS program was established in 2003, and has developed an internationally vetted Science Plan, and an Implementation Plan, available at www.OASISHome.net. A growing number of individual projects are contributing to the scientific goals since winter 2004/05 (to date 45 individual projects, see 3.11 below). OASIS is linked to a number of international organizations and activities, including AMAP (the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program), and the IGBP (International Geosphere – Biosphere) programs IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) under the AICI (Air Ice Chemical Interactions) activity, and SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study).\nDuring IPY (2007 – 2009), we propose to:\n1. Conduct coordinated icebreaker, ice camp, and aircraft studies of OASIS chemical exchange. A principal focus will be a nine-month coordinated campaign from the frozen-in icebreaker ‘m/v Antarctica’ and connected ice camps. Measurements will be made of a wide variety of chemical and biological compounds and physical properties in the Arctic marine boundary layer atmosphere, cryosphere and ocean. The impact on, and by, the physical state of the local environment will be a key topic of these studies. Shorter ice breaker campaigns (e.g. involving the Canadian “Amundsen” and the Russian ice-enforced RV 'Akademik Feodorov',and 'Mikhail Somov”) are also envisaged. This and connected aircraft work will be coordinated with other international IPY efforts.\n2. Establish a network of Arctic Ocean buoys that will enable year-round measurements of ozone and related chemical species. This work will fill major gaps in our knowledge of physical/chemical variables involved with Arctic Ocean surface ozone and mercury depletion and radiatively-active trace-gas budgets. The network will evolve in close cooperation with the International Arctic Buoy Project, the North Pole Environmental Observatory, and the proposed Arctic Ocean Observing System.\n3. Examine physical and chemical oceanographic variables that influence ocean-atmosphere chemical exchange, by observations of parameters in physical oceanography; marine biology; marine geology; sea ice characteristics; and hydrography using, among other tools, an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) as Below ice Environmental Laboratory.\nIn addition, not directly related to IPY, OASIS will:\n4. Conduct supporting laboratory studies of biological, chemical and physical processes relevant to snow, ice, gas, and aerosol phase photochemistry and chemical exchange.\n5. Develop and apply 1D and 3D models of OASIS exchange and associated atmospheric chemistry and cloud physics impacts, in association with scientists involved with 1-3 above.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=38", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9162f1e-79cb-457f-8561-70838d2afe26", - "label": "MINERAL RESOURCES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "This data set contains 450 earthquake sections digitally recorded in Antarctica.\n\n\nhttp://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/gdp/search?action=entrySummary&portal=gdp&entryId=11860&entryLang=en&entryType=productCollection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa457a23-47ed-4caa-b992-5b9f8cd229c8", - "label": "NVAP-M", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA MEaSUREs program began in 2008 and has the goal of creating stable, community accepted Earth System Data Records (ESDRs) for a variety of geophysical time series. A reanalysis and extension of the NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP), called NVAP-M was performed by Science and Technology Corporation, METSAT Division as part of this program. NVAP-M spans 1988-2009. NVAP-M is further described in Vonder Haar, T. H., J. L. Bytheway and J. M. Forsythe, 2012: 'Weather and climate analyses using improved global water vapor observations.' Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L16802, doi:10.1029/2012GL052094\n\nThe heritage NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP) total column (integrated) water vapor data sets comprised a combination of radiosonde observations, Television and Infrared Operational Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounders (TOVS), and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data sets. These data sets spanned 14 years (1988 - 2001) and contained total and layered global water vapor data. The spatial coverage was global for all data sets. NVAP-M completely supercedes the heritage NVAP data set.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbbd8278-d8c3-4d32-b97b-c3f0bb16a69f", - "label": "OCEANOGRAFIA_COSTERA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcc54109-03b7-4629-82a8-4a2115dde4b6", - "label": "NOAA - SPACE WEATHER PROGRAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcfcf178-ff2e-4340-afde-37f76a96311f", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_0338101", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Building on our previous work, we intend to test the hypothesis that the Larsen B Ice Shelf system has been a stable component of the cryosphere since it formed during rising sea levels 10,000 years ago. This conclusion would be an important step in establishing the uniqueness and consequences of the rapid warming taking place across the Peninsula. Our previous work on the Larsen A and B embayments taught us to recognize the signature and impact of past ice-shelf fluctuations. We have also overcome many of the limitations of radiocarbon-based chronologies in antarctic marine sequences by using geomagnetic-paleomagnetic intensity records for millennial-scale correlation and dating and by refining other dating techniques.\n\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/treaty/opp06001/geo_geo.jsp#larsen", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdf0f08c-4178-4c70-a0ad-b8d122938d2a", - "label": "NSDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) is a demonstration\nprogram developed in response to the President's Space Policy,\ndirecting NASA to purchase remote sensing data from the private\nsector. Initiated in fiscal year 1997, the SDP was funded under\nthe Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) Program to provide scientific\ndata to the ESE science community. The โ million\nprogram is an opportunity to advance global-systems research, to\nstrengthen the U.S. economy through development of remote\nsensing technologies, and to test a new way of doing business.\n\nThe SDP is being managed by the NASA Earth Science Applications\nDirectorate (ESAD) at the John C. Stennis Space Center in\nMississippi. ESAD's mission is to enhance U.S. economic\ncompetitiveness through development of remote sensing\ntechnologies. The spaceborne, airborne, and in-situ commercial\nremote sensing data being made available through the SDP program\nwere identified as data sets that are needed and have high value\nto science. NASA, together with its commercial partners, is\nworking to expand the resources available to the ESE science\ncommunity in its quest for knowledge about the Earth and its\nchanging environment.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.esad.ssc.nasa.gov/datapurchase/'\n\n[Sumary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe14587b-eb9d-4506-9aa6-cff7958d3cc6", - "label": "NORPAX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Acronym for the NORth PAcific eXperiment, a shuttle experiment that took place from Feb. 1979 through Jun. 1980. It included 15 approximately monthly cruises on a track running directly south from Hawaii to 4S, east to 153W, north to 12N, east to 150W, and then south to the island of Papeete at around 18S. The ships involved collected CTD data every 1 of latitude or longitude, and occupied profiling current meter stations every 1 between 6S and 10N (with additional half-degree stations with 3 of the equator). Acoustic Doppler current profiles were collected continuously along the ship's track, which was traversed in alternate directions. A set of three vector-averaging current meter moorings were also maintained during the experiment.\n\nInformation provided by http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/ocean/node27.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe846d29-b09c-4adc-bc6d-419df6c551bc", - "label": "OCRS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Color Remote Sensing (OCRS) Project involves the validation\nof satellite algorithms for ocean properties. OCRS is involved with\nthe effort to validate ocean color algorithms to derive chlorophyll\nconcentrations from the NASA ocean color satellite, Sea-viewing Wide\nField-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). This program is funded in part through\na NASA Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and\nInterdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) contract awarded to CRS\nand the Ocean Color Program at the NOAA NESDIS Office of Research and\nApplications.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/cruises/'\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff25845a-5d94-43c1-abc4-419a108b0f1f", - "label": "MAB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "UNESCO?s Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) develops the basis,\nwithin the natural and the social sciences, for the sustainable use\nand conservation of biological diversity, and for the improvement of\nthe relationship between people and their environment globally.\n\nThe MAB Programme encourages interdisciplinary research, demonstration\nand training in natural resource management. MAB contributes\nthus not only to better understanding of the environment,\nincluding global change, but to greater involvement of science\nand scientists in policy development concerning the wise use of\nbiological diversity.\n\nOver the next decades, MAB is focusing on new approaches for\nfacilitating sustainable development, through promoting conservation\nand wise use of biodiversity. By taking advantage of the\ntransdisciplinary and cross-cultural opportunities of UNESCO?s mandate\nin the fields of education, science, culture and communication, MAB is\npromoting both scientific research and information gathering, as well\nas linking with traditional knowledge about resource use. It must\nserve to help implement Agenda 21 and related Conventions, in\nparticular the Convention on Biological Diversity.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.unesco.org/mab/about.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by UNESCO'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffcca1c5-fffd-4359-b282-e00fc77c979e", - "label": "NGEE-Arctic", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments (NGEE Arctic) seeks to address this challenge by quantifying the physical, chemical, and biological behavior of terrestrial ecosystems in Alaska. Initial research will focus on the highly dynamic landscapes of the North Slope (Barrow, Alaska) where thaw lakes, drained thaw lake basins, and ice-rich polygonal ground offer distinct land units for investigation and modeling. A focus on scaling based on investigations within these geomorphological units will allow us to deliver a process-rich ecosystem model, extending from bedrock to the top of the vegetative canopy, in which the evolution of Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate can be modeled at the scale of a high resolution Earth System Model grid cell (i.e., 30x30 km grid size). This vision includes mechanistic studies in the field and in the laboratory; modeling of critical and interrelated water, nitrogen, carbon, and energy dynamics; and characterization of important interactions from molecular to landscape scales that drive feedback to the climate system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65e710ad-4e67-4b81-be41-e3ef8054c691", - "label": "NCA-LDAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Climate Assessment - Land Data Assimilation System (NCA-LDAS) is one of NASA's contributions to the National Climate Assessment of the United States. The NCA-LDAS is led by scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Hydrological Sciences Laboratory.\n\nMore information: https://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/nca-ldas", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe283901-27e9-4278-8306-81d8367f1b20", - "label": "OCO-2", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The OCO-2 Project primary science objective is to collect the first space-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the precision, resolution and coverage needed to characterize its sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle. During its two-year mission, OCO-2 will fly in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit with a group of Earth-orbiting satellites with synergistic science objectives whose ascending node crosses the equator near 13:30 hours Mean Local Time (MLT). Near-global coverage of the sunlit portion of Earth is provided in this orbit over a 16-day (233-revolution) repeat cycle. OCO-2’s single instrument incorporates three high-resolution grating spectrometers, designed to measure the near-infrared absorption of reflected sunlight by carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen.\n\nMore Information: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e96c71fe-f051-4506-ba2d-ceea070b2cda", - "label": "OCO-3", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Source: https://ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov/quick-facts/ ]\n\nOrbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) will be flying on the International Space Station (ISS) and will continue the important measurement begun by OCO-2 in 2014. Some quick facts about OCO-3 are:\n\nOCO-3 is a critical element in the continuation of global carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements focused on understanding the regional sources and sinks of CO2 from the unique vantage point of the International Space Station (ISS).\nOCO-3 can also contribute to focused studies of how space based measurements can constrain rapidly changing anthropogenic (man-made) emissions. Anthropogenic emissions could be the largest source of uncertainty in the global carbon budget as OCO-3 measurements reduce uncertainty of natural fluxes. OCO-3 has the ability to makes measurements at different times of the day.\nOCO-3 measurements can be combined with evapotranspiration and biomass measurements, such as those from other ISS instruments ECOSTRESS and GEDI, to study process details of the terrestrial ecosystem.\nOCO-2 has demonstrated that atmospheric XCO2 can be measured from space with precision of better than 1 ppm. OCO-3 is expected to have similar performance.\n\nMore Information: https://ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a0b31ec-ce2d-45a4-8bc9-c39fcb11fe1b", - "label": "MISR_Volcano_Research", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8da88ad7-57b4-46d5-aae9-1694b96df2c9", - "label": "MISR_Wildfire_Research", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "903049a1-7ea6-4a8e-ae6a-d17518ec1e2a", - "label": "MERRA-2 Observation", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERRA-2 Observation is project funded through MEaSUREs-2017. The data is similar to that in the project “MERRA TIME-MEAN OBSERVATION DATA”, but for MERRA-2 .", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f951de2-9ebf-4143-ac9d-eb12676cae86", - "label": "MERRA-2 Climatology", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) contains a wealth of information that can be used for weather and climate studies. By combining the assimilation of observations with a frozen version of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS), a global analysis is produced at an hourly temporal resolution spanning from January 1980 through present (Gelaro et al., 2017). It can be difficult to parse through a multidecadal dataset such as MERRA-2 to evaluate the interannual variability of weather that occurs on a daily timescale, let alone determine the occurrence of an extreme weather event. Furthermore, it was recognized that standard metrics were needed to evaluate climate change among climate models and international research efforts. As a result of these concerns, the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) developed a set of indices that represent the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events using a daily time series of 2-m air temperature (T2m) and precipitation (Alexander et al., 2016). These indices were used as a basis to comprise a list of fields that represent daily extreme temperature and precipitation events, heatwaves, multi-day precipitation, as well monthly percentile statistics from the MERRA-2 dataset. Also included in this data product is a climatological long term mean and standard deviation representing the interannual variability on a monthly timescale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc3abde8-b96c-4722-a581-5b450420991f", - "label": "MAIA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) represents the first time NASA has partnered with epidemiologists and health organizations to use space-based data to study human health and improve lives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f807a42-6bb3-45f2-a3f9-eeda61c53644", - "label": "OWLETS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ozone Water–Land Environmental Transition Study (OWLETS) is an enhanced observational strategy aimed at better understanding chemical forecasts and pollution transport within the Chesapeake Bay watershed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aaab8422-9eab-4b99-8fd2-d3f6856dcea2", - "label": "MISR Plume Height", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Researchers from the MISR Active Aerosol Plume-Height (AAP) Project, based out of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland and the University of Maryland, used data from NASA's Terra satellite to map the properties and near-source dispersion of smoke plumes from California’s Milepost 21 wildfire that burned during August 2020. Credit: MISR Active Aerosol Plume-Height (AAP) Project / K.J. Noyes, R. Kahn, J. Limbacher (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) At least seven major wildfires...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f20589c-650d-4550-b04d-8879e1fb7224", - "label": "MSR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OPA promotes science and diplomacy, improves maritime domain awareness, and safeguards the interests of the U.S. scientific community through the marine scientific research consent program. Annually, OPA facilitates diplomatic marine scientific research consent for U.S. scientists to conduct more than 300 hundred research cruises in over 70 coastal states. OPA manages the review process which issues consent to dozens of foreign scientists a year to conduct research in U.S. waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3802efda-f40b-4d9a-a66c-b760342af8d3", - "label": "MASTER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MASTER is similar to the MAS, with the thermal bands modified to more closely match the NASA EOS ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite instrument, which was launched in 1998. It is intended primarily to study geologic and other Earth surface properties. Flying on both high and low altitude aircraft, the MASTER has been operational since early 1998.\n\nInstrument Type: Multispectral Imager\nMeasurements: VNIR/SWIR/MWIR/LWIR Imagery", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "106de99f-6b91-4f4d-9e59-a245cf81e065", - "label": "NASA CubeSat", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative provides opportunities for small satellite payloads built by universities, high schools and non-profit organizations to fly on upcoming launches. Through innovative technology partnerships NASA provides these CubeSat developers a low-cost pathway to conduct scientific investigations and technology demonstrations in space, thus enabling students, teachers and faculty to obtain hands-on flight hardware development experience.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a6aadbd-b965-4935-bb9c-7fd36981d9da", - "label": "MOOSE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Southeast Michigan (SEMI) is currently designated as in Marginal Nonattainment of the U.S. federal\nozone standard and is likely to be bumped up to Moderate Nonattainment based on monitoring data for\nthe years 2018, 2019, and 2020. Many locations in southern Ontario also frequently exceed the Canadian\nambient air quality standard for ozone. The Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and\nEnergy (EGLE) seeks an attainment strategy for the SEMI ozone nonattainment area that remains open\nto all viable options as appropriate, including a U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) Section179B(b) international\ntransport petition and demonstration, an exceptional event demonstration, or an ozone attainment plan\nand attainment demonstration. There is also interest from the Ontario Ministry of Environment,\nConservation and Parks (MECP), Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), and the U.S.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) to better understand what contributes to elevated ozone levels in\nthe Border region. To ensure a viable ozone attainment strategy, both in the short and long term,\nregulatory and scientific agencies, including EGLE, MECP, the U.S. EPA, ECCC, and other partners,\nhave decided to conduct field studies in 2021 and 2022 to be known as the Michigan-Ontario Ozone\nSource Experiment (MOOSE).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd779e0a-c8d2-4ee0-a438-7d724485060b", - "label": "MDBC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Mesophotic and deep benthic communities (MDBC) are vast and complex ecosystems on the ocean floor that are a foundation of Gulf of Mexico food webs. More than 770 square miles of deep-sea habitat and 4 square miles of mesophotic habitat were injured by the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill and assessed as part of the National Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). The MDBC portfolio, operating under the Open Ocean Restoration Plan 2, coordinates four project teams to protect and manage MDBC by placing hard-ground substrate and transplanting prioritized coral species into damaged communities. The effort uses robust resource-level monitoring and adaptive management to address critical uncertainties identified in the DWH Oil Spill Final Programmatic Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan and Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PDARP/PEIS). Beginning in 2020, the portfolio includes an initial one to two year planning and design stage, followed by a five-year field and lab-based implementation stage, and one year for final evaluation and reporting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9edaf6a9-e822-4af3-982b-9213aafa63b8", - "label": "MEaSUREs/OSWV", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Ocean surface winds and wind stress are key components of the Earth system. They are a major driver of the ocean circulation and affect the air-sea interactions, providing fuel to the weather systems by modulating the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Understanding these interactions is critical for improving weather forecasting on a variety of spatial and temporal scales—from the isolated convective cores, to the organized mesoscale systems, to hurricanes, to the seasonal and intraseasonal phenomena such as Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), El Niño, and the trends and variability in the large-scale Hadley cell.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "786f0e12-ac27-44e6-a881-fb1c5c69d28a", - "label": "MERRA-2 Ocean", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "“MERRA-2 Ocean”, NASA/GMAO’s weakly (one-way) coupled atmosphere-land-ocean\nreanalysis will cover the period 1982-present and is due for public release late 2020", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b1888e6-847b-450d-ac80-5ca40f0fe095", - "label": "MEaSUREs/HOMaGE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The data record of sea surface height from the altimeter series will soon exceed a quarter century in length, and time-variable gravity from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) now spans more than 15 years, with the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission launched on May 22, 2018. Lower-resolution observations of Earth’s gravity changes from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) extend back to the 1970s. Together, these observations provide the satellite-geodetic basis for tracking and quantifying several key metrics of our changing planet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75f45ee3-4de0-4f79-b2b7-30ed2ca3e788", - "label": "MISR Research Aerosol Algorithm", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MISR Research Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (RA) validation dataset is a data product that will allow others to reproduce the results found in Limbacher and Kahn (2019) and Limbacher et al. (2022; submitted). Additionally, this\ndata product would potentially allow others to develop improvements to our cloud mask and quality assessment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00c3545f-06eb-427f-a11f-4a90459c8c1e", - "label": "MAIA-Sim", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) represents the first time NASA has partnered with epidemiologists and health organizations on a satellite mission to study human health and improve lives. \n\nBefore launch, the MAIA team is working to test the software that will produce the MAIA data products and have generated simulated products in the same format as will be used during the actual mission. These simulated data products are available to MAIA Early Adopters, with the goal of facilitating the use of MAIA data post-launch. Early Adopters can determine whether the MAIA products contain the information needed for their work, and begin development of any code, tools, or procedures needed to integrate MAIA data into their workflow. Early Adopters are also invited to provide feedback to the MAIA project on the accessibility and usability of the MAIA data (obtaining the products, formats, content, available tools and user resources).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c2e829d-2ad3-47c7-be95-5d61279331a5", - "label": "NOAA/GLERL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ecosystem Dynamics (EcoDyn) branch makes long-term ecological observations, conducts targeted fundamental research on ecological processes, and provides data to develop models critical to understanding ecosystem structure and function. EcoDyn also develops models to forecast impacts of multiple stressors e.g., invasive species, climate, and nutrients on Great Lakes water quality, food webs and fisheries. EcoDyn observations, laboratory, and field experiments support the development of new concepts, models, forecasting tools and applications to evaluate and forecast impacts of, and mitigation strategies for, present and future stressors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73950215-7566-4c8f-8944-9697560597f1", - "label": "NGEE-Tropics", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments–Tropics (NGEE-Tropics) is a ten-year, multi-institutional project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER). NGEE-Tropics aims to fill the critical gaps in knowledge of tropical forest-climate system interactions. The overarching goal of NGEE-Tropics is to develop a predictive understanding of how tropical forest carbon balance and climate system feedbacks will respond to changing environmental drivers over the 21st Century.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "label": "G - I", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00ce4800-70ef-4346-aa15-0554280d0896", - "label": "HAB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Concerns about harmful algal blooms (HAB) have increased over the last\ndecade largely because of the perceived increase in the number and\nduration of events. The toxins produced by these species cause finfish\nand shellfish poisoning, and mortality of marine animals, including\nmammals and birds.\n\nAdvance warning of HABs increases the options for managing these\nevents. The HAB Project develops and supports systems that provide\ninformation on the location and extent of red tide blooms in the Gulf\nof Mexico. The Experimental HAB bulletin alerts subscribers to\ndeveloping blooms and changes in the location and extent of existing\nblooms. The HAB Mapping System (HABMapS) provides the position of an\nidentified bloom and data from environmental conditions that may\naffect the extent or position. Both tools rely on remote sensing\ntechnology to provide the large spatial scale and high frequency of\nobservations required to assess bloom location and movements. These\ntools can be used together to provide a regional perspective on HAB\nevents.\n\nAdditional information on HAB available at\n'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/habf/index.html'\n\nAdditional information on the HAB Mapping System available at\n'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/habf/habmaps.html#SST'\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02fe964a-6cf1-4e91-980a-9aacb1118204", - "label": "HIAA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: HIAA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=140\nWe propose to establish a program to investigate the interactions among aerosols, clouds and precipitation in the Arctic, and the impact of variations and changes in aerosol characteristics on precipitation, snow cover, river flow, permafrost and surface temperature. Observations of increasing precipitation, rising river flow, declining snow cover, and thawing permafrost indicate substantial changes to the Arctic hydrological cycle. Variations and changes in the Arctic hydrological cycle are likely to arise from a complex interplay between natural internal modes of climate variability and anthropogenic activity. Variations in atmospheric aerosol characteristics have the potential to modulate the Arctic hydrological cycle both directly through its impact on precipitation and also indirectly through its impact on temperature. Atmospheric aerosols influence the nucleation of cloud particles, which influences directly the cloud cover and precipitation processes, and hence forces variations in the river runoff, snow cover, permafrost, glacial accumulation, and surface temperature. Biomass burning in the northern forests, pollution aerosol, biogenic aerosol, and desert dust have been proposed as significant sources of Arctic aerosol. \n\nDuring the IPY, we will examine seasonal and regional variations, focusing on the North American Arctic and the Eurasian Arctic land regions. We will establish a multi-disciplinary observing network of atmospheric and surface hydrological observations, integrating existing observations (surface and satellite) and supplementing them with UAV measurements and enhanced surface observations during a special field campaign. Diagnostic and modeling studies will be conducted to document and understand the role of variations of aerosols in influencing variations of the Arctic hydrological cycle, towards predicting these variations and using these predictions in regional decision making. We will attempt to clarify the interactions between warming and variations in aerosol characteristics on the changing Arctic hydrological cycle.\n\nThe field measurements undertaken during the IPY will be placed in a broader context through the synthesis of recent field observations, regional model development efforts, historical data sets, and global model simulations to assess the current status and research required for substantially improved predictions of Arctic precipitation and an assessment of the role of aerosols in forcing variations in the arctic hydrological cycle. To address this goal, we will conduct the following:\ni) Statistical analysis of local precipitation variability in the selected basins for the past 50 years, and interpretation of this variability in the context of internal modes of climate variability, local topography, local measurements of aerosol optical depth, and proximity to local sources of air pollution. \nii) Application of a mesoscale model with sophisticated cloud microphysical processes to investigate the sensitivity of precipitation amount and phase to aerosol physical and chemical characteristics, to simulate the impact of biomass burning, pollution aerosol, volcanic aerosol, and desert dust.\niv) Application of winter/spring mesoscale simulations using varying aerosol characteristics to force the Catchment-based land Surface Model (CLSM) in the selected basins to assess the impact of aerosol variations on runoff, timing of snow melt, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and permafrost.\nv) Assessment of the potential for seasonal and subseasonal predictability of snow melt and permafrost thaw and the disappearance of the snow roads.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "038aa02e-e499-4a71-9bd4-5d5bd007c9b4", - "label": "IAA ICHTHYOLOGY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The project encompasses several aspects of fish ecology. The topics of ecology\nthat are investigated include: population evaluation, changes of abundance,\nparameters of populational dynamics, predator-prey relationships (bird-fish and\npinniped-fish), and systematics of Antarctic fish living in the area\nsurrounding South Georgia Island, the South Shetland Islands, and the Orcadas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0412f17d-7f25-4228-b071-2736f4fffba7", - "label": "IGCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IGCP (International Geological Correlation Program)aimed at\ndocumenting lithosphere-asthenosphere dynamic effects in two major\ncollision zones and assessing their role in determining seismic and\nvolcanic hazards. The two densely populated collision zones embrace\nthe PANCARDI (Pannonia, Carpathians, Dinarides) and the SEAWPAC\n(Southeast Asia-Western Pacific) regions. This project will address\nmantle flow and lithosphere kinematics and document mantle\ncharacteristics using geophysical, petrological, geochemical and\ngeochronological techniques. To resolve macro- and micro-plate\ncollision-related lithosphere kinematics, the geophysical\ninvestigations include seismic tomographic and shear-wave splitting\nexperiments, and palaeomagnetic, gravity and geodetic studies. The\ndata acquired will then be integrated to produce risk inventory\nGIS/maps relating mantle dynamics to natural geological hazards in\ndensely populated target areas. The societal aspects of the project\ninclude assessments of geothermal energy and volcanic and seismic\nhazards assessment. Benefits also include enhanced research and\neducational ties and exchange opportunities between member countries.\nCooperation with several IGCP, IASPEI, IAVCEI, and ILP projects is\nplanned. The duration of the project is five years.\n\nPrincipal Investigators\n\nMartin F.J. Flower\nDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences\nUniv. of Illinois at Chicago (m/c 186)\n845 W. Taylor St.\nChicago, IL 60607-7059, U.S.A\nTel: (+1) 312 996 9662\nFax: (+1) 312 413 2279\nE-mail: flower@64uic.edu\n\nVictor I. Mocanu\nDepartment of Geophysics\nFaculty of Geology & Geophysics\nUniversity of Bucharest\nTraian Vuia St. 6\nRO-70139 Bucharest 1, Romania\nTel: (+40) 92 242 654\nFax: (+40) 1 211 7390\nE-mail: mocanu@gg.unibuc.ro\nE-mail: vi_mo@yahoo.com\n\nRaymond M. Russo\nDepartment of Geological Sciences\nLocy Hall\nNorthwestern University\nEvanston, IL 60208-2150, U.S.A.\nTel: (+1) 847 491 7383\nFax: (+1) 847 491 8060\nE-mail: ray@earth.nwu.edu\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.gg.unibuc.ro/igcp430/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "043a64bb-624a-43ac-aa02-5ea590e65529", - "label": "IGOSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IGOSS is an important data acquisition and management systems\n that will form, with other existing systems, the 'Marine\n Meteorological and Oceanographic Operational Services' Module of\n the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS).\n\n The Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) is the\n international SYSTEM for the collection and exchange of ocean\n data (such as temperature and salinity) and the preparation and\n dissemination of oceanic products and services. IGOSS is\n coordinated jointly by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic\n Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific\n and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Meteorological\n Organization (WMO), and consists of national facilities and\n services provided by participating member countries who share\n data for mutual benefit.\n\n The IGOSS system consists of three components: the IGOSS\n Observing System (IOS), the IGOSS Data Processing and Services\n System (IDPSS) and the IGOSS Telecommunications Arrangements\n (ITA). In the IOS, naval ships, research vessels, and merchant\n ships in the Ships-of-Opportunity Programme (SOOP) along with\n fixed and floating buoys transmit oceanographic data such as\n subsurface temperature and salinity in near-real time. The IDPSS\n consists of several types of national, specialized and world\n data centres for processing and dissemination data and data\n products. The backbone of the ITA is the Global\n Telecommunication System (GTS) of the WMO. BATHY and TESAC data\n reports are transmitted over the GTS with headers that\n correspond to the nation which made the observation and placed\n the data on the GTS. The principal of free and open data\n exchange for all member states is accomplished through the GTS.\n\n Through IGOSS, observations, analyses and predictions of\n important ocean features are available to users on an\n operational basis, normally within 30 days or less. Ocean\n observations of temperature, salinity, sea level, and currents\n have a wide range of applications to commercial fishing,\n hydrobiology, marine exloration, disaster prevention, marine\n pollution and ocean modeling. IGOSS-derived data are used for\n both operational and research applications. The data are quality\n controlled at sea, by member states who acquired the data and at\n data centres where they are archived. Data monitoring is\n performed on a routine basis by the IGOSS Operations\n Co-ordinator and a series of Data Monitoring and Statistical\n Reports are available by FTP and via e-mail on the internet.\n\n The most notable success of processing and quality controlling\n global sets of temperature and salinity data is the Global\n Temperature Salinity Profile Programme (GTSPP) There are also\n groups such as the Group of Experts on Communications and\n Products(GE/C&P) and the Task Team on Quality Control of\n Automated Systems (TT/QCAS) that are comprised of experts from\n member states that evaluate existing and new technologies for\n acquiring more and improved oceanographic data, review WMO codes\n and code tables for transmitting the data, and provide guidance\n on equipment problems and corrections.\n\n IGOSS products are disseminated promptly through the GTS and by\n radio, radio facsimile, and various electronic and hard copy\n mail systems. The IGOSS Products Bulletin, established in 1991,\n compiles and publishes IGOSS global and regional products as a\n valuable service to the scientific community and international\n programmes.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://ioc.unesco.org/igossweb/igoshome.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "071e792f-af6c-46e5-a9f4-732966defdfd", - "label": "HADGEM1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A new coupled general circulation climate model developed at the Met Office's Hadley Centre is presented, and aspects of its performance in climate simulations run for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) documented with reference to previous models.\n\n\nhttp://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2FJCLI3712.1&ct=1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "079a6731-d427-4b2b-bd22-86dd49fc0256", - "label": "GLACE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Greenland Circumnavigation Expedition; Description: The Greenland Circumnavigation Expedition (GLACE) will provide access to the remote and as yet critically understudied Northern Greenland area and provide a unique opportunity to investigate the marine, terrestrial, atmospheric, and cryospheric environments of the Arctic, during the northern summer of 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f75f31-a042-4ed5-b3bd-4d0e9a08db0b", - "label": "GGP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GGP Project (http://www.eas.slu.edu/GGP/ggphome.html) is a long term\ninitiative in order to establish a world wide network of super conducting\ngravimeter (SG) stations by the voluntary consolidation of unique observatories\nusing such devices. The first phase of the project ran from July 1997 to July\n2003. The second phase continuing this project will last until 2007. The high\naccuracy gravity data are used for study of global motions of the entire Earth as\nwell as for the estimation of local gravity effects caused by atmospheric pressure\nand groundwater. By the start of high accurate satellite gravity missions CHAMP\nand GNSS, the SG data got a new impact for the validation and calibration of these\nmissions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08b97a11-deb5-4585-b270-a57a6cad0a8b", - "label": "GEC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geospace Electrodynamic Connections (GEC) was cited as a future\nmission in NASA's Sun-Earth Connection Roadmap. It was initially\ndeveloped by the Geospace Multiprobes Science Definition Team. A\npreliminary spacecraft design was made by Orbital Sciences Corporation\nto bracket cost and weight constraints. A Community Science Workshop\nheld at GSFC solicited an overview of what scientists thought the\ngoals of GEC should be. A Science and Technology Definition Team\n(STDT) was selected in May 1998. The Integrated Mission Design Center\nat GSFC refined the spacecraft design in accordance with the\nsuggestions of the STDT.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/gec/gec.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "095d9fe9-2d5b-4806-916d-c231d94579b1", - "label": "GALVESTON BAY BAIT SURVEY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Galveston Bay Bait Survey was information collected from\nbait shrimp landed in Galveston Bay, Texas. Data collected\nincluded number of tows, number and weight by species, number of\nactive bait dealers, types of vessels, and more.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ba701fc-2209-4e88-a1c2-e031c57392d9", - "label": "IGAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project's purposes\nare to understand how the chemistry of the global atmosphere is regulated,\nand what the role of biological processes is in producing and consuming\ntrace gases.\nIGAC addresses the relationships between atmospheric composition, physical\nand biospheric processes and climate. Emphasis is on the atmospheric\nconstituents that have a role in global climate control: greenhouse gases\n(such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide); aerosols and cloud\ncondensation nuclei; and ozone and other trace reactive gases and\nradicals. The project also includes work on global emission inventories,\nmeasurement intercalibration and standards, the establishment of global\nmonitoring networks, and modelling.\nIGAC's research activities fall into the following eight focus areas:\n1. Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Perturbations of the Marine\nAtmosphere\n2. Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Perturbations of Tropical\nAtmospheric Chemistry\n3. The Role of Polar Regions in Changing Atmospheric Composition\n4. The Role of Boreal Regions in Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions\n5. Trace Gas Fluxes in Mid-Latitude Ecosystems\n6. Global Distributions, Transformations, Trends and Modeling\n7. Fundamental Activities\n8. Atmospheric Aerosols\nContact:\n-------\nIGAC International Project Office\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology\nBuilding 24-409\nCambridge, MA 02139\nUSA\nTel: (617) 253 9887\nFax: (617) 253 9886\nE-mail: pszenny@mit.edu\nURL: 'http://web.mit.edu/igac/www'\n[This information was obtained from the IGBP and IGAC websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d0e68f8-a779-41e4-a38e-b76411968e12", - "label": "IMBER/ADEPT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d6a744d-2026-4c3c-8281-444edcae9849", - "label": "IMMUNOLOGY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The progress in our understanding of plasma processes throughout the magnetosphere has increased dramatically during the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) period. In this report the auroral ionosphere as a source of particles for the magnetosphere and the auroral particle acceleration and precipitation are emphasized. Some of the processes involved in the transport of particles from the ionosphere out into the magnetosphere are treated as well as the precipitation of magnetospheric into the auroral and subauroral ionosphere. Some of the effects auroral ionospheric ions have on the magnetospheric plasma composition are described. A brief overview of pre-IMS results is also given to set the stage for a description of IMS contributions in these areas. Keywords include: Auroral particles, Polar regions, Auroral plasmas, and IMS.\n\nInformation provided by http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA152320", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d8b4084-a4f9-4c35-8171-8e8c6048e81b", - "label": "ITCT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ITCT 2002: Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation\n In the winter and spring of 2002, airborne and ground-based measurements of ozone,\naerosols, and their precursors were made in the eastern and western North Pacific regions. Three field studies were conducted by an international team of scientists collaborating as part of the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT) program, an activity of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). Previous measurements have indicated that the transport of Asian emissions across the North Pacific Ocean influences the concentrations of trace tropospheric species over the Pacific and even the west coast of North America.\n\nFor more information see http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/itct/2k2/ or \n\nParrish, D.D., et al. (2004), Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) and Pacific Exploration of Asian Continental Emission (PEACE) experiments: An overview of the 2002 winter and spring intensives, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S01, doi:10.1029/2004JD004980.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ebf78d1-abb0-4a2a-a08e-17e5c803230c", - "label": "IMBER/MERMEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1055ce89-a2b3-4014-90e3-9e1c3ed0cc64", - "label": "GCTE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) is a core project of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP).\nGCTE seeks to increase fundamental knowledge of the responses of\nterrestrial ecosystems to the forces of global change.\nThe objectives of GCTE are:\n1. To predict the effects of changes in climate, atmospheric composition,\nand land use on terrestrial ecosystems including agricultural and\nproduction forest systems\n2. To determine how these effects lead to feedbacks to the atmosphere and\nthe physical climate system.\nThe research plan encompasses the following focus areas:\n Ecosystem Physiology\n Change in Ecosystem Structure\n Global Change Impact on Agriculture and Forestry\n Global Change and Ecological Complexity\nContact:\n-------\nGCTE International Project Office\nCSIRO, Division of Wildlife and Ecology\nPO Box 84\nLyneham ACT 2602\nAustralia\nTel: (+61-26) 242 1748\nFax: (+61-26) 241 2362\nE-Mail: pep.canadell@dwe.csiro.au\nURL: 'http://gcte.org'\n[This information was obtained from IGBP and GCTE websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10f7c852-b65b-4f5a-884b-9a57876e4617", - "label": "HBN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hydrologic Benchmark Network (HBN) was established in 1963\nto provide long-term measurements of streamflow and water\nquality in areas that are minimally affected by human\nactivities. These data were to be used to study time trends and\nto serve as controls for separating natural from artificial\nchanges in other streams. The network has consisted of as many\nas 58 drainage basins in 39 States.\n\nHBN Sites: (As of 2002-11-20)\n\nTalkeetna River near Talkeetna, Alaska\nBlackwater River near Bradley, Alabama\nSipsey Fork near Grayson, Alabama\nNorth Sylamore Creek near Fifty Six, Arkansas\nCossatot River near Vandervoort, Arkansas\nWet Bottom Creek near Childs, Arizona\nSagehen Creek near Truckee, California\nMerced River at Happy Isles Bridge near Yosemite, California\nElder Creek near Branscomb, California\nHalfmoon Creek near Malta, Colorado\nVallecito Creek near Bayfield, Colorado\nSopchoppy River near Sopchoppy, Florida\nlulah River near Clayton, Georgia\nFalling Creek near Juliette, Georgia\nHonolii Stream near Papaikou, Hawaii\nElk Creek near Decatur City, Iowa\nHayden Cr below N Fork near Hayden Lake, Idaho\nBig Jacks Cr near Bruneau, Idaho\nSouth Hogan Creek near Dillsboro, Indiana\nKings Creek near Manhattan, Kansas\nBig Creek At Pollock, Louisiana\nWild River At Gilead, Me\nWashington Cr At Windigo, Isle Royale, Michigan\nKawishiwi River near Ely, Minnesota\nNorth Fork Whitewater River near Elba, Minnesota\nCypress Creek near Janice, Mississippi\nSwiftcurrent Creek At Many Glacier Montana\nRock Creek below Horse Creek, near Int Boundary, Montana\nBeauvais Creek near St. Xavier, Montana\nCataloochee Creek near Cataloochee, North Carolina\nBeaver Cr near Finley, North Dakota\nBear Den Creek near Mandaree, North Dakota\nDismal River near Thedford, Nebraska\nMcdonalds Branch In Lebanon State Forest, New Jersey\nRio Mora near Terrero, New Mexico\nMogollon Creek near Cliff, New Mexico\nSteptoe Cr near Ely, Nevada\nSouth Twin River near Round Mountain, Nevada\nEsopus Creek At Shandaken New York\nBiscuit Brook above Pigeon Brook At Frost Valley, New York\nUpper Twin Creek At Mcgaw, Ohio\nBlue Beaver Creek near Cache, Oklahoma\nKiamichi River near Big Cedar, Oklahoma\nCrater Lake near Crater Lake, Oregon\nMinam River at Minam, Oregon\nYoung Womans Creek near Renovo, Pennsylvania\nScape Ore Swamp near Bishopville, South Carolina\nUpper Three Runs near New Ellenton, South Carolina\nCastle Cr above Deerfield Res near Hill City South Dakota\nLittle Vermillion River near Salem, South Dakota\nLittle R. above Townsend, Tennessee\nBuffalo River near Flat Woods, Tennessee\nSouth Fork Rocky Creek near Briggs, Texas\nLimpia Creek above Ft Davis, Texas\nRed Butte Creek At Ft. Douglas near. Salt Lake City, Utah\nHoliday Creek near Andersonville, Virginia\nNorth Fork Quinault River near Amanda Park, Washington\nAndrews Cr near Mazama, Washington\nPopple River near Fence, Wisconsin\nEncampment Riv Ab Hog Park Cr near Encampment Wyoming\nCache Creek near Jackson, Wyoming\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://water.usgs.gov/hbn/'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "136b5fb5-d012-4f56-9915-2871dad655a7", - "label": "INTSCHOOL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IntSchool\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=402\n\nThe work proposed here is aimed at developing web-based educational tools for pre-university students to let them explore, understand and communicate on polar issues. Specific goals are 1) to increase the knowledge and understanding of polar issues at the pre-university level internationally, 2) to increase the student's interest for natural and social sciences for polar regions, 3) assist polar research by encouraging meaningful data collection and reports by pre-university groups, 4) to encourage and facilitate exchange and communication between the participants. \n\nThe target group are students aged ~13-18 worldwide. The material will cover all six IPY themes and relevant inter-disciplinary topics. The aim is to inspire pupils to seek information about the polar regions and to increase their understanding of polar issues, both for natural and social sciences. The pupils will be provided with links to resources and should work as scientists by combining background knowledge, scientific data, as well as national and international hands-on learning activities (for instance GLOBE protocols). The students will be provided with a web-based report-generating tool to generate scientific reports based on information and material from the scientific findings of IPY work and other polar factual resources. The pupils then assess and conclude on the basis of both the scientist's and their own findings. The IntSchool report-generating tools will be tailored for the specific IPY themes, but also for relevant inter-disciplinary topics covering natural and social sciences, relevant topics important for the local communities of the respective schools and from ongoing IPY projects. The report generator will utilize both existing resources on polar issues and new findings from the IPY projects as well as tools and hands-on educational activities made by various Organisation in different countries. An e-mail based technical help-desk service will be provided for the teachers. Guidelines on how to use these activities for polar issues will be provided and the scientific editors for the solution will be able to communicate with the students and give them feedback on their work. The participating schools will be encouraged to communicate and exchange experience by e-mail correspondence or other Internet communication tools. The IntSchool educational tool will give a key contribution to reaching IPY's overall educational goals, as well as contribute to the outreach and communication goals. \n\nAll support and technical solutions are based on extensive experience in designing and implementing such tools. This overall solution combines the experience, expertise and existing solutions from educational systems, scientific work and web-based solutions, developed and tested in several polar countries over the last decade, into a modern educational tool for IPY. The partners include institutions with extensive scientific knowledge on polar issues, pedagogic institutions with vast experience of hands-on and learning through doing education both in polar communities and internationally, and experts on the development of web-solutions for education. This will ensure:\n-Scientific and educational top expertise \n-Years of experience with hands-on education \n-Coverage of both polar regions and all IPY themes \n-Technical detailed experience and knowledge on building and hosting the solution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1396a5a5-cb3f-48cd-89f5-a040e40d5f0e", - "label": "IPA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Permafrost Association, founded in 1983, has as its\nobjectives fostering the dissemination of knowledge concerning permafrost\nand promoting cooperation among persons and national or international\norganizations engaged in scientific investigation and engineering work on\npermafrost. Membership is through adhering national or multi-national\norganizations or as individuals in countries where no Adhering Body\nexists. The IPA is governed by its officers and a Council consisting of\nrepresentatives from 23 Adhering Bodies having interests in some aspect of\ntheoretical, basic and applied frozen ground research, including\npermafrost, seasonal frost, artificial freezing and periglacial phenomena.\nCommittees, Working Groups, and Task Forces organize and coordinate\nresearch activities and special projects.\n\nThe IPA became an Affiliated Organization of the International Union of\nGeological Sciences in July 1989. The Association's primary\nresponsibilities are convening International Permafrost Conferences and\naccomplishing special projects such as preparing maps, bibliographies, and\nglossaries.\n\nSee: 'http://www.geodata.soton.ac.uk/ipa/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13f68564-122d-49c2-8972-4a300c673058", - "label": "IPE-1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Pantanal Mato Grossense National Park is part of the largest permanent freshwater wetland in the western hemisphere. It includes some of the largest and most spectacular concentrations of Wildlife in the Neotropics, made possible by the different types of environment and their transition areas. In this rich environment, there are several endangered species, among them the wild cat, the agouara, the swamp deer, the otter and the giant river otter of Brazil. One also finds the tiger heron (Tigrisoma fasciatum) and the giant armadillo (Priodontes giganteus). The number of such species makes this a region of great importance for the perpetuation of many of these species. \n\n\nhttp://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/ceop/dm/insitu/sites/lba/Pantanal/Pantanal/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14ded00a-80a7-4d9d-8180-10f8f251275d", - "label": "GPCC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GPCC is hosted and funded by Deutscher Wetterdienst DWD\n (German Weather Service) as a German contribution to the World\n Climate Research Programme. The centre was established in 1988\n on request of WMO as a component of the international Global\n Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and has various\n international co-operations.\n \n The task of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)\n is to provide the climate research community with gridded\n datasets of monthly precipitation totals based on observational\n data. The specific GPCC functions are defined by the\n 'Implementation and Data Management Plan for the Global\n Precipitation Climatology Project' (WCRP 1990, WMO/TD-No. 367)\n and comprise:\n \n 1. Acquisition, collection, and organized storage of precipitation\n data from surface-based networks;\n \n 2. Quality-control and assessment of the collected resp. used data,\n correction of errors;\n \n 3. Calculation of gridded area-mean monthly precipitation for the\n earth's landsurface;\n \n 4. Error assessment for the precipitation totals on the individual\n gridcell;\n \n 5. Combination of the gridded monthly precipitation data from\n surface-based and satellite observations (this item is performed\n jointly by all GPCP components).\n \n First steps are taken to derive daily precipitation totals based\n on GTS - SYNOP data.\n \n New GPCC functions have been defined in the framework of the\n Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS):\n \n 1. Development of an Arctic Precipitation Data Archive (APDA)\n including daily precipitation and snow depth data;\n \n 2. Calculation of area-mean precipitation series for Arctic river\n basins.\n \n GPCC also performs intercomparison studies for gridded\n precipitation datasets from different sources (surface or\n satellite based observations, model results, climatologies from\n various authors). Furthermore, the GPCC applies its analysis\n system for special studies, e.g on the Oder River floading in\n July 1997 or the El-Nino precipitation anomalies in winter\n 1997/1998.\n \n For more information, link to 'http://gpcc.dwd.de/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16b86653-6e95-467b-a509-a462abb1d52e", - "label": "IAA_GEODESY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project No. 34 Years 2004 - 2007\nThe following is a list of project goals and activities:\n\n- Long-term GPS monitoring with L1/L2 geodetic receivers: Ashtech Z-XII3\nat the Argentine Antarctic Stations Belgrano II, Orcadas and San\nMartin; and Trimble 4000SSi at Jubany.\n\n- GPS data processing in order to contribute to the ... improvement of an\nAntarctic Geodetic Reference System and the International Terrestrial\nReference Frame (ITRF). A suitable scientific-level working tool needs\nfirst to be implemented (purchased/acquired) and familiarized with at\nInstituto Antartico Argentino (IAA).\n\n- Calculation of lithosphere surface velocities for each site.\n\n- Continued tide gauge sea level monitoring at San Martin and processing\nof the new data to determine mean sea level change signals.\n\n- Starting (after 2004/05) with a 1-year Earth Tides monitoring\nexperiment at some Argentine Antarctic stations, sequentially (only\none gravimeter available), to better understand the ocean loading\neffects in order to improve the GPS-derived geodetic results in the\nvertical component.\n\n- Deploy, jointly with Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine\nResearch (AWI), a DORIS beacon at the Argentine Antarctic\nstation Belgrano II for geodetic and geodynamic research purposes, and\nfor supporting Earth monitoring satellite missions such as CryoSat.\n\n- Publishing and circulating the results among other disciplines for\npractical and/or scientific Antarctic use.\n\nSpanish\nProyecto No. 34 Anos 2004 - 2007\n- Registrar todos los observables GPS con receptores del tipo Ashtech\nZ-XII (Belgrano II, San Mart?n y Orcadas) y Trimble 4000SSi (Jubany).\n\n- Procesar los datos GPS con vistas a mejorar el sistema de referencia\ngeodesico en Antartica y mejorar los sistemas ITRF (previa acquisicion\nde- y familiarizacion con- software GPS de nivel cientifico).\n\n- Calcular velocidades de desplazamiento de la litosfera en cada uno\nde los sitios.\n\n- Continuar con el Registro del Nivel del Mar en Base San Martin y\nprocesar los nuevos datos para evaluar la posible detecci?n de\neventuales cambios del nivel medio.\n\n- Implementar (a partir de 2004/05) un registro gravimetrico de Marea\nTerrestre en varias bases antarticas argentinas (secuencialmente, un\nano en cada sitio por disponer de un solo instrumento) para comprender\nmejor los efectos de la carga oceanica y mejorar los resultados\ngeodesicos derivados de GPS en la componente vertical.\n\n- Implementar, conjuntamente con el Alfred-Wegener-Institut fur Polar-\nund Meeresforschung (AWI), una radio_baliza DORIS en la base antartica\nargentina Belgrano II, con fines de investigacion geodesicos y\ngeodinamicos y para respaldar misiones de monitoreo satelital\nterrestre tales como CryoSat.\n\n- Publicar los resultados y ponerlos al alcance de todas las otras\nareas con fines operativos y/o cient?ficos del pa?s en la Antartica", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "176d9f9a-b586-477d-8ddf-607daddd8bf1", - "label": "GCCHP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "USGS conducts research to develop high quality records of past\nclimates and environments and provide synoptic reconstructions\nof past climate conditions from evidence preserved in the\ngeologic record. Our emphasis is on the late Cenozoic with\ngreatest effort expended on the Pliocene and Quaternary. Our\nresearch is designed to determine the natural range of climate\nvariability on time scales ranging from interannual to thousands\nof years; to identify and characterize conditions during\nintervals of rapid change; to determine the response of natural\nsystems, climate- sensitive regions, and ecotones to past\nchange, especially abrupt change; and to develop regional to\nglobal scale paleoenvironmental reconstructions for key\nintervals and events of the past.\n\nCurrent research Projects:\n\n1. Western U.S. Paleoclimate\n2. Deep Ocean Temperature and Sea Level\n3. Weatern Arctic Paleoceanography\n4. Last Interglacial-Timing and Extent\n5. Yukon Basin\n6. Pliocene Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM)\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/info/elements/climate_history.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17db32b6-3d08-4b6c-9c35-37448df47cc3", - "label": "HIELOANTAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Snow and ice are pervasive elements of high latitude\nenvironmental systems and have an active role in the global\nenvironment. The glaciology program is concerned with the study\nof the history and dynamics of all naturally occurring forms of\nsnow and ice, including floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers,\nand continental and marine ice sheets. Program emphases include\npaleoenvironments from ice cores, ice dynamics, numerical\nmodeling, glacial geology, and remote sensing of ice\nsheets. Some specific objectives include the correlation of\nclimatic fluctuations evident in Antarctic ice cores with data\nfrom arctic and lower-latitude ice cores, the integration of the\nice record with the terrestrial and marine records, the\ninvestigation of the physics of fast glacier flow with emphasis\non processes at glacier beds, the investigation of ice-shelf\nstability and the identification and quantification of the\nfeedback between ice dynamics and climate change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bb16d50-6728-4183-b47e-de8c04ca2cf3", - "label": "GLOBEC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics) is one of the core projects of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and was initiated by SCOR\nand the IOC of UNESCO in 1991, to understand how global change will affect the\nabundance, diversity and productivity of marine populations comprising a major\ncomponent of oceanic ecosystems.\n\nThe aim of GLOBEC is to advance our understanding of the structure and\nfunctioning of the global ocean ecosystem, its major subsystems, and its\nresponse to physical forcing so that a capability can be developed to forecast\nthe responses of the marine ecosystem to global change.\n\nGLOBEC considers global change in the broad sense, encompassing the gradual\nprocesses of climate change and its impacts on marine systems, as well as those\nshorter-term changes resulting from anthropogenic pressures, such as population\ngrowth in coastal areas, increased pollution, overfishing, changing fishing\npractices and changing human use of the seas.\n\nGLOBEC has four primary objectives:\n\n1) To better understand how multiscale physical environmental processes force\nlarge-scale changes in marine ecosystems.\n2) To determine the relationships between structure and dynamics in a variety\nof oceanic systems which typify significant components of the global ocean\necosystem, with emphasis on trophodynamic pathways, their variability and the\nrole of nutrition quality in the food web.\n3) To determine the impacts of global change on stock dynamics using coupled\nphysical, biological and chemical models linked to appropriate observation\nsystems and to develop the capability to predict future impacts.\n4) To determine how changing marine ecosystems will affect the global earth\nsystem by identifying and quantifying feedback mechanisms.\n\nGLOBEC Homepage: http://www.pml.ac.uk/globec/\n\nA listing of all GLOBEC National and Regional Programmes can be found at\nhttp://www.pml.ac.uk/globec/links/glob_prog.htm\n\n[This information was adapted from the GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cc34eef-fda5-4517-aca2-6ebd48d289a4", - "label": "IOMICS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The program will enable the development of a new small size TRITON buoy and the continuation of the\npresent TRITON sites in the Indian Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cd198c7-799e-4d06-a404-5cb706e6bfea", - "label": "IPY-GEOTRACES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The community of marine biogeochemists is developing a new international research initiative (the GEOTRACES program) that aims to identify, characterize and quantify processes that control the distribution of key trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) in the global ocean and their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions. Doing so will elucidate the supply of micronutrients to phytoplankton, contaminant dispersal in the ocean, and tracers of past and present ocean conditions. This initiative is prompted by the increasing recognition that TEIs are playing a crucial role as regulators and recorders of important biogeochemical and physical processes that control the structure and productivity of marine ecosystems, the dispersion of contaminants in the marine environment, the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and global climate. The primary objectives for the global GEOTRACES program are: •Determine global ocean distributions of selected TEIs •Evaluate the oceanic sources, sinks, and internal cycling of these TEIs and thereby characterize more completely their global biogeochemical cycles •Provide a baseline distribution as reference for assessing past and future changes. Specific objectives for polar GEOTRACES research include: •Characterize sources, sinks and internal cycling of trace elements that serve as essential micronutrients, including sources of material delivered to the ocean by rivers (primarily Arctic) and by glacial weathering (primarily Antarctic) of adjacent land masses •In collaboration with companion IPY initiatives, establish the role of micronutrient trace elements in regulating the structure and variability of polar marine ecosystems, with implications for interests ranging from fisheries (primarily Arctic) to the ocean-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (primarily Southern Ocean). The IPY offers the opportunity to obtain synoptic TEI distributions among all major Polar ocean basins. The strong projects that have been proposed for the synoptic studies (Arctic and Antarctic) within IPY will offer the hydrographic and biological context that is needed for a robust interpretation of the TEI fields. Individual IPY – GEOTRACES proposals (EoIs) have been submitted to ICSU to: •Make GEOTRACES part of the synoptic studies planned for the polar oceans •Arctic: join forces with SNAPSHOT, SPACE, SEARCH and CARE, under the coordination of iAOOS, to achieve a detailed picture and improved understanding on the distribution of trace elements and their isotopes along - shelf-deep basin sections - sections across major pathways of Arctic ocean circulation •Southern Ocean: join forces with complementary IPY projects in physical and biological oceanography to perform multiple transects. Present options are: - Three dedicated GEOTRACES sections across “chokepoints” constraining the flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: (1) an international program (BONUS; on a French vessel) studying together the South African margin/upwelling effect on water masses and the GoodHope/CLIVAR section down to 50°S, 0°W, (2) an international program aboard the Polarstern (German research vessel) connecting with the BONUS transect along 0° W and also working across the Drake Passage, and (3) a US study south of New Zealand. - Ancillary meridional sections where micronutrient cycling can be studied within the context of other programs (e.g., SASSI, CLIVAR, SCACE) - Both dedicated and ancillary cruises would be coordinated under the CASO (Climate in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean) umbrella to maximize interdisciplinary benefits from Southern Ocean research during the IPY.\n\nInformation provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=269", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d281ec3-287f-4738-8076-dc1b9f38c77d", - "label": "GOES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\nprovides weather imagery and quantitative sounding data used to\nsupport weather forecasting, sever storm tracking, and meteorological\nresearch. This is a reimbursable project for NOAA. NASA builds and\nlaunches the satellites. NOAA operates the satellites post\ncommissioning and check-out period and uses the data in weather\nforecasts, Disaster management, public health, and aviation safety.\n\nGOES satellites provide the kind of continuous monitoring\nnecessary for intensive data analysis. They circle the Earth in\na geosynchronous orbit, which means they orbit the equatorial\nplane of the Earth at a speed matching the Earth's\nrotation. This allows them to hover continuously over one\nposition on the surface. The geosynchronous plane is about\n35,800 km (22,300 miles) above the Earth, high enough to allow\nthe satellites a full-disc view of the Earth. Because they stay\nabove a fixed spot on the surface, they provide a constant vigil\nfor the atmospheric &triggers& for severe weather conditions\nsuch as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and\nhurricanes. When these conditions develop the GOES satellites\nare able to monitor storm development and track their movements.\n\nFor more information on GOES, see\nhttp://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/ and\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2027f032-4497-4f8d-a185-5a850ce7582f", - "label": "GCOM-C", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Change Observation Mission - Climate 'SHIKISAI' (GCOM-C)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "213d3605-1c30-4136-bcaa-a7b8fed24ae0", - "label": "GPW", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Demographic information is usually provided on a national basis. But\nwe know that countries are ephemeral phenomena. As an alternate scheme\none might use ecological zones rather than nation states. But there is\nno agreement as to what these zones should be. By way of contrast\nglobal environmental studies using satellites as collection devices\nyield results indexed by latitude and longitude. Thus it makes sense\nto assemble the terrestrial arrangement of people in a compatible\nmanner. This alternative is explored here, using latitude/longitude\nquadrilaterals as bins for population information. This data format\nalso has considerable advantage for analytical studies.\n\n Dataset Variables\n\nThere are four files in this dataset. Each file contains one\nvariable. The variables are:\n\n1. population counts (i.e., the number of people in each 5' x 5'\n cell), unsmoothed with the file name gpxxx or countrawxxx\n\n2. population density (i.e., people per square kilometer), unsmoothed\n with the file name gppdxxx or densrawxxx\n\n3. global population (counts, smoothed)\n with the file name gppycxxx or countsmooxxx\n\n4. global population (population density, smoothed)\n with the file name gppycpdxxx or denssmooxxx\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ciesin.org/datasets/gpw/globldem.doc.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "226d6f2f-4588-49fd-a159-83ca8522f22f", - "label": "HADCM3-QUMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 was developed from the earlier HadCM2 model. Various improvements were applied to the 19 level atmosphere model and the 20 level ocean model and as a result the model requires no artificial flux adjustments to prevent excessive climate drift. The atmosphere and ocean exchange information once per day, heat and water fluxes being conserved ... exactly. Momentum fluxes are interpolated between atmosphere and ocean grids so are not conserved precisely, but this non-conservation is not thought to have a significant effect. The main differences from the previous HadCM2 model are a significantly more sophisticated radiation scheme; the inclusion of the direct impact of convection on momentum; and the inclusion of a new land surface scheme that includes a better representation of evaporation, freezing and melting of soil moisture. The HadCM3 model was used by the Hadley Centre to provide input for the IPCC Third Assessment Report. The simulation output contained in this dataset is part of the 2nd QUMP (Quantifying Uncertainty in Model Predictions) Fully Coupled Transient Ensemble and reflects the IPCC's SRES B1 future emissions scenario. This run is part of a 17 element control ensemble produced by the QUMP project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23d57884-bc96-4d28-a0cc-8704a213147d", - "label": "IMBER/DOSMARES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25193d98-16dc-47df-a2b1-51bbbdcdbc2e", - "label": "GLOBAL GIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Geographic Information Systems (Global GIS) focuses on\nmaking the USGS Global Geographic Information System (GIS)\ndatabase readily available to educators and the general public\nin the form of a DVD based world atlas. The USGS Global GIS\ndatabase contains a wealth of USGS and other public domain data,\nincluding global coverages of elevation, landcover, seismicity,\nand resources of minerals and energy at a nominal scale of 1:1\nmillion. The GIS, which will run on the included Environmental\nSystems Research Institute's (ESRI) ArcView Data Publisher\nsoftware, will be produced both by region on seven CD-ROM?s and\non a single DVD.\n\nContact:\n\nTrent Hare, USGS\nE-mail: thare@usgs.gov\nPhone: 928-556-7126\n\n2255 N. Gemini Dr.\nFlagstaff, AZ 86001\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgis/'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25b02230-ab89-44d5-bb71-ad3cea5e2aba", - "label": "IFS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Integrated Forest Study (IFS) was a project to evaluate the\neffects of atmospheric deposition on nutrient cycling in forest\necosystems. Deposition and nutrient cycling were monitored at 17\nforested sites in the northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern\nUnited States and in Canada and Norway. The IFS was primarily funded\nby the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).\n\nThe Oak Ridge Loblolly Pine site was located on the U.S. Department of\nEnergy Reservation, National Environmental Research Park, near Oak\nRidge, Tennessee. The site consisted of loblolly pine with an\nunderstory of red maple, yellow poplar, black cherry, and dogwood. The\nground cover consisted of extensive grass with patches of blackberry\nand honeysuckle. The site was located on an alluvial soil derived from\nshale on one of the upper terraces of the Clinch River.\n\nData collected included biomass and nutrient content of the overstory,\nunderstory, floor, and soils; atmospheric deposition, throughfall,\nstemflow, and soil solution fluxes for major ions; organic matter and\nnutrient fluxes; and atmospheric concentrations of ions from wet and\ndry deposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25cffb7e-087b-49aa-ae2a-8ce62acaefaa", - "label": "GEWEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a\nprogram initiated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)\nto observe, understand and model the hydrological cycle and\nenergy fluxes in the atmosphere, at land surface and in the\nupper oceans. GEWEX is an integrated program of research,\nobservations, and science activities ultimately leading to the\nprediction of global and regional climate change. The\nInternational GEWEX Project Office (IGPO) is the focal point for\nthe planning and implementation of all GEWEX Projects and\nactivities.\n\nThe goal of the GEWEX Program is to reproduce and predict, by\nmeans of suitable models, the variations of the global\nhydrological regime, its impact on atmospheric and surface\ndynamics, and variations in regional hydrological processes and\nwater resources and their response to changes in the\nenvironment, such as the increase in greenhouse gases. GEWEX\nwill provide an order of magnitude improvement in the ability to\nmodel global precipitation and evaporation as well as accurate\nassessment of the sensitivity of atmospheric radiation and\nclouds to climate change.\n\nObjectives of the GEWEX Program:\n\n1. Determine the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes by means\nof global measurements of atmospheric and surface properties.\n2. Model the global hydrological cycle and its impact on the\natmosphere, oceans and land surfaces.\n3. Develop the ability to predict the variations of global and\nregional hydrological processes and water resources, and their response\nto environmental change.\n4. Advance the development of observing techniques, data management,\nand assimiliation systems for operational application to long-range\nweather forecasts, hydrology, and climate predictions.\n\nGEWEX Program Strategy:\n1. Build on existing programs and data.\n\n2. Conduct modeling programs to model all aspects of the\n hydrologic and energy cycles with evolving fully coupled\n atmosphere-land-ocean components.\n\n3. Make recommendations to space agencies with respect to instruments\n planned for satellite platforms.\n\n4. Conduct pilot studies with international participation\n encompassing the full range of experimental scales:\n\n small scale\n continental scale\n global scale\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.gewex.org/gewex_overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2612fbaf-6e05-42fe-bb01-2f4a230965f3", - "label": "IMBER/CATARINA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26faa1a9-6a57-4ea1-91d9-4b3d75fddbc6", - "label": "GAPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GAPP program (GEWEX [Global Energy and Water Cycle\nExperiment] America Prediction Project) objectives are to make\nmonthly to seasonal predictions of the hydrological cycle and to\nuse these improved predictions for better water resources\nmanagement. The first objective largely involves improving the\nland surface, hydrology, and boundary layer representations of\nmodels used for climate prediction through improved\nunderstanding of the hydrological processes, feedbacks between\nthe land and atmosphere, model transferability, and development\nof a comprehensive modeling system. The second objective\ninvolves scaling the climate model output to make it useful for\nwater resource managers, improved understanding of the links\nbetween hydrologic predictions and water resources management,\nincluding the use of demonstration projects, and better\nunderstanding of the effects of land surface changes on the\nregional hydrology. Two major new initiatives will be the\neffect of orography ! on the hydrological cycle of the Western\nCordillera and the predictability of the North American Monsoon\n(NAMS) and its effects on summer precipitation over the USA.\nThe other components all relate to improving the predictability\nof the hydrological cycle with special regards to the land\nsurface and the role of predictions for water resources\nmanagement.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/mpe/gapp/gapp/index.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2796d33f-b5c4-4c48-aa18-b2d48cb960c5", - "label": "IPY-YSC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPY YSC\nProject URL: http://www.ipyyouth.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=168\nThe International Polar Year YSC (IPY YSC) is being proposed to ensure that IPY's goals to include the next generation of polar researchers and the world's youth are met. \n\nThe IPY YSC would be made up of young representatives from around the world. They would be responsible for being the link from their home countries national YSC's to the IPY YSC as well as working on international initiatives. The concept for national level YSC's would be based on the successful model already developed in Canada and approved by Canada's IPY Steering Committee. The national YSC represents youth engaged in all forms of research within a country from science to social science as well as youth with indigenous and arts backgrounds. Youth from all levels of education (from high school through to the post-doc stage) would work together to bring IPY to the youth of that country. Each regional committee would be responsible for outreach within their country while the IPY YSC as a whole would undertake projects such as: providing a link to enhance international collaborations between young leaders and researchers, mentorship programs between youth and IPY researchers, getting youth involved in IPY programs, providing a webpage resource where interested parties could find out more about polar opportunities, encouraging a stronger focus on polar regions and the issues facing these areas and working to build a crucial bridge between the often disjointed Arctic and Antarctic researchers.\n\nThe IPY YSC would go beyond the goals of individual national YSC's and focus on projects more global in scope such as:\n\n An International Youth Conference on the Poles (IYCP) that would take place during IPY (proposed for late August, 2008). This would bring together youth from a diverse set of backgrounds and nationalities to discuss the current issues facing our polar regions and their effects on the remainder of the planet, ways of addressing these issues and highlighting ongoing IPY research, especially research being undertaken by youth. Included within the conference would be break out sessions where youth could form policy recommendations, which would be brought forward to international bodies such as UNESCO, SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) and the Arctic Council. UNESCO has expressed interest in providing facilities for this conference.\n\n-In collaboration with International Heliophysical Year (IHY)-IPY's IGY-Gold Program, connecting youth to the previous generations of polar researchers. Youth would interview IGY participants for a fresh perspective on their experiences and develop these interviews into documentary or book form. \n\n-Establish an International YSC website focused on how to get youth involved. Include an education centre where youth can educate themselves about polar issues and then download materials to educate their peers and communities. The website would provide information on how youth can get directly involved in IPY projects (i.e. as graduate students, field assistants, volunteers, guest lecturers etc) and also provide guidance on how to get involved with the IPY YSC or how to form their own national committees.\n\n-Document youth opinions on what the legacy of IPY should be. This list would ultimately serve to check the progress of IPY as it continues to develop and at the conclusion of IPY in 2009 to help judge how successful the program has been.\n\n- A youth mentorship program in association with the Youth Science Foundation Canada (YSF). This would build on YSF's existing peer to peer mentoring program for high school aged youth, SMARTS (Student Mentorship Association Regarding Technology & Science). IPY YSC would aid YSF in extending this program first to include university level students and ultimately senior researchers and university professors. IPY YSC would also work to bring more polar expertise into this program.\n\n-Connect youth to the poles and to each other. Reach out to the youth of late high school to early college age who have not yet chosen, or, more importantly, have long ago decided against, science as career, including that large group of youth who worry about the planet but whom often dismiss science as irrelevant, unreliable, arrogant, useless. Act as a strong voice on polar issues. Utilize marketing strategies aimed at our generation to vocalize support for IPY. Connect internationally to members of our generation who are not currently aware of the many concerns and issues facing the poles and the impacts changes there will have on their lives. Build connections that would help erode the divide between research science and science education.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29f5231a-d7d3-48d8-9b3a-ef8b65859a2e", - "label": "IPICS-IPY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ice cores have contributed substantially to understanding climate change. They provide convincing evidence of large, abrupt climate changes, demonstrate links between greenhouse gases and climate, and show how humans have altered the atmosphere. However, there is a great deal more to learn. In 2004, representatives of all major ice coring nations agreed on a common agenda for the next decade. This agenda looks beyond established projects and includes coring over all available timescales, with highest feasible resolution. IPY provides an opportunity to launch this initiative. Other ice coring efforts, including some that are part of International Partnerships in Ice Coring (IPICS), are the subject of separate IPY submissions, as indicated below. IPICS-related events planned for IPY include:\n\n1. Searching for the longest possible ice core record. The oldest Antarctic ice core so far extends 800-900 kyr. Before this, Earth's climate had a 40 kyr glacial-interglacial periodicity. IPICS aims to find a 1.2 Myr record and help discover why the period changed. During IPY, initial survey work will occur as part of the TASTE-IDEA ice divides traverses, by French/Italian/Russian teams in the Dome C-North Vostok-Dome B region, by a Chinese team near Dome A, and by US-led radar and remote sensing teams. IPICS will collate results to recommend drilling sites.\n2. Initiation of coring to recover the last interglacial and older ice from Greenland. The last interglacial was probably warmer than the present and is an analogue for an anthropogenically-warmed world. We need to learn about the behaviour of climate and the Greenland ice sheet during times of warmer climate. The oldest reliable core only partly penetrates the last interglacial. Drilling in northwest Greenland would start, and possibly finish, in IPY. Danish, US, French, Japanese, UK, Swiss, Swedish, and German groups have expressed interest, and others are expected to join. Note that while this effort is part of the IPICS agenda, it also falls under IPY lead project # 561 (Greenland’s Ice Sheet – reactions to past and present climate change), which will lead IPY efforts related to this element of IPICS.\n3. Starting a detailed spatial network of deep and intermediate-depth Antarctic ice cores. The spatial pattern of change is key to climate dynamics. We have cores from central East Antarctica and from a few coastal regions, but additional data are needed from other key areas, including the northern part of Lake Vostok, coastal Antarctica, the Antarctic peninsula, and West Antarctica. New projects like the European drilling at Talos Dome (east Antarctica) will take place during IPY. These programs will provide a springboard for a larger effort to fully sample Antarctic spatial climate variability on all possible time scales.\n5. The WAIS Divide Ice Core. This West Antarctic ice core will produce the best climate record covering the past 100,000 years, including highly resolved histories of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and millennial and shorter time-scale climate change in Antarctica. The main drilling starts during IPY, in the 2007/2008 Antarctic field season.\n4. Late Holocene climate change. Future change can only be assessed in the context of natural climate variability. Highly resolved compilations of past global climate (timescale up to 2000 years) critically lack polar data. The SCAR project, ITASE, produced 250 cores that cover the last 250 years. Extending this time scale to the last millennium, and expanding the scope in the Arctic, are critical. IPY will engage all countries to complete work in Antarctica and continue the effort in the Arctic.\n6. SOFIA (Search for the Oldest Firn Interstitial Air). SOFIA aims to obtain firn air records spanning more than the last 150 years, encompassing much of the period from the industrial revolution to the present day. Large firn air samples are critical for understanding this period of atmospheric history as they allow measurements (of trace species or isotopic ratios) that are otherwise impossible with ice core samples.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=117", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ab2fdb5-aabd-4a47-8886-a03fae52cf82", - "label": "ICESTAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICESTAR\nProject URL: http://scar-icestar.org/\n\nNear-Earth space (geospace) is an integral part of the Earth system, providing the material link between the Sun and Earth, primarily through the polar regions. A goal of the ICESTAR Programme is to create an integrated, quantitative description of the upper atmosphere over Antarctica, and its coupling to the geospace environment.\n\nThematic Action Groups (TAGs) were established to coordinate the scientific activities and objectives proposed:\n\n* TAG A: Quantification of the coupling between the polar ionosphere and neutral atmosphere from the 'bottom-to-top' and the global electric circuit.\n*TAG B: Quantification of the inner magnetospheric dynamics using remote sensing techniques.\n*TAG C: Quantification of the state of the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere over the Antarctic continent and how it differs from the Northern hemisphere during a wide range of geophysical conditions.\n* TAG C.1: Quantify the atmospheric consequences of the global electric circuit and further understand the electric circuit in the middle atmosphere as guided by the electric fields generated at the solar wind magnetosphere interface. Contact: Nikolai Østgaard (University of Bergen, Norway)\n*TAG C.2: Quantify the thermal and dynamical structure of the middle and upper atmosphere over the Antarctic continent and how it differs from the Northern hemisphere during a wide range of geophysical conditions. Contact: Scott Palo (University of Colorado, USA).\n*TAG D: Creation and management of the data portal to enable the ICESTAR programme and SCAR's SSG/PS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b35d56d-d17e-4193-81d2-401b47905250", - "label": "GLP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Great Lakes Program was established in 1985 to support efforts designed to protect and preserve the Great Lakes Ecosystem. This ecologically and economically important ecosystem is home to more than 40 million people in the United States and Canada.\n\nThe mission of the Great lakes Program is to coordinate the development, evaluation, and synthesis of scientific and technical knowledge on the Great Lakes Ecosystem in support of public education and policy formation.\n\nThis information is provided by http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/glp/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dcec4c1-c2f1-427a-bb7c-275f11616f3e", - "label": "ILRDSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Illinois Rivers Decision Support System in partnership with\nthe Illinois Rivers 2020 Program assists decision makers with\nissues related to habitat, restoration, floodplain, management,\nnavigation, sedimentation, and water quality of the Illinois\nRiver and its backwaters.\n\nInformaation provided on their website includes access to geospatial\ndata and map services, models, various publications, detailed\ninformation on research programs associated with the Illinois\nRiver, and various other information associated with the Illinois\nRiver.\n\nAdditional information availabel at\n'http://ilrdss.sws.uiuc.edu/default.asp'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e266c8b-3d2f-4ecf-a697-35e87d42eadf", - "label": "IASOA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IASOA\nProject URL: http://iasoa.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=196\n\nTo monitor and understand the Arctic atmosphere, there are number of key questions that need to be answered. In particular:\n\n(1) How do clouds, aerosols and atmospheric chemistry interact to force the Pan-Arctic surface energy balances and albedo-temperature feedback?\n\n(2) What is the relative role of tropospheric dynamics and stratospheric linkages in controlling the Arctic surface variability? \n\n(3) What portion of the recent changes in the Arctic weather and climate can be attributed to increases in anthropogenic sources?\n\n(4) How does the Arctic atmosphere interact with the rest of the Arctic (marine, cryospheric and terrestrial) system?\n\n(5) To answer these questions (and others), all of the available observational resources represented by surface and upper air network observations, intensive observatories, satellite observations, manned and unmanned airborne measurements, and focused field campaigns must be utilized. \n\nSpecific tasks will be undertaken to:\n\n* Coordinate the efforts at a number of atmospheric observatory sites that are year-round, intensive, permanent, and with sufficient infrastructure and personnel to operate sophisticated atmospheric instruments such as lidars and radars that can provide information for detailed process studies. \n\n* Integrate and where possible, co-locate sensors from distributed networks measuring parameters such as precipitation, atmospheric radiation, water vapour, aurora activity, ozone, chemistry/radio nuclides, fractional cloud cover, temperature, and winds. The intensive observatories will become super nodes in the network systems.\n\n* Promote and enhance campaign activities that provide opportunities to make atmospheric measurements in logistically difficult locations, especially over the Arctic Ocean and surrounding Seas which are typically data sparse for surface-based atmospheric measurements. Examples of intensive programs include the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO – EoI 436), the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snow pack (OASIS-IPY, Activity 38), and the Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS, EoI 212).\n\n* Utilize and support innovative technologies, for instance unmanned aircraft such as the High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) UAV program, automated station technologies, and wind energy technologies (CAPWE, EoI 721). \n\n* Contribute observational products to modelling efforts such as POLARCAT (Activity 32).\n\n* Contribute to defining the atmospheric component of larger, interdisciplinary Arctic observation coordination programs proposed for IPY such as Coordination of Observation and Monitoring of the Arctic for Assessment and Research (COMAAR – EoI 503). \n\nThe primary intention of this proposal will be to develop a legacy of continuous measurements of the Arctic atmosphere that will be combined with additional measurements from episodic, focused, campaigns. The goal will be to have sufficient understanding to determine relative contributions of natural versus anthropogenic forces in shaping the nature of the Arctic atmosphere. This activity will additionally contribute to an evaluation of the resulting impacts on the larger Arctic physical and biological system, as well as assess the impacts of Arctic atmospheric issues on global climate/weather.\n\nA particular emphasis will be to promote and integrate the activities of about five major, intensive, and permanent, observatories. This element will be responsive to a number of international assessments (e.g. IPCC, ACIA, AMAP) and research programs (WCRP, CliC, GEWEX and SEARCH) that have recommended that multi-disciplinary super-sites be developed to collect the information needed to determine the processes and drivers of environmental Arctic change across disciplines. \n\nAn action item for this proposal will be to establish an active coordination committee that will develop plans to leverage individual efforts by information exchange, standardization of measurement practices, cooperative use of resources, and data exchanges. Scientific collaborations will be promoted between institutions, programs, and nations to produce a comprehensive understanding of the atmosphere in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e4fd8a5-6301-4ddd-9655-c853896f1b90", - "label": "HAPEX-MOBILHY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment - Mode'lisation du Bilan Hydrique (HAPEX-MOBILHY) program is aimed at studying the hydrological budget and evaporation fluxes at the scale of a GCM (general circulation model) grid square, i.e. 104 km2. It consists of measuring, at pertinent scales in time and space, the evaporation flux in conjunction with the radiative, and meteorological and hydrological parameters which may be applied to calculate the evaporation flux. It is thus possible to test existing parameterizations of the evaporation flux as well as to develop new ones. Data from the Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX) consists of aircraft flights over Les Landes Forest and agricultural regions in Southwest France. The HAPEX-MOBILHY Database was used in PILPS Phase 2b to intercompare and validate 14 land surface models [see Shao Y and Henderson-Sellers A (1996) Validation of soil moisture simulation in landsurface parameterisation schemes with HAPEX data. Global and Planetary Change 13:11-46].\n\nSummary provided by http://mercury.ornl.gov/metadata/ornldaac/html/rgd/daac.ornl.gov_data_bluangel_harvest_RGED_QC_metadata_fluxtower_hapex-mobihly.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30da490a-388b-4943-bfca-694c6fd5b19c", - "label": "ISPOL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ice Station POLarstern (ISPOL, http://www.ispol.de/) is a field experiment\ndesigned to improve our understanding on the role of early summer physical and\nbiological atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions in the western Weddell Sea in\nglobal processes. ISPOL involves a 50-day drift station in the western Weddell\nSea. It is a multi-national, interdisciplinary study organized by the Alfred\nWegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany, involving\nglaciologists, biologists, oceanographers, and meteorologists from different\ninstitutes and nations. ISPOL contributes to the goals of the international\nprograms in Antarctica - International Antarctic Zone Program (iAnZone,\nhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/fac/physocean/ianzone/) and Antarctic Sea-Ice\nProcesses and Climate (ASPeCt, http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/aspect/).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30fac8b1-7ab5-4d29-bbf5-140ac2be49e1", - "label": "ICEHUS II", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ICEHUS is a Russian-Norwegian co-operation project that is financed by the Research Council of Norway for the period 2005-2010. The overall aim of the investigations is to improve the description and understanding of the Late Quaternary environmental changes at high latitudes and their impact on the earliest human occupation in northern Russia.\n\nIn contrast to Svalbard, Scandinavia and much of Northern Europe, where the youngest ice sheets erased most of the pre-existing records from earlier periods of the Quaternary, northern Russia contain much more complete geological and archaeological archives that are essential for deciphering the history of the entire Barents-Kara sea region and the early human adaptation to a cold climate. We plan to carry out field expeditions in the European part of Russia as well as in West Siberia. The planned research activities will be a contribution to the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007 - 2008. A main IPY activity will be to core lakes in the Polar Urals, which according to our hypothesis may contain uninterrupted records of the climate evolution that dates back to at least 60,000 years ago.\n\nThe project forms part of the programme APEX (Arctic Palaeoclimate and its Extremes) that has been selected as a lead coordinating programme for palaeoclimate research within the IPYcluster. \n\nSummary obtained from http://www.uib.no/form/aktuelt/polararet/prosjekt/icehusII2.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "320a10a5-c301-4d9d-a0aa-185ee3860c80", - "label": "GRIP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The goal of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) was to retrieve and\nanalyse a 3000m long ice core drilled through the Greenland ice sheet\nat its highest point, Summit. The objective of this effort is to\nreveal the broad spectrum of information on past environmental, and\nparticularly climatic, changes that are stored in the ice. The\nproject was conducted from January 1989 to December 1995 with funding\nfrom the European Science Foundation and contributing organizations\nfrom Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Switzerland,\nand the United Kingdom.\nA list of GRIP publications is available from:\n'http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/grip/griplist.html'\nFor further information see:\n'http://www.esf.org/lp/lp_013a.htm'\nor contact:\nDr. Michele Fratta\nEuropean Science Foundation\nTelephone +33 (0)3 88 76 71 29; fax +33 (0)3 88 37 05 32\nEmail: lesc@esf.org\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3224853f-95f5-428a-8ff1-b1e16a2d52f3", - "label": "GCRMN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GCRMN aims to improve management and sustainable conservation of\ncoral reefs for people by assessing the status and trends in the reefs\nand how people use and value the resources. It will do this by\nproviding many people with the capacity to assess their own resources,\nwithin a global network, and to spread the word on reef status and\ntrends.\n\nIn summary, the core objectives are:\n\nTo link existing organizations and people to monitor biophysical and\nsocial, cultural and economic aspects of coral reefs within\ninteracting regional networks.\n\nTo strengthen the existing capacity to examine reefs by providing a\nconsistent monitoring program, that will identify Trends in coral\nreefs and discriminate between natural, anthropogenic, and climatic\nchanges.\n\nTo disseminate results at local, regional, and global scales by\nproviding annual reports on coral reef status and trends to assist\nenvironmental management agencies implement sustainable use and\nconservation of reefs. Data will also aid\npreparation of predictive global climate change models for the GOOS\nCoastal Zone Module.\n\nPlease visit the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Pages:\n'http://www.coral.noaa.gov/gcrmn/index.html' or\n'http://www.coral.noaa.gov/gcrmn/gcrmn.html' for additional information.\n\nDr Clive Wilkinson Coordinator,\nGlobal Coral Reef Monitoring Network\nc/o Australian Institute of Marine Science\nPMB No. 3, TOWNSVILLE MC 4810\nAUSTRALIA\nTel: +61 77 534 372 or +61 77 724 314\nFax: +61 77 722 808 or +61 77 725 852\ne-mail: c.wilkinson@aims.gov.au\n\nor\n\nDr John McManus\nReefBase Project Leader\nInternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management,\nMCPO Box 2631\n0718 MAKATI, Metro Manila\nPHILIPPINES\n\nTel: +63 2 818 0466 or +63 2 817 5255\nFax: +63 2 816 3183\ne-mail: j.mcmanus@cgnet.com", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "324b431c-c46a-4d04-98d3-28a7c9658aed", - "label": "GLODAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a cooperative\neffort among 13 principal investigators, funded for several synthesis\nand modeling projects through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National\nScience Foundation (NSF), to coordinate complimentary global-scale\nocean data synthesis projects. There are currently four projects\ninvolved in GLODAP. Cruises conducted as part of the World Ocean\nCirculation Experiment (WOCE), Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)\nand NOAA Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange Study (OACES) over the decade of\nthe 90's have created an oceanographic database of unparalleled\nquality and quantity. These data provide an important asset to the\nscientific community investigating carbon cycling in the oceans. The\ncentral objective of this project is to generate that unified data set\nand to determine the global distribution and inventories of inorganic\nnutrients, both natural and anthropogenic carbon species and natural\nand bomb-produced radiocarbon. These estimates will be used to infer\nstochiometric remineralization ratios (Redfield ratios) and the rate\nof anthropogenic CO2 and bomb 14C uptake in the oceans. These\nestimates provide an important benchmark against which future\nobservational studies will be compared. They also provide tools for\nthe direct evaluation of numerical ocean carbon models.\n\nFor more information visit the GLODAP Home Page at:\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/glodap/index.html'\nor contact:\nsabine@pmel.noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32872297-8eba-46c2-8edd-f733a41ef561", - "label": "GTS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "As defined in the WMO Technical Regulations (WMO Publication No. 49), the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) is the co-ordinated global system of telecommunication facilities and arrangements for the rapid collection, exchange and distribution of observations and processed information within the framework of the World Weather Watch (WWW). It is implemented and operated by National Meteorological Services of WMO Members and also a few International Organizations (ECMWF, EUMETSAT).\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/gts.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "334a889d-7f7d-4a9e-8b74-0a8a3a001e32", - "label": "INUIT VOICES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Inuit Voices\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/arcss/arcss122/index.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=410\nInuit Voices is an exhibit to be designed collaboratively by the University of Colorado's Museum of Natural History (CU Museum) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), with advisors from the Iqaluit Museum in Nunavut, Canada, Inuit elders, and the US. We propose to prepare an exhibit that displays Inuit observations of environmental change in the Arctic. This exhibit will be based on research by Dr. Shari Gearheard and illustrated by objects from the CU Museum collection of Inuit artefacts. It is scheduled to open in April 2008 at the CU Museum.\n\nAs one component of her research in Nunavut, Dr. Gearheard produced a highly popular interactive, multimedia CD-ROM on Inuit observations of environmental change, entitled When the Weather is Uggianaqtuq (or\nunpredictable), distributed by NSIDC. This product has appealed to a variety of audiences: social scientists, climate change researchers, indigenous communities, cryospheric scientists, K-12 educators, and the general public. The popularity of this product and Dr. Gearheard's extensive research inspired the collaboration between the CU Museum and NSIDC.\n\nWe plan to create a temporary 'Inuit Voices' exhibit to be displayed at the CU Museum, and also two sets of travelling exhibits, one in English for the US and one translated into Inuktitut for Nunavut, Canada. Traveling museum exhibits are an effective and creative way to expose a wide range of audiences to information and perspectives from various world cultures. The exhibit size will be suitable for display in small museums, tribal colleges and libraries with limited space and budgets. \n\nThe exhibit will display the Uggianaqtuq CD-ROM and allow visitors to interact with the data and information it contains. Inuit artefacts and objects will be displayed as well, so that history and present technologies are joined in one exhibit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3442f95a-69d0-4b47-ad4f-dc8005e961a3", - "label": "ISCCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\n \n - To produce a global, reduced resolution, infrared and visible, calibrated and normalized radiance data set containing basic information on the radiative properties of the atmosphere from which cloud parameters can be derived.\n \n - To stimulate and coordinate basic research on techniques for inferring the physical properties of clouds from the condensed radiance data set and to apply the resulting algorithms to derive and validate a global cloud climatology for improving the parameterization of clouds in climate models.\n \n - To promote research using ISCCP data and contributing to improved understanding of the Earth's radiation budget (top of the atmosphere and surface) and hydrological cycle.\n \n Project Description:\n \n The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) was\n established as the first project of the World Climate Research Programme\n (WCP-2) to collect and analyze satellite radiance measurements to infer\n the global distribution of cloud radiative properties and their diurnal\n and seasonal variations. The operational phase of ISCCP began in July\n 1983 and is currently planned to continue through June 2000.\n \n Global coverage for ISCCP is provided by the five geostationary meteorological satellites (GOES-EAST, GOES-WEST, GMS, INSAT, and METEOSAT) and at least one polar orbiting NOAA satellite. The primary data are from the two standard visible (0.6 micrometers) and infrared (11 micrometers) channels common to all of the satellites. The polar orbiter provides coverage of the polar regions not viewed by the geostationary satellites and is used as a basis for normalization of the radiances observed by the different geostationary satellites.\n \n The strategy adopted for implementing ISCCP reflects the diverse nature of the spaceborne observing system and the large volume of imaging and other correlative data. The primary data processing is done by eight institutions: a Satellite Processing Center (SPC) for each satellite (nominally at least one polar orbiter and five geostationary satellites), the Satellite Calibration Center (SCC), and the Global Processing Center (GPC). The SPC's task is to collect raw satellite image data and reduce its volume. The SCC routinely receives special high resolution-image data from each of the SPCs. These data are used to normalize the calibration of each geostationary satellite to the polar orbiter. The resulting normalization coefficients are sent to the GPC to be used in data production. The SPC sends the reduced image data to the GPC for further processing of the ISCCP B3 and C1/C2 data.\n \n In addition to the primary data processing centers, there are three other centers: the Correlative Data Center of which a main function is to coordinate the delivery of other satellite and conventional data (correlative data) to the GPC for use in the cloud analysis, the ISCCP Central Archive (ICA), which is responsible for the archival of all data produced by ISCCP, and the EOSDIS Langley DAAC, which archives and distributes ISCCP B3, C1 and C2 data.\n \n Representatives of the following ISCCP Data Management Centers: SPC, SCC, GPC, Correlative Data Center, and ICA form the ISCCP Working Group on Data Management (WGDM) for the Joint Scientific Committee (JSC). Scientific guidance is provided to the project by the International Radiation Commission of IAMAP and by the JSC Working Group on Radiation Fluxes. ISCCP B3 data are the primary global radiance data product used in the cloud analysis. The ISCCP cloud analysis has three fundamental parts: cloud detection, radiative transfer model analysis, and statistical analysis. The first part determines whether a particular radiance measurement is associated with cloudy or clear conditions. The second part compares the measured radiances, together with other correlative information about the atmosphere and surface, to a radiative model to retrieve several cloud (and surface) parameters. The third part accumulates spatial distribution information about the radiances and retrieved parameters to summarize the analysis, every 3 hours in C1 data and once per month in C2 data.\n \n The ISCCP C1 and C2, along with the previously unavailable CX data\n products were made available in 1995. These new products are\n called D1, D2 and DX.\n \n Data Used and Produced:\n Input Data\n ----------\n 1. Radiance measurements from polar orbiting and geostationary operational\n meteorological satellites: NOAA/TIROS-N series satellites, METEOSAT,\n GOES-EAST, GOES-WEST, GMS and INSAT.\n 2. Sounding data from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) on the\n NOAA polar orbiting satellites.\n 3. Snow and ice data from the joint US NAVY/NOAA analyses.\n 4. Topographic altitude.\n 5. Vegetation type and land-use classification.\n 6. Surface type (land/water/coast).\n \n Data Products\n -------------\n 1) Reduced Resolution Radiance Data (B3)\n - Resolution: 30km pixel, 3hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 1.1G per data month, for global coverage\n - Contents: Radiances with calibration and navigation appended.\n Uniform format for all satellites.\n 2) Calibration Table Data Set (BT)\n - Resolution: 3hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 7G for 8 years\n - Contents: Updates of calibration tables for B3 data set.\n 3) Pixel Level Cloud Product (CX)\n - Resolution: 30km mapped pixel, 3 hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 3.4G per data month\n - Contents: Calibrated radiances, cloud detection results, cloud and\n surface properties from radiative analysis.\n 4) Pixel Level Cloud Product - Revised algorithm (DX)\n - Resolution: 30km mapped pixel, 3 hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 5G per data month\n - Contents: Calibrated radiances, cloud detection results, cloud and\n surface properties from radiative analysis.\n 5) Gridded Cloud Product (C1)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, 3hr, global\n - Volume: 216M per data month\n - Contents: Spatial averages of CX quantities and statistical\n summaries. Satellites are merged into a global grid. Atmosphere and\n surface properties from TOVS appended.\n 6) Gridded Cloud Product - Revised algorithm (D1)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, 3hr, global\n - Volume: 320M per data month\n - Contents: Spatial averages of DX quantities and statistical\n summaries, including properties of cloud types. Satellites are merged\n into a global grid. Atmosphere and surface properties from TOVS\n appended. See list of variables.\n 7) Climatological Summary Product (C2)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, monthly, global\n - Volume: 4M per data month\n - Contents: Monthly average of C1 quantities including mean diurnal\n cycle. Distribution and properties of total cloudiness and cloud\n types.\n 8) Climatological Summary Product - Revised algorithm (D2)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, monthly, global\n - Volume: 7.5M per data month\n - Contents: Monthly average of D1 quantities including mean diurnal\n cycle. Distribution and properties of total cloudiness and cloud\n types. See list of variables.\n \n Project Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157B\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-8656\n FAX: (804) 864-8807 FAX\n Email: support-asdc@earthdata.nasa.gov \n WWW: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\n \n Project Archive Contact: Doug Ross\n NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC\n Satellite Services Group\n Federal Building\n 151 Patton Avenue\n Asheville, NC 28801-5001\n USA\n Phone: (704) 271-4800, option #5\n FAX: (704) 271-4876 FAX\n Email: satorder@ncdc.noaa.gov\n WWW: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/\n \n Project Manager Contact: Dr. William B. Rossow\n NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\n Institute for Space Studies\n 2880 Broadway\n New York, NY 10025\n USA\n Phone: (212) 678-5567\n FAX: (212) 678-5552\n Email: wbrossow@ccny.cuny.edu\n ISCCP home page: http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov\n \n References:\n \n B3 RADIANCE DATA DOCUMENTATION\n Rossow, W.B., E. Kinsella, A. Wolf, and L. Garder, 1987: International\n Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Description of Reduced\n Resolution Radiance Data. WMO/TD-No. 58 (Revised). World\n Meteorological Organization.\n \n CALIBRATION DOCUMENTATION\n Rossow, W.B., Y. Desormeaux, C.L. Brest, and A.W. Walker, 1992:\n International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Radiance\n Calibration Report. WMO/TD-No. 520, WCRP-77, World Meteorological\n Organization.\n \n Rossow, W.B., C.L. Brest, and M. Roiter, 1995: International Satellite\n Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Update of Radiance\n Calibrations. World Meteorological Organization.\n \n C1/C2 CLOUD DATA DOCUMENTATION\n Rossow, W.B., L.C. Garder, P.J. Lu, and A.W. Walker, 1991:\n International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP)\n Documentation of Cloud Data. WMO/TD-No. 266, World Meteorological\n Organization, 76 pp. plus appendices.\n **All documents above can be downloaded from the ISCCP home page**\n \n OTHER REFERENCES\n Rossow, W.B. , L.C. Garder, P-J. Lu and A. Walker, July 1985:\n International Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Description of\n Reduced Resolution Radiance Data,December 1985 (Revised August 1987).\n \n Rossow, W.B. , L.C. Garder, P-J. Lu and A. Walker, 1988:\n International Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Documentation of\n Cloud Data WMO/TD-No. 266, December 1988 (Revised April 1991), World\n Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 78 pp plus three appendices.\n \n Schiffer, R.A., and W.B. Rossow, 1983: The International Satellite\n Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) The First Project of the World\n Climate Research Program. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64, 779-784", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3513f5c3-80cb-47ab-8ddd-90123340b26d", - "label": "GRFM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Rain Forest Mapping project (GRFM) is an effort led by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency/Earth Observation Research Center (JAXA EORC), in collaboration with the NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Space Applications Institute of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC/SAI), the Alaska SAR Facility (ASF), the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center of Japan (ERSDAC) and the Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC), with significant input also from the Unversity of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and the National Institute for Research of the Amazon (INPA). The project goals are to acquire spatially and temporally contiguous L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data sets over the tropical belt of the Earth using the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1), and to generate semi-continental scale, 100 m resolution, image mosaics to be provided for research and educational purposes world wide.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/GRFM/\n\n[Source: GRFM Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3620b5d3-3946-4f0a-8bbe-c9326898ae14", - "label": "INDIVAT/MINERVE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Aim MINERVE program (Mesures à l'INterface Eau-aiR de la Variabilité des Echanges de CO2), which is pressed on valorization campaigns of transit, is to observe and to understand seasonal variabilities of the pressure partial of CO2 (pCO2) and Total Inorganic Carbon in surface water in partnership with hydrological measurements and biogeochemical in-situ and with the assistance of satellite data (temperature, color of the sea). Logistic courses of Astrolabe, make it possible to reach zones very little studied and to document them in order to include/understand the processes which explain the variations space-time of pCO2 with average scale in the southern oceanic areas. Data collected during these programs will be used as a basis to make estimates of the interannual variability and average variation (tendency) of flow Net of CO2 to the interface ocean-atmosphere; an extention of this program was required (realization of some hydrographic stations average depths during one of rotations), which will make it possible to apprehend calculation by various methods of the CO2 signal anthropic which penetrates in the ocean in this southern sector. By identifying and quantifying CO2 sources and sinks, observations collected at the time of campaigns MINERVE are also used to other teams to force atmospheric models and to validate biogeochemical models based on models of oceanic circulation general which try to simulate the cycle of oceanic carbon in the medium and long term.\n\nSummary provided by http://soon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/en/CARAUS/MINERVE/Objectives.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36b98c25-719b-4893-9624-f5454d77eeb1", - "label": "IODE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IOC’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) was established in 1961 to enhance marine research, exploitation and development by facilitating the exchange of oceanographic data and information between participating Member States and by meeting the needs of users for data and information products. \nFormally the IODE started out as a Working Group on Oceanographic Data Exchange which was created by the First IOC Assembly (19-27 October 1961) through Resolution I-9. The Working Group became a Working Committee in 1973 through Resolution VIII-31, adopted by the 8th Session of the IOC Assembly (5-17 November 1973). \n\nThe IODE system forms a worldwide service oriented network consisting of DNAs (Designated National Agencies), NODCs (National Oceanographic Data Centres), RNODCs (Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centres) and WDCs (World Data Centres – Oceanography). During the past 40 years, IOC Member States have established over 60 oceanographic data centres in as many countries.\nThis network has been able to collect, control the quality of, and archive millions of ocean observations, and makes these available to Member States. \n\nWith the advance of oceanography from a science dealing mostly with local processes to one that is also studying ocean basin and global processes, researchers depend critically on the availability of an international exchange system to provide data and information from all available sources. Additionally, scientists studying local processes benefit substantially from access to data collected by other Member States in their area of interest. The economic benefit of obtaining data by exchange as opposed to collecting it oneself is huge. \nThe main objectives of the IODE Programme are : \n\n(i) to facilitate and promote the exchange of all marine data and information including metadata, products and information in real-time, near real time and delayed mode; \n\n(ii) to ensure the long term archival, management and services of all marine data and information; \n\n(iii) to promote the use of international standards, and develop or help in the development of standards and methods for the global exchange of marine data and information, using the most appropriate information management and information technology; \n\n(iv) to assist Member States to acquire the necessary capacity to manage marine data and information and become partners in the IODE network; and \n\n(v) to support international scientific and operational marine programmes of IOC and WMO and their sponsor organisations with advice and data management services. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=34", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "370f37ed-e84a-43f8-beb8-97f0cb9edac5", - "label": "IFM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Indigenous Forum on Monitoring (IFM)\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=396\n\nThe Indigenous Peoples Forum on Environmental Monitoring in the Arctic (IFM) will bring Indigenous knowledge and perspectives out of the anecdotal background into the forefront of environmental monitoring work in the Arctic. It will be held early on (Fall 2007) in the IPY timeframe, and will therefore be able to serve as a guiding tool to subsequent IPY Arctic initiatives.\n\nIndigenous observations are the most regular and ground-based insight on the current status of Arctic environment and wildlife. Accordingly, the IFM will highlight the capacity of Indigenous Peoples to make a crucial contribution to the design and management of Arctic environmental monitoring. It will also raise awareness of Indigenous environmental issues and concerns within the Arctic scientific community, and consequently support the active involvement of Indigenous Peoples in research that directly affects their communities and well-being. In that regards, the participation of Inuit elders in the recent United Nations climate change conference (CoP11) in Montreal highlights the unique and invaluable contribution that Indigenous Peoples observations, knowledge and experiences can bring to debates on the Arctic environment.\n\nThis Indigenous-led project will actively engage members of Northern communities in defining common monitoring challenges. In doing so, the IFM will not attempt to integrate components of Indigenous knowledge into science, but will instead aim to identify how the capacity, needs and viewpoints of circumpolar Indigenous Peoples can steer environmental monitoring work conducted in the Arctic and shape related decision-making processes.\n\nBy bringing together Indigenous elders, environmental practitioners, land managers and youth, the IFM will paint a comprehensive picture of the ability of Northerners to identify and respond to changes in their environment. The IFM's circumpolar linkages, supplemented by insight from the Pacific, will emphasize the human dimension of environmental change on Indigenous Peoples, and consequently the importance of environmental monitoring in the Arctic. The participation of social and natural science researchers in the IFM will also encourage the establishment of respectful connections between the holders of science-based and community-based knowledge.\n\nThe IFM will blend keynote speeches, roundtables and workshops in order to adequately address issues revolving around topics such as Indigenous knowledge, the continuation of cultural practices and livelihoods, participatory research, observational capacity and monitoring needs, and community-based monitoring.\n\nMore specifically, the insight of EoI ID No 100 will be sought in relation to monitoring needs on Indigenous lands, whereas the environmental baseline focus of EoI 496 will enhance discussions on observational capacity. Likewise, EoI 520 will bring legal expertise to debates surrounding Indigenous knowledge, EoI 922 will expand the IFM's coverage of community-based monitoring, EoI 503 will facilitate IFM's integration into the circumpolar observation and monitoring network, and EoI 1054 will strengthen the IFM's link to the Small Island Developing States. The IFM will draw from EoI 773's long-term ecosystem-based approach a means to merge scientific and Indigenous outlooks on the environment. Finally, the work of EoI 515 will help to illustrate how Indigenous environmental monitoring can influence governmental decision-making processes. \n\nThe IFM will be held in concert with Northern Youth Abroad's youth policy forum (full proposal ID No 184), and as such will both provide an opportunity for, and be enhanced by, the involvement of northern youth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37361408-91e1-4023-b64a-3593f0c99a79", - "label": "ICED", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICED\nProject URL: http://www.iced.ac.uk/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=92\n\nThe Southern Ocean is a key system in the global ocean with a crucial role in climate, biogeochemical cycles, maintaining food security and biodiversity. In recent years, some of the strongest regional expressions of global climate change have occurred in Antarctica. However, there is little information on the processes generating these changes, and the wider effects on marine ecosystems. There is a clear and increasing need to develop a coordinated circumpolar approach that assimilates and progresses understanding of climate variability and processes in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles and the development of management procedures for the sustainable exploitation of living resources.\n\nICED is a new international multidisciplinary initiative launched in response to the increasing need to develop integrated circumpolar analyses of Southern Ocean climate and ecosystem dynamics.\n\nICED has been developed in conjunction with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), through joint support from the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) programmes.\n\nThe ICED vision is to develop a coordinated circumpolar approach to better understand climate interactions in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles, and the development of sustainable management procedures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3797bce5-589e-4ae9-a27c-9a31f957c499", - "label": "ILRS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) provides global satellite and lunar laser ranging data and their related products to support geodetic and geophysical research activities as well as IERS products important to the maintenance of an accurate International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). The service develops the necessary global standards/specifications and encourages international adherence to its conventions. The ILRS is one of the space geodetic services of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG).\n\nThe ILRS collects, merges, archives and distributes Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) observation data sets of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the objectives of a wide range of scientific, engineering, and operational applications and experimentation. These data sets are used by the ILRS to generate a number of scientific and operational data products including: \n\nEarth orientation parameters (polar motion and length of day) \nStation coordinates and velocities of the ILRS tracking systems \nTime-varying geocenter coordinates \nStatic and time-varying coefficients of the Earth's gravity field \nCentimeter accuracy satellite ephemerides \nFundamental physical constants \nLunar ephemerides and librations \nLunar orientation parameters \n\nInformation provided by http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_ilrs/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "382c2401-604b-44bb-bf78-5c201ea119e6", - "label": "GLOBE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) is\na worldwide network of students, teachers and scientists working\ntogether to study and understand the global environment. The GLOBE\ngoals are to increase environmental awareness of individuals throughout\nthe world, to contribute to a better scientific understanding of the\nEarth, and to help all students reach higher levels of achievement in\nscience and mathematics.\nThe GLOBE program is hands-on. Students make environmental\nobservations at or near their schools, report their data to a GLOBE\nprocessing facility, receive and use global images created from their\ndata, and study environmental topics in their classrooms. The data\nacquired by students are used worldwide by environmental scientists in\ntheir research to improve understanding of the global environment.\nGLOBE is managed by an interagency team that includes the National\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National\nAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science\nFoundation (NSF), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the\nDepartments of Education and State. GLOBE leadership also includes\nthe Office on Environmental Policy and the Office of Science and\nTechnology Policy in the Executive Office of the President. NOAA is\nthe lead agency for GLOBE.\nMore information can be found on the WWW at 'http://www.globe.gov'\n[This information was obtained from the GLOBE WWW pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "388e5410-62ab-4f84-aeac-af983bf6210b", - "label": "IMPROVE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments\n(IMPROVE) program is a cooperative measurement effort governed\nby a steering committee composed of representatives from Federal\nand regional-state organizations. The IMPROVE monitoring program\nwas established in 1985 to aid the creation of Federal and State\nimplementation plans for the protection of visibility in Class I\nareas (156 national parks and wilderness areas) as stipulated in\nthe 1977 amendments to the Clean Air Act.\n\nThe objectives of IMPROVE are: 1. to establish current\nvisibility and aerosol conditions in mandatory class I areas (\n\n2. to identify chemical species and emission sources responsible\nfor existing man-made visibility impairment\n\n3. to document long-term trends for assessing progress towards\nthe national visibility goal\n\n4. and with the enactment of the Regional Haze Rule, to provided\nregional haze monitoring representing all visibility-protected\nfederal class I areas where practical.\n\nIMPROVE has also been a key participant in visibility-related\nresearch, including the advancement of monitoring\ninstrumentation, analysis techniques, visibility modeling,\npolicy formulation and source attribution field studies.\n\nContact Information:\nBret Schichtel, D. Sc\nColorado State University\nCooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere\nFoothills Campus\nFort Collins, CO, 80523-1375\n\nPhone: 970-491-8581\nFax: 970-491-8598\nSchichtel@Cira.Colostate.edu\n\nWebsite: 'http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/'\n\n[Summary provided by Colorado State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3acd471b-ce17-4a16-a518-9422ffec9513", - "label": "GRAPES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Problem:\n\nCalifornia winegrape cultivation is vital to the State's economy and\nprovides the main support for the nation's ผ billion retail\nwine industry. In 1994 the wine industry provided 194,000 direct jobs\nnationally, with total wages of ū.5 billion. Tax assessments\non wine remitted ũ.6 billion to federal, state and local\ngovernments (source: Barsby & Associates).\n\nSince the late 1980's, California wine growers have been faced with\ndestruction of their vines by infestation of a root louse named\nphylloxera (biotype B). The louse kills vines by feeding on their\nroots. There is no way to eradicate the pest, and infested areas must\neventually be replanted on a phylloxera-resistant or tolerant\nrootstock. The infestation is present in eight California counties,\nand is particularly severe in Napa and Sonoma Counties where thousands\nof acres of premiere vineyards have already been destroyed or are\nscheduled for future replacement.\n\n Approach:\n\nDuring the 1993-1995 time period, NASA Ames Research Center (Ecosystem\nScience and Technology Branch) collaborated with industry and\nuniversity partners to develop and transfer the use of remote sensing\nand associated computerized technologies as a tool for vineyard\nmanagers to use in addressing the phylloxera problem. NASA's partners\non this project included the University of California Cooperative\nExtension (Napa County), University of California Davis (Entomology\nDept.), California State University Chico (School of Agriculture) and\nthe Robert Mondavi Winery. Staff from each organization brought unique\nexpertise to the project, working together in the field, laboratory\nand computer room. The work was co-funded by NASA's Office of Advanced\nConcepts and Technology and the Robert Mondavi Winery. Project results\nare being made available to the wine industry, commercial remote\nsensing product vendors, agricultural community and general public\nthrough invited oral presentations! and written reports. The\ntypically rapid progression of phylloxera infestation was\ncharacterized for the 1989-1993 time period across a ~1000 acre\nMondavi property using retrospective color infrared aerial\nphotography.\n\nDuring the 1993 growing season, field and aircraft data were collected\nfrom Napa Valley test sites with special sensors designed to study\nearth resources, including plant stress manifested as reductions in\nvegetation canopy density. Infestations are detectable in this\nremotely sensed imagery, even in the early stage when phylloxera are\nunderground eating vine roots but the above ground plant still appears\nhealthy.\n\n Significance:\n\nBy using remote sensing and associated analysis techniques, growers\ncan attain earlier knowledge on the rate of spread of the infestation,\nand the rate of decline for affected vines. It is anticipated that\nthis source of information will allow for more informed replanting\ndecisions, helping California wineries retain market share.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/grapes/grapes.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ad9105d-cbae-46c6-94ab-398ed5eedcd8", - "label": "IODP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is an international marine research collaboration between 26 nations dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of Earth by sampling, instrumenting and monitoring subseafloor environments using specialized ocean drilling platforms staffed by multidisciplinary research scientists.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3aef041a-7fe2-4d61-9dee-2e2a29535653", - "label": "HMA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "High mountain Asia stretches from the Tien Shan and Hindu Kush in the northwest, to the eastern Himalaya in the southeast. The region contains one of the highest concentrations of snow and glaciers outside of the polar regions, and the advance or retreat of glaciers in this part of the world provides a window into Earth's changing climate. In addition, this high-altitude reservoir of ice provides water to more than a billion people. Rapid melt in this region can pose downstream hazards such as glacial lake outburst floods and landslides.\n\nSatellite remote sensing enables scientists to monitor the cryosphere in high mountain Asia, to better understand Earth system processes, and inform policymaking. These data products will be based on satellite observations, modeling results, and in situ measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ba6dfc0-fd38-42e0-851b-945d3b2f3355", - "label": "ICOADS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ICOADS is developed and maintained as a cooperative effort between NSF's National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): specifically its Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , in conjunction with the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) of the University of Colorado, and its National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).\n\n\nICOADS is a collection of global marine surface observations for 1784 - 2007-07 and monthly summary statistics of the observations currently for 1800 - 2007-05. The observations are taken primarily from ships (merchant, ocean research, fishing, navy, etc) and moored and drifting buoys. Many sources of real time and delayed mode data are included. The data, documentation, and a wide assortment of ancillary information are available from the contributing organizations. The ICOADS highlights at NCAR, CDC/CIRES, and NCDC are briefly outlined below. \n\nSummary provided by http://dss.ucar.edu/pub/coads/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c93c79b-18cf-4b29-b295-0fc2ad3aa053", - "label": "IVS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) was established in February 1999 in order to support VLBI programs for geodetic geophysical and astrometric research and operational activities. The objectives of the IVS are to provide a service to support geodetic, geophysical, and astrometric research and operational activities, to promote research and development for VLBI, to integrate VLBI into a global Earth observing system, and to interact with users of VLBI products. The IVS coordinates the observations, the data flow, the correlation, the data analysis, and the technology developments. Products generated by the IVS contribute to research in many areas, including solid Earth, tides, studies of the vertical, fundamental astronomy, and VLBI technique improvement.\n\nFor more information, link to http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d41a874-1ffd-44d2-998f-446c06aa94f1", - "label": "GRUMPV1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1) consists of estimates of human population for the years 1990, 1995, and 2000 by 30 arc-second (1km) grid cells and associated datasets dated circa 2000. \n\n[Summary provided by the Socioeconomic Data and Application Center.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d899414-22bc-421f-ba91-21685e38a44d", - "label": "IMAGERS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IMAGERS (Interactive Multimedia Adventures for Grade School Education Using Remote Sensing) Program is NASAÕs comprehensive Earth science education resource for the introduction of remote sensing and satellite imagery to children in grades K-8. \n\nInformation provided by http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/info/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e3cf5c8-b992-4ceb-91a3-2aa13c9ddf33", - "label": "HSRP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The passenger jet of the future is taking shape. NASA and its\nindustry partners have developed a concept for a next-generation\nsupersonic passenger jet that would fly 300 passengers at more\nthan 1,500 miles per hour (more than twice the speed of\nsound). As envisioned, the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT)\nwould cross the Pacific or Atlantic in less than half the time\nof modern subsonic jets, and at a ticket price less than 20\npercent above comparable, slower flights.\n\nTechnology to make the HSCT possible is being developed as part\nof NASA's High-Speed Research (HSR) program. The HSR program,\nbegun in 1990, is supported by a team of U.S. aerospace\ncompanies. The international economic stakes are high. The\nprojected market for more than 500 HSCTs between the years 2000\nand 2015 translates to more than 赨 billion in sales,\nand the potential of 140,000 new jobs in the United States.\n\n*** NOTE: The NASA High-Speed Research (HSR) Program was phased\n out in fiscal year 1999 ***", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e43f5d8-3797-48ec-8160-f4344dccf794", - "label": "HS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "With global coverage and continued refinements, Lehner hopes that future releases of HydroSHEDS will serve a wide variety of scientific and practical applications. For example, biologists sampling fish species often use GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates to locate habitats on maps. If their maps aren’t completely accurate, they might place fish in the wrong water body. That could be a serious problem if, for example, they are trying to identify rivers that support populations of threatened or endangered species. When the scientists Lehner worked with wondered whether this problem could be solved, he recalls, “Everyone said, ‘Not really. We don’t have good enough maps.’ But now they suddenly do.” Using HydroSHEDS, conservation biologists can pinpoint species habitats with unprecedented accuracy.\n\nInformation provided by http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/HydroSHEDS/hydrosheds3.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e6df59c-4064-4155-a08a-d6237c6bdf0d", - "label": "ISMEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Soil moisture has a significant impact on human safety and our economy. It affects land-use and agricultural planning and the cost, quantity, and quality of food. Accurate weather forecasts require the rate of transfer of soil moisture to the atmosphere, whether by evaporation or plant transpiration. Trends in soil moisture are also reflected in climate and regional weather, and affect drought and fire danger levels. Detecting excessive soil moisture is needed for flood warning and mitigation. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.etl.noaa.gov/programs/2004/smex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ec3e53b-e95d-49ee-8c2c-b5e23d1d3ed0", - "label": "GAGE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE) began in 1981,\ncontinuing a global network program to provide continuous\nhigh-frequency gas chromatographic measurements of methane (CH4);\nnitrous oxide (N2O), Chloroflurocarbons CFCl3 (CFC-11), CF2Cl2\n(CFC-12), and CF2ClCFC12 (CFC-113); methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3); and\ncarbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The network includes observation\nstations situated at different sites throughout the world: Cape Grim,\nTasmania; Point Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged Point, Barbados; and\nMace Head, Ireland; and Trinidad Head, California. Stations existed\nat Cape Meares, Oregon and Adrigole, Ireland. The GAGE is the second\nphase of a monitoring network consisting of the Atmospheric Lifetime\nExperiment (ALE) and the Advanced GAGE. The GAGE phase began in 1981.\nThe ALE phase (1978-1986) utilized the Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas\nchromotographs; the GAGE phase utilized the HP5880 gas chromotagraphs;\nand the recently initiated Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases\nExperiment (AGAGE) uses a new fully automated system from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed HP5890 and\nCarle Instruments gas chromotographic components.\nThe ALE/GAGE/AGAGE daily and monthly data are available via anonymous\nFTP from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) as\nfollows:\nftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov\ncd pub/ale_gage_Agage/\nor\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/'\nThe subdirectory, gage, contains data from the GAGE phase of the\nexperiment.\nFurther information can be obtained from:\nCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nBuilding 1000, MS-6335\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6335\nPhone: 423-574-4791\nFAX: 423-574-2232\nEmail: cdp@ornl.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f037b60-c58c-42df-8f19-32910d0055a5", - "label": "GEIA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Emissions Inventory Activity is an activity of the\nInternational Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Core project of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program. GEIA was orgnaized at the\nSeventh International Symposium of the Commission on the Atmospheric\nChemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP) in Chamrousse, France, in\nSeptember 1990.\n\nGEIA is one of the activities that has been defined by the IGAC\nSteering Committee and its efforts include:\n. estabishing a framework for developing and evaluating global\nemissions inventories\n. conducting a critical survey of existing emissions inventories of\ncompounds of major importance in global atmospheric chemistry\n. generating and publishing inventories for use by scientists worldwide\n\nThe ultimate goal of GEIA is to establish emissions inventories for\nall trace gases of interest, incorporating fluxes from both\nanthropogenic and natural sources.\nThe current focus of GEIA is to make global emissions available on a\none degree grid for the entire world. The reference year for which\ndata is being collected is 1990. The following emissions inventories\nare planned:\nNOx - nitrogen oxide\nSO2 - sulfur dioxide\nVOC - volatile organic compounds (isoprene,terpene,other)\nCO2 - carbon dioxide\nPb - lead\nCFC - chlorofluorocarbons\nNH3 - ammonia\nN2O - nitrous oxide\nCH4 - methane\nCO - carbon monoxide\nHg - mercury\nOrganochlorines\nRadionuclides\nBiomass burning\nAircraft emissions\nReference:\n\nMiddleton, P. and H. Lansford, ed. 1994. 'Fourth International\nWorkshop on Global Emission Inventories, Summary Report', GEIA Data\nManagement and Information Exchange Center, Boulder, CO.\n\nGraedel, T.E., T.S. Bates, A.F. Bouwman, D. Cunnold, J. Dignon,\nI. Fung, D.J. Jacob, B.K. Lamb, J. A. Logan, G. Marland, P. Middleton,\nJ.M. Pacyna, M. Placet, and C. Veldt (1993): A Compilation of\nInventories of Emissions to the Atmosphere. Global Biogeochemical\nCycles. 7, 1-26.\n\nContacts:\nGEIA publications and general information:\nHenry Lansford, ACT Communication Manager\nEmail: hlansford@nasw.org\n\nData access and programming:\nDebra Hopkins\nEmail: hopkinsd@spot.colorado.edu\n\n\nData Manager:\nPaulette Middleton\nGEIA Data Management and Information Exchange Center\nRAND ESPC\n2385 Panorama Avenue\nBoulder, Colorado 80304\nUSA\nEmail: Paulette_Middleton@rand.org\nData Availability:\n\nGEIA data can be accsed through:\n'http://weather.engin.umich.edu/geia/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "406f06ac-bcdd-4795-812f-19a1765b0e07", - "label": "ICOL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICOL\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=276\n\nLast decades saw the important changes in Arctic archaeology witnessing new significant discoveries of surprisingly early sites located at Northwestern Europe and East Siberia. The new data led to the radical revision of traditional views on the initial human dispersal and adaptations in High Latitudes. The schemes presented and repeated in manuals and textbooks are essential wrong and outdated. In spite of the unprecedented scale of field activity in different portions of this vast area, the projects are conducted by the individual and occasionally isolated regional research groups. It hampers the co-operation of scholars and coordination between field and laboratory research. To address these challenges during the International Polar Year, we have developed a new research programme known as ICOL - the Initial Human Colonization of Arctic in Changing Palaeoenvironments. Only by integrating results from archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies will it be possible to develop a comprehensive understanding of Early Man dispersal and adaptations in extremely harsh conditions of Arctic and Subarctic. The territory of the Northern Eurasia is of prime importance for the comparative study of early human dispersal and adaptations. The glacial activity during the Late Pleistocene in this part of world was restricted (comparing with northern part of North America and some portions of the Southern Hemisphere occupied by giant glacial sheets) and vast areas allowed the rapid human dispersal. Moreover, this territory played a key role in human colonization of the Western Hemisphere via Beringia. The comprehensive studies of man-land relationships in the Upper Paleolithic will be carried out in several regions of the Eastern portion of the European Russia, the territories lying near the Ural Mountains and the Pechora River basin (Byzovaya, Garchi, Zaozerye and Mamontova Kurya), as well as in Eastern Siberia (the Yana RHS site). The study of the Early Man in the New World is of particular interest connected with the complicated history of the Bering Land Bridge. In this connection the study of the muliticomponent site of Broken Mammoth (interior Alaska) is of crucial importance. The study of late human penetration to High Latitudes in Holocene during the Ocean transgression is of no less importance. In this connection the Mesolithic and Neolithic sites located at the northern most part of Kola Peninsular, Novosibisk Islands (the Zhokhov Island site), Chukotka (the Tytyl and Elgygtgyn lake sites), and coastal north Greenland (Kap Ole Cheiwitz, Kolnaes) will be main targets of research. The study of hunter-gatherers subsistence and adaptations will be supplemented by palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, including the studies of glacial activity, permafrost, vegetation and fauna. The starting points of migrated populations, possible migration routes and time will be defined. The chronological framework of the project will embrace different epochs from the Eemian Interglacial (phase 5e) to the Holocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40db09aa-cd26-4eda-996c-92e46fd31fc8", - "label": "GACP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Atmospheric aerosols, or fine particles, are one of the greatest\nsources of uncertainty in the interpretation and prediction of\nglobal climate change. Natural variations of aerosols,\nespecially due to episodic eruptions of large volcanos, are\nrecognized as a significant climate forcing, that is, a factor\nthat alters the planetary radiation balance and thus may cause a\nglobal temperature change. In addition, aerosols from soil dust,\nbiomass burning, and fossil fuel use are altering the amount and\ngeographic distribution of atmospheric aerosols, and thus\npossibly affecting climate. The Global Aerosol Climatology\nProject (GACP) is concerned with the climate forcing due to\nchanging aerosols, including both the direct radiative forcing\nby the aerosols and the indirect radiative forcing caused by\neffects of changing aerosols on cloud properties.\n\nIn Phase I of GACP, a 20-year global climatology will be\ncompiled of aerosol forcing data from satellite observations and\nfield observations for use in climate models. To accomplish\nthis, the Earth Science Enterprise (formerly called Mission to\nPlanet Earth) of NASA Headquarters, has issued a research\nannouncement (NRA-97-MTPE-16). Principal investigators of the\nsuccessful proposals will be included in the GACP Aerosol\nRadiative Forcing Science Team. This team will provide\nscientific guidance for a strategic approach toward definition\nof radiative forcing, encourage appropriate collaboration among\nresearch groups, and provide guidance to GACP. Phase II will\nconsist of complementary field studies.\n\nPoint of Contact\nDonald Anderson\nProgram Manager\nRadiation Sciences Program\nNASA Headquarters\nCode YS\n300 E St., S.W.\nWashington, DC 20546 USA\n\nPhone: 202-358-1432\nFax: 202-358-2770\nE-mail: donald.anderson@hq.nasa.gov\n\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.gewex.org/gacp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "414152e0-b327-4f17-8c7b-bfcc6ed2f9f6", - "label": "INDOEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Regional consequences of global warming depend critically on the potentially large cooling effect of another pollutant, known as aerosols. These tiny particles, of about a millionth of a centimeter or smaller in diameter, scatter sunlight back to space and cause a regional cooling effect. These aerosols consisting of sulfates, soot, organic carbon and mineral dust are produced both naturally and by human activities. Results of numerous global warming models suggest that the aerosol cooling is one of the largest, if not the largest, sources of uncertainty in predicting future climate. Still, the complex influence of aerosol cooling on global warming is not clearly understood. This issue will remain a mystery unless field experiments, such as the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), are undertaken to collect in-situ data on the regional cooling effect of sulfate and other aerosols.\n\nINDOEX addresses questions of climate change that are of high priority and of great value to the US and the international community. The project's goal is to study natural and anthropogenic climate forcing by aerosols and feedbacks on regional and global climate. This issue is at the core of the International Global Change Research Program and has been identified by IPCC as a major gap in the science of climate change prediction. \n\nINDOEX field studies will occur where pristine air masses from the southern Indian Ocean including Antarctica and not-so-clean air from the Indian subcontinent meet over the tropical Indian Ocean to provide a unique natural laboratory for studying aerosols. Scientists will collect data from the water surface through the lower stratosphere, on the aerosol composition, reactive atmospheric gases, solar radiation fluxes, wind and water vapor distribution. To this end, investigators will use multiple aircraft, ships and island stations over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Building on data collected in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998, the intense field campaign will be undertaken during January to April, 1999. Field data will be used to calibrate the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System instruments to obtain a regional map of the aerosol cooling effect. In conjunction with the regional scale satellite data, the field data will also be used to include aerosol effects in global warming prediction models.\n\nInformation provided by http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/ProjDescription.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41a127c4-cc9e-4aa1-84e1-24ea8031c735", - "label": "G-LiHT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Goddard’s LiDAR, Hyperspectral and Thermal (G-LiHT) project at the\nBiospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center\ndesigns airborne missions that permit simultaneous measurements of\nvegetation structure, foliar spectra and surface temperatures. G-LiHT has\nbeen operational since 2011 and provides scientists with open access to\ndata that are needed to understand the relationship between ecosystem form\nand function and to stimulate the advancement of synergistic algorithms.\n\nAdditional Information: https://gliht.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41d39791-c890-40ba-98af-b91b0354b756", - "label": "HERITAGE-ICE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Heritage in Ice\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=435\n\nThis Activity involves science and social science research that has been initiated as a result of the recent melting of glaciers and alpine ice patches. Melting of these scientific deep freezes, is providing unanticipated data sources that are giving us insight into past northern societies, flora/fauna, environments, and their changes through time. The field work is already happening as various independent projects in different northern North American jurisdictions (both Canada and United States), operating under northern leadership and direction. These projects will continue to operate in a similar manner if endorsed as an official IPY Activity. Thus the following Activity Summary refers to the work in general, rather than in project-specific terms.\nIn 1997/98, ancient organic artifacts and biological remains, particularly large quantities of caribou dung, were first found melting out of an alpine ice patch in southern Yukon, Canada (Kuyzk, et al., 1999, Arctic 52-2:214-219). The following year, 1999, the remains of Kwaday Dan Tsinchi meaning Long Ago Person Found” in Southern Tutchone (Athapaskan) were found melting out of a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in adjacent northwestern British Columbia, Canada (Beattie et al.,, 2000, Canadian Journal of Archaeology 24:129-147). \nIn 1999, more artifacts and biological remains were found at other melting south Yukon ice patches. Within a few summer field seasons of research, significant specimens and samples (paleo-biological, or paleobiological and archaeological) were identified and/or collected from more than 70 mountain-top ice patches in the latter jurisdiction. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the frozen organic remains being recovered from the Yukon ice patch sites spanned the entire Holocene period (Farnell et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:247-259. Hare et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:260-272). \nThe banking and curation of the samples/specimens recovered as a result of the Yukon ice patch work has been coordinated by the Yukon Government (Renewable Resources, and Heritage-Archaeology) with local study and analysis of materials, as well as research and identification work by collaborating scientists from other institutions. Studies related to the ancient artifacts have included feather identification and analysis by staff of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Dove, et al., 2005, Arctic 58-1:38-43), and paint analysis by staff of the Canadian Conservation Institute in Ottawa (Helwig et al., unpublished). Studies related to the biological specimens have been wide-ranging, including: research on species, particularly caribou, genetic history through mtDNA research; caribou dietary analysis; industrial contaminants analysis; parasite history; pollen and vegetation history; ice patch shrinkage over time; etc. (Farnell et al., ibid.).\nThe Kwaday Dan Tsinchi project is also locally administered, with the concerned indigenous government, the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, jointly managing the project with the province. The provincial museum (Royal British Columbia Museum), the Provincial Parks department, as well as scientists based in Canada, Germany, and Scotland are working with the community on the study and interpretation of this find, and the materials recovered there-from, with results now being published (e.g., Monsalve et al., 2002, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119-3:288-291; Dickson et al., 2004, Holocene 14-4:481-486; Mudie et al., 2005, Canadian Journal of Botany 83:111-123; Richards et al., in press, American Antiquity). Both the discovery and the manner in which this unique find is being managed continue to receive international attention; the project is often pointed out as an example of how scientists and First Nations can work together on even the most sensitive of subject areas, human remains. \nColleagues began fieldwork in adjacent Alaska in 2001, continuing in 2003, attempting to find glacier or ice patch archaeological sites in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. This work involved the development of a predictive model for identifying locations that should be targeted in the search for archaeological and/or biological specimens in these frozen landscapes (Dixon et al., 2005, American Antiquity 70-1:129-143). In 2003, state archaeologists successfully identified ice patch archaeological sites in the Tangle Lakes (Denali Highway) area of the state (Vanderhoek et al., in press, Alaska Journal of Anthropology). Fieldwork has continued in this location and elsewhere in the state, with ongoing analysis of the recovered materials.\nThe identification of ice patch sites yielding biological and cultural specimens and samples began in the Mackenzie Mountains region of Northwest Territories, Canada in 2005, with positive results (Andrews, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Plans are underway to search for ice patch sites in the Atlin area of northern British Columbia, Canada in 2006 (French, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Archaeological survey to search for specimens melting out of glaciers in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, U.S. is also to be initiated in 2006 (Howell, 2005 communication to Activity leader).\nFieldwork to find and recover the specimens and samples melting out of the glaciers and ice patches in northwestern North America, as well as to study the melting phenomena themselves, takes place during the height of the summer melt season each August. The fieldwork is generally conducted as day trips or short excursions, relying on helicopters for logistic support; over-view (fixed wing) flights have also been found to be useful. \nThe materials being recovered from these frozen contexts include ancient artifacts, biological materials such as small bird and animal remains, dung from different species but predominantly caribou in the case of the ice patch sites, plant macro and micro remains, and ice block samples. The specimens collected are often fragile and following field documentation, in many cases must be quickly transferred to refrigerated storage to prevent deterioration. After recovery, the specimens and samples are curated in local government facilities whenever possible; professional Conservators are stabilizing the more fragile and significant artifact pieces. Laboratory work to study both the biological and archaeological specimens and samples recovered during these projects is being undertaking by government researchers based in the north, where-ever possible, working in collaboration with scientists/specialists at southern institutions. \nThe local communities are involved, as well, in the study and interpretation of the recovered materials. For example, funds are being sought to document traditional indigenous knowledge related to the unique archaeological finds being collected by the Yukon Ice Patch project. Research to document the traditional aboriginal use of these landscapes is also part of the some of the projects. Museum displays on some of the finds are already in place, e.g., Kwaday Dan Tsinchi at the Royal British Columbia Museum, and more are in the works.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4211362b-55d7-4a8e-8bf3-46d527943192", - "label": "GOSECS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GOSCES) was a global survey of \nthe chemical, isotopic, and radiochemical tracers in the oceans. The \nexpeditions were in the Atlantic from July 1972 to May 1973; the \nPacific from August 1973 to June 1974, and the Indian Ocean from \nDecember 1977 to March. 1978. \n\nInformation provided by http://ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.GEOSECS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "426079ee-fb66-4e15-a23b-b91e58669e4d", - "label": "GFW", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Forest Watch (GFW) is an international partnership of non-governmental organizations, private companies, government agencies and research institutions. GFW partners work in regions that are home to many of the world's most important forest ecosystems -- North America, South America, Central Africa, Russia/Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. \n\nThe GFW network supports better decisions on the management and conservation of these forests by: \n\nDeveloping practical applications of remote sensing and information technologies to map and monitor the condition of priority forests; \nProviding training and technical assistance to governments, corporations, and non-governmental organizations in the use of these tools; \nBuilding bridges among business, government, and civil society institutions to promote collaborative problem solving; \nHelping to design strategies to successfully incorporate new approaches into decision-making processes. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.wri.org/biodiv/project_description2.cfm?pid=58", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42a14306-6fd9-4c07-8de9-5d3e53ee0864", - "label": "ICSU-WDS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "453a6807-abfa-481b-95b3-60bacf2cbb73", - "label": "GATE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The purpose of the GATE experiment was to understand the\ntropical atmosphere and its role in the global circulation of\nthe atmosphere. It was the first major experiment of the Global\nAtmospheric Research program, whose goal was to understand the\npredictability of the atmosphere and extend the time range of\ndaily weather forecasts to over two weeks.\n\nThe experiment took place in the summer of 1974 in an\nexperimental area that covered the tropical Atlantic Ocean from\nAfrica to South America. The work was truly international in\nscope, and involved 40 research ships, 12 research aircraft,\nnumerous buoys from 20 countries all equipped to obtain the\nobservations specified in the scientific plan. The operations\nwere directed by the International Project Office located in\nSenegal. The Project Office staff was seconded by the nations\ninvolved. The Scientific Director was from the United States and\nthe Deputy Scientific Director was from the Soviet Union.\n\n\nAn operational plan was developed each day based on the\nmeteorological situation and each ship and aircraft carried out\nthe plan. The data collected were processed by nations\nparticipating in accordance with an overall plan and made\navailable without restrictions to all scientists in the\nworld. Research using these data still goes on today, nearly 25\nyears later, and it is estimated that over a thousand papers\nhave been published based on the data collected during this\nshort period in 1974.\n\n\nThe experiment involved the world's best scientists, all types\nof engineers, technicians, pilots, ship captains, logistics\nspecialists, computer specialists, as well as senior policy\nmakers from science agencies and foreign ministries in a large\nnumber of countries. A high percentage of the individuals\ninvolved are still active and could contribute their views.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ametsoc.org/ams/sloan/gate/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4556ee2e-ff8c-4c62-8e75-640cf66407a6", - "label": "IERS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) is an\ninterdisciplinary service that maintains key connections between\nastronomy, geodesy and geophysics. Her provides:\n\n-Celestial reference frame\n-Terrestrial reference frame\n-Earth orientation data\n-Permanent information on the Earth fluid layer\n-IERS Conventions\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://hpiers.obspm.fr/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "468bf363-f3a1-4f7e-838f-cb428dc39e25", - "label": "IPY-BIRD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4818b698-7333-4ced-9394-fb654c49c429", - "label": "GULF OF BOTHNIA YEAR 1991", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A one year field study of four stations in the Gulf of Bothnia during 1991 showed that the biomass was ca. two times, and primary productivity ca. four times, lower in the north (Bothnian Bay) than in the south (Bothnian Sea) during the summer. Nutrient addition experiments indicated phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton in the Bothanian Bay and the coastal areas in the northern Bothnian Sea, but nitrogen limitation in the open Bothanian Sea.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w562443714p722r8/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48af15c9-9db2-4adf-832b-cceceb0aefce", - "label": "IMBER", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IMBER is an IGBP-SCOR project focusing on ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems. IMBER research will seek to identify the mechanisms by which marine life influences marine biogeochemical cycles, and how these, in turn, influence marine ecosystems. Central to the IMBER goal is the development of a predictive understanding of how marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems respond to complex forcings, such as large-scale climatic variations, changing physical dynamics, carbon cycle chemistry and nutrient fluxes, and the impacts of marine harvesting. Changes in marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems due to global change will also have consequences for the broader Earth System. An even greater challenge will be drawing together the natural and social science communities to study some of the key impacts and feedbacks between the marine and human systems.\n \nIMBER Web site: http://www.imber.info/\nIMBER Data Portal: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/portals/imber/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "491f4128-7ba9-4e6b-97b0-64b1c3b3bed5", - "label": "IPYPD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPYPD\nProject URL: http://biblioline.nisc.com/scripts/login.dll\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=51\n\nThe IPY Publications Database will identify and index the publications that result from the International Polar Year 2007-2008. This activity is a crucial part of IPY data management. Providing searchable metadata for IPY publications is as important as providing searchable metadata for IPY datasets. The IPY Publications Database is essential for the identification, dissemination and preservation of the achievements of the IPY. Twenty years from now, when someone asks, 'What did the IPY accomplish?'. The IPY Publications Database will provide a major part of the answer. As described in later sections of this proposal, the IPY Publications Database will also make a significant contribution to achieving the legacy, education, outreach and communication targets of the IPY.\n\nThe IPY Publications Database will be created by an expansion of the existing polar bibliographic infrastructure. The Cold Regions Bibliography Project (CRBP) at the American Geological Institute currently produces the Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology and the Antarctic Bibliography. The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) Library at the University of Cambridge produces the SPRILIB database and assists the CRBP with the Antarctic Bibliography. The Arctic Science and Technology Information System (ASTIS) at the Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, produces the ASTIS database. All of these databases, and others, are combined by National Information Services Corporation (NISC) to produce the Arctic & Antarctic Regions (AAR) database describing more than one million polar publications.\n\nThe IPY Publications Database will be created by dividing responsibility for the coverage of IPY publications between the CRBP, the SPRI Library and ASTIS; by using the IPY Data Policy to ensure that all IPY publications are reported to at least one of these organizations; by obtaining funding that allows these organizations to index the increased number of polar publications that will result from the IPY; and by having NISC include the resulting bibliographic records in both the AAR database and a new free IPY Publications Database. Bibliographic records (metadata) for IPY publications will include citations, detailed subject and geographic indexing terms, and, in most cases, abstracts. Most IPY publications will be available online, and the records describing IPY publications will contain DOIs or URLs linking to the full-text of the publications.\n\nWith the IPY Joint Committee support for this proposal, the members of the consortium are confident that they can obtain the necessary funding for this activity. At the peak of IPY indexing, which will occur two to four years after the IPY observation years, the amount of new money required may be about 10% of the consortium members' normal budgets. Raising this amount of additional money should be quite feasible. In the unlikely event that sufficient new money cannot be obtained, the members of the consortium will index as many IPY publications as possible themselves, and will encourage other members of the Polar Libraries Colloquy (the international organization of polar libraries and databases) to help fill any gaps.\n\nProviding access to the publications that result from the IPY is just as important as providing access to other types of IPY data. The IPY Publications Database will ensure that IPY publications are identified and made accessible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "493a893e-2d2b-417c-8e72-2ced8a9fffcc", - "label": "GTOPO30", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation Data Set (GTOPO30) is a global\nraster Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a horizontal grid\nspacing of 30 arc seconds (approximately 1 kilometer). GTOPO30\nwas derived from a variety of raster and vector sources. The\ndata is expressed in geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude)\nand is referenced to the World Geodetic Survey (WGS) system of\n1984 (WGS84). The files are available in generic binary (16-bit\nsigned integer) format and are distributed on CD-ROM, FTP\n(compressed), and 8-mm tape.\n\nPrices:\nCD-ROM บ.00 per CD\n8-mm tape (high density) ฟ.00\nFTP download no charge\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation/gtopo30.html#description'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "496d0697-68d3-487b-b1eb-eea66ad2772a", - "label": "ISD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Invasive Species Database was developed by the IUCN/SSC\nInvasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) as part of the global\ninitiative on invasive species led by the Global Invasive Species\nProgramme (GISP). It provides global information on invasive alien\nspecies to agencies, resource managers, decision-makers, and\ninterested individuals. The database focuses on invasive species that\nthreaten biodiversity and covers all taxonomic groups from\nmicro-organisms to animals and plants. Species information is supplied\nby expert contributors from around the world and includes; species'\nbiology, ecology, native and alien range, references, contacts, links\nand images.\n\n For more information, lik to 'http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/'\n\n [Summary provided by IUCN/SSC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4aa01524-bd2c-4a05-9634-47d25a859341", - "label": "GEOMON", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: GEOmon Home Page, http://www.geomon.eu/ ]\n \nGEOmon is a European project contributing to GEOSS. Its mission is to build an integrated pan-European atmospheric observing system of greenhouse gases, reactive gases, aerosols, and stratospheric ozone.\n\nGround-based and air-borne data are sustained and analyzed, complementary with satellite observations, in order to quantify and understand the ongoing changes of the atmospheric composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bc01333-646f-404c-9c17-58217ee99eaa", - "label": "IPAB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Participants of the WCRP/SCAR International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB) work together to maintain a network of drifting buoys in the Southern Ocean, in particular over sea ice, to provide meteorological and oceanographic data for real-time operational requirements and research purposes.\n\nIPAB data are used for many purposes, for example: \n\n1. Research in Antarctic climate and climate change \n\n2. Forecasting weather and ice conditions \n\n3. Validation of satellite measurements \n\n4. Forcing, validation and assimilation into numerical climate models \n\n5. Tracking the source and fate of samples taken from the ice \n\nIPAB is coordinated by Christian Haas from the Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany) and chaired by Shuki Ushio from the National Institute of Polar Research (Japan). IPAB is a sister program of the International Arctic Buoy Program IABP. \n \nInformation provided by http://www.ipab.aq/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c00f2bb-a213-4b21-951e-87d42d87c613", - "label": "GOSAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c7bae8a-3697-4a18-adba-f69878321dc3", - "label": "GCOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Climate Observing System was established in 1992 by four\ninternational organizations: the World Meteorological Organization\n(WMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO,\nthe United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International\nCouncil of Scientific Unions (ICSU).\nThe objectives of the Global Climate Observing System, GCOS, are to\ninsure the acquisition of data to meet the data for:\n Climate system monitoring, climate change detection and\n response monitoring especially in terrestrial ecosystems\n Application of climate information to national economic development\n Research toward improved understanding, modelling, and prediction of the\n climate system\nFor more information visit the GCOS Home Page at:\n'http://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html'\nor contact:\ngcosjpo@gateway.wmo.ch\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ce80653-a419-4ab9-ad64-aaf3b0d16dde", - "label": "IPICS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ice cores provide information about past climate and environmental conditions on timescales from decades to hundreds of millennia, and direct records of the composition of the atmosphere. As such, they are cornerstones of global change research. For example, ice cores play a central role in showing how closely climate and greenhouse gas concentrations were linked in the past, and in demonstrating that very abrupt climate switches can occur.\n\nWith the completion of major projects in Greenland and Antarctica over the last 15 years, the international ice coring community is planning for the next several decades. The costs and scope of future work create the need for coordinated international collaboration. Developing this international collaboration is the charge of IPICS, the International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences, a planning group currently composed of ice core scientists, engineers, and drillers from 18 nations. IPICS is supported by PAGES (Past Global Changes), SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) and IACS (International Association of Cryospheric Sciences), although it is not a formal project under any of these organizations.\n\nTwo international meetings in 2004 and 2005 (Brook, E. and Wolff, E.W., The future of ice core science, EOS, 87 (4), p. 39. 2006) lead to an ambitious four-element framework that both extends the ice core record in time and enhances spatial resolution. The scientific goals and their implementation have been outlined in the four IPICS White Papers - available from the IPICS website.\n\nShort Title: IPICS\nProject URL: http://www.pages-igbp.org/ipics/Proposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=117\n\nIPICS-related events planned for IPY include:\n\n1. Searching for the longest possible ice core record. The oldest Antarctic ice core so far extends 800-900 kyr. Before this, Earth's climate had a 40 kyr glacial-interglacial periodicity. IPICS aims to find a 1.2 Myr record and help discover why the period changed. During IPY, initial survey work will occur as part of the TASTE-IDEA ice divides traverses, by French/Italian/Russian teams in the Dome C-North Vostok-Dome B region, by a Chinese team near Dome A, and by US-led radar and remote sensing teams. IPICS will collate results to recommend drilling sites.\n\n2. Initiation of coring to recover the last interglacial and older ice from Greenland. The last interglacial was probably warmer than the present and is an analogue for an anthropogenically-warmed world. We need to learn about the behaviour of climate and the Greenland ice sheet during times of warmer climate. The oldest reliable core only partly penetrates the last interglacial. Drilling in northwest Greenland would start, and possibly finish, in IPY. Danish, US, French, Japanese, UK, Swiss, Swedish, and German groups have expressed interest, and others are expected to join. Note that while this effort is part of the IPICS agenda, it also falls under IPY lead project # 561 (Greenland's Ice Sheet - reactions to past and present climate change), which will lead IPY efforts related to this element of IPICS. \n\n3. Starting a detailed spatial network of deep and intermediate-depth Antarctic ice cores. The spatial pattern of change is key to climate dynamics. We have cores from central East Antarctica and from a few coastal regions, but additional data are needed from other key areas, including the northern part of Lake Vostok, coastal Antarctica, the Antarctic peninsula, and West Antarctica. New projects like the European drilling at Talos Dome (east Antarctica) will take place during IPY. These programs will provide a springboard for a larger effort to fully sample Antarctic spatial climate variability on all possible time scales. \n\n5. The WAIS Divide Ice Core. This West Antarctic ice core will produce the best climate record covering the past 100,000 years, including highly resolved histories of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and millennial and shorter time-scale climate change in Antarctica. The main drilling starts during IPY, in the 2007/2008 Antarctic field season.\n\n4. Late Holocene climate change. Future change can only be assessed in the context of natural climate variability. Highly resolved compilations of past global climate (timescale up to 2000 years) critically lack polar data. The SCAR project, ITASE, produced 250 cores that cover the last 250 years. Extending this time scale to the last millennium, and expanding the scope in the Arctic, are critical. IPY will engage all countries to complete work in Antarctica and continue the effort in the Arctic.\n\n6. SOFIA (Search for the Oldest Firn Interstitial Air). SOFIA aims to obtain firn air records spanning more than the last 150 years, encompassing much of the period from the industrial revolution to the present day. Large firn air samples are critical for understanding this period of atmospheric history as they allow measurements (of trace species or isotopic ratios) that are otherwise impossible with ice core samples.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cf2c92c-f0c3-4530-94cc-69f98e7d6fe9", - "label": "GMCC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GMCC (Geophysical Monitoring for Climate Change) is part of CMDL\n(Climate Monitoring & Diagnostics Laboratory). This project\ninvoloves aerosol measurements which began in the mid\n1970's. Since the start of the program, scientific understanding\nof the behavior of atmospheric aerosols has improved\nconsiderably.\n\nOne lesson learned is that human activities primarily influence\naerosols on a regional/continental scales rather than global\nscales.\n\nThe goals of this regioanl-scale monitoring program are to\ncharacterize means, variability, and trends of climate-forcing\nproperties of different types of aerosols, and to understand the\nfactors that control these properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4def8552-4571-4d26-963b-db82ed20ed00", - "label": "ITSP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Since the 1980s, the collaborative efforts by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Institute of Space and Astronuatical Science (ISAS) of Japan have led to the conception of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative consisting of a set of solar-terrestrial missions to be carred out during the 1990s and into the next century.\n\nhttp://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/misc/istp_project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e5d740a-2143-49d3-b11c-0af552cf525c", - "label": "IPHEx", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) field campaign was conducted in North Carolina during the months of April thru June 2014. IPHEx sought to characterize warm season orographic precipitation regimes, and the relationship between precipitation regimes and hydrologic processes in regions of complex terrain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eb46c6e-01dc-48be-a0da-403e4136ae78", - "label": "GBASE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GulfBase is a database of resources about the Gulf of Mexico. The goal of this website is to regroup, synthesize, and make freely available Gulf of Mexico research information. Our vision is that GulfBase will help researchers, policy makers, and the general public work together to insure long-term sustainable use and conservation of the Gulf of Mexico.\n\nhttp://gulfbase.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ff8fcaf-dea3-4b01-b88b-4fe5c0507220", - "label": "IASI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "502ea6bd-45e9-45af-9092-a4cbe6ba2e7e", - "label": "GPCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP) is an element of\nthe Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) of the World\nClimate Research program (WCRP). It was established by the WCRP in\n1986 with the initial goal of providing monthly mean precipitation\ndata on a 2.5 x 2.5 degree latitude -longitude grid for the period\n1986-1995. This was recently extended to the year 2000. The GPCP will\naccomplish this by merging infrared and microwave satellite estimates\nof precipitation with rain gauge data from more than 30,000\nstations. Infrared precipitation estimates are obtained from GOES\n(United States), GMS (Japan) and Meteosat (European Community)\ngeostationary satellites and National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) operational polar orbiting satellites. Microwave\nestimates are obtained from the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite\nProgram (DMSP) satellites using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager\n(SSM/I). These data sets will be used to validate general circulation\nand climate models, study the global hydrological cycle and diagnose\nthe variability of the global climate system. Data are available\nbeginning in January 1986. Merged satellite and gauge data are\navailable starting with July 1987.\n\nThe GPCP is developing new products. One product that is under\ndevelopment is a one degree global daily product. Another set of\nproducts under development include SSM/I derived rain variability\nparameters (rainfall, variance, aerial coverage, etc).\n\n Contact:\n\n Arnold Gruber\n Office of Research and Applications\n NESDIS E/RA\n Washington D.C. 20233\n Ph: 301-763-8127\n Fax: 301-763-8108\n e-mail: Arnold.Gruber@noaa.gov\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://cics.umd.edu/GPCP'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52925fd4-efdd-4d36-bfc6-519a1d4bf239", - "label": "GAW", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The purpose and long-term goal of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), a program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is to provide data, scientific assessments, and other information on the atmospheric composition and related physical characteristics of the background atmosphere from all parts of the globe. These are required to improve understanding of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its interactions with the oceans and the biosphere and will enable prediction of the future states of the earth-atmosphere system. GAW was established in 1989 as a coordinated system of networks of observing stations some of which began data-gathering in the 1950s and includes associated facilities and infrastructure encompassing measurement and related scientific assessment activities. The overall role of GAW is to supply basic information of known quality indicative of the atmospheric environment that transcends specific issues. The measurement programme includes: greenhouse gases, ozone (surface, total, and profile), radiation (including UV-B) and optical depth, precipitation chemistry, chemical and physical properties of aerosols, reactive gases, radionuclides, and related meteorological parameters. National and international policy decisions affecting the environment in the 21st century will thus rely heavily on the scientific data gathered through GAW. GAW is an integral part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) consisting of global stations located at remote pristine locations and regional stations for characterizing the regional environmental quality away from direct pollution sources. Also established are WMO World Data Centres for ozone and UV-B, radiation, aerosol optical depth, precipitation chemistry, greenhouse gases and all atmospheric gases except ozone, and aerosols. A concept of Quality Assurance/Science Activity Centres serves as a crucial link between the individual sampling sites - where the parameters are measured - and the ultimate data depositories (Data Centres) where the quality-assured data are archived and distributed.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5428112b-5938-4065-ad13-72c9c2637cc1", - "label": "ISCAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Research Objectives of the Investigation of Sulfur Chemistry in\n Antarctic Troposphere (ISCAT):\n\n\n During this four-year study at Amundsen-Scott South Pole\n Station, we will examine the sulfur chemistry of the Antarctic\n atmosphere. The study involves two field seasons, the first of\n which was completed in 1998-1999. This field season (2000-2001)\n will be the second and last for this project. The study, which\n includes 10 principal and senior investigators at five\n institutions, with seven additional contributing investigators,\n has two broad-based goals: to improve substantially our current\n understanding of the oxidation chemistry of bioorganic sulfur\n in the polar environment, and to improve the climatic\n interpretation of sulfur-based signals in Antarctic ice-core\n records.\n\n The South Pole was selected because the atmospheric boundary\n layer at this site presents a homogeneous and relatively simple\n environment from which to unravel the photochemically driven\n oxidation chemistry of dimethyl sulfide. Atmospheric sulfur\n chemistry is an important component in climate change issues\n because both naturally (i.e., from volcanic emissions and\n oceanic phytoplankton production) and anthropogenically emitted\n sulfur compounds form minute particles in the atmosphere--the\n so-called aerosols--that reflect solar radiation, produce\n atmospheric haze and acid rain, and affect ozone\n depletion. Sulfate particles in the atmosphere may also act as\n condensation nuclei for water vapor and enhance global\n cloudiness. On the millennial time scale, the variability and\n natural background level of atmospheric aerosols can be\n reconstructed from the preserved paleorecords of sulfur\n oxidation products in ice cores. It is necessary, however, to\n understand how the physical and chemi! cal environment of the\n oxidation process affects the relative concentrations of the\n oxidation products that become buried in the ice. This study\n requires simultaneous observations of a wide-ranging suite of\n sulfur species, such as DMS and its oxidation products, sulfur\n dioxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, methane sulfonic\n acid, and sulfuric acid, as well as photochemically important\n compounds such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, water vapor,\n and non-methane hydrocarbons.\n\nSecondary objectives will be:\n\nto examine interior Antarctic air samples for other significant\nDMS oxidation products, such as sulfurous acid and methane\nsulfonic acid; and to assess the local variation in hydroxyl and\nperhydroxyl radicals, a measure of the oxidizing power of the\natmosphere. This study will provide, for the first time, a\nquantitative picture of exactly which atmospheric sulfur\ncompounds are advected into the Antarctic interior and a\ndetailed picture of the sulfur chemistry that is active in the\nAntarctic atmosphere.\n\nContact Information:\n\nDr. Douglas Davis, Principal Investigator\n\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\nSchool of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences\n221 Bobby Dodd Way\nAtlanta, GA 30332-0340\n\nPhone: 404-894-4008\nFax: 404-894-1993\nEmail: douglas.davis@eas.gatech.edu\n\nFor more information,\nlink to\n'http://rpsc.raytheon.com/science/SciPlanSummaries/sps00/00_OO_270_O.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Raytheon]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55328360-2b65-4bbb-8e11-e09baff480e7", - "label": "IMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) was proposed in 1970 as a concerted effort to acquire coordinated ground-based, balloon, rocket, and satellite data needed to improve our understanding of the behavior of earth's plasma environment. This report summarizes the progress of the IMS to date and presents some recommendations on information transfer and research operations for improving the IMS program. Milestones in the organization of the IMS are reviewed along with basic and applied research dealing with various cause-and-effect relationships among the dynamical processes that govern particle, momentum, and energy transfer between the solar wind, the magnetosphere, and the upper atmosphere. Coordination of the IMS on a worldwide basis is discussed, particularly with respect to the different national, bilateral, and multinational programs. The dedicated IMS satellite, ground-based, balloon, and rocket programs are briefly examined, and the functions of the IMS Steering Committee, Satellite Situation Center, Central Information Exchange Office, and World Data Centers are described. Attention is also given to real-time data acquisition and display systems, satellite-data availability, and Steering Committee recommendations regarding data analysis and interpretation. \n\nSummary provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SSRv...21....3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5629611c-a84f-4138-8ac0-a304604f7bae", - "label": "GODAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The international oceanographic community has had a long history of exchanging oceanographic data that begins with the founding of the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 1902 and the publication of ICES-related oceanographic profile and plankton date in 1907. There continues to be a pressing need for the international oceanographic and climate communities to have access to the most complete oceanographic databases possible for research purposes and particularly for scientific studies in support of international agreements and treaties.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/NODC-dataexch/NODC-godar.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5649444b-af41-452d-ac72-cbba5cb94801", - "label": "IMEEMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "1988-1989, the Antarctic summer season, New Zealand and carried out international joint observation that 'the international volcanic eruption EREBASU Research Organization (IMEEMS: International Mount Erebus Eruption Mechanism Study)' to participate. IMEEMSの大きな目的はエレバス火山(77.5°S, 167°E, 3794m)の山体内での地震観測と, 山頂火口縁にTVカメラを設置して火口からの噴火を実時間でスコット基地に送り, モニターとビデオ記録することである。 The goal is a major volcanic IMEEMS EREBASU (77.5 ° S, 167 ° E, 3794m) mountain in the body of seismic stations and TV camera to the summit crater rim of the crater from the establishment of a real-time eruption sent to Scott Base, Monitor and record the video. これにより, 爆発の瞬間の時刻が決定でき, 同時に発生する地震と対応させることができる。 The decision time is the moment of the explosion, earthquakes occur simultaneously and can respond to it. 日本はこれまでどおり, スコット基地に設置してあるレコーダー類の保守, 点検, 記録の整理などを分担した。 Japan has so far as the Scott base on a recorder set up sort of maintenance, inspection, organize and share records. 1988年12月, エレバス火山の地震活動は前年同様に低かった。 December, 1988, EREBASU volcano's low earthquake activity is similar to the previous year. 噴火は12月後半の16日間にTVモニター上で35回記録された。 Erupted in late December for 16 days on the TV monitors recorded 35 times. エレバス山の火山活動は全体に前年と同じ程度であった。 Erebus volcano's activity is much the same as last year as a whole.\n\nA program to continuously monitor the seismic activity of Mount Erebus (77.5°S, 167°E, 3794m) in Antarctica and to identify the mechanism of its eruption has been continued since January 1987 as an international cooperation between New Zealand and Japan, named IMEEMS (International Mount Erebus Eruption Mechanism Study). A TV camcra for monitoring explosions from the lava lake in the summit crater was installed at the crater rim of Mount Erebus. The video signals were transmitted to Scott Base of New Zealand by radio-telemetry and the exact time of eruptions was recorded using the same time code of the seismic network. A Japanese scientist participating in the IMEEMS visited Scott Base in December 1988 and conducted a series of observations of seismic and video recordings. The volcanic activities of Mount Erebus in December 1988 were nearly in the same situation for the last few seasons. A program to continuously monitor the seismic activity of Mount Erebus (77.5 ° S, 167 ° E, 3794m) in Antarctica and to identify the mechanism of its eruption has been continued since January 1987 as an international cooperation between New Zealand and Japan, named IMEEMS (International Mount Erebus Eruption Mechanism Study). A TV camcra for monitoring explosions from the lava lake in the summit crater was installed at the crater rim of Mount Erebus. The video signals were transmitted to Scott Base of New Zealand by radio-telemetry and the exact time of eruptions was recorded using the same time code of the seismic network. A Japanese scientist participating in the IMEEMS visited Scott Base in December 1988 and conducted a series of observations of seismic and video recordings. The volcanic activities of Mount Erebus in December 1988 were nearly in the same situation for the last few seasons. \n\nSummary provided by http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000205851/en/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5693c9d0-740a-453f-a69f-68d288cadaf0", - "label": "GMBD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Maritime Boundaries Database (GMBD) CD-ROM brings together the claims, limits and boundaries of the world with detailed attribution and documentation so they can be queried and viewed using GIS software. Included in the GMBD are: territorial seas; contiguous, joint development, fishing, and economic zones; potential claim median line solutions, disputed areas, boundary status; and much more. It will be your standard reference for quick access to vital, specific boundary information.\n\nThis information is provided by \nhttp://www.gd-ais.com/capabilities/offerings/sr/GGDP/GMBDDescription.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57174372-1008-4bc8-bf72-63aa25acdd90", - "label": "GIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[From the Global Impact Studies Project mission statement,\n'http://gisp.gi.alaska.edu/mission.htm']\n\nThe mission of GLOBAL IMPACT STUDIES PROJECT (GISP) is to promote,\nencourage, and guide international studies of terrestrial impact\nstructures, particularly those directed toward gaining a better\nunderstanding of the cratering process and its effects on the\ngeological and biological evolution of planet Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57ccabf6-5d8a-4186-9d35-255736cb471d", - "label": "GLOBAL_CMT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "During the summer of 2006, the main activities of the research project known as the Harvard Centroid-Moment-Tensor (CMT) Project moved with Principal Investigator Goran Ekstrom from Harvard University to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University. Adam Dziewonski, the founder and co-Principal Investigator of the CMT project, is at Harvard University. The third active participant in the CMT project is Meredith Nettles at LDEO, Columbia University. The Harvard CMT Project is moving forward under the name 'The Global CMT Project'. The main dissemination point for information and results from the project is the web site http://www.globalcmt.org/.\n\nThe Global CMT Project involves four main activities: \n\n1. Systematic determination, with a three-to-four-month delay, of moment tensors for earthquakes with M>5 globally, and accumulation of the results in the CMT catalog.\n\n2. Rapid determination of moment tensors for earthquakes with M>5.5 globally and quick dissemination of results ('quick CMTs').\n\n3. Curation of the CMT catalog, which contains more than 25,000 moment tensors for earthquakes since 1976.\n\n4. Development and implementation of improved methods for the quantification of earthquake source characteristics on a global scale.\n\n\nThe Global Centroid Moment Tensor database, a forms query, was formerly known as the Harvard CMT catalog. The main database runs from January, 1976, to about 6 months before the present. Also included in this search are the Quick CMTs (from the end of the main catalog through the present). For more information on CMTs, see the CMT project web page. \n\nThe CMT project has been continuously funded by the National Science Foundation since its inception, and is currently supported by award EAR-0639963.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58edba36-02dd-495c-9d4b-b64d7d9feb3a", - "label": "GOMOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GoMOOS is a national pilot program designed to bring hourly oceanographic data\nfrom the Gulf of Maine to all those who need it, including:\n\n* Commercial Mariners making everyday decisions that impact their safety and\nlivelihood.\n* Coastal Resource Managers seeking to maintain economically and\nenvironmentally vital resources.\n* Scientists trying to understand complex ecosystems and predict climate\nchange.\n* Educators conveying the complexity and urgency of ocean science.\n* Search and Rescue Teams trying to find and save lives.\n* Emergency Response Teams mitigating damage from environmental disasters.\n* Public Health Officials concerned about outbreaks of harmful algal blooms\n(such as red tide).\n\n[Summary adopted from the GoMOOS website at http://dev.gomoos.org/aboutgomoos/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59117303-b384-43da-be61-ffc147a61c64", - "label": "HANPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In a June 2004 issue of the journal Nature a team of researchers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the University of Maryland, the World Wildlife Fund, Stanford University, the National Center for Atmospheric Research and Bowie State University published an analysis of global patterns in human consumption of net primary productivity (NPP). NPP—the net amount of solar energy converted to plant organic matter through photosynthesis—can be measured in units of elemental carbon and represents the primary food energy source for the world's ecosystems. Human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP), through the consumption of food, paper, wood and fiber, alters the composition of the atmosphere, levels of biodiversity, energy flows within food webs and the provision of important ecosystem services. A more detailed paper presenting similar results was published by the NASA lead researchers (Imhoff and Bounoua) in a November 2006 article in the Journal of Geophysical Research (see citation section below). \n\nThis Web site provides access to the spatial data sets utilized in the Nature and JGR articles: the original satellite-derived quarter-degree NPP grid (Figure 1); the intermediate model of human appropriation of NPP (low and high variants of HANPP were also produced but are not distributed here) (Figure 2); and the HANPP as a percent of NPP (Figure 3). The data are available in raster GRID and Compressed GeoTIFF formats. In addition, a downloadable Excel format file provides tabular data by country on total estimated consumption of NPP in the form of food, paper, wood, and fiber. \n\nInformation provided by sedac.ciesin.org/es/hanpp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "599a7bd8-303f-4e0e-b915-e9bc0d5e42a2", - "label": "IABIN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN) is a forum to foster technical collaboration and coordination among countries of the Americas in collection, sharing, and use of biodiversity information relevant to decision-making on natural resources management and conservation, and education to promote sustainable development in the region. \n\nGoals \n\nBuild up an infrastructure for biodiversity information exchange. \nStrengthen technical capacity to exchange biodiversity information and expertise across political, linguistic, and institutional boundaries. \nProvide access to biodiversity information useful to decision-makers to improve biodiversity conservation \nEnhance capacity to store, use, and distribute scientifically sound and update biodiversity information. \nProduce or adapt information products for decision makers (tools for decision-making) so they formulate effective environmental management policies and promote sustainable development in the region. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.iabin.net/index.php\noption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=21&Itemid=41", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59a050da-525a-4416-8e2d-d291f837051d", - "label": "HyMeX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) aimed to improve the understanding, quantification and modelling of the hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean, with emphasis on the predictability and evolution of extreme weather events, inter-annual to decadal variability of the Mediterranean coupled system, and associated trends in the context of global change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59a3fc13-5172-4752-875c-555139925d83", - "label": "IPY FIELD STATIONS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In the present project a team of researchers from six nations will study the history and legacy of IPY through its field stations. (For a more full-bodied description of our approach and themes of study, see EoI 686, January 2005.)\nField stations have been one of the most salient and tangible features of IPYs since 1882-83 and through to the coming IPY 2007-08. The polar station is a modern feature, the smaller field cousin of the Laboratory, Instrument, or Observatory. It is a nexus, and a place, where a number of central features of the modern scientific enterprise – laboratory practices and methods, precision instruments, territorial claims – meet in the landscape and sometimes in close vicinity of local groups and populations. Field stations, and the scientific expeditions that created them and used them as vantage points, are inseparable from polar research. They form important parts of the infrastructure of polar research in the past two centuries. They have also served as flag carriers, and as symbols of political, diplomatic and economic ambitions of the nations to which their founders belonged.\nHowever, field stations remain a surprisingly neglected element in the study of the creation of scientific knowledge, and in relation to science diplomacy and geopolitical conflict and cooperation. We know quite little of the bipolar archipelagoes of IPY stations and their significance, some of them more than a century old. We are yet not sufficiently clear about their status as legacies of past ambitions, or as heritage in landscapes which were shared by science with local groups and indigenous peoples.\nIn this project we will approach field stations from a range of disciplinary vantage points. At the heart of our concerns are field stations as units of knowledge production in the field. This is particularly pertinent to the IPY legacy. Cooperation in sharing field data is an ideal that has run through previous IPYs, and it has been given special prominence in the IPY 2007-2008 Framework. The original idea of IPY emerged from a recognition that individual studies in the field sciences only contribute to a larger picture with a great deal of work. Field stations are one of the chief means by which a sustained presence in the field is maintained: field sites, instruments, and the movement of personnel are carefully coordinated; projects are vetted within research communities through systems of peer review; research efforts are directed with an eye to agendas decided by policymakers. Another thing is the way that contact and collaboration between researchers and disciplines is influenced by the specifics of the field station, including management practices and physical design, which evidently has significant implications for field stations and knowledge production.\nIn the project we intend to use the International Polar Year 2007-2008 as an opportunity to identify and analyse the work (e.g. planning, calibrating, publishing, management, hidden labour, sharing data) required to make field observations meaningful across a range of scales and contexts of users or audiences. The IPY 2007-08 represents a singular opportunity to understand how the field sciences have generated a scientific and cultural legacy. We will analyse former and present research station sites, including important non-IPY sites, to understand how the residues of scientific practice become valid knowledge, collective memory and heritage. We will also study the contemporary and past role of field-stations in establishing patterns of management-labour interactions, work rules and customs, and attitudes toward jobs, for modern, non-subsistence employment in communities which have hosted or interacted with stations. For some stations, only archival work is possible.\nAmong a range of IPY proposals which are in different ways connected to this one (see further under 3.2), our project links up in particular with the LASHIPA project (EoI 636). LASHIPA studies industrial, mining, and whaling stations and sites in the polar regions, some of which are also related to IPY history. In this way the “station” comes out not just as the site of different forms of production (of knowledge, goods, and perceptions), but also as a theoretical concept: the physical manifestation of Western knowledge and its specific relationships of nature and culture, time and place, the physical and the spiritual. In combination, the two projects (686 and 636) provide a comprehensive and novel approach to the geography of human presence and IPY encounters in the Arctic and Antarctic regions.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=100", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59ece13d-29a9-4894-909d-553bb813bd95", - "label": "ICE2SEA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Accurate simulation of ice-sheet surface mass balance requires higher spatial resolution than is afforded by typical atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs), owing, in particular, to the need to resolve the narrow and steep margins where the majority of precipitation and ablation occurs. We have developed a method for calculating mass-balance changes by combining ice-sheet average time-series from AOGCM projections for future centuries, both with information from high-resolution climate models run for short periods and with a 20 km ice-sheet mass-balance model. Antarctica contributes negatively to sea level on account of increased accumulation, while Greenland contributes positively because ablation increases more rapidly. The uncertainty in the results is about 20% for Antarctica and 35% for Greenland. Changes in ice-sheet topography and dynamics are not included, but we discuss their possible effects. For an annual- and area-average warming exceeding in Greenland and in the global average, the net surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet becomes negative, in which case it is likely that the ice sheet would eventually be eliminated, raising global-average sea level by 7 m.\n\nhttp://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1844/1709.full", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aff2260-a3d8-4a1f-a6bf-3a44c103c5fe", - "label": "GHRSST-PP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) high-resolution sea\nsurface temperature pilot project (GHRSST-PP) has been established to give\ninternational focus and coordination to the development of a new generation of\nglobal, multi-sensor, high-resolution (~6 hours and 10 km), SST products.\n\nThe GHRSST-PP primary project aim is to: 'Ensure the provision of rapidly and\nregularly diffused, high-quality sea surface temperature products at a fine\nspatial and temporal resolution that meet the diverse needs of GODAE, the\nscientific community, operational users and climate applications at a global\nscale.'\n\nThe GHRSST-PP brings together international Space Agencies, Research\nInstitutes, Universities, operational ocean forecasting agencies (civil and\nmilitary) and Government agencies to collectively solve the scientific,\nlogistical and managerial challenges posed by creating the SST data products\nand services within the GHRSST-PP.\n\nNOAA NODC maintains the long term archive and works collaboratively with the\nNASA JPL/Caltech Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center\n(PO.DAAC) to provide key stewardship of these valuable data sets. NODC also\nleads the reanalysis component of GHRSST-PP, which will periodically reprocess\nthe GHRSST record to produce more accurate and consistent Level 4 (gap free,\ngridded) SST analysis products for the global ocean.\n\nAdditional project information can be found at the following web sites:\n'http://www.ghrsst-pp.org/'\n'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/ghrsst/'\n'http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ghrsst/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bc3c136-5ea8-407b-ba7a-b673a23c174b", - "label": "GAME/ANN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment Asian summer and winter monsoons\n play a major role in the global energy transport and water cycle\n by redistributing the total solar energy input to the Earth. The\n overall goal of the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) is to\n understand the role of the Asian monsoon in the global climate\n system and develop methods for long-range forecasting.\n\n GAME Objectives:\n\n To understand the role of the Asian monsoon in the global energy and\n water cycle.\n\n To improve the simulation and seasonal prediction of the Asian\n monsoon.\n\n To assess the impact of monsoon variability on the regional\n hydrological cycle.\n\n GAME Points of Contact:\n\n Professor Kenji Nakamura\n GAME International GEWEX Project Office\n Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences\n Nagoya University\n Nagoya, Aichi 464-01 JAPAN\n\n Telephone: 81-52-789-5439\n Fax: 81-52-789-3436\n E-mail: nakamura@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp\n\n For more information, link to\n\n'http://www.gewex.org/game.html' or\n'http://www.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bca44fe-beff-4d39-bb19-726ddb57ca30", - "label": "GLOSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is an international\nprogramme coordinated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic\nCommission (IOC) for the establishment of high quality global and\nregional sea level networks for application to climate, oceanographic\nand coastal sea level research. The programme became known as GLOSS as\nit provides data for deriving the 'Global Level of the Sea Surface'.\n\nThe main component of GLOSS is the 'Global Core Network' (GCN) of 287\nsea level stations around the world for long term climate change and\noceanographic sea level monitoring.\n\nThe Core Network is designed to provide an approximately\nevenly-distributed sampling of global coastal sea level\nvariations. Another component is the GLOSS Long Term Trends (LTT) set\nof gauge sites (some, but not all, of which are in the GCN) for\nmonitoring long term trends and accelerations in global sea\nlevel. These will be priority sites for Global Positioning System\n(GPS) receiver installations to monitor vertical land movements, and\ntheir data will contribute to long term climate change studies such as\nthose of the WMO-UNEP Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\n(IPCC).\n\nThe GLOSS altimeter calibration (ALT) set consists mostly of island\nstations, and will provide an ongoing facility for mission\nintercalibrations. A GLOSS ocean circulation (OC) set, including in\nparticular gauge pairs at straits and in polar area, complements\naltimetric coverage of the open deep ocean within programmes such as\nWOCE and CLIVAR.\n\nGLOSS can be considered a component of IOC's Global Ocean Observing\nSystem (GOOS), and particularly as a major contributor to its Climate\nand Coastal Modules. Information on the links between GLOSS and other\nIOC activities can be obtained from IOC's own web pages.\n\nFor more information, link to '\nhttp://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/programmes/gloss.info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bffb2b2-1b99-4ea7-b61c-d411d3f6b434", - "label": "GEOFON", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GEOFON is a program which consists of three components, the permanent broadband\nseismological network, a varying number of mobile network deployments and the\nGEOFON Data Center. \n\nFor more information, please see:\nhttp://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c0d34fc-09f0-4fcc-9c8b-6c9f444129ee", - "label": "GLUES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Within the project GLUES (Global Assessment of Land Use Dynamics, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ecosystem Services, 2010-2014) the Professorship of Geoinformation Systems of the TU Dresden is implementing a Geodata Infrastructure (GDI). The GLUES GDI is the common data and service platform for the international research program 'Sustainable Land Management', but it can also be used by other researchers and stakeholders. The GLUES GDI provides global and regional data sets about land use, climate change, economical change, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity and ecosystem services. The GDI realizes a network of Web services enabling standardised access to distributed geodata bases and analysis functions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5db1f46d-cf7e-4824-8516-7f7d3dce3858", - "label": "GPS/MET", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "'GPS Meteorology' is a name given to the body of science and technology which makes use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for active remote sensing of the Earth atmosphere. At the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), scientists have already demonstrated one GPS Meteorology technique using ground based GPS receivers.[1] 'Ground based GPS Meteorology is capable of accurate, continuous, integrated precipitable water vapor measurements at fixed sites. In the near future, a UCAR lead team intends to demonstrate an active limb sounding technique using radio occultation observations taken by an orbiting GPS receiver. We refer to this program and the technology under development collectively as 'GPS/MET'.\n \nThe primary GPS/MET Program objectives are:\n(1) to construct a system and use it to collect GPS occultation data,\n \n(2) to develop and demonstrate algorithms for the recovery of accurate refractivity profiles and derivative products, such as pressure, temperature and moisture profiles, (3) to evaluate the net impact of GPS/MET occultation data on weather forecasts and global change research, and (4) to publish GPS/MET data in forms useful to other scientists investigating meteorological and related applications.\n \nNote that GPS/MET promises to produce high quality data for two of the key global change variables identified by the Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences: atmospheric temperature and moisture distribution. Moreover, the goals for GPS/MET address specific objectives identified in NOAA's 1992 Strategic Plan for Upper- Air Observations. If successful, this proof- of- concept demonstration could pave the way for a new, low cost operational sounding system capable of thousands of globally distributed soundings per day.\n \nTo achieve these objectives quickly and inexpensively, a modified commercial GPS receiver will be flown on a host satellite as a secondary payload. Launch of this satellite, the MicroLab-1, is scheduled for Fall, 1994. GPS occultation data, ancillary data taken from ground based observations, and derived information products will be published on the Internet beginning early 1995. To establish the predicted performance of the system, the GPS/MET team is conducting various tests and a detailed error analysis on the end- to- end system. Gridded data derived from operational observing systems will be used to validate GPS/MET data. Four Dimensional Data Assimilation (4DDA) software tools are under development for use in the assessment of the technique's net impact on weather forecasts.\n \nThe GPS/MET Program is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Additional support is being provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and two industrial corporations: Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC) and Allen Osborne Associates, Inc. (AOA). The GPS/MET team includes researchers from UCAR's UNAVCO and NCAR/MMM divisions, and from the University of Arizona (U of AZ) and CalTech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).\n \nFor more information, link to http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/gpsmet/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5de8148e-b5bd-4b79-95ca-809d1c292ca7", - "label": "HYREX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hydrological Radar Experiment (HYREX) was a UK Natural Environment\nResearch Council (NERC) Special Topic which ran from May 1993 to April\n1997. The broad aim of HYREX was to gain a better understanding of\nrainfall variability, as sensed by weather radar, and how this\nvariability impacts on river flow at the catchment scale.\nSix projects were funded involving groups from the Institute of\nHydrology, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and the universities of\nLondon (Imperial College and University College), Newcastle, Reading\n(including the Joint Centre for Mesoscale Meteorology or JCMM) and\nSalford. Theprojects ranged from research on improved precipitation\nmeasurement using polarisation and vertical pointing radars, through\nnetwork design of radar/raingauge networks and spatial-temporal\nmodelling of rainfall fields, to rainfall orecasting based on\nstochastic and meteorological concepts. An overview of the six HYREX\nprojects and a list of the members of the HYREX Steering Committee are\navailable as separate documents.\nContact:\nAnne Roberts\nE-mail: ajr@ua.nwl.ac.uk\nE-Mail: A.Roberts@unixa.nerc-wallingford.ac.uk\nInstitute of Hydrology\nMaclean Building\nCrowmarsh Gifford\nWallingford\nOxfordshire\nOX10 8BB\nUK\n[Text adapted from the BADC Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e759d21-43a6-40ab-a6c4-c2316162b15f", - "label": "GEOTRACES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: GEOTRACES\nProject URL: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/geotraces/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=35\n\nGEOTRACES is an international study of the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes. Its mission is:\n\nTo identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions.\n\nThe GEOTRACES mission can be expressed as three overriding goals:\n\n ' To determine full water column distributions of selected trace elements and isotopes, including their concentration, chemical speciation, and physical form, along a sufficient number of sections in each ocean basin to establish the principal relationships between these distributions and with more traditional hydrographic parameters;\n\n ' To evaluate the sources, sinks, and internal cycling of these species and thereby characterize more completely the physical, chemical and biological processes regulating their distributions, and the sensitivity of these processes to global change; and\n\n ' To understand the processes that control the concentrations of geochemical species used for proxies of the past environment, both in the water column and in the substrates that reflect the water column.\n\nGEOTRACES will be global in scope, consisting of ocean sections complemented by regional process studies. Sections and process studies will combine fieldwork, laboratory experiments and modelling. Beyond realizing the scientific objectives identified above, a natural outcome of this work will be to build a community of marine scientists who understand the processes regulating trace element cycles sufficiently well to exploit this knowledge reliably in future interdisciplinary studies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fdab7af-be2f-4460-bd7c-d6bff63db500", - "label": "ICE STORIES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Ice Stories\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=457\n\n\nThe International Polar Year (IPY 2007-09) gives the public, teachers and students an extraordinary opportunity to experience the process of scientific discovery in action. Ice Stories provides a public face for IPY by using the power of contemporary media to bring current research to mass audiences with unprecedented intimacy and immediacy. \n\nIce Stories includes:\n\n-A media-rich, dynamic and continuously updated public Web site \n-A media-assets database for journalists, media producers, educators, and museum partners\n-Training program in media production and story-telling for 15 scientist-correspondents a year.\n\nIce Stories provides the public with access to IPY research through the development of a network of Exploratorium-trained polar field correspondents. It makes use of the design, education and production capacity of an informal science center to create a bridge between scientific discovery and interested members of the public. Ice Stories employs sophisticated media production and communication technology as well as strong partnerships with allied research groups and with scientists and international organizations at the poles. The content of Ice Stories reflects the latest research in many diverse fields and demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of polar research. The Exploratorium has pioneered in translating current science research into exhibits and presentations accessible to museum and Web audiences. It also has long experience creating award-winning Web sites, professional-development workshops, community outreach, and institutional alliances.\n\nBeyond the journalistic presence and educational potential of Ice Stories, its lasting legacy grows from its media-literate scientists, the media they create during IPY, and the training model the project introduces. By training scientists early in their careers, the Exploratorium gives them knowledge and tools to make their research widely accessible and to inspire the public and future generations of scientists. The project also models means of direct communication by scientists to the public and ways science centers and scientists can work together to increase public understanding of science.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6058a1cc-0527-4040-b4f3-dadad2e916ec", - "label": "GNIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Background\n\nThe Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), developed by the\nU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Board\non Geographic Names (BGN), contains information on approximately\n2 million physical and cultural geographic features in the\nUnited States. The Federally recognized name of each feature\ndescribed in the data base is identified, and references are\nmade to a feature's location by State, county, and geographic\ncoordinates. The purpose of the GNIS database development was to\npromote geographic feature name standardization and to serve as\nthe U.S.'s official repository of domestic geographic names\ninformation (see the Introduction section of the Geographic\nNames Information System Data Users Guide for more\ndetails). Information on foreign geographic feature names can be\nobtained from the GEOnet Names Server, which is developed and\nmaintained by the National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA),\nformerly the Defense Mapping Agency.\n\nThe GNIS is being compiled in two phases. Phase one is complete\nfor all States, territories and outlying areas under\nU.S. jurisdiction. This phase entailed the collection of feature\nnames from USGS large-scale topographic maps, U.S. Forest\nService maps, Office of Coast Survey charts, Federal Aviation\nAdministration files, Federal Communications Commission files,\nand files of the Army Corps of Engineers. As of September, 1996,\nphase two of the compilation is 45 percent complete and 30\npercent in progress for all States, territories, and outlying\nareas under U.S. jurisdiction. The second phase captures names\nfrom State, locally and privately published current and\nhistorical maps, charts, and literature. Standard reports and\ndigital data sets of GNIS geographic name records are available\nfor each State, territory or outlying area file.\n\nAlso available are two thematic extracts of the GNIS\ndatabase. The U.S. Populated Places File lists information about\nall cities and towns throughout the United States and the\nU.S. Concise File lists information about major physical and\ncultural features throughout the United States.\n\nExtent of Coverage\n\nThe GNIS coverage area includes the United States,\nU.S. territories and outlying areas which include: Puerto Rico,\nNorthern Marianas, Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. In\naddition, names information for the freely associated areas of\nthe Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall\nIslands, and the Republic of Palau, are also included in GNIS\ncoverage\n\nData Characteristics\n\nThe GNIS contains information about physical and cultural\ngeographic features identified by a proper name, with the\nexception that most roads and highways are not included in\nGNIS. The following information about a selected geographic\nfeature is retrievable by searching the Online GNIS Database.\n\nFederally recognized feature name. Feature type. Elevation of\nmost populated places and summits (i.e., mountain peaks, etc.).\nEstimated 1994 population of cities and towns. State(s) and\ncounty(s) in which the feature is located. Latitude and\nlongitude of the feature location. List of USGS 7.5-minute by\n7.5-minute topographic maps on which the feature is shown.\nNames other than the federally recognized name by which the\nfeature may be known. General instructions, field definitions\nand help documentation are included in the GNIS Online Database\nto assist usage. The coordinate extent for the GNIS Online\nDatabase is:\n\n-180.00 west longitude\n180.00 east longitude\n72.00 north latitude\n-12.00 south latitude\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://edc.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/gnis'\n\nFor the GNIS query form, link to\n'http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnis/web_query.gnis_web_query_form'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60a61d42-2884-488f-b14e-48a39d2a7134", - "label": "ISS-PMC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Observations of PMCs and aurora from ISS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=78\n\nWe propose to coordinate the synchronized observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) and aurora between the International Space Station (ISS), ground sites, and satellites. We also propose to coordinate observations from other International Polar Year (IPY) activities that might benefit from ISS observations. \nThe orbit of the ISS takes it to north and south latitudes of 51.6 degrees at altitudes of 400 km. This provides a human operated platform from which to observe artic and Antarctic phenomena on a length scale of half a continent. This compliments ground site observations and satellite data that can be synchronized in both space and time to record seasonal variations. Observations from the ISS offers an above the cloud vantage including wide angle oblique views, sun-glint textures, day-night terminator lighting, and perhaps most important, human guided observations that can fall outside the purview of pre-programmed field of view instrumentation. The ISS offers a unique platform for Antarctic atmospheric observations since it gives repeated coverage circumscribing the continent every few days where cloud cover the general lack of observation sites limits routine ground observations over long periods of time.\n \nWe propose to use the current observational equipment on ISS including a suite of digital still cameras, standard video cameras, and a medium resolution, fiber optic coupled visible region spectrograph. We are planning the fabrication for use on ISS of an IMAX-sized format, CCD camera optimised for low light level video if funding permits. With the NASA presidential directive for human exploration beyond Earth orbit, NASA is considering astronaut training in polar regions as analogues for human planetary missions. We propose to coordinate these polar analogue activities with ISS observations. \n\nParticipation in this proposal will be open to all international partners to ISS as well as any other project that wishes to coordinate observations with ISS. All ISS collected data will be archived and publicly distributed using current NASA infrastructure. This activity offers great potential for educational outreach by linking human exploration from Earth polar extremes to Earth orbital extremes to Lunar and Martian extremes. The outreach will use current NASA educational infrastructure. \n\nBackground\n\nThis proposal resulted from prior collaborations when the Lead Contact was a crewmember and Science Officer on Expedition 6 to ISS. During this expedition, synchronized aurora observations were made between ISS and ground observers in Finland. Observations of Antarctic PMC were routinely made and subsequently correlated with SNOE satellite data with collaborators from University of Colorado and University of Alaska. These efforts proved the utility of making synchronized observations between ISS, ground, and satellite and resulted in this proposal. This proposal has been submitted with the approval of Dr. Jim Garvin, NASA Chief Scientist, in the NASA Washington DC office.\n\nD. R. Pettit, D. W. Rusch, G. E. Thomas, A. Merkel, S. Bailey, J. M. Russell III, M. DeLand, 'Near-simultaneous Observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds from the International Space Station and from Orbiting Optical Instruments', AGU poster, Nov. 2004.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6124e99c-19a1-4057-9ecf-1e501aa2b823", - "label": "HYDRO-SENSOR-FLOWS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Hydro-sensor-FLOWS\nProject URL: http://www.hydro-sensor-flow.com/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=16\n\nThis activity joints EoI n° 535 (LovenFLOWS presented by M. Griselin, France and EoI n° 233 (SUGLANET, presented by A. Eraso, Spain). The two teams worked together for a long time concerning Svalbard Hydrology and are linked by a convention between CNRS (French Scientific Research Center) and IPEV (French Polar Institute). The objective of this clustering project is to investigate the hydrology of polar and subpolar glacier basins. It is known that discharge of temperate glaciers (1–1.2 m3.s-1 km-2) is bigger than that coming from subpolar glaciers (0.2–0.3 m3.s-1 km-2), but also it is true that extension of subpolar glaciers (ca.750,000 km2) is 10 times bigger than that of temperate glaciers (ca.70,000 km2). By considering these data, the discharge of subpolar glaciers due to the global warming may be as important as those coming from temperate glaciers. However, the hydrological response of subpolar glaciers to atmospheric inputs is not well-know and may be precised by continuous monitoring of some parameters at key-locations on basins. New technologies in the fields of information and communication drastically increased the observation capacity of scientists. In very reactive environments such as polar regions, it is now possible to enhance qualitative and quantitative observations using automatic data collection sensor webs. The development of such networks is bringing new tools to answer hypothesis that were so far lacking a continuous database to be studied. Such is the situation of arctic hydro-systems for which the most data available over the last forty years are discontinuous, usually summer measurements. The originality of this program is to investigate the hydrology of glacier basins through continuous survey, over a period of several years, that is necessary to quantify the hydrosystems reactivity to climatic variations (hourly, daily, seasonally even yearly). Through this cluster, the dynamics of polar hydrology will be approached continuously at two different scales on 5 representative polar basins of Arctic (3) and Antarctic (2).\n\n1. At a local scale, a sensor-web will be developed on the Loven East glacier (Svalbard): this glacier is representative of the alpine type glaciers of Svalbard and is hydrologically studied by the French and by the Spanish scientists since 40 years. The goal is to analyze liquid and solid fluxes from this hydro-system with a sensor web (both remote and in situ sensing). An environmental watch will be conducted in this area over a three years period through a network of photographic stations, hydrological sensors and meteorological stations. All the ground data will be transmitted automatically thus contributing to set up a true “sensor web”. The database will allow a global approach of spatial and temporal dynamics of the Loven East hydrosystem. Field surveys will also be conducted regarding the different inputs to the system. Remote sensing data, aerial photographs, meteorological data and hydrological information will allow the quantification of the system reactivity to contemporary climatic fluctuations. Experimental pilot catchment areas will be implemented to register glacier discharge continuously, recordering time series with hourly cycle-time of different hydrological parameters (water level, conductivity, water temperature, pH, solid contents). In laboratory, using correlative and spectral analysis between input time series (meteorological parameters as air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, precipitation amounts) and output time series (hydrological parameters), we will establish their characteristics in the time and frequency domains. The use of cross-correlogram for temperature and discharge, for example, will define the influence of air temperature to the glacier discharge, as well as its law of time distribution, that means the glacier response to weather changes and global warming. Chemical and isotopic analyses will be performed on water for completing the model of water circulation within the system (surface water, subglacial water and groundwater). \n\n2. At a global scale, the Spanish group started to develop the GLACE Project in 2001: “GLAciers, Cryokarst and Environment” (Proyecto GLACKMA, in Spanish). At the moment, 4 experimental pilot catchement have been implemented to assess the latitude effect on the hydrology of glaciers: 2 for temperate glaciers (Iceland at 64ºN and Patagonia at 51ºS) and two for polar glaciers (Svalbard at 79ºN and Insular Antarctica at 62ºS in subpolar glaciers). For all them, the discharge glacier is registering continuously. For the IPY, those stations will be maintained for generating time series in hourly frequencies like for the Loven East sensor-web. Additional new stations will be set up (at less one in the Antarctic Peninsula at S63º24’ near ECARE, another in the Eastern Antarctica at 71ºS near Novolazarevskaya and another one around 70ºN latitude) for studying the variability of the global warming impact.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6163b751-c8a6-42e5-9eb1-2b73932da631", - "label": "GDP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Demography Project (GDP) is an effort to generate\n consistent, spatially referenced global population data sets for\n global and regional environmental analysis, demographic\n research, etc. This project has been supported by the Consortium\n for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) ,\n the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and\n NCGIA. Output from the first stage of the project includes a set\n of raster data sets of population density and total population\n figures.\n\n To view these figures and additional information on the Global\n Demography Project, link to\n 'http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/pubs/gdp/pop.html#GLOBAL'\n\n [Summary provided by the National Center for Geographic\nInformation Analysis]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "616d0188-3f3d-444f-86ba-1401f9ae43d0", - "label": "IDS-LSC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Inter-Disciplinary Studies-Land Surface Climatology (IDS-LSC)\nproject, formerly the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology\nProject (ISLSCP) Retrospective Analysis Project (IRAP), is designed to\ncorrelate historic satellite data with current satellite data and\nground truth experiments in order to detect any long-term change in\nthe land surface resulting from climate or human activities. The\nprimary area of study is the the central United States with a special\narea of interest in the southwest United States and northern Mexico in\nthe Sonoran Desert. The project involves various scientists'\nindependent and cooperative studies, for example, comparing historical\ndata with current data to draw inferences about changes in the\nvegetation adn geology on the land surface.\nThe following IDS-LSC data is managed by PLDS:\n- AVHRR LAC, TM, SMMR\nContacts:\nPLDS User Support Office SUPPORT/GSFCMail\nNASA/GSFC Code 934 SPAN: pldsg3::pldsuso\nGreenbelt, MD 20771 pldsuso@pldsg3.gsfc.nasa.gov\n (301) 286-9761\n FTS 888-9761\nPLDS User Support Office SPAN: pldsj1::george\nNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory george@pldsj2.jpl.nasa.gov\nMail Stop 183-501 (George Karas)\n4800 Oak Grove Drive (818) 354-6363\nPasadena, CA 91109 FTS 792-6363\nPLDS User Support Office SPAN: ECO::PLDS\nNASA Ames Research Center pldsops@pldsa1.arc.nasa.gov\nEcosystem Science (Jay Skiles)\nand Technology Branch (415) 604-3614 or 604-5947\nMail Stop 242-4 FTS 464-3514 or 464-5947\nMoffett Field, CA 94035\nPrincipal Investigator -\nChuck Hutchinson\nUniversity of Arizona\nArizona Remote Sensing Center\nTuscon, AZ 85721\n(602)621-7896\ntelemail: CHUTCHINSON/GSFCMAIL\nData Availability:\nThe data are currently free of charge to scientists associated with\nPLDS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61b9ca54-d9a7-41e5-b5ae-988028117924", - "label": "ICE-89", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62b3db6f-0771-4afc-80ee-4684830c2722", - "label": "IJPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IJPS is the result of a cooperative effort between the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the European Organization for the\nExploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). It is comprised of two\npolar-orbiting satellite systems and their respective ground segments. The IJPS\nwill provide and improve the operational meteorological and environmental\nforecasting and global climate monitoring services worldwide. The IJPS will\ncontinue long-term environmental observations from polar orbit provided by the\nUnited States since April 1, 1960. The IJPS program will be contributing to and\nsupporting the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Observing System,\nthe Global Climate Observing System, the United Nations Environmental Programme\n(UNEP), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), and other related\nprograms. For more information go to\nhttp://projects.osd.noaa.gov/IJPS/index.htm.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62c59a99-e2f4-4864-acc7-aef3fc1c4b17", - "label": "GGD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Frozen Ground Data Center (FGDC) serves as a central node of the IPA Global Geocryological Data (GGD) system. The GGD is an internationally distributed system linking investigators and data centers around the world. The FGDC facilitates the operation of the GGD by collecting and distributing information (metadata) describing permafrost and frozen ground related data. Many of the products listed here are available directly through the FGDC; some are held by other institutions. For those data sets held by other institutions, NSIDC provides the original metadata for the data set, and asks users to contact the Principal Investigator for access to the data.\n\nInformation provided by http://nsidc.org/data/fgdc.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66a8af5c-c52e-488e-ae3b-5abee872be72", - "label": "IXTOC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ixtoc I was an exploratory oil well in the Gulf of Mexico, about 600 miles (970 km) south of the U.S. state of Texas. On June 3, 1979, the well suffered a blowout and is recognised as the second largest oil spill in history.\n\nMexico's government-owned oil company Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos) was drilling a 2-mile (3.2 km) deep oil well, when the drilling rig lost drilling mud circulation. In modern rotary drilling, mud is circulated down the drill pipe and back up the casing to the surface. The goal is to equalize the pressure through the shaft and to monitor the returning mud for gas. Without the circulating mud, the drill ran into high pressure gas which blew out the oil (known as a blowout). The oil caught fire and the platform collapsed.\n\nIn the next few months, experts were brought in to contain and cap the oil well. Approximately 10 thousand to 30 thousand barrels per day were discharged into the Gulf until it was finally capped on March 23, 1980. Prevailing currents carried the oil towards the Texas coastline. The US government had two months to prepare booms to protect major inlets. Mexico declined the US requests for cleanup compensation.\n\nThe oil slick surrounded Rancho Nuevo, in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, which is one of the few nesting sites for Kemp's Ridley sea turtles. Thousands of baby sea turtles were airlifted to a clean portion of the Gulf of Mexico to help save this rare species.\n\nSummary provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6800e21f-8b9e-4d16-b88a-cf4724bdf2e9", - "label": "INFORAIN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Inforain which is a project of Ecotrust is designed to help organizations,\nbusinesses, and individuals acquire and use information relevant to their\ncommunities and to understand these local places within a broader context.\n\nThe scale and scope of our work might be summed up with the phrase: Locally,\nthe watershed; broadly, the bioregion. To evaluate the state of the forests\nor the salmon, logging or fishing, one must begin with the watershed. The\nbioregion collects these watersheds into a continuous whole, one which\npolitical lines have obscured but cannot refute.\n\nAn abundant amount of geographic information is available through this site,\nwith more being added on a regular basis. We offer GIS data layers for download\nand interactive mapping applications which enable you to spatially query complex\ndata sets which you might not otherwise be able to access. More about GIS.\n\nAdditional information on Inforain available at\n'http://www.inforain.org/about_inforain.htm'\n\nAdditional information on Ecotrust available at\n'http://www.ecotrust.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by Ecotrust]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "682de572-62e5-4e5f-b9d6-97a8f36551a5", - "label": "IBP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IBP (International Biological Program)was established under\nthe auspices of the International Council of Scientific Unions\nand the International Union of Biological Sciences and is\nsponsored in the United States by the National Academy of\nSciences and the National Academy of Engineering, deals with one\nof the most crucial situations to face this or any other\ncivilization - the immediate or near potential of mankind to\ndamage, possibly beyond repair, the earth's ecological system on\nwhich all life depends.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6928865b-cbfb-4e72-ad44-2415232d60fa", - "label": "GRACE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/grace ]\n \nThe primary goal of the GRACE mission is to accurately map variations in the Earth's gravity field over its 5-year lifetime. The GRACE mission has two identical spacecrafts flying about 220 kilometers apart in a polar orbit 500 kilometers above the Earth.\n \nIt maps the Earth's gravity fields by making accurate measurements of the distance between the two satellites, using geodetic quality Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and a microwave ranging system. This provides scientists from all over the world with an efficient and cost-effective way to map the Earth's gravity fields with unprecedented accuracy. The results from this mission yield crucial information about the distribution and flow of mass within the Earth and it's surroundings.\n \nThe gravity variations that GRACE studies include: changes due to surface and deep currents in the ocean; runoff and ground water storage on land masses; exchanges between ice sheets or glaciers and the oceans; and variations of mass within the Earth. Another goal of the mission is to create a better profile of the Earth's atmosphere. The results from GRACE make a huge contribution to NASA's Earth science goals, Earth Observation System (EOS) and global climate change studies.\n \nGRACE is a joint partnership between the NASA in the United States and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany. Dr. Byron Tapley of The University of Texas Center for Space Research (UTCSR) is the Principal Investigator (PI), and Dr. Christoph Reigber of the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam is the Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI). Project management and systems engineering activities are carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. \n \n For more information on the GRACE mission, see:\n http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace/\n http://www-app2.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/grace/\n \n For more information on the NASA Science Mission Directorate homepage, see:\n http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/grace\n \n For more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69b9b3e0-9041-4eae-a91e-79261c76b1a0", - "label": "GVP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions — small as well as large during the past 10,000 years.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.volcano.si.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a5dc664-6798-4d3a-91d3-190057084e04", - "label": "IPY ARCTIC GOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Arctic climate of the 20th century has undergone major fluctuations, which are characterized by a significant warming in the last two decades. The warming predicted for the high Arctic is 3–4 °C in winter during the next 50 years, more than twice the global average, while the ice cover is predicted to be reduced by ~80% during summer and ~20% during winter. This suggests that the Arctic may be where the most rapid and dramatic climate changes take place during the 21st century, with major ramifications for mid-latitude climate.\nThe sea ice cover has over the last 2-3 decades decreased by ~10%, and the ice thickness has decreased up to 40% during summer. Other observed changes include a warming of the Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean, increased precipitation in the Arctic regions and higher river discharge into the Arctic ocean. During the last decades detected changes include a significant freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean, warming in the deep water of the Nordic Seas and a decrease of deep overflow in the Faeroe Bank Channel. The oceanic fluxes of heat and freshwater between the North Atlantic, Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean are key components of the high-latitude climate system.\nThe recent Arctic Climate Impact Assessment studies have identified a number of severe impacts of Arctic warming on society. Changes in air temperature, precipitation, river discharge, sea ice, permafrost, glaciers and sea level have been documented and further changes are expected in the next decades. The Arctic region is coming under increasing pressure from unsustainable development with pollution and other negative effects on the environment. The exploitation of resources, including sea transportation and offshore operations will be heavily affected by the climate- variability and long-term changes at high latitudes. The northeast Atlantic, including Greenland and Icelandic waters, the Barents Sea and other Arctic ice edge regions, provides 20% of the world’s fish catch. Ocean temperature is one of the key variables that have influence on fisheries. Various offshore operations in ice-covered waters will increase such as offshore exploration, drilling, oil and gas production, and gas transportation, pipeline deployment in the seabed, and building of terminals in several locations along the Arctic coasts. All these activities will increase the risk of accidents and severe pollution of the fragile Arctic environment.\nThe Arctic areas have rough weather and ice conditions which require improvement of operational monitoring and forecasting services in order to safeguard all types of marine and coastal operations. The operational services should also include long-term data archiving services to build up statistics of the environmental conditions. Operational services on met-ice-ocean conditions in theses areas are extremely important for safe and cost-effective industrial and transport activities as well as for protection of the vulnerable environment.\nThe overall objective of IPY Arctic GOOS to develop and implement operational monitoring and forecasting systems in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. The systems will be based on state-of-the-art remote sensing, in situ observations, numerical modelling, data assimilation and dissemination techniques. The activities will include the development and maintenance of observing system for sea ice and physical, chemical and biological ocean parameters. The observing systems need to including icebergs, potential oil spills, radioactive spreading and other pollutants. In addition to observations, the systems will include numerical modelling and data assimilation for production of short-term forecasts. New models and data assimilation techniques need to be developed where needed. A long-term objective is to develop modelling systems for seasonal prediction of sea ice, hydrographic and current conditions. State-of-the-art climate models will be used to quantify climate change and variability and prediction of future climate changes under greenhouse gas scenarios. The Arctic EuroGOOS planning document is available at ftp://ftp.nersc.no/OMJ/att-eurogoos.pdf\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=379", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a7a5cc8-4f7b-4807-bc67-dc068eb53572", - "label": "INDIGO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This document presents {sup 14}C activities (expressed in the internationally adopted {Delta}{sup 14}C scale) from water samples taken at various locations and depths in the Indian and Southern oceans through the Indien Gaz Ocean (INDIGO) project.^These data were collected as part of the INDIGO 1, INDIGO 2, and INDIGO 3 cruises, which took place during the years 1985, 1986, and 1987, respectively.^These data have been used to estimate the penetration of anthropogenic CO{sub 2} in the Indian and Southern oceans.^The document also presents supporting data for potential temperature, salinity, density (sigma-theta), {delta}{sup 13}C, and total CO{sub 2}.^All radiocarbon measurements have been examined statistically for quality of sample counts and stability of counting efficiency and background.^In addition, all data have been reviewed by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and assessed for gross accuracy and consistency (absence of obvious outliers and other anomalous values).^These data are available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.^The NDP consists of this document and a magnetic tape containing machine-readable files.^This document provides sample listing of the Indian Ocean radiocarbon data as they appear on the magnetic tape, as well as a complete listing of these data in tabular form.^This document also offers retrieval program listings, furnishes information on sampling methods and data selection, defines limitations and restrictions of the data, and provides reprints of pertinent literature.^13 refs., 4 tabs.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5896261", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e775a16-21d5-45ba-93bc-c2641de6070b", - "label": "IMARES-SUIT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Our research group at Wageningen IMARES investigates the distribution of top predators in the Antarctic seasonal sea ice zone. Our speciality is the Surface and Under Ice Trawl (SUIT) which we use to quantify the distribution of potential prey organisms under the ice.\n\nhttp://pooljaar.nl/poolijs", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ed3aaf2-e198-408e-8338-c7822d2fc49e", - "label": "IDOE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The term International Decade of Ocean Exploration can be\ninterpreted very broadly.... A broad statement of the basic objectives\nof the Decade was developed as follows: To achieve more comprehensive\nknowledge of ocean characteristics and their changes and more profound\nunderstanding of oceanic processes for the purpose of more effective\nutilization of the ocean and its resources. In An Ocean Quest - The\nInternational Decade of Ocean Exploration (1969) National Academy of\nSciences, Washington DC. p. 2.\n\nFor more information, link to\n\n'http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/history_oe.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f3ada14-0724-43a2-8702-8165c6f7dfd5", - "label": "GCPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Climate Perspectives System (GCPS) is a joint research\nproject between three laboratories of the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA). The three laboratories are:\n- The Global Climate Laboratory of the National Climatic Data Center\n(NCDC/GCL) in Asheville, NC\n- The Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC) of the Environmental Research\nLaboratory (ERL) in Boulder, CO\n- The Climate Analysis Center (CAC) in Washington, D.C.\nThe goals of the GCPS are:\n- To study the existence and magnitude of climate changes on a global\nscale.\n- To create high quality global climate reference datasets and to\nprovide access to those datasets to the research community.\n- To create a set of computer tools to aid climate research.\nDatasets that are available for downloading via anonymous FTP or\nMosaic (WWW) are:\n- Global Maximum-Minimum Temperature Dataset\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Monthly Station Temperature\nData\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Monthly Station Temperature\nAnomaly Data\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Monthly Gridded Temperature\nAnomaly Data\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Seasonal Gridded Temperature\nAnomaly Data\nReference:\nCarroll, Thomas J. and C. Bruce Baker. 'The Global Climate\nPerspectives System: An Intelligent Database System for the Analysis\nof Environmental Data', Workshop on Climate Database System, 30 Aug. -\n3 Sept., Hamburg, Germany.\nContacts:\nDanny Brinegar\nNOAA/NCDC\nAsheville, NC 28801\nPhone: 828-271-4711\nEmail: dbrinega@ncdc.noaa.gov\nData Availability:\nThe data from the GCPS project are available via anonymous FTP and from\nthe World Wide Web (WWW) using Mosaic.\nFTP access:\nftp ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov\nlogin: anonymous\npassword: \nWWW access (NOAA/NCDC Home Page):\nURL: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/gcps/gcps.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70ea1650-902a-4022-8103-3c7a1fb3bc44", - "label": "GCIP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale\nInternational Project (GCIP) Integrated Systems Test (GIST) takes\nplace in the Arkansas-Red River basins as a data system test prior to\nthe start of the 5 year GCIP Enhanced Observing Period(1995-2000).\n\nGCIP Contact:\n\nAdrian Ritchie, Rayheon ITSS\nGlobal Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC)\n230 Sparkman Dr\nHuntsville, Alabama 35805\nPhone:(256) 961-7815\nFax:(256) 961-7723\nEmail: adrian.ritchie@msfc.nasa.gov\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/gcip/sdsmoverview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70f5707b-caa0-4767-a065-5f079fc08ab2", - "label": "GAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Changes in the area and volume of the two polar ice sheets in Antarctica (fig. 1) and Greenland are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and could result in sea-level changes that could severely affect the densely populated coastal regions on Earth. Melting of the West Antarctica part of the Antarctic ice sheet alone could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 m. \n\nhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3055/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7143c321-5d29-4659-9c38-12caf4f92a77", - "label": "GRSFE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This set of compact read-only optical disks (CD-ROMs) contains a data\ncollection acquired by ground-based and airborne instruments during\nthe Geologic Remote Sensing Field Experiment (GRSFE). Extensive\ndocumentation is also included. GRSFE took place in July, September,\nand October, 1989, in the southern Mojave Desert, Death Valley, and\nthe Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, Nevada. The purpose of these CD-ROMs\nis to make available in a compact form through the Planetary Data\nSystem (PDS) a collection of relevant data to conduct analyses in\npreparation for the Earth Observing System (EOS), Mars Observer (MO),\nand other missions. The generation of this set of CD-ROMs was\nsponsored by the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, the\nPlanetary Data System (PDS) and the Pilot Land Data System (PLDS).\n\nThis AAREADME.TXT file is one of the two nondirectory files located in\nthe top level directory of each CD-ROM volume in this collection. The\nother file, VOLDESC.SFD, contains an overview of the data sets on\nthese CD-ROMs and is written in a format that is designed for access\nby computers. These two files appear on every volume in the\ncollection. All other files on the CD-ROMs are located in directories\nbelow the top level directory.\n\nOn Volume 1, the directory DOCUMENT contains a text file named\nVOLINFO.TXT that describes the CD-ROM organization, the format and\ncontent of each of the data sets, and background information and\nreferences needed to understand the implementation of GRSFE and the\npreparation of the data sets on the CD-ROMs. It is recommended that\nyou read the VOLINFO.TXT document before using the data files. The\nDOCUMENT directory also includes text files that describe the format\nof some of the data files. These text files are referenced in the\ndetached labels that accompany the data files. The directory INDEX,\nalso on Volume 1, contains a number of index files. These files are\ntables in text form that have descriptive information about some of\nthe data sets on this CD-ROM. While the indexes can be visually\nscanned, they have been designed so that they can also be loaded into\nmost database systems for fast and efficient searching.\n\nSeparate directories exist for each instrument that acquired data for\nGRSFE. Each of these directories contains data set files and\nassociated detached labels. Some instrument directories are further\nsubdivided to manage a large number of files or to logically group a\ncollection of files. The ground-based data sets, documentation, index\ntables and software are all located on Volume 1, and the airborne data\nsets are spread over Volumes 1 through 9. The VOLINFO.TXT document\nmentioned above contains a list of files and directories on each\nvolume.\n\nOn Volume 2, the SAMPLER directory contains a set of image files and\nassociated detached labels that illustrate the utility of comparison\nof data from multiple sensors over the same sites. The images are sub-\nscenes taken from AIRSAR, ASAS and TIMS images that appear elsewhere\nin this CD-ROM collection. They are calibrated and registered to the\nAVIRIS scene AVRLV02A.IMG, in the AVIRIS directory on the same volume.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "715b3ba7-61be-4298-b1b9-13b4c3f0d960", - "label": "IBSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IBSS (Infrared Background Signature Survey)\n\n Launch: April 28,1991\n Landed: May 6, 1991\n\n Dedicated Department of Defense mission. Unclassified payload\n included Air Force Program-675 (AFP-675); Infrared Background\n Signature Survey (IBSS) with Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV),\n Chemical Release Observation (CRO) and Shuttle Pallet\n Satellite-II (SPAS-II) experiments; and Space Test Payload-1\n (STP-1). Classified payload consisted of Multi-Purpose Release\n Canister (MPEC). Also on board was Radiation Monitoring\n Equipment III (RME III) and Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of\n Defense Systems-1A (CLOUDS-1).\n\n The Infrared Background Signature Survey (IBSS) Program was a\n Department of Defense (DoD) Ballistic Missile Defense Organization\n (BMDO) project flown on the Space Shuttle STS-39 mission in 1991.\n IBSS instruments included the IR Sensor, the Arizona\n Imager/Spectrograph (AIS), and two Low Light Light Level TV (LLLTV)\n cameras which were mounted on the improved Shuttle Pallet Satellite\n (SPAS II). Data was taken with SPAS II in a free-flying deployed mode,\n while attached to the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) and inside the\n Shuttle bay. The IR sensor was composed of two sensors, a radiometer\n and a spectrometer. The AIS istrument was composed of nine grating\n spectrographs and twelve optical imagers. The LLLTV instrument\n consisted of two cameras operating in the visible region of the\n spectrum.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-39.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "725095b6-0184-47f0-9470-78631d9fda29", - "label": "ISAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ISAC\nProject URL: http://www.iasc.se/isac.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=48\n\nThe changes to climate and environment in the Arctic are more rapid and profound than in most other regions on the Earth. These changes already have large impacts on the ecosystem and on the societies of those that live in the Arctic. Many of the changes appear on a pan-Arctic scale and are interrelated with the effects of human response to changes in the living conditions. This complex system of changes is poorly understood and to be able to properly respond and to develop sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies, there is an urgent need to develop a deeper knowledge of the causes to these changes and the feedbacks in the entire system.\n\nISAC is a long-term, multidisciplinary program developed to study the effects of environmental changes on the circumpolar Arctic system and connections to the global system. ISAC includes the physical and chemical, biological and ecological as well socio-economic and cultural systems and concerns both effects due to the enhanced greenhouse warming and other anthropogenic activities, and the effects of the natural variability affecting the Arctic. ISAC will take a system approach to facilitate expansion and deepening of our knowledge of the arctic system and to document changes in the Arctic with respect to spatial and temporal patterns. ISAC will engage in observational, synthesis and modelling activities in response to societal and scientific needs and will provide the necessary scientific background for future impacts assessments.\n\nISAC is based on a science overview document and is developed by the International Science Committee (IASC) and the Arctic Ocean Science Board (AOSB). ISAC is governed by a Science Steering Group (SSG) and is advised by the ISAC Council. The ISAC International Secretariat is co-located with the IASC Secretariat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "744fd1cb-506d-4b83-a480-da69720928eb", - "label": "GNDT-SN1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Design and development of a seismic monitoring and alarm underwater network in areas highly exposed to seismic risk - Development of a first node in Eastern Sicily (SN-1)\n\nhttp://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/projects/national/10/GNDT-SN1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75a35f6c-cbf4-4bb3-980e-66b0ad359c1f", - "label": "GIANT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The SCAR GIANT programme is reponsible to establish and maintain a high precision geodetic infrastructure for Antarctica. It operates a range of geodesy projects. Details on these can be found in the current GIANT work programme.\n\nThere has been considerable international cooperation in Antarctic Geodesy since SCAR was formed in 1958. The Geodetic Infrastructure for Antarctica (GIANT) program was identified in the SCAR 1992 meeting and has evolved as the coordinating program for all SCAR Antarctic geodesy.\n\nAntarctica is important in the context of global geodesy. In the past global models have heavily relied on observations from Northern Hemisphere sites and the results do not always fit in the Southern Hemisphere or represent the best global picture. Antarctic space geodetic observatories have provided data to rectify this imbalance.\n\nWith advent of man made satellites Geodesy has advanced significantly linking isolated geodetic networks and monitoring tectonic motion. A number of permanent GPS receivers have been installed in Antarctica and data is increasingly being retrieved by satellite transmission from these sites.\n\nThis fiducial network of GPS points, augmented by VLBI and other techniques, forms the basis for an integrated geodetic infrastructure as the basis for all scientific spatial data. Data from these sites in Antarctica are of ongoing importance to global geodesy, especially in the determinations of precise orbits and the integration of different observational techniques. These sites provide a stable platform for combining summer epoch campaigns, densifying the ITRF network across Antarctica.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.antsdi.scar.org/standardsspecifications/refsystemandprojections/refsystem/giant", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "763d7d18-450d-459f-bfc9-2b791e35c678", - "label": "GCPEx", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GPM Cold-season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx) field campaign occurred in Ontario, Canada during the winter season (Jan 15- Feb 26) of 2011-2012. GCPEx addressed shortcomings in GPM snowfall retrieval algorithm by collecting microphysical properties, associated remote sensing observations, and coordinated model simulations of precipitating snow. The overarching goal of GCPEx was to characterize the ability of multi-frequency active and passive microwave sensors to detect and estimate falling snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "769e3f71-cc5d-46a2-b2d0-8d0a72e4d357", - "label": "IHY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IHY\nProject URL: http://ihy2007.org/\n\nA broadening of the concept 'geophysical,' extending the connections from the Earth to the Sun & interplanetary space. On the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, the 2007 IHY activities will build on the success of IGY 1957 by continuing its legacy of system-wide studies of the extended heliophysical domain.\n\nThe IHY has three primary objectives:\n \n* Advancing our Understanding of the Fundamental Heliophysical Processes that Govern the Sun, Earth and Heliosphere;\n \n* Continuing the tradition of international research and advancing the legacy on the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year;\n \n* Demonstrating the Beauty, Relevance and Significance of Space and Earth Science to the World.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76aa24f4-5db8-4bda-aaea-9287c81d2577", - "label": "GIOVANNI-3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization and Analysis Infrastructure (Giovanni) is the underlying infrastructure for a growing family of Web interfaces that allows users to analyze gridded data interactively online without having to download any data. Through Giovanni, users are invited to discover and explore our data using sophisticated analyses and ... visualizations.\n\nIn the future, there will be more instances of Giovanni available and we encourage your feedback! Features of Giovanni\n\nCurrent features of Giovanni include:\n\n-Access to data from multiple remote sites as well as local sites.\n-Server-side temporal and spatial subsetting.\n-Server-side processing.\n-Support for multiple data formats including Hierarchical Data Format (HDF),\nHDF-EOS, network Common Data Form (netCDF), GRIdded Binary (GRIB), and binary.\n-Support for multiple plot types including area, time, Hovmoller, and image\nanimation.\n-Support for outputting data in ASCII format in multiple resolutions.\n-Parameter intercomparisons\n-Easily configurable to support customized portals for measurements-based\nprojects or disciplines.\n\nGiovanni supports many plot types as well as ASCII output of results.\n\nGoals of Giovanni\n\nThe principal design goal for Giovanni was to provide a quick and simple interactive means for science data users to study various phenomena by trying various combinations of parameters measured by different instruments, arrive at a conclusion, and then generate graphs suitable for a publication. Alternatively, Giovanni would provide a means to ask relevant what-if questions and get back answers that would stimulate further investigations. This would all be done without having to download and preprocess large amounts of data. A secondary design goal was for Giovanni to be easily configurable, extensible, and portable. The GES DISC currently runs Giovanni on Linux, SGI, and Sun platforms.\n\nAnother goal of Giovanni was to off-load as much as possible the data processing workload onto the machines hosting the data and to reduce data transfers to a minimum. Given the enormous amount of HDF data at the GES DISC Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), it was a requirement that Giovanni support HDF, HDF-EOS, as well as binary. \n\nSummary provided by http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/techlab/giovanni/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "781b41ef-7ebe-44a9-875f-835bc57da720", - "label": "GTN-P", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) was initiated by the\nInternational Permafrost Association (IPA)\n('http://www.geodata.soton.ac.uk/ipa/') to organize and manage a global\nnetwork of permafrost observatories for detecting, monitoring, and\npredicting climate change. The network, authorized under the Global\nClimate Observing System (GCOS)\n('http://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html') and its associated\norganizations, consists of two observational components: the active layer\n(the surface layer that freezes and thaws annually) and the thermal state\nof the underlying permafrost.\n\nFor more information, see: 'http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/gtnp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78b50771-c12d-465c-992a-90557078ff52", - "label": "IPY-DIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPY DIS\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/ipydis/status.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=49\n\nThe WDC for Glaciology, Boulder and the Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) in collaboration with many others propose to host the IPY DIS described in the IPY Framework Document. The DIS will work closely with the Data Policy and Management Sub-Committee (Data Committee) and other data management bodies and observing networks to develop the IPY data and information policy and strategy. The DIS will then be the primary implementer of that strategy and policy recognizing that the strategy will need to evolve with the science needs and developments of IPY.\n\nAlthough much will depend on the strategy that is developed, we envision the DIS as an overall data management consultant and coordinator and a central data portal for an internationally distributed data management system. The DIS will continue to establish close partnerships with data centers and organizations around the world to build on existing systems. We will also work with each specific IPY cluster to ensure appropriate centralized data description and distributed archiving. Regional or discipline-specific affinity centers coordinated by the DIS will facilitate appropriate data description and archive. For example the Frozen Ground Data Center at the WDC, Boulder is working closely with the permafrost cluster, while the proposed Arctic Peoples Observations Center (EoI 358) could coordinate community-based monitoring data. Other potential affinity centers based on our current partners could include Russian data, Chinese data, data for education and outreach, remote sensing data, geospatial data infrastructures (regional and global), paleoenvironmental data, marine biological data, bibliographic data, and others (a detailed spreadsheet is available on request). Many of these affinity centers will likely create their own means of access to the data. It is unrealistic for a central DIS to be the single or even primary means of access, but we would like to establish a means to automatically share metadata across the system through a common (perhaps XML-based) framework\n\nSpecific activities of the DIS could include:\n-Collection (automated, where possible) of catalog metadata for all IPY projects and provision of Web-based portals to all IPY data archived around the world.\n-Examination and implementation of data discovery tools and data presentation schemes such as an interoperable web-based map server to enhance data access through a Web portal (could include a locator map for all IPY projects). \n-Identification of existing tools to facilitate data management, and build on those to meet the needs of the IPY community. For example, the Global Change Master Directory's (GCMD) metadata authoring tool, docBuilder, could be customized.\n-Serving as a focal point for cross-disciplinary data integration, especially across the natural and social sciences.\n-Creation of appropriate management tools for non-numerical data such as interview transcripts, photographs, and videotapes.\n-Collaboration with eGY to make data management best practices and principles available to researchers and agencies, via Web pages, workshops, and other channels.\n-Acting as a clearinghouse and facilitator for data management and integration issues that need research, discussion, and resolution.\n-Working with eGY to increase awareness of the value of data management for both numerical and non-numerical data.\n-Responsive service to the IPY research community regarding data management\n\nThe DIS will take advantage of existing data management infrastructures, organizations, and technologies such as National and World Data Centers, the Joint Committee for Antarctic Data Management (JCADM), the GCMD, virtual observatories, and the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. This distributed system will allow for appropriate management of the various types of data including social science and physical science data, and analog collections. The distributed nature of the system will also encourage development of new and experimental data access methods, including data mining technology and innovative data presentation methods that facilitate data integration. \n\nIt is essential, however, to ensure ready and equitable access to and effective long-term preservation of the data. The DIS will assist distributed archives in adhering to sound data management principles and best practices as defined by the Data Committee, eGY, CODATA, WCRP CliC, JCADM, our partners, and other entities. We will ensure that these principles build upon existing international standards such the Open Archival Information System Reference Model and the ISO19115 metadata standard. The DIS will take advantage of emerging shared resources in the geosciences community, such as the effort to develop an international geophysical sample number (IGSN). In addition, the DIS could assist data providers in addressing human subjects protections and confidentiality issues for social science data and for other types of geo-referenced data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "792b1300-b29a-4209-8fda-c84d34815575", - "label": "IAOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: iAOOS\nProject URL: http://www.iaoos.no/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=14\n\nThe polar regions sensitivity to climate change makes them an ideal early warning system. But an early warning system can only function if scientists can continually monitor the world's oceans and develop better models. A Global Climate Observing System was set up by the United Nations in 1992, but major gaps exist at high latitudes because the harsh environmental conditions make gathering this data very difficult. iAOOS - a project involving a dozen countries, including the UK, USA, Russia and China - will help plug this gap by setting up a long-term ocean monitoring system in the Arctic. This kind of project is impossible without huge international cooperation and is an example of the vitally-important global science that IPY is producing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b3c86a9-772e-4304-83d8-81ca5f7e63d4", - "label": "GOMMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Maine Monitoring Programs project was initiated in 2003 by the Gulf\nOf Maine Council on the Marine Environment (GOMC,\n'http://www.gulfofmaine.org/') in response to a significant interest and\nincrease in Gulf of Maine data and information. The Environmental Monitoring\nProgram Locator ('http://gomc.sr.unh.edu/index.jsp'), a database of monitoring\nprograms in the Gulf of Maine region, allows users to identify metadata, data,\nand related information for both the larger, publicly funded programs and the\nsmaller, local monitoring efforts that can add significant information about a\nspecific location and resource. This program cuts across all geo-political\nboundaries so that information about the entire system can be discovered and\nutilized. \n\nIt is the purpose of this program to provide easy access to data and\ninformation that can be used for local and regional ecosystem analysis, global\nchange analysis and Indicator Species analysis within the Gulf of Maine system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b7149b9-f5f9-4dfa-8c63-7c4944b16be1", - "label": "IHP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IHP is UNESCO's international scientific cooperative programme in water research, water resources management, education and capacity-building, and the only broadly-based science programme of the UN system in this area.\n\n\nIHP’s primary objectives are:\nto act as a vehicle through which Member States, cooperating professional and scientific organizations and individual experts can upgrade their knowledge of the water cycle, thereby increasing their capacity to better manage and develop their water resources \n\nto develop techniques, methodologies and approaches to better define hydrological phenomena \n\nto improve water management, locally and globally \n\nto act as a catalyst to stimulate cooperation and dialogue in water science and management \n\nto assess the sustainable development of vulnerable water resources \n\nto serve as a platform for increasing awareness of global water issues.\n\nInformation provided by http://typo38.unesco.org/index.php?id=240", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7baa56b9-69a2-48c9-abe0-0b6a65b16344", - "label": "IAA ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This multidisciplinary project was carried out through an agreement\nbetween the Argentine Antarctica Institute (IAA) and the National\nUniversity of Mar del Plata, Argentina.\n\nDuring the summer Antarctic Campaigns of 1997-1998 (CAV 97/98) and\n1999-2000 (CAV 99/00) personnel from the Centro de Geologia de Costas\nand the National University of Mar del Plata participated in the\nresearch. Personnel from the Servicio de Hidrografia Naval, Argentina\nwith Dr. Michael Drabble as Project Chief participated in the project\nduring the summer Anatarctica Campaign of 1998-1999 (CAV 98/99).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bb4c1ab-c1a5-4d09-922a-a0f9141d3bf3", - "label": "GPM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate Homepage, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/gpm/ ] \n \nGPM Constellation is a joint mission with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and other international partners. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it will initiate the measurement of global precipitation, a key climate factor. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete sampling of the Earth's precipitation. GPM Constellation is envisioned to consist of a core spacecraft to measure precipitation structure and to provide a calibration standard for the constellation spacecraft, an international constellation of NASA and contributed spacecraft to provide frequent precipitation measurements on a global basis, calibration/validation sites distributed globally with a broad array of precipitation-measuring instrumentation, and a global precipitation data system to produce and distribute global rain maps and climate research products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bd3f4c4-17e7-43a1-bd64-fb0371f741ba", - "label": "IHDP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental\nChange (IHDP) was originally launched in 1990 by ISSC as the Human\nDimensions Programme (HDP). The restructured IHDP is a full partner\nwith the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the World\nClimate Research Programme (WCRP) and DIVERSITAS. These GEC programmes\nfocus on climatic, biogeochemical, socio-economic and biodiversity\nprocesses related to global environmental change. In February 1996,\nICSU joined ISSC as co-sponsor of the IHDP.\nIHDP is an international, interdisciplinary, non-governmental social\nscience programme dedicated to pro-moting and co-ordinating research\naimed at describing, analysing and understanding the human dimensions\nof global environmental change. In order to accomplish its goals,\nIHDP:\n- links researchers, policy-makers and stakeholders,\n- promotes synergies among national and regional research committees and\n programmes\n- identifies new research priorities, provides a focus and new\n frameworks for interdisciplinary research, and\n- facilitates the dissemination of research results.\nThis strategy is based on a bottom-up approach which builds upon\nexisting researchers and research results around the world. Particular\nemphasis is placed on expanding and strengthening the network of\nnational human dimensions committees and programmes and on enhancing\nthe IHDP's capacity to support them.\nFor more information on the IDHP, see:\n'http://ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de:80/IHDP/'\nFor more information on the IGBP, see:\n'http://www.igbp.kva.se/'\nContact:\nOffice of the IHDP\nWalter-Flex-Strasse 3\n53113 Bonn\nGermany\nPhone: +49-228-739050\nFax: +49-228-739054\nEmail: ihdp@uni-bonn.de\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c043737-8ee2-4109-98a6-ede57211437a", - "label": "GOMC/ESIP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Ecosystem Indicator Partnership (ESIP) is a committee of the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment. ESIP is developing indicators for the Gulf of Maine and integrating regional data for a new Web-based reporting system for marine ecosystem monitoring. Activities of ESIP initially center on convening regional practitioners in six indicator areas: coastal development, contaminants and pathogens, eutrophication, aquatic habitat, fisheries and aquaculture, and climate change.\n\nDecision-makers in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy region will possess the necessary information to preserve ecological integrity and to sustain economically and socially healthy human communities. Regional ecosystem indicators, developed in a manner that is guided by science and supported by routine monitoring, demonstrate patterns of change in the ecosystem. By presenting and interpreting these indicators in biennial state of the environment reports, information will be communicated in a manner that decision-makers at all societal levels can use to shape their priorities and guide their choices. The gulf-wide insights provided through indicators and state of the environment reports will integrate across multiple jurisdictional boundaries that exist within the Gulf ecosystem and will complement other information used by decision-makers. By creating links among science, management, ecosystem, and community goals at both regional and local levels, this information will help decision-makers understand the larger implications of their choices.\n\nFor more information, see http://www.gulfofmaine.org/esip/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ca49d12-a345-477f-83ca-225f09141d07", - "label": "GRENE-ARCTIC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GREen Network of Excellence - Arctic Climate Change Research Project (GRENE-Arctic) is funded for 5 years starting in FY2011 and jointly managed by the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) and JAMSTEC. Four strategic research targets are set: ① Understanding the mechanism of warming amplification in the Arctic, ② Understanding the Arctic system for global climate and future change, ③Evaluation of the impacts of Arctic change on weather and climate in Japan, marine ecosystems and fisheries, and ④Projection of sea ice distribution and Arctic sea routes. Now over 300 scientists from 35 organizations are participating in the Project, tackling all aspects of the Arctic climate system; the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, land and ecosystems from a multi-disciplinary approach.\n The Project also fosters close collaboration between model and observational studies. Their results complement to each other. Model results help to interpret observations while observations are used to constrain models and validate model outputs. Data archiving efforts in the Project further enhance this close relationship between model and observational studies. Last but not least, the Project seeks and promotes international collaboration with other institutes in various nations, which is essential for Arctic research, while the Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR) is founded to bolster Arctic research activities within Japan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cf887d3-acf7-4e51-b65b-782f694cb634", - "label": "GED", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ecosystems Database (GED) project began in 1990 as an\nInteragency project between the National Geophysical Data Center\n(NGDC) of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection\nAgency's (EPA) Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis,\nOregon (ERL-C). The primary objective of the project was to\nproduce a spatially integrated database (including observational\ntime sequences and model simulation outputs) with high quality\nmetadata for characterization and modeling support within the US\nGlobal Change Research Program (USGCRP). Datasets were selected\nfor publication to meet research priorities established by the\nEPA/ERL-C and to expand the use of datasets of potential value\nto the modeling and applied research community.\n\nProject Goals:\n\n1. Prepare and document important global change research\ndatasets for intercomparison, verification, further research,\nand applied use related to global climate change and landscape\necology.\n\n2. Integrate and publish these datasets to improve their\ntransfer between disciplines and to the broadest possible user\nbase.\n\n3. Collaborate in developing useful ecosystem indices and\nmeeting data integration requirements of specific user groups\n\nDatasets:\n\nAll datasets are provided in integrated Geographic Information\nSystem (GIS) form. In cases where NGDC has authority for\ndistribution of the original dataset, the complete source\nversion is provided on the data product in the form it was\ncontributed. This project thus meets two product requirements:\nIt provides an integrated version of commonly used global and\nregional research datasets related to landscape ecological\ncharacterization and modeling for a variety of uses in various\ndisciplines; and it distributes original versions of such\ndatasets contributed to NGDC for public distribution.\n\nGED Datasets are defined by authorship, however they are grouped\nby database according to their geographic compatibility. Each\ndatabase is defined by geographic coverage, reference system,\nand projection. Resolution will vary between global, regional,\nand local databases, but may also vary within a database. Link\nto these datasets at\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/eco/cdroms/gedii_a/html/database.htm#top'\n\nFor additional information, link to\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/eco/cdroms/gedii_a/go.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e697331-97c1-42ea-a231-2dda917795fa", - "label": "GOMODP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "PURPOSE\n \n The purpose of the Gulf of Maine Ocean Data Partnership\n ( http://www.gomodp.org/ ) is to promote and coordinate the\n sharing, linking, electronic dissemination, and use of data on the Gulf of\n Maine region. The participants have decided that a coordinated effort is needed\n to enable users throughout the Gulf of Maine region and beyond to discover and\n put to use the vast and growing quantities of data in their respective\n databases. Through the coordinated access to the respective databases, the\n participants wish to advance a truly integrated ocean observing system in the\n Gulf of Maine, promote an understanding of the diversity and distribution of\n life in the Gulf of Maine, and contribute to integrated oceans management.\n \n The founding members of the Partnership include governmental agencies,\n intergovernmental organizations, and nongovernmental organizations, including\n academic, research, and other nonprofit entities. Each of the participant is\n engaged in the collection of physical, biological, chemical, or geologic data\n on the Gulf of Maine.\n \n GOALS\n \n The goal of this Partnership is to implement an information system that:\n 1. is technically and institutionally capable of linking databases that are\n created and individually maintained by Participants and, where necessary and\n appropriate, to archive data sets;\n 2. is region-wide in scale;\n 3. is compatible with other regional, national, and international information\n systems;\n 4. is accessible by individuals throughout the Gulf of Maine region and beyond;\n 5. develops the web-based, visualization, and other information technologies\n needed for the seamless exchange and facile use of distributed and aggregated\n data; and\n 6. acknowledges and maintains the integrity of all data sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e9895b9-496e-4e49-8f46-383a9a34e82e", - "label": "GEOSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is envisioned as a large\nnational and international cooperative effort to bring together existing and\nnew hardware and software, making it all compatible in order to supply data and\ninformation at no cost. The U.S. and developed nations have a unique role in\ndeveloping and maintaining the system, collecting data, enhancing data\ndistribution, and providing models to help all of the world's nations.\n\nOutcomes and benefits of a global informational system include:\n\n-disaster reduction\n-integrated water resource management\n-ocean and marine resource monitoring and management\n-weather and air quality monitoring, forecasting and advisories\n-biodiversity conservation\n-sustainable land use and management\n-public understanding of environmental factors affecting human health and well\nbeing\n-better development of energy resources\n-adaptation to climate variability and change\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.epa.gov/geoss/'\n\n[Summary provided by the EPA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "811345d6-480f-4f9f-a57a-d21628198e42", - "label": "HS3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Close to 100 million Americans now live within 50 miles of a coastline, thus exposing them to the potential destruction caused by a landfalling hurricane. While hurricane track prediction has improved in recent decades, improvements in hurricane intensity prediction have lagged, primarily as a result of a poor understanding of the processes involved in storm intensity change. The Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) is a five-year mission targeted to enhance our understanding of the processes that underlie hurricane intensity change in the Atlantic Ocean basin. HS3 will determine the extent to which either the environment or processes internal to the storm are key to intensity change. \n\nSummary provided by http://science.nasa.gov/missions/hs3/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81988da2-c392-498c-bac2-68e6b531c0ab", - "label": "GloSSAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8289e024-54f7-4c63-a8ca-e7b1aef80be2", - "label": "ISTP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\nThe primary science objectives of the ISTP Science Initiative are as follows: Determining structure and dynamics in the solar interior and their role in driving solar activity. \n \nIdentifying processes responsible for heating the solar corona and its acceleration outward as the solar wind. Determining the flow of mass, momentum and energy through geospace. Gaining a better understanding of the turbulent plasma phenomena that mediate the flow of energy through geospace. Implementing a systematic approach to the development of the first global solar-terrestrial model, which will lead to a better understanding of the chain of cause-effect relationships that begins with solar activity and ends with the deposition of energy in the upper atmosphere. \n \nThe ISTP Science Initiative uses simultaneous and closely coordinated measurements from GEOTAIL, WIND, POLAR, SOHO and Cluster. These measurements of the key regions of geospace will be supplemented by data from Equatorial missions and ground-based investigations. The Equatorial missions include: the Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Spacecraft ( GOES) Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL) spacecraft from the Department of Energy (DOE). The ground-based investigations include: \n \n SUPER-DARN - Dual Auroral Radar Network \n CANOPUS - Canadian Auroral Network for the Origin of Plasmas in Earth's Neighborhood Program Unified Study \n SESAME - Satellite Experiments Simultaneous with Antarctic Measurements \n Sondrestromfjord Incoherent Scatter Radar \n \n Information provided by http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/misc/istp_project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8314e555-e31c-41e2-b378-245c75f2a4cd", - "label": "GOMPOP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Background\n\n The northeastern Gulf of Mexico has been the focus of only a few\n oceanographic and/or meteorological studies. A survey (1982) by\n an Environmental Studies Program (ESP) contractor found but a\n few oceanographic datasets. Most of the available hydrographic\n data are from the 1970's Mississippi-Alabama-Florida\n surveys. Available current data are from the\n Mississippi/Alabama Marine Ecosystem Study (MMS Contract\n 14-35-0001-30346), some Navy sponsored moorings near Pensacola,\n Chevron's moorings in the Destin Dome Area, a United States\n Geological Survey mooring south of Mobile, and several United\n States Army Corps of Engineers moorings on the inner\n shelf. Even though remote sensing data are probably the most\n recent information in this area, the synoptic collection of\n these images and their comparison with the data from other\n studies of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Physical\n Oceanography Program is essential to the understanding of the\n areal extent and timing of events such as intru! sions,\n shelf/deep water exchanges, and river influence. Physical\n oceanography information in the northeastern Gulf is sufficient\n to make first order estimates of oil spill trajectories, but\n not enough to calculate the errors associated with these\n estimates.\n\n Objectives\n\n1. The objectives of this study are to assess the utility of merging\n remote sensing and field data to: assess the utility data\n products for examining regional circulation patterns in the\n northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM);\n\n2. Assess variability of dispersal patterns and sea surface\n temperature (SST) in the NEGOM;\n\n3. Study the correlation between sea level changes and surface\n altimetry, atmospheric forcing, SST, and buoy tracks; and\n integrate these results with ongoing MMS sponsored studies in\n the NEGOM.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.mms.gov/eppd/sciences/esp/profiles/gm/GM-96-02C.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83a8e71b-4911-4685-ab9b-1d72595d1c3b", - "label": "GALE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Science Objectives:\n -Describing the airflow, mass and the moisture fields in East Coast\n winter storms with special emphasis on mesoscale and air-sea interaction\n processes contributing to cyclogenesis.\n -Understanding the physical mechanisms controlling the formation and\n rapid development of East Coast storms.\n -Developing and testing numerical models for the prediction of East Coast\n storms.\nProject Description:\n The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) was an extensive study\nof the atmospheric processes involved in the development of winter storms\non the East Coast of the United States. GALE was originally initiated in\nSeptember 1982 by a group of university scientists representing Drexel\nUniversity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, North Carolina State\nUniversity, State University of New York and the University of Washington.\nThis project was mainly supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF),\nOffice of Naval Research (ONR), National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA) and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other\ncontributors included the Army Research Office and the Corps of Engineers, Air\nForce Office of Scientific Research, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and\nthe Department of Energy (DOE). Local support was supplied by the\nRaleigh-Durham Airport Authority and Army Reserve National Guard and by the\nNorth Carolina State University Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric\nSciences. The field phase of GALE was conducted from 15 January through 15\nMarch 1986. The GALE Operations Center was located at Raleigh-Durham Airport\nwith the main observing network deployed throughout Virginia, the Carolinas,\nGeorgia and the Atlantic coastal waters. The GALE project office is located at\nthe National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado. The\nexperiment was designed to focus on three areas: the Inner, Regional and Outer\nGALE areas. The Inner GALE area, 500 km wide, was centered on the coast and\nextended 1000km from Virginia to Georgia. It examined for convection, boundary\nlayer fluxes and micro-physical processes. The Regional GALE area, which was\n1000km wide from the Appalachian Ridge to 500km offshore and stretched 1500km\nfrom Florida to New Jersey, was studied for cyclogenesis and frontogenesis. The\nOuter GALE area extended from the Great Plains to east of the Regional area and\nfrom New England to the Gulf of Mexico, with synoptic features of cyclones and\njet stream circulations being the main points of interest.\nData Sources:\n The GALE observing region covered the eastern half of the United\nStates in order to incorporate continental and marine effects. Data was\ncollected west of the Appalachians in order to evaluate the orographic\neffect on modifying large-scale systems or establishing mesoscale systems.\nData was also collected near the coast and offshore where cyclogenesis\noccurs; consequently this was the main area of interest. Rawinsonde\nobservations were supplied by the National Weather Service (NWS) and NCAR\nalong with dropwindsondes from NOAA measuring standard meteorological\nparameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction).\nMeteorological satellites GOES-6, NOAA-9, NOAA-6, DMSP F-6, DMSP F-7\nand NIMBUS-7 were available to provide radiance measurements. Surface\nobservations were taken from a special GALE ground-station network (PAM,\nPortable Automated Mesonet), NOAA buoys and platforms, micro-met towers,\nmilitary stations, lightning detectors, current meters and tide gauges to\nmeasure standard parameters along with rainfall, sea surface temperature (SST)\nand sea-level height. Two research vessels, the Cape Hatteras and the\nEndeavor, patrolled the waters off the North and South Carolina coasts\nrespectively, collecting surface and atmospheric sounding data as well as SST\nand sub-surface data. NOAA, NASA and NCAR aircraft gathered measurements of\nair motion, cloud physics, air chemistry and thermodynamics in the boundary\nlayer. The NWS provided a standard radar network while NASA, NOAA, NCAR, MIT\nand the University of Washington supplied a doppler-radar network to measure\nair motions and distribution of precipitation.\nData Products:\n Drexel University is the central archive and distribution center for\nGALE data. The GALE Data Center (GDC) is funded by the National Science\nFoundation and the Office of Naval Research.\n 1. AIRCRAFT: NCAR (turbulence, flight level, cloud physics), NOAA (flight\n level, doppler radar reflectivity, cloud physics, dropwindsonde,\n turbulence), University of Washington (flight level), NASA (microwave\n moisture sounding, lidar), MIT (flight level) and AIR FORCE (flight\n level) data are available in digitized form. Microfilm of NCAR\n parameter plots and video recordings of aircraft missions as well as\n hardcopy logs of all aircraft missions are also available.\n 2. SOUNDING: Master sounding file containing 10mb interval data is\n available in digitized form. Other products include the Regional\n Analysis Forecast System (RAFS) (initalized and forecast model fields,\n soundings, observed/model difference soundings and statistics),\n National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Upper Air Products (NWS, SRRS\n soundings), NCAR CLASS soundings, Special Rawinsonde Data (Navy\n and Canadian soundings), dropwindsonde and minisonde data are also\n in digitized form. Skew-T diagrams for selected soundings,\n constant pressure charts and RAFS difference file tables are available\n on hardcopy.\n 3. RADAR: NCAR CP-3 and CP-4, MIT WR-73, NASA SPANDAR and University\n of Washington TPQ-11 Doppler data as well as NWS data is available\n in digitized format. NWS and NMC radar charts on microfilm, along\n with color slides of NWS radar images and a hardcopy of the NWS\n radar summary are also available.\n 4. SATELLITE: GOES-6 (VAS imagery, soundings, SST), NOAA-9 (TOVS and AVHRR\n imagery, soundings and NMC SST), NOAA-6 (TOVS imagery), DMSP F-6,\n F-7 (imagery and soundings) and NIMBUS-7 (TOMS) data are available\n in digitized form. GOES-6 images are are also available on videotape\n and hardcopy, along with SST Analyses, TOMS Data Atlas and NOAA\n Polar Orbiter Data User Guide.\n 5. BOUNDARY LAYER: NWS, NCDC and PAM surface observation network, NWS\n precipitation network, military observations, snowfall observations,\n TVA wind energy, met-tower, lightning network and surface marine,\n ship and buoy data are available in digitized form. NMC surface\n analyses are on microfilm while ship, PAM, NWS snowfall and surface\n marine data are on hardcopy.\n 6. OCEANGRAPHIC: Hydrographic data from R/V Endeavor and Cape Hatteras,\n current temperature/pressure mooring data, bathythermograph and\n coastal tide gauge data are available in digitized form. The CORE\n preliminary data report is available on hardcopy.\n *** The GALE Compact Disc containing Aircraft, Sounding, Satellite and\n Surface data is available from the University of Washington. Access\n software is also available for IBM PC computers and the DEC Microvax II.\n For more information, contact:\n Cliff Mass\n University of Washigton\n Atmospheric Sciences Dept. AK-40\n Seattle, WA 98195\n Project Archive Contact:\n Edward Hartnett\n GALE Data Center\n Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science\n Drexel University\n Philadelphia, PA 19104\n 215-895-2786\n OMNET > GALE.DAT\n Project Director Contact:\n Dr. Richard Dirks\n GALE Project Office\n National Center for Atmospheric Research\n PO Box 3000\n Boulder, CO 80307-3000\n 303-497-8841\nReferences:\n Dirks, R.A. J.P. Kuettner, and J.A. Moore, 1988: Genesis of Atlantic Lows\nExperiment(GALE): An Overview. Bulletin of the American Meteorological\nSociety, 69, 148-160.\n Hartnett, Ed, 1988: GALE Data Users Guide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8409655c-1bc7-41a7-8de5-6ec8552ef7d3", - "label": "IMDPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "INSAT 3D Meteorological Data Processing System (IMDPS) has been set up at National Satellite Meteorological Centre (NSMC), IMD, New Delhi to receive and process the satellite data on a real time basis. The system is capable to process and generate images and products on 24X7 basis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84150714-292c-48cc-b457-97fd573e1e36", - "label": "GOPOLAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Go Polar! Exploring and Connecting the Poles\nProject URL: http://schc.sc.edu/gopolar/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=96\n\nInformal learning environments of children's museums are fertile frontiers for communicating the excitement and significance of Polar scientific research to the public in both non-polar and traditional polar nations. Children's museums are also effective venues to enhance public understanding of the global dimensions of the issues facing the Polar Regions in the coming decades. By forming an international Go Polar! network of children's museums in non-polar nations (in Amsterdam, Osaka, Mexico City, Tel Aviv, Vienna, Melbourne, Caracas, Lisbon), as well as in traditional polar nations of Canada (Calgary and Toronto) and the United States (Indianapolis and San Francisco), we propose to deliver a multi-dimensional informal science education program about the Arctic and Antarctic to children under the age of 12 (and the adults who care for them). \n\nOur specific proposal, as part of the broad IPY outreach effort, is to: \n\n1) Adapt already existing Go Polar! Festival programming for use in museums of the Go Polar! network, complete with turnkey materials, including our patented Polar Puzzle, a unique floor interactive, educational displays and activities including specially developed teaching guides with sample scripts in the language appropriate to the particular museum; \n\n2) Adapt already existing Go Polar! Arctic Discovery Boxes for use in museums of the Go Polar! network, complete with turnkey materials, displays and including specially developed teaching guides with sample scripts in the appropriate languages; and \n\n3) Conduct training programs for teachers and museum staffs in the Go Polar! network in order that the Go Polar! informal science educational materials and programming can be used effectively during IPY and for years to come. \n\nThe existing Go Polar! informal science educational materials and programming are made possible through a University-Museum partnership funded by the US National Science Foundation in 2003 to develop Go Polar! Cool Science in the Arctic (ESI-0336928). This unique partnership between the EdVenture Children Museum, the largest children's museum in the southeastern US, and the University of South Carolina, the State's largest research university, involved active Arctic researchers, university undergraduate students, the EdVenture museum staff, family education specialists, and educational psychologists to disseminate on-going NSF funded research on the Arctic hydrologic cycle (ODP-0229737). \n\nThe Go Polar program provided opportunities for South Carolina children and families to meet real scientists engaged in Arctic research with hands-on activities that introduced children and families not only to the scientific process but also to new science concepts and knowledge. The Go Polar program also resulted in the development and testing of Arctic Discovery Boxes - specially designed informal education activities on three themes - #1 The Arctic and Global Change, #2 Arctic Cultures and #3 Animal Adaptations in the Arctic. Each Discovery box contains six interrelated hands-on activities with teaching guides and scripts. In 2005 the Go Polar! partnership expanded the reach of their programming and materials to include the Antarctic. Using the theme 'Exploring and Connecting the Opposite Ends of the Earth' the Go Polar! team created a Polar Festival featuring a giant floor puzzle of the Arctic and Antarctic with the ocean basins and surrounding continents connecting the poles. With orchestrated play, the children are guided through diverse hands-on, minds-on learning experiences including an Arctic Village, an Aurora Theatre, mapping the earth with NASA satellites, migration in the air and sea, ozone, permafrost, and more. Special take home activities and a Polar Passport encourage further exploration at home and school.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "844f13b8-bd46-49e6-8aae-f2fe95bdd58a", - "label": "HASO2", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Sulfur dioxide emissions (SO2) impact human health, ecosystems, agriculture, and global and regional climate. Anthropogenic emissions have resulted in greatly increased sulfur deposition and atmospheric sulfate loadings near most industrialized areas. Sulfur dioxide forms sulfate aerosols that have a significant effect on global and regional climate. Historical reconstructions of sulfur dioxide emissions are necessary to access the past influence of sulfur dioxide on the earth system and as base-year information for future projections. This data set provides annual estimates of anthropogenic global and regional sulfur dioxide emissions spanning the period 1850–2005 using a bottom-up mass balance method, calibrated to country-level inventory data. Emissions by source category (coal, petroleum, biomass combustion, smelting, fuel processing, and other processes) are available for 142 countries and regions. For the purpose of viewing the data pattern and changes, the maps of total emissions in 1970–2005 are also provided for online view and download in the archive.\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8499808b-88fa-44c3-81be-351cb6991ee4", - "label": "GVIEW-CO2", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GLOBALVIEW-CO2 is a product of the Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project. While the project is coordinated and maintained by the Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases Group of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA ESRL), it is a cooperative effort among the many organizations and institutions making high-quality atmospheric CO2 measurements.\n\nhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/globalview/co2/co2_intro.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8787e040-fc89-4516-bc1d-f4010cb0419c", - "label": "GSWP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Overview\n\nThe Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP) is an ongoing modeling activity\nof the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project\n(ISLSCP), a contributing project of the Global Energy and Water Cycle\nExperiment (GEWEX). The GSWP is charged with producing a 2-year global\ndata set of soil moisture, temperature, runoff, and surface fluxes by\nintegrating one-way uncoupled land surface process models (LSPs) using\nexternally specified surface forcings and standardized soil and\nvegetation distributions, namely, the ISLSCP Initiative I CD-ROM\ndata. Approximately one dozen participating LSP groups in five nations\nhave taken the common ISLSCP forcing data to execute their\nstate-of-the-art models over the 1987-1988 period to generate global\ndata sets.\n\nResults of the pilot phase suggest that the GSWP framework is very\nuseful and valuable for assessing and developing land surface models\non a global scale with relatively little computational expense, and to\ninvestigate questions of land surface hydrology and land-atmosphere\ninteraction.\n\n\n Motivation:\n\nThe motivation for GSWP stems from the paradox that soil wetness is an\nimportant component of the global energy and water balance, but it is\nunknown over most of the globe. Soil wetness is the reservoir for the\nland surface hydrologic cycle, it is a boundary condition for\natmosphere, it controls the partitioning of land surface heat fluxes,\naffects the status of overlying vegetation, and modulates the thermal\nproperties of the soil. Knowledge of the state of soil moisture is\nessential for climate predictability on seasonal-annual time\nscales. However, soil moisture is difficult to measure in situ, remote\nsensing techniques are only partially effective, and few long-term\nclimatologies of any kind exist.\n\n Goals:\n\nThe goals of GSWP are fourfold. The project will produce\nstate-of-the-art global data sets of soil moisture, surface fluxes,\nand related hydrologic quantities. It is a means of testing and\ndeveloping large-scale validation techniques over land. It serves as a\nlarge-scale validation and quality check of the ISLSCP Initiative I\ndata sets. GSWP is also a global comparison of a number of LSPs, and\nincludes a series of sensitivity studies of specific parameterizations\nwhich should aid future model development.\n\n Production:\n\nThe GSWP consists of three components: the Production Group, the\nValidation Group, and the Inter-Comparison Center. The Production\nGroup consists of land surface modelers who conduct offline\nintegrations of land surface models over a global 1 degree grid for\n1987-1988 using prescribed atmospheric forcing based on observations,\nremote sensing and analyses. Each member of the production group\nproduces global time-mean and instantaneous fields of surface energy\nand water balance terms three times per month using his/her LSP. These\ndata are produced in a standard format and sent to the\nInter-Comparison Center. In addition, each model is used to perform\nspecific sensitivity studies. The sensitivity experiments are intended\nto evaluate the impact of uncertainties in model parameters and\nforcing fields on simulation of the surface water and energy balances.\n\nA number of different sensitivity studies were conducted by members of\nthe Production team. Perhaps the most significant general conclusion\nthat can be drawn from the studies is that sub-grid scale variability\nin infiltration, whether due to heterogeneity in soil properties or\nthe distribution of rainfall within a grid box, has a significant\nimpact on the simulation of runoff. Variations in vegetation\nproperties, the vertical structure of the soil, and radiation seem to\nhave less of an impact on simulations. These results suggest that some\nsort of accounting for sub-grid heterogeneity, whether through an\nexplicit modeling of small tiles or a statistical approach, is\nnecessary to properly partition surface water between runoff and\nevapotranspiration.\n\n\n Validation:\n\nThere is also a Validation Group which assembles data sets and\ncoordinates studies to validate the global products, either directly\n(by comparison to field studies or soil moisture measuring networks)\nor indirectly (e.g. use of modeled runoff to drive river routing\nschemes for comparison to streamflow data). The soil wetness data\nproduced are being tested within a general circulation model (GCM) to\nevaluate their quality and their impact on seasonal to interannual\nclimate simulations. The Winand Staring Center has volunteered to lead\nthe validation process.\n\n\nThe validation effort allows some other important conclusions to be\ndrawn about the quality of the GSWP results. The use of the soil\nmoisture product as a specified boundary condition improves the\nforecast ability of a climate model. This is most likely as a result\nof mitigating the effects of poor rainfall simulations on the surface\nwater balance of the climate model. Secondly, comparison with\nobservations in more detail still point to significant problems in the\nway the LSPs deal with soil moisture, or more generally, land surface\nhydrology. Yet, it is clear that the quality of the land surface model\nsimulations are critically dependant on the quality of the land\nsurface data (soils, vegetation, terrain, radiative parameters) and\nthe meteorological forcing data.\n\n\n Inter-Comparison:\n\nAn Inter-Comparison Center (ICC) has been established at the Center\nfor Climate System Research, University of Tokyo for evaluating and\ncomparing data from the different models. Comparison among the model\nresults is used to assess the uncertainty in estimates of surface\ncomponents of the moisture and energy balances at large scales, and as\na quality check on the model products themselves. The ICC is also the\ncommunity re-distribution point for the data produced in GSWP.\n\n\nThe inter-comparison effort has shown that there is a large spread\namong the participating LSPs in terms of their partitioning of surface\nenergy between latent and sensible heat flux, and of water between\nrunoff and evapotranspiration. Most of the LSPs underestimated\nbasin-scale runoff, possible due to the GSWP specification of the\ntreatment of convective precipitation. Nonetheless, validation of the\nconsensus runoff against streamflow data show that the LSPs as a group\nperform quite well where sufficient gauge-based precipitation forcing\ndata were available, and performed poorly where gauges are sparse.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://grads.iges.org/gswp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "885f19c4-ab96-4d86-a399-c92d4899df50", - "label": "GEODE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geographic Data in Education (GEODE) Initiative is dedicated to the\nimprovement of Earth and environmental science education through the use of\ndata visualization and analysis tools to support inquiry-based pedagogy.\nThrough an integrated program of research and development, the GEODE Initiative\nis advancing our understanding of learning in the Earth and environmental\nsciences, design of curriculum and educational software, and teacher\nprofessional development. Equally important, the GEODE Initiative is creating\nuseful and useable products for students and teachers at levels ranging from\nmiddle school through college.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://www.worldwatcher.nwu.edu/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Northwestern University.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89f6194b-58aa-4a9c-926c-e0b1d65ab3a5", - "label": "IGBP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP, http://www.igbp.kva.se)\nis an interdisciplinary scientific activity established and sponsored by the\nInternational Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The Programme was instituted\nby ICSU in 1986, and the IGBP Secretariat was established at the Royal Swedish\nAcademy of Sciences in 1987.\n\nThe IGBP programme is focused on acquiring basic scientific knowledge about the\ninteractive processes of biology and chemistry of the Earth as they relate to\nglobal change. The goal of the programme is to describe and understand the\ninteractive physical, chemical and biological processes that regulate the total\nEarth system, the unique environment that it provides for life, the changes\nthat are occurring in this system, and the manner in which they are influenced\nby human actions.\n\nIGBP is composed of eleven program elements. These are composed of eight\nbroadly discipline-oriented projects, called Core Projects, covering such\ntopics as atmospheric science, terrestrial ecology, oceanography, hydrology,\nand links between the natural and the social sciences. Three Framework\nActivities on data, modelling, and regional research, facilitate incorporating\nscientific results into a holistic picture. The detailed planning and\nimplementation of each Core Project is directed by a Scientific Steering\nCommittee, and the Framework Activities are each guided by a Scientific\nSteering Committee or a Task Force.\n\nCurrent and Past Core Projects:\n-----------------------------\n Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES)\n Biospheric Aspects of the Hydrologic Cycle (BAHC)\n Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modelling (GAIM)\n Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE)\n Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)\n Global Lang Project (GLP)\n International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC)\n Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER)\n Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS)\n Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)\n Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)\n Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC)\n Past Global Change (PAGES)\n Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)\n Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START)\n \nA list of current IGBP projects can be found at\nhttp://www.igbp.kva.se/cgi-bin/php/frameset.php\n\n[This information was adapted from the IGBP web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8abe2ceb-8d8e-43f9-8204-f18e54e01b5d", - "label": "HOT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Scientists working within the Hawaiian Ocean Time-series (HOT)\n project have been making repeated observations of the\n hydrography, chemistry and biology at a station north of Hawaii\n since October 1988. The objective of this research is to provide\n a comprehensive description of the ocean at a site\n representative of the central North Pacific Ocean. Cruises are\n made approximately once a month to Station ALOHA, the HOT\n deep-water station (22 45'N, 158W) located about 100 km north of\n Oahu, Hawaii. Measurements of the thermohaline structure, water\n column chemistry, currents, primary production and particle\n sedimentation rates are made over a 72-hour period on each\n cruise.\n\n Contacts:\n\n Eric Firing\n Associate Professor of Oceanography\n Project Participation: 1988-1998\n Cruise Particiption: 1-3, 5, 12-13, 20, 22, 31, 38, 56, 91\n efiring@soest.hawaii.edu\n\n Roger Lukas\n Professor of Oceanography\n Project Participation: 1988-2001\n Cruise Particiption: 1, 5, 9, 16, 25, 27, 53\n rlukas@soest.hawaii.edu\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bd9b81c-64a4-4dcd-a08d-06de8412843e", - "label": "HMAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "An interdisciplinary research program using historical and environmental archives to analyze marine population data before and after human impacts on the ocean became significant.\n\nThe History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP), the historical component of the Census of Marine Life (CoML), aims to improve our understanding of ecosystem dynamics, specifically with regard to long-term changes in stock abundance, the ecological impact of large-scale harvesting by man, and the role of marine resources in the historical development of human society. Since the earliest historical records, man has harvested a variety of different animals from the oceans. The effects of this activity on marine populations have been of increasing interest over the last century. While ecologists have traditionally aimed to identify the current conditions of many of the animal populations affected both directly and indirectly by harvesting, much less focus has been given to the status of affected populations in earlier times. A historical reference point of marine populations against which modern populations can be compared is necessary in order to determine how ocean ecosystems are changing with respect to human impact and even climate change. HMAP addresses this issue through multidisciplinary studies integrating Marine Ecology, History and Paleo-Ecology. This innnovative combination of research methods and analytical perspectives offers a unique approach to testing theories of the effects of both man’s activities and natural environmental changes on our living marine resources.\n\nMethods and Objectives\nTo achieve its goals, HMAP relies on the teamwork of ecologists, marine biologists, historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, paleo-ecologists and paleo-oceanographers. These integrated research teams analyze data from a variety of unique sources, such as colonial fisheries and monastic records, modern fisheries statistics, ship logs, tax documents, sediment cores and other environmental records, to piece together changes in specific populations throughout history. The resulting long time-series will improve our understanding of the effects of human activities and environmental factors, such as climate, currents and salinity, on marine ecosystems.\n\nHMAP implements its global mission through a case study approach. The case studies are generally regional in scope and focus on a few species of commercial importance or habitat and biodiversity changes. Individual studies are selected on the basis that the ecosystem has been subject to fishing and that there exists sufficient historical data on catches and harvesting effort. There are currently seven case studies around the world:\n\n * Northwest Atlantic (Gulf of Maine, Newfoundland-Grand Banks, Greenland cod fisheries)\n * Southwest Pacific (Southeast Australian Shelf and Slope fisheries, New Zealand Shelf fisheries)\n * White and Barents Seas (Russian and Norwegian herring, salmon and cod fisheries, and Atlantic walrus hunting)\n * Norwegian, North and Baltic Seas (Multinational cod, herring and plaice fisheries)\n * Southwest African Shelf (Clupeid fisheries in a continental boundary current system)\n * Worldwide Whaling (Historical whaling in all oceans)\n * Caribbean communities (Impact of the removal of large predators)\n\nMany HMAP projects are interpreting changes in marine populations over the past 500-2000 years, which provides researchers of current and future conditions a baseline that extends back long before the advent of modern technology, or before significant human impact on the ecosystem.\n\nHMAP will result in a better understanding of the role of marine resources in human history and of the factors controlling marine populations. The project will help improve ecological theory, which can be applied to predict the effects of human activities on marine and aquatic ecosystems.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.hmapcoml.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c25b822-ad70-4e0f-b453-97fe5a80ae1f", - "label": "ICRCCM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The fourth intercomparison is actually one of the earliest\n conducted by DOE. ICRCCM is a program co-sponsored by DOE, the\n World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the International\n Radiation Commission (IRC). The late Fred Luther gave the best\n description of the rationale for the program: 'Since the\n transfer of solar and longwave radiation is the prime physical\n process that drives the circulation of the atmosphere and its\n temperature structure, it is natural that an evaluation of the\n modeling of physical processes important to climate begin with\n radiation.' (Luther 1984)\n\n Principal Findings:\n\n1. Line-by-line models are in good agreement with each other to within\n a few W/m2 (usually within 1%) when arbitrary line width cutoffs\n are universally applied. The ICRCCM concluded that: 'Uncertainties\n in the physics of line wings and in the proper treatment of the\n continuum make it impossible for line-by-line models to provide an\n absolute reference . . .' (Luther et al. 1988). Thus, no\n present-day model furnishes a reliable standard by which to judge\n other models, nor are appropriate data available.\n\n2. There is no systematic difference between wide-band and narrow-band\n model results. However, there is a large variation among the band\n models. While average differences from line-by-line results range\n from 5 to 10%, the spread among the band models is several times\n larger.\n\n3. Band model calculations of sensitivities to changes in absorbing\n constituents show poorer agreement with line-by-line results, and a\n much larger spread, than calculations of flux components. For\n example, when is doubled, the median band model sensitivities\n differ by up to 18% from line-by-line values, while their spread is\n an order of magnitude larger.\n\n4. In cases of only and only, the spread in results among band models\n increases considerably compared to the case when all absorbing\n gases are included; this indicates that the success in the latter\n case is partly fortuitous because of the way absorbing bands\n overlap in the Earth's atmosphere.\n\n5. For the longwave clear cases, with about 40 participants\n representing almost all the world's major modeling groups, ICRCCM\n revealed intermodel disagreements in fluxes and flux sensitivity to\n constituent changes ranging from 30 to 70% (Luther et\n al. 1988). The disagreements are worst for single absorbing gas\n atmospheres, indicating that the better agreement found in the\n all-gas cases is partly accidental. Subsequent ICRCCM calculations,\n involving cloudy longwave cases, and clear and cloudy shortwave\n cases, have revealed equally large or larger disagreements, ranging\n up to 20 to 30% in fluxes and up to 70% in flux sensitivity to\n constituent changes.\n\n6. Comparisons are still in progress for vertical profiles of\n radiative heating rates. Disagreements in radiative heating rates\n are expected to be larger than for fluxes, because heating rate is\n the derivative of flux and taking derivatives magnifies errors\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/documents/project/er_0441/bkground_5/radcompar_9.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c283e7c-d302-43fa-b809-3fe3dee22dd1", - "label": "IMLGS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Index to Marine and Lacustrine Geological Samples is a tool to help scientists locate and obtain geologic material from sea floor and lakebed cores, grabs, and dredges archived by participating institutions. The Index describes the sample collections of twenty institutions and agencies, worldwide. Data include basic collection and storage information. Lithology, texture, age, principal investigator, province, weathering, metamorphism, glass remarks, and descriptive data are included for some samples, at the discretion of the curator. \n\nhttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/curator/curator.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d5253a9-aff6-4d00-9f09-db76e1c06723", - "label": "ICE-READER", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IceREADER database is a compilation of Antarctic Ice Core data detailing ice core name, site, location and as much other information as possible. The data base is sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, (SCAR).\n\nPlease refer to the IceREADER website for more information at http://www.icereader.org/icereader/index.jsp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d55babd-217a-4280-9301-0352c4ff1939", - "label": "GONG", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Oscillation Network Group\nThe Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project was proposed in 1984 by\nthe National Solar Observatory as a community activity. Funding for the\nproject from the National Science Foundation started in 1986. The project is\nintended to provide 3 years of nearly uninterrupted helioseismograms to allow\ndetailed study of the stratification and dynamics of the solar interior.\nThe project is in the process of developing a network of observational sites\nand an instrument based on the principle of Fourier tachometry to do the\nobserving. In addition the GONG datacenter will store the network data and\ndo the standard data reduction. Science teams have been organized and are\nactively engaged in providing technical support for various aspects of the\nproject and are preparing for the analysis and interpretation of the data\nproducts.\nScientific contacts\n John W. Leibacher Email: INTERNET> leib@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::leib\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JLeibacher@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9305\n John W. Harvey Email: INTERNET> jharvey@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::jharvey\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JHarvey@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9337\n James R. Kennedy Email: INTERNET> kennedy@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::kennedy\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JKennedy@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9373\nData and Computer Access Contact\n James A. Pintar Email: INTERNET> pintar@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::pintar\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JPintar@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9272\nReferences\nJ.W. Harvey, F.Hill, J.R.Kennedy, J.W.Leibacher, and W.C.Livingston,\n The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG), 1988, Adv. Space\n Res. 8, No. 11, P. 117-120\nQuarterly Newsletter:\n'GONG Newsletter', Ron Hubbard, Editor.\n Internet> rhubbard@noao.edu\n SPAN> noao::rhubbard", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d761d89-c1b0-4063-a9f0-8f332690a0da", - "label": "GRAVLASER", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8de2a7c3-1e66-4946-a8b3-9a2f79a3086c", - "label": "GOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is an international effort to\ncoordinate and foster long-term, routine, globally-relevant,\nscientifically-based and systematic ocean observations and\napplications.\nGOOS is built upon research, and provides data for research, but is\nnot itself a research program. Rather, it is focussed on making use\nof research, of applying knowledge for the public good, and of\nmotivating basic and applied research in topical areas.\nGuided by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the\nWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Council of\nScientific Unions (ICSU), and the United Nations Environment Programme\n(UNEP), the planning for GOOS is taking place within five specific\nareas:\n Climate Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction\n Monitoring and Assessment of Living Marine Resources\n Monitoring of the Coastal Zone Environment and its Changes\n Assessment and Prediction of the Health of the Ocean\n Marine Meteorological and Operational Oceanographic Services\nU.S. GOOS activities are contained within many U.S. agencies, including\nNOAA, NSF, NASA, Navy (Office of Oceanographer and ONR), DOE, DOI,\nEPA, and State. A U.S. GOOS Interagency Working Group coordinates\nthese activities.\nThe climate module is the leading candidate for implementation\nby U.S. GOOS because it is the most well-developed in terms of\nstrategy, applications, and technology. The highest priority\nwithin the climate module is the continuation of the TOGA Observing\nSystem beyond its research phase (1984-1994) and into an operational\nstatus for long-term provision of the data needed for forecasting of\nEl Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Economic studies have\nshown that the investment to obtain such observations and make such\npredictions is returned many times over in benefits to the\nagricultural sector in the U.S., plus additional benefits to other\nsectors. At a lower priority within the climate module are the\nlong-term observations needed for the detection of climate change.\nThe second U.S. GOOS urgency is the development of an interagency\nCoastal GOOS Program, including those aspects of all the GOOS modules\nthat are relevant near the coast. The coastal zone is under\nincreasing stress through population growth and land-use policies, yet\nis also the region of major sea-borne commerce and living marine\nresources. Balancing resources against development requires a strong\ninformation base and predictive capability; GOOS is dedicated to\nmaking this happen in a timely, affordable, and customer-oriented\nmanner.\nFor further information contact:\nU.S. GOOS Interagency Working Group\nc/o NOAA/NOS/OES, SSMC-4\n1305 East-West Hwy\nSilver Spring, MD 20910-3281\nUSA\n301-713-2981\n301-713-4392 FAX\nInternet > usgoos@noaa.gov\nWWW > 'http://www.usgoos.noaa.gov/goos.html'\n[This information is condensed from the U.S. GOOS World Wide Web pages.]\nFor further information, visit the international Global Ocean\nObserving System Home Page at:\n'http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/Default.htm'\nand the GOOS Project Office:\n'http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/goos.htm'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e854297-9bba-4312-a7f9-9a48a8fd5027", - "label": "GAIM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The long-term aim of the Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modelling\n(GAIM) Task Force is to develop comprehensive, prognostic models of the\nglobal biogeochemical system that can be coupled with General Circulation\nModels (GCMs).\nThe Task Force analyzes current models and data, assesses the capability\nof current models and experimental programs to resolve key questions, and\nadvances and synthesizes our understanding of the global biogeochemical\ncycles and their links to the hydrologic cycle and to the physical-climate\nsystem as a whole.\nGAIM has started bringing together previously unlinked models of\ninteracting processes, with initial emphasis on the global carbon cycle\nand the interaction between climate and terrestrial ecosystems at regional\nscales.\nGAIM is a Task Force of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program\n(IGBP) and works in collaboration with modelling groups of the World\nClimate Research Program (WCRP).\nContact:\n-------\nGAIM Task Force Office\nInstitute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space (EOS)\nUniversity of New Hampshire\nMorse Hall, 39 College Road\nDurham, NH 03824-3525\nUSA\nTel: (603) 862 3875\nFax: (603) 862 1915\nE-mail: gaim@unh.edu\nURL: 'http://gaim.unh.edu'\n[This information was adapted from the IGBP and GAIM websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ff4c131-fbaf-4377-849b-c19e4041f193", - "label": "ICOMM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Building a cyberinfrastructure to index and organize what is known about microbes, the world's smallest organisms, which account for 90 percent of biomass in oceans.\n\nThe oceans worldwide are teeming with microbial life forms invisible to the naked eye. An estimated 3.6 x 1030 microbial cells of untold diversity account for > 90% of the total oceanic biomass. The number of viral particles may be one hundred fold greater. Rich, chemosynthetic microbial communities thrive at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Abundant archaea, one of the two prokaryotic domains of life, populate oceanic midwaters. Very large populations of phytoplankton including diatoms, dinoflagellates, picoflagellates and cyanobacteria, the primary catalysts in carbon fixation, orchestrate the cycling of nitrogen and form the base of the traditional marine food web. The heterotrophic bacteria belonging to the SAR11 group dominate communities of ocean-surface bacterioplankton while nonphotosynthetic protists (usually single-cell eukaryotes) of unknown diversity control the size of picoplankton (plankton less than 2 µm) populations and regulate the supply of nutrients into the ocean's food webs. Microbes account for the preponderance of life's genetic and metabolic variation, but our understanding of microbial diversity and the evolution of its population structures in the oceans is only fragmentary.\n\nThe International Census of Marine Microbes (ICoMM) will facilitate the inventory of this microbial diversity developing a strategy to (1) catalogue all known diversity of single-cell organisms inclusive of the Bacteria, Archaea, Protista and associated viruses, (2) to explore and discover unknown microbial diversity, and (3) to place that knowledge into appropriate ecological and evolutionary contexts.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.coml.org/projects/international-census-marine-microbes-icomm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9027d427-ed2b-4456-bd7f-1c84c8741e2d", - "label": "GEDI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) produces high resolution laser ranging observations of the 3D structure of the Earth. GEDI’s precise measurements of forest canopy height, canopy vertical structure, and surface elevation greatly advance our ability to characterize important carbon and water cycling processes, biodiversity, and habitat. GEDI was funded as a NASA Earth Ventures Instrument (EVI) mission. It was launched to the International Space Station in December 2018 and became operational in March 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "902e533c-1c52-4932-b7ec-ad5027893d00", - "label": "HIST-IPY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: History of the IPYs (HotIs)\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/Hist-IPY.124+M54a708de802.0.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=27\n\nThe aim of this project is to study to what degree was research in the Arctic and Antarctic during the polar years primarily driven by scientific criteria. To what extent were compromises made in the light of political barriers and logistical limitations? Another aspect is the role of new technologies, which is highlightened by the start of the first satellites and which has a significant input both in polar transport and research. Employing historical perspectives we will review essential background factors at work in the three distinct periods (both scientific and non-scientific), when nations chose to participate in the IPYs. In addition, we will consider the substantial factors that led certain major nations to choose not to contribute to the Polar Years (Great Britain 1882/83, Germany 1932/33, 1957/58, etc). Traditionally, field science practiced in remote geographical regions was either a by-product of exploration or an activity exploited by territorial claimants. The early attempts to establish an international polar organization will be seen as a backdrop to the later success in creating the Scientific Committee on Arctic Research (SCAR). Pertinent in this respect are the different roles played by non-governmental organizations as distinct from intergovernmental organizations or modes of international organization. Factors that enabled (or contrained or hindered) the institutionalisation of polar research more broadly under the auspices of the polar years will be studied also with an eye to drawing lessons for the future. The political role of the Antarctic treaty and the role of science in it is of course an important question in this context, as Antarctica at the political level became constructed as a continent by and for science (and peace). It is important to include the use of oral history, while some IGY veterans and constructors of the Antarctic treaty are still living.Such a study would not be complete without examining the impact of the Cold War on the IGY. Recent historical work has indicated that the IGY was simultaneously a crucial instance of international scientific co-operation at the height of political tensions between the Eastern and Western Blocs, but also an activity tightly integrated into the national security aims of major participant-states, including the United States and the Soviet Union. How Cold War tensions affected the practice of science during the IGY, and what lessons contemporary science planners and policy-makers can gain from a better understanding of the IGY's achievements and disappointments, are important anticipated outcomes from this project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90c40035-a528-4097-a53d-ad85f82a5d17", - "label": "GUSREX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Gulf Stream Recirculation Experiment (GUSREX)\n and Line Experiment\n SOFAR Float Data 1980-1982\n\nby M.A.Kennelly & T.K. McKee\n\nThis also pertains to Gulf Stream (GS), Long Range (LR)\n and Ring (RI) Experiments\n\nDATA PROCESSING\n\nProcessing at the University of Rhode Island\n\n Initial data processing and float tracking were done at URI\nunder the supervision of H. T. Rossby. This consisted of subdividing the ALS\nrecords into individual float files. The signals for an individual float were\nextracted from the ALS data, and the floats were tracked in two steps. First,\nthe three ALSs which best surrounded a float geographically were used to track\nit hyperbolically, giving a series of positions and the time that the float\nemitted the tracking signal. These signaling times were used to obtain an\ninitial offset and drift rate for the float's clock. Then, the best pair of\nreceivers were used to track the float with circular (range-range) navigation\nusing the clock corrections and speed of sound corrections.\n\n The tracking procedure during GUSREX was identical to that used for\nprevious SOFAR float experiments and described by Spain, O'Gara, and Rossby\n(1980). The three daily times of arrival (TOA) of each SOFAR float's acoustic\nsignal were low-pass filtered and smoothed using a least squares polynomial fit\naveraged over 11 observations (3 2/3 days) which corresponds to a half power of\n1.5 days. Float positions were obtained from the smoothed TOAs using range-\nrange tracking. The final float trajectories were then smoothed with a filter\nsimilar to that used on the TOA's. A 'master position' tape containing indi-\nvidual float trajectories smoothed to 3 positions per day was prepared and sent\nto Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and this was used for our sub-\nsequent processing and data reduction. For each position, a smoothed velocity\nand 48 hour average of temperature and pressure are included. Temperature and\npressure, telemetered from the float on alternate days (Spain et al., 1980)\nappear with the positions for those days. These data have been presented in two\ninformal reports prepared by the URI SOFAR Float Group (Line Experiment FLoats\n1980-1981, Line Experiment FLoats 1980-1982, Preliminary Data Report).\n\nProcessing at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\n\n In order to use the float data to make reasonable calculations of\neddy kinetic energy, variances, & vertical velocities, the data were careful-\nly reviewed for correctness. Tests on various methods of smoothing, subsamp-\nling, and filtering the data were performed to determine how the data set\nwould be processed. Analysis of the results indicated that the best basic data\nset would include one position for each day, since the smoothing already done\non the tracks had eliminated frequencies higher than a day (inertial and tidal).\nThe velocity components would be derived from the daily fixes using a cubic\nspline curve fit. This method produced velocities that are different from the\nURI velocities which are smoothed independently of the positions. The 48 hour\naverage temperature and pressure, transmitted by the float on alternate days\nwere selected rather than the smoothed temperature and pressure provided with\nthe URI format.\n\n Basic processing was accomplished using a series of routines written\nby Roger Goldsmith and Terry McKee, known as the FLOATER programs. The initial\nprogram, REFORM, reads and reformats the data into VAX ASCII files, one for\neach float, in FLOATER format. In this form, the data is easy to access, man-\nipulate, edit and back up. The raw files were then passed through a sub-sampler,\nSSFDIF, that subsampled the first of the original 3 daily positions and recal-\nculated the east and north components of velocity based on a 24 hour interval.\nFirst differences between consecutive temperature and pressure values were\ncalculated. Listings of these derived values were produced along with prelim-\ninary trajectory and time series plots. These were reviewed to identify and\neliminate erroneous data. Unreasonably high speeds were used to identify bad\npositions. Radical changes in temperature that were not accompanied by a similar\nchange in pressure (or vice versa) usually indicated a bad value. Temperature\nand pressure values that drifted outside the range of the sensors were also\ndefined as bad. These points were removed by an editing program, FLEDIT, and\nflagged as gaps in the data. Gaps of less than ten days duration in position,\ntemperature and pressure were then linearly interpolated. Daily values of\ntemperature and pressure were interpolated from the bi-daily values recorded.\nFiles with gaps of greater than ten days in position information were broken\ninto sub files (GU109, GU154). These series were plotted and reviewed once\nagain for incongruities. Program FFSPLINE then fit a cubic spline to the float\npositions and recomputed the east and north components of velocity based on the\nbias and slope of consecutive positions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91d0d91a-6395-49a0-b498-41f71ae83ecc", - "label": "GHOST", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In the GHOST project, we intend to explore the climate evolution of the entire Holocene. Our perspective consists of two baselines: the worldwide distribution of existing, reedited, and new collected marine Alkenone temperature data; and actual but low resolution general circulation models with high computational efficiency, de- signed for long term paleoclimate studies. In order to increase spatial coverage of Holocene time series we will concentrate on marine sediments with relatively low but highest achievable resolution in the range of 50 to 200 years. Both, the data reconstruc- tion and the modelling efforts within this project, aim to investigate three-dimensional spatial-temporal patterns, i.e. two dimensions (the Earth's surface) and the time as third dimension. The advanced analysis of spatial and temporal variability in the data and in the model should enable the comprehension of climate changes detected in the data and the verification of climate variability observed in the model. Pattern analysis will provide a better understanding of the heterogenity in Holocene warming or cool- ing and the related mechanisms. The extension of the Holocene climate simulation into the next few centuries will enable a better assessment of future climatic change, due to similarities or dissimilarities between patterns of natural and anthropogenic disturbed climates. \n\nInformation provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.2790K", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "924de2fe-ae64-4217-b3ef-f7c774d9e7d4", - "label": "GARP/FGGE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Science Objectives:\n -Understanding atmospheric motion for the development of more realistic\n models for weather prediction.\n -Assessing the limit of predictability of weather systems.\n -Designing an optimum composite meteorological observing system for routine\n numerical weather prediction of the large-scale features of the general\n circulation.\n -Investigating the physical mechanisms underlying climate fluctuations and\n to develop and test appropriate climate models.\nProject Description:\nGARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) was organized by the World\nMeteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Council of\nScientific Unions (ICSU) to study the dynamics of atmospheric behavior\nwith the goal of improving the accuracy of weather forecasting. The\nFirst GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) which is also known as the Global\nWeather Experiment (GWE) was carried out under this joint program.\nThe experiment began 1 December 1978 and ended 30 November 1979. This\nventure involved over 140 countries and was the largest international\natmospheric experiment of its time. The FGGE also encompassed the\nsummer and winter Asian Monsoon Experiments (MONEX) and the West\nAfrican Monsoon Experiment (WAMEX) designed to study monsoonal\ncirculations. The FGGE was designed to observe and measure the\ndevelopment of global weather systems and to accumulate an enormous\ndata set for investigating the physics and dynamics of the global\natmospheric circulation and for understanding the mechanisms governing\nchanges in weather and climate.\nData Sources:\nThe FGGE observing system consisted of the World Weather Watch (WWW)\nsurface/upper-air network and voluntary observing ships, commercial\naircraft, polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, drifting\nmeteorological buoys mainly in the southern hemispheric oceans.\nDuring special observing periods (SOP) 5 January - 5 March 1979 and 1\nMay - June 30 1979, additional observing systems comprised of tropical\nwind observing ships, meteorological reconnaissance aircraft and\nstratospheric constant-level balloons were deployed. The WWW\nobserving system consisted of 1030 upper-air stations, 2390 surface\nstations and surface synoptic reports from Mobile Ship Stations.\nFlight level data were supplied by 80 commercial aircraft equipped\nwith the Aircraft Integrated Data System (AIDS) providing temperature\nand wind measurements, along with 17 commercial aircraft equipped with\nthe Aircraft to Satellite Data Relay (ASDAR) system providing\nidentical data. The three polar orbiting satellites, NOAA-5, TIROS-N\nand NOAA-6 contributed temperature and humidity profiles, sea surface\ntemperature (SST) data, high resolution pictures of clouds, surface\nwind speed over the oceans, total atmospheric water vapor and\nstratospheric soundings (NIMBUS-7). TIROS-N and NOAA-6 also supported\nthe ARGOS data collection and platform location system associated with\nthe Southern Hemisphere Buoy System and the Tropical Constant Level\nBalloon System. The five geostationary satellites, METEOSAT,\nGOES-Indian Ocean, GMS, GOES-WEST and GOES-EAST provided upper-air\nwind vectors from cloud motions, SST and communication support for\nASDAR. The Southern Hemisphere Drifting Buoy System consisted of 301\nbuoys transmitting SST and pressure data to the TIROS-N/ARGOS system\nwith additional buoys distributed by aircraft as gaps developed. The\nTropical Wind Observing Ships (TWOS) totaling 40 in SOP I and 43 in\nSOP II were equipped with upper-air sounding systems and wind-finding\nradar. The Aircraft Dropwindsonde System (ACDWS) consisted of a fleet\nof long-range aircraft flying daily during the two SOP's along six\ntracks in the equatorial tropics, three in the Pacific, one in the\nAtlantic and two in the Indian Ocean. Flight level data was obtained\nwhile 5091 sondes yielded temperature, pressure and humidity\nobservations from below the flight altitude (200-400mb) to the\nsurface. The Tropical Constant Level Balloon System (TCLBS) utilized\n313 balloon launches at the 140mb level (above ACDWS) from Canton\nIsland and Guam in the Pacific, and Ascension Island in the Atlantic\nto provide wind observations.\nData Products:\nThe GARP/FGGE data are identified as Level-I, II and III corresponding\nto raw data (primary data), observations (meteorological parameters)\nand analyzed data (initial parameters). The Level-II and III data are\nsubdivided into 'a' (data collected operationally in near-real time,\n'b' (data collected in both real and delayed time to obtain the most\ncomplete data set) and 'c' (data collected for climate research).\nTAPE PRODUCTS\n 1. Main Level II-b Data Set, prepared by the Level II-b Space-Based and\n Special Observing System Data Center (SPSOSDC-Sweden). This data set\n contains the majority of all routine weather observations from\n satellites, aircraft, buoys, ships and balloons globally observed.\n 2. Level II-b Restructured Data Subsets (from Main), prepared by WDC-A\n (USA). Subset 1 contains all data except satellite radiances and\n soundings, Subset 2 contains land surface data, Subset 3 contains\n marine data, Subset 4 contains flight level data, Subsets 5 and 6\n contain upper-air profiles (the only satellite soundings are from\n NIMBUS-7).\n 3. Final Level II-b Data Set, prepared by the Level II-b\n Space-Based and Special Observing System Data Center\n (SBSOSDC-Sweden). This data set was prepared to correct\n systematic errors found in the Main Level II-b Data Set\n and contains specially collected data for Winter and\n Summer MONEX and the African WAM.\n 4. Final FGGE II-b Data Set edited by the Goddard Laboratory for\n Atmospheres (GLA). This data set contains edited Final Level II-b\n data such as latitude/longitude corrections, deletions of\n measurements from TIROS-N due to precipitable water contamination,\n deletion of erroneous USSR wind reports, corrections of certain\n ASDAR data.\n 5. Level II-b Restructured Data Subsets, prepared by WDC-A from Final\n Level II-b Data Set. Subsets are the same as in above (2.) except\n for Subset 6 which is not contained.\n 6. LIMS/FGGE Level II-b Data Set produced by NCAR for the USA\n Experimental Satellite Data Producer, NASA/GSFC. This data set\n contains stratospheric temperature profiles from the Nimbus-7 Limb\n Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS).\n 7. Special Level II-b Data from FGGE Drifting Buoy System. This data\n set which was originally prepared by the Canadian Department of\n Fisheries and Oceans, contains buoys numbered by geographic\n location.\n 8. Level II-c Data Sets. These data sets include the Surface Based\n Ozone Data Set from the World Ozone Data Center in Canada, the FGGE\n Level II-c Cloudiness Data Set prepared by WDC-A using the Air\n Force Global Weather Central's (AFGWC) operational 3-dimensional\n cloud analysis (3DNEPH), the FGGE Level II-c Snow Cover Data Set\n prepared by the United States Air Force Environmental Technical\n Applications Center (USAFETAC) using the AFGWC Snow Depth Analysis,\n the FGGE Level II-c Precipitation and Snow Data Set produced by the\n Level II-c Precipitation and Snow Data Center at the National\n Climatic Center.\n 9. Level III-a Data Sets, prepared separately by the World\n Meteorological Centers in Washington, Moscow and Melbourne. These\n data sets include the WMC Washington Level III-a Operational\n Analyses providing initial state parameters for geopotential\n heights, temperatures, u and v wind components, relative humidity,\n sea level pressure, tropopause temperature and pressure along with a\n snow cover field representation and a sea surface temperature\n analysis; WMC Moscow Level III-a Operational Analyses provide\n geopotential heights at six mandatory levels (1000, 850, 700, 500,\n 300 and 100); WMC Melbourne Level III-a Operational Analyses\n provide initial state parameters in the Southern Hemisphere for\n geopotential heights, temperatures, u and v wind components, dew\n points and sea level pressures.\n 10. Level III-b Data Sets, produced separately by the European Center\n for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) (Reading, England) and\n NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). These data\n sets include the ECMWF Level III-b Global Experiment Analyses Data\n Set containing geopotential height, mean sea level pressure, u and\n v wind components temperature, relative humidity and vertical\n velocity; the GFDL Level III-b Global Experiment Data Set provide\n analyses of u and v wind stress components, vertical velocity,\n relative humidity, geopotential height, mixing ratio, temperature,\n u and v wind components, sea level pressure; the Goddard Laboratory\n for Atmospheres (GLA) Level III-b Reanalysis uses the Final Level\n II-b data, the GLA Fourth Order Model and satellite temperature\n profiles.\n FILM PRODUCTS\n 1. FGGE Level II-c Solar Radiation and Radiation Balance Data Set\n prepared by the Level II-c Surface-Based Radiation Data Center\n (USSR). This data set consists of monthly summaries which contain\n the following tables: (a) daily and monthly values of global solar\n radiation, monthly values of sunshine duration; (b) hourly, daily\n and monthly values of radiation balance and global radiation; (c)\n monthly means of global radiation at hourly intervals.\nProject Archive Contact:\n A. L. Shumbera\n Director\n WDC-A for Meteorology\n National Climatic Data Center\n Federal Building\n Asheville, NC 28801\n USA\n (704) 259-0395\n Dr. V. I. Smirnov\n WDC-B1\n Molodezhnaya 3\n Moscow 117296, USSR\n 130-05-87\nProject Technical Contact:\n Mr. Robert Williams\n WDC-A for Meteorology\n National Climatic Data Center\n Federal Building\n Asheville, NC 28801\n (704) 259-0370\n FTS 672-0682\n Ms. Lola Olsen\n NASA's Climatic Data System\n NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\n Code 634\n Greenbelt, MD 20771\n (301) 286-9760\n Dr. Wayman Baker\n National Meteorological Center\n World Weather Building, Room 204\n 5200 Auth Road\n Camp Springs, MD 20746\n (301) 763-8005\n Mr. Roy Jenne\n National Center of Atmospheric Research\n P.O. Box 3000\n Boulder, CO 80307\n (303) 497-1215\n FTS 320-1215\nReferences:\n World Meteorological Organization, GARP Publication Series Number 26,\n Vol. I and II, April 1986.\n NASA Climatic Data System (NCDS) Catalog Information System.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92e46fef-52b4-4cbb-9623-529b3fd9c1a6", - "label": "GMPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GMPP (Geological Mapping of Potter Penninsula)involves a\nstudy of the Potter Peninsula in Antarctica. It involved the\ncollection of geologic, topographic, and hydrologic data for use\nin maps and 3-d modeling. Work on this project started in 1999.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94f27058-6a03-457a-8ece-434fd12958c5", - "label": "GPS-PDR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GPS Reprocessing by GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Technische Universität\nDresden - Interpretation of global geodynamic processes by homogeneous longterm\nseries of reprocessed GPS data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "961301b0-af75-4522-8323-7a7510a912c5", - "label": "IGS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International GNSS Service (IGS), formerly the International GPS Service, is a voluntary federation of more than 200 worldwide agencies that pool resources and permanent GPS and GLONASS station data to generate precise GNSS products. The IGS is committed to providing the highest quality data and products as the standard for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in support of Earth science research, multidisciplinary applications, and education. Currently the IGS includes two GNSS, GPS and the Russian GLONASS, and intends to incorporate future GNSS. The IGS collects, archives, and distributes GNSS observation data sets of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the objectives of a wide range of applications and experimentation. These data sets are used by the IGS to generate the data products (high accuracy GNSS satellite ephemerides, Earth rotation parameters, coordinates and velocities of the IGS tracking stations, GNSS satellite and tracking station clock information, timescale products, ionospheric and tropospheric information). In particular, the accuracies of IGS products are sufficient for the improvement and extension of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), the monitoring of solid Earth deformations, the monitoring of Earth rotation and variations in the liquid Earth (sea level, ice-sheets, etc.), for scientific satellite orbit determinations, ionosphere monitoring, and recovery of precipitable water vapor measurements. These activities endeavor to advance scientific understanding of the Earth system components and their interactions, as well as to facilitate other applications benefiting society. The Service also develops the necessary standards and specifications and encourages international adherence to its conventions. \n\nInformation provided by http://igs.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9645d2d7-fcb7-4e34-9433-1328b847048e", - "label": "GROADS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A consortium of groups, led by International Council for Science's Committee on Data for Science and Technology (ICSU-CODATA) Global Roads Data Development Working Group, is developing a digital, public domain global road map under the name Global Roads Open Access Data Set (gROADS). gROADS will be:\n\n- globally consistent (in terms of the underlying data model and attribute coding);\n- spatially accurate (~50m positional accuracy);\n- topologically integrated;\n- suitable for mapping at an approximate scale of 1:250,000;\n- focused on roads between settlements (not streets);\n- up-to-date and with the possibility of frequent updates;\n- well documented; and\n- freely distributed (on an 'attribution only' basis). \n\nThe gROADS initiative is sponsored by CODATA, is an approved task of the UN-GAID e-SDDC (UN Global Alliance on ICT for Development Open Access to and Application of Scientific Data in Developing Countries), and is endorsed by the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (GSDI) and GISCorps of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA). In addition, the roads data development activity has also been listed as sub-task EC-09-02(a), 'Human Dimension of Ecosystem Utilization and Conservation,' of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) 2009-2011 Work Plan. Finally, gROADS is linked into the United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI) through its adoption of the UNSDI-Transport (UNSDI-T) data model.\n\nhttp://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/confluence/display/roads/Global+Roads+Data", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96c7ae9d-43bc-46a0-8183-b39200d6b556", - "label": "IGLO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IGLO\nProject URL: http://www.astc.org/iglo/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=455\n\nThis proposal is being submitted to the IPY committee by northerners for the benefit of northerners. Being a resident of the arctic, I clearly understand the utter need for practical research that will help to strengthen and improve the health and well-being of community life, and will contribute to making our communities more resilient to the impacts of climate change.\n\nAt the 2006 World Urban Forum it was acknowledged by global decision-makers that climate change will be one of the key challenges faced by human settlements across the world. The goal of this research node is to build capacity for sustainable community development in Arctic regions so they are less vulnerable, more liveable and stand a better chance of coping with challenges posed by climate change. In the Arctic, building this capacity requires a proactive approach, collaboration amongst a wide range of partners, integration of policies across scales (national, regional, local), accommodation of cultural priorities, and practical application of research. \n\nThis is reflected in the 2005 Research Needs Survey for Nunavut published by C-CIARN North. It states:\nThe survey results suggest that Nunavut community members recognize considerable overlap among climate change impacts and that they do not generally view climate change adaptation challenges in isolation of other social and environmental pressures. Local climate change pressures need to reflect this holistic perspective, and focus largely on understanding the interactions and cumulative effects of climate change and a host of other factors such as resource development, rapid social change, population growth, health decline, educational achievement, long range contaminant transport, and other factors.\n\nClearly there is a growing need for the practical application of research on the uncertainty, challenges, and impacts of climate change on Arctic communities. However, in the Arctic there is a large gap between scientific research and building capacity for sustainable development.\n\nThis research will contribute practical results to climate change impact and adaptation research, provide examples of mitigation and contribute to the improving the health and well-being of Arctic communities. Areas of focus will be on housing design, building technology, alternative energy, community planning, waste management and capacity building. The current housing situation in many Arctic communities is one of severe overcrowding and complete reliance on diesel fuel for energy needs. This situation is leading to negative mental and physical health problems to individuals and leaving communities vulnerable to rising fuel prices. \n\nResearch under this activity cluster will take a much needed holistic approach to creating more environmentally friendly, affordable and culturally responsible housing options that positively contribute to the health and well-being of northern-based communities. Increased Arctic planning capacity will be needed in order to maintain community resiliency. This will require the integration of traditional knowledge and scientific research and involve Inuit, First Nation/Aboriginal groups, northerners, community planners, and scientists in different regions of the Arctic.\n\nCollaboration will involve Arctic and national governments, northern and southern-based organizations, and Arctic communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "978c81f0-447c-4484-8c11-1e79bfce8236", - "label": "HBPB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Three hydrocarbon-degrading psychrotrophic bacteria were isolated from petroleum-contaminated Arctic soils and characterized. Two of the strains, identified as Pseudomonas spp., degraded C5 to C12 n-alkanes, toluene, and naphthalene at both 5 and 25 degrees C and possessed both the alk catabolic pathway for alkane biodegradation and the nah catabolic pathway for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation. One of these strains contained both a plasmid slightly smaller than the P. oleovorans OCT plasmid, which hybridized to an alkB gene probe, and a NAH plasmid similar to NAH7, demonstrating that both catabolic pathways, located on separate plasmids, can naturally coexist in the same bacterium.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=168679", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a0c4d32-54c1-450e-aafd-f086678ed176", - "label": "Hydroclimatology", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC archives data on streamflow and climatology. The hydroclimatology data collection contains data relevant for the study of surface-water conditions, including the Global River Discharge Database (RivDIS v1.1).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a20aea4-abaf-4a94-a667-8fee0bec1b15", - "label": "IGBP-DIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The role of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) Data and\nInformation System (IGBP-DIS) is to assist, as needed, IGBP Core Projects\nin the development of their individual data system plans; help provide an\noverall data system plan for IGBP; carry out activities leading directly\nto the generation of data sets; ensure the development of effective data\nmanagement systems; and act, where appropriate, to ensure the meeting of\nthe data and information needs of IGBP through international and national\norganizations and agencies.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://ciesin.columbia.edu/TG/RS/igbp-dis.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a7c7cb8-3360-49e6-afb3-70bc288ae6ee", - "label": "IPYEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPYEX\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=294\n\nAn exchange of students and young northern professionals from Canada and other circumpolar countries during International Polar Year 2007-2008.\n\nFour categories of exchanges are envisioned:\n\n1. Undergraduate and College students: A 4-month exchange, in collaboration with the University of the Arctic’s north2north student mobility program and expanded during IPY to include students from southern universities who are undertaking northern studies.\nTarget participation: 20 Canadian students in each year, 2007 and 2008.\n\n2. Graduate students: A 4-month exchange, in collaboration with north2north, or arranged by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society (RCGS) with the support of the Association for Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS).\nTarget participation: 10 Canadian students in each year, 2007 and 2008.\n\n3. Young Northern Professionals: A 6-month work internship, in collaboration with the International Institute for Sustainable Development’s Circumpolar Young Leaders Program, a Future of Children and Youth of the Arctic initiative of the Arctic Council, which currently arranges work placements in circumpolar countries.\nTarget participation: 10 individuals in each year, 2007 and 2008.\n\n4. High School students: In collaboration with the Students on Ice program which provides earning opportunities for Canadian high school students in both the Arctic and Antarctica each year. During IPY, the expeditions groups would be expanded to include students from other circumpolar countries.\nTarget participation: 15 Canadian students and 10 circumpolar country students in each year, 2007 and 2008.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ba8164d-6f4d-40df-95a2-5f47f180148a", - "label": "INTERCAMBIO_CALORICO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Lipid profile, vitamin and hormone levels were analyzed in 17 subjects who completed the study in its two phases. In phase I the participants spent 47days sailing with hard work and rough seas, and the diet was rich in fat and poor in fresh foods. In this phase, glucose decreased and HDL-cholesterol, apo-AI, and TSH increased. Plasma retinol and α-tocopherol levels remained stable, γ-tocopherol, α-carotene and β-carotene significantly decreased, and lycopene significantly increased. Phase II lasted 49days including a 7-day long stop in port. This meant that a more varied diet was available and fresh foods were present in the hold. There was also less extreme physical activity. The metabolic pattern changed direction, glucose rose, HDL-cholesterol and apo-AI decreased and the levels of the vitamins that dropped in phase I started to increase. Lycopene significantly decreased.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0939475305001894", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c51c1ab-8d30-47ad-8559-30a71db03501", - "label": "IFloodS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign was conducted in the central to northeastern part of Iowa in the Midwestern United States during the months of April thru June 2013. The objectives and goals of this field campaign were to quantify the physical characteristics and space/time variability of rain, assess satellite rainfall retrieval uncertainties, discern relative roles of rainfall quantities, such as rate and accumulation, and refine approaches to 'integrated hydrologic ground validation' concept based on IFloodS experiences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c68b8c3-c551-4189-8e45-35d30ba4dc1d", - "label": "INTEXA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - North America Phase A (INTEX-A) was an integrated atmospheric field experiment performed over North America. The study seeked to understand the transport and transformation of gases and aerosols on transcontinental/intercontinental scales and their impact on air quality and climate. A particular focus in this study was to quantify and characterize the inflow and outflow of pollution over North America. The main constituents of interest were ozone and precursors, aerosols and precursors, and the long-lived greenhouse gases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d1ddea0-6436-432c-8ae2-37d6eb0941b8", - "label": "INTERKOSMOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Interkosmos program of cooperation in space was decided by treaty on July, 13 1976. The space program was part of the work of the Council of Mutual Economic Cooperation (COMECOM). The Interkosmos space program finish with the dissolution of COMECOM on 1990.\n\nInformation provided by http://flagspot.net/flags/qw-ikosm.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9db20a07-d2bf-435d-b0ff-cd5a490cc73f", - "label": "GOMC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment is a U.S.-Canadian partnership of government and non-government organizations working to maintain and enhance environmental quality in the Gulf of Maine to allow for sustainable resource use by existing and future generations. We organize conferences and workshops; offer grants and recognition awards; conduct environmental monitoring; provide science translation to management; raise public awareness about the Gulf; and connect people, organizations, and information. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.gulfofmaine.org/council/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e8894ee-13b5-4e98-8031-06d6fe64de2a", - "label": "IPY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "It is envisioned that the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008 will be an\nintense, internationally coordinated campaign of research that will initiate a\nnew era in polar science. IPY 2007-2008 will include research in both polar\nregions and recognise the strong links these regions have with the rest of the\nglobe. It will involve a wide range of research disciplines, including the\nsocial sciences, but the emphasis will be interdisciplinary in its approach and\ntruly international in participation. It aims to educate and involve the\npublic, and to help train the next generation of engineers, scientists, and\nleaders.\n\nThe International Council for Science (ICSU) formally agreed to establish an\nInternational Polar Year in 2007-2008 and formed an International Planning\nGroup to direct the development of an IPY programme. The World Meteorological\nOrganization (WMO) agreed to co-sponsor the Polar Year with ICSU and\ncontributed to the Planning Group activities in 2003-2004. In September 2004\nthe Planning Group completed its brief and handed over leadership of the Polar\nYear planning to the ICSU-WMO Joint Committee.\n\nFor more details see http://www.ipy.org/\n\n[Information obtained from http://www.ipy.org/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9edadc20-291f-402d-96a2-dfd7a73658fd", - "label": "IPEV-CALVA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9efa7a7f-1bb5-407e-ae38-4d3cf729f868", - "label": "IDA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project IDA (International Deployment of Accelerometers) is a\n global array of accelerometers that collects low-frequency\n seismic data (Agnew, et. al., 1986). This network has been in\n place since 1975, and has had as many as 18 stations in\n operation between 1978 to 1987. The original purpose of the\n network was to collect data for earth structure and earthquake\n mechanisms, and it has been used to detect slow and silent\n earthquakes (Beroza and Jordan, 1990). The data from 1978 to\n 1987 were available, although only 1984 to 1987 were considered\n carefully because of the sparse global coverage in the earlier\n years. The stations now have an almost uniform distribution\n around the globe and respond to frequencies from about one cycle\n per minute to below one cycle per day.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://sepwww.stanford.edu/public/docs/sep75/ray1/paper_html/node4.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f1db849-1cc1-451f-9a4b-9a924444c65d", - "label": "GLACIODYN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: GLACIODYN\nProject URL: http://www.glaciodyn.org\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=37\n\nGlobal warming will have a large impact on glaciers in the Arctic region. Changes in the extent of glaciers will effect sea level, and may lead to substantial changes in sediment and fresh water supplies to embayments and fjords. \n\nIn ACIA, a simple approach was taken to estimate the runoff of all glaciers in the Arctic for a set of climate-change scenarios. Changes in the surface mass balance were calculated without dealing with the fact that glacier geometries will change. It was also assumed that the rate of iceberg production at calving fronts would not change. \n\nTo arrive at more accurate predictions, we propose an internationally-coordinated effort to study the dynamics of Arctic glaciers and develop new tools to deal with this dynamic response. The key elements of this effort are \n\n(i) to make better use of observational techniques to assess the detailed dynamics of a key set of glaciers, and \n(ii) to develop models that can be used to aggregrate data and that are sufficiently robust to have predictive power. \n\nA set of target glaciers have been identified for intensive observations (in situ and from space) for the period 2007-2010. This set covers a wide range of climatic/geographical settings and takes maximum advantage of prior long-term studies. \n\nThe target glaciers are:\n- Academy of Sciences Ice Cap (Severnaya Zemlya)\n- Glacier No. 1 (Hall Island, Franz Josef Land)\n- Austfonna (Svalbard)\n- Hansbreen (Svalbard)\n- Kronebreen (Svalbard)\n- Kongsvegen (Svalbard)\n- North Scandinavia transect (Langfjordjøkelen, Storglaciären, Marmaglaciären)\n- Vatnajökull (Iceland)\n- Kangerlussuaq basin (West Greenland)\n- Devon Ice Cap (Canada)\n- McCall Glacier (Alaska)\n- Hubbard Glacier (Alaska)\n- Columbia Glacier (Alaska)\n\nAmong the target glaciers are glaciers for which information is available on length/area in historical times [reports, drawings, photographs, old maps, etc.]. This information will be combined with the newly derived maps to reconstruct glacier evolution from the Little Ice Age into the present. This will provide a better perspective for projecting changes in the coming century.\n\nSpecial attention will be given to tidewater glaciers. We want to look carefully at the interaction between surface processes and dynamics (e.g. the influence of meltwater supply on ice velocities and consequently calving rates; interactions between terminal moraines, sediment flux, and ice velocities). In a warming world some glaciers will transform from cold to polythermal, or from polythermal to temperate. We want to study the effect of such transitions on glacier dynamics and related rates of retreat. Another important aspect of study is the surface albedo. Poor drainage of meltwater may lead to more extensive zones of soaked snow and supraglacial lakes (as seen in large parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet), thus enlarging the sensitivity of ablation rates to warming.\n\nModel development will be conducted in parallel with the observational programmes. The modelling work will deal with processes acting on the smaller scale (e.g. parameterization of the calving process) and on the larger scale (e.g. global dynamics of tidewater glaciers, response to climate change, interaction with sediment dynamics).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f852a73-64d4-403d-8678-a354a5608078", - "label": "HOLANT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HOLANT will determine how the climate of coastal (Sub-)Antarctic regions has varied during the Holocene; and especially how records from these coastal areas and inland locations (ice cores) are interrelated with respect to timing, duration and magnitude of climatic variation. In addition, we will relate previous temperature excursions to changes in regional ice sheet volume and global-scale climate anomalies.\n\nThe main research questions are: What are the timing, duration and magnitude of Holocene climate anomalies in coastal areas in sub- maritime and east Antarctic regions and how are these anomalies related to climatic events recorded in inland locations (ice cores)?; How did Holocene climate changes affect regional ice sheet/glacier dynamics?; How did Holocene climate changes affect the diversity of primary producers in Antarctic lakes?\n\nhttp://www.holant.ugent.be/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fad31a7-fa09-416e-968a-a2e0e6db535a", - "label": "GWC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Green Water Credits is an environmental reward system that promotes sustainable land and water management by farmers, so that land and water degradation diminish and both water quantity and quality increase. Green Water Credits will guarantee investments for land users to apply simple, but effective soil and water management practices, which leads to an increase in the amount of green water upstream and blue water downstream.\n\nhttp://greenwatercredits.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1110586-42f8-45cf-b4df-eb2ca5fd6a43", - "label": "ISLSCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The purpose of the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) is to use the relationship that exists between current satellite measurements at the earth's surface, related particularly to vegetation cover, and to establish a 20-year homogeneous data set of quantities that characterize the state of the surface. Such a data set is required to increase our understanding of the interactions linking land-surface properties and the earth's climate.\n \nThe idea of the ISLSC Project has two roots in the World Climate Programme. First, the use of time series of satellite data to monitor seasonal and long-term variations in land use and vegetation cover, in order to assess quantitatively the changes in the structure of the surface which occur either by man's action or as an impact of climate variability. Second the inference from satellite imagery of quantities needed either to improve upon the parameterization of land-surface/atmosphere interactions in climate models, or to generate input parameters for climate models.\n \nThe ISLSC Project involves a series of sub-projects which concentrate on specific geographic locations. The first effort (Inter-Disciplinary Studies-Land Surface Climatology Project: IDS-LSCP) was designed to correlate historic satellite data with current satellite data and ground truth experiments in order to detect any long-term change in the land surface resulting from climate or human activities. The area of interest was in the southwest United States and in the Sonoran Desert of northern Mexico.\n\nThe second effort involved a field experiment (First ISLSCP FIELD EXPERIMENT: FIFE), which was designed to correlate existing satellite data and ground truth data in an effort to detect climate-related fluctuations or man-induced changes on the land surface. The FIFE site was located on the Konza Prairie in northeast Kansas. Another field experiment (Boral Ecosystem Atmosphere Study: BOREAS), using the same approach as in FIFE, is planned for two sites in the northern sections of the Canadian Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba.\n\nData from the FIFE was originally archived with the NASA Pilot Land Data System (PLDS). In 1994, the FIFE data was transferred to the Earth Observing System Data Information System (EOSDIS) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Data from the BOREAS will also be archived at ORNL DAAC as will other data from ISLSCP.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a25813a5-4026-478a-8934-fcb8b3876edf", - "label": "ICWQ", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The flow of nutrients into coastal waters from land-based sources has seen a worldwide increase over the last decades. The resulting change in water quality has many potential impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems. Phosphorus and nitrogen contribute to enhanced algae growth, and subsequent decomposition reduces oxygen availability to benthic sea creatures like fish, shell fish, and crustaceans. Changes to nutrient loadings can also change the phytoplankton species composition and diversity. In extreme cases, eutrophication can lead to hypoxia—oxygen-depleted “dead zones”—and harmful algal blooms.\n\nMeasuring chlorophyll concentrations as an indicator of algae biomass may provide one tool to assess coastal water quality and its change over time. Here, we used chlorophyll-a concentrations derived from NASA's Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) to analyze trends over a ten year period (1998–2007). We attempted to identify near-coastal areas with improving, declining, and stable chlorophyll concentrations that can provide guidance for decision making in the context of environmental management. \n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/seawifs.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3cfe764-394a-43d9-aafd-bd8c1dd3bc63", - "label": "GSAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) five-year research strategy Global Science in the Antarctic Context (GSAC) for 2005-2010 comprised eight research programmes totalling 18 projects, plus long-term monitoring and survey. It consists of an integrated set of inter-disciplinary research, monitoring and survey activities designed to extract from the Antarctic new knowledge to inform policy and benefit society. \n\nThe eight GSAC programmes:\nACES - Antarctic Climate and the Earth System\nBIOFLAME - Biodiversity, Function, Limits and Adaptation from Molecules to Ecosystems\nCACHE - Climate and Chemistry: Forcings, Feedbacks and Phasings in the Earth System\nCOMPLEXITY - Natural Complexity Programme\nDISCOVERY 2010 - Integrating Southern Ocean Ecosystems into the Earth System\nGEACEP - Greenhouse to Ice-House Evolution of the Antarctic Cryosphere and Palaeoenvironment\nGRADES - Glacial Retreat in Antarctica and Deglaciation of the Earth System\nSEC - Sun Earth Connections\n\nLong-term monitoring and survey activities link to all programmes:\nLTMS - Long-Term Monitoring and Survey", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a584ef95-3545-4897-a61f-7327906991d8", - "label": "HARIMAU", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Five years (FY2005-FY2009: April 2005-March 2010) program of 'HARIMAU (Principal Investigator [PI]: Manabu D. Yamanaka)' is funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) as a part of 'Japan Earth Observation System [EOS] Promotion Program (JEPP)'. The HARIMAU starts practically from FY2006 (April 2006) in addition to the successive IORGC/JAMSTEC scientific activities which have been collaborated with BPPT (,BMG and LAPAN) in Indonesia. \n\nObjectives:\n\n[1] Further physical understandings of intraseasonal variation (ISV; period of 60-90 days, see Fig. 1) in terms of convective and rainfall activities over the maritime continent which might have great effect on the global climate changes, such El-Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole mode (IOD), through the tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction.\n\n[2] Contribution to prevention from natural disasters such as flush flood, landslip, drought, and air pollution, caused by extraordinary weather in relation to the ISVs through monitoring atmosphere continuously and real time data distribution to governmental institutions.\n\n[3] Providing statistical observation data and chance to study how to deal with them which are useful for such as agricultural meteorology, water response management, aviation meteorology, air pollution control, and capacity building for younger scientists. \n\nFor more information, see http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/harimau/.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5d28ed5-f4b2-409a-8ffd-0609ea8fa572", - "label": "HAMSTRAD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers (HAMSTRAD) program aims to develop two ground-based microwave radiometers to sound tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor (H2O) above Dome C (Concordia Station), Antarctica (75??06' S, 123??21'E, 3233 m asml), an extremely cold and dry environment, over decades. By using state-of-the-art technology, the HAMSTRAD-Tropo radiometer uses spectral information in the domains 51-59 GHz (oxygen line) and 169-197 GHz (water vapor line) to derive accurate tropospheric profiles of temperature (with accuracy ranging from 1 to 2 K) and low absolute humidity (with accuracy ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 g ?? m-3), together with integrated water vapor (with accuracy of about 0.008 kg ?? m-2) and liquid water path. Prior to its installation at Dome C in January 2009, the fully automated radiometer has been deployed at the Pic du Midi (PdM, 42??56'N, 0??08'E, 2877 m asml, France) in February 2008 and was in operation for five months. Preliminary comparisons with radio soundings particularly launched in the vicinity of PdM in February 2008 and the outputs from the mesoscale MESO-NH model show a great consistency to within 0.2-0.3 g ?? m-3 between all absolute humidity data sets whatever the atmosphere considered (extremely dry or wet).\n\nhttp://www.radiometrics.com/Ricaud_TGRS10.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7f4b082-0f88-4686-9a7e-4412b789440a", - "label": "GLOBMET", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GLOBMET (Global Meteor Observation System) Project (1982-1990) was\none of the MAP projects aimed at intensifying research in Meteor\nGeophysics and Meteor Astronomy in the 1980's by making wider use of\nthe latest achievements in this field and expanding international\ncoordination in meteor research. The main objective of the project\nwas to organize a network of meteor observatories, which will provide\nexperimental data : (1) for testing of models of atmospheric\ncirculation which include the meteor region; (2) on the influx of\nmeteors and the distribution of meteoroids in the neighborhood of the\nEarth; and (3) for testing models of meteoroid/atmosphere interaction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a90cc15b-224c-4ee9-984f-5238666f4476", - "label": "GTE/TRACE-P", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "TRACE-P is part of a long series of GTE aircraft missions aimed at better understanding of global tropospheric chemistry [McNeal et al., 1998]. Over the past two decades, GTE has conducted missions in several remote regions of the world (Amazonia, the Arctic, the tropical Atlantic, the Pacific) to characterize the natural processes determining the composition of the global troposphere and to assess the degree of human perturbation. The rapid industrialization now taking place in Asia is of compelling interest. Energy use in eastern Asia has increased by 5% yr-1 over the past decade and this rate of increase is expected to continue for the next two decades [U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1997]. Combustion of fossil fuels is the main source of energy. Emission of NOx in eastern Asia is expected to increase almost 5-fold from 1990 to 2020 [van Aardenne et al., 1999]. There is a unique opportunity to observe the time-dependent atmospheric impact of a major industrial revolution. Long-term observations of from ground sites and satellites can provide continuous monitoring of the temporal trend of atmospheric composition but are limited in terms of spatial coverage (ground sites) or the suite of species measurable (satellites). Aircraft missions can complement surface and satellite observations by providing a detailed investigation of the dynamical and chemical processes affecting atmospheric composition over broad geographical regions. . \n\nSummary provided by http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/trace/tracep.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aac7da9f-96a9-47af-a66a-1899bd788018", - "label": "ITEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) is a collaboration among\ninvestigators from nine countries to examine the effects of increased\nsummer temperature on tundra vegetation. These projects have been\nfunded since 1992.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.systbot.gu.se/research/itex/itex.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab08cada-1a8e-4636-b834-18dc35266953", - "label": "GCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GGP, Phase 1, ran from 1 July 1997 to 1 July 2003. At the 2003 IUGG in Sapporo, GGP was officially integrated into the IAG as an Intercommision Project, reporting to Commission 3 (Earth Rotation and Geodynamics) and Commission 2 (The Gravity Field). GGP completed Phase 2 at the IUGG in Perugia, Italy, 2007, and will now continue indefinitely as an IAG Inter-Commission Project.\n\n\nhttp://www.eas.slu.edu/GGP/ggphome.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac370b6d-3e68-437b-a2ae-e6377583da33", - "label": "ISOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This research initiative was formed with the objective to conduct long-term studies in the Southern Ocean (SO) which are associated with many global-climate changes issues. It is well known that the SO connects the major ocean basins permitting a global scale thermohaline circulation, therefore Antarctic bottom water formation and its variability as well as its pathways towards lower latitudes is a relevant information. Interocean connection is a route for heat and freshwater (climate) anomalies, as well as anthropogenic tracers. The SO also plays a major role in the global climate change due to its key role in the global geochemical cycle, particularly carbon. The proposed activities during the IPY (2007-2008) are related to the actual work which is actually carried out in the SO (lat>30oS) by the Brazilian High Latitude Oceanography Group (GOAL), sponsored and funded by the Brazilian Antarctic Programme (PROANTAR). The main research topics of GOAL focuses in the understanding of (1) the formation and variability of dense bottom water close to the tip of Antarctic Peninsula; (2) the variability of Bransfield and Gerlache Straits ecosystems. (3) the role played by the SO in the global carbon cycle using in situ and satellite ocean color data; (4) the upper layer circulation and 3D structure eddies shedded by the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence. We also expect to undertake some transects, radiating outwards across the Antarctic tip continental shelf and slope, during austral summer period of January-March 2008, as a contribution to the project Synoptic Antarctic Shelf-Slope Interactions (SASSI), planned by the iAnZone group for the IPY 2007-2008. Furthermore, we hope to participate in an international focused effort to make observations along the three SO chokepoints where the meridional spread of the SO dynamics is constrained and where the transport measurements and interocean exchanges can be accurately monitored. These actions are part of the more general strategy presented by the CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Implementation Panel.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=911", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac87b14f-b55d-4844-a986-8a2124472674", - "label": "IPY-THORPEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: THORPEX-IPY\nProject URL: http://www.ipy-thorpex.no/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=121\n\nThe WMO/WWRP's THORPEX Global Research Programme involves nations from North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. THORPEX intends to conduct research that will accelerate improvements in the prediction and understanding of high-impact weather on the 1 to 14-day time-scale for the benefit of society, the environment and the economy.\n\nThe aims of this cluster proposal are to improve numerical weather prediction model systems and climate models by utilizing remotely sensed and in situ observations taken during the IPY and to study and advance our knowledge of meteorological, surface and ocean phenomena typical for the region. The investigations will also improve our understanding and modelling of polar-global interactions. The scope ranges from high-resolution numerical weather prediction to climate and regional ocean modelling. The motivation comes from several applications: 1) Regional weather forecasting: In polar areas there are strong needs for accurate weather forecasts. Further model-based ocean, ice and wave forecasting need accurate forcing fields. 2) Medium range (global) weather forecasting: Improved model quality in polar areas influences forecasts at mid and high latitudes. 3) Climate studies.\n\nThe project has four objectives: \n\nThe first is on forecasting and to what degree an improved use of satellite data and an optimized observational network, including targeted observations, will improve forecasts of high impact weather events (IPY project numbers 294; 394; 638; 600; 798; 811; 113; 146; 206, 410, 92, 888, contribution related to meteorology). These studies will not be limited to forecasting conditions over the poles, but will also address polar-global interactions. These investigations will provide insight into the design of the global observing system and into the potential impact of any IPY legacy measurement sites. New satellite technologies will be used to develop products that can potentially improve weather forecasts.\n\nThe second objective is to better understand physical and dynamic processes in the polar regions, in general, with a specific emphasis on aerosols, the microphysical properties of clouds and the possibility of improving parameterisation schemes of clouds and radiation for use in numerical weather prediction and climate models (294; 638; 600; 798; 70; 116; 158; 206; 410; 113, 297). The spatial variations in surface characteristics, stable lapse rates and extreme seasonal variations in solar radiation make the polar environment unique and a challenge for parameterizations. \n\nThe third objective is a deeper understanding of the polar regions through a focus on small scale weather phenomena and the impacts of topography and surface variations (394; 638; 618; 811; 113; 134; 146; 167; 297; 888, contribution related to meteorology). Such research will also provide valuable insight on the limitations of coarse-grid models, since recent research has provided evidence for a wide variety of circulations (terrain-induced vortices, downslope winds, flow channelling, thermodynamic impacts of open water etc) that are often sub-grid-scale in climate and many forecast models. This work includes investigations of the flow distortion over Greenland and how it impacts the mesoscale thermohaline circulation. In some cases the higher resolution modelling capability will remain in place as a legacy of THORPEX-IPY activities.\n\nTaken together the research results from first three objectives the potential to improve future predictions of the weather and climate over the polar regions. Improvement in the initial state means an improved time series of operational and research analyses for climate change research.\n \nThe final objective is to utilize improved forecast systems to benefit society, economy and environment. High-impact weather events in polar regions include spring thaws, sea ice movement, and severe winter cyclones resulting in strong winds, high seas, and heavy precipitation as defined by their impact on public safety, fisheries and fishery management, activities of the indigenous arctic populations, wildlife, energy production and transportation. These problems are not local to the poles as the intrusion of polar air masses into higher latitudes also has dramatic impacts and many of the polar events are linked to wave trains that are initiated at lower latitudes. During IPY, the major operational forecast centers of the world will co-operate to form a THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) that will form the basis for research on ensemble prediction and on improving society's ability to utilize forecast information. TIGGE will also be made available for IPY field operations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac916278-ceee-433e-97a2-582e677eeb13", - "label": "HYDROS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HYDROS will provide the first global views of Earth's changing soil\nmoisture and land surface freeze/thaw conditions, leading to\nbreakthroughs in weather and climate prediction and in the\nunderstanding of processes linking water, energy, and carbon cycles.\n\n SCIENCE OBJECTIVES:\n\n 1. Enhance understanding of processes that link water, energy,\n and carbon cycles\n\n 2. Improve weather and climate prediction\n\n Launch Date: June 2006\n\n For more information on HYDROS, see\n 'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/hydros/index.html'\n\n For more information on the Earth System Science Pathfinder, see\n 'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ace64898-5f6b-499e-83ef-6256200553b4", - "label": "INCATPA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Anthropogenic pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), other semivolatile organic pollutants (SOCs) and mercury can be transported over long distances from source regions to the remote Arctic. Since the Arctic does not exist alone and it shares a common atmosphere and aqua-sphere with the World, these pollutants can theoretically originate from anywhere globally and be carried to the Arctic by air and ocean currents. Studies conducted under the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP), the Canadian National Implementation Plan of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), as well as others, have associated episodes of high POP concentrations measured on the western North American Arctic with atmospheric transport across the Pacific from potential sources in Asia. Such transport can occur in as short as 5 to 10 days. These pollutants have the tendency of depositing on terrestrial and aquatic surfaces in the Arctic and can bioaccumulate through the Arctic foodchain. Deposition of this kind has been assessed by the Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project (WACAP) in National Parks along the U.S. and Alaskan Pacific coasts. Due to their environmental persistence and potential toxicity, these pollutants can significantly affect the health of Arctic wildlife and human.\nThe current project aims at advancing our knowledge in the factors and mechanisms which influence intercontinental transport of pollutants and our understanding of the relative contribution of intercontinental versus intracontinental transport to the Arctic. These objectives can be achieved through coordinated source-receptor measurement of atmospheric pollutants coupled with multi-media transport modelling. It is proposed that simultaneous air sampling for mercury, POPs (e.g. chlordanes, DDTs, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes [HCHs], toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) and other anthropogenic chemicals (e.g. endosulfan, polybrominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] and current-use pesticides) be conducted along both sides of the Pacific Ocean. These sampling sites include locations in northern China, Vietnam, Japan, eastern Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic, the western Canadian Arctic, Alaska and the west coast of the U.S.A.. Both conventional high volume air sampling (Hivol) and passive air sampling (PAS) methods (in cooperation with the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Project and Chinese POPs Air Monitoring Program) for POPs will be used to obtain air samples integrating over different time scales, ranging from 1-2 days (Hivol) to several months to a year (PAS). This allows the assessment of event-based transport episodes versus the overall impact averaged over seasons and years. This will also facilitate the development of PAS which are low cost and require little maintenance. For ambient air mercury measurements all sample analysis will be performed using the Automated Tekran Mercury Vapour Analyser as used in AMAP and NCP sampling sites. A coupled global-scale three-dimensional atmospheric transport and air / soil exchange model developed to investigate the transport of POPs (MEDIA) and the Global/Regional Atmospheric Heavy Metals Model (GRAHM) will be used to forecast trans-Pacific and intracontinental transport episodes of POPs and mercury to facilitate sampling, interpret air monitoring results and estimate the effect of climate change on the long-range transport of pollutants to the Arctic. This project will make use of existing air monitoring facilities for POPs established under AMAP, North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) China-Canada Joint Project on Reduction of Lindane Usage in China and its Impact Globally and on North America, as well as other national and university-based studies in Asia and North America. The new site of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy will be initiated in the Eastern Russian sub-Arctic to increase spatial coverage of measurements. Research will focus on:\n(1) fingerprinting chemical compositions of air masses from different parts of the Pacific;\n(2) identifying key chemical properties, e.g. vapour pressures and air-surface partition coefficients, and atmospheric dynamics, e.g. large-scale wind systems, pressure and geopotential heights, air temperatures, precipitation etc., which dictates chemical transport to the Arctic;\n(3) quantifying the relative contribution and major pathways of intercontinental versus intracontinental input of pollutants into the North American Arctic; and establishing background atmospheric circulation patterns for episodic trans-Pacific pollutant transport to the Arctic;\n(4) assessing and forecasting the potential influence of changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and climate variability on the long-range transport of pollutants to the Arctic.\n\nAll Arctic sites involved in this study will also be part of the IPY Core Activities of ATMOPOL ( #76) and COPOL (#175). Results from this project can be linked to the IPY EOI of TRANSARC Pollutants (#50) and other EOIs.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=327", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adac1d6a-4345-4721-a866-194aaaec1551", - "label": "INSPIRE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "INSPIRE is ambitious. The initiative intends to trigger the creation of a European spatial information infrastructure that delivers to the users integrated spatial information services. These services should allow the users to identify and access spatial or geographical information from a wide range of sources, from the local level to the global level, in an inter-operable way for a variety of uses. The target users of INSPIRE include policy-makers, planners and managers at European, national and local level and the citizens and their organisations. Possible services are the visualisation of information layers, overlay of information from different sources, spatial and temporal analysis, etc.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ec-gis.org/inspire/whyinspire.cfm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1ad1670-6419-4bd6-ab69-4a02f54b2ff8", - "label": "IOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ocean.US (http://www.ocean.us/) was created by the National Oceanographic\nPartnership Program to coordinate the development of an operational and\nintegrated and sustained ocean observing system (IOOS). Information from this\nIOOS system will serve national needs for:\n\n * Detecting and forecasting oceanic components of climate variability\n * Facilitating safe and efficient marine operations\n * Ensuring national security\n * Managing resources for sustainable use\n * Preserving and restoring healthy marine ecosystems\n * Mitigating natural hazards\n * Ensuring public health \n\n[Summary adapted from http://www.ocean.us/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1bf6d41-36da-49fb-a315-41492f050441", - "label": "GLDAS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "North American (NLDAS) and Global (GLDAS) LDAS systems are being developed that will lead to more accurate reanalysis and forecast simulations by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Specifically, these systems will reduce the errors in the stores of soil moisture and energy which are often present in NWP models and which degrade the accuracy of forecasts. NLDAS is currently running retrospectively and in near real-time on a 1/8th-degree grid while GLDAS is running at 1/4 degree resolution. The systems are currently forced by terrestrial (NLDAS) and space based (GLDAS) precipitation data, space-based radiation data and numerical model output. In order to create an optimal scheme, the projects involve several LSMs, many sources of data, and several institutions. Data from the project can be accessed on the NLDAS and GLDAS forcing pages, the NLDAS and GLDAS model output pages, as well as on the NLDAS Realtime Image Generator page.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1cbfb2f-2def-4dfa-96cf-b3fe6880f2b3", - "label": "IPY-AP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPY-AP\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=107\n\nAir temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have risen 6 times faster than the global average in recent decades, triggering glaciological and ecological events unique in the history of this region in the last 1,000 years. In particular, this warming was responsible for the collapse of Larsen A ice shelf in 1995 and Larsen B in 2002. Further south, Larsen C has thinned and continued warming could lead to its breakup within the next decade. \n\nTo date, access to the most active Peninsula regions has been limited, and little baseline glaciological data exist. As a result, large uncertainties remain in the determination of the mass balance of this region. Studies based on remote sensing and available in situ data show that a complex interaction is underway, involving enhanced precipitation at high elevation, enhanced melting at low elevation, sea ice retreat, enhanced surface and basal melting of land and shelf ice; glacier and ice shelf fracturing; melt percolation; seasonal changes in ice flow; and rapid glacial acceleration in the aftermath of ice shelf break-up. As the Larsen A and B ice shelves disintegrated they uncovered a glacial history preserved on the sea-floor indicating the current retreats are rare to unprecedented in the Holocene. \n\nThis proposal represents a combination of interests from GLABENAP, TRAPIS, APICS, and APY; these four activities sought to study ice- and climate-related changes at 3 different latitudes, and therefore 3 different stages of ice response to climate change. GLABENAP aims to investigate glacier response in the northernmost areas of the Peninsula, in the aftermath of the transition from continental Antarctic conditions to sub-polar Cordilleran styles of glaciation; APICS and TRAPIS aim to study the rapid changes where ice shelf retreat and glacier acceleration are underway at present; and APY has an interest in the precursors to this change, in basal melting and the influence of increasing summer surface melt on grounded glaciers further to the south around Larsen C. All 4 studies recognize the importance of climate, paleo-climate, geological and oceanographic influences; and all recognize the profound biological responses to change. This proposal is an umbrella organizational tool for several research projects focused on ice-climate interactions.\n\nWe propose an international program of logistical cooperation and scientific collaboration to measure, model, and understand the ongoing climate and glaciological changes in the AP. The results will document the evolution of shelf-glacier systems in a warming climate. Our field science program will install automated observing stations at selected sites, deploy an array of sensors designed to monitor glaciological and geophysical parameters of importance that cannot be collected any other way, and collect critical climate and paleoclimate data. During these campaigns, we will gather baseline data on ice motion, thickness, structure, and internal temperature. The program will also further investigate the sea-floor sedimentary record, promote ongoing west coast ecosystem research, and initiate a program of biological and oceanographic observation along the eastern coast. Remote-sensing-based studies will continue, using both new and existing tools, both airborne and satellite based. We envision a coordinated logistical plan combining US, UK, Chilean, Brazilian and Argentine airborne and ground assets, and we plan US and UK research vessel cruises that would support both land and sea field work. It is our hope that the logistical paths established as part of IPY will lead to continuing and growing cooperation in the Peninsula in the following years.\n\nWe will establish an IPY-AP web forum, and organize regular workshop meetings building on recent successful meetings at Hamilton College and SPRI that will provide a venue for discussing results, promoting outreach, and planning research activities.\n\nThe Antarctic Peninsula is a model for a future, warmer Antarctica. What we see there are changes of greater scale, speed, and magnitude than were considered possible before. IPY-AP seeks to better observe this system and its responses to know what the future may hold. This region of the World is ideal for international collaboration from geopolitical, logistical and scientific standpoints in the context of IPY.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2887c29-bd70-4a1d-9914-db1df88565e6", - "label": "GTMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GTMS (Global Thermosphere Mapping Study ) was an\ninternational cooperative enterprise scheduled for 1985-1986\nwith several short campaigns. Several ground-based observational\nnetworks were involved in the GTMS campaigns, namely meteor\nradars, ionospheric wind stations, incoherent scatter radars,\netc. The main goal of the program was to obtain a global map of\nthermosphere winds for main seasonal periods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3210ad3-5825-45ee-8434-643e1b64673e", - "label": "GRAND", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Reservoir and Dam Database 1.1 is online now. This dataset compiles reservoirs with a storage capacity of more than 0.1 km³. The recent version contains 6.862 spatially explicit records of reservoirs with their respected dams and gives information on their storage volume.\n\nDespite established recognition of the many critical environmental and social tradeoffs associated with dams and reservoirs, global data sets describing their characteristics and geographical distribution have been largely incomplete. To addrress this shortcoming, the Global Water System Project (GWSP) initiiated an international effort to collate the existing dam and reservoir data sets with the aim of providing a single, geographically explicit and reliable database for the scientific community: The Global Reservoir and Dam Database (GRanD).\n\nThe development of GRanD primarily aimed at compiling the available reservoir and dam information; correcting it through extensive cross-validation, error checking, and identification of duplicate records, attribute conflicts, or mismatches; and completing missing information from new sources or statistical approaches. The dams were geospatially referenced and assigned to polygons depicting reservoir outlines at high spatial resolution. While the main focus was to include all reservoirs with a storage capacity of more than 0.1 km³, many smaller reservoirs were added if data were available. The current version 1.1 of GRanD contains 6,862 records of reservoirs and their associated dams, with a cumulative storage capacity of 6,197 km³.\n\nThe development of the GRanD database has been coordinated by the Global Water System Project, Bonn, Germany, and has been executed in partnership and collaboration between members of the following institutes and organizations: Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; The CUNY Environmental Cross-Roads Initiative, City University of New York, NY, USA; University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA; Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA; European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark; Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy; University of Yamanashi, Japan; University of Greifswald, Germany; University of Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden. \n\nSummary provided from http://www.gwsp.org/85.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3a6d8ee-594a-4e88-9c06-0f6de55cd266", - "label": "ICESTAR/IHY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICESTAR/IHY\nProject URL: http://www.ipy-id63.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=63\n\nICESTAR/IHY will coordinate multinational research on solar-generated events which affect the composition and dynamics of the atmosphere in the terrestrial polar areas. The activity brings together two complementary programmes: the International Heliophysical Year (IHY) (EoI 172) is an international programme to coordinate the use of current and forthcoming spacecraft missions with ground-based observatory instruments to study the Sun's influence on the heliosphere, including effects at the Earth; ICESTAR (EoI 554), endorsed by SCAR, aims to coordinate research on magnetospheric and ionospheric responses to solar inputs, with emphases on the networking of ground-based instrument networks and the study of inter-hemispheric relationships. \n\nThe proposed joint project includes the collective effort of 24 international consortia which submitted their Expressions of Intent (EoIs) to the IPY call in January 2005. Between them, these groups already run a large body of instrumentation in both the Arctic and the Antarctic to support this research programme. Several consortia are also proposing to install new instruments in the polar regions to significantly improve the spatial coverage and resolution and to provide pairs of geomagnetically conjugate observations from both the hemispheres. The resulting observations and value-added data products will be used together with state-of-the-art models and simulations to improve our quantitative understanding of the near-Earth space environment. \n\nThe scientific goals of the 24 EoIs can be categorised under the following three main themes: \n\n(i) Coupling processes between the different atmospheric layers and their connection with the solar activity: E.g. effects of mid-atmospheric circulation and extreme solar activity on the content of stratospheric ozone and minor constituents, variations of the cosmic ray fluxes above the polar areas and South Atlantic Anomaly, energy transfer from powerful weather fronts to geospace heights and using novel technology for stratospheric magnetic field measurements.\n\n(ii) Energy and mass exchange between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere: E.g. multiscale and tomographic studies of ionospheric phenomena (auroral precipitation, convection, turbulence and electron content) as driven by magnetospheric and solar activity, remote-sensing of the radiation belts, and balloon-borne radio soundings of the ionosphere in conjunction with ground stations and satellites as pilot studies for future NASA missions.\n\n(iii) Inter-hemispheric similarities and asymmetries in geospace phenomena: Science goals as above but under this theme special emphasis will be put on using both Arctic and Antarctic observations. In addition to several magnetometer and optical instrument networks bipolar data will be available also from HF-radars, riometers, digital ionosondes, dynasondes, dual-frequency GPS receivers and LEO satellite beacon receivers.\n\nEach project in the combined proposal has a set of project-specific scientific objectives, but the interrelationships between the studied processes mean there is significant synergy between the projects. The result is that the overall proposal will be able to address topics with far-reaching scientific impact and of importance to society at large. For example, a practical benefit will be improved prediction of space weather phenomena which adversely affect spacecraft operations, humans in space, and satellite-based positioning systems; on the scientific side, global scale coordination of observing networks will allow us to study conjugate and multi-scale geospace phenomena in fundamentally new ways.\n\nIHY will coordinate an overarching synoptic observation programme and will provide systems and assessment processes for coordinating and facilitating dedicated campaigns in order to reap the advantages of interdisciplinary observations. To facilitate data sharing, ICESTAR will lead an effort to establish a set of Virtual Observatories in accordance with concept of the Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY). Frequently updated web-pages will be the most effective way to disseminate the scientific results. Special sessions at international meetings and dedicated workshops will provide other channels to reach the broader community and to efficiently collect feedback. The public awareness of ICESTAR/IHY activities will be increased with popular articles and web-pages and with regularly coordinated media events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3f09ea9-d74a-4544-9e19-bf1ec226fdc4", - "label": "HASP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The High-Altitude Sampling Program (HASP) database provides\ninformation on EML's archived stratospheric air filter samples\nand sample measurements. The HASP program was first established\nin 1957 to track the global dispersion of radioactive debris\nresulting from atmospheric nuclear testing. Stratospheric air\nfilter samples and gas samples were collected at several\nlocations in North and South America and analyzed for nuclear\ndebris/trace gases.\n\nThe database includes several sets of information about archived\nsamples and data. The High-Altitude Balloon Sampling Program,\nProject Ashcan, ran from 1956 to 1983. This program used large\npolyethylene balloons to collect samples at altitudes from 20-27\nkm. The Stardust program used WU-2, RB-57F, RB-57C, and C-130\naircraft to collect samples at altitudes of 6-19 km, and ran\nfrom 1961 through 1967. However, there were earlier aircraft\nsamples also collected (1957-1961), which were simply called the\nHigh-Altitude Sampling Program at the time, and which are\ntreated here as belonging to Project Stardust due to\nsimilarities in collection and analysis procedures. In 1967, the\naircraft sampling continued under the Airstream program, which\nwas discontinued in 1983.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.eml.doe.gov/databases/hasp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b427c6bd-18bb-45be-b504-77df8d6e971b", - "label": "GRUMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project incorporates urban and rural information\nof human population, allowing new insights into urban population distribution\nand the global extents of human settlements.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4bdbf1d-b564-46b2-9ace-19ed55e2cb21", - "label": "IMBER/AMT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The AMT programme undertakes biological, chemical and physicalsearch oceanographic research during the annual return passage of the RRS James Clark Ross between the UK and the Falkland Islands or the RRS Discovery between the UK and Cape Town, a distance of up to 13,500 km. This transect crosses a range of ecosystems from sub-polar to tropical and from euphotic shelf seas and upwelling systems to oligotrophic mid-ocean gyres.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://web.pml.ac.uk/amt/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5eba50d-616e-4430-b0d3-8b2f0d427474", - "label": "HERMES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: HERMES \nProject URL: http://www.edu-hermes.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=22\n\nHERMES is an international, multidisciplinary research programme consisting of 36 research institutes and 9 business partners from 15 European countries. HERMES investigates Europe's deep marine ecosystems and their environment to prepare for improved sustainable management and ocean exploitation. HERMES brings together expertise in biodiversity, geology, sedimentology, physical oceanography, microbiology and biochemistry. HERMES aims to train young researchers and outreach to the public.\n\nFor more information about HERMES, see http://www.edu-hermes.org/discover.php?do=intro_general", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b608ea3c-dc24-4f25-83dc-4f94b8f5a0e8", - "label": "INTEXB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - Phase B (INTEX-B) was an integrated atmospheric field experiment performed over North America. It focused on Mexico City pollution outflow and Asian pollution outflow to understand the transport and transformation of gases and aerosols on transcontinental/intercontinental scales and their impact on air quality and climate. A particular focus in this study was to quantify and characterize the inflow and outflow of pollution over North America. The main constituents of interest were ozone and precursors, aerosols and precursors, and the long-lived greenhouse gases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8ff1f88-34ab-46dd-a978-baf322ccd044", - "label": "IPMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In 1962 the ILS was renamed the International\nPolar Motion Service (IPMS) and in 1988 the IPMS was discontinued when\nthe International Earth Rotation Service commenced. During its history\nthe ILS/IPMS provided valuable observations of polar motion which\ncontinue to be analyzed today.\n\nInformation provided by http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/mail/igsmail/1998/msg00249.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b900c8c7-e4dc-4eab-aed5-5ea42500fc72", - "label": "INDIA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The India Data Collection includes high-resolution georeferenced socioeconomic data and satellite-derived data that have been used in peer-reviewed research and that can be integrated with other information to understand landscape-scale dynamics in India.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b915540e-ad20-4f9d-9e36-051dcc6dff59", - "label": "GANOVEX VI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "German Antarctic North Victoria Land Expedition GANOVEX\n\nThe German Antarctic research campaigns are directed at the\ncrustal evolution at the boundary of the East Antarctic Shield\nand the west Antarctic mobile belts. Orogenic history and\ncrustal growth during the Paleozoic Ross-Orogenic event. origin\nof crustal blocks and crustal weakening as the result of\nMesozoic/Cenozoic rifting events. geology:This issue features\ncontributions on the Geology in the Gondwana Station area and\nthe area north of Reeves Glacier, Antarctica. Occurence of\nerratic blocks in the Outback Nunataks of Northern Victoria\nLand. Evidence for Arc-related Magmatism associated with the\nRoss orogeny at the Walker Rock Nunataks, Northern Victoria\nLand, Antarctica. The Berg-Group of Oates Land, East\nAntarctica. Geochronological Evolution of the Eastern Margin of\nNorthern Victoria Land: Rb/Sr and K-Ar dating of the Berg Group\nand Berg/Archangel Granites. Petrogenesis of granitoid rocks,\nOates Land, Antarctica. Metamorphic rocks in the Northern Wilson\nTerrane, Oates\n\n Coast, Antarctica. petrology/geochemistry Kirkpatrick Basalt\n flows and associated pyroclastic rocks: New occurrences,\n Definitions and Aspects of a Jurassic Transatlantik\n Rift. Glaciation and Deglaciation of the Uplifted Margin of the\n Cenozoic West Antarctic Rift System, Ross Sea,\n Antarctica. Mantle P-T path for the Ross Sea Rift Margin,\n Antarctica, as derived from the zoning of minerals of\n peridotite Xenoliths. Migmatites of the Alexandra Mtns, West\n Anarctica: P/T-conditions of formation and regional\n context. geophysical studies: Aeromagnetic Programme of Ganovex\n VI, Layout, execution, data-processing. Sub-ice morphology\n deduced by radio echo soundings (RES) in the area between David\n and Mawson glaciers, Victoria Land. A rapid method for gravity\n terrain corrections usind a spreadsheet program such as EXCEL\n (c) or LOTUS-1-2-3 (c). Gravity surveys in\n\nNorthern Victoria Land, Antarctica during GANOVEX VI.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/books/geolog-186028900-desc.html#TAG0'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9e14f03-b95b-4e36-80d9-15a22a8883fc", - "label": "GTE/TRACE-A", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "An aircraft campaign was conducted from 21 September through 24\nOctober 1992 as the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment -\nTransport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic\n(GTE/TRACE-A) to understand processes in the tropical\natmosphere controlling atmospheric chemical composition and\naerosols, in particular convective transports (see special 30\nOctober 1996 issue of Journal of Geophys ical Research -\nAtmospheres). Fourteen aircraft flights (NASA DC-8 and\nBrazilian aircraft, including cooperation with an African\nexperiment conducted by European investigators: Southern\nAfrican Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative) covered areas of\nbiomass burning, convective and continental outflow regions,\nand areas of large-scale subsidence over and between tropical\nSouth America and Africa. Aircraft measurements were supported\nby enhanced surface and upper air meteorological observations,\na special ozone-sonde network, and satellite observations. The\nexperimental region extends ! from 40S-0 latitude a nd from\n40E-70W longitude. (Fishman et al., 1996, JGR 101, 23865-23879;\nPickering et al., 1996, JGR 101, 23993-24012; Thompson et al.,\n1996, JGR 101, 24251-24278). A discussion of TRACE-A research\nat NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is available. This case\nstudy presents data from 21 Sep 1992 to 24 Oct 1992 and covers\na region from 40S to 10N latitude and from 80W to 20W\nlongitude.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/gte/gte.html'\n\n[Sumary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba22081f-0fd2-46b4-ad47-db1361ae2c92", - "label": "HABSOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HABSOS is a data collection and distribution system for harmful algal bloom (HAB) information in the Gulf of Mexico.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb728aea-6963-4ecd-82cf-7feddb128aa0", - "label": "GEOSCOPE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GEOSCOPE, the Interactive Global Change Encyclopedia, is a project that is\nbeing jointly developed by the Canadian Space Agency and by the Canada Centre\nfor Remote Sensing. It was developed in the context of International Space\nYear 1992.\nThe objective of this project is to demonstrate to a large number of people\nin the world, through hands-on experience, that satellite data and other\ngeographic information can be of vital importance in monitoring the global\nenvironment. GEOSCOPE will illustrate the profound changes occurring on the\nglobal and regional scales through the story-like exercises called scenarios.\nIn addition to the more than 100 data sets, several scenarios covering a whole\nrange of interesting scientific topics will be available to the users.\nNumerous agencies have contributed data for inclusion in GEOSCOPE, particularly\nthe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other contributors include\nSAFISY (Space Agency Forum on International Space Year), United Nations\nEnvironment Programme, World Resources Institute, NASDA, SPOT IMAGE, EROS Data\nCenter and DLR. Their support has made this ambitious project a reality.\nUnder the auspices of SAFISY, over 40 space agencies and international\norganizations aim at promoting a new era of space cooperation globally,\nand at enhancing our knowledge of Planet Earth. GEOSCOPE is an example of\nthis collaboration.\nFurther information is available from: Dr. Rejean Simard, Canada Centre\nfor Remote Sensing, 588 Booth Street, 2nd Floor, Ottawa, Ontario CANADA\nK1A 0Y7, Telephone (613) 947-1289, FAX (613) 947-1408, INTERNET> simard@\nccrs.emr.ca\nAvailable Distribution Media: CD-ROM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd64bb1f-3564-4cc8-9c08-f76c87ee4148", - "label": "GIMBLE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bee106d0-4c53-4400-84f1-bbf3e4c63496", - "label": "HYDROWEB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The products offered by the Hydroweb project consist of continuous, long-duration time-series of the levels of large lakes with surface areas over 100 km2, reservoirs and the 20 biggest rivers in the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c071b16f-372c-498d-bde7-f16d7f9ed690", - "label": "ICBEMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The mission of The Interior Columbia Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP) is\nto develop a scientifically sound and ecosystem based strategy for forest and\nrangelands administered by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management in\nthe interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1257ef8-f00f-4bfd-a849-7f13e0f8873f", - "label": "IMPACT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project IMPACT combines the resources of individuals, schools,\nchurches and local businesses in the Teton County, Wyoming area into a\ncommunity-wide program that helps prepare for, and protect against,\nnatural disasters before they happen.\n\n\nTo help the community prepare for natural disasters, Teton County\nalong with FEMA and Greenwood Mapping, Inc have delevoped an\ninteractive natural hazards site that contains a map that allows\nusers to pinpoint hazards at specific locations. Users of the\nmap service can learn about natural hazards, such as floods or\nwildfires, that are associated with where they live. View the\nmap at 'http://www.bepreparedtc.com/hazard_map.shtm'\n\nAdditional information on the project is available at\n'http://www.tetonsafety.com/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c15cfdab-af24-4c44-8490-23729dcffbe0", - "label": "GLANL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on ICESat will determine the distance from the satellite to the Earth's surface and to intervening clouds and aerosols. It will do this by precisely measuring the time it takes for a short pulse of laser light to travel to the reflecting object and return to the satellite. \n\nhttp://glas.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3e53b0d-cf82-4d03-ba0e-5544b99ad238", - "label": "GHCN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) is a comprehensive global\nsurface baseline climate data set designed to be used to monitor and detect\nclimate change. Comprised of surface station observations of temperature,\nprecipitation, and pressure, all GHCN data are on a monthly basis. GHCN is\nproduced jointly by the National Climatic Data Center, Arizona State\nUniversity, and Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center at Oak Ridge\nNational Laboratory. GHCN version 1 was released in August of 1992 and has data\nfrom ~6,000 Temperature stations ~7,500 Precipitation stations ~2,000 Pressure\nstations The earliest station data is from 1697. The most recent from 1990. It\nwas created from 15 source data sets. Quality Control included visual\ninspection of graphs of all station time series, tests for precipitation\ndigitized 6 months out of phase, tests for different stations having identical\ndata, and other tests.\n\nGHCN version 2 is currently being created. A beta release of precipitation\ndatawas made in April 1998 (the most recent data of which is from 1996) and the\nfull version 2 temperature data was released in 1997. Version 2 has significant\nimprovements over version\n\n1: more data (e.g., the precipitation data set has data from over 20,000\nstations) from more sources (over 30 different sources including the Colonial\nEra Archive Project contributed to version 2), more elements (mean monthly\nmaximum and minimum temperature data as well as mean temperature), better\nQuality Control, homogeneity adjustments, and a wider selection of metadata.\nVersion 2 will also be regularly updated and irregularly have data from\nadditional stations added to the data set. Therefore, with the release of GHCN\nversion 2 temperature data, we have removed GHCN version 1 temperature data\nfrom our anonymous ftp site. There are many unique features in GHCN version\n\n2. For example, we have determined many cases where different sources have\nprovided us with different mean temperature time series for the same station.\nBecause meteorologists calculate daily mean temperature many different ways,\nthere can be many different 'correct' mean temperatures. Therefore, for many\nstations, GHCN provides more than one mean temperature time series. Also, GHCN\nversion 2 has some unique and potentially very useful station metadata such as\npopulation and vegetation indicators. To understand GHCN version 2 temperature\ndata and metadata, please read our overview of it. In addition to this\noverview, we have another document on line that describes GHCN's Quality\nControl.\n\nWebsite: http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/res40.pl?page=ghcn.html\n\n[Summary Adapted from the NOAA/NCDC Home page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c56b8c9e-05f7-4ff9-a44d-ad6a965ec2cf", - "label": "GRAVSAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GRAVSAT provides gravity survey information for the offshore oil and\ngas exploration industry. Based on the analysis of radar altimetry\nfrom the ERS-1 Geodetic Phase, completed in March 1995, high\nresolution gravity information is derived from the along track sea\nsurface slopes measured by the satellite. At the equator, tracks\nare approximately 8km apart, reducing to 4km at 60 degrees of\nlatitude, thus providing similar sampling to many conventional ship\nsurveys. GRAVSAT gravity anomaly data have been validated against\nship measurements over several areas of the United Kingdom\nContinental Shelf, for which the British Geological Survey have\ncomprehensive datasets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7d1c96a-669b-4dee-af15-70749c9d3445", - "label": "ITASE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "From its original formulation in 1990, the International Trans Antarctic Scientific Expedition ( ITASE ) has had as its primary aim the collection and interpretation of a continental-wide array of environmental parameters assembled through the coordinated efforts of scientists from several nations. The primary planned product of this cooperative endeavor is the description and understanding of environmental change in Antarctica over the last ~200 years. As a demonstration of the importance of the original scientific objectives posed by ITASE, they were adopted as a key science initiative by both the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).\n\nSummary provided by http://www2.umaine.edu/USITASE/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7d2927e-a773-4438-ab4a-7fd17707bbb3", - "label": "IGCP324", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) is a joint endeavour of UNESCO and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It was launched in 1972 to facilitate co-operation among geo-scientists across frontiers and boundaries. Its objective is to bring scientists from over the world together and enhance interaction, particularly between North and South, through joint research work, meetings and workshops.\n\nIGCP is interdisciplinary. It covers the different fields in earth sciences and is linked with other UNESCO scientific programmes. It maintains active interfaces with disciplines such as water, ecological, marine, atmospheric and biological sciences. IGCP currently is in operation in about 150 countries and involves several thousands of scientists. Out of the ongoing 40 projects in 2004, UNESCO Office, Jakarta, has supported a number of meetings and workshops under the auspices of decentralized funds from Headquarters, utilizing the network of national IGCP committees\n\nSummary provided by http://74.125.95.104/search?q=cache:QZmFdkvtxSEJ:www.unesco.or.id/activities/science/earth_sci/46.php+INTERNATIONAL+GEOLOGICAL+CORRELATION+PROGRAMME+PROJECT&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us&client=firefox-a", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9c66102-64c6-4c83-988a-c9c3f106f5db", - "label": "GOFC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD) is a coordinated international effort working to provide ongoing space-based and in-situ observations of forests and other vegetation cover, for the sustainable management of terrestrial resources and to obtain an accurate, reliable, quantitative understanding of the terrestrial carbon budget. Originally developed as a pilot project by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) as part of their Integrated Global Observing Strategy, GOFC-GOLD is now a panel of the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS).\n\nhttp://www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-gold/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9d33dd3-fb72-4465-8e48-335169fdd013", - "label": "IODP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), an international scientific research program supported by 25 countries, advances scientific understanding of the Earth by monitoring, drilling, sampling, and analyzing subseafloor environments. IODP: \n\n• deploys state-of-the-art ocean drilling technologies as its essential tool of discovery,\n• unifies the international research community to explore Earth as a system,\n• advances future research and discovery through dissemination of data and samples from global archives, and\n• provides scientific context for global awareness of geohazards and environmental change. \n\nhttp://www.iodp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cac943b5-f174-4614-844c-2856cdcce5a8", - "label": "GLACIOCLIM - KESAACO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This is the exploratory step for Kerguelen component of the GLACIOCLIM ORE/SO. GLACIOCLIM is a french observatory to detect, monitor and understand climate and mass balance variability and change in the glacial environment at a global scale. In the area, the presence of previous short term studies in glaciology, of paleoclimatic reconstructions over the holocene and of long term data from oceanographic and meteorolgical observatories constitute a baseline to this project in order to understand the main climatic variations that occurred during the last 50 years and induced the current dramatic retreat of the local ice cap. After choosing the best glacier for long term survey, the current project plans to deploy and maintain a surface mass balance network, meteorological instruments on and outside the glacier. Topographic, hydrological and lichenometric measurements are also planned during this exploratory phase\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.ujf-grenoble.fr/ServiceObs/SiteWebAntarc/kesaaco/kesaaco.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb0d5e6f-ae97-4de5-b89a-d72333c56963", - "label": "HIFT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "THE HEARD ISLAND FEASIBILITY TEST (HIFT) was developed to study the\npropagation of underwater sound waves across whole oceans, possibly as\na means of monitoring ocean temperatures on a large scale. (The speed\nof sound in water depends on the water temperature.) In January 1991 a\nseries of coded sound waves was transmitted from an underwater station\nnear Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. The waves were later\ndetected across a network of 16 sites (some on board vessels at sea)\npositioned along great-circle sightlines (or perhaps soundlines would\nbe a more appropriate term) around the world. One example: the signal\ntook 2.95 hours to reach the Bermuda station 16,000 km away. The\nresearchers were generally satisfied with the quality of the received\nsignals, as measured by the signal-to-noise ratio and the stability of\nthe waveform over time. They suggested, however, that for monitoring\nocean climate variability acoustic thermometry should be integrated\nwith satellite me! asurements. On another point of concern, the\nscientists found no evidence that the sound transmissions produced any\ndistress among local marine mammals. (17 papers in the Journal of the\nAcoustical Society of America, October 1994; introduction by Walter\nR. Munk of Scripps and Arthur Baggeroer of MIT.)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc62cf38-7902-46dd-81d9-9f302bf9d2f2", - "label": "ICASS VI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICASS VI\nProject URL: http://www.iassa.gl/icass6/icass6.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=69\n\nICASS VI will be held in Nuuk, Greenland in the International Polar Year 2007-2008, at the earliest at end of the first calendar year of operations for the IPY. To the international arctic social sciences community, ICASS VI will act as its major forum to review its contribution to the overall IPY effort; to discuss the status of the ongoing social programs under IPY 2007-2008; and to make plans for further actions.\n \nThe working title for ICASS VI is 'Circumpolar Social Changes: Opportunities and Challenges for Social Sciences in the International Polar Year 2007-2008.' Based upon the attendance at previous ICASS ventures (a triennial event), ICASS VI will bring together many hundred social scientists from every field of social and human research, advanced students from over 20 countries, as well as indigenous and non-indigenous stakeholders. We expect the attendance to be boosted by the presence of our project partners from physical and natural science disciplines, to make ICASS VI a fully interdisciplinary venture - much like the IPY 2007-2008 itself. \n\nThe main goal of ICASS VI is to offer various venues for IPY scholars, other northern researchers, and local participants to analyze the progress of IPY 2007-2008 in social and human fields. This includes special project sessions, discussion panels, plenary presentations, invited talks by the leading IPY scientists and representatives of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, public meetings. Sessions and panels at the ICASS VI will be framed along major IPY research fields and initiatives, with the broad international and interdisciplinary participation. For many international network projects, ICASS sessions will offer the only chance for face-to-face discussions, as participants from many countries and regions may have limited contacts in the field and across the boundaries. Special efforts will be made to ensure presence of as many project collaborators from arctic communities, as possible. \n\nHaving ICASS VI held in Nuuk, the capital of the only indigenous self-governing Arctic country, will give an unprecedented voice to polar residents and indigenous peoples. Timing and location for this major scholarly meeting to review the progress of IPY 2007-2008 cannot be better selected. ICASS sessions will be open to representatives of northern governmental agencies, indigenous institutions, media people, and interested public to ensure broader input from northern practitioners and local communities. We envision ICASS VI also as a critical milestone to the IPY 2007-2008 outreach, public, and educational agendas, because of so many young Greenlandic students and educational institutions in town. The presence of social scientists from many countries, presentations on many projects across the circumpolar world will inspire the young generation of Greenlandic educators and leaders, and will give tremendous local publicity to polar research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd23879c-7882-4ec1-bb40-0b47ae14d9ea", - "label": "GPMGV", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) took place in central Oklahoma during the April-June 2011 period. The experiment was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Ground Validation (GV) program. The field campaign leveraged the unprecedented observing infrastructure currently available in the central United States, combined with an extensive sounding array, remote sensing and in situ aircraft observations, NASA GPM ground validation remote sensors, and new ARM instrumentation purchased with American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding. The overarching goal was to provide the most complete characterization of convective cloud systems, precipitation, and the environment that has ever been obtained, providing constraints for model cumulus parameterizations and space-based rainfall retrieval algorithms over land that had never before been available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd6b2c8d-0bfb-4f3e-b864-56d7977a0787", - "label": "GNSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The FAA Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Program Office provides satellite (GPS) based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services in the United States to enable performance-based (RNP/RNAV) operations for all phases of flight from en route, terminal, approach, and surface navigation. The GNSS Team, along with other FAA organizations and numerous governmental and non-governmental agencies, are all supporting a smooth transition to satellite navigation. \n\nhttp://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd92fffd-dd54-46b0-a257-e59bcad391f0", - "label": "GULFCET II", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "While GulfCet I provided important information, it was not designed to\naddress fully the question: 'What habitats do these animals prefer?'\nGulfCet II (1996-1997) - the extension study - was sponsored and\nadministered by the Biological Resources Division of the\nU.S. Geological Survey to meet information needs of the MMS. One need\nwas to determine the distribution and abundance of whales and dolphins\nin the eastern Gulf, an area of potential future oil and gas\nexploration and production. GulfCet II also continued surveys in the\nwestern and central Gulf to monitor the abundance and distribution of\ncetaceans. Another component of GulfCet II was to conduct focal\nstudies specifically designed to address whale and dolphin\nassociations with habitats (physical environment and available prey).\nThese studies used satellite altimeter data to plan transect lines to\nsurvey through cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres and determine cetacean\nand seabird abundance within various hydrographic features. GulfCet\nII was the only marine mammal study that used an ecosystem approach,\nintegrating visual and acoustic surveys with satellite imaging,\nhydrographic collections, and trawl samples.\n\nThe GulfCet II Study has shown us that sperm whales, and other\ncetaceans, are found in conjunction with area of upwelling and\nnutrient enrichment that enhance productivity and prey abundance.\nCetaceans in the northern Gulf of Mexico concentrate along the\ncontinental slope in or near cyclones (upwelled waters) and the\nconfluence of cyclone-anticyclone eddy pairs. Cyclones also had the\ngreatest diversity of seabird species, although habitat use varied\namong species. High numbers of zooplankton, lanternfish, and squid\nwere found inside cyclone and confluence areas. While whales and\ndolphins do not occur randomly in the gulf, it is important to\nremember the dynamic nature of the hydrographic features with which\nthey associate. As the features move and change, prey distribution\nchanges and moves, and so will the presence and movements of whales\nand dolphins.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/marmam/gulfcet2.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cffc6f70-5ced-4c7c-995f-00fa6d5cfa21", - "label": "GIG91", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Geodynamics Experiment was performed to assess the feasibility of tracking and recovering high frequency components of the earth gravity field by utilizing a synchronous orbiting tracking station such as Applications Technology Satellite 6. Two prime areas of data collection were selected for this experiment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0b6390b-42f9-459b-a0cd-48ae917c26d7", - "label": "HCN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The U.S. Historical Climatology Network (U.S. HCN) was compiled\n in response to the need for an accurate, unbiased, modern\n historical climate record for climate change research. The\n Carbon Dioxide Research Program of the U. S. Department of\n Energy and the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the\n National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\n established a network of 1219 stations in the contiguous United\n States for the specific purpose of compiling a data set\n suitable for detecting and monitoring climate change over the\n past two centuries. This network, known as the U.S. Historical\n Climatology Network (U.S. HCN), and the resulting data set were\n initially documented by Quinlan et al. (1987) and made\n available free of charge through the Carbon Dioxide Information\n Analysis Center (CDIAC). The data presented in Quinlan et\n al. (1987) extended only through 1984. In 1990 NCDC and CDIAC\n revised and updated the HCN data records through 1987 (Karl et\n al. 1990). In addition, ! using the techniques of Karl et\n al. (1988), NCDC generated temperature files in which the\n biases introduced by urbanization effects were removed. The\n new revision 3 (Easterling et al. 1996) data represent the best\n available data from the United States for analyzing long-term\n climate trends on a regional scale and may be used for studies\n attempting to determine the climatic impacts of increased\n concentrations of greenhouse gases. The data for most stations\n extend through December, 1994, and a majority of the station\n records are complete for at least 80 years. Unlike many data\n sets that have been used in past climate studies, these data\n have been adjusted to remove biases introduced by station\n moves, instrument changes, time-of-observation differences, and\n urbanization effects.\n\nSource and Scope of the Data:\n\n\nOne of the objectives in establishing the U.S. HCN was to detect\nsecular changes of regional rather than local\nclimate. Therefore, only those stations that were not believed\nto be influenced to any substantial degree by artificial changes\nof local environments were included in the network. Some of the\nstations in the U.S. HCN are first order weather stations, but\nthe majority were selected from U.S. cooperative weather\nstations (approximately 5000 in the United States). To be\nincluded in the U.S. HCN, a station had to be active (in 1987),\nhave at least 80 years of mean monthly temperature and total\nmonthly precipitation data, and have experienced few station\nchanges. An additional criterion that was used in selecting the\n1221 U.S. HCN stations, which sometimes compromised the\npreceding criteria, was the desire to have a uniform\ndistribution of stations across the United States. The 1221\nstation U.S. HCN database contains station histories, monthly\ntemperature (maximum, minimum, and mean) data, and total monthly\nprecipitation data that were compiled by NCDC after being\nextracted from digital and nondigital data sets archived at\nNCDC. These data sets originated from a variety of sources,\nincluding climatological publications, universities, federal\nagencies, individuals, and data archives. All stations were\nquality controlled by NCDC with the use of outlier and areal\nedits, and each station in the network was corrected for\ntime-of-observation differences, instrument changes, instrument\nmoves, station relocations, and urbanization effects (Karl et\nal. 1986; Karl and Williams 1987; and Karl et al. 1988). A\nunique feature of the data set is that, within most temperature\nand precipitation data files, both original and adjusted\nestimates are given, along with confidence factors for each\nadjusted estimate. Another unique feature of the database is\nthat in r! elation to the long periods of record, a small\nportion of the data are represented as missing. In order to make\nthe U.S. HCN record as serially complete as possible, missing\ndata have been estimated by using data from neighboring\nstations. The majority of the 1221 stations have had data\nrecords that are serially complete since 1900; where serially\ncomplete is defined as having original or adjusted data\navailable for all months after the reported serially complete\ndate for a given station.\n\nApplications of the Data:\n\nThe U.S. HCN database represents the best monthly temperature\nand precipitation data set available for the contiguous United\nStates. It provides an accurate, serially complete, modern\nhistorical climate record that is suitable for detecting and\nmonitoring longterm climatic changes on a regional scale and may\nbe used for studies attempting to determine the climatic impacts\nof increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. The U.S. HCN\nclimate record may also be used by dendrochronologists and\npaleoclimatologists for calibrating tree ring growth, pollen,\nand marine plankton data or by those studying the climatic\nimpacts of periodic events such as El Nino/Southern Oscillation\nor volcanic eruptions. Those studying longterm climatic changes\non smaller scales, may want to review the information given in\nthe appendices in order to identify the stations most suitable\nfor their research needs.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp019/ndp019.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1716350-adab-4692-9be1-d5ef17022499", - "label": "GTE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nThis program will study the\n -biological sources of atmospheric chemicals\n -global distribution and long-range transport of chemical species\n -reactions in the troposphere that lead to the conversion, redistribution, and\n removal of atmospheric chemicals\nProject Description:\nThe National Academy of Sciences in 1984 recommended initiation of a Global\nTropospheric Chemistry Program (GTCP), in recognition of the central role of\ntropospheric chemistry in global change. The resources required are\ndistributed among several federal agencies, scores of universities, and a\nvariety of scientific disciplines-- including atmospheric science, biology,\nland processes, and oceanography. NASA's contribution to the GTCP is the\nGlobal Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), which utilizes large, extensively\ninstrumented aircraft, along with satellite observations of meteorology, land\nuse, and atmospheric chemical species to aid in experiment design and in the\nscientific analysis of results obtained from aircraft and ground-based\nmeasurements.\nThe first series of projects carried out under the GTE was the Chemical\nInstrumentation Test and Evaluation (CITE) projects which exposed instruments\naboard aircraft to a wide range of conditions in both polluted and and\nclean-air settings. CITE-1 was conducted in 1983 and consisted of a\nground-based experiment at Wallops Island, Virginia and aircraft-based over\nCalifornia, southwestern U.S. and the central Pacific Ocean. CITE-2 was\nconducted in 1986 over California and the eastern Pacific, and CITE-3 was\nconducted in 1989 over Wallops Island, Virginia and the tropical Atlantic off\nthe coast of Brazil. The advanced instruments validated by CITE have been used\nto carry out GTE field measurements.\nThe initial field expeditions, the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE)\nprojects, were designed to probe the interactions between the biosphere and the\natmosphere. They measured the fluxes of gases between the surface and the\natmospheric boundary layer (the tropospheric layer in direct contact with the\nsurface) and the mixing of gases from the boundary layer into the 'free\ntroposphere' above. The ABLE-1 experiment was conducted in 1984 over the\ntropical Atlantic from a base in Barbados; ABLE-2 was conducted in 1985 and\n1987 over the Amazon region; ABLE-3 was conducted in 1988 and 1990 over Alaska\nand northern Canada.\nFuture experiments scheduled for the early 1990's include: the Transport and\nChemistry in the Atlantic (TRACE-A) which will investigate the distribution of\natmospheric trace gases over the tropical Atlantic; also the Pacific\nExploratory Mission (PEM) which will study atmospheric chemistry over the\nPacific Basin.\nData Used and Produced:\nGTE is primarily a aircraft-based program supplemented by ground-based\nmeasurements. The aircraft include the NASA Convair-990 and the Electra.\nSpace Shuttle, Landsat, and the NOAA weather satellites are also being\nutilized. Global observations from space will ultimately be the technique of\nchoice for mapping the distributions of reactive, spatially variable chemical\nspecies. Aircraft measurements will eventually provide 'ground truth' for\nsatellite measurements and explore in detail the processes responsible for the\nobserved distributions.\nThe Public Archive of data collected on the NASA/GTE program consists of data\nfrom the CITE-1 Wallops Intercomparison Test in 1983 through the Amazon\nBoundary Layer Experiment (ABLE-2B) in 1987. These data are stored on various\nmedia including IBM-PC compatible diskettes, VAX 9-track tapes, tabular paper\nlistings, plots, videos and other film products, as well as weather charts and\nsummaries.\n1. CITE-1 data: species measurements of methane, ozone, aerosols, carbon\nmonoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrocarbons, non-methane\nhydrocarbons, sea salt, and ultraviolet flux, along with wind, temperature, and\ndew point.\n2. CITE-2 data: species measurements of carbon monoxide, ozone, nitric oxide,\nnitrogen dioxide, reactive nitrogen, nitric acid, and peroxyacetyl nitrate.\n3. ABLE-1 data: species measurements of ozone, aerosols, carbon monoxide,\nhydrocarbons, ammonia, and dimethyl sulfide.\n4. ABLE-2A data: species measurements of sulfur gases, ozone, aerosols, nitric\noxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, particulate\norganic carbon, methylhalides, hydrocarbons, and halocarbons, along with\nsurface fluxes of heat and water vapor, water chemistry, and tower\nmeteorological measurements.\n5. ABLE-2B data: species measurements of sulfur gases, ozone, aerosols, nitric\noxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrocarbons,\nisoprene, radon 222, water vapor, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and organic acids,\nalong with eddy heat and moisture fluxes, temperature, wind, radiation,\nrainfall, and water chemistry.\nProject Archive Contact: EOSDIS Langley DAAC\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Mail Stop 157B\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n Phone: (804) 864-8656\n FAX: (804) 864-8807\n Email: userserv@eosweb.larc.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\nProject Manager Contact: James Hoell\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Mail Stop 483\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n Phone: (804) 864-5826\n FAX: (804) 864-5841\n Email: j.m.hoell@larc.nasa.gov\nReferences:\nDrewry, J. W., and D. W. Owen, 1989: Global Tropospheric Experiment Data\nArchive Catalog, NASA Langley Research Center.\nGlobal Tropospheric Experiment Brochure\nWWW: 'http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/gte_hmpg.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d246db77-4f90-463e-a153-17c1d054f54a", - "label": "GRANIT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The New Hampshire Geographically Referenced Analysis and Information\nTransfer System (GRANIT) is a cooperative project to create, maintain,\nand make available a statewide geographic data base serving the\ninformation needs of state, regional, and local decision-makers. A\ncollaborative effort between the University of New Hampshire and the\nNH Office of State Planning, the core GRANIT System is housed at the\nUNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space in Durham. It\nincludes a geographic database, hardware and software to build,\nmanage, and access the database, and a staff of experts knowledgeable\nin geographic information systems, image processing, and computer\nanalysis. In addition to database development and maintenance, the\nGRANIT staff offers a range of application development, training, and\nrelated technical services to GIS users in the state and the region.\n\nThe GRANIT approach to a statewide GIS depends upon the cooperative\nefforts of a host of agencies, collaborating on various elements of\ndatabase design and construction as well as application\ndevelopment. The collaboration occurs formally through the NH GIS\nAdvisory Committee, and informally through daily interactions between\nthe growing body of GIS users in the state and the region.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.granit.sr.unh.edu/cgi-bin/load_file?PATH=/about/news/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by UNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d24e321a-2b01-4686-a9ef-657e656a0258", - "label": "GOSGEN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The main aim of the study is to reach a better understanding of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua). The main colonies of gentoo are on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and Kerguelen Islands; smaller populations are found on Macquarie Island, Heard Islands, South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The key problems to be solved are the problems of the analysis of genetic variability and genetic structure of populations, the level of genetic diversity, the problems of adaptation to Antarctic environment and ecological impact on genetic structure of populations. We are planning to investigate populations of gentoo from the most southern to the most northern with several intermediate groups. Birds will be weighted, measured and blood samples will be collected. The analysis of progeny number per nest will be carried out also; this parameter for tourist-visited and non-visited populations will give some figures on tourism impact on gentoo reproduction. The main objectives of this project are: 1. To evaluate the level of phenotypic and genotypic variability. 2. To study the genetic structure of penguins' populations. 3. To estimate genetic and phenetic differences between populations and between the two subspecies (P. p. ellsworthii and P. p. papua). In addition, we also intended to: 1. Measure possible genotype-phenotype correlation. 2. Investigate the genotype-dependent level of environmental impact on instability of genome and instability of individual development. 3. Evaluate the impact of tourism on breeding success by comparing visited and non-visited populations. The average levels of heterozygosity, polymorphism and the number of alleles per locus will be calculated as parameters of genetic variability. The data on frequencies of alleles and genotypes will be obtained for each studied population. It will help to ascertain the genetic structure of populations and calculate genetic distances among populations. The following populations may be studied: Islands: Petermann, Wiencke, Livingston, Signy, Falklands, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands. We intend to collect data from tourist-visited and non-visited nestings. Existing data suggest the little or non significant effect of disturbing gentoo populations by tourist groups on breeding performance. Nevertheless, the human impact on population may cause changing its gene pool. \n\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=379", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2adfc07-ae69-4748-b3c2-091ec43808c5", - "label": "GLACIOCLIM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The evolution of glaciers is one of the important indicators selected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to locate the variability and climate trends during the last century. Glaciers are now a key climate indicator for the past and for the future.\n\nGLACIOCLIM aims to build a database of glacial weather over the long term in order to:\n\n1) Examine the relationship Climate-Glacier that is to say, understanding the relationships between climatic variations and glacial mass balance (flow analysis of mass and energy between the atmosphere and the glacier).\n\n2) Predicting the future evolution of glaciers in terms of water resources, contribution to the future rise in sea level and other impacts related to the nature of glaciers.\n\n3) Understanding the dynamic response of glaciers (variations in thickness, length, velocity) fluctuations in mass balance study and natural hazards of glacial origin. Mechanisms of glacier flow are still unknown to a large extent.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.ujf-grenoble.fr/ServiceObs/index.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d34c3aa5-81b8-4b56-b298-5f33307815b0", - "label": "GREENLAND ICE SHEET", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet is an outstanding archive of information about what the Earth’s climate was like in the past, and the water locked in its ice will have a major impact on sea level rise due to climate change. Because of this, understanding how Greenland will react to global warming is crucially important. By gathering seismic data, ice cores and using radar, laser ranging and echo sounders, this project will shed new light on the Greenland Ice Sheet and improve scientists’ ability to model how it will react to climate change.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/the_greenland_ice_sheet_stability_history_and_evolution", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d47d184a-bd53-4b3c-87cb-81efc0d17d9d", - "label": "IPOD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Phase of Ocean Drilling (IPOD) involves scientific\nocean drilling by paleoceanographers to study the change in the\nocean's carbon budget, oscillations in rates of formation, depth of\npenetration, and chemistry of deep-water masses, and abrupt shifts\nin climate response to orbital forcing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4827c6a-7578-402d-90ef-79e68b588e49", - "label": "GIIPSY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: GIIPSY\nProject URL: http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/rsl/GIIPSY/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=91\n\nSatellite observations are revolutionizing our ability to observe the poles and polar processes. No other technology developed since the IGY of 1957 provides the high-resolution, continental-scale, frequent-repeat, and all-weather observations available from spaceborne sensors. The utility of that technology is evidenced by associated scientific advances including measurements of long term trends in polar sea ice cover and extent, the realization that the polar ice sheets can change dramatically at decade or less time scales, and the quantification of relationships between processes at the poles and at mid and equatorial latitudes. There are many examples of successful spaceborne observations from pole to pole for scientific, commercial and governmental purposes. These successes encourage the use of the capabilities and consequently, the competition for access to resources from the international constellation of satellites becomes increasingly more intense. Frequently, this means that there are only limited opportunities for conducting large-scale projects that consume a significant fraction of system capabilities for some dedicated period of time. One example of a large-scale coordinated effort is the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) that required months of dedicated satellite and ground support time to achieve its objective of obtaining near instantaneous snapshots of Antarctica to serve as gauges for measuring future changes. \n\nLarge-scale coordinated-experiments will continue to be important for polar scientists seeking to understand the role of polar processes in climate change, the contribution of the polar ice sheet to sea level, ice sheet and ocean interactions, and the dynamics of ice sheets and sea ice. These future missions will be further enhanced if complementary observations and data analysis from different satellite sensors can be coordinated (for example: MODIS, MISR, IceSAT; RADARSAT1 and RADARSAT2 (currently operating, and to be launched in 2006, respectively); ALOS (launched in January 2006); TerraSAR-X (launch 2006); the new approved ESA Earth Explorer series: GOCE (launch tbc 2007) - SMOS (launch tbc 2007) - ADM/Aeolus (launch tbc 2008) together with: - Envisat (currently operating) - METOP (launch tbc 2006)). Complementary to these hemispheric-scale projects are short-term, focused data acquisition campaigns over several weeks in support of coordinated and intensive ground-based and suborbital instrument measurements of the polar cryosphere, as recently proposed to NASA by the Polar Gateways subgroup for an Antarctic high-altitude balloon flight of an ice sounding radar. But across the temporal and areal scale of observations, coordination is challenging in part because of resource allocation issues and in part because space programs are operated by a host of national and international agencies. To overcome those challenges, the international polar science community needs a common rallying point. \n\nWe propose to develop an international science plan for coordinated spaceborne and in situ observation of the polar regions and polar processes as part of the proposed International Polar Year and as part of the IGOS-Cryosphere theme implementation. The goal is to advance polar science by obtaining another critical benchmark of processes in the Arctic and Antarctic during the IPY and to set the stage for acquiring future benchmarks beyond IPY. The technical objective is to coordinate polar observations with spaceborne and in situ instruments and then make the resulting data and derived products available to the international science community. Acquisitions must be tailored to concentrate on those science problems that would best be served by a focused, time limited data acquisition campaign and/or those problems that would be served by having a diverse but integrated set of observations. One possible expansion of this idea would be to include ice covered regions from pole to pole that are known to be important contributors to current sea level change. Another extension could focus on the polar ionosphere which impacts active radar sounding and communications for orbital satellites. A new interdisciplinary objective could be to integrate cryospheric and ionospheric measurements to maximize resolution of cryospheric structures and changes over time. Accomplishment of this objective requires coordination between cryospheric and ionospheric data archives, e.g. respectively the NASA-supported data facilities for the Earth Observing System and for Sun Solar System Connection (S3C). Our lead institutions are involved in EOS while the lead of the Polar Gateways group is Chief Scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for S3C.\n\nThe goal of this proposal is to develop the most effective mechanism by which to plan and synchronise IPY satellite acquisition data requests (ultimately resulting from approved IPY Projects) via an instrument such as a coordinated IPY ESA Announcement of Opportunity (AO), a NASA Research Announcement, and national consultation activities conducted by collaborating agencies. This is necessary in order to receive approval from participating organizations for required support of the IPY satellite data processing overhead, and is also needed in order to anticipate volumes of data, mission planning and data distribution demand. Furthermore, these may be needed to secure remote sensing data needs in advance of requests for funding from the appropriate National or EU funding bodies. Due to the anticipated volume of IPY data acquisition requests, it may be important to consider establishing and IPY interdisciplinary coordination or satellite data acquisition planning group(s) to streamline and consolidate independent overlapping and/or complementary data requests. This will make the optimisation of the complex mission planning aspects more efficient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d571d8a9-7a8a-4e08-b05a-b85ffabf6a33", - "label": "ICARE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: ICARE Home page, http://www.icare.univ-lille1.fr/ ]\n\nInteractions Clouds Aerosols Radiations Etc\n\nA data and expertise centre for atmospheric research For more than 40 years, satellites have been monitoring clouds, aerosols, solar radiation and the water cycle, providing researchers with vast amounts of data to sift through and analyse.\n\nWith the A-Train constellation of 5 Earth-observation satellites1 dedicated to studying the atmosphere and the water cycle, this stream of data is increasing. The Icare research structure aims to provide shared access to these data so that the scientific community can exploit them fully. \n\nIcare was set up in 2003 by CNES, CNRS2, INSU3 and USTL4, with backing from the Nord Pas-de-Calais Regional Council and the European Union, to create new momentum for the efforts of French laboratories studying atmospheric phenomena.\n\nIcare manages products derived from A-Train data, as well as from previous missions like ScaRaB and Polder. It also processes data from weather satellites like Meteosat and MSG, which provide a broad spectrum of complementary observations. The Icare research structure’s dedicated Data Management and Processing Centre (DMPC), operational since 2005, is responsible for getting synthesis products quickly to scientists. The DMPC processes and distributes data, particularly to research centres working on clouds, aerosols, radiation and the water cycle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d58c9208-4cd5-4be6-8cfd-1e9970cfd1aa", - "label": "ISLSCP I", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP)\n Initiative I data collection described here was borne out of a\n workshop organized by the ISLSCP scientific community in\n 1992. This workshop brought modelers, algorithm developers, and\n field experiment scientists together to discuss future steps\n for applying and translating current research findings into\n useful global data sets for land-atmosphere models; see the\n overview ( Acrobat version) paper by Sellers et al. The data\n sets contained within this CD set are a direct response to the\n recommendations of that workshop. The intent here was to\n produce, as quickly as possible, a consistent collection of\n high priority global data sets using existing data sources and\n algorithms, designed to satisfy the needs of those\n modelers. The workshop recommendations specified that global\n data sets at a consistent spatial and temporal resolution be\n compiled in four key areas: land cover, hydrometeorology,\n radiation, and soil! s.\n\nContact Information:\n\nEric Brown de Colstoun ericbdc@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov\nDavid R. Landis David.R.Landis@gsfc.nasa.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/ISLSCP/islscp_i1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6239dc7-d8fb-4f81-ba99-6ecb6a0940ee", - "label": "GEOMAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GeoMAC is an internet-based mapping tool\ndesigned to access online maps of current\nfire locations throughout the United States.\nUsing a standard web browser, users can download\nfire information.\n\nThe team is a multi-agency group with experts\nfrom the Department of Interior's Fire Management\nagencies, the Bureau of Land Management, National\nPark Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the\nBureau of Indian Affairs, and the Department of\nAgriculture. Other partners include the National\nInteragency Fire Center, and NOAA. Private corporations\ninclude ESRI, ERDAS, Sun Microsystems, and IBM.\nThese provide mapping software applications,\ncomputer hardware and technical help.\n\nContact Information:\n\nRocky Mountain Mapping Center\nGeoMAC\nBuilding 810\nDenver, CO 80225\n\ngeomac@usgs.org\n\n'http://geomac.usgs.gov/geomac2002/AboutGeoMAC/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7b3c789-37ea-40d5-8083-87853faf7e78", - "label": "GOME", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) was launched on\n April 21st 1995 on board the second European Remote Sensing\n Satellite (ERS-2). This instrument can measure a range of\n atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global\n ozone distributions. GOME is a nadir-viewing spectrometer that\n measures the solar radiation scattered by the atmosphere in the\n ultraviolet and visible spectral region (240 to 790 nm). The\n sensor has a high spectral resolution of 0.2 to 0.4 nm sensed by\n four individual linear detector arrays each with 1024 detector\n pixels. The field of view may be varied in size from 320 km x 40\n km to 960 km x 80 km. For further information and the mission\n objectives see the sensor information sheet.\n\n\nGOME level-1 (radiances / reflectances) and level-2 (trace gas\namounts) products are computed from level-0 (raw) data using the GOME\nData Processor (GDP) system which was designed and developed by the\nGerman Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of DLR in cooperation with the\nInstitute of Remote Sensing (University of Bremen/Germany), the\nSmithonian Astrophysical Observatory (Harvard, Cambridge/MD, USA), the\nUniversity of Heidelberg (Germany), the Koninklijk Nederlands\nMeteorologisch Instituut (KNMI, The Netherlands), and other\ninstitutions involved in the GOME Science Advisory Group.\n\nGDP is the only operational off-line ground segment of the GOME\nsensor. The operational processing of GOME data is done at the German\nD-PAF which is part of DFD. For details about the quality of the\nlevel-1/-2 product refer to the disclaimer page or the GOME Quality\nSurvey page as provided by BIRA-IASB (Belgian)\n\n\nPeople involved with the project:\n\n Diego Loyola GDP project manager since 1996. Responsible for GOME\n Ground Processing\n\n Wolfgang Balzer GDP project manager (1991 - 1995)\n Robert Spurr GDP lead scientist (till 1996 at DLR)\n\n Bernd Aberle System development of GDP Level 0 to 1\n Albrecht von Bargen Scientific support for GDP (since 1998)\n Thilo Erbertseder Generation of Level 3 products\n Ernst Hegels Instrument degradation and calibration (since 1997)\n Eberhard Mikusch System engineer of GDP Level 1 to 2 (till 1996)\n Helmut Muehle GOME integration in the Data Management System\n Thomas Ruppert System development of GDP\n Cornelia Bilinski System development of GDP Level 1 to 2 (till 1997)\n Sanders Slijkhuis Scientific support for GDP Level 0 to 1\n Werner Thomas Scientific support for GDP Level 1 to 2\n Meinhard Wolfmueller System development of GDP Level 0 to 1 (till 1996)\n\n For more information, link to 'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/GOME/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d88acf08-9e38-4efc-8b13-cf58e781fc07", - "label": "GERB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GERB is an Announcement of Opportunity Instrument for EUMETSAT's MSG-1 (Meteosat Second Generation) satellite, intended to make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget from geostationary orbit. It has been produced by a European consortium led by the UK together with Belgium and Italy, with funding from national agencies. Additional GERB instruments are being provided for MSG-2 and MSG-3, with funding by EUMETSAT. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.sstd.rl.ac.uk/gerb/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8babbd5-8c02-42f3-bd4a-6a864d9ab1cb", - "label": "GBA2000", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Over large regions of the globe, fires are known to contribute\nsignificantly to the injection of gases and aerosols into the\natmosphere, and to be a major disturbance to the vegetation cover.\nBiomass burning contributes up to 50%, 40% and 16% of the total\nemissions of anthropogenic origin for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide\nand methane respectively. Both the scientific community and the\npolicy makers are looking for reliable and quantitative information on\nthe magnitude and spatial distribution of biomass burning\n\nIt is in this context that the Global Burnt Area 2000 initiative\n(GBA2000) has been launched by the GVM Unit of the JRC, in partnership\nwith 6 other institutions, with the specific objective being to\nproduce a map of the areas burnt globally for the year 2000, using the\nmedium resolution (1 km) satellite imagery provided by the\nSPOT-Vegetation system and to derive statistics of area burnt per type\nof vegetation cover.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.gvm.sai.jrc.it/fire/gba2000_website/index.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9d345a7-c1ca-4377-ab3d-f9fb6a2f331f", - "label": "GRIP (HURRICANE)", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GRIP deployment was conducted 15 August – 30 September 2010 with bases in Ft. Lauderdale, FL for the DC-8, at Houston, TX for the WB-57, and at NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, CA for the Global Hawk. This campaign will be conducted to capitalize on a number of ground networks, airborne science platforms (both manned and unmanned), and space-based assets. The field campaign will be executed according to a prioritized set of scientific objectives. \n \nSummary provided by: \nhttp://science.nasa.gov/missions/grip/\nhttp://grip.nsstc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da34d7fd-c0ac-46ac-8c5c-d40b6afa7029", - "label": "IABP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Participants of the IABP work together to maintain a network of drifting buoys in the Arctic Ocean to provide meteorological and oceanographic data for real-time operational requirements and research purposes including support to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the World Weather Watch (WWW) Programme. \n\nData from the IABP have many uses. For example: \n1. Research in Arctic climate and climate change, \n2. Forecasting weather and ice conditions, \n3. Validation of satellites, \n4. Forcing, validation and assimilation into numerical climate models, and \n5. Tracking the source and fate of samples taken from the ice.\n\nInformation provided by http://iabp.apl.washington.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da6ac2e5-57be-4977-96c4-2b9f18b33223", - "label": "IAA_CRYOLOGY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Instituto Antartico Argentino Cryology Studies mission is to direct, support and control such activities accordingly to national objectives and strategies and with means assigned by the State.\n\nIts functions are, among others, to counsel the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other National Planning organisms, to plan supplies for the Antarctic activity, to gather, analyze, and coordinate all requirements from executive organisms.\n\nThe DNA develops the 'Antarctic Annual Plan' project, which has to be submitted together with the resource calculus and the Ministry of Defense is charged of its approval.\n\nThe DNA is charged of planning and programming the Antarctic Campaigns together with the Antarctic Commands of Armed Forces dealing with logistic and technical support, and of maintaining links with the corresponding organism from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in order to harmonize such activities with the Argentina foreign policy.\n\nLogistic support of the Antarctic activity is under the responsibility of the Armed Forces, that provide means annually required.\n\nThrough the Instituto Antártico Argentino, Antarctic scientific research and scientific-technical surveys are conducted, controlled, coordinated and carried out. Antarctic expeditions are also performed, and IAA has the role of technical consultative organism on this matter.\n\nhttp://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/DNAIAA.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dab4844a-5f2b-4f56-8c7b-70bb0066dd5d", - "label": "GAPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project URL: http://polaryear.no/prosjekter/GAPS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=310\n\nSince the early 1970s oil and gas development has gradually come to dominate the industrial sector in the Arctic. The pace of development has increased significantly in recent years as the price of oil and gas has risen, motivating industry to travel further north to extract fossil fuels for global consumption. Increasing pressure from various governments - Russian, Norwegian, Canadian and Americans - require the Arctic to be open for business. Increasingly, Arctic communities are being tied into the global market for oil and gas, putting pressure on their individual and societal capacities to cope with change, participate in resource management decision-making, and secure any possible economic and social benefits. As such, the urgent pace of such development poses critical challenges to the human security of communities, affecting local economies, traditional livelihoods, health, food, and the environment. At the same time traditional securities are increasing in pressure from sovereignty issues to reducing dependencies upon Middle East oil and gas supplies.\nA growing body of research and policy work on human security already exists [UNDP, 1994; Canada, 2005; Hoogensen, 2005]. However, little work to date has been conducted on the unique challenges to human security in the Arctic context. Human security attempts to recognize the (in)securities of human beings in a variety of contexts, ranging from health and food security to identity, economic and environmental securities. Oil and gas development from a securities perspective can be seen both positively and negatively, exposing Arctic communities to threats as well as opportunities. This framework provides a vehicle for the expression of vulnerabilities and adaptabilities from the grassroots level, such that individuals and communities themselves can determine what is important to their own sense of security. The need for such comprehensive, participatory research on the impacts of oil and gas development in Arctic communities has been well articulated (AHDR 2004; ACIA 2005; AIL 2005; AIP 2005; ICARP II 2005).\nThis timely research seeks to understand how oil and gas development impacts the security of Arctic communities, both for themselves as well as in relation to more traditional state-based securities requiring access and exploitation of resources. GAPS is a multidisciplinary project, joining social and natural scientists together, along with participating local communities and organizations, to gather and analyze data on oil and gas development in the Arctic region using a multiple securities approach. The project explores a number of the traditional and human security and environmental relationships in the Arctic and demonstrates the importance of the region to the development of security concepts in relation to environmental change.\nResearch project objectives:\nExpand upon current understandings of human and traditional/state securities in the Arctic and their linkages to climate change;\nExplore the meaning of security in Arctic communities and develop an understanding of the factors contributing to (in)securities as they are identified by community members;\nConsider how local knowledge exposes (in)securities that have been thus far neglected or overlooked by scientific and policy communities;\nExplore new potentials for local adaptabilities previously overlooked by research and policy communities;\nAssess the interrelationships between major processes of change in the Arctic (including climate, societal, economic, ecological) and their combined impacts on human security in the region;\nExplore new possibilities for community engagement in research in the Arctic and further strengthen university-community research linkages;\nFacilitate communication and collaboration between circumpolar communities;\nDevelop grassroots indicators and methods to assess the impacts of oil and gas development on human security in the Arctic;\nEmploy innovative methods of data collection and research dissemination (i.e. film and video) to facilitate community access to, and involvement in, the research; and,\nProvide the basis for Masters and PhD thesis research for participating graduate students.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dabd56d2-d192-4a1b-b2d4-b932eab06581", - "label": "HADRM3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HadRM3 is a formulation of the atmospheric model HadAM3. It is a high resolution limited area model driven at its lateral and sea-surface boundaries by output from a global AOGCM. The Hadley Centre has RCM domains for Europe, the Indian sub-continent and southern Africa. Nesting is one-way. \n\nhttp://metafor.ceda.ac.uk/entry/badc.nerc.ac.uk__NumSim__HadRM3_CodeBase.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db2d306a-1977-4ca6-9ba6-582c8f1f0bd9", - "label": "ISP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This dataset refers to the approved ISP projects (ISP1, ISP2 and ISP3) granted by IAI. The ISP is a program to augment on-going scientific activities in research, training and education, data and information collection, climate modeling as well as a limited number of workshops. 39 Grants are being funded under the ISP with a duration of up to three years. The ISP Grants are administered by the IAI Directorate. The IAI has invested approximately US$ 4 million over the period of 1996-2001. The data collection that will be referenced on related granules are formed by Executive Summaries, Project Results, Statistics Information and real data provided by project investigators. Requests for other documents or/and materials can be directed to the contact person of this dataset. \n\nInformation provided by http://mercury.ornl.gov/metadata/esip/html/esipcol/gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov_Data_Portals_Esip_GCMD_IAIDIS268.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db5052c5-a849-4721-9b2a-c3b0dfb2a3ba", - "label": "ICECAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICECAP\nProject URL: http://www.ggy.bris.ac.uk/icecap\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=97\n\nThe subsurface character and boundary conditions for much of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) remain largely unknown although they are critical to ice sheet modeling and, therefore, our understanding of the EAIS's role in global climate and sea level change. The lack of existing information in key regions of the EAIS is a consequence of its remoteness and inaccessibility. The acquisition of these essential data can only be accomplished by long-range airborne surveys requiring a level of international collaboration and commitment of resources that has been unavailable to the scientific community for over 25 years.\n\nWe propose to coordinate an internationally collaborative program of long-range aero-geophysical survey, during the period of the IPY, over the historically inaccessible subglacial highlands and lowlands of East Antarctica. Our proposed survey will be managed collaboratively by scientists from the US, UK, Germany and Australia with the advice of an International Steering Committee (ISC) implemented via SCAR's scientific research program named Antarctic Climate Evolution (ACE, EoI #37). Funding for this project will be sought from the US National Science Foundation and the UK National Environmental Research Council. The aerogeophysical surveys will be accomplished over two field seasons using a US Naval Research Laboratory P-3 Orion aircraft operating out of McMurdo Station (EoI #256).\n\nThe survey targets will be focused on regions critical to understanding contemporary and previous ice sheet dynamics and change and include subglacial highlands and lowlands of Domes A and C beneath the central EAIS. The region of our proposed ice penetrating radar, lidar, gravity and magnetics survey include the enigmatic Aurora Subglacial Basin as well as the majority of the Gamburtsev, Vostok and Belgica subglacial highlands.\n\nThe deeply depressed Aurora Subglacial Basin is a region of considerable importance to the form and stability of ice in East Antarctica. It hosts a catchment many times larger than that of the Pine Island/Thwaites Glacier system of West Antarctica and satellite remote sensing has recently revealed dramatic ice surface lowering in the region. It is possible that ice discharge from the Aurora Basin dominates Antarctica's contemporary ice loss to the ocean.\n\nThe highlands of the central Antarctic Plate beneath Domes A and C of the EAIS currently support an extensive network of subglacial lakes and have been the nursery for paleo ice sheets at least since the early Oligocene separation of Australia and East Antarctica. It is possible that the Gamburtsev Mountains have been the most intensely and continuously glaciated crustal elements on Earth.\n\nThe specific objectives of these internationally coordinated surveys will be: \n\n1) to provide bedrock elevation, ice sheet thickness, surface elevation, surface accumulation, englacial structure, basal melt rates and thermal structure necessary for modeling ice sheet (and subglacial lake) evolution and future change; \n\n2) to constrain geothermal flux and determine the location, properties and connectivity of the subglacial sedimentary and hydrological units critical to understanding ice sheet evolution (and subglacial habitats); \n\n3) to characterize subglacial lithology, identify crustal boundaries and estimate crustal rebound for the central Antarctic Plate; and \n\n4) to identify any 'preserved' glacial geomorphology and map fault scarps indicative of Cenozoic (or older) tectonic processes.\n\nThese objectives and target areas are of interest to a broad spectrum of disciplines within the international scientific community. The many collaborating investigators in this activity represent a broad sampling of expertise from glaciology, including both remote sensing and ice sheet modeling, as well as geology and geophysics. In addition to its primary focus of understanding the cryospheric evolution of the EAIS through support of ice sheet modeling, this work will contribute substantially to both Antarctic subglacial lake exploration (EoI #876) and knowledge of the enigmatic Gamburtsev Mountains (EoI #384).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc19846e-e990-4925-9841-bb4686adba92", - "label": "GPCJR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Geology and Paleontology of the River basin James Ross “Group Lakes” (Project in cooperation with National Agency of Scientific Promotion and Technological, University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Museum of Natural Sciences Bernardino Rivadavia, University of Torino (Italy) and University of Berlin (Germany)) \nInformation provided by http://www.iaa.gov.ar/CIENCIA/ARCHHIST/20022004/GEO1.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de76fdb4-9055-4cad-8422-3bae8870e799", - "label": "IPCC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by WMO and\nUNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant\nfor the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for\nadaptation and mitigation. \n\nThe IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data\nor other relevant parameters. It bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed\nand published scientific/technical literature. Its role, organization,\nparticipation and general procedures are laid down in the 'Principles Governing\nIPCC Work'.\n\nThe IPCC has three Working Groups and a Task Force\n\n-Working Group I assesses the scientific aspects of the climate system and\nclimate change.\n\n-Working Group II assesses the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural\nsystems to climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate\nchange, and options for adapting to it.\n\n-Working Group III assesses options for limiting greenhouse gas emissions\nand otherwise mitigating climate change.\n\n-The Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is responsible for\nthe IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme.\n\nWebsite: http://www.ipcc.ch/\n\n[Summary provided by the WMS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de7812f3-6ecc-4c8d-a8d3-52d7fb50fd74", - "label": "G411", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df9471ff-cb9a-45db-9a9b-9eac5d869e48", - "label": "GTSPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Programme (GTSPP) is a cooperative international project. It seeks to develop and maintain a global ocean Temperature-Salinity resource with data that are both up-to-date and of the highest quality possible. Making global measurements of ocean temperature and salinity (T-S) quickly and easily accessible to users is the primary goal of the GTSPP. Both real-time data transmitted over the Global Telecommunications System (GTS), and delayed-mode data received by the NODC are acquired and incorporated into a continuously managed database. Countries contributing to the project are Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States. Canada's Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS) leads the project, and has the operational responsibility to gather and process the real-time data. MEDS accumulates real-time data from several sources via the GTS. They check the data for several types of errors, and remove duplicate copies of the same observation before passing the data on to NODC. The quality control procedures used in GTSPP were developed by MEDS, who also coordinated the publication of those procedures through the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The U.S. NODC performs four functions for the GTSPP: \nMaintains the global database of temperature and salinity data and provides online access to the data. \nAdds realtime data supplied by MEDS to the database. \nProcesses delayed mode copies of data by performing the same data quality tests as MEDS, then adds data to the database. \nPrepares monthly data sets and transfers them by network to participants in the U.S., Australia and France, as well as to requestors. \nIn addition to MEDS and NODC, three science centers participate in the project by independently evaluating the delayed-mode data sets for the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Australia's Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial and Research Organization (CSIRO), the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) perform this function as Data Assembly Centers for the World Ocean Circulation Program, which GTSPP supports. \n\nInformation provided by http://ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/OceanTeacher2/01_GlobOcToday/06_OpOc/04_GOOS/04_GlobSys/GTSPP/gtspp.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0200f4d-ec97-4525-970e-1a1564356c3d", - "label": "IVARS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Ross Sea, a marginal Antarctic sea south of New Zealand, has been\nstudied since the days of the Scott/Amundsen expeditions. It is the\nsite of extensive penguin, bird and mammal colonies, and also the home\nof two significant scientific bases, McMurdo Station (US) and Stazione\nBaia de Terra Nova (Italy). Its oceanography is relatively well known,\nincluding ... the physical oceanography and hydrography, nutrient\nconcentrations (nitrate and silicic acid), and phytoplankton biomass\nand species composition. However, marked variations in these variables\noccur spatially and temporally. Indeed, the variations with time are\nthe greatest factor in the Ross Sea habitat. For example, throughout\nmuch of the winter the Ross Sea is ice covered, and no incident\nradiation is available to drive photosynthesis. In contrast, during\nthe summer months the Ross Sea is ice-free, and large accumulations of\nphytoplankton biomass occur.\n\nIn addition to these seasonal changes, variations among years occur in\nall oceanographic variables, whether they be current velocities and\ndirections, ice concentration, winds, or phytoplankton\nproductivity. The causes and consequences of these interannual\nvariations, however, are poorly known. They likely have both local and\nremote drivers; that is, ice concentrations are likely controlled by\nthe Antarctic circumpolar wave observed by White et al. (1999), as\nwell as by basin-wide changes induced by El Nino. Regardless of the\ncauses, the degree of variation among years in biological variables is\nunknown, and this is what IVARS seeks to explore. Ultimately we hope\nto understand not only the causes, but also the consequences to the\nfood web of the region.\n\nHow will we assess the interannual differences in biological\nprocesses? We first will collect as much historical data from the\nregion from various cruises conducted in the past three decades and\ngenerate a climatology or long-term mean of both nutrients (nitrate\nand silicic acid) and chlorophyll concentrations. This will enable us\nto compare results collected during our cruises to assess the degree\nof variation from those observed earlier. The second approach is to\ncollect, from a pre-defined sampling grid, nutrient and phytoplankton\ninformation using standard ship-board sampling procedures. Two cruises\nper year are planned: one in mid- to late-December (the period of\nmaximum productivity and phytoplankton biomass), and one in\nmid-February (the end of the growing season). A total of five field\nseasons will be undertaken, with the first in 2001-2002 having been\nalready completed. By comparing the nitrate data from each cruise to\nthat of 'pre-bloom' water (found prior to phytoplankton growth early\nin the growing season), seasonal productivity can be calculated and\ncompared with that of previous years, hence quantifying the\ninterannual variations in seasonal productivity.\n\nThe third component of IVARS is the deployment of two moorings, each\nwith an elaborate suite of instruments designed to investigate the\nproximate causes of the limitation of phytoplankton growth. The\nlocations of the moorings are placed where historically there are two\ndifferent phytoplankton assemblages. The first (Calinectes), located\nnorth of Ross Island, is normally dominated by diatoms, whereas the\nsecond (Xiphias) is dominated by the haptophyte Phaeocystis\nantarctica. These phytoplankton types have extremely different roles\nin the local food web and biogeochemical cycles. Each mooring will\nhave the following instruments on it: a fast repetition rate\nfluorometer (FRRF), a nitrate analyzer, a silicic acid analyzer, a\nwhole water sampler, two additional fluorometers, a sediment trap,\nthermistors, a CTD, and current meters. The aim of each mooring is to\nprovide continuous sampling of the surface layer properties to get a\nclosely spaced measurement of the variations within each growing\nseason. In addition, the FRRF gives an assessment of the degree of\nlimitation by inorganic nutrients. It has been shown that iron becomes\nlimiting in the austral summer (e.g., Olson et al., 2000), although\nthe extent and onset of this limitation is unknown. Using the FRRF\nwill give a sensitive measure of the degree of iron limitation through\ntime. The nitrate data will allow for continuous estimates of seasonal\nproduction (and its short-term variations), and the silicic acid\nmeasurements will allow for the estimation of diatom productivity (as\nPhaeocystis antarctica does not use silica). Diatoms are often\nconsidered to be more strongly iron limited than other species, but it\nis uncertain if this is true in the Ross Sea. Furthermore, the ratio\nof nitrate:silicate uptake is another indicator of iron stress in\ndiatoms, and will provide a separate estimate from the bulk community\nmeasurements provided by the FRRF. Finally, the sediment trap will\nallow estimates of the losses of organic material through the water\ncolumn, which can be compared to productivity and biomass estimates to\nconstruct a one-dimensional budget of nitrogen (Smith and Asper,\n2000).\n\nUsing this three-tiered approach, we hope to accurately assess the\nvariations in several important variables of the Ross Sea, and their\nrelationships to the food web of the region as well as to large-scale\nforcing. Hopefully this record will also allow for an assessment of\nsubtle changes that might occur in future years in response to global\nclimate change. Such changes have already been observed in the\nhydrographic conditions of the region (e.g., Jacobs et al., 2002), but\nthis would be the first attempt to relate biological responses of the\nlower portion of the food web to large-scale changes in surface layer\nproperties that occur as a result of climate changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0dd2ca8-0755-46a1-baeb-d8cdab69ba82", - "label": "GOA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Greening of the Arctic (GOA)\nProject URL: http://naat.geobotany.org/index.shtml\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=139\nOne of the key goals of IPY will be to document the rapid and dramatic changes to terrestrial vegetation that are expected to occur across the circumpolar Arctic as a result of climate change. Changes in the biomass of terrestrial ecosystems will likely affect the permafrost, active layer, carbon reserves, trace-gas fluxes, hydrological systems, biodiversity, wildlife populations and the habitability of the Arctic. Changes in green biomass can be expected across the entire bioclimate gradient from treeline to the coldest parts of the Arctic. The Greening of the Arctic (GOA) initiative consists of a group of scientists who are part of four major components. \n\nThe first component will examine in detail the 24-year record of greenness across the entire circumpolar Arctic as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using satellite imagery (AVHRR and MODIS). The study will examine historical trends in NDVI and document areas of major increases or decreases in the NDVI and link these trends to changes in sea-ice distribution, land-surface-temperatures, snow-cover, bioclimate subzones, vegetation type, glacial history, and other variables in a circumpolar GIS database that is part of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM). Modeling studies will use the past trends in NDVI to predict future distribution of arctic vegetation using the BIOME4 model. Transient dynamics of the vegetation will be examined using the ArcVeg model. The project will focus along a North American Arctic Transect (NAAT) where extensive ground data are available. This component is already funded by NSF.\n\nThe second component will examine NDVI-ecosystem relationships along transects in North America and Eurasia at zonal sites in all 5 arctic bioclimate subzones. This portion of the study will take advantage of the existing NAAT that currently consists of 20 research sites in Alaska and Canada (Toolik Lake to Howe Island in Alaska, and Inuvik to Isachsen in Canada) that are part of several ongoing research projects. A similar transect through all five bioclimate subzones has been proposed for the Yamal Peninsula region in Russia, extending to Svalbard in the extreme High Arctic, the Eurasian Arctic Transect (EAT). The Russian part of the study is linked to the Circumpolar Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment (CARMA) project, and will examine the linkages between greening trends, the range and forage for the reindeers of the Nenets people, and the regional sea-ice conditions. The Russian component has been proposed to the NASA/USDA Land Cover Land-Use Change initiative. \n\nThe third component will address the collection of ground biomass and site characterization along the NAAT and EAT transects. This will provide a legacy of the data and infrastructure along the full arctic climate gradient at representative sites in each arctic bioclimate subzone in western Canada and on the Yamal Peninsula-Svalbard transect. Standard protocols and field manual for biomass collection, and other site characterization will be developed. The biomass protocols will be developed in concert with researchers at other established sites such as existing CALM and ITEX sites and flagship observatories to expand the network of biomass collection sites. \n\nAn outreach/education component of the project will develop a web-based Arctic Geobotanical Atlas (AGA) that will use a variety of tools to help students, educators, scientists, land managers, and the public to understand issues related to the greening of the Arctic. Users will be able to download and use online GIS data from the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map and maps at several sites along the GOA transects, in combination with other remote-sensing products. This component is already funded by an NSF grant. Educational application of the AGA in the classroom will be proposed at a later date. Linkage of the project to the University of the Arctic and Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) will also occur in relationship to the human dimensions aspects of the project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0f3c16d-2155-4a65-b4be-f7515d97a7a2", - "label": "IFFM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Background:\n\nIn 1982/83 one of the largest forest fires of this century raged for\nseveral months through an estimated 5 million ha of Borneo's tropical\nrainforests. The Indonesian province East Kalimantan was the area\nworst hit by the burning. Since then, fire has been a recurring\nfeature on the island of Borneo, burning large areas in 1986, 1991,\n1994 and 1997/98. In 1997/98, the fires again hit East Kalimantan very\nhard, an estimated 5.2 mio ha of land was burned during this time. The\nhaze from these fires covered the South East Asian region for weeks,\ncausing health problems, disruption to shipping and aviation,\nculminating in the closure of international airports. Economic losses\nand ecological damage were enormous.\n\nWildfires in Indonesia are almost always human caused. A large\npercentages of all wildfires result from escaped land-clearing fires,\nor are a result of land use conflicts and land speculation. Fire is\nthe most common tool used by smallholders as well as for the agro- and\nforest industries to prepare the land. Increasingly Indonesia's fire\nand haze problem is being ascribed to large-scale forest conversion\nand land clearing activities (pulp wood, rubber tree and oil palm\nplantations). The fires can be ascribed as a symptom for the under\nlying problems of land use planning as well as conflicts over land\nuse. Without solving these issues fire management will not be\nsuccessful. An extreme fire season usually occurs every 3-5 years,\nwhen the climate in Indonesia becomes exceptionally dry due to the 'El\nNi?o Southern Oscillation'.\n\nProject Description:\n\nDuring Phase I (1994-1997) of IFFM, an appropriate level of fire\nprotection, training needs, suitable equipment, necessary fire\nintelligence, institutional and structural support were\nevaluated and determined in a pilot area. Cooperation with\nrelevant government agencies and timber concessionaires has\nbeen ongoing. At the village level, socio-economic studies\nhave been carried out to elaborate a concept of\ncommunity-based fire management and to organise volunteer fire\nresponse crews. Fire prevention material has been produced to\nraise public awareness. Since the second phase, the scheme\ndetermined in the Bukit Soeharto pilot area has been\nreplicated in other areas of East Kalimantan. Local fire\ncentres at all the 10 Cabang Dinas Kehutanan (District Forest\nOffices) as well as National Parks are being established and\nequipped, and personnel at all levels trained to prevent and\nrespond to wildfires. These local fire centres will form the\ncore of a fire management system for the! province. The\nprovincial fire centre in Samarinda, located at DINAS\nKehutanan, will coordinate fire management activities in East\nKalimantan. It will collect information from the local\noffices, provide fire intelligence (fire hot spot locations,\nfire danger rating, radio communications) and coordinate the\nsharing of equipment and fire-fighting personnel between fire\nstations.\n\n Contact:\n\n Integrated Forest Fire Management Project (IFFM)\n Jl. Harmonika, Komp. Dinas Kehutanan\n Tromol Pos 826 (KT), Samarinda 75001, INDONESIA\n Tel.: ++62 541 732625 Fax.: ++62 541 733519\n E-mail:iffmfire@samarinda.org\n\n Project homepage: 'http://www.iffm.org/'\n\n [Summary provided by IFFM]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2746156-f174-4624-adaa-f79a55cb86f1", - "label": "GLIMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GLIMS (Global Land Ice Measurements from Space) is a project designed to\nmonitor the world's glaciers. Over 60 institutions across the globe are\ninvolved in GLIMS. The project is coordinated by Principal Investigator Jeffrey\nS. Kargel (jkargel@usgs.gov) of the USGS Astrogeology Research Program. The\nGLIMS web site is managed by Bruce Raup of the National Snow & Ice Data Center\nand Deborah Lee Soltesz of USGS Astrogeology Research Program.\n\nThe objectives of the project are to establish a global inventory of land ice,\nincluding surface topography, to measure the changes in extent of glaciers and,\nwhere possible, their surface velocities. This project is designed to use\nprimarily data from the ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and\nReflection radiometer) instrument, and the monitoring activities are expected\nto continue through the life of the ASTER mission. This work will also\nestablish a digital baseline inventory of ice extent for comparison with\ninventories at later times.\n\nProject Website: 'http://www.glims.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e357171a-9362-4c4d-ad78-4972d1bdd6e3", - "label": "GISP2", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet Project II, initiated by the Arctic System\nScience (ARCSS) at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), has\nretrieved a deep-ice core from central Greenland. The\n3053.44-meter-deep GISP2 core is yielding a high-resolution,\n110,000-year-plus history of global change, including at least the\nlast interglacial and glacial cycle. This constitutes the longest such\nrecord available from the Northern Hemisphere. Properties being\nstudied in the GISP2 core include gases and their stable isotopes,\nstable isotopes in ice, particles, major and trace element chemistry\nof ice, conductivity, and physical properties. The detailed view of\nglobal system history revealed from these ice-core properties will\nexpand significantly our understanding of global change - evolution,\nprocess, trend, and coherence. The ARCSS and GISP2 is funded by the\nNational Science Foundation (NSF).\nFor more information see:\n'http://arcss.colorado.edu/projects/gisp.html'\nor contact:\nARCSS Data Coordination Center\nUniversity of Colorado\nNSIDC/CIRES\nCampus Box 449\nBoulder, CO 80309 USA\nPhone: 303-492-1390\nFax: 303-492-2468\nEmail:mcneave@kryos.colorado.edu\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e44e6bb9-dcf6-4c22-a524-05b6c3437d35", - "label": "GHRSST", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Long Term Stewardship and Reanalysis Facility (LTSRF) for the GODAE High Resolution SST (GHRSST) Project seeks to rapidly and routinely deliver individual as well as multi-sensor blended SST products with high accuracy and fine spatial resolution. Please see the GHRSST web site for detailed information on this international effort http://ghrsst.nodc.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6df9011-f080-4918-87f5-31c7f47082fa", - "label": "HERITAGE IN ICE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This Activity involves science and social science research that has been initiated as a result of the recent melting of glaciers and alpine ice patches. Melting of these scientific “deep freezes”, is providing unanticipated data sources that are giving us insight into past northern societies, flora/fauna, environments, and their changes through time. The field work is already happening as various independent projects in different northern North American jurisdictions (both Canada and United States), operating under northern leadership and direction. These projects will continue to operate in a similar manner if endorsed as an official IPY Activity. Thus the following Activity Summary refers to the work in general, rather than in project-specific terms.\nIn 1997/98, ancient organic artifacts and biological remains, particularly large quantities of caribou dung, were first found melting out of an alpine ice patch in southern Yukon, Canada (Kuyzk, et al., 1999, Arctic 52-2:214-219). The following year, 1999, the remains of Kwaday Dan Ts’inchi meaning “Long Ago Person Found” in Southern Tutchone (Athapaskan) were found melting out of a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in adjacent northwestern British Columbia, Canada (Beattie et al.,, 2000, Canadian Journal of Archaeology 24:129-147).\nIn 1999, more artifacts and biological remains were found at other melting south Yukon ice patches. Within a few summer field seasons of research, significant specimens and samples (paleo-biological, or paleobiological and archaeological) were identified and/or collected from more than 70 mountain-top ice patches in the latter jurisdiction. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the frozen organic remains being recovered from the Yukon ice patch sites spanned the entire Holocene period (Farnell et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:247-259. Hare et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:260-272).\nThe banking and curation of the samples/specimens recovered as a result of the Yukon ice patch work has been coordinated by the Yukon Government (Renewable Resources, and Heritage-Archaeology) with local study and analysis of materials, as well as research and identification work by collaborating scientists from other institutions. Studies related to the ancient artifacts have included feather identification and analysis by staff of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Dove, et al., 2005, Arctic 58-1:38-43), and paint analysis by staff of the Canadian Conservation Institute in Ottawa (Helwig et al., unpublished). Studies related to the biological specimens have been wide-ranging, including: research on species, particularly caribou, genetic history through mtDNA research; caribou dietary analysis; industrial contaminants analysis; parasite history; pollen and vegetation history; ice patch shrinkage over time; etc. (Farnell et al., ibid.).\nThe Kwaday Dan Ts’inchi project is also locally administered, with the concerned indigenous government, the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, jointly managing the project with the province. The provincial museum (Royal British Columbia Museum), the Provincial Parks’ department, as well as scientists based in Canada, Germany, and Scotland are working with the community on the study and interpretation of this find, and the materials recovered there-from, with results now being published (e.g., Monsalve et al., 2002, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119-3:288-291; Dickson et al., 2004, Holocene 14-4:481-486; Mudie et al., 2005, Canadian Journal of Botany 83:111-123; Richards et al., in press, American Antiquity). Both the discovery and the manner in which this unique find is being managed continue to receive international attention; the project is often pointed out as an example of how scientists and First Nations can work together on even the most sensitive of subject areas, human remains.\nColleagues began fieldwork in adjacent Alaska in 2001, continuing in 2003, attempting to find glacier or ice patch archaeological sites in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. This work involved the development of a predictive model for identifying locations that should be targeted in the search for archaeological and/or biological specimens in these frozen landscapes (Dixon et al., 2005, American Antiquity 70-1:129-143). In 2003, state archaeologists successfully identified ice patch archaeological sites in the Tangle Lakes (Denali Highway) area of the state (Vanderhoek et al., in press, Alaska Journal of Anthropology). Fieldwork has continued in this location and elsewhere in the state, with ongoing analysis of the recovered materials.\nThe identification of ice patch sites yielding biological and cultural specimens and samples began in the Mackenzie Mountains region of Northwest Territories, Canada in 2005, with positive results (Andrews, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Plans are underway to search for ice patch sites in the Atlin area of northern British Columbia, Canada in 2006 (French, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Archaeological survey to search for specimens melting out of glaciers in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, U.S. is also to be initiated in 2006 (Howell, 2005 communication to Activity leader).\nFieldwork to find and recover the specimens and samples melting out of the glaciers and ice patches in northwestern North America, as well as to study the melting phenomena themselves, takes place during the height of the summer melt season each August. The fieldwork is generally conducted as day trips or short excursions, relying on helicopters for logistic support; over-view (fixed wing) flights have also been found to be useful.\nThe materials being recovered from these frozen contexts include ancient artifacts, biological materials such as small bird and animal remains, dung from different species but predominantly caribou in the case of the ice patch sites, plant macro and micro remains, and ice block samples. The specimens collected are often fragile and following field documentation, in many cases must be quickly transferred to refrigerated storage to prevent deterioration. After recovery, the specimens and samples are curated in local government facilities whenever possible; professional Conservators are stabilizing the more fragile and significant artifact pieces. Laboratory work to study both the biological and archaeological specimens and samples recovered during these projects is being undertaking by government researchers based in the north, where-ever possible, working in collaboration with scientists/specialists at southern institutions.\nThe local communities are involved, as well, in the study and interpretation of the recovered materials. For example, funds are being sought to document traditional indigenous knowledge related to the unique archaeological finds being collected by the Yukon Ice Patch project. Research to document the traditional aboriginal use of these landscapes is also part of the some of the projects. Museum displays on some of the finds are already in place, e.g., Kwaday Dan Ts’inchi at the Royal British Columbia Museum, and more are in the works.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=435", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e784960e-f2fc-445f-98ad-da8741c06efa", - "label": "GCOM-W", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GCOM-W mission aims to establish the global and long-term observation system to collect data, which is needed to understand mechanisms of climate and water cycle variations, and demonstrate its utilization. AMSR2 onboard the first generation of the GCOM-W satellite will continue Aqua/AMSR-E observations of water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture. The GCOM-W satellite scheduled to be launched in late 2011 or early 2012.\n\nhttp://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gcom_w/\nhttp://suzaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GCOM_W/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb5b85f6-9285-484c-819a-d3da8d384d28", - "label": "GAMETAG", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Atmospheric Measurements Experiment on Tropospheric\nAerosols and Gases (GAMETAG) was a 2-year field-sampling program\nfrom aircraft primarily over North America and the Pacific\nOcean. The GAMETAG program was designed to provide a limited\ntest of chemical models for short-lived photochemical species\nand also to provide survey data on short-lived and long-lived\nspecies over an extended latitude range.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb5e5d7d-2d63-4818-b6bc-80456f2e6ace", - "label": "HADCM3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HadCM3 (abbreviation for Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3) is a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) developed at the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom.[1][2][3] It was one of the major models used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report in 2001.\n\nUnlike earlier AOGCMs at the Hadley Centre and elsewhere (including its predecessor HadCM2), HadCM3 does not need flux adjustment (additional 'artificial' heat and freshwater fluxes at the ocean surface) to produce a good simulation. The higher ocean resolution of HadCM3 is a major factor in this; other factors include a good match between the atmospheric and oceanic components; and an improved ocean mixing scheme (Gent and McWilliams). HadCM3 has been run for over a thousand years, showing little drift in its surface climate.\n\nHadCM3 is composed of two components: the atmospheric model HadAM3 and the ocean model (which includes a sea ice model). Simulations often use a 360-day calendar, where each month is 30 days.\n\nSummer provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HadCM3", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb784368-9b92-49b0-afc5-ea820e996f33", - "label": "IDS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "After a decade of fully operational functioning, the DORIS space\ngeodesy system has demonstrated its capabilities for\norbitography and navigation of the satellites and also ground\nlocation. It plays a key rule in the Topex/Poseidon altimetric\nmission for oceanography providing in association with the Laser\ntechnique a 2 cm accuracy in the radial component of the\norbit. DORIS and Laser are renewed as the nominal orbitographic\nsystem for the Jason mission (end of 2000).\n\nDORIS also provides with Diode navigator on Spot 4 (1993), an\norbit in real time within a few meters. It's a world first at\nthis level of precision.\n\nSince 1994 and thanks to its more than fifty permanent beacon\nnetwork, DORIS contributes to the IERS activities for the\nrealization and maintenance of the ITRS (International\nTerrestrial Reference System). 3D positions and velocities of\nthe reference sites at a cm and mm/yr accuracy lead to\nscientific studies (investigations) in the fields of global and\nregional tectonics. Two recent DORIS results appear very\nencouraging for the future. One concerns a seasonal effect of\nearth surface fluid mass redistribution (oceanic water,\natmospheric masses, snow, ...) on the relative positions of the\nearth mass and earth figure centers. Another concerns vertical\ndisplacement of the crust monitored near tides-gages. This\ninformation is of major interest for the topic of sea level\nvariations and correlation to the Global Change.\n\nSuch as the other space geodesy techniques GPS, VLBI, SLR, there\nis a strong demand among the scientific community to create an\nInternational DORIS Service, so called IDS. The CSTG, commission\nfor international co-ordination of space techniques for geodesy\nof the International Association Geodesy (IAG) and the IERS\ndirecting board decided in July 1999 to initiate a DORIS Pilot\nExperiment. Its objective is to assess the need and feasibility\nof an International DORIS Service.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://ids.cls.fr/welcome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eba2a90b-fa7e-4ff0-bd4c-2024717434bf", - "label": "GLAM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project Background NASA/UDSA MOU:\n\t\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to strengthen future collaboration. In support of this collaboration, NASA and the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) jointly funded a new project to assimilate NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and products into an existing decision support system (DSS) operated by the International Production Assessment Division (IPAD) of FAS. Building on NASA's investment in the MODIS Science Team, the project is implementing a user-friendly system that will allow for the integration and analysis of MODIS data products in IPAD's DSS.\n\nFAS Mission and Tasks:\n\t\nFAS promotes the security and stability of U.S. food supply, improves foreign market access for U.S. agricultural products, reports on world food security, and advises the U.S. government on international food aid requirements.\n\nFAS bears the primary responsibility for USDA's overseas activities: market development, international trade agreements and negotiations, and the collection and analysis of statistics and market information. It also administers USDA's export credit guarantee and food aid programs, and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic growth.\n\nIPAD's Scope:\n\t\nThe FAS, through IPAD, provides agricultural information for global food security. It produces objective, timely and regular assessments of global agricultural production outlook and the conditions affecting food security. IPAD is responsible for global crop condition assessments and estimates of production and yield of grains, oilseeds, and cotton. IPAD assessments are an integral component of the monthly crop assessments issued by USDA's World Agricultural Outlook Board - a primary source for agricultural information worldwide.\n\t\nThe Application of NASA EOS MODIS Data to FAS Agricultural Assessment and Forecasting:\n\t\nTo meet its objectives, FAS/IPAD uses satellite data and data products to monitor agriculture worldwide and to locate and keep track of natural disasters such as short and long term droughts, floods and persistent snow cover which impair agricultural productivity. FAS is the largest user of satellite imagery in the non-military sector of the U.S. government. For the last 20 years FAS has used a combination of Landsat and NOAA-AVHRR satellite data to monitor crop condition and report on episodic events.\n\nFAS is upgrading and enhancing the satellite component of its IPAD decision support system through an information delivery system for MODIS data and derived products. NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board two platforms of the Earth Observing System (EOS), was designed in part to monitor subtle vegetation responses to stress, vegetation production and land cover with regional-to-global coverage. Hence, integration of MODIS data and derived products into the IPAD FAS DSS provides FAS with better characterization of land surface conditions at the regional scale and enables monitoring of changes in the key agricultural areas of FAS focus regions in a more timely fashion and at a higher resolution than previously possible with NOAA-AVHRR data.\n\nMODIS: An Operational Prototype: \n\t\nAlthough MODIS is a NASA experimental mission, the instrument's capabilities will be extended by the launch of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) in 2008, part of the National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), which will become fully operational in 2009. Thus the methods and system developed through this research project can be transitioned into a fully operational domain. \n\nProject Components:\n\n- Delivery and integration of MODIS Rapid Response data into the FAS monitoring system to facilitate improved monitoring of the impact of climate hazards, such as drought, large scale flooding, and snow storms, on agricultural production.\n\n- Development and delivery of a long term database of MODIS composite Vegetation Index (VI) time series including analysis tools and a graphic user interface that provides mosaicking, reprojection capabilities, and easy access to the moderate resolution image archive.\n\n- Establishment of the relationship between MODIS VI data and the long-term archives from the AVHRR and SPOT-VEGETATION used by FAS/IPAD.\n\n- Development of enhanced MODIS cropland products including a crop mask, a crop type map, new band combination products, and a crop stress index.\n\nProject Website: http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/glam.cfm\n\n[Summary provided by the United States Department of Agriculture.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed429593-cea7-41ca-ab0c-88fdcfa42f04", - "label": "I-TASC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: I-TASC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=417\n\nI-TASC is an international network of cultural, scientific and media technology organisations who have in common an interest in the trandisciplinary convergence of art and science. The network seeks to establish in the Arctic and Antarctic the framework conditions for collaborative projects between artists, scientists, tactical media workers and engineers within three major topical fileds i.e. migration, weather and climate and communications. This is envisaged through the installation and maintenance of two mobile open source and creative commons based art and science research facilities in the Arctic and Antarctica between 2007-2009 and further operations in the next decade. We will be also constructing and launching a micro-satellite in the high sun-synchronous elliptical orbit in 2008 to enable research and contact between the two stations and the sharing of sensor data with other IPY clusters. The facility planned for the Arctic Circle is MAKROLAB mkVII, an autonomous, minimal environmental impact communications, research and living unit capable of sustaining up to 8 crew members for long periods of work in isolation/insulation conditions (60-180 days). Onboard renewable-energy systems, bioreactor/biological sewage processing, water recycling systems, satellite and HF communication systems and radar infrastructure, developed during previous manifestations of the project, will be augmented to fully winterize the MAKROLAB and provide its crews with the tools/resources needed to conduct joint or independent work in concentrated polar field-research environments. Operational systems researched/developed during the MAKROLAB Arctic phases will be applied to the design and construction of a new rapid-deployment zero environmental impact polar research station with the working title LADOMIR, which will be tested in Antarctica in the southern summers of 2008 and 2009. LADOMIR is named for the utopian poem written in 1920 by the Russian Futurist Velimir Khlebnikov, which describes the universal landscape of the future through the destruction of the old world and its synthesis in the new. The word is a combination of LAD, meaning both harmony and living creature,and MIR, both peace and world, universe. Adopting the related constructivist notion of FAKTURA, which can be understood as the conferring of tactile and sensorial qualities onto abstract artistic or scientific elements, LADOMIR will be dedicated to producing readable/tangible surfaces which the public will be able to use to reflect on vague or otherwise invisible polar systems and scientific data from Antarctica and the Arctic. Telecommunications, weather and climate systems and migration are seen as three multiple-dynamic global energy systems which can be explored to understand how our planet functions on natural, social and technological levels, and the knowledge inherent in each can in turn be applied as primary sources for new cognitive and evolutionary strategies. We envision the LADOMIR-MAKROLAB interpolar complex to function as an aggregator and visualiser of self produced and IPY share derived data sources in a manner that transverses from the scientific to the artistic and creative and is thus understandable to a different, non scientific public. A very important aspect of the project is to bring the experience and knowledge of indigenous Arctic cultures to the new Antarctic cultures (and vice/versa) through a dynamic, live and archived communications system. Other activities connected to the projects will include the launching and servicing of stratospheric balloons; the development and operation of a fleet of UAV for remote observation; the development of open source software and hardware for data gathering, processing and intuitive display in the arts and sciences; and the development of autonomous, zero-impact sensor and data relay systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed7a443a-d40b-43a8-823c-9d9917acf055", - "label": "GGBRB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A hydrogeochemical study is performed in the hydrographic basin of the\nriver Buquira, located in the north-eastern part of the Sao Paulo\nState, Brazil. This 406 sq. Km basin is carved within mainly magmatic\nrocks, with localized occurrences of Precambrian granites and\ngranulites, and quaternary alluvions. This work includes systematic\nmonitoring of the chemical composition of rain, river, spring water as\nwell as water from wells dug in the weathering mantle of rocks. Soils\nare also being studied. Besides rainfall and river flow data, chemical\nanalysis includes: pH, conductivity and sodium, calcium, potassium,\nmagnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef9b2064-7f44-44b2-8714-0c1a90c5b42a", - "label": "GASEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "One of the the three main biological experiments carried aboard each Viking lander; GEX was developed by Vance Oyama at NASA Ames Research Center and designed to test for life under two different conditions. In the first mode, it was assumed that organisms that had been dormant for a very long time under dry conditions on Mars would be revived and stimulated back into metabolic activity by the addition of moisture alone. \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/VikingGEX.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f023eb46-ac6a-43f9-a4e0-e733ddf3a669", - "label": "ILS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Superintendent's Report for 1898-99 records an agreement reached by members of the International Geodetic Association to establish six observatories for the purpose of measuring the variations in latitude caused by the earth's wobble on its polar axis. This program, known as the International Polar Motion Service, was initiated in 1899 with the establishment of six stations, all located near the parallel of 39 degrees 08 minutes north latitude (to permit uniform computations), and were at Gaithersburg, Maryland; Cincinnati, Ohio; Ukiah, California; Mizusawa, Japan; Charjui in Russian Turkestan; and Carloforte, Sardinia, Italy. Economic constraints forced the closing of the Cincinnati observatory in 1932. The Charjui station was lost in World War I, and an observatory was substituted for it at Kitab, near Samarkand in the Soviet Union.\n\nThe Gaithersburg Observatory was constructed by Edwin Smith, Chief of the Instrument Division of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (This agency, now the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, operated the International Polar Motion Service observatories in the United States.) Between 1891 and 1892 Smith had been conducting measurements of the variation of latitude on a volunteer basis from his home in Rockville, Maryland, and made nearly 1800 individual measurements on 146 nights, until his regular work forced him to discontinue his observations. However, when the International Geodetic Association allocated funds for the purchase of land in Gaithersburg in 1898, Smith was entrusted with the construction of the Gaithersburg Observatory, which began operating on October 18, 1899.\n\nThe original six observatories around the world worked in close concert carrying out a program of star study selected by Dr. Kimura, the astronomer in charge of the Mizusawa station. Twelve groups of stars, each containing six pairs of stars, were selected. Two groups of stars were observed each night at each station in accordance with a schedule of dates, time, and duration prepared by Dr. Kimura. The irregular daily motion of the earth's axis was believed to be extremely small, but the extent could be determined by the precise measurements of the stars. The six stations worked documenting the data to support latitude variations until 1914. Economic constraints forced the closing of the Gaithersburg and Cincinnati stations in 1915. During World War I contact was lost with the Charjui station. When communication with the Russian observers was resumed, the association learned that star movement data had been recorded through 1919. After World War I the Soviets continued to participate in this program with the establishment of a new station in Kitab in Uzbekistan, USSR.\n\nWhile the Cincinnati station remained closed and was eventually dismantled, the Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory resumed operations in 1932. Upon reopening, it functioned continually in cooperation with its sister observatories through out the world until computerization rendered its use obsolete in 1982.\n\nThe scientific work conducted at the Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory illustrates the systematic approach sought by the International Geodetic Association to measure the degree of 'wobble' occurring on the earth' s north-south axis. Although superseded by newer technologies using satellite observations the wealth of data returned from Gaithersburg and the other five observatories is used by scientists today to determine polar motion; the size, shape and physical properties of the earth; to predict climate and earthquakes; and to aid the space program through the precise navigational patterns of orbiting satellites.\n\nThe city of Gaithersburg designated the observatory as a local historic site in December 1983. In July 1985 the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The observatory property was conveyed to the city of Gaithersburg in May 1987 by the federal government, with the proviso that it be preserved as a historic monument and used for the benefit of the public. At the present time the city of Gaithersburg plans to restore the latitude observatory and build a science education center, on the site of the caretaker's house, for the use of the school children of Gaithersburg.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4i.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0423e76-0a2f-44db-8c7e-56896e733237", - "label": "GEOSECS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Geochemical Ocean Sections Study, a global survey of the\n three-dimensional distribution of chemical, isotopic, and\n radiochemical tracers in the ocean. The expeditions were in the\n Atlantic from July 1972 to May 1973; the Pacific from August\n 1973 to June 1974, and the Indian Ocean from December 1977 to\n March 1978.\n\n For more information and the associated data set, link to\n'http://ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.GEOSECS/.dataset_documentation.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2bed717-b107-49e0-bb4e-19a05a8194e7", - "label": "GOALS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GOALS (Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System ) is a project for\n predicting seasonal to internannual climate and observing,\n modeling, and analysis of the data obtained from the project.\n\n Goals of GOALS:\n\n-Understand global climate variability on a seasonal basis\n\n-determine the spatial and temporal extent to which this variability\n is predictable\n\n-develop the observational, theoretical, and computational means to\n predict this variability\n\n-make enhanced climate predictions on a seasonal-tointerannual time scales.\n\n Proposed TIme: 1995-2010\n\n For more information, lin k to\n 'http://www.nap.edu/books/0309051800/html/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f36a46cb-7724-440a-b95f-0409f92838b0", - "label": "IAI-DIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Data and Information\nSystem (IAIDIS) is a distributed database system based on the Internet, with\nthe following main objectives:\n\n1) Disseminate global change research information produced by the IAI, and\nother affiliated institutions\n\n2) Contribute for the standardization and exchange of scientific data between\ndifferent institutions.\n\nThe intention of the IAI is to create a distributed network of Data and\nInformation Systems throughout the Americas, with one Coordinator Node located\nat the IAI Directorate, and other nodes (National Nodes) located in the IAI\nmember countries.\n\nWebsite: 'http://disbr1.iai.int/'\n\n[Summary provided by IAIDIS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f60f7c8f-4c03-48d9-a673-6c839e5f1522", - "label": "GTOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) was established in\nJanuary 1996 by five co-sponsoring organizations. Together with\nsimilar global observing systems for climate (GCOS) and the oceans\n(GOOS), GTOS has been created in response to international calls for a\ndeeper understanding of global change in the Earth System.\nThe central mission of GTOS is to provide data for detecting,\nquantifying, locating and giving early warning of changes in the\ncapacity of terrestrial ecosystems to sustain development and\nimprovements in human welfare. GTOS will help find answers to five key\nquestions:\n\n1. What are the impacts of land use change and degradation on\nsustainable development? Can the land produce enough food for the\nworld's future population (projected at 12,000 million by 2050)?\n\n2. Where, when and by how much will demand for freshwater exceed\nsupply?\n\n3. Where and when will toxic pollutants cause major threats to human\nand environmental health and the capacity of ecosystems to detoxify\nthem?\n\n4. Where and what type of biological resources are being lost, and\nwill these losses irreversibly damage ecosystems or human progress?\n\n5. What are the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems?\nThe core of GTOS will be a permanent observing system for the world's\nkey managed and natural ecosystems. The system is based on a five-tier\ndata sampling strategy involving large-scale studies of the Earth's\nmajor environmental gradients, agricultural and ecological research\ncentres, field stations and a gridded series of some 10,000 sampling\nsites.\n\nVisit the GTOS Home Page at:\n'http://www.fao.org/gtos/'\n\nor contact:\n\nGTOS Secretariat\nc/o Environment and Natural Resources Service\nFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\nViale delle Terme di Caracalla\nRome 00100 - ITALY\nTel: 0039-6-5705-2586 / 3450\nFax: 0039-6-5705-3369\nE-mail: GTOS@fao.org\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f78ce053-45dc-456b-8dd7-b939da727a31", - "label": "ICEFISH", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICEFISH\nProject URL: http://www.icefish.neu.edu/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=93\n\nIn a world experiencing climate global changes, loss of biodiversity and depletion of fisheries, the biotas of the Antarctic and the Sub-Antarctic offer compelling natural laboratories for understanding the evolutionary impact of these processes. Since the IGY (1957-58), biologists have made impressive progress in understanding the Antarctic ichthyofauna. However, research integration into the broader marine context has been limited, largely due to lack of access to Sub-Antarctic fishes. These fishes, in particular those of the dominant suborder Notothenioidei, are critical for a complete understanding of the evolution, population dynamics, eco-physiology and eco-biochemistry of their Antarctic relatives. \n\nThe ICEFISH programme is designed to fill these critical gaps in our knowledge. Cruises, encompassing the South Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian Ocean sectors constitute the ICEFISH programme, the first comprehensive international survey of the Sub-Antarctic marine habitat. The first, ICEFISH-2004 (17 May -17 July 2004) was a resounding success. Extensive fishing was performed in the South Atlantic sector: Burwood Banks, Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, Shag Rock, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Bouvetoya, and Tristan de Cunha, at depths ranging from tidepools to the abyss (for information on the cruise, participants, and detailed science projects, see www.icefish.neu.edu). \n\nAlthough autonomous, ICEFISH-2007 builds on the important legacy of ICEFISH-2004. It will sample the Sub-Antarctic Pacific sector, including Campbell and Scott Islands, Antipodes, Auckland, Macquarie, and Balleny Islands. Fishing will be multi-modal, using Otter, mid-water, Blake and MOCNESS trawls, plankton nets, beach seining, tide pooling, and traps. We will charter a suitable ice-strengthened ship/icebreaker, equipped with aquaria with running seawater to maintain live specimens, and with high-quality research laboratories. Twenty-four to 28 scientists will participate, largely those of the 2004 cruise, ensuring continuity of the scientific focus of the ICEFISH programme. The scientific activity will cover a wide range of topics, many of which will develop work carried out in ICEFISH-2004. We will summarise some of these topics: \n\n- Systematics and evolutionary studies to relate Sub-Antarctic notothenioids to their Antarctic relatives through morphological, molecular and cytological analyses. The diversity of habitats and attendant species likely to be collected in ICEFISH 2007 clearly warrant such a comparative analysis, which will shed light on evolutionary diversity and radiative capacity within this sub-order. \n\n- Life history strategies and population dynamics to characterise the composition, distribution, habitat preferences and diets of the Sub-Antarctic species, and larval recruitment.\n\n- Diversity and biogeography. Documentation of fish biodiversity and possible discovery and description of unknown species, for example in the vicinity of the Balleny Islands and Scott Island (CCAMLR Statistical Subarea 88.1), where the fish fauna is poorly known. As transition zones between the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic notothenioid faunas, these islands are key to recognizing and understanding latitudinal gradients in faunal composition in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean. Liparids of the Southern Hemisphere are important from an evolutionary and zoogeographic perspective; many of these species are known only from one or two specimens. In addition, new species are still being found frequently. ICEFISH-2007 would be an important opportunity to sample previously poorly sampled regions to add to knowledge of the distribution and evolution of the family. Collection at depths below 1000 m is desirable.\n\n- Physiological, biochemical and molecular-biological studies of organ and tissue systems to analyse the evolutionary basis of the adaptations of high-Antarctic nototothenioids relative to their ancestral stock.\n\n- Genomic resources for Sub-Antarctic notothenioids (nucleic-acid libraries for comparative studies of the genomes of high- and low-latitude species). Because of the causal linkage between the thermal histories of marine environment, and the waxing and waning of the antifreeze trait, the extent of the antifreeze genotypic and functional capacity in related notothenioids within and outside of the high-Antarctic is an excellent biological indicator of regional variations or changes in thermal environments in the Southern Ocean. Spleen and testis tissues will be frozen for future preparation of DNA and RNA that will be used to evaluate the antifreeze glycoprotein genotype, Erythrocytes from red-blooded species and white blood cells from icefishes will be embedded in agarose plugs and used to prepare high molecular weight DNA for the construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries. The BAC libraries will permit the global analysis of genome evolution of the notothenioids driven by thermal challenges.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7e48f6e-7162-4374-8025-930e1dcb02db", - "label": "GLOBAL CHANGE - SOCIAL CHALLENG", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "As development in Northern and Arctic communities are influencing both the living conditions and the cultural characteristics of the population in the North, the present pace of globalization is calling for a research focus on both short and long term perspectives in social and socio-economic changes. The question of sustainable development emphasizes the need of understanding changes not only in relation to the present, but in an inter-generational perspective. In addition the need for a gender perspective on the development process has been emphasized.\nCrucial is on one hand the need of interdisciplinarity in the research activities, because there is an intimate connections between the bio-physical, the socio-economic and the cultural worlds. And on the other hand, an understanding of the changes in inter-generational and gender perspectives is very much needed. The focus of the project will be on six major components shaping the future social characteristics of the Northern and Arctic communities.\n1) Change in resource use, technology and employment patterns. The technologification and capitalization of renewable and non-renewable resources has profound implications on both the sectors and the communities. Similarly the technological development and its influence on the access and distribution of information, insight, knowledge and understanding, contributes to the shaping of the future through increased access by Arctic residents to the global flow of information, as well as access for outsiders to a more in-depth understanding of the Arctic perspectives.\n2) Change in values, power relations, perception, preferences and life strategies. The basis is the status of the living conditions, health and welfare situation characterizing the communities in the Arctic. In this process migration has a profound impact on kinship and family, just as on the children´s position in the family and society. Retrospective: Changing patterns of (gendered) social and geographical mobility. In status: Mobility, aspirations and actions: Rationalities and reasoning in relation to patterns of mobility. And Prospective: Youth Aspirations in relation to social and geographical mobility.\n3) Change in community dynamics and gender aspects of the development process, where one component is on the status of education and research activities shaping the future patterns of development, especially the question of the interaction between the two divergent processes of centralization and decentralization as components in the process. Similarly components in the ongoing changes include the regional and structural characteristics of different types of settlements such as the divide between towns and villages and the differences in perceptions of development goals.\n4) Shift in income patterns, property issues, resource rights, as well as access to decision making. A key question will be women’s access to decision making in the resource based sectors in rural areas of the north.\n5) The questions of risk, threads and crises in the development process, and how realities as well as the perceptions are influencing the social interaction in Arctic communities. On one hand the question of establishing and maintaining efficient and competent health system in sparsely populated Arctic regions including the modification and transfer of technology to quite different settings. And on the other hand the question of understanding and managing violence, both in its public and domestic forms.\n6) A cross-cutting issue - is the youth and gender perspectives on the development process, on one hand the question of participation and involvement in the social processes, and on the other hand their specific role in the processes of change, influencing both the direction and characteristics of the development process.\nA crucial topic for the consortium is the further development of the research school activities within the framework of CASS and CAES, so the list of contributors include as well members of the research consortium as well as members of the research school groups.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=210", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8651141-2ead-47b4-9525-6695212a960c", - "label": "GCSS-DIME", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a program initiated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) to observe, understand and model the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes in the atmosphere, at land surface and in the upper oceans. GEWEX is an integrated program of research, observations, and science activities ultimately leading to the prediction of global and regional climate change. The International GEWEX Project Office (IGPO) is the focal point for the planning and implementation of all GEWEX Projects and activities.\n\nThe goal of GEWEX is to reproduce and predict, by means of suitable models, the variations of the global hydrological regime, its impact on atmospheric and surface dynamics, and variations in regional hydrological processes and water resources and their response to changes in the environment, such as the increase in greenhouse gases. GEWEX will provide an order of magnitude improvement in the ability to model global precipitation and evaporation, as well as accurate assessment of the sensitivity of atmospheric radiation and clouds to climate change.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.gewex.org/gewex_overview.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f87c4748-eb6d-4124-b8eb-8a16c622ae09", - "label": "GODAE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GODAE is an initiative to make ocean monitoring and prediction a routine\nactivity akin to weather forecasting. GODAE envisages a global system of\nobservations, communications, modelling and assimilation that will deliver\nregular, comprehensive information on the state of the oceans. This information\nwill have wide utility for the benefit of the community.\n\nUS GODAE Monterey Server: 'http://www.usgodae.org/'\nMERSEA (European GODAE Portal):\n'http://strand1.mersea.eu.org/html/strand1/datalinks.html#insitu'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8e81a5b-8885-40a2-b0a3-2f1aad29fedd", - "label": "ICECUBE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IceCube\nProject URL: http://icecube.wisc.edu/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=459\n\nIceCube is a one-cubic-kilometer international high-energy neutrino observatory being installed in the ice below the South Pole Station. A companion cosmic ray surface air shower array, IceTop, will complement the detection of high energy astrophysical neutrinos and support IceCube by identifying background events. The IceCube detector will consist of approximately 80 strings of 60 digital optical modules deployed at depths between 1400 and 2400 meters. The IceTop detector will have a pair of frozen water tanks at the ice surface above each IceCube string. Each tank will have two digital optical modules to monitor cosmic ray events. The digital optical modules detect the light produced when charged particles pass through the ice, enabling the IceCube detector to track particles produced by neutrinos and IceTop to reconstruct cosmic ray events. Deployment of the first strings and surface IceTop tanks is underway now and will continue until the detector is completed in the 2009-2010 season. \n\nIceCube will open unexplored bands for astronomy, including the PeV (1015 eV) energy region, where the Universe is opaque to high energy gamma rays originating from beyond the edge of our own galaxy, and where cosmic rays do not carry directional information because of their deflection by magnetic fields. The instrument may, for example, answer the question of whether the fascinating multi-TeV photons originating in the Crab supernova remnant and near the supermassive black holes of active galaxies are of hadronic or electromagnetic origin. IceCube will provide a totally novel viewpoint on the multi-messenger astronomy of gamma ray bursts, which have been identified as a possible source of the highest energy particles in nature. \n\nIceCube also occupies a unique place in the multi-prong attack on the particle nature of dark matter, with unmatched sensitivity to cold dark matter particles approaching TeV masses. As a particle physics experiment with the capability to detect neutrinos with energies far beyond those produced at accelerators, IceCube will join the race to discover supersymmetric particles and the topological defects created in grand unified phase transitions in the early universe. The detection of cosmic neutrino beams would open the opportunity to study neutrino oscillations over Megaparsec baselines. \n\nThese exciting capabilities notwithstanding, there should be no doubt the true potential of IceCube is discovery. History has not previously disappointed us: the opening of each new astronomical window has led to unexpected discoveries. Hidden particle accelerators may, for instance, exist from which only the neutrinos escape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9919f35-6619-4ae0-af97-5c080479c3c7", - "label": "GSFML", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9b3cbe0-ad24-497a-96bd-e0df6ce07f59", - "label": "GEO-MEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GIS of Mexican states, municipalities, and islands, 1990, in Arc/Info\nexport format. In this dataset, the boundaries of the Mexican\nstates and municipalites that share borders with the United\nStates are consistent with those from TIGER95. Attributes\ninclude selected demographic and socioeconomic variables from\nINEGI.\n\nPopulation growth is widely recognized as a key driving force behind\nenvironmental change, especially in developing countries. Improving\nunderstanding of the processes involved in population growth and the\nenvironmental and socioeconomic factors associated with it is\ntherefore critical. Unfortunately, one barrier to better understanding\nhas been the lack of detailed subnational data on population\ndistribution and change and the difficulty of linking such data to\nenvironmental and other datasets that do not conform with\nadministrative units.\n\nIn recognition of this problem, the Center for International Earth\nScience Information Network (CIESIN) developed a population data\ncollection for Mexico, drawing on a unique set of georeferenced\npopulation data and on Geographic Information System (GIS)\ntechnology. Mexico is of particular interest because of its rapid\npopulation growth and urbanization, diverse levels of development,\ngrowing environmental problems, and potential vulnerability to global\nenvironmental change.\n\nThe Georeferenced Population Data Sets of Mexico consists of the\nfollowing products: Population Database of Mexico; Urban Place,\nTime-Series Population Spreadsheet of Mexico; Urban Place GIS Coverage\nof Mexico; GIS Coverage of Mexican Localities; GIS Coverage of Mexican\nStates; GIS Coverage of Mexican Municipalities; and Raster Based GIS\nCoverage of Mexican Population.\n\nIncluded in the collection are approximately 100,000 records of\ngeographic and census items for Mexican states, municipalities, and\nlocalities. The geographic records consist of state boundaries, place\nnames, geographic coordinates of more than 30,000 urban and\nmetropolitan places, and elevation data for more than 700 urban\nplaces. The census records contain estimates of 1990 population\ndensity, population by gender, and population by age bracket (below 6\nyears of age, between 6 and 14 years, and older than 15 years). For\n706 selected urban localities, the population is traced back by\ndecades, from 1990 to 1921, based on census documents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa7b282f-c27a-4d22-89a1-35323044cf47", - "label": "GMOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) is a five year project (2010-2015), funded by the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (DG Research); it is aimed to establish a worldwide observation system for the measurement of atmospheric mercury in ambient air and precipitation samples. GMOS will include ground-based monitoring stations, shipboard measurements over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and European Seas, as well as aircraft-based measurements in the UTLS.\n\nhttp://www.gmos.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=3", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fabc8562-b6a8-4eb6-959b-8b256e3031f9", - "label": "ICESAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark\nEarth Observing System (EOS) mission for measuring ice sheet mass\nbalance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and\nvegetation characteristics.\n\nThe ICESat mission will provide multi-year elevation data needed to\ndetermine ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property\ninformation, especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar\nareas. It will also provide topography and vegetation data around the\nglobe, in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland\nand Antarctic ice sheets.\n\nNASA selected Ball Aerospace to provide its Ball Commercial Platform\n2000 (BCP 2000) spacecraft bus for the laser altimetry mission. In\ncooperation with Colorado University/ Laboratory for Atmospheric and\nSpace Physics (LASP), Ball Aerospace will provide the mission\noperations for ICESat. This includes a Mission Operations Center, a\nFlight Operations Team, and a Flight Dynamics System, all based on\nsystems currently supporting other similar missions. ICESat data will\nbe archived and distributed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center\n(NSIDC).\n\nThe Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) is the sole instrument on\nthe ICESat flight.\n\nICESat was successfully launched on January 12, 2003.\n\nFor more information on ICESat, see:\n'http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb0aad7e-44a4-4948-887f-4a01b9b7bf6e", - "label": "GOMA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A project documenting patterns of biodiversity and related processes in the Gulf of Maine, which will be used to establish ecosystem-based management of the area.\n\nThe Gulf of Maine Census of Marine Life is one of seven initial field projects of the Census of Marine Life (CoML). The Gulf of Maine was selected as the ecosystem pilot study for CoML. The goal of this program is to gain enough knowledge to enable ecosystem-based management in a large marine environment. The program will advance knowledge of both biodiversity and ecological processes over a range of habitats and food-chain levels, from plankton to whales.\n\nMissing Links\nThe Gulf of Maine is a dynamic ecosystem. Both natural and human influences have wrought large changes in the abundance and diversity of life in its waters. Such species as mackerel, herring, and lobster have flourished at times, but wild Atlantic salmon are endangered, and traditional livelihoods have been wiped out by the collapse of such bottom-dwelling fish as haddock and cod. We know a lot about some individual species, but we don't know enough about these populations, their habitats, and their interactions with one another and their environment to determine why these changes have taken place or what the future may hold.\n\nScientific Objectives\nThis program will focus on marine life in the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and adjacent Slope Sea, and the New England Seamounts. The team will take advantage of and demonstrate the latest technologies to perform an integrated study aimed at understanding both the biogeography of the gulf and the processes controlling it. A broad suite of instruments and sensors will collect data on the physical and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Maine. Scientists will use both traditional and new collection devices for physical capture of the Gulf's inhabitants. Acoustical and optical devices will be deployed or operated from surface vessels, towed sleds, and remotely operated and autonomous vehicles. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb15914c-a38c-49dd-bb7d-2ee395ad0638", - "label": "ICE MASS BALANCE BY SATELLITE G", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The main objective of the proposed work is the study space and time mass variations of ice mad snow over polar regions, the estimation of the water mass balance using monthly GRACE geoids for the recent period, as well as its connection with global climate change, the global hydrological cycle, and in particular the investigation on the possible causes of the sea level rise from ice melting.\nGRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) is the first geodetic mission dedicated to the measurement of the time-variations of the Earth’s gravity field, it enables the detection of water mass transfers.\nThe on-going GRACE mission (launched in 03/2002 for a nominal lifetime of 5 years; quasi-polar orbit) provides monthly maps of tiny spatio-temporal variations of gravity due to the redistributions of mass inside the surface fluid envelops of the Earth. These satellite measurements represent vertically-integrated gravity effects of water mass reservoirs (oceans, atmosphere, continental waters and ice sheets) and of the solid Earth that need to be unravelled. Monthly solutions of the continental water storage (2002 to present) have been recently extracted from the raw GRACE geoids (at the resolution of 500 km), using an iterative generalized least-squares approach developed in our laboratory (LEGOS; Schmidt et al., 2005; Ramillien et al., 2005). After correction of important geophysical effects like mass changes induced by vertical s to study the ice sheets for the following objectives:\n\n(1) Mass balance of the ice sheets: mapping for the first time the time variations of loss/gain of ice mass observed by GRACE, in response to climate change. This will provide monthly time series and geographical maps of the integrated variations of mass over large remote regions like Antarctica and Greenland.\n\n(2) Contribution to the sea level rise: Estimating the mass balance of these polar regions, which can be further expressed in terms of sea level contribution. Recent results indicate that over the last 50 years and last 12 years, the contribution of thermal expansion of the oceans to sea level rise is 25% and 60% respectively (Cazenave and Nerem, 2004; Lombard et al., 2005a, b). For both time spans, the water mass addition to the oceans is estimated to about 1.4 mm/yr (Miller and Douglas, 2004; Lombard et al., 2005b). Recent direct estimates of mountain glaciers and ice sheets melting only explain 0.9 mm/yr (IPCC, 2005). In addition for the ice sheets (Antarctica and Greenland), these estimates based on airborne laser altimetry and other approaches are still uncertain (e.g., Thomas et al., 2004; Krabill et al., 2005). Measuring the mass balance of the ice sheets on inter-annual time scale using GRACE will represent a major improvement.\n\n(3) Snow pack changes: Another objective of this project is to monitor the snow pack changes in the Arctic regions using GRACE. Changes of the snow pack are currently monitored from space using passive microwave radiometry. However, interpretation of these observations in term of snow mass change is very difficult because of problems related to surface conditions and snow state. Here again, GRACE can provide important constraints on snow mass change at a global scale. Snow mass solutions have been recently computed from the monthly GRACE geoids made available bythe GRACE project (GFZ and CSR) using a robust inverse method of separation of hydrological signals (Ramillien et al., 2004; Ramillien et al., 2005)\n\n(4) Monitoring of the permafrost: GRACE is also able to provide information on melt of the permafrost in the boreal regions (e.g., Siberia) through associate water mass redistribution. Used in combination of water level (and discharge) measurements from satellite altimetry over Arctic rivers, GRACE data will allow us to detect and extract the permafrost signals.\n\nCazenave A and R S Nerem, Present-Day sea level change: observations and causes, Review of Geophysics, 42, RG3001, doi : 10.1029/2003RG000139, 2004.\n\nChurch, J., J.M. Gregory, P. Huybrechts, M. Kuhn, K. Lambeck, M.T. Nhuan, D. Qin, and P.L. Woodworth, Changes in sea level, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson, pp. 881, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001.\n\nChurch J. A., N.J. White, R. Coleman, K. Lambeck and J. Mitrovica, Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950-2000 period, J; climate, 17, 2609-2625, 2004.\n\nKrabill W., E. Hanna, P. Huybrechts, W. Abdalati, J. Cappelen, B. Csatho, E. Frederick, S. Manizade, C. Martin, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, R. Thomas and J. Yungel, Greenland Ice Sheet : increased coastal thinning, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2005.\n\nLambeck, K., and P. Johnston, The viscosity of the mantle: Evidence from the analysis of glacial rebound phenomena, in The Earth's mantle, composition, structure and evolution, edited by I. Jackson, pp. 461-502, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998.\n\nLombard A., Cazenave A., Le Traon P.Y. and Ishii M., Contribution of thermal expansion to present-day sea level rise revisited, in press Global and Planetary Change, 2005a.\n\nLombard A., Cazenave A., Cabanes C. and R.S. Nerem, 20th century sea level rise: new estimates of thermal and water mass contributions, in press, Global and Planetary Change, 2005b.\n\nMiller, L., and B.C. Douglas, Mass and Volume Contributions to 20th Century Global Sea Level Rise, Nature, 428, 406-408, 2004.\n\nRamillien G. and Cazenave A., First results on land hydrology fluctuations (2002-2004) from the GRACE space mission, EPSL, in press, 2005.\n\nRamillien G, A. Cazenave, O. Brunau, Global time variations of hydrological signals from GRACE satellite gravimetry, Geophys. J. Int., 158, 813-826, 2004.\n\nRignot, E., A. Rivera, and G. Casassa, Contribution of the Patagonia Icefields of South America to Sea Level Rise, Science, 302, 434-437, 2003.\n\nSchmidt R., Flechtner F., Reigber Ch., Schwintzer P., Gunter A., Doll P., Ramillien G., Cazenave A., Petrovic S., Jochman H. and Wunsch J., GRACE observations of changes in continental water storage, in press, Global and Planetary Change, 2005.\n\nThomas R., E. Rignot,G. Casassa, P. Kanagaratnam, C. Acuna, T. Akins, H. Brecher, E. Frederick, P. Gogineni, W. Krabill, S. Manizade, H. Ramamoorthy, A. Rivera, R. Russell, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, J. Yungel and J. Zwally, Accelerated Sea Level Rise from West Antarctica, Science, 306,255-258, 2004.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=125", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcce904f-2989-49bb-801f-8829c5f85644", - "label": "GMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) Program consists of a series of satellites operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The first satellite in the series was launched in 1977 and the last in 1994. The satellites have been used for the World Weather Watch Program. The satellites consist of a despun section which houses the earth-oriented antennas and the 100 revolution per minute (rpm) rotating spin section which houses the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR).\n\nSummary provided by http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/gms_source.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcfdf489-f1e7-4a84-a5d9-cb096f8a4a51", - "label": "GSHAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) was launched in\n1992 by the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) with the support\nof the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and endorsed\nas a demonstration program in the framework of the United Nations\nInternational Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN/IDNDR). The\nGSHAP project terminated in 1999.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fda2b847-b3d1-4449-a26a-d948df554607", - "label": "ISLSCP II", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project, Initiative II (ISLSCP II) was part of the Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and was responsible for addressing land-atmosphere interactions, process modeling, data retrieval algorithms, field experiment design and execution, and the development of global data sets. The ISLSCP II data set collection contains about 50 comprehensive data sets over the 10 year period from 1986 through 1995 focused on land cover, hydrometeorology, radiation, and soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ac1326b-77cd-4b5a-a60b-32c5528ff9d0", - "label": "IMPACTS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Winter snowstorms are frequent on the eastern seaboard and cause major disruptions to transportation, commerce, and public safety. Snowfall within these storms is frequently organized in banded structures that are poorly understood by scientists and poorly predicted by current numerical models. Since that last study on snowstorms, the capabilities of remote sensing technologies and numerical weather prediction models have advanced significantly, making now an ideal time to conduct a well-equipped study to identify key processes and improve remote sensing and forecasting of snowfall.\n\nMore Information: https://espo.nasa.gov/impacts/content/IMPACTS", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebd6c0a5-d863-48e1-bf92-102b3e6dafb5", - "label": "GRACE-DA-DM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: https://nasagrace.unl.edu/]\n\nScientists at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center generate groundwater and soil moisture drought indicators each week. They are based on terrestrial water storage observations derived from GRACE-FO satellite data and integrated with other observations, using a sophisticated numerical model of land surface water and energy processes. The drought indicators describe current wet or dry conditions, expressed as a percentile showing the probability of occurrence for that particular location and time of year, with lower values (warm colors) meaning dryer than normal, and higher values (blues) meaning wetter than normal. These are provided as both images and binary data files.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30149ae2-649f-4db9-bcb6-342749543999", - "label": "HRAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18e56193-e740-44c1-b605-4ad9a3f33f16", - "label": "Hypoxia Watch", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Watch maps near real-time bottom dissolved oxygen data to monitor hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Data is collected during the NOAA Fisheries annual Summer Groundfish Survey, which evaluates the population and health of commercially important shrimp, fish, and other marine organisms relative to environmental conditions in the Gulf as part of the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP), a federal, state, and university cooperative. Oxygen data from the survey are used to generate products that provide updates on hypoxic conditions in the Gulf.\n\nMore Information: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/hypoxia-watch", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60573ec9-34ea-4602-b865-5b8a9fd3c8fb", - "label": "ISS_RapidScat", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The InternISS-RapidScat ational Space Station Rapid Scatterometer (ISS-RapidScat) mission was launched on 20 September 2014 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida with the primary goal of measuring ocean surface wind vectors, calibrated to a 10 meter reference height, as a continuation of the QuikSCAT climate data record, and as a demonstration of the ability to cost-effectively re-use existing hardware, originally designed and manufactured for test purposes, as an operational space flight Earth remote sensing mission in support of fundamental scientific research of Earth's weather, oceans, and coupled climate system. After successfully being mounted and properly calibrated on the ISS, the RapidScat instrument began providing its first set of calibrated, science-quality measurements on 3 October 2014. As a bi-product of the low inclination orbit of ISS, RapidScat is in a unique position to provide measurements that are asynchronous with respect to the solar day cycle of the Earths; this translates to RapidScat having the unique capability (in contrast to all other past and present space-borne scatterometers) of observing diurnal and semi-diurnal variability over seasonal time scales. The ISS-RapidScat mission is particularly blessed to have contemporaneous measurements from QuikSCAT (albeit limited due to QuikSCAT's fixed antenna position) as a way to ensure consistently calibrated measurements to ensure accurate observation and continued study of the coupled Earth climate system. The PO.DAAC functions as the primary archive and distribution center for the RapidScat data produced directly by the ISS-RapidScat Science Data Systems (SDS) team at JPL.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1281dfb5-22f5-4389-b75a-1825823f09f2", - "label": "GOES-R PLT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GOES-R PLT field campaign was a collaborative mission to validate the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) instruments aboard the GOES-R, now GOES-16, satellite. GOES-R is part of NOAA’s geostationary satellite fleet, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites - R series, and provides continual observations of primarily North and South America and the Atlantic. The GOES-R PLT campaign lasted roughly 9 weeks from March 21, 2017 to May 17, 2017, with 105.1 mission flight hours. The goal of the campaign was to provide a collection of coincident airborne, satellite, ground based, and near surface measurements of surface weather phenomena to test, validate, and improve the accuracy of GOES-R\nABI and GLM measurements. The campaign was comprised of two phases: the first centered on the U.S. west coast, providing tests primarily for the ABI instrument, and the second focused on the central and eastern U.S. with tests primarily for the GLM instrument. Airborne measurements were taken using NASA’s\nER-2 aircraft, equipped with spectrometer, radar, lidar, radiometer, and other atmospheric observation instruments to assist with ABI and GLM validation. The target phenomena for validation observations included land and ocean surfaces, active wildfires, and thunderstorms. This campaign provided a blueprint for the\noperation of future GOES validation projects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae5bb0a4-8538-4e2e-a514-ce2ef158a7e6", - "label": "ICE POP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Collaborative Experiment for PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympics (ICE-POP) was held in South Korea in February 2018. NASA's GPM Ground Validation program assisted the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) and provided ground-based instruments for forecast and research studies before, during and after the 2018 Winter Olympic Games (February 9-25, 2018). The focus study period took place November 1, 2017 through March 17, 2018, but there are pre-and post-campaign data. Preparations for ICE-POP 2018 began in November 2016 when a Letter of Agreement (LOA) was concluded between NASA and KMA. ICE-POP provided GPM ground validation valuable data for researching frozen and mixed phase precipitation in complex terrain. GPM radars and ground instruments were used for both nowcasting and forecasting support during Olympics operations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7dde357-a040-4df1-957e-6f322d0ccff1", - "label": "GOMMAPPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Mexico Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (GoMMAPPS) is a partnership between BOEM’s Environmental Studies Program, NOAA’s Southeast Fisheries Science Center, USFWS Southeast Region, and USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center. GoMMAPPS overarching goal is to conduct broad-scale surveys to assess species distribution and abundance for marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds from near shore to the U.S. EEZ in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A range of tools are used including conducting aerial surveys over continental shelf waters and ship-board surveys on the shelf and out to EEZ, conducting satellite tracking of tagged animals, performing genetic analyses for composition and connectivity and developing spatially- and temporally-explicit species density models.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59363e18-f160-4e0e-8335-75ace684bfeb", - "label": "GRACE-FO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GRACE-FO is a successor to the original GRACE mission. GRACE-FO will continue the work of tracking Earth's water movement to monitor changes in underground water storage, the amount of water in large lakes and rivers, soil moisture, ice sheets and glaciers, and sea level caused by the addition of water to the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d48e3f37-3474-4567-8090-2372a80809f9", - "label": "GHSL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This collection contains high spatial resolution (30m-250m) data sets of the urban fabric (e.g. urban and settlement extent, impervious and form) across the globe, derived from imagery from the Landsat series of satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2763c022-cc0c-44fc-9708-06b019aa548e", - "label": "HyspIRI Airborne", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) Airborne mission is a multi-year effort to collect seasonal visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR) spectrometer and thermal infrared (TIR) Radiometer data on the world’s ecosystems to provide information on natural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires, and drought in advance of the HyspIRI satellite mission. HyspIRI campaigns make use of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) facility instruments flown on a NASA ER-2 aircraft. The term HyspIRI-Prep is synonymous to HyspIRI Airborne.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8cc8a2b-8f60-46d4-8084-98934375990a", - "label": "HAQAST", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HAQAST is part of a decade-long effort by NASA’s Applied Science Program to re-envision how applied science teams work. The effort began with the Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST), which ran from 2011 – 2016. Recognizing that health was an integral component of applied air quality research, NASA formed the first HAQAST team, which ran from 2016 – 2020. Due to the success of both AQAST and HAQAST, NASA expanded the newest version of HAQAST (2021 – 2025) to fourteen members composed of air quality and public health scientists led by Dr. Tracey Holloway at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Though HAQAST is headquartered at UW-Madison, its members are spread across the U.S., in government offices and public and private universities. [Source: https://haqast.org/nasa-applied-science-team/]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "label": "V - Z", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "015ba8fd-e81f-44ae-973c-f8b5432f1b45", - "label": "WDC/GSD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Data Center for Geoinformatics and Sustainable Development (WDC- Ukraine) was created as a Ukrainian branch of the World Data Center for Solar and Terrestrial Physics of the Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the structure of the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in the 2006 on the base of Agreement about the Collaboration and Scientific Exchange between Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis of the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and is responsible for Geoinformatics and Sustainable Development.\n\nhttp://wdc.org.ua/en/node/216", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "053b8d43-684c-43c4-977d-2b678575fe22", - "label": "Vegetation", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC compiles, archives, and distributes data on vegetation from local to global scales. Specific topic areas include: belowground vegetation characteristics and roots, vegetation biomass, fire and other disturbance, vegetation dynamics, land cover and land use change, vegetation characteristics, and NPP (Net Primary Production) data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f000bed-be7c-4a7f-83f8-408bdea981c5", - "label": "WSM", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Stress Map (WSM) is the global repository for contemporary tectonic stress data from the Earth's crust. It was originally compiled by a research group headed by Mary Lou Zoback as part of the International Lithosphere Programm (ILP). Since 1995 the WSM is a research project of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The WSM research team is integrated into the Tectonic Stress Group of the Geophysical Institute at the Karlsruhe University. The WSM is a task group of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). \n \n\nWho uses the WSM data? \n \nThe World Stress Map is used by various academic and industrial institutions working in a wide range of Earth science disciplines such as geodynamics, hydrocarbon exploitations and engineering. The main operational areas are: \n \nBasin modelling \nTectonic modelling \nReservoir management \nStability of mines, tunnels and boreholes \nFault-slip tendency \nSeismic risk assessment \n \nInformation provided by http://www-wsm.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/introduction/introduction_frame.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "128b87af-7d95-4442-b339-ca1d5f59959b", - "label": "WDC-C2/IONOSPHERE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Data Center (WDC) for Ionosphere was established on 1957, the international Geophysical Year (IGY). We have been exchanging, archiving and distributing observational data of ionosphere since the IGY. In addition, We, NICT continue ionospheric observations as routine at four observatories, Wakkanai(45.4N, 141.7E), Kokubunji(35.7N, 139.5E), Yamagawa(31.2N, 130.6E) and Okinawa(26.3N, 127.8E) every 15 minutes since more than 50 years, and provide these ionogram data automatically. We need to scale the ionograms manually for precise use, but for quick look we prepare automatic scaling. These data contribute to scientific use and the operation of aviation, broadband and telecommunications etc. In addition, as a part of space weather activity of NICT, we are constructing the forecast of ionospheric activity with neural network method. We will show the detailed analysis and results of these activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1840f198-7392-4525-982b-e3ac47f84780", - "label": "WWCA", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Water and Climate Atlas (WWCA)was developed jointly by\n the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) and the\n Utah Climate Center at Utah State University. It aims at\n providing easily accessible climatic information necessary for\n the planning, design, operation, and management of water\n resources and irrigated agricultural systems.\n\n The atlas uses climatic data from over 56,000 stations\n world-wide with coverage from 1961 through 1990 and includes\n monthly and/or annual averages for evapo-transpiration, daily\n temperatures, precipitation, and the probability distributions\n of rainfall frequency and amount. The climatic factors are\n mapped at a 2.5 km resolution using state-of-the-art spatial\n interpolation techniques incorporating elevation modelling. The\n data sets contain best available data from international and\n local sources. The quality of the data varies, and has been\n partly improved by removing stations responsible for outlying\n values not explained by known effects. (Since there are many\n locations with sparse data, short periods of record, and\n spatially highly variable climate, it is still strongly\n recommended that the atlas be used together with local\n information.) Additional parameters included in the atlas are\n the moisture availability index that can be used to identify\n areas of rain-fed agricultura! l potential and to evaluate\n needs for irrigation and drainage, and the net\n evapo-transpiration which is an indication of the required\n depth of irrigation.\n\n\n Use of the atlas:\n\n 1. estimation of synthetic virgin stream-flow;\n 2. evaluation of flow development potential;\n 3. exploration of the impact of climate change on irrigated areas;\n 4. salinisation studies.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.grida.no/cgiar/awpack/atlas.htm' Access and download\nthe atlas software at\n'http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/WAtlas/atlas.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by GRID]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "221b134a-044a-4352-8a3d-c82db6b48088", - "label": "WCMC", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Oceans cover some 71% of the world's surface. They play an essential\nrole in the maintenance of life on the planet and yet are often\nthreatened by human activities. The coastal zones, which include some\nof the most diverse and productive marine ecosystems, such as coral\nreefs, seagrass beds, mangrove forests, tidal mudflats, and kelp\nforests, are particularly important and vulnerable. WCMC's marine\nprogramme aims to compile information on these ecosystems and the\nconservation of the species which they harbour. A number of ongoing\nprojects contribute to the overall programme:\n\nCoral Reefs Since the publication, in 1988 of the 3-volume Coral Reefs\nof the World WCMC has been acclaimed as a centre of expertise in these\nimportant ecosystems. In support of ReefBase, a project run by the\nInternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)\nin Manila, WCMC has been developing digital maps of coral reefs of the\nworld. Draft maps have been prepared for all countries and for 45, the\nreefs have now been mapped at scales of 1:250,000 or better. These\nmaps have been incorporated into the CD of Reefbase, a highly detailed\ndatabase first released in 1996. These maps are also available on\nInternet at the following address\nhttp://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/data/.\nThe use of GIS for storing the data has enabled the calculation of\nglobal and regional estimates of reef area.\n\nMangrove Atlas In association with the International Society for\nMangrove Ecosystems and the International Tropical Timber\nOrganization, WCMC has recently completed work on a World Mangrove\nAtlas, published in 1997.\n\nMangrove Protected Areas In 1993, a survey was undertaken of protected\nareas with mangrove ecosystems. This resulted in the development\nof a database of some 1200 protected mangrove sites.\n\nPoster Map of Coral Reefs and Mangroves of the World Using mapped\ncoral reef and mangrove data, an educational poster has been\npublished, with support from BHP Ltd.\n\nMarine Protected Areas The WCMC Protected Areas Database includes some\n35,000 protected areas.\n\nThreatened and Endemic Marine Species A large number of threatened\nmarine organisms are recorded in the WCMC species database.\nData have also been exchanged with Fishbase, a global database on\nfish distribution maintained by ICLARM, and with the IUCN Coral\nReef Fish Specialist Group. Related publications include Dolphins,\nPorpoises and Whales of the World; the IUCN Red Data Book and The\nIUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book.\n\nSea Turtle Nest Sites Preliminary maps of feeding and nesting sites of\nall species of marine turtles have been produced for the world.\n\nSirenia Similar work is now being undertaken to map the global\ndistribution of Sirenians (manatees and Dugong).\n\nIPIECA and the Biodiversity Map Library Biodiversity Map Library (BML)\nis a user-interface designed to store and access a range of\nenvironmental information in Geographic Information Systems (GIS)\nformat.\n\nSeagrass Beds In collaboration with IUCN Marine Programme, a global\nsurvey of the extent and status of\nseagrass beds is planned.\n\nFor more information on the Long-term Monitoring Program\n'http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/projects/marine.htm' or\n'http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b424588-9bb6-418a-b1c7-06b93be4ba28", - "label": "VENTS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The VENTS Program, established in 1984, conducts research on the\noceanic impacts and consequences of submarine volcanoes and\nhydrothermal venting. The program focuses on understanding the\nchemical and thermal effects of venting along the northeast Pacific\nOcean seafloor spreading centers, which provides the foundation for\nprediction of the global-scale impact of seafloor hydrothermal systems\non the ocean.\n\nVENTS research in recent years has concentrated on,\ndetermining patterns and pathways for the regional transport of\nhydrothermal emissions, as well as source strengths of the emissions,\nand their relationships to the geology and tectonics of spreading\ncenters, and further developing capabilities for monitoring\nhydrothermal activity at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales.\nResearch results continue to augment the case for hydrothermal venting\nat seafloor spreading centers having global significance in terms of\nthe chemical and thermal state of the ocean. Researchers continue to\ndocument quantitatively these effects as they occur in the ocean over\na very wide range of temporal and spatial scales.\nFor additional information on the programs and plans for VENTS see:\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/accomp/fy98/vents.shtml'\n\n\nVENTS program homepage: 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/home.html'\n\nContact information\n\nNOAA/PMEL Vents Program\n2115 SE OSU Drive\nNewport, OR 97365\nPhone: (541)867-0275\nFAX: (541)867-3907\nRevision_Date:2000-01-04", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bee0fb6-7c3f-4d34-90d4-32673b046d6b", - "label": "WARS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Short Title: WARS in Remote Ellsworth Land\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=109\n\nThe aim of the proposed project is to test the model that the West Antarctic Rift System (WARS) is a horse tail structure due to movement of the Marie Byrd Land microplate / Thurston Island block away from Victoria Land to the NE (by 400 km in 100 Ma) (Behrendt and Cooper 1991, Luyendyk et al. 1996). While it is developed as extensional pull apart basin in the Ross Sea embayment it is proposed here that it is expressed as dextral strike slip fault system at its northeastern end in remote Ellsworth land.\n\nRoss Sea embayment as well as Marie Byrd Land and its volcanics were studied in great detail over decades (Behrendt et al. 1991, Behrendt 1999, LeMasurier 1972, 1990, 2002, Rocchi et al. 2002). Only during the 1990s investigations of the subglacial geology were performed in restricted areas within the central WARS of the Subglacial Byrd Basin by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Airborne Gravimetry Initiative, e. g. in the CASERTZ quadrangle as well as in the area of Ice Stream D draining into the Ross Ice Shelf (Behrendt et al. 1994, 1998, Bell et al. 1998, Blankenship et al. 1993). Additional information was gathered by more recent initiatives like the ANUBIS broadband seismic experiment (Winberry and Anandakrishnan 2004). \n\nThe results of multi-disciplinary aerogeophysical surveys - that must be addressed as restricted with respect to the continental dimensions of the rift system - indicate that the southern boundary fault of WARS extends north of Whitmore Mts. towards Ellsworth Mts. (EWM) while a northern boundary fault cannot be identified clearly. The sedimentary basin with extensional horst and graben structures extends well into the Subglacial Byrd Basin and the basin is associated with active seismicity and volcanism, subglacial caldera structures indicate voluminous magmatic systems within upper crustal levels. \n\nIn order to test the model investigations are needed in Ellsworth Land, one of the least accessible and most poorly known areas in Antarctica. It stretches between Amundsen Sea, Ronne Ice Shelf and Bellingshausen Sea and encloses a triangle (see map) between Hudson Mts. at the Walgreen Coast, Sentinel Range in the Ellsworth Mountains and Eltanin Bay with the Rydberg Peninsula at the Bryan Coast. The focus of the research activities is a multi-disciplinary aerogeophysical survey within this triangle, including imaging of subglacial topography as well as the magnetic and gravity field.\n\nGround based geoscience fieldwork studies include: structural geology studies to check for indications of the regional stress field at the northern end of the Ellsworth Mts. (EWM); seismic study with temporary broadband seismic stations; GPS measurements in the Hudson Mountains (e.g. on Webber Nunatak), at Eltanin Bay (altern. Mt. Tuve) as well as at the northern end of the Sentinel Range (e.g. Mt. Weems);\nsampling for fission track dating to describe the exhumation history of individual geodynamic blocks as well as sampling for paleomagnetic studies in order to reconstruct paleopositions mapping and dating of hydroclastic eruptive features within the Bellingshausen Volcanic Provinc from Hudson Mts. in the West over Jones Mts. to Rydberg Peninsula at Bryan Coast in the East in order to deceiver ice sheet dynamics by reconstructing thicknesses of paleo-ice sheets; geo- and mineralchemistry of volcanics and enclosed mantle and crustal xenoliths in order to describe variations in magma genesis including mantle source compositions, mantle melting regimes and differentiation during ascent through the lithosphere; additional fastdrilling might provide sampling of the subglacial geology\n\nThe project of the IDs 107, 895, 276 and the ANTEC activities of Reinhard Dietrich will be initiated within the framework of the German mission to Pine Island Bay in the season 2005/06 (02-04/2006) by setting up a GPS reference point within the Hudson Mountains at Pine Island Bay as well as by initial volcanological and petrological field studies including sampling and dating the volcanic structures and their exposure ages as well as identifying the point of an eruption recorded by satellites in the Hudson Mountain Volcanic Field in 1985, which is the closest to the fastest flowing glacier in Antarctica, the Pine Island Glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e3b5d18-00fc-49f9-ab01-858a47ca76bb", - "label": "WWLLN", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Wide Lightning Location Network is a global lightning network that detects the very low frequency (VLF; 3-30 kHz) emissions from lightning, known as sferics, that propagate long distances through the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. \n\nhttp://www.wwlln.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31bec145-ef8d-4e68-bd8b-e208235c675d", - "label": "VMP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program (VMP) is a cooperative effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Park Service (NPS) to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 250 national park units across the United States. The VMP is a high priority element within the NPS Inventory & Monitoring (I&M) Program. The purpose of the I&M Program is to provide NPS natural resource managers with reliable scientific information for stewardship of NPS lands.\n\nThe VMP uses the U.S. National Vegetation Classification, which is a hierarchical system that organizes natural vegetation. NatureServe and their Natural Heritage Network provide ecological support to the VMP with vegetation sampling, analysis, and classification development.\n\nInformation provided by http://biology.usgs.gov/npsveg/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33cd602e-d5f0-470b-8a04-5862421a1e1f", - "label": "6CI", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Short Title: 6CI\nProject URL: http://www.polarfoundation.org/index.php?rs=home&s=4&uid=416&fuid=388&lg=en\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=191\n\n\nThe aim of the activity is to open up the possibility for researchers from developing countries to research and development activities in the Antarctic, introducing a whole new group of people who have limited exposure to this field, to the culture of international scientific cooperation in Antarctica, and its relevance in the wider scheme of things.\n\nThe Antarctic Treaty claimed the continent for all humanity, and yet, 50 years after the IGY 1957, research on the 6th continent is still open to only a limited number of countries who are fortunate enough to have the resources and the infrastructure to support their research activities.\n\nWith the menace of climate change looming over the future of the planet, the importance of the contribution of research carried out in the Polar Regions in the understanding of climate mechanisms should be made apparent to the wider World. \n\nThe project aims to create a network of interested parties consisting of research institutions, funding agencies, logistics providers, international organisations, and NGOs to support the development of competences in non-traditionally polar countries, and thus creating improved conditions for exploring regional interlinkages. \n\nSCAR scientific fellowships will be provided to facilitate the participation of graduate students/ researchers from developing countries in research activities of the participating institutes. \n\nCertain Antarctic bases will allow selected researchers to spend time on the Antarctic continent. Logistics will be provided to the participating scientists by national operators. Host universities/ institutes will provide training and facilities. The researchers daily needs will be funded by capacity building measures from participating international organisations.\n\nThe activity will benefit from education, communication and outreach support in order to communicate on the experiences, of the first groups of selected researchers, to a large international audience, so that there is maximum benefit gained from the activity in mobilising decision makers and potential young scientists. \n\nThe scientific activities carried out during the International Polar Year will, through a knock on effect, lead to the opening up of new disciplines in developing country universities: glaciology, meteorology, climate modelling etc. which could then be integrated into the international network of scientific research activities, thereby reinforcing the regional development of observation and modelling activities, and completing it for areas where there is little actual data.\n\nThis movement outwards would also empower scientists from the developing World and give them the feeling of being a part of global concerns, of being actively engaged in improving the future for their compatriots as well as for the wider human community.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34d0a6cb-5e53-49b5-b2f2-641cfc7b8c63", - "label": "WIFE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Wake Island Passage Flux Experiment (WIFE) was carried out from 2003 to 2005 to clarify and accurately quantify the temporal means and variations of heat content and volume transport of abyssal water in the North Pacific. WIFE consisted of repeated shipboard hydrographic surveys and mooring array observations along a line across a deep passage just south of Wake Island Passage (Uchida et al. 2007b). This study was designed to obtain time series measurements of heat content by using moored conductivity– temperature–depth (CTD) recorders and of volume transport by geostrophic calculations based on density measurements from the moored CTDs referenced to velocity measurements by moored current meters also deployed during the WIFE. Since changes in temperature and salinity of the abyssal water are small, moored CTD data must be accurately calibrated to shipboard CTD data. More information is available at http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/ocorp/data/wife/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37139069-808e-4b1b-81d0-03339dd4dee5", - "label": "WIDLIFE STRESS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Short Title: Wildlife stress\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=257\n\nArctic wildlife species have evolved unique physiologies and have developed life-history strategies for survival in the harsh polar environment. However, the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Report indicates that the climate is rapidly changing in the Arctic and has the potential to alter wildlife habitat, facilitate the northward migration of wildlife diseases and parasites, and alter contaminant cycling. It is imperative that we understand and predict the cumulative impacts that will arise from the multiple stressors associated with climate change. Unfortunately, we have few analytical tools that can be used to assess changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife. For instance, little is known about the effects on northern wildlife of pathogens or parasites arriving in the arctic from temperate regions; especially under conditions of chronic exposure to low concentrations of immunosuppressive contaminants, nor do we currently have the research tools to study these potential impacts. Our ability to interpret the significance of health indices in arctic wildlife is hampered by a general lack of knowledge concerning the range of normal disease prevalence and pathological conditions. \nWildlife populations are of great value to indigenous communities in the arctic as a source of country food and commercial harvests, as a draw for tourism, and as the cornerstone of cultural heritage and identity. Wildlife health assessment programs in the arctic can only be effective with the cooperation of communities that are in daily contact with wildlife and derive the benefits from utilization of this resource. There is a need to integrate traditional ecological knowledge with scientific research. Capacity building for research in communities in Canada’s north is not only mandated by the Territorial governments, but is necessary for the success of a long-term assessment program. Northern communities must be empowered to make decisions that are necessary to mitigate the socio-economic and cultural impacts of these changes.\nWe propose to develop a research programme that will: \ni) Provide information on the health of arctic wildlife, using both scientific and traditional knowledge approaches. \nii) Develop techniques to assess and predict changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife exposed to multiple stressors.\niii) Build capacity within arctic communities to participate in the assessment of wildlife health and respond to changes in wildlife populations.\niv) Train research personnel to participate in research on multiple stressors in the arctic using community-based approaches.\nThe research partners will bring a variety of research approaches, national and international contacts and matching funds to this IPY project. We will build upon existing collaborative relationships, institutional strengths and agency mandates. This project will take on a coordinating role to manage the collection of animals, distribution of tissues, pooling of data and communications among the various research groups, agency partners and communities. Included in this coordinating activity will be sharing of samples with partners involved in related IPY projects. In order to focus our efforts, we will concentrate our research on a relatively small number of wildlife species, including polar bears ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). These species were selected for their position within the food chain, their importance as a food for indigenous peoples and relative ease of collection by hunters. The projects that will support this research goal are:\nI) Evaluating the health and condition of polar bears: \nThere is a unique opportunity to build upon national and international collaborative linkages to describe the current health and condition of polar bears. The research team will use non-lethal sampling techniques to develop a profile of the health, condition, dietary status and contaminant burdens of polar bears, and identify biomarkers that are suitable for long-term assessment of the health of bears from several arctic and subarctic regions. \nII) Evaluating the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales:\nWe will work in communities in the circumpolar region to evaluate the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales. This work will require the cooperation of hunters in the participating communities to obtain samples from animals and to provide traditional knowledge of any perceived changes in animal condition and health. Information will include morphometric data and gross observations of putative pathological conditions provided by the hunters, analysis of pathological conditions and parasite burdens in the skin, liver, GI tract, kidney and adrenal glands, and data on various biomarkers of stress.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c37acdd-f878-4e6e-b09e-d978ed2af835", - "label": "ZA ANTARCTIQUE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Area Research Workshop on the Antarctic Environment and Subantarctic\n\nThis workshop brings together research area in the medium and long-term changes in the biodiversity and functioning of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic ecosystems under the dual influence of human activities (introduction of species, fisheries ...) and current changes climate, these two factors are often in interaction.\n\nThis Zone Workshop provides a vast territory stretching from Antarctica (Adelie Land) to subtropical waters of the Indian Ocean (the islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam) through two groups of sub-Antarctic islands (Crozet, Kerguelen Islands).\n\n[Summary translated from http://za-antarctique.univ-rennes1.fr/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3df78b6b-7afc-4e5e-af81-2af4081d6248", - "label": "WWAP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) is UN-wide programme that seeks to\ndevelop the tools and skills needed to achieve a better understanding of those\nbasic processes, management practices and policies that will help improve the\nsupply and quality of global freshwater resources.\n\nWWAP goals are to:\n- assess the state of the world's freshwater resources and ecosystems;\n- identify critical issues and problems;\n- develop indicators and measure progress towards achieving sustainable use of\nwater resources;\n- help countries develop their own assessment capacity;\n- document lessons learned and publish a World Water Development Report\n(http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/index.shtml) ) at regular intervals.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/description/index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4153bd5f-e755-47f5-ab3f-62d4bdb0094a", - "label": "WILDLIFE STRESS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Arctic wildlife species have evolved unique physiologies and have developed life-history strategies for survival in the harsh polar environment. However, the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Report indicates that the climate is rapidly changing in the Arctic and has the potential to alter wildlife habitat, facilitate the northward migration of wildlife diseases and parasites, and alter contaminant cycling. It is imperative that we understand and predict the cumulative impacts that will arise from the multiple stressors associated with climate change. Unfortunately, we have few analytical tools that can be used to assess changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife. For instance, little is known about the effects on northern wildlife of pathogens or parasites arriving in the arctic from temperate regions; especially under conditions of chronic exposure to low concentrations of immunosuppressive contaminants, nor do we currently have the research tools to study these potential impacts. Our ability to interpret the significance of health indices in arctic wildlife is hampered by a general lack of knowledge concerning the range of normal disease prevalence and pathological conditions.\nWildlife populations are of great value to indigenous communities in the arctic as a source of country food and commercial harvests, as a draw for tourism, and as the cornerstone of cultural heritage and identity. Wildlife health assessment programs in the arctic can only be effective with the cooperation of communities that are in daily contact with wildlife and derive the benefits from utilization of this resource. There is a need to integrate traditional ecological knowledge with scientific research. Capacity building for research in communities in Canada’s north is not only mandated by the Territorial governments, but is necessary for the success of a long-term assessment program. Northern communities must be empowered to make decisions that are necessary to mitigate the socio-economic and cultural impacts of these changes.\nWe propose to develop a research programme that will:\ni) Provide information on the health of arctic wildlife, using both scientific and traditional knowledge approaches.\nii) Develop techniques to assess and predict changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife exposed to multiple stressors.\niii) Build capacity within arctic communities to participate in the assessment of wildlife health and respond to changes in wildlife populations.\niv) Train research personnel to participate in research on multiple stressors in the arctic using community-based approaches.\nThe research partners will bring a variety of research approaches, national and international contacts and matching funds to this IPY project. We will build upon existing collaborative relationships, institutional strengths and agency mandates. This project will take on a coordinating role to manage the collection of animals, distribution of tissues, pooling of data and communications among the various research groups, agency partners and communities. Included in this coordinating activity will be sharing of samples with partners involved in related IPY projects. In order to focus our efforts, we will concentrate our research on a relatively small number of wildlife species, including polar bears ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). These species were selected for their position within the food chain, their importance as a food for indigenous peoples and relative ease of collection by hunters. The projects that will support this research goal are:\nI) Evaluating the health and condition of polar bears:\nThere is a unique opportunity to build upon national and international collaborative linkages to describe the current health and condition of polar bears. The research team will use non-lethal sampling techniques to develop a profile of the health, condition, dietary status and contaminant burdens of polar bears, and identify biomarkers that are suitable for long-term assessment of the health of bears from several arctic and subarctic regions.\nII) Evaluating the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales:\nWe will work in communities in the circumpolar region to evaluate the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales. This work will require the cooperation of hunters in the participating communities to obtain samples from animals and to provide traditional knowledge of any perceived changes in animal condition and health. Information will include morphometric data and gross observations of putative pathological conditions provided by the hunters, analysis of pathological conditions and parasite burdens in the skin, liver, GI tract, kidney and adrenal glands, and data on various biomarkers of stress.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=257", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "485e86f3-7cd1-43c0-bb02-a929b7d96e43", - "label": "WCRP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) was established in\n1980, under the joint sponsorship of International Council for\nScience (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),\nand has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental\nOceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO since 1993.\n\nThe objectives of the programme are to develop the fundamental\nscientific understanding of the physical climate system and\nclimate processes needed to determine to what extent climate can\nbe predicted and the extent of human influence on climate. The\nprogramme encompasses studies of the global atmosphere, oceans,\nsea and land ice, and the land surface which together constitute\nthe Earth's physical climate system. WCRP studies are\nspecifically directed to provide scientifically founded\nquantitative answers to the questions being raised on climate\nand the range of natural climate variability, as well as to\nestablish the basis for predictions of global and regional\nclimatic variations and of changes in the frequency and severity\nof extreme events.\n\nContact Information:\n\nWCRP Joint Planning Staff\nc/o World Meteorological Organization\n7 bis, Avenue de la Paix\nCase Postale 2300\n1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland\nTel: +41 22 730 81 11\nFax: +41 22 730 80 36\nemail: dwcrp@gateway.wmo.ch\nWebsite: 'http://www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by WCRP]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d6bcfd3-cfea-450a-b292-9fd06a4831dc", - "label": "VETS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "SCD's Visualization and Enabling Technologies Section (VETS) has a primary focus of advancing the knowledge development process. Our activities span the development and delivery of software tools for analysis and visualization, the provisioning of advancing visualization and collaboration environments, web engineering for all of UCAR, R&D endeavors in collaboratories, the development of a new generation of data management and access, Grid R&D, novel visualization capabilities, and a sizable outreach effort.\n\nVETS grew to 22 staff members in FY2003, which includes several student contributors and new positions coming from external funds. We were awarded continued NCAR funding for a Cyberinfrastructure Strategic Initiative, and this covers two additional staff positions. We were successful in our bid to the NSF ITR Program and received an award to join with U.C. Davis in developing new visualization technology. We also received a three-year grant from NASA to develop a Grid environment for biogeochemical modeling and analysis, an effort that will have substantial synergy with our Community Data Portal (CDP) and Earth System Grid (ESG) projects. We complete another year as a strong contributor to the Unidata-led THREDDS effort. VETS contributed as an unfunded partner to the NSF Alliance Expedition, Scientific Workspaces of the Future, which is moving forward the tool agenda in the context of the Access Grid. We submitted a proposal to join NSF's Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) and were competitive, but did not receive an award.\n\nOur NCAR Command Language (NCL) software continues to grow in popularity in atmospheric science research, but it is also being adopted by other agencies, the military, the Earth Simulator Center in Japan, and even in classrooms. We added some important new capabilities this year, in particular the ability to effectively visualize data with curvilinear coordinate systems, which is important for CCSM and other research efforts. This year we launched an aggressive effort to refactor our core software structure in support of developing a new language layer, Python, on top of NCL's formidable capabilities. This is an important first step toward a larger, next-generation framework. We also deployed SGI's Visual Area Networking as a pilot project aimed at evaluating one approach to delivering powerful 3D visualization onto a wide variety of user desktops.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/docs/asr2003/vets.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "505dbd8b-c6e8-4006-b63c-48e84c8fbac1", - "label": "VCR", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54d6ed8d-1210-4332-a9af-d2952ab31f98", - "label": "WOCE-SU.Z.A.N/SUZIL", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "560a586a-8a69-487e-aba2-f9406a97f3f6", - "label": "VOLSOL", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The climate response to variability in volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance, the primary forcings during the preindustrial era, is examined in a stratosphere-resolving general circulation model. The best agreement with historical and proxy data is obtained using both forcings, each of which has a significant effect on global mean temperatures. However, their regional climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere are quite different. While the short-term continental winter warming response to volcanism is well known, it is shown that due to opposing dynamical and radiative effects, the long-term (decadal mean) regional response is not significant compared to unforced variability for either the winter or the annual average. In contrast, the long-term regional response to solar forcing greatly exceeds unforced variability for both time averages, as the dynamical and radiative effects reinforce one another, and produces climate anomalies similar to those seen during the Little Ice Age. Thus, long-term regional changes during the preindustrial appear to have been dominated by solar forcing.\n\nhttp://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3C4094%3AVASFOC%3E2.0.CO%3B2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b4edabe-8eb0-40c8-b72c-9c29354f6ae3", - "label": "WISC-T2000", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Wisconsin Snow and Cloud - Terra 2000 (WISC-T2000) experiment is\nbeing conducted from February 25 to March 13, 2000 to validate science\nproducts from instruments on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra\nsatellite. The recently launched (Dec. 1999) Terra satellite is the\nfirst of two (the second, called Aqua, is scheduled for launch in\nDec. 2000) EOS satellites designed to measure earth surface and\natmospheric characteristics over the global domain. Expected science\nproducts include global cloud cover and cloud type, atmospheric\ntemperature and moisture, surface reflectance, and sea surface\ntemperature among many others. These measurements will lead to further\nunderstanding of the earth's radiation budget and global climate\nchange. WISC-T2000 focuses on two of the five Terra instruments, the\nMODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the\nMultiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR). During the experiment a\nNASA ER-2 aircraft will be based in Madison, WI and will carry\ncarefully calibrated instrumentation designed to simulate MODIS and\nMISR measurements from Terra. The ER-2 will be used to map surface and\natmospheric properties while Terra is overhead. The ER-2\ninstrumentation includes the MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS), the\nScanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS), the Cloud\nLidar System (CLS), the Air Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer\n(AirMISR), and two camera systems. The MAS data will provide 50 m\nresolution images of the earth in solar and thermal bands for mapping\nhigh resolution spatial variation. The S-HIS will be used to measure\nthe vertical atmospheric profile, producing soundings much like\nweather balloons. CLS will be used to map the vertical profile of\nclouds and aerosols beneath the ER-2. AirMISR will make multi-angle\nmeasurements of earth reflectance to assess the angular distribution\nof solar reflection.\n\nThere are several primary objectives of WISC-T2000:\n\n1.To validate cloud detection, cloud height, and cloud particle\ncharacteristics measured by MODIS on Terra, the ER-2 will fly under\nMODIS while single layer ice and water clouds are in the scene. These\nflights will take place over the DOE ARM CART site in Oklahoma where\nmany ground-based instruments will also be making cloud measurements.\n\n2.To validate snow detection by MODIS, the ER-2 will fly over snow\nfields in the Upper Midwest with measurement teams on the ground. MAS\ndata will be used to map the spatial variability of the snow fields\nfor comparison to MODIS.\n\n3.To validate the multi-angle reflectance characteristics of snow\nfields, the AirMISR instrument will measure snow surfaces on frozen\nUpper Midwest lakes at the same viewing angles as those of MISR.\n\n4.To validate clear atmospheric temperature and moisture structure,\nMAS and S-HIS measurements over the DOE ARM CART site will be compared\nto those from MODIS.\n\n5.To validate the radiometric calibration of MODIS, MAS and S-HIS\nradiance measurements will be compared directly to those of\nMODIS. This important fuResults of the above objectives will be used\nto adjust and refine the MODIS and MISR global products leading to a\nmore accurate assessment of the earth's current climate status and\nchanges that occur over the 10 year combined lifetime of the Terra and\nensuing Aqua missions.\n\n\nWISC-T2000, the first in a series of Terra science product validation\nexperiments, is a combined effort of NASA's Dryden Flight Research\nCenter (DFRC), the University of Wisconsin's Space Science and\nEngineering Center (SSEC), NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the\nUniversity of Colorado and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center\n(GSFC). The ER-2 instrumentation has been developed and maintained at\nSSEC, JPL, GSFC, and NASA's Ames Research Center.\n\nWWW: 'http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wisct2000/'\n\n[This summary was extracted from the WISC-T2000 Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5de1b61a-02c1-49ce-a153-a95f4285a211", - "label": "VOCAR", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "An experiment called Variability of Coastal Atmospheric Refractivity (VOCAR) was designed under a larger program called Coastal Variability Analysis, Measurements, and Prediction. VOCAR is a multi-year experimental effort to investigate the variability of atmospheric refractivity with emphasis on the coastal zone. The experiment is being conducted by the Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center RDT&E Division jointly with the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Mugu, CA, the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, DC and Monterey), and the Naval Postgraduate School. In addition, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory, Penn State University Applied Research Laboratory and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory participated in the intensive measurement phase of VOCAR. The objectives of VOCAR are to provide an assessment capability for horizontally varying refractivity conditions in a coastal environment and to develop a remote sensing capability. The propagation measurements being made during VOCAR consist of monitoring signal strength variations of VHF/UHF transmitters in the southern California coastal region. Corresponding meteorological measurements are made during routine, special, and intensive observation periods.\n\nInformation provided by http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA289202", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6205fead-eaba-415a-a76b-a31a124010da", - "label": "VCSE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Virtual Courseware for Science Education is an ongoing project dedicated to developing interactive Web-based activities for the Life and Earth Sciences. These activities are designed to enhance the learning and teaching of scientific principles at the undergraduate college and university level as well as at the high school AP level. There are currently two main labs that can be explored. The first, Biology Labs On-Line, offers a series of interactive, inquiry-based biology simulations and exercises designed for college and AP high school biology\nstudents. The second, Geology Labs On-Line, is a comprehensive project to develop Web-based lab activities that enhance the learning and teaching of introductory Geology and other Earth and Environmental Science courses at the College and High School levels. These 'Virtual' labs are interactive where students learn by 'doing' and not just clicking and viewing. Some of these labs are available for free or can be used on a free trial basis, others require a fee based annual subscription.\n\nView the website at 'http://www.sciencecourseware.com/'\n\n[Summary provided by Education World]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "624647f8-a355-4acd-b4a6-389655609cb4", - "label": "WATOX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Western Atlantic Ocean Experiment (WATOX) was a series of experiments conducted off of the east coast of the United States and in Bermuda from February 1985 to July 1988 to study the transport of pollutants over the Western Atlantic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "632ca259-2d37-4760-bc3f-f38cb571a66a", - "label": "VIVALDI91", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Project: VIVALDI '91\n\nPrincipal Scientists:\n\nR.T. Pollard\nH. Leach\nG. Griffiths\n\nDates of study: April 16-May 18, 1991\n\nVivaldi was conceived as a series of seasonal surveys of the NE\nAtlantic. The Vivaldi ?91 trail combined the high spatial\nresolution of SeaSoar surveys with deep CTD stations spaced\nevery 3 degrees of latitude on the tracks 300 km apart.\n\nThe objectives of Vivaldi are to:\n\n1. Calculate seasonal upper ocean heat and fresh water budgets\n2. Map isopycnic potential vorticity variations from the\nsub-tropical gyre to the subpolar gyre.\n3. Map interannual\nchanges in the properties of water masses formed by deep\nconvection.\n4. Calculate statistics of upper ocean parameters and\nair sea fluxes Investigate the roles of eddies.\n\nVies the entire report online at\n'http://whpo.ucsd.edu/data/repeat/atlantic/ar12/ar12_a/ar12_ado.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fae13e2-162e-40ca-8edb-62b79ed97f19", - "label": "WDS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Data Center for Geophysics (WDC-GMG) combines the responsibilities of the former WDCs for Marine Geology and Geophysics & Solid Earth Geophysics, Boulder into a single new data center that manages global geophysical, sea floor, and natural hazards data. WDC-GMG is operated by and collocated with the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) in Boulder, CO USA.\n\nhttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/wdcamgg/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fb3a4bc-2e9e-4427-ab18-de01c0ac454b", - "label": "WHALES", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Since 1991, NOAA's National Marine Mammal Laboratory Laboratory (NMML)\nin Seattle, Washington and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory\n(PMEL) in Newport, Oregon, have collaborated on a joint study to\nassess the potential of long-range acoustic monitoring of free-ranging\npopulations of large cetaceans. NMML brings many years of experience\nin population stock assessment based on field observations, with\nsupporting data on habitat, near-field acoustics and behavior. PMEL\nbrings expertise in underwater acoustics and access to both the\nU.S. Navy's underwater SOund SUrveillance System ( SOSUS) and\nautonomous moored hydrophone recorders designed for long-term,\ndeep-ocean deployment. This joint study has been largely funded\nthrough the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program\n(SERDP), with additional support from the Office of Naval Research\n(ONR), NOAA's Environmental Services Data and Information Management\n(ESDIM) Program, NMML, and the NOAA VENTS program at PMEL.\n\nThis powerful combination of SOSUS and autonomous moored hydrophone\ndata has enabled PMEL researchers to record the low-frequency calls of\nblue and fin whales throughout the Pacific Ocean, and to identify\nregional differences in blue and fin whale vocalizations. Locating\ncalling whales also enables PMEL to identify apparent seasonal shifts\nin whale distributions. Correlating these data with NMML current field\nobservations and their extensive historical database of species\ndistributions may help answer critical population and stock management\nquestions.\n\nFor more information please visit the Whale Acoustic Project\nhome page at: http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/whales/project.html\n\nContact Information:\n\nAcoustics:\nDr. Chris Fox\nNOAA/PMEL\n2115 S.E. OSU Drive\nNewport, Oregon 97365\nVOICE: (541) 867-0276\nFAX: (541) 867-3907\nEmail: fox@pmel.noaa.gov\n\nMarine Mammals:\nDr. Marilyn Dahlheim\nNOAA/NMML\n7600 Sand Point Way, N.E.\nSeattle, WA 98115\n(206)-526-4047\n(206)-526-6615\nEmail: Marilyn.Dahlheim@noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7061e71a-b752-4aca-bba2-51aef9f4c763", - "label": "WQRSBMP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "A numerical model is developed for mariculture management, which consists of: (1) calculation of spatial distribution of PON (particulate organic nitrogen) using simulated current, (2) calculation of spatial distribution of DO (dissolved oxygen), (3) calculation of DON (dissolved organic nitrogen), (4) calculation of spatial distribution of DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen), and (5) calculation of the horizontal distribution of accumulated matter which is supplied by deposits from the mariculture of fish. This model is capable of calculating the detailed spatial distribution of PON, DON, DIN and DO by dividing the bay into many grid points. It also takes into consideration the effects of feed and fish in each raft, and the loading of DIN from rivers. The model is applied to Shizugawa Bay, in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The model elucidated the oxygen cycle among ecological compartments. The amount of dissolved oxygen supplied by photosynthesis is much greater than the consumption through respiration by fish and all other conditions for mariculture of fish are favourable in this bay.\n\nhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119965323/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72a6b7ad-e4e7-460b-8bb7-c0dc0c3dc5e8", - "label": "WHUR", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing) is an international program involving scientists from Germany, Italy, New Zealand, UK and USA designed to investigate Antarctica’s role in global environmental change from the recovery of rock and sediment cores from beneath the floating sea ice and ice shelves surrounding Antarctica. The planned program will use improved drilling technology that enables excellent recovery of deep (>1000m) rock and sediment cores from the Antarctic margin. ANDRILL’s approach is to obtain specific reference records of key stratigraphic intervals proximal to the dynamic Antarctic cryosphere. While the ANDRILL program has already been many years in development, scientists and technical and logistical specialists from Germany, Italy, New Zealand and USA plan two major field campaigns for IPY 2007-2008: (1) Coring beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf, where the target is a 1200 m-thick body of sediments deposited in a crustal depression that resulted from the loading of Ross Island volcanoes. The cores should yield a high-resolution record of the past few million years of ice shelf response to past interglacial warm extremes, including its role in modulation of the global oceanic conveyor, and potential vulnerability from present global warming; (2) Coring in southern McMurdo Sound where the target is middle to upper Miocene strata. The cores should allow the testing of interpretations derived from global proxy records implying a change from a warm climatic optimum ~17 Ma to the onset of major cooling ~14 Ma and the formation of a quasi-permanent ice sheet on Antarctica. During IPY 2007-2008, ANDRILL will also continue geophysical and site surveys, and planning for future drilling in McMurdo Sound and around the Antarctic continental margin. Results of these activities will provide key insights into: (A) The development and behaviour of the Antarctic cryospheric system (ice sheet, ice shelf, and sea-ice) and the magnitude and frequency of its change on centennial to millennial time scales; (B) The evolution of and timing of major tectonic episodes in Antarctic and the stratigraphic development of sedimentary basins, and; (C) The influence of Antarctic ice sheets on Cenozoic climate, the modulation of themohaline ocean circulation, and eustatic sea level change. The planned program will bring together a team of international scientists, educators and students who will work in Antarctica during the initial characterisation of cores and then in a series of workshops and meetings designed to integrate specialised investigations carried out at home laboratories following return of the cores from Antarctica.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=186", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73246ac7-5eb7-4dc4-8279-b2575a8a8d72", - "label": "VARS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Video Annotation and Reference System (VARS) is a software interface and database system that provides tools for describing, cataloging, retrieving, and viewing the visual, descriptive, and quantitative data associated with video. Developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) for annotating deep-sea video data, VARS is currently being used to describe over 4500 dives by our remotely operated vehicles (ROV). VARS has allowed MBARI scientists to produce numerous quantitative and qualitative scientific publications based on video data.\n\nhttp://vars.sourceforge.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "771626b4-06bf-4f40-a7ba-3e221d12d73b", - "label": "WACVM", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Spatial vulnerability assessments are useful tools for understanding patterns of vulnerability and risk to climate change at multiple scales. The demand for vulnerability maps among development agencies and governments is increasing as greater emphasis is placed on scientifically sound methods for targeting adaptation assistance. Such mapping is useful because climate variability and extremes, the sensitivity of populations and systems to climatic stresses, and adaptive/coping capacities are all spatially differentiated. The interplay of these factors produces different patterns of vulnerability.\n\nThe data sets in this collection were used in a study to assess the vulnerability of West Africa's coastline to climate stresses. The study sought to illuminate the economic, social, and natural systems in West Africa that will be exposed to future sea-level rise, storm surge, and riparian floods. The study covered the Guinea Current countries, extending from Guinea-Bissau in the northwest to Cameroon in the southeast. The 200 kilometer coastal zone covered in the study is larger than what might normally be construed as “coastal” in recognition of the fact that the economic impacts of climate change will not be confined to the coastline itself, but will extend further inland. This is especially the case if one considers not only direct impacts but also secondary impacts on livelihoods and economies tied to coastal cities. Almost half of the region’s population—24 million people—live within 200 kilometers of the coast.\n\nThe study integrated remote sensing derived data -- Altimeter Corrected Elevations 2 (ACE2) data set (which adjusts NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data in forested coastal areas using altimeter data), night-time lights defined urban extents, and Landsat-derived deforestation data -- with a variety of population, poverty, and other socioeconomic data. The study also created two composite indices (one representing social vulnerability and another representing economic systems), projected the population of the region to 2050, and examined the natural systems that will be exposed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77898fb0-e728-4409-bb15-3d2b10e17b60", - "label": "VOSCLIM", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "VOSClim is an ongoing project within JCOMM's Voluntary Observing Ships' Scheme. It aims to provide a high-quality subset of marine meteorological data, with extensive associated metadata, to be available in both real-time and delayed mode to support global climate studies.\n\nVOSClim is a follow-up to the earlier VOS Special Observing Project North Atlantic (VSOP-NA) which was conducted on behalf of the World Climate Research Project (WCRP) from 1988 to 1990.\n\nData from the project will be invaluable for climate change studies and research. In particular it will be used to:\n\n -input directly into air-sea flux computations, as part of coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models;\n -provide ground truth for calibrating satellite observations;\n -provide a high quality reference data set for possible re-calibration of observations from the entire VOS fleet.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/vosclim/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e4c8e37-aad3-4ccd-8d09-358c5823d10c", - "label": "VCL", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The principal goal of the Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL) mission is the\ncharacterization of the three-dimensional structure of the Earth. The\ntwo main science objectives are: 1)Land cover characterization for\nterrestrial ecosystem modeling, monitoring and prediction, and climate\nmodeling and prediction. and 2)Global reference data set of\ntopographic spot heights and transects.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launch scheduled for Spring 2020 as of\n Launch Site: Kodiak Island, AK\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 400\n Inclination: 67 degrees\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 430 kg\n Power: 388 watts\n Design Life: 1 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n Multi-Beam Laser Altimeter (MBLA)\n\n For more information on VCL, see\n 'http://www.geog.umd.edu/vcl/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85ef86dd-f9e4-4168-9886-7aacf466d345", - "label": "VRDP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Virtual Reference Desk (VRD) is a project dedicated to the advancement of digital reference and the successful creation and operation of human-mediated, Internet-based information services. VRD is sponsored by the United States Department of Education. \n\nDigital reference, or Ask, services are Internet-based question-and-answer services that connect users with experts and subject expertise. Digital reference services use the Internet to connect people with people who can answer questions and support the development of skills. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.vrd.org/index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85f6829b-9841-4adf-a841-1c64da90f0d2", - "label": "VCAW", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "In all colonial pinnipeds studied, mother-young vocal recognition exists and allows rapid and reliable meetings in spite of the confusing environment of the breeding colony. The efficiency of this recognition process guarantees pup survival, especially in species where females alternate foraging sea trips and lactation periods on land. The Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) is a highly gregarious pinniped with females attending their calves for an extended period of time (2-3 years). Although we expect mother-calf vocal recognition to occur in this species due to the high density of individuals packed in herds, it has never been experimentally demonstrated. Here, we assessed the individual stereotypy of both mother and calf barks recorded in the wild by measuring frequency and temporal acoustic parameters. Both discriminant function and artificial neural network analyses resulted in high correct classification rates, underlying a well-defined individual stereotypy in parameters related to frequency modulation and frequency values. Playback experiments showed that mothers were more responsive to the barks of their own calf than to those of unrelated young. Finally, propagation experiments revealed that barks propagate at greater distances over water surface than over ice, acoustic features such as frequency modulation and frequency spectrum being highly resistant to degradation during propagation. Thus, acoustic analysis and propagation experiments suggest that these frequency parameters might be the key acoustic features involved in the individual identification process. This experimental study clearly demonstrates that Atlantic walrus has developed a highly reliable mother-calf vocal communication allowing such strong social bond.\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960216", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "887a0006-8ae8-46f1-aa87-9ea937a13752", - "label": "WWP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The WorldWatcher Project is dedicated to the improvement of\nEarth and environmental science education through the use of\ndata visualization and analysis tools to support inquiry-based\npedagogy. Through an integrated program of research and\ndevelopment, the WorldWatcher Project is advancing our\nunderstanding of learning in the Earth and environmental\nsciences, design of curriculum and educational software, and\nteacher professional development. Equally important, the\nWorldWatcher Project is creating useful and useable products for\nstudents and teachers at levels ranging from middle school\nthrough college.\n\nThe WorldWatcher Project is directed by Daniel C. Edelson,\nAssociate Professor. Contact him at\nd-edelson@northwestern.edu for more information.\n\nGeneral questions can be directed to\ninfo-worldwatcher@letus.nwu.edu.\n\nHomepage of The WorldWatcher Project:\n'http://www.worldwatcher.northwestern.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f379127-b19e-44fd-8c4a-ccba2a394b15", - "label": "WAGN", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The West Antarctic GPS Network (WAGN) is a joint project involving The University of Texas at Austin Institute for Geophysics (UTIG), the Pacific GPS Facility (PGF) at the University of Hawaii School of Ocean Science and Technology, and the Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) at the University of Memphis. Researchers from these institutions are using the Global Positioning System (GPS), a precise satellite-based navigation system, to measure crustal motions of the bedrock underlying and surrounding the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS).\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ig.utexas.edu/wagn/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94ad0ebc-0300-4897-8870-fb6b800083c8", - "label": "WELD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Web-enabled Landsat Data (WELD) project is collaboration between the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center and academic partner South Dakota State University Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE). It is funded by NASA's Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs), with significant USGS cost sharing.\n\nhttp://landsat.usgs.gov/WELD.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98c9b670-8a43-45e8-8987-4f8853d0d41e", - "label": "WHP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "One of the keystones of WOCE was the World Hydrographic Program (WHP), which used a single ship per year over a period of 12 years to survey 48 long hydrographic sections, with some repeats. Only six stations each day could be occupied, giving a very low rate of data acquisition compared to what the meteorologists were getting from their upper air network.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.webbresearch.com/the_slocum_mission.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98ff2ee3-a7fa-4b78-a281-b828547005d3", - "label": "WAVEMOD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Methodology for coastal site investigation. TOPEX/POSEIDON shallow\nwater altimeter study for Portuguese waters.\n\nThe objective of the WAVEMOD project is to develop a probabilistic\nmethodology for coastal site investigations. The methodology allows\nintegration of complex or irregular phenomena through a combination of\nphysical insight and statistical analysis of actual observations. A\nprobabilistic approach to derive the design conditions for coastal\nengineering problems, developments of stocastic models of waves and\ncurrent parameters and integration of existing data with new\nmeasurements and mathematical models are the main topics of the\nproject.\n\nWave directional meeasurements were carried out off the coast of\nPortugal and Creta during 1993 to 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a615674-731c-4a17-9847-f3364068d6f7", - "label": "VEMAP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Vegetation-Ecosystem Modeling & Analysis (VEMAP) Project was a multi-institutional, international effort whose goal is to evaluate the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem and vegetation processes to altered climate forcing and elevated atmospheric CO2. Phase 1 of the VEMAP project developed a model database of climate, soils, and vegetation. Phase 2 developed a historical (1895-1994) gridded data set of climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed) and transient climate change scenarios based on coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM experiments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0d64b73-fb48-4d27-b1a5-601fe18af09e", - "label": "WISP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Winter Icing and Storms Project is a multi-investigator\nprogram to study the meteorological conditions that produce\nhazardous aircraft icing conditions in winter storms. To a large\nextent, this entails forecasting and detecting regions of\nsupercooled liquid water in the storms. ETL's participation in\nthe Denver area field experiments from 1990 to 1994 included the\nuse of microwave radiometers to monitor the vertically-integrated\nliquid water content of winter clouds and the NOAA/K and NOAA/C\nradars to observe the clouds' fine-scale internal structure and\nmotions. A dual-wavelength technique for mapping the liquid water\nregions of clouds was tested and radar polarization signatures of\nwater drops, and various ice crystal types were developed using\ntheoretical modeling and observations.\n\nContact:\n\nDr. Roger Reinking\nroger.reinking@noaa.gov\n\n[Information provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a67b3f59-5afc-4296-9c42-15cf2cfdcaa3", - "label": "WOCE-CIVA", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The oceans are a key element in the climate system because they transport heat and fresh water and exchange these with the atmosphere. The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was a part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) which used resources from nearly 30 countries to make unprecedented in-situ and satellite observations of the global ocean between 1990 and 1998 and to observe poorly-understood but important physical processes. The Scientific Steering Group (SSG) of WOCE oversaw the scientific development and the International Project Office (IPO) the implementation of the Experiment. See the Design and Implementation of WOCE and the WOCE Data System for further details.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://woce.nodc.noaa.gov/wdiu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5349985-14e5-4f7a-a409-3742d6d607cf", - "label": "WETNET", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The goal of the Texas Wetland Information Network (WetNet) project is to allow easier access to online wetland-related information. Funded by a grant from the Wetland Office of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 6, WetNet will enhance the wetland protection capabilities of state and federal regulatory agencies operating in Texas, and will provide accurate and up-to-date information to local governments, universities, and the general public.\n\n\nhttp://www.glo.state.tx.us/wetnet/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c24f313a-3683-4b61-9d27-37eb5caa42e5", - "label": "WARMPAST", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The overall goal of this initiative is to advance our knowledge of climate warming in the Arctic, by studying past climate change. We will focus mainly on the ocean circulation and climate of the NW Eurasian continental margin. The present climate in the Arctic shows signs of rapid change with decreasing sea ice cover and increasing temperature of the Atlantic Water. The implications of this warming are highly uncertain, as modelling experiments projecting temperatures for the next 100 years show a largescatter at high northern latitudes.\nThe project will include the following modules (M): M1 Rapid changes in the Atlantic Water inflow into the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, M2 Ice sheet/glacier response to warming, M3 Improving ocean temperature and sea-ice proxies; M4 Climate modelling.\n\nM1: Periods in the past during which the climate was instable and reached warmer conditions than today: a) Marine isotope stages (MIS) 12/11; b) MIS 6/5; c) Younger Dryas/Holocene climate optimum, and d) last millennium. Sea Surface Temperature ( SST) will be quantified using a multidisciplinary approach, combining faunal/floral based transfer functions and geochemical tracers. For the Holocene and the last millennium climate will be investigated in marine sediments, lake sediments and ice cores from Svalbard and marine sediments from the SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland margin. Further, archaeological sites in Norway and Svalbard will be investigated to explore the relationship between climate and human settlement and activities.\nM2: Implications of climate warming for growth and decay of ice sheets and tide water glaciers, and its effect on ice stream dynamics in the Barents Sea and the Svalbard and SE Greenland margin.\nM3: Reconstructions of SST below 5 OC based both on transfer functions and geochemical tracers are subject to large uncertainties. This is partly due to incomplete modern training sets at high latitudes. We aim to improve modern analogue data on planktonic and benthic foraminifera, diatoms, dinocysts, foraminiferal Ca/Mg-ratios and oxygen and carbon isotopes. From the same proxies we will also develop transfer functions for sea ice.\nM4: An important motivation for attempting to simulate the climatic conditions of the past is that such experiments provide opportunities for evaluating how models respond to large changes in forcing.\nCombined with high resolution acoustic data, cores will be sampled from high resolution sediment fans off northern and western Spitsbergen, the Spitsbergen fjords (in particular Kongsfjorden) and the Barents/Kara/Laptev Sea margin. Multi-core/box core surface samples >70ON in the NE Atlantic will be sampled. The SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland component will rely on existing seafloor samples. The project will include exchange programs and training courses for PhD students and young researchers.\nThis expression of intent focus on research questions addressed by IGP-PAGES and CLIVAR.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=36", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c82cfc69-b26f-4d78-97e3-7b977358c555", - "label": "WAIS WORKSHOP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The WAIS (Workshop Support for West Antarctic Ice Sheet) project has successfully focused a broad cross-section of the Antarctic research community on two urgent global issues: future sea level and rapid climate change. WAIS is multidisciplinary and the support will help to foster continued cross-disciplinary interaction. WAIS workshops began in 1990; first to formulate the objectives of WAIS and, beginning in 1992, to exchange\nand present scientific findings in a forum where cross-disciplinary scientific discourse was promoted and progress toward WAIS goals could be annually assessed. These workshops have been the backbone of this cooperative scientific effort. The WAIS community has voiced its support for continuing these workshops on an annual basis. Funds are provided to support future WAIS workshops in three ways: first, to assist in the notification, organization and execution of annual workshops for the next three years; second, to further\nenhance these workshops by offering travel stipends to attract new participants deemed by the WAIS Working Group to be key persons in further enhancing the WAIS program; and third, to maintain a web site for workshop organization and to serve as a clearinghouse for information relevant to the WAIS research\ncommunity.\n\nFor additional information see: http://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/index.html\n\nFor the WAIS Workshop Archive: 1996 - Present see:\nhttp://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/pastmeetings/\n\nProject Lead:\nName: ROBERT BINDSCHADLER\nPhone: 301-614-5707\nFax: 301-614-5644\nEmail: Robert.A.Bindschadler@nasa.gov\nAddress: Code 971\nNASA Goddard Space Flight Center\nCity: Greenbelt\nProvince or State: MD\nPostal Code: 20771\nCountry: USA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8c3124c-4aa4-49ef-9155-aaa7baf0697f", - "label": "VDI", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Deception Volcanology Observatory was created in 1993 for the Instituto Antartico Argentino (Argentine Antarctic Institute) and for the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas de Espa (Spanish High Council of Scientific Investigations). Its creation was in response to the reactivation of volcanoes on Deception Island in 1991-1992, and the purpose of the project was to monitor the volcanic activity present in the island. The project consisted of work to establish volcanic vigilance across the seismic registration present in the island, control of geothermal anomalies by soil and water, and analysis of composition variation in fumarole gasses and water sites on the island.\n\nThe purpose in this project will be the global evaluation of the information obtained and finally building a model that permits accurate predictions about the changes in the activity of this volcanic system (i.e. its pre-eruption, or eruption). This model could ultimately be used in the prediction of active volcanoes which have similar characteristics to Deception. The project will also complete the geologic study of the island, mainly with respect to its geologic structures and primary and secondary pyroclastic deposits. The intent is to create new models of pyroclastic deposition by observing the processes in action. With the knowledge of stratigraphy and structural geology, the project will provide new data for the geological evolution of the island.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cca852b4-5980-4da4-a33d-e8934707f89c", - "label": "WWSE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Winter Weddell Sea Project represents an ambitious mul- tidisciplinary program of research in the Weddell Sea spanning a period of both sea-ice growth and retreat. Two cruises of approximately 80 days each were carried out on RIv Polarstern (ANT V12, 27 June to 17 September; ANT V13, 28 September to 14 December. Leg V/2 was designed to investigate the interactions among atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean by making detailed measurements along the track shown in figure 1. Leg V/3 con- centrated on the biology within the coastal regime, with smaller programs engaged in physical and chemical oceanography, sea- ice physics, and meteorology. Current-meter moorings deployed around Maud Rise during an earlier German program were recovered during leg V/3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d265a95f-aba4-45be-ac11-55c19661e46d", - "label": "WEPOLEX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "In the late austral winter of 1981, carbonate data were obtained\n from the Weddell Sea as part of the U.S.U.S.S.R. Weddell Polynya\n Expedition (WEPOLEX-81). Both surface samples and\n vertical-station samples were taken. The data include ship\n position (latitude and longitude), date, station number, sample\n depth, salinity, water temperature, pH, normalized surface total\n alkalinity, and calcium. These data represent the first\n comprehensive carbonate data obtained in the Weddell Sea during\n late winter. Because of the importance of the Weddell Sea as a\n source of deep water for the world's oceans, these data have\n improved the understanding of the oceanic circulation of excess\n CO2 in the carbon cycle.\n\n Link to additional information at\n 'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_028/ndp028.html'\n\n [Summary taken from online document 'Carbonate Chemistry of the\nWeddell Sea' by Chen-Tung A. Chen]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7e124a5-0a91-4ec0-9744-c99fafbd01dd", - "label": "WALE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Western Arctic Linkage Experiment (WALE) Project was designed to assess the ability of models to simulate water/energy and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, and freshwater delivery to the ocean for the Alaskan region in the 1980s and 1990s. The primary goal of the study was to better understand uncertainties of simulated regional hydrologic and ecosystem dynamics in the context of 1) uncertainties in the data available to drive the models and 2) different approaches to simulating regional hydrology and ecosystem dynamics. In the WALE special theme of Earth Interactions we report the results of the WALE Project. \n\nInformation provided by http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-collection&coll_id=4", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d96c23c2-63ab-4884-8ebc-54015cea9952", - "label": "WAMEX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The West African Monsoon Experiment (WAMEX) involves studying\nand observing the regions around the West African monsoon\nregion. This involves studying monsoon dynamics, local weather\nsystems, the continental water cycle, surface conditions,\napplications, atmosphericn chemistry, and weather systems.\n\nObservation Sources:\n1. surface and marine meteorology\n2. aerology\n3. satellite\n4. aircraft\n5. oceanography\n6. drift buoys\n\nTime Period of experiment: 5/01/79-8/31/79\nRegion: Gulf of Guinea\n\n{Information taken from 'http://www.meteo.ru/fund/pgepe4.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcf27649-1d33-46a1-9dac-eee4f5280ec5", - "label": "vERSO", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df971bb0-6b80-420b-a53e-ceab409038e1", - "label": "WISSARD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1b5c011-9511-4b1c-b845-a0324377b07f", - "label": "WINCE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Winter Cloud Experiment (WINCE) took place from January 23\nto February 13, 1997. During WINCE, an instrumented NASA ER-2\nhigh altitude research aircraft will be flown to learn more\nabout detecting clouds from space in winter conditions. WINCE\nwill provide important data with which scientists can improve\ncloud detection for future satellite instruments such as the\nMODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This NASA\nresearch instrument, scheduled for launch in mid-1998 as part of\nMission to Planet Earth, will assess earth climate trends of\nwhich clouds are such an important component.\n\nWINCE is jointly hosted by the University of Wisconsin's Space\nScience Engineering Center and the 115 Fighter Wing, Wisconsin\nAir National Guard, at Truax Field which will provide necessary\nfaciliites for supporting the NASA ER-2 research aircraft\noperations. Madison-based Persoft is providing communications\nequipment to facilitate remote data transfer to and from SSEC\ncomputers, about 5 miles away from Truax Field. Persoft\nspecializes in PC-to-host software and wireless network\nconnectivity solutions.\n\nUW scientists Steve Ackerman, William Smith and Paul Menzel will\nhead the scientific analysis of the data set, along with NASA\nscientists Dorothy Hall, Jim Spinhirne and Jim Wang of the\nGoddard Space Flight Center near Washington, DC. Their research\nfindings will be applied to cloud detection algorithms for the\nMODIS and other future satellite instruments. 'The high altitude\nnature of the ER-2 (20 km or 65000 feet) is a key element of\nWINCE. It allows our instruments to make cloud measurements much\nas they would from a satellite platform. That makes it possible\nfor us to improve our cloud detection capability before the\nsatellite is ever launched,' says Ackerman.\n\nDuring WINCE, multispectral radiometric measurements of clouds\nand the earth will be made by the MODIS Airborne Simulator\n(MAS), the High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) and the\nMicrowave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) remote sensing instruments\non the ER-2. The measurements combine observations of the\nmicrowave, infrared, and visible energy from clouds, atmosphere\nand earth into a single measurement that can be used to analyze\nthe physical mechanisms important for weather prediction and\nclimate change. Signatures of clouds over snow-covered ground\nare revealed using reflectance and temperature data derived\nfrom these measurements. 'In a visible image, both clouds and\nsnow-covered terrain are highly reflective, so they're hard to\ntell apart,' Paul Menzel explained. 'In the infrared, cold\nclouds and cold terrain emit roughly the same thermal\nenergy. Only with multispectral imaging can we hope to separate\nclouds from snow and ice-covered terrain.' Cloud height\nmeasurements f! rom the Cloud Lidar System (CLS) onboard the\nER-2 can verify the position and thickness of clouds in the\nradiometric data. That data, when combined with the radiometric\nmeasurements, allows UW scientists to examine the underlying\nsignature of the cloud itself.\n\nScience Objectives:\n\n1. Cloud detection/properties over snow/ice background\n2. Snow detection\n3. MAS/HIS absolute calibration comparison\n4. SSEC ground-based instrumentation overflight\n5. ADEOS underflights\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wince/wince.html'\n\n[Summary provided by WINCE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2bc8814-8adf-4bf6-b2c0-57683096685d", - "label": "WAISDIVIDE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The U.S research community is conducting a deep ice coring project in West Antarctica for studies of climate, ice sheet history and cryobiology. This project is collecting a deep ice core from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) ice flow divide and integrating approximately 40 separate but synergistic projects to analyze the ice and interpret the records.\n\nThe most significant characteristic of the WAIS Divide project is the development of climate records with an absolute, annual-layer-counted chronology for the most recent ~40,000 years. Lower temporal resolution records will extend to ~100,000 years before present. These records will enable comparison of environmental conditions between the northern and southern hemispheres, and the study of greenhouse gas concentrations in the paleo-atmosphere, with a greater level of detail than previously possible.\n\nThe WAIS Divide ice core will provide the first Southern Hemisphere climate and greenhouse gas records of comparable time resolution and duration to the Greenland ice cores enabling detailed comparison of environmental conditions between the northern and southern hemispheres, and the study of greenhouse gas concentrations in the paleo-atmosphere, with a greater level of detail than previously possible. The WAIS Divide ice core will also be used to test models of WAIS history and stability, and to investigate the biological signals contained in deep Antarctic ice cores. Unlike the Greenland ice cores, an excellent atmospheric CO2 record is expected to be obtained from the WAIS Divide ice core since Antarctic ice has an order of magnitude less dust than Greenland ice. Many other gases (both greenhouse and non-greenhouse) and their isotopes will be measured at unprecedented precision and resolution.\n\n[Project description available at: http://www.waisdivide.unh.edu/ ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e517d333-8f71-4062-a86b-13193425d397", - "label": "WW2010", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Weather World 2010 (WW2010) is a project of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The mission of WW2010 is to present a large collection of real time and archived weather products through a World Wide Web based framework. Case studies plus an extensive data base of multimedia instructional resources and classroom activities are also available.\nLink to: 'http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/home.rxml'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e529c3c6-4a0e-4776-afb8-14357052d921", - "label": "WDC-Soils", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e679d8f1-995b-4ffc-82a0-bc3f8a573ae2", - "label": "WAISCORES", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The WAISCORES project is part of the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs; West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) initiative, which is aimed at understanding the influence of the West Antarctic ice sheet on climate and sea level change.\n\nThis Web site offers access to permanently archived WAISCORES data and metadata, and related information about the project and the core sites.\n\nWAISCORES researchers have proposed analysis of two ice cores -- one from Siple Dome, in the Siple Coast region, and one from upslope of Byrd Station in West Antarctica. Access to two cores, one from near the coast and one from an inland site, should allow researchers to distinguish local from regional influences on the climate records recovered from the cores. Drilling for the Siple Dome core began in November 1996 and finished in January 1999. The core site is located between ice streams C and D at approximately 81° S and 148° W. Preliminary studies indicate that the paleoclimate record preserved in the 1003-meter Siple Dome ice core extends back more than 90 thousand years.\n\nInformation provided by http://nsidc.org/data/waiscores/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e98627c4-0bc4-4a98-8159-f611860fb78c", - "label": "WERATLAS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The aim of the JOULE project JOU2-CT93-0390, WERATLAS, is the\nassessment of the wave energy resource available along the European\ncoasts. To avoid the strong spatial variability associated to coastal\ntopography and geometry, the information which is to be provided as a\nPC Atlas will cover offshore deep water conditions. Coastal conditions\nat a site of interest could be estimated from the WERATLAS data using\na suitable coastal wave model.\n\n Ideally, long term statistics should be based on measured\ndata. Two type of measurements are presently available:\n\n1) long time series at fixed positions, mostly obtained with buoys,\n\n2) extensive measurements in space, but desultory in time, obtained with\nsatellite altimeters. While their overall amount is rapidly growing with time,\nthose are still far from the quantity and spatial coverage required for a\ngeneralised statistics.\n\n The alternative source is the output of sophisticated wave models, that\nprovide a detailed description of the wave conditions over the whole basin of\ninterest. The limit to the accuracy of their results is mostly determined by\nthe accuracy of the input wind. While the present meteorological models are\ncapable of remarkable accuracy in the description of the surface wind fields,\nparticularly in the open oceans, their quality deteriorates when we move back\nin time - key are 1987 and 1991, when, following the evolution of computer\npower, substantial model improvements took place.\n\n The two main European sources of information about wind and waves are the\nEuropean Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF, Reading, UK) and\nthe UK Meteorological products from the two centres revealed that ECMWF data\nwas the more accurate data set. We have therefore based our analysis on this\nsource.\n\n ECMWF runs daily two wave models, one globally and one for the\nMediterranean Sea, since July 1992. To extend the analysis period, the wave\nmodel (the third generation WAM model) was run for the Atlantic ocean since\n1987 using the locally archived wind fields. This has not been possible for the\nMediterranean Sea, because of the low quality of the wind fields in this area\nbefore the latest improvement.\n\n The wave model data are being validated, and possibly calibrated, using\navailable buoy and satellite data. Note that the calibration is possible only\nunder certain conditions (spatial uniformity being the stringent one) and after\na careful screening of the data with respect to the height, period and\ndirection.\n\n Where the wave model results are less reliable, we use only the\navailable measured data. This is the case for the Norwegian Sea (near the\nnorthern limit of the model) and the North Sea (due to the coarse resolution\nused in the Atlantic wave model).\n\n We summarise below the main characteristics and the locations of the\navailable data.\n\n ATLANTIC OCEAN\n 1. Wave modelling\n grid resolution 3 deg x 3 deg\n period: 1987-1995\n information: Hs, TTheta, TP, Theta\n\n 2. Measurement\n Buoys\n Norwegian Sea (data provided by OCEANOR)\n Moere\n Haltenbanken\n Traenabanken\n Vesteraalbanken\n Nordkappbanken\n Utsira\n Tromsoflaket\n North Sea (data provided by RIKZ, Netherlands)\n AUK\n K13\n\n North Atlantic (for verification/calibration)\n West Shetland (UK)\n South Uist (UK)\n Figueira da Foz (PT)\n\n\n Extensive satellite altimeter data (Geosat, ERS-1 and Topex-Poseidon).\n\n\n MEDITERRANEAN SEA\n 1. Wave modelling\n grid resolution 3 deg x 3 deg\n period: 1992-1995\n information: Hs, TTheta, TP, Theta\n\n 2. Measurement\n Buoys\n\n Of the several available stations, depending on their\n location and extension in time, we have used\n\n Alghero (Italy)\n Palma (Spain)\n Satellite data have been used in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eab3419f-a0c2-4d55-9500-87ee00600291", - "label": "WOCE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was a component of the\nWorld Climate Research Program (WCRP) and remains the most ambitious\noceanographic experiment undertaken to-date.\n\nIn addition to global observations furnished by satellites,\nconventional in-situ physical and chemical observations were made by\nnearly 30 nations in 4 of the worlds oceans. At the same time global\nnumerical ocean models were developed to assimilate these\nmeasurements. This activity continues (2003).\n\nThe field phase of the project lasted from 1990-1998 and was followed\nby Analysis, Interpretation, Modelling and Synthesis activities. This,\nthe AIMS phase of WOCE, officially continued to the end of 2002 with\nthe tasks to be undertaken described in the WOCE AIMS Strategy\ndocument.\n\nThe success of WOCE AIMS will have considerable impact on follow on\nprogrammes;- CLIVAR, a global study of ocean climate variability and\npredictability, GODAE, the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment,\nARGO a global array of temperature/salinity profiling floats.\n\nData can be accessed through the World Wide Web from the WOCE Data\nInformation Unit:\n'http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/OTHERS/woceipo/ipo.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0b86e8e-0de6-4b2b-8433-c32e425727ad", - "label": "WVSS-I", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Water Vapor Sensing System (WVSS) was used for obtaining\nweather observations which was a revolution in that it used a\nconvenient platform for a variety of environmental parameters.\n\nHistory:\n\nThe FAA interest in the WVSS program is to support the Aviation\nWeather Research Program. Researchers will use the data to\nimprove algorithms for the detection, analysis and prediction of\nmesoscale weather phenomena and activity which affects the\naviation industry: ceiling and visibility, precipitation type\nand amount, thunderstorms, microbursts, and icing. Two other\nareas where water vapor has a secondary role are in convective\nturbulence (where water vapor gradients affect atmospheric\nstability) and in flight-level winds where the synoptic scale\nwind patterns are often significantly disrupted by mesoscale\noutflow (where water vapor plays a role in mesoscale development\nand decay).\n\nProgram:\n\nResults of the first phase of evaluation of the WVSS-I, which\nuses a thin-film capacitor to measure relative humidity, are\navailable from this web site under the document entitled 'Water\nVapor Profiles from Commercial Aircraft'. THese results include\nevaluation of measurements from the six UPS B-757 aircraft that\nhad the Allied Signal avionics and the WVSS-I software. Results\nfrom six months of data (July 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999) from\nthese WVSS-I equipped aircraft reveal that the commercial\naircraft profiles are competitive with radiosondes on\nascent/descent and superior to radiosondes in the upper\ntroposphere.\n\nComparisons of opportunity with radiosondes (when equipped\naircraft made ascent/descents near a radiosonde site) also\nrevealed the capability of depicting the moist absolutely\nunstable layers (MAULs) describe by Bryan and Fritsch (2000).\nSee the document above for the detailed reference. A number of\nexamples of MAULs including those seen in radiosondes are shown\nin this document. Statistics on the occurrence of MAULs (in the\ncommercial aircraft data and in radiosondes) are also provided.\n\nData from the second phase of the WVSS-I evaluation (after the\nnew Teledyne avionics equipment had replaced the Allied Signal\navionics is available to users as describe below. One of the\nlimitations of the WVSS-I technology ( the Vaisala thin-film\ncapacitor technology which was an improved version over that\nsame sensor used in Vaisala radiosondes) is the 'aging' of the\nsensor over time. This aging eventually results in a dry-bias\nover time -- requiring that the sensor be replaced and then\nrecalibrated.\n\nNote that such aging takes place while the unit sits on a shelf\n(although presumably at a slower pace than when it is in\noperation on the aircraft). THere is considerable variability in\nthis aging process -- this being one of the major reasons for\nabandoning this sensor for the WVSS-II sensor described below.\n\nAs the WVSS-I Program is experimental (not operational) with a\nlimited budget, these sensors were not immediately replaced when\nthey should have been -- instead, part of the evaluation process\nwas to see how long the sensors would last. Thus, Table 1 below\nshows those time periods when the 30 UPS aircraft were\ninstalled, working, and did not exhibit the obvious dry-bias.\nThis table will be maintained on a monthly basis through\ncalendar year 2002. The green-filled boxes are the months with\ngood data.\n\nFor more information, visit the homepage of the Water Vapor\nSensing System Program at 'http://www.ofps.ucar.edu/wvss/'\n\n[Summary provided by JOSS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1d00bf7-7c6c-419a-b609-b7c8ee1fb3cf", - "label": "VORTEX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes\nEXperiment (VORTEX) will be held in the central and southern\nPlains during the spring seasons of 1994 and 1995. Broadly\nstated, this experiment is designed to address current research\nquestions relating to tornadogenesis and tornado dynamics. It\nwill be hosted by the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and\nwill involve the collaboration of the University of Oklahoma and\nthe Center for the Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS),\nTexas A&M University, the University of Illinois, Texas Tech\nUniversity, New Mexico Tech, the University of West Virginia,\nthe University of Alabama at Huntsville, the University of\nCalifornia at Los Angeles (UCLA), the National Center for\nAtmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Science Foundation\n(NSF), NOAA/NWS (National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration/National Weather Service), and Atmosphere\nEnvironment Service (AES; Canada).\n\nThe primary benefit of VORTEX will be the new knowledge\ngenerated through careful analysis of the data sets obtained\nduring the field experiments. This new knowledge should lead to\nsome very practical benefits.\n\nThis experiment is being executed with a set of specific\nscientific hypotheses in mind, as documented elsewhere ( '\nScientific Objectives' ), but the general sense of the\nexperiment is to increase understanding of tornadogenesis,\nthereby enhancing the ability to anticipate tornado\ndevelopment. Many of the scientific objectives are closely tied\nto the mission statement of SELS (soon to become SPC). With the\ndeployment of Doppler radars around the nation, it is becoming\nincreasingly obvious that (1) even this exciting new tool has\nsome limits in its tornado detection capability, as do all\nweather radars, and (2) not all mesocyclonic circulations\ndetectable by a Doppler radar will become tornadic. Since not\nall detectable mesocyclones go on to produce tornadoes, it is\nquite crucial to tornado warning operations at the WFO level\n(in the reorganized NWS) that we have some means to distinguish\ntornadic from non-tornadic circulations (as seen on a\nWSR-88D). Otherwise, excessive fal! se alarms could damage NWS\ncredibility. Tornadoes produced from non-mesocyclonic storms,\nabout which we hope to learn in VORTEX, are another challenge\nwith direct application to operations.\n\nIn the warning process, it is not only important to know if a\ntornado is about to form, but also to be able to predict when\nthe tornado will dissipate. VORTEX is designed to acquire new\ninformation that may allow users of WSR-88D data to interpret\nradar signatures to diagnose tornado dissipation, and to predict\nthe formation of additional tornadoes in cyclic storms.\n\nIn the process, an important issue becomes the interaction\nbetween the potentially tornadic storm and its\nenvironment. Modelling work (numerical and mathematical) and\nsome limited observational studies have suggested some ways to\ndistinguish tornado-prone environments from those that are not,\nbut these concepts have yet to be given an adequate test. Given\nthat the detection of a potentially tornadic storm is more\nlikely when the forecasters have anticipated such a possibility\nthan when they have not, the VORTEX operating plan also includes\nsome experimental forecasting techniques that may become\nprototypes for how operational tornado forecasting will be done\nin the future. Preventing false alarms is just as important as\nnot missing important events. Many of the hypotheses being\ninvestigated in VORTEX are designed to resolve these important\nissues and explore new methods for dealing with the tornado\nproblem.\n\nEspecially exciting will be the incorporation of some\nexperimental numerical modelling on the mesoscale and the storm\nscale, with the participation of CAPS (Center for the Analysis\nand Prediction of Storms, affiliated with the University of\nOklahoma). Operational implementation of such numerical models\nis in its infancy, but it appears quite likely that mesoscale\nand storm scale models will eventually have some role in\noperations. By participating in VORTEX, a number of NWS\nforecasters from the NOC and the SPC will have a chance to\nexperiment with using such forecasting input. This gives those\nindividuals an opportunity to have input on how such models\nwill be implemented in the future, based on their\nexperiences. A continuing problem with introduction of new\ntechnology is that forecasters often have so little experience\nwith the new systems that they have no chance to influence the\nacquisition and evolution of the new technological tools until\nvery late in the game. By bein! g involved with VORTEX, the\nparticipating forecasters (and their associated agencies) have\na real chance to affect the implementation of new forecasting\ntechniques and technology.\n\nSimilar benefits accrue for the participating forecasters (and,\ntheir associated agencies within the NWS) as a result of\ninteracting with the principal scientific investigators. This is\nespecially important for the OUN NOC by virtue of their combined\nresearch-operations mission. By their involvement, contact by\nthe NWS with the leading scientists in the area gives the NWS an\nopportunity to (a) learn about what the research community is\ndoing in this topic area, and (b) offer their insights about\nwhat problems the NWS is encountering. This experiment is an\nideal venue for encouraging research-operations interaction that\ncan only benefit all of the agencies involved.\n\nFinally, the new knowledge we hope to gain through VORTEX\ntornado dynamics studies should enable structural engineers to\nestablish improved design standards to mitigate tornado damage.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://mrd3.nssl.ucar.edu/~vortex/OpsPlan/WWW_TOC.good.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d727e0e-59be-4970-bfd3-6bfa1033cbe6", - "label": "VIRGAS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The objective of the Volcano-plume Investigation Readiness and Gas-phase and Aerosol Sulfur (VIRGAS) field experiment is to understand how natural and human-caused emissions of sulfur species, for example from volcanoes and from fossil-fuel power sources, ultimately influence climate, air quality, and visibility.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3aeb3f8b-f189-418f-b50a-e596f6978809", - "label": "WDTS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Western Diversity Time Series (formerly HyspIRI) campaign observes California’s ecosystems and provides critical information on natural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires, and drought. WDTS aims to provide a benchmark on the state of ecosystems against which future changes can be assessed. WDTS, as its instruments identify vegetation type and health. The WDTS airborne campaign is a multi-year effort to collect seasonal visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR) spectrometer and thermal infrared (TIR) radiometer using both the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) remote sensing Instruments on a NASA ER-2 high-altitude platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c4878cb-18f5-464c-b4bb-858273a48d6a", - "label": "WATER", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Water Resources collection provides spatial data on water resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "953f0c59-0d9a-469b-af67-01fb8cd0d5bc", - "label": "WLDAS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "'WLDAS is a custom instance of LIS and leverages previous LDAS development efforts including the Global Land Data Assimilation System, the North American Land Data Assimilation System, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System, the U.S. Air Force 557th Weather Wing LDAS, and the National Climate Assessment Land Data Assimilation System.' 'WLDAS was recently developed to provide hydrological information for the western United States, where such information is highly valued due to the limited availability of both water and water data.'", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f677943c-1ac7-4637-8a85-9a4cb7ba9c5f", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3a5acc8e-67d2-4466-93d0-3807757f5172", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "f677943c-1ac7-4637-8a85-9a4cb7ba9c5f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f8ba1e6c-675d-40e0-97c2-ca2b69081e97", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "3a5acc8e-67d2-4466-93d0-3807757f5172", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-rucontenttype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-rucontenttype.json deleted file mode 100644 index b47ae1e..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-rucontenttype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,739 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "label": "Related URL Content Types", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "65373de8-3fb3-4882-a8ca-cfe23a4ff58e", - "label": "DataContactURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e5803df8-c802-4f3f-96f5-53e534835887", - "label": "HOME PAGE", - "broader": "65373de8-3fb3-4882-a8ca-cfe23a4ff58e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "731f4e5c-d200-4c56-9daa-e6fad17415ef", - "label": "VisualizationURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "label": "Color Map", - "broader": "731f4e5c-d200-4c56-9daa-e6fad17415ef", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "197d7881-a01b-4892-822f-94ca72aea2f4", - "label": "Giovanni", - "broader": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "503206c2-c5ae-4d65-8c18-be8d06370c0c", - "label": "Harmony GDAL", - "broader": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87117fb4-888c-41b9-a795-d13d436d828b", - "label": "GITC", - "broader": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "label": "GET RELATED VISUALIZATION", - "broader": "731f4e5c-d200-4c56-9daa-e6fad17415ef", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set visualization.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "389ab1cf-fbf4-49ee-bf22-e40643fa00f6", - "label": "SOTO", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "State of the Ocean is a web-based tool that generates informative maps, animations, and plots that communicate and promote the discovery and analysis of the State of the Oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "690210ef-4cf8-4645-b68d-921466bba6a2", - "label": "GIOVANNI", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "Giovanni is a Web-based application developed by the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) that provides a simple and intuitive way to visualize, analyze, and access vast amounts of Earth science remote sensing data without having to download the data. Giovanni is an acronym for the Geospatial Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6f9524a-e4bc-460a-bdf3-a5e8f0e921a9", - "label": "MAP", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eeff646c-6faf-468e-a0ab-ff78fc6f86f9", - "label": "WORLDVIEW", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "The URL for viewing a Worldview visualization. The Worldview tool from NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) provides the capability to interactively browse over 600 global, full-resolution satellite imagery layers and then download the underlying data. Many of the imagery layers are updated within three hours of observation, essentially showing the entire Earth as it looks 'right now'. This supports time-critical application areas such as wildfire management, air quality measurements, and flood monitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efbd1edc-388f-4985-8033-6782ee87d463", - "label": "GIS", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "GIS data visualization displays the spatial patterns or relationship between or among locations. Popular open source software included here are ArcGIS, Tableau, InstantAtlas, QGIS, SAGA GIS, GeoDa, and MapWindow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "894edd57-afb3-4bb3-878f-fc245d8b6e82", - "label": "PublicationURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "label": "VIEW RELATED INFORMATION", - "broader": "894edd57-afb3-4bb3-878f-fc245d8b6e82", - "definition": "The URL for accessing related data set documentation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b597285-eaac-4cbd-94cc-d87ae8046681", - "label": "PRODUCTION HISTORY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set production version history. Product version history refers to a history of each version type of a data product and the differences between each version including how the data was produced and any changes in science parameters and quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eba3253-8eb7-4e43-9627-9cff48775e27", - "label": "DATA QUALITY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data quality information for a data set.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1132a0fc-888b-4332-ad0a-dc5c6e615afa", - "label": "PRODUCT USAGE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set product usage information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13a4deec-bd22-4864-9804-77fac181f484", - "label": "PUBLICATIONS", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing related data set publications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15b0a4c4-b39d-48f5-92d2-905e45e6dc6a", - "label": "SCIENCE DATA PRODUCT VALIDATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing science data product validation information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2af2cfc4-9390-43da-8fa8-1f272e8ee0b0", - "label": "IMPORTANT NOTICE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing important notice web pages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3112d474-b44f-4af1-8266-c3dd6d28220f", - "label": "CASE STUDY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set case study information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "367f8b8a-e57e-4c49-b971-0b5c6a484186", - "label": "PI DOCUMENTATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing project investigator documentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40cf5001-15ec-4d9a-913c-bb323f2974fc", - "label": "DATA CITATION POLICY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing information related to a data set citation policy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415cfe86-4d71-4100-8f35-6404caec1c91", - "label": "DATA PRODUCT SPECIFICATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f3c0b04-1fe6-4e11-994a-9cc4afd09ce0", - "label": "MICRO ARTICLE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing micro articles. Micro articles are concise and focused selections of information that allow users to quickly assess topics and locate the most useful or relevant associated data, information and tools.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "547600e9-b60a-44eb-b14b-5c6e1f2c094e", - "label": "DATA RECIPE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set recipes - instructions on how to access or use Earth science data sets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cfa5214-7f69-4355-b259-286be88f25d1", - "label": "PROCESSING HISTORY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set processing history.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ebd73e5-b0aa-4cf2-ace5-1d3890c2c3ce", - "label": "HOW-TO", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing how-to web pages. How-To web pages describe how to accomplish specific tasks related to data discovery, access and/or usage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86b8b121-d710-4c5b-84b0-7b40717f6c76", - "label": "REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing requirements and design information for a data set or service/software/tool.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "914cbb7e-5b20-4bcd-86e3-ffcfa26f0a73", - "label": "ANOMALIES", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set anomaly information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa3cea98-b20a-4de8-8f22-7a8b30784625", - "label": "READ-ME", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set READ-ME file. A README file contains information about other files in a directory or archive of computer software. A form of documentation, it is usually a simple plain text file called READ.ME, README.TXT,[1] README.md (for a text file using markdown markup), README.1ST – or simply README.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab2fce71-e5f9-4ba6-bfb1-bc428a8b7dd8", - "label": "USER FEEDBACK PAGE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing user feedback information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aebf20eb-39c7-4f4f-aecf-a628f703867b", - "label": "GENERAL DOCUMENTATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing general documentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b292f51f-d2b4-4e65-84a9-e50306238989", - "label": "PRODUCT HISTORY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set product version history.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7ed88ce-3f04-40ea-863e-ac58bd048ff3", - "label": "PRODUCT QUALITY ASSESSMENT", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set product quality assessment. The assessment comprises of administrative and procedural activities implemented in a quality system so that requirements and goals for a product, service or activity will be fulfilled. It is the systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, monitoring of processes and an associated feedback loop that confers error prevention.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be0460d8-ca8e-45c8-b637-8fb4ce5a5e97", - "label": "DELIVERABLES CHECKLIST", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a deliverables checklist for a data set or service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1996d91-e824-4b24-b94e-3aae4543b63b", - "label": "USER'S GUIDE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a user's guide. A user guide is a technical communication document intended to give assistance to people regarding a data set and/or service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8e6e972-832f-4501-a721-4108f33332d6", - "label": "SCIENCE DATA PRODUCT SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing science data product software documentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc3c1abb-92c1-49c2-90d4-161c70cff44a", - "label": "INSTRUMENT/SENSOR CALIBRATION DOCUMENTATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing instrument and sensor calibration data documentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcc9411c-a1c9-415d-a16c-75c42f2cec45", - "label": "ALGORITHM DOCUMENTATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set algorithm documentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd01f7ec-fdf6-4440-b974-75f12fb4ec5f", - "label": "ALGORITHM THEORETICAL BASIS DOCUMENT (ATBD)", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBD). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBD) are intended to describe the physical and mathematical description of the algorithms to be used in the generation of data products. The ATBD include a description of variance and uncertainty estimates and considerations of calibration and validation, exception control, and diagnostics. In some cases, internal and external data product flows are required.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2df0d8e-d236-4fd2-a4f6-12951b3bb17a", - "label": "DataCenterURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "05c685ab-8ce0-4b8a-8eba-b15fc6bbddfa", - "label": "HOME PAGE", - "broader": "b2df0d8e-d236-4fd2-a4f6-12951b3bb17a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7bbd6c7-8b0a-46ed-a428-a2f0453ed69e", - "label": "CollectionURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3c9d4493-22fd-48a8-9af5-bf0d16b7ede5", - "label": "EXTENDED METADATA", - "broader": "c7bbd6c7-8b0a-46ed-a428-a2f0453ed69e", - "definition": "The URL for accessing supplementary metadata.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4cc17021-b9cc-4b3f-a4f1-f05f7c1aeb2d", - "label": "DMR++ MISSING DATA", - "broader": "3c9d4493-22fd-48a8-9af5-bf0d16b7ede5", - "definition": "The DMR++ MISSING DATA is a sidecar data file that is used to store data that are missing from the actual data file. These are typically domain coordinate data like latitude and longitude values that can be computed based on the dataset metadata values but that are not explicitly present in the source data file. Commonly used conventions like Climate Forecast (CF-x.x) require these values to be explicitly provided.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f02b0c6a-7fd9-473d-a1cb-a6482e8daa61", - "label": "DMR++", - "broader": "3c9d4493-22fd-48a8-9af5-bf0d16b7ede5", - "definition": "The DMR++ is a metadata file that extends a data file’s current metadata with the raw locations of all the data values. This is accomplished by examining the data file during the production of the dmr++.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e72d128-7d28-4bd0-bac0-8c5ffd8b31f1", - "label": "PROJECT HOME PAGE", - "broader": "c7bbd6c7-8b0a-46ed-a428-a2f0453ed69e", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set related project home pages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8826912b-c89e-4810-b446-39b98b5d937c", - "label": "DATA SET LANDING PAGE", - "broader": "c7bbd6c7-8b0a-46ed-a428-a2f0453ed69e", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set landing page. A data set landing page generally has information about the data set including the identifier information, data set version, abstract, provenance information, and a link to download the data set. There may be other relevant information about the data set on the landing page.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f00cf885-8fc5-42ca-a70e-1689530f00cf", - "label": "PROFESSIONAL HOME PAGE", - "broader": "c7bbd6c7-8b0a-46ed-a428-a2f0453ed69e", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a professional web page of a PI at a data center or university.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "label": "DistributionURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "172cd72d-30d3-4795-8660-dc38820faba0", - "label": "GET DATA VIA DIRECT ACCESS", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2892b502-2c66-42d5-af3d-bcddb57d9195", - "label": "GET CAPABILITIES", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09c6e3ea-f8e0-4052-8b41-c3b1269799ed", - "label": "OpenSearch", - "broader": "2892b502-2c66-42d5-af3d-bcddb57d9195", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca5440d6-a9e4-416b-8e35-c4769f664b95", - "label": "GIBS", - "broader": "2892b502-2c66-42d5-af3d-bcddb57d9195", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "label": "GET DATA", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b50c12d-a6ae-4d63-b42b-d99bf7aa2da0", - "label": "LAADS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA LAADS system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26431afd-cb37-4772-9e97-3a36f6dff32d", - "label": "MODAPS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e869d22-88fe-43dc-852d-9f50c911ad02", - "label": "GIOVANNI", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA GIOVANNI tool.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2fc3797c-71b5-4d01-8ae1-d5634ec625ce", - "label": "DATACAST URL", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the EOSDIS DAAC data cast feed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3779ec72-c1e0-4a0f-aff8-8e2a2a7af486", - "label": "EOSDIS DATA POOL", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the EOSDIS data pool.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38219044-ad26-4a32-98c0-dca8ad3cd29a", - "label": "Subscribe", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c2a68a6-d8c2-4f14-8208-e57a4446ad71", - "label": "DATA TREE", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a data set via a navigation tree.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c60609c-d48d-47c4-b069-43951fa0aea3", - "label": "IceBridge Portal", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "444f03b4-e588-42da-aee6-73028f3c45be", - "label": "DATA COLLECTION BUNDLE", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a data set bundled with additional data sets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4485a5b6-d84c-4c98-980e-164863ca518f", - "label": "USGS EARTH EXPLORER", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the USGS Earth Explorer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "459decfe-53ee-41ce-b608-d7578b04ef7b", - "label": "Sub-Orbital Order Tool", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The Sub-Orbital Order Tool (SOOT) is a tool developed by the Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) at NASA Langley Research Center for handling data acquired from suborbital field campaigns that are assigned to and archived at the ASDC. SOOT allows users to discover data variables from multiple airborne studies and/or platforms. Based on users’ selections, they can output data products including original data submitted by each instrument Principal Investigator (PI) and merged data (i.e., geolocated data from one or multiple instrument PIs). This tool supports data users interested in airborne/field campaign data and promotes sub-orbital research and analysis. SOOT provides a modern user interface that streamlines data discovery and accessibility of airborne field campaigns archived at the DAAC. SOOT enables users to easily filter and browse field campaign data based on more specific metadata attributes such as PI, platform, and instruments. By providing these search functionalities, the unique needs of the airborne science teams will be addressed. SOOT supports data discovery and accessibility for users interested in airborne and field campaign data and promotes suborbital research and analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49be0345-a6af-4608-98d8-9b2343e60077", - "label": "PORTAL", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a data set via a portal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5520d1de-f7f5-4798-9ebc-698885805489", - "label": "VERTEX", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data via Vertex, Alaska Satellite Facility’s data portal for remotely sensed imagery of the Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b8013bb-0b15-4811-8aa3-bfc108c3a041", - "label": "Earthdata Search", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via NASA's Earthdata search client.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b8f0bfc-d9a4-4af1-9d94-6dcfade03bda", - "label": "APPEEARS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set via AppEEARS, the Application for Extracting and Exploring Analysis Ready Samples, which offers a simple and efficient way to access and transform geospatial data from a variety of federal data archives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78d28911-a87c-40a0-ada2-c14f7cfb0834", - "label": "VIRTUAL COLLECTION", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "A URL that points to annotated (i.e., with metadata) collections of resource addresses, such as URLs. They can span multiple DAACs, SIPS, and/or EOSDIS elements. Virtual collection URLs can include:\n\n- Specific data directories or data files\n- OPeNDAP data directories\n- OPeNDAP constraint URLs\n- WMS GetMap requests\n- WCS GetCoverage requests\n- OpenSearch Description Documents\n- OpenSearch search requests\n- Giovanni requests", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ff3e5a8-650a-4cd1-80db-cca0fd209a84", - "label": "MLHub", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "Radiant MLHub is the world’s first cloud-based open library dedicated to Earth observation training data for use with machine learning algorithms. Designed to encourage widespread data collaboration, Radiant MLHub allows anyone to access, store, register, and share open training datasets for high-quality Earth observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e33a2dd-df13-4079-8636-391abb5344c6", - "label": "DIRECT DOWNLOAD", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for downloading the entire data set.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93bc7186-2634-49ae-a8da-312d893ef15e", - "label": "CERES Ordering Tool", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a tool which allows for visualizing, subsetting, and ordering CERES data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b05d2a3-9a5a-425c-b6ed-59e0e56814fa", - "label": "MIRADOR", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA MIRADOR system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bfb0f20-189e-411b-a678-768bf3fa256e", - "label": "GoLIVE Portal", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a36f1716-a310-41f5-b4d8-6c6a5fc933d9", - "label": "NOAA CLASS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa11ac15-3042-4634-b47e-acc368f608bd", - "label": "LANCE", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b434314f-949f-4c26-be57-2ea4c7f03643", - "label": "NOMADS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set via NOAA National Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd91340d-a8b3-4c01-b262-71e50fe69c83", - "label": "Order", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca8b62c9-5f31-40bd-92a9-8d30081309e2", - "label": "DOWNLOAD SOFTWARE", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a software package.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5fedeefd-2609-488c-a897-fe168cae34dd", - "label": "MOBILE APP", - "broader": "ca8b62c9-5f31-40bd-92a9-8d30081309e2", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a mobile application.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "label": "USE SERVICE API", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a service Application Programming Interface (API).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "029540bb-7f5c-44ba-8578-61e2f858be60", - "label": "WEB COVERAGE SERVICE (WCS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the Web Coverage Service (WCS) API. The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) Web Coverage Service (WCS) provides an open specification for sharing raster datasets on the web.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c3aa5c6-f1f9-4c16-aa96-30672028d26c", - "label": "MAP SERVICE", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a map service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "411d2781-822c-4c48-8d5b-4b51b100ce0a", - "label": "SERVICE CHAINING", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a service chain workflow service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c0cd574-0255-4202-9b5b-3da8711b7ed7", - "label": "GRADS DATA SERVER (GDS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) Data Server (GDS) API. GrADS Data Server (GDS), is a stable, secure data server that provides subsetting and analysis services across the internet. The core of the GDS is OPeNDAP, a software framework used for data networking that makes local data accessible to remote locations. GDS services can be provided for any GrADS-readable dataset: GRIB, Binary, NetCDF, HDF, BUFR, and GrADS station data format. The GDS unifies all these data formats into a NetCDF framework. The GDS subsetting capability allows users to retrieve a specified temporal and/or spatial subdomain from a large dataset, eliminating the need to download everything simply to access a small relevant portion of a dataset. The GDS analysis capability allows users to retrieve the results of an operation applied to one or more datasets on the server. Examples of analysis operations include basic math functions, averages, smoothing, differencing, correlation, and regression; the GDS supports any operation that can be expressed in a single GrADS expression. The GDS is based on Anagram, a modular framework for high-performace scientific data servers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77cae7cb-4676-4c69-a88b-d78971496f97", - "label": "THREDDS DATA", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for access to the Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Services (THREDDS). The THREDDS Data Server (TDS) is a web server that provides metadata and data access for scientific datasets, using OPeNDAP, OGC WMS and WCS, HTTP, and other remote data access protocols.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aac9f91-20c4-4234-9153-e850c8ace8a9", - "label": "WEB MAP TILE SERVICE (WMTS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the GIBS Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) API. The WMTS implementation standard provides a standards-based solution for serviing digital maps using predefined image tiles. Through the constructs of the specification, a WMTS service advertises imagery layers (e.g. imagery product) and defines the coordinate reference system, scale, and tiling grid available for access.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b664934-70c4-4694-b8c1-416e7c91afb9", - "label": "TABULAR DATA STREAM (TDS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the Tabular Data Stream (TDS) API. The Tabular Data Stream (TDS) Protocol is an application-level protocol used for the transfer of requests and responses between clients and database server systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89b80cbd-027f-4eab-823f-ae00c268f5bf", - "label": "OpenSearch", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing OpenSearch, which is a collection of simple formats for the sharing of search results. A user can use OpenSearch formats to help people discover and use your search engine and to syndicate search results across the web.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0e2089c-3c1d-4c12-b833-e07365a4038e", - "label": "WEB MAP SERVICE (WMS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging a Web Map Service (WMS) API. The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC), Web Map Service (WMS) specification is an international specification for serving and consuming dynamic maps on the web.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4d406e6-7a34-42aa-bd79-f7f9265cc7bd", - "label": "WEB FEATURE SERVICE (WFS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a Web Feature Service (WFS) API. The Open Geospatial Consortium Web Feature Service (WFS) Interface Standard provides an interface allowing requests for geographical features across the web using platform-independent calls.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eae7a041-b004-48df-8d4e-d758969e3185", - "label": "OPENDAP DATA", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing an Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP ) API framework.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "label": "GOTO WEB TOOL", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set related tool.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "20ab6d52-f5a7-439c-a044-6ef2452a2838", - "label": "LIVE ACCESS SERVER (LAS)", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a Live Access Server (LAS) tool. The Live Access Server (LAS) is a highly configurable web server designed to provide flexible access to geo-referenced scientific data. It can present distributed data sets as a unified virtual data base through the use of DODS networking. Ferret is the default visualization application used by LAS, though other applications (Matlab, IDL, GrADS, ...) can also be used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ffc54ea-001a-4c03-afff-5086b2da8f59", - "label": "SIMPLE SUBSET WIZARD (SSW)", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing the Simple Subset Wizard (SSW) Tool. The Simple Subset Wizard (SSW) makes searching for granules easier. The tool unites the search function with various subsetters to deliver a single, simple, seamless process. SSW uses OpenSearch to query the Earth Observing System Clearing House (ECHO) for granules and then employs individual subset agents to submit requests.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7225578-b398-4222-a7a0-8f5175338ddf", - "label": "HITIDE", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "HiTIDE, the High-level Tool for Interactive Data Extraction, allows users to subset and download popular PO.DAAC level 2 (swath) datasets. Users can search across a wide variety of parameters, such as variables, sensors and platforms, and filter the resulting data based on spatial and temporal boundaries of interest to the user. HiTIDE goes even further, offering instant previews of variable imagery, allowing users to rapidly find data of interest for download and further, rigorous scientific analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf37a20c-8e99-4187-b91b-3ea254f006f9", - "label": "SUBSETTER", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a subsetter tool. A subsetter provides the user with a way to subset and regrid the data on-the-fly. You can choose from several subsetting options such as spatial, variable, temporal and vertical level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1c61697-b4bd-467c-9db4-5bd0115545a3", - "label": "MAP VIEWER", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a map viewer. A map viewer is an easy way to view and access maps and data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-sciencekeywords.json b/resources/json/gcmd-sciencekeywords.json deleted file mode 100644 index 324f7fc..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-sciencekeywords.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25472 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", - "label": "Science Keywords", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "label": "EARTH SCIENCE", - "broader": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", - "definition": "any of various sciences, as geography, geology, or meteorology, that deal with the earth, its composition, or any of its changing aspects.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "label": "ATMOSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "A gaseous envelope gravitationally bound to a celestial body (e.g., a planet, its satellite, or a star).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC WINDS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "Air in motion relative to the surface of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", - "label": "SURFACE WINDS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", - "definition": "The wind measured at a surface observing station.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "69526601-5607-46e0-954a-251249de80fe", - "label": "WIND SPEED TENDENCY", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", - "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind speed change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a92f49f3-e2ee-4ef4-b064-39311ffb95d3", - "label": "WIND SPEED", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", - "definition": "Ratio of the distance covered by the air to the time taken to cover it. The instantaneous speed corresponds to the case of an infinitely small time interval. The mean speed corresponds to the case of a finite time interval. It is one component of wind velocity, the other being wind direction).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "185b86e2-af35-42b2-b20d-f9ca6fdab493", - "label": "STORM RELATIVE WINDS", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", - "definition": "(Winds) measured relative to a moving thunderstorm, usually referring to winds, wind shear, or helicity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e987550e-d443-48eb-93eb-0bc47a62d4b4", - "label": "WIND DIRECTION", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", - "definition": "The direction from which the wind is blowing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c455fcc4-e27d-44bc-96c6-f7a7b31911ff", - "label": "WIND DIRECTION TENDENCY", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", - "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind direction change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e9bb112-5dc0-47a5-8c8a-b9cb07ece7c5", - "label": "U/V WIND COMPONENTS", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", - "definition": "Zonal (U) and Meridional (V) wind velocity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "label": "UPPER LEVEL WINDS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", - "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds and directions at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "385af5fe-ad73-4e04-9d51-675599fb0576", - "label": "FLIGHT LEVEL WINDS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "Winds experienced by an aircraft during flight level at any altitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bb1dca3-9793-4120-b0ea-f27a5b81f259", - "label": "BOUNDARY LAYER WINDS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "Winds measured in the layer of fluid near a boundary that is affected by friction against that boundary surface, and possibly by transport of heat and other variables (such as winds) across that surface. In meteorology, this is the atmospheric boundary layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "661591b3-6685-4de7-a2a4-9ce8ae505044", - "label": "WIND SPEED", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "Ratio of the distance covered by the air to the time taken to cover it. The instantaneous speed corresponds to the case of an infinitely small time interval. The mean speed corresponds to the case of a finite time interval. It is one component of wind velocity, the other being wind direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "272ffe8a-2949-4b58-bb81-52cb1c879f4a", - "label": "WIND DIRECTION", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "The direction from which the wind is blowing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b30a6184-0d59-41de-92f0-8876582ef045", - "label": "STORM RELATIVE WINDS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "(Winds) measured relative to a moving thunderstorm, usually referring to winds, wind shear, or helicity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fe29b31-b9ff-4a6c-b474-09bd9502b5c5", - "label": "WIND SPEED TENDENCY", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind speed change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a43bf40-7f23-4616-be1b-66940b7b7f4f", - "label": "WIND DIRECTION TENDENCY", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind direction change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baa4b68a-96f9-4ab3-9a9f-3df1ee1d8ff0", - "label": "U/V WIND COMPONENTS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", - "definition": "Zonal (U) and Meridional (V) wind velocity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", - "label": "WIND PROFILES", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", - "definition": "The vertical (or horizontal) representation of the distribution of winds, usually measured by remote sensing satellites and aircraft or wind profiling radars.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4478e3ea-ac49-4ea3-bcb8-e6b4e2190266", - "label": "VELOCITY AZIMUTH DISPLAY VERTICAL WIND PROFILES", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", - "definition": "One of the software algorithms within the WSR-88D (weather radar) calculates wind direction and speed at various atmospheric levels. The resulting product is called the Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) Wind Profile (VWP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd6f51f9-6ab4-4df4-a4d2-347e38fe80b6", - "label": "LINE OF SIGHT WINDS", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", - "definition": "LOS winds measures the vector projection of the true 3-D wind into the direction of the pulsed laser beam, determined by the frequency change of the returned light due to the Doppler shift.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c93710e-cfaa-47c1-ba97-b2deb85620ca", - "label": "WIND VELOCITY/SPEED PROFILES", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", - "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds (velocities) at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5be35f50-a1ea-40c5-8e0d-579dad1b9143", - "label": "WIND DIRECTION PROFILES", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", - "definition": "Generally, the wind direction at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "label": "WIND DYNAMICS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", - "definition": "Measurement of forces within the Earth's Atmosphere associated with wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ebce0874-7635-4094-8ef4-968851873771", - "label": "CONVECTION", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "In meteorology, atmospheric (wind) motions that are predominently vertical, resulting in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2cc8e02-3207-4c40-af41-9656404bac0a", - "label": "CONVERGENCE", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "Pressure fluctuations at the Earth's surface are produced by movements of air which produce changes in the mass of air in a vertical column above the ground. A net gain in mass produces an increase in pressure leading to a high pressure system. A net loss of mass gives rise to a low. When there is a horizontal flow of air into a region (convergence) a vertical upward movement of air occurs otherwise there would be a continual increase in density of the air. Divergence occurs when there is a net horizontal outward flow of air from a region. This leads to a vertical downward movement of air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaeb5cdd-365f-4368-8e20-6defe111b3b4", - "label": "STREAMFUNCTIONS", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "A parameter of two-dimensional, nondivergent flow, with a value that is constant along each streamline.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "226d05da-dd0b-4314-919a-0b259ce724b5", - "label": "TURBULENCE", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "Random and continuously changing air motions that are superposed on the mean motion of the air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "841a7ac7-5981-4e93-895f-1b57c3d892a0", - "label": "VERTICAL WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "The component of wind motion rising perpendicular to the plane of the horizon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", - "label": "VORTICITY", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "Random and continuously changing air motions that are superposed on the mean motion of the air.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9e2f502b-a2d5-4bc8-8c8f-489aa0c68177", - "label": "VORTICITY ADVECTION", - "broader": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", - "definition": "Advection of vorticity by the total wind.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72edbeca-b608-4f2d-8aba-492c8e6615b8", - "label": "POTENTIAL VORTICITY", - "broader": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", - "definition": "(Sometimes called absolute potential vorticity.) The specific volume times the scalar product of the absolute vorticity vector and the gradient of potential temperature.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", - "label": "WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "The local variation of the wind vector or any of its components in a given direction.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1b0abf68-b069-4a0b-8081-35a36da9d4a7", - "label": "VERTICAL WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", - "definition": "The condition produced by a change in wind velocity (speed and/or direction) with height.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef91f2b6-27e9-42ab-b8c6-4410aace0141", - "label": "HORIZONTAL WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", - "definition": "A horizontal variation in current speed within a flow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef034881-8bf4-403f-a4ee-c68771769c93", - "label": "WIND STRESS", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "The drag force per unit area caused by wind shear.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c58acfc-04ed-4cbf-8674-13c41b3e950d", - "label": "DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "Pressure fluctuations at the Earth's surface are produced by movements of air which produce changes in the mass of air in a vertical column above the ground. A net gain in mass produces an increase in pressure leading to a high pressure system. A net loss of mass gives rise to a low. When there is a horizontal flow of air into a region (convergence) a vertical upward movement of air occurs otherwise there would be a continual increase in density of the air. Divergence occurs when there is a net horizontal outward flow of air from a region. This leads to a vertical downward movement of air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce546f0d-d2e1-43ed-b8e0-a9079c690c56", - "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "The process of transport of an atmospheric property solely by the mass motion (velocity field) of the atmosphere; also, the rate of change of the value of the advected property at a given point.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84780569-bef5-41fd-901f-828418e390dd", - "label": "OROGRAPHIC LIFTING", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "Ascending air flow caused by mountains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a12ec59-c8c8-4512-b123-16bca93771b0", - "label": "HORIZONTAL WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", - "definition": "The component of wind motion rising parallel to the plane of the horizon.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", - "label": "LOCAL WINDS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", - "definition": "Winds that, over a small area, differ from those that would be appropriate to the general large-scale pressure distribution, or that possess some other peculiarity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "72c180e6-b3f3-4f9a-8d04-23f0b10735af", - "label": "DUST DEVILS", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", - "definition": "A well-developed dust whirl; a small but vigorous whirlwind, usually of short duration, rendered visible by dust, sand, and debris picked up from the ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b73a2e6a-7a8b-443e-98f4-5a77f3a9691c", - "label": "MICROBURSTS", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", - "definition": "A downburst that covers an area less than 4 km along a side with peak winds that last 2–5 minutes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cb8f1a4-5d2b-40d1-a7c3-c608bbe20a0b", - "label": "SEA BREEZES", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", - "definition": "A coastal local wind that blows from sea to land, caused by the temperature difference when the sea surface is colder than the adjacent land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31fe9edf-ec85-446f-a476-4bd24ee59ae2", - "label": "LAND BREEZES", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", - "definition": "A coastal breeze blowing from land to sea, caused by the temperature difference when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", - "label": "OROGRAPHIC WINDS", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", - "definition": "Orographic effects include both dynamic, in which mountains disturb or distort an existing approach flow, and thermodynamic, in which heating or cooling of mountain-slope surfaces generates flow. Dynamic effects include aerodynamic obstacle effects, mountain waves, channeling, orographic blocking, and processes leading to foehn, bora, and gap winds. Thermodynamic effects include anabatic winds, katabatic winds, valley breezes, and mountain breezes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d7d48399-62ac-4eca-9c09-14b9094a9444", - "label": "KATABATIC WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", - "definition": "Most widely used in mountain meteorology to denote a downslope flow driven by cooling at the slope surface during periods of light larger-scale winds; the nocturnal component of the along-slope wind systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c19501d9-bd86-4611-bd30-6a34dc763a35", - "label": "FOEHN WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", - "definition": "A warm, dry, downslope wind descending the lee side of the Alps as a result of synoptic-scale, cross-barrier flow over the mountain range.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cf573dd-0ed7-4455-a233-5987b5a8b52a", - "label": "BORA WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", - "definition": "A fall wind with a source so cold that, when the air reaches the lowlands or coast, the dynamic warming is insufficient to raise the air temperature to the normal level for the region; hence it appears as a cold wind.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6520897f-c6b6-432e-b7d5-e99b33e6932e", - "label": "MOUNTAIN BREEZES", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", - "definition": "A nocturnal component of the mountain–plains or mountain–valley wind systems encountered during periods of light synoptic flow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d005bfc-597b-4a99-971f-21d3d44b7b91", - "label": "VALLEY BREEZES", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", - "definition": "(Or valley breeze.) A wind that ascends a mountain valley (upvalley wind) during the day; the daytime component of a mountain–valley wind system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f55961d-45b8-4330-8eee-0b9a9eb4f309", - "label": "ANABATIC WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", - "definition": "In mountain meteorology, an upslope wind driven by heating (usually daytime insolation) at the slope surface under fair-weather conditions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", - "label": "WIND INDICES", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", - "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric wind over a given area and timescale.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8251fedc-3910-4f18-9594-df2fbb9bb1d9", - "label": "GOES WIND INDEX", - "broader": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", - "definition": "A GOES sounder-derived parameter used for estimating the maximum convective wind gusts is the Wind Index (WINDEX). The Wind Index is plotted on regional GOES images (visible, infrared, or water vapor) and made available on the GOES Microburst Products web page.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17e33fba-625b-40eb-b51d-902a89ca5747", - "label": "QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION (QBO) ZONAL WIND INDEX", - "broader": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", - "definition": "The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasi-periodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere with a mean period of 28 to 29 months.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "Measurements of chemical constituents in the atmosphere including the\nmajor (non-H2O) greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, CFC, N2O).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "label": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant constituent of the atmosphere (78.09%).\nNitrogen enters the atmosphere from volcanoes, and from the decay of organic\nmatter. It is removed from the atmosphere by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen\ncompounds are very reactive and play integral roles in the production and\ndestruction of ozone in the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6a745a5e-829c-43f5-8d5a-6fb549e7b81b", - "label": "AMMONIA", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Ammonia (NH3) is a reduced nitrogen gas and is emitted in large quantities from\nanimal feedstocks, sewerage plants, etc. Ammonia is very soluble in water and\nis scavenged from the lower atmosphere by clouds. Ammonia is the most abundant\nalkaline gas in the atmosphere and plays a large role in neutralizing acidity\nfrom sulfuric and nitric acids via formation of the ammonium ion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ca9519d-c62b-42ea-8c91-cad06cfc59cb", - "label": "DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) is formed from the reaction of the nitrate radical\nwith nitrogen dioxide. Higher in the atmosphere N2O5 is an effective reservoir\nfor active nitrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7bbed0f-24a1-44d8-a10d-92541cd2c05b", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC NITRIC ACID", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "A very soluble, acidic gas, formula HNO3, the end product of the oxidation of emitted gases.\n\nIt is a major component of acidic precipitation in continental regions. In the clean background troposphere, its removal in precipitation acts as a sink for odd hydrogen and nitrogen compounds and limits the formation of ozone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82a60ed8-5414-4ce0-858c-c50b27b12bc8", - "label": "NITRIC OXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas, the most common form of nitrogen emitted\r\ninto the atmosphere, either by fuel combustion or due to natural emissions. \r\nNitric oxide is interconverted with nitrogen dioxide fairly readily in the\r\natmosphere, resulting in catalytic cycles leading to ozone formation in the\r\ntroposphere and ozone loss in the stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c3b37d4-b934-4057-b8e4-438523ae88e3", - "label": "MOLECULAR NITROGEN", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas which makes up 78.1%\r\nof the atmosphere. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by nitrogen fixation\r\nand nitrification into compounds used by plants and animals. In the far\r\nupper atmosphere, N2 is broken down when large numbers of energetic\r\nsecondary electrons are produced and available to react with the N2. This\r\nleads to the eventual production of NO. (Crutzen, Paul J. and T.E.\r\nGraedel, Atmospheric Change. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 147.)\r\n(Webster's New World Dictionary. Prentice Hall, New York, 918.)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8e65155-27c1-483e-a9b8-85399897c3ae", - "label": "NITROGEN DIOXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "A reddish-brown, highly poisonous gas, with the chemical formula NO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e82ebd1c-8241-4ca0-95a9-a6e1432519cd", - "label": "NITROGEN OXIDES", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Nitrogen Oxides - NOx (pronounced 'nox') are produced from high\r\ntemperature combustion in air. They are nitrogen oxide and nitrogen\r\ndioxide. [Science News; v146; 260-262; 1994] [Science; v242;555-558;1988.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf08917f-4cef-456f-99b0-57dc468da877", - "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a by-product of biological activity of a\r\nsymbiotic bacteria living in leguminous plant roots. This is a principal\r\ngreenhouse gas that absorbs in the infrared wavelength region and\r\nunfortunately falls in an IR 'window' between IR absorbing features of\r\nwater and carbon dioxide (a characteristic of all the 'trace' greenhouse\r\ngases with significant radiative forcing). It is also laughing gas used by\r\nmedicine as a gentle general anesthetic. [Nature;v335;528-529;1988]\r\n[Atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen oxides;George Hidy;p13;1986;Academic\r\npress; New York]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c5a6bbe-a12f-4030-9220-2013db36cf47", - "label": "CLOUD-SCREENED TOTAL COLUMN NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d92ae6cc-989b-45b8-92d3-68008356c2b0", - "label": "CLOUD-SCREENED TROPOSHERIC COLUMN NO2", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d44d3115-91d1-4655-9e6e-babfe39e1632", - "label": "Peroxyacyl Nitrate", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) are secondary pollutants in photochemical smog. Free radical reactions catalyzed by ultraviolet light from the sun oxidize unburned hydrocarbons to aldehydes, ketones, and dicarbonyl compounds, whose secondary reactions create peroxyacyl radicals, which combine with nitrogen dioxide to form peroxyacyl nitrates. (Source: Chegg http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/11-peroxyacyl-nitrates-pans-secondary-pollutants-photochemical-smog-free-radical-reactions-q3980691)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e66fdcc7-3a94-48a0-aa21-5964f9ddaf23", - "label": "PEROXYACETYL NITRATE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Peroxyacetyl nitrate is an unstable, highly oxygenated compound that exists only in the atmosphere. It is a key intermediate in the formation of the air pollutant ozone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2b7b126-8737-4933-ba27-fe64226a0363", - "label": "PEROXYNITRIC ACID", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Peroxynitric acid is a nitrogen oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a peroxynitrate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef36cb15-ad64-4bdc-9331-42cc5b493671", - "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", - "definition": "Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. Classified as a nonmetal, Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", - "label": "OXYGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Oxygen (O) (and molecular oxygen (O2)) is the second most abundant species in the atmosphere. The abundance of O2 remains fairly constant in the atmosphere up to about 80km where it photodissociates to atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen is formed from the photolysis of molecular oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. Below about 40 km, atomic oxygen recombines with O2 to form ozone. Above 40 km, oxygen can participate in other chemical reactions that cause the destruction of ozone.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "61f4f3d0-7895-4cce-94e3-d249001d5ee8", - "label": "MOLECULAR OXYGEN", - "broader": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", - "definition": "Oxygen (O2) is found on Earth as a gas and constitutes about 20.8% of the\r\nair we breathe. Elemental molecular oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms\r\nbonded together. A photochemical reaction of oxygen is (ultimately)\r\nresponsible for the production of ozone in the stratosphere. Oxygen\r\nconcentrations found in ice core samples have been used to determine past\r\natmospheric levels of oxygen and helped in determining past climates.\r\n[Nature; v351; 217-219; 1991.] [Nature; v365; 143-147; 1993.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC OZONE", - "broader": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", - "definition": "Atmospheric Ozone is one of the most important trace gases in our atmosphere that both benefits and harms life on Earth. High ground-level ozone amounts contribute to poor air quality, adversely affecting human health, agricultural productivity, and forested ecosystems. Ozone absorbs infrared radiation, and is most potent as a greenhouse gas in the cold upper troposphere located 8–15 km above the surface. In the stratosphere, between approximately 15 and 50 km above the Earth’s surface, a layer rich in ozone serves as a “sunscreen” for the world by shielding the Earth’s surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation. This absorption of solar energy also affects atmospheric circulation patterns and thus influences weather around the globe. Moreover, throughout the atmosphere, ozone is the key ingredient that initiates chemical cleansing of the atmosphere of various pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and methane, among others, which could otherwise accumulate to harmful levels or exert a stronger influence on climate. Therefore, changes to ozone anywhere in the atmosphere can have major impacts on the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "959878c8-b02a-4bb8-ad10-96ae31ebe59f", - "label": "OZONE PROFILES", - "broader": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", - "definition": "A vertical representation of the amount of ozone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e00bfcb8-8968-400d-af2e-86a288f3443f", - "label": "OZONE SURFACE", - "broader": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", - "definition": "Refers to the presence of ozone at the Earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9107ec3-c777-4e71-9046-55bd7ed57ef0", - "label": "TOTAL OZONE", - "broader": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", - "definition": "The total amount of ozone present in a column of the earth's atmosphere, often expressed in Dobson units.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "75662ed3-35c5-41ee-abba-51ce435d1b31", - "label": "HYDROGEN PEROXIDE", - "broader": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", - "definition": "Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O 2. In its pure form, it is a very pale blue[5] liquid, slightly more viscous than water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", - "label": "SULFUR COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Sulfur is the fourteenth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Sulfur is\nconsistently exchanged between the lithosphere, biopsphere, hydrosphere, and\natmosphere. Sulfur in the atmosphere, in both gaseous and aerosol form, has\nimapcts on regional and global chemistry, climate change, and the health of\nliving organisms. Sulfur gases can also affect stratospheric chemistry.\nCarbonyl sulfide (OCS) and volcanic emissions may affect Earth's radiation\nbudget and climate as well as ozone destriction in the stratosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5d282de9-162a-4aeb-a48d-4569fbbd5205", - "label": "DIMETHYL SULFIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", - "definition": "Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is released by bacteria on the continents and in\r\nthe oceans. Oxidized in the marine atmosphere to partially form cloud\r\ncondensation nuclei and this may effect the formation of clouds over the\r\noceans. [Nature; v326, 655, 1987.] [Nature; v237, 452, 1972.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc676fb2-cf17-413d-bb00-0b95d231f157", - "label": "SULFUR OXIDES", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", - "definition": "Sulfur oxides (SOx) can occur naturally from such sources as volcanoes,\nsulfur springs and decaying organic matter, or from anthropogenic sources\nsuch as fossil fuel combustion, brickworks, and spontaneous combustion in\ncoal mine spoil heaps. Sulfur oxides in the atmosphere are usually removed\nby acid rain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bde65cfd-faec-4656-bc27-22dfe30912b7", - "label": "CARBONYL SULFIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", - "definition": "COS, a gas that is very stable and unreactive in the troposphere, but, it\r\nis thought, photolyzes to form carbon monoxide, CO, and sulfur, S, in\r\nthe stratosphere. Through stratospheric chemical reactions, the sulfur\r\natoms are converted to SO2 and H2SO4 which form sulfate aerosol, cloud\r\ncondensation nuclei, but which eventually settles into the troposphere and\r\nreacts to form sulfuric acid, a component in acid rain. The major\r\nbiospheric sources of COS are thought to be biological. [Analytical\r\nChemistry; v 65; pages 976-982; 1993.] [Atmospheric Chemical Compounds:\r\nSources, Occurrence, and Bioassay; Graedel, Hawkins, Claxton; page 513;\r\n1986; Academic Press; Orlando.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", - "label": "SULFUR DIOXIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", - "definition": "Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a non-inflammable colorless gas. SO2 is usually oxidized by ozone and hydrogen peroxide to form sulfur trioxide, a secondary pollutant that is extremely soluble in water. Droplets of\nsulfuric acid (acid rain) are formed when sulfur oxides are present in the atmosphere. The production of SO2 originating from coal-fired power plants and other fossil fuel combustion is largely responsible for\nthe damage caused by acid rain. Volcanic eruptions also provide a sourceof sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere but are insignificant when compared to anthropogenic sources.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "25664d90-f32e-490f-97e4-720e3903d775", - "label": "SULFUR DIOXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", - "definition": "A vertical representation of the acidic gas, formula SO2, formed in the combustion of many fuels and in the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfur gases measured at the earth's surface. It is the primary sulfur gas emitted from combustion sources and is a precursor to sulfuric acid, which is a major constituent of acid rain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "022f3225-3b23-4e56-a6ea-c21f08f9e179", - "label": "SULFUR DIOXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", - "definition": "Acidic gas, formula SO2, formed in the combustion of many fuels and in the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfur gases measured at the earth's surface. It is the primary sulfur gas emitted from combustion sources and is a precursor to sulfuric acid, which is a major constituent of acid rain.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ab4134d-1ac7-4421-a7a6-659a542aff4c", - "label": "SULFATE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", - "definition": "The sulfate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42− and a molecular mass of 96.06 daltons; it consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge and is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogen sulfate) ion, HSO4−, which is the conjugate base of H2SO4, sulfuric acid. Organic sulfates, such as dimethyl sulfate, are covalent compounds and esters of sulfuric acid.\n\nSulfates occur as microscopic particles (aerosols) resulting from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. They increase the acidity of the atmosphere and form acid rain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", - "label": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", - "definition": "Sulfur hexafluoride is an extremely potent and persistent greenhouse gas that is primarily utilized as an electrical insulator and arc suppressant. It is inorganic, colorless, odorless, non-flammable, and non-toxic. SF6 has an octahedral geometry, consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is a hypervalent molecule.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "958983a1-feee-4139-8a67-b059382e6c06", - "label": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", - "definition": "A vertical representation of SF6- an inert gas categorized as hydrofluorocarbons. Sulfur hexafluoride absorbs thermal infrared radiation and could increase global warming as its concentration in the atmosphere increases; therefore it is a greenhouse gas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fceaf7e0-c22b-40a1-ba1d-37616031dba6", - "label": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", - "definition": "SF6- an inert gas categorized as hydrofluorocarbons, measured at the earth's surface. Sulfur hexafluoride absorbs thermal infrared radiation and could increase global warming as its concentration in the atmosphere increases; therefore it is a greenhouse gas.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dd22dc9-1db4-4187-a2b7-f5b76d666055", - "label": "TRACE GASES/TRACE SPECIES", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Trace gases in the atmosphere that do not occur in large quantities but\r\nare significant to life on Earth or are important constituents of the\r\nchemical cycles in the atmosphere. [Journal of American Hygienist\r\nAssociation; v54; 639-46; 1993.] [Atmospheric Environment B; v27B; 275-82;\r\n1993.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "label": "HALOCARBONS AND HALOGENS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Halons are a group of brominated organic compounds used as fire retardants. The\ntransport of these compounds to the stratosphere, followed by their photolysis\nto release Br (Bromine) atoms, gives this group a very high ozone depletion\npotential. The production of these compounds is now banned according to the\nMontreal Protocol.\r\n

\r\nHalogens are made up of the elements fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br),\niodine (I), and astatine (At). The first four members are present in trace\namounts in the atmosphere as a result of both natural and anthropogenic\nactivity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "33e3c858-25ee-4a5e-a938-93779679ed06", - "label": "HALONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Halon: a compound consisting of bromine, fluorine, and carbon\n\nHalons are used as fire extinguishing agents, both in built-in systems and in handheld portable fire extinguishers. Halon production in the U.S. ended on December 31, 1993, because they contribute to ozone depletion. They cause ozone depletion because they contain bromine. Bromine is many times more effective at destroying ozone than chlorine. At the time the current U.S. tax code was adopted, the ozone depletion potentials of halon 1301 and halon 1211 were observed to be 10 and 3, respectively. These values are used for tax calculations. Recent scientific studies, however, indicate that the ODPs are at least 12 and 6, respectively. Note: technically, all compounds containing carbon and fluorine and/or chlorine are halons, but in the context of the Clean Air Act, 'halon' means a fire extinguishing agent as described above. A table of class I substances (http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/ods/classone.html) shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers. Halons are numbered according to a standard scheme.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ecb1e7c-50fc-4951-b610-5140475d87ed", - "label": "CARBON TETRACHLORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "CCl4, a compound consisting of a carbon and 4 chlorines that is active in ozone depletion when the compound is broken down and releases chlorine atoms (radicals). Chlorine reacts with the ozone creating diatomic oxygen and chlorine monoxide which cycles back to chlorine radicals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39c478bd-620e-455c-904d-4621965e376c", - "label": "BROMINE MONOXIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Bromine Monoxide (BrO) is one of many bromine (Br)-containing compounds that\r\noccur in the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The major\r\nsource compounds are CH3Br (both natural and anthropogenic in origin), the\r\nhalons (manufactured for use as fire suppressants), and dibromomethane CH2Br2\r\n(emitted from the oceans). Destruction of these compounds results in the\r\nformation of a suite of inorganic Br-containing species, including bromine\r\natoms (Br), bromine monoxide (BrO), bromine nitrate (BrNO3), hypobromous acid\r\n(HOBr), and hydrogen bromide (HBr). The chemistry that acts to interconvert\r\nthese inorganic species results in depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "676248f0-75cd-466d-93f1-351440027c82", - "label": "METHYL CHLORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "CH3Cl, this compound supplies chlorine to the stratosphere by occasional volcanic eruptions and by tropospheric to stratospheric transport. Methyl chloride is also produced by seaweed. The natural chlorine content of the stratosphere as a consequence of these sources is about 0.6 ppbv.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6b97280-74d0-4233-bd17-f9f3d9dd21c2", - "label": "HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "HCFCs, with one or more hydrogen-carbon bonds are slated to replace CFCs\r\nin most of the current applications. HCFCs are more unstable and subject\r\nto hydroxyl radical and ozone attack early in their gas phase career in\r\nthe atmosphere. Therefore, their atmospheric lifetime is projected to be\r\nshorter and their chance of reaching the stratosphere\r\ndecreased. [Spectator; v 272; p 9-11; 1994][New Scientist; v 141; p 6-7;\r\n1994.]", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f2464ebf-811a-43c2-bd50-9e80e03e07b3", - "label": "HCFC-22", - "broader": "f6b97280-74d0-4233-bd17-f9f3d9dd21c2", - "definition": "Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22, or CHClF It is commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant. These applications are being phased out in developed countries due to the compound's ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP), although global use of R-22 continues to increase because of high demand in developing countries", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f96d1bd-f6ba-437a-9079-c575c4822248", - "label": "CHLORINE MONOXIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "ClO - a radical species which plays an important role in the breakdown\r\nof stratospheric ozone over Antarctica. Formed by the photolysis of CFCs\r\nin the stratosphere and the subsequent destruction of an ozone molecule,\r\nthese radicals can act as a catalyst in the destruction of ozone while not\r\nbeing destroyed themselves. ClO, reacting with a oxygen atom (present from\r\nthe Chapman Mechanism), releases a free chlorine radical once again. As a\r\nresult, one Cl atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules before being\r\nsequestered as HCl or another reservoir species (see chlorine nitrate).\r\n[Earth Island Journal; v 7; page 18; 1992.] [Chronicle of Higher\r\nEducation; v 38; pages A6-A7; 1992.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", - "label": "CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "CFCs are very stable chemical compounds, used in refrigerants, solvent, and\r\n(in the past in the U.S.) aerosols, which release chlorine (important) and\r\nfluorine (less important) into the upper atmosphere. In the stratosphere,\r\nCFCs are photolyzed (by incoming solar UV) to form carbon dioxide, CO2,\r\nhydrogen fluoride, HF, and ultimately (after multiple UV absorption\r\nevents) chlorine radicals. These chlorine species are crucial in the\r\ndestruction of the ozone layer over Antarctica and probably elsewhere (see\r\nchlorine). [Environmental Science and Technology; v 28; pages 1619-1622;\r\n1994.]", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "97efdb7f-b2aa-4a6d-b338-30f3ad849c1f", - "label": "CFC-12", - "broader": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", - "definition": "CFC-12 (also known by the trade name Freon or Freon-12) is an ozone-depleting refrigerant and potent greenhouse gas that was widely used in air conditioners for automobiles and trucks for over 30 years, up until the mid-1990s. While use of CFC-12 in new vehicles has been banned since 1994, some vehicles built before then may still use it if they have not already been retrofitted to a non-ozone depleting refrigerant and they are still on the road.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94472216-6cd7-434b-beec-17067fb69b2e", - "label": "CFC-11", - "broader": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", - "definition": "Trichlorofluoromethane, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It is a colorless, faintly ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature.[5] CFC-11 is a Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which damages Earth's protective stratospheric ozone layer.[6]\nContents.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed5106fd-a73f-4203-87a3-9c9e7e85dcfc", - "label": "HYDROFLUOROCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "The HFCs are a class of replacements for CFCs. Because they do not\r\ncontain chlorine or bromine, they do not deplete the ozone layer. All HFCs\r\nhave an ozone depletion potential of 0. Some HFCs have high GWPs (Global\r\nWarming Potentials). HFCs are numbered according to a standard scheme. The\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides more\r\ndetailed information about HFCs on their web site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff9f8056-84d6-4fbc-abe0-9b6e82ed3f5e", - "label": "HYDROGEN FLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) is an important fluorine-containing compound formed from\nthe breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons. Also a product of volcanic eruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13588158-07b6-4294-a00c-fa095b6ad4fd", - "label": "HALOCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Halocarbons containing chlorine and bromine are among the most\npotent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They do not occur naturally but\nare produced industrially in large quantities. The best known members of\nthis group of chemicals are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) [see\ndefinition], which are widely used as solvents, refrigerants, spray-can\npropellants and foaming agents. Also significant are the halons,\nbromine-based compounds used as fire-extinguishing agents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a56d397b-bff5-4a14-b54c-366470e023c7", - "label": "CHLORINE DIOXIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "ClO2, a radical, undergoes photodecomposition in the stratosphere where\r\nthe products of this reaction react with ozone. Since this is a\r\nphotochemical reaction it only takes place while the sun is up.\r\nExperiments over Antarctica have shown a direct relation between polar\r\nozone loss and the increase in halocarbon chemistry, which comes from\r\nanthropogenic sources. Scientist are currently looking at the molecular\r\nbehavior of chlorine dioxide in the atmosphere in order to understand its\r\nrole in depletion of ozone more thoroughly. [Simon, J. D. and Vaida, V.\r\nThe Photoreactivity of Chlorine Dioxide. Science v 268; p. 1443-1448;\r\n1995.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9104127-6846-4123-8ab0-b65c61a0018d", - "label": "CHLORINE NITRATE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "ClONO2 - This is a stratospheric reservoir species for chlorine and\r\nnitrogen, two of the catalysts in the breakdown of ozone. It reacts with\r\nHCl at low temperatures on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds\r\n(PSCs over Antarctica and possibly in the stratosphere over the Arctic).\r\nThat normally slow reaction heterogeneously produces molecular chlorine\r\nand nitric acid. The former outgases from the PSC surface and is quickly\r\nphotolyzed by 450 nm or shorter wavelength light to form chlorine radicals\r\nwhich rapidly catalyze the breakdown of ozone (see chlorine monoxide).\r\n[Science; v 238; pages 1258-1260; 1987.] [Science; v 258; pages 1342-1345;\r\n1992.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "146a0a0b-1b42-41a6-b1f7-a27615b006a0", - "label": "HYDROGEN CHLORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "A toxic, colorless, strongly acidic gas (HCl) that dissolves readily in water\r\nto form hydrochloric acid. \r\nIn the troposphere, hydrochloric acid can be produced from the reaction of\r\nnitric acid or sulfuric acid with sea-salt particles (NaCl). It is also\r\ninvolved in the formation of ammonium chloride aerosol. HCl is also the most\r\nabundant form of chlorine in an inorganic compound found in the stratosphere.\r\nProduced there predominantly from the reaction of Cl atoms with methane and\r\nmolecular hydrogen, it acts as a temporary, relatively unreactive reservoir\r\nspecies for chlorine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27d63fe6-9970-46fd-9b22-a58e52efc57b", - "label": "HYPOCHLOROUS ACID", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is a weak, unstable acid.\r\nHypochlorous acid is also a minor component of the gas-phase inorganic chlorine\nbudget in the stratosphere. It is formed there largely from reaction of\r\nhydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) with chlorine monoxide (ClO) radicals, and from the\nhydrolysis of chlorine nitrate on stratospheric aerosols. It is subject to\r\nquite rapid photolysis in the sunlit atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b6ca807-7719-48aa-864d-ebb45a519ff8", - "label": "METHYL BROMIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "CH3Br, this halocarbon is released, to a degree, naturally from the oceans, but is more commonly released from its anthropogenic use as a soil fumigant or pesticide. Methyl bromide is persistent enough to reach the stratosphere where it photochemically decomposes to yield atomic bromine (radical) and proceeds to destroy stratospheric ozone in the same manner as the atomic chlorine radical. On an atom-for-atom basis, stratospheric bromine is more efficient at destroying ozone than is chlorine because the HBr reservoir species is more photochemically active than HCl; however, there is much less of hydrogen bromide in the stratosphere. Recent data suggest that since 1998 atmospheric concentrations have dropped 13% due the CH3Br use limitations mandated by the Montreal Protocol", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "228c14d1-e9bf-4c25-a67b-92c99bc2a8b7", - "label": "METHANOL", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (often abbreviated MeOH). Methanol acquired the name 'wood alcohol' because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood. Modern methanol is produced in a catalytic industrial process directly from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50753922-d435-4c1a-a4ad-8caa9a67afcb", - "label": "METHYL FLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Methyl fluoride (or fluoromethane) is a colorless flammable gas which is heavier than air. It has an agreeable ether-like odor. It is narcotic in high concentrations. It burns with evolution of hydrogen fluoride. The flame is colorless, similar to alcohol. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf96b289-d316-4abc-8540-b8849e2f6140", - "label": "CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Tetrafluoromethane is a colorless nonflammable gas. It is shipped as a liquid under pressure. It may be narcotic at high concentrations. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. It is used as a refrigerant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbfabd7a-7032-4f67-acd8-8f6f1e026eff", - "label": "CARBONYL FLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", - "definition": "Carbonyl fluoride appears as a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Very toxic by inhalation. Prolonged exposure of the containers to fire or heat may result in violent rupturing and rocketing.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "label": "CARBON AND HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Carbon (C) is the 12th element in the periodic table. Carbon is one of the most\nversatile elements and combines itself with many other elements to form a huge\nvariety of organic compounds including hydrocarbons and their derivitives.

\r\nHydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen, but the\nterm is often applied to derivitives of hydrocarbons consisting of oxygen,\nhalogens, etc. Hydrocarbons can occur from both natural and anthropogenic\nemissions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "One of the major greenhouse gases. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is caused mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Long-term measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere are conducted at Manua Loa, Hawaii and several international monitoring stations around the world.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a65cfcfa-1028-4cc8-a4d5-9e78f487a612", - "label": "PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", - "definition": "The pressure that a component of a gaseous mixture would have if it alone occupied the same volume at the same temperature as the mixture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03ddc432-906d-4469-bb00-179c828dbea4", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", - "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "194d8a3c-9cdd-45f3-8b4c-ce7830d9df46", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", - "definition": "Measurement of Carbon Dioxide gas at the surface of the earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CARBON MONOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a toxic, odorless, colorless gas produced during fossil fuel or biomass burning. It is one of the longest-lived,naturally occurring atmospheric carbon compounds. The recent change in tropospheric CO content may portend a change in the balance between oxidants and reductants in the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ab3e5ad3-d2c0-4c63-b321-345307bda59d", - "label": "CARBON MONOXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", - "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3965bb3f-fa0e-475e-a48c-5703c9ab9fe5", - "label": "CARBON MONOXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", - "definition": "Measurement of Carbon Monoxide gas at the surface of the earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdab2cca-6767-427e-b464-09fe26ec59db", - "label": "CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "The presence of pesticides or PCB (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL) in the Atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06d230f1-08f8-48cc-9bbd-5f2358a84d13", - "label": "NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS/VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are hydrocarbons such as ethylene,\r\nbutane, hexane, propane and, by definition, exclude the first member of\r\nthat analogous series, CH4. Large quantities of NMHCs are emitted from\r\nvegetation, the vast majority as isoprene, C5H8. This emission is\r\nsignificant compared to that of anthropogenic NMHC. [Nature; v329;\r\n705-707; 1987.] [Nature; v329; 705-707; 1987.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af157837-bdbd-4a9a-b24e-6a79adfef57f", - "label": "HYDROGEN CYANIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was discovered by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm\r\nScheele in 1782, who prepared it from the pigment Prussian blue (hence its\r\nother name of prussic acid).

\r\nThere are many naturally occurring substances yielding cyanide in certain\r\nseeds, such as the pit of the wild cherry. It usually occurs in combination\r\nwith plant sugars. The tuberous edible plant of the spurge family called\r\ncassava (also known as manioc, mandioc, or yuca) was used by primitive peoples\r\nto produce HCN for poison darts and arrows. HCN is produced by other plants,\r\nbacteria and fungi. Emissions from CN radicals are occasionally observed from\r\nlightning disturbed air. Hydrogen cyanide is produced by biomass burning since\r\nnitrogen in plant material is mostly present as amino acids and upon combustion\nthis nitrogen is emitted as a variety of compounds including NH3, NO, NO2, N2O,\norganic nitriles and nitrates. It is interesting to note that the atmospheric\r\nmeasurements of HCN reported by Zander et al. (1988) gave a mixing ratio for\r\nHCN in the Southern Hemisphere which was approximately 5% higher than that for\r\nthe Northern Hemisphere. This may be due to biomass burning.\r\nThere are many anthropogenic sources of compounds containing CN which can be\r\nreleased into the atmosphere. Cyanides are used in a variety of chemical\r\nprocesses including fumigation, case hardening of iron and steel,\r\nelectroplating and in the concentration of ores. Hydrogen cyanide is used to\r\nprepare polyacrylonitrile fibres (known by the generic name of acrylic)\r\nsynthetic rubber, plastics, and in gas masers to produce a wavelength of 3.34\r\nmm. Hydrogen cyanide is a combustion product which is a human hazard during\r\ndomestic and industrial fires and from tobacco smoking. Some catalytic\r\nconverters in bad repair can produce large amounts of Hydrogen cyanide.\r\nHydrogen cyanide is produced in large quantities for laboratory and commercial\r\nuse by three principle methods: Treatment of sodium cyanide with sulphuric\r\nacid, catalytic oxidation of a methane-ammonia mixture, and decomposition of\r\nformamide (HCONH2).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6b2279c-804f-42bf-aa8a-0c81f9ecf6cd", - "label": "HYPOCHLOROUS MONOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "'\nHypochlorous acid is also a minor component of the gas-phase inorganic chlorine budget in the stratosphere. It is formed there largely from reaction of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) with chlorine monoxide (ClO) radicals, and from the hydrolysis of chlorine nitrate on stratospheric aerosols. It is subject to quite rapid photolysis in the sunlit atmosphere.'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c892333-f4c4-4f81-b825-d6a86e107e9f", - "label": "METHANE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a colorless, odorless, flammable, greenhouse gas. It\r\nis released naturally into the air from marshes, swamps, rice\r\nfields, ruminant animals (such as cattle), and sewage sludge. CH4 is\r\nalso released from methane-producing bacteria (methanogens) that live\r\nin anaerobic places. [Solar Energy; v52n6; 467-477; 1994.] [Air, The\r\nNature of Atmosphere and the Climate; Michael Allaby; pages 39,40;\r\n1992; Facts on File; New York] [Dictionary of Science;\tR.K. Barnhart;\r\npage 398; 1986; Houghton Mifflin Company; Boston.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35721fc2-a968-487f-ad85-6307a18e4af6", - "label": "METHYL CYANIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Methyl Cyanide (CH3CN), also known as acetonitrile, is emitted from incomplete\r\ncombustion of vegetable matter, notably biomass, for example, cigarettes.\r\nAcetonitrile is relatively unreactive in the troposphere and thus reaches the\r\nstratosphere, where it participates in ionmolecule reactions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc05d7d2-3c96-4bb6-b759-d45e3c673b86", - "label": "FORMALDEHYDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Formaldehyde is very soluble in water; solutions of formaldehyde (formalin) are used in biological labs to preserve samples. Formaldehyde is fairly toxic; health concerns are associated with its emission from foam, cavity insulation, or new plastic materials such as upholstery, carpet, etc. Formaldehyde is present in the atmosphere as an intermediate in the oxidation of methane and many other hydrocarbons; its photolysis is a major source of free radicals in the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94863274-c0fc-4386-9bac-5b6f5d1b9d06", - "label": "DICARBON MONOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Dicarbon monoxide (C2O) is a molecule that contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It is a linear molecule that, because of its simplicity, is of interest in a variety of areas. It is, however, so extremely reactive that it is not encountered in everyday life. It is classified as a cumulene and an oxocarbon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1bfadc-8aa6-477b-af6a-6c320aa21351", - "label": "FORMIC ACID", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Formic acid, also known as formate or methanoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Formic acid exists as a liquid, soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9154777e-2e33-49b5-a21e-0a2638c57528", - "label": "ISOPRENE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Isoprene is an unsaturated pentahydrocarbon, Isoprene is found in certain plants or obtained by distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha. In plants, it is elementary in the formation of isoprenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids and related pigments. Isoprenes contribute to flavors and fragrances of essential oils and other plant-derived substances.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93a95204-8ded-4cde-8937-38e373c41df6", - "label": "ETHANE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Ethane appears as a colorless odorless gas. It is easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Contact with the liquid may cause frostbite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04833f72-ac6d-40b0-b1ae-1f55eb25b5dd", - "label": "ACETYLENE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", - "definition": "Acetylene appears as a colorless gas with a faint garlic-like odor. Easily ignited and burns with a sooty flame. Gas is lighter than air. Flame may flash back to the source of a leak very easily. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d36c283-2fe3-4a08-aeb3-6a8146e79bb3", - "label": "TRACE ELEMENTS/TRACE METALS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Trace elements are elements that occur in minute quantities. Trace elements\ncan include copper, silicon, cobalt, iron, zinc, iodine, and manganese.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", - "label": "HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Hydrogen (H) is the lightest and most abundant chemical element. It is only\nfound in trace quantities in the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d8494f01-bcec-4232-ad78-fbd92c242e62", - "label": "HYDROPEROXY", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", - "definition": "Consists of oxygenated compounds that are organic derivitives of hydrogen\nperoxide. These compounds are formed in the oxidation of hydrocarbons in\nrelatively clean air, where oxides of nitrogen are not abundant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b49fd6d-3759-4b61-8b04-8309f38b2f90", - "label": "HYDROXYL", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", - "definition": "Hydroxyl (OH) - an atom consisting of one hydrogen atom and one oxygen\r\natom which does not normally exist in a stable form; this radical readily\r\nreacts with methane and carbon monoxide. The source of the hydroxyl\r\nradical in the atmosphere occurs primarily through the 1) photolysis of\r\nhydrogen peroxide, heat, and light and 2) the attack on water of an\r\nexcited oxygen radical (created by the photolysis of ozone). [JAPCA; v39;\r\n704; 1989] [Journal of Chemical Society; v85; 577; 1989.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e073c9d4-5a61-436c-8890-2695c4e825eb", - "label": "MOLECULAR HYDROGEN", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", - "definition": "Molecular hydrogen H2 is an attractive candidate as future energy carrier because combustion of H2 produces H2 O only. In addition to saving the CO2 emissions (if the H2 is formed from carbon-free energy sources), also the massive energy-related emissions of other compounds like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and soot could be drastically reduced, leading to improvements in air quality (Schultz et al., 2003). Nevertheless, unavoidable leakage in the production, distribution, storage and consumption of H2 could drastically alter the mixing ratio of H2 in the atmosphere. Although it is not a greenhouse gas itself, H2 affects the atmospheric lifetime of the greenhouse gas methane and many other species via its reaction with the hydroxyl (OH) radical (Schultz et al.,2003). In addition, H2 is an important source for stratospheric water vapor, which provides the substrate for polar stratospheric clouds that play a key role in the formation of the stratospheric polar ozone hole. Therefore, increasing levels of H2 in the atmosphere will counteract the predicted recovery of the ozone hole (Tromp et al., 2003; Warwick et al.,2004; Feck et al., 2008).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f259ddd3-87d3-4a2f-b39d-ed3cce629f3d", - "label": "HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM OXIDE", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", - "definition": "Deuterium Oxide is a stable, non-radioactive isotopic form of water, containing 2 atoms of deuterium (D) and one atom of oxygen (2D2O), with DNA-labeling activity. Upon ingestion of deuterium oxide, 2H is incorporated into the deoxyribose moiety of DNA of newly divided cells. Rapidly dividing cells, as in the case of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), can be labeled with deuterium oxide and measured using gas chromatography and/or mass spectrometry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4904a081-ffb5-430c-b659-08cd55d41818", - "label": "DEUTERIUM OXIDE/HEAVY WATER", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", - "definition": "Deuterium oxide (D2O), aka “heavy water”, is the form of water that contains two atoms of the 2H, or D, isotope. The term heavy water is also used for water in which 2H atoms replace only some of the 1H atoms. In this case, rapid exchange between the two isotopes forms twice as many “semiheavy” HDO molecules as D2O.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", - "label": "HYDROGEN OXIDES", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", - "definition": "The simple systematic name for water, H2O.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4a4379fb-1dbb-40ff-8c74-f2b8edda55ec", - "label": "HYDROGEN OXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", - "definition": "Used in long-term monitoring of ozone chemistry.\nCollected by the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1550163-0584-4935-80bb-63c3b6ab8cfc", - "label": "HYDROGEN OXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", - "definition": "Used in long-term monitoring of ozone chemistry\nCollected by the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN)", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6433e330-3797-4cf9-a8ba-d26d39624459", - "label": "PHOTOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "The study of the chemical and physical changes occurring when a molecule or atom absorbs light.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0fd2b083-e65c-443b-9794-2c355ebac06b", - "label": "PHOTOLYSIS RATES", - "broader": "6433e330-3797-4cf9-a8ba-d26d39624459", - "definition": "The destruction of a molecule by electromagnetic radiation, which provides\r\nthe energy required for a constituent atom to break the chemical bonds\r\nbetween it and the other atoms comprising the molecule. [Environmental\r\nScience and Technology; v.28; p.1300; 1994.][Review of Scientific\r\nInstruments; v.59; p.1307; 1988.]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "18d9ddbb-66cc-4b92-aa8d-2395ab3a17ce", - "label": "NOBLE GAS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", - "definition": "Noble gases makes up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is variously predicted to be a noble gas as well or to break the trend due to relativistic effects; its chemistry has not yet been investigated.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC RADON", - "broader": "18d9ddbb-66cc-4b92-aa8d-2395ab3a17ce", - "definition": "Radon is a chemical element with the symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It occurs naturally in minute quantities as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead and various other short-lived radioactive elements. Radon itself is the immediate decay product of radium.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0857df34-93ca-4c8e-a909-3621ea1dcbe7", - "label": "RADON PROFILES", - "broader": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", - "definition": "A vertical representation of the measurement of Radon (chemical symbol Rn, an odorless, colorless, radioactive gas). Radon comes from the natural decay of uranium and radium found in nearly all rocks and soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b6f32f2-7123-488b-9c9b-98acdc0c6f5a", - "label": "RADON SURFACE", - "broader": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", - "definition": "The measurement of Radon (chemical symbol Rn, an odorless, colorless, radioactive gas) at the surface of the earth. Radon comes from the natural decay of uranium and radium found in nearly all rocks and soils.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "Radiation budget refers to the difference between the absorbed solar\nradiation and the net infrared radiation. The radiation budget takes into\naccount the sum of all radiation, transferred in all directions, through\nthe Earth's atmosphere and to and from space. The radiation budget (or\nradiation balance) controls the Earth's temperature and rainfall.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6b3be650-6625-40b5-9b40-9e7c8a9fd336", - "label": "INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "In general, solar radiation received at the earth's surface. The amount of\r\ndirect solar radiation incident upon a unit horizontal surface at a specific\r\nlevel on or above the surface of the earth. \r\nIncoming solar radiation is solar radition that has not been scattered or\r\nabsorbed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdfd401f-7eed-4a48-bd6f-f0c2a890594a", - "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation to that of the incident radiation on a surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c1cb99a3-67a4-4ad8-855a-e98a1e0b23ac", - "label": "TOP OF ATMOSPHERE (TOA) REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "bdfd401f-7eed-4a48-bd6f-f0c2a890594a", - "definition": "Measurement across the solar irradiance spectrum and not a particular band or wavelength in general, but in practice it's based on the particular bands of the sensor. Example: Generating TOA Reflectance for band 1, band 2, etc. The keyword doesn't inherently cover a set wavelength or band.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "31a14270-6275-4155-961f-b78b60ee05f7", - "label": "ANISOTROPY", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Anisotropy is the characteristic of a surface for which a physical\r\nproperty, such as reflectivity, varies in value with the direction in or\r\nalong which the measurement is made.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86c95fdb-17b9-4224-a020-b1aacbea00fd", - "label": "SUNSHINE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Direct radiation from the Sun, as opposed to the shading of a location\nby clouds or other obstructions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48c16952-b6e0-40cd-b6dd-7cdbf5a443a1", - "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminous\nenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloud\nsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visible\nsolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have low\nalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are the\nchief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "061f7fd0-67af-42bf-bc9f-5a007c146f65", - "label": "ABSORPTION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The process by which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance.\nThe absorbed radiation is converted to another form of energy according to\nthe nature of the absorbing medium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ed8ac8d-3a66-4b86-be30-a5b79b3806d2", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC EMITTED RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The part of the terrestrial radiation which is emitted by the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06a24fd2-38b6-4a4a-a0cf-1abf149283e2", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC HEATING", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Atmospheric heating has been used to refer to the heat transfer or heat\nbalance of the Earth's atmosphere. Heat transfer is the exchange of heat\nby radiation, conduction, or convection. Heat balance is the balance of\nthe gains and losses of heat at any point in the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49c8770a-2eb7-40f1-aab0-9c12d3aed031", - "label": "EMISSIVITY", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The ratio of the emittance of a given surface at a specified wavelength\nand emitting temperature to the emittance of an ideal black body at the\nsame wavelength and temperature. Emissivity has a value between 0 (least)\nand one (greatest).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46a3c823-727d-4c3c-b09d-e3e3fcaa43a5", - "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Heat flux is the amount of heat that is transferred across a surface of\r\nunit area in a unit of time. Also refers to latent and sensible heat\r\nfluxes in the atmosphere and between the Earth's surface and\r\natmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", - "label": "LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Longwave radiation is radiation with wavelengths longer than 4 micros. Also referred to as infrared radiation or terrestrial radiation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "82f5ea3b-63f3-47a8-ad41-24cd5914afd1", - "label": "UPWELLING LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", - "definition": "The infrared energy emitted from the earth at wavelengths between about 5 and 25 micrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd6270d3-dd4d-41ed-a6c2-58abe926017c", - "label": "DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", - "definition": "Downward portion of longwave radiation. Longwave radiation is typically terrestrial in origin and has wavelengths longer than 4 microns.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "50ee8910-449b-46c8-a59b-1cd76d632b44", - "label": "NET RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Net radiation refers to the difference between the downward and upward\n(total and terrestrial) radiation. The net flux of all radiations. Canalso\nrefer to the net solar radiation which is the difference between the sola\\\nr radiations directed downwards and upwards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13723b5d-1945-4e62-8672-4535ffdddb87", - "label": "OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "In radiative transfer, optical thickness or optical depth is the mass of\na given absorbing or emitting material in a vertical column of\nunit cross-sectional area and extending between two specified\nlevels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "006b1ea6-222d-4740-b220-03886d49cd81", - "label": "OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) refers specifically to the\nradiation emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere (the terrestrial\nradiation). Satellite measurements of the OLR from terrestrial surfaces\nand clouds show that OLR is low over cold land and high clouds and high\nover hot land surfaces. Climate variations, such as El Nino Southern\nOscillation (ENSO) can be measured from OLR anomalies from longer-term\nvariations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "107582ef-a356-4afa-a9a4-4e1d2200c134", - "label": "RADIATIVE FLUX", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The amount of radiation incident on a given surface per unit time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fad64ce-32fe-413d-8b55-c78000d1980c", - "label": "RADIATIVE FORCING", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "A change imposed upon the climate system which modifies the radiative\nbalance of that system. The causes of such a change may include changes in\nthe sun, clouds, ice, greenhouse gases, volcanic activity, and other\nagents. Radiative forcing is often specified as the net change in energy\nflux at the troposphere (watts per square meter). Radiative forcing may\nsometimes be referred to as external forcing or perturbations of the\nclimate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec9e0b6a-1315-4569-93bc-0f1190bb8c08", - "label": "SCATTERING", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The process in which a wave or beam of particles is diffused or deflected\r\nby collisions with particles of the medium which it traverses. Along\r\nwith absorption, scattering is a major cause of the attenuation of\r\nradiation by the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8f5c969-34e9-4284-afb5-ff2113f5f881", - "label": "SHORTWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Shortwave radiation is radiation at wavelengths shorter than 4\nmicrons. Sometimes called the solar radiation. Usually radiation in the\nvisible and near-infrared wavelengths.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "74de6492-617b-4046-8a4e-1336c3238a7e", - "label": "DOWNWELLING SHORTWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "a8f5c969-34e9-4284-afb5-ff2113f5f881", - "definition": "Downward portion of shortwave radiation. Shortwave radiation is typically solar in origin and has wavelengths shorter than 4 microns.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "de7647c9-b129-4cba-afe4-63fa9998206e", - "label": "SOLAR IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere on a plane normal to the\nincident radiation, and at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun.\nSolar irradiance is also referred to as the solar constant. In satellite\nremote sensing, the solar irradiance is used as an onboard calibrartion of\nvisible band sensors. Some climate studies suggest that small variations\nin the solar irradiance associated with solar activity over days to\ndecades may have an effect the Earth's climate.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e1af236f-ee88-4b10-8feb-70d9e09f90be", - "label": "SHORTWAVE DOWNWARD IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "de7647c9-b129-4cba-afe4-63fa9998206e", - "definition": "Flux density (in W/m2) of the solar radiation at the Earth's surface", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0f3474e-9a54-4a82-97c4-43864b48df4c", - "label": "SOLAR RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Solar radiation is the total electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun.\nAlso could include insolation, direct solar radiation, diffuse radiation,\nsolar irradiance, and shortwave radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "714be1d7-2012-4a98-bdd5-02bbcadf69d8", - "label": "TRANSMITTANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "A measure of the amount of radiation propagated through a given medium.\ndefined as the ratio of transmitted radiation to the total radiation\nincident upon the medium. Also known as transmissivity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90e7fd13-2da2-4ba6-9e0c-dbecdf7c2215", - "label": "ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than visible radiation but longer than x-rays. Radiation in the interval 10 to 4000 angstroms. UV radiation from the sun is responsible for many photochemical ractions\nin the upper atmosphere especially the formation of ozone. UV-B radiation in the range 280-320 nm can possibly have serious health effects on humans and animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "782b60de-9ac2-4e6c-9dfa-cd52c4cf1ea0", - "label": "UV SPECTRAL", - "broader": "90e7fd13-2da2-4ba6-9e0c-dbecdf7c2215", - "definition": "Pertaining to electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than visible radiation but longer than x-rays at specific ranges.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf22e55d-fbff-4eaf-8592-68be24e2bc32", - "label": "AIRGLOW", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "A faint luminescence of the night sky originating in photochemical reactions in\nthe upper atmosphere. Also referred to as geocoronal emission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a87d6473-3a03-4bc6-aa21-6157fae96b8e", - "label": "POLARIZED REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "To cause the electrical and magnetic fields associated with electromagnetic waves, especially light, to vibrate in a particular direction or path. The transverse electric and magnetic waves always vibrate at right angles to each other, but in ordinary unpolarized light sources, the direction of polarization of each wave is randomly distributed. Light can be polarized by reflection, and by passing through certain materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7a45c57-b652-469a-a3f2-8d38555bf478", - "label": "SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "Units are typically W m-2 μm-1 or W m-2(cm-1)-1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec839718-ba64-4bc5-8458-fae7390e11c4", - "label": "ACTINIC FLUX", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The spherically integrated radiation flux in the earth's atmosphere that originates from the sun, including the direct beam and any scattered components.\n\nThis radiation is responsible for initiating the chemistry of the atmosphere. \nCompare radiance, irradiance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cacbfdf-71a3-4fac-b690-9aa54e4060dd", - "label": "EARTH RADIATION BUDGET", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", - "definition": "The Earth Radiation Budget is the balance between incoming energy from the sun and the outgoing longwave (thermal) and reflected shortwave energy from the Earth.\n\n[Source: Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, https://marine.rutgers.edu/cool/education/class/yuri/erb.html]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "label": "AIR QUALITY", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "The study of air pollutants in the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9337898d-68dc-43d7-93a9-6afdb4ab1784", - "label": "VISIBILITY", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "The greatest distance from an observer that a prominent object of\nknown characteristics can be seen and unidentified by unaided, normal\neyes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a60df4a-a0d7-4e4b-b02a-372a083f0170", - "label": "EMISSIONS", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "With respect to pollution, the discharge of gases or particles from a\nsource such as a smokestack or exhaust pipe into the atmosphere, perhaps\nresulting in environmental pollution. With respect to radiation, the\ngeneration and sending out of radiant energy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "227cf2d4-968a-4312-89e6-8c6bcf616e5d", - "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "The effect of (primarily) aerosols, through their total optical depth, in reducing the transmission of direct solar radiation to the surface below that through a purely molecular atmosphere.\n\nMeasures of turbidity refer to the total aerosol optical depth, either directly at a specified wavelength (e.g., the Volz turbidity factor or the Ängström turbidity coefficient, which is referenced to a wavelength of 1 μm), or indirectly by the ratio of aerosol to Rayleigh optical depth (e.g., the Linke turbidity factor).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3090318-c845-4242-bf2f-ff1631b88831", - "label": "SULFUR OXIDES", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "The concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Sulfur Trioxide (SO3) in\nthe atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "426aee98-764c-4c21-ab65-1e9d4bd6b0d0", - "label": "TROPOSPHERIC OZONE", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "Ozone (O3) that is measured in the lowest 10-20 km of the Atmosphere.\nWhile the maximum concentration of ozone occurs between 20-25 km, a\nhigh concentration of ozone close to the Earth's surface is considered a\npublic health threat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f3c543d-9ca9-4db4-b4a5-d3e2fd71e4a4", - "label": "VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "Organic compounds (e.g. ethylene, propylene, benzene, styrene, acetone)\nwhich evaporate readily and contribute to air pollution directly or\nthrough chemical or photochemical reactions to produce secondary air\npollutants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bad08657-da2b-4e2b-9804-25c5732bc795", - "label": "SMOG", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "A natural fog contaminated by industrial pollutants, literally, a mixture\nof smoke and fog.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "080389c4-68d4-41ee-ab89-070794038c8e", - "label": "CARBON MONOXIDE", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "A colorless, odorless, and very toxic gas; molecular formula CO. It is found\nin trace quantities in the natural atmosphere, but also produced by the\nincomplete combustion of carbonaceous gasses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c79453a3-ed2f-4ec4-9298-bf9fd11d08eb", - "label": "LEAD", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "The Concentration of element Lead (Pb) in the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5563c99-0fb6-43a9-8e20-6b47b1144394", - "label": "NITROGEN OXIDES", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "The concentration of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9fe1bc0-88c5-4c26-9b4c-a9867d027685", - "label": "PARTICULATES", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "Fine solids or liquid droplets suspended in the air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "686bd6b6-8305-4e33-a334-ef5d4f46a230", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2bdd7e8-145e-4bbf-b10a-ef7a87fcb1ad", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cd061e7-f351-46fa-8432-fb36faef3bbe", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "label": "ALTITUDE", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "A measure of height, especially of great height, as a mountain top or\naircraft flight level. In meteorology, altitude is used almost exclusively\nwith respect to the height of an airborne object above the earth's\nsurface, above a constant pressure surface, or above mean sea level.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5d703cfe-2f7c-4736-acbc-ec4e4f4f8eef", - "label": "BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "definition": "Also called Pressure Altitude. Barometric Altitude is the altitude\r\nwhich corresponds to a given value of atmospheric pressure according to\r\nthe ICAO standard atmosphere. It is the indicated altitude of a pressure\r\naltimeter at an altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of mercury (1013.2\r\nmb); therefore it is the indicated altitude above the 1013.2 mb\r\nconstant-pressure surface. RT", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dacbf270-1734-4503-bab8-a32cdaff3012", - "label": "MESOPAUSE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "definition": "The top of the mesosphere and the base of the thermosphere.\r\nThe mesopause is usually located at heights of 85¿95 km, and is the site of \nthe coldest temperatures in the atmosphere. Temperatures as low as 100 K\n(− 173¿C) have been measured at the mesopause by rockets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6aec072-daf9-4f96-b667-6c7831cf6bdd", - "label": "GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "definition": "The height of a given point in the atmosphere in units proportional to\nthe potential energy of unit mass (geopotential) at this height, relative\nto sea level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82191e97-53ba-413d-9a08-acd8b848e0b0", - "label": "STRATOPAUSE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "definition": "The top of the inversion layer in the upper stratosphere at an altitude\nof about 50 kilometers (31 miles).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2343baae-1c4a-4096-8cac-fea8ed7a984f", - "label": "STATION HEIGHT", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "definition": "Also called Station Elevation. Station Height is the vertical distance\nabove mean sea level that is adopted as the reference datum level for all\ncurrent measurements of atmospheric pressure at the station.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3447c90-7490-4f04-89c1-c5274ba8f8f6", - "label": "TROPOPAUSE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "definition": "The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "765e92a7-8c14-47dc-bdd8-d85d132a11ee", - "label": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", - "definition": "The height of the atmospheric layer from the Earth's surface up to an\naltitude of about 1 kilometer in which wind speed and direction are\naffected by frictional interaction with objects on the Earth's\nsurface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "label": "WEATHER EVENTS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "The study of significant weather events.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a6212424-1146-4a79-a14c-8ce88543b08b", - "label": "MONSOONS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "It was first applied to the winds over the Arabian Sea, which blow for six months from northeast and for six months from southwest, but it has been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world. Even in Europe the prevailing west to northwest winds of summer have been called the 'European monsoon.' The primary cause is the much greater annual variation of temperature over large land areas compared with neighboring ocean surfaces, causing an excess of pressure over the continents in winter and a deficit in summer, but other factors such as the relief features of the land have a considerable effect. The monsoons are strongest on the southern and eastern sides of Asia, the largest landmass, but monsoons also occur on the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them. They have been described in Spain, northern Australia, Africa except the Mediterranean, Texas, and the western coasts of the United States and Chile. In India the term is popularly applied chiefly to the southwest monsoon and, by extension, to the rains which it brings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "label": "TORNADOES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "A small mass of air (whirlwind) that spins rapidly about an almost\r\nvertical axis and forms a funnel cloud that contacts the ground; appears\r\nas a pendant from a cumulonimbus cloud and is potentially the most\r\ndestructive of all weather systems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8fd6e7bc-df59-4637-b1e7-d6715fb3e8af", - "label": "DESTRUCTION POTENTIAL INDEX", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "Destruction Potential Index (DPI), is a measure of the potential for damage and casualties with a particular outbreak.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d912e61f-6c95-449d-9bee-2eac2f599b8f", - "label": "TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "Observed geographic or temporal distribution of meteorological observations (tornadoes) over a specified period of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de691f09-0ef3-4795-bac0-1ed15c3e7f8b", - "label": "TORNADO FREQUENCY", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "Number of tornadoes over a specific set of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b253d76b-d48a-4d7a-abbe-7d02f783176e", - "label": "TORNADO PATH LENGTH", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "Path length (in miles and tenths of miles) and maximum path width (in yards) will be indicated for all tornadoes, including each member of families of tornadoes, or for all segments of multi-segmented tornadoes. The length in the header-strip is the length of that particular segment in that particular county/parish. The Storm Prediction Center, NCDC or a Storm Data user can determine the entire length of a multi-segmented tornado by adding the lengths from each segment as well as using the latitude and longitude of that segment. Note that latitude and longitude are not available in the Storm Data publication, but are available on the internet in National Climatic Data \nCenter and the Storm Prediction Center databases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "069ff99d-1455-4285-83d9-4f57fb0cb635", - "label": "TORNADO PATH WIDTH", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "Path length (in miles and tenths of miles) and maximum path width (in yards) will be indicated for all tornadoes, including each member of families of tornadoes, or for all segments of multi-segmented tornadoes. The length in the header-strip is the length of that particular segment in that particular county/parish. The Storm Prediction Center, NCDC or a Storm Data user can determine the entire length of a multi-segmented tornado by adding the lengths from each segment as well as using the latitude and longitude of that segment. Note that latitude and longitude are not available in the Storm Data publication, but are available on the internet in National Climatic Data \nCenter and the Storm Prediction Center databases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3354d3b-44a4-4b1a-b1dd-1243bd1640be", - "label": "TORNADO VORTEX SIGNATURE", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "An image of a tornado on the Doppler radar screen that shows up as a small region of rapidly changing wind speeds inside a mesocyclone. The following velocity criteria is normally required for recognition: velocity difference between maximum inbound and outbound (shear) is greater than or equal to 90 knots at less than 30 nmi and is greater than or equal to 70 knots between 30 and 55 nmi. It shows up as a red upside down triangle on the Storm Relative Velocity Display. Existence of a TVS strongly increases the probability of tornado occurrence, but does not guarantee it; therefore, the feature triggering it must be examined closely by the radar operator. A TVS is not a visually observable feature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d866f0ba-c70a-4377-9f91-58ab402f6f8b", - "label": "ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE RATING", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "A six-level numerical, damage-based classification of estimated wind speeds. Following suspected high-wind events, affected areas are surveyed to provide an EF-scale rating. These high-wind events are typically tornadoes. However, the EF scale has also been applied to downbursts and tropical cyclones.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2992d7d3-5ae6-4844-b0fa-4ad348e3a8c2", - "label": "WATER SPOUT", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "In general, any tornado over a body of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9969cf1-6a1f-4f37-91bf-c746aeba81c4", - "label": "STORM SYSTEM MOTION", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a310897-86d4-4a31-9fe3-4b4ad45b3575", - "label": "TORNADO DENSITY", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "label": "FREEZE/FROST", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "The condition that exists when, over a widespread area, the surface\ntemperature of the air remains below freezing 0 C (32 F) for a sufficient\namount of time to constitute the characteristic feature of the weather. A\nfreeze is a term used for the condition when vegetation is injured by\nthese low air temperatures, regardless if frost were deposited.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2cc64007-a443-45d8-bf9d-c9fae69f4554", - "label": "FIRST FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "definition": "First frost is first occurrence of 36°F temperature, first freeze was based on the first occurrence of 32°F temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc768468-62d4-40fa-8880-a773a855a496", - "label": "LAST FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "definition": "Last frost was based on the last occurrence of 36°F or lower temperature, last freeze was based on the flast occurrence of 32°F temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53b7e7d6-2aeb-4636-bae1-c7cd92d3d541", - "label": "FIRST FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days. For example, suppose a 90 percent probability level for the spring season is computed to be March 1 at the 32 degree threshold. This means that nine years out of ten a temperature as cold or colder than 32 degrees is expected to occur later than March 1 during the spring season. For the fall season, the probability level represents the chance of having a temperature as cold or colder earlier than the computed date. The freeze-free probability level indicates the chance of having a longer freeze-free period than the computed number of days. The methods used to compute the freeze probabilities come from two data distributions: a discrete freeze or no-freeze distribution, where a no-freeze annual season is one in which only one or no freeze occurs; and a continuous one of freeze dates for the years of freeze occurrence, where at least two distinct freeze dates occur in a year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22b3623a-66c6-4616-8a6a-139ce119f672", - "label": "LAST FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days. For example, suppose a 90 percent probability level for the spring season is computed to be March 1 at the 32 degree threshold. This means that nine years out of ten a temperature as cold or colder than 32 degrees is expected to occur later than March 1 during the spring season. For the fall season, the probability level represents the chance of having a temperature as cold or colder earlier than the computed date. The freeze-free probability level indicates the chance of having a longer freeze-free period than the computed number of days. The methods used to compute the freeze probabilities come from two data distributions: a discrete freeze or no-freeze distribution, where a no-freeze annual season is one in which only one or no freeze occurs; and a continuous one of freeze dates for the years of freeze occurrence, where", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a0347ba-2684-4c4a-adc0-ddb63cbbde6b", - "label": "FREEZE FREE PERIOD LENGTH", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "definition": "The period, usually expressed in days, between the last occurrence of freezing temperatures (0°C) in the spring and the first occurrence in the autumn.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "581d6ad6-2132-45cf-b6be-72341024587b", - "label": "FIRST MODERATE FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8cc5031-9c46-4a73-a999-68cdaec453a5", - "label": "LAST MODERATE FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f24c4f33-5b89-4e8d-8de7-296078a7f18a", - "label": "LIGHTNING", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "Lightning is a transient, high-current electric discharge with pathlengths measured in kilometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", - "label": "DROUGHTS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "A period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently long enough to cause a serious hydrological imbalance.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ebd54a3b-8b8b-40e8-94fd-d0b4352e0745", - "label": "DROUGHT DURATION", - "broader": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", - "definition": "Drought duration refers to the length of time over which drought conditions persist. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions\nin a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f7f8887-844d-45d8-9d45-7e48e15c50fd", - "label": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", - "broader": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", - "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a6b76b0-6c03-4021-92fb-66552edcf845", - "label": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", - "broader": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", - "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or streamflow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,\nagriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by\ndrought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5ad4f63-7483-4f07-86c7-57037e5faf6c", - "label": "FOG", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "A visible aggregate of minute water droplets suspended in the atmosphere\nclose to the ground; a cloud in contact with the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ce75010-ec8a-4af7-9e34-3e49ef2fe10c", - "label": "ICE STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "(Also called silver storm.) A storm characterized by a fall of freezing liquid precipitation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0df15471-3175-44c0-aa8b-5178dfeb27a0", - "label": "TOTAL FREEZING RAIN ACCUMULATION", - "broader": "5ce75010-ec8a-4af7-9e34-3e49ef2fe10c", - "definition": "Total freezing rain accumulated from a freezing rain event.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca820557-401e-4e5e-ac32-29fdbc0628b3", - "label": "HEAT WAVE", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "(Also called hot wave, warm wave.) A period of abnormally and uncomfortably hot and usually humid weather. To be a heat wave such a period should last at least one day, but conventionally it lasts from several days to several weeks. In 1900, A. T. Burrows more rigidly defined a 'hot wave' as a spell of three or more days on each of which the maximum shade temperature reaches or exceeds 90°F. More realistically, the comfort criteria for any one region are dependent upon the normal conditions of that region. In the eastern United States, heat waves generally build up with southerly winds on the western flank of an anticyclone centered over the southeastern states, the air being warmed by passage over a land surface heated by the sun.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03bc515c-af45-4a15-b2a2-65270f0e72bd", - "label": "COLD WAVE", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "As used in the U.S. National Weather Service, a rapid fall in temperature within 24 hours to temperatures requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", - "label": "WIND STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "A storm with high winds or violent gusts but little or no rain.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9da19ae9-799f-4885-8fb8-564ca803639a", - "label": "MICROBURST", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", - "definition": "A downburst that covers an area less than 4 km along a side with peak winds that last 2–5 minutes", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "530ca9b8-50f3-4bd6-82d4-c49fa688a977", - "label": "GALE", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", - "definition": "In general, and in popular use, an unusually strong wind.\nIn storm-warning terminology, a wind of 28–47 knots (32–54 mph).\nIn the Beaufort wind scale, a wind with a speed from 28–55 knots (32–63 mph) and categorized as follows: moderate gale, 28–33 knots (Force 7); fresh gale, 34–40 knots (Force 8); strong gale, 41–47 knots (Force 9); and whole gale, 48–55 knots (Force 10).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27275638-546e-4181-b15c-ddc3524de3d5", - "label": "SQUALL", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", - "definition": "A strong wind characterized by a sudden onset, a duration of the order of minutes, and then a rather sudden decrease in speed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e845edf-3635-4665-9d9d-d7186c151cda", - "label": "DERECHO", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", - "definition": "A widespread convectively induced straight-line windstorm. Specifically, the term is defined as any family of downburst clusters produced by an extratropical mesoscale convective system. Derechos may or may not be accompanied by tornadoes. Such events were first recognized in the Corn Belt region of the United States, but have since been observed in many other areas of the midlatitudes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6b314db-883a-4493-9140-b6afda949710", - "label": "RAIN STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "A storm accompanied by rain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", - "label": "SNOW STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "A storm characterized by a fall of frozen precipitation in the form of snow.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "12b7f57f-c295-4adf-97f5-43356f1270bf", - "label": "LAKE EFFECT SNOW", - "broader": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", - "definition": "Snowstorm occurring near or downwind from the shore of a lake resulting from the warming (destabilization) and moistening of relatively cold air during passage over a warm body of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d4f9f5a-912b-4dc1-b1c5-cd0fd9bbd3d3", - "label": "BLIZZARDS", - "broader": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", - "definition": "A severe weather condition characterized by high winds and reduced visibilities due to falling or blowing snow.\n\nThe U.S. National Weather Service specifies sustained wind or frequent gusts of 16 m per second (30 kt or 35 mi per hour) or greater, accompanied by falling and/or blowing snow, frequently reducing visibility to less than 400 m (0.25 mi) for 3 hours or longer. Earlier definitions also included a condition of low temperatures, on the order of -7°C (20°F) or lower, or -12°C (10°F) or lower (severe blizzard). The name originated in the United States but it is also used in other countries. In the Antarctic the name is given to violent autumnal winds off the ice cap. In southeastern France, the cold north wind with snow is termed blizzard (see also boulbie).\nSimilar storms in Russian Asia are the buran and purga. In popular usage in the United States and in England, the term is often used for any heavy snowstorm accompanied by strong winds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63cad48d-d085-484f-9ae8-99e3b798671e", - "label": "BLOWING SNOW", - "broader": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", - "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", - "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "(Sometimes called extratropical low, extratropical storm.) Any cyclonic-scale storm that is not a tropical cyclone, usually referring only to the migratory frontal cyclones of middle and high latitudes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "10277cb5-5a11-47a2-8578-3ac1c7152cd2", - "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", - "definition": "Number of extratropical cyclones per unit time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2357d9ae-3376-4c4e-8533-6193bf177345", - "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION", - "broader": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", - "definition": "Change in Extratropical Cyclone position with respect to time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7de1c2c0-89c2-4841-b0b8-158224c8ad22", - "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK", - "broader": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", - "definition": "Extratropical Cyclone path, route, or course.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", - "label": "SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "A cyclone in tropical or subtropical latitudes (from the equator to about 50°N) that has characteristics of both tropical cyclones and midlatitude (or extratropical) cyclones.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "99ad9306-0a99-402a-961f-acb9255cb113", - "label": "SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION", - "broader": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", - "definition": "A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 33 kt (38 mph or 62 km/hr) or less.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "241d4bbb-3965-4595-93d3-8fe8c89fdab1", - "label": "SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION TRACK", - "broader": "99ad9306-0a99-402a-961f-acb9255cb113", - "definition": "Subtropical Depression path, route, or course.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", - "label": "SUBTROPICAL STORM", - "broader": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", - "definition": "A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) or more.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c1a196a3-4134-473a-819e-369ab9656abb", - "label": "SUBTROPICAL STORM TRACK", - "broader": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", - "definition": "Subtropical Storm path, route, or course.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "308beca2-b3c8-4cbb-aa9c-e1be605ca785", - "label": "SUBTROPICAL STORM MOTION", - "broader": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", - "definition": "Change in Subtropical Storm position with respect to time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "The general term for a cyclone that originates over the tropical oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", - "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Change in Tropical Cyclone position with respect to time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a8a40309-c4e5-46d7-ac39-1b7230766192", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93ef0499-0b06-4f9a-885b-52e89563b3ec", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7705e65c-90a1-451d-8898-ef5f170fa051", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "446a22b7-3ea1-43db-9176-47d4dac3ac93", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63e53301-d263-4d09-a4be-f0c874646e23", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", - "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Tropical Cyclone path, route, or course.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "72de9813-4c72-45bc-a216-be6ebd08bb6c", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5a681af-5005-4182-922e-528ec8d514f1", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d27af08-6b2f-48d7-8e6b-bd57e93992ad", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e61fcc9f-bdb6-4dbc-94f2-52c4c64b6df9", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d0a21f1-cc5d-481c-ad5f-7fe15deabc9c", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", - "label": "ACCUMULATED CYCLONE ENERGY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a measure used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the Atlantic hurricane seasons. It uses an approximation of the energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated every six-hour period. The ACE of a season is the sum of the ACEs for each storm and takes into account the number, strength, and duration of all the tropical storms in the season.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fb890034-3ae6-4c91-941c-ae1483a13528", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "074c2800-e458-4fa0-bcae-7f400d970650", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e89e331c-ca8e-4c25-be34-c81017bd019f", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5da932fa-2f4b-4f65-bad4-18c661816549", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7067a3f8-2903-46b7-9189-af1189a15a43", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", - "label": "MAXIMUM 1-MINUTE SUSTAINED WIND", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "The standard measure of a tropical cyclone's intensity. When the term is applied to a particular weather system, it refers to the highest one-minute average wind (at an elevation of 10 meters with an unobstructed exposure) associated with that weather system at a particular point in time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "93f7b0c1-ea76-431f-8cb0-0599eb51f928", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53998f98-9bf6-4666-90c7-48f2e5730dae", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd54dfac-069b-4552-abfe-d182320189c7", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58ddb82c-fbb2-4910-8259-d9c2df2555da", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ab5b26c-8560-412c-8b7b-80921aff9fe1", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", - "label": "MINIMUM CENTRAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "The atmospheric pressure at the center of a high or low. It is the highest pressure in a high and the lowest pressure in a low, referring to the sea level pressure of the system. In a hurricane, a lower central pressure create a stronger gradient from outside to inside the system. The stronger this pressure gradient is, the greater the maximum wind speeds around the eye wall.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3b1544bc-1711-4553-a643-5d8fba38a1f1", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfb85bf2-9920-4e3f-bce3-3d8f68ab1436", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b70e02b-0ed2-42a0-9fe9-7a552d6819d1", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50abff20-11a8-4aea-8425-c9a05b1d8d09", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef467c3c-0aed-4aa8-bfa5-67721e83e557", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "27847732-2a5a-4094-9ba5-3c56ae897f87", - "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 1)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds \n74-95 mph, 64-82 kt, 119-153 km/h", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c6ff6623-a24c-494c-804c-bc486b3de548", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "27847732-2a5a-4094-9ba5-3c56ae897f87", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e282c375-ed1a-465b-b960-aa49118307ea", - "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 2)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 96-110 mph,\n83-95 kt, 154-177 km/h", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fe4f3f33-7df3-439a-9382-d02140da29aa", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "e282c375-ed1a-465b-b960-aa49118307ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "530dfe77-5740-49e8-b994-9a6f82cf4adb", - "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 3)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 111-129 mph\n96-112 kt 178-208 km/h", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d678b2d9-9956-45a9-9a9f-95450fb4ca46", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "530dfe77-5740-49e8-b994-9a6f82cf4adb", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e691d1ab-6d20-4ad6-bea6-46587e94c4ff", - "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 4)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 130-156 mph,\n113-136 kt, 209-251 km/h", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "91843b75-9519-456a-89a5-1b1c221ebd4e", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "e691d1ab-6d20-4ad6-bea6-46587e94c4ff", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "978dd843-3a96-4d52-a7d6-31642503c267", - "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 5)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 157 mph or higher, 137 kt or higher, 252 km/h or higher.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6f80bcdf-b778-4ecc-99aa-9f5779fd6f31", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "978dd843-3a96-4d52-a7d6-31642503c267", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "74aac882-80ae-4ecd-9585-c541cd7a10fc", - "label": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Number of Tropical Depressions per unit time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75c369df-2b9f-4328-8b1f-325d83ffb4cf", - "label": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION TRACK", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Tropical Depression path, route, or course.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03e9cfd2-631c-42e6-b25c-b75f57e4ebb8", - "label": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION MOTION", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Change in Tropical Depression's position with respect to time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de9ffa22-76e3-469c-926b-2dee007702d0", - "label": "TROPICAL STORM FREQUENCY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Number of Tropical Storms per unit time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce15b57a-9b1b-4bb7-805e-b13defd9a851", - "label": "TROPICAL STORM MOTION", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Change in Tropical Storm position with respect to time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a4bc557-ee60-4446-920a-25632f5b8b4d", - "label": "TROPICAL STORM TRACK", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Tropical Storm path, route, or course.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23c94a4c-db57-4d57-b24f-4dba24aa3cc6", - "label": "TROPICAL STORM FORCE WIND EXTENT", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "The extent of a tropical storm's wind field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", - "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORCE WIND EXTENT", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "The extent of a tropical cyclone's wind field.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d99d0464-db69-44fb-9b18-9469a08fe4b4", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ee22b9c-f418-4b77-bb6b-f70d3e44afbc", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "713123e4-ebc8-49dd-bc8b-b9fbeaabeaad", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed71cef0-0e5a-49a0-83c6-f7dd02215290", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00d89979-f1bb-4e95-b73e-6a0d8d924bd8", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", - "label": "LANDFALL INTENSITY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Maximum wind speed of a Tropical Cyclone at landfall.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4354779d-94e6-4c38-973b-3a9bafa4eeb2", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd5cbcc2-622a-4c3c-82b8-7e2869f8438a", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab9dfb44-979e-495c-ad83-8d30a37018be", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aa4aea2-0f5b-4490-967b-7e339eaec507", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d7ea0fa-987a-4429-85e7-754ca638e504", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", - "label": "MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Maximum wind recorded from a tropical cyclone at the Earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8807cdb6-56af-43d6-9efa-14d234d69374", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e93861c-5f03-4892-96d7-cfac368e6c26", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8258a99-866f-4e34-80ab-25239546ffb2", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40f7445f-1741-418e-9831-e2e3322daf5a", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5965fe4-fc00-4d9b-93f8-f03a6a369304", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", - "label": "PEAK INTENSITY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Maximum intensity of a tropical cyclone.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5730c1ba-7e4e-4d0e-adf3-053af4be97b4", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbe89018-3eb6-4c8e-82c9-c540147a75e2", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20da8cba-3546-4699-8809-01bffa6bccca", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b21b9b00-5da4-47fc-b2a8-fc2ecd5bd912", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d038c99b-efbc-41f3-99a6-5d066fda5ecd", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", - "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE RADIUS", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "The distance from the center of a tropical cyclone to its perimeter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "41829fbf-2b76-4714-bf4a-e0d63b5472d5", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09849cf3-df4d-40d3-a224-f30c6fe22c1f", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d51ef9b-f058-48ca-b1ea-c8d63a50a699", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9928589d-0714-4b88-a8ad-11126dd97521", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4f4a7ad-73da-42f2-94f9-d9ecb81e0bf0", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", - "label": "MAXIMUM WIND GUST", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", - "definition": "Maximum wind gust recorded from a tropical cyclone.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2d2a56cb-a99c-4001-9f41-0e04037e0d41", - "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "536b666d-a4ad-4ec3-b7fc-282e884e53ee", - "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4379a82a-c0fd-4d40-b1f3-3b516cac1a8e", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e28bebd-0c5d-4bf3-8770-84d79c75e33c", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5f307ab-e5df-4c84-84e7-42822e3a4864", - "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2ea1792-c011-4c7c-95c7-3bd648b1b57b", - "label": "HAIL STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "Any storm that produces hailstones that fall to the ground; usually used when the amount or size of the hail is considered significant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", - "label": "Stability/Severe Weather Indices", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00748b19-30cc-4d12-a7a3-0aa8b3be5a94", - "label": "CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY (CAPE)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", - "definition": "Convective Available Potential Energy = in units of Joules per kilogram (J/kg) is a measure of the cumulative buoyancy of a parcel as it rises.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77bcf3f2-8d61-4b18-9e2a-439310197c83", - "label": "TOTAL TOTALS INDEX (TT)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", - "definition": "Total Totals Index = Index in units of degrees Celsius (°C) is\nindicative of severe weather potential.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd0c62a2-5336-4b41-81e1-089ce118651a", - "label": "SHOWALTER STABILITY INDEX (SI)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", - "definition": "Showalter Index = in units of degrees Celsius (°C) is a parcel-based\nindex, calculated in the same manner as the LI, using a parcel at 850 hPa.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d8a8e42-0fc0-4ce1-a058-9fa961c9d4ac", - "label": "K-index (KI)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", - "definition": "K-index in units of degrees Celsius (°C) is a simple index using data from discrete pressure levels instead of a lifted parcel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f07365c3-a36e-4a28-8364-be3941fae000", - "label": "LIFTED INDEX (LI)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", - "definition": "Lifted Index = in units of degrees Celsius (°C) provides estimations\nof the atmospheric stability in cloud-free areas.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5846f45-863e-43a8-8816-95b3ff359e40", - "label": "WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", - "definition": "Meteorological information issued when actual or expected weather conditions do not constitute a serious hazard but may cause inconvenience or concern.\n\nExamples of weather advisories include small craft advisories or winter weather advisories.\nCompare warning, watch.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0fd11f45-185a-4e38-8749-092ee09fab36", - "label": "Weather Forecast", - "broader": "c5846f45-863e-43a8-8816-95b3ff359e40", - "definition": "An assessment of the future state of the atmosphere with respect to precipitation, clouds, winds, and temperature.\n\nSuch assessments are usually made by government or private meteorologists, often using numerical simulations. Such simulations are the result of representing the atmosphere mathematically as a fluid in motion.\nSee also numerical weather prediction.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "label": "AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "Suspension of particles of condensed matter (liquid, solid, or mixed) in\na carrier gas (usually air). Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as\nnuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as\nparticipants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers\nof solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of the\nearth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on the\nsurface of the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", - "label": "AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "The degree to which Aerosols prevent light from passing through. Optical\ndepth/thickness depends upon the physical constitution ,the form, and the\nconcentration of particles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6e7306a1-79a5-482e-b646-74b75a1eaa48", - "label": "ANGSTROM EXPONENT", - "broader": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", - "definition": "Aerosol Angstrom Coefficient is an exponent that expresses the spectral dependence of aerosol optical thickness (τ) with the wavelength of incident light (λ). \n\nThe spectral dependence of aerosol optical thickness can be approximated (depending on size distribution) by, \nτa = β λα where α is Angstrom exponent (β = aerosol optical thickness at 1 μm)\n\nAngstrom exponent (computed from τ measurements on two different wavelengths) can be used to find τ on another wavelength using the relation.\n\nThe Angstrom exponent provides additional information on the particle size (larger the exponent, the smaller the particle size), aerosol phase function and the relative magnitude of aerosol radiances at different wavelengths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d7e5d36-4d81-469d-9318-bf20ba3bae5c", - "label": "UV AEROSOL INDEX", - "broader": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", - "definition": "The relatively simple calculation of the Aerosol Index is based on wavelength dependent changes in Rayleigh scattering in the UV spectral range where ozone absorption is very small. UVAI can also be calculated in the presence of clouds so that daily, global coverage is possible. This is ideal for tracking the evolution of episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "'Particulate matter,' also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles.\n\nThe size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. EPA is concerned about particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects. EPA groups particle pollution into two categories: \n
\n- 'Inhalable coarse particles,' such as those found near roadways and dusty industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.\n
\n- 'Fine particles,' such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles react in the air.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6ab81a2f-5e7e-4249-87d2-875c6a4a2a80", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", - "broader": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a340e0c-1f2e-435d-acf2-427ebc0d5e4c", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", - "broader": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ffc2101-e4bc-4010-9a4c-b86c858d850f", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", - "broader": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "768cfa32-003d-47bd-ab3a-3e27e4ec2699", - "label": "NITRATE PARTICLES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Atmospheric aerosol particles derived from biogenic or anthropogenic\nnitrate emissions; comprised of nitrate compounds (e.g., ammonia,\nNOx).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7db9eab3-4c7a-4471-a826-a306f178ad3e", - "label": "AEROSOL RADIANCE", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Electromagnetic radiation received (primarily by spacecraft) as scattered\r\nfrom aerosols. Usually a term used in ocean color remote sensing to\r\nmeasure radiance from marine aerosols.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f795b88f-1aba-4548-97f6-7b587e8ba451", - "label": "AEROSOL BACKSCATTER", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Redirection of electromagnetic radiation due to the interaction with molecules or particles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "101c2cd2-b135-430b-a9c6-b710dee48d78", - "label": "AEROSOL FRACTION", - "broader": "f795b88f-1aba-4548-97f6-7b587e8ba451", - "definition": "The fraction of liquid phase, 1 - x, which, after flashing to the atmosphere, remains suspended as an aerosol.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "40633fe2-5b32-4bdc-a17b-b1cfebc01ae7", - "label": "AEROSOL EXTINCTION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Fractional energy removed from incident beam by scattering plus\nabsorption; wavelength dependent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", - "label": "AEROSOL PARTICLE PROPERTIES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Properties of aerosol particles including: compositon, size, diameter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "59920ad4-85fb-4cee-ba56-f39bc5857a3d", - "label": "AEROSOL CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", - "definition": "Volume of a colloidal system in which the dispersed phase is composed of either solid or liquid particles, and in which the dispersion medium is some gas, usually air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41575931-3cc4-4c9d-97a7-dde82bb0e19e", - "label": "AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", - "definition": "The amounts of different size particles of solids or liquids that are suspended in air as an aerosol.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "527f637c-aea5-4519-9293-d57e10a76bff", - "label": "CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Aerosols consisting predominantly of organic substances and various forms\nof black carbon; may be biogenic or anthropogenic, primary or secondary.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27478148-b4b6-4c89-8829-08d2ee7bfe10", - "label": "CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Known as CCN: particles that will take up water to form cloud droplets at\nor above a specified supersaturation of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b6342c6-315b-4f4f-b4e3-d6902aaa3e85", - "label": "DUST/ASH/SMOKE", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Solid materials suspended in the atmosphere in the form of small,\nirregular particules, many of which are microscopic in size. Dust and Ash\nare due to biogenic and anthropogenic sources such as volcanic eruptions,\nsalt spray, plant pollen, smoke, industrial processes, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8929113a-ded5-4c39-b20f-7968ed114317", - "label": "ORGANIC PARTICLES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Aerosol particles consisting predominantly of organic compounds, mainly C,\nH, O, and lesser amounts of other elements: may be biogenic or\nanthropogenic; primary or secondary; some organic compounds in aerosols\nmay exhibit substantial light absorption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca71b02b-4446-414c-8697-0950d7382cc4", - "label": "SULFATE PARTICLES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Atmospheric aerosol particles derived from biogenic or anthropogenic\nsulfur emissions; comprised of sulfate compounds (e.g., DMS, sulfuric\nacid, ammonium sulfate).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "449e2e03-8efd-42b6-8152-3602e4bab21d", - "label": "AEROSOL FORWARD SCATTER", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", - "label": "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a63f4fe6-51dc-4719-95e3-a09d111774c9", - "label": "NON-REFRACTORY AEROSOL ORGANIC MASS", - "broader": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc6f9a64-0d00-4f39-9f1c-a4c25b373897", - "label": "WATER-SOLUBLE AEROSOL ORGANIC MASS", - "broader": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23cd8555-05a7-4fea-a3c1-765227f0d9d4", - "label": "ELEMENTAL CARBON", - "broader": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", - "definition": "Elemental carbon occurs in the atmosphere, mostly in the form of soot from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Smoke particles also have a large proportion of carbonaceous material in them. Together, soot and smoke account for a large part of the reduction in visibility occurring over continental and polluted regions, due to light scattering and light absorption.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf040a0f-f934-474f-8def-0623a15db69f", - "label": "SEA SALT", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Sea salt aerosol, which originally comes from sea spray, is one of the most widely distributed natural aerosols. Sea salt aerosols are characterized as non-light-absorbing, highly hygroscopic, and having coarse particle size. Some sea salt dominated aerosols could have a single scattering albedo as large as ~0.97. Due to the hygroscopy, a sea salt particle can serve as a very efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), altering cloud reflectivity, lifetime, and precipitation process. According to the IPCC report, the total sea salt flux from ocean to atmosphere is ~3300 Tg/yr", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c0288cc-864d-40f7-93af-6df413b404f5", - "label": "BLACK CARBON", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Black carbon is one kind of aerosols. In climatology, black carbon is a climate forcing agent contributing to global warming. Chemically, black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter). Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms. It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass, and is one of the main types of particle in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot. Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality. Because of these human health impacts, many countries have worked to reduce their emissions, making it an easy pollutant to abate in anthropogenic sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b775d6e-de6c-4b11-b986-3c3a32cbf66d", - "label": "DEPOSITION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "In aerosol physics, deposition is the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaces, decreasing the concentration of the particles in the air. It can be divided into two sub-processes: dry and wet deposition. Deposition has large impact on surface aerosol concentration, which is crucial to air pollution, and impact on the ambient concentration which is important to radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e2b3e40-8775-41a7-a541-e482847289cb", - "label": "AEROSOL ABSORPTION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Absorbing aerosols refer to those aerosols that absorb light, whereby they both reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the surface (direct effect) and heat their surroundings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48e0400c-727e-4794-b80c-efdf9f71e3ba", - "label": "AMMONIUM AEROSOLS", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", - "definition": "Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is an important component of the global nitrogen cycle [Galloway and Cowling, 2002; Galloway et al., 2008; Sutton et al., 2007, 2008; Erisman et al., 2008, 2013; Fowler et al., 2013, 2015]. In the troposphere ammonia reacts rapidly with acids such as sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3) to form fine particulate matter (PM2.5) [Malm et al., 2004]. These ammonium (NH4+) containing aerosols affect Earth's radiative balance, both directly by scattering incoming radiation [Adams et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2004; Henze et al., 2012] and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei [Abbatt et al., 2006]. PM2.5 endangers public health by penetrating the human respiratory systems, depositing in the lungs and alveolar regions [Pope et al., 2002], and causing premature mortality [Lelieveld et al., 2015]. A precursor of these inorganic aerosols, gaseous NH3 is often the limiting species in their formation [Wang et al., 2013; Lelieveld et al., 2015]. Excess reactive nitrogen reduces biodiversity and causes harmful algal blooms and anoxic conditions. Dry deposition of gaseous ammonia may have substantially greater adverse impacts on ecosystem health than deposition of ammonium in aerosols or precipitation [Sheppard et al., 2011]. In contrast, PM2.5 has greater impact on human morbidity and mortality. In this article we quantify recent (~14 year) increases in tropospheric ammonia and suggest likely causes for these trends.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "A measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ff5d5c12-74d9-435d-9164-1c9d69f967d7", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", - "definition": "The characteristic of a system if sufficiently small disturbances have only small effects, either decreasing in amplitude or oscillating periodically; it is asymptotically stable if the effect of small disturbances vanishes for long time periods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", - "label": "UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", - "definition": "Temperature is defined, in general, as the degree of hotness or coldness measured on some definite temperature scale by means of any of various types of thermometers;In meteorology, a profile is defined as a\ngraph of the value of a scalar quantity versus a horizontal, vertical, or time scale. It usually refers to a vertical representation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", - "label": "VERTICAL PROFILES", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", - "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4fa883a3-e312-4dbe-870e-3272de4ac76a", - "label": "INVERSION HEIGHT", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", - "definition": "The height of the layer in which air temperature increases with\naltitude, representing an 'inversion' of the typical temperature decrease\nwith height in the troposphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17ce714a-bd7e-41a2-ab3d-4865832f1f0a", - "label": "DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", - "definition": "The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of dry air decreases as the parcel is lifted in the atmosphere. The dry adiabatic lapse rate (abbreviated DALR) is 5.5°F per 1000 ft or 9.8°C per km.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "050771bb-27a3-4e47-bd1b-724d1d73e20c", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", - "definition": "The rate of decrease of air temperature with height, usually measured with a radiosonde.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65937e73-0cc0-4058-b7dc-12c418ba2ed5", - "label": "SATURATED ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", - "definition": "The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of saturated air decreases as the parcel is lifted in the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f94b0e5-edc6-4724-bd84-404896e09afe", - "label": "BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", - "definition": "Air temperature measured within the the bottom layer (atmospheric boundary layer) of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3e6afd7-35a6-4cdb-a066-654a17168253", - "label": "DEICED TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", - "definition": "Temperature measured by the removal of ice through heating.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76103e17-59c2-4458-972d-9ff9801e5d32", - "label": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", - "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "86fb8a31-35f6-4d0e-b4b4-f9cecf961a47", - "label": "DEW POINT DEPRESSION", - "broader": "76103e17-59c2-4458-972d-9ff9801e5d32", - "definition": "(Also called spread, dewpoint spread, dewpoint deficit.) The difference in degrees between the air temperature and the dewpoint.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e76ccc7-2729-4de1-8c01-f295476ebb35", - "label": "TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", - "definition": "The deviation of temperature in a given region over a specified period from the long-term average value for the same region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3afb06fa-96b7-4bf4-a6b7-b5fa626afc04", - "label": "VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", - "definition": "The virtual temperature is the temperature a parcel which contains no moisture would have to equal the density of a parcel at a specific temperature and humidity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "label": "SURFACE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", - "definition": "In meteorology, the temperature of the ambient air near the surface of the earth, almost invariably determined by a thermometer in an instrument shelter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7ca345d4-8e15-49ae-98a7-1c387f61ea85", - "label": "TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "Departure of the temperature from its long-term mean value.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c28d9e4-c848-4628-9c00-45a540707b59", - "label": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a5e36040-cc5e-46d1-aeee-f49902e943b2", - "label": "DEWPOINT DEPRESSION", - "broader": "0c28d9e4-c848-4628-9c00-45a540707b59", - "definition": "(Also called spread, dewpoint spread, dewpoint deficit.) The difference in degrees between the air temperature and the dewpoint.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9c3b6ca-a534-4f3e-82de-b8b921e8f312", - "label": "BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "Air temperature measured within the the bottom layer (atmospheric boundary layer) of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd19a3f1-8eeb-49ab-bcaf-e7b4b267d415", - "label": "VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "(Also called density temperature.) The virtual temperature Tv = T(1 + rv/ ε)/(1 + rv), where rv is the mixing ratio and ε is the ratio of the gas constants of air and water vapor, ≈ 0.622.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25fcdcb7-efd2-4d2f-ba57-92bbcc7ba69a", - "label": "SKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "Temperature of the top layer of the ice/ocean surface from which thermal radiation emanates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f634ab55-de40-4d0b-93bc-691bf5408ccb", - "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "The temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a place sheltered from direct solar radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "449ad1fb-8010-43c7-b994-178a049d4cff", - "label": "TEMPERATURE TENDENCY", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "Temperature is defined, in general, as the degree of hotness or coldness measured on some definite temperature scale by means of any of various types of thermometers. Tendency is defined as the local rate of\nchange of a vector or scalar quantity with time at a given point in space. Because of the difficulty of measuring instantaneous variations in the atmosphere, variations are usually obtained from the differences in magnitudes over a finite period of time; and the definition of tendency is frequently broadened to include the local time variations so obtained.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a0bd777-be0d-43c8-80eb-5ac58f4832de", - "label": "POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "The temperature that an unsaturated parcel of dry air would have if brought adiabatically and reversibly from its initial state to a standard pressure, p0, typically 100 kPa.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e923275-f9e3-4faf-8a7f-2c96f3d5a280", - "label": "DEICED TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "Temperature measured by the removal of ice through heating.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1588b7d-7307-4543-9908-76d7877c4010", - "label": "STATIC TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "The temperature of undisturbed (static) air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", - "label": "MAXIMUM/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", - "definition": "Highest/Lowest air temperature attained during a specific time interval; usually 24 hours.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e56bcf72-f331-4545-948f-73fe0193b1bd", - "label": "6 HOUR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", - "definition": "The highest temperature reported for a given location during a (6 hour) period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9ab66f1-91c6-497a-b8d6-4688160b0e16", - "label": "6 HOUR MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", - "definition": "The lowest temperature attained at a specific location during a (6 hour) period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce6a6b3a-df4f-4bd7-a931-7ee874ee9efe", - "label": "24 HOUR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", - "definition": "The highest temperature reported for a given location during a (24 hour) period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c7f35d5-a3ec-4010-b1c3-6e98ac29dc3f", - "label": "24 HOUR MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", - "definition": "The lowest temperature attained at a specific location during a (24 hour) period.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", - "definition": "In the atmosphere : 'a number (as a ratio) derived from a series of observations and used as an indicator or measure'", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2590519a-c2bb-448a-b2f3-d10aaa7e057c", - "label": "COOLING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "A form of degree-day used to estimate the energy requirements for air conditioning or refrigeration; one cooling degree-day is given for each Fahrenheit degree that the daily mean temperature departs above the base of 24°C (75°F).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d527151-57b2-49ed-9937-c1756a704ce9", - "label": "COMMON SENSE CLIMATE INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "Our climate index is a simple measure of the degree, if any, to which practical climate change is occurring. It also illustrates natural climate variability, thus revealing how difficult it is to reliably perceive a change of quantities that are naturally ‘‘noisy’’ or chaotic. Our aim is to help people judge whether or not climate fluctuations are a significant indication of change and to provide improved understanding of climate variability.\n\nMore Information: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/csci/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2329bf96-d927-4993-95f9-93551d787ad7", - "label": "FREEZING INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "(Also called 'coldness sun.') As used by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the number of Fahrenheit degree-days (above and below 32°F) between the highest and lowest points on the cumulative degree-days time curve for one freezing season.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a43f9a02-769d-4343-8790-fa29a0507f44", - "label": "GROWING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "(Abbreviated GDD.) A heat index that relates the development of plants, insects, and disease organisms to environmental air temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "289ca013-0526-49e0-8b87-51513702e8f4", - "label": "HEAT INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "The heat index (HI) or “apparent temperature” is an approximation of how hot it “feels” for a given combination of air temperature and relative humidity (RH). Generally, higher RH values at the same temperature feel warmer or more stressful because of less evaporative cooling when people perspire. The HI is the result of extensive biometeorological studies over a period of decades by various researchers, most notably Robert G. Steadman.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "349b4322-26ff-4b3c-90fb-b3b1afd20755", - "label": "HEATING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "Generally, a measure of the departure of the mean daily temperature from a given standard: one degree-day for each degree (°C or °F) of departure above (or below) the standard during one day.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37ae8d4e-fe97-43d3-b8ee-a597e4ebfe87", - "label": "RESIDENTIAL ENERGY DEMAND TEMPERATURE INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "NOAA’s Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI) correlates heating and cooling degree-day data\nwith population. A hot summer in sparsely populated Wyoming will not have the same impact on energy use as a\nhot summer in the Mid-Atlantic. June 2010 had the second highest REDTI on record due to especially hot\ntemperatures in the heavily populated South and Southeast regions. The REDTI is measured on a scale of zero to 100, with 100 being the highest population weighted degree day average and zero being the lowest.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c441454-851f-48e0-abb3-053ae44c0d4e", - "label": "TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "Temperature Concentration Index (TCI) quantifies the distribution of mean monthly temperatures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "746c49af-3e36-4f0a-b488-e024314d6cfa", - "label": "THAWING INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "As used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the number of Fahrenheit degree- days (above and below 32°F) between the lowest and highest points on the cumulative degree- days time curve for one thawing season.\nThe thawing index determined from air temperatures at 4.5 ft above the ground is commonly designated the air thawing index, while that determined from temperatures immediately below a surface is called the surface thawing index.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d50d0685-f42f-4693-9458-eddb9ccf5704", - "label": "WIND CHILL INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", - "definition": "A means of quantifying the threat of rapid cooling during breezy or windy conditions that may result in hypothermia in cold conditions.\n\nThe index is used to remind the public to minimize exposure when outdoors and to take precautionary actions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", - "label": "PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2f0f103a-4fe9-429f-a783-ba1d6e6a446a", - "label": "HOURLY PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", - "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured per hour at a weather observing site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "039bbfd2-7653-4ba8-9003-b46d367c6038", - "label": "3 AND 6 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", - "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during 3 hour and 6 hour periods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "feef8827-92a6-4d1d-b6a5-ecda38a32656", - "label": "12 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", - "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during a 12 hour period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12250935-8f40-4279-aada-2f22cbef1459", - "label": "24 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", - "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during a 24 hour period.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6eaed241-db16-4a1a-a06c-893da5d98b45", - "label": "DROPLET SIZE", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "The measured dimensions of a rain droplet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eca0080c-b001-4b6a-b978-f76415e28421", - "label": "LIQUID WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "The liquid content of solid precipitation that has accumulated on the ground (snow depth). The accumulation may consist of snow, ice formed by freezing precipitation, freezing liquid precipitation, or ice formed by the refreezing of melted snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", - "label": "PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "The amount of precipitation that is collected over a specific time\nperiod; usually measured in inches/hour or millimeters/hour.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "001002d4-28ec-4ee2-9ff6-99d83be2d705", - "label": "CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", - "definition": "The instantaneous convective precipitation rate at the surface", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d57a7ba2-7d23-472f-8d6c-674dec4e8fa0", - "label": "FROZEN PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", - "definition": "The instantaneous frozen precipitation rate at the surface", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f29968d9-b911-45b5-b5b5-0a759a345ce9", - "label": "SURFACE PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", - "definition": "The instantaneous total precipitation rate at the surface", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "22a4ddef-90f0-4935-a13d-26b14723a956", - "label": "PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "The deviation of the amount of precipitation falling in a given region over\na specified period from the long-term average value for the same region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e96f2d1a-432e-44e4-bc88-6f8f35ae88fb", - "label": "VIRGA", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "(Also called Fallstreifen, fallstreaks, precipitation trails.) Wisps or streaks of water or ice particles falling out of a cloud but evaporating before reaching the earth's surface as precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30bd3a01-8cb0-4045-a998-582adbf97df9", - "label": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "The water content obtained from melting accumulated snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b3dc817-9238-482a-8c10-d34375f3d27d", - "label": "ACCUMULATIVE CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "Precipitation particles forming in the active updraft of a cumulonimbus cloud, growing primarily by the collection of cloud droplets (i.e., by coalescence and/or riming) and falling out not far from their originating updraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION INDICES", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric precipitation over a given area and timescale.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c6e7ddb6-1f7c-4364-8fb4-aabd1f4dcab4", - "label": "CENTRAL INDIAN PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", - "definition": "An index developed to quantify precipitation deficit over Central India for multiple timescales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "284738a2-4fcb-4eee-9ee7-5eac2378f46d", - "label": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", - "definition": "Time series that uses rainfall data in the Tropical Pacific to describe ENSO events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b024dec-76c2-4995-a9ad-7e2bf4feda72", - "label": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", - "definition": "An index developed by McKee et al. (1993) to quantify precipitation deficit at a given location for multiple timescales.\n\nStandardized precipitation is the difference of precipitation from the mean for a specified time divided by the standard deviation, where the mean and standard deviation are determined from the climatological record. The fact that precipitation is not normally distributed is overcome by applying a transformation (i.e., gamma function) to the distribution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc9c73a3-689c-44b5-b8fe-a5229168193e", - "label": "WEIGHTED ANOMALY STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", - "definition": "The Weighted Anomaly Standardized Precipitation Index (WASP) index gives a standardized measure of precipitation excess or deficits over the selected accumulation period.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", - "label": "SOLID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "Solid (frozen) precipitation, for example, snow, hail, ice pellets, snow pellets (soft hail, graupel), snow grains, and ice crystals;", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", - "label": "SNOW", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", - "definition": "A type of frozen precipitation composed of white or translucent ice\ncrystals, chiefly in complex branch hexagonal form and often agglomerated\ninto snow-flakes, especially at temperatures warmer than -5 C (23\nF).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c2815464-48b7-4dc1-90d6-0ab5a8b7c82b", - "label": "SNOW PELLETS", - "broader": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", - "definition": "(Also called soft hail, graupel, tapioca snow.) Precipitation consisting of white, opaque, approximately round (sometimes conical) ice particles having a snowlike structure, and about 2–5 mm in diameter.\n\nSnow pellets are crisp and easily crushed, differing in this respect from snow grains. They rebound when they fall on a hard surface and often break up. In most cases, snow pellets fall in shower form, often before or together with snow, and chiefly on occasions when the surface temperature is at or slightly below 0°C (32°F). It is formed as a result of accretion of supercooled droplets collected on what is initially a falling ice crystal (probably of the spatial aggregate type).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a16461a-49b9-4887-802f-2320c6dc4dd2", - "label": "SNOW GRAINS", - "broader": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", - "definition": "(Also called granular snow.) Precipitation in the form of very small, white opaque particles of ice; the solid equivalent of drizzle.\n\nThey resemble snow pellets in external appearance, but are more flattened and elongated, and generally have diameters of less than 1 mm; they neither shatter nor bounce when they hit a hard surface. Descriptions of the physical structure of snow grains vary widely and include very fine, simple ice crystals; tiny, complex snow crystals; small, compact bundles of rime; and particles with a rime core and a fine glaze coating. It is agreed that snow grains usually fall in very small quantities, mostly from stratus clouds or from fog, and never in the form of a shower.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7118d286-6629-48e5-931f-052cd347395e", - "label": "HAIL", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", - "definition": "A type of frozen precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of\nice, usually consisting of concentric layers of ice. Hail is always\nproduced by convective clouds, nearly always cumulonimbus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", - "label": "ICE PELLETS", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", - "definition": "A type of precipitation consisting of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, 5 mm or less in diameter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5beaf99c-0675-4af3-9236-f55d8d206d85", - "label": "SLEET", - "broader": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", - "definition": "In the United States, frozen rain drops that bounce on impact with the\nground or other objects. Elsewhere, may refer to a mix of rain and snow, a\nmix of rain and hail, or melting snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26087764-bd76-4a70-8dba-3c0cbadad6a7", - "label": "SMALL HAIL", - "broader": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", - "definition": "Hail with a diameter less than 0.64 cm (0.25 in.).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c8581e8-d49c-423e-9b38-3be406b64efa", - "label": "CONVECTIVE SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", - "label": "LIQUID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "Liquid precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface in the form of drops.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", - "label": "RAIN", - "broader": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", - "definition": "A type of liquid precipitation in the form of liquid water drops with\ndiameters greater than 0.5 millimeters (0.02 inches), or, if widely\nscattered, the drops may be smaller.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f9405e92-0c1c-4443-9cc4-45d662d8b5f2", - "label": "ACID RAIN", - "broader": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", - "definition": "Rain having a pH lower than 5.6, representing the pH of natural rainwater;\nthe increased acidity is usually due to the presence of sulfuric acid\nand/or nitric acid, often attributed to anthropogenic sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a90306f0-353c-4083-941a-0973a6fd6584", - "label": "FREEZING RAIN", - "broader": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", - "definition": "A freezing precipitation form where rain that falls in liquid form\nbecomes supercooled and freezes upon impact with cold surfaces (at\nsubfreezing temperatures) to form a coating of glaze upon the ground and\nexposed objects.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ffab597-284f-4d1a-b026-a78a6604cec5", - "label": "DRIZZLE", - "broader": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", - "definition": "Precipitation consisting of numerous minute droplets of water less than 0.5 mm (500 micrometers) in diameter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "88e39edc-bf9b-4c02-8a9d-83f9b6c01891", - "label": "FREEZING DRIZZLE", - "broader": "0ffab597-284f-4d1a-b026-a78a6604cec5", - "definition": "Drizzle that falls in liquid form but freezes upon impact to form a coating of glaze.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "09d991ca-020a-4d20-910a-747ea683e1f8", - "label": "LIQUID SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9466020a-db25-40ba-a76f-4720800efc92", - "label": "TOTAL SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56f2cdbd-2a91-4267-97eb-1680e8582322", - "label": "HYDROMETEORS", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "Particles in the atmosphere composed of water, e.g. ice, raindrops, snow, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", - "label": "PRECIPITATION PROFILES", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", - "definition": "The vertical (or horizontal) representation of the distribution of winds, usually measured by remote sensing satellites and aircraft or wind profiling radars.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9985d211-1056-4a7a-a1c8-550923ea5a81", - "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", - "definition": "Latent heat refers to energy lost (acquired) by a thermodynamic system during evaporative (condensation) processes. Most commonly in Earth systems, latent heating and cooling is experienced by any body containing water. Roughly 20% of the cooling of the surface of the Earth is due to evaporative processes. This energy, carried by water vapor, is released into the atmosphere during condensation processes, mainly during formation of clouds and precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3973025-f274-44f1-9ff5-0d2fd7e006c2", - "label": "RAIN TYPE", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", - "definition": "Rain Type describes the physical processes creating the precipitation profile. The most important distinction being between convective and stratiform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce105b93-42b1-4692-a8ef-dc10792f26bf", - "label": "MELTING LAYER HEIGHT", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", - "definition": "Melting layer is the altitude interval throughout which solid-phase precipitation melts as it descends. The melting layer may be several hundred meters deep, reflecting the time it takes for all the hydrometeors to undergo the transition from solid to liquid phase.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db0ff132-48ed-429b-b7e7-6a173b380421", - "label": "CLOUD WATER PATH", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", - "definition": "Total cloud liquid water in the atmospheric column", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ec9473a-0d08-4fb1-b2e8-b83d590d710c", - "label": "ICE WATER PATH", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", - "definition": "Total cloud ice in the atmospheric column", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4059c189-1ecb-4e0d-98d6-d67c0f76f275", - "label": "RAIN WATER PATH", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", - "definition": "Total rain water in the atmospheric column", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "Electrical phenomena, regarded collectively, which occur in the\nEarth's atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cac28264-0788-49a9-bb6a-c2251b0b325c", - "label": "TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", - "definition": "Total electron content is the total vertically integrated number\nof electrons per unit surface area on the earth. In standard metric\nunits this is 10E16 electrons/m^2 also known as a TEC unit or TECU.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "637ac172-e624-4ae0-aac4-0d1adcc889a2", - "label": "LIGHTNING", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", - "definition": "Generally, any and all of the various forms of visible\nelectrical discharge produced by thunderstorms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12b1cc7c-cb81-4851-9163-19c04a8ffd1c", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", - "definition": "A unit measure of electrical conduction; the facility with which a\nsubstance conducts electricity, as represented by the current density per\nunit electrical- potential gradient in the direction of flow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41f27172-14f6-4940-9b7b-f3d4db69e0c6", - "label": "ELECTRIC FIELD", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", - "definition": "The region in which electric forces can be observed, e.g. near an\r\nelectric charge. As a field, it may also be viewed as a region of space\r\nmodified by the presence of electric charges.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "(Also called aqueous vapor, moisture.) Water substance in vapor form; one of the most important of all constituents of the atmosphere.Air in motion relative to the surface of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", - "label": "WATER VAPOR PROFILES", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", - "definition": "In meteorology, a profile is defined as a graph of the value of a scalar quantity versus a horizontal, vertical, or time scale. It usually refers to a vertical representation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1b9a1873-c02f-4b6c-906e-5da8833354d4", - "label": "VERTICALLY RESOLVED BACKSCATTER LIGHT", - "broader": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", - "definition": "Vertically resolved backscattered light at 387nm and 407nm – Raman shifted from 355 nm by nitrogen and water vapor respectively.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fccc013-4a58-438a-b1e4-cd625aeb8204", - "label": "WATER VAPOR MIXING RATIO PROFILES", - "broader": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", - "definition": "The Tropospheric Water Vapor Lidar emits 355nm light using an NdYag pulsed laser. The 355 nm Raman shifted backscatter light from nitrogen and water vapor are measured and used to calculate a vertically resolved profile of Water Vapor Mixing ratios.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04c30b59-88ea-4311-8353-8896d4eba83f", - "label": "WATER VAPOR CONCENTRATION PROFILES", - "broader": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", - "definition": "Concentration term is based on retrieval of Molecules/cm3 also known as the water vapor number density.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "label": "WATER VAPOR PROCESSES", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", - "definition": "Methods of transport of liquid to and from vapor form.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d7fbbafe-fc73-4b63-9837-3d53d2370d9d", - "label": "CONDENSATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "In meteorological usage, this term is applied only to the transformation from vapor to liquid; any process in which a solid forms directly from its vapor is termed deposition, and the reverse process sublimation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b68ab978-6db6-49ee-84e2-5f37b461a998", - "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "The physical process by which a liquid or solid is transformed to the gaseous state; the opposite of condensation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", - "label": "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "The combined processes through which water is transferred to the atmosphere from open water and ice surfaces, bare soil, and vegetation that make up the earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6045993e-a656-40c1-853c-9db1fbb49171", - "label": "POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", - "broader": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", - "definition": "Actual amount of water lost to evapotranspiration from the soil–plant continuum by an actively growing plant or crop.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f28060e0-1c51-41df-8451-6c98b3e77e8a", - "label": "EFFECTIVE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", - "broader": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", - "definition": "The amount of water evaporated (both as transpiration and evaporation from the soil) from an area of continuous, uniform vegetation that covers the whole ground and that is well supplied with water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d438f0a2-5a88-4d56-8bec-7c5e35249544", - "label": "SUBLIMATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "The process of phase transition from solid directly to vapor in the absence of melting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd8b242-ac18-4d9f-85d5-eb551792d7e9", - "label": "WATER VAPOR TENDENCY", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "The local rate of change of water vapor with time at a given point in space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "293cdec2-44b7-488c-ae04-0722f0a9e8b9", - "label": "SUPERSATURATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "In meteorology, the condition existing in a given portion of the atmosphere (or other space) when the relative humidity is greater than 100%, that is, when it contains more water vapor than is needed to produce saturation with respect to a plane surface of pure water or pure ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32a88fee-dfa9-4ef8-ab6d-cbc18426da53", - "label": "WATER VAPOR FLUX", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "Flow of Water Vapor across an area per unit time, for 'water vapor flux' units of kg/m^2/s", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d8b1280-62a6-48f5-a9f6-ed18023e3481", - "label": "WATER VAPOR CONVERGENCE", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "Water Vapor convergence/divergence is the derivative of a flux -- which indicates flow into a volume, which has units kg/m^2/s.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "957240ee-7ad8-4c62-9fd7-364371d247d7", - "label": "WATER VAPOR DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", - "definition": "Water Vapor convergence/divergence is the derivative of a flux -- which indicates flow into a volume, which has units kg/m^2/s.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "label": "WATER VAPOR INDICATORS", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", - "definition": "Methods of expressing water vapor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c3a4eb4a-4619-43cd-b890-b567d01324ea", - "label": "TOTAL PRECIPITABLE WATER", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "The total atmospheric water vapor contained in a vertical column of unit cross-sectional area extending between any two specified levels, commonly expressed in terms of the height to which that water substance would stand if completely condensed and collected in a vessel of the same unit cross section.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "731beb11-9418-40ec-8f2c-c4b320e8231a", - "label": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", - "label": "HUMIDITY", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "Generally, some measure of the water vapor content of air.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6b61a904-b92d-45ee-9061-aa5e61c29dd2", - "label": "ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", - "definition": "In a system of moist air, the ratio of the mass of water vapor present to the volume occupied by the mixture; that is, the density of the water vapor component.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea308986-ad35-4482-948c-5eb1a01be836", - "label": "HUMIDITY MIXING RATIO", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", - "definition": "The ratio of the mass of a variable atmospheric constituent to the mass of dry air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a249c68f-8249-4285-aad2-020b3c5aefc3", - "label": "RELATIVE HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", - "definition": "The ratio of the vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure with respect to water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "811391d2-4113-4d52-9c88-47d56afda481", - "label": "SPECIFIC HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", - "definition": "In a system of moist air, the (dimensionless) ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba2491a4-2498-4c9f-9adc-123078eef633", - "label": "SATURATION SPECIFIC HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", - "definition": "The specific humidity of water vapor corresponding to the saturation mixing ratio.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "15029eb0-6342-4066-8ac9-c50f7dbfb392", - "label": "WATER VAPOR", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "Water substance in vapor form; one of the most important of all constituents of the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "871f5bee-ea8d-44c0-8740-9b0153fa6ea4", - "label": "LAYERED PRECIPITABLE WATER", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "The layered water vapor is a profile in broad layers based on pressure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a2332d9-fd69-4002-89a5-203d748a4e21", - "label": "SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "The vapor pressure of a system, at a given temperature, for which the vapor of a substance is in equilibrium with a plane surface of that substance's pure liquid or solid phase; that is, the vapor pressure of a system that has attained saturation but not supersaturation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "433ea253-243d-42e4-bc61-f85eb7a73879", - "label": "VAPOR PRESSURE", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "The pressure exerted by the molecules of a given vapor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df1a03f5-1cb3-4c63-870a-5a09debdf065", - "label": "STABLE ISOTOPES", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", - "definition": "An isotope of an element that shows no tendency to undergo radioactive breakdown.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", - "label": "WATER VAPOR INDICES", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", - "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric water vapor over a given area and timescale.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "07826fba-f581-4119-803e-14f3bfc2d14c", - "label": "HUMIDITY INDEX", - "broader": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", - "definition": "As used by C. W. Thornthwaite in his 1948 climatic classification, an index of the degree of water surplus over water need at any given station.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "425486f4-7b04-4b77-af40-563fe6ed4167", - "label": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT INDEX", - "broader": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", - "definition": "Represents the magnitude of the two-dimensional transport of water vapor in the upper troposphere.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "label": "CLOUDS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "A visible aggregate of minute water droplets and/or ice crystals in\nthe atmosphere above the Earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "29b61359-ebec-42c2-be05-2d7be2275954", - "label": "CLOUD TYPES", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "(Also known as cloud genus) The main characteristic form of a cloud used in\nits indentification.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbb0d517-462a-46fe-a0e6-32555f7e7f23", - "label": "CLOUD DROPLET DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "The physical size of water droplets and the distribution of water droplets\nrecorded within a cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", - "label": "MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0a7f50ce-4968-46c8-86a6-23ea13c1830c", - "label": "POLAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS", - "broader": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", - "definition": "are a diffuse scattering layer of water ice crystals near the summer polar mesopause.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "939c0a66-0340-425b-999a-44a09046ec93", - "label": "NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS", - "broader": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", - "definition": "The summer polar mesopause is the coldest region of the Earth's atmosphere, reaching temperatures as low as -140°C. It is sufficiently cold for noctilucent ('night shining') clouds to form in summer, at altitudes around 83 km. \n\nNoctilucent clouds can only be seen when the sun is shining on them (at ~83 km) and not on the lower atmosphere, i.e. when the sun is between 6 and 16 degrees below the horizon.\n\nThey are a summer, polar phenomena but because of the restrictive viewing conditions they are most commonly observed at latitudes between 55 and 65 degrees. \n\nNoctilucent clouds were first reported in 1885 when they were independently observed in Germany and Russia. This was two years after the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa in the Straits of Java.\n\nOne hypothesis is that the initial observation of noctilucent clouds was related to an increase in the number of observers of the twilight skies attracted by the spectacular displays resulting from the globally distributed volcanic debris of Krakatoa. Alternatively, water vapour injected into the upper atmosphere by the volcano ultimately reached the cold, dry upper mesophere.\n\nSubsequent observations have proved that noctilucent clouds are not solely related to volcanic activity, and their volcanic association is now scientifically contentious. It has been alternatively claimed that the appearance of noctilucent clouds is the earliest evidence of anthropogenic climate change.\n\nNoctilucent cloud observations from north-west Europe over the last 30 years show an increasing trend in the number of nights on which the clouds are observed each summer season, superimposed on a decadal variability that appears to be solar-cycle related.\n\nCompeting anthropogenic explanations for this increasing occurrence of noctilucent clouds focus on either excessive greenhouse cooling of the middle atmosphere or increased water vapour linked to increased methane release associated principally with intensive farming activities.\n\nThey have been observed thousands of times in the northern hemisphere, but less than 100 observations have been reported from the southern hemisphere. It has not been resolved if this is due to inter-hemispheric differences (temperature &/or water vapour) in the atmosphere at these altitudes, or the lack of observers and poorer observing conditions in southern latitudes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6ab88c0-5a97-4f5e-8e4c-1c6fc6ed368f", - "label": "STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9d3d400c-ded2-4b3c-8d0c-5a76e25be033", - "label": "POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS/NACREOUS", - "broader": "d6ab88c0-5a97-4f5e-8e4c-1c6fc6ed368f", - "definition": "Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a central role in the formation of the ozone hole in the Antarctic and Arctic. PSCs provide surfaces upon which heterogeneous chemical reactions take place. These reactions lead to the production of free radicals of chlorine in the stratosphere which directly destroy ozone molecules.\n\nPSCs form poleward of about 60ºS latitude in the altitude range 10 km to 25 km during the winter and early spring. The clouds are classified into Types I and II according to their particle size and formation temperature.\n\nType II clouds, also known as nacreous or mother-of-pearl clouds, are composed of ice crystals and form when temperatures are below the ice frost point (typically below -83ºC).\n\nThe Type I PSCs are optically much thinner than the Type II clouds, and have a formation threshold temperature 5 to 8ºC above the frost point. These clouds consist mainly of hydrated droplets of nitric acid and sulphuric acid.\n\nDespite two decades of research, the climatology of PSCs is not well described, and this impacts on the accuracy of ozone depletion models. The timing and duration of PSC events, their geographic extent and vertical distributions, and their annual variability are not well understood.The Davis lidar has been used to study stratospheric clouds since 2001. The observations consist of profiles of Rayeligh laser backscatter at a wavelength of 532 nm as a function of altitude. The measurements are being used to investigate the climatology of the clouds and their relation to the temperature structure of the stratosphere, and the influence of atmospheric gravity waves and planetary waves in modulating their structure and ozone depletion.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", - "label": "TROPOSPHERIC/HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bf271f69-3294-44d6-bfa8-a8f54468ca30", - "label": "CIRROSTRATUS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the high levels of the troposphere, composed of ice crystals which appear from the ground as a transparent sheet or veil, often creating a halo phenomenon around the sun or moon. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", - "label": "CIRRUS/SYSTEMS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the high levels of the troposphere, composed of ice crystals which appear from the ground as white tufts or filaments. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CI.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d6ba91a1-a5f4-47e3-9485-89348235acb9", - "label": "CIRRUS KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ COLOMBIAH", - "broader": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4f5faaa-36d9-4529-b667-7d4e39d3c67b", - "label": "CIRRUS CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", - "definition": "Cirrus clouds are the highest in elevation, which form above 20,000 feet. The temperature at that elevation is so cold that cirrus clouds are usually composed of ice crystals. The ice crystals are the result of the freezing of super-cooled water drops. This can only happen when the temperatures reach below –38 degrees Celsius. These high-level clouds are white, thin, feathery, and wispy in appearance. Cirrus clouds often mark the start of a warm front, which is an indication of approaching bad weather. They are the fastest moving in the atmosphere because the wind current is very strong that high up.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e59c154f-cdc9-4400-a0d2-af60df9e1b56", - "label": "CIRROCUMULUS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the high levels of the troposphere, composed of ice crystals which appear from the ground as very small elements in the form of grains or small ripples. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf75769c-2430-4280-b9c2-ba384849a548", - "label": "CONTRAILS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", - "definition": "Contrails are human-induced clouds that usually form at very high altitudes (usually above 8 km - about 26,000 ft) where the air is extremely cold (less than -40ºC). Because of this, contrails form not when an airplane is taking off or landing, but while it is at cruise altitude. (Exceptions occur in places like Alaska and Canada, where very cold air is sometimes found near the ground.)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31c8b1d1-1e46-4c40-a23f-0db327121eb7", - "label": "PILEUS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", - "definition": "'Appearance: Resembles the top of a mushroom or a smooth cap.\n\nOccurrence: Occasional. Found above rapidly growing cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds as a result of warm updrafts formed during a thunderstorm.\n\nConditions: Caused by rapid, relatively strong, upward movements of warm moist air, which acts as a barrier. Air approaching the top of the cloud is forced to move up and around it. The air forced upward, cools and forms the cloud cap.\n\nLocation: Pileus clouds form in conjunction with strong convective clouds and are associated with the cumulus cloud that lies beneath. These occur in areas with strong heating and lots of moisture close to the ground. This means that they commonly occur over land in areas like the eastern United States and Australia (more likely over the Great Dividing Range and in the northern parts during monsoon season) during spring and summer. Australian Geographic", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", - "label": "TROPOSPHERIC/MID-LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", - "label": "ALTOCUMULUS", - "broader": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the middle levels of the troposphere, and appearing as a white and/or grey layer or patch with a waved aspect. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as AC.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "73e102fa-3089-42c3-bd0f-4682f73fff0f", - "label": "ALTOCUMULUS UNDULATUS", - "broader": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", - "definition": "(Also called billow cloud, windrow cloud, wave cloud.) A cloud variety composed of merged or separate elements that are elongated and parallel, either suggestive of ocean waves or arranged in ranks and files.\n\nSometimes two distinct wave systems are apparent (biundulatus). The formation is by gravity waves that exhibit broad, nearly parallel lines of cloud oriented normal to the wind direction, with cloud bases near an inversion surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44415a90-bfe0-447a-93c9-6e4badc6871c", - "label": "ALTOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS", - "broader": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", - "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.\n\nThis castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1° when observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbc7fed3-ad30-4e57-868e-bae478713a71", - "label": "ALTOCUMULUS LENTICULARIS", - "broader": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", - "definition": "'(Or lenticular cloud.) A cloud species the elements of which have the form of more or less isolated, generally smooth lenses or almonds; the outlines are sharp and sometimes show irisation.\n\nThese clouds appear most often in formations of orographic origin, the result of lee waves, in which cases they remain nearly stationary with respect to the terrain (standing cloud), but they also occur in regions without marked orography. This species is found mainly in the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and (rarely) stratocumulus. Altocumulus lenticularis differs from cirrocumulus lenticularis in that, when smooth and without elements, it has shadowed parts while the latter is very white throughout. When undulated or subdivided, the altocumulus species differs from stratocumulus lenticularis in that its elements subtend an angle of less than 5° when viewed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d5e72d73-22f6-4f4c-b937-b71d84960a1e", - "label": "LENTICULAR CLOUDS", - "broader": "dbc7fed3-ad30-4e57-868e-bae478713a71", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f58d0203-0070-422c-ab52-6ca8ffbb6362", - "label": "ALTOSTRATUS", - "broader": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the middle levels of the troposphere, and appearing as a grey or bluish sheet. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as AS.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4da38a31-aac6-4080-96b0-c8ee2cb33158", - "label": "ALTOSTRATUS UNDULATUS", - "broader": "f58d0203-0070-422c-ab52-6ca8ffbb6362", - "definition": "(Also called billow cloud, windrow cloud, wave cloud.) A cloud variety composed of merged or separate elements that are elongated and parallel, either suggestive of ocean waves or arranged in ranks and files.\n\nSometimes two distinct wave systems are apparent (biundulatus). The formation is by gravity waves that exhibit broad, nearly parallel lines of cloud oriented normal to the wind direction, with cloud bases near an inversion surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "label": "CONVECTIVE CLOUDS/SYSTEMS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4074eb32-a3de-494f-a722-2deeaab76b33", - "label": "CLOUD CLUSTERS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "Groupings of similar cloud types.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "879cccd4-d375-40f6-8bee-6f58efd2dd61", - "label": "DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "(Also called Mesoscale Convective System) A cloud system that occurs in connection with an ensemble of thunderstorms and produces a contiguous precipitation area on the order of 100 km or more in horizontal scale in at least one direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d13661da-d022-439a-bb27-dc2273f9dc88", - "label": "MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "(Abbreviated MCC.) A subset of mesoscale convective systems (MCS) that exhibit a large, circular (as observed by satellite), long-lived, cold cloud shield.\n\nThe cold cloud shield must exhibit the following physical characteristics.\n\n Size: A - Cloud shield with continuously low infrared (IR) temperature ≤ -32°C must have an area ≥ 105 km2; and B - Interior cold cloud region with temperature ≤ -52°C must have an area ≥ 0.5 X 105 km2.\n Initiate: Size definitions A and B are first satisfied\n Duration: Size definitions A and B must be met for a period ≥ 6 h.\n Maximum extent: Contiguous cold cloud shield (IR temperature ≤ -33°C) reaches maximum size.\n Shape: Eccentricity (minor axis/major axis) ≥ 0.7 at time of maximum extent.\n Terminate: Size definitions A and B no longer satisfied.\n\n Alternatively, a dynamical definition of an MCC requires that the system have a Rossby number of order 1 and exhibit a horizontal scale comparable to the Rossby radius of deformation. In midlatitude MCS environments, the Rossby radius of deformation is about 300 km.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3ee0a52-266b-45e4-adad-d0675699676b", - "label": "PERCENT CONVECTIVE CLOUDS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca7f5dbd-199e-4cc8-bc7b-550753ecbc93", - "label": "PRECIPITATING CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe2e0b6f-3d7d-489a-b093-86ed0d233385", - "label": "TROPICAL OCEANIC CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "Tropical oceanic cloud systems, which are recognized as an essential component of the global climate system, are complex phenomena in geophysical flows due to the vast range of scales of motion involved and the nonlinearity of interactions among the attendant physical processes (e.g., phase changes of water, cloud-interactive radiation, turbulence and surface fluxes) . Cloud systems directly couple dynamical and hydrological processes in the atmosphere through the release of latent heat of condensation and evaporation, through precipitation, and through the vertical redistribution of sensible heat, moisture and momentum. They have an equally important effects on the large-scale radiation budget, through the reflection, absorption and emission of radiation, and the surface energy budget, through the modification of net radiative fluxes and net heat fluxes at the ocean surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6024258-d344-4cd2-932b-31e5c81a9c4b", - "label": "SQUALL LINE", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "A line of active thunderstorms, either continuous or with breaks, including contiguous precipitation areas resulting from the existence of the thunderstorms.\n\nThe squall line is a type of mesoscale convective system distinguished from other types by a larger length-to-width ratio.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", - "label": "CUMULONIMBUS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, with bases forming in the low levels of the troposphere, characterised by a large vertical extent, and often capped by an anvil-shaped cirrus cloud. It is often accompanied by rain showers, turbulence, icing and gusty surface winds; and sometimes also by lightning, thunder, hail, microbursts and/or tornadoes. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CB.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "eec3cec2-1649-4507-b91d-3a25ab2200ee", - "label": "CUMULONIMBUS CAPILLATUS", - "broader": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", - "definition": "A species of cumulonimbus cloud characterized by the presence, mostly in its upper portion, of distinct cirriform parts, frequently in the form of an anvil (incus), a plume, or a vast and more or less disorderly mass of hair.\n\nThis cloud is usually accompanied by a shower or thunderstorm, often by a squall, and sometimes by hail. It generally produces very apparent virga. The species capillatus is unique to the genus cumulonimbus.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "52f4dfb0-4583-4d82-8cb7-813ffaadd783", - "label": "CUMULONIMBUS INCUS", - "broader": "eec3cec2-1649-4507-b91d-3a25ab2200ee", - "definition": "The anvil-shaped cloud that comprises the upper portion of mature cumulonimbus clouds; the popular name given to a cumulonimbus capillatus cloud, particularly if it embodies the supplementary feature incus (from the Latin for anvil).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1035388-6993-4143-966b-30ced627c2da", - "label": "CUMULONIMBUS CALVUS", - "broader": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", - "definition": "A species of cumulonimbus cloud evolving from cumulus congestus.\n\nThe protuberances of its upper portion have begun to lose their cumuliform outline; they loom and usually flatten, then transform into a whitish mass with more or less diffuse outlines and vertical striations. Cirriform cloud is not present, but the transformation into ice crystals often proceeds with great rapidity. Most often, this cloud is accompanied by showers. By convention, the name cumulonimbus calvus is given to any highly developed cumuliform cloud that produces lightning, thunder, or hail, although the top shows no obvious trace of transformation into ice. The species calvus is unique to the genus cumulonimbus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "772d8044-f11b-4b01-bc72-d7dd45cfe1b3", - "label": "PYROCUMULONIMBUS", - "broader": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", - "definition": "Pyrocumulonimbus is the fire-breathing dragon of clouds. A cumulonimbus without the ''pyre'' part is imposing enough -- a massive, anvil-shaped tower of power reaching five miles (8 km) high, hurling thunderbolts, wind and rain.\n\nAdd smoke and fire to the mix and you have pyrocumulonimbus, an explosive storm cloud actually created by the smoke and heat from fire, and which can ravage tens of thousands of acres. And in the process, ''pyroCb'' storms funnel their smoke like a chimney into Earth's stratosphere, with lingering ill effects.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", - "label": "CUMULUS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the low levels of the troposphere, characterised by flat bases and dome or cauliflower-shaped upper surfaces. Small, separate cumulus are associated with fair weather, but may grow into towering cumulus or cumulonimbus. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CU.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6aa7422c-ad66-40b6-90cd-750f9158daee", - "label": "CUMULUS HUMILIS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", - "definition": "(Also called fair-weather cumulus.) A species of cumulus characterized by small vertical development, uniform flat bases and a general similarity among clouds.\n\nIts vertical growth is usually restricted by the existence of a temperature inversion in the atmosphere; this in turn explains the unusually uniform height of the cloud tops of this cumulus species. A single cloud element that is able to penetrate the inversion may develop into cumulus congestus or even further to become cumulonimbus. As in all species of cumulus, wind shear with height may give rise to a hard appearance upshear, where cloud erosion in dry environment air is taking place, and a fuzzy appearance downshear . This species is unique to the genus cumulus.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ef4de9ce-01ee-4bf0-8814-abefd1bad4b9", - "label": "FAIR WEATHER CUMULUS", - "broader": "6aa7422c-ad66-40b6-90cd-750f9158daee", - "definition": "A species of cumulus characterized by small vertical development, uniform flat bases and a general similarity among clouds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba9a8dac-abb7-4580-938d-762b53bab71b", - "label": "CUMULUS MEDIOCRIS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", - "definition": "A cloud species, unique to the genus cumulus, of moderate vertical development, the upper protuberances or sproutings of which are not very marked; it may have a small cauliflower aspect.\n\nThis cloud does not give any precipitation, but frequently develops into cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bafe2e0-c1a7-4bee-a02e-ac66964b4d7f", - "label": "CUMULUS CONGESTUS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", - "definition": "A strongly sprouting cumulus species with generally sharp outlines and, sometimes, with a great vertical development; it is characterized by its cauliflower or tower aspect, of large size.\n\nMainly in the Tropics, cumulus congestus may produce abundant precipitation. It may also occur in the form of very high towers, the tops of which are formed of kinds of cloudy puffs that, detaching themselves successively from the main portion of the cloud, are carried away by the wind, then disappear more or less rapidly, sometimes producing virga. Cumulus congestus is the result of the development of cumulus mediocris and, sometimes, of that of altocumulus castellanus or stratocumulus castellanus. Cumulus congestus often transforms into cumulonimbus; this transformation is revealed by the smooth, fibrous, or striated aspect assumed by its upper portion. The species congestus is unique to the genus cumulus.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "79668331-c50d-49da-aea6-83c94545f9e3", - "label": "TOWERING CUMULUS", - "broader": "3bafe2e0-c1a7-4bee-a02e-ac66964b4d7f", - "definition": "A vertically developed cumulus cloud, often a precursor to cumulonimbus. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as TCU.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "29d6cd82-4762-4316-9fdd-29430dae7ad9", - "label": "CUMULUS CASTELLANUS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", - "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.\n\nThis castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1° when observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "801846d5-622b-4937-83cf-9d387be73ac4", - "label": "PYROCUMULUS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", - "definition": "A cumulus cloud formed by a rising thermal from a fire, or enhanced by buoyant plume emissions from an industrial combustion process.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", - "label": "TROPOSPHERIC/LOW LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b1d51b72-97d0-484c-b251-220f219965c2", - "label": "MARINE STRATOCUMULUS", - "broader": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", - "definition": "As the Earth spins on its axis, the movement pushes ocean surface waters west away from the western edge of continents. In a process called upwelling, cool water from deep in the ocean rises to replace the surface water. Upwelling creates a layer of cool water at the surface, which cools the air immediately above the water. As the moist, marine air cools, water vapor condenses into water droplets, and low clouds form. These lumpy, sheet-like clouds are marine stratocumulus clouds, and they are a common occurrence along the western coasts of the continents, where upwelling is common. Probably no higher than a kilometer (about 3,000 feet) above the Earth’s surface, the clouds in the image hug the coastline in echo of the cool ocean currents beneath them. In contrast, warm, dry air dominates over land, keeping skies cloud free.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS CUMILIFORMIS", - "broader": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "53378c8d-0324-4473-8bbd-231aed830d26", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", - "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.\n\nThis castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1° when observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3adff54b-cfc7-4ba0-ba06-7a06b8c4876a", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS MAMMATUS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", - "definition": "Hanging protuberances, like pouches, on the undersurface of a cloud.\n\nThis supplementary cloud feature occurs mostly with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, stratocumulus, and cumulonimbus; in the case of cumulonimbus, mamma generally appear on the underside of the anvil (incus). American Meteorological Society (http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fc75200-666d-4b59-a493-99e08e55e57d", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS VESPERALIS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16e33a06-ae4b-48cd-be7f-ad44f3dfd23b", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS DIURNALIS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS UNDULATAS", - "broader": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "53ade6b0-1b8c-4766-b9c1-4d40d1f69482", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS OPACUS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", - "definition": "A variety of cloud (sheet, layer, or patch), the greater part of which is sufficiently dense to obscure the sun (betweeen 10 and 20 optical depths).\n\nThis variety is found in the genera altocumulus, altostratus, stratocumulus, and stratus. (Note: cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds are inherently opaque.) In the case of altocumulus opacus or stratocumulus opacus the elements stand out in true relief at the cloud base, rather than as a consequence of varying degrees of opacity. Also, in these cases, this variety usually modifies the species stratiformis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94fa2efc-0e7f-4dce-9f2a-0d6f34edcb92", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS PERLUCIDUS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", - "definition": "A cloud variety, usually of the species stratiformis, in which distinct spaces between its elements permit the sun, moon, blue sky, or higher clouds to be seen.\n\nThese openings may be very small. This variety is found only in the genera altocumulus and stratocumulus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b962de0e-f115-4452-95be-7a4af6687bc3", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS TRANSLUCIDUS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", - "definition": "A cloud variety occurring in a layer, patch, or extensive sheet, the greater part of which is sufficiently translucent to reveal the position of the sun, or through which higher clouds may be discerned.\n\nThis variety is found in the genera altocumulus, altostratus, stratocumulus, and stratus, and is usually a modification of the species stratiformis or lenticularis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12adeea5-f3e7-4f72-a029-f1e52411de18", - "label": "STRATOCUMULUS LENTICULARIS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", - "definition": "(Or lenticular cloud.) A cloud species the elements of which have the form of more or less isolated, generally smooth lenses or almonds; the outlines are sharp and sometimes show irisation.\n\nThese clouds appear most often in formations of orographic origin, the result of lee waves, in which cases they remain nearly stationary with respect to the terrain (standing cloud), but they also occur in regions without marked orography. This species is found mainly in the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and (rarely) stratocumulus. Altocumulus lenticularis differs from cirrocumulus lenticularis in that, when smooth and without elements, it has shadowed parts while the latter is very white throughout. When undulated or subdivided, the altocumulus species differs from stratocumulus lenticularis in that its elements subtend an angle of less than 5° when viewed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3d37438-644d-448e-95ea-991d79b3a0f3", - "label": "NIMBOSTRATUS", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", - "definition": "Low or middle-level thick dark cloud with with more or less continuously falling rain, snow or sleet. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as NS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8945d3c7-1c39-4a8b-b954-2a84da8ecc88", - "label": "STRATUS", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", - "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the low levels of the troposphere and normally existing as a flat layer that does not exhibit individual elements. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as ST.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", - "label": "FOG", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", - "definition": "A visible aggregate of minute water droplets suspended in the atmosphere close to the ground; a cloud in contact with the earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "30c9e32c-7dfe-430f-bd06-4cfa844076e2", - "label": "ADVECTION FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", - "definition": "A type of fog caused by the advection of moist air over a cold surface, and the consequent cooling of that air to below its dewpoint.\n\nA very common advection fog is that caused by moist air over a cold body of water (sea fog).\n\nSometimes applied to steam fog.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99a0a2d2-5d77-4cf2-8fc0-90d12840b12d", - "label": "RADIATION FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", - "definition": "A common type of fog, produced over a land area when radiational cooling reduces the air temperature to or below its dewpoint.\n\nThus, a strict radiation fog is a nighttime occurrence, although it may begin to form by evening twilight and often does not dissipate until after sunrise. Factors favoring the formation of radiation fog are 1) a shallow surface layer of relatively moist air beneath a dry layer and clear skies, and 2) light surface winds. It can be most confusing near sea coasts with cold coastal water. It can be difficult at times to differentiate between this and other types of fog, especially since nighttime cooling intensifies all fogs. Radiation fog is frequently and logically called ground fog, but in U.S. weather observing practice, the latter term is defined only with respect to the amount of sky that is obscured by the fog.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3eefb892-0453-48b6-b619-b8fa3e7bbfc8", - "label": "UPSLOPE FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", - "definition": "A type of fog formed when air flows upward over rising terrain and is, consequently, adiabatically cooled to or below its dewpoint.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50604404-fef4-4e17-a6a6-a88c0bd88c4f", - "label": "STEAM FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", - "definition": "(Or sea smoke; also called arctic sea smoke, antarctic sea smoke, frost smoke, water smoke, sea mist, steam mist.) Fog formed when water vapor is added to air that is much colder than the vapor's source; most commonly, when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water.\n\nNo matter what the nature of the vapor source (warm water, industrial combustion exhaust, exhaled breath), its equilibrium vapor pressure is greater than that corresponding to the colder air; thus, the water vapor, upon becoming mixed with and cooled by the cold air, rapidly condenses. It should be noted that this mechanism never allows the fog to actually reach the vapor source. Also, upon further mixing in sufficiently turbulent or convective flow (only a slight degree is needed), the fog particles evaporate at a more or less well defined upper limit of the fog. Note, also, that although advection of air is necessary to produce steam fog, it differs greatly from an advection fog in the usual sense, which is caused by warm, moist air moving over a cold surface. Steam fog is commonly observed over lakes and streams on cold autumn mornings as well as in polar regions. It is sometimes confused with ice fog, but its particles are entirely liquid. At temperatures below -29°C (-20°F), these may freeze into droxtals and create a type of ice fog that may be known as frost smoke.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09a1b23e-bd8b-4bb9-966b-2388328973d4", - "label": "FRONTAL FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", - "definition": "Fog associated with frontal zones and frontal passages.\n\nIt is usually divided into three types: warm-front prefrontal fog; cold-front post-frontal fog; and frontal-passage fog. The first two types are a result of rain falling into cold stable air and raising the dewpoint temperature. Frontal-passage fog can result from the 'mixing of warm and cold air masses in the frontal zone' or by 'sudden cooling of air over moist ground.'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd4f6e31-14b5-468a-a15c-5ac0ce97bf35", - "label": "ICE FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", - "definition": "(Also called ice-crystal fog, frozen fog, frost fog, frost flakes, air hoar, rime fog, pogonip.) A type of fog, composed of suspended particles of ice, partly ice crystals 20 to 100 μm in diameter, but chiefly, especially when dense, droxtals 12–20 μm in diameter.\n\nIt occurs at very low temperatures, and usually in clear, calm weather in high latitudes. The sun is usually visible and may cause halo phenomena. Ice fog is rare at temperatures warmer than -30°C, and increases in frequency with decreasing temperature until it is almost always present at air temperatures of -45°C in the vicinity of a source of water vapor. Such sources are the open water of fast-flowing streams or of the sea, herds of animals, volcanoes, and especially products of combustion for heating or propulsion. At temperatures warmer than -30°C, these sources can cause steam fog of liquid water droplets, which may turn into ice fog when cooled.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "label": "CLOUD DYNAMICS", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "Dynamics and physics that underlie clouds.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "49fd6f11-5682-4d27-8fc6-66bf3faadf39", - "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "definition": "Flux per unit area for heat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", - "label": "MOISTURE FLUX", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "definition": "Flux per unit area for moisture.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "49cad94d-0e93-44cb-a8a2-8e83d603463b", - "label": "UPWARD MOISTURE FLUX", - "broader": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", - "definition": "Upward Flux per unit area for moisture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dc6063b-892d-4879-8551-1e346dd3f2e7", - "label": "DOWNWARD MOISTURE FLUX", - "broader": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", - "definition": "Downward Flux per unit area for moisture.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bac3ef6-5e30-4f14-a5dc-8065c7fcba55", - "label": "RADIATIONAL COOLING", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "definition": "In meteorology, the result of radiative cooling of the earth's surface and adjacent air.\n\nRadiational cooling occurs, as is typical on calm, clear nights, whenever the longwave emission from the surface is not balanced by significant amounts of absorbed shortwave radiation or downwelling longwave from the atmosphere above the surface, and there are no nonradiative sources of sufficient energy to make up the difference.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7259da4-18dd-4196-91ff-a68087978349", - "label": "RADIATIONAL DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "definition": "The expansion or spreading out of radiation in clouds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfa49843-2d36-4709-8969-b176432adf78", - "label": "THETA-E ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba4a9964-8323-45df-a372-b4e2f3eef9e5", - "label": "VORTEX STREET", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "definition": "(Also called Kármán vortex street, vortex trail, vortex train.) Two parallel rows of alternately placed vortices along the wake of an obstacle in a fluid of moderate Reynolds number.\n\nFluid drag can be calculated from the motion of these vortices, which are stable only for a certain ratio of the width of the street to the distance between vortices along the street.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2d00d3c4-2ef3-49f6-9261-6184f6517b4f", - "label": "KARMAN VORTEX STREET", - "broader": "ba4a9964-8323-45df-a372-b4e2f3eef9e5", - "definition": "(Also called Kármán vortex street, vortex trail, vortex train.) Two parallel rows of alternately placed vortices along the wake of an obstacle in a fluid of moderate Reynolds number.\n\nFluid drag can be calculated from the motion of these vortices, which are stable only for a certain ratio of the width of the street to the distance between vortices along the street.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a997c21b-ca61-4e78-8828-aa3e144976c3", - "label": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", - "definition": "Movement of water vapor through the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "label": "CLOUD PROPERTIES", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "Measurements of various microphysical cloud properties.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4dc3fcab-a947-47b9-b9a1-acb2a23ee478", - "label": "CLOUD TOP TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "Atmospheric temperature observed at the top of a cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ca13dfa-c2b3-47de-8175-f0723151ef28", - "label": "CLOUD MIDLAYER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "Atmospheric temperature observed at the middle of a cloud layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2902c27-0872-4ea4-98b9-706855bcd7a3", - "label": "CLOUD VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "The vertical distribution of a cloud's properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acb52274-6c0d-4241-a979-3fa3efca6702", - "label": "CLOUD FREQUENCY", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "The fraction of the skycover (reported in tenths of sky covered) that\nis attributed to a particular cloud type, or cloud layer; often used\nsynonymously with cloud cover.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c737490-1486-418f-81f4-c50c47da117d", - "label": "CLOUD ASYMMETRY", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "The difference in scattering due to cloud hydrometeors between the\nforward and backward directions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88dc0be1-7427-4a82-9fee-3b2bf84d002a", - "label": "CLOUD CEILING", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "The height ascribed to the lowest layer of clouds or obscurring phenomena\nwhen it is reported as broken (5/8 to 7/8 coverage), overcast, or obscuration\nand not classified 'thin' or 'partial'.  Expressed in above ground level (AGL)\nheights. See also the definitions for cloud height and cloud base.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57292a97-19be-4fae-b2f7-9fa0a3629b53", - "label": "CLOUD HEIGHT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "In weather observations, the height of the cloud base above local\nterrain.  In satellite remote sensing, cloud height is often referred to as the\nheight of the cloud top above local terrain or above mean sea level. Also can\nbe defined as the vertical distance from the cloud base to the cloud top; more\ncommonly referred to as the 'thickness' or 'depth' of the cloud. ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a217e7e-74fa-438e-b4bd-5ad574d92e9d", - "label": "CLOUD TOP PRESSURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "Atmospheric pressure observed at the top of a cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f0765e3-4ea3-42be-8ed5-3e26bdebb219", - "label": "CLOUD BASE HEIGHT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "For a given cloud or cloud layer, the lowest level in the atmosphere at which\nthe air contains a perceptible quantity of cloud particles.\nSee also the definitions for cloud height and cloud ceiling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f5f4f7a-ea5f-40fe-ba73-8d5f7241e5fa", - "label": "CLOUD BASE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "Cloud temperature observed at the cloud base. See definition for cloud base.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17f212af-e782-4196-b467-060699ecf4ca", - "label": "CLOUD BASE PRESSURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "Atmospheric pressure observed at the base of a cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b296b688-0ff0-4212-9b30-30e9fe413709", - "label": "CLOUD FRACTION", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "is the percentage of each pixel in satellite imagery or each gridbox in a weather or climate model that is covered with clouds. A cloud fraction of one means the pixel is completely covered with clouds, while a cloud fraction of zero represents a totally cloud free pixel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0893cf38-fe6e-4ebc-95f4-db7d24c874db", - "label": "CLOUD TOP HEIGHT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "For a given cloud or cloud layer, the highest level in the atmosphere at which the air contains a perceptible quantity of cloud particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "deddd6c7-b840-484f-aeca-253feefb8d7d", - "label": "CLOUD TOP PHASE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "A product formed from the cloud type algorithm. There are 4 categories (consistent with NOAA and NASA cloud products): warm liquid water, super-cooled liquid water, mixed phase clouds, and ice phase clouds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70f5b8a3-3f52-467c-957c-7ca98e1c6184", - "label": "CLOUD AMOUNT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", - "definition": "The amount of sky estimated to be covered by a specified cloud type or level (partial cloud amount) or by all cloud types and levels (total cloud amount).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "label": "CLOUD RADIATIVE TRANSFER", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "The physics and mathematics of how radiation passes through a medium that may contain any combination of scatterers, absorbers, and emitters.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "576b5025-dc0e-4021-b8ff-6a7699a79b0c", - "label": "CLOUD EMISSIVITY", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "definition": "The (dimensionless) ratio of the radiant energy emittance of a\nsubstance (clouds) to the ideal emittance of an ideal (blackbody) radiator\nat that same temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "345ab082-59ac-4649-9a2a-a3bef0d26a06", - "label": "CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "definition": "The effect that clouds have on the global radiation budget.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a6572c3-676a-41dd-851f-836ac9f1f1d9", - "label": "CLOUD REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "definition": "Ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation to that of the incident\r\nradiation on a cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2e93932-0231-4b23-af2f-217c6315a95e", - "label": "ABSORPTION", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "definition": "The process in which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance.\n\nA further process always results from absorption, that is, the irreversible conversion of the absorbed radiation into some other form of energy within and according to the nature of the absorbing medium. The absorbing medium itself may emit radiation, but only after an energy conversion has occurred.\nSee attenuation.\n\nThe taking up or assimilation of one substance by another.\n\nThe substances may combine chemically, or the absorption may just correspond to a physical solubility.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b12439a-45fc-42fa-ae19-535826f6247b", - "label": "EMISSION", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "definition": "When a cloud absorbs longwave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, the cloud reemits a portion of the energy to outer space (emission) and a portion back toward the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d5273ad-febb-47f6-bdb7-ededf9f9eb1e", - "label": "DROPLET GROWTH", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "definition": "Rate of droplet growth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c830ad5e-ac31-41cf-b8e2-277fe457d76d", - "label": "SCATTERING", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", - "definition": "The process in which a wave or beam of particles is diffused or deflected by collisions with particles of the medium which it traverses. Along with absorption, scattering is a major cause of the attenuation of radiation by the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "label": "CLOUD MICROPHYSICS", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", - "definition": "Cloud processes (growth, evaporation, etc.) taking place on the scale of the individual aerosol or precipitation particle as opposed to the scale of the visual cloud.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "47812ef8-b64b-4988-9ae4-31f3581ae9a5", - "label": "CLOUD DROPLET CONCENTRATION/SIZE", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "The physical size of water droplets and the number of water droplets\nrecorded in a given area or volume within a cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "804fb334-1c74-4070-bd5f-848014a6e220", - "label": "CLOUD MASS FLUX", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "The transport of mass by vertical motion within clouds. Mass in this\ncontext is defined as the mass of dry air plus the mass of water vapor,\nexcluding the mass of any liquid water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebbf8642-3da1-4401-a779-3e56550a029d", - "label": "CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "Small aerosols that serve as the sites upon which water vapor condenses in\nthe atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05ac9d3e-bc44-41fa-ace0-c41bf3ebee97", - "label": "CLOUD LIQUID WATER/ICE", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "Cloud Liquid Water - The amount of liquid water per unit volume of air.\nUsually expressed in grams per cubic meter. Cloud Ice - Ice crystals\nthat are observed within a cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bc483b1-dd64-4e97-bfd3-c0e755df6308", - "label": "CLOUD OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "The degree to which a cloud prevents light from passing through it.\nOptical thickness depends upon the physical constitution (crystals, drop,\ndroplets), the form, the concentration of particles, and the vertical\nextent of the cloud.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b709d6fc-f0cf-47de-bdbb-1cd875b5f3ab", - "label": "CLOUD PRECIPITABLE WATER", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "The total atmospheric water vapor contained in a vertical column of\nunit cross-sectional area (in a cloud) extending between any two specified\nlevels, commonly expressed in terms of the height to which that water\nsubstance would stand if completely condensed and collected in a vessel of\nthe same unit cross section.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", - "label": "DROPLET GROWTH", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "Rate of droplet growth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ab702934-0959-45fc-a523-81e1aa0c09c8", - "label": "ACCRETION", - "broader": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", - "definition": "(Sometimes incorrectly called coagulation.) In cloud physics, usually the growth of an ice hydrometeor by collision with supercooled cloud drops that freeze wholly or partially upon contact.\n\nMay also refer to the collection of smaller ice particles. This has been called a form of agglomeration and is analogous to coalescence, in which liquid drops collect other liquid drops.\n See ice accretion;\n compare coagulation.\n\nIn cloud modeling, the collection of cloud drops by drizzle drops and raindrops.\n\nThis nomenclature is used along with autoconversion and self collection to distinguish among three subprocesses, evident from numerical results, responsible for the growth of the drop-size distribution by the collision–coalescence process. American Meteorological Society (http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page)'", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "889253e1-e189-4f75-bdc7-7e612b19e3ae", - "label": "RIMING", - "broader": "ab702934-0959-45fc-a523-81e1aa0c09c8", - "definition": "The process where ice forms when the water droplets in fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e484ec4-50fd-4c08-9c96-6ad483e170ad", - "label": "AGGREGATION", - "broader": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", - "definition": "The process of combining different surface characteristics from neighboring heterogeneous regions into an average value for the area.\n\nIt is used in boundary layer studies for surface fluxes, drag, and roughness. This process is often necessary to define surface characteristics for numerical models that have coarse horizontal grid mesh and that cannot resolve the individual surface areas.\n\nThe process of clumping together of snow crystals following collision as they fall to form snowflakes.\n\nThis process is especially important near the melting layer where snow particles stick to each other more easily because of the liquid water on the surface. It also occurs at lower temperatures especially between dendritic snow crystals and occasionally rosette crystals in cirrus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5d64790-db29-451d-b022-a461dac06228", - "label": "COALESCENCE", - "broader": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", - "definition": "In cloud physics, the merging of two water drops into a single larger drop after collision.\n\nCoalescence between colliding drops is affected by the impact energy, which tends to increase with the higher fall velocities of larger drops. Colliding drops having negligible impact energy compared to their surface energy behave as water spheres that collide with a collision efficiency (the fraction of small drops that collide with a large drop within the geometric collision cross section) predicted by the theory for falling spheres. The result of increasing impact energy is to flatten the colliding drops at the point of impact, impeding the drainage of the air and delaying contact between them. As the distortion relaxes, the drops rebound, reducing the coalescence efficiency for cloud drops and drizzle drops colliding with smaller drops. At larger impact energy, separation will occur if the rotational energy (fixed by conservation of angular momentum) is higher than the surface energy of the coalescing drops. This phenomenon, termed temporary coalescence, can result in satellite droplets considerably smaller than either of the parent drops. This phenomenon is also called partial coalescence because the large drop may gain mass as a result of the higher internal pressure in the small drop. At still larger impact energy, drop breakup occurs for the smaller drop. About 20% of the high-energy collisions between large raindrops (d > 3 mm) and drizzle drops (d > 0.2 mm) result in the disintegration of both drops. Other factors that affect coalescence are electric charge and electric field, both of which promote coalescence, leading to earlier onset of coalescence during an interaction so that coalescence efficiencies are increased by suppression of rebound and temporary coalescence. All of these processes are important in formation of precipitation in all liquid clouds both above and below 0°C.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "76bcb8e0-1c07-4783-9d15-3a22203f7849", - "label": "COLLISION RATE", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "Rate of droplet collisions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00d6fb2f-16d5-4949-afec-a1adbd600a58", - "label": "PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "The frequency distribution of drop sizes (diameters, volumes) that is characteristic of a given cloud or of a given fall of rain.\n\nMost natural clouds have unimodal (single maximum) distributions, but occasionally bimodal distributions are observed. In convective clouds, the drop-size distribution is found to change with time and to vary systematically with height, the modal size increasing and the number decreasing with height. For many purposes a useful single parameter representing a given distribution is the volume median diameter, that is, that diameter for which the total volume of all drops having greater diameters is just equal to the total volume of all drops having smaller diameters. The drop- size distribution is one of the primary factors involved in determining the radar reflectivity of any fall of precipitation, or of a cloud mass.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d66dbbe-886e-449d-bfd2-93fc8d357ccd", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "The process of depositing material by water, wind, or glaciers.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bee9f657-c115-4d73-a10c-7e05e00db574", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION RATE", - "broader": "8d66dbbe-886e-449d-bfd2-93fc8d357ccd", - "definition": "For conditions in the lowest 10-15 km of Earth's atmosphere, the sedimentation (or fall) rate of a spherical cloud particle is given as the characteristic time for it to fall a distance of one atmospheric scale height (about 8 km on Earth) by\n\ntau-1fall = (2 rhop mg2 / 9 eta kT ) r2M\n\nwhere eta is the atmospheric dynamic viscosity (the resistance of the atmosphere to movement through it), (kT/mg) is the atmospheric scale height (k is Boltzmann's constant, T is atmospheric temperature, m is weight of a gas molecule, g is acceleration by gravity), rhop is the mass density of the cloud particle, and rM is the mass-weighted-average cloud particle radius. Essentially, the sedimentation rate increases proportionally to the particle cross-section (r2M).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "60bb6ddf-29b1-4dad-9c9f-27f040a43bba", - "label": "ICE NUCLEI", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", - "definition": "Any particle that serves as a nucleus leading to the formation of ice crystals without regard to the particular physical processes involved in the nucleation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", - "definition": "The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitational\nattraction exerted upon the 'column' of air lying directly above the point\nin question.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "07ce145c-9936-4675-b4a7-8710e39aa391", - "label": "SEA LEVEL PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The atmospheric pressure at mean sea level, either directly measured, or,\nmost commonly, empirically determined from the observed station pressure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e6f7c15-32e7-4b6e-bd35-7bff4bc03caf", - "label": "GRAVITY WAVE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "A wave disturbance in which buoyancy acts as the restoring force on\nparcels displaced from hydrostatic equilibrium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "622c44b4-e307-4c11-af4d-8104de7086e5", - "label": "STATIC PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The component of the force measured perpendicular to the flow per unit\narea orientated parallel to the direction of fluid flow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f51a3caf-c5ec-496a-8dd3-854d9bb994e7", - "label": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The height of the atmospheric layer from the Earth's surface up to an\naltitude of about 1 kilometer in which wind speed and direction are\naffected by frictional interaction with objects on the Earth's\nsurface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0656cbc-5d94-4945-bbfd-1c8eabb059b2", - "label": "OSCILLATIONS", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The process of regularly varying pressure above and below a mean value,\na periodic process.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "178694aa-5f0a-4de5-a193-74e323dc6aa9", - "label": "ANTICYCLONES/CYCLONES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "An anticyclone is a dome of air that exerts relatively high\natmospheric pressure compared with the surrounding air at a given level. A\ncyclone is a weather system characterised by relatively low surface air\npressure at a given level and a closed cyclonic wind circulation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f262b9b-2cb8-4745-ae41-5fff23c72a1e", - "label": "PLANETARY/ROSSBY WAVES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "A wave on a uniform current in a two-dimensional nondivergent fluid system,\r\nrotating with varying angle speed about the local vertical (beta plane).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be027470-35ab-4ebb-a213-5f557cca71c8", - "label": "PRESSURE THICKNESS", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "In synoptic meteorology, the vertical depth, measured in geometric\nor geopotential units, of a layer in the atmosphere bounded by two\ndifferent constant-pressure surfaces.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d7e487d-0ec4-40ef-9811-401779c31794", - "label": "DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The difference between static air pressure and the total air pressure\nproduced by forward motion of an aircraft.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5aa7055-642d-4442-9b4b-76a759e15257", - "label": "HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The pressure in a fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium - that is , the\ndownward pressure at a point due solely to the weight of fluid in a column\nof unit cross-sectional area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9efbc088-ba8c-4c9c-a458-ad6ad63f4188", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The force exerted per unit of area by the atmosphere as a consequence\nof gravitational attraction upon the 'column' of air lying directly above\nthe point in question.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "011bed30-f5b6-4b46-a7ce-797851f24f24", - "label": "PRESSURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The deviation of atmospheric pressure in a given region over a specified\nperiod from the long-term average value for the same region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa98caa0-54dc-465e-9bde-cdf4da905994", - "label": "PRESSURE TENDENCY", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric pressure change for a three-hour\nor other specified period ending at the time of observation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b54de5cd-4475-4c7b-acbc-4eb529b9396e", - "label": "SURFACE PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "In meteorology, the atmospheric pressure at a given location on the\nearth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b13a29a1-47a0-4d8b-a017-398b364dc202", - "label": "TOPOGRAPHIC WAVES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "Waves with a restoring force arising from variations in depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a4c13fb-3f2d-49d9-9158-ed84743355fc", - "label": "AIR MASS/DENSITY", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", - "definition": "Air mass/density is a fundamental property of atmosphere. Mixture of gases forming Earth's atmosphere, consisting of nitrogen (∼78%), oxygen (∼21%), water vapor, and other trace gases such as carbon dioxide, helium, argon, ozone, or various pollutants.\n\nThe concentration of water vapor is very variable, being a strong function of temperature and, hence, altitude in the atmosphere. Dry air is referred to as air from which measurable amounts of water vapor have been physically removed. Pure, dry air has a density of 1.293 kg m−3 at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Apart from the variability of water vapor, the composition of air is essentially constant to an altitude of at least 50 km.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "label": "OCEANS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "Ocean is a very large expanse of sea, in particular, each of the main areas into which the sea is divided geographically.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", - "label": "OCEAN PRESSURE", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of force per unit area exerted on water by\nthe overlying column of water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e5bca08d-ecb3-4b85-8acd-fed782875aa2", - "label": "SEA LEVEL PRESSURE", - "broader": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", - "definition": "The force per unit area exerted by the overlying atmosphere on a point at\nmean sea level, either measured directly or calculated from an observed\nair pressure not at mean sea level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd025312-0d27-44e0-ae05-7cfcc1aa17f0", - "label": "WATER PRESSURE", - "broader": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", - "definition": "The force exerted per unit area by the overlying column of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73311948-541c-4960-ae2b-2e82a79aa621", - "label": "OCEAN BOTTOM PRESSURE", - "broader": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", - "definition": "The sum of the mass of the atmosphere and ocean in a 'cylinder' above the seafloor.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "label": "SEA ICE", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over the ocean surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f0cd20bd-41e8-4ca0-9ae3-7c602c251858", - "label": "ICE EDGES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water and\r\nthe sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae1c9b54-caf2-4726-b180-5c6544f09111", - "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The measurement of the heat flux or heat loss from open ocean areas within\nthe sea ice pack is important for the study of energy balance in the polar\nregions and local and regional climatology. Heat loss through the open\nwater is 100 times more than through thick ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cdebef6-902d-4c1a-9d7e-7609f8ee6ef6", - "label": "ICE DEFORMATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Ice that has been squeezed together, and in places, forced upwards\r\nand downwards. Some subdivisions of deformed ice are rafted ice, ridged\r\nice, and hummocked ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a735d8ca-182c-4307-9305-186a065e84a4", - "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Ice depth or thickness refers to the extent of the ice below the surface of\nthe water. The term is also used in river and lake ice studies. Remote\nsensing techniques (particularly radar and microwave) have been used to\nestimate ice thickness as have recently declassified submarine\nmeasurements of polar ice thickness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87feb47e-aee3-42f1-8c39-5109d9d5422e", - "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water.\r\nAlso refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which\r\nvaries seasonally).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa15804c-5f7f-40cc-b949-aa3e4418fc27", - "label": "ICE FLOES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes\r\nare subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast,\r\ngiant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89fc22ca-326e-468c-ad3d-171c4ad34977", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried\r\nice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or\r\ngrowth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice,\r\nOld Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake\r\nIce, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake\r\nIce.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6c3e78f-f408-4b72-941a-f40e3d83dd60", - "label": "ICE ROUGHNESS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The small-scale variation in the relief of the terrain surface (in this\r\ncase the surface of the ice). Remote sensing instruments, such as radar\r\nand microwave sensors, have been able to detect the degree of roughness of\r\nsea, lake, and river ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a664e2d-4e50-463a-af9f-b14b86eb42a7", - "label": "ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Measurements of the temperature of the sea ice and surrounding sea\nsurface temperature. These measurements are usually obtained from remote\nsensing satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5d7cafc-13bf-4ec8-bc6e-a6d850fae5c8", - "label": "ICE TYPES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Ice Types is a general term applied to sea, river, and lake ice to\r\ndescribe attributes such as age, stage of development or growth, or\r\nsurface feature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1151dc7e-7441-4a21-95b6-1d03a1053f60", - "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "A piece of ice that has broken off from the end of a glacier that terminates in\nwater. Only about 10 percent of its mass is above the surface of the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f523f73f-efcc-4193-b9e3-1161ed7f4881", - "label": "LEADS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Any fracture or passage-way through ice which is navigable by surface\r\nvessels. Leads and other open water areas within the sea ice pack are also\r\nimportant in studies of the energy budget in the polar regions and in\r\nlocal and regional climatology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea85ea0b-1b7d-464a-9f8c-1f80383ffc51", - "label": "PACK ICE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Pack ice refers to high concentrations of sea ice. When concentrations are\r\n60% or less, then the term drift ice is used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10a128a6-12d4-4bce-b25d-2ffc464182f4", - "label": "POLYNYAS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/or\r\nbe covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to these\r\nas skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget of\r\nthe polar ocean and local and regional climatology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ed9f39d-986e-4b36-83f9-f29f6a4df89b", - "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The reflectance properties of ice bodies. A smooth ice surface will act as\r\na near-specular reflector. As surface roughness increases, the reflection\r\nbecomes diffuse. It is the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation\r\nto that of the incident radiation on a surface. The suffix (-ance) implies\r\na property of that particular specimen surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6085d71-a7ee-4b65-9c9c-ff374bdc3974", - "label": "SEA ICE AGE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The age of the sea ice is usually a distinction between first-year\r\nand multiyear ice. Multiyear sea ice is usually thicker, has more ridges,\r\nand can be more of a hinderance to ship travel than first-year ice.\r\nMicrowave remote sensing studies have shown that first-year sea ice has a\r\nhigher emissivity at the 1.55 cm wavelength than multiyear ice, thus\r\nmaking it possible to distinguish between different ice ages from\r\nsatellites. Ice age can also be qualitatively determined using visible,\r\ninfrared and radar wavelengths from satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", - "label": "SEA ICE MOTION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Refers to the movement and direction of ice fields or floes. Ice\r\nmotion processes include: diverging, compacting, and shearing.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ab411758-5abe-4a89-9319-97eba1510cda", - "label": "SEA ICE DIRECTION", - "broader": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", - "definition": "The direction of ice movement in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad4646f8-bf09-4751-9072-e6cec59af253", - "label": "SEA ICE SPEED", - "broader": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", - "definition": "Ocean surface current/water flow velocity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb27bbb7-7bc4-4e38-833a-30e0a7861ccc", - "label": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of\r\nthe whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar\r\norbiting satellites at all wavelengths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32259124-81f7-4845-b2fb-6435d7bb5804", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5575125b-7f15-4d46-ba47-f86de96a1a25", - "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e2f1371-05b1-41db-a6d9-bccd7cc2b3da", - "label": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In\r\nparticular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the\r\nNASA IceSat satellite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04fa9023-ab68-4dd0-a82e-abe685105a53", - "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a\r\nsalinity of zero.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d99408d-0d8b-4642-a2cb-edee8319fe1d", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Isotopes are a form of an element with a certain number of neutrons, for\r\nexample carbon exists in three isotopes: C12, C13, and C14. Some isotopes are\r\nnaturally unstable and spontaneously decay at a fixed rate; other isotopes are\r\nstable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc2d2e73-4028-41d2-96f9-0b800fa95ea4", - "label": "SEA ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Optical imagery is classified into three main surface categories: (1) Snow and bare ice, (2) melt ponds and submerged ice, and (3) ocean. The snow and ice category is further split into two subcategories based on melt state and/or ice thickness: (1a) Snow and bright ice, and (1b) dark or thin ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15547b03-1b99-4c60-92eb-216a2908f504", - "label": "SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "General elevation pattern of the sea ice surface. Changes in ice topography can be caused by water currents and wind, which can either pull ice apart or push it together to cause overriding. Some specific ice formations include rafting, ridged, and hummocked ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48d9b511-8e99-4b6d-a0e8-e87b71bd172e", - "label": "SEA ICE ORIGIN", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "Ice formed on land, and iceberg, or in an ice shelf, found floating in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae4869cc-65f4-4f24-a77b-b77637f8818c", - "label": "ICE DRAFT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "A measurement of the ice thickness below the waterline and often serves as a close proxy for total ice thickness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "354c4f50-ccf9-4714-85ee-b6c028521bef", - "label": "SEA ICE AREA", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32929f40-ee7f-411d-8d2d-1d2cd9b78b09", - "label": "SEA ICE VOLUME", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "defd2c00-64e3-4986-9061-feade19f972f", - "label": "SEA ICE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The drift of sea ice forced by the winds and ocean currents", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4519a99a-ffa7-436b-888a-c742c82b9ed1", - "label": "SEA ICE MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", - "definition": "The net balance between the sea ice mass gained by freezing and the loss of mass by melting that is a function of its extent and thickness, which combine to give its volume.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "label": "OCEAN CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to the composition and properties\nof seawater. Variables include concentrations of seawater's constituent\nmaterials. For variables pertaining to seawater salinity, see the Term\nSalinity/Density.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6d8eb011-ffb5-4e18-ac59-2d8f84353734", - "label": "HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c52009f-2c44-4db1-b62b-135c6181bad2", - "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A nonmetallic element, with chemical symbol C, found combined with\nother elements in all organic matter and in a pure state as diamond or\ngraphite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1c2bba5-799d-412b-80e0-fa04058416e3", - "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A colorless gas, made up of two atoms of univalent nitrogen and one atom\nof oxygen, N2O. In the ocean, it is formed as a minor product of\nbacterial nitrification and denitrification.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97636cf7-189f-4953-9807-64fbcc60f72c", - "label": "BIOMEDICAL CHEMICALS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Compounds derived from marine-living resources, useful for medicinal purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6641ff15-36c8-4dbc-bf9c-176a08688173", - "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A radioactive isotope of carbon (carbon-14) with a half-life of about\n5730 years, widely used in the dating of organic materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61740c18-f010-4384-8516-1eb33d75352e", - "label": "NITRIC ACID", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A strong acid, nitric acid (HNO3) is a colorless or yellowish,\nfuming, suffocating, caustic liquid. It is highly water-soluble.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", - "label": "NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Inorganic or organic solutes necessary for the nutrition of primary producers.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f6a760e-999c-4275-9748-d682ad73fd58", - "label": "NUTRIENT PROFILES", - "broader": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", - "definition": "Vertical profiles of nutrients in the ocean, such as nitrogen and phosphate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d06267b-8f85-4b7b-9b2f-97a09f804d70", - "label": "SURFACE NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", - "definition": "Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphate, at the ocean's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "941410da-0b7f-4ec6-a718-212194ced13f", - "label": "NITRITE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of nitrogen and two atoms of\noxygen, NO2-, available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eab7956-e59e-4615-8d5c-39a16faa1f27", - "label": "ALKALINITY", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "The alkalinity of seawater is the combined negative charges due to\r\nhydrogen carbonate and carbonate ions expressed in molal concentrations.\r\nAlkalinity is based on seawater being electrically neutral and is\r\ndetermined by titration (and therefore given the subscript t).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dfb36a3-f985-4514-a1d0-cc73ca572922", - "label": "MARINE GEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "The related chemical and geological properties of the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3c25ed5-d3e4-4b86-bd9a-6f78d5d2bc07", - "label": "DISSOLVED SOLIDS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Materials less than 0.45 micrometer in length, as distinguished from\nsuspended solids and other particulate matter, which are greater than 0.45\nmicrometer in length.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed925b43-db83-4cbb-8347-3dc0081bb8f4", - "label": "PIGMENTS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Colored organic compounds synthesized by organisms. Names of specific\npigments are included as detailed variables under Pigments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "37669b8c-1940-4330-b4e9-ee49ad3673b5", - "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "ed925b43-db83-4cbb-8347-3dc0081bb8f4", - "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "90aa8838-79bd-4b28-b518-8217e863c385", - "label": "OXYGEN", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A colorless, odorless, gaseous element, constituting 21 percent of the\nvolume of the atmsophere, and essential for aerobic forms of life. Gaseous\noxygen has a chemical forumla of O2. Dissolved oxygen is included as a\ndetailed variable under Oxygen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9ed684e-5252-4091-a794-aaf6e5f249ed", - "label": "RADIONUCLIDES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Nuclides which are unstable and that decay or disintegrate\nspontaneously, emitting radiation. A synonym for radioactive nuclide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38219b66-2acd-4f77-a0fc-8241172c9001", - "label": "DISSOLVED GASES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Elements or compounds of gaseous form, dissolved in seawater. When keyed in\na DIF, they do not typically include carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, or\nnitrous oxide, since these are their own variables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "080db90f-79ff-4900-941d-9c02fe2df862", - "label": "OCEAN TRACERS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Chemical component of the ocean used to determine the movement of water masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "718fb499-8c55-4fa6-9a07-ac9155d4bc9d", - "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Particulate matter suspended in the water column, greater than\n0.45 micrometers, as distinguished from dissolved solids which are less\nthan 0.45 micrometers. Synonymous with Particulates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7989eae1-8ea3-4039-af0c-9130de145449", - "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c320188-da7b-4d52-8e99-57d7ac401841", - "label": "TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "An element whose dissolved concentration is between 50 and 0.05 micromoles\nper kilogram. Most are metals and can be referred to as trace metals.\nSpecific names of trace elements may be entered as Detailed Variables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1e6caa5-2c97-407d-a0db-7bf01794d8e3", - "label": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "The transport of materials on the Earth, as a result of biological,\ngeological, and chemical processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38dadd6d-6adb-44e2-b28a-fd18d797d052", - "label": "STABLE ISOTOPES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Any non-radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomic\nweight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a different\nnumber of neutrons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64d17528-29b4-4e2e-843a-7f7035bb5717", - "label": "AMMONIA", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A gaseous compound of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms, NH3, that\nis highly water-soluble. A dissolved form, ammonium, NH4+, is a nutrient\nand is listed as a detailed variable under ammonia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26afa886-4866-4536-be3a-6f9db9aacd97", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A gaseous compound of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, CO2. It\nis colorless, odorless, incombustible, and is soluble in water. Its\ndissolution in seawater is important to understanding the global carbon\ncycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6bf8c40d-6bc0-410b-92a5-349bd88dc021", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE PARTIAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "26afa886-4866-4536-be3a-6f9db9aacd97", - "definition": "Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the surface of the sea. C02 at the sea surface that can be measured from ships and other systems as an indicator for ocean acidification.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "68f7ba1b-a2f9-41b6-9bc1-fd187942fbed", - "label": "CARBONATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A dissolved ion of carbonic acid, with the chemical formula CO3(-2), formed\nby dissolution of carbon dioxide in water. Other forms of carbonate, such\nas bicarbonate, HCO3-, are included with this variable as detailed\nvariables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9b4f30d-bddd-4888-b66b-07d2dc09708b", - "label": "INORGANIC CARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Carbon species that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives.\nVariables such as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) or particulate\ninorganic carbon (PIC) are included as detailed variables under inorganic\ncarbon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9cfc6af-a424-42b9-8e89-6b332262e841", - "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or\nhydrocarbon derivatives. Variables such as dissolved inorganic matter\n(DIM) or particulate inorganic matter (PIM) are included as detailed\nvariables under inorganic matter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fde380a-38c5-4d46-bc80-4f2515a43983", - "label": "NITRATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of\noxygen, NO3-, available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db5357c9-cc9d-4693-86fe-6bb88555d434", - "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A colorless, odorless gas with the chemical formula N2, constituting 78% of\nthe atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54054bc3-5faa-4b0d-b5dd-cf04595369b5", - "label": "NITROGEN DIOXIDE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A reddish-brown, highly poisonous gas, with the chemical formula NO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3055f47-258e-4556-a885-54cd1fff4680", - "label": "ORGANIC CARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Carbon species that are hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives. Variables\nsuch as particulate organic carbon (POC) are included as detailed\nvariables under organic carbon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2bdeb71-81b5-43e6-a8b1-b09c215c8d1a", - "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are hydrocarbons or\nhydrocarbon derivatives. Variables such as dissolved organic matter (DOM)\nor particulate organic matter (POM) are included as detailed variables\nunder organic matter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "18e0fad3-b6f4-4120-9221-f82fb2ffd384", - "label": "COLORED DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "b2bdeb71-81b5-43e6-a8b1-b09c215c8d1a", - "definition": "Optically measurable component of the dissolved organic matter in the water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4433600b-f323-458a-b295-352f939aab6b", - "label": "PH", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A measure of the alkaline or acid strength of a substance. pH is defined\nas the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration of\na solution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b513d8c-bfd3-44ee-976e-42757b8375a2", - "label": "PHOSPHATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of phosphorus and four atoms of\noxygen, PO4(-3), available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c91c8879-1b29-48e3-b4cd-a238af66cdaf", - "label": "SILICATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "A charged molecule composed of atoms of silicon and oxygen, available to\nplants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b846063c-e218-4fc6-9866-0cdca24e9023", - "label": "HYPOXIA", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", - "definition": "Hypoxia in aquatic systems refers to waters where the\ndissolved oxygen concentration is below 2 mg/L. Most organisms avoid, or\nbecome physiologically stressed, in waters with oxygen below this\nconcentration. Also known as a dead zone, hypoxia can also kill marine\norganisms which cannot escape the low-oxygen water, affecting commercial\nharvests and the health of impacted ecosystems.\n3. Rationale: Numerous researchers are studying hypoxia, the hypoxic\nzone, and its effect on fisheries. It is becoming a highly visible hot\ntopic in the Gulf of Mexico and other regions as the onset of hypoxia is\nlargely due to increased nutrient run off from agriculture practices in the\nMississippi River watershed. I think there needs to be a unifying keyword\nto link these datasets together for users to discover hypoxia related data\nacross multiple organizations and programs.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "label": "COASTAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Scientific field of study of the land environment immediately affected\nby marine processes. Includes variables pertaining to both coastal\nfeatures and the processes that affect them.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6f7b2753-aed1-4783-a7cc-781d00d13a0f", - "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "An elongated mound of sand formed by wind or water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e28f2e0-a641-4085-be07-366ed6e701f4", - "label": "BARRIER ISLANDS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "Elongate sand bar formed parallel to the shore in areas of\nconsiderable sediment flux, but separated from shore by a lagoon, and\npierced at intervals by inlets through which the sea communicates with\nlagoon and river.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ba798ce-ad0b-4809-94fa-ec1b8e294252", - "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A zone of unconsolidated particles extending from below water level to the\nedge of the coastal zone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fbf5df2-ab7c-43fc-9bb2-8eb3f8891f7b", - "label": "COASTAL ELEVATION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "Vertical height of the land along the coast, measured from a datum such as\nmean sea level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", - "label": "CORAL REEFS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A mass of calcium carbonate rock material derived from coral organisms,\nalgae, mollusks, worms, etc. Also used as pertaining to the living\nbiological aspects of the reef.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f5df87b6-ed50-4da0-9ba5-7ce4c907bdb3", - "label": "CORAL BLEACHING", - "broader": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", - "definition": "The loss of intracellular endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, also known as zooxanthellae) through either expulsion or loss of algal pigmentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3edb3342-dab8-41d6-9f6a-28dd448528ec", - "label": "CORAL REEF ASSESSMENT", - "broader": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", - "definition": "Assessments of coral reef and deep sea coral ecology, biology, and distributions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e24064a-7035-402a-ab9d-fa5e5c359720", - "label": "CORAL REEF EXTENT", - "broader": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", - "definition": "Measurement of the spatial extent or dimensions of coral reefs. A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed by colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but deep water and cold water coral reefs exist on smaller scales in other areas.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9f0f92b-7901-4dda-8d64-be4e845ce29b", - "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The deposit of sediments found at the mouth of a river.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd7a7748-7231-4a73-b85c-b5696066230a", - "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The process by which soil, rock or sand is gradually worn away by water or\nwind action.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7dcdedf-bcc5-4032-b70f-7fadf74d6144", - "label": "ESTUARIES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A semi-enclosed body of water near a coastline where fresh water mixes\nwith ocean water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a90899c8-fe50-48e0-b92c-bb64f6ae681c", - "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A deep narrow estuary in a valley originally cut by a glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f43cd776-c568-4d09-997c-0a8ad1022e06", - "label": "INLETS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A passage giving the ocean access to an enclosed lagoon, harbor, or bay.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82b62e59-6ea1-48e1-a402-bd386c5046eb", - "label": "INTERTIDAL ZONE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The marine zone between the highest high tide point on a shoreline and\nthe lowest low tide point.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c733c179-c12a-47e9-8e9a-817a5212446f", - "label": "LAGOONS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A shallow body of seawater generally isolated from the ocean by a\nbarrier island or coral reef, or enclosed within an atoll.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a090f0c-7466-47fd-b679-5dee947ab05c", - "label": "LOCAL SUBSIDENCE TRENDS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "Sinking of the land due to tectonic or isostatic processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ccf07d90-b3a3-43d3-9249-a494bb48d1b6", - "label": "LONGSHORE CURRENTS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A current running parallel to shore in the surf zone, caused by the\nincomplete refraction of waves approaching the beach at an angle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04c4a85f-91ce-4d64-9e19-b3e0897ff187", - "label": "MANGROVES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of large flowering shrubs or trees growing\nin dense thickets or forests along muddy or silty tropical coasts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30056645-a442-4ef6-ac76-c5bc27086d83", - "label": "MARSHES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of dense grasses (typically salt-tolerant cordgrasses of the genus Spartina) growing on broad, flat coastal areas, characterized by muddy substrate and periodic tidal draining and flooding.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "488f4df2-712e-4fac-98d1-46ab134b84ee", - "label": "ROCKY COASTS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of rock-dominated shorelines,\noften characterized by high-energy wave action, and often common along\nisostatically rebounding coastlines.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dffe5a35-09af-4413-bdd3-a5aedfeb49cc", - "label": "SALTWATER INTRUSION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The intrusion of saline marine water into fresh groundwater supplies\nalong coasts, often due to the extraction of fresh groundwater for human\nconsumption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0afaaa5e-f88c-4c1f-95c1-1faa0148885a", - "label": "SEA LEVEL RISE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "An increase in the average height of the sea surface over a vertical datum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ed24fe1-d0d5-46d1-8d22-8ac25d289c75", - "label": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, such as a vertical datum\nfor sea level measurements, or a reference ellipsoid for satellite\naltimetric measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5c34f0a-552e-45a6-91c1-9edb3a8deef9", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The movement of loose particulate material by a medium such as wind or\nwater currents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9457740a-897b-4adc-96fb-f3e3aafa34ea", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The process of deposition of loose particulate material, especially\nby mechanical means, from a state of suspension in water or air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c2d2255-680d-47d6-adb2-179093593f8a", - "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A sandbank or sandbar that makes the water shallow and presents a\nnavigation hazard.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a740c3e-7032-4f72-93e8-d0ba343d82e0", - "label": "SHORELINE DISPLACEMENT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The distance over which the coast has moved due to a combination of\nfactors; i.e., sea level rise, erosion, or sedimentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d3b4eb7-9931-44bf-8457-26847051b7a8", - "label": "SHORELINES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "Representation of the coast in vector format used to delineate the\nland-sea boundary in maps or geographic information systems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3472f70b-874f-4dc5-87db-4b3ebc4b9aaa", - "label": "SHORELINE MAPPING", - "broader": "1d3b4eb7-9931-44bf-8457-26847051b7a8", - "definition": "Large-scale maps and nautical charts required to properly depict shoreline, shoreline features, navigation aids, and other navigationally significant features such as piers, docks, pilings, etc. These maps are compiled from remotely sensed data such as aerial photographs, LIDAR or satellite imagery.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9edd23d0-68a9-4bae-8887-705058f48ba7", - "label": "STORM SURGE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "A rise above normal sea level on the coast where the Ekman effect, from\nstrong winds, causes the shallow waters to pile up against the shore.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ab67e8f-066e-47b8-838d-8cd5e7460119", - "label": "TIDAL HEIGHT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, varying as a result of the\nrise and fall of tides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22450240-b06c-4954-a8d6-c6b756dab92d", - "label": "BOTTOM COVER TYPE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", - "definition": "The general three-dimensional features of the bottom and whether it is covered in sand, coral, sediment, rock, man made objects, etc., to determine benthic zone type.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", - "label": "MARINE GEOPHYSICS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to the physics of the oceanic crust\nand ocean-inundated continental crust. Variables include marine\nmorphological features, geophysical processes of the marine environment,\nand geophysical measurements of the marine environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7863ce31-0e06-42a5-bcf8-25981c44dec8", - "label": "MARINE MAGNETICS", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the Earth's magnetic field through the\nworld's oceans to detect variances in the oceanic crust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e31f905d-bd2a-4fe9-89d8-909e1d2b9b1a", - "label": "MAGNETIC ANOMALIES", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", - "definition": "Pertaining to the areas of the oceanic crust where the remnant\nmagnetic signature is different than that of the Earth's magnetic\nfield.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad09b215-e837-4d9f-acbc-2b45e5b81825", - "label": "MARINE GRAVITY FIELD", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", - "definition": "Pertaining to the changes in the Earth's gravitational field due to\nvariances in the oceanic crust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78a4dbe2-2d6b-4562-988c-022c3a83f4c1", - "label": "PLATE TECTONICS", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", - "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is \r\ndivided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is \r\nthat of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their \r\nboundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", - "label": "WATER QUALITY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "The distinguishing attribute or characteristic of water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f1ee3e81-09b9-48d4-81d9-5faeb90430cc", - "label": "OCEAN CONTAMINANTS", - "broader": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", - "definition": "Intrusion of or contact with undesirable elements from an outside\nsource that affect the water quality of the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", - "label": "HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM (HABs)", - "broader": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", - "definition": "Forecasting, modeling, and/or observations of harmful algal blooms (colonies of algae that grow in dense concentrations and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and/or birds).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bce85eb7-e9fc-48ed-9595-9d45c4482728", - "label": "CELL CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", - "definition": "Cell concentration/abundance of harmful algal blooms used to inform harmful algal bloom forecasts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "631935dd-0a9f-4627-bbb1-c224ac0a7766", - "label": "TOXIN CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", - "definition": "Concentrations of toxic chemicals produced by harmful algal blooms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff13560a-161c-4ac9-b79c-4910936cf465", - "label": "SEA SURFACE CONTAMINANTS", - "broader": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", - "definition": "Contaminants or other pollutants in the ocean at the surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4e0ac490-817b-4735-93a3-ab6775486023", - "label": "MICROPLASTIC CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "ff13560a-161c-4ac9-b79c-4910936cf465", - "definition": "Refers to the concentration of plastics in the ocean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", - "label": "MARINE VOLCANISM", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "The set of geological processes within the ocean that result in the\nvolcanic expulsions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide at the Earth's surface\nthrough vents.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f345294c-36e6-4c76-b484-2204cc0bc3a2", - "label": "MID-OCEAN RIDGES", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", - "definition": "The long, continuous mountain chain found in all oceans; ocean\ncrust is created by the process of sea-floor spreading at its crest.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b677862b-7921-458f-a6db-0eb46469df33", - "label": "HYDROTHERMAL VENTS", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", - "definition": "Pertaining to the fractures in the oceanic crust where superheated water\nis ejected into the ocean, providing a source of minerals, and unusual\nlife forms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf3d6238-d0d6-4e73-82e6-5e38bc9291bb", - "label": "BENTHIC HEAT FLOW", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", - "definition": "Pertaining to the heat disapation through the deep oceanic crust from\nthe Earth's mantle, which decreases with distance from the midocean\nridge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f32afbca-dac6-41b1-a198-791c1fb57951", - "label": "RIFT VALLEYS", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", - "definition": "Pertaining to the valley that forms down the center of a mid-ocean ridge\nwhere the formation of oceanic crust occurs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bb0de49-1812-400c-a73b-d2686dd9066a", - "label": "ISLAND ARCS", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", - "definition": "Pertaining to the chains of volcanic islands that form above subduction zones\non the overriding plate.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "label": "SALINITY/DENSITY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "The total amount of dissolved material in water and its effect on\nwater's mass-to-volume ratio. Scientific measurements related to either\nsalinity or density are included under this Term.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fe4a246b-4614-422b-8ca5-0481ee417318", - "label": "POTENTIAL DENSITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "Measurement of water density taking water's compressibility into\naccount, provided no heat exchange of the water sample with its\nsurroundings. This is important because of the potential temperature\nchange of water at varying levels of pressure. That is, under high\npressure, water is warmer (less potentially dense) than that same sample\nof water at low pressure (lower potential temperature and thus more\npotentially dense).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e95b5fc-1d58-431a-af36-948b29fa870d", - "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "A measure of the dissolved solids in seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04305c55-14f0-42a3-a099-79eb326946d7", - "label": "HALOCLINE", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which salinity increases rapidly with depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", - "label": "CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "The degree to which an electrical current can pass through water due to\nions dissolved in the water. Salinity is often calculated from\nconductivity and temperature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9709d1cb-e165-4aa5-be87-daa2989aac31", - "label": "CONDUCTIVITY PROFILES", - "broader": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", - "definition": "Vertical profiles of conductivity (used to determine salinity).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a819235a-68b0-46f2-9d96-49b73fd31092", - "label": "SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", - "definition": "Conductivity (used to determine salinity) at the ocean's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "007ab607-2ee1-484d-85fb-0bfb89f18c9b", - "label": "DENSITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "The mass per unit volume of a substance. Oceanographic shorthand for\ndensity, sigma-t, may be included as a Detailed Variable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41926d67-161a-4add-bb12-66038c919efb", - "label": "DESALINIZATION", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "The process of removing salt from seawater or brackish water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ad73f85-8bad-4e5a-a902-e83eee910b5e", - "label": "PYCNOCLINE", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which density increases rapidly with\ndepth. Temperature falls and salinity rises in this zone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15f87fbc-b972-403f-97c0-15f387a13efe", - "label": "SALT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "The mass transport of salt in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", - "label": "OCEAN SALINITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", - "definition": "Refers to the salt content of the Ocean expressed as a ratio of salt (in grams) to liter of water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "label": "OCEAN SALINITY BUDGET", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", - "definition": "Refers to the balance and process of salt in the Earth's oceans and the salt gains and losses due to evaporation, diffusion, precipitation, and other factors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "470e3f31-86af-4a9b-9279-ce1ba125d1dd", - "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "definition": "Refers to the transport of salt within the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73432d3c-341a-48e7-a765-30395ce588be", - "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "definition": "Refers to the net movement of salt from a region in the ocean of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cc632bd-8ed6-46ae-8948-15d7b3e1524a", - "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "definition": "Refers to the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor and leaves the remaining salt in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfa93e9c-392f-4f59-8cc8-0866e24531f5", - "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "132ef849-3da3-4252-8f70-8dd36e790844", - "label": "RUNOFF", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "definition": "Refers to water that flows from the land surface into the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac5ba325-b613-4f2e-ae7d-f81e478f5091", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "definition": "Refers to the melting sea ice or the growth of sea ice and its impact on the salinity concentration in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e22f7a00-3f3e-48ce-82c5-f69203239570", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1964fd8-9ab6-4f36-b761-131ff79a12bc", - "label": "ABSOLUTE SALINITY", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", - "definition": "The mass fraction of total dissolved solids/salt per kilogram of seawater. In practice, this mass is difficult to determine. A protocol was adopted in 1902 by an international commission to approach the value of the dissolved substance mass.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c778b59-6ed9-442e-897e-c48ce5baa3b0", - "label": "PRACTICAL SALINITY", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", - "definition": "In the Practical Salinity Scale, practical salinity is defined in terms of the ratio K15 of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample, at a temperature of 15° C and a pressure of one standard atmosphere, to that of a potassium chloride (KCl) solution, in which the mass fraction of KCl is 32.4356 x 10-3 at the same temperature and pressure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "972d17d7-7dea-4df2-bec5-24e8ca873dbd", - "label": "OCEAN SALINITY PROFILES", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", - "definition": "Vertical profiles of ocean salinity (including upper and deep ocean).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1544c1fe-58dd-4b19-bf9e-457b4f21ef29", - "label": "OCEAN SURFACE SALINITY", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", - "definition": "Salinity of sea water in the surface layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "376dde0f-a750-4138-91ce-8ca635bf05bd", - "label": "SALT FLUX", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", - "definition": "Sea salt aerosol, which originally comes from sea spray, is one of the most widely distributed natural aerosols. Sea salt aerosols are characterized as non-light-absorbing, highly hygroscopic, and having coarse particle size. Some sea salt dominated aerosols could have a single scattering albedo as large as ~0.97. Due to the hygroscopy, a sea salt particle can serve as a very efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), altering cloud reflectivity, lifetime, and precipitation process. According to the IPCC report, the total sea salt flux from ocean to atmosphere is ~3300 Tg/yr", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "label": "OCEAN OPTICS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Scientific field of study of light in the oceans. Variables include\nmeasurable characteristics of underwater light.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e501d002-d11e-4569-8c0d-e40ae5b45f65", - "label": "ABSORPTION", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "A process by which incident radiation is taken into a body and\r\nretained without reflection or transmission. It increases either the\r\ninternal or the kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms composing the\r\nabsorbing medium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71c78d69-9cfe-48e9-8dd2-9c75acf22283", - "label": "ATTENUATION/TRANSMISSION", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Attenuation is the exponential loss of light intensity as light\npropagates through water. Attenuation is caused by absorption and\nscattering of light energy. Transmission is the measurement of the\npercentage of light received at a photo cell placed at fixed distances\nfrom a light source.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40aacf7a-aba0-4ba2-bf85-ea7c39c3322c", - "label": "IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Incoming radiant energy incident upon a particular area. In the water, this\ncan be measured as downwelling irradiance at various wavelengths. Such\nmeasurements of downwelling irradiance are included as detailed\nvariables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87b074b4-9b73-4e69-b8c0-0f112b1cfa6d", - "label": "GELBSTOFF", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced by the decomposition of plant\nmaterial and the metabolism of plankton, originating in the ocean or\nbrought to the ocean by rivers, and producing a distinctive yellow-brown\nto yellow-red coloration of the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f7ad022-70ea-4254-b0ae-7a231fc2e46a", - "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "The fraction of the total radiant flux incident upon a surface that\nis reflected and that varies according to the wavelength distribution\nof the incident radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90f97e5b-f883-4a34-a3bc-7dea8d96eb7d", - "label": "BIOLUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "The production of visible light by organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20b41061-e6dc-47ef-b73b-00dc08a59618", - "label": "SCATTERING", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "The process by which some of a stream of radiation is dispersed to travel\r\nin directions other than that which from it was incident by particles\r\nsuspended in the medium through which it is travelling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68dacfbb-4f23-4325-b80f-4b09d41bd505", - "label": "RADIANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "The flux density or radiant energy per unit area of a\r\nradiating surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "001f18d3-7e61-430b-9883-1960c6256fe5", - "label": "OPTICAL DEPTH", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "The degree to which the ocean absorbs light, assuming vertical\nseparation between light source and light receiver.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0d83687-bc0a-4491-bb3e-697f1018da13", - "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related to\nthe amount of suspended material in the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7410899-350a-4443-9430-c7fe1fa3a499", - "label": "PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Photosynthetically Active Radiation is the light in the whole wavelength\nband from 400 nm (deep violet) to 700 nm (dark red) used by plants\nin photosynthesis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78f5a84f-1b5b-44a9-97e7-4a1996cd2e36", - "label": "OCEAN COLOR", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Study of visible light interactions with oceanic water, both within the\nwater column and remotely sensed from the ocean surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "954c2f25-3ec8-4774-ba34-fa4289f33f0e", - "label": "SECCHI DEPTH", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Depth at which a Secchi disk, when lowered into the water from the\nsurface, disappears from view due to turbidity of the water. Used as a\nquick assessment of water clarity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f2ec7b9-3e8c-4d12-bba6-0f84c08729e0", - "label": "EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Coefficient of underwater light attenuation. Different coefficients\nare included as detailed variables (e.g. diffuse attenuation coefficient,\netc.).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad41b62a-141b-4207-887c-334367860cf4", - "label": "WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Radiation from the sun, reflected off particles in the water, and exiting\nthe ocean surface back into the atmosphere. The upwelling radiance at the\nocean surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a60ae1b6-abfc-4905-8c09-772da7bb1a10", - "label": "FLUORESCENCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "The emission of radiation, especially of visible light, by a substance\nduring exposure to external radiation, as light or x-rays. Since the\nchlorophyll molecule fluoresces, the measurement of fluorescence can be\nused to calculate chlorophyll concentration in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e8943e7-daf9-41f2-8a5e-b415b82e6381", - "label": "APHOTIC/PHOTIC ZONE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "Aphotic zone in the ocean, beneath the photic zone, where light intensities\nare not sufficient to enable photosynthetic production. Photic zone is\nthe illuminated zone of the ocean where light intensities are sufficient\nfor photosynthetic primary production. Also known as the euphotic zone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15cc550b-068c-49f4-b082-bc2a43675606", - "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", - "definition": "The green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f816677-9e94-4e3b-b409-513335769af8", - "label": "CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "15cc550b-068c-49f4-b082-bc2a43675606", - "definition": "The concentration of chlorophyll is a proxy for the number of photosynthetic plankton, or phytoplankton, present in the ocean. Phytoplankton populations are influenced by climatic factors such as sea surface temperatures and winds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "label": "OCEAN HEAT BUDGET", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Study of the heat energy gains and losses of the oceans, on global or\nregional scales. Variables include the terms in the heat budget equation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "881eea51-e32c-4174-a73f-d56c94122c2e", - "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "The physical process by which a liquid is transformed to the gaseous\nstate. Evaporation also implies a loss of heat from the ocean surface and\nis an important term in determining the heat budget of the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9b6a001-42b2-48db-b132-62e69f03b8cb", - "label": "BOWEN RATIO", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "The ratio of the amount of sensible to that of latent heat lost by a surface\r\nto the atmosphere by the processes of conduction and turbulence. See J. M.\r\nLewis. The story behind the Bowen ratio. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.,\r\n76:-2443, 1995.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ef42281-1e38-4391-b578-ba6a6158f0c2", - "label": "CONDUCTION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "Conduction is the transfer of energy within and through a conductor.\nIn oceanography, the rate of heat gain or loss through the sea surface\nby conduction can be measured.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1426df9-7653-442b-8e38-fa28757ec748", - "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "In radiation transfer, reflectance is the fraction of incoming radiation\r\nthat is reflected from a medium. The sum of this, the transmittance, and\r\nthe absorptance must equal unity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69d394f7-a792-4a17-8d7f-e60cd60dcda0", - "label": "CONVECTION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "Convection is energy transfer through motion of within the fluid resulting\nin transport and mixing of the properties of the fluid. In\noceanography, convection plays a role in the transfer of heat away from\nthe ocean. As the air near the warm sea surface gets heated, it expands\nand rises, carrying the heat away. In physical oceanography, the sinking\nof surface waters to form deep water masses, a process of fundamental\nimportance for ocean climate and the maintenance of a stably stratified\nworld ocean. There are two main types of deep convection, the physics of\nwhich are very different. The first is convection near an open boundary,\nwhich involves the formation of a dense water mass which reaches the\nbottom of the ocean by descending a continental slope. The second type is\nopen-ocean deep convection, where the sinking occurs far from land and is\npredominantly vertical.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed2e9f34-2358-4a2a-a83e-febba8989c5c", - "label": "HEATING RATE", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "The heat flux that is dissipated or absorbed by the ocean over a period of\n time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc891281-b24c-4310-b39b-81715d7dad08", - "label": "LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "Longwave Radiation (or Infrared Radiation) is electromagnetic radiation in\nthe interval from 0.8 microns to about 1000 microns. Longwave radiation is\nthe electromagnetic energy radiated outward by the earth (land and sea) at\na rate depending on the absolute temperature of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f6358aa-872c-4c1c-9388-4714138f034a", - "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "Advection is the transfer of properties of current flow. The transfer of\nheat gain/loss from one region to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93c1a177-70e3-4c33-a183-baff7f401697", - "label": "CONDENSATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "The physical process by which a vapor becomes a liquid or solid. In the\nheat budget of the ocean, the rate of heat gain can be affected by the\ncondensation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "064d919e-3262-44c3-a636-8094bc963001", - "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater\n(e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zone\nof lesser concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", - "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "The rate of flow of heat.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c7dc02a5-0db0-43cf-ac7a-8768b7ddda5f", - "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a2d1d48-d2cc-4fe7-85f5-c98ab3a11262", - "label": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ee32363-7c39-40c3-95b3-4f24e284abb6", - "label": "TURBULENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "258d6984-ff0c-40d5-9dc5-673d211e21e7", - "label": "GEOTHERMAL HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb02e3ec-d872-4944-b824-07fde2260599", - "label": "CONDUCTIVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d69bce7-efce-4efb-9870-6a6d3a2684fd", - "label": "SHORTWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", - "definition": "Shortwave radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the visible\nand near-visible portions of the spectrum (0.4 to 1.0 microns). Shortwave\nradiation is the small fraction of the sun's total radiated energy\nreaching the atmosphere. Shortwave radiation reaching the surface of the\nocean is direct radiation or indirect radiation scattered from the\natmosphere.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", - "label": "SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "To measure sea surface height, or surface topography, scientists need\nto obtain the precise distance between the satellite and the center of\nthe Earth and the precise distance between the satellite and the sea\nsurface. Sea surface height is then calculated by subtracting the\ndistance between the sea surface and the satellite from the distance\nbetween the center of the Earth and the satellite. The distance between\nthe satellite and the center of the Earth is obtained by carefully\nmonitoring the satellite position at all times.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "52a32bd3-d701-49e1-a827-67b3d96d8e56", - "label": "SEA SURFACE SLOPE", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", - "definition": "The slope of the ocean water surface, resultant from a geophysical\nphenomenon such as dynamic circulation or tides. This variable does not\nrefer to wave slope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c0b448c-7eb4-4e8c-8403-260cbb6114bb", - "label": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", - "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, such as a vertical datum\nfor sea level measurements, or a reference ellipsoid for satellite\naltimetric measurements.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3798a6c9-9b39-4e22-bee4-be80d39049fe", - "label": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT ANOMALY (SSHA)", - "broader": "5c0b448c-7eb4-4e8c-8403-260cbb6114bb", - "definition": "Difference of sea surface height and mean sea surface. Sea surface height may be corrected using models for effects such as tides and atmospheric forcing", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "70082342-c777-49e9-88e5-a4a77728d3cc", - "label": "MEAN SEA SURFACE", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", - "definition": "The mean sea surface is the displacement of the sea surface relative to a mathematical model of the earth and it closely follows the geoid.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", - "label": "DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", - "definition": "Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7e1fc68e-5a7e-4a59-8ae6-3fa15bdae12d", - "label": "ABSOLUTE DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", - "definition": "The absolute dynamic topography, from which the ocean's currents can be derived by geostrophy, is obtained, either by subtracting the geoid height from the altimetric Mean Sea Surface height above the reference ellipsoid, or by estimating the ocean Mean Dynamic Topography and adding it to the altimetric sea level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf89619d-c67d-43f0-a217-c8684ce7c984", - "label": "MEAN DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", - "definition": "The mean dynamic topography (MDT) is the height of the time-mean sea surface above the geoid. Its slope reveals the magnitude and direction of ocean surface geostrophic currents; hence, it is a surface representation of the ocean's mean circulation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", - "label": "SEA LEVEL", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", - "definition": "An average level of the surface of Earth's oceans from which heights such as elevation may be measured.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0fde8353-9773-4948-b206-9c273c2100c8", - "label": "SEA LEVEL ANOMALY", - "broader": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", - "definition": "A sea level anomaly reveals the regional extent of anomalous water levels in the coastal ocean which can indicate unusual water temperatures, salinities, average monthly winds, atmospheric pressures, and/or coastal currents. A sea level anomaly, as defined by NOAA's National Ocean Service, occurs when the 5-month running average of the interannual variation is at least 0.1 meters (4 inches) greater than or less than the long-term trend. The interannual variation is the monthly mean sea level after the trend and the average seasonal cycle are removed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3ea8884-87a8-4a12-96d5-98e21a9fa2c7", - "label": "MEAN SEA LEVEL", - "broader": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", - "definition": "An average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "label": "OCEAN CIRCULATION", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Pertaining to or measuring the movement of water in the marine\nenvironment. Variables include types of motion, as well as, circulation\nfeatures. Proper names of oceanic currents are not included.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "81f51367-8467-4183-baea-6b526780fcc7", - "label": "BUOY POSITION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The latitudinal/longitudinal position of a buoy with respect to ocean\ncurrents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03fbea0a-74b9-4c78-8752-a588cff27f17", - "label": "WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The surface currents that form from the transfer of energy from winds\nto surface waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", - "label": "EDDIES", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "Unit(s) of motion in a fluid medium (ocean) running contrary,\nusually circularly, to the main current.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "160c0b4d-6c03-4576-a4ea-f743a3a69d13", - "label": "SUBMESOCALE EDDIES", - "broader": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", - "definition": "Submesoscale eddies can efficiently transport heat and salt in the upper ocean (Wang et al., 2018) and play an important role in the balance of energy generation and dissipation of larger scale oceanic processes (Munk et al., 2000; Zatsepin et al., 2019). However, compared to mesoscale eddies, they remain poorly studied due to technical difficulties in observing these small-scale and ephemeral ocean features. Satellite altimeters typically cannot characterize eddies smaller than 100–200 km in diameter. In subtropical and tropical oceans sea surface temperature imagery lose their spatial contrast during summer, and satellite ocean color imagery also suffer to lack of sufficient observations due to clouds, strong sun glint, and stray light (Chen et al., 2019; Hu, 2011). As a result, to date, there is generally a lack of synoptic and long-term characterization of submesoscale eddies in the world's oceans, except perhaps in some small regions when continuous land-based high frequency-radar observations are available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc95c990-47cb-4087-a08f-235dd1eb1260", - "label": "MESOSCALE EDDIES", - "broader": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", - "definition": "Ocean mesoscale eddies are the “weather” of the ocean, with typical horizontal scales of less than 100 km and timescales on the order of a month. The mesoscale eddy field includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals. The mesoscale field is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline. A special class of eddies, known as meddies (Mediterranean eddies), are predominantly sub-surface lenses of salty water that form off the Atlantic coast of Spain/Portugal from the deep Mediterranean outflow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "10a9c153-f37d-48fe-920d-c790d946ab07", - "label": "CONVECTION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The circulatory vertical motion in a fluid medium (ocean water) owing to\nthe variation of its density and the action of gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc0a6bb2-27f0-48e8-89f1-ebfc7ccd4823", - "label": "GYRES", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The large-scale pattern of circulation around the entire ocean basin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22b339b5-1af5-46e3-8191-d93729001eeb", - "label": "FRONTS", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "Sharp temperature boundaries between water masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa1bc71c-daeb-401e-9e29-ebde975482cf", - "label": "THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "Circulation driven by the unequal heating of earth by the sun, together\nwith surface patterns of evaporation and precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fe4680b-96e8-4304-ab32-c17a0769932c", - "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater\n(e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zone\nof lesser concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "113edd07-7b1a-4082-b054-b58d3f23b93a", - "label": "WATER MASSES", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "A large body of seawater identified by its temperature and salinity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48ec6449-373c-41f6-8a61-8f1e9ed95737", - "label": "OCEAN MIXED LAYER", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "Also called the surface zone. The ocean mixed layer is the upper layer\nof ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant with\ndepth. Depending on local conditions, the surface layer may reach to 1,000\nmeters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0cb7f2c6-5e99-4781-8d4f-19ecbad2e2e0", - "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The horizontal or vertical flow of seawater as a current.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdd42024-d1a4-4fb2-a16a-06ac0cc1dedc", - "label": "FRESH WATER FLUX", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The volume transport of water to (riverine discharge, glacial\ndischarge, precipitation) or from (evaporation) the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", - "label": "OCEAN CURRENTS", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "Horizontal flow of water in an established, defined pattern.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "abb21298-124f-4f12-92e8-affbb5c8fba8", - "label": "SUBSURFACE CURRENTS", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", - "definition": "Bulk layer (ocean subsurface) measure of the water flow vector.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "811512a3-5138-43c5-99e5-d1373e2710a8", - "label": "CURRENT PROFILES", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", - "definition": "Ocean current direction (vector) throughout the water column.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3647731-a71a-4af4-bfa2-e53b61efafeb", - "label": "SURFACE CURRENTS", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", - "definition": "Ocean surface current direction (vector).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7744f889-b25e-4d0e-bcf6-d94cbf63df22", - "label": "SPEED PROFILES", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", - "definition": "Ocean current velocity throughout the water column.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64bcd669-cbb0-41ff-a4bf-9ce1050d12c7", - "label": "SURFACE SPEED", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", - "definition": "Ocean surface current/water flow velocity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9f343a1-0b8d-4e88-91bc-21f5d551963f", - "label": "TURBULENCE", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "Highly disordered flow in fluids, a source of energy for the mixing of\nwater masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75ab3537-34b1-4025-b758-7296626079ba", - "label": "UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The upward motion of seawater anywhere in the oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", - "label": "VORTICITY", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "Measure of the rotational spin about an axis at some point within a fluid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ace6a51d-36af-4330-893f-d1fecc8ac904", - "label": "RELATIVE VORTICITY", - "broader": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", - "definition": "The counter-clockwise (CCW) or clockwise (CW) circulation of weather systems. CCW (cyclonic) rotation is considered '+' ... same as Earth; CW (anticyclonic) rotation is considered to be '-'; consists of two parts: relative vorticity due to curved flow and that due to wind shear.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aad49974-99ab-4623-a716-ea73e2f46ad1", - "label": "POTENTIAL VORTICITY", - "broader": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", - "definition": "The quantity which is proportional to the dot product of vorticity and stratification. This quantity, following a parcel of air or water, can only be changed by diabatic or frictional processes. It is a useful concept for understanding the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis (the birth and development of a cyclone), especially along the polar front, and in analyzing flow in the ocean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d96bcb09-f240-41cc-84d0-6af9fb3509de", - "label": "OCEAN MASS", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "The mass of the water in the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6f748f7-3a2a-4c76-90bd-8e8d7a691b21", - "label": "SUBDUCTION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", - "definition": "A geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense lithosphere of a second plate, the heavier plate dives beneath the second plate and sinks into the mantle.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", - "label": "TIDES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Pertaining to the study of the periodic rise and fall of the sea\nsurface, generated by long-wavelength waves which are caused by the\ninteraction of gravitational force and inertia. Variables include\ncharacteristics of tides and other aspects important to their study.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "062be713-9c35-458e-86e2-26cea9415f5d", - "label": "STORM SURGE", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", - "definition": "A rise above normal sea level on the coast where the Ekman effect, from\nstrong winds, causes the shallow waters to pile up against the shore.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4f40ec7-e698-4e11-b406-a0fa7f4b530c", - "label": "TIDAL COMPONENTS", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", - "definition": "Harmonic constituents of tides with characteristic phase, period\nand amplitude, unique to a given location and used in the harmonic method\nof tide prediction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54ab2e0e-8e36-48e8-b020-ea9a5b453373", - "label": "TIDAL CURRENTS", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", - "definition": "Mass flow of water induced by the raising or lowering of sea level owing\nto passage of tidal crests or troughs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9afcf69c-f56f-45a9-afd9-6f929850326b", - "label": "TIDAL HEIGHT", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", - "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, varying as a result of the\nrise and fall of tides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5a6266a-9457-4acf-b140-fcdc8bc00a00", - "label": "TIDAL RANGE", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", - "definition": "The difference in height between consecutive high and low tides.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "label": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the average kinetic energy of oceanic water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", - "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water\nmolecules, measured or estimated at the sea surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cd5a4729-ea4a-4ce1-8f5a-ec6a76d31055", - "label": "SEA SURFACE SKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", - "definition": "The sea surface skin temperature is the temperature measured by an infrared radiometer typically operating at wavelengths in the range 3.7 - 12 micrometers. It represents the temperature within the conductive diffusion-dominated sub-layer at a depth of approximately 10 - 20 micrometers below the air-sea interface. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle including cool skin layer effects (especially at night under clear skies and low wind speed conditions) and warm layer effects in the daytime.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68a09c56-be36-4100-8757-3a6eec7dc251", - "label": "SEA SURFACE SUBSKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", - "definition": "The sea surface subskin temperature is the temperature at the base of the conductive laminar sub-layer of the ocean surface, that is, at a depth of approximately 1 - 1.5 millimeters below the air-sea interface. For practical purposes, this quantity can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 gigahertz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle due to thermal stratification of the upper ocean layer in low wind speed high solar irradiance conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4d58a7f-7eaa-4f75-996a-18238c698063", - "label": "SEA SURFACE FOUNDATION TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", - "definition": "The sea surface foundation temperature is the water temperature that is not influenced by a thermally stratified layer of diurnal temperature variability (either by daytime warming or nocturnal cooling). The foundation temperature is named to indicate that it is the temperature from which the growth of the diurnal thermocline develops each day, noting that on some occasions with a deep mixed layer there is no clear foundation temperature in the surface layer. In general, sea surface foundation temperature will be similar to a night time minimum or pre-dawn value at depths of between approximately 1 and 5 meters. In the absence of any diurnal signal, the foundation temperature is considered equivalent to the quantity with standard name sea_surface_subskin_temperature. The sea surface foundation temperature defines a level in the upper water column that varies in depth, space, and time depending on the local balance between thermal stratification and turbulent energy and is expected to change slowly over the course of a day. If possible, a data variable with the standard name sea_surface_foundation_temperature should be used with a scalar vertical coordinate variable to specify the depth of the foundation level. Sea surface foundation temperature is measured at the base of the diurnal thermocline or as close to the water surface as possible in the absence of thermal stratification. Only in situ contact thermometry is able to measure the sea surface foundation temperature. Analysis procedures must be used to estimate sea surface foundation temperature value from radiometric satellite measurements of the quantities with standard names sea_surface_skin_temperature and sea_surface_subskin_temperature. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a connection with the historical concept of a 'bulk' sea surface temperature considered representative of the oceanic mixed layer temperature that is typically represented by any sea temperature measurement within the upper ocean over a depth range of 1 to approximately 20 meters. The general term, 'bulk' sea surface temperature, has the standard name sea_surface_temperature with no associated vertical coordinate axis. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a more precise, well defined quantity than 'bulk' sea surface temperature and, consequently, is more representative of the mixed layer temperature. The temperature of sea water at a particular depth (other than the foundation level) should be reported using the standard name sea_water_temperature and, wherever possible, supplying a vertical coordinate axis or scalar coordinate variable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "904f3b34-20c8-4eb8-bf68-6304edecf945", - "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", - "definition": "The temperature difference (departure) from a climatology", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "46206e8c-8def-406f-9e62-da4e74633a58", - "label": "WATER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water molecules.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64074461-95d0-4538-869a-0114e39216aa", - "label": "OCEAN MIXED LAYER", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "definition": "Also called the surface zone. The ocean mixed layer is the upper layer\nof ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant with\ndepth. Depending on local conditions, the surface layer may reach to 1,000\nmeters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e02b0b50-a0f2-4c47-841b-9689fdb99121", - "label": "POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "definition": "Measurement of water temperature taking water's compressibility into\naccount, provided no heat exchange of the water sample with its\nsurroundings.\t This is important because water temperature is\nhigher under the higher pressure conditions of the deep ocean compared to\nthe temperature of that same water at the lower pressure conditions of the\nocean surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68772b70-e493-48d5-b063-00b9d2dd4078", - "label": "THERMOCLINE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which temperature decreases rapidly with depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f952e80e-77de-4dc8-aa6b-0f3be186aba5", - "label": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE PROFILES", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "definition": "Vertical profiles of ocean temperature (including upper and deep ocean).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a76f878d-c6fb-49bf-9165-3cac5fb61d80", - "label": "OCEAN BARRIER LAYER", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", - "definition": "The layer of water separating the well-mixed surface layer from the thermocline.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "label": "OCEAN ACOUSTICS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to sound propagation in the\nmarine environment. Variables include measurements of the characteristics\nof sound.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b4a924bb-0d42-4169-bad7-3856f69f0c4a", - "label": "ACOUSTIC SCATTERING", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "definition": "The process by which some sound is dispersed to travel in directions other\nthan that which from it was incident by particles suspended in the medium\nthrough which it is travelling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "025c1e31-1a97-4a30-a887-0b9a5127fd4d", - "label": "ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION/TRANSMISSION", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "definition": "Attenuation: Diminution of the intensity of acoustical energy propagating\nthrough a medium with the distance traveled, through absorption and\nscattering. Transmission: Propagation or the motion of waves through or\nalong a medium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bb3c4cd-cbb4-4c82-997b-d11ecc1cdb9f", - "label": "ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "definition": "The number of cycles per unit time of a sound wave.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a583047-6023-4b6a-ab25-b72529721a8c", - "label": "ACOUSTIC REFLECTIVITY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "definition": "The casting back of sound waves from a surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1295cf9a-c345-40eb-9b79-82bddc6acf50", - "label": "ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "definition": "Identification of water masses and monitoring of water mass movements\nusing acoustical techniques.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4aae1a4-b4d5-4b13-9cc0-c0df6234ce3b", - "label": "ACOUSTIC VELOCITY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "definition": "The speed of sound in water, which is dependent on the water's\ntemperature, salinity and pressure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", - "label": "AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", - "definition": "The acoustic energy above which a single desired signal is heard. In\nthe oceans, ambient noise can be produced physically (e.g. wind, rain,\nbubbles) or biologically (e.g. whales, dolphins).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "96f15c48-4ea1-4c68-92f0-d59218856bb5", - "label": "BIOLOGICAL AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", - "definition": "Acoustic tracking of animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b016722f-5441-41c1-97c4-6612c87c4311", - "label": "PHYSICAL AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", - "definition": "Acoustic detection of seafloor earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1f90445-4272-4390-92b1-2efc626a9ed1", - "label": "TOTAL AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", - "definition": "Ocean ambient noise assessments as a result of wind, ice, tectonic activity, and anthropocentric sources. Ambient noise may have profound effects on marine animals and ecosystems that use sound for navigation/communication.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "label": "BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "The measurement and charting of the spatial variation of the ocean\r\ndepths.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ca477721-473b-40d7-a72b-4ffa963e48fb", - "label": "WATER DEPTH", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "A measurement of distance from the sea surface to the sea floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36040c6a-5e3a-49fe-b519-162fb77a0fd4", - "label": "TRENCHES", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "Trenches are long, deep (6,000-11,000m/20,000-36,000ft), and narrow depression\nof the sea floor with relatively steep sides, associated with a subduction\nzone. The deepest of all ocean trenches, is the Mariana Trench (11,020 m/36,000\nft).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58c12630-a889-44c1-a951-56bbbe9758c9", - "label": "FRACTURE ZONES", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "Fracture zones are large, linear zone of irregular bathymetry of the sea floor,\ncharacterized by asymmetric ridges and troughs. Fracture zones are the\ntopographic expression of transform faults, faults with horizontal displacement\nconnecting the ends of an offset in a mid-ocean ridge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83520258-413c-4842-93c0-58a23dc58638", - "label": "SEAMOUNTS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "Isolated steep-sided volcanic peak that rises abruptly at least 1000 m from the\nsea floor, sometimes piercing the surface to become islands.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6b51058-1111-4498-a9ac-e1515270fb27", - "label": "SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "General elevation pattern of the land surface or the ocean bottom. Also refer\nto as bathymetry, the study and mapping of sea floor elevations and the\nvariations of water depth; the topography of the sea floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b011562-ee55-4ba0-a026-4faa7493ca5b", - "label": "ABYSSAL HILLS/PLAINS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "Pertaining to geophysical (seismic, magnetic, gravity, etc.) data collected\r\non the plains and hills of the deep oceanic floor. \r\nABYSSAL HILLS: Small hills found only in the deep sea which rise from the ocean\nbasin floor with heights ranging from 10 to over 500 feet and widths from a few\nhundred feet to a few miles. They are found along the seaward margin of most\r\nabyssal plains and originate from the spreading of mid-ocean ridges. As such,\r\nthey usually form two strips parallel to mid-ocean ridges. They generally\r\ndecrease in height as one traverses away from the ridges as they gradually\r\nbecome covered with sediment and are replaced by abyssal plains.\r\nABYSSAL PLAINS: Flat areas of the ocean basin floor which slope less than 1\r\npart in 1000. These were formed by turbidity currents which covered the\r\npreexisting topography. Most abyssal plains are located between the base of the\ncontinental rise and the abyssal hills. The remainder are trench abyssal plains\nthat lie in the bottom of deep-sea trenches. This latter type traps all\r\nsediment from turbidity currents and prevents abyssal plains from forming\r\nfurther seaward, e.g. much of the Pacific Ocean floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a91a00f7-05ed-4633-9fac-1772a48b6342", - "label": "CONTINENTAL MARGINS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "The ocean floor from the shore of a continent to the abyssal plain. The\ncontinent margin is the zone separating the continents from the deep-sea\nbottom, usually subdivided into the continental shelf, slope, and rise. \r\nThey are two basic types of continental margins: passive, or Atlantic, margins\nand active, or Pacific, margins. Passive margins have little seismic or\nvolcanic activity and form when continents are rifted apart, creating a new\nocean basin between them. Active margins are tectonically active and are most\noften associated with plate convergence and subduction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73e02157-9df9-415f-93fc-cb457989ddb1", - "label": "OCEAN PLATEAUS/RIDGES", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "Geological features pertaining to the large, flat rises or ridges. A ridge is\na long, narrow elevation of the sea floor, with steep sides and irregular\ntopography. Ocean plateaus refer to an area of highland, usually consisting of\nrelatively flat rises, and are formed when land has been uplifted and then\neroded by wind or water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18ce5577-26e9-4b76-860b-1ba31cafa9d0", - "label": "SUBMARINE CANYONS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "Submarine canyon are relatively narrow, V-shaped, deep depression with steep\nslopes, the bottom of which grades continuously downward across the continental\nslope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80d79c7e-6c64-4ada-bfcc-4093969758a5", - "label": "BATHYMETRY", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "The measurement and charting of the spatial variation of the ocean depths.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d80c015f-a383-4883-8309-6aab1c39f5b6", - "label": "COASTAL BATHYMETRY", - "broader": "80d79c7e-6c64-4ada-bfcc-4093969758a5", - "definition": "The study of underwater depth of lake or coastal ocean floors.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b22d265-0f46-46c1-b307-1957527c13bb", - "label": "SUB-BOTTOM PROFILE", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", - "definition": "Sub-bottom profiles provide three dimensional information about the sea floor and the layers that lie beneath, data which is collected by a sub-bottom profiling system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", - "label": "MARINE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "The act of watching,keeping track of or checking the ocean(pelagic or\nbottom conditions) for a special purpose.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "56e4dd42-e393-4aa2-b4d9-9e96d85c9768", - "label": "MARINE OBSTRUCTIONS", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", - "definition": "The act of watching,keeping track of or checking the ocean(pelagic or\nbottom conditions) for a special purpose.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", - "label": "MARINE SURFACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", - "definition": "Objects on the marine surface, including ships, boats, barges, piers, debris, and so on.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f81de12c-5f0c-4027-8ff1-de84d1bacb60", - "label": "MARINE VESSELS", - "broader": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", - "definition": "Marine vessel/boat detection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d594fc9c-556b-4eb5-9ec3-0d2126ca9cd5", - "label": "MARINE SURFACE DEBRIS", - "broader": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", - "definition": "Marine debris detectable on the surface of the ocean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e5371ad-4e70-48cf-9109-bfe995b7230c", - "label": "MARINE SUBMERGED DEBRIS", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", - "definition": "Debris not visible on the surface, including sunken vessels, trees, and other objects, typically generated by large-scale disasters such as tsunamis and tropical cyclones.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43763945-ceea-4716-8e77-068393300a7e", - "label": "ENFORCEMENT", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", - "definition": "Enforcement operations (by aircrafts, UAVs, etc.) using thermal imagery, survey, and radar to support enforcement of marine sanctuary regulations and protection of it's resources.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "label": "OCEAN WINDS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Study of the mass movement of air over the surface of the oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "253ccaf2-dd4c-4fc1-923d-1aea542a51b0", - "label": "VORTICITY", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "Measure of the rotational spin about an axis at some point within a fluid\n(or ocean wind field).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91d73256-925d-4d04-9b55-aaf088080cac", - "label": "WIND STRESS", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "The drag or tangential foce per unit area exerted upon the earth's surface\nby moving air in the surface boundary layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab1e152c-eab9-400a-a90f-15cb64ed2a75", - "label": "VERTICAL WIND MOTION", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "The component of ocean wind motion rising perpendicular to the plane of\nthe horizon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "855c22f5-d1e0-4ccf-81bd-c8120e7c4055", - "label": "WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "A sudden variation in the vector of wind flow that is especially dangerous\nto aircraft during takeoff and landing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", - "label": "SURFACE WINDS", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "The wind speed and direction recorded at an observing site at the\nocean surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d78e5503-d78e-466d-97bb-e68d6e768a9d", - "label": "WIND DIRECTION", - "broader": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", - "definition": "Direction of wind at the surface of the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7ce84a3-8329-4eb7-b5de-72d2dea8c6bf", - "label": "WIND SPEED", - "broader": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", - "definition": "Speed of wind at the surface of the ocean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b59e188c-49b8-41b3-94c4-0bc1dbb554fe", - "label": "CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "Convergence - A net inflow of winds into a region. Divergence- A\nnet outflow of wind from a region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13aeaea0-ab45-4148-abcf-c6becf7a8934", - "label": "TURBULENCE", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "A state of fluid (wind) flow in which the instantaneous (wind)\nvelocities exhibit irregular and apparently random fluctuations so that in\npractice only statistical properties can be recognized and subjected to\nanalysis. ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d571e1f5-7449-4052-943b-94d76f762677", - "label": "WIND CHILL", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "A figure used to express the cooling effect of the combination of\nparticular temperatures and air speed on exposed human skin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9a716e9-970e-44e0-9faf-66647f5a59ed", - "label": "WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", - "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds (velocities) at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "label": "OCEAN WAVES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Study of the disturbances of the ocean medium caused by the movement of\nenergy through that medium. Variables include types and characteristics\nof waves.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a4f0e0d2-4bcb-4675-b874-e6e0f3a8c462", - "label": "WAVE TYPES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Names of kinds of waves. Specific types may be included as\nDetailed Variables, e.g. capillary waves, Rossby waves, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a79a3f3-1817-4c9f-8485-550a022b5a8d", - "label": "TSUNAMIS", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Japanese for 'wave in bay.' A long-period wave generated by\nrapid displacement of water, such as by seismic disturbances to the sea\nfloor. Tsunamis travel at speeds of about 700 km/h in the open ocean and\nbuild to dangerous heights and energy density when their speed slows in\nshallow waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bf50cd4-8a97-468c-8e73-047e3e09a03d", - "label": "STORM SURGE", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "A phenomena wherein sea level rises above the normal tide level when\r\nhurricanes or tropical storms move from the ocean along or across a\r\ncoastal region. This sea level rise can consists of three components, the\r\nfirst of which results from low barometric pressure, i.e. the so-called\r\ninverse barometer effect, where lower atmospheric pressure on the surface\r\nof the water allows it to rise. The second component is wind set-up where\r\nthe winds drag surface", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dd99ea6-51bd-4b78-bf2e-d5aeca7f5bc8", - "label": "TOPOGRAPHIC WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Waves with a restoring force arising from variations in depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a90526a9-5476-45bc-9a15-73ac2dfc62ab", - "label": "SURF BEAT", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The pattern of constructive and destructive interference that\ncauses successive breaking waves to grow, shrink, and grow again over a\nfew minutes' time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b4963ba-1a7a-419d-97ef-eacaa14688e0", - "label": "SEICHES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Pendulum-like rocking of water in an enclosed area; a form of standing\nwave that can be caused by meteorological or seismic forces, or that may\nresult from normal resonances excited by tides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09b326df-79b3-41b8-8998-e06344b0fe0d", - "label": "WAVE FETCH", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The distance over which the wind blows, a factor in wind wave development\non the ocean surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99ea6719-b751-4a4f-95d4-aaa02e961bc1", - "label": "WAVE PERIOD", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The time for successive wave crests to pass a fixed point.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc9fcd27-58ac-4705-a522-6475d59cfb81", - "label": "GRAVITY WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "A progressive wave occurring at the boundary between liquids of\ndifferent densities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11aca777-8a01-42ce-b076-b3059c3d8cae", - "label": "SEA STATE", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "A measure of the roughness of the sea surface; a scale of surface\nwave conditions related to the speed of wind.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ac6850e-9266-4e90-ba83-b6a6cc4ae365", - "label": "SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The average height of the highest one-third of all waves occurring in\na particular time period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", - "label": "SWELLS", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The long-period, undulating waves that propagate energy to great\ndistances from the point of generation; the source of 'breakers' along the\nbeach.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b23597aa-ccb2-40be-920d-5663769cd502", - "label": "SWELL DIRECTION", - "broader": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", - "definition": "The direction that the swells are coming from. Direction is given on a 16 point compass scale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e9ad407-bd70-43ae-a901-6b07f100db27", - "label": "SWELL HEIGHT", - "broader": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", - "definition": "The estimated average height of the highest one-third of the swells. It is estimated from determining how the wave energy is distributed among various periods (frequencies), determining if a separate swell energy peak exists, and then, picking a frequency to separate swell and wind-waves. The swell height is calculated from the wave energies below the separation frequency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a8920f3-e531-47e0-bb23-a9f816cfb7bf", - "label": "SWELL PERIOD", - "broader": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", - "definition": "This is the peak period in seconds of the swells. If more than one swell is present, this is the period of the swell containing the maximum energy.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d91f6d9-44c4-4418-90b0-00feb09c6fc0", - "label": "WAVE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The number of waves passing a fixed point in a given period of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fc68280-1361-43e1-bc5a-40c49e9679b7", - "label": "WAVE HEIGHT", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Vertical distance between a wave crest and the adjacent wave troughs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5daa972e-b47c-4050-97f1-1e628401fb97", - "label": "WAVE LENGTH", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The horizontal distance between two successive wave crests (or troughs) in\na progressive wave.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e79ff727-c598-4a1c-8b4f-b6019fcf386b", - "label": "WAVE SPECTRA", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The energy distribution of a sampling of waves per their frequency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e52114b2-adbc-4e3e-9c87-1a7f245fe5ef", - "label": "WAVE SPEED/DIRECTION", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Wave speed: Distance a wave travels per time. Wave direction: The\nline along which a wave travels with respect to its compass heading.\nBoth Wave Speed and Wave Direction may be included as Detailed Variables\nunder Wave Speed/Direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c9adb35-b203-42d7-8ccf-b7f2079db7ce", - "label": "WIND WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "A wave formed by transfer of wind energy into water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41764af0-1264-4adb-881d-44991489344c", - "label": "ROSSBY/PLANETARY WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "A wave on a uniform current in a two-dimensional nondivergent fluid system, rotating with varying angle speed about the local vertical (beta plane).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a4816c1-dba8-4ae4-9c3b-7f98a4ac245b", - "label": "WAVE RUNUP", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Wave runup is the maximum vertical extent of wave uprush on a beach or\nstructure above the still water level (SWL) (Sorensen, 1997).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5377fb64-b10a-4284-9b7b-be77b4c16fe5", - "label": "WAVE OVERTOPPING", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Wave overtopping refers to the volumetric rate at which wave runup flows\nover the top or crest of a slope, be it a beach, dune, or structure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dd520ea-30fc-416d-b98c-340fd23431d3", - "label": "WAVE SETUP", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Wave setup is the increase in mean water level due to the presence of\nbreaking waves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "037ce518-b71f-4599-b37f-feab9cc9809d", - "label": "WAVE DIRECTION", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "The line along which a wave travels with respect to it's compass heading.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d02bae1c-b05e-4c56-b964-7f49610efc3b", - "label": "WAVE SPEED", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", - "definition": "Distance a wave travels per time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "label": "MARINE SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Loose particles of inorganic or organic origin, suspended in the water\ncolumn, found on the seafloor, or found in the coastal zone. Variables\ninclude types of sediment, processes affecting sediment and sediment\ndistribution, and characteristics of sediment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "676327f4-8354-4033-8081-9cab6651ac98", - "label": "PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "The transport of a mass of sediment particles per unit area per unit time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14c8935f-8a46-4111-8f2e-bec8bbae5d13", - "label": "BIOTURBATION", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "The physical mixing of sediments caused by the burrowing and feeding\nactivities of benthic organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff0108e2-8415-423c-85ed-07792dbef534", - "label": "BIOGENIC SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "Sediments of biogenic origin, composed mostly of shells of silica producing\norganisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bfed15d-b8b4-4fb1-940b-ef342c4c2225", - "label": "DIAGENESIS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "The physical and chemical change undergone by sediment during lithification\nand compaction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d352f0f-f69f-44c4-b345-aa9230fbd6ca", - "label": "HYDROGENOUS SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "Sediments composed of material precipitated chemically from seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4f4b5d3-27b2-4b7d-bb69-733b67ac687a", - "label": "GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "A distinguishing trait, quality, or property of any deposit of insoluble\nmaterial, primarily rock and soil particles, transported from land areas\nto the ocean by wind, ice, and rivers, as well as the remains of marine\norganisms, products of submarine volcanism, chemical\nprecipitates from seawater, and materials from outer space (e.g.,\nmeteorites) that accumulate on the seafloor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17008d04-394d-4de8-8834-dd0a3cd88093", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "The constituent materials of a sediment sample; including trace metals,\norganic material or contaminants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cddc37fd-8540-4c78-b567-add74e6b789b", - "label": "SEDIMENTARY TEXTURES", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "The characterization of sediment by the size of individual particles; the\nclassification of sediment by particle-size classes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd55adac-4182-4441-91e2-163aa77e1320", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "The movement of loose particulate material by a medium such as wind or\nwater currents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4eb3bc4-48a5-4ed2-a74b-ca87a58e90f5", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "The process of deposition of loose particulate material, especially\nby mechanical means, from a state of suspension in water or air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41b7293f-7f20-40ab-8bf7-b211c68146b9", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional\nenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bcf6975f-2a21-4a6c-9286-fb8f85d00901", - "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "Particulate matter suspended in the water column, greater than\n0.45 micrometers, as distinguished from dissolved solids which are less\nthan 0.45 micrometers. Synonymous with Particulates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31cf96eb-7fcd-490d-9e10-7f17dc12e1e3", - "label": "TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "Sediments composed of material derived from land sources and transported to\nthe ocean by wind or flowing water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68e2c729-f729-4936-af2e-0ecf7ee7d231", - "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related to\nthe amount of suspended material in the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8411549-a72d-44cd-9b7b-6953ec22f8da", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "Study pertaining to the composition and\nproperties of materials suspended in water\nor recently deposited from suspension.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "282ea985-efd0-4113-860d-b8221f6cc6f2", - "label": "SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", - "definition": "Sediments arranged in a definite pattern of organizations.Such as cross-bedding\nproduced by migration of water ripples and dunes, graded bedding, a decrease in\ngrain sizes going up in the bed that indicates diminishing force with time,\netc.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", - "label": "AQUATIC SCIENCES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "The study of Fisheries and Aquaculture.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f6c057c9-c789-4cd5-ba22-e9b08aae152b", - "label": "AQUACULTURE", - "broader": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", - "definition": "The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and\naquatic plants with some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance\nproduction, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. \nAlso referred to as Mariculture - Marine fish farming (aquaculture). Raising of\nmarine animals and plants in the controlled or selected aquatic environments\nfor any commercial, recreational, or public purpose.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa57b0a0-9723-4195-bdd1-4f26aefa0e07", - "label": "FISHERIES", - "broader": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", - "definition": "Related to the act, process, or season of catching a species of fish or a group\nof species in marine and non-marine environments, excludes fish farming,\r\nhatcheries, and other aquaculture.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "label": "OCEAN VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "30fd009d-df91-47ba-8800-2f2771f15e80", - "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fc9280e-f273-4280-a732-93ef4ceea418", - "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e8257c6-5c14-4707-995a-d31409265407", - "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c71e621-aae6-436b-9405-5dc6ed2a527e", - "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67290503-94b9-4517-b5b6-063bba2bee27", - "label": "RUNOFF", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32d0ca35-bff8-4e63-9c5b-c70d1593824a", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18323b62-5f66-4878-843b-cbde545dd775", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "916b2963-6c1d-48ee-8f97-8606febf8db7", - "label": "HYDROGRAPHY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "Mapping water depth and the shape of the seafloor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", - "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "All hydrometeors formed in the atmosphere, including liquid, solid, or a combination of the two (e.g., resulting from incomplete melting or freezing or from accretion), that are large enough to fall as a result of gravity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c40d3dbc-5d7e-434d-996e-120ba44a5d44", - "label": "SOLID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", - "definition": "Solid (frozen) precipitation, for example, snow, hail, ice pellets, snow pellets (soft hail, graupel), snow grains, and ice crystals;", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09c21315-faba-446c-b060-136705972347", - "label": "SNOW", - "broader": "c40d3dbc-5d7e-434d-996e-120ba44a5d44", - "definition": "Precipitation composed of white or translucent ice crystals, chiefly in complex branch hexagonal form and often agglomerated into snowflakes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ca02520-1345-475c-9a54-b562a042c4e1", - "label": "LIQUID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", - "definition": "Liquid precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface in the form of drops.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5953d403-41e8-48f7-a4a8-06aaa633e12a", - "label": "RAIN", - "broader": "4ca02520-1345-475c-9a54-b562a042c4e1", - "definition": "Precipitation in the form of liquid water drops that have diameters greater than 0.5 mm, or, if widely scattered, the drops may be smaller.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", - "label": "GEOLOGICAL FEATURES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7a74347d-e372-4048-8012-c9be550e0e5e", - "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE MASK", - "broader": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", - "definition": "These keywords are used to identify the type of grid location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e63e32cc-896c-47dd-9652-a01ba2ee3334", - "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE FRACTION", - "broader": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", - "definition": "These keywords are used to identify the type of grid location.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "label": "HUMAN DIMENSIONS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "The area of Earth Science that focuses on the human interactions and impacts in the environment (e.g., natural hazards, human impacts, social behavior) and related disciplines including population, infrastructure, public health, and economic resources.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "label": "INFRASTRUCTURE", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "The basic facilities and equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d7742082-5461-4610-9ced-e0ec3bb64697", - "label": "BUILDINGS", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "A fabric or edifice that is constructed, such as a house, church, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db692676-a2f6-4fd9-91b6-92ae4f9c04fd", - "label": "COMMUNICATIONS", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "Connections allowing access between persons or places.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79b0b1d3-5279-4ce5-a387-6ecb4ee2a335", - "label": "CULTURAL FEATURES", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "Any human constructions which constitute a prominent aspect of the land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12433114-d15a-46cf-aba9-ce4b569119ce", - "label": "ELECTRICITY", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "Associated with the use, production, or transmission of electric power.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee49d315-1fe5-42ce-a5f8-232450dfa408", - "label": "PIPELINES", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "Any system of pipes used to transport liquids or gases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37a6c8e2-f2ac-48a4-a4fa-d80f700f68db", - "label": "TRANSPORTATION", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "The roads and equipment necessary for the movement of goods or passengers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eeba88d2-20bf-43b1-bccf-b125485405f4", - "label": "GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "Green infrastructure is an interconnected network of natural areas andother open spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values andfunctions, sustains clean air and water, and provides a wide array ofbenefits to people and wildlife.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0692f19d-55bc-4fd7-8bf8-a0224e8715f9", - "label": "WATER STORAGE", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", - "definition": "Methods to store water for human consumption or agricultural use.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "label": "HABITAT CONVERSION/FRAGMENTATION", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "The change of land quality, for example through land transformation or intensification of land use. Common reasons for habitat conversion are deforestation/reforestation, suburbanization, corridor construction, desertification and agricultural intensification, e.g. wetland drainage, irrigation or degradation due to\novergrazing.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dee57819-62c7-4f89-87e5-90a87a07820a", - "label": "DESERTIFICATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "The formation of deserts in arid and semi-arid regions from overgrazing, deforestation, poor agricultural practices, and climate change. Evidence of desertification can be found today in Africa, the Middle East, and the southwestern United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39a032bf-c3bc-481b-9698-8be114fe85cb", - "label": "REFORESTATION/REVEGETATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "Reforestation is the replanting of trees in forests where the trees have been cut down. Reforestation sometimes is undertaken in an effort to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by restoring forests, which are carbon sinks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e759cacb-33f0-4564-b151-c7cfa5e85ed3", - "label": "URBANIZATION/URBAN SPRAWL", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "Urbanization is the expansion of metropolitan areas by building housing developments and shopping centers farther and farther from urban centers and placing them together with more major highways. An outcome of urbanization is the fact that as more highways are built, surfaces are sealed with pavement, increasing stormwater runoff and quickening concentration times.\n\nUrban sprawl refers to the process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities or suburbs of cities. Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density, auto-dependent development on rural land, with associated design features that encourage car dependency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a4715a7-1847-4fef-8116-494b36420fb7", - "label": "DEFORESTATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "Deforestation is the removal of trees from a locality. This removal may be either temporary or permanent, leading to partial or complete eradication of the tree cover. It can be a gradual or rapid process, and may occur by means of natural or human agencies, or a combination of both.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32777aa3-a06a-4719-bbe5-7dcecb1a06f5", - "label": "EUTROPHICATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in a lake or pond due to human intervention (cultural eutrophication) or natural causes (natural eutrophication).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59b3849e-6704-402f-9a3e-512db10c2f51", - "label": "IRRIGATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "Irrigation is supplying water to croplands by artificial means.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa4a9df3-0fed-4512-b158-ed369463e33a", - "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "Refers to putting a natural resource to a new or altered use. Restoration is the return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance. Revegetation is the planting of vegetation in an area where vegetation has been removed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a66ec515-6a6e-487b-9004-2d19d6ffff04", - "label": "ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", - "definition": "An area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human\nactivities or structures.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "Refers to the types of impacts that humans have on their environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "07f7ea8e-cf94-4421-923a-539e12dbeb95", - "label": "INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Industrial emissions are air pollution from manufacturing plants and factories.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "207a34e0-48c0-439a-a001-dcf664b61686", - "label": "MINE DRAINAGE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Mine drainage, also known as acid mine drainage, is sulfuric acid that drains from mines, especially abandoned underground coal mines such as in the Eastern United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "835c5ec2-50e3-4bef-b380-9f74b143dac6", - "label": "SEWAGE DISPOSAL", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Involves the transport of sewage through cities and other inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants to protect public health and prevent disease. Sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c4ffc6a-694d-4f33-bc18-06fefb68acdd", - "label": "HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Heavy Metals are any of the high atomic weight metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and zinc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbeff538-6857-4573-8d14-12009e0ee078", - "label": "ACID DEPOSITION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Acid deposition is rain or snow that has a lower pH than precipitation from unpolluted skies. Acid deposition can also include dry forms of deposition such as nitrate and sulfate particles", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de89c42c-206a-4573-a2af-edffe5ddd6bf", - "label": "BIOCHEMICAL RELEASE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Biochemical release is the discharge of a chemical substance from any number of sources that can result in human health and environmental hazards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d7eed04-9c49-4024-8d0f-06474cc38bbc", - "label": "BIOMASS BURNING", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Biomass burning is the burning of organic matter, such as, wood or crop wastes,that can be burned or converted into gaseous or liquid fuels. Useful biomass includes wood, wood residues left over from the timber industry, crop residues, charcoal, manure, urban waste, industrial wastes, and municipal sewage. Some of these fuels can be burned directly. Others are converted to methane or a gas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5b074da-5e00-4fd9-9c40-cfec771263ee", - "label": "CHEMICAL SPILLS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "The release into the environment of any solid, liquid, or gaseous material that may pose substantial hazard to human health, to property, and to the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09cf34f3-5e20-4dc1-9b76-97afd856ebe0", - "label": "CIVIL DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Group acts of violence and disorder prejudicial to public law and order.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "912245ce-a81e-4d3b-b4fb-f71c8da63357", - "label": "CONTAMINANT LEVELS/SPILLS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "A measurement of the frequency of contaminant spills in the environment and whether the contaminant spills is hazardous to a population. Measuring the level of contaminants in the environment will determine if there is a hazard to a population.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edfbff1e-b24b-40b9-be54-e1823b4d7f49", - "label": "FOSSIL FUEL BURNING", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Fossil fuel burning refers to the burning of any one of the organic fuels (coal, natural gas, oil, tar sands, and oil shale) derived from once living plants or animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "083d79ba-b7fa-4a07-9c36-73540666d5c4", - "label": "GAS EXPLOSIONS/LEAKS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "A gas explosion is defined as a process where combustion of a premixed gas-air cloud causes a rapid increase of pressure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6221fa7d-9407-4ffc-ab58-886038209254", - "label": "GAS FLARING", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Refers to the burning of a jet of waste gas in the open air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48671d9e-a627-4034-baec-201bda5d166d", - "label": "NUCLEAR RADIATION EXPOSURE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Nuclear radiation is a result of nuclear energy, such as uranium, undergoing fission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82c3689a-6bbf-496f-b118-b6ab46a9d2c7", - "label": "OIL SPILLS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "An oil spill is defined not only as oil which comes from wrecked tankers that spill out oil, but also to oil which comes from well blowouts, breaks in pipelines or oil that enters the oceans from the transfer of oil from offshore platforms to shore during normal operations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40869a25-edea-4438-80f9-47c9e6910b9b", - "label": "CONSERVATION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "The management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to current generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations: Thus conservation is positive, embracing preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilization, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d076e628-320a-477b-aad9-07d87ca04993", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "The expansion of agricultural practices into non-agricultural regions and its impacts on non-agricultural terrestrial and marine ecosystems of the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0fb4215-4f72-445f-af81-b3f44c44cd0e", - "label": "PRESCRIBED BURNS/FIRES", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Fire applied in a knowledgeable manner to forest fuels on a specific land area under selected weather conditions to accomplish predetermined, well-defined management objectives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69d84440-b806-4093-a659-f052185e22bd", - "label": "ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "The exposure of the magnetic field. An electric field is produced by voltage, which is the pressure used to push the electrons through the wire, much like water being pushed through a pipe. As the voltage increases, the electric field increases in strength. A magnetic field results from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and increases in strength as the current increases. These two fields together are referred to as electric and magnetic fields, or EMFs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee3e296f-fdc0-4695-95af-dbe63f43b679", - "label": "WATER RESOURCES", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed96cfbb-6fc5-4f02-baba-4c37b813c259", - "label": "MARINE DEBRIS REMOVAL", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Refers to the collection and removal of debris from the Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e84f5068-2123-4594-aa07-bc1389346093", - "label": "MECHANICAL DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", - "definition": "Mechanical disturbances include forest clear-cutting, earth-moving, scraping, chaining, reservoir draw-down, and other similar human-induced changes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "label": "PUBLIC HEALTH", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", - "label": "DISEASES/EPIDEMICS", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "Diseases are used here to relate to human diseases which may be linked to poor environmental quality, such as poor air quality, or may ensue due to change in climate.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b8a877b7-d867-4305-9053-3777e5dd330a", - "label": "EPIDEMIOLOGY", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", - "definition": "The study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventative medicine. In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the work of epidemiologists ranges from outbreak investigation to study design, data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a syndemic.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d6cad59b-327e-4f3f-a664-706224c470f9", - "label": "TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY", - "broader": "b8a877b7-d867-4305-9053-3777e5dd330a", - "definition": "A methodological and application area of epidemiology concerned with the application of space-based systems (communication, Earth observation, positioning systems, Geographical Information Systems. biostatistics, etc.) in the study of the space and time distribution of health events or disease process in populations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d92320e-b9b9-4ae8-8394-252eeda7ceb1", - "label": "VECTOR-BORN DISEASES", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", - "definition": "Illnesses and diseases spread through vectors. ​Vector-borne diseases include, for example, Malaria, Dengue Fever, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68447296-6019-453b-9684-3cd3ff1530c9", - "label": "WATERBORNE DISEASES", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", - "definition": "Diseases caused by consuming water that contains harmful\nmicroorganisms, biotoxins, or toxic contaminants. Examples include\ncholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal problems.\nWaterborne diseases are often the result of unsafe sanitation practices\nor a breakdown in infrastructure that can be a result of or exacerbated\nby various natural hazards, such as flood or drought.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "007eeff3-1c96-4b54-aa35-2de5ebb9971a", - "label": "FOODBORNE DISEASES", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", - "definition": "Illness or disease caused by consumption of foods or drinks\ncontaminated with biological or chemical toxins or pathogens, including\ndisease-causing microbes or toxic chemicals.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "Refer to measurements of human physiological functions such as those provided by heat exchange data\nor human response to such environmental factors as contaminants.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ce8b673-cdb9-4000-ad00-774d1c67c1b1", - "label": "Urban Heat Island", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", - "definition": "The tendency for higher air temperatures to persist in urban areas as aresult of heat absorbed and emitted by buildings and asphalt, tending to make cities warmer than the surrounding countryside.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6984e0a6-cb78-4f60-a31d-3ff8415e3829", - "label": "AEROALLERGENS", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", - "definition": "Various airborne substances, such as pollen or spores, which can\ncause an allergic response.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "681812bd-c115-42b2-b717-f89715e89406", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", - "definition": "Concentrations of tiny airborne pieces of solid or liquid matter such as\nsoot, dust, fumes, mists, aerosols, haze, and smoke.¹ The size of\nparticles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems.\nSmall particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest\nrisk because they can travel deep into the respiratory system and affect\nthe lungs and heart. ²", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "764edcaa-d41a-4210-9b1e-f4e0f63e8329", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52153867-76e4-4beb-8f52-d8a69e90b9a3", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "750a9b6e-4cbb-4e46-b2da-52ecd6d3a153", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "74851074-27ab-425b-9521-8d139b907b0d", - "label": "RADIATION EXPOSURE", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "Exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on humans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d1f1722-27ea-4021-922f-68b90c09bfa1", - "label": "MALNUTRITION", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "Faulty nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients or their impaired assimilation or utilization.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4dcd46e9-4830-4de0-b75a-820729a6d787", - "label": "MALNUTRITION RATES", - "broader": "1d1f1722-27ea-4021-922f-68b90c09bfa1", - "definition": "The rate of malnutrition, which refers to a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a49484a-a9c8-411b-b911-7646f5323a7b", - "label": "MORBIDITY", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "The quality or state of being morbid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4b95ab99-4784-44aa-99f0-ecc677dbda65", - "label": "MORBIDITY RATES", - "broader": "8a49484a-a9c8-411b-b911-7646f5323a7b", - "definition": "An expression of the number of deaths in a population at risk during one year.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "85a73755-cb84-40cb-a23e-2ed3811138f8", - "label": "FOOD SECURITY", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "A state that prevails when people have secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth, development,and an active and healthy life.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91df78a1-2e38-41d5-b88e-e235450c89fc", - "label": "WATER TREATMENT DISRUPTION", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "Disruption to the normal treatment of drinking water, wastewater, or stormwater that can reduce drinking water availability and potentially increase human exposure to waterborne chemicals, pathogens, and toxins. Water treatment disruption can be a result of aging infrastructure and/or extreme weather.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ad043a9-2ec8-401d-a727-5589a303ea4a", - "label": "MENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", - "definition": "Mental health refers to the emotional, psychological, and social\nwell-being of one or more people. 1 Mental health can be be impacted\nby exposure to climate related or weather-related disasters. 2 Specific\ngroups of people are at higher risk for distress and other adverse\nmental health consequences including but not limited to children, the\nelderly, and people with preexisting mental illness. 3", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "label": "SOCIAL BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d11d5e6d-fafb-4012-818c-8bfb984128f1", - "label": "CONSUMER BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "Consumer behavior is defined to be information about what people purchase with respect to agricultural commodities, meat and other edible commodities, as well as with respect to non-edible products such as\ngasoline, paper and tobacco. Consumer behavior may also relate to such consumer services as travel decisions. It also may include information about how consumers make these decisions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ee8acad-458e-45c1-a1d5-9b1649c82ea7", - "label": "RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES/AREAS", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "Describes an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates. It can also be described as an activity that renews health and spirits by enjoyment and relaxation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aef9855c-70e1-4e22-aa25-8ccd23176d3b", - "label": "CONSERVATION", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "The preservation and careful management of the environment and of the natural resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "859155e1-d2d3-41a3-8d44-91afa87d68b4", - "label": "PRESERVATION", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "The activity of protecting something (in the environment) from loss or danger.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2f12641-19c8-4b26-9496-e79da5efcb85", - "label": "RECYCLING", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "Involves processing used materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution, and water pollution by reducing the need for 'conventional' waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "843a6584-e3f2-4a75-a003-cc430fd8c22c", - "label": "HAZARD MITIGATION/PLANNING", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "A cost-effective measure that will reduce the potential for damage to a facility or area from a disaster event. Pre-planning for a hazard can reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "507860e1-7494-438a-8537-b21da89efddf", - "label": "DISASTER RESPONSE", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "A phase of the disaster management cycle that involves the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33f20afe-5ce2-43e9-9676-c5f664fbc324", - "label": "VULNERABILITY LEVELS/INDEX", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "A measurement of the level of vulnerability of a given area or environment. The level of vulnerability is determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9af548c9-7050-4d59-b66d-adf52f2fb242", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", - "definition": "Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. \n\nEnvironmental Justice is becoming more important to the federal government and to individual agencies such as NASA and EPA. Environmental Justice is also the driving force behind all of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. NASA data are being used to support environmental and climate justice efforts. Scientists and decision-makers are applying a wide combination of datasets to assess the vulnerability and exposure of communities to environmental challenges. By providing full and open access to data, software, and tools, the agency ensures that anyone can use these resources.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", - "label": "BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "Any human construction (material or otherwise) that fixes a limit or extent.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8064b11d-8f9f-4c89-94fd-8a7cba95bb64", - "label": "BOUNDARY SURVEYS", - "broader": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", - "definition": "Studies which collect data that can be numerical in nature, such as inventories, polls, etc. Also, a measured plan or description of any portion of country, a road, or other feature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", - "label": "POLITICAL DIVISIONS", - "broader": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", - "definition": "Areas which are distinguished by their differing governments, such as countries.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "245c630a-8022-46ed-9a79-8f6cf99b0822", - "label": "COUNTRY BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", - "definition": "The political boundary of a country.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef04f170-4797-4db1-aff7-ad493b6a7cda", - "label": "STATE BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", - "definition": "The political boundary of a state.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ae304de-252c-45da-8dd8-df99a281e4f4", - "label": "ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS", - "broader": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", - "definition": "Boundaries depicting individual or separate administrative units such as districts, municipalities, census county subdivisions, etc.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", - "label": "ECONOMIC RESOURCES", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "Any measurement or statistic of, related, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "83741fb9-6f86-4670-abbb-c1f3b14a939d", - "label": "AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", - "definition": "Any measurement or statistic of, related, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services related to agriculture, food, the environment, and rural development.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "941c691a-3bff-4c58-854a-16c5529524e9", - "label": "MONOCULTURE", - "broader": "83741fb9-6f86-4670-abbb-c1f3b14a939d", - "definition": "The agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. However, monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "392d3da2-c03c-4aa5-bf60-417984f824a6", - "label": "AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", - "definition": "The farming and production of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "label": "ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of electrical energy for human consumption.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e5d17711-c9c1-42f6-96e4-c618c0df37cb", - "label": "OIL PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Pertains to the production and processing of natural gas and oil from reservoirs. Production is the yield of an oil or gas well; the branch of the industry that brings the oil and gas to the surface for sale. The phase of the petroleum industry that deals with bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them and with storing, gauging, and otherwise preparing the product for pipeline. It also pertains to the amount of oil or gas produced in a given period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c90081fb-f6c2-4f7c-a124-0cd432e92200", - "label": "COAL PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of coal for human consumption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83bddfa5-d9ba-40f1-9a2f-1bee33559176", - "label": "NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of natural gas for human consumption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c346378a-09ee-428c-89c1-c94354cdc74f", - "label": "HYDROGEN PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of hydrogen power for human consumption. Hydrogen-containing compounds such as fossil fuels, biomass or even water can be a source of hydrogen. Thermochemical processes can be used to produce hydrogen from biomass and from fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and petroleum. Power generated from sunlight, wind and nuclear sources can be used to produce hydrogen electrolytically.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "582af998-1f5c-48a7-8cdd-70fe06bb9f17", - "label": "NUCLEAR ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of nuclear power for human consumption. Nuclear energy is the energy released by a nuclear reaction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3b2e908-b732-480c-a9cb-2e981da52094", - "label": "METHANE PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of nuclear power for human consumption. Methane is a naturally occurring gas which is associated with decomposition and with oil deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4774745-c565-4b9e-a642-6fa4a0b3b79b", - "label": "PETROLEUM PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of nuclear power for human consumption. Petroleum is the end-product of the partial decay of living organisms which once inhabited the world's oceans. As they died they sank to the bottom of the oceans, where they were preserved. It exists in the form of crude oil, natural gas or solid material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b4f34c1-7aed-4833-811a-401382abd17c", - "label": "SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of solar energy for human consumption. Solar energy is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3a95e10-1c1d-41cf-8802-8bb1d3a41353", - "label": "WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of wind energy for human consumption. Wind energy/power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity and wind mills for mechanical power.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1eb6eeff-77f8-40b6-8e4a-2e4438f00b10", - "label": "TIDAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of tidal energy for human consumption. Tidal energy is the energy involved in tidal movements of water which is available to be harnessed if those movements can be used to turn turbines.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62c1fec5-3512-4136-a060-ec2338a48296", - "label": "WAVE ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of wave energy for human consumption. Wave energy is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7eba0eef-3a30-4282-a162-1f483370ddc4", - "label": "HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of hydroelectric energy for human consumption. Hydroelectric energy is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05410006-351a-4877-96e8-f0a821161ecf", - "label": "GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of geothermal energy for human consumption. Geothermal energy is energy extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99ed30c9-332c-4acf-8620-eab3c67bcc90", - "label": "BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", - "definition": "Refers to the production and use of biomass energy for human consumption. Biomass energy refers to biofuels, a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term includes solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "49da5018-59ec-4a60-9cb9-614ea6266ced", - "label": "MARICULTURE PRODUCTION", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", - "definition": "The production and cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82fdb39c-4fe8-4e2b-9dcf-67ceb4c6d8b9", - "label": "TOURISM", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", - "definition": "The business or industry of providing information, accommodations, transportation, and other services to tourists.​​ Climate and weather are important factors in tourist destination choice, and the tourist sector is susceptible to extreme weather.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e6cf64ce-389f-479c-835a-eecd612d4d88", - "label": "ECOTOURISM", - "broader": "82fdb39c-4fe8-4e2b-9dcf-67ceb4c6d8b9", - "definition": "Nature-based tourism that promotes the observation, appreciation, and conservation of natural areas and traditional cultures. Ecotourism often contains an educational component and functions to sustain the well-being of local peoples, communities, and economies while minimizing negative impacts to ecosystems.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "label": "NATURAL HAZARDS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "A hazard event arising from geophysical processes or biological agents -- such as those creating earthquakes, hurricanes, or locust infestations -- that affect the lives, livelihood, and property of people.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bb73336e-9113-426b-ac99-2b7c143b22ca", - "label": "BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "Living organisms or derivates(e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens) that can cause harmful health effects when inhaled, swallowed, or otherwise taken into the body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd03d204-4391-4e98-8142-8b8efa235231", - "label": "FLOODS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "Water covering previously dry area: a very large amount of water that has overflowed from a source such as a river or a broken pipe onto a previously dry area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", - "label": "WILDFIRES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "An uncontrolled fire in combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or a wilderness area. Other names such as brush fire, bushfire, forest fire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, and veldfire may be used to describe the same phenomenon depending on the type of vegetation being burned. A wildfire differs from other fires by its extensive size, the speed at which it can spread out from its original source, its potential to change direction unexpectedly, and its ability to jump gaps such as roads, rivers and fire breaks. Wildfires are characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical properties such as speed of propagation, the combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5e693789-87a8-4f94-9b5d-a50cecf55e24", - "label": "WILDFIRE SUPPRESSION", - "broader": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", - "definition": "Refers to the firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires. Firefighting efforts in wildland areas requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar structure fire fighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed firefighting aircraft, these wildfire-trained crews suppress flames, construct firelines, and extinguish flames and areas of heat to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the wildland-urban interface, where populated areas border with wildland areas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "436b098d-e4d9-4fbd-9ede-05675e111eee", - "label": "BURNED AREA", - "broader": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", - "definition": "Characterized by deposits of charcoal and ash, removal of vegetation, and alteration of the vegetation structure, Pereira et al. 1997, Roy et al. 1999", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3406120-9faa-4c00-874e-ce8878ae129f", - "label": "EARTHQUAKES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "Sudden, violent movement of the Earth's crust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06c1281f-e306-4511-bdab-ed6c0694f0f9", - "label": "VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "Explosions or emissions of lava, ashes and toxic gases from deep inside the earth, through volcanoes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f81d3752-d97c-4caf-9a79-5709ee693158", - "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "A slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba064d3f-0327-49d2-9984-332de1a97146", - "label": "LAND SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "Occurs when large amounts of ground water have been withdrawn from certain types of rocks, such as fine-grained sediments. The rock compacts because the water is partly responsible for holding the ground up. When the water is withdrawn, the rocks falls in on itself. You may not notice land subsidence too much because it can occur over large areas rather than in a small spot, like a sinkhole. That doesn't mean that subsidence is not a big event -- states like California, Texas, and Florida have suffered damage to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars over the years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", - "label": "DROUGHTS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "A period of dry weather: a long period of extremely dry weather when there is not enough rain for the successful growing of crops or the replenishment of water supplies.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a1af404e-e108-4777-b726-7d2e068c632b", - "label": "DROUGHT DURATION", - "broader": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", - "definition": "Drought duration refers to the length of time over which drought conditions persist. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e54536fa-c78e-478c-893f-1da73baf2da7", - "label": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", - "broader": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", - "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0a52ada-8d32-4d68-9daf-cc1c4d58aed3", - "label": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", - "broader": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", - "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or streamflow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,\nagriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by\ndrought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bb02b3d-be70-47b0-93d7-eb0c926f5979", - "label": "FAMINE", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "Widespread scarcity of food caused by several factors including crop failure, overpopulation, or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", - "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "The generic term for a non-frontal synoptic scale low-pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6314f68a-1f00-4e6d-9f06-b3e2ce4348e8", - "label": "HURRICANES", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", - "definition": "A tropical cyclone with 1-min average surface (10 m) winds in excess of 32 m s−1 (64 knots) in the Western Hemisphere (North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern and central North Pacific east of the date line).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd5c19e4-b25a-48b2-ad9d-4596a0ba67de", - "label": "TYPHOONS", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", - "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the western North Pacific.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f7996f7-5905-42e7-b9fd-c24c6328b5d9", - "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", - "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bee2d4d-d15d-4300-8804-626eff7ac0f3", - "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", - "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the Southwest Pacific Ocean west of 160E or Southeast Indian Ocean east of 90E.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0720043d-4d31-45ae-a37c-9ba5959bf97d", - "label": "CYCLONES", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", - "definition": "An atmospheric cyclonic circulation, a closed circulation. A cyclone's direction of rotation (counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) is opposite to that of an anticyclone.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff44a7b0-64b6-418a-9d74-1cbc3a4ae951", - "label": "TORNADOES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of 250 mph or more.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "768f266e-0807-49c6-a69e-c518de310331", - "label": "TSUNAMIS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "A wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb9c9be6-78c7-4fbd-9a35-a218276393ec", - "label": "HEAT", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "Hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad28623e-bb9b-433c-8fc1-2ab06dda58c4", - "label": "SEVERE STORMS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", - "definition": "A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "label": "POPULATION", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "Refers to the total number of inhabitants constituting a particular race, class, or group in a specified area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ae9f3a07-f23e-4116-b172-677435102b2f", - "label": "POPULATION DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "definition": "The patterns of settlement and dispersal of a population.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd0b8bc9-90b3-4e7d-a021-e91dc676d622", - "label": "POPULATION SIZE", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "definition": "The quantity of people living in a particular area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2a5c7ec-ccf2-4ab7-8863-9063be91c022", - "label": "POPULATION DENSITY", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "definition": "A measurement of the number of people in an area. It is an average number. Population density is calculated by dividing the number of people by area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7ad5cff-75df-4bb6-92f0-b5d56da2a588", - "label": "POPULATION ESTIMATES", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "definition": "An approximation of the population of a geographic unit at a point in the past or present for which an actual population count is not available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d6eda76-cf5d-4170-92ce-9ac9197832bf", - "label": "NATALITY", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "definition": "The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d0931461-2e93-418c-b470-a218cadcf498", - "label": "NATALITY RATES", - "broader": "9d6eda76-cf5d-4170-92ce-9ac9197832bf", - "definition": "The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", - "label": "MORTALITY", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "definition": "The quality or state of being mortal.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "918c4136-bb4c-422b-9c15-8273307546d1", - "label": "MORTALITY RATES", - "broader": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", - "definition": "The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611f0108-5706-43ca-bc39-38e528f6024b", - "label": "INFANT MORTALITY RATES", - "broader": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", - "definition": "The ratio of infant deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "35b7c7cd-49c8-476c-83f2-f2e1f4097307", - "label": "VULNERABLE POPULATIONS", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", - "definition": "Groups of people with a propensity or predisposition to be adversely\naffected. Vulnerable populations may be less able to anticipate, cope\nwith, resist, and recover from the impacts of a disaster, be it natural or\nman-made.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", - "label": "SOCIOECONOMICS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "The use of economics in the study of society. More narrowly, contemporary practice considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through social capital and social 'markets' (not excluding for example, sorting by marriage) and the formation of social norms. In the latter, it studies the relation of economics to social values.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "92d8968b-617e-433d-ab9b-e269497c3f43", - "label": "INDUSTRIALIZATION", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", - "definition": "Industrialization can refer to a major shift in manufacturing, from small-scale production by hand to large-scale production by machine. Industrialization is made possible by new technologies, but also by an abundant supply of fuel, such as coal. Industrialization makes manufacturing more energy-intensive and much less labor intensive.\nIndustrialization leads to the mass production of products, which means\nthat more goods are available to more people.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b37021a3-4d7f-4b94-b614-807d6981d2ad", - "label": "POVERTY LEVELS", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", - "definition": "A measurement of the level of poverty of an area at a given time and place.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bf46486-3004-447e-b2c6-82c4aa13fc11", - "label": "PURCHASING POWER", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", - "definition": "The ability of consumers to acquire goods and services based on their possession of money and/or their recourse to credit. Aggregate purchasing power within a market or a national economy reflects total disposable income after taxes, and hence the level of employment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c88a747b-2302-49c9-b747-f2faa21e2b6b", - "label": "HOUSEHOLD INCOME", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", - "definition": "A measure commonly used by the United States government and private institutions. Each household is measured by the income of every resident over the age of 18. Income includes wages and salaries, unemployment insurance, disability payments, child support payments received(child support given does not deduct income measured), regular rental receipts, as well as any personal business, investment, or other kinds of income received routinely", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "A concept in political ecology or environmental policy related to defining the elements needed to achieve sustainability. All human activities--political, social and economic—should be understood and managed as subsets of the environment and ecosystems. Governance includes not only government, but also business and civil society, and emphasizes whole system management. To capture this diverse range of dynamic forces, environmental governance often necessitates founding alternative systems of governing, for example watershed based management.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", - "label": "LAND MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "Following certain land practices to sustain areas for recreation, wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, wilderness, etc.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5066def0-b14b-4a2c-b40f-dc9953860366", - "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", - "definition": "Corresponds to the description of areas and the Earth's surface as it relates to areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fd206a9-83a7-4f43-902d-003811080fed", - "label": "LAND USE CLASSES", - "broader": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", - "definition": "Classifications as to human employment of land; includes settlements, cultivation, pasture, rangeland, and recreation, among others.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ceb5ef1-5a07-4f93-8e86-d3cc2baf5768", - "label": "LAND TENURE", - "broader": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", - "definition": "The holding, particularly as to manner or term (i.e., period of time), of a property. Land tenure may be broadly categorized into private lands, federal lands, and state lands.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", - "label": "WATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "Water management is a very broad term which can include human direct or indirect impacts on the water cycle. Water management can involve (1) changing the Earth's surface such as when dams are created to control flooding (perhaps due to more deforested and overgrazed slopes), (2) pollution control, when decisions are made to minimize the chemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, or road salt, that are used on the soil surface in order to minimize the amount of pollutants that will leach into the soil, and (3) amount and quality of water available for human use as when water is used for irrigation, industry or for direct human consumption.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "873e35f5-908b-4418-861e-eab5d13a19a4", - "label": "STORMWATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", - "definition": "Stormwater management is the control and use of stormwater runoff. The goals of stormwater management include reducing flooding to protect people and property, reducing demand on public stormwater drainage systems, and supporting healthy streams and rivers. These can be achieved by planning for runoff, maintaining stormwater systems, and regulating the collection, storage, and movement of stormwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbf64c32-99fa-4312-91a0-4fc85a6890bb", - "label": "WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", - "definition": "The management of wastewater or sewage, often in the form of\ntreatment that removes contaminants and impurities so that the water\ncan be directly reused or returned to aquifers or natural bodies of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96810430-e7e1-45eb-a4eb-8a7e17fe5076", - "label": "GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", - "definition": "The management and allocation of groundwater resources for\nagricultural, industrial, and domestic use. Effective allocation requires\naccurate knowledge about the spatial distribution of existing resources\nand the relevant flow processes. Groundwater management techniques\ninclude artificial recharge, aquifer storage and recovery, and water\nsaving irrigation techniques.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdfa3404-c00d-45fe-a3c1-31389a831ffc", - "label": "WATER STORAGE", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", - "definition": "Monitoring water storage and its variations is impor-tant to understanding local hydrological processesand the global water cycle, which sustains all life onEarth. The development of satellite remote-sensingtechniques has benefited the retrieval of terrestrialwater storage and its variations, which has emerged asa new discipline. Focusing on terrestrial water storage,this chapter describes three major retrievalapproaches: the water-balance-based approach, thesurface-parameter-based approach, and the GravityRecovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-basedapproach. Accurate estimates of terrestrial waterstorage and its variations are still being developed.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "73a50bfa-6a0a-4a36-ace4-2c424db05ab8", - "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "bdfa3404-c00d-45fe-a3c1-31389a831ffc", - "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "079724fa-ff86-4195-aee0-51a4d6dd73bb", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "The systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, programs, policies, or legislative actions upon the physical, chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic components of the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ef4a2f0-8a29-4f5e-9396-b4f6a71c8bf6", - "label": "FIRE MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "Involves the management of wildland fires to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems. Fires are managed through a variety of methods that include prevention, suppression, managing wildfire for resource benefits, prescribed fires, and mechanical treatment of hazardous fuels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dad174d-9419-4634-84f0-7eeb1d517241", - "label": "TREATY AGREEMENTS/RESULTS", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "A written agreement between two states or sovereigns and the subsequent results of those agreements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57df059e-578a-4371-9484-7a34d63edfa5", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "Environmental laws or regulations impacting companies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", - "label": "GEOENGINEERING", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "Geoengineering refers to a broad set of methods and technologies that aim to deliberately alter the climate system in order to alleviate the impacts of climate change. Most, but not all, methods seek to either (a) reduce the amount of absorbed solar energy in the climate system (Solar Radiation Management) or (b) increase net carbon sinks from the atmosphere at a scale sufficiently large to alter climate (Carbon Dioxide Removal). Scale and intent are of central importance. Two key characteristics of geoengineering methods of particular concern are that they use or affect the climate system (e.g., atmosphere, land, or ocean) globally or regionally and/or could have substantive unintended effects that cross national boundaries. Geoengineering is different from weather modification and ecological engineering, but the boundary can be fuzzy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f583845-c39e-471d-a590-8212a4358e1e", - "label": "SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", - "definition": "Solar Radiation Management (SRM) refers to the intentional modification of the Earth’s shortwave radiative budget with the aim to reduce climate change according to a given metric (e.g., surface temperature, precipitation, regional impacts, etc).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1595c0a9-63a8-433c-8515-044a977d73a7", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL", - "broader": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", - "definition": "Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods refer to a set of techniques that aim to remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere by either (1) increasing natural sinks for carbon or (2) using chemical engineering to remove the CO2, with the intent of reducing the atmospheric CO2concentration. CDR methods involve the ocean, land, and technical systems, including such methods as iron fertilization, large-scale afforestation, and direct capture of CO2 from the atmosphere using engineered chemical means.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8c24822-7d2d-48c6-9dca-df3860e9bd63", - "label": "CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a process consisting of the separation of carbon dioxide from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location, and long-term isolation from the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e530a5f-1e75-4602-9659-98ff5c3d7076", - "label": "CARBON FOOTPRINT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", - "definition": "Measure of the exclusive total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide(CO2) that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product. This term is often used in reference to greenhouse gas emissions attributable to persons,industries, or countries.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", - "label": "HUMAN SETTLEMENTS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "A general term used in archaeology, geography, landscape history and other subjects for a permanent or temporary community in which people live, without being specific as to size, population or importance.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d83b4271-048c-4763-9d5c-b5ec1b1788f4", - "label": "RURAL AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", - "definition": "An area outside of cities and major towns. Also pertaining to less-populated, non-urban areas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4abd82b-b17a-4f16-be79-0093f2a09f7d", - "label": "URBAN AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", - "definition": "A geographical area constituting a city or town.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1f63bf1-a547-4189-9c7e-66a8d11facc4", - "label": "COASTAL AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", - "definition": "A geographical area where the land meets the sea or ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf703f22-9775-460d-86bd-149aaef1acde", - "label": "ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", - "definition": "An area that is considered a site that where past human societies are studied primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data which they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b4df9a9-ac03-4bdc-bee4-346045a75e05", - "label": "TRIBAL LANDS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", - "definition": "Areas of land reserved for, managed by, or associated with indigenous peoples or tribal nations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", - "label": "SUSTAINABILITY", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "The capacity to endure. For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of stewardship, the responsible management of resource use.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "73266dd6-217a-432f-9237-176d3e94b39b", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY", - "broader": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", - "definition": "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Encompasses, e.g. keeping population densities below the carrying capacity of a region, facilitating the renewal of renewable resources, conserving and establishing priorities for the use of non-renewable resources, and keeping environmental impact below the level required to allow affected systems to recover and continue to evolve.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d11c81c-ff5b-4cc0-9be2-8e73dddcb51b", - "label": "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT", - "broader": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", - "definition": "Development that ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not restrict their use by future generations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", - "label": "GLOBAL CHANGE RESPONSES", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", - "definition": "Global change is defined as changes in the global environment that may alter the capacity of the Earth to sustain life. Global change encompasses climate change, but it also includes other critical drivers of environmental change that may or may not interact with climate change, such as land use change, the alteration of the water cycle,changes in biogeochemical cycles, and biodiversity loss. Responses to global change may include actions such as adaptation, mitigation, and various forms of scenario and contingency planning to reduce risk.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "223e1204-e305-43d2-80d0-8baed8c828c0", - "label": "CLIMATE ADAPTATION", - "broader": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", - "definition": "Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment that exploits beneficial opportunities or moderates negative effects of a changing climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4a6c571-406e-4023-b479-6a1fc30f184c", - "label": "CLIMATE MITIGATION", - "broader": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", - "definition": "Measures to reduce the amount and speed of future climate change by reducing emissions of heat-trapping gases or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6062293a-f372-4e65-9bab-27355f0ebc59", - "label": "SCENARIO PLANNING", - "broader": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", - "definition": "Preparation based on a plausible description of how the future may develop based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological change, prices) and relationships. Scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts, but are used to provide a view of the implications of developments and actions. Preparation may differ for each plausible scenario considered.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "label": "SOLID EARTH", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "Refers to 'the Earth beneath our feet', the planet's solid surface and its interior.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", - "label": "GEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "Pertaining to the study of the chemical composition of the various phases of the earth, and the physical and chemical processes which have produced the observed distribution of the elements and the nuclides in these phases.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", - "label": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", - "definition": "A pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. The term “biogeochemical” tells us that biological; geological and chemical factors are all involved. On the other hand the circulation of chemical nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water etc. through the biological and physical world are known as biogeochemical cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8c6adb44-54c5-42f1-ae19-602e248ff9d9", - "label": "HYDROLYSIS", - "broader": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", - "definition": "The monomers of organic compounds join together by a chemical reaction know as dehydration synthesis to make polymers. The reverse reaction of breaking up polymers is accomplished by another chemical reaction known as hyrdolysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14d972b3-a587-4994-a021-f1e620b02341", - "label": "CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", - "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d73ed320-cd5b-4994-a26a-dac5a2fc394f", - "label": "NITRIFICATION", - "broader": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", - "definition": "The biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. Degradation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", - "label": "MARINE GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", - "definition": "Processes that control chemical distributions in the ocean.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f956cc7c-da39-4eac-98ab-ba6207181b7d", - "label": "MINERAL DISSOLUTION", - "broader": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", - "definition": "The separation of minerals into different components. Mineral dissolution and precipitation, especially of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides and the carbonate mineral family, partially regulate pH and alkalinity of natural waters, affecting the fate and transport of organic and inorganic contaminants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6628bfb9-c0e1-4281-9b1a-d213a9d5b2d8", - "label": "DISSOLUTION", - "broader": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", - "definition": "The process by which a solid or liquid forms a solution in a solvent. In solids this can be explained as the breakdown of the crystal lattice into individual ions, atoms or molecules and their transport into the solvent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4efb531e-3c6c-4469-9215-d55a8a6ce9da", - "label": "CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", - "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "label": "GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", - "definition": "Processes affecting the amount, distribution, or structure of chemical elements in air, water, soil, rocks, and minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84b29fbe-8200-4d21-a1a3-fe84fa4cb132", - "label": "CHEMICAL FIXATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "Pertaining to the chemical process by which a substance is converted into a stable compound that can be absorbed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e140a1e-385d-4dd3-8b08-6239b082e35e", - "label": "CHEMICAL WEATHERING", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "Pertaining to the breakdown of an existing rock or mineral through chemical, as opposed to physical, means; i.e., dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b1f870b-c679-4b6d-b02e-3eb005f0648d", - "label": "HYDRATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which water molecules are incorporated into existing crystal structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ccbf4ef8-955b-4337-a45b-95affc360173", - "label": "ION EXCHANGE", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "Pertaining to the chemical process by which ions move from one crystal structure or molecular substance to another across contact boundaries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c2f3bee-4629-4607-9962-12fe919594a0", - "label": "OXIDATION/REDUCTION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "Describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e934184-42bd-45ff-b9c1-5c5321fd066f", - "label": "BIODEGRATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "The chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means. The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements. Organic material can be degraded aerobically with oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. A term related to biodegradation is biomineralisation, in which organic matter is converted into minerals. Biosurfactant, an extracellular surfactant secreted by microorganisms, enhances the biodegradation process.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "524cbe78-9c1f-4ef3-8aa9-0481476c253e", - "label": "MINERAL DISSOLUTION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "The separation of minerals into different components. Mineral dissolution and precipitation, especially of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides and the carbonate mineral family, partially regulate pH and alkalinity of natural waters, affecting the fate and transport of organic and inorganic contaminants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2a9741a-f978-46ac-83ad-e92ff07a637c", - "label": "CARBONATE FORMATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "The formation of carbonate, a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b60ab41-92e7-4550-821b-0ab7ebd3d7c8", - "label": "DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", - "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", - "label": "GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", - "definition": "An attribute, quality, or characteristic of chemical elements in air, water, soil, rocks, and minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "441ce068-91f2-4412-8893-c0096d8f9079", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the various isotopes (one of two or more species of the same chemical element) found in geochemically significant compounds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12ed4fa0-27cc-4e05-a2b7-bbf2fde871f6", - "label": "CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", - "definition": "The abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Furthermore, in chemistry, four types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dc96cc9-a128-4dc8-b8c8-1d799201b5c6", - "label": "ROCK-EVAL PRYOLYSIS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", - "definition": "Rock-Eval Pyrolysis is used to identify the type and maturity of organic matter and to detect petroleum potential in sediments. Rock Eval pyrolysis is done using the Delsi-Nermag Rock Eval II Plus TOC module. Samples chosen to be measured on the Rock Eval are usually subsampled from the freeze-dried material previously crushed for analyses on the coulometer and CNS. The Rock Eval (RE) pyrolysis method consists of a programmed temperature heating (in a pyrolysis oven) in an inert atmosphere (helium) of a small sample (~100 mg) to quantitatively and selectively determine (1) the free hydrocarbons contained in the sample and (2) the hydrocarbon- and oxygen-containing compounds (CO2) that are volatilized during the cracking of the unextractable organic matter in the sample (kerogen).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "849edfe2-9ed7-4211-8f57-9c8ccff0a4ea", - "label": "ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", - "definition": "The measure of Isotopes, atoms that contain different # of proton /neutrons. The number of protons (the atomic number) is the same for each isotope, e.g. carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14 each have 6 protons, but the number of neutrons in each isotope differs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7998303-d145-452d-bcff-770f62038909", - "label": "ISOTOPE RATIOS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", - "definition": "The identification of isotopic signature, the distribution of certain stable isotopes and chemical elements within chemical compounds. This can be applied to a food web to make it possible to draw direct inferences regarding diet, trophic level, and subsistence. Isotope ratios are measured using mass spectrometry, which separates the different isotopes of an element on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "211d289d-fae7-4815-9f3d-28a5afc7b3a9", - "label": "ISOTOPIC AGE", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", - "definition": "Also referred to as radiometric age, is an age of rocks expressed in years and calculated from the quantitative determination of radioactive elements and their decay products.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", - "label": "EARTH GASES/LIQUIDS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "Properties and characteristics related to the gases and liquids within the solid earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", - "label": "PETROLEUM", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", - "definition": "Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "37f3fdb8-a82f-4bff-bda4-cca12a683d6f", - "label": "MICROFOSSIL", - "broader": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", - "definition": "Microfossils are the tiny remains of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and plants. Microfossils are a heterogeneous bunch of fossil remains studied as a single discipline because rock samples must be processed in certain ways to remove them and microscopes must be used to study them. Thus, microfossils, unlike other kinds of fossils, are not grouped according to their relationships to one another, but only because of their generally small size and methods of study. For example, fossils of bacteria, foraminifera, diatoms, very small invertebrate shells or skeletons, pollen, and tiny bones and teeth of large vertebrates, among others, can be called microfossils. But it is an unnatural grouping. Nevertheless, this utilitarian subdivision of paleontology, first recognized in 1883, is very significant in geology, paleontology, and biology. \n\nMicrofossils have many applications to petroleum geology (Fleisher and Lane, in press, Ventress, 1991, LeRoy, 1977). The two most common uses are: biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analyses. Biostratigraphy is the differentiation of rock units based upon the fossils which they contain. Paleoenvironmental analysis is the interpretation of the depositional environment in which the rock unit formed, based upon the fossils found within the unit. There are many other uses of fossils besides these, including: paleoclimatology, biogeography, and thermal maturation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9e3595d-29b6-462a-8eb6-a06e5a02b081", - "label": "PETROLEUM VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of petroleum within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "72eb280a-d5d0-4c5e-b789-8f1a8cf8bdac", - "label": "NATURAL GAS", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", - "definition": "Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. The energy that the plants and animals originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of carbon in natural gas. Natural gas is combusted to generate electricity, enabling this stored energy to be transformed into usable power. Natural gas is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "58769369-608c-4482-924b-207454a5fb1c", - "label": "NATURAL GAS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "72eb280a-d5d0-4c5e-b789-8f1a8cf8bdac", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of natural gas within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4add3005-9151-4b8d-a0bc-14c3908ef3a9", - "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", - "definition": "Pertaining to the recovery of land altered in the mining/drilling/processing of natural resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96bbae63-81c1-43b4-90f0-52731e2b52ca", - "label": "HYDROGEN GAS", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", - "definition": "Hydrogen gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable, and nontoxic. Hydrogen gas exists as a gas at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures. Hydrogen gas is the lightest gas known with a density approximately 0.07 that of air. The concentration of hydrogen gas in the atmosphere volume is 5.0 x 10-5%. Hydrogen is principally shipped and used in gaseous form for refineries, petrochemical companies for hydrotreating, catalytic reforming and hydrocracking. Hydrogen is also used in heat treating, metal production, welding, lasers, plastics, food production, and semiconductors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "833b6958-fc93-473c-aadb-bb65da7578e5", - "label": "HYDROGEN GAS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "96bbae63-81c1-43b4-90f0-52731e2b52ca", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of hydrogen gas within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", - "label": "GEOMAGNETISM", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "The magnetism of the earth. Also known as terrestrial magnetism.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC INDICES", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", - "definition": "Magnetic activity indicies that describe variation in the geomagnetic field caused by irregular current systems.Typical geomagntic indices are: a, A, Ap, Dst, K, and Kp", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5fd5ccc2-5edb-4823-940d-03a290a5c5fc", - "label": "AA INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", - "definition": "A daily and half daily index of geomagnetic activity determined from the k indexes scaled at two nearly antipodal stations at invariant magnetic latitude 50 degrees (Hartland, England, and Canberra, Australia). The aa values are in units of 1 nT. The index is available back to 1868, and is provided by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3283844-d867-4c2f-9917-a72bc06fd9ef", - "label": "AM INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", - "definition": "A mean, 3-hourly 'equivalent amplitude' of geomagnetic activity based on standardized K index data from a global network of 23 Northern and Southern Hemisphere stations by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France; am values are given in units of 1 nT.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40386eea-beb0-4b83-906b-75c6bfa24b73", - "label": "KP INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", - "definition": "A 3-hourly planetary index of geomagnetic activity calculated by the Institut fur Geophysik der Gottingen Universitat, F.R. Germany, from the K indexes observed at 13 stations primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The Kp indexes, which date from 1932, are used to determine the ap indexes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdb4b514-75c4-4a1f-a4ad-1855fbd396ab", - "label": "DST INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", - "definition": "A measure of variation in the geomagnetic field due to the equatorial ring current. It is computed from the H-components at approximately four near-equatorial stations at hourly intervals. At a given time, the Dst index is the average of variation over all longitudes; the reference level is set so that Dst is statistically zero on internationally designated quiet days. An index of -50 or deeper indicates a storm-level disturbance, and an index of -200 or deeper is associated with middle-latitude auroras. Dst is determined by the World Data Center C2 for Geomagnetism, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31f77d6b-72f7-45e6-93be-8ac5fd5dc373", - "label": "AE INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", - "definition": "The AE Index is designed to provide a global, quantitative measure of auroral zone magnetic activity produced by enhanced Ionospheric currents flowing below and within the auroral oval. Ideally, It is the total range of deviation at an instant of time from quiet day values of the horizontal magnetic field (h) around the auroral oval. Defined and developed by Davis and Sugiura [1966], AE has been usefully employed both qualitatively and quantitatively as a correlative index in studies of substorm morphology, the behavior of communication satellites, radio propagation, radio scintillation, and the coupling between the interplanetary magnetic field and the earth's magnetosphere. For these varied uses, AE possesses advantages over other geomagnetic indices or at least shares their advantageous properties.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd631e31-fe6f-462e-a3f6-c07b4b736ac7", - "label": "REFERENCE FIELDS", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", - "definition": "Pertaining to the baseline state of the Earth's magnetic field used to base all other measurements from.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", - "label": "ELECTRICAL FIELD", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", - "definition": "The electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point charge.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84d77f98-d5a2-4da8-9ba6-0b15e082d050", - "label": "ELECTRICAL INTENSITY", - "broader": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", - "definition": "The ratio of the electrostatic force exerted on a body to the charge on the body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d55d29e8-9015-4c23-b137-528eb298aa49", - "label": "ELECTRICAL ANOMALIES", - "broader": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", - "definition": "A deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC FORECASTS", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", - "definition": "Forecasts of the likelihood (from 1% to 99%) that the daily geomagnetic activity level will reach a particular activity category. The four categories are Quiet to Unsettled, Active, Minor Storm, and Major to Severe Storm. The geomagnetic category assigned to a day is determined by the highest observed k-index for the day. Quiet to Unsettled = k 0 to k 3, Active = k 4, Minor Storm = k 5, and Major to Severe Storm = k 6 to k 9. Middle-latitude forecasts are verified against Fredericksburg, VA observations and High-latitude forecasts are verified against College, AK observations. Forecast lead times range from one to three days.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9a46a62c-952d-4253-8249-7375c14068a2", - "label": "TOTAL INTENSITY", - "broader": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", - "definition": "The magnetic intensity of the Earth's pull on an object, such as a satellite and measured by\n\nX (easterly intensity),\n\nY (northerly intensity) and,\n\nZ (vertical intensity, positive downwards).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d3d9a57-44e8-43c0-98b4-b4891c994862", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", - "definition": "Natural variations in the geomagnetic field classified into quiet, unsettled, active, and geomagnetic storm levels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b7decec-e378-4824-aecf-9fe509392efd", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC STORM CATEGORY", - "broader": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", - "definition": "A category or scale that describe the environmental disturbances for three event types: geomagnetic storms, solar radiation storms, and radio blackouts. The scales have numbered levels, analogous to hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes that convey severity. They list possible effects at each level. They also show how often such events happen, and give a measure of the intensity of the physical causes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", - "label": "MAGNETIC FIELD", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", - "definition": "Pertaining to the magnetic field generated by the Earth, consisting of both the dipole and non-dipole components.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f311eac7-5c85-4a8f-90c2-abcff3eec92d", - "label": "MAGNETIC DECLINATION", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", - "definition": "Pertaining to the angle, expressed in degrees east or west, to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee421700-0fe2-420c-9a07-91e8ae9fb524", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC INDUCTION", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", - "definition": "Geomagnetic electromotive force generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of currents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65ae8ab2-489b-44bf-bf5b-43cf957b70c0", - "label": "MAGNETIC ANOMALIES", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", - "definition": "Local variation in the Earth's magnetic field resulting from variations in the chemistry or magnetism of the rocks. Mapping of variation over an area is valuable in detecting structures obscured by overlying material. The magnetic variation in successive bands of ocean floor parallel with mid-ocean ridges is important evidence supporting the theory of seafloor spreading, central to plate tectonics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0b7311e-df08-45fa-8dd5-33b6f74a66d9", - "label": "MAGNETIC INCLINATION", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", - "definition": "The dip, angle of dip, magnetic dip, magnetic inclination, inclination (physics) the angle that a magnetic needle makes with the plane of the horizon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d817911a-685b-4c9f-bdc7-2411b8c0a7af", - "label": "MAGNETIC INTENSITY", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", - "definition": "Pertaining to measurements of the strength of the Earth's magnetic field.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "720969dd-e966-41aa-af94-ee41cdf60390", - "label": "PALEOMAGNETISM", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", - "definition": "Pertaining to the use of remnant magnetic signatures within the rocks of the Earth's crust to determine the state of the Earth's magnetic field at a given time into the past, or to locate a paleocontinent on the surface\nof the Earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "label": "ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "A naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals that make up the solid earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", - "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCKS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, texture, formation, location, extent, etc. of\nrocks formed through sedimentary processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8b726747-6eba-4ce6-bfc6-ee84616a1862", - "label": "COAL", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", - "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or uses of the fossil fuel (coal).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", - "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dbfa6bae-c59a-4c41-b3d1-12b3fd6b5641", - "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of sedimentary rocks within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99d75da3-aa22-4d29-9a56-7e0413665031", - "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "383eb3f9-49bb-4210-ab59-030eeb1f68c3", - "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "Identified as the density of the rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fca9e52-07fa-424b-b75a-ef1003e77b56", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54a4a67a-b1ed-429b-876b-a595164a807c", - "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0c40575-4033-4e91-9874-3cd83ce80bc1", - "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5cd9ac7-6b10-44dd-8b1d-660a7a681518", - "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e705ebc-c58f-460d-b5e7-1da05ee45cc1", - "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "The emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5ae8710-8c7e-48ab-bf0f-2f18b2598a5a", - "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73e9349c-08db-4ca5-87f8-bbe785c25629", - "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", - "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8777e995-2acc-40cd-b81a-f0c7b69df23e", - "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", - "definition": "The formation of sedimentary rock from the consolidation of clay sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23706ac6-8f15-4548-b1c5-6594d825d56d", - "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of sedimentary rocks within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "701f2b6f-34b0-4f69-941e-c2c5545abc0b", - "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", - "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", - "label": "IGNEOUS ROCKS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, texture, formation, location, extent, etc. of\nrocks formed through igneous processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", - "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of igneous rocks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2cb4e7de-fba7-420a-9137-ac10e298fd63", - "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of igneous rocks within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8443b43e-9512-4389-bc89-11c7510144f6", - "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba73a304-0302-40bc-af08-79d923054162", - "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "Identified as the density of the rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1e3f623-5a18-46a8-b8a8-22c082b643ad", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92b21b46-90e1-4ea6-a5be-e2ce663a028d", - "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ca1ab0a-2aa1-438c-b4c0-93dd8db37bb1", - "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cd774ee-2437-4790-ae2c-4492ecfc5013", - "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd075d4b-1112-4290-920d-cf15280d54b8", - "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "The emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "746a7f6e-8923-47a1-9e95-9103a1231fc4", - "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19791e07-39bf-4635-b695-a819e38e20ca", - "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", - "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "984d4966-070d-4f8c-85e7-83bb0fd804a8", - "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", - "definition": "Rock created by the solidification of molten magma.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53e3eeca-265b-42d8-ad64-bfcc2acdad26", - "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", - "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of igneous rocks", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16499bb4-95bd-4bc0-b8d8-1fd11ca7d44d", - "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", - "definition": "The vertical and geogrpahic distribution of igneous rock within the solid earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", - "label": "GAS HYDRATES", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or use of Methane Hydrates", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "label": "GAS HYDRATES PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", - "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of gas hydrates.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8d396c19-6c45-44f6-9b59-53e1c3712622", - "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of gas hydrates within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26ea8426-2996-4b93-aff2-f3b9cd2f8a7a", - "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b1b868a-71ff-4a9e-9d32-371a4b91f1a3", - "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "Identified as the density of the gas hydrates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4596f71-207c-4037-b3a1-7ab0cd12daec", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23da8344-174b-4931-b460-9fcfaf824ec9", - "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5bc5153-d8ed-455b-9a05-aebb1026e2fb", - "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfb9f260-ce31-4bdc-99af-f3a6f89f52a2", - "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03939ec7-9310-4440-b761-c8a6b32f1f43", - "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "The emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec950d11-30a8-44c3-b1f3-8e93b131211f", - "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "The breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60e242ac-0f08-4574-bf92-b5e6536603cb", - "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", - "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9589c9f5-fd13-4809-b26c-bd71db371836", - "label": "GAS HYDRATES FORMATION", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", - "definition": "An analysis of gas hydrates formation within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a20b919-a6f6-453e-9055-a66a9da8594b", - "label": "GAS HYDRATES VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of gas hydrates within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43561874-c5c4-47d5-8daf-e99fab694042", - "label": "GAS HYDRATES AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", - "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of gas hydrates", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", - "label": "METALS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or uses of the metals or metallic ores found in or on the Earth's Crust.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "label": "METALS PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", - "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of metals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1afa91ea-2b60-48d6-b065-093cd20408cd", - "label": "COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "An analysis of the composition and structure of metals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebc1d1d7-98b7-4448-a6b0-80b15de99259", - "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3a008a8-0af3-4595-9c32-1fc8bee47c9f", - "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "Identified as the density of the metal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af12ef6b-836b-40bf-959b-ec2d82c87389", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ff1adcf-563f-47b3-902e-0231051dc8e7", - "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2a5a2e1-6ac8-4bd4-9fe6-00f043bc148b", - "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebebffc8-474e-46a9-b194-5cfe5a309e88", - "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37edb662-820e-410f-a45c-7a419bce0c8b", - "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b727b561-f738-436d-bb96-137b455bb54a", - "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "It is the emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9385327-31fe-49a6-b3d6-073d6897ff4a", - "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", - "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbc418a0-5d32-43ab-9f1f-e81b9d8534e1", - "label": "METALS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of metals within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1b409b9-bf98-490a-8af5-f64fcda17a54", - "label": "METALS AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", - "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of metals", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", - "label": "NON-METALLIC MINERALS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or uses of non-metal bearing\nore minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "label": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", - "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of non-metallic minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f53dd88a-d2a0-4a97-bdcf-70e013461bbe", - "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of non-metallic minerals within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70cebb8f-f944-4fe7-be08-1ed86d50eb7c", - "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e806852-5790-484f-9aee-a7cfc6683ec0", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42632143-3d8c-40d9-a0ab-9fdffb98a6c9", - "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "Identified as the density of the non-metallic mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07d5a2e4-47ef-4bee-81a7-42ef2eb7a77c", - "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffc61516-ea33-48f3-94df-7065fea388ee", - "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. 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There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a22f994-b311-4042-b517-35612ccf2bb6", - "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9911bf57-9d52-4fb3-a915-9e522e9845d5", - "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", - "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. 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This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "02a53a61-4fd2-4294-9dcc-071f701bc263", - "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", - "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of metamorphic rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a243624b-a9c8-4c53-84d1-bb0fe2a71ef6", - "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", - "definition": "The formation of metamorphic rock from pressure and heat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d80d2d2-7841-4734-a8c5-5d60679e3830", - "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of metamorphic rocks within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", - "label": "MINERALS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, quantification, and comparison of the\ncrystal structures of minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "56373f39-7c27-4a77-bb52-c4defee751f8", - "label": "MINERALOIDS", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", - "definition": "A naturally occurring, usually inorganic substance that is not considered to be a mineral because it is amorphous and lacks a periodically repeating arrangement of atoms, e.g. opal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "label": "MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", - "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9d828679-c6d3-4f74-9489-d9688509a025", - "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of minerals", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1545d45e-a4e6-43bd-a3ae-8d3a0a25b41e", - "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c44d356-308d-4f92-8fe4-201edff3a02e", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "definition": "Rock luster is the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cef686dd-4efe-4e4a-b6ef-360879b20dc9", - "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "definition": "Identified as the density of the mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3feb3e65-5a44-46db-ba7b-ceb695e4fb50", - "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8bea85a-4578-410f-b58a-4927b8963aef", - "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9f3ac40-047e-4649-bf0f-03480d6174ae", - "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", - "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. 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This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6ce9d55-4183-4433-a615-4c4f01d7810b", - "label": "MINERAL FORMATION", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", - "definition": "The formation of minerals due to solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring with a definite chemical composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbac3817-116f-4280-b32d-d30bb0f37cbd", - "label": "MINERAL VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of minerals within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "239c04ba-6f82-4d4f-a60b-a1ee49301e0f", - "label": "MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", - "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of minerals.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", - "label": "METEORITES", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the location, structure, composition, origin, or analysis of meteorites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "label": "METEORITE PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", - "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of meteorites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "94370298-393b-4faa-bbb1-f8b6a47b9d56", - "label": "COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of meteorites", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2c042a4-2658-48c1-a511-7a5dbff2b63d", - "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b6d19eb-616b-45cf-a1e6-cc8b549128f1", - "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "Identified as the density of the mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1d083b5-3233-4053-a479-4eb7d347c34b", - "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0de2a94f-9bd1-4ad0-b5b8-4a8237d049bf", - "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. 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This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9add64c-1764-4ddb-b088-71c77084a2f5", - "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83aff0db-35fd-45f9-b409-692b17941f79", - "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "It is the emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "651a6368-251e-45f6-8496-1f798de85db5", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", - "definition": "Luster is the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d45ccf89-7f8c-4a61-b46d-c34dca21c879", - "label": "METEORITE ORIGIN", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", - "definition": "The origin and characteristics of meteorites within the solid Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e468e55a-5bee-413e-8cbd-c9706e28eb93", - "label": "METEORITE VERTICAL/GEOGRPAHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", - "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of meteorites within the Solid Earth", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5a8bc1e7-a74d-4acc-9ac2-8fea047068a8", - "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "e468e55a-5bee-413e-8cbd-c9706e28eb93", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d75d735-7dac-42a2-8f87-2dfcbe3cf545", - "label": "METEORITE AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", - "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age meteorites", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6600ace1-fc1e-4b5a-9f82-0afa19acf037", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4beaeec9-0750-44e6-8fb4-8d0085efc82e", - "label": "BEDROCK LITHOLOGY", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "Pertaining to the identification, measurement, analysis, and documentation of lithologic composition of the earth's bedrock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", - "label": "ELEMENTS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", - "definition": "A pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus. They are divided into metals, metalloids, and non-metals", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "63cf1bca-72c7-4f5e-8018-3d22befa7147", - "label": "MINOR ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", - "definition": "Elements that constitute 1 to 0.1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "334f47c1-fd13-483f-b493-e69a9e93d553", - "label": "RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", - "definition": "An element with an unstable nucleus, which radiates alpha, beta or gamma radiation and gets converted to a stable element.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2440389a-d0d9-445a-9dce-908900f0c3a7", - "label": "MAJOR ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", - "definition": "Elements that constitute > 1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3c898d7-14db-4536-bd86-f8f222167195", - "label": "TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", - "definition": "Elements that constitute less than 0.1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", - "label": "GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "The relation between the earth's interior heat and other related matter, using the properties of macroscopic variables such as temperature, entropy, and pressure.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", - "label": "GEOTHERMAL ENERGY", - "broader": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", - "definition": "Heat transferred from the earth's molten core to under-ground deposits of dry steam (steam with no water droplets), wet steam (a mixture of steam and water droplets), hot water, or rocks lying fairly close to the earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "64461e23-b3c1-4b99-b879-84e54bacdb24", - "label": "ENERGY OUTPUT", - "broader": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", - "definition": "The amount of heat output from a geothermal energy source.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d258088-e5bd-42b9-a281-e566da10ea74", - "label": "ENERGY DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", - "definition": "The amount of heat distribution from a geothermal energy source.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", - "label": "GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", - "definition": "Describes the temperature of the geothermal energy (heat) released from the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "99d567bb-7767-4ea4-a135-a611eac6a669", - "label": "TEMPERATURE GRADIENT", - "broader": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", - "definition": "A physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of degrees (on a particular temperature scale) per unit length.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f4573e47-3cce-49ec-98d3-b5b3bb51371e", - "label": "TEMPERATURE GRADIENT RATE", - "broader": "99d567bb-7767-4ea4-a135-a611eac6a669", - "definition": "The rate at which temperature changes at a particular location as it relates to geothermal energy.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "321d9086-fc85-40a3-a2e0-d24bc6765345", - "label": "TEMPERATURE PROFILES", - "broader": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", - "definition": "The change of air temperature with height above the ground. When the temperature increases with height, the profile is called an inversion profile, or simply an inversion. When the temperature decreases strongly with height, a convective profile may be established.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d2ac206-0977-4145-b334-baa6e13a0db6", - "label": "AMBIENT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", - "definition": "Air temperature measured with a thermometer, similar to dry-bulb temperature.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "label": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "The science that treats the general configuration of the Earth's surface, specifically the study of the classification, description, nature, origin, and development of present landforms and their relationships to underlying structures, and of the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "label": "COASTAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "Coastal processes refers to the action of natural forces (e.g. erosion,\r\ndeposition, tectonic uplift) on the shoreline, and the nearshore seabed. Some\r\nexamples of landforms resulting from these processes are wave-cut cliffs,\r\nbeaches, and wave-cut benches.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6e3135e9-6be6-4995-a5df-022f6a0cf45b", - "label": "BARRIER ISLANDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are relatively narrow strips of sand that parallel the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a5d3e4d-86d1-4863-bfe6-f8e2899fab0e", - "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Geological landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea or lake. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, waves or cobblestones.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "label": "CORAL REEFS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Corals are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters containing few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, and are formed by polyps that live together in groups. The polyps secrete a hard carbonate exoskeleton which provides support and protection for the body of each polyp.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f5c48d1-5189-495d-b5a7-7ad596f0a5c4", - "label": "FRINGING REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "One of the three main types of coral reefs recognized by most coral reef scientists. It is distinguished from the other two main types (barrier reefs and atolls) in that has either an entirely shallow backreef zone (lagoon) or none at all.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fde7781-d4f6-41a8-8428-f428b70c02dc", - "label": "BARRIER REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "A long, narrow ridge of coral or rock parallel to and relatively near a coastline, separated from the coastline by a lagoon too deep for coral growth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1451fce-9e69-4f2d-b2cf-27238a7577ce", - "label": "PATCH REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "An isolated, comparatively small reef outcrop, usually within a lagoon or embayment, often circular and surrounded by sand or seagrass. Patch reefs are common.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e566bce-90bf-4a0a-a000-5bb5fb430788", - "label": "APRON REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "A short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57417a5e-4d86-4fb6-81d6-68bf9a3d1148", - "label": "BANK REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "A linear or semi-circular shaped-outline, larger than a patch reef.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b428ba89-4638-4989-90c1-f5e4f0d0a6f6", - "label": "RIBBON REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "A long, narrow, somewhat winding reef, usually associated with an atoll lagoon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c89ede4-94d8-4fd4-a3df-f9d42e9835eb", - "label": "ATOLL REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "A ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands/cays on the coral rim.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f4dc81d-0893-4eb9-b82a-6a070836aa16", - "label": "TABLE REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", - "definition": "An isolated reef, approaching an atoll type, but without a lagoon.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c51bdb0-54b0-4d0d-afd0-35ef7458ccb7", - "label": "CUSPATE FORELANDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Geographical features found on coastlines and created by long shore drift. Made out of sand and shingle, and later stabilized by vegetation, cuspate forelands are triangular-shaped accretions and extend seawards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b37b1bdf-6392-4a80-891a-14f177ba2ca2", - "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", - "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fa47cab9-0aa4-4e16-8115-972f7f543920", - "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", - "definition": "Shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans, or transverse dunes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1810b08a-9377-4f01-a3cf-fdd549ad8ebf", - "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", - "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94ab11dc-b70b-4705-bb25-c4d430722d28", - "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", - "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16a1f6b8-ea67-43fe-a47c-aad5250b4f59", - "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", - "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "174fa36e-3a06-40a1-bc95-87e6799bdead", - "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", - "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "127fdf1d-9985-4a27-9b6c-ad54380fd299", - "label": "ESTUARIES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawater and freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9291bc7-784d-486a-95fa-f08fa1edcad9", - "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "860e25fa-e63a-4fd0-bde9-4f596b4a5929", - "label": "HEADLANDS/BAYS/CAPE", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Headlands and bays are often found together on the same stretch of coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands are characterized by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliffs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca9d9064-91c8-4c49-b388-e5f7290a3234", - "label": "ISTHMUS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with waterforms on either side.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "356a245d-418a-4560-9eb1-d12f8f155f66", - "label": "INLETS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an 'entrance' or a recession in the shore of a sea, lake or river.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "081d131a-6bef-47dc-adb3-f96da9123f93", - "label": "LAGOONS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A body of shallow sea water or brackish water separated from the sea by some form of barrier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d4c5e9c-bdab-48c9-89da-1eb4b9a528ab", - "label": "RIA", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A landform, often referred to as a drowned river valley. Rias are almost always estuaries. Rias form where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change (where the global sea levels rise), or isostatic sea level change (where the local land sinks).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85f409fd-9d81-4cac-84ed-fb0bb4599924", - "label": "SALT MARSH", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "An environment in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and salty or brackish water, dominated by dense stands of halophytic (salt-tolerant) plants such as herbs, grasses, or low shrubs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4321cb64-0997-438f-92fb-45169503c01f", - "label": "SEA ARCHES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "Sea arches form by wave erosion of coastal headlands. Sea arches are very temporary landforms, in both geologic and human terms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "521f883e-18be-4f28-b5fe-c1f887b4233a", - "label": "SEA CAVES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01400b09-68a3-4e3e-b076-1687e30bed56", - "label": "SEA CLIFFS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94b575b8-eac4-433d-aa74-d781b650f452", - "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A somewhat linear landform within or extending into a body of water, typically composed of sand, silt or small pebbles. A spit or sandspit is a type of shoal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57e6b119-567b-44d0-9d93-278ed5c21c47", - "label": "SHORELINES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5b85924-9e3f-4106-b389-1ab4486bd233", - "label": "SOUNDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A wide inlet of the sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline; it often separates a coastline from a nearby island", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62ef0883-8311-4485-947a-2691b456b667", - "label": "SPITS AND BARS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A deposition landform found off coasts. At one end, spits connect to land, while at the far end they exist in open water. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at cove's headlands, by the process of longshore drift.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30f556c4-7531-4758-9e51-8adc6b2e0e8a", - "label": "TOMBOLOS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "A deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar. Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island. Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level is called a tombolo cluster.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee1d9786-33e9-46dc-b859-25d18e9c8a88", - "label": "WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", - "definition": "The narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the action of waves. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", - "label": "KARST LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "Karstification is the geologic process of differential chemical and mechanical\nerosion by water on soluble bodies of rock, such as limestone, dolomite,\ngypsum, or salt, at or near the Earth4s surface. Karstification is exhibited\nbest on thick, fractured, and pure limestones in a humid environment in which\nthe subsurface and surface are being modified simultaneously. The resulting\nkarst morphology usually characterized by dolines (sinkholes), hums (towers),\ncaves, and a complex subsurface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7f298307-73f6-4f10-96a2-db381f357cb6", - "label": "SINKHOLES (DOLINES)", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", - "definition": "A pit like hole found in areas of karst. These features are caused by the weathering of limestone or dolomite by subsurface drainage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "631c5fb8-5e44-48f8-b937-a5f393d0832d", - "label": "CAVES", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", - "definition": "A natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. Some people suggest that the term cave should only apply to cavities that have some part that does not receive daylight; however, in popular usage, the term includes smaller spaces like sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c319a44c-b21a-491f-9cf0-65868507576c", - "label": "KARST VALLEY", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", - "definition": "A valley-scale, mid-size, closed depression otherwise meeting the definition of a sinkhole but also enclosing more than one smaller sinkhole and sinking stream.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a20151df-e7cf-43e0-9745-ffc965f97ef7", - "label": "COCKPIT/TOWER KARST", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", - "definition": "A spectacular variety of karst landscape, dominated by steep or vertical sided limestone towers (karst towers) or cones. The towers originate as residual cones and are then steepened by water table undercutting from surrounding alluviated plains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40d9bf88-e7e2-4137-81fc-4721d67ce520", - "label": "UVALA", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", - "definition": "A complex closed depression with several lesser depressions within its rim.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "label": "TECTONIC LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "'Tectonic landforms' are structural landforms of regional extent. These\r\nlandforms make up extensive landscapes whose topography is strongly influenced\r\nby the structure of underlying rocks that have undergone (or are undergoing)\r\nsome degree of deformation (and possible associated metamorphism and igneous\r\nintrusion). Landscapes developed on orogenic belts, uplifts, domes, basins, and\nshields can all be thought of as tectonic landforms. 'Tectonic processes' are\r\nlarge-scale geologic processes that develop these landforms and include\r\nmountain \r\nbuilding and crustal rifting.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5d9d1d85-b402-4f84-ab5c-03a49fc68c25", - "label": "CALDERA", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A large circular depression in a volcano.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c394040-91f1-4438-a50a-3118254f5989", - "label": "CINDER CONE", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6107d1c4-5aea-4bfa-861d-d77083a4476e", - "label": "FAULTS", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "524f075d-e875-4c9d-9e46-91f2a0b12168", - "label": "GRABEN", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf3fbdaa-cefb-4a54-8a4e-ee0a862795fb", - "label": "HORST", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2a3893c-de51-4ca7-a952-e9a43dd961a1", - "label": "FOLDS", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cefe2205-809c-4386-915e-a8737ae8e68e", - "label": "VOLCANO", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a355aafc-f0ce-4774-afc3-82b41df5f022", - "label": "TUYA", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were formerly covered by continental ice sheets and also had active volcanism during the same time period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33a0cd6c-a8e4-4187-a2f3-7eb4bf62808d", - "label": "LAVA DOME", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "Roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano. The geochemistry of lava domes can vary from basalt to rhyolite although most preserved domes tend to have high silica content.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc18db4d-2184-453e-ba0a-86c83a9bede0", - "label": "LAVA PLAIN", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "Also called a lava field or lava bed, is a large expanse of nearly flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly-fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1f717e9-da1a-4e85-ba2b-01986d53674d", - "label": "MAAR", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "Broad, low-relief volcanic crater that is caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption, an explosion caused by groundwater coming into contact with hot lava or magma. A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea580c65-2f66-4745-bbb6-dde61279ecfa", - "label": "GEYSER", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapour phase (steam).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0baf564f-f942-4aeb-9b75-30b838f28f3f", - "label": "PLATEAU", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "An area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau. A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c34ea556-10bd-4665-9f22-68b5d05c9aea", - "label": "MOUNTAINS", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. The adjective montane is used to describe mountainous areas and things associated with them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca091be1-4762-49ec-859b-a1a2fcb8e038", - "label": "RIDGE", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A geological feature that features a chain of mountains or hills that are of a continuous elevated crest for some distance. Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bd4d492-4911-4a6a-afaa-34899a80294b", - "label": "RIFT VALLEY", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", - "definition": "A linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. This action is manifest as crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", - "label": "AEOLIAN LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "Landforms created by the processes of wind erosion or deposition of wind\r\nweathered surface materials. These include landforms with some of the following\ngeomorphic features: sand dunes, deflation hollows, and desert pavement.\r\nAlternative spelling 'aeolian landforms.'", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", - "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", - "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5c80c047-c02e-4c15-83ac-26b8b1a8f114", - "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", - "definition": "'Crescent-shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans, or transverse dunes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db2d6cfb-70c3-4568-99a0-a25b3c3879dd", - "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", - "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce087840-ec71-4575-bca9-e807151cc376", - "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", - "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5ff7545-0eec-4cad-90a5-019e03cdac47", - "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", - "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cce9a44-da57-4169-b89f-6b1460fcedb9", - "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", - "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cae41424-161f-4378-a1a4-62cd76c61143", - "label": "RIPPLES", - "broader": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", - "definition": "Sedimentary structures (i.e. bedforms of the lower flow regime) and indicate agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "label": "FLUVIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "'Fluvial landforms' are features on the Earth's surface produced by the action,\ni.e. erosion and deposition, of a stream or river and include such landforms as\nbars, levees, braided and meandering channels, and alluvial fans. 'Fluvial\nprocesses' are those processes included in the action of running water in a\nstream or river", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d8b04023-b9c4-42bc-a986-ab6c4f32ba28", - "label": "AIT", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A small island. It is especially used to refer to islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97a71326-75ac-422f-941e-c0c2897dd46b", - "label": "WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASINS", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c061296-2c92-4aa4-b9d1-6ecf0efde876", - "label": "BAR", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of particles, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "244bd4be-a3d2-4c02-b576-ae9f2f9e544f", - "label": "BAYOU", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A body of water typically found in flat, low-lying areas, and can refer either to an extremely slow-moving stream or river (often with a poorly defined shoreline), or to a marshy lake or wetland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbd9ee43-24f8-45ab-a39b-2ff34be81c51", - "label": "CONFLUENCE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "The merger or meeting of two or more objects (or subjects) that seem to inseparably bind their respective forces or attributes into a point of junction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dcff6c3-a6b3-479e-96e2-63191d10ac2d", - "label": "CUTBANK", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Also known as a river cliff, is an erosional feature of streams. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad535c83-3b93-4632-8aaa-7dfba8bb125a", - "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a2a2f6d-9735-4bee-9d1a-21dcd0352c6b", - "label": "ENDORHERIC BASIN", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d71f94cb-e773-487a-a8ff-9c5f11c1dbc4", - "label": "FLOOD PLAIN", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e25ce36c-eacd-447a-9d73-ccc8a7e3a328", - "label": "CANYON", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A narrow valley with steep sides; usually created by erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74caea9b-6023-438b-af3d-bb9d948036f1", - "label": "ISLAND", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f8ad9b0-adb8-4022-8c95-bca68e7a87a5", - "label": "GULLY", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A landform created by running water eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "588d868d-05a4-4dac-9fb3-770b54ce39e5", - "label": "LACUSTRINE PLAIN", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Lakes that get filled by incoming sediment. Overtime, the water may drain from the lake, leaving the deposited sediments behind. This can be caused by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88adcca6-2bc8-443a-9f25-c9aded577615", - "label": "MARSH", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6f77e54-069e-454f-8260-e150bc29547a", - "label": "MEANDER", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A bend in a river, also known as an oxbow loop. This usage derives from the name of the Maeander River in Turkey.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12233807-f6cd-410d-b607-ecbfbd545464", - "label": "OX-BOW LAKE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A u-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a0c46ff-2d07-442d-b141-6156d9ea4a2e", - "label": "PINGO", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and subarctic that can reach up to 70 metres (230 ft) in height and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in diameter. The term originated as the Inuvialuktun word for a small hill. A pingo is a periglacial landform, which is defined as a nonglacial landform or process linked to colder climates. Periglacial suggests an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd0de414-6663-4280-94cf-bda7fea736cc", - "label": "POINT BAR", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A depositional feature of streams. Point bars are found in abundance in mature or meandering streams.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f292d99-b14a-4f18-bbe0-8025d04cae50", - "label": "POND", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5df6e78f-6dd4-4fc8-a88e-9e575dbca2eb", - "label": "RIFFLE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb6b3b76-c496-464b-bd20-1b22296aae15", - "label": "RIVER", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many rivers empty into lakes, seas, or oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b498a5cb-f77d-4485-8174-81dec28cee0e", - "label": "SPRING", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A natural flow of water from the sub-surface to the surface. Usually occurs when the water table intersects the Earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d2d0777-b47e-45ee-ac85-2d7b9f6e4ffd", - "label": "STREAM", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many streams empty into lakes, seas or oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74ce5e8a-038a-471e-a27a-be5b1f17b72f", - "label": "STREAM TERRACE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Also known as fluvial terraces are elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and fluvial valleys all over the world. They consist of a relatively level strip of land, called a “tread,” separated from either an adjacent floodplain, other fluvial terraces, or uplands by distinctly steeper strips of land called “risers.” These terraces lie parallel to and above the river channel and its floodplain. Because of the manner in which they form, fluvial terraces are underlain by fluvial sediments of highly variable thickness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4811065d-7aed-45e0-ac31-6417123be10e", - "label": "SWAMP", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87b01c3a-f64f-4764-8cb8-c40ebcd5a989", - "label": "VALLEY", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "Low land between hills or mountains.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fdb4c687-916e-48ec-858e-6009cc763de3", - "label": "V SHAPED VALLEY", - "broader": "87b01c3a-f64f-4764-8cb8-c40ebcd5a989", - "definition": "A valley having a cross-sectional profile in the form of the letter V, commonly produced by stream erosion.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "948dea97-9843-4895-b59b-cb55f07a41b4", - "label": "WATERFALL", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", - "definition": "A place where running water makes a sheer drop, usually over a cliff.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "label": "GLACIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "'Glacial landforms' are landforms derived from the erosion and deposition\ncaused by glaciers and ice sheets, associated meltwater, and the Earth's\nrheological response. Such landforms include drumlins, moraines, cirques,\nfjords, etc. 'Glacial processes' include deposition of sediments and erosion\nof the Earth's surface by grinding, scouring, and polishing effected by the\nmovement of glacier ice armed with rock fragments frozen into it, together with\nthe erosive action of meltwater streams.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8e73bff6-c2f9-46a6-963b-8ef09dd7f5f3", - "label": "ARETES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "An arete is a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arête is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae3b0c3d-35a1-4c94-ba72-ffe1a641902e", - "label": "CIRQUES/COMBES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "Glacially eroded rock basin found on mountains. Most alpine glaciers originate from a cirque.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", - "label": "CREVASSES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A crack in an ice sheet or glacier (compare to crevice, which is in rock). Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, etc.; these walls sometimes expose layers that represent the glacier's stratigraphy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "45101ace-ce83-4b56-bea6-c4eca9c693dd", - "label": "TRANSVERSE CREVASSES", - "broader": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", - "definition": "Are transverse to flow, as a glacier accelerates where the slope steepens.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc803dca-2fdb-4dc0-bf02-f0b9399d6816", - "label": "MARGINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", - "definition": "Crevasses that form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "429d0eba-2689-4674-9a8a-d88c4058b1bf", - "label": "LONGITUDINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", - "definition": "Crevasses that form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4be9b544-68fa-45ea-89f1-a44a9f5929e5", - "label": "DRUMLINS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e012809-98cf-468f-bdf7-7cea8569d3ab", - "label": "ESKERS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6aed82cb-be90-4e58-ae33-14943ea555be", - "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "Are formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5477fad4-789b-436d-a01e-610aa8efa592", - "label": "GLACIAL HORNS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A sharp peak formed where the ridges separating three or more cirques intersect", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93b60653-f7bb-46f3-8f65-69221267018c", - "label": "GLACIER/ICE CAVES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "Refers to any type of natural cave (most commonly lava tubes or limestone caves) that contains significant amounts of perennial (year-round) ice. At least a portion of the cave must have a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) all year round, and water must have traveled into the cave’s cold zone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d23f75ed-29ea-4aa2-8785-fd3a3726bc33", - "label": "GLACIER/HANGING/U-SHAPED VALLEYS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of these two main types or a mixture of them, at least with respect of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2d3b8a4-4861-4c21-b875-97084b6e75aa", - "label": "GLACIER STRIATIONS/GROOVES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by process of glacial abrasion. Glacial striations usually occur as multiple straight, parallel grooves representing the movement of the sediment-loaded base of the glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee565a8c-72b9-44a4-b25d-efefd1a28d8d", - "label": "ICE-DAMMED LAKES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "In geology, a proglacial lake is a lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or by meltwater trapped against an ice sheet due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89541868-0ea0-47c6-b81e-a0c4981f2d62", - "label": "KAMES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f86db44-f853-4eb3-b4e3-4aaee481043a", - "label": "KAME DELTA", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A glacial landform made by a stream flowing through glacial ice and depositing material upon entering a lake or pond at the end or terminus of the glacier, thus 'in front' of it, a proglacial lake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d3722bb-29c0-4fb6-90c3-3f3a144b9941", - "label": "KETTLE HOLES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", - "label": "MORAINES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past ice age.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9d6c8fac-a5cd-4fbc-8283-1bc256c12a43", - "label": "MEDIAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", - "definition": "A ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It is formed when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4f0e7c2-711e-4675-b7c8-f5430905aa89", - "label": "LATERAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", - "definition": "Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4f0d15c-1f9b-40f3-b5d4-da1d6ebe6da8", - "label": "RECESSIONAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", - "definition": "Are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary halts in a glacier's retreat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a389919c-a6da-465e-b074-ea29b66a686b", - "label": "RIBBED/ROGAN MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", - "definition": "Type of basal moraines that forms a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an ice sheet. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water making the Rogen moraines look like tigerstripes on aerial photographs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7886c3eb-e86e-4a84-9f2f-e398ecc82b2d", - "label": "TERMINAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", - "definition": "End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b8bdda1-2415-47ea-b4cf-c802fa44c496", - "label": "NUNATAKS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "An exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8bfc8ad-42f2-43cc-b161-20058037bb95", - "label": "OUTWASH FANS/PLAINS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "An outwash fan is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. Sediment locked within the ice of the glacier, gets transported by the streams of meltwater, and deposits on the outwash plain, at the terminus of the glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "691cb42a-9de2-4f49-b1b4-9a4be80abd2b", - "label": "ROCHE MOUNTONNEES/SHEEPBACK", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "A rock formation created by the passing of a glacier. When a glacier erodes down to bedrock, it can form tear-drop shaped hills that taper in the up-ice direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d98cbaf-8c82-46e6-9962-a5e63918fe66", - "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "Distinctive geomorphological landforms of angular rock debris frozen in interstitial ice which may extend outward and downslope from talus cones, glaciers or terminal moraines of glaciers. There are two types of rock glaciers: periglacial glaciers, or talus-derived glaciers, and glacial rock glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bea72da-2cf3-403c-adb9-9d963eb71536", - "label": "TILL PLAINS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", - "definition": "An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. A till plain with irregular topography is referred to as a ground moraine.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "label": "FLUVIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "The physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Such processes play an essential and conspicuous role in the denudation of land surfaces and the transport of rock detritus from higher to lower levels.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "aff6bb19-84d0-40ed-8b81-a2210c468283", - "label": "DOWNCUTTING", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "Erosional downcutting or downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "800606ea-9890-4475-af7b-100f529858d1", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09b4427b-9e8b-413a-83cd-f087b284cf61", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", - "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17747820-39de-4908-bb3d-8c2f94ddd6f4", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", - "definition": "Refers to the parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up of sediment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "103f1165-1008-4caa-bf77-5259ae1a7a36", - "label": "STRAITIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", - "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c33b48d-1dd1-4309-bcd4-1ce3d0e24b46", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efacd4f6-59ea-4019-8265-8cc81ecc99c0", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54e5d072-5a2c-471b-bca0-7e4ca32a2001", - "label": "LANDSLIDE", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "The down slope movement of soil, rock, and other weathered materials because of gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e89704aa-91a0-4888-bb33-a9073eff7119", - "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93596daf-d2d3-4bb8-9626-9db100c402de", - "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9eedd20e-fce3-4fb2-9871-c0a327565ad9", - "label": "ATTRITION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8009663e-73c7-403e-b849-f40d2c3e3de8", - "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "267eca20-09a7-46ad-89f4-111ccb3fd16d", - "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface.It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f47d087-21dc-41bc-955e-6eb2db8890cd", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", - "label": "TECTONIC PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "The process of upwelling of magma, plate movement, subduction of crust, folding, faulting, warping, fracturing, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "46d188a9-1099-4d72-b466-6e839297320e", - "label": "OROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", - "definition": "The formation of mountain ranges by intense upward displacement of the earth's crust, usually associated with folding, thrust faulting, and other compressional processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebcd5f14-9468-493b-b0e6-de5afda2621a", - "label": "EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", - "definition": "Refers to upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding apart from broad undulations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca464924-4299-46ea-8cae-fd9bad49c1b1", - "label": "ISOSTATIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", - "definition": "Refers to the the gradual uplift following rapid erosional removal of material from a mountain range. The land rises as a result of the removal of the weight. Another example of isostatic uplift is post-glacial rebound following the melting of continental glaciers and ice sheets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c207e15-9947-4849-bdf4-c1893a7f800a", - "label": "RIFTING", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", - "definition": "The process in which continental crust is extended and thinned, forming extensional sedimentary basins and/or mafic dyke-swarms. Rifts commence as intracratonic, down-thrown blocks dominated by normal or oblique-extensional (transtensional) faults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bc109b5-6788-4f64-8238-745bab3910dd", - "label": "TECTONIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", - "definition": "A geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44dd98d0-a0d0-46b2-bb98-ed887ce7fa60", - "label": "SUBDUCTION", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", - "definition": "The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge. A subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates move towards one another and subduction occurs.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "label": "COASTAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "Coastal processes refers to the action of natural forces (e.g. erosion, deposition, tectonic uplift) on the shoreline, and the nearshore seabed. Some examples of landforms resulting from these processes are wave-cut cliffs, beaches, and wave-cut benches.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8b232049-ce98-4a34-8f00-2366335508e4", - "label": "ACCRETION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The process where coastal sediments return to the visible portion of the beach following storm erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd29bf77-df38-4b80-8148-8184fa41d843", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36b178ad-4f20-41ce-89d1-4ee8567a3cf2", - "label": "ATTRITION/WEATHERING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb891ee1-6c7b-4ec0-b2fa-6fb67a2df2a3", - "label": "CHEMICAL SOLUTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The removal of rock in solution by acidic rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by rainwater containing dissolved CO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a11e5e5-e6a3-42dd-b793-141ce99932e1", - "label": "DEPOSITION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The act of depositing material, especially by a natural process; the resultant deposit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fde8c6c-97d4-41a6-9e20-f862faafcd88", - "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface. It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb5c09ec-c924-4deb-8294-8a27697a4550", - "label": "FLOODING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "An overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1088e9e2-dadd-4d20-a2db-ef7df32c6d42", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9f4548ad-ec40-4d79-a973-552b2541a62d", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", - "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17d6838d-e05e-4f0f-a751-7dbd00d2a80a", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", - "definition": "The composition of a sediment, which can be measured in terms of parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1203f04d-cd90-4f46-b2c1-998a3c182250", - "label": "STRAITRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", - "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks .", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "872459ca-da1e-448f-9bf4-383b628f4609", - "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c958ab4-ab98-438e-86d4-1e6a6d0580da", - "label": "SEA LEVEL CHANGE", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "Sea levels around the world are rising. Current sea-level rise potentially affects human populations (e.g., those living in coastal regions and on islands) and the natural environment (e.g., marine ecosystems). Two main factors contributed to observed sea level rise. The first is thermal expansion: as ocean water warms, it expands. The second is from the contribution of land-based ice due to increased melting. The major store of water on land is found in glaciers and ice sheets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87186c13-548e-4ea8-ba79-38cff394eb59", - "label": "SUBMERGENCE", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "To cover with water; inundate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3657e71-acd1-4be4-9c70-a54e074a40a4", - "label": "SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15c6332d-f6f2-45a4-9485-bb55471c0090", - "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86405d6d-eb37-4aa5-a525-bf6a23fd131d", - "label": "WAVE EROSION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The power of the wave is generated by the fetch. Waves erode cliffs by abrasion/corrasion and hydraulic pressure.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2f5ceedb-afb6-47e6-8eac-8f220ef0b564", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "86405d6d-eb37-4aa5-a525-bf6a23fd131d", - "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b43d2d47-c86e-41b6-81bd-be803db536da", - "label": "WAVE REFRACTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The change in direction of a wave due to a change in its medium. It is essentially a surface phenomenon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cbfc557-f3a6-4558-9954-ce37f0510952", - "label": "WAVE DIFFRACTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "Refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8c37cb5-9426-41fd-b192-53b4c3ae1ba3", - "label": "WAVE BREAKING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "A wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some process can suddenly start to occur that causes large amounts of wave energy to be transformed into turbulent kinetic energy. At this point, simple physical models that describe wave dynamics often become invalid, particularly those that assume linear behavior.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8accc20-818e-47a1-962d-80b7ec7f6d92", - "label": "WAVE SHOALING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", - "definition": "The effect by which surface waves entering shallower water increase in wave height (which is about twice the amplitude).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "label": "GLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "A glacier is an accumulation of ice, air, water, and rock debris or sediment. It is a large enough quantity of ice to flow with gravity due to its own mass. The ice can be as large as a continent, such as the ice\nsheet covering Antarctica; or, it can fill a small valley between two mountains, such as a valley glacier. 'Glacial landforms/processes' refers to the erosional or depositional processes of glaciers and the landforms (e.g., drumlins, cirques, fjords) that result.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8f57f4b0-5177-4362-81e8-ced75d37d1aa", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99db4dca-4d07-48fd-8ba3-393532d04aa6", - "label": "ABLATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The process of removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. The term occurs in spaceflight associated with atmospheric reentry, in glaciology, medicine, and passive fire protection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6d56c3f-daa4-4c2f-9c56-4cecdf3d9fcd", - "label": "DUMPING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "A deposit of glacial materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dc7ed2f-2834-4044-8caa-117ce12389af", - "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7849055-fa5c-437c-a8c6-08c7db3a3b0a", - "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The process where water seeps into a crack in a rock, as the temperature drops below freezing, the water freezes and expands causing the crack to enlarge. The ice then melts into water again as the temperature rises above freezing. This action is repeated until the rock breaks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a72c8430-0b33-4167-b189-1309cc2048c5", - "label": "BASAL ICE FREEZING", - "broader": "f7849055-fa5c-437c-a8c6-08c7db3a3b0a", - "definition": "A process made by made by glaciohydraulic supercooling, though some studies show that even where physical conditions allow it to occur, the process may not be responsible for observed sequences of basal ice.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b66d75f-331f-49d0-ad97-12f6535ce93a", - "label": "FIRN FORMATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The formation process of firn, a partially compacted névé, which is a type of snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than névé. It is ice that is at an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd3ad48-ade6-4306-a7de-4e68ecdf6bc7", - "label": "GLACIAL DRIFT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Less apparent is the ground moraine, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath much of the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4be0198b-b88c-44db-b887-6cc7f5cd68f8", - "label": "GLACIAL GROWTH", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The growth of a glacier over time", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ddbaf71-b279-42cf-b250-faaefb627f66", - "label": "GLACIAL DISPLACEMENT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The displacement of a glacier. The speed of glacial displacement is partly determined by friction. Friction makes the ice at the bottom of the glacier move slower than the upper portion. In alpine glaciers, friction is also generated at the valley's side walls, which slows the edges relative to the center.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "114e9f84-8bc5-4863-abd2-55b80ed2af11", - "label": "GLACIAL STRIATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. Glacial striations are usually multiple, straight, and parallel, representing the movement of the glacier using rock fragments and sand grains, embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools. Large amounts of coarse gravel and boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough-like glacial grooves, and finer sediments also in the base of the moving glacier further scour and polish the bedrock surface, forming a glacial pavement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ca88385-d0cf-439c-9a12-86b926b71582", - "label": "SCOURING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Erosion resulting from glacial action, whereby the surface material is removed and the rock fragments carried by the glacier abrade, scratch, and polish the bedrock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4619d3d-f852-4899-9e33-9fd6d4096351", - "label": "PLUCKING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Exploits pre-existing fractures in the bedrock. This plays a key role in opening and creating new fractures but has only provided small segments of loose material. This is then followed by the entrainment of the loosened rock by the ice. During the process of entrainment, loose rock material is frozen onto the base of the glacier and incorporated into the glacial ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7d10ff6d-efde-4f97-866b-7d771dd32b25", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", - "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c25fef4a-f346-4831-8015-7853886c4fc7", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "791b7271-3a30-46ee-98e0-bc8239389950", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b87c5264-13c6-4716-acf3-51b2576dc1e9", - "label": "GLACIER CRUST SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. The opposite of subsidence is uplift, which results in an increase in elevation. Ground subsidence is of concern to geologists, structural engineers and surveyors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c06e70c0-616c-44f2-a884-ad0252e29e37", - "label": "CRUST REBOUND", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, glacial isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy. It affects northern Europe (especially Scotland, Fennoscandia and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "580ef100-0fb8-456c-a9ca-565d11392a26", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa0f38f3-2faa-4cd7-a848-22f3d96ab210", - "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Describes a geomorphic process related to freezing of water occur. In its original meaning a periglacial area was at the time in question, the area was not buried by glacial ice but was subject to intense freezing cycles and exhibits permafrost weathering and erosion characteristics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e60bfab8-01a8-4d0b-ae95-5d9014c71717", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", - "definition": "Refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "label": "AEOLIAN PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "The erosion, transport, and deposition of material due to the action of the wind at or near the Earth's surface. Aeolian processes are at their most effective when the vegetation cover is discontinuous or absent.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "59d1b0f7-ef02-4fa4-8d47-7eda39794713", - "label": "YARDANGS", - "broader": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", - "definition": "A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semiconsolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion, dust and sand, and deflation. Yardangs are elongate features typically three or more times longer than they are wide, and when viewed from above, resemble the hull of a boat. Facing the wind is a steep, blunt face that gradually gets lower and narrower toward the lee end.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c15738b-839f-4b68-85bc-ece41e4ac6c9", - "label": "VENTIFACTS", - "broader": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", - "definition": "Rocks that have been abraded, pitted, etched, grooved, or polished by wind-driven sand or ice crystals. These geomorphic features are most typically found in arid environments where there is little vegetation to interfere with aeolian particle transport, where there are frequently strong winds, and where there is a steady but not overwhelming supply of sand.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d415cb15-7586-464c-8707-9a5623a61cee", - "label": "DEFLATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "definition": "Processes pertain to the activity of the winds and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the Earth and other planets. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78778362-5d08-4cd7-9131-159cad561e54", - "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a83052ef-9b98-4cb3-9bed-b0c9059812e5", - "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", - "definition": "An aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt and lesser and variable amounts of sand and clay that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is usually homogeneous and highly porous and is traversed by vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8167592d-13bf-4225-9822-29e68bcd1b37", - "label": "MONADNOCK", - "broader": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", - "definition": "An isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "34ea8c99-ff34-495b-b986-92a78b74a8e9", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", - "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e5a6d68-5f99-4f0d-bde3-9f24268af426", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", - "definition": "The composition of sediment including parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a08cce11-9407-4b1f-b13e-0df87da03612", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", - "definition": "A chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "baf70c0f-fd59-4d4b-ae03-b664e0352ff7", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a67a5af-42be-4aa7-8cb1-e1fc0de074cc", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", - "label": "KARST PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", - "definition": "Landscapes characterized by (or the processes characterizing) the formation and collapse of caves and sinkholes because of carbonation weathering of limestone bedrock.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "05172a3b-cdc0-4e97-af29-e38cd4f271c6", - "label": "KARST HYDROLOGY", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", - "definition": "Karst Hydrology refers to the extensive dissolution of rock has led to the development of subterranean channels through which groundwater flows in conduits (enclosed or semi-enclosed channels). These conduits can vary in size from slightly enlarged cracks to tunnels many meters in diameter and many kilometers in length.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bbfe00ab-ab63-40e0-8752-8f47d17c1d39", - "label": "SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE", - "broader": "05172a3b-cdc0-4e97-af29-e38cd4f271c6", - "definition": "Refers to the removal of surface water by development of the slope of the land utilizing systems of drains to carry away the surplus water. In subsurface drainage open ditches and tile fields intercept groundwater and carry it off. The water enters the tiling through the joints, and drainage is achieved by gravity feed through the tiles.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "613abf26-7625-4134-8961-7a59fe82efc9", - "label": "DISSOLVED CO2", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", - "definition": "The carbon dioxide dissolved in water has even more effect than the oxygen. Oxygen remains as an O2 molecule, whether it's in its gas phase or in solution, but when CO2 is dissolved in water, a small proportion of it reacts chemically with H2O to form carbonic acid, H2CO3. (There's no mystery about that: just add up the six atoms.) In water carbonic acid dissociates rapidly to form a H+ ion and HCO2 (bicarbonate), so it affects the carbonate equilibrium, and pH values change as a result.\n \nDissolved CO2 lowers the average pH of rainwater to 5.7, even where 'acid rain' caused by pollution isn't a factor. The gentle acidity of rainwater is a major source for the weathering of minerals, which the carbonic acid leaches from rocks and which eventually find their way to the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9902dc89-61fb-4a1e-becf-c8138122d2c4", - "label": "CACO3", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", - "definition": "A chemical compound that is a common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is created when Ca ions in hard water react with carbonate ions creating limescale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f6c977-077b-47f2-962c-00dadcd9f555", - "label": "POROSITY", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", - "definition": "A measure of a rock's ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically, porosity is the open space in a rock divided by the total rock volume (solid + space or holes). Porosity is normally expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60dc0787-9e7e-4e0d-8023-d916da5d0836", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "label": "GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "Dealing with the determination of the size and shape of the earth, the Earth's gravitational field, and the location of points fixed to the Earth's crust in an Earth-referred coordinate system.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "69af3046-08e0-4c24-981d-803c0412ce58", - "label": "GRAVITY", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "The natural phenomenon by which physical bodies appear to attract each other with a force proportional to their masses. It is most commonly experienced as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. The phenomenon of gravitation itself, however, is a byproduct of a more fundamental phenomenon described by general relativity, which suggests that spacetime is curved according to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b39b880-f385-4dab-a563-24064b43be7e", - "label": "CONTROL SURVEYS", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "Pertaining to the base surveys run in order to normalize data collected in later surveys so that gravitational anomalies can be found.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", - "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "Pertaining to the use of gravitational data in order to determine the relative motions of the Earth's crustal plates.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "aa6c2fe7-3261-4fd8-bed4-81403bc49086", - "label": "OCEAN CRUST DEFORMATION", - "broader": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", - "definition": "Pertaining to use of gravitational anomalies to track deformation which occurs in the rocks of the ocean floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5dee7d0e-e13e-4974-9750-79d5cd886c7a", - "label": "ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENTS", - "broader": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", - "definition": "The rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "56b4cbe5-e5f7-4e61-8c48-bbb858b505e6", - "label": "GRAVITATIONAL FIELD", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, strength, size, etc. of the Earth's gravitational field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", - "label": "POLAR MOTION", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, tracking, and gravitational effects of the various phases of polar motion/variation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9d184041-9848-4f76-affd-74f4e4fd7462", - "label": "ANNUAL ELLIPTICAL COMPONENT", - "broader": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", - "definition": "The speed of the Earth as it rotates upon its axis, while moving around the Sun in the same sense, or direction, as its rotation. This component is not consistent each year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a983aad3-c72a-49e8-8de9-e0aaf35e14b3", - "label": "CHANDLER CIRCULAR COMPONENT", - "broader": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", - "definition": "Also known as the Chandler wobble, is one of several wobbles the earth makes as it rotates on its axis.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", - "label": "ROTATIONAL MOTION/VARIATIONS", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, and effects of variations in the Earth's rotation about its axis, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d5d9bd6a-92c4-49ac-bddf-0077cf804ea7", - "label": "ROTATIONAL RATE/SPEED", - "broader": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", - "definition": "The rate and speed at which the Earth rotates around its own axis. The Earth rotates towards the east. As viewed from the North Star Polaris, the Earth turns counter-clockwise.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bb526d7-2c14-43bc-a2a7-f166b5c41a3a", - "label": "TIDAL FRICTION", - "broader": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", - "definition": "A force between the oceans of Earth and the ocean floors caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon. The Earth tries to carry the ocean waters round with it, while the Moon tries to keep them heaped up under it and on the far side of the Earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", - "label": "SATELLITE ORBITS/REVOLUTION", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "Pertaining to the determination of variations in orbital paths of man-made satellites, and to the calculation of the orbits of future satellites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e72ba365-ea43-42ef-acd1-05ac5c46f29a", - "label": "ORBITAL POSITION", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", - "definition": "Refers to the satellite position around the equator. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotational period (one sidereal day), and thus appears motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to ground observers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e709d2f9-c110-4e71-b4da-ff1a7c382d99", - "label": "ORBIT TYPE", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", - "definition": "The orbit of a satellite, which may include Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO), Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO), or Lagrangian Point Orbit (LPO).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53eeb68a-615d-42d0-9c6b-ddfe0d0eb2c7", - "label": "ORBIT VELOCITY", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", - "definition": "The orbital speed of a body (satellite) in a gravitational field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96427b44-91a8-4ace-8276-0117948878ee", - "label": "ANGLE OF ELEVATION", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", - "definition": "Refers to the angle between the dish pointing direction, directly towards the satellite, and the local horizontal plane. It is the up-down angle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "025d666e-a5bb-48b5-9890-129e60104611", - "label": "ANGLE OF INCLINATION", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", - "definition": "Refers to the angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and the orbital plane of the satellite", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb7eeee0-9ad1-40f8-baa2-df7dc3acb6d3", - "label": "GRAVITY ANOMALIES", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", - "definition": "The Earth's gravity field is determined by how the material that makes up the Earth is distributed throughout the Earth. Because gravity changes over the surface of the Earth, the weight of an object changes along with it. One can define standard gravity as the value of gravity for a perfectly smooth 'idealized' Earth, and the gravity 'anomaly' is a measure of how actual gravity deviates from this standard. A map of gravity anomalies (usually expressed in units of milliGals) tends to highlight short wavelength features better than a map of the geoid.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", - "label": "TECTONICS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "Branch of geology that deals with regional structure and deformational features of the Earth's crust.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", - "label": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", - "definition": "Describes characteristics of volcanoes: a mountain formed by the accumulation of magma extruded through openings or volcanic vents.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "label": "ERUPTION DYNAMICS", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", - "definition": "Pertaining to the processes involved in the extrusion of magma at the Earth's\nsurface, these can include: eruption induced seismic activity, lahars, ash\nflows/clouds, etc.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0eb6fc71-dfb0-4451-85f7-08ceaf37c552", - "label": "LAVA COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The composition and texture of molten rock outside of the Earth's crust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40f0a368-7261-43f7-839c-64e428270442", - "label": "MAGMA COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The composition and texture of molten rock in the earth's crust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab215b31-c540-40c0-9362-3f25ebc148bb", - "label": "PYROCLASTICS COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The composition and texture of pyroclastic particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "372b4016-80ab-4126-b6d1-e847bbf0b44f", - "label": "ASH/DUST COMPOSITION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The matter and/or chemicals which constitutes ash/dust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35941db2-59bf-4000-9232-df0beef02da7", - "label": "VOLCANIC GASES", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, extent, velocity, and damage caused by gases\nemitted during a volcanic eruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9387a7bc-7356-41a5-9682-f5e71da5a858", - "label": "LAVA SPEED/FLOW", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The speed and flow of erupted magma.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af04626c-fe27-4ac6-a948-e93debb6c2d6", - "label": "MAGMA SPEED/FLOW", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The speed and flow of un-erupted magma.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83cf8358-4fae-4f17-ba02-b8280f2b7209", - "label": "PYROCLASTIC PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "Refers to the distribution and size of the pyroclastic elements when they are erupted from a volcano. In moving pyroclastic systems, particles are sorted as a function of their sizes, densities and shapes. The analysis of the distribution of these characteristics in particle populations of pyroclastic deposits is a major tool in evaluating properties and regimes of parent transport systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89f66579-8de7-4c83-b75f-871bc8d378ac", - "label": "ASH/DUST DISPERSION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The spread of ash/dust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9cfb55b-50a2-44f5-b92a-47fe4aadc317", - "label": "VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "A measure of the VEI (Volcano Explosivity Index), which is the volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from 'gentle' to 'mega-colossal') are used to determine the explosivity value.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54b94cdf-b8e2-4c81-b5aa-5652f053244e", - "label": "GAS/AEROSOL COMPOSITION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The matter and/or chemicals which constitutes gas/aerosol.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1d60933-636e-48ff-b5a8-43afa60602f3", - "label": "GAS/AEROSOL DISPERSION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", - "definition": "The spread of gas/aerosols.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "14e0d39a-ff1c-46d9-b162-481f80beac91", - "label": "VOLCANO MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", - "definition": "The magnitude and intensity of a volcano, also expressed as a numerical expression of the amount of energy released by an volcano, determined by measuring volcanic intensity on standardized recording instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1ab518b-0152-48cf-a9c6-47c5920ed773", - "label": "VOLCANO OCCURRENCES", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", - "definition": "The number of sudden or continuing release of energy caused by near-surface or surface magma movements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3adb9c52-df47-4390-a682-56e1774e8cdb", - "label": "VOLCANO PREDICTIONS", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", - "definition": "Scientific and engineering approach to forecasting catastrophic events, such as volcano eruption.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", - "label": "EARTHQUAKES", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", - "definition": "A sudden motion or trembling in the Earth. The motion is caused by the quick release of slowly accumulated energy in the form of seismic waves. Most earthquakes are produced along faults, tectonic plate boundaries, or along the mid-oceanic ridges.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4bc185d3-e2c5-4acc-bce8-37fea7d8fc0b", - "label": "EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", - "definition": "The measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "752d4f80-a418-4a75-a9eb-772222af1746", - "label": "EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", - "definition": "Pertaining to the the mapping of locations of earthquake epicenters and their intensity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "131c1e46-efca-4478-a5d1-d7193483bb96", - "label": "EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", - "definition": "Pertaining to the data used to forecast the likelihood of an earthquake in any given area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", - "label": "SEISMIC PROFILE", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", - "definition": "Pertaining to the data collected on a seismic survey in order to examine the subsurface structure of the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f66893ce-3ea6-4c52-bc27-bc322a41b748", - "label": "SEISMIC BODY WAVES", - "broader": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of waves generated through the relaxation of stress within the Earth's crust; either through an earthquake, or as an externally generated shock-wave.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02836842-3d46-46e0-a816-bd2f407f3fb3", - "label": "SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES", - "broader": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of shock-waves on the surface of the Earth, either generated through an earthquake, or a man-made source.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ef98fe3-3471-414b-8b8c-e88d43c6aeaf", - "label": "NEOTECTONICS", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", - "definition": "Pertaining to the study of late Cenozoic deformation and the crustal motion that caused that deformation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57503db6-7cff-4e92-bcac-1ba2c3c0cb48", - "label": "CORE PROCESSES", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, or modeling of the internal processes of the Earth's core and mantle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "label": "PLATE TECTONICS", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", - "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is \r\ndivided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is \r\nthat of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their \r\nboundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a71c3d9d-7144-4107-add5-0aed0c731dbc", - "label": "FOLDS", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, mapping, analysis, and the processes involved in the formation of folds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efe175a0-100b-404b-a702-2e179bee034a", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", - "label": "FAULT MOVEMENT", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, mapping, structure, analysis, and detection of fault lines, and fault movement.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fbbd2aab-73d6-4945-bf1b-c6d543f3f79b", - "label": "FAULT MOVEMENT RATE", - "broader": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", - "definition": "The rate at which the fracture spreads.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "399e5858-8238-451f-8da3-84dc9edfe9a2", - "label": "FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION", - "broader": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", - "definition": "The direction of a fault can be determined by its vector, which is can be found by studying the bend or the folding of the fault.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d7f7568-bfc3-4c11-b446-c4f6488c8ae9", - "label": "STRAIN", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, or modeling of strain that has\noccurred in the Earth's crust, either through in-situ measurements, or through\nlaboratory experiments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29dbe37e-22e6-4d02-844f-60359fbbc130", - "label": "STRESS", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "Pertaining to the pressure which builds-up in the Earth's crust due to external\nloading, such as from collision of tectonic plates, addition/removal of water,\nadvancing or receding of glaciers, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", - "label": "ISOSTATIC REBOUND", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "Occurs when a load is imposed on or removed from the lithosphere. The surface tends to rise or sink as the lithosphere rises or sinks in the asthenosphere. Loads may consist of large lakes, oceans, (on continental shelves during eustatic sea level), ice, sediment, thrust sheets, and volcanoes. The rising or sinking of the lithosphere will continue until isostatic equilibrium is reached.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f0b2ab0f-46eb-426b-924b-471e4d1b7598", - "label": "REBOUND RATE", - "broader": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", - "definition": "The speed over time at which land mass rises.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c185f7f5-0c62-489f-b365-9424e054de58", - "label": "REBOUND DIRECTION", - "broader": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", - "definition": "The direction at which land mass rises", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", - "label": "LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "The rate and direction of movement between two torsionally rigid thin segments\r\nof the Earth's lithosphere (lithospheric plates).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9cd46f88-24ba-4f2d-96b7-ab5a9333207b", - "label": "PLATE MOTION RATE", - "broader": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", - "definition": "The distance and amount of time in which a plate spreads", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03b6b427-6be5-4452-a457-a9ea8c7f0473", - "label": "PLATE MOTION DIRECTION", - "broader": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", - "definition": "The direction in which the Earth's plates spread; it had many affects on land mass.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4adc15b8-0c18-4ccd-a6ec-75be82df5359", - "label": "PLATE BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "Zones of seismic and tectonic activity along the edges of \r\nlithosphere plates, presumed to indicate relative motion between plates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", - "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", - "definition": "The movement of the Earth's crust.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "88a6ed54-6504-4787-9d98-d511d4f4ae83", - "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION RATE", - "broader": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", - "definition": "The speed at which the earth's crust is moving.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a629b645-2c5f-48d6-8363-71bc636457d6", - "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION", - "broader": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", - "definition": "The direction in which the Earth's crust moves.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", - "label": "GEODETICS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", - "definition": "The scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion, earth tides, and tectonic motion) in three-dimensional, time-varying space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6bbbf7b0-434b-4dbc-9fe8-e5e31fe99614", - "label": "GEOID CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", - "definition": "Describes the gravitational properties of the geoid, which is defined as a surface on which the earth's attractive (i.e. gravitational) forces are everywhere equal, i.e. a gravimetric equipotential surface. The geoid is of fundamental importance in determining positions on the earth's surface as most measurements are made with reference to this surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", - "label": "COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", - "broader": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", - "definition": "Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e0a2edbb-8a94-4f47-918a-fe9f93aba5f4", - "label": "GLOBAL COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", - "broader": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", - "definition": "Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework. A global or spherical coordinate system such as latitude-longitude are often referred to as geographic coordinate systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb5ca226-fdb1-4fab-9988-7486c643635b", - "label": "COUNTRY/REGIONAL COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", - "broader": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", - "definition": "Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework. A local or regional coordinate system use locally created reference systems to represent the location of geographic features.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc640e63-70c1-4228-b2dc-6aa1ac6edfa6", - "label": "ELLIPSOID CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", - "definition": "Describes the elliptic or circular components of a ellipsoid. Many different ellipsoids have been developed for continents or individual countries to minimize local deviations from the geoid. The standard global ellipsoid is the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84).", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "label": "AGRICULTURE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products cleared the land to use it for agriculture.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "label": "ANIMAL SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "The branch of agriculture that deals with animals, including\nlivestock, poultry, bees, and silk worms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e749bafe-9a0a-42cc-bed8-9b42e3e088c8", - "label": "ANIMAL DISEASES/DISORDERS/PESTS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Measurements related to any deviation from a normal state of health in\nanimals which temporarily or permanently impairs vital functions.\tIt may\nbe caused by insect pests, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, parasites, poor\nnutrition congenital or inherent deficiencies, unfavorable environment, or\nany combination of these, and related pests.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26089a3e-469d-44b3-a9aa-231d0a072ef9", - "label": "ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measure related to gene mapping, animal species breeding for hybrid\nor higher value species, breeding for increased production, disease\nresistance, pest resistance, or related genetic measures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d1b53b2-7d69-4b7c-903f-d8cf29430f93", - "label": "ANIMAL ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measurment related to the totality or pattern of the interrelationship\nof animals, and animals with their environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5b724af-b661-406a-ae1f-7cd2730c0576", - "label": "ANIMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measurement related to the science and art of the organization\nand operation of animal/livestock/poultry systems so as to obtain a\npredetermined set of goals (e.g. profit maximization, sustainability,\nconservation of biodiversity, etc...). Includes, but not limited to,\ngrazing systems, pasture systems, feedlot management, roost management,\nshepherding, etc...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c1c65c3-e1ef-4163-9695-c39ff7fb48da", - "label": "ANIMAL MANURE AND WASTE", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measure related to waste from animals including, but not limited\nto: manure, methane gas, by-products, nitrates, waste water, and\nothers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca551e61-4b8c-46d5-8590-80cada40ebbd", - "label": "ANIMAL NUTRITION", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measurement related to the sum processes by which an animal utilizes\nthe chemical components of food through metabolism to maintain the\nstructural and biochemical integrity of its cells, thereby ensuring its\nviability and reproductive potential. May include natural or artificial\nnutrition management.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9cdf3ae-fe8b-4a19-a946-a8c8780d7894", - "label": "ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measure related to the function of an animal's body and its\norgans, systems, tissues, cells, and chemistry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c0bbd0f-6d4d-4036-afa9-03f9b4f8fba0", - "label": "ANIMAL YIELDS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "The quantity of animals. Includes all comercial species. Does not\ninclude PRODUCT yield (e.g. number of chicks vs. egg production).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c31fc22-747a-476f-b76d-fec61220b5b1", - "label": "APICULTURE", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measure related to the science and art of studying and using honey bees\nfor human benefit. Includes management systems, products, diseases of\nbees, and others.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06053150-d796-477b-b305-292442d658ed", - "label": "SERICULTURE", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", - "definition": "Any measurement related to the growing of silkworms, including products.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "label": "SOILS", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organic\nmaterials and living forms in which plants grow.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0ab5ead8-6037-42b3-b3c0-0746f3645af6", - "label": "SOIL INFILTRATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The entry of water into soil. Also, the infiltration flux is the volume of\r\nwater entering a specified cross-sectional area of soil per unit time [L t-1].", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68033b72-7f8d-48a4-8f63-638e4e96fd23", - "label": "SOIL HEAT BUDGET", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The relation between the fluxes of heat into and out of a soil and the\r\nheat stored by the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3d3f76d-0ffe-4616-9988-0520e78cf842", - "label": "SULFUR", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Sulfur, a macronutrient, in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f57fd58-d8e4-4e6d-b8c3-2a9ef7e64f54", - "label": "SOIL CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The systematic arrangement of soils into groups or categories on the basis\nof their characteristics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cac79930-334e-49c5-836b-4f2ee8e0b098", - "label": "DENITRIFICATION RATE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The rate of biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous\nnitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db9b56da-e05f-4d58-b9d5-34edc83ca650", - "label": "SOIL RESPIRATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The metabolic process whereby electrons are transfered from a reduced\ncompound (usually organic) to an inorganic acceptor molecule other than\noxygen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c05e69f-f6db-4296-abd3-3b07e6093579", - "label": "CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The sum of exchangeable bases plus total soil acidity at a specific pH\nvalue, usually 7.0 or 8.0. When acidity is expressed as salt extractable\nacidity, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) is called the effective\ncation exchange capacity (ECEC) because this is considered to be the CEC of the\nexchanger at the native pH value. It is usually expressed in centimoles of\ncharge per kilogram of exchanger or millimoles of charge per kilogram of\nexchanger", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b09b4731-f357-4838-829b-f38c0f5075aa", - "label": "SOIL DEPTH", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "A measure from the surface to the bottom of the soil profile.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83da5ac6-5981-4929-9e19-f46522c1babe", - "label": "MACROFAUNA", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "'Macrobiota' is a general term for the larger soil organisms. Macrofauna, in\nparticular, refers to burrowing vertebrate animals, but may include larger\ninsects and earhworms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb3ce3be-d830-407f-bd7c-58d66c24b6be", - "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c07fe67b-234e-4293-9f09-abaf9612c0e9", - "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Potassium (such as K2O), a macronutrient, in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7241d799-4f5c-4ae3-a4ec-2e9cdbf656aa", - "label": "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "A measure of ease with which a conduction current can be caused to flow\nthrough soil under the influence of an applied electric field.\tIt is the\nreciprocal of resistivity and is measured in mhos per meter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36c862a7-7117-4fd2-8e33-0dda03097178", - "label": "SOIL EROSION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "(i) The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind,\r\nice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove\r\ngeologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface and\r\ndeposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep and\r\nso-called tillage erosion; (ii) The detachment and movement of soil or rock by\r\nwater, wind, ice, or gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26f5bb2a-b872-41e8-922f-3a9a0e9f9bcd", - "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some\ndefinite temperature scale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7367c08c-304f-4ce7-b716-975f835ba711", - "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Any measurement of Calcium in any form in the soil, such as CaCO3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "652349bd-f6f9-4c8d-8573-d71e05ad1208", - "label": "SOIL CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The branch of soil science that deals with the chemical constitution,\r\nchemical properties, and chemical reactions of soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c26693ea-ca5a-44e8-9e8e-32427bc62aa0", - "label": "SOIL POROSITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The volume percentage of the total soil bulk not occupied by solid\nparticles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0da93ff-af45-4e26-8b94-8b90d0e06438", - "label": "SOIL ABSORPTION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The movement of ions and water into the plant root as a result of\nmetabolic processes by the root or diffusion along a gradient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c349776-dd95-483e-a5da-e8d1b1434985", - "label": "THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "A measure of the ability of a soil to transfer heat (through a unit\nthickness, across a unit area for a unit difference in temperature).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "356a10e1-c81d-44c7-9706-31f7f2642586", - "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "RESTORATION: The processes by which an area is treated in an attempt\nto restore original conditions. RECLAIMATION: The process of reconverting\nland to other forms of productive uses. REVEGETATION: Reestablishment\nof vegetation which may take place naturally or be induced by humans\nthrough seeding or transplanting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b54403e-25a1-43cc-97ac-7c14e73bda96", - "label": "SOIL SALINITY/SOIL SODICITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The term salinity refers to the presence of the major dissolved\ninorganic solutes, essentially Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, and CO3, in\naqueous samples. As applied to soils, it refers to the soluble plus\nreadily dissolvable salts in the soil or, more usually, in an aqueous\nextract of a soil sample. Salinity is quantified in terms of the total\nconcentration (or, occasionally, the content) of such soluble salts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "934bfe13-908b-40d9-b346-a347a8a6855e", - "label": "SOIL PLASTICITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The degree to which a soil is capable of being\tmolded or deformed\ncontinuously and permanently, by relatively moderate pressure, into\nvarious shapes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88e1a654-5cfd-423f-9350-0ef48d85e085", - "label": "SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Soil Water Content: The water lost from soil upon drying to constant\nmass at 105 degrees Celcius; expressed either as the mass of water per\nunit mass of drysoil or as the volume of water per unit bulk volume of\nsoil. For GCMD purpose, this also includes all measurements related to\nsoil water, such as capcity, potential, and pressure, etc...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3063d3a-af53-44f9-a532-4cea2880c198", - "label": "MICROFLORA", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Microflora (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding fungi and algae.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62d5fb39-e9ee-47db-a426-1991537f8a4d", - "label": "SOIL BULK DENSITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The mass of dry soil per unit of bulk volume, including the air space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53231d78-471d-4afe-a435-b577b7d53b17", - "label": "MICROFAUNA", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Microfauna (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding bacteria and protozoa.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b1d75b6-7559-4921-8edb-63f4dff370cf", - "label": "SOIL MECHANICS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The application of the principles of mechanics and hydraulics to\nengineering problems dealing with the behavior and nature of soils,\nsediments, and other unconsolidated accumulations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2473e776-4449-4351-9835-1507532ae60e", - "label": "MICRONUTRIENTS/TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "A plant nutrient usually found in relatively small amounts(<100 mg\r\nkg-1) in plants. These are usually B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, and\r\nZn. In environmental applications it is those elements exclusive of the eight\r\nabundant rock-forming elements: oxygen, aluminum, silicon, iron, calcium,\r\nsodium, potassium, and magnesium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ed7811a-2ba1-4985-9f1c-a78c802fa27f", - "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Nitrogen, a macronutrient, in the soil, such as biomass nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, etc...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7112e739-cb5d-427e-95bd-5419360e91d8", - "label": "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "A measure of the readiness with which a liquid, such as water, flows through\r\na solid, such as soil, in response to a given potential gradient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25c5c222-c053-4081-ac0f-52e6c774198c", - "label": "SOIL CONSISTENCE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The combination of properties of soil material that determine its resistance\nto crushing and its ability to be molded or changed in shape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a9bce94-c391-4834-96bb-a9685d3590b1", - "label": "SOIL PH", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The negative log of Hydrogen ion concentration", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "223ce1f2-e2f1-4612-8fce-b96b7d34710f", - "label": "SOIL WATER HOLDING CAPACITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The percentage of water remaining in a soil two or three days after its\nhaving been saturated and after free drainage has practically ceased\n(field moisture capacity).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afd1d3cb-d31d-4069-8cff-b592887aa18c", - "label": "SOIL TEXTURE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The relative proportions of the various soil separates in a soil, as\r\ndescribed by the percent clay, sand, and silt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3985ce6b-e0c3-42a8-b40f-9dd948350c6e", - "label": "SOIL COLOR", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The property of a soil that is based upon three components of hue,\nchroma (intensity or brightness), and value (lightness or darkness).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b3939b6-1c11-4a79-878e-0be1b231c528", - "label": "HEAVY METALS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Those metals which have densities >5.0 Mg m-3. In soils these include the\r\nelements Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9315c474-b65f-400d-beba-611c9a6a62cb", - "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Any measure of the carbon content of the soil, in organic fractions or inorganic fractions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79f18259-bd76-4c7b-bd18-cbd2edafd24f", - "label": "MAGNESIUM", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Measurement of any form of magnesium in the soil; one macronutrient in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83cf51f6-8c03-4f6d-b605-fde9818c7805", - "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic\n(carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous\nremains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds\nproduced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4962dabc-b426-4c84-8147-12e15645baff", - "label": "PHOSPHORUS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Phosphorus (such as Phosphate), a macronutrient, in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0c0af2a-1429-4248-8d5b-ccae510da0c9", - "label": "SOIL COMPACTION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The reduction in bulk volume or thickness of a soil owing to increasing\nweight of overlying material that is continually being deposited, or to\npressures from earth movements, resulting in a decrease of porosity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4781de7-a4a4-4157-a549-4ac238d36512", - "label": "SOIL FERTILITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The quality of a soil that enables it to provide essential chemical\nelements in quantities and proportions for the growth of specified\nplants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d302aeaa-3a86-4ddf-9755-60b7bb4404a5", - "label": "SOIL GAS/AIR", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The soil atmosphere; the gaseous phase of the soil, being that volume not\noccupied by solid or liquid", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fc22c9d-cf29-4bd7-90b1-b0f6f139fd92", - "label": "SOIL HORIZONS/PROFILE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The soil profile is the vertical section of the soil, from the surface\nthrough all its horizons, where a horizon is a layer of soil,\napproximately parallel to the soil surface, differing in properties and\ncharacteristics from adjacent layers below and above it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6edf1b99-fe00-493e-b0d1-ad6b36b8da75", - "label": "SOIL IMPEDANCE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The resistance of the soil to penetration by water and by roots.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c6df811-bebf-4dae-a70f-f49fece3fa1e", - "label": "SOIL PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of\nplants under a specified system of management; emphasizing the ability to\nproduce crops.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4daef1d-e672-41d0-bc6d-80c6b5c0799b", - "label": "SOIL STRUCTURE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The combination or arrangement of primary soil\tparticles into secondary\nunits or peds. These secondary units may be, but usually are not, arranged\nin the profile in such a manner as to give a distinctive characteristic\npattern. The secondary units are characterized and classified on the\nbasis of size, shape, and degree of distinctness into classes, types, and\ngrades, respectively.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b91245e-a779-42fa-89c2-303217463b95", - "label": "SOIL ROOTING DEPTH", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "The distance in inches that plant roots extend into the soil. Knowing the\r\naverage root depth for the plants in each watering zone is important to\r\ndetermine an efficient watering schedule. Shallow roots require more frequent\r\nwatering than deep roots, which can draw water from a larger soil profile. \r\nAverage root depths vary with plant type. Trees will have root depths of 24\r\ninches or more. Xeriscape plants will have root depths around 10 inches. Shrubs\nand perennials will have roots of 8 inches or more. Grass can have deep roots\r\n(greater than 6 inches, depending on region). Annuals and bedding plants have\r\nthe shallowest roots at 4-5 inches.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60992683-3183-4510-9fce-e4611115315c", - "label": "IRON", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Chemical element with the symbol Fe", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b69052b9-69ab-4294-aa04-5ad639d1b31d", - "label": "SOIL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", - "definition": "Biological, geological, chemical and physical processes and reactions that occur within soils", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", - "label": "FEED PRODUCTS", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "Any measure related to harvested forage, such as hay, fodder, silage, grain,\nor other processed feed for livestock.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b9957bbc-3c12-481d-86a0-0f6cf2bb8219", - "label": "FEED CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", - "definition": "Any measure related to the contamination and toxicology of feed\nby microorganisms, pathogens, viruses, weeds, etc...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf9ef34d-ed39-4c8d-bf00-ca1b0bb11363", - "label": "FEED COMPOSITION", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", - "definition": "Any measure related to the composition of harvested forage, such as\nhay, fodder, silage, grain, or other processed feed for livestock. May\ninclude new mixes, new types, etc..., and any additives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fec2eb53-bc69-4d35-849c-c2bedf5dc6cf", - "label": "FEED PROCESSING", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", - "definition": "Any measure related to the processing of feed, including new methods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9244fe19-b86f-4a8d-82bf-c52f804a77e3", - "label": "FEED STORAGE", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", - "definition": "Any measure related to the storage of feed, and new methods for\nimproved qualtiy over the long term, feed hopper types, etc...", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", - "label": "PLANT COMMODITIES", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "Measurements related to any transportable plant resource product\nwith commercial value; all plant resource products which are articles of\ncommerce. Does NOT include Forest Products (see Forest Science > Forest\nProducts).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "63317fb1-01d9-4658-93e8-9800c5359454", - "label": "FIELD CROP PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", - "definition": "Measurements related to any field crop (plants grown primarily for their\nseed, e.g. corn, wheat, oats, soybeans) products which are articles of\ncommerce.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41b30b1b-5dbb-4ef8-849c-e1949ad04227", - "label": "FRUIT PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", - "definition": "Measurements related to any fruit product which is an article of commerce\n.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d23b37cd-5e05-4356-b8b4-df6d7af236d6", - "label": "HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", - "definition": "Measurements related to any Horticultural (flowers and ornimental shrubs\nand trees, gardens) product which is an article of commerce .", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1627c2-0061-466c-9935-399e53a06024", - "label": "VEGETABLE PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", - "definition": "Measurements related to any product which is an article of commerce .", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", - "label": "ANIMAL COMMODITIES", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "Measurments related to any transportable animal resource product\nwith commercial value; all animal resource products which are articles of\ncommerce. Does NOT include Apicultural/Sericultural products (see\nApiculture or Sericulture).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d3ce1677-f3a8-452e-91c8-0ff80e6a3f09", - "label": "POULTRY PRODUCTS", - "broader": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", - "definition": "Any measurment related to poultry commodities, including, but not limited\nto, meat, eggs, and feathers, from animals such as chickens, turkeys,\nducks, geese, etc...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e2557c5-d232-48e4-8276-369a22ae6aae", - "label": "LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS", - "broader": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", - "definition": "Any measurement related to livestock commodities (does not include DAIRY\nor Poultry) including, but not limited to: meat, wool, leather, glue,\nchemicals (e.g. insulin), and any other edible or none edible products\nfrom beef cattle, swine, sheep, horses, and goats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a368da76-b191-4859-bd55-8643f4fab812", - "label": "DAIRY PRODUCTS", - "broader": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", - "definition": "Any measurement related to Dairy commodities/produce, including, but\nnot limited to: milk, cheese, Ice cream, butter, etc... See Animal\nCommodities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "label": "FOREST SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "The branch of Agriculture that deals with forestry, trees, forests, Tree\nand forest management.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e5a8c6ed-5b59-40fe-a83b-18b39fb7c31b", - "label": "FOREST FIRE SCIENCE", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "The branch of Forestry that studies the effects, benefits,\r\nprevention, movement, and ecology of Fire in forests. May include any\r\nForest Fire related items.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3a1e091-0bc2-4c9b-a89c-bd003fdd5889", - "label": "AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Afforestation: 'the establishment of trees on an area that has lacked forest\r\ncover for a very long time or has never been forested. '\r\nReforestation: ' the natural or artificial restocking (i.e., planting, seeding)\nof an area with forest trees. Also called forest regeneration. '", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23336b57-1ba3-42a6-9ec7-152285c55689", - "label": "FOREST HARVESTING AND ENGINEERING", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Process and methods related to removal of trees from the forest for purposes\nof forest improvements, manufacturing forest products, and lumber,\nor conservation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adeb4c27-a115-4ced-9827-5f022883f606", - "label": "FOREST PROTECTION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Any measure related to or about the protection and/or conservation of\nforests from insects, diseases, pathogens, windstorms, excess logging, and\ndecreased biotic diversity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2056285-8249-4c11-810b-783600030525", - "label": "FOREST MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "The application of business methods and technical principles to the\noperation of a forest property for purposes of a predetermined objective\n(e.g. maximize revenue, conservation of biotic diversity, etc...).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31d01087-d5b8-4474-820c-d84d523dfb39", - "label": "FOREST MENSURATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "In forestry, the measurement of both standing and harvested timber;\nForest measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3fcccdd-745f-4299-94b3-e72e37f551be", - "label": "DEFOLIANTS", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "'An agent that damages trees by destroying leaves or needles. '", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ee9d286-0742-4844-b7eb-b7550d3f782b", - "label": "FOREST CONSERVATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Management of the human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest\r\nsustainable benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to\r\nmeet the needs and aspirations of future generations. It includes the\r\npreservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, restoration and enhancement\nof the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3676ebab-9aa0-43c2-94e5-5d59a34317d2", - "label": "FOREST PRODUCTS/COMMODITIES", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Any measure related to or about the production of lumber, composite\nand reconstituted wood, pulp and paper, chemicals from trees, and\nother miscellaneous forest products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49804617-d59b-4e97-8030-2c4ab79a3057", - "label": "FOREST YIELDS", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Amount of product output recovered from a quantity of raw material input\nin forest product industries. - Estimate in forest mensuration of the\namount of wood that may be harvested from a particular type of forest\nstand by species, site, stocking, and management regime at various\nages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be7f6de0-f51e-42bc-9a66-fff30d809a67", - "label": "REFORESTATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Restocking an area with forest trees.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e115d45-acd4-4116-a0e1-3de8a5db23c2", - "label": "SILVICULTURE", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", - "definition": "Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society such as wildlife habitat, timber, water resources, restoration, and recreation on a sustainable basis. This is accomplished by applying different types of silvicultural treatments such as thinning, harvesting, planting, pruning, prescribed burning and site preparation. Intermediate treatments (thinning) are designed to enhance growth, quality, vigor, and composition of the stand after establishment or regeneration and prior to final harvest. Regeneration treatments (harvesting) are applied to mature stands in order to establish a new age class of trees. Regeneration methods are grouped into four categories: coppice, even-aged, two-aged, and uneven-aged.\n\nAll vegetation activities, including prescribed fire, wildlife habitat improvement, timber harvesting and cutting trees in campgrounds for human safety must have a silvicultural prescription. A silvicultural prescription is a document which has a planned series of treatments designed to change current stand structure and composition of a stand to one that meets management goals. The prescription normally considers ecological, economic, and societal objectives and constraints. In the Forest Service, silvicultural prescriptions are prepared or reviewed by a certified silviculturist prior to implementing the project or treatment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL PLANT SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "The branch of Agriculture that focuses on plants(includes\nagronomy, horticulture, etc... but NOT Forestry, which is a seperate\nterm).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a756fd6b-6208-4af0-ac56-6ee914fc4597", - "label": "IRRIGATION", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "definition": "The artificial augmentation of the amount of water available to\ncrops/plants, either by spraying water directly on to the plants or making\nit available to their root systems through a series of surface channels or\nditches.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcd7a439-6021-4fc3-b3d8-a8936ef171f6", - "label": "PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "definition": "Any measure related to gene mapping, plant /crop species breeding for hybrid\nor higher value species, breeding for increased production, disease\nresistance, pest resistance, or related genetic measures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7570528-f2d5-42b0-b8e9-d12a2432e87e", - "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "definition": "Reclamation, as used here refers, to putting a natural resource to a new\nor altered use. Restoration is the return of an ecosystem to a\nclose approximation of its condition prior to disturbance. Revegetation is\nthe planting of vegetation in an area where vegetation has been removed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f12d8026-f24a-4413-91d0-4704c243c9e7", - "label": "CROP/PLANT YIELDS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "definition": "The quantity of plant materials resulting from cultivation or growth.\nIncludes all comercial crops, as well as plant biomass yields (i.e. amount\nof grass produced per unit land in natural agroecosystems (e.g.\nrangeland)). Does not include PRODUCT yield (e.g. bushels of wheat vs.\nlbs. flour).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dda92a8-6c26-4506-9881-43b6d9a83b18", - "label": "CROPPING SYSTEMS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "definition": "Any method of crop/plant management and/or strategy of production,\nincluding, but not limited to: no-till, residue management, organic,\nrotations, rest-rotation grazing, etc....", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "213cefd8-806f-40f5-b3ca-05022cde9498", - "label": "PLANT DISEASES/DISORDERS/PESTS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "definition": "Measurements related to any deviation from a normal state of health in\nplants which temporarily or permanently impairs vital functions. It may\nbe caused by insect pests, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, parasites, poor\nnutrition, congenital or inherent deficiencies, unfavorable environment,\nor any combonation of these, and related pests.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b376a9f9-585e-4567-ba1f-55ef45cfa8df", - "label": "WEEDS, NOXIOUS PLANTS OR INVASIVE PLANTS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", - "definition": "Measurements related to 1) A plant growing out of place 2) more popularly,\nan herbaceous plant which takes possession of fallow fields or finds its\nway into lawns or planted fields, crowding the vegetation there and\nrobbing it of moisture and nutrients. 3) A plant whose usefulness is not\nrecognized or which is undesirable because of odor, spines, prickles, or\npoisonous characteristics. 4) Any plant that harbors insects, fungi, or\nviruses that may spread to nearby crop plants.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", - "label": "FOOD SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "Related to the study of products of human consumption specifically for\npurposes of human nourishment and nutrition.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b3b14df8-5197-4a26-ae61-882fdba706f3", - "label": "FOOD STORAGE", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", - "definition": "Any measure related to the storage of food stuffs, including\nrefrigeration, canning, smoking, irradiation, drying, etc... Methods of\nstorage of food products: effects of storage conditions on food quality;\ntemperature, controlled atmosphere, etc. Shelf life.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85d7c19a-6d05-446f-a490-382e7c199e09", - "label": "FOOD PACKAGING", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", - "definition": "Any measure related to the packaging of food stuffs. Technical aspects\nof canning, bottling, hermetic sealing, vacuum packing, wrapping,\ncoating, packeting, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb9b8c19-3b39-4865-bcfc-d2a12689094a", - "label": "FOOD ADDITIVES", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", - "definition": "Any measure related to any substance that is added to food, either directly\nor indirectly, to improve nutrition, taste, or shelf life. Examples\ninclude colorants, flavorings, seasonings, emulsifiers, stabilizers,\nthickeners, sweeteners, preservatives, antioxidants, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e86ea427-f735-4998-af16-9bd619df4974", - "label": "FOOD CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", - "definition": "Any measure related to the contamination and toxicology of food stuffs\ncaused by improper handeling, improper storage, improper preparation,\netc... Food safety; Deleterious food microorganisms; Food toxicology and\nspoilage: defects, diseases, adulteration, contamination; Residues from\nfeed additives such as hormones and antibiotics; Public health aspects of\nfoodstuffs: meat inspection, food hygiene, food disease control, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b153bcea-3114-4809-8e6f-f22cf9a3be87", - "label": "FOOD PROCESSING", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", - "definition": "Any measure related to the processing of food stuffs. Basic\ntechnologies applied in the postharvest production of food for man.\nPlanning and development of industries for the processing of food\nproducts. General descriptions of food processing industries. Equipment\nand processing techniques of food and drink manufacture. Methods of\npreservation of foodstuffs and processed foods: drying, dehydration,\nirradiation, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ec3b00e-52e1-4df9-99cd-c93120d97645", - "label": "FOOD QUALITY", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", - "definition": "Any measure related to the quality of food stuffs. Constituents\nand composition of foods and beverages; Food composition tables;\n Nutrients: proteins, amino acids, nitrogen, carbohydrates, lipids,\nminerals, vitamins; nutritive value, caloric value, sensory evaluation;\nProtein quality: protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization,\nnitrogen balance index, chemical score, microbiological assays, etc.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "A term used to designate chemical materials used in Agriculture such\nas herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers. Does NOT include\nfood or feed additives, or animal hormones.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "59a203f9-f818-42a6-8d00-4301385cafc3", - "label": "PESTICIDES", - "broader": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", - "definition": "Any measure of or about insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides; may include non-chemical/manufactured agents, and/or natural defense\nmechanisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18a8197e-3a3f-408c-9c51-e9fe89dd6b45", - "label": "FERTILIZERS", - "broader": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", - "definition": "Any natural or manufactured material added to the soil in order to supply\none or more plant nutrients. The term is generally applied to inorganic\nmaterials other than lime or gypsum sold in the trade.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL AQUATIC SCIENCES", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "Fisheries and Aquaculture", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c7112a64-be39-414a-9125-f63ab44ecb5b", - "label": "FISHERIES", - "broader": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", - "definition": "Related to the act, process, or season of taking fish or other sea\nanimals; includes marine and non-marine environments, excludes fish\nfarming, hatcheries, and other aquaculture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8916dafb-5ad5-45c6-ab64-3500ea1e9577", - "label": "AQUACULTURE", - "broader": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", - "definition": "A use of land and water category under Agricultural Production that includes fish farming, fish hatcheries, and aquaculture in rotation with cropland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8495b76a-16ba-418c-bbb9-3c6bcfb12aba", - "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", - "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", - "definition": "The design, construction, and use of agricultural implements and\nbuildings; soil and water management; rural use of electricity; and\nprocessing of agricultural products.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f2f37978-d942-43d2-9c51-79e9f5bdfe24", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT", - "broader": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", - "definition": "Any tool, including vehicles, used in agriculture which aids a person to\nmake work and effort more productive and effective.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d53e1951-fb68-4ad8-8725-d19c10751da5", - "label": "FARM STRUCTURES", - "broader": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", - "definition": "Related to or about any permanent or temporary construction on a farm, ranch,\nor other agricultural land. This includes items such as barns, but also\nwater improvements, fencing, shelters, henhouses, dams, etc...", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "label": "LAND SURFACE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "Refers to the surface area and features on the surface of the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "label": "SOILS", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2c821621-f035-4c57-8dee-5f24968f959a", - "label": "SOIL BULK DENSITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The mass of dry soil per unit of bulk volume, including the air space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c4b5f03-8e57-49f0-bb03-f8efafb837d3", - "label": "MACROFAUNA", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "'Macrobiota' is a general term for the larger soil organisms. Macrofauna, in\nparticular, refers to burrowing vertebrate animals, but may include larger\ninsects and earhworms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9d5ae5a-0718-44f2-9694-b791b646a825", - "label": "SOIL MECHANICS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The application of the principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with the behavior and nature of soils, sediments, and other unconsolidated accumulations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9409ee0f-2b72-4472-9d61-f8072981a6cb", - "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Measurement of Calcium in various forms in the soil, such CaCO3", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", - "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Any measurement of Carbon in the soil, in organic or inorganic fractions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f6a8db71-9686-46ec-a3ac-66ca4a0ec1bd", - "label": "NET ECOSYSTEM CO2 EXCHANGE (NEE)", - "broader": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", - "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39a39084-ae04-421c-892b-f554133ca4e6", - "label": "SOIL ORGANIC CARBON (SOC)", - "broader": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", - "definition": "'Soil organic carbon' represents the pool of organic carbon stored in the soil.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bad3c7b-daf6-428a-89bd-ce62b074dfcf", - "label": "CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The sum of exchangeable bases plus total soil acidity at a specific pH value usually 7.0 or 8.0. When acidity is expressed as salt extractable acidity, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) is called the effective cation exchange capacity(ECEC) because this is considered to be the CEC of the exchanger at the native pH value. It is usually expressed in centimoles of charge per kilogram of exchanger.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d0de6a7-c340-4e6b-b01d-ccbb6e7fa913", - "label": "DENITRIFICATION RATE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The rate of biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "781bf38b-2797-4415-8d5a-67e9f3a2f5fe", - "label": "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "A measure of ease with which a conduction current can be caused to flow through a soil under the influence of an applied electric field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2a88ac8-7bf3-408c-b2b4-b3217f9e4917", - "label": "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "A measure of the readiness with which a liquid, such as water, flows through a solid, such as soil, in response to a given potential gradient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b86bc20-ba2b-4cd0-8aa0-ed47663d9222", - "label": "MAGNESIUM", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Measurement of any form of magnesium in the soil; one macronutrient in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac061db6-21c7-46fc-b5a8-9f61c795fdd6", - "label": "MICRONUTRIENTS/TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "A plant nutrient usually found in relatively small amounts(<100 mg\r\nkg-1) in plants. These are usually B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, and\r\nZn. In environmental applications it is those elements exclusive of the eight\r\nabundant rock-forming elements: oxygen, aluminum, silicon, iron, calcium,\r\nsodium, potassium, and magnesium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1179e7f-59e5-465a-9879-6bda6985744e", - "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Nitrogen, a macronutrient, in the soil, such\r\nas biomass nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, etc...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "215f69b9-259a-4b82-9f8f-f96d4f5aaad2", - "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic (carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous remains of organisms, which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds produced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08240c92-00b5-4f25-bf2e-8030531a78d2", - "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9169ace5-0f04-4fc9-b38d-b89a786b9fe1", - "label": "PHOSPHORUS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Phosphorus (such as Phosphate), a macronutrient, in\r\nthe soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8af17fd3-7c42-4698-9d60-e154ece5aebe", - "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Potassium (such as K2O), a macro-nutrient, in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c22818ce-07aa-4f77-8fe2-be1925743bac", - "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "RESTORATION: The processes by which an area is treated in an attempt\r\nto restore original conditions. RECLAIMATION: The process of reconverting\r\nland to other forms of productive uses. REVEGETATION: Reestablishment\r\nof vegetation which may take place naturally or be induced by humans\r\nthrough seeding or transplanting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d7b0259-2d88-4e78-b2c2-131a02d05c15", - "label": "SOIL SALINITY/SOIL SODICITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The term salinity refers to the presence of the major dissolved inorganic solutes, essentially Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, and CO3, in aqueous samples. As applied to soils, it refers to the soluble plus readily dissolvable salts in the soil or, more usually, in an aqueous extract of a soil sample. Salinity is quantified in terms of the total concentration (or, occasionally, the content) of such soluble salts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e497c2e3-cd21-4af9-9a5d-91da4e201631", - "label": "SOIL ABSORPTION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The movement of ions and water into the plant root as a result of metabolic processes by the root or diffusion along a gradient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e273b634-62f5-4601-8b92-6550f6efeab8", - "label": "SOIL CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The branch of soil science that deals with the chemical constitution,\r\nchemical properties, and chemical reactions of soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14e51b6e-9d91-4af5-bb93-22842359d492", - "label": "SOIL CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The taxonomy of a soil, the great order, suborder, and great group of the soil based upon the characteristics and properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "013b44e9-df5c-4ef8-a99f-7351d16bfd14", - "label": "SOIL COLOR", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The property of a soil that is based upon three components of hue, chroma (intensity or brightness), and value (lightness or darkness).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9f8c1e9-dca8-4c2e-9537-65903d19cfe5", - "label": "SOIL COMPACTION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The reduction in bulk volume or thickness of a soil owing to increasing weight of overlying material that is continually being deposited, or to pressures from earth movements, resulting in a decrease of porosity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ce3eeff-d222-4356-8cd2-50fbcbcbb295", - "label": "SOIL CONSISTENCE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The combination of properties of soil material that determine its resistance to crushing and its ability to be molded or changed in shape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60e783c1-4b33-4ab3-860b-8bd4ed00dc9f", - "label": "SOIL DEPTH", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "A measure from the surface to the bottom of the soil profile.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdb10789-ef01-46bd-8047-86e550df0df4", - "label": "SOIL FERTILITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The quality of a soil that enables it to provide essential chemical elements in quantities and proportions for the growth of specified plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76c23076-d9d5-4414-a69f-a830cecdd9ce", - "label": "SOIL GAS/AIR", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The soil atmosphere; the gaseous phase of the soil, being that volume not\r\noccupied by solid or liquid.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6847d01-cbf9-491b-be59-c283d9072d95", - "label": "SOIL HEAT BUDGET", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The relation between the fluxes of heat into and out of a soil and the\r\nheat stored by the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a16aa40-c74b-4a69-a230-1edd1b453332", - "label": "SOIL HORIZONS/PROFILE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The soil profile is the vertical section of the soil, from the surface through all its horizons, where a horizon is a layer of soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, differing in properties and characteristics from adjacent layers below and above it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bcc72093-b2d4-47e8-9213-7f48172e0e95", - "label": "SOIL IMPEDANCE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The resistance of the soil to penetration by water and by roots.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", - "label": "SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Soil Water Content: The water lost from soil upon drying to constant\r\nmass at 105 degrees Celcius; expressed either as the mass of water per\r\nunit mass of drysoil or as the volume of water per unit bulk volume of\r\nsoil. For GCMD purpose, this also includes all measurements related to\r\nsoil water, such as capcity, potential, and pressure, etc...", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09e712bf-7389-4980-8115-af4282469eb8", - "label": "SURFACE SOIL MOISTURE", - "broader": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", - "definition": "'surface soil moisture' describes the moisture content in the top 5 cm.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4353d710-3d65-44b3-b988-26af1415646a", - "label": "ROOT ZONE SOIL MOISTURE", - "broader": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", - "definition": "'root zone soil moisture' describes moisture content in the top 1 meter of the soil column", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "357193c5-154d-487b-a1c3-a1a90d15918c", - "label": "SOIL PH", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The negative log of Hydrogen ion concentration", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2da4e52a-b43b-4ff0-9e4d-c98438a38c6d", - "label": "SOIL PLASTICITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The degree to which a soil is capable of being\tmolded or deformed continuously and permanently, by relatively moderate pressure, into various shapes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20f932b9-cc40-4462-879f-1c8d8c765152", - "label": "SOIL POROSITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The volume percentage of the total soil bulk not occupied by solid particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e7afff2-cd50-4d26-968b-bffd2d738edd", - "label": "SOIL PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants under a specified system of management; emphasizing the ability to produce crops.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "283df7dc-58e0-41c5-80b1-e9cdeae9e79e", - "label": "GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION (GPP)", - "broader": "1e7afff2-cd50-4d26-968b-bffd2d738edd", - "definition": "The 'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", - "label": "SOIL RESPIRATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The metabolic process whereby electrons are transferred from a reduced compound (usually organic) to an inorganic acceptor molecule other than oxygen.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8286d00a-e540-4e01-9e15-377711e5fe56", - "label": "HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION (Rh)", - "broader": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", - "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'. The sum of Ra and Rh defines the total ecosystem respiration rate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fb007fe-605f-4f07-be91-f723d7051ac3", - "label": "AUTOTROPHIC RESPIRATION (Ra)", - "broader": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", - "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'. The sum of Ra and Rh defines the total ecosystem respiration rate.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa25235a-596f-4504-89e1-4c625275700d", - "label": "SOIL STRUCTURE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The combination or arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary units or peds. These secondary units may be, but usually are not, arranged in the profile in such a manner as to give a distinctive characteristic\npattern. The secondary units are characterized and classified on the basis of size, shape, and degree of distinctness into classes, types, and grades, respectively.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0546b91a-294d-45d9-8b45-76aaad0cc024", - "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb05c0c0-7fcd-470c-ba2b-755f04f5d811", - "label": "SOIL TEXTURE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The relative proportions of the various soil separates in a soil, as described by the percent clay, sand, and silt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c00e468-6a43-49ef-891e-b0ce29e2ff36", - "label": "SOIL WATER HOLDING CAPACITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The percentage of water remaining in a soil two or three days after its having been saturated and after free drainage has practically ceased (field moisture capacity).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "742e6889-1ebf-4441-b803-4892c7176822", - "label": "SULFUR", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Measure of any form of Sulfur, a macronutrient, in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c67c1e1c-19f1-49de-8b2b-d5ce6f596323", - "label": "THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "A measure of the ability of a soil to transfer heat (through a unit\nthickness, across a unit area for a unit difference in temperature).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6eef914d-ff9f-44b0-a3a6-3dcf911023d4", - "label": "SOIL EROSION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind,\r\nice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove\r\ngeologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface and\r\ndeposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep and\r\nso-called tillage erosion; The detachment and movement of soil or rock by\r\nwater, wind, ice, or gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49ee4fcc-a0ad-4638-aec9-90b4946d8922", - "label": "HEAVY METALS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Those metals which have densities >5.0 Mg m-3. In soils these include the\r\nelements Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2283a2fe-19ec-4b1d-a553-20ec9713a658", - "label": "SOIL INFILTRATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "The entry of water into soil. Also, the infiltration flux is the volume of\r\nwater entering a specified cross-sectional area of soil per unit time [L t-1].", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9555194-efd1-4427-b8e3-8fe6c49b8636", - "label": "MICROFAUNA", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Microfauna (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding bacteria and protozoa.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed1b3fa6-173d-476c-9b35-c57335c0a473", - "label": "MICROFLORA", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Microflora (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding fungi and algae.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b475201-a032-4a66-a3aa-a35605affaee", - "label": "SOIL ROOTING DEPTH", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "he distance in inches that plant roots extend into the soil. Knowing the\r\naverage root depth for the plants in each watering zone is important to\r\ndetermine an efficient watering schedule. Shallow roots require more frequent\r\nwatering than deep roots, which can draw water from a larger soil profile. \r\nAverage root depths vary with plant type. Trees will have root depths of 24\r\ninches or more. Xeriscape plants will have root depths around 10 inches. Shrubs\nand perennials will have roots of 8 inches or more. Grass can have deep roots\r\n(greater than 6 inches, depending on region). Annuals and bedding plants have\r\nthe shallowest roots at 4-5 inches.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae575305-340d-474b-99a7-22b537f10ec8", - "label": "IRON", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Chemical element with the symbol Fe", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5ff39e-b49f-4517-afc0-1842a1a6fdc7", - "label": "SOIL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", - "definition": "Biological, geological, chemical and physical processes and reactions that occur within soils.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "The observed physical cover and natural use of the land including the vegetation and human construction, which covers the earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c77819e9-f62f-48dc-b924-e7a73b4dcda9", - "label": "LAND RESOURCES", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "definition": "Areas containing available sources of wealth, including cultural heritage resources, recreation features, range\tdevelopments, or any other feature similarly designated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e69c08b-ee0f-426c-a8d2-dc50876f76c2", - "label": "LAND PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "definition": "The rate of production, especially of food, by the utilization of solar energy by producer organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75c312bc-79f9-4d74-a7c0-3c67c019196c", - "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "definition": "Relates to the type of feature present on the surface of the earth. This can include such things as corn fields, lakes, maple trees, and concrete highways.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e63844c1-015c-4776-b01c-e3e7d5dd3d0c", - "label": "VEGETATION INDEX", - "broader": "75c312bc-79f9-4d74-a7c0-3c67c019196c", - "definition": "An index that is determined using visible and near-IR channels on AVHRR. Denotes relative chlorophyll content of vegetation during daylight conditions, and is thus used to monitor drought conditions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7b43eda3-899a-4afa-89be-2dbe527834c2", - "label": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)", - "broader": "e63844c1-015c-4776-b01c-e3e7d5dd3d0c", - "definition": "An index of plant “greenness” or photosynthetic activity, and is one of the most commonly used vegetation indices.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe2f8240-4d8e-4b1f-b869-29fee59692f7", - "label": "LAND USE CLASSES", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "definition": "Categories defining the land in some way, such as by slope, land cover, and type", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7586859-abb5-4449-9be6-72c613b6a084", - "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE MASK", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "definition": "Identifies the type of grid location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7e776da-50a3-4bb2-bf51-b6ba6266a605", - "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE FRACTION", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "definition": "Identifies the type of grid location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a71560e7-42c5-4cbe-96fc-368de3b05a5f", - "label": "DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", - "definition": "Any event that occurs outside the range of natural variability and may be due to human-induced or natural causes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "label": "FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "Soil within which the moisture has predominantly changed to ice, the unfrozen portion being in vapor phase. \nIce within the soil bonds adjacent soil particles and renders frozen ground very hard. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost. Dry frozen ground is relatively loose and crumbly because of the lack of bonding\nice. Frozen ground is sometimes in-advisedly called frost or ground frost.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6fdd8021-3f6f-4f54-829c-26f744597309", - "label": "SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "Ground that freezes and thaws annually.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6723314-3db7-4bdd-85ee-0b8507e6ae1b", - "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10270ee0-8d85-4c75-9fa2-49e7a9755cb3", - "label": "ACTIVE LAYER", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "Active layer, also called frost zone or mollisol is that part of the soil included with the suprapermafrost layer (i.e., existing above permafrost) that usually freezes in winter and thaws in summer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1469f30b-6eb4-4186-b1ef-7dd25c34c592", - "label": "CRYOSOLS", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "Soil formed in either mineral or organic materials having permafrost either within 1 m below the surface or, if the soil is strongly cryoturbated, with 2 m below the surface, and having a mean annual ground temperature below 0 deg C.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b4dde5a-733e-4e55-97c9-2108b337cfeb", - "label": "GROUND ICE", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "A general term referring to all types of ice contained in freezing and frozen\r\nground. Ground ice occurs in pores, cavities, voids or other openings in soil\r\nor rock and includes massive ice. It may occur as lenses, wedges, veins,\r\nsheets, seams, irregular masses, or as individual crystals or coatings on\r\nmineral or organic particles. Perennial ground ice can only occur within\r\npermafrost bodies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5181e50a-b1d2-41b1-bde3-fd9b4da9b1bf", - "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "Of, or pertaining to, the outer perimeter of a glacier, particularly to the\r\nfringe areas surrounding the great continental glaciers of the geologic ice\r\nages. Thus, periglacial weathering is said to have produced certain\r\ncharacteristic land forms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee2af62b-9f76-440c-aa9b-77940468b8f4", - "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "A mass of rock fragments and finer material, on a slope, that contains either interstitial ice or an ice core and shows evidence of past or present movement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "240ff021-6a9c-4603-983d-f135ee7e49ab", - "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c39710ae-423f-44c8-b969-9af8a1f912cf", - "label": "TALIK", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", - "definition": "Talik, also called tabetisol, is a Russian term applied to permanently unfrozen\nground in regions of permafrost.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "label": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "The science dealing with the form and surface configuration of the solid earth. It is primarily an attempt to reveal the complex interrelationships between the origin (and therefore material composition) of surface features on the one hand, and the causes of the surface alteration (erosion, weather, crustal upheaval, etc.) on the other hand.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "label": "AEOLIAN PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "The erosion, transport, and deposition of material due to the action of the wind at or near the Earth's surface. Aeolian processes are at their most effective when the vegetation cover is discontinuous or absent.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dec3d35a-3ffa-4bea-b239-f8e74b498fb2", - "label": "VENTIFACTS", - "broader": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", - "definition": "Rocks that have been abraded, pitted, etched, grooved, or polished by wind-driven sand or ice crystals. These geomorphic features are most typically found in arid environments where there is little vegetation to interfere with aeolian particle transport, where there are frequently strong winds, and where there is a steady but not overwhelming supply of sand.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dabc0fc5-acac-48df-b32e-02c9166e8385", - "label": "YARDANGS", - "broader": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", - "definition": "A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semiconsolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion, dust and sand, and deflation. Yardangs are elongate features typically three or more times longer than they are wide, and when viewed from above, resemble the hull of a boat. Facing the wind is a steep, blunt face that gradually gets lower and narrower toward the lee end.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "03ea18fe-793d-48e0-aa44-e211376c73d8", - "label": "DEFLATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "definition": "Processes pertain to the activity of the winds and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the Earth and other planets. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfaf76ef-89e2-4dc8-a4eb-b3308ef8c52c", - "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ce16b97-c91c-420c-9701-33d19d50b286", - "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", - "definition": "An aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt and lesser and variable amounts of sand and clay that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is usually homogeneous and highly porous and is traversed by vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abe3a81a-3bac-450b-8006-304bee055289", - "label": "MONADNOCK", - "broader": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", - "definition": "An isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9ea3e92d-f772-4f39-a615-08b0e062ee9d", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", - "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02916754-4814-48ea-b8fc-ef50d7a7c5b5", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", - "definition": "The composition of sediment including parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7b04d56-2a44-4a94-8d94-1911a7110f9d", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "32f6083c-f6a2-40cf-8cf4-782b02b9df9e", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82eac236-38ba-469d-837a-950ffa7e8316", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "label": "FLUVIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "The physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Such processes play an essential and conspicuous role in the denudation of land surfaces and the transport of rock detritus from higher to lower levels.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0bb77741-598a-4f8c-8ce9-5aa0d61a0906", - "label": "DOWNCUTTING", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "Erosional downcutting or downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae368822-4979-4feb-967b-ee7764639646", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ba0630cb-9a7e-4c4b-9675-c92aba7088ce", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", - "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b976820e-6b8c-45f7-87a6-fa6474d39a35", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", - "definition": "Refers to the parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up of sediment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9c6d45a-787e-4099-bbf9-03d377cdb8d5", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", - "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a031bdf-a6c6-40b8-9c92-34cd83a5739e", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ae0d1f7-cc99-4da7-8446-e2dca16f546b", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c09cb9dc-2916-40f0-9f2f-4bbb39d2e7c9", - "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "The down slope movement of soil, rock, and other weathered materials because of gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3288c7e0-20fa-4e05-80fa-cdb14c436c7e", - "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8ba38ce-fc48-44b7-8b78-03b69e068d46", - "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b655ca30-361c-4434-a784-68b8ab99668d", - "label": "ATTRITION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26352dff-a48b-4b4a-a442-3b5039cf55c0", - "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b13bf33a-2a06-489f-80ca-0c77b08588ec", - "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface.It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d05853c-b709-484f-a406-03f64e643ea4", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "label": "GLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "A glacier is an accumulation of ice, air, water, and rock debris or sediment. It is a large enough quantity of ice to flow with gravity due to its own mass. The ice can be as large as a continent, such as the ice\nsheet covering Antarctica; or, it can fill a small valley between two mountains, such as a valley glacier. 'Glacial landforms/processes' refers to the erosional or depositional processes of glaciers and the landforms (e.g., drumlins, cirques, fjords) that result.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c4c96fc4-c75b-4e98-852d-b28fdf6b77a4", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad793d5e-b75d-4d3e-a542-ad4b4075b141", - "label": "ABLATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The process of removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. The term occurs in spaceflight associated with atmospheric reentry, in glaciology, medicine, and passive fire protection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45ee1fde-6b00-4aca-ac1b-6c13e2361467", - "label": "DUMPING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "A deposit of glacial materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10ec2826-c4ac-4373-ad05-9bb4eb35b360", - "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24b052b6-5996-496d-9e91-1fdbda5897da", - "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The process where water seeps into a crack in a rock, as the temperature drops below freezing, the water freezes and expands causing the crack to enlarge. The ice then melts into water again as the temperature rises above freezing. This action is repeated until the rock breaks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ee8dfdf6-0153-4067-ab3b-51794b01ee86", - "label": "BASAL ICE FREEZING", - "broader": "24b052b6-5996-496d-9e91-1fdbda5897da", - "definition": "A process made by made by glaciohydraulic supercooling, though some studies show that even where physical conditions allow it to occur, the process may not be responsible for observed sequences of basal ice.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2ea5b37-7004-4943-ad69-ca39a57569a4", - "label": "FIRN FORMATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The formation process of firn, a partially compacted névé, which is a type of snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than névé. It is ice that is at an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b313436f-d925-48b7-a339-e6a08475b6e1", - "label": "GLACIAL DRIFT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Less apparent is the ground moraine, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath much of the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6743ea28-0a6e-4d47-ac71-0c9cdf24ac25", - "label": "GLACIAL GROWTH", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The growth of a glacier over time", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa74db50-4ae7-463b-903a-2a256f967ca8", - "label": "GLACIAL DISPLACEMENT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The displacement of a glacier. The speed of glacial displacement is partly determined by friction. Friction makes the ice at the bottom of the glacier move slower than the upper portion. In alpine glaciers, friction is also generated at the valley's side walls, which slows the edges relative to the center.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12bb9ec2-a706-436d-aa29-253495276052", - "label": "GLACIAL STRIATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. Glacial striations are usually multiple, straight, and parallel, representing the movement of the glacier using rock fragments and sand grains, embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools. Large amounts of coarse gravel and boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough-like glacial grooves, and finer sediments also in the base of the moving glacier further scour and polish the bedrock surface, forming a glacial pavement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92e348f3-9e6c-4e9e-a1bc-ee72d04755d6", - "label": "SCOURING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Erosion resulting from glacial action, whereby the surface material is removed and the rock fragments carried by the glacier abrade, scratch, and polish the bedrock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53e26c7c-5e85-4dd0-a999-8de519bf9976", - "label": "PLUCKING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Exploits pre-existing fractures in the bedrock. This plays a key role in opening and creating new fractures but has only provided small segments of loose material. This is then followed by the entrainment of the loosened rock by the ice. During the process of entrainment, loose rock material is frozen onto the base of the glacier and incorporated into the glacial ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "134fd984-9b26-4ceb-9084-3bffc0c5a321", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", - "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fa9d5ef-690e-4daf-8503-363b6b1cb6e4", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c6d4f39-6ae0-4c8d-ad48-2f82bb4e1541", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8b73efd-d313-41d8-995a-49b80bc8f248", - "label": "GLACIER CRUST SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. The opposite of subsidence is uplift, which results in an increase in elevation. Ground subsidence is of concern to geologists, structural engineers and surveyors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df77e4c7-0b22-4f14-afa5-11b1d335a315", - "label": "CRUST REBOUND", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, glacial isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy. It affects northern Europe (especially Scotland, Fennoscandia and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07825acf-619a-4689-b1ed-09c15166624c", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f8b965f-0a0e-427f-a696-ac6b4323744e", - "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Describes a geomorphic process related to freezing of water occur. In its original meaning a periglacial area was at the time in question, the area was not buried by glacial ice but was subject to intense freezing cycles and exhibits permafrost weathering and erosion characteristics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb31cb40-97cf-4445-8abd-d375391edf6f", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", - "definition": "Refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", - "label": "TECTONIC PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "The process of upwelling of magma, plate movement, subduction of crust, folding, faulting, warping, fracturing, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f486acc8-0d0c-4322-bf5c-177bc632bd76", - "label": "OROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", - "definition": "The formation of mountain ranges by intense upward displacement of the earth's crust, usually associated with folding, thrust faulting, and other compressional processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb554660-d608-467c-b265-b9b68eecfb37", - "label": "EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", - "definition": "Refers to upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding apart from broad undulations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f0f52fb-b272-49c6-9425-690d9285c380", - "label": "ISOSTATIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", - "definition": "Refers to the the gradual uplift following rapid erosional removal of material from a mountain range. The land rises as a result of the removal of the weight. Another example of isostatic uplift is post-glacial rebound following the melting of continental glaciers and ice sheets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b370af4-1887-4e7a-82a6-9acb9ce5dd5f", - "label": "RIFTING", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", - "definition": "The process in which continental crust is extended and thinned, forming extensional sedimentary basins and/or mafic dyke-swarms. Rifts commence as intracratonic, down-thrown blocks dominated by normal or oblique-extensional (transtensional) faults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d5472ba-ae65-45df-a19a-c762055eaead", - "label": "TECTONIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", - "definition": "A geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d43cb88-dd6d-40ac-b241-b628a39ed2af", - "label": "SUBDUCTION", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", - "definition": "The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge. A subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates move towards one another and subduction occurs.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", - "label": "KARST PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "Landscapes characterized by (or the processes characterizing) the formation and collapse of caves and sinkholes because of carbonation weathering of limestone bedrock.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e657b41f-4aa0-4816-b3c8-5b477812a0bc", - "label": "KARST HYDROLOGY", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", - "definition": "Karst Hydrology refers to the extensive dissolution of rock has led to the development of subterranean channels through which groundwater flows in conduits (enclosed or semi-enclosed channels). These conduits can vary in size from slightly enlarged cracks to tunnels many meters in diameter and many kilometers in length.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2920f06-fd42-47da-9989-3104f8fb7282", - "label": "DISSOLVED CO2", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", - "definition": "The carbon dioxide dissolved in water has even more effect than the oxygen. Oxygen remains as an O2 molecule, whether it's in its gas phase or in solution, but when CO2 is dissolved in water, a small proportion of it reacts chemically with H2O to form carbonic acid, H2CO3. (There's no mystery about that: just add up the six atoms.) In water carbonic acid dissociates rapidly to form a H+ ion and HCO2 (bicarbonate), so it affects the carbonate equilibrium, and pH values change as a result.\n \nDissolved CO2 lowers the average pH of rainwater to 5.7, even where 'acid rain' caused by pollution isn't a factor. The gentle acidity of rainwater is a major source for the weathering of minerals, which the carbonic acid leaches from rocks and which eventually find their way to the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50fd29da-a846-4dd6-98e8-e826b75eeda7", - "label": "CAC03", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", - "definition": "A chemical compound that is a common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is created when Ca ions in hard water react with carbonate ions creating limescale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0317caf8-af0a-4abe-89fb-fd1d9c33b9e7", - "label": "POROSITY", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", - "definition": "A measure of a rock's ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically, porosity is the open space in a rock divided by the total rock volume (solid + space or holes). Porosity is normally expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d727d3c7-3a02-48c6-ab63-a4b3d3364783", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", - "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "label": "COASTAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "Coastal processes refers to the action of natural forces (e.g., erosion, deposition, tectonic uplift) on the shoreline, and the nearshore seabed. Some examples of landforms resulting from these processes are\nwave-cut cliffs, beaches, and wave-cut benches.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ee016b0b-353b-4811-bfc2-5d32aed59f29", - "label": "ACCRETION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The process where coastal sediments return to the visible portion of the beach following storm erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ca8db82-9230-42e0-ad91-9068bc144855", - "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dee8110-972f-4665-bd28-a9e64de21a16", - "label": "ATTRITION/WEATHERING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e73dd30-abb5-4723-be3e-71706d2b1ea1", - "label": "CHEMICAL SOLUTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The removal of rock in solution by acidic rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by rainwater containing dissolved CO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b99d6c3-1751-43e6-81d1-92a7618cadb3", - "label": "DEPOSITION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The act of depositing material, especially by a natural process; the resultant deposit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebb8ef06-0f73-48eb-bc22-47f36a729bc6", - "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface. It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2401a77-908f-4c03-abcc-d27d99586967", - "label": "FLOODING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "An overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e101ced-5d9f-4733-8768-38db92d83660", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "786c08f1-f3ed-4edd-8ec9-a69313906426", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", - "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40d7f7e1-e11a-410b-a1b6-78c4a961d631", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", - "definition": "The composition of a sediment, which can be measured in terms of parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "870803f5-8bbc-4e39-8372-ce21b0decb75", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", - "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c344fddc-ffa8-4093-bcf5-bcfe7806c737", - "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2aad0e7e-1c96-4d87-adeb-4894225e2922", - "label": "SEA LEVEL CHANGES", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "Sea levels around the world are rising. Current sea-level rise potentially affects human populations (e.g., those living in coastal regions and on islands) and the natural environment (e.g., marine ecosystems). Two main factors contributed to observed sea level rise. The first is thermal expansion: as ocean water warms, it expands. The second is from the contribution of land-based ice due to increased melting. The major store of water on land is found in glaciers and ice sheets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43b2798d-32ac-497f-8881-98d52422e3ac", - "label": "SUBMERGENCE", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "To cover with water; inundate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af017320-085a-4e6c-81c2-38056cb55c7b", - "label": "SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62ecfc64-48d0-4373-9c44-599471703cf4", - "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "097a7f54-df6e-4aeb-8d15-65d4bd24da64", - "label": "WAVE EROSION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The power of the wave is generated by the fetch. Waves erode cliffs by abrasion/corrasion and hydraulic pressure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df4a0112-3aba-41ca-816a-86129cacb6a5", - "label": "WAVE REFRACTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The change in direction of a wave due to a change in its medium. It is essentially a surface phenomenon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab0138b8-6939-4ac1-aa5f-36073d52360b", - "label": "WAVE DIFFRACTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "Refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "406bfa8b-8522-4776-936a-1fda8b0cfe97", - "label": "WAVE BREAKING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "A wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some process can suddenly start to occur that causes large amounts of wave energy to be transformed into turbulent kinetic energy. At this point, simple physical models that describe wave dynamics often become invalid, particularly those that assume linear behavior.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15d5b23c-f739-43b5-bf14-3063c0a59f2d", - "label": "WAVE SHOALING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", - "definition": "The effect by which surface waves entering shallower water increase in wave height (which is about twice the amplitude).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "label": "FLUVIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "'Fluvial landforms' are features on the Earth's surface produced by the action, i.e. erosion and deposition, of a stream or river and include such landforms as bars, levees, braided and meandering channels, and alluvial fans. 'Fluvial processes' are those processes included in the action of running water in a stream or river", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3207af29-bd29-4f85-9a08-2614579dd27f", - "label": "AIT", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A small island. It is especially used to refer to islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "feceb3aa-d3b4-49e0-ad85-3275acd604fb", - "label": "WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff850d62-675c-4386-a375-fe4af92ec3ff", - "label": "BAR", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of particles, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6fdb3c7-a0ea-4f7c-82e5-d72db09b6444", - "label": "BAYOU", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A body of water typically found in flat, low-lying areas, and can refer either to an extremely slow-moving stream or river (often with a poorly defined shoreline), or to a marshy lake or wetland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e18c970a-d0c6-4430-b419-64cf718bc456", - "label": "CONFLUENCE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "The meeting of two or more bodies of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47ea7cc6-2816-4d64-ad41-6ac1d11c2a33", - "label": "CUTBANK", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Also known as a river cliff, is an erosional feature of streams. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "daa297ec-4397-4caa-b563-634a71f62b8a", - "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1afe698e-d920-4756-8de4-482d2ef15a24", - "label": "ENDORHEIC BASIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba37314d-ec38-4e67-bf30-7e1fdc6bfbad", - "label": "FLOOD PLAIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a78c946a-9529-4643-b002-1aa2ac9cfed6", - "label": "CANYON", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A narrow valley with steep sides; usually created by erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d078d5c-62cb-46b5-a6f5-43678643a0ce", - "label": "ISLAND", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9b85df8-3b95-4baf-bd32-8bacd35dc9b5", - "label": "GULLY", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A landform created by running water eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ca51b5e-0b7a-4b7a-b7e2-6e163e195e26", - "label": "LACUSTRINE PLAIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Lakes that get filled by incoming sediment. Overtime, the water may drain from the lake, leaving the deposited sediments behind. This can be caused by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c09d43f-68d5-469d-aaed-f9ef8968ef2e", - "label": "MARSH", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b976b8e5-01b9-4bb3-ba4c-308f8fa0fb97", - "label": "MEANDER", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A bend in a river, also known as an oxbow loop. This usage derives from the name of the Maeander River in Turkey.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5a9eb49-93c4-4fb5-9a02-5fa06ea8800f", - "label": "OX-BOW LAKE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "U-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71b4e773-40a4-47db-8449-7c13f4cc49d9", - "label": "PINGO", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Also called a hydrolaccolith, is a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and subarctic that can reach up to 70 metres (230 ft) in height and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in diameter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00e49fcb-d846-4b4e-8f45-b022c1713920", - "label": "POINT BAR", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A depositional feature of streams. Point bars are found in abundance in mature or meandering streams.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89228e69-5a64-4662-839f-cb3d2209fa41", - "label": "POND", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions (examples include vernal pools and prairie potholes).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af058c0e-d40b-4e59-9f92-67b59fd1e2bd", - "label": "RIFFLE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87624706-e11f-4043-ac54-479ed94b8dac", - "label": "RIVER", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "620a9e6c-5851-48b7-93c5-a1706546f5d1", - "label": "SPRING", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A natural flow of water from the sub-surface to the surface. Usually occurs when the water table intersects the Earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01a84bc1-a571-4d23-b57f-1b04fd9542a6", - "label": "STREAM", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many streams empty into lakes, seas or oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1964724-2481-417a-be5a-e0dedb111ab4", - "label": "STREAM TERRACE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Also known as fluvial terraces are elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and fluvial valleys all over the world. They consist of a relatively level strip of land, called a “tread,” separated from either an adjacent floodplain, other fluvial terraces, or uplands by distinctly steeper strips of land called “risers.” These terraces lie parallel to and above the river channel and its floodplain. Because of the manner in which they form, fluvial terraces are underlain by fluvial sediments of highly variable thickness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f6adff6-672d-4066-8c85-25418a7d0e00", - "label": "SWAMP", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees. Swamps are wet areas that are normally covered by water all year and subject to drying out during the summer. The parameter Swamp may be colloquially interchanged with the parameter Marshes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4f9c238-2d7e-4529-944b-52389c13932c", - "label": "VALLEY", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "Low land between hills or mountains.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "186a08ed-b6fc-4963-adb6-2c5113d133e5", - "label": "V SHAPED VALLEY", - "broader": "f4f9c238-2d7e-4529-944b-52389c13932c", - "definition": "A valley having a cross-sectional profile in the form of the letter V, commonly produced by stream erosion.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "97c6eb84-90a8-4b47-9a22-99c7c1369989", - "label": "WATERFALL", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", - "definition": "A place where running water makes a sheer drop, usually over a cliff.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "label": "COASTAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "Refers to the landforms created by coastal processes including erosion, deposition, and tectonic uplift.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "128db882-0522-4a5e-ac69-81d05986a645", - "label": "BARRIER ISLANDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are relatively narrow strips of sand that parallel the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68b4238d-c10f-4f59-9c23-820563107d12", - "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Geological landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea or lake. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, waves or cobblestones.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "label": "CORAL REEFS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Corals are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters containing few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, and are formed by polyps that live together in groups. The polyps secrete a hard carbonate exoskeleton which provides support and protection for the body of each polyp.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b54234a2-3261-4c6e-8fd8-75230f3488c0", - "label": "FRINGING REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "One of the three main types of coral reefs recognized by most coral reef scientists. It is distinguished from the other two main types (barrier reefs and atolls) in that has either an entirely shallow backreef zone (lagoon) or none at all.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e125e285-b547-47ea-b566-5dffce2bbcbd", - "label": "BARRIER REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "A long, narrow ridge of coral or rock parallel to and relatively near a coastline, separated from the coastline by a lagoon too deep for coral growth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a722fea3-fe54-4995-8aec-407efe20dee9", - "label": "PATCH REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "An isolated, comparatively small reef outcrop, usually within a lagoon or embayment, often circular and surrounded by sand or seagrass. Patch reefs are common.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c78ed6a-2dbc-4ced-acc2-d0246e0afedd", - "label": "APRON REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "A short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ea0dbd4-2af5-4520-a831-32ee04d02ecc", - "label": "BANK REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "A linear or semi-circular shaped-outline, larger than a patch reef.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f674559-6e36-4a13-ac0c-f61aa6a37d63", - "label": "RIBBON REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "A long, narrow, somewhat winding reef, usually associated with an atoll lagoon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bbf1177-c74b-4f11-8f7d-40c5785312a1", - "label": "ATOLL REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "A ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands/cays on the coral rim.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec0692d8-1cce-4c89-a6ef-c35a5f812121", - "label": "TABLE REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", - "definition": "An isolated reef, approaching an atoll type, but without a lagoon.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "11175bd5-ee63-4b13-aa03-bc5500a458c2", - "label": "CUSPATE FORELANDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Geographical features found on coastlines and created by long shore drift. Made out of sand and shingle, and later stabilized by vegetation, cuspate forelands are triangular-shaped accretions and extend seawards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93647a7c-a881-4066-a696-c19053c7c30b", - "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", - "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f8b39934-bdce-4f90-8b86-a001c0af8b76", - "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE)", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", - "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "386f4f36-26bd-4193-aa25-0c0ec2e5baae", - "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", - "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a271522-fee4-4646-9c9a-a99385f00d9f", - "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", - "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8971f15d-bee3-4eaf-a7dd-ceb005448b37", - "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", - "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db89fdd2-d911-4a75-9210-ce90db043358", - "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", - "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d634619-aed2-4326-a73d-cec49ff74398", - "label": "ESTUARIES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawater and freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7299f45f-eafb-4ed9-ae12-5e01c97c1530", - "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "153080e1-2ab1-438a-8f1e-0cb6d5fe1242", - "label": "HEADLANDS/BAYS/CAPE", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Headlands and bays are often found together on the same stretch of coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands are characterized by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliffs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e069e3fc-0c75-40ee-92d7-595991f8fdb4", - "label": "ISTHMUS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with waterforms on either side.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49db8758-1282-45a0-ad3f-0f1e9d8abc44", - "label": "INLETS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an 'entrance' or a recession in the shore of a sea, lake or river.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9483208-ff59-4293-9867-3f4895e58c9f", - "label": "LAGOONS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A body of shallow sea water or brackish water separated from the sea by some form of barrier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e7daefd-fa73-4561-90cc-478ca37bcb9a", - "label": "RIA", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A landform, often referred to as a drowned river valley. Rias are almost always estuaries. Rias form where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change (where the global sea levels rise), or isostatic sea level change (where the local land sinks).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d541e4e1-2542-4716-b943-e080b0865e74", - "label": "SALT MARSH", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "An environment in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and salty or brackish water, dominated by dense stands of halophytic (salt-tolerant) plants such as herbs, grasses, or low shrubs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "575d5577-3107-4192-83a3-5a28ceea7a5d", - "label": "SEA ARCHES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "Sea arches form by wave erosion of coastal headlands. Sea arches are very temporary landforms, in both geologic and human terms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c702cd1d-48dd-4652-9ec6-cff6ff52b430", - "label": "SEA CAVES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a82477e6-b563-4135-90e8-c6977c7381be", - "label": "SEA CLIFFS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cae5bafd-10a7-4bcf-af1a-3e187ee5e955", - "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A somewhat linear landform within or extending into a body of water, typically composed of sand, silt or small pebbles. A spit or sandspit is a type of shoal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e5cf935-cf17-4947-bd1f-6816a855953a", - "label": "SHORELINES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1815faf3-2411-4d2a-a3d5-1e5b0c50782b", - "label": "SOUNDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A wide inlet of the sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline; it often separates a coastline from a nearby island.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f25c039-56b9-47a9-9232-d80860da5990", - "label": "SPITS AND BARS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A deposition landform found off coasts. At one end, spits connect to land, while at the far end they exist in open water. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at cove's headlands, by the process of longshore drift.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "320e14a6-4882-4533-b1cf-55d49c8a6b37", - "label": "TOMBOLOS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "A deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar. Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island. Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level is called a tombolo cluster.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c523ed2-d02e-4b02-bf21-2da4e171c959", - "label": "WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", - "definition": "The narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the action of waves. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", - "label": "AEOLIAN LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "Features of the Earth's surface produced by either the erosive or constructive action of the wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", - "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", - "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f51acce1-eaf6-4de7-b279-5b58c3034aeb", - "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", - "definition": "Crescent-shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans, or transverse dunes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb6b9191-21ab-4a56-b43f-27e86f90f6d9", - "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", - "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c63be844-efa7-49f6-8089-c60111bbdffb", - "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", - "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc9dea65-e574-4bbb-9945-cd6d1cdbf6c1", - "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", - "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5ee3496-6910-4971-8539-5aa084bfa9e1", - "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", - "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1376f8a1-84f2-4797-a978-69ec520e2423", - "label": "RIPPLES", - "broader": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", - "definition": "Sedimentary structures (i.e. bedforms of the lower flow regime) and indicate agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "label": "GLACIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "Landforms created by the action of glaciers. Most of glacial landforms today were created by the movement of large ice sheets during the Quaternary glaciations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d37d51e0-1bef-473a-9221-6713166762f9", - "label": "ARETES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "An arete is a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arête is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3032f74-fcdf-41d7-8899-2f2b140209c9", - "label": "CIRQUES/COMBES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "Glacially eroded rock basin found on mountains. Most alpine glaciers originate from a cirque.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", - "label": "CREVASSES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A crack in an ice sheet or glacier (compare to crevice, which is in rock). Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, etc.; these walls sometimes expose layers that represent the glacier's stratigraphy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a78c3d42-ac89-4040-9f0d-4d864b8c4551", - "label": "LONGITUDINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", - "definition": "Crevasses that form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0bbea2f-2ef0-4e99-ad76-1aedbbedc016", - "label": "MARGINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", - "definition": "Crevasses that form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ba069ae-8561-44b7-9e59-d645d6bd725f", - "label": "TRANSVERSE CREVASSES", - "broader": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", - "definition": "Are transverse to flow, as a glacier accelerates where the slope steepens.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "614309a2-4332-4695-aa77-d11794fe4733", - "label": "DRUMLINS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "158a8764-a6e4-4d28-a1b9-b2ab91e09995", - "label": "ESKERS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "666d9a2b-aaa8-4789-a9d9-a6774e650fe4", - "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "Are formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c878cc0-d601-4371-af35-9db2c67d8de6", - "label": "GLACIAL HORNS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A sharp peak formed where the ridges separating three or more cirques intersect.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a009cb2-9883-48d3-8b91-21efb75b4347", - "label": "GLACIER/ICE CAVES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "Refers to any type of natural cave (most commonly lava tubes or limestone caves) that contains significant amounts of perennial (year-round) ice. At least a portion of the cave must have a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) all year round, and water must have traveled into the cave’s cold zone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7335b131-0e86-41b3-a0bc-b28120a0a78a", - "label": "GLACIER/HANGING/U-SHAPED VALLEYS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of these two main types or a mixture of them, at least with respect of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8ad9c7e-384d-42c9-a75c-813a67e4dbfa", - "label": "GLACIER STRIATIONS/GROOVES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by process of glacial abrasion. Glacial striations usually occur as multiple straight, parallel grooves representing the movement of the sediment-loaded base of the glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86c6042a-b7ca-4d97-b9d7-db22b1560810", - "label": "ICE-DAMMED LAKES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "In geology, a proglacial lake is a lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or by meltwater trapped against an ice sheet due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3407182-6908-4206-b2fd-4c39da4072ce", - "label": "KAMES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a8d6d83-1a3b-452c-90b8-f37b28bd7eb6", - "label": "KAME DELTA", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A glacial landform made by a stream flowing through glacial ice and depositing material upon entering a lake or pond at the end or terminus of the glacier, thus 'in front' of it, a proglacial lake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0557b602-cf85-4b04-82a7-ca76f364e5f4", - "label": "KETTLE HOLES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", - "label": "MORAINES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past ice age.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d3ad1ced-39fa-4e3a-a75d-58e5393a2abe", - "label": "LATERAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", - "definition": "Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "063fae56-f066-4023-84c2-daff8261b7fc", - "label": "MEDIAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", - "definition": "A ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It is formed when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c242e01-40c4-4fca-a99d-48e4064f6c6f", - "label": "RECESSIONAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", - "definition": "Are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary halts in a glacier's retreat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b62123dd-1bf5-4222-a646-05d71d729c75", - "label": "RIBBED/ROGAN MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", - "definition": "Type of basal moraines that forms a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an ice sheet. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water making the Rogen moraines look like tigerstripes on aerial photographs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16bd425e-9a14-41ac-900e-5b5c4f713dda", - "label": "TERMINAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", - "definition": "End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "12e5921b-0d9b-4656-8d5c-d73abcf90a81", - "label": "NUNATAKS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "An exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e62a5dd-5ea5-4cd6-8051-b5e162ef4e01", - "label": "OUTWASH FANS/PLAINS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "An outwash fan is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. Sediment locked within the ice of the glacier, gets transported by the streams of meltwater, and deposits on the outwash plain, at the terminus of the glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e96cea31-2bee-4d9d-bf4a-d0f469aa3bd4", - "label": "ROCHE MOUTONNEES/SHEEPBACK", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "A rock formation created by the passing of a glacier. When a glacier erodes down to bedrock, it can form tear-drop shaped hills that taper in the up-ice direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcbf8f96-ac53-41b6-9c98-a87425a4ec82", - "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "Distinctive geomorphological landforms of angular rock debris frozen in interstitial ice which may extend outward and downslope from talus cones, glaciers or terminal moraines of glaciers. There are two types of rock glaciers: periglacial glaciers, or talus-derived glaciers, and glacial rock glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bffac466-83aa-4060-a378-6d2d6e49f2a1", - "label": "TILL PLAINS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", - "definition": "An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. A till plain with irregular topography is referred to as a ground moraine.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", - "label": "KARST LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "A Karst landform is a feature created on the Earth's surface by the drainage of water into the ground or by its discharge at springs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b9e8b2e3-ea76-4ce9-8a25-64ba0cdef913", - "label": "SINKHOLES (DOLINES)", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", - "definition": "A shallow usually funnel-shaped depression of the ground surface formed by solution in limestone regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdeff06c-28ec-4a4c-b522-4a46f1f9a239", - "label": "CAVES", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", - "definition": "A natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. Some people suggest that the term cave should only apply to cavities that have some part that does not receive daylight; however, in popular usage, the term includes smaller spaces like sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9323363-ea07-479d-8b64-e3dbf298a7c5", - "label": "KARST VALLEY", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", - "definition": "A valley-scale, mid-size, closed depression otherwise meeting the definition of a sinkhole but also enclosing more than one smaller sinkhole and sinking stream.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee347068-e1ff-4271-8726-8343f4f15614", - "label": "COCKPIT/TOWER KARST", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", - "definition": "Limestone towers, from 30 to 200m in height with nearly vertical walls and gently domed or serrated summits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d42a8f13-c438-4794-9f37-bd7870ec731d", - "label": "UVALA", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", - "definition": "A large elongate sinkhole resulting from enlargement and coalescence of a linear group of small sinkholes", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "label": "TECTONIC LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", - "definition": "'Tectonic landforms' are structural landforms of regional extent. These landforms make up extensive landscapes whose topography is strongly influenced by the structure of underlying rocks that have undergone (or are undergoing) some degree of deformation (and possible associated metamorphism and igneous intrusion). Landscapes developed on orogenic belts, uplifts, domes, basins, and shields can all be thought of as tectonic landforms. 'Tectonic processes' are large-scale geologic processes that develop these landforms and include mountain building and crustal rifting.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1a0e7a60-9c22-40c5-8424-55119b4db743", - "label": "CALDERA", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A large circular depression in a volcano.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9f7bee8-fb32-40b1-9936-ecf6f6597b6b", - "label": "CINDER CONE", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "181fb5a4-125b-445d-b65f-adf9a919c800", - "label": "FAULTS", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1fa2b28-dc04-4373-a6b6-bbcedfaabfb5", - "label": "GRABEN", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8493f8c2-63c3-4e1c-b813-1f0f3893a30a", - "label": "HORST", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12d2d3ab-2f04-436f-abd4-e28517e6f86c", - "label": "FOLDS", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c2e1960-ae20-46a9-acf1-a3e71542fbb4", - "label": "VOLCANO", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8a9104b-fe7b-4a60-94fc-6b5ef504db55", - "label": "TUYA", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were formerly covered by continental ice sheets and also had active volcanism during the same time period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edb9d13d-27a1-4e9a-a32e-4e49b5e76836", - "label": "LAVA PLAIN", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "Also called a lava field or lava bed, is a large expanse of nearly flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly-fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7ff366c-4322-47bf-b12e-c3fbfb05cf54", - "label": "MAAR", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "Broad, low-relief volcanic crater that is caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption, an explosion caused by groundwater coming into contact with hot lava or magma. A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a888a27-8715-46c8-9e11-a6bffba00078", - "label": "GEYSER", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapour phase (steam).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "694e18ec-ceaf-4070-9763-f3ee6dbd6b5b", - "label": "PLATEAU", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "An area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau. A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b7f66ea-d481-4641-9dbf-da90ca3ad9c9", - "label": "MOUNTAINS", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. The adjective montane is used to describe mountainous areas and things associated with them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97298feb-6991-4d68-8337-177460e436ad", - "label": "RIDGE", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A geological feature that features a chain of mountains or hills that are of a continuous elevated crest for some distance. Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca874a66-f3a8-4099-978c-4684944dc348", - "label": "RIFT VALLEY", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "A linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. This action is manifest as crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78200b25-8c91-4f1b-82cc-ed79764cd647", - "label": "LAVA DOME", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", - "definition": "Roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano. The geochemistry of lava domes can vary from basalt to rhyolite although most preserved domes tend to have high silica content.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "label": "EROSION/SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "The natural processes relating to the break down of soil and rock, and the movement and deposition of the resulting particles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2f2f5764-d4e6-4bbb-bd6d-dda373018237", - "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The general lowering of the surface of the land by erosive processes, especially by the removal of material through erosion and transportation by flowing water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6a5cc87-a333-4e99-88d4-bf7b5b1cf484", - "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The process of picking up and carrying along, as the collecting and movement of sediment by currents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e2b1b67-a401-4fb6-9ee9-b022c1c023dc", - "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The wearing away of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, wind, and underground water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea4aefeb-64cd-4408-83d8-8e0a672739b9", - "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "A general term for a wide variety of processes and landforms involving the downslope movement, under gravity, of masses of soil and rock material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca2ffcd6-39e6-4eab-abc2-07eb4a197e3d", - "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The chemical composition of a sediment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "807aff1a-6fe0-474a-a025-a0d0d8b17dbd", - "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The minearlogical constituents of a sediment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4ad5a76-7540-4433-ad82-9fe89259538b", - "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The movement of sediment by natural agents (such as flowing water, ice, wind, or gravity) either as solid particles or in solution, from one place to another on the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b41498cd-6b2b-47e3-afe7-0f05b4c0807d", - "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The process of deposition of sediment, especially by mechanical means from a state of suspension in water or air.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26558c08-beca-4ef0-9ea3-b000504ece60", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42b5ae5b-90d5-44f0-b331-6c22cdd45c3f", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks from older to younger above; essentially without interruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69ff701a-674e-4b63-bb93-6ebe6cd95281", - "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "Sediment particles supported by the upward currents in eddies of turbulent flow in the surrounding fluid.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b07017e8-d714-45a6-b1fe-8c00230ec209", - "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", - "definition": "The destructive processes by which rocks are changed on exposure to atmospheric agents at or near the earth's surface, with little or no transport of the loosened or altered material.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", - "label": "LANDSCAPE", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "The fundamental traits of a specific geographic area; including its biological composition, physical environment and anthropogenic or social patterns.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e77c0096-05a7-47ff-8629-55d12c46bb6b", - "label": "LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", - "definition": "The study of the distribution patterns of communities and ecosystems; the ecological processes that affect those patterns and changes in pattern and process over time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36a4ac5a-1082-4922-9bca-934c06e54cda", - "label": "LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", - "definition": "The identification, assessment, design, and manipulation of features or values of a landscape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcb100c9-5b43-422a-a429-25cae9dbb170", - "label": "REFORESTATION", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", - "definition": "The natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted, usually through deforestation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b6fe940-7383-4bae-b436-fc487723bbcf", - "label": "LANDSCAPE PATTERNS", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", - "definition": "A natural space classification of living communities and their environmental conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c44a08d-0a08-47f5-b819-7e561445e613", - "label": "LANDSCAPE PROCESSES", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", - "definition": "The physical processes that shape an area of land, including landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, and human activity and the built environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d57dff3d-5f2f-425c-80bb-2a6fcb42d3fa", - "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", - "definition": "Restoration: The processes by which an area is treated in an attempt to restore original conditions. \n\nReclamation: The process of reconverting land to other forms of productive uses. \n\nRevegetation: Reestablishment of vegetation which may take place naturally or be induced by humans through seeding or transplanting.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", - "label": "SURFACE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "Any measurement involving the scattering, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation at the land surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "136b1de3-4b2e-49e6-80cd-cf2e9bac2c48", - "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", - "definition": "The ratio of the radiation reflected from an object to the total amount incident upon it, for a particular portion of the spectrum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00c1d7b9-61d8-40ad-8c33-f27006832866", - "label": "ANISOTROPY", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", - "definition": "The characteristic of a surface for which a physical property, such as reflectivity, varies in value with the direction in or along which the measurement is made.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ee9d0c5-2e0c-486c-b89b-7b002d18c5f7", - "label": "EMISSIVITY", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", - "definition": "The ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a perfect blackbody radiator at the same temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f043c0a8-9cee-4c51-bf64-a4aaa34ab75d", - "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", - "definition": "The ratio of reflected radiation to that of the incident radiation on a surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", - "label": "TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "The general configuration of the land surface,\tincluding its relief and the position of its natural features.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "21474df3-f9a6-48ca-be15-bdb3611fe062", - "label": "SURFACE ROUGHNESS", - "broader": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", - "definition": "The unevenness of the land surface that results in friction for fluid flow. This can be influenced by the presence of such things as vegetation, water bodies, mountains and other landforms, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", - "label": "TERRAIN ELEVATION", - "broader": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", - "definition": "The vertical distance from mean sea level to a point or object on the Earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f7d2e34a-c5c2-4c21-9132-2472620dbda1", - "label": "TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF MAPS", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", - "definition": "A type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines in modern mapping, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a combination of two line segments that connect but do not intersect; these represent elevation on a topographic map.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "120f9132-a756-4f6f-a74c-78e94dfcd2a1", - "label": "CONTOUR MAPS", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", - "definition": "A map that contains contours, which are imaginary lines that connect points of equal value (e.g. elevation of the land surface).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "395372ad-2883-4b6a-a481-6383a310ca47", - "label": "DIGITAL ELEVATION/TERRAIN MODEL (DEM)", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", - "definition": "A digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface created from terrain elevation data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05e52e24-b9ac-42cf-bdf9-1dcad56900e8", - "label": "BED ELEVATION", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", - "definition": "Elevation of the bed with respect to mean sea level", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1f5c621-7b45-4889-8d02-b5ca6bf86c08", - "label": "Digital Surface Model (DSM)", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", - "definition": "Digital Surface Model (DSM): A topographic digital model capturing both the natural and artificial features of the surface", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "05bef198-cfff-48be-b0cb-14e296d38dbc", - "label": "TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS", - "broader": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", - "definition": "The topographic effect is indicated on Landsat images of rugged terrain by the visual impression of relief. It is caused by the variation in spectral radiance due to surface slope and aspect variations. The difference in radiance between a horizontal and sloping surface of the same cover type provides a measure of the topographic effect (Holben and Justice 1981).\tHolben and Justice (1979) also measured it and showed that\nthe effect is most extreme in areas of rugged terrain and especially for slopes in the principal plane of the sun and at low solar elevations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", - "label": "SURFACE THERMAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", - "definition": "Refers to the measurements of any sort related to the amount of heat on the surface of the land.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "40d6a3e7-89dd-4399-8fa5-bbc7a0917b4e", - "label": "SKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", - "definition": "Refers to the effective radiating temperature of the soil plus canopy surface. It is inferred from satellites in the 8-12 um window region. In climate models, it is the temperature used to determine upward thermal emission. The skin temperature usually shows a larger diurnal variation than the surface air temperature, a factor that needs to be considered when evaluating data/model comparisons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d559b900-eca6-42a4-9311-0297b2ef98ab", - "label": "LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", - "definition": "Refers to how hot the “surface” of the Earth would feel to the touch in a particular location. From a satellite’s point of view, the “surface” is whatever it sees when it looks through the atmosphere to the ground. It could be snow and ice, the grass on a lawn, the roof of a building, or the leaves in the canopy of a forest. Thus, land surface temperature is not the same as the air temperature that is included in the daily weather report.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8931329c-3f6d-4ba6-913c-27afa8d104c1", - "label": "LAND HEAT CAPACITY", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", - "definition": "The ratio of the heat absorbed (or released) by a system to the corresponding temperature rise (or fall).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", - "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a213e661-4a55-4cee-a889-738f7bd6097c", - "label": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05dd9887-0b58-45f2-b3ea-6e26bbee6990", - "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcefbf77-61b6-462b-a9dc-97f9035ac545", - "label": "LONGWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b514c2a8-ff5e-4f5a-95ab-5d06c61288c4", - "label": "SHORTWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", - "label": "BIOSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rain forests and high mountaintops.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "label": "VEGETATION", - "broader": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", - "definition": "Vegetation, as used, here are types of plants and vegetation structures.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "df597f06-8575-4726-acac-65b2bd432d59", - "label": "DOMINANT SPECIES", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Dominant Species are recognized by their numerical abundance or biomass and\nare usually defined separately for each trophic level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e06e528-e796-4b7c-9878-dbcb061d878d", - "label": "TREE RINGS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Tree Rings, also known as annual rings or growth rings, are a sheath of\ncells appearing as one of a series of concentric rings in the\ncross-section of a woody stem. Each ring is usually the result of a\nsingle yearly growth flush starting in spring and ceasing in late summer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a28eeef3-b252-4309-957b-860d2e0f97ef", - "label": "AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Afforestation is the establishment of trees on an area that has lacked forest\r\ncover for a very long time or has never been forested. Reforestation is the\r\nnatural or artificial restocking (i.e., planting, seeding) of an area with\r\nforest trees. Also called forest regeneration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "686feba9-87ba-474c-8280-7f67565cfb2f", - "label": "BIOMASS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Mass of biological material. Usually the total mass of a particular group\nor category; for example, the biomass of producer organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abbba948-9b77-4e19-a855-49a7fbc17696", - "label": "CANOPY CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Canopy characteristics refer to Global Change Master Directory\ndetailed variables under the variable, Canopy Characteristics: canopy\nheight, canopy position, canopy reflectance, canopy resistance, and canopy\ntemperature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "42eb8baf-edbd-4791-8114-ca898ce5890f", - "label": "VEGETATION HEIGHT", - "broader": "abbba948-9b77-4e19-a855-49a7fbc17696", - "definition": "Average height of existing vegetation", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f6537f5-773f-4df1-862b-d9ab80eb5e04", - "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Any measurement of Carbon in the soil, in organic or inorganic fractions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e3999ec-d864-43fd-8d84-bd23630c405f", - "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the\nlight energy required for photosynthesis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c59b0666-e20f-4134-847b-89719ed5621a", - "label": "CROWN", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "The crown is the horizontal layer of the vegetation where most of the\nbranches and foliage are found.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7de16ed-c090-449b-81c1-44fe5b1195f0", - "label": "DECIDUOUS VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Deciduous vegetation is vegetation that sheds its leaves each year in the\nfall. Maple, oak, black cherry, and beech trees are examples. The loss of\nleaves in the fall is believed to be an adaptation that greatly reduces\nevaporation at a time when the supply of liquid water is limited.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f717330e-3656-4910-beed-d54cc9a19c2b", - "label": "EXOTIC VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Exotic vegetation are species of vegetation that are introduced to\na geographical area where they are not native.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8d3f9a0-be0b-4690-86b9-ac64d951886a", - "label": "FOREST COMPOSITION/VEGETATION STRUCTURE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Forest Composition refers to the tree species which make up the forest.\r\nVegetation Structure refers to the vertical arrangement of canopy layers and\r\nplants of different life forms, or the horizontal variation in canopy\r\nclosure and canopy layers, or both. Vegetation Structure also includes\r\nstanding dead trees (snags) and decaying logs on the ground (coarse woody\r\ndebris).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40766d01-bda1-420b-9fd1-fba6d6924f3f", - "label": "HERBIVORY", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Herbivory is an ecological interaction between two species where one\nspecies eats part or all of a plant species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "536a5a5a-28bb-473a-aa95-6d2dd1e5098d", - "label": "IMPORTANCE VALUE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "The importance value is the sum of relative density, relative dominance,\nand relative frequency for a species in the community. The larger the\nimportance value, the more dominant a species is in the particular\ncommunity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bfb8ae4-c08a-4d69-82d2-1b1b0d4acef6", - "label": "INDIGENOUS VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Indigenous Vegetation or native vegetation is applied to a species that\noccurs naturally in an area, and therefore, one that has not been\nintroduced by humans accidentally or intentionally.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bca1b724-3370-4a26-bcbc-3530ce4ddc97", - "label": "LEAF CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Pertain to the general characteristics of leaves including leaf structure, arrangement, leaf shape, and leaf margin.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f829171e-8b22-4f93-8f71-7932dfd7a70b", - "label": "LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI)", - "broader": "bca1b724-3370-4a26-bcbc-3530ce4ddc97", - "definition": "The one sided green leaf area per unit ground area in broadleaf canopies, or as the projected needleleaf area per unit ground area in needle canopies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "afc54d28-de94-4674-9528-39f00bf74d6d", - "label": "LITTER CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Litter characteristics refer to Global Change Master Directory\ndetailed variable under the variable, Litter Characteristics: litter\nchemistry, litter decomposition, litter dry weight, litterfall, and\nlitterfall flux.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf0ddf9c-39ba-4b2d-91ac-63021d644276", - "label": "MACROPHYTES", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Macrophytes are macroscopic vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed7c506e-b18e-4a93-ac03-4bdfe119b72f", - "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Nitrogen is a plant nutrient that is a component of proteins, nucleic\nacids, coenzymes, and chlorophylls. Plants that are deficient in nitrogen\nhave stunted growth, and light-green older leaves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bcb805c-718e-42c3-913d-174bdf06d4c1", - "label": "NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Nutrients are elements essential for growth and survival of a given organism.\n Directly or indirectly, nutrients have roles in metabolism that no\nother nutrients fulfills.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47f4e7ac-b4ca-4ef9-824b-a36ea5510526", - "label": "PHOSPHORUS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Phosphorus is a plant element which is a component of nucleic\nacids, phospholipids and ATP.\t Plants lacking phosphorus have\npurplish veins, stunted growth, fewer seeds, and fruits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db69ecb1-0738-4d82-943f-ae92093f500d", - "label": "PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Photosynthetically Active Radiation is the light in the whole wavelength band from 400 nm (deep violet) to 700 nm (dark red) used by plants in photosynthesis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6079e5e4-4dee-4b32-aaa8-ae3231bcbadb", - "label": "FRACTION OF ABSORBED PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION (FAPAR)", - "broader": "db69ecb1-0738-4d82-943f-ae92093f500d", - "definition": "The fraction of the incoming solar radiation in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a photosynthetic organism, typically describing the light absorption across an integrated plant canopy.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e801e91-897e-4528-8f4c-4ec527ad33cc", - "label": "PIGMENTS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Pigments are light-absorbing molecules. In addition to chlorophyll,\nother pigments, principally yellow and orange carotenoids, as well as\nother forms of chlorophyll, are also present in green plants.\tThese\nmolecules absorb light and then pass the energy to the chlorophyll a.\nAccessory pigments, like the carotenoids, enable the plants to use more of\nthe light than is trapped by chlorophyll a alone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", - "label": "PLANT CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Plant characteristics refer to Global Change Master Directory\ndetailed variables under the variable, Plant Characteristics: Plant\naboveground biomass, plant biomass, plant blooms, plant boron\nconcentration, plant calcium concentration, plant carbon concentration,\nplant copper concentration, plant diameter, plant diseases, plant height,\nplant iron concentration, plant magnesium concentration, plant manganese\nconcentration, plant nitrogen concentration, plant phosphorus\nconcentration, plant potassium concentration, plant production, plant root\nbiomass, plant sink capacity, plant sulfur concentration, plant water\npotential, and plant zinc concentration.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ff141ffe-05ea-4901-a243-e6186826b05c", - "label": "VEGETATION WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", - "definition": "Vegetation water content (VWC) is the amount of water contained in vegetation. VWC is a parameter in agriculture applications that provides information for water stress, aid in yield estimation, assessing drought conditions and retrieving soil moisture from microwave remote sensing observations", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e95bcfcd-a7b6-4317-a678-fe713405f1c8", - "label": "CROP HEIGHT", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", - "definition": "Crop Height is defined as the height above the soil (measured in cm) for individual plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "244a2eb6-bb6c-462c-978e-f9cfe96dffba", - "label": "CROP DENSITY", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", - "definition": "Crop Density is the number of individual plants found within a set area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3eb9aa2e-8314-4470-a7b5-8bfba901e1fe", - "label": "XYLEM DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", - "definition": "The degree of electrical polarization a material experiences under the influence of an external electric field.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0ad34ee-4b38-4a8d-a483-b3bfea66fa82", - "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Pollen is, collectively, the mass of microspores or pollen grains produced within the anthers of a flowering plant or the male cones of a gymnosperm.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86dfb9ca-6587-4a91-b397-f220bb48a1eb", - "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Reclamation, as used here refers, to putting a natural resource to a new\nor altered use. Restoration is the return of an ecosystem to a\nclose approximation of its condition prior to disturbance. Revegetation is\nthe planting of vegetation in an area where vegetation has been removed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe6b37b9-f95a-491e-a58e-22aa66be9a9d", - "label": "REFORESTATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Reforestation is the replanting of trees in forests where the trees have\nbeen cut down. Reforestation sometimes is undertaken in an effort to\nreduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by restoring forests, which are\ncarbon sinks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bdb3251-4811-439c-b172-9bbcd98e84b3", - "label": "VEGETATION COVER", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Vegetation Cover is the percent of vegetation in an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", - "label": "VEGETATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "An index that is determined using visible and near-IR channels on AVHRR. Denotes relative chlorophyll content of vegetation during daylight conditions, and is thus used to monitor drought conditions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b1d65d88-7bd0-491d-91ca-4102b89dc3e7", - "label": "LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI)", - "broader": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", - "definition": "The one sided green leaf area per unit ground area in broadleaf canopies, or as the projected needleleaf area per unit ground area in needle canopies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2297a00a-80f5-466e-b28e-b9ca42562d3f", - "label": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)", - "broader": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", - "definition": "An index of plant “greenness” or photosynthetic activity, and is one of the most commonly used vegetation indices.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "de0ace5c-fa2b-47ca-93db-79d8df7ab6f2", - "label": "VEGETATION SPECIES", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Vegetation Species are the enumeration of different species in an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16a7b4d6-e47f-4753-8803-f72edc4e1c5e", - "label": "EVERGREEN VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Vegetation that has persistent leaves and whose crown is never totally bare.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f45aadf-ec7c-43a1-a008-b24ca139837a", - "label": "PLANT PHENOLOGY", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "The science that treats the periodic biological phenomena with relation to\r\nclimate, especially seasonal changes.\r\nPhenological events are stages of plant growth. From a climatological\r\nviewpoint, these phenomena serve as bases for the interpretation of progress in\nlocal seasons and the climatic zones, and are considered to integrate the\r\neffects of a number of bioclimatic factors on rate of plant development.\r\nPhenology may be considered a branch of the science of bioclimatics, the\r\nsequence of plant or crop development stages through its life cycle. Growth\r\nstages may be defined by stage of physiological development such as\r\ngermination, first true leaf, flowering, maturity, etc., and/or by physical\r\nstage such as planting, emergence, harvest, etc.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f18f64b-dfac-4f93-9ded-89c8f249c2d1", - "label": "GROWTH STAGE", - "broader": "3f45aadf-ec7c-43a1-a008-b24ca139837a", - "definition": "Growth Stage is defined as the phenological growth stage and is measured on the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry) Scale.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2edf648a-6a71-44c3-9c1a-8fcdd2dcc61c", - "label": "CANOPY TRANSMITTANCE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Measurement of the light received at a photo cell in the canopy of vegetation placed at fixed distances from a light source.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a13efd5-d712-4b5d-abd4-9caf5914cfb6", - "label": "SOLAR INDUCED FLUORESCENCE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Solar-induced fluorescence is the glow plants emit from photosynthesis — the process of plant growth that includes the capture of carbon from the atmosphere. Areas with lower photosynthesis activity are in shown in light green; areas with higher photosynthesis activity are shown in dark green.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f97f5caf-206e-4310-8c9d-c4c1a09d3c62", - "label": "VEGETATION OPTICAL DEPTH", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Optical depth is a measure of how opaque a medium is to radiation passing through it. The optical depth is directly related to the vegetation water content, and is also a function of the incidence angle and the radiometric frequency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b4a6b86-6a74-4b01-b0ee-a9d7d60c72cb", - "label": "VEGETATION WATER POTENTIAL", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", - "definition": "Water potential is defined by its chemical activity or free energy.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", - "label": "ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS", - "broader": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", - "definition": "Describes coupled dynamics of human-ecological systems", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", - "label": "ECOTOXICOLOGY", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", - "definition": "Describes the adverse effects on living organisms that chemicals can have when\r\nreleased into the natural environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a54dbc4f-c136-4648-9797-db00e62fe22b", - "label": "SPECIES BIOACCUMULATION", - "broader": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", - "definition": "The uptake and retention of chemicals by organisms via food or water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e89d525-161c-4e02-8ef8-4868e0cf8c57", - "label": "BIOAVAILABILITY", - "broader": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", - "definition": "The degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or\nis made available at the site of physiological activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5518feb6-93a8-46fd-9e9a-25be3a832d6d", - "label": "TOXICITY LEVELS", - "broader": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", - "definition": "A property whereby substances are injurious to health when ingested or\ninhaled, such as chlorine, ammonia, pesticides, and formaldehyde.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "label": "ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", - "definition": "Ecosystem functions are the physical, chemical, biological, and man-made\nprocesses that contribute to the self-maintenance of an ecosystem.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9015e65f-bbae-4855-a4b6-1bfa601752bd", - "label": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "A Biogeochemical cycle is the movement of chemical elements from organism\nto physical environment to organism in more or less circular\npathways.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a55497b-8e07-431a-9af9-fece001f1dd7", - "label": "FOOD-WEB DYNAMICS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Food-web Dynamics denotes the complex network of interconnected food chains.\n Food chains are innumberable pathways where one organism is eaten by a\nsecond, which is eaten by a third.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecd03762-df34-49b7-91f2-d8a51acd270e", - "label": "PRIMARY PRODUCTION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Primary production is production by green plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a33a978-8ef6-4313-b489-c06cfc6d9cec", - "label": "NUTRIENT CYCLING", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Nutrient cycling is the repeated pathway of particular nutrients or\nelements from the environment through one or more organisms back to the\nenvironment. Nutrient cycles include the carbon cycle, the nitrogen\ncycle, the phosphorus cycle, and so on.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07b53dde-6fea-4662-9d03-ccfd617ca710", - "label": "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and\nwater by chlorphyll using light as energy with oxygen as a\nbyproduct.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16e5beb3-e3ae-49a4-8fac-302fbbcdd39c", - "label": "EXCRETION RATES", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Excretion is any of several processes by which excess water, excess or\nharmful solutes, or waste materials leave the body by way of a urinary\nsystem or certain glands.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29a64468-46a8-4dbc-955d-80b7b4cf9aaf", - "label": "RESPIRATION RATE", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "The chemical process that occurs in all living cells wherein organic\ncompounds are broken down to release energy required for life\nprocesses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fb90409-f9b5-46bc-8a6a-7c42e250c7c3", - "label": "OXYGEN DEMAND", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Oxygen demand or biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen that will\nbe absorbed or 'demanded' as wastes are being digested or oxidized in\nboth biological and chemical processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f8a1613-67b0-4d6a-a9ad-89097c27a052", - "label": "CHEMOSYNTHESIS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "The ability of some microorganisms to utilize the chemical energy contained\nin certain inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide for the production\nof organic material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6464d91-2373-456f-85a7-a5019bdb1076", - "label": "CONSUMPTION RATES", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Consumption is the process whereby organisms in an ecosystem derive\ntheir energy from feeding on other organisms or their products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "560eac7e-d172-4a31-a659-a3e99d5f61ac", - "label": "DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Action resulting in decay or rotting of organic material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0eb9268-0333-4442-9bc6-efbe338d9836", - "label": "BIOMASS DYNAMICS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Mass of biological material. Usually the total mass of a particular group\nor category; for example, the biomass of producer organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "200e9b2d-0201-4f52-9a5e-6dc6c4668ec9", - "label": "SECONDARY PRODUCTION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Secondary production is production by herbivores, carnivores, or\ndetritus feeders.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd46a0bf-5c06-48af-a6c9-022417b1fffd", - "label": "TROPHIC DYNAMICS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Trophic dynamics are major interactions among organisms which involve\nfeeding relationships.\t The feeding levels are called trophic levels\nwhere all producers belong to the first trophic level; all primary\nconsumers (in other words, all herbivores), whether feeding on living or\ndead producers, belong to the second trophic level; organisms feeding on\nthese herbivores belong to the third level, and so on.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e58872a8-6104-4ff8-bbca-4b00ba4b38e8", - "label": "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Carbon sequestration is the process through which CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed by various carbon sinks. Types of sinks include agricultural sinks, forests, geologic formations, oceanic sinks,as well as roots and within the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5069167e-0b99-48af-9f81-8c765e112083", - "label": "NUTRITIONAL CONSTRAINTS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Biological and environmental contrasts between aquatic and terrestrial systems have hindered analyses of community and ecosystem structure across Earth's diverse habitats. Ecological stoichiometry1,2 provides an integrative approach for such analyses, as all organisms are composed of the same major elements (C, N, P) whose balance affects production, nutrient cycling, and food-web dynamics3,4. Here we show both similarities and differences in the C:N:P ratios of primary producers (autotrophs) and invertebrate primary consumers (herbivores) across habitats. Terrestrial food webs are built on an extremely nutrient-poor autotroph base with C:P and C:N ratios higher than in lake particulate matter, although the N:P ratios are nearly identical. Terrestrial herbivores (insects) and their freshwater counterparts (zooplankton) are nutrient-rich and indistinguishable in C:N:P stoichiometry. In both lakes and terrestrial systems, herbivores should have low growth efficiencies (10–30%) when consuming autotrophs with typical carbon-to-nutrient ratios. These stoichiometric constraints on herbivore growth appear to be qualitatively similar and widespread in both environments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b5ed8b8-c739-46cd-ba74-6cf560dc7986", - "label": "FATTY ACID DESATURASE", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into fatty acyl chains. They are present in all groups of organisms, i.e., bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, and play a key role in the maintenance of the proper structure and functioning of biological membranes. The desaturases are characterized by the presence of three conserved histidine tracks which are presumed to compose the Fe-binding active centers of the enzymes. Recent findings on the structure and expression of different types of fatty acid desaturase in cyanobacteria, plants and animals are reviewed in this article. Roles of individual desaturases in temperature acclimation and principles of regulation of the desaturase genes are discussed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e2c0e3a-4716-4211-9804-734a7a93adbe", - "label": "POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", - "definition": "Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are major components of complex lipid molecules and are also involved in numerous critical biological processes. Studies conducted mainly in vertebrates have demonstrated that LC-PUFA can be biosynthesized through the concerted action of two sets of enzymes, namely fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) proteins. While LC-PUFA research is a thriving field, mainly focused on human health, an integrated view regarding the evolution of LC-PUFA biosynthetic genetic machinery in chordates is yet to be produced. Particularly important is to understand whether lineage specific life history trajectories, as well as major biological transitions, or particular genomic processes such as genome duplications have impacted the evolution of LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways. Here we review the gene repertoire of Fads and Elovl in chordate genomes and the diversity of substrate specificities acquired during evolution. We take advantage of the magnitude of genomic and functional data to show that combination duplication processes and functional plasticity have generated a wide diversity of physiological capacities in extant lineages. A clear evolutionary framework is provided, which will be instrumental for the full clarification of functional capacities between the various vertebrate groups", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "label": "SPECIES/POPULATION INTERACTIONS", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", - "definition": "Describes the dynamics of species or populations, and how these populations\ninteract with the environment by fitting evolutionary strategies.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "45950ee6-adc2-4f39-96a7-c00bacd1ba9e", - "label": "POLLINATOR SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Species which transfer pollen from an anther (the male reproductive organ) \r\nto a stigma (the receptive part of the female reproductive organ), either \r\nof the same flower (self-pollinator) or of a different flower of the same \r\nspecies (cross-pollinator).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "744c38f8-feeb-4e01-a909-33d75fefba82", - "label": "USE/FEEDING HABITATS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Feeding habitat refers to the many aspects of how living organisms obtain\ntheir food.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80ae5fdc-c312-4fa1-bf7d-60346529976d", - "label": "NATURAL SELECTION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Selection, or natural selection, is a nonrandom reproduction of genotypes\nthat results in the survival of those best adapted to their environment\nand elimination of those less well adapted. Selection leads to\nevolutionary change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad3a5f4f-4624-4a08-b875-6723c2615e90", - "label": "POPULATION DYNAMICS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Population dynamics is the study of the reasons for changes in population\nsize.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f930dcf2-ddb4-4242-9079-9c8d5ceeaa35", - "label": "ENDANGERED SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "An endangered species is a species in imminent danger of extinction\nthroughout all or a significant portion of its range.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51f3e55c-b694-4028-86fe-604a52dc794f", - "label": "PARASITISM", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Parasitism is where two species live in an obligatory association in which\nthe parasite depends metabolically on the host .", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87601d17-faca-42c2-a431-61cf67933095", - "label": "MUTATION RATES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Mutation is a spontaneous change in the genotype of an organism at the\ngenetic, chromosomal, or genomic level. The term mutation often refers to\nalterations to new allelic forms, and represents new material for\nevolutionary change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f27f7bf4-53fd-41bb-8e7e-b771f48f3bcc", - "label": "EXTINCTION RATE", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Extinction is the death of all individuals of a particular species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f75f9011-903e-4757-9fcf-fefac2599b59", - "label": "DIURNAL MOVEMENTS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Diurnal movements are movements that occur at daily intervals as applied\nto such daily rhythms as leaf or flower opening and closing or the\ncharacteristic rise and fall of temperature associated with the hours of\nlight and darkness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf3d1728-7606-4561-a0dd-116b4dbec21f", - "label": "EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Adaptation is an ecological or evolutionary change in structure or\nfunction that produces better adjustment of an organism to its environment\nand hence enhances its ability to survive and reproduce.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bcb43cdf-294e-463c-a114-a55bd54f0b48", - "label": "GRAZING DYNAMICS/PLANT HERBIVORY", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Herbivory is an ecological interaction between two species where one\nspecies eats part or all of a plant species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd9f44da-b3b4-4f9c-a21f-89b59a29b235", - "label": "INDIGENOUS/NATIVE SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Indigenous Species or native species is a term applied to a species that\noccurs naturally in an area, and therefore, one that has not been\nintroduced by humans accidentally or intentionally.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa68e752-f3a7-4361-a000-47c908545e49", - "label": "SURVIVAL RATES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Survival is the converse of mortality for an organism.\tSurvival is a result\nof a combination of factors that contribute toward successful\nreproductive advantage and the ability to resist being killed or eaten by\nanother species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "003466f4-9ee7-4d3b-81ff-2013add292e2", - "label": "MUTUALISM", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Mutualism is an interaction between two species in which both benefit from\nthe association and cannot live separately.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60bd0b0a-2d6f-4f3c-bf42-2c081ef48b72", - "label": "SPECIES COMPETITION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Competition is the interaction of two species where they both use the\nsame limited resource or harm one another while seeking a resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b69d76ba-ad69-4418-8e5b-ebb659604dda", - "label": "SPECIES PREDATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Predation is where one animal eats all or part of a second animal\nspecies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abc96dce-cbae-43a4-b7c2-2ff02276b030", - "label": "SCAVENGING", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Scavenging is the manner of feeding where the animal feeds on dead animal\nand plant matter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e008a809-42eb-4694-aac2-db7b6027ee77", - "label": "SYMBIOSIS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Symbiosis is the intimate living together or association of two kinds\nof organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd06e0a2-f689-4b33-8a85-f38bf4966808", - "label": "SPECIES LIFE HISTORY", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Life History of a population are long-term attributes, such as age at\nfirst breeding, which are more likely to change in response to long-term\nchanges in an organism's environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4ed794f-d7b6-4e53-b565-3b86fe584ba3", - "label": "MIGRATORY RATES/ROUTES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Migration is a persistent movement across different habitats in response\nto seasonal changes in resource availability and quality. Migratory rates\nand routes are observed for many migrating species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f173021d-afc4-4a8f-8432-30c0cf832e3b", - "label": "POST-BREEDING PERIODS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Post-Breeding is the time after nesting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "615e826e-a5da-4e94-b7df-ad3515c06135", - "label": "RANGE CHANGES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Range Changes with respect to Migration include forays outside the home range, usually in search of suitable habitat or mating opportunities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5efc3bc4-6403-4e33-ba23-5418fbc026b1", - "label": "BIOLUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Bioluminescence is a flashing of light that emanates from an organism\nwhen excited electrons of ATP phosphorylates, luciferins (highly\nfluorescent substances), return to a lower energy level. An example of\nbioluminescence are fireflies which give off these flashes of light as the\nluciferases convert chemical energy to light energy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddeb06af-5c36-428d-801e-e9f9a60ce429", - "label": "EXOTIC SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Exotic species are those that are introduced to a geographical area where\nthey are not native.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfc20833-d79a-4976-91fd-db9f3efc7822", - "label": "HIBERNATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "A state of greatly reduced metabolic activity and lowered body\ntemperature adopted by certain mammals as an adaptation to winter\nconditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f16bc53-9125-4b44-8cd0-edd7edf7217e", - "label": "MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Many animals show unique morphological and behavioural adaptations to desert extremes, while others are able to avoid these by behavioural means. This chapter focuses on patterns of convergent evolution of traits to assess which features represent unique desert adaptations. There are several taxa for which suitable, phylogenetically-controlled analyses have been conducted. This means that the effects of phylogeny, which may be considerable, have been removed. Removing the effects of phylogeny allow one to test whether an adaptation has occurred. For example, a character may be considered a desert adaptation because many desert-dwelling species possess the character, and non-desert-dwelling species do not. However, if there are many desert-dwelling species in a particular part of a clade, then this character may have evolved by chance alone. Select examples from tenebrionid beetles, lizards, birds, and mammals are considered.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adf5f515-c7b4-4662-a144-580659957ce1", - "label": "MICROBIAL CHANGES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", - "definition": "Changes and adaptations to microorganisms and their communities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "label": "COMMUNITY DYNAMICS", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", - "definition": "Assembled species or populations that dynamically occur in space and time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4e366444-01ea-4517-9d93-56f55ddf41b7", - "label": "BIODIVERSITY FUNCTIONS", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "Biodiversity is the variety of life: the different plants, animals and\nmicro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a2a8cf8-6d7d-4ad6-b40c-4d9f7fed493f", - "label": "SPECIES DOMINANCE INDICES", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "Dominance is the condition in communities or in vegetational strata in\nwhich one or more species, by means of their number, coverage, or size,\nhave considerable influence upon or control of the conditions of existence\nof associated species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3c5e3e3-97bf-4e74-9f8d-523dce5f9270", - "label": "INDICATOR SPECIES", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "Indicator species are defined as species which can provide information on\r\necological changes and give early warning signals regarding ecosystem processes\nin site-specific conditions due to their sensitive reactions to them. They can\r\nalso be called sentinel species, indicator organisms, biological indicators\r\n('bioindicators'), biological markers, or environmental indicators. The latter\r\nthree expressions do not necessarily refer to species but also to other\r\nenvironmental elements which can indicate environmental changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bfdbe8d-3945-4678-a90b-d2251f973955", - "label": "INVASIVE SPECIES", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "Invasive species are alien species whose introduction does or is likely to\ncause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b98b8823-3e95-4383-bbb0-414ee8832112", - "label": "SPECIES RECRUITMENT", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "With reference to populations [of species], the maturation and entry of\nyoung into the adult breeding population.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad7abcce-b88e-46c7-be44-496d60c88f25", - "label": "PLANT SUCCESSION", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "The phenomenon of orderly transition from one biotic community to another\nand is also known as ecological or natural succession. Natural succession\noccurs because the physical environment may be gradually modified by the\ngrowth of the biotic community itself, such that the area becomes more\nfavorable to another group of species and less favorable to the present\noccupants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c09be13f-5dc2-4460-9055-1a7232aa41ae", - "label": "GRAZING DYNAMICS / PLANT ECOLOGY", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "wuewuer", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f42c849c-7113-4c69-a01e-52ebc5e7b44d", - "label": "COMMUNITY STRUCTURE", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", - "definition": "A community is a group of populations of plants and animals in a given\nplace or an ecological unit used in a broad sense to include groups of\nvarious sizes and degrees of integration. Community structure can refer to\nthe physical structure or to the biological structure of a community. The\nphysical structure is what one sees when looking at a community. For\nexample, in a forest, a primary structure is imposed by large trees, and a\nsecondary structure is the understory trees and shrubs. Biological\nstructure involves species composition and abundance, temporal changes in\ncommunities, and relationships between species in a community.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", - "label": "FIRE ECOLOGY", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", - "definition": "Branch of ecology that focuses on the origins of wildfire and their\nrelationship to the environment that surrounds it, both living and non-living.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e6f1ee58-fb71-42dd-b071-c1637da7e51f", - "label": "FIRE OCCURRENCE", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", - "definition": "Ecosystems that depend on the recurrence of fire to maintain the\nexisting balance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a0a6319-80c4-49fd-8a40-553175aa8637", - "label": "FIRE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", - "definition": "Describes the physical state of the fire and/or its effect. This may include\r\nthe time and location, duration, aerial extent, temperature, radiative power,\r\nand emission products of the fire event.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bfd42f1-0453-4c33-a21e-74df3ad64813", - "label": "FIRE MODELS", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", - "definition": "Calculation method that describes a system or process related to fire development, including fire dynamics and the effects of fire.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a45abde1-4717-44d8-8c31-4db5b03d0758", - "label": "FIRE DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", - "definition": "Ecological disturbance (fire): an event or force, of nonbiological or biological origin, that brings about mortality to organisms and changes in their spatial patterning in the ecosystems they inhabit. Disturbance plays a significant role in shaping the structure of individual populations and the character of whole ecosystems.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", - "label": "ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", - "definition": "An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces. (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "label": "TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", - "definition": "The dry land environment in which the life needs of a plant or animal are supplied.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", - "label": "FORESTS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "Areas in which vegetation is dominated by trees with their crowns overlapping, generally forming 60 - 100% cover.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cafa8131-4a2d-4c8b-811c-0d64adf5fc06", - "label": "BOREAL FOREST/TIAGA", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", - "definition": "Pertaining to subarctic forest consisting of primarily of short conifer trees and characterized by intensely cold winters, short summers, and high annual variation in temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a59dc6dc-5348-4e8b-aec2-20cdeb38b617", - "label": "TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", - "definition": "Pertaining to forests consisting of broadleaf deciduous trees found in mid-latitudes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d8236b5-bf5b-499f-a8e7-0cd80e00d261", - "label": "TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", - "definition": "Pertaining to forests consisting of coniferous-evergreen trees and characterized by well-defined seasons with cold, long snowy winters and warm, humid summers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cde47e7-325b-465e-93a6-ae4d459c7945", - "label": "TEMPERATE MIXED FOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", - "definition": "Pertaining to forests characterized by both coniferous and deciduous tree species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96ea0bde-7cf6-4601-8a49-116636f556cf", - "label": "TEMPERATE RAINFOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", - "definition": "Pertaining to forests in temperate latitudes characterized by high annual precipitation over 140 cm and infrequent fire.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89bb4e2b-dd39-44ed-a4d3-2b205e9fa68a", - "label": "TROPICAL RAINFOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", - "definition": "Pertaining to forests in tropical latitudes characterized by high annual precipitation consisting of dense vegetation divided into three distinct layers.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "label": "WETLANDS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "Wetlands is a term for a broad group of wet habitats. They are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the lands may be permanently or intermittently water covered.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e1f3f95-58b5-4f10-b239-850c66ed55ff", - "label": "ESTUARINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Areas of marsh grasses and reeds along coasts and estuaries where the ground\nis covered by high tides but drained at low tide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6862d4d4-51fe-4fde-80eb-60d3ef08e88e", - "label": "PALUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Palustrine Wetlands are areas along rivers that are at times, wet and at others, dry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ef6f360-10d0-4dc5-8fcb-c532eb23fe5d", - "label": "MARINE", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Marine Wetlands are areas that are sometimes covered with water and\nsometimes dry, being influenced by marine water level and tidal\nfluctuations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c05bcf2-d13b-44fd-b1a2-5ec797b2f851", - "label": "SWAMPS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Swamps are wet areas that are normally covered by water all year and subject\nto drying out during the summer. The parameter Swamp may be\ncolloquially interchanged with the parameter Marshes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "686e66f7-27bf-4b67-b034-e0fdf0e47c0c", - "label": "LACUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Lacustrine Wetlands are lakes, or former lakes, that are naturally filled\nwith shallow water at certain times and more or less drained at other\ntimes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3b5489d-6723-40bf-bd55-68a0f2fc1874", - "label": "PEATLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Peatlands are areas formed by a brown mass of organic matter in which twigs, roots, and other plant parts can still be recognized. These areas formed due to lack of enough oxygen to decay vegetation completely on land. Peatlands form in fresh-water swamps, indicated by the plant fossils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "419877cb-0c17-44b0-9b3d-a2283887a7a6", - "label": "MARSHES", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Marshes refer to the area that occurs between the open water of a lake and dry land", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1af675ae-9a65-4d91-970e-a8b9fcce0232", - "label": "RIPARIAN WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", - "definition": "Riparian wetlands are the strip of woods that grow along natural wetlands.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "de702fdd-3702-4164-a396-08082b0558c0", - "label": "KARST LANDSCAPE", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "An ecosystem within a landscape defined as Karst topography characterized by\r\ncaves, sinkholes, disappraring streams and underground drainage. Karst forms\r\nwhen groundwater dissolves pockets of limestone, dolomite, or gypsum in rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", - "label": "SHRUBLAND/SCRUB", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "Areas with vegetation dominated by shrubs (generally greater than 0.5 m or 1.5 ft tall, but less than 5 m or 16 ft tall) with individuals or clumps overlapping to not touching (generally forming more than 25%\ncover, trees generally less than 25% cover).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0cc6527e-d162-4951-9db7-a6afe5c631c0", - "label": "CHAPARRAL", - "broader": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", - "definition": "Pertaining to distinct shrubland unique to California.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9409e1f9-f3a9-46fa-aaf9-0e685ca2adcb", - "label": "MONTANE SHRUBLAND", - "broader": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", - "definition": "Pertaining to shrubland found at high elevations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "99e09719-f1f8-439e-be4c-759242612a84", - "label": "MONTANE HABITATS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "The zone in mountainous regions where the influence of altitude (vertical relief) results in local climatic regimes that are sufficiently different from those in the adjacent lowlands as to cause a complex vertical climate-vegetation-soil zonation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", - "label": "ALPINE/TUNDRA", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "Habitat found in the zone on mountain tops between permanent snow and the cold limits of trees, or in arctic regions, characterized by very low winter temperatures, short cool summers, permafrost below a surface layer subject to summer melt, short growing season, and low precipitation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "46ecf46f-a710-4589-82b2-34aebf35c3c0", - "label": "ARCTIC TUNDRA", - "broader": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", - "definition": "Pertaining to tundra found north of the Arctic Circle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "944d9d09-4317-4e9a-9aa5-dc4282be406e", - "label": "ALPINE TUNDRA", - "broader": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", - "definition": "Pertaining to tundra found above the timberline on high mountains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "101950b9-00d3-4721-9af8-fa5d51b196c3", - "label": "SUBALPINE", - "broader": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", - "definition": "Pertaining to high upland slopes and especially the zone just below the timberline.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", - "label": "GRASSLANDS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "Areas in which vegetation is dominated by perennial grasses and grass-like plants, such as sedges and rushes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d58dab07-f57e-47a9-8dcf-02a3e17f3533", - "label": "SAVANNA", - "broader": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", - "definition": "A rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees, which can be found between a tropical rainforest and desert biome. Not enough rain falls on a savanna to support forests. Savannas are also known as tropical grasslands", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddb4ca0c-9b19-442d-8bcc-e664544d3fe9", - "label": "MONTANE GRASSLAND", - "broader": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", - "definition": "a biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund. The biome includes high altitude grasslands and shrublands around the world. The term 'montane' in the name of the biome refers to 'high altitude', rather than the ecological term which denotes the region below treeline.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d5426f6-e7ce-41c1-a3d3-b93adf748f0f", - "label": "DESERTS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "A region with a mean annual precipitation of 10 inches or less, and so devoid of vegetation as to be incapable of supporting any considerable population.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4f63746e-0e8b-4254-9d4a-a23a852f819f", - "label": "DESERT SCRUB", - "broader": "5d5426f6-e7ce-41c1-a3d3-b93adf748f0f", - "definition": "Pertaining to an area between 15 and 35 degrees N & S characterized by less than 300 mm annual rainfall and consisting of vegetation adapted to hot, dry conditions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa3c6df8-a1e1-41d5-9de1-49b92e1ea455", - "label": "ISLANDS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "Tracts of land smaller than a continent, surrounded by the water of an ocean sea, lake, or stream.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8d55ee4-1efb-4d83-b07f-1029ab0fa9e1", - "label": "SAVANNAS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "An open, grassy, essentially treeless plain, especially as developed in tropical or subtropical regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91f6a2e5-5862-46a9-ba6a-d76e06d9997c", - "label": "CAVE/SUBTERRANEAN", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", - "definition": "Pertaining to natural openings in solid rock with areas of complete darkness.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", - "label": "AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", - "definition": "The water environments, such as rivers, and oceans in which the life needs of\r\na plant or animal are supplied.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "label": "WETLANDS", - "broader": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", - "definition": "Land consisting of marshes or swamps; saturated land.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b70ef20c-7215-4a39-9479-dbff7c2fdca9", - "label": "PEATLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Peatlands are areas formed by a brown mass of organic matter in which twigs, roots, and other plant parts can still be recognized. These areas formed due to lack of enough oxygen to decay vegetation completely on land. Peatlands form in fresh-water swamps, indicated by the plant fossils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d400ab07-bde9-40cc-b70a-63eda730eab2", - "label": "PALUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Palustrine Wetlands are areas along rivers that are at times, wet and at others, dry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "291a51b8-07e5-4a66-8140-d140d69843db", - "label": "MARSHES", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cec3b57-1a7f-404d-afde-4de045ef0dd2", - "label": "SWAMPS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees. Swamps are wet areas that are normally covered by water all year and subject to drying out during the summer. The parameter Swamp may be colloquially interchanged with the parameter Marshes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd22cc67-afd5-4b9e-8072-90651a191486", - "label": "LACUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Lacustrine Wetlands are lakes, or former lakes, that are naturally filled with shallow water at certain times and more or less drained at other times.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41446bdc-89f6-4d84-a2a4-005390757235", - "label": "RIPARIAN WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Riparian wetlands are the strip of woods that grow along natural wetlands.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e924e3a-eb5d-4f81-8981-1b9f622ddc82", - "label": "ESTUARINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Areas of marsh grasses and reeds along coasts and estuaries where the ground is covered by high tides but drained at low tide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc320625-d9ba-41f5-9336-57e86fd878f3", - "label": "MARINE", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Marine Wetlands are areas that are sometimes covered with water and sometimes dry, being influenced by marine water level and tidal fluctuations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e72c39c5-5480-4602-bb37-216b5cc737dd", - "label": "VERNAL POOL", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", - "definition": "Pertaining to seasonal depressional wetlands.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", - "label": "PLANKTON", - "broader": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", - "definition": "Plankton refers to any community of floating or weakly swimming organism;mostly microscopic, living in freshwater and saltwater habitats.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "235996b1-b1a8-4c20-bb1f-711fb1a0c952", - "label": "PHYTOPLANKTON", - "broader": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", - "definition": "'Phytoplankton is the plant portion of the plankton, the plant community\nin marine and freshwater situations, that floats free in the water and\ncontains many species of algae and diatoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0399b52c-e3de-4dcc-9eb6-b1e3acf2cf1b", - "label": "ZOOPLANKTON", - "broader": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", - "definition": "Zooplankton is the animal portion of the plankton; the animal community\nin marine and freshwater situations that floats free in the water,\nindependent of the shore and the bottom, moving passively with the\ncurrents.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "label": "MARINE ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", - "definition": "The space used by an organism together with the other organisms with which it co-exists and the landscape and climate elements that affect it.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09a78997-581b-4d1b-ae71-b2b3f96ef719", - "label": "BENTHIC", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "definition": "Pertaining to ocean bottom as the place where an organism lives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "label": "COASTAL", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "definition": "Pertaining to the area of the ocean near the seashore, including coastal embayments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a61d1705-a6b7-4df3-9f8e-57e26029629c", - "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "The gently sloping shore of a body of water which is washed by waves or tides;especially the parts covered by sand or pebbles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d38de3b-2d05-4ad2-a960-f47a66191319", - "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Mounds, ridges, or hills of wind-blown sand, either bare or covered with vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80e51854-2f3f-447e-9786-6d2ccb0dd886", - "label": "ROCKY INTERTIDAL", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Pertaining to coastline consisting of rocky outcrops that are exposed to daily tides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d0e3045-943e-460c-8bef-1db6fbf76341", - "label": "SAV/SEA GRASS BED", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Pertaining to areas of submerged aquatic vegetation or sea grasses below low-tide mark.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c666111-3297-474b-ba7b-c93db3a52cb0", - "label": "MANGROVE SWAMP", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Pertaining to tropical and subtropical swamps dominated by mangrove trees.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "771b2919-ab55-4c71-8561-b4fb365da53f", - "label": "MUDFLAT", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Pertaining to a mud area with less than 5% vegetative cover.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbe91a4f-4d27-4cfe-ba1b-69a62e359a3d", - "label": "SALT MARSH", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Pertaining to tidal wetlands areas dominated by salt-tolerant grasses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d609fc5c-8267-4e79-84ec-93629d52aba8", - "label": "KELP FOREST", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Pertaining areas of dense groupings of kelp species in cold and relatively shallow coastal waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "879d286b-9ea6-4e4d-bdd1-56a4c7ca1531", - "label": "LAGOON", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", - "definition": "Pertaining to shallow bodies of water partially or completely separated from the open ocean by barriers of sand or coral.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "af953f41-ab6c-4569-9762-c46ad07118da", - "label": "DEMERSAL", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "definition": "Habitat where fish and others live at or in the deep water, at the sea floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", - "label": "ESTUARY", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "definition": "The place where animals or plants live in a semi-enclosed coastal embayment where fresh and saltwater mix (such as a river mouth estuary).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "155e730b-4e22-4962-adc5-a4b92543a442", - "label": "BRACKISH MARSH", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", - "definition": "Pertaining to salt marshes where a significant freshwater influx dilutes the seawater to brackish levels of salinity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63cd8427-07bd-4a46-b725-ca65da4bf9b6", - "label": "MANGROVE SWAMP", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", - "definition": "Pertaining to tropical and subtropical swamps dominated by mangrove trees.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86987ad2-21d2-496b-9119-350b3fb17455", - "label": "MUDFLAT", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", - "definition": "Pertaining to expanses of soft-sediment at or below the tide line with little vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f6e1b08-caca-423b-80dc-7de3da7a2988", - "label": "SAV/SEA GRASS BED", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", - "definition": "Pertaining to areas of submerged aquatic vegetation or sea grasses below low-tide mark.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", - "label": "PELAGIC", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "definition": "The waters of the ocean, over the continental shelf and oceanic zones.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "eb958dfb-5e38-401f-8b42-5f1273c75a4a", - "label": "NERITIC ZONE", - "broader": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", - "definition": "Pertaining to open water above the continental shelves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02d78090-d0b5-490d-92a8-b593172ab232", - "label": "OCEANIC ZONE", - "broader": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", - "definition": "Pertaining to open water beyond the continental shelves.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", - "label": "REEF", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "definition": "The coral reef habitat is a unique shallow water community of organisms living on limestone rock that was built by some of the reef organisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fa3bc02d-31a7-4456-b716-a8b8f8393c86", - "label": "CORAL REEF", - "broader": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", - "definition": "Pertaining to a reef made up chiefly of corals, coral sands, algal and other deposits, and the solid limestone resulting from their consolidation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "758c00c3-03a3-4cef-9248-ab392d789148", - "label": "OYSTER REEF", - "broader": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", - "definition": "Pertaining to a reef formed of shells from successive generations of oysters.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", - "label": "ABYSSAL", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", - "definition": "Pertaining to the biogeographic zone of the ocean bottom between the bathyal and hadal zones: from depths of approximately 13,000 to 21,000 feet (4000 to 6500 meters).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bee69b66-3921-4883-920f-6a0bd85b614f", - "label": "HYDROTHERMAL VENT", - "broader": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", - "definition": "Pertaining to hot-water vents formed on the ocean floor when seawater circulates through hot volcanic rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "290354cc-c670-4845-bb66-ef1974b1e2a2", - "label": "COLD SEEP", - "broader": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", - "definition": "Pertaining to areas of hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbon releases from the ocean floor.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", - "label": "FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", - "definition": "Subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", - "label": "LAKE/POND", - "broader": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", - "definition": "A considerable inland body of standing water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06a2da0f-5234-4d29-905b-153d88657eb9", - "label": "SALINE LAKES", - "broader": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", - "definition": "A considerable body of inland water containing large quantities of salt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b23b9a47-d2aa-4e67-84d6-5fe2527d6fb6", - "label": "MONTANE LAKE", - "broader": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", - "definition": "Pertaining to lakes formed at high elevation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", - "label": "RIVERS/STREAM", - "broader": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", - "definition": "Pertaining to the area of a natural stream of water, where organisms live.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "de9222a5-c3bc-470d-86dc-8b426ce61b76", - "label": "HEADWATER STREAM", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", - "definition": "Pertaining to the source of a stream.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0236a2e0-64d6-4763-bcd1-ea8bb3a117a1", - "label": "PERENNIAL STREAM/RIVER", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", - "definition": "Pertaining to channels with water flowing in them year-round.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b5d3b68-4f89-4772-b015-ce6f30cf0496", - "label": "INTERMITTENT STREAM", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", - "definition": "Pertaining to channels that experience seasonal water flow and may not have flowing surface water during dry periods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f76c978-1c8a-496e-bc6a-78ff7656f014", - "label": "EPHEMERAL STREAM", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", - "definition": "Pertaining to streams that only flow after precipitation events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bafaa203-0dc0-4167-a64a-d89ba16d8eb1", - "label": "RIVER DELTA", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", - "definition": "Pertaining to a low-lying plain that is composed of stream-borne sediments deposited by a river at its mouth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", - "label": "ANTHROPOGENIC/HUMAN INFLUENCED ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", - "definition": "Pertains to terrestrial ecosystems where human activity is significantly and rapidly altering the form and function. For example, we are changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere, converting natural landscapes to urban areas, and transporting floral and faunal species far beyond their natural boundaries.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL LANDS", - "broader": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", - "definition": "Areas that are used for farming, including ranching, or land that has biophysical attributes that make it suitable for agricultural use.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2c74f390-9d82-4903-98e0-bddf0d3247fb", - "label": "CROPLAND", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", - "definition": "Pertaining to areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c8b236c-de02-491b-a506-91ecdc324a1c", - "label": "RANGELAND", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", - "definition": "Pertaining to land on which the climax or potential plant cover is composed principally of native grasses, grasslike plants, forbs or shrubs suitable for gazing and browsing, and introduced forage species that are managed like rangelands.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46a26fc7-95f0-409e-8bfa-eb623b3a3f8d", - "label": "PASTURE", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", - "definition": "Pertaining to land managed primarily for the production of introduced forage plants for livestock grazing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39fee18c-8572-4d72-a0ce-2a72942c4870", - "label": "FOREST PLANTATION", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", - "definition": "Pertaining to an area where trees have been planted, especially for commercial purposes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", - "label": "URBAN LANDS", - "broader": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", - "definition": "Areas that have been altered or obstructed by humans, especially by structures relating to cities.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2b1f7993-2d54-40de-abc4-3909f619ad4e", - "label": "PARK", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", - "definition": "Pertaining to areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0c33d15-b76c-4a0d-abb7-6919102b2977", - "label": "CANAL", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", - "definition": "Pertaining to artificial waterways used for navigation, crop irrigation, water supply, or drainage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bd03ca9-4a63-44f1-b368-36f2400776e6", - "label": "GARDEN", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", - "definition": "Pertaining to a plot of ground where herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables are cultivated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9f2e036-f04f-46cc-a4e8-dfba30d9034c", - "label": "ROADSIDE", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", - "definition": "Pertaining to land adjacent to a road.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", - "label": "RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT SITE", - "broader": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", - "definition": "Pertaining to sites of human private industry.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7d8dcf2c-133f-47b2-9195-17dd263ec8a3", - "label": "MINING/DRILLING SITE", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", - "definition": "Pertaining to areas where vegetative cover and overburden have been removed for resource extraction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c603a5b-d5e9-4e87-a8dc-2af456678dba", - "label": "WIND FARM", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", - "definition": "Pertaining to an area of land with a cluster of wind turbines for driving electrical generators.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ff1f885-108f-40cb-a054-4e076b8d648b", - "label": "SOLAR FARM", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", - "definition": "Pertaining to an installation or area of land in which a large number of solar panels are set up in order to generate electricity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39fa5f62-1c4e-4790-a768-1252c0b51c7b", - "label": "WATER IMPOUNDMENT", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", - "definition": "Pertaining to artificial impoundments of water used for irrigation, flood control, municipal water supplies, and other human activities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "label": "SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "Refers to the study of spectroscopy, remote sensing and imaging, combustion and propulsion technology, and the radiative transfer processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "label": "SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "Properties of the sensor which affect the imagery it acquires.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a4a3d233-581b-4171-bf16-41a1528a7dda", - "label": "PHASE AND AMPLITUDE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "Measurements related to the signal recorded by the sensor.\r\nPhase: A property of a periodic phenomenon, for example a\r\nwave, referring to its starting point or advancement (fraction) relative\r\nto an arbitrary origin. For example, the angle of a complex number (ie.,\r\nthe waves are out-of-phase).\tAmplitude: Measure of the strength\r\nof a signal, and in particular the strength or 'height' of an\r\nelectromagnetic wave (units of voltage).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68ac1c78-6b8b-4e45-b588-38ff94ceb3a4", - "label": "DOME TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "External temperature of the instrument, usually a pyrgeometer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36085074-ba97-450b-847b-046509b0e09a", - "label": "ULTRAVIOLET SENSOR TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "Definition unavailable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14edbe59-89a4-45ce-ac61-0143fb311da6", - "label": "VIEWING GEOMETRY", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "The properties of the sensor which affect the image geometry, including the sensor scan angle, instantaneous field of view (IFOV), and internal distortions. The sensor scan angle is the angle between the sensor view vector and the downward pointing (to nadir) axis. Data with very large scan angles generally are greatly distorted, and navigation of extremely off-nadir pixels may have large errors. The area detectable on the ground is determined by the IFOV of the sensor, or the angle contained by the minimum area distinguished by the sensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a42042b-7427-4cf2-9475-7d1788e3ac54", - "label": "SINK TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "Body temperature of the instrument, usually a pyrgeometer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ef1cc7b-2864-46e3-b399-fcc1fbcf0d9b", - "label": "TOTAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "Measurement made using a temperature probe (e.g. thermistor) which is the\nsum of the ambient air temperature plus the heat of friction caused by the high\nspeed air passing over the probe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "733092b1-4256-433a-85fe-78c912f21f80", - "label": "TOTAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "The sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure when these concepts\nare applicable. (Also called Stagnation Pressure)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "914a7dba-82ae-4419-97cf-397007ad9c30", - "label": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "An important baseline measurement in ice cores is electrical conductivity.\nElectrical conductivity measurements (ECM) of the core is a very rapid method\nto indicate how acidic the core is without the chemical detail of the ion\nanalyses. The value of the measurement is that it can be done for the whole\nlength of the core in high resolution and provide an immediate picture of the\ncore and allow quick detection of interesting areas, such as a volcanic\neruptions. Because it is a high resolution, continuous measurement it can be\nused, along with the other measurements, for time frequency analysis in order\nto identify cycles in the climate signal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d3d6c15-b328-43a4-92eb-7d3c430647c4", - "label": "THERMAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a0ab5f9-2317-4217-a081-8d4a46eb5334", - "label": "GEOLOCATION", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", - "definition": "Sensor location at Earth's surface.\n\n(definition provided by NSIDC)", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "label": "RADAR", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "An acronym for radio detection and ranging, radar uses radio waves\n (microwave portion of the spectrum) to detect the presence of objects and\n determine their range (position).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "46975e66-863a-49c9-b673-b2e099a04c85", - "label": "RADAR REFLECTIVITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "The property of illuminated objects to reradiate a portion of the\r\nincident microwave energy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f83494dd-92c7-46ad-afec-66da5eb425c1", - "label": "Two-Way Travel Time", - "broader": "46975e66-863a-49c9-b673-b2e099a04c85", - "definition": "The time taken for a radar wave to travel from the point of a release down to a reflection point and back.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d6377ee-def2-4457-b780-6bcb202d7e3e", - "label": "DOPPLER VELOCITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "The radial velocity of a target measured with a Doppler radar.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53f69037-ff05-4b09-a95d-e65ff42da595", - "label": "RADAR IMAGERY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "A mapping of the observed radar reflectivity of a scene, consisting of a\r\nfile of digital numbers assigned to spatial\t positions on a grid of\r\npixels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6eca12d1-bafd-448c-bdce-a4438efb359e", - "label": "RETURN POWER", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "Definition currently not available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "625da982-3648-43fc-a640-1b230509944e", - "label": "RADAR BACKSCATTER", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "The (microwave) signal reflected by elements of an illuminated scene back\r\nin the direction of the radar. It is so named to make clear the difference\r\nbetween energy scattered in arbitrary directions, and that which returns\r\nto the radar and thus may be received and recorded by the sensor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d8b34f6e-0713-45ae-b0c7-23329b0b8f0b", - "label": "COMMON MIDPOINT GATHER", - "broader": "625da982-3648-43fc-a640-1b230509944e", - "definition": "A common midpoint (CMP) gather is constructed when multichannel surveys image the same subsurface target through multiple pathways, using a range of source‐receiver offsets. The CMP gather is a collection of all recorded offsets co-located about a single reflection point in the snow or firn.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2c01004-be17-4be4-bfcd-7b5c7fc958d6", - "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9613f08d-da11-4ed0-989e-c0c830870044", - "label": "RADAR CROSS-SECTION", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "Measure of radar reflectivity, expressed in terms of the physical size of\r\na hypothetical, uniformly scattering sphere that would give rise to\r\nthe same level of reflection as that observed from the\tsample\r\ntarget.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11e14ac8-e9f3-4737-b83d-98668ad975ed", - "label": "SIGMA NAUGHT", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "The conventional measure of the strength of radar signals reflected by a distributed scatterer, usually expressed in dB. It is a normalized dimensionless number, comparing the strength observed to that expected from an area of one square meter. Sigma naught is defined with respect to the nominally horizontal plane, and in general has a significant variation with incidence angle, wavelength, and polarization, as well as with properties of the scattering surface itself (see speckle, and statistics).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41a7f02b-5ab6-4c1e-8583-abb870507ea1", - "label": "SPECTRUM WIDTH", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "Width of the Doppler power spectrum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb20786b-2499-40b0-a9a5-2cc64421a6d2", - "label": "MEAN RADIAL VELOCITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "Also known as the mean Doppler velocity, the mean motion along the radial beam.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "829e91f4-f351-4012-bb0a-208302fb11c2", - "label": "RADIAL VELOCITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", - "definition": "Motion along the radial beam.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "label": "INFRARED WAVELENGTHS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between the extreme of\r\nthe visible wavelengths and the shortest microwaves (approximately 0.70 to\r\n100 micrometers, respectively).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d76e6734-956b-419d-9d7a-52b8e645b6ac", - "label": "INFRARED FLUX", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "definition": "The amount of infrared radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\r\narea in a given unit of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73629546-592e-41ed-bfde-feb4c94415fb", - "label": "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "definition": "The apparent temperature of the surface assuming a surface emissivity of 1.0. Setting the emissivity to one is equivalent to assuming the target is a blackbody, so the brightness temperature is defined as the temperature a blackbody would be in order to produce the radiance perceived by the sensor.\nBrightness Temperature is a descriptive measure of radiation in terms of the temperature of a hypothetical blackbody emitting an identical amount of radiation at the same wavelength. The brightness temperature is obtained by applying the inverse of the Planck function to the measured radiation. Depending on the nature of the source of radiation and any subsequent absorption, the brightness temperature may be independent of, or highly dependent on, the wavelength of the radiation. Units: C", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1407646-e34a-4a43-ae1d-afc4c229d6de", - "label": "INFRARED IMAGERY", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "definition": "A reproduction of an object by imaging the infrared radiation coming from\r\nthe object or reflected by the object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69f475b6-42af-4822-ae57-6c8fd8ebad4a", - "label": "INFRARED RADIANCE", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\r\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\r\nmeter and steradian. Units: W·sr^−1·m^−2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff985037-2f20-4b08-bb22-3ed701ed2f4d", - "label": "REFLECTED INFRARED", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "definition": "Reflected infrared In remote sensing, infrared which is solar-generated electromagnetic radiation that has been reflected from an object. Characteristically, reflected infrared radiation has a wavelength between 0.7 μm and 3 μm and is therefore near-infrared.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32212cbf-e2ba-44c9-930c-8b454ea88bee", - "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68c2baba-b9b9-41d4-89bf-07488728bc4f", - "label": "THERMAL INFRARED", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", - "definition": "Thermal infrared Infrared radiation which has a wavelength between 3.0 μm and 100 μm. At normal environmental temperatures objects emit infrared between these wavelengths; hotter objects, such as fires, emit infrared at wavelengths shorter than thermal infrared. Compare REFLECTED INFRARED.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", - "label": "LIDAR", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ca776e14-fc3d-4044-9d1a-fd7c07569399", - "label": "LIDAR BACKSCATTER", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", - "definition": "The scattering of radiation in a direction opposite to that of the incident\r\nradiation due to reflection of the transmitted lidar signal back towards the\r\ninstrument (from the Radar Backscatter definition).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19c3f401-1328-495c-9705-74b0175fee56", - "label": "LIDAR DEPOLARIZATION RATIO", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", - "definition": "The ratio of cross polarized to co-polarized lidar signal return reflected back\nin a direction opposite to that of the incident radiation from a lidar\r\ntransmission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85fa8e79-82c0-4f18-bf12-d6e7bc8c76b0", - "label": "LIDAR WAVEFORM", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", - "definition": "LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target. A Full Waveform LiDAR System records the entire emitted and backscattered signal of each laser pulse. Full waveform LiDAR data are more complex to process however they can often capture more information compared to discrete return LiDAR systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b798091-6362-4e78-9c51-bd5327ec73e7", - "label": "APPARENT SURFACE REFLECTIVITY", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", - "label": "MICROWAVE", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "A very short electromagnetic wave. The portion of the electromagnetic\r\nspectrum lying between the far infrared and the conventional radio\r\nfrequency portion. While not bounded by definition, it is commonly\r\nregarded as extending from 1 mm to 1 m in wavelength (300 GHz to 0.3 GHz\r\nfrequency).

Passive systems operating at these wavelengths sometimes\r\nare called microwave systems. Active systems are called radar, although\r\nthe literal definition of radar requires a distance measuring capability\r\nnot always included in active systems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d8525750-2ca4-4b1f-a717-08fda61fd547", - "label": "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", - "definition": "The apparent temperature of the surface assuming a surface emissivity of 1.0.\n Setting the emissivity to one is equivalent to assuming the target is\na blackbody, so the brightness temperature is defined as the temperature\na blackbody would be in order to produce the radiance perceived by the\nsensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "570397b4-3b45-4e12-85c3-ef26779a2c96", - "label": "ANTENNA TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", - "definition": "Absolute radiometric temperature incident upon the instrument antenna with\r\nno corrections for spurious energy received from sources not intended by\r\nthe instrument design.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9654ddc-1dc0-4f9d-9b95-61ab0c3d6f87", - "label": "MICROWAVE RADIANCE", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", - "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\nmeter and steradian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af234b68-d1ad-40ea-aa1b-6bc2c8e5b467", - "label": "MICROWAVE IMAGERY", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", - "definition": "A reproduction of an object by imaging the microwave radiation coming from\r\nthe object or reflected by the object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f6e0ca7-5d60-4973-890b-08ad82654331", - "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", - "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", - "label": "ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTHS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "Situated beyond the visible spectrum at its violet end —used of radiation having a wavelength shorter than wavelengths of visible light and longer than those of X-rays", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ca87e2c2-9087-42f7-a88a-93ace50ebe39", - "label": "ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE", - "broader": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", - "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\nmeter and steradian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01e4b433-34ae-4ffb-a73b-dff7ae4c789a", - "label": "ULTRAVIOLET FLUX", - "broader": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", - "definition": "The amount of ultraviolet radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\r\narea in a given unit of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03d45804-cc21-449d-81f4-4bb778f97ac6", - "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", - "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "label": "PLATFORM CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "Properties of the platform which affect the sensors residing on it, and\nin turn, the imagery they acquire.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d622004f-e155-4af3-87c5-61b3a4b87692", - "label": "VIEWING GEOMETRY", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "The effects of roll, pitch, and yaw, as well as jitter on the image\r\ngeometry. Roll will cause the image to take on a wavy appearance,\r\npitch will cause grid cells to contract or expand in the flight\r\ndirection, and yaw will create a skewed image.\t Jitter\r\nconsists of random and\tunsystematic vibaration which cannot be\r\nmeasured.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53ab7819-1837-4919-b4a8-85bcc8b7731c", - "label": "LINE OF SIGHT VELOCITY", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "Wind velocity in the viewing area of the instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edbca82e-9396-4842-ad91-18c0000b2741", - "label": "ATTITUDE CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "Those properties which define the position of a satellite by determining\nthe relationship between its axes and a reference datum (such as the\nearth horizon, the sun, or stars).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4809f1e1-1b36-46a7-a7ae-ce55523424e6", - "label": "ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "Those properties which describe a satellite in its periodic revolution.\nThese consist of the satellite's altitude, orbital inclination (angle\nwith respect to the equator, thus a polar orbit is near 90 degrees, while\nan equatorial orbit is near 0 degrees), orbital period, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ebe88d4-fa73-4dd1-8cbd-6b1c266dff52", - "label": "AIRSPEED/GROUND SPEED", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "Airspeed is the speed on an exposed (usually airborne) object relative to the\r\natmosphere. \r\nIn a calm atmosphere, airspeed equals ground speed. Ground speed is the speed\r\nof an airborne object relative to the earth's surface.\tIt is the magnitude of\r\nthe vector sum of the object's velocity with respect to the air and the wind\r\nvelocity, or, expressed in a different manner, the algebraic sum of the\r\naircraft's airspeed and the wind factor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "762f9d7f-5f2d-423d-81c4-288350f64b9d", - "label": "DATA SYNCHRONIZATION TIME", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "Consists of various time parameters measured during an aircraft flight,\nincluding computer clock time and GPS time:
\r\n- syncclock_time = time found at the syncclock (VSI-SYnCCLOCK-32) in\r\nseconds from first file name
\r\n- syncclock_m_time = time found at the syncclock (VSI-SYnCCLOCK-32) in\r\nMatlab dateform format
\r\n- system_time = system time in seconds from first file name
\r\n- system_m_time = system time in dateform format
\r\n- gps_time = time found at the GPS unit in seconds from first file name
\r\n- gps_m_time = time found at GPS unit in dateform
\r\n- cmos_time = time found at the computer CMOS in seconds from first file\r\nname
\r\n- cmos_m_time = time found at the computer CMOS in dateform", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b68bae6-e5cb-44ff-ad40-a8100a88e5b1", - "label": "FLIGHT DATA LOGS", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "Records events that take place during the aircraft flight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7995f479-ea09-43f2-b48f-a3ea7e9a8bcd", - "label": "CALIBRATION", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", - "definition": "The action or process of calibrating an instrument or experimental readings. For NSIDC, the keyword represents calibration reports, such as the ones produced for the IceBridge DMS camera.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", - "label": "VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "The band of the electromagnetic spectrum which can be perceived by the\r\nnaked eye. This band ranges from about .75 μm to .4 μm, being bordered by\r\nthe infrared and ultraviolet bands.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a3792ab1-61af-48be-acf2-116c291a3765", - "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", - "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7971f416-cf75-47f4-9108-6184baab58e5", - "label": "VISIBLE FLUX", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", - "definition": "The amount of visible radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\r\narea in a given unit of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03f0c0a3-04a7-4ef8-8ec0-3c2266510815", - "label": "VISIBLE IMAGERY", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", - "definition": "A reproduction of an object by imaging the visible radiation coming from\r\nthe object or reflected by the object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b590bfda-a053-4439-8f86-a2811e67ce46", - "label": "VISIBLE RADIANCE", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", - "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\nmeter and steradian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "12156f9d-9731-446e-b9de-a781af653b1c", - "label": "X-RAY", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "X-Ray (Or x-radiation, Rntgen ray) is electromagnetic radiation with\nwavelengths shorter than that of ultraviolet radiation and greater than that of\ngamma radiation.

\r\nDiscovered accidentally by Rntgen in 1895. The primary mechanism for the\nproduction of x- rays is deceleration of a rapidly moving charge upon\ninteraction with matter (bremsstrahlung). The x-ray spectrum from an x-ray tube\nconsists of this continuous spectrum on which are superimposed narrow bands\n(characteristic radiation) that are a consequence of transitions between\nelectronic energy levels of atoms. No sharp boundary exists between x- and\nultraviolet radiation nor between x- and gamma radiation, although the latter\nterm is usually restricted to radiation resulting from transitions between\nnuclear energy levels.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e32b5dca-c243-40d8-9e06-d146a40a71df", - "label": "X-RAY FLUX", - "broader": "12156f9d-9731-446e-b9de-a781af653b1c", - "definition": "Short electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths range from .00001 ? to 3000\r\n?.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7ef7608-01f5-4e95-9fd9-7dc2aa36113d", - "label": "RADIO WAVE", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "Radio waves are that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum having\r\nwavelengths longer than about 10 cm.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b3578efe-fc86-4fb0-92b5-42c08bae5e3c", - "label": "RADIO WAVE FLUX", - "broader": "d7ef7608-01f5-4e95-9fd9-7dc2aa36113d", - "definition": "An electrical impusle sent through the atmosphere at radio frequency\n(usually between 10 kHz and 300,000 MHz).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a81d67a-102b-4611-a38c-dbfdd7ba4e7d", - "label": "GAMMA RAY", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", - "definition": "Gamma Rays (or gamma radiation) is electromagnetic radiation originating from\r\ntransitions between energy levels of atomic nuclei.

\r\nA nucleus formed as a consequence of beta or alpha emission sometimes exists\r\nbriefly in an excited energy level and makes a transition to a lower energy\r\nlevel accompanied by emission of a gamma ray photon with energy equal to the\r\ndifference between the energies of the initial and final levels. Gamma ray\r\nenergies from radioactive decay lie in the approximate range 10 keV6 MeV. Gamma\nrays are also emitted in nuclear reactions. The boundary between x-rays and\r\ngamma rays is fuzzy, the latter term being most often used for electromagnetic\r\nradiation of nuclear origin.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fd8d9257-795c-4406-b205-cf20059d8e77", - "label": "GAMMA RAY FLUX", - "broader": "0a81d67a-102b-4611-a38c-dbfdd7ba4e7d", - "definition": "The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 10^-7 to\r\n10^-5 micrometers. Most often, gamma ray sensors are used to detect\r\ncomposition (from wavelengths of rays emitted by nuclei) or to measure\r\nsoil moisture.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", - "label": "CRYOSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "The cryosphere is the frozen water part of the Earth system.\nce and snow on land are one part of the cryosphere. This includes the largest parts of the cryosphere, the continental ice sheets found in Greenland and Antarctica, as well as ice caps, glaciers, and areas of snow and permafrost. When continental ice flows out from land and to the sea surface, we get shelf ice.\n\nThe other part of the cryosphere is ice that is found in water. This includes frozen parts of the ocean, such as waters surrounding Antarctica and the Arctic. It also includes frozen rivers and lakes, which mainly occur in polar areas.\n\nThe components of the cryosphere play an important role in the Earth’s climate. Snow and ice reflect heat from the sun, helping to regulate our planet’s temperature. Because polar regions are some of the most sensitive to climate shifts, the cryosphere may be one of the first places where scientists are able to identify global changes in climate.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "label": "GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", - "definition": "Glaciers are masses of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of\r\nfirn, flowing continuously from higher to lower elevations. Ice sheets are a\r\ncontinuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward in\nmany directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface\r\ncontours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental\r\nglacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often\r\nused to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "95fbaefd-1afe-4887-a1ba-fc338a8109bb", - "label": "ABLATION ZONES/ACCUMULATION ZONES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "Pertaining to the reduction of a glacier due to melting and/or\r\nevaporation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "label": "GLACIERS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "A mass of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of firn, flowing\r\ncontinuously from higher to lower elevations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d8e2bcae-7781-41b6-8d2d-7c82ae61be47", - "label": "GLACIER TERMINUS", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "The terminus is the end of a glacier, usually the lowest end, and is also often called a glacier toe or snout.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "929f60ff-f938-48b0-86fd-c5c8c071c4bd", - "label": "GROUNDING LINE", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Marks the locations where said glaciers become anchored on bedrock (i.e., the estimated coastline underneath the ice).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c3aa715-61fd-47a1-804e-fb6d461792ea", - "label": "GLACIER RUNOFF", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "The amount of water produced by glacial melt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbf0db20-7d18-4a67-9227-ea479fcf7c7d", - "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0fba127-5208-4e8c-b18f-349dc14fb3d3", - "label": "GLACIAL LAKE EXTENT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "A glacial lake is a body of water with origins from glacier activity. They are formed when a glacier erodes the land, and then melts, filling the depression created by the glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b705c00-50a7-438f-8fdd-c5799f7dab89", - "label": "DEBRIS THICKNESS", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Thickness of unconsolidated sediment of boulder (clast) fragments, predominantly originating from physical weathering.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6c9cc25-b989-4915-a5c6-43dff744b056", - "label": "SUB-DEBRIS MELT ENHANCEMENT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Glacier melt rates are influenced by the presence of supraglacial debris. Supraglacial debris can either enhance or reduce ablation relative to bare ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79b569df-5ed1-4791-b089-c46484069d81", - "label": "GLACIER EXTENT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Glacier extent is a glacier outline in horizontal space separating the glacier from unglacierized terrain or, at divides, from contiguous glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b09f0809-2686-4e2b-bacf-e192760ca297", - "label": "GLACIER ABLATION", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier from all processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b8ad020-7eff-4639-b8c1-8b22e1535c00", - "label": "GLACIER ACCUMULATION", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier from all processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae4be026-7471-4301-9264-675accce8340", - "label": "GLACIER AREA", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Total area of a glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52d6b4d1-2daf-4e19-8129-c3e2dbf812d0", - "label": "GLACIER MASS", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Total mass of a glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bd14a79-ac70-4f99-9107-a4c036d33bd7", - "label": "GLACIER MELT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier due to melting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "399025f7-315e-47db-af48-67771318a70b", - "label": "GLACIER REFREEZE", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", - "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier due to refreezing", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", - "label": "ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "A continuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward\r\nin many directions. \r\nThis type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface contours, in\r\ncontrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental glacier of\r\nGreenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often used to\r\ndescribe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6d6a2b61-5d2c-4ec1-a164-34000f481588", - "label": "ICE SHEET MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", - "definition": "Scientists have adopted three general approaches to ice sheet mass balance measurement: comparing outflow and melt to snowfall accumulation (the mass budget method), observing changes in glacier elevation (volume change or geodetic method), and detecting changes in the Earth’s gravity field over the ice sheet (gravimetric method).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8a8fa93e-6424-46dd-ae97-d8afbac41b89", - "label": "RIFTS", - "broader": "6d6a2b61-5d2c-4ec1-a164-34000f481588", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "94402f47-38ea-4798-98da-ea17599e092f", - "label": "SURFACE MORPHOLOGY", - "broader": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d95ccc8-3ef9-40df-85e7-db36cb815499", - "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding 5 m or more\r\nabove sea- level, which has broken away from a glacier and which may be\r\nafloat or aground. They may be described as tabular, domed, pinnacled,\r\nwedged, drydocked or blocky. Sizes of icebergs are classed as small,\r\nmedium, large and very large.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", - "label": "FIRN", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "Rounded, well-bonded snow that is older han one year (from NSIDC glossary). A\r\npermeable aggregate of small ice grains with densities greater than 0.55 up to\r\n0.82 where begins glacial ice.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a30b2871-4cdc-418a-b00c-969b50008726", - "label": "SNOW GRAIN SIZE", - "broader": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", - "definition": "The size of individual snow grains in micrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0229714c-7960-4179-b671-30ceb9bf68bb", - "label": "FIRN AIR CONTENT", - "broader": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", - "definition": "Firn Air Content is a parameter within that data set and is defined as the volume of air trapped within the firn layer. This parameter is subtracted from the ice surface elevation to obtain ice thickness in actual ice equivalent.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "399a84d1-ccf5-4167-a699-15eb7d1ad1e6", - "label": "GLACIER FACIES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock that\nindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish it\nfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristic\nnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed and\nprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f408faa-a427-44e9-a194-b1b9caff1e6d", - "label": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a given\r\nyear. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5034ba1f-7208-40a1-beeb-43aefe1c0c33", - "label": "GLACIER THICKNESS/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf19f1d1-ae18-4ff2-95f6-dc0ed812c568", - "label": "GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "Surface relief of the land. Topography usually is measured in meters above sea\r\nlevel. The topography can be very different from one location to another.\r\nTopography can be flat, or mountainous, or hilly.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13bf19c5-087f-4fe0-87ea-ef6f7ecd5444", - "label": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area of\r\nat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growing\r\nin all directions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73f3c797-2eed-4f0d-accf-7e8a36a3fa93", - "label": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab319cdf-a34c-446c-9fc0-27605048364e", - "label": "GEOMETRY OF INTERNAL REFLECTIONS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "Changes in crystal-orientation fabric, changes in conductivity or changes in the amount of bubbles (respectively density) are considered to cause internal reflections in glaciers and ice sheets", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ce536e1-06c8-4817-af5f-b625cfe571a7", - "label": "AGE OF INTERNAL REFLECTIONS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab4b800d-820f-40cc-bb01-4e8835368d04", - "label": "AGE AT ICE-THICKNESS-NORMALIZED DEPTHS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70541b66-c911-47fb-a99a-5638a9cb55d4", - "label": "DEPTHS AT SPECIFIC AGES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68d0f29d-cf46-4f8c-8cad-83817a7093bc", - "label": "BASAL SHEAR STRESS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "At the base of a glacier with minimal slope, the normal stress (σ) acting on the bed is mainly a result of the weight of a glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "681e59ee-2006-454d-82d3-c9be49cc67a5", - "label": "ICE SHELVES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "Portions of glaciers/ice sheets that are floating over the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7401d2b4-7a39-45ea-89f2-8b88cb0c22c4", - "label": "COASTLINE", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "The actual contour of the continent with the existing ice shelves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79c7fd4c-9328-4a6f-82ed-bb012b570ecd", - "label": "BASINS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", - "definition": "An area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water, but considers the flow of ice over the frozen continent.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "label": "SEA ICE", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", - "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over the ocean surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4f0f606c-6bf8-4b8c-9431-d5696fe8a5f2", - "label": "LEADS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Any fracture or passage-way through ice which is navigable by surface\r\nvessels. Leads and other open water areas within the sea ice pack are also\r\nimportant in studies of the energy budget in the polar regions and in\r\nlocal and regional climatology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70acf223-7895-4cbe-aca6-815babb2b7ed", - "label": "POLYNYAS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/or\r\nbe covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to these\r\nas skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget of\r\nthe polar ocean and local and regional climatology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bc39a6d-cc60-467a-9181-d8b4e02a1cb0", - "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a\r\nsalinity of zero.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "064f9784-697e-414c-b463-29cfd734e689", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6e7aa9a-ae65-480e-84fa-b3a5d523e822", - "label": "ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Measurements of the temperature of the sea ice and surrounding sea\nsurface temperature. These measurements are usually obtained from remote\nsensing satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1009557b-0d4b-4c13-81a0-fd95c15bf158", - "label": "ICE DEFORMATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Ice that has been squeezed together, and in places, forced upwards\r\nand downwards. Some subdivisions of deformed ice are rafted ice, ridged\r\nice, and hummocked ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1efe6ac1-d375-44c3-b8ec-d0ff2987a881", - "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding more than 5m above\r\nsea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or\r\naground. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled,\nweathered or glacier bergs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1455c369-88e2-411b-83f7-c914b20609b1", - "label": "SEA ICE MOTION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Refers to the movement and direction of ice fields or floes. Ice\nmotion processes include: diverging, compacting, and shearing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "139b0dae-27bb-42bd-8027-81fb9fd8f85d", - "label": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In\r\nparticular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the\r\nNASA IceSat satellite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63b37017-9d57-4247-af4e-2df36ee3ed03", - "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water.\r\nAlso refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which\r\nvaries seasonally).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7708bb6-a0fa-4905-b99d-c468da7d951a", - "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Ice depth or thickness refers to the extent of the ice below the surface of\nthe water. The term is also used in river and lake ice studies. Remote\nsensing techniques (particularly radar and microwave) have been used to\nestimate ice thickness as have recently declassified submarine\nmeasurements of polar ice thickness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", - "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The measurement of the heat flux or heat loss from open ocean areas within\nthe sea ice pack is important for the study of energy balance in the polar\nregions and local and regional climatology. Heat loss through the open\nwater is 100 times more than through thick ice.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9a11c433-3cf6-4d6a-9038-259a77f94158", - "label": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da442d88-426b-4469-8ebe-f2ec83f410d0", - "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b333abf-9475-4c61-bcd9-65b40baaf213", - "label": "LONGWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bc52086-0c6d-4d66-8b1f-72ca78297383", - "label": "SHORTWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fa04fa9-06c7-41c7-98f9-f92756f080ea", - "label": "ICE EDGES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water and\r\nthe sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af0d756e-784e-4747-97d0-3425baf5d09b", - "label": "ICE FLOES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes\r\nare subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast,\r\ngiant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9667e73-30db-45f9-861c-e0a5caaf2bf0", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried\r\nice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or\r\ngrowth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice,\r\nOld Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake\r\nIce, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake\r\nIce.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce3a1edd-a2fe-4efd-8971-9dd7b97b6d79", - "label": "ICE ROUGHNESS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The small-scale variation in the relief of the terrain surface (in this\r\ncase the surface of the ice). Remote sensing instruments, such as radar\r\nand microwave sensors, have been able to detect the degree of roughness of\r\nsea, lake, and river ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bfd4d52-fad4-470f-9da0-fa7df2a5b4aa", - "label": "ICE TYPES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Ice Types is a general term applied to sea, river, and lake ice to\r\ndescribe attributes such as age, stage of development or growth, or\r\nsurface feature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d7ea074-225b-4221-b122-e6a085cdce24", - "label": "PACK ICE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Pack ice refers to high concentrations of sea ice. When concentrations are\r\n60% or less, then the term drift ice is used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cece77b6-42bf-44f6-9193-050cbc5f4cf7", - "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The reflectance properties of ice bodies. A smooth ice surface will act as\r\na near-specular reflector. As surface roughness increases, the reflection\r\nbecomes diffuse. It is the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation\r\nto that of the incident radiation on a surface. The suffix (-ance) implies\r\na property of that particular specimen surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3488309d-ef21-4d60-81a3-78fb99ffa756", - "label": "SEA ICE AGE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The age of the sea ice is usually a distinction between first-year\nand multiyear ice. Multiyear sea ice is usually thicker, has more ridges,\nand can be more of a hinderance to ship travel than first-year ice.\nMicrowave remote sensing studies have shown that first-year sea ice has a\nhigher emissivity at the 1.55 cm wavelength than multiyear ice, thus\nmaking it possible to distinguish between different ice ages from\nsatellites. Ice age can also be qualitatively determined using visible,\ninfrared and radar wavelengths from satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8012fda7-3ea4-4ef2-bb4e-0f66d4d9e850", - "label": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of\nthe whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar\norbiting satellites at all wavelengths.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a3f36d7c-4eed-4d7a-8902-a5fcdc1b6261", - "label": "ICE FRACTION", - "broader": "8012fda7-3ea4-4ef2-bb4e-0f66d4d9e850", - "definition": "Sea ice is described by the area it covers, its thickness, its age, and its movement with the winds and ocean currents. Concentration is a unitless term that describes the relative amount of area covered by ice, compared to some reference area. Thus, concentration describes how much of a 25.0 kilometer by 25.0 kilometer (15.5 mile by 15.5 mile) box is covered by sea ice. Ice concentration typically is reported as a percentage (0 to 100 percent ice), a fraction from 0 to 1, or sometimes in tenths (0/10 to 10/10). Our Sea Ice Index products show ice concentration as a percentage. A value of 0 means there is no ice, while a value of 100 means the region is completely covered by ice.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa645419-cff3-4f5b-84af-e3de41dd0d16", - "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0d4b06b-c498-4760-bc92-877e28f3a098", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Isotopes are a form of an element with a certain number of neutrons, for\r\nexample carbon exists in three isotopes: C12, C13, and C14. Some isotopes are\r\nnaturally unstable and spontaneously decay at a fixed rate; other isotopes are\r\nstable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4466cbe-b991-427b-97b8-fdc284b9ef21", - "label": "FREEBOARD", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "On sea ice, the height of the ice surface above the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a55ceba-057a-408f-924f-9ea1d4675f26", - "label": "SEA ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "Optical imagery is classified into three main surface categories: (1) Snow and bare ice, (2) melt ponds and submerged ice, and (3) ocean. The snow and ice category is further split into two subcategories based on melt state and/or ice thickness: (1a) Snow and bright ice, and (1b) dark or thin ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", - "label": "SEA ICE VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4dff1a9b-23ee-4af4-a3c3-601cd2f52f56", - "label": "SUBLIMATION", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78de9de8-852d-4b14-8650-414b6e4bfe0a", - "label": "FLOODING", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a7da9b0-2170-4329-997c-939af604b0bf", - "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4125f82e-9be4-4441-80f2-0d39ccd3d1d8", - "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d693a3a9-99dd-4872-a2c0-a4b930d312e5", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bacb194-cf25-42ae-95af-54a6a53898ef", - "label": "ICE DRAFT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "A measurement of the ice thickness below the waterline and often serves as a close proxy for total ice thickness.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ad69005-4418-4f5c-bab5-580d13c5992e", - "label": "SEA ICE STRAIN RATES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e335f30-1dff-4746-ad1c-c873a1fdb320", - "label": "SEA ICE STRENGTH", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63a4c6e1-9248-488d-95ab-88ac2fb0a21d", - "label": "SEA ICE STRESS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91603432-2af5-4012-a670-e73ff2aaa7b9", - "label": "SEA ICE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The drift of sea ice forced by the winds and ocean currents", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfc3ed52-a7e2-4ad1-8330-1f97c7cb0203", - "label": "SEA ICE MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", - "definition": "The net balance between the sea ice mass gained by freezing and the loss of mass by melting that is a function of its extent and thickness, which combine to give its volume.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "label": "FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", - "definition": "Soil within which the moisture has predominantly changed to ice, the unfrozen\r\nportion being in vapor phase. \r\nIce within the soil bonds (adfreezes) adjacent soil particles and renders\r\nfrozen ground very hard. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost. Dry\r\nfrozen ground is relatively loose and crumbly because of the lack of bonding\r\nice. Frozen ground is sometimes inadvisedly called frost or ground frost.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "097a0fad-d822-49ad-bd12-232e9ea7cb30", - "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "Of, or pertaining to, the outer perimeter of a glacier, particularly to the\r\nfringe areas surrounding the great continental glaciers of the geologic ice\r\nages. Thus, periglacial weathering is said to have produced certain\r\ncharacteristic\r\nland forms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c82f3480-545f-4491-83f1-0477369ddcd8", - "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "1. (Also called perennially frozen ground, pergelisol, permanently frozen\r\nground.) A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of\r\nthe earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a\r\nfew to several thousands of years. Permafrost exists where the summer heating\r\nfails to descend to the base of the layer of frozen ground. A continuous\r\nstratum of permafrost is found where the\r\nannual mean temperature is below about 5C (23F).

2. As limited in\r\napplication by P. F. Svetsov, soil that is known to have been frozen for at\r\nleast a century.

\r\nMuller, S. W., 1947: Permafrost, or Permanently Frozen Ground, and\r\nRelated Engineering Problems,

\r\nHare, F. K., 1951: Compendium of Meteorology, p. 958, and map, p.\r\n956.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d8606e80-3d34-4540-a355-5f99737f7ab7", - "label": "PERMAFROST TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c82f3480-545f-4491-83f1-0477369ddcd8", - "definition": "Pertaining to the temperature of permafrost, frozen subsoil. layer of soil or rock, at some depth beneath the surface, in which the temperature has been continuously below 0°C for at least several years; it exists where summer heating fails to reach the base of the layer of frozen ground.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1ce822a-139b-4e11-8bbe-453f19501c36", - "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "A mass of rock fragments and finer material, on a slope, that\r\ncontains either interstitial ice or an ice core and shows evidence of past or\r\npresent movement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e544263-d92f-46c2-9568-25e36d0b9825", - "label": "ACTIVE LAYER", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "Active layer, also called frost zone or mollisol, is part of the soil included\r\nwith the suprapermafrost layer (i.e., existing above permafrost) that usually\r\nfreezes in winter and thaws in summer. \r\nIts bottom surface is the frost table, beneath which may lie permafrost or\r\ntalik. The depth of the active layer varies anywhere from a few inches to\r\nseveral feet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0cd7a96f-46e1-4d86-93d0-9cbb6fda61e3", - "label": "CRYOSOLS", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "Soil formed in either mineral or organic materials having permafrost either\r\nwithin 1 m below the surface or, if the soil is strongly cryoturbated, with 2 m\nbelow the surface, and having a mean annual ground temperature below 0 deg C.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "021714ad-1cae-441c-bb6f-4be866a0f742", - "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a109b2f-947a-4c2c-9db9-ae315a53ef93", - "label": "SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "Ground that freezes and thaws annually.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78e5e44c-7832-456d-a599-893ea87ae695", - "label": "TALIK", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "Talik, also called tabetisol, is a Russian term applied to permanently unfrozen\nground in regions of permafrost.

\r\nThis usually applies to a layer that lies above the permafrost but below the\r\nactive layer, that is, when the permafrost table is deeper than the depth\r\nreached by winter freezing from the surface. Talik is also found within and\r\nbeneath permafrost; when it occurs beneath the permafrost it is equivalent to\r\nsubgelisol.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4931dcac-8b89-4bc9-ba59-469cfdcf6f12", - "label": "GROUND ICE", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", - "definition": "A general term referring to all types of ice contained in freezing and frozen\r\nground. Ground ice occurs in pores, cavities, voids or other openings in soil\r\nor rock and includes massive ice. It may occur as lenses, wedges, veins,\r\nsheets, seams, irregular masses, or as individual crystals or coatings on\r\nmineral or organic particles. Perennial ground ice can only occur within\r\npermafrost bodies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "label": "SNOW/ICE", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", - "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen water over the Earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f4cdbc4-0f65-4384-83c9-9422c280717d", - "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba2e2eff-77e0-4071-8884-b2af06e5fc7b", - "label": "SNOW DENSITY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the ratio between the volume of snow, and the amount of\nmeltwater derived from that volume of snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dafb67df-dc6d-40a0-8d94-e4621d2538ce", - "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, rates, geographical extent of freezing,\nand melting of snow and ice cover.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "99c2726c-3ad7-4f54-b5ce-d954f9780bd1", - "label": "TRANSITION DIRECTION", - "broader": "dafb67df-dc6d-40a0-8d94-e4621d2538ce", - "definition": "Describes if snow and/or ice transition is from frozen to thawed or vice-versa.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b85cc37-1577-43f6-8cfa-8da2c49eaece", - "label": "ICE MOTION", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Defined as the horizontal displacement of ice over an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99bc6084-32bc-405a-b2e9-efd906fa370b", - "label": "SNOW/ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measured internal temperature of snow/ice pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e28676de-738d-4112-8897-ee585b7d1d84", - "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and geographic extent of ice thickness\non the continental land masses.  ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1dbe955-7285-4df2-a854-07693fce44ec", - "label": "AVALANCHE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measuerment of a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock,\nfalling rapidly from heights far above a lowland area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c306d542-9be8-449d-ba33-28ad033c77aa", - "label": "DEPTH HOAR", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the characteristics of the layer of ice crystals that\nforms between the ground and snow cover by sublimation. It's also\nreferred to as sugar snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58f98d2a-d7d6-47d4-b826-68fdc57e79bb", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e15c793-ede5-4089-8fb7-5bbb31ff7913", - "label": "SNOW STRATIGRAPHY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "The order and thickness of layers within the snowpack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52e6600b-7a51-4267-8b62-e79034db3a48", - "label": "RIVER ICE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, thickness, longevity, etc. of ice formations\nthat occur on river systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8ff0035-4776-4eb9-8cc9-a63d380102c8", - "label": "SNOW COVER", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, depth, and longevity of snow pack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cb47594-3af6-4f4f-8ba1-4299a6d6887e", - "label": "LAKE ICE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, and analysis to ice formation on inland\nbodies of salt or fresh water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41ebe049-230e-4ff7-acb1-43de68ace83e", - "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminous\nenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloud\nsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visible\nsolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have low\nalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are the\nchief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99506fd1-5f84-485d-8e26-03e4f7b55136", - "label": "SNOW FACIES", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the observable differences that separate/distinguish one\nsnow/ice unit from another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19409c76-09d4-455c-b1f1-dc2e647f7403", - "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the geographical extent of ice on continental land masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3896f032-388f-408e-b988-bf7e100704ba", - "label": "ICE VELOCITY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate at which ice formations (glaciers, ice sheets, etc.)\nare moving.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "067004b9-1628-4c00-8bfb-28f910b68d59", - "label": "WHITEOUT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the occurence, extent, and severity of whiteout conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19594c37-ef32-4b03-bda6-abf8a321fdb9", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of ice growth/melting rates, and annual\nchanges in those rates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3520db9-7bed-4f55-a9f6-028d52af6091", - "label": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the net increase, or decrease in energy due to snow\nformation, melting, evaporation, etc..", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "587e4d68-36f0-45b5-9978-4b3edd58a1c0", - "label": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the amount of water in a given snow pack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea936862-2c98-41e5-8514-6b7288a5f941", - "label": "FROST", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, geographic extent, and seasonality of\nfrost.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47bc8942-6fdd-4173-bf38-209e933d843f", - "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfe4b154-84e0-4005-81ce-90daf38c06e3", - "label": "SNOW/ICE CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Refers to the chemical composition of snow and ice as determined from snow cores, ice cores, and snow pits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dc6b614-36ad-4e3b-ac6f-af6e0aa6378b", - "label": "SNOW MICROSTRUCTURE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a72b96ad-3755-4205-b353-66592c7bff54", - "label": "SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA", - "broader": "4dc6b614-36ad-4e3b-ac6f-af6e0aa6378b", - "definition": "Ice surface area per unit mass of snow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", - "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "A general term referring to the radiation reflected from, or scattered back through, a given surface in response to radiation incident on the surface with the same wavelength or wavelength range.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2dce1d90-f958-4e96-b8d8-c8b0bc69d16e", - "label": "BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION", - "broader": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", - "definition": "The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is a function of four variables and defines how light is reflected at an opaque surface, such as snow or ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eddd1f51-a6ae-4c35-bac5-e68131fcb386", - "label": "BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE FACTOR", - "broader": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", - "definition": "A function describing the anisotropy of reflected radiance from a surface illuminated from a single direction", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ce90ed3-d8f1-42f5-a609-e2b329839fed", - "label": "BLOWING SNOW", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km (about 7 statute miles).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", - "label": "SNOW VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8e4f4500-e377-4b8c-8275-6194c4b7db8b", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94790dac-6bf8-453b-b841-30b86bdcd491", - "label": "SUBLIMATION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ee6c16d-8828-44d6-a014-63a9ac8eee37", - "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db28e274-27f4-4006-a363-32a98eab859d", - "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c2baf1f-3e73-443b-8b1d-d248bb438c1b", - "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", - "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "481cc0cb-3e52-45e4-bf6e-3bb0c43e3392", - "label": "ICE SURFACE TEMPERAT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ea93d94-9a95-4dc0-8ad9-08896541fea9", - "label": "SURFACE MELT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7a7e7b7-4084-4a29-a4f0-470ea477b486", - "label": "ICE MELANGE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Dense packs of icebergs and sea ice found in proglacial fjords", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dcb59899-1b98-478b-b23f-7485f4d93eec", - "label": "ICE MELANGE VELOCITY", - "broader": "d7a7e7b7-4084-4a29-a4f0-470ea477b486", - "definition": "Dense packs of icebergs and sea ice found in proglacial fjords", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "97fd3b62-917d-4946-8c8a-29d2a15bf6dd", - "label": "SNOW CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", - "definition": "Describes local to global seasonal snow type for non-ice-covered terrestrial regions of Earth where snow falls.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbe8d9d3-1609-4128-9b45-1061a501401b", - "label": "LAND ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", - "definition": "Refers to a land ice and ocean classification mask.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", - "label": "PALEOCLIMATE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "the study of past climates", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "label": "LAND RECORDS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", - "definition": "Non-marine geological information pertinent to paleoclimatology consists of all\ncontinental sedimentary records including loess,volcanic deposits, glaciation,\nspelothems, tree ring, pollen, and other land-based records.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84510f18-a4e6-434c-a54c-44cc995e1af2", - "label": "TREE RINGS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and analysis of ancient tree rings to\r\ndetermine environmental conditions during that tree's lifetime and\r\nextrapolate that to climatic conditions. The study of tree rings related to\npast climate conditions is called dendroclimatology. Variations in tree ring\nwidths from year to year are recognized as an important source of chronological\nand climatic information. The width of a tree ring is a function of many\nvariables including tree species, age, availability of stored food within the\ntree, soil nutrients, and climatic factors such as precipitation, sunshine\ntemperature, winds and humidity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "902e9bf8-85d4-431b-aa15-e0d7abe0f17c", - "label": "SEA SALT", - "broader": "84510f18-a4e6-434c-a54c-44cc995e1af2", - "definition": "Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "98e15316-0055-4392-8825-c38f447d6582", - "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope,\ne.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic\norganisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d412deec-d4ef-4c97-ac1c-f92ddb6964c6", - "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a\nmicroscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in\nthe past.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf0db125-0182-42e7-81c9-6ed55a05ddd0", - "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also\ncarbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon\nhaving a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in\ndating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61f57065-8f47-45c7-8319-f6115153a6ad", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal direct\ninformation about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are\nisotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies using\nother isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used.\nIsoptopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothem\nanalyses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "858d3f93-f2eb-4d2a-87c5-68018f206a47", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock,\nby chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions\nof organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1651d2e2-4483-42fc-aef2-fd49e650eff1", - "label": "CAVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Cave deposits, or speleothems, are mineral formations in caves. While the water\nflows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is an\nindicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth might\nindicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation.\nWhen the speleothems stop growing, the outside becomes dirty and eroded in\nplaces, giving it a dull appearance. Spelothems can be dated by measuring how\nmuch uranium has decayed. Evidence of past climate changes can be inferred from\nmeasuring oxygen isotopes in speleothems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c615709-df55-4b09-a5a9-1fabb133fe1a", - "label": "GLACIATION", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the\nPeriod or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often\ncalled an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form\nin the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. Conversely, the\nterm interglacial or Interglacial Period, such as the current era, is used to\ndenote the absence of large-scale glaciation on a global scale ¿ i.e., a\nnon-Ice Age. Interglacials are, in general, shorter than glacial epochs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "733234ec-053b-4595-811a-b221e6afb35e", - "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Loess is a deposit of wind-blown silt and dust of Pleistocene age that covers\nlarge areas of the continents. It is predominently calcerous consisting of\nquartz feldspars and micas. Loess is extensive in the North American Great\nPlains, south-central Europe, Ukraine, central Asia, China, and Argentina.\nLoess deposits in North America are related to large outwashes from the\nLaurentide ice sheet and floodplains of large rivers. Loess deposits in Europe\nare related to the former Alpine and Scandinavianice sheets. Loess in China and\ncentral Asia are related to desert conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2ceb98b-4b5d-4ee6-b033-e987d2f820f1", - "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's\r\nmaterials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's\r\nmagnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field\r\ncan be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the\r\nEarth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in\r\nsediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b54e01eb-02d9-413a-baf1-40a6e59d9eae", - "label": "PALEOSOLS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Paleosols are soils that formed in a landscape of the past with distinctive\nmorphological features resulting from a soil-forming environment that no longer\nexists at the site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4871f3e-bc88-4380-b7b7-3a18afccc2bd", - "label": "PALEOVEGETATION", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Paleovegetation refers to plant species that were living at some time in the\npast. Indicators of past vegetation include pollen and plant macrofossils.\nAnimal fossils and sedimentary indicators can also be used to reconstruct past\nvegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14c8721e-4d05-4aaa-90be-8607ae2f84b1", - "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a\nmicrospore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The\nstudy of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important\naspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen\nanalysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological\ncharacteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)\nthey are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are\ndistributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to\ndecay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen\ndeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac45c059-9555-45ee-ad20-d58514578f1e", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional\r\nenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. \r\nA stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from\nolder below to younger above without interruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9761565c-2126-49cd-b4c4-cd3bcb5dbbde", - "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Volcanic deposits can consist of tephra, which is airborne pyroclastic\nmaterial. Extremely explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast quatntities\nof tephra over wide areas. Tephra layers can form regional isochronous\nstratigraphic markers. Tephrachronology can a very important tool in\npaleoclimatic studies. Volcanic ash horizons can also be used as\nchronostratigraphic markers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a63fa7f-2971-4874-a920-394df07d218e", - "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", - "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of\nrock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature\nchanges at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature.\nBorehhole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature\nvariations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "label": "ICE CORE RECORDS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", - "definition": "An ice core is a section of ice drilled from a glacier or ice sheet. Ice\ndeposits contain samples of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed; they\nalso record seasonal fluctuations of temperature and dust. That's why ice cores\nare extremely valuable sources of paleoclimate data on the Earth's climate\nin the distant past. Researchers drill sections of ice cores hundreds of meters\nlong and then match sections at different depths with particular eras in the\nEarth's past. These sections can then be analyzed for clues about atmospheric\ngases and temperatures from hundreds of thousands of years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "096f466a-a86a-42ac-93f7-05a799910817", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "The isotopic record found in ice cores reveal direct information about the past\nclimate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight\ndifferences in atomic weight. Depending on the temperature of evaporation and\nhow far the water has had to travel before it fell as snow, the ratio of 18O to\n16O will vary. This ratio, known as d18O, can be measured very accurately using\na mass spectrometer. Over short time scales the change in temperature from\nsummer to winter produces a very clear oscillation in the 18O/16O ratio. This\noscillation is used to determine the age of the core at different depths,\nsimply by counting the oscillations. Over longer time periods, this ratio\nindicates the average temperature of the regions between the evaporation site\nand the coring site. Investigators in Greenland and Antarctica are also\nanalyzing for the ratio of 1H/2H (Hydrogen to deuterium) which will allow even\nfiner detail about source temperature and condensation history to be obtained.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01a4a324-cad3-441d-b0f1-02dc9742784a", - "label": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "An important baseline measurement in ice cores is electrical conductivity.\r\nElectrical conductivity measurements (ECM) of the core is a very rapid method\nto indicate how acidic the core is without the chemical detail of the ion\nanalyses. The value of the measurement is that it can be done for the whole\nlength of the core in high resolution and provide an immediate picture of the\ncore and allow quick detection of interesting areas, such as a volcanic\neruptions. Because it is a high resolution, continuous measurement it can be\nused, along with the other measurements, for time frequency analysis in order\nto identify cycles in the climate signal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f4ccb5c-7b99-442c-9054-964070d95f7b", - "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "Volcanic deposits (including volcanic ash, debris, etc.) are found within ice\ncore\r\nrecords. Volcanoes can produce large quantities of particles and leave a record\nin the ice. Scanning electron micrographs of the particles from a particularly\nlarge dust peak in an ice core may reveal that it is from a known volcano and\nallow a firm date to be placed on that section of core. For prehistoric times,\nthe dust record is a key tool for reconstructing a history of volcanic\nactivity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddbd1be1-2a1b-4aea-a085-6a63208a75c0", - "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas produced from ocean upwelling and soils\nin tropical and temperate regions. Ice core studies have shown that nitrous\noxide increases with temperature in the Northern Hemisphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "daab3b2a-1fe7-4ad9-8340-1a7cfa54a2ac", - "label": "METHANE", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas and is seen in polar ice cores. From the ice\ncore record, it is known that methane rose rapidly whenever climate changed\nfrom glacial to interglacial conditions (during 'deglaciation'). Warming of\nwater bathing the seafloor could have led to large-scale release of methane\nfrom the melting of methane ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37dac8df-b04b-4561-91fb-886e1bded2c1", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide traps\ninfrared radiation. Atmospheric CO2 has increased about 25 percent since the\nearly 1800s, with an estimated increase of 10 percent since 1958 (burning\nfossil fuels is the leading cause of increased CO2, deforestation the second\nmajor cause). The increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance the\ngreenhouse effect, blocking heat from escaping into space and contributing to\nthe warming of Earth's lower atmosphere. (Earth Observatory)\r\nThe most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations\nfor periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air (fluid or gas\ninclusions) trapped in the Antarctic or Greenland ice caps. The most widely\naccepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate\nthat atmospheric CO2 levels were about 260¿280uL/L immediately before\nindustrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the\npreceding 10,000 years. \r\nThe longest ice core record comes from Vostok, Antarctica, where ice has been\nsampled to a depth of 3,600 meters, corresponding to an age of 420,000 years\nbefore the present. During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide\nconcentration has varied between 180¿210 uL/L during ice ages, increasing to\n280¿300 uL/L during warmer\ninterglacials.(http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Carbon-dioxide)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3643618f-3af3-4c69-8beb-2ad14141a176", - "label": "ICE CORE AIR BUBBLES", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "Trapped gases in ice-core bubbles are highly reliable records of atmospheric\ncomposition in reconstructing past climates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "591d2038-5c5e-47bf-a551-1b28f33d1f05", - "label": "IONS", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of various electrostatically charged\r\ncompounds found in ice cores. Ions can be analyzed to infer human, biological,\nand volcanic activity, as well as ocean water conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63c7d604-707e-4c38-8baf-19a620e61917", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "Particulate matter in ice cores (continental dust, volcanic ash, diatoms, and\npollen)can provide information on past climate conditions and climate\nvariability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4487cb97-df49-421f-8c00-5c5f12dd8af1", - "label": "VELOCITY", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "Rate (speed and direction) at which the position of ice has changed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c692e8e4-b920-4eb5-86c3-b5f6121fec4b", - "label": "SODIUM", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "The major ions, sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−), deposited in central Antarctica and preserved in ice cores originate from both marine and continental sources. They provide important proxy records, helping to reconstruct past climatic processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b9fb947-97cd-4354-a799-f14a81564132", - "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "The major ions, sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−), deposited in central Antarctica and preserved in ice cores originate from both marine and continental sources. They provide important proxy records, helping to reconstruct past climatic processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf32d0f2-31f5-450d-9f1d-8aa38fd526dc", - "label": "IRON", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "The important active and passive role of mineral dust aerosol in the climate and the global carbon cycle over the last glacial/interglacial cycles has been recognized. However, little data on the most important aeolian dust-derived biological micronutrient, iron (Fe), has so far been available from ice-cores from Greenland or Antarctica. Furthermore, Fe deposition reconstructions derived from the palaeoproxies particulate dust and calcium differ significantly from the Fe flux data available. The ability to measure high temporal resolution Fe data in polar ice-cores is crucial for the study of the timing and magnitude of relationships between geochemical events and biological responses in the open ocean. This work adapts an existing flow injection analysis (FIA) methodology for low-level trace Fe determinations with an existing glaciochemical analysis system, continuous flow analysis (CFA) of ice-cores. Fe-induced oxidation of N,N'-dimethyl-p-pheylenediamine (DPD) is used to quantify the biologically more important and easily leachable Fe fraction released in a controlled digestion step at pH ~1.0. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of labile Fe in ice-core samples collected from the Antarctic Byrd ice-core and the Greenland Ice-Core Project (GRIP) ice-core.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aeaa43ab-5ccf-4df7-b8ad-b9f9f4249551", - "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", - "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 glaciochemical series (sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride) provides a unique view of the chemistry of the atmosphere and the history of atmospheric circulation over both the high latitudes and mid-low latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Interpretation of this record reveals a diverse array of environmental signatures that include the documentation of anthropogenically derived pollutants, volcanic and biomass burning events, storminess over marine surfaces, continental aridity and biogenic source strength plus information related to the controls on both high- and low-frequency climate events of the last 110,000 years. Climate forcings investigated include changes in insolation of the order of the major orbital cycles that control the long-term behavior of atmospheric circulation patterns through changes in ice volume (sea level), events such as the Heinrich events (massive discharges of icebergs first identified in t he marine record) that are found to operate on a 6100-year cycle due largely to the lagged response of ice sheets to changes in insolation and consequent glacier dynamics, and rapid climate change events (massive reorganizations of atmospheric circulation) that are demonstrated to operate on 1450-year cycles. Changes in insolation and associated positive feedbacks related to ice sheets may assist in explaining favorable time periods and controls on the amplitude of massive rapid climate change events. Explanation for the exact timing and global synchroneity of these events is, however, more complicated. Preliminary evidence points to possible solar variability-climate associations for these events and perhaps others that are embedded in our ice-core-derived atmospheric circulation records.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "label": "PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past climatic conditions using paleoclimate proxy records\r\n(tree rings, ice cores, etc.)", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fed291ec-8f7d-4131-a5cd-dc04706f61b0", - "label": "LAKE LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past lake levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc063daf-1db5-4597-9de2-0501a5593947", - "label": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past drought and precipitation climatic conditions based on\r\npaleoclimate proxy records (mostly tree ring data).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7859191e-732b-47cf-b1a3-fc7a934509ce", - "label": "STREAMFLOW RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past streamflow conditions based on paleoclimate proxy\r\nrecords (related to drought/precipitation records).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7b30694-5d05-404b-9748-b8f6adc3491d", - "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea surface temperatures (SST) based on paleoclimate\r\nproxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bdfbf06-c583-4e51-a595-dbc6143d95e0", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past atmospheric circulation conditions based on paleoclimate\nproxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f07a511-1c78-4b2b-8c6a-f4aeedb0f5b6", - "label": "SOLAR FORCING/INSOLATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past solar forcing and insolation based on paleoclimate proxy\nrecords.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb49a2e7-bd89-4d3a-974a-8776a763a4ae", - "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past air temperatures using paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80a6803a-5bf3-4439-b13f-0909e0ea40f9", - "label": "OCEAN SALINITY RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past ocean salinity based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf0e53d3-c8ae-4baa-8a31-672a2252f285", - "label": "GROUND WATER RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past ground water conditions based on paleoclimate proxy\r\nrecords.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e240565d-d265-474b-a25b-34059526ae44", - "label": "SEA LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91600c9b-397e-4855-b21e-b9e97e6d5261", - "label": "VEGETATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past vegetation conditions based on paleoclimate proxy\r\nrecords.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "label": "OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", - "definition": "Paleoclimatic information can be inferred from biogenic material in ocean\nsediments, oxygen isotopic analyses of sea water (via deep sea cores), coral\ngrowth, inorganic material such as from weathering and erosion, lake levels and\nglacial varves, and ocean circulation changes as a result of\nglacial-interglacial cycles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4722fc1e-f93f-4aa1-854a-2b8a82920008", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional\r\nenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. \r\nA stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from\r\nolder below to younger above without interruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23822618-39a2-4b2b-9162-37bb0651c118", - "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also\r\ncarbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon\r\nhaving a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in\ndating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77cbdebf-eddf-42b5-8603-e939eccd1780", - "label": "LAKE LEVELS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Lake level fluctuations can provide important evidence for paleoclimatic\nconditions, particulary in arid and semiarid areas. Lake levels are\nparticularly sensitive to changes in hydrologic balance due to climatic\nfluctuations. Lakes may develop and expand if there is an abundance of\nprecipitation and will recede and even dry up (due to evaporation) during\nprolonged droughts. Lake sediment cores are often drilled to provide\nstratigraphic clues to past climate conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d324729f-cc0d-4943-8d1a-d38335120c00", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Marine sediments are composed of both biogenic and terrigenous materials.\nBiogenic sediments includes the remains of planktic and benthic organisms,\nwhich provide a record of past climate and oceanic circulation. Terrigenous\nmaterial provides a record of humidity-aridity variations on the continents,\nintensity and direction of winds, and other modes of sediment transport\n(rivers, glaciers, erosion, etc.).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e872413-f416-43dd-a960-942ef892ae59", - "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope,\r\ne.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic\r\norganisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e001c431-c204-419e-af64-cc8978132abf", - "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of\nrock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature\nchanges at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature.\nBorehhole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature\nvariations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f986b716-d26c-4c98-8166-b415229186ff", - "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a\r\nmicroscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in\r\nthe past.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "296b7bc4-c031-48ea-bb6d-99f7c971c953", - "label": "CORAL DEPOSITS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hard\ncalcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, the\nimportant coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known as\nhermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surface\ntemperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondance between\nlarge excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)\nevents. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs,\nrainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56589fec-7573-42df-b853-2754cdc9e1b7", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of isotopic (excluding oxygen) signatures\r\nin ocean/lake sediments to determine past climatic conditions, and apply\r\nthose findings to the Earth's climate at the time period in question.\r\nCarbon isotope analysis is very important in extracting paleoclimatic\nsignatures from corals and from benthic forams.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a65ec029-86a7-4c3b-b2b3-ee26353aaf36", - "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Isotopes of oxygen (O-18, O-16, O-13) are found in calcium carbonate in sea\nwater. The production of O18 is highly dependent on temperature. The oxygen\nisotope record in marine sediments varies locally with temperature and globally\nwith variations in continental ice volume. Oxygen isotope analyses have been\ncarried out on deep sea cores from areas of calcareous sedimentation throughout\nthe world and similar variations in O18 are recorded everywhere. The O18 signal\nis that of ice volume changes on the continents and concomitant changes in the\nisotopic content of the oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d42bf3e3-3eda-471a-adb5-ddf1240cd474", - "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's\r\nmaterials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's\r\nmagnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field\r\ncan be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the\r\nEarth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in\r\nsediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ad60c3b-f72e-4f54-9d3e-0048373c166d", - "label": "VARVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "A sedimentary bed or lamina or sequence of laminae (thin layers) deposited in a\nbody of silt or still water within a year's time. Usually refers to glacial\nvarves resulting from seasonally deposited meltwater streams in a glacial lake\nor other body of still water. Counting the varves have been used to measure\nglacial deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adcd37fe-9f4a-4d8d-8f79-489775707ea2", - "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "'Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a\nmicrospore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The\nstudy of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important\naspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen\nanalysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological\ncharacteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)\nthey are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are\ndistributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to\ndecay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen\ndeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions. \n'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a088eccf-1160-4f01-ab71-53e720264ecd", - "label": "SEDIMENT CORE", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", - "definition": "tube of sediment collected from the bed of a water body, allowing the analysis of layers of which it is made up, leading to information on seabed / lakebed character, depositional history and environmental change.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "label": "BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "Biological classification is the process by which scientists group living organisms. Organisms are classified based on how similar they are. Historically, similarity was determined by examining the physical characteristics of an organism but modern classification uses a variety of techniques including genetic analysis.\nOrganisms are classified according to a system of seven ranks:\n\nKingdom\nPhylum\nClass\nOrder\nFamily\nGenus\nSpecies", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "label": "ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "definition": "Invertebrates are animals lacking a backbone, or without bones.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", - "label": "ARTHROPODS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "The phylum Arthropods possesses an exoskeleton, the arrangement of\nhardened plates and tubular sections found in the outer covering or\ncuticle of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b32ca9df-f981-4696-bf97-c190175e47b7", - "label": "CHELICERATES", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", - "definition": "Subphylum of Arthropoda distinguished by chelicerae appendages near the mouth to aid in feeding and only two main body regions, the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma)", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "973bd2bd-c201-4e8c-8c86-d2e849298310", - "label": "ARACHNIDS", - "broader": "b32ca9df-f981-4696-bf97-c190175e47b7", - "definition": "Arachnids are arthropods with a body divided into an anterior and\nposterior part. The posterior section contains four pairs of legs.\nArachnids are almost entirely terrestrial and mainly free living.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "label": "CRUSTACEANS", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", - "definition": "A subphylum or superclass of arthropods containing over 35,000 species\ndistributed worldwide, mainly in freshwater and marine habitats, where they\nconstitute a major component of plankton.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4095dea9-3da1-4679-bccf-7fe637414910", - "label": "EUPHAUSIIDS (KRILL)", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Order Euphasiacea, commonly referred to as Krill, are small shrimp like crustaceans with a hard exoskeleton divided into cephalon, thorax and abdomen with biramous appendages and a flattened tail fin called a telson", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e20c4981-7cbe-4f5c-9139-78b22ee7bfb6", - "label": "AMPHIPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Crustacean class Malacostraca with three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57e04385-5f7b-432b-8f0b-b26fc9e3d77d", - "label": "BARNACLES", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Cone shaped shell-wall comprised of calcareous plates sessile, marine intertidal crustaceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfda8569-896e-4efa-81e1-8f02af8b1017", - "label": "MYSIDS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Order Mysida, Phylum Arthropoda, are small shrimp-like crustaceans characterized by an eight segmented thorax concealed by a protective carapace, a six segmented abdomen, with a head that bears a pair of stalked eyes and two pairs of antennae", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9443e3fb-5087-4aae-a311-35ab172c45ce", - "label": "COPEPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Small aquatic crustaceans in Phylum Arthropoda", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e631c681-5dad-48b2-83ce-943a1f0df47a", - "label": "DECAPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Small ten-footed aquatic crustaceans in Phylum Arthropoda", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e91ca626-7afa-4e36-8a28-f8df6fc9d797", - "label": "OSTRACODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda, are small crustaceans characterized by a bivalved carapace that encloses the entire body and distinguished by five pairs of appendages on their head and 1-3 pairs of appendages on their body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcf06e40-74f1-4341-bc80-79dcd2e268b9", - "label": "ISOPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", - "definition": "Phylum Isopoda are aquatic and terrestrial malacostracan crustaceans characterized by small, dorsoventrally flattened body, a pair of maxillipeds, two large antennae and one small vestigial pair, a cephalic sheild and unstalked compound eyes and many legs (except the parasitic form)", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", - "label": "HEXAPODS", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", - "definition": "Subphylum Hexapoda constitutes the largest number of species of arthropods characterized by bodies divided into six fused segments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "44e49605-e860-41d0-8ef8-cb74419f831d", - "label": "INSECTS", - "broader": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", - "definition": "Insects are a class of Arthropoda, members of which have three pairs of\nlegs and usually two pairs of wings borne on the thorax.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b23a3120-0b90-434d-81e6-988f62034e22", - "label": "ENTOGNATHA", - "broader": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", - "definition": "class of wingless arthropods with entognathous mouthparts", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", - "label": "MYRIAPODS", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", - "definition": "Subphylum Myriapoda, Phylum Arthropoda, are characterized by elongated segmented body, a single pair of antenna and simple eyes. Common examples are centipedes and millipedes", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "582efbf1-ae9c-47f4-8155-c445f3816dd8", - "label": "CENTIPEDES", - "broader": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", - "definition": "Centipedes are in the Class Chilopoda, and are elongate arthropods with\nbody divided into head and trunk, the latter bearing ten or more pairs of\nlegs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6db51cf-d2d0-4203-94c8-c884579e0cb0", - "label": "MILLIPEDES", - "broader": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", - "definition": "Millipedes are in the Class Chilopoda, in the Phylum Arthropoda, and\nare elongate arthropods with body divided into head and trunk, the latter\nbearing never many more than 200 pairs of legs.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "acce07bc-4e22-48b8-8396-10628c13124f", - "label": "COMB JELLIES", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Common name for Ctenophores. Marine invertebrates distinct with rows of fused cilia", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb4834d9-7bfe-4283-86f7-931532baa79c", - "label": "WATER BEARS (TARDIGRADES)", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Tardigrada. Commonly known as Water Bears are extremophilic, water-dwelling, eight-legged semented micro-animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c974992-0ec2-4c55-9ab9-e8158f446fe7", - "label": "PRIAPULANS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Priapulida. Commonly called Penis Worms are gonochoristic burrowing marine vermiform pseudocoelomate animals with spines around the mouth", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", - "label": "ECHINODERMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "The phylum Echinoderms is a wholly marine group whose members include\nthe familiar starfish and sea urchins often found on the shore. Some of\ntheir particular features are their five-sided adult symmetry, their\nendoskeleton which consists of many small crystals of calcium carbonate\nand tube feet, which are outward manifestations of their water vascular\nsystem.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ec994afa-ecd4-4d25-9e8b-335cd982755c", - "label": "SEA STARS", - "broader": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", - "definition": "Phylum Echinodermata. Class Asteroidea. Opportunistic marine invertebrates characterized by a central armored disk-shaped body with 5 flexible arms having tube feet", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6972b6bd-2f7e-460d-b12a-914b7d1e029c", - "label": "SEA URCHINS", - "broader": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", - "definition": "Phylum Echinodermata. Class Echinoidea. Marine invertebrates with five-fold symmetry visible on the test and spines used for protection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c653917-a5d8-4572-a509-572e9fd2c63d", - "label": "BRITTLE/BASKET STARS", - "broader": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", - "definition": "Class Ophiuroidea in Phylum Echinodermata. Marine invertebrates characterized by five long thin flexible arms around a central armored disk-shaped body", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", - "label": "MOLLUSKS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Mollusks are fundamentally bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with\nsegmentation almost or completely absent; muscular foot, typically\nventral; head usually with concentrated sense organs; dorsal mantle of\ntissue folded to form a cavity with usually houses gills; well developed\nblood vascular system and usually an internal or external calcareous\nshell.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "955fae6f-6aae-460a-a952-1c0c30f5151e", - "label": "CEPHALOPODS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", - "definition": "Class of marine Mollusks with a well developed senses, three hearts, jet powered, color changing skin and large brains.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d07a910-06bf-4607-90f8-422e1f35cfa0", - "label": "SQUIDS", - "broader": "955fae6f-6aae-460a-a952-1c0c30f5151e", - "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Cephalopoda. Marine molluscs characterized by a condensed anteroposteriorly and extended dorso-ventrally body plan and a reduce shell with only a pen remaining", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b24db47-ecf4-4559-aaff-aef150188b03", - "label": "APLACOPHORANS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", - "definition": "Molluscs deviated from the normal molluscan form with no shell and rudimentary body structure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e65cfeec-0da2-40d8-b80d-1c74d1a498fc", - "label": "CHITONS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", - "definition": "Rock dwelling marine mollusks with oval shaped bodies that are flattened dorsoventrally with overlapping and separate plates that form a shell", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", - "label": "BIVALVES", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", - "definition": "Aquatic mollusk with a compressed body enclosed within a hinged two-part shell.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bc60fbb8-f9e9-492e-9acf-0f47345cedf2", - "label": "MUSSELS", - "broader": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", - "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Bivalvia. Sedentary bivalve characterized by two-part shell of calcium carbonate secreted by the mantle and joined by a ligamentous hinge held shut by adductor muscles distinguished by slipper dark colored shells and attached to strata by byssus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9273a48a-7ca4-4f1a-9347-7f6599b5a7e3", - "label": "CLAMS", - "broader": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", - "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Bivalvia. Burrowing bivalve characterized by two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and having powerful burrowing foot.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6782a30-639e-4d70-8290-81683d248b1f", - "label": "OYSTERS", - "broader": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", - "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Bivalvia. Sedentary bivalve characterized by two-part shell of calcium carbonate secreted by the mantle and joined by a ligamentous hinge held shut by adducter muscles distinguished by a rough, irregular shell shape.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2db293d-2ed7-4831-9794-a2cf903e4d4d", - "label": "GASTROPODS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", - "definition": "Largest group in the Phylum Mollusca, commonly known as slugs and snails, are extremely diverse species in habitat, feeding and morphology. Characterized by a single, often coiled, shell (although lost in some slug groups), a body that has undergone torsion so the pallial cavity faces forwards and well-developed head bearing a pair of cephalic tentacles", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfbfd84c-6bf0-412f-9e75-1bad5241c339", - "label": "SPONGES", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Sponges are multicellular organisms with no discrete tissues and organs\nbut with a skeleton composed of collagen (with or without mineral\nelements), and a tubular water filtration system driven by specialized\nuniflagellate cells. They have a free living sessile habit and are mainly\nmarine at all depths and latitudes but some occur in freshwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", - "label": "SEGMENTED WORMS (ANNELIDS)", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Segmented Worms are worms that have a repeating series of body units that\nmay or may not be similar to one another.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "517e2978-223e-42a2-b889-9c60f7099859", - "label": "EARTHWORMS", - "broader": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", - "definition": "Tube shaped segmented worm in Phylum Annelida", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b845369b-bf6b-47a6-b56a-a11438604a39", - "label": "LEECHES", - "broader": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", - "definition": "Class Hirudinea, Phylum Annelida, similar to oligochaetes but are characterized by lack of bristles and two suckers", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea2c5c8f-6b57-4fcc-8c01-53343c706cef", - "label": "BRISTLE WORMS", - "broader": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", - "definition": "Free-living segmented worms classified with an elongated body and pair of appendages and setae (tufts of bristles) on each segment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", - "label": "CNIDARIANS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "The name Cnidaria comes from the Greek word 'cnidos', which means stinging\nnettle (i.e. nematocysts). This phylum contains thousands of living species\nworldwide. These creatures are radially symmetrical. There are four major\ngroups of cnidarians:\r\n1) Anthozoa, which includes true corals, anemones, and sea pens;\r\n2) Cubozoa, the amazing box jellies with complex eyes and potent toxins;\r\n3) Hydrozoa, the most diverse group with siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals,\nand many medusae; and\r\n4) Scyphozoa, the true jellyfish.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", - "label": "ANTHOZOANS/HEXACORALS", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", - "definition": "Subclass of class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidarian) of water-based organisms formed by colonial polyps with hexamerous symmetry, eight and ten part symmetry is not uncommon. Hexacorals consit of anemones and 'true corals' with a stony skeleton, also known as 'reef building corals'", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9c47c3f3-09ae-491f-994c-0322e2875a7e", - "label": "SEA ANEMONES", - "broader": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", - "definition": "Anemones, or Sea Anemones, belong to the class Anthozoa, which are\r\nsedentary polypoid forms including sea fans, and hard and soft corals.\r\nAnthozoans are the most advanced members of the Phylum Cnidaria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd4de9c8-e078-43cf-a7d8-78f289c8618e", - "label": "HARD OR STONY CORALS", - "broader": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", - "definition": "Scleractinia is a subclass of class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidarian) of water-based organisms formed by colonial polyps with hexamerous symmetry, eight and ten part symmetry is not uncommon. Stony corals, known as hard corals or 'reef-building corals, are sessile marine organisms that secrete a calicum carbonate skeleton to protect it's soft body. Polyps are individual animals with a cylindrical body crowned by an oral disc and mouth surrounded by tentacles.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb628a66-a10b-4ef1-9261-7ce63a9439dc", - "label": "JELLYFISHES", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", - "definition": "Jellyfish are acoelomate with a body wall divided into two layers and\nseparated by a jelly-like mesoglea. They are primarily radially\nsymmetrical with no anus and a mouth usually surrounded by tentacles\nbearing stinging nematocysts. Jellyfish are free swimming.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", - "label": "ANTHOZOANS/OCTOCORALS", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", - "definition": "Subclass of class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidarian) of aquatic organisms formed by colonial polyps with eight fold symmetry, consisting of 'soft corals' lacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by minute, spiny skeletal sclerites used in identification.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c6b33bb7-9714-42b5-88d2-f16bd671b799", - "label": "SEA FANS/SEA WHIPS", - "broader": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", - "definition": "Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Order Alyconacea. Commonly known as Gorgonians are water-based animals formed by colonial polyps with 8 fold symmetry, consisting of 'soft corals' lacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by calcareous spicules less than 0.3 mm in length used in identification", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f25a6bc-ccbd-44fd-a33f-36a2ed53827f", - "label": "SEA PENS", - "broader": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", - "definition": "Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Class Pennatulacea. Water-based animals formed by colonial polyps with 8 fold symmetry, consisting of 'soft corals' lacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by upright stalks, and specialized polyps with specific functions", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7836e8bd-176d-4e2f-9ac1-7f9d9a152b4e", - "label": "SOFT CORALS", - "broader": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", - "definition": "Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Common name of water-based organisms formed by colonial polyps with 8 fold symmetry, clacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by minute, spiny skeletal sclerites used in identification", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2c891c2-aa15-40b8-bfae-f02f42d0c739", - "label": "HYDROZOANS", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", - "definition": "Subgroup of Phylum Cnidarian having both polyp and medusa stage distinguished by their complex life cycle, the presence of a velum inside the medusa stage and production of gametes from ectodermal.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "70c0b882-3d34-4e2d-90bf-339ade328ee0", - "label": "ACORN WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Common name for any worm-shaped marine invertebrates characterized by three body parts, covering of cilia and solitary benthic lifestyle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b3f96de-62f8-482a-87a5-6efcc3414af7", - "label": "ROTIFERS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Rotifera. Microscopic aquatic animals with a complete digestive tract complete with mouth and anus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af9520f0-6011-45e0-a1d8-bd8c3ed042b0", - "label": "SPINY-HEADED WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Acanthocephala. Parasitic worms characterized by the presence of a spiked eversible proboscis", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b560f23d-f190-4c41-8bd9-4650a83296af", - "label": "BRYOZOANS/MOSS ANIMALS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Microscopic aquatic colonial invertebrates classified by lophophore, a specialized feeding structure that extends from the body wall into a tentacle structure surrounding the mouth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c1cf609-c70d-4811-8514-3ca45a8bb380", - "label": "ROUNDWORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Roundworms are mostly worm-like and unsegmented, with an external cuticle,\na pseudocoelom between body wall and gut, an anus and complex nervous\nsystem but not circulatory system. They are mostly free living bottom\ndwellers in marine and freshwater environments and in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb62f1cf-a6e5-4d9d-a3ab-c665b93ce072", - "label": "PHORONIDS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Phoronida. Commonly called Horeshoe worms are hermaphroditic, marine, benthic, suspension feeding vermiform animals distringuished with a looped digestive tract and the anus is located close to the mouth. Adult Phoronida live in chitinous tube attached or burrowed in a hard substrate with lophophore, ciliated feeding structure, surrounding the mouth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "470b8420-2a72-4a0c-9c87-e85c57bf01bb", - "label": "LORICIFERANS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Loricifera are microscopic bilateral animals characterized by a lorica and habitat between marine sediments", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ce4bad9-f050-4b0c-845e-5e7569b6a2d2", - "label": "FLATWORMS/FLUKES/TAPEWORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Flatworms have a dorsoventrally flattened, simple triploblastic body lacking\na coelom, anus and blood vascular system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "328d3442-34a0-496b-ae4d-87eb447058b8", - "label": "ARROW WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Common name for Chaetognaths. Marine worms with a bilaterally symmetrical, mostly transparent soft body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d179cd8-3d64-47a8-b665-ac1382053aff", - "label": "PEANUT WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Spiuncula. Commonly called Peanut Worms, have an unsegmented fluid filled body and are characterized by a twisted intestine, the anus on the side of the body, a retractable introvert body section and a ring of tentacles around the mouth. Sipunculans have no circulatory or respiratory system", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f70d3181-c6b6-40ec-a583-6c9e44e1c4ad", - "label": "BURROWS/SPOON WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Echiura is a group of burrowing marine invertebrates related to Annelids without segmentation classified with an extensible proboscis and set of hooks at posterior end.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b5fd1dc-cfff-4bd8-9807-b5dd5ecf83fe", - "label": "RIBBON WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Nemertini (also spelled Nemertina or Nemertea). Commonly called Ribbon Worms are free-living worms with a proboscis separated from the digestive tract distinguished by a complete gut with anus and blood vessels", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23193921-88ee-4ff2-b9ca-d4688aa4bda7", - "label": "ENTOPROCTS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "A phylum of small invertebrate aquatic animals typically having a cup-shaped body bearing tentacles and attached to the substrate by means of a stalk characterized by having tentacles with a downstream-collecting ciliary system, an anus inside the ring of ciliated tentacles, and no coelomic canal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa4b61fa-32e7-420f-988f-df5527b6f935", - "label": "WHEEL WEAVERS (CYCLIOPHORANS)", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Cycliophora. Commonly called Wheel Weavers are acoelomate, bilateral obligate commensalist animals on the mouthparts of lobsters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3425c65-ead7-4bf6-942c-7176a1469b58", - "label": "HORSEHAIR WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Nematomorpha, commonly known as horsehair worms, are parasitoid animals on arthropods. They have cilia on an external cuticle, and only have longitudinal muscle, a nerve ring near the anterior, and non-functional gut with no respiratory, excretory or circulatory system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28ae9814-61c2-4ca4-8bc5-d093c1ce5e83", - "label": "LAMP SHELLS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Brachiopoda are a group of marine lophotrochozoans with hard shells on upper and lower surfaces, hinged at the rear with a pedicle projecting from one of the valesto keep the animal anchored to the seabed floor. Two main groups comprise brachiopods, articulate with toothed hinges and simple muscles and inarticulates with untoothed hinges and complex muscles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e05fac08-e3de-4f41-a3fa-29d322a99ac2", - "label": "GNATHOSTOMULIDS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Gnathostomulida, commonly known as jaw worms, are marine microscopic free-living worms characterized by a monocliliated epidermis and complex cuticular mouthparts", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", - "label": "TUNICATES", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Subphylum Tunicata. Commonly called Sea Squirts, sessile marine invertebrate filter feeders characterized by a tough outer layer of polysaccharide cellulose", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9987f02e-2f2f-48ed-95ac-02514f02d7b0", - "label": "SEA SQUIRTS", - "broader": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Subphylum Tunicata. Common name for Tunicates, sessile marine invertebrate filter feeders characterized by a tough outer layer of polysaccharide cellulose", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b1af14c-25f1-42bb-bba9-24ee5cee4e43", - "label": "LARVACEANS", - "broader": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", - "definition": "Class Appendicularia, Phylum Chordata, commonly called larvaceans are solitary, free-swimming tunicates characterized by a transparent body of a trunk housing internal organs and a tail with a notochord. The trunk secretes a mucous house that encloses the animal therefore making it a gelatinous zooplankton", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b63e1a64-661a-4228-8453-248076f612b7", - "label": "SALPS", - "broader": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Subphylum Tunicata. Class Thaliacea. Order Salpida. Free swimming marine holoplanktonic filter feeding chordates without ceolom, segmentation and bony tissue characterized by a gelatinous transparent test", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", - "label": "PLANTS", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "definition": "Pertaining to the scientific classification of plants.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", - "label": "GYMNOSPERMS", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", - "definition": "Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants, commonly refered to as 'naked seeds', where the ovules are not inclused in the ovary.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b26769a1-f023-4ab1-bc21-78ef2a5fd185", - "label": "CONIFERS", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", - "definition": "Conifers are pollen- and seed-bearing plants of the dominant group\nof gymnosperms; mostly evergreen, woody trees and shrubs with needle-like\nor scale-like leaves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0077bce-436c-432c-8d28-eb8d9cf2849b", - "label": "GNETOPS", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", - "definition": "Gnetophytes are a small group of Gymnosperms characterized by the presence of vessels elements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e7a8b01-ee3b-44e2-95ef-cf4603b05204", - "label": "CYCADS", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", - "definition": "Division Cycadophyta. Plants resembling palms with a ligneous trunk, stiff evergreen pinnate leaves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdccf097-a2e1-4494-ad47-1c96a4d0d99a", - "label": "GINKGO", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", - "definition": "Ginkgo are dioecious trees, with flagellated sperm inside a pollen grain dispersed by wind. Ginkgo leaves are unique among Gymnosperms as they are broad, flat, lobed, fan-shaped with dichotomous veins", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", - "label": "MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS)", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", - "definition": "'Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are the dominant marine plants inhabiting\ntemperate coasts. Macroalgae contain chlorophyll and an assortment of\nadditional pigments spanning the visible spectrum from blue to red.\nHistorically, classification was based on pigmentation. At present, the\nclassification of marine algae relies on additional diagnostic\ncharacteristics. Although pigmentation is only one of the characteristics\nused to classify the algae, the original names, which were based on color,\nhave been retained. The major divisions of seaweed are green\nalgae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae\n(Phaeophyta).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "63015ca3-455b-4d91-b047-ff83a95d6bbe", - "label": "RED ALGAE", - "broader": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", - "definition": "Division Rhodophyta. Red algae are characterized by accessory pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanins in the phycobillisomes, lack of flagella and centrioles, starch as their storage product, unstacked thylakoids, and no chloroplast in the endoplasmic reticulum", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36e07e20-ce85-4418-83fd-6d718e55f370", - "label": "BROWN ALGAE", - "broader": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", - "definition": "Phylum Ochrophyta. Class Phaeophyceae, brown algae, are distinguished by chloroplasts with four membranes, fucoxanthin pigment and are heterokonts that develop into forms with differentiated tissues.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fb63f34-f934-4a20-9d6e-ee57424f2391", - "label": "GREEN ALGAE", - "broader": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", - "definition": "Green algae are distinguished by chlorophyll a and b proportions, accessory pigments beta-carotene, and xanthophylls in stacked thylakoids. Cell walls are typically cellulose and they store carbohydrates as starch", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "934bd870-ffa8-41d8-8da9-214b73707168", - "label": "MOSSES/HORNWORTS/LIVERWORTS", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", - "definition": "Mosses and Liverworts belong to the Phylum Bryophyta, Class Musci\nand Hepaticae, respectively. Bryophytes are relatively small plants that\ngrow in moist places on land -- on damp rocks and logs, on the forest\nfloor, in swamps or marshes, or beside streams and pools. In a moss, the\nsporophyte stage of the life cycle is a relatively simple structure\nconsisting of three parts: a foot embedded in the 'leafy' green\ngametophyte, a stalk, and a distal capsule, or sporangium. The gametophyte\nplants of some liverworts resemble mosses except that the 'leaves' are\nscaly in appearance, and the 'stem' is prostrate. Other liverworts grow\nas flat green structures lying on the substratum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", - "label": "ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", - "definition": "Flowering Plants are all included within the class Angiospermae.\nToday angiosperms are the dominant plant life, their survival helped by\nthe angiosperms' flowers (through pollination), fruit (by being carried to\nnew places), and seeds (which contain food to nourish the young plant).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b2957a8b-4c60-42aa-ac1c-56a88421702b", - "label": "MONOCOTS", - "broader": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", - "definition": "Monocots are plants that have one cotyledon in the seeds, distinguished by the structure of their pollen with a single furrows, flowers in multiples of three, parallel leaf veins, stem vascular bundles scattered that are adventitious", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e36c5faa-c772-4bb0-aeca-b361e160ce9d", - "label": "SEAGRASS", - "broader": "b2957a8b-4c60-42aa-ac1c-56a88421702b", - "definition": "Seagrasses are marin angiosperms with erect, elongated leaves where photosynthesis is restricted to, and a buried rhizome system", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4211da2-9eaa-4bb3-86b1-c4595e9f2971", - "label": "DICOTS", - "broader": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", - "definition": "Dicots are plants that are have two cotyledons in the seeds, distinguished by the structure of their pollen with three furrows, flowers in multiples of four or five, reticulated leaf veins, stem vascular bundles in a ring and roots that develop from a radicle.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", - "label": "MICROALGAE", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", - "definition": "Microalgae are microscopic algae.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b29cf79c-92a9-4160-aa8a-6917da79e298", - "label": "DINOFLAGELLATES", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", - "definition": "Dinoflagellates are protists with two flagella, a traverse flagellum typically contained in the cingulum used for motion and a longitudinal flagellum that acts as a rudder. Dinoflagellates are most common in freshwater and can be harmful as 'red tides'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a454dc9-de56-4682-8688-36ffd547d42f", - "label": "HAPTOPHYTES", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", - "definition": "Haptophytes are a clade of heterokont algae with smooth flagella. Haptophytes are typically eukaryotic, with a central nucleus and are characterized with a haptonema organelle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ab7eb13f-5fcb-4afa-8819-c37d36feeec1", - "label": "COCCOLITHOPHORES", - "broader": "0a454dc9-de56-4682-8688-36ffd547d42f", - "definition": "Coccolithophores are extremely small, flagellated organisms of the KingdomProtista, which are adorned with buttons of calcium carbonate, called coccoliths. The coccolithophores appear to contribute significantly to marine food chains by capturing radiant energy and manufacturing food during photosynthesis. The coccolithophores make up a considerable portion of the microscopic life in warmer regions, such as the Sargasso Sea.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a14cfe48-9554-4e7c-9a2b-bf72834eafba", - "label": "DIATOMS", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", - "definition": "'Diatoms are algae of the Phylum Ochrista that lack flagella. They have\na jewel-like appearance.\tThey play an extremely important role in\naquatic food webs in that they are the second most abundant component of\nmarine plankton (after blue-green algae).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "502c9a41-ab95-4ae7-8e92-d1024b094f36", - "label": "CRYPTOMONADS", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", - "definition": "Phylum Cryotophyta. Group of motile, unicellular algae, flattened with an anterior groove or pocket with two unequal flagella characterized by extrusomes with two ribbons held under tension", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", - "label": "FERNS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", - "definition": "Pteridophytes, commonly called Ferns and fern allies, are vascular plants with fronds, roots and sometimes true stems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c5ae3a71-d144-4b91-9cf0-e3cb27ce718f", - "label": "CLUB MOSSES", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", - "definition": "Division Pteridophyta. Class Lycopodiopsida. Order Lycopodiales. Lycopodium, commonly called club mosses, are asexual, flowerless, vascular plants with widely branched stems and needle-like leaves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9818a5f0-bec9-47c0-b2ee-7e84c55466ed", - "label": "FERNS", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", - "definition": "Ferns, of the phylum Pterophyta, with 12,000 species, are the largest group\nof seedless vascular plants, and are in mainly tropical, temperate\nhabitats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f5bbb69-57ea-4d8e-bd89-20478bc765d1", - "label": "HORSETAILS", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", - "definition": "Class Polypodiopsida. Order Equisetales. Horsetails is in a family of vascular plants, reproduces by spores, with reduced non-photosynthetic leaves and a microphyllis", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e76b3409-8be4-422b-8002-85bbfa846994", - "label": "WHISK FERNS", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", - "definition": "Division Pteridophyta. Class Psilotopsida. Order Psilotales. Whisk ferns are fern-like vascular plants, without true roots and leaves but have rhizomes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", - "label": "ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "definition": "Vertebrates are chordates with a backbone, either of cartilage or bone, and a\nbrain located inside a protective chamber of skull bones.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "label": "MAMMALS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", - "definition": "The class Mammals are warm-blooded craniates with glandular skin which\nis typically hairy; Young are fed on milk secreted by mammary glands.\nMammals are mostly terrestrial in all habitats from forest to desert, but\nsome fly and some inhabit freshwater or the sea.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", - "label": "EVEN-TOED UNGULATES", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Hoofed animals whose weight is evenly distributed by the third and fourth toes", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "108ece15-4588-4564-b803-dc1c17cf193e", - "label": "HOGS/PIGS", - "broader": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Family Suidae are omnivores, even toed-ungulates with a large head and a long strengthened snout. Hog is a common name for domestic pig weighing more than 120lbs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5557a4f3-8392-4df5-81a9-206c2a86da89", - "label": "DEER/MOOSE", - "broader": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Atiodactyla. Deer are ruminant, four legged animals with long powerful legs, a small tail, long ears. Deer distinguished by their antlers, which are temporary and can be regrown. Male deer possess antlers while generally females lack antlers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33e2e026-e40b-4932-95a9-b2ca1a7aa407", - "label": "CATTLE/SHEEP", - "broader": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Family Bovidae. Cattle, commonly called cows, are large quadrupedal animals with odd-toed ungulate ruminants with cloven hooves", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", - "label": "CARNIVORES", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "definition": "A species that eats meat and flesh of animals", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d8973cd1-f3b4-4087-bf3b-25ac0732fb38", - "label": "MARTENS/WEASELS/WOLVERINES", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Family Mustelidae are small carnivorous mammals with short legs, round ears and thick fur.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35cf1beb-a654-4ceb-ab6b-7e505c2144e7", - "label": "SEALS/SEA LIONS/WALRUSES", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Pinnipeds are widely distributed carnivorous, fin-footed, marine mammals. Seals are eared and use well developed fore-flippers for swimming and walking. Sea lions have external ear flaps. Walruses are characterized by their tusks and whiskers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6831004a-34d7-42f5-a903-6c84a5e7590f", - "label": "BEARS", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Family Ursidae. Bears are canivoran mammals with large bodies, stocky legs, log snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hairs distinguished by plantigrade paw with five nonretractile claws and short tails.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eedb68d2-c487-4dc8-8292-c375e3e8b455", - "label": "OTTERS", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Otters, Family Mustelidae, are small carnivorous mammals with short legs, round ears, tail tappering to a point, nose with a blunt tip, and guard hair covering insulating coarse fur.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d01f599-3a98-44b9-889f-43df92386d12", - "label": "DOGS/FOXES/WOLVES", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Family Canidae. Digitigrade caniform animals with elongated legs, non-retractile claws, with bodies covered in hair except the tip of nose and cushioned pads on feet. Mostly social animals, communicate by scent signal and vocalization", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", - "label": "CETACEANS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "definition": "Phylum chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Cetacea order are hairless, carnivorous, streamlined aquatic mammals consisting of whales, dolphins and porpoises, characterized by dorso-ventrally flattened tails into flukes, forelimbs modified into flippers, and long rostrum with nares at the top of the skull.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5e0ce993-df7c-46e2-9942-3a242df75705", - "label": "BALEEN WHALES", - "broader": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Mysticeti, commonly called Baleen Whales, are sexually dimorphic distinguished by their enlarged head with two blow holes and thick blubber and rely on baleen plates to sieve small organisms from saltwater during feeding.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e2a4882-d1e9-4e1a-a2a5-efc449133bf5", - "label": "TOOTHED WHALES", - "broader": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Odontocetes, commonly called Toothed Whales, are distinguished by their conical teeth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "de9598de-24cc-4f87-b3df-d9f3d4717d33", - "label": "ELEPHANTS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Proboscidea. Largest land mammal with long proboscis, incisors that grow into tusks, large ear flaps", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af5fb4da-260e-4e4e-a332-36dfd5084e5d", - "label": "DUGONGS/MANATEES", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Sirenia are large, fusiform, slow moving herbivorous aquatic mammals with broad backs tapering to paddle-like, dorso-ventrally flattened tails. Their heavy bones act as ballasts to counteract their blubber buoyancy. Dugongs are more streamlined than manatees, lack nails on their flippers and have a bi-lobe tai.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fae29067-5d65-455a-a515-b1ac52881285", - "label": "RODENTS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Rodentia. Rodents have small robust bodies, short limbs and long tails and are characterized by their dentition of a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9db9cb8c-7d18-4922-990c-b610d22356eb", - "label": "BATS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Chiroptera. Bats forelimbs form wedded wings with long spread-out digits covered by a thin membrane flapped in flying making them the only mammals capable of sustained flight. Bats have a highly adapted lung system, use echolocation as they have poorly developed eyes and most are nocturnal", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "label": "BIRDS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", - "definition": "Birds, of the class Aves, are warm-blooded craniates with a body covering\nof feathers; typically with forelimbs modified as wings for active flight.\nThey are free living (most can fly) in all terrestrial and surface water\nhabitats; some are capable of swimming underwater.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "519a7291-55a2-44a4-8f01-ca7742ff69cc", - "label": "SANDPIPERS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Charadriiformes. Sandpipers are shorebirds with long bodies and legs and narrow wings", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4e28ec2-c2a0-4eb4-9544-8eb227903d47", - "label": "ALBATROSSES/PETRELS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Procellariformes. Albatross family are colonial birds among the largest flying seabirds with a strong sharp-edged bill, the upper mandible ending in a large hook characterized by tubes along the sides of the bill that measure airspeed in flight. Petrel family are exclusively pelagic, colonial birds that refer to all Procellariforme families except Albatross family.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a463163e-8e86-4086-8b10-8fd6a95fca4a", - "label": "PENGUINS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Sphenisciformes. Penguins are flightless aquatic birds, with countershaded bodies and evolved wings into flippers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c310aa65-810b-4e36-9689-d37b1154fa1b", - "label": "DUCKS/GEESE/SWANS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Anseriformes. Family Anatidae, comprised of ducks, geese and swans, have a broad and elongated body plan, long neck, small head and short well developed wing muscles. Many have bills with a lamellate interior as they live in aquatic habitats", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f51c987-e49b-4988-a05c-d2d9da82dd22", - "label": "EAGLES/FALCONS/HAWKS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. All are dirunal birds with keen vision. Falcons are typically smallest of the birds of prey and distinguished by thin tapered wings and a 'tooth' on the side of their beak used for hunting. Hawks and Eagles use their feet for hunting. Eagles are typically larger bodied, with a hooked beak and have heavy heads and beaks. Hawks are medium sized distinguished by rounded wings and short wide tail and have additional color receptors in their eye giving them ability to percieve ultraviolet light.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4342be4c-fd26-4c02-b09f-e35ea4f34575", - "label": "LOONS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Gaviiformes. Loons are large diving aquatic birds with rounded heads, dagger-like bills and webbing between their toes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8f25820-dd06-4d8d-9548-dcc30a871982", - "label": "WADERS/GULLS/AUKS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Charadriiformes are very diverse group of birds. Waders feed mostly in the mud. Gulls are generally larger and feed on small fish. Auks nest on sea cliffs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8186508-c5dd-4282-86d2-b217643a87d8", - "label": "PERCHING BIRDS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Passeriformes are true perching birds with four toes, three directed forward and one backward, and sharp curved claws.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39e33722-56b0-4928-a032-d4832f7136cc", - "label": "CRANES AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Gruiformes. Cranes, Family Gruidae, are opportunistic feeding large long-legged and necked birds with streamlined bodies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70464ef6-7702-4b8d-bacc-50f44b0d6100", - "label": "IBISES/SPOONBILLS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Family Threskiornithidae are long-legged wading birds with long down-curved bills", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "050ce2a5-f895-4600-a0a1-eb0e3adb09e1", - "label": "GREBES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Podicipediformes. Small to medium freshwater diving birds with lobed toes on large feet, long wings and varied bill depending on diet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a591a70-def2-4625-bf26-1151724dbcb4", - "label": "PELICANS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Pelicans are large water birds characterized by totipalmate feet and a distinct bill with a pouch of skin used for catching prey.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af67dee1-7c50-4e73-8db8-b1f421df67fb", - "label": "HERONS/EGRETS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Family Ardeidae are long-legged freshwater and coastal birds. Though not egrets are not biologically distinct from herons, they tend to be mainly white with decorative plumes. Herons has the same build has egrets but tend to be larger with thick daggerlike bills.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", - "label": "AMPHIBIANS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", - "definition": "Amphibians are craniates with a permeable skin across which respiration\r\ncan take place. Their life cycle includes a shell-less egg which gives\r\nrise to a distinct larval form. The amphibians are free living in fresh\r\nwater and on land (some are arboreal) but all are dependent on water or\r\ndamp conditions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "db49ac33-d70a-488c-a1f2-9aa3706ba707", - "label": "FROGS/TOADS", - "broader": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Amphibia. Animals with stout body, protruding eyes, cleft tongue and limbs folded underneath with no tail as an adult. Frogs are characterized by moist and smooth skin, living mostly in water and having vomerine teeth in their upper jaw. Toads are characterized by dry and bumpy skin, living mostly on land and having no teeth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ac84a15-6f6b-48e0-b7ba-796813e5ff2c", - "label": "SALAMANDERS", - "broader": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Amphibia. Salamanders have elongated cylindrical bodies and distinguished by presence of a tail in all life stages, limbs are right angles.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", - "label": "FISH", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", - "definition": "Fish are, broadly speaking, any poikilothermic (or organism whose\nbody temperature varies according to the temperature of its surroundings)\nlegless, aquatic vertebrate that possesses a series of gills on each side\nof the ;pharynx, a two-chambered heart, no internal nostrils, and at least\na median fin as well as a tail fin.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "label": "RAY-FINNED FISHES", - "broader": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Ray-finned fish are distinguished by spines in their fins.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b8d5346-d10b-4e32-8179-7a51970c5e7f", - "label": "SALMONS/TROUTS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Salmon, a common name for ray-finned fish, are a commercially important anadromous fish. Trout, common name for freshwater fish, have fins without spine and small adipose fin near the tail.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "340b843e-841e-40d9-97c2-d76cca66c65e", - "label": "CODS/HADDOCKS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Gadiformes. Family Gadidae. Commonly called cods or haddock, are small commercially important fishes characterized by three dorsal fins, two anal fins, no fin spines, forward pectoral fins, even tail fins and protruding lower jaw.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85b2ba83-b81c-45a6-98d1-07b36040fe45", - "label": "PERCH-LIKE FISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Perciforms, or perch-like fish, form the largest order of fish, the largest order of vertebrates and comprise at least a third of all fish species. They are distinguished by pectoral fins on the sides; spines on the dorsal and anal fins; pelvic fins on the abdomen with one spine and up to five soft rays; dorsal and anal fins that are detached from the caudal (tail) fin, and jaw that can be thrust outward to suck food into the mouth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1369d226-2b9b-4f69-a197-6e24523b21e7", - "label": "TUNAS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "85b2ba83-b81c-45a6-98d1-07b36040fe45", - "definition": "Members of the Family Scombridae, including tunas, albacores, bonitos, and mackerels", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "89530978-556a-44fd-88fa-5d42ce9c8b91", - "label": "CATFISHES/MINNOWS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Catfish, Order Siluriformes are ray-finned fish characterized for their pair of barbels, and/or features of their flattened skull and swimbladder. Minnow is a common name for a freshwater or saltwater fish typically used as bait fish", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74b0e517-8cde-45ad-b6fa-0849d4355928", - "label": "FLOUNDERS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Pleuronectiformes. Flatfish are ray-finned demersal fishes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01549b6d-91e1-40de-bd7c-5ed5ee59d14e", - "label": "STURGEONS/PADDLEFISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Acipenseriformes, which includes sturgeons and paddlefish, are ray-finned fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton and no vertebral centrum", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b9b8b32-93b4-4e8e-819d-55ee7f6a6480", - "label": "NEEDLEFISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Beloniformes. Needlefish are slender piscivorous marine fish characterized by long, narrow beak with sharp teeth", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4309af7d-76c8-4856-8ed3-20693600228b", - "label": "ANCHOVIES/HERRINGS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Clupeiformes. Anchovies, Family Engraulidae, are small common salt-water forage fish with a large mouth, characterized by a blunt snout with teeth in both jaws and a rostral organ. Herring, Family Clupediae, are small common salt-water forage fish characterized by a single dorsal fin without spines, no lateral line and protruding lower jaw.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3179b46a-ce20-453c-9ebf-18a070a91dec", - "label": "PUPFISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Cyprinodontiformes. Pupfish are ray-finned fish similar to minnows but distinguished by small mouths with teeth and typically found in extreme aquatic habitats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0b5e8ee-e164-4713-97b7-a8e5100d5e9c", - "label": "STICKLEBACKS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", - "definition": "Distribution: Northern Hemisphere. Body may be elongate, naked or with bony scutes along the sides. Three to sixteen well-developed isolated dorsal spines preceed a normal dorsal fin having 6-14 rays; caudal fin rays 12-13; a single spine and 1-2 soft rays in the pelvic fin; three branchiostegal rays; circumorbital ring incomplete posteriorly; epineurals present; vertebrae 28-42. About 18 cm maximum length reached in Spinachia spinachia. Sticklebacks have been widely used in scientific studies. Several subspecies are recognized by authors and the family is in need of revision.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5404ad9-95bf-4851-9dbb-fecf7dc1e905", - "label": "LAMPREYS/HAGFISHES", - "broader": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Hyperoartia. Order Petromyzontiformes. Lampreys have a sucking disk for mouth, no jaw, elongates, cylindrical, flexible body distinguished by no scales covered with mucous, a rounded tail, separated dorsal fins without spines. Phylum Chordata. Class Myxini. Hagfish as distinguished from lampreys by the presence four pairs of tentacles around their mouth and a skull but no vertebral column", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed019e00-9b0a-4bdc-89aa-606cc929bd9f", - "label": "SHARKS/RAYS/CHIMAERAS", - "broader": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Chondrichthyes. Elasmobranchii are cartilaginous fish characterized by having five to seven pairs of gill clefts, rigid dorsal fins and placoid scales. Sharks have pectoral fins not fused to their head. Chimaeras have soft bodies and a single gill-opening and primarily live in deep water. Rays are distinguished by their flattened bodies, enlarged pectoral fins fused to the head with gill openings on their ventral surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", - "label": "REPTILES", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", - "definition": "Reptiles are cold-blooded tetrapod craniates which breathe using lungs, have\na dry, scaly skin and lay large, shelled eggs. They live in all types\nof terrestrial habitats, the majority in tropical regions; many\nsecondarily freshwater and marine species.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2037d286-6285-49df-aeb4-6e429b18d595", - "label": "TURTLES", - "broader": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Testudines are characterized by specialized shell developed from their ribs", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c9cb7c91-1b1d-42d8-b5f8-596e657138f9", - "label": "SEA TURTLES", - "broader": "2037d286-6285-49df-aeb4-6e429b18d595", - "definition": "Sea turtles are marine reptiles with streamlined bodies and large flippers that are well-adapted to life in the tropical and subtropical oceans. Sea turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f1803fa-3ada-4762-96e4-28966dfdcc83", - "label": "ALLIGATORS/CROCODILES", - "broader": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Crocodilia. Large, lizard-like reptiles with long flattened snouts, laterally compressed tails, and eyes, ears and nostrils at top of head with conical peg-like teeth and a powerful bite. Crocodiles tend to live in saltwater habitats and are characterized by a V-shaped snout with same width of upper and lower jaws, fringe on the hind legs and feet. Alligators tend to live in freshwater environments and are characterized by a wider, short head, a U-shaped snout with a wider upper jaw.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7dce336b-8596-45f0-bc76-f82b26e1405f", - "label": "LIZARDS/SNAKES", - "broader": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", - "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Squamata. Lizards typically have feet and external ears. Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles with skin covered in scales.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", - "label": "MARINE MAMMALS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", - "definition": "Marine mammals represent three different orders of mammals: the Carnivora, Cetacea, and Sirenia. Species in these orders occupy typically marine habitats and evolved similar anatomical features, including large body size, streamlined shape (compared to terrestrial relatives), insulation in the form of blubber and dense fur, and in most cases, a modified appendicular skeleton resulting in reduction in the size of appendages. Marine mammals also possess some similar physiological adaptations (e.g., for diving, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, communication, and orientation) to permit them to exploit the aquatic environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a659fc9d-9d6a-4e47-b052-9270baa48dd4", - "label": "PINNIPED", - "broader": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", - "definition": "Pinnipeds are recognized as taxonomically distinct members of the mammalian order Carnivora. They include three monophyletic lineages (represented by three families), Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Odobenidae (walruses), and Phocidae (true or earless seals). The name pinniped comes from the Latin pinna and pedis meaning “feather-footed” referring to the paddle-like fore and hind limbs of seals, sea lions, and walruses. Pinnipeds comprise slightly more than one-fourth (28%) of the species diversity of marine mammals (approximately 134 species currently recognized).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "557e8ffd-807d-41b7-9cd3-ccc3f2690cf5", - "label": "DOLPHINS", - "broader": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", - "definition": "Small to medium-sized odontocetes that live in marine habitats, have conical teeth and a falcate dorsal fin set near the middle to the back.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7437925f-7e10-4c96-af36-f3532ec24276", - "label": "BACTERIA/ARCHAEA", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "definition": "Bacteria are a group of microscopic, one-celled protists.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "166de4c9-89ad-4248-b771-512beb1705cf", - "label": "CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE)", - "broader": "7437925f-7e10-4c96-af36-f3532ec24276", - "definition": "Blue-Green Algae, now called cyanobacteria, are good examples\nof photoautotrophic eubacteria. They are also among the most\ncommon photoautotrophs on Earth. Most live in ponds and other freshwater\nhabitats. They may grow as mucus-sheathed chains of cells, which can form\ndense, slimy mats near the surface of nutrient-enriched water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "label": "PROTISTS", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "definition": "Protists are of the Kingdom Protista and are one of the diverse\neukaryotes, single-celled species of which may resemble the first\neukaryotic cells. At the present they are categorized by what they are\nnot (not bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", - "label": "FLAGELLATES", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "Flagellates are free-living predators and parasites bearing one to\nseveral flagella. The free-living types abound in freshwater or marine\nhabitats. Parasitic types live in the moist tissues of plants and animals,\nincluding humans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "802614f5-e178-4e5d-be64-a7e09ea736cb", - "label": "CRYPTOMONADS", - "broader": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", - "definition": "Phylum Cryotophyta. Group of motile, unicellular algae, flattened with an anterior groove or pocket with two unequal flagella characterized by extrusomes with two ribbons held under tension", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc7d2770-86a3-463c-a92b-c61516ffb32a", - "label": "HAPTOPHYTES", - "broader": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", - "definition": "Haptophytes are a clade of heterokont algae with smooth flagella. Haptophytes are typically eukaryotic, with a central nucleus and are characterized with a haptonema organelle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e88cc54b-7a4b-4680-b441-4d10a4534cd9", - "label": "COCCOLITHOPHORES", - "broader": "dc7d2770-86a3-463c-a92b-c61516ffb32a", - "definition": "Coccolithophores are extremely small, flagellated organisms of the KingdomProtista, which are adorned with buttons of calcium carbonate, called coccoliths. The coccolithophores appear to contribute significantly to marine food chains by capturing radiant energy and manufacturing food during photosynthesis. The coccolithophores make up a considerable portion of the microscopic life in warmer regions, such as the Sargasso Sea.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0176a92-3eff-4278-b8db-02148c990302", - "label": "DINOFLAGELLATES", - "broader": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", - "definition": "Dinoflagellates are protists with two flagella, a traverse flagellum typically contained in the cingulum used for motion and a longitudinal flagellum that acts as a rudder. Dinoflagellates are most common in freshwater and can be harmful as 'red tides'.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", - "label": "MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS)", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "'Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are the dominant marine plants inhabiting\ntemperate coasts. Macroalgae contain chlorophyll and an assortment of\nadditional pigments spanning the visible spectrum from blue to red.\nHistorically, classification was based on pigmentation. At present, the\nclassification of marine algae relies on additional diagnostic\ncharacteristics. Although pigmentation is only one of the characteristics\nused to classify the algae, the original names, which were based on color,\nhave been retained. The major divisions of seaweed are green\nalgae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae\n(Phaeophyta).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e2d18940-adf6-4bdd-ab4f-fe86e68278f4", - "label": "BROWN ALGAE", - "broader": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", - "definition": "Phylum Ochrophyta. Class Phaeophyceae, brown algae, are distinguished by chloroplasts with four membranes, fucoxanthin pigment and are heterokonts that develop into forms with differentiated tissues.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9e718df-0a3a-46b6-a34f-4960e9449660", - "label": "RED ALGAE", - "broader": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", - "definition": "Division Rhodophyta. Red algae are characterized by accessory pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanins in the phycobillisomes, lack of flagella and centrioles, starch as their storage product, unstacked thylakoids, and no chloroplast in the endoplasmic reticulum", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76557903-2ed7-4f0e-b8fc-df02798d724e", - "label": "GREEN ALGAE", - "broader": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", - "definition": "Green algae are distinguished by chlorophyll a and b proportions, accessory pigments beta-carotene, and xanthophylls in stacked thylakoids. Cell walls are typically cellulose and they store carbohydrates as starch", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", - "label": "AMOEBOIDS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "Amoebas refer to any eukaryotic organism that has the ability to alter it's shape by extending and contracting their pseudopods", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "949f8a84-185a-42a0-89dc-48534b46f309", - "label": "AMOEBAS", - "broader": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", - "definition": "The genus amoebae includes several protozoan species. Although, through\nthe microscope it appears as a shapeless mass of cytoplasm surrounded by a\nthin membrane. Amoebae perform all of life's functions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9becd489-f8fb-4dbb-b920-6c8399100515", - "label": "RADIOLARIANS", - "broader": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", - "definition": "Radiolarians belong to the class Actinopoda, meaning 'ray feet' which refers\nto the numerous slender, reinforced pseudopods that radiate from the body.\nLike foramniferans, the radiolarians are well represented in the fossil\nrecord, for they have ornate, silica-hardened parts that resist\ndegradation. Radiolarian shells contribute to the formation of siliceous\nrocks such as chert.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9750f06-3784-4058-941f-40289c8d9d8b", - "label": "FORAMINIFERS", - "broader": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", - "definition": "Foraminifers of subclass Sarcodina are amoeboid marine protozoa that secrete\na calcareous, many-chambered test in which to live and then extrude\nprotoplasm through pores to form a layer over the outside.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f2a1cfb-13f4-444f-a6e6-2d8b29797253", - "label": "CILIATES", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "Ciliates are members of the phylum Ciliophora. As their name implies,\nciliates use numerous cilia as locomotor organelles. The ciliates exhibit\nthe greatest elaboration of subcellular organelles of any protozoan group,\nwhere, for example, the Paramecium has a special oral groove and\ncytopharynx, into which indigestible wastes are expelled from food\nvacuoles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdb04105-e8ba-4a83-9c35-ed3c931ccc9f", - "label": "DIATOMS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "Diatoms are algae of the Phylum Ochrista that lack flagella. They have\na jewel-like appearance.\tThey play an extremely important role in\naquatic food webs in that they are the second most abundant component of\nmarine plankton (after blue-green algae).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32ffe87f-c0f0-4398-9a6a-755d7f87a5ff", - "label": "SPOROZOANS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "Sporozoans are one of four categories of protozoans. Sporozoan is an\ninformal name for parasitic protistans that complete part of the life\ncycle inside specific cells of host organisms. Many sporozoans cause\nhuman diseases. Plasmodium causes malaria while Cryptosporidium strains\nwhich contaminate many water supplies can cause serious intestinal\ndisorders.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98b35c6b-5d40-41d0-b29f-a6b159c03b78", - "label": "SLIME MOLDS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "A type of heterotrophic protistan with a life cycle that includes free-living cells that at some point congregate and differentiate into spore-bearing structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a69dd814-e7c0-437f-ba2a-63500f68c9a3", - "label": "PLANKTON", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", - "definition": "'Plankton refers to any community of floating or weakly swimming\norganism, mostly microscopic, living in freshwater and saltwater habitats.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "28dc7895-3365-4bab-9946-3b247f4137b0", - "label": "PHYTOPLANKTON", - "broader": "a69dd814-e7c0-437f-ba2a-63500f68c9a3", - "definition": "'Phytoplankton is the plant portion of the plankton, the plant community\nin marine and freshwater situations, that floats free in the water and\ncontains many species of algae and diatoms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "85510ccc-5dc9-44ff-871e-775e856714f8", - "label": "VIRUSES", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "definition": "Viruses are small non-cellular obligate intracellular parasites made up a genetic material surrounded by protein coat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", - "label": "FUNGI", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", - "definition": "One of the taxonomic kingdoms, comprising eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic\norganisms, which obtain nutrients by the absorption of organic compounds from\ntheir surroundings. Fungi usually have chitin-containing cell walls and may be\nunicellular, filamentous (mycelial), or plasmoidal.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ee2e5028-1963-4de1-a883-b9e546d682a4", - "label": "YEASTS/TRUFFLES", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", - "definition": "Yeasts are members of the Ascomycota Division.\tYeasts are unicellular and\nthey reproduce asexually by budding.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05763c43-c6ed-4071-b868-2ea6c1335c12", - "label": "SLIME MOLDS", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", - "definition": "A type of heterotrophic protistan with a life cycle that includes free-living cells that at some point congregate and differentiate into spore-bearing structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14fa5360-320c-4d54-9bf6-9871a4b308d7", - "label": "MUSHROOMS", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", - "definition": "Mushrooms are a type of fungi (which are major decomposers that engage\nin extracellular digestion and absorption of organic matter). Mushrooms\nare of the order Basidiomycota, the club fungi, which have a fruiting body\nin the aboveground portion of the plant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e85b6d64-a230-4c1d-99a5-c62be8af18c7", - "label": "LICHENS", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", - "definition": "Lichens are a type of composite organism, which consists of a fungus and\nan algae living in symbiotic association.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "label": "TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "'Terrestrial - related to the Earth, A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.\n\nOn Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers. It also exists below ground—as groundwater, in wells and aquifers. Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog.\n\nThe frozen part of Earth's hydrosphere is made of ice: glaciers, ice caps and icebergs. The frozen part of the hydrosphere has its own name, the cryosphere. \n\nWater moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle. Water collects in clouds, then falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow. This water collects in rivers, lakes and oceans. Then it evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all over again. This is called the water cycle.'", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "label": "WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "definition": "Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular use. Water chemistry refers to the chemical characteristics of water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "label": "CONTAMINANTS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "definition": "Foreign agents that are present in water which may produce a physical or chemical change.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9c90825c-a35f-4165-8248-e90ab869f8ec", - "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Refers to the large pool of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf3aaf41-3502-49cf-89df-4613ce87c9c3", - "label": "TOXIC CHEMICALS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Chemicals that can cause serious harm to the environment including lakes, oceans, and biota.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2d6aa01-5070-4147-bae1-4b2cad2c3987", - "label": "TRACE METALS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Metals in extremely small quantities, almost at the molecular level, that reside in or are present in animal and plant cells and tissue.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aef23021-81c1-4540-a0a5-35c590142a6d", - "label": "PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31c913e1-9692-45b5-bce5-cca46fa1874d", - "label": "CARCINOGENS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "The measure of water quality based on the presence of carcinogens.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62ee81e7-9f5a-4af5-a086-f4c402c7d19d", - "label": "ACID RAIN", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. The SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e848dbd1-b70a-4820-a630-98bd642ae357", - "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives. Variables such as dissolved inorganic matter (DIM) or particulate inorganic matter (PIM) are included as detailed variables under inorganic matter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "961591ce-9207-47db-9aeb-11586371fa12", - "label": "METALS/MINERALS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Minerals are solid, naturally occurring inorganic substances that can be found in the earth’s crust. They are formed without the intervention of humans and have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure.\n\nMetals are elementary substances, such as gold, silver and copper that are crystalline when solid and naturally occurring in minerals. They often have the characteristics of being good conductors of electricity and heat, of being shiny in appearance and of being malleable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fff6994-a0d8-4f19-8d36-c9f354b08b19", - "label": "PATHOGEN", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Small unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and some other eukaryotic organelles, they may have photosynthetic pigments but lack chloroplasts, the specialized photosynthetic organelles in higher plants, and mitochondria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4690d6a8-78cd-48bc-82f5-36fb16d4c52e", - "label": "DISINFECTANTS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Refers to chemical liquids that destroy bacteria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc1c6d8c-2e47-4a9f-aeb4-16b02bff4f19", - "label": "PESTICIDES", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to kill pests that damage crops. By their nature, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans, and need to be used safely and disposed of properly.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b6e67ff-351f-490c-bb43-646ac71f52ea", - "label": "HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABs)", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Occurs when colonies of algae—simple photosynthetic organisms that live in the sea and freshwater—grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal. HABs have been reported in every U.S. coastal state, and their occurrence may be on the rise. HABs are a national concern because they affect not only the health of people and marine ecosystems, but also the 'health' of local and regional economies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "207da091-2cd5-49a7-950e-91a164e02637", - "label": "SEWAGE OVERFLOWS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A condition in which untreated sewage is discharged from a sanitary sewer into the environment prior to reaching sewage treatment facilities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa892a9e-523b-424e-bf02-1a8d1e618985", - "label": "ARSENIC", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "Natural component of the Earth’s crust which is widely distributed throughout the environment in the air, water and land. It is highly toxic in its inorganic form.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e666b9f-6cf5-4454-9a65-987e981cd80e", - "label": "BARIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A silvery-white metal that can be found in the environment, where it exists naturally. It occurs combined with other chemicals, such as sulfur, carbon or oxygen. It is very light and its density is half that of iron. Barium oxidizes in air, reacts vigorously with water to form the hydroxide, liberating hydrogen. Barium reacts with almost all the non-metals, forming often poisoning compounds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5a658d5-74db-4022-894f-edc8d297767a", - "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "An alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ab53717-17f1-4259-b425-0eed19c31884", - "label": "CHROMIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A lustrous, brittle, hard metal. Its color is silver-gray and it can be highly polished. It does not tarnish in air. When heated it borns and forms the green chromic oxide. Chromium is unstable in oxygen. It immediately produces a thin oxide layer that is impermeable to oxygen and protects the metal below.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78fb5691-136d-40f8-a834-6e6f4cd768ff", - "label": "COPPER", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A chemical element that is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantly used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0965eb7b-6bd3-48a3-aa2a-52d7e2dda8ad", - "label": "IRON", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38f99d8b-80af-439a-9d3f-1e72aef5d7c3", - "label": "MAGNESIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A chemical element that is a shiny gray solid and has the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe. It is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "072721be-eb8b-4ac4-9354-251dbf74ade0", - "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A chemical element which, in nature, occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water and is part of many minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2318fb3-788c-4f36-a1d1-36670d2da747", - "label": "SELENIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A chemical element, a nonmetal, that rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth's crust. Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores, where it partially replaces the sulfur.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "160cce6b-c9f5-45bf-9a51-ee477f446cce", - "label": "TITANIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A chemical element and a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fe420c1-2285-4031-babe-f0243c59a617", - "label": "LEAD", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A chemical element and a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is bluish-white; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab12b3d6-2cbf-4a5a-a410-1d23afe906d8", - "label": "ZINC", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", - "definition": "A chemical element and the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc is refined by froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", - "label": "NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "definition": "Elements essential for growth and survival of a given organism. Directly or indirectly, nutrients have roles in metabolism that no other nutrients fulfills.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "846d2db9-41cd-4ae8-b4ff-a34a9efb7428", - "label": "PHOSPHOROUS", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", - "definition": "A chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. With a concentration of 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth's crust. Other than a few exceptions, minerals containing phosphorus are in the maximally oxidized state as inorganic phosphate rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "644e0f53-98a2-4512-a228-00f5e61fd93d", - "label": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", - "definition": "Nitrogen compounds refer to the nitrogen particles that come from industrial manufacturing which cause contamination to water resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ba2ccb3-332c-4ee6-a9c9-50dce5a6c0cc", - "label": "HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", - "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bdac7db-be34-4eed-91bc-28f6628ed044", - "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", - "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee92daf8-d0da-4476-b389-0485114cbbe9", - "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", - "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic (carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous remains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds produced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf03dba8-2881-44ac-abfc-ba3353f67a24", - "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", - "definition": "Nonmetallic element of Group 15 of the periodic table. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is the most plentiful element in Earth’s atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", - "label": "GASES", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "definition": "One of the three fundamental states of matter, with distinctly different properties from the liquid and solid states.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a9b89557-c09f-4a4a-a1eb-47c632f8eb59", - "label": "DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", - "definition": "Naturally present as a result of animal respiration, the decay of organic matter, and the decomposition of certain minerals. It is the major source of acidity in unpolluted water samples. Surface waters typically contain less than 10 ppm (mg/L) dissolved CO2, while ground waters, particularly if deep, may contain several hundred ppm (mg/L).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b632d0cc-d4b0-458e-a182-16bbd2a5ab05", - "label": "DISSOLVED OXYGEN", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", - "definition": "A colorless, odorless, gaseous element, constituting 21 percent of the volume of the atmsophere, and essential for aerobic forms of life. Gaseous oxygen has a chemical forumla of O2. Despite its abundance in air, the concentration of oxygen in water is usually quite low, at just a few parts per million. Nevertheless, this concentration is a good indicator of water quality. If it is too low, many organisms, including fish, will die.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac933400-3c8c-4db4-ac68-5e8ed06c8336", - "label": "DISSOLVED GASES", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", - "definition": "Elements or compounds of gaseous form, dissolved in water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc748b93-e7d6-419d-a9f0-f370556d6f8e", - "label": "DISSOLVED NITROGEN", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", - "definition": "Nitrogen is essential to life on Earth. It is a component of all proteins, and it can be found in all living systems. Nitrogen compounds are present in organic materials, foods, fertilizers, explosives and poisons. Nitrogen is crucial to life, but in excess it can also be harmful to the environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "definition": "One of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behavior but with different atomic masses and physical properties. Every chemical element has one or more isotopes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fb52b51d-8bb4-4b04-907b-c130ec706f85", - "label": "STABLE ISOTOPES", - "broader": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", - "definition": "Any non-radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomic weight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a different number of neutrons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f4e850f-84e4-466f-b5ad-2032ea2187ea", - "label": "RADIOISOTOPES", - "broader": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", - "definition": "Any radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomic weight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a different number of neutrons. Used in a variety of oceanic applications such as dating and\nmovement of water masses.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", - "label": "SOLIDS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "definition": "Substances or objects that are solid rather than liquid or fluid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7d82a1f7-aa6e-47c7-8eb3-78bfe2e4349b", - "label": "TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS", - "broader": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", - "definition": "Materials less than 0.45 micrometer in length, as distinguished from suspended solids and other particulate matter, which are greater than 0.45 micrometer in length.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d8cb1dd-4b38-4b4e-8532-ab4eb72cd4ae", - "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", - "definition": "Particulate matter suspended in the water column, greater than 0.45 micrometers, as distinguished from dissolved solids which are less than 0.45 micrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d2511f8-4503-4237-93a9-34a3b369fe00", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", - "definition": "Naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by sedimentation and if buried this may eventually become sandstone and siltstone, (sedimentary rocks).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "label": "WATER CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "definition": "Describes the major physical characteristics of water that respond to the senses of sight, touch, taste, or smell.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "61594015-4ab4-4b38-ae4f-e31a4757b065", - "label": "WATER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water molecules.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d14389d9-54f5-41a0-b8e8-dc9d8f87e4e2", - "label": "CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "The degree to which an electrical current can pass through water due to ions dissolved in the water. Salinity is often calculated from conductivity and temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de21632f-b614-4375-8f09-d14ab00d852b", - "label": "CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Refers to the amount of photosynthetic plankton, or phytoplankton, present in the ocean. Phytoplankton populations are influenced by climatic factors such as sea surface temperatures and winds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dac96944-5a5e-4b2a-802d-74627bb93db9", - "label": "POTABILITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Water that is safe and palatable for human consumption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eaf009f-f92b-48b5-8a71-9c44c80d03d4", - "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related to the amount of suspended material in the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14625f2a-4186-4377-a0d9-88998bb6b775", - "label": "pH", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "A measure of the alkaline or acid strength of a substance. pH is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a74059fe-6b15-4b55-8ea5-4a65b66c7e11", - "label": "ALKALINITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Refers to the capability of water to neutralize acid. This is really an expression of buffering capacity. A buffer is a solution to which an acid can be added without changing the concentration of available H+ ions (without changing the pH) appreciably.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "475c95a4-fd1c-4015-825f-07f6529858b0", - "label": "WATER TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Chemical elements that are present in minute quantities in water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cc8def9-a825-4ede-9e34-4e11cf89488d", - "label": "WATER ION CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "The concentration of ions in water. Ions are positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45351e81-fcd4-46a1-9222-315946caefc7", - "label": "LIGHT TRANSMISSION", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Measurement of the percentage of light received at a photo cell placed at fixed distances from a light source.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8d6a9c3-864e-4d97-938f-a6203997c01f", - "label": "WATER COLOR", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Describes the color of a body of water in the environment. Highly colored water has significant effects on aquatic plants and algal growth. Light is very critical for the growth of aquatic plants and colored water can limit the penetration of light. Thus a highly colored body of water could not sustain aquatic life which could lead to the long term impairment of the ecosystem. Very high algal growth that stays suspended in a water body can almost totally block light penetration as well as use up the dissolved oxygen in the water body, causing a eutrophic condition that can drastically reduce all life in the water body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ef34dc5-4d29-4820-963c-f830f46c0347", - "label": "BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "The amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a38db528-3064-449d-ae70-af86997a11f4", - "label": "SALINE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "The concentration of dissolved salts in water, usually expressed in parts per thousand (permille, %) or parts per million (ppm). The United States Geological Survey classifies saline water in three salinity categories. Salt concentration in slightly saline water is around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1–0.3%), in moderately saline water 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3–1%) and in highly saline water 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1–3.5%). Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75a83951-a086-4d25-9ab0-c118b0e20383", - "label": "WATER HARDNESS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "A condition caused predominantly by dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron, such as bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides and nitrates, a water-quality indicator of the concentration of alkaline salts in water, hard water requires more soap, detergent or shampoo to raise a lather.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d05ac6d6-d397-4bf7-b62b-c270522de2a5", - "label": "WATER ODOR", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Describes the smell of water, which may be due to the breakdown of waste products or other containments present in the water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "344cbd30-a2e4-437e-9fc9-5e6b1c484bac", - "label": "HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cf87a79-e8b0-4ff1-9039-f3ad1f1f17a7", - "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1886b524-1f51-447d-9805-d40859739a0e", - "label": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Refers to the nitrogen particles that come from industrial manufacturing which cause contamination to water resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53d36c39-3cb1-44db-9746-feee86cbe9d7", - "label": "EUTROPHICATION", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e82c0632-5a3c-4da2-ba10-55c0fc222580", - "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic (carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous remains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds produced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9f5cedd-9a0e-4058-87ff-c97df63fc326", - "label": "PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", - "definition": "Compounds of phosphorus that play a vital role in the metabolism of both plants and animals. The energy 'currency' of all living things, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is probably the best known organic phosphorus compound, but others are constituents of nervous tissue, cell membranes, and other tissues, as well as of many coenzymes. Phosphates also are key components of DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information in all organisms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", - "label": "WATER QUALITY INDEXES", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", - "definition": "Provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4497eb1b-b64d-46ff-a18d-37d217430777", - "label": "INDEX OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", - "definition": "A scientific tool used to identify and classify water pollution problems. An Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) associates anthropogenic influences on a water body with biological activity in the water body, and is formulated using data developed from biosurveys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a71d195e-ff30-4592-a22c-a82af92f3d1f", - "label": "GLOBAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY INDEX", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", - "definition": "A composite index which was developed to assess source water quality across a range of inland water types, globally, and over time. The approach for development was three-fold: (1) Select guidelines from the World Health Organization that are appropriate in assessing global water quality for human health, (2) Select variables from GEMStat that have an appropriate guideline and reasonable global coverage, and (3) determine, on an annual basis, an overall index rating for each station using the water quality index equation endorsed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The index allowed measurements of the frequency and extent to which variables exceeded their respective WHO guidelines, at each individual monitoring station included within GEMStat, allowing both spatial and temporal assessment of global water quality. Development of the index was followed by preliminary sensitivity analysis and verification of the index against real water quality data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "989e0558-a5fb-4758-bb82-c7d0a6a9f319", - "label": "NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION WATER QUALITY INDEX", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", - "definition": "A water quality index developed by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) in 1970 which provides a standardized method for comparing the water quality of various bodies of water. There are nine water quality parameters included in the index: dissolved oxygen (DO), fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (5-day), temperature change (from 1 mile upstream), total phosphate, nitrate, turbidity, total solids.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fbe9a29-e3f5-4e1f-9dcb-99b79485d3b2", - "label": "TROPHIC STATE INDEX", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", - "definition": "A water quality index used for the purpose of classifying and ranking lakes, most often from the standpoint of assessing water quality. In recent years the Carlson (1977) Index appears to have attained general acceptance in the limnological community as a reasonable approach to this problem. This is a measure of the trophic status of a body of water using several measures of water quality including: transparency or turbidity (using Secchi disk depth recordings), chlorophyll-a concentrations (algal biomass), and total phosphorus levels (usually the nutrient in shortest supply for algal growth).", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", - "label": "SURFACE WATER", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "definition": "Pertains to all water present above the substrate or soil surface including water contained in an ocean, river, stream, lake, pond, lagoon, or impoundment reservoir.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", - "label": "WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", - "definition": "Pertaining to the area from which a surface watercourse or a groundwater system derives its water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b98123fc-6a87-4396-8e1a-ae7406e76ff6", - "label": "WATERSHED BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", - "definition": "Defined by topographic divides and delineate areas where surface-water runoff drains into a common surface-water body, such as a lake or section of a stream.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae36ad48-85f2-42a0-958f-efec71c34cc0", - "label": "WATERSHED DRAINAGE", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", - "definition": "The main site where watershed water drains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e12150d7-5bd3-4a22-8b9f-f887a1fe3096", - "label": "WATERSHED LENGTH", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", - "definition": "The distance water must travel to reach the drainage site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d209f3c-73b1-412d-828b-22b25da8fc3a", - "label": "WATERSHED SLOPE", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", - "definition": "The steepness of the highest point to the lower elevations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b37d67c-92a6-4188-8f1b-4462bd754577", - "label": "WATERSHED SHAPE", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", - "definition": "The watershed can vary from streams to many various cracks.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1baa552d-c563-43fb-b618-54651f8b07e6", - "label": "SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", - "definition": "Refers to the chemical composition of the surface water of rivers, lakes,\r\nstreams, and reservoirs including water quality and contamination.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "label": "SURFACE WATER PROCESSES/MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", - "definition": "Surface-water hydrology is a field that encompasses all surface waters of the globe (overland flows, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, oceans, etc.). This is a subset of the hydrologic cycle that does not include atmospheric, and ground waters. Surface-water hydrology relates the dynamics of flow in surface-water systems (rivers, canals, streams, lakes, ponds, wetlands, marshes, arroyos, oceans, etc.). This includes the field measurement of flow (discharge); the statistical variability at each setting; floods; drought susceptibility and the development of the levels of risk; and the fluid mechanics of surface waters.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", - "label": "AQUIFER RECHARGE", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The processes involved in the replenishment of water to the zone of\nsaturation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f9c86356-381e-4f7e-9193-10c274eae41c", - "label": "RECHARGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", - "definition": "Amount of water needed to replenish ground water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "424652b2-92b2-4dee-9f77-016f905b1569", - "label": "RECHARGE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", - "definition": "Number of times water goes through a cycle to be replenished.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37e1daa7-503a-4d5c-b6d7-c18b71030bc6", - "label": "AQUIFER DEPTH", - "broader": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", - "definition": "The depth of the saturated rock through which water can easily move.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", - "label": "DRAINAGE", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The pattern followed by the waters of an area as they pass or flow off\nin surface streams.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "97b68ee7-b729-4828-924d-d0758b43d8e9", - "label": "DRAINAGE DIRECTION", - "broader": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", - "definition": "Direction in which standing water is removed from am area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71926eb5-b64c-42d9-be6a-26f7b2a5fbf1", - "label": "DRAINAGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", - "definition": "The amount of water being drained from a specified area.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", - "label": "INUNDATION", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "Flooding, by the rise and spread of water, of a land surface that is not normally submerged.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3265052b-38e1-472c-ab91-70b39b549854", - "label": "INUNDATION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", - "definition": "Number of times a surface is covered with water in a single period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae35e34f-92de-4107-b277-abaf7a652f2d", - "label": "INUNDATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", - "definition": "Amount of water that covers an area during flooding.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5af94668-05f5-41ee-aa65-82dca2a359fc", - "label": "INUNDATION LEVEL", - "broader": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", - "definition": "The level of the water that covers an area during flooding.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", - "label": "FLOODS", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or\nartificial confines of a stream or other body of water, or accumulates by\ndrainage over low-lying areas.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bf470637-8aea-47a8-b075-40b394303747", - "label": "FLOOD FREQUENCY", - "broader": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", - "definition": "Flood frequency is the concept of the probable frequency of occurrence of a given flood.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44278367-2c4d-4309-90a2-03244a12ae39", - "label": "FLOOD LEVELS", - "broader": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", - "definition": "Average height flood water reaches.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "42aa1fa1-56a9-4e96-8063-077bd7ba88d8", - "label": "WATER DEPTH", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The measurement of the vertical distance from the surface of a body of water to the floor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4e8b5c5-9203-4982-82bc-2611b517ffdb", - "label": "HYDROPERIOD", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "A given amount of time in which a river/stream system is active; i.e., water\r\nis passing through the system(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84784fef-5b76-45a0-91e0-28788e09fea6", - "label": "WATER PRESSURE", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of force per unit area exerted on water by the overlying column of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "960037c5-57b1-4cdf-84be-4542beee7d5a", - "label": "HYDROPATTERN", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The hieracrchical (branch-like) pattern that is found within river and\r\nstream systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", - "label": "RUNOFF", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The measurement of the flow of water in a stream, usually expressed in cubic feet per second; the net effect of storms, accumulation, transpiration, melt, seepage, evaporation, and percolation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0eb4156f-e4ab-4e02-a473-df4b44290556", - "label": "TOTAL RUNOFF", - "broader": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", - "definition": "The total runoff is equal to the total precipitation less the losses caused by evapotranspiration, storage, and other such abtractions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f54d4750-b9b3-47fa-b56a-a1d57fcbc978", - "label": "RUNOFF RATE", - "broader": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", - "definition": "Rate at which water is discharged in surface streams.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cb5d5b9-0c0b-497f-a4ea-a8cece52d13d", - "label": "STAGE HEIGHT", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The elevation of the water level of a lake, river, stream or other body of water above a common datum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f52de55-f5f2-45c0-b83f-59dbfb1fe221", - "label": "TOTAL SURFACE WATER", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "All bodies of water on the surface of the Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04922ba6-8f00-4f54-b80c-ce2414c91e2e", - "label": "WATER YIELD", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "The processes involved in the amount of water released from a flowing body of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", - "label": "DISCHARGE/FLOW", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", - "definition": "In hydrology, discharge is the volume rate of water flow that is transported through a given cross-sectional area.(Buchanan, T.J. and Somers, W.P., 1969, Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter A8, p. 1.)  It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals (e.g. CaCO3(aq)), or biologic material (e.g. diatoms) in addition to the water itself.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f8f16152-094e-4130-8346-2a9bba5872a0", - "label": "AVERAGE FLOW", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", - "definition": "Average amount of water flowing through a point in the stream per second.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "609f7831-5145-4a5c-bd58-d0b426058740", - "label": "BASE FLOW", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", - "definition": "The portion of stream flow that is not runoff and results from seepage of water from the ground into a channel slowly over time. The primary source of running water in a stream during dry weather.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "231dd4ab-8b74-45ba-8933-09ab291594ea", - "label": "PEAK FLOW", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", - "definition": "Peak flow is due to rainwater pushing out water that had been stored in wetlands or groundwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f77adcc6-e320-4fd9-80c9-958e75cd46d3", - "label": "FLOW VELOCITY", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", - "definition": "Flow velocity is the speed at which a fluid flows.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", - "label": "SURFACE WATER FEATURES", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", - "definition": "Water features that exist on the surface of the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5e3c573f-a787-4afa-80a4-047c2c5d83f2", - "label": "RIVERS/STREAMS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", - "definition": "River: A large, natural freshwater surface stream having a permanent seasonal flow and moving toward a sea, lake, or another river in a definite channel. Stream: A body of running water moving under the influence of gravity to lower levels in a narrow, clearly defined natural channel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d138302a-03b3-4cf7-95db-ac98f863c04f", - "label": "WETLANDS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", - "definition": "Wetlands is a term for a broad group of wet habitats. They are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the lands may be permanently or intermittently water covered.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d64f625-fb84-4178-ad08-4be2dd15979b", - "label": "LAKES/RESERVOIRS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", - "definition": "An area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b276110-57bc-4ed6-b741-1ec0383fa962", - "label": "WATER CHANNELS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", - "definition": "The deeper portion of a waterway carrying the main current.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "272700c5-d762-452b-8e9f-130e3a51efb5", - "label": "DRAINAGE BASINS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", - "definition": "An area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "label": "SNOW/ICE", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen water over the\r\nEarth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2565d1be-7468-4969-9367-e21719c006a1", - "label": "AVALANCHE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measuerment of a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock,\r\nfalling rapidly from heights far above a lowland area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67648fff-9415-4a36-a1f6-ef028dd1d9b5", - "label": "DEPTH HOAR", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the characteristics of the layer of ice crystals that\r\nforms between the ground and snow cover by sublimation. It's also\r\nreferred to as sugar snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f10a307-df15-43e2-b3fa-5fe6df619f98", - "label": "SNOW FACIES", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the observable differences that separate/distinguish one\r\nsnow/ice unit from another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a08f79f-a621-4f8c-b5d5-e1335f9cbcec", - "label": "SNOW COVER", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, depth, and longevity of snow pack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fcce7dc-496f-4078-96f0-2035a73563fb", - "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the geographical extent of ice on continental land masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad8499b4-28cb-46ed-b0fe-867ed90fce05", - "label": "RIVER ICE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, thickness, longevity, etc. of ice formations\r\nthat occur on river systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fde70d8c-d64c-4784-971d-589eedfc42d1", - "label": "SNOW DENSITY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the ratio between the volume of snow, and the amount of\r\nmeltwater derived from that volume of snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47d8d3db-9aea-49f3-8edd-5216736a85ef", - "label": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the amount of water in a given snow\r\npack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a7eed90-327a-4609-b952-c9617445a1d1", - "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a99c2917-8f91-4ec8-ad4f-7ee6200ab35d", - "label": "LAKE ICE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, and analysis to ice formation on inland\r\nbodies of salt or fresh water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b99fd5b-4be4-4d4b-bdf2-ef92df294738", - "label": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the net increase, or decrease in energy due to snow\r\nformation, melting, evaporation, etc..", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd6de9e1-61e7-41bf-a2dc-9d2afc690bb3", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4453ac7c-1869-4aef-8b06-dbdc9e63e245", - "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, rates, geographical extent of freezing,\r\nand melting of snow and ice cover.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6d245dca-41b5-474d-972f-221822111731", - "label": "TRANSITION DIRECTION", - "broader": "4453ac7c-1869-4aef-8b06-dbdc9e63e245", - "definition": "Describes if snow and/or ice transition is from frozen to thawed or vice-versa.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9512b90f-f495-41bb-9600-ff25e4cfc571", - "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c23be3f-89fc-4a85-83fc-128b0837ee83", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of ice growth/melting rates, and annual\r\nchanges in those rates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06741402-492e-4cda-926b-8897b15450e7", - "label": "WHITEOUT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the occurence, extent, and severity of whiteout conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cee7ed2f-3ed1-44ad-b48b-513a68bb3244", - "label": "ICE VELOCITY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate at which ice formations (glaciers, ice sheets, etc.)\r\nare moving.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3743f11-06bb-4337-969a-d5616b96038f", - "label": "FROST", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, geographic extent, and seasonality of\r\nfrost.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10068260-94c0-4e58-83ac-f9c5d6bd5748", - "label": "ICE MOTION", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Defined as the horizontal displacement of ice over an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5aaee13-289b-40b7-867d-83bd72c02b2d", - "label": "SNOW STRATIGRAPHY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "The order and thickness of layers within the snowpack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a3b0d9b-4409-439f-b23d-c07590ff919e", - "label": "SNOW/ICE CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Refers to the chemical composition of snow and ice as determined from snow\r\ncores, ice cores, and snow pits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ddd003d-c19f-4336-9837-316cce5efe0b", - "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminous\nenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloud\nsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visible\nsolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have low\nalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are the\nchief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa751659-7032-447c-a581-f4e9de854070", - "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and geographic extent of ice thickness on\r\nthe continental land masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1341f3e1-9279-4ae6-9a93-6a612957efd1", - "label": "SNOW/ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measured internal temperature of snow/ice pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd9423b4-4666-4844-88c5-1813a45f132f", - "label": "BLOWING SNOW", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km (about 7 statute miles).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5279e80-7d3d-434e-b9d4-a0a96ace80a1", - "label": "LIQUID WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", - "definition": "This keyword refers to the wetness of the snow pack and may be an indicator of snow melt or stability.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "label": "GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "definition": "Glaciers are masses of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of\r\nfirn, flowing continuously from higher to lower elevations. Ice sheets are a\r\ncontinuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward in\nmany directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface\r\ncontours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental\r\nglacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often\r\nused to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f1c79b5f-fcc2-42e7-818b-7534f79081ff", - "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding more than 5m above\r\nsea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or\r\naground. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled,\nweathered or glacier bergs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "label": "GLACIERS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "A mass of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of firn, flowing\r\ncontinuously from higher to lower elevations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84fff9f2-4dad-4ff8-9d10-cacd6a1864fb", - "label": "GLACIER TERMINUS", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "The terminus is the end of a glacier, usually the lowest end, and is also often called a glacier toe or snout.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c06019d-97df-499a-ab03-64b615af547a", - "label": "GROUNDING LINE", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Marks the locations where said glaciers become anchored on bedrock (i.e., the estimated coastline underneath the ice).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8636894-6c29-46dc-88b9-7e56d27a3d7e", - "label": "GLACIER RUNOFF", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "The amount of water produced by glacial melt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c425053-be1d-4dbe-b5e9-b9e85e382940", - "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b96d652-3c5c-48a9-9a5f-ac58ec6f9755", - "label": "GLACIER EXTENT", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Glacier extent is a glacier outline in horizontal space separating the glacier from unglacierized terrain or, at divides, from contiguous glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2a25e36-0d1f-4087-8a57-6ebc00438da9", - "label": "GLACIER ABLATION", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier from all processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4edf013-e60b-4646-aac3-b9ca3d37c1cd", - "label": "GLACIER ACCUMULATION", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier from all processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d968650-2e0b-4927-8901-4326fe875657", - "label": "GLACIER AREA", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Total area of a glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc813531-b535-479b-8d5d-95572f5e8c1e", - "label": "GLACIER MASS", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Total mass of a glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44aec746-fe43-4dd7-9f45-ba0cdf94b854", - "label": "GLACIER MELT", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier due to melting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a88c170-2481-453b-9b1e-dfcbf156aec6", - "label": "GLACIER REFREEZE", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", - "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier due to refreezing.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2800856-f1e3-41aa-bdc4-75e9cd626d3f", - "label": "ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "A continuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward\r\nin many directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land\r\nsurface contours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The\r\ncontinental glacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term\r\nis often used to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a870d769-b815-435a-b7cc-cba5e6c27bb3", - "label": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d1cc756-c12a-472a-9eae-de96e0a7ba74", - "label": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area of\r\nat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growing\r\nin all directions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72fdd0c7-f998-47ab-aeee-2956b9015ccb", - "label": "GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "Surface relief of the land. Topography usually is measured in meters above sea\r\nlevel. The topography can be very different from one location to another.\r\nTopography can be flat, or mountainous, or hilly.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a994a6f6-cfcd-45d2-95a4-0f8455a9454d", - "label": "ABLATION ZONES/ACCUMULATION ZONES", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "Pertaining to the reduction of a glacier due to melting and/or\r\nevaporation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff79c018-8d61-4811-91bc-c4ddea29677c", - "label": "FIRN", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "Rounded, well-bonded snow that is older han one year. A permeable aggregate of\r\nsmall ice grains with densities greater than 0.55 up to 0.82 where begins\r\nglacial ice. (Glossary of glacier terms/Northeastern Illinois University)", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2ba27dc1-e2e6-4ce5-be05-fb4e4dd5ab54", - "label": "SNOW GRAIN SIZE", - "broader": "ff79c018-8d61-4811-91bc-c4ddea29677c", - "definition": "The size of individual snow grains in micrometers.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b657679-78bf-4580-987d-0d1b98dcd0d2", - "label": "GLACIER FACIES", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock that\nindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish it\r\nfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristic\r\nnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed and\r\nprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ac9ae0b-901a-468e-8a42-5d6f3865a584", - "label": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a given\r\nyear. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87b27ecd-c10b-4d41-8c49-b84f185c5bd4", - "label": "GLACIER THICKNESS/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98d5bed0-0d07-495a-9c8a-b5eedd04192f", - "label": "ICE SHELVES", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "Portions of glaciers/ice sheets that are floating over the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18d136b8-728f-438b-90cb-3c82956e1c2c", - "label": "COASTLINE", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "The actual contour of the continent with the existing ice shelves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b58fc6f1-2fb5-4e3a-9553-f041fe75960b", - "label": "BASINS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", - "definition": "An area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water, but considers the flow of ice over the frozen continent.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", - "label": "GROUND WATER", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "definition": "Ground water in its broadest sense includes all subsurface water whether in its\nliquid, solid or gaseous state, provided it is not chemically combined with the\nminerals present. In practice, it is all subsurface water that participates in\nthe hydrological cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8435030e-8d16-409f-a812-ace5d8ffc122", - "label": "GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", - "definition": "Pertaining to the various chemical substances contained within\r\ngroundwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "label": "GROUND WATER PROCESSES/MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", - "definition": "Describes how ground water is measured and the various ground water processes throughout the ground water system.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", - "label": "SALTWATER INTRUSION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "The intrusion of saline marine water into fresh groundwater supplies along coasts, often due to the extraction of fresh groundwater for human consumption.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "68034344-9c1c-4a5e-a64e-813f6ecf608c", - "label": "INTRUSION AMOUNT", - "broader": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", - "definition": "Amount of seawater that moves into fresh water aquifer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "310c5663-1825-46ed-8b64-d1ba7c93ff6d", - "label": "INTRUSION RATE", - "broader": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", - "definition": "The speed at which seawater moves into the fresh water aquifer within certain time period.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", - "label": "DISPERSION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate that substances spread through an aquifer.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3a95742c-1355-40af-ac86-e24365a67b04", - "label": "DISPERSION RATE", - "broader": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", - "definition": "The rate at which clay particles separate from one other in moist soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fa631de-797f-4649-aa26-9f814ddcdb9b", - "label": "DISPERSION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", - "definition": "The number of clay particles that separate from one other in moist oil in a single period.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", - "label": "DISCHARGE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "The volume of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4f30855f-5bf1-46a8-b2ce-ce2fa00485ec", - "label": "DISCHARGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", - "definition": "The volume of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d89d0e4d-0462-43a5-905e-c060db425e7b", - "label": "DISCHARGE RATE", - "broader": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", - "definition": "The rate of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", - "label": "DRAINAGE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "Pertaining to the process/method that water discharges out of an aquifer.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3045e9ec-ac70-4d72-904a-54094357373a", - "label": "DRAINAGE DIRECTION", - "broader": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", - "definition": "Direction in which standing water is removed from am area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ea5be7b-fdbb-4c50-9f54-c0bbd7dcc78c", - "label": "DRAINAGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", - "definition": "Amount of water removed from am area.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", - "label": "INFILTRATION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which substances enter an aquifer.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d16cd32f-978d-4ab5-9711-f8189a748399", - "label": "INFILTRATION RATE", - "broader": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", - "definition": "The rate at which rain/snow/water seeps into the subsurface soil and rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59ce52b5-0386-4b51-b5ac-049a0862e9cd", - "label": "INFILTRATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", - "definition": "Amount of water that infiltrates the subsurface soil and rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55642a14-2ff4-4892-b61a-ae3ece7fbcd7", - "label": "INFILTRATION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", - "definition": "Amount of water that infiltrates the subsurface soil and rocks in a single period.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", - "label": "LAND SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which the land surface sinks over an aquifer as water is pumped out of it.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2922e6fe-3d72-44d3-a972-2e3778194343", - "label": "SUBSIDENCE AMOUNT", - "broader": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", - "definition": "The amount of groundwater that is withdrawn from certain types of rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "535b876d-9297-49c2-bdcd-4c33e02a47be", - "label": "SUBSIDENCE RATE", - "broader": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", - "definition": "The rate of groundwater that is withdrawn from certain types of rocks.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", - "label": "PERCOLATION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "Pertaining to the movement of water through the pore space of an aquifer.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "22566296-aea0-4f01-93c0-fb3256051f27", - "label": "PERCOLATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", - "definition": "The amount of fluids being filtered through porous materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acdb39a8-1816-4d8d-bb80-38a94024035e", - "label": "PERCOLATION RATE", - "broader": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", - "definition": "The speed of filtering fluids through porous materials within a certain time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", - "label": "AQUIFER RECHARGE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "The primary method that water enters an aquifer.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2cd0b33e-4805-4930-ba84-fef6c625a9b4", - "label": "RECHARGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", - "definition": "Amount of water needed to replenish ground water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e89dc20d-0570-41ca-8039-38316332238a", - "label": "RECHARGE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", - "definition": "Number of times water goes through a cycle to be replenished.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee3893bc-f0d6-445a-8982-f852785d5768", - "label": "AQUIFER DEPTH", - "broader": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", - "definition": "The depth of the saturated rock through which water can easily move.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", - "label": "SUBSURFACE FLOW", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", - "definition": "The flow of water beneath earth's surface as part of the water cycle. In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "92bfc132-bc15-4952-99a7-763f109c1e7e", - "label": "AVERAGE FLOW", - "broader": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", - "definition": "Average amount of water flowing through a point in the stream per second.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48f02169-8eab-487d-a24b-4b36ec707b13", - "label": "PEAK FLOW", - "broader": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", - "definition": "Peak flow is due to rainwater pushing out water that had been stored in wetlands or groundwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd27825d-7b6e-4a70-9a45-c68d646a1cc5", - "label": "FLOW VELOCITY", - "broader": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", - "definition": "The speed at which a fluid flows.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", - "label": "GROUND WATER FEATURES", - "broader": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", - "definition": "Water features that exist below the surface of the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a957363b-2f2c-4169-a656-c2f24933eb72", - "label": "AQUIFERS", - "broader": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", - "definition": "Pertaining to subsurface rock layers that store and transport water through pore-space within the units.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c87c086a-933f-44c7-a128-33279b36d7b5", - "label": "FRESHWATER SPRINGS", - "broader": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", - "definition": "Pertaining to the zones where the water table intersects the land surface, and water flows out of an aquifer without needing to be pumped out of a well,", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecbe9f17-6012-4e39-a707-713973b7d167", - "label": "WATER TABLE", - "broader": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", - "definition": "The surface defined by the level of freestanding water in fissures and pores at the top of the saturated zone.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04655f0e-81f1-411c-9cfe-994cd743701e", - "label": "WATER TABLE DEPTH", - "broader": "ecbe9f17-6012-4e39-a707-713973b7d167", - "definition": "The level below which the ground is completely saturated with water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", - "label": "WATER BUDGET", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "definition": "A budget of the incoming and outgoing water from a region, including rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and seepage; often used to estimate evapotranspiration.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9731faa4-b7ae-4ead-8f00-ff8ec89fd5f7", - "label": "HYDROLOGIC REGIME", - "broader": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", - "definition": "Spatial and temporal variations of the components in a water budget.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf18cf2c-30b7-4c2b-94d1-68cf3869cb15", - "label": "TERRESTRIAL WATER STORAGE", - "broader": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", - "definition": "The summation of all water on the land surface and in the subsurface. It includes surface soil moisture, root zone soil moisture, groundwater, snow, ice, water stored in the vegetation, rivers and lakes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", - "label": "SURFACE MASS", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", - "definition": "The summation of all mass within ~20 km of the Earth’s surface (i.e. groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, snow, atmosphere) expressed on the surface of the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1456bd4b-1226-4c08-b4f1-e37ed138798a", - "label": "LIQUID WATER EQUIVALENT THICKNESS (LWET)", - "broader": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", - "definition": "A unit of measurement of how thick a uniform layer of water at the surface of the Earth would need to be to account for an equivalent mass at the surface of the Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e660d917-0c77-463c-a15b-e8061ed296f8", - "label": "MASS TRANSPORT", - "broader": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", - "definition": "The change in mass from one specified period of time to another specified period of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c0fa520-f325-4e5b-a003-83e636c63f76", - "label": "MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", - "definition": "The definition of how the mass of an area changes over time; i.e. how balanced the mass is (e.g., whether processes that cause an increase mass, such as precipitation, are balanced with processes that cause mass loss, such as runoff and evaporation).", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", - "label": "SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "Sun-Earth Interactions refer to the effects of the sun's variability are evident in a variety of physical and chemical processes in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "label": "SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", - "definition": "Solar energetic particles are high energy particles occasionally emitted from\nactive areas on the Sun, associated with solar flares and coronal mass\nejections. The Earth¿s magnetic field keeps them out of regions close to Earth\n(except for the polar caps) but they can pose a hazard to space travelers far\nfrom Earth. Solar energetic particles are somtimes referred to as solar cosmic\nrays.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0168947c-5f28-46d8-b643-cb31af02a6de", - "label": "SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "These particles include atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and\r\nneutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of\r\nquarks), as well as other particles such as photons and neutrinos which are\r\nproduced copiously in the sun. However, most of the particles that have been\r\ndiscovered and studied are not encountered under normal earth conditions; they\r\nare produced in cosmic rays and during scattering processes in particle\r\naccelerators.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2217b742-b21a-4230-ba34-1af30132135d", - "label": "ALPHA PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "An alpha particle has positive charge and consists of two protons and\r\ntwo neutrons (the nucleus of a helium atom). Alpha particles can cause \r\nionization of neutral atoms. Flux is the rate of flow through a reference\r\nsurface, measured in particles per unit area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5223ebeb-a22d-4bb9-b2b2-ed949a10ac29", - "label": "ELECTRON FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "The rate of flow of electrons through a reference surface. In cgs\r\nunits, measured in electrons s-1, or simply s-1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9ce8e7e-44ff-4555-a910-86b87daca0c2", - "label": "ION FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "An atom (or molecule) which has become charged as a result of gaining or losing\none or more orbiting electrons. A completely ionized atom is one stripped of\nall its electrons. Heavy ions are those ionized particles at high energy (MeV\nrange). Flux is the rate of flow through a reference surface, measured in\nparticles per unit area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2443978-118d-4f7c-843d-dcd0059fe949", - "label": "PROTON FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "The rate of flow of protons through a reference surface, measured in particles\nper unit area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67773da0-f5f1-4047-871a-1fb5a5c1621a", - "label": "HEAVY NUCLEI FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "Solar energetic particles consisting of nuclei of elements heavier than protons\nand electrons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f801f54-9ca9-4ba6-be35-fd87968f24e7", - "label": "NEUTRAL PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "Neutral atoms or neurons in the solar wind observed in space and on earth\nat energies of around 10*7 - 10*9 ev.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8686285f-9949-4a22-ad80-a1bf4d43e122", - "label": "X-RAY FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", - "definition": "The rate of flow of x-rays through a reference surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "label": "SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE PROPERTIES", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fd42b8e3-b76c-4888-aeb7-e6486beb4b69", - "label": "PARTICLE DENSITY", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "definition": "The number of particles present per unit volume (typically a cubic centimeter).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b2ca4d1-a225-4243-90eb-1b482fb094a5", - "label": "TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "definition": "Total Electron Content (TEC) is the number of free electrons in a column of the\nEarth's ionosphere. TEC is affected by geomagnetic storms and measurements of\nTEC is crucial for calibrating measurements obtained by active radar and\naltimeter instruments such as used on TOPEX/Poseidon. Measurements of TEC are a\nby-product if sea surface height measurements and TEC global ionosphere\nclimatologies have been developed from TOPEX/Poseidon measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36bab763-b5d7-450a-8328-1c1f935184f4", - "label": "ENERGY DEPOSITION", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "definition": "The energy deposited into the atmosphere from ionization of atmospheric\r\ngases, as well as excitation of photometric and x-ray emissions. The\r\nionospheric effects resulting from the energy deposition by incident particle\r\nfluxes include:\r\n- production of secondary electrons (ionization)\r\n- enhanced steady-state electron density\r\n- photometric emissions \r\n- bremsstrahlung x-rays\r\n- conductivity changes\r\n- E-region horizontal currents \r\n- plasma heating(collisional, Joule heating)\r\n- magnetic field perturbations", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc02662f-d4a1-43c6-833f-836107ae6737", - "label": "PARTICLE COMPOSITION", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "definition": "Particle composition refers to the elemental composition of solar particles,\nsuch as protons, electrons, atoms, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c39210ba-7659-424b-a2f0-5777a1519115", - "label": "PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "definition": "A characterization of the density of particles located at a given point in\nphase space (a combination\r\nof either velocity or position coordinates) at a given time. The velocity-space\ndistribution function gives the number of particles with a particular velocity;\nthe position-space distribution function is synonymous with the particle\ndensity in position-space. Different combinations of position and spatial\ncoordinates are useful in different problems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68f1ff0e-2e23-4025-ba71-7f6177352311", - "label": "PARTICLE SPEED", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "definition": "The distance per unit time of particles propagating through the Earth's\natmosphere or through the interplanetary magnetic fields as a result of solar\nevents. For example, the solar wind has a 'fast' component or high speed stream\nwith a speed of about 10*5 M/sec. and a 'slow' component of about 5x10*4 m/sec.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "630c1f3f-73b9-4f80-bc47-4cbf1fa43788", - "label": "PARTICLE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", - "definition": "The measure of the heat of an object, namely of the average kinetic energy of\nthe randomly moving particles in an object. \r\nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Sun, The Cambridge University\nPress,\r\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2110.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "label": "IONOSPHERE/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", - "definition": "Refers to dynamic processess of the Earth's ionosphere and solar magnetosphere\r\ntriggered by solar events. The magnetosphere is the magnetic cavity surrounding\nthe earth, carved out of the passing solar wind by virtue of the geomagnetic\r\nfield, which prevents, or at least impedes, the direct entry of the solar wind\r\nplasma into the cavity. The ionosphere is the region of the earth's upper\r\natmosphere containing a small percentage of free electrons and ions produced by\nphotoionization of the constituents of the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet\r\nradiation at very short wavelengths (l.t.1000 angstroms). The ionosphere\r\nsignificantly influences radiowave propagation of frequencies less than about\r\n30 MHz.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "990016e0-f247-4c36-8a17-f50e792a964a", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC INDICES", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "Geomagnetic indices are an indicator of geomagntic activity caused by solar\r\nevents. Typical geomagntic indices are: a, A, Ap, Dst, K, and Kp. The\nA-index,\r\nfor example, is a daily average composed of 3-hour data points. Geomagnetic\r\nindices can be used in conjunction with solar'wind' data to predict the onset\r\nand intensity of geomagnetic storms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cbdfa00-852c-452d-8013-86145ad318c8", - "label": "MAGNETIC FIELDS/MAGNETIC CURRENTS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "An Electromagnetic field (EM field) is the region of space near electric\ncurrents, magnets, broadcasting antennas etc., regions in which electric and\nmagnetic forces may act, for example on charged particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba75172a-6965-40cf-bf3f-6c0af2f97dad", - "label": "ION CHEMISTRY/IONIZATION", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "The process in which a neutral atom or molecule is given a net electrical\ncharge. The atomic process in which ions are produced by removing one or more\nelectrons from an atom, ion, or molecule, typically be collisions with atoms or\nelectrons (collisional ionization), or by interaction with electromagnetic\nradiation (photo-ionization).\r\nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia od the Sun, The Cambridge University\nPress \r\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2001.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9abe9fdb-59f3-4bd6-b24f-b9b7e46eae7c", - "label": "ELECTRIC FIELDS/ELECTRIC CURRENTS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "An electric field is the region in which electric forces can be observed, e.g.\r\nnear a charged particle. As a field, it may also be viewed as a region of\r\nspace\r\nmodified by the presence of electric charges. An electric current is a\r\ncontinuous flow of electrons and/or ions, through a material which conducts\r\nelectricity. A current usually flows in a closed circuit, without beginning or\r\nend. In daily life, currents are generally driven through wires by voltages\r\nproduced by batteries or generators. In space plasmas, currents are\r\nproduced by the movement of charged paricles in the presence of a \r\nmagnetic field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "792cf9f0-6d24-4de8-902c-b74e42c74fd3", - "label": "AURORAE", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "A faint visual phenomenon associated with geomagnetic activity,\r\nwhich occurs mainly in the high-latitude night sky. Typical\r\nauroras are 100 to 250 km above the ground. The phenomenon\r\ncaused by collisions between charged particles, atoms, and ions\r\nin the Earth's ionosphere and upper atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "882d9a10-713c-4b58-8c7b-d9af086115a3", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC FORECASTS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "The levels of geomagnetic field activity, or disturbance, currently used in the\nlong-term (up to 27 days) forecasts are labelled qualitatively for general\r\nusage. For each of the three major zones (subauroral, auroral, polar cap), the\r\nrange of activity is divided into four classifications: quiet, unsettled,\r\nactive, storm. The actual parameter used for reporting and forecasting magnetic\nactivity is a daily index. It is known as DRX and is the average of the hourly\r\nranges (maximum minus minimum during each hour) in the X (northward) component\r\nof the magnetic field intensity for a day (the UT [or GMT] day), i.e., DRX for\nthe\r\nzone is the mean of 24 values. Because this averaging process has the effect of\nsmoothing (filtering) the more rapid fluctuations in the field, the qualitative\ndescriptors are defined rather differently than for the short-term forecasts.\r\nUnits are nanoteslas (nT).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e453077b-b6f3-44f0-9f3d-4408bf9a69e5", - "label": "MAGNETIC STORMS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "A magnetic storm is a large-scale disturbance of the magnetosphere, often\ninitiated by the arrival of an interplanetary shock originating at the Sun. A\nmagnetic storm is marked by the injection of an appreciable number of ions from\nthe magnetotail into the ring current, a process accompanied by increased\nauroral displays. The strengthened ring current causes a world-wide drop in the\nequatorial magnetic field, taking perhaps 12 hours to reach its greatest\nintensity, followed by a more gradual recovery.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f8a9188-d588-4782-a34b-07fa68380c41", - "label": "PLASMA WAVES", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "A plasma is a gas containing ions, electrons, and a magnetic field, and\ntherefore capable of\r\nconducting electric currents. A plasma wave is a set of particles under the\ninfluence of electromagnetic fields, exhibiting wave-like motions with\namplitude and periodicity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d290bd8-049b-4002-86c8-8acba563d0e1", - "label": "SOLAR WIND", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", - "definition": "The solar wind is hot solar plasma spreading from the solar corona in all\ndirections, at a typical speed of 300-1,000 km/sec. The solar wind is\nessentially the hot solar corona on expanding in all directions into the\ninterplanetary space. The solar wind is diverted around the Earth by the\nEarth's magnetic field, although some solar particles enter the Earth's field\nat the poles. The solar wind carries coronal magnetic fields by a process known\nas frozen in the flux. If these frozen in fields have the same North-South\norientation as the Earth's magnetic field, energy can be transferred into the\nEarth's magnetosphere, leading to geomagnetic storms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "label": "SOLAR ACTIVITY", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", - "definition": "Any change in the sun's appearance or behavior. The sun's activity\r\nis described as being very low, low, moderate, high or very high.\r\nSolar activity changes over a period of, on average, 11 years. At\r\nsolar maximum, the solar activity is high and so too the Extreme\r\nUltraviolet (EUV) radiation output which affects the ionosphere. At solar \r\nminimum, the opposite is true.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fa9f54b2-a101-4faf-b1dc-b6dff141c08c", - "label": "SOLAR FLARES", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "A sudden and violent release of matter and energy within a solar activity\nregion in the form of electromagnetic radiation, energetic particles, shock\nwaves, lasting a few minutes to hours.\tSolar flares accelerate charged\nparticles into interplanetary space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4390c3d-cffa-43ee-8e91-49c6d49ac371", - "label": "SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET EMISSIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Radiation with wavelengths roughly between 200 and 400 nanometers.\nThese wavelengths are shorter than those which characterize visible\nlight. Observations from satellites in the UV and extreme UV (EUV)\nwavelengths have demonstrated the sun's UV variability over short time\nscales of days and weeks. UV variability is linked to solar magnetic\nactivity phenomena such as flares and plages. Studies of the UV and EUV\nirradiance variability may have indicated influences on the Earth's\nclimate dynamics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25aa0f7b-89a5-46d7-b3d3-622b60032661", - "label": "SOLAR RADIO WAVE EMISSIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Also known as solar radio emissions. Emissions of the sun in radio\r\nwavelengths from centimeters to decameters, under both quiet and disturbed\r\nconditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a5a2ccf-3ba6-4519-bc9b-7617ef3b9087", - "label": "CORONA HOLES", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "An extended region in the solar corona where the density and temperature are\nlower than other places in the corona. The weak diverging and open magnetic\nfield lines in coronal holes extend radially outward and do not immediately\nreturn to the sun. The high speed part of the solar wind comes from coronal\nholes.\r\nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Sun, The Cambridge University\nPress,\r\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2001.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ef327e1-6139-49ff-87c3-f959ea75a511", - "label": "CORONA", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "The outermost, high temperature region of the solar atmosphere. Above the\nchromosphere and transition region, consisting of almost fully ionized plasma\ncontained in closed magnetic field loops, called coronal loops or expanding out\nalong open magnetic field lines to form the solar wind. The corona is a highly\nrarefied, low density gas, with electron densities of less than 10*16\nelectrons/ m*3, heated to temperatures of millions of degrees. The corona is\nvisible to the unaided eye as a white halo during a total eclipse of the sun.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d32a340-ee64-4795-9254-09dcaf55bf4c", - "label": "SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "A region of the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to the corona that\ndevelops when strong magnetic fields emerge from inside the sun. The magnetized\nrealm in and around the sunspots is called an active region. Radiation from\nactive regions is enhanced when compared to neighboring areas in the\nchromosphere a corona over the whole electromagnetic spectrum. They may last\nfrom a few hours to a few months. They are the sites of intense explosions,\ncalled solar flares.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2fc7768-955b-4e76-935e-d33805fcc914", - "label": "SOLAR IMAGERY", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Solar imagery refers to solar images obtained for research in any spectral\nwavelength from ground or space-borne platforms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33f0ec3e-cd6d-498c-9468-749741fc12e2", - "label": "SOLAR IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere on a plane normal to the\nincident¿radiation, and at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun. Solar\nirradiance¿is also referred to as the solar constant. In satellite remote\nsensing, the¿solar irradiance is used as an onboard calibration of visible band\nsensors.¿Some climate studies suggest that small variations in the solar\nirradiance¿associated with solar activity over days to decades may have an\neffect the¿Earth's climate.¿\r\nThe intensity of the sun's radiation at different wavelengths. The radiation is\ngenerally given in terms of solar constant \\ S, defined in terms of flux of\ntotal radiation received outside the earth's atmosphere per unit area at mean\nsun earth distance., and has the value S = 1.34 X 10*6 ergs cm*-2 sec*-1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88bd8ce6-334d-4a42-8d51-5ed074ef5a89", - "label": "SOLAR OSCILLATIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "The surface of the sun oscillates in certain modes defined by the\r\nnumber¿of latitudinal and longitudinal modal planes. The sun vibrates\r\nin¿multiple modes simultaneously, each mode typically having a\r\ndifferent¿amplitude. Observing the amplitudes of the various solar\r\noscillation¿modes is a way to look inside the sun. A commonly observed\r\nphenomena is the¿'5-minute' oscillation, but other periods have been\r\nobserved from 10 to 160¿minutes on the long period scale to about 10\r\nseconds on the short period¿scale. Also observed are so-called 'g-mode'\r\noscillations (internal gravity¿waves) generated by turbulent convection\r\nbelow the photosphere.¿These oscillations are the result of internal motions of\nthe sun and their study is known as helioseismology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b52f7f5-4102-4829-8ea3-c0dcdd36bdca", - "label": "SOLAR PROMINENCES/SOLAR FILAMENTS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "A term identifying cloud-like features in the solar atmosphere. The\r\nfeatures appear as bright structures in the corona above the solar limb\r\nand as dark filaments when seen projected against the solar disk. \r\nSolar filaments are also known as prominences, can appear as arcs and\nproperties can vary with the solar cycle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a15e514b-4b44-4587-a857-34ab7e2d357e", - "label": "SOLAR X-RAY EMISSIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Solar X-Ray emissions can consist of X-Ray background flux or X-Ray bursts. A\ndaily average background X-ray flux is in the 1 to 8 angstrom range. It is a\nmidday minimum designed to reduce the effects of flares. X-Ray burstsare a\ntemporary enhancement of the X-ray emission of the sun. The time-intensity\nprofile of soft X-ray bursts is similar to that of the H-Alpha profile of an\nassociated flare. Bursts last from minutes to several hours.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "429d42ef-9b58-4068-b389-0a9e60e55486", - "label": "SUNSPOTS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "An area seen as a dark spot on the PHOTOSPHERE of the sun. Sunspots\r\nare concentrations of magnetic flux, typically occurring in bipolar\r\nclusters or groups. They appear dark because they are cooler than the\r\nsurrounding photosphere. Sunspots are classified as to their group\r\ncharacteristics (called the Zurich Sunspot Classification; older sunspot\r\ncounting schemes may have used the Wolf Sunspot Number classification).\r\nSatellite observations of the sun (notably by the ACRIM and ERBE sensors)\r\nhave demonstrated a correlation between sunspot luminosity changes and\r\nsunspot numbers - a possible influencing factor in Earth's climate\r\ndynamics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ace2d2e5-0b9a-472e-b27b-c687b9108076", - "label": "SOLAR SYNOPTIC MAPS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Synoptic maps refer to the state of the entire viewable solar disk at a\r\ngiven moment in time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4fcb001-f517-4295-89dd-73292e0bf3ee", - "label": "SOLAR VELOCITY FIELDS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Solar velocity fields are also known as differential rotation. The sun rotates\nslightly more rapidly at the equator than at the poles. Gases at the equator\nmake about 10 rotations, whiles gases at midlatitudes rotates 9 times and gases\nat the poles rotates about 7 times. This produces a shear in the gas motions\nand a pronounced E-W orientation of the magnetic field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d486f25-7477-4da9-96ae-0091596ed4d2", - "label": "CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "Coronal mass ejection (CME) is a huge cloud of hot plasma, occasionally\nexpelled from the Sun. It may accelerate ions and electrons and may travel\nthrough interplanetary space as far as the Earth¿s orbit and beyond it, often\npreceded by a shock front. When the shock reaches Earth, a magnetic storm may\nresult.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e06822d8-b640-4d75-ac37-33ab3cc5e765", - "label": "COSMIC RAYS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", - "definition": "High energy particles and photons emitted by stellar processes. The highest\nenergies have been observed at 10*8 Tev and are believed to come from shocks\nemanating from galaxies. Solar cosmic rays are protons observed at 1 Gev,\nhaving been accelerated by shocks associated with solar flares.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "label": "CLIMATE INDICATORS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", - "definition": "Climate Indicators are a set of parameters that describe the changing climate without reducing climate change to only temperature. They comprise key information for the most relevant domains of climate change: temperature and energy, atmospheric composition, ocean and water as well as the cryosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "Information about the atmosphere's and ocean's state and health", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "label": "TELECONNECTIONS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "A linkage between weather changes occuring in widely seperated regions of the\nglobe.\r\nThe term 'teleconnections' is most commonly applied to variability on monthly\nor longer timescales and refers to the fact that such correlations suggest that\ninformation is propagating between distant points through the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2295728d-0ee0-4c6f-9bb4-261b4b22322e", - "label": "NORTH PACIFIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The North Pacific Index is the area-weighted sea level pressure over\r\nthe region 30N-65N, 160E-140W.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e53e397-7836-45ec-bc62-0d54f9f176e5", - "label": "PACIFIC/NORTH AMERICAN (PNA) PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The PNA pattern is one of the most prominent modes of low-frequency\r\nvariability in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, appearing in all\r\nmonths except June and July. The PNA pattern reflects a quadripole\r\npattern of height anomalies, with anomalies of similar sign located\r\nsouth of the Aleutian Islands and over the southeastern United\r\nStates. Anomalies with sign opposite to the Aleutian center are\r\nlocated in the vicinity of Hawaii, and over the intermountain region\r\nof North America (central Canada) during the Winter and Fall (Spring).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64d4ff80-59bb-4565-8759-e5223939abfd", - "label": "EAST ATLANTIC PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The East Atlantic (EA) pattern is the second prominent mode of low-frequency variability over the North Atlantic, and appears as a leading mode in all months. The EA pattern is structurally similar to the NAO, and consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers spanning the North Atlantic from east to west. The anomaly centers of the EA pattern are displaced southeastward to the approximate nodal lines of the NAO pattern. For this reason, the EA pattern is often interpreted as a “southward shifted” NAO pattern. However, the lower-latitude center contains a strong subtropical link in association with modulations in the subtropical ridge intensity and location. This subtropical link makes the EA pattern distinct from its NAO counterpart. This EA pattern is similar to that shown in the Barnston and Livezey (1987) study, but is distinctly different from the EA pattern originally defined by Wallace and Gutzler (1981).\n\nThe positive phase of the EA pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in Europe in all months, and with below-average temperatures over the southern U.S. during January-May and in the north-central U.S. during July-October. It is also associated with above-average precipitation over northern Europe and Scandinavia, and with below-average precipitation across southern Europe.\n\nThe EA pattern exhibits very strong multi-decadal variability in the 1950-2004 record, with the negative phase prevailing during much of 1950-1976, and the positive phase occurring during much of 1977-2004. The positive phase of the EA pattern was particularly strong and persistent during 1997-2004, when 3-month running mean values routinely averaged 1.0-2.0 standard deviations above normal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21389c4a-0d32-484a-95b9-db319a18f6ca", - "label": "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC MERIDIONAL WIND ANOMALY INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "An ENSO meridional wind anomaly index is calculated for the region 12-2N, 160E-80W from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). This region was chosen from a map of meridional wind regressed onto an index of eastern equatorial Pacific SST for the period 1950-79.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47fb8f57-2ddd-4289-b8a5-af7ffa0ee031", - "label": "EAST ATLANTIC JET PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The East Atlantic Jet pattern is the third primary mode of low frequency variability found over the North Atlantic, appearing between April and August. This pattern also consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers, with one main center located over the high latitudes of the eastern North Atlantic ... and Scandinavia, and the other center located over Northern Africa and the Mediterranean Sea. A positive phase of the EA-Jet pattern reflects an intensification of westerlies over the central latitudes of the eastern North Atlantic and over much of Europe, while a negative phase reflects a strong split-flow configuration over these regions, sometimes in association with long-lived blocking anticyclones in the vicinity of Greenland and Great Britain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98e5a7e4-b946-474a-8214-c1b7b3e5f976", - "label": "ARCTIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The Arctic Oscillation (AO) is the dominant pattern of non-seasonal\r\nsea-level pressure (SLP) variations north of 20N, and it is\r\ncharacterized by SLP anomalies of one sign in the Arctic and anomalies\r\nof opposite sign centered about 37-45N. Additional information is\r\navailable for the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and for the North Atlantic\r\nOscillation (NAO), a close relative of the AO \r\n(http://jisao.washington.edu/ao/)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5e1c055-768e-4aa3-a0a1-3adfda8ecdca", - "label": "NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is often defined as the\r\ndifference of sea-level pressure between 2 stations situated close to\r\nthe 'centres of action' over Iceland and the Azores. Stykkisholmur\r\n(Iceland) is invariably used as the northern station, whereas either;\r\nPonta Delgada (Azores) Lisbon (Portugal) Gibraltar are used as the\r\nsouthern station.\r\nStrong positive phases of the NAO tend to be associated with\r\nabove-normal temperatures in the eastern United States and across\r\nnorthern Europe and below-normal temperatures in Greenland and\r\noftentimes across southern Europe and the Middle East. They are also\r\nassociated with above-normal precipitation over northern Europe and\r\nScandinavia and below-normal precipitation over southern and central\r\nEurope. Opposite patterns of temperature and precipitation anomalies\r\nare typically observed during strong negative phases of the\r\nNAO. During particularly prolonged periods dominated by one particular\r\nphase of the NAO, abnormal height and temperature patterns are also\r\noften seen extending well into central Russia and north-central\r\nSiberia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57a381ef-56f6-48af-8974-822f5859979d", - "label": "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC ZONAL WIND ANOMALY INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The ENSO zonal wind anomaly index is calculated for the region \n8N-8S, 150E-140W from the COADS data. This region was chosen from a map of \nzonal wind regressed onto an index of eastern equatorial Pacific SST for the \nperiod 1950-79. The anomalies are with respect to a 1950-79 climatology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a69f9faf-f730-4eba-9e38-0f72b0544bbe", - "label": "BIVARIATE ENSO TIMESERIES INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The BEST index was designed to be simple to calculate and to provide a long time period ENSO index for research purposes. Nino 3.4 has traditionally been used as a measure of ENSO strength in the tropical Pacific. However, it's use alone neglects explicit atmospheric processes. By adding the SOI or Southern Oscillation Index (the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin), these processes are more directly included. In addition, older SST values are at least partially reconstructed and not explicitly measured. By including the SOI, which is better measured historically, the effect of biases in the SST data introduced by the reconstruction technique are reduced. A more detailed explanation how the index was created is available (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/people/cathy.smith/best/details.html).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83b711e1-3fb5-4ef3-bafb-783e8239a4b5", - "label": "TROPICAL/NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The Tropical/ Northern Hemisphere pattern was first classified by Mo and Livezey (1986), and appears as a prominent mode from November-February. The pattern consists of one primary anomaly center over the Gulf of Alaska and a separate anomaly center of opposite sign over the Hudson Bay. A weaker area of anomalies having similar sign to the Gulf of Alaska anomaly extends across Mexico and the extreme southeastern United States. This pattern reflects large-scale changes in both the location and eastward extent of the Pacific jet stream, and also in the strength and position of the climatological mean Hudson Bay Low. Thus, the pattern significantly modulates the flow of marine air into North America, as well as the southward transport of cold Canadian air into the north-central United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "511e6c26-8806-4d88-9763-a136a6957042", - "label": "ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) is the dominant pattern of\r\nnon-seasonal tropospheric circulation variations south of 20S, and it\r\nis characterized by pressure anomalies of one sign centered in the\r\nAntarctic and anomalies of the opposite sign centered about\r\n40-50S. The AAO is also referred to as the Southern Annular Mode\r\n(SAM). There is a Northern Hemisphere analog to the AAO, and it is\r\ncalled the Arctic Oscillation (or Northern Annular Mode).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2aeb8e10-b7f8-429e-b9f6-968ece330741", - "label": "BLOCKING INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "Blocking in the southern hemisphere typically occurs at lower\r\nlatitudes when compared with the northern hemisphere. The index\r\nfollows Tibaldi et al. (1994).\r\nThe European blocking index is based on observations of pentad (5-day\r\naverage) wind over the region 15W to 25E and 35n to 55N. If the pentad\r\nzonal wind equals the climatological value for that time period, the\r\nindex is zero. If the pentad zonal wind is less than average the index\r\nis postive, while the opposite is true if the index is\r\nnegative. Values close to +/- 1 indicate relatively strong events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "095a05c0-6220-4abd-9c1b-c4504a092d7d", - "label": "EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO)", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "An irregular variation of ocean current that from January to March\r\nflows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm,\r\nlow-salinity, nutrient-poor water to the south. It does not usually\r\nextend farther than a few degrees south of the equator, but\r\noccasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 degrees S, displacing the\r\nrelatively cold Peru Current. The effects of this phenomenon are\r\ngenerally short-lived, and fishing is only slightly\r\ndisrupted. Occasionally (in 1891, 1925, 1941, 1957 - 58, 1965, 1972 -\r\n73, 1976, and 1982 - 83), the effects are major and prolonged. Under\r\nthese conditions, sea surface temperatures rise along the coast of\r\nPeru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean and may remain high\r\nfor more than a year, having disastrous effects on marine life and\r\nfishing. Excessive rainfall and flooding occur in the normally dry\r\ncoastal area of western tropical South America during these\r\nevents. Some oceanographers and meteorologists consider only the\r\nmajor, prolonged events as El Nino phenomena rather than the annually\r\noccurring weaker and short-lived ones. The name was originally applied\r\nto the latter events because of their occurrence at Christmas time.\r\n('http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/glossary.html')\r\n

\r\nInteracting parts of a single global system of climate\r\nfluctuations. ENSO is the most prominent known source of interannual\r\nvariability in weather and climate around the world, though not all\r\nareas are affected. The Southern Oscillation (SO) is a global-scale\r\nseesaw in atmospheric pressure between Indonesia/North Australia, and\r\nthe southeast Pacific. In major warm events El Nino warming extends\r\nover much of the tropical Pacific and becomes clearly linked to the SO\r\npattern. Many of the countries most affected by ENSO events are\r\ndeveloping countries with economies that are largely dependent upon\r\ntheir agricultural and fishery sectors as a major source of food\r\nsupply, employment, and foreign exchange. New capabilities to predict\r\nthe onset of ENSO event can have a global impact. While ENSO is a\r\nnatural part of the Earth's climate, whether its intensity or\r\nfrequency may change as a result of global warming is an important\r\nconcern.\r\nFrom: 'http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25d4368e-3b66-40d5-bac1-2343b127fa32", - "label": "MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "In 1971 Roland Madden and Paul Julian stumbled upon a 40-50 day\r\noscillation when analyzing zonal wind anomalies in the tropical\r\nPacific. They used ten years of pressure records at Canton (at 2.8B0 S\r\nin the Pacific) and upper level winds at Singapore.\r\nThe oscillation of surface and upper-level winds was remarkably clear\r\nin Singapore. Until the early 1980's little attention was paid to this\r\noscillation, which became known as the Madden and Julian\r\nOscillation(MJO), and some scientists questioned its global\r\nsignificance. Since the 1982-83 El Nino event, low-frequency\r\nvariations in the tropics, both on intra-annual (less than a year) and\r\ninter-annual (more than a year) timescales, have received much more\r\nattention, and the number of MJO-related publications grew rapidly.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2de06b90-4abe-4c71-a537-978679bf8aea", - "label": "PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "Fisheries scientist Steven Hare coined the term 'Pacific Decadal\r\nOscillation' (PDO) in 1996 while researching connections between\r\nAlaska salmon production cycles and Pacific climate. PDO has since\r\nbeen described as a long-lived El Nino-like pattern of Pacific\r\nclimate variability because the two climate oscillations have similar\r\nspatial climate fingerprints, but very different temporal behavior.\r\nTwo main characteristics distinguish PDO from El Nino/ Southern\r\nOscillation (ENSO): first, 20th century PDO 'events' persisted for\r\n20-to-30 years, while typical ENSO events persisted for 6 to 18\r\nmonths; second, the climatic fingerprints of the PDO are most visible\r\nin the North Pacific/North American sector, while secondary signatures\r\nexist in the tropics - the opposite is true for ENSO.\r\nSeveral independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles\r\nin the past century: 'cool' PDO regimes prevailed from 1890-1924 and\r\nagain from 1947-1976 while'warm' PDO regimes dominated from 1925-1946\r\nand from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Shoshiro Minobe; has\r\nshown that 20th century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two\r\ngeneral periodicities, one from 15-to-25 years, and the other from\r\n50-to-70 years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea64fa04-2822-4cc5-9014-f18ce1a1ef23", - "label": "QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "A stratospheric (16 to 35 km altitude) oscillation of equatorial\r\neast-west winds which vary with a period of about 26 to 30 months or\r\nroughly 2 years; typically blowing for 12-16 months from the east,\r\nthen reverse and blowing 12-16 months from the west, then back to\r\neasterly again.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdb6eafa-f4e1-4536-b513-4c787f829722", - "label": "WEST PACIFIC INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The WP pattern is a primary mode of low-frequency variability over the North Pacific in all months, and has been previously described by both Barnston and Livezey (1987) and Wallace and Gutzler (1981). During winter and spring, the pattern consists of a north-south dipole of anomalies, with one center located over the Kamchatka Peninsula and another broad center of opposite sign covering portions of southeastern Asia and the low latitudes of the extreme western North Pacific. Therefore, strong positive or negative phases of this pattern reflect pronounced zonal and meridional variations in the location and intensity of the entrance region of the Pacific (or East Asian) jet steam. \n\nIn the summer and fall, the WP pattern becomes increasingly wave-like, and a third prominent center appears over Alaska and the Beaufort Sea, with a sign opposite to the center over the western North Pacific. This wave structure is most evident in the Fall, when it extends downstream along a quasi great-circle route into the western United States. The time series of the WP pattern indicates considerable intermonthly and interannual variability, and persistence of a particular phase of the pattern is relatively common.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77b2422e-ce52-465f-8841-5d04ebe536dc", - "label": "NORTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The NOI (extratropical-based Northern Oscillation Index) and its analog, the SOI* (extratropical-bassed Southern Oscillation Index) are new indices of midlatitude climate fluctuations that show interesting relationships with fluctuations in marine ecosystems and populations. They reflect the variability in equatorial and extratropical teleconnections and represent a wide range of local and remote climate signals. The indices are counterparts to the traditional SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) that relate variability in the atmospheric forcing of climate change in northern and southern midlatitude hemisphere regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "523c148f-bb4f-47d0-b176-0949ed59288a", - "label": "GLOBALLY INTEGRATED ANGULAR MOMENTUM", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The atmospheric angular momentum is the product of mass times the rotational velocity times the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. A rotating object will conserve its angular momentum unless a torque acts to change its rotation. The axial component is of interest in climate and is determined by the distribution of atmospheric mass and zonal wind relative to the earth's rotation axis. Higher than normal surface pressure in the tropics or strong westerly flow there contributes to greater AAM.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0384fecd-9303-47f3-84e3-f01f58013fc3", - "label": "EASTERN PACIFIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The East Pacific - North Pacific (EP- NP) pattern is a Spring-Summer-Fall pattern with three main anomaly centers. The positive phase of this pattern features positive height anomalies located over Alaska/ Western Canada, and negative anomalies over the central North Pacific and eastern North America. Strong positive phases of the EP-NP pattern are associated with a southward shift and intensification of the Pacific jet stream from eastern Asia to the eastern North Pacific, followed downstream by an enhanced anticyclonic circulation over western North America, and by an enhanced cyclonic circulation over the eastern United States. Strong negative phases of the pattern are associated with circulation anomalies of opposite sign in these regions.\n\nThe positive phase of the EP-NP pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures over the eastern North Pacific, and below-average temperatures over the central North Pacific and eastern North America. The main precipitation anomalies associated with this pattern reflect above-average precipitation in the area north of Hawaii and below-average precipitation over southwestern Canada.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caddaef6-1a60-490a-938e-9107885f286f", - "label": "MULTIVARIATE ENSO INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The MEI is a leading indicator for the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and is calculated as the first unrotated Principal Component of six observed variables over the tropical Pacific Ocean. These six variables are: sea level pressure, zonal and meridional components of the surface wind, sea surface temperature, surface air temperature, and total cloudiness fraction of the sky. The MEI is computed for each of twelve sliding bimonthly seasons (Dec/Jan, Jan/Feb,..., Nov/Dec). Negative values of the MEI represent the cold ENSO phase (La Niña), while positive MEI values represent the warm ENSO phase (El Niño).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaa0bc43-e283-4bf1-ba20-ca32850a66ef", - "label": "SOUTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is computed using monthly mean sea level pressure anomalies at Tahiti (T) and Darwin (D). The SOI [T-D] is an optimal index that combines the Southern Oscillation into one series. The SOI noise [T+D] series is a measure of small scale and/or transient phenomena that are not part of the large scale Southern Oscillation. These SOI values are similar to those calculated by the Climate Prediction Center in that they have been derived using normalization factors derived from monthly values.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcdb6cf1-48a7-488e-aeb8-e6c0b36752d4", - "label": "ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION LONG VERSION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The timeseries are calculated from the Kaplan SST dataset which is updated monthly. It is basically an index of the N Atlantic temperatures. Time time series are created; a smoothed version and an unsmoothed version. In addition, two files starting at 1948 are produced to be used in the Correlation webpages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f141c968-94d4-4c42-8877-bbe34bb84b26", - "label": "ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL MODE", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The mode describes the meridional variabilty in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.\n\nCalculation Method:\nThe AMM spatial pattern is defined via applying Maximum Covariance Analysis (MCA) to sea surface temperature (SST; left field) and the zonal and meridional components of the 10m wind field (right field) over the time period 1950-2005, from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis. To define the spatial pattern, data are defined over the region (21S-32N, 74W-15E), and spatially smoothed (three longitude by two latitude points). The seasonal cycle is removed, data are detrended, a three-month running mean is applied to the data, and the linear fit to the Cold Tongue Index (a measure of ENSO variability) is subtracted from each spatial point. Spatial patterns are defined as the first left (SST) and right (winds) maps resulting from singular value decomposition of the covariance matrix between the two fields. The AMM time series below is calculated via projecting SST or the 10m wind field (detrended, CTI removed, but no 3-month running mean) onto the spatial structure resulting from the MCA above.\nTime Interval: Monthly\nTime Coverage: 1948 to present", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6abcc08-7d59-4852-8c1a-82f464900333", - "label": "NORTH PACIFIC PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "North Pacific pattern is the area-weighted sea level pressure over the region 30N-65N, 160E-140W.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c58e035f-87c6-4aa5-8729-5a9c6270e73b", - "label": "EASTERN ATLANTIC WESTERN RUSSIA PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "Monthly tabulated East Atlantic/ Western Russia teleconnection index dating back to 1950. Indices are standardized by the 1981-2010 climatology.\n\nThe East Atlantic/ West Russia (EATL/WRUS) pattern is one of three prominent teleconnection patterns that affects Eurasia throughout year. This pattern has been referred to as the Eurasia-2 pattern by Barnston and Livezey (1987). The East Atlantic/ West Russia pattern consists of four main anomaly centers. The positive phase is associated with positive height anomalies located over Europe and northern China, and negative height anomalies located over the central North Atlantic and north of the Caspian Sea.\n\nThe main surface temperature anomalies associated with the positive phase of the EATL/ WRUS pattern reflect above-average temperatures over eastern Asia, and below-average temperatures over large portions of western Russia and northeastern Africa. The main precipitation departures reflect generally above-average precipitation in eastern China and below-average precipitation across central Europe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "233903dd-daec-474f-ac2e-cdcad84a85b5", - "label": "Pacific Transition Index", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", - "definition": "The Pacific Transition (PT) pattern is a leading mode during August and September. This pattern captures anomalous wave-train of 500-hPa heights extending from the central subtropical North Pacific to the eastern United States. The positive phase of the PT pattern features above-average heights west of Hawaii and across western North America, and below-average heights in the Gulf of Alaska and over the southeastern United States.\n\nThe PT pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in the western subtropical North Pacific, the subtropical North Atlantic, and throughout western North America, and with below-average temperatures over the eastern half of the United States. The main precipitation departures associated with the PT pattern include above-average precipitation in the southeastern U.S., and below-average precipitation near Hawaii and across the northern tier of the United States.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", - "label": "HUMIDITY INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "A measure or indicator of some aspect of humidity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cdd7a31f-3244-494d-bc44-7b5f1ebb4bd7", - "label": "HUMIDITY INDEX", - "broader": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", - "definition": "The Humidity Index is based on a ratio of annual precipitation and\r\npotential evapotranspiration\r\nThere are various humidity indices including:\r\nThe Global Humidity Index\r\nEvaporative Cooling Humidity Index\r\nHeat-Humidity Index", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bdc74e2-ea3a-4d1d-b64e-9eaf3a879545", - "label": "TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX", - "broader": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", - "definition": "temperature–humidity index (THI), combination of temperature and humidity that is a measure of the degree of discomfort experienced by an individual in warm weather; it was originally called the discomfort index. The index is essentially an effective temperature based on air temperature and humidity; it equals 15 plus 0.4 times the sum of simultaneous readings of the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures. Thus, if the dry-bulb temperature is 90° F (32° C) and the wet-bulb temperature is 50° F (10° C), the discomfort index is 15 + 0.4 (140), or 71. Most people are quite comfortable when the index is below 70 and very uncomfortable when the index is above 80 to 85. In the U.S. the highest average daily values of the THI, exceeding 80, consistently occur in the southern California deserts and southwestern Arizona in July and August.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9349099-8d45-4260-ab30-c891c3553a25", - "label": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT INDEX", - "broader": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c4e2397-aed6-4ce4-9ead-08323e2f90ae", - "label": "CLOUD INDICATORS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2111d240-315c-411b-8114-7ef9e89317e5", - "label": "INCREASED/DECREASED CLOUD FRACTION", - "broader": "8c4e2397-aed6-4ce4-9ead-08323e2f90ae", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", - "label": "EXTREME WEATHER", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "Extreme weather includes weather phenomena that are at the extremes of the historical distribution, especially severe or unseasonal weather.[1] The most commonly used definition of extreme weather is based on an event's climatological distribution. Extreme weather occurs only 5% or less of the time. According to climate scientists and meteorological researchers, extreme weather events are rare.[2]", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e4c806af-ab57-4fda-b7e9-29e3c65f6ec5", - "label": "EXTREME DROUGHT", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", - "definition": "Extreme Drought - Major crop/pasture losses; widespread water shortages or restrictions\nPalmer Drought Index: -4.0 to -4.9\nCPC Soil Moisture Model (Percentiles): 3-5\nUSGS Weekly Streamflow (Percentiles): 3-5\nStandardized Precipitation Index (SPI): -1.6 to -1.9\nObjective Short and Long-term Drought Indicator Blends (Percentiles): 3-5", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc5a1b7a-5ee8-4d67-80f5-a57e3f1734ab", - "label": "EXTREME PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", - "definition": "Extreme precipitation events in the form of high amounts of rainfall can contribute to flooding, landslides and mud flows. Effects of extreme precipitation on the natural environment can often be disproportionally larger than the cumulative effect of normal precipitation patterns. The magnitude of societal impacts of extremes depends upon a variety of factors such geographic location, population density, infrastructure design standards and emergency response systems (Parry et al., 2007)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "079e6699-efbf-4358-9047-b668b459fc22", - "label": "HEAT/COLD WAVE FREQUENCY/INTENSITY", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f95ceda-09fd-4ee3-9f30-bf38bf831e12", - "label": "MONSOON ONSET/INTENSITY", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a85b812e-e4d2-4dce-bf67-d89a3e1a9122", - "label": "TROPICAL OR EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY/INTENSITY", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", - "label": "PRECIPITATION INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "Rainfall indices are calculated from precipitation data for a specific region over time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d14d762c-4117-438a-9093-a098a0d0e4e6", - "label": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", - "definition": "The goal in constructing a precipitation-based measure of ENSO was to estimate the gradient of rainfall anomalies across the Pacific basin and ensure a good relationship with SST- and pressure-based indices. Areas were selected that represent the Maritime Continent (MC) (10° N – 10°S; 90° E – 150° E) and central to eastern Pacific (P) (10° N – 10° S; 160° E – 100° W). These regions capture the largest precipitation anomalies associated with the interannual variations of the Walker circulation and contain the largest correlations between GPCP and Nino 3.4 and SOI. Within P and MC the absolute magnitude of the largest correlation is over +0.6. \n\nBecause of the spatially varying nature of rainfall, it was decided to use a moving block average which would capture the strongest zonal gradients within the equatorial Pacific. This procedure is unlike many fixed area average indices, and allows for a realistic meridional component of the precipitation gradient and migration of the ascending and descending branches of the Walker circulation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7427fb2d-43b5-478a-960d-2ff9aa398462", - "label": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", - "definition": "The SPI was formulated by Tom Mckee, Nolan Doesken and John Kleist of\r\nthe Colorado Climate Center in 1993. The purpose is to assign a single\r\nnumeric value to the precipitation which can be compared across\r\nregions with markedly different climates. Technically, the SPI is the\r\nnumber of standard deviations that the observed value would deviate\r\nfrom the long-term mean, for a normally distributed random\r\nvariable. Since precipitation is not normally distributed, a\r\ntransformation is first applied so that the transformed precipitation\r\nvalues follow a normal distribution.\r\nThe Standardized Precipitation Index was designed to explicitly\r\nexpress the fact that it is possible to simultaneously experience wet\r\nconditions on one or more time scales, and dry conditions at other\r\ntime scales, often a difficult concept to convey in simple terms to\r\ndecision-makers. Consequently, a separate SPI value is calculated for\r\na selection of time scales, covering the last 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,\r\n9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months, and ending\r\non the last day of the latest month.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aefbd3c5-6594-455b-a99d-7397a694bf8e", - "label": "WEIGHTED ANOMALY STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", - "definition": "McKee, T.B., N.J. Doesken, and J. Kliest. 1993: The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8f0571c-4c19-4025-936c-936e9ac72e21", - "label": "NORTHEAST BRAZIL RAINFALL ANOMALY", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", - "definition": "The northeast Brazil rainfall index is calculated from data for Fortaleza (3.7S, 38.5W) and Quixeramobim (5.3S, 39.3W) Brazil obtained from the NCAR World Monthly Surface Station Climatology. Climatological mean is for 1950-79.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", - "label": "PRECIPITATION INDICATORS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "Information about the conditions of precipitation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c7c88080-660c-4913-8140-5f3bc91e295e", - "label": "PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY", - "broader": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "279961c4-dac3-4188-917f-fa11982f957e", - "label": "PRECIPITATION TRENDS", - "broader": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e13b084e-d044-49c9-8791-f057f777fca3", - "label": "SAHEL STANDARDIZED RAINFALL", - "broader": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", - "definition": "From Mitchell: The averaging region is based on the rotated principal component analysis of average June through September African rainfall presented in Janowiak (1988, J. Climate, 1, 240-255). Stations within 20-8N, 20W-10E are obtained from the National Center for Atmospheric Research World Monthly Surface Station Climatology (WMSSC), and 14 retained which had complete or almost complete records for 1950-93. See link for stations. http://jisao.washington.edu/data_sets/sahel/", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water\nmolecules, measured or estimated at the sea surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4b862c68-9cd9-4fee-942a-7cec0e6b05c2", - "label": "EXTREME EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The Niño1+2 SST anomaly index is an indicator of far eastern tropical Pacific El Niño conditions, off the coasts of Peru and Chile. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 90°W - 80°W, 10°S - 0°.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1c2e9a42-39d1-4b38-b752-3982f2a36ef4", - "label": "NINO 1+2 INDEX", - "broader": "4b862c68-9cd9-4fee-942a-7cec0e6b05c2", - "definition": "The Niño1+2 SST anomaly index is an indicator of far eastern tropical Pacific El Niño conditions, off the coasts of Peru and Chile. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 90°W - 80°W, 10°S - 0°.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d52674c3-0c78-4f35-9675-c2a8b3869b16", - "label": "NORTH TROPICAL ATLANTIC INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The timeseries of SST anomalies averaged over 60W to 20W, 6N to 18N and 20W to 10W, 6N to 10N map. Data is obtained from the COADS dataset for 1951-1991 and NCEP afterwards. Anomalies were calculated relative to the 1951-2000 climatology, smoothed by three months running mean procedure and projected onto 20 leading EOFs. Month of data is the center of the 3 months that are smoothed. More information and the indexes forecasted values are available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c58dc7fb-65d5-4309-8abe-160e8e845382", - "label": "NINO 3 INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The Niño 3 index is an average of the sea surface temperatures in the region 150 degrees West - 90 degrees West (longitude) and 5 degrees North to 5 degrees South (latitude). When the index is positive (red) then waters are warmer than normal and when the index is negative (blue) then waters are cooler than normal. El Niños occur when the water is much warmer than normal for a sustained period of time. For example, El Niños occured in 1982-83, 1986-87 and 1997-98", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58d71334-7fb5-4e05-85fd-9d2485854abe", - "label": "TRANS-NINO INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The timeseries is calculated from the HadISST and the NCEP OI Datasets. It is the standardized Nina 12 minus the Nina 4 with a 5 month running mean applied which is then standardized using the 1950-1979 period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cde80e8-3eb1-40e7-9305-e765dc8df5e2", - "label": "TROPICAL NORTH ATLANTIC INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "Anomaly of the average of the monthly SST from 5.5N to 23.5N and 15W to 57.5W. GISST and NOAA OI 1x1 datasets are used to create index. Climatology is 1951-2000.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01b96758-13f3-4cea-8447-decae36b1bde", - "label": "EAST CENTRAL TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The NINO3.4 index is one of several El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indicators based on sea surface temperatures.\n\nNINO3.4 is the average sea surface temperature anomaly in the region bounded by 5°N to 5°S, from 170°W to 120°W. This region has large variability on El Niño time scales, and is close to the region where changes in local sea-surface temperature are important for shifting the large region of rainfall typically located in the far western Pacific.\n\nAn El Niño or La Niña event is identified if the 5-month running-average of the NINO3.4 index exceeds +0.4°C for El Niño or -0.4°C for La Niña for at least 6 consecutive months.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a084d58c-c4f6-40fa-a645-96d9bef021aa", - "label": "NINO 3.4 INDEX", - "broader": "01b96758-13f3-4cea-8447-decae36b1bde", - "definition": "The NINO3.4 index is one of several El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indicators based on sea surface temperatures.\n\nNINO3.4 is the average sea surface temperature anomaly in the region bounded by 5°N to 5°S, from 170°W to 120°W. This region has large variability on El Niño time scales, and is close to the region where changes in local sea-surface temperature are important for shifting the large region of rainfall typically located in the far western Pacific.\n\nAn El Niño or La Niña event is identified if the 5-month running-average of the NINO3.4 index exceeds +0.4°C for El Niño or -0.4°C for La Niña for at least 6 consecutive months.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "309d2897-c74b-4de6-96fc-751a6935d549", - "label": "WESTERN HEMISPHERE WARM POOL", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "Monthly anomaly of the ocean surface area warmer than 28.5°C in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific. Climatology is 1951-2000.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c98dcbd-1dc8-4e0a-8ad1-0d11e88360eb", - "label": "KAPLAN SST INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The Kaplan SST Index represents SST anomalies over a 5x5 degree grid\r\nfrom the MOHSST5 version of the GOSTA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "887e3bcc-ffd4-4f10-a91c-849783aac709", - "label": "TROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "Anomaly of the average of the monthly SST from Eq-20S and 10E-30W. GISST and NOAA OI 1x1 datasets are used to create index. Climatology is 1951-2000.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70ed535b-a591-411d-80ca-9eafe10b3be8", - "label": "OCEANIC NINO INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "Beginning in December 2008, the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) is calculated using Version 3b of the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) dataset. More information on this new dataset is provided here (see refefrence link). This new monthly analysis replaces ERSST Version 3, which will no longer be updated. In the meantime, we are temporarily providing web links to the ONI based on ERSST.v3b and ERSST.v3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f2273b8-be30-45d5-a5d7-9bd947779c2e", - "label": "CARIBBEAN INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The timeseries of SST anomalies averaged over the the Caribbean. Data is obtained from the COADS dataset for 1951-1991 and NCEP after. Anomalies were calculated relative to the 1951-2000 climatology, smoothed by three months running mean procedure and projected onto 20 leading EOFs. More information and the indexes forecasted values are available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad5bde75-1f54-4f7e-a958-3adaf9f40639", - "label": "CENTRAL TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The Niño4 SST anomaly index is an indicator of western tropical Pacific El Niño conditions. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 160°E - 150°W, 5°S - 5°N.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f59ce66b-a76d-467c-bab1-6264f9f3bb70", - "label": "NINO 4 INDEX", - "broader": "ad5bde75-1f54-4f7e-a958-3adaf9f40639", - "definition": "The Niño4 SST anomaly index is an indicator of western tropical Pacific El Niño conditions. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 160°E - 150°W, 5°S - 5°N.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed2f3a3f-c841-41cf-9394-3a3254d13fc2", - "label": "TROPICAL PACIFIC SST EOF", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca418285-d1f2-4348-82e4-7fc59f8b60c8", - "label": "ATLANTIC TRIPOLE SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db1000b8-3b19-46fa-9d79-379379d654ac", - "label": "PACIFIC WARM POOL", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", - "definition": "The Indian Ocean/West Pacific Warm Pool extends almost half way around the globe, stretching along the equator south of India, through the waters off Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and New Guinea, and into the central Pacific Ocean. The waters of the Warm Pool are warmer than any other open ocean on Earth. Because these waters are hot enough to drive heat and moisture high into the atmosphere, the warm pool has a large effect on the climate of surrounding lands. In fact, the slow fluctuations of size and intensity of the warm pool may be linked with the intensity of El Niño.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", - "label": "TEMPERATURE INDICATORS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3d997f01-8987-4fb1-a32e-d88d51f0a2c4", - "label": "HIGHER MAXIMUM DAYTIME TEMPERATURES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93741006-ff2a-4ec2-bbd4-ff55301fabe0", - "label": "HIGHER MINIMUM NIGHTIME TEMPERATURES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7013bdc9-519d-42b6-827c-4b8013fbb726", - "label": "TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae247e59-db82-45ac-a9de-a9773ae4db40", - "label": "TEMPERATURE TRENDS", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0e47cca-fa6e-44d0-b900-43920a3d0b91", - "label": "TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eb1af15-7bd4-40c6-b8a4-666cbb61ff8c", - "label": "STRATOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "label": "TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c7fa79e4-67a1-45da-b393-a1b89d54a1a5", - "label": "COMMON SENSE CLIMATE INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "The Common Sense Climate Index (Hansen et al. 1998) is a simple\r\nmeasure of the degree (if any) to which practical climate change is\r\noccurring. The index is a composite of several everyday climate\r\nindicators. It is expected to have positive values when warming occurs\r\nand negative values for cooling. If the Index reaches and consistently\r\nmaintains a value of 1 or more, the climate change should be\r\nnoticeable to most people who have lived at that location for a few\r\ndecades.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db0d03d7-1d08-42fb-b212-0da35b88e656", - "label": "COOLING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "Degree days are based on the assumption that when the outside temperature is 65°F, we don't need heating or cooling to be comfortable. Degree days are the difference between the daily temperature mean, (high temperature plus low temperature divided by two) and 65°F. If the temperature mean is above 65°F, we subtract 65 from the mean and the result is Cooling Degree Days. If the temperature mean is below 65°F, we subtract the mean from 65 and the result is Heating Degree Days.\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nExample 1: The high temperature for a particular day was 90°F and the low temperature was 66°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 90°F + 66°F ) / 2 = 78°F\n\nBecause the result is above 65°F:\n78°F - 65°F = 13 Cooling Degree Days\n\n\nExample 2: The high temperature for a particular day was 33°F and the low temperature was 25°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 33°F + 25°F ) / 2 = 29°F\n\nBecause the result is below 65°F:\n\n65°F - 29°F = 36 Heating Degree Days.\n\nThe calculations shown in the two examples above are performed for each day of the year and the daily degree days are accumulated so that we can compare months and seasons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc6d73a9-4943-4a3e-9f9d-9406fa54b0bc", - "label": "FREEZING INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "The total annual freezing and thawing indices are defined as the cumulative number of degree-days when air temperatures are below and above zero degrees Celsius. The total annual freezing index has been widely used to predict permafrost distribution; estimate the maximum thickness of sea, lake, and river ice, and the maximum depth of ground-frost penetration; and classify snow types. The annual total thawing index has been used to predict permafrost distribution and to estimate the maximum depth of thaw in frozen ground. Both total freezing and thawing indices are important parameters for engineering design in cold regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d808909-ce04-4401-a883-aff4d723d025", - "label": "GROWING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "a heuristic tool in phenology. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and pest development rates such as the date that a flower will bloom or a crop reach maturity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe2bc223-e503-4ca1-924c-d3fd5876721c", - "label": "HEATING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "Degree days are based on the assumption that when the outside temperature is 65°F, we don't need heating or cooling to be comfortable. Degree days are the difference between the daily temperature mean, (high temperature plus low temperature divided by two) and 65°F. If the temperature mean is above 65°F, we subtract 65 from the mean and the result is Cooling Degree Days. If the temperature mean is below 65°F, we subtract the mean from 65 and the result is Heating Degree Days.\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nExample 1: The high temperature for a particular day was 90°F and the low temperature was 66°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 90°F + 66°F ) / 2 = 78°F\n\nBecause the result is above 65°F:\n78°F - 65°F = 13 Cooling Degree Days\n\n\nExample 2: The high temperature for a particular day was 33°F and the low temperature was 25°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 33°F + 25°F ) / 2 = 29°F\n\nBecause the result is below 65°F:\n\n65°F - 29°F = 36 Heating Degree Days.\n\nThe calculations shown in the two examples above are performed for each day of the year and the daily degree days are accumulated so that we can compare months and seasons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f19ff7fb-fd8b-433c-88e2-afc5dd3ee7b2", - "label": "RESIDENTIAL ENERGY DEMAND TEMPERATURE INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "The Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI) is based on population weighted* heating and cooling degree days, and as such, is a valuable tool for explaining year-to-year fluctuations in energy demand for residential heating and cooling. Residential energy consumption is known to be highly correlated with heating and cooling degree days.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d73be111-7aae-4a96-89c2-7b64c064893c", - "label": "TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION INDEX (TCI)", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e540a87-ffd9-4277-b8f2-683a58145b87", - "label": "THAWING INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", - "definition": "The number of degree days, above and below 32°F, between the lowest and highest points on the cumulative degree-days time curve for one thawing season.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7d3e2368-75ba-43b9-bdce-bba2ff8d3e2c", - "label": "OCEAN UPWELLING INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "74ad118c-2f18-40fb-a26e-092390f52c20", - "label": "OCEAN COASTAL UPWELLING INDEX", - "broader": "7d3e2368-75ba-43b9-bdce-bba2ff8d3e2c", - "definition": "Upwelling is an important process affecting plankton production off the Pacific Northwest. The CUI is a measure of the volume of water that upwells along the coast; it identifies the amount of offshore transport of surface waters due to geostrophic wind fields. Indices are in units of cubic meters per second along each 100 meters of coastline. Positive numbers indicate offshore transport for the upwelling index product and southward transport for the along-shore product. The CUI was developed by Dr. Andrew Bakun (Bakun 1973) and is provided by the Pacific Fisheries Environmental Lab (PFEL) of NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", - "label": "SEA LEVEL RISE", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "An increase in the average height of the sea surface over a vertical datum.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9db10fb2-0ceb-412e-9936-a286c579fa9f", - "label": "INUNDATION", - "broader": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", - "definition": "looding, by the rise and spread of water, of a land surface that is\nnot normally submerged.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eec5b471-bcc5-4d9b-8274-f3990e79ed84", - "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", - "definition": "The process by which soil, rock or sand is gradually worn away by water or\nwind action.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d8525f0-0cfc-4d59-8677-da5c8038deb7", - "label": "SURFACE SALINITY", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "A measure of the dissolved solids in seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12dc1f4f-2116-4b74-a1bd-bc61e8e57a5b", - "label": "FRESH WATER RIVER DISCHARGE", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "discharge is the volume rate of water flow, including any suspended solids (i.e. sediment), dissolved chemical species (i.e. CaCO3(aq)) and/or biologic material (i.e. diatoms), which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "873ed434-9407-4fd8-9660-41e50b0eb786", - "label": "OCEAN UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "The upward motion of seawater anywhere in the oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbf8a0cf-1e9b-4bc4-95a2-819bb16af00c", - "label": "OCEAN OVERTURNING", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "The oceans overturn, with surface waters sinking to deep in the ocean at high latitudes, drawing warm waters and heat poleward from low latitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83e9ddee-5887-4758-a3ba-5cb17a7d4ed5", - "label": "COMPOUND EXTREME EVENTS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "The simultaneous or sequential occurrence of multiple extremes at single or multiple locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a219dbe6-c095-4002-9fbe-012b31da839c", - "label": "OCEAN ACIDIFICATION", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", - "definition": "The process by which ocean waters have become more acidic due to the absorption of human-produced carbon dioxide, which interacts with ocean water to form carbonic acid and lower the ocean’s pH. Acidity reduces the capacity of key plankton species and shelled animals to form and maintain shells.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX (EVI)", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "The Environmental Vulnerability Index.\n \t\t \nA vulnerability index for the natural environment, the basis of all human welfare, has been developed by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and their partners. The index was developed through consultation and collaboration with countries, institutions and experts across the globe. This index is designed to be used with economic and social vulnerability indices to provide insights into the processes that can negatively influence the sustainable development of countries.\n\nThe reason for using indices for this purpose is to provide a rapid and standardised method for characterising vulnerability in an overall sense, and identifying issues that may need to be addressed within each of the three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, economic and social aspects of a country’s development. Development is often achieved through trade-offs between these pillars. Therefore, in order to promote sustainability, it has become increasingly important to be able to measure how vulnerable each aspect is to damage and to identify ways of building resilience. With this information to hand, the outcome for countries could be optimised for their unique situations and development goals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "47200796-7541-4659-acf4-32b5303bcc1f", - "label": "FIJI INDEX", - "broader": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "585182e9-6e5b-4ad6-96fe-065ffd31f7e8", - "label": "TUVALU INDEX", - "broader": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c1e046e-2feb-4cb7-a6dd-f3753db7b5f5", - "label": "SAMOA INDEX", - "broader": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "label": "LAND SURFACE/AGRICULTURE INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "32e1b1ec-fa69-47b5-b0d6-d71948e3997a", - "label": "SATELLITE SOIL MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "The Satellite Soil Moisture Index combines AVHRR-measured NDVI with\r\nsurface temperature to compute an estimate of plant moisture stress,\r\nthen scales it to produce an index image.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16329a9b-72ea-4b46-b507-2ce389c63f50", - "label": "FOREST FIRE DANGER INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "A forest fire danger index (FDI) or burning index (BI) is a relative number\r\nrelated to the contribution that fire behavior makes to the amount of effort\r\nneeded to contain a fire of a specified fuel type. The index may be calculated\r\ndifferently by different agencies around the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c1977bc-dfe7-4761-9b30-f42ec986d360", - "label": "FIRE WEATHER INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "A fire weather index relates wind, temperature, relative humidity, and\nprecipitation, to indicate conditions that influence fire starts, fire\nbehavior, or fire suppression.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7503ec5-4e63-446a-9390-72c8a638a0af", - "label": "SURFACE MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "The Surface Moisture Index incorporates remote measures of vegetation\r\ncondition coupled with radiometric thermal (temperature) data to\r\ncharacterize surface moisture conditions. It is mapped using two\r\nprimary inputs; vegetation status as depicted by Normalized Difference\r\nVegetation Index (NDVI) and surface temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", - "label": "DROUGHT INDICES", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a43850a1-7b00-4993-80ff-753c2b5c4015", - "label": "PALMER DROUGHT SEVERITY INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", - "definition": "The Palmer Index or the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is an index\r\nformulated by Palmer (1965) and compares the actual amount of precipitation\r\nreceived in an area during a specified period with the normal or average amount\nexpected during that same period.\r\n

\r\nThe PDSI is based on a procedure of hydrologic or water balance accounting by\r\nwhich excesses or deficiences in moisture are determined in relation to average\nclimatic values.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e26f9e3-4c20-453d-bbc6-1970eca1ffb8", - "label": "PALMER DROUGHT CROP MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", - "definition": "The Palmer Index was developed by Wayne Palmer in the 1960s and uses temperature and rainfall information in a formula to determine dryness. It has become the semi-official drought index.\nThe Palmer Index is most effective in determining long term drought¿a matter of several months¿and is not as good with short-term forecasts (a matter of weeks). It uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of minus numbers; for example, minus 2 is moderate drought, minus 3 is severe drought, and minus\n4 is extreme drought. The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) is also a formula that was developed by Wayne Palmer subsequent to his development of the Palmer Drought Index. The CMI responds more rapidly than the Palmer Index and can change considerably from week to week, so it is more effective in calculating\nshort-term abnormal dryness or wetness affecting agriculture. CMI is designed to indicate normal conditions at the beginning and end of the growing season; it uses the same levels as the Palmer Drought Index. It differs from the Palmer Index in that the formula places less weight on the data from previous weeks and more weight on the recent week.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0565650b-dce1-4ae8-8a7a-7ce25ac198c3", - "label": "PALMER Z INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", - "definition": "The Palmer Z Index shows how monthly moisture conditions depart from normal (short-term drought and wetness).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0365f0af-7843-4ba3-af8c-82d032c14f7e", - "label": "PALMER HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", - "definition": "An extended interval of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause a serious hydrological imbalance (i.e., crop damage, water supply shortage, etc.) in the affected area.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b51f738c-7061-4ced-b216-53734ce4cb43", - "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "The process by which soil, rock or sand is gradually worn away by water or wind action.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36bdce45-37df-4475-9eed-73469a594edb", - "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "A general term for a wide variety of processes and landforms involving the downslope movement, under gravity, of masses of soil and rock material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", - "label": "LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f5824b8f-c3e7-4e56-96e8-cf4b5adefbf8", - "label": "CROP HARVEST DATES", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "226d4804-1a09-4d9b-a5c1-346f52a2e709", - "label": "FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efc141a6-7d8e-45d5-b335-2fc122c62d78", - "label": "FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", - "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "738185b7-54d6-41a2-b31f-b8a4ee1dabe7", - "label": "LENGTH OF FREEZE FREE PERIOD", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", - "definition": "Calculated as the difference between mean/median dates of last Spring and first Autumn freezes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19f7b6be-1347-4c5c-bb8f-4a251369831e", - "label": "FIRST LEAF DATE", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", - "definition": "The first leaf date can be generally defined as the average date when the first leaves appear on an indicator plant species. Conceptually, the first leaf date is indicative of the transition from winter to spring,typically when shrubs start to become active but before deciduous trees put on leaves. The first leaf date is subject to both large-scale climatic conditions and the phenological responses of the plant species under consideration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89428f01-000f-4d6f-a62b-29dd66b7e8c9", - "label": "FIRST BLOOM DATE", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", - "definition": "The first bloom date can be generally defined as the average date when blossoms first appear on an indicator plant species. In the coterminous United States, the first bloom date has been shown to indicate the window of time when lilacs and other shrubs first begin to blossom and when deciduous trees leaf out.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb21c5cb-cc49-4328-a72d-94ccca1fa888", - "label": "SOIL EROSION", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind, ice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove geologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface and deposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep and so-called tillage erosion; The detachment and movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27dd85c2-3403-438d-8b0c-8d424df60468", - "label": "SOIL MOISTURE", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "Soil moisture is difficult to define because it means different things in different disciplines. For example, a farmer's concept of soil moisture is different from that of a water resource manager or a weather forecaster. Generally, however, soil moisture is the water that is held in the spaces between soil particles. Surface soil moisture is the water that is in the upper 10 cm of soil, whereas root zone soil moisture is the water that is available to plants, which is generally considered to be in the upper 200 cm of soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b29ee2f4-b2ce-4b19-b8e3-2d74d071549b", - "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d11df264-e70d-456c-9223-07f34e80b352", - "label": "TREE LINE SHIFT", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. Beyond the tree line, they are unable to grow because of inappropriate environmental conditions (usually cold temperatures or lack of moisture).[1]:51 Some distinguish additionally a deeper timberline or forest line, where trees form a forest with a closed canopy.[2]:151\n\nAt the tree line, tree growth is often very stunted, with the last trees forming low, densely matted bushes. If it is caused by wind, it is known as krummholz formation, from the German for 'twisted wood'.[3]:58\n\nThe tree line, like many other natural lines (lake boundaries, for example), appears well-defined from a distance, but upon sufficiently close inspection, it is a gradual transition in most places. Trees grow shorter towards the inhospitable climate until they simply stop growing.[3]:55", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d1157c4-d36b-40db-aa82-3603716f9988", - "label": "VEGETATION COVER", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "Vegetation Cover is the percent of vegetation in an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27f92e4f-93f0-4740-bf99-2c44c0c3c23d", - "label": "DROUGHT DURATION", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "Drought duration refers to the length of time over which drought conditions persist. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a95af83-fe1b-4cea-931d-953a4e5965e6", - "label": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bb5322d-f3f8-4ca4-91c6-311769936f96", - "label": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", - "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or stream flow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,agriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", - "label": "TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "Terrestrial - related to the Earth, A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.\n\nOn Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers. It also exists below ground as groundwater, in wells and aquifers. Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog.\n\nThe frozen part of Earth's hydrosphere is made of ice: glaciers, ice caps and icebergs. The frozen part of the hydrosphere has its own name, the cryosphere. \n\nWater moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle. Water collects in clouds, then falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow. This water collects in rivers, lakes and oceans. Then it evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all over again. This is called the water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2adde197-3f0f-4eda-ae00-a337dfa853c3", - "label": "RIVER/LAKE ICE FREEZE", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64baed75-e3c0-4495-9bc9-c5b9373670f6", - "label": "RIVER/LAKE ICE BREAKUP", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "915399a1-eb5b-475b-ae9a-ff45f1dcddc9", - "label": "FRESHWATER RUNOFF", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", - "definition": "The measurment of the flow of water in a stream, usually expressed in cubic feet per second; the net effect of storms, accumulation, transpiration, meltage, seepage, evaporation, and percolation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "994cc55d-b789-4f03-98dc-4cd0f58ad12a", - "label": "SNOW COVER DEGRADATION", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56e7e412-b354-4ef4-8742-f1f5681c378a", - "label": "MOUNTAIN SNOW LINE SHIFT", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", - "definition": "The boundary marking the lowest altitude at which a given area, such as the top of a mountain, is always covered with snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed0501c5-310c-42ab-b1eb-66e211f22803", - "label": "PERMAFROST MELT", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "label": "BIOSPHERIC INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "biosphere (the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist)", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "379dd4c3-04d7-4f76-9bb9-83d0b8e1a2aa", - "label": "BIRTH RATE DECLINE/INCREASE", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a07badb-1382-4f63-8344-7ba063b05534", - "label": "BREEDING PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0de668aa-cc97-482d-a0eb-cddcb1a705b6", - "label": "SPECIES MIGRATION", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "Migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individuals, usually on a seasonal basis. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon, found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating reasons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a40bc0e-aece-4b4a-a87d-4869c8b903f8", - "label": "CANOPY TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6448f172-1560-4ea7-8826-8ac85dc820f3", - "label": "INDICATOR SPECIES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "A species whose presence, absence, or relative well-being in a given environment is a sign of the overall health of its ecosystem. By monitoring the condition and behavior of an indicator species, scientists can determine how changes in the environment are likely to affect other species that are more difficult to study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93c8b32d-ab89-43e1-b58c-f1823fa7d118", - "label": "INVASIVE SPECIES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "Invasive species are alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5c63c23-f819-46e8-bc97-1e894424c00c", - "label": "RANGE CHANGES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "Range Changes with respect to Migration include forays outside the home range, usually in search of suitable habitat or mating opportunities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "853c3456-5397-4e16-ba67-51e4f4205db5", - "label": "HYPOXIC CONDITIONS", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "In ocean and freshwater environments, hypoxic conditions occur when dissolved oxygen concentration is depleted to a certain low level below which aquatic organisms, especially immobile species such as oysters and mussels, endure severe stress or die.​​ Hypoxic conditions can occur naturally but are often the consequence of excessive nutrient input from human activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d9f0eb8-7233-4969-b40c-979d601ebaa7", - "label": "VECTOR SPECIES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "An organism, such as an insect, that transmits disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", - "label": "PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", - "definition": "Changes in the temporal pattern of seasonal life cycle events in plants\nand animals, such as timing of blooming, hibernation, and migration.\nSome phenological responses are triggered by mean temperature,\nwhile others are more responsive to day length or weather. Changes in\nphenology affect the growing season and, thus, ecosystem functioning\nand productivity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f73cf4ee-2ae0-47b0-a294-5f8a8f694215", - "label": "ANIMAL PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", - "broader": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", - "definition": "Changes in the timing of periodic biological phenomena in animals,\nsuch as hibernation, reproduction, and migration, that are correlated\nwith climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6f81edb-b683-4356-93e6-5852766a5ee8", - "label": "PLANT PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", - "broader": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", - "definition": "Changes in the timing of seasonal events in plants such as budburst,\nflowering, and dormancy.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "label": "CRYOSPHERIC INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bb8c48bc-a36e-4f7e-afda-3244b058bc9c", - "label": "AVALANCHE", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measuerment of a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock, falling rapidly from heights far above a lowland area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82f49e65-c032-4f74-b5c2-a3f8058b7a71", - "label": "DEPTH HOAR", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Depth hoar - Large-grained, faceted, cup-shaped crystals near the ground. Depth hoar is caused by large temperature gradients within the snowpack, usually in the early winter by large temperature differences between the warm ground and the cold snow surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fec9f47-c45d-4f15-8be5-d71424f33647", - "label": "FIRN LIMIT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "A line that marks the limit on a mountain above which snow persists from one winter to the next is called the annual snowline, and this line on a glacier is called the firnline. Above the firnline, snow that falls each year packs down and changes into glacier ice as air is slowly forced out of it. This part of the glacier is its accumulation area where more snow falls each year than is lost by melting. Below the firnline is the ablation area, where melting predominates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", - "label": "GLACIAL MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "83bd640d-cd05-49a8-9ec7-aab60820b126", - "label": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area of\nat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growing\nin all directions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6a2b291c-f78b-48c3-869f-9a4c8a40bc6c", - "label": "Hypsometry", - "broader": "83bd640d-cd05-49a8-9ec7-aab60820b126", - "definition": "elevation and depth measurements of features of the Earth’s surface made with respect to sea level", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "613c1fba-8710-47fb-a8e1-e4cd50bb97e1", - "label": "GLACIER FACIES", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", - "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock that\nindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish it\nfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristic\nnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed and\nprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6095d796-68e0-4c7d-aa4f-f2e5bd8c4916", - "label": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", - "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a given year. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a8a6fdb-c431-4d32-8cea-5849e2ee1f33", - "label": "GLACIER/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", - "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c9afaf7-4aec-440d-8084-6a482de09e7a", - "label": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", - "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3e4d439-bbb0-48c9-89eb-57d3a330627a", - "label": "GLACIER/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", - "definition": "Surface relief of the land. Topography usually is measured in meters above sea level. The topography can be very different from one location to another. Topography can be flat, or mountainous, or hilly.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fadd59e2-e1d2-44f6-9e41-0589eb953198", - "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and geographic extent of ice thickness on the continental land masses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4c1a555-4758-47ce-baa6-536730333833", - "label": "ICE EDGES", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water and the sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50f0cf56-c119-4ac1-9a88-8eb04fa666ad", - "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water. Also refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which varies seasonally).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4733ef2c-e512-451b-8079-78ff7278e35c", - "label": "ICE FLOES", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast, giant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ff2a38d-00f6-459d-ac9a-9a983bda602e", - "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried ice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or growth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice, Old Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake Ice, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake Ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fde8a54a-8aaa-45fd-bb66-3105e4c57102", - "label": "RIVER ICE DEPTH/EXTENT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, thickness, longevity, etc. of ice formations that occur on river systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee0fce70-2097-4f5b-853a-c34e6cbff929", - "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a salinity of zero.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c0ebf89-f115-4e0d-9942-8ff8289bd330", - "label": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of the whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar orbiting satellites at all wavelengths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d5cf73b-f833-4f8d-84a1-8a3840f3b4af", - "label": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In particular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the NASA IceSat satellite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ef6560e-c699-49b4-bcb3-6db68506ca22", - "label": "SNOW COVER", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, depth, and longevity of snow pack.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "008708ac-65a4-481a-8e03-640376f42f56", - "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29f386e9-84fb-4e5d-9733-20233c63b1be", - "label": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the net increase, or decrease in energy due to snow formation, melting, evaporation, etc..", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1be402f-336c-4f1f-8542-9807264a09a7", - "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49d638f4-bdfa-4a6e-b154-cce1717d307f", - "label": "CLIMATE WARMING", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", - "definition": "Refers to the impact of climate warming on permafrost melt and eventually effects on how microbiota may change accordingly.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "label": "PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4bd6aafb-9240-4006-ada3-4b6a0501b612", - "label": "BERYLLIUM-10 ANALYSIS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "Beryllium-10 is an isotope that is a proxy for the sun's activity. Be10 is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic ray collisions with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen. Beryllium 10 concentrations are linked to cosmic ray intensity which can be a proxy for solar strength.\n\nOne way to capture earth's record of that proxy data is to drill deep ice cores. Greenland, due to having a large and relatively stable deep ice sheet is often the target for drilling ice cores.\n\nIsotopic analysis of the ice in the core can be linked to temperature and global sea level variations. Analysis of the air contained in bubbles in the ice can reveal the palaeocomposition of the atmosphere, in particular CO2 variations. Volcanic eruptions leave identifiable ash layers.\n\nWhile it sounds simple to analyze, there are issues of ice compression, flow, and other factors that must be taken into consideration when doing reconstructions from such data. I attended a talk at ICCC 09 that showed one of the ice core operations had procedures that left significant contamination issues for CO2. But since Beryllium is rather rare, it doesn't seem to have the same contamination issues attached.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "label": "BIOLOGICAL RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "625ac4b3-a126-4c98-a061-3a780b942280", - "label": "BIOMARKER", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "A biomarker, or biological marker, is an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. It is used in many scientific fields.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cffe377f-d840-4bcf-9223-8379b72defe7", - "label": "FAUNA", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "animal life; especially : the animals characteristic of a region, period, or special environment—compare flora 1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bc06198-5546-40f5-97ac-b7b5b5503cfc", - "label": "POPULATION ABUNDANCE", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afeb9962-d3e8-4260-ab2b-e62e11099e31", - "label": "CORAL DEPOSITS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hard calcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, the important coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known as\nhermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondance between large excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs, rainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14c78811-5296-4095-9c44-26362914e798", - "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a microscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in the past.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0aa423e0-bc21-4d74-894d-a0dfcf17fae5", - "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, e.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic organisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbd867cf-f7e8-4dbc-9fd2-2ccc0728350f", - "label": "PALEOVEGETATION", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "Paleovegetation refers to plant species that were living at some time in the past. Indicators of past vegetation include pollen and plant macrofossils. Animal fossils and sedimentary indicators can also be used to reconstruct past vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59719c53-a2b7-4200-9b3c-dfa5d39607f7", - "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a microspore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The study of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important\naspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen analysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological characteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)\nthey are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are distributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to decay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen\ndeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6444fc67-8cad-41c0-9ded-e93f604ba8b0", - "label": "TREE RINGS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and analysis of ancient tree rings to determine environmental conditions during that tree's lifetime and extrapolate that to climatic conditions. The study of tree rings related to\npast climate conditions is called dendroclimatology. Variations in tree ring widths from year to year are recognized as an important source of chronological and climatic information. The width of a tree ring is a function of many variables including tree species, age, availability of stored food within the tree, soil nutrients, and climatic factors such as precipitation, sunshine temperature, winds and humidity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", - "label": "ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS", - "broader": "6444fc67-8cad-41c0-9ded-e93f604ba8b0", - "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal direct\ninformation about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies using other isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used. Isoptopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothem analyses.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "437f13e8-0b8a-44a2-a7fd-5b41a00299db", - "label": "CARBON ISOTOPE", - "broader": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e91ff41a-5cf5-460b-b765-c553ca2a4ae2", - "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPE", - "broader": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89387757-3548-4fe0-a383-d8f935f07c71", - "label": "HYDROGEN ISOTOPE", - "broader": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "label": "LAND RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "Non-marine geological information pertinent to paleoclimatology consists of all continental sedimentary records including loess,volcanic deposits, glaciation, spelothems, tree ring, pollen, and other land-based records.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f1f84fc8-d242-4f97-bb7d-77b68631273e", - "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of rock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature changes at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature. Borehole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature variations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "482453d7-ffa4-4ae9-8158-9fa73bcf39ef", - "label": "CAVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Cave deposits, or speleothems, are mineral formations in caves. While the water flows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is an indicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth might indicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation. When the speleothems stop growing, the outside becomes dirty and eroded in places, giving it a dull appearance. Spelothems can be dated by measuring how much uranium has decayed. Evidence of past climate changes can be inferred from measuring oxygen isotopes in speleothems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dfa8dcf-0df2-4654-ae3e-c97586265c3e", - "label": "GLACIATION", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the Period or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. Conversely, the term interglacial or Interglacial Period, such as the current era, is used to denote the absence of large-scale glaciation on a global scale ¿ i.e., a non-Ice Age. Interglacials are, in general, shorter than glacial epochs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f257f83-bddd-41ce-ac78-5dac857b1be3", - "label": "GLACIAL RETREAT", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "A condition occurring when backward melting at the front of a glacier takes place at a rate exceeding forward motion.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", - "label": "FIRE HISTORY", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Fire history information is provided through two types of proxy data; tree-ring based records and sediment based records. These data sources describe fire regimes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Tree-ring data provide temporally precise, short-term reconstructions of fire events, usually spanning the last 400 years or less. By carefully crossdating and examining the tree rings, the exact year and often even the season in which the fire occurred can be determined. These data offer a high level of spatial resolution in a fire reconstruction in that the location of fire-scarred trees identifies the exact location of particular fires. Although tree-ring methods extend back to the age of the oldest living tree, the records attenuate back through time as older trees are less abundant.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c9ba3275-2fe3-4619-b7c0-881d4f6fa34e", - "label": "FIRE SCAR DATE", - "broader": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a090a598-3ae6-4fc4-b248-97ec5226702a", - "label": "CHARCOAL SEDIMENT", - "broader": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", - "definition": "Charcoal records from sediments can reconstruct much longer fires histories, but with less temporal and spatial precision than tree-ring records. Because charcoal particles can be carried aloft to great heights and transported great distances, the source of the charcoal may be from distant fires as well as local fires. Charcoal accumulation may continue for a few years after a fire because of transportation and redeposition of secondary charcoal. This process tends to blur the exact age of a fire, even when the charcoal particles are directly dated by radiocarbon dating, which itself has a dating precision of +/- 5%. Additionally, the charcoal deposited may represent more than one fire within the area, or fires from more than one year. As a result, fire episodes are referred to as one or more fires occurring in the time interval of interest, rather than individual fires.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7557eddd-db2a-4f39-b1e2-91162f4fc92e", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal direct information about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies using other isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used. Isotopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothem analyses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0d88b2a-8563-443b-8756-73d744a41ee7", - "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Loess is a deposit of wind-blown silt and dust of Pleistocene age that covers large areas of the continents. It is predominently calcerous consisting of quartz feldspars and micas. Loess is extensive in the North American Great Plains, south-central Europe, Ukraine, central Asia, China, and Argentina. Loess deposits in North America are related to large outwashes from the Laurentide ice sheet and floodplains of large rivers. Loess deposits in Europe are related to the former Alpine and Scandinavianice sheets. Loess in China and central Asia are related to desert conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "219ba382-6c90-43d2-a6cf-2ddcc358f70e", - "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's materials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's magnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field can be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in sediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fe601b0-314f-4f63-8ec1-3b96cc7263b8", - "label": "PALEOSOLS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Paleosols are soils that formed in a landscape of the past with distinctive morphological features resulting from a soil-forming environment that no longer exists at the site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f4e90e0-aea0-40cd-b781-a6a69a6e6cb3", - "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also carbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon having a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in dating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0960827a-ecdb-40a0-babc-fbd6df27bb53", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d8fc6d8-eba5-4da1-9a78-d69c23d9d78d", - "label": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", - "broader": "0960827a-ecdb-40a0-babc-fbd6df27bb53", - "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d845886d-0c44-4505-b5b9-d3fcd819208e", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52325c6e-1084-43c1-83b2-278bbe0201c6", - "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", - "definition": "Volcanic deposits can consist of tephra, which is airborne pyroclastic material. Extremely explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast quantities of tephra over wide areas. Tephra layers can form regional isochronous stratigraphic markers. Tephrachronology can a very important tool in paleoclimatic studies. Volcanic ash horizons can also be used as chronostratigraphic markers.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "label": "OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "Paleoclimatic information can be inferred from biogenic material in ocean sediments, oxygen isotopic analyses of sea water (via deep sea cores), coral growth, inorganic material such as from weathering and erosion, lake levels and glacial varves, and ocean circulation changes as a result of glacial-interglacial cycles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8f8c1808-ac5f-43e5-8397-dbb3d171144c", - "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of rock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature changes at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature. Borehole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature variations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47d6c670-db83-4975-b684-1be787811ac8", - "label": "CORAL DEPOSITS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hard calcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, the important coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known as hermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondence between large excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs, rainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc02e5fb-9ff3-483d-8c33-18db25a07eea", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of isotopic (excluding oxygen) signatures in ocean/lake sediments to determine past climatic conditions, and apply those findings to the Earth's climate at the time period in question. Carbon isotope analysis is very important in extracting paleoclimatic signatures from corals and from benthic forams.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c99427c-1a6a-4326-b072-0c12c87bd944", - "label": "LAKE LEVELS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Lake level fluctuations can provide important evidence for paleoclimatic conditions, particulary in arid and semiarid areas. Lake levels are particularly sensitive to changes in hydrologic balance due to climatic fluctuations. Lakes may develop and expand if there is an abundance of precipitation and will recede and even dry up (due to evaporation) during prolonged droughts. Lake sediment cores are often drilled to provide stratigraphic clues to past climate conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11e12021-f63e-4081-ae78-1bb19fe7b4bf", - "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a microscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in the past.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d00c961-de64-40ed-becd-3a95cae182e3", - "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, e.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic organisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9713a1d5-8b03-4d38-b3b6-34578a1d5f39", - "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Isotopes of oxygen (O-18, O-16, O-13) are found in calcium carbonate in sea water. The production of O18 is highly dependent on temperature. The oxygen isotope record in marine sediments varies locally with temperature and globally with variations in continental ice volume. Oxygen isotope analyses have been carried out on deep sea cores from areas of calcareous sedimentation throughout the world and similar variations in O18 are recorded everywhere. The O18 signal is that of ice volume changes on the continents and concomitant changes in the isotopic content of the oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ee90f7c-bdc6-403a-b447-2100d573cad6", - "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's materials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's magnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field can be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in sediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe06f678-7155-4f93-9e28-4c083d60cccc", - "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a microspore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The study of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important aspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen analysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological characteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2) they are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are distributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to decay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen deposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a389bcd6-929d-43ac-9af1-5a20a4ddcbe2", - "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also carbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon having a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in dating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3764016-0b5d-48fb-be3e-4f1082cf13e7", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "Marine sediments are composed of both biogenic and terrigenous materials. Biogenic sediments includes the remains of planktic and benthic organisms, which provide a record of past climate and oceanic circulation. Terrigenous material provides a record of humidity-aridity variations on the continents, intensity and direction of winds, and other modes of sediment transport (rivers, glaciers, erosion, etc.).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6fb40553-a2ef-465a-b7d2-3401e3bfceac", - "label": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", - "broader": "b3764016-0b5d-48fb-be3e-4f1082cf13e7", - "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "417a6538-f89e-4f73-a89a-c2e5d2cd7667", - "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9db3b1cb-0d3d-4486-bf56-1e96b8691b01", - "label": "VARVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", - "definition": "A sedimentary bed or lamina or sequence of laminae (thin layers) deposited in a body of silt or still water within a year's time. Usually refers to glacial varves resulting from seasonally deposited meltwater streams in a glacial lake or other body of still water. Counting the varves have been used to measure glacial deposits.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "703d0c14-1978-4e7f-a51a-233c695823b9", - "label": "MASS EXTINCTIONS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "mass extinction is a sharp decrease in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. They occur when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation. Because the majority of diversity and biomass on Earth is microbial, and thus difficult to measure, recorded extinction events affect the easily observed, biologically complex component of the biosphere rather than the total diversity and abundance of life.[1]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f2d4df2-0701-4fe1-9d9b-e7e1c8678a8f", - "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "A method of determining patterns of climatic change over long periods using the ratio of the stable oxygen isotopes 18O to 16O as an indicator of the amount of water locked up in ice-sheets and thus of global temperature. Sea water contains many isotopes of oxygen, the most common being 18O to 16O. During cold periods the glaciers grow, water is drawn up into them, and the proportion of 18O increases. When the ice-caps melt during periods of warm climate the proportion of 18O decreases. There are two ways of obtaining data about the 16O to 18O ratio, both using measurements made using a mass spectrometer. The first is to use cores from the polar ice-caps which preserve layers of snow ultimately made from sea water. The second is to use the skeletons of foraminifera preserved in ocean-bottom ooze because these marine fossils had the same 16O to 18O ratio as the sea water during the time they were alive. Using this data a series of at least eleven cycles of cooling and warming climatic conditions have been recognized in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "478092f3-7cdd-4136-84ec-cebf0d539480", - "label": "PERMAFROST/METHANE RELEASE", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic, as part of a more general release of carbon from these soils and seas. Whilst a long-term natural process, it may be exacerbated by global warming. This results in a positive feedback effect, as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas. The feedback of the undisturbed process is comparably weak, however, because the local release leads to a warming spread over the whole globe.\n\nThe Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.[1] Global warming may accelerate its release, due to both release of methane from existing stores, and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass.[2] Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost, and as submarine clathrates. Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.[3][4] Other sources of methane include submarine taliks, river transport, ice complex retreat, submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits.[5]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6971fecc-af14-4c97-82db-2b01c98453b9", - "label": "PLATE TECTONICS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is divided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is that of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their boundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cbefa2a-484e-4742-ad3d-d347d27272bd", - "label": "SPELEOTHEMS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "a structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water, e.g. a stalactite or stalagmite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08bc1b7d-b27b-43e2-a728-4939efb88f08", - "label": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "a vent in the crust of the earth or another planet or a moon from which usually molten or hot rock and steam issue; also : a hill or mountain composed wholly or in part of the ejected material", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "label": "ICE CORE RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "An ice core is a section of ice drilled from a glacier or ice sheet. Ice deposits contain samples of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed; they also record seasonal fluctuations of temperature and dust. That's why ice cores are extremely valuable sources of paleoclimate data on the Earth's climate in the distant past. Researchers drill sections of ice cores hundreds of meters long and then match sections at different depths with particular eras in the Earth's past. These sections can then be analyzed for clues about atmospheric gases and temperatures from hundreds of thousands of years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b53939ae-1264-409d-8434-3bb3d22b2848", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide traps infrared radiation. Atmospheric CO2 has increased about 25 percent since the early 1800s, with an estimated increase of 10 percent since 1958 (burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of increased CO2, deforestation the second\nmajor cause). The increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance the greenhouse effect, blocking heat from escaping into space and contributing to the warming of Earth's lower atmosphere. (Earth Observatory) The most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations\nfor periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air (fluid or gas inclusions) trapped in the Antarctic or Greenland ice caps. The most widely accepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels were about 260¿280uL/L immediately before\nindustrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the preceding 10,000 years.\nThe longest ice core record comes from Vostok, Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to a depth of 3,600 meters, corresponding to an age of 420,000 years before the present. During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180¿210 uL/L during ice ages, increasing to\n280¿300 uL/L during warmer interglacials.(http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Carbon-dioxide)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2987914-ed66-4b7c-964d-8eccf0174e57", - "label": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "An important baseline measurement in ice cores is electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity measurements (ECM) of the core is a very rapid method to indicate how acidic the core is without the chemical detail of the ion analyses. The value of the measurement is that it can be done for the whole length of the core in high resolution and provide an immediate picture of the core and allow quick detection of interesting areas, such as a volcanic eruptions. Because it is a high resolution, continuous measurement it can be used, along with the other measurements, for time frequency analysis in order to identify cycles in the climate signal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42664b0d-26c2-44ad-b0a9-673ed2902f00", - "label": "ICE CORE AIR BUBBLES", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "Trapped gases in ice-core bubbles are highly reliable records of atmospheric composition in reconstructing past climates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "302d7079-299a-4269-bd7e-d95009c9b46e", - "label": "IONS", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of various electrostatic ally charged compounds found in ice cores. Ions can be analyzed to infer human, biological, and volcanic activity, as well as ocean water conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", - "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "The isotopic record found in ice cores reveal direct information about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Depending on the temperature of evaporation and how far the water has had to travel before it fell as snow, the ratio of 18O to 16O will vary. This ratio, known as d18O, can be measured very accurately using a mass spectrometer. Over short time scales the change in temperature from summer to winter produces a very clear oscillation in the 18O/16O ratio. This oscillation is used to determine the age of the core at different depths, simply by counting the oscillations. Over longer time periods, this ratio indicates the average temperature of the regions between the evaporation site and the coring site. Investigators in Greenland and Antarctica are also analyzing for the ratio of 1H/2H (Hydrogen to deuterium) which will allow even finer detail about source temperature and condensation history to be obtained.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e1138bec-7087-45f4-82b0-2e4029063381", - "label": "NITROGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", - "definition": "Natural nitrogen (N) consists of two stable isotopes, nitrogen-14, which makes up the vast majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, andnitrogen-15. Fourteen radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) have also been found so far, with atomic masses ranging from 10 to 25, and one nuclear isomer, 11mN.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a0fc2ec-d1cf-43b5-8e97-6ab96811c02b", - "label": "ARGON ISOTOPES", - "broader": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", - "definition": "(Ar) has 24 known isotopes, from 30Ar to53Ar and 1 isomer (32mAr), three of which are stable, 36Ar, 38Ar, and40Ar.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1362cee-634d-40f4-b47f-901b328895c3", - "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", - "definition": "Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of threestable isotopes, 16O, 17O, and 18O, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance)", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0948a59e-cc72-4e5d-b97d-4ea0335b0906", - "label": "METHANE", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas and is seen in polar ice cores. From the ice core record, it is known that methane rose rapidly whenever climate changed from glacial to interglacial conditions (during 'deglaciation'). Warming of water bathing the seafloor could have led to large-scale release of methane from the melting of methane ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc90bc40-2a21-4a6f-9fb9-bf3ae5845157", - "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas produced from ocean upwelling and soils in tropical and temperate regions. Ice core studies have shown that nitrous oxide increases with temperature in the Northern Hemisphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15fdef7c-7fb7-4a1d-a24b-01164a8ba11a", - "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "Particulate matter in ice cores (continental dust, volcanic ash, diatoms, and pollen) can provide information on past climate conditions and climate variability.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84b443b5-91d3-42d2-a48b-d2e157a39d5b", - "label": "MICROPARTICLE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "15fdef7c-7fb7-4a1d-a24b-01164a8ba11a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c736e45d-63f2-428b-abae-48f79d007703", - "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", - "definition": "Volcanic deposits (including volcanic ash, debris, etc.) are found within ice core records. Volcanoes can produce large quantities of particles and leave a record in the ice. Scanning electron micrographs of the particles from a particularly large dust peak in an ice core may reveal that it is from a known volcano and allow a firm date to be placed on that section of core. For prehistoric times, the dust record is a key tool for reconstructing a history of volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "label": "PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past climatic conditions using paleoclimate proxy records (tree rings, ice cores, etc.)", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "89e5b8c9-ef72-4e21-83c8-a7552f6871a4", - "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past air temperatures using paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "555b048d-8904-4a62-a85a-3af1aa14674e", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past atmospheric circulation conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06bcba40-6046-4c0e-aa38-8f83410b93f0", - "label": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past drought and precipitation climatic conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records (mostly tree ring data).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f687ff2-52c0-496b-9a81-503a8c207823", - "label": "GROUND WATER RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past ground water conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec4c1ae2-53f4-40ca-b0c3-e145f00e2583", - "label": "LAKE LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past lake levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ba98ab7-dee3-4b15-aea1-179ecd8f6e7d", - "label": "OCEAN SALINITY RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past ocean salinity based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b51093c5-5997-410c-899d-98d15ab5f5cc", - "label": "SEA LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "facdb262-04eb-47f9-b46e-ba7a379722ec", - "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea surface temperatures (SST) based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b4ea1db-bb93-4eb8-ac08-4880a3a5e6d2", - "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Sediment - can be analyzed in many ways. Sediment laminations, or layers, can indicate sedimentation rate through time. Charcoal trapped in sediments can indicate past fire events. Remains of microorganisms such as diatoms, foraminifera, microbiota, and pollen within sediment can indicate changes in past climate, since each species has a limited range of habitable conditions. When these organisms and pollen sink to the bottom of a lake or ocean, they can become buried within the sediment. Thus, climate change can be inferred by species composition within the sediment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "88735956-6d46-41e1-8cbb-5dba20c33d8c", - "label": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", - "broader": "3b4ea1db-bb93-4eb8-ac08-4880a3a5e6d2", - "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fec6c2e4-ca15-426a-b344-36bba69e5c1f", - "label": "SOLAR FORCING/INSOLATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past solar forcing and insolation based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cde7aacb-0204-4a84-afcb-279cc3d0870c", - "label": "STREAMFLOW RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past streamflow conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records (related to drought/precipitation records).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1c1890d-a6b0-4482-836b-a4b8ed0beee8", - "label": "VEGETATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", - "definition": "Reconstruction of past vegetation conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", - "label": "PALEOCLIMATE FORCING", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "Climate forcing has to do with the amount of energy we receive from the sun, and the amount of energy we radiate back into space. Variances in climate forcing are determined by physical influences on the atmosphere such as orbital and axial changes as well as the amount of greenhouse gas in our atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "250ce118-46e7-4dec-9e44-8054c9318cff", - "label": "SOLAR FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", - "definition": "Radiative forcing (measured in Watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components. For the case of a change in solar irradiance (i.e., 'solar forcing'), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area. Since the cross-sectional area of the Earth exposed to the sun (πr2) is equal to 1/4 of the surface area of the Earth (4πr2), the solar input per unit area is one quarter the change in solar intensity. This must be multiplied by the fraction of incident sunlight that is absorbed, F=(1-R), where R is the reflectivity, or albedo, of the Earth, equal to approximately 0.7. Thus, the solar forcing is the change in the solar intensity divided by 4 and multiplied by 0.7.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78c47e38-e842-4e31-81b2-44f44c52c692", - "label": "VOLCANIC FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", - "definition": "Volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts of aerosols into the atmosphere, increasing the earth's albedo (reflectivity) and cooling the climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cc62051-537c-4399-b9b9-b59c1a3e0773", - "label": "ORBITAL CHANGE FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", - "definition": "Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit. These orbital changes change the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes (from 400 to 500 Wm−2 at latitudes of 60 degrees). In this context, the term 'forcing' signifies a physical process that affects the Earth's climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0867ff5-2eb4-4959-b874-ac37c1b407e0", - "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", - "definition": "Carbon dioxide, methane, and other trace gases absorb infrared energy, resulting in greenhouse warming of the earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1efdd374-40a1-4118-a1da-61c647017ec9", - "label": "ALUMINUM-26 ANALYSIS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", - "definition": "ALUMINUM-26, is a radioactive isotope of the chemical element aluminium, decaying by either of the modes beta-plus or electron capture, both resulting in the stable nuclide magnesium-26. The half-life of 26Al is 7.17×105years. This is far too short for the isotope to survive to the present, but a small amount of the nuclide is produced by collisions of argon atoms with cosmic ray protons.\n The analysis of AL26 is part of the process to determine exposure ages.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d64c047-c4fb-4981-bc91-d5dbc22337de", - "label": "SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "Sun-Earth Interactions: The effects of the sun's variability are evident in a variety of physical and chemical processes in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", - "label": "SUNSPOT ACTIVITY", - "broader": "3d64c047-c4fb-4981-bc91-d5dbc22337de", - "definition": "An area seen as a dark spot on the PHOTOSPHERE of the sun. Sunspots are concentrations of magnetic flux, typically occurring in bipolar clusters or groups. They appear dark because they are cooler than the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots are classified as to their group characteristics (called the Zurich Sunspot Classification; older sunspot counting schemes may have used the Wolf Sunspot Number classification). Satellite observations of the sun (notably by the ACRIM and ERBE sensors) have demonstrated a correlation between sunspot luminosity changes and sunspot numbers - a possible influencing factor in Earth's climate dynamics.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "22c14e35-48a4-40b5-a503-add48c2d4cd4", - "label": "LENGTH OF THE SOLAR CYCLE", - "broader": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b230650-68ff-4e7a-9273-6e0b1083bdfa", - "label": "SOLAR FLUX", - "broader": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", - "label": "CLIMATE FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "An interaction in which a perturbation in one climate quantity causes a\nchange in a second and the change in the second quantity ultimately\nleads to an additional change in the first. A negative feedback is one in\nwhich the initial perturbation is weakened by the changes it causes; a\npositive feedback is one in which the initial perturbation is enhanced.\nThe initial perturbation can either be externally forced or arise as part of\ninternal variability.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fc77777e-614f-41f1-9b97-d5324fa99105", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", - "definition": "Processes within the atmosphere through which the climate system is\ncontrolled, changed, or modulated. Atmospheric feedbacks involve a\nperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a second\nquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to an\nadditional change in the first. Examples include water vapor and cloud\nfeedbacks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a6bed83-f95a-44e6-8ae0-1371b532abc3", - "label": "COUPLED SYSTEM FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", - "definition": "Processes or interactions between systems, such as the ocean and\natmosphere, through which the climate system is controlled, changed,\nor modulated. Examples include process that influence the flux of heat,\nfreshwater, and radiatively active trace gases between the ocean and\natmosphere as well as those that influence the exchange of carbon\ndioxide between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3da6855e-9be8-4a79-826e-4ce984ed49a5", - "label": "CRYOSPHERIC FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", - "definition": "Processes within the cryosphere through which the climate system is\ncontrolled, changed, or modulated. Cryospheric feedbacks involve a\nperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a second\nquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to an\nadditional change in the first. Cryospheric feedbacks may, for example,\ninvolve the dependence of surface albedo on the presence of ice and\nsnow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "514c891b-60b8-4a6f-adb3-0366c75588e9", - "label": "LAND SURFACE FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", - "definition": "Land-surface processes through which climate system is controlled,\nchanged, or modulated. Land-surface feedbacks involve a perturbation\nin a climate quantity that causes a change in a second quantity, and the\nchange in the second quantity ultimately leads to an additional change\nin the first. Land-surface feedbacks often involve land-surface change or\nchange in terrestrial carbon stocks that in turn affect land-atmosphere\ninteraction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80d337f4-8e90-456a-9a5b-33e5f5c907ce", - "label": "OCEANIC FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", - "definition": "Processes within the ocean through which the climate system is\ncontrolled, changed, or modulated. Oceanic feedbacks involve a\nperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a second\nquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to an\nadditional change in the first. Examples include those processes that\ngovern oceanic uptake, transport, and storage of carbon dioxide.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "53fb0557-9f7f-4504-b0e8-adf329146c52", - "label": "CARBON FLUX", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "Carbon flux refers to the direction and rate of transfer, or flows, of carbon between Earth’s carbon pools such as the oceans, atmosphere,land, other living things. Carbon fluxes can be natural exchanges, such as land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere fluxes, or anthropogenic exchanges, such as urban carbon fluxes", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", - "label": "REGIONAL CLIMATE LEVELS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", - "definition": "Refers to several levels of regional climates that are used to describe the immutable characteristics of an area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "78369c58-beaa-46f2-b286-dd2540634556", - "label": "MICROCLIMATE", - "broader": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", - "definition": "The fine climatic structure of the air space that extends from the very surface of the earth to a height where the effects of the immediate character of the underlying surface no longer can be distinguished from the general local climate (mesoclimate or macroclimate).\n\nThe microclimate varies with and in turn is superimposed upon the larger-scale conditions. While some rigid limits have been placed on the thickness of the layer concerned, it is more realistic to consider variable thicknesses. (Observe the microclimate of a putting green versus that of a redwood forest.) Generally, four times the height of surface growth or structures defines the level where microclimatic overtones disappear. Microclimate can be subdivided into as many different classes as there are types of underlying surface. With sufficient detail, this could be almost limitless. Currently, the most studied broad types are the 'urban microclimate,' affected by pavement, buildings, air pollution, dense inhabitation, etc., the 'vegetation microclimate,' concerned with the complex nature of the air space occupied by vegetation, and its effects upon the vegetation (\nsee phytoclimatology); and the microclimate of confined spaces (the cryptoclimate) of houses, greenhouses, caves, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4820c2b-37e0-491e-a268-e5b18e1a1062", - "label": "MESOCLIMATE", - "broader": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", - "definition": "The climate of a natural region of small extent, for example, valley, forest, plantation, and park. Because of subtle differences in elevation and exposure, the climate may not be representative of the general climate of the region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "273973f1-ccc5-4ae8-9872-17e249023c53", - "label": "MACROCLIMATE", - "broader": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", - "definition": "The general large-scale climate of a large area or country, as distinguished from the mesoclimate and microclimate.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "label": "EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES", - "broader": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", - "definition": "A collection of software, tools, models, and other services that can be used to analyze, process, and model Earth science data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "label": "REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Refers to electronic resources and digitized materials that provider information to users.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", - "label": "BIBLIOGRAPHIC", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "definition": "Services that provide a list of publications and resources by author,\nsubject, or publisher.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6ee8d84e-c829-44e2-8768-3e5342b79707", - "label": "BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES", - "broader": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", - "definition": "A computerized file consisting of electronic entries or records, each of\nwhich represents a document or bibliographic item retrievable by author,\ntitle, subject heading (descriptor), or keywords. Although some\nbibliographic databases are general in scope and coverage, most are\nindexes and abstracting services which provide access to the literature of\na specific field or discipline.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17d6617a-10ff-45b6-ac16-a7ab8f6aa1eb", - "label": "PERSONNEL DIRECTORIES", - "broader": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", - "definition": "Online directories of scientific researchers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a00621f-4e28-4d16-a183-0658e95d473a", - "label": "PROFESSIONAL SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS", - "broader": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", - "definition": "Online directories of scientific organizations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "52a71bf1-a099-4bb1-88c2-064203e3608c", - "label": "THESAURI", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "definition": "1.A book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and\nantonyms.
\r\n2.A book of selected words or concepts, such as a specialized vocabulary of a\nparticular field, as of medicine or music", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", - "label": "DIGITAL/VIRTUAL REFERENCE DESKS", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "definition": "Digital reference services use the Internet to connect people with people\nwho can answer questions and support the development of skills.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e12352e3-0312-4c12-b62b-25e147193b78", - "label": "ASK-A BIOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", - "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with\npeople who can answer questions about the biological sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "185f7a64-7c35-4e83-b0f0-7f2012e66c5d", - "label": "ASK-A ECOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", - "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with people\nwho can answer questions about the ecological sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c62eddd4-a320-4f5d-8f9c-5f333be0b7c3", - "label": "ASK-A GEOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", - "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with\npeople who can answer questions about the Earth and geological sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ee9dd80-6ca8-49a9-a7be-bd965595e1a3", - "label": "ASK-A MARINE BIOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", - "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with\npeople who can answer questions about marine biology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9586b25-36da-4e7d-ac2a-b1b24e2f44bd", - "label": "ASK-A METEOROLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", - "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with people\n who can answer questions about the climate, atmosphere and weather.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6621ba11-af39-4634-b07c-811585e91a77", - "label": "ASK-A OCEANOGRAPHER", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", - "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with people\nwho can answer questions about the marine and oceanographic sciences.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f6ad4bb-ab00-4e5a-baee-2c17335ba809", - "label": "IDENTIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "definition": "A service that aids in the classification of objects in an ordered system that\nindicates natural relationships. This may include taxonomy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac44c9c0-d0f1-4f25-b016-b57ca51d511e", - "label": "GAZETTEER", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "definition": "A geographical dictionary; a book giving the names and descriptions, etc., of\r\nmany places.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16d0abc3-8f75-4974-bdb4-df09a04bcfa3", - "label": "SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "definition": "Services that provide links to subscriptions to\nscientific/environmental Internet newsletters and notifications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20ed3fa4-20fa-4531-8b02-dceda8eac81f", - "label": "KNOWLEDGE/DECISION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", - "definition": "A computer-based system that aids the process of decision making or building of\nknowledge. For example: a construction company has decided to build a new\ndevelopment in a certain area, but they need to decide where to place the\nbuildings. They may use information gathered on previous floods (i.e. stage\nheights) to help them decide.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "label": "MODELS", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Graphical, mathematical (symbolic), physical, or verbal representation or simplified version of a concept, phenomenon, relationship, structure, system, or an aspect of the real world.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "96400b5a-6932-41f2-a80c-5aba26a2b5de", - "label": "SOLAR-ATMOSPHERE/SPACE-WEATHER MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Solar-Atmosphere/Space Weather Models typically deal with\nSolar-Earth/Atmosphere interactions and warning/prediction systems. These\nmodels are important for telecommunications and all science, commercial\nresearch, and operational satellites. These models also forecast solar particle\nfluxes, and indices of solar and geomagnetic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2eb094d5-70bc-49fa-acb6-4ad07f4c7b08", - "label": "HYDROLOGIC AND TERRESTRIAL WATER CYCLE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that relate to the water cycle and hydrological analysis (chemistry and\r\nphysics of water) predictions in the Terrestrial Hydrosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea5ccefb-e390-43d5-8202-33e004565beb", - "label": "CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Climate Change Impact Assessment Models examine and predict the vulnerabilities of human populations to future climate change, including associated sea-level rise and changes in the frequency and intensity of climate extremes such as floods, droughts, heat waves and windstorms, and taking into account potential impacts on water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, coastal and other types of settlements, and economic activities. These models can be used to assess the potential responses of natural environments and the wildlife that inhabit them to future climate change and identifies environments at particular risk.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adfee6d2-ca00-4f02-a570-5ccf0850cb55", - "label": "DYNAMIC VEGETATION/ECOSYSTEM MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Predicts the fast time scale fluxes of water, carbon, nitrogen and energy\r\nbetween the landsurface and the atmosphere and the resulting diurnal surface\r\nfluxes, seasonal and inter-annual vegetation growth, and decadal to century\r\nscale alterations in vegetation structure and soil carbon and nitrogen. It\r\nwill be made available to the climate modeling community for studies on\r\nseasonal weather evolution, vegetation phenology, the carbon budget, climate\r\nvariability, paleoclimate, global change scenarios, vegetation-climate\r\nfeedbacks, and astronomical biosignatures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5f94c93-e8af-4919-827f-9059dab9cf27", - "label": "DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that represent continuous elevation values over a topographic surface by\na regular array of z-values, referenced to a common datum. Digital Elevation\nModels (DEM) and Digital Terrain Models (DTM) are used to predict the\ntopography and terrain over a given land surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5b13fa4-0069-40ce-85cb-bfbab34c2058", - "label": "COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are the most\ncomplex models in use, consisting of an Atmosphere general circulation model\n(AGCM) coupled to an Ocean general circulation models (OGCM). With the addition\nof other components (such as a sea ice model or a model for evapotranspiration\nover land), the AOGCM becomes the basis for a full climate model. \r\nSome recent models include the biosphere, carbon cycle and atmospheric\nchemistry as well. AOGCMs can be used for the prediction and rate of change of\nfuture climate. They are also used to study the variability and physical\nprocesses of the coupled climate system. Global climate models typically have a\nresolution of a few hundred kilometres. Climate projections from the Hadley\nCentre make use of the HadCM2 AOGCM, developed in 1994, and its successor\nHadCM3 AOGCM, developed in 1998. Greenhouse-gas experiments with AOGCMs have\nusually been driven by specifying atmospheric concentrations of the gases, but\nif a carbon cycle model is included, the AOGCM can predict changes in carbon\ndioxide concentration, given the emissions of carbon dioxide into the\natmosphere. Similarly, an AOGCM coupled to an atmospheric chemistry model is\nable to predict the changes in concentration of other atmospheric constituents\nin response to climate change and to the changing emissions of various gases.\nFurther information is available on: some aspects of ocean simulation in HadCM3\n(thermohaline circulation, ventilation, vertical mixing), decadal variability\nin the ocean of HadCM3.\r\nRecently a global coupled climate model with an eddy-permitting ocean\nresolution has been developed at the Hadley Centre, in order to better\nrepresent important oceanic processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "063177a9-14cd-4750-9aa4-ad5d266bd7ad", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Numerical representation of the atmosphere and its phenomena over the entire\r\nEarth, using the equations of motion and including radiation, photochemistry,\r\nand the transfer of heat, water vapor, and momentum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f66e185f-7e17-4b5c-bc4e-523ddfbbe9ca", - "label": "COMPONENT PROCESS MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Component Process Models are models that are part of the Earth System\ncomponent, including Atmosphere, Ocean, Land Surface Processes, Hydrology,\nSnow/Ice, Biospheric (vegetation, ocean biology) Chemistry, and Radiation.\nThese can be grouped together by a specific process type such as Cloud and\nPrecipitation Dynamics, Cloud-radiation feedback (Cloud-aerosol interaction,\nAtmospheric-land surface coupling, atmosphere-ocean surface coupling, ocean-ice\ncoupling/interaction), land hydrology (run-off models), Transport models (e.g.\nPollution, Trace constituents) and others.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93809fc5-da7c-4ca2-9585-70f09bd99898", - "label": "PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that focus on an individual terrestrial phenomenon such as Hurricane\ntrack/intensity prediction, El-Nino (ENSO) predictions, Tsunami warming\nsystems, Air quality index predictions, UV index predictions, Heat wave\npredictions, Drought index and predictions, Flood warning/predictions and\nDisease outbreak warning systems/predictions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a1dd3c3-a126-437e-ad04-9dc0a382d567", - "label": "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that aid in decision support of a specific topic such as population,\nirrigation scheduling, coastal zone decisions, ecosystem distribution, crop\nyields, water use, energy generation, telecommunications, and space weather\nactivity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e49f0aae-c2ef-4fd2-aaf4-ddfad074bb75", - "label": "REGULATORY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that provide predictions and analysis of environmental factors such as\nair quality and water quality; also included are dispersion modeling. These\nmodels are generally associated with the U.S. EPA to support policy and\nregulatory decisions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f96bf6c8-2f34-412a-b734-b2644f08a329", - "label": "GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that represent or predict the geology over a given area; the tectonic\nactivity or probability of earthquakes and tectonic movement, or prevention of\nfuture earthquakes; and paleoclimate reconstructions or predictions of future\nclimate systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "640d703f-9312-4f11-8367-30a8bd8fc508", - "label": "CARBON CYCLE/CARBON BUDGET MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models relating to carbon cycle modeling that simulates, over a given period of\ntime, carbon interactions on the ecosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a22b06c-eeed-46dc-b41b-af44ca94c419", - "label": "CRYOSPHERE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Cryosphere Models are models that look at the Earth's cryosphere regions, specifically looking at frozen water, snow, permafrost, floating ice, and glaciers. The cryosphere component is directly related to ocean sea-level, therefore is indirectly related to changes in the atmosphere and biosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46461db7-88ba-446f-bdae-2d1e7f6302c2", - "label": "LAND SURFACE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that predict the characteristics of the landscape such as DEMs/DTMs.\nAlso included are models that predict land surface reflectance including the\nscattering, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation at the land\nsurface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1eb8b98b-73a1-4657-beda-76ab6355dd08", - "label": "PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Physical and laboratory models are models that represent a larger or smaller physical copy of an object or structure. Most commonly, these models are created in laboratories, but can often be located and studied in the real environment. Physical models allow visualization, from examining the model, of information about the thing the model represents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92471848-b940-4b31-9165-f106457a4616", - "label": "WEATHER RESEARCH/FORECAST MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a next-generation mesocale\r\nnumerical weather prediction system designed to serve both operational\r\nforecasting and atmospheric research needs. It features multiple dynamical\r\ncores, a 3-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system, and a\r\nsoftware architecture allowing for computational parallelism and system\r\nextensibility. WRF is suitable for a broad spectrum of applications across\r\nscales ranging from meters to thousands of kilometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c61a56a3-c08f-4989-92f3-0f0787688424", - "label": "OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (OGCM)/REGIONAL OCEAN MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "An OGCM is the ocean counterpart of an Atmosphere general circulation model\n(AGCM); it is a three-dimensional representation of the ocean and sea ice.\nOGCMs are useful by themselves for studying ocean circulation, interior\nprocesses and variability, but they depend on being supplied with data about\nsurface air temperature and other atmospheric properties.\r\nFor a list of some Ocean Circulation models, see\nhttp://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/ocean_models.html\r\nhttp://www.ocean-modeling.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3668de06-8a7d-4667-beb8-d04dcac619b0", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "(A numerical representation of) the chemical constituents of Earth's\r\natmosphere, and the roles they play in influencing the atmosphere's\r\ntemperature, radiation, and dynamics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8615aad-d2eb-45a3-98a7-4adac5bdf5a5", - "label": "EARTH SCIENCE REANALYSES/ASSIMILATION MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Models that deal with the retrospective-analyses or reanalyzes of data.\nReanalyzes blend the continuity and breadth of output data of a numerical model\nwith the constraint of vast quantities of observational data. The result is a\nlong-term continuous data record. Merging many different observations together\nwith an estimate of the variables provided by the model is the main function of\nAssimilation models. Global ocean, atmosphere and land surface models are\ndeveloped as components of assimilation and forecast systems, as well as for\naddressing the weather and climate research questions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7872b9af-8c90-481e-aaa6-a47b736f0828", - "label": "ANCILLARY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "108318e6-89c0-4e0d-bcad-7bfdb0df49f5", - "label": "MODEL LOGS", - "broader": "7872b9af-8c90-481e-aaa6-a47b736f0828", - "definition": "Model configurations / inputs / outputs / logs for ancillary models", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1b54a28-af57-47ad-8291-bdbf723481b1", - "label": "GLACIO-HYDROLOGICAL MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Glacio-hydrological models (GHMs) allow us to develop an understanding of how future climate change will affect river flow regimes in glaciated watersheds. A variety of simplified GHM structures and parameterisations exist, yet the performance of these are rarely quantified at the process level or with metrics beyond global summary statistics. A fuller understanding of the deficiencies in competing model structures and parameterisations and the ability of models to simulate physical processes require performance metrics utilising the full range of uncertainty information within input observations. Here, the glacio-hydrological characteristics of the Virkisá River basin in southern Iceland are characterised using 33 signatures derived from observations of ice melt, snow coverage and river discharge. The uncertainty of each set of observations is harnessed to define the limits of acceptability (LOA), a set of criteria used to objectively evaluate the acceptability of different GHM structures and parameterisations. This framework is used to compare and diagnose deficiencies in three melt and three run-off-routing model structures. Increased model complexity is shown to improve acceptability when evaluated against specific signatures but does not always result in better consistency across all signatures, emphasising the difficulty in appropriate model selection and the need for multi-model prediction approaches to account for model selection uncertainty. Melt and run-off-routing structures demonstrate a hierarchy of influence on river discharge signatures with melt model structure having the most influence on discharge hydrograph seasonality and run-off-routing structure on shorter-timescale discharge events. None of the tested GHM structural configurations returned acceptable simulations across the full population of signatures. The framework outlined here provides a comprehensive and rigorous assessment tool for evaluating the acceptability of different GHM process hypotheses. Future melt and run-off model forecasts should seek to diagnose structural model deficiencies and evaluate diagnostic signatures of system behaviour using a LOA framework.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79841056-b651-439c-b638-439e94731d31", - "label": "SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental estimates. They are used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and to predict distributions across landscapes, sometimes requiring extrapolation in space and time. SDMs are now widely used across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms. Differences in methods between disciplines reflect both differences in species mobility and in “established use.” Model realism and robustness is influenced by selection of relevant predictors and modeling method, consideration of scale, how the interplay between environmental and geographic factors is handled, and the extent of extrapolation. Current linkages between SDM practice and ecological theory are often weak, hindering progress. Remaining challenges include: improvement of methods for modeling presence-only data and for model selection and evaluation; accounting for biotic interactions; and assessing model uncertainty.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fb5ea8a-96ba-47cf-91cd-c7b64fbcd54a", - "label": "SPHERICAL HARMONIC MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "An orthogonal set of basis functions to define the amplitudes at the surface of a sphere. It is often employed in solving partial differential equations in many scientific fields, and can be thought of as the 2D Fourier transform of a spatial grid.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97576e51-28b5-4ae0-af33-fbb00fd5996b", - "label": "MASS CONCENTRATION (MASCON) MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "A basis function to define “blocks” of mass on the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid, for GRACE(-FO) used as an alternative to spherical harmonics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "label": "MACHINE LEARNING MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", - "definition": "A predictive model that when trained on a set of data containing certain features, enables a computer to identify similar features in other data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fdd890fa-377a-46ce-8fdc-2d7d16a461b7", - "label": "SUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that utilizes labels to train the model.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfed775e-934a-4606-b673-e55fd74fded8", - "label": "UNSUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that looks for patterns in data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b8fd0d4-f70d-4d5a-b4fa-c43bc42ccfe8", - "label": "SEMI-SUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that uses both supervised and unsupervised learning in its approach. Semi-supervised techniques take advantage of both labelled and unlabeled data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42bc61ce-8fe1-4eda-a127-6d431b21e66a", - "label": "SELF-SUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that uses context in the available sample data to predict missing or nearby data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55a99ac5-595b-4411-a11f-79d91603358a", - "label": "OBJECT DETECTION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that helps to identify a distinct object in data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca240508-9cd7-400e-9420-ad96f72195bd", - "label": "CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that sorts data into classes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46b21df4-0467-48eb-b442-709b584ad816", - "label": "SEGMENTATION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that clusters part of the data (in particular image data) to groups that belong to the same class.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d42ba19-5ce7-4840-a1b3-5a8341bcc272", - "label": "REGRESSION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model that translates input data of N-dimension to one or more scalar values.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4ef83d6-c132-4cd9-ab8b-5745949877d4", - "label": "CLUSTERING", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that divides data into groups (aka clusters) without having a label for them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a63c35d7-bf69-4f64-a6a9-e87cde0ce801", - "label": "NEURAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A machine learning model type that is part of deep learning algorithms that mimic the operations of a human brain to recognize relationships between vast amounts of data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", - "label": "ENSEMBLE MODELS", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A modeling process where multiple diverse models are created to predict an outcome, either by using many different modeling algorithms or using different training data sets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e3e48b06-0678-4c41-9741-3752c9756bb8", - "label": "BOOSTING", - "broader": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", - "definition": "An ensemble learning method that combines a set of weak learners into a strong learner to minimize training errors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a68048f4-181c-4c6c-9bfa-9e4171e9f237", - "label": "RANDOM FOREST", - "broader": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", - "definition": "A type of supervised learning that uses multiple decision trees for a computer to find patterns in data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cf3a3ce-4dd4-4364-8414-83e3b01354ec", - "label": "DECISION TREE", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A type of supervised learning that uses a predictive modeling approach to ask additional questions of the data based on the answer to earlier questions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3165b02f-962f-48bf-944b-66dd470f5988", - "label": "ISOLATION FOREST", - "broader": "8cf3a3ce-4dd4-4364-8414-83e3b01354ec", - "definition": "Isolation Forest is an unsupervised ML method that is used for anomaly detection.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b28033ac-592a-42a5-8913-3b8d74dfe43d", - "label": "NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A type of learning that utilizes text-based sources to analyze parts of speech, sentiment, and term frequency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", - "label": "DEEP LEARNING", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", - "definition": "A type of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) that imitates the way humans gain certain types of knowledge.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ca705489-8d18-470c-8c95-1c5ecfc902b6", - "label": "GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", - "definition": "A type of unsupervised learning that involves automatically discovering and learning the regularities or patterns in input data in such a way that the model can be used to generate or output new examples that plausibly could have been drawn from the original dataset.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94febaa2-74d0-4f38-93d5-f91cf15f9037", - "label": "CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", - "definition": "A Deep Learning algorithm which can take in an input image, assign importance (learnable weights and biases) to various aspects/objects in the image and be able to differentiate one from the other.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3d5ed2a-04c6-432f-938c-bb06ec887cdc", - "label": "RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", - "definition": "A type of artificial neural network which uses sequential data or time series data. These deep learning algorithms are commonly used for ordinal or temporal problems, such as language translation, natural language processing (nlp), speech recognition, and image captioning.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "label": "DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Describes the development, execution and supervision of plans, policies, programs and practices that control, protect, deliver and enhance the value of data. The data handling component refers to the process of ensuring that data is stored, archived, or disposed of in a safe and secure manner during and after the conclusion of a research project and/or data retrieval.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f3573bc-3cb7-4cec-a5bb-1bb6b7ab9057", - "label": "DATA INTEROPERABILITY", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Interoperability is the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dad75074-b2f7-4cb7-ae02-02d054f18251", - "label": "DATA REFORMATTING", - "broader": "0f3573bc-3cb7-4cec-a5bb-1bb6b7ab9057", - "definition": "Reformatting services are defined as Data Handling Services that allow for the alteration of the structure of an Earth science data set so as to make the data set accessible for use by a product or service for which it was not originally compatible. EXAMPLES: Binary to ASCII, HDF to CDF.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "434d40e2-4e0b-408a-9811-ff878f4f0fb0", - "label": "CATALOGING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "A Catalog service is defined as Data Handling Services that provide a listing\r of items arranged systematically with descriptive details. These items include, but are not limited to, data sets, reference materials, and other services.\r Catalog services are, however, limited to topics of relevance to the Earth\r Sciences and Global Environmental Change. These foci must be reflected by a\r majority of the items listed in the catalog. Catalog services also include any\r tools that may be used to create a catalog or facilitate the inclusion or\r maintenance of a listing within a catalog. EXAMPLES: NASA's Global Change Master Directory, Geospatial One-Stop (catalogs) and docBUILDER (metadata management).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31ab3c10-1f10-4372-82d4-4c0c4be5999f", - "label": "TRANSFORMATION/CONVERSION", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Transformation/Conversion services are defined as Data Handling Services that, in the case of transformation, apply an adjustment function to the original data that alters the absolute values of the data (e.g., interpolation, standardization, anomalies). In the case of conversion, the service is designed to apply a function to the data that transforms the relative value of the data but not the absolute (i.e., unit conversions).\r EXAMPLES: Anomalies (Transformation). Fahrenheit to Celsius (Conversion).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", - "label": "SUBSETTING/SUPERSETTING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Subsetting/Supersetting services are defined as Data Handling Services that, in the case of subsetting, create a smaller set of Earth science data from a larger set. In the case of supersetting the service creates an aggregate data\nset from the contents of several data sets. In no instance of supersetting or subsetting is the data transformed (see transformation) (e.g., averaging), only transferred from one data set to another. EXAMPLES: Global cloud-free composite image (supersetting). Selecting one station's data from a data set containing 40 stations (subsetting).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2b42bbe1-a87b-421b-b9cd-6eeb662eaa7e", - "label": "TEMPORAL SUBSETTING", - "broader": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", - "definition": "The process of selecting features of a spatial object based on time and time frequency. whether or not they in some way relate in space to another object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c6d5e60-c312-4589-9918-b0f44b2ae8cd", - "label": "SPATIAL SUBSETTING", - "broader": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", - "definition": "The process of selecting features of a spatial object based on whether or not they in some way relate in space to another object.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2295f39-e8c5-4032-8a05-618d95410b28", - "label": "VARIABLE SUBSETTING", - "broader": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", - "definition": "The process of selecting features of an object based on the variable parameters of the data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc757c55-83b4-400e-9d23-25bcad230603", - "label": "MEDIA TRANSFER/DATA RESCUE", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Media Transfer/Data Rescue services are defined as Data Handling Services that physically transfer data from one media form to another (excluding archives), or serve to reconstruct or reconstitute data from deteriorating or unreadable media to accessible media. EXAMPLES: Magnetic Tape to CD-ROM. Book to Diskette.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9916f643-05b4-4f0e-91e0-59922c6e09fc", - "label": "DATA DELIVERY", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "The preparation or customized data sets for delivery to customers. Methods of\r data delivery may include, but are not limited to, the following:\r\n- On-line download of the data over the Internet. \n- Placing an order for delivery of data via either on-line (e.g. ftp) or\r off-line (e.g. CD/DVD via U.S. Mail) delivery. \r\n- Display of contact (who to call) information so that the user may contact\r some person to obtain the data of interest.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c75db4f8-716c-47a8-a2f4-34e5a48296b0", - "label": "ARCHIVING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Archiving services are defined as Data Handling Services that function to provide storage of Earth science data for later retrieval. Archive services may store the data in any manner but must allow for access and retrieval by a data requestor. This service also includes any tools that facilitate the handling of data into (storage/ingest) or out of (access/retrieval) an archive. EXAMPLES: NASA's Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs), Library of Congress.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07291e32-fd39-45e8-a603-7443cb780976", - "label": "DATA MINING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Data mining is a variety of techniques used to identify nuggets of information or decision-making knowledge in bodies of data, and extracting these in such a way that they can be put to use in areas such as decision support, prediction, forecasting, and estimation. The data is often voluminous but, as it stands, of low value as no direct use can be made of it; it is the hidden information in the data that is useful.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86cbb2d3-6783-4d9b-9dc1-b0aea78f98ea", - "label": "DATA ACCESS/RETRIEVAL", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Services that provide online capabilities for searching (typically through a user-friendly web-based search engine) to locate and retrieve (directdownloading or ordering) scientific data sets from databases or\narchives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0d7fb1f-5233-4664-8e83-3c65ca344f41", - "label": "DATA COMPRESSION", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Compression services are defined as Data Handling Services that reduce the proportions (file size, physical size, volume or mass) of Earth science data. Data can be reduced by mechanical means (e.g., dehydration) or by \r computer algorithms (e.g., .zip). EXAMPLES: Dehydration or Deflation (mechanical). ZIP, TAR, JAR, GZIP (computer).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80e34388-3d24-4ff9-8d23-784fad52c432", - "label": "DATA NETWORKING/DATA TRANSFER TOOLS", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Data networking tools refer to tools and services that facilitate the ability\r of two or more computers to communicate together and to share data with each\r other.\r Data transfer tools refer to tools and services that manage or facilitate the\r transmission of data from one computer or device to another. For example, grid\r computing is a form of networking that harnesses the processing cycles of all\r computers connected in a network to solve problems that are too large for any\r one computer. In the Earth sciences, these tools facilitate the networking of\r large volumes of satellite data or climate model output data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39f3bca5-0abf-4af7-9385-865b99c06b8f", - "label": "DATA SEARCH", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "Refers to searching for data in data retrieval systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", - "label": "DATA CUSTOMIZATION", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "40d4ba89-0e3d-4c6c-adef-87e08737d4db", - "label": "REPROJECTION", - "broader": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67239b1c-db58-4f67-a47a-c6f3ba95a16b", - "label": "RESAMPLING", - "broader": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", - "definition": "The method that consists of drawing repeated samples from the original data samples. The method of Resampling is a nonparametric method of statistical inference. In other words, the method of resampling does not involve the utilization of the generic distribution tables (for example, normal distribution tables) in order to compute approximate p probability values.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8e3ba6c-599e-4d7d-b498-93b15c32d820", - "label": "INTERPOLATION", - "broader": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", - "definition": "A type of estimation, a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Refers to an official announcement, typically a warning about bad environmental conditions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "label": "MARINE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, resources, and/or the\nenvironment arising from hazards in and around navigable water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6ee1f87a-dc7a-48f7-9b0f-9c529a5645a5", - "label": "TSUNAMIS", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "definition": "A long-period (usually 15-60 minutes) wave caused by a large-scale movement of\r\nthe sea floor, from a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or landslide\r\nalthough usually barely noticeable at sea, its velocity may be as high as 400\r\nknots, so that it travels great distances and in shoal water may reach heights\r\nof around 15 meters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8aee072-097c-496f-8fe7-b65605fc1103", - "label": "TIDES", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "definition": "Reports providing information pertaining to the study of the periodic rise and\nfall of the sea surface, generated by long-wavelength waves that are caused by\nthe interaction of gravitational force and inertia. Variables include\ncharacteristics of tides and other aspects important to their study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f04be06d-5976-43d0-94cb-91d5c487d57c", - "label": "SEA STATE", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "definition": "A scale that categorizes the force of progressively higher seas by wave height.\nThis scale is mathematically co-related to the Pierson-Moskowitz scale and the\nrelationship of wind to waves.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5563d03-2f68-4dac-a50b-3b8450725356", - "label": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "definition": "Reports providing information pertaining to the measurement of the average\nkinetic energy of oceanic water.
\r\nOcean Temperature Advisory Service include warnings for overall temperature of\nthe ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1111b23-9946-497a-8829-b58da3fce720", - "label": "MARINE WEATHER/FORECAST", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "definition": "Warnings and forecasts which help mariners plan and make decisions protecting\nlife and property. Examples of this type of advisory includes information\nabout hazardous sea conditions or lower wind speeds that may affect small craft\noperations, warnings for storms(ie tropical storms and hurricane warnings)
\nExample: \r\nhttp://205.156.54.206/om/marine2.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3de6fa74-bb80-4bc6-ae60-1e6fe8ae6c67", - "label": "MARINE BIOLOGY", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "definition": "Reports providing information on animals and plants that live in the sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4aea007-d297-4051-8b41-5cdde00b4d1e", - "label": "SEA ICE", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", - "definition": "Reports providing information pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over\nthe ocean surface.
\r\nSea Ice Advisory Services include warnings for ice melting, and daily analyses\nthrough real time data and forecast.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", - "label": "HYDROLOGICAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from the cycling of water on and inside the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9a583e74-34e9-4eb5-af7a-03418d702af6", - "label": "WATER QUALITY", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", - "definition": "The fitness of water for use (by plants or animals), being affected by\r\nphysical, chemical and biological factors.

\r\nA Water Quality Advisory may include information on the types of contaminants\r\nthat may decrease the water quality in a particular area.
", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e757b032-bfa4-4976-b98a-838f61a86ea8", - "label": "FLOODS", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", - "definition": "A rising body of water (as in a stream, lake, or sea, or behind a dam) that\r\noverlaps its natural or artificial confines and that covers land not normally\r\nunder water, esp. any relatively high streamflow that overflows its banks in\r\nany reach of the stream, or that is measured by gage height or discharge\r\nquantity.

\r\nA Flood Advisory reports on conditions favorable for flooding and will provide\r\nlocations in which flooding is more likely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3678d18c-9dca-4743-abc0-1442b4d438d2", - "label": "DROUGHT", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", - "definition": "Drought should be considered relative to some long-term average condition of\nbalance between precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) in a particular area,\na condition often perceived as 'normal.' Common to all types of drought is the\r\nfact that they originate from a deficiency of precipitation that results in\nwater shortage for some activity or for some group. It is also commonly\nrecognized that other meteorological elements, such as temperature, wind, and\r\nrelative humidity, may aggravate the severity and impacts of drought in some\ninstances.

\r\nA Drought Advisory may report on drought occurring in a particular region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b28c7543-e313-43e5-8a27-2d84098d2e11", - "label": "AVALANCHE FORECASTS", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", - "definition": "An avalanche is caused when a build up of snow is released down a slope, and is\none of the major dangers faced in the mountains in winter. In an avalanche,\nlots of material or mixtures of different types of material fall or slide\nrapidly under the force of gravity. Avalanches are often classified by what\nthey are made of, for example snow, ice, rock or soil avalanches. A mixture of\nthese would be called a debris avalanche.

\r\nA large avalanche can run for miles, and can create massive destruction of the \nlower forest and anything else in its path. Avalanches occur when the load on\nthe upper snow layers exceeds bonding forces (bonding to layer beneath, support\nfrom anchors such as rocks and trees, stress support from top or bottom of\nslope). Critical load may be exceeded naturally by adding new snow or by rapid \nloading, by falling ice, cornices and similar means. The bonding forces within \na snowpack are affected by temperatures (e.g., a lubricated melt layer, or a\nfragile crystal layer) before, during and after snowfall. Avalanches are also \r\ntriggered by humans - because of the additional weight, kicks during skiing \r\n(e.g. during jumps) or intentionally by explosives, slope-cuts and other means.\n

\r\nAn Avalanche Advisory reports on conditions favorable for an avalanche and will\nprovide locations in which an avalanche is more likely to occur.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dd9fd35-f1dd-4d25-b849-eeb7b64ab767", - "label": "WATER RESOURCES", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", - "definition": "Advisories about the natural, potentially useful sources of water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", - "label": "AGRICULTURAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from soil cultivation, crop production, and/or the\nraising of livestock.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f1c35c74-0b10-46de-9c06-efeda92d383a", - "label": "CROP FORECAST", - "broader": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", - "definition": "To estimate or calculate in advance, especially to predict crop yield by\nanalysis of agricultural and meteorological data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a394776f-b658-44de-b952-90f4e53d58cc", - "label": "DROUGHT FORECAST", - "broader": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", - "definition": "Drought is a protracted period of deficient precipitation resulting in\r\nextensive damage to crops, resulting in loss of yield.\r\nLack of rainfall for an extended period of time can bring farmers and major\r\nmetropolitan areas to their knees. It does not take very long; a few rain-free\r\nweeks spreads panic and shrivels crops. A drought forecast would be issued for\none of the following:

\r\nMeteorological - a measure of departure of precipitation from normal. Due to\r\nclimatic differences what is considered a drought in one location may not be a\r\ndrought in another location.

\r\nAgricultural - refers to a situation when the amount of moisture in the soil no\nlonger meets the needs of a particular crop and can also affect livestock and\r\nother dry-land agricultural operations.

\r\nHydrological -\toccurs when surface and subsurface water supplies are below\r\nnormal.

\r\nSocioeconomic - refers to the situation that occurs when physical water\r\nshortage begins to affect people.

", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "label": "WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from atmospheric conditions and phenomena.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "392ff7f6-dcf6-4543-930e-3e6e441ad881", - "label": "CLIMATE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "Reports providing information on predicted climate trends.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0451cbfb-3c46-4afe-b02d-456beabd89a6", - "label": "WEATHER FORECAST", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specific period and for\na specific area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "020585ff-91fb-421b-ba24-305d657c2231", - "label": "PRESENT WEATHER", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "Reports providing information on the observed weather conditions at a fixed\nobservation station.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10144249-d836-4a7d-adc8-177702595c87", - "label": "HEAT ADVISORY", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "An advisory to alert the public to when daytime heat indices of 105 degrees F\nor above for two or more consecutive days are expected.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb47fa33-8b9b-4655-b448-1acf8a629015", - "label": "FROST/FREEZE WARNING", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "Reports providing information on when below freezing temperatures are expected\nand may cause significant damage to plants, crops, or fruit trees.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6c260ca-4f1e-4ed9-92d8-b50d1927f88e", - "label": "UV RADIATION", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "An alert to advise the public of the anticipated exposure level to ultraviolet\nradiation for a particular location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d67baa7-19c7-440b-b658-1bda9a8e09bf", - "label": "SEVERE WEATHER", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "An alert to advise the public to when and where potentially life threatening\nweather phenomena may occur.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f7c2388-24e4-4f90-a833-6dc166693879", - "label": "DUST/ASH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "Advisories providing reports of current volcanic ash plumes or dust clouds and\nthe projected trajectory of the ash or dust.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49c8e881-7100-42cf-9c2e-48f2012e5671", - "label": "AIR QUALITY", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", - "definition": "Reports providing information on the cleanliness of air described in terms of\nlevels of contaminants in air especially with regard to their potential effects\non human health.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", - "label": "HEALTH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including warnings about epidemiological or environmental hazards that potentially threaten animal or human health.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bcb42cdb-0ad3-42e1-ac72-8af05c68cf48", - "label": "ANIMAL HEALTH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", - "definition": "A report regarding the current state of wild and domestic animals, excluding humans, physical well-being as it may be affected by certain environmental factors and/or human interaction. An environmental factor may include local, regional, or global climate changes such as drought. Human intervention may include preservation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e468bd6-a13a-4f49-8cb4-7a0ba69d8ad3", - "label": "HUMAN HEALTH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", - "definition": "A report regarding the current state of human physical and mental well-being.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cc052a0-314a-408d-8c2d-c8245bab2465", - "label": "DISEASE/EPIDEMIC", - "broader": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", - "definition": "A report pertaining information on the presence and rapid/extensive spread of a pathological condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, which is characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", - "label": "FIRE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from wildfires or prescribed burns.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8de8b909-8fcb-4ed7-9df3-37f9dd54054f", - "label": "PRESCRIBED BURNS", - "broader": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", - "definition": "The act of intentionally setting fire to an area in order to prevent more\r\ndamaging fires.
\r\nA Prescribed Burn Advisory may report on a prescribe burn.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "855dc9f5-ccbf-4972-8828-41e11f2aca7a", - "label": "WILDFIRES", - "broader": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", - "definition": "An uncontrollable fire initially caused by humans or nature.
\r\nA Wildfire Advisory may report on wildfires occurring in a particular region.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "label": "SPACE WEATHER ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, resources, and/or the\nenvironment arising from space weather.
\r\nSpace weather, originating on the sun, are changes in the space environment;\nsometimes violent and dramatic changes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8cc74c57-9a5e-4f71-a918-73746c150bd3", - "label": "RADIO BLACKOUTS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "definition": "Conditions in which long distance radio communications is poor to propagate to\nseverely blocked.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e039ab2-beed-4b17-9fb2-41965839f5bf", - "label": "SOLAR FLARES", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "definition": "An abrupt release, from a localized region on the Sun, of large amounts of\nenergy in ultraviolet light, x-radiation, and occasionally gamma radiation.\nFlares usually occur in or near complex sunspot regions and may be related to\nthe rearrangement of the intense magnetic fields there.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b786f1b-aca7-437b-bd86-44f20789da7b", - "label": "SOLAR RADIATION STORMS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "definition": "Caused by solar flares, radiation storms are made up of photons, electrons, and\nprotons. Protons take the lead in these storms, posing much more danger to\nthose not protected by the Earth's magnetic field. They cause damage by\nbreaking chemical bonds in genetic material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed49aea3-c1ce-4522-985b-1b1b2b2c7790", - "label": "GEOMAGNETIC STORM", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "definition": "Any type of rapidly varying perturbation to Earth's magnetic field caused by\nelectric current flowing in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Geomagnetic Storm\nAdvisory will incorporate information on geomagnetic storms that may interfere\nwith some technology, including satellite communications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65475fcc-b696-4b02-a812-f12364046c4c", - "label": "SOLAR WINDS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "definition": "The ionized atmosphere above the solar surface that has such a high temperature\nit can overcome the Sun's gravity and expand outward at supersonic speeds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b40d8d03-6286-48cd-818c-20d1680d6453", - "label": "CORONAL MASS EJECTION", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "definition": "A disturbance of the Sun's corona involving eruptions from the lower part of\nthe corona and ejection of large quantities of matter into the solar wind.\nThese ejecta sometimes have higher speed, density, and magnetic field strength\nthan is typical for the solar wind. If their speeds relative to the background\nsolar wind are high, they can produce shocks in the plasma that precede them as\nthey move outward.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94bafe5f-b97e-49b3-ad62-494865b799f3", - "label": "AURORA FORECASTS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", - "definition": "Forecasts that help scientists predict the occurance of aurora. An aurora is \r\nthe bright emission of atoms and molecules in Earth's polar upper atmosphere\r\nthat appears as permanent, ring shaped belts called the auroral oval around the\nnorth and south magnetic poles. Aurora are associated with a global electrical\r\ndischarge process triggered by solar wind disturbances. The emissions are\r\ncaused by energetic particles from Earth's magnetotail region impinging on the\r\nupper atmosphere. Aurora occur about 70 miles above Earth's surface. Contrary\r\nto popular belief, they do not produce any sounds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", - "label": "GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", - "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\r\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\r\nthe environment arising from the natural processes that occur within the Earth.\nThese processes include but are not limited to those that create, deform,\r\ndestroy, and/or recycle the lithosphere of the Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a779ee72-d21e-4106-9efa-93e970bc287f", - "label": "EARTHQUAKES", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", - "definition": "A sudden motion or trembling in the Earth caused by the abrupt release of\r\nslowly accumulated strain in the Earth's lithosphere.
\r\nAn Earthquake Advisory may report on earthquakes occurring in a particular\r\nregion and define areas most vulnerable to earthquake damage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f342683b-94ee-4ef6-8915-b18a473fafbd", - "label": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", - "definition": "Activity pertaining to a vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma\r\nand associated gases and ash erupt.
\r\nA Volcanic Activity Advisory may include reports on erupting volcanoes,\r\nseismic/GPS information that may predict a pending eruption, and volcanic ash.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8f6e91f-7875-4597-8ab8-64f4b14e8b49", - "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", - "definition": "A general term covering a wide variety of mass-movement landforms and processes\ninvolving the downslope transport, under gravitational influence, of soil and\r\nrock material en masse. Usually the displaced material move over a relatively\r\nconfined zone or surface of shear. The wide range of sites and structures, and\nof material properties affecting resistance to shear, result in a great range\r\nof landslide morephology, rates, patterns of movement, and scale. Landsliding\r\nis usually preceded, accompanied, and followed by imperceptible creep along the\nsurface of sliding and/or within the slide mass. Terminology designating\r\nlandslide types generally refers to the landform as well as the process\r\nresponsible for it, e.g. rockfall, translational slide, block glide, avalanche,\nmudflow, liquefaction slide and slump.

\r\nA Landslide Advisory may be included in other types of advisories such as ones\r\nfor earthquakes, volcanic activity, and floods. Landslide advisories may also\ntake the form of landslide susceptibility and probability maps.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f9d66e9-f65d-41c6-9640-90bd3e155bf8", - "label": "GEOMAGNETISM", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", - "definition": "The magnetic phenomena exhibited by the Earth and it's atmosphere; also the\nstudy of such phenomena.

\r\nA Geomagnetic Advisory will incorporate information on geomagnetic storms that\nmay interfere with some technology, including satellite communications.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", - "label": "METADATA HANDLING", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Refers to tools and best practices that allow for the creation, update, conversion, and discovery of data by means of robust and useful metadata (data about data).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f29a3482-de42-4027-b5f4-87a3f7cd28af", - "label": "METADATA TRANSFORMATION/CONVERSION", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", - "definition": "Metadata Transformation/Conversion services are defined as Metadata Handling\nServices that, in the case of transformation, apply an adjustment function to\nthe original metadata that alters the absolute values of the metadata (e.g.,\ninterpolation, standardization, anomalies). In the case of conversion, the\nservice is designed to apply a function to the data that transforms the\nrelative value of the data but not the absolute.
\r\nExample: DIF to FGDC", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aad0680-cae2-402b-8311-3fb4ddc892bd", - "label": "AUTHORING TOOLS", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", - "definition": "Authoring Tools services are defined as Metadata Handling Services that helps\nin the creation of metadata.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f41dae97-a5ca-4c23-aec5-378448a14f92", - "label": "SERVICE DISCOVERY", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", - "definition": "Service Discovery Services that provide online capabilities for searching\n(typically through a user-friendly web-based search engine), locate and\nretrieve (direct downloading or ordering) of tools used in analyzing,\nprocessing, and evaluating Earth science data sets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90c21a67-6703-4b59-96ee-c2c602652c80", - "label": "DATA DISCOVERY", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", - "definition": "Data Discovery Services that provide online capabilities for searching\n(typically through a user-friendly web-based search engine), locate and\nretrieve (direct downloading or ordering) of scientific data sets or metadata\nfrom databases or archives.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", - "label": "HAZARDS MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "A problem-solving process aimed at defining problems (identifying hazards), gathering information about them (assessing the risks) and solving them (controlling the risks). Where a control has been used to address an identified hazard, this should be reviewed by checking the effectiveness of the control (evaluation). The whole hazard management process should also be reviewed after a period of time or when something changes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5c14b001-518f-460b-90fe-139bf192d1f2", - "label": "HAZARDS PLANNING", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", - "definition": "Planning refers to the formulation of a course of action to be taken in the\nevent of a hazard emergency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2e9c7b9-96fd-449f-91db-7ab5e2dd679e", - "label": "HAZARDS MITIGATION", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", - "definition": "Mitigation includes any activities that prevent a hazard emergency, reduce the\nchance of an emergency happening, or lessen the damaging effects of unavoidable\nemergencies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b2fad63-2230-4d54-8f31-fee604d1f977", - "label": "DISASTER RECOVERY/RELIEF", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", - "definition": "The act of restoring a community or ecosystem to its original pre-hazard state.\nRelief refers to assistance that eases the financial, physical, or emotional\nburden brought about by exposure of property or person to natural hazards or\ndisasters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7aa220d-4012-4ab1-98c8-0cc4157a48f3", - "label": "DISASTER RESPONSE", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", - "definition": "The reaction to an incident or emergency in order to assess the level of\ncontainment and control activity required.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", - "label": "HAZARD MAPPING", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", - "definition": "Maps, either static or dynamic, developed to illuminate geographic areas that are affected by or vulnerable to a particular hazard. When properly utilized by decision makers, hazards mapping can be used to save lives and reduce economic losses by limiting or avoiding exposure to a hazard. Hazards maps can be made for natural hazards, such as earthquakes and floods, as well as technological hazards like groundwater contamination and gas leaks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "39a63377-02d8-41a7-814a-41ea7db700c9", - "label": "BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", - "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards caused by exposure to living organisms and their toxic substances (e.g., venom, mold) or vector-borne diseases that they may carry. Examples are venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants, and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents such as parasites, bacteria, or viruses (e.g., malaria).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b32eb466-3fc1-4a03-8011-99002f5591cb", - "label": "GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", - "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards originating from the solid earth. Examples include earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "764e3842-9c3c-4d01-a390-fbccfaa81884", - "label": "HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", - "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards caused by the occurrence, movement, or distribution of surface and subsurface freshwater and saltwater. Examples include flooding, drought, mudslides, and avalanches.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a62a72d-8774-4f52-94e2-f9ad63ce34bd", - "label": "METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", - "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards caused by short-lived, microscale to mesoscale extreme weather and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes to days. Examples include the mapping of severe storms, blizzards, and extreme heat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d454b0f7-d811-46b4-9778-45bb60d7c914", - "label": "TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", - "definition": "Mapping of hazards that are the result of human action or inaction. These hazards often result from the failure of existing man-made infrastructure or technology and can be aggravated by other environmental conditions. Examples include dam failure, hazardous materials accidents, and other forms of infrastructure failure.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "label": "DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Describes the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, modeling, and visualizing data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Visualization helps people understand the significance of data by placing it in a visual context. Patterns, trends and correlations that might go undetected in text-based data can be exposed and recognized easier with data visualization software", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4698858b-bf39-4a2c-9713-e41757739eff", - "label": "IMAGE PROCESSING", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "definition": "Visualization / Image Processing services are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services that allow the user to view (Visualization) and/or manipulate (Image Processing) Earth Science data in a graphical (rather than numerical) format. These services may or may not include the ability for a user to view and/or manipulate data in a non-graphical (e.g., numerical) format, however, this ability would not be the primary method of operation of the service. EXAMPLES:\nXV, GhostScript, ERDAS IMAGINE, Adobe PhotoShop.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f082ad51-4ce4-4ffe-be50-6753c4f997ae", - "label": "GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "definition": "A surveying method that uses a set of 24 satellites in geostationary position high above the Earth. Specially designed GPS receivers, when positioned at a point on Earth, can measure the distance from that point to three or more orbiting satellites. The coordinates of the point are determined through the geometric calculations of triangulation. GPS provides accurate geodetic data for any point on the Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", - "label": "GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "definition": "Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are defined as Data Analysis\r and Visualization Services that are designed specifically to process and\r visualize geographically referenced data in a layered format. Statistical\r or mathematical algorithms may or may not be applied to the data within\r the service, but would be done so (and the results displayed) in a\r graphical manner. EXAMPLES: Idrisi, Arc/Info.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "565cb301-44de-446c-8fe3-4b5cce428315", - "label": "DESKTOP GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", - "definition": "Desktop Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services available specifically for the desktop that allows users to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "037f42a2-cdda-4b72-b49c-bdec74d03e0a", - "label": "WEB-BASED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", - "definition": "Web-Based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services designed for use on the web. These services include GIS map viewers, GIS web services, GIS applications, and software tools specifically used for creating GIS applications for the web.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0dd83b2a-e83f-4a0c-a1ff-2fbdbbcce62d", - "label": "MOBILE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", - "definition": "Mobile Geographic Information Systems are defined as GIS applications that have moved from the office into the field. A mobile GIS enables field-based personnel to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display geographic information. Mobile GIS integrates one or more of the following technologies: (1) Mobile devices, (2) Global positioning system, and (3) Wireless communications for Internet GIS access.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "997dc5a6-d83f-4d59-8c5a-1d901b069830", - "label": "STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "definition": "Statistical Applications are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services that are designed to process Earth science data in a primarily numerical environment and that allow the user of the service to apply statistical or mathematical algorithms to the data in a non-graphical manner. Mathematical Applications may or may not include graphical visualization functionality but do not have visualization as their primary operation. EXAMPLES: A Spreadsheet, SPSS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", - "label": "CALIBRATION/VALIDATION", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "definition": "Calibration and Validation are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services that are designed to allow, in the case of calibration services, a user of the service to properly adjust Earth science data to achieve optimal accuracy and/or precision or, in the case of validation services, allow the user of the service to confirm the accuracy and/or precision of Earth science data. EXAMPLES: An algorithm to correct for the decaying orbit of a satellite (calibration). A reference data set created under controlled circumstances for comparison with other data (validation).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ecf29317-bd5e-447b-b911-f8bfb153c83b", - "label": "CALIBRATION", - "broader": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", - "definition": "Calibration is defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Service that is designed to allow a user of the service to properly adjust Earth science data to achieve optimal accuracy and/or precision. EXAMPLE: An algorithm to correct for the decaying orbit of a satellite (calibration).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b283a59c-0e9a-469c-baf4-591b64cd4671", - "label": "VALIDATION", - "broader": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", - "definition": "The process of ensuring data have undergone data cleansing to ensure they have data quality, that is, that they are both correct and useful. It uses routines, often called 'validation rules', 'validation constraints', or 'check routines', that check for correctness, meaningfulness, and security of data that are input to the system. The rules may be implemented through the automated facilities of a data dictionary, or by the inclusion of explicit application program validation logic of the computer and its application.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4c2557c-e958-4ea4-b7fb-249469f2c0db", - "label": "DATA VISUALIZATION", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "definition": "Refers to the graphic representation of data. It involves producing images that communicate relationships among the represented data to viewers of the images. This communication is achieved through the use of a systematic mapping between graphic marks and data values in the creation of the visualization. This mapping establishes how data values will be represented visually, determining how and to what extent a property of a graphic mark, such as size or color, will change to reflect changes in the value of a datum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51273f3b-9024-46eb-a0dd-4981e1ad268f", - "label": "DATA ANALYSIS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", - "definition": "Refers to the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions and supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, and is used in different business, science, and social science domains. In today's business world, data analysis plays a role in making decisions more scientific and helping businesses operate more effectively.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", - "label": "WEB SERVICES", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "A standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet protocol backbone. XML is used to tag the data, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI is used for listing what services are available. Used primarily as a means for businesses to communicate with each other and with clients, Web services allow organizations to communicate data without intimate knowledge of each other's IT systems behind the firewall.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "label": "DATA APPLICATION SERVICES", - "broader": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", - "definition": "Services that are designed to support Clients, especially thin client software such as web browsers. That is, these Application Services are designed for use by clients instead of each client directly performing these often-needed support functions. The services in the Application Services tier are used by Clients, and can use other services in the Application Services, Processing Services, and Information Management Services tiers.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "83cfde01-9ed0-44df-a606-4bcd7350706c", - "label": "CHAIN DEFINITION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services to define a service chain and enable it to be executed by the workflow enactment service; may also provide a chain validation service. This is also known as Web Service Chaining.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "617a50aa-5762-4ff3-aa03-c94b5cc65209", - "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA EXTRACTION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services that allow a user to extract and edit feature data, interacting with\nimages and feature data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d77e9d1-d2d1-4b57-a313-0e01e22f799d", - "label": "WEB PORTAL SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with multiple application services for\ndifferent data types and purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ef01bb2-eba5-41ee-b385-8c36e477d286", - "label": "GAZETTEER APPLICATION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with a Gazetteer service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9047c8f5-3e5a-4073-8cf5-7f4d5ef783d1", - "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA DISCOVERY SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services that allow a user to locate and browse metadata about geographic data, interacting with a catalog.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75fbafb0-1f0e-47b3-a9c7-e56dea4b0e91", - "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA MANAGEMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services that allow a user to manage geospatial data input and retirement,\ninteracting with Information Management Services.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8087aa7-142f-44d3-ad6e-0a75f17b091e", - "label": "FEATURE GENERALIZATION APPLICATION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with Processing services for feature\ngeneralization.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62d7c667-997a-4a9d-abe1-4cca4519673e", - "label": "COVERAGE GENERALIZATION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", - "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with Processing services for coverage\ngeneralization.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "label": "INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", - "definition": "Services that are designed to store and provide access to data, normally handling multiple separate datasets. In addition, metadata describing multiple datasets can be stored and searched. Access is usually to retrieve a client-specified subset of a stored dataset, or to retrieve selected metadata for all datasets whose metadata meets client-specified query constraints. The services in the Processing Services tier are used by clients and by services in the Application Services and Processing Services tiers. These services can use other services in the Information Management Services tier.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d6379bf5-88dd-4ec0-9b15-441db5b10b59", - "label": "WEB COVERAGE SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "definition": "Retrieves client-specified subset of client-specified coverage (or image) dataset.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cabd97d6-aa6c-48b8-963b-79248634ce5d", - "label": "CATALOG SERVICE FOR THE WEB", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "definition": "Retrieves object metadata stored that meets client-specified query criteria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73098e85-81ed-4556-93ca-ac1e4f4884ab", - "label": "GAZETTEER SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "definition": "Retrieves location geometries for client-specified geographic names.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2115645-e006-414a-bfb6-083d4874a665", - "label": "UNIVERSAL DESCRIPTION, DISCOVERY AND INTEGRATION (UDDI) SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "definition": "Allows a client to find a web-based service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdb4a032-bb7d-455d-b3dc-e88fa465b7c7", - "label": "WEB MAP SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "definition": "Dynamically produces spatially referenced map of client-specified ground rectangle from one or more client-selected geographic datasets, returning\npre-defined pictorial renderings of maps in an image or graphics format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2e9b10f-3b62-42fb-b906-7b4779170a4a", - "label": "WEB FEATURE SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "definition": "Retrieves features and feature collections stored that meet client-specified selection criteria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "933bf0ab-11af-40df-a9d9-1b4a809edd87", - "label": "WEB PROCESSING SERVICES", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", - "definition": "The OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) is designed to standardize the way that GIS calculations are made available to the Internet. WPS can describe any calculation (i.e. process) including all of its inputs and outputs, and trigger its execution as a Web Service. WPS supports simultaneous exposure of processes via HTTP GET, HTTP POST, and SOAP, thus allowing the client to choose the most appropriate interface mechanism. The specific processes served up by a WPS implementation are defined by the owner of that implementation. Although WPS was designed to work with spatially referenced data, it can be used with any kind of data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "label": "DATA PROCESSING SERVICES", - "broader": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", - "definition": "Services that are designed to process data, sometimes both feature and image (coverage) data. The services in the Processing Services tier are used by clients and by services in the Application Services tier. These services can use other services in the Processing Services and Information Management Services tiers.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a2476ff7-0d19-4db9-9834-956351cb0f3e", - "label": "SEMANTIC TRANSLATION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service that converts data from one set of semantics to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ca62ed6-d6e9-4ab0-97ef-138b0f83f597", - "label": "GEOLINKED DATA ACCESS SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service that uses linked geospatial data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a2db13c-c86d-40ea-9fa8-6d2d5bdac08e", - "label": "GEOLINKING SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service that links geospatial data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb0e3a35-d81e-4741-9c0e-3b77bc409cf8", - "label": "WEB TERRAIN SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified perspective views from geographic feature and/or coverage data, returning client-specified pictorial renderings of data in an image or graphics format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dccb7a1b-91d6-43d8-bb9d-ffb5778a17a3", - "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA EXTRACTION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Services supporting extraction of feature and terrain information from images.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df6cc99d-6254-4759-91bd-3233b6419b4c", - "label": "FEATURE GENERALIZATION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service that reduces spatial variation in a feature collection to counteract the undesirable effects of scale reduction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72b3df24-a061-4624-ad62-f3794798136c", - "label": "COVERAGE PORTRAYAL SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified pictorial renderings in an image or graphics format of a coverage subset dynamically retrieved from a Web Coverage Service (WCS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85b1ed02-700a-4591-b2f7-c997a676332c", - "label": "FORMAT CONVERSION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service that converts data from one format to another, including data compression and decompression.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c53868ba-608c-495c-a65d-038f53f7267f", - "label": "DIMENSION MEASUREMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Services that compute dimensions of objects visible in an image or other geospatial data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a07f23e-e3f7-4cda-880f-c8cdc6b33e37", - "label": "WEB 3D SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified perspective views from geographic feature data, returning perspectives of feature data in a graphical format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ceeb019c-84d0-4353-b311-04b5a7e305a7", - "label": "PROXIMITY ANALYSIS SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Given a position or geographic feature, finds all objects with a specified set\nof properties that are located within a user-specified distance of the position or feature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8390ac2-4124-43e7-a83e-87cf5eb40f0e", - "label": "DATA ALIGNMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service that adjusts sensor geometry models to improve the match of a coverage (or image) with other coverages and/or known ground positions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "250cc56c-2edf-4774-8970-d69a17f15e97", - "label": "GEOPARSER SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service to scan text documents for location-based references, such as a place names, addresses, postal codes, etc., for passage to a geocoding service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b5c0805-13ec-4d32-81ae-430265d15f49", - "label": "CHANGE DETECTION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Services to find differences between two data sets that represent the same\ngeographical area at different times.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0cf44d92-1959-41af-9890-b916008efbae", - "label": "WEB IMAGE CLASSIFICATION SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Performs classification of digital images, using a client-selected supervised or\nunsupervised image classification method.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af95fcef-dbe1-4dbf-9969-1e6ca75e7f5c", - "label": "FEATURE PORTRAYAL SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified pictorial renderings in an image or graphics format of features and feature collections usually dynamically retrieved from a Web Feature Server (WFS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff889b84-e12f-40ab-815b-61d5aecf2b63", - "label": "WEB COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Transforms the coordinates of feature or coverage data from one coordinate\nreference system (CRS) to another, including “transformations”, “conversions”, rectification, and orthorectification.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d55c5f36-4965-441f-8141-9a3faa17297b", - "label": "GEOCODER SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service to augment location-based text references with position coordinates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91e02d43-bf56-480f-89c9-ddfca7fc7239", - "label": "COVERAGE GENERALIZATION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", - "definition": "Service that reduces spatial variation in a coverage to counteract the undesirable effects of scale reduction.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", - "label": "EDUCATION/OUTREACH", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Describes software, tools, and activities that support formal, informal, or classroom-based education. This includes the outreach to users and/or decision makers about the science topic or issue.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", - "label": "CURRICULUM SUPPORT", - "broader": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", - "definition": "Curriculum Support Services are defined as Education/Outreach Services that are designed to supplement primary Earth Science and/or Global Environmental Change teaching methods and materials. These materials will either reinforce\nunderstanding of a previously introduced concept or will introduce a new concept not covered by primary materials.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f85293fe-eb9d-491a-bba8-46261a38b9bf", - "label": "CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES", - "broader": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", - "definition": "Classroom Activities are defined as Education/Outreach Services that are designed to supplement primary Earth Science and/or Global Environmental Change teaching methods and materials. These materials can be in the forms of a laboratory experiment or a hands-on activity done by students in a classroom.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc889d75-41f3-4f36-b461-1100536c8f50", - "label": "LESSON PLANS", - "broader": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", - "definition": "Lesson Plans are defined as Education / Outreach Services that comprise a set of courses, sections, or teaching modules related to a topic or topics within the Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a2f59f6-76f3-4c57-b70b-de350708426f", - "label": "BACKGROUND INFORMATION", - "broader": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", - "definition": "Background Information Services are defined as Education/Outreach Services that are designed to provide supplemental or background information on a particular subject in Earth Science and/or Global Environmental Change.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", - "label": "EXHIBIT MATERIALS", - "broader": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", - "definition": "Exhibit Materials are defined as Education/Outreach Services that provide a sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) presentation of items or concepts related to the Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change. These materials are designed such that one unit is able to disseminate its information to a large number of viewers at any one time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "24b7bc59-3f10-4a0b-b9c1-92ae10feb007", - "label": "MUSEUM EXHIBITS", - "broader": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", - "definition": "Museum Exhibits are defined as Education / Outreach Services that provide a sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) presentation of items or concepts related to the Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change at a Museum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb3b3728-a6ff-465d-8a33-2619a3276cdf", - "label": "SCIENCE CENTER EXHIBITS", - "broader": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", - "definition": "Science Center Exhibits are defined as Education / Outreach Services that provide a sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) presentation of items or concepts related to Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change at a Science Center.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", - "label": "INTERACTIVE PROGRAMS", - "broader": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", - "definition": "Interactive Programs are primarily software that allows a student to query the particular program and foster learning Earth Science on an individual level. Interactive Programs will allow a student to query the program as well as be instructed by the program.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bfdcc74d-5e53-44e8-bc0e-5170cfa6152c", - "label": "STAND ALONE", - "broader": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", - "definition": "Stand alone programs are interactive programs that educators and students can use without the use of the Internet. This may include CD-ROMs, DVD’s, and downloadable programs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd8bdd2c-a0db-4202-b10d-a1760d834700", - "label": "WEB-BASED", - "broader": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", - "definition": "Web-based programs are interactive programs that educators and students can access via the Internet.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", - "label": "MACHINE LEARNING TRAINING DATA", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", - "definition": "Machine Learning training data is the input data necessary for running a machine learning model.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", - "label": "LABELS", - "broader": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", - "definition": "Labels are target variables in a machine learning workflow and part of the training dataset.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "381a3ad7-64e9-464e-b5aa-c9ce0520546c", - "label": "RASTER LABEL", - "broader": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", - "definition": "Raster labels are a type of label that masks pixels in raster data in order to identify a data feature or attribute in a machine learning workflow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "351e53f2-fcad-4a2f-bd21-7126713c03b3", - "label": "VECTOR LABEL", - "broader": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", - "definition": "Vector labels are a type of label created with a point, line, or polygon to identify a data feature or attribute in a machine learning workflow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", - "label": "SOURCE", - "broader": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", - "definition": "Source is the data used in reference in order to create label annotations in a machine learning workflow.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "83eb2a9c-5f56-4512-94c1-acd084a5bf9d", - "label": "RASTER SOURCE", - "broader": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", - "definition": "A raster source is a type of source data with gridded representation, where each pixel value represents information in a two-dimensional matrix.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c48b8c4-6a00-4d6f-929b-436f0b43e33d", - "label": "VECTOR SOURCE", - "broader": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", - "definition": "A vector source is a type of source data represented by points, lines, or polygons representing a phenomenon or series of phenomena.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-spatialcoveragetype.json b/resources/json/gcmd-spatialcoveragetype.json deleted file mode 100644 index d8b048d..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-spatialcoveragetype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "label": "Spatial Coverage Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0391636a-d383-4b49-82ba-c867ad6751f9", - "label": "Vertical", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54b48fd2-19ca-47c7-a6eb-676b456d2ca4", - "label": "Orbit", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73bf2951-32e2-4546-ac78-f287a64f2982", - "label": "HorizontalVertical", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "811e8301-3a1f-4bd0-a40e-775e9f617808", - "label": "Horizontal", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6b02e86-f419-4eac-af02-9da4d83452b4", - "label": "Horizon&Vert", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-temporalresolutionrange.json b/resources/json/gcmd-temporalresolutionrange.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0cb10fa..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-temporalresolutionrange.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "label": "Temporal Resolution Ranges", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "027dee16-b361-481e-868d-add966eb5b71", - "label": "Hourly Climatology", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ac968ef-a90a-4ffc-adbf-ea0c0d69a7f9", - "label": "Daily - < Weekly", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2de882f0-d84a-471e-8fb5-9f8a1c7913c1", - "label": "Weekly Climatology", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31765761-b153-478a-92b3-1088997fd74b", - "label": "Hourly - < Daily", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d97e993-dc6a-41ff-8a49-3e837c1fc2b1", - "label": "Decadal", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40e09855-fb48-4a7d-9851-d6e809e6c309", - "label": "Annual", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42a2f639-d1c3-4e82-a8b8-63f0f4a60ac6", - "label": "< 1 second", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48ff676f-836c-4cff-bc88-4c4cc06b2e1b", - "label": "1 second - < 1 minute", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7afdb8ba-a504-45b6-b301-730e3c69d23a", - "label": "Subannual", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b2a303c-3cb7-4961-9851-650548964674", - "label": "Weekly - < Monthly", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c5420a6-94e2-40ca-9dff-20309090d327", - "label": "Seasonal", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8900c323-8789-4403-91e9-c399de369935", - "label": "Monthly - < Annual", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c8c70b1-f6c5-4f34-89b5-510049b8c8ab", - "label": "Monthly Climatology", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99ef187e-6940-4c10-8d65-00d4426d493b", - "label": "Diurnal", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "A diurnal cycle is any pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the Earth[1] with respect to the Sun.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af931dca-9a7d-4ba9-b40f-2a21e31f2d5b", - "label": "Annual Climatology", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bca20202-2b06-4657-a425-5b0e416bce0c", - "label": "1 minute - < 1 hour", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0040d4b-e398-4b65-bd42-d39434b5cc95", - "label": "Pentad Climatology", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f308a8db-40ea-4932-a58c-fb0a093959dc", - "label": "Climate Normal (30-year climatology)", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f86e464a-cf9d-4e15-a39b-501855d1dc5a", - "label": "Daily Climatology", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-trash.json b/resources/json/gcmd-trash.json deleted file mode 100644 index dcc1a37..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-trash.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2635 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "label": "Trash Can", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "label": "Trash Can/Projects", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e2a7c38-29a3-429f-8653-e959e3ef30c6", - "label": "ABC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "117b0ab7-e79a-4b6a-852a-f95bb346a2e9", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15b14df3-ffeb-4675-99fb-8382c0b0c70e", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "248731e2-8538-46d8-b4eb-5f83424a527e", - "label": "CIESIN/MEC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b6055ff-6578-4279-8cdc-cddf53fc9382", - "label": "Delta-X", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31f625fb-ef43-412c-b394-93e9d9a2f4dc", - "label": "MetOp", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4304b431-1cea-4c7c-b94e-762d66bccd2b", - "label": "EMIT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "The NASA Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission will comprehensively measure the mineral composition of Earth’s dust source regions to help scientists understand how they heat\nor cool our planet. EMIT’s science objectives are specifically focused on better understanding this heating and cooling effect, which is called radiative forcing. The first objective is to deliver a new improved assessment of the heating and cooling effects\nof mineral dust in the Earth’s atmosphere. The second objective is to predict how future climate scenarios might change the amount and type of mineral dust emitted into the Earth’s atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4964db9e-ec5b-4758-8ac2-532781a93992", - "label": "S-MODE", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "543c2bc0-b081-46b7-a836-1cb1736fe0b2", - "label": "GloSSAC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd35e66-021f-40b1-910a-944b31f12671", - "label": "ADCC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "[from Arctic System Science Data Coordination Center home page,\n'http://nsidc.org/arcss/']\n\nThe Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Data Coordination Center (ADCC) at\nthe National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado at\nBoulder, is the permanent data archive for all components of the ARCSS\nProgram. Funded by the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar\nPrograms, the project's focus is to archive and provide access to\nARCSS-funded data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600500b8-3ffb-43ff-9072-f08995d88d3f", - "label": "MTEST", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "623d817a-a517-455e-86c8-69adca3a02c1", - "label": "SnowEx", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "753332de-5c67-4717-b1b8-092d96c0e766", - "label": "HAQES", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "The Hazardous Air Quality Ensemble System (HAQES) is a real-time ensemble forecast of hazardous air quality events, such as wildfires, dust storms, and Volcanic eruptions. Both regional and global models from multiple agencies are used to create the ensemble, including the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) from Naval Research Laboratory, the Global Ensemble Forecast System Aerosols (GEFS), High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (NOAA-EPA) Atmosphere-Chemistry Coupler-Community Multiscale Air Quality model (NACC-CMAQ) from NOAA. The HAQES provides the forecast of surface PM2.5 (PM25_TOT), PM2.5 organic carbon (PM25_OC), and PM2.5 black carbon (PM25_BC) every 3 hours. The prototypes of HAQES products were developed by the George Mason University Air Quality Laboratory as part of the NASA Health Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7868b0d7-ce77-44c0-83cb-40b036d77462", - "label": "CIOOS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "CIOSS is a cooperative (federal-academic) center of excellence for research and education, which involves satellite remote sensing of the ocean and its air-sea interface, along with models of the ocean and overlying atmosphere. CIOSS provides a mechanism to bring together the resources of a research-oriented university (OSU), NESDIS and other NOAA line offices, with additional partners at other universities, government and private agencies. With these partners, CIOSS conducts research of mutual interest to CIOSS/COAS and NOAA. This research helps NOAA to accomplish its Mission Goals and helps NESDIS to fulfill its role in providing the remote sensing component of the 'national backbone' for the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), which includes operational and research components within NOAA, ONR, NSF and NASA. CIOSS contributes to the development of ocean observing and modeling systems, along with public understanding of those systems, through:\n\n- Research that helps to develop and improve our understanding of, and operational products related to, the upper ocean and air-sea interface. It does this by using data from present and past satellites and by helping to plan future satellite sensors;\n\n- Research that helps to incorporate and assimilate those products and understanding into ocean and atmosphere circulation models; and\n\n- Education and training in the same topics, reaching a wide range of 'audiences' in formal education (K-16 education, graduate school, ongoing professional training) and informal education (public outreach).\n\nCIOSS Mission, Goals and Objectives: The CIOSS mission is to enhance and improve the use of satellite remote sensing for oceanographic research, operational applications and education/outreach. To do this, CIOSS has the following broad goals and objectives:\n\n- Foster and provide a focus for research related to NOAA's mission responsibilities and strategic objectives in the coastal and open ocean, emphasizing those aspects of oceanography and air-sea interaction that utilize satellite data, along with models of oceanic and atmospheric circulation;\n\n- Collaborate with NOAA research scientists in using satellite ocean remote sensing through: evaluation, validation, and improvement of data products from existing and planned instruments; development of new multi-sensor products, models, and assimilation techniques; and investigation and creation of new approaches for satellite data production, distribution, and management;\n\n- Improve the effectiveness of graduate-level education and expand the scientific training and research experiences available to graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and scientists from NOAA and other governmental laboratories and facilities; and\n\n- Educate and train research scientists, students, policy makers and the public to use, and appreciate the use of, satellite data in research that improves our understanding of the ocean and overlying atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7dbdaf29-c395-40ba-8216-69f2f76cf89a", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94738719-014b-4d35-91c6-e63b8aa15ada", - "label": "HABSOS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c54f8c2-e1a8-4ccd-87b9-c268615f6de8", - "label": "ANDRILL", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2fb9077-adf3-4211-9b84-ab0cb6c67232", - "label": "CGL2004-01348-E/ANT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baec19d6-5d2c-4eb9-89cb-238786ac308b", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1aa0691-8ce5-4252-a8af-5bdbb7645e08", - "label": "AAA", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d374d7b7-9e20-481d-b08b-a04bba6ee638", - "label": "WAISDIVIDE", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da94175c-8039-4844-8329-4c7f8c55b966", - "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e39da245-a9db-4e65-b6cc-fe8472fd21a3", - "label": "ABC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "Short Title: ABC 72* North\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=282\n\nArctic Base Camp (ABC)\nLocation: 72*42’ North 77*57’ West\n\nEstablished in 1989, award-winning Arctic adventure company, Polar Sea Adventures (PSA) is based in Pond Inlet on the northern tip of Baffin Island in Canada's high Arctic. PSA offers a wide range of safe, high quality scheduled and custom-made adventure trips, expeditions and services. Each one professionally designed, in close consultation with clients, carefully promoting environmental awareness, exploration and respect for nature. One of the most northerly tour operators in the world - Polar Sea's trips, expeditions and projects are planned and delivered with the intention of being environmentally, socially and economically responsible. Polar Sea is sensitive to the effects of travel on the areas we visit. We live, and are based in the Arctic, therefore have a vital and vested interest in ensuring the areas we journey to and explore are respected and protected. Group sizes are kept small to avoid impacting the things that attract people to visit in the first place. We are actively dedicated to the protection of the Arctic and strive to play a role in encouraging and promoting the responsible and ethical development of this incredible, unique and important part of our planet.\n\nThe Arctic Base Camp (ABC) project involves PSA and a number of other related companies, individuals and organizations. The ABC will be the creation of a science based research facility that in addition will cater for a number of equally important activities and projects. In collaboration with outdoor equipment manufacturer Mountain Hard Wear, the ABC will consist of three Space Stations (kitchen, dining room and recreation room) twelve Satellite tents (for guests and staff accommodation) and two Stronghold (for workshops and laboratories) The Nunavut Territorial Government, Nunavut Tourism, the local hamlet council and local businesses have already expresses interest in the project\n\nUses for the ABC include: \nScience/research laboratory, training facility for young scientists and researchers, Inuit Elders & Youth retreat, camp for schools, colleges and universities, training facility for young Inuit interested in a career in the sustainable tourism industry and as a defined destination for people from around the world interested in the Arctic environment.\n\nThe science and research part of the ABC would be set up similar to an Earthwatch program (earthwatch.org) Paying clients would be invited to join scientists and researchers in the field to help and assist with the work being done. The ABC season will start in early April and run until late September. Being located on the sea ice during the spring months, the camp will represent and illustrate low-impact and sustainable use of the Arctic environment. In late June the 'land' on which it is located will cease to exist, therefore no trace of the camp ever being there will exist. The ABC will be seasonal yet prove to have year round benefits to all those involved.\n\nThe ABC will be created to be an on-going research and training facility. We believe that the long term benefits of the camp will be significant. Good science will be conducted and a sustainable project for the Inuit of the North Baffin region (and beyond) will be started and built upon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f245e694-6d15-4993-8ba2-8d6b699abb66", - "label": "IMBER/AMT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "label": "Trash Can/Related URL Content Types", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2ecda1d7-2f7f-498d-904b-dada2ccb2798", - "label": "COOKBOOK", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4781987b-6ad7-4d99-b55a-25ede65c376e", - "label": "UAT TEST", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf3bf666-12c6-4981-9799-9a92d5c907df", - "label": "BROWSE", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a granule browse image.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfb16010-1ac6-4330-873a-3b225334e890", - "label": "HOW-TO", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da072026-03d8-41ef-9a93-ff34c420612c", - "label": "DISCLAIMER", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "A disclaimer is generally any statement intended to specify or delimit the scope of rights and obligations that may be exercised and enforced by parties in a legally recognized relationship. In contrast to other terms for legally operative language, the term disclaimer usually implies situations that involve some level of uncertainty, waiver, or risk.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06601fb9-f365-4d6d-b9bc-722cc371201b", - "label": "Zarr Store Documentation", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "25383497-5925-4580-9b01-9031f508ee45", - "label": "Trash Can/Contact Type", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6d315dc4-4517-4eff-9eaa-fa079bd54311", - "label": "Rosy", - "broader": "25383497-5925-4580-9b01-9031f508ee45", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "label": "Trash Can/Instruments", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0ea7afd3-6e3d-4a4d-a3fa-fd1e8cd06873", - "label": "VSWIR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Infrared Imager or HyspIRI mission will study the world’s ecosystems and provide critical information on natural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires and drought. HyspIRI will be able to identify the type of vegetation that is present and whether the vegetation is healthy. The mission will provide a benchmark on the state of the worlds ecosystems against which future changes can be assessed. The mission will also assess the pre-eruptive behavior of volcanoes and the likelihood of future eruptions as well as the carbon and other gases released from wildfires.\n\nThe HyspIRI mission includes two instruments mounted on a satellite in Low Earth Orbit. There is an imaging spectrometer measuring from the visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR: 380 nm - 2500 nm) in 10 nm contiguous bands and a multispectral imager measuring from 3 to 12 um in the mid and thermal infrared (TIR). The VSWIR and TIR instruments both have a spatial resolution of 60 m at nadir. The VSWIR will have a revisit of of 19 days and the TIR will have a revisit of 5 days. HyspIRI also includes an Intelligent Payload Module (IPM) which will enable direct broadcast of a subset of the data.\n\nNASA will conduct airborne campaigns for the HyspIRI mission. For these campaigns, NASA will fly the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) instruments on a NASA ER-2 aircraft to collect precursor datasets in advance of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission. The primary goal of this activity is to demonstrate important science and applications research that is uniquely enabled by HyspIRI like data, taking advantage of the contiguous spectroscopic measurements of the AVIRIS, the full suite of MASTER TIR bands, or combinations of measurements from both instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "126c0c35-2a07-4620-9397-c3a674570495", - "label": "SENTINEL-1 C-SAR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "137c2486-95ec-4bb9-9ac9-da5a2b2c30ab", - "label": "MRR - rosy", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "164735a4-4034-4067-b4a0-75e3c0a7bbec", - "label": "DPG", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2671d26f-0624-466d-8b22-d0e4b1cf8b4b", - "label": "SAPHIR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "SAPHIR (Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie) is a sounding instrument with 6 channels near the absorption band of water vapor at 183 Ghz. These channels provide relatively narrow weighting functions from the surface to about 10 km, allowing retrieving water vapor profiles in the cloud free troposphere. The scanning is cross-track, up to an incidence angle of 50°. The resolution at nadir is of 10 km.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "280ef569-f354-4af4-aae2-0d03f9a46774", - "label": "FIA", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33f06e92-f896-4168-87ca-5936439f55aa", - "label": "FISH", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "A new set of hygrometers based on the Lyman α photofragment fluorescence technique has been developed for operation on aircraft and balloons in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. They combine technical details from existing fluorescence hygrometers with several improvements in order to achieve the highest data quality and to minimize maintenance and operational procedures. With these instruments, stratospheric H2O measurements can be accomplished with a precision of < 0.2 ppmv at 1 s integration time, as has been demonstrated both in the laboratory and under field deployment. The design enables a rapid exchange of the air sample of the order of 1 s for fast measurements of small-scale variations of the H2O mixing ratio in the atmosphere. The hygrometer is calibrated using a laboratory calibration bench with approximately 4% accuracy. Measurements made by the hygrometer are compared with a frost point hygrometer during an aircraft mission at H2O mixing ratios from 280 to 8 ppmv, yielding an agreement between both techniques within the instrumental errors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "458148e8-2e83-4855-90ce-d9e944e58ab6", - "label": "POLDER-2", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cc79398-327b-4301-b81c-4edf718da8d3", - "label": "MCoRDS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5089b16c-8967-4da2-b672-9a16c467c8bc", - "label": "Biopsy", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "Removal of tissue, cells, or fluid from the body for pathology, toxicology, genetics, genomics, stable isotope, endocrine and/or other analysis and tests.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c1f5aa6-3ea5-4eab-9469-35f2cf43d71c", - "label": "TANSO-CAI", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bc455d3-c4bc-4fde-8355-12bb06ccfcf7", - "label": "Biological Sampling", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "799e3dc3-1705-497a-9bbb-3f23c3a192ec", - "label": "AMSR2", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) onboard the GCOM-W1 satellite is a remote sensing instrument for measuring weak microwave emission from the surface and the atmosphere of the Earth. From about 700 km above the Earth, AMSR2 will provide us highly accurate measurements of the intensity of microwave emission and scattering.\nThe antenna of AMSR2 rotates once per 1.5 seconds and obtains data over a 1450 km swath. This conical scan mechanism enables AMSR2 to acquire a set of daytime and nighttime data with more than 99% coverage of the Earth every 2 days.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSR2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AMSR2\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9412325f-c7a2-4a14-96a8-eab53e555084", - "label": "LLR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9057d4b-0cbe-4ceb-9bcb-1b5323a7fe80", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab8905ed-90e2-4b71-8252-f859fc9e9d56", - "label": "WISE", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b45b2069-5e00-43df-b8f4-8193a5ddc8b2", - "label": "AVAPS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d840d468-4709-418d-b56c-3ea66b5fe1fd", - "label": "HiCARS1", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9c4f60d-3237-4e93-b2f7-e37bca3bebb0", - "label": "CIPS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) is a single-particle optical array probe complemented with sensors for air temperature, relative humidity, liquid water content, and air speed. It i developed by Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de28d1a0-160d-4fa8-9b04-cdb50acc9fec", - "label": "DLH", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e30f4e77-ece5-40d1-86b1-47d25dbec3e1", - "label": "EMIT Imaging Spectrometer", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) Imaging Spectrometer is a NASA Earth Venture Instrument (EVI-4) mounted to the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS). EMIT will be the first instrument to use NASA invented imaging\nspectroscopy technology to comprehensively measure the different wavelengths of light emitted by minerals on the surface of deserts and other dust sources to determine their composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaab0199-2efd-4c73-bbd5-84d76b9e6482", - "label": "ToF-AMS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaf50414-f5a1-4a68-aa5c-f06d8b2493b5", - "label": "STR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Swarm STR (Star Tracker) assembly provides the attitude of the VFM. Both instruments are co-mounted in a common optical bench to ensure proper alignment for the determination of the highly accurate magnetic field components.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5090b25d-b962-42dd-8e8c-0b398fbdbb94", - "label": "Trash Can/Granule Data Format", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "de1542d1-3d67-4044-a4b4-c8fb57636213", - "label": "Georeferenced JPEG", - "broader": "5090b25d-b962-42dd-8e8c-0b398fbdbb94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "label": "Trash Can/Platforms", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "033d5136-ed48-4ef0-9000-d657ded62cba", - "label": "Reanalysis", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04dae41e-7a74-4750-89b6-1ea717cce9d2", - "label": "AES", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Atmospheric Environment Service:\n\n\n\nCertain ships of Canadian registry are fitted with this equipment\non a loan basis. The cup wheel and wind vane are mounted on\neither end of a U - shaped arm. This U - arm is mounted as high\nand as forward on the ship as possible, so that the unit is in a\nflow of air relatively undisturbed by the ship's\nsuperstructure. The instrument requires 115 volt, 60 cycle power\nto operate the direction unit. The speed unit supplies its own\npower by means of a small permanent magnet generator which is\noperated by the rotating cup wheel.\n\nThe wind speed and direction dials are mounted in a small\ncabinet located conveniently in the chart room or wheel\nhouse. The wind speed dial is calibrated in nautical miles per\nhour, from 0 to 1 00 knots. The wind direction dial is\ncalibrated in tens of degrees from 01 0? to 360?. The direction\nindicated by the dial will be the direction of the apparent wind\nin relation to the heading of the ship, and not to north. Thus\nan indication of 360? represents an apparent wind from dead\nahead; 090?, a wind on the starboard beam; 180?, a wind from\ndead astern; and 270?, a wind from the port beam.\n\n[Source: MID]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "079610fb-e4cf-4e2c-9a92-86a9b798a7d5", - "label": "Environmental Modeling", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c61b045-d8aa-4062-8b09-788b4ed32972", - "label": "ROPOS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "113ecbc2-ab36-4d58-a96c-a6ce0106e749", - "label": "Models/Analyses", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "A schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts \nfor its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study \nof its characteristics\n\n[Source: The Free Dictionary]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Models/Analyses\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models/Analyses\n Short_Name: Models/Analyses\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1468d86c-f2b8-4fbf-8e8b-8831fd598801", - "label": "MOORINGS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1af8c9c7-d980-43a0-9685-b2fbd3a10d0c", - "label": "PML", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) provides capability for observing, modelling, understanding and forecasting marine ecosystems, to underpin evidence-based environmental solutions to societal challenges. PML do so by applying world-leading, integrated, scientific understanding, focused on the interactions between the marine environment and society, in estuarine, coastal and shelf waters, as well as the upper layers of the global ocean.\n\nPML’s science is concerned with:\n\n- increasing knowledge and understanding of the marine environment and\n- designing tools and evidence based solutions for its practical management.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PML\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: PML\n Long_Name: Plymouth Marine Laboratory\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: www.pml.ac.uk/default.aspx\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20de05fc-7088-4cf5-87aa-a8e2ceb3abd6", - "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Surface Water & Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission brings together two communities focused on a better understanding of the world's oceans and its terrestrial surface waters. U.S. and French oceanographers and hydrologists and international partners have joined forces to develop this new space mission to make the first global survey of Earth's surface water, observe the fine details of the ocean's surface topography, and measure how water bodies change over time. SWOT was one of 15 missions listed in the 2007 National Research Council Decadal Survey of Earth science as missions that NASA should implement in the coming decade.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2196cc92-a5da-4233-9509-5523385da1d7", - "label": "Rockets", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Balloons : a nonporous bag of light material that can be inflated especially\nwith air or gas. A bag that is filled with heated air or a \ngas lighter than air\nso as to rise and float in the atmosphere and that usually \ncarries a suspended\nload (as a gondola with passengers).\n\nRockets: A jet engine that operates on the same principle \nas the firework\nrocket, consists essentially of a combustion chamber and an \nexhaust nozzle,\ncarries either liquid or solid propellants which provide the \nfuel and oxygen\nneeded for combustion and thus make the engine independent \nof the oxygen of the\nair, and is used especially for the propulsion of a missile \n(as a bomb or shell)\nor a vehicle (as an airplane). A rocket-propelled bomb, \nmissile, projectile, or\nvehicle.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Balloons/Rockets\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Balloons/Rockets\n Short_Name: Balloons/Rockets\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "227d9c3d-f631-402d-84ed-b8c5a562fc27", - "label": "Aircraft", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "233e419e-e318-4c83-8258-259dbcea821d", - "label": "SHIPS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "236e1d7c-7500-4100-b547-9b92ff8d7acc", - "label": "GACM", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, \nhttp://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/gacm.html ]\n\nGACM will enable scientists to better understand the relationship between atmospheric ozone distribution and the factors that alter it. \n\nMission objectives:\n\n * Ozone and related gases for intercontinental air quality and stratospheric ozone layer prediction\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GACM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: GACM\n Long_Name: Global Atmospheric Composition Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MLS\n Short_Name: UV SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-04\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/gacm.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "252a24e5-6f62-40df-86b3-59ef0d38283f", - "label": "Soil Characteristics", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c9f1fcc-d9c8-4c6d-b701-45c97cee511f", - "label": "Sentinel GMES", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "313328db-116d-4b5c-9193-63fdac23af7e", - "label": "SCLP", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/sclp.html ]\n\nMission objectives:\n\n* Snow accumulation for fresh water availability\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SCLP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: SCLP\n Long_Name: Snow and Cold Land Processes\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/sclp.html\n Sample_Image: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/missions/SCLP1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "331632bf-01fa-4ba9-a4e1-11e07992eee3", - "label": "PAZ SAR", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3821bbd9-789b-4263-aee9-395968bc7d77", - "label": "Seirios", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cc1c6b0-cdfa-49d4-b32b-9c14fe5ffe92", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40c9a3e3-88ac-498f-bb23-fe8c71a27c60", - "label": "Non Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41d72eb0-9554-48a7-8821-dec569503da3", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ce2e520-9a55-44fe-8f2c-93d64f4eef63", - "label": "GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e4a81c4-4863-45ae-b3f6-ec6d580ddc59", - "label": "Argus", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f396ff6-7bea-4ba4-afa3-198ebd914a4a", - "label": "In Situ Land-based Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Fixed and mobile land-based platforms.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53a12afa-40dc-473c-9d85-32b42f138099", - "label": "Analytical Lab", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53f3539c-238d-4e95-838c-d434238d7a10", - "label": "EOS (Earth Observing System)", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "552df6fd-fc4c-43d5-ba61-1f77657680dd", - "label": "Gulfstream III", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The NASA Langley Research Center received authorization from NASA Headquarters on September 18, 2017 to acquire three excess C-20B Gulfstream III aircraft from the U.S. Air Force. Two of these aircraft will be used as parts support for the Agency, and the third aircraft will be used for research. The research G-III (C-20B) aircraft, designated NASA 520, will replace the Dassault HU-25A Guardian aircraft (NASA 524) as soon as practical. The research aircraft arrived at NASA Langley on December 7, 2017. NASA Langley has installed an engine hush kit and two nadir portals in the fuselage. The hush kit enables the aircraft to be Stage III noise compliant, allowing the aircraft to deploy nationwide and worldwide without requiring engine noise waivers. The nadir portals allow the aircraft to install earth science sensors, as is currently possible with the Center’s two King Air aircraft and the HU-25A aircraft. The NASA Langley G-III aircraft will ready for research at NASA Langley in January 2020.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57b7373d-5c21-4abb-8097-a410adc2a074", - "label": "WEATHER STATIONS/NETWORKS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62e9613a-6e40-41cf-838a-ed6ac0d4871b", - "label": "OCEAN PLATFORM/OCEAN STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6314fc1f-507f-4a59-a8f2-0d3cdc9c59a2", - "label": "GCOM-W1", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The GCOM-W mission aims to establish the global and long-term observation system to collect data, which is needed to understand mechanisms of climate and water cycle variations, and demonstrate its utilization. AMSR2 onboard the first generation of the GCOM-W satellite will continue Aqua/AMSR-E observations of water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture.\n\nGCOM-W1/AMSR2 characteristics\nScan and rate : Conical scan at 40 rpm\nAntenna : Offset parabola with 2.0m dia.\nSwath width : 1450km\nIncidence angle: Nominal 55 degrees\nDigitization : 12bits\nDynamic range : 2.7-340K\nPolarization : Vertical and horizontal\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GCOM-W1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GCOM-W1\n Long_Name: Global Change Observation Mission 1st-Water\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63c8aa1d-6efc-4943-8891-3a1cd520dde0", - "label": "HOV", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6652cc13-663c-4772-b6a2-0ecb13a9310e", - "label": "NPP", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66c23b2e-7a41-4b54-8cc8-fcaff3e90053", - "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F18", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66d14514-c38f-4a5e-a2aa-18ed7a07efe1", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a8c37b7-88f2-453c-a5b7-a7bc2a49db40", - "label": "AQUARIUS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA AQUARIUS mission web site http://aquarius.nasa.gov/ ]\n\n[10-Jun-11] Aquarius/SAC-D rocketed into space at 7:20:13 AM PDT. Less than 57 minutes later it separated from the rocket's second stage and began communicating with ground controllers and unfurling its solar arrays.\n\nAquarius is a focused satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Salinity (SSS). Scientific progress is limited because conventional in situ SSS sampling is too sparse to give the global view of salinity variability that only a satellite can provide. Aquarius will resolve missing physical processes that link the water cycle, the climate, and the ocean. Aquarius is planning to launch in 2011. Aquarius/SAC-D is a space mission developed by NASA and the Space Agency of Argentina (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, CONAE.)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAC-D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PALS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 657 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.01 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 6 a.m.\n Period: 97.74 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 7 days (103 orbits)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-17\n Online_Resource: http://aquarius.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/aquarius\n Sample_Image: http://aquarius.nasa.gov/images/gallery/sat_earth-s.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-06-10\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: ARGENTINA/CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bccb1de-b846-4fb5-9fc1-58ea90ccaaf7", - "label": "Ships", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e59f4bf-41dd-4ade-9070-4efcae4628fb", - "label": "FLOATS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ee1cf85-aa14-4fe9-a915-a8022830d8a7", - "label": "OCEAN PLATFORM/OCEAN STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702d7d3a-eea8-4011-864d-7e78075db879", - "label": "TEST2", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "733fa864-17c7-4220-aa32-2e6ff11f42dd", - "label": "Little Hercules", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73d106f1-2ba9-47db-ae92-6550a024744c", - "label": "HYDROLOGICAL STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7599828f-8793-4a17-b845-b0341729507e", - "label": "GCOM-W1", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76ba9890-0da6-4567-8b8b-0deff9108ef2", - "label": "AIR MONITORING STATIONS/NETWORKS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b07ea0a-714f-4883-b202-898dfa0d4a69", - "label": "FY-1A", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "FY-1 is China's meteorological satellite. Multichannel Visible\nand IR Scan Radiometer (MVISR) is the major sensor of FY- 1. The\ntotal number of channels of the sensor is increased from 5\nchannels in FY-1 A and B to 10 channels in FY-1 C and D. These\nchannels include 4 VIS channels, 3 near IR channels, 1 short\nwave IR channel and 2 long wave IR channels.\n\nThe instantaneous field of view of the sensor is 1.2 microrad\nand the resolution at subpoint is 1.1 Km. The scan rate of MVISR\nis still 6 lines/second and total pixel of every scan line is\n20480.\n\nThe High Resolution Picture Transmission of FY-1 C and D is\nnamed CHRPT. It is considered that the system which receives and\nprocesses HRPT/NOAA- Now data can receive and process CHRPT with\nupdating as few as possible.\n\nThe scan rate of MVISR is 6 lines/second. The words of every\nchannel are 2048 and the total words of 10 channels are\n20480. Plus the sync and auxiliary information there are 22180\nwords every scan line and 10 bits every word. The bit rate is\n1.3308 Mbps, just twice as many as the bit rate of\nHRPT/NOAA-Now. The modulation of CHRPT data is PSK and bit\nformat is split phase. The transmission frequency of CHRPT will\nbe 1700.5MHz and the data format will be similar to the\nHRPT/NOAA-Now data format. Therefore, it will to be easy to\nprocess CHRPT data with HRPT/NOAA-Now data processing system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nsmc.cma.gov.cn/fy1e.html'\n\n[Summary provided by China's National Satellite Meteorological Center]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FY (Feng-Yun)\n Short_Name: FY-1\n Long_Name: China's Meteorological Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MVISR - Multichannel Visible and Infrared Scan Radiometer\n Short_Name: CHRPT - The High Resolution Picture Transmission of FY-1 C\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 863 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 8:53 AM\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nsmc.cma.gov.cn/item/fy_demo2.asp\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-09-06\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: China National Meteorology Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ca187b6-1aa8-4812-91f4-06251e7c5f11", - "label": "TEST3", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82a67b12-e99d-4c90-8a6a-a6f79d4c3c7b", - "label": "SHIPS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bce0691-74e9-4363-8d1f-d453a318c62b", - "label": "AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "An AIRCRAFT is a machine or device, such as an airplane, helicopter, glider, or dirigible, that is capable of atmospheric flight. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRCRAFT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n Short_Name: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n Short_Name: INS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e6f026c-352d-4f51-b756-d32ab75032d5", - "label": "Explorer", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f3ab728-820e-4723-8807-c1f1e6e4a1b0", - "label": "NASA GLOBAL HAWK 872 AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Owner/Operator: \nNASA Armstrong (Dryden) Flight Research Center\n\nType: \nUAS\n\nDuration: \n30 hours (payload and weather dependent)\n\nUseful Payload: \n1,900 lbs\n\nGross Take-off Weight: \n25,600 lbs\n\nOnboard Operators: \n0\n\nMax Altitude: \n65,000 ft\n\nAir Speed: \n345 knots\n\nRange: \n11,000 Nmi\n\nPower: \nRolls-Royce AE3007H turbofan\n\nNASA SMD User Fee: \n$60K/week or $250K/month for access $1800/Flt hour up to 150hrs/month", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92d903c9-147b-462e-8c21-68604bf19251", - "label": "NDBC MOORED BUOY", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "944bdc0a-f753-425c-9ac7-1494c9b9d299", - "label": "METOP-B", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "MetOp is a series of three polar orbiting meteorological satellites operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The satellites form the space segment component of the overall EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS), which in turn is the European half of the EUMETSAT/NOAA Initial Joint Polar System (IJPS). The satellites carry a payload comprising 11 scientific instruments and two which support Search and Rescue services. In order to provide data continuity between MetOp and NOAA Polar Operational Satellites (POES), several instruments are carried on both fleets of satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95a92849-1a3e-4103-bce7-f35c750e5d66", - "label": "IMERG", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm combines information from the GPM satellite constellation to estimate precipitation over the majority of the Earth's surface. This algorithm is particularly valuable over the majority of the Earth's surface that lacks precipitation-measuring instruments on the ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a143e5f5-4e4c-45cb-8053-5c9f6a099784", - "label": "SOLAR/SPACE MONITORING STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a805fcaf-f9c2-4bca-8496-4b0dc032c016", - "label": "KINGAIR", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a861a0cb-a973-4c20-939b-1d8019e32cb7", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9de39df-2409-49c6-9d99-da9db2e00215", - "label": "In-Situ Ocean-based Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aacf1f4c-2d79-4946-bc18-6157262d7039", - "label": "DC-8", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "When the world's first jet airliner, the De Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1949, Douglas held a commanding position in the aircraft market. Although Boeing had pointed the way to the modern all-metal airliner in 1933 with the 247, it was Douglas that, more than any other company, made the promise a reality. Douglas produced a succession of piston-engined commercial aircraft through the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s: 138 DC-2s, 10,928 DC-3s (mostly for military service in World War II), 1453 DC-4s, 537 DC-6s and 226 DC-7s.\n\nGiven the success of their designs, Douglas took the view that there was no reason to rush into anything new, as did their rivals Lockheed and Convair. Most air transport manufacturers expected that there would be a gradual switch, from piston engines to turbines and that it would be to the more fuel-efficient turboprop engines rather than pure jets.\n\nIn contrast, Boeing took the bold step of starting to plan a pure jet airliner as early as 1949. Boeing's military arm had gained extensive experience with large, long-range jets through the B-47 Stratojet (first flight 1947) and the B-52 Stratofortress (1952). With thousands of their big jet bombers on order or in service, Boeing had developed a close relationship with the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC), and could count on having preference when the time came to replace SAC's fleet of piston-engined KC-97 Stratotankers. For Boeing, this was an opportunity to build a jet aircraft for air-to-air refueling that could be turned into a commercial transport.\n\n[Text provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DC-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Long_Name: Douglas DC-8\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAPS\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n Short_Name: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n Short_Name: INS\n Short_Name: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n Short_Name: CDP\n Short_Name: PIP\n Short_Name: DC8 DROPSONDES\n Short_Name: DROPSONDES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www1.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-050-DFRC.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/jetliner/dc8/dc8_06.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aad5bad0-f116-4c97-bb3f-64a1da94697f", - "label": "CALET", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af11dd2a-e514-4329-bbc5-0f36f2776a26", - "label": "Maps/Charts/Photographs", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Map: Visual representations of an area – a symbolic depiction \nhighlighting relationships between elements of that space such as \nobjects, regions, and themes.\n\n[Source: Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map ]\n\nChart: A sheet of information in the form of a table, graph, or diagram.\n\n[Source: Merriam Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/charts\n\nPhotograph: a picture or likeness obtained by photography.\n\n[Source: Merriam Webster, \nhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/photographs ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7185a12-a008-4262-bf33-b09a2d02bfc1", - "label": "Sentinel-5P", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf17bbac-0fc9-48b3-9b03-bd780ffe1eb0", - "label": "USV", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) or autonomous surface vehicles (ASV) are vehicles that operate on the surface of the water (watercraft) without a crew.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1ef6ce3-5640-4e4a-bd2f-02b0a25e60d3", - "label": "Rockets", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c76b3744-6047-4ba9-9364-ebe1a0e3c502", - "label": "MOBILE STATIONS/VEHICLES", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c76f142e-ee8d-47b5-96fc-6f9a892b8891", - "label": "Gulfstream V", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Gulfstream V is a long-range, large business jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, derived from the previous Gulfstream IV. It flies up to Mach 0.885, up to 51,000 feet and has a 6,500 nmi range. It typically accommodates four crew and 14 passengers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caa8300a-560a-4190-b257-6f8d33f6f134", - "label": "DeepWorker 2000", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The one-atmosphere DeepWorker 2000 submersible allows a pilot to go deeper and spend more time below the surface than traditional diving methods. The compact and lightweight DeepWorker 2000 is easy to operate and can be piloted with minimal training. Horizontal and vertical thrusters give unparalleled manoeuvrability; the DeepWorker 2000 can hover and ‘fly’ underwater.\n\nDeepWorker 2000 is also available in a 3300ft (1000m) configuration as a DeepWorker 3000.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d14286d5-f62f-4be2-ba20-2c0fdee614df", - "label": "DESDYNI", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Homepage, https://science.nasa.gov/ ]\n\n[Mission Canceled]\n\nSurface deformation is linked directly to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Observations of surface deformation are used to forecast the likelihood of earthquakes occurring as a function of location, as well as predicting both the place and time that volcanic eruptions and landslides are likely. Advances in earthquake science leading to improved time-dependent probabilities would be significantly facilitated by global observations of surface deformation, and could result in significant increases in the health and safety of the public due to decreased exposure to tectonic hazards. Monitoring surface deformation is also important for improving the safety and efficiency of extraction of hydrocarbons, for managing our ground water resources, and, in the future, providing information for managing CO2 sequestration.\n\nMission Objectives\n\n- Determine the likelihood of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.\n- Predict the response of ice sheets to climate change and impact on the sea level.\n- Characterize the effects of changing climate and land use on species habitats and carbon budget.\n- Monitor the migration of fluids associated with hydrocarbon production and groundwater resources.\n\nThis mission combines two sensors that, taken together, provide observations important for solid-Earth (surface deformation), ecosystems (terrestrial biomass structure) and climate (ice dynamics). The sensors are: 1) an L-band Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) system with multiple polarization, and 2) a multiple beam lidar operating in the infrared (~ 1064 nm) with ~ 25 m spatial resolution and 1 m vertical accuracy. The mission using InSAR to meet the science measurement objectives for surface deformation, ice sheet dynamics, and ecosystem structure has been extensively studied. It requires a satellite in 700-800 km sun-synchronous orbit in order to maximize available power from the solar arrays. An eight day revisit frequency balances temporal de-correlation with required coverage. Onboard GPS achieves cm-level orbit and baseline knowledge to improve calibration. The mission should have a 5 year life time to capture time-variable processes and achieve measurement accuracy.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DESDYNI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: DESDYNI\n Long_Name: Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1b7fdfe-dfaa-4ca3-b1da-e5d9450df84e", - "label": "LANDSAT-10a", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d301492d-0514-4b1f-bae7-15ce6f2776c1", - "label": "OWEN CESSNA SKYCAT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d48c7bce-ce00-42f3-8afd-82a9d45615e6", - "label": "FY-2", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "China began its geostationary meteorological satellite FY-2\nprogram in 1980. Through hard work for more than ten years, the\nfirst FY-2 satellite was launched on June 10, 1997 and located\nin the geostationary orbit at an altitude of 35800 kilometers\nover 105 degrees E. The satellite is a cylinder of 2.1 m by\n1.6 m. The attitude of the satellite is spin stabilized with a\nspeed of 100 rotation/min.\n\nFY-2A is the first geostationary meteorological satellite in\nChina. It is a spin-stabilized satellite. The main function of\nFY-2A is observation. It takes visible, infrared and water vapor\ndisk images of the Earth hourly. The main payload of FY-2A is a\nVisible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR).\n\nThe VISSR takes the Earth and cloud images from the space. A\ncomplete 20° x20° scan covering the full Earth disk can be\naccomplished every 30 minutes by means of combination of\nsatellite spin motion (100 rpm from the west to east) and step\naction of the scan mirror (2500 steps from north to south). The\nS-VISSR data are retransmitted to user stations via FY-2A during\nthe VISSR observation. The stretched VISSR (S-VISSR) data are\nthe digital image data originated by VISSR on board and\nstretched on the Command and Data Acquisition Station (CDAS) in\ntime. After stretching, the transmission rate of S-VISSR data is\nreduced and can be easily received by the users. \n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://nsmc.cma.gov.cn/fy2e.html\n\n[Summary provided by China's National Satellite Meteorological Center]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FY (Feng-Yun)\n Short_Name: FY-2\n Long_Name: China's Meteorological Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Feng Yun 2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35,800 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/china/earth/fy-2.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/china/earth/fy2-s.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-06-10\n Launch_Site: Xichang Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: CHINA/CMA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da6420b6-48ec-4ae2-98c7-0ef0538815a0", - "label": "ROV", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) are unoccupied, highly maneuverable underwater robots operated by a person aboard a surface vessel. They are linked to the ship by a group of cables that carry electrical signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle. Most are equipped with at least a video camera and lights. Additional equipment is commonly added to expand the vehicle's capabilities. These may include a still camera, a manipulator or cutting arm, water samplers, and instruments that measure water clarity, light penetration, and temperature. First developed for industrial purposes, such as internal and external inspections of pipelines and the structural testing of offshore platforms, ROVs are now used for many applications, many of them scientific. They have proven extremely valuable in ocean exploration, and are also used for educational programs at aquaria and to link to scientific expeditions live via the internet.\n\n[Information obtained from http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/rov/rov.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ROV\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Short_Name: ROV\n Long_Name: Remotely Operated Vehicles\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ROV\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/rov/rov.html\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg/400px-ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db03fbe5-ad2d-498b-8a3d-9aa3259fdfeb", - "label": "TEST4", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db4bd90e-ec8c-449d-9113-495133403406", - "label": "Physical Models", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df8ca548-ee15-450c-9448-9289150aaa9a", - "label": "PATH", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/path.html ]\n\nMission objectives:\n\n* High frequency, all-weather temperature and humidity soundings for weather forecasting and SST\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PATH\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: PATH\n Long_Name: Precision and All-Weather Temperature and Humidity\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/path.html\n Sample_Image: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/missions/path1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e36481f3-5507-428b-a870-67f6d96ae389", - "label": "BUOYS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4f5ffb4-0708-4619-9fe2-6adbb33f05b3", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e50b2a1a-7d9d-4c09-ac7e-dc29f0c08fc7", - "label": "In Situ Ocean-based Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Fixed and mobile ocean-based platforms.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Short_Name: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6d3a1a1-6774-4be2-8456-40025d745e08", - "label": "ARAON (Icebreaker Research Vessel", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e798b5b2-e34b-41bf-97f8-f1efd6a93300", - "label": "CONUS-Soil", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7cea2b9-02df-4ea3-845a-0ff123605983", - "label": "NASA Mobile Aerosol Characterization laboratory", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed45c0fe-b3b4-425e-b321-1cfe129c9a48", - "label": "MITgcm", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f10c1ccb-5e83-4646-a5ed-b59121acd13b", - "label": "LIST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/list.html ]\n\nThis global set of data will serve users and researchers from a wide array of disciplines that need elevation and terrain information. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LIST\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: LIST\n Long_Name: Lidar Surface Topography\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/list.html\n Sample_Image: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/missions/list1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f875bfd2-1712-4cd4-99dd-058aada97f91", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "A series of Space Shuttle-Spacelab missions, designated the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS), is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. The series, originally planned to acquire data throughout the Sun's 11-year active cycle, investigated how Earth's atmosphere and climate are affected by the Sun, and by the products of industrial complexes and agricultural activities. ATLAS 1, the first spacecraft in this series conducted 14 investigations in atmospheric science, solar physics, space plasma physics, and astrophysics.\n\nThe 14 ATLAS 1 experiments included:\n(1) Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE)\n(2) Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS)\n(3) Grille Spectrometer (GRILLE)\n(4) Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO)\n(5) Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)\n(6) Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SSBUV-4) -\ntechnically, this instrument was seperate from the ATLAS payload and\nwas a co-manifested payload\n(7) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM)\n(8) Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC)\n(9) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM)\n(10) Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON)\n(11) Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI)\n(12) Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC)\n(13) Energetic Neutral Atom Precipitation (ENAP). ENAP was not a\nseperate instrument but used the ISO instrument measurements\n(14) Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST)\n\nATLAS 2 was flown on the STS-56 in April 1993 and consisted of seven of the ATLAS 1 instruments: ATMOS, MAS, SSBUV-5, ACRIM, SOLSPEC, SUSIM, AND SOLCON.\n\nATLAS 3 was flown on the STS-66 in November 1993 and consisted of the same instruments as ATLAS 2.\n\nThese investigations studied the chemical makeup of the atmosphere between approximately 15 and 600 kilometers (8.3 to 330 miles) above the Earth's surface, measured the total energy contained in sunlight and energy variations, investigated how Earth's electric and magnetic fields and atmosphere influence each other, and examined sources of ultraviolet light in the Universe. The instruments were mounted on two Spacelab pallets in the Shuttle payload bay. The Shuttle's changing orientation to Earth placed the experiments in advantageous orbiting locations, to observe the atmosphere, the Sun, and astronomical targets. Specifically, the orbiter orientation was either inertially fixed so that selected instruments were pointed at the sun, or nadir pointed for observations of the Earth's atmosphere. Crew members were in consultation with the investigators while controlling and monitoring the experiments. The atmospheric and solar instruments provided correlative measurements with the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATLAS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: ATLAS\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ATLAS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/factsheet/Atlas-1_factsheet_prt.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/images/atlas/atlaslogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb33c206-114a-45ce-8d27-e5db3df9703c", - "label": "3D-WINDS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, https://eospso.nasa.gov/future-missions ] \n\nMission objectives:\n\n * More accurate, longer-term weather forecasts\n * Improved storm track prediction and evacuation planning\n * Improved planting and harvesting schedules and outlook\n\n3D-Winds will study tropospheric winds for weather forecasting and pollution transport.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: 3D-WINDS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: 3D-WINDS\n Long_Name: Three-Dimensional Tropospheric Winds from Space-based Lidar\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/future-missions\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbc0ccf8-81ef-4f9d-9714-155032271cf2", - "label": "Jason-class Altimeter", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "853683e4-066c-41ad-9151-ce43d71ff046", - "label": "Trash Can/Mime Type", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3a181b73-10e4-4cad-95b2-46c585bc11a4", - "label": "application/opensearchdescription+xml", - "broader": "853683e4-066c-41ad-9151-ce43d71ff046", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f863984-3132-465f-ab5e-8754f867bdad", - "label": "text/htm", - "broader": "853683e4-066c-41ad-9151-ce43d71ff046", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "93930438-1b0c-422a-aa12-3064329da9ee", - "label": "Trash Can/Horizontal Resolution Ranges", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "label": "Trash Can/Measurement Name", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "225efa99-b674-44bd-9aa7-33d6f1e2ae02", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_black_carbon", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36e91f31-8af4-4421-ac27-484b21fd9572", - "label": "startiform_precipitation", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9195a94c-91e8-4dbf-977a-3099cfccf21a", - "label": "atmosphere-at_550nm", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9725e81d-6706-421c-92a1-bae0a542b8c4", - "label": "extinction_optical_thickness", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "label": "Trash Can/Chronostratigraphic Units", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0602206c-c213-4109-a86d-4351df95ff61", - "label": "test2", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "test", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25223fe0-e790-47b1-9eac-e114d73bbf75", - "label": "PRECAMBRIAN", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b22ec46-e2af-4118-af52-6b58d49a300d", - "label": "LOWER", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d48e427-fb9d-4c7f-b6ee-0acb0e07a95c", - "label": "Test2323", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "label": "Trash Can/Science Keywords", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01e19b5d-8849-4196-afb8-9f8656e3a8f3", - "label": "GAMMA RAY BURST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "053decc4-22e0-4ce1-89eb-ffd23d0708df", - "label": "COSMIC RAY MUON COMPONENT", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0559367d-362a-4e08-9940-ed68722c5e32", - "label": "WIND AND CIRCULATION INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Wind and circulation indices measure the magnitude of one of several aspects of\nlarge-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Indices most frequently measured\nrepresent the streangth of the zonal (east-west) or meridional (north-south)\ncomponents of the wind, at the surface, or at the upper levels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "087bffd1-f4f5-49ef-98d8-8e7d1169bfe8", - "label": "MEI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08b09276-b8b2-403b-a032-97d0743fd68a", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0916afef-a0b7-4ecd-85ba-cc24070470a7", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ab9695a-de5e-4a56-8df3-bf3531ee707d", - "label": "ACETYLENE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Acetylene appears as a colorless gas with a faint garlic-like odor. Easily ignited and burns with a sooty flame. Gas is lighter than air. Flame may flash back to the source of a leak very easily. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b42b741-1e7d-4ad8-bcc7-124172240b7f", - "label": "TAU", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "119883be-37a3-4638-b990-fd4b124953ae", - "label": "RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15709489-1603-4f60-80ad-4b725bca59e1", - "label": "ENGINEERING", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15f42cd5-9822-4769-be88-3efe64205ce0", - "label": "PT", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The Pacific Transition (PT) pattern is a leading mode during August and September. This pattern captures anomalous wave-train of 500-hPa heights extending from the central subtropical North Pacific to the eastern United States. The positive phase of the PT pattern features above-average heights west of Hawaii and across western North America, and below-average heights in the Gulf of Alaska and over the southeastern United States.\n\nThe PT pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in the western subtropical North Pacific, the subtropical North Atlantic, and throughout western North America, and with below-average temperatures over the eastern half of the United States. The main precipitation departures associated with the PT pattern include above-average precipitation in the southeastern U.S., and below-average precipitation near Hawaii and across the northern tier of the United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1746a218-89e0-4c56-a1d6-6d2620f56561", - "label": "EXTREME HIGH ENERGY", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19631138-70c8-4922-8052-821ec5ce093b", - "label": "NAO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bbb19ba-49b7-47c2-b8c8-fa61bb615fb3", - "label": "WHWP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dd9be28-df7b-434f-bea1-5b171d09312b", - "label": "MARINE GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Processes affecting the amount, distribution, or structure of chemical elements in marine environments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25be5748-b82d-4779-9764-7052d06e6e60", - "label": "STRATUS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "267a0108-6ccc-45c6-b7e2-9094c6b3250b", - "label": "MOON SHADOW", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26e61e5f-b9c2-4549-a08e-4d8416c88d1c", - "label": "ASTROPHYSICS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2953da71-fe1d-4506-9bd6-445b92e2b443", - "label": "MJO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bff6b6c-2b9d-4c83-931d-d8459d2e4745", - "label": "CARBONATE FORMATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3055774e-8931-4b5d-a131-5ef5911839e4", - "label": "NEUTRINOS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "334d9428-a178-4a5e-b758-a3675a122bef", - "label": "EP/NP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34b92cc2-7708-4e44-8c3f-4c23f62be944", - "label": "NP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37df8b8b-30d6-489f-a733-5a1d80d358e9", - "label": "GALACTIC PLANE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45dd0a01-d428-4407-ba18-c074d3172b41", - "label": "EA-JET", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49212b14-17db-4652-9d16-8ec1716f06c5", - "label": "COMPOSITION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dddd6fa-be86-44a0-8135-6e2041af7578", - "label": "COSMOLOGY", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50fc0919-092a-4908-afa5-f3c4d36e3348", - "label": "SUPERNOVA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54330626-f9b4-4c34-949a-9be427fdf51b", - "label": "ENSO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "545d2b24-4337-4f43-b359-ad502de7626d", - "label": "CASCADES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "567ebb6c-cc6f-4b3e-9853-6f76a4086bc5", - "label": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b42e474-2917-4fa3-852d-8b0f91acf0b3", - "label": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "A drought index is a computed value related to some of the cumulative effects\nof a prolonged and abnormal moisture deficiency. Other definitions: an index of\nhydrological drought corresponding to levels below the mean in streams, lakes,\nreservoirs, etc. A common drought index is the Palmer Drought Severity Index.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b608686-a176-4c15-8980-e6e086f91601", - "label": "ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The timeseries are calculated from the Kaplan SST dataset which is updated monthly. It is basically an index of the N Atlantic temperatures. Time time series are created; a smoothed version and an unsmoothed version. In addition, two files starting at 1948 are produced to be used in the Correlation webpages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "645a25c8-3340-42af-9b43-a804b20be71d", - "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "A measure or indicator of some aspect of atmospheric temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "690be4e9-c48c-4442-8b86-3d0a51abb0c1", - "label": "AAO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ede7dcc-8252-4462-a149-1f032e15ba63", - "label": "SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "739f9b7e-3ca7-4f0b-8ce2-68753fc0a6d9", - "label": "EATL", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85586d78-1819-4ba7-ab5f-9f684640d730", - "label": "NTA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87e52017-9062-48cd-83ce-65be4542c439", - "label": "PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88841897-1e84-4df0-a677-2da7adc3ce37", - "label": "TNA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a31313b-e60e-47e8-b7bd-df0503e7c868", - "label": "PDO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8eac6c91-8af5-4b1b-8dc3-89cd4871915f", - "label": "TNH", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9130e78a-882c-4a69-b1ae-0b775869c3de", - "label": "THI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91dea76a-1f9a-4c3d-9791-1806b3a04f42", - "label": "SEA ICE STRENGTH", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94ecf3ab-aa20-4756-8e3b-629795b3d5b5", - "label": "BEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a43235b-a7b7-4c76-b296-c01799b1f278", - "label": "NOI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The NOI (extratropical-based Northern Oscillation Index) and its analog, the SOI* (extratropical-bassed Southern Oscillation Index) are new indices of midlatitude climate fluctuations that show interesting relationships with fluctuations in marine ecosystems and populations. They reflect the variability in equatorial and extratropical teleconnections and represent a wide range of local and remote climate signals. The indices are counterparts to the traditional SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) that relate variability in the atmospheric forcing of climate change in northern and southern midlatitude hemisphere regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d5411ef-d934-4515-b9fd-c9fd54c21d1b", - "label": "COSMIC RAY MUONS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9eb9029c-fe64-415a-950f-a1baad014572", - "label": "SEA ICE VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a135fceb-cf13-4186-9ad3-8d5db82312c9", - "label": "AO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5b7dd6d-55b1-4f4b-820b-e95b6a73ba54", - "label": "DIFFUSE SOURCE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a71861c1-f007-4dd8-93d9-5c4f00517314", - "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa192fc0-7dd7-4cfd-80c5-a01d6ec1374b", - "label": "EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRONOMY", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aaa9c9eb-9d46-4015-a735-8938e0ed4506", - "label": "TNI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab9302c6-24c5-47ac-baca-f083e70630a8", - "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abfdf12c-858d-4b49-a23e-7b1a68ca9d78", - "label": "SPACE SCIENCE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac02751f-4020-4487-b8ab-2849adcdb866", - "label": "CROP MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) was developed by Palmer (1968) to assess short-term crop water conditions and needs across major crop-producing regions. It is based on the concept of abnormal evapotranspiration deficit, calculated as the difference between computed actual evapotranspiration (ET) and computed potential evapotranspiration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae2f63e3-2345-491e-b49d-593e03db09c2", - "label": "SEA ICE STRAIN RATES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b18f322e-2097-4058-af0d-20f259ff3e9f", - "label": "AIR SHOWER", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b362dfd4-3901-4db9-9e39-bb29b6dad621", - "label": "NPO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b625d811-6c7e-4204-abc8-2c72d07aba02", - "label": "TSA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7ad62e0-f904-4429-b6db-6cc50b2281bc", - "label": "CAR", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bae01a02-ff03-4ad8-9080-3a4f89fa0dc6", - "label": "EATL/WRUS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bcd11fd2-ddf4-4cd3-8507-c3bf6f40a934", - "label": "WTVI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be39b5e9-0dad-4c6c-97a6-46e863b17d7e", - "label": "RADIATION FOG", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf1c1225-c3de-4c37-92bb-7a9e9e06c030", - "label": "Spectrum Width", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c96e1137-56a7-4a1f-b5f9-45e273ff9acd", - "label": "CENTRAL INDIAN PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The Indian rainfall data set was derived from 306 almost uniformly distributed stations for which rainfall data are available from 1871. The hilly regions consisting of four meteorological subdivisions of India which are parallel to Himalayan mountain range have not been considered in view of the meagre rain-gauge network and low areal representation of a rain-gauge in a hilly area. Two island subdivisions far away from mainland have also not been included. Thus, the contiguous area having network of 306 stations over 30 meteorological subdivisions measures about 2,880,000 sq.km., which is about 90 percent of the total area of the country.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cafeff8b-c583-40e3-9a43-2b2b069b1df8", - "label": "SOI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc579f1f-6a72-425b-84c3-aa8070d4a0ec", - "label": "AMO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d16b4f44-27df-4dcc-a083-ff057a5f6263", - "label": "HYDROLOGIC/OCEAN INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d17151a9-e03f-49ee-8d3a-d653ac84c071", - "label": "SEA LEVEL", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d50297e0-37e7-41e4-a89e-e2aa4b96b7c2", - "label": "COSMIC RAYS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d53f199e-938c-42ec-a74f-4806f3809fdc", - "label": "DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d72ccd5b-d662-4be0-a012-8fdd8a40a6fb", - "label": "OCEAN/SST INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Hydrologic indices are related to surface water levels, flood conditions, river\nstages, aquifer levels, precipitation. Ocean indices are related to sea surface\ntemperature indices, ocean surface winds, upwelling, sea level pressure, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db8eb32d-2f86-40ab-82af-b615b5a30db9", - "label": "CUI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddcc55bd-2047-4aa2-996c-409f940fbba9", - "label": "AMM", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1066b27-d90b-49a2-b7aa-2b9935a470af", - "label": "METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1176d1c-8452-4d85-8ab5-060736618b48", - "label": "ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2ca81d1-995e-4f09-8e86-0cd71a4a6577", - "label": "SULFATE AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e932c1de-a7b5-4cbc-9f56-a40234334b2e", - "label": "QBO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e97143bb-25e1-451f-abaf-b72f66d88087", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eab3ecb1-e30a-47e5-a4d3-f3f3c76e89bc", - "label": "EXTRATERRESTRIAL POINT SOURCE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebddda06-097f-4454-9751-bb27c41aca37", - "label": "PNA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef08dc97-f859-4939-ac79-0b3aafee1d4f", - "label": "SULFATE AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8cdb3d9-99ba-4bfa-bb1c-772d88078a60", - "label": "WIMPS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa145983-a569-414d-bd1d-c68f4f6291ae", - "label": "NITRATE AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb1e4438-d142-4750-a3c8-24b10c5bc3b5", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbae11f2-f8db-44b8-bcb6-55471dca13a2", - "label": "ONI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe25c265-296d-4671-9e66-9b752b78bb60", - "label": "WP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe82ad9e-1908-4f64-b96a-9aceeb992c8c", - "label": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "label": "Trash Can/Locations", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2c7ee979-5008-4ef9-9259-9f62868626f6", - "label": "Test", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "649c7926-a726-406f-abec-92d3e1877714", - "label": "BYELORUSSIAN SSR", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7848d9b7-a18d-4519-bec3-b4f5fe19a68f", - "label": "ZAIRE", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85267adf-b16e-414d-930f-d513dc5f2800", - "label": "Maher Island", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "label": "Trash Can/Storage for deleted or cut concepts", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "15c423c3-4268-4d7c-98c1-899f0105ed97", - "label": "SOCIAL BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Social Behavior is broadly defined to be social information such\r\nas socioeconomic status, voting patterns, environmental effects on various\r\ngroups of people and other broad environmental preferences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1914294c-fd0a-4791-8bfe-7b81c98b6e33", - "label": "FOG", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "242682ac-eec0-45e9-bbbf-628141170e1c", - "label": "LGGE-UJF-CNRS 5183", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) has built its reputation on the scientific study of climate and atmospheric composition. These studies focus on the present but also on past trends through the archives that make up the snow and ice accumulated over time. However LGGE has other very competitive know-how focused on snow and ice, as the physical and mechanical properties of ice, the air-snow chemical exchange or the acquisition of field data and satellite . The research carried out combines technological and analytical approach to numerical modeling related to various fields, from the atmosphere to the flow of ice masses. The Arctic and Antarctic polar regions are preferred sites of action of LGGE but experience also extends to mountain areas: study of alpine glaciers, Andean and Himalayan pollution in the Alpine valleys. These studies contribute to understanding major scientific problems that are often social issues such as the greenhouse effect, climate variability and the environment, the mass balance of the cryosphere, the wide pollution global and regional or glacial hazards. The research topics of LGGE developed within the four scientific teams are presented in the 'Research Teams' and the list of publications and activity reports are available in 'Scientific Production'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24c8ec7c-1168-4422-b32f-ffe4b06c193b", - "label": "DIGITAL OPTICAL MODULES", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "353826c4-79ac-4928-b54d-355402e2d103", - "label": "THERMAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Pertaining to measurements of any sort related to the amount of heat at the and surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38405b10-889c-4106-b907-8090597e9a45", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39afe541-0553-4ade-8901-3292a89880f9", - "label": "PRESERVATION", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52529452-2578-470b-93b4-609740087428", - "label": "ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "The timeseries are calculated from the Kaplan SST dataset which is updated monthly. It is basically an index of the N Atlantic temperatures. Time time series are created; a smoothed version and an unsmoothed version. In addition, two files starting at 1948 are produced to be used in the Correlation webpages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52d659f0-9391-4f26-ba95-e4c08f767a47", - "label": "Space Stations/Crewed Spacecraft", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "587ef900-8084-4931-8788-edaa4c29422a", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b8200c9-985c-4d7f-99a1-afed060039d3", - "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d46a49e-be86-46be-81cc-28fdc7e63ae8", - "label": "CENTRAL INDIAN PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65f9067f-1434-47d6-9ebf-61921ac0b506", - "label": "ANATOMICAL PARAMETERS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Anatomical parameters relate to the branch of morphology relating to studies of\nthe structures of organisms and their health.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6aaf70f1-e1fa-4eb0-b96c-8edc2e2867a7", - "label": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7eff6ab9-dc01-4ee0-9472-a30cc62496ad", - "label": "METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Atmospheric phenomena and processes that are capable of causing harm to persons, property, animals, plants, or other natural resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "896397ff-ea9c-463b-92fc-480068601377", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "945e6100-feff-4298-8882-4fb9283ff672", - "label": "GovDataMaps", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fedbb67-fc17-4a39-87e9-1138adb51c23", - "label": "50 km - < 100 km or approximately .5 degree - < 1 degree", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a16a36d1-d869-452d-ab60-0e91dc186952", - "label": "CROP MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) was developed by Palmer (1968) to assess\nshort-term crop water conditions and needs across major crop-producing regions.\nIt is based on the concept of abnormal evapotranspiration deficit, calculated\nas the difference between computed actual evapotranspiration (ET) and computed\npotential evapotranspiration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b74e22e3-8744-414a-ae7a-2c68e7825a46", - "label": "VITAL STATISTICS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Vital Statistics refers to statistics about contaminants,\r\nenvironmental samples, fuel economy, transportation or any other\r\nstatistics that may provide information about human health and the quality\r\nof the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc3160ab-0b98-46a6-82fb-a4fd8b737091", - "label": "PSYCHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Psychological parameters refer to the parameters obtained from the study of\r\npsychology (the scientific study of behavior and the mind). This definition\r\ncontains three elements. The first is that psychology is a scientific\r\nenterprise that obtains knowledge through systematic and objective methods of\r\nobservation and experimentation. Second is that psychologists study behavior,\r\nwhich refers to any action or reaction that can be measured or observed such as\nthe blink of an eye, an increase in heart rate, or the unruly violence that\r\noften erupts in a mob. Third is that psychologists study the mind, which refers\nto both conscious and unconscious mental states. These states cannot actually\r\nbe seen, only inferred from observable behavior.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1f086a0-8e75-4814-8d1b-8e1fa0892a5c", - "label": "LANDFORMS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Many features that taken together make up the surface of the earth. These include broad features, such as plains, plateaus, and mountains, and also minor features, such as hills, valleys, slopes, canyons, arroyos, and\nalluvial fans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ece489af-6804-4039-84b6-e856327fc383", - "label": "PUBLIC HEALTH", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Public Health is how the residents of a particular area\r\nare affected by the quality of their environment (air, water, etc).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f25741c4-f28d-4d6f-8387-c077766fb085", - "label": "ADVECTION FOG", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "label": "Trash Can/Granule Data Format", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0fd9652e-2b6e-4dba-8c4d-63021f34bd53", - "label": "NetCDF Classic", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fc323de-e1f0-41a4-9914-b72eddb0383f", - "label": "BIL", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24f3781c-428a-40ec-ac8f-96435e2c7614", - "label": "GIF", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2544f989-47b8-40dd-ae10-c4abee8198b8", - "label": "Georeferenced TIFF", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28d8f538-1934-460c-94ea-cb06ce1535cd", - "label": "Slope", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d0ca5a9-1627-4f0e-bd55-bb3235fd4f5c", - "label": "ESRI ArcInfo Interchange File (E00)", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3465ad3b-63eb-4718-a347-8d2844ae54dc", - "label": "Atlas GIS", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bd030e2-a015-473b-987e-25632cbbd386", - "label": "DEM", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ca1eef4-a930-4566-a92e-29a1bcfe3690", - "label": "NetCDF-CF/Radial", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59d4ac47-d1d0-4c7c-bb2b-dc37e6273943", - "label": "ESRI Geodatabase", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7534e14c-0847-48d2-879a-6fa64ff05dd0", - "label": "ESRI Shapefile", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9145565a-0f8b-4806-b4a8-296f021be5b8", - "label": "ESRI ASCII Raster", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93e6035a-9f46-4ece-b365-10e1507b116e", - "label": "MLC", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab1e1949-c4d0-4af2-9f34-1c7489e30ae6", - "label": "ISO Image", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b12a5f68-4344-43b4-8e44-8c34e2a638e1", - "label": "DV", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b20dfc5c-e40d-473b-9e31-789dc6e1ed2e", - "label": "Word", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b80a8053-d46a-45dd-b5d3-e9e66d4c404e", - "label": "Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG)", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "A Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) is a regular GeoTIFF file, aimed at being hosted on a HTTP file server, with an internal organization that enables more efficient workflows on the cloud. It does this by leveraging the ability of clients issuing ​HTTP GET range requests to ask for just the parts of a file they need.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbf2a46d-7de1-4e70-a039-4db2f3251776", - "label": "ESRI Grid", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc5c5996-c046-4d70-aeea-4ba4de2c4f96", - "label": "SLC", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf085809-cf9f-4c42-b17d-45de69183cf7", - "label": "Incidence Angle File", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfcd3481-9ddc-49d2-a827-76cecd1746d5", - "label": "OGC KML", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0314652-e5e1-493b-945b-d712b4d30df1", - "label": "HDF", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d806dc1f-63cc-431e-b1c0-222caa1da54e", - "label": "HDF-EOS", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "label": "Trash Can/Providers", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "002cb064-86db-4037-8da6-b244facf19fd", - "label": "DOC_NOOA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02a13e51-a356-4954-b0c0-d6e8daf8adbb", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/OCG", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03e6c260-90ab-490c-a13c-d7e149ade9a7", - "label": "DOI/USGS/FRESC/SRFS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center provides research and technical assistance in support of sound management and conservation of biological systems in the western United States.\n\nHistory:\n\nFRESC, as an organizational unit of the Federal Government is fairly young, but the various groups that merged to form FRESC have lengthy histories, some dating back 30 years\n\nVision:\n\nNatural resource managers, policy makers, and the scientific community will recognize FRESC as a premier source of unbiased and socially relevant scientific information.\n\n[Summary provided by the U.S. Geological Survey.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "041211a9-bdb8-441a-85fc-6501f1517a81", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f97a51-9e5b-42e9-ad1f-fcfac7b8d87d", - "label": "LGGE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d923b41-7e05-482c-9ffa-6a6532b19f6c", - "label": "DOI/USGS/CMG/WRCMG/MBMS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is a Federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast. Stretching from Marin to Cambria, the MBNMS encompasses a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322 square miles of ocean. Supporting one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems, it is home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates and plants in a remarkably productive coastal environment. The MBNMS was established for the purpose of resource protection, research, education, and public use of this national treasure. The MBNMS is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n\nSummary provided by http://montereybay.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "129687ec-ad1b-4159-8700-e15a4dbd513a", - "label": "UK/BBSRC/UKCROPNET", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council\n(BBSRC) is the leading funding agency for academic research and\ntraining in the biosciences at universities and institutes\nthroughout the UK.\n\nResearch funded by BBSRC furthers our understanding of processes\nat the level of molecules and cells, as well as improving our\nknowledge of how whole organisms work, and how they interact\nwith each other in populations and ecological systems\n\nThe UK Crop Plant Bioinformatics Network (UK CropNet) was\nestablished in 1996 as part of the BBSRC's Plant and Animal\nGenome Analysis special initiative. Our focus is the\ndevelopment, management, and distribution of information\nrelating to comparative mapping and genome research in crop\nplants.\n\nWebsite: 'http://ukcrop.net/'\n\n[Summary provided by The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences\nResearch Council and The UK Crop Plant Bioinformatics Network.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "157a17b1-e036-422b-8cfb-fa966a514877", - "label": "LGGE/CNRS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "LGGE has built its reputation on the scientific study of climate and atmospheric composition. These studies focus on the present but also on past trends through the archives that make up the snow and ice accumulated over time. However LGGE has other very competitive know-how focused on snow and ice, as the physical and mechanical properties of ice, the air-snow chemical exchange or the acquisition of field data and satellite . The research carried out combines technological and analytical approach to numerical modeling related to various fields, from the atmosphere to the flow of ice masses. The Arctic and Antarctic polar regions are preferred sites of action of LGGE but experience also extends to mountain areas: study of alpine glaciers, Andean and Himalayan pollution in the Alpine valleys. These studies contribute to understanding major scientific problems that are often social issues such as the greenhouse effect, climate variability and the environment, the mass balance of the cryosphere, the wide pollution global and regional or glacial hazards.\nThe research topics of LGGE developed within the four scientific teams are presented in the 'Research Teams' and the list of publications and activity reports are available in 'Scientific Production'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18f0a1eb-5765-43d2-a026-39fd64100141", - "label": "USDA/APHIS/PPQ", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Animal and Plant Health inspection Service (APHIS) is responsible for\nprotecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health, administering the Animal\nWelfare Act, and carrying out wildlife damage management activities.\n\nThe APHIS mission is an integral part of U.S. Department of Agriculture's\n(USDA) efforts to provide the Nation with safe and affordable food. Without\nAPHIS protecting America's animal and plant resources from agricultural pests\nand diseases, threats to our food supply and to our Nation's economy would be\nenormous. For example, if Mediterranean fruit fly and Asian longhorned beetle,\ntwo major agricultural pests, were left unchecked by APHIS, production and\nmarketing losses of several billions of dollars would occur annually in this\ncountry. And, if APHIS was not on the job as the first line of defense, 24\nhours a day, 7 days a week, animal diseases like foot-and-mouth disease and\nbovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) could devastate our\nlivestock industry and our food supply. All these plant and animal pests and\ndisease threats could cost billions of dollars in lost domestic and\ninternational markets and have a huge impact on U.S. consumers, but APHIS has\naggressively and successfully worked to prevent and respond to these\nsituations.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USDA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "216c96e1-f190-4f6b-a1c2-419d39515915", - "label": "TAMU/CNRIT", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Center for Natural Resource Information Technology (CNRIT) serves as an institution for research and development that takes a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to information and decision support systems for planning, monitoring and assessing management paradigms, new technologies and policy relative to the economic well-being of landholders, society and the natural resources supporting future generations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "220d4cb3-8b03-4bba-bc97-cde3a45c14a3", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23595c29-806e-4e0e-8d7d-b7e418b5b1e3", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/LST", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Land Surface Team (LST) provides research and oversight for\nland remote sensing products and activities in NOAA/NESDIS. Land\nsurface products are developed and generated to provide boundary\nand initial conditions for numerical weather prediction models,\nfor input to coupled models for ENSO forecasts, for drought\ndetection and assessment, and for NWP model validation and\nimprovement.\n\nWebsite: 'http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/crad/sat/surf/'\n\n[Summary provided by the NOAA LST]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24ff851e-f09c-4a6d-9e5b-0deab6d9fe46", - "label": "LRMG/DBB/UERJ", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29957325-ec04-419f-88f1-20916624ae13", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/LA/GPM", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate Homepage, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/gpm ] \n\nGPM Constellation is a joint mission with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and other international partners. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it will initiate the measurement of global precipitation, a key climate factor. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete sampling of the Earth's precipitation. GPM Constellation is envisioned to consist of a core spacecraft to measure precipitation structure and to provide a calibration standard for the constellation spacecraft, an international constellation of NASA and contributed spacecraft to provide frequent precipitation measurements on a global basis, calibration/validation sites distributed globally with a broad array of precipitation-measuring instrumentation, and a global precipitation data system to produce and distribute global rain maps and climate research products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2af11745-524e-43b6-b556-f8ae0c31f984", - "label": "DOE/NREL/PSEC/DESI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Distributed Energy Systems Integration group, managed by Dr. James Cale, conducts collaborative research and provides technical support in a range of distributed generation areas, including interconnection engineering and standards, system integration engineering and testing, interconnection interface applications, and policy and regulatory analysis.\n\n[Summary provided by NREL's Power Systems Engineering Center.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ff8aff2-3760-48c5-bf9e-c603a4e07d1e", - "label": "RU/FSR/HME/AARI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37a23460-73cf-4383-b7b6-5fabba68022f", - "label": "ACCU-WEATHER", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "ACCU-DATA is the world's most comprehensive and flexible state-of-the-art\ndatabase designed and continually improved by Accu-Weather's staff of over 100\nmeteorologists and computer scientists, and is real-time, interactive and\naffordable. ACCU-DATA data sources include the National Weather Service (NWS)\nDomestic Data Service (including Services A and C), NWS Public Products\nService, State Weather Wires, International Data Service, National\nMeteorological Center Numerical Products Service, FAA 604 Data Circuit,\nEuropean World Forecasting Model data, DIFAX, WEFAX, GOES Satellite data,\nlightning data and radar data.\nACCU-DATA consists of 6 major components:\n1) Data and Text: Select from over 35,000 data types including surface\n observations, upper air data, forecasts, watches, warnings, climatological\n summaries and marine data. Easy commands allow you to select what you need\n by site, region, state or county, and for specific time periods.\n2) High Resolution Maps: The Advanced Map Plotting System (AMPS) permits you to\n choose from over one million high resolution maps and graphics. Any area of\n the world can be sized and contoured to your specifications at a keystroke.\n Then you overlay the data display you want in the exact form and format you\n desire.\n3) Color Graphic Images: Choose from over 2,000 full color graphics daily--the\n same high quality images used by television stations and major government\n agencies. Select national and regional satellite images, radars and\n RadarPlus, current and forecast surface and upper air maps, and temperature\n band maps.\n4) Lightning Data and Graphics: the distribution, intensity and frequency of\n lightning strikes are available in real-time on a local, regional and\n national basis.\n5) European and Other Forecast Models: The European World Forecast Model,\n MRF (Spectral), NGM (Nested Grid Model), RAF's (Regional Area Forecast) and\n LFM (Limited Fine Mesh) model outputs yield computerized forecasts for the\n Northern and Southern Hemispheres up to 7 days ahead.\n6) DIFAX: Access over 300 NWS DIFAX products within seconds of availability.\nACCU-DATA Contact:\n Email: info@accuwx.com\n Phone: 814-235-8600 (AccuWeather Sales)\n WWW: 'http://www.accuweather.com/'\nAccess Procedures:\nConnect from anywhere in the world by telephone. Requires no specialized\nequipment and is compatible with virtually all terminals, modems, and personal\nand business computers.\nOrdering/Price Policy:\nPay only for the time you use. No phone charges, set up fees, or penalty\novertime costs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3807d23e-b701-4b28-87ae-3ffbb1fbe6c1", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e8dcb5b-3acf-4334-8e09-a23f0f4d72d5", - "label": "IN/ISRO/MOSDAC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44a93a03-29c0-4800-a5a8-67d2c2c2caa7", - "label": "OR-STATE/EOARC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center is a branch of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station of OSU's College of Agricultural Sciences. Jointly funded and staffed by OSU and Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center serves two major cattle-raising environments of the region: the sagebrush-steppe of the Great Basin and the inland coniferous forests. The mission is to develop agricultural and natural resource strategies that maintain or enhance intermountain forest and shrub steppe ecosystems for the benefit of present and future generations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "450eda8e-ab22-487d-bce2-8d55c811bec9", - "label": "CEDA", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45483768-5470-42f8-a204-20f9855533f5", - "label": "VIETNAM", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c6dd36a-98fe-4081-8353-b47dea583d12", - "label": "DataONE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e372e20-55a7-4d3b-ab0f-cde1f15578c6", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NOSA", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "NOAA can manage its observation system more efficiently and effectively with an architecture that defines a consistent set of principles, policies, and standards. The NOAA Observing System Architecture (NOSA) Action Group, directed by the NOSA Senior Steering Group, was established to develop an observational architecture that helps NOAA:\n\n * design observing systems that support NOAA's mission and provide maximum value,\n * avoid duplication of existing systems, and\n * operate efficiently and in a cost-effective manner.\n\nNOSA includes:\n\n * NOAA's observing systems (and others) required to support NOAA's mission,\n * The relationship among observing systems including how they contribute to support NOAA's mission and associated observing requirements, and\n * the guidelines governing the design of a target architecture and the evolution toward this target architecture\n\nSummary provided by http://nosa.noaa.gov/about_nosa.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fb7aac8-712f-4664-a2c3-f3a3d89e9562", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/HDISC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "[Text Source: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/hydrology/ ]\n\nThe Hydrology DISC supports data products generated by GSFC's Hydrological Sciences Branch. Data products from the North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) can be accessed through anonymous ftp, the Mirador search and access tool or the GrADS Data Server (GDS). NLDAS and GLDAS systems integrate data from multiple space-based Earth observing systems using advanced land surface modeling and assimilation techniques. These products support weather and climate forecast experiments, water resources applications, and water and energy cycle research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51e837ac-022a-47ee-a0b6-726f24306b7a", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/NBII/MPIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Mountain Prairie Information Node (MPIN) is a part of the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) program. The NBII was established by the National Biological Survey in 1993 and is composed of a network of geographic (regional) and thematic information nodes that collectively provide Web-based access to high-quality data, information, and resources about the Nation's biological resources. Mountain Prairie is a key part of the national program, focusing on Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and relevant parts of Idaho.\n\nMountain Prairie's mission is to develop an integrated Web-based program that provides access to information about biological resources in the mountains and prairies of the north-central United States and that contributes to the collaborative conservation of these resources.\n\nMountain Prairie provides:\n\n * Geographically-based information at regional, state, and other scales.\n * Thematically organized information concerning topics of regional interest.\n * Tools and processes that facilitate data integration. \n\nThe Mountain Prairie Information Node is managed by Montana State University's Big Sky Institute for Science & Natural History (BSI), the USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, and the USGS Northern Rockies Mountain Science Center (NRMSC). Together, these organizations have partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey, and Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks to develop a strategic plan that will guide the program over 2006-2010.\n\nSummary provided by http://mpin.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56b64767-f574-4853-ae3c-72ecfc56a218", - "label": "AIRNow", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5913c3db-41bb-4c20-af8d-d95603ba00cf", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/NBII/PBIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "PBIN is an information system that provides access to data and computer applications related to Pacific Island biodiversity. It is a cooperative venture including federal, state, public, and private organizations. These organizations have joined together in hopes of having a lasting impact on the biodiversity of tropical and subtropical islands by providing well-organized, authoritative, and timely information to educate, enable scientific progress, and address questions related to biodiversity conservation. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.nbii.gov/portal/community/Communities/Geographic_Perspectives/Pacific_Basin/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5dc3064a-2ee6-432d-88e2-1fef76b40ef1", - "label": "IOOS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61ef5681-fb19-4ba1-9858-aecd1e96cf56", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/OSPO", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "624b3f56-3572-4078-8614-98f15a7908ff", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/OSDPD", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The NOAA Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution\n (OSDPD) manages and directs the operation of the central ground\n facilities which ingest, process, and distribute environmental\n satellite data and derived products to domestic and foreign\n users.\n \n Mission Statement:\n \n -The Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution\n (OSDPD) manages and directs the operation of the central ground\n facilities which ingest, process, and distribute environmental\n satellite data and derived products to domestic and foreign\n users.\n \n -OSDPD serves as the primary operating level interface with\n civil sector users of data from operational environmental\n satellites.\n \n -OSDPD provides interpretive and consultative services to those\n users and is responsible for the transmission of data products\n to remote receiving stations.\n \n -OSDPD provides for the collection of environmental data from\n remote platforms using NESDIS satellites.\n \n -OSDPD manages the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking\n (SARSAT) System, and is responsible for coordinating and\n implementing the United States activities in the international\n satellite aided search and rescue program, COSPAS-SARSAT.\n \n -OSDPD assists the Office of the Assistant Administrator in\n planning and developing new satellites and ground facilities and\n the major modifications to existing facilities within the\n central ground facilities and National Weather Service field\n stations.\n \n -OSDPD maintains the central ground facilities and makes such\n improvements to the equipment and software that are within the\n available capabilities and resources.\n \n -OSDPD evaluates the effectiveness of the operational ground\n facilities and procedures in terms of the quality and quantity.\n \n -OSDPD assesses the timeliness of the products and services\n provided and maintains an inventory of operational products and\n services and prepares assessments, recommendations and plans for\n the initiation of new products and services.\n \n Website: https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/\n \n [Summary provided by OSDPD]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "659b2007-000f-4608-95c6-41b431223ab1", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NOS/OCM", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6691e077-1fc9-4509-b49b-3b896d6c49ac", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/OSEI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The mission of the NOAA Operational Significant Event Imagery\n(OSEI) is to produce high-resolution, detailed imagery of\nsignificant environmental events which are visible in\nremotely-sensed data available at the NOAA Science Center in\nSuitland, Maryland.\n\nDaily Operational Significant Event Imagery Report (DOSEIR)\noutlines the events we have captured in satellite imagery and\nprovides a direct link to each image. The images are described\nwith short narratives.\n\nThis report is available Monday through Friday as an email via\nsubscription or on this website in a remote window.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.osei.noaa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by OSEI]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702015ed-b703-44eb-97de-5d086d5d343a", - "label": "UKS/BINHM/PALEOBOT", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "For approximately 15 years, our laboratory has been working on various aspects\nof Late Permian (~250 million years ago) and Middle Triassic (238 myr) floras\nfrom Antarctica. The best of these floras is anatomically preserved, so that\nevery cell within the plants is intact, a preservation process called\npermineralization. Permineralized deposits are the rarest form of plant fossil\npreservation and can reveal a great deal of information about anatomy,\nmorphology, and reproductive biology, as well as plant-animal and plant-microbe\ninteractions in the ecosystem. In addition, the floras from Antarctica are\nparticularly important since we know very little about the plants that lived\nduring the Permian and Triassic, due to generally poor preservation of floras\nelsewhere in the world. During these time periods a number of unusual seed\nplant groups evolved, several of which have been implicated as possible\nancestors of the flowering plants (angiosperms), the group that dominates the\nworld today.The availability of anatomically preserved material from these\ngroups has furthered our knowledge of seed plant evolution in the late\nPaleozoic and Mesozoic considerably.\n\nThis research has already produced significant results including:\n\n-The oldest, anatomically preserved fossil cycad (Smoot et al., 1985) and\nassociated pollen cone (Klavins et al., 2003)\n\n-Evidence of polyembryony in Permian seeds (Smoot and Taylor, 1986)\n\n-Two standing fossil forests which grew at very high paleolatitudes\n(80-85º S in the Permian; 70-75º in the Triassic) (Taylor et al., 1992; Cúneo\net al., 2003)\n\n-Anatomically preserved reproductive organs of the Permian seed ferns,\nGlossopteridales (Taylor and Taylor, 1992) and associated stems and leaves\n(Pigg et al., 1990, 1993)\n\n-The discovery that Triassic Dicroidium-type leaves were borne on\ndifferent stem types in East Gondwana and West Gondwana (Meyer-Berthaud et al.,\n1993)\n\n-A completely new group of Mesozoic seed ferns, the Petriellales, which\nshow some characters similar to the flowering plants (Triassic) (Taylor et al.,\n1994)\n\n-Triassic specimens of Osmunda, the 'interrupted fern,' which appear\nalmost identical to modern forms (Phipps et al., 1998)\n\n-Data on paleoclimate in Antarctica based on fossil tree rings, indicating\nthat the poles were warmer than has been suggested from physical paleoclimate\nmodels (Taylor et al., 2000)\n\n-The first evidence of the attachment of Dicroidium fronds, the most\ncommon leaf type in the Triassic of the southern hemisphere, to stems that also\nbear seeds in cupules (Axsmith et al., 2000)\n\nWebsite: http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/default.htm\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Kansas.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70a7c747-c22c-43b7-9b4d-9051111015b0", - "label": "USDA/ADDS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Agricultural Database for Decision Support Center is the result of efforts\nof the Cooperative Extension System and Land Grant Universities in cooperation\nwith other public and private individuals and groups. ADDS Center products are\ncompiled from extension materials, university research reports and private\nindustry documents into easily accessible, readily available reference\nmaterials. ADDS Center products can benefit the following industry groups: \n\n1. Producers. Providing instant access to timely information to support\nimportant decisions.\n\n2. Education Providers. A one-stop shop for educational resources and\ninformation technology.\n\n3. Private Industry. The latest in research information to assist clients in\nmaking informed decisions.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.adds.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USDA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "714f79b8-34af-4aa6-a075-ed80470a3812", - "label": "WHOI/WSG", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Woods Hole Sea Grant program, based at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), supports research, education, and extension projects that encourage environmental stewardship, long-term economic development, and responsible use of the nation’s coastal and ocean resources. It is part of the National Sea Grant College Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a network of 32 individual programs located in each of the coastal and Great Lakes states. Together, these programs form a national network of over 300 participating institutions involving more than 3,000 scientists, engineers, educators, students, and outreach experts.\n\nSea Grant’s legislative charge is to “increase the understanding, assessment, development, utilization, and conservation of the nation’s ocean and coastal resources by providing assistance to promote a strong educational base, responsive research and training activities, and broad and prompt dissemination of knowledge and techniques.”\n\nLocally, Sea Grant’s affiliation with WHOI began in 1971 with support for a number of individual research projects. In 1973, WHOI was designated a Coherent Sea Grant Program and, in 1985, was elevated to its current status as an Institutional Sea Grant Program. The Woods Hole Sea Grant Program has made great strides to channel the expertise of world-renowned ocean scientists toward meeting the research and information needs of users of the marine environment. Public and private institutions throughout Massachusetts, and the northeast region, participate in the Woods Hole Sea Grant Program.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.whoi.edu/seagrant/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72a4a606-6c4f-4853-bcc2-0492c2eef29b", - "label": "TAMU/BLACKLAND", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7315aa27-2d06-4d42-bd4a-4b35ff948159", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/NBII/SWIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Southwest Strategy is a community development and natural resources\nconservation and management effort by federal, state, tribal and local\ngovernments. Its mission is to facilitate collaborative, scientifically based\napproaches to enhance communities and its resources. The major focus is the\nUnited States and the Mexican Border?s ecosystem and water supply.\n\nThe Scientific Information Database (SID) lets you search for information on\nscientific research or collection activities on federal public lands in Arizona\nand New Mexico.\n\nWebsite: 'http://swin.nbii.gov/sid'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77ca1af2-3526-47df-944c-0071d21cde38", - "label": "KOBIS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e600ff0-b546-4012-abdd-951d4f56d2e1", - "label": "DOI/USGS/CMG/WHSC/GMIS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Research Environmental Data and Information Management System (REDIMS) for the\nGulf of Maine - a Regional Marine Research Program funded collaborative between\nthe University of New Hampshire (UNH) , the Bedford Institute of Oceanography\n(BIO), Dartmouth College , and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). A list of\nregional research programs along with data links are available online.\n\n[Source: 'http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/oracle/gomaine/']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80f4b816-9b51-4279-a2a5-1ab4d3b3396b", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/GEO-IDE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Global Earth Observation - Integrated Data Environment (GEO-IDE) wiki contains information on a wide variety of standards and tools being considered, used or developed across NOAA and in the broader environmental data management community. It is intended to help you find resources and connect to others in order to improve the access, interoperability, and usability of environmental information.\n\nThe wiki makes use of “Categories” to help organize and manage content (see Wikipedia Categories Page for information about using categories). The Categories link in the navigation menu on the left links to the Categories List from any page in the wiki. See using the GEO-IDE wiki page for additional tips on using the wiki. \n\n[Summary provided by NOAA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8952670f-37c5-4fa3-b6a9-c8e89497f09c", - "label": "Cal-Adapt", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89a8717d-eb00-4dad-8fdf-3757bb8ff171", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9678d3a6-5c21-41c5-b794-83817989d662", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC) is dedicated to supporting ecosystem management by providing access to the Nation's coastal and ocean data resources.\n\nNCDDC fulfills this mission by bringing together diverse coastal data from a variety of sources and creating ways for users to access data via the Internet. In order to make coastal data more accessible, NCDDC maintains a searchable metadata catalog of coastal data, develops gateways to data repositories, and uses technology that allows users to receive data in specific formats for their needs.\n\nTo enhance our mission, NCDDC forms partnerships across NOAA and with agencies in federal, state and local government, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations that collect or provide coastal data and information. By maintaining these partnerships, NCDDC is able to know what partner data collections are available and produce dynamic end-to-end data and information products.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ncddc.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98afeb95-b773-4d6a-8689-5eb748e7203c", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/ACDISC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Composition Data and Information Services Center (ACDISC) is a\nportal to the Atmospheric Composition (AC) specific, user driven, multi-sensor,\non-line, easy access archive and distribution system employing data analysis\nand visualization, data mining, and other user requested techniques for the\nbetter science data usage.\n\nIt provides convenient access to AC data and information from various\nremote-sensing missions, from heritage TOMS, UARS, MODIS, and AIRS data sets,\nto the most recent data from Aura OMI, MLS, HIRDLS (once these data sets are\nreleased to the public), as well as AC data sets residing at other remote\narchive sites.\n\n[Text From the ACDISC home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "999a2474-5a48-4e7c-b107-e1e707c72f2c", - "label": "SEA-COOS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEA-COOS)\nis an information system that collects, manages, and\ndisseminates observations and information products of the\ncoastal ocean off of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and\nFlorida. It is an effort to develop an umbrella organization to\ncoordinate observing system related activities in the four\nstates.\n\nSEA-COOS is envisioned to be one of the regional systems ringing\nthe U.S. to form the coastal component of the Integrated Ocean\nObserving System (IOOS).\n\nOne of the challenges faced in developing IOOS is how to move\nforward from the planning stage. SEA-COOS is an initiative to\nstart building a regional system for the Southeast and is based,\nin part, on the results of a planning workshop held in Miami, 27,\n29 June. It will enhance and expand existing observing\nsystems, test and develop needed sensor support infrastructure\nsuch as data transmission and power systems, develop data\nmanagement capabilities such as Web-based regional DODS servers\nand a gateway for data and metadata to national repositories,\nand develop data-assimilative model products. Because these\ncomponents are required by all coastal observing networks,\nadvances made within this project will benefit the development\nof the national system.\n\nWHY? Better and more timely information on the state of the\ncoastal ocean is needed to support better decision-making and to\npromote better quality of life in the coastal zone. Over the\nlast decade there has been an international effort to define how\nthis should happen, called the Global Ocean Observing System\n(GOOS).\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.seacoos.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by SEA-COOS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ae61c7c-dc8c-4a88-bd4c-320b58089921", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/NEESPI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The GES DISC NEESPI portal is a multi-sensor, online, easy access data archive and distribution system to provide advanced data management capabilities in support of the NEESPI scientific objectives. Its tools include data analysis and visualization, data mining and other techniques for better science data usage.\n\nThe portal integrates remote sensing data from MODIS, AVHRR, and other instruments on board polar-orbiting satellites, with customized data products from climatology data sets and models into a single one-stop-shopping; interdisciplinary NEESPI data center for remote sensing products. \n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://neespi.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Text Source: GES-DISC/NEESPI Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0631ab7-4db5-479e-9ee2-d414b0ec8705", - "label": "ORAU/ORISE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a58e4924-5da8-4bc4-b68f-969afbc260c6", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/WERC/SNGC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Sierra Nevada Global Change Research Program began in 1991. The program was\noriginally funded by the National Park Service, and is now funded by the\nBiological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. \n\nThe program has involved more than 20 scientists from ten research\ninstitutions. Studies of the Sierra Nevada organized around three time periods:\npast, present and future.\n\nWebsite: http://www.werc.usgs.gov/sngc/\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad4a01a6-5c60-4708-ae9b-b44aabbf9659", - "label": "NASA/MSFC/SWC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Solar Physics Group at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center was formed in the early 1970's in conjunction with the Apollo Skylab Mission. These pages contain an overview of solar physics itself along with highlights of our own work, our current projects, and possible future missions.\n\nSummary provided by http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1354238-1b5e-48a3-a68c-6ad8ac7b90c0", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/CERC/BRAZOS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Brazos Field Research Station (BFRS) of the Columbia Environmental Research\nCenter (CERC) provides leadership and scientific information for the U.S.\nGeological Survey. BFRS works with members from CERC and Wildlife and\nFisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University.\n\nCERC?s main focus includes fields in toxicology, ecology, biochemistry and\nphysiology, environmental chemistry, ecogeography, and information technology.\nBFRS while under the supervision of CERC conducts ecotoxicological field\nresearch and provide technical assistance to meet the goals of the USGS.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/FRS_Webs/Brazos1/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b175a5c3-9b7b-48ed-a55f-c7c71d5f6318", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/COARE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The TOGA COARE Data Information System contains information\nabout TOGA COARE datasets and provides direct access to data\ncenters. You may locate a dataset by using the Data User's Guide\nor the catalog. If you already know the dataset location, go\ndirectly to one of the permanent data centers identified\nbelow. Additional COARE-related information is available at this\nsite, including online reports, a publication list, e-mail\nmailing list (tcsci) subscription services, and updates from the\ncommunity. Links to other COARE data inventories, browse\nproducts and data websites are also provided.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/'\n\n[Summary provided by TOGA COARE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b21f7975-82ec-4ee0-a061-7dc5a507d39c", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4d761c0-08d5-466e-928c-f30bd36ccb4c", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/CBI/NBII/WDIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfa5e686-6692-4bbd-a889-e863f5cd38ef", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d662008d-b069-4ad7-aa60-df5a7dd9b62e", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/CBI/NBII/SAIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) is a broad,\ncollaborative program to provide increased access to data and information on\nthe nation's biological resources. The NBII links diverse, high-quality\nbiological databases, information products, and analytical tools maintained by\nNBII partners and other contributors in government agencies, academic\ninstitutions, non-government organizations, and private industry.\n\nThe NBII is a program based amongst federal state, international,\nnon-government, and academic and private industry partners.\n\nWebsite: 'http://sain.nbii.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d83cfe62-201f-4a36-89d2-3ef9dd4beb33", - "label": "TBSTEST", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9c35c4e-17f8-4b51-9384-d24fca95dd45", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/OBPG", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) is responsible for the production and distribution of the ocean color data products from the MODIS sensor on Aqua and from SeaWiFS (Sea Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor).\n \nMODIS and SeaWiFS standard products can be found at http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/ or by ftp at ftp://oceans.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \nVisually search the ocean color data archive and directly download and/or order data from single files to the entire mission through the Level 1 and 2 Browser at http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/browse.pl?sen=am\n \nBrowse the entire Level 3 global ocean color data set for many parameters and time periods and download either JPEG images or digital data in HDF format. View time series plots of selected SeaWiFS parameters for selected regions of the globe. Level 3 Standard Mapped Images for MODIS Aqua and SeaWiFS can be found at https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0e0fafb-495b-4932-9399-2a69ec54eec7", - "label": "UAK-F/GI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e26dc6df-d3d4-48b1-83e4-a251f04c67fe", - "label": "FI/FEI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) is the national\nenvironmental research and development centre of the\nenvironmental administration. Research and development in the\nSYKE deals with changes in the environment, cause and effect\nrelationships, means of resolving environmental problems and\neffects of policy measures. SYKE is the national environmental\ninformation centre and provides expert services and takes care\nof certain national and international statutory tasks.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.environment.fi/'\n\n[Summary provided by The Finnish Environment Institute]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2c8850f-c171-4787-a1f9-6a3ee0420ffb", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/EOS/ESDIS/ECHO", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Provide the NASA workforce the information infrastructure and tools that adapt and evolve to support management, science, research, and technology programs; to develop and implement unique and specialized IT systems to support mission planning and operations; and provide systems that disseminate information to the public and that preserve NASA's information assets.\n \nSummary Provided by:\n \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/offices/ocio/about/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3a96915-4b58-4b47-9bf3-a5f7597b7611", - "label": "DOI/USGS/CMG/WHSC/MS/GLORIA", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The GLORIA system was developed specifically to map the morphology and texture\nof seafloor features in the deep ocean. The GLORIA system is a digital side\nscan sonar system capable of producing digital image maps of the seafloor from\nreflected sound waves. \n\nThe GLORIA creates sonographs by transmitting images by way of sound pulses and\nrecorded echoes from the sea floor as the collecting ship moves along a set\ncourse. The sound source and receivers are built into a 'fish' that is towed\nabout 200 meters behind a ship. This electronic mapping system brings out a\nsignal pulse every 30 seconds, which is then recorded by shipboard computers.\nThe GLORIA provides such a broad view of the seafloor. The recorded digital\ndata are processed and used to construct digital maps of the seafloor.\n\nWebsite: http://coastalmap.marine.usgs.gov/gloria/\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e672670f-5a87-4c6c-b999-4a0cb986b1bc", - "label": "UCO/CEAS/CCAR", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR) was established at the\nUniversity of Colorado at Boulder in the College of Engineering and Applied\nScience during the fall of 1985. It is hosted by the Department of Aerospace\nEngineering Sciences and is a part of the University of Colorado's commitment\nto develop a program of excellence in space science. CCAR is a\nmultidisciplinary group involving faculty, staff and students from the\nDepartments of Aerospace Engineering Sciences and Electrical and Computer\nEngineering. Its research program emphasizes astrodynamics, satellite\nmeteorology, oceanography, geodesy, and terrestrial vegetation studies.\n\nWebsite: http://ccar.colorado.edu/\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Colorado.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8dfc732-9097-494c-996b-c7ce882e049e", - "label": "USGS NMWSC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Welcome to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Web page for the water resources of New Mexico; this is your direct link to all kinds of water-resource information. Here you'll find information on New Mexico's rivers and streams. You'll also find information about ground water, water quality, and many other topics. The USGS operates the most extensive satellite network of stream-gaging stations in New Mexico, many of which form the backbone of flood-warning systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9a2f905-b0bc-4352-b7a2-af0afd49a037", - "label": "NFHP", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efb8a6e2-44a8-4da9-9f01-e234d014a127", - "label": "DOI/USGS/FICS/CARS/NAS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Nonindigenous Aquatic Species originally started with the passage of the\nNonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species Control and Prevention Act of 1990. The\ngoal of the information system is to provide timely, reliable data about the\npresence and distribution of Nonindigenous aquatic species.\n\nThe Data Repository and Information Management uses geographic information\nsystem (GIS) technology supported by significant information management and\nanalysis capability, and a computerized data repository to collect, analyze and\ndisseminate information about the presence and distribution of Nonindigenous\naquatic species and their effects.\n\nReporting and findings for the GIS will be directly presented by the Center or\nthrough intermediaries, such as university researchers, State fish and wildlife\nagency staff, Sea Grant Marine Advisory Service agents, and research\nlaboratories.\n\nWebsite: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f13a4ed7-4436-4d3e-97a9-586779750d22", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/ATMODYN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4a6a354-8206-4799-9cb7-28be14b324ff", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/HBSL/BISB/MODAPS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5ebc827-1782-41cb-a78d-2782ebde4bb9", - "label": "CMI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Cycloview Media Inc. supply the worlds widest range of VR Imaging services and consultation. With experience since 1995 we know what works and how well it works. We specialize in Production services but are able to carry out creative undertaking and distribution. We offer a unique data rescue service that allows us to rescue your lost images form Flash card. We supply both Java and QuickTime solutions for the web we use XML.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.productionhub.com/directory/description.aspx?item=135637", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f91efc17-b50a-4119-8aa1-6d34258c09a3", - "label": "NASA/JPL/EMIT", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) science team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory will generate new, more accurate mineral composition maps of Earth’s dust source regions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/gcmd-verticalresolutionrange.json b/resources/json/gcmd-verticalresolutionrange.json deleted file mode 100644 index 63edda4..0000000 --- a/resources/json/gcmd-verticalresolutionrange.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "label": "Vertical Resolution Ranges", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0893353d-4e8c-4b31-bcc5-fce552ccfff3", - "label": "Point Resolution", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "201337ea-fa14-4e58-a538-e92c5ff734a4", - "label": "1 meter - < 10 meters", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20505a5b-4df8-4430-83a3-ad7b212c9bfc", - "label": "10 meters - < 30 meters", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f0aa4fc-802c-4804-9f9f-8b666f3a2776", - "label": "> 1 km", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a66aa809-5320-408d-9cbe-86ed7940b8ec", - "label": "30 meters - < 100 meters", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf1f085e-4948-4874-9640-e236fff7bc8d", - "label": "< 1 meter", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eccf8700-c503-46a3-b6f7-86cf7e48465a", - "label": "100 meters - < 1 km", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/lcc-category-keywords.json b/resources/json/lcc-category-keywords.json deleted file mode 100644 index 69db63f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/lcc-category-keywords.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[{ - "label": "Conservation design", - "uuid": "21cd1d35-2b38-4c8c-9f2a-6206c3358ac8" - }, - { - "label": "Conservation planning", - "uuid": "df9dfc35-ca87-4427-9b8c-30cfa792cb13" - }, - { - "label": "Data Acquisition and Development", - "uuid": "4ff0b865-a3f9-46ff-af84-618c773fabb4" - }, - { - "label": "Data Management and Integration", - "uuid": "deafcd1e-24ef-4b8a-96d6-08cc2fbdc8da" - }, - { - "label": "Decision support", - "uuid": "44402ffb-a509-47c8-a1b5-9a7864e02433" - }, - { - "label": "Informing Conservation Delivery", - "uuid": "77d7e292-1174-4969-883d-e63a7213af53" - }, - { - "label": "Monitoring", - "uuid": "11877b7e-133b-40fc-8377-77e7f1ff8bcb" - }, - { - "label": "Population and Habitat Evaluation/Projection", - "uuid": "95876b11-23f8-4ec7-9ed7-c2050fd7061e" - }, - { - "label": "Socio-economics/Ecosystem Services", - "uuid": "3d097386-6df3-4d86-aa97-47b94ef2fe00" - }, - { - "label": "Traditional Ecological Knowledge", - "uuid": "5af816d0-fb10-4959-87dc-7ba7999e03df" - }, - { - "label": "Vulnerability Assessment", - "uuid": "c092afab-5f1b-4afe-9399-66a021d7c2d4" - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/lcc-category.json b/resources/json/lcc-category.json deleted file mode 100644 index fc9fce1..0000000 --- a/resources/json/lcc-category.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,63 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [{ - "date": "2017-09", - "dateType": "revision" - }], - "title": "Project Category - Landscape Conservation Cooperatives", - "edition": "2017", - "onlineResource": [{ - "uri": "https://www.sciencebase.gov/vocab/vocabulary/52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18" - }], - "identifier": [{ - "identifier": "5da1d3b7-375b-58ae-a134-2ee0c94c395f" - }] - }, - "keywords": [{ - "label": "Conservation design", - "uuid": "21cd1d35-2b38-4c8c-9f2a-6206c3358ac8" - }, - { - "label": "Conservation planning", - "uuid": "df9dfc35-ca87-4427-9b8c-30cfa792cb13" - }, - { - "label": "Data Acquisition and Development", - "uuid": "4ff0b865-a3f9-46ff-af84-618c773fabb4" - }, - { - "label": "Data Management and Integration", - "uuid": "deafcd1e-24ef-4b8a-96d6-08cc2fbdc8da" - }, - { - "label": "Decision support", - "uuid": "44402ffb-a509-47c8-a1b5-9a7864e02433" - }, - { - "label": "Informing Conservation Delivery", - "uuid": "77d7e292-1174-4969-883d-e63a7213af53" - }, - { - "label": "Monitoring", - "uuid": "11877b7e-133b-40fc-8377-77e7f1ff8bcb" - }, - { - "label": "Population and Habitat Evaluation/Projection", - "uuid": "95876b11-23f8-4ec7-9ed7-c2050fd7061e" - }, - { - "label": "Socio-economics/Ecosystem Services", - "uuid": "3d097386-6df3-4d86-aa97-47b94ef2fe00" - }, - { - "label": "Traditional Ecological Knowledge", - "uuid": "5af816d0-fb10-4959-87dc-7ba7999e03df" - }, - { - "label": "Vulnerability Assessment", - "uuid": "c092afab-5f1b-4afe-9399-66a021d7c2d4" - } - ], - "keywordType": "LCC Project Category", - "label": "LCC Project Category" -} diff --git a/resources/json/lcc-deliverabletype-keywords.json b/resources/json/lcc-deliverabletype-keywords.json deleted file mode 100644 index d9e36e2..0000000 --- a/resources/json/lcc-deliverabletype-keywords.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -[{ - "label": "Applications and Tools", - "uuid": "2a6b1dc9-1795-4b09-9d86-6c0250063b3d" - }, - { - "label": "Conservation Plan/Design/Framework", - "uuid": "de41eac2-74a4-44c7-9044-36140a82f819" - }, - { - "label": "Datasets/Database", - "uuid": "54617fec-3a0c-45a8-8f25-f3c0da0ef159" - }, - { - "label": "Map", - "uuid": "a77876cd-3c3e-4f7d-b422-03369baf7543" - }, - { - "label": "Methodology/Protocol", - "uuid": "cfe03b40-a669-4851-a48c-b3b373270808" - }, - { - "label": "Pilot/Case Study", - "uuid": "097945e2-01c5-4450-8d92-ee62497a7497" - }, - { - "label": "Presentation", - "uuid": "db6a9f4d-8052-4672-b432-111370948cf4" - }, - { - "label": "Publication", - "uuid": "a51ab411-b439-4583-921e-507eaeb17252" - }, - { - "label": "Report", - "uuid": "d0523908-ef98-4744-a7d3-b816a7b032e0" - }, - { - "label": "Training/Outreach/Workshop", - "uuid": "7635051d-6aca-47a1-ad52-75487e93918f" - }, - { - "label": "User Manual", - "uuid": "9e450af7-e9b4-4a21-b57b-1c68f261271d" - }, - { - "label": "Website", - "uuid": "3938d16e-44b9-4a8d-8682-4239f4b71afc" - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/lcc-deliverabletype.json b/resources/json/lcc-deliverabletype.json deleted file mode 100644 index ec7af49..0000000 --- a/resources/json/lcc-deliverabletype.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,67 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [{ - "date": "2017-09", - "dateType": "revision" - }], - "title": "Deliverable Types - Landscape Conservation Cooperatives", - "edition": "2017", - "onlineResource": [{ - "uri": "https://www.sciencebase.gov/vocab/vocabulary/5307baa3e4b0dcc7bdc913a9" - }], - "identifier": [{ - "identifier": "fa455d4a-5d87-56bc-b074-9a967beff904" - }] - }, - "keywords": [{ - "label": "Applications and Tools", - "uuid": "2a6b1dc9-1795-4b09-9d86-6c0250063b3d" - }, - { - "label": "Conservation Plan/Design/Framework", - "uuid": "de41eac2-74a4-44c7-9044-36140a82f819" - }, - { - "label": "Datasets/Database", - "uuid": "54617fec-3a0c-45a8-8f25-f3c0da0ef159" - }, - { - "label": "Map", - "uuid": "a77876cd-3c3e-4f7d-b422-03369baf7543" - }, - { - "label": "Methodology/Protocol", - "uuid": "cfe03b40-a669-4851-a48c-b3b373270808" - }, - { - "label": "Pilot/Case Study", - "uuid": "097945e2-01c5-4450-8d92-ee62497a7497" - }, - { - "label": "Presentation", - "uuid": "db6a9f4d-8052-4672-b432-111370948cf4" - 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"label": "Analyses" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7e", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Bottles" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7f", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Boxes" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df80", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Cubic Feet" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df81", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Data Reports" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df82", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Drawers" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df83", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Drill Holes" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df84", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "each" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df85", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Feet" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df86", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Individual Samples" - 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}, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df90", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Photographs" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df91", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Polished Pellets" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df92", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Processed Samples" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df93", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Prospects" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df94", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Raster Images" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df95", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Sample Analyses" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df96", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Sites" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df97", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Tapes" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df98", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Tubes" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df99", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Volumes" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df9a", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Well Logs" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "userGroup", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df11", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "General Public" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0c", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "K-12" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df10", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "Other Government Agencies" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df12", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "Private Sector" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0e", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "Professional Researchers" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0f", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "Regulatory Agencies" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0d", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "Universities" - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df13", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "University Students" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "60db5aaa8f518a7e747fab3a", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df09", - "label": "Collection health", - "definition": "Code lists for collection health indicators adopted from Favret and others, 2008, http://favret.aphidnet.org/pubs/Favret_et-al_2008b.pdf", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Favret Arrangement Level", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becb", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Mixed taxa stored in the same vial, jar, unit tray, slide, etc. Annelid slides made from same collection are in different boxes." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becc", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens crowded. Species sharing trays, or taxa scattered in two or more places. Arrangement is only at a higher taxonomic level. More than one annelid sample for collection site is stored in the same box." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becd", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Specimens arranged alphabetically by family, genus, and species, or, if arranged phylogenetically, with an alphabetical cross-referenced list. Annelid slides arranged in boxes according to collection event and/or locality." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4bece", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Specimens arranged geographically within a taxon, or arranged numerically by catalog number if specimens have been databased." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Favret Computerization Level", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4bed0", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Level 1 is not defined." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed1", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "No computerization at all." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed2", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "All [herbarium, mollusk, and vertebrate] specimens databased. Taxonomic information of other groups electronically inventoried, but specimens themselves not yet databased and assigned catalog numbers." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed3", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "All localities geo-referenced and stored electronically. Invertebrates databased at the level of storage unit (pin, vial, jar, slide)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4", - "label": "Favret Condition Of Labels", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed5", - "parentId": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Labels are faded to illegible, crumbling, or missing. Labels have become detached from the specimen." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed6", - "parentId": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Labels are partially faded, laser-printed in fluid or in pencil, or on non-archival paper" - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed7", - "parentId": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Labels are readily legible, printed with non-bleeding (if in fluid) archival paper and ink." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Favret Conservation Status (dry)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed9", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Shells have Byne’s disease. Specimens (of any kind) have signs of pest infestation. Insect specimens have fallen off of pin. Specimens are damaged to the point of being unusable" - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4beda", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens are damaged: broken into multiple pieces, with past pest damage, loose teeth or bones. Insect pins are broken or significantly bent." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedb", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "All specimens are intact and stable." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "label": "Favret Conservation Status (fluid)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bede", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Fluid level is low, but completely covers specimens. Alcohol is dark" - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedf", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Fluid is topped-off and relatively clear" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Favret Conservation Status (slide)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee1", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Slide or cover slip is broken. Mounting medium is crystallized, running, or has receded up to specimen." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee2", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Aqueous mounting medium is not sealed (ringed) under cover slip. Mounting medium has receded. Cover slip or slide is cracked." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee3", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Slide in good condition. Mounted in Canada balsam or cover slip has been sealed (ringed)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Favret Container Condition (dry)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee5", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Specimens in old cardboard boxes, cigar boxes, pill boxes, or paper bags. Specimens not stored in unit trays. Plants mounted on cardboard with rubber cement" - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee6", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens stored in new cardboard boxes or zip-lock bags. Vertebrate trays are unlined. Skulls or skeletal material are in substandard containers. Insects pinned in hard-bottom unit trays. Plants pressed in newspaper. Fungi kept in packets when they should be in boxes, or glued to paper in the packets." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee7", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Unit trays are archival. Insects pinned in foam-bottom trays. Vertebrate trays are lined with acid-free paper. Plants and fungi are in/on acid paper/packet/box withElmer’s or other non-archival glue, or lacking fragment folders." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee8", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": " Plants and fungi in/on acid free paper/packet/box, fixed with acid free glue, and with fragment folders present." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Favret Container Condition (fluid)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beea", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Vial stoppers are cracked, broken, swollen, or disintegrating. Stoppers are made of cork. Vials are loose on shelf, or banded together, and not in vial rack. Jar lids are old and rusted (if metal), or are BakeliteH lids (which crack easily). Jar seals are missing, cracked, or shrinking. Five-gallon buckets have poor seals or loose lids." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beeb", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Hardened but intact vial stoppers. Vials aligned in wire-sided racks. Jar lids are metal or with non-polyethylene jar seals. Large specimens are stored in 5-gallon buckets." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beec", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Vials have good quality stoppers. Vial racks are solid with no risk of vial loss. Jars are bail-topped with polyethylene gaskets, or have polypropylene lids. Large specimens are stored in archival barrels with clamping sealing mechanisms." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Favret Container Condition (slide)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beee", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Slides not in slide box or tray. Slide box broken." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beef", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Slide box not standard 100-slide box. Slides in trays are not protected by envelope or thick labels, which prevent the crushing of the cover slip on one slide by the adjoining slide." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef0", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Good slide boxes or trays with rust-free hinges and substantial closure clasps." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef1", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Tray slides stored flat." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Favret Data Quality", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef3", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Data are in codes or missing entirely." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef4", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Some data are missing but can be inferred. Specimen containers (vials, jars, or slides) lack determination labels." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef5", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "All data fields are complete for all groups except pinned insects may have determination labels missing." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef6", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Localities fully geo-referenced. All species-level insect pins have determination labels." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Favret Identification Level", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef8", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "All specimens undetermined and major groups mixed." - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef9", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens determined to order or family (depending of the size of the group). Not all annelid slides in a slide box fully determined. All other groups determined to the family or genus level." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befa", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Specimens determined to the genus or family level. All other groups determined to species." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befb", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Specimens determined to the species level. All other groups determined to species or (often) subspecies and verified by a specialist." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Favret Processing State (dry)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befd", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Bulk insect specimens papered, or in jars, boxes, or cotton. Unsorted botanical specimens in newspaper or paper bags (backlog)." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befe", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Insect specimens pinned, but improperly mounted on pin or point. Mollusk and vertebrate samples not cleaned, cataloged, or numbered. Botanical material mounted to herbarium sheets with labels, but without accession numbers." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4beff", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Insects properly pinned, pointed, or enveloped. Vertebrate and mollusk specimens cleaned, cataloged and numbered. Herbarium sheets in folders with all labels and accession numbers." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Favret Processing State (fluid)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf01", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Specimens stored in bulk and unprocessed. Unsorted samples stored in Whirlpac bags, Nalgene or other bottles, jars, or in the freezer." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf02", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Mixed field sample, rinsed, stored in clean alcohol, in standard quality storage containers." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf03", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Vertebrate samples sorted and tagged. Mollusk shells and soft body tissue separated. Insect specimens stored in proper vials with cotton and micro-vials, if necessary." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Favret Processing State (slide)", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf05", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "As soon as specimens are slide-mounted they are already semi-processed, so there is no Level 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf06", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens were not cleared prior to mounting, or were improperly oriented on slide." - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf07", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Specimens properly cleared and oriented on slide." - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df09", - "label": "Collection Theme", - "definition": "Type of geoscientific collection.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "58d424d6e4b0f974afcf03c9", - "label": "Biological Collection", - "definition": "Biological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58b45872e4b0f974afcf03b5", - "label": "Geological Collection", - "definition": "Geological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58d4255ee4b0f974afcf03cb", - "label": "Paleontological Collection", - "definition": "Paleontological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58d42532e4b0f974afcf03ca", - "label": "Water Collection", - "definition": "Water sample collection", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Critical Minerals List", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9daa", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Aluminum", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021-1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9dab", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Antimony", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9dac", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Arsenic", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9dad", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Barite", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72b80b41b70958f9dae", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Beryllium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72b80b41b70958f9daf", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Bismuth", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72b80b41b70958f9db0", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Cerium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72b80b41b70958f9db1", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Cesium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72b80b41b70958f9db2", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Chromium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72b80b41b70958f9db3", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Cobalt", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72c80b41b70958f9db4", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Dysprosium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72c80b41b70958f9db5", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Erbium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72c80b41b70958f9db6", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Europium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72c80b41b70958f9db7", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Fluorspar", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72c80b41b70958f9db8", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Gadolinium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72c80b41b70958f9db9", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Gallium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72c80b41b70958f9dba", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Germanium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72d80b41b70958f9dbb", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Graphite", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72d80b41b70958f9dbc", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Hafnium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72e80b41b70958f9dbd", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Holmium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72e80b41b70958f9dbe", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Indium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72e80b41b70958f9dbf", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Iridium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72f80b41b70958f9dc0", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Lanthanum", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72f80b41b70958f9dc1", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Lithium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72f80b41b70958f9dc2", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Lutetium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72f80b41b70958f9dc3", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Magnesium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72f80b41b70958f9dc4", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Manganese", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a72f80b41b70958f9dc5", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Neodymium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dc6", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Nickel", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dc7", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Niobium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dc8", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Palladium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dc9", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Platinum", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dca", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Praseodymium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dcb", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Rhodium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dcc", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Rubidium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dcd", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Ruthenium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dce", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Samarium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73080b41b70958f9dcf", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Scandium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73180b41b70958f9dd0", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Tantalum", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73180b41b70958f9dd1", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Tellurium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73180b41b70958f9dd2", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Terbium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73180b41b70958f9dd3", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Thulium", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - }, - { - "uuid": "6393a73180b41b70958f9dd4", - "parentId": "6393a72a80b41b70958f9da9", - "label": "Tin", - "definition": "Nassar, N.T., and Fortier, S.M., 2021, Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1045, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045." - 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Any alteration type allowed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1662bcbfb314ddee9b76", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "alunitic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1662bcbfb314ddee9b77", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "argillic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1662bcbfb314ddee9b78", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "calcsilicate alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1662bcbfb314ddee9b79", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "carbonate alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1662bcbfb314ddee9b7a", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "chloritic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1663bcbfb314ddee9b7b", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "deuteric alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1663bcbfb314ddee9b7c", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "epidote alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1663bcbfb314ddee9b7d", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "greisen", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1663bcbfb314ddee9b7e", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "hematitic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1663bcbfb314ddee9b7f", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "kaolinitic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1663bcbfb314ddee9b80", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "not altered", - "definition": "Rock or sediment not altered." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1663bcbfb314ddee9b81", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "potassic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b82", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "propylitic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b83", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "pyritic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b84", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "red rock alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b85", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "saussuritised", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b86", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "sericitic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b87", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "serpentinisation", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b88", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "silicification", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b89", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "uralitisation", - "definition": "missing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1664bcbfb314ddee9b8a", - "parentId": "634f1661bcbfb314ddee9b72", - "label": "zeolitic alteration", - "definition": "missing" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "Boreholedrillingmethod", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd4", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "air core", - "definition": "Air core drilling and related methods use hardened steel or tungsten blades to bore a hole into unconsolidated ground. The drill bit has three blades arranged around the bit head, which cut the unconsolidated ground. The rods are hollow and contain an inner tube which sits inside the hollow outer rod barrel. The drill cuttings are removed by injection of compressed air into the hole via the annular area between the innertube and the drill rod. The cuttings are then blown back to surface up the inner tube where they pass through the sample separating system and are collected if needed. Drilling continues with the addition of rods to the top of the drill string. Air core drilling can occasionally produce small chunks of cored rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd5", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "auger", - "definition": "Auger drilling is done with a helical screw which is driven into the ground with rotation; the earth is lifted up the borehole by the blade of the screw. Auger drills may be either rotated by hand or mechanically driven. Hollow stem auger drilling is used for softer ground such as swamps where the hole will not stay open by itself for environmental drilling, geotechnical drilling, soil engineering and geochemistry reconnaissance work in exploration for mineral deposits. Solid flight augers/bucket augers are used in harder ground construction drilling. In some cases, mine shafts are dug with auger drills. Small augers can be mounted on the back of a utility truck, with large augers used for sinking piles for bridge foundations." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd6", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "box core", - "definition": "A sampling method that obtains a large volume or large surface area core with shallow penetration and minimum disturbance. Commonly uses a double spade system." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd7", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "cable tool drilling", - "definition": "A percussion drilling method that uses a heavy drilling tool that is raised and lowered with enough force to pulverise the rock, with the debris removed by a bailer. Although this drilling method has largely been supplanted in recent years by other, faster drilling techniques, it is still the most practicable drilling method for large diameter, deep bedrock wells, and in widespread use for small rural water supply wells. The impact of the drill bit fractures the rock and in many shale rock situations increases the water flow into a well over rotary. Many large diameter water supply wells, especially deep wells completed in bedrock aquifers, were completed using this drilling method." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cd8", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "cone penetrometer test probe", - "definition": "A metal rod with an instrumented cone tip pushed by hammering or hydraulically into weakly consolidated ground at a controlled rate. Tip resistance, sleeve friction and water pressure are commonly measured parameters. Includes static and dynamic cone penetration tests." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cd9", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "conventional core", - "definition": "Core drilling using a diamond or tungsten carbide bit and a core barrel with fibreglass inner sleeves. To retrieve the core samples, the complete rod string and core barrel assembly has to be removed from the hole. Conventional coring is much more time consuming than wireline coring, as each rod has to be removed from the hole individually, then lowered back into the hole to continue to advance the boring and collect the next core sample. Used in the oil industry." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cda", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "core drilling", - "definition": "A core of sediment, soil, or rock is derived by an unspecified core drilling method." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cdb", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "Delft sampler", - "definition": "The Delft continuous sampler, developed by GeoDelft, is used for obtaining high quality samples within very soft cohesive soils. The sampling system is available in two sizes to take continuous samples, 29 or 66mm in diameter, normally with a maximum penetration of about 18m. A steel outer tube is pushed into the ground using standard CPT (cone penetrometer test) equipment and the soil sample core is fed into a thin-walled plastic inner tube as the sampler advances. After extraction, the samples are cut into 1 m lengths and placed in purpose-made cases, being retained in the plastic tubes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cdc", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "diamond core", - "definition": "Diamond core drilling (or diamond drilling) utilizes an annular diamond- or tungsten-carbide-impregnated drill bit attached to the end of hollow drill rods to cut a cylindrical core of solid rock. The diamonds used are fine to microfine industrial grade diamonds. They are set within a matrix of varying hardness, from brass to high-grade steel. Matrix hardness, diamond size and dosing can be varied according to the rock which must be cut. Holes within the bit allow water to be delivered to the cutting face. This provides three essential functions: lubrication, cooling, and removal of drill cuttings from the hole. Core samples are retrieved via the use of a core tube, a hollow tube placed inside the rod string and pumped with water until it locks into the core barrel. As the core is drilled, the core barrel slides over the core as it is cut. An \"overshot\" attached to the end of the winch cable is lowered inside the rod string and locks on to the backend (aka head assembly), located on the top end of the core barrel. The winch is retracted, pulling the core tube to the surface. The core does not drop out of the inside of the core tube when lifted because either a split ring core lifter or basket retainer allow the core to move into, but not back out of the tube." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cdd", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "direct push", - "definition": "Direct push technology includes several types of drilling rigs and drilling equipment which advances a drill string by pushing or hammering without rotating the drill string. Direct push rigs include both cone penetration testing rigs and direct push sampling rigs such as a PowerProbe or Geoprobe. Direct push rigs typically are limited to drilling in unconsolidated soil materials and very soft rock. Direct push drilling rigs use hydraulic cylinders and a hydraulic hammer in advancing a hollow core sampler, typically no longer than 2 metres, to gather soil and groundwater samples. The core pipe has a valve on top that is used to create a vacuum at the top of the core when pulling the core out of the sediment. The method can be used in up to 5m of water." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cde", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "Geoprobe core", - "definition": "A proprietary type of direct push drilling. High quality core is extracted by hydraulic power. Used in rough terrain, soft sand, mud, shallow water, or tight, congested areas. Long high quality cores." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9cdf", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "gravity core", - "definition": "Used only where short cores are required. Core barrel is gravity forced into poorly consolidated material, producing near surface high quality core." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9ce0", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "hand auger", - "definition": "A hand auger consists of extendable steel rods, rotated by hand. Various steel augers can be attached at the bottom end of the drill rods. The augers are rotated into the ground until they are filled, and then lifted out of the borehole to be emptied." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fdbcbfb314ddee9ce1", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "hydraulic rotary drilling", - "definition": "A drilling method using a drill stem equipped with a bit that is rotated to cut and grind the rock with a fluid pumped down the stem to force cuttings up through the annular space between the stem and the wall of the hole. Oil well drilling of this type utilises tri-cone roller, carbide embedded, fixed-cutter diamond, or diamond-impregnated drill bits. This is preferred because there is no need to return intact samples to surface for assay as the objective is to reach a formation containing oil or natural gas. Sizable machinery is used, enabling depths of several kilometres to be penetrated. Rotating hollow drill pipes carry down bentonite and barite infused drilling muds to lubricate, cool, and clean the drilling bit, control downhole pressures, stabilize the wall of the borehole and remove drill cuttings." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce2", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "Kasten core", - "definition": "Large volume, relatively undisturbed sediment core (~3m long) from a Kasten Corer. The corer is constructed of stainless steel and is square in cross-section. A weight of several hundred kilograms on top of the corer pushes it 2-3 metres into the seabed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce3", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "Mackereth core", - "definition": "The Mackereth corer (Mackereth, 1958; Smith, 1959) is a pneumatic device that consists of a cylindrical aluminum chamber ~1.2m long and 0.5m in diameter. The apparatus is lowered to the lake floor on a rope, and air hoses connect the chamber to the vessel at the water surface. Compressed air is used to pump the water out of the chamber and then to force the inner core barrel downward through the chamber and into the sediment. The method can recover single-drive moderate (up to 12 m) cores from lakes of diverse depths.  Mackereth cores can be deployed on virtually any small craft and can be used in water depths up to 100 metres." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce4", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "Mackintosh probe", - "definition": "The Mackintosh tool consists of rods which can be threaded together with barrel connectors and which are normally fitted with a driving point at their base, and a light hand-operated driving hammer at their top. The tool provides a very economical method of determining the thickness of soft deposits such as peat. The driving point is streamlined in longitudinal section with a maximum diameter of 27mm. The drive hammer has a total weight of about 4kg. The rods are 1.2m long and 12mm diameter. The device is often used to provide a depth profile by driving the point and rods into the ground with equal blows of the full drop height available from the hammer: the number of blows for each 150mm of penetration is recorded." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce5", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "percussion drilling", - "definition": "A drilling method whereby rock or sediment chips or fragments (cuttings) are derived by use of a percussion (hammer) method, with or without rotary action." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce6", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "piston core", - "definition": "A drilling method that uses a piston to drive the core barrel. Produces high quality long cores." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce7", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "power auger", - "definition": "Mechanically-driven auger drilling, typically used in hard ground or for holes that are too wide or deep for hand auger drilling. Auger drilling is done with a helical screw which is driven into the ground with rotation; the earth is lifted up the borehole by the blade of the screw. Small power augers can be portable or mounted on the back of a utility truck, with larger auger rigs used for construction, like sinking piles for bridge foundations or mine shafts." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce8", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "probe", - "definition": "An object (eg, penetrometer) inserted into the substrate that records material properties without taking physical samples." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ce9", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "reverse circulation drilling", - "definition": "The drilling mechanism for reverse circulation (RC) drilling is a pneumatic reciprocating piston known as a \"hammer\" driving a tungsten-steel drill bit. Compressed air passes down to the drill bit along the annular space between an outer and inner drill rod to return to the surface carrying drill cuttings. This is the reverse of the air path employed in normal ‘open hole’ rotary percussion drilling (including RAB drilling). At the top of the hole, the air and drill cuttings are passed through a cyclone to collect the cuttings for sampling. The RC drilling technique prevents the upcoming sample from being contaminated with material from the wall of the hole above the sampling depth. RC drilling utilises much larger rigs and machinery and depths of up to 500 metres are routinely achieved." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd3", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "rotary air blast drilling", - "definition": "Percussion rotary air blast drilling (RAB) drilling is an 'open hole' rotary percussion drilling method where rock or sediment chips are derived by using a drag bit or pneumatic reciprocating piston-driven hammer, and the cuttings are blown up the outside of the drill rods by air, or a combination of air and foam, and collected at the surface. It is used most frequently in the mineral exploration industry." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cea", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "rotary hammer drilling", - "definition": "A percussion drilling method using a cutting tool powered by compressed air that creates a rapid percussion effect coupled with rotary action to drill hard rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ceb", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "sidewall core", - "definition": "A method to extract a core or plug from the sidewall of a borehole." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cec", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "sidewall core bullet", - "definition": "Percussion cores are taken by firing hollow bullets into the formation. The bullets are attached to the tool by fasteners, and are retrieved, along with the core inside, by pulling up the tool and the fasteners. Percussion coring tools typically hold 20 to 30 bullets, but two or three tools can be combined on one run in the hole." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9ced", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "sidewall core mechanical", - "definition": "Mechanical tools use hollow rotary drills to cut and then pull out core plugs. Up to 75 plugs can be recovered on one run. With full recovery, cores from typical percussion tools are 2.5 cm in diameter by 4.4 cm long, while those from mechanical tools are 2.3 cm in diameter by 5 cm long. The latter are also known as rotary sidewall cores." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cee", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "sonic", - "definition": "A sonic or vibratory drill head works by sending high frequency resonant vibrations down the drill string to the drill bit, while the operator controls these frequencies to suit the specific conditions of the soil/rock geology. Vibrations may also be generated within the drill head. The frequency is generally between 50 and 180 hertz (cycles per second) and can be varied by the operator. Resonance magnifies the amplitude of the drill bit, which fluidizes the soil particles at the bit face, allowing for fast and easy penetration through most geological formations. An internal spring system isolates these vibrational forces from the rest of the drill rig." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cef", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "vibrocore", - "definition": "A core tube is attached to a source of mechanical vibration (the power head) and lowered into sediment. The vibrations provide energy for rearranging the particles within the sediment in such a way that the core tube penetrates under the static weight of the vibracoring apparatus. Samples include stiff and stony clays, soft rock and sands, and saturated sediments which can not be sampled using gravity or piston corers. Also know as VIBRA." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf0", - "parentId": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd2", - "label": "window sampler", - "definition": "Window or windowless sampling uses either drop weight or hydraulic hammer to drive 1m or 2m long sample tubes into the ground. The sample tubes have open slots or “windows\" along their length to allow for logging and sampling. In windowless sampling, the sample tube contains a liner which retains the sample and reduces potential for cross contamination of soils during the drilling process. Window or windowless sampling is used to bore through shallow soft soils to investigate the substrata in order to gain a profile of the ground conditions and to facilitate soil sampling for chemical and geotechnical analysis." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "Classification", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea013", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "CIM standards", - "definition": "The CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (CIM Definition Standards) establish definitions and guidelines for the reporting of exploration information, mineral resources and mineral reserves in Canada" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea014", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "CRIRSCO Code", - "definition": "The International Reporting Template (IRT) is a document that draws on the best of the CRIRSCO-style reporting standards, the JORC Code (Australasia), SAMREC Code (South Africa), Reporting Code (UK / Western Europe), CIM Guidelines (Canada), SME Guide (USA) and Certification Code (Chile). These reporting standards are recognised and adopted world-wide for market-related reporting and financial investment" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea015", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "IIMCh Code", - "definition": "Certification Code for Exploration Prospects, Mineral Resources & Ore Reserves. This Code is the result of a Collaboration Agreement between the Institution of Mining Engineers of Chile (IIMCh) and the Ministry of Mining." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea016", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "IMM Reporting Code", - "definition": "The Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (the 'Reporting Code' or ‘the Code’) sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting of Mineral Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Europe." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea017", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "JORC code", - "definition": "The Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (the ‘JORC Code’ or ‘the Code’)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea018", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "NI 43-101", - "definition": "National Instrument 43-101 (the \"NI 43-101\" or the \"NI\") is a mineral resource classification scheme used for the public disclosure of information relating to mineral properties in Canada. The NI is a strict guideline for how public companies can disclose scientific and technical information about mineral projects on bourses supervised by the Canadian Securities Administrators" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea019", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "Non compliant resource estimate", - "definition": "Resource estimate that does not meet the standards of \"standard codes\" (e.g. JORC etc.). Generally these estimates are 'Historic\" in that they pre-date the standards however in some cases they do not." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea01a", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "PERC Code", - "definition": "The Pan European Reserves and Resources Reporting Committee (PERC) Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (further referred to as ‘the Code’) sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Europe." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea01b", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "Peruvian Code", - "definition": "The Code for Reporting on Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves has the purpose to set out the minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines to be complied with the presentation of Public Reports which are the basis from which to have access to the Venture Capital Segment of the Lima Stock Exchange. These reports will sustain the results on mineral exploration, of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. This Code was prepared by a Joint Committee formed by members of the Lima Stock Exchange and by professionals dedicated to the exploration and evaluation of mineral resources. This Code is based on and follows the example of the 1999 JORC CODE of Australasia which was prepared to ensure compliance with its guidelines in every Public Report on mineral explorations and evaluation results, as well as with similar codes and translations in use such as Canada (CIMVal 2001), United States of America (US Bureau of Mines, USGS Circular 831, Principles of Resource and Reserve Classification for Minerals), South Africa (The SAMREC Code), England (The UKIMM), and Australia (The AusIMM The Valmin Code)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea01c", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "Russian Code", - "definition": "Currently effective in Russia is the Code approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Natural Resources, RF № 278 of 11 December, 2006. Full title of the Document: Classification of resources/reserves and prognostic resources of solid minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea01d", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "SAMREC code", - "definition": "The South African Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea01e", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "SEC Guide", - "definition": "Description of Property by Issuers Engaged or to be Engaged in Significant Mining Operations. Developed by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, this Guide contains the Commission's basic mining disclosure policy. It includes definitions and disclosure instructions that apply to all public mining entities and their public disclosure." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea01f", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "SME Guide", - "definition": "A guide for reporting exploration information, mineral resources, and mineral reserves - USA" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea020", - "parentId": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea012", - "label": "UNFC Code", - "definition": "The United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009) is a universally applicable scheme for classifying/evaluating energy and mineral reserves and resources - it is the successor to UNFC-2004. Designed as an all-encompassing framework, it enables the incorporation and unification of existing national systems, while allowing their classification units and glossary to be retained. The principal objective of UNFC-2009 is to enhance international communication by providing a simple, user-friendly and uniform format for the reporting of energy reserves and resources, using market-based economic criteria. It has been developed to meet, to the extent possible, the needs of applications pertaining to international energy and mineral studies, government resource management functions, corporate business processes and financial reporting standards" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "Commodity", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "agate", - "definition": "A variety of chalcedony having variegated colors arranged in stripes, blended in clouds, or showing mosslike forms. Sardonyx is a red-white or rarely red-white-black variant.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "aggregate", - "definition": "Broad category for coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0ca", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "alumina", - "definition": "Alumina is a fairly chemically inert and white chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium(III) oxide. It may also be called aloxide, aloxite, or alundum depending on particular forms or applications. Used as filler in plastic and cosmetics, as a catalyst. Corundum used as an abrasive is considered and industrial mineral." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0cb", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "aluminium", - "definition": "Aluminium is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery white, soft, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0cc", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "aluminosilicate", - "definition": "Aluminosilicate minerals are minerals composed of aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, plus countercations. They are a major component of kaolin and other clay minerals.Andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite are naturally occurring aluminosilicate minerals that have the composition Al2SiO5" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0cd", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "alunite", - "definition": "A trigonal hydrated aluminium potassium, sulfate mineral, KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 mined for the manufacture of alum." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0ce", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "amazonite", - "definition": "A green variety of microcline feldspar." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0cf", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "amber", - "definition": "Amber is fossilized tree resin (not sap), which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects. Amber is used as an ingredient in perfumes, as a healing agent in folk medicine, and as jewelry." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "amethyst", - "definition": "Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz often used in jewelry." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "andalusite", - "definition": "Orthorhombic Al2SiO5 aluminium neosilicate mineral occurring in aluminous metamorphic rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "anhydrite", - "definition": "Anhydrite is a relatively common sedimentary mineral that forms massive rock layers. Anhydrite does not form directly, but is the result of the dewatering of the rock forming mineral Gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O). This loss of water produces a reduction in volume of the rock layer and can cause the formation of caverns as the rock shrinks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "anthophyllite", - "definition": "An orthorhombic magnesium iron inosilicate hydroxide amphibole mineral: Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2, used in asbestos cement, composite flooring, roofing material and for insulation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "anthracite", - "definition": "Anthracite is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest calorific content of all types of coal (compared to bituminous coal and lignite)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "antimony", - "definition": "Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin: stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "apatite", - "definition": "Apatite is a group of calcium phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. The formula of the admixture of the four most common endmembers is written as Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F,Cl)2, and the crystal unit cell formulae of the individual minerals are written as Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, Ca10(PO4)6(F)2 and Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "apatite-gemstone", - "definition": "Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. The formula of the admixture of the four most common endmembers is written as Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F,Cl)2, and the crystal unit cell formulae of the individual minerals are written as Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, Ca10(PO4)6(F)2 and Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "aquamarine", - "definition": "A blue- or turquoise-colored variety of beryl." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0d9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "arsenic", - "definition": "Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. It can exist in various allotropes, although only the gray.form has important use in industry." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1854bcbfb314ddeea0da", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "asbestos", - "definition": "One of six naturally occurring silicate minerals that occur in long (roughly 1:20 aspect ratio), thin, flexible fibrous crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0db", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "asbestos-amphibole", - "definition": "Asbestos formed predominantly of amphibole-group minerals, anthophyllite, crocidolite, riebeckite, amosite, tremolite, actinolite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0dc", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "asbestos-serpentine", - "definition": "Asbestos formed predominantly of serpentine-group minerals (chrysotile)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0dd", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "asphalt", - "definition": "Asphalt or bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0de", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "barium", - "definition": "Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element. Its hydroxide was known in pre-modern history as baryta; this substance does not occur as a mineral, but can be prepared by heating barium carbonate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0df", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "baryte", - "definition": "An orthorhombic barium sulfate mineral BaSO4 used as a filler or extender, an addition to industrial products, or a weighting agent in petroleum well drilling mud." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "basalt", - "definition": "Commercial basalt and traprock includes igneous rocks that are too fine grained to be termed “black granite.” This category includes extrusive igneous rocks, such as andesite, basalt, or dacite, and intrusive igneous rocks, such as amphibolites, diabase, diorites, fine-grained gabbros, peridotites and pyroxenites." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "base metal", - "definition": "In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily and reacts variably with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is also considered a base metal because it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "bauxite", - "definition": "A residual clay deposit, aluminous laterite, derived from the alteration of basalt lava, containing at least 50% Al(OH)3; used as a source of aluminium and as feedstock for ferrous aluminium sulphate water purification material. Used as proppant for hydraulic fracturing; used as abrasive." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "bentonite", - "definition": "Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "beryl", - "definition": "Beryl is often unknown to the general public, even the gemstone-buying public. However, it is one of the most important gem minerals. Beryl is colorless in pure form; it is the many different impurities that give beryl its varied coloration." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "beryllium", - "definition": "Beryllium is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. Because any beryllium synthesized in stars is short-lived, it is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "bismuth", - "definition": "Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent other metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "black coal", - "definition": "Bituminous coal or black coal is a moderately hard coal containing higher carbon and fewer impurities than lignite coal but of poorer quality than anthracite. Its coloration can be black or sometimes dark brown; often there are well-defined bands of bright and dull material within the seams. These distinctive sequences, which are classified according to either \"dull, bright-banded\" or \"bright, dull-banded\", is how bituminous coals are stratigraphically identified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1855bcbfb314ddeea0e8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "borate", - "definition": "Earth material that contains economically significant amounts of minerals containing a borate anion group, one of BO3, B2O5, B3O6, B2O4 , or [B(O,OH)4]." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0e9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "boron", - "definition": "Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Because boron is produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0ea", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "brick clay", - "definition": "End use is determined by the properties of the material therefore it is a valid commodity type" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0eb", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "bromine", - "definition": "Bromine (from Greek: βρῶμος, brómos, meaning \"strong-smelling\" or \"stench\")[3] is a chemical element with the symbol Br, and atomic number of 35. It is in the halogen group." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0ec", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "brown coal", - "definition": "Lignite, often referred to as sub-bituminous or brown coal, is a soft brown combustible sedimentary rock that is formed from naturally compressed peat. It is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content. It is mined in Bulgaria, Kosovo, Greece, Germany, Poland, Serbia, Russia, Turkey, the United States, Canada, India, Australia and many other parts of Europe and it is used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation. 25.7% of Germany's electricity comes from lignite power plants, while in Greece lignite provides about 50% of its power needs. -" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0ed", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "cadmium", - "definition": "Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0ee", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "calcite", - "definition": "A trigonal calcium carbonate mineral CaCO3 used in large crystal form for optics and as compound additive for soil remediation, soil stabilization and concrete repair." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0ef", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "carbonaceous material", - "definition": "Accummulation rich in, or composed of carbon, normally derived from decomposed plant or animal matter." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "carnallite", - "definition": "Carnallite is named for Prussian mining engineer, Rudolph von Carnall. It forms in marine evaporite deposits where sea water has been concentrated and exposed to prolonged evaporation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "carnelian", - "definition": "A variety of chalcedony colored by iron oxide, which is commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration. When Carnelian grades into brown it is known as Sard. Some very dark brown Carnelian can be classified as Jasper. The distinction between these is very fine and relies more on visual appearance than scientific analysis. As a result, it is very possible that one man's Carnelian may be another man's Sard, Agate or Jasper." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "cassiterite-gemstone", - "definition": "Cassiterite is a mineral that has ornately faceted specimens with high luster. It is generally opaque, but its luster and multiple crystal faces cause a nice sparkle." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "cerium", - "definition": "Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "cesium", - "definition": "Caesium or cesium[note 1] is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. - Caesium or cesium[note 1] is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chalcedony", - "definition": "Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica, composed of very fine intergrowths of the minerals quartz and moganite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chemical compound product", - "definition": "Commodity is a chemical compound that is extracted/processed from an ore material mined from the Earth" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1856bcbfb314ddeea0f7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chemical oxide product", - "definition": "Commodity is a chemical compound product oxide that is extracted/processed from an ore material mined from the Earth" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0f8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chert", - "definition": "Chert is a fine-grained silica-rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or microfibrous sedimentary rock that may contain small fossils. It varies greatly in color (from white to black), but most often manifests as gray, brown, grayish brown and light green to rusty red; its color is an expression of trace elements present in the rock, and both red and green are most often related to traces of iron (in its oxidized and reduced forms respectively)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0f9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chlorite", - "definition": "The chlorites are a group of phyllosilicate minerals. Chlorites can be described by the following four endmembers based on their chemistry via substitution of the following four elements in the silicate lattice; Mg, Fe, Ni, and Mn." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0fa", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chrome", - "definition": "A green-colored oxide of chromium, used as a pigment, originally called viridian." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0fb", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chromite", - "definition": "An isometric iron chromium oxide: FeCr2O4 used as a refractory material, because it has a high heat stability. Extracted chromium from chromite is used in chrome plating and alloying for production of corrosion resistant superalloys, nichrome, and stainless steel. Chromium is used as a pigment for glass, glazes, and paint, and as an oxidizing agent for tanning leather" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0fc", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chromium", - "definition": "Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0fd", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chrysoberyl", - "definition": "Chrysoberyl is a poorly known mineral in the gem world even though the gem varieties are popular.There are three main gem varieties" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0fe", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chrysoprase", - "definition": "A variety of chalcedony that contains small quantities of nickel. Its color is normally apple-green, but varies to deep green. The darker varieties of chrysoprase are also referred to as prase. (However, the term prase is also used to describe chlorite-included quartz, and to a certain extent is a color-descriptor, rather than a rigorously defined mineral variety.)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea0ff", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "chrysotile", - "definition": "Monoclinic or orthorhombic Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 fibrous asbestos mineral that can be spun and woven into fabric, used in asbestos cement roof sheets ceiling panels and for walls and floors. Chrysotile has been a component in joint compound, some plasters, brake linings, fire barriers, pipe insulation, and gaskets for high temperature equipment." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea100", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "citrine", - "definition": "Citrine is a variety of quartz whose color ranges from a pale yellow to brown." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea101", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "clay", - "definition": "Deposits mostly composed of microcrystalline phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea102", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "coal", - "definition": "Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen, derived from fossilized organic remains. Coal is subdivided in terms of rank. The hardest form or highest rank is anthracite coal, which can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Intermediate rank coal is bituminous and low rank coal includes lignite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea103", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "coal bed methane", - "definition": "Coal bed methane (CBM) or coal seam gas (CSG) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds. Coal bed methane contains very little heavier hydrocarbons such as propane or butane, and no natural-gas condensate. It often contains up to a few percent carbon dioxide." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea104", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "cobalt", - "definition": "Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1857bcbfb314ddeea105", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "copper", - "definition": "Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea140", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "cordierite", - "definition": "Cordierite is not a well known or popular mineral for mineral collectors. However, its gemstone variety is well known and is rather popular among gemstone collectors and fanciers." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea106", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "corundum", - "definition": "Trigonal form of aluminium oxide Al2O3 with exceptional hardness used as an abrasive in sandpaper to machinery." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea107", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "corundum-gemstone", - "definition": "Corundum is the third hardest natural mineral known to science. The hardest mineral, diamond is still four times harder than corundum" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea108", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "crocidolite", - "definition": "Monoclinic Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2 fibrous form of sodium-rich riebeckite amphibole historically used in filters." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea109", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "crushed rock", - "definition": "Deposits quarried from a fresh face and broken by mechanical means into aggregate" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea10a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "cryolite", - "definition": "Monoclinic sodium hexafluoroaluminate Na3AlF6, used as as a flux to dissolve aluminium from oxide minerals. Natural cryolite is rare so synthetic sodium aluminium fluoride is produced from the fluorite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea10b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "diamond", - "definition": "Cubic carbon allotrope of exceptional hardness used for cutting and grinding." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea10c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "diamond-gemstone", - "definition": "Diamond is the ultimate gemstone, having few weaknesses and many strengths. It is well known that Diamond is the hardest substance found in nature, but few people realize that Diamond is four times harder than the next hardest natural mineral, corundum (sapphire and ruby). But even as hard as it is, it is not impervious. Diamond has four directions of cleavage, meaning that if it receives a sharp blow in one of these directions it can cleave, or split." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea10d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "diatomite", - "definition": "Diatomaceous Earth or 'kieselguhr', fine grained siliceous sediment composed of remains of diatoms (microscopic plants) derived from lacustrine deposits; used as fillers, absorbents, abrasives, an insulator and filter medium in the food industry" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea10e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "dimension stone", - "definition": "Dimension stone is natural stone or rock that has been selected and fabricated (i.e., trimmed, cut, drilled, ground, or other) to specific sizes or shapes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea10f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "diopside-enstatite", - "definition": "Diopside is an important rock forming mineral in several metamorphic and basic to ultra basic igneous rocks, also found in meteorites. Diopside is a part of an important solid solution series of the pyroxene group. Occasionally used as a gemstone and as a mineral specimen." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1858bcbfb314ddeea110", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "dioptase", - "definition": "Dioptase is a very beautiful mineral and it is one of the few minerals that can challenge the peerlessness of emerald's deep green. Unfortunately it is rather soft (for a gemstone) and has good cleavage and therefore is not usually cut as a gemstone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea111", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "direct shipping ore", - "definition": "Product of mining activity is bulk ore that ships from mine site directly to refinery to extract commodity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea112", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "direct use commodity", - "definition": "Commodity mined and used directly as product, in many cases with some sort of 'beneficiation'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea113", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "dumortierite", - "definition": "Dumortierite is a boro-silicate mineral that is used as a popular ornamental stone. It has a deep violet to blue color that is very attractive and unusual. Although it is not used as a gemstone due to a lack of clarity, it does have good hardness and a bright color." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea114", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "dysprosium", - "definition": "Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea115", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "emerald", - "definition": "A variety of the mineral beryl characterized by green color." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea116", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "epsomite", - "definition": "Epsomite, or heptahydrite as it is known in chemistry circles, is one of only a few water soluble sulfate minerals. It is actually well known in most households as the artificially created epsom salt. Magnesium sulfate's medicinal uses were discovered from mineral waters at Epsom, England from where epsom salt and epsomite get their names." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea117", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "erbium", - "definition": "Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea118", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "euclase", - "definition": "Euclase is not a well known gemstone, but is more well known by mineral collectors. It forms well formed crystals that occasionally have enough clarity to be cut as gems." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea119", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "europium", - "definition": "Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is named after the continent Europe. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea11a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "evaporite", - "definition": "Water-soluble mineral sediment or sedimentary rock that results from precipitation of salts concentrated in an an aqueous solution by evaporation or other natural chemical processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea11b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "feldspar", - "definition": "Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1859bcbfb314ddeea11c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "feldspar-gemstone", - "definition": "The feldspars are a group of minerals that have similar characteristics due to a similar structure." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea11d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "ferrous metal", - "definition": "Those metals [that are] typically mined for their alloying properties with iron in the manufacture of steel. - AGi fifth ediition" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea11e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "fluorine", - "definition": "Fluorine is an extremely reactive and poisonous chemical element with atomic number 9. The lightest halogen and most electronegative element, it exists as a pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. Almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea11f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "fluorite", - "definition": "Fluorite is a mineral with a veritable bouquet of brilliant colors. Fluorite is well known and prized for its glassy luster and rich variety of colors. The range of common colors for fluorite starting from the hallmark color purple, then blue, green, yellow, colorless, brown, pink, black and reddish orange is amazing and is only rivaled in color range by quartz." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea120", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "foundry sand", - "definition": "Sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea121", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "frac sand", - "definition": "Frac sand is a high-purity quartz sand with very durable and very round grains. It is a crush-resistant material used in the hydraulic fracturing process to produce petroleum fluids, such as oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids from rock units that lack adequate pore space for these fluids to flow to a well." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea122", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "Fullers earth", - "definition": "Clay-rich Earth material that has the capability to decolorize oil or other liquids without chemical treatment. Fuller's earth typically consists of palygorskite (attapulgite) or bentonite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea123", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "gadolinium", - "definition": "Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea124", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "gallium", - "definition": "Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea125", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "garnet", - "definition": "Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea126", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "garnet-gemstone", - "definition": "Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea127", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "gas hydrate", - "definition": "Gas hydrate, is a solid clathrate compound (more specifically, a clathrate hydrate) in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice. Significant deposits of methane clathrate have been found under sediments on the ocean floors of the Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea128", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "gaseous hydrocarbons", - "definition": "Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and even a lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185abcbfb314ddeea129", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "gemstone", - "definition": "A gemstone or gem (also called a precious or semi-precious stone, a fine gem, or jewel) is a piece of mineral, which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea12a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "germanium", - "definition": "Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Unlike silicon, it is too reactive to be found naturally on Earth in the free (native) state." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea12b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "glauconite", - "definition": "Glauconite, also known as 'green sand' is an iron potassium phyllosilicate (mica group) mineral of characteristic green color with very low weathering resistance and very friable." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea12c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "gold", - "definition": "Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal with a bright yellow color and luster, the properties of which remain without tarnishing when exposed to air or water." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea12d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "granite", - "definition": "Commercial granites include all feldspathic crystalline rocks of mainly interlocking texture and with individual mineral grains that are visible to the naked eye. This category includes such rock types as anorthosite, gneiss, granite, granodiorite, monzonite, syenite, and all other intermediate igneous and coarse-grained metamorphic rock types. Primary colors of commercial granites are white, gray, pink, and red; green and brown are secondary colors. Although black granites are also included in this category and range in color from dark gray to black, they are not true granites mineralogically but rather mafic rocks, such as diabases, diorites, gabbros, and similar rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea12e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "graphite", - "definition": "Graphite is a polymorph of the element carbon. diamond is another polymorph. The two share the same chemistry, carbon, but have very different structures and very different properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea12f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "greenstone", - "definition": "Commercial greenstones are the result of the metamorphosis of basaltic rocks. Greenstone is named because of the predominance of greenish minerals, such as actinolite, chlorite, or epidote." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea130", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "gypsum", - "definition": "Gypsum is one of the more common minerals in sedimentary environments. It is a major rock forming mineral that produces massive beds, usually from precipitation out of highly saline waters. Since it forms easily from saline water, gypsum can have many inclusions of other minerals and even trapped bubbles of air and water." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea131", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "hafnium", - "definition": "Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea132", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "halloysite", - "definition": "Halloysite is a 1:1 aluminosilicate clay mineral with the empirical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Its main constituents are aluminium (20.90%), silicon (21.76%) and hydrogen (1.56%). Halloysite typically forms by hydrothermal alteration of alumino-silicate minerals.[4] It can occur intermixed with dickite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and other clay minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea133", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "heavy rare earth oxide", - "definition": "As defined by IUPAC, a rare earth element (REE) or rare earth metal is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium.[2] Scandium and yttrium are considered rare earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea134", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "heliodor", - "definition": "Heliodor is the yellow variety of beryl, the \"mother of gemstones\". Heliodor does not include golden colors which are given the apt name of golden beryl." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea135", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "hematite", - "definition": "Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea137", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "hematite ore", - "definition": "Iron ore in which the iron-bearing mineral is greater that 50% hematite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185bbcbfb314ddeea136", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "hematite-gemstone", - "definition": "Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea138", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "holmium", - "definition": "Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea139", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "HREE", - "definition": "See" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea13a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "ilmenite", - "definition": "Ilmenite is an economically important and interesting mineral. It is named for its place of discovery (such places are called type localities) at Ilmen Lake in the Ilmen Mountains, Miask in the southern portion of the Ural Mountains of Russia. Ilmenite forms as a primary mineral in mafic igneous rocks and is concentrated into layers by a process called\"magmatic segregation\"." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea13b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "indium", - "definition": "Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible other heavy metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows intermediate properties between these two." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea13c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "industrial material", - "definition": "A compound Earth material, or rock product that is directly used for industrial purposes. Not a specific mineral constituent in the mined material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea13d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "industrial mineral", - "definition": "Commodity is a mineral or mineral group that is directly used for industrial purposes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea13e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "industrial rock", - "definition": "Different kind of rock types, which are uses for industrial purposes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea13f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "iodine", - "definition": "Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea141", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "iridium", - "definition": "Iridium is the chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea142", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "iron", - "definition": "Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea143", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "iron ore", - "definition": "Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. The iron itself is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite Fe2O3), goethite (FeO(OH)), limonite (FeO(OH).n(H2O)) or siderite (FeCO3). Ores carrying very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than ~60% iron) are known as \"natural ore\" or \"direct shipping ore\", meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. most reserves of such ore have now been depleted. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel. 98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea144", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "iron oxide", - "definition": "Commodity of interest is any of the sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, extracted from the mined material, exclusive of hematite or magnetite produced as an industrial mineral." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185cbcbfb314ddeea145", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "jade", - "definition": "Jade is a name that was applied to ornamental stones that were being brought to Europe from China and Central America." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea146", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "jarosite", - "definition": "Jarosite is a basic hydrous sulfate of potassium and iron with a chemical formula of KFe3+3(OH)6(SO4)2. This sulfate mineral is formed in ore deposits by the oxidation of iron sulfides." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea147", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "kaolin", - "definition": "Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, a clay mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Kaolinite is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina octahedra." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea148", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "kornerupine", - "definition": "Kornerupine is a rare gemstone and an equally rare mineral specimen. Its claim to fame is its wonderful emerald green color." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea149", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "kyanite", - "definition": "Triclinic Al2SiO5 aluminium neosilicate mineral used primarily in refractory and ceramic products, including porcelain plumbing fixtures and dishware. It is also used in electronics, electrical insulators and abrasives." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea14a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "kyanite-gemstone", - "definition": "Kyanite is an attractive mineral that has a near sapphire-like blue color in some especially nice specimens" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea14b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "lanthanum", - "definition": "Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57. Lanthanum is a silvery white metallic element and is the first element of the lanthanide series (or, on occasion, considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea14c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "laterite", - "definition": "Deeply weathered rock material, weakly consolidated, composed of relict quartz, and clays or oxide minerals produced by weathering of source rock. Used historically for building construction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea14d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "lazulite", - "definition": "Lazulite is named from an Arabic word for heaven in allusion to its sky blue color. Crystals are more common than massive forms, but localities with gem grade crystals are scattered and scarce." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185dbcbfb314ddeea14e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "lead", - "definition": "Lead is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a heavy metal and an other metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea14f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "leucoxene", - "definition": "Leucoxene is a fine granular alteration product of titanium minerals. It varies in color from yellow to brown.It consists mainly of rutile or anatase. It is observed in some igneous rocks and iron ore deposits as the result of the alteration of ilmenite, perovskite, or titanite" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea150", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "light rare earth oxide", - "definition": "As defined by IUPAC, a rare earth element (REE) or rare earth metal is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium.[2] Scandium and yttrium are considered rare earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea151", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "lime", - "definition": "Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide, but the category is commonly applied to calcium-containing inorganic material in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea152", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "limestone", - "definition": "Commercial limestones are rocks of sedimentary origin that primarily are composed of calcium carbonate with or without magnesium. Included in this category are limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and travertine, which is a calcitic rock that is precipitated from hot springs." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea153", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "liquid hydrocarbons", - "definition": "Liquid hydrocarbons consist of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid or semi-solid organic compounds." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea154", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "lithium", - "definition": "Lithium is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea155", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "lithium oxide", - "definition": "Lithium oxide is used as a flux in ceramic glazes; and creates blues with copper and pinks with cobalt. Lithium oxide reacts with water and steam, forming lithium hydroxide and should be isolated from them." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea156", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "LREE", - "definition": "See" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea157", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "lutetium", - "definition": "Lutetium is a chemical element with the symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is the last element in the lanthanide series (or, on occasion, considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals), and traditionally counted among the rare earths." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea158", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "magnesia", - "definition": "Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea159", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "magnesite", - "definition": "Magnesite does not ordinarily form good crystals, but can make up a substantial portion of some rock types. It forms commonly from the alteration of magnesium-rich rocks during low grade metamorphism while they are in contact with carbonate-rich solutions." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea15a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "magnesium", - "definition": "Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Its common oxidation number is +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185ebcbfb314ddeea15b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "magnetite", - "definition": "Magnetite is an oxide of iron (as is hematite). It is not a component of ordinary rust, although it can form as iron oxidizes in a dry environment." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea15c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "magnetite ore", - "definition": "Iron ore in which the iron-bearing mineral is greater that 50% magnetite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea15d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "malachite", - "definition": "Malachite is a famous and very popular semi-precious stone. It is named for the Greek word for \"mallow\", a green herb. Its banded light and dark green designs are one-of-a-kind, and give it a unique ornamental quality unlike that of any other stone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea15e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "manganese", - "definition": "Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature, it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea15f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "manganese ore", - "definition": "Manganese ore occurs mainly as pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) at grades greater than 20% Mn. The ore is beneficiated via crushing, screening and separation before being directly shipped to be used in blast furnaces for steel manufacture. Manganese ore is also used in fertiliser manufacture, for batteries as manganese dioxide and as paint pigments without needing to be reduced to elemental manganese." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea160", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "marble", - "definition": "Commercial marble includes metamorphosed limestones and serpentine rocks, all of which are capable of taking a polish. An important member of this classification is serpentine marble, which is also known as verde antique, and comprises green-to-black serpentine, which is a hydrous magnesium silicate mineral that is crisscrossed by veins of lighter minerals, such as calcite or dolomite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea161", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "mercury", - "definition": "Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea162", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "metal", - "definition": "Commodity is a metal that is extracted from an ore material mined from the Earth" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea163", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "metalloid", - "definition": "A metalloid is a chemical element that has properties in between those of metals and nonmetals. There is no standard definition of a metalloid, nor is there complete agreement as to which elements are appropriately classified as such. Despite this lack of specificity, the term remains in use in chemistry literature. The six commonly recognised metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea164", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "mica", - "definition": "The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having close to perfect basal cleavage. All are monoclinic, with a tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals, and are similar in chemical composition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea165", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "miscellaneous dimension stones", - "definition": "This category includes commercial dimension stone types that do not easily fall into the aforementioned categories, such as soapstone, steatite, or talc, which contain various amounts of the mineral talc. Additional miscellaneous dimension stones include diatomite, mylonite, pumice, schist, tripoli, tuff, porous or scoriaceous volcanic rocks, or any other rocks used as building stones." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f185fbcbfb314ddeea166", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "molybdenite", - "definition": "Molybdenite is a very soft metallic mineral. It can be easily confused with graphite, but not with many other minerals. Graphite has a darker black-silver color and a black-gray to brown-gray streak, whereas molybdenite has a bluish-silver color and streak." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea167", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "molybdenum", - "definition": "Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea168", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "monazite", - "definition": "Monazite is a reddish-brown phosphate mineral containing rare earth metals. It occurs usually in small isolated crystals. There are at least four different kinds of monazite, depending on relative elemental composition of the mineral" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea169", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "moonstone", - "definition": "Moonstone is a sodium potassium aluminium silicate, with the chemical formula (Na,K)AlSi3O8." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea16a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "morganite", - "definition": "Morganite is the pink variety of beryl, the \"mother of gemstones\". While there are other pink gemstones (rose quartz and tourmaline come to mind), morganite is the most durable and rarest." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea16b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "moss agate", - "definition": "Moss agate (also called mocha stone) is a semi-precious gemstone formed from silicon dioxide. It is a form of chalcedony which includes minerals of a green colour embedded in the stone, forming filaments and other patterns suggestive of moss. It also sometimes resembles blue-cheese. The field is a clear or milky-white quartz, and the included minerals are mainly oxides of manganese or iron. It is not a true form of agate, as it lacks agate's defining feature of concentric banding. Moss agate is of the white variety with green inclusions that resemble moss." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea16c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "natural secondary aggregate", - "definition": "Aggregates produced as a by-product of other mining or quarrying activities such as china clay waste, slate waste and colliery spoil" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea16d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "neodymium", - "definition": "Neodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea16e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "nepheline syenite", - "definition": "In the IUGS classification, the variety of foid syenite in which nepheline is the most abundant feldspathoid. - AGI - Glossary of geology" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea16f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "nickel", - "definition": "Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1860bcbfb314ddeea170", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "niobium", - "definition": "Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with the symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea171", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "niobium pentoxide", - "definition": "Niobium pentoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Nb2O5. It is a colourless insoluble solid that is fairly unreactive. It is the main precursor to all materials made of niobium, the dominant application being alloys, but other specialized applications include capacitors, lithium niobate, and optical glasses." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea172", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "nitrate", - "definition": "Nitrates are mainly produced for use as fertilizers in agriculture because of their high solubility and biodegradability. The main nitrates are ammonium, sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. Several million kilograms are produced annually for this purpose." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea173", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "non metal", - "definition": "In chemistry, a nonmetal or non-metal is a chemical element which mostly lacks metallic attributes. Physically, nonmetals tend to be highly volatile (easily vaporised), have low elasticity, and are good insulators of heat and electricity; chemically, they tend to have high ionisation energy and electronegativity values, and gain or share electrons when they react with other elements or compounds. Seventeen elements are generally classified as nonmetals; most are gases (hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon and radon); one is a liquid (bromine); and a few are solids (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea174", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "obsidian", - "definition": "Obsidian is the result of volcanic lava coming in contact with water. Often the lava pours into a lake or ocean and is cooled quickly. This process produces a glassy texture in the resulting rock. Iron and magnesium give the obsidian a dark green to black color. Obsidian has been used by ancient people as a cutting tool, for weapons, and for ceremonial purposes and is sometimes found by archaeologists in excavations." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea175", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "ochre", - "definition": "Ochre is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide, which ranges in color from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colors produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as \"red ochre\"." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea176", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "oil", - "definition": "Oil or petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights such as alkanes (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane) and other liquid organic compounds, typically recovered from drilling of underground reservoirs." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea177", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "oil shale", - "definition": "Fine-grained sedimentary rock, yielding significant quantities of oil upon decomposition by heating to high temperatures" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea178", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "olivine", - "definition": "The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg+2, Fe+2)2SiO4." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea179", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "olivine-gemstone", - "definition": "Peridot is gem-quality olivine. Olivine is a silicate mineral with formula of (Mg, Fe)2SiO4. As peridot is the magnesium-rich variety (forsterite) the formula approaches Mg2SiO4." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea17a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "onyx", - "definition": "Onyx is a black-and-white banded agate" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea17b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "opal", - "definition": "Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica; its water content may range from 3 to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6 and 10%. Because of its amorphous character, it is classed as a mineraloid" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea17c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "organic material", - "definition": "Earth material composed of organic compounds derived from the remains of dead organisms and their waste products in the environment. Larger molecules of organic matter can be formed from the polymerization of different parts of already broken down matter." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1861bcbfb314ddeea17d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "osmium", - "definition": "Osmium is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. - Osmium (from Greek osme (ὀσμή) meaning \"smell\") is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea17e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "palladium", - "definition": "Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea17f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "palygorskite", - "definition": "Palygorskite or attapulgite is a magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate with formula (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)·4(H2O) that occurs in a type of clay soil common to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the types of fuller's earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea180", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "peat", - "definition": "An accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that forms in wetland conditions, where flooding obstructs flows of oxygen from the atmosphere, slowing rates of decomposition. Peat is commonly harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea181", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "perlite", - "definition": "Perlite' is a volcanic glass with sufficient water content to cause it to expand, or froth up, when heated, forming a lightweight granular aggregate; used in construction, insulation, packaging and agriculture" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea182", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "phenakite", - "definition": "A fairly rare nesosilicate mineral consisting of beryllium orthosilicate, Be2SiO4" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea183", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "phosphate rock", - "definition": "Any rock that contains one or more phosphatic minerals of sufficient purity and quantity to permit its commercial use as a source of phosphatic compounds or elemental phosphorus. About 90% of the world's production is sedimentary phosphate rock, or phosphorite; the remainder is igneous rock rich in apatite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea184", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "phosphorous", - "definition": "Phosphorus is a nonmetallic chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent pnictogen, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea185", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "phosphorous pentoxide", - "definition": "Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea186", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "platinum", - "definition": "Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, gray-white transition metal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea187", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "platinum group metal", - "definition": "The platinum-group metals (abbreviated as the PGMs; alternatively, the platinoids, platinides, platidises, platinum group, platinum metals, platinum family or platinum-group elements (PGEs)) is a term used sometimes to collectively refer to six metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea188", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "potash", - "definition": "Potash is any of various salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form, the most common being potassium chloride (KCl). Mostly used in fertilizers." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea189", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "potassium", - "definition": "Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac flame." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1862bcbfb314ddeea18a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "pozzolan", - "definition": "Pozzolan is a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which will react chemically with calcium hydroxide to form compounds possessing cementitious properties (ASTM C618). The broad definition of a pozzolan imparts no bearing on the origin of the material, only on its capability of reacting with calcium hydroxide and water.... The general definition of a pozzolan embraces a large number of materials which vary widely in terms of origin, composition and properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea18b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "praseodymium", - "definition": "Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea18c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "precious metal", - "definition": "A precious metal is a rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements. They are usually ductile and have a high lustre. Historically, precious metals were important as currency but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial commodities. Gold, silver, platinum, and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code. The best-known precious metals are the coinage metals, gold and silver. While both have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in art, jewellery and coinage. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, of which platinum is the most widely traded." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea18d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "prehnite", - "definition": "Prehnite was named after its discoverer; Colonel Hendrik von Prehn and is an attractive collection mineral that is occassionally used for ornamental stone purposes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea18e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "primary aggregate", - "definition": "Sand and gravel and crushed rock extracted from the ground" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea18f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "produced commodity", - "definition": "Commodity is obtained by extracting from material mined from the Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea190", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "promethium", - "definition": "Promethium, originally prometheum, is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, a distinction shared with technetium." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea191", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "pumice", - "definition": "A volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light colored. Scoria is another vesicular volcanic rock that differs from pumice in having larger vesicles and thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea192", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "pyrite", - "definition": "The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2. This mineral's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fool's gold." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea193", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "pyrophyllite", - "definition": "A phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide: Al2Si4O10(OH)2. Pyrophyllite is easily machineable and has excellent thermal stability and is added to clay to reduce thermal expansion when firing and is combined with other compounds, such as in insecticide and for making bricks. It is also used for slate pencils, chalk (French chalk) and small carving." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea194", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "quartz", - "definition": "Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2. There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea195", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "quartz-gemstone", - "definition": "Quartz is the most common mineral on the face of the Earth. Some macrocrystalline (large crystal) varieties are well known and popular as ornamental stone and as gemstones." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea196", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "radium", - "definition": "Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1863bcbfb314ddeea197", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rare earth element", - "definition": "As defined by IUPAC, a rare earth element (REE) or rare earth metal is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium. Scandium and yttrium are considered rare earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea198", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rare earth oxide", - "definition": "As defined by IUPAC, a rare earth element (REE) or rare earth metal is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium.[2] Scandium and yttrium are considered rare earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea199", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "recycled aggregate", - "definition": "Recycled aggregates are materials produced by the recycling of construction and demolition waste. They can be crushed concrete, bricks or glass, asphalt planings (ie the surface layers of roads removed during roadworks) or spent rail ballast." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea19a", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "reservoir gas", - "definition": "Natural gas derived from underground rock reservoirs typically containing methane with lesser amounts of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. Natural gas is commonly associated with liquid petroleum in the reservoirs but is extracted and managed differently." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea19b", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rhenium", - "definition": "Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea19c", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rhodium", - "definition": "Rhodium is a chemical element that is a rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group. It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea19d", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rhodonite", - "definition": "Rhodonite is an attractive mineral that is often carved and used in jewelry. It is named after the Greek word for rose, rhodon." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea19e", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "riprap", - "definition": "Boulder size rock used to armour shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline structures against scour, water or ice erosion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea19f", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rose quartz", - "definition": "Rose quartz is a type of quartz which exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea1a0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rubidium", - "definition": "Rubidium is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, such as very rapid oxidation in air." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea1a1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "ruby", - "definition": "A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea1a2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "ruthenium", - "definition": "Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1864bcbfb314ddeea1a3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "rutile", - "definition": "Rutile is an interesting, varied and important mineral. Rutile is a major ore of titanium, a metal used for high tech alloys because of its light weight, high strength and resistance to corrosion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1a4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "salt", - "definition": "Common salt is a mineral substance composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of ionic salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantities in the sea where it is the main mineral constituent, with the open ocean having about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1a5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "samarium", - "definition": "Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1a6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sand", - "definition": "Industrial sand is a term normally applied to high purity silica sand products with closely controlled sizing. It is a more precise product than common concrete and asphalt gravels. Silica is the name given to a group of minerals composed solely of silicon and oxygen, the two most abundant elements in the earth’s crust." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1a7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sand and gravel", - "definition": "Durable rock fragments (silicates, flints, etc) with a size range: 0.063 mm - 80mm, derived from the weathering, erosion and transport of rocks by glacial or fluvial processes. Used for aggregate purposes and construction fill." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1a8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sandstone", - "definition": "Commercial sandstone is a lithified sand that chiefly comprises quartz or quartz and feldspar with a fragmental (clastic) texture. Sandstone contains interstitial cementing materials, such as calcite, clay, iron oxides, or silica. Arkose (abundant feldspar grains), graywacke (abundant angular rock fragments), and conglomerate (abundant rounded rock fragments) are included in this category. Other members of this category include bluestone, which is a dense, hard, fine-grained feldspathic sandstone that splits easily along planes into thin, smooth slabs; brownstone, which can be sawn or split, is a feldspathic sandstone of brown to reddish-brown color owing to abundant iron oxide; and flagstone, which is a sandstone, or sandy slate, typically red, tan or gray, that splits into large, thin slabs." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1a9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "saponite", - "definition": "A smectite group mineral, occurs insoapstone used in porcelain in Cornwall" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1aa", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sapphire", - "definition": "Sapphire is a blue gemstone variety of the mineral corundum." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1ab", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sapphirine", - "definition": "Sapphire is the non-red variety of corundum, the second hardest natural mineral known to mankind. The red variety of corundum is Ruby - all other colors are called sapphire, even pink." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1ac", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "scandium", - "definition": "Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1865bcbfb314ddeea1ad", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "scapolite", - "definition": "A group of rock-forming silicate minerals composed of aluminium, calcium, and sodium silicate with chlorine, carbonate and sulfate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1ae", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "selenium", - "definition": "Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, or as pure ore compounds." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1af", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sepiolite", - "definition": "Sepiolite is used in oil drilling, for cat litter and in a solid form for carving, where it is known as Meerschaum. In construction, sepiolite can be used in lime mortars as water reservoir." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sericite", - "definition": "Sericite is a fine grained mica, similar to muscovite, illite, or paragonite. Sericite is a common alteration mineral of orthoclase or plagioclase feldspars in areas that have been subjected to hydrothermal alteration typically associated with hydrothermal ore deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "serpentine", - "definition": "The serpentine group are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in serpentinite rocks. They are used as a source of magnesium and asbestos, and as a decorative stone.[1] The name is thought to come from the greenish color being that of a serpent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "shell grit", - "definition": "Shell grit is coarsely ground or broken seashells. It is used, among other things, by birds as a source of calcium for egg shell production, and to aid digestion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "silica", - "definition": "Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is a chemical compound that is a dioxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "silica-gemstone", - "definition": "A gemstone made of silicon dioxide" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "silicon", - "definition": "Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sillimanite", - "definition": "Orthorhombic Al2SiO5 aluminium neosilicate mineral occurring in aluminous metamorphic rocks used in the manufacture of high alumina refractories or alumina bricks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "silver", - "definition": "Silver is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sinhalite", - "definition": "Sinhalite is rare mineral and known only from the gem gravels in Sri Lanka." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1b9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "slate", - "definition": "Commercial slate is a microgranular metamorphic rock formed by the recrystallization of clay sediments, such as claystone, shale, or siltstone. Characterized by excellent parallel cleavage, slates may be easily split into relatively thin slabs." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1866bcbfb314ddeea1ba", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "smokey quartz", - "definition": "Smoky quartz is a brown to black variety of quartz" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1bb", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "soda ash", - "definition": "The manufacture of glass is one of the most important uses of sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate acts as a flux for silica, lowering the melting point of the mixture to something achievable without special materials. -" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1bc", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sodalite", - "definition": "Sodalite is a rich royal blue mineral widely enjoyed as an ornamental gemstone. Although massive sodalite samples are opaque, crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Sodalite is a member of the sodalite group with hauyne, nosean, lazurite and tugtupite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1bd", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "spectrolite", - "definition": "A variety of labradorite feldspar that exhibits a richer range of colours than the blue-grey-green of labradorite, and high has labradoresence. Sometimes incorrectly used to describe labradorite whenever a richer display of colours is present, regardless of locality." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1be", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "spinel", - "definition": "Spinel /ˈspɪnɛl/ is the magnesium aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals. It has the formula MgAl2O4" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1bf", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "spinel-gemstone", - "definition": "The Spinel Group contains over twenty members, but only a few are considered common. They are a group of oxides that have very similar structures. Named after their sole gemstone representative, spinel, this is an important group of minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "spodumene", - "definition": "Spodumene is a rock forming mineral in granites and pegmatites that bear other lithium minerals. Spodumene is a relatively new mineral to science, being discovered in the last three centuries and gem varieties have only been discovered in the last 120 years." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "spongolite", - "definition": "Spongolite is a stone made almost entirely from fossilised sponges. It is light and porous." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "staurolite", - "definition": "Staurolite is a red brown to black, mostly opaque, nesosilicate mineral with a white streak. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, has a Mohs hardness of 7 to 7.5 and the chemical formula: Fe2+2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "strontianite", - "definition": "Strontium carbonate, usually containing some calcium. It is a member of the aragonite group. Used in the refining of sugar and the production of fireworks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "strontium", - "definition": "Strontium (/ˈstrɒntiəm/ STRON-tee-əm) is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air. Strontium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of its two neighbors calcium and barium. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine, putnisite and strontianite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sulphur", - "definition": "Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "sylvite", - "definition": "Sylvite, also called sylvine, is a major source of potassium or potash used in fertilizer products. So great is the need for potassium that sylvite deposits are considered very valuable economically." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1867bcbfb314ddeea1c7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "talc", - "definition": "Talc is an important industrial mineral. Its resistance to heat, electricity and acids make it an ideal surface for lab counter tops and electrical switchboards. It is also an important filler material for paints, rubber and insecticides. Even with all these uses, most people only know talc as the primary ingredient in talcum powder." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1c8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tantalum", - "definition": "Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, a character from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as minor components in alloys. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment and a substitute for platinum." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1c9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tantalum pentoxide", - "definition": "An oxide of tantalum also known as tantalum(V) oxide, a white, inert solid with a high refractive index and low absorption (i.e. colourless), useful for coatings, and used in the production of capacitors, due to its high dielectric constant." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1ca", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tanzanite", - "definition": "Tanzanite is the blue/purple variety of the mineral zoisite belonging to the epidote group." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1cb", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tar sand", - "definition": "Medium-grained sedimentary rock, yielding significant quantities of tar or oil upon decomposition by heating to high temperatures" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1cc", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tellurium", - "definition": "Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52. A brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid which looks similar to tin, tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. It is occasionally found in native form, as elemental crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1cd", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "terbium", - "definition": "Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and very hard. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite. - Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and very hard. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1ce", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "thallium", - "definition": "Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray other metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1cf", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "thenardite", - "definition": "Thenardite is one of several non-marine evaporite Sulfate Class minerals. It is easily dissolvable in water and specimens should be stored with desiccant. Sulfates in general tend to be more soluble than most of the other mineral classes and simple sodium salts, such as thernardite, are always soluble." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1d0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "thorium", - "definition": "Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1d1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "thulium", - "definition": "Thulium is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and antepenultimate element in the lanthanide series" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1d2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tin", - "definition": "Tin is a chemical element with symbol Sn (for Latin: stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group-14 elements, germanium and lead." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1d3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "titanium", - "definition": "Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1d4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "topaz", - "definition": "Topaz is a common gemstone that has been used for centuries in jewelry. Topaz is the hardest silicate mineral and one of the hardest minerals in nature." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1868bcbfb314ddeea1d5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tourmaline", - "definition": "Tourmaline is a crystal boron silicate mineral compounded with elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Tourmaline is classified as a semi-precious stone and the gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1d6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tremolite-actinolite", - "definition": "Tremolite is a member of the amphibole group of silicate minerals with composition: Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2. Tremolite forms by metamorphism of sediments rich in dolomite and quartz. Tremolite forms a series with actinolite and ferro-actinolite. Pure magnesium tremolite is creamy white, but the color grades to dark green with increasing iron content. It has a hardness on Mohs scale of 5 to 6. Nephrite, one of the two minerals of the gemstone jade, is a green variety of tremolite" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1d7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tsavorite", - "definition": "Tsavorite or tsavolite is a variety of the garnet group species grossular, a calcium-aluminium garnet with the formula Ca3Al2Si3O12" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1d8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "tungsten", - "definition": "Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone," - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1d9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "turquoise", - "definition": "Turquoise is a valuable mineral and is possibly the most valuable, non-transparent, non-metal mineral in the jewelry trade." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1da", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "uranium", - "definition": "Uranium is a silvery-white metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table, with symbol U and atomic number 92. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the 6 naturally known isotopes, U-233 - U-238, varying between 69 years and 4½ billion years)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1db", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "uranium oxide", - "definition": "Uranium dioxide or uranium(IV) oxide (UO2), also known as urania or uranous oxide, is an oxide of uranium, and is a black, radioactive, crystalline powder that naturally occurs in the mineral uraninite. It is used in nuclear fuel rods in nuclear reactors. A mixture of uranium and plutonium dioxides is used as MOX fuel. Prior to 1960 it was used as yellow and black color in ceramic glazes and glass." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1dc", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "vanadium", - "definition": "Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable transition metal. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature, but once isolated artificially." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1dd", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "vanadium pentoxide", - "definition": "A brown/yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Also known as vanadium(V) oxide or vanadia. Because of its high oxidation state, is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidizing agent, used as a precursor to alloys of vanadium and as an industrial catalyst." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1de", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "variscite", - "definition": "Variscite is a relatively rare phosphate mineral that is sometimes confused with turquoise. It is usually greener, however, than turquoise. Variscite is sometimes used as a semi-precious stone and can make distinctive color patterns that are very attractive." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1df", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "vermiculite", - "definition": "Vermiculite is an important member of the Montmorillonite/Smectite Group, members of which also belong to the larger general group known as the Clays. Vermiculite is also sometimes placed in the Mica Group, although recent analysis has excluded it from this group." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1e0", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "vesuvianite", - "definition": "Vesuvianite, also known as Idocrase, is a fascinating mineral found originally on the volcano, Mt Vesuvius, hence one of the names. The other name, idocrase, is from the greek and means mixed form, an allusion to its crystals showing a mixture of other mineral forms." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1869bcbfb314ddeea1e1", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "white-firing clay", - "definition": "A clay that imparts whiteness to the finished ceramic ware when fired." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e2", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "wollastonite", - "definition": "Wollastonite is a calcium inosilicate mineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium. It is usually white. It forms when impure limestone or dolostone is subjected to high temperature and pressure sometimes in the presence of silica-bearing fluids as in skarns or contact metamorphic rocks. Associated minerals include garnets, vesuvianite, diopside, tremolite, epidote, plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene and calcite. It is named after the English chemist and mineralogist William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e3", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "xenotime-gemstone", - "definition": "Xenotime is a rare earth phosphate mineral, whose major component is yttrium orthophosphate (YPO4). Occasionally, gemstones are also cut from the finer xenotime crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e4", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "ytterbium", - "definition": "Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, or last element in the f-block, which is the basis of the relative stability of the +2 oxidation state." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e5", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "yttrium", - "definition": "Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a \"rare earth element." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e6", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "yttrium oxide", - "definition": "Yttrium oxide, also known as yttria is an air-stable, white solid substance. Used to make Eu:YVO4 and Eu:Y2O3 phosphors that give the red color in color TV picture tubes, to make yttrium iron garnets used in microwave filters, and to make the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e7", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "zeolite", - "definition": "Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts.[1] The term zeolite was originally coined in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who observed that upon rapidly heating the material stilbite, it produced large amounts of steam from water that had been adsorbed by the material. Based on this, he called the material zeolite, from the Greek ζέω (zéō), meaning \"to boil\" and λίθος (líthos), meaning \"stone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e8", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "zinc", - "definition": "Zinc is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1e9", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "zircon", - "definition": "Zircon (/ˈzɜrkən/; including hyacinth or yellow zircon) is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4. A common empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr1–y, REEy)(SiO4)1–x(OH)4x–y" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ea", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "zircon-gemstone", - "definition": "Zircon resembles diamond in luster and fire and colorless zircons have been mistaken for diamonds by experienced jewelers. Zircon can make a very attractive and affordable gemstone. It is found in browns and greens but can be heat treated to beautiful blue and golden colors." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1eb", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "zirconia", - "definition": "A white crystalline oxide of zirconium. Used in the production of ceramics, as a protective coating on particles of titanium dioxide pigments, as a refractory material, in insulation, abrasives and enamels, in oxygen sensors and fuel cell membranes, and as the solid electrolyte in electrochromic devices." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ec", - "parentId": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c7", - "label": "zirconium", - "definition": "Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr, atomic number 40 and atomic mass of 91.224. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "Compositioncategory", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa7", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "argillic", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amount (greater than 5 percent by volume) of clay is present" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa8", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "arkosic detrital mode", - "definition": "Sandstone petrographic composition term indicating that detrital mode for clastic rock (Q-F-L) includes less than 75 percent quartz and the feldspar to lithic ratio is greater than 3 to 1. This corresponds to the arkose field of Folk (1968). For clastic rocks with little or no matrix and cement, rocks in this detrital mode composition category will also have quartz-feldspathic mineralogical composition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa9", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "asphaltic", - "definition": "Material contains a significant amount of asphalt, which is a 'dark brown to black viscous liquid or low-melting solid bitumen that consists almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen...[and] formed in oil-bearing rocks by the evaporation of volatiles...' (Jackson, 1997, p. 39)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9faa", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "barium bearing carbonate chemistry", - "definition": "CO3 is the predominant anion, and greater than 5 mole percent of cations are Ba." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fab", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "bioclastic", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary material contains significant broken skeletal material" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fac", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "calcareous", - "definition": "Calcium carbonate minerals are present, carbonate minerals form less than 50 percent of rock, material contains sufficient CaCO3 to react forming bubbles when hydrochloric acid is applied." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fad", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "calcareous monomeralic carbonate", - "definition": "Carbonate minerals form greater than 75 percent of rock, and calcium carbonate minerals forms greater than 75 percent of carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fae", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "calcium rich carbonate chemistry", - "definition": "CO3 is the predominante anion, and the Ca is the most abundant (mole percent) cation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9faf", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "calcsilicate", - "definition": "Material consists of greater than or equal to 50 percent calcsilicate or carbonate minerals and carbonate minerals less than or equal to calcsilicate minerals in mineral mode." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb0", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "calcsilicate bearing", - "definition": "Calcsilicate minerals of any sort are present, but less than 50 percent of rock" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb1", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "carbonaceous", - "definition": "Material containing significant carbon or hydrocarbon mineral phases, including graphite, coal, oil, gas, lignite, peat." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb2", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "carbonaceous chemistry", - "definition": "Containing greater than 5 percent reduced carbon in compounds that are typically the diagenetic products of dead organisms (e.g. coal, bitumen and petroleum). 5 percent value is chosen for consistency with SLTTs usage of term carbonaceous." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb3", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "carbonate", - "definition": "Material consists of greater than 50 percent calcsilicate or carbonate minerals and carbonate minerals greater than calcsilicate minerals in mineral mode. Metacarbonate of NADMSC SLTTm (2004) terminology, adopted here for non-genetic use." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb4", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "carbonate bearing", - "definition": "Carbonate minerals of any sort are present, but less than 50 percent of rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb5", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "carbonate chemistry", - "definition": "The carbonate (CO3) anion is the predominant anion (by mole percent) in chemical analysis. Sub-categories may be defined by dominant cation. Material in this chemical class overlaps with the monomineralic carbonate class, and probably overlaps with the Carbonate class in the mineralogical composition classification." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb6", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "chloride chemistry", - "definition": "Chloride is the most abundant (mole percent) anion" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183ebcbfb314ddee9fb7", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "chloritic", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amount (greater than 5 percent by volume) of chlorite group minerals are present" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fb8", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "composition not specified", - "definition": "Composition not specified. Use in normative descriptions where any composition property is allowed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fb9", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "dolomite monomineralic carbonate", - "definition": "Carbonate minerals form greater than 75 percent of rock, and dolomite forms greater than 75 percent of carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fba", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "dolomitic", - "definition": "Dolomite is present, carbonate minerals form less than 50 percent of rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fbb", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "feldspathic", - "definition": "Sedimentary material contains significant feldspar mineral content" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fbc", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "feldspathic detrital mode", - "definition": "General sandstone petrography term for a sandstone in which the ratio of feldspar to lithic fragments is greater than 1:1 and less than 75 percent quartz is present in the detrital mode. Subsumes lithic arkosic and arkosic sandstone petrographic composition classes. Usage of modifier feldspathic is consistent with petrographic subdivisions of Dott (1964) and Williams, Turner and Gilbert (1982)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fbd", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "feldspathic lithic detrital mode", - "definition": "Sandstone petrographic composition term indicating that detrital mode for clastic rock (Q-F-L) includes less than 75 percent quartz and the feldspar to lithic ratio is between 1 to 1 and 1 to 3. This corresponds to the feldspathic litharenite field of Folk (1968). Rocks in this class are likely to be quartzo-feldspathic in terms of mineralogical composition terms in this vocablary, but because the mineralogical composition of the lithic fraction is not constrainged, this correlation is not necessary." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fbe", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "ferromagnesian", - "definition": "Material consists of greater than 40 percent dark ferromagnesian silicate minerals. Standard term defined by Bates and Jackson (1987) to mean 'containing iron and magnesium'. Subsumes mafic and ultramafic." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fbf", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "ferruginous", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amount (greater than 5 percent by volume) of non-silicate iron minerals (hematite, magnetite, siderite...) are present. Rocks containing abundant iron-rich silicate minerals would use the 'Ferromagnesian' terms." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fc0", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "fluoride chemistry", - "definition": "Fluorine is the most abundant (mole percent) anion" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fc1", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "halide chemistry", - "definition": "One or more of halide group elements (F, Cl, Br, I) are most abundant (mole percent) anion" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fc2", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "high silica chemistry", - "definition": "Containing 65 percent or more SiO2 by weight. Syn acid." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183fbcbfb314ddee9fc3", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "impure calcsilicate or carbonate", - "definition": "Material consists of greater than 50 percent calcsilicate or carbonate minerals and relative proportion of calcsilicate and carbonate minerals is unknown or not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fc4", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "intermediate silica chemistry", - "definition": "Containing SiO2 in the range 52-65 percent, sometimes described as \\intermediate\\ rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fc5", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "intraclastic", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary material contains signficant intraclast content" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fc6", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "iron bearing carbonate chemistry", - "definition": "CO3 is the predominant anion, and iron is greater than 5 mole percent of the cations (includes Fe, Mg, Mn, Ba, Sr, Ca...)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fc7", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "iron rich carbonate chemistry", - "definition": "CO3 is the predominant anion, and iron is the most abundant (mole percent) cation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fc8", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "lithic", - "definition": "Sedimentary material contains significant detrital rock fragments derived by erosion from older, pre-existing rock materials" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fc9", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "lithic arkosic detrital mode", - "definition": "Sandstone petrographic composition term indicating that detrital mode for clastic rock (Q-F-L) includes less than 75 percent quartz and the ratio of lithic fragments to feldspar is between 1:1 and 1:3. This corresponds to the lithic arkose field of Folk (1968), the 75 percent quartz boundary is chosen to be consistent with quartzsose composition as defined in the mineralogic compostion terms vocabulary. Because of the abundance of lithic fragments for which the mineralogic composition is not specified, and the presence of undiscernible matrix and cement that are not incuded in the detrital mode, corresondence with the mineralogical composition terms is very approximate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fca", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "lithic detrital mode", - "definition": "Sandstone petrographic composition term indicating that detrital mode for clastic rock (Q-F-L) includes less than 75 percent quartz and the lithic to feldspar ratio is greater than 3 to 1. This corresponds to the litharenite field of Folk (1968). Because the mineralogy of the lithic fragments is not constrained, the mineralogical composition is largely independent of the detrital mode composition for this class." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fcb", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "lithic rich detrital mode", - "definition": "Sandstone petrographic composition term indicating that the ratio of lithic fragments to feldspar is greater than 1:1, and less than 75 percent quartz is present in the detrital mode. Because the mineralogy of the lithic fragments is not constrained, the mineralogical composition is largely independent of the detrital mode composition for this class." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fcc", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "low silica chemistry", - "definition": "Containing SiO2 in the range 44-52 percent. Syn basic." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fcd", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "mafic", - "definition": "Material consists of greater than or equal to 40 percent and less than 90 percent ferromagnesian silicate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fce", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "magnesium rich carbonate chemistry", - "definition": "CO3 is the predominant anion, and Mg is the most abundant (mole percent) cation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1840bcbfb314ddee9fcf", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "metallic oxide bearing", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amounts (greater than 5 percent by volume) of base metal oxide minerals such as magnetite (Fe3O4) or pyrolusite (MnO2) are present." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd0", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "metaluminous", - "definition": "Chemical composition term used for igneous rocks, denoting that content of aluminum oxide is greater than sodium oxide plus potassium oxide, but aluminum oxide less than sum of Na, K and Ca oxide." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd1", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "micaceous", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amount (greater than 5 percent by volume) of mica group mineral are present" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd2", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "mono mineralic", - "definition": "Greater than 75 percent of the material consists of a single mineral species." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd3", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "monomictic", - "definition": "Grains or clasts are composed of a single rock or mineral type (Jackson, 1997)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd4", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "monomineralic carbonate", - "definition": "Rock in which carbonate minerals form greater than 75 percent of rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd5", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "nitrate chemistry", - "definition": "Nitrate (NO3) is most abundant (mole percent) anion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd6", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "other composition", - "definition": "Composition is known but doesn’t' fit in any other category" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd7", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "oxide", - "definition": "Material predominantly composed of oxide minerals" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd8", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "pelitic", - "definition": "Material for which the sum of modal quartz+feldspar+ mica + aluminous mineral is greater than or equal to 70 percent, and aluminous mineral + mica content is greater than or equal to 40 percent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fd9", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "peralkaline", - "definition": "Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is less than sum of K and Na oxide." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fda", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "peraluminous", - "definition": "Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) greater than sum of Na, K and Ca oxide." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fdb", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "petroliferous", - "definition": "Crude oil or natural gas is present, generally in trace amounts, commonly detected by smell" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fdc", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "phosphate chemistry", - "definition": "Phosphate (PO4) is the most abundant (mole percent) anion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1841bcbfb314ddee9fdd", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "phosphatic", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amount (greater than 5 percent by volume) of phosphate minerals are present" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fde", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "polymictic", - "definition": "Grains or clasts are composed of many mineral or rock types" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fdf", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "quartz feldspar pelitic", - "definition": "Material for which the sum of modal quartz+feldspar+ mica + aluminous mineral is greater than or equal to 70 percent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe0", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "quartzo feldspathic", - "definition": "Material for which the sum of modal quartz+feldspar+ mica + aluminous mineral is greater than or equal to 70 percent, and quartz + feldspar (sensu Robertson, 1999) greater than 60 percent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe1", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "quartzose", - "definition": "Material consists of greater than or equal to 75 percent quartz." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe2", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "quartzose detrital mode", - "definition": "Detrital mineral grains in a granular rock consist of greater than 95 percent quartz. This petrographic criteria follows the most restrictive definition of the composition field at the quartz vertex of the sandstone QFL triangle (Folk, 1968). This use of term quartzose is more restrictive that that used in the mineralogical composition term vocabulary, reflecting the interpretive significance of pure quartz sandstones in sedimentary petrology." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe3", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "semi pelitic", - "definition": "Material for which the sum of modal quartz+feldspar+ mica + aluminous mineral is greater than or equal to 70 percent, and quartz+ feldspar less than 60 percent" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe4", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "silicate chemistry", - "definition": "Composed of minerals whose crystal structure contains SiO4 tetrahedra, either isolated or joined through one or more oxygen atoms to form groups, chains, sheets or three-dimensional structures with metallic cations. Composition ranges from 20-100 percent SiO2. Typically some Al substitutues for silica. A survey of chemical analyses in the Georock database (query FOR ALL GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS, MATERIAL: WHOLE ROCK (AND VOLCANIC GLASS), PUB. YEARS: 2005-1970), 10/10/2005, http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc/Entry.html) discovered that the lowest silica (Si02) content for igneous rock is about 20 percent. This is consistent with the lowest silica content found for a silicate mineral is about 21 percent for a chlorite variety found by scanning the mineral analyses in Deer, Howie, and Zussman (1966)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe5", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "silicic", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amount (greater than 5 percent by volume) of silica, amorphous, as quartz, or any of the silica polymorphs are present" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe6", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sub feldspathic detrital mode", - "definition": "Sandstone petrographic composition term indicating that detrital mode for clastic rock (Q-F-L) includes less than 50 percent lithic fragments, between 75 and 95 percent quartz (thus less than 25 percent feldspar). This corresponds to the subarkose field of Folk (1968), the 75 percent quartz boundary is consistent with the quartzsose composition as defined in the mineralogic compostion terms vocabulary, but if more than a few percent 'matrix' or cement is present, this is not necessarily equivalent to the mineralogical composition term." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe7", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sub lithic detrital mode", - "definition": "Sandstone petrographic composition term indicating that detrital mode for clastic rock (Q-F-L) includes more than 50 percent lithic fragments, between 75 and 95 percent quartz (thus less than 25 percent feldspar). This corresponds to the sublitharenite field of Folk (1968), the 75 percent quartz boundary is consistent with quartzsose composition as defined in the mineralogic compostion terms vocabulary." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe8", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "subaluminous", - "definition": "Aluminum oxide within 10 percent of sum of Na and K oxide." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fe9", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sulfate", - "definition": "Material predominantly composed of sulfate minerals" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1842bcbfb314ddee9fea", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sulfate chemistry", - "definition": "Sulfate is the most abundant anion" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9feb", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sulfide", - "definition": "Material predominantly composed of sulfide minerals" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9fec", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sulfide bearing", - "definition": "Greater than accessory amount (greater than 5 percent by volume) of sulfide mineral are present" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9fed", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sulfide chemistry", - "definition": "Sulfur is the most abundant anion, cations are metals or semimetals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9fee", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "sulfosalt chemistry", - "definition": "Sulfide in which a semimetal (As, Sb, Bi) is present in a cation role" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9fef", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "ultramafic", - "definition": "Material consists of greater than 90 percent ferromagnesian silicate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff0", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "very low silica chemistry", - "definition": "Containing between about 20 and 44 percent SiO2. A survey of chemical analyses in the Georock database (query FOR ALL GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS, MATERIAL: WHOLE ROCK (AND VOLCANIC GLASS), PUB. YEARS: 2005-1970), 10/10/2005, http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg. syn ultrabasic." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff1", - "parentId": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa6", - "label": "volcanic lithic", - "definition": "Sedimentary material contains significant broken volcanic rock fragments or vitric fragments, irrespective of their pyroclastic or epiclastic origin." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "Compoundmaterialconstituentpartrole", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5d", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "armoured relict crystal", - "definition": "A crystal of an earlier rock that is prevented from further reaction in a later rock by a rim of reaction products" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5e", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "armoured relict inclusion", - "definition": "an inclusion of an earlier rock that is prevented from further reaction in a later rock by a rim of reaction products" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5f", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "chadacryst", - "definition": "The enclosed crystal in a poikolitic texture" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c60", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "clast supporting orthomatrix", - "definition": "Orthomatrix in matrix supported sedimentary rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c61", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "clot", - "definition": "A cluster of ferromagnesian minerals in an igneous rock,from several centimeters to decimeters in diameter,that may be a segregation or an altered xenolith." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c62", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "constituent role not specified", - "definition": "For descriptions in which role of constituent in compound material is not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c63", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "corona", - "definition": "Constituent occurs as a concentric envelope enclosing another constituent. Corona is a non-genetic term." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c64", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "corrosion rim", - "definition": "A corona formed by a secondary mineral around an orginal igneous crystal,formed by modification of the crystal by the corrosive action of its parent magma" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c65", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "crystalline framework constituent", - "definition": "Constituent forms an interconnected network of discernible crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c66", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "dropstone", - "definition": "An oversized stone in laminated sediment that depresses the underlying laminae and may be covered by -draped laminae. Most dropstones originate through ice-rafting, other sources are floating tree roots and kelp holdfasts..." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c67", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "epimatrix", - "definition": "A type of matrix consisting of inhomogeneous interstitial materials grown in originally open interstices during diagenesis,but lacking the homogeneity and clear textural evidence of pore-filling needed to classify as phyllosilicate cement." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c68", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "floating clast", - "definition": "Constituent is a clast that has no visible contacts with other clasts. Interpreted to be largely or completly immersed in matrix or cement." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c69", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "granular framework constituent", - "definition": "Constituent forms a rigid arrangement of particles that support one another at their points of contact...constituting a mechanically firm structure capable of supporting open pore spaces,although interstices may be occupied by cement or matrix" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c6a", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "groundmass constituent", - "definition": "Constituent forms an interconnected network of material enclosing other constituents that are disguished by larger grain size." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c6b", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "inclusion", - "definition": "A fragment of older material within an igneous rock to which it may or may not be genetically related" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c6c", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "interstitial constituent", - "definition": "Constituent is distributed through the material between other constituent particles" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c6d", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "irregular part", - "definition": "A constituent with irregular distribution and geometry,as in pseudobreccia or patch migmatite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f5bcbfb314ddee9c6e", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "kelyphitic rim", - "definition": "Corona that consists of concentric bands with radial fibrous texture." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c6f", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "layer", - "definition": "A thin sheet compositionally distinct from the surrounding material,related to primary genesis of rock,e.g. sedimentary layers,metamorphic segregation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c70", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "matrix", - "definition": "Constituent forms finer-grained material interstitial to a framework constituent. \\The finer-grained material enclosing,or filling the interstices between,the larger grains or particles of a sediment or sedimentary rock....The term refers to the relative size and disposition of the particles,and no particular particle size is implied\\ (Jackson,1997,p. 393). May be classifiable into orthomatrix,protomatrix,epimatrix,pseudomatrix,and unclassified matrix." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c71", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "megacryst", - "definition": "Any crystal in an igneous or metamorphic rock that is sgnificantly larger than the surounding groundmass. May be a phenocryst,xenocryst,porphyroblast or porphyroclast" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c72", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "oikocryst", - "definition": "Constituent occurs as crystals that poikilitically enclose crystals of other phases in an igneous rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c73", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "orthomatrix", - "definition": "A type of matrix consisting of recrystallized detrital lutum (clay fraction,less than 2 micron) or protomatrix." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c74", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "overgrowth", - "definition": "Constituent crystallized in crystallographic continuity with some other mineral constituent,typically quartz or calcite. In a clastic rock,commonly forms cement as well,but this should be represented using two role attribute links,'overgrowth' and cement,because overgrowth does not necessarily imply cement." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c75", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "particulate constituent", - "definition": "Constituent occurs as a collection of particles that are characterized by average properties of the individual particles" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c76", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "phenoclast", - "definition": "A relatively large and conspicuous fragment in a sediment or sedimentary rock" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c77", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "phenocryst", - "definition": "Constituent occurs as crystals that are distinctly larger than a groundmass of enclosing crystals. Used only in igneous rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c78", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "porphyroblast", - "definition": "Constituent occurs as crystals formed by metamorphic crystallization,set in a finer-grained groundmass." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c79", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "porphyroclast", - "definition": "Relict crystal in metamorphic rock,in groundmass of relatively finer-grained material. Connotes that groundmass is result of tectonic reduction in grain size." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c7a", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "protomatrix", - "definition": "A type of matrix consisting of un-recrystallized detrital clayey lutum (clay fraction,less than 2 micron) in weakly consolidated rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c7b", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "pseudomatrix", - "definition": "A type of matrix consisting of soft deformable framework grains that are squeezed and flattened between stronger framework grains." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c7c", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "sedimentary rock cement", - "definition": "A constituent that occupies space between individual grains of a consolidated sedimentary rock,and binds the grains together as a rigid,coherent mass, it may be derived from the sediment or its entrapped waters,or it may be brought in by solution from outside sources. Material is usually chemically precipitated (Jackson,1997,p. 103). Distinguished from matrix by clearly secondary origin and generally monomineralic character." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f6bcbfb314ddee9c7d", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "small concretion", - "definition": "A hard,compact mass or aggregate of mineral matter,normally subsperical but commonly oblate,disc-shaped or irregular. Formed by precipitation of mineral from solution in the pores of a granular rock,localized around a nucleus or center,to define a discrete,sharply separated object. Size ranges from cm to decimeter for application as a compoundMaterialConstituentPart, larger concretions should be considered GeologicUnit parts." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c7e", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "structural part", - "definition": "Constituent occurs in a structural configuration integral to the rock,such as layering,veinlets,overgrowths. The 'material' composition of these parts will often be other rock materials,not minerals,and 'ParticleGeometryDescription' associated with these describes the geometry of the constituent,not the particles the it is made of. These roles are mostly useful for RockMaterial descriptions that apply to individual samples,because their distribution is unlikely to be pervasive enought to be considered characteristic of a large mass of material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c7f", - "parentId": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5c", - "label": "vein", - "definition": "Thin sheet of material intruded into the rock. May be hydrothermal,magmatic,or sedimentary." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "Consolidationdegree", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5f", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "consolidated", - "definition": "Particulate constituents of a compound material adhere to each other strongly enough that the aggregate can be considered a solid material in its own right." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e60", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "consolidation not specified", - "definition": "In normative descriptions, indicates that consolidation state is not a determining factor in identification, it may have any value." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e61", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "consolidation variable", - "definition": "Consolidation ranges from unconsolidated to indurated on scale of description" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e62", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "incipient consolidation", - "definition": "Shoveled with difficulty, relative density 0.4 - 0.7." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e63", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "indurated", - "definition": "Requires blasting or heavy equipment to loosen, Relative density 0.9-1.0. Rings to blow of hammer." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e64", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "moderately indurated", - "definition": "Multiple blows with standard rock hammer (less than 1 kg) are required to break rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e65", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "slightly indurated", - "definition": "Rock can be broken with single blow from standard rock hammer (less than 1 kg mass)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e66", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "unconsolidated", - "definition": "Particulate constituents of a compound material do not adhere to each other strongly enough that the aggregate can be considered a solid in its own right." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e67", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "unconsolidated loose", - "definition": "Easily shoveled, can be indented with fingers, Relative density 0.2-0.4." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e68", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "unconsolidated very loose", - "definition": "Easily indented with fingers, Relative density 0.0-0.2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e69", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "variable induration", - "definition": "Material is lithified, but induration varies at scale of description." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6a", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "well consolidated", - "definition": "Requires pick to loosen for shoveling, relative density 0.7-0.9." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6b", - "parentId": "634f1824bcbfb314ddee9e5e", - "label": "well indurated", - "definition": "Particles in the rock are strongly bound together such that rock surface can only be broken with great difficulty using standard rock hammer (less than 1 kg mass)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "Contacttype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f48", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "alteration facies contact", - "definition": "A metasomatic facies contact separating rocks that have undergone alteration of a particular facies from those that have undergone metasomatism of another facies. Alteration is a kind of metasomatism that does not introduce economically important minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f49", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "angular unconformable contact", - "definition": "An unconformable contact between two geological units in which the older, underlying rocks dip at an angle different from the younger, overlying strata, usually in which younger sediments rest upon the eroded surface of tilted or folded older rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f4a", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "buttress unconformity", - "definition": "An unconformity in which onlapping strata are truncated against a steep topographic scarp." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f4b", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "chronostratigraphic-zone contact", - "definition": "A contact between bodies of material having different ages of origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f4c", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "conductivity contact", - "definition": "A geophysical contact between bodies of material distinguished based on electrical conductivity characteristics" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f4d", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "conformable contact", - "definition": "A contact separating two geological units in which the layers are formed one above the other in order by regular, uninterrupted deposition under the same general conditions." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f4e", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "contact", - "definition": "A surface that separates geologic units. Very general concept representing any kind of surface separating two geologic units, including primary boundaries such as depositional contacts, all kinds of unconformities, intrusive contacts, and gradational contacts, as well as faults that separate geologic units." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f4f", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "deformation zone contact", - "definition": "A lithogenetic bundary separating rock masses that have different deformation structure, e.g. sheared rock against non sheared rock, brecciated rock against non-brecciated rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f50", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "density contact", - "definition": "A geophysical contact separating bodies of material with different density characteristics, generally determined through measurement and modelling of gravity variations." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f51", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "depositional contact", - "definition": "Lithogenetic contact at which a sedimentary or volcanic rock has been deposited on (or against) another rock body. The relationship between the older underlying rocks and younger overlying rocks is unknown or not specfied." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f52", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "disconformable contact", - "definition": "An unconformable contact between two geological units in which the bedding of the older, underlying unit is parallel to the bedding of the younger, overlying unit, but in which the contact between the two units is marked by an irregular or uneven surface of appreciable relief." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f53", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "faulted contact", - "definition": "A contact separating two bodies of material across which one body has slid past the other." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f54", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "geologic province contact", - "definition": "A contact between regions characterised by their geological history or by similar structural, petrographic or stratigraphic features" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f55", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "geophysical contact", - "definition": "A contact separating bodies of material in the earth that have different geophysical properties. Use for boundaries that are detected by geophysical sensor techniques as opposed to direct lithologic observation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f56", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "glacial stationary line", - "definition": "A boundary between a subglacial geomorphic unit and a periglacial geomorphic unit, marking the maximum extent of glacial cover. This can be thought of as the outcrop of the contact between a glacier and its substrate at some time at each point along the boundary. This contact type is included as an interim concept, assuming that in the future, there will be extensions to account better for geomorphic units and line types." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1836bcbfb314ddee9f57", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "igneous intrusive contact", - "definition": "An intrusive contact between a younger igneous rock and an older, pre-existing geological unit into which it has been intruded." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f58", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "igneous phase contact", - "definition": "A lithogenetic contact separating lithologically distinct phases of a single intrusive body. Does not denote nature of contact (intrusive or gradation)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f59", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "impact structure boundary", - "definition": "surface that bounds a body of rock affected by an extraterrestrial impact event" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f5a", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "lithogenetic contact", - "definition": "A non-faulted contact separating bodies of material in the earth that have different lithologic character or geologic history." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f5b", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "magnetic contact", - "definition": "A geophysical contact separating bodies of material distinguished based on properties related to magnetic fields." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f5c", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "magnetic polarity contact", - "definition": "A magentic contact between bodies of material with different polarity of remnant magnetization, e.g. between sections of ocean floor with different polarity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f5d", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "magnetic susceptiblity contact", - "definition": "A magnetic contact between bodies of material distinguished based on magnetic susceptibility characteristics." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f5e", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "magnetization contact", - "definition": "A magnetic contact between bodies of material distinguished based on any aspect of magnetization of material in the units." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f5f", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "metamorphic contact", - "definition": "Lithogenetic contact separating rocks that have different lithologic properties related to metamorphism, metasomatism, alteration, or mineralization. Generally separates metamorphic rock bodies, but may separate metamorphosed (broadly speaking) and non-metamorphosed rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f60", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "metamorphic facies contact", - "definition": "A metamorphic contact separating rocks that have undergone metamorphism of a particular facies from those that have undergone metamorphism of another facies." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f61", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "metasomatic facies contact", - "definition": "A metamorphic contact separating rocks that have undergone metasomatism of a particular facies from those that have undergone metasomatism of another facies. Metasomatism is distinguished from metamorphism by significant changes in bulk chemistry of the affected rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1837bcbfb314ddee9f62", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "mineralisation assemblage contact", - "definition": "A metasomatic facies contact separating rocks which have been mineralised and contain a particular mineral assemblage from those which contain a different assemblage. Mineralization is a kind of metasomatism that introduces ecomomically important minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f63", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "nonconformable contact", - "definition": "An unconformable contact between an underlying, older nonstratified geological unit (usually intrusive igneous rocks or metamorphics) and an overlying, younger stratified geological unit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f64", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "paraconformable contact", - "definition": "An unconformable contact between two geological units in which the bedding of the older, underlying unit is parallel to the bedding of the younger, overlying unit, in which the contact between the two units is planar, and may be coincident with a bedding plane." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f65", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "radiometric contact", - "definition": "A geophysical contact separating bodies of material distinguished based on the characteristics of emitted of radiant energy related to radioactivity (e.g. gamma rays)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f66", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "sedimentary facies contact", - "definition": "A lithogenetic contact separating essentially coeval sedimentary material bodies distinguished by characteristics reflecting different physical or chemical processes active at the time of deposition of the sediment." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f67", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "sedimentary intrusive contact", - "definition": "An intrusive contact between a sedimentary rock unit and plastic sediment (e.g., clay, chalk, salt, gypsum, etc.), forced upward into it from underlying sediment" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f68", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "seismic contact", - "definition": "A geophysical contact separating bodies of material defined based on their seismic character. Seismic character is based on transmission of vibrations (seismic waves) through a rock body, and relates to the velocity of transmission, and the nature of reflection, refraction, or transformation of seismic waves by inhomogeneities in the rock body." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f69", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "unconformable contact", - "definition": "A contact separating two geological units in which the younger unit succeeds the older after a substantial hiatus in deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6a", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "volcanic subsidence zone boundary", - "definition": "boundary around a body of rock that is within a zone of subsidence or cratering produced by volcanic activity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6b", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f47", - "label": "weathering contact", - "definition": "A lithogenetic contact separating bodies of material differentiated based on lithologic properties related to weathering." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea20a", - "label": "Conventioncode", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20b", - "parentId": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea20a", - "label": "dip dip direction", - "definition": "The orientation measurement consists of a dip and a dip direction. Dip is the angle that the structural surface (eg bedding, fault plane) makes with the horizontal measured perpendicular to the strike of the structure and in the vertical plane Dip direction is the azimuth perpindicular to the strike of the structure" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20c", - "parentId": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea20a", - "label": "strike dip right hand rule", - "definition": "The strike and dip of planar data is listed according to the ‘right-hand rule’ or, as one looks along the strike direction, the surface dips to the right. Dip is the angle that the structural surface (eg bedding, fault plane) makes with the horizontal measured perpindicular to the strike of the structure and in the vertical plane" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e48", - "label": "Deformationstyle", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e49", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e48", - "label": "brittle deformation", - "definition": "Deformation in fault zone has been accommodated primarily through fracturing and loss of continuity between adjacent rock bodies." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4a", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e48", - "label": "ductile deformation", - "definition": "Displacement across shear displacement structure largely accommodated by plastic deformation of the rock body without loss of macroscopic continuity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4b", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e48", - "label": "mixed brittle and ductile", - "definition": "Deformation in fault zone has been accommodated by both fracturing and plastic shape change in rock bodies." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0d", - "label": "Descriptionpurpose", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0e", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0d", - "label": "defining norm", - "definition": "A description that specifies properties sufficient to identify a new occurrence as belonging to the class represented by the description. Basically these are the 'sufficient conditions' for class membership. Used when presented with a query 'I have an outcrop with these properties, which geologic unit should I assign to the outcrop?' DefiningNorm has to do with the intension of a ControlledConcept." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0f", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0d", - "label": "instance", - "definition": "A description that is specific to a particular observed occurrence. This is 'raw data', and its classification may start out as very general. There are kinds of narrowly defined ControlledConcepts that might not allow 'instances' that are different from the DefiningNorm. It might be worth considering a different relationship between MappedFeature and an Instance GeologicEntity, with the GeologicEntity role being 'description'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c10", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0d", - "label": "typicalNorm", - "definition": "A description that specifies properties to be expected of some occurrence associated with the GeologicEntity. This description may include many properties that are not part of the DefiningNorm. For example, the fact that granite is typically light-colored is not a defining property, but is certainly a useful typical property. These kinds of descriptions would be used to address queries like 'This area is within a polygon classified as Podunk Formation, what sort of lithology am I most likely to encounter when I start digging?' The Podunk Formation may be defined by the presence of a certain ammonite... TypicalNorm description would be constructed as a summary over many Instance descriptions." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "Determinationmethodorientation", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3f", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "calculated average orientation", - "definition": "Orientation value is specified using a calculated average of a collection of related orientations (computer generalization)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f40", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "estimate from air photo", - "definition": "Orientation of a geologic structure estimated based on inspection or measurements on an air photograph." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f41", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "estimate from distance", - "definition": "Orientation of a geologic structure based on observation from a distance great enough to preclude direct inspection of the structure to determine orientation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f42", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "measure on outcrop", - "definition": "Orientation of surface or line is measured on an outcrop of that surface or line directly, e.g. by measuring a particular bedding surface, a 3-D exposure of a fold hinge, a particular stretched mineral grain in a foliation surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f43", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "photogeologic determination", - "definition": "Orientation determined based on measurements from aerial photography or satellite imagery (in conjunction with an elevation model." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f44", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "standard on site measure", - "definition": "Orientation measured using compass or other instrument directly on or at an outcrop of the structure." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f45", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "three point determination", - "definition": "Orientation determined by fitting a plane to three or more points located on the geologic surface of interest." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f46", - "parentId": "634f1835bcbfb314ddee9f3e", - "label": "visual surface estimation on outcrop", - "definition": "Orientation of a surface is measured by visually averaging across one or more outcrops in a small area--e.g. approximating dip by looking down strike of beds, approximating strike by outcrop trace of one or more beds." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "Earth", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e72", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "cylindrical", - "definition": "A roughly cylindrical body, which may reduce in diameter at one end like a funnel" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e73", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "irregular", - "definition": "Body geometry is irregular and can not be characterized using terminology." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e74", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "lensoidal", - "definition": "A body bounded by converging surfaces (at least one of which is curved), thick in the middle and thinning out toward the edges, resembling a convex lens." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e75", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "nodular", - "definition": "Having the shape of a nodule or occurring in the form of nodules; e.g. \"nodular ore\" such as a colloform mineral aggregate with a bulbed surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e76", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "podiform", - "definition": "A roughly cylindrical body having a diameter that decreases to zero at both ends like a cigar or a potato." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e77", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "saddle-shaped", - "definition": "Having a curved form like a fold hinge" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e78", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e71", - "label": "tabular", - "definition": "A body having two dimensions that are much larger or longer than the third, e.g. a dyke-hosted or bed-hosted deposit" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "End", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d09", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "abrasive minerals", - "definition": "Naturally occurring abrasives." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d0a", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "agricultural lime", - "definition": "Direct application of chalk, limestone or dolomite for soil conditioning" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d0b", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "agriculture", - "definition": "Material used for agricultural or horticultural purposes as a fertiliser, soil conditioner or improver." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d0c", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "building and dimension stone", - "definition": "Natural Stone used in a block, flag or slate form for construction or decorative purposes, or artifacts, e.g. millstones." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d0d", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "cement-making material", - "definition": "Material directly used in the manufacture of cement or mortar." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d0e", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "ceramic and refractory minerals", - "definition": "Material used as a raw material for the manufacture of ceramics and refractories, i.e. whiteware or pottery. Excludes bricks, tiles, pipes and pottery." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d0f", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "chemicals", - "definition": "Material directly used in the manufacture of a product by an industrial chemical process. Includes borates, barite, fluorite, magnesium (magnesite), sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate (trona), pyrite, sulphur, rock salt, strontium, zeolites." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d10", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "construction", - "definition": "Material used in the construction industry. Includes aggregate, dimension & ornamental stones (granite, gabbro, travertine, etc.), gypsum, anhydrite, cement limestone, limestone for lime, marble, sand and gravel." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d11", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "construction aggregates", - "definition": "Any of several hard, inert materials, such as sand, gravel, slag, or crushed stone, used for mixing with a cementing or bituminous material to form concrete or asphalt or used alone, as in railroad ballast or graded fill. Excludes materials for cement making and plaster making." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d12", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "drilling minerals", - "definition": "Material has potential for use in borehole drilling processes, e.g. as a mud weight or viscosity additive." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d13", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "energy minerals", - "definition": "Raw materials in the energy industry. Includes oil, gas, bituminous sandstone and limestone, oil shale, coal, lignite, peat, thorium, uranium." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d14", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "engineering clay", - "definition": "Clay or shale with particular properties, used for a civil engineering purpose other than as a fill, e.g. liner for landfill, flood defence" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d15", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "fertilizers", - "definition": "Direct application K- or P-bearing rock as a fertiliser; rock used for chemical fertiliser production e.g. phosphate; mineral used to prevent caking of fertilizer granules" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d16", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "fossil fuel use", - "definition": "Material has potential for energy production through burning" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d17", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "foundry minerals", - "definition": "Material used as a part of the process in the manufacture of a metallic product." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d18", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "gemstone", - "definition": "Precious or semi precious stones or metals for use in jewellery or decorative work" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d19", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "glass manufacturing minerals", - "definition": "General use in the glass making industry, including fluxes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d1a", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "horticultural", - "definition": "Horticultural uses e.g. sand for top dressing, peat" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d1b", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "industrial minerals", - "definition": "Material used in the manufacture of a product by an industrial process, or in the treatment of a product" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d1c", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "industrial product treatment", - "definition": "Material directly used in the treatment or enhancement of an industrial product, i.e. paper coatings." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1801bcbfb314ddee9d1d", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "landscaping", - "definition": "Soil and aggregates used for landscaping" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d1e", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "metal industry", - "definition": "Metal ore directly used to produce metals and minerals used in their processing" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d1f", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "metal ore", - "definition": "Ore concentrate of specified metal" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d20", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "mineral specimens", - "definition": "Resource end use is for sale to collectors and for education" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d21", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "non-metal ore", - "definition": "resource end use is extraction of non-metal elements for direct use, e.g. flourine, bromine, iodine, boron" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d22", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "nuclear energy source", - "definition": "Material has potential for energy production through use in nuclear reactor" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d23", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "plaster and plaster board", - "definition": "Material directly used in the manufacture of a plaster or plasterboard." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d24", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "recycling", - "definition": "Materials recycled for either remanufacture of a similar product or for use in a different product or manner" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d25", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "speciality and other industrial rocks and minerals", - "definition": "Includes abrasives: garnet, staurolite, corundum; asbestos (antophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite); attapulgite, sepiolite (clay); bentonite (clay); limestone, calcite (filler); diatomite (kieselguhr); graphite; mica; perlite; quartz (massive / block for ferrosilicon); quartz (for optical and piezoelectrical use); silica sand; talc, pyrophyllite; vermiculite; wollastonite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d26", - "parentId": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d08", - "label": "structural clay products", - "definition": "Material used as a raw material for the manufacture of structural clay products, i.e. Bricks, pipes and tiles." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "Environmental", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21c", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "acid mine drainage", - "definition": "Mine drainage that has a pH value of less than 7.0." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21d", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "aqueous liquid emission", - "definition": "Emission of liquids in which water is the most abundant constituent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21e", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "basic mine drainage", - "definition": "Mine drainage that has a pH value of greater than 7.0." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21f", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "collapse", - "definition": "Collapse of surface material into underground excavations, resulting in major surface subsidence and disruption." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea220", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "dam failure", - "definition": "Breach or destruction of a large water or tailing containment structure and release of contained water that could result in downstream damage or pollution." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea221", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "dust", - "definition": "Emission of dust into the air. Dust is defines as small solid particles with a diameter less than 75 µm. The particles are small enough to remain suspended in the air for some time, but settle out under their own weight in still air." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea222", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "emission", - "definition": "Any release or disposal of a substance into the environment" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea223", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "erosion", - "definition": "Impact due to loss of material shaped by mining activities through water or wind action." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea224", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "gaseous emission", - "definition": "Emission of gaseous substance, including steam or release of gas resulting from mining activity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea225", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "habitat modification", - "definition": "Impact due to modification of landscape and ecosystem on or adjacent to the resource extraction site." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea226", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "health impact", - "definition": "Resource extraction activity directly or indirectly impacts the health of living organisms (human, other animals, plants...)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea227", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "heat", - "definition": "Impact includes noticable thermal release from mining activity (e.g. warm water discharge, exothermic mineral reactions)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea228", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "instability", - "definition": "Increased propensity for unpredictable surface displacements" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea229", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "landslide", - "definition": "Downslope displacement of material due to excavation related to resource extraction. Includes slope failure on waste or tailings heaps." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea22a", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "liquid emission", - "definition": "Emission of liquids from resource extraction site; principal concern is likely to be toxic chemical constituents in the liquids, but these are too varied to enumerate in this vocabulary" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea22b", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "mine drainage", - "definition": "Surface discharge of aqueous liquid that has interacted with mineralized rock disturbed by Earth Resource extraction activities" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea22c", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "mineral fiber emission", - "definition": "Emission of mineral fiber particulates that are threats to respiratory health." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea22d", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "neutral mine drainage", - "definition": "Mine drainage that has a pH value of 7.0." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea22e", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "noise", - "definition": "Noticable sound resulting from a mining activity, usually from machinery, processing plant or blasting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea22f", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "non-aqueous liquid emission", - "definition": "Emission of liquid in which water is not the most abundant constituent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186fbcbfb314ddeea230", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "odour", - "definition": "Impact includes unpleasant smell resulting from a mining activity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1870bcbfb314ddeea231", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "particulate emission", - "definition": "Emission of suspended particulate material into the air or water" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1870bcbfb314ddeea232", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "physical impact", - "definition": "Impact due to direct physical effects of natural processes resulting from mining activity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1870bcbfb314ddeea233", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "radiation", - "definition": "Emission on air of radionuclides substance gangerous for many health situation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1870bcbfb314ddeea234", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "radioactive emission", - "definition": "Emission of radioactive material or energy radiation due to radioactive decay of uncoverning of minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1870bcbfb314ddeea235", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "runoff water", - "definition": "Surface discharge of aqueous liquid sourced by rainfall that has not interacted with mineralized rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1870bcbfb314ddeea236", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "sedimentation", - "definition": "Deposition of sediment eroded from resource extraction site in undesirable locations" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1870bcbfb314ddeea237", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "subsidence", - "definition": "Settlement of land or soil through compaction of loose or excavated material" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea238", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "subsurface aqueous liquid discharge", - "definition": "Impact of subsurface aqueous fluid emission in which liquid water is the most abundant constituent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea239", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "surface aqueous liquid discharge", - "definition": "Impact of aqueous liquid emission into the subsurface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23a", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "vibration", - "definition": "Ground and airborne vibration (airblast) caused by resource extraction activity or by transportation associated with the mining activity or related transportation\" (eg large lorries through narrow village roads)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23b", - "parentId": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21b", - "label": "visual disturbance", - "definition": "Impact due to changed view, scene or visual appearance that modifies landscape resulting from mining activity." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "Eventenvironment", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea035", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "abandoned river channel setting", - "definition": "A drainage channel along which runoff no longer occurs, as on an alluvial fan" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea036", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "above carbonate compensation depth setting", - "definition": "Marine environment in which carbonate sediment does not dissolve before reaching the sea floor and can accumulate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea037", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "abyssal setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at water depths between 3500 and 6000 metres" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea038", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "active continental margin setting", - "definition": "Plate margin setting on continental crust." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea039", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "active spreading center setting", - "definition": "Divergent plate margin at which new oceanic crust is being formed" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea03a", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "aeolian process setting", - "definition": "Sedimentary setting in which wind is the dominant process producing, transporting, and depositing sediment. Typically has low-relief plain or piedmont slope physiography." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea03b", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "algal flat setting", - "definition": "Modern algal flats are found on rock or mud in areas flooded only by the highest tides and are often subject to high evaporation rates. Algal flats survive only when an area is salty enough to eliminate snails and other herbivorous animals that eat algae, yet is not so salty that the algae cannot survive. The most common species of algae found on algal flats are blue-green algae of the genera Scytonema and Schizothrix. These algae can tolerate the daily extremes in temperature and oxygen that typify conditions on the flats. Other plants sometimes found on algal flats include one-celled green algae, flagellates, diatoms, bacteria, and isolated scrubby red and black mangroves, as well as patches of saltwort. Animals include false cerith, cerion snails, fiddler crabs, and great land crabs. Flats with well developed algal mats are restricted for the most part to the Keys, with Sugarloaf and Crane Keys offering prime examples of algal flat habitat. (Audubon, 1991)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea03c", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "alluvial fan setting", - "definition": "A low, outspread, relatively flat to gently sloping mass of loose rock material, shaped like an open fan or a segment of a cone, deposited by a stream (esp. in a semiarid region) at the place where it issues from a narrow mountain valley upon a plain or broad valley, or where a tributary stream is near or at its junction with the main stream, or wherever a constriction in a valley abruptly ceases or the gradient of the stream suddenly decreases, it is steepest near the mouth of the valley where its apex points upstream, and it slopes gently and convexly outward with gradually decreasing gradient" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea03d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "alluvial plain setting", - "definition": "An assemblage landforms produced by alluvial and fluvial processes (braided streams, terraces, etc.) that form low gradient, regional ramps along the flanks of mountains and extend great distances from their sources (e.g.high Plains of North America). (NRCS GLOSSARY OF LANDFORM AND GEOLOGIC TERMS). A level or gently sloping tract or a slightly undulating land surface produced by extensive deposition of alluvium... Synonym-- wash plain,...river plain, aggraded valley plain,... (Jackson, 1997, p. 17). May include one or more River plain systems." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea03e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "anoxic setting", - "definition": "Setting depleted in oxygen, typically subaqueous." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea03f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "arid or semi arid environment setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by mean annual precipitation of 10 inches (25 cm) or less. (Jackson, 1997, p. 172). Equivalent to SLTT 'Desert setting', but use 'Arid' to emphasize climatic nature of setting definition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea040", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "back arc setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting adjacent to a volcanic arc formed above a subduction zone. The back arc setting is on the opposite side of the volcanic arc from the trench at which oceanic crust is consumed in a subduction zone. Back arc setting includes terrane that is affected by plate margin and arc-related processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea041", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "backreef setting", - "definition": "The landward side of a reef. The term is often used adjectivally to refer to deposits within the restricted lagoon behind a barrier reef, such as the back-reef facies of lagoonal deposits. In some places, as on a platform-edge reef tract, back reef refers to the side of the reef away from the open sea, even though no land may be nearby" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea042", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "barrier beach setting", - "definition": "A narrow, elongate sand or gravel ridge rising slightly above the high-tide level and extending generally parallel with the shore, but separated from it by a lagoon (Shepard, 1954, p.1904), estuary, or marsh, it is extended by longshore transport and is rarely more than several kilometers long." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea043", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "barrier island coastline setting", - "definition": "setting meant to include all the various geographic elements typically associated with a barrier island coastline, including the barrier islands, and geomorphic/geographic elements that are linked by processes associated with the presence of the island (e.g. wash over fans, inlet channel, back barrier lagoon)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea044", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "barrier lagoon setting", - "definition": "A lagoon that is roughly parallel to the coast and is separated from the open ocean by a strip of land or by a barrier reef. Tidal influence is typically restricted and the lagoon is commonly hypersaline." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1849bcbfb314ddeea045", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "basin bog setting", - "definition": "An ombrotrophic or ombrogene peat/bog whose nutrient supply is exclusively from rain water (including snow and atmospheric fallout) therefore making nutrients extremely oligotrophic" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea046", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "basin plain setting", - "definition": "Near flat areas of ocean floor, slope less than 1:1000, generally receive only distal turbidite and pelagic sediments." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea047", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "bathyal setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at water depths between 200 and 3500 metres" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea048", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "beach setting", - "definition": "The unconsolidated material at the shoreline that covers a gently sloping zone, typically with a concave profile, extending landward from the low-water line to the place where there is a definite change in material or physiographic form (such as a cliff), or to the line of permanent vegetation (usually the effective limit of the highest storm waves), at the shore of a body of water, formed and washed by waves or tides, usually covered by sand or gravel, and lacking a bare rocky surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea049", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "below carbonate compensation depth setting", - "definition": "Marine environment in which water is deep enough that carbonate sediment goes into solution before it can accumulate on the sea floor." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea04a", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "biological reef setting", - "definition": "A ridgelike or moundlike structure, layered or massive, built by sedentary calcareous organisms, esp. corals, and consisting mostly of their remains, it is wave-resistant and stands topographically above the surrounding contemporaneously deposited sediment." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea04b", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "blanket bog", - "definition": "Topogeneous bog/peat whose moisture content is largely dependent on surface water. It is relatively rich in plant nutrients, nitrogen, and mineral matter, is mildly acidic to nearly neutral, and contains little or no cellulose, forms in topographic depressions with essential stagnat or non-moving minerotrophic water supply" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea04c", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "bog setting", - "definition": "Waterlogged, spongy ground, consisting primarily of mosses, containing acidic, decaying vegetation that may develop into peat." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea04d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "braided river channel setting", - "definition": "A stream that divides into or follows an interlacing or tangled network of several small branching and reuniting shallow channels separated from each other by ephemeral branch islands or channel bars, resembling in plan the strands of a complex braid. Such a stream is generally believed to indicate an inability to carry all of its load, such as an overloaded and aggrading stream flowing in a wide channel on a floodplain" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea04e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "carbonate dominated shoreline setting", - "definition": "A shoreline setting in which terrigenous input is minor compared to local carbonate sediment production. Constructional biogenic activity is an important element in geomorphic development." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea04f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "cave setting", - "definition": "A natural underground open space, it generally has a connection to the surface, is large enough for a person to enter, and extends into darkness. The most common type of cave is formed in limestone by dissolution." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea050", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "coastal dune field setting", - "definition": "A dune field on low-lying land recently abandoned or built up by the sea, the dunes may ascend a cliff and travel inland." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184abcbfb314ddeea051", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "coastal plain setting", - "definition": "A low relief plain bordering a water body extending inland to the nearest elevated land, sloping very gently towards the water body. Distinguished from alluvial plain by presence of relict shoreline-related deposits or morphology." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea052", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "collisional setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting in which two continental crustal plates impact and are sutured together after intervening oceanic crust is entirely consumed at a subduction zone separating the plates. Such collision typically involves major mountain forming events, exemplified by the modern Alpine and Himalayan mountain chains." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea053", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "contact metamorphic setting", - "definition": "Metamorphism of country rock at the contact of an igneous body." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea054", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "continental borderland setting", - "definition": "An area of the continental margin between the shoreline and the continental slope that is topographically more complex than the continental shelf. It is characterized by ridges and basins, some of which are below the depth of the continental shelf. An example is the southern California continental borderland,.... (Jackson, 1997, p. 138).." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea055", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "continental crustal setting", - "definition": "That type of the Earth's crust which underlies the continents and the continental shelves, it is equivalent to the sial and continental sima and ranges in thickness from about 25 km to more than 70 km under mountain ranges, averaging ~40 km. The density of the continental crust averages ~2.8 g/cm3 and is ~2.7 g.cm3 in the upper layer. The velocities of compressional seismic waves through it average ~6.5 km/s and are less than ~7.0 km/sec." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea056", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "continental rift setting", - "definition": "Extended terrane in a zone of continental breakup, may include incipient oceanic crust. Examples include Red Sea, East Africa Rift, Salton Trough" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea057", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "continental shelf setting", - "definition": "That part of the ocean floor that is between the shoreline and the continental slope (or, when there is no noticeable continental slope, a depth of 200 m). It is characterized by its gentle slope of 0.1 degree (Jackson, 1997, p. 138). Continental shelves have a classic shoreline-shelf-slope profile termed 'clinoform'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea058", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "crustal setting", - "definition": "The outermost layer or shell of the Earth, defined according to various criteria, including seismic velocity, density and composition, that part of the Earth above the Mohorovicic discontinuity, made up of the sial and the sima." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea059", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "cutoff meander setting", - "definition": "The abandoned, bow- or horseshoe-shaped channel of a former meander, left when the stream formed a cutoff across a narrow meander neck. Note that these are typically lakes, thus also lacustrine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea05a", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "deep sea trench setting", - "definition": "Deep ocean basin with steep (average 10 degrees) slope toward land, more gentle slope (average 5 degrees) towards the sea, and abundant seismic activity on landward side of trench. Does not denote water depth, but may be very deep." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea05e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "delta distributary channel setting", - "definition": "A divergent stream flowing away from the main stream and not returning to it, as in a delta or on an alluvial plain" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea05f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "delta distributary mouth setting", - "definition": "The mouth of a delta distributary channel where fluvial discharge moves from confined to unconfined flow conditions" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea05b", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "delta front setting", - "definition": "A narrow zone where deposition in deltas is most active, consisting of a continuous sheet of sand, and occurring within the effective depth of wave erosion (10 m or less). It is the zone separating the prodelta from the delta plain, and it may or may not be steep\\" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea05c", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "delta plain setting", - "definition": "The level or nearly level surface composing the landward part of a large or compound delta, strictly, an alluvial plain characterized by repeated channel bifurcation and divergence, multiple distributary channels, and interdistributary flood basins" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184bbcbfb314ddeea05d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "deltaic system setting", - "definition": "Environments at the mouth of a river or stream that enters a standing body of water (ocean or lake). The delta forms a triangular or fan-shaped plain of considerable area. Subaerial parts of the delta are crossed by many distributaries of the main river, and commonly extend beyond the general trend of the coast. Subaqueous parts of the delta merge with the adjacent basin floor, and are progressively influenced by non-fluvial processes. Deltas result from the accumulation of sediment supplied by the river in such quantities that it is not removed by tides, waves, and currents. Adapted from the Glossary of Geology definition for delta (Jackson, 1997, p. 167)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea060", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "dunefield setting", - "definition": "Extensive deposits on sand in an area where the supply is abundant. As a characteristic, individual dunes somewhat resemble barchans but are highly irregular in shape and crowded, erg areas of the Sahara are an example." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea061", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "earth interior setting", - "definition": "Geologic environments within the solid Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea062", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "earth surface setting", - "definition": "Geologic environments on the surface of the solid Earth. Hierarchy presented here is based on assumption that a particular setting may be specified by a combination of a climatic setting with one or more process or geomorphically defined settings.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea063", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "englacial setting", - "definition": "Contained, embedded, or carried within the body of a glacier or ice sheet, said of meltwater streams, till, drift, moraine" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea064", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "epicontinental marine setting", - "definition": "Marine setting situated within the interior of the continent, rather than at the edge of a continent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea065", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "estuarine delta setting", - "definition": "A delta that has filled, or is in the process of filling, an estuary" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea066", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "estuarine lagoon setting", - "definition": "A lagoon produced by the temporary sealing of a river estuary by a storm barrier. Such lagoons are usually seasonal and exist until the river breaches the barrier, they occur in regions of low or spasmodic rainfall" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea067", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "estuary setting", - "definition": "Environments at the seaward end or the widened funnel-shaped tidal mouth of a river valley where fresh water comes into contact with seawater and where tidal effects are evident (adapted from Glossary of Geology, Jackson, 1997, p. 217)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea068", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "extended terrane setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting characterized by extension of the upper crust manifested by formation of rift valleys or basin and range physiography, with arrays of low to high angle normal faults. Modern examples include the North Sea, East Africa, and the Basin and Range of the North American Cordillera. Typically applied in continental crustal settings." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea069", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "extra terrestrial setting", - "definition": "Material originated outside of the Earth or its atmosphere." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea06a", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "fast spreading center setting", - "definition": "Spreading center at which the opening rate is greater than 100 mm per year." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184cbcbfb314ddeea06b", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "floodplain setting", - "definition": "The surface or strip of relatively smooth land adjacent to a river channel, constructed by the present river in its existing regimen and covered with water when the river overflows its banks. It is built of alluvium carried by the river during floods and deposited in the sluggish water beyond the influence of the swiftest current. A river has one floodplain and may have one or more terraces representing abandoned floodplains" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea06c", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "forearc setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting between a subduction-related trench and a volcanic arc" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea06d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "foreland setting", - "definition": "The exterior area of an orogenic belt where deformation occurs without significant metamorphism. Generally the foreland is closer to the continental interior than other portions of the orogenic belt are." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea06e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "forereef setting", - "definition": "The seaward side of a reef, the slope covered with deposits of coarse reef talus" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea06f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "gibber plain setting", - "definition": "A desert plain strewn with wind-abraded pebbles, or gibbers, a gravelly desert." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea070", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "glacial outwash plain setting", - "definition": "Areas adjacent to glacial front dominated by sediment and water supplied by glacial melting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea071", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "glacier lateral setting", - "definition": "Settings adjacent to edges of confined glacier." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea072", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "glacier related setting", - "definition": "Earth surface setting with geography defined by spatial relationship to glaciers (e.g. on top of a glacier, next to a glacier, in front of a glacier...). Processes related to moving ice dominate sediment transport and deposition and landform development. Includes subaqueous, shoreline, and terrestrial settings that are impacted by the presence of glaciers. Considered a geographically defined setting in that a glacier is a geographic feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea073", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "glacier terminus setting", - "definition": "Region of sediment deposition due to melting of glacier ice. ablation and flow till setting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea074", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "hadal setting", - "definition": "The deepest oceanic environment, i.e., over 6000 m in depth. Always in deep sea trench." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea075", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "high pressure low temperature earth interior setting", - "definition": "High pressure environment characterized by geothermal gradient significantly lower than standard continental geotherm, enviornment in which blueschist facies metamorphic rocks form. Typically associated with subduction zones." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea076", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "hillslope setting", - "definition": "Earth surface setting characterized by surface slope angles high enough that gravity alone becomes a significant factor in geomorphic development, as well as base-of-slope areas influenced by hillslope processes. Hillslope activities include creep, sliding, slumping, falling, and other downslope movements caused by slope collapse induced by gravitational influence on earth materials. May be subaerial or subaqueous." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea077", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "hinterland tectonic setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting in the internal part of an orogenic belt, characterized by plastic deformation of rocks accompanied by significant metamorphism, typically involving crystalline basement rocks. Typically denotes the most structurally thickened part of an orogenic belt, between a magmatic arc or collision zone and a more 'external' foreland setting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea078", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "hot spot setting", - "definition": "Setting in a zone of high heat flow from the mantle. Typically identified in intraplate settings, but hot spot may also interact with active plate margins (Iceland...). Includes surface manifestations like volcanic center, but also includes crust and mantle manifestations as well." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184dbcbfb314ddeea079", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "humid temperate climatic setting", - "definition": "Setting with seasonal climate having hot to cold or humid to arid seasons." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea07a", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "humid tropical climatic setting", - "definition": "Setting with hot humid climate influenced by equatorial air masses, no winter season." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea07b", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "hypabyssal setting", - "definition": "Igneous environment close to the Earth's surface, characterized by more rapid cooling than plutonic setting to produce generally fine-grained intrusive igneous rock that is commonly associated with co-magmatic volcanic rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea07c", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "inactive spreading center setting", - "definition": "Setting on oceanic crust formed at a spreading center that has been abandoned." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea07d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "inner neritic setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at depths between low tide level and 30 metres" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea07e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "interdistributary bay setting", - "definition": "A pronounced indentation of the delta front between advancing stream distributaries, occupied by shallow water, and either open to the sea or partly enclosed by minor distributaries" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea07f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "intertidal setting", - "definition": "Pertaining to the benthic ocean environment or depth zone between high water and low water, also, pertaining to the organisms of that environment" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea080", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "intraplate tectonic setting", - "definition": "Tectonically stable setting far from any active plate margins." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea081", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lacustrine delta setting", - "definition": "The low, nearly flat, alluvial tract of land at or near the mouth of a river, commonly forming a triangular or fan-shaped plain of considerable area, crossed by many distributaries of the main river, perhaps extending beyond the general trend of the lake shore, resulting from the accumulation of sediment supplied by the river in such quantities that it is not removed by waves or currents. Most deltas are partly subaerial and partly below water." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea082", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lacustrine setting", - "definition": "Setting associated with a lake. Always overlaps with terrestrial, may overlap with subaerial, subaqueous, or shoreline." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea083", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lagoonal setting", - "definition": "A shallow stretch of salt or brackish water, partly or completely separated from a sea or lake by an offshore reef, barrier island, sand or spit (Jackson, 1997). Water is shallow, tidal and wave-produced effects on sediments, strong light reaches sediment.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea084", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "low energy shoreline setting", - "definition": "Settings characterized by very low surface slope and proximity to shoreline. Generally within peritidal setting, but characterized by low surface gradients and generally low-energy sedimentary processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea085", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "low pressure high temperature setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by temperatures significantly higher that those associated with normal continental geothermal gradient." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea086", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lower bathyal setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at depths between 1000 and 3500 metres" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea087", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lower continental crustal setting", - "definition": "Continental crustal setting characterized by upper amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism, insitu melting, residual anhydrous metamorphic rocks, and ductile flow of rock bodies." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184ebcbfb314ddeea088", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lower delta plain setting", - "definition": "The part of a delta plain which is penetrated by saline water and is subject to tidal processes" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea089", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lower mantle setting", - "definition": "That part of the mantle that lies below a depth of about 660 km. With increasing depth, density increases from ~4.4 g/cm3-to ~5.6 g/cm3, and velocity of compressional seismic waves increases from ~10.7 km/s to ~13.7 km/s (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea08a", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "lower oceanic crustal setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by dominantly intrusive mafic rocks, with sheeted dike complexes in upper part and gabbroic to ultramafic intrusive or metamorphic rocks in lower part." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea08b", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "mantle setting", - "definition": "The zone of the Earth below the crust and above the core, which is divided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle, with a transition zone separating them." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea08c", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "marginal marine sabkha setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by arid to semi-arid conditions on restricted coastal plains mostly above normal high tide level, with evaporite-saline mineral, tidal-flood, and eolian deposits. Boundaries with intertidal setting and non-tidal terrestrial setting are gradational. (Jackson, 1997, p. 561)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea08d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "marine carbonate platform setting", - "definition": "A shallow submerged plateau separated from continental landmasses, on which high biological carbonate production rates produce enough sediment to maintain the platform surface near sea level. Grades into atoll as area becomes smaller and ringing coral reefs become more prominent part of the setting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea08e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "marine setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by location under the surface of the sea." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea08f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "meandering river channel setting", - "definition": "Produced by a mature stream swinging from side to side as it flows across its floodplain or shifts its course laterally toward the convex side of an original curve" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea090", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "medium rate spreading center setting", - "definition": "Spreading center at which the opening rate is between 50 and 100 mm per year." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea091", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "mid ocean ridge setting", - "definition": "Ocean highland associated with a divergent continental margin (spreading center). Setting is characterized by active volcanism, locally steep reliefhydrothermal activity, and pelagic sedimentation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea092", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "middle bathyal setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at water depths between 600 and 1000 metres" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea093", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "middle continental crust setting", - "definition": "Continental crustal setting characterized by greenschist to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism, plutonic igneous rocks, and ductile deformation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea094", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "middle neritic setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at depths between 30 and 100 metres" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea095", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "mud flat setting", - "definition": "A relatively level area of fine grained material (e.g. silt) along a shore (as in a sheltered estuary or chenier-plain) or around an island, alternately covered and uncovered by the tide or covered by shallow water, and barren of vegetation. Includes most tidal flats, but lacks denotation of tidal influence.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea096", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "neritic setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at depths between low-tide level and 200 metres, or between low-tide level and approximately the edge of the continental shelf" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f184fbcbfb314ddeea097", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "ocean highland setting", - "definition": "Broad category for subaqueous marine settings characterized by significant relief above adjacent sea floor." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea098", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "oceanic crustal setting", - "definition": "That type of the Earth's crust which underlies the ocean basins. The oceanic crust is 5-10 km thick, it has a density of 2.9 g/cm3, and compressional seismic-wave velocities travelling through it at 4-7.2 km/sec. Setting in crust produced by submarine volcanism at a mid ocean ridge." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea099", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "oceanic plateau setting", - "definition": "Region of elevated ocean crust that commonly rises to within 2-3 km of the surface above an abyssal sea floor that lies several km deeper. Climate and water depths are such that a marine carbonate platform does not develop." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea09a", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "outer neritic setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at depths between 100 and 200 metres or between low-tide level and approximately the edge of the continental shelf" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea09b", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "passive continental margin setting", - "definition": "Boundary of continental crust into oceanic crust of an oceanic basin that is not a subduction zone or transform fault system. Generally is rifted margin formed when ocean basin was initially formed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea09c", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "pediment setting", - "definition": "A gently sloping erosional surface developed at the foot of a receding hill or mountain slope. The surface may be essentially bare, exposing earth material that extends beneath adjacent uplands, or it may be thinly mantled with alluvium and colluvium, ultimately in transit from upland front to basin or valley lowland. In hill-foot slope terrain the mantle is designated \\pedisediment.\\ The term has been used in several geomorphic contexts: Pediments may be classed with respect to (a) landscape positions, for example, intermontane-basin piedmont or valley-border footslope surfaces (respectively, apron and terrace pediments (Cooke and Warren, 1973)), (b) type of material eroded, bedrock or regolith, or (c) combinations of the above. Compare - Piedmont slope.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea09d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "piedmont slope system setting", - "definition": "Location on gentle slope at the foot of a mountain, generally used in terms of intermontane-basin terrain. Main components include: (a) An erosional surface on bedrock adjacent to the receding mountain front (pediment, rock pediment), (b) A constructional surface comprising individual alluvial fans and interfan valleys, also near the mountain front, and (c) A distal complex of coalescent fans (bajada), and alluvial slopes without fan form. Piedmont slopes grade to basin-floor depressions with alluvial and temporary lake plains or to surfaces associated with through drainage." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea09e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "plate margin setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting at the boundary between two tectonic plates." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea09f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "plate spreading center setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting where new oceanic crust is being or has been formed at a divergent plate boundary. Includes active and inactive spreading centers." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea0a0", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "playa setting", - "definition": "The usually dry and nearly level plain that occupies the lowest parts of closed depressions, such as those occurring on intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding occurs primarily in response to precipitation-runoff events." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea0a1", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "polar climatic setting", - "definition": "Setting with climate dominated by temperatures below the freezing temperature of water. Includes polar deserts because precipitation is generally scant at high latitude. Climate controlled by arctic air masses, cold dry environment with short summer." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1850bcbfb314ddeea0a2", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "prodelta setting", - "definition": "The part of a delta that is below the effective depth of wave erosion, lying beyond the delta front, and sloping gently down to the floor of the basin into which the delta is advancing and where clastic river sediment ceases to be a significant part of the basin-floor deposits, it is entirely below the water level" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0a3", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "proglacial setting", - "definition": "Immediately in front of or just beyond the outer limits of a glacier or ice sheet, generally at or near its lower end, said of lakes, streams, deposits, and other features produced by or derived from the glacier ice" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0a4", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "reef flat setting", - "definition": "A stony platform of reef rock, landward of the reef crest at or above the low tide level, occasionally with patches of living coral and associated organisms, and commonly strewn with coral fragments and coral sand. It may include shallow pools, irregular gullies, low islands of sand or rubble (often vegetated, esp. by palms), and scattered colonies of the more hardy species of coral" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0a5", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "regional metamorphic setting", - "definition": "Metamorphism not obviously localized along contacts of igneous bodies, includes burial metamorphism and ocean ridge metamorphism" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0a6", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "river channel setting", - "definition": "The bed where a natural body of surface water flows or may flow, a natural passageway or depression of perceptible extent containing continuously or periodically flowing water, or forming a connecting link between two bodies of water, a watercourse" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0a7", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "river plain system setting", - "definition": "Geologic setting dominated by a river system, river plains may occur in any climatic setting. Includes active channels, abandoned channels, levees, oxbow lakes, flood plain. May be part of an alluvial plain that includes terraces composed of abandoned river plain deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0a8", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "rocky coast setting", - "definition": "Shoreline with significant relief and abundant rock outcrop." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0a9", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "sand plain setting", - "definition": "A sand-covered plain dominated by aeolian processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0aa", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "seamount setting", - "definition": "Setting that consists of a conical mountain on the ocean floor (guyot). Typically characterized by active volcanism, pelagic sedimentation. If the mountain is high enough to reach the photic zone, carbonate production may result in reef building to produce a carbonate platform or atoll setting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0ab", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "shoreline settings", - "definition": "Geologic settings characterized by location adjacent to the ocean or a lake. A zone of indefinite width (may be many kilometers), bordering a body of water that extends from the water line inland to the first major change in landform features. Includes settings that may be subaerial, intermittently subaqueous, or shallow subaqueous, but are intrinsically associated with the interface between land areas and water bodies." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0ac", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "slope rise setting", - "definition": "The part of a subaqueous basin that is between a bordering shelf setting, which separate the basin from an adjacent landmass, and a very low-relief basin plain setting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0ad", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "slow spreading center setting", - "definition": "Spreading center at which the opening rate is less than 50 mm per year." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0ae", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "strandplain setting", - "definition": "A prograded shore built seaward by waves and currents, and continuous for some distance along the coast. It is characterized by subparallel beach ridges and swales, in places with associated dunes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0af", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "subaerial setting", - "definition": "Setting at the interface between the solid earth and the atmosphere, includes some shallow subaqueous settings in river channels and playas. Characterized by conditions and processes, such as erosion, that exist or operate in the open air on or immediately adjacent to the land surface" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0b0", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "subaqueous setting", - "definition": "Setting situated in or under permanent, standing water. Used for marine and lacustrine settings, but not for fluvial settings." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1851bcbfb314ddeea0b1", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "subduction zone setting", - "definition": "Tectonic setting at which a tectonic plate, usually oceanic, is moving down into the mantle beneath another overriding plate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b2", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "subglacial setting", - "definition": "Formed or accumulated in or by the bottom parts of a glacier or ice sheet, said of meltwater streams, till, moraine, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b3", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "submarine fan setting", - "definition": "Large fan-shaped cones of sediment on the ocean floor, generally associated with submarine canyons that provide sediment supply to build the fan.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b4", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "supraglacial setting", - "definition": "Carried upon, deposited from, or pertaining to the top surface of a glacier or ice sheet, said of meltwater streams, till, drift, etc. (Jackson, 1997, p. 639). Dreimanis (1988, p. 39) recommendation that \\supraglacial\\ supersede \\superglacial\\ is followed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b5", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "supratidal setting", - "definition": "Pertaining to the shore area marginal to the littoral zone, just above high-tide level" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b6", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "swamp or marsh setting", - "definition": "A water-saturated, periodically wet or continually flooded area with the surface not deeply submerged, essentially without the formation of peat. Marshes are characterized by sedges, cattails, rushes, or other aquatic and grasslike vegetation. Swamps are characterized by tree and brush vegetation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b7", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "tectonically defined setting", - "definition": "Setting defined by relationships to tectonic plates on or in the Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b8", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "terrestrial setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by absence of direct marine influence. Most of the subaerial settings are also terrestrial, but lacustrine settings, while terrestrial, are not subaerial, so the subaerial settings are not included as subcategories." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0b9", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "tidal channel setting", - "definition": "A major channel followed by the tidal currents, extending from offshore into a tidal marsh or a tidal flat." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0ba", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "tidal flat setting", - "definition": "An extensive, nearly horizontal, barren tract of land that is alternately covered and uncovered by the tide, and consisting of unconsolidated sediment (mostly mud and sand). It may form the top surface of a deltaic deposit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0bb", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "tidal marsh setting", - "definition": "A marsh bordering a coast (as in a shallow lagoon or sheltered bay), formed of mud and of the resistant mat of roots of salt-tolerant plants, and regularly inundated during high tides, a marshy tidal flat." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0bc", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "tidal setting", - "definition": "Setting subject to tidal processes" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0bd", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "transform plate boundary setting", - "definition": "Plate boundary at which the adjacent plates are moving laterally relative to each other." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1852bcbfb314ddeea0be", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "transitional crustal setting", - "definition": "Crust formed in the transition zone between continental and oceanic crust, during the history of continental rifting that culminates in the formation of a new ocean." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0bf", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "ultra high pressure crustal setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by pressures characteristic of upper mantle, but indicated by mineral assemblage in crustal composition rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c0", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "upper bathyal setting", - "definition": "The ocean environment at water depths between 200 and 600 metres" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c1", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "upper continental crustal setting", - "definition": "Continental crustal setting dominated by non metamorphosed to low greenschist facies metamorphic rocks, and brittle deformation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c2", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "upper delta plain setting", - "definition": "The part of a delta plain essentially unaffected by basinal processes. They do not differ substantially from alluvial environments except that areas of swamp, marsh and lakes are usually more widespread and channels may bifurcate downstream" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c3", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "upper mantle setting", - "definition": "That part of the mantle which lies above a depth of about 660 km and has a density of 3.4 g/cm3 to 4.0 g/cm3 with increasing depth. Similarly, P-wave velocity increases from about 8 to 11 km/sec with depth and S wave velocity increases from about 4.5 to 6 km/sec with depth. It is presumed to be peridotitic in composition. It includes the subcrustal lithosphere the asthenosphere and the transition zone," - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c4", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "upper oceanic crustal setting", - "definition": "Oceanic crustal setting dominated by extrusive rocks, abyssal oceanic sediment, with increasing mafic intrusive rock in lower part." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c5", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "volcanic arc setting", - "definition": "A generally curvillinear belt of volcanoes above a subduction zone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1853bcbfb314ddeea0c6", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea034", - "label": "wetland setting", - "definition": "Setting characterized by gentle surface slope, and at least intermittent presence of standing water, which may be fresh, brackish, or saline. Wetland may be terrestrial setting or shoreline setting." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "Eventprocess", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c81", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "accretion", - "definition": "The addition of material to a continent. Typically involves convergent or transform motion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c82", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "alteration", - "definition": "General term for any change in the mineralogical or chemical composition of a rock. Typically related to interaction with hydrous fluids." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c83", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "biological precipitation", - "definition": "The deposition of minerals from solution by the agency of organisms" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c84", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "biological weathering", - "definition": "breakdown of rocks by biological agents, e.g. the penetrating and expanding force of roots, the presence of moss and lichen causing humic acids to be retained in contact with rock, and the work of animals (worms, moles, rabbits) in modifying surface soil" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c85", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "bolide impact", - "definition": "The impact of an extraterrestrial body on the surface of the earth" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c86", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "chemical precipitation", - "definition": "The deposition of mineral matter by precipitation from solution or as a result of chemical reactions. May be sedimentary or hydrothermal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c87", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "chemical weathering", - "definition": "The process of weathering by which chemical reactions (hydrolysishydration, oxidation, carbonation, ion exchange, and solution) transform rocks and minerals into new chemical combinations that are stable under conditions prevailing at or near the Earth's surface, e.g. the alteration of orthoclase to kaolinite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c88", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "cometary impact", - "definition": "The impact of a comet on the surface of the earth" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c89", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "contact metamorphism", - "definition": "Metamorphism taking place in rocks at or near their contact with a genetically related body of igneous rock" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c8a", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "continental breakup", - "definition": "Fragmentation of a continental plate into two or more smaller plates, may involve rifting or strike slip faulting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c8b", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "continental collision", - "definition": "The amalgamation of two continental plates or blocks along a convergent margin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c8c", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "debris flow deposition", - "definition": "Laminar high-concentration, generally cohesionless deposition process. Flow types included liquefied flow, fluidized flow, grain flow, traction carpet or modified grain flow." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c8d", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "deep water oxygen depletion", - "definition": "Process of removal of oxygen from from the deep part of a body of water." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c8e", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "deformation", - "definition": "Movement of rock bodies by displacement on fault or shear zones, or change in shape of a body of Earth material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c8f", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "deformation twinning", - "definition": "Deformation of a crystal by gliding to produce crystallographic twinning." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c90", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "deposition", - "definition": "Accumulation of material, the constructive process of accumulation of sedimentary particles, chemical precipitation of mineral matter from solution, or the accumulation of organic material on the death of plants and animals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9ccb", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "deposition from moving fluid", - "definition": "Deposition of sediment from moving water or air, in which the sediment is transported by entrainment in the moving fluid. Constrast with debris flow or turbidity current deposition in which movement of fluid/sediment mixture is due to incorporation of sediment in fluid." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c91", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "diagenetic process", - "definition": "Any chemical, physical, or biological process that affects a sedimentary EarthMaterial after initial deposition, and during or after lithification, exclusive of weathering and metamorphism. [adapt. Jackson, 1997] Example processes include compaction, cementation, authigenesis, replacement, leachinghydration, and bacterial action. Includes processes that are normal in the surficial or outer part of the earth’s crust [Jackson, 1997]. Changes in a deeply buried sedimentary rock may be continuous from diagenesis into recrystallization to form a metamorphic rock. Robertson [1999] defines the boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism in sedimentary rocks as follows: \\the boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism is somewhat arbitrary and strongly dependent on the rock types involved. For example changes take place in organic materials at lower temperatures than in rocks dominated by silicate minerals. In mudrocks, a white mica (illite) crystallinity value of less than 0.42D.2U obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis, is used to define the onset of metamorphism (Kisch, 1991). In this scheme, the first appearance of glaucophane, lawsonite, paragonite, prehnite, pumpellyite or stilpnomelane is taken to indicate the lower limit of metamorphism (Frey and Kisch, 1987, Bucher and Frey, 1994, Frey and Robinson, 1998). Most workers agree that such mineral growth starts at 150 ± 50° C in silicate rocks. Many rock types may show no change in mineralogy under these conditions and hence the recognition of the onset of metamorphism will vary with bulk composition.\\" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c92", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "diffusion creep", - "definition": "Grain-scale, ductile deformation accomplished by the motion of atoms through crystals, along grain boundaries, and through pore fluids." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c93", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "dislocation metamorphism", - "definition": "Metamorphism concentrated along narrow belts of shearing or crushing without an appreciable rise in temperature" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c94", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "dissolution", - "definition": "The process of dissolving into a homogenous solution, as when an acidic solution dissolves limestone. In karst, refers to the process of dissolving rock to produce landforms, in contrast to solution, the chemical product of dissolution." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c95", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "dissolution creep", - "definition": "Deformation by dissolution under the effects of differential stress and its transport to a new location by movement of fluid in the rock body." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c96", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "ductile flow", - "definition": "deformation without apparent loss of continuity at the scale of observation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c97", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "effusive eruption", - "definition": "Eruptions characterized by low volatile content of the erupting magma relative to ambient pressure" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c98", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "erosion", - "definition": "The process of disaggregation of rock and displacement of the resultant particles (sediment) usually by the agents of currents such as, wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by living organisms (in the case of bioerosion)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c99", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "eruption", - "definition": "The ejection of volcanic materials (lava, pyroclasts, and volcanic gases) onto the Earth's surface, either from a central vent or from a fissure or group of fissures" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c9a", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "excavation", - "definition": "The removal of material, as in a mining operation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c9b", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "extinction", - "definition": "Process of disappearance of a species or higher taxon, so that it no longer exists anywhere or in the subsequent fossil record." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c9c", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "faulting", - "definition": "The process of fracturing, frictional slip, and displacement accumulation that produces a fault" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f8bcbfb314ddee9c9d", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "folding", - "definition": "Deformation in which planar surfaces become regularly curviplanar surfaces with definable limbs (zones of lower curvature) and hinges (zones of higher curvature)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9c9e", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "fracturing", - "definition": "The formation of a surface of failure resulting from stress" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9c9f", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "frost shattering", - "definition": "Propagation of fractures due to expansion of freezing water in intergranular spaces and fractures in a rock body. Result is mechanical disintegration spliitting, or breakup of rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca0", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "geologic process", - "definition": "process that effects the geologic record" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca1", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "geomagnetic process", - "definition": "process that results in change in Earth's magnetic field" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca2", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "grading", - "definition": "Leveling of earth surface by rearrangement of prexisting material" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca3", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "haloclasty", - "definition": "Propagation of fractures in rock due to crytallization of mineral salts (typically sodium chloride) from interstitial water, or volumetrick expansion of salts in capillaries, or hydration pressure of interstitial, trapped salts. Generally results in mechanical disintegration of the rock surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca4", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "hawaiian eruption", - "definition": "Eruption in which great quantities of extremely fluid basaltic lava are poured out, mainly issuing in lava fountains from fissures on the flanks of a volcano. Explosive phenomena are rare, but much spatter and scoria are piled into cones and mounds along the vents. Characteristic of shield volcanoes" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca5", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "human activity", - "definition": "Processes of human modification of the earth to produce geologic features" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca6", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "hydration", - "definition": "The process of absorption of water into the crystal structure of a mineral, thereby changing its volume and fracturing and loosening grains" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca7", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "hydrolysis", - "definition": "A decomposition reaction involving water. In geology, it commonly indicates reaction between silicate minerals and either pure water or aqueous solution. In such reactionsh" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca8", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "ice erosion", - "definition": "Erosion by corrasion or plucking by moving ice." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9ca9", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "intrusion", - "definition": "The process of emplacement of magma in pre-existing rock" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9caa", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "magmatic crystallisation", - "definition": "The process by which matter becomes crystalline, from a gaseous, fluid, or dispersed state" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f9bcbfb314ddee9cab", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "magmatic process", - "definition": "A process involving melted rock (magma)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cac", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "magnetic field reversal", - "definition": "A geomagnetic event in which the Earth's magnetic field reverses direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cad", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "mass wasting", - "definition": "the dislodgement and downslope transport of soil and rock material under the direct application of gravitational body stresses. In contrast to other erosion processes, the debris removed by mass wasting is not carried within, on, or under another medium. The mass properties of the material being transported depend on the interaction of the soil and rock particles and on the moisture content." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cae", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "mass wasting deposition", - "definition": "A general term for the dislodgement and downslope transport of soil and rock material under the direct application of gravitational body stresses. In contrast to other erosion processes, the debris removed by mass wasting is not carried within, on, or under another medium. The mass properties of the material being transported depend on the interaction of the soil and rock particles and on the moisture content. Mass wasting includes slow displacements, such as creep and solifluction, and rapid movements such as rockfalls, rockslides, and cohesive debris flows (Jackson, 1997, p. 392). Includes both subaerial mass-wasting processes and subaqueous mass-wasting processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9caf", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "material transport and deposition", - "definition": "Transport and heaping of material, as in a land fill, mine dump, dredging operations" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb0", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "mechanical deposition", - "definition": "Process by which material that is being transported as particles by moving air, water, ice, or other fluid comes to rest and accumulates." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb1", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "melting", - "definition": "change of state from a solid to a liquid" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb2", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "metamorphic process", - "definition": "Mineralogical, chemical, and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions that differ from the conditions under which the rocks in question originated, and are generally been imposed at depth, below the surface zones of weathering and cementation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb3", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "meteorite impact", - "definition": "The impact of a meteorite on the surface of the earth" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb4", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "microfracturing", - "definition": "Development of fractures within a single grain or cutting several grains." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb5", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "obduction", - "definition": "The overthrusting of continental crust by oceanic crust or mantle rocks at a convergent plate boundary." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb6", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "organic accumulation", - "definition": "Sediment accumulation of biologically produced organic material, as in bog, coal swamps." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb7", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "orogenic process", - "definition": "Mountain building process." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb8", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "oxidation", - "definition": "Chemical reaction that involve stripping of electrons from cations. Typicall reactions include converting sulfide minerals to oxide minerals, or increasing the oxidation state of cations in existing oxide minerals. The most commonly observed is the oxidation of Fe" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cb9", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "partial melting", - "definition": "Process of melting involving only some of the mineral phases in a rock, to produce a mixture of melt and residual particles." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fabcbfb314ddee9cba", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "physical weathering", - "definition": "The process of weathering by which frost action, salt-crystal growth, absorption of water, and other physical processes break down a rock to fragments, involving no chemical change" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cbb", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "plinian eruption", - "definition": "An explosive eruption in which a steady, turbulent stream of fragmented magma and magmatic gas is released at a high velocity from a vent. Large volumes of tephra and tall eruption columns are characteristic" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cbc", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "polar wander", - "definition": "Process of migration of the axis of the earth's dipole field relative to the rotation axis of the Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cbd", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "pressure release weathering", - "definition": "Propagation of fractures near the surface of solid rock due to expansion related to release of confining pressure when deeply buried rock is unroofed. Fractures typically propagate along surfaces close to and subparallel to the surface of the outcrop." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cbe", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "pyroclastic eruption", - "definition": "Eruption produced by the generation and rapid expansion of a gas phase that disrupts magma, surrounding wall rock or sediment" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cbf", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "rifting", - "definition": "Extension of the crust to form one or more long, narrow graben of regional extent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc0", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "sea level change", - "definition": "Process of mean sea level changing relative to some datum" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc1", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "sea level fall", - "definition": "Process of mean sea level falling relative to some datum" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc2", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "sea level rise", - "definition": "Process of mean sea level rising relative to some datum" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc3", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "sedimentary process", - "definition": "A phenomenon that changes the distribution or physical properties of sediment at or near the earth's surface" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc4", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "shearing", - "definition": "A deformation in which contiguous parts of a body are displaced relatively to each other in a direction parallel to a surface. The surface may be a discrete fault, or the deformation may be a penetrative strain and the shear surface is a geometric abstraction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc5", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "speciation", - "definition": "process that results inappearance of new species" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc6", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "spreading", - "definition": "A process whereby new oceanic crust is formed by upwelling of magma at the center of mid-ocean ridges and by a moving-away of the new material from the site of upwelling at rates of one to ten centimeters per year." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fbbcbfb314ddee9cc7", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "strombolian eruption", - "definition": "Eruption characterized by jetting of clots or \\fountains\\ of fluid, basaltic lava from a central crater" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cc8", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "subduction", - "definition": "The process of one lithospheric plate descending beneath another" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cc9", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "tectonic process", - "definition": "Processes related to the interaction between or deformation of rigid plates forming the crust of the Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cca", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "thermal shock weathering", - "definition": "Propagation of fractures near the surface of solid rock due to expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes. Fractures typically propagate along surfaces close to and subparallel to the surface of the outcrop." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9ccc", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "transform faulting", - "definition": "A strike-slip fault that links two other faults or two other plate boundaries (e.g. two segments of a mid-ocean ridge). Transform faults often exhibit characteristics that distinguish them from transcurrent faults: (1) For transform faults formed at the same time as the faults they link, slip on the transform fault has equal magnitude at all points along the transform, slip magnitude on the transform fault can exceed the length of the transform fault, and slip does not decrease to zero at the fault termini. (2) For transform faults linking two similar features, e.g. if two mid-ocean ridge segments linked by a transform have equal spreading rates, then the length of the transform does not change as slip accrues on it." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9ccd", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "turbidity current deposition", - "definition": "Deposition from a turbulent, low concentration sediment-water mixture." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cce", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "vulcanian eruption", - "definition": "Eruption characterized by the explosive ejection of fragments of new lava, commonly incandescent when they leave the vent but either solid or too viscous to assume any appreciable degree of rounding during their flight through the air. With these there are often breadcrust bombs or blocks, and generally large proportions of ash" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9ccf", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "water erosion", - "definition": "Erosion by clast impact or plucking by moving liquid water" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd0", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "weathering", - "definition": "The process or group of processes by which earth materials exposed to atmospheric agents at or near the Earth's surface are changed in color, texture, composition, firmness, or form, with little or no transport of the loosened or altered material. Processes typically include oxidationhydration, and leaching of soluble constituents." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17fcbcbfb314ddee9cd1", - "parentId": "634f17f7bcbfb314ddee9c80", - "label": "wind erosion", - "definition": "Erosion by clast impact or plucking by moving air (wind)" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "Exploration", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfc", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "favorable geological environment", - "definition": "Identification of geological units or environments that are favorable or permissive for the occurrence of mineral deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfd", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "geochemical anomaly", - "definition": "Area where geochemical properties (e.g. single or multiple element concentrations or isotope ratios) differ from surrounding areas and which may be the result of mineralisation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfe", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "geophysical anomaly", - "definition": "Area where geophysical properties (e.g. radiometric, magnetic, electromagnetic, gravity) differ from surrounding areas and which may be the result of mineralisation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cff", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "identification of an anomalous area", - "definition": "Area where geological, geophysical or geochemical properties are different from areas around and which might indicate the presence of a mineralizing process in the vicinity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9d00", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "key geological features", - "definition": "Identification of particular minerals or geological features which may indicate a possible mineralized area or accompany a mineralizing process" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d01", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "mineral occurrences", - "definition": "Identification of occurrences of the target minerals as float (stone) or outcrop." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d02", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "mineral reserve defined", - "definition": "Definition of a three dimensional body of mineralization in sufficient technical detail and accompanied by an economic evaluation so that the estimated tonnage and grade can be classified as a mineral reserve. A Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d03", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "mineral resource defined", - "definition": "Work has been completed to identify a three dimensional zone of mineralization and estimate its tonnage and grade to the standard of a \"mineral resource\". Result allows definition of a 'Measured Mineral Resource' as defined by CIM (2010-11-27)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d04", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "mineral resource indicated", - "definition": "Identification of a three dimension zone of mineralization. This is done by augmenting surface work with a small number of drill holes. At this stage there is insufficient data to estimate tonnage and grade." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d05", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "mineralized zone identified", - "definition": "Identification by mapping and sampling of a two dimensional zone where the target minerals are found. This is done mainly by geological mapping and geochemical sampling and may include trenching and pitting." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d06", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "negative feasibility study", - "definition": "Completion of an economic evaluation of the mineral project at a level sufficient for a feasbility study with a resulting determination that extraction is not reasonably justified. A Feasibility Study is a comprehensive technical and economic study of the selected development option for a mineral project that includes appropriately detailed assessments of all factors necessary to determine at the time of reporting whether extraction is reasonably justified (economically mineable)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1800bcbfb314ddee9d07", - "parentId": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfb", - "label": "positive feasibility study", - "definition": "Completion of an economic evaluation of the mineral project at a level sufficient for a feasibility study with a resulting determination that extraction is reaonably justfied. A Feasibility Study is a comprehensive technical and economic study of the selected development option for a mineral project that includes appropriately detailed assessments of all factors necessary to determine at the time of reporting whether extraction is reasonably justified (economically mineable)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "Faultmovementsense", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea004", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "detachment", - "definition": "A regional-scale low-angle normal fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea005", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "dextral", - "definition": "Right-lateral separation sense, in plan view, the side opposite the observer appears displaced to the right.," - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea006", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "generic decollement", - "definition": "A large-displacement (kilometers or tens of kilometers) shallowly dipping to subhorizontal fault or shear zone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea007", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "no movement sense", - "definition": "The fault-parallel displacement is effectively zero, as in an extraction fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea008", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "normal", - "definition": "The hanging wall appears to have moved down relative to the footwall, dip of fault usually 45-90 degrees." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea009", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "normal dextral", - "definition": "The movement sense includes both normal and dextral components." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea00a", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "normal sinistral", - "definition": "The movement sense includes both normal and sinistral components." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea00b", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "reverse", - "definition": "The hanging wall appears to have moved down relative to the footwall, dip of fault usually greater than 45 degrees." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea00c", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "reverse dextral", - "definition": "The movement sense includes both reverse and dextral components." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea00d", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "reverse sinistral", - "definition": "The movement sense includes both reverse and sinistral components." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea00e", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "sinistral", - "definition": "Left-lateral separation sense, in plan view, the side opposite the observer appears displaced to the left." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1845bcbfb314ddeea00f", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "thrust", - "definition": "Reverse fault with dip typically less than 45 degrees, horizontal compression, rather than vertical displacement is characteristic." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1846bcbfb314ddeea010", - "parentId": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea003", - "label": "thrust decollement", - "definition": "A regional-scale low-angle thrust fault." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "Faultmovementtype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff3", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "dip separation sense", - "definition": "A fault along which there is some separation parallel to the dip of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff4", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "dip slip", - "definition": "The net slip of the fault lies in the dip direction of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff5", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "extraction", - "definition": "A fault whose two sides have approached each other substantially in the direction perpendicular to the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff6", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "horizontal", - "definition": "The fault is horizontal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff7", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "mixed extraction", - "definition": "An extraction fault with some displacement within the fault plane." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9ff8", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "oblique slip", - "definition": "The net slip of the fault lies between the strike and dip directions of the fault, the slip vector rakes between 10 and 80 degrees in the plane of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9ff9", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "pure extraction", - "definition": "An extraction fault with no discernible displacement within the fault plane." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9ffa", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "scissor", - "definition": "A fault on which there is increasing offset or separation along the strike from an initial point of no offset, with reverse offset in the opposite direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9ffb", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "strike separation sense", - "definition": "A fault along which there is some separation parallel to the strike of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9ffc", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "strike slip", - "definition": "The net slip of the fault (slip vector) is parallel to the strike of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9ffd", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "transcurrent", - "definition": "A large scale strike-slip fault in which the fault surface is steeply inclined." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9ffe", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "transform", - "definition": "A variety of strike-slip fault along which the displacement suddenly stops or changes form, typically associated with mid-ocean ridges." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddee9fff", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "transpressional", - "definition": "A fault along which strike-slip deformation is accompanied by a component of shortening transverse to the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea000", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "transtensional", - "definition": "A fault along which strike-slip deformation is accompanied by a component of extension transverse to the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1844bcbfb314ddeea001", - "parentId": "634f1843bcbfb314ddee9ff2", - "label": "wrench", - "definition": "A strike slip fault in which the faut plane is more or less vertical." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "Faulttype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8c", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "detachment fault", - "definition": "A regional-scale, large displacement, low-angle normal fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8d", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "dextral strike slip fault", - "definition": "Fault with right-lateral strike-parallel displacement component of slip vector more than 10 times the dip-parallel component of the slip vector at at least one location along the fault, and right-lateral displacement over more than half the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8e", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "extraction fault", - "definition": "A fault whose two sides have approached each other substantially in the direction perpendicular to the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8f", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "fault", - "definition": "A discrete surface, or zone of discrete surfaces, with some thickness, separating two rock masses across which one mass has slid past the other and characterized by brittle deformation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b90", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "high angle fault", - "definition": "Fault that dips at least 45 degrees over more than half of its recognized extent, for which slip or separation is not explicitly specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b91", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "high angle normal fault", - "definition": "Fault that dips at least 45 degrees over more than half of the recognized extent of the fault with the hanging wall displaced from a structurally higher position relative to footwall rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b92", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "high angle reverse", - "definition": "Reverse fault that dips at least 45 degrees over more than half of its recognized extent, for which slip or separation is not explicitly specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b93", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "horizontal fault", - "definition": "Fault that dips less than 10 degrees over more than half the recognized extent of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b94", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "left normal fault", - "definition": "High angle fault with slip vector that has ratio of strike-parallel to dip-parallel displacement between 10 to 1 and 1 to 10 at at least one location along the mapped trace, with left-lateral strike-parallel component and normal dip-parallel component over at least half the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b95", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "left reverse fault", - "definition": "High angle fault with slip vector that has ratio of strike-parallel to dip-parallel displacement between 10 to 1 and 1 to 10 at at least one location along the mapped trace, with left-lateral strike-parallel component and reverse dip-parallel component over at least half the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b96", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "low angle fault", - "definition": "Fault that dips less than 45 degrees over more than half of the recognized extent of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b97", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "low angle normal fault", - "definition": "Fault that dips less than 45 degrees over more than half of the recognized extent of the fault with the hanging wall displaced from a structurally higher position relative to footwall rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b98", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "mixed extraction fault", - "definition": "An extraction fault with some displacement within the fault plane." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b99", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "normal fault", - "definition": "Fault with dip-parallel displacement component of slip vector more than 10 times the strike-parallel component of the slip vector over more than half recognized extent of the fault, and for which the fault dips consistently in the same direction, and for which the hanging wall has been displaced down relative to the footwall." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b9a", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "oblique slip fault", - "definition": "Fault with slip vector that has ratio of strike-parallel to dip-parallel displacement between 10 to 1 and 1 to 10 at at least one location along the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b9b", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "pure extraction fault", - "definition": "An extraction fault with no discernible displacement within the fault plane." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b9c", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "reverse fault", - "definition": "Fault with dip-parallel displacement component of slip vector more than 10 times the strike-parallel component of the slip vector at at least one location along the mapped trace of the fault, and the fault dips consistently in the same direction with the hanging wall displaced up relative to the footwall over at least half the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1737bcbfb314ddee9b9d", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "right normal fault", - "definition": "High angle fault with slip vector that has ratio of strike-parallel to dip-parallel displacement between 10 to 1 and 1 to 10 at at least one location along the mapped trace, with right-lateral strike-parallel component and normal dip-parallel component of slip over at least half the mapped trace of the fault" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1738bcbfb314ddee9b9e", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "right reverse fault", - "definition": "High angle fault with slip vector that has ratio of strike-parallel to dip-parallel displacement between 10 to 1 and 1 to 10 at at least one location along the mapped trace, with a right-lateral strike-parallel component and reverse dip-parallel component of slip over at least half the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1738bcbfb314ddee9b9f", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "scissor fault", - "definition": "A fault on which there is increasing offset or separation along the strike from an initial point of no offset, with the opposite sense of offset in the opposite direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1738bcbfb314ddee9ba0", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "sinistral strike slip fault", - "definition": "Fault with left-lateral strike-parallel displacement component of slip vector more than 10 times the dip-parallel component of the slip vector at at least one location along the fault, and left-lateral displacement over more than half the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1738bcbfb314ddee9ba1", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "strike slip fault", - "definition": "Fault with strike-parallel displacement component of slip vector more than 10 times the dip-parallel component of the slip vector at at least one location along the mapped trace of the fault." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1738bcbfb314ddee9ba2", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "thrust fault", - "definition": "Fault that dips less than 45 degrees over more than half of the recognized extent of the fault, with a hanging wall displaced from a structurally deeper position relative to footwall rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1738bcbfb314ddee9ba3", - "parentId": "634f1736bcbfb314ddee9b8b", - "label": "wrench fault", - "definition": "A strike slip fault in which the fault plane dips at least 45 degrees over more than half of the recognized extent of the fault." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "Featureobservationmethod", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f96", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "borehole cuttings observation", - "definition": "Data based on interpretation of borehole cuttings" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f97", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "borehole geophysical log measurements", - "definition": "Data based on interpretation of geophysical measurement obtained by borehole logging tools." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f98", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "data from single published description", - "definition": "Data are extracted from a publised description of the feature" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f99", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "digital conversion from published source", - "definition": "Feature observation is based on published information, converted to a digital representation for database application" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f9a", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "direct observation", - "definition": "Feature observation is result of direct visual observation by a geologist" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f9b", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "drill core observation", - "definition": "Data collected through observation of a single drill core interval." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f9c", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "drill core observation estimated values", - "definition": "Values for properties are estimated by observer." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9f9d", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "drill core observation measured values", - "definition": "Values for properties are measured using a device (compass, jacob staff, scintillometer, clinometer, ruler, etc.)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9f9e", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "indirect method", - "definition": "Feature observation based on inference from proxy observation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9f9f", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "outcrop observation", - "definition": "Data collected in field through direct observation of a single outcrop. Observer defines scope of 'single outcrop' - may be one point location, or averaged over an extended but connected) area, e.g. a single polygon on a map. Direct observation may include observation using a remote camera (e.g. downhole viewer, submarine camera)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa0", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "outcrop observation estimated values", - "definition": "Values for properties are estimated by observer." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa1", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "outcrop observation measured values", - "definition": "Values for properties are measured using a device (compass, jacob staff, scintillometer, clinometer, ruler, etc.)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa2", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "remotely sensed data", - "definition": "Geologic unit or structure characterized based on remotely sensed data." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa3", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "synthesis from multiple sources", - "definition": "Feature observation is based on a synthesis of other observations by some compiler. The compiler may be the same individual that made the source observations." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa4", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "synthesis of multiple outcrop observations", - "definition": "Data are the result of synthesis from multiple direct observations, posibly by more than one observer" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183dbcbfb314ddee9fa5", - "parentId": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f95", - "label": "synthesis of multiple published descriptions", - "definition": "Data are the result of synthesis from multiple published descriptions" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "Foliationtype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c12", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "anastomosing spaced cleavage", - "definition": "spaced cleavage domains branch and rejoin, creating lens-shaped microlithons." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c13", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "bedding fabric", - "definition": "Fabric defined by textural or mineralogic variations in sediment produced by depositional processes. May be manifested by lamination structure within the sediment, or by layering in which the individual layers (beds) are bounded by discontinuities related to events in the depositional history." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c14", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "bedding lamination structure", - "definition": "A surface internal to the containing sediment mass defined by textural or mineralogical variation, produced by sediment deposition process, and reflecting the orientation of the original depositional surface. Syn Laminated structure (SLTTs 2004)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c15", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "c fabric", - "definition": "Ductile shear banding foliation defined by spaced, discrete planar zones of high strain less than 1mm thick. Commonly associated with a particle flattening ('S') fabric to form a mylonitic foliation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c16", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "cleavage", - "definition": "A tectonic foliation in a rock characterized by a tendency for the rock to split along a regular set of parallel or sub-parallel closely spaced surfaces. Cleavage is a more general term than schistosity because schistosity need not be present in order for a rock to display cleavage. Cleavage domains or parting surfaces are not spaced more than 5 cm apart on average (Borradaille et al., 1982)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c17", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "cleavage parallel to bedding", - "definition": "Composite fabric in which a cleavage is developed parallel to bedding." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c18", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "close joints", - "definition": "Foliation defined by parting surfaces (cleavage domains) that have no apparent thickness, are spaced between 5 cm and 25 cm, and do not crenulate an older foliation. Fabric intermediate between typical cleavage and joints. Parting surfaces are regularly spaced, and penetrative on a 1-10 m scale. 5 cm upper limit on spacing of 'cleavage domains' in a 'cleavage 'fabric is suggested by Borradaile et al. [1982]." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c19", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "comb layering", - "definition": "Layering fabric defined by layers that have internal comb structure. Layer boundaries are the termination surfaces for the constituent crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c1a", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "compositional layering", - "definition": "Layering fabric defined by layers that have different mineralogic composition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c1b", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "compound foliation", - "definition": "Foliation that includes fabric elements indicating classification with foliation types of different genetic origin, e.g. cleavage parallel to bedding is a compound fabric with a sedimentary foliation and a tectonic foliation. No connotation of genetic origin of fabric elements." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c1c", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "compound metamorphic foliation", - "definition": "A compound foliation in which the constituent fabric elements are of metamorphic origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c1d", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "continuous cleavage", - "definition": "A cleavage that is statistically homogeneous down to the scale of individual mineral grains." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c1e", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "continuous crenulation cleavage", - "definition": "Cleavage defined by long, thin limbs of crenulation folds of pre-existing foliation, in which the boundaries between cleavage domains and lithons are gradational. Both the crenulation foliation and the crenulated (older) foliation are easily visible. Grades to spaced crenulation cleavage as boundaries of cleavage domains become sharp, and to schistosity or compositional layering as the crenulation foliation obscures the crenulated foliation to become the dominant fabric in the rock. In many rocks with continuous crenulation cleavage, the tendency to part along the cleavage may be weak, thus the rock may not technically meet the definition of 'cleavage as used in this vocabulary." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c1f", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "crenulation cleavage", - "definition": "Cleavage that is overprinted on an older foliation that is folded to some degree in association with development of the younger cleavage. Cleavage domains commonly associated with long limbs of crenulation folds, and hinge surfaces of folds are roughly parallel. Wavelength of crenulation folds is less than or equal to 1 cm. Cleavage defined by limbs of microfolds coincident with zones of mineral differentiation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c20", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "crude or indistinct bedding", - "definition": "Bedding defined by surfaces that are not distinct, e.g. by gradational grain size variations." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c21", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "cryptomicrobial lamination", - "definition": "Fabric defined by fine laminae formed by the trapping of grains and lime precipitation in a microbial mat." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c22", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "cumulate layering", - "definition": "Layering in igneous rocks in which layers are characterized by variation in relative proportion of magmatically crystallized minerals. Typically a pattern of mineralogical variation will be repeated many times in a vertical section with layers of relatively consistent thickness. See photos in Best [1982] p. 176-177. Gravity-stratified layers typically have mafic minerals at the base and plagioclase at the top and are interpreted to form by crystal settling in magma." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c23", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "discrete cleavage", - "definition": "Spaced cleavage in which cleavage domains have sharply defined edges." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c24", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "discrete crenulation cleavage", - "definition": "Crenulation cleavage in which the cleavage domains have discrete boundaries. Amplitude of crenulation folds tends to be small." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eebcbfb314ddee9c25", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "discrete disjunct spaced cleavage", - "definition": "Disjunct spaced cleavage defined by discrete cleavage surfaces, typically in low-grade clastic rocks. Syn. Fracture cleavage." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c26", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "disjunctive cleavage", - "definition": "A spaced cleavage independent of any pre-existing mineral orientation, cleavage in which there is no systematic relationship between a pre-existing preferred orientation and the superimposed cleavage. (Borradaile et al., 1982)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c27", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "domainal cleavage", - "definition": "Fabric in which domains of more strongly developed (closely spaced) cleavage are separated by lenses of weakly or non-cleaved rock. Typically observed on outcrop scale and used for geologic unit description" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c28", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "ductile shear banding foliation", - "definition": "Foliation defined by regularly spaced ductile shear bands at the scale of descripiton." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c29", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "eutaxitic foliation", - "definition": "Foliation defined by flattened pumice clasts or glass shards, aligned elongate lithic fragments, variations in composition, vesicularity, crystallinity, grain size, spherulite and lithophysae abundance, or the degree of devitrification in a welded tuff. This term denotes interpretation that foliation formed during compaction and welding of tuff." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c2a", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "fissile lamination", - "definition": "Diffuse to distinct lamination in mudstones and mud, defined by the alignment of clay minerals. Lacks distinct very-fine scale layering and repetition of couplets that characterize varves. Essentially a continuous cleavage parallel to bedding, but considered a sedimentary structure related to sediment compaction during diagenesis." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c2b", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "flaser structure", - "definition": "Tectonic foliation defined by lenses and layers of original or relatively unaltered granular minerals surrounded by a matrix of highly sheared and crushed material. No connotation of metamorphic grade." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c2c", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "flow layering", - "definition": "Layering produced by flow of magma, lava, or diapiric flow of sedimentary rock. Distinction from eutaxitic foliation may be difficult." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c2d", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "foliation", - "definition": "Fabric defined by the planar arrangement of textural or structural features (fabric elements)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c2e", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "generic mylonitic foliation", - "definition": "Foliation defined by the shapes of deformed mineral grains or grain aggregates having aspect ratios greater than 1.5:1, greater than 10 percent of the rock is composed of 'matrix' showing evidence of tectonic reduction in grain size, and the foliation and matrix are interpreted to be the product of continuous, crystal-plastic deformation processes. Generic class is used when data are insufficient to determine classification to protomylontic, mylonite, or ultramylonitc foliation, or to specify that any sort of mylontic foliation may be present." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c2f", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "gneissic layering", - "definition": "Compositional layering in a metamorphic rock, syn. gneissic banding" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c30", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "grain shape foliation", - "definition": "Foliation defined by the alignment of oblate particles, which may be detrital grains, crystals, or crystalline grain aggregates." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c31", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "igneous flow foliation", - "definition": "Foliation interpreted to be due to flow in a body of magma or lava. Includes flow banding in lava, and foliation defined by aligned crystals in a phaneritic igneous rock.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c32", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "igneous lamination", - "definition": "Foliation defined by surfaces of textural or mineralogical variation formed by igneous processes. If the lamination surfaces are regularly spaced, they may be used to define layers." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17efbcbfb314ddee9c33", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "igneous layering", - "definition": "Layering that is the product of processes operating in magma or lava. syn. magmatic layering" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f0bcbfb314ddee9c34", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "igneous textural layering", - "definition": "Layering defined by grain size/ grain shape variations resulting from crystallization processes in igneous rock, most commonly observed in pegmatite/aplite dikes or bodies, and in Laramide leucogranites of Wilderness suite in Arizona." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f0bcbfb314ddee9c35", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "imbricated clast fabric", - "definition": "Fabric defined by long axis of tabular clasts stacked like shingles to define a surface that makes a small angle with the bedding surface. A depositional fabric formed by disk-shaped or elongate pebbles all tilted in the same direction, flat sides commonly dip upstream" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f0bcbfb314ddee9c36", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "impersistent lamination", - "definition": "Lamination defined by discontinuous surfaces" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f0bcbfb314ddee9c37", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "irregular lamination", - "definition": "Lamination fabric in which individual lamina or groups of lamina are warped in an irregular fashion, like a flattened peice of crumpled paper. A crude planar orientation is discernible." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f0bcbfb314ddee9c38", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "joint fabric", - "definition": "Fabric defined by parting surfaces in rock that occur in crudely parallel orientation, spaced greater than 5 cm on average if in a very regular joint set. Spacing is more variable and alignment of surfaces is cruder that cleavage. Typically applies to geologic unit description." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f0bcbfb314ddee9c39", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "laminated metamorphic layering", - "definition": "Metamorphic layering in which the layers are less than 1 cm thick. See Weiss, L.E. [1972] plate 36 or Borraidaile et al [1982] plate 137A B (page 331), plate140A (page 337) for examples." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f1bcbfb314ddee9c3a", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "lava flow banding", - "definition": "Layering formed by laminar lava flow, defined by variations in composition, vesicularity, crystallinity, grainsize, spherulite and lithophysae abundance, degree of devitrification, colour, and/or parting surfaces, syn. flow lamination, flow banding" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f1bcbfb314ddee9c3b", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "layered mylonitic foliation", - "definition": "Compound foliation in which mylonitic foliation is present in rock that has continuous compositional layering. Continuous means individual layers can be traced more than 1 m." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f1bcbfb314ddee9c3c", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "layering", - "definition": "Foliation defined by stacked, differentiable, sheet-like masses of material (layers), with no denotation of the nature (composition, grain size, grain shape...) or origin (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) of the layers." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f1bcbfb314ddee9c3d", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "low temperature flow foliation", - "definition": "Foliation interpreted to be due to flow in a body of rock (typically mudrock, salt, or anhydrite) under low-temperature (non-metamorphic) conditions, typically related to diapirism." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f1bcbfb314ddee9c3e", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "metamorphic differentiation layering", - "definition": "Layering defined by mineralogical variations in a rock body interpreted to be result of solid-state reactions in rock body (metamorphic segregation)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f1bcbfb314ddee9c3f", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "metamorphic layering", - "definition": "Layering of unspecified origin in a metamorphic rock. Compositional or textural variations may be inherited from protolith, or result from metamorphic processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f2bcbfb314ddee9c40", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "metamorphic layering inherited from protolith", - "definition": "Metamorphic layering in which layer differntiation is relict of compositional variations in the protolith, typically heterogeneous sedimentary or volcanic rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f2bcbfb314ddee9c41", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "mineralogical layering", - "definition": "Generic layering defined by variations in mineralogy between individual sheets of material" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f2bcbfb314ddee9c42", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "mylonite foliation", - "definition": "Generic mylonitic foliation in which 50-90 percent of rock is matrix due to tectonic grain size reduction processes. Planar fabric is very apparent due to flattening of mineral grains, development of shear surfaces, and alignment of tabular mineral grains. Lineation is typically present and easily observed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f2bcbfb314ddee9c43", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "parallel bedding", - "definition": "Bedding defined by parallel surfaces. Bedding structure may be lamination or layering." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f2bcbfb314ddee9c44", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "parallel bedding lamination", - "definition": "Bedding lamination structure in which all visible bedding surfaces are parallel." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c45", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "phyllitic cleavage", - "definition": "Continuous cleavage in phyllitic rock, phyllosilicate mineral grains just barely visible, grain size midway between slaty cleavage and schist, typically has a satiny lustre." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c46", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "planar lamination", - "definition": "Lamination that is defined by planar bedding surfaces at the scale of description." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c47", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "primary foliation", - "definition": "Foliation formed during original process of deposition or crystallization of an igneous or sedimentary material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c48", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "primary igneous foliation", - "definition": "Foliation interpreted to be the product of igneous processes, formed in the rock while melt was still present.." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c49", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "protomylonite foliation", - "definition": "Generic mylonitic foliation in which 10-50 percent of rock is matrix due to tectonic grain size reduction processes. Planar aspect of fabric may be quite subtle in weakly deformed rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c4a", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "rhythmic layering", - "definition": "Layering in igneous rock defined by repeated gravity-stratified layers of typically mafic minerals at the base and plagioclase at the top, formed by crystal settling" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c4b", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "rough cleavage", - "definition": "Disjunct (Borradaile et al, 1990) cleavage characterized by short, discontinuous clavage surfaces, typically with concentrations of phyllosilicate minerals. Common in micaceous sandstone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c4c", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "s fabric", - "definition": "Foliation in mylonite defined by alignment of tabular crystals or deformed mineral grains, often with sigmoid shape, typically curving into an associated ductile shear banding foliation (C fabric) with a consistent sense." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c4d", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "scaly cleavage", - "definition": "Discrete, anastomosing spaced cleavage characterized by smooth and highly polished/slickensided cleavage surfaces that intersect with one another to form lensoid flakes, scales or chips. Common in pelitic rocks in shear zones, melange, or deformed accretionary complexes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c4e", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "schistosity", - "definition": "A fabric defined the parallel, planar arrangement of mineral grains having a platy, lamellar, or tabular crystallographic habit that are oriented in a continuous planar or rarely a linear fabric. Schistosity is commonly, but not necessarily, a crystalloblastic foliation. Platy mineral grains typically 1 to 10 mm across (Jackson, 1997), at smaller grain size grades into phyllitic cleavage. Schistosity is typically associated with a continuous cleavage due to the tendency to part parallel to the aligned mineral grains." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c4f", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "sedimentary layering", - "definition": "Layering resulting from primary sedimentary processes, in which the individual layers (beds) are bounded by discontinuities related to events in the depositional history." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c50", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "slaty cleavage", - "definition": "Continuous cleavage defined by aligned fine to very-fine grained phylosilicate mineral grains. The individual grains defining the fabric are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. Grades into phyllitic cleavage as grain size increases. Cleavage domains typically less than 100 micrometres wide, rock easily splits into slabs and thin plates." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c51", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "solution cleavage", - "definition": "Spaced cleavage forming an array of parallel to anastomosing, stylolitic to smooth, fracture-like partings formed by rock dissolution. Dissolution is indicated by discontinuity and offset of primary features that intersect cleavage surfaces, and typically by accumulation of insoluble residue along cleavage surface. Syn. stylolitic cleavage, pressure solution cleavage" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f3bcbfb314ddee9c52", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "spaced cleavage", - "definition": "Cleavage in which cleavage domains are spaced at finite intervals as the scale of description. Microlithons of uncleaved rock separate cleavage domains." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c53", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "stromatic layering", - "definition": "Tectonic layering in which variations that distinguish the layers are the result of melt segregation during high-grade metamorphism, some layers have magmatic/igneous mineralogy. Plates 143 and 144, Borradaile et al [1982] (page 344-347) Syn. Migmatitic layering, lit-par-lit layering" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c54", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "stromatolitic lamination", - "definition": "Lamination produced by sediment trapping, binding and or precipitation by cyanophytes (blue-green algae)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c55", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "tectonic foliation", - "definition": "Foliation in a rock body defined by physical components related to deformation subsequent to solidification of the rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c56", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "tectonic layering", - "definition": "Layering defined by mineralogical or textural variations in a rock body that are interpreted to be related to deformation or metamorphism, commonly associated with layers that have sharp boundaries. Also known as gneissic foliation. See plates 142-145 (p. 342-349) in Borradaile et al [1982] and plate 46A to 49A in Weiss [1972]." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c57", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "transposed bedding layering", - "definition": "Layering interpreted to have originated as sedimentary bedding that has been transposed as a result of metamorphism and deformation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c58", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "ultramylonite foliation", - "definition": "Mylonitic foliation in which greater than 90 percent of rock is matrix due to tectonic grain size reduction processes. Typically rock is very-fine grained to aphanitic, with sparse porphyroclasts, and vague to prominent lamination on a mm scale." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c59", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "undulating lamination", - "definition": "Gently curviplanar or wavy bedding lamination structure" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5a", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "vague metamorphic layering", - "definition": "Metamorphic layering of uncertain origin, defined by subtle mineralogical or textural variations, with gradational layer boundaries. See plate 142 in Borradaile et al [1982]." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17f4bcbfb314ddee9c5b", - "parentId": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c11", - "label": "varve lamination", - "definition": "Bedding defined by distinct, parallel laminae (layers less than 1 cm thick), typically occurring in sequences of distinct couplets (e.g. dark and light color). Generally interpreted as deposited from suspension in still water, with each lamina thought to be an annual sedimentation unit. Typically consists of mud-size sediment." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "Geneticcategory", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecc", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "anthropogenic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by human activity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ecd", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "biological sedimentary genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by deposition of material produced by living organisms either as part of their body (e.g., exoskeleton, bone, pollen, wood) or through their activities (e.g., faecal pellets)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ece", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "cataclastic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by brittle deformation, i.e. the formation and growth of fractures and frictional sliding along fracture surfaces." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ecf", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "chemical sedimentary genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by direct chemical precipitation (e.g., evaporites, exhalative deposits)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed0", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "clastic sedimentary genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by accumulation of particles (clasts) derived by weathering, erosion, or fragmentation of pre-existing rock or produced by chemical or biologically-mediated precipitation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed1", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "composite process genesis", - "definition": "Formation in which more than one genetic process is dominant. This usually involves some combination of igneous, weathering, sedimentary, metamorphic, deformation or impact-related processes that better represents the origin of the material" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed2", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "contact metamorphic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by metamorphism due to the effect of a magma body on the rocks it intrudes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed3", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "deformation genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by strain-related processes resulting in changes of shape of a rock body, including folding, faulting, shearing, or fabric development, deformation may be either brittle or ductile. Local deformation metamorphic genesis related to a particular fault or shear zone is categorized as 'Dislocation metamorphic genesis'" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed4", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "diagenetic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by chemical and physical changes subsequent to deposition of sediment, during and after lithification that occur under temperature and pressure conditions too low to be considered metamorphic." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed5", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "dislocation metamorphic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by metamorphism of local extent associated with fault zones or shear zones. 'Dislocation metamorphic genesis' is 'Deformation genesis' of local extent, explicitly associated with a particular fault or shear zone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed6", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "ductile deformation genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by deformation without loss of material continuity at the scale of observation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed7", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "hypabyssal intrusive genesis", - "definition": "Formed by crystallisation close to the Earth's surface, characterized by more rapid cooling than plutonic setting to produce generally fine-grained intrusive igneous rock, commonly associated with co-magmatic volcanic rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed8", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "igneous extrusive genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by crystallisation of magma at or immediately adjacent to Earth's surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182cbcbfb314ddee9ed9", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "igneous genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by crystallisation from magma" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9eda", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "igneous intrusive genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by crystallisation of magma within the Earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9edb", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "igneous sedimentary genesis", - "definition": "Formation by a combination of igneous and sedimentary processes" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9edc", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "impact genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by metamorphism related to the passage of a shock wave through a body of material, typically the result of impact of a planetary body (impactor) on a planetary surface (target)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9edd", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "local metamorphic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by metamorphism that may be attributed to a localized cause, such as magmatic intrusion, faulting, metorite impact, combustion of naturally occuring substances (coal), or lightning." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9ede", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "metaigneous genesis", - "definition": "Formation by metamorphism of an igneous protolith" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9edf", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "metamorphic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by closed-system changes in mineralogy, texture, or fabric of a rock in response to chemical and physical conditions that have been imposed below the surface zones of weathering and cementation (diagenesis), and that differ from the conditions under which the rocks in question originated. As defined here the changes in rock volume may include removal of some chemical constituents from the system (especially water and other volatile constituents). Note narrower use that Neuendorf et al. 2005, this vocabulary distinguishes metasomatism from metamorphism." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9ee0", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "metamorphic metasomatic or hydrothermal genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by changes in chemical, mineralogical, or structural properties of rocks in response to chemical and physical conditions that have been imposed below the surface zones of weathering and cementation (diagenesis), and that differ from the conditions under which the rocks in question originated." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9ee1", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "metaplutonic genesis", - "definition": "Formation by metamorphism of a plutonic igneous protolith." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182dbcbfb314ddee9ee2", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "metasedimentary genesis", - "definition": "Formation by metamorphism of a sedimentary protolith." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ee3", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "metasomatic or hydrothermal genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by open-system changes in chemical composition by reaction with an external source, typically involving chemical transport by a fluid medium flowing through the rock. Metasomatism typically involves introduction of chemical constituents into a rock volume." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ee4", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "metavolcanic genesis", - "definition": "Formation by metamorphism of an extrusive igneous protolith." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ee5", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "plutonic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by crystallisation of magma far enough below Earth surface that complete crystallization of magma bodies forms holocrystalline medium to coarse grained igneous rock, wall rocks generally do not include volcanic products related to the magma, and some contact metamorphism is developed at intrusive contacts." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ee6", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "regional metamorphic genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by metamorphic processes affecting a large rock volume, associated with large-scale tectonic processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ee7", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "sedimentary genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by processes of erosion, mass wasting, transportation, deposition, precipitation and biogenic production that take place in Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ee8", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "subaerial extrusive genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by crystallisation of magma either in the open air or immediately adjacent to the land surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ee9", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "subaqueous extrusive genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by crystallisation of magma under water or ice." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eea", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "volcaniclastic genesis", - "definition": "Formation by a combination of extrusive igneous activity and sedimentary transport and deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eeb", - "parentId": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ecb", - "label": "weathering genesis", - "definition": "Formation predominantly by the physical, chemical or biological alteration of rock or sediment at or near the Earth surface, connotes involvement of processes related to the atmosphere (weather...)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "Geologicunitmorphology", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eed", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "arch morphology", - "definition": "A raised elongate body, morphologically equivalent to upside down channel" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eee", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "arcuate sheet", - "definition": "Sheet in which one of L or W is a curved arc" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eef", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "basin shape", - "definition": "Geometric analog is convex down discoid, term generally connotes a kilometer-scale feature. Map view may be circular, elliptical, or irregular, characteristic feature is thickening from the edges towards the center. Typically used to describe a body of sedimentary rock deposited in a low area in the Earth's crust, in which case there is an implication that the top is (or was) a surface of deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9ef0", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "blanket shape", - "definition": "A thin, widespread body with width to thickness ratio greater than 1000 to 1 that covers an underlying substrate. A layer of known great lateral extent. Morphology equivalent to bed or layer, but implies that body forms the top of some unit, instead of occurring within a body." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef1", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "blob", - "definition": "Body with smooth surface, broadly equant shape, irregular protuberances, no symmetry axes, and a boundary that can not be separated into sides." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef2", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "block", - "definition": "Equant polygonal cylinder, L=W=H, definable edges separate bounding surfaces. Grades to tabular prism as one horizontal dimension becomes distinctly longer than the other, and tablet or polygonal cylinder as one vertical axis becomes distinctly shorter or longer than the horizontal axes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef3", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "boudin shape", - "definition": "Layer or bed of rock deformed into sausage-shaped segments (boudins), either separated or joined by pinched connections. Morphology generally defined in a profile view, third dimension is not denoted, use of term also implies that the body is not isolated, but is related to an original body elongate on some dimension that has been stretched and separated into separate bodies" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef4", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "bread loaf ellipsoid", - "definition": "Ellipsoid with L 10 times W or H" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef5", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "channel shape", - "definition": "Strongly elongate lens or ribbon with a convex downward lower surface, near planar upper surface. Morphology is equivalent to upside down arch." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef6", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "circular cylinder", - "definition": "Elliptical cylinder that has circular symmetry about long axis, distinct side surfaces are not defined. Cross section is circular" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef7", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "circular profile", - "definition": "equant profile with arcuate boundary" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef8", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "column shape", - "definition": "Cylindrical body, equant cross section, long in direction normal to equant cross section. Morphology equivalent to pipe, without denotation of transport function." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9efa", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "cone segment", - "definition": "Body that is section of a cone formed by splitting the cone along a surface parallel to the cone axis, that interesect approximately along the axis." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9ef9", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "cone shape", - "definition": "Discus with one planar side, and circular symmetry on axis, geologic cones typically have height <(<) diameter" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9efb", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "conical sheet", - "definition": "Sheet that conforms to surface of a cone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182fbcbfb314ddee9efc", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "cupola", - "definition": "Large upward projection of the roof of an igneous intrusion into the country rock above. A possibly irregular dome like or columnar body rooted in a larger body." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9efd", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "cylinder", - "definition": "Body defined by translation of a generating plane figure with approximately equant cross section (circle, ellipsoid, polygon) along a straight axial line. H>=W=L. Axis is direction normal to generating plane figure, which forms parallel top and bottom bounding surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9efe", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "dart ellipsoid", - "definition": "Ellipsoid with L more than 50 times W or H" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9eff", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "diapir", - "definition": "Broadly inverted tear drop morphology. Body of magmatic or mobile sedimentary material intruded into overlying rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9f00", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "dike", - "definition": "A generally sheet-like intrusive rock body that cuts across bedding or foliation in the host rock, or intrudes massive host rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9f01", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "disc", - "definition": "Cylinder with height less than diameter. L=W>H, edges separates side from top and bottom. Grades to oblate ellipsoid as edges lose definition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9f02", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "discoid anulus", - "definition": "Cone with central part removed along cylindrical volume approximately along the cone axis" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9f03", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "discus", - "definition": "Body with two sides that converge to define an edge that is circular in profile, edge separates definable top and bottom. L=W>H. Grades to oblate ellipsoid as edge separating sides loses definition, cone as one side becomes distinctly planar." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9f04", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "dome", - "definition": "Steep-sided disk-like body, for example and accumulation of high viscosity lava above and around a volcanic vent. A structure in which the top of the body dips gently away in all directions e.g. salt dome, extrusion dome" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9f05", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "dome sheet", - "definition": "Sheet in which L and W are curved arcs." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1830bcbfb314ddee9f06", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "ductolith", - "definition": "Concordant intrusion, teardrop-shaped in cross section." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f07", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "ellipsoid", - "definition": "Body that contains three orthogonal axes defining three surfaces of reflection symmetry, profiles along the surfaces are elliptical. Boundary can not be separated into sides (no edges). Becomes cylinder or disc when bounding surface can be considered parallel to one of the axis. L>=W>=H" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f08", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "elliptical cylinder", - "definition": "Cylinder that has elliptical cross section, distinct side surfaces are not defined." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f09", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "elliptical profile", - "definition": "Profile approximates an ellipse, ratio of long axis to short axis is greater than 1.4" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f0a", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "elongate discus", - "definition": "Discus for which the profile defined by the bounding edge is longer in one direction than other. L>W>>H" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f0b", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "equant polygonal profile", - "definition": "Aquant profile with boundary that can be divided into distinct straight sides separated by higher curvature corners." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f0c", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "equant profile", - "definition": "Profile for which the ratio of length of longest chord to shortest chord is less than 1.4." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f0d", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "ethmolith", - "definition": "Discordant, funnel-shaped intrusion, tapers downward" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f0e", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "fan", - "definition": "A cone segment, generally applied to surface morphology of sedimentary deposit with a gentle surface slope, radiating from a localized sediment source." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f0f", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "football ellipsoid", - "definition": "Ellipsoid with L 2 to 5 times W or H" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f10", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "geologic body", - "definition": "A 3 dimensional body defined based on geometric shape, with some geologic connotation or denotation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f11", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "graben shape", - "definition": "an elongate body bounded on both sides by normal faults that dip toward each other" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f12", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "hemispheroid", - "definition": "Section of a spheroid formed by removing everything on the smaller volume side of a surface that intersects the spheroid. Grades to cone as suface generator (line rotated about axis to generate volume above lower planar boundary) becomes straight." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f13", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "irregular profile", - "definition": "Profile does not conform to any of the regular geometries associated with other categories in the vocabulary." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1831bcbfb314ddee9f14", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "laccolith", - "definition": "A tabular or lenticular igneous body whose long dimensions parallel layering in the host rock, and which as a convex-up roof and a known or assumed flat floor" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f15", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "layer shape", - "definition": "Body geometry characterized by generally thin character relative to the lateral extent of the body (on order of 1:100). Thin bodies of lesser extent are lenses. Connotes a non-intrusive body, equivalent intrusive body would be dike (or sill). Denotes that body is in a sequence of similar sheet-like bodies between other rock bodies" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f16", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "lens", - "definition": "A body bounded by converging surfaces (at least one of which is curved), thick in the middle and thinning out toward the edges, resembling a convex lens." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f17", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "lenticular profile", - "definition": "Profile with ratio of long axis length to short axis length greater than 5 with sides that taper to a point, shaped like the profile of an optical lense." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f18", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "longitudinal section of cylinder", - "definition": "Body that is section of a circular or elliptical cylinder formed by a splitting the cylinder along a surface approximately parallel to its long axis. L>>W>H." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f19", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "lopolith", - "definition": "A large, concordant, typically layered igneous intrusion whose floor is convex-down and whose roof may be convex-down or flat." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f1a", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "mound", - "definition": "Lense like body of rock, lateral extent less than 100m, generally flat at bottom, with stratigraphic pinch out of beds (onlap) along upper sides." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f1b", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "pancake ellipsoid", - "definition": "Ellipsoid with H on order of .01 of L or W" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f1c", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "phacolith", - "definition": "Concordant, lenticular intrusion, emplaced along a fold axis" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f1d", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "pillow ellipsoid", - "definition": "Ellipsoid with H on order of 0.1 of L or W" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f1e", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "pipe", - "definition": "Rock body that has a length to width ratio greater than 10 to 1, with two sub equal width dimensions." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f1f", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "planar profile", - "definition": "Shape is defined by intersection of body with some surface, generally either a cross section or map view" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f20", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "planar sheet", - "definition": "Sheet in which L and W axes are straight lines" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1832bcbfb314ddee9f21", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "planar vein", - "definition": "Vein with length and width significantly greater than its thickness, giving the vein a tabular form" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f22", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "pod", - "definition": "A small intrusion of elongate or lenticular form" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f23", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "polygonal cylinder", - "definition": "Cylinder in which the edges bounding side surfaces are parallel or subparallel to cylinder axis. Cross section is polygon. Length of axis may be called height or thickness, and is typically in the vertical direction (distinguishing polygonal cylinder from tabular prism and wedge)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f24", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "polygonal profile", - "definition": "Profile for which the ratio of length of longest chord to shortest chord is greater than 1.4.profile and a boundary that can be divided into distinct straight sides separated by higher curvature corners." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f25", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "prism", - "definition": "A polyhedron with an n-sided polygonal base, another congruent parallel base (with the same rotational orientation), and n other faces (necessarily all parallelograms) joining corresponding sides of the two bases. All cross-sections parallel to the base faces are congruent to the bases. Prisms are named for their base, so a prism with a pentagonal base is called a pentagonal prism." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f26", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "ribbon", - "definition": "Body that is very thin relative to width and and length. Long axis may be curved. L>(>>)W>>>H. H is typically in vertical direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f27", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "ring dike", - "definition": "An arcuate or subcircular dyke, generally associated with a volcanic centre." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f28", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "rock body geometry irregular", - "definition": "Rock body geometry is irregular and can not be characterized using terminology." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f29", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "rock body geometry not specified", - "definition": "Rock body geometry is not specified. Use in normative descriptions where any morphology is allowed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f2a", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "rod", - "definition": "Cylinder with very long axis, generally circular or elliptical cross section (generating figure). H>>>W=L. Long axis may be in any orientation, and may be curved." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f2b", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "sheet", - "definition": "Body that is very thin relative to lateral extent, so thin that is considered to consist of two bounding surfaces joined at an edge. Aspect ratio is L=W>>>H. The geometry of the edge joining the surfaces is not specified in the definition. If the geometry of the edge comes into play in the definition, becomes ribbon, disc or tablet(?). Includes dike, vein, sill and bed-shaped geologic units." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f2c", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "sheet ellipsoid", - "definition": "Ellipsoid with one axis much smaller than others H on order of .001 of L or W" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f2d", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "sigmoid sheet", - "definition": "Sheet with 's' curvature of L or W direction" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f2e", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "sigmoidal vein", - "definition": "Vein curved so as to resemble the letter S in section" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1833bcbfb314ddee9f2f", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "sill form", - "definition": "A tabular intrusive igneous body with long dimensions parallel to bedding or foliation of sedimentary or metamorphic host rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f30", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "sphenolith", - "definition": "Wedge-like intrusion, partly concordant, partly discordant." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f31", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "spheroid", - "definition": "Ellipsoid with L, W, and H dimensions all approximately equal" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f32", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "square profile", - "definition": "polygonal profile that approximates a square" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f33", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "tablet", - "definition": "Polygonal cylinder with height less than length or width, disc with edges separating side into multiple segments." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f34", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "tabular prism", - "definition": "Body defined by pairs of parallel, approximately planar surfaces separated by definable edges. Grades to ellipsoid as edges lose definition, to block as axial ratios approach 1, to polygonal cylinder as L approaches W. L>>W>H. H is in vertical direction, L is horizontal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f35", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "tear drop", - "definition": "Body bounded by hemispheroid on one side, cone on other, with circular symmetry around cone axis" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f36", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "three dimensional body", - "definition": "Any three dimensional body" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f37", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "trough shape", - "definition": "Shape of a body of sedimentary rock deposited in an elongate depression filled with sediment. large size distinguishes from channel" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f38", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "vein-shape", - "definition": "A tabular or sheetlike epigenetic mineral filling of a fault or fracture" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f39", - "parentId": "634f182ebcbfb314ddee9eec", - "label": "wedge", - "definition": "A wedge is a polyhedron defined by two triangles and three trapezoid faces. A wedge has five faces, nine edges, and six vertices. A wedge is a subclass of the prismatoids with the base and opposite ridge in two parallel planes." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "Geologicunitpartrole", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23d", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "bed lithosome", - "definition": "Lithosome in lithostratigraphic unit that occurs as individual beds interleaved with other constituents on the outcrop (m) scale or larger." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23e", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "blocks", - "definition": "Geologic unit constituent is present as masses with generally sharp boundaries and block-like geometry within a matrix of some other material emplaced by processes at the earth's surface--e.g. volcanic eruption or mass wasting. Implication is that blocks were derived from the same source geologic unit and emplaced in the described unit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23f", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "concretion", - "definition": "Hard, compact mass or aggregate of mineral matter, normally subsperical but commonly oblate, disc-shaped or irregular. Formed from precipitation from solution about a nucleus or centre. Use as a geologic unit part should be restricted to concretions that are too large to consider as constituents in the rock material that composes the unit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea240", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "cyclic bedding package", - "definition": "Lithosome characterized by an internal sequence of units, which is repeated in a stacked sequence, e.g. fining-upward sequence, thickening upward sequence, bouma sequence." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea241", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "enclave", - "definition": "General term for a polymineralic aggregate enclosed in a granitoid." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea242", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "facies", - "definition": "Represents a particular body of rock that is a lateral variant of a lithostratigraphic unit, or a variant of a lithodemic unit. Contrast with lithosome in being a particular, connected body of rock, as opposed to a kind of rock body that is repeated in many places in a unit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea243", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "geologic unit matrix", - "definition": "Lithosome in a geologic unit that is generally interstitial to other constituents, e.g. in a mass wasting deposit, melange, tuff breccia." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea244", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "inclusion", - "definition": "Geologic unit constituent is present as masses with generally sharp boundaries enclosed within a matrix of some other material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea245", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "irregular lithosome", - "definition": "Lithosome in a mixed/heterogeneous lithodemic unit that occurs in irregular bodies within unit" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea246", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "layer lithosome", - "definition": "Lithosome in igneous or metamorphic geologic unit that occurs as layers alternating with other constituents." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea247", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "lenticular lithosome", - "definition": "Lithosome occurs as discrete lense-shaped bodies, not connected with other bodies." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea248", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "lithosome", - "definition": "A kind of rock body that has multiple occurrences in a single geologic unit. A mass of rock of uniform character, characterized by geometry, composition, and internal structure. Generally denotes rock mass that is the product of a particular rock forming process or related sequence of processes in the containing unit. Example--bouma sequence, point bar sequence. A particular lithosome may be characterized by the presence of blocks, but blocks are not treated as kinds of lithosome because the internal character of the blocks is determined by a separate genetic sequence from the described unit. This vocabulary generalizes the concept defined in Neuendorf et al 2005 to include bodies of igneous or metamorphic rock as well as sedimentary rock. NADM SLTTs (2004) used the term 'lithotope' with similar meaning for sedimentary rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea249", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "marker bed", - "definition": "Stratigraphic part that is a thin laterally continuous bed within another unit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea24a", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "only part", - "definition": "Entire described unit consists of a single part or constituent" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea24b", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "part of", - "definition": "The geologic unit part role is not known in any greater detail. Inclusion of Only_part as a separate concept implies that this concept is the equivalent of 'proper part' in mereology." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea24c", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "pendants", - "definition": "A block of wall rock material in an igneous intrusion. Pendants become xenoliths as the dimension becomes smaller than about 10 m in their longest dimension. Although term pendant has connotation of being suspended or supported from above, this is rarely demonstrable in geologic situations, and the concept here does not require connection to the wall of the containing intrusion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea24d", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "rafts", - "definition": "Pendants of pre-intrusive country rock in intrusive igneous matrix that have large horizontal extent relative to their thickness" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea24e", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "roof pendant", - "definition": "Pendant that is demonstrably derived from the upper boundary of an igneous body." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea24f", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "screen", - "definition": "Pendant that is a vertical sheet like pendant in an intrusive igneous rock body." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea250", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "stratigraphic part", - "definition": "A geologic unit part that occupies a particular stratigraphic position within a geologic unit. Part is a particular body of rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea251", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "tectonic block", - "definition": "The geologic unit part occurs as discrete masses with faulted boundaries, emplaced into the host unit by tectonic processes inside the earth, e.g. blocks in tectonic melange" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1872bcbfb314ddeea252", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "unspecified part role", - "definition": "Geologic unit part with unspecified role, use in normative descriptions when any role is allowed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1873bcbfb314ddeea253", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "vein or dike lithosome", - "definition": "Lithosome occurs as intrusive, sheet-like bodies within the unit as an essential part of the unit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1873bcbfb314ddeea254", - "parentId": "634f1871bcbfb314ddeea23c", - "label": "xenolith", - "definition": "Inclusion of pre-intrusive country rock in intrusive igneous matrix, cm to about 10 meter diameter in longest dimension. Use term pendant for larger blocks." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "Geologicunittype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6d", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "allostratigraphic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by bounding surfaces. Not necessarily stratified. Donovon (2004, IUGS abstract Florence) makes good case for use of a noncommittal term for the bounding surface. While there may be no agreement that a given stratal boundary is a discontinuity, there is consensus that all the identified boundaries are stratal surfaces. Includes: 1. Unconformity bounded units (Salvador 1994), defined by bounding stratigraphic discontinuities ('significant unconformities', unconformity is defined as surface of erosion in Salvador 1994). 2. Sequence stratigraphic unit, an allostratigraphic unit that is used to interpret the depositional origin of sedimentary strata and assumes, though this is not always stated, an implicit connection to base level change. It does this by establishing how the sequence of strata accumulated in order in the sedimentary section over a subdividing framework of surfaces." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6e", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "alteration unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by alteration process." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6f", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "artificial ground", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by genesis involving direct human action to deposit or modify material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f70", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "biostratigraphic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined based on fossil content. Five kinds of biozones are recognized by the revised NACSN (Lenz et al., 2000, Note 64, a recommended complete replacement of Articles 48 through 54 of the North American Stratigraphic Code (NACSN, 1983) accepted for publication 2000.): range biozone, interval biozone, lineage biozone, assemblage biozone, and abundance biozone. These represent different approaches to defining and recognizing biozones." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f71", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "chronostratigraphic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit that includes all rocks formed during a specific interval of geologic time" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f72", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "deformation unit", - "definition": "Lithotectonic unit defined by deformation style or characteristic geologic structure observable in outcrop." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f73", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "excavation unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by human-made genesis involving excavation. Not necessarily defined by landform (a hole...), as they could have been subsequently filled/landscaped etc. If the excavation is filled becomes an excavation with artificial ground wholly or partly superimposed on it. This sort of thing can become quite important in urban geology where an excavation can be filled and landscaped." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f74", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "geologic unit", - "definition": "Type of geologic unit is unknown, unspecified, irrelevant, or some type not included in the vocabulary. Type makes no implication for required properties or cardinalities. This is the root concept for the type hierarchy." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f75", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "geomorphologic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by surface landform, e.g. hummocky moraine" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f76", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "geophysical unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by its geophysical characteristics. Denotes that the properties used to define the unit are measured by intrumental techniques, not directly observable by humans, e.g. density, magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, electrical conductivity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f77", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "lithodemic unit", - "definition": "Lithostratigraphic unit that lacks stratification" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1839bcbfb314ddee9f78", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "lithogenetic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by genesis. The genesis is manifested by material properties, but the material is not the defining property. Example-- alluvial deposits, glacial deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f79", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "lithologic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by lithology independent of relationships to other units. Denotes a 'kind' of rock body characterized by lithology, e.g. basaltic rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f7a", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "lithostratigraphic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined on the basis of observable and distinctive lithologic properties or combination of lithologic properties and stratigraphic relationships. Denotes a particular body of rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f7b", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "lithotectonic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined defined on basis of structural or deformation features, mutual relations, origin or historical evolution. Contained material may be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f7c", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "magnetostratigraphic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by magnetic characteristics." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f7d", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "mass movement unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit produced by gravity driven, down-slope displacemnt of material, and characterized by the type of movement giving rise to the deposit, and by how the individual movement types present in the deposit are related in time and space." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f7e", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "pedoderm", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined based on soil development and character. Pedoderm is not a surface classification unit because soil classification requires knowledge of the soil profile, which always extends some distance beneath the surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f7f", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "pedostratigraphic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit that represents a single pedologic horizon in a sequence of strata (consolidated or non-consolidated). The presence of an overlying geologic unit is required, but locally the soil horizon may be at the Earth surface (in which case is may be coincident with a Pedoderm). See discussion at https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/PedostratigraphicUnit" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f80", - "parentId": "634f1838bcbfb314ddee9f6c", - "label": "polarity chronostratigraphic unit", - "definition": "Geologic unit defined by primary magnetic-polarity record imposed whien the rock was deposited or crystallized during a specific interval of geolgoic time. Kind of chronostratigraphic unit and kind of geophysical unit." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "Lineationtype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e7a", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "augen lineation", - "definition": "A shape lineation defined by elongate augen." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e7b", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "bedding cleavage intersection lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by the intersection of bedding surfaces and cleavage surfaces." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e7c", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "biotite mineral lineation", - "definition": "Mineral lineation defined by aligned elongate biotite aggregates in a foliation surface. Biotite does not have an elongate (prismatic, acicular) mineral habit, so production of lineation must reflect elongate aggregates of biotite crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e7d", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "cleavage intersection lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by the intersection of two cleavages." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e7e", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "crenulation lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by small-scale wrinkles, typically of phylosillicate minerals, on another surface, typically a cleavage or schistosity. Use instead of intersection lineation if the wrinkles are the measured feature and the intersecting planar feature is not apparent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e7f", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "flow lineation", - "definition": "A linear alignment of fabric elements, especially elongate or rod-shaped minerals, interpreted to have been aligned by flow of magma, lava, pyroclastic material, or diapiric flow of sedimentary rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e80", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "hornblende mineral lineation", - "definition": "Mineral lineation defined by aligned hornblende crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e81", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "igneous lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by alignment of elongate fabric elements formed in lava or magma before complete crystallization. Some typical fabric elements are elongate phenocrysts and vesicles." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e82", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "igneous mineral lineation", - "definition": "Lineation in igneous rock defined by aligned crystals where there is evidence that the crystal alignment is related to process occurring before the rock was solidified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e83", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "igneous particle shape lineation", - "definition": "Lineation in an igneous rock, usually welded tuff, defined by elongate objects in the rock (usually pumice pads, also elongate crystals). Descriptive--elogation may be due to deformation or to rotation/alignment of originally elongate (prolate ellipsoid) objects in the rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e84", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "igneous vesicle lineation", - "definition": "lineation defined in a volcanic rock by aligned elongation direction of vesicles." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e85", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "intersection lineation", - "definition": "A lineation produced by the intersection of two planar fabrics." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e86", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "lineation", - "definition": "Nongenetic term for a penetrative linear structure." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e87", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "mineral lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by alignment of elongate crystals that have a prismatic crystal habit or of monomineralic grain aggregates." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e88", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "particle shape lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by alignment of long axes of prolate-shaped particles such as clasts, fossils, crystals, or phenocrysts. Particles may be polycrystalline aggregates formed by deformation of pre-existing particles. General category does not specify genesis of particles or their alignment." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e89", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "pencil lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by tendency of rock to break into long, slender pieces resembling pencils. Typically produced by intesection of bedding and cleavage or intersection of two cleavages. Fabric is generally only observed in weakly metamorphosed rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e8a", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "quartz fibre lineation", - "definition": "Aligned quartz fibres that define a measurable lineation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e8b", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "rodding lineation", - "definition": "Linear structure in metamorphic rocks in which the stronger parts have been shaped into parallel rods (eg. vein quartz)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e8c", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "sillimanite mineral lineation", - "definition": "Mineral lineation defined by aligned sillimanite crystals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e8d", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "slickenline", - "definition": "Lineation on a brittle slip surface defined by grooves, ridges, or striations" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e8e", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "stretching lineation", - "definition": "Lineation defined by elongate (prolate) fabric elements in which the alignment of the fabric elements, and the formation of prolate fabric elements is interpreted to be the product of crystal plastic deformation processes. Associated with mylontic foliation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e8f", - "parentId": "634f1826bcbfb314ddee9e79", - "label": "tectonic lineation", - "definition": "Penetrative linear structure in a rock body defined by fabric elements that are the product of tectonic processes. Linear is used in the sense that the orientation of the structure can be represented as a line in some sufficiently small neighborhood of any point in the material containig the fabric. Penetrative denotes that the fabric elements defining the structure are repeated at distances so small, compared with the scale of the whole that they can be considered to pervade it uniformly and be present at every point (paraphrase of Turner and Weiss, 1963, p. 21)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "Mappedfeatureobservationmethod", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ee", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "compilation", - "definition": "Mapped feature geometry derived from one or more published or unpublished data sources, involving some interpretation or generalization by the compiler, not an exact digital reproduction of the sources." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1ef", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "direct observation", - "definition": "Indicates that mapped feature was delineated and a specifier assigned by direct visual observation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f0", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inertial survey", - "definition": "mapped feature is located by inertial survey methods" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f1", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred", - "definition": "Indicates that mapped feature is not directly observable, location and specification based on inference from available evidence." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f2", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred aeromagnetic survey", - "definition": "Location and specification inferred based on magnetic field data acquired by airborne sensor." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f3", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred borehole geophysical log", - "definition": "Location and specification inferred based on measurements made by electronic bore hole logging device(s) that measure geophysical properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f4", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred drill cuttings", - "definition": "Geologic feature in bore hole inferred based on interpretation of drill cuttings." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f5", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred gravity data", - "definition": "Location and specification inferred based on measured variations in the acceleration of gravity related to mass of underlying Earth material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f6", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred ground magnetic survey", - "definition": "Location and specification inferred based on magnetic field data acquired by sensor on the earth surface, either at manually occupied stations, or by a vehicle-based continuously collected sensor data." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f9", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred projection beneath covering mapped unit", - "definition": "Phenomenon inferred to exist based on continuity with observed locations, and assumption of continuity of the feature. Mappable feature is covered by mapped younger geologic unit. Concealed feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1fa", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred projection beneath unmapped surficial material", - "definition": "Location and specification determined based on inferred continuity with observed locations, and assumption of continuity of the feature. Not observable because of covering mantle of soil, talus or colluvium, not mapped as separate geologic units." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f8", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred projection between observed locations", - "definition": "Location and specification determined based on inferred continuity with observed locations, and assumption of continuity of the feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1fb", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred projection obscured by vegetation", - "definition": "Location and specification determined based on inferred continuity with observed locations, and assumption of continuity of the feature. Not observable because of obscuring vegetation, but inferred to crop out at surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1fc", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred radiometric survey", - "definition": "Location and specification inferred based on flux or intensity of radiation related to the decay of radioactive elements in observed Earth material. Use for both airborne and ground-surface based sensor." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea1fd", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred remote sensing imagery", - "definition": "Location and specification inferred based on spectral characteristics of light measured by airborne or satellite based sensor. Phenomenon visible on standard (visible light) air photographs are considered 'observable'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186bbcbfb314ddeea1f7", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "inferred using indirect method", - "definition": "Location and specification inferred based on properties related to lithology, e.g. geophysical or geochemical signature, vegetation, surface texture, reflectance." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea203", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed based on elevation data", - "definition": "Geomorphic features located and specified based on surface morphology determined by elevation (or bathemetry) data, e.g. DEM, LIDAR" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea202", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed distant outcrop", - "definition": "Phenomenon observed and located from a distance." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea1fe", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed in aerial imagery", - "definition": "Phenomenon observed and located using aerial imagery (standard visible light)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea1ff", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed in borehole core", - "definition": "Geologic feature observed in core obtained from a borehole." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea200", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed in borehole cuttings", - "definition": "Geologic feature observed in cuttings obtained from a borehole." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea201", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed in borehole material", - "definition": "Geologic feature observed in material obtained from a borehole." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea204", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed in outcrop", - "definition": "Phenomenon observed and located directly in outcrop, geologist occupied location of phenomenon, and traced it explicitly over mapped extent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea206", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed outcrop gps location", - "definition": "Phenomenon observed directly in outcrop, and located using GPS" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea205", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "observed outcrop topographic map location", - "definition": "Phenomenon observed directly in outcrop, and located by positioning on a topographic base map relative to physiographic or cultural features" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea207", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "published map", - "definition": "Mapped feature geometry was digitized from a published map, specification of feature based on map unit explanation" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186cbcbfb314ddeea208", - "parentId": "634f186abcbfb314ddeea1ed", - "label": "surveyed", - "definition": "mapped feature is located by survey methods" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e59", - "label": "Mappingframe", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e5a", - "parentId": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e59", - "label": "base of Quaternary", - "definition": "Base of the predominantly unconsolidated sedimentary material of Quaternary age, also referred to as superficial deposits" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e5b", - "parentId": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e59", - "label": "surface geology", - "definition": "Bedrock and predominantly unconsolidated sedimentary material of Quaternary age (superficial deposits) that would be visible if the overlying soil was removed or are exposed at the topographic surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e5c", - "parentId": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e59", - "label": "top of basement", - "definition": "The surface in the crust of the Earth below sedimentary or volcanic deposits, or tectonically transported rock unit. What constitutes basement can depend on the context and may comprise other sedimentary, igneous and/or metamorphic rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e5d", - "parentId": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e59", - "label": "top of bedrock", - "definition": "Top surface of the usually solid rock that may either be exposed at the topographic surface or covered by other younger unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age (superficial deposits)" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "Metamorphicfacies", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c00", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "amphibolite metamorphic facies", - "definition": "Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by hornblende-plagioclase (plagioclase more calcic than An17)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c01", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "eclogite metamorphic facies", - "definition": "Omphacite-garnet-quartz (no plagioclase, olivine stable with garnet), assemblage for rocks of basaltic composition" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c02", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "epidote amphibolite metamorphic facies", - "definition": "Hornblende-albite-epidote(-chlorite), assemblage for rocks of basaltic composition" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c03", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "glaucophane schist facies", - "definition": "Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by glaucophane-epidote (-garnet), glaucophane-lawsonite, or glaucophane-lawsonite-jadeite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c04", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "granulite facies", - "definition": "Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by the mineral assemblage clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-plagioclase (olivine not stable with plagioclase or with garnet), or especially high-temperature varieties or polymorphs of minerals (e" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c05", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "greenschist metamorphic facies", - "definition": "Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by actinolite-albite-epidote-chlorite (an epidote group mineral is the diagnostic Ca-Al silicate rather than prehnite or pumpellyite)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c06", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "metamorphic facies not specified", - "definition": "Metamorphosed, but facies not specified in more detail. For use in normative description to indicate that any metamorphic facies value is valid." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c07", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "metamorphic facies unknown", - "definition": "For use in instance descriptions to indicate that no data are available to constrain metamorphic facies. May be metamorphosed or non-metamorphosed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c08", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "no metamorphic minerals", - "definition": "Corresponds to non-metamorphosed condition, since metamorphic facies classification is based on mineral assemblages, absence of metamorphic minerals means that the classification does not apply." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9c09", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "pyroxene hornfels metamorphic facies", - "definition": "Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-plagioclase (olivine stable with plagioclase)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0a", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "sanidinite metamorphic facies", - "definition": "distinguished from the pyroxene hornfels facies by the occurrence of especially high-temperature varieties and polymorphs of minerals (eg. pigeonite, K-rich labradorite), assemblage for rocks of basaltic composition" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0b", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "subgreenschist metamorphic facies", - "definition": "Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by prehnite-pumpellyite, pumpellyite-actinolite, prehnite-actinolite (prehnite and pumpellyite are the diagnostic Ca-Al silicates rather than minerals of the epidote or zeolite groups)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17edbcbfb314ddee9c0c", - "parentId": "634f17ecbcbfb314ddee9bff", - "label": "zeolite metamorphic facies", - "definition": "Metamorphic facies characterized in rocks of basaltic composition by zeolite minerals such as laumontite and heulandites (in place of other Ca-Al silicates such as prehnite, pumpellyite and epidote)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "Metamorphicgrade", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea212", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "high metamorphic grade", - "definition": "Protolith structures almost always obliterated, evidence of partial melting common. Includes rocks metamorphosed in high-temperature amphibolite, pyroxene hornfels, and medium to high-temperature eclogite facies. Mineral assemblages according to Fry (1984) Table 10-1: ultramafic-olivine, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, enstatite, mafic-hornblende, (diopside, garnet), calc-aluminous basic-plagioclase, pelite, semi-pelite -- K-feldspar, biotite, quartz, Al-minerals (garnet), migmatite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea213", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "low metamorphic grade", - "definition": "Metamorphic effects clearly visible, protolith structures typically still observable, includes rocks metamorphosed in greenschisthigh-temperature blueschist, very low temperature eclogite facies. Mineral assemblages according to Fry (1984) Table 10-1: ultramafic-serpentine (talc, magnesite), mafic-chlorite, actinolite (garnet), calc-aluminous basic-albite, epidote, pelite, semi-pelite -- white mica, chlorite, quartz, biotite (garnet, Al-minerals)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea214", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "medium metamorphic grade", - "definition": "Protolith structure typically obliterated. Includes rocks metamorphosed in high-temperature epidote-amphibolite, low-temperature amphibolite, and low temperature eclogite facies. Mineral assemblages according to Fry (1984) Table 10-1: ultramafic-olivine, talc (magnesite, anthophyllite), mafic-hornblende, (diopside, garnet), calc-aluminous basic-plagioclase, pelite, semi-pelite -- white mica, biotite, quartz (garnet, Al-minerals)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea215", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "metamorphic grade not specified", - "definition": "for use in normative descriptions to explicitly indicate that any metamorphic condition is allowed (including non-metamorphosed)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea216", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "metamorphic grade unknown", - "definition": "For use in instance descriptions to indicate that no information is available on metamorphic grade" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea217", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "metamorphosed grade not specified", - "definition": "Rock is metamorphosed, may have any value for metamorphic grade." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea218", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "not metamorphosed", - "definition": "Rock or sediment not metamorphosed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea219", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "very high metamorphic grade", - "definition": "Protolith structures almost always obliterated. Includes rocks metamorphosed in granulite (or sanidinite), and high-temperature eclogite facies. Mineral assemblages according to Fry (1984) Table 10-1: ultramafic-olivine, enstatite, mafic-hypersthene, diopside (hornblende), calc-aluminous basic-plagioclase, pelite, semi-pelite -- hypersthene + Al-minerals (K-feldspar, quartz), or sapphirine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186ebcbfb314ddeea21a", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea211", - "label": "very low metamorphic grade", - "definition": "Rock very slightly metamorphosed, protolith structure ubiquitous, mineral assemblage of zeolite facies, subgreenschist facies, or low temperature part of blueschist facies. Mineral assemblages according to Fry (1984) Table 10-1: ultramafic-serpentine (quartz, magnesite), mafic-clay, chlorite, relict igneous minerals, calc-aluminous basic-zeolite, pumpellite, epidote, albite, pelite, semi-pelite -- clays, chlorite, sericite, quartz." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "Mine", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb2", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "abandoned", - "definition": "A mine is abandoned - one reason or another" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb3", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "care and maintenance", - "definition": "A mine is under care and maintenance" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb4", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "closed", - "definition": "A mine can be closed for several reasons, e.g. technical, economical or technico-economical. For example, it may be re-opened if the price of the exploited commodity increases." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb5", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "construction", - "definition": "A mine is under construction after obtaining licenses/permits" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb6", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "feasibility", - "definition": "Technical economic study aimed at assessing the possibility to launching a mine venture." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb7", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "historic", - "definition": "An 'old' mine which has been exploited before 1900, e.g. during Roman times, the Middle Ages, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb8", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "not operating", - "definition": "A mine has been operating and then closed or suspended" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb9", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "operating", - "definition": "A mine is operating" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bba", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "operating continuously", - "definition": "A mine is operating continuously" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bbb", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "operating intermittently", - "definition": "A mine is operating intermittently" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bbc", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "pending approval", - "definition": "Waiting for the exploitation authorization, generally given by a State Mining Engineering Department." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bbd", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "retention", - "definition": "A mine can be kept unexploited until the price of contained commodity(ies) makes it economical." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbe", - "parentId": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb1", - "label": "under development", - "definition": "A mine is under development - e.g feasibilty" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "Mineral", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02d", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "deposit", - "definition": "A mass of naturally occurring material in the Earth that contains an anomalous concentration of some mineral or rock type that has some potential for human utilization, without regard to mode of origin. Typically is a single, connected, genetically related body of material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02e", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "field", - "definition": "An area characterized by one or more mineral occurrences that are geologically related." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02f", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "mineralized zone", - "definition": "A coherent zone of mineralized material within a mineral deposit. This may correspond to a lode, or vein, or orebody, or any similar subdivision of a larger mineral deposit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea030", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "occurrence", - "definition": "A location at which a mineral or rock that has some potential end use is present in any concentration, in outcrop or float." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea031", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "project", - "definition": "An informal grouping of mineral deposits that is commonly used by mining or exploration companies in reporting exploration results, resources/reserves, and production figures." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea032", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "prospect", - "definition": "A location identified as a potential site of a mineral deposit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea033", - "parentId": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02c", - "label": "province", - "definition": "A regional geological province characterized by mineral occurrences and/or prospects of similar style (eg, related by commodities, mineralization process, environment)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "Mining", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea4", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "adsorption", - "definition": "Taking up of ions, molecules or colloids on the surface of a material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea5", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "agglomeration", - "definition": "Agglomeration: process designed to bind together finely ground particles. The result is an agglomerate or a sinter. Pelletization: process designed to produce spherical agglomerates of a few mm diameter, called pellets, through a rotating device (balling drum, balling disc) after the addition of some binding material (swelling clay, lime, cement, etc.) and water." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea6", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "automatic sorting", - "definition": "Automated sorting of material on the basis of physical characteristics using optical characteristics (visible spectrum, near infrared, X-ray, ultraviolet), electrical conductivity, density, magnetic susceptibility or other physical properties" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea7", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "bioleaching", - "definition": "Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. This is much cleaner than the traditional heap leaching using cyanide. Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea8", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "burning", - "definition": "The utilization of coal-oil agglomerates in the recovery of gold is based on the natural hydrophobicity/lipophilicity of gold, a property which according to the consensus of most surface chemistry experts is brought about by the ease by which gold surface becomes contaminated, though is possible to recover gold by agglomerating them with oil, the amount of gold in the ore is usually small that there is insufficient gold particles to form agglomerates. Thus, the need to use other hydrophobic materials (e.g. coal) to either form agglomerates together with gold or act as a carrier of gold particles. Agglomerates are prepared in a previous step and then added to the ore pulp in a second step. The gold particles, being oilfilic, penetrate into the agglomerates. In a continuous operation the agglomerates would be maintained in contacting tanks until they reach a pre-determined gold content. The tailings are discarded by means of a screen situated at the upper part of the tanks. The recovery of gold from agglomerates is obtained in a later step by burning the agglomerates and then separating the gold from the ashes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea9", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "calcining", - "definition": "A more general definition is “Calcination (also referred to as calcining) is a thermal treatment process in presence of air applied to ores and other solid materials to bring about a thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a volatile fraction. The calcination process normally takes place at temperatures below the melting point of the product materials. Calcination is to be distinguished from roasting, in which more complex gas–solid reactions take place between the furnace atmosphere and the solids." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9eaa", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "cementation", - "definition": "In metallurgy, cementation is a process in which ions are reduced to zero valence at a solid metallic interface" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9eab", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "centrifugal gravity separation", - "definition": "particulate material is introduced into a fluid medium that is being rotated, denser particles move away from the center of rotation faster than lighter particles, allowing them to be concentrated." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9eac", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "chemical treatment", - "definition": "Sorting process using chemical separation methods" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ead", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "coagulation", - "definition": "In a dispersed system, particles of all species can be aggregated into larger structures by several mechanisms. Aggregation, based on reducing inter-particle repulsion forces, is known as coagulation and the aggregates are called coagula. If coagulation is induced by a polymer-bridging action, the process is called flocculation and the aggregates are called flocs. When aggregation is achieved as a result of the action of an immersible bridging liquid, such as oil, the process is called agglomeration and the aggregates are referred to as agglomerates. The mechanisms include both those in coagulation (i.e. action of electrolytes) and bridging flocculation by either inorganic polymers or by precipitating metal hydroxides. The latter is known as sweep flocculation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9eae", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "comminution", - "definition": "Breaking solid particles to reduce their sizes; general term encompassing crushing and grinding." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9eaf", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "crystallization", - "definition": "Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore an aspect of precipitation, obtained through a variation of the solubility conditions of the solute in the solvent, as compared to precipitation due to chemical reaction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9eb0", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "distillation", - "definition": "Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb1", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "eddy current separator", - "definition": "Uses an electric current induced into a conductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. The effect of such currents is to induce a secondary magnetic field around the particle; this field reacts with the applied magnetic field resulting in forces that eject the conducting particle from the stream of mixed particles, providing the means for an effective separation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb2", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "electrolysis", - "definition": "Electrolysis: Electrowinning and electrorefining respectively involve the recovery and purification of metals using electrodeposition of metals at the cathode, and either metal dissolution or a competing oxidation reaction at the anode." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb3", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "electrostatic separation", - "definition": "Separation process based on the difference in electrical conductivity between the various minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb4", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "evaporation", - "definition": "Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb5", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "flocculation", - "definition": "Flocculation is the coagulation between particles induced by the bridging action of long-chain organic polymers." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb6", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "flotation", - "definition": "Process in which particles are separated according to their tendency to adhere more or less to air bubbles to form a mineralized froth: this feature is linked to the natural or designed hydrophobic property of the particle surface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb7", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "gravimetric sorting", - "definition": "Process in which the valuable particles are separated from the gangue by virtue of the difference between their specific volumes. This causes their settling rates within a medium - air or water - to be different. This process is therefore affected by particle size." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb8", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "gravity separation table", - "definition": "Gravity concentration consisting of an inclined planar surface fitted with riffles. Particles are carried across the surface by a fluid flow as the surface is vibrated. The shaking promotes the segregation of denser particles and keeps them moving across the deck in different angles down to the discharge end. Wilfley table, Holman table are examples." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eb9", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "heavy medium separation", - "definition": "A gravity process by using a heavy medium with specific gravity intermediate between that of lighter minerals and heavier minerals. So that lighter minerals float, while heavier minerals sink." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9eba", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "hydrometallurgy", - "definition": "Hydrometallurgy is part of the field of extractive metallurgy involving the use of aqueous chemistry for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials. Hydrometallurgy is typically divided into three general areas: leaching, solution concentration and purification, and metal recovery." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9ebb", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "incineration", - "definition": "Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9ebc", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "leaching", - "definition": "Action of chemical reagents on a material resulting in the dissolution of some of its elements." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9ebd", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "liquid-solid separation", - "definition": "Separation of suspended material by concentrating of pulp and removal of fluid through thickening, filtering, decanting or cycloning." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9ebe", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "magnetic separation", - "definition": "Separation process based on the difference in magnetic susceptibility between minerals. A magnetic field is used either to deviate the magnetic particles from their course, or to lift the magnetic particles." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182abcbfb314ddee9ebf", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "manual sorting", - "definition": "Sorting a coarse material into two or more classes on the basis of physical characteristics: appearance, colour, conductivity, fluorescence, etc., manually." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec0", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "particle sizing", - "definition": "separation of particles of a fragmented material into several classes according to size. Typically done by means of screens or sieves: particle with a size larger than the screen or sieve opening are said to form the oversize fraction, the others form the undersize fraction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec1", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "physical treatment", - "definition": "processes using physical separation methods" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec2", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "physico-chemical treatment", - "definition": "concentraing processes that combine physical and chemical separation methods." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec3", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "precipitation", - "definition": "Precipitation in hydrometallurgy involves the chemical precipitation of either metals and their compounds or of the contaminants from aqueous solutions. Precipitation will proceed when, through reagent addition, evaporation, pH change or temperature manipulation, any given species exceeds its limit of solubility." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec4", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "pyrometallurgy", - "definition": "Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce saleable products such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for further processing. Examples of elements extracted by pyrometallurgical processes include the oxides of less reactive elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Chromium, Tin, Manganese." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec5", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "roasting", - "definition": "Roasting is a step in the processing of certain ores. More specifically, roasting is a metallurgical process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s). Roasting consists of thermal gas–solid reactions, which can include oxidation, reduction, chlorination, sulfation, and pyrohydrolysis. In roasting, the ore or ore concentrate is treated with very hot air.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec6", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "sluice concentration", - "definition": "a slanting trough fitted with riffles or with moquette along the bottom of the trough; particles are entrained in fluid flowing through the trough, and denser particles settle to the bottom more rapidly and are trapped." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec7", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "smelting", - "definition": "Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal from its ore. Smelting involves thermal reactions in which at least one product is a molten phase. Metal oxides can then be smelted by heating with coke or charcoal (forms of carbon), a reducing agent that liberates the oxygen as carbon dioxide leaving a refined mineral. Carbonate ores are also smelted with charcoal, but are sometimes need to be calcined first. Other materials may need to be added as flux, aiding the melting of the oxide ores and assisting in the formation of a slag, as the flux reacts with impurities, such as silicon compounds. Smelting usually takes place at a temperature above the melting point of the metal, but processes vary considerably according to the ore involved and other matters." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec8", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "solvent extraction", - "definition": "Extraction with a solvent. This may be achieved on: (1) the soluble part of a solid matter (solid/liquid extraction), (2) the elements within a liquid phase (liquid/liquid extraction)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9ec9", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "sorting", - "definition": "Processes that operate on particulate material to concentrate a desired component and separate it from waste material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f182bbcbfb314ddee9eca", - "parentId": "634f1829bcbfb314ddee9ea3", - "label": "stratification jig", - "definition": "The principle of the jig is the action of pulsed vertical movement of water through a volume of particulate material. Particles with a higher specific gravity (density) settle faster, resulting in a concentration of material with higher density at the bottom, on the jig bed." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "Particleaspectratio", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e91", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "any form", - "definition": "Particle has some form, but it is not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e92", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "bladed", - "definition": "Bladed group in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is less than 0.7 and (L-I)/(L-S) is between 0.33 and 0.66." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e93", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "bladed medium", - "definition": "S/L is between 0.3 and 0.5 and (L-I)/(L-S) is between 0.33 and 0.66 Sneed&Folk, (1958)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e94", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "compact bladed", - "definition": "S/L is between 0.5 and 0.7 and (L-I)/(L-S) is between 0.33 and 0.66 Sneed&Folk, (1958)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e95", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "equant", - "definition": "Particles are compact in Sneed & Folk (1958), ratio of S/L is greater than 0.7." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e96", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "fibrous", - "definition": "Particles are so elongate they are fibrous." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e97", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "form not specified", - "definition": "Particle form may take any or no value. For use in normative descriptions." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e98", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "oblate", - "definition": "Particles are in 'platy group' in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is less than 0.7 and (L-I)/(L-S) is less than 0.33." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e99", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "oblate medium", - "definition": "Particles are 'just platy' in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is between 0.3 and 0.5 and (L-I)/(L-S) is less than 0.33." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e9a", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "particle form indeterminate", - "definition": "Particle form is uncertain or not categorizable, generally obscured by overprinting deformation, metamorphism, or alteration, but reason is not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e9b", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "prolate", - "definition": "Particles are in 'elongated group' in Sneed & Folk, (1958), S/L is less than 0.7 and (L-I)/(L-S) is greater than 0.66." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e9c", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "prolate medium", - "definition": "Particle are 'just elongated' in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is between 0.3 and 0.5 and (L-I)/(L-S) is greater than 0.66." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e9d", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "slightly flattened", - "definition": "Particles are 'Compact-platy' in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is between 0.5 and 0.7 and (L-I)/(L-S) is less than 0.33." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e9e", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "slightly prolate", - "definition": "Particles are compact-elongated in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is between 0.5 and 0.7 and (L-I)/(L-S) is greater than 0.66." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9e9f", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "strongly flattened", - "definition": "Particles are 'very platy' in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is less than 0.3 and (L-I)/(L-S) is less than 0.33." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9ea0", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "strongly prolate", - "definition": "Particles are very elongated in Sneed&Folk, (1958), S/L is less than 0.3 and (L-I)/(L-S) is greater than 0.66." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1828bcbfb314ddee9ea1", - "parentId": "634f1827bcbfb314ddee9e90", - "label": "very bladed", - "definition": "S/L is less than 0.3 and (L-I)/(L-S) is between 0.33 and 0.66 Sneed&Folk, (1958)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "Particleshape", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba5", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "angular", - "definition": "A clastic sedimentary particle showing very little or no evidence of abrasion, with all of its edges and corners sharp, such as blocks with numerous (15-30) secondary corners and a roundness value between 0.17 and 0.25 (midpoint at 0.21)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba6", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "anhedral", - "definition": "Crystalline particles in a rock lack well-developed crystal faces, usually referring to igneous or metamorphic grains" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9bab", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "any shape", - "definition": "Shape property may have any value. Use in normative definitions where shape may take any value." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba7", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "diffuse", - "definition": "Particles in aggregate have diffuse, ill-defined boundaries" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba8", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "euhedral", - "definition": "Crystalline particles in a rock are mostly bounded by perfect crystal faces, usually referring to igneous or metamorphoc grains" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba9", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "resorbed", - "definition": "Particles have smooth, embayed boundaries caused by resorption by the host magma" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9baa", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "rounded", - "definition": "A clastic sedimentary particle whose original edges and corners have been smoothed off to rather broad curves and whose original faces are almost completely removed by abrasion (although some comparatively flat surfaces may be present), such as a pebble with a roundness value between 0.49 and 0.70 (midpoint at 0.59) and few (0-5) and greatly subdued secondary corners. The original shape is still readily apparent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9bac", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "sub-angular", - "definition": "A clastic sedimentary particle showing definite effects of slight abrasion, retaining its original general form, and having faces that are virtually untouched and edges and corners that are rounded off to some extent, such as a glacial boulder with numerous (10-20) secondary corners and a roundness value between 0.25 and 0.35 (midpoint at 0.300)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9bad", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "sub-rounded", - "definition": "A clastic sedimentary particle showing considerable but incomplete abrasion and an original general form that is still discernible, and having many of its edges and corners noticeably rounded off to smooth curves, such as a cobble with a reduced number (5-10) of secondary corners, a considerably reduced area of the original faces, and a roundness value between 0.35 and 0.49 (midpoint at 0.41)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9bae", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "subhedral", - "definition": "Crystalline particles in a rock are partly bounded by crystal faces, usually referring to igneous or metamorphic grains" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9baf", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "very angular", - "definition": "A clastic sedimentary particle with a roundness value between 0.12 and 0.17 (midpoint at 0.14)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e6bcbfb314ddee9bb0", - "parentId": "634f17e5bcbfb314ddee9ba4", - "label": "well rounded", - "definition": "A clastic sedimentary particle whose original faces, edges, and corners have been destroyed by abrasion and whose entire surface consists of broad curves without any flat areas, specif. said of a particle with no secondary corners and a roundness value between 0.70 and 1.00 (midpoint at 0.84). The original shape may be suggested by the present form of the particle." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "Particletype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc0", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "accidental pyroclastic fragment", - "definition": "Fragment of rock generated by disruption as a direct result of volcanic action but not formed by previous activity of the magmatic system, generally derived from subvolcanic basement." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc1", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "aggregate non clastic particle", - "definition": "Generic term for a non-clastic particle that is itself composed of an aggregation of particles." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc2", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "amygdule", - "definition": "Cavity filled with secondary minerals, denotes that cavities are filled vesicles, thus restricted to volcanic rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc3", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "autoclast", - "definition": "Fragments of extrusive igneous rock formed by mechanical friction of moving lava flow, breakage of chilled lava flow rinds, or gravity crumbling of active spines and domes. Gillespie and Styles (1999) include as type of juvenile pyroclastic fragment, inconsistent with definition of pyroclastic by IUGS and BGS." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc4", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "axiolite", - "definition": "Elongate to irregular lense with radial aggregates of acicular and fibrous mineral coalescing along a central axis." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc5", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "bioclast", - "definition": "Granular sedimentary particle that is a \\fragmentary piece of a shell, bone, or other hard skeletal structure of an animal, plant, or protozoan. May be fossilized or non-fossilized\\. Use in situations where fossil organism can not be identified, thus 'material fossil' is inappropriate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc6", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "biogenic particle", - "definition": "A type of granular particle formed by the physiological activities of organisms (plants, animals, protozoa) that produce body parts which subsequently are incorporated into a sediment aggregate. Contrast with nonbiogenic particle. Includes biogenic objects that are whole or fragmentary (bioclasts), can be fossilized or non-fossilized" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc7", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "bleb", - "definition": "Generic term for a small rounded particle of uncertain origin" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc8", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "cavity", - "definition": "Constituent is empty space between particles in a compound material, generally filled with some sort of fluid. Cavity particle types can be used to describe porosity in a granular material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bc9", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "coated particle", - "definition": "A general term for a grain that has coats or layers of foreign material, usually fine mud-sized and occasionally recrystallized, that form concentric or overlapping shells around a core of rock, shell, peloidal, or intraclastic material. (eg: oolith, pisolith)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bca", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "cognate fragments", - "definition": "Pyroclast consisting of rock which formed during earlier (related) volcanic activity that have been ejected with other pyroclastic debris during a later eruption." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bcb", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "concretionary particle", - "definition": "A hard, compact mass or aggregate of mineral matter, normally subsperical but commonly oblate, disc-shaped or irregular. Formed by precipitation of mineral from solution in the pores of a granular rock, localized around a nucleus or center, to define a discrete, sharply separated object. Size ranges from cm to meters. Particle geometry description for concretion describes the concretion size and shape, not the size and shape of particles forming the concretion." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bcc", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "coprolite", - "definition": "The fossilised excrement of vertebrate animals" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bcd", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "crystal fragment", - "definition": "A fragment of a crystal interpreted to have been broken by pyroclastic processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bce", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "crystalline grain", - "definition": "Constituent that is the product of crystallization during formation of a compound Earth material (see NADMC1 2004). Serves to distinguish crystalline from granular rocks (Struik, 2002). Includes constituents crystallized in evaporite environments, during diagenesis or hydrothermal alteration, or in other low-temperature environments." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bcf", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "crystallite", - "definition": "Constitutent occurs as minute, spherical, rod, or hair-like forms. Typically appear isotropic in thin section." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd0", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "epiclast", - "definition": "An individual constituent, grain or fragment of a sediment or rock, produced by erosion of a larger rock mass. Particle whose origin as a fragment is a result of surface (sedimentary, weathering...) processes. 'Crystals, crystal fragments, glass and rock fragments that have been liberated from any type of pre-existing consolidated rock (volcanic or non-volcanic) by weathering or erosion and transported from the site of origin by gravity, air, water, or ice' [Schmid, 1981]. Distinguished from intraclast in that epiclast is derived from a pre-existing rock from outside the basin of deposition (NADM SLTTs 2004) before introduction into a CompoundMaterial (sense of NADMC1, 2004)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd1", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "fecal pellet", - "definition": "An organic excrement, mainly of invertebrates, occuring especially in modern marine sediments but also fossilised in some sedimentary rocks, usually with simple ovoid form, less commonly rod-shaped." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd2", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "fenestra", - "definition": "Primary or penecontemporaneous gap or cavity in the framework of a sedimentary rock, larger than grain-supported intersticies. May be open space or have partial to complete fill with secondary cement or introduced sediment." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd3", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "fiamme", - "definition": "Lens-shaped bodies, usually mm to cm thick, and centimeters to 1-2 decimeters long, typically seen on surfaces of some pyroclastic rocks. The name fiamme comes from the Italian word for flames, describing their shape. The term is descriptive and non-genetic.Generally interpreted to form by the collapse of pumice fragments during welding in a hot pyroclastic deposit." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd4", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "fluid inclusion", - "definition": "A cavity within a crystal containing liquid and/or gas, formed by the entrapment in crystal irregularities of fluid, commonly that from which the mineral crystallised." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd5", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "fluidal pyroclast", - "definition": "Pyroclast that has a a rounded, fluidal shape indicating that it was in a wholly or partly molten state during formation and subsequent transport. Concept corresponds to bomb, but with no size denotation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd6", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "glomerocryst", - "definition": "An aggregate of crystals of the same mineral" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd7", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "granular particle", - "definition": "Solid constituent in a compound earth material (sense of NADMC1) that is a pre-existing object before incorporation into a particulate aggregate. \\...a component of solid material that has the form of grains, clasts, fragments, or whole objects of any size, shape, composition, texture, and structure.\\ (NADMSC SLTTs, 2004)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd8", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "holoblast", - "definition": "A crystalline grain in a metamorphic rock that is newly and completely formed during metamorphism" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bd9", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "hydroclast", - "definition": "Juvenile pyroclastic fragment formed by magma-water interaction during subaqueous or subglacial extrusion, typically consist of chilled glass." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bda", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "hydrothermal vein", - "definition": "A tabular or sheet-like part of a compound material formed by hydrothermal (or other metasomatic) mineral filling a fracture, may be associated with replacement of the host rock adjacent to the body" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bdb", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "igneous inclusion", - "definition": "Aggregate non-clastic particle that are of igneous origin. Particle types for compound material are restricted to inclusions that are typically of a size consistent with hand-sample description to characterize a kind of rock or a rock sample, larger inclusion types are included in the GeologicUnitPart role vocabulary." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e8bcbfb314ddee9bdc", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "igneous vein", - "definition": "A tabular or sheet like part of a compound material formed by the intrusion of magma" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9bdd", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "intraclast", - "definition": "A broad, general term introduced by Folk (1959, p. 4) for a component of limestone, representing a torn-up and re-worked fragment of a penecontemporaneous sediment (usually weakly consolidated) that has been eroded within the basin of deposition...and re-deposited there...The fragment may range in size from fine sand to gravel..." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9bde", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "intrusive sheet", - "definition": "A tabular or sheet-like part of a compound material, genetic origin not specified" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9bdf", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "juvenile pyroclastic fragment", - "definition": "Fragment formed directly from cooling magma during transport prior to primary deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9be0", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "lithic clast", - "definition": "A clast derived by erosion from older, pre-existing rock materials of any kind, usually beyond the basin of accumulation but occasionally from within the basin of deposition (as from a submarine or subaqueous exposure adjacent to a depositional site). A clast that is identified as a piece of rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9be1", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "lithoclast", - "definition": "A mechanically formed and deposited fragment of a carbonate rock...derived from an older, lithified limestone or dolomite within, adjacent to, or outside the depositional site" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9be2", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "lithophysae", - "definition": "Bubble-like cavity with concentric shells of finely crystalline minerals, open space remains in core of structure. Radiating fibrous structure may be present in secondary mineral fill. Typically in silicic volcanic rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9be3", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "material fossil", - "definition": "The preserved remains or replaced remains (casts) of plants and animals. A fossil type may have one or more described associated organisms. If particle type is materialFossil, an additional type property element may provide a reference to a Paleontologic description of the fossil." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9be4", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "miarolitic cavity", - "definition": "An irregular cavity in a phaneritic igneous rock into which small crystals of the rock-forming minerals protrude." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17e9bcbfb314ddee9be5", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "microlite", - "definition": "Constituent occurs as minute incipient crystals that display some birefringence in thin section." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9be6", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "mineral clast", - "definition": "An epiclast that is composed of a single mineral." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9be7", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "nodule", - "definition": "An irregularly rounded mass of a mineral or mineral aggregate normally having a warty or knobby surface and no internal sructure, usually with a contrasting composition from the enclosing sediment or rock matrix in which it is embedded, and that can be separated as a discrete mass from the host material. Igneous nodules should be classified as 'Igneous inclusions'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9be8", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "oncoid", - "definition": "A '...coated grain with a cortex of irregular, partially overlapping laminae. They are typically irregular in shape and may exhibit biogenic structures. Some forms lack a distinct nucleus. Oncoids are generally larger than 2 mm.' (Hallsworth and Knox, 1999, p. 27). Synonymous with oncolite: A small, variously shaped, concentrically laminated, calcareous sedimentary structure, resembling an oolith, and formed by the accretion of successive layer[s]... It...generally does not exceed 10 cm in dimension. (Jackson, 1997, p. 446)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9be9", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "ooid", - "definition": "A general, nongenetic term for a particle that resembles an oolith in outer appearance and size- (Jackson, 1997, p. 447). Hallsworth and Knox (1999, p. 27) describe ooids as coated grains that typically are spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, with the degree of roundness increasing outward. Concentric to semi-concentric coats are smoothly and evenly laminated. A nucleus usually is present, and may have a composition different from the coatings. Biogenic structures are not obvious. NADMSC SLTTs (2004) considers synomous with oolith." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bea", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "orb", - "definition": "Igneous constituent typically mafic, equant rounded spheroid with concentric mineralogic banding" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9beb", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "paleoblast", - "definition": "A crystal or remnant of a crystal that is older than other mineral grains in the rock, especially in metamorphic rocks" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bec", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "paramorph", - "definition": "A pseudomorph with the same composition as the original crystal (eg: calcite after aragonite)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bed", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "peloid", - "definition": "A usually rounded aggregate of clay-sized calcareous (micritic) material, origin and size is not specified" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bee", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "pisoid", - "definition": "A round or ellipsoidal accretionary body resembling a pea in size and shape.... A pisoid...is larger and less regular in form than an ooid, although it may have the same concentric and/or radial internal structure (Jackson, 1997, p. 489)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bef", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "pore space", - "definition": "Open space between particles in a granular aggregate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bf0", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "pseudomorph", - "definition": "Constituent particle that has the outward form of a mineral species or particle type, but the original minerals composing the particle have been altered or replaced by different minerals, a secondary mineral whose outward crystal form has been inherited from the orignal mineral it has replaced" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bf1", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "pyroclast", - "definition": "An individual particle ejected during a volcanic eruption. (Jackson, 1997, p. 521). Clast whose origin is a direct result of volcanic process (excludes fragments in lava autobreccia) and has not been reworked by sedimentary processes (Gillespie and Styles 1999)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bf2", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "reworked pyroclastic fragment", - "definition": "Fragment formed as a direct result of volcanic activity and reworked by sedimentary processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bf3", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "schlieren", - "definition": "a tabular body, generally a few cm to a few metres long, within a plutonic rockhaving different mineral proportions and colour to the surrounding rock" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17eabcbfb314ddee9bf4", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "shard", - "definition": "a vitric fragment in pyroclastic rocks, often with a characteristically curved surface of fracture. Shards generally consist of bubble-wall fragments produced by disintegration of pumice during or after an eruption" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bf5", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "solid constituent particle", - "definition": "Particle is defined as a \\General term, used without restriction as to shape composition or internal structure, for a separable or distinct unit in a [compound material].\\ (Neuendorf et al, 2005). Unclassified solid constituent in a compound material. Note that the term particle has no size denotation as used here." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bf6", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "spherule", - "definition": "A rounded or spherical mass of acicular or fibrous mineral, generally in glassy siliceous lava." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bf7", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "syngenetic nodule", - "definition": "Particle formed by chemical precipitation at sediment-water interface, lacking layered structure that characterizes coated grains. Includes glauconite grains, manganese nodules, phosphate grains. Manganese nodule--\\An irregular, black to brown, friable" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bf8", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "syngenetic particle", - "definition": "A type of nonbiogenic particle formed by in situ or intrabasinal physical-chemical-mechanical processes without the direct biochemical activity of organisms, penecontemporaneously with sediment accumulation or during diagenetic modification." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bf9", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "variole", - "definition": "Spherulitic cluster of crystals in mafic rock, usually consists of divergent plagioclase fibers, with or without interstitial glass, or intergrown with granules of pyroxene, olivine or iron ore. (equivalent to Spherule, but in mafic rock)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bfa", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "ventrifact", - "definition": "A granular particle that has been shaped, worn, faceted, cut or polished by the action of windblown sand." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bfb", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "vesicle", - "definition": "Cavity in volcanic rock formed by trapped gas. Use amygdule if filled with secondary mineral." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bfc", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "vug", - "definition": "Irregular cavity in rock, generic term with no connotation of origin of cavity. May be lined with crystals of different mineral compostion to the host rock" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ebbcbfb314ddee9bfd", - "parentId": "634f17e7bcbfb314ddee9bbf", - "label": "xenocryst", - "definition": "A crystal that resembles a phenocryst in an igneous rock, but that is foreign to the rock in which it occurs" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f3a", - "label": "Planarpolaritycode", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f3b", - "parentId": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f3a", - "label": "overturned", - "definition": "The feature has been overturned (ie; rotated around a horizontal or subhorizontal axis more than 90 degrees from its original orientation)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f3c", - "parentId": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f3a", - "label": "upright", - "definition": "The feature has not been rotated around a horizontal or subhorizontal axis beyond 90 degrees from its original orientation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f3d", - "parentId": "634f1834bcbfb314ddee9f3a", - "label": "vertical", - "definition": "The planar orientation of a feature is approximately vertical." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "Proportionterm", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea022", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "all", - "definition": "Component constitutes effectively 100 percent of the volume of the described entity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea029", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "less than half", - "definition": "Component constitutes less than 50 percent of the volume of the described entity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea023", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "major", - "definition": "Component constitutes greater than 75 percent of the volume of the described entity. This concept is intended to reflect absolute abundance (ie, considerably more than half) rather than relative abundance (ie, predominant component). Note there is a mismatch between the URI name and the preferred label for this concept." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea025", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "minor", - "definition": "Component constitutes less than 25 percent of the volume of the described entity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea024", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "more than half", - "definition": "Component constitutes greater than 50 percent of the volume of the described entity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea026", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "most abundant", - "definition": "Constituent forms more of the described entity than any other constituent. (ie, relative abundance)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea027", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "present", - "definition": "Component is present, but proportion is unknown" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea028", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "rare", - "definition": "Component constitutes less than 5 percent of the volume of the described entity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea02a", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "trace", - "definition": "Component constitutes less than approximately 1 percent of the volume of the described entity. Presence is detectable but too small for accurate determination." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1848bcbfb314ddeea02b", - "parentId": "634f1847bcbfb314ddeea021", - "label": "variable", - "definition": "Component varies in proportion throughout the described entity." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f82", - "label": "Raw", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f83", - "parentId": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f82", - "label": "gangue", - "definition": "The valueless rock or mineral aggregates in an ore; that part of an ore that is not economically desirable but cannot be avoided in mining. It is separated from the ore minerals during concentration. (this is material that has been processed to remove some economic product)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f84", - "parentId": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f82", - "label": "ore", - "definition": "The naturally occurring material from which a mineral or minerals of economic value can be extracted at a reasonable profit. Also, the mineral(s) thus extracted. The term is generally but not always used to refer to metalliferous material, and is often modified by the name of the valuable constituent, e.g., \"iron ore\"." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f85", - "parentId": "634f183abcbfb314ddee9f82", - "label": "waste", - "definition": "Any solid or liquid generated by human activity that has little or no economic value, usually the result of the manufacture, mining, or processing of a material to produce an economic product. (this is material that has not been processed to remove a product, either in place or in holding heaps)" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20d", - "label": "Reserve", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20e", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20d", - "label": "probable ore reserves", - "definition": "A ‘Probable Ore Reserve’ is the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and in some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20f", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20d", - "label": "proved and probable ore reserves", - "definition": "A mixture of the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea210", - "parentId": "634f186dbcbfb314ddeea20d", - "label": "proved ore reserves", - "definition": "A ‘Proved Ore Reserve’ is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "Resource", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e32", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "indicated and inferred mineral resource", - "definition": "That part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated in part with a reasonable level of confidence and in part with a low level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are in places too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed, and in other places of limited or of uncertain quality and reliability." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e33", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "indicated mineral resource", - "definition": "That part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e34", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "inferred mineral resource", - "definition": "That part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological and/or grade continuity. It is based on information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes which may be limited or of uncertain quality and reliability." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e35", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "measured and indicated mineral resource", - "definition": "That part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated in part with a high level of confidence and in part with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are in places spaced closely enough to confirm geological and grade continuity and in other places too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e37", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "measured mineral resource", - "definition": "That part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a high level of confidence. It is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are spaced closely enough to confirm geological and grade continuity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e36", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "measured, indicated and inferred mineral resource", - "definition": "That part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated in part with a high level of confidence, in part with a reasonable level of confidence and in part with a low level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are in places spaced closely enough to confirm geological and grade continuity, in other places too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed, and in other places of limited or of uncertain quality and reliability." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e38", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e31", - "label": "poorly estimated mineral resource, poorly documented", - "definition": "Poorly estimated mineral resource, poorly documented" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "Simplelithology", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d28", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "acidic igneous material", - "definition": "Igneous material with more than 63 percent SiO2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d29", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "acidic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with more than 63 percent SiO2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar granite", - "definition": "Granitic rock that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1. QAPF field 2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar rhyolite", - "definition": "Rhyolitoid in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is less than 0.1. QAPF field 2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar syenite", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 0-5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar syenitic rock", - "definition": "Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of less than 0.1. QAPF fields 6, 6*, and 6'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1, between 0 and 5 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and no feldspathoid minerals. QAPF field 6." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d30", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar trachytic rock", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1. QAPF fields 6, 6', and 6*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d2a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali olivine basalt", - "definition": "Alkali olivine basalt is silica-undersaturated, characterized by the absence of orthopyroxene, absence of quartz, presence of olivine, and typically contains some feldspathoid mineral, alkali feldspar or phlogopite in the groundmass. Feldspar phenocrysts typically are labradorite to andesine in composition. Augite is rich in titanium compared to augite in tholeiitic basalt. Alkali olivine basalt is relatively rich in sodium." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d31", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "amphibolite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock mainly consisting of green, brown or black amphibole and plagioclase (including albite), which combined form 75 percent or more of the rock, and both of which are present as major constituents. The amphibole constitutes 50 percent or more of the total mafic constituents and is present in an amount of 30 percent or more; other common minerals include quartz, clinopyroxene, garnet, epidote-group minerals, biotite, titanite and scapolite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d32", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "andesite", - "definition": "Fine-grained igneous rock with less than 20 percent quartz and less than 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater 0.65. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field O2 as andesite. Basalt and andesite, which share the same QAPF fields, are distinguished chemically based on silica content, with basalt defined to contain less than 52 weight percent silica. If chemical data are not available, the color index is used to distinguish the categories, with basalt defined to contain greater than 35 percent mafic minerals by volume or greater than 40 percent mafic minerals by weight. Typically consists of plagioclase (frequently zoned from labradorite to oligoclase), pyroxene, hornblende and/or biotite. Fine grained equivalent of dioritic rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d33", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anorthosite", - "definition": "Anorthositic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d34", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anorthositic rock", - "definition": "Leucocratic phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase, often with small amounts of pyroxene. By definition, colour index M is less than 10, and plagiclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.9. Less than 20 percent quartz and less than 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10, 10*, and 10'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d35", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anthracite", - "definition": "Coal that has vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than 2.0% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5). Less than 12-14 percent volatiles (dry, ash free), greater than 91 percent fixed carbon (dry, ash free basis). The highest rank coal; very hard, glossy, black, with semimetallic luster, semi conchoidal fracture." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d36", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anthropogenic material", - "definition": "Material known to have artificial (human-related) origin; insufficient information to classify in more detail." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d37", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anthropogenic unconsolidated material", - "definition": "Unconsolidated material known to have artificial (human-related) origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d38", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "aphanite", - "definition": "Rock that is too fine grained to categorize in more detail." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d39", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "aplite", - "definition": "Light coloured crystalline rock, characterized by a fine grained allotriomorphic-granular (aplitic, saccharoidal or xenomorphic) texture; typically granitic composition, consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and sodic plagioclase." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "arenite", - "definition": "Clastic sandstone that contains less than 10 percent matrix. Matrix is mud-size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments, and alteration products) of detrital or diagenetic nature." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ash and lapilli", - "definition": "Tephra in which less than 25 percent of fragments are greater than 64 mm in longest dimension" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ash breccia bomb or block tephra", - "definition": "Tephra in which more than 25 percent of particles are greater than 64 mm in largest dimension. Includes ash breccia, bomb tephra and block tephra of Gillespie and Styles (1999)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ash tuff lapillistone and lapilli tuff", - "definition": "Pyroclastic rock in which less than 25 percent of rock by volume are more than 64 mm in longest diameter. Includes tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapillistone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basalt", - "definition": "Fine-grained or porphyritic igneous rock with less than 20 percent quartz, and less than 10 percent feldspathoid minerals, in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater 0.65. Typically composed of calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene; phenocrysts typically include one or more of calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field B as basalt. Basalt and andesite are distinguished chemically based on silica content, with basalt defined to contain less than 52 weight percent silica. If chemical data are not available, the color index is used to distinguish the categories, with basalt defined to contain greater than 35 percent mafic minerals by volume or greater than 40 percent mafic minerals by weight." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basanite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9, and contains more than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d40", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basanitic foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is greater than 0.5, with greater than 10 percent normative olivine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d41", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basic igneous material", - "definition": "Igneous material with between 45 and 52 percent SiO2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d42", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with between 45 and 52 percent SiO2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d43", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "bauxite", - "definition": "Highly aluminous material containing abundant aluminium hydroxides (gibbsite, less commonly boehmite, diaspore) and aluminium-substituted iron oxides or hydroxides and generally minor or negligible kaolin minerals; may contain up to 20 percent quartz. commonly has a pisolitic or nodular texture, and may be cemented." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d44", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "biogenic sediment", - "definition": "Sediment composed of greater than 50 percent material of biogenic origin. Because the biogenic material may be skeletal remains that are not organic, all biogenic sediment is not necessarily organic-rich." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d45", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "biogenic silica sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by biological processes within the basin of deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d46", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "bituminous coal", - "definition": "Coal that has vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than 0.6% and less than 2.0% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5), or has a gross calorific value greater than 24 MJ/kg (determined in conformance with ISO 1928). Hard, black, organic rich sedimentary rock; contains less than 91 percent fixed carbon on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis, and greater than 13-14 percent volatiles (dry, ash free). Formed from the compaction or induration of variously altered plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d47", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "boninite", - "definition": "andesitic rock that contains more than 8 percent MgO. Typically consists of phenocrysts of protoenstatite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and olivine in a glassy base full of crystallites, and exhibits textures characterisitc of rapid crystal growth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d48", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "boulder gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent boulder-size particles (greater than 256 mm in diameter)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d49", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "boundstone", - "definition": "Sedimentary carbonate rock with preserved biogenic texture, whose original components were bound and encrusted together during deposition by the action of plants and animals during deposition, and remained substantially in the position of growth." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "breccia", - "definition": "Coarse-grained material composed of angular broken rock fragments; the fragments typically have sharp edges and unworn corners. The fragments may be held together by a mineral cement or in a fine-grained matrix, and consolidated or nonconsolidated. Clasts may be of any composition or origin. In sedimentary environments, breccia is used for material that consists entirely of angular fragments, mostly derived from a single source rock body, as in a rock avalanche deposit, and matrix is interpreted to be the product of comminution of clasts during transport. Diamictite or diamicton is used when the material reflects mixing of rock from a variety of sources, some sub angular or subrounded clasts may be present, and matrix is pre-existing fine grained material that is not a direct product of the brecciation/deposition process." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "breccia gouge series", - "definition": "Fault material with features such as void spaces (filled or unfilled), or unconsolidated matrix material between fragments, indicating loss of cohesion during deformation. Includes fault-related breccia and gouge." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "calcareous carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes lime-sediments." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "calcareous carbonate sedimentary material", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes lime-sediments, limestone and dolomitic limestone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "calcareous carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes limestone and dolomitic limestone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d4f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate mud", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment composed of less than 25 percent clasts that have a maximum diameter more than 2 mm, and the ratio of sand size to mud size clasts is less than one." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d50", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that consists of greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals of any origin in the mud size fraction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d51", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate ooze", - "definition": "ooze that consists of more than 50 percent carbonate skeletal remains" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d52", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate rich mud", - "definition": "Mud size sediment that contains between 10 and 50 percent carbonate minerals in any size fraction. Carbonate origin is not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d53", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate rich mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains between 10 and 50 percent carbonate minerals in the mud size fraction. Carbonate origin is not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d54", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite and dolomite, in particles of intrabasinal origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d55", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite and dolomite, in particles of intrabasinal origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d56", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite, magnesite or dolomite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d57", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate wackestone", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with discernible mud supported depositional texture and containing greater than 10 percent allochems, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin. If particles are not intrabasinal, categorization as a mudstone or wackestone should be considered." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d58", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonatite", - "definition": "Igneous rock composed of more than 50 percent modal carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d59", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "cataclasite series", - "definition": "Fault-related rock that maintained primary cohesion during deformation, with matrix comprising greater than 10 percent of rock mass; matrix is fine-grained material formed through grain size reduction by fracture as opposed to crystal plastic process that operate in mylonitic rock. Includes cataclasite, protocataclasite and ultracataclasite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d5a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "chalk", - "definition": "A generally soft, white, very fine-grained, extremely pure, porous limestone. It forms under marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of skeletal elements from minute planktonic green algae (cocoliths), associated with varying proportions of larger microscopic fragments of bivalves, foraminifera and ostracods. It is common to find flint and chert nodules embedded in chalk." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d5b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "chemical sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material that consists of at least 50 percent material produced by inorganic chemical processes within the basin of deposition. Includes inorganic siliceous, carbonate, evaporite, iron-rich, and phosphatic sediment classes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d5c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "chlorite actinolite epidote metamorphic rock", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock characterized by 50 percent or more of combined chlorite, actinolite and epidote. Category for rocks generally named greenschist or greenstone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d60", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clastic sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d61", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clastic sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d62", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clastic sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d63", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clay", - "definition": "Mud that consists of greater than 50 percent particles with grain size less than 0.004 mm" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d64", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "claystone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains no detectable silt, inferred to consist virtually entirely of clay-size particles." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d65", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "coal", - "definition": "A consolidated organic sedimentary material having less than 75% moisture. This category includes low, medium, and high rank coals according to International Classification of In-Seam Coal (United Nations, 1998), thus including lignite. Sapropelic coal is not distinguished in this category from humic coals. Formed from the compaction or induration of variously altered plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d66", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "cobble gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent cobble-size particles (64-256 mm in diameter)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d67", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "composite genesis material", - "definition": "Material of unspecified consolidation state formed by geological modification of pre-existing materials outside the realm of igneous and sedimentary processes. Includes rocks formed by impact metamorphism, standard dynamothermal metamorphism, brittle deformation, weathering, metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration (diagenesis is a sedimentary process in this context)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d68", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "composite genesis rock", - "definition": "Rock formed by geological modification of pre-existing rocks outside the realm of igneous and sedimentary processes. Includes rocks formed by impact metamorphism, standard dynamothermal metamorphism, brittle deformation, weathering, metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration (diagenesis is a sedimentary process in this context)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d69", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "compound material", - "definition": "An Earth Material composed of an aggregation of particles of Earth Material, possibly including other compound Materials. This is 'top' of lithology category hierarchy, and should be used to indicate 'any rock or unconsolidated material'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d5d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "conglomerate", - "definition": "Clastic sedimentary rock composed of at least 30 percent rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter; typically contains finer grained material in interstices between larger fragments. If more than 15 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wackestone. If rock has unsorted or poorly sorted texture with a wide range of particle sizes, may also be categorized as diamictite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "crystalline carbonate", - "definition": "Carbonate rock of indeterminate mineralogy in which diagenetic processes have obliterated any original depositional texture." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dacite", - "definition": "Fine grained or porphyritic crystalline rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 20 and 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.65. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 4 and 5 or chemically in TAS Field O3. Typcially composed of quartz and sodic plagioclase with minor amounts of biotite and/or hornblende and/or pyroxene; fine-grained equivalent of granodiorite and tonalite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "diamictite", - "definition": "Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sedimentary rock with a wide range of particle sizes including a muddy matrix. Biogenic materials that have such texture are excluded. Distinguished from conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone based on polymodality and lack of structures related to transport and deposition of sediment by moving air or water. If more than 10 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wacke." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "diamicton", - "definition": "Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sediment with a wide range of particle sizes, including a muddy matrix. Biogenic materials that have such texture are excluded. Distinguished from conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone based on polymodality and lack of structures related to transport and deposition of sediment by moving air or water. Assignment to an other size class can be used in conjunction to indicate the dominant grain size." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "diorite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite; colour index M less than 90, sodic plagioclase (An0-An50), no feldspathoid, and between 0 and 5 percent quartz. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 10 as diorite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dioritic rock", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. A dioritoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio (in the QAPF fraction) greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 10, 10' and 10*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d70", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dioritoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. Plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater that 0.65, and anorthite content of plagioclase is less than 50 percent. Less than 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and less than 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 (and their subdivisions)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d71", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "doleritic rock", - "definition": "Dark colored gabbroic (basaltic) or dioritic (andesitic) rock intermediate in grain size between basalt and gabbro and composed of plagioclase, pyroxene and opaque minerals; often with ophitic texture. Typically occurs as hypabyssal intrusions. Includes dolerite, microdiorite, diabase and microgabbro." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d75", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomite", - "definition": "Pure carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d72", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomitic or magnesian sedimentary material", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation degree with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1. Includes dolomite sediment, dolostone, lime dolostone and magnesite-stone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d73", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomitic or magnesian sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1. Includes dolostone, lime dolostone and magnesite-stone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d74", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomitic sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d76", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "duricrust", - "definition": "Rock forming a hard crust or layer at or near the Earth's surface at the time of formation, e.g. in the upper horizons of a soil, characterized by structures indicative of pedogenic origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d77", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "eclogite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock composed of 75 percent or more (by volume) omphacite and garnet, both of which are present as major constituents, the amount of neither of them being higher than 75 percent (by volume); the presence of plagioclase precludes classification as an eclogite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d78", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "evaporite", - "definition": "Nonclastic sedimentary rock composed of at least 50 percent non-carbonate salts, including chloride, sulfate or borate minerals; formed through precipitation of mineral salts from a saline solution (non-carbonate salt rock)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d79", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "exotic alkaline rock", - "definition": "Kimberlite, lamproite, or lamprophyre. Generally are potassic, mafic or ultramafic rocks. Olivine (commonly serpentinized in kimberlite), and phlogopite are significant constituents." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "exotic composition igneous rock", - "definition": "Rock with 'exotic' mineralogical, textural or field setting characteristics; typically dark colored, with abundant phenocrysts. Criteria include: presence of greater than 10 percent melilite or leucite, or presence of kalsilite, or greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals. Includes Carbonatite, Melilitic rock, Kalsilitic rocks, Kimberlite, Lamproite, Leucitic rock and Lamprophyres." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "exotic evaporite", - "definition": "Evaporite that is not 50 percent halite or 50 percent gypsum or anhydrite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fault related material", - "definition": "Material formed as a result brittle faulting, composed of greater than 10 percent matrix; matrix is fine-grained material caused by tectonic grainsize reduction. Includes cohesive (cataclasite series) and non-cohesive (breccia-gouge series) material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fine grained igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock in which the framework of the rock consists of crystals that are too small to determine mineralogy with the unaided eye; framework may include up to 50 percent glass. A significant percentage of the rock by volume may be phenocrysts. Includes rocks that are generally called volcanic rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing alkali feldspar syenite", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing alkali feldspar trachyte", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar trachytic rock that contains no quartz and between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d80", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing anorthosite", - "definition": "Anorthositic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d81", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing diorite", - "definition": "Dioritic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d82", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing gabbro", - "definition": "Gabbroic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid minerals and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d83", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing latite", - "definition": "Latitic rock that contains no quartz and between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d84", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing monzodiorite", - "definition": "Monzodioritic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d85", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing monzogabbro", - "definition": "Monzogabbroic rock that contains 0 to 10 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 9'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d86", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing monzonite", - "definition": "Monzonitic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d87", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing syenite", - "definition": "Syenitic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d88", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction, and no quartz. QAPF field 7'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d89", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid diorite", - "definition": "Foid dioritoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid dioritoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock in which M is less than 90, the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.5, feldspathoid minerals form 10-60 percent of the QAPF fraction, plagioclase has anorthite content less than 50 percent. These rocks typically contain large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 13 and 14." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid gabbro", - "definition": "Foid gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid gabbroid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock in which M is less than 90, the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.5, feldspathoids form 10-60 percent of the QAPF fraction, and plagioclase has anorthite content greater than 50 percent. These rocks typically contain large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 13 and 14." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid monzodiorite", - "definition": "Foid dioritoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is between 0.1 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 13." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid monzogabbro", - "definition": "Foid gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 13." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid monzosyenite", - "definition": "Foid syenitoid rock that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of between 0.1 and 0.5. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 12." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d90", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid syenite", - "definition": "Foid syenitoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of less than 0.1. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 11." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d91", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid syenitoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, contains between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.5. Includes QAPF fields 11 and 12." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d92", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains greater than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d93", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foiditoid", - "definition": "Fine grained crystalline rock containing less than 90 percent mafic minerals and more than 60 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15 or chemically in TAS field F." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d94", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foidolite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock containing more than 60 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d95", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foliated metamorphic rock", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock in which 10 percent or more of the contained mineral grains are elements in a planar or linear fabric. Cataclastic or glassy character precludes classification with this concept." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d96", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fragmental igneous material", - "definition": "igneous_material of unspecified consolidation state in which greater than 75 percent of the rock consists of fragments produced as a result of igneous rock-forming process." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d97", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fragmental igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock in which greater than 75 percent of the rock consists of fragments produced as a result of igneous rock-forming process. Includes pyroclastic rocks, autobreccia associated with lava flows and intrusive breccias. Excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes (see Tuffite)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d98", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "framestone", - "definition": "Carbonate reef rock consisting of a rigid framework of colonies, shells or skeletons, with internal cavities filled with fine sediment; usually created through the activities of colonial organisms." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d99", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gabbro", - "definition": "Gabbroic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 10 as gabbro." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gabbroic rock", - "definition": "Gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9 in the QAPF fraction. Includes QAPF fields 10*, 10, and 10'. This category includes the various categories defined in LeMaitre et al. (2002) based on the mafic mineralogy, but apparently not subdivided based on the quartz/feldspathoid content." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gabbroid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, and up to 20 percent quartz or up to 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. The ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater than 0.65, and anorthite content of the plagioclase is greater than 50 percent. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 and their subdivisions." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "generic conglomerate", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock composed of at least 30 percent rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter; typically contains finer grained material in interstices between larger fragments. If more than 15 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wackestone. If rock has unsorted or poorly sorted texture with a wide range of particle sizes, may also be categorized as diamictite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "generic mudstone", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "generic sandstone", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which less than 30 percent of particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter (gravel) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "glass rich igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock that contains greater than 50 percent massive glass." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9da0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "glassy igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock that consists of greater than 80 percent massive glass." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "glaucophane lawsonite epidote metamorphic rock", - "definition": "A metamorphic rock of roughly basaltic composition, defined by the presence of glaucophane with lawsonite or epidote. Other minerals that may be present include jadeite, albite, chlorite, garnet, and muscovite (phengitic white mica). Typically fine-grained, dark colored. Category for rocks commonly referred to as blueschist." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gneiss", - "definition": "Foliated metamorphic rock with bands or lenticles rich in granular minerals alternating with bands or lenticles rich in minerals with a flaky or elongate prismatic habit. Mylonitic foliation or well developed, continuous schistosity (greater than 50 percent of the rock consists of grains participate in a planar or linear fabric) precludes classification with this concept." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "grainstone", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with recognizable depositional fabric that is grain-supported, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin; contains little or no mud matrix. Distinction from sandstone is based on interpretation of intrabasinal origin of clasts and grain-supported fabric, but grainstone definition does not include a grain size criteria." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase (typically sodic) in variable amounts, usually with biotite and/or hornblende. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 3." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granitoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or plagioclase. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2, 3, 4 and 5 as alkali feldspar granite, granite, granodiorite or tonalite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granodiorite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting essentially of quartz, sodic plagioclase and lesser amounts of alkali feldspar with minor hornblende and biotite. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 4." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granofels", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock with granoblastic fabric and very little or no foliation (less than 10 percent of the mineral grains in the rock are elements in a planar or linear fabric). Grainsize not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granulite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock of high metamorphic grade in which Fe-Mg silicate minerals are dominantly hydroxl-free; feldspar must be present, and muscovite is absent; rock contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, less than 75 percent calcite and/or dolomite, less than 75 percent quartz, less than 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), and less than 50 percent calc-silicate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gravel", - "definition": "Clastic sediment containing greater than 30 percent gravel-size particles (greater than 2.0 mm diameter). Gravel in which more than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9daa", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent gravel-size particles (greater than 2.0 mm diameter). Composition or gensis of clasts not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e09", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gypsum or anhydrite", - "definition": "Evaporite composed of at least 50 percent gypsum or anhydrite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9dab", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "high magnesium fine grained igneous rock", - "definition": "fine-grained igneous rock that contains unusually high concentration of MgO. For rocks that contain greater than 52 percent silica, MgO must be greater than 8 percent. For rocks containing less than 52 percent silica, MgO must be greater than 12 percent." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9dac", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hornblendite", - "definition": "Ultramafic rock that consists of greater than 40 percent hornblende plus pyroxene and has a hornblende to pyroxene ratio greater than 1. Includes olivine hornblendite, olivine-pyroxene hornblendite, pyroxene hornblendite, and hornblendite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9dad", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hornfels", - "definition": "Granofels formed by contact metamorphism, composed of a mosaic of equidimensional grains in a characteristically granoblastic or decussate matrix; porphyroblasts or relict phenocrysts may be present. Typically fine grained." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9dae", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hybrid sediment", - "definition": "Sediment that does not fit any of the other sediment composition/genesis categories. Sediment consisting of three or more components which form more than 5 percent but less than 50 precent of the material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9daf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hybrid sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that does not fit any of the other composition/genesis categories. Sedimentary rock consisting of three or more components which form more than 5 percent but less than 50 precent of the material." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "igneous material", - "definition": "Earth material formed as a result of igneous processes, eg. intrusion and cooling of magma in the crust, volcanic eruption." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "igneous rock", - "definition": "rock formed as a result of igneous processes, for example intrusion and cooling of magma in the crust, or volcanic eruption." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impact generated material", - "definition": "Material that contains features indicative of shock metamorphism, such as microscopic planar deformation features within grains or shatter cones, interpreted to be the result of extraterrestrial bolide impact. Includes breccias and melt rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure calcareous carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which between 50 and 90 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9db7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure dolomite", - "definition": "Impure carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure dolomitic sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and the ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9db8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure limestone", - "definition": "Impure carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9db9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "intermediate composition igneous material", - "definition": "Igneous material with between 52 and 63 percent SiO2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dba", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "intermediate composition igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with between 52 and 63 percent SiO2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "iron rich sediment", - "definition": "Sediment that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "iron rich sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "iron rich sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbe", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "kalsilitic and melilitic rocks", - "definition": "Igneous rock containing greater than 10 percent melilite or kalsilite. Typically undersaturated, ultrapotassic (kalsilitic rocks) or calcium-rich (melilitic rocks) mafic or ultramafic rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "komatiitic rock", - "definition": "Ultramafic, magnesium-rich volcanic rock, typically with spinifex texture of intergrown skeletal and bladed olivine and pyroxene crystals set in abundant glass. Includes komatiite and meimechite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "latite", - "definition": "Latitic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "latitic rock", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. QAPF fields 8, 8' and 8*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "lignite", - "definition": "Coal that has a gross calorific value less than 24 MJ/kg (determined in conformance with ISO 1928), and vitrinite mean random reflectance less than 0.6% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5). Gross calorific value is recalculated to a moist, ash free basis using bed moisture (determined according to ISO 1015 or ISO 5068). Includes all low-rank coals, including sub-bitiminous coal. A consolidated, dull, soft brown to black coal having many readily discernible plant fragments set in a finer grained organic matrix. Tends to crack and fall apart on drying. Operationally sub-bituminous and bitiminous coal are qualitatively distinguished based on brown streak for sub-bitiminous coal and black streak for bituminous coal." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "limestone", - "definition": "Pure carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes limestone and dolomitic limestone." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "marble", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than 75 percent fine- to coarse-grained recrystallized calcite and/or dolomite; usually with a granoblastic, saccharoidal texture." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "material formed in surficial environment", - "definition": "Material that is the product of weathering processes operating on pre-existing rocks or deposits, analogous to hydrothermal or metasomatic rocks, but formed at ambient Earth surface temperature and pressure." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "metamorphic rock", - "definition": "Rock formed by solid-state mineralogical, chemical and/or structural changes to a pre-existing rock, in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress and chemical environment." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "metasomatic rock", - "definition": "Rock that has fabric and composition indicating open-system mineralogical and chemical changes in response to interaction with a fluid phase, typically water rich." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mica schist", - "definition": "A schist that consists of more than 50 percent mica minerals, typically muscovite or biotite. Special type included to distinguish this common variety of schist." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "migmatite", - "definition": "Silicate metamorphic rock that is pervasively heterogeneous on a decimeter to meter scale that typically consists of darker and lighter parts; the darker parts usually exhibit features of metamorphic rocks whereas the lighter parts are of igneous-looking appearance." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dca", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzodiorite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of sodic plagioclase (An0 to An50), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene, and 0 to 5 percent quartz. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzodioritic rock", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of sodic plagioclase (An0 to An50), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene, and 0 to 10 percent feldspathoid or 0 to 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Plagioclase to total feldspar ratio in the QAPF fraction is between 0.65 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9, 9' and 9* as monzodiorite, foid-beaing monzodiorite, and quartz monzodiorite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzogabbro", - "definition": "Monzogabbroic rock that contains between 0 an 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9 ." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzogabbroic rock", - "definition": "Gabbroid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.65 and 0.9. QAPF field 9, 9 prime and 9 asterisk" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dce", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzogranite", - "definition": "Granite that has a plagiolcase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. QAPF field 3b." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzonite", - "definition": "Monzonitic rock that contains 0-5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dd0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzonitic rock", - "definition": "Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. Includes rocks in QAPF fields 8, 8*, and 8'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dd1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mud", - "definition": "Clastic sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud-size to sand-size particle ratio greater than 1. More than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mud size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud-size to sand-size particle ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d5e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mudstone", - "definition": "Clastic sedimentary rock consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mylonitic rock", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock characterised by a foliation resulting from tectonic grain size reduction, in which more than 10 percent of the rock volume has undergone grain size reduction. Includes protomylonite, mylonite, ultramylonite, and blastomylonite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "natural unconsolidated material", - "definition": "Unconsolidated material known to have natural, ie. not human-made, origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "non clastic siliceous sediment", - "definition": "Sediment that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "non clastic siliceous sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "non clastic siliceous sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ooze", - "definition": "Biogenic sediment consisting of less than 1 percent gravel-size (greater than or equal to 2 mm) particles, with a sand to mud ratio less than 1 to 9, and less than 50 percent carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic bearing mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains a significant amount of organic carbon, typically kerogen. commonly finely laminated, brown or black in color." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dda", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic rich sediment", - "definition": "Sediment with color, composition, texture and apparent density indicating greater than 50 percent organic content by weight on a moisture-free basis." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic rich sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material in which 50 percent or more of the primary sedimentary material is organic carbon." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic rich sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock with color, composition, texture and apparent density indicating greater than 50 percent organic content by weight on a moisture-free basis." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "orthogneiss", - "definition": "A gneiss with mineralogy and texture indicating derivation from a phaneritic igneous rock protolith. Typically consists of abundant feldspar, with quartz, and variable hornblende, biotite, and muscovite, with a relatively homogeneous character." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dde", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "packstone", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with discernible grain supported depositional texture, containing greater than 10 percent grains, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin; intergranular spaces are filled by matrix." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "paragneiss", - "definition": "A gneiss with mineralogy and texture indicating derivation from a sedimentary rock protolith. Typically consists of abundant quartz, mica, or calcsilicate minerals; aluminosilicate minerals or garnet commonly present. composition of rock tends to be more variable on a decimetric scale that in orthogneiss." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "peat", - "definition": "Unconsolidated organic-rich sediment composed of at least 50 percent semi-carbonised plant remains; individual remains commonly seen with unaided eye; yellowish brown to brownish black; generally fibrous texture; can be plastic or friable. In its natural state it can be readily cut and has a very high moisture content, generally greater than 90 percent. Liptinite to Inertinite ratio is less than one (Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp.)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pebble gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent pebble-size particles (2.0 -64 mm in diameter)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pegmatite", - "definition": "Exceptionally coarse grained crystalline rock with interlocking crystals; most grains are 1cm or more diameter; composition is generally that of granite, but the term may refer to the coarse grained facies of any type of igneous rock;usually found as irregular dikes, lenses, or veins associated with plutons or batholiths." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "peridotite", - "definition": "Ultramafic rock consisting of more than 40 percent (by volume) olivine with pyroxene and/or amphibole and little or no feldspar. commonly altered to serpentinite. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as dunite, harzburgite, lherzolite, wehrlite, olivinite, pyroxene peridotite, pyroxene hornblende peridotite or hornblende peridotite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phaneritic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock in which the framework of the rock consists of individual crystals that can be discerned with the unaided eye. Bounding grain size is on the order of 32 to 100 microns. Igneous rocks with 'exotic' composition are excluded from this concept." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolite", - "definition": "Phonolitoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is less than 0.1. Rock consists of alkali feldspar, feldspathoid minerals, and mafic minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitic basanite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9, and contains more than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitic foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is less than 0.5" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitic tephrite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9, and contains less than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitoid", - "definition": "Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.5. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 11 and 12, and TAS field Ph." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9dea", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phosphate rich sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9deb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phosphate rich sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9dec", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phosphorite", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the primary or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals. Most commonly occurs as a bedded primary or reworked secondary marine rock, composed of microcrystalline carbonate fluorapatite in the form of lamina, pellets, oolites and nodules, and skeletal, shell and bone fragments." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9ded", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phyllite", - "definition": "Rock with a well developed, continuous schistosity, an average grain size between 0.1 and 0.5 millimeters, and a silvery sheen on cleavage surfaces. Individual phyllosilicate grains are barely visible with the unaided eye." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9dee", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phyllonite", - "definition": "Mylonitic rock composed largely of fine-grained mica that imparts a sheen to foliation surfaces; may have flaser lamination, isoclinal folding, and deformed veins, which indicate significant shearing. Macroscopically resembles phyllite, but formed by mechanical degradation of initially coarser rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9def", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "porphyry", - "definition": "Igneous rock that contains conspicuous phenocrysts in a finer grained groundmass; groundmass itself may be phaneritic or fine-grained." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure calcareous carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure carbonate mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that consists of greater than 90 percent carbonate minerals of intrabasinal orign in the mud fraction, and contains less than 10 percent allochems. The original depositional texture is preserved and fabric is matrix supported. Carbonate mudstone of Dunham (1962)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which greater than 90 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure dolomitic sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pyroclastic material", - "definition": "Fragmental igneous material that consists of more than 75 percent of particles formed by disruption as a direct result of volcanic action." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pyroclastic rock", - "definition": "Fragmental igneous rock that consists of greater than 75 percent fragments produced as a direct result of eruption or extrusion of magma from within the earth onto its surface. Includes autobreccia associated with lava flows and excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pyroxenite", - "definition": "Ultramafic phaneritic igneous rock composed almost entirely of one or more pyroxenes and occasionally biotite, hornblende and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as olivine pyroxenite, olivine-hornblende pyroxenite, pyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite and websterite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181abcbfb314ddee9df8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz alkali feldspar syenite", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 5 to 20 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181abcbfb314ddee9df9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz alkali feldspar trachyte", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar trachytic rock that contains and between 5 and 20 percent quartz mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181abcbfb314ddee9dfa", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz anorthosite", - "definition": "Anorthositic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz diorite", - "definition": "Dioritic rock that contains between 5 to 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz gabbro", - "definition": "Gabbroic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz latite", - "definition": "Latitic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfe", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz monzodiorite", - "definition": "Monzodioritic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dff", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz monzogabbro", - "definition": "Monzogabbroic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 9*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e00", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz monzonite", - "definition": "Monzonitic rock that contains 5-20 percent quartz iin the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e01", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz rich igneous rock", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals and contains greater than 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e02", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz syenite", - "definition": "Syenitic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e03", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 7*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e04", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartzite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than or equal to 75 percent quartz; typically granoblastic texture." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e05", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "residual material", - "definition": "Material of composite origin resulting from weathering processes at the Earth's surface, with genesis dominated by removal of chemical constituents by aqueous leaching. Miinor clastic, chemical, or organic input may also contribute. Consolidation state is not inherent in definition, but typically material is unconsolidated or weakly consolidated." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e06", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rhyolite", - "definition": "rhyolitoid in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is between 0.1 and 0.65." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e07", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rhyolitoid", - "definition": "fine_grained_igneous_rock consisting of quartz and alkali feldspar, with minor plagioclase and biotite, in a microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or glassy groundmass. Flow texture is common. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2 and 3 or chemically in TAS Field R as rhyolite. QAPF normative definition is based on modal mineralogy thus: less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 20 and 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and ratio of plagioclse to total feldspar is less than 0.65." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e08", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rock", - "definition": "Consolidated aggregate of one or more EarthMaterials, or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter, or of solid organic material. Includes mineral aggregates such as granite, shale, marble; glassy matter such as obsidian; and organic material such a coal. Excludes unconsolidated materials." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rock salt", - "definition": "Evaporite composed of at least 50 percent halite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sand", - "definition": "Clastic sediment in which less than 30 percent of particles are gravel (greater than 2 mm in diameter) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1. More than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sand size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which less than 30 percent of particles are gravel (greater than 2 mm in diameter) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1. composition or genesis of clasts not specified." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d5f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sandstone", - "definition": "Clastic sedimentary rock in which less than 30 percent of particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter (gravel) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sapropel", - "definition": "Jelly like organic rich sediment composed of plant remains, usually algal. Liptinite to Inertinite ratio is greater than one (Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp.)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "schist", - "definition": "Foliated phaneritic metamorphic rock with well developed, continuous schistosity, meaning that greater than 50 percent of the rock by volume is mineral grains with a thin tabular, lamellar, or acicular prismatic crystallographic habit that are oriented in a continuous planar or linear fabric." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sediment", - "definition": "Unconsolidated material consisting of an aggregation of particles transported or deposited by air, water or ice, or that accumulated by other natural agents, such as chemical precipitation, and that forms in layers on the Earth's surface. Includes epiclastic deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e10", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sedimentary material", - "definition": "Material formed by accumulation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or material that accumulated by other natural agents such as chemical precipitation from solution or secretion by organisms. Includes both sediment and sedimentary rock. Includes epiclastic deposits. All stated composition criteria are based on the mineral/ compound material (GeoSciML term)/particulate fraction of the material, irrespective of porosity or the pore-fluid. No distinctions are made based on porosity or pore fluid composition (except organic rich sediment in which liquid hydrocarbon content may be considered)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e11", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Rock formed by accumulation and cementation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or as a result of other natural agents, such as precipitation from solution, the accumulation of organic material, or from biogenic processes, including secretion by organisms. Includes epiclastic deposits." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e12", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "serpentinite", - "definition": "Rock consisting of more than 75 percent serpentine-group minerals, eg. antigorite, chrysotile or lizardite; accessory chlorite, talc and magnetite may be present; derived from hydration of ferromagnesian silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e13", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "shale", - "definition": "Laminated mudstone that will part or break along thin, closely spaced layers parallel to stratification." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e14", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "silicate mud", - "definition": "Mud size sediment that consists of less than 50 percent carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e15", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "silicate mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains less than 10 percent carbonate minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e16", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "siliceous ooze", - "definition": "ooze that consists of more than 50 percent siliceous skeletal remains" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e17", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "silt", - "definition": "Mud that consists of greater than 50 percent silt-size grains." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e18", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "siltstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains detectable silt. (see comments)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e19", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "skarn", - "definition": "Metasomatic rock consisting mainly of Ca-, Mg-, Fe-, or Mn-silicate minerals, which are free from or poor in water. Typically formed at the contact between a silicate rock or magma and a carbonate rock." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "slate", - "definition": "compact, fine grained rock with an average grain size less than 0.032 millimeter and a well developed schistosity (slaty cleavage), and hence can be split into slabs or thin plates." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "spilite", - "definition": "Altered basic to intermediate composition fine-grained igneous rock in which the feldspar is partially or completely composed of of albite, typically accompanied by chlorite, calcite, quartz, epidote, prehnite, and low-tempaerature hydrous crystallization products. Preservation of eruptive volcanic features is typical." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenite", - "definition": "Syenitic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenitic rock", - "definition": "Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35. Includes rocks in QAPF fields 7, 7*, and 7'." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenitoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, consisting mainly of alkali feldspar and plagioclase; minor quartz or nepheline may be present, along with pyroxene, amphibole or biotite. Ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is less than 0.65, quartz forms less than 20 percent of QAPF fraction, and feldspathoid minerals form less than 10 percent of QAPF fraction. Includes rocks classified in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 and their subdivisions." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenogranite", - "definition": "Granite that has a plagiolcase to total feldspar ratio between 0.10 and 0.35. QAPF field 3a." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e20", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephra", - "definition": "Unconsolidated pyroclastic material in which greater than 75 percent of the fragments are deposited as a direct result of volcanic processes and the deposit has not been reworked by epiclastic processes. Includes ash, lapilli tephra, bomb tephra, block tephra and unconsolidated agglomerate." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e21", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephrite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9, and contains less than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e22", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephritic foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is greater than 0.5, with less than 10 percent normative olivine" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e23", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephritic phonolite", - "definition": "Phonolitoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.5. Broadly corresponds to TAS tephriphonolite of TAS field U3." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e24", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephritoid", - "definition": "Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.5. Includes rocks classified in QAPF field 13 and 14 or chemically in TAS field U1 as basanite or tephrite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e25", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tholeiitic basalt", - "definition": "Tholeiitic basalt is defined here to contain 2 pyroxene phases and interstitial quartz or tridymite or cristobalite in the groundmass. Pyroxene (augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite) and calcium-rich plagioclase are common phenocryst minerals. Olivine may also be a phenocryst, and when present, may have rims of pigeonite. Only in tholeiitic basalt is olivine in reaction relationship with melt. Interstitial siliceous residue may be present, and is often glassy. Tholeiitic basalt is relatively poor in sodium. This category includes most basalts of the ocean floor, most large oceanic islands, and continental flood basalts such as the Columbia River Plateau." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e26", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tonalite", - "definition": "Granitoid consisting of quartz and intermediate plagioclase, usually with biotite and amphibole. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 5; ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater than 0.9." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e27", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35, between 0 and 5 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and no feldspathoid minerals. QAPF field 7." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e28", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "trachytic rock", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35. QAPF fields 7, 7', and 7*." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e29", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "trachytoid", - "definition": "Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, less than 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and less than 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.65. Mafic minerals typically include amphibole or mica; typically porphyritic. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 (with subdivisions) or chemically in TAS Field T as trachyte or latite." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "travertine", - "definition": "Biotically or abiotically precipitated calcium carbonate, from spring-fed, heated, or ambient-temperature water. May be white and spongy, various shades of orange, tan or gray, and ranges to dense, banded or laminated rock. Macrophytes, bryophytes, algae, cyanobacteria and other organisms often colonize the surface of travertine and may be preserved, to produce the porous varieties." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tuff breccia agglomerate or pyroclastic breccia", - "definition": "Pyroclastic rock in which greater than 25 percent of particles are greater than 64 mm in largest dimension. Includes agglomerate, pyroclastic breccia of Gillespie and Styles (1999)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tuffite", - "definition": "Rock consists of more than 50 percent particles of indeterminate pyroclastic or epiclastic origin and less than 75 percent particles of clearly pyroclastic origin. commonly the rock is laminated or exhibits size grading. (based on LeMaitre et al. 2002; Murawski and Meyer 1998)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ultrabasic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with less than 45 percent SiO2." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ultramafic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock that consists of greater than 90 percent mafic minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e2f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "unconsolidated material", - "definition": "compoundMaterial composed of an aggregation of particles that do not adhere to each other strongly enough that the aggregate can be considered a solid in its own right." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e30", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "wacke", - "definition": "Clastic sandstone with more than 10 percent matrix of indeterminate detrital or diagenetic nature. Matrix is mud size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments, and alteration products)." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "Stratigraphicrank", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e3a", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "bed", - "definition": "The smallest formal lithostratigraphic unit; usually a distinctive lithic entity which can be distinguished from adjacent rocks by one or more physical characteristics." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e3b", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "complex", - "definition": "A lithostratigraphic unit composed of diverse types of any class or classes of rock (sedimentary; igneous; metamorphic); and characterized by irregularly mixed lithology or by hightly complicated structure relations to the extent that the original sequence of the component rocks may be obscured and the individual rocks or rock sequence cannot be readily mapped." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e3c", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "formation", - "definition": "A body of rock identified by lithic characteristics and stratigraphic position; it is usually but not necessarily tabular and is mappable at the Earth's surface or traceable in the subsurface." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e3d", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "group", - "definition": "A group is the lithostratigraphic unit next higher in rank to either subgroup or formation. A groups may consist of two or more subgroups or two or more formations or a combination of both." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e3e", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "lithodeme", - "definition": "A body of predominantly intrusivehighly deformed and/or highly metamorphosed rock; distinguished and delimited on the basis of rock characteristics." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e3f", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "megasequence", - "definition": "A succession of strata comprising two or more supersequences. A large-scale sequence-stratigraphic unit deposited during one distinct phase of basin evolution; separated by major unconformities that mark a change in fundamental basin-controlling processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e40", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "member", - "definition": "A formal lithostratigraphic unit next in rank below a formation; and always part of a formation. It is a named entity within a formation because it possesses characteristics distinguishing it from adjacent parts of the formation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e41", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "not specified", - "definition": "unit is not part of a defined stratigraphic hierarchy." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e42", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "sequence", - "definition": "A genetically related succession of strata bounded by unconformites or their correlative conformable contacts; and typically having a thickness of 10-100 metres." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1821bcbfb314ddee9e43", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "subgroup", - "definition": "A subgroup is the lithostratigraphic unit next higher in rank to formation. A subgroup usually consists of several formations." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e44", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "suite", - "definition": "A formal lithodemic unit next higher in rank to lithodeme. It comprises two or more associated lithodemes of the same class (e.g.; plutonic; metamorphic)." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e45", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "supergroup", - "definition": "A supergroup is a formal assemblage of related or superposed groups or of groups and formations" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e46", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "supersequence", - "definition": "A succession of strata comprising two or more sequences" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e47", - "parentId": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e39", - "label": "supersuite", - "definition": "A formal lithodemic unit next higher in rank to suite. It comprises two or more suites having a degree of natural relationship to one another" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "Unfc", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4d", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "additional quantities in place", - "definition": "Quantities should only be classified as Additional Quantities in Place where no technically feasible projects have been identified that could lead to the extraction of any of these quantities." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4e", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "approved for development", - "definition": "Approved for Development requires that all approvals/contracts are in place, and capital funds have been committed. Construction and installation of project facilities should be underway or due to start imminently." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4f", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "commercial projects", - "definition": "Commercial Projects have been confirmed to be technically, economically and socially feasible." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e50", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "development not viable", - "definition": "Development not Viable is used where a technically feasible project can be identified, but it has been assessed as being of insufficient potential to warrant any further data acquisition activities or any direct efforts to remove commercial contingencies." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e51", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "development on hold", - "definition": "Development On Hold is used where a project is considered to have at least a reasonable chance of achieving commerciality (i.e. there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction), but where there are currently major non-technical contingencies (e.g. environmental or social issues) that need to be resolved before the project can move towards development." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e52", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "development pending", - "definition": "Development Pending is limited to those projects that are actively subject to projectspecific technical activities, such as acquisition of additional data (e.g. appraisal drilling) or the completion of project feasibility studies and associated economic analyses designed to confirm project commerciality and/or to determine the optimum development scenario or mine plan." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e53", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "development unclarified", - "definition": "Development Unclarified is appropriate for projects that are still in the early stages of technical and commercial evaluation (e.g. a recent new discovery), and/or where significant further data acquisition will be required, in order to make a meaningful assessment of the potential for a commercial development, i.e. there is currently insufficient basis for concluding that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e54", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "exploration projects", - "definition": "Project identiifed that has not advanced enought to categorize further." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e55", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "justified for development", - "definition": "Justified for Development requires that the project has been demonstrated to be technically feasible and commercially viable, and there must be a reasonable expectation that all necessary approvals/contracts for the project to proceed to development will be forthcoming." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e56", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "non‐commercial projects", - "definition": "Non‐Commercial Projects include those that are at an early stage of evaluation in addition to those that are considered unlikely to become commercially feasible developments within the foreseeable future." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e57", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "on production", - "definition": "On Production is used where the project is actually producing/extracting and selling one or more commodities to market as at the Effective Date of the evaluation." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1823bcbfb314ddee9e58", - "parentId": "634f1822bcbfb314ddee9e4c", - "label": "potentially commercial projects", - "definition": "Potentially Commercial Projects are expected to be developed in the foreseeable future, in that the quantities are assessed to have reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, but technical and/or commercial feasibility has not yet been confirmed" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "Valuequalifier", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf2", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "always", - "definition": "All instances of the observed entity have this property value" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf3", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "approximate", - "definition": "Specified value is approximate" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf4", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "common", - "definition": "Reported property value is commonly observered" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf5", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "equalTo", - "definition": "Reported property value is the observered value" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf6", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "greaterThan", - "definition": "Reported property value is lower bound" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf7", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "lessThan", - "definition": "Reported property value is upper bound" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf8", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "never", - "definition": "Reported property value is never observed" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cf9", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "rare", - "definition": "Reported property value is rarely observed" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f17ffbcbfb314ddee9cfa", - "parentId": "634f17febcbfb314ddee9cf1", - "label": "sometimes", - "definition": "Reported property value is observed occasionally" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "Vocabularyrelation", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f87", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "broader generic relation", - "definition": "This relationship identifies the link between a source class term and target members or species. This type of relationship is often called 'IsA'. A simple way to apply the test for validity described above is to formulate the statement '[narrower term] is a [broader term].' This relationship is also amenable to a logical \\all-and-some\\ test. An example that passes this test is that some members of the class succulent plants are known as cacti and that all cacti, by definition and regardless of context, are succulent plants. An example that fails the test is that some members of the class 'desert plants' are known as 'cacti', some, but not all, 'cacti' are 'desert plants'. These terms should therefore be assigned to different hierarchies in the controlled vocabulary, and both terms should be assigned to the same content object when indexing a work on \\cacti as desert plants..\\ Inverse relationship 'narrower generic term' is not included in this" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f88", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "broader term", - "definition": "Link from a source term to a superordinate (more general or parent) target term. General hierarchical relationship, more specific subtype relationships (generic, instance, and whole-part) should be used whenever possible." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f89", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "during", - "definition": "Beginning and end of source interval are both after the beginning of the target interval and before the end of the target interval." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f8a", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "instance of", - "definition": "This relationship identifies the link between an individual instance of a category, often a proper name, and a term for a general category of things or events, expressed by a common noun. This type of relationship is also known as an 'IsA' relationship. Example: Alps/mountain regions In the above example, the Alps are assigned to subordinate positions in a hierarchy, yet they are neither kinds nor parts of mountain regions, but represent specific examples or instances." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f8b", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "interval finishes", - "definition": "Source and target interval share same ending instant (moment in Allen and Ferguson, 1994 terms), and target interval beginning is before source interval beginning." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f8c", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "interval starts", - "definition": "Source and target intervals have same starting instant (moment in Allen and Ferguson, 1994 terms), and end of target interval is after end of source interval." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f8d", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "lexical variant", - "definition": "Lexical variants differ from synonyms in that synonyms are different terms for the same concept, while lexical variants are different word forms for the same expression. These forms may derive from spelling or grammatical variation or from abbreviated formats. E.g. radar antennas / antennas, radar, Romania / Rumania / Roumania, ground water / ground-water / groundwater, online / on-line pediatrics / paediatrics" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f8e", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "most specific subsuming term", - "definition": "First role is term, second role is most specific subsuming term. Special case of 'broader term' thesaurus relationship." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f8f", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "near synonym", - "definition": "Near-synonyms are terms whose meanings are generally regarded as different, but which are treated as equivalents for the purposes of a controlled vocabulary. The extent to which terms are treated as near-synonyms depends in large measure upon the domain covered by the controlled vocabulary and its size. Near-synonyms may include antonyms or represent points on a continuum. Examples: sea water / salt water [variant terms] meteors / meteorites / meteoroids [points on a continuum] smoothness / roughness [antonyms] For each of these sets of near synonyms, a vocabulary developer might decide to designate one of the terms as the preferred term with the understanding that it will retrieve all content described by the other terms as well. As a general rule, terms should be treated as near-synonyms only in subject areas that are peripheral to the domain of the controlled vocabulary. When concepts can be distinguished in the controlled vocabulary domain with sufficient precision to justify their representation as separate terms, they should be individually defined and retained. If two concepts cannot be consistently and reliably differentiated from each otherhowever, a term for one concept should be selected as the preferred term and a USE reference made from the other." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f90", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "part of", - "definition": "This relationship covers situations in which one concept (source) is inherently included in another (target), regardless of context, so that the terms can be organized into logical hierarchies, with the whole treated as a broader term. This relationship can be applied to several types of term, the three types enumerated below are not intended to be exhaustive. For time interval concepts (ordinal eras) (Allen and Ferguson, 1994), this relationship subsumes ‘During’, ‘Interval starts’, and ‘Interval finishes’. Examples: brain/central nervous system/nervous system, Ottawa/Ontario/Canada, regiment/battalion/military division/army, Cambrian/Paleozoic/Phanerozoic." - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f91", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "related term", - "definition": "\\This relationship covers associations between terms that are neither equivalent nor hierarchical, yet the terms are semantically or conceptually associated to such an extent that the link between them should be made explicit in the controlled vocabulary, on the grounds that it may suggest additional terms for use in indexing or retrieval. \\ \\As a general guideline, whenever one term is used, the other should always be implied within the common frames of reference shared by the users of the controlled vocabulary. Moreover, one of the terms is often a necessary component in any explanation or definition of the other, the term cells, for example, forms a necessary part of the definition of cytology.\\" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f92", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "synonym", - "definition": "\\Synonyms are terms whose meanings are regarded as the same or nearly the same in a wide range of contexts. True synonyms are rare in natural language. Although the terms are interchangeable in many circumstances, usage can vary as a result of such factors as level of formality, professional vs. lay context, or pejorative vs. neutral vs. complimentary connotation.\\" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f183cbcbfb314ddee9f93", - "parentId": "634f183bbcbfb314ddee9f86", - "label": "target follows source", - "definition": "Relationship for partial ordering of concepts in a vocabulary that has some sort of ordering, for example a time scale consisting of time ordinal eras (geologic time scale). Equivalent to 'Intervals meet' relation of Allen and Ferguson (1994). Intervals are conterminous. End of source interval is same time instant (moment in terms of Allen and Ferguson, 1994) as beginning of target interval." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6c", - "label": "Waste", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6d", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6c", - "label": "covered", - "definition": "Covered mining waste storage at ground level" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6e", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6c", - "label": "surface", - "definition": "Mining waste storage at open-sky environment (ground level)" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6f", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6c", - "label": "underground", - "definition": "Mining waste storage at underground environment" - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e70", - "parentId": "634f1825bcbfb314ddee9e6c", - "label": "underwater", - "definition": "Mining waste deposited at sea or lake floor (e.g. sea bed mining)" - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "label": "Hazardous Materials", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "611d242fbfff3461918aba4c", - "parentId": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "label": "False", - "definition": "Hazardous materials are not known to exist in collection." - }, - { - "uuid": "611d242fbfff3461918aba4b", - "parentId": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "label": "True", - "definition": "Hazardous materials are known to exist in collection." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "label": "Known To Contain Types", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "611d3f7bbfff3461918aba4f", - "parentId": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "label": "False", - "definition": "Type specimens are not known to exist in collection." - }, - { - "uuid": "611d3f7bbfff3461918aba4e", - "parentId": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "label": "True", - "definition": "Type specimens are known to exist in collection." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "NGGDPP Product Types", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6408bd3fe41684706d4f2bd3", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Analytical results", - "definition": "Results from analytical methods including geochemistry, chromatographic, XRD, clay mineralogy, geochronology, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd40e41684706d4f2bd4", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Biological materials", - "definition": "Biological materials including fossils, microfossils, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd40e41684706d4f2bd5", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Database", - "definition": "Collection of structured data designed for rapid search and retrieval." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd40e41684706d4f2bd6", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Field notes", - "definition": "Field notebooks, notes, and related materials documenting field research and observations." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd40e41684706d4f2bd7", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Geologic map data", - "definition": "Paper (NGGDPP) and born-digital GIS data in Earth MRI project areas with the final product to be provided in GeMS format." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd41e41684706d4f2bd8", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Geological materials", - "definition": "Physical geological materials including borehole/core material, thin sections, cuttings, samples, hand specimens, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd41e41684706d4f2bd9", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Geophysical data", - "definition": "Geophysical records and data including seismic, aeromagnetic, aeroradiometric, electrical resistivity tomography, electromagnetic, magnetotelluric, gravity, borehole logs, nuclear magnetic resonance, ground-penetrating radar, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd42e41684706d4f2bda", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Geospatial data", - "definition": "Data with a geographic aspect that may be in various formats and versions, including Esri shapefile, Arc import files (*.e00), geodatabase, GPS files, SDTS, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd43e41684706d4f2bdb", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Geotechnical reports", - "definition": "Comprehensive assessment of geological conditions in a specific area for construction or installation purposes." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd43e41684706d4f2bdc", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Historical Maps", - "definition": "Published or unpublished non-geological historical maps" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd43e41684706d4f2bdd", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Mine records", - "definition": "Records related to mines including maps, diagrams, analytical results, production records, notes, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd43e41684706d4f2bde", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Mobile Application", - "definition": "Interactive application built specifically for a mobile device" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd43e41684706d4f2bdf", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Oil and gas records", - "definition": "Records related to oil and gas exploration including permits, maps, diagrams, production records, scout tickets, well logs and test data, notes, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd43e41684706d4f2be0", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Other", - "definition": "Data, physical materials, or records that do not fit other categories. Please specify." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd43e41684706d4f2be1", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Paper reports", - "definition": "Published or unpublished paper reports" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd44e41684706d4f2be2", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Photographs", - "definition": "Field photographs, aerial photos, core and sample photos, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd44e41684706d4f2be3", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Publication", - "definition": "Peer-reviewed publication" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd44e41684706d4f2be4", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Software", - "definition": "Executable or compiled code that can be downloaded" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd44e41684706d4f2be5", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Source Code", - "definition": "A code repository for the project\\'s source code" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd44e41684706d4f2be6", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Web Application", - "definition": "Interactive application that runs on a web browser" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd44e41684706d4f2be7", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Web Link", - "definition": "Project webpage, wiki page, white paper, or online resources that do not fit other categories" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd45e41684706d4f2be8", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Web Service", - "definition": "A service endpoint URL where your service can be accessed by a client application" - }, - { - "uuid": "6408bd45e41684706d4f2be9", - "parentId": "6408bd3ce41684706d4f2bd2", - "label": "Well logs", - "definition": "Records including driller\\u2019s logs, location and well construction, lithologic logs, and other related data and measurements." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "nggdpp_collection_types", - "definition": "Terms denoting the type/function of collection items in the National Digital Catalog", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5bf3f84de4b00ce5fb627d59", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_collection", - "definition": "Item that represents a logical collection of physical data items managed by an organization contributing to the National Digital Catalog. These are core metadata items for which we expect to find full metadata describing the collection and a method of accessing the contents in the collection." - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf44423e4b00ce5fb627d5a", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_folder", - "definition": "Denotes a ScienceBase Item that functions as an organizational folder within the National Digital Catalog." - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf3f7f5e4b00ce5fb627d58", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_organization", - "definition": "Item that represents a contributing organization. Used to set permissions in ScienceBase to allow management access by members of the organization." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "NGGDPPCollectionTheme", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "58fa229ae4b0db4d5416979b", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Biological Collection" - }, - { - "uuid": "58fa22c7e4b0db4d5416979c", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Geological Collection" - }, - { - "uuid": "58fa22e1e4b0db4d5416979d", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Paleontological Collection" - }, - { - "uuid": "58fa22f4e4b0db4d5416979e", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Water Collection" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "63320979bcbfb314ddee9961", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df09", - "label": "Observational Data Model (Version 2)", - "definition": "Observation Data Model (ODM2) Vocabularies\nSee https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.01.010 for paper on ODM2 and http://vocabulary.odm2.org/ for vocabularies.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "Actiontype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9988", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "cruise", - "definition": "A specialized form of an expedition action that involves an ocean-going vessel. Cruise actions are typically parents to other related Actions." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9989", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "dataRetrieval", - "definition": "The act of retrieving data from a datalogger deployed at a monitoring site." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee998a", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "derivation", - "definition": "The act of creating results by deriving them from other results." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee998b", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "equipmentDeployment", - "definition": "The act of placing equipment that will not make observations at or within a sampling feature. Actions involving the deployment of instruments should use the more specific term Instrument deployment." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee998c", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "equipmentMaintenance", - "definition": "The act of performing regular or periodic upkeep or servicing of field or laboratory equipment. Maintenance may be performed in the field, in a laboratory, or at a factory maintenance center." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee998d", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "equipmentProgramming", - "definition": "The act of creating or modifying the data collection program running on a datalogger or other equipment deployed at a monitoring site." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee998e", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "equipmentRetrieval", - "definition": "The act of recovering a piece of equipment that made no observations from a deployment at a sampling feature or other location. For instruments, the more specific term Instrument retrieval should be used." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee998f", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "estimation", - "definition": "The act of creating results by estimation or professional judgement." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9990", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "expedition", - "definition": "A field visit action in which many sites are visited over a continguous period of time, often involving serveral investigators, and typically having a specific purpose. Expedition actions are typically parents to other related Actions." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9991", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "fieldActivity", - "definition": "A generic, non-specific action type performed in the field at or on a sampling feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9992", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "genericNonObservation", - "definition": "A generic, non-specific action type that does not produce a result." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9993", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "instrumentCalibration", - "definition": "The act of calibrating an instrument either in the field or in a laboratory. The instrument may be an in situ field sensor or a laboratory instrument. An instrument is the subclass of equipment that is capable of making an observation to produce a result." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9994", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "instrumentDeployment", - "definition": "The act of deploying an in situ instrument or sensor that creates an observation result. This term is a specific form of the Observation actions category of actions, which is the only category of actions that can produce observation results." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9995", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "instrumentRetrieval", - "definition": "The act of recovering an in situ instrument (which made observations) from a sampling feature. This action ends an instrument deployment action." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9996", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "observation", - "definition": "The general act of making an observation. This term should be used when a Result is generated but the more specific terms of Instrument deployment or Specimen analysis are not applicable." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04ebcbfb314ddee9997", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "simulation", - "definition": "The act of calculating results through the use of a simulation model." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee9998", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "siteVisit", - "definition": "A field visit action in which a single site is visited for one or more other possible actions (i.e., specimen collection, equipment maintenance, etc.). Site visit actions are typically parents to other related actions." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee9999", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "specimenAnalysis", - "definition": "The analysis of a specimen ex situ using an instrument, typically in a laboratory, for the purpose of measuring properties of that specimen." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999a", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "specimenCollection", - "definition": "The collection of a specimen in the field." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999b", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "specimenFractionation", - "definition": "The process of separating a specimen into multiple different fractions or size classes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999c", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "specimenPreparation", - "definition": "The processing of a specimen collected in the field to produce a sample suitable for analysis using a particular analytical procedure." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999d", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "specimenPreservation", - "definition": "The act of preserving a specimen collected in the field to produce a sample suitable for analysis using a particular analytical procedure." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999e", - "parentId": "633af04dbcbfb314ddee9987", - "label": "submersibleLaunch", - "definition": "The act of deploying a submersible from a vessel or ship." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "Aggregationstatistic", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee99a0", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "average", - "definition": "The values represent the average over a time interval, such as daily mean discharge or daily mean temperature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee99a1", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "bestEasySystematicEstimator", - "definition": "Best Easy Systematic Estimator BES = (Q1 +2Q2 +Q3)/4. Q1, Q2, and Q3 are first, second, and third quartiles. See Woodcock, F. and Engel, C., 2005: Operational Consensus Forecasts.Weather and Forecasting, 20, 101-111. (http://www.bom.gov.au/nmoc/bulletins/60/article_by_Woodcock_in_Weather_and_Forecasting.pdf) and Wonnacott, T. H., and R. J. Wonnacott, 1972: Introductory Statistics. Wiley, 510 pp." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af050bcbfb314ddee99a2", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "categorical", - "definition": "The values are categorical rather than continuous valued quantities." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af050bcbfb314ddee99a3", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "confidenceInterval", - "definition": "In statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a type of interval estimate of a statistical parameter. It is an observed interval (i.e., it is calculated from the observations), in principle different from sample to sample, that frequently includes the value of an unobservable parameter of interest if the experiment is repeated. How frequently the observed interval contains the parameter is determined by the confidence level or confidence coefficient." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af050bcbfb314ddee99a4", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "constantOverInterval", - "definition": "The values are quantities that can be interpreted as constant for all time, or over the time interval to a subsequent measurement of the same variable at the same site." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af051bcbfb314ddee99a5", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "continuous", - "definition": "A quantity specified at a particular instant in time measured with sufficient frequency (small spacing) to be interpreted as a continuous record of the phenomenon." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af051bcbfb314ddee99a6", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "cumulative", - "definition": "The values represent the cumulative value of a variable measured or calculated up to a given instant of time, such as cumulative volume of flow or cumulative precipitation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af051bcbfb314ddee99a7", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "incremental", - "definition": "The values represent the incremental value of a variable over a time interval, such as the incremental volume of flow or incremental precipitation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af051bcbfb314ddee99a8", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "maximum", - "definition": "The values are the maximum values occurring at some time during a time interval, such as annual maximum discharge or a daily maximum air temperature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af052bcbfb314ddee99a9", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "median", - "definition": "The values represent the median over a time interval, such as daily median discharge or daily median temperature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af053bcbfb314ddee99aa", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "minimum", - "definition": "The values are the minimum values occurring at some time during a time interval, such as 7-day low flow for a year or the daily minimum temperature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af053bcbfb314ddee99ab", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "mode", - "definition": "The values are the most frequent values occurring at some time during a time interval, such as annual most frequent wind direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af053bcbfb314ddee99ac", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "sporadic", - "definition": "The phenomenon is sampled at a particular instant in time but with a frequency that is too coarse for interpreting the record as continuous. This would be the case when the spacing is significantly larger than the support and the time scale of fluctuation of the phenomenon, such as for example infrequent water quality samples." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af053bcbfb314ddee99ad", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "standardDeviation", - "definition": "The values represent the standard deviation of a set of observations made over a time interval. Standard deviation computed using the unbiased formula SQRT(SUM((Xi-mean)^2)/(n-1)) are preferred. The specific formula used to compute variance can be noted in the methods description." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af053bcbfb314ddee99ae", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "standardErrorOfMean", - "definition": "The standard error of the mean (SEM) quantifies the precision of the mean. It is a measure of how far your sample mean is likely to be from the true population mean. It is expressed in the same units as the data." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af054bcbfb314ddee99af", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "standardErrorOfTheMean", - "definition": "The standard error of the mean (SEM) quantifies the precision of the mean. It is a measure of how far your sample mean is likely to be from the true population mean. It is expressed in the same units as the data." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af054bcbfb314ddee99b0", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "The aggregation statistic is unknown." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af054bcbfb314ddee99b1", - "parentId": "633af04fbcbfb314ddee999f", - "label": "variance", - "definition": "The values represent the variance of a set of observations made over a time interval. Variance computed using the unbiased formula SUM((Xi-mean)^2)/(n-1) are preferred. The specific formula used to compute variance can be noted in the methods description." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "Annotationtype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9968", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "actionAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about an Action" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322325bcbfb314ddee9969", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "actionGroup", - "definition": "A group of actions such as those that are part of a cruise, expedition, experiment, project, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "63322325bcbfb314ddee996a", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "categoricalResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a categorical Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322325bcbfb314ddee996b", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "dataSetAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about a DataSet" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322325bcbfb314ddee996c", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "equipmentAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about a piece of Equipment" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322325bcbfb314ddee996d", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "measurementResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a measurement Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322325bcbfb314ddee996e", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "methodAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifiying comment about a Method" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322326bcbfb314ddee996f", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "organizationAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifiying comment about an Organization" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322326bcbfb314ddee9970", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "personAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about a Person" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322327bcbfb314ddee9971", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "personGroup", - "definition": "A group of people such as a research team, project team, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "63322327bcbfb314ddee9972", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "pointCoverageResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a point coverage Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322327bcbfb314ddee9973", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "profileResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a profile Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322327bcbfb314ddee9974", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "resultAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about a Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322328bcbfb314ddee9975", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "samplingFeatureAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifiying comment about a SamplingFeature" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322328bcbfb314ddee9976", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "sectionResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a section Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322328bcbfb314ddee9977", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "siteAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about a Site" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322328bcbfb314ddee9978", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "siteGroup", - "definition": "A group of sites such as a transect, station, observatory, monitoring collection, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "63322329bcbfb314ddee9979", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "specimenAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about a Specimen" - }, - { - "uuid": "63322329bcbfb314ddee997a", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "specimenGroup", - "definition": "A group of specimens such as an analysis batch, profile, experiment, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6332232abcbfb314ddee997b", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "spectraResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a spectra Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "6332232bbcbfb314ddee997c", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "timeSeriesResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a time series Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "6332232bbcbfb314ddee997d", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "trajectoryResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a trajectory Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "6332232cbcbfb314ddee997e", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "transectResultValueAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or data qualifying comment applied to a data value from a transect Result" - }, - { - "uuid": "6332232cbcbfb314ddee997f", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "valueGroup", - "definition": "A group of data values such as those from a profile, analysis, spectra, publication table, dataset, incident reports, etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "6332232cbcbfb314ddee9980", - "parentId": "63322324bcbfb314ddee9967", - "label": "variableAnnotation", - "definition": "An annotation or qualifying comment about a Variable" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b3", - "label": "Censorcode", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b4", - "parentId": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b3", - "label": "greaterThan", - "definition": "The value is known to be greater than the recorded value." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b5", - "parentId": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b3", - "label": "lessThan", - "definition": "The value is known to be less than the recorded value." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af056bcbfb314ddee99b6", - "parentId": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b3", - "label": "nonDetect", - "definition": "The value was reported as a non-detect. The recorded value represents the level at which the anlalyte can be detected." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af056bcbfb314ddee99b7", - "parentId": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b3", - "label": "notCensored", - "definition": "The reported value is not censored." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99b8", - "parentId": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b3", - "label": "presentButNotQuantified", - "definition": "The anlayte is known to be present, but was not quantified. The recorded value represents the level below which the analyte can no longer be quantified." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99b9", - "parentId": "633af055bcbfb314ddee99b3", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "It is unknown whether the data value as reported is censored." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99ba", - "label": "Dataqualitytype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af058bcbfb314ddee99bb", - "parentId": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99ba", - "label": "accuracy", - "definition": "The degree of closeness of a measurement of a quantity to that quantity's true value." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af059bcbfb314ddee99bc", - "parentId": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99ba", - "label": "methodDetectionLimit", - "definition": "The minimum concentration of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance within a stated confidence limit (generally 1%) given a particular analytical method." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af059bcbfb314ddee99bd", - "parentId": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99ba", - "label": "physicalLimitLowerBound", - "definition": "This describes a numeric value below which measured values should be considered suspect. This numeric value should be empirically derived." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99be", - "parentId": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99ba", - "label": "physicalLimitUpperBound", - "definition": "This describes a numeric value above which measured values should be considered suspect. This numeric value should be empirically derived." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99bf", - "parentId": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99ba", - "label": "precision", - "definition": "The degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c0", - "parentId": "633af057bcbfb314ddee99ba", - "label": "reportingLevel", - "definition": "The smallest concentration of analyte that can be reported by laboratory." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c1", - "label": "Datasettype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c2", - "parentId": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c1", - "label": "multiTimeSeries", - "definition": "A Dataset that contains multiple time series Results. This corresponds to the YAML Observations Data Archive (YODA) multi-time series profile." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05bbcbfb314ddee99c3", - "parentId": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c1", - "label": "multiVariableSpecimenMeasurements", - "definition": "A dataset that contains multiple measurement Results derived from Specimens. This corresponds to the YAML Observations Data Archive (YODA) specimen time series profile." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05bbcbfb314ddee99c4", - "parentId": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c1", - "label": "other", - "definition": "A set of Results that has been grouped into a Dataset because they are logically related. The group does not conform to any particular profile." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05cbcbfb314ddee99c5", - "parentId": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c1", - "label": "singleTimeSeries", - "definition": "A Dataset that contains a single time series Result. This corresponds to the YAML Observations Data Archive (YODA) singe time series profile." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05dbcbfb314ddee99c6", - "parentId": "633af05abcbfb314ddee99c1", - "label": "specimenTimeSeries", - "definition": "A dataset that contains multiple measurement Results derived from Specimens. This corresponds to the YAML Observations Data Archive (YODA) specimen time series profile." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05dbcbfb314ddee99c7", - "label": "Directivetype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af05dbcbfb314ddee99c8", - "parentId": "633af05dbcbfb314ddee99c7", - "label": "fieldCampaign", - "definition": "A sampling event conducted in the field during which instruments may be deployed and during which samples may be collected. Field campaigns typically have a focus such as characterizing a particular environment, quantifying a particular phenomenon, answering a particular research question, etc. and may last for hours, days, weeks, months, or even longer." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99c9", - "parentId": "633af05dbcbfb314ddee99c7", - "label": "monitoringProgram", - "definition": "Environmental monitoring that is conducted according to a formal plan that may reflect the overall objectives of an organization, references specific strategies that help deliver the objectives and details of specific projects or tasks, and that contains a listing of what is being monitored, how that monitoring is taking place, and the time-scale over which monitoring should take place." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99ca", - "parentId": "633af05dbcbfb314ddee99c7", - "label": "project", - "definition": "A collaborative enterprise, involving research or design, the is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99cb", - "label": "Elevationdatum", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99cc", - "parentId": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99cb", - "label": "AHD", - "definition": "Australian Height Datum. Height datum used for standardised elevations across Australia. The datum surface is defined as that which passes through mean sea level at the 30 specified tide gauges and through points at zero AHD height vertically below the other basic junction points." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99cd", - "parentId": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99cb", - "label": "EGM96", - "definition": "EGM96 (Earth Gravitational Model 1996) is a geopotential model of the Earth consisting of spherical harmonic coefficients complete to degree and order 360." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99ce", - "parentId": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99cb", - "label": "MSL", - "definition": "Mean Sea Level" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99cf", - "parentId": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99cb", - "label": "NAVD88", - "definition": "North American Vertical Datum of 1988" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d0", - "parentId": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99cb", - "label": "NGVD29", - "definition": "National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d1", - "parentId": "633af05ebcbfb314ddee99cb", - "label": "Unknown", - "definition": "The vertical datum is unknown" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "Equipmenttype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d3", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "antenna", - "definition": "An electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves and vice versa." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d4", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "automaticLevel", - "definition": "A survey level that makes use of a compensator that ensures the line of sight remains horizontal once the operator has roughly leveled the instrument." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d5", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "battery", - "definition": "A device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d6", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "cable", - "definition": "Two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted, or braided together to form a single assembly." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d7", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "camera", - "definition": "A device used to create photographic images" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d8", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "chargeRegulator", - "definition": "An electroinic device that limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99d9", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "datalogger", - "definition": "An electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99da", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "electronicDevice", - "definition": "A generic electronic device" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99db", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "enclosure", - "definition": "A cabinet or box within which electrical or electronic equipment are mounted to protect them from the environment." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99dc", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "fluorometer", - "definition": "A device used to measure paramters of flouroescence, including its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99dd", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "globalPositioningSystemReceiver", - "definition": "A device that accurately calculates geographical location by receiving information from Global Positioning System satellites." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99de", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "interface", - "definition": "A device used to couple multiple other devices." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99df", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "laboratoryInstrument", - "definition": "Any type of equipment, apparatus or device designed, constructed and refined to use well proven physical principles, relationships or technology to facilitate or enable the pursuit, acquisition, transduction and storage of repeatable, verifiable data, usually consisting of sets numerical measurements made upon otherwise unknown, unproven quantities, properties, phenomena, materials, forces or etc." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e0", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "levelStaff", - "definition": "A graduate wooden, fiberglass, or aluminum rod used to determine differences in elevation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e1", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "mast", - "definition": "A pole that supports sensors, instruments, or measurement peripherals." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e2", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "measurementTower", - "definition": "A free standing tower that supports measuring instruments or sensors." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e3", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "multiplexer", - "definition": "A device that selects one of several analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a single line." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e4", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "powerSupply", - "definition": "An electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another (e.g., solar to chemical)." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e5", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "pressureTransducer", - "definition": "A sensor that measures pressure, typically of gases or liquids." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e6", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "radio", - "definition": "A device that transfers information via electromagnetic signals through the atmosphere or free space." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e7", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "sampler", - "definition": "A device used to collect specimens for later ex situ analysis." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af060bcbfb314ddee99e8", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "sensor", - "definition": "A device that detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output, generally as an electrical or optical signal." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99e9", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "solarPanel", - "definition": "A photovoltaic module that is electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. Used to generate and supply electricity." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ea", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "stormBox", - "definition": "An enclosure used to protect electronic equipment used for stormwater sampling." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99eb", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "totalStation", - "definition": "An electronic and optical instrument used in modern surveying and building construction. A total station is an electronic theodoloite integrated with an electronic distance meter to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ec", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "tripod", - "definition": "A portable, three-legged frame used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. Typically used as a data collection platform to which sensors are attached." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ed", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "turbidimeter", - "definition": "A water quality sensor that monitors light reflected off the particles suspended in water." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ee", - "parentId": "633af05fbcbfb314ddee99d2", - "label": "waterQualitySonde", - "definition": "A water quality monitoring instrument having multiple attached sensors." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "Medium", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f0", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "air", - "definition": "Specimen collection of ambient air or sensor emplaced to measure properties of ambient air." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f1", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "equipment", - "definition": "An instrument, sensor or other piece of human-made equipment upon which a measurement is made, such as datalogger temperature or battery voltage." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f2", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "gas", - "definition": "Gas phase specimen or sensor emplaced to measure properties of a gas." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f3", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "habitat", - "definition": "A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f4", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "ice", - "definition": "Sample collected as frozen water or sensor emplaced to measure properties of ice." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f5", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "liquidAqueous", - "definition": "Specimen collected as liquid water or sensor emplaced to measure properties of water in sampled environment." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f6", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "liquidOrganic", - "definition": "Specimen collected as an organic liquid." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f7", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "mineral", - "definition": "Specimen collected as a mineral." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99f8", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "notApplicable", - "definition": "There is no applicable sampled medium. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee99f9", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "organism", - "definition": "Data collected about a species at organism level." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee99fa", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "other", - "definition": "Other." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee99fb", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "particulate", - "definition": "Specimen collected from particulates suspended in a paticulate-fluid mixture. Examples include particulates in water or air." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee99fc", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "regolith", - "definition": "The entire unconsolidated or secondarily recemented cover that overlies more coherent bedrock, that has been formed by weathering, erosion, transport and/or deposition of the older material. The regolith thus includes fractured and weathered basement rocks, saprolites, soils, organic accumulations, volcanic material, glacial deposits, colluvium, alluvium, evaporitic sediments, aeolian deposits and ground water. Everything from fresh rock to fresh air." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee99fd", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "rock", - "definition": "Specimen collected from a naturally occuring solid aggregate of one or more minerals." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee99fe", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "sediment", - "definition": "Specimen collected from material broken down by processes of weathering and erosion and subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. Sensors may also be emplaced to measure sediment properties." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee99ff", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "snow", - "definition": "Observation in, of or sample taken from snow." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a00", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "soil", - "definition": "Specimen collected from soil or sensor emplaced to measure properties of soil. Soil includes the mixture of minerals, organic matter, gasses, liquids, and organisms that make up the upper layer of earth in which plants grow. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a01", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "tissue", - "definition": "Sample of a living organism's tissue or sensor emplaced to measure property of tissue." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a02", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "The sampled medium is unknown." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a03", - "parentId": "633af061bcbfb314ddee99ef", - "label": "vegetation", - "definition": "The plants of an area considered in general or as communities, but not taxonomically." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "Methodtype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a05", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "cruise", - "definition": "A method for performing a cruise action." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a06", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "dataRetrieval", - "definition": "A method for retrieving data from a datalogger deployed at a monitoring site." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a07", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "derivation", - "definition": "A method for creating results by deriving them from other results." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a08", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "equipmentDeployment", - "definition": "A method for deploying a piece of equipment that will not make observations at a sampling feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a09", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "equipmentMaintenance", - "definition": "A method for performing periodic upkeep or servicing of field or laboratory equipment. Maintenance may be performed in the field, in a laboratory, or at a factory maintenance center." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a0a", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "equipmentProgramming", - "definition": "A method for creating or modifying the data collection program running on a datalogger or other equipment deployed at a monitoring site. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a0b", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "equipmentRetrieval", - "definition": "A method for retrieving equipment from a sampling feature at which or on which it was deployed." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a0c", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "estimation", - "definition": "A method for creating results by estimation or professional judgement." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a0d", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "expedition", - "definition": "A method for performing an expedition action." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a0e", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "fieldActivity", - "definition": "A method for performing an activity in the field at or on a sampling feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a0f", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "genericNonObservation", - "definition": "A method for completing a non-specific action that does not produce a result." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a10", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "instrumentCalibration", - "definition": "A method for calibrating an instrument either in the field or in the laboratory. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a11", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "instrumentContinuingCalibrationVerification", - "definition": "A method for verifying the instrument or meter calibration by measuring a calibration standard of known value as if it were a sample and comparing the measured result to the calibration acceptance criteria listed in the Standard Operating Procedure." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a12", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "instrumentDeployment", - "definition": "A method for deploying an instrument to make observations at a sampling feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a13", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "instrumentRetrieval", - "definition": "A method for retrieving or recovering an instrument that has been deployed at a smpling feature." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a14", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "observation", - "definition": "A method for creating observation results. This term should be used when a Result is generated but the more specific terms of Instrument deployment or Specimen analysis are not applicable." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a15", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "simulation", - "definition": "A method for creating results by running a simulation model." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a16", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "siteVisit", - "definition": "A method for performing a site visit action." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a17", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "specimenAnalysis", - "definition": "A method for ex situ analysis of a specimen using an instrument, typically in a laboratory, for the purpose of measuring properties of a specimen." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af063bcbfb314ddee9a18", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "specimenCollection", - "definition": "A method for collecting a specimen for ex situ analysis." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a19", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "specimenFractionation", - "definition": "A method for separating a specimen into multiple different fractions or size classes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1a", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "specimenPreparation", - "definition": "A method for processing a specimen collected in the field to produce a sample suitable for analysis using a particular analytical procedure." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1b", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "specimenPreservation", - "definition": "A method for preserving a specimen either in the field or in a laboratory prior to ex situ analysis." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1c", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "submersibleLaunch", - "definition": "A method for launching a submersible from a vessel or ship." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1d", - "parentId": "633af062bcbfb314ddee9a04", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "The method type is unknown." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1e", - "label": "Propertydatatype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1f", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1e", - "label": "boolean", - "definition": "A boolean type is typically a logical type that can be either \"true\" or \"false\"." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a20", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1e", - "label": "controlledList", - "definition": "A predefined list of strings that a user can select from." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a21", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1e", - "label": "floatingPointNumber", - "definition": "A floating-point number represents a limited-precision rational number that may have a fractional part. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a22", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1e", - "label": "integer", - "definition": "An integer data type can hold a whole number, but no fraction. Integers may be either signed (allowing negative values) or unsigned (nonnegative values only). " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a23", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a1e", - "label": "string", - "definition": "An array of characters including letters, digits, punctuation marks, symbols, etc." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6333145bbcbfb314ddee9981", - "label": "Qualitycode", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6333145cbcbfb314ddee9982", - "parentId": "6333145bbcbfb314ddee9981", - "label": "bad", - "definition": "A quality assessment has been made and enough of the data quality objectives have not been met that the observation has been assessed to be of bad quality." - }, - { - "uuid": "6333145dbcbfb314ddee9983", - "parentId": "6333145bbcbfb314ddee9981", - "label": "good", - "definition": "A quality assessment has been made and all data quality objectives have been met." - }, - { - "uuid": "6333145dbcbfb314ddee9984", - "parentId": "6333145bbcbfb314ddee9981", - "label": "marginal", - "definition": "A quality assessment has been made and one or more data quality objectives has not been met. The observation may be suspect and has been assessed to be of marginal quality." - }, - { - "uuid": "6333145dbcbfb314ddee9985", - "parentId": "6333145bbcbfb314ddee9981", - "label": "none", - "definition": "No data quality assessment has been made." - }, - { - "uuid": "6333145dbcbfb314ddee9986", - "parentId": "6333145bbcbfb314ddee9981", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "The quality of the observation is unknown." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "Relationshiptype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a26", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "cites", - "definition": "Use to indicate a relation to the work that the resource is citing/quoting." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a27", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "compiles", - "definition": "One to many relationship that denotes that the one source resource has been assembled from the target resources through a process of integration and harmonization (as opposed to simple aggregation)." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a28", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "continues", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is a continuation of the work referenced by the related identifier." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a29", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "documents", - "definition": "Use to indicate the relation to the work which is documentation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a2a", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "hasPart", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is a container of another resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a2b", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isAttachedTo", - "definition": "Used to indicate that one entity is attached to another. For example this term can be used to express the fact that a piece of equipment is attached to a related piece of equipment." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a2c", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isChildOf", - "definition": "Used to indicate that one entity is an immediate child of another entity. For example, this term can be used to express the fact that an instrument deployment Action is the child of a site visit Action." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a2d", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isCitationFor", - "definition": "Used to indicate the relationship between a Citation and the entity for which it is the Citation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a2e", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isCitedBy", - "definition": "Use to indicate the relation to a work that cites/quotes this data." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a2f", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isCompiledBy", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource or data is compiled/created by using another resource or dataset." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a30", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isContinuedBy", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is continued by the work referenced by the related identifier." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a31", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isDerivedFrom", - "definition": "Used to indicate the relation to the works from which the resource was derived." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a32", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isDocumentedBy", - "definition": "Use to indicate the work is documentation about/explaining the resource referenced by the related identifier." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a33", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isIdenticalTo", - "definition": "Used to indicate the relation to a work that is identical to the resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a34", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isNewVersionOf", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is a new edition of an old resource, where the new edition has been modified or updated." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a35", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isOriginalFormOf", - "definition": "Use to indicate the relation to the works which are variant or different forms of the resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a36", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isPartOf", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is a portion of another resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a37", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isPreviousVersionOf", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is a previous edition of a newer resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a38", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isReferencedBy", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is used as a source of information by another resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a39", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isRelatedTo", - "definition": "Used to indicate that one entity has a complex relationship with another entity that is not a simple, hierarchical parent-child relationship. For example, this term can be used to express the fact that an instrument cleaning Action is related to an instrument deployment action even though it may be performed as part of a separate site visit." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af065bcbfb314ddee9a3a", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isRetrievalfor", - "definition": "Use to indicate the action is a retrieval of a previous deployment." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a3b", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isReviewedBy", - "definition": "Used to indicate that the work is reviewed by another resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a3c", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isSourceOf", - "definition": "Used to indicate the relation to the works that were the source of the resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a3e", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isSupplementedBy", - "definition": "Use to indicate the relation to the work(s) which are supplements of the resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a3d", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isSupplementTo", - "definition": "Use to indicate the relation to the work to which the resource is a supplement." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a3f", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "isVariantFormOf", - "definition": "Use to indicate the resource is a variant or different form of another resource, e.g. calculated or calibrated form or different packaging." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a40", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "references", - "definition": "Use to indicate the relation to the work which is used as a source of information of the resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a41", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "Reviews", - "definition": "Used to indicate that the work reviews another resource." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a42", - "parentId": "633af064bcbfb314ddee9a25", - "label": "wasCollectedAt", - "definition": "Used to indicate that one entity was collected at the location of another entity. For example, thirs term can be used to express the fact that a specimen SamplingFeature was collected at a site SamplingFeature." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "Resulttype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a44", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "categoryObservation", - "definition": "A single ResultValue for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a45", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "countObservation", - "definition": "A single ResultValue for a single Variable, counted on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method, and having a specific ProcessingLevel." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a46", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "measurement", - "definition": "A single ResultValue for a single Variable, measured on or at a SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, and having a specific ProcessingLevel." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a47", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "pointCoverage", - "definition": "A series of ResultValues for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, having a specific ProcessingLevel, with a fixed ValueDateTime, but measured over varying X,Y locations, where X and Y are horizontal coordinates." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a48", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "profileCoverage", - "definition": "A series of ResultValues for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, having a specific ProcessingLevel, but measured over multiple locations along a depth profile with only one varying location dimension (e.g., Z, where Z is depth). ValueDateTime may be fixed or controlled." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a49", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "sectionCoverage", - "definition": "A series of ResultValues for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, having a specific ProcessingLevel, but measured over varying X (horizontal) and Z (depth) coordinates. ValueDateTime may be fixed or controlled." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a4a", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "spectraCoverage", - "definition": "A series of ResultValues for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, having a specific ProcessingLevel, but measured over multiple wavelengths of light. ValueDateTime may be fixed or controlled." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a4b", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "temporalObservation", - "definition": "A single ResultValue for a single Variable, measured on or at a SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, and having a specific ProcessingLevel." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a4c", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "timeSeriesCoverage", - "definition": "A series of ResultValues for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature of fixed location, using a single Method, with specific Units, having a specific ProcessingLevel, but measured over time." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a4d", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "trajectoryCoverage", - "definition": "A series of ResultValues for a single Variable, measured on a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, having a specific ProcessingLevel, but measured over varying X,Y, Z, and D locations, where X and Y are horizontal coordinates, Z is a vertical coordinate, and D is the distance along the trajectory. ValueDateTime may be fixed (DTS Temperature) or controlled (glider)." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a4e", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "transectCoverage", - "definition": "A series of ResultValues for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method, with specific Units, having a specific ProcessingLevel, but measured over multiple locations along a transect having varying location dimensions (e.g., X and/or Y, where X and Y are horizontal coordintes). ValueDateTime may be fixed or controlled." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a4f", - "parentId": "633af066bcbfb314ddee9a43", - "label": "truthObservation", - "definition": "A single ResultValue for a single Variable, measured on or at a single SamplingFeature, using a single Method." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "Samplingfeaturegeotype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a51", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "lineString", - "definition": "A subclass of a Curve using linear interpolation between points. A Curve is a 1-dimensional geometric object usually stored as a sequence of Points. Represented in 2D coordinates by FeatureGeometry." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a52", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "multiLineString", - "definition": "A collection of individual lines, used as a single feature. Represented in 2D coordinates by FeatureGeometry." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a53", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "multiPoint", - "definition": "A collection of individual points, used as a single feature. Represented in 2D coordinates by FeatureGeometry." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a54", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "multiPolygon", - "definition": "A collection of individual polygons, used as a single feature. Represented in 2D coordinates by FeatureGeometry." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a55", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "notApplicable", - "definition": "The sampling feature has no applicable geospatial feature type" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a56", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "point", - "definition": "Topological 0-dimensional geometric primitive representing a position. Represented in 2D coordinates by FeatureGeometry." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a57", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "polygon", - "definition": "A planar Surface defined by 1 exterior boundary and 0 or more interior boundaries. Each interior boundary defines a hole in the Polygon. Polygons are topologically closed. Polygons are a subclass of Surface that is planar. A Surface is a 2-dimensonal geometric object. Represented in 2D coordinates by FeatureGeometry." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a58", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a50", - "label": "volume", - "definition": "A three dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "Samplingfeaturetype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a5a", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "borehole", - "definition": "A narrow shaft bored into the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole includes the hole cavity and walls surrounding that cavity. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a5b", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "crossSection", - "definition": "The intersection of a body in three-dimensional space with a plane. Represented as a polygon. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a5c", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "CTD", - "definition": "A CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth) cast is a water column depth profile collected over a specific and relatively short date-time range, that can be considered as a parent specimen." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a5d", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "depthInterval", - "definition": "A discrete segment along a longer vertical path, such as a borehole, soil profile or other depth profile, in which an observation or specimen is collected over the distance between the upper and lower depth limits of the interval. A Depth Interval is a sub-type of Interval." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a5e", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "ecologicalLandClassification", - "definition": "Ecological land classification is a cartographical delineation of distinct ecological areas, identified by their geology, topography, soils, vegetation, climate conditions, living species, habitats, water resources, as well as anthropic factors. These factors control and influence biotic composition and ecological processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a5f", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "excavation", - "definition": "An artificially constructed cavity in the earth that is deeper than the soil, larger than a well bore, and substantially open to the atmosphere. The diameter of an excavation is typically similar or larger than the depth. Excavations include building-foundation diggings, roadway cuts, and surface mines." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a60", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "fieldArea", - "definition": "A location at which field experiments or observations of ambient conditions are conducted. A field area may contain many sites and has a geographical footprint that can be represented by a polygon." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a61", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "flightline", - "definition": "A path along which an aircraft travels while measuring a phenomena of study." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a62", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "interval", - "definition": "A discrete segment along a longer path in which an observation or specimen is collected over the distance between the upper and lower bounds of the interval. A Depth Interval is a sub-type of Interval." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a63", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "observationWell", - "definition": "A hole or shaft constructed in the earth intended to be used to locate, sample, or develop groundwater, oil, gas, or some other subsurface material. The diameter of a well is typically much smaller than the depth. Wells are also used to artificially recharge groundwater or to pressurize oil and gas production zones. Specific kinds of wells should be specified in the SamplingFeature description. For example, underground waste-disposal wells should be classified as waste injection wells." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a64", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "profile", - "definition": "A one-dimensional grid at fixed (x, y, t) coordinates within a four-dimensional (x, y, z, t) coordinate reference system. The grid axis is aligned with the coordinate reference system z-axis. Typically used to characterize or measure phenomena as a function of depth." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a65", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "quadrat", - "definition": "A small plot used to isolate a standard unit of area for study of the distribution of an item over a large area." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a66", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "scene", - "definition": "A two-dimensional visual extent within a physical environment." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af068bcbfb314ddee9a67", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "shipsTrack", - "definition": "A path along which a ship or vessel travels while measuring a phenomena of study. Represented as a line connecting the ship's consecutive positions on the surface of the earth." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a68", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "site", - "definition": "A facility or location at which observations have been collected. A site may have instruments or equipment installed and may contain multiple other sampling features (e.g., a stream gage, weather station, observation well, etc.). Additionally, many specimen sampling features may be collected at a site. Sites are also often referred to as stations. A site is represented as a point, but it may have a geographical footprint that is not a point. The site coordinates serve as a reference for the site and offsets may be specified from this reference location." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a69", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "soilPitSection", - "definition": "Two-dimensional vertical face of a soil pit that is described and sampled." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a6a", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "specimen", - "definition": "A physical sample (object or entity) obtained for observations, typically performed ex situ, often in a laboratory. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a6b", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "streamGage", - "definition": "A location used to monitor and test terrestrial bodies of water. Hydrometric measurements of water level, surface elevation (\"stage\") and/or volumetric discharge (flow) are generally taken, and observations of biota and water quality may also be made. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a6c", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "trajectory", - "definition": "The path that a moving object follows through space as a function of time. A trajectory can be described by the geometry of the path or as the position of the object over time. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a6d", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "transect", - "definition": "A path along which ocurrences of a phenomena of study are counted or measured." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a6e", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "traverse", - "definition": "A field control network consisting of survey stations placed along a line or path of travel." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a6f", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "waterQualityStation", - "definition": "A location used to monitor and test the quality of terrestrial bodies of water. Water quality stations may be locations at which physical water samples are collected for ex situ analysis. Water qulaity stations may also have instruments and equipment for continuous, in situ measurement of water quality variables. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a70", - "parentId": "633af067bcbfb314ddee9a59", - "label": "weatherStation", - "definition": "A facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study weather and climate." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "Sitetype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af06abcbfb314ddee9a72", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "aggregateGroundwaterUse", - "definition": "An Aggregate Groundwater Withdrawal/Return site represents an aggregate of specific sites where groundwater is withdrawn or returned which is defined by a geographic area or some other common characteristic. An aggregate groundwater site type is used when it is not possible or practical to describe the specific sites as springs or as any type of well including 'multiple wells', or when water-use information is only available for the aggregate. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06abcbfb314ddee9a73", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "aggregateSurfaceWaterUse", - "definition": "An Aggregate Surface-Water Diversion/Return site represents an aggregate of specific sites where surface water is diverted or returned which is defined by a geographic area or some other common characteristic. An aggregate surface-water site type is used when it is not possible or practical to describe the specific sites as diversions, outfalls, or land application sites, or when water-use information is only available for the aggregate. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06bbcbfb314ddee9a74", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "aggregateWaterUseEstablishment", - "definition": "An Aggregate Water-Use Establishment represents an aggregate class of water-using establishments or individuals that are associated with a specific geographic location and water-use category, such as all the industrial users located within a county or all self-supplied domestic users in a county. An aggregate water-use establishment site type is used when specific information needed to create sites for the individual facilities or users is not available or when it is not desirable to store the site-specific information in the database. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06bbcbfb314ddee9a75", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "animalWasteLagoon", - "definition": "A facility for storage and/or biological treatment of wastes from livestock operations. Animal-waste lagoons are earthen structures ranging from pits to large ponds, and contain manure which has been diluted with building washwater, rainfall, and surface runoff. In treatment lagoons, the waste becomes partially liquefied and stabilized by bacterial action before the waste is disposed of on the land and the water is discharged or re-used." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06bbcbfb314ddee9a76", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "atmosphere", - "definition": "A site established primarily to measure meteorological properties or atmospheric deposition." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06bbcbfb314ddee9a77", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "canal", - "definition": "An artificial watercourse designed for navigation, drainage, or irrigation by connecting two or more bodies of water; it is larger than a ditch." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06bbcbfb314ddee9a78", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "cave", - "definition": "A natural open space within a rock formation large enough to accommodate a human. A cave may have an opening to the outside, is always underground, and sometimes submerged. Caves commonly occur by the dissolution of soluble rocks, generally limestone, but may also be created within the voids of large-rock aggregations, in openings along seismic faults, and in lava formations." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06bbcbfb314ddee9a79", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "cistern", - "definition": "An artificial, non-pressurized reservoir filled by gravity flow and used for water storage. The reservoir may be located above, at, or below ground level. The water may be supplied from diversion of precipitation, surface, or groundwater sources." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06bbcbfb314ddee9a7a", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "coastal", - "definition": "An oceanic site that is located off-shore beyond the tidal mixing zone (estuary) but close enough to the shore that the investigator considers the presence of the coast to be important. Coastal sites typically are within three nautical miles of the shore." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a7b", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "combinedSewer", - "definition": "An underground conduit created to convey storm drainage and waste products into a wastewater-treatment plant, stream, reservoir, or disposal site." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a7c", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "composite", - "definition": "A Composite site represents an aggregation of specific sites defined by a geographic location at which multiple sampling features have been installed. For example, a composite site might consist of a location on a stream where a streamflow gage, weather station, and shallow groundwater well have been installed." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a7d", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "criticalZoneObservatories", - "definition": "Critical Zone Observatories (CZOs) address pressing interdisciplinary scientific questions concerning geological, physical, chemical, and biological processes and their couplings that govern critical zone system dynamics." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a7e", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "ditch", - "definition": "An excavation artificially dug in the ground, either lined or unlined, for conveying water for drainage or irrigation; it is smaller than a canal." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a7f", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "diversion", - "definition": "A site where water is withdrawn or diverted from a surface-water body (e.g. the point where the upstream end of a canal intersects a stream, or point where water is withdrawn from a reservoir). Includes sites where water is pumped for use elsewhere." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a80", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "estuary", - "definition": "A coastal inlet of the sea or ocean; esp. the mouth of a river, where tide water normally mixes with stream water (modified, Webster). Salinity in estuaries typically ranges from 1 to 25 Practical Salinity Units (psu), as compared oceanic values around 35-psu. See also: tidal stream and coastal." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a81", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "facility", - "definition": "A non-ambient location where environmental measurements are expected to be strongly influenced by current or previous activities of humans. *Sites identified with a \"facility\" primary site type must be further classified with one of the applicable secondary site types." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a82", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "fieldPastureOrchardOrNursery", - "definition": "A water-using facility characterized by an area where plants are grown for transplanting, for use as stocks for budding and grafting, or for sale. Irrigation water may or may not be applied." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a83", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "glacier", - "definition": "Body of land ice that consists of recrystallized snow accumulated on the surface of the ground and moves slowly downslope (WSP-1541A) over a period of years or centuries. Since glacial sites move, the lat-long precision for these sites is usually coarse." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a84", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "golfCourse", - "definition": "A place-of-use, either public or private, where the game of golf is played. A golf course typically uses water for irrigation purposes. Should not be used if the site is a specific hydrologic feature or facility; but can be used especially for the water-use sites." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a85", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "groundwaterDrain", - "definition": "An underground pipe or tunnel through which groundwater is artificially diverted to surface water for the purpose of reducing erosion or lowering the water table. A drain is typically open to the atmosphere at the lowest elevation, in contrast to a well which is open at the highest point." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a86", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "house", - "definition": "A residential building for a single or small number of families." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a87", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "hydroelectricPlant", - "definition": "A facility that generates electric power by converting potential energy of water into kinetic energy. Typically, turbine generators are turned by falling water." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06cbcbfb314ddee9a88", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "laboratoryOrSamplePreparationArea", - "definition": "A site where some types of quality-control samples are collected, and where equipment and supplies for environmental sampling are prepared. Equipment blank samples are commonly collected at this site type, as are samples of locally produced deionized water. This site type is typically used when the data are either not associated with a unique environmental data-collection site, or where blank water supplies are designated by Center offices with unique station IDs." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a89", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "lakeReservoirImpoundment", - "definition": "An inland body of standing fresh or saline water that is generally too deep to permit submerged aquatic vegetation to take root across the entire body (cf: wetland). This site type includes an expanded part of a river, a reservoir behind a dam, and a natural or excavated depression containing a water body without surface-water inlet and/or outlet." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a8a", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "land", - "definition": "A location on the surface of the earth that is not normally saturated with water. Land sites are appropriate for sampling vegetation, overland flow of water, or measuring land-surface properties such as temperature. (See also: Wetland)." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a8b", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "landfill", - "definition": "A typically dry location on the surface of the land where primarily solid waste products are currently, or previously have been, aggregated and sometimes covered with a veneer of soil. See also: Wastewater disposal and waste-injection well." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a8c", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "networkInfrastructure", - "definition": "A site that is primarily associated with monitoring or telemetry network infrastructure. For example a radio repeater or remote radio base station." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a8d", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "ocean", - "definition": "Site in the open ocean, gulf, or sea. (See also: Coastal, Estuary, and Tidal stream)." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a8e", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "outcrop", - "definition": "The part of a rock formation that appears at the surface of the surrounding land." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a8f", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "outfall", - "definition": "A site where water or wastewater is returned to a surface-water body, e.g. the point where wastewater is returned to a stream. Typically, the discharge end of an effluent pipe." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a90", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "pavement", - "definition": "A surface site where the land surface is covered by a relatively impermeable material, such as concrete or asphalt. Pavement sites are typically part of transportation infrastructure, such as roadways, parking lots, or runways." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a91", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "playa", - "definition": "A dried-up, vegetation-free, flat-floored area composed of thin, evenly stratified sheets of fine clay, silt or sand, and represents the bottom part of a shallow, completely closed or undrained desert lake basin in which water accumulates and is quickly evaporated, usually leaving deposits of soluble salts." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a92", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "septicSystem", - "definition": "A site within or in close proximity to a subsurface sewage disposal system that generally consists of: (1) a septic tank where settling of solid material occurs, (2) a distribution system that transfers fluid from the tank to (3) a leaching system that disperses the effluent into the ground." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a93", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "shore", - "definition": "The land along the edge of the sea, a lake, or a wide river where the investigator considers the proximity of the water body to be important. Land adjacent to a reservoir, lake, impoundment, or oceanic site type is considered part of the shore when it includes a beach or bank between the high and low water marks." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a94", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "sinkhole", - "definition": "A crater formed when the roof of a cavern collapses; usually found in limestone areas. Surface water and precipitation that enters a sinkhole usually evaporates or infiltrates into the ground, rather than draining into a stream." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a95", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "soilHole", - "definition": "A small excavation into soil at the top few meters of earth surface. Soil generally includes some organic matter derived from plants. Soil holes are created to measure soil composition and properties. Sometimes electronic probes are inserted into soil holes to measure physical properties, and (or) the extracted soil is analyzed." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06dbcbfb314ddee9a96", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "spring", - "definition": "A location at which the water table intersects the land surface, resulting in a natural flow of groundwater to the surface. Springs may be perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06ebcbfb314ddee9a97", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "stormSewer", - "definition": "An underground conduit created to convey storm drainage into a stream channel or reservoir. If the sewer also conveys liquid waste products, then the \"combined sewer\" secondary site type should be used." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a98", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "stream", - "definition": "A body of running water moving under gravity flow in a defined channel. The channel may be entirely natural, or altered by engineering practices through straightening, dredging, and (or) lining. An entirely artificial channel should be qualified with the \"canal\" or \"ditch\" secondary site type." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a99", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "subsurface", - "definition": "A location below the land surface, but not a well, soil hole, or excavation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a9a", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "thermoelectricPlant", - "definition": "A facility that uses water in the generation of electricity from heat. Typically turbine generators are driven by steam. The heat may be caused by various means, including combustion, nuclear reactions, and geothermal processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a9b", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "tidalStream", - "definition": "A stream reach where the flow is influenced by the tide, but where the water chemistry is not normally influenced. A site where ocean water typically mixes with stream water should be coded as an estuary." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a9c", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "tunnelShaftMine", - "definition": "A constructed subsurface open space large enough to accommodate a human that is not substantially open to the atmosphere and is not a well. The excavation may have been for minerals, transportation, or other purposes. See also: Excavation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a9d", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "Site type is unknown." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a9e", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "unsaturatedZone", - "definition": "A site equipped to measure conditions in the subsurface deeper than a soil hole, but above the water table or other zone of saturation." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9a9f", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "volcanicVent", - "definition": "Vent from which volcanic gases escape to the atmosphere. Also known as fumarole." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9aa0", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "wastewaterLandApplication", - "definition": "A site where the disposal of waste water on land occurs. Use \"waste-injection well\" for underground waste-disposal sites." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9aa1", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "wastewaterSewer", - "definition": "An underground conduit created to convey liquid and semisolid domestic, commercial, or industrial waste into a treatment plant, stream, reservoir, or disposal site. If the sewer also conveys storm water, then the \"combined sewer\" secondary site type should be used." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9aa2", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "wastewaterTreatmentPlant", - "definition": "A facility where wastewater is treated to reduce concentrations of dissolved and (or) suspended materials prior to discharge or reuse." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9aa3", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "waterDistributionSystem", - "definition": "A site located somewhere on a networked infrastructure that distributes treated or untreated water to multiple domestic, industrial, institutional, and (or) commercial users. May be owned by a municipality or community, a water district, or a private concern." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9aa4", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "waterSupplyTreatmentPlant", - "definition": "A facility where water is treated prior to use for consumption or other purpose." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9aa5", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "waterUseEstablishment", - "definition": "A place-of-use (a water using facility that is associated with a specific geographical point location, such as a business or industrial user) that cannot be specified with any other facility secondary type. Water-use place-of-use sites are establishments such as a factory, mill, store, warehouse, farm, ranch, or bank. See also: Aggregate water-use-establishment." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af06fbcbfb314ddee9aa6", - "parentId": "633af069bcbfb314ddee9a71", - "label": "wetland", - "definition": "Land where saturation with water is the dominant factor determining the nature of soil development and the types of plant and animal communities living in the soil and on its surface (Cowardin, December 1979). Wetlands are found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica. Wetlands are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. Wetlands may be forested or unforested, and naturally or artificially created." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "Spatialoffsettype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa8", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "cartesianOffset", - "definition": "Offset expressed using cartesian coordinates where X is distance along axis aligned with true north, Y is distace aligned with true east, and Z is distance aligned straight up. Depths are expressed a negative numbers. The origin of the coordinate system is typically defined in the site description. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa9", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "depth", - "definition": "Depth below the earth or water surface. Values are expressed as negative numbers and become more negative in the downward direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aab", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "depthDirectional", - "definition": "Depth below the earth or water surface along a non-vertical line. The first coordinate is the angle of the ray from north expressed in degrees. The second coordinate is the angle of the ray from horizontal expressed in negative degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as a positive number that increases with distance along the ray. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aaa", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "depthInterval", - "definition": "Depth interval below the earth or water surface. The mininum depth value is expressed first and then maximum depth value. Values are expresssed as negative numbers and become more negative in the downward direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aac", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "height", - "definition": "Height above the earth or water surface. Values are positive and increase in the upward direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aae", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "heightDirectional", - "definition": "Height above the earth or water surface along a non-vertical line. The first coordinate is the angle of the ray from north expressed in degrees. The second coordinate is the angle of the ray from horizontal expressed in positive degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as a positive number that increases with distance along the ray. " - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aad", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "heightInterval", - "definition": "Height interval above the earth or water surface. The minimum height value is expressed first and then the maximum height value. Values increase in the upward direction." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aaf", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "longitudinalInterval", - "definition": "Interval along a horizontal or longitudinal ray. The first coordinate is the angle from north expressed in degrees of the longitudinal array. The second coordinate is the minimum distance along the ray at which the longitudinal interval begins. The third coordinate is the maximium distance along the ray at which the longitudinal interval ends." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9ab0", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "radialHorizontalOffset", - "definition": "Offset expressed as a distance along a ray that originates from a central point. The angle of the ray is expressed as the first offset coordinate in degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as the second offset coordinate." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9ab1", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "radialHorizontalOffsetWithDepth", - "definition": "Offset expressed as a distance along a ray that originates from a central point with a third coordinate that indicates the depth below the earth or water surface. The angle of the ray is expressed as the first offset coordinate in degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as the second offset coordinate. The depth below the earth or water surface is expressed as the third coordinate." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9ab2", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "radialHorizontalOffsetWithHeight", - "definition": "Offset expressed as a distance along a ray that originates from a central point with a third coordinate that indicates the height above the earth or water surface. The angle of the ray is expressed as the first offset coordinate in degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as the second offset coordinate. The height above the earth or water surface is expressed as the third coordinate." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Speciation", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ag", - "definition": "Expressed as silver" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Al", - "definition": "Expressed as aluminium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "As", - "definition": "Expressed as arsenic" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "B", - "definition": "Expressed as boron" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ba", - "definition": "Expressed as barium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Be", - "definition": "Expressed as beryllium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9aba", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Br", - "definition": "Expressed as bromine" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C", - "definition": "Expressed as carbon" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H10O4", - "definition": "Expressed as dimethyl terephthalate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abd", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H4_CH3_4", - "definition": "Expressed as tetramethylnaphthalene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abe", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H5_CH3_3", - "definition": "Expressed as trimethylnaphthalene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abf", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H6_CH3_2", - "definition": "Expressed as dimethylnaphthalene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H7C2H5", - "definition": "Expressed as ethylnaphthalene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H7CH3", - "definition": "Expressed as methylnaphthalene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H8", - "definition": "Expressed as naphthalene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H10", - "definition": "Expressed as C12H10, e.g., acenaphthene, biphenyl" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H14O4", - "definition": "Expressed as diethyl phthalate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H8", - "definition": "Expressed as acenaphthylene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H8O", - "definition": "Expressed as dibenzofuran" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H8S", - "definition": "Expressed as dibenzothiophene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H9N", - "definition": "Expressed as carbazole" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C13H10", - "definition": "Expressed as fluorene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9aca", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C13H10S", - "definition": "Expressed as methyldibenzothiophene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C14H10", - "definition": "Expressed as phenanthrene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C14H12", - "definition": "Expressed as methylfluorene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acd", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C15H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C15H12, e.g., methylphenanthrene, Methylanthracene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ace", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C15H32", - "definition": "Expressed as C15 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acf", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C16H10", - "definition": "Expressed as C16H10, e.g., fluoranthene, pyrene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C16H14", - "definition": "Expressed as dimethylphenanthrene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C16H34", - "definition": "Expressed as C16 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C17H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C17H12, e.g., benzo(a)fluorene, methylfluoranthene, methylpyrene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C17H36", - "definition": "Expressed as C17 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C18H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C18H12, e.g., benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, triphenylene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C18H18", - "definition": "Expressed as retene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C18H38", - "definition": "Expressed as C18 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C19H14", - "definition": "Expressed as methylchrysene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C19H20O4", - "definition": "Expressed as benzyl butyl pththalate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C19H40", - "definition": "Expressed as C19 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ada", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C20H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C20H12, e.g., benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene, perylene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9adb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C20H42", - "definition": "Expressed as C20 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9adc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C21H44", - "definition": "Expressed as C21 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9add", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C22H14", - "definition": "Expressed as Dibenz(a,h)anthracene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ade", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C22H46", - "definition": "Expressed as C22 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9adf", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C23H48", - "definition": "Expressed as C23 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C24H50", - "definition": "Expressed as C24 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C25H52", - "definition": "Expressed as C25 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C26H54", - "definition": "Expressed as C26 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C27H56", - "definition": "Expressed as C27 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C28H58", - "definition": "Expressed as C28 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C29H60", - "definition": "Expressed as C29 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2Cl4", - "definition": "Expressed as tetrachloroethylene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9ae7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexachloroethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9ae8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H2Cl4", - "definition": "Expressed as tetrachloroethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9ae9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H3Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as vinyl chloride" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aea", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H3Cl3", - "definition": "Expressed as trichloroethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aeb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H4Cl2", - "definition": "Expressed as dichloroethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aec", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H5Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chloroethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aed", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H6", - "definition": "Expressed as ethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aee", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H6O2", - "definition": "Expressed as Ethylene glycol" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aef", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2HCl3", - "definition": "Expressed as trichloroethylene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C31H64", - "definition": "Expressed as C31 n-alkane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C3H6O", - "definition": "Expressed as acetone" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C4Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexchlorobutadiene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C4H8Cl2O", - "definition": "Expressed as bis(chloroethyl) ether" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C4H8O", - "definition": "Expressed as butanone" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C5Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexachlorocyclopentadiene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexachlorobenzene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9af7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H3Cl3", - "definition": "Expressed as trichlorobenzene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9af8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H4_CH3_2", - "definition": "Expressed as xylenes" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9af9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H4Cl2", - "definition": "Expressed as dichlorobenzene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afa", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H4N2O5", - "definition": "Expressed as dinitrophenol" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chlorobenzene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5NH2", - "definition": "Expressed as aniline" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afd", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5NO2", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrobenzene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afe", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5OH", - "definition": "Expressed as phenol" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9aff", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H6", - "definition": "Expressed as benzene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b00", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6HCl5O", - "definition": "Expressed as pentachlorophenol" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b01", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C7H6N2O4", - "definition": "Expressed as dinitrotoluene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b02", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C7H8", - "definition": "Expressed as Toluene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b03", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C8H10", - "definition": "Expressed as ethylbenzene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b04", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C8H8", - "definition": "Expressed as styrene" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b05", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C9H14O", - "definition": "Expressed as isophorone" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b06", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ca", - "definition": "Expressed as calcium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b07", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CaCO3", - "definition": "Expressed as calcium carbonate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b08", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cd", - "definition": "Expressed as cadmium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b09", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH2Cl2", - "definition": "Expressed as dichloromethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH3Br", - "definition": "Expressed as bromomethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH3Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chloromethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH3Hg", - "definition": "Expressed at methylmercury" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH4", - "definition": "Expressed as methane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHBr2Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as dibromochloromethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHBr3", - "definition": "Expressed as bromoform" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b10", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHBrCl2", - "definition": "Expressed as bromodichloromethane" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b11", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHCl3", - "definition": "Expressed as chloroform" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b12", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chlorine" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b13", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CN-", - "definition": "Expressed as cyanide" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b14", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Co", - "definition": "Expressed as cobalt" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b15", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CO2", - "definition": "Expressed as carbon dioxide" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b16", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CO3", - "definition": "Expressed as carbonate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b17", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cr", - "definition": "Expressed as chromium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b18", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cu", - "definition": "Expressed as copper" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b19", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "delta2H", - "definition": "Expressed as deuterium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "deltaN15", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrogen-15" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "deltaO18", - "definition": "Expressed as oxygen-18" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "EC", - "definition": "Expressed as electrical conductivity" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "F", - "definition": "Expressed as fluorine" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Fe", - "definition": "Expressed as iron" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "H2O", - "definition": "Expressed as water" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b20", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "HCO3", - "definition": "Expressed as hydrogen carbonate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b21", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Hg", - "definition": "Expressed as mercury" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b22", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "K", - "definition": "Expressed as potassium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b23", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Mg", - "definition": "Expressed as magnesium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b24", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Mn", - "definition": "Expressed as manganese" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b25", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Mo", - "definition": "Expressed as molybdenum" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b26", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "N", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrogen" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b27", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Na", - "definition": "Expressed as sodium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b28", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "NH4", - "definition": "Expressed as ammonium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b29", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ni", - "definition": "Expressed as nickel" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "NO2", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrite" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "NO3", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "notApplicable", - "definition": "Speciation is not applicable" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "O2", - "definition": "Expressed as oxygen (O2)" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "P", - "definition": "Expressed as phosphorus" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Pb", - "definition": "Expressed as lead" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b30", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "pH", - "definition": "Expressed as pH" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b31", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "PO4", - "definition": "Expressed as phosphate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b32", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ra", - "definition": "Expressed as Radium. Also known as \"radium equivalent.\" The radium equivalent concept allows a single index or number to describe the gamma output from different mixtures of uranium (i.e., radium), thorium, and 40K in a material." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b33", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Re", - "definition": "Expressed as rhenium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b34", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "S", - "definition": "Expressed as Sulfur" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b35", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Sb", - "definition": "Expressed as antimony" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b36", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Se", - "definition": "Expressed as selenium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b37", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Si", - "definition": "Expressed as silicon" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b38", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "SiO2", - "definition": "Expressed as silicate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b39", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Sn", - "definition": "Expressed as tin" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "SO4", - "definition": "Expressed as Sulfate" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Sr", - "definition": "Expressed as strontium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "TA", - "definition": "Expressed as total alkalinity" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Th", - "definition": "Expressed as thorium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ti", - "definition": "Expressed as titanium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Tl", - "definition": "Expressed as thallium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b40", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "U", - "definition": "Expressed as uranium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b41", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "Speciation is unknown" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b42", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "V", - "definition": "Expressed as vanadium" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b43", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Zn", - "definition": "Expressed as zinc" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b44", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Zr", - "definition": "Expressed as zirconium" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "Specimentype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b46", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "automated", - "definition": "Sample collected using an automated sampler." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b47", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "biota", - "definition": "A specimen consisting of all or part of a biological organism, including flora or fauna." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b48", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "core", - "definition": "Long cylindrical cores" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b49", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "coreHalfRound", - "definition": "Half-cylindrical products of along-axis split of a whole round" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b4a", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "corePiece", - "definition": "Material occurring between unambiguous (as curated) breaks in recovery." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b4b", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "coreQuarterRound", - "definition": "Quarter-cylindrical products of along-axis split of a half round." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b4c", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "coreSection", - "definition": "Arbitrarily cut segments of a core" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b4d", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "coreSectionHalf", - "definition": "Half-cylindrical products of along-axis split of a section or its component fragments through a selected diameter." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b4e", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "coreSub-Piece", - "definition": "Unambiguously mated portion of a larger piece noted for curatorial management of the material." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b4f", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "coreWholeRound", - "definition": "Cylindrical segments of core or core section material." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b50", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "cuttings", - "definition": "Loose, coarse, unconsolidated material suspended in drilling fluid." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b51", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "dredge", - "definition": "A group of rocks collected by dragging a dredge along the seafloor." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b52", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "foliageDigestion", - "definition": "Sample that consists of a digestion of plant foliage" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b53", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "foliageLeaching", - "definition": "Sample that consists of leachate from foliage" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b54", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "forestFloorDigestion", - "definition": "Sample that consists of a digestion of forest floor material" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b55", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "grab", - "definition": "A sample (sometimes mechanically collected) from a deposit or area, not intended to be representative of the deposit or area." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b56", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "individualSample", - "definition": "A sample that is an individual unit, including rock hand samples, a biological specimen, or a bottle of fluid." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b57", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "litterFallDigestion", - "definition": "Sample that consists of a digestion of litter fall" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b58", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "orientedCore", - "definition": "Core that can be positioned on the surface in the same way that it was arranged in the borehole before extraction." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b59", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "other", - "definition": "Sample does not fit any of the existing type designations. It is expected that further detailed description of the particular sample be provided." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b5a", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "petriDishDryDeposition", - "definition": "Sample from dry deposition in a petri dish" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b5b", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "precipitationBulk", - "definition": "Sample from bulk precipitation" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07bbcbfb314ddee9b5c", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "rockPowder", - "definition": "A sample created from pulverizing a rock to powder." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b5d", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "standardReferenceSpecimen", - "definition": "Standard reference specimen" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b5e", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "terrestrialSection", - "definition": "A sample of a section of the near-surface Earth, generally in the critical zone." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b5f", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "theSpecimenTypeIsUnknown", - "definition": "The specimen type is unknown" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b60", - "parentId": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b45", - "label": "thinSection", - "definition": "Thin section" - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "63321b3fbcbfb314ddee9962", - "label": "Status", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "63321b40bcbfb314ddee9963", - "parentId": "63321b3fbcbfb314ddee9962", - "label": "complete", - "definition": "Data collection is complete. No new data values will be added." - }, - { - "uuid": "63321b40bcbfb314ddee9964", - "parentId": "63321b3fbcbfb314ddee9962", - "label": "ongoing", - "definition": "Data collection is ongoing. New data values will be added periodically." - }, - { - "uuid": "63321b40bcbfb314ddee9965", - "parentId": "63321b3fbcbfb314ddee9962", - "label": "planned", - "definition": "Data collection is planned. Resulting data values do not yet exist, but will eventually." - }, - { - "uuid": "63321b40bcbfb314ddee9966", - "parentId": "63321b3fbcbfb314ddee9962", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "The status of data collection is unknown." - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "Taxonomicclassifiertype", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b63", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "biology", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with biological organisms." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b64", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "chemistry", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with chemistry, chemical analysis or processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b65", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "climate", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with the climate, weather, or atmospheric processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b66", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "geology", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with geology or geological processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b67", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "hydrology", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with hydrologic variables or processes." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b68", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "instrumentation", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with instrumentation and instrument properties such as battery voltages, data logger temperatures, often useful for diagnosis." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b69", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "lithology", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with lithology." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b6a", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "rock", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms describing rocks." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b6b", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "soil", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms associated with soil variables or processes" - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b6c", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "soilColor", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms describing soil color." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07dbcbfb314ddee9b6d", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "soilHorizon", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms describing soil horizons." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07dbcbfb314ddee9b6e", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "soilStructure", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms describing soil structure." - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07dbcbfb314ddee9b6f", - "parentId": "633af07cbcbfb314ddee9b62", - "label": "soilTexture", - "definition": "A taxonomy containing terms describing soil texture." - 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"label": "Tubes", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df99", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Volumes", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df9a", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Well Logs", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18.json b/resources/json/sb-52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18.json deleted file mode 100644 index 9b98ec7..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "52dee8fde4b0dee2a6cd6b1e", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Conservation Design", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee8cee4b0dee2a6cd6b1d", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Conservation Planning", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee938e4b0dee2a6cd6b21", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Data Acquisition and Development", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee925e4b0dee2a6cd6b20", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Data Management and Integration", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee7f1e4b0dee2a6cd6b19", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Decision Support", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee90fe4b0dee2a6cd6b1f", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Informing Conservation Delivery", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee89ce4b0dee2a6cd6b1a", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Monitoring", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee8aee4b0dee2a6cd6b1b", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Population & Habitat Evaluation/Projection", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee94be4b0dee2a6cd6b22", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Socio-economics/Ecosystem Services", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee958e4b0dee2a6cd6b23", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Traditional Ecological Knowledge", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52dee8bee4b0dee2a6cd6b1c", - "parentId": "52dee7c5e4b0dee2a6cd6b18", - "label": "Vulnerability Assessment", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-52df104ce4b0dee2a6cd6b24.json b/resources/json/sb-52df104ce4b0dee2a6cd6b24.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0637a08..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-52df104ce4b0dee2a6cd6b24.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4.json b/resources/json/sb-58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4.json deleted file mode 100644 index d76c2b2..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "58d424d6e4b0f974afcf03c9", - "label": "Biological Collection", - "definition": "Biological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58b45872e4b0f974afcf03b5", - "label": "Geological Collection", - "definition": "Geological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58d4255ee4b0f974afcf03cb", - "label": "Paleontological Collection", - "definition": "Paleontological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58d42532e4b0f974afcf03ca", - "label": "Water Collection", - "definition": "Water sample collection", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-58b45872e4b0f974afcf03b5.json b/resources/json/sb-58b45872e4b0f974afcf03b5.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0637a08..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-58b45872e4b0f974afcf03b5.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-58d424d6e4b0f974afcf03c9.json b/resources/json/sb-58d424d6e4b0f974afcf03c9.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0637a08..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-58d424d6e4b0f974afcf03c9.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-58d42532e4b0f974afcf03ca.json b/resources/json/sb-58d42532e4b0f974afcf03ca.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0637a08..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-58d42532e4b0f974afcf03ca.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-58d4255ee4b0f974afcf03cb.json b/resources/json/sb-58d4255ee4b0f974afcf03cb.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0637a08..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-58d4255ee4b0f974afcf03cb.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a.json b/resources/json/sb-58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a.json deleted file mode 100644 index 9b1c845..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "58fa229ae4b0db4d5416979b", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Biological Collection", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58fa22c7e4b0db4d5416979c", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Geological Collection", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58fa22e1e4b0db4d5416979d", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Paleontological Collection", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58fa22f4e4b0db4d5416979e", - "parentId": "58fa2280e4b0db4d5416979a", - "label": "Water Collection", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57.json b/resources/json/sb-5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57.json deleted file mode 100644 index 1f60edc..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "5bf3f84de4b00ce5fb627d59", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_collection", - "definition": "Item that represents a logical collection of physical data items managed by an organization contributing to the National Digital Catalog. These are core metadata items for which we expect to find full metadata describing the collection and a method of accessing the contents in the collection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf44423e4b00ce5fb627d5a", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_folder", - "definition": "Denotes a ScienceBase Item that functions as an organizational folder within the National Digital Catalog.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf3f7f5e4b00ce5fb627d58", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_organization", - "definition": "Item that represents a contributing organization. Used to set permissions in ScienceBase to allow management access by members of the organization.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca.json deleted file mode 100644 index f53643e..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becb", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Mixed taxa stored in the same vial, jar, unit tray, slide, etc. Annelid slides made from same collection are in different boxes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becc", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens crowded. Species sharing trays, or taxa scattered in two or more places. Arrangement is only at a higher taxonomic level. More than one annelid sample for collection site is stored in the same box.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becd", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Specimens arranged alphabetically by family, genus, and species, or, if arranged phylogenetically, with an alphabetical cross-referenced list. Annelid slides arranged in boxes according to collection event and/or locality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4bece", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4beca", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Specimens arranged geographically within a taxon, or arranged numerically by catalog number if specimens have been databased.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf.json deleted file mode 100644 index 4d62ecb..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4bed0", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Level 1 is not defined.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed1", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "No computerization at all.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed2", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "All [herbarium, mollusk, and vertebrate] specimens databased. Taxonomic information of other groups electronically inventoried, but specimens themselves not yet databased and assigned catalog numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed3", - "parentId": "6112869af0d1326bc2b4becf", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "All localities geo-referenced and stored electronically. Invertebrates databased at the level of storage unit (pin, vial, jar, slide).", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4.json deleted file mode 100644 index bfacfc5..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed5", - "parentId": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Labels are faded to illegible, crumbling, or missing. Labels have become detached from the specimen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed6", - "parentId": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Labels are partially faded, laser-printed in fluid or in pencil, or on non-archival paper", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed7", - "parentId": "6112869bf0d1326bc2b4bed4", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Labels are readily legible, printed with non-bleeding (if in fluid) archival paper and ink.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8.json deleted file mode 100644 index a0c06af..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed9", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Shells have Byne’s disease. Specimens (of any kind) have signs of pest infestation. Insect specimens have fallen off of pin. Specimens are damaged to the point of being unusable", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4beda", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens are damaged: broken into multiple pieces, with past pest damage, loose teeth or bones. Insect pins are broken or significantly bent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedb", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "All specimens are intact and stable.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc.json deleted file mode 100644 index df40efe..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bede", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Fluid level is low, but completely covers specimens. Alcohol is dark", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedf", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Fluid is topped-off and relatively clear", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0.json deleted file mode 100644 index cf29f32..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee1", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Slide or cover slip is broken. Mounting medium is crystallized, running, or has receded up to specimen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee2", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Aqueous mounting medium is not sealed (ringed) under cover slip. Mounting medium has receded. Cover slip or slide is cracked.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee3", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Slide in good condition. Mounted in Canada balsam or cover slip has been sealed (ringed).", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4.json deleted file mode 100644 index d6a1da5..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee5", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Specimens in old cardboard boxes, cigar boxes, pill boxes, or paper bags. Specimens not stored in unit trays. Plants mounted on cardboard with rubber cement", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee6", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens stored in new cardboard boxes or zip-lock bags. Vertebrate trays are unlined. Skulls or skeletal material are in substandard containers. Insects pinned in hard-bottom unit trays. Plants pressed in newspaper. Fungi kept in packets when they should be in boxes, or glued to paper in the packets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee7", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Unit trays are archival. Insects pinned in foam-bottom trays. Vertebrate trays are lined with acid-free paper. Plants and fungi are in/on acid paper/packet/box withElmer’s or other non-archival glue, or lacking fragment folders.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee8", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": " Plants and fungi in/on acid free paper/packet/box, fixed with acid free glue, and with fragment folders present.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9.json deleted file mode 100644 index 740be2f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beea", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Vial stoppers are cracked, broken, swollen, or disintegrating. Stoppers are made of cork. Vials are loose on shelf, or banded together, and not in vial rack. Jar lids are old and rusted (if metal), or are BakeliteH lids (which crack easily). Jar seals are missing, cracked, or shrinking. Five-gallon buckets have poor seals or loose lids.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beeb", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Hardened but intact vial stoppers. Vials aligned in wire-sided racks. Jar lids are metal or with non-polyethylene jar seals. Large specimens are stored in 5-gallon buckets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beec", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Vials have good quality stoppers. Vial racks are solid with no risk of vial loss. Jars are bail-topped with polyethylene gaskets, or have polypropylene lids. Large specimens are stored in archival barrels with clamping sealing mechanisms.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed.json deleted file mode 100644 index fb801bc..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beee", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Slides not in slide box or tray. Slide box broken.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beef", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Slide box not standard 100-slide box. Slides in trays are not protected by envelope or thick labels, which prevent the crushing of the cover slip on one slide by the adjoining slide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef0", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Good slide boxes or trays with rust-free hinges and substantial closure clasps.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef1", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Tray slides stored flat.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2.json deleted file mode 100644 index a502766..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef3", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Data are in codes or missing entirely.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef4", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Some data are missing but can be inferred. Specimen containers (vials, jars, or slides) lack determination labels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef5", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "All data fields are complete for all groups except pinned insects may have determination labels missing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef6", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef2", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Localities fully geo-referenced. All species-level insect pins have determination labels.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7.json b/resources/json/sb-6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7.json deleted file mode 100644 index f020c91..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef8", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "All specimens undetermined and major groups mixed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef9", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens determined to order or family (depending of the size of the group). Not all annelid slides in a slide box fully determined. All other groups determined to the family or genus level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befa", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Specimens determined to the genus or family level. All other groups determined to species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befb", - "parentId": "6112869ff0d1326bc2b4bef7", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Specimens determined to the species level. All other groups determined to species or (often) subspecies and verified by a specialist.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc.json b/resources/json/sb-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc.json deleted file mode 100644 index aa3d953..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befd", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Bulk insect specimens papered, or in jars, boxes, or cotton. Unsorted botanical specimens in newspaper or paper bags (backlog).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befe", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Insect specimens pinned, but improperly mounted on pin or point. Mollusk and vertebrate samples not cleaned, cataloged, or numbered. Botanical material mounted to herbarium sheets with labels, but without accession numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4beff", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Insects properly pinned, pointed, or enveloped. Vertebrate and mollusk specimens cleaned, cataloged and numbered. Herbarium sheets in folders with all labels and accession numbers.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00.json b/resources/json/sb-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00.json deleted file mode 100644 index 17dff2f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf01", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Specimens stored in bulk and unprocessed. Unsorted samples stored in Whirlpac bags, Nalgene or other bottles, jars, or in the freezer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf02", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Mixed field sample, rinsed, stored in clean alcohol, in standard quality storage containers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf03", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Vertebrate samples sorted and tagged. Mollusk shells and soft body tissue separated. Insect specimens stored in proper vials with cotton and micro-vials, if necessary.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04.json b/resources/json/sb-611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04.json deleted file mode 100644 index 3bacd57..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf05", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "As soon as specimens are slide-mounted they are already semi-processed, so there is no Level 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf06", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens were not cleared prior to mounting, or were improperly oriented on slide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf07", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Specimens properly cleared and oriented on slide.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-611d213fbfff3461918aba48.json b/resources/json/sb-611d213fbfff3461918aba48.json deleted file mode 100644 index db44784..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-611d213fbfff3461918aba48.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611d242fbfff3461918aba4c", - "parentId": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "label": "False", - "definition": "Hazardous materials are not known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d242fbfff3461918aba4b", - "parentId": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "label": "True", - "definition": "Hazardous materials are known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d.json b/resources/json/sb-611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d.json deleted file mode 100644 index 76f3407..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611d3f7bbfff3461918aba4f", - "parentId": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "label": "False", - "definition": "Type specimens are not known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d3f7bbfff3461918aba4e", - "parentId": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "label": "True", - "definition": "Type specimens are known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-611d4215bfff3461918aba51.json b/resources/json/sb-611d4215bfff3461918aba51.json deleted file mode 100644 index 9e7d81c..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-611d4215bfff3461918aba51.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,198 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611d4215bfff3461918aba52", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Audiovisual", - "definition": "The resource is an Audiovisual ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4215bfff3461918aba53", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Book", - "definition": "The resource is a Book", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4215bfff3461918aba54", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "BookChapter", - "definition": "The resource is a Book Chapter", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4215bfff3461918aba55", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Collection", - "definition": "The resource is a Collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4215bfff3461918aba56", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "ComputationalNotebook", - "definition": "The resource is a Computational Notebook", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4215bfff3461918aba57", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "ConferencePaper", - "definition": "The resource is a Conference Paper", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba58", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "ConferenceProceeding", - "definition": "The resource is a Conference Proceeding", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba59", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "DataPaper", - "definition": "The resource is a Data Paper", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba5a", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Dataset", - "definition": "The resource is a Dataset", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba5b", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Dissertation", - "definition": "The resource is a Dissertation", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba5c", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Event", - "definition": "The resource is an Event", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba5d", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Image", - "definition": "The resource is an Image", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba5e", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "InteractiveResource", - "definition": "The resource is an Interactive Resource", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba5f", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Journal", - "definition": "The resource is a Journal", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba60", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "JournalArticle", - "definition": "The resource is a Journal Article", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba61", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Model", - "definition": "The resource is a Model", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba6d", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Other", - "definition": "The resource type is not included in this list", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba62", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "OutputManagementPlan", - "definition": "The resource is an Output Management Plan", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba63", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "PeerReview", - "definition": "The resource is a PeerReview", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba64", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "PhysicalObject", - "definition": "The resource is a Physical Object", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4216bfff3461918aba65", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Preprint", - "definition": "The resource is a Preprint", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba66", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Report", - "definition": "The resource is a Report", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba67", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Service", - "definition": "The resource is a Service", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba68", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Software", - "definition": "The resource is Software", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba69", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Sound", - "definition": "The resource is a Sound", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba6a", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Standard", - "definition": "The resource is a Standard", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba6b", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Text", - "definition": "The resource is Text", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d4217bfff3461918aba6c", - "parentId": "611d4215bfff3461918aba51", - "label": "Workflow", - "definition": "The resource is a Workflow", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-611d428bbfff3461918aba6e.json b/resources/json/sb-611d428bbfff3461918aba6e.json deleted file mode 100644 index e08e923..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-611d428bbfff3461918aba6e.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,240 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba70", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Cites", - "definition": "The resource being registered Cites the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba7f", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Compiles", - "definition": "The resource being registered Compiles the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba74", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Continues", - "definition": "The resource being registered Continues the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba89", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Describes", - "definition": "The resource being registered Describes the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba7d", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Documents", - "definition": "The resource being registered Documents the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba83", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "HasMetadata", - "definition": "The resource being registered HasMetadata for the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba78", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "HasPart", - "definition": "The resource being registered HasPart the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428fbfff3461918aba8b", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "HasVersion", - "definition": "The resource being registered HasVersion the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba6f", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsCitedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsCitedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba7e", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsCompiledBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsCompiledBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba73", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsContinuedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsContinuedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba87", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsDerivedFrom", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsDerivedFrom the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba8a", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsDescribedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsDescribedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba7c", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsDocumentedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsDocumentedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba82", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsIdenticalTo", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsIdenticalTo the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba84", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsMetadataFor", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsMetadataFor the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba75", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsNewVersionOf", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsNewVersionOf the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428fbfff3461918aba90", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsObsoletedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsObsoletedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba81", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsOriginalFormOf", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsOriginalFormOf the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba77", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsPartOf", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsPartOf the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba76", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsPreviousVersionOf", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsPreviousVersionOf the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba79", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsPublishedIn", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsPublishedIn the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba7a", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsReferencedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsReferencedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428fbfff3461918aba8e", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsRequiredBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsRequiredBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba86", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsReviewedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsReviewedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba88", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsSourceOf", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsSourceOf the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba72", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsSupplementedBy", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsSupplementedBy the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428dbfff3461918aba71", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsSupplementTo", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsSupplementTo the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba80", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsVariantFormOf", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsVariantFormOf the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428fbfff3461918aba8c", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "IsVersionOf", - "definition": "The resource being registered IsVersionOf the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428fbfff3461918aba8f", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Obsoletes", - "definition": "The resource being registered Obsoletes the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba7b", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "References", - "definition": "The resource being registered References the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428fbfff3461918aba8d", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Requires", - "definition": "The resource being registered Requires the related resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d428ebfff3461918aba85", - "parentId": "611d428bbfff3461918aba6e", - "label": "Reviews", - "definition": "The resource being registered Reviews the related resource.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193.json b/resources/json/sb-6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193.json deleted file mode 100644 index d99ac32..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6123b286bac0c745ec5f2194", - "parentId": "6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193", - "label": "Abstract", - "definition": "The description is an Abstract", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b287bac0c745ec5f2195", - "parentId": "6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193", - "label": "Methods", - "definition": "The description describes Methods", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b287bac0c745ec5f2198", - "parentId": "6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193", - "label": "Other", - "definition": "The description is not a standard type", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b287bac0c745ec5f2196", - "parentId": "6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193", - "label": "TableOfContents", - "definition": "The description is a TableOfContents", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b287bac0c745ec5f2197", - "parentId": "6123b286bac0c745ec5f2193", - "label": "TechnicalInfo", - "definition": "The description is TechnicalInfo", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199.json b/resources/json/sb-6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199.json deleted file mode 100644 index eb8083d..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,149 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6123b2c4bac0c745ec5f219a", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "ContactPerson", - "definition": "The contributor is a ContactPerson", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c4bac0c745ec5f219b", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "DataCollector", - "definition": "The contributor is a DataCollector", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c4bac0c745ec5f219c", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "DataCurator", - "definition": "The contributor is a DataCurator", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c4bac0c745ec5f219d", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "DataManager", - "definition": "The contributor is a DataManager", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c4bac0c745ec5f219e", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "Distributor", - "definition": "The contributor is a Distributor", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c4bac0c745ec5f219f", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "Editor", - "definition": "The contributor is a Editor", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c4bac0c745ec5f21a0", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "HostingInstitution", - "definition": "The contributor is a HostingInstitution", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c5bac0c745ec5f21a1", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "Other", - "definition": "The contributor is a Other", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c5bac0c745ec5f21a2", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "Producer", - "definition": "The contributor is a Producer", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c5bac0c745ec5f21a3", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "ProjectLeader", - "definition": "The contributor is a ProjectLeader", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c5bac0c745ec5f21a4", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "ProjectManager", - "definition": "The contributor is a ProjectManager", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c5bac0c745ec5f21a5", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "ProjectMember", - "definition": "The contributor is a ProjectMember", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c5bac0c745ec5f21a6", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "RegistrationAgency", - "definition": "The contributor is a RegistrationAgency", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c6bac0c745ec5f21a7", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "RegistrationAuthority", - "definition": "The contributor is a RegistrationAuthority", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c6bac0c745ec5f21a8", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "RelatedPerson", - "definition": "The contributor is a RelatedPerson", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c6bac0c745ec5f21ab", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "Researcher", - "definition": "The contributor is a Researcher", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c6bac0c745ec5f21a9", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "ResearchGroup", - "definition": "The contributor is a ResearchGroup", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c6bac0c745ec5f21aa", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "RightsHolder", - "definition": "The contributor is a RightsHolder", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c6bac0c745ec5f21ac", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "Sponsor", - "definition": "The contributor is a Sponsor", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c7bac0c745ec5f21ad", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "Supervisor", - "definition": "The contributor is a Supervisor", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6123b2c7bac0c745ec5f21ae", - "parentId": "6123b2c3bac0c745ec5f2199", - "label": "WorkPackageLeader", - "definition": "The contributor is a WorkPackageLeader", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7.json b/resources/json/sb-633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0dda33f..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa8", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "cartesianOffset", - "definition": "Offset expressed using cartesian coordinates where X is distance along axis aligned with true north, Y is distace aligned with true east, and Z is distance aligned straight up. Depths are expressed a negative numbers. The origin of the coordinate system is typically defined in the site description. ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa9", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "depth", - "definition": "Depth below the earth or water surface. Values are expressed as negative numbers and become more negative in the downward direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aab", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "depthDirectional", - "definition": "Depth below the earth or water surface along a non-vertical line. The first coordinate is the angle of the ray from north expressed in degrees. The second coordinate is the angle of the ray from horizontal expressed in negative degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as a positive number that increases with distance along the ray. ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aaa", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "depthInterval", - "definition": "Depth interval below the earth or water surface. The mininum depth value is expressed first and then maximum depth value. Values are expresssed as negative numbers and become more negative in the downward direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aac", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "height", - "definition": "Height above the earth or water surface. Values are positive and increase in the upward direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aae", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "heightDirectional", - "definition": "Height above the earth or water surface along a non-vertical line. The first coordinate is the angle of the ray from north expressed in degrees. The second coordinate is the angle of the ray from horizontal expressed in positive degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as a positive number that increases with distance along the ray. ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aad", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "heightInterval", - "definition": "Height interval above the earth or water surface. The minimum height value is expressed first and then the maximum height value. Values increase in the upward direction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aaf", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "longitudinalInterval", - "definition": "Interval along a horizontal or longitudinal ray. The first coordinate is the angle from north expressed in degrees of the longitudinal array. The second coordinate is the minimum distance along the ray at which the longitudinal interval begins. The third coordinate is the maximium distance along the ray at which the longitudinal interval ends.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9ab0", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "radialHorizontalOffset", - "definition": "Offset expressed as a distance along a ray that originates from a central point. The angle of the ray is expressed as the first offset coordinate in degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as the second offset coordinate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9ab1", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "radialHorizontalOffsetWithDepth", - "definition": "Offset expressed as a distance along a ray that originates from a central point with a third coordinate that indicates the depth below the earth or water surface. The angle of the ray is expressed as the first offset coordinate in degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as the second offset coordinate. The depth below the earth or water surface is expressed as the third coordinate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9ab2", - "parentId": "633af070bcbfb314ddee9aa7", - "label": "radialHorizontalOffsetWithHeight", - "definition": "Offset expressed as a distance along a ray that originates from a central point with a third coordinate that indicates the height above the earth or water surface. The angle of the ray is expressed as the first offset coordinate in degrees. The distance along the ray is expressed as the second offset coordinate. The height above the earth or water surface is expressed as the third coordinate.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3.json b/resources/json/sb-633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0f71c55..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1017 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ag", - "definition": "Expressed as silver", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Al", - "definition": "Expressed as aluminium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "As", - "definition": "Expressed as arsenic", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "B", - "definition": "Expressed as boron", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ba", - "definition": "Expressed as barium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Be", - "definition": "Expressed as beryllium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9aba", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Br", - "definition": "Expressed as bromine", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C", - "definition": "Expressed as carbon", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H10O4", - "definition": "Expressed as dimethyl terephthalate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abd", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H4_CH3_4", - "definition": "Expressed as tetramethylnaphthalene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abe", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H5_CH3_3", - "definition": "Expressed as trimethylnaphthalene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9abf", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H6_CH3_2", - "definition": "Expressed as dimethylnaphthalene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H7C2H5", - "definition": "Expressed as ethylnaphthalene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H7CH3", - "definition": "Expressed as methylnaphthalene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C10H8", - "definition": "Expressed as naphthalene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H10", - "definition": "Expressed as C12H10, e.g., acenaphthene, biphenyl", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ac4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H14O4", - "definition": "Expressed as diethyl phthalate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H8", - "definition": "Expressed as acenaphthylene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H8O", - "definition": "Expressed as dibenzofuran", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H8S", - "definition": "Expressed as dibenzothiophene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C12H9N", - "definition": "Expressed as carbazole", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ac9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C13H10", - "definition": "Expressed as fluorene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9aca", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C13H10S", - "definition": "Expressed as methyldibenzothiophene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C14H10", - "definition": "Expressed as phenanthrene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C14H12", - "definition": "Expressed as methylfluorene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acd", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C15H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C15H12, e.g., methylphenanthrene, Methylanthracene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ace", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C15H32", - "definition": "Expressed as C15 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9acf", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C16H10", - "definition": "Expressed as C16H10, e.g., fluoranthene, pyrene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C16H14", - "definition": "Expressed as dimethylphenanthrene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C16H34", - "definition": "Expressed as C16 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C17H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C17H12, e.g., benzo(a)fluorene, methylfluoranthene, methylpyrene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C17H36", - "definition": "Expressed as C17 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C18H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C18H12, e.g., benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, triphenylene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af072bcbfb314ddee9ad5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C18H18", - "definition": "Expressed as retene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C18H38", - "definition": "Expressed as C18 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C19H14", - "definition": "Expressed as methylchrysene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C19H20O4", - "definition": "Expressed as benzyl butyl pththalate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ad9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C19H40", - "definition": "Expressed as C19 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ada", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C20H12", - "definition": "Expressed as C20H12, e.g., benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene, perylene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9adb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C20H42", - "definition": "Expressed as C20 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9adc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C21H44", - "definition": "Expressed as C21 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9add", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C22H14", - "definition": "Expressed as Dibenz(a,h)anthracene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ade", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C22H46", - "definition": "Expressed as C22 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9adf", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C23H48", - "definition": "Expressed as C23 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C24H50", - "definition": "Expressed as C24 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C25H52", - "definition": "Expressed as C25 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C26H54", - "definition": "Expressed as C26 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C27H56", - "definition": "Expressed as C27 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C28H58", - "definition": "Expressed as C28 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C29H60", - "definition": "Expressed as C29 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af073bcbfb314ddee9ae6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2Cl4", - "definition": "Expressed as tetrachloroethylene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9ae7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexachloroethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9ae8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H2Cl4", - "definition": "Expressed as tetrachloroethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9ae9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H3Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as vinyl chloride", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aea", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H3Cl3", - "definition": "Expressed as trichloroethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aeb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H4Cl2", - "definition": "Expressed as dichloroethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aec", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H5Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chloroethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aed", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H6", - "definition": "Expressed as ethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aee", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2H6O2", - "definition": "Expressed as Ethylene glycol", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9aef", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C2HCl3", - "definition": "Expressed as trichloroethylene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af0", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C31H64", - "definition": "Expressed as C31 n-alkane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af1", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C3H6O", - "definition": "Expressed as acetone", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af2", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C4Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexchlorobutadiene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af3", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C4H8Cl2O", - "definition": "Expressed as bis(chloroethyl) ether", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af4", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C4H8O", - "definition": "Expressed as butanone", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af5", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C5Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexachlorocyclopentadiene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af074bcbfb314ddee9af6", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6Cl6", - "definition": "Expressed as hexachlorobenzene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9af7", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H3Cl3", - "definition": "Expressed as trichlorobenzene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9af8", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H4_CH3_2", - "definition": "Expressed as xylenes", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9af9", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H4Cl2", - "definition": "Expressed as dichlorobenzene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afa", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H4N2O5", - "definition": "Expressed as dinitrophenol", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afb", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chlorobenzene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afc", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5NH2", - "definition": "Expressed as aniline", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afd", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5NO2", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrobenzene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9afe", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H5OH", - "definition": "Expressed as phenol", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9aff", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6H6", - "definition": "Expressed as benzene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b00", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C6HCl5O", - "definition": "Expressed as pentachlorophenol", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b01", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C7H6N2O4", - "definition": "Expressed as dinitrotoluene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b02", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C7H8", - "definition": "Expressed as Toluene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b03", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C8H10", - "definition": "Expressed as ethylbenzene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af075bcbfb314ddee9b04", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C8H8", - "definition": "Expressed as styrene", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b05", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "C9H14O", - "definition": "Expressed as isophorone", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b06", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ca", - "definition": "Expressed as calcium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b07", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CaCO3", - "definition": "Expressed as calcium carbonate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b08", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cd", - "definition": "Expressed as cadmium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b09", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH2Cl2", - "definition": "Expressed as dichloromethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH3Br", - "definition": "Expressed as bromomethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH3Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chloromethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH3Hg", - "definition": "Expressed at methylmercury", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CH4", - "definition": "Expressed as methane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHBr2Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as dibromochloromethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b0f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHBr3", - "definition": "Expressed as bromoform", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b10", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHBrCl2", - "definition": "Expressed as bromodichloromethane", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b11", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CHCl3", - "definition": "Expressed as chloroform", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b12", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cl", - "definition": "Expressed as chlorine", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b13", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CN-", - "definition": "Expressed as cyanide", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af076bcbfb314ddee9b14", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Co", - "definition": "Expressed as cobalt", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b15", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CO2", - "definition": "Expressed as carbon dioxide", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b16", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "CO3", - "definition": "Expressed as carbonate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b17", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cr", - "definition": "Expressed as chromium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b18", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Cu", - "definition": "Expressed as copper", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b19", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "delta2H", - "definition": "Expressed as deuterium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "deltaN15", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrogen-15", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "deltaO18", - "definition": "Expressed as oxygen-18", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "EC", - "definition": "Expressed as electrical conductivity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "F", - "definition": "Expressed as fluorine", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Fe", - "definition": "Expressed as iron", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b1f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "H2O", - "definition": "Expressed as water", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b20", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "HCO3", - "definition": "Expressed as hydrogen carbonate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b21", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Hg", - "definition": "Expressed as mercury", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b22", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "K", - "definition": "Expressed as potassium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b23", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Mg", - "definition": "Expressed as magnesium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af077bcbfb314ddee9b24", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Mn", - "definition": "Expressed as manganese", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b25", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Mo", - "definition": "Expressed as molybdenum", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b26", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "N", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrogen", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b27", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Na", - "definition": "Expressed as sodium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b28", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "NH4", - "definition": "Expressed as ammonium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b29", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ni", - "definition": "Expressed as nickel", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "NO2", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrite", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "NO3", - "definition": "Expressed as nitrate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "notApplicable", - "definition": "Speciation is not applicable", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "O2", - "definition": "Expressed as oxygen (O2)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "P", - "definition": "Expressed as phosphorus", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b2f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Pb", - "definition": "Expressed as lead", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b30", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "pH", - "definition": "Expressed as pH", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b31", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "PO4", - "definition": "Expressed as phosphate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b32", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ra", - "definition": "Expressed as Radium. Also known as \"radium equivalent.\" The radium equivalent concept allows a single index or number to describe the gamma output from different mixtures of uranium (i.e., radium), thorium, and 40K in a material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b33", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Re", - "definition": "Expressed as rhenium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af078bcbfb314ddee9b34", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "S", - "definition": "Expressed as Sulfur", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b35", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Sb", - "definition": "Expressed as antimony", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b36", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Se", - "definition": "Expressed as selenium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b37", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Si", - "definition": "Expressed as silicon", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b38", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "SiO2", - "definition": "Expressed as silicate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b39", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Sn", - "definition": "Expressed as tin", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3a", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "SO4", - "definition": "Expressed as Sulfate", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3b", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Sr", - "definition": "Expressed as strontium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3c", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "TA", - "definition": "Expressed as total alkalinity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3d", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Th", - "definition": "Expressed as thorium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3e", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Ti", - "definition": "Expressed as titanium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b3f", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Tl", - "definition": "Expressed as thallium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af079bcbfb314ddee9b40", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "U", - "definition": "Expressed as uranium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b41", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "unknown", - "definition": "Speciation is unknown", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b42", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "V", - "definition": "Expressed as vanadium", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b43", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Zn", - "definition": "Expressed as zinc", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "633af07abcbfb314ddee9b44", - "parentId": "633af071bcbfb314ddee9ab3", - "label": "Zr", - "definition": "Expressed as zirconium", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/sb-634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27.json b/resources/json/sb-634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0e9b1ac..0000000 --- a/resources/json/sb-634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1857 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d28", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "acidic igneous material", - "definition": "Igneous material with more than 63 percent SiO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d29", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "acidic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with more than 63 percent SiO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar granite", - "definition": "Granitic rock that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1. QAPF field 2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar rhyolite", - "definition": "Rhyolitoid in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is less than 0.1. QAPF field 2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar syenite", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 0-5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar syenitic rock", - "definition": "Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of less than 0.1. QAPF fields 6, 6*, and 6'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d2f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1, between 0 and 5 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and no feldspathoid minerals. QAPF field 6.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d30", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali feldspar trachytic rock", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.1. QAPF fields 6, 6', and 6*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d2a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "alkali olivine basalt", - "definition": "Alkali olivine basalt is silica-undersaturated, characterized by the absence of orthopyroxene, absence of quartz, presence of olivine, and typically contains some feldspathoid mineral, alkali feldspar or phlogopite in the groundmass. Feldspar phenocrysts typically are labradorite to andesine in composition. Augite is rich in titanium compared to augite in tholeiitic basalt. Alkali olivine basalt is relatively rich in sodium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1803bcbfb314ddee9d31", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "amphibolite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock mainly consisting of green, brown or black amphibole and plagioclase (including albite), which combined form 75 percent or more of the rock, and both of which are present as major constituents. The amphibole constitutes 50 percent or more of the total mafic constituents and is present in an amount of 30 percent or more; other common minerals include quartz, clinopyroxene, garnet, epidote-group minerals, biotite, titanite and scapolite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d32", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "andesite", - "definition": "Fine-grained igneous rock with less than 20 percent quartz and less than 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater 0.65. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field O2 as andesite. Basalt and andesite, which share the same QAPF fields, are distinguished chemically based on silica content, with basalt defined to contain less than 52 weight percent silica. If chemical data are not available, the color index is used to distinguish the categories, with basalt defined to contain greater than 35 percent mafic minerals by volume or greater than 40 percent mafic minerals by weight. Typically consists of plagioclase (frequently zoned from labradorite to oligoclase), pyroxene, hornblende and/or biotite. Fine grained equivalent of dioritic rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d33", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anorthosite", - "definition": "Anorthositic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d34", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anorthositic rock", - "definition": "Leucocratic phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase, often with small amounts of pyroxene. By definition, colour index M is less than 10, and plagiclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.9. Less than 20 percent quartz and less than 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10, 10*, and 10'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d35", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anthracite", - "definition": "Coal that has vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than 2.0% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5). Less than 12-14 percent volatiles (dry, ash free), greater than 91 percent fixed carbon (dry, ash free basis). The highest rank coal; very hard, glossy, black, with semimetallic luster, semi conchoidal fracture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d36", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anthropogenic material", - "definition": "Material known to have artificial (human-related) origin; insufficient information to classify in more detail.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d37", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "anthropogenic unconsolidated material", - "definition": "Unconsolidated material known to have artificial (human-related) origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d38", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "aphanite", - "definition": "Rock that is too fine grained to categorize in more detail.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d39", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "aplite", - "definition": "Light coloured crystalline rock, characterized by a fine grained allotriomorphic-granular (aplitic, saccharoidal or xenomorphic) texture; typically granitic composition, consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and sodic plagioclase.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "arenite", - "definition": "Clastic sandstone that contains less than 10 percent matrix. Matrix is mud-size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments, and alteration products) of detrital or diagenetic nature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ash and lapilli", - "definition": "Tephra in which less than 25 percent of fragments are greater than 64 mm in longest dimension", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ash breccia bomb or block tephra", - "definition": "Tephra in which more than 25 percent of particles are greater than 64 mm in largest dimension. Includes ash breccia, bomb tephra and block tephra of Gillespie and Styles (1999)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ash tuff lapillistone and lapilli tuff", - "definition": "Pyroclastic rock in which less than 25 percent of rock by volume are more than 64 mm in longest diameter. Includes tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapillistone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basalt", - "definition": "Fine-grained or porphyritic igneous rock with less than 20 percent quartz, and less than 10 percent feldspathoid minerals, in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater 0.65. Typically composed of calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene; phenocrysts typically include one or more of calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 or chemically in TAS field B as basalt. Basalt and andesite are distinguished chemically based on silica content, with basalt defined to contain less than 52 weight percent silica. If chemical data are not available, the color index is used to distinguish the categories, with basalt defined to contain greater than 35 percent mafic minerals by volume or greater than 40 percent mafic minerals by weight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d3f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basanite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9, and contains more than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1804bcbfb314ddee9d40", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basanitic foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is greater than 0.5, with greater than 10 percent normative olivine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d41", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basic igneous material", - "definition": "Igneous material with between 45 and 52 percent SiO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d42", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "basic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with between 45 and 52 percent SiO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d43", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "bauxite", - "definition": "Highly aluminous material containing abundant aluminium hydroxides (gibbsite, less commonly boehmite, diaspore) and aluminium-substituted iron oxides or hydroxides and generally minor or negligible kaolin minerals; may contain up to 20 percent quartz. commonly has a pisolitic or nodular texture, and may be cemented.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d44", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "biogenic sediment", - "definition": "Sediment composed of greater than 50 percent material of biogenic origin. Because the biogenic material may be skeletal remains that are not organic, all biogenic sediment is not necessarily organic-rich.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d45", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "biogenic silica sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by biological processes within the basin of deposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d46", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "bituminous coal", - "definition": "Coal that has vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than 0.6% and less than 2.0% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5), or has a gross calorific value greater than 24 MJ/kg (determined in conformance with ISO 1928). Hard, black, organic rich sedimentary rock; contains less than 91 percent fixed carbon on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis, and greater than 13-14 percent volatiles (dry, ash free). Formed from the compaction or induration of variously altered plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d47", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "boninite", - "definition": "andesitic rock that contains more than 8 percent MgO. Typically consists of phenocrysts of protoenstatite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and olivine in a glassy base full of crystallites, and exhibits textures characterisitc of rapid crystal growth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d48", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "boulder gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent boulder-size particles (greater than 256 mm in diameter)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d49", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "boundstone", - "definition": "Sedimentary carbonate rock with preserved biogenic texture, whose original components were bound and encrusted together during deposition by the action of plants and animals during deposition, and remained substantially in the position of growth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "breccia", - "definition": "Coarse-grained material composed of angular broken rock fragments; the fragments typically have sharp edges and unworn corners. The fragments may be held together by a mineral cement or in a fine-grained matrix, and consolidated or nonconsolidated. Clasts may be of any composition or origin. In sedimentary environments, breccia is used for material that consists entirely of angular fragments, mostly derived from a single source rock body, as in a rock avalanche deposit, and matrix is interpreted to be the product of comminution of clasts during transport. Diamictite or diamicton is used when the material reflects mixing of rock from a variety of sources, some sub angular or subrounded clasts may be present, and matrix is pre-existing fine grained material that is not a direct product of the brecciation/deposition process.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "breccia gouge series", - "definition": "Fault material with features such as void spaces (filled or unfilled), or unconsolidated matrix material between fragments, indicating loss of cohesion during deformation. Includes fault-related breccia and gouge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "calcareous carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes lime-sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "calcareous carbonate sedimentary material", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes lime-sediments, limestone and dolomitic limestone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1805bcbfb314ddee9d4e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "calcareous carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes limestone and dolomitic limestone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d4f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate mud", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment composed of less than 25 percent clasts that have a maximum diameter more than 2 mm, and the ratio of sand size to mud size clasts is less than one.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d50", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that consists of greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals of any origin in the mud size fraction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d51", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate ooze", - "definition": "ooze that consists of more than 50 percent carbonate skeletal remains", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d52", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate rich mud", - "definition": "Mud size sediment that contains between 10 and 50 percent carbonate minerals in any size fraction. Carbonate origin is not specified.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d53", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate rich mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains between 10 and 50 percent carbonate minerals in the mud size fraction. Carbonate origin is not specified.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d54", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite and dolomite, in particles of intrabasinal origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d55", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite and dolomite, in particles of intrabasinal origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d56", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite, magnesite or dolomite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d57", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonate wackestone", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with discernible mud supported depositional texture and containing greater than 10 percent allochems, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin. If particles are not intrabasinal, categorization as a mudstone or wackestone should be considered.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d58", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "carbonatite", - "definition": "Igneous rock composed of more than 50 percent modal carbonate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d59", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "cataclasite series", - "definition": "Fault-related rock that maintained primary cohesion during deformation, with matrix comprising greater than 10 percent of rock mass; matrix is fine-grained material formed through grain size reduction by fracture as opposed to crystal plastic process that operate in mylonitic rock. Includes cataclasite, protocataclasite and ultracataclasite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d5a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "chalk", - "definition": "A generally soft, white, very fine-grained, extremely pure, porous limestone. It forms under marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of skeletal elements from minute planktonic green algae (cocoliths), associated with varying proportions of larger microscopic fragments of bivalves, foraminifera and ostracods. It is common to find flint and chert nodules embedded in chalk.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d5b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "chemical sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material that consists of at least 50 percent material produced by inorganic chemical processes within the basin of deposition. Includes inorganic siliceous, carbonate, evaporite, iron-rich, and phosphatic sediment classes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1806bcbfb314ddee9d5c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "chlorite actinolite epidote metamorphic rock", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock characterized by 50 percent or more of combined chlorite, actinolite and epidote. Category for rocks generally named greenschist or greenstone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d60", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clastic sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d61", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clastic sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d62", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clastic sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the constituent particles were derived from erosion, weathering, or mass-wasting of pre-existing earth materials, and transported to the place of deposition by mechanical agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d63", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "clay", - "definition": "Mud that consists of greater than 50 percent particles with grain size less than 0.004 mm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d64", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "claystone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains no detectable silt, inferred to consist virtually entirely of clay-size particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d65", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "coal", - "definition": "A consolidated organic sedimentary material having less than 75% moisture. This category includes low, medium, and high rank coals according to International Classification of In-Seam Coal (United Nations, 1998), thus including lignite. Sapropelic coal is not distinguished in this category from humic coals. Formed from the compaction or induration of variously altered plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d66", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "cobble gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent cobble-size particles (64-256 mm in diameter)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d67", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "composite genesis material", - "definition": "Material of unspecified consolidation state formed by geological modification of pre-existing materials outside the realm of igneous and sedimentary processes. Includes rocks formed by impact metamorphism, standard dynamothermal metamorphism, brittle deformation, weathering, metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration (diagenesis is a sedimentary process in this context).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d68", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "composite genesis rock", - "definition": "Rock formed by geological modification of pre-existing rocks outside the realm of igneous and sedimentary processes. Includes rocks formed by impact metamorphism, standard dynamothermal metamorphism, brittle deformation, weathering, metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration (diagenesis is a sedimentary process in this context).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d69", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "compound material", - "definition": "An Earth Material composed of an aggregation of particles of Earth Material, possibly including other compound Materials. This is 'top' of lithology category hierarchy, and should be used to indicate 'any rock or unconsolidated material'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d5d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "conglomerate", - "definition": "Clastic sedimentary rock composed of at least 30 percent rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter; typically contains finer grained material in interstices between larger fragments. If more than 15 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wackestone. If rock has unsorted or poorly sorted texture with a wide range of particle sizes, may also be categorized as diamictite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "crystalline carbonate", - "definition": "Carbonate rock of indeterminate mineralogy in which diagenetic processes have obliterated any original depositional texture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dacite", - "definition": "Fine grained or porphyritic crystalline rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 20 and 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.65. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 4 and 5 or chemically in TAS Field O3. Typcially composed of quartz and sodic plagioclase with minor amounts of biotite and/or hornblende and/or pyroxene; fine-grained equivalent of granodiorite and tonalite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "diamictite", - "definition": "Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sedimentary rock with a wide range of particle sizes including a muddy matrix. Biogenic materials that have such texture are excluded. Distinguished from conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone based on polymodality and lack of structures related to transport and deposition of sediment by moving air or water. If more than 10 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wacke.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "diamicton", - "definition": "Unsorted or poorly sorted, clastic sediment with a wide range of particle sizes, including a muddy matrix. Biogenic materials that have such texture are excluded. Distinguished from conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone based on polymodality and lack of structures related to transport and deposition of sediment by moving air or water. Assignment to an other size class can be used in conjunction to indicate the dominant grain size.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "diorite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite; colour index M less than 90, sodic plagioclase (An0-An50), no feldspathoid, and between 0 and 5 percent quartz. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 10 as diorite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d6f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dioritic rock", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. A dioritoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio (in the QAPF fraction) greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 10, 10' and 10*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d70", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dioritoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, consisting of intermediate plagioclase, commonly with hornblende and often with biotite or augite. Plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater that 0.65, and anorthite content of plagioclase is less than 50 percent. Less than 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and less than 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 (and their subdivisions).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d71", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "doleritic rock", - "definition": "Dark colored gabbroic (basaltic) or dioritic (andesitic) rock intermediate in grain size between basalt and gabbro and composed of plagioclase, pyroxene and opaque minerals; often with ophitic texture. Typically occurs as hypabyssal intrusions. Includes dolerite, microdiorite, diabase and microgabbro.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d75", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomite", - "definition": "Pure carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d72", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomitic or magnesian sedimentary material", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation degree with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1. Includes dolomite sediment, dolostone, lime dolostone and magnesite-stone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d73", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomitic or magnesian sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1. Includes dolostone, lime dolostone and magnesite-stone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d74", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "dolomitic sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1808bcbfb314ddee9d76", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "duricrust", - "definition": "Rock forming a hard crust or layer at or near the Earth's surface at the time of formation, e.g. in the upper horizons of a soil, characterized by structures indicative of pedogenic origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d77", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "eclogite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock composed of 75 percent or more (by volume) omphacite and garnet, both of which are present as major constituents, the amount of neither of them being higher than 75 percent (by volume); the presence of plagioclase precludes classification as an eclogite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d78", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "evaporite", - "definition": "Nonclastic sedimentary rock composed of at least 50 percent non-carbonate salts, including chloride, sulfate or borate minerals; formed through precipitation of mineral salts from a saline solution (non-carbonate salt rock).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d79", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "exotic alkaline rock", - "definition": "Kimberlite, lamproite, or lamprophyre. Generally are potassic, mafic or ultramafic rocks. Olivine (commonly serpentinized in kimberlite), and phlogopite are significant constituents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "exotic composition igneous rock", - "definition": "Rock with 'exotic' mineralogical, textural or field setting characteristics; typically dark colored, with abundant phenocrysts. Criteria include: presence of greater than 10 percent melilite or leucite, or presence of kalsilite, or greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals. Includes Carbonatite, Melilitic rock, Kalsilitic rocks, Kimberlite, Lamproite, Leucitic rock and Lamprophyres.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "exotic evaporite", - "definition": "Evaporite that is not 50 percent halite or 50 percent gypsum or anhydrite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fault related material", - "definition": "Material formed as a result brittle faulting, composed of greater than 10 percent matrix; matrix is fine-grained material caused by tectonic grainsize reduction. Includes cohesive (cataclasite series) and non-cohesive (breccia-gouge series) material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fine grained igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock in which the framework of the rock consists of crystals that are too small to determine mineralogy with the unaided eye; framework may include up to 50 percent glass. A significant percentage of the rock by volume may be phenocrysts. Includes rocks that are generally called volcanic rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing alkali feldspar syenite", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d7f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing alkali feldspar trachyte", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar trachytic rock that contains no quartz and between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d80", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing anorthosite", - "definition": "Anorthositic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d81", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing diorite", - "definition": "Dioritic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d82", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing gabbro", - "definition": "Gabbroic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid minerals and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d83", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing latite", - "definition": "Latitic rock that contains no quartz and between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1809bcbfb314ddee9d84", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing monzodiorite", - "definition": "Monzodioritic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d85", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing monzogabbro", - "definition": "Monzogabbroic rock that contains 0 to 10 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 9'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d86", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing monzonite", - "definition": "Monzonitic rock that contains 0-10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d87", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing syenite", - "definition": "Syenitic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and no quartz in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d88", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid bearing trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytic rock that contains between 0 and 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction, and no quartz. QAPF field 7'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d89", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid diorite", - "definition": "Foid dioritoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid dioritoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock in which M is less than 90, the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.5, feldspathoid minerals form 10-60 percent of the QAPF fraction, plagioclase has anorthite content less than 50 percent. These rocks typically contain large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 13 and 14.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid gabbro", - "definition": "Foid gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 14.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid gabbroid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock in which M is less than 90, the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is greater than 0.5, feldspathoids form 10-60 percent of the QAPF fraction, and plagioclase has anorthite content greater than 50 percent. These rocks typically contain large amounts of mafic minerals. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 13 and 14.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid monzodiorite", - "definition": "Foid dioritoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is between 0.1 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 13.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid monzogabbro", - "definition": "Foid gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 13.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d8f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid monzosyenite", - "definition": "Foid syenitoid rock that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of between 0.1 and 0.5. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 12.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d90", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid syenite", - "definition": "Foid syenitoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio of less than 0.1. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 11.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d91", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foid syenitoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, contains between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.5. Includes QAPF fields 11 and 12.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d92", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains greater than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180abcbfb314ddee9d93", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foiditoid", - "definition": "Fine grained crystalline rock containing less than 90 percent mafic minerals and more than 60 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15 or chemically in TAS field F.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d94", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foidolite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock containing more than 60 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 15", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d95", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "foliated metamorphic rock", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock in which 10 percent or more of the contained mineral grains are elements in a planar or linear fabric. Cataclastic or glassy character precludes classification with this concept.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d96", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fragmental igneous material", - "definition": "igneous_material of unspecified consolidation state in which greater than 75 percent of the rock consists of fragments produced as a result of igneous rock-forming process.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d97", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "fragmental igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock in which greater than 75 percent of the rock consists of fragments produced as a result of igneous rock-forming process. Includes pyroclastic rocks, autobreccia associated with lava flows and intrusive breccias. Excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes (see Tuffite)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d98", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "framestone", - "definition": "Carbonate reef rock consisting of a rigid framework of colonies, shells or skeletons, with internal cavities filled with fine sediment; usually created through the activities of colonial organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d99", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gabbro", - "definition": "Gabbroic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 10 as gabbro.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gabbroic rock", - "definition": "Gabbroid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9 in the QAPF fraction. Includes QAPF fields 10*, 10, and 10'. This category includes the various categories defined in LeMaitre et al. (2002) based on the mafic mineralogy, but apparently not subdivided based on the quartz/feldspathoid content.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gabbroid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, and up to 20 percent quartz or up to 10 percent feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. The ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater than 0.65, and anorthite content of the plagioclase is greater than 50 percent. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 9 and 10 and their subdivisions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "generic conglomerate", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock composed of at least 30 percent rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter; typically contains finer grained material in interstices between larger fragments. If more than 15 percent of the fine grained matrix is of indeterminant clastic or diagenetic origin and the fabric is matrix supported, may also be categorized as wackestone. If rock has unsorted or poorly sorted texture with a wide range of particle sizes, may also be categorized as diamictite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "generic mudstone", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "generic sandstone", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which less than 30 percent of particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter (gravel) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9d9f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "glass rich igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock that contains greater than 50 percent massive glass.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180bbcbfb314ddee9da0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "glassy igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock that consists of greater than 80 percent massive glass.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "glaucophane lawsonite epidote metamorphic rock", - "definition": "A metamorphic rock of roughly basaltic composition, defined by the presence of glaucophane with lawsonite or epidote. Other minerals that may be present include jadeite, albite, chlorite, garnet, and muscovite (phengitic white mica). Typically fine-grained, dark colored. Category for rocks commonly referred to as blueschist.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gneiss", - "definition": "Foliated metamorphic rock with bands or lenticles rich in granular minerals alternating with bands or lenticles rich in minerals with a flaky or elongate prismatic habit. Mylonitic foliation or well developed, continuous schistosity (greater than 50 percent of the rock consists of grains participate in a planar or linear fabric) precludes classification with this concept.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "grainstone", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with recognizable depositional fabric that is grain-supported, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin; contains little or no mud matrix. Distinction from sandstone is based on interpretation of intrabasinal origin of clasts and grain-supported fabric, but grainstone definition does not include a grain size criteria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase (typically sodic) in variable amounts, usually with biotite and/or hornblende. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granitoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or plagioclase. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2, 3, 4 and 5 as alkali feldspar granite, granite, granodiorite or tonalite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granodiorite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline rock consisting essentially of quartz, sodic plagioclase and lesser amounts of alkali feldspar with minor hornblende and biotite. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 4.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granofels", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock with granoblastic fabric and very little or no foliation (less than 10 percent of the mineral grains in the rock are elements in a planar or linear fabric). Grainsize not specified.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "granulite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock of high metamorphic grade in which Fe-Mg silicate minerals are dominantly hydroxl-free; feldspar must be present, and muscovite is absent; rock contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, less than 75 percent calcite and/or dolomite, less than 75 percent quartz, less than 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), and less than 50 percent calc-silicate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9da9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gravel", - "definition": "Clastic sediment containing greater than 30 percent gravel-size particles (greater than 2.0 mm diameter). Gravel in which more than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9daa", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent gravel-size particles (greater than 2.0 mm diameter). Composition or gensis of clasts not specified.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e09", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "gypsum or anhydrite", - "definition": "Evaporite composed of at least 50 percent gypsum or anhydrite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f180cbcbfb314ddee9dab", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "high magnesium fine grained igneous rock", - "definition": "fine-grained igneous rock that contains unusually high concentration of MgO. For rocks that contain greater than 52 percent silica, MgO must be greater than 8 percent. For rocks containing less than 52 percent silica, MgO must be greater than 12 percent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9dac", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hornblendite", - "definition": "Ultramafic rock that consists of greater than 40 percent hornblende plus pyroxene and has a hornblende to pyroxene ratio greater than 1. Includes olivine hornblendite, olivine-pyroxene hornblendite, pyroxene hornblendite, and hornblendite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9dad", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hornfels", - "definition": "Granofels formed by contact metamorphism, composed of a mosaic of equidimensional grains in a characteristically granoblastic or decussate matrix; porphyroblasts or relict phenocrysts may be present. Typically fine grained.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9dae", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hybrid sediment", - "definition": "Sediment that does not fit any of the other sediment composition/genesis categories. Sediment consisting of three or more components which form more than 5 percent but less than 50 precent of the material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9daf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "hybrid sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that does not fit any of the other composition/genesis categories. Sedimentary rock consisting of three or more components which form more than 5 percent but less than 50 precent of the material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "igneous material", - "definition": "Earth material formed as a result of igneous processes, eg. intrusion and cooling of magma in the crust, volcanic eruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "igneous rock", - "definition": "rock formed as a result of igneous processes, for example intrusion and cooling of magma in the crust, or volcanic eruption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impact generated material", - "definition": "Material that contains features indicative of shock metamorphism, such as microscopic planar deformation features within grains or shatter cones, interpreted to be the result of extraterrestrial bolide impact. Includes breccias and melt rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure calcareous carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which between 50 and 90 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are composed of carbonate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9db7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure dolomite", - "definition": "Impure carbonate sedimentary rock with a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1814bcbfb314ddee9db6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure dolomitic sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which between 50 and 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and the ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9db8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "impure limestone", - "definition": "Impure carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9db9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "intermediate composition igneous material", - "definition": "Igneous material with between 52 and 63 percent SiO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dba", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "intermediate composition igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with between 52 and 63 percent SiO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "iron rich sediment", - "definition": "Sediment that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "iron rich sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material of unspecified consolidation state that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "iron rich sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent iron-bearing minerals (hematite, magnetite, limonite-group, siderite, iron-sulfides), as determined by hand-lens or petrographic analysis. Corresponds to a rock typically containing 15 percent iron by weight.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbe", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "kalsilitic and melilitic rocks", - "definition": "Igneous rock containing greater than 10 percent melilite or kalsilite. Typically undersaturated, ultrapotassic (kalsilitic rocks) or calcium-rich (melilitic rocks) mafic or ultramafic rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dbf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "komatiitic rock", - "definition": "Ultramafic, magnesium-rich volcanic rock, typically with spinifex texture of intergrown skeletal and bladed olivine and pyroxene crystals set in abundant glass. Includes komatiite and meimechite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "latite", - "definition": "Latitic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "latitic rock", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. QAPF fields 8, 8' and 8*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "lignite", - "definition": "Coal that has a gross calorific value less than 24 MJ/kg (determined in conformance with ISO 1928), and vitrinite mean random reflectance less than 0.6% (determined in conformance with ISO 7404-5). Gross calorific value is recalculated to a moist, ash free basis using bed moisture (determined according to ISO 1015 or ISO 5068). Includes all low-rank coals, including sub-bitiminous coal. A consolidated, dull, soft brown to black coal having many readily discernible plant fragments set in a finer grained organic matrix. Tends to crack and fall apart on drying. Operationally sub-bituminous and bitiminous coal are qualitatively distinguished based on brown streak for sub-bitiminous coal and black streak for bituminous coal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "limestone", - "definition": "Pure carbonate sedimentary rock with a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1. Includes limestone and dolomitic limestone.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1815bcbfb314ddee9dc4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "marble", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than 75 percent fine- to coarse-grained recrystallized calcite and/or dolomite; usually with a granoblastic, saccharoidal texture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "material formed in surficial environment", - "definition": "Material that is the product of weathering processes operating on pre-existing rocks or deposits, analogous to hydrothermal or metasomatic rocks, but formed at ambient Earth surface temperature and pressure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "metamorphic rock", - "definition": "Rock formed by solid-state mineralogical, chemical and/or structural changes to a pre-existing rock, in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress and chemical environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "metasomatic rock", - "definition": "Rock that has fabric and composition indicating open-system mineralogical and chemical changes in response to interaction with a fluid phase, typically water rich.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mica schist", - "definition": "A schist that consists of more than 50 percent mica minerals, typically muscovite or biotite. Special type included to distinguish this common variety of schist.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dc9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "migmatite", - "definition": "Silicate metamorphic rock that is pervasively heterogeneous on a decimeter to meter scale that typically consists of darker and lighter parts; the darker parts usually exhibit features of metamorphic rocks whereas the lighter parts are of igneous-looking appearance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dca", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzodiorite", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of sodic plagioclase (An0 to An50), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene, and 0 to 5 percent quartz. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzodioritic rock", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock consisting of sodic plagioclase (An0 to An50), alkali feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene, and 0 to 10 percent feldspathoid or 0 to 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Plagioclase to total feldspar ratio in the QAPF fraction is between 0.65 and 0.9. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9, 9' and 9* as monzodiorite, foid-beaing monzodiorite, and quartz monzodiorite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzogabbro", - "definition": "Monzogabbroic rock that contains between 0 an 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 9 .", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzogabbroic rock", - "definition": "Gabbroid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.65 and 0.9. QAPF field 9, 9 prime and 9 asterisk", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dce", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzogranite", - "definition": "Granite that has a plagiolcase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. QAPF field 3b.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dcf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzonite", - "definition": "Monzonitic rock that contains 0-5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dd0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "monzonitic rock", - "definition": "Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.35 and 0.65. Includes rocks in QAPF fields 8, 8*, and 8'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1816bcbfb314ddee9dd1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mud", - "definition": "Clastic sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud-size to sand-size particle ratio greater than 1. More than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mud size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud-size to sand-size particle ratio greater than 1. Clasts may be of any composition or origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d5e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mudstone", - "definition": "Clastic sedimentary rock consisting of less than 30 percent gravel-size (2 mm) particles and with a mud to sand ratio greater than 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "mylonitic rock", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock characterised by a foliation resulting from tectonic grain size reduction, in which more than 10 percent of the rock volume has undergone grain size reduction. Includes protomylonite, mylonite, ultramylonite, and blastomylonite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "natural unconsolidated material", - "definition": "Unconsolidated material known to have natural, ie. not human-made, origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "non clastic siliceous sediment", - "definition": "Sediment that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "non clastic siliceous sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "non clastic siliceous sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock that consists of at least 50 percent silicate mineral material, deposited directly by chemical or biological processes at the depositional surface, or in particles formed by chemical or biological processes within the basin of deposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ooze", - "definition": "Biogenic sediment consisting of less than 1 percent gravel-size (greater than or equal to 2 mm) particles, with a sand to mud ratio less than 1 to 9, and less than 50 percent carbonate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dd9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic bearing mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains a significant amount of organic carbon, typically kerogen. commonly finely laminated, brown or black in color.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dda", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic rich sediment", - "definition": "Sediment with color, composition, texture and apparent density indicating greater than 50 percent organic content by weight on a moisture-free basis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic rich sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material in which 50 percent or more of the primary sedimentary material is organic carbon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "organic rich sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock with color, composition, texture and apparent density indicating greater than 50 percent organic content by weight on a moisture-free basis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "orthogneiss", - "definition": "A gneiss with mineralogy and texture indicating derivation from a phaneritic igneous rock protolith. Typically consists of abundant feldspar, with quartz, and variable hornblende, biotite, and muscovite, with a relatively homogeneous character.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9dde", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "packstone", - "definition": "Carbonate sedimentary rock with discernible grain supported depositional texture, containing greater than 10 percent grains, and constituent particles are of intrabasinal origin; intergranular spaces are filled by matrix.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1817bcbfb314ddee9ddf", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "paragneiss", - "definition": "A gneiss with mineralogy and texture indicating derivation from a sedimentary rock protolith. Typically consists of abundant quartz, mica, or calcsilicate minerals; aluminosilicate minerals or garnet commonly present. composition of rock tends to be more variable on a decimetric scale that in orthogneiss.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "peat", - "definition": "Unconsolidated organic-rich sediment composed of at least 50 percent semi-carbonised plant remains; individual remains commonly seen with unaided eye; yellowish brown to brownish black; generally fibrous texture; can be plastic or friable. In its natural state it can be readily cut and has a very high moisture content, generally greater than 90 percent. Liptinite to Inertinite ratio is less than one (Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp.)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pebble gravel size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment containing greater than 30 percent pebble-size particles (2.0 -64 mm in diameter)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pegmatite", - "definition": "Exceptionally coarse grained crystalline rock with interlocking crystals; most grains are 1cm or more diameter; composition is generally that of granite, but the term may refer to the coarse grained facies of any type of igneous rock;usually found as irregular dikes, lenses, or veins associated with plutons or batholiths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "peridotite", - "definition": "Ultramafic rock consisting of more than 40 percent (by volume) olivine with pyroxene and/or amphibole and little or no feldspar. commonly altered to serpentinite. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as dunite, harzburgite, lherzolite, wehrlite, olivinite, pyroxene peridotite, pyroxene hornblende peridotite or hornblende peridotite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phaneritic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock in which the framework of the rock consists of individual crystals that can be discerned with the unaided eye. Bounding grain size is on the order of 32 to 100 microns. Igneous rocks with 'exotic' composition are excluded from this concept.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolite", - "definition": "Phonolitoid in which the plagioclase to total feldspar ratio is less than 0.1. Rock consists of alkali feldspar, feldspathoid minerals, and mafic minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitic basanite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9, and contains more than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitic foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is less than 0.5", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitic tephrite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.5 and 0.9, and contains less than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9de9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phonolitoid", - "definition": "Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.5. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 11 and 12, and TAS field Ph.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9dea", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phosphate rich sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9deb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phosphate rich sedimentary material", - "definition": "Sedimentary material in which at least 50 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1818bcbfb314ddee9dec", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phosphorite", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which at least 50 percent of the primary or recrystallized constituents are phosphate minerals. Most commonly occurs as a bedded primary or reworked secondary marine rock, composed of microcrystalline carbonate fluorapatite in the form of lamina, pellets, oolites and nodules, and skeletal, shell and bone fragments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9ded", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phyllite", - "definition": "Rock with a well developed, continuous schistosity, an average grain size between 0.1 and 0.5 millimeters, and a silvery sheen on cleavage surfaces. Individual phyllosilicate grains are barely visible with the unaided eye.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9dee", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "phyllonite", - "definition": "Mylonitic rock composed largely of fine-grained mica that imparts a sheen to foliation surfaces; may have flaser lamination, isoclinal folding, and deformed veins, which indicate significant shearing. Macroscopically resembles phyllite, but formed by mechanical degradation of initially coarser rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9def", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "porphyry", - "definition": "Igneous rock that contains conspicuous phenocrysts in a finer grained groundmass; groundmass itself may be phaneritic or fine-grained.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df0", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure calcareous carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a calcite (plus aragonite) to dolomite ratio greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df1", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure carbonate mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that consists of greater than 90 percent carbonate minerals of intrabasinal orign in the mud fraction, and contains less than 10 percent allochems. The original depositional texture is preserved and fabric is matrix supported. Carbonate mudstone of Dunham (1962)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df2", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure carbonate sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df3", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure carbonate sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Sedimentary rock in which greater than 90 percent of the primary and/or recrystallized constituents are carbonate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df4", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pure dolomitic sediment", - "definition": "Carbonate sediment in which greater than 90 percent of the constituents are composed of one (or more) of the carbonate minerals in particles of intrabasinal origin, and a ratio of magnesium carbonate to calcite (plus aragonite) greater than 1 to 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df5", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pyroclastic material", - "definition": "Fragmental igneous material that consists of more than 75 percent of particles formed by disruption as a direct result of volcanic action.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df6", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pyroclastic rock", - "definition": "Fragmental igneous rock that consists of greater than 75 percent fragments produced as a direct result of eruption or extrusion of magma from within the earth onto its surface. Includes autobreccia associated with lava flows and excludes deposits reworked by epiclastic processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1819bcbfb314ddee9df7", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "pyroxenite", - "definition": "Ultramafic phaneritic igneous rock composed almost entirely of one or more pyroxenes and occasionally biotite, hornblende and olivine. Includes rocks defined modally in the ultramafic rock classification as olivine pyroxenite, olivine-hornblende pyroxenite, pyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite and websterite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181abcbfb314ddee9df8", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz alkali feldspar syenite", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar syenitic rock that contains 5 to 20 percent quartz and no feldspathoid in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181abcbfb314ddee9df9", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz alkali feldspar trachyte", - "definition": "Alkali feldspar trachytic rock that contains and between 5 and 20 percent quartz mineral in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 6*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181abcbfb314ddee9dfa", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz anorthosite", - "definition": "Anorthositic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfb", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz diorite", - "definition": "Dioritic rock that contains between 5 to 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfc", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz gabbro", - "definition": "Gabbroic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 10*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfd", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz latite", - "definition": "Latitic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 8*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dfe", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz monzodiorite", - "definition": "Monzodioritic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181bbcbfb314ddee9dff", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz monzogabbro", - "definition": "Monzogabbroic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 9*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e00", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz monzonite", - "definition": "Monzonitic rock that contains 5-20 percent quartz iin the QAPF fraction. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF Field 8*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e01", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz rich igneous rock", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock that contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals and contains greater than 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e02", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz syenite", - "definition": "Syenitic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e03", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartz trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytic rock that contains between 5 and 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction. QAPF field 7*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e04", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "quartzite", - "definition": "Metamorphic rock consisting of greater than or equal to 75 percent quartz; typically granoblastic texture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e05", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "residual material", - "definition": "Material of composite origin resulting from weathering processes at the Earth's surface, with genesis dominated by removal of chemical constituents by aqueous leaching. Miinor clastic, chemical, or organic input may also contribute. Consolidation state is not inherent in definition, but typically material is unconsolidated or weakly consolidated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181cbcbfb314ddee9e06", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rhyolite", - "definition": "rhyolitoid in which the ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is between 0.1 and 0.65.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e07", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rhyolitoid", - "definition": "fine_grained_igneous_rock consisting of quartz and alkali feldspar, with minor plagioclase and biotite, in a microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or glassy groundmass. Flow texture is common. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 2 and 3 or chemically in TAS Field R as rhyolite. QAPF normative definition is based on modal mineralogy thus: less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 20 and 60 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and ratio of plagioclse to total feldspar is less than 0.65.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e08", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rock", - "definition": "Consolidated aggregate of one or more EarthMaterials, or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter, or of solid organic material. Includes mineral aggregates such as granite, shale, marble; glassy matter such as obsidian; and organic material such a coal. Excludes unconsolidated materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "rock salt", - "definition": "Evaporite composed of at least 50 percent halite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sand", - "definition": "Clastic sediment in which less than 30 percent of particles are gravel (greater than 2 mm in diameter) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1. More than half of the particles are of epiclastic origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sand size sediment", - "definition": "Sediment in which less than 30 percent of particles are gravel (greater than 2 mm in diameter) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1. composition or genesis of clasts not specified.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1807bcbfb314ddee9d5f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sandstone", - "definition": "Clastic sedimentary rock in which less than 30 percent of particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter (gravel) and the sand to mud ratio is at least 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sapropel", - "definition": "Jelly like organic rich sediment composed of plant remains, usually algal. Liptinite to Inertinite ratio is greater than one (Economic commission for Europe, committee on Sustainable Energy- United Nations (ECE-UN), 1998, International Classification of in-Seam Coals: Energy 19, 41 pp.)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "schist", - "definition": "Foliated phaneritic metamorphic rock with well developed, continuous schistosity, meaning that greater than 50 percent of the rock by volume is mineral grains with a thin tabular, lamellar, or acicular prismatic crystallographic habit that are oriented in a continuous planar or linear fabric.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e0f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sediment", - "definition": "Unconsolidated material consisting of an aggregation of particles transported or deposited by air, water or ice, or that accumulated by other natural agents, such as chemical precipitation, and that forms in layers on the Earth's surface. Includes epiclastic deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e10", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sedimentary material", - "definition": "Material formed by accumulation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or material that accumulated by other natural agents such as chemical precipitation from solution or secretion by organisms. Includes both sediment and sedimentary rock. Includes epiclastic deposits. All stated composition criteria are based on the mineral/ compound material (GeoSciML term)/particulate fraction of the material, irrespective of porosity or the pore-fluid. No distinctions are made based on porosity or pore fluid composition (except organic rich sediment in which liquid hydrocarbon content may be considered).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e11", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "sedimentary rock", - "definition": "Rock formed by accumulation and cementation of solid fragmental material deposited by air, water or ice, or as a result of other natural agents, such as precipitation from solution, the accumulation of organic material, or from biogenic processes, including secretion by organisms. Includes epiclastic deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e12", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "serpentinite", - "definition": "Rock consisting of more than 75 percent serpentine-group minerals, eg. antigorite, chrysotile or lizardite; accessory chlorite, talc and magnetite may be present; derived from hydration of ferromagnesian silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e13", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "shale", - "definition": "Laminated mudstone that will part or break along thin, closely spaced layers parallel to stratification.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181dbcbfb314ddee9e14", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "silicate mud", - "definition": "Mud size sediment that consists of less than 50 percent carbonate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e15", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "silicate mudstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains less than 10 percent carbonate minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e16", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "siliceous ooze", - "definition": "ooze that consists of more than 50 percent siliceous skeletal remains", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e17", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "silt", - "definition": "Mud that consists of greater than 50 percent silt-size grains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e18", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "siltstone", - "definition": "Mudstone that contains detectable silt. (see comments)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e19", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "skarn", - "definition": "Metasomatic rock consisting mainly of Ca-, Mg-, Fe-, or Mn-silicate minerals, which are free from or poor in water. Typically formed at the contact between a silicate rock or magma and a carbonate rock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "slate", - "definition": "compact, fine grained rock with an average grain size less than 0.032 millimeter and a well developed schistosity (slaty cleavage), and hence can be split into slabs or thin plates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "spilite", - "definition": "Altered basic to intermediate composition fine-grained igneous rock in which the feldspar is partially or completely composed of of albite, typically accompanied by chlorite, calcite, quartz, epidote, prehnite, and low-tempaerature hydrous crystallization products. Preservation of eruptive volcanic features is typical.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenite", - "definition": "Syenitic rock that contains between 0 and 5 percent quartz and no feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction. Defined modally in QAPF Field 7.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenitic rock", - "definition": "Syenitoid with a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35. Includes rocks in QAPF fields 7, 7*, and 7'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenitoid", - "definition": "Phaneritic crystalline igneous rock with M less than 90, consisting mainly of alkali feldspar and plagioclase; minor quartz or nepheline may be present, along with pyroxene, amphibole or biotite. Ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is less than 0.65, quartz forms less than 20 percent of QAPF fraction, and feldspathoid minerals form less than 10 percent of QAPF fraction. Includes rocks classified in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 and their subdivisions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e1f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "syenogranite", - "definition": "Granite that has a plagiolcase to total feldspar ratio between 0.10 and 0.35. QAPF field 3a.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181ebcbfb314ddee9e20", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephra", - "definition": "Unconsolidated pyroclastic material in which greater than 75 percent of the fragments are deposited as a direct result of volcanic processes and the deposit has not been reworked by epiclastic processes. Includes ash, lapilli tephra, bomb tephra, block tephra and unconsolidated agglomerate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e21", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephrite", - "definition": "Tephritoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.9, and contains less than 10 percent normative (CIPW) olivine.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e22", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephritic foidite", - "definition": "Foiditoid that contains less than 90 percent feldspathoid minerals in the QAPF fraction, and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio that is greater than 0.5, with less than 10 percent normative olivine", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e23", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephritic phonolite", - "definition": "Phonolitoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.5. Broadly corresponds to TAS tephriphonolite of TAS field U3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e24", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tephritoid", - "definition": "Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, between 10 and 60 percent feldspathoid mineral in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio greater than 0.5. Includes rocks classified in QAPF field 13 and 14 or chemically in TAS field U1 as basanite or tephrite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e25", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tholeiitic basalt", - "definition": "Tholeiitic basalt is defined here to contain 2 pyroxene phases and interstitial quartz or tridymite or cristobalite in the groundmass. Pyroxene (augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite) and calcium-rich plagioclase are common phenocryst minerals. Olivine may also be a phenocryst, and when present, may have rims of pigeonite. Only in tholeiitic basalt is olivine in reaction relationship with melt. Interstitial siliceous residue may be present, and is often glassy. Tholeiitic basalt is relatively poor in sodium. This category includes most basalts of the ocean floor, most large oceanic islands, and continental flood basalts such as the Columbia River Plateau.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e26", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tonalite", - "definition": "Granitoid consisting of quartz and intermediate plagioclase, usually with biotite and amphibole. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF field 5; ratio of plagioclase to total feldspar is greater than 0.9.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e27", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "trachyte", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35, between 0 and 5 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction, and no feldspathoid minerals. QAPF field 7.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e28", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "trachytic rock", - "definition": "Trachytoid that has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio between 0.1 and 0.35. QAPF fields 7, 7', and 7*.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e29", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "trachytoid", - "definition": "Fine grained igneous rock than contains less than 90 percent mafic minerals, less than 10 percent feldspathoid mineral and less than 20 percent quartz in the QAPF fraction and has a plagioclase to total feldspar ratio less than 0.65. Mafic minerals typically include amphibole or mica; typically porphyritic. Includes rocks defined modally in QAPF fields 6, 7 and 8 (with subdivisions) or chemically in TAS Field T as trachyte or latite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2a", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "travertine", - "definition": "Biotically or abiotically precipitated calcium carbonate, from spring-fed, heated, or ambient-temperature water. May be white and spongy, various shades of orange, tan or gray, and ranges to dense, banded or laminated rock. Macrophytes, bryophytes, algae, cyanobacteria and other organisms often colonize the surface of travertine and may be preserved, to produce the porous varieties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2b", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tuff breccia agglomerate or pyroclastic breccia", - "definition": "Pyroclastic rock in which greater than 25 percent of particles are greater than 64 mm in largest dimension. Includes agglomerate, pyroclastic breccia of Gillespie and Styles (1999)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2c", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "tuffite", - "definition": "Rock consists of more than 50 percent particles of indeterminate pyroclastic or epiclastic origin and less than 75 percent particles of clearly pyroclastic origin. commonly the rock is laminated or exhibits size grading. (based on LeMaitre et al. 2002; Murawski and Meyer 1998).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2d", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ultrabasic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock with less than 45 percent SiO2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f181fbcbfb314ddee9e2e", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "ultramafic igneous rock", - "definition": "Igneous rock that consists of greater than 90 percent mafic minerals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e2f", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "unconsolidated material", - "definition": "compoundMaterial composed of an aggregation of particles that do not adhere to each other strongly enough that the aggregate can be considered a solid in its own right.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "634f1820bcbfb314ddee9e30", - "parentId": "634f1802bcbfb314ddee9d27", - "label": "wacke", - "definition": "Clastic sandstone with more than 10 percent matrix of indeterminate detrital or diagenetic nature. Matrix is mud size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments, and alteration products).", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/json/usgs-thesaurus.json b/resources/json/usgs-thesaurus.json deleted file mode 100644 index 80bcb42..0000000 --- a/resources/json/usgs-thesaurus.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6370 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "734", - "label": "methods", - "definition": "Techniques, methods, procedures, or strategies for research, management, collection, or analysis of scientific information in USGS.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "189", - "label": "computational methods", - "definition": "Mathematical techniques used to analyze numerical data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "574", - "label": "image analysis", - "definition": "Pattern analysis of the shapes and textures of images to identify features and derive information about them.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2265", - "label": "structure from motion", - "definition": "Mathematical analysis, using photogrammetric principles, of multiple images that depict the same subject from different angles to derive geometrical information and relationships in three-dimensional space that are not inherent in any single image. Often used for deriving land elevation or large scale orthoimagery from a collection of aerial photographs.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "978", - "label": "relative abundance analysis", - "definition": "Determination of the percentage of individuals of one group in comparison to the total of all individuals in a given area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1085", - "label": "spatial analysis", - "definition": "Use of quantitative tools to study social, economic, and geographic data in relation to distributions and patterns in geographic space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "472", - "label": "geospatial analysis", - "definition": "Detailed study of information such as measurements, counts, and computations as a function of geographical location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2092", - "label": "contouring", - "definition": "Derivation of contours, or other lines of constant value, that visually summarize the spatial variation of some characteristic over an area, for example elevation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1101", - "label": "statistical analysis", - "definition": "Branch of mathematics concerned with techniques to collect and interpret data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "616", - "label": "kriging", - "definition": "Statistical analysis technique which uses interpolation to best predict unknown data values from data observed at known locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "766", - "label": "multivariate statistical analysis", - "definition": "Statistical study using a number of independent variables or measurements of the same attribute.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "974", - "label": "regression analysis", - "definition": "Statistical analysis based on the functional relationships of two or more related variables. Predicts the value of one variable when the other two are given.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1171", - "label": "time series analysis", - "definition": "Statistical analysis using frequency distribution in which time is an independent variable. A sequence of observations collected at regular time intervals is studied.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1177", - "label": "topological analysis", - "definition": "Branch of geometry concerned with the properties of objects that do not change even when deformed, twisted, stretched or otherwise changed in shape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1284", - "label": "visualization methods", - "definition": "The application of two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphical techniques for the analysis and interpretation of complex numerical data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2275", - "label": "acid-base accounting", - "definition": "An analytical procedure that provides values to help assess the acid-producing and acid-neutralizing potential of overburden rocks prior to coal mining and other large-scale excavations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "376", - "label": "field methods", - "definition": "Research procedures and instrumental means to measure, collect data and samples, and observe in the natural areas where the materials, phenomena, structures, or species being studied occur.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "374", - "label": "field experiments", - "definition": "Deliberate arrangement of objects and events in the field to observe the behavioral response of natural systems or organisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1376", - "label": "tracer study", - "definition": "Experiments in which stable, easily detected substances or radioisotopes are added to a material to follow the movement of the substance in the environment or to detect any physical or chemical changes with time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "375", - "label": "field inventory and monitoring", - "definition": "Repeated observation or sampling at a site, on a scheduled or event basis, for study and analysis. In general, this category excludes sampling programs in which materials are obtained in the field and brought back to a laboratory for study and analysis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "125", - "label": "borehole logging", - "definition": "Method of recording the physical characteristics of the subsurface as a function of depth by observations during drilling of a well or borehole, studying the resulting core, or by lowering instruments into a drilled hole.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "126", - "label": "borehole temperature logging", - "definition": "Method of recording the measured temperature of the subsurface as a function of depth by lowering instruments into the hole.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "325", - "label": "electrical resistivity logging", - "definition": "Recordings made to identify the composition of subterranean materials at different depths in a borehole by measuring their ability to resist the flow of an electric current.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "424", - "label": "gamma-ray logging", - "definition": "Recording of the measurements of natural gamma radiation emitted from the rocks in a borehole to study the subsurface structures.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "222", - "label": "CTD measurement", - "definition": "Instrumental determination of conductivity, temperature, and pressure as a function of depth to determine the salinity of seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "317", - "label": "ecosystem monitoring", - "definition": "Recording, evaluating, and actively intervening over time in the interaction of living and nonliving elements in a specific environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "672", - "label": "long-term ecological monitoring", - "definition": "Data collection over a period of years or decades to assess changes in selected biological communities and habitats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2299", - "label": "biomarkers", - "definition": "Biochemical, physiological, morphological, or histopathological characteristics of organisms that signify exposure to contaminants. Also used for biogeochemical measurements of rocks to detect biological origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2300", - "label": "habitat suitability indices", - "definition": "Numerical values calculated for a given area representing the capacity of a habitat to support a given species, as the ratio of observed habitat conditions to optimum conditions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "326", - "label": "electromagnetic surveying", - "definition": "Method of determining the shape and constituency of near-surface earth structures by variations of responses of the materials to electrical and magnetic fields. Use for ground-based methods of imaging.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2084", - "label": "ground penetrating radar", - "definition": "Electromagnetic imaging instrument using radar to investigate shallow subsurface structure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2085", - "label": "magnetotelluric surveying", - "definition": "Passive geophysical technique that uses the earth's natural electromagnetic field to investigate the spatial variation of electrical resistivity in the subsurface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2086", - "label": "continuous resistivity profiling", - "definition": "Ship-based method of analyzing apparent resistivity of the sub-bottom (for example, spatial variation in pore-water salinity) by measuring the induced electromagnetic response to a current generated by the instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2087", - "label": "electrical resistivity imaging", - "definition": "Land-based resistivity survey where current is applied to the ground using an array of electrodes and apparent resistivity of the subsurface is measured, giving estimates of the spatial variability of resistivity (for example, variations in pore water salinity).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "527", - "label": "handheld field spectroscopy", - "definition": "Use of portable equipment to measure spectral reflectance of materials in the field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1042", - "label": "seismic methods", - "definition": "Procedures used to record and study earthquakes or earth vibrations including those that are artificially induced.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1043", - "label": "seismic networking", - "definition": "Deploying, operating, and maintaining groups and arrays of instruments for detecting and describing local movements of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1045", - "label": "seismic reflection methods", - "definition": "Geophysical technique to study the subsurface of the earth using sound waves induced by explosives, vibrating devices, or percussive equipment. The reflections of the sound waves from the boundaries of different rocks are measured.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2054", - "label": "sub-bottom profiling", - "definition": "Methods of imaging the structure of sediments below the sea floor or lakebed using ship-borne or towed sensors with a variety of sound sources.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1047", - "label": "seismic refraction methods", - "definition": "Geophysical technique to study the subsurface of the earth by generating compressional waves by means of hammering or explosive methods. The variations in velocity of the waves traveling through rocks or geological layers are measured.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1083", - "label": "sonar methods", - "definition": "SOund Navigation And Ranging techniques to detect submerged objects and to determine depths to the bottom of a water body using reflections of sound waves.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2035", - "label": "single-beam echo sounder", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for determining seafloor or lakebed depth directly below the instrument platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2036", - "label": "multibeam sonar", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for determining depths or creating backscatter imagery in a wide swath of seafloor or lakebed centered below the instrument platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2037", - "label": "interferometric sonar", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for determining depths or creating backscatter imagery in a wide swath of seafloor or lakebed centered below the instrument platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2038", - "label": "sidescan sonar", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for creating oblique backscatter imagery of the seafloor or lakebed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1116", - "label": "stream-gage measurement", - "definition": "Use of specialized instruments designed for observing, checking, and recording the water discharge that occurs in a natural channel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1148", - "label": "telemetry", - "definition": "Field technique using instruments which measure heat, radiation, speed, or other property and transmit the data to a distant receiver.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1169", - "label": "tiltmeter measurement", - "definition": "Determination of tiny changes in the slope angle or tilt of the ground in order to monitor deformation caused by moving magma. Instruments detect variations in a liquid level or in the position of a pendulum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1273", - "label": "video monitoring", - "definition": "Field study employing the use of filming or repeated photography with stationary optical or digital cameras to observe changes in a feature or organism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1285", - "label": "vocalization methods", - "definition": "Series of methods used to (a) record sonograms (sound spectrogram) of animal sounds which are analyzed to identify the presence of species in an area and to determine distinct sound patterns within a species, e.g., mating calls, danger alerts; (b) attract species to an area for inventory or monitoring by playing recorded animal sounds or mimicking them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1353", - "label": "animal and plant census", - "definition": "Inventory of macroscopic animals and plants by observation in the field. Used to estimate population and distribution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1668", - "label": "gravimeter measurement", - "definition": "Use of a specialized instrument for measuring the earth's gravity at a given location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1669", - "label": "magnetometer measurement", - "definition": "Use of specialized instruments designed to measure the earth's magnetic field at a given location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1672", - "label": "optical methods", - "definition": "Measurement of light transmission or reflectance in the field to estimate, for example, the density of suspended sediment in water bodies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1716", - "label": "tomography", - "definition": "Observation of the internal structure of an object or, as is more typical in USGS research, a cross section of the earth's crust by changing the relative orientation of a signal generator, a sensor, or both.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1726", - "label": "acoustic doppler current profiling", - "definition": "Field monitoring of water currents using the doppler effect with acoustic instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2024", - "label": "statistical surveying", - "definition": "Information gathering by asking questions of selected people or organizations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "379", - "label": "field sampling", - "definition": "Collecting pieces or specimens or making measurements or observations at determined intervals or areas. Results may be used as representative of the whole research area or population.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "44", - "label": "animal tracking", - "definition": "Method of studying wildlife by following physical materials (spoor, footprints, droppings, scent) or remote monitoring of individuals or populations in an area to document the presence and movements of the animals and their interactions within the landscape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "140", - "label": "capturing (animals)", - "definition": "Collecting individual animals in the field by various methods in order to obtain information about the species or population and its ecology. Capturing methods are adapted to the habits and habitats of the target species and include both live trapping and kill trapping methods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "281", - "label": "drilling and coring", - "definition": "Cutting into the subsurface, for example into underground strata, ice, or a tree trunk, to remove material for examination. Intended for broad use wherever coring is done. The combination of this term with other terms will convey the context of the activity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2060", - "label": "box coring", - "definition": "Use of a rectangular box pushed into soft sediment with a spade to facilitate lifting the sampled material, to isolate and extract relatively undisturbed underwater sediment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2061", - "label": "gravity coring", - "definition": "Use of a simple tube pushed into underwater sediments by an overhanging weight, to extract relatively undisturbed material for study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2062", - "label": "piston coring", - "definition": "Use of a piston mechanism and a weight with a triggering mechanism to drive a coring tube deep into underwater sediments for extraction and study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2063", - "label": "augering", - "definition": "Use of a device with rotating blades and possibly helical flanges to dig holes in unconsolidated material for subsurface sampling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2064", - "label": "push coring", - "definition": "Use of a small, hand-held tube pressed into unconsolidated material for sampling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2065", - "label": "rotary drilling", - "definition": "Use of machinery to drive a rotating bit through earth materials in order to sample below the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2066", - "label": "vibracoring", - "definition": "Application of vibration to a coring device in order to achieve greater penetration for sampling unconsolidated material.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "906", - "label": "plant and animal tagging", - "definition": "Methods of attaching a tag or marker to an organism as long-term identification for study purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "911", - "label": "plot sampling", - "definition": "Outlining small areas of land within a larger area to use as samples to study biological populations or ecosystems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1054", - "label": "sexing (plants & animals)", - "definition": "Determination of the sex of an individual organism for study purposes, such as wildlife surveys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1091", - "label": "specimen collecting", - "definition": "Taking of samples from the environment for study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1186", - "label": "transect sampling", - "definition": "Systematic method of collecting field data by recording observations or collecting specimens along a vector or measured course across the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1189", - "label": "trenching", - "definition": "Field method used by earth scientists to study the underground structure of an area. A long narrow ditch is dug to locate geologic features, such as a fault.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1309", - "label": "water sampling", - "definition": "Methods of collecting a representative part of a body of water for testing in controlled conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2032", - "label": "dredge sampling", - "definition": "Collection of material from the bottom of a body of water by dragging an open container along the floor of the water body and returning the collected material to the investigators.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2067", - "label": "grab sampling", - "definition": "Use of a mechanical device to seize a volume of unconsolidated surficial material for study. This term applies when the device used is specifically crafted for grab sampling.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "450", - "label": "geolocation measurement", - "definition": "Methods for establishing a geographic location on the surface of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "36", - "label": "altimetry measurement", - "definition": "The measurement of altitude, or height above mean sea level, using instruments such as aneroid barometers and radar altimeters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82", - "label": "bathymetry measurement", - "definition": "Means of determining the depth to the floor of a body of water, especially the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "492", - "label": "GPS measurement", - "definition": "Determination of distance and location using instruments receiving signals from the Global Positioning System, a system of satellites for identifying earth locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "627", - "label": "land surveying", - "definition": "Determining property boundaries, land area, elevations, and locations of features on the surface of the land by calculations based on the instrumental measurements of angles and distances or by use of global positional satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2083", - "label": "LORAN-C navigation", - "definition": "Hyperbolic radio navigation system used for near-shore waters.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1351", - "label": "real-time monitoring and reporting", - "definition": "Gathering information through periodic or continuous measurement in the field to provide a view of current conditions. In some instances, observations may not be subject to rigorous review before release; this will be noted in the documentation accompanying the data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "619", - "label": "laboratory methods", - "definition": "Techniques to analyze and test samples in a place equipped and designed for the work.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "153", - "label": "chemical analysis", - "definition": "Chemical techniques used to identify the composition of substances.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "69", - "label": "atomic absorption analysis", - "definition": "Technique used to identify chemicals based on the measurement of the spectra produced by atoms and molecules with absorption of electromagnetic radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "158", - "label": "chromatography", - "definition": "Analytical techniques used to separate or partition the components of a gaseous or liquid mixture by differences in absorption rates during flow around or over surface absorbents such as columns of silica, filter papers, or gels.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "426", - "label": "gas chromatography", - "definition": "Chromatographic technique used to separate or partition the components of a mixture. Solid and liquid samples are vaporized and passed through a column containing a liquid that differentially absorbs the molecules.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "662", - "label": "liquid chromatography", - "definition": "Chromatographic technique to separate or partition the components of a mixture in which samples are liquid and passed through a column.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "276", - "label": "DNA sequencing", - "definition": "Biochemical procedure to determine the order of nucleotides in genes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "328", - "label": "electrophoresis", - "definition": "Analytical technique to separate and identify components in a mixture using the differential migration of molecules based on their net charge through a paper or gel medium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "400", - "label": "flow cytometry", - "definition": "Laboratory technique to determine the amount of DNA in cells tagged by fluorescent dye by measuring the intensity of fluorescence under a laser beam.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "711", - "label": "mass spectroscopy", - "definition": "Instrumental technique to separate and identify molecules. Gaseous ions are formed, with or without fragmentation. Their mass/charge ratios and relative electrical abundance are then measured or the spectra are recorded.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "783", - "label": "neutron activation analysis", - "definition": "Sensitive laboratory technique for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in samples. Target nuclei are bombarded with neutron beams to start nuclear reactions which emit characteristic gamma ray radiations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "872", - "label": "particle-beam spectroscopy", - "definition": "Analytical technique using a concentrated beam of charged subatomic particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "919", - "label": "polymerase chain reaction", - "definition": "Biochemical technique that uses enzymes to replicate new nucleotides of DNA from DNA triphosphates using DNA as a template.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1337", - "label": "x-ray diffraction", - "definition": "Study of crystals which uses short wave electromagnetic radiations (x-rays). The xrays, scattered by the crystal atoms, show a characteristic interference pattern that is dependent upon the structure of the crystal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1342", - "label": "atomic emission spectroscopy", - "definition": "Chemical detection of element concentration by examining the intensity and wavelength of light emitted from the sample when gaseous sample is ionized and maintained in a plasma state.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2001", - "label": "x-ray fluorescence", - "definition": "Estimation of chemical element concentration by measuring the energy level of secondary X-rays generated when the sample is bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "212", - "label": "core analysis", - "definition": "Study of the composition and layers of cylindrical samples of rocks, trees, ice, and other materials extracted by drilling into a mass. Intended for broad use for the analysis of all types of core samples. The combination of this term with other terms will convey the context of the activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "224", - "label": "culturing (specimens)", - "definition": "Growing microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a specially prepared nutrient medium for diagnostic or scientific use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "370", - "label": "faunal and floral census (microscopic)", - "definition": "Records of counts of the different microscopic species in a core, soil, sediment, rock or water sample to determine geologic age or other characteristic of the sample. Use for microscopic examinations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "493", - "label": "grain-size analysis", - "definition": "Method of studying soils, sediments, sands, or rock by determining the size, distribution, and proportion of selected particles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1062", - "label": "sieve-size analysis", - "definition": "Analytic technique determining the distribution of the different sizes of particles in soil, sediment, or rock samples by measuring the percentage that will pass through mesh holes of known size.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "609", - "label": "isotopic analysis", - "definition": "Experimental determination of the proportion of a given isotope (or isotopes) in a sample.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "654", - "label": "light stable isotope analysis", - "definition": "Analytical technique using mass spectrometry to measure the different isotopic forms of low mass (light) elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur that occur in samples.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "86", - "label": "beryllium isotope analysis", - "definition": "Method of age determination based on measurement of the activity of beryllium-10, used in dating deep-sea sediments, and in determining sedimentation rates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "142", - "label": "carbon isotope analysis", - "definition": "Experimental determination of the proportion of a given stable carbon isotope (C12 or C13) in a sample.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "855", - "label": "oxygen isotope analysis", - "definition": "Experimental determination of the proportion of a given stable oxygen isotope in a sample.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1191", - "label": "tritium analysis", - "definition": "Mass spectrometric measurement of the decay of the radioactive isotope of hydrogen in water samples as a means of dating and investigating changes in water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "954", - "label": "radiometric dating", - "definition": "Methods for age determination of rocks and fossils by measuring the proportions of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes to their decay products.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "143", - "label": "carbon-14 analysis", - "definition": "Method to determine the age of organic geologic and archaeological specimens, aged approximately 3,000 to 50,000 years, by determining the decay of the radioactive isotope carbon-14.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1007", - "label": "rubidium-strontium analysis", - "definition": "Technique for dating ancient rocks based on measuring the ratio of the isotopes strontium-87 to ribidium-87 in samples. Uses the known half-life of radioactive isotopes of rubidium-87 that decay to isotopes of strontium-87 to determine rock ages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1202", - "label": "uranium-lead analysis", - "definition": "Radiometric dating technique to determine the age of earth materials from the ratio of the radioactive isotopes of uranium-235 or uranium-238 to the lead isotope decay products in the sample. The ratio is compared to the known half-life of the uranium isotopes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1203", - "label": "uranium-thorium analysis", - "definition": "Radiometric dating technique used to determine the age of earth materials based on determining the ratio of uranium-238 to the decay product thorium-230. The ratio is compared to the known half-life of the uranium isotope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1374", - "label": "potassium-argon analysis", - "definition": "Radiometric age determination by comparison of the concentrations of radioactive potassium and argon daughter products.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "721", - "label": "meristics", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with classifying animals by counting and measuring body parts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "740", - "label": "microscopy", - "definition": "Laboratory methods using instruments that employ optical lenses or radiation to study objects too small to be seen by the naked eye.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "327", - "label": "electron microscopy", - "definition": "Study of small particles of matter with a microscope that produces a magnified image by using a beam of electrons focused by magnetic lenses.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1014", - "label": "scanning electron microscopy", - "definition": "Microscope in which a finely focused beam of electrons is scanned across a specimen. The electronic intensity variations observed are used to construct an image of the specimen.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "835", - "label": "optical microscopy", - "definition": "Scientific techniques using a microscope with one or more lenses illuminated with visible light to view small objects.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "741", - "label": "microtomy", - "definition": "Laboratory methods using special instruments, or microtomes, to cut very thin slices of specimens for microscopic studies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "860", - "label": "paleomagnetic analysis", - "definition": "Determination of the intensity and direction of residual magnetism in rocks to study changes in the earth's magnetic field during past geologic time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "225", - "label": "Curie temperature analysis", - "definition": "Analysis of rock specimens using the Curie temperature point above which ferromagnetic materials lose permanent magnetism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "620", - "label": "laboratory-induced magnetization analysis", - "definition": "Laboratory method to study rocks using magnetometers to measure remanent magnetic fields induced in the samples.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "678", - "label": "magnetic hysteresis analysis", - "definition": "Nondestructive evaluation of ferromagnetic materials. The evaluation is based on measurement of the variation of intensity of magnetization within an applied magnetic field due to changes in the magnetic domain structure of the materials under study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "680", - "label": "magnetic susceptibility analysis", - "definition": "Nondestructive evaluation and location of magnetic materials in rock based on measuring the intensity of attraction of the materials to an induced magnetic field. Applications include geological and soil surveys, paleomagnetic studies, sedimentology, archaeological prospecting and core logging.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "771", - "label": "natural remanent magnetization analysis", - "definition": "Method which measures the intensity and direction of residual magnetism in rocks to determine their age and history.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "880", - "label": "petrography", - "definition": "Use of optical microscopy for the description and classification of rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "907", - "label": "plant and animal testing", - "definition": "Use of live or dead organisms for scientific study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1160", - "label": "therapeutic methods", - "definition": "Methods of restoring health with remedial agents or treatments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1188", - "label": "tree ring analysis", - "definition": "Study of the variations in width and number of tree rings to date historical events and to study periods of climatic and hydrologic changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1670", - "label": "camera calibration", - "definition": "Optical calibration of cameras that are typically used in airborne remote sensing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1680", - "label": "age estimation methods", - "definition": "Methods used to determine the age of earth materials, typically by laboratory analysis of properties of those materials.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "393", - "label": "fission-track dating", - "definition": "Laboratory technique for determining the age of rocks and other geological materials by counts of spontaneous and induced fission tracks left by the radioactive isotope uranium-238.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1677", - "label": "luminescence dating", - "definition": "Dating methods that involve the analysis of the optical properties of minerals exposed to environmental radiation. Typically used to determine the age of subaerial exposure of surficial sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1681", - "label": "tephrochronology", - "definition": "Age determination of rocks and deposits by correlation of volcanic ash layers (tephra) that bound the deposits below and above.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1713", - "label": "sclerochronology", - "definition": "Description of the history of individual organisms by studying the variations in thickness of accretionary layers in their skeletons.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2082", - "label": "subsampling", - "definition": "Preparation of study materials by dividing or slicing cores, samples, or other collected materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2088", - "label": "laboratory experiments", - "definition": "Procedures carried out in a laboratory under controlled conditions to test specific scientific hypotheses.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "689", - "label": "management methods", - "definition": "Techniques of judiciously controlling or directing resources for a predetermined goal.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "237", - "label": "decision support methods", - "definition": "Mathematical, analytical, and social procedures used to aid groups and individuals in the process of making decisions. Includes protocols for discussion and mechanisms for facilitating communication among disparate groups as well as mechanical and technological aids to analysis and understanding.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2030", - "label": "ecosystem services valuation", - "definition": "Assessment of the value of ecosystem functions in supporting, sustaining, or enriching life.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "343", - "label": "environmental assessment", - "definition": "The evaluation of the status of a specific ecosystem or geographic area and how a proposed change in management or a proposed project will affect that status.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1380", - "label": "TMDL", - "definition": "A calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water-quality standards.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "530", - "label": "hazard preparedness", - "definition": "Awareness of the consequences of hazards and actions to be taken before, during, or after hazards occur or are encountered.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "301", - "label": "earthquake preparedness", - "definition": "Awareness of the consequences of earthquake events and actions to be taken before, during, or after events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1694", - "label": "aviation safety", - "definition": "Effects on air transportation of natural hazards such as volcanic activity (ash plumes and volcanic clouds).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "584", - "label": "information technology methods", - "definition": "Information-related concerns on which people focus their work in support of scientific investigations and research.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2002", - "label": "data management", - "definition": "Activities focused on the creation, documentation, and preservation of scientific data with the intent that the data continue to be usable in the future.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2013", - "label": "improvement of scientific data usability", - "definition": "Retrospective modification of the structure, format, packaging, or documentation of an existing scientific data resource to improve the likelihood of effective use of the data by individuals or organizations who did not create the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2014", - "label": "data preservation", - "definition": "Design, development, and implementation of methods for ensuring that scientific information remain accessible and usable despite changes in technology and strategic directions in the originating organzation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2016", - "label": "data rescue", - "definition": "Reduction of the risk that scientific information will be lost or become unusable in the future. Includes copying data from unstable to stable media, conversion of data files from unusable to usable formats, and creation of metadata allowing further changes to the data and other characteristics to be documented.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2015", - "label": "metadata management", - "definition": "Curation and maintenance of the documentation for scientific information resources. Includes editing the metadata to improve consistency, completeness, and correctness, and modification of the structure of the documentation to improve its effectiveness in actual use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2051", - "label": "digitization", - "definition": "Compilation in digital form of data previously presented in analog forms such as contours on paper maps, plots, or other graphical materials, so that the digital data produced approximates the scientific measurements used to create the original printed materials.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2003", - "label": "information system administration", - "definition": "Design, deployment, and maintenance of computing systems that support creation, maintenance, and use of scientific information.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2017", - "label": "database administration", - "definition": "Design and implementation of strategies for arranging information within database management systems (including but not restricted to relational database management systems) so that the integrity and consistency of the information supports its intended uses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2018", - "label": "network administration", - "definition": "Methods for ensuring that computers communicate effectively with one another and follow established standards and guidelines for ensuring integrity in exchanging information and efficiency in operation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2019", - "label": "information system security", - "definition": "Methods for ensuring that information systems are used for their intended purpose by those entitled to use them and that the information they contain retains its integrity and, where appropriate, confidentiality.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2004", - "label": "data communication", - "definition": "Design, development, and deployment of methods to convey scientific information to potential users.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2006", - "label": "social network development", - "definition": "Design and use of software and interfaces that facilitate interchange of information among people or organizations that produce scientific data and the potential users of those data. Primarily refers to interactive web interfaces and services that enable discussion, collaboration, and comment on the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2007", - "label": "web interface development", - "definition": "Design of user interfaces for scientific information that are accessed using web browser software.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2010", - "label": "data packaging", - "definition": "Design of the structure, format, and arrangement of scientific data in digital files in order to facilitate their transfer and effective use by people and organizations other than the originators.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2008", - "label": "web service development", - "definition": "Design and deployment of data services accessed using the hypertext transfer protocol.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2009", - "label": "markup and query language development", - "definition": "Design of the structure and format of digital queries and responses concerning scientific data resources. Refers to exchanges in which the structure and content of the queries is interpreted by software both when generated and when received.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2005", - "label": "data integration", - "definition": "Strategies which, when implemented, enable disparate data to be combined in a single analysis. Includes combination of similar data from small components into larger, coherent assemblages as well as recognizing and exploiting relationships linking or connecting data that are maintained separately. May include efforts to make scientific information more easily found and obtained.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2011", - "label": "information architecture", - "definition": "Design of conceptual, logical, and physical information system components (both data and software) to support effective maintenance, integration, or use of the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2012", - "label": "knowledge organization system development", - "definition": "Design and development of information systems that represent and relate concepts needed to identify, specify, organize, categorize, or characterize scientific information effectively. Includes development of controlled vocabularies as well as hierarchical and networked concept schemes such as thesauri and ontologies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2020", - "label": "software development", - "definition": "Design and development of procedures and instructions by which information is modified or presented.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "776", - "label": "natural resource management", - "definition": "Using a combination of techniques to control or direct the use of resources and limit population size to reach a predetermined goal, such as sustainability.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "107", - "label": "biological population management", - "definition": "Judicious means of controlling or directing numbers and life conditions of organisms living in a specific locality to achieve a selected goal.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "390", - "label": "fishery management", - "definition": "Controlling or directing numbers and life conditions of fish living in a specific locality to achieve a selected goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "977", - "label": "reintroduction (organisms)", - "definition": "Return of a species to an area through the intervention of man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1333", - "label": "wildlife population management", - "definition": "Monitoring and control of wildlife as a sustainable natural asset.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "422", - "label": "game management", - "definition": "Scientific monitoring and control of hunted wildlife.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1685", - "label": "pest control", - "definition": "Intentional reduction in the abundance of specific harmful organisms in a given area.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "203", - "label": "controlled flooding", - "definition": "The deliberate inundation of land or wetland, or an increase in river flow below dams for restoration or research purposes. Do not confuse with flood control.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "316", - "label": "ecosystem management", - "definition": "Means of controlling or directing human practices, species populations, and physical environment within an ecosystem to achieve a selected state of sustainability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "773", - "label": "natural resource assessment", - "definition": "Estimation of the actual or potential value of natural materials and processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2294", - "label": "carbon dioxide storage assessment", - "definition": "Estimates of the storage capacity of carbon dioxide in geologic units at depths of 3,000 to 13,000 feet that are capable of maintaining carbon dioxide in a supercritical state.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "980", - "label": "remediation", - "definition": "Methods for decontaminating, reclaiming, and restoring natural resources or reducing the effects of hazards.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "113", - "label": "bioremediation", - "definition": "Use of biological methods, usually involving microorganisms, to break down or neutralize contaminants in soil, water, and wastes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1307", - "label": "water resource management", - "definition": "Methods of controlling or directing resources and activities related to water for a predetermined goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1318", - "label": "watershed management", - "definition": "Controlling and directing the resources and activities associated with the land and streams of a drainage basin to maintain the supply and quality of water and prevent floods, erosions, and other destructive conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1357", - "label": "fire control", - "definition": "Human intervention to restrict or prevent fires in forests and grasslands.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "202", - "label": "controlled fires", - "definition": "Prescribed burns used to burn trees, brush, and undergrowth that would fuel a large wildfire. Do not confuse this term with 'fire control'. It is one of the tools used in fire control.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2047", - "label": "beach nourishment", - "definition": "Transfer of sand from offshore areas to resupply beach areas that have been eroded.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "997", - "label": "risk assessment", - "definition": "The evaluation of the likelihood of adverse effects due to a given factor such as energy development or recurring hazardous events such as earthquakes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "302", - "label": "earthquake probabilities", - "definition": "That aspect of seismology that deals with the physical conditions or indications that precede an earthquake, in order to predict its probability, size, time, and location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "637", - "label": "landslide susceptibility assessment", - "definition": "Estimation of the probability of occurrence and likely severity of landslides in a given area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1698", - "label": "volcanic eruption prediction", - "definition": "Estimation of future volcanic activity using geological and geophysical observations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2073", - "label": "mitigation of coastal hazards", - "definition": "Actions taken to reduce risk of physical disruption in coastal environments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2074", - "label": "hard shoreline stabilization", - "definition": "Use of engineered structures to armor or otherwise protect the shoreline against erosional agents such as waves and currents. Includes breakwaters, bulkheads, seawalls, groins, jetties, and revetments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2075", - "label": "soft shoreline stabilization", - "definition": "Mitigating coastal erosion by managing the sediment budget (for example, beach nourishment or sand bypassing) or restoring dunes and wetlands (for example, by planting erosion-resistant vegetation).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2076", - "label": "coastal infrastructure relocation", - "definition": "Landward relocation of infrastructure to reduce the risk from coastal hazards.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2261", - "label": "adaptive management", - "definition": "A decision-making process aiming to reduce uncertainty through system monitoring and feedback, used for environmental or resource management.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "889", - "label": "photography", - "definition": "Process of using digital or film cameras to collect images of objects.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1201", - "label": "underwater photography", - "definition": "Photographs taken below the water surface, usually in marine, lacustrine, and estuarine environments. Subjects are typically benthic organisms and sedimentary structures on the bottom.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "981", - "label": "remote sensing", - "definition": "Acquiring information about a natural feature or phenomenon, such as the Earth's surface, without actually being in contact with it. USGS remote sensing is usually carried out with airborne or spaceborne sensors or cameras.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "15", - "label": "aerial photography", - "definition": "The process of taking pictures with a camera from an aircraft. Use for both the process of photography from the air and the images produced by the process.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18", - "label": "aeromagnetic surveying", - "definition": "Mapping of the earth's magnetic field with the use of airborne electronic magnetometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19", - "label": "aeroradiometric surveying", - "definition": "Mapping of gamma radiation from the earth's surface with airborne scintillation meters or gamma-ray spectrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "563", - "label": "hyperspectral imaging", - "definition": "Multispectral imaging technique that records many bands of imagery at very narrow bandwidths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "571", - "label": "IFSAR", - "definition": "Interferometric comparison of radar reflectance imagery of the same area at different times to determine changes in the land surface, typically from a space-borne sensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "588", - "label": "infrared imaging", - "definition": "Method of remote sensing in which optical sensors produce visible representations of infrared rays or radiated heat from the observed objects and the temperature variations are represented by different colors in the image.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "74", - "label": "AVHRR", - "definition": "Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer or broad-band, four or five channel scanner, sensing in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This information is used to estimate characteristics of the land and sea surface such as temperature and overall health of vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1379", - "label": "AVIRIS", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "648", - "label": "lidar", - "definition": "Light detection and ranging, an airborne, spaceborne or ground-based laser-ranging technique commonly used for acquiring high-resolution topographic data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "742", - "label": "microwave imaging", - "definition": "Remote sensing method using short high frequency electromagnetic waves reflected or radiated from the ground.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1069", - "label": "SMMR", - "definition": "Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), a technique which uses a multichannel microwave radiometer mounted on an airplane or satellite to measure polarized microwave radiances from the atmosphere, seas or land. Temperatures, wind speeds, sea ice coverage, and terrain parameters can be obtained.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1097", - "label": "SSM/I", - "definition": "Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), technique using passive microwave radiometers aboard satellites to measure the microwave reflectivity of the earth, oceans, and the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "765", - "label": "multispectral imaging", - "definition": "A method of remote sensing that obtains optical representations in two or more ranges of frequencies or wave lengths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "867", - "label": "panchromatic imaging", - "definition": "Photographic technique which uses emulsions, films, or plates sensitive to all colors in light to produce black-and-white photographs. Often used in aerial and satellite photography.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "948", - "label": "radar imaging", - "definition": "A remote sensing technique which uses the reflection of pulsed high frequency radio waves to determine the speed, direction, and distance of faraway objects.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1064", - "label": "SLAR", - "definition": "Side-looking Airborne Radar, an airborne radar imaging technique, uses an antenna mounted on an airplane or satellite to project radiation at right angles to the flight path and collect high resolution images.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1727", - "label": "doppler radar imaging", - "definition": "Exploitation of the doppler effect in radar imaging to determine speed of airborne objects such as birds, butterflies, and clouds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1161", - "label": "thermal imaging", - "definition": "Remote sensing techniques using instruments to measure emitted thermal radiation to form images of the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1281", - "label": "visible light imaging", - "definition": "Remote sensing methods using electromagnetic radiation which is visible to the human eye to react with the coating on a photographic plate or film.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1276", - "label": "videography", - "definition": "The process of recording and editing analog or digital video.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2079", - "label": "scientific interpretation", - "definition": "Application of scientific judgment as to the meaning of observations or models. Use for interpretations that are provided in formats similar to data, such as geospatial data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2278", - "label": "environmental proxies", - "definition": "Biological, chemical, or physical features whose presence, characteristics, or behavior reflect environmental parameters of interest that cannot be readily or efficiently observed or measured directly.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2285", - "label": "modeling", - "definition": "Human-constructed representation of processes, phenomena, or objects so that the behaviors, characteristics and relationships among things that are being studied can be understood without exhaustive data collection and analysis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "713", - "label": "mathematical modeling", - "definition": "Operational representation of a system in which the characteristics and behaviors of the component processes, phenomena, or objects, understood using mathematical relationships, are represented by numerical values (measured or hypothetical), so that calculations carried out using them return numerical estimates of system parameters that were not measured directly.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "715", - "label": "mathematical simulation", - "definition": "A computer algorithm or model, which was created to represent a simplified version of a real world situation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2298", - "label": "inverse modeling", - "definition": "An iterative approach to estimate the form and characteristics of a physical system explained by observations or measurements. Frequently used to determine a subsurface geological structure from measurements of physical properties obtained at or near the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2286", - "label": "conceptual modeling", - "definition": "Representation of a system indicating the relationships among concepts, objects, or processes involved in the system, used to help people understand or simulate the system it represents. Often realized using diagrams or generalized schemas.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2289", - "label": "state and transition modeling", - "definition": "Modeling of systems such as ecosystems to predict the consequences of natural events and management actions by describing how specified events and actions may change the components and relationships in the system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2287", - "label": "physical modeling", - "definition": "Physical arrangement of materials or objects, to enact processes involving them. The system is understood by observing and reporting the resulting arrangement, behavior, and composition of those materials or objects.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "808", - "label": "product types", - "definition": "General representation of the information in a resource, such as a map or data set.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "148", - "label": "catalogs and indexes", - "definition": "Detailed enumeration of related items listed in a given order, or alphabetical lists of topics used for information retrieval.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "87", - "label": "bibliographies", - "definition": "List of publications on a given topic, by an author or group, or published in a specific time period. Limited here to lists primarily of paper documents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "263", - "label": "directories", - "definition": "Searchable lists of people, typically USGS staff.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1720", - "label": "gazetteers", - "definition": "Indexed collections of geographic names.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "235", - "label": "datasets", - "definition": "Digital information in a format suitable for direct input to software that can analyze its meaning in the scientific, engineering, or business context for which the data were collected.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "474", - "label": "geospatial datasets", - "definition": "Collections of related digital information that are geographically referenced.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2041", - "label": "digital elevation models", - "definition": "Gridded elevation, geographically referenced to the surface of the earth, as digital data", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2078", - "label": "navigational data", - "definition": "Geospatial data indicating the locations of instruments, vessels, aircraft, or other vehicles used to collect scientific observations. These data include horizontal coordinates in sequence, and may include time or vertical position.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2093", - "label": "study areas", - "definition": "Geospatial data describing the areas from which samples were taken or observations were made, typically polygonal. May be approximate, as in bounding coordinates, or precise.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2297", - "label": "assessment units", - "definition": "Geographic areas for which a valuable resource is estimated. Frequently defined in two or more dimensions, for example specifying underground formations in a given geographic area. Functions or services may be estimated in addition to material resources.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "555", - "label": "hydrographic datasets", - "definition": "Datasets for graphs showing variation of water elevation, velocity, streamflow, or other property of water with respect to time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1172", - "label": "time series datasets", - "definition": "Digital information describing observations taken at specified time intervals. The time interval may be regular or variable; the type of observed phenomena and the location are typically constant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2081", - "label": "profiles", - "definition": "Observations or calculations given for a series of depths, at or near the same horizontal position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "277", - "label": "reports", - "definition": "Written items, especially those that are official, factual, or informative, often including graphics as well as text.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "152", - "label": "checklists", - "definition": "Inventories or lists of related items for checking off or reference.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "519", - "label": "guidebooks", - "definition": "Books intended to direct and instruct travelers in a given area and often geared to special interests, such as observing local birds, understanding geological features, or locating endemic plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "691", - "label": "manuals", - "definition": "Documents giving instructions on using specified equipment or accomplishing specified tasks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1099", - "label": "standards", - "definition": "An object or instrument of known properties used as a model, for comparison, or a set of rules used to assure quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1754", - "label": "conference proceedings", - "definition": "Collections of abstracts or papers given during a specific meeting, conference, or workshop.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1755", - "label": "strategic plans", - "definition": "Documents describing overall strategy, not presenting substantive scientific findings.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "575", - "label": "image collections", - "definition": "Visible representations of objects or earth properties produced by cameras, spectral instruments, or as graphical representations of measurements.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2046", - "label": "image mosaics", - "definition": "Composite images formed by overlapping existing images, typically arranged to achieve greater spatial coverage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "700", - "label": "maps and atlases", - "definition": "Representation, usually on a flat surface, of a part or whole of the Earth or other parts of the universe. Collections of maps linked digitally or bound together in a book are called atlases.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1748", - "label": "geologic maps", - "definition": "Maps depicting geological characteristics of the earth's surface, including lithology, geologic structure, age, and the results of crustal processes. Used where the product includes a depiction of the map as a whole, not for data sets that could be used to create a map.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1749", - "label": "topographic maps", - "definition": "Maps depicting the elevation and relief of the land surface or depth of a water body (bathymetry) in an area, usually shown using contour lines. Typically these maps include manmade features and administrative boundaries as well as vegetation and hydrographic features.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "924", - "label": "posters", - "definition": "Large single sheets of paper or board imprinted with informative text and graphics. Intended for hanging or flat display.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1077", - "label": "scientific software", - "definition": "Routines, programs, and procedures devised in order to direct computers to perform specific tasks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1349", - "label": "official communications", - "definition": "Corporate releases of information by USGS not generally intended to document the details of scientific data or techniques for a scientific audience.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "787", - "label": "news releases", - "definition": "Short information memoranda issued by organizations to highlight new activities, appointments, or discoveries for the news media.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "913", - "label": "policies and regulations", - "definition": "Rules, orders, and procedures issued by organizations or governments for administrative, controlling, and managing purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1092", - "label": "speeches and testimony", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1350", - "label": "videos", - "definition": "Animation or other motion pictures, including videotape and DVD products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1729", - "label": "materials standards", - "definition": "Physical materials such as chemicals, rocks, water, or biological materials that are used for reference when carrying out laboratory analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1738", - "label": "presentation materials", - "definition": "Diagrams, photos, and text gathered together as part of a presentation given in a meeting or class.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1739", - "label": "sound recordings", - "definition": "Information presented in a format for listening by the user.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1740", - "label": "animations", - "definition": "Graphical representation of scientific data presented as a timed sequence of visual images, normally without sound.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1744", - "label": "terminologies and classifications", - "definition": "Collections of terms often including definitions or scope notes, with some stated relationships among terms", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1745", - "label": "geologic time scales", - "definition": "Named divisions of geologic time used to specify relationships among geologic units and structural features", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2077", - "label": "field activity logs", - "definition": "Operational records for observation, inventory, sampling, or monitoring activities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1019", - "label": "sciences", - "definition": "Major educational fields, fields of study, and professional groupings within USGS.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "291", - "label": "earth sciences", - "definition": "Broad term for all science related to the study of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "68", - "label": "atmospheric sciences", - "definition": "Studies relating to composition, structure, physics, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "170", - "label": "climatology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the characteristic weather conditions of geographic areas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "731", - "label": "meteorology", - "definition": "Branch of science dealing with the short-term variations of atmospheric conditions including wind, precipitation, temperature, humidity, cloud cover, and air pressure.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "437", - "label": "geochemistry", - "definition": "Study of the distribution of chemical elements and natural compounds on the earth and in the atmosphere and the chemical processes that affect the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1078", - "label": "soil chemistry", - "definition": "Branch of chemistry concerned with the elements and compounds that make up soils. Includes chemical processes involving soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1298", - "label": "water chemistry", - "definition": "Branch of chemistry that deals with the elements and compounds in water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "703", - "label": "marine chemistry", - "definition": "Branch of chemistry that deals with the properties, composition, structure, and interaction of substances in the seas and oceans.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "447", - "label": "geography", - "definition": "Study of the earth's landforms, topography, and climate, the distribution of flora and fauna, and the distribution, culture, and activities of human populations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "147", - "label": "cartography", - "definition": "The science and art of making maps.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1679", - "label": "paleogeography", - "definition": "Study of the history of earth surface characteristics; geomorphology in the past.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "464", - "label": "geology", - "definition": "Study of the planet earth, its composition, structure, physical and chemical processes, and history since its origin.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "312", - "label": "economic geology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the formation, location, and use of marketable geologic materials including fuels, metals, minerals, and water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "438", - "label": "geochronology", - "definition": "Study of the age of the earth by dating geological formations, rocks, and fossils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "468", - "label": "geomorphology", - "definition": "Branch of geology dealing with surface land features and the processes that create and change them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "554", - "label": "hydrogeology", - "definition": "Study of subsurface waters and geologic aspects of surface waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "706", - "label": "marine geology", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the composition, geologic history, and earth processes of the ocean floor and the continental margin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "747", - "label": "mineralogy", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the study of naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "883", - "label": "petrology", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the origin, structure, alteration, and composition of rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1037", - "label": "sedimentology", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the study of the origin, composition, transport, and changes of materials deposited by water, wind, or ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1104", - "label": "stratigraphy", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the study of the formation, composition, ordering in time, and arrangement in space of stratified rocks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "115", - "label": "biostratigraphy", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the separation and differentiation of rock units based on the fossils they contain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "668", - "label": "lithostratigraphy", - "definition": "Branch of stratigraphy dealing with the study of units of rock. Each unit is composed of a body of rock which is dominated by a certain lithology or similar color, mineralogic composition, and grain size.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1117", - "label": "structural geology", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the distribution, position, shape, and internal structure of rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1289", - "label": "volcanology", - "definition": "The branch of geology that deals with volcanism and the processes involved in magma flow and eruption through a vent in the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "470", - "label": "geophysics", - "definition": "Branch of geology studying the physical characteristics and phenomena of the earth and its atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "440", - "label": "geodesy", - "definition": "Branch of science dealing with measuring the earth or large areas of the earth for making maps, determining the size and shape of the earth, and correlating gravitational, geological, and magnetic surveys of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "707", - "label": "marine geophysics", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the physical processes of the oceans and continental margins. We include here studies of large bodies of brackish and fresh water, such as lakes and rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1050", - "label": "seismology", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the study of earthquakes and man-induced seismic waves.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "862", - "label": "paleoseismology", - "definition": "Branch of seismology concerned with ancient earthquakes. Clues which indicate seismic activities in the geologic past are used to date and determine the effects of those earthquakes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1147", - "label": "tectonophysics", - "definition": "Branch of geophysics concerned with the structural forces affecting the deformation, uplift, and movement of the earth's crust.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "484", - "label": "glaciology", - "definition": "Science dealing with the features, origins, processes, and properties of snow, ice, glaciers, and ice sheets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "560", - "label": "hydrology", - "definition": "Branch of earth science that deals with water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground, and underground.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1678", - "label": "hydrodynamics", - "definition": "Principles of fluid dynamics applied to water bodies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "657", - "label": "limnology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the physical and biological characteristics of inland bodies of water such as lakes and ponds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "818", - "label": "ocean sciences", - "definition": "Sciences involved in the study of geological, biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and processes of the oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "859", - "label": "paleoceanography", - "definition": "Study of the oceans in the geologic past, including their physical, chemical, biologic, and geologic history.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "861", - "label": "paleontology", - "definition": "Study of life in past geologic time based on fossil plants and animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "604", - "label": "invertebrate paleontology", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology which deals with fossil animals without backbones.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "738", - "label": "micropaleontology", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology dealing with fossils too small to be seen without a microscope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "858", - "label": "paleobotany", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology concerned with the study of fossil plants and plant life in the geologic past.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1267", - "label": "vertebrate paleontology", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology dealing with fossil animals that have spinal columns.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1081", - "label": "soil sciences", - "definition": "Earth sciences dealing with the origin, classification, physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "339", - "label": "engineering sciences", - "definition": "Sciences involved in the application of scientific and mathematical principles to construction, machinery, mechanical design, mining and manufacturing processes and other practical activities.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "337", - "label": "engineering geology", - "definition": "Branch of geology involved in the application of soil and rock mechanics, natural hazards, and other geological studies to the practice of engineering and construction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "550", - "label": "hydraulic engineering", - "definition": "Branch of engineering which applies the physical properties of fluids, such as flow and pressure, to the design and use of machinery, pumps, pipelines, etc.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "585", - "label": "information sciences", - "definition": "Sciences dealing with the compilation, processing, classification, display, transmission, storage, and retrieval of recorded knowledge.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "103", - "label": "biological informatics", - "definition": "Development and use of computer, statistical, and other tools in the collection, organization, dissemination, and use of information to solve problems in the life sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "190", - "label": "computer science", - "definition": "Study of computers, including their design (architecture), uses (computations, data processing), and systems control.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "650", - "label": "life sciences", - "definition": "Branches of science that study living and fossil organisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "39", - "label": "anatomy and physiology", - "definition": "Study of the body structures (anatomy) and life functions and activities (physiology)of plants and animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "334", - "label": "endocrinology", - "definition": "Study of the collection of ductless glands that secrete hormones which influence growth, gender, sexual maturity, and other attributes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "540", - "label": "histology", - "definition": "Branch of anatomy concerned with the microscopic structure of plant and animal tissue.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "576", - "label": "immunology", - "definition": "Branch of biology which studies the body's production of lymphocytes, antibodies, and macrophages in response to foreign substances or pathogenic organisms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "53", - "label": "aquatic biology", - "definition": "The scientific study of organisms living in or near water. This term is to be used for the science of 'aquatic biology' and for biological studies in fresh and brackish water. For marine biological studies, use 'marine biology'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89", - "label": "biochemistry", - "definition": "Study of chemical processes that occur within or are mediated by living organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "127", - "label": "botany", - "definition": "The science of plants.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "865", - "label": "palynology", - "definition": "Branch of botany concerned with the study of pollen and spores, especially fossil remains. These are used to study plant life and dispersal in geologic history and to date deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "890", - "label": "phycology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of algae.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "151", - "label": "cell biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology that deals with the study of the formation, structure, and physiology of cells.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "247", - "label": "developmental biology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the processes related to the transformation of living organisms from single cells to complex multi-celled individuals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "311", - "label": "ecology", - "definition": "Study of the relations between living plants and animals and their environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "320", - "label": "ecotoxicology", - "definition": "Scientific study of causes, dispersal, and effects of contaminants on the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "433", - "label": "genetics", - "definition": "Branch of biology that deals with heredity or the passing of traits in living organisms from one generation to the next.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702", - "label": "marine biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the organisms and habitats of the seas and oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "735", - "label": "microbiology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with organisms too small to be seen without the use of a microscope.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "77", - "label": "bacteriology", - "definition": "Study of the single celled microorganisms known as bacteria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1279", - "label": "virology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with viruses and viral diseases.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "756", - "label": "molecular biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of physiology at the molecular level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "758", - "label": "morphology (biological)", - "definition": "The scientific study of the form, shape, and structure of plants and animals and their fossil remains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "767", - "label": "mycology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "871", - "label": "parasitology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of organisms that, living on or in another organism, take nutrition from the host and often harm it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "876", - "label": "pathology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of the causes, progress, symptoms, diagnosis, and effects of diseases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1131", - "label": "systematics and taxonomy", - "definition": "Study of the identification, naming, and classification of organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1339", - "label": "zoology", - "definition": "Branch of biology that deals with the reproduction, development and growth, anatomy, physiology, and behavior of animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "605", - "label": "invertebrate zoology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with animals having no backbones or spinal columns.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "341", - "label": "entomology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology involved in studying insects.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1268", - "label": "vertebrate zoology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology that deals with animals that have spinal columns.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "539", - "label": "herpetology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "570", - "label": "ichthyology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with the study of fish.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "685", - "label": "mammalogy", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with the study of mammals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "845", - "label": "ornithology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of birds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1332", - "label": "wildlife biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with living organisms, usually mammals, birds, or fishes, that are not domesticated or dependent on man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2040", - "label": "ethology", - "definition": "Study of animal behavior under natural conditions", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "901", - "label": "planetary sciences", - "definition": "Scientific study of the solid bodies of the solar system, including planets, moons, asteroids, meteorites, and interplanetary materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1075", - "label": "social sciences", - "definition": "Sciences concerned with the structure and interrelationships of human societies, human institutions and organizations, and human culture over time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1691", - "label": "archeology", - "definition": "Study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of their material relics.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1174", - "label": "topics", - "definition": "Themes, subjects, and concerns for which USGS information resources are relevant.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "24", - "label": "agriculture", - "definition": "The science and business of soil cultivation to raise crops and of animal husbandry to raise domesticated animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "52", - "label": "aquaculture", - "definition": "The farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae for human use.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "101", - "label": "biological and physical processes", - "definition": "All continuing activities, functions, and phenomena associated with organisms and non-living matter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "63", - "label": "atmospheric and climatic processes", - "definition": "Phenomena affecting or occurring within the mass of gases that surrounds the earth, including its physics, chemistry, dynamics, and weather conditions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "64", - "label": "atmospheric circulation", - "definition": "Movement of atmospheric gases around the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66", - "label": "atmospheric deposition (chemical & particulate)", - "definition": "The transfer of substances from the air to the surface of the earth, either in wet form (rain, fog, snow, dew, frost, hail) or in dry form (gases, aerosols, particles).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6", - "label": "acid deposition", - "definition": "The process by which emissions, chiefly sulfur and nitrogen compounds, either react with the atmosphere when deposited on earth by precipitation of snow, rain, or fog with a pH of 5.5 or below, or settle out as acidic particles or gases.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "168", - "label": "climate change", - "definition": "Long-term alteration in the characteristic weather conditions of a region, such as changes in precipitation and temperature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "246", - "label": "desertification", - "definition": "The alteration of arable land to dry, barren land due to prolonged drought or the deleterious effects of human intervention including overgrazing, overpopulation, or destructive agricultural practices.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "284", - "label": "droughts", - "definition": "Extended periods of moisture deficit over a sizeable area sufficient to have an adverse effect on vegetation, animals, or man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "823", - "label": "ocean-atmosphere interaction", - "definition": "Processes, including momentum, heat, gas and other exchanges, which result in profound effects on climate and interactions between the air in the lowest part of the atmosphere and the oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2059", - "label": "El Nino-Southern Oscillation", - "definition": "A roughly periodic variation in Pacific ocean sea-surface temperature causing changes in weather world-wide.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "927", - "label": "precipitation (atmospheric)", - "definition": "Any or all forms of water particles that fall from the atmosphere, such as rain, snow, hail and sleet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1102", - "label": "storms", - "definition": "Atmospheric disturbances with winds of unusual force or direction. Accompanied by rain, snow, hail, or sleet, and often by thunder and lightning.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "121", - "label": "blizzards", - "definition": "Severe snowstorms with intense winds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "549", - "label": "hurricanes", - "definition": "Severe cyclones, or revolving storms, originating over the equatorial regions of the earth, accompanied by torrential rain, lightning, and winds with a speed greater than 74 miles per hour.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "568", - "label": "ice storms", - "definition": "Storms in which falling snow or rain freezes on contact with surfaces on the ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1178", - "label": "tornadoes", - "definition": "Violent storms characterized by whirling funnels of wind moving at great speeds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1696", - "label": "dust storms", - "definition": "Atmospheric disturbances in which a significant amount of dust is transported.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1355", - "label": "evaporation", - "definition": "Transfer of water from a surface into the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1690", - "label": "wind", - "definition": "Local air movements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1704", - "label": "greenhouse effect", - "definition": "Local, regional, or global warming in the atmosphere due to the higher heat capacity of certain gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "310", - "label": "ecological processes", - "definition": "Dynamic biogeochemical interactions that occur among and between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "30", - "label": "algal blooms", - "definition": "Exceptional growth of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes, rivers or oceans due to excessive nutrients or climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88", - "label": "bioaccumulation", - "definition": "The biological sequestering of a substance at a higher concentration than that at which it occurs in the surrounding environment or medium. Also, the process whereby a substance enters an organism through the gills, epithelial tissues, dietary, or other sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93", - "label": "biogeochemical cycling", - "definition": "The cycling of chemical constituents through a biological system.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "141", - "label": "carbon cycling", - "definition": "The circulation of carbon in the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere through a series of processes that include photosynthesis, consumption, and respiration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "807", - "label": "nutrient cycling", - "definition": "The exchange of elements or compounds essential for the nourishment of organisms in an ecosystem.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "407", - "label": "food web", - "definition": "The complex intertwining of the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "108", - "label": "biological productivity", - "definition": "The rate at which primary producers in the ecosystem utilize solar energy to produce food for consumption by other organisms. Do not use this term for productivity of organisms related to studies of the reproduction rates of a species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "196", - "label": "contaminant transport", - "definition": "Processes involved in the movement of impurities through air, water, and soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "268", - "label": "dispersal (organisms)", - "definition": "The dissemination or geographic spread of individuals of a plant or animal population.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "308", - "label": "ecological competition", - "definition": "The struggle between members of two or more species for scarce environmental resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "315", - "label": "ecosystem functions", - "definition": "The total life activities of organisms in habitats and the effects of those activities on the nonliving components of the environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1327", - "label": "wetland functions", - "definition": "Processes related to wetlands such as support of ecosystems, evaporation effects on weather, nutrient cycles, etc.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "359", - "label": "eutrophication", - "definition": "The process by which water becomes enriched with plant nutrients, most commonly phosphorus and nitrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "365", - "label": "extinction and extirpation", - "definition": "Extinction is the complete disappearance of a species from the earth. Extirpation is the complete disappearance (elimination) of a species from a given region, island, or area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "522", - "label": "habitat alteration and disturbance", - "definition": "Changes in the environments where plants and animals live. Includes natural changes as well as results of human actions, deliberate or accidental.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1378", - "label": "fire damage", - "definition": "Destruction of surficial materials and vegetation by burning.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "743", - "label": "migration (organisms)", - "definition": "The movement of animals, often periodical, from one area to another due to seasonal changes, availability of food, or climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "915", - "label": "pollination", - "definition": "Wind, bees, or other agents transfer plant pollen from flower anthers or cones to stigmas, thereby fertilizing plants for reproduction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1123", - "label": "succession (biological)", - "definition": "Gradual replacement of one species in an area by another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1356", - "label": "transpiration", - "definition": "Evaporation of water from plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2277", - "label": "carbon flux", - "definition": "The rate and amount of carbon exchanged between the oceans, atmosphere, land, and living things.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2281", - "label": "ecosystem resilience", - "definition": "Measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between populations or state variables. (Holling, 1973)", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "384", - "label": "fires", - "definition": "Combustion, marked by flames or intense heat, in natural settings, often ignited by lightning or human activities. For fires set as part of natural resource management, use 'controlled fires'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "435", - "label": "geochemical processes", - "definition": "Processes affecting the amount, distribution, or structure of chemical elements in air, water, soil, rocks, and minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1346", - "label": "biodegradation", - "definition": "Reduction in the concentration of harmful chemicals by the action of animals and plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1703", - "label": "ore formation", - "definition": "Geochemical processes resulting in concentration of useful chemical elements and compounds, in earth materials. Typically refers to metal ores.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1708", - "label": "oxidation and reduction", - "definition": "Addition or reduction of oxygen in a compound accompanied by exchange of electrons among atoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1711", - "label": "reaction transport", - "definition": "Chemical reactions occurring during ground-water flow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1715", - "label": "sorption", - "definition": "Attachment of chemical substances to materials, either externally (by adsorption) or internally (by absorption).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1731", - "label": "carbon sequestration", - "definition": "Long-term storage of carbon in soils and terrestrial organic material, either by natural or engineered processes. Typically of importance for the balance of CO2 in the global climate system. ", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2296", - "label": "carbon mineralization", - "definition": "A form of geologic carbon dioxide storage in which it reacts with rocks and minerals to form solid and stable carbonate materials. Includes mineralization in mafic and ultramafic bedrock, mine tailings, and alkaline industrial wastes at the surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2058", - "label": "ocean acidification", - "definition": "Decrease in the pH of ocean waters as a result of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2279", - "label": "thermal maturation", - "definition": "Chemical alteration of organic material within sediments and sedimentary rocks as a result of heat. Measures of thermal maturation indicate the extent of transformation of detrital organic material into coal and petroleum.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "451", - "label": "geologic processes", - "definition": "All types of processes involving geological structures.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "248", - "label": "diagenesis", - "definition": "Chemical, physical, and biological changes in sediment during and after its conversion to rock (lithification).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "304", - "label": "earthquakes", - "definition": "Ground shaking caused by the sudden release of accumulated strain by an abrupt shift of rock along a fracture in the earth or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "299", - "label": "earthquake occurrences", - "definition": "Time, location, severity, and mechanism of earthquake events, including the frequency and history of events in a given area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2283", - "label": "induced seismicity", - "definition": "Seismic activity such as earthquakes and tremors of low magnitude resulting from human activity that altered crustal stresses and strains on local faults and fractures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2284", - "label": "ground failure", - "definition": "Any consequences of shaking, including liquefaction, landslide, and lateral spread, that affects the stability of the ground.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "661", - "label": "liquefaction", - "definition": "Physical process which can occur during an earthquake. Clay-free soil deposits (primarily sands and silts)temporarily lose strength and behave as viscuous fluids, resulting in ground failure.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "353", - "label": "erosion", - "definition": "The process whereby materials of the earth's crust are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and simultaneously moved from one place to another.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1750", - "label": "sinkhole formation", - "definition": "Localized collapse of the land surface usually due to erosion of the underlying materials. Most commonly occurring in karst areas, but similar effects occur due to physical erosion in other terranes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "482", - "label": "glaciation", - "definition": "The geologic processes involved in the formation, movement, changes, and effects of large ice masses (glaciers).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "534", - "label": "heat flow (earth)", - "definition": "Energy transferred by a difference in temperature through the surface of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "562", - "label": "hydrothermal processes", - "definition": "Natural phenomena relating to heated water generated by igneous activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "608", - "label": "isostasy", - "definition": "Condition of equilibrium or buoyancy of the earth's crust above the mantle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "624", - "label": "subsidence", - "definition": "Settling, compaction, or caving in of land caused by subsurface mining, ground-water withdrawal, or pumping of oil and gas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "727", - "label": "metamorphism (geological)", - "definition": "Process by which rocks are altered in composition and texture by extreme heat, high pressure, or the action of chemicals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2022", - "label": "alteration", - "definition": "Local changes in the mineralogy of a rock body due to low-grade metamorphism, weathering, or both. May indicate underlying mineral deposits.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1034", - "label": "sediment transport", - "definition": "Transport of solid particles of unconsolidated rock and mineral fragments, chemical precipitates, or biological materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1036", - "label": "sedimentation", - "definition": "Process of deposition of sediments (loose, uncemented pieces of rock, mineral fragments, or biological materials). The sediments settle out of water or air into layers on a surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1145", - "label": "tectonic processes", - "definition": "The structural forces affecting the deformation, uplift, and movement of the earth's crust.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "781", - "label": "neotectonic processes", - "definition": "Changes which took place during geological time after the Miocene era and are associated with the structural forces that affect the deformation, uplift, and movement occurring in the earth's crust.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1286", - "label": "volcanic activity", - "definition": "Episodes during which gases, ash, and lava (molten rock) escape from vents in the earth's crust, accompanied by minor tremors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1358", - "label": "volcanic gas emission", - "definition": "Emission of gases from fumaroles and volcanoes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1683", - "label": "earth tides", - "definition": "Periodic changes in the earth surface topography caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun, measured with tiltmeters. Used in studies of volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1699", - "label": "deformation (geologic)", - "definition": "Change in form and structure of geologic materials in response to stress, typically heat and pressure.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "403", - "label": "folding (geologic)", - "definition": "A property of geologic structures to bend or curve from the planar layers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415", - "label": "fracture (geologic)", - "definition": "Break in a geologic structure including cracks, joints, and faults.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1700", - "label": "faulting (geologic)", - "definition": "Movement of earth materials along fracture surfaces.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1710", - "label": "soil formation", - "definition": "Geological, geochemical, and ecological processes that work together to produce soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1721", - "label": "magnetic storms", - "definition": "A period of time during which the earth's magnetic field varies rapidly. During magnetic storms, satellite electronics can be damaged through the build up and subsequent discharge of static electric charges and astronauts and high-altitude pilots can be subjected to increased levels of radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1736", - "label": "slope processes", - "definition": "The down slope movement of earth material under the influence of gravity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "639", - "label": "landslides", - "definition": "Downslope movement of rock, soil, or artificial fill under the influences of gravity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1362", - "label": "lahars", - "definition": "Downslope flow of ash and rock debris resulting from volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1751", - "label": "uplift", - "definition": "Local or regional rise in the elevation of the land surface, usually due to tectonic or volcanic processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2282", - "label": "fluid migration", - "definition": "Movement or migration of fluids, including petroleum and other chemicals through earth materials by natural or anthropogenic forces.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "816", - "label": "ocean processes", - "definition": "Recurrent natural changes that are physical, biological, or chemical, actively affecting the seas and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "812", - "label": "ocean circulation", - "definition": "Movement of large masses of water within an ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "814", - "label": "ocean currents", - "definition": "Recurrent strong flows of seawater generated by wind or variations in water density along a given path.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "822", - "label": "ocean waves", - "definition": "A periodic movement of seawater caused by wind, tide, and currents.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1195", - "label": "tsunamis", - "definition": "Sea waves generated by submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides, which are generally imperceptible in deep water but may be very destructive when striking the shoreline.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1168", - "label": "tides (oceanic)", - "definition": "The periodic rise and fall of the level of the sea due to the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun. Occurs twice each day.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1347", - "label": "physiological processes", - "definition": "Characteristics and processes of individual organisms that are not the direct result of their interaction with other organisms or with the environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "842", - "label": "organism growth and development", - "definition": "Changes that living things undergo as they progress from inception as a single cell to adult forms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "726", - "label": "metamorphosis", - "definition": "Transformation in animals, such as amphibians and insects, from one developmental stage to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2042", - "label": "anatomical deformities", - "definition": "Physical malformation of organisms typically resulting from exposure to contaminants, disease, or adverse environmental conditions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1348", - "label": "bioluminescence", - "definition": "Emission of light by organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1364", - "label": "osmosis", - "definition": "Transfer of substances through biological membranes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1371", - "label": "photosynthesis", - "definition": "Conversion of sunlight, water, and nutrients into energy by plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2288", - "label": "bioenergetics", - "definition": "Processes by which a living organism acquires, produces, utilizes, or transforms energy. ", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1667", - "label": "hydrologic processes", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "398", - "label": "floods", - "definition": "Relatively high water that overflows the natural or artificial banks of a stream or coastal area that submerges land not normally below water level.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1730", - "label": "storm surge", - "definition": "Coastal high water level caused by wind from storms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "514", - "label": "groundwater flow", - "definition": "Movement of subsurface water in the saturated zone from areas of recharge to areas of discharge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1113", - "label": "streamflow", - "definition": "A type of channel flow, applied to a specific part of surface runoff in a stream, whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "998", - "label": "stream discharge", - "definition": "Volume of water in a stream passing a given point at a given moment in time, expressed as a measure of volume per unit of time, i.e. cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, or gallons per minute.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1377", - "label": "turbidity", - "definition": "Cloudiness in the water column, caused by the presence of suspended and dissolved matter such as clay, silt, organic matter, or plankton.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1299", - "label": "water circulation", - "definition": "The flow of water in a body of water due to wind or other forces or variations in density or temperature. Use 'water circulation' for situations that are not specifically covered by narrower terms. Use 'ocean circulation' for water circulation in the oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1360", - "label": "water cycle", - "definition": "Interchange of water among land, oceans, and atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1365", - "label": "percolation", - "definition": "The movement of water through fractures or interstices of a rock or soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1375", - "label": "runoff", - "definition": "Flow of water over land surfaces (including paved surfaces), typically from precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1686", - "label": "saltwater intrusion", - "definition": "Infusion of saline waters in an aquifer or body of surface water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1687", - "label": "scour", - "definition": "Erosion of sediment in a stream bed, often occurring at manmade structures such as bridge supports.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1692", - "label": "groundwater and surface-water interaction", - "definition": "Traditionally, management of water resources has focused on surface water or groundwater as if they were separate entities. As development of land and water resources increases, it is apparent that development of either of these resources affects the quantity and quality of the other. Nearly all surface-water features (streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and estuaries) interact with groundwater. These interactions take many forms. In many situations, surface-water bodies gain water and solutes from groundwater systems and in others the surface-water body is a source of groundwater recharge and causes changes in groundwater quality. As a result, withdrawal of water from streams can deplete groundwater or conversely, pumpage of groundwater can deplete water in streams, lakes, or wetlands. Pollution of surface water can cause degradation of groundwater quality and conversely pollution of groundwater can degrade surface water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1702", - "label": "evolution", - "definition": "Change in the genetic composition of populations of living organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1718", - "label": "impact cratering", - "definition": "Impact of extraterrestrial objects such as asteroids, comets, and meteorites on Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1799", - "label": "coastal processes", - "definition": "Processes unique to coastal areas including longshore transport, beach erosion, storm surge, shoreline change, delta formation, barrier island migration, beach stabilization by vegetation", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1801", - "label": "longshore currents", - "definition": "Movement of water parallel to the coast due to waves striking the shoreline at an angle", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2068", - "label": "tidal currents", - "definition": "Currents caused by tidal changes in water level from one body of water to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2069", - "label": "barrier island migration", - "definition": "The slow, landward movement of barrier islands in response to sea level rise and repeated storm washover.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2070", - "label": "coastal emergence", - "definition": "Relative uplift of the coast accompanied by seaward displacement of the shoreline.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2071", - "label": "coastal submergence", - "definition": "Relative subsidence of the coast accompanied by landward displacement of the shoreline.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2072", - "label": "shoreline accretion", - "definition": "Seaward migration of the shoreline resulting from the addition of earth materials.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1800", - "label": "estuarine processes", - "definition": "Processes affecting estuaries including tides, waves, mixing of fluvial and marine waters", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1802", - "label": "estuarine currents", - "definition": "Movement of water within estuaries due to the complex interaction of winds, tides, and variations in water density", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1803", - "label": "estuarine mixing", - "definition": "Interaction of tidal forcing and river discharge in an estuary, leading to any of three vertical salinity profiles: salt wedge, stratified, or well mixed. We also include mixing due to extreme events such as storm surge.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2295", - "label": "hydrocarbon reservoir processes", - "definition": "Interactions among groundwater, hydrocarbons, and rock properties of subsurface geological formations, affecting the potential of those formations to form, trap, and permit the passage and extraction of hydrocarbons.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "223", - "label": "culture and demographics", - "definition": "Information on human behavior, ways of living and thinking, and characteristics of human populations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "12", - "label": "administrative and political boundaries", - "definition": "Lines drawn on maps or described in documents which encompass territory controlled by a government or organizational unit that may or may not align with geographic or cultural barriers. Use for datasets containing boundary representations for political/administrative units and related information.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2280", - "label": "protected areas", - "definition": "Terrestrial and marine areas that are designated and managed for the preservation of biological diversity or other natural, recreational, or cultural uses.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "133", - "label": "business and economics", - "definition": "The activities and processes associated with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2023", - "label": "recycling", - "definition": "Physical processes by which previously-used materials are converted from scrap and waste to reusable forms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2056", - "label": "resource supply and demand", - "definition": "Statistics indicating the commercial interests in material resources, typically mineral commodities, energy, or forest or fishery resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2057", - "label": "materials flow (commodities)", - "definition": "Industrial and commercial processes by which material resources are extracted, used or consumed, and disposed or recycled.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "136", - "label": "cadastral and legal land descriptions", - "definition": "Records in official registers showing extent, boundaries, and ownerships of land for administration and taxation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1684", - "label": "laws and regulations", - "definition": "Legal statements of the government regarding actions people or corporations might undertake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1689", - "label": "transportation", - "definition": "Movement of people or materials from one place to another for economic, political, or recreational purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1719", - "label": "geographic names", - "definition": "Names by which cultural and geographic features are known. Generally to be used for collections of names stored in gazetteers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2025", - "label": "population (human)", - "definition": "Geographic distribution and temporal trends of human habitation in specific areas", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "287", - "label": "earth characteristics", - "definition": "The measurable, definable properties and features of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "67", - "label": "atmospheric properties", - "definition": "Characteristics of the mass of gases surrounding the earth such as composition, temperature, pressure, and humidity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "27", - "label": "air temperature", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65", - "label": "atmospheric composition", - "definition": "Components of the mass of gases that surrounds a planet. The earth's atmosphere consists of nitrogen, oxygen, and small portions of other gases.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "506", - "label": "greenhouse gases", - "definition": "Atmospheric gases, including carbon dioxide, fluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, ozone, and water vapor, that trap radiant (infrared) energy keeping the earth's surface warmer than it would otherwise be.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "856", - "label": "ozone layer", - "definition": "Upper atmosphere layer composed of ozone, a gas made up of molecules comprised of three oxygen atoms, which helps to shield the earth from ultraviolet rays.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "292", - "label": "earth structure", - "definition": "Major interior structural features of the planet earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "211", - "label": "core (earth)", - "definition": "The superdense center of the earth composed of two layers: a liquid outer layer and a solid inner core of metallic iron-nickel alloy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "590", - "label": "inner core (earth)", - "definition": "The solid interior part of the earth's core, presumed to be composed principally of iron with an alloy of about 10 percent oxygen, sulfur, or nickel, or perhaps some combination of these three elements. The inner core is about 1221 kilometers thick.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "849", - "label": "outer core (earth)", - "definition": "Outer zone of the earth's core between the mantle and the inner core.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "219", - "label": "crust (earth)", - "definition": "The outermost layer of the earth which is relatively thin, of lower density than the core, and rocky.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "667", - "label": "lithosphere", - "definition": "The solid outer zone of the earth comprising the crust and the upper layer of the mantle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "199", - "label": "continental lithosphere", - "definition": "The earth's hard, outermost shell comprised of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "824", - "label": "oceanic lithosphere", - "definition": "The solid outer zone of the earth, covered by seawater, and comprised of the crust and the upper layer of the mantle.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "690", - "label": "mantle (earth)", - "definition": "Zone of earth's interior between the crust and the core. It is 2,900 kilometers (1,740 miles) thick and consists of a dense upper layer (upper mantle) and a partially molten lower layer (lower mantle), separated by a transition zone.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "61", - "label": "asthenosphere", - "definition": "A layer of the earth within the upper mantle and directly below the lithosphere. This layer has a semi-solid consistency that reaches to about 200 kilometers (124 miles) below the surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "455", - "label": "geologic history", - "definition": "Record (and inferred reconstruction) of the origin and development of the earth since its formation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "288", - "label": "earth history", - "definition": "The structural and compositional changes that the earth has undergone from its formation. Use for discussions of the whole earth (or large sections of it) instead of regional studies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "459", - "label": "geologic structure", - "definition": "General position of rocks in an area, and geometrical relationships among rocks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "404", - "label": "foliation (geologic)", - "definition": "The property of rocks or glaciers splitting into thin layers or plates due to the orientation of crystals and dynamic movement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "660", - "label": "lineation (geologic)", - "definition": "Linear topographic feature on the earth's surface or in rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1118", - "label": "structure contours", - "definition": "Gridding and contouring lines drawn on geologic maps to depict boundaries of structural features.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "501", - "label": "gravitational field (earth)", - "definition": "Region or space around earth's mass which exerts a force that mutually attracts other masses in proportion to the product of the two masses and the distance between them.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1673", - "label": "isostatic anomaly", - "definition": "Gravity anomaly corrected for the effects of low-density rocks underlying mountains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1674", - "label": "free-air anomaly", - "definition": "Gravity anomaly corrected for elevation of the location at which the measurements were made.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1675", - "label": "bouguer anomaly", - "definition": "Gravity anomaly corrected to remove the effects of topography using knowledge of the terrain in the area surrounding the measurement station.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2291", - "label": "gravity gradient", - "definition": "Lateral variation of the three-dimensional vector components of gravity, typically measured using airborne sensors.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "626", - "label": "land surface characteristics", - "definition": "Features and attributes of earth's land surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2031", - "label": "karst", - "definition": "Landscape characterized by dissolution features in carbonate or evaporite terranes, often containing caves and sinkholes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "677", - "label": "magnetic field (earth)", - "definition": "The magnetic region surrounding earth. It is generated by the dipolar characteristic of earth's core whereby earth itself acts as a great spherical magnet with poles near, but not exactly at, the North and South poles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "810", - "label": "ocean characteristics", - "definition": "The attributes and process of seas and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "817", - "label": "ocean salinity", - "definition": "Measure of the percentage of dissolved salts in seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "819", - "label": "ocean temperature", - "definition": "Distribution of heat in the oceans, including surface water, thermocline and mode waters, and deep waters. Includes discussion and measures of both in-situ and potential temperature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1027", - "label": "sea surface temperature", - "definition": "Observed temperature of surface ocean waters, typically encompassing the entire mixed layer. Some observational methods, however, may measure a much smaller depth range. Includes temperature data obtained in-situ or by remote sensing methods.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1025", - "label": "sea-floor characteristics", - "definition": "Geomorphic features and geographic, compositional, and textural variation in the materials composing the ocean floor. Includes both large-scale structures (such as seamounts and rises) and fine-scale variations in rocks and deposits on the sea floor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2053", - "label": "sea-floor acoustic reflectivity", - "definition": "Acoustic energy received by a sonar system, providing a measure of the roughness of the sea floor.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1028", - "label": "sea-level change", - "definition": "Variation in the relative vertical position of land and ocean waters. Caused globally by changes in the distribution of ice masses and the shape of the oceans, and locally by the rate of uplift or subsidence of the land surface. Includes both global (eustatic) and local (relative) sea-level variations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1005", - "label": "rocks and deposits", - "definition": "Solid masses that make up the earth's crust as well as accumulations of materials. Use for major rock types and unconsolidated deposits. For deposits of economic value, see related terms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "414", - "label": "fossils", - "definition": "Recognizable remains such as bones, shells, leaves, burrows, impressions, or tracks of past life on the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "569", - "label": "ichnofossils", - "definition": "Fossilized remains of the traces of animal activity from different geologic time periods including burrows, tracks, trails, borings, and other features found in sedimentary structures.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "572", - "label": "igneous rocks", - "definition": "Rocks formed from melted rock that has cooled and solidified.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1340", - "label": "volcanic rocks", - "definition": "A generally finely crystalline or glassy igneous rock resulting from volcanic action at or near the earth's surface, either ejected explosively or extruded as lava. The term includes near-surface intrusions that form a part of the volcanic structure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1341", - "label": "plutonic rocks", - "definition": "Rocks formed at considerable depth by crystallization of magma and/or by chemical alteration. They are characteristically medium- to coarse-grained, of granitoid texture.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "725", - "label": "metamorphic rocks", - "definition": "Sedimentary or igneous rocks which have undergone such intense changes in temperature, pressure, structural stress, or chemical environment that they are transformed into denser rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1035", - "label": "sedimentary rocks", - "definition": "Rocks formed by the consolidation of loose, uncemented pieces of sediments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "83", - "label": "bedforms", - "definition": "Fluctuations from horizontal layers in sediments or sedimentary rocks made by flow on the beds of alluvial channels.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1199", - "label": "unconsolidated deposits", - "definition": "Loosely bound sediments such as sand, gravel, and silt which tend to accumulate in low areas or valleys.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "164", - "label": "clay deposits", - "definition": "Fine-grained sedimentary soil deposits, containing hydrated silicas of aluminum, that are plastic and sticky when wet and harden when heated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "500", - "label": "gravel deposits", - "definition": "Alluvial accumulations of small unconsolidated rock fragments, such as pebbles and cobbles, used in construction as fill, ground cover, or aggregate for concrete.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1011", - "label": "sand deposits", - "definition": "Deposits of loose particles of rock or mineral (sediment) that range in size from 0.0625-2.0 millimeters in diameter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1998", - "label": "mine waste", - "definition": "Earth materials removed during mining and concentrated in piles or beds, typically near the site of extraction. Tailings are mine waste that has been processed to remove valuable components; unprocessed mine waste includes overburden removed to reach commodity materials such as ore or coal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2044", - "label": "soil horizons", - "definition": "Layers in soil defined by physical, chemical, biological, or mineralogical properties which vary with depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2271", - "label": "solid industrial waste material", - "definition": "Waste solid materials produced by industrial processing of earth materials, not simply material extracted in the search for ores.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2272", - "label": "slag", - "definition": "Solid waste material produced by the industrial processing of ore materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2273", - "label": "coal ash", - "definition": "Solid waste material remaining from the burning of coal.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1370", - "label": "permafrost", - "definition": "Rocks and deposits in which the interstitial waters remain perennially frozen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1804", - "label": "petroleum", - "definition": "Naturally occurring hydrocarbons, typically fluid or gas, often of economic use. Includes oil, natural gas, and asphaltic compounds found in tar sands and oil shales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2043", - "label": "mineral deposits", - "definition": "Deposits in which particular minerals are concentrated, typically noticed and studied if the minerals have economic value.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1072", - "label": "snow and ice cover", - "definition": "Accumulation of snow or ice blanketing land surfaces.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1722", - "label": "sea ice concentration", - "definition": "Proportion of ocean area in a given region that contains or is covered by floating ice.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1103", - "label": "stratigraphic sections", - "definition": "Vertical arrangement in layers of rock units whose sequence is used to study the geological history of the strata.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84", - "label": "bedrock geologic units", - "definition": "Units of consolidated (solid) rock that underlie soils or other unconsolidated materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "452", - "label": "geologic contacts", - "definition": "Junctions of two different rock formations varying by type or age of rock, including faults, unconformities, and bedding planes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1198", - "label": "unconformities", - "definition": "The contact between older rocks and younger sedimentary rocks where erosion had removed some of the older rocks before the younger rocks were deposited.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1127", - "label": "surficial geologic units", - "definition": "Rock units on the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2089", - "label": "stratigraphic thickness", - "definition": "Thickness of earth material layers or groups of such layers, often portrayed as isopachs (contours) or gridded data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1176", - "label": "topography", - "definition": "Configuration of the land surface and sea floor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "80", - "label": "bathymetry", - "definition": "The elevation of the earth's surface beneath a body of water, especially the ocean, typically determined by measurements of depth from the water surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1367", - "label": "earth material properties", - "definition": "Physical characteristics of rocks and unconsolidated earth materials such as soils and sediments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1368", - "label": "permeability", - "definition": "The ability of fluids to pass through an earth material, typically depending on the connectedness of pore space in the material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1369", - "label": "porosity", - "definition": "The proportion of open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1701", - "label": "radioactivity", - "definition": "Release of subatomic particles from earth materials. Generally the energy of these particles is used to determine the chemical elements present.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1712", - "label": "resistivity", - "definition": "Electrical resistance of materials, often measured in boreholes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1714", - "label": "bulk density", - "definition": "Overall density of an unconsolidated earth material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1741", - "label": "magnetism", - "definition": "Strength and orientation of the permanent magnetic field in a given sample of an earth material", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1676", - "label": "remanent magnetism", - "definition": "Magnetic characteristic of rocks and deposits reflective of the earth's magnetic field at the time of the deposit's formation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1742", - "label": "magnetic susceptibility", - "definition": "Degree to which a rock type or other earth material can acquire and retain the orientation and intensity of an applied magnetic field.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2027", - "label": "soil moisture", - "definition": "Water content of soil and other near-surface unconsolidated earth material", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2028", - "label": "soil temperature", - "definition": "Temperature and temperature gradients in soil and other near-surface unconsolidated earth materials", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2276", - "label": "acid neutralizing potential", - "definition": "Geochemical capacity of earth materials to affect the pH of waters flowing through them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2290", - "label": "electromagnetic reflectance and emissivity", - "definition": "Effectiveness of an earth material in reflecting or emitting radiation, varying by wavelength. Measurements are made over the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum in a laboratory to compare with remotely-sensed data obtained by airborne or satellite imaging systems.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2090", - "label": "lakebed characteristics", - "definition": "Characteristics of the bottom of inland bodies of water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2091", - "label": "lakebed acoustic reflectivity", - "definition": "Acoustic energy received by a sonar system, providing a measure of the roughness of the lakebed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "485", - "label": "effects of climate change", - "definition": "Characteristics and behaviors of organisms and earth systems that are modified as a result of changes in global, regional, or local climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "531", - "label": "hazards", - "definition": "Potential dangers from both natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, floods, and climate change) and human impacts on the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "533", - "label": "health and disease", - "definition": "Normal and abnormal conditions of plant and animal bodies. Covers both human and non-human health and disease topics. For human health and disease, use the narrower term 'environmental health (human)'.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "267", - "label": "disease vectors", - "definition": "Organisms, such as insects, that transmit pathogens from one host to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "345", - "label": "environmental health (human)", - "definition": "Effects of the environment on human health.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "546", - "label": "human environmental safety", - "definition": "Monitoring and managing potentially harmful factors in the environment for human safety.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1752", - "label": "zoonotic diseases", - "definition": "Diseases of animals that can be communicated to humans", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1805", - "label": "wildlife disease", - "definition": "Includes viral, bacterial, and fungal infections as well as exposure of organisms to dangerous chemicals or toxic substances.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1732", - "label": "avian influenza", - "definition": "A virulent disease of poultry and wild birds that has spread throughout a large geographic area in Asia and Eastern Europe since it was first documented in 1997 in Asia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1753", - "label": "chronic wasting disease", - "definition": "Transmissible neurological disease of deer and elk that produces small lesions in the brains of infected animals; may be transmitted to humans who consume the meat of infected animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2026", - "label": "white-nose syndrome", - "definition": "Disease affecting hibernating bats caused by a white fungus infecting the skin of the muzzle, ears, and wings", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "548", - "label": "human impacts", - "definition": "The effects, intentional or unintentional, beneficial or harmful, direct or indirect, which human activities have upon the environment and living things.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "629", - "label": "land use change", - "definition": "Effect of changing land use patterns on ecological systems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2033", - "label": "habitat fragmentation", - "definition": "Disruption of once-continuous natural habitats by human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, resource extraction, and the construction of roads, railways, fences, and pipelines.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "750", - "label": "mining hazards", - "definition": "Dangerous conditions which result from the extraction of naturally occurring mineral deposits. Includes tunnel collapses, fires, and explosions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "852", - "label": "overfishing", - "definition": "Taking too many fish from an area beyond the capacity for the population to replenish its numbers. The balance of the ecosystem is upset, leading to long-term depletion of fish stock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "853", - "label": "overgrazing", - "definition": "The practice of allowing animals to eat vegetation, especially ground cover, beyond the capacity of the plant population to replenish itself. Leads to erosion and other harm to the ecosystem.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1293", - "label": "waste treatment and disposal", - "definition": "The chemical and physical methods to recycle or dispose of materials which, without treatment, are deemed to have no further value or are too contaminated to be used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1354", - "label": "deforestation", - "definition": "Reduction in the density of forest cover or tree canopy, typically by harvesting trees for human use or clearing land for other purposes such as agriculture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1671", - "label": "dredging", - "definition": "Removal of sediments from water bodies to aid navigation or to transfer material to another location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1725", - "label": "abandoned mines and quarries", - "definition": "Mines and quarries that have been abandoned and may expose harmful chemicals to the environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "587", - "label": "information system design and development", - "definition": "Use for the design and development of information systems. Do not use for general cases in which information systems are part of the activity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "445", - "label": "geographic information systems", - "definition": "Computer software that allows geospatially referenced data to be linked to geographic features. Use this term only for information that is about GIS and not for the use of GIS in applications and projects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "723", - "label": "metadata development", - "definition": "Use for the development of metadata schemes and applications. Do not use for general cases where metadata are part of the activities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "594", - "label": "instrument design and development", - "definition": "Includes the design and development of software for a particular instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "628", - "label": "land use and land cover", - "definition": "The vegetation, water, natural surface, and cultural features on the land surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "692", - "label": "map coordinate systems", - "definition": "Systems using sets of numbers combined with geometric nets or grids to specific positions on a map or globe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "769", - "label": "contamination and pollution", - "definition": "Introduction of harmful substances into the environment by human action or natural processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "879", - "label": "pesticide and herbicide contamination", - "definition": "Pollution resulting from chemical agents applied to crops, rights of way, lawns, or residences to control weeds, insects, fungi, nematodes, rodents or other pests (pesticides) or kill undesirable plants (herbicides).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1180", - "label": "toxic radionuclide contamination", - "definition": "Introduction into the environment of unstable isotopes of elements that undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation that is harmful to organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1181", - "label": "toxic trace element contamination", - "definition": "Introduction into the environment of elements (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury) which have a deleterious effect on living organisms when found naturally in only minor amounts (concentrations less than 1.0 milligram per liter) in water or sediment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "720", - "label": "mercury contamination", - "definition": "Biological disturbances caused by mercury compounds that have entered the environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1363", - "label": "nonpoint-source pollution", - "definition": "Contamination of the environment from sources spread widely across an area, not from a small number of identifiable locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1693", - "label": "pharmaceutical contamination", - "definition": "Unintentional release of pharmaceutical compounds into the environment; work focuses on the effects of these compounds on organisms and water resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1723", - "label": "industrial pollution", - "definition": "Introduction of harmful substances into the environment by manufacturing, power generation, mining, or material processing.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1724", - "label": "mine drainage", - "definition": "Introduction of harmful substances into the environment from mines and tailings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2270", - "label": "produced water", - "definition": "Water produced during generation and development of energy resources, particularly hydrocarbons, as well as related fluids injected into reservoirs for energy development and associated waste disposal.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2269", - "label": "microplastic contamination", - "definition": "Plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in diameter that come from a wide variety of sources, found in a variety of forms, including fibers, pellets/beads, foams, films, fragments, and tire particles, and reach aquatic environments through diverse pathways.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2274", - "label": "PFAS", - "definition": "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemical compounds that are an emerging contaminant.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "774", - "label": "natural resource exploration", - "definition": "Techniques for locating deposits or stocks of useful minerals, water, and other resources using reconnaissance or instrumental methods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "775", - "label": "natural resource extraction", - "definition": "Removal of natural materials or properties (such as heat) for use.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "749", - "label": "mining and quarrying", - "definition": "Extracting mineral deposits from a pit, tunnel, or excavation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1325", - "label": "well drilling", - "definition": "The process of artificial excavation for the purpose of withdrawing water, oil, or gas from underground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1373", - "label": "placer deposit mining", - "definition": "Extraction of minerals, typically metal ores, from unconsolidated surficial materials such as stream sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2021", - "label": "enhanced oil recovery", - "definition": "Injection of steam, gas, or other chemical compounds into hydrocarbon reservoirs to stimulate the production of usable oil beyond what is possible through natural pressure, water injection, and pumping at the wellhead.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2034", - "label": "hydraulic fracturing", - "definition": "Injection of water and other fluids through a well into geologic formations in order to increase the permeability of the rock units and thus permit natural gas or oil to be produced from them.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "777", - "label": "natural resources", - "definition": "Stocks of anything naturally occurring that have a beneficial use for man including economic, nutritional, recreational, aesthetic, and other benefits.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "391", - "label": "fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of anadromous, marine, and freshwater fish in fishing areas of commercial, subsistence, and recreational value.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "185", - "label": "commercial fishery resources", - "definition": "Stocks of fish and other seafood used for marketing purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "589", - "label": "inland fishery resources", - "definition": "Stocks of fish available to be taken in lakes, streams, ponds, rivers, and other inland bodies of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "705", - "label": "marine fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of fisheries located in seas and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1328", - "label": "whaling", - "definition": "Taking whales from the ocean for marketing or subsistence purposes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "968", - "label": "recreational fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of fish and other seafood resources in areas used for recreational fishing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1121", - "label": "subsistence fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of fish taken and eaten by local populations rather than marketed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "411", - "label": "forest resources", - "definition": "Trees and associated vegetation available for human use. Use for timber and other forest resources with economic value.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "745", - "label": "mineral resources", - "definition": "Natural occurrences of useful inorganic elements or compounds.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "724", - "label": "metallic mineral resources", - "definition": "Resources from which ductile, malleable, opaque,and reflective metals that are also good heat and electricity conductors can be extracted.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "798", - "label": "nonmetallic mineral resources", - "definition": "Useful mineral deposits that are not metals. Includes materials used for construction, decoration, fuel, and industrial purposes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "132", - "label": "building stone resources", - "definition": "Deposits of rocks used in construction, including crushed stone and dimension stone. Dimension stone includes limestone and granite, quarried in large blocks, and shaped in cubes, panels and other forms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "429", - "label": "gem resources", - "definition": "Deposits of rare minerals prized for their color, durability, sparkle, and clarity when cut and polished and used as ornaments or jewelry.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2094", - "label": "critical minerals", - "definition": "A non-fuel mineral or mineral material essential to the economic and national security of the US, the supply chain of which is vulnerable to disruption, and that serves an essential function in the manufacturing of a product, the absence of which would have significant consequences for our economy or our national security.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "799", - "label": "energy resources", - "definition": "Natural resources that are used for heat and power generation, including oil, natural gas, coal, and geothermal energy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "172", - "label": "coal resources", - "definition": "Fuel resources such as anthracite, lignite, bituminous coal, or coke, consisting largely of carbonaceous material and formed from fossilized plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "477", - "label": "geothermal resources", - "definition": "Energy resources related to the earth's internal heat, commonly applied to springs or vents discharging hot water or steam.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "770", - "label": "natural gas resources", - "definition": "Stocks of naturally formed hydrocarbon gases which are usually associated with petroleum fields. Useful for heating, they are principally methane, but can be ethane, butane, or propane.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "173", - "label": "coalbed methane resources", - "definition": "Resources of methane-rich gas generated and stored in coalbeds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "427", - "label": "gas hydrate resources", - "definition": "Deposits of a crystalline solid in which water molecules trap gas molecules, usually methane, in a cagelike structure known as a clathrate occurring in sediments overlain by cold deep water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "829", - "label": "oil resources", - "definition": "Deposits (pools) of highly valuable liquid hydrocarbons or fossil fuels.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "830", - "label": "oil sand resources", - "definition": "Deposits of sandstone or unconsolidated sand containing bitumen that can be extracted as an oil resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "831", - "label": "oil shale resources", - "definition": "Deposits of finely grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen that can be distilled to produce liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1997", - "label": "wind energy", - "definition": "Use of prevailing wind as a source of energy to drive turbines or other machinery.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2292", - "label": "energy storage", - "definition": "Methods and technologies for holding energy to be recovered at a later time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2293", - "label": "geologic energy storage", - "definition": "Use of subsurface reservoirs to store energy that can be recovered at a later time using thermal [energy], gravity, or stored air or natural gases.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1080", - "label": "soil resources", - "definition": "Natural resources of unconsolidated fragmented rock, humus, and mineral matter that cover the surface of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2268", - "label": "biological soil crusts", - "definition": "Communities commonly found on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, these consist of mosses, cyanobacteria, lichens, algae, and microfungi, which weave together and adhere to the soil to form a matrix that lessens erosion, supports nitrogen fixation, and retains moisture. These organisms are important to the functioning of ecosystems and to the organization of plant and soil communities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1308", - "label": "water resources", - "definition": "Stocks of water, the liquid derived from precipitation. A constituent of living matter and necessity for all life, it covers a large proportion of the earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "513", - "label": "groundwater", - "definition": "All water that exists beneath the land surface, but more commonly applied to water in fully saturated soils and geologic formations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1344", - "label": "groundwater level", - "definition": "Depth in a well or aquifer at which groundwater occurs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1717", - "label": "unsaturated zone", - "definition": "The portion of the subsurface above the ground water table.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1124", - "label": "surface water (non-marine)", - "definition": "Open bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, or streams. All non-marine waters on the surface of the earth, including fresh, brackish, and salt water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1002", - "label": "river systems", - "definition": "Long water courses including main streams and tributaries.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1001", - "label": "river reaches", - "definition": "Continuous parts of streams between two specified points.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1743", - "label": "surface-water level", - "definition": "Height of the water surface in a lake, reservoir, or wetland. For water levels in flowing streams, refer to streamflow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "841", - "label": "organism groupings (non-taxonomic)", - "definition": "Used for categories of living organisms that are not taxonomic and that include species from more than one taxonomic group.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "116", - "label": "biota", - "definition": "All living organisms in an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "194", - "label": "consumers (organisms)", - "definition": "Organisms unable to produce food from nonliving matter and dependent on ingesting other animals, plants, or particulate organic matter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "145", - "label": "carnivores", - "definition": "Flesh-eating animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "537", - "label": "herbivores", - "definition": "Animals that eat chiefly plants or their products, such as seeds, nectar, and fruit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "832", - "label": "omnivores", - "definition": "Animals that eat both plant and animal materials.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "238", - "label": "decomposers", - "definition": "Organisms, chiefly microorganisms and invertebrates, that feed on dead plant or animal matter breaking it down and recycling the resulting elements and compounds in the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "332", - "label": "endangered species", - "definition": "Plant or animal species reduced to such low numbers of individuals that they are at risk of becoming extinct.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "423", - "label": "game species", - "definition": "Species of wild animals that are hunted for food or sport.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "615", - "label": "keystone species", - "definition": "Species whose abundance and ecological role has a dramatic effect on the other species in an ecosystem.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "673", - "label": "macroinvertebrates", - "definition": "Invertebrate animals large enough to be studied without a microscope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "744", - "label": "migratory species", - "definition": "Species that have a pattern of moving from one geographical area to another, primarily according to the seasons, and usually traveling long distances along established routes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "768", - "label": "native species", - "definition": "Organisms originating in the area where they live.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "333", - "label": "endemic species", - "definition": "Plant and animals species native to and confined to specific geographic areas.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "779", - "label": "nekton", - "definition": "Free-swimming aquatic organisms able to move without depending on waves, currents, and tides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "797", - "label": "nonindigenous species", - "definition": "Organisms accidentally or intentionally introduced into areas where they did not previously originate or live.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "602", - "label": "invasive species", - "definition": "Plant, animal, or microbe species that is non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm, or harm to human health.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "903", - "label": "plankton", - "definition": "Floating aquatic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) which are often microscopic and drift with the current in lakes, rivers, and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1372", - "label": "phytoplankton", - "definition": "Small, mostly microscopic aquatic plants such as algae and bacteria suspended in water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "916", - "label": "pollinators", - "definition": "Organisms that aid in the growth and distribution of plants by transferring pollen as a byproduct of their feeding activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "935", - "label": "producers (organisms)", - "definition": "Organisms, chiefly green plants, which use inorganic elements, compounds, and light to produce their food (photosynthesis). They are a source of food for animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1056", - "label": "shellfish", - "definition": "Aquatic invertebrates with shells, usually mollusks and crustaceans. Includes clams, lobsters, and oysters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1266", - "label": "vegetation", - "definition": "Plant life or general plant cover in an area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1366", - "label": "periphyton", - "definition": "A plant assemblage including microbial communities of algae and cyanobacteria living attached to submerged aquatic vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1697", - "label": "weeds", - "definition": "Plants whose presence in an area is undesirable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1705", - "label": "aquatic vegetation", - "definition": "Plants living primarily in or under water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1331", - "label": "wildlife", - "definition": "Undomesticated organisms living in natural settings without dependence on man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1345", - "label": "benthos", - "definition": "Animals that live on the bottom of water bodies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1707", - "label": "microbes", - "definition": "Microscopic, typically one-celled organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1709", - "label": "parasites", - "definition": "Symbiotic organisms that are detrimental to the host.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1728", - "label": "nuisance species", - "definition": "Organisms whose presence or behavior has undesirable effects on human activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1795", - "label": "genetically engineered organisms", - "definition": "Organisms whose DNA has been modified through the insertion or deletion of DNA fragments from the same or another species, in order to produce or enhance desirable traits such as increased yield, resistance to pests, adaptation to drastically changed environments, or formation of entirely new compounds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "843", - "label": "organisms", - "definition": "Living individuals that grow, reproduce, and die.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "29", - "label": "algae", - "definition": "Chlorophyll-bearing primarily aquatic nonvascular species that have no true roots, stems, or leaves; most algae are microscopic, but some species can be as large as vascular plants.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "138", - "label": "calcareous nannoplankton", - "definition": "Organisms of the kingdom Protista that normally produce coccoliths, microscopic structures of calcite (calcium carbonate), during some phase of their life cycle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "250", - "label": "diatoms", - "definition": "Microscopic, single-celled plants of the class Bacillariophyceae that have siliceous shells called frustules, and which grow in both marine and fresh water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "261", - "label": "dinoflagellates", - "definition": "Single-celled planktonic organisms, chiefly marine, characterized by twirling motion and whip-like flagella with affinities to both plants and animals.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "45", - "label": "animals", - "definition": "Multi-celled organisms of the kingdom Animalia with eukaryotic cells (cells with distinct nuclei containing genetic material and bounded by thin membranes) that are heterotrophic (obtaining energy from organic substances produced by other organisms).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "606", - "label": "invertebrates", - "definition": "Animals having no backbone or spinal column, such as insects, mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and similar organisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "58", - "label": "arthropods", - "definition": "Invertebrates belonging to the largest phylum of animals, Arthropoda, with an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages, including many subphyla and classes, such as insects, crustaceans, horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and the extinct trilobites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "55", - "label": "arachnids", - "definition": "Carnivorous arthropods, chiefly terrestrial, of the class Arachnida including spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, false scorpions, palpigrades, solifugids, and harvestmen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "220", - "label": "crustaceans", - "definition": "Arthropods of class Crustacea, such as crabs, lobsters, shrimp, prawns, or barnacles, with hard shells (exoskeleton) and segmented bodies with pairs of jointed appendages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "848", - "label": "ostracodes", - "definition": "Small aquatic crustaceans belonging to the subclass Ostracoda, characterized by a bivalve shell.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "543", - "label": "horseshoe crabs", - "definition": "Marine arthropods, usually classed as Merostomata, which have a broad crescent (horseshoe-shaped) cephalothorax.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "591", - "label": "insects", - "definition": "Small arthropod animals of the class Insecta with bodies in 3 segments (head, thorax, and abdomen). They have 3 pairs of legs, 2 antennae, and usually one or two pairs of wings. Includes flies, mosquitoes, beetles, butterflies, bees, crickets, and dragonflies.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "135", - "label": "butterflies and moths", - "definition": "Insects of the order Lepidoptera that have four wings with overlapping, often highly colored scales. They undergo four life cycle stages: eggs, caterpillar larvae, pupae, and the winged adults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1737", - "label": "bees and wasps", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1190", - "label": "trilobites", - "definition": "Extinct marine arthropods of the class Trilobita with segmented bodies and jointed appendages found as Paleozoic fossils in many parts of the world.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "130", - "label": "bryozoans and brachiopods", - "definition": "Aquatic invertebrates, usually marine, belonging to the phyla Bryozoa and Brachiopoda. Brachiopods, or clam shells, are solitary living invertebrates characterized by two shells and a lophophore, which is a complex food gathering organ. Bryozoans are colonial and include moss coral and moss polyps.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "177", - "label": "coelenterates", - "definition": "Freshwater and marine invertebrates, such as corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones, belonging to the phylum Coelenterata and living as sedentary polyps or free swimming medusae.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "192", - "label": "conodonts", - "definition": "Microscopic teeth of primitive, boneless, eel-like animals, similar to modern hagfish, that lived in many of the world's oceans from the Cambrian through Triassic Periods of geologic time (550 to 210 million years ago).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "305", - "label": "echinoderms", - "definition": "Marine invertebrates of the phylum Echinodermata with a radial body and a calcareous exoskeleton. Includes starfishes, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "757", - "label": "mollusks", - "definition": "Invertebrates belonging to the phylum Mollusca with soft, nonsegmented bodies, often covered by a hard shell. Includes snails, clams, oysters, whelks, mussels, slugs, octopuses, and squids.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1094", - "label": "sponges", - "definition": "Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum Porifera having internal skeletons of silica or collagen, porous body around a cavity or cavities, and usually living in stationary communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1336", - "label": "worms", - "definition": "Invertebrate animals of the phyla Annelida, Nematoda, Memertea, or Plathyhelminthes, that have long thin rounded or flat bodies without obvious appendages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "395", - "label": "flatworms", - "definition": "Soft flat worms of the phylum Platyhelminthes, which are often parasitic. Includes tapeworms and flukes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1006", - "label": "roundworms", - "definition": "Worms of the phylum Nematoda, often parasitic, such as hookworms and pinworms, having soft cylindrical bodies without segments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1038", - "label": "segmented worms", - "definition": "Worms belonging to the phylum Annelida, with soft bodies divided into segments and distinct heads. Includes leeches, earthworms, and marine worms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1733", - "label": "tunicates", - "definition": "Marine organisms of the subphylum tunicata of the phylum chordata.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1269", - "label": "vertebrates", - "definition": "Animals possessing a vertebral column or backbone including birds, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "37", - "label": "amphibians", - "definition": "Vertebrates of the class Amphibia including frogs and toads (Anura), salamanders (Urodela), caecilians (Apoda) and extinct forms which are cold-blooded and have life stages in water as eggs and larval forms (tadpoles)until they metamorphose as adults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "119", - "label": "birds", - "definition": "Land vertebrates belonging to the class Aves with warm blood, feathers, wings, and reproduction characterized by egg laying.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "387", - "label": "fish", - "definition": "Cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates with fins for swimming, gills for breathing, and usually scales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "686", - "label": "mammals", - "definition": "Vertebrate animals, generally large, with skin covered by hair and large brain cavities. Females have mammary glands for feeding the young, who are usually born quite mature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1746", - "label": "bears", - "definition": "Large wild mammals of the family Ursidae. Includes black and brown (grizzly) bears and polar bears.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1747", - "label": "bats", - "definition": "Small flying mammals of the order Chiroptera.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2039", - "label": "walruses", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "988", - "label": "reptiles", - "definition": "Cold-blooded vertebrates of the class Reptilia. Characterized by skin covered with scales or horny plates and reproduced by eggs. Includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, and extinct species such as dinosaurs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "262", - "label": "dinosaurs", - "definition": "Extinct reptiles, often gigantic, chiefly terrestrial, carnivorous or herbivorous, that lived during the Mesozoic era.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "56", - "label": "archaea", - "definition": "Microscopic organisms of the domain Archaea living on a diet of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, once thought to be bacteria, and often inhabiting extreme environments, such as thermal vents and hot springs, extremely alkaline and acidic waters, hypersaline water, and anoxic habitats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76", - "label": "bacteria", - "definition": "Single celled microorganisms, beneficial or pathogenic, without a nuclear membrane.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "420", - "label": "fungi", - "definition": "Immobile organisms of the kingdom Fungi that lack chlorophyll and that obtain nutrients from other dead or living organisms. Fungi reproduce by spores and include yeasts, molds, smuts, and mushrooms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "647", - "label": "lichens", - "definition": "Plants that are composed of a fungus and an alga growing together symbiotically and often found growing on rocks or tree trunks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "909", - "label": "plants (organisms)", - "definition": "Organisms which belong to the plant kingdom. Commonly multicellular, they produce food through photosynthesis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "801", - "label": "nonvascular plants", - "definition": "Simple plants which lack conducting tissues known as vascular bundles, a group of specialized cells made up of xylem and phloem.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "669", - "label": "liverworts and hornworts", - "definition": "Simple green land plants of the phyla Bryophyta with leaves and a stem and always without roots.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "760", - "label": "mosses", - "definition": "Simple green land plants, member of the phyla Bryophyta, along with liverworts and hornworts. They have leaves and a stem, but always lack roots.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1265", - "label": "vascular plants", - "definition": "Plants which have a specialized conductive system. Includes xylem and phloem: club mosses, ferns, cycads, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "372", - "label": "ferns and fern allies", - "definition": "Spore-bearing, vascular plants having leaves known as fronds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "401", - "label": "flowering plants", - "definition": "Plants known as angiosperms which periodically produce flowers which have various parts including sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "521", - "label": "gymnosperms", - "definition": "Seed-bearing woody vascular plants, such as the conifers (pine, spruce, fir, etc.), whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary or fruit, but are exposed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "940", - "label": "protists", - "definition": "Unicellular eukaryotes (organisms possessing nucleated cells) with affinities to both plants and animals. Classed in the Protista or Potoctista kingdom, they include protozoans, foraminifera, radiolarians, fungi and some algae.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1280", - "label": "viruses", - "definition": "Very small particles visible only with an electronic microscope. Considered to be complex molecules and not living organisms, these are often causes of disease in plants, animals, and bacteria.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "900", - "label": "planetary bodies", - "definition": "Large celestial masses of rock, metal, or gas orbiting around a star. Use for extraterrestrial bodies.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "730", - "label": "meteorites", - "definition": "Masses of rock or metal from space that reach the earth's surface without burning up. Use for 'meteors' or 'meteoroids' as well as 'meteorites'. USGS is more likely to have information about 'meteorites' since these are objects found on the earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "921", - "label": "population and community ecology", - "definition": "Interactions of a single species (population) or an association of different species (community) occupying a particular region, including their biotic and abiotic environments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "40", - "label": "animal behavior", - "definition": "The way animals act or react to conditions in the environment and to other organisms, including life patterns such as migration, hibernation, and nocturnal living.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92", - "label": "biodiversity", - "definition": "The variety in form, genetics, and ecological roles of organisms within a specific geographic area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "314", - "label": "ecosystem diversity", - "definition": "Measure of the variety of biological communities and habitats important for ecological stability.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2055", - "label": "environmental DNA", - "definition": "Nuclear or mitochondrial DNA released into the environment as bodily secretions, hair, or similar materials other than whole individuals. Used to detect organisms that are not observed directly.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "432", - "label": "genetic diversity", - "definition": "Measure of the variety of genes within a population pool in a given area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1361", - "label": "genotype", - "definition": "Genetic characteristics of an individual organism.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1089", - "label": "species diversity", - "definition": "An ecological concept incorporating both the number of species in a particular sampling area and the evenness with which individuals are distributed among the various species.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "96", - "label": "biogeography", - "definition": "The study of the geographic distributions of plants and animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "187", - "label": "community ecology", - "definition": "Study of the relationships of species that interact in a common area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "319", - "label": "ecosystems", - "definition": "The interacting populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms occupying a certain area, and their relationship to the environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "54", - "label": "aquatic ecosystems", - "definition": "Communities of interdependent organisms living primarily in or on water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "85", - "label": "benthic ecosystems", - "definition": "Biologic communities and habitats at the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "358", - "label": "estuarine ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats within sea inlets or the zones where rivers meet the seas which are subject to tidal effects and the mixture of fresh and saltwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "419", - "label": "freshwater ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats that exist in lakes, rivers, ponds, and other bodies of water that are not salty.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "704", - "label": "marine ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities composed of plants and animals living primarily in or on seawater.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "971", - "label": "reef ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities formed by the skeletons of calcareous seawater organisms, usually corals.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1156", - "label": "terrestrial ecosystems", - "definition": "Communities of living organisms in a specific geographical location which exist primarily on land and not in water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "174", - "label": "coastal ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats within the narrow zones of land between the margin of oceans or seas and large landmasses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "245", - "label": "desert ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats in arid areas with little precipitation, sparse, highly adapted vegetation, and extreme temperatures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "410", - "label": "forest ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats in geographic areas with dense growths of trees and associated vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "499", - "label": "grassland ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats with ground cover of grasses and other herbaceous plants, but few trees. Examples include prairies, meadows, and savannas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1059", - "label": "shrubland ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological land communities and habitats with sparse, low-growing vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1196", - "label": "tundra ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats located in the treeless plains of Arctic regions where the subsoil is permanently frozen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1706", - "label": "island ecosystems", - "definition": "Communities of living organisms on islands.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1326", - "label": "wetland ecosystems", - "definition": "Ecosystems whose soil is saturated for long periods seasonally or continuously, including marshes, swamps, and ephemeral ponds. More detailed terms for wetlands can be selected from the FGDC Wetland Classification .", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "525", - "label": "habitats", - "definition": "Parts of the physical environment where plants and animals live. Use in combination with terms from organisms and organism groupings (non-taxonomic) to indicate the topic of a species or group of species habitat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "922", - "label": "population dynamics", - "definition": "Changes in the size, composition, or structure of aggregates of single or multiple species in a specific area over time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1688", - "label": "symbiosis", - "definition": "An intimate, prolonged association between two or more organisms of different species that may or may not benefit each member.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1796", - "label": "phenology", - "definition": "Study of the response of organisms to seasonal or interannual changes in the environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1020", - "label": "scientific careers", - "definition": "Professions in which people carry out or support scientific research or monitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1304", - "label": "water properties", - "definition": "Measurable physical and chemical characteristics of water from different sources.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "806", - "label": "nutrient content (water)", - "definition": "Contaminants in water that nourish organisms, especially plants. Includes nitrogen and phosphorus, either of which can lead to the harmful growth of algae and other plants when present to excess in a body of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "854", - "label": "oxygen content (water)", - "definition": "Measurement of the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water, which is an important indicator of the condition of a water body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1010", - "label": "salinity", - "definition": "Measure of the concentration of salts dissolved in a solution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1129", - "label": "suspended material (water)", - "definition": "Sediment or organic material carried in suspension in the water column, in contrast to material that moves on or near the bottom. May be measured directly by sampling, or indirectly by acoustic or optical backscatter or transmission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1301", - "label": "water hardness", - "definition": "Indicator of the concentration of alkaline salts in water, mainly calcium and magnesium, as a measure of water quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1302", - "label": "water pH", - "definition": "The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration or activity of a water solution. Used for expressing both acidity (pH less than 7) and alkalinity (pH greater than 7), with 7 considered neutral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1312", - "label": "water temperature", - "definition": "The degrees of heat of water from a given source at a specific time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1682", - "label": "dissolved gases", - "definition": "Gases such as ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in solution measured in a water sample.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1999", - "label": "dissolved metals", - "definition": "Metal elements in solution, of concern in studies of hazards such as mine drainage and of water resource usability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2000", - "label": "dissolved organic compounds", - "definition": "Organic compounds present in water, typically as anthropogenic contaminants including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and herbicides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2080", - "label": "sound velocity", - "definition": "Estimates of the velocity of sound in water, indexed by depth at a specific location, usually calculated from other water properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2264", - "label": "water column reflectivity", - "definition": "A measure of the strength of reflection from small particles suspended in water. It is usually measured by sending a pulse of sound or light through the water and measuring the sound or light that is returned. Water column reflectivity can be used to measure the concentration of suspended particles.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1306", - "label": "water quality", - "definition": "The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "518", - "label": "groundwater quality", - "definition": "Fitness of subsurface water for use based on its composition and properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "708", - "label": "marine water quality", - "definition": "Observed intrinsic characteristics of marine waters affecting their ability to support life or facilitate biological processes such as waste decomposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1125", - "label": "surface water quality", - "definition": "Chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water in lakes, rivers, or streams related to its fitness for use.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1311", - "label": "water supply and demand", - "definition": "The quantities of water resources in an area that are easily available and the amount of water that is needed for all uses.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1295", - "label": "wastewater discharge", - "definition": "Water that is returned or reused after release from a wastewater treatment plant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1297", - "label": "water budget", - "definition": "An accounting of the inflow, outflow, and storage changes of water in a hydrologic unit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1313", - "label": "water use", - "definition": "Water withdrawal for a specific purpose, such as domestic use, irrigation, or industrial processing.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "278", - "label": "domestic well water use", - "definition": "Use of self-supplied water for household purposes, such as drinking, food preparation, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "283", - "label": "drinking water use", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "581", - "label": "industrial water use", - "definition": "Use of water for industrial purposes such as fabrication, processing, washing, and cooling, and including such industries as steel, chemical and allied products, paper and allied products, mining, and petroleum refining.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "607", - "label": "irrigation", - "definition": "Artificial application of water on lands to assist in the growing of crops and pastures or to maintain vegetative growth in recreational lands such as parks and golf courses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "751", - "label": "mining water use", - "definition": "Water use for the extraction of naturally occurring mineral deposits by mining or quarrying.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "925", - "label": "power generation water use", - "definition": "Use of water in the process of producing electric energy by transforming other forms of energy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2049", - "label": "public supply water use", - "definition": "Provision of water by local governments or private companies for residential, commercial, and light industrial use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2050", - "label": "aquaculture water use", - "definition": "Use of water to raise aquatic organisms, typically for food, restoration, conservation, or sport.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1352", - "label": "recreation", - "definition": "Pursuit of leisure-time activities, typically out of doors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1359", - "label": "field monitoring stations", - "definition": "Locations where USGS scientists or their collaborators make measurements of natural phenomena.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1382", - "label": "elements", - "definition": "Chemical elements and element groups", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1426", - "label": "chemical element groups", - "definition": "Groups shown at ", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1384", - "label": "actinide series elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1388", - "label": "alkali metal elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1389", - "label": "alkaline earth elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1467", - "label": "halogen elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1489", - "label": "lanthanide series elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1504", - "label": "metal elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1525", - "label": "noble gas elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1526", - "label": "nonmetal elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1553", - "label": "rare earth elements", - "definition": "A group of elements including the lanthanoids, or lanthanides, of interest because they are used in modern technological industries. Yttrium and scandium are often included in this group.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2263", - "label": "platinum-group elements", - "definition": "A group of chemically similar metal elements that tend to occur in the same types of mineral deposits.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1427", - "label": "chemical elements", - "definition": "Chemical substances distinguished by atomic number. http://periodic.lanl.gov/", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1385", - "label": "actinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1390", - "label": "aluminum", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Al and atomic number 13 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1392", - "label": "americium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Am and atomic number 95 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1393", - "label": "antimony", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1395", - "label": "argon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1396", - "label": "arsenic", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol As and atomic number 33 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1398", - "label": "astatine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol At and atomic number 85 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1403", - "label": "barium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1405", - "label": "berkelium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1406", - "label": "beryllium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Be and atomic number 4 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1409", - "label": "bismuth", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1411", - "label": "bohrium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1412", - "label": "boron", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol B and atomic number 5 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1414", - "label": "bromine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol Br and atomic number 35 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1417", - "label": "cadmium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1418", - "label": "calcium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1419", - "label": "californium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1420", - "label": "carbon", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol C and atomic number 6 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1423", - "label": "cerium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1424", - "label": "cesium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1428", - "label": "chlorine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1429", - "label": "chromium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1433", - "label": "cobalt", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Co and atomic number 27 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1434", - "label": "copper", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1438", - "label": "curium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1439", - "label": "darmstadtium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1442", - "label": "dubnium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Db and atomic number 105 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1444", - "label": "dysprosium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Dy and atomic number 66 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1445", - "label": "einsteinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Es and atomic number 99 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1447", - "label": "erbium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Er and atomic number 68 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1450", - "label": "europium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1453", - "label": "fermium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1454", - "label": "fluorine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol F and atomic number 9 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1457", - "label": "francium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1459", - "label": "gadolinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1460", - "label": "gallium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1463", - "label": "germanium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1464", - "label": "gold", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Au and atomic number 79 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1466", - "label": "hafnium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1468", - "label": "hassium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1470", - "label": "helium", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol He and atomic number 2 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1474", - "label": "holmium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1476", - "label": "hydrogen", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol H and atomic number 1 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1479", - "label": "indium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol In and atomic number 49 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1481", - "label": "iodine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol I and atomic number 53 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1483", - "label": "iron", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1484", - "label": "iridium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1487", - "label": "krypton", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1490", - "label": "lanthanum", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol La and atomic number 57 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1491", - "label": "lawrencium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Lr and atomic number 103 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1492", - "label": "lead", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1494", - "label": "lithium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Li and atomic number 3 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1497", - "label": "lutetium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1498", - "label": "magnesium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1499", - "label": "manganese", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1501", - "label": "meitnerium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1502", - "label": "mendelevium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Md and atomic number 101 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1503", - "label": "mercury", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1509", - "label": "molybdenum", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1516", - "label": "neodymium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1517", - "label": "neon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1518", - "label": "neptunium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Np and atomic number 93 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1520", - "label": "nickel", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1521", - "label": "niobium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Nb and atomic number 41 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1522", - "label": "nitrogen", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol N and atomic number 7 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1524", - "label": "nobelium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol No and atomic number 102 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1530", - "label": "osmium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Os and atomic number 76 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1531", - "label": "oxygen", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol O and atomic number 8 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1534", - "label": "palladium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1537", - "label": "phosphorus", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol P and atomic number 15 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1538", - "label": "platinum", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1539", - "label": "plutonium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1542", - "label": "polonium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Po and atomic number 84 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1543", - "label": "potassium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol K and atomic number 19 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1545", - "label": "praseodymium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1546", - "label": "promethium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Pm and atomic number 61 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1547", - "label": "protactinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1551", - "label": "radium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1552", - "label": "radon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1558", - "label": "rhenium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Re and atomic number 75 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1559", - "label": "rhodium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1562", - "label": "rubidium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Rb and atomic number 37 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1563", - "label": "ruthenium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1564", - "label": "rutherfordium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1566", - "label": "samarium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1569", - "label": "scandium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1571", - "label": "seaborgium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1572", - "label": "selenium", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol Se and atomic number 34 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1575", - "label": "silicon", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol si and atomic number 14 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1576", - "label": "silver", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1579", - "label": "sodium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Na and atomic number 11 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1581", - "label": "strontium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1582", - "label": "sulfur", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol S and atomic number 16 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1584", - "label": "tantalum", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1588", - "label": "technetium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1589", - "label": "tellurium", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol Te and atomic number 52 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1590", - "label": "terbium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1592", - "label": "thallium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1593", - "label": "thorium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Th and atomic number 90 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1594", - "label": "thulium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1596", - "label": "tin", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Sn and atomic number 50 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1597", - "label": "titanium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1600", - "label": "tungsten", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol W and atomic number 74 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1602", - "label": "ununnilium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Uuu and atomic number 111 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1603", - "label": "ununnubium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Uub and atomic number 113 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1604", - "label": "ununnunium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Uun and atomic number 112 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1605", - "label": "uranium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol U and atomic number 92 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1610", - "label": "vanadium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol V and atomic number 23 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1613", - "label": "xenon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1616", - "label": "ytterbium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1617", - "label": "yttrium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Y and atomic number 39 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1618", - "label": "zinc", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1619", - "label": "zirconium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40 ", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1663", - "label": "time periods", - "definition": "Geologic time periods and seasons of the year", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1634", - "label": "geologic time periods", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1652", - "label": "Phanerozoic", - "definition": "Eon of geologic time approximately 542 million years ago extending to the present. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1627", - "label": "Cenozoic", - "definition": "Era of geologic time approximately 65 million years ago extending to the present. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1657", - "label": "Quaternary", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 2.6 million years ago extending to the present. 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In new studies, this term is deprecated in favor of Neogene and Paleogene. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1643", - "label": "Neogene", - "definition": "Subperiod of geologic time approximately 23 to 2.6 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1641", - "label": "Miocene", - "definition": "Epoch of geologic time approximately 23 to 5.3 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1654", - "label": "Pliocene", - "definition": "Epoch of geologic time approximately 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1648", - "label": "Paleogene", - "definition": "Subperiod of geologic time approximately 65 to 23 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1631", - "label": "Eocene", - "definition": "Epoch of geologic time approximately 56 to 34 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1644", - "label": "Oligocene", - "definition": "Epoch of geologic time approximately 34 to 23 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1647", - "label": "Paleocene", - "definition": "Epoch of geologic time approximately 65 to 56 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1640", - "label": "Mesozoic", - "definition": "Era of geologic time approximately 251 to 65 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1628", - "label": "Cretaceous", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 145 to 65 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1638", - "label": "Jurassic", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 200 to 145 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1664", - "label": "Triassic", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 251 to 200 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1649", - "label": "Paleozoic", - "definition": "Era of geologic time approximately 542 to 251 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1626", - "label": "Cambrian", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 542 to 488 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1630", - "label": "Devonian", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 416 to 359 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1642", - "label": "Mississippian", - "definition": "Subperiod of geologic time approximately 359 to 318 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1645", - "label": "Ordovician", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 488 to 444 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1650", - "label": "Pennsylvanian", - "definition": "Subperiod of geologic time approximately 318 to 299 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1651", - "label": "Permian", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 299 to 251 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1659", - "label": "Silurian", - "definition": "Period of geologic time approximately 444 to 416 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1655", - "label": "Precambrian", - "definition": "General interval of geologic time before approximately 542 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1622", - "label": "Archaean", - "definition": "Eon of geologic time approximately 4 to 2.5 billion years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1635", - "label": "Hadean", - "definition": "Eon of geologic time prior to 4 billion years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1656", - "label": "Proterozoic", - "definition": "Eon of geologic time approximately 2.5 billion to 542 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1734", - "label": "Neoproterozoic", - "definition": "Era of geologic time approximately 1 billion to 542 million years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1735", - "label": "Ediacaran", - "definition": "The last geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era, just before the Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2266", - "label": "Mesoproterozoic", - "definition": "Era of geologic time approximately 1.6 to 1 billion years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2267", - "label": "Paleoproterozoic", - "definition": "Era of geologic time approximately 2.5 to 1.6 billion years ago. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1658", - "label": "seasons", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1624", - "label": "autumn", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1660", - "label": "spring (season)", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1661", - "label": "summer", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1666", - "label": "winter", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1756", - "label": "institutional structures and activities", - "definition": "Organizational characteristics, services, activities and physical infrastructure, primarily focused on those of the USGS", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1757", - "label": "facilities", - "definition": "Location, character, and general use of the physical offices used to carry out research, monitoring, and administration", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1763", - "label": "field offices", - "definition": "Small branch of a science center not located at the headquarters of the science center", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1764", - "label": "laboratories", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1765", - "label": "libraries and archives", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1797", - "label": "sample repositories", - "definition": "Organized and curated collections of physical materials such as drill cores, rock samples, thin sections, and biological samples.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1768", - "label": "national centers", - "definition": "Research and monitoring office with a mission of nationwide scope", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1758", - "label": "organizational structure", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1767", - "label": "science centers", - "definition": "Organizational units that carry out research or monitoring", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1769", - "label": "science discipline offices", - "definition": "Offices coordinating activities focused on traditional academic categories", - 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"children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1773", - "label": "interagency programs", - "definition": "Ongoing organizational activities in which USGS works directly with other government agencies", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1774", - "label": "interdisciplinary programs", - "definition": "Major research and monitoring activities focused on topics that cross or integrate multiple traditional academic categories", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1775", - "label": "international programs", - "definition": "Organizational activities that USGS undertakes with cooperation and support of foreign governments or multinational organizations", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1776", - "label": "external research support", - "definition": "Research carried out by external organizations or individuals through contracts or grants", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2029", - "label": "citizen science programs", - "definition": "Observation or monitoring activities that include contributions from amateur or non-professional scientists or other citizen volunteers.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1762", - "label": "user services", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1777", - "label": "standards development", - "definition": "Creation and maintenance of formal specifications by which research and monitoring are carried out", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1778", - "label": "customer support and user feedback", - "definition": "Web sites focusing on assistance to users of USGS information products", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1779", - "label": "educational services", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1783", - "label": "college resources", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1784", - "label": "internship programs", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1785", - "label": "lifelong learning resources", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1786", - "label": "K-12 resources", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1780", - "label": "information services", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1787", - "label": "data services", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2045", - "label": "application programming interfaces", - "definition": "Internet services providing subsets of data in response to specific web requests. For APIs that are not accessible through the internet, use scientific software.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1788", - "label": "reference services", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1789", - "label": "map interfaces", - "definition": "Online interfaces showing interactive maps and geospatial information", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1794", - "label": "web map services", - "definition": "Internet services providing geospatial information that conform to formally defined specifications, for use in GIS and mapping software.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1790", - "label": "sales and distribution services", - "definition": "Online services by which products may be purchased", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1791", - "label": "search services", - "definition": "Automated information search systems", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1792", - "label": "news services", - "definition": "Summaries of time-sensitive information of interest to the public, may include short audio or video presentations, may provide subscription services", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1793", - "label": "publishing", - "definition": "Policies and procedures by which information is reviewed, approved, formatted for public distribution.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1781", - "label": "media relations", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1782", - "label": "community relations", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a.json deleted file mode 100644 index e02b29a..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", - "label": "Private", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "66b8d019-a902-47de-b2d8-35e3acede573", - "label": "True", - "broader": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1e0b99e-b744-4351-b10e-c1641a9274cb", - "label": "False", - "broader": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json deleted file mode 100644 index 27629ba..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "label": "Platform Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "21581605-c47a-4e2b-8bdc-f99ccba14d64", - "label": "Aircraft", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "245a9adf-2db6-434a-a052-3931c4e18e00", - "label": "In Situ Land-based Platforms", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "269e6617-919c-455e-b3ae-5faa7483abf1", - "label": "Interplanetary Spacecraft", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415980f0-80de-4b1f-8937-6d32b4eb5fa3", - "label": "Maps/Charts/Photographs", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88719898-3f20-4af2-ab02-fb6e1546e61f", - "label": "Balloons/Rockets", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89ff9bda-137b-4bad-91fc-4183d83aad64", - "label": "Not provided", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab7ab46a-57e8-40f7-92ad-abafc1b94130", - "label": "Navigation Platforms", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6d7b54a-130d-49fc-a391-4ae0036fd7a0", - "label": "Space Stations/Crewed Spacecraft", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd6e607f-8709-45cf-9882-b14b82c9d931", - "label": "Models/Analyses", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0f89522-a581-4a24-9a49-ba738d700b70", - "label": "In Situ Ocean-based Platforms", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2c2bf0c-0b8d-4513-b5ec-b2260ea277f3", - "label": "Solar/Space Observation Satellites", - "broader": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - 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"definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "437daa1f-f584-4afc-9104-b245f3a3d26d", - "label": "30 meters - < 100 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6dd8224f-944e-4798-ac48-44c23a567eeb", - "label": "1 km - < 10 km or approximately .01 degree - < .09 degree", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75c9d806-9e29-40f5-b479-4c63c90f77a9", - "label": "Point Resolution", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d197170-3639-4850-b012-0cae4a288e2b", - "label": "100 meters - < 250 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d520e8b-e1c6-4c18-bf8a-7a41b006f66f", - "label": "250 km - < 500 km or approximately 2.5 degrees - < 5.0 degrees", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e5ebee1-3ba2-4522-8d90-7ddf47987581", - "label": "500 meters - < 1 km", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abf43d91-a65d-4b3b-a6dd-593e211b2c7b", - "label": "1 meter - < 30 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c19001e4-dfbf-491b-b6d5-c4d0cee8f2fe", - "label": "> 1000 km or > 10 degrees", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2d588c7-76a5-4655-bfaf-bf66874b61c4", - "label": "500 km - < 1000 km or approximately 5 degrees - < 10 degrees", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5c4876e-47b7-4d53-90a2-081a6b150140", - "label": "250 meters - < 500 meters", - "broader": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json deleted file mode 100644 index e1651cd..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c", - "label": "Dataset Progress", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0f1e9a71-9bda-43d6-86ef-f29472c36ebf", - "label": "PLANNED", - "broader": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4607c5df-a8ed-415b-b962-d28e7583d1ef", - "label": "COMPLETE", - "broader": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "946029f4-771c-4399-b0ed-e9e709f05fc1", - "label": "IN WORK", - "broader": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json deleted file mode 100644 index 75ba344..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", - "label": "Coordinate System", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "101c6721-61ed-40a1-96a5-6f0281db42cb", - "label": "GEODETIC", - "broader": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3340a5e-f3a9-4d96-8b72-37b1083d934c", - "label": "CARTESIAN", - "broader": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json index 00f18c4..b023250 100644 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json +++ b/resources/keywords/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json @@ -2,72 +2,72 @@ { "uuid": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", "label": "Science Keywords", - "broader": null, + "parentId": null, "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "label": "EARTH SCIENCE", - "broader": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", + "parentId": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", "definition": "any of various sciences, as geography, geology, or meteorology, that deal with the earth, its composition, or any of its changing aspects.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "label": "ATMOSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "A gaseous envelope gravitationally bound to a celestial body (e.g., a planet, its satellite, or a star).", "children": [ { "uuid": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC WINDS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "Air in motion relative to the surface of the earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "label": "SURFACE WINDS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", + "parentId": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", "definition": "The wind measured at a surface observing station.", "children": [ { "uuid": "69526601-5607-46e0-954a-251249de80fe", "label": "WIND SPEED TENDENCY", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", + "parentId": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind speed change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a92f49f3-e2ee-4ef4-b064-39311ffb95d3", "label": "WIND SPEED", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", + "parentId": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "definition": "Ratio of the distance covered by the air to the time taken to cover it. The instantaneous speed corresponds to the case of an infinitely small time interval. The mean speed corresponds to the case of a finite time interval. It is one component of wind velocity, the other being wind direction).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "185b86e2-af35-42b2-b20d-f9ca6fdab493", "label": "STORM RELATIVE WINDS", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", + "parentId": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "definition": "(Winds) measured relative to a moving thunderstorm, usually referring to winds, wind shear, or helicity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e987550e-d443-48eb-93eb-0bc47a62d4b4", "label": "WIND DIRECTION", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", + "parentId": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "definition": "The direction from which the wind is blowing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c455fcc4-e27d-44bc-96c6-f7a7b31911ff", "label": "WIND DIRECTION TENDENCY", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", + "parentId": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind direction change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e9bb112-5dc0-47a5-8c8a-b9cb07ece7c5", "label": "U/V WIND COMPONENTS", - "broader": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", + "parentId": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "definition": "Zonal (U) and Meridional (V) wind velocity.", "children": [] } @@ -76,62 +76,62 @@ { "uuid": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "label": "UPPER LEVEL WINDS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", + "parentId": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds and directions at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "385af5fe-ad73-4e04-9d51-675599fb0576", "label": "FLIGHT LEVEL WINDS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "Winds experienced by an aircraft during flight level at any altitude.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8bb1dca3-9793-4120-b0ea-f27a5b81f259", "label": "BOUNDARY LAYER WINDS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "Winds measured in the layer of fluid near a boundary that is affected by friction against that boundary surface, and possibly by transport of heat and other variables (such as winds) across that surface. In meteorology, this is the atmospheric boundary layer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "661591b3-6685-4de7-a2a4-9ce8ae505044", "label": "WIND SPEED", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "Ratio of the distance covered by the air to the time taken to cover it. The instantaneous speed corresponds to the case of an infinitely small time interval. The mean speed corresponds to the case of a finite time interval. It is one component of wind velocity, the other being wind direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "272ffe8a-2949-4b58-bb81-52cb1c879f4a", "label": "WIND DIRECTION", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "The direction from which the wind is blowing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b30a6184-0d59-41de-92f0-8876582ef045", "label": "STORM RELATIVE WINDS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "(Winds) measured relative to a moving thunderstorm, usually referring to winds, wind shear, or helicity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fe29b31-b9ff-4a6c-b474-09bd9502b5c5", "label": "WIND SPEED TENDENCY", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind speed change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a43bf40-7f23-4616-be1b-66940b7b7f4f", "label": "WIND DIRECTION TENDENCY", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind direction change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "baa4b68a-96f9-4ab3-9a9f-3df1ee1d8ff0", "label": "U/V WIND COMPONENTS", - "broader": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", + "parentId": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "Zonal (U) and Meridional (V) wind velocity.", "children": [] } @@ -140,34 +140,34 @@ { "uuid": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", "label": "WIND PROFILES", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", + "parentId": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", "definition": "The vertical (or horizontal) representation of the distribution of winds, usually measured by remote sensing satellites and aircraft or wind profiling radars.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4478e3ea-ac49-4ea3-bcb8-e6b4e2190266", "label": "VELOCITY AZIMUTH DISPLAY VERTICAL WIND PROFILES", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", + "parentId": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", "definition": "One of the software algorithms within the WSR-88D (weather radar) calculates wind direction and speed at various atmospheric levels. The resulting product is called the Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) Wind Profile (VWP).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd6f51f9-6ab4-4df4-a4d2-347e38fe80b6", "label": "LINE OF SIGHT WINDS", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", + "parentId": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", "definition": "LOS winds measures the vector projection of the true 3-D wind into the direction of the pulsed laser beam, determined by the frequency change of the returned light due to the Doppler shift.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c93710e-cfaa-47c1-ba97-b2deb85620ca", "label": "WIND VELOCITY/SPEED PROFILES", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", + "parentId": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds (velocities) at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5be35f50-a1ea-40c5-8e0d-579dad1b9143", "label": "WIND DIRECTION PROFILES", - "broader": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", + "parentId": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f", "definition": "Generally, the wind direction at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", "children": [] } @@ -176,61 +176,61 @@ { "uuid": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "label": "WIND DYNAMICS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", + "parentId": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", "definition": "Measurement of forces within the Earth's Atmosphere associated with wind.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ebce0874-7635-4094-8ef4-968851873771", "label": "CONVECTION", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "In meteorology, atmospheric (wind) motions that are predominently vertical, resulting in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric properties.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2cc8e02-3207-4c40-af41-9656404bac0a", "label": "CONVERGENCE", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "Pressure fluctuations at the Earth's surface are produced by movements of air which produce changes in the mass of air in a vertical column above the ground. A net gain in mass produces an increase in pressure leading to a high pressure system. A net loss of mass gives rise to a low. When there is a horizontal flow of air into a region (convergence) a vertical upward movement of air occurs otherwise there would be a continual increase in density of the air. Divergence occurs when there is a net horizontal outward flow of air from a region. This leads to a vertical downward movement of air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eaeb5cdd-365f-4368-8e20-6defe111b3b4", "label": "STREAMFUNCTIONS", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "A parameter of two-dimensional, nondivergent flow, with a value that is constant along each streamline.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "226d05da-dd0b-4314-919a-0b259ce724b5", "label": "TURBULENCE", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "Random and continuously changing air motions that are superposed on the mean motion of the air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "841a7ac7-5981-4e93-895f-1b57c3d892a0", "label": "VERTICAL WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "The component of wind motion rising perpendicular to the plane of the horizon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", "label": "VORTICITY", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "Random and continuously changing air motions that are superposed on the mean motion of the air.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9e2f502b-a2d5-4bc8-8c8f-489aa0c68177", "label": "VORTICITY ADVECTION", - "broader": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", + "parentId": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", "definition": "Advection of vorticity by the total wind.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "72edbeca-b608-4f2d-8aba-492c8e6615b8", "label": "POTENTIAL VORTICITY", - "broader": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", + "parentId": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", "definition": "(Sometimes called absolute potential vorticity.) The specific volume times the scalar product of the absolute vorticity vector and the gradient of potential temperature.", "children": [] } @@ -239,20 +239,20 @@ { "uuid": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", "label": "WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "The local variation of the wind vector or any of its components in a given direction.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1b0abf68-b069-4a0b-8081-35a36da9d4a7", "label": "VERTICAL WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", + "parentId": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", "definition": "The condition produced by a change in wind velocity (speed and/or direction) with height.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef91f2b6-27e9-42ab-b8c6-4410aace0141", "label": "HORIZONTAL WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", + "parentId": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", "definition": "A horizontal variation in current speed within a flow.", "children": [] } @@ -261,35 +261,35 @@ { "uuid": "ef034881-8bf4-403f-a4ee-c68771769c93", "label": "WIND STRESS", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "The drag force per unit area caused by wind shear.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c58acfc-04ed-4cbf-8674-13c41b3e950d", "label": "DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "Pressure fluctuations at the Earth's surface are produced by movements of air which produce changes in the mass of air in a vertical column above the ground. A net gain in mass produces an increase in pressure leading to a high pressure system. A net loss of mass gives rise to a low. When there is a horizontal flow of air into a region (convergence) a vertical upward movement of air occurs otherwise there would be a continual increase in density of the air. Divergence occurs when there is a net horizontal outward flow of air from a region. This leads to a vertical downward movement of air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce546f0d-d2e1-43ed-b8e0-a9079c690c56", "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "The process of transport of an atmospheric property solely by the mass motion (velocity field) of the atmosphere; also, the rate of change of the value of the advected property at a given point.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84780569-bef5-41fd-901f-828418e390dd", "label": "OROGRAPHIC LIFTING", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "Ascending air flow caused by mountains.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a12ec59-c8c8-4512-b123-16bca93771b0", "label": "HORIZONTAL WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", - "broader": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", + "parentId": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "The component of wind motion rising parallel to the plane of the horizon.", "children": [] } @@ -298,82 +298,82 @@ { "uuid": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", "label": "LOCAL WINDS", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", + "parentId": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", "definition": "Winds that, over a small area, differ from those that would be appropriate to the general large-scale pressure distribution, or that possess some other peculiarity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "72c180e6-b3f3-4f9a-8d04-23f0b10735af", "label": "DUST DEVILS", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", + "parentId": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", "definition": "A well-developed dust whirl; a small but vigorous whirlwind, usually of short duration, rendered visible by dust, sand, and debris picked up from the ground.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b73a2e6a-7a8b-443e-98f4-5a77f3a9691c", "label": "MICROBURSTS", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", + "parentId": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", "definition": "A downburst that covers an area less than 4 km along a side with peak winds that last 2–5 minutes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9cb8f1a4-5d2b-40d1-a7c3-c608bbe20a0b", "label": "SEA BREEZES", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", + "parentId": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", "definition": "A coastal local wind that blows from sea to land, caused by the temperature difference when the sea surface is colder than the adjacent land.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31fe9edf-ec85-446f-a476-4bd24ee59ae2", "label": "LAND BREEZES", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", + "parentId": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", "definition": "A coastal breeze blowing from land to sea, caused by the temperature difference when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", "label": "OROGRAPHIC WINDS", - "broader": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", + "parentId": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", "definition": "Orographic effects include both dynamic, in which mountains disturb or distort an existing approach flow, and thermodynamic, in which heating or cooling of mountain-slope surfaces generates flow. Dynamic effects include aerodynamic obstacle effects, mountain waves, channeling, orographic blocking, and processes leading to foehn, bora, and gap winds. Thermodynamic effects include anabatic winds, katabatic winds, valley breezes, and mountain breezes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d7d48399-62ac-4eca-9c09-14b9094a9444", "label": "KATABATIC WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", + "parentId": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", "definition": "Most widely used in mountain meteorology to denote a downslope flow driven by cooling at the slope surface during periods of light larger-scale winds; the nocturnal component of the along-slope wind systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c19501d9-bd86-4611-bd30-6a34dc763a35", "label": "FOEHN WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", + "parentId": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", "definition": "A warm, dry, downslope wind descending the lee side of the Alps as a result of synoptic-scale, cross-barrier flow over the mountain range.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cf573dd-0ed7-4455-a233-5987b5a8b52a", "label": "BORA WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", + "parentId": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", "definition": "A fall wind with a source so cold that, when the air reaches the lowlands or coast, the dynamic warming is insufficient to raise the air temperature to the normal level for the region; hence it appears as a cold wind.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6520897f-c6b6-432e-b7d5-e99b33e6932e", "label": "MOUNTAIN BREEZES", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", + "parentId": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", "definition": "A nocturnal component of the mountain–plains or mountain–valley wind systems encountered during periods of light synoptic flow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d005bfc-597b-4a99-971f-21d3d44b7b91", "label": "VALLEY BREEZES", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", + "parentId": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", "definition": "(Or valley breeze.) A wind that ascends a mountain valley (upvalley wind) during the day; the daytime component of a mountain–valley wind system.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f55961d-45b8-4330-8eee-0b9a9eb4f309", "label": "ANABATIC WINDS", - "broader": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", + "parentId": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49", "definition": "In mountain meteorology, an upslope wind driven by heating (usually daytime insolation) at the slope surface under fair-weather conditions.", "children": [] } @@ -384,20 +384,20 @@ { "uuid": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", "label": "WIND INDICES", - "broader": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", + "parentId": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea", "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric wind over a given area and timescale.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8251fedc-3910-4f18-9594-df2fbb9bb1d9", "label": "GOES WIND INDEX", - "broader": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", + "parentId": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", "definition": "A GOES sounder-derived parameter used for estimating the maximum convective wind gusts is the Wind Index (WINDEX). The Wind Index is plotted on regional GOES images (visible, infrared, or water vapor) and made available on the GOES Microburst Products web page.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17e33fba-625b-40eb-b51d-902a89ca5747", "label": "QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION (QBO) ZONAL WIND INDEX", - "broader": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", + "parentId": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", "definition": "The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasi-periodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere with a mean period of 28 to 29 months.", "children": [] } @@ -408,110 +408,110 @@ { "uuid": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "Measurements of chemical constituents in the atmosphere including the\nmajor (non-H2O) greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, CFC, N2O).", "children": [ { "uuid": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "label": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant constituent of the atmosphere (78.09%).\nNitrogen enters the atmosphere from volcanoes, and from the decay of organic\nmatter. It is removed from the atmosphere by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen\ncompounds are very reactive and play integral roles in the production and\ndestruction of ozone in the atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6a745a5e-829c-43f5-8d5a-6fb549e7b81b", "label": "AMMONIA", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Ammonia (NH3) is a reduced nitrogen gas and is emitted in large quantities from\nanimal feedstocks, sewerage plants, etc. Ammonia is very soluble in water and\nis scavenged from the lower atmosphere by clouds. Ammonia is the most abundant\nalkaline gas in the atmosphere and plays a large role in neutralizing acidity\nfrom sulfuric and nitric acids via formation of the ammonium ion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ca9519d-c62b-42ea-8c91-cad06cfc59cb", "label": "DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) is formed from the reaction of the nitrate radical\nwith nitrogen dioxide. Higher in the atmosphere N2O5 is an effective reservoir\nfor active nitrogen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7bbed0f-24a1-44d8-a10d-92541cd2c05b", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC NITRIC ACID", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "A very soluble, acidic gas, formula HNO3, the end product of the oxidation of emitted gases.\n\nIt is a major component of acidic precipitation in continental regions. In the clean background troposphere, its removal in precipitation acts as a sink for odd hydrogen and nitrogen compounds and limits the formation of ozone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82a60ed8-5414-4ce0-858c-c50b27b12bc8", "label": "NITRIC OXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas, the most common form of nitrogen emitted\r\ninto the atmosphere, either by fuel combustion or due to natural emissions. \r\nNitric oxide is interconverted with nitrogen dioxide fairly readily in the\r\natmosphere, resulting in catalytic cycles leading to ozone formation in the\r\ntroposphere and ozone loss in the stratosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c3b37d4-b934-4057-b8e4-438523ae88e3", "label": "MOLECULAR NITROGEN", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas which makes up 78.1%\r\nof the atmosphere. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by nitrogen fixation\r\nand nitrification into compounds used by plants and animals. In the far\r\nupper atmosphere, N2 is broken down when large numbers of energetic\r\nsecondary electrons are produced and available to react with the N2. This\r\nleads to the eventual production of NO. (Crutzen, Paul J. and T.E.\r\nGraedel, Atmospheric Change. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 147.)\r\n(Webster's New World Dictionary. Prentice Hall, New York, 918.)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8e65155-27c1-483e-a9b8-85399897c3ae", "label": "NITROGEN DIOXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "A reddish-brown, highly poisonous gas, with the chemical formula NO2.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e82ebd1c-8241-4ca0-95a9-a6e1432519cd", "label": "NITROGEN OXIDES", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Nitrogen Oxides - NOx (pronounced 'nox') are produced from high\r\ntemperature combustion in air. They are nitrogen oxide and nitrogen\r\ndioxide. [Science News; v146; 260-262; 1994] [Science; v242;555-558;1988.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf08917f-4cef-456f-99b0-57dc468da877", "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a by-product of biological activity of a\r\nsymbiotic bacteria living in leguminous plant roots. This is a principal\r\ngreenhouse gas that absorbs in the infrared wavelength region and\r\nunfortunately falls in an IR 'window' between IR absorbing features of\r\nwater and carbon dioxide (a characteristic of all the 'trace' greenhouse\r\ngases with significant radiative forcing). It is also laughing gas used by\r\nmedicine as a gentle general anesthetic. [Nature;v335;528-529;1988]\r\n[Atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen oxides;George Hidy;p13;1986;Academic\r\npress; New York]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c5a6bbe-a12f-4030-9220-2013db36cf47", "label": "CLOUD-SCREENED TOTAL COLUMN NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d92ae6cc-989b-45b8-92d3-68008356c2b0", "label": "CLOUD-SCREENED TROPOSHERIC COLUMN NO2", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d44d3115-91d1-4655-9e6e-babfe39e1632", "label": "Peroxyacyl Nitrate", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) are secondary pollutants in photochemical smog. Free radical reactions catalyzed by ultraviolet light from the sun oxidize unburned hydrocarbons to aldehydes, ketones, and dicarbonyl compounds, whose secondary reactions create peroxyacyl radicals, which combine with nitrogen dioxide to form peroxyacyl nitrates. (Source: Chegg http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/11-peroxyacyl-nitrates-pans-secondary-pollutants-photochemical-smog-free-radical-reactions-q3980691)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e66fdcc7-3a94-48a0-aa21-5964f9ddaf23", "label": "PEROXYACETYL NITRATE", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Peroxyacetyl nitrate is an unstable, highly oxygenated compound that exists only in the atmosphere. It is a key intermediate in the formation of the air pollutant ozone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c2b7b126-8737-4933-ba27-fe64226a0363", "label": "PEROXYNITRIC ACID", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Peroxynitric acid is a nitrogen oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a peroxynitrate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef36cb15-ad64-4bdc-9331-42cc5b493671", "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", + "parentId": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9", "definition": "Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. Classified as a nonmetal, Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "children": [] } @@ -520,40 +520,40 @@ { "uuid": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", "label": "OXYGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Oxygen (O) (and molecular oxygen (O2)) is the second most abundant species in the atmosphere. The abundance of O2 remains fairly constant in the atmosphere up to about 80km where it photodissociates to atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen is formed from the photolysis of molecular oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. Below about 40 km, atomic oxygen recombines with O2 to form ozone. Above 40 km, oxygen can participate in other chemical reactions that cause the destruction of ozone.", "children": [ { "uuid": "61f4f3d0-7895-4cce-94e3-d249001d5ee8", "label": "MOLECULAR OXYGEN", - "broader": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", + "parentId": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", "definition": "Oxygen (O2) is found on Earth as a gas and constitutes about 20.8% of the\r\nair we breathe. Elemental molecular oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms\r\nbonded together. A photochemical reaction of oxygen is (ultimately)\r\nresponsible for the production of ozone in the stratosphere. Oxygen\r\nconcentrations found in ice core samples have been used to determine past\r\natmospheric levels of oxygen and helped in determining past climates.\r\n[Nature; v351; 217-219; 1991.] [Nature; v365; 143-147; 1993.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC OZONE", - "broader": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", + "parentId": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", "definition": "Atmospheric Ozone is one of the most important trace gases in our atmosphere that both benefits and harms life on Earth. High ground-level ozone amounts contribute to poor air quality, adversely affecting human health, agricultural productivity, and forested ecosystems. Ozone absorbs infrared radiation, and is most potent as a greenhouse gas in the cold upper troposphere located 8–15 km above the surface. In the stratosphere, between approximately 15 and 50 km above the Earth’s surface, a layer rich in ozone serves as a “sunscreen” for the world by shielding the Earth’s surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation. This absorption of solar energy also affects atmospheric circulation patterns and thus influences weather around the globe. Moreover, throughout the atmosphere, ozone is the key ingredient that initiates chemical cleansing of the atmosphere of various pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and methane, among others, which could otherwise accumulate to harmful levels or exert a stronger influence on climate. Therefore, changes to ozone anywhere in the atmosphere can have major impacts on the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "959878c8-b02a-4bb8-ad10-96ae31ebe59f", "label": "OZONE PROFILES", - "broader": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", + "parentId": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", "definition": "A vertical representation of the amount of ozone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e00bfcb8-8968-400d-af2e-86a288f3443f", "label": "OZONE SURFACE", - "broader": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", + "parentId": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", "definition": "Refers to the presence of ozone at the Earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9107ec3-c777-4e71-9046-55bd7ed57ef0", "label": "TOTAL OZONE", - "broader": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", + "parentId": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa", "definition": "The total amount of ozone present in a column of the earth's atmosphere, often expressed in Dobson units.", "children": [] } @@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ { "uuid": "75662ed3-35c5-41ee-abba-51ce435d1b31", "label": "HYDROGEN PEROXIDE", - "broader": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", + "parentId": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", "definition": "Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O 2. In its pure form, it is a very pale blue[5] liquid, slightly more viscous than water.", "children": [] } @@ -571,47 +571,47 @@ { "uuid": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", "label": "SULFUR COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Sulfur is the fourteenth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Sulfur is\nconsistently exchanged between the lithosphere, biopsphere, hydrosphere, and\natmosphere. Sulfur in the atmosphere, in both gaseous and aerosol form, has\nimapcts on regional and global chemistry, climate change, and the health of\nliving organisms. Sulfur gases can also affect stratospheric chemistry.\nCarbonyl sulfide (OCS) and volcanic emissions may affect Earth's radiation\nbudget and climate as well as ozone destriction in the stratosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5d282de9-162a-4aeb-a48d-4569fbbd5205", "label": "DIMETHYL SULFIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", + "parentId": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", "definition": "Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is released by bacteria on the continents and in\r\nthe oceans. Oxidized in the marine atmosphere to partially form cloud\r\ncondensation nuclei and this may effect the formation of clouds over the\r\noceans. [Nature; v326, 655, 1987.] [Nature; v237, 452, 1972.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc676fb2-cf17-413d-bb00-0b95d231f157", "label": "SULFUR OXIDES", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", + "parentId": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", "definition": "Sulfur oxides (SOx) can occur naturally from such sources as volcanoes,\nsulfur springs and decaying organic matter, or from anthropogenic sources\nsuch as fossil fuel combustion, brickworks, and spontaneous combustion in\ncoal mine spoil heaps. Sulfur oxides in the atmosphere are usually removed\nby acid rain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bde65cfd-faec-4656-bc27-22dfe30912b7", "label": "CARBONYL SULFIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", + "parentId": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", "definition": "COS, a gas that is very stable and unreactive in the troposphere, but, it\r\nis thought, photolyzes to form carbon monoxide, CO, and sulfur, S, in\r\nthe stratosphere. Through stratospheric chemical reactions, the sulfur\r\natoms are converted to SO2 and H2SO4 which form sulfate aerosol, cloud\r\ncondensation nuclei, but which eventually settles into the troposphere and\r\nreacts to form sulfuric acid, a component in acid rain. The major\r\nbiospheric sources of COS are thought to be biological. [Analytical\r\nChemistry; v 65; pages 976-982; 1993.] [Atmospheric Chemical Compounds:\r\nSources, Occurrence, and Bioassay; Graedel, Hawkins, Claxton; page 513;\r\n1986; Academic Press; Orlando.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", "label": "SULFUR DIOXIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", + "parentId": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", "definition": "Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a non-inflammable colorless gas. SO2 is usually oxidized by ozone and hydrogen peroxide to form sulfur trioxide, a secondary pollutant that is extremely soluble in water. Droplets of\nsulfuric acid (acid rain) are formed when sulfur oxides are present in the atmosphere. The production of SO2 originating from coal-fired power plants and other fossil fuel combustion is largely responsible for\nthe damage caused by acid rain. Volcanic eruptions also provide a sourceof sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere but are insignificant when compared to anthropogenic sources.", "children": [ { "uuid": "25664d90-f32e-490f-97e4-720e3903d775", "label": "SULFUR DIOXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", + "parentId": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", "definition": "A vertical representation of the acidic gas, formula SO2, formed in the combustion of many fuels and in the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfur gases measured at the earth's surface. It is the primary sulfur gas emitted from combustion sources and is a precursor to sulfuric acid, which is a major constituent of acid rain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "022f3225-3b23-4e56-a6ea-c21f08f9e179", "label": "SULFUR DIOXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", + "parentId": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273", "definition": "Acidic gas, formula SO2, formed in the combustion of many fuels and in the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfur gases measured at the earth's surface. It is the primary sulfur gas emitted from combustion sources and is a precursor to sulfuric acid, which is a major constituent of acid rain.", "children": [] } @@ -620,27 +620,27 @@ { "uuid": "2ab4134d-1ac7-4421-a7a6-659a542aff4c", "label": "SULFATE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", + "parentId": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", "definition": "The sulfate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42− and a molecular mass of 96.06 daltons; it consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge and is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogen sulfate) ion, HSO4−, which is the conjugate base of H2SO4, sulfuric acid. Organic sulfates, such as dimethyl sulfate, are covalent compounds and esters of sulfuric acid.\n\nSulfates occur as microscopic particles (aerosols) resulting from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. They increase the acidity of the atmosphere and form acid rain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", "label": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE", - "broader": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", + "parentId": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c", "definition": "Sulfur hexafluoride is an extremely potent and persistent greenhouse gas that is primarily utilized as an electrical insulator and arc suppressant. It is inorganic, colorless, odorless, non-flammable, and non-toxic. SF6 has an octahedral geometry, consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is a hypervalent molecule.", "children": [ { "uuid": "958983a1-feee-4139-8a67-b059382e6c06", "label": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", + "parentId": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", "definition": "A vertical representation of SF6- an inert gas categorized as hydrofluorocarbons. Sulfur hexafluoride absorbs thermal infrared radiation and could increase global warming as its concentration in the atmosphere increases; therefore it is a greenhouse gas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fceaf7e0-c22b-40a1-ba1d-37616031dba6", "label": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", + "parentId": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec", "definition": "SF6- an inert gas categorized as hydrofluorocarbons, measured at the earth's surface. Sulfur hexafluoride absorbs thermal infrared radiation and could increase global warming as its concentration in the atmosphere increases; therefore it is a greenhouse gas.", "children": [] } @@ -651,54 +651,54 @@ { "uuid": "4dd22dc9-1db4-4187-a2b7-f5b76d666055", "label": "TRACE GASES/TRACE SPECIES", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Trace gases in the atmosphere that do not occur in large quantities but\r\nare significant to life on Earth or are important constituents of the\r\nchemical cycles in the atmosphere. [Journal of American Hygienist\r\nAssociation; v54; 639-46; 1993.] [Atmospheric Environment B; v27B; 275-82;\r\n1993.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "label": "HALOCARBONS AND HALOGENS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Halons are a group of brominated organic compounds used as fire retardants. The\ntransport of these compounds to the stratosphere, followed by their photolysis\nto release Br (Bromine) atoms, gives this group a very high ozone depletion\npotential. The production of these compounds is now banned according to the\nMontreal Protocol.\r\n

\r\nHalogens are made up of the elements fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br),\niodine (I), and astatine (At). The first four members are present in trace\namounts in the atmosphere as a result of both natural and anthropogenic\nactivity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "33e3c858-25ee-4a5e-a938-93779679ed06", "label": "HALONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Halon: a compound consisting of bromine, fluorine, and carbon\n\nHalons are used as fire extinguishing agents, both in built-in systems and in handheld portable fire extinguishers. Halon production in the U.S. ended on December 31, 1993, because they contribute to ozone depletion. They cause ozone depletion because they contain bromine. Bromine is many times more effective at destroying ozone than chlorine. At the time the current U.S. tax code was adopted, the ozone depletion potentials of halon 1301 and halon 1211 were observed to be 10 and 3, respectively. These values are used for tax calculations. Recent scientific studies, however, indicate that the ODPs are at least 12 and 6, respectively. Note: technically, all compounds containing carbon and fluorine and/or chlorine are halons, but in the context of the Clean Air Act, 'halon' means a fire extinguishing agent as described above. A table of class I substances (http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/ods/classone.html) shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers. Halons are numbered according to a standard scheme.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ecb1e7c-50fc-4951-b610-5140475d87ed", "label": "CARBON TETRACHLORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "CCl4, a compound consisting of a carbon and 4 chlorines that is active in ozone depletion when the compound is broken down and releases chlorine atoms (radicals). Chlorine reacts with the ozone creating diatomic oxygen and chlorine monoxide which cycles back to chlorine radicals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39c478bd-620e-455c-904d-4621965e376c", "label": "BROMINE MONOXIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Bromine Monoxide (BrO) is one of many bromine (Br)-containing compounds that\r\noccur in the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The major\r\nsource compounds are CH3Br (both natural and anthropogenic in origin), the\r\nhalons (manufactured for use as fire suppressants), and dibromomethane CH2Br2\r\n(emitted from the oceans). Destruction of these compounds results in the\r\nformation of a suite of inorganic Br-containing species, including bromine\r\natoms (Br), bromine monoxide (BrO), bromine nitrate (BrNO3), hypobromous acid\r\n(HOBr), and hydrogen bromide (HBr). The chemistry that acts to interconvert\r\nthese inorganic species results in depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "676248f0-75cd-466d-93f1-351440027c82", "label": "METHYL CHLORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "CH3Cl, this compound supplies chlorine to the stratosphere by occasional volcanic eruptions and by tropospheric to stratospheric transport. Methyl chloride is also produced by seaweed. The natural chlorine content of the stratosphere as a consequence of these sources is about 0.6 ppbv.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6b97280-74d0-4233-bd17-f9f3d9dd21c2", "label": "HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "HCFCs, with one or more hydrogen-carbon bonds are slated to replace CFCs\r\nin most of the current applications. HCFCs are more unstable and subject\r\nto hydroxyl radical and ozone attack early in their gas phase career in\r\nthe atmosphere. Therefore, their atmospheric lifetime is projected to be\r\nshorter and their chance of reaching the stratosphere\r\ndecreased. [Spectator; v 272; p 9-11; 1994][New Scientist; v 141; p 6-7;\r\n1994.]", "children": [ { "uuid": "f2464ebf-811a-43c2-bd50-9e80e03e07b3", "label": "HCFC-22", - "broader": "f6b97280-74d0-4233-bd17-f9f3d9dd21c2", + "parentId": "f6b97280-74d0-4233-bd17-f9f3d9dd21c2", "definition": "Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22, or CHClF It is commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant. These applications are being phased out in developed countries due to the compound's ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP), although global use of R-22 continues to increase because of high demand in developing countries", "children": [] } @@ -707,27 +707,27 @@ { "uuid": "6f96d1bd-f6ba-437a-9079-c575c4822248", "label": "CHLORINE MONOXIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "ClO - a radical species which plays an important role in the breakdown\r\nof stratospheric ozone over Antarctica. Formed by the photolysis of CFCs\r\nin the stratosphere and the subsequent destruction of an ozone molecule,\r\nthese radicals can act as a catalyst in the destruction of ozone while not\r\nbeing destroyed themselves. ClO, reacting with a oxygen atom (present from\r\nthe Chapman Mechanism), releases a free chlorine radical once again. As a\r\nresult, one Cl atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules before being\r\nsequestered as HCl or another reservoir species (see chlorine nitrate).\r\n[Earth Island Journal; v 7; page 18; 1992.] [Chronicle of Higher\r\nEducation; v 38; pages A6-A7; 1992.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", "label": "CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "CFCs are very stable chemical compounds, used in refrigerants, solvent, and\r\n(in the past in the U.S.) aerosols, which release chlorine (important) and\r\nfluorine (less important) into the upper atmosphere. In the stratosphere,\r\nCFCs are photolyzed (by incoming solar UV) to form carbon dioxide, CO2,\r\nhydrogen fluoride, HF, and ultimately (after multiple UV absorption\r\nevents) chlorine radicals. These chlorine species are crucial in the\r\ndestruction of the ozone layer over Antarctica and probably elsewhere (see\r\nchlorine). [Environmental Science and Technology; v 28; pages 1619-1622;\r\n1994.]", "children": [ { "uuid": "97efdb7f-b2aa-4a6d-b338-30f3ad849c1f", "label": "CFC-12", - "broader": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", + "parentId": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", "definition": "CFC-12 (also known by the trade name Freon or Freon-12) is an ozone-depleting refrigerant and potent greenhouse gas that was widely used in air conditioners for automobiles and trucks for over 30 years, up until the mid-1990s. While use of CFC-12 in new vehicles has been banned since 1994, some vehicles built before then may still use it if they have not already been retrofitted to a non-ozone depleting refrigerant and they are still on the road.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94472216-6cd7-434b-beec-17067fb69b2e", "label": "CFC-11", - "broader": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", + "parentId": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638", "definition": "Trichlorofluoromethane, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It is a colorless, faintly ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature.[5] CFC-11 is a Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which damages Earth's protective stratospheric ozone layer.[6]\nContents.", "children": [] } @@ -736,84 +736,84 @@ { "uuid": "ed5106fd-a73f-4203-87a3-9c9e7e85dcfc", "label": "HYDROFLUOROCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "The HFCs are a class of replacements for CFCs. Because they do not\r\ncontain chlorine or bromine, they do not deplete the ozone layer. All HFCs\r\nhave an ozone depletion potential of 0. Some HFCs have high GWPs (Global\r\nWarming Potentials). HFCs are numbered according to a standard scheme. The\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides more\r\ndetailed information about HFCs on their web site.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff9f8056-84d6-4fbc-abe0-9b6e82ed3f5e", "label": "HYDROGEN FLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) is an important fluorine-containing compound formed from\nthe breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons. Also a product of volcanic eruption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "13588158-07b6-4294-a00c-fa095b6ad4fd", "label": "HALOCARBONS", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Halocarbons containing chlorine and bromine are among the most\npotent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They do not occur naturally but\nare produced industrially in large quantities. The best known members of\nthis group of chemicals are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) [see\ndefinition], which are widely used as solvents, refrigerants, spray-can\npropellants and foaming agents. Also significant are the halons,\nbromine-based compounds used as fire-extinguishing agents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a56d397b-bff5-4a14-b54c-366470e023c7", "label": "CHLORINE DIOXIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "ClO2, a radical, undergoes photodecomposition in the stratosphere where\r\nthe products of this reaction react with ozone. Since this is a\r\nphotochemical reaction it only takes place while the sun is up.\r\nExperiments over Antarctica have shown a direct relation between polar\r\nozone loss and the increase in halocarbon chemistry, which comes from\r\nanthropogenic sources. Scientist are currently looking at the molecular\r\nbehavior of chlorine dioxide in the atmosphere in order to understand its\r\nrole in depletion of ozone more thoroughly. [Simon, J. D. and Vaida, V.\r\nThe Photoreactivity of Chlorine Dioxide. Science v 268; p. 1443-1448;\r\n1995.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9104127-6846-4123-8ab0-b65c61a0018d", "label": "CHLORINE NITRATE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "ClONO2 - This is a stratospheric reservoir species for chlorine and\r\nnitrogen, two of the catalysts in the breakdown of ozone. It reacts with\r\nHCl at low temperatures on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds\r\n(PSCs over Antarctica and possibly in the stratosphere over the Arctic).\r\nThat normally slow reaction heterogeneously produces molecular chlorine\r\nand nitric acid. The former outgases from the PSC surface and is quickly\r\nphotolyzed by 450 nm or shorter wavelength light to form chlorine radicals\r\nwhich rapidly catalyze the breakdown of ozone (see chlorine monoxide).\r\n[Science; v 238; pages 1258-1260; 1987.] [Science; v 258; pages 1342-1345;\r\n1992.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "146a0a0b-1b42-41a6-b1f7-a27615b006a0", "label": "HYDROGEN CHLORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "A toxic, colorless, strongly acidic gas (HCl) that dissolves readily in water\r\nto form hydrochloric acid. \r\nIn the troposphere, hydrochloric acid can be produced from the reaction of\r\nnitric acid or sulfuric acid with sea-salt particles (NaCl). It is also\r\ninvolved in the formation of ammonium chloride aerosol. HCl is also the most\r\nabundant form of chlorine in an inorganic compound found in the stratosphere.\r\nProduced there predominantly from the reaction of Cl atoms with methane and\r\nmolecular hydrogen, it acts as a temporary, relatively unreactive reservoir\r\nspecies for chlorine.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27d63fe6-9970-46fd-9b22-a58e52efc57b", "label": "HYPOCHLOROUS ACID", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is a weak, unstable acid.\r\nHypochlorous acid is also a minor component of the gas-phase inorganic chlorine\nbudget in the stratosphere. It is formed there largely from reaction of\r\nhydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) with chlorine monoxide (ClO) radicals, and from the\nhydrolysis of chlorine nitrate on stratospheric aerosols. It is subject to\r\nquite rapid photolysis in the sunlit atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b6ca807-7719-48aa-864d-ebb45a519ff8", "label": "METHYL BROMIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "CH3Br, this halocarbon is released, to a degree, naturally from the oceans, but is more commonly released from its anthropogenic use as a soil fumigant or pesticide. Methyl bromide is persistent enough to reach the stratosphere where it photochemically decomposes to yield atomic bromine (radical) and proceeds to destroy stratospheric ozone in the same manner as the atomic chlorine radical. On an atom-for-atom basis, stratospheric bromine is more efficient at destroying ozone than is chlorine because the HBr reservoir species is more photochemically active than HCl; however, there is much less of hydrogen bromide in the stratosphere. Recent data suggest that since 1998 atmospheric concentrations have dropped 13% due the CH3Br use limitations mandated by the Montreal Protocol", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "228c14d1-e9bf-4c25-a67b-92c99bc2a8b7", "label": "METHANOL", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (often abbreviated MeOH). Methanol acquired the name 'wood alcohol' because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood. Modern methanol is produced in a catalytic industrial process directly from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50753922-d435-4c1a-a4ad-8caa9a67afcb", "label": "METHYL FLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Methyl fluoride (or fluoromethane) is a colorless flammable gas which is heavier than air. It has an agreeable ether-like odor. It is narcotic in high concentrations. It burns with evolution of hydrogen fluoride. The flame is colorless, similar to alcohol. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf96b289-d316-4abc-8540-b8849e2f6140", "label": "CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Tetrafluoromethane is a colorless nonflammable gas. It is shipped as a liquid under pressure. It may be narcotic at high concentrations. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. It is used as a refrigerant.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbfabd7a-7032-4f67-acd8-8f6f1e026eff", "label": "CARBONYL FLUORIDE", - "broader": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", + "parentId": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611", "definition": "Carbonyl fluoride appears as a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Very toxic by inhalation. Prolonged exposure of the containers to fire or heat may result in violent rupturing and rocketing.", "children": [] } @@ -822,33 +822,33 @@ { "uuid": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "label": "CARBON AND HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Carbon (C) is the 12th element in the periodic table. Carbon is one of the most\nversatile elements and combines itself with many other elements to form a huge\nvariety of organic compounds including hydrocarbons and their derivitives.

\r\nHydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen, but the\nterm is often applied to derivitives of hydrocarbons consisting of oxygen,\nhalogens, etc. Hydrocarbons can occur from both natural and anthropogenic\nemissions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "One of the major greenhouse gases. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is caused mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Long-term measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere are conducted at Manua Loa, Hawaii and several international monitoring stations around the world.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a65cfcfa-1028-4cc8-a4d5-9e78f487a612", "label": "PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", + "parentId": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", "definition": "The pressure that a component of a gaseous mixture would have if it alone occupied the same volume at the same temperature as the mixture.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03ddc432-906d-4469-bb00-179c828dbea4", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", + "parentId": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "194d8a3c-9cdd-45f3-8b4c-ce7830d9df46", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", + "parentId": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba", "definition": "Measurement of Carbon Dioxide gas at the surface of the earth.", "children": [] } @@ -857,20 +857,20 @@ { "uuid": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CARBON MONOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a toxic, odorless, colorless gas produced during fossil fuel or biomass burning. It is one of the longest-lived,naturally occurring atmospheric carbon compounds. The recent change in tropospheric CO content may portend a change in the balance between oxidants and reductants in the atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ab3e5ad3-d2c0-4c63-b321-345307bda59d", "label": "CARBON MONOXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", + "parentId": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3965bb3f-fa0e-475e-a48c-5703c9ab9fe5", "label": "CARBON MONOXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", + "parentId": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", "definition": "Measurement of Carbon Monoxide gas at the surface of the earth.", "children": [] } @@ -879,84 +879,84 @@ { "uuid": "cdab2cca-6767-427e-b464-09fe26ec59db", "label": "CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "The presence of pesticides or PCB (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL) in the Atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06d230f1-08f8-48cc-9bbd-5f2358a84d13", "label": "NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS/VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are hydrocarbons such as ethylene,\r\nbutane, hexane, propane and, by definition, exclude the first member of\r\nthat analogous series, CH4. Large quantities of NMHCs are emitted from\r\nvegetation, the vast majority as isoprene, C5H8. This emission is\r\nsignificant compared to that of anthropogenic NMHC. [Nature; v329;\r\n705-707; 1987.] [Nature; v329; 705-707; 1987.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af157837-bdbd-4a9a-b24e-6a79adfef57f", "label": "HYDROGEN CYANIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was discovered by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm\r\nScheele in 1782, who prepared it from the pigment Prussian blue (hence its\r\nother name of prussic acid).

\r\nThere are many naturally occurring substances yielding cyanide in certain\r\nseeds, such as the pit of the wild cherry. It usually occurs in combination\r\nwith plant sugars. The tuberous edible plant of the spurge family called\r\ncassava (also known as manioc, mandioc, or yuca) was used by primitive peoples\r\nto produce HCN for poison darts and arrows. HCN is produced by other plants,\r\nbacteria and fungi. Emissions from CN radicals are occasionally observed from\r\nlightning disturbed air. Hydrogen cyanide is produced by biomass burning since\r\nnitrogen in plant material is mostly present as amino acids and upon combustion\nthis nitrogen is emitted as a variety of compounds including NH3, NO, NO2, N2O,\norganic nitriles and nitrates. It is interesting to note that the atmospheric\r\nmeasurements of HCN reported by Zander et al. (1988) gave a mixing ratio for\r\nHCN in the Southern Hemisphere which was approximately 5% higher than that for\r\nthe Northern Hemisphere. This may be due to biomass burning.\r\nThere are many anthropogenic sources of compounds containing CN which can be\r\nreleased into the atmosphere. Cyanides are used in a variety of chemical\r\nprocesses including fumigation, case hardening of iron and steel,\r\nelectroplating and in the concentration of ores. Hydrogen cyanide is used to\r\nprepare polyacrylonitrile fibres (known by the generic name of acrylic)\r\nsynthetic rubber, plastics, and in gas masers to produce a wavelength of 3.34\r\nmm. Hydrogen cyanide is a combustion product which is a human hazard during\r\ndomestic and industrial fires and from tobacco smoking. Some catalytic\r\nconverters in bad repair can produce large amounts of Hydrogen cyanide.\r\nHydrogen cyanide is produced in large quantities for laboratory and commercial\r\nuse by three principle methods: Treatment of sodium cyanide with sulphuric\r\nacid, catalytic oxidation of a methane-ammonia mixture, and decomposition of\r\nformamide (HCONH2).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6b2279c-804f-42bf-aa8a-0c81f9ecf6cd", "label": "HYPOCHLOROUS MONOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "'\nHypochlorous acid is also a minor component of the gas-phase inorganic chlorine budget in the stratosphere. It is formed there largely from reaction of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) with chlorine monoxide (ClO) radicals, and from the hydrolysis of chlorine nitrate on stratospheric aerosols. It is subject to quite rapid photolysis in the sunlit atmosphere.'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c892333-f4c4-4f81-b825-d6a86e107e9f", "label": "METHANE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a colorless, odorless, flammable, greenhouse gas. It\r\nis released naturally into the air from marshes, swamps, rice\r\nfields, ruminant animals (such as cattle), and sewage sludge. CH4 is\r\nalso released from methane-producing bacteria (methanogens) that live\r\nin anaerobic places. [Solar Energy; v52n6; 467-477; 1994.] [Air, The\r\nNature of Atmosphere and the Climate; Michael Allaby; pages 39,40;\r\n1992; Facts on File; New York] [Dictionary of Science;\tR.K. Barnhart;\r\npage 398; 1986; Houghton Mifflin Company; Boston.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35721fc2-a968-487f-ad85-6307a18e4af6", "label": "METHYL CYANIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Methyl Cyanide (CH3CN), also known as acetonitrile, is emitted from incomplete\r\ncombustion of vegetable matter, notably biomass, for example, cigarettes.\r\nAcetonitrile is relatively unreactive in the troposphere and thus reaches the\r\nstratosphere, where it participates in ionmolecule reactions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc05d7d2-3c96-4bb6-b759-d45e3c673b86", "label": "FORMALDEHYDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Formaldehyde is very soluble in water; solutions of formaldehyde (formalin) are used in biological labs to preserve samples. Formaldehyde is fairly toxic; health concerns are associated with its emission from foam, cavity insulation, or new plastic materials such as upholstery, carpet, etc. Formaldehyde is present in the atmosphere as an intermediate in the oxidation of methane and many other hydrocarbons; its photolysis is a major source of free radicals in the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94863274-c0fc-4386-9bac-5b6f5d1b9d06", "label": "DICARBON MONOXIDE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Dicarbon monoxide (C2O) is a molecule that contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It is a linear molecule that, because of its simplicity, is of interest in a variety of areas. It is, however, so extremely reactive that it is not encountered in everyday life. It is classified as a cumulene and an oxocarbon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb1bfadc-8aa6-477b-af6a-6c320aa21351", "label": "FORMIC ACID", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Formic acid, also known as formate or methanoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Formic acid exists as a liquid, soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9154777e-2e33-49b5-a21e-0a2638c57528", "label": "ISOPRENE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Isoprene is an unsaturated pentahydrocarbon, Isoprene is found in certain plants or obtained by distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha. In plants, it is elementary in the formation of isoprenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids and related pigments. Isoprenes contribute to flavors and fragrances of essential oils and other plant-derived substances.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93a95204-8ded-4cde-8937-38e373c41df6", "label": "ETHANE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Ethane appears as a colorless odorless gas. It is easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Contact with the liquid may cause frostbite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04833f72-ac6d-40b0-b1ae-1f55eb25b5dd", "label": "ACETYLENE", - "broader": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", + "parentId": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Acetylene appears as a colorless gas with a faint garlic-like odor. Easily ignited and burns with a sooty flame. Gas is lighter than air. Flame may flash back to the source of a leak very easily. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.", "children": [] } @@ -965,68 +965,68 @@ { "uuid": "2d36c283-2fe3-4a08-aeb3-6a8146e79bb3", "label": "TRACE ELEMENTS/TRACE METALS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Trace elements are elements that occur in minute quantities. Trace elements\ncan include copper, silicon, cobalt, iron, zinc, iodine, and manganese.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", "label": "HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Hydrogen (H) is the lightest and most abundant chemical element. It is only\nfound in trace quantities in the atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d8494f01-bcec-4232-ad78-fbd92c242e62", "label": "HYDROPEROXY", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", + "parentId": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", "definition": "Consists of oxygenated compounds that are organic derivitives of hydrogen\nperoxide. These compounds are formed in the oxidation of hydrocarbons in\nrelatively clean air, where oxides of nitrogen are not abundant.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b49fd6d-3759-4b61-8b04-8309f38b2f90", "label": "HYDROXYL", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", + "parentId": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", "definition": "Hydroxyl (OH) - an atom consisting of one hydrogen atom and one oxygen\r\natom which does not normally exist in a stable form; this radical readily\r\nreacts with methane and carbon monoxide. The source of the hydroxyl\r\nradical in the atmosphere occurs primarily through the 1) photolysis of\r\nhydrogen peroxide, heat, and light and 2) the attack on water of an\r\nexcited oxygen radical (created by the photolysis of ozone). [JAPCA; v39;\r\n704; 1989] [Journal of Chemical Society; v85; 577; 1989.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e073c9d4-5a61-436c-8890-2695c4e825eb", "label": "MOLECULAR HYDROGEN", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", + "parentId": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", "definition": "Molecular hydrogen H2 is an attractive candidate as future energy carrier because combustion of H2 produces H2 O only. In addition to saving the CO2 emissions (if the H2 is formed from carbon-free energy sources), also the massive energy-related emissions of other compounds like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and soot could be drastically reduced, leading to improvements in air quality (Schultz et al., 2003). Nevertheless, unavoidable leakage in the production, distribution, storage and consumption of H2 could drastically alter the mixing ratio of H2 in the atmosphere. Although it is not a greenhouse gas itself, H2 affects the atmospheric lifetime of the greenhouse gas methane and many other species via its reaction with the hydroxyl (OH) radical (Schultz et al.,2003). In addition, H2 is an important source for stratospheric water vapor, which provides the substrate for polar stratospheric clouds that play a key role in the formation of the stratospheric polar ozone hole. Therefore, increasing levels of H2 in the atmosphere will counteract the predicted recovery of the ozone hole (Tromp et al., 2003; Warwick et al.,2004; Feck et al., 2008).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f259ddd3-87d3-4a2f-b39d-ed3cce629f3d", "label": "HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM OXIDE", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", + "parentId": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", "definition": "Deuterium Oxide is a stable, non-radioactive isotopic form of water, containing 2 atoms of deuterium (D) and one atom of oxygen (2D2O), with DNA-labeling activity. Upon ingestion of deuterium oxide, 2H is incorporated into the deoxyribose moiety of DNA of newly divided cells. Rapidly dividing cells, as in the case of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), can be labeled with deuterium oxide and measured using gas chromatography and/or mass spectrometry.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4904a081-ffb5-430c-b659-08cd55d41818", "label": "DEUTERIUM OXIDE/HEAVY WATER", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", + "parentId": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", "definition": "Deuterium oxide (D2O), aka “heavy water”, is the form of water that contains two atoms of the 2H, or D, isotope. The term heavy water is also used for water in which 2H atoms replace only some of the 1H atoms. In this case, rapid exchange between the two isotopes forms twice as many “semiheavy” HDO molecules as D2O.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", "label": "HYDROGEN OXIDES", - "broader": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", + "parentId": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5", "definition": "The simple systematic name for water, H2O.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4a4379fb-1dbb-40ff-8c74-f2b8edda55ec", "label": "HYDROGEN OXIDE PROFILES", - "broader": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", + "parentId": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", "definition": "Used in long-term monitoring of ozone chemistry.\nCollected by the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1550163-0584-4935-80bb-63c3b6ab8cfc", "label": "HYDROGEN OXIDE SURFACE", - "broader": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", + "parentId": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", "definition": "Used in long-term monitoring of ozone chemistry\nCollected by the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN)", "children": [] } @@ -1037,13 +1037,13 @@ { "uuid": "6433e330-3797-4cf9-a8ba-d26d39624459", "label": "PHOTOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "The study of the chemical and physical changes occurring when a molecule or atom absorbs light.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0fd2b083-e65c-443b-9794-2c355ebac06b", "label": "PHOTOLYSIS RATES", - "broader": "6433e330-3797-4cf9-a8ba-d26d39624459", + "parentId": "6433e330-3797-4cf9-a8ba-d26d39624459", "definition": "The destruction of a molecule by electromagnetic radiation, which provides\r\nthe energy required for a constituent atom to break the chemical bonds\r\nbetween it and the other atoms comprising the molecule. [Environmental\r\nScience and Technology; v.28; p.1300; 1994.][Review of Scientific\r\nInstruments; v.59; p.1307; 1988.]", "children": [] } @@ -1052,26 +1052,26 @@ { "uuid": "18d9ddbb-66cc-4b92-aa8d-2395ab3a17ce", "label": "NOBLE GAS", - "broader": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", + "parentId": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334", "definition": "Noble gases makes up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is variously predicted to be a noble gas as well or to break the trend due to relativistic effects; its chemistry has not yet been investigated.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC RADON", - "broader": "18d9ddbb-66cc-4b92-aa8d-2395ab3a17ce", + "parentId": "18d9ddbb-66cc-4b92-aa8d-2395ab3a17ce", "definition": "Radon is a chemical element with the symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It occurs naturally in minute quantities as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead and various other short-lived radioactive elements. Radon itself is the immediate decay product of radium.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0857df34-93ca-4c8e-a909-3621ea1dcbe7", "label": "RADON PROFILES", - "broader": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", + "parentId": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", "definition": "A vertical representation of the measurement of Radon (chemical symbol Rn, an odorless, colorless, radioactive gas). Radon comes from the natural decay of uranium and radium found in nearly all rocks and soils.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b6f32f2-7123-488b-9c9b-98acdc0c6f5a", "label": "RADON SURFACE", - "broader": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", + "parentId": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f", "definition": "The measurement of Radon (chemical symbol Rn, an odorless, colorless, radioactive gas) at the surface of the earth. Radon comes from the natural decay of uranium and radium found in nearly all rocks and soils.", "children": [] } @@ -1084,26 +1084,26 @@ { "uuid": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "Radiation budget refers to the difference between the absorbed solar\nradiation and the net infrared radiation. The radiation budget takes into\naccount the sum of all radiation, transferred in all directions, through\nthe Earth's atmosphere and to and from space. The radiation budget (or\nradiation balance) controls the Earth's temperature and rainfall.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6b3be650-6625-40b5-9b40-9e7c8a9fd336", "label": "INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "In general, solar radiation received at the earth's surface. The amount of\r\ndirect solar radiation incident upon a unit horizontal surface at a specific\r\nlevel on or above the surface of the earth. \r\nIncoming solar radiation is solar radition that has not been scattered or\r\nabsorbed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bdfd401f-7eed-4a48-bd6f-f0c2a890594a", "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation to that of the incident radiation on a surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c1cb99a3-67a4-4ad8-855a-e98a1e0b23ac", "label": "TOP OF ATMOSPHERE (TOA) REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "bdfd401f-7eed-4a48-bd6f-f0c2a890594a", + "parentId": "bdfd401f-7eed-4a48-bd6f-f0c2a890594a", "definition": "Measurement across the solar irradiance spectrum and not a particular band or wavelength in general, but in practice it's based on the particular bands of the sensor. Example: Generating TOA Reflectance for band 1, band 2, etc. The keyword doesn't inherently cover a set wavelength or band.", "children": [] } @@ -1112,76 +1112,76 @@ { "uuid": "31a14270-6275-4155-961f-b78b60ee05f7", "label": "ANISOTROPY", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Anisotropy is the characteristic of a surface for which a physical\r\nproperty, such as reflectivity, varies in value with the direction in or\r\nalong which the measurement is made.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86c95fdb-17b9-4224-a020-b1aacbea00fd", "label": "SUNSHINE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Direct radiation from the Sun, as opposed to the shading of a location\nby clouds or other obstructions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48c16952-b6e0-40cd-b6dd-7cdbf5a443a1", "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminous\nenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloud\nsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visible\nsolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have low\nalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are the\nchief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "061f7fd0-67af-42bf-bc9f-5a007c146f65", "label": "ABSORPTION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The process by which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance.\nThe absorbed radiation is converted to another form of energy according to\nthe nature of the absorbing medium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ed8ac8d-3a66-4b86-be30-a5b79b3806d2", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC EMITTED RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The part of the terrestrial radiation which is emitted by the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06a24fd2-38b6-4a4a-a0cf-1abf149283e2", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC HEATING", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Atmospheric heating has been used to refer to the heat transfer or heat\nbalance of the Earth's atmosphere. Heat transfer is the exchange of heat\nby radiation, conduction, or convection. Heat balance is the balance of\nthe gains and losses of heat at any point in the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49c8770a-2eb7-40f1-aab0-9c12d3aed031", "label": "EMISSIVITY", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The ratio of the emittance of a given surface at a specified wavelength\nand emitting temperature to the emittance of an ideal black body at the\nsame wavelength and temperature. Emissivity has a value between 0 (least)\nand one (greatest).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46a3c823-727d-4c3c-b09d-e3e3fcaa43a5", "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Heat flux is the amount of heat that is transferred across a surface of\r\nunit area in a unit of time. Also refers to latent and sensible heat\r\nfluxes in the atmosphere and between the Earth's surface and\r\natmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", "label": "LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Longwave radiation is radiation with wavelengths longer than 4 micros. Also referred to as infrared radiation or terrestrial radiation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "82f5ea3b-63f3-47a8-ad41-24cd5914afd1", "label": "UPWELLING LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", + "parentId": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", "definition": "The infrared energy emitted from the earth at wavelengths between about 5 and 25 micrometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd6270d3-dd4d-41ed-a6c2-58abe926017c", "label": "DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", + "parentId": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", "definition": "Downward portion of longwave radiation. Longwave radiation is typically terrestrial in origin and has wavelengths longer than 4 microns.", "children": [] } @@ -1190,55 +1190,55 @@ { "uuid": "50ee8910-449b-46c8-a59b-1cd76d632b44", "label": "NET RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Net radiation refers to the difference between the downward and upward\n(total and terrestrial) radiation. The net flux of all radiations. Canalso\nrefer to the net solar radiation which is the difference between the sola\\\nr radiations directed downwards and upwards.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "13723b5d-1945-4e62-8672-4535ffdddb87", "label": "OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "In radiative transfer, optical thickness or optical depth is the mass of\na given absorbing or emitting material in a vertical column of\nunit cross-sectional area and extending between two specified\nlevels.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "006b1ea6-222d-4740-b220-03886d49cd81", "label": "OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) refers specifically to the\nradiation emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere (the terrestrial\nradiation). Satellite measurements of the OLR from terrestrial surfaces\nand clouds show that OLR is low over cold land and high clouds and high\nover hot land surfaces. Climate variations, such as El Nino Southern\nOscillation (ENSO) can be measured from OLR anomalies from longer-term\nvariations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "107582ef-a356-4afa-a9a4-4e1d2200c134", "label": "RADIATIVE FLUX", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The amount of radiation incident on a given surface per unit time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fad64ce-32fe-413d-8b55-c78000d1980c", "label": "RADIATIVE FORCING", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "A change imposed upon the climate system which modifies the radiative\nbalance of that system. The causes of such a change may include changes in\nthe sun, clouds, ice, greenhouse gases, volcanic activity, and other\nagents. Radiative forcing is often specified as the net change in energy\nflux at the troposphere (watts per square meter). Radiative forcing may\nsometimes be referred to as external forcing or perturbations of the\nclimate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec9e0b6a-1315-4569-93bc-0f1190bb8c08", "label": "SCATTERING", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The process in which a wave or beam of particles is diffused or deflected\r\nby collisions with particles of the medium which it traverses. Along\r\nwith absorption, scattering is a major cause of the attenuation of\r\nradiation by the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8f5c969-34e9-4284-afb5-ff2113f5f881", "label": "SHORTWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Shortwave radiation is radiation at wavelengths shorter than 4\nmicrons. Sometimes called the solar radiation. Usually radiation in the\nvisible and near-infrared wavelengths.", "children": [ { "uuid": "74de6492-617b-4046-8a4e-1336c3238a7e", "label": "DOWNWELLING SHORTWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "a8f5c969-34e9-4284-afb5-ff2113f5f881", + "parentId": "a8f5c969-34e9-4284-afb5-ff2113f5f881", "definition": "Downward portion of shortwave radiation. Shortwave radiation is typically solar in origin and has wavelengths shorter than 4 microns.", "children": [] } @@ -1247,13 +1247,13 @@ { "uuid": "de7647c9-b129-4cba-afe4-63fa9998206e", "label": "SOLAR IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere on a plane normal to the\nincident radiation, and at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun.\nSolar irradiance is also referred to as the solar constant. In satellite\nremote sensing, the solar irradiance is used as an onboard calibrartion of\nvisible band sensors. Some climate studies suggest that small variations\nin the solar irradiance associated with solar activity over days to\ndecades may have an effect the Earth's climate.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e1af236f-ee88-4b10-8feb-70d9e09f90be", "label": "SHORTWAVE DOWNWARD IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "de7647c9-b129-4cba-afe4-63fa9998206e", + "parentId": "de7647c9-b129-4cba-afe4-63fa9998206e", "definition": "Flux density (in W/m2) of the solar radiation at the Earth's surface", "children": [] } @@ -1262,27 +1262,27 @@ { "uuid": "a0f3474e-9a54-4a82-97c4-43864b48df4c", "label": "SOLAR RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Solar radiation is the total electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun.\nAlso could include insolation, direct solar radiation, diffuse radiation,\nsolar irradiance, and shortwave radiation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "714be1d7-2012-4a98-bdd5-02bbcadf69d8", "label": "TRANSMITTANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "A measure of the amount of radiation propagated through a given medium.\ndefined as the ratio of transmitted radiation to the total radiation\nincident upon the medium. Also known as transmissivity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "90e7fd13-2da2-4ba6-9e0c-dbecdf7c2215", "label": "ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than visible radiation but longer than x-rays. Radiation in the interval 10 to 4000 angstroms. UV radiation from the sun is responsible for many photochemical ractions\nin the upper atmosphere especially the formation of ozone. UV-B radiation in the range 280-320 nm can possibly have serious health effects on humans and animals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "782b60de-9ac2-4e6c-9dfa-cd52c4cf1ea0", "label": "UV SPECTRAL", - "broader": "90e7fd13-2da2-4ba6-9e0c-dbecdf7c2215", + "parentId": "90e7fd13-2da2-4ba6-9e0c-dbecdf7c2215", "definition": "Pertaining to electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than visible radiation but longer than x-rays at specific ranges.", "children": [] } @@ -1291,35 +1291,35 @@ { "uuid": "bf22e55d-fbff-4eaf-8592-68be24e2bc32", "label": "AIRGLOW", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "A faint luminescence of the night sky originating in photochemical reactions in\nthe upper atmosphere. Also referred to as geocoronal emission.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a87d6473-3a03-4bc6-aa21-6157fae96b8e", "label": "POLARIZED REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "To cause the electrical and magnetic fields associated with electromagnetic waves, especially light, to vibrate in a particular direction or path. The transverse electric and magnetic waves always vibrate at right angles to each other, but in ordinary unpolarized light sources, the direction of polarization of each wave is randomly distributed. Light can be polarized by reflection, and by passing through certain materials.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7a45c57-b652-469a-a3f2-8d38555bf478", "label": "SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Units are typically W m-2 μm-1 or W m-2(cm-1)-1.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec839718-ba64-4bc5-8458-fae7390e11c4", "label": "ACTINIC FLUX", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The spherically integrated radiation flux in the earth's atmosphere that originates from the sun, including the direct beam and any scattered components.\n\nThis radiation is responsible for initiating the chemistry of the atmosphere. \nCompare radiance, irradiance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7cacbfdf-71a3-4fac-b690-9aa54e4060dd", "label": "EARTH RADIATION BUDGET", - "broader": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", + "parentId": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "The Earth Radiation Budget is the balance between incoming energy from the sun and the outgoing longwave (thermal) and reflected shortwave energy from the Earth.\n\n[Source: Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, https://marine.rutgers.edu/cool/education/class/yuri/erb.html]", "children": [] } @@ -1328,104 +1328,104 @@ { "uuid": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "label": "AIR QUALITY", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "The study of air pollutants in the atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9337898d-68dc-43d7-93a9-6afdb4ab1784", "label": "VISIBILITY", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "The greatest distance from an observer that a prominent object of\nknown characteristics can be seen and unidentified by unaided, normal\neyes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a60df4a-a0d7-4e4b-b02a-372a083f0170", "label": "EMISSIONS", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "With respect to pollution, the discharge of gases or particles from a\nsource such as a smokestack or exhaust pipe into the atmosphere, perhaps\nresulting in environmental pollution. With respect to radiation, the\ngeneration and sending out of radiant energy.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "227cf2d4-968a-4312-89e6-8c6bcf616e5d", "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "The effect of (primarily) aerosols, through their total optical depth, in reducing the transmission of direct solar radiation to the surface below that through a purely molecular atmosphere.\n\nMeasures of turbidity refer to the total aerosol optical depth, either directly at a specified wavelength (e.g., the Volz turbidity factor or the Ängström turbidity coefficient, which is referenced to a wavelength of 1 μm), or indirectly by the ratio of aerosol to Rayleigh optical depth (e.g., the Linke turbidity factor).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3090318-c845-4242-bf2f-ff1631b88831", "label": "SULFUR OXIDES", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "The concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Sulfur Trioxide (SO3) in\nthe atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "426aee98-764c-4c21-ab65-1e9d4bd6b0d0", "label": "TROPOSPHERIC OZONE", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "Ozone (O3) that is measured in the lowest 10-20 km of the Atmosphere.\nWhile the maximum concentration of ozone occurs between 20-25 km, a\nhigh concentration of ozone close to the Earth's surface is considered a\npublic health threat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1f3c543d-9ca9-4db4-b4a5-d3e2fd71e4a4", "label": "VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "Organic compounds (e.g. ethylene, propylene, benzene, styrene, acetone)\nwhich evaporate readily and contribute to air pollution directly or\nthrough chemical or photochemical reactions to produce secondary air\npollutants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bad08657-da2b-4e2b-9804-25c5732bc795", "label": "SMOG", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "A natural fog contaminated by industrial pollutants, literally, a mixture\nof smoke and fog.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "080389c4-68d4-41ee-ab89-070794038c8e", "label": "CARBON MONOXIDE", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "A colorless, odorless, and very toxic gas; molecular formula CO. It is found\nin trace quantities in the natural atmosphere, but also produced by the\nincomplete combustion of carbonaceous gasses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c79453a3-ed2f-4ec4-9298-bf9fd11d08eb", "label": "LEAD", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "The Concentration of element Lead (Pb) in the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5563c99-0fb6-43a9-8e20-6b47b1144394", "label": "NITROGEN OXIDES", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "The concentration of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9fe1bc0-88c5-4c26-9b4c-a9867d027685", "label": "PARTICULATES", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "Fine solids or liquid droplets suspended in the air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "686bd6b6-8305-4e33-a334-ef5d4f46a230", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2bdd7e8-145e-4bbf-b10a-ef7a87fcb1ad", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cd061e7-f351-46fa-8432-fb36faef3bbe", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", - "broader": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", + "parentId": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -1434,55 +1434,55 @@ { "uuid": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "label": "ALTITUDE", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "A measure of height, especially of great height, as a mountain top or\naircraft flight level. In meteorology, altitude is used almost exclusively\nwith respect to the height of an airborne object above the earth's\nsurface, above a constant pressure surface, or above mean sea level.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5d703cfe-2f7c-4736-acbc-ec4e4f4f8eef", "label": "BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", + "parentId": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "Also called Pressure Altitude. Barometric Altitude is the altitude\r\nwhich corresponds to a given value of atmospheric pressure according to\r\nthe ICAO standard atmosphere. It is the indicated altitude of a pressure\r\naltimeter at an altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of mercury (1013.2\r\nmb); therefore it is the indicated altitude above the 1013.2 mb\r\nconstant-pressure surface. RT", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dacbf270-1734-4503-bab8-a32cdaff3012", "label": "MESOPAUSE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", + "parentId": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "The top of the mesosphere and the base of the thermosphere.\r\nThe mesopause is usually located at heights of 85¿95 km, and is the site of \nthe coldest temperatures in the atmosphere. Temperatures as low as 100 K\n(− 173¿C) have been measured at the mesopause by rockets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6aec072-daf9-4f96-b667-6c7831cf6bdd", "label": "GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", + "parentId": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "The height of a given point in the atmosphere in units proportional to\nthe potential energy of unit mass (geopotential) at this height, relative\nto sea level.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82191e97-53ba-413d-9a08-acd8b848e0b0", "label": "STRATOPAUSE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", + "parentId": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "The top of the inversion layer in the upper stratosphere at an altitude\nof about 50 kilometers (31 miles).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2343baae-1c4a-4096-8cac-fea8ed7a984f", "label": "STATION HEIGHT", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", + "parentId": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "Also called Station Elevation. Station Height is the vertical distance\nabove mean sea level that is adopted as the reference datum level for all\ncurrent measurements of atmospheric pressure at the station.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3447c90-7490-4f04-89c1-c5274ba8f8f6", "label": "TROPOPAUSE", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", + "parentId": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "765e92a7-8c14-47dc-bdd8-d85d132a11ee", "label": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT", - "broader": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", + "parentId": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "The height of the atmospheric layer from the Earth's surface up to an\naltitude of about 1 kilometer in which wind speed and direction are\naffected by frictional interaction with objects on the Earth's\nsurface.", "children": [] } @@ -1491,89 +1491,89 @@ { "uuid": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "label": "WEATHER EVENTS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "The study of significant weather events.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a6212424-1146-4a79-a14c-8ce88543b08b", "label": "MONSOONS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "It was first applied to the winds over the Arabian Sea, which blow for six months from northeast and for six months from southwest, but it has been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world. Even in Europe the prevailing west to northwest winds of summer have been called the 'European monsoon.' The primary cause is the much greater annual variation of temperature over large land areas compared with neighboring ocean surfaces, causing an excess of pressure over the continents in winter and a deficit in summer, but other factors such as the relief features of the land have a considerable effect. The monsoons are strongest on the southern and eastern sides of Asia, the largest landmass, but monsoons also occur on the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them. They have been described in Spain, northern Australia, Africa except the Mediterranean, Texas, and the western coasts of the United States and Chile. In India the term is popularly applied chiefly to the southwest monsoon and, by extension, to the rains which it brings.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "label": "TORNADOES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "A small mass of air (whirlwind) that spins rapidly about an almost\r\nvertical axis and forms a funnel cloud that contacts the ground; appears\r\nas a pendant from a cumulonimbus cloud and is potentially the most\r\ndestructive of all weather systems.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8fd6e7bc-df59-4637-b1e7-d6715fb3e8af", "label": "DESTRUCTION POTENTIAL INDEX", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "Destruction Potential Index (DPI), is a measure of the potential for damage and casualties with a particular outbreak.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d912e61f-6c95-449d-9bee-2eac2f599b8f", "label": "TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "Observed geographic or temporal distribution of meteorological observations (tornadoes) over a specified period of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de691f09-0ef3-4795-bac0-1ed15c3e7f8b", "label": "TORNADO FREQUENCY", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "Number of tornadoes over a specific set of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b253d76b-d48a-4d7a-abbe-7d02f783176e", "label": "TORNADO PATH LENGTH", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "Path length (in miles and tenths of miles) and maximum path width (in yards) will be indicated for all tornadoes, including each member of families of tornadoes, or for all segments of multi-segmented tornadoes. The length in the header-strip is the length of that particular segment in that particular county/parish. The Storm Prediction Center, NCDC or a Storm Data user can determine the entire length of a multi-segmented tornado by adding the lengths from each segment as well as using the latitude and longitude of that segment. Note that latitude and longitude are not available in the Storm Data publication, but are available on the internet in National Climatic Data \nCenter and the Storm Prediction Center databases.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "069ff99d-1455-4285-83d9-4f57fb0cb635", "label": "TORNADO PATH WIDTH", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "Path length (in miles and tenths of miles) and maximum path width (in yards) will be indicated for all tornadoes, including each member of families of tornadoes, or for all segments of multi-segmented tornadoes. The length in the header-strip is the length of that particular segment in that particular county/parish. The Storm Prediction Center, NCDC or a Storm Data user can determine the entire length of a multi-segmented tornado by adding the lengths from each segment as well as using the latitude and longitude of that segment. Note that latitude and longitude are not available in the Storm Data publication, but are available on the internet in National Climatic Data \nCenter and the Storm Prediction Center databases.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3354d3b-44a4-4b1a-b1dd-1243bd1640be", "label": "TORNADO VORTEX SIGNATURE", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "An image of a tornado on the Doppler radar screen that shows up as a small region of rapidly changing wind speeds inside a mesocyclone. The following velocity criteria is normally required for recognition: velocity difference between maximum inbound and outbound (shear) is greater than or equal to 90 knots at less than 30 nmi and is greater than or equal to 70 knots between 30 and 55 nmi. It shows up as a red upside down triangle on the Storm Relative Velocity Display. Existence of a TVS strongly increases the probability of tornado occurrence, but does not guarantee it; therefore, the feature triggering it must be examined closely by the radar operator. A TVS is not a visually observable feature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d866f0ba-c70a-4377-9f91-58ab402f6f8b", "label": "ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE RATING", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "A six-level numerical, damage-based classification of estimated wind speeds. Following suspected high-wind events, affected areas are surveyed to provide an EF-scale rating. These high-wind events are typically tornadoes. However, the EF scale has also been applied to downbursts and tropical cyclones.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2992d7d3-5ae6-4844-b0fa-4ad348e3a8c2", "label": "WATER SPOUT", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "In general, any tornado over a body of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9969cf1-6a1f-4f37-91bf-c746aeba81c4", "label": "STORM SYSTEM MOTION", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a310897-86d4-4a31-9fe3-4b4ad45b3575", "label": "TORNADO DENSITY", - "broader": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", + "parentId": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -1582,55 +1582,55 @@ { "uuid": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "label": "FREEZE/FROST", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "The condition that exists when, over a widespread area, the surface\ntemperature of the air remains below freezing 0 C (32 F) for a sufficient\namount of time to constitute the characteristic feature of the weather. A\nfreeze is a term used for the condition when vegetation is injured by\nthese low air temperatures, regardless if frost were deposited.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2cc64007-a443-45d8-bf9d-c9fae69f4554", "label": "FIRST FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", + "parentId": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "First frost is first occurrence of 36°F temperature, first freeze was based on the first occurrence of 32°F temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc768468-62d4-40fa-8880-a773a855a496", "label": "LAST FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", + "parentId": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "Last frost was based on the last occurrence of 36°F or lower temperature, last freeze was based on the flast occurrence of 32°F temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53b7e7d6-2aeb-4636-bae1-c7cd92d3d541", "label": "FIRST FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", + "parentId": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days. For example, suppose a 90 percent probability level for the spring season is computed to be March 1 at the 32 degree threshold. This means that nine years out of ten a temperature as cold or colder than 32 degrees is expected to occur later than March 1 during the spring season. For the fall season, the probability level represents the chance of having a temperature as cold or colder earlier than the computed date. The freeze-free probability level indicates the chance of having a longer freeze-free period than the computed number of days. The methods used to compute the freeze probabilities come from two data distributions: a discrete freeze or no-freeze distribution, where a no-freeze annual season is one in which only one or no freeze occurs; and a continuous one of freeze dates for the years of freeze occurrence, where at least two distinct freeze dates occur in a year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "22b3623a-66c6-4616-8a6a-139ce119f672", "label": "LAST FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", + "parentId": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days. For example, suppose a 90 percent probability level for the spring season is computed to be March 1 at the 32 degree threshold. This means that nine years out of ten a temperature as cold or colder than 32 degrees is expected to occur later than March 1 during the spring season. For the fall season, the probability level represents the chance of having a temperature as cold or colder earlier than the computed date. The freeze-free probability level indicates the chance of having a longer freeze-free period than the computed number of days. The methods used to compute the freeze probabilities come from two data distributions: a discrete freeze or no-freeze distribution, where a no-freeze annual season is one in which only one or no freeze occurs; and a continuous one of freeze dates for the years of freeze occurrence, where", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a0347ba-2684-4c4a-adc0-ddb63cbbde6b", "label": "FREEZE FREE PERIOD LENGTH", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", + "parentId": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "The period, usually expressed in days, between the last occurrence of freezing temperatures (0°C) in the spring and the first occurrence in the autumn.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "581d6ad6-2132-45cf-b6be-72341024587b", "label": "FIRST MODERATE FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", + "parentId": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8cc5031-9c46-4a73-a999-68cdaec453a5", "label": "LAST MODERATE FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", + "parentId": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -1639,34 +1639,34 @@ { "uuid": "f24c4f33-5b89-4e8d-8de7-296078a7f18a", "label": "LIGHTNING", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "Lightning is a transient, high-current electric discharge with pathlengths measured in kilometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", "label": "DROUGHTS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "A period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently long enough to cause a serious hydrological imbalance.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ebd54a3b-8b8b-40e8-94fd-d0b4352e0745", "label": "DROUGHT DURATION", - "broader": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", + "parentId": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", "definition": "Drought duration refers to the length of time over which drought conditions persist. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions\nin a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0f7f8887-844d-45d8-9d45-7e48e15c50fd", "label": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", - "broader": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", + "parentId": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a6b76b0-6c03-4021-92fb-66552edcf845", "label": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", - "broader": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", + "parentId": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or streamflow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,\nagriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by\ndrought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] } @@ -1675,20 +1675,20 @@ { "uuid": "a5ad4f63-7483-4f07-86c7-57037e5faf6c", "label": "FOG", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "A visible aggregate of minute water droplets suspended in the atmosphere\nclose to the ground; a cloud in contact with the earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ce75010-ec8a-4af7-9e34-3e49ef2fe10c", "label": "ICE STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "(Also called silver storm.) A storm characterized by a fall of freezing liquid precipitation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0df15471-3175-44c0-aa8b-5178dfeb27a0", "label": "TOTAL FREEZING RAIN ACCUMULATION", - "broader": "5ce75010-ec8a-4af7-9e34-3e49ef2fe10c", + "parentId": "5ce75010-ec8a-4af7-9e34-3e49ef2fe10c", "definition": "Total freezing rain accumulated from a freezing rain event.", "children": [] } @@ -1697,48 +1697,48 @@ { "uuid": "ca820557-401e-4e5e-ac32-29fdbc0628b3", "label": "HEAT WAVE", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "(Also called hot wave, warm wave.) A period of abnormally and uncomfortably hot and usually humid weather. To be a heat wave such a period should last at least one day, but conventionally it lasts from several days to several weeks. In 1900, A. T. Burrows more rigidly defined a 'hot wave' as a spell of three or more days on each of which the maximum shade temperature reaches or exceeds 90°F. More realistically, the comfort criteria for any one region are dependent upon the normal conditions of that region. In the eastern United States, heat waves generally build up with southerly winds on the western flank of an anticyclone centered over the southeastern states, the air being warmed by passage over a land surface heated by the sun.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03bc515c-af45-4a15-b2a2-65270f0e72bd", "label": "COLD WAVE", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "As used in the U.S. National Weather Service, a rapid fall in temperature within 24 hours to temperatures requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", "label": "WIND STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "A storm with high winds or violent gusts but little or no rain.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9da19ae9-799f-4885-8fb8-564ca803639a", "label": "MICROBURST", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", + "parentId": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", "definition": "A downburst that covers an area less than 4 km along a side with peak winds that last 2–5 minutes", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "530ca9b8-50f3-4bd6-82d4-c49fa688a977", "label": "GALE", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", + "parentId": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", "definition": "In general, and in popular use, an unusually strong wind.\nIn storm-warning terminology, a wind of 28–47 knots (32–54 mph).\nIn the Beaufort wind scale, a wind with a speed from 28–55 knots (32–63 mph) and categorized as follows: moderate gale, 28–33 knots (Force 7); fresh gale, 34–40 knots (Force 8); strong gale, 41–47 knots (Force 9); and whole gale, 48–55 knots (Force 10).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27275638-546e-4181-b15c-ddc3524de3d5", "label": "SQUALL", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", + "parentId": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", "definition": "A strong wind characterized by a sudden onset, a duration of the order of minutes, and then a rather sudden decrease in speed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e845edf-3635-4665-9d9d-d7186c151cda", "label": "DERECHO", - "broader": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", + "parentId": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9", "definition": "A widespread convectively induced straight-line windstorm. Specifically, the term is defined as any family of downburst clusters produced by an extratropical mesoscale convective system. Derechos may or may not be accompanied by tornadoes. Such events were first recognized in the Corn Belt region of the United States, but have since been observed in many other areas of the midlatitudes.", "children": [] } @@ -1747,34 +1747,34 @@ { "uuid": "f6b314db-883a-4493-9140-b6afda949710", "label": "RAIN STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "A storm accompanied by rain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", "label": "SNOW STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "A storm characterized by a fall of frozen precipitation in the form of snow.", "children": [ { "uuid": "12b7f57f-c295-4adf-97f5-43356f1270bf", "label": "LAKE EFFECT SNOW", - "broader": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", + "parentId": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", "definition": "Snowstorm occurring near or downwind from the shore of a lake resulting from the warming (destabilization) and moistening of relatively cold air during passage over a warm body of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d4f9f5a-912b-4dc1-b1c5-cd0fd9bbd3d3", "label": "BLIZZARDS", - "broader": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", + "parentId": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", "definition": "A severe weather condition characterized by high winds and reduced visibilities due to falling or blowing snow.\n\nThe U.S. National Weather Service specifies sustained wind or frequent gusts of 16 m per second (30 kt or 35 mi per hour) or greater, accompanied by falling and/or blowing snow, frequently reducing visibility to less than 400 m (0.25 mi) for 3 hours or longer. Earlier definitions also included a condition of low temperatures, on the order of -7°C (20°F) or lower, or -12°C (10°F) or lower (severe blizzard). The name originated in the United States but it is also used in other countries. In the Antarctic the name is given to violent autumnal winds off the ice cap. In southeastern France, the cold north wind with snow is termed blizzard (see also boulbie).\nSimilar storms in Russian Asia are the buran and purga. In popular usage in the United States and in England, the term is often used for any heavy snowstorm accompanied by strong winds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63cad48d-d085-484f-9ae8-99e3b798671e", "label": "BLOWING SNOW", - "broader": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", + "parentId": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000", "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km.", "children": [] } @@ -1783,27 +1783,27 @@ { "uuid": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "(Sometimes called extratropical low, extratropical storm.) Any cyclonic-scale storm that is not a tropical cyclone, usually referring only to the migratory frontal cyclones of middle and high latitudes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "10277cb5-5a11-47a2-8578-3ac1c7152cd2", "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", + "parentId": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", "definition": "Number of extratropical cyclones per unit time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2357d9ae-3376-4c4e-8533-6193bf177345", "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION", - "broader": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", + "parentId": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", "definition": "Change in Extratropical Cyclone position with respect to time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7de1c2c0-89c2-4841-b0b8-158224c8ad22", "label": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK", - "broader": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", + "parentId": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8", "definition": "Extratropical Cyclone path, route, or course.", "children": [] } @@ -1812,19 +1812,19 @@ { "uuid": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", "label": "SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "A cyclone in tropical or subtropical latitudes (from the equator to about 50°N) that has characteristics of both tropical cyclones and midlatitude (or extratropical) cyclones.", "children": [ { "uuid": "99ad9306-0a99-402a-961f-acb9255cb113", "label": "SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION", - "broader": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", + "parentId": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", "definition": "A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 33 kt (38 mph or 62 km/hr) or less.", "children": [ { "uuid": "241d4bbb-3965-4595-93d3-8fe8c89fdab1", "label": "SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION TRACK", - "broader": "99ad9306-0a99-402a-961f-acb9255cb113", + "parentId": "99ad9306-0a99-402a-961f-acb9255cb113", "definition": "Subtropical Depression path, route, or course.", "children": [] } @@ -1833,20 +1833,20 @@ { "uuid": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", "label": "SUBTROPICAL STORM", - "broader": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", + "parentId": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79", "definition": "A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) or more.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c1a196a3-4134-473a-819e-369ab9656abb", "label": "SUBTROPICAL STORM TRACK", - "broader": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", + "parentId": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", "definition": "Subtropical Storm path, route, or course.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "308beca2-b3c8-4cbb-aa9c-e1be605ca785", "label": "SUBTROPICAL STORM MOTION", - "broader": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", + "parentId": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b", "definition": "Change in Subtropical Storm position with respect to time.", "children": [] } @@ -1857,47 +1857,47 @@ { "uuid": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "The general term for a cyclone that originates over the tropical oceans.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Change in Tropical Cyclone position with respect to time.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a8a40309-c4e5-46d7-ac39-1b7230766192", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", + "parentId": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93ef0499-0b06-4f9a-885b-52e89563b3ec", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", + "parentId": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7705e65c-90a1-451d-8898-ef5f170fa051", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", + "parentId": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "446a22b7-3ea1-43db-9176-47d4dac3ac93", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", + "parentId": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63e53301-d263-4d09-a4be-f0c874646e23", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", + "parentId": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -1906,41 +1906,41 @@ { "uuid": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Tropical Cyclone path, route, or course.", "children": [ { "uuid": "72de9813-4c72-45bc-a216-be6ebd08bb6c", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", + "parentId": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5a681af-5005-4182-922e-528ec8d514f1", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", + "parentId": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d27af08-6b2f-48d7-8e6b-bd57e93992ad", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", + "parentId": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e61fcc9f-bdb6-4dbc-94f2-52c4c64b6df9", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", + "parentId": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d0a21f1-cc5d-481c-ad5f-7fe15deabc9c", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", + "parentId": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -1949,41 +1949,41 @@ { "uuid": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", "label": "ACCUMULATED CYCLONE ENERGY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a measure used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the Atlantic hurricane seasons. It uses an approximation of the energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated every six-hour period. The ACE of a season is the sum of the ACEs for each storm and takes into account the number, strength, and duration of all the tropical storms in the season.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fb890034-3ae6-4c91-941c-ae1483a13528", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", + "parentId": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "074c2800-e458-4fa0-bcae-7f400d970650", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", + "parentId": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e89e331c-ca8e-4c25-be34-c81017bd019f", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", + "parentId": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5da932fa-2f4b-4f65-bad4-18c661816549", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", + "parentId": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7067a3f8-2903-46b7-9189-af1189a15a43", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", + "parentId": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -1992,41 +1992,41 @@ { "uuid": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", "label": "MAXIMUM 1-MINUTE SUSTAINED WIND", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "The standard measure of a tropical cyclone's intensity. When the term is applied to a particular weather system, it refers to the highest one-minute average wind (at an elevation of 10 meters with an unobstructed exposure) associated with that weather system at a particular point in time.", "children": [ { "uuid": "93f7b0c1-ea76-431f-8cb0-0599eb51f928", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", + "parentId": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53998f98-9bf6-4666-90c7-48f2e5730dae", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", + "parentId": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd54dfac-069b-4552-abfe-d182320189c7", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", + "parentId": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58ddb82c-fbb2-4910-8259-d9c2df2555da", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", + "parentId": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ab5b26c-8560-412c-8b7b-80921aff9fe1", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", + "parentId": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2035,41 +2035,41 @@ { "uuid": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", "label": "MINIMUM CENTRAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "The atmospheric pressure at the center of a high or low. It is the highest pressure in a high and the lowest pressure in a low, referring to the sea level pressure of the system. In a hurricane, a lower central pressure create a stronger gradient from outside to inside the system. The stronger this pressure gradient is, the greater the maximum wind speeds around the eye wall.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3b1544bc-1711-4553-a643-5d8fba38a1f1", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", + "parentId": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cfb85bf2-9920-4e3f-bce3-3d8f68ab1436", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", + "parentId": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b70e02b-0ed2-42a0-9fe9-7a552d6819d1", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", + "parentId": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50abff20-11a8-4aea-8425-c9a05b1d8d09", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", + "parentId": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef467c3c-0aed-4aa8-bfa5-67721e83e557", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", + "parentId": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2078,13 +2078,13 @@ { "uuid": "27847732-2a5a-4094-9ba5-3c56ae897f87", "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 1)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds \n74-95 mph, 64-82 kt, 119-153 km/h", "children": [ { "uuid": "c6ff6623-a24c-494c-804c-bc486b3de548", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "27847732-2a5a-4094-9ba5-3c56ae897f87", + "parentId": "27847732-2a5a-4094-9ba5-3c56ae897f87", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2093,13 +2093,13 @@ { "uuid": "e282c375-ed1a-465b-b960-aa49118307ea", "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 2)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 96-110 mph,\n83-95 kt, 154-177 km/h", "children": [ { "uuid": "fe4f3f33-7df3-439a-9382-d02140da29aa", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "e282c375-ed1a-465b-b960-aa49118307ea", + "parentId": "e282c375-ed1a-465b-b960-aa49118307ea", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2108,13 +2108,13 @@ { "uuid": "530dfe77-5740-49e8-b994-9a6f82cf4adb", "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 3)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 111-129 mph\n96-112 kt 178-208 km/h", "children": [ { "uuid": "d678b2d9-9956-45a9-9a9f-95450fb4ca46", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "530dfe77-5740-49e8-b994-9a6f82cf4adb", + "parentId": "530dfe77-5740-49e8-b994-9a6f82cf4adb", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2123,13 +2123,13 @@ { "uuid": "e691d1ab-6d20-4ad6-bea6-46587e94c4ff", "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 4)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 130-156 mph,\n113-136 kt, 209-251 km/h", "children": [ { "uuid": "91843b75-9519-456a-89a5-1b1c221ebd4e", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "e691d1ab-6d20-4ad6-bea6-46587e94c4ff", + "parentId": "e691d1ab-6d20-4ad6-bea6-46587e94c4ff", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2138,13 +2138,13 @@ { "uuid": "978dd843-3a96-4d52-a7d6-31642503c267", "label": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 5)", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 157 mph or higher, 137 kt or higher, 252 km/h or higher.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6f80bcdf-b778-4ecc-99aa-9f5779fd6f31", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "978dd843-3a96-4d52-a7d6-31642503c267", + "parentId": "978dd843-3a96-4d52-a7d6-31642503c267", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2153,90 +2153,90 @@ { "uuid": "74aac882-80ae-4ecd-9585-c541cd7a10fc", "label": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Number of Tropical Depressions per unit time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75c369df-2b9f-4328-8b1f-325d83ffb4cf", "label": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION TRACK", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Tropical Depression path, route, or course.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03e9cfd2-631c-42e6-b25c-b75f57e4ebb8", "label": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION MOTION", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Change in Tropical Depression's position with respect to time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de9ffa22-76e3-469c-926b-2dee007702d0", "label": "TROPICAL STORM FREQUENCY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Number of Tropical Storms per unit time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce15b57a-9b1b-4bb7-805e-b13defd9a851", "label": "TROPICAL STORM MOTION", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Change in Tropical Storm position with respect to time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a4bc557-ee60-4446-920a-25632f5b8b4d", "label": "TROPICAL STORM TRACK", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Tropical Storm path, route, or course.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23c94a4c-db57-4d57-b24f-4dba24aa3cc6", "label": "TROPICAL STORM FORCE WIND EXTENT", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "The extent of a tropical storm's wind field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORCE WIND EXTENT", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "The extent of a tropical cyclone's wind field.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d99d0464-db69-44fb-9b18-9469a08fe4b4", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", + "parentId": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6ee22b9c-f418-4b77-bb6b-f70d3e44afbc", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", + "parentId": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "713123e4-ebc8-49dd-bc8b-b9fbeaabeaad", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", + "parentId": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed71cef0-0e5a-49a0-83c6-f7dd02215290", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", + "parentId": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "00d89979-f1bb-4e95-b73e-6a0d8d924bd8", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", + "parentId": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2245,41 +2245,41 @@ { "uuid": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", "label": "LANDFALL INTENSITY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Maximum wind speed of a Tropical Cyclone at landfall.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4354779d-94e6-4c38-973b-3a9bafa4eeb2", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", + "parentId": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd5cbcc2-622a-4c3c-82b8-7e2869f8438a", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", + "parentId": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab9dfb44-979e-495c-ad83-8d30a37018be", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", + "parentId": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7aa4aea2-0f5b-4490-967b-7e339eaec507", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", + "parentId": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d7ea0fa-987a-4429-85e7-754ca638e504", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", + "parentId": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2288,41 +2288,41 @@ { "uuid": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", "label": "MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Maximum wind recorded from a tropical cyclone at the Earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8807cdb6-56af-43d6-9efa-14d234d69374", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", + "parentId": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e93861c-5f03-4892-96d7-cfac368e6c26", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", + "parentId": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8258a99-866f-4e34-80ab-25239546ffb2", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", + "parentId": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40f7445f-1741-418e-9831-e2e3322daf5a", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", + "parentId": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5965fe4-fc00-4d9b-93f8-f03a6a369304", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", + "parentId": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2331,41 +2331,41 @@ { "uuid": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", "label": "PEAK INTENSITY", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Maximum intensity of a tropical cyclone.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5730c1ba-7e4e-4d0e-adf3-053af4be97b4", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", + "parentId": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbe89018-3eb6-4c8e-82c9-c540147a75e2", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", + "parentId": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20da8cba-3546-4699-8809-01bffa6bccca", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", + "parentId": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b21b9b00-5da4-47fc-b2a8-fc2ecd5bd912", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", + "parentId": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d038c99b-efbc-41f3-99a6-5d066fda5ecd", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", + "parentId": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2374,41 +2374,41 @@ { "uuid": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONE RADIUS", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "The distance from the center of a tropical cyclone to its perimeter.", "children": [ { "uuid": "41829fbf-2b76-4714-bf4a-e0d63b5472d5", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", + "parentId": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09849cf3-df4d-40d3-a224-f30c6fe22c1f", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", + "parentId": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d51ef9b-f058-48ca-b1ea-c8d63a50a699", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", + "parentId": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9928589d-0714-4b88-a8ad-11126dd97521", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", + "parentId": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f4f4a7ad-73da-42f2-94f9-d9ecb81e0bf0", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", + "parentId": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2417,41 +2417,41 @@ { "uuid": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", "label": "MAXIMUM WIND GUST", - "broader": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", + "parentId": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "Maximum wind gust recorded from a tropical cyclone.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2d2a56cb-a99c-4001-9f41-0e04037e0d41", "label": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", + "parentId": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "536b666d-a4ad-4ec3-b7fc-282e884e53ee", "label": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", + "parentId": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4379a82a-c0fd-4d40-b1f3-3b516cac1a8e", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", + "parentId": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e28bebd-0c5d-4bf3-8770-84d79c75e33c", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", + "parentId": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5f307ab-e5df-4c84-84e7-42822e3a4864", "label": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", - "broader": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", + "parentId": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2462,48 +2462,48 @@ { "uuid": "a2ea1792-c011-4c7c-95c7-3bd648b1b57b", "label": "HAIL STORMS", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "Any storm that produces hailstones that fall to the ground; usually used when the amount or size of the hail is considered significant.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", "label": "Stability/Severe Weather Indices", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "00748b19-30cc-4d12-a7a3-0aa8b3be5a94", "label": "CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY (CAPE)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", + "parentId": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", "definition": "Convective Available Potential Energy = in units of Joules per kilogram (J/kg) is a measure of the cumulative buoyancy of a parcel as it rises.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77bcf3f2-8d61-4b18-9e2a-439310197c83", "label": "TOTAL TOTALS INDEX (TT)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", + "parentId": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", "definition": "Total Totals Index = Index in units of degrees Celsius (°C) is\nindicative of severe weather potential.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd0c62a2-5336-4b41-81e1-089ce118651a", "label": "SHOWALTER STABILITY INDEX (SI)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", + "parentId": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", "definition": "Showalter Index = in units of degrees Celsius (°C) is a parcel-based\nindex, calculated in the same manner as the LI, using a parcel at 850 hPa.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d8a8e42-0fc0-4ce1-a058-9fa961c9d4ac", "label": "K-index (KI)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", + "parentId": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", "definition": "K-index in units of degrees Celsius (°C) is a simple index using data from discrete pressure levels instead of a lifted parcel.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f07365c3-a36e-4a28-8364-be3941fae000", "label": "LIFTED INDEX (LI)", - "broader": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", + "parentId": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831", "definition": "Lifted Index = in units of degrees Celsius (°C) provides estimations\nof the atmospheric stability in cloud-free areas.", "children": [] } @@ -2512,13 +2512,13 @@ { "uuid": "c5846f45-863e-43a8-8816-95b3ff359e40", "label": "WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", + "parentId": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29", "definition": "Meteorological information issued when actual or expected weather conditions do not constitute a serious hazard but may cause inconvenience or concern.\n\nExamples of weather advisories include small craft advisories or winter weather advisories.\nCompare warning, watch.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0fd11f45-185a-4e38-8749-092ee09fab36", "label": "Weather Forecast", - "broader": "c5846f45-863e-43a8-8816-95b3ff359e40", + "parentId": "c5846f45-863e-43a8-8816-95b3ff359e40", "definition": "An assessment of the future state of the atmosphere with respect to precipitation, clouds, winds, and temperature.\n\nSuch assessments are usually made by government or private meteorologists, often using numerical simulations. Such simulations are the result of representing the atmosphere mathematically as a fluid in motion.\nSee also numerical weather prediction.", "children": [] } @@ -2529,26 +2529,26 @@ { "uuid": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "label": "AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "Suspension of particles of condensed matter (liquid, solid, or mixed) in\na carrier gas (usually air). Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as\nnuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as\nparticipants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers\nof solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of the\nearth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on the\nsurface of the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", "label": "AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "The degree to which Aerosols prevent light from passing through. Optical\ndepth/thickness depends upon the physical constitution ,the form, and the\nconcentration of particles.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6e7306a1-79a5-482e-b646-74b75a1eaa48", "label": "ANGSTROM EXPONENT", - "broader": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", + "parentId": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", "definition": "Aerosol Angstrom Coefficient is an exponent that expresses the spectral dependence of aerosol optical thickness (τ) with the wavelength of incident light (λ). \n\nThe spectral dependence of aerosol optical thickness can be approximated (depending on size distribution) by, \nτa = β λα where α is Angstrom exponent (β = aerosol optical thickness at 1 μm)\n\nAngstrom exponent (computed from τ measurements on two different wavelengths) can be used to find τ on another wavelength using the relation.\n\nThe Angstrom exponent provides additional information on the particle size (larger the exponent, the smaller the particle size), aerosol phase function and the relative magnitude of aerosol radiances at different wavelengths.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d7e5d36-4d81-469d-9318-bf20ba3bae5c", "label": "UV AEROSOL INDEX", - "broader": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", + "parentId": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", "definition": "The relatively simple calculation of the Aerosol Index is based on wavelength dependent changes in Rayleigh scattering in the UV spectral range where ozone absorption is very small. UVAI can also be calculated in the presence of clouds so that daily, global coverage is possible. This is ideal for tracking the evolution of episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning.", "children": [] } @@ -2557,27 +2557,27 @@ { "uuid": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "'Particulate matter,' also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles.\n\nThe size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. EPA is concerned about particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects. EPA groups particle pollution into two categories: \n
\n- 'Inhalable coarse particles,' such as those found near roadways and dusty industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.\n
\n- 'Fine particles,' such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles react in the air.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6ab81a2f-5e7e-4249-87d2-875c6a4a2a80", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", - "broader": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", + "parentId": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a340e0c-1f2e-435d-acf2-427ebc0d5e4c", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", - "broader": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", + "parentId": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ffc2101-e4bc-4010-9a4c-b86c858d850f", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", - "broader": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", + "parentId": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2586,27 +2586,27 @@ { "uuid": "768cfa32-003d-47bd-ab3a-3e27e4ec2699", "label": "NITRATE PARTICLES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Atmospheric aerosol particles derived from biogenic or anthropogenic\nnitrate emissions; comprised of nitrate compounds (e.g., ammonia,\nNOx).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7db9eab3-4c7a-4471-a826-a306f178ad3e", "label": "AEROSOL RADIANCE", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Electromagnetic radiation received (primarily by spacecraft) as scattered\r\nfrom aerosols. Usually a term used in ocean color remote sensing to\r\nmeasure radiance from marine aerosols.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f795b88f-1aba-4548-97f6-7b587e8ba451", "label": "AEROSOL BACKSCATTER", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Redirection of electromagnetic radiation due to the interaction with molecules or particles.", "children": [ { "uuid": "101c2cd2-b135-430b-a9c6-b710dee48d78", "label": "AEROSOL FRACTION", - "broader": "f795b88f-1aba-4548-97f6-7b587e8ba451", + "parentId": "f795b88f-1aba-4548-97f6-7b587e8ba451", "definition": "The fraction of liquid phase, 1 - x, which, after flashing to the atmosphere, remains suspended as an aerosol.", "children": [] } @@ -2615,27 +2615,27 @@ { "uuid": "40633fe2-5b32-4bdc-a17b-b1cfebc01ae7", "label": "AEROSOL EXTINCTION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Fractional energy removed from incident beam by scattering plus\nabsorption; wavelength dependent.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", "label": "AEROSOL PARTICLE PROPERTIES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Properties of aerosol particles including: compositon, size, diameter.", "children": [ { "uuid": "59920ad4-85fb-4cee-ba56-f39bc5857a3d", "label": "AEROSOL CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", + "parentId": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", "definition": "Volume of a colloidal system in which the dispersed phase is composed of either solid or liquid particles, and in which the dispersion medium is some gas, usually air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41575931-3cc4-4c9d-97a7-dde82bb0e19e", "label": "AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", + "parentId": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", "definition": "The amounts of different size particles of solids or liquids that are suspended in air as an aerosol.", "children": [] } @@ -2644,69 +2644,69 @@ { "uuid": "527f637c-aea5-4519-9293-d57e10a76bff", "label": "CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Aerosols consisting predominantly of organic substances and various forms\nof black carbon; may be biogenic or anthropogenic, primary or secondary.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27478148-b4b6-4c89-8829-08d2ee7bfe10", "label": "CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Known as CCN: particles that will take up water to form cloud droplets at\nor above a specified supersaturation of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b6342c6-315b-4f4f-b4e3-d6902aaa3e85", "label": "DUST/ASH/SMOKE", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Solid materials suspended in the atmosphere in the form of small,\nirregular particules, many of which are microscopic in size. Dust and Ash\nare due to biogenic and anthropogenic sources such as volcanic eruptions,\nsalt spray, plant pollen, smoke, industrial processes, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8929113a-ded5-4c39-b20f-7968ed114317", "label": "ORGANIC PARTICLES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Aerosol particles consisting predominantly of organic compounds, mainly C,\nH, O, and lesser amounts of other elements: may be biogenic or\nanthropogenic; primary or secondary; some organic compounds in aerosols\nmay exhibit substantial light absorption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca71b02b-4446-414c-8697-0950d7382cc4", "label": "SULFATE PARTICLES", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Atmospheric aerosol particles derived from biogenic or anthropogenic\nsulfur emissions; comprised of sulfate compounds (e.g., DMS, sulfuric\nacid, ammonium sulfate).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "449e2e03-8efd-42b6-8152-3602e4bab21d", "label": "AEROSOL FORWARD SCATTER", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", "label": "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a63f4fe6-51dc-4719-95e3-a09d111774c9", "label": "NON-REFRACTORY AEROSOL ORGANIC MASS", - "broader": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", + "parentId": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc6f9a64-0d00-4f39-9f1c-a4c25b373897", "label": "WATER-SOLUBLE AEROSOL ORGANIC MASS", - "broader": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", + "parentId": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23cd8555-05a7-4fea-a3c1-765227f0d9d4", "label": "ELEMENTAL CARBON", - "broader": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", + "parentId": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc", "definition": "Elemental carbon occurs in the atmosphere, mostly in the form of soot from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Smoke particles also have a large proportion of carbonaceous material in them. Together, soot and smoke account for a large part of the reduction in visibility occurring over continental and polluted regions, due to light scattering and light absorption.", "children": [] } @@ -2715,35 +2715,35 @@ { "uuid": "cf040a0f-f934-474f-8def-0623a15db69f", "label": "SEA SALT", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Sea salt aerosol, which originally comes from sea spray, is one of the most widely distributed natural aerosols. Sea salt aerosols are characterized as non-light-absorbing, highly hygroscopic, and having coarse particle size. Some sea salt dominated aerosols could have a single scattering albedo as large as ~0.97. Due to the hygroscopy, a sea salt particle can serve as a very efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), altering cloud reflectivity, lifetime, and precipitation process. According to the IPCC report, the total sea salt flux from ocean to atmosphere is ~3300 Tg/yr", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c0288cc-864d-40f7-93af-6df413b404f5", "label": "BLACK CARBON", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Black carbon is one kind of aerosols. In climatology, black carbon is a climate forcing agent contributing to global warming. Chemically, black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter). Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms. It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass, and is one of the main types of particle in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot. Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality. Because of these human health impacts, many countries have worked to reduce their emissions, making it an easy pollutant to abate in anthropogenic sources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b775d6e-de6c-4b11-b986-3c3a32cbf66d", "label": "DEPOSITION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "In aerosol physics, deposition is the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaces, decreasing the concentration of the particles in the air. It can be divided into two sub-processes: dry and wet deposition. Deposition has large impact on surface aerosol concentration, which is crucial to air pollution, and impact on the ambient concentration which is important to radiation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e2b3e40-8775-41a7-a541-e482847289cb", "label": "AEROSOL ABSORPTION", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Absorbing aerosols refer to those aerosols that absorb light, whereby they both reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the surface (direct effect) and heat their surroundings.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48e0400c-727e-4794-b80c-efdf9f71e3ba", "label": "AMMONIUM AEROSOLS", - "broader": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", + "parentId": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is an important component of the global nitrogen cycle [Galloway and Cowling, 2002; Galloway et al., 2008; Sutton et al., 2007, 2008; Erisman et al., 2008, 2013; Fowler et al., 2013, 2015]. In the troposphere ammonia reacts rapidly with acids such as sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3) to form fine particulate matter (PM2.5) [Malm et al., 2004]. These ammonium (NH4+) containing aerosols affect Earth's radiative balance, both directly by scattering incoming radiation [Adams et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2004; Henze et al., 2012] and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei [Abbatt et al., 2006]. PM2.5 endangers public health by penetrating the human respiratory systems, depositing in the lungs and alveolar regions [Pope et al., 2002], and causing premature mortality [Lelieveld et al., 2015]. A precursor of these inorganic aerosols, gaseous NH3 is often the limiting species in their formation [Wang et al., 2013; Lelieveld et al., 2015]. Excess reactive nitrogen reduces biodiversity and causes harmful algal blooms and anoxic conditions. Dry deposition of gaseous ammonia may have substantially greater adverse impacts on ecosystem health than deposition of ammonium in aerosols or precipitation [Sheppard et al., 2011]. In contrast, PM2.5 has greater impact on human morbidity and mortality. In this article we quantify recent (~14 year) increases in tropospheric ammonia and suggest likely causes for these trends.", "children": [] } @@ -2752,53 +2752,53 @@ { "uuid": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "A measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ff5d5c12-74d9-435d-9164-1c9d69f967d7", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", + "parentId": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", "definition": "The characteristic of a system if sufficiently small disturbances have only small effects, either decreasing in amplitude or oscillating periodically; it is asymptotically stable if the effect of small disturbances vanishes for long time periods.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", "label": "UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", + "parentId": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", "definition": "Temperature is defined, in general, as the degree of hotness or coldness measured on some definite temperature scale by means of any of various types of thermometers;In meteorology, a profile is defined as a\ngraph of the value of a scalar quantity versus a horizontal, vertical, or time scale. It usually refers to a vertical representation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", "label": "VERTICAL PROFILES", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", + "parentId": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4fa883a3-e312-4dbe-870e-3272de4ac76a", "label": "INVERSION HEIGHT", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", + "parentId": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", "definition": "The height of the layer in which air temperature increases with\naltitude, representing an 'inversion' of the typical temperature decrease\nwith height in the troposphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17ce714a-bd7e-41a2-ab3d-4865832f1f0a", "label": "DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", + "parentId": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", "definition": "The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of dry air decreases as the parcel is lifted in the atmosphere. The dry adiabatic lapse rate (abbreviated DALR) is 5.5°F per 1000 ft or 9.8°C per km.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "050771bb-27a3-4e47-bd1b-724d1d73e20c", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", + "parentId": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", "definition": "The rate of decrease of air temperature with height, usually measured with a radiosonde.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "65937e73-0cc0-4058-b7dc-12c418ba2ed5", "label": "SATURATED ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE", - "broader": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", + "parentId": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", "definition": "The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of saturated air decreases as the parcel is lifted in the atmosphere.", "children": [] } @@ -2807,27 +2807,27 @@ { "uuid": "7f94b0e5-edc6-4724-bd84-404896e09afe", "label": "BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", + "parentId": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", "definition": "Air temperature measured within the the bottom layer (atmospheric boundary layer) of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3e6afd7-35a6-4cdb-a066-654a17168253", "label": "DEICED TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", + "parentId": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", "definition": "Temperature measured by the removal of ice through heating.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "76103e17-59c2-4458-972d-9ff9801e5d32", "label": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", + "parentId": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur.", "children": [ { "uuid": "86fb8a31-35f6-4d0e-b4b4-f9cecf961a47", "label": "DEW POINT DEPRESSION", - "broader": "76103e17-59c2-4458-972d-9ff9801e5d32", + "parentId": "76103e17-59c2-4458-972d-9ff9801e5d32", "definition": "(Also called spread, dewpoint spread, dewpoint deficit.) The difference in degrees between the air temperature and the dewpoint.", "children": [] } @@ -2836,14 +2836,14 @@ { "uuid": "1e76ccc7-2729-4de1-8c01-f295476ebb35", "label": "TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", + "parentId": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", "definition": "The deviation of temperature in a given region over a specified period from the long-term average value for the same region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3afb06fa-96b7-4bf4-a6b7-b5fa626afc04", "label": "VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", + "parentId": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac", "definition": "The virtual temperature is the temperature a parcel which contains no moisture would have to equal the density of a parcel at a specific temperature and humidity.", "children": [] } @@ -2852,26 +2852,26 @@ { "uuid": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "label": "SURFACE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", + "parentId": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", "definition": "In meteorology, the temperature of the ambient air near the surface of the earth, almost invariably determined by a thermometer in an instrument shelter.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7ca345d4-8e15-49ae-98a7-1c387f61ea85", "label": "TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "Departure of the temperature from its long-term mean value.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c28d9e4-c848-4628-9c00-45a540707b59", "label": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a5e36040-cc5e-46d1-aeee-f49902e943b2", "label": "DEWPOINT DEPRESSION", - "broader": "0c28d9e4-c848-4628-9c00-45a540707b59", + "parentId": "0c28d9e4-c848-4628-9c00-45a540707b59", "definition": "(Also called spread, dewpoint spread, dewpoint deficit.) The difference in degrees between the air temperature and the dewpoint.", "children": [] } @@ -2880,90 +2880,90 @@ { "uuid": "e9c3b6ca-a534-4f3e-82de-b8b921e8f312", "label": "BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "Air temperature measured within the the bottom layer (atmospheric boundary layer) of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd19a3f1-8eeb-49ab-bcaf-e7b4b267d415", "label": "VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "(Also called density temperature.) The virtual temperature Tv = T(1 + rv/ ε)/(1 + rv), where rv is the mixing ratio and ε is the ratio of the gas constants of air and water vapor, ≈ 0.622.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "25fcdcb7-efd2-4d2f-ba57-92bbcc7ba69a", "label": "SKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "Temperature of the top layer of the ice/ocean surface from which thermal radiation emanates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f634ab55-de40-4d0b-93bc-691bf5408ccb", "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "The temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a place sheltered from direct solar radiation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "449ad1fb-8010-43c7-b994-178a049d4cff", "label": "TEMPERATURE TENDENCY", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "Temperature is defined, in general, as the degree of hotness or coldness measured on some definite temperature scale by means of any of various types of thermometers. Tendency is defined as the local rate of\nchange of a vector or scalar quantity with time at a given point in space. Because of the difficulty of measuring instantaneous variations in the atmosphere, variations are usually obtained from the differences in magnitudes over a finite period of time; and the definition of tendency is frequently broadened to include the local time variations so obtained.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a0bd777-be0d-43c8-80eb-5ac58f4832de", "label": "POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "The temperature that an unsaturated parcel of dry air would have if brought adiabatically and reversibly from its initial state to a standard pressure, p0, typically 100 kPa.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e923275-f9e3-4faf-8a7f-2c96f3d5a280", "label": "DEICED TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "Temperature measured by the removal of ice through heating.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1588b7d-7307-4543-9908-76d7877c4010", "label": "STATIC TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "The temperature of undisturbed (static) air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", "label": "MAXIMUM/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", + "parentId": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "Highest/Lowest air temperature attained during a specific time interval; usually 24 hours.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e56bcf72-f331-4545-948f-73fe0193b1bd", "label": "6 HOUR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", + "parentId": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", "definition": "The highest temperature reported for a given location during a (6 hour) period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9ab66f1-91c6-497a-b8d6-4688160b0e16", "label": "6 HOUR MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", + "parentId": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", "definition": "The lowest temperature attained at a specific location during a (6 hour) period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce6a6b3a-df4f-4bd7-a931-7ee874ee9efe", "label": "24 HOUR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", + "parentId": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", "definition": "The highest temperature reported for a given location during a (24 hour) period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c7f35d5-a3ec-4010-b1c3-6e98ac29dc3f", "label": "24 HOUR MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", + "parentId": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", "definition": "The lowest temperature attained at a specific location during a (24 hour) period.", "children": [] } @@ -2974,76 +2974,76 @@ { "uuid": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", + "parentId": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", "definition": "In the atmosphere : 'a number (as a ratio) derived from a series of observations and used as an indicator or measure'", "children": [ { "uuid": "2590519a-c2bb-448a-b2f3-d10aaa7e057c", "label": "COOLING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "A form of degree-day used to estimate the energy requirements for air conditioning or refrigeration; one cooling degree-day is given for each Fahrenheit degree that the daily mean temperature departs above the base of 24°C (75°F).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d527151-57b2-49ed-9937-c1756a704ce9", "label": "COMMON SENSE CLIMATE INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "Our climate index is a simple measure of the degree, if any, to which practical climate change is occurring. It also illustrates natural climate variability, thus revealing how difficult it is to reliably perceive a change of quantities that are naturally ‘‘noisy’’ or chaotic. Our aim is to help people judge whether or not climate fluctuations are a significant indication of change and to provide improved understanding of climate variability.\n\nMore Information: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/csci/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2329bf96-d927-4993-95f9-93551d787ad7", "label": "FREEZING INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "(Also called 'coldness sun.') As used by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the number of Fahrenheit degree-days (above and below 32°F) between the highest and lowest points on the cumulative degree-days time curve for one freezing season.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a43f9a02-769d-4343-8790-fa29a0507f44", "label": "GROWING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "(Abbreviated GDD.) A heat index that relates the development of plants, insects, and disease organisms to environmental air temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "289ca013-0526-49e0-8b87-51513702e8f4", "label": "HEAT INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "The heat index (HI) or “apparent temperature” is an approximation of how hot it “feels” for a given combination of air temperature and relative humidity (RH). Generally, higher RH values at the same temperature feel warmer or more stressful because of less evaporative cooling when people perspire. The HI is the result of extensive biometeorological studies over a period of decades by various researchers, most notably Robert G. Steadman.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "349b4322-26ff-4b3c-90fb-b3b1afd20755", "label": "HEATING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "Generally, a measure of the departure of the mean daily temperature from a given standard: one degree-day for each degree (°C or °F) of departure above (or below) the standard during one day.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37ae8d4e-fe97-43d3-b8ee-a597e4ebfe87", "label": "RESIDENTIAL ENERGY DEMAND TEMPERATURE INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "NOAA’s Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI) correlates heating and cooling degree-day data\nwith population. A hot summer in sparsely populated Wyoming will not have the same impact on energy use as a\nhot summer in the Mid-Atlantic. June 2010 had the second highest REDTI on record due to especially hot\ntemperatures in the heavily populated South and Southeast regions. The REDTI is measured on a scale of zero to 100, with 100 being the highest population weighted degree day average and zero being the lowest.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c441454-851f-48e0-abb3-053ae44c0d4e", "label": "TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "Temperature Concentration Index (TCI) quantifies the distribution of mean monthly temperatures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "746c49af-3e36-4f0a-b488-e024314d6cfa", "label": "THAWING INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "As used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the number of Fahrenheit degree- days (above and below 32°F) between the lowest and highest points on the cumulative degree- days time curve for one thawing season.\nThe thawing index determined from air temperatures at 4.5 ft above the ground is commonly designated the air thawing index, while that determined from temperatures immediately below a surface is called the surface thawing index.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d50d0685-f42f-4693-9458-eddb9ccf5704", "label": "WIND CHILL INDEX", - "broader": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", + "parentId": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "A means of quantifying the threat of rapid cooling during breezy or windy conditions that may result in hypothermia in cold conditions.\n\nThe index is used to remind the public to minimize exposure when outdoors and to take precautionary actions.", "children": [] } @@ -3054,40 +3054,40 @@ { "uuid": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", "label": "PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2f0f103a-4fe9-429f-a783-ba1d6e6a446a", "label": "HOURLY PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", + "parentId": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured per hour at a weather observing site.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "039bbfd2-7653-4ba8-9003-b46d367c6038", "label": "3 AND 6 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", + "parentId": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during 3 hour and 6 hour periods.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "feef8827-92a6-4d1d-b6a5-ecda38a32656", "label": "12 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", + "parentId": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during a 12 hour period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12250935-8f40-4279-aada-2f22cbef1459", "label": "24 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", + "parentId": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during a 24 hour period.", "children": [] } @@ -3096,41 +3096,41 @@ { "uuid": "6eaed241-db16-4a1a-a06c-893da5d98b45", "label": "DROPLET SIZE", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "The measured dimensions of a rain droplet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eca0080c-b001-4b6a-b978-f76415e28421", "label": "LIQUID WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "The liquid content of solid precipitation that has accumulated on the ground (snow depth). The accumulation may consist of snow, ice formed by freezing precipitation, freezing liquid precipitation, or ice formed by the refreezing of melted snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", "label": "PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "The amount of precipitation that is collected over a specific time\nperiod; usually measured in inches/hour or millimeters/hour.", "children": [ { "uuid": "001002d4-28ec-4ee2-9ff6-99d83be2d705", "label": "CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", + "parentId": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", "definition": "The instantaneous convective precipitation rate at the surface", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d57a7ba2-7d23-472f-8d6c-674dec4e8fa0", "label": "FROZEN PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", + "parentId": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", "definition": "The instantaneous frozen precipitation rate at the surface", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f29968d9-b911-45b5-b5b5-0a759a345ce9", "label": "SURFACE PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", + "parentId": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d", "definition": "The instantaneous total precipitation rate at the surface", "children": [] } @@ -3139,62 +3139,62 @@ { "uuid": "22a4ddef-90f0-4935-a13d-26b14723a956", "label": "PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "The deviation of the amount of precipitation falling in a given region over\na specified period from the long-term average value for the same region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e96f2d1a-432e-44e4-bc88-6f8f35ae88fb", "label": "VIRGA", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "(Also called Fallstreifen, fallstreaks, precipitation trails.) Wisps or streaks of water or ice particles falling out of a cloud but evaporating before reaching the earth's surface as precipitation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30bd3a01-8cb0-4045-a998-582adbf97df9", "label": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "The water content obtained from melting accumulated snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b3dc817-9238-482a-8c10-d34375f3d27d", "label": "ACCUMULATIVE CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "Precipitation particles forming in the active updraft of a cumulonimbus cloud, growing primarily by the collection of cloud droplets (i.e., by coalescence and/or riming) and falling out not far from their originating updraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION INDICES", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric precipitation over a given area and timescale.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c6e7ddb6-1f7c-4364-8fb4-aabd1f4dcab4", "label": "CENTRAL INDIAN PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", + "parentId": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", "definition": "An index developed to quantify precipitation deficit over Central India for multiple timescales.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "284738a2-4fcb-4eee-9ee7-5eac2378f46d", "label": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", + "parentId": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", "definition": "Time series that uses rainfall data in the Tropical Pacific to describe ENSO events.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b024dec-76c2-4995-a9ad-7e2bf4feda72", "label": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", + "parentId": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", "definition": "An index developed by McKee et al. (1993) to quantify precipitation deficit at a given location for multiple timescales.\n\nStandardized precipitation is the difference of precipitation from the mean for a specified time divided by the standard deviation, where the mean and standard deviation are determined from the climatological record. The fact that precipitation is not normally distributed is overcome by applying a transformation (i.e., gamma function) to the distribution.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc9c73a3-689c-44b5-b8fe-a5229168193e", "label": "WEIGHTED ANOMALY STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", + "parentId": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b", "definition": "The Weighted Anomaly Standardized Precipitation Index (WASP) index gives a standardized measure of precipitation excess or deficits over the selected accumulation period.", "children": [] } @@ -3203,26 +3203,26 @@ { "uuid": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", "label": "SOLID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "Solid (frozen) precipitation, for example, snow, hail, ice pellets, snow pellets (soft hail, graupel), snow grains, and ice crystals;", "children": [ { "uuid": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", "label": "SNOW", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", + "parentId": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", "definition": "A type of frozen precipitation composed of white or translucent ice\ncrystals, chiefly in complex branch hexagonal form and often agglomerated\ninto snow-flakes, especially at temperatures warmer than -5 C (23\nF).", "children": [ { "uuid": "c2815464-48b7-4dc1-90d6-0ab5a8b7c82b", "label": "SNOW PELLETS", - "broader": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", + "parentId": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", "definition": "(Also called soft hail, graupel, tapioca snow.) Precipitation consisting of white, opaque, approximately round (sometimes conical) ice particles having a snowlike structure, and about 2–5 mm in diameter.\n\nSnow pellets are crisp and easily crushed, differing in this respect from snow grains. They rebound when they fall on a hard surface and often break up. In most cases, snow pellets fall in shower form, often before or together with snow, and chiefly on occasions when the surface temperature is at or slightly below 0°C (32°F). It is formed as a result of accretion of supercooled droplets collected on what is initially a falling ice crystal (probably of the spatial aggregate type).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a16461a-49b9-4887-802f-2320c6dc4dd2", "label": "SNOW GRAINS", - "broader": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", + "parentId": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4", "definition": "(Also called granular snow.) Precipitation in the form of very small, white opaque particles of ice; the solid equivalent of drizzle.\n\nThey resemble snow pellets in external appearance, but are more flattened and elongated, and generally have diameters of less than 1 mm; they neither shatter nor bounce when they hit a hard surface. Descriptions of the physical structure of snow grains vary widely and include very fine, simple ice crystals; tiny, complex snow crystals; small, compact bundles of rime; and particles with a rime core and a fine glaze coating. It is agreed that snow grains usually fall in very small quantities, mostly from stratus clouds or from fog, and never in the form of a shower.", "children": [] } @@ -3231,27 +3231,27 @@ { "uuid": "7118d286-6629-48e5-931f-052cd347395e", "label": "HAIL", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", + "parentId": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", "definition": "A type of frozen precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of\nice, usually consisting of concentric layers of ice. Hail is always\nproduced by convective clouds, nearly always cumulonimbus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", "label": "ICE PELLETS", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", + "parentId": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", "definition": "A type of precipitation consisting of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, 5 mm or less in diameter.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5beaf99c-0675-4af3-9236-f55d8d206d85", "label": "SLEET", - "broader": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", + "parentId": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", "definition": "In the United States, frozen rain drops that bounce on impact with the\nground or other objects. Elsewhere, may refer to a mix of rain and snow, a\nmix of rain and hail, or melting snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26087764-bd76-4a70-8dba-3c0cbadad6a7", "label": "SMALL HAIL", - "broader": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", + "parentId": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e", "definition": "Hail with a diameter less than 0.64 cm (0.25 in.).", "children": [] } @@ -3260,7 +3260,7 @@ { "uuid": "6c8581e8-d49c-423e-9b38-3be406b64efa", "label": "CONVECTIVE SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", + "parentId": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -3269,26 +3269,26 @@ { "uuid": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", "label": "LIQUID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "Liquid precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface in the form of drops.", "children": [ { "uuid": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", "label": "RAIN", - "broader": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", + "parentId": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", "definition": "A type of liquid precipitation in the form of liquid water drops with\ndiameters greater than 0.5 millimeters (0.02 inches), or, if widely\nscattered, the drops may be smaller.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f9405e92-0c1c-4443-9cc4-45d662d8b5f2", "label": "ACID RAIN", - "broader": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", + "parentId": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", "definition": "Rain having a pH lower than 5.6, representing the pH of natural rainwater;\nthe increased acidity is usually due to the presence of sulfuric acid\nand/or nitric acid, often attributed to anthropogenic sources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a90306f0-353c-4083-941a-0973a6fd6584", "label": "FREEZING RAIN", - "broader": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", + "parentId": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", "definition": "A freezing precipitation form where rain that falls in liquid form\nbecomes supercooled and freezes upon impact with cold surfaces (at\nsubfreezing temperatures) to form a coating of glaze upon the ground and\nexposed objects.", "children": [] } @@ -3297,13 +3297,13 @@ { "uuid": "0ffab597-284f-4d1a-b026-a78a6604cec5", "label": "DRIZZLE", - "broader": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", + "parentId": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", "definition": "Precipitation consisting of numerous minute droplets of water less than 0.5 mm (500 micrometers) in diameter.", "children": [ { "uuid": "88e39edc-bf9b-4c02-8a9d-83f9b6c01891", "label": "FREEZING DRIZZLE", - "broader": "0ffab597-284f-4d1a-b026-a78a6604cec5", + "parentId": "0ffab597-284f-4d1a-b026-a78a6604cec5", "definition": "Drizzle that falls in liquid form but freezes upon impact to form a coating of glaze.", "children": [] } @@ -3312,7 +3312,7 @@ { "uuid": "09d991ca-020a-4d20-910a-747ea683e1f8", "label": "LIQUID SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", + "parentId": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -3321,62 +3321,62 @@ { "uuid": "9466020a-db25-40ba-a76f-4720800efc92", "label": "TOTAL SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56f2cdbd-2a91-4267-97eb-1680e8582322", "label": "HYDROMETEORS", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "Particles in the atmosphere composed of water, e.g. ice, raindrops, snow, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", "label": "PRECIPITATION PROFILES", - "broader": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", + "parentId": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "The vertical (or horizontal) representation of the distribution of winds, usually measured by remote sensing satellites and aircraft or wind profiling radars.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9985d211-1056-4a7a-a1c8-550923ea5a81", "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", + "parentId": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", "definition": "Latent heat refers to energy lost (acquired) by a thermodynamic system during evaporative (condensation) processes. Most commonly in Earth systems, latent heating and cooling is experienced by any body containing water. Roughly 20% of the cooling of the surface of the Earth is due to evaporative processes. This energy, carried by water vapor, is released into the atmosphere during condensation processes, mainly during formation of clouds and precipitation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3973025-f274-44f1-9ff5-0d2fd7e006c2", "label": "RAIN TYPE", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", + "parentId": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", "definition": "Rain Type describes the physical processes creating the precipitation profile. The most important distinction being between convective and stratiform.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce105b93-42b1-4692-a8ef-dc10792f26bf", "label": "MELTING LAYER HEIGHT", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", + "parentId": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", "definition": "Melting layer is the altitude interval throughout which solid-phase precipitation melts as it descends. The melting layer may be several hundred meters deep, reflecting the time it takes for all the hydrometeors to undergo the transition from solid to liquid phase.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db0ff132-48ed-429b-b7e7-6a173b380421", "label": "CLOUD WATER PATH", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", + "parentId": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", "definition": "Total cloud liquid water in the atmospheric column", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ec9473a-0d08-4fb1-b2e8-b83d590d710c", "label": "ICE WATER PATH", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", + "parentId": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", "definition": "Total cloud ice in the atmospheric column", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4059c189-1ecb-4e0d-98d6-d67c0f76f275", "label": "RAIN WATER PATH", - "broader": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", + "parentId": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd", "definition": "Total rain water in the atmospheric column", "children": [] } @@ -3387,34 +3387,34 @@ { "uuid": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "Electrical phenomena, regarded collectively, which occur in the\nEarth's atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cac28264-0788-49a9-bb6a-c2251b0b325c", "label": "TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", + "parentId": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", "definition": "Total electron content is the total vertically integrated number\nof electrons per unit surface area on the earth. In standard metric\nunits this is 10E16 electrons/m^2 also known as a TEC unit or TECU.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "637ac172-e624-4ae0-aac4-0d1adcc889a2", "label": "LIGHTNING", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", + "parentId": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", "definition": "Generally, any and all of the various forms of visible\nelectrical discharge produced by thunderstorms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12b1cc7c-cb81-4851-9163-19c04a8ffd1c", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", + "parentId": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", "definition": "A unit measure of electrical conduction; the facility with which a\nsubstance conducts electricity, as represented by the current density per\nunit electrical- potential gradient in the direction of flow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41f27172-14f6-4940-9b7b-f3d4db69e0c6", "label": "ELECTRIC FIELD", - "broader": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", + "parentId": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", "definition": "The region in which electric forces can be observed, e.g. near an\r\nelectric charge. As a field, it may also be viewed as a region of space\r\nmodified by the presence of electric charges.", "children": [] } @@ -3423,33 +3423,33 @@ { "uuid": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "(Also called aqueous vapor, moisture.) Water substance in vapor form; one of the most important of all constituents of the atmosphere.Air in motion relative to the surface of the earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", "label": "WATER VAPOR PROFILES", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", + "parentId": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", "definition": "In meteorology, a profile is defined as a graph of the value of a scalar quantity versus a horizontal, vertical, or time scale. It usually refers to a vertical representation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1b9a1873-c02f-4b6c-906e-5da8833354d4", "label": "VERTICALLY RESOLVED BACKSCATTER LIGHT", - "broader": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", + "parentId": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", "definition": "Vertically resolved backscattered light at 387nm and 407nm – Raman shifted from 355 nm by nitrogen and water vapor respectively.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9fccc013-4a58-438a-b1e4-cd625aeb8204", "label": "WATER VAPOR MIXING RATIO PROFILES", - "broader": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", + "parentId": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", "definition": "The Tropospheric Water Vapor Lidar emits 355nm light using an NdYag pulsed laser. The 355 nm Raman shifted backscatter light from nitrogen and water vapor are measured and used to calculate a vertically resolved profile of Water Vapor Mixing ratios.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04c30b59-88ea-4311-8353-8896d4eba83f", "label": "WATER VAPOR CONCENTRATION PROFILES", - "broader": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", + "parentId": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9", "definition": "Concentration term is based on retrieval of Molecules/cm3 also known as the water vapor number density.", "children": [] } @@ -3458,40 +3458,40 @@ { "uuid": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "label": "WATER VAPOR PROCESSES", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", + "parentId": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", "definition": "Methods of transport of liquid to and from vapor form.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d7fbbafe-fc73-4b63-9837-3d53d2370d9d", "label": "CONDENSATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "In meteorological usage, this term is applied only to the transformation from vapor to liquid; any process in which a solid forms directly from its vapor is termed deposition, and the reverse process sublimation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b68ab978-6db6-49ee-84e2-5f37b461a998", "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "The physical process by which a liquid or solid is transformed to the gaseous state; the opposite of condensation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", "label": "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "The combined processes through which water is transferred to the atmosphere from open water and ice surfaces, bare soil, and vegetation that make up the earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6045993e-a656-40c1-853c-9db1fbb49171", "label": "POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", - "broader": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", + "parentId": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", "definition": "Actual amount of water lost to evapotranspiration from the soil–plant continuum by an actively growing plant or crop.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f28060e0-1c51-41df-8451-6c98b3e77e8a", "label": "EFFECTIVE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", - "broader": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", + "parentId": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", "definition": "The amount of water evaporated (both as transpiration and evaporation from the soil) from an area of continuous, uniform vegetation that covers the whole ground and that is well supplied with water.", "children": [] } @@ -3500,42 +3500,42 @@ { "uuid": "d438f0a2-5a88-4d56-8bec-7c5e35249544", "label": "SUBLIMATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "The process of phase transition from solid directly to vapor in the absence of melting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5cd8b242-ac18-4d9f-85d5-eb551792d7e9", "label": "WATER VAPOR TENDENCY", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "The local rate of change of water vapor with time at a given point in space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "293cdec2-44b7-488c-ae04-0722f0a9e8b9", "label": "SUPERSATURATION", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "In meteorology, the condition existing in a given portion of the atmosphere (or other space) when the relative humidity is greater than 100%, that is, when it contains more water vapor than is needed to produce saturation with respect to a plane surface of pure water or pure ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32a88fee-dfa9-4ef8-ab6d-cbc18426da53", "label": "WATER VAPOR FLUX", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "Flow of Water Vapor across an area per unit time, for 'water vapor flux' units of kg/m^2/s", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d8b1280-62a6-48f5-a9f6-ed18023e3481", "label": "WATER VAPOR CONVERGENCE", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "Water Vapor convergence/divergence is the derivative of a flux -- which indicates flow into a volume, which has units kg/m^2/s.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "957240ee-7ad8-4c62-9fd7-364371d247d7", "label": "WATER VAPOR DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", + "parentId": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "Water Vapor convergence/divergence is the derivative of a flux -- which indicates flow into a volume, which has units kg/m^2/s.", "children": [] } @@ -3544,61 +3544,61 @@ { "uuid": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "label": "WATER VAPOR INDICATORS", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", + "parentId": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", "definition": "Methods of expressing water vapor.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c3a4eb4a-4619-43cd-b890-b567d01324ea", "label": "TOTAL PRECIPITABLE WATER", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "The total atmospheric water vapor contained in a vertical column of unit cross-sectional area extending between any two specified levels, commonly expressed in terms of the height to which that water substance would stand if completely condensed and collected in a vessel of the same unit cross section.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "731beb11-9418-40ec-8f2c-c4b320e8231a", "label": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", "label": "HUMIDITY", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "Generally, some measure of the water vapor content of air.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6b61a904-b92d-45ee-9061-aa5e61c29dd2", "label": "ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", + "parentId": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", "definition": "In a system of moist air, the ratio of the mass of water vapor present to the volume occupied by the mixture; that is, the density of the water vapor component.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea308986-ad35-4482-948c-5eb1a01be836", "label": "HUMIDITY MIXING RATIO", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", + "parentId": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", "definition": "The ratio of the mass of a variable atmospheric constituent to the mass of dry air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a249c68f-8249-4285-aad2-020b3c5aefc3", "label": "RELATIVE HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", + "parentId": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", "definition": "The ratio of the vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure with respect to water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "811391d2-4113-4d52-9c88-47d56afda481", "label": "SPECIFIC HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", + "parentId": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", "definition": "In a system of moist air, the (dimensionless) ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the system.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba2491a4-2498-4c9f-9adc-123078eef633", "label": "SATURATION SPECIFIC HUMIDITY", - "broader": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", + "parentId": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", "definition": "The specific humidity of water vapor corresponding to the saturation mixing ratio.", "children": [] } @@ -3607,35 +3607,35 @@ { "uuid": "15029eb0-6342-4066-8ac9-c50f7dbfb392", "label": "WATER VAPOR", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "Water substance in vapor form; one of the most important of all constituents of the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "871f5bee-ea8d-44c0-8740-9b0153fa6ea4", "label": "LAYERED PRECIPITABLE WATER", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "The layered water vapor is a profile in broad layers based on pressure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a2332d9-fd69-4002-89a5-203d748a4e21", "label": "SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "The vapor pressure of a system, at a given temperature, for which the vapor of a substance is in equilibrium with a plane surface of that substance's pure liquid or solid phase; that is, the vapor pressure of a system that has attained saturation but not supersaturation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "433ea253-243d-42e4-bc61-f85eb7a73879", "label": "VAPOR PRESSURE", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "The pressure exerted by the molecules of a given vapor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df1a03f5-1cb3-4c63-870a-5a09debdf065", "label": "STABLE ISOTOPES", - "broader": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", + "parentId": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "An isotope of an element that shows no tendency to undergo radioactive breakdown.", "children": [] } @@ -3644,20 +3644,20 @@ { "uuid": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", "label": "WATER VAPOR INDICES", - "broader": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", + "parentId": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric water vapor over a given area and timescale.", "children": [ { "uuid": "07826fba-f581-4119-803e-14f3bfc2d14c", "label": "HUMIDITY INDEX", - "broader": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", + "parentId": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", "definition": "As used by C. W. Thornthwaite in his 1948 climatic classification, an index of the degree of water surplus over water need at any given station.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "425486f4-7b04-4b77-af40-563fe6ed4167", "label": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT INDEX", - "broader": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", + "parentId": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", "definition": "Represents the magnitude of the two-dimensional transport of water vapor in the upper troposphere.", "children": [] } @@ -3668,40 +3668,40 @@ { "uuid": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "label": "CLOUDS", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "A visible aggregate of minute water droplets and/or ice crystals in\nthe atmosphere above the Earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "29b61359-ebec-42c2-be05-2d7be2275954", "label": "CLOUD TYPES", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "(Also known as cloud genus) The main characteristic form of a cloud used in\nits indentification.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbb0d517-462a-46fe-a0e6-32555f7e7f23", "label": "CLOUD DROPLET DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "The physical size of water droplets and the distribution of water droplets\nrecorded within a cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", "label": "MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0a7f50ce-4968-46c8-86a6-23ea13c1830c", "label": "POLAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS", - "broader": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", + "parentId": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", "definition": "are a diffuse scattering layer of water ice crystals near the summer polar mesopause.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "939c0a66-0340-425b-999a-44a09046ec93", "label": "NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS", - "broader": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", + "parentId": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", "definition": "The summer polar mesopause is the coldest region of the Earth's atmosphere, reaching temperatures as low as -140°C. It is sufficiently cold for noctilucent ('night shining') clouds to form in summer, at altitudes around 83 km. \n\nNoctilucent clouds can only be seen when the sun is shining on them (at ~83 km) and not on the lower atmosphere, i.e. when the sun is between 6 and 16 degrees below the horizon.\n\nThey are a summer, polar phenomena but because of the restrictive viewing conditions they are most commonly observed at latitudes between 55 and 65 degrees. \n\nNoctilucent clouds were first reported in 1885 when they were independently observed in Germany and Russia. This was two years after the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa in the Straits of Java.\n\nOne hypothesis is that the initial observation of noctilucent clouds was related to an increase in the number of observers of the twilight skies attracted by the spectacular displays resulting from the globally distributed volcanic debris of Krakatoa. Alternatively, water vapour injected into the upper atmosphere by the volcano ultimately reached the cold, dry upper mesophere.\n\nSubsequent observations have proved that noctilucent clouds are not solely related to volcanic activity, and their volcanic association is now scientifically contentious. It has been alternatively claimed that the appearance of noctilucent clouds is the earliest evidence of anthropogenic climate change.\n\nNoctilucent cloud observations from north-west Europe over the last 30 years show an increasing trend in the number of nights on which the clouds are observed each summer season, superimposed on a decadal variability that appears to be solar-cycle related.\n\nCompeting anthropogenic explanations for this increasing occurrence of noctilucent clouds focus on either excessive greenhouse cooling of the middle atmosphere or increased water vapour linked to increased methane release associated principally with intensive farming activities.\n\nThey have been observed thousands of times in the northern hemisphere, but less than 100 observations have been reported from the southern hemisphere. It has not been resolved if this is due to inter-hemispheric differences (temperature &/or water vapour) in the atmosphere at these altitudes, or the lack of observers and poorer observing conditions in southern latitudes.", "children": [] } @@ -3710,13 +3710,13 @@ { "uuid": "d6ab88c0-5a97-4f5e-8e4c-1c6fc6ed368f", "label": "STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9d3d400c-ded2-4b3c-8d0c-5a76e25be033", "label": "POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS/NACREOUS", - "broader": "d6ab88c0-5a97-4f5e-8e4c-1c6fc6ed368f", + "parentId": "d6ab88c0-5a97-4f5e-8e4c-1c6fc6ed368f", "definition": "Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a central role in the formation of the ozone hole in the Antarctic and Arctic. PSCs provide surfaces upon which heterogeneous chemical reactions take place. These reactions lead to the production of free radicals of chlorine in the stratosphere which directly destroy ozone molecules.\n\nPSCs form poleward of about 60ºS latitude in the altitude range 10 km to 25 km during the winter and early spring. The clouds are classified into Types I and II according to their particle size and formation temperature.\n\nType II clouds, also known as nacreous or mother-of-pearl clouds, are composed of ice crystals and form when temperatures are below the ice frost point (typically below -83ºC).\n\nThe Type I PSCs are optically much thinner than the Type II clouds, and have a formation threshold temperature 5 to 8ºC above the frost point. These clouds consist mainly of hydrated droplets of nitric acid and sulphuric acid.\n\nDespite two decades of research, the climatology of PSCs is not well described, and this impacts on the accuracy of ozone depletion models. The timing and duration of PSC events, their geographic extent and vertical distributions, and their annual variability are not well understood.The Davis lidar has been used to study stratospheric clouds since 2001. The observations consist of profiles of Rayeligh laser backscatter at a wavelength of 532 nm as a function of altitude. The measurements are being used to investigate the climatology of the clouds and their relation to the temperature structure of the stratosphere, and the influence of atmospheric gravity waves and planetary waves in modulating their structure and ozone depletion.", "children": [] } @@ -3725,33 +3725,33 @@ { "uuid": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", "label": "TROPOSPHERIC/HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bf271f69-3294-44d6-bfa8-a8f54468ca30", "label": "CIRROSTRATUS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", + "parentId": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the high levels of the troposphere, composed of ice crystals which appear from the ground as a transparent sheet or veil, often creating a halo phenomenon around the sun or moon. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CS.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", "label": "CIRRUS/SYSTEMS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", + "parentId": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the high levels of the troposphere, composed of ice crystals which appear from the ground as white tufts or filaments. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CI.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d6ba91a1-a5f4-47e3-9485-89348235acb9", "label": "CIRRUS KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ COLOMBIAH", - "broader": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", + "parentId": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4f5faaa-36d9-4529-b667-7d4e39d3c67b", "label": "CIRRUS CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", + "parentId": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0", "definition": "Cirrus clouds are the highest in elevation, which form above 20,000 feet. The temperature at that elevation is so cold that cirrus clouds are usually composed of ice crystals. The ice crystals are the result of the freezing of super-cooled water drops. This can only happen when the temperatures reach below –38 degrees Celsius. These high-level clouds are white, thin, feathery, and wispy in appearance. Cirrus clouds often mark the start of a warm front, which is an indication of approaching bad weather. They are the fastest moving in the atmosphere because the wind current is very strong that high up.", "children": [] } @@ -3760,21 +3760,21 @@ { "uuid": "e59c154f-cdc9-4400-a0d2-af60df9e1b56", "label": "CIRROCUMULUS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", + "parentId": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the high levels of the troposphere, composed of ice crystals which appear from the ground as very small elements in the form of grains or small ripples. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CC.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf75769c-2430-4280-b9c2-ba384849a548", "label": "CONTRAILS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", + "parentId": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", "definition": "Contrails are human-induced clouds that usually form at very high altitudes (usually above 8 km - about 26,000 ft) where the air is extremely cold (less than -40ºC). Because of this, contrails form not when an airplane is taking off or landing, but while it is at cruise altitude. (Exceptions occur in places like Alaska and Canada, where very cold air is sometimes found near the ground.)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31c8b1d1-1e46-4c40-a23f-0db327121eb7", "label": "PILEUS", - "broader": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", + "parentId": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", "definition": "'Appearance: Resembles the top of a mushroom or a smooth cap.\n\nOccurrence: Occasional. Found above rapidly growing cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds as a result of warm updrafts formed during a thunderstorm.\n\nConditions: Caused by rapid, relatively strong, upward movements of warm moist air, which acts as a barrier. Air approaching the top of the cloud is forced to move up and around it. The air forced upward, cools and forms the cloud cap.\n\nLocation: Pileus clouds form in conjunction with strong convective clouds and are associated with the cumulus cloud that lies beneath. These occur in areas with strong heating and lots of moisture close to the ground. This means that they commonly occur over land in areas like the eastern United States and Australia (more likely over the Great Dividing Range and in the northern parts during monsoon season) during spring and summer. Australian Geographic", "children": [] } @@ -3783,39 +3783,39 @@ { "uuid": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", "label": "TROPOSPHERIC/MID-LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", "label": "ALTOCUMULUS", - "broader": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", + "parentId": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the middle levels of the troposphere, and appearing as a white and/or grey layer or patch with a waved aspect. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as AC.", "children": [ { "uuid": "73e102fa-3089-42c3-bd0f-4682f73fff0f", "label": "ALTOCUMULUS UNDULATUS", - "broader": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", + "parentId": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", "definition": "(Also called billow cloud, windrow cloud, wave cloud.) A cloud variety composed of merged or separate elements that are elongated and parallel, either suggestive of ocean waves or arranged in ranks and files.\n\nSometimes two distinct wave systems are apparent (biundulatus). The formation is by gravity waves that exhibit broad, nearly parallel lines of cloud oriented normal to the wind direction, with cloud bases near an inversion surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44415a90-bfe0-447a-93c9-6e4badc6871c", "label": "ALTOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS", - "broader": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", + "parentId": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.\n\nThis castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1° when observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbc7fed3-ad30-4e57-868e-bae478713a71", "label": "ALTOCUMULUS LENTICULARIS", - "broader": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", + "parentId": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", "definition": "'(Or lenticular cloud.) A cloud species the elements of which have the form of more or less isolated, generally smooth lenses or almonds; the outlines are sharp and sometimes show irisation.\n\nThese clouds appear most often in formations of orographic origin, the result of lee waves, in which cases they remain nearly stationary with respect to the terrain (standing cloud), but they also occur in regions without marked orography. This species is found mainly in the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and (rarely) stratocumulus. Altocumulus lenticularis differs from cirrocumulus lenticularis in that, when smooth and without elements, it has shadowed parts while the latter is very white throughout. When undulated or subdivided, the altocumulus species differs from stratocumulus lenticularis in that its elements subtend an angle of less than 5° when viewed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d5e72d73-22f6-4f4c-b937-b71d84960a1e", "label": "LENTICULAR CLOUDS", - "broader": "dbc7fed3-ad30-4e57-868e-bae478713a71", + "parentId": "dbc7fed3-ad30-4e57-868e-bae478713a71", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -3826,13 +3826,13 @@ { "uuid": "f58d0203-0070-422c-ab52-6ca8ffbb6362", "label": "ALTOSTRATUS", - "broader": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", + "parentId": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the middle levels of the troposphere, and appearing as a grey or bluish sheet. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as AS.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4da38a31-aac6-4080-96b0-c8ee2cb33158", "label": "ALTOSTRATUS UNDULATUS", - "broader": "f58d0203-0070-422c-ab52-6ca8ffbb6362", + "parentId": "f58d0203-0070-422c-ab52-6ca8ffbb6362", "definition": "(Also called billow cloud, windrow cloud, wave cloud.) A cloud variety composed of merged or separate elements that are elongated and parallel, either suggestive of ocean waves or arranged in ranks and files.\n\nSometimes two distinct wave systems are apparent (biundulatus). The formation is by gravity waves that exhibit broad, nearly parallel lines of cloud oriented normal to the wind direction, with cloud bases near an inversion surface.", "children": [] } @@ -3843,74 +3843,74 @@ { "uuid": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "label": "CONVECTIVE CLOUDS/SYSTEMS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4074eb32-a3de-494f-a722-2deeaab76b33", "label": "CLOUD CLUSTERS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "Groupings of similar cloud types.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "879cccd4-d375-40f6-8bee-6f58efd2dd61", "label": "DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "(Also called Mesoscale Convective System) A cloud system that occurs in connection with an ensemble of thunderstorms and produces a contiguous precipitation area on the order of 100 km or more in horizontal scale in at least one direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d13661da-d022-439a-bb27-dc2273f9dc88", "label": "MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "(Abbreviated MCC.) A subset of mesoscale convective systems (MCS) that exhibit a large, circular (as observed by satellite), long-lived, cold cloud shield.\n\nThe cold cloud shield must exhibit the following physical characteristics.\n\n Size: A - Cloud shield with continuously low infrared (IR) temperature ≤ -32°C must have an area ≥ 105 km2; and B - Interior cold cloud region with temperature ≤ -52°C must have an area ≥ 0.5 X 105 km2.\n Initiate: Size definitions A and B are first satisfied\n Duration: Size definitions A and B must be met for a period ≥ 6 h.\n Maximum extent: Contiguous cold cloud shield (IR temperature ≤ -33°C) reaches maximum size.\n Shape: Eccentricity (minor axis/major axis) ≥ 0.7 at time of maximum extent.\n Terminate: Size definitions A and B no longer satisfied.\n\n Alternatively, a dynamical definition of an MCC requires that the system have a Rossby number of order 1 and exhibit a horizontal scale comparable to the Rossby radius of deformation. In midlatitude MCS environments, the Rossby radius of deformation is about 300 km.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3ee0a52-266b-45e4-adad-d0675699676b", "label": "PERCENT CONVECTIVE CLOUDS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca7f5dbd-199e-4cc8-bc7b-550753ecbc93", "label": "PRECIPITATING CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe2e0b6f-3d7d-489a-b093-86ed0d233385", "label": "TROPICAL OCEANIC CLOUD SYSTEMS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "Tropical oceanic cloud systems, which are recognized as an essential component of the global climate system, are complex phenomena in geophysical flows due to the vast range of scales of motion involved and the nonlinearity of interactions among the attendant physical processes (e.g., phase changes of water, cloud-interactive radiation, turbulence and surface fluxes) . Cloud systems directly couple dynamical and hydrological processes in the atmosphere through the release of latent heat of condensation and evaporation, through precipitation, and through the vertical redistribution of sensible heat, moisture and momentum. They have an equally important effects on the large-scale radiation budget, through the reflection, absorption and emission of radiation, and the surface energy budget, through the modification of net radiative fluxes and net heat fluxes at the ocean surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6024258-d344-4cd2-932b-31e5c81a9c4b", "label": "SQUALL LINE", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "A line of active thunderstorms, either continuous or with breaks, including contiguous precipitation areas resulting from the existence of the thunderstorms.\n\nThe squall line is a type of mesoscale convective system distinguished from other types by a larger length-to-width ratio.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", "label": "CUMULONIMBUS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "A principal cloud type, with bases forming in the low levels of the troposphere, characterised by a large vertical extent, and often capped by an anvil-shaped cirrus cloud. It is often accompanied by rain showers, turbulence, icing and gusty surface winds; and sometimes also by lightning, thunder, hail, microbursts and/or tornadoes. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CB.", "children": [ { "uuid": "eec3cec2-1649-4507-b91d-3a25ab2200ee", "label": "CUMULONIMBUS CAPILLATUS", - "broader": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", + "parentId": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", "definition": "A species of cumulonimbus cloud characterized by the presence, mostly in its upper portion, of distinct cirriform parts, frequently in the form of an anvil (incus), a plume, or a vast and more or less disorderly mass of hair.\n\nThis cloud is usually accompanied by a shower or thunderstorm, often by a squall, and sometimes by hail. It generally produces very apparent virga. The species capillatus is unique to the genus cumulonimbus.", "children": [ { "uuid": "52f4dfb0-4583-4d82-8cb7-813ffaadd783", "label": "CUMULONIMBUS INCUS", - "broader": "eec3cec2-1649-4507-b91d-3a25ab2200ee", + "parentId": "eec3cec2-1649-4507-b91d-3a25ab2200ee", "definition": "The anvil-shaped cloud that comprises the upper portion of mature cumulonimbus clouds; the popular name given to a cumulonimbus capillatus cloud, particularly if it embodies the supplementary feature incus (from the Latin for anvil).", "children": [] } @@ -3919,14 +3919,14 @@ { "uuid": "e1035388-6993-4143-966b-30ced627c2da", "label": "CUMULONIMBUS CALVUS", - "broader": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", + "parentId": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", "definition": "A species of cumulonimbus cloud evolving from cumulus congestus.\n\nThe protuberances of its upper portion have begun to lose their cumuliform outline; they loom and usually flatten, then transform into a whitish mass with more or less diffuse outlines and vertical striations. Cirriform cloud is not present, but the transformation into ice crystals often proceeds with great rapidity. Most often, this cloud is accompanied by showers. By convention, the name cumulonimbus calvus is given to any highly developed cumuliform cloud that produces lightning, thunder, or hail, although the top shows no obvious trace of transformation into ice. The species calvus is unique to the genus cumulonimbus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "772d8044-f11b-4b01-bc72-d7dd45cfe1b3", "label": "PYROCUMULONIMBUS", - "broader": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", + "parentId": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", "definition": "Pyrocumulonimbus is the fire-breathing dragon of clouds. A cumulonimbus without the ''pyre'' part is imposing enough -- a massive, anvil-shaped tower of power reaching five miles (8 km) high, hurling thunderbolts, wind and rain.\n\nAdd smoke and fire to the mix and you have pyrocumulonimbus, an explosive storm cloud actually created by the smoke and heat from fire, and which can ravage tens of thousands of acres. And in the process, ''pyroCb'' storms funnel their smoke like a chimney into Earth's stratosphere, with lingering ill effects.", "children": [] } @@ -3935,19 +3935,19 @@ { "uuid": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", "label": "CUMULUS", - "broader": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", + "parentId": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the low levels of the troposphere, characterised by flat bases and dome or cauliflower-shaped upper surfaces. Small, separate cumulus are associated with fair weather, but may grow into towering cumulus or cumulonimbus. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CU.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6aa7422c-ad66-40b6-90cd-750f9158daee", "label": "CUMULUS HUMILIS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", + "parentId": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", "definition": "(Also called fair-weather cumulus.) A species of cumulus characterized by small vertical development, uniform flat bases and a general similarity among clouds.\n\nIts vertical growth is usually restricted by the existence of a temperature inversion in the atmosphere; this in turn explains the unusually uniform height of the cloud tops of this cumulus species. A single cloud element that is able to penetrate the inversion may develop into cumulus congestus or even further to become cumulonimbus. As in all species of cumulus, wind shear with height may give rise to a hard appearance upshear, where cloud erosion in dry environment air is taking place, and a fuzzy appearance downshear . This species is unique to the genus cumulus.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ef4de9ce-01ee-4bf0-8814-abefd1bad4b9", "label": "FAIR WEATHER CUMULUS", - "broader": "6aa7422c-ad66-40b6-90cd-750f9158daee", + "parentId": "6aa7422c-ad66-40b6-90cd-750f9158daee", "definition": "A species of cumulus characterized by small vertical development, uniform flat bases and a general similarity among clouds.", "children": [] } @@ -3956,20 +3956,20 @@ { "uuid": "ba9a8dac-abb7-4580-938d-762b53bab71b", "label": "CUMULUS MEDIOCRIS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", + "parentId": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", "definition": "A cloud species, unique to the genus cumulus, of moderate vertical development, the upper protuberances or sproutings of which are not very marked; it may have a small cauliflower aspect.\n\nThis cloud does not give any precipitation, but frequently develops into cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3bafe2e0-c1a7-4bee-a02e-ac66964b4d7f", "label": "CUMULUS CONGESTUS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", + "parentId": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", "definition": "A strongly sprouting cumulus species with generally sharp outlines and, sometimes, with a great vertical development; it is characterized by its cauliflower or tower aspect, of large size.\n\nMainly in the Tropics, cumulus congestus may produce abundant precipitation. It may also occur in the form of very high towers, the tops of which are formed of kinds of cloudy puffs that, detaching themselves successively from the main portion of the cloud, are carried away by the wind, then disappear more or less rapidly, sometimes producing virga. Cumulus congestus is the result of the development of cumulus mediocris and, sometimes, of that of altocumulus castellanus or stratocumulus castellanus. Cumulus congestus often transforms into cumulonimbus; this transformation is revealed by the smooth, fibrous, or striated aspect assumed by its upper portion. The species congestus is unique to the genus cumulus.", "children": [ { "uuid": "79668331-c50d-49da-aea6-83c94545f9e3", "label": "TOWERING CUMULUS", - "broader": "3bafe2e0-c1a7-4bee-a02e-ac66964b4d7f", + "parentId": "3bafe2e0-c1a7-4bee-a02e-ac66964b4d7f", "definition": "A vertically developed cumulus cloud, often a precursor to cumulonimbus. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as TCU.", "children": [] } @@ -3978,14 +3978,14 @@ { "uuid": "29d6cd82-4762-4316-9fdd-29430dae7ad9", "label": "CUMULUS CASTELLANUS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", + "parentId": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.\n\nThis castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1° when observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "801846d5-622b-4937-83cf-9d387be73ac4", "label": "PYROCUMULUS", - "broader": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", + "parentId": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9", "definition": "A cumulus cloud formed by a rising thermal from a fire, or enhanced by buoyant plume emissions from an industrial combustion process.", "children": [] } @@ -3996,53 +3996,53 @@ { "uuid": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", "label": "TROPOSPHERIC/LOW LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", + "parentId": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b1d51b72-97d0-484c-b251-220f219965c2", "label": "MARINE STRATOCUMULUS", - "broader": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", + "parentId": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", "definition": "As the Earth spins on its axis, the movement pushes ocean surface waters west away from the western edge of continents. In a process called upwelling, cool water from deep in the ocean rises to replace the surface water. Upwelling creates a layer of cool water at the surface, which cools the air immediately above the water. As the moist, marine air cools, water vapor condenses into water droplets, and low clouds form. These lumpy, sheet-like clouds are marine stratocumulus clouds, and they are a common occurrence along the western coasts of the continents, where upwelling is common. Probably no higher than a kilometer (about 3,000 feet) above the Earth’s surface, the clouds in the image hug the coastline in echo of the cool ocean currents beneath them. In contrast, warm, dry air dominates over land, keeping skies cloud free.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS CUMILIFORMIS", - "broader": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", + "parentId": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "53378c8d-0324-4473-8bbd-231aed830d26", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", + "parentId": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.\n\nThis castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1° when observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3adff54b-cfc7-4ba0-ba06-7a06b8c4876a", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS MAMMATUS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", + "parentId": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", "definition": "Hanging protuberances, like pouches, on the undersurface of a cloud.\n\nThis supplementary cloud feature occurs mostly with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, stratocumulus, and cumulonimbus; in the case of cumulonimbus, mamma generally appear on the underside of the anvil (incus). American Meteorological Society (http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8fc75200-666d-4b59-a493-99e08e55e57d", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS VESPERALIS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", + "parentId": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16e33a06-ae4b-48cd-be7f-ad44f3dfd23b", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS DIURNALIS", - "broader": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", + "parentId": "5857260b-1de6-47c2-8f66-5c0dbac42e32", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -4051,34 +4051,34 @@ { "uuid": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS UNDULATAS", - "broader": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", + "parentId": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "53ade6b0-1b8c-4766-b9c1-4d40d1f69482", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS OPACUS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", + "parentId": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", "definition": "A variety of cloud (sheet, layer, or patch), the greater part of which is sufficiently dense to obscure the sun (betweeen 10 and 20 optical depths).\n\nThis variety is found in the genera altocumulus, altostratus, stratocumulus, and stratus. (Note: cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds are inherently opaque.) In the case of altocumulus opacus or stratocumulus opacus the elements stand out in true relief at the cloud base, rather than as a consequence of varying degrees of opacity. Also, in these cases, this variety usually modifies the species stratiformis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94fa2efc-0e7f-4dce-9f2a-0d6f34edcb92", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS PERLUCIDUS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", + "parentId": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", "definition": "A cloud variety, usually of the species stratiformis, in which distinct spaces between its elements permit the sun, moon, blue sky, or higher clouds to be seen.\n\nThese openings may be very small. This variety is found only in the genera altocumulus and stratocumulus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b962de0e-f115-4452-95be-7a4af6687bc3", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS TRANSLUCIDUS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", + "parentId": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", "definition": "A cloud variety occurring in a layer, patch, or extensive sheet, the greater part of which is sufficiently translucent to reveal the position of the sun, or through which higher clouds may be discerned.\n\nThis variety is found in the genera altocumulus, altostratus, stratocumulus, and stratus, and is usually a modification of the species stratiformis or lenticularis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12adeea5-f3e7-4f72-a029-f1e52411de18", "label": "STRATOCUMULUS LENTICULARIS", - "broader": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", + "parentId": "bec5166e-1822-40f7-8f07-4d5167d8a565", "definition": "(Or lenticular cloud.) A cloud species the elements of which have the form of more or less isolated, generally smooth lenses or almonds; the outlines are sharp and sometimes show irisation.\n\nThese clouds appear most often in formations of orographic origin, the result of lee waves, in which cases they remain nearly stationary with respect to the terrain (standing cloud), but they also occur in regions without marked orography. This species is found mainly in the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and (rarely) stratocumulus. Altocumulus lenticularis differs from cirrocumulus lenticularis in that, when smooth and without elements, it has shadowed parts while the latter is very white throughout. When undulated or subdivided, the altocumulus species differs from stratocumulus lenticularis in that its elements subtend an angle of less than 5° when viewed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon.", "children": [] } @@ -4089,62 +4089,62 @@ { "uuid": "a3d37438-644d-448e-95ea-991d79b3a0f3", "label": "NIMBOSTRATUS", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", + "parentId": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", "definition": "Low or middle-level thick dark cloud with with more or less continuously falling rain, snow or sleet. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as NS.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8945d3c7-1c39-4a8b-b954-2a84da8ecc88", "label": "STRATUS", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", + "parentId": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the low levels of the troposphere and normally existing as a flat layer that does not exhibit individual elements. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as ST.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", "label": "FOG", - "broader": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", + "parentId": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", "definition": "A visible aggregate of minute water droplets suspended in the atmosphere close to the ground; a cloud in contact with the earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "30c9e32c-7dfe-430f-bd06-4cfa844076e2", "label": "ADVECTION FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", + "parentId": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", "definition": "A type of fog caused by the advection of moist air over a cold surface, and the consequent cooling of that air to below its dewpoint.\n\nA very common advection fog is that caused by moist air over a cold body of water (sea fog).\n\nSometimes applied to steam fog.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99a0a2d2-5d77-4cf2-8fc0-90d12840b12d", "label": "RADIATION FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", + "parentId": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", "definition": "A common type of fog, produced over a land area when radiational cooling reduces the air temperature to or below its dewpoint.\n\nThus, a strict radiation fog is a nighttime occurrence, although it may begin to form by evening twilight and often does not dissipate until after sunrise. Factors favoring the formation of radiation fog are 1) a shallow surface layer of relatively moist air beneath a dry layer and clear skies, and 2) light surface winds. It can be most confusing near sea coasts with cold coastal water. It can be difficult at times to differentiate between this and other types of fog, especially since nighttime cooling intensifies all fogs. Radiation fog is frequently and logically called ground fog, but in U.S. weather observing practice, the latter term is defined only with respect to the amount of sky that is obscured by the fog.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3eefb892-0453-48b6-b619-b8fa3e7bbfc8", "label": "UPSLOPE FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", + "parentId": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", "definition": "A type of fog formed when air flows upward over rising terrain and is, consequently, adiabatically cooled to or below its dewpoint.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50604404-fef4-4e17-a6a6-a88c0bd88c4f", "label": "STEAM FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", + "parentId": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", "definition": "(Or sea smoke; also called arctic sea smoke, antarctic sea smoke, frost smoke, water smoke, sea mist, steam mist.) Fog formed when water vapor is added to air that is much colder than the vapor's source; most commonly, when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water.\n\nNo matter what the nature of the vapor source (warm water, industrial combustion exhaust, exhaled breath), its equilibrium vapor pressure is greater than that corresponding to the colder air; thus, the water vapor, upon becoming mixed with and cooled by the cold air, rapidly condenses. It should be noted that this mechanism never allows the fog to actually reach the vapor source. Also, upon further mixing in sufficiently turbulent or convective flow (only a slight degree is needed), the fog particles evaporate at a more or less well defined upper limit of the fog. Note, also, that although advection of air is necessary to produce steam fog, it differs greatly from an advection fog in the usual sense, which is caused by warm, moist air moving over a cold surface. Steam fog is commonly observed over lakes and streams on cold autumn mornings as well as in polar regions. It is sometimes confused with ice fog, but its particles are entirely liquid. At temperatures below -29°C (-20°F), these may freeze into droxtals and create a type of ice fog that may be known as frost smoke.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09a1b23e-bd8b-4bb9-966b-2388328973d4", "label": "FRONTAL FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", + "parentId": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", "definition": "Fog associated with frontal zones and frontal passages.\n\nIt is usually divided into three types: warm-front prefrontal fog; cold-front post-frontal fog; and frontal-passage fog. The first two types are a result of rain falling into cold stable air and raising the dewpoint temperature. Frontal-passage fog can result from the 'mixing of warm and cold air masses in the frontal zone' or by 'sudden cooling of air over moist ground.'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd4f6e31-14b5-468a-a15c-5ac0ce97bf35", "label": "ICE FOG", - "broader": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", + "parentId": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3", "definition": "(Also called ice-crystal fog, frozen fog, frost fog, frost flakes, air hoar, rime fog, pogonip.) A type of fog, composed of suspended particles of ice, partly ice crystals 20 to 100 μm in diameter, but chiefly, especially when dense, droxtals 12–20 μm in diameter.\n\nIt occurs at very low temperatures, and usually in clear, calm weather in high latitudes. The sun is usually visible and may cause halo phenomena. Ice fog is rare at temperatures warmer than -30°C, and increases in frequency with decreasing temperature until it is almost always present at air temperatures of -45°C in the vicinity of a source of water vapor. Such sources are the open water of fast-flowing streams or of the sea, herds of animals, volcanoes, and especially products of combustion for heating or propulsion. At temperatures warmer than -30°C, these sources can cause steam fog of liquid water droplets, which may turn into ice fog when cooled.", "children": [] } @@ -4155,33 +4155,33 @@ { "uuid": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "label": "CLOUD DYNAMICS", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "Dynamics and physics that underlie clouds.", "children": [ { "uuid": "49fd6f11-5682-4d27-8fc6-66bf3faadf39", "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", + "parentId": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "Flux per unit area for heat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", "label": "MOISTURE FLUX", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", + "parentId": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "Flux per unit area for moisture.", "children": [ { "uuid": "49cad94d-0e93-44cb-a8a2-8e83d603463b", "label": "UPWARD MOISTURE FLUX", - "broader": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", + "parentId": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", "definition": "Upward Flux per unit area for moisture.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1dc6063b-892d-4879-8551-1e346dd3f2e7", "label": "DOWNWARD MOISTURE FLUX", - "broader": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", + "parentId": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310", "definition": "Downward Flux per unit area for moisture.", "children": [] } @@ -4190,34 +4190,34 @@ { "uuid": "5bac3ef6-5e30-4f14-a5dc-8065c7fcba55", "label": "RADIATIONAL COOLING", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", + "parentId": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "In meteorology, the result of radiative cooling of the earth's surface and adjacent air.\n\nRadiational cooling occurs, as is typical on calm, clear nights, whenever the longwave emission from the surface is not balanced by significant amounts of absorbed shortwave radiation or downwelling longwave from the atmosphere above the surface, and there are no nonradiative sources of sufficient energy to make up the difference.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7259da4-18dd-4196-91ff-a68087978349", "label": "RADIATIONAL DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", + "parentId": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "The expansion or spreading out of radiation in clouds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cfa49843-2d36-4709-8969-b176432adf78", "label": "THETA-E ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", + "parentId": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba4a9964-8323-45df-a372-b4e2f3eef9e5", "label": "VORTEX STREET", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", + "parentId": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "(Also called Kármán vortex street, vortex trail, vortex train.) Two parallel rows of alternately placed vortices along the wake of an obstacle in a fluid of moderate Reynolds number.\n\nFluid drag can be calculated from the motion of these vortices, which are stable only for a certain ratio of the width of the street to the distance between vortices along the street.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2d00d3c4-2ef3-49f6-9261-6184f6517b4f", "label": "KARMAN VORTEX STREET", - "broader": "ba4a9964-8323-45df-a372-b4e2f3eef9e5", + "parentId": "ba4a9964-8323-45df-a372-b4e2f3eef9e5", "definition": "(Also called Kármán vortex street, vortex trail, vortex train.) Two parallel rows of alternately placed vortices along the wake of an obstacle in a fluid of moderate Reynolds number.\n\nFluid drag can be calculated from the motion of these vortices, which are stable only for a certain ratio of the width of the street to the distance between vortices along the street.", "children": [] } @@ -4226,7 +4226,7 @@ { "uuid": "a997c21b-ca61-4e78-8828-aa3e144976c3", "label": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT", - "broader": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", + "parentId": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "Movement of water vapor through the atmosphere.", "children": [] } @@ -4235,111 +4235,111 @@ { "uuid": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "label": "CLOUD PROPERTIES", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "Measurements of various microphysical cloud properties.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4dc3fcab-a947-47b9-b9a1-acb2a23ee478", "label": "CLOUD TOP TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "Atmospheric temperature observed at the top of a cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ca13dfa-c2b3-47de-8175-f0723151ef28", "label": "CLOUD MIDLAYER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "Atmospheric temperature observed at the middle of a cloud layer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2902c27-0872-4ea4-98b9-706855bcd7a3", "label": "CLOUD VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "The vertical distribution of a cloud's properties.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "acb52274-6c0d-4241-a979-3fa3efca6702", "label": "CLOUD FREQUENCY", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "The fraction of the skycover (reported in tenths of sky covered) that\nis attributed to a particular cloud type, or cloud layer; often used\nsynonymously with cloud cover.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c737490-1486-418f-81f4-c50c47da117d", "label": "CLOUD ASYMMETRY", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "The difference in scattering due to cloud hydrometeors between the\nforward and backward directions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88dc0be1-7427-4a82-9fee-3b2bf84d002a", "label": "CLOUD CEILING", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "The height ascribed to the lowest layer of clouds or obscurring phenomena\nwhen it is reported as broken (5/8 to 7/8 coverage), overcast, or obscuration\nand not classified 'thin' or 'partial'.  Expressed in above ground level (AGL)\nheights. See also the definitions for cloud height and cloud base.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57292a97-19be-4fae-b2f7-9fa0a3629b53", "label": "CLOUD HEIGHT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "In weather observations, the height of the cloud base above local\nterrain.  In satellite remote sensing, cloud height is often referred to as the\nheight of the cloud top above local terrain or above mean sea level. Also can\nbe defined as the vertical distance from the cloud base to the cloud top; more\ncommonly referred to as the 'thickness' or 'depth' of the cloud. ", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a217e7e-74fa-438e-b4bd-5ad574d92e9d", "label": "CLOUD TOP PRESSURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "Atmospheric pressure observed at the top of a cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1f0765e3-4ea3-42be-8ed5-3e26bdebb219", "label": "CLOUD BASE HEIGHT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "For a given cloud or cloud layer, the lowest level in the atmosphere at which\nthe air contains a perceptible quantity of cloud particles.\nSee also the definitions for cloud height and cloud ceiling.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f5f4f7a-ea5f-40fe-ba73-8d5f7241e5fa", "label": "CLOUD BASE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "Cloud temperature observed at the cloud base. See definition for cloud base.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17f212af-e782-4196-b467-060699ecf4ca", "label": "CLOUD BASE PRESSURE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "Atmospheric pressure observed at the base of a cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b296b688-0ff0-4212-9b30-30e9fe413709", "label": "CLOUD FRACTION", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "is the percentage of each pixel in satellite imagery or each gridbox in a weather or climate model that is covered with clouds. A cloud fraction of one means the pixel is completely covered with clouds, while a cloud fraction of zero represents a totally cloud free pixel.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0893cf38-fe6e-4ebc-95f4-db7d24c874db", "label": "CLOUD TOP HEIGHT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "For a given cloud or cloud layer, the highest level in the atmosphere at which the air contains a perceptible quantity of cloud particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "deddd6c7-b840-484f-aeca-253feefb8d7d", "label": "CLOUD TOP PHASE", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "A product formed from the cloud type algorithm. There are 4 categories (consistent with NOAA and NASA cloud products): warm liquid water, super-cooled liquid water, mixed phase clouds, and ice phase clouds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70f5b8a3-3f52-467c-957c-7ca98e1c6184", "label": "CLOUD AMOUNT", - "broader": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", + "parentId": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c", "definition": "The amount of sky estimated to be covered by a specified cloud type or level (partial cloud amount) or by all cloud types and levels (total cloud amount).", "children": [] } @@ -4348,55 +4348,55 @@ { "uuid": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "label": "CLOUD RADIATIVE TRANSFER", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "The physics and mathematics of how radiation passes through a medium that may contain any combination of scatterers, absorbers, and emitters.", "children": [ { "uuid": "576b5025-dc0e-4021-b8ff-6a7699a79b0c", "label": "CLOUD EMISSIVITY", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", + "parentId": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "The (dimensionless) ratio of the radiant energy emittance of a\nsubstance (clouds) to the ideal emittance of an ideal (blackbody) radiator\nat that same temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "345ab082-59ac-4649-9a2a-a3bef0d26a06", "label": "CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", + "parentId": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "The effect that clouds have on the global radiation budget.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a6572c3-676a-41dd-851f-836ac9f1f1d9", "label": "CLOUD REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", + "parentId": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "Ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation to that of the incident\r\nradiation on a cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d2e93932-0231-4b23-af2f-217c6315a95e", "label": "ABSORPTION", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", + "parentId": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "The process in which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance.\n\nA further process always results from absorption, that is, the irreversible conversion of the absorbed radiation into some other form of energy within and according to the nature of the absorbing medium. The absorbing medium itself may emit radiation, but only after an energy conversion has occurred.\nSee attenuation.\n\nThe taking up or assimilation of one substance by another.\n\nThe substances may combine chemically, or the absorption may just correspond to a physical solubility.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b12439a-45fc-42fa-ae19-535826f6247b", "label": "EMISSION", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", + "parentId": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "When a cloud absorbs longwave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, the cloud reemits a portion of the energy to outer space (emission) and a portion back toward the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d5273ad-febb-47f6-bdb7-ededf9f9eb1e", "label": "DROPLET GROWTH", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", + "parentId": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "Rate of droplet growth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c830ad5e-ac31-41cf-b8e2-277fe457d76d", "label": "SCATTERING", - "broader": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", + "parentId": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "The process in which a wave or beam of particles is diffused or deflected by collisions with particles of the medium which it traverses. Along with absorption, scattering is a major cause of the attenuation of radiation by the atmosphere.", "children": [] } @@ -4405,67 +4405,67 @@ { "uuid": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "label": "CLOUD MICROPHYSICS", - "broader": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", + "parentId": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "Cloud processes (growth, evaporation, etc.) taking place on the scale of the individual aerosol or precipitation particle as opposed to the scale of the visual cloud.", "children": [ { "uuid": "47812ef8-b64b-4988-9ae4-31f3581ae9a5", "label": "CLOUD DROPLET CONCENTRATION/SIZE", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "The physical size of water droplets and the number of water droplets\nrecorded in a given area or volume within a cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "804fb334-1c74-4070-bd5f-848014a6e220", "label": "CLOUD MASS FLUX", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "The transport of mass by vertical motion within clouds. Mass in this\ncontext is defined as the mass of dry air plus the mass of water vapor,\nexcluding the mass of any liquid water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ebbf8642-3da1-4401-a779-3e56550a029d", "label": "CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "Small aerosols that serve as the sites upon which water vapor condenses in\nthe atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05ac9d3e-bc44-41fa-ace0-c41bf3ebee97", "label": "CLOUD LIQUID WATER/ICE", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "Cloud Liquid Water - The amount of liquid water per unit volume of air.\nUsually expressed in grams per cubic meter. Cloud Ice - Ice crystals\nthat are observed within a cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bc483b1-dd64-4e97-bfd3-c0e755df6308", "label": "CLOUD OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "The degree to which a cloud prevents light from passing through it.\nOptical thickness depends upon the physical constitution (crystals, drop,\ndroplets), the form, the concentration of particles, and the vertical\nextent of the cloud.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b709d6fc-f0cf-47de-bdbb-1cd875b5f3ab", "label": "CLOUD PRECIPITABLE WATER", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "The total atmospheric water vapor contained in a vertical column of\nunit cross-sectional area (in a cloud) extending between any two specified\nlevels, commonly expressed in terms of the height to which that water\nsubstance would stand if completely condensed and collected in a vessel of\nthe same unit cross section.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", "label": "DROPLET GROWTH", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "Rate of droplet growth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ab702934-0959-45fc-a523-81e1aa0c09c8", "label": "ACCRETION", - "broader": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", + "parentId": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", "definition": "(Sometimes incorrectly called coagulation.) In cloud physics, usually the growth of an ice hydrometeor by collision with supercooled cloud drops that freeze wholly or partially upon contact.\n\nMay also refer to the collection of smaller ice particles. This has been called a form of agglomeration and is analogous to coalescence, in which liquid drops collect other liquid drops.\n See ice accretion;\n compare coagulation.\n\nIn cloud modeling, the collection of cloud drops by drizzle drops and raindrops.\n\nThis nomenclature is used along with autoconversion and self collection to distinguish among three subprocesses, evident from numerical results, responsible for the growth of the drop-size distribution by the collision–coalescence process. American Meteorological Society (http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page)'", "children": [ { "uuid": "889253e1-e189-4f75-bdc7-7e612b19e3ae", "label": "RIMING", - "broader": "ab702934-0959-45fc-a523-81e1aa0c09c8", + "parentId": "ab702934-0959-45fc-a523-81e1aa0c09c8", "definition": "The process where ice forms when the water droplets in fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects", "children": [] } @@ -4474,14 +4474,14 @@ { "uuid": "8e484ec4-50fd-4c08-9c96-6ad483e170ad", "label": "AGGREGATION", - "broader": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", + "parentId": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", "definition": "The process of combining different surface characteristics from neighboring heterogeneous regions into an average value for the area.\n\nIt is used in boundary layer studies for surface fluxes, drag, and roughness. This process is often necessary to define surface characteristics for numerical models that have coarse horizontal grid mesh and that cannot resolve the individual surface areas.\n\nThe process of clumping together of snow crystals following collision as they fall to form snowflakes.\n\nThis process is especially important near the melting layer where snow particles stick to each other more easily because of the liquid water on the surface. It also occurs at lower temperatures especially between dendritic snow crystals and occasionally rosette crystals in cirrus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5d64790-db29-451d-b022-a461dac06228", "label": "COALESCENCE", - "broader": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", + "parentId": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", "definition": "In cloud physics, the merging of two water drops into a single larger drop after collision.\n\nCoalescence between colliding drops is affected by the impact energy, which tends to increase with the higher fall velocities of larger drops. Colliding drops having negligible impact energy compared to their surface energy behave as water spheres that collide with a collision efficiency (the fraction of small drops that collide with a large drop within the geometric collision cross section) predicted by the theory for falling spheres. The result of increasing impact energy is to flatten the colliding drops at the point of impact, impeding the drainage of the air and delaying contact between them. As the distortion relaxes, the drops rebound, reducing the coalescence efficiency for cloud drops and drizzle drops colliding with smaller drops. At larger impact energy, separation will occur if the rotational energy (fixed by conservation of angular momentum) is higher than the surface energy of the coalescing drops. This phenomenon, termed temporary coalescence, can result in satellite droplets considerably smaller than either of the parent drops. This phenomenon is also called partial coalescence because the large drop may gain mass as a result of the higher internal pressure in the small drop. At still larger impact energy, drop breakup occurs for the smaller drop. About 20% of the high-energy collisions between large raindrops (d > 3 mm) and drizzle drops (d > 0.2 mm) result in the disintegration of both drops. Other factors that affect coalescence are electric charge and electric field, both of which promote coalescence, leading to earlier onset of coalescence during an interaction so that coalescence efficiencies are increased by suppression of rebound and temporary coalescence. All of these processes are important in formation of precipitation in all liquid clouds both above and below 0°C.", "children": [] } @@ -4490,27 +4490,27 @@ { "uuid": "76bcb8e0-1c07-4783-9d15-3a22203f7849", "label": "COLLISION RATE", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "Rate of droplet collisions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "00d6fb2f-16d5-4949-afec-a1adbd600a58", "label": "PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "The frequency distribution of drop sizes (diameters, volumes) that is characteristic of a given cloud or of a given fall of rain.\n\nMost natural clouds have unimodal (single maximum) distributions, but occasionally bimodal distributions are observed. In convective clouds, the drop-size distribution is found to change with time and to vary systematically with height, the modal size increasing and the number decreasing with height. For many purposes a useful single parameter representing a given distribution is the volume median diameter, that is, that diameter for which the total volume of all drops having greater diameters is just equal to the total volume of all drops having smaller diameters. The drop- size distribution is one of the primary factors involved in determining the radar reflectivity of any fall of precipitation, or of a cloud mass.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d66dbbe-886e-449d-bfd2-93fc8d357ccd", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "The process of depositing material by water, wind, or glaciers.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bee9f657-c115-4d73-a10c-7e05e00db574", "label": "SEDIMENTATION RATE", - "broader": "8d66dbbe-886e-449d-bfd2-93fc8d357ccd", + "parentId": "8d66dbbe-886e-449d-bfd2-93fc8d357ccd", "definition": "For conditions in the lowest 10-15 km of Earth's atmosphere, the sedimentation (or fall) rate of a spherical cloud particle is given as the characteristic time for it to fall a distance of one atmospheric scale height (about 8 km on Earth) by\n\ntau-1fall = (2 rhop mg2 / 9 eta kT ) r2M\n\nwhere eta is the atmospheric dynamic viscosity (the resistance of the atmosphere to movement through it), (kT/mg) is the atmospheric scale height (k is Boltzmann's constant, T is atmospheric temperature, m is weight of a gas molecule, g is acceleration by gravity), rhop is the mass density of the cloud particle, and rM is the mass-weighted-average cloud particle radius. Essentially, the sedimentation rate increases proportionally to the particle cross-section (r2M).", "children": [] } @@ -4519,7 +4519,7 @@ { "uuid": "60bb6ddf-29b1-4dad-9c9f-27f040a43bba", "label": "ICE NUCLEI", - "broader": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", + "parentId": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "Any particle that serves as a nucleus leading to the formation of ice crystals without regard to the particular physical processes involved in the nucleation.", "children": [] } @@ -4530,118 +4530,118 @@ { "uuid": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE", - "broader": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", + "parentId": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a", "definition": "The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitational\nattraction exerted upon the 'column' of air lying directly above the point\nin question.", "children": [ { "uuid": "07ce145c-9936-4675-b4a7-8710e39aa391", "label": "SEA LEVEL PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The atmospheric pressure at mean sea level, either directly measured, or,\nmost commonly, empirically determined from the observed station pressure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e6f7c15-32e7-4b6e-bd35-7bff4bc03caf", "label": "GRAVITY WAVE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "A wave disturbance in which buoyancy acts as the restoring force on\nparcels displaced from hydrostatic equilibrium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "622c44b4-e307-4c11-af4d-8104de7086e5", "label": "STATIC PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The component of the force measured perpendicular to the flow per unit\narea orientated parallel to the direction of fluid flow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f51a3caf-c5ec-496a-8dd3-854d9bb994e7", "label": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The height of the atmospheric layer from the Earth's surface up to an\naltitude of about 1 kilometer in which wind speed and direction are\naffected by frictional interaction with objects on the Earth's\nsurface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0656cbc-5d94-4945-bbfd-1c8eabb059b2", "label": "OSCILLATIONS", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The process of regularly varying pressure above and below a mean value,\na periodic process.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "178694aa-5f0a-4de5-a193-74e323dc6aa9", "label": "ANTICYCLONES/CYCLONES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "An anticyclone is a dome of air that exerts relatively high\natmospheric pressure compared with the surrounding air at a given level. A\ncyclone is a weather system characterised by relatively low surface air\npressure at a given level and a closed cyclonic wind circulation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f262b9b-2cb8-4745-ae41-5fff23c72a1e", "label": "PLANETARY/ROSSBY WAVES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "A wave on a uniform current in a two-dimensional nondivergent fluid system,\r\nrotating with varying angle speed about the local vertical (beta plane).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "be027470-35ab-4ebb-a213-5f557cca71c8", "label": "PRESSURE THICKNESS", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "In synoptic meteorology, the vertical depth, measured in geometric\nor geopotential units, of a layer in the atmosphere bounded by two\ndifferent constant-pressure surfaces.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d7e487d-0ec4-40ef-9811-401779c31794", "label": "DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The difference between static air pressure and the total air pressure\nproduced by forward motion of an aircraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5aa7055-642d-4442-9b4b-76a759e15257", "label": "HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The pressure in a fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium - that is , the\ndownward pressure at a point due solely to the weight of fluid in a column\nof unit cross-sectional area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9efbc088-ba8c-4c9c-a458-ad6ad63f4188", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The force exerted per unit of area by the atmosphere as a consequence\nof gravitational attraction upon the 'column' of air lying directly above\nthe point in question.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "011bed30-f5b6-4b46-a7ce-797851f24f24", "label": "PRESSURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The deviation of atmospheric pressure in a given region over a specified\nperiod from the long-term average value for the same region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa98caa0-54dc-465e-9bde-cdf4da905994", "label": "PRESSURE TENDENCY", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric pressure change for a three-hour\nor other specified period ending at the time of observation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b54de5cd-4475-4c7b-acbc-4eb529b9396e", "label": "SURFACE PRESSURE", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "In meteorology, the atmospheric pressure at a given location on the\nearth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b13a29a1-47a0-4d8b-a017-398b364dc202", "label": "TOPOGRAPHIC WAVES", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "Waves with a restoring force arising from variations in depth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a4c13fb-3f2d-49d9-9158-ed84743355fc", "label": "AIR MASS/DENSITY", - "broader": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", + "parentId": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "Air mass/density is a fundamental property of atmosphere. Mixture of gases forming Earth's atmosphere, consisting of nitrogen (∼78%), oxygen (∼21%), water vapor, and other trace gases such as carbon dioxide, helium, argon, ozone, or various pollutants.\n\nThe concentration of water vapor is very variable, being a strong function of temperature and, hence, altitude in the atmosphere. Dry air is referred to as air from which measurable amounts of water vapor have been physically removed. Pure, dry air has a density of 1.293 kg m−3 at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Apart from the variability of water vapor, the composition of air is essentially constant to an altitude of at least 50 km.", "children": [] } @@ -4652,33 +4652,33 @@ { "uuid": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "label": "OCEANS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "Ocean is a very large expanse of sea, in particular, each of the main areas into which the sea is divided geographically.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", "label": "OCEAN PRESSURE", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of force per unit area exerted on water by\nthe overlying column of water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e5bca08d-ecb3-4b85-8acd-fed782875aa2", "label": "SEA LEVEL PRESSURE", - "broader": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", + "parentId": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", "definition": "The force per unit area exerted by the overlying atmosphere on a point at\nmean sea level, either measured directly or calculated from an observed\nair pressure not at mean sea level.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd025312-0d27-44e0-ae05-7cfcc1aa17f0", "label": "WATER PRESSURE", - "broader": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", + "parentId": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", "definition": "The force exerted per unit area by the overlying column of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73311948-541c-4960-ae2b-2e82a79aa621", "label": "OCEAN BOTTOM PRESSURE", - "broader": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", + "parentId": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508", "definition": "The sum of the mass of the atmosphere and ocean in a 'cylinder' above the seafloor.", "children": [] } @@ -4687,138 +4687,138 @@ { "uuid": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "label": "SEA ICE", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over the ocean surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f0cd20bd-41e8-4ca0-9ae3-7c602c251858", "label": "ICE EDGES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water and\r\nthe sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae1c9b54-caf2-4726-b180-5c6544f09111", "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The measurement of the heat flux or heat loss from open ocean areas within\nthe sea ice pack is important for the study of energy balance in the polar\nregions and local and regional climatology. Heat loss through the open\nwater is 100 times more than through thick ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cdebef6-902d-4c1a-9d7e-7609f8ee6ef6", "label": "ICE DEFORMATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Ice that has been squeezed together, and in places, forced upwards\r\nand downwards. Some subdivisions of deformed ice are rafted ice, ridged\r\nice, and hummocked ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a735d8ca-182c-4307-9305-186a065e84a4", "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Ice depth or thickness refers to the extent of the ice below the surface of\nthe water. The term is also used in river and lake ice studies. Remote\nsensing techniques (particularly radar and microwave) have been used to\nestimate ice thickness as have recently declassified submarine\nmeasurements of polar ice thickness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87feb47e-aee3-42f1-8c39-5109d9d5422e", "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water.\r\nAlso refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which\r\nvaries seasonally).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa15804c-5f7f-40cc-b949-aa3e4418fc27", "label": "ICE FLOES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes\r\nare subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast,\r\ngiant.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89fc22ca-326e-468c-ad3d-171c4ad34977", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried\r\nice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or\r\ngrowth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice,\r\nOld Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake\r\nIce, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake\r\nIce.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6c3e78f-f408-4b72-941a-f40e3d83dd60", "label": "ICE ROUGHNESS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The small-scale variation in the relief of the terrain surface (in this\r\ncase the surface of the ice). Remote sensing instruments, such as radar\r\nand microwave sensors, have been able to detect the degree of roughness of\r\nsea, lake, and river ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a664e2d-4e50-463a-af9f-b14b86eb42a7", "label": "ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Measurements of the temperature of the sea ice and surrounding sea\nsurface temperature. These measurements are usually obtained from remote\nsensing satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5d7cafc-13bf-4ec8-bc6e-a6d850fae5c8", "label": "ICE TYPES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Ice Types is a general term applied to sea, river, and lake ice to\r\ndescribe attributes such as age, stage of development or growth, or\r\nsurface feature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1151dc7e-7441-4a21-95b6-1d03a1053f60", "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "A piece of ice that has broken off from the end of a glacier that terminates in\nwater. Only about 10 percent of its mass is above the surface of the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f523f73f-efcc-4193-b9e3-1161ed7f4881", "label": "LEADS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Any fracture or passage-way through ice which is navigable by surface\r\nvessels. Leads and other open water areas within the sea ice pack are also\r\nimportant in studies of the energy budget in the polar regions and in\r\nlocal and regional climatology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea85ea0b-1b7d-464a-9f8c-1f80383ffc51", "label": "PACK ICE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Pack ice refers to high concentrations of sea ice. When concentrations are\r\n60% or less, then the term drift ice is used.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10a128a6-12d4-4bce-b25d-2ffc464182f4", "label": "POLYNYAS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/or\r\nbe covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to these\r\nas skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget of\r\nthe polar ocean and local and regional climatology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ed9f39d-986e-4b36-83f9-f29f6a4df89b", "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The reflectance properties of ice bodies. A smooth ice surface will act as\r\na near-specular reflector. As surface roughness increases, the reflection\r\nbecomes diffuse. It is the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation\r\nto that of the incident radiation on a surface. The suffix (-ance) implies\r\na property of that particular specimen surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6085d71-a7ee-4b65-9c9c-ff374bdc3974", "label": "SEA ICE AGE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The age of the sea ice is usually a distinction between first-year\r\nand multiyear ice. Multiyear sea ice is usually thicker, has more ridges,\r\nand can be more of a hinderance to ship travel than first-year ice.\r\nMicrowave remote sensing studies have shown that first-year sea ice has a\r\nhigher emissivity at the 1.55 cm wavelength than multiyear ice, thus\r\nmaking it possible to distinguish between different ice ages from\r\nsatellites. Ice age can also be qualitatively determined using visible,\r\ninfrared and radar wavelengths from satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", "label": "SEA ICE MOTION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Refers to the movement and direction of ice fields or floes. Ice\r\nmotion processes include: diverging, compacting, and shearing.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ab411758-5abe-4a89-9319-97eba1510cda", "label": "SEA ICE DIRECTION", - "broader": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", + "parentId": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", "definition": "The direction of ice movement in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad4646f8-bf09-4751-9072-e6cec59af253", "label": "SEA ICE SPEED", - "broader": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", + "parentId": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d", "definition": "Ocean surface current/water flow velocity.", "children": [] } @@ -4827,98 +4827,98 @@ { "uuid": "bb27bbb7-7bc4-4e38-833a-30e0a7861ccc", "label": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of\r\nthe whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar\r\norbiting satellites at all wavelengths.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32259124-81f7-4845-b2fb-6435d7bb5804", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5575125b-7f15-4d46-ba47-f86de96a1a25", "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e2f1371-05b1-41db-a6d9-bccd7cc2b3da", "label": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In\r\nparticular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the\r\nNASA IceSat satellite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04fa9023-ab68-4dd0-a82e-abe685105a53", "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a\r\nsalinity of zero.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d99408d-0d8b-4642-a2cb-edee8319fe1d", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Isotopes are a form of an element with a certain number of neutrons, for\r\nexample carbon exists in three isotopes: C12, C13, and C14. Some isotopes are\r\nnaturally unstable and spontaneously decay at a fixed rate; other isotopes are\r\nstable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc2d2e73-4028-41d2-96f9-0b800fa95ea4", "label": "SEA ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Optical imagery is classified into three main surface categories: (1) Snow and bare ice, (2) melt ponds and submerged ice, and (3) ocean. The snow and ice category is further split into two subcategories based on melt state and/or ice thickness: (1a) Snow and bright ice, and (1b) dark or thin ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15547b03-1b99-4c60-92eb-216a2908f504", "label": "SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "General elevation pattern of the sea ice surface. Changes in ice topography can be caused by water currents and wind, which can either pull ice apart or push it together to cause overriding. Some specific ice formations include rafting, ridged, and hummocked ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48d9b511-8e99-4b6d-a0e8-e87b71bd172e", "label": "SEA ICE ORIGIN", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "Ice formed on land, and iceberg, or in an ice shelf, found floating in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae4869cc-65f4-4f24-a77b-b77637f8818c", "label": "ICE DRAFT", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "A measurement of the ice thickness below the waterline and often serves as a close proxy for total ice thickness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "354c4f50-ccf9-4714-85ee-b6c028521bef", "label": "SEA ICE AREA", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32929f40-ee7f-411d-8d2d-1d2cd9b78b09", "label": "SEA ICE VOLUME", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "defd2c00-64e3-4986-9061-feade19f972f", "label": "SEA ICE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The drift of sea ice forced by the winds and ocean currents", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4519a99a-ffa7-436b-888a-c742c82b9ed1", "label": "SEA ICE MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", + "parentId": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3", "definition": "The net balance between the sea ice mass gained by freezing and the loss of mass by melting that is a function of its extent and thickness, which combine to give its volume.", "children": [] } @@ -4927,68 +4927,68 @@ { "uuid": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "label": "OCEAN CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to the composition and properties\nof seawater. Variables include concentrations of seawater's constituent\nmaterials. For variables pertaining to seawater salinity, see the Term\nSalinity/Density.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6d8eb011-ffb5-4e18-ac59-2d8f84353734", "label": "HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c52009f-2c44-4db1-b62b-135c6181bad2", "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A nonmetallic element, with chemical symbol C, found combined with\nother elements in all organic matter and in a pure state as diamond or\ngraphite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1c2bba5-799d-412b-80e0-fa04058416e3", "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A colorless gas, made up of two atoms of univalent nitrogen and one atom\nof oxygen, N2O. In the ocean, it is formed as a minor product of\nbacterial nitrification and denitrification.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97636cf7-189f-4953-9807-64fbcc60f72c", "label": "BIOMEDICAL CHEMICALS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Compounds derived from marine-living resources, useful for medicinal purposes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6641ff15-36c8-4dbc-bf9c-176a08688173", "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A radioactive isotope of carbon (carbon-14) with a half-life of about\n5730 years, widely used in the dating of organic materials.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "61740c18-f010-4384-8516-1eb33d75352e", "label": "NITRIC ACID", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A strong acid, nitric acid (HNO3) is a colorless or yellowish,\nfuming, suffocating, caustic liquid. It is highly water-soluble.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", "label": "NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Inorganic or organic solutes necessary for the nutrition of primary producers.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f6a760e-999c-4275-9748-d682ad73fd58", "label": "NUTRIENT PROFILES", - "broader": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", + "parentId": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", "definition": "Vertical profiles of nutrients in the ocean, such as nitrogen and phosphate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d06267b-8f85-4b7b-9b2f-97a09f804d70", "label": "SURFACE NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", + "parentId": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad", "definition": "Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphate, at the ocean's surface.", "children": [] } @@ -4997,41 +4997,41 @@ { "uuid": "941410da-0b7f-4ec6-a718-212194ced13f", "label": "NITRITE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of nitrogen and two atoms of\noxygen, NO2-, available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4eab7956-e59e-4615-8d5c-39a16faa1f27", "label": "ALKALINITY", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "The alkalinity of seawater is the combined negative charges due to\r\nhydrogen carbonate and carbonate ions expressed in molal concentrations.\r\nAlkalinity is based on seawater being electrically neutral and is\r\ndetermined by titration (and therefore given the subscript t).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1dfb36a3-f985-4514-a1d0-cc73ca572922", "label": "MARINE GEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "The related chemical and geological properties of the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3c25ed5-d3e4-4b86-bd9a-6f78d5d2bc07", "label": "DISSOLVED SOLIDS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Materials less than 0.45 micrometer in length, as distinguished from\nsuspended solids and other particulate matter, which are greater than 0.45\nmicrometer in length.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed925b43-db83-4cbb-8347-3dc0081bb8f4", "label": "PIGMENTS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Colored organic compounds synthesized by organisms. Names of specific\npigments are included as detailed variables under Pigments.", "children": [ { "uuid": "37669b8c-1940-4330-b4e9-ee49ad3673b5", "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "ed925b43-db83-4cbb-8347-3dc0081bb8f4", + "parentId": "ed925b43-db83-4cbb-8347-3dc0081bb8f4", "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.", "children": [] } @@ -5040,83 +5040,83 @@ { "uuid": "90aa8838-79bd-4b28-b518-8217e863c385", "label": "OXYGEN", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A colorless, odorless, gaseous element, constituting 21 percent of the\nvolume of the atmsophere, and essential for aerobic forms of life. Gaseous\noxygen has a chemical forumla of O2. Dissolved oxygen is included as a\ndetailed variable under Oxygen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9ed684e-5252-4091-a794-aaf6e5f249ed", "label": "RADIONUCLIDES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Nuclides which are unstable and that decay or disintegrate\nspontaneously, emitting radiation. A synonym for radioactive nuclide.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38219b66-2acd-4f77-a0fc-8241172c9001", "label": "DISSOLVED GASES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Elements or compounds of gaseous form, dissolved in seawater. When keyed in\na DIF, they do not typically include carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, or\nnitrous oxide, since these are their own variables.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "080db90f-79ff-4900-941d-9c02fe2df862", "label": "OCEAN TRACERS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Chemical component of the ocean used to determine the movement of water masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "718fb499-8c55-4fa6-9a07-ac9155d4bc9d", "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Particulate matter suspended in the water column, greater than\n0.45 micrometers, as distinguished from dissolved solids which are less\nthan 0.45 micrometers. Synonymous with Particulates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7989eae1-8ea3-4039-af0c-9130de145449", "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c320188-da7b-4d52-8e99-57d7ac401841", "label": "TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "An element whose dissolved concentration is between 50 and 0.05 micromoles\nper kilogram. Most are metals and can be referred to as trace metals.\nSpecific names of trace elements may be entered as Detailed Variables.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1e6caa5-2c97-407d-a0db-7bf01794d8e3", "label": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "The transport of materials on the Earth, as a result of biological,\ngeological, and chemical processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38dadd6d-6adb-44e2-b28a-fd18d797d052", "label": "STABLE ISOTOPES", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Any non-radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomic\nweight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a different\nnumber of neutrons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64d17528-29b4-4e2e-843a-7f7035bb5717", "label": "AMMONIA", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A gaseous compound of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms, NH3, that\nis highly water-soluble. A dissolved form, ammonium, NH4+, is a nutrient\nand is listed as a detailed variable under ammonia.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26afa886-4866-4536-be3a-6f9db9aacd97", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A gaseous compound of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, CO2. It\nis colorless, odorless, incombustible, and is soluble in water. Its\ndissolution in seawater is important to understanding the global carbon\ncycle.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6bf8c40d-6bc0-410b-92a5-349bd88dc021", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE PARTIAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "26afa886-4866-4536-be3a-6f9db9aacd97", + "parentId": "26afa886-4866-4536-be3a-6f9db9aacd97", "definition": "Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the surface of the sea. C02 at the sea surface that can be measured from ships and other systems as an indicator for ocean acidification.", "children": [] } @@ -5125,62 +5125,62 @@ { "uuid": "68f7ba1b-a2f9-41b6-9bc1-fd187942fbed", "label": "CARBONATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A dissolved ion of carbonic acid, with the chemical formula CO3(-2), formed\nby dissolution of carbon dioxide in water. Other forms of carbonate, such\nas bicarbonate, HCO3-, are included with this variable as detailed\nvariables.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9b4f30d-bddd-4888-b66b-07d2dc09708b", "label": "INORGANIC CARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Carbon species that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives.\nVariables such as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) or particulate\ninorganic carbon (PIC) are included as detailed variables under inorganic\ncarbon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9cfc6af-a424-42b9-8e89-6b332262e841", "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or\nhydrocarbon derivatives. Variables such as dissolved inorganic matter\n(DIM) or particulate inorganic matter (PIM) are included as detailed\nvariables under inorganic matter.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fde380a-38c5-4d46-bc80-4f2515a43983", "label": "NITRATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of\noxygen, NO3-, available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db5357c9-cc9d-4693-86fe-6bb88555d434", "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A colorless, odorless gas with the chemical formula N2, constituting 78% of\nthe atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54054bc3-5faa-4b0d-b5dd-cf04595369b5", "label": "NITROGEN DIOXIDE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A reddish-brown, highly poisonous gas, with the chemical formula NO2.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3055f47-258e-4556-a885-54cd1fff4680", "label": "ORGANIC CARBON", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Carbon species that are hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives. Variables\nsuch as particulate organic carbon (POC) are included as detailed\nvariables under organic carbon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2bdeb71-81b5-43e6-a8b1-b09c215c8d1a", "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are hydrocarbons or\nhydrocarbon derivatives. Variables such as dissolved organic matter (DOM)\nor particulate organic matter (POM) are included as detailed variables\nunder organic matter.", "children": [ { "uuid": "18e0fad3-b6f4-4120-9221-f82fb2ffd384", "label": "COLORED DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "b2bdeb71-81b5-43e6-a8b1-b09c215c8d1a", + "parentId": "b2bdeb71-81b5-43e6-a8b1-b09c215c8d1a", "definition": "Optically measurable component of the dissolved organic matter in the water.", "children": [] } @@ -5189,28 +5189,28 @@ { "uuid": "4433600b-f323-458a-b295-352f939aab6b", "label": "PH", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A measure of the alkaline or acid strength of a substance. pH is defined\nas the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration of\na solution.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b513d8c-bfd3-44ee-976e-42757b8375a2", "label": "PHOSPHATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of phosphorus and four atoms of\noxygen, PO4(-3), available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c91c8879-1b29-48e3-b4cd-a238af66cdaf", "label": "SILICATE", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "A charged molecule composed of atoms of silicon and oxygen, available to\nplants and phytoplankton as a nutrient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b846063c-e218-4fc6-9866-0cdca24e9023", "label": "HYPOXIA", - "broader": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", + "parentId": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Hypoxia in aquatic systems refers to waters where the\ndissolved oxygen concentration is below 2 mg/L. Most organisms avoid, or\nbecome physiologically stressed, in waters with oxygen below this\nconcentration. Also known as a dead zone, hypoxia can also kill marine\norganisms which cannot escape the low-oxygen water, affecting commercial\nharvests and the health of impacted ecosystems.\n3. Rationale: Numerous researchers are studying hypoxia, the hypoxic\nzone, and its effect on fisheries. It is becoming a highly visible hot\ntopic in the Gulf of Mexico and other regions as the onset of hypoxia is\nlargely due to increased nutrient run off from agriculture practices in the\nMississippi River watershed. I think there needs to be a unifying keyword\nto link these datasets together for users to discover hypoxia related data\nacross multiple organizations and programs.", "children": [] } @@ -5219,61 +5219,61 @@ { "uuid": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "label": "COASTAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Scientific field of study of the land environment immediately affected\nby marine processes. Includes variables pertaining to both coastal\nfeatures and the processes that affect them.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6f7b2753-aed1-4783-a7cc-781d00d13a0f", "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "An elongated mound of sand formed by wind or water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e28f2e0-a641-4085-be07-366ed6e701f4", "label": "BARRIER ISLANDS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "Elongate sand bar formed parallel to the shore in areas of\nconsiderable sediment flux, but separated from shore by a lagoon, and\npierced at intervals by inlets through which the sea communicates with\nlagoon and river.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ba798ce-ad0b-4809-94fa-ec1b8e294252", "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A zone of unconsolidated particles extending from below water level to the\nedge of the coastal zone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fbf5df2-ab7c-43fc-9bb2-8eb3f8891f7b", "label": "COASTAL ELEVATION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "Vertical height of the land along the coast, measured from a datum such as\nmean sea level.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", "label": "CORAL REEFS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A mass of calcium carbonate rock material derived from coral organisms,\nalgae, mollusks, worms, etc. Also used as pertaining to the living\nbiological aspects of the reef.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f5df87b6-ed50-4da0-9ba5-7ce4c907bdb3", "label": "CORAL BLEACHING", - "broader": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", + "parentId": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", "definition": "The loss of intracellular endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, also known as zooxanthellae) through either expulsion or loss of algal pigmentation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3edb3342-dab8-41d6-9f6a-28dd448528ec", "label": "CORAL REEF ASSESSMENT", - "broader": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", + "parentId": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", "definition": "Assessments of coral reef and deep sea coral ecology, biology, and distributions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e24064a-7035-402a-ab9d-fa5e5c359720", "label": "CORAL REEF EXTENT", - "broader": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", + "parentId": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30", "definition": "Measurement of the spatial extent or dimensions of coral reefs. A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed by colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but deep water and cold water coral reefs exist on smaller scales in other areas.", "children": [] } @@ -5282,146 +5282,146 @@ { "uuid": "f9f0f92b-7901-4dda-8d64-be4e845ce29b", "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The deposit of sediments found at the mouth of a river.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd7a7748-7231-4a73-b85c-b5696066230a", "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The process by which soil, rock or sand is gradually worn away by water or\nwind action.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7dcdedf-bcc5-4032-b70f-7fadf74d6144", "label": "ESTUARIES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A semi-enclosed body of water near a coastline where fresh water mixes\nwith ocean water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a90899c8-fe50-48e0-b92c-bb64f6ae681c", "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A deep narrow estuary in a valley originally cut by a glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f43cd776-c568-4d09-997c-0a8ad1022e06", "label": "INLETS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A passage giving the ocean access to an enclosed lagoon, harbor, or bay.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82b62e59-6ea1-48e1-a402-bd386c5046eb", "label": "INTERTIDAL ZONE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The marine zone between the highest high tide point on a shoreline and\nthe lowest low tide point.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c733c179-c12a-47e9-8e9a-817a5212446f", "label": "LAGOONS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A shallow body of seawater generally isolated from the ocean by a\nbarrier island or coral reef, or enclosed within an atoll.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a090f0c-7466-47fd-b679-5dee947ab05c", "label": "LOCAL SUBSIDENCE TRENDS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "Sinking of the land due to tectonic or isostatic processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ccf07d90-b3a3-43d3-9249-a494bb48d1b6", "label": "LONGSHORE CURRENTS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A current running parallel to shore in the surf zone, caused by the\nincomplete refraction of waves approaching the beach at an angle.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04c4a85f-91ce-4d64-9e19-b3e0897ff187", "label": "MANGROVES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of large flowering shrubs or trees growing\nin dense thickets or forests along muddy or silty tropical coasts.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30056645-a442-4ef6-ac76-c5bc27086d83", "label": "MARSHES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of dense grasses (typically salt-tolerant cordgrasses of the genus Spartina) growing on broad, flat coastal areas, characterized by muddy substrate and periodic tidal draining and flooding.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "488f4df2-712e-4fac-98d1-46ab134b84ee", "label": "ROCKY COASTS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of rock-dominated shorelines,\noften characterized by high-energy wave action, and often common along\nisostatically rebounding coastlines.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dffe5a35-09af-4413-bdd3-a5aedfeb49cc", "label": "SALTWATER INTRUSION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The intrusion of saline marine water into fresh groundwater supplies\nalong coasts, often due to the extraction of fresh groundwater for human\nconsumption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0afaaa5e-f88c-4c1f-95c1-1faa0148885a", "label": "SEA LEVEL RISE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "An increase in the average height of the sea surface over a vertical datum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ed24fe1-d0d5-46d1-8d22-8ac25d289c75", "label": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, such as a vertical datum\nfor sea level measurements, or a reference ellipsoid for satellite\naltimetric measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5c34f0a-552e-45a6-91c1-9edb3a8deef9", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The movement of loose particulate material by a medium such as wind or\nwater currents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9457740a-897b-4adc-96fb-f3e3aafa34ea", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The process of deposition of loose particulate material, especially\nby mechanical means, from a state of suspension in water or air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c2d2255-680d-47d6-adb2-179093593f8a", "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A sandbank or sandbar that makes the water shallow and presents a\nnavigation hazard.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a740c3e-7032-4f72-93e8-d0ba343d82e0", "label": "SHORELINE DISPLACEMENT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The distance over which the coast has moved due to a combination of\nfactors; i.e., sea level rise, erosion, or sedimentation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d3b4eb7-9931-44bf-8457-26847051b7a8", "label": "SHORELINES", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "Representation of the coast in vector format used to delineate the\nland-sea boundary in maps or geographic information systems.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3472f70b-874f-4dc5-87db-4b3ebc4b9aaa", "label": "SHORELINE MAPPING", - "broader": "1d3b4eb7-9931-44bf-8457-26847051b7a8", + "parentId": "1d3b4eb7-9931-44bf-8457-26847051b7a8", "definition": "Large-scale maps and nautical charts required to properly depict shoreline, shoreline features, navigation aids, and other navigationally significant features such as piers, docks, pilings, etc. These maps are compiled from remotely sensed data such as aerial photographs, LIDAR or satellite imagery.", "children": [] } @@ -5430,21 +5430,21 @@ { "uuid": "9edd23d0-68a9-4bae-8887-705058f48ba7", "label": "STORM SURGE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "A rise above normal sea level on the coast where the Ekman effect, from\nstrong winds, causes the shallow waters to pile up against the shore.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ab67e8f-066e-47b8-838d-8cd5e7460119", "label": "TIDAL HEIGHT", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, varying as a result of the\nrise and fall of tides.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "22450240-b06c-4954-a8d6-c6b756dab92d", "label": "BOTTOM COVER TYPE", - "broader": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", + "parentId": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b", "definition": "The general three-dimensional features of the bottom and whether it is covered in sand, coral, sediment, rock, man made objects, etc., to determine benthic zone type.", "children": [] } @@ -5453,34 +5453,34 @@ { "uuid": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", "label": "MARINE GEOPHYSICS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to the physics of the oceanic crust\nand ocean-inundated continental crust. Variables include marine\nmorphological features, geophysical processes of the marine environment,\nand geophysical measurements of the marine environment.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7863ce31-0e06-42a5-bcf8-25981c44dec8", "label": "MARINE MAGNETICS", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", + "parentId": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the Earth's magnetic field through the\nworld's oceans to detect variances in the oceanic crust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e31f905d-bd2a-4fe9-89d8-909e1d2b9b1a", "label": "MAGNETIC ANOMALIES", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", + "parentId": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", "definition": "Pertaining to the areas of the oceanic crust where the remnant\nmagnetic signature is different than that of the Earth's magnetic\nfield.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad09b215-e837-4d9f-acbc-2b45e5b81825", "label": "MARINE GRAVITY FIELD", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", + "parentId": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", "definition": "Pertaining to the changes in the Earth's gravitational field due to\nvariances in the oceanic crust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78a4dbe2-2d6b-4562-988c-022c3a83f4c1", "label": "PLATE TECTONICS", - "broader": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", + "parentId": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93", "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is \r\ndivided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is \r\nthat of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their \r\nboundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries.", "children": [] } @@ -5489,33 +5489,33 @@ { "uuid": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", "label": "WATER QUALITY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "The distinguishing attribute or characteristic of water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f1ee3e81-09b9-48d4-81d9-5faeb90430cc", "label": "OCEAN CONTAMINANTS", - "broader": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", + "parentId": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", "definition": "Intrusion of or contact with undesirable elements from an outside\nsource that affect the water quality of the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", "label": "HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM (HABs)", - "broader": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", + "parentId": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", "definition": "Forecasting, modeling, and/or observations of harmful algal blooms (colonies of algae that grow in dense concentrations and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and/or birds).", "children": [ { "uuid": "bce85eb7-e9fc-48ed-9595-9d45c4482728", "label": "CELL CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", + "parentId": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", "definition": "Cell concentration/abundance of harmful algal blooms used to inform harmful algal bloom forecasts.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "631935dd-0a9f-4627-bbb1-c224ac0a7766", "label": "TOXIN CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", + "parentId": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060", "definition": "Concentrations of toxic chemicals produced by harmful algal blooms.", "children": [] } @@ -5524,13 +5524,13 @@ { "uuid": "ff13560a-161c-4ac9-b79c-4910936cf465", "label": "SEA SURFACE CONTAMINANTS", - "broader": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", + "parentId": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", "definition": "Contaminants or other pollutants in the ocean at the surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4e0ac490-817b-4735-93a3-ab6775486023", "label": "MICROPLASTIC CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "ff13560a-161c-4ac9-b79c-4910936cf465", + "parentId": "ff13560a-161c-4ac9-b79c-4910936cf465", "definition": "Refers to the concentration of plastics in the ocean.", "children": [] } @@ -5541,41 +5541,41 @@ { "uuid": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", "label": "MARINE VOLCANISM", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "The set of geological processes within the ocean that result in the\nvolcanic expulsions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide at the Earth's surface\nthrough vents.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f345294c-36e6-4c76-b484-2204cc0bc3a2", "label": "MID-OCEAN RIDGES", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", + "parentId": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", "definition": "The long, continuous mountain chain found in all oceans; ocean\ncrust is created by the process of sea-floor spreading at its crest.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b677862b-7921-458f-a6db-0eb46469df33", "label": "HYDROTHERMAL VENTS", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", + "parentId": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", "definition": "Pertaining to the fractures in the oceanic crust where superheated water\nis ejected into the ocean, providing a source of minerals, and unusual\nlife forms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf3d6238-d0d6-4e73-82e6-5e38bc9291bb", "label": "BENTHIC HEAT FLOW", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", + "parentId": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", "definition": "Pertaining to the heat disapation through the deep oceanic crust from\nthe Earth's mantle, which decreases with distance from the midocean\nridge.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f32afbca-dac6-41b1-a198-791c1fb57951", "label": "RIFT VALLEYS", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", + "parentId": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", "definition": "Pertaining to the valley that forms down the center of a mid-ocean ridge\nwhere the formation of oceanic crust occurs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bb0de49-1812-400c-a73b-d2686dd9066a", "label": "ISLAND ARCS", - "broader": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", + "parentId": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256", "definition": "Pertaining to the chains of volcanic islands that form above subduction zones\non the overriding plate.", "children": [] } @@ -5584,47 +5584,47 @@ { "uuid": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "label": "SALINITY/DENSITY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "The total amount of dissolved material in water and its effect on\nwater's mass-to-volume ratio. Scientific measurements related to either\nsalinity or density are included under this Term.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fe4a246b-4614-422b-8ca5-0481ee417318", "label": "POTENTIAL DENSITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "Measurement of water density taking water's compressibility into\naccount, provided no heat exchange of the water sample with its\nsurroundings. This is important because of the potential temperature\nchange of water at varying levels of pressure. That is, under high\npressure, water is warmer (less potentially dense) than that same sample\nof water at low pressure (lower potential temperature and thus more\npotentially dense).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e95b5fc-1d58-431a-af36-948b29fa870d", "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "A measure of the dissolved solids in seawater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04305c55-14f0-42a3-a099-79eb326946d7", "label": "HALOCLINE", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which salinity increases rapidly with depth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", "label": "CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "The degree to which an electrical current can pass through water due to\nions dissolved in the water. Salinity is often calculated from\nconductivity and temperature.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9709d1cb-e165-4aa5-be87-daa2989aac31", "label": "CONDUCTIVITY PROFILES", - "broader": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", + "parentId": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", "definition": "Vertical profiles of conductivity (used to determine salinity).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a819235a-68b0-46f2-9d96-49b73fd31092", "label": "SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", + "parentId": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", "definition": "Conductivity (used to determine salinity) at the ocean's surface.", "children": [] } @@ -5633,89 +5633,89 @@ { "uuid": "007ab607-2ee1-484d-85fb-0bfb89f18c9b", "label": "DENSITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "The mass per unit volume of a substance. Oceanographic shorthand for\ndensity, sigma-t, may be included as a Detailed Variable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41926d67-161a-4add-bb12-66038c919efb", "label": "DESALINIZATION", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "The process of removing salt from seawater or brackish water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ad73f85-8bad-4e5a-a902-e83eee910b5e", "label": "PYCNOCLINE", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which density increases rapidly with\ndepth. Temperature falls and salinity rises in this zone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15f87fbc-b972-403f-97c0-15f387a13efe", "label": "SALT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "The mass transport of salt in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "label": "OCEAN SALINITY", - "broader": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", + "parentId": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e", "definition": "Refers to the salt content of the Ocean expressed as a ratio of salt (in grams) to liter of water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "label": "OCEAN SALINITY BUDGET", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", + "parentId": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "definition": "Refers to the balance and process of salt in the Earth's oceans and the salt gains and losses due to evaporation, diffusion, precipitation, and other factors.", "children": [ { "uuid": "470e3f31-86af-4a9b-9279-ce1ba125d1dd", "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", + "parentId": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "definition": "Refers to the transport of salt within the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73432d3c-341a-48e7-a765-30395ce588be", "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", + "parentId": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "definition": "Refers to the net movement of salt from a region in the ocean of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1cc632bd-8ed6-46ae-8948-15d7b3e1524a", "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", + "parentId": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "definition": "Refers to the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor and leaves the remaining salt in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bfa93e9c-392f-4f59-8cc8-0866e24531f5", "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", + "parentId": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "132ef849-3da3-4252-8f70-8dd36e790844", "label": "RUNOFF", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", + "parentId": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "definition": "Refers to water that flows from the land surface into the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac5ba325-b613-4f2e-ae7d-f81e478f5091", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", + "parentId": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "definition": "Refers to the melting sea ice or the growth of sea ice and its impact on the salinity concentration in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e22f7a00-3f3e-48ce-82c5-f69203239570", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", + "parentId": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] } @@ -5724,35 +5724,35 @@ { "uuid": "f1964fd8-9ab6-4f36-b761-131ff79a12bc", "label": "ABSOLUTE SALINITY", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", + "parentId": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "definition": "The mass fraction of total dissolved solids/salt per kilogram of seawater. In practice, this mass is difficult to determine. A protocol was adopted in 1902 by an international commission to approach the value of the dissolved substance mass.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c778b59-6ed9-442e-897e-c48ce5baa3b0", "label": "PRACTICAL SALINITY", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", + "parentId": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "definition": "In the Practical Salinity Scale, practical salinity is defined in terms of the ratio K15 of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample, at a temperature of 15° C and a pressure of one standard atmosphere, to that of a potassium chloride (KCl) solution, in which the mass fraction of KCl is 32.4356 x 10-3 at the same temperature and pressure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "972d17d7-7dea-4df2-bec5-24e8ca873dbd", "label": "OCEAN SALINITY PROFILES", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", + "parentId": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "definition": "Vertical profiles of ocean salinity (including upper and deep ocean).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1544c1fe-58dd-4b19-bf9e-457b4f21ef29", "label": "OCEAN SURFACE SALINITY", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", + "parentId": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "definition": "Salinity of sea water in the surface layer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "376dde0f-a750-4138-91ce-8ca635bf05bd", "label": "SALT FLUX", - "broader": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", + "parentId": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "definition": "Sea salt aerosol, which originally comes from sea spray, is one of the most widely distributed natural aerosols. Sea salt aerosols are characterized as non-light-absorbing, highly hygroscopic, and having coarse particle size. Some sea salt dominated aerosols could have a single scattering albedo as large as ~0.97. Due to the hygroscopy, a sea salt particle can serve as a very efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), altering cloud reflectivity, lifetime, and precipitation process. According to the IPCC report, the total sea salt flux from ocean to atmosphere is ~3300 Tg/yr", "children": [] } @@ -5763,138 +5763,138 @@ { "uuid": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "label": "OCEAN OPTICS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Scientific field of study of light in the oceans. Variables include\nmeasurable characteristics of underwater light.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e501d002-d11e-4569-8c0d-e40ae5b45f65", "label": "ABSORPTION", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "A process by which incident radiation is taken into a body and\r\nretained without reflection or transmission. It increases either the\r\ninternal or the kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms composing the\r\nabsorbing medium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71c78d69-9cfe-48e9-8dd2-9c75acf22283", "label": "ATTENUATION/TRANSMISSION", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Attenuation is the exponential loss of light intensity as light\npropagates through water. Attenuation is caused by absorption and\nscattering of light energy. Transmission is the measurement of the\npercentage of light received at a photo cell placed at fixed distances\nfrom a light source.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40aacf7a-aba0-4ba2-bf85-ea7c39c3322c", "label": "IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Incoming radiant energy incident upon a particular area. In the water, this\ncan be measured as downwelling irradiance at various wavelengths. Such\nmeasurements of downwelling irradiance are included as detailed\nvariables.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87b074b4-9b73-4e69-b8c0-0f112b1cfa6d", "label": "GELBSTOFF", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced by the decomposition of plant\nmaterial and the metabolism of plankton, originating in the ocean or\nbrought to the ocean by rivers, and producing a distinctive yellow-brown\nto yellow-red coloration of the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f7ad022-70ea-4254-b0ae-7a231fc2e46a", "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "The fraction of the total radiant flux incident upon a surface that\nis reflected and that varies according to the wavelength distribution\nof the incident radiation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "90f97e5b-f883-4a34-a3bc-7dea8d96eb7d", "label": "BIOLUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "The production of visible light by organisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20b41061-e6dc-47ef-b73b-00dc08a59618", "label": "SCATTERING", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "The process by which some of a stream of radiation is dispersed to travel\r\nin directions other than that which from it was incident by particles\r\nsuspended in the medium through which it is travelling.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68dacfbb-4f23-4325-b80f-4b09d41bd505", "label": "RADIANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "The flux density or radiant energy per unit area of a\r\nradiating surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "001f18d3-7e61-430b-9883-1960c6256fe5", "label": "OPTICAL DEPTH", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "The degree to which the ocean absorbs light, assuming vertical\nseparation between light source and light receiver.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0d83687-bc0a-4491-bb3e-697f1018da13", "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related to\nthe amount of suspended material in the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7410899-350a-4443-9430-c7fe1fa3a499", "label": "PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Photosynthetically Active Radiation is the light in the whole wavelength\nband from 400 nm (deep violet) to 700 nm (dark red) used by plants\nin photosynthesis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78f5a84f-1b5b-44a9-97e7-4a1996cd2e36", "label": "OCEAN COLOR", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Study of visible light interactions with oceanic water, both within the\nwater column and remotely sensed from the ocean surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "954c2f25-3ec8-4774-ba34-fa4289f33f0e", "label": "SECCHI DEPTH", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Depth at which a Secchi disk, when lowered into the water from the\nsurface, disappears from view due to turbidity of the water. Used as a\nquick assessment of water clarity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f2ec7b9-3e8c-4d12-bba6-0f84c08729e0", "label": "EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Coefficient of underwater light attenuation. Different coefficients\nare included as detailed variables (e.g. diffuse attenuation coefficient,\netc.).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad41b62a-141b-4207-887c-334367860cf4", "label": "WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Radiation from the sun, reflected off particles in the water, and exiting\nthe ocean surface back into the atmosphere. The upwelling radiance at the\nocean surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a60ae1b6-abfc-4905-8c09-772da7bb1a10", "label": "FLUORESCENCE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "The emission of radiation, especially of visible light, by a substance\nduring exposure to external radiation, as light or x-rays. Since the\nchlorophyll molecule fluoresces, the measurement of fluorescence can be\nused to calculate chlorophyll concentration in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e8943e7-daf9-41f2-8a5e-b415b82e6381", "label": "APHOTIC/PHOTIC ZONE", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Aphotic zone in the ocean, beneath the photic zone, where light intensities\nare not sufficient to enable photosynthetic production. Photic zone is\nthe illuminated zone of the ocean where light intensities are sufficient\nfor photosynthetic primary production. Also known as the euphotic zone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15cc550b-068c-49f4-b082-bc2a43675606", "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", + "parentId": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "The green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f816677-9e94-4e3b-b409-513335769af8", "label": "CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "15cc550b-068c-49f4-b082-bc2a43675606", + "parentId": "15cc550b-068c-49f4-b082-bc2a43675606", "definition": "The concentration of chlorophyll is a proxy for the number of photosynthetic plankton, or phytoplankton, present in the ocean. Phytoplankton populations are influenced by climatic factors such as sea surface temperatures and winds.", "children": [] } @@ -5905,117 +5905,117 @@ { "uuid": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "label": "OCEAN HEAT BUDGET", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Study of the heat energy gains and losses of the oceans, on global or\nregional scales. Variables include the terms in the heat budget equation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "881eea51-e32c-4174-a73f-d56c94122c2e", "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "The physical process by which a liquid is transformed to the gaseous\nstate. Evaporation also implies a loss of heat from the ocean surface and\nis an important term in determining the heat budget of the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9b6a001-42b2-48db-b132-62e69f03b8cb", "label": "BOWEN RATIO", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "The ratio of the amount of sensible to that of latent heat lost by a surface\r\nto the atmosphere by the processes of conduction and turbulence. See J. M.\r\nLewis. The story behind the Bowen ratio. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.,\r\n76:-2443, 1995.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ef42281-1e38-4391-b578-ba6a6158f0c2", "label": "CONDUCTION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "Conduction is the transfer of energy within and through a conductor.\nIn oceanography, the rate of heat gain or loss through the sea surface\nby conduction can be measured.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1426df9-7653-442b-8e38-fa28757ec748", "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "In radiation transfer, reflectance is the fraction of incoming radiation\r\nthat is reflected from a medium. The sum of this, the transmittance, and\r\nthe absorptance must equal unity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69d394f7-a792-4a17-8d7f-e60cd60dcda0", "label": "CONVECTION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "Convection is energy transfer through motion of within the fluid resulting\nin transport and mixing of the properties of the fluid. In\noceanography, convection plays a role in the transfer of heat away from\nthe ocean. As the air near the warm sea surface gets heated, it expands\nand rises, carrying the heat away. In physical oceanography, the sinking\nof surface waters to form deep water masses, a process of fundamental\nimportance for ocean climate and the maintenance of a stably stratified\nworld ocean. There are two main types of deep convection, the physics of\nwhich are very different. The first is convection near an open boundary,\nwhich involves the formation of a dense water mass which reaches the\nbottom of the ocean by descending a continental slope. The second type is\nopen-ocean deep convection, where the sinking occurs far from land and is\npredominantly vertical.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed2e9f34-2358-4a2a-a83e-febba8989c5c", "label": "HEATING RATE", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "The heat flux that is dissipated or absorbed by the ocean over a period of\n time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc891281-b24c-4310-b39b-81715d7dad08", "label": "LONGWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "Longwave Radiation (or Infrared Radiation) is electromagnetic radiation in\nthe interval from 0.8 microns to about 1000 microns. Longwave radiation is\nthe electromagnetic energy radiated outward by the earth (land and sea) at\na rate depending on the absolute temperature of the earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f6358aa-872c-4c1c-9388-4714138f034a", "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "Advection is the transfer of properties of current flow. The transfer of\nheat gain/loss from one region to another.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93c1a177-70e3-4c33-a183-baff7f401697", "label": "CONDENSATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "The physical process by which a vapor becomes a liquid or solid. In the\nheat budget of the ocean, the rate of heat gain can be affected by the\ncondensation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "064d919e-3262-44c3-a636-8094bc963001", "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater\n(e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zone\nof lesser concentration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "The rate of flow of heat.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c7dc02a5-0db0-43cf-ac7a-8768b7ddda5f", "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", + "parentId": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a2d1d48-d2cc-4fe7-85f5-c98ab3a11262", "label": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", + "parentId": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ee32363-7c39-40c3-95b3-4f24e284abb6", "label": "TURBULENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", + "parentId": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "258d6984-ff0c-40d5-9dc5-673d211e21e7", "label": "GEOTHERMAL HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", + "parentId": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb02e3ec-d872-4944-b824-07fde2260599", "label": "CONDUCTIVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", + "parentId": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -6024,7 +6024,7 @@ { "uuid": "8d69bce7-efce-4efb-9870-6a6d3a2684fd", "label": "SHORTWAVE RADIATION", - "broader": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", + "parentId": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "Shortwave radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the visible\nand near-visible portions of the spectrum (0.4 to 1.0 microns). Shortwave\nradiation is the small fraction of the sun's total radiated energy\nreaching the atmosphere. Shortwave radiation reaching the surface of the\nocean is direct radiation or indirect radiation scattered from the\natmosphere.", "children": [] } @@ -6033,26 +6033,26 @@ { "uuid": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", "label": "SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "To measure sea surface height, or surface topography, scientists need\nto obtain the precise distance between the satellite and the center of\nthe Earth and the precise distance between the satellite and the sea\nsurface. Sea surface height is then calculated by subtracting the\ndistance between the sea surface and the satellite from the distance\nbetween the center of the Earth and the satellite. The distance between\nthe satellite and the center of the Earth is obtained by carefully\nmonitoring the satellite position at all times.", "children": [ { "uuid": "52a32bd3-d701-49e1-a827-67b3d96d8e56", "label": "SEA SURFACE SLOPE", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", + "parentId": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", "definition": "The slope of the ocean water surface, resultant from a geophysical\nphenomenon such as dynamic circulation or tides. This variable does not\nrefer to wave slope.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c0b448c-7eb4-4e8c-8403-260cbb6114bb", "label": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", + "parentId": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, such as a vertical datum\nfor sea level measurements, or a reference ellipsoid for satellite\naltimetric measurements.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3798a6c9-9b39-4e22-bee4-be80d39049fe", "label": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT ANOMALY (SSHA)", - "broader": "5c0b448c-7eb4-4e8c-8403-260cbb6114bb", + "parentId": "5c0b448c-7eb4-4e8c-8403-260cbb6114bb", "definition": "Difference of sea surface height and mean sea surface. Sea surface height may be corrected using models for effects such as tides and atmospheric forcing", "children": [] } @@ -6061,27 +6061,27 @@ { "uuid": "70082342-c777-49e9-88e5-a4a77728d3cc", "label": "MEAN SEA SURFACE", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", + "parentId": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", "definition": "The mean sea surface is the displacement of the sea surface relative to a mathematical model of the earth and it closely follows the geoid.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", "label": "DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", + "parentId": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", "definition": "Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7e1fc68e-5a7e-4a59-8ae6-3fa15bdae12d", "label": "ABSOLUTE DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", + "parentId": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", "definition": "The absolute dynamic topography, from which the ocean's currents can be derived by geostrophy, is obtained, either by subtracting the geoid height from the altimetric Mean Sea Surface height above the reference ellipsoid, or by estimating the ocean Mean Dynamic Topography and adding it to the altimetric sea level.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf89619d-c67d-43f0-a217-c8684ce7c984", "label": "MEAN DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", + "parentId": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95", "definition": "The mean dynamic topography (MDT) is the height of the time-mean sea surface above the geoid. Its slope reveals the magnitude and direction of ocean surface geostrophic currents; hence, it is a surface representation of the ocean's mean circulation.", "children": [] } @@ -6090,20 +6090,20 @@ { "uuid": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", "label": "SEA LEVEL", - "broader": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", + "parentId": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", "definition": "An average level of the surface of Earth's oceans from which heights such as elevation may be measured.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0fde8353-9773-4948-b206-9c273c2100c8", "label": "SEA LEVEL ANOMALY", - "broader": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", + "parentId": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", "definition": "A sea level anomaly reveals the regional extent of anomalous water levels in the coastal ocean which can indicate unusual water temperatures, salinities, average monthly winds, atmospheric pressures, and/or coastal currents. A sea level anomaly, as defined by NOAA's National Ocean Service, occurs when the 5-month running average of the interannual variation is at least 0.1 meters (4 inches) greater than or less than the long-term trend. The interannual variation is the monthly mean sea level after the trend and the average seasonal cycle are removed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3ea8884-87a8-4a12-96d5-98e21a9fa2c7", "label": "MEAN SEA LEVEL", - "broader": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", + "parentId": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1", "definition": "An average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.", "children": [] } @@ -6114,40 +6114,40 @@ { "uuid": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "label": "OCEAN CIRCULATION", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Pertaining to or measuring the movement of water in the marine\nenvironment. Variables include types of motion, as well as, circulation\nfeatures. Proper names of oceanic currents are not included.", "children": [ { "uuid": "81f51367-8467-4183-baea-6b526780fcc7", "label": "BUOY POSITION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The latitudinal/longitudinal position of a buoy with respect to ocean\ncurrents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03fbea0a-74b9-4c78-8752-a588cff27f17", "label": "WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The surface currents that form from the transfer of energy from winds\nto surface waters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", "label": "EDDIES", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "Unit(s) of motion in a fluid medium (ocean) running contrary,\nusually circularly, to the main current.", "children": [ { "uuid": "160c0b4d-6c03-4576-a4ea-f743a3a69d13", "label": "SUBMESOCALE EDDIES", - "broader": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", + "parentId": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", "definition": "Submesoscale eddies can efficiently transport heat and salt in the upper ocean (Wang et al., 2018) and play an important role in the balance of energy generation and dissipation of larger scale oceanic processes (Munk et al., 2000; Zatsepin et al., 2019). However, compared to mesoscale eddies, they remain poorly studied due to technical difficulties in observing these small-scale and ephemeral ocean features. Satellite altimeters typically cannot characterize eddies smaller than 100–200 km in diameter. In subtropical and tropical oceans sea surface temperature imagery lose their spatial contrast during summer, and satellite ocean color imagery also suffer to lack of sufficient observations due to clouds, strong sun glint, and stray light (Chen et al., 2019; Hu, 2011). As a result, to date, there is generally a lack of synoptic and long-term characterization of submesoscale eddies in the world's oceans, except perhaps in some small regions when continuous land-based high frequency-radar observations are available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc95c990-47cb-4087-a08f-235dd1eb1260", "label": "MESOSCALE EDDIES", - "broader": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", + "parentId": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", "definition": "Ocean mesoscale eddies are the “weather” of the ocean, with typical horizontal scales of less than 100 km and timescales on the order of a month. The mesoscale eddy field includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals. The mesoscale field is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline. A special class of eddies, known as meddies (Mediterranean eddies), are predominantly sub-surface lenses of salty water that form off the Atlantic coast of Spain/Portugal from the deep Mediterranean outflow.", "children": [] } @@ -6156,118 +6156,118 @@ { "uuid": "10a9c153-f37d-48fe-920d-c790d946ab07", "label": "CONVECTION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The circulatory vertical motion in a fluid medium (ocean water) owing to\nthe variation of its density and the action of gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc0a6bb2-27f0-48e8-89f1-ebfc7ccd4823", "label": "GYRES", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The large-scale pattern of circulation around the entire ocean basin.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "22b339b5-1af5-46e3-8191-d93729001eeb", "label": "FRONTS", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "Sharp temperature boundaries between water masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa1bc71c-daeb-401e-9e29-ebde975482cf", "label": "THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "Circulation driven by the unequal heating of earth by the sun, together\nwith surface patterns of evaporation and precipitation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fe4680b-96e8-4304-ab32-c17a0769932c", "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater\n(e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zone\nof lesser concentration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "113edd07-7b1a-4082-b054-b58d3f23b93a", "label": "WATER MASSES", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "A large body of seawater identified by its temperature and salinity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48ec6449-373c-41f6-8a61-8f1e9ed95737", "label": "OCEAN MIXED LAYER", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "Also called the surface zone. The ocean mixed layer is the upper layer\nof ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant with\ndepth. Depending on local conditions, the surface layer may reach to 1,000\nmeters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0cb7f2c6-5e99-4781-8d4f-19ecbad2e2e0", "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The horizontal or vertical flow of seawater as a current.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bdd42024-d1a4-4fb2-a16a-06ac0cc1dedc", "label": "FRESH WATER FLUX", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The volume transport of water to (riverine discharge, glacial\ndischarge, precipitation) or from (evaporation) the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "label": "OCEAN CURRENTS", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "Horizontal flow of water in an established, defined pattern.", "children": [ { "uuid": "abb21298-124f-4f12-92e8-affbb5c8fba8", "label": "SUBSURFACE CURRENTS", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", + "parentId": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "Bulk layer (ocean subsurface) measure of the water flow vector.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "811512a3-5138-43c5-99e5-d1373e2710a8", "label": "CURRENT PROFILES", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", + "parentId": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "Ocean current direction (vector) throughout the water column.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3647731-a71a-4af4-bfa2-e53b61efafeb", "label": "SURFACE CURRENTS", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", + "parentId": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "Ocean surface current direction (vector).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7744f889-b25e-4d0e-bcf6-d94cbf63df22", "label": "SPEED PROFILES", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", + "parentId": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "Ocean current velocity throughout the water column.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64bcd669-cbb0-41ff-a4bf-9ce1050d12c7", "label": "SURFACE SPEED", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", + "parentId": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "Ocean surface current/water flow velocity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "499ad64c-bf58-498e-a885-fc99c6d76728", "label": "VERTICAL CURRENT SHEAR", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", + "parentId": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "The vertical derivative of current speed with depth in water. This is analogous to the “VERTICAL WIND SHEAR” keyword.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39dfbc45-f1bc-496b-bb97-849aacf2feb7", "label": "HORIZONTAL CURRENT SHEAR", - "broader": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", + "parentId": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "The horizontal derivative of current speed with distance in water. This is analogous to the “HORIZONTAL WIND SHEAR” keyword.", "children": [] } @@ -6276,34 +6276,34 @@ { "uuid": "b9f343a1-0b8d-4e88-91bc-21f5d551963f", "label": "TURBULENCE", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "Highly disordered flow in fluids, a source of energy for the mixing of\nwater masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75ab3537-34b1-4025-b758-7296626079ba", "label": "UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The upward motion of seawater anywhere in the oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", "label": "VORTICITY", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "Measure of the rotational spin about an axis at some point within a fluid.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ace6a51d-36af-4330-893f-d1fecc8ac904", "label": "RELATIVE VORTICITY", - "broader": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", + "parentId": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", "definition": "The counter-clockwise (CCW) or clockwise (CW) circulation of weather systems. CCW (cyclonic) rotation is considered '+' ... same as Earth; CW (anticyclonic) rotation is considered to be '-'; consists of two parts: relative vorticity due to curved flow and that due to wind shear.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aad49974-99ab-4623-a716-ea73e2f46ad1", "label": "POTENTIAL VORTICITY", - "broader": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", + "parentId": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", "definition": "The quantity which is proportional to the dot product of vorticity and stratification. This quantity, following a parcel of air or water, can only be changed by diabatic or frictional processes. It is a useful concept for understanding the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis (the birth and development of a cyclone), especially along the polar front, and in analyzing flow in the ocean.", "children": [] } @@ -6312,14 +6312,14 @@ { "uuid": "d96bcb09-f240-41cc-84d0-6af9fb3509de", "label": "OCEAN MASS", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "The mass of the water in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6f748f7-3a2a-4c76-90bd-8e8d7a691b21", "label": "SUBDUCTION", - "broader": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", + "parentId": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4", "definition": "A geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense lithosphere of a second plate, the heavier plate dives beneath the second plate and sinks into the mantle.", "children": [] } @@ -6328,41 +6328,41 @@ { "uuid": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", "label": "TIDES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of the periodic rise and fall of the sea\nsurface, generated by long-wavelength waves which are caused by the\ninteraction of gravitational force and inertia. Variables include\ncharacteristics of tides and other aspects important to their study.", "children": [ { "uuid": "062be713-9c35-458e-86e2-26cea9415f5d", "label": "STORM SURGE", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", + "parentId": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", "definition": "A rise above normal sea level on the coast where the Ekman effect, from\nstrong winds, causes the shallow waters to pile up against the shore.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f4f40ec7-e698-4e11-b406-a0fa7f4b530c", "label": "TIDAL COMPONENTS", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", + "parentId": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", "definition": "Harmonic constituents of tides with characteristic phase, period\nand amplitude, unique to a given location and used in the harmonic method\nof tide prediction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54ab2e0e-8e36-48e8-b020-ea9a5b453373", "label": "TIDAL CURRENTS", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", + "parentId": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", "definition": "Mass flow of water induced by the raising or lowering of sea level owing\nto passage of tidal crests or troughs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9afcf69c-f56f-45a9-afd9-6f929850326b", "label": "TIDAL HEIGHT", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", + "parentId": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, varying as a result of the\nrise and fall of tides.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5a6266a-9457-4acf-b140-fcdc8bc00a00", "label": "TIDAL RANGE", - "broader": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", + "parentId": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c", "definition": "The difference in height between consecutive high and low tides.", "children": [] } @@ -6371,40 +6371,40 @@ { "uuid": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "label": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the average kinetic energy of oceanic water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", + "parentId": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water\nmolecules, measured or estimated at the sea surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cd5a4729-ea4a-4ce1-8f5a-ec6a76d31055", "label": "SEA SURFACE SKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", + "parentId": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", "definition": "The sea surface skin temperature is the temperature measured by an infrared radiometer typically operating at wavelengths in the range 3.7 - 12 micrometers. It represents the temperature within the conductive diffusion-dominated sub-layer at a depth of approximately 10 - 20 micrometers below the air-sea interface. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle including cool skin layer effects (especially at night under clear skies and low wind speed conditions) and warm layer effects in the daytime.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68a09c56-be36-4100-8757-3a6eec7dc251", "label": "SEA SURFACE SUBSKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", + "parentId": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", "definition": "The sea surface subskin temperature is the temperature at the base of the conductive laminar sub-layer of the ocean surface, that is, at a depth of approximately 1 - 1.5 millimeters below the air-sea interface. For practical purposes, this quantity can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 gigahertz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle due to thermal stratification of the upper ocean layer in low wind speed high solar irradiance conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4d58a7f-7eaa-4f75-996a-18238c698063", "label": "SEA SURFACE FOUNDATION TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", + "parentId": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", "definition": "The sea surface foundation temperature is the water temperature that is not influenced by a thermally stratified layer of diurnal temperature variability (either by daytime warming or nocturnal cooling). The foundation temperature is named to indicate that it is the temperature from which the growth of the diurnal thermocline develops each day, noting that on some occasions with a deep mixed layer there is no clear foundation temperature in the surface layer. In general, sea surface foundation temperature will be similar to a night time minimum or pre-dawn value at depths of between approximately 1 and 5 meters. In the absence of any diurnal signal, the foundation temperature is considered equivalent to the quantity with standard name sea_surface_subskin_temperature. The sea surface foundation temperature defines a level in the upper water column that varies in depth, space, and time depending on the local balance between thermal stratification and turbulent energy and is expected to change slowly over the course of a day. If possible, a data variable with the standard name sea_surface_foundation_temperature should be used with a scalar vertical coordinate variable to specify the depth of the foundation level. Sea surface foundation temperature is measured at the base of the diurnal thermocline or as close to the water surface as possible in the absence of thermal stratification. Only in situ contact thermometry is able to measure the sea surface foundation temperature. Analysis procedures must be used to estimate sea surface foundation temperature value from radiometric satellite measurements of the quantities with standard names sea_surface_skin_temperature and sea_surface_subskin_temperature. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a connection with the historical concept of a 'bulk' sea surface temperature considered representative of the oceanic mixed layer temperature that is typically represented by any sea temperature measurement within the upper ocean over a depth range of 1 to approximately 20 meters. The general term, 'bulk' sea surface temperature, has the standard name sea_surface_temperature with no associated vertical coordinate axis. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a more precise, well defined quantity than 'bulk' sea surface temperature and, consequently, is more representative of the mixed layer temperature. The temperature of sea water at a particular depth (other than the foundation level) should be reported using the standard name sea_water_temperature and, wherever possible, supplying a vertical coordinate axis or scalar coordinate variable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "904f3b34-20c8-4eb8-bf68-6304edecf945", "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY", - "broader": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", + "parentId": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78", "definition": "The temperature difference (departure) from a climatology", "children": [] } @@ -6413,42 +6413,42 @@ { "uuid": "46206e8c-8def-406f-9e62-da4e74633a58", "label": "WATER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", + "parentId": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water molecules.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64074461-95d0-4538-869a-0114e39216aa", "label": "OCEAN MIXED LAYER", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", + "parentId": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "Also called the surface zone. The ocean mixed layer is the upper layer\nof ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant with\ndepth. Depending on local conditions, the surface layer may reach to 1,000\nmeters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e02b0b50-a0f2-4c47-841b-9689fdb99121", "label": "POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", + "parentId": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "Measurement of water temperature taking water's compressibility into\naccount, provided no heat exchange of the water sample with its\nsurroundings.\t This is important because water temperature is\nhigher under the higher pressure conditions of the deep ocean compared to\nthe temperature of that same water at the lower pressure conditions of the\nocean surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68772b70-e493-48d5-b063-00b9d2dd4078", "label": "THERMOCLINE", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", + "parentId": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which temperature decreases rapidly with depth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f952e80e-77de-4dc8-aa6b-0f3be186aba5", "label": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE PROFILES", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", + "parentId": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "Vertical profiles of ocean temperature (including upper and deep ocean).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a76f878d-c6fb-49bf-9165-3cac5fb61d80", "label": "OCEAN BARRIER LAYER", - "broader": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", + "parentId": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "The layer of water separating the well-mixed surface layer from the thermocline.", "children": [] } @@ -6457,75 +6457,75 @@ { "uuid": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "label": "OCEAN ACOUSTICS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to sound propagation in the\nmarine environment. Variables include measurements of the characteristics\nof sound.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b4a924bb-0d42-4169-bad7-3856f69f0c4a", "label": "ACOUSTIC SCATTERING", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", + "parentId": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "The process by which some sound is dispersed to travel in directions other\nthan that which from it was incident by particles suspended in the medium\nthrough which it is travelling.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "025c1e31-1a97-4a30-a887-0b9a5127fd4d", "label": "ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION/TRANSMISSION", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", + "parentId": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "Attenuation: Diminution of the intensity of acoustical energy propagating\nthrough a medium with the distance traveled, through absorption and\nscattering. Transmission: Propagation or the motion of waves through or\nalong a medium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bb3c4cd-cbb4-4c82-997b-d11ecc1cdb9f", "label": "ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", + "parentId": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "The number of cycles per unit time of a sound wave.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a583047-6023-4b6a-ab25-b72529721a8c", "label": "ACOUSTIC REFLECTIVITY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", + "parentId": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "The casting back of sound waves from a surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1295cf9a-c345-40eb-9b79-82bddc6acf50", "label": "ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", + "parentId": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "Identification of water masses and monitoring of water mass movements\nusing acoustical techniques.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4aae1a4-b4d5-4b13-9cc0-c0df6234ce3b", "label": "ACOUSTIC VELOCITY", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", + "parentId": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "The speed of sound in water, which is dependent on the water's\ntemperature, salinity and pressure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", "label": "AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", + "parentId": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "The acoustic energy above which a single desired signal is heard. In\nthe oceans, ambient noise can be produced physically (e.g. wind, rain,\nbubbles) or biologically (e.g. whales, dolphins).", "children": [ { "uuid": "96f15c48-4ea1-4c68-92f0-d59218856bb5", "label": "BIOLOGICAL AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", + "parentId": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", "definition": "Acoustic tracking of animals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b016722f-5441-41c1-97c4-6612c87c4311", "label": "PHYSICAL AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", + "parentId": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", "definition": "Acoustic detection of seafloor earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1f90445-4272-4390-92b1-2efc626a9ed1", "label": "TOTAL AMBIENT NOISE", - "broader": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", + "parentId": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593", "definition": "Ocean ambient noise assessments as a result of wind, ice, tectonic activity, and anthropocentric sources. Ambient noise may have profound effects on marine animals and ecosystems that use sound for navigation/communication.", "children": [] } @@ -6536,82 +6536,82 @@ { "uuid": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "label": "BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "The measurement and charting of the spatial variation of the ocean\r\ndepths.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ca477721-473b-40d7-a72b-4ffa963e48fb", "label": "WATER DEPTH", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "A measurement of distance from the sea surface to the sea floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36040c6a-5e3a-49fe-b519-162fb77a0fd4", "label": "TRENCHES", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "Trenches are long, deep (6,000-11,000m/20,000-36,000ft), and narrow depression\nof the sea floor with relatively steep sides, associated with a subduction\nzone. The deepest of all ocean trenches, is the Mariana Trench (11,020 m/36,000\nft).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58c12630-a889-44c1-a951-56bbbe9758c9", "label": "FRACTURE ZONES", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "Fracture zones are large, linear zone of irregular bathymetry of the sea floor,\ncharacterized by asymmetric ridges and troughs. Fracture zones are the\ntopographic expression of transform faults, faults with horizontal displacement\nconnecting the ends of an offset in a mid-ocean ridge.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83520258-413c-4842-93c0-58a23dc58638", "label": "SEAMOUNTS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "Isolated steep-sided volcanic peak that rises abruptly at least 1000 m from the\nsea floor, sometimes piercing the surface to become islands.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6b51058-1111-4498-a9ac-e1515270fb27", "label": "SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "General elevation pattern of the land surface or the ocean bottom. Also refer\nto as bathymetry, the study and mapping of sea floor elevations and the\nvariations of water depth; the topography of the sea floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b011562-ee55-4ba0-a026-4faa7493ca5b", "label": "ABYSSAL HILLS/PLAINS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "Pertaining to geophysical (seismic, magnetic, gravity, etc.) data collected\r\non the plains and hills of the deep oceanic floor. \r\nABYSSAL HILLS: Small hills found only in the deep sea which rise from the ocean\nbasin floor with heights ranging from 10 to over 500 feet and widths from a few\nhundred feet to a few miles. They are found along the seaward margin of most\r\nabyssal plains and originate from the spreading of mid-ocean ridges. As such,\r\nthey usually form two strips parallel to mid-ocean ridges. They generally\r\ndecrease in height as one traverses away from the ridges as they gradually\r\nbecome covered with sediment and are replaced by abyssal plains.\r\nABYSSAL PLAINS: Flat areas of the ocean basin floor which slope less than 1\r\npart in 1000. These were formed by turbidity currents which covered the\r\npreexisting topography. Most abyssal plains are located between the base of the\ncontinental rise and the abyssal hills. The remainder are trench abyssal plains\nthat lie in the bottom of deep-sea trenches. This latter type traps all\r\nsediment from turbidity currents and prevents abyssal plains from forming\r\nfurther seaward, e.g. much of the Pacific Ocean floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a91a00f7-05ed-4633-9fac-1772a48b6342", "label": "CONTINENTAL MARGINS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "The ocean floor from the shore of a continent to the abyssal plain. The\ncontinent margin is the zone separating the continents from the deep-sea\nbottom, usually subdivided into the continental shelf, slope, and rise. \r\nThey are two basic types of continental margins: passive, or Atlantic, margins\nand active, or Pacific, margins. Passive margins have little seismic or\nvolcanic activity and form when continents are rifted apart, creating a new\nocean basin between them. Active margins are tectonically active and are most\noften associated with plate convergence and subduction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73e02157-9df9-415f-93fc-cb457989ddb1", "label": "OCEAN PLATEAUS/RIDGES", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "Geological features pertaining to the large, flat rises or ridges. A ridge is\na long, narrow elevation of the sea floor, with steep sides and irregular\ntopography. Ocean plateaus refer to an area of highland, usually consisting of\nrelatively flat rises, and are formed when land has been uplifted and then\neroded by wind or water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18ce5577-26e9-4b76-860b-1ba31cafa9d0", "label": "SUBMARINE CANYONS", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "Submarine canyon are relatively narrow, V-shaped, deep depression with steep\nslopes, the bottom of which grades continuously downward across the continental\nslope.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80d79c7e-6c64-4ada-bfcc-4093969758a5", "label": "BATHYMETRY", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "The measurement and charting of the spatial variation of the ocean depths.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d80c015f-a383-4883-8309-6aab1c39f5b6", "label": "COASTAL BATHYMETRY", - "broader": "80d79c7e-6c64-4ada-bfcc-4093969758a5", + "parentId": "80d79c7e-6c64-4ada-bfcc-4093969758a5", "definition": "The study of underwater depth of lake or coastal ocean floors.", "children": [] } @@ -6620,7 +6620,7 @@ { "uuid": "8b22d265-0f46-46c1-b307-1957527c13bb", "label": "SUB-BOTTOM PROFILE", - "broader": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", + "parentId": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa", "definition": "Sub-bottom profiles provide three dimensional information about the sea floor and the layers that lie beneath, data which is collected by a sub-bottom profiling system.", "children": [] } @@ -6629,33 +6629,33 @@ { "uuid": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", "label": "MARINE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "The act of watching,keeping track of or checking the ocean(pelagic or\nbottom conditions) for a special purpose.", "children": [ { "uuid": "56e4dd42-e393-4aa2-b4d9-9e96d85c9768", "label": "MARINE OBSTRUCTIONS", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", + "parentId": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", "definition": "The act of watching,keeping track of or checking the ocean(pelagic or\nbottom conditions) for a special purpose.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", "label": "MARINE SURFACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", + "parentId": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", "definition": "Objects on the marine surface, including ships, boats, barges, piers, debris, and so on.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f81de12c-5f0c-4027-8ff1-de84d1bacb60", "label": "MARINE VESSELS", - "broader": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", + "parentId": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", "definition": "Marine vessel/boat detection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d594fc9c-556b-4eb5-9ec3-0d2126ca9cd5", "label": "MARINE SURFACE DEBRIS", - "broader": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", + "parentId": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6", "definition": "Marine debris detectable on the surface of the ocean.", "children": [] } @@ -6664,14 +6664,14 @@ { "uuid": "8e5371ad-4e70-48cf-9109-bfe995b7230c", "label": "MARINE SUBMERGED DEBRIS", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", + "parentId": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", "definition": "Debris not visible on the surface, including sunken vessels, trees, and other objects, typically generated by large-scale disasters such as tsunamis and tropical cyclones.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43763945-ceea-4716-8e77-068393300a7e", "label": "ENFORCEMENT", - "broader": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", + "parentId": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb", "definition": "Enforcement operations (by aircrafts, UAVs, etc.) using thermal imagery, survey, and radar to support enforcement of marine sanctuary regulations and protection of it's resources.", "children": [] } @@ -6680,54 +6680,54 @@ { "uuid": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "label": "OCEAN WINDS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Study of the mass movement of air over the surface of the oceans.", "children": [ { "uuid": "253ccaf2-dd4c-4fc1-923d-1aea542a51b0", "label": "VORTICITY", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "Measure of the rotational spin about an axis at some point within a fluid\n(or ocean wind field).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91d73256-925d-4d04-9b55-aaf088080cac", "label": "WIND STRESS", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "The drag or tangential foce per unit area exerted upon the earth's surface\nby moving air in the surface boundary layer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab1e152c-eab9-400a-a90f-15cb64ed2a75", "label": "VERTICAL WIND MOTION", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "The component of ocean wind motion rising perpendicular to the plane of\nthe horizon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "855c22f5-d1e0-4ccf-81bd-c8120e7c4055", "label": "WIND SHEAR", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "A sudden variation in the vector of wind flow that is especially dangerous\nto aircraft during takeoff and landing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", "label": "SURFACE WINDS", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "The wind speed and direction recorded at an observing site at the\nocean surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d78e5503-d78e-466d-97bb-e68d6e768a9d", "label": "WIND DIRECTION", - "broader": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", + "parentId": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", "definition": "Direction of wind at the surface of the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7ce84a3-8329-4eb7-b5de-72d2dea8c6bf", "label": "WIND SPEED", - "broader": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", + "parentId": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4", "definition": "Speed of wind at the surface of the ocean.", "children": [] } @@ -6736,28 +6736,28 @@ { "uuid": "b59e188c-49b8-41b3-94c4-0bc1dbb554fe", "label": "CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "Convergence - A net inflow of winds into a region. Divergence- A\nnet outflow of wind from a region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "13aeaea0-ab45-4148-abcf-c6becf7a8934", "label": "TURBULENCE", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "A state of fluid (wind) flow in which the instantaneous (wind)\nvelocities exhibit irregular and apparently random fluctuations so that in\npractice only statistical properties can be recognized and subjected to\nanalysis. ", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d571e1f5-7449-4052-943b-94d76f762677", "label": "WIND CHILL", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "A figure used to express the cooling effect of the combination of\nparticular temperatures and air speed on exposed human skin.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9a716e9-970e-44e0-9faf-66647f5a59ed", "label": "WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", - "broader": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", + "parentId": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds (velocities) at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation.", "children": [] } @@ -6766,110 +6766,110 @@ { "uuid": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "label": "OCEAN WAVES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Study of the disturbances of the ocean medium caused by the movement of\nenergy through that medium. Variables include types and characteristics\nof waves.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a4f0e0d2-4bcb-4675-b874-e6e0f3a8c462", "label": "WAVE TYPES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Names of kinds of waves. Specific types may be included as\nDetailed Variables, e.g. capillary waves, Rossby waves, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a79a3f3-1817-4c9f-8485-550a022b5a8d", "label": "TSUNAMIS", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Japanese for 'wave in bay.' A long-period wave generated by\nrapid displacement of water, such as by seismic disturbances to the sea\nfloor. Tsunamis travel at speeds of about 700 km/h in the open ocean and\nbuild to dangerous heights and energy density when their speed slows in\nshallow waters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0bf50cd4-8a97-468c-8e73-047e3e09a03d", "label": "STORM SURGE", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "A phenomena wherein sea level rises above the normal tide level when\r\nhurricanes or tropical storms move from the ocean along or across a\r\ncoastal region. This sea level rise can consists of three components, the\r\nfirst of which results from low barometric pressure, i.e. the so-called\r\ninverse barometer effect, where lower atmospheric pressure on the surface\r\nof the water allows it to rise. The second component is wind set-up where\r\nthe winds drag surface", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3dd99ea6-51bd-4b78-bf2e-d5aeca7f5bc8", "label": "TOPOGRAPHIC WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Waves with a restoring force arising from variations in depth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a90526a9-5476-45bc-9a15-73ac2dfc62ab", "label": "SURF BEAT", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The pattern of constructive and destructive interference that\ncauses successive breaking waves to grow, shrink, and grow again over a\nfew minutes' time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b4963ba-1a7a-419d-97ef-eacaa14688e0", "label": "SEICHES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Pendulum-like rocking of water in an enclosed area; a form of standing\nwave that can be caused by meteorological or seismic forces, or that may\nresult from normal resonances excited by tides.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09b326df-79b3-41b8-8998-e06344b0fe0d", "label": "WAVE FETCH", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The distance over which the wind blows, a factor in wind wave development\non the ocean surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99ea6719-b751-4a4f-95d4-aaa02e961bc1", "label": "WAVE PERIOD", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The time for successive wave crests to pass a fixed point.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc9fcd27-58ac-4705-a522-6475d59cfb81", "label": "GRAVITY WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "A progressive wave occurring at the boundary between liquids of\ndifferent densities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "11aca777-8a01-42ce-b076-b3059c3d8cae", "label": "SEA STATE", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "A measure of the roughness of the sea surface; a scale of surface\nwave conditions related to the speed of wind.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ac6850e-9266-4e90-ba83-b6a6cc4ae365", "label": "SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The average height of the highest one-third of all waves occurring in\na particular time period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", "label": "SWELLS", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The long-period, undulating waves that propagate energy to great\ndistances from the point of generation; the source of 'breakers' along the\nbeach.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b23597aa-ccb2-40be-920d-5663769cd502", "label": "SWELL DIRECTION", - "broader": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", + "parentId": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", "definition": "The direction that the swells are coming from. Direction is given on a 16 point compass scale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e9ad407-bd70-43ae-a901-6b07f100db27", "label": "SWELL HEIGHT", - "broader": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", + "parentId": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", "definition": "The estimated average height of the highest one-third of the swells. It is estimated from determining how the wave energy is distributed among various periods (frequencies), determining if a separate swell energy peak exists, and then, picking a frequency to separate swell and wind-waves. The swell height is calculated from the wave energies below the separation frequency.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a8920f3-e531-47e0-bb23-a9f816cfb7bf", "label": "SWELL PERIOD", - "broader": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", + "parentId": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", "definition": "This is the peak period in seconds of the swells. If more than one swell is present, this is the period of the swell containing the maximum energy.", "children": [] } @@ -6878,84 +6878,84 @@ { "uuid": "0d91f6d9-44c4-4418-90b0-00feb09c6fc0", "label": "WAVE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The number of waves passing a fixed point in a given period of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0fc68280-1361-43e1-bc5a-40c49e9679b7", "label": "WAVE HEIGHT", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Vertical distance between a wave crest and the adjacent wave troughs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5daa972e-b47c-4050-97f1-1e628401fb97", "label": "WAVE LENGTH", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The horizontal distance between two successive wave crests (or troughs) in\na progressive wave.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e79ff727-c598-4a1c-8b4f-b6019fcf386b", "label": "WAVE SPECTRA", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The energy distribution of a sampling of waves per their frequency.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e52114b2-adbc-4e3e-9c87-1a7f245fe5ef", "label": "WAVE SPEED/DIRECTION", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Wave speed: Distance a wave travels per time. Wave direction: The\nline along which a wave travels with respect to its compass heading.\nBoth Wave Speed and Wave Direction may be included as Detailed Variables\nunder Wave Speed/Direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c9adb35-b203-42d7-8ccf-b7f2079db7ce", "label": "WIND WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "A wave formed by transfer of wind energy into water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41764af0-1264-4adb-881d-44991489344c", "label": "ROSSBY/PLANETARY WAVES", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "A wave on a uniform current in a two-dimensional nondivergent fluid system, rotating with varying angle speed about the local vertical (beta plane).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a4816c1-dba8-4ae4-9c3b-7f98a4ac245b", "label": "WAVE RUNUP", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Wave runup is the maximum vertical extent of wave uprush on a beach or\nstructure above the still water level (SWL) (Sorensen, 1997).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5377fb64-b10a-4284-9b7b-be77b4c16fe5", "label": "WAVE OVERTOPPING", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Wave overtopping refers to the volumetric rate at which wave runup flows\nover the top or crest of a slope, be it a beach, dune, or structure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dd520ea-30fc-416d-b98c-340fd23431d3", "label": "WAVE SETUP", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Wave setup is the increase in mean water level due to the presence of\nbreaking waves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "037ce518-b71f-4599-b37f-feab9cc9809d", "label": "WAVE DIRECTION", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "The line along which a wave travels with respect to it's compass heading.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d02bae1c-b05e-4c56-b964-7f49610efc3b", "label": "WAVE SPEED", - "broader": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", + "parentId": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1", "definition": "Distance a wave travels per time.", "children": [] } @@ -6964,118 +6964,118 @@ { "uuid": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "label": "MARINE SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Loose particles of inorganic or organic origin, suspended in the water\ncolumn, found on the seafloor, or found in the coastal zone. Variables\ninclude types of sediment, processes affecting sediment and sediment\ndistribution, and characteristics of sediment.", "children": [ { "uuid": "676327f4-8354-4033-8081-9cab6651ac98", "label": "PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "The transport of a mass of sediment particles per unit area per unit time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14c8935f-8a46-4111-8f2e-bec8bbae5d13", "label": "BIOTURBATION", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "The physical mixing of sediments caused by the burrowing and feeding\nactivities of benthic organisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff0108e2-8415-423c-85ed-07792dbef534", "label": "BIOGENIC SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "Sediments of biogenic origin, composed mostly of shells of silica producing\norganisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bfed15d-b8b4-4fb1-940b-ef342c4c2225", "label": "DIAGENESIS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "The physical and chemical change undergone by sediment during lithification\nand compaction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d352f0f-f69f-44c4-b345-aa9230fbd6ca", "label": "HYDROGENOUS SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "Sediments composed of material precipitated chemically from seawater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d4f4b5d3-27b2-4b7d-bb69-733b67ac687a", "label": "GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "A distinguishing trait, quality, or property of any deposit of insoluble\nmaterial, primarily rock and soil particles, transported from land areas\nto the ocean by wind, ice, and rivers, as well as the remains of marine\norganisms, products of submarine volcanism, chemical\nprecipitates from seawater, and materials from outer space (e.g.,\nmeteorites) that accumulate on the seafloor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17008d04-394d-4de8-8834-dd0a3cd88093", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "The constituent materials of a sediment sample; including trace metals,\norganic material or contaminants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cddc37fd-8540-4c78-b567-add74e6b789b", "label": "SEDIMENTARY TEXTURES", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "The characterization of sediment by the size of individual particles; the\nclassification of sediment by particle-size classes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd55adac-4182-4441-91e2-163aa77e1320", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "The movement of loose particulate material by a medium such as wind or\nwater currents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4eb3bc4-48a5-4ed2-a74b-ca87a58e90f5", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "The process of deposition of loose particulate material, especially\nby mechanical means, from a state of suspension in water or air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41b7293f-7f20-40ab-8bf7-b211c68146b9", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional\nenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bcf6975f-2a21-4a6c-9286-fb8f85d00901", "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "Particulate matter suspended in the water column, greater than\n0.45 micrometers, as distinguished from dissolved solids which are less\nthan 0.45 micrometers. Synonymous with Particulates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31cf96eb-7fcd-490d-9e10-7f17dc12e1e3", "label": "TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "Sediments composed of material derived from land sources and transported to\nthe ocean by wind or flowing water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68e2c729-f729-4936-af2e-0ecf7ee7d231", "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related to\nthe amount of suspended material in the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8411549-a72d-44cd-9b7b-6953ec22f8da", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "Study pertaining to the composition and\nproperties of materials suspended in water\nor recently deposited from suspension.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "282ea985-efd0-4113-860d-b8221f6cc6f2", "label": "SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES", - "broader": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", + "parentId": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c", "definition": "Sediments arranged in a definite pattern of organizations.Such as cross-bedding\nproduced by migration of water ripples and dunes, graded bedding, a decrease in\ngrain sizes going up in the bed that indicates diminishing force with time,\netc.", "children": [] } @@ -7084,20 +7084,20 @@ { "uuid": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", "label": "AQUATIC SCIENCES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "The study of Fisheries and Aquaculture.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f6c057c9-c789-4cd5-ba22-e9b08aae152b", "label": "AQUACULTURE", - "broader": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", + "parentId": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", "definition": "The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and\naquatic plants with some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance\nproduction, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. \nAlso referred to as Mariculture - Marine fish farming (aquaculture). Raising of\nmarine animals and plants in the controlled or selected aquatic environments\nfor any commercial, recreational, or public purpose.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa57b0a0-9723-4195-bdd1-4f26aefa0e07", "label": "FISHERIES", - "broader": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", + "parentId": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f", "definition": "Related to the act, process, or season of catching a species of fish or a group\nof species in marine and non-marine environments, excludes fish farming,\r\nhatcheries, and other aquaculture.", "children": [] } @@ -7106,55 +7106,55 @@ { "uuid": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "label": "OCEAN VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "30fd009d-df91-47ba-8800-2f2771f15e80", "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", + "parentId": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fc9280e-f273-4280-a732-93ef4ceea418", "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", + "parentId": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e8257c6-5c14-4707-995a-d31409265407", "label": "EVAPORATION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", + "parentId": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c71e621-aae6-436b-9405-5dc6ed2a527e", "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", + "parentId": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67290503-94b9-4517-b5b6-063bba2bee27", "label": "RUNOFF", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", + "parentId": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32d0ca35-bff8-4e63-9c5b-c70d1593824a", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", + "parentId": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18323b62-5f66-4878-843b-cbde545dd775", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", + "parentId": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] } @@ -7163,26 +7163,26 @@ { "uuid": "916b2963-6c1d-48ee-8f97-8606febf8db7", "label": "HYDROGRAPHY", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "Mapping water depth and the shape of the seafloor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "All hydrometeors formed in the atmosphere, including liquid, solid, or a combination of the two (e.g., resulting from incomplete melting or freezing or from accretion), that are large enough to fall as a result of gravity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c40d3dbc-5d7e-434d-996e-120ba44a5d44", "label": "SOLID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", + "parentId": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", "definition": "Solid (frozen) precipitation, for example, snow, hail, ice pellets, snow pellets (soft hail, graupel), snow grains, and ice crystals;", "children": [ { "uuid": "09c21315-faba-446c-b060-136705972347", "label": "SNOW", - "broader": "c40d3dbc-5d7e-434d-996e-120ba44a5d44", + "parentId": "c40d3dbc-5d7e-434d-996e-120ba44a5d44", "definition": "Precipitation composed of white or translucent ice crystals, chiefly in complex branch hexagonal form and often agglomerated into snowflakes.", "children": [] } @@ -7191,13 +7191,13 @@ { "uuid": "4ca02520-1345-475c-9a54-b562a042c4e1", "label": "LIQUID PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", + "parentId": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5", "definition": "Liquid precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface in the form of drops.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5953d403-41e8-48f7-a4a8-06aaa633e12a", "label": "RAIN", - "broader": "4ca02520-1345-475c-9a54-b562a042c4e1", + "parentId": "4ca02520-1345-475c-9a54-b562a042c4e1", "definition": "Precipitation in the form of liquid water drops that have diameters greater than 0.5 mm, or, if widely scattered, the drops may be smaller.", "children": [] } @@ -7208,20 +7208,20 @@ { "uuid": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", "label": "GEOLOGICAL FEATURES", - "broader": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", + "parentId": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7a74347d-e372-4048-8012-c9be550e0e5e", "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE MASK", - "broader": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", + "parentId": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", "definition": "These keywords are used to identify the type of grid location.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e63e32cc-896c-47dd-9652-a01ba2ee3334", "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE FRACTION", - "broader": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", + "parentId": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e", "definition": "These keywords are used to identify the type of grid location.", "children": [] } @@ -7232,68 +7232,68 @@ { "uuid": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "label": "HUMAN DIMENSIONS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "The area of Earth Science that focuses on the human interactions and impacts in the environment (e.g., natural hazards, human impacts, social behavior) and related disciplines including population, infrastructure, public health, and economic resources.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "label": "INFRASTRUCTURE", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "The basic facilities and equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d7742082-5461-4610-9ced-e0ec3bb64697", "label": "BUILDINGS", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "A fabric or edifice that is constructed, such as a house, church, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db692676-a2f6-4fd9-91b6-92ae4f9c04fd", "label": "COMMUNICATIONS", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "Connections allowing access between persons or places.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79b0b1d3-5279-4ce5-a387-6ecb4ee2a335", "label": "CULTURAL FEATURES", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "Any human constructions which constitute a prominent aspect of the land.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12433114-d15a-46cf-aba9-ce4b569119ce", "label": "ELECTRICITY", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "Associated with the use, production, or transmission of electric power.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee49d315-1fe5-42ce-a5f8-232450dfa408", "label": "PIPELINES", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "Any system of pipes used to transport liquids or gases.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37a6c8e2-f2ac-48a4-a4fa-d80f700f68db", "label": "TRANSPORTATION", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "The roads and equipment necessary for the movement of goods or passengers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eeba88d2-20bf-43b1-bccf-b125485405f4", "label": "GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "Green infrastructure is an interconnected network of natural areas andother open spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values andfunctions, sustains clean air and water, and provides a wide array ofbenefits to people and wildlife.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0692f19d-55bc-4fd7-8bf8-a0224e8715f9", "label": "WATER STORAGE", - "broader": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", + "parentId": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5", "definition": "Methods to store water for human consumption or agricultural use.", "children": [] } @@ -7302,62 +7302,62 @@ { "uuid": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "label": "HABITAT CONVERSION/FRAGMENTATION", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "The change of land quality, for example through land transformation or intensification of land use. Common reasons for habitat conversion are deforestation/reforestation, suburbanization, corridor construction, desertification and agricultural intensification, e.g. wetland drainage, irrigation or degradation due to\novergrazing.", "children": [ { "uuid": "dee57819-62c7-4f89-87e5-90a87a07820a", "label": "DESERTIFICATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "The formation of deserts in arid and semi-arid regions from overgrazing, deforestation, poor agricultural practices, and climate change. Evidence of desertification can be found today in Africa, the Middle East, and the southwestern United States.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39a032bf-c3bc-481b-9698-8be114fe85cb", "label": "REFORESTATION/REVEGETATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "Reforestation is the replanting of trees in forests where the trees have been cut down. Reforestation sometimes is undertaken in an effort to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by restoring forests, which are carbon sinks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e759cacb-33f0-4564-b151-c7cfa5e85ed3", "label": "URBANIZATION/URBAN SPRAWL", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "Urbanization is the expansion of metropolitan areas by building housing developments and shopping centers farther and farther from urban centers and placing them together with more major highways. An outcome of urbanization is the fact that as more highways are built, surfaces are sealed with pavement, increasing stormwater runoff and quickening concentration times.\n\nUrban sprawl refers to the process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities or suburbs of cities. Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density, auto-dependent development on rural land, with associated design features that encourage car dependency.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a4715a7-1847-4fef-8116-494b36420fb7", "label": "DEFORESTATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "Deforestation is the removal of trees from a locality. This removal may be either temporary or permanent, leading to partial or complete eradication of the tree cover. It can be a gradual or rapid process, and may occur by means of natural or human agencies, or a combination of both.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32777aa3-a06a-4719-bbe5-7dcecb1a06f5", "label": "EUTROPHICATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in a lake or pond due to human intervention (cultural eutrophication) or natural causes (natural eutrophication).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59b3849e-6704-402f-9a3e-512db10c2f51", "label": "IRRIGATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "Irrigation is supplying water to croplands by artificial means.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa4a9df3-0fed-4512-b158-ed369463e33a", "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "Refers to putting a natural resource to a new or altered use. Restoration is the return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance. Revegetation is the planting of vegetation in an area where vegetation has been removed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a66ec515-6a6e-487b-9004-2d19d6ffff04", "label": "ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS", - "broader": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", + "parentId": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b", "definition": "An area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human\nactivities or structures.", "children": [] } @@ -7366,160 +7366,160 @@ { "uuid": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "Refers to the types of impacts that humans have on their environment.", "children": [ { "uuid": "07f7ea8e-cf94-4421-923a-539e12dbeb95", "label": "INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Industrial emissions are air pollution from manufacturing plants and factories.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "207a34e0-48c0-439a-a001-dcf664b61686", "label": "MINE DRAINAGE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Mine drainage, also known as acid mine drainage, is sulfuric acid that drains from mines, especially abandoned underground coal mines such as in the Eastern United States.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "835c5ec2-50e3-4bef-b380-9f74b143dac6", "label": "SEWAGE DISPOSAL", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Involves the transport of sewage through cities and other inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants to protect public health and prevent disease. Sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c4ffc6a-694d-4f33-bc18-06fefb68acdd", "label": "HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Heavy Metals are any of the high atomic weight metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and zinc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbeff538-6857-4573-8d14-12009e0ee078", "label": "ACID DEPOSITION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Acid deposition is rain or snow that has a lower pH than precipitation from unpolluted skies. Acid deposition can also include dry forms of deposition such as nitrate and sulfate particles", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de89c42c-206a-4573-a2af-edffe5ddd6bf", "label": "BIOCHEMICAL RELEASE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Biochemical release is the discharge of a chemical substance from any number of sources that can result in human health and environmental hazards.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d7eed04-9c49-4024-8d0f-06474cc38bbc", "label": "BIOMASS BURNING", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Biomass burning is the burning of organic matter, such as, wood or crop wastes,that can be burned or converted into gaseous or liquid fuels. Useful biomass includes wood, wood residues left over from the timber industry, crop residues, charcoal, manure, urban waste, industrial wastes, and municipal sewage. Some of these fuels can be burned directly. Others are converted to methane or a gas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5b074da-5e00-4fd9-9c40-cfec771263ee", "label": "CHEMICAL SPILLS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "The release into the environment of any solid, liquid, or gaseous material that may pose substantial hazard to human health, to property, and to the environment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09cf34f3-5e20-4dc1-9b76-97afd856ebe0", "label": "CIVIL DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Group acts of violence and disorder prejudicial to public law and order.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "912245ce-a81e-4d3b-b4fb-f71c8da63357", "label": "CONTAMINANT LEVELS/SPILLS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "A measurement of the frequency of contaminant spills in the environment and whether the contaminant spills is hazardous to a population. Measuring the level of contaminants in the environment will determine if there is a hazard to a population.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "edfbff1e-b24b-40b9-be54-e1823b4d7f49", "label": "FOSSIL FUEL BURNING", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Fossil fuel burning refers to the burning of any one of the organic fuels (coal, natural gas, oil, tar sands, and oil shale) derived from once living plants or animals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "083d79ba-b7fa-4a07-9c36-73540666d5c4", "label": "GAS EXPLOSIONS/LEAKS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "A gas explosion is defined as a process where combustion of a premixed gas-air cloud causes a rapid increase of pressure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6221fa7d-9407-4ffc-ab58-886038209254", "label": "GAS FLARING", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Refers to the burning of a jet of waste gas in the open air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48671d9e-a627-4034-baec-201bda5d166d", "label": "NUCLEAR RADIATION EXPOSURE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Nuclear radiation is a result of nuclear energy, such as uranium, undergoing fission.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82c3689a-6bbf-496f-b118-b6ab46a9d2c7", "label": "OIL SPILLS", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "An oil spill is defined not only as oil which comes from wrecked tankers that spill out oil, but also to oil which comes from well blowouts, breaks in pipelines or oil that enters the oceans from the transfer of oil from offshore platforms to shore during normal operations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40869a25-edea-4438-80f9-47c9e6910b9b", "label": "CONSERVATION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "The management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to current generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations: Thus conservation is positive, embracing preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilization, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d076e628-320a-477b-aad9-07d87ca04993", "label": "AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "The expansion of agricultural practices into non-agricultural regions and its impacts on non-agricultural terrestrial and marine ecosystems of the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0fb4215-4f72-445f-af81-b3f44c44cd0e", "label": "PRESCRIBED BURNS/FIRES", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Fire applied in a knowledgeable manner to forest fuels on a specific land area under selected weather conditions to accomplish predetermined, well-defined management objectives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69d84440-b806-4093-a659-f052185e22bd", "label": "ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "The exposure of the magnetic field. An electric field is produced by voltage, which is the pressure used to push the electrons through the wire, much like water being pushed through a pipe. As the voltage increases, the electric field increases in strength. A magnetic field results from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and increases in strength as the current increases. These two fields together are referred to as electric and magnetic fields, or EMFs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee3e296f-fdc0-4695-95af-dbe63f43b679", "label": "WATER RESOURCES", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed96cfbb-6fc5-4f02-baba-4c37b813c259", "label": "MARINE DEBRIS REMOVAL", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Refers to the collection and removal of debris from the Ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e84f5068-2123-4594-aa07-bc1389346093", "label": "MECHANICAL DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", + "parentId": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Mechanical disturbances include forest clear-cutting, earth-moving, scraping, chaining, reservoir draw-down, and other similar human-induced changes.", "children": [] } @@ -7528,25 +7528,25 @@ { "uuid": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "label": "PUBLIC HEALTH", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", "label": "DISEASES/EPIDEMICS", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "Diseases are used here to relate to human diseases which may be linked to poor environmental quality, such as poor air quality, or may ensue due to change in climate.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b8a877b7-d867-4305-9053-3777e5dd330a", "label": "EPIDEMIOLOGY", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", + "parentId": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", "definition": "The study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventative medicine. In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the work of epidemiologists ranges from outbreak investigation to study design, data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a syndemic.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d6cad59b-327e-4f3f-a664-706224c470f9", "label": "TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY", - "broader": "b8a877b7-d867-4305-9053-3777e5dd330a", + "parentId": "b8a877b7-d867-4305-9053-3777e5dd330a", "definition": "A methodological and application area of epidemiology concerned with the application of space-based systems (communication, Earth observation, positioning systems, Geographical Information Systems. biostatistics, etc.) in the study of the space and time distribution of health events or disease process in populations.", "children": [] } @@ -7555,21 +7555,21 @@ { "uuid": "9d92320e-b9b9-4ae8-8394-252eeda7ceb1", "label": "VECTOR-BORN DISEASES", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", + "parentId": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", "definition": "Illnesses and diseases spread through vectors. ​Vector-borne diseases include, for example, Malaria, Dengue Fever, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68447296-6019-453b-9684-3cd3ff1530c9", "label": "WATERBORNE DISEASES", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", + "parentId": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", "definition": "Diseases caused by consuming water that contains harmful\nmicroorganisms, biotoxins, or toxic contaminants. Examples include\ncholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal problems.\nWaterborne diseases are often the result of unsafe sanitation practices\nor a breakdown in infrastructure that can be a result of or exacerbated\nby various natural hazards, such as flood or drought.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "007eeff3-1c96-4b54-aa35-2de5ebb9971a", "label": "FOODBORNE DISEASES", - "broader": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", + "parentId": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", "definition": "Illness or disease caused by consumption of foods or drinks\ncontaminated with biological or chemical toxins or pathogens, including\ndisease-causing microbes or toxic chemicals.", "children": [] } @@ -7578,48 +7578,48 @@ { "uuid": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "Refer to measurements of human physiological functions such as those provided by heat exchange data\nor human response to such environmental factors as contaminants.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5ce8b673-cdb9-4000-ad00-774d1c67c1b1", "label": "Urban Heat Island", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", + "parentId": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "definition": "The tendency for higher air temperatures to persist in urban areas as aresult of heat absorbed and emitted by buildings and asphalt, tending to make cities warmer than the surrounding countryside.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6984e0a6-cb78-4f60-a31d-3ff8415e3829", "label": "AEROALLERGENS", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", + "parentId": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "definition": "Various airborne substances, such as pollen or spores, which can\ncause an allergic response.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "681812bd-c115-42b2-b717-f89715e89406", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", + "parentId": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "definition": "Concentrations of tiny airborne pieces of solid or liquid matter such as\nsoot, dust, fumes, mists, aerosols, haze, and smoke.¹ The size of\nparticles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems.\nSmall particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest\nrisk because they can travel deep into the respiratory system and affect\nthe lungs and heart. ²", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "764edcaa-d41a-4210-9b1e-f4e0f63e8329", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", + "parentId": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52153867-76e4-4beb-8f52-d8a69e90b9a3", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", + "parentId": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "750a9b6e-4cbb-4e46-b2da-52ecd6d3a153", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", - "broader": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", + "parentId": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -7628,20 +7628,20 @@ { "uuid": "74851074-27ab-425b-9521-8d139b907b0d", "label": "RADIATION EXPOSURE", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "Exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on humans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d1f1722-27ea-4021-922f-68b90c09bfa1", "label": "MALNUTRITION", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "Faulty nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients or their impaired assimilation or utilization.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4dcd46e9-4830-4de0-b75a-820729a6d787", "label": "MALNUTRITION RATES", - "broader": "1d1f1722-27ea-4021-922f-68b90c09bfa1", + "parentId": "1d1f1722-27ea-4021-922f-68b90c09bfa1", "definition": "The rate of malnutrition, which refers to a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods.", "children": [] } @@ -7650,13 +7650,13 @@ { "uuid": "8a49484a-a9c8-411b-b911-7646f5323a7b", "label": "MORBIDITY", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "The quality or state of being morbid.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4b95ab99-4784-44aa-99f0-ecc677dbda65", "label": "MORBIDITY RATES", - "broader": "8a49484a-a9c8-411b-b911-7646f5323a7b", + "parentId": "8a49484a-a9c8-411b-b911-7646f5323a7b", "definition": "An expression of the number of deaths in a population at risk during one year.", "children": [] } @@ -7665,21 +7665,21 @@ { "uuid": "85a73755-cb84-40cb-a23e-2ed3811138f8", "label": "FOOD SECURITY", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "A state that prevails when people have secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth, development,and an active and healthy life.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91df78a1-2e38-41d5-b88e-e235450c89fc", "label": "WATER TREATMENT DISRUPTION", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "Disruption to the normal treatment of drinking water, wastewater, or stormwater that can reduce drinking water availability and potentially increase human exposure to waterborne chemicals, pathogens, and toxins. Water treatment disruption can be a result of aging infrastructure and/or extreme weather.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ad043a9-2ec8-401d-a727-5589a303ea4a", "label": "MENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS", - "broader": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", + "parentId": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6", "definition": "Mental health refers to the emotional, psychological, and social\nwell-being of one or more people. 1 Mental health can be be impacted\nby exposure to climate related or weather-related disasters. 2 Specific\ngroups of people are at higher risk for distress and other adverse\nmental health consequences including but not limited to children, the\nelderly, and people with preexisting mental illness. 3", "children": [] } @@ -7688,69 +7688,69 @@ { "uuid": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "label": "SOCIAL BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d11d5e6d-fafb-4012-818c-8bfb984128f1", "label": "CONSUMER BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "Consumer behavior is defined to be information about what people purchase with respect to agricultural commodities, meat and other edible commodities, as well as with respect to non-edible products such as\ngasoline, paper and tobacco. Consumer behavior may also relate to such consumer services as travel decisions. It also may include information about how consumers make these decisions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ee8acad-458e-45c1-a1d5-9b1649c82ea7", "label": "RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES/AREAS", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "Describes an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates. It can also be described as an activity that renews health and spirits by enjoyment and relaxation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aef9855c-70e1-4e22-aa25-8ccd23176d3b", "label": "CONSERVATION", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "The preservation and careful management of the environment and of the natural resources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "859155e1-d2d3-41a3-8d44-91afa87d68b4", "label": "PRESERVATION", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "The activity of protecting something (in the environment) from loss or danger.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2f12641-19c8-4b26-9496-e79da5efcb85", "label": "RECYCLING", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "Involves processing used materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution, and water pollution by reducing the need for 'conventional' waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "843a6584-e3f2-4a75-a003-cc430fd8c22c", "label": "HAZARD MITIGATION/PLANNING", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "A cost-effective measure that will reduce the potential for damage to a facility or area from a disaster event. Pre-planning for a hazard can reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "507860e1-7494-438a-8537-b21da89efddf", "label": "DISASTER RESPONSE", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "A phase of the disaster management cycle that involves the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33f20afe-5ce2-43e9-9676-c5f664fbc324", "label": "VULNERABILITY LEVELS/INDEX", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "A measurement of the level of vulnerability of a given area or environment. The level of vulnerability is determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9af548c9-7050-4d59-b66d-adf52f2fb242", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE", - "broader": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", + "parentId": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab", "definition": "Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. \n\nEnvironmental Justice is becoming more important to the federal government and to individual agencies such as NASA and EPA. Environmental Justice is also the driving force behind all of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. NASA data are being used to support environmental and climate justice efforts. Scientists and decision-makers are applying a wide combination of datasets to assess the vulnerability and exposure of communities to environmental challenges. By providing full and open access to data, software, and tools, the agency ensures that anyone can use these resources.", "children": [] } @@ -7759,33 +7759,33 @@ { "uuid": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", "label": "BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "Any human construction (material or otherwise) that fixes a limit or extent.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8064b11d-8f9f-4c89-94fd-8a7cba95bb64", "label": "BOUNDARY SURVEYS", - "broader": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", + "parentId": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", "definition": "Studies which collect data that can be numerical in nature, such as inventories, polls, etc. Also, a measured plan or description of any portion of country, a road, or other feature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", "label": "POLITICAL DIVISIONS", - "broader": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", + "parentId": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", "definition": "Areas which are distinguished by their differing governments, such as countries.", "children": [ { "uuid": "245c630a-8022-46ed-9a79-8f6cf99b0822", "label": "COUNTRY BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", + "parentId": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", "definition": "The political boundary of a country.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef04f170-4797-4db1-aff7-ad493b6a7cda", "label": "STATE BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", + "parentId": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", "definition": "The political boundary of a state.", "children": [] } @@ -7794,7 +7794,7 @@ { "uuid": "1ae304de-252c-45da-8dd8-df99a281e4f4", "label": "ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS", - "broader": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", + "parentId": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", "definition": "Boundaries depicting individual or separate administrative units such as districts, municipalities, census county subdivisions, etc.", "children": [] } @@ -7803,19 +7803,19 @@ { "uuid": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", "label": "ECONOMIC RESOURCES", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "Any measurement or statistic of, related, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "children": [ { "uuid": "83741fb9-6f86-4670-abbb-c1f3b14a939d", "label": "AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", + "parentId": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", "definition": "Any measurement or statistic of, related, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services related to agriculture, food, the environment, and rural development.", "children": [ { "uuid": "941c691a-3bff-4c58-854a-16c5529524e9", "label": "MONOCULTURE", - "broader": "83741fb9-6f86-4670-abbb-c1f3b14a939d", + "parentId": "83741fb9-6f86-4670-abbb-c1f3b14a939d", "definition": "The agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. However, monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen.", "children": [] } @@ -7824,111 +7824,111 @@ { "uuid": "392d3da2-c03c-4aa5-bf60-417984f824a6", "label": "AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", + "parentId": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", "definition": "The farming and production of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic plants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "label": "ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", + "parentId": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of electrical energy for human consumption.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e5d17711-c9c1-42f6-96e4-c618c0df37cb", "label": "OIL PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Pertains to the production and processing of natural gas and oil from reservoirs. Production is the yield of an oil or gas well; the branch of the industry that brings the oil and gas to the surface for sale. The phase of the petroleum industry that deals with bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them and with storing, gauging, and otherwise preparing the product for pipeline. It also pertains to the amount of oil or gas produced in a given period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c90081fb-f6c2-4f7c-a124-0cd432e92200", "label": "COAL PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of coal for human consumption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83bddfa5-d9ba-40f1-9a2f-1bee33559176", "label": "NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of natural gas for human consumption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c346378a-09ee-428c-89c1-c94354cdc74f", "label": "HYDROGEN PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of hydrogen power for human consumption. Hydrogen-containing compounds such as fossil fuels, biomass or even water can be a source of hydrogen. Thermochemical processes can be used to produce hydrogen from biomass and from fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and petroleum. Power generated from sunlight, wind and nuclear sources can be used to produce hydrogen electrolytically.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "582af998-1f5c-48a7-8cdd-70fe06bb9f17", "label": "NUCLEAR ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of nuclear power for human consumption. Nuclear energy is the energy released by a nuclear reaction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3b2e908-b732-480c-a9cb-2e981da52094", "label": "METHANE PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of nuclear power for human consumption. Methane is a naturally occurring gas which is associated with decomposition and with oil deposits.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4774745-c565-4b9e-a642-6fa4a0b3b79b", "label": "PETROLEUM PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of nuclear power for human consumption. Petroleum is the end-product of the partial decay of living organisms which once inhabited the world's oceans. As they died they sank to the bottom of the oceans, where they were preserved. It exists in the form of crude oil, natural gas or solid material.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b4f34c1-7aed-4833-811a-401382abd17c", "label": "SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of solar energy for human consumption. Solar energy is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3a95e10-1c1d-41cf-8802-8bb1d3a41353", "label": "WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of wind energy for human consumption. Wind energy/power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity and wind mills for mechanical power.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1eb6eeff-77f8-40b6-8e4a-2e4438f00b10", "label": "TIDAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of tidal energy for human consumption. Tidal energy is the energy involved in tidal movements of water which is available to be harnessed if those movements can be used to turn turbines.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62c1fec5-3512-4136-a060-ec2338a48296", "label": "WAVE ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of wave energy for human consumption. Wave energy is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7eba0eef-3a30-4282-a162-1f483370ddc4", "label": "HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of hydroelectric energy for human consumption. Hydroelectric energy is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05410006-351a-4877-96e8-f0a821161ecf", "label": "GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of geothermal energy for human consumption. Geothermal energy is energy extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99ed30c9-332c-4acf-8620-eab3c67bcc90", "label": "BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", - "broader": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", + "parentId": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of biomass energy for human consumption. Biomass energy refers to biofuels, a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term includes solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.", "children": [] } @@ -7937,20 +7937,20 @@ { "uuid": "49da5018-59ec-4a60-9cb9-614ea6266ced", "label": "MARICULTURE PRODUCTION", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", + "parentId": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", "definition": "The production and cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82fdb39c-4fe8-4e2b-9dcf-67ceb4c6d8b9", "label": "TOURISM", - "broader": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", + "parentId": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7", "definition": "The business or industry of providing information, accommodations, transportation, and other services to tourists.​​ Climate and weather are important factors in tourist destination choice, and the tourist sector is susceptible to extreme weather.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e6cf64ce-389f-479c-835a-eecd612d4d88", "label": "ECOTOURISM", - "broader": "82fdb39c-4fe8-4e2b-9dcf-67ceb4c6d8b9", + "parentId": "82fdb39c-4fe8-4e2b-9dcf-67ceb4c6d8b9", "definition": "Nature-based tourism that promotes the observation, appreciation, and conservation of natural areas and traditional cultures. Ecotourism often contains an educational component and functions to sustain the well-being of local peoples, communities, and economies while minimizing negative impacts to ecosystems.", "children": [] } @@ -7961,40 +7961,40 @@ { "uuid": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "label": "NATURAL HAZARDS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "A hazard event arising from geophysical processes or biological agents -- such as those creating earthquakes, hurricanes, or locust infestations -- that affect the lives, livelihood, and property of people.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bb73336e-9113-426b-ac99-2b7c143b22ca", "label": "BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "Living organisms or derivates(e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens) that can cause harmful health effects when inhaled, swallowed, or otherwise taken into the body.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd03d204-4391-4e98-8142-8b8efa235231", "label": "FLOODS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "Water covering previously dry area: a very large amount of water that has overflowed from a source such as a river or a broken pipe onto a previously dry area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", "label": "WILDFIRES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "An uncontrolled fire in combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or a wilderness area. Other names such as brush fire, bushfire, forest fire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, and veldfire may be used to describe the same phenomenon depending on the type of vegetation being burned. A wildfire differs from other fires by its extensive size, the speed at which it can spread out from its original source, its potential to change direction unexpectedly, and its ability to jump gaps such as roads, rivers and fire breaks. Wildfires are characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical properties such as speed of propagation, the combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5e693789-87a8-4f94-9b5d-a50cecf55e24", "label": "WILDFIRE SUPPRESSION", - "broader": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", + "parentId": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", "definition": "Refers to the firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires. Firefighting efforts in wildland areas requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar structure fire fighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed firefighting aircraft, these wildfire-trained crews suppress flames, construct firelines, and extinguish flames and areas of heat to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the wildland-urban interface, where populated areas border with wildland areas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "436b098d-e4d9-4fbd-9ede-05675e111eee", "label": "BURNED AREA", - "broader": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", + "parentId": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", "definition": "Characterized by deposits of charcoal and ash, removal of vegetation, and alteration of the vegetation structure, Pereira et al. 1997, Roy et al. 1999", "children": [] } @@ -8003,55 +8003,55 @@ { "uuid": "b3406120-9faa-4c00-874e-ce8878ae129f", "label": "EARTHQUAKES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "Sudden, violent movement of the Earth's crust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06c1281f-e306-4511-bdab-ed6c0694f0f9", "label": "VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "Explosions or emissions of lava, ashes and toxic gases from deep inside the earth, through volcanoes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f81d3752-d97c-4caf-9a79-5709ee693158", "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "A slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba064d3f-0327-49d2-9984-332de1a97146", "label": "LAND SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "Occurs when large amounts of ground water have been withdrawn from certain types of rocks, such as fine-grained sediments. The rock compacts because the water is partly responsible for holding the ground up. When the water is withdrawn, the rocks falls in on itself. You may not notice land subsidence too much because it can occur over large areas rather than in a small spot, like a sinkhole. That doesn't mean that subsidence is not a big event -- states like California, Texas, and Florida have suffered damage to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars over the years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", "label": "DROUGHTS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "A period of dry weather: a long period of extremely dry weather when there is not enough rain for the successful growing of crops or the replenishment of water supplies.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a1af404e-e108-4777-b726-7d2e068c632b", "label": "DROUGHT DURATION", - "broader": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", + "parentId": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", "definition": "Drought duration refers to the length of time over which drought conditions persist. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e54536fa-c78e-478c-893f-1da73baf2da7", "label": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", - "broader": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", + "parentId": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0a52ada-8d32-4d68-9daf-cc1c4d58aed3", "label": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", - "broader": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", + "parentId": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or streamflow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,\nagriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by\ndrought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] } @@ -8060,48 +8060,48 @@ { "uuid": "6bb02b3d-be70-47b0-93d7-eb0c926f5979", "label": "FAMINE", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "Widespread scarcity of food caused by several factors including crop failure, overpopulation, or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", "label": "TROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "The generic term for a non-frontal synoptic scale low-pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6314f68a-1f00-4e6d-9f06-b3e2ce4348e8", "label": "HURRICANES", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", + "parentId": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", "definition": "A tropical cyclone with 1-min average surface (10 m) winds in excess of 32 m s−1 (64 knots) in the Western Hemisphere (North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern and central North Pacific east of the date line).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd5c19e4-b25a-48b2-ad9d-4596a0ba67de", "label": "TYPHOONS", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", + "parentId": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the western North Pacific.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f7996f7-5905-42e7-b9fd-c24c6328b5d9", "label": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", + "parentId": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bee2d4d-d15d-4300-8804-626eff7ac0f3", "label": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", + "parentId": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the Southwest Pacific Ocean west of 160E or Southeast Indian Ocean east of 90E.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0720043d-4d31-45ae-a37c-9ba5959bf97d", "label": "CYCLONES", - "broader": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", + "parentId": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", "definition": "An atmospheric cyclonic circulation, a closed circulation. A cyclone's direction of rotation (counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) is opposite to that of an anticyclone.", "children": [] } @@ -8110,28 +8110,28 @@ { "uuid": "ff44a7b0-64b6-418a-9d74-1cbc3a4ae951", "label": "TORNADOES", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of 250 mph or more.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "768f266e-0807-49c6-a69e-c518de310331", "label": "TSUNAMIS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "A wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb9c9be6-78c7-4fbd-9a35-a218276393ec", "label": "HEAT", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "Hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad28623e-bb9b-433c-8fc1-2ab06dda58c4", "label": "SEVERE STORMS", - "broader": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", + "parentId": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18", "definition": "A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.", "children": [] } @@ -8140,47 +8140,47 @@ { "uuid": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "label": "POPULATION", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "Refers to the total number of inhabitants constituting a particular race, class, or group in a specified area.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ae9f3a07-f23e-4116-b172-677435102b2f", "label": "POPULATION DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", + "parentId": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "The patterns of settlement and dispersal of a population.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd0b8bc9-90b3-4e7d-a021-e91dc676d622", "label": "POPULATION SIZE", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", + "parentId": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "The quantity of people living in a particular area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d2a5c7ec-ccf2-4ab7-8863-9063be91c022", "label": "POPULATION DENSITY", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", + "parentId": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "A measurement of the number of people in an area. It is an average number. Population density is calculated by dividing the number of people by area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d7ad5cff-75df-4bb6-92f0-b5d56da2a588", "label": "POPULATION ESTIMATES", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", + "parentId": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "An approximation of the population of a geographic unit at a point in the past or present for which an actual population count is not available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d6eda76-cf5d-4170-92ce-9ac9197832bf", "label": "NATALITY", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", + "parentId": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d0931461-2e93-418c-b470-a218cadcf498", "label": "NATALITY RATES", - "broader": "9d6eda76-cf5d-4170-92ce-9ac9197832bf", + "parentId": "9d6eda76-cf5d-4170-92ce-9ac9197832bf", "definition": "The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.", "children": [] } @@ -8189,20 +8189,20 @@ { "uuid": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", "label": "MORTALITY", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", + "parentId": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "The quality or state of being mortal.", "children": [ { "uuid": "918c4136-bb4c-422b-9c15-8273307546d1", "label": "MORTALITY RATES", - "broader": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", + "parentId": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", "definition": "The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "611f0108-5706-43ca-bc39-38e528f6024b", "label": "INFANT MORTALITY RATES", - "broader": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", + "parentId": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", "definition": "The ratio of infant deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.", "children": [] } @@ -8211,7 +8211,7 @@ { "uuid": "35b7c7cd-49c8-476c-83f2-f2e1f4097307", "label": "VULNERABLE POPULATIONS", - "broader": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", + "parentId": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "Groups of people with a propensity or predisposition to be adversely\naffected. Vulnerable populations may be less able to anticipate, cope\nwith, resist, and recover from the impacts of a disaster, be it natural or\nman-made.", "children": [] } @@ -8220,34 +8220,34 @@ { "uuid": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", "label": "SOCIOECONOMICS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "The use of economics in the study of society. More narrowly, contemporary practice considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through social capital and social 'markets' (not excluding for example, sorting by marriage) and the formation of social norms. In the latter, it studies the relation of economics to social values.", "children": [ { "uuid": "92d8968b-617e-433d-ab9b-e269497c3f43", "label": "INDUSTRIALIZATION", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", + "parentId": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", "definition": "Industrialization can refer to a major shift in manufacturing, from small-scale production by hand to large-scale production by machine. Industrialization is made possible by new technologies, but also by an abundant supply of fuel, such as coal. Industrialization makes manufacturing more energy-intensive and much less labor intensive.\nIndustrialization leads to the mass production of products, which means\nthat more goods are available to more people.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b37021a3-4d7f-4b94-b614-807d6981d2ad", "label": "POVERTY LEVELS", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", + "parentId": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", "definition": "A measurement of the level of poverty of an area at a given time and place.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2bf46486-3004-447e-b2c6-82c4aa13fc11", "label": "PURCHASING POWER", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", + "parentId": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", "definition": "The ability of consumers to acquire goods and services based on their possession of money and/or their recourse to credit. Aggregate purchasing power within a market or a national economy reflects total disposable income after taxes, and hence the level of employment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c88a747b-2302-49c9-b747-f2faa21e2b6b", "label": "HOUSEHOLD INCOME", - "broader": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", + "parentId": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc", "definition": "A measure commonly used by the United States government and private institutions. Each household is measured by the income of every resident over the age of 18. Income includes wages and salaries, unemployment insurance, disability payments, child support payments received(child support given does not deduct income measured), regular rental receipts, as well as any personal business, investment, or other kinds of income received routinely", "children": [] } @@ -8256,33 +8256,33 @@ { "uuid": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "A concept in political ecology or environmental policy related to defining the elements needed to achieve sustainability. All human activities--political, social and economic—should be understood and managed as subsets of the environment and ecosystems. Governance includes not only government, but also business and civil society, and emphasizes whole system management. To capture this diverse range of dynamic forces, environmental governance often necessitates founding alternative systems of governing, for example watershed based management.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", "label": "LAND MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "Following certain land practices to sustain areas for recreation, wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, wilderness, etc.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5066def0-b14b-4a2c-b40f-dc9953860366", "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", + "parentId": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", "definition": "Corresponds to the description of areas and the Earth's surface as it relates to areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fd206a9-83a7-4f43-902d-003811080fed", "label": "LAND USE CLASSES", - "broader": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", + "parentId": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", "definition": "Classifications as to human employment of land; includes settlements, cultivation, pasture, rangeland, and recreation, among others.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ceb5ef1-5a07-4f93-8e86-d3cc2baf5768", "label": "LAND TENURE", - "broader": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", + "parentId": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", "definition": "The holding, particularly as to manner or term (i.e., period of time), of a property. Land tenure may be broadly categorized into private lands, federal lands, and state lands.", "children": [] } @@ -8291,40 +8291,40 @@ { "uuid": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", "label": "WATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "Water management is a very broad term which can include human direct or indirect impacts on the water cycle. Water management can involve (1) changing the Earth's surface such as when dams are created to control flooding (perhaps due to more deforested and overgrazed slopes), (2) pollution control, when decisions are made to minimize the chemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, or road salt, that are used on the soil surface in order to minimize the amount of pollutants that will leach into the soil, and (3) amount and quality of water available for human use as when water is used for irrigation, industry or for direct human consumption.", "children": [ { "uuid": "873e35f5-908b-4418-861e-eab5d13a19a4", "label": "STORMWATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", + "parentId": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", "definition": "Stormwater management is the control and use of stormwater runoff. The goals of stormwater management include reducing flooding to protect people and property, reducing demand on public stormwater drainage systems, and supporting healthy streams and rivers. These can be achieved by planning for runoff, maintaining stormwater systems, and regulating the collection, storage, and movement of stormwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbf64c32-99fa-4312-91a0-4fc85a6890bb", "label": "WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", + "parentId": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", "definition": "The management of wastewater or sewage, often in the form of\ntreatment that removes contaminants and impurities so that the water\ncan be directly reused or returned to aquifers or natural bodies of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96810430-e7e1-45eb-a4eb-8a7e17fe5076", "label": "GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", + "parentId": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", "definition": "The management and allocation of groundwater resources for\nagricultural, industrial, and domestic use. Effective allocation requires\naccurate knowledge about the spatial distribution of existing resources\nand the relevant flow processes. Groundwater management techniques\ninclude artificial recharge, aquifer storage and recovery, and water\nsaving irrigation techniques.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bdfa3404-c00d-45fe-a3c1-31389a831ffc", "label": "WATER STORAGE", - "broader": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", + "parentId": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", "definition": "Monitoring water storage and its variations is impor-tant to understanding local hydrological processesand the global water cycle, which sustains all life onEarth. The development of satellite remote-sensingtechniques has benefited the retrieval of terrestrialwater storage and its variations, which has emerged asa new discipline. Focusing on terrestrial water storage,this chapter describes three major retrievalapproaches: the water-balance-based approach, thesurface-parameter-based approach, and the GravityRecovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-basedapproach. Accurate estimates of terrestrial waterstorage and its variations are still being developed.", "children": [ { "uuid": "73a50bfa-6a0a-4a36-ace4-2c424db05ab8", "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "bdfa3404-c00d-45fe-a3c1-31389a831ffc", + "parentId": "bdfa3404-c00d-45fe-a3c1-31389a831ffc", "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", "children": [] } @@ -8335,48 +8335,48 @@ { "uuid": "079724fa-ff86-4195-aee0-51a4d6dd73bb", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "The systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, programs, policies, or legislative actions upon the physical, chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic components of the environment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ef4a2f0-8a29-4f5e-9396-b4f6a71c8bf6", "label": "FIRE MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "Involves the management of wildland fires to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems. Fires are managed through a variety of methods that include prevention, suppression, managing wildfire for resource benefits, prescribed fires, and mechanical treatment of hazardous fuels.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dad174d-9419-4634-84f0-7eeb1d517241", "label": "TREATY AGREEMENTS/RESULTS", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "A written agreement between two states or sovereigns and the subsequent results of those agreements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57df059e-578a-4371-9484-7a34d63edfa5", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "Environmental laws or regulations impacting companies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", "label": "GEOENGINEERING", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "Geoengineering refers to a broad set of methods and technologies that aim to deliberately alter the climate system in order to alleviate the impacts of climate change. Most, but not all, methods seek to either (a) reduce the amount of absorbed solar energy in the climate system (Solar Radiation Management) or (b) increase net carbon sinks from the atmosphere at a scale sufficiently large to alter climate (Carbon Dioxide Removal). Scale and intent are of central importance. Two key characteristics of geoengineering methods of particular concern are that they use or affect the climate system (e.g., atmosphere, land, or ocean) globally or regionally and/or could have substantive unintended effects that cross national boundaries. Geoengineering is different from weather modification and ecological engineering, but the boundary can be fuzzy.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f583845-c39e-471d-a590-8212a4358e1e", "label": "SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", + "parentId": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", "definition": "Solar Radiation Management (SRM) refers to the intentional modification of the Earth’s shortwave radiative budget with the aim to reduce climate change according to a given metric (e.g., surface temperature, precipitation, regional impacts, etc).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1595c0a9-63a8-433c-8515-044a977d73a7", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL", - "broader": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", + "parentId": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", "definition": "Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods refer to a set of techniques that aim to remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere by either (1) increasing natural sinks for carbon or (2) using chemical engineering to remove the CO2, with the intent of reducing the atmospheric CO2concentration. CDR methods involve the ocean, land, and technical systems, including such methods as iron fertilization, large-scale afforestation, and direct capture of CO2 from the atmosphere using engineered chemical means.", "children": [] } @@ -8385,14 +8385,14 @@ { "uuid": "e8c24822-7d2d-48c6-9dca-df3860e9bd63", "label": "CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a process consisting of the separation of carbon dioxide from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location, and long-term isolation from the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0e530a5f-1e75-4602-9659-98ff5c3d7076", "label": "CARBON FOOTPRINT", - "broader": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", + "parentId": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d", "definition": "Measure of the exclusive total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide(CO2) that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product. This term is often used in reference to greenhouse gas emissions attributable to persons,industries, or countries.", "children": [] } @@ -8401,41 +8401,41 @@ { "uuid": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", "label": "HUMAN SETTLEMENTS", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "A general term used in archaeology, geography, landscape history and other subjects for a permanent or temporary community in which people live, without being specific as to size, population or importance.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d83b4271-048c-4763-9d5c-b5ec1b1788f4", "label": "RURAL AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", + "parentId": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", "definition": "An area outside of cities and major towns. Also pertaining to less-populated, non-urban areas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4abd82b-b17a-4f16-be79-0093f2a09f7d", "label": "URBAN AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", + "parentId": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", "definition": "A geographical area constituting a city or town.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1f63bf1-a547-4189-9c7e-66a8d11facc4", "label": "COASTAL AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", + "parentId": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", "definition": "A geographical area where the land meets the sea or ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf703f22-9775-460d-86bd-149aaef1acde", "label": "ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", + "parentId": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", "definition": "An area that is considered a site that where past human societies are studied primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data which they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b4df9a9-ac03-4bdc-bee4-346045a75e05", "label": "TRIBAL LANDS", - "broader": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", + "parentId": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707", "definition": "Areas of land reserved for, managed by, or associated with indigenous peoples or tribal nations.", "children": [] } @@ -8444,20 +8444,20 @@ { "uuid": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", "label": "SUSTAINABILITY", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "The capacity to endure. For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of stewardship, the responsible management of resource use.", "children": [ { "uuid": "73266dd6-217a-432f-9237-176d3e94b39b", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY", - "broader": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", + "parentId": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", "definition": "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Encompasses, e.g. keeping population densities below the carrying capacity of a region, facilitating the renewal of renewable resources, conserving and establishing priorities for the use of non-renewable resources, and keeping environmental impact below the level required to allow affected systems to recover and continue to evolve.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d11c81c-ff5b-4cc0-9be2-8e73dddcb51b", "label": "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT", - "broader": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", + "parentId": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", "definition": "Development that ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not restrict their use by future generations.", "children": [] } @@ -8466,27 +8466,27 @@ { "uuid": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", "label": "GLOBAL CHANGE RESPONSES", - "broader": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", + "parentId": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8", "definition": "Global change is defined as changes in the global environment that may alter the capacity of the Earth to sustain life. Global change encompasses climate change, but it also includes other critical drivers of environmental change that may or may not interact with climate change, such as land use change, the alteration of the water cycle,changes in biogeochemical cycles, and biodiversity loss. Responses to global change may include actions such as adaptation, mitigation, and various forms of scenario and contingency planning to reduce risk.", "children": [ { "uuid": "223e1204-e305-43d2-80d0-8baed8c828c0", "label": "CLIMATE ADAPTATION", - "broader": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", + "parentId": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", "definition": "Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment that exploits beneficial opportunities or moderates negative effects of a changing climate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4a6c571-406e-4023-b479-6a1fc30f184c", "label": "CLIMATE MITIGATION", - "broader": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", + "parentId": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", "definition": "Measures to reduce the amount and speed of future climate change by reducing emissions of heat-trapping gases or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6062293a-f372-4e65-9bab-27355f0ebc59", "label": "SCENARIO PLANNING", - "broader": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", + "parentId": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235", "definition": "Preparation based on a plausible description of how the future may develop based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological change, prices) and relationships. Scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts, but are used to provide a view of the implications of developments and actions. Preparation may differ for each plausible scenario considered.", "children": [] } @@ -8497,39 +8497,39 @@ { "uuid": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "label": "SOLID EARTH", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "Refers to 'the Earth beneath our feet', the planet's solid surface and its interior.", "children": [ { "uuid": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", "label": "GEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of the chemical composition of the various phases of the earth, and the physical and chemical processes which have produced the observed distribution of the elements and the nuclides in these phases.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", "label": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", + "parentId": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", "definition": "A pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. The term “biogeochemical” tells us that biological; geological and chemical factors are all involved. On the other hand the circulation of chemical nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water etc. through the biological and physical world are known as biogeochemical cycle.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8c6adb44-54c5-42f1-ae19-602e248ff9d9", "label": "HYDROLYSIS", - "broader": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", + "parentId": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", "definition": "The monomers of organic compounds join together by a chemical reaction know as dehydration synthesis to make polymers. The reverse reaction of breaking up polymers is accomplished by another chemical reaction known as hyrdolysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14d972b3-a587-4994-a021-f1e620b02341", "label": "CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", + "parentId": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d73ed320-cd5b-4994-a26a-dac5a2fc394f", "label": "NITRIFICATION", - "broader": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", + "parentId": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682", "definition": "The biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. Degradation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.", "children": [] } @@ -8538,27 +8538,27 @@ { "uuid": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", "label": "MARINE GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", + "parentId": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", "definition": "Processes that control chemical distributions in the ocean.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f956cc7c-da39-4eac-98ab-ba6207181b7d", "label": "MINERAL DISSOLUTION", - "broader": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", + "parentId": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", "definition": "The separation of minerals into different components. Mineral dissolution and precipitation, especially of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides and the carbonate mineral family, partially regulate pH and alkalinity of natural waters, affecting the fate and transport of organic and inorganic contaminants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6628bfb9-c0e1-4281-9b1a-d213a9d5b2d8", "label": "DISSOLUTION", - "broader": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", + "parentId": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", "definition": "The process by which a solid or liquid forms a solution in a solvent. In solids this can be explained as the breakdown of the crystal lattice into individual ions, atoms or molecules and their transport into the solvent.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4efb531e-3c6c-4469-9215-d55a8a6ce9da", "label": "CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", + "parentId": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis.", "children": [] } @@ -8567,69 +8567,69 @@ { "uuid": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "label": "GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", + "parentId": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", "definition": "Processes affecting the amount, distribution, or structure of chemical elements in air, water, soil, rocks, and minerals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "84b29fbe-8200-4d21-a1a3-fe84fa4cb132", "label": "CHEMICAL FIXATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "Pertaining to the chemical process by which a substance is converted into a stable compound that can be absorbed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e140a1e-385d-4dd3-8b08-6239b082e35e", "label": "CHEMICAL WEATHERING", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "Pertaining to the breakdown of an existing rock or mineral through chemical, as opposed to physical, means; i.e., dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b1f870b-c679-4b6d-b02e-3eb005f0648d", "label": "HYDRATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which water molecules are incorporated into existing crystal structures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ccbf4ef8-955b-4337-a45b-95affc360173", "label": "ION EXCHANGE", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "Pertaining to the chemical process by which ions move from one crystal structure or molecular substance to another across contact boundaries.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c2f3bee-4629-4607-9962-12fe919594a0", "label": "OXIDATION/REDUCTION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "Describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e934184-42bd-45ff-b9c1-5c5321fd066f", "label": "BIODEGRATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "The chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means. The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements. Organic material can be degraded aerobically with oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. A term related to biodegradation is biomineralisation, in which organic matter is converted into minerals. Biosurfactant, an extracellular surfactant secreted by microorganisms, enhances the biodegradation process.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "524cbe78-9c1f-4ef3-8aa9-0481476c253e", "label": "MINERAL DISSOLUTION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "The separation of minerals into different components. Mineral dissolution and precipitation, especially of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides and the carbonate mineral family, partially regulate pH and alkalinity of natural waters, affecting the fate and transport of organic and inorganic contaminants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2a9741a-f978-46ac-83ad-e92ff07a637c", "label": "CARBONATE FORMATION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "The formation of carbonate, a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b60ab41-92e7-4550-821b-0ab7ebd3d7c8", "label": "DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", + "parentId": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6", "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis.", "children": [] } @@ -8638,48 +8638,48 @@ { "uuid": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "label": "GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", + "parentId": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52", "definition": "An attribute, quality, or characteristic of chemical elements in air, water, soil, rocks, and minerals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "441ce068-91f2-4412-8893-c0096d8f9079", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", + "parentId": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the various isotopes (one of two or more species of the same chemical element) found in geochemically significant compounds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12ed4fa0-27cc-4e05-a2b7-bbf2fde871f6", "label": "CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", + "parentId": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "definition": "The abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Furthermore, in chemistry, four types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2dc96cc9-a128-4dc8-b8c8-1d799201b5c6", "label": "ROCK-EVAL PRYOLYSIS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", + "parentId": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "definition": "Rock-Eval Pyrolysis is used to identify the type and maturity of organic matter and to detect petroleum potential in sediments. Rock Eval pyrolysis is done using the Delsi-Nermag Rock Eval II Plus TOC module. Samples chosen to be measured on the Rock Eval are usually subsampled from the freeze-dried material previously crushed for analyses on the coulometer and CNS. The Rock Eval (RE) pyrolysis method consists of a programmed temperature heating (in a pyrolysis oven) in an inert atmosphere (helium) of a small sample (~100 mg) to quantitatively and selectively determine (1) the free hydrocarbons contained in the sample and (2) the hydrocarbon- and oxygen-containing compounds (CO2) that are volatilized during the cracking of the unextractable organic matter in the sample (kerogen).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "849edfe2-9ed7-4211-8f57-9c8ccff0a4ea", "label": "ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", + "parentId": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "definition": "The measure of Isotopes, atoms that contain different # of proton /neutrons. The number of protons (the atomic number) is the same for each isotope, e.g. carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14 each have 6 protons, but the number of neutrons in each isotope differs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f7998303-d145-452d-bcff-770f62038909", "label": "ISOTOPE RATIOS", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", + "parentId": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "definition": "The identification of isotopic signature, the distribution of certain stable isotopes and chemical elements within chemical compounds. This can be applied to a food web to make it possible to draw direct inferences regarding diet, trophic level, and subsistence. Isotope ratios are measured using mass spectrometry, which separates the different isotopes of an element on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "211d289d-fae7-4815-9f3d-28a5afc7b3a9", "label": "ISOTOPIC AGE", - "broader": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", + "parentId": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "definition": "Also referred to as radiometric age, is an age of rocks expressed in years and calculated from the quantitative determination of radioactive elements and their decay products.", "children": [] } @@ -8690,26 +8690,26 @@ { "uuid": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", "label": "EARTH GASES/LIQUIDS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "Properties and characteristics related to the gases and liquids within the solid earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", "label": "PETROLEUM", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", + "parentId": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", "definition": "Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil.", "children": [ { "uuid": "37f3fdb8-a82f-4bff-bda4-cca12a683d6f", "label": "MICROFOSSIL", - "broader": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", + "parentId": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", "definition": "Microfossils are the tiny remains of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and plants. Microfossils are a heterogeneous bunch of fossil remains studied as a single discipline because rock samples must be processed in certain ways to remove them and microscopes must be used to study them. Thus, microfossils, unlike other kinds of fossils, are not grouped according to their relationships to one another, but only because of their generally small size and methods of study. For example, fossils of bacteria, foraminifera, diatoms, very small invertebrate shells or skeletons, pollen, and tiny bones and teeth of large vertebrates, among others, can be called microfossils. But it is an unnatural grouping. Nevertheless, this utilitarian subdivision of paleontology, first recognized in 1883, is very significant in geology, paleontology, and biology. \n\nMicrofossils have many applications to petroleum geology (Fleisher and Lane, in press, Ventress, 1991, LeRoy, 1977). The two most common uses are: biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analyses. Biostratigraphy is the differentiation of rock units based upon the fossils which they contain. Paleoenvironmental analysis is the interpretation of the depositional environment in which the rock unit formed, based upon the fossils found within the unit. There are many other uses of fossils besides these, including: paleoclimatology, biogeography, and thermal maturation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9e3595d-29b6-462a-8eb6-a06e5a02b081", "label": "PETROLEUM VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", + "parentId": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of petroleum within the solid Earth.", "children": [] } @@ -8718,13 +8718,13 @@ { "uuid": "72eb280a-d5d0-4c5e-b789-8f1a8cf8bdac", "label": "NATURAL GAS", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", + "parentId": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", "definition": "Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. The energy that the plants and animals originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of carbon in natural gas. Natural gas is combusted to generate electricity, enabling this stored energy to be transformed into usable power. Natural gas is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame.", "children": [ { "uuid": "58769369-608c-4482-924b-207454a5fb1c", "label": "NATURAL GAS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "72eb280a-d5d0-4c5e-b789-8f1a8cf8bdac", + "parentId": "72eb280a-d5d0-4c5e-b789-8f1a8cf8bdac", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of natural gas within the solid Earth.", "children": [] } @@ -8733,20 +8733,20 @@ { "uuid": "4add3005-9151-4b8d-a0bc-14c3908ef3a9", "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", + "parentId": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", "definition": "Pertaining to the recovery of land altered in the mining/drilling/processing of natural resources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96bbae63-81c1-43b4-90f0-52731e2b52ca", "label": "HYDROGEN GAS", - "broader": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", + "parentId": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17", "definition": "Hydrogen gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable, and nontoxic. Hydrogen gas exists as a gas at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures. Hydrogen gas is the lightest gas known with a density approximately 0.07 that of air. The concentration of hydrogen gas in the atmosphere volume is 5.0 x 10-5%. Hydrogen is principally shipped and used in gaseous form for refineries, petrochemical companies for hydrotreating, catalytic reforming and hydrocracking. Hydrogen is also used in heat treating, metal production, welding, lasers, plastics, food production, and semiconductors.", "children": [ { "uuid": "833b6958-fc93-473c-aadb-bb65da7578e5", "label": "HYDROGEN GAS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "96bbae63-81c1-43b4-90f0-52731e2b52ca", + "parentId": "96bbae63-81c1-43b4-90f0-52731e2b52ca", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of hydrogen gas within the solid Earth.", "children": [] } @@ -8757,47 +8757,47 @@ { "uuid": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", "label": "GEOMAGNETISM", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "The magnetism of the earth. Also known as terrestrial magnetism.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC INDICES", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", + "parentId": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", "definition": "Magnetic activity indicies that describe variation in the geomagnetic field caused by irregular current systems.Typical geomagntic indices are: a, A, Ap, Dst, K, and Kp", "children": [ { "uuid": "5fd5ccc2-5edb-4823-940d-03a290a5c5fc", "label": "AA INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", + "parentId": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", "definition": "A daily and half daily index of geomagnetic activity determined from the k indexes scaled at two nearly antipodal stations at invariant magnetic latitude 50 degrees (Hartland, England, and Canberra, Australia). The aa values are in units of 1 nT. The index is available back to 1868, and is provided by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3283844-d867-4c2f-9917-a72bc06fd9ef", "label": "AM INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", + "parentId": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", "definition": "A mean, 3-hourly 'equivalent amplitude' of geomagnetic activity based on standardized K index data from a global network of 23 Northern and Southern Hemisphere stations by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France; am values are given in units of 1 nT.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40386eea-beb0-4b83-906b-75c6bfa24b73", "label": "KP INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", + "parentId": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", "definition": "A 3-hourly planetary index of geomagnetic activity calculated by the Institut fur Geophysik der Gottingen Universitat, F.R. Germany, from the K indexes observed at 13 stations primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The Kp indexes, which date from 1932, are used to determine the ap indexes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdb4b514-75c4-4a1f-a4ad-1855fbd396ab", "label": "DST INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", + "parentId": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", "definition": "A measure of variation in the geomagnetic field due to the equatorial ring current. It is computed from the H-components at approximately four near-equatorial stations at hourly intervals. At a given time, the Dst index is the average of variation over all longitudes; the reference level is set so that Dst is statistically zero on internationally designated quiet days. An index of -50 or deeper indicates a storm-level disturbance, and an index of -200 or deeper is associated with middle-latitude auroras. Dst is determined by the World Data Center C2 for Geomagnetism, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31f77d6b-72f7-45e6-93be-8ac5fd5dc373", "label": "AE INDEX", - "broader": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", + "parentId": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a", "definition": "The AE Index is designed to provide a global, quantitative measure of auroral zone magnetic activity produced by enhanced Ionospheric currents flowing below and within the auroral oval. Ideally, It is the total range of deviation at an instant of time from quiet day values of the horizontal magnetic field (h) around the auroral oval. Defined and developed by Davis and Sugiura [1966], AE has been usefully employed both qualitatively and quantitatively as a correlative index in studies of substorm morphology, the behavior of communication satellites, radio propagation, radio scintillation, and the coupling between the interplanetary magnetic field and the earth's magnetosphere. For these varied uses, AE possesses advantages over other geomagnetic indices or at least shares their advantageous properties.", "children": [] } @@ -8806,27 +8806,27 @@ { "uuid": "fd631e31-fe6f-462e-a3f6-c07b4b736ac7", "label": "REFERENCE FIELDS", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", + "parentId": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", "definition": "Pertaining to the baseline state of the Earth's magnetic field used to base all other measurements from.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", "label": "ELECTRICAL FIELD", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", + "parentId": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", "definition": "The electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point charge.", "children": [ { "uuid": "84d77f98-d5a2-4da8-9ba6-0b15e082d050", "label": "ELECTRICAL INTENSITY", - "broader": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", + "parentId": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", "definition": "The ratio of the electrostatic force exerted on a body to the charge on the body.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d55d29e8-9015-4c23-b137-528eb298aa49", "label": "ELECTRICAL ANOMALIES", - "broader": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", + "parentId": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", "definition": "A deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule.", "children": [] } @@ -8835,27 +8835,27 @@ { "uuid": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC FORECASTS", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", + "parentId": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", "definition": "Forecasts of the likelihood (from 1% to 99%) that the daily geomagnetic activity level will reach a particular activity category. The four categories are Quiet to Unsettled, Active, Minor Storm, and Major to Severe Storm. The geomagnetic category assigned to a day is determined by the highest observed k-index for the day. Quiet to Unsettled = k 0 to k 3, Active = k 4, Minor Storm = k 5, and Major to Severe Storm = k 6 to k 9. Middle-latitude forecasts are verified against Fredericksburg, VA observations and High-latitude forecasts are verified against College, AK observations. Forecast lead times range from one to three days.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9a46a62c-952d-4253-8249-7375c14068a2", "label": "TOTAL INTENSITY", - "broader": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", + "parentId": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", "definition": "The magnetic intensity of the Earth's pull on an object, such as a satellite and measured by\n\nX (easterly intensity),\n\nY (northerly intensity) and,\n\nZ (vertical intensity, positive downwards).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2d3d9a57-44e8-43c0-98b4-b4891c994862", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", + "parentId": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", "definition": "Natural variations in the geomagnetic field classified into quiet, unsettled, active, and geomagnetic storm levels.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b7decec-e378-4824-aecf-9fe509392efd", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC STORM CATEGORY", - "broader": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", + "parentId": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", "definition": "A category or scale that describe the environmental disturbances for three event types: geomagnetic storms, solar radiation storms, and radio blackouts. The scales have numbered levels, analogous to hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes that convey severity. They list possible effects at each level. They also show how often such events happen, and give a measure of the intensity of the physical causes.", "children": [] } @@ -8864,41 +8864,41 @@ { "uuid": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", "label": "MAGNETIC FIELD", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", + "parentId": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", "definition": "Pertaining to the magnetic field generated by the Earth, consisting of both the dipole and non-dipole components.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f311eac7-5c85-4a8f-90c2-abcff3eec92d", "label": "MAGNETIC DECLINATION", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", + "parentId": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", "definition": "Pertaining to the angle, expressed in degrees east or west, to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee421700-0fe2-420c-9a07-91e8ae9fb524", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC INDUCTION", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", + "parentId": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", "definition": "Geomagnetic electromotive force generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of currents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "65ae8ab2-489b-44bf-bf5b-43cf957b70c0", "label": "MAGNETIC ANOMALIES", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", + "parentId": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", "definition": "Local variation in the Earth's magnetic field resulting from variations in the chemistry or magnetism of the rocks. Mapping of variation over an area is valuable in detecting structures obscured by overlying material. The magnetic variation in successive bands of ocean floor parallel with mid-ocean ridges is important evidence supporting the theory of seafloor spreading, central to plate tectonics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0b7311e-df08-45fa-8dd5-33b6f74a66d9", "label": "MAGNETIC INCLINATION", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", + "parentId": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", "definition": "The dip, angle of dip, magnetic dip, magnetic inclination, inclination (physics) the angle that a magnetic needle makes with the plane of the horizon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d817911a-685b-4c9f-bdc7-2411b8c0a7af", "label": "MAGNETIC INTENSITY", - "broader": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", + "parentId": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", "definition": "Pertaining to measurements of the strength of the Earth's magnetic field.", "children": [] } @@ -8907,7 +8907,7 @@ { "uuid": "720969dd-e966-41aa-af94-ee41cdf60390", "label": "PALEOMAGNETISM", - "broader": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", + "parentId": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290", "definition": "Pertaining to the use of remnant magnetic signatures within the rocks of the Earth's crust to determine the state of the Earth's magnetic field at a given time into the past, or to locate a paleocontinent on the surface\nof the Earth.", "children": [] } @@ -8916,95 +8916,95 @@ { "uuid": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "label": "ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "A naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals that make up the solid earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCKS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, texture, formation, location, extent, etc. of\nrocks formed through sedimentary processes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8b726747-6eba-4ce6-bfc6-ee84616a1862", "label": "COAL", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", + "parentId": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or uses of the fossil fuel (coal).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", + "parentId": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of sedimentary rocks.", "children": [ { "uuid": "dbfa6bae-c59a-4c41-b3d1-12b3fd6b5641", "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of sedimentary rocks within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99d75da3-aa22-4d29-9a56-7e0413665031", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "383eb3f9-49bb-4210-ab59-030eeb1f68c3", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "Identified as the density of the rock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fca9e52-07fa-424b-b75a-ef1003e77b56", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54a4a67a-b1ed-429b-876b-a595164a807c", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0c40575-4033-4e91-9874-3cd83ce80bc1", "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5cd9ac7-6b10-44dd-8b1d-660a7a681518", "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e705ebc-c58f-460d-b5e7-1da05ee45cc1", "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "The emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5ae8710-8c7e-48ab-bf0f-2f18b2598a5a", "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73e9349c-08db-4ca5-87f8-bbe785c25629", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", + "parentId": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] } @@ -9013,21 +9013,21 @@ { "uuid": "8777e995-2acc-40cd-b81a-f0c7b69df23e", "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", + "parentId": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", "definition": "The formation of sedimentary rock from the consolidation of clay sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23706ac6-8f15-4548-b1c5-6594d825d56d", "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", + "parentId": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of sedimentary rocks within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "701f2b6f-34b0-4f69-941e-c2c5545abc0b", "label": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", + "parentId": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of sedimentary rocks.", "children": [] } @@ -9036,82 +9036,82 @@ { "uuid": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", "label": "IGNEOUS ROCKS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, texture, formation, location, extent, etc. of\nrocks formed through igneous processes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", + "parentId": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of igneous rocks.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2cb4e7de-fba7-420a-9137-ac10e298fd63", "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of igneous rocks within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8443b43e-9512-4389-bc89-11c7510144f6", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba73a304-0302-40bc-af08-79d923054162", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "Identified as the density of the rock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e1e3f623-5a18-46a8-b8a8-22c082b643ad", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92b21b46-90e1-4ea6-a5be-e2ce663a028d", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ca1ab0a-2aa1-438c-b4c0-93dd8db37bb1", "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8cd774ee-2437-4790-ae2c-4492ecfc5013", "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd075d4b-1112-4290-920d-cf15280d54b8", "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "The emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "746a7f6e-8923-47a1-9e95-9103a1231fc4", "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19791e07-39bf-4635-b695-a819e38e20ca", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", + "parentId": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] } @@ -9120,21 +9120,21 @@ { "uuid": "984d4966-070d-4f8c-85e7-83bb0fd804a8", "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", + "parentId": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", "definition": "Rock created by the solidification of molten magma.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53e3eeca-265b-42d8-ad64-bfcc2acdad26", "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", + "parentId": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of igneous rocks", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16499bb4-95bd-4bc0-b8d8-1fd11ca7d44d", "label": "IGNEOUS ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", + "parentId": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8", "definition": "The vertical and geogrpahic distribution of igneous rock within the solid earth.", "children": [] } @@ -9143,82 +9143,82 @@ { "uuid": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", "label": "GAS HYDRATES", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or use of Methane Hydrates", "children": [ { "uuid": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "label": "GAS HYDRATES PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", + "parentId": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of gas hydrates.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8d396c19-6c45-44f6-9b59-53e1c3712622", "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of gas hydrates within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26ea8426-2996-4b93-aff2-f3b9cd2f8a7a", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b1b868a-71ff-4a9e-9d32-371a4b91f1a3", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "Identified as the density of the gas hydrates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4596f71-207c-4037-b3a1-7ab0cd12daec", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23da8344-174b-4931-b460-9fcfaf824ec9", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5bc5153-d8ed-455b-9a05-aebb1026e2fb", "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfb9f260-ce31-4bdc-99af-f3a6f89f52a2", "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03939ec7-9310-4440-b761-c8a6b32f1f43", "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "The emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec950d11-30a8-44c3-b1f3-8e93b131211f", "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "The breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60e242ac-0f08-4574-bf92-b5e6536603cb", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", + "parentId": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] } @@ -9227,21 +9227,21 @@ { "uuid": "9589c9f5-fd13-4809-b26c-bd71db371836", "label": "GAS HYDRATES FORMATION", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", + "parentId": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", "definition": "An analysis of gas hydrates formation within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a20b919-a6f6-453e-9055-a66a9da8594b", "label": "GAS HYDRATES VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", + "parentId": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of gas hydrates within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43561874-c5c4-47d5-8daf-e99fab694042", "label": "GAS HYDRATES AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", + "parentId": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of gas hydrates", "children": [] } @@ -9250,82 +9250,82 @@ { "uuid": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", "label": "METALS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or uses of the metals or metallic ores found in or on the Earth's Crust.", "children": [ { "uuid": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "label": "METALS PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", + "parentId": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of metals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1afa91ea-2b60-48d6-b065-093cd20408cd", "label": "COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and structure of metals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ebc1d1d7-98b7-4448-a6b0-80b15de99259", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3a008a8-0af3-4595-9c32-1fc8bee47c9f", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "Identified as the density of the metal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af12ef6b-836b-40bf-959b-ec2d82c87389", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ff1adcf-563f-47b3-902e-0231051dc8e7", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2a5a2e1-6ac8-4bd4-9fe6-00f043bc148b", "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ebebffc8-474e-46a9-b194-5cfe5a309e88", "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. 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There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9385327-31fe-49a6-b3d6-073d6897ff4a", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", + "parentId": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] } @@ -9334,14 +9334,14 @@ { "uuid": "fbc418a0-5d32-43ab-9f1f-e81b9d8534e1", "label": "METALS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", + "parentId": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of metals within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1b409b9-bf98-490a-8af5-f64fcda17a54", "label": "METALS AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", + "parentId": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of metals", "children": [] } @@ -9350,82 +9350,82 @@ { "uuid": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", "label": "NON-METALLIC MINERALS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or uses of non-metal bearing\nore minerals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "label": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", + "parentId": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of non-metallic minerals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f53dd88a-d2a0-4a97-bdcf-70e013461bbe", "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of non-metallic minerals within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70cebb8f-f944-4fe7-be08-1ed86d50eb7c", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e806852-5790-484f-9aee-a7cfc6683ec0", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42632143-3d8c-40d9-a0ab-9fdffb98a6c9", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "Identified as the density of the non-metallic mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07d5a2e4-47ef-4bee-81a7-42ef2eb7a77c", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ffc61516-ea33-48f3-94df-7065fea388ee", "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. 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There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a22f994-b311-4042-b517-35612ccf2bb6", "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9911bf57-9d52-4fb3-a915-9e522e9845d5", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", + "parentId": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] } @@ -9434,21 +9434,21 @@ { "uuid": "2b4d3c45-8713-4ec9-9565-866bb01be9f9", "label": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL FORMATION", - "broader": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", + "parentId": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", "definition": "An analysis of non-metallic mineral formation within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1980c6c6-50f0-45a1-9a28-668f1372c09e", "label": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", + "parentId": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of non-metallic minerals within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "497ec0b6-a732-4d97-9e5a-09eaf5ed4607", "label": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", + "parentId": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of non-metallic minerals.", "children": [] } @@ -9457,89 +9457,89 @@ { "uuid": "d4ac49a1-9ba5-4a90-a033-2ef317028352", "label": "AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the methods, results, and studies involved in determining the age of rock units found in and on the Earth's crust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCKS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, texture, formation, location, extent, etc. of rocks formed through metamorphic processes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", + "parentId": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of metamorphic rocks.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9dbdb70e-7bea-4473-a7a9-9a7edf843af1", "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of metamorphic rocks within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "953aecfe-a93d-4994-906f-5a1f8c4baa76", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3fa18e78-7b40-425b-8773-ad3f0dab7cf4", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "Identified as the density of the rock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93aee4f9-2bcc-4208-b538-0c92f1ac1f42", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "Rock luster is the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0cbc201c-f58a-44a2-9515-f23eefc9be03", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee3df8b7-0b0b-40ed-b9fa-cc3205d95669", "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abd86f50-fc17-4020-a6ac-f0066fc5f7ec", "label": "ELECTRICIAL", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8740a28-ec13-4ce8-8541-2ecae035b297", "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "It is the emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f433284b-5def-465b-a532-62f0961294d0", "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94bc302a-d9ce-4f8f-982b-08a35772e5e9", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", + "parentId": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] } @@ -9548,21 +9548,21 @@ { "uuid": "02a53a61-4fd2-4294-9dcc-071f701bc263", "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", + "parentId": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of metamorphic rocks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a243624b-a9c8-4c53-84d1-bb0fe2a71ef6", "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", + "parentId": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", "definition": "The formation of metamorphic rock from pressure and heat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d80d2d2-7841-4734-a8c5-5d60679e3830", "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", + "parentId": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of metamorphic rocks within the solid Earth.", "children": [] } @@ -9571,89 +9571,89 @@ { "uuid": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", "label": "MINERALS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, quantification, and comparison of the\ncrystal structures of minerals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "56373f39-7c27-4a77-bb52-c4defee751f8", "label": "MINERALOIDS", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", + "parentId": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", "definition": "A naturally occurring, usually inorganic substance that is not considered to be a mineral because it is amorphous and lacks a periodically repeating arrangement of atoms, e.g. opal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "label": "MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", + "parentId": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of minerals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9d828679-c6d3-4f74-9489-d9688509a025", "label": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of minerals", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1545d45e-a4e6-43bd-a3ae-8d3a0a25b41e", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c44d356-308d-4f92-8fe4-201edff3a02e", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "Rock luster is the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cef686dd-4efe-4e4a-b6ef-360879b20dc9", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "Identified as the density of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3feb3e65-5a44-46db-ba7b-ceb695e4fb50", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8bea85a-4578-410f-b58a-4927b8963aef", "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9f3ac40-047e-4649-bf0f-03480d6174ae", "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "307f8625-b4cf-4856-9d62-b200e94429a2", "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "The emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a40aafdc-dcc0-43f0-bc57-3a567631fa3b", "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2057998-1d06-4e58-9177-447942355d66", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", + "parentId": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] } @@ -9662,21 +9662,21 @@ { "uuid": "f6ce9d55-4183-4433-a615-4c4f01d7810b", "label": "MINERAL FORMATION", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", + "parentId": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", "definition": "The formation of minerals due to solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring with a definite chemical composition.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbac3817-116f-4280-b32d-d30bb0f37cbd", "label": "MINERAL VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", + "parentId": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of minerals within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "239c04ba-6f82-4d4f-a60b-a1ee49301e0f", "label": "MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", + "parentId": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of minerals.", "children": [] } @@ -9685,82 +9685,82 @@ { "uuid": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", "label": "METEORITES", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the location, structure, composition, origin, or analysis of meteorites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "label": "METEORITE PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", + "parentId": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of meteorites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "94370298-393b-4faa-bbb1-f8b6a47b9d56", "label": "COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of meteorites", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2c042a4-2658-48c1-a511-7a5dbff2b63d", "label": "HARDNESS", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b6d19eb-616b-45cf-a1e6-cc8b549128f1", "label": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "Identified as the density of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1d083b5-3233-4053-a479-4eb7d347c34b", "label": "STABILITY", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0de2a94f-9bd1-4ad0-b5b8-4a8237d049bf", "label": "ELECTRICAL", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f54cb873-f20a-4476-835e-fd968c9b1937", "label": "COLOR", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "547c2bee-40ce-4b23-8338-5fa7c6ad8a8d", "label": "REFLECTION", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9add64c-1764-4ddb-b088-71c77084a2f5", "label": "CLEAVAGE", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83aff0db-35fd-45f9-b409-692b17941f79", "label": "LUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "It is the emission of “cold light” from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "651a6368-251e-45f6-8496-1f798de85db5", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", + "parentId": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "Luster is the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral.", "children": [] } @@ -9769,20 +9769,20 @@ { "uuid": "d45ccf89-7f8c-4a61-b46d-c34dca21c879", "label": "METEORITE ORIGIN", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", + "parentId": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", "definition": "The origin and characteristics of meteorites within the solid Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e468e55a-5bee-413e-8cbd-c9706e28eb93", "label": "METEORITE VERTICAL/GEOGRPAHIC DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", + "parentId": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of meteorites within the Solid Earth", "children": [ { "uuid": "5a8bc1e7-a74d-4acc-9ac2-8fea047068a8", "label": "LUSTER", - "broader": "e468e55a-5bee-413e-8cbd-c9706e28eb93", + "parentId": "e468e55a-5bee-413e-8cbd-c9706e28eb93", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -9791,7 +9791,7 @@ { "uuid": "6d75d735-7dac-42a2-8f87-2dfcbe3cf545", "label": "METEORITE AGE DETERMINATIONS", - "broader": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", + "parentId": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age meteorites", "children": [] } @@ -9800,48 +9800,48 @@ { "uuid": "6600ace1-fc1e-4b5a-9f82-0afa19acf037", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4beaeec9-0750-44e6-8fb4-8d0085efc82e", "label": "BEDROCK LITHOLOGY", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "Pertaining to the identification, measurement, analysis, and documentation of lithologic composition of the earth's bedrock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", "label": "ELEMENTS", - "broader": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", + "parentId": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac", "definition": "A pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus. They are divided into metals, metalloids, and non-metals", "children": [ { "uuid": "63cf1bca-72c7-4f5e-8018-3d22befa7147", "label": "MINOR ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", + "parentId": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", "definition": "Elements that constitute 1 to 0.1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "334f47c1-fd13-483f-b493-e69a9e93d553", "label": "RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", + "parentId": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", "definition": "An element with an unstable nucleus, which radiates alpha, beta or gamma radiation and gets converted to a stable element.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2440389a-d0d9-445a-9dce-908900f0c3a7", "label": "MAJOR ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", + "parentId": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", "definition": "Elements that constitute > 1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3c898d7-14db-4536-bd86-f8f222167195", "label": "TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", + "parentId": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f", "definition": "Elements that constitute less than 0.1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis.", "children": [] } @@ -9852,26 +9852,26 @@ { "uuid": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", "label": "GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "The relation between the earth's interior heat and other related matter, using the properties of macroscopic variables such as temperature, entropy, and pressure.", "children": [ { "uuid": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", "label": "GEOTHERMAL ENERGY", - "broader": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", + "parentId": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", "definition": "Heat transferred from the earth's molten core to under-ground deposits of dry steam (steam with no water droplets), wet steam (a mixture of steam and water droplets), hot water, or rocks lying fairly close to the earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "64461e23-b3c1-4b99-b879-84e54bacdb24", "label": "ENERGY OUTPUT", - "broader": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", + "parentId": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", "definition": "The amount of heat output from a geothermal energy source.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d258088-e5bd-42b9-a281-e566da10ea74", "label": "ENERGY DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", + "parentId": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", "definition": "The amount of heat distribution from a geothermal energy source.", "children": [] } @@ -9880,19 +9880,19 @@ { "uuid": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", "label": "GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", + "parentId": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965", "definition": "Describes the temperature of the geothermal energy (heat) released from the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "99d567bb-7767-4ea4-a135-a611eac6a669", "label": "TEMPERATURE GRADIENT", - "broader": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", + "parentId": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", "definition": "A physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of degrees (on a particular temperature scale) per unit length.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f4573e47-3cce-49ec-98d3-b5b3bb51371e", "label": "TEMPERATURE GRADIENT RATE", - "broader": "99d567bb-7767-4ea4-a135-a611eac6a669", + "parentId": "99d567bb-7767-4ea4-a135-a611eac6a669", "definition": "The rate at which temperature changes at a particular location as it relates to geothermal energy.", "children": [] } @@ -9901,14 +9901,14 @@ { "uuid": "321d9086-fc85-40a3-a2e0-d24bc6765345", "label": "TEMPERATURE PROFILES", - "broader": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", + "parentId": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", "definition": "The change of air temperature with height above the ground. When the temperature increases with height, the profile is called an inversion profile, or simply an inversion. When the temperature decreases strongly with height, a convective profile may be established.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d2ac206-0977-4145-b334-baa6e13a0db6", "label": "AMBIENT TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", + "parentId": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9", "definition": "Air temperature measured with a thermometer, similar to dry-bulb temperature.", "children": [] } @@ -9919,88 +9919,88 @@ { "uuid": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "label": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "The science that treats the general configuration of the Earth's surface, specifically the study of the classification, description, nature, origin, and development of present landforms and their relationships to underlying structures, and of the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "label": "COASTAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "Coastal processes refers to the action of natural forces (e.g. erosion,\r\ndeposition, tectonic uplift) on the shoreline, and the nearshore seabed. Some\r\nexamples of landforms resulting from these processes are wave-cut cliffs,\r\nbeaches, and wave-cut benches.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6e3135e9-6be6-4995-a5df-022f6a0cf45b", "label": "BARRIER ISLANDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are relatively narrow strips of sand that parallel the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a5d3e4d-86d1-4863-bfe6-f8e2899fab0e", "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Geological landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea or lake. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, waves or cobblestones.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "label": "CORAL REEFS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Corals are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters containing few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, and are formed by polyps that live together in groups. The polyps secrete a hard carbonate exoskeleton which provides support and protection for the body of each polyp.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f5c48d1-5189-495d-b5a7-7ad596f0a5c4", "label": "FRINGING REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "One of the three main types of coral reefs recognized by most coral reef scientists. It is distinguished from the other two main types (barrier reefs and atolls) in that has either an entirely shallow backreef zone (lagoon) or none at all.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5fde7781-d4f6-41a8-8428-f428b70c02dc", "label": "BARRIER REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "A long, narrow ridge of coral or rock parallel to and relatively near a coastline, separated from the coastline by a lagoon too deep for coral growth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1451fce-9e69-4f2d-b2cf-27238a7577ce", "label": "PATCH REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "An isolated, comparatively small reef outcrop, usually within a lagoon or embayment, often circular and surrounded by sand or seagrass. Patch reefs are common.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0e566bce-90bf-4a0a-a000-5bb5fb430788", "label": "APRON REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "A short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57417a5e-4d86-4fb6-81d6-68bf9a3d1148", "label": "BANK REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "A linear or semi-circular shaped-outline, larger than a patch reef.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b428ba89-4638-4989-90c1-f5e4f0d0a6f6", "label": "RIBBON REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "A long, narrow, somewhat winding reef, usually associated with an atoll lagoon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c89ede4-94d8-4fd4-a3df-f9d42e9835eb", "label": "ATOLL REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "A ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands/cays on the coral rim.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f4dc81d-0893-4eb9-b82a-6a070836aa16", "label": "TABLE REEF", - "broader": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", + "parentId": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2", "definition": "An isolated reef, approaching an atoll type, but without a lagoon.", "children": [] } @@ -10009,55 +10009,55 @@ { "uuid": "0c51bdb0-54b0-4d0d-afd0-35ef7458ccb7", "label": "CUSPATE FORELANDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Geographical features found on coastlines and created by long shore drift. Made out of sand and shingle, and later stabilized by vegetation, cuspate forelands are triangular-shaped accretions and extend seawards.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b37b1bdf-6392-4a80-891a-14f177ba2ca2", "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fa47cab9-0aa4-4e16-8115-972f7f543920", "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", + "parentId": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", "definition": "Shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans, or transverse dunes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1810b08a-9377-4f01-a3cf-fdd549ad8ebf", "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", + "parentId": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94ab11dc-b70b-4705-bb25-c4d430722d28", "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", + "parentId": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16a1f6b8-ea67-43fe-a47c-aad5250b4f59", "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", + "parentId": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "174fa36e-3a06-40a1-bc95-87e6799bdead", "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", + "parentId": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", "children": [] } @@ -10066,119 +10066,119 @@ { "uuid": "127fdf1d-9985-4a27-9b6c-ad54380fd299", "label": "ESTUARIES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawater and freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9291bc7-784d-486a-95fa-f08fa1edcad9", "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "860e25fa-e63a-4fd0-bde9-4f596b4a5929", "label": "HEADLANDS/BAYS/CAPE", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Headlands and bays are often found together on the same stretch of coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands are characterized by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliffs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca9d9064-91c8-4c49-b388-e5f7290a3234", "label": "ISTHMUS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with waterforms on either side.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "356a245d-418a-4560-9eb1-d12f8f155f66", "label": "INLETS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an 'entrance' or a recession in the shore of a sea, lake or river.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "081d131a-6bef-47dc-adb3-f96da9123f93", "label": "LAGOONS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A body of shallow sea water or brackish water separated from the sea by some form of barrier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d4c5e9c-bdab-48c9-89da-1eb4b9a528ab", "label": "RIA", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A landform, often referred to as a drowned river valley. Rias are almost always estuaries. Rias form where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change (where the global sea levels rise), or isostatic sea level change (where the local land sinks).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85f409fd-9d81-4cac-84ed-fb0bb4599924", "label": "SALT MARSH", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "An environment in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and salty or brackish water, dominated by dense stands of halophytic (salt-tolerant) plants such as herbs, grasses, or low shrubs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4321cb64-0997-438f-92fb-45169503c01f", "label": "SEA ARCHES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "Sea arches form by wave erosion of coastal headlands. Sea arches are very temporary landforms, in both geologic and human terms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "521f883e-18be-4f28-b5fe-c1f887b4233a", "label": "SEA CAVES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "01400b09-68a3-4e3e-b076-1687e30bed56", "label": "SEA CLIFFS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94b575b8-eac4-433d-aa74-d781b650f452", "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A somewhat linear landform within or extending into a body of water, typically composed of sand, silt or small pebbles. A spit or sandspit is a type of shoal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57e6b119-567b-44d0-9d93-278ed5c21c47", "label": "SHORELINES", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5b85924-9e3f-4106-b389-1ab4486bd233", "label": "SOUNDS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A wide inlet of the sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline; it often separates a coastline from a nearby island", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62ef0883-8311-4485-947a-2691b456b667", "label": "SPITS AND BARS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A deposition landform found off coasts. At one end, spits connect to land, while at the far end they exist in open water. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at cove's headlands, by the process of longshore drift.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30f556c4-7531-4758-9e51-8adc6b2e0e8a", "label": "TOMBOLOS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "A deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar. Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island. Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level is called a tombolo cluster.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee1d9786-33e9-46dc-b859-25d18e9c8a88", "label": "WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS", - "broader": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", + "parentId": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21", "definition": "The narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the action of waves. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock.", "children": [] } @@ -10187,41 +10187,41 @@ { "uuid": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", "label": "KARST LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "Karstification is the geologic process of differential chemical and mechanical\nerosion by water on soluble bodies of rock, such as limestone, dolomite,\ngypsum, or salt, at or near the Earth4s surface. Karstification is exhibited\nbest on thick, fractured, and pure limestones in a humid environment in which\nthe subsurface and surface are being modified simultaneously. The resulting\nkarst morphology usually characterized by dolines (sinkholes), hums (towers),\ncaves, and a complex subsurface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7f298307-73f6-4f10-96a2-db381f357cb6", "label": "SINKHOLES (DOLINES)", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", + "parentId": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", "definition": "A pit like hole found in areas of karst. These features are caused by the weathering of limestone or dolomite by subsurface drainage.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "631c5fb8-5e44-48f8-b937-a5f393d0832d", "label": "CAVES", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", + "parentId": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", "definition": "A natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. Some people suggest that the term cave should only apply to cavities that have some part that does not receive daylight; however, in popular usage, the term includes smaller spaces like sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c319a44c-b21a-491f-9cf0-65868507576c", "label": "KARST VALLEY", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", + "parentId": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", "definition": "A valley-scale, mid-size, closed depression otherwise meeting the definition of a sinkhole but also enclosing more than one smaller sinkhole and sinking stream.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a20151df-e7cf-43e0-9745-ffc965f97ef7", "label": "COCKPIT/TOWER KARST", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", + "parentId": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", "definition": "A spectacular variety of karst landscape, dominated by steep or vertical sided limestone towers (karst towers) or cones. The towers originate as residual cones and are then steepened by water table undercutting from surrounding alluviated plains.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40d9bf88-e7e2-4137-81fc-4721d67ce520", "label": "UVALA", - "broader": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", + "parentId": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889", "definition": "A complex closed depression with several lesser depressions within its rim.", "children": [] } @@ -10230,118 +10230,118 @@ { "uuid": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "label": "TECTONIC LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "'Tectonic landforms' are structural landforms of regional extent. These\r\nlandforms make up extensive landscapes whose topography is strongly influenced\r\nby the structure of underlying rocks that have undergone (or are undergoing)\r\nsome degree of deformation (and possible associated metamorphism and igneous\r\nintrusion). Landscapes developed on orogenic belts, uplifts, domes, basins, and\nshields can all be thought of as tectonic landforms. 'Tectonic processes' are\r\nlarge-scale geologic processes that develop these landforms and include\r\nmountain \r\nbuilding and crustal rifting.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5d9d1d85-b402-4f84-ab5c-03a49fc68c25", "label": "CALDERA", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A large circular depression in a volcano.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c394040-91f1-4438-a50a-3118254f5989", "label": "CINDER CONE", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6107d1c4-5aea-4bfa-861d-d77083a4476e", "label": "FAULTS", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "524f075d-e875-4c9d-9e46-91f2a0b12168", "label": "GRABEN", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf3fbdaa-cefb-4a54-8a4e-ee0a862795fb", "label": "HORST", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2a3893c-de51-4ca7-a952-e9a43dd961a1", "label": "FOLDS", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cefe2205-809c-4386-915e-a8737ae8e68e", "label": "VOLCANO", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a355aafc-f0ce-4774-afc3-82b41df5f022", "label": "TUYA", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were formerly covered by continental ice sheets and also had active volcanism during the same time period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33a0cd6c-a8e4-4187-a2f3-7eb4bf62808d", "label": "LAVA DOME", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "Roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano. The geochemistry of lava domes can vary from basalt to rhyolite although most preserved domes tend to have high silica content.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc18db4d-2184-453e-ba0a-86c83a9bede0", "label": "LAVA PLAIN", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "Also called a lava field or lava bed, is a large expanse of nearly flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly-fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1f717e9-da1a-4e85-ba2b-01986d53674d", "label": "MAAR", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "Broad, low-relief volcanic crater that is caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption, an explosion caused by groundwater coming into contact with hot lava or magma. A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea580c65-2f66-4745-bbb6-dde61279ecfa", "label": "GEYSER", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapour phase (steam).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0baf564f-f942-4aeb-9b75-30b838f28f3f", "label": "PLATEAU", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "An area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau. A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c34ea556-10bd-4665-9f22-68b5d05c9aea", "label": "MOUNTAINS", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. The adjective montane is used to describe mountainous areas and things associated with them.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca091be1-4762-49ec-859b-a1a2fcb8e038", "label": "RIDGE", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A geological feature that features a chain of mountains or hills that are of a continuous elevated crest for some distance. Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0bd4d492-4911-4a6a-afaa-34899a80294b", "label": "RIFT VALLEY", - "broader": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", + "parentId": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "A linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. This action is manifest as crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion.", "children": [] } @@ -10350,47 +10350,47 @@ { "uuid": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", "label": "AEOLIAN LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "Landforms created by the processes of wind erosion or deposition of wind\r\nweathered surface materials. These include landforms with some of the following\ngeomorphic features: sand dunes, deflation hollows, and desert pavement.\r\nAlternative spelling 'aeolian landforms.'", "children": [ { "uuid": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", + "parentId": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5c80c047-c02e-4c15-83ac-26b8b1a8f114", "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", + "parentId": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", "definition": "'Crescent-shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans, or transverse dunes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db2d6cfb-70c3-4568-99a0-a25b3c3879dd", "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", + "parentId": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce087840-ec71-4575-bca9-e807151cc376", "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", + "parentId": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5ff7545-0eec-4cad-90a5-019e03cdac47", "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", + "parentId": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4cce9a44-da57-4169-b89f-6b1460fcedb9", "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", + "parentId": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2", "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", "children": [] } @@ -10399,7 +10399,7 @@ { "uuid": "cae41424-161f-4378-a1a4-62cd76c61143", "label": "RIPPLES", - "broader": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", + "parentId": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", "definition": "Sedimentary structures (i.e. bedforms of the lower flow regime) and indicate agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.", "children": [] } @@ -10408,194 +10408,194 @@ { "uuid": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "label": "FLUVIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "'Fluvial landforms' are features on the Earth's surface produced by the action,\ni.e. erosion and deposition, of a stream or river and include such landforms as\nbars, levees, braided and meandering channels, and alluvial fans. 'Fluvial\nprocesses' are those processes included in the action of running water in a\nstream or river", "children": [ { "uuid": "d8b04023-b9c4-42bc-a986-ab6c4f32ba28", "label": "AIT", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A small island. It is especially used to refer to islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97a71326-75ac-422f-941e-c0c2897dd46b", "label": "WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASINS", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c061296-2c92-4aa4-b9d1-6ecf0efde876", "label": "BAR", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of particles, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "244bd4be-a3d2-4c02-b576-ae9f2f9e544f", "label": "BAYOU", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A body of water typically found in flat, low-lying areas, and can refer either to an extremely slow-moving stream or river (often with a poorly defined shoreline), or to a marshy lake or wetland.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbd9ee43-24f8-45ab-a39b-2ff34be81c51", "label": "CONFLUENCE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "The merger or meeting of two or more objects (or subjects) that seem to inseparably bind their respective forces or attributes into a point of junction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8dcff6c3-a6b3-479e-96e2-63191d10ac2d", "label": "CUTBANK", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Also known as a river cliff, is an erosional feature of streams. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad535c83-3b93-4632-8aaa-7dfba8bb125a", "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a2a2f6d-9735-4bee-9d1a-21dcd0352c6b", "label": "ENDORHERIC BASIN", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d71f94cb-e773-487a-a8ff-9c5f11c1dbc4", "label": "FLOOD PLAIN", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e25ce36c-eacd-447a-9d73-ccc8a7e3a328", "label": "CANYON", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A narrow valley with steep sides; usually created by erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74caea9b-6023-438b-af3d-bb9d948036f1", "label": "ISLAND", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f8ad9b0-adb8-4022-8c95-bca68e7a87a5", "label": "GULLY", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A landform created by running water eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "588d868d-05a4-4dac-9fb3-770b54ce39e5", "label": "LACUSTRINE PLAIN", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Lakes that get filled by incoming sediment. Overtime, the water may drain from the lake, leaving the deposited sediments behind. This can be caused by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88adcca6-2bc8-443a-9f25-c9aded577615", "label": "MARSH", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6f77e54-069e-454f-8260-e150bc29547a", "label": "MEANDER", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A bend in a river, also known as an oxbow loop. This usage derives from the name of the Maeander River in Turkey.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12233807-f6cd-410d-b607-ecbfbd545464", "label": "OX-BOW LAKE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A u-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a0c46ff-2d07-442d-b141-6156d9ea4a2e", "label": "PINGO", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and subarctic that can reach up to 70 metres (230 ft) in height and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in diameter. The term originated as the Inuvialuktun word for a small hill. A pingo is a periglacial landform, which is defined as a nonglacial landform or process linked to colder climates. Periglacial suggests an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd0de414-6663-4280-94cf-bda7fea736cc", "label": "POINT BAR", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A depositional feature of streams. Point bars are found in abundance in mature or meandering streams.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f292d99-b14a-4f18-bbe0-8025d04cae50", "label": "POND", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5df6e78f-6dd4-4fc8-a88e-9e575dbca2eb", "label": "RIFFLE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb6b3b76-c496-464b-bd20-1b22296aae15", "label": "RIVER", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many rivers empty into lakes, seas, or oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b498a5cb-f77d-4485-8174-81dec28cee0e", "label": "SPRING", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A natural flow of water from the sub-surface to the surface. Usually occurs when the water table intersects the Earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d2d0777-b47e-45ee-ac85-2d7b9f6e4ffd", "label": "STREAM", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many streams empty into lakes, seas or oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74ce5e8a-038a-471e-a27a-be5b1f17b72f", "label": "STREAM TERRACE", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Also known as fluvial terraces are elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and fluvial valleys all over the world. They consist of a relatively level strip of land, called a “tread,” separated from either an adjacent floodplain, other fluvial terraces, or uplands by distinctly steeper strips of land called “risers.” These terraces lie parallel to and above the river channel and its floodplain. Because of the manner in which they form, fluvial terraces are underlain by fluvial sediments of highly variable thickness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4811065d-7aed-45e0-ac31-6417123be10e", "label": "SWAMP", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87b01c3a-f64f-4764-8cb8-c40ebcd5a989", "label": "VALLEY", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "Low land between hills or mountains.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fdb4c687-916e-48ec-858e-6009cc763de3", "label": "V SHAPED VALLEY", - "broader": "87b01c3a-f64f-4764-8cb8-c40ebcd5a989", + "parentId": "87b01c3a-f64f-4764-8cb8-c40ebcd5a989", "definition": "A valley having a cross-sectional profile in the form of the letter V, commonly produced by stream erosion.", "children": [] } @@ -10604,7 +10604,7 @@ { "uuid": "948dea97-9843-4895-b59b-cb55f07a41b4", "label": "WATERFALL", - "broader": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", + "parentId": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270", "definition": "A place where running water makes a sheer drop, usually over a cliff.", "children": [] } @@ -10613,47 +10613,47 @@ { "uuid": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "label": "GLACIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "'Glacial landforms' are landforms derived from the erosion and deposition\ncaused by glaciers and ice sheets, associated meltwater, and the Earth's\nrheological response. Such landforms include drumlins, moraines, cirques,\nfjords, etc. 'Glacial processes' include deposition of sediments and erosion\nof the Earth's surface by grinding, scouring, and polishing effected by the\nmovement of glacier ice armed with rock fragments frozen into it, together with\nthe erosive action of meltwater streams.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8e73bff6-c2f9-46a6-963b-8ef09dd7f5f3", "label": "ARETES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "An arete is a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arête is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae3b0c3d-35a1-4c94-ba72-ffe1a641902e", "label": "CIRQUES/COMBES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "Glacially eroded rock basin found on mountains. Most alpine glaciers originate from a cirque.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", "label": "CREVASSES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A crack in an ice sheet or glacier (compare to crevice, which is in rock). Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, etc.; these walls sometimes expose layers that represent the glacier's stratigraphy.", "children": [ { "uuid": "45101ace-ce83-4b56-bea6-c4eca9c693dd", "label": "TRANSVERSE CREVASSES", - "broader": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", + "parentId": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", "definition": "Are transverse to flow, as a glacier accelerates where the slope steepens.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc803dca-2fdb-4dc0-bf02-f0b9399d6816", "label": "MARGINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", + "parentId": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", "definition": "Crevasses that form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "429d0eba-2689-4674-9a8a-d88c4058b1bf", "label": "LONGITUDINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", + "parentId": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f", "definition": "Crevasses that form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally.", "children": [] } @@ -10662,118 +10662,118 @@ { "uuid": "4be9b544-68fa-45ea-89f1-a44a9f5929e5", "label": "DRUMLINS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e012809-98cf-468f-bdf7-7cea8569d3ab", "label": "ESKERS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6aed82cb-be90-4e58-ae33-14943ea555be", "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "Are formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5477fad4-789b-436d-a01e-610aa8efa592", "label": "GLACIAL HORNS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A sharp peak formed where the ridges separating three or more cirques intersect", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93b60653-f7bb-46f3-8f65-69221267018c", "label": "GLACIER/ICE CAVES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "Refers to any type of natural cave (most commonly lava tubes or limestone caves) that contains significant amounts of perennial (year-round) ice. At least a portion of the cave must have a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) all year round, and water must have traveled into the cave’s cold zone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d23f75ed-29ea-4aa2-8785-fd3a3726bc33", "label": "GLACIER/HANGING/U-SHAPED VALLEYS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of these two main types or a mixture of them, at least with respect of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2d3b8a4-4861-4c21-b875-97084b6e75aa", "label": "GLACIER STRIATIONS/GROOVES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by process of glacial abrasion. Glacial striations usually occur as multiple straight, parallel grooves representing the movement of the sediment-loaded base of the glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee565a8c-72b9-44a4-b25d-efefd1a28d8d", "label": "ICE-DAMMED LAKES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "In geology, a proglacial lake is a lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or by meltwater trapped against an ice sheet due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89541868-0ea0-47c6-b81e-a0c4981f2d62", "label": "KAMES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f86db44-f853-4eb3-b4e3-4aaee481043a", "label": "KAME DELTA", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A glacial landform made by a stream flowing through glacial ice and depositing material upon entering a lake or pond at the end or terminus of the glacier, thus 'in front' of it, a proglacial lake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d3722bb-29c0-4fb6-90c3-3f3a144b9941", "label": "KETTLE HOLES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", "label": "MORAINES", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past ice age.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9d6c8fac-a5cd-4fbc-8283-1bc256c12a43", "label": "MEDIAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", + "parentId": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", "definition": "A ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It is formed when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4f0e7c2-711e-4675-b7c8-f5430905aa89", "label": "LATERAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", + "parentId": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", "definition": "Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4f0d15c-1f9b-40f3-b5d4-da1d6ebe6da8", "label": "RECESSIONAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", + "parentId": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", "definition": "Are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary halts in a glacier's retreat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a389919c-a6da-465e-b074-ea29b66a686b", "label": "RIBBED/ROGAN MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", + "parentId": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", "definition": "Type of basal moraines that forms a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an ice sheet. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water making the Rogen moraines look like tigerstripes on aerial photographs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7886c3eb-e86e-4a84-9f2f-e398ecc82b2d", "label": "TERMINAL MORAINE", - "broader": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", + "parentId": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", "definition": "End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines.", "children": [] } @@ -10782,35 +10782,35 @@ { "uuid": "3b8bdda1-2415-47ea-b4cf-c802fa44c496", "label": "NUNATAKS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "An exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8bfc8ad-42f2-43cc-b161-20058037bb95", "label": "OUTWASH FANS/PLAINS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "An outwash fan is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. Sediment locked within the ice of the glacier, gets transported by the streams of meltwater, and deposits on the outwash plain, at the terminus of the glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "691cb42a-9de2-4f49-b1b4-9a4be80abd2b", "label": "ROCHE MOUNTONNEES/SHEEPBACK", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "A rock formation created by the passing of a glacier. When a glacier erodes down to bedrock, it can form tear-drop shaped hills that taper in the up-ice direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2d98cbaf-8c82-46e6-9962-a5e63918fe66", "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "Distinctive geomorphological landforms of angular rock debris frozen in interstitial ice which may extend outward and downslope from talus cones, glaciers or terminal moraines of glaciers. There are two types of rock glaciers: periglacial glaciers, or talus-derived glaciers, and glacial rock glaciers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2bea72da-2cf3-403c-adb9-9d963eb71536", "label": "TILL PLAINS", - "broader": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", + "parentId": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. A till plain with irregular topography is referred to as a ground moraine.", "children": [] } @@ -10819,47 +10819,47 @@ { "uuid": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "label": "FLUVIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "The physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Such processes play an essential and conspicuous role in the denudation of land surfaces and the transport of rock detritus from higher to lower levels.", "children": [ { "uuid": "aff6bb19-84d0-40ed-8b81-a2210c468283", "label": "DOWNCUTTING", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "Erosional downcutting or downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "800606ea-9890-4475-af7b-100f529858d1", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "09b4427b-9e8b-413a-83cd-f087b284cf61", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", + "parentId": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17747820-39de-4908-bb3d-8c2f94ddd6f4", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", + "parentId": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", "definition": "Refers to the parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up of sediment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "103f1165-1008-4caa-bf77-5259ae1a7a36", "label": "STRAITIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", + "parentId": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks.", "children": [] } @@ -10868,63 +10868,63 @@ { "uuid": "0c33b48d-1dd1-4309-bcd4-1ce3d0e24b46", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "efacd4f6-59ea-4019-8265-8cc81ecc99c0", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54e5d072-5a2c-471b-bca0-7e4ca32a2001", "label": "LANDSLIDE", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "The down slope movement of soil, rock, and other weathered materials because of gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e89704aa-91a0-4888-bb33-a9073eff7119", "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93596daf-d2d3-4bb8-9626-9db100c402de", "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9eedd20e-fce3-4fb2-9871-c0a327565ad9", "label": "ATTRITION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8009663e-73c7-403e-b849-f40d2c3e3de8", "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "267eca20-09a7-46ad-89f4-111ccb3fd16d", "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface.It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f47d087-21dc-41bc-955e-6eb2db8890cd", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", + "parentId": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] } @@ -10933,48 +10933,48 @@ { "uuid": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", "label": "TECTONIC PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "The process of upwelling of magma, plate movement, subduction of crust, folding, faulting, warping, fracturing, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "46d188a9-1099-4d72-b466-6e839297320e", "label": "OROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", + "parentId": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", "definition": "The formation of mountain ranges by intense upward displacement of the earth's crust, usually associated with folding, thrust faulting, and other compressional processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ebcd5f14-9468-493b-b0e6-de5afda2621a", "label": "EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", + "parentId": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", "definition": "Refers to upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding apart from broad undulations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca464924-4299-46ea-8cae-fd9bad49c1b1", "label": "ISOSTATIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", + "parentId": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", "definition": "Refers to the the gradual uplift following rapid erosional removal of material from a mountain range. The land rises as a result of the removal of the weight. Another example of isostatic uplift is post-glacial rebound following the melting of continental glaciers and ice sheets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c207e15-9947-4849-bdf4-c1893a7f800a", "label": "RIFTING", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", + "parentId": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", "definition": "The process in which continental crust is extended and thinned, forming extensional sedimentary basins and/or mafic dyke-swarms. Rifts commence as intracratonic, down-thrown blocks dominated by normal or oblique-extensional (transtensional) faults.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bc109b5-6788-4f64-8238-745bab3910dd", "label": "TECTONIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", + "parentId": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", "definition": "A geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44dd98d0-a0d0-46b2-bb98-ed887ce7fa60", "label": "SUBDUCTION", - "broader": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", + "parentId": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303", "definition": "The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge. A subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates move towards one another and subduction occurs.", "children": [] } @@ -10983,89 +10983,89 @@ { "uuid": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "label": "COASTAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "Coastal processes refers to the action of natural forces (e.g. erosion, deposition, tectonic uplift) on the shoreline, and the nearshore seabed. Some examples of landforms resulting from these processes are wave-cut cliffs, beaches, and wave-cut benches.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8b232049-ce98-4a34-8f00-2366335508e4", "label": "ACCRETION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The process where coastal sediments return to the visible portion of the beach following storm erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd29bf77-df38-4b80-8148-8184fa41d843", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36b178ad-4f20-41ce-89d1-4ee8567a3cf2", "label": "ATTRITION/WEATHERING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb891ee1-6c7b-4ec0-b2fa-6fb67a2df2a3", "label": "CHEMICAL SOLUTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The removal of rock in solution by acidic rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by rainwater containing dissolved CO2.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a11e5e5-e6a3-42dd-b793-141ce99932e1", "label": "DEPOSITION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The act of depositing material, especially by a natural process; the resultant deposit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8fde8c6c-97d4-41a6-9e20-f862faafcd88", "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface. It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb5c09ec-c924-4deb-8294-8a27697a4550", "label": "FLOODING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "An overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1088e9e2-dadd-4d20-a2db-ef7df32c6d42", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9f4548ad-ec40-4d79-a973-552b2541a62d", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", + "parentId": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17d6838d-e05e-4f0f-a751-7dbd00d2a80a", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", + "parentId": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", "definition": "The composition of a sediment, which can be measured in terms of parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1203f04d-cd90-4f46-b2c1-998a3c182250", "label": "STRAITRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", + "parentId": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks .", "children": [] } @@ -11074,48 +11074,48 @@ { "uuid": "872459ca-da1e-448f-9bf4-383b628f4609", "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c958ab4-ab98-438e-86d4-1e6a6d0580da", "label": "SEA LEVEL CHANGE", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "Sea levels around the world are rising. Current sea-level rise potentially affects human populations (e.g., those living in coastal regions and on islands) and the natural environment (e.g., marine ecosystems). Two main factors contributed to observed sea level rise. The first is thermal expansion: as ocean water warms, it expands. The second is from the contribution of land-based ice due to increased melting. The major store of water on land is found in glaciers and ice sheets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87186c13-548e-4ea8-ba79-38cff394eb59", "label": "SUBMERGENCE", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "To cover with water; inundate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3657e71-acd1-4be4-9c70-a54e074a40a4", "label": "SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15c6332d-f6f2-45a4-9485-bb55471c0090", "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86405d6d-eb37-4aa5-a525-bf6a23fd131d", "label": "WAVE EROSION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The power of the wave is generated by the fetch. Waves erode cliffs by abrasion/corrasion and hydraulic pressure.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2f5ceedb-afb6-47e6-8eac-8f220ef0b564", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "86405d6d-eb37-4aa5-a525-bf6a23fd131d", + "parentId": "86405d6d-eb37-4aa5-a525-bf6a23fd131d", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", "children": [] } @@ -11124,28 +11124,28 @@ { "uuid": "b43d2d47-c86e-41b6-81bd-be803db536da", "label": "WAVE REFRACTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The change in direction of a wave due to a change in its medium. It is essentially a surface phenomenon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5cbfc557-f3a6-4558-9954-ce37f0510952", "label": "WAVE DIFFRACTION", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "Refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8c37cb5-9426-41fd-b192-53b4c3ae1ba3", "label": "WAVE BREAKING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "A wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some process can suddenly start to occur that causes large amounts of wave energy to be transformed into turbulent kinetic energy. At this point, simple physical models that describe wave dynamics often become invalid, particularly those that assume linear behavior.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8accc20-818e-47a1-962d-80b7ec7f6d92", "label": "WAVE SHOALING", - "broader": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", + "parentId": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "The effect by which surface waves entering shallower water increase in wave height (which is about twice the amplitude).", "children": [] } @@ -11154,47 +11154,47 @@ { "uuid": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "label": "GLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "A glacier is an accumulation of ice, air, water, and rock debris or sediment. It is a large enough quantity of ice to flow with gravity due to its own mass. The ice can be as large as a continent, such as the ice\nsheet covering Antarctica; or, it can fill a small valley between two mountains, such as a valley glacier. 'Glacial landforms/processes' refers to the erosional or depositional processes of glaciers and the landforms (e.g., drumlins, cirques, fjords) that result.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8f57f4b0-5177-4362-81e8-ced75d37d1aa", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99db4dca-4d07-48fd-8ba3-393532d04aa6", "label": "ABLATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The process of removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. The term occurs in spaceflight associated with atmospheric reentry, in glaciology, medicine, and passive fire protection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6d56c3f-daa4-4c2f-9c56-4cecdf3d9fcd", "label": "DUMPING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "A deposit of glacial materials.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1dc7ed2f-2834-4044-8caa-117ce12389af", "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f7849055-fa5c-437c-a8c6-08c7db3a3b0a", "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The process where water seeps into a crack in a rock, as the temperature drops below freezing, the water freezes and expands causing the crack to enlarge. The ice then melts into water again as the temperature rises above freezing. This action is repeated until the rock breaks.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a72c8430-0b33-4167-b189-1309cc2048c5", "label": "BASAL ICE FREEZING", - "broader": "f7849055-fa5c-437c-a8c6-08c7db3a3b0a", + "parentId": "f7849055-fa5c-437c-a8c6-08c7db3a3b0a", "definition": "A process made by made by glaciohydraulic supercooling, though some studies show that even where physical conditions allow it to occur, the process may not be responsible for observed sequences of basal ice.", "children": [] } @@ -11203,69 +11203,69 @@ { "uuid": "5b66d75f-331f-49d0-ad97-12f6535ce93a", "label": "FIRN FORMATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The formation process of firn, a partially compacted névé, which is a type of snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than névé. It is ice that is at an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5cd3ad48-ade6-4306-a7de-4e68ecdf6bc7", "label": "GLACIAL DRIFT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Less apparent is the ground moraine, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath much of the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4be0198b-b88c-44db-b887-6cc7f5cd68f8", "label": "GLACIAL GROWTH", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The growth of a glacier over time", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ddbaf71-b279-42cf-b250-faaefb627f66", "label": "GLACIAL DISPLACEMENT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The displacement of a glacier. The speed of glacial displacement is partly determined by friction. Friction makes the ice at the bottom of the glacier move slower than the upper portion. In alpine glaciers, friction is also generated at the valley's side walls, which slows the edges relative to the center.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "114e9f84-8bc5-4863-abd2-55b80ed2af11", "label": "GLACIAL STRIATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. Glacial striations are usually multiple, straight, and parallel, representing the movement of the glacier using rock fragments and sand grains, embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools. Large amounts of coarse gravel and boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough-like glacial grooves, and finer sediments also in the base of the moving glacier further scour and polish the bedrock surface, forming a glacial pavement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ca88385-d0cf-439c-9a12-86b926b71582", "label": "SCOURING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Erosion resulting from glacial action, whereby the surface material is removed and the rock fragments carried by the glacier abrade, scratch, and polish the bedrock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4619d3d-f852-4899-9e33-9fd6d4096351", "label": "PLUCKING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Exploits pre-existing fractures in the bedrock. This plays a key role in opening and creating new fractures but has only provided small segments of loose material. This is then followed by the entrainment of the loosened rock by the ice. During the process of entrainment, loose rock material is frozen onto the base of the glacier and incorporated into the glacial ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7d10ff6d-efde-4f97-866b-7d771dd32b25", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", + "parentId": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c25fef4a-f346-4831-8015-7853886c4fc7", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", + "parentId": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment.", "children": [] } @@ -11274,42 +11274,42 @@ { "uuid": "791b7271-3a30-46ee-98e0-bc8239389950", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b87c5264-13c6-4716-acf3-51b2576dc1e9", "label": "GLACIER CRUST SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. The opposite of subsidence is uplift, which results in an increase in elevation. Ground subsidence is of concern to geologists, structural engineers and surveyors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c06e70c0-616c-44f2-a884-ad0252e29e37", "label": "CRUST REBOUND", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, glacial isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy. It affects northern Europe (especially Scotland, Fennoscandia and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "580ef100-0fb8-456c-a9ca-565d11392a26", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa0f38f3-2faa-4cd7-a848-22f3d96ab210", "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Describes a geomorphic process related to freezing of water occur. In its original meaning a periglacial area was at the time in question, the area was not buried by glacial ice but was subject to intense freezing cycles and exhibits permafrost weathering and erosion characteristics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e60bfab8-01a8-4d0b-ae95-5d9014c71717", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", + "parentId": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979", "definition": "Refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", "children": [] } @@ -11318,26 +11318,26 @@ { "uuid": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "label": "AEOLIAN PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "The erosion, transport, and deposition of material due to the action of the wind at or near the Earth's surface. Aeolian processes are at their most effective when the vegetation cover is discontinuous or absent.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", + "parentId": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [ { "uuid": "59d1b0f7-ef02-4fa4-8d47-7eda39794713", "label": "YARDANGS", - "broader": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", + "parentId": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", "definition": "A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semiconsolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion, dust and sand, and deflation. Yardangs are elongate features typically three or more times longer than they are wide, and when viewed from above, resemble the hull of a boat. Facing the wind is a steep, blunt face that gradually gets lower and narrower toward the lee end.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c15738b-839f-4b68-85bc-ece41e4ac6c9", "label": "VENTIFACTS", - "broader": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", + "parentId": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813", "definition": "Rocks that have been abraded, pitted, etched, grooved, or polished by wind-driven sand or ice crystals. These geomorphic features are most typically found in arid environments where there is little vegetation to interfere with aeolian particle transport, where there are frequently strong winds, and where there is a steady but not overwhelming supply of sand.", "children": [] } @@ -11346,34 +11346,34 @@ { "uuid": "d415cb15-7586-464c-8707-9a5623a61cee", "label": "DEFLATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", + "parentId": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "definition": "Processes pertain to the activity of the winds and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the Earth and other planets. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78778362-5d08-4cd7-9131-159cad561e54", "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", + "parentId": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", + "parentId": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a83052ef-9b98-4cb3-9bed-b0c9059812e5", "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", + "parentId": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", "definition": "An aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt and lesser and variable amounts of sand and clay that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is usually homogeneous and highly porous and is traversed by vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8167592d-13bf-4225-9822-29e68bcd1b37", "label": "MONADNOCK", - "broader": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", + "parentId": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019", "definition": "An isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.", "children": [] } @@ -11382,27 +11382,27 @@ { "uuid": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", + "parentId": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "34ea8c99-ff34-495b-b986-92a78b74a8e9", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", + "parentId": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e5a6d68-5f99-4f0d-bde3-9f24268af426", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", + "parentId": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", "definition": "The composition of sediment including parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a08cce11-9407-4b1f-b13e-0df87da03612", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", + "parentId": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", "definition": "A chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks.", "children": [] } @@ -11411,14 +11411,14 @@ { "uuid": "baf70c0f-fd59-4d4b-ae03-b664e0352ff7", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", + "parentId": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a67a5af-42be-4aa7-8cb1-e1fc0de074cc", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", + "parentId": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] } @@ -11427,19 +11427,19 @@ { "uuid": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", "label": "KARST PROCESSES", - "broader": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", + "parentId": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc", "definition": "Landscapes characterized by (or the processes characterizing) the formation and collapse of caves and sinkholes because of carbonation weathering of limestone bedrock.", "children": [ { "uuid": "05172a3b-cdc0-4e97-af29-e38cd4f271c6", "label": "KARST HYDROLOGY", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", + "parentId": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", "definition": "Karst Hydrology refers to the extensive dissolution of rock has led to the development of subterranean channels through which groundwater flows in conduits (enclosed or semi-enclosed channels). These conduits can vary in size from slightly enlarged cracks to tunnels many meters in diameter and many kilometers in length.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bbfe00ab-ab63-40e0-8752-8f47d17c1d39", "label": "SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE", - "broader": "05172a3b-cdc0-4e97-af29-e38cd4f271c6", + "parentId": "05172a3b-cdc0-4e97-af29-e38cd4f271c6", "definition": "Refers to the removal of surface water by development of the slope of the land utilizing systems of drains to carry away the surplus water. In subsurface drainage open ditches and tile fields intercept groundwater and carry it off. The water enters the tiling through the joints, and drainage is achieved by gravity feed through the tiles.", "children": [] } @@ -11448,28 +11448,28 @@ { "uuid": "613abf26-7625-4134-8961-7a59fe82efc9", "label": "DISSOLVED CO2", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", + "parentId": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", "definition": "The carbon dioxide dissolved in water has even more effect than the oxygen. Oxygen remains as an O2 molecule, whether it's in its gas phase or in solution, but when CO2 is dissolved in water, a small proportion of it reacts chemically with H2O to form carbonic acid, H2CO3. (There's no mystery about that: just add up the six atoms.) In water carbonic acid dissociates rapidly to form a H+ ion and HCO2 (bicarbonate), so it affects the carbonate equilibrium, and pH values change as a result.\n \nDissolved CO2 lowers the average pH of rainwater to 5.7, even where 'acid rain' caused by pollution isn't a factor. The gentle acidity of rainwater is a major source for the weathering of minerals, which the carbonic acid leaches from rocks and which eventually find their way to the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9902dc89-61fb-4a1e-becf-c8138122d2c4", "label": "CACO3", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", + "parentId": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", "definition": "A chemical compound that is a common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is created when Ca ions in hard water react with carbonate ions creating limescale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07f6c977-077b-47f2-962c-00dadcd9f555", "label": "POROSITY", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", + "parentId": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", "definition": "A measure of a rock's ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically, porosity is the open space in a rock divided by the total rock volume (solid + space or holes). Porosity is normally expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60dc0787-9e7e-4e0d-8023-d916da5d0836", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", + "parentId": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] } @@ -11480,40 +11480,40 @@ { "uuid": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "label": "GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "Dealing with the determination of the size and shape of the earth, the Earth's gravitational field, and the location of points fixed to the Earth's crust in an Earth-referred coordinate system.", "children": [ { "uuid": "69af3046-08e0-4c24-981d-803c0412ce58", "label": "GRAVITY", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "The natural phenomenon by which physical bodies appear to attract each other with a force proportional to their masses. It is most commonly experienced as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. The phenomenon of gravitation itself, however, is a byproduct of a more fundamental phenomenon described by general relativity, which suggests that spacetime is curved according to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b39b880-f385-4dab-a563-24064b43be7e", "label": "CONTROL SURVEYS", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "Pertaining to the base surveys run in order to normalize data collected in later surveys so that gravitational anomalies can be found.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "Pertaining to the use of gravitational data in order to determine the relative motions of the Earth's crustal plates.", "children": [ { "uuid": "aa6c2fe7-3261-4fd8-bed4-81403bc49086", "label": "OCEAN CRUST DEFORMATION", - "broader": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", + "parentId": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", "definition": "Pertaining to use of gravitational anomalies to track deformation which occurs in the rocks of the ocean floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5dee7d0e-e13e-4974-9750-79d5cd886c7a", "label": "ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENTS", - "broader": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", + "parentId": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", "definition": "The rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy.", "children": [] } @@ -11522,27 +11522,27 @@ { "uuid": "56b4cbe5-e5f7-4e61-8c48-bbb858b505e6", "label": "GRAVITATIONAL FIELD", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, strength, size, etc. of the Earth's gravitational field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", "label": "POLAR MOTION", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, tracking, and gravitational effects of the various phases of polar motion/variation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9d184041-9848-4f76-affd-74f4e4fd7462", "label": "ANNUAL ELLIPTICAL COMPONENT", - "broader": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", + "parentId": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", "definition": "The speed of the Earth as it rotates upon its axis, while moving around the Sun in the same sense, or direction, as its rotation. This component is not consistent each year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a983aad3-c72a-49e8-8de9-e0aaf35e14b3", "label": "CHANDLER CIRCULAR COMPONENT", - "broader": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", + "parentId": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2", "definition": "Also known as the Chandler wobble, is one of several wobbles the earth makes as it rotates on its axis.", "children": [] } @@ -11551,20 +11551,20 @@ { "uuid": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", "label": "ROTATIONAL MOTION/VARIATIONS", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, and effects of variations in the Earth's rotation about its axis, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d5d9bd6a-92c4-49ac-bddf-0077cf804ea7", "label": "ROTATIONAL RATE/SPEED", - "broader": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", + "parentId": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", "definition": "The rate and speed at which the Earth rotates around its own axis. The Earth rotates towards the east. As viewed from the North Star Polaris, the Earth turns counter-clockwise.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bb526d7-2c14-43bc-a2a7-f166b5c41a3a", "label": "TIDAL FRICTION", - "broader": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", + "parentId": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", "definition": "A force between the oceans of Earth and the ocean floors caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon. The Earth tries to carry the ocean waters round with it, while the Moon tries to keep them heaped up under it and on the far side of the Earth.", "children": [] } @@ -11573,41 +11573,41 @@ { "uuid": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", "label": "SATELLITE ORBITS/REVOLUTION", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "Pertaining to the determination of variations in orbital paths of man-made satellites, and to the calculation of the orbits of future satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e72ba365-ea43-42ef-acd1-05ac5c46f29a", "label": "ORBITAL POSITION", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", + "parentId": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", "definition": "Refers to the satellite position around the equator. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotational period (one sidereal day), and thus appears motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to ground observers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e709d2f9-c110-4e71-b4da-ff1a7c382d99", "label": "ORBIT TYPE", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", + "parentId": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", "definition": "The orbit of a satellite, which may include Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO), Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO), or Lagrangian Point Orbit (LPO).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53eeb68a-615d-42d0-9c6b-ddfe0d0eb2c7", "label": "ORBIT VELOCITY", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", + "parentId": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", "definition": "The orbital speed of a body (satellite) in a gravitational field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96427b44-91a8-4ace-8276-0117948878ee", "label": "ANGLE OF ELEVATION", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", + "parentId": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", "definition": "Refers to the angle between the dish pointing direction, directly towards the satellite, and the local horizontal plane. It is the up-down angle.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "025d666e-a5bb-48b5-9890-129e60104611", "label": "ANGLE OF INCLINATION", - "broader": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", + "parentId": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", "definition": "Refers to the angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and the orbital plane of the satellite", "children": [] } @@ -11616,7 +11616,7 @@ { "uuid": "fb7eeee0-9ad1-40f8-baa2-df7dc3acb6d3", "label": "GRAVITY ANOMALIES", - "broader": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", + "parentId": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "The Earth's gravity field is determined by how the material that makes up the Earth is distributed throughout the Earth. Because gravity changes over the surface of the Earth, the weight of an object changes along with it. One can define standard gravity as the value of gravity for a perfectly smooth 'idealized' Earth, and the gravity 'anomaly' is a measure of how actual gravity deviates from this standard. A map of gravity anomalies (usually expressed in units of milliGals) tends to highlight short wavelength features better than a map of the geoid.", "children": [] } @@ -11625,102 +11625,102 @@ { "uuid": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", "label": "TECTONICS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "Branch of geology that deals with regional structure and deformational features of the Earth's crust.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", "label": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", + "parentId": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", "definition": "Describes characteristics of volcanoes: a mountain formed by the accumulation of magma extruded through openings or volcanic vents.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "label": "ERUPTION DYNAMICS", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", + "parentId": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", "definition": "Pertaining to the processes involved in the extrusion of magma at the Earth's\nsurface, these can include: eruption induced seismic activity, lahars, ash\nflows/clouds, etc.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0eb6fc71-dfb0-4451-85f7-08ceaf37c552", "label": "LAVA COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The composition and texture of molten rock outside of the Earth's crust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40f0a368-7261-43f7-839c-64e428270442", "label": "MAGMA COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The composition and texture of molten rock in the earth's crust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab215b31-c540-40c0-9362-3f25ebc148bb", "label": "PYROCLASTICS COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The composition and texture of pyroclastic particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "372b4016-80ab-4126-b6d1-e847bbf0b44f", "label": "ASH/DUST COMPOSITION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The matter and/or chemicals which constitutes ash/dust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35941db2-59bf-4000-9232-df0beef02da7", "label": "VOLCANIC GASES", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, extent, velocity, and damage caused by gases\nemitted during a volcanic eruption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9387a7bc-7356-41a5-9682-f5e71da5a858", "label": "LAVA SPEED/FLOW", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The speed and flow of erupted magma.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af04626c-fe27-4ac6-a948-e93debb6c2d6", "label": "MAGMA SPEED/FLOW", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The speed and flow of un-erupted magma.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83cf8358-4fae-4f17-ba02-b8280f2b7209", "label": "PYROCLASTIC PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "Refers to the distribution and size of the pyroclastic elements when they are erupted from a volcano. In moving pyroclastic systems, particles are sorted as a function of their sizes, densities and shapes. The analysis of the distribution of these characteristics in particle populations of pyroclastic deposits is a major tool in evaluating properties and regimes of parent transport systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89f66579-8de7-4c83-b75f-871bc8d378ac", "label": "ASH/DUST DISPERSION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The spread of ash/dust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9cfb55b-50a2-44f5-b92a-47fe4aadc317", "label": "VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "A measure of the VEI (Volcano Explosivity Index), which is the volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from 'gentle' to 'mega-colossal') are used to determine the explosivity value.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54b94cdf-b8e2-4c81-b5aa-5652f053244e", "label": "GAS/AEROSOL COMPOSITION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The matter and/or chemicals which constitutes gas/aerosol.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1d60933-636e-48ff-b5a8-43afa60602f3", "label": "GAS/AEROSOL DISPERSION", - "broader": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", + "parentId": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "The spread of gas/aerosols.", "children": [] } @@ -11729,21 +11729,21 @@ { "uuid": "14e0d39a-ff1c-46d9-b162-481f80beac91", "label": "VOLCANO MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", + "parentId": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", "definition": "The magnitude and intensity of a volcano, also expressed as a numerical expression of the amount of energy released by an volcano, determined by measuring volcanic intensity on standardized recording instruments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1ab518b-0152-48cf-a9c6-47c5920ed773", "label": "VOLCANO OCCURRENCES", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", + "parentId": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", "definition": "The number of sudden or continuing release of energy caused by near-surface or surface magma movements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3adb9c52-df47-4390-a682-56e1774e8cdb", "label": "VOLCANO PREDICTIONS", - "broader": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", + "parentId": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", "definition": "Scientific and engineering approach to forecasting catastrophic events, such as volcano eruption.", "children": [] } @@ -11752,47 +11752,47 @@ { "uuid": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", "label": "EARTHQUAKES", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", + "parentId": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", "definition": "A sudden motion or trembling in the Earth. The motion is caused by the quick release of slowly accumulated energy in the form of seismic waves. Most earthquakes are produced along faults, tectonic plate boundaries, or along the mid-oceanic ridges.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4bc185d3-e2c5-4acc-bce8-37fea7d8fc0b", "label": "EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", + "parentId": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", "definition": "The measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "752d4f80-a418-4a75-a9eb-772222af1746", "label": "EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", + "parentId": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", "definition": "Pertaining to the the mapping of locations of earthquake epicenters and their intensity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "131c1e46-efca-4478-a5d1-d7193483bb96", "label": "EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", + "parentId": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", "definition": "Pertaining to the data used to forecast the likelihood of an earthquake in any given area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", "label": "SEISMIC PROFILE", - "broader": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", + "parentId": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", "definition": "Pertaining to the data collected on a seismic survey in order to examine the subsurface structure of the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f66893ce-3ea6-4c52-bc27-bc322a41b748", "label": "SEISMIC BODY WAVES", - "broader": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", + "parentId": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of waves generated through the relaxation of stress within the Earth's crust; either through an earthquake, or as an externally generated shock-wave.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "02836842-3d46-46e0-a816-bd2f407f3fb3", "label": "SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES", - "broader": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", + "parentId": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of shock-waves on the surface of the Earth, either generated through an earthquake, or a man-made source.", "children": [] } @@ -11803,54 +11803,54 @@ { "uuid": "3ef98fe3-3471-414b-8b8c-e88d43c6aeaf", "label": "NEOTECTONICS", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", + "parentId": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of late Cenozoic deformation and the crustal motion that caused that deformation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57503db6-7cff-4e92-bcac-1ba2c3c0cb48", "label": "CORE PROCESSES", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", + "parentId": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, or modeling of the internal processes of the Earth's core and mantle.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "label": "PLATE TECTONICS", - "broader": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", + "parentId": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is \r\ndivided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is \r\nthat of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their \r\nboundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a71c3d9d-7144-4107-add5-0aed0c731dbc", "label": "FOLDS", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, mapping, analysis, and the processes involved in the formation of folds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "efe175a0-100b-404b-a702-2e179bee034a", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", "label": "FAULT MOVEMENT", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, mapping, structure, analysis, and detection of fault lines, and fault movement.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fbbd2aab-73d6-4945-bf1b-c6d543f3f79b", "label": "FAULT MOVEMENT RATE", - "broader": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", + "parentId": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", "definition": "The rate at which the fracture spreads.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "399e5858-8238-451f-8da3-84dc9edfe9a2", "label": "FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION", - "broader": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", + "parentId": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", "definition": "The direction of a fault can be determined by its vector, which is can be found by studying the bend or the folding of the fault.", "children": [] } @@ -11859,34 +11859,34 @@ { "uuid": "5d7f7568-bfc3-4c11-b446-c4f6488c8ae9", "label": "STRAIN", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, or modeling of strain that has\noccurred in the Earth's crust, either through in-situ measurements, or through\nlaboratory experiments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "29dbe37e-22e6-4d02-844f-60359fbbc130", "label": "STRESS", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "Pertaining to the pressure which builds-up in the Earth's crust due to external\nloading, such as from collision of tectonic plates, addition/removal of water,\nadvancing or receding of glaciers, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", "label": "ISOSTATIC REBOUND", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "Occurs when a load is imposed on or removed from the lithosphere. The surface tends to rise or sink as the lithosphere rises or sinks in the asthenosphere. Loads may consist of large lakes, oceans, (on continental shelves during eustatic sea level), ice, sediment, thrust sheets, and volcanoes. The rising or sinking of the lithosphere will continue until isostatic equilibrium is reached.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f0b2ab0f-46eb-426b-924b-471e4d1b7598", "label": "REBOUND RATE", - "broader": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", + "parentId": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", "definition": "The speed over time at which land mass rises.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c185f7f5-0c62-489f-b365-9424e054de58", "label": "REBOUND DIRECTION", - "broader": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", + "parentId": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", "definition": "The direction at which land mass rises", "children": [] } @@ -11895,20 +11895,20 @@ { "uuid": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", "label": "LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "The rate and direction of movement between two torsionally rigid thin segments\r\nof the Earth's lithosphere (lithospheric plates).", "children": [ { "uuid": "9cd46f88-24ba-4f2d-96b7-ab5a9333207b", "label": "PLATE MOTION RATE", - "broader": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", + "parentId": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", "definition": "The distance and amount of time in which a plate spreads", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03b6b427-6be5-4452-a457-a9ea8c7f0473", "label": "PLATE MOTION DIRECTION", - "broader": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", + "parentId": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", "definition": "The direction in which the Earth's plates spread; it had many affects on land mass.", "children": [] } @@ -11917,27 +11917,27 @@ { "uuid": "4adc15b8-0c18-4ccd-a6ec-75be82df5359", "label": "PLATE BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "Zones of seismic and tectonic activity along the edges of \r\nlithosphere plates, presumed to indicate relative motion between plates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION", - "broader": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", + "parentId": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "The movement of the Earth's crust.", "children": [ { "uuid": "88a6ed54-6504-4787-9d98-d511d4f4ae83", "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION RATE", - "broader": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", + "parentId": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", "definition": "The speed at which the earth's crust is moving.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a629b645-2c5f-48d6-8363-71bc636457d6", "label": "CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION", - "broader": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", + "parentId": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42", "definition": "The direction in which the Earth's crust moves.", "children": [] } @@ -11950,33 +11950,33 @@ { "uuid": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", "label": "GEODETICS", - "broader": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", + "parentId": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "The scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion, earth tides, and tectonic motion) in three-dimensional, time-varying space.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6bbbf7b0-434b-4dbc-9fe8-e5e31fe99614", "label": "GEOID CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", + "parentId": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", "definition": "Describes the gravitational properties of the geoid, which is defined as a surface on which the earth's attractive (i.e. gravitational) forces are everywhere equal, i.e. a gravimetric equipotential surface. The geoid is of fundamental importance in determining positions on the earth's surface as most measurements are made with reference to this surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", "label": "COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", - "broader": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", + "parentId": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", "definition": "Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e0a2edbb-8a94-4f47-918a-fe9f93aba5f4", "label": "GLOBAL COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", - "broader": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", + "parentId": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", "definition": "Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework. A global or spherical coordinate system such as latitude-longitude are often referred to as geographic coordinate systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb5ca226-fdb1-4fab-9988-7486c643635b", "label": "COUNTRY/REGIONAL COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", - "broader": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", + "parentId": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", "definition": "Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework. A local or regional coordinate system use locally created reference systems to represent the location of geographic features.", "children": [] } @@ -11985,7 +11985,7 @@ { "uuid": "bc640e63-70c1-4228-b2dc-6aa1ac6edfa6", "label": "ELLIPSOID CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", + "parentId": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", "definition": "Describes the elliptic or circular components of a ellipsoid. Many different ellipsoids have been developed for continents or individual countries to minimize local deviations from the geoid. The standard global ellipsoid is the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84).", "children": [] } @@ -11996,82 +11996,82 @@ { "uuid": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "label": "AGRICULTURE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products cleared the land to use it for agriculture.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "label": "ANIMAL SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "The branch of agriculture that deals with animals, including\nlivestock, poultry, bees, and silk worms.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e749bafe-9a0a-42cc-bed8-9b42e3e088c8", "label": "ANIMAL DISEASES/DISORDERS/PESTS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Measurements related to any deviation from a normal state of health in\nanimals which temporarily or permanently impairs vital functions.\tIt may\nbe caused by insect pests, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, parasites, poor\nnutrition congenital or inherent deficiencies, unfavorable environment, or\nany combination of these, and related pests.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26089a3e-469d-44b3-a9aa-231d0a072ef9", "label": "ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measure related to gene mapping, animal species breeding for hybrid\nor higher value species, breeding for increased production, disease\nresistance, pest resistance, or related genetic measures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d1b53b2-7d69-4b7c-903f-d8cf29430f93", "label": "ANIMAL ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measurment related to the totality or pattern of the interrelationship\nof animals, and animals with their environment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5b724af-b661-406a-ae1f-7cd2730c0576", "label": "ANIMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measurement related to the science and art of the organization\nand operation of animal/livestock/poultry systems so as to obtain a\npredetermined set of goals (e.g. profit maximization, sustainability,\nconservation of biodiversity, etc...). Includes, but not limited to,\ngrazing systems, pasture systems, feedlot management, roost management,\nshepherding, etc...", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c1c65c3-e1ef-4163-9695-c39ff7fb48da", "label": "ANIMAL MANURE AND WASTE", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measure related to waste from animals including, but not limited\nto: manure, methane gas, by-products, nitrates, waste water, and\nothers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca551e61-4b8c-46d5-8590-80cada40ebbd", "label": "ANIMAL NUTRITION", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measurement related to the sum processes by which an animal utilizes\nthe chemical components of food through metabolism to maintain the\nstructural and biochemical integrity of its cells, thereby ensuring its\nviability and reproductive potential. May include natural or artificial\nnutrition management.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9cdf3ae-fe8b-4a19-a946-a8c8780d7894", "label": "ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measure related to the function of an animal's body and its\norgans, systems, tissues, cells, and chemistry.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c0bbd0f-6d4d-4036-afa9-03f9b4f8fba0", "label": "ANIMAL YIELDS", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "The quantity of animals. Includes all comercial species. Does not\ninclude PRODUCT yield (e.g. number of chicks vs. egg production).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c31fc22-747a-476f-b76d-fec61220b5b1", "label": "APICULTURE", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measure related to the science and art of studying and using honey bees\nfor human benefit. Includes management systems, products, diseases of\nbees, and others.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06053150-d796-477b-b305-292442d658ed", "label": "SERICULTURE", - "broader": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", + "parentId": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c", "definition": "Any measurement related to the growing of silkworms, including products.", "children": [] } @@ -12080,356 +12080,356 @@ { "uuid": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "label": "SOILS", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organic\nmaterials and living forms in which plants grow.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0ab5ead8-6037-42b3-b3c0-0746f3645af6", "label": "SOIL INFILTRATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The entry of water into soil. Also, the infiltration flux is the volume of\r\nwater entering a specified cross-sectional area of soil per unit time [L t-1].", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68033b72-7f8d-48a4-8f63-638e4e96fd23", "label": "SOIL HEAT BUDGET", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The relation between the fluxes of heat into and out of a soil and the\r\nheat stored by the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3d3f76d-0ffe-4616-9988-0520e78cf842", "label": "SULFUR", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Measure of any form of Sulfur, a macronutrient, in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f57fd58-d8e4-4e6d-b8c3-2a9ef7e64f54", "label": "SOIL CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The systematic arrangement of soils into groups or categories on the basis\nof their characteristics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cac79930-334e-49c5-836b-4f2ee8e0b098", "label": "DENITRIFICATION RATE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The rate of biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous\nnitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db9b56da-e05f-4d58-b9d5-34edc83ca650", "label": "SOIL RESPIRATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The metabolic process whereby electrons are transfered from a reduced\ncompound (usually organic) to an inorganic acceptor molecule other than\noxygen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c05e69f-f6db-4296-abd3-3b07e6093579", "label": "CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The sum of exchangeable bases plus total soil acidity at a specific pH\nvalue, usually 7.0 or 8.0. When acidity is expressed as salt extractable\nacidity, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) is called the effective\ncation exchange capacity (ECEC) because this is considered to be the CEC of the\nexchanger at the native pH value. It is usually expressed in centimoles of\ncharge per kilogram of exchanger or millimoles of charge per kilogram of\nexchanger", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b09b4731-f357-4838-829b-f38c0f5075aa", "label": "SOIL DEPTH", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "A measure from the surface to the bottom of the soil profile.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83da5ac6-5981-4929-9e19-f46522c1babe", "label": "MACROFAUNA", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "'Macrobiota' is a general term for the larger soil organisms. Macrofauna, in\nparticular, refers to burrowing vertebrate animals, but may include larger\ninsects and earhworms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb3ce3be-d830-407f-bd7c-58d66c24b6be", "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c07fe67b-234e-4293-9f09-abaf9612c0e9", "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Measure of any form of Potassium (such as K2O), a macronutrient, in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7241d799-4f5c-4ae3-a4ec-2e9cdbf656aa", "label": "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "A measure of ease with which a conduction current can be caused to flow\nthrough soil under the influence of an applied electric field.\tIt is the\nreciprocal of resistivity and is measured in mhos per meter.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36c862a7-7117-4fd2-8e33-0dda03097178", "label": "SOIL EROSION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "(i) The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind,\r\nice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove\r\ngeologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface and\r\ndeposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep and\r\nso-called tillage erosion; (ii) The detachment and movement of soil or rock by\r\nwater, wind, ice, or gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26f5bb2a-b872-41e8-922f-3a9a0e9f9bcd", "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some\ndefinite temperature scale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7367c08c-304f-4ce7-b716-975f835ba711", "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Any measurement of Calcium in any form in the soil, such as CaCO3.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "652349bd-f6f9-4c8d-8573-d71e05ad1208", "label": "SOIL CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The branch of soil science that deals with the chemical constitution,\r\nchemical properties, and chemical reactions of soils.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c26693ea-ca5a-44e8-9e8e-32427bc62aa0", "label": "SOIL POROSITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The volume percentage of the total soil bulk not occupied by solid\nparticles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0da93ff-af45-4e26-8b94-8b90d0e06438", "label": "SOIL ABSORPTION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The movement of ions and water into the plant root as a result of\nmetabolic processes by the root or diffusion along a gradient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c349776-dd95-483e-a5da-e8d1b1434985", "label": "THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "A measure of the ability of a soil to transfer heat (through a unit\nthickness, across a unit area for a unit difference in temperature).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "356a10e1-c81d-44c7-9706-31f7f2642586", "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "RESTORATION: The processes by which an area is treated in an attempt\nto restore original conditions. RECLAIMATION: The process of reconverting\nland to other forms of productive uses. REVEGETATION: Reestablishment\nof vegetation which may take place naturally or be induced by humans\nthrough seeding or transplanting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b54403e-25a1-43cc-97ac-7c14e73bda96", "label": "SOIL SALINITY/SOIL SODICITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The term salinity refers to the presence of the major dissolved\ninorganic solutes, essentially Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, and CO3, in\naqueous samples. As applied to soils, it refers to the soluble plus\nreadily dissolvable salts in the soil or, more usually, in an aqueous\nextract of a soil sample. Salinity is quantified in terms of the total\nconcentration (or, occasionally, the content) of such soluble salts.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "934bfe13-908b-40d9-b346-a347a8a6855e", "label": "SOIL PLASTICITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The degree to which a soil is capable of being\tmolded or deformed\ncontinuously and permanently, by relatively moderate pressure, into\nvarious shapes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88e1a654-5cfd-423f-9350-0ef48d85e085", "label": "SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Soil Water Content: The water lost from soil upon drying to constant\nmass at 105 degrees Celcius; expressed either as the mass of water per\nunit mass of drysoil or as the volume of water per unit bulk volume of\nsoil. For GCMD purpose, this also includes all measurements related to\nsoil water, such as capcity, potential, and pressure, etc...", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3063d3a-af53-44f9-a532-4cea2880c198", "label": "MICROFLORA", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Microflora (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding fungi and algae.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62d5fb39-e9ee-47db-a426-1991537f8a4d", "label": "SOIL BULK DENSITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The mass of dry soil per unit of bulk volume, including the air space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53231d78-471d-4afe-a435-b577b7d53b17", "label": "MICROFAUNA", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Microfauna (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding bacteria and protozoa.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b1d75b6-7559-4921-8edb-63f4dff370cf", "label": "SOIL MECHANICS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The application of the principles of mechanics and hydraulics to\nengineering problems dealing with the behavior and nature of soils,\nsediments, and other unconsolidated accumulations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2473e776-4449-4351-9835-1507532ae60e", "label": "MICRONUTRIENTS/TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "A plant nutrient usually found in relatively small amounts(<100 mg\r\nkg-1) in plants. These are usually B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, and\r\nZn. In environmental applications it is those elements exclusive of the eight\r\nabundant rock-forming elements: oxygen, aluminum, silicon, iron, calcium,\r\nsodium, potassium, and magnesium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ed7811a-2ba1-4985-9f1c-a78c802fa27f", "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Measure of any form of Nitrogen, a macronutrient, in the soil, such as biomass nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, etc...", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7112e739-cb5d-427e-95bd-5419360e91d8", "label": "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "A measure of the readiness with which a liquid, such as water, flows through\r\na solid, such as soil, in response to a given potential gradient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "25c5c222-c053-4081-ac0f-52e6c774198c", "label": "SOIL CONSISTENCE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The combination of properties of soil material that determine its resistance\nto crushing and its ability to be molded or changed in shape.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a9bce94-c391-4834-96bb-a9685d3590b1", "label": "SOIL PH", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The negative log of Hydrogen ion concentration", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "223ce1f2-e2f1-4612-8fce-b96b7d34710f", "label": "SOIL WATER HOLDING CAPACITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The percentage of water remaining in a soil two or three days after its\nhaving been saturated and after free drainage has practically ceased\n(field moisture capacity).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "afd1d3cb-d31d-4069-8cff-b592887aa18c", "label": "SOIL TEXTURE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The relative proportions of the various soil separates in a soil, as\r\ndescribed by the percent clay, sand, and silt.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3985ce6b-e0c3-42a8-b40f-9dd948350c6e", "label": "SOIL COLOR", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The property of a soil that is based upon three components of hue,\nchroma (intensity or brightness), and value (lightness or darkness).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b3939b6-1c11-4a79-878e-0be1b231c528", "label": "HEAVY METALS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Those metals which have densities >5.0 Mg m-3. In soils these include the\r\nelements Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9315c474-b65f-400d-beba-611c9a6a62cb", "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Any measure of the carbon content of the soil, in organic fractions or inorganic fractions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79f18259-bd76-4c7b-bd18-cbd2edafd24f", "label": "MAGNESIUM", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Measurement of any form of magnesium in the soil; one macronutrient in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83cf51f6-8c03-4f6d-b605-fde9818c7805", "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic\n(carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous\nremains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds\nproduced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4962dabc-b426-4c84-8147-12e15645baff", "label": "PHOSPHORUS", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Measure of any form of Phosphorus (such as Phosphate), a macronutrient, in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0c0af2a-1429-4248-8d5b-ccae510da0c9", "label": "SOIL COMPACTION", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The reduction in bulk volume or thickness of a soil owing to increasing\nweight of overlying material that is continually being deposited, or to\npressures from earth movements, resulting in a decrease of porosity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4781de7-a4a4-4157-a549-4ac238d36512", "label": "SOIL FERTILITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The quality of a soil that enables it to provide essential chemical\nelements in quantities and proportions for the growth of specified\nplants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d302aeaa-3a86-4ddf-9755-60b7bb4404a5", "label": "SOIL GAS/AIR", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The soil atmosphere; the gaseous phase of the soil, being that volume not\noccupied by solid or liquid", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fc22c9d-cf29-4bd7-90b1-b0f6f139fd92", "label": "SOIL HORIZONS/PROFILE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The soil profile is the vertical section of the soil, from the surface\nthrough all its horizons, where a horizon is a layer of soil,\napproximately parallel to the soil surface, differing in properties and\ncharacteristics from adjacent layers below and above it.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6edf1b99-fe00-493e-b0d1-ad6b36b8da75", "label": "SOIL IMPEDANCE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The resistance of the soil to penetration by water and by roots.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c6df811-bebf-4dae-a70f-f49fece3fa1e", "label": "SOIL PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of\nplants under a specified system of management; emphasizing the ability to\nproduce crops.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4daef1d-e672-41d0-bc6d-80c6b5c0799b", "label": "SOIL STRUCTURE", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The combination or arrangement of primary soil\tparticles into secondary\nunits or peds. These secondary units may be, but usually are not, arranged\nin the profile in such a manner as to give a distinctive characteristic\npattern. The secondary units are characterized and classified on the\nbasis of size, shape, and degree of distinctness into classes, types, and\ngrades, respectively.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b91245e-a779-42fa-89c2-303217463b95", "label": "SOIL ROOTING DEPTH", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The distance in inches that plant roots extend into the soil. Knowing the\r\naverage root depth for the plants in each watering zone is important to\r\ndetermine an efficient watering schedule. Shallow roots require more frequent\r\nwatering than deep roots, which can draw water from a larger soil profile. \r\nAverage root depths vary with plant type. Trees will have root depths of 24\r\ninches or more. Xeriscape plants will have root depths around 10 inches. Shrubs\nand perennials will have roots of 8 inches or more. Grass can have deep roots\r\n(greater than 6 inches, depending on region). Annuals and bedding plants have\r\nthe shallowest roots at 4-5 inches.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60992683-3183-4510-9fce-e4611115315c", "label": "IRON", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Chemical element with the symbol Fe", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b69052b9-69ab-4294-aa04-5ad639d1b31d", "label": "SOIL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", + "parentId": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "Biological, geological, chemical and physical processes and reactions that occur within soils", "children": [] } @@ -12438,34 +12438,34 @@ { "uuid": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", "label": "FEED PRODUCTS", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "Any measure related to harvested forage, such as hay, fodder, silage, grain,\nor other processed feed for livestock.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b9957bbc-3c12-481d-86a0-0f6cf2bb8219", "label": "FEED CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", + "parentId": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", "definition": "Any measure related to the contamination and toxicology of feed\nby microorganisms, pathogens, viruses, weeds, etc...", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf9ef34d-ed39-4c8d-bf00-ca1b0bb11363", "label": "FEED COMPOSITION", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", + "parentId": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", "definition": "Any measure related to the composition of harvested forage, such as\nhay, fodder, silage, grain, or other processed feed for livestock. May\ninclude new mixes, new types, etc..., and any additives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fec2eb53-bc69-4d35-849c-c2bedf5dc6cf", "label": "FEED PROCESSING", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", + "parentId": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", "definition": "Any measure related to the processing of feed, including new methods.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9244fe19-b86f-4a8d-82bf-c52f804a77e3", "label": "FEED STORAGE", - "broader": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", + "parentId": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce", "definition": "Any measure related to the storage of feed, and new methods for\nimproved qualtiy over the long term, feed hopper types, etc...", "children": [] } @@ -12474,34 +12474,34 @@ { "uuid": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", "label": "PLANT COMMODITIES", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "Measurements related to any transportable plant resource product\nwith commercial value; all plant resource products which are articles of\ncommerce. Does NOT include Forest Products (see Forest Science > Forest\nProducts).", "children": [ { "uuid": "63317fb1-01d9-4658-93e8-9800c5359454", "label": "FIELD CROP PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", + "parentId": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", "definition": "Measurements related to any field crop (plants grown primarily for their\nseed, e.g. corn, wheat, oats, soybeans) products which are articles of\ncommerce.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41b30b1b-5dbb-4ef8-849c-e1949ad04227", "label": "FRUIT PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", + "parentId": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", "definition": "Measurements related to any fruit product which is an article of commerce\n.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d23b37cd-5e05-4356-b8b4-df6d7af236d6", "label": "HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", + "parentId": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", "definition": "Measurements related to any Horticultural (flowers and ornimental shrubs\nand trees, gardens) product which is an article of commerce .", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb1627c2-0061-466c-9935-399e53a06024", "label": "VEGETABLE PRODUCTS", - "broader": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", + "parentId": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac", "definition": "Measurements related to any product which is an article of commerce .", "children": [] } @@ -12510,27 +12510,27 @@ { "uuid": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", "label": "ANIMAL COMMODITIES", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "Measurments related to any transportable animal resource product\nwith commercial value; all animal resource products which are articles of\ncommerce. Does NOT include Apicultural/Sericultural products (see\nApiculture or Sericulture).", "children": [ { "uuid": "d3ce1677-f3a8-452e-91c8-0ff80e6a3f09", "label": "POULTRY PRODUCTS", - "broader": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", + "parentId": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", "definition": "Any measurment related to poultry commodities, including, but not limited\nto, meat, eggs, and feathers, from animals such as chickens, turkeys,\nducks, geese, etc...", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e2557c5-d232-48e4-8276-369a22ae6aae", "label": "LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS", - "broader": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", + "parentId": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", "definition": "Any measurement related to livestock commodities (does not include DAIRY\nor Poultry) including, but not limited to: meat, wool, leather, glue,\nchemicals (e.g. insulin), and any other edible or none edible products\nfrom beef cattle, swine, sheep, horses, and goats.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a368da76-b191-4859-bd55-8643f4fab812", "label": "DAIRY PRODUCTS", - "broader": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", + "parentId": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131", "definition": "Any measurement related to Dairy commodities/produce, including, but\nnot limited to: milk, cheese, Ice cream, butter, etc... See Animal\nCommodities.", "children": [] } @@ -12539,90 +12539,90 @@ { "uuid": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "label": "FOREST SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "The branch of Agriculture that deals with forestry, trees, forests, Tree\nand forest management.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e5a8c6ed-5b59-40fe-a83b-18b39fb7c31b", "label": "FOREST FIRE SCIENCE", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "The branch of Forestry that studies the effects, benefits,\r\nprevention, movement, and ecology of Fire in forests. May include any\r\nForest Fire related items.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3a1e091-0bc2-4c9b-a89c-bd003fdd5889", "label": "AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Afforestation: 'the establishment of trees on an area that has lacked forest\r\ncover for a very long time or has never been forested. '\r\nReforestation: ' the natural or artificial restocking (i.e., planting, seeding)\nof an area with forest trees. Also called forest regeneration. '", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23336b57-1ba3-42a6-9ec7-152285c55689", "label": "FOREST HARVESTING AND ENGINEERING", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Process and methods related to removal of trees from the forest for purposes\nof forest improvements, manufacturing forest products, and lumber,\nor conservation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "adeb4c27-a115-4ced-9827-5f022883f606", "label": "FOREST PROTECTION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Any measure related to or about the protection and/or conservation of\nforests from insects, diseases, pathogens, windstorms, excess logging, and\ndecreased biotic diversity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d2056285-8249-4c11-810b-783600030525", "label": "FOREST MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "The application of business methods and technical principles to the\noperation of a forest property for purposes of a predetermined objective\n(e.g. maximize revenue, conservation of biotic diversity, etc...).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31d01087-d5b8-4474-820c-d84d523dfb39", "label": "FOREST MENSURATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "In forestry, the measurement of both standing and harvested timber;\nForest measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3fcccdd-745f-4299-94b3-e72e37f551be", "label": "DEFOLIANTS", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "'An agent that damages trees by destroying leaves or needles. '", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ee9d286-0742-4844-b7eb-b7550d3f782b", "label": "FOREST CONSERVATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Management of the human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest\r\nsustainable benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to\r\nmeet the needs and aspirations of future generations. It includes the\r\npreservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, restoration and enhancement\nof the environment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3676ebab-9aa0-43c2-94e5-5d59a34317d2", "label": "FOREST PRODUCTS/COMMODITIES", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Any measure related to or about the production of lumber, composite\nand reconstituted wood, pulp and paper, chemicals from trees, and\nother miscellaneous forest products.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49804617-d59b-4e97-8030-2c4ab79a3057", "label": "FOREST YIELDS", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Amount of product output recovered from a quantity of raw material input\nin forest product industries. - Estimate in forest mensuration of the\namount of wood that may be harvested from a particular type of forest\nstand by species, site, stocking, and management regime at various\nages.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "be7f6de0-f51e-42bc-9a66-fff30d809a67", "label": "REFORESTATION", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Restocking an area with forest trees.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e115d45-acd4-4116-a0e1-3de8a5db23c2", "label": "SILVICULTURE", - "broader": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", + "parentId": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society such as wildlife habitat, timber, water resources, restoration, and recreation on a sustainable basis. This is accomplished by applying different types of silvicultural treatments such as thinning, harvesting, planting, pruning, prescribed burning and site preparation. Intermediate treatments (thinning) are designed to enhance growth, quality, vigor, and composition of the stand after establishment or regeneration and prior to final harvest. Regeneration treatments (harvesting) are applied to mature stands in order to establish a new age class of trees. Regeneration methods are grouped into four categories: coppice, even-aged, two-aged, and uneven-aged.\n\nAll vegetation activities, including prescribed fire, wildlife habitat improvement, timber harvesting and cutting trees in campgrounds for human safety must have a silvicultural prescription. A silvicultural prescription is a document which has a planned series of treatments designed to change current stand structure and composition of a stand to one that meets management goals. The prescription normally considers ecological, economic, and societal objectives and constraints. In the Forest Service, silvicultural prescriptions are prepared or reviewed by a certified silviculturist prior to implementing the project or treatment.", "children": [] } @@ -12631,55 +12631,55 @@ { "uuid": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "label": "AGRICULTURAL PLANT SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "The branch of Agriculture that focuses on plants(includes\nagronomy, horticulture, etc... but NOT Forestry, which is a seperate\nterm).", "children": [ { "uuid": "a756fd6b-6208-4af0-ac56-6ee914fc4597", "label": "IRRIGATION", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", + "parentId": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "The artificial augmentation of the amount of water available to\ncrops/plants, either by spraying water directly on to the plants or making\nit available to their root systems through a series of surface channels or\nditches.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dcd7a439-6021-4fc3-b3d8-a8936ef171f6", "label": "PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", + "parentId": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "Any measure related to gene mapping, plant /crop species breeding for hybrid\nor higher value species, breeding for increased production, disease\nresistance, pest resistance, or related genetic measures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7570528-f2d5-42b0-b8e9-d12a2432e87e", "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", + "parentId": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "Reclamation, as used here refers, to putting a natural resource to a new\nor altered use. Restoration is the return of an ecosystem to a\nclose approximation of its condition prior to disturbance. Revegetation is\nthe planting of vegetation in an area where vegetation has been removed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f12d8026-f24a-4413-91d0-4704c243c9e7", "label": "CROP/PLANT YIELDS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", + "parentId": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "The quantity of plant materials resulting from cultivation or growth.\nIncludes all comercial crops, as well as plant biomass yields (i.e. amount\nof grass produced per unit land in natural agroecosystems (e.g.\nrangeland)). Does not include PRODUCT yield (e.g. bushels of wheat vs.\nlbs. flour).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2dda92a8-6c26-4506-9881-43b6d9a83b18", "label": "CROPPING SYSTEMS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", + "parentId": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "Any method of crop/plant management and/or strategy of production,\nincluding, but not limited to: no-till, residue management, organic,\nrotations, rest-rotation grazing, etc....", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "213cefd8-806f-40f5-b3ca-05022cde9498", "label": "PLANT DISEASES/DISORDERS/PESTS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", + "parentId": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "Measurements related to any deviation from a normal state of health in\nplants which temporarily or permanently impairs vital functions. It may\nbe caused by insect pests, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, parasites, poor\nnutrition, congenital or inherent deficiencies, unfavorable environment,\nor any combonation of these, and related pests.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b376a9f9-585e-4567-ba1f-55ef45cfa8df", "label": "WEEDS, NOXIOUS PLANTS OR INVASIVE PLANTS", - "broader": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", + "parentId": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "Measurements related to 1) A plant growing out of place 2) more popularly,\nan herbaceous plant which takes possession of fallow fields or finds its\nway into lawns or planted fields, crowding the vegetation there and\nrobbing it of moisture and nutrients. 3) A plant whose usefulness is not\nrecognized or which is undesirable because of odor, spines, prickles, or\npoisonous characteristics. 4) Any plant that harbors insects, fungi, or\nviruses that may spread to nearby crop plants.", "children": [] } @@ -12688,48 +12688,48 @@ { "uuid": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", "label": "FOOD SCIENCE", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "Related to the study of products of human consumption specifically for\npurposes of human nourishment and nutrition.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b3b14df8-5197-4a26-ae61-882fdba706f3", "label": "FOOD STORAGE", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", + "parentId": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", "definition": "Any measure related to the storage of food stuffs, including\nrefrigeration, canning, smoking, irradiation, drying, etc... Methods of\nstorage of food products: effects of storage conditions on food quality;\ntemperature, controlled atmosphere, etc. Shelf life.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85d7c19a-6d05-446f-a490-382e7c199e09", "label": "FOOD PACKAGING", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", + "parentId": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", "definition": "Any measure related to the packaging of food stuffs. Technical aspects\nof canning, bottling, hermetic sealing, vacuum packing, wrapping,\ncoating, packeting, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb9b8c19-3b39-4865-bcfc-d2a12689094a", "label": "FOOD ADDITIVES", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", + "parentId": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", "definition": "Any measure related to any substance that is added to food, either directly\nor indirectly, to improve nutrition, taste, or shelf life. Examples\ninclude colorants, flavorings, seasonings, emulsifiers, stabilizers,\nthickeners, sweeteners, preservatives, antioxidants, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e86ea427-f735-4998-af16-9bd619df4974", "label": "FOOD CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", + "parentId": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", "definition": "Any measure related to the contamination and toxicology of food stuffs\ncaused by improper handeling, improper storage, improper preparation,\netc... Food safety; Deleterious food microorganisms; Food toxicology and\nspoilage: defects, diseases, adulteration, contamination; Residues from\nfeed additives such as hormones and antibiotics; Public health aspects of\nfoodstuffs: meat inspection, food hygiene, food disease control, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b153bcea-3114-4809-8e6f-f22cf9a3be87", "label": "FOOD PROCESSING", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", + "parentId": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", "definition": "Any measure related to the processing of food stuffs. Basic\ntechnologies applied in the postharvest production of food for man.\nPlanning and development of industries for the processing of food\nproducts. General descriptions of food processing industries. Equipment\nand processing techniques of food and drink manufacture. Methods of\npreservation of foodstuffs and processed foods: drying, dehydration,\nirradiation, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ec3b00e-52e1-4df9-99cd-c93120d97645", "label": "FOOD QUALITY", - "broader": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", + "parentId": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1", "definition": "Any measure related to the quality of food stuffs. Constituents\nand composition of foods and beverages; Food composition tables;\n Nutrients: proteins, amino acids, nitrogen, carbohydrates, lipids,\nminerals, vitamins; nutritive value, caloric value, sensory evaluation;\nProtein quality: protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization,\nnitrogen balance index, chemical score, microbiological assays, etc.", "children": [] } @@ -12738,20 +12738,20 @@ { "uuid": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", "label": "AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "A term used to designate chemical materials used in Agriculture such\nas herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers. Does NOT include\nfood or feed additives, or animal hormones.", "children": [ { "uuid": "59a203f9-f818-42a6-8d00-4301385cafc3", "label": "PESTICIDES", - "broader": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", + "parentId": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", "definition": "Any measure of or about insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides; may include non-chemical/manufactured agents, and/or natural defense\nmechanisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18a8197e-3a3f-408c-9c51-e9fe89dd6b45", "label": "FERTILIZERS", - "broader": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", + "parentId": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf", "definition": "Any natural or manufactured material added to the soil in order to supply\none or more plant nutrients. The term is generally applied to inorganic\nmaterials other than lime or gypsum sold in the trade.", "children": [] } @@ -12760,27 +12760,27 @@ { "uuid": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", "label": "AGRICULTURAL AQUATIC SCIENCES", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "Fisheries and Aquaculture", "children": [ { "uuid": "c7112a64-be39-414a-9125-f63ab44ecb5b", "label": "FISHERIES", - "broader": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", + "parentId": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", "definition": "Related to the act, process, or season of taking fish or other sea\nanimals; includes marine and non-marine environments, excludes fish\nfarming, hatcheries, and other aquaculture.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8916dafb-5ad5-45c6-ab64-3500ea1e9577", "label": "AQUACULTURE", - "broader": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", + "parentId": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", "definition": "A use of land and water category under Agricultural Production that includes fish farming, fish hatcheries, and aquaculture in rotation with cropland.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8495b76a-16ba-418c-bbb9-3c6bcfb12aba", "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", + "parentId": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c", "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", "children": [] } @@ -12789,20 +12789,20 @@ { "uuid": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", "label": "AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING", - "broader": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", + "parentId": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e", "definition": "The design, construction, and use of agricultural implements and\nbuildings; soil and water management; rural use of electricity; and\nprocessing of agricultural products.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f2f37978-d942-43d2-9c51-79e9f5bdfe24", "label": "AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT", - "broader": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", + "parentId": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", "definition": "Any tool, including vehicles, used in agriculture which aids a person to\nmake work and effort more productive and effective.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d53e1951-fb68-4ad8-8725-d19c10751da5", "label": "FARM STRUCTURES", - "broader": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", + "parentId": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e", "definition": "Related to or about any permanent or temporary construction on a farm, ranch,\nor other agricultural land. This includes items such as barns, but also\nwater improvements, fencing, shelters, henhouses, dams, etc...", "children": [] } @@ -12813,60 +12813,60 @@ { "uuid": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "label": "LAND SURFACE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "Refers to the surface area and features on the surface of the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "label": "SOILS", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2c821621-f035-4c57-8dee-5f24968f959a", "label": "SOIL BULK DENSITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The mass of dry soil per unit of bulk volume, including the air space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c4b5f03-8e57-49f0-bb03-f8efafb837d3", "label": "MACROFAUNA", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "'Macrobiota' is a general term for the larger soil organisms. Macrofauna, in\nparticular, refers to burrowing vertebrate animals, but may include larger\ninsects and earhworms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9d5ae5a-0718-44f2-9694-b791b646a825", "label": "SOIL MECHANICS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The application of the principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with the behavior and nature of soils, sediments, and other unconsolidated accumulations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9409ee0f-2b72-4472-9d61-f8072981a6cb", "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Measurement of Calcium in various forms in the soil, such CaCO3", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Any measurement of Carbon in the soil, in organic or inorganic fractions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f6a8db71-9686-46ec-a3ac-66ca4a0ec1bd", "label": "NET ECOSYSTEM CO2 EXCHANGE (NEE)", - "broader": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", + "parentId": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39a39084-ae04-421c-892b-f554133ca4e6", "label": "SOIL ORGANIC CARBON (SOC)", - "broader": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", + "parentId": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750", "definition": "'Soil organic carbon' represents the pool of organic carbon stored in the soil.", "children": [] } @@ -12875,195 +12875,195 @@ { "uuid": "9bad3c7b-daf6-428a-89bd-ce62b074dfcf", "label": "CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The sum of exchangeable bases plus total soil acidity at a specific pH value usually 7.0 or 8.0. When acidity is expressed as salt extractable acidity, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) is called the effective cation exchange capacity(ECEC) because this is considered to be the CEC of the exchanger at the native pH value. It is usually expressed in centimoles of charge per kilogram of exchanger.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d0de6a7-c340-4e6b-b01d-ccbb6e7fa913", "label": "DENITRIFICATION RATE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The rate of biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "781bf38b-2797-4415-8d5a-67e9f3a2f5fe", "label": "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "A measure of ease with which a conduction current can be caused to flow through a soil under the influence of an applied electric field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2a88ac8-7bf3-408c-b2b4-b3217f9e4917", "label": "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "A measure of the readiness with which a liquid, such as water, flows through a solid, such as soil, in response to a given potential gradient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b86bc20-ba2b-4cd0-8aa0-ed47663d9222", "label": "MAGNESIUM", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Measurement of any form of magnesium in the soil; one macronutrient in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac061db6-21c7-46fc-b5a8-9f61c795fdd6", "label": "MICRONUTRIENTS/TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "A plant nutrient usually found in relatively small amounts(<100 mg\r\nkg-1) in plants. These are usually B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, and\r\nZn. In environmental applications it is those elements exclusive of the eight\r\nabundant rock-forming elements: oxygen, aluminum, silicon, iron, calcium,\r\nsodium, potassium, and magnesium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e1179e7f-59e5-465a-9879-6bda6985744e", "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Measure of any form of Nitrogen, a macronutrient, in the soil, such\r\nas biomass nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, etc...", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "215f69b9-259a-4b82-9f8f-f96d4f5aaad2", "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic (carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous remains of organisms, which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds produced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "08240c92-00b5-4f25-bf2e-8030531a78d2", "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9169ace5-0f04-4fc9-b38d-b89a786b9fe1", "label": "PHOSPHORUS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Measure of any form of Phosphorus (such as Phosphate), a macronutrient, in\r\nthe soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8af17fd3-7c42-4698-9d60-e154ece5aebe", "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Measure of any form of Potassium (such as K2O), a macro-nutrient, in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c22818ce-07aa-4f77-8fe2-be1925743bac", "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "RESTORATION: The processes by which an area is treated in an attempt\r\nto restore original conditions. RECLAIMATION: The process of reconverting\r\nland to other forms of productive uses. REVEGETATION: Reestablishment\r\nof vegetation which may take place naturally or be induced by humans\r\nthrough seeding or transplanting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d7b0259-2d88-4e78-b2c2-131a02d05c15", "label": "SOIL SALINITY/SOIL SODICITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The term salinity refers to the presence of the major dissolved inorganic solutes, essentially Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, and CO3, in aqueous samples. As applied to soils, it refers to the soluble plus readily dissolvable salts in the soil or, more usually, in an aqueous extract of a soil sample. Salinity is quantified in terms of the total concentration (or, occasionally, the content) of such soluble salts.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e497c2e3-cd21-4af9-9a5d-91da4e201631", "label": "SOIL ABSORPTION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The movement of ions and water into the plant root as a result of metabolic processes by the root or diffusion along a gradient.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e273b634-62f5-4601-8b92-6550f6efeab8", "label": "SOIL CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The branch of soil science that deals with the chemical constitution,\r\nchemical properties, and chemical reactions of soils.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14e51b6e-9d91-4af5-bb93-22842359d492", "label": "SOIL CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The taxonomy of a soil, the great order, suborder, and great group of the soil based upon the characteristics and properties.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "013b44e9-df5c-4ef8-a99f-7351d16bfd14", "label": "SOIL COLOR", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The property of a soil that is based upon three components of hue, chroma (intensity or brightness), and value (lightness or darkness).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9f8c1e9-dca8-4c2e-9537-65903d19cfe5", "label": "SOIL COMPACTION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The reduction in bulk volume or thickness of a soil owing to increasing weight of overlying material that is continually being deposited, or to pressures from earth movements, resulting in a decrease of porosity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6ce3eeff-d222-4356-8cd2-50fbcbcbb295", "label": "SOIL CONSISTENCE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The combination of properties of soil material that determine its resistance to crushing and its ability to be molded or changed in shape.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60e783c1-4b33-4ab3-860b-8bd4ed00dc9f", "label": "SOIL DEPTH", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "A measure from the surface to the bottom of the soil profile.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdb10789-ef01-46bd-8047-86e550df0df4", "label": "SOIL FERTILITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The quality of a soil that enables it to provide essential chemical elements in quantities and proportions for the growth of specified plants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "76c23076-d9d5-4414-a69f-a830cecdd9ce", "label": "SOIL GAS/AIR", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The soil atmosphere; the gaseous phase of the soil, being that volume not\r\noccupied by solid or liquid.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6847d01-cbf9-491b-be59-c283d9072d95", "label": "SOIL HEAT BUDGET", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The relation between the fluxes of heat into and out of a soil and the\r\nheat stored by the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a16aa40-c74b-4a69-a230-1edd1b453332", "label": "SOIL HORIZONS/PROFILE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The soil profile is the vertical section of the soil, from the surface through all its horizons, where a horizon is a layer of soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, differing in properties and characteristics from adjacent layers below and above it.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bcc72093-b2d4-47e8-9213-7f48172e0e95", "label": "SOIL IMPEDANCE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The resistance of the soil to penetration by water and by roots.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", "label": "SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Soil Water Content: The water lost from soil upon drying to constant\r\nmass at 105 degrees Celcius; expressed either as the mass of water per\r\nunit mass of drysoil or as the volume of water per unit bulk volume of\r\nsoil. For GCMD purpose, this also includes all measurements related to\r\nsoil water, such as capcity, potential, and pressure, etc...", "children": [ { "uuid": "09e712bf-7389-4980-8115-af4282469eb8", "label": "SURFACE SOIL MOISTURE", - "broader": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", + "parentId": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", "definition": "'surface soil moisture' describes the moisture content in the top 5 cm.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4353d710-3d65-44b3-b988-26af1415646a", "label": "ROOT ZONE SOIL MOISTURE", - "broader": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", + "parentId": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f", "definition": "'root zone soil moisture' describes moisture content in the top 1 meter of the soil column", "children": [] } @@ -13072,34 +13072,34 @@ { "uuid": "357193c5-154d-487b-a1c3-a1a90d15918c", "label": "SOIL PH", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The negative log of Hydrogen ion concentration", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2da4e52a-b43b-4ff0-9e4d-c98438a38c6d", "label": "SOIL PLASTICITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The degree to which a soil is capable of being\tmolded or deformed continuously and permanently, by relatively moderate pressure, into various shapes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20f932b9-cc40-4462-879f-1c8d8c765152", "label": "SOIL POROSITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The volume percentage of the total soil bulk not occupied by solid particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e7afff2-cd50-4d26-968b-bffd2d738edd", "label": "SOIL PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants under a specified system of management; emphasizing the ability to produce crops.", "children": [ { "uuid": "283df7dc-58e0-41c5-80b1-e9cdeae9e79e", "label": "GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION (GPP)", - "broader": "1e7afff2-cd50-4d26-968b-bffd2d738edd", + "parentId": "1e7afff2-cd50-4d26-968b-bffd2d738edd", "definition": "The 'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'", "children": [] } @@ -13108,20 +13108,20 @@ { "uuid": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", "label": "SOIL RESPIRATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The metabolic process whereby electrons are transferred from a reduced compound (usually organic) to an inorganic acceptor molecule other than oxygen.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8286d00a-e540-4e01-9e15-377711e5fe56", "label": "HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION (Rh)", - "broader": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", + "parentId": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'. The sum of Ra and Rh defines the total ecosystem respiration rate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3fb007fe-605f-4f07-be91-f723d7051ac3", "label": "AUTOTROPHIC RESPIRATION (Ra)", - "broader": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", + "parentId": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7", "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'. The sum of Ra and Rh defines the total ecosystem respiration rate.", "children": [] } @@ -13130,98 +13130,98 @@ { "uuid": "aa25235a-596f-4504-89e1-4c625275700d", "label": "SOIL STRUCTURE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The combination or arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary units or peds. These secondary units may be, but usually are not, arranged in the profile in such a manner as to give a distinctive characteristic\npattern. The secondary units are characterized and classified on the basis of size, shape, and degree of distinctness into classes, types, and grades, respectively.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0546b91a-294d-45d9-8b45-76aaad0cc024", "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb05c0c0-7fcd-470c-ba2b-755f04f5d811", "label": "SOIL TEXTURE", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The relative proportions of the various soil separates in a soil, as described by the percent clay, sand, and silt.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c00e468-6a43-49ef-891e-b0ce29e2ff36", "label": "SOIL WATER HOLDING CAPACITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The percentage of water remaining in a soil two or three days after its having been saturated and after free drainage has practically ceased (field moisture capacity).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "742e6889-1ebf-4441-b803-4892c7176822", "label": "SULFUR", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Measure of any form of Sulfur, a macronutrient, in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c67c1e1c-19f1-49de-8b2b-d5ce6f596323", "label": "THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "A measure of the ability of a soil to transfer heat (through a unit\nthickness, across a unit area for a unit difference in temperature).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6eef914d-ff9f-44b0-a3a6-3dcf911023d4", "label": "SOIL EROSION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind,\r\nice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove\r\ngeologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface and\r\ndeposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep and\r\nso-called tillage erosion; The detachment and movement of soil or rock by\r\nwater, wind, ice, or gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49ee4fcc-a0ad-4638-aec9-90b4946d8922", "label": "HEAVY METALS", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Those metals which have densities >5.0 Mg m-3. In soils these include the\r\nelements Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2283a2fe-19ec-4b1d-a553-20ec9713a658", "label": "SOIL INFILTRATION", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The entry of water into soil. Also, the infiltration flux is the volume of\r\nwater entering a specified cross-sectional area of soil per unit time [L t-1].", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9555194-efd1-4427-b8e3-8fe6c49b8636", "label": "MICROFAUNA", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Microfauna (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding bacteria and protozoa.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed1b3fa6-173d-476c-9b35-c57335c0a473", "label": "MICROFLORA", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Microflora (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,\nincluding fungi and algae.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b475201-a032-4a66-a3aa-a35605affaee", "label": "SOIL ROOTING DEPTH", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "he distance in inches that plant roots extend into the soil. Knowing the\r\naverage root depth for the plants in each watering zone is important to\r\ndetermine an efficient watering schedule. Shallow roots require more frequent\r\nwatering than deep roots, which can draw water from a larger soil profile. \r\nAverage root depths vary with plant type. Trees will have root depths of 24\r\ninches or more. Xeriscape plants will have root depths around 10 inches. Shrubs\nand perennials will have roots of 8 inches or more. Grass can have deep roots\r\n(greater than 6 inches, depending on region). Annuals and bedding plants have\r\nthe shallowest roots at 4-5 inches.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae575305-340d-474b-99a7-22b537f10ec8", "label": "IRON", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Chemical element with the symbol Fe", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df5ff39e-b49f-4517-afc0-1842a1a6fdc7", "label": "SOIL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY", - "broader": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", + "parentId": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "Biological, geological, chemical and physical processes and reactions that occur within soils.", "children": [] } @@ -13230,39 +13230,39 @@ { "uuid": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "The observed physical cover and natural use of the land including the vegetation and human construction, which covers the earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c77819e9-f62f-48dc-b924-e7a73b4dcda9", "label": "LAND RESOURCES", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", + "parentId": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "definition": "Areas containing available sources of wealth, including cultural heritage resources, recreation features, range\tdevelopments, or any other feature similarly designated.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e69c08b-ee0f-426c-a8d2-dc50876f76c2", "label": "LAND PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", + "parentId": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "definition": "The rate of production, especially of food, by the utilization of solar energy by producer organisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75c312bc-79f9-4d74-a7c0-3c67c019196c", "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", + "parentId": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "definition": "Relates to the type of feature present on the surface of the earth. This can include such things as corn fields, lakes, maple trees, and concrete highways.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e63844c1-015c-4776-b01c-e3e7d5dd3d0c", "label": "VEGETATION INDEX", - "broader": "75c312bc-79f9-4d74-a7c0-3c67c019196c", + "parentId": "75c312bc-79f9-4d74-a7c0-3c67c019196c", "definition": "An index that is determined using visible and near-IR channels on AVHRR. Denotes relative chlorophyll content of vegetation during daylight conditions, and is thus used to monitor drought conditions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7b43eda3-899a-4afa-89be-2dbe527834c2", "label": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)", - "broader": "e63844c1-015c-4776-b01c-e3e7d5dd3d0c", + "parentId": "e63844c1-015c-4776-b01c-e3e7d5dd3d0c", "definition": "An index of plant “greenness” or photosynthetic activity, and is one of the most commonly used vegetation indices.", "children": [] } @@ -13273,28 +13273,28 @@ { "uuid": "fe2f8240-4d8e-4b1f-b869-29fee59692f7", "label": "LAND USE CLASSES", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", + "parentId": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "definition": "Categories defining the land in some way, such as by slope, land cover, and type", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7586859-abb5-4449-9be6-72c613b6a084", "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE MASK", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", + "parentId": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "definition": "Identifies the type of grid location.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f7e776da-50a3-4bb2-bf51-b6ba6266a605", "label": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE FRACTION", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", + "parentId": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "definition": "Identifies the type of grid location.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a71560e7-42c5-4cbe-96fc-368de3b05a5f", "label": "DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", + "parentId": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9", "definition": "Any event that occurs outside the range of natural variability and may be due to human-induced or natural causes.", "children": [] } @@ -13303,69 +13303,69 @@ { "uuid": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "label": "FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "Soil within which the moisture has predominantly changed to ice, the unfrozen portion being in vapor phase. \nIce within the soil bonds adjacent soil particles and renders frozen ground very hard. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost. Dry frozen ground is relatively loose and crumbly because of the lack of bonding\nice. Frozen ground is sometimes in-advisedly called frost or ground frost.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6fdd8021-3f6f-4f54-829c-26f744597309", "label": "SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "Ground that freezes and thaws annually.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6723314-3db7-4bdd-85ee-0b8507e6ae1b", "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10270ee0-8d85-4c75-9fa2-49e7a9755cb3", "label": "ACTIVE LAYER", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "Active layer, also called frost zone or mollisol is that part of the soil included with the suprapermafrost layer (i.e., existing above permafrost) that usually freezes in winter and thaws in summer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1469f30b-6eb4-4186-b1ef-7dd25c34c592", "label": "CRYOSOLS", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "Soil formed in either mineral or organic materials having permafrost either within 1 m below the surface or, if the soil is strongly cryoturbated, with 2 m below the surface, and having a mean annual ground temperature below 0 deg C.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b4dde5a-733e-4e55-97c9-2108b337cfeb", "label": "GROUND ICE", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "A general term referring to all types of ice contained in freezing and frozen\r\nground. Ground ice occurs in pores, cavities, voids or other openings in soil\r\nor rock and includes massive ice. It may occur as lenses, wedges, veins,\r\nsheets, seams, irregular masses, or as individual crystals or coatings on\r\nmineral or organic particles. Perennial ground ice can only occur within\r\npermafrost bodies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5181e50a-b1d2-41b1-bde3-fd9b4da9b1bf", "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "Of, or pertaining to, the outer perimeter of a glacier, particularly to the\r\nfringe areas surrounding the great continental glaciers of the geologic ice\r\nages. Thus, periglacial weathering is said to have produced certain\r\ncharacteristic land forms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee2af62b-9f76-440c-aa9b-77940468b8f4", "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "A mass of rock fragments and finer material, on a slope, that contains either interstitial ice or an ice core and shows evidence of past or present movement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "240ff021-6a9c-4603-983d-f135ee7e49ab", "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c39710ae-423f-44c8-b969-9af8a1f912cf", "label": "TALIK", - "broader": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", + "parentId": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "Talik, also called tabetisol, is a Russian term applied to permanently unfrozen\nground in regions of permafrost.", "children": [] } @@ -13374,32 +13374,32 @@ { "uuid": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "label": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "The science dealing with the form and surface configuration of the solid earth. It is primarily an attempt to reveal the complex interrelationships between the origin (and therefore material composition) of surface features on the one hand, and the causes of the surface alteration (erosion, weather, crustal upheaval, etc.) on the other hand.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "label": "AEOLIAN PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "The erosion, transport, and deposition of material due to the action of the wind at or near the Earth's surface. Aeolian processes are at their most effective when the vegetation cover is discontinuous or absent.", "children": [ { "uuid": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", + "parentId": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [ { "uuid": "dec3d35a-3ffa-4bea-b239-f8e74b498fb2", "label": "VENTIFACTS", - "broader": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", + "parentId": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", "definition": "Rocks that have been abraded, pitted, etched, grooved, or polished by wind-driven sand or ice crystals. These geomorphic features are most typically found in arid environments where there is little vegetation to interfere with aeolian particle transport, where there are frequently strong winds, and where there is a steady but not overwhelming supply of sand.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dabc0fc5-acac-48df-b32e-02c9166e8385", "label": "YARDANGS", - "broader": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", + "parentId": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d", "definition": "A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semiconsolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion, dust and sand, and deflation. Yardangs are elongate features typically three or more times longer than they are wide, and when viewed from above, resemble the hull of a boat. Facing the wind is a steep, blunt face that gradually gets lower and narrower toward the lee end.", "children": [] } @@ -13408,34 +13408,34 @@ { "uuid": "03ea18fe-793d-48e0-aa44-e211376c73d8", "label": "DEFLATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", + "parentId": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "Processes pertain to the activity of the winds and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the Earth and other planets. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cfaf76ef-89e2-4dc8-a4eb-b3308ef8c52c", "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", + "parentId": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", + "parentId": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5ce16b97-c91c-420c-9701-33d19d50b286", "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", + "parentId": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", "definition": "An aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt and lesser and variable amounts of sand and clay that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is usually homogeneous and highly porous and is traversed by vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abe3a81a-3bac-450b-8006-304bee055289", "label": "MONADNOCK", - "broader": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", + "parentId": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", "definition": "An isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.", "children": [] } @@ -13444,27 +13444,27 @@ { "uuid": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", + "parentId": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9ea3e92d-f772-4f39-a615-08b0e062ee9d", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", + "parentId": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "02916754-4814-48ea-b8fc-ef50d7a7c5b5", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", + "parentId": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", "definition": "The composition of sediment including parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7b04d56-2a44-4a94-8d94-1911a7110f9d", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", + "parentId": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", "children": [] } @@ -13473,14 +13473,14 @@ { "uuid": "32f6083c-f6a2-40cf-8cf4-782b02b9df9e", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", + "parentId": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82eac236-38ba-469d-837a-950ffa7e8316", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", + "parentId": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] } @@ -13489,47 +13489,47 @@ { "uuid": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "label": "FLUVIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "The physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Such processes play an essential and conspicuous role in the denudation of land surfaces and the transport of rock detritus from higher to lower levels.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0bb77741-598a-4f8c-8ce9-5aa0d61a0906", "label": "DOWNCUTTING", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "Erosional downcutting or downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae368822-4979-4feb-967b-ee7764639646", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ba0630cb-9a7e-4c4b-9675-c92aba7088ce", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", + "parentId": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b976820e-6b8c-45f7-87a6-fa6474d39a35", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", + "parentId": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", "definition": "Refers to the parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up of sediment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9c6d45a-787e-4099-bbf9-03d377cdb8d5", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", + "parentId": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks.", "children": [] } @@ -13538,63 +13538,63 @@ { "uuid": "4a031bdf-a6c6-40b8-9c92-34cd83a5739e", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6ae0d1f7-cc99-4da7-8446-e2dca16f546b", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c09cb9dc-2916-40f0-9f2f-4bbb39d2e7c9", "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "The down slope movement of soil, rock, and other weathered materials because of gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3288c7e0-20fa-4e05-80fa-cdb14c436c7e", "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8ba38ce-fc48-44b7-8b78-03b69e068d46", "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b655ca30-361c-4434-a784-68b8ab99668d", "label": "ATTRITION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26352dff-a48b-4b4a-a442-3b5039cf55c0", "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b13bf33a-2a06-489f-80ca-0c77b08588ec", "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface.It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d05853c-b709-484f-a406-03f64e643ea4", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", + "parentId": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] } @@ -13603,47 +13603,47 @@ { "uuid": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "label": "GLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "A glacier is an accumulation of ice, air, water, and rock debris or sediment. It is a large enough quantity of ice to flow with gravity due to its own mass. The ice can be as large as a continent, such as the ice\nsheet covering Antarctica; or, it can fill a small valley between two mountains, such as a valley glacier. 'Glacial landforms/processes' refers to the erosional or depositional processes of glaciers and the landforms (e.g., drumlins, cirques, fjords) that result.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c4c96fc4-c75b-4e98-852d-b28fdf6b77a4", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad793d5e-b75d-4d3e-a542-ad4b4075b141", "label": "ABLATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The process of removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. The term occurs in spaceflight associated with atmospheric reentry, in glaciology, medicine, and passive fire protection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45ee1fde-6b00-4aca-ac1b-6c13e2361467", "label": "DUMPING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "A deposit of glacial materials.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10ec2826-c4ac-4373-ad05-9bb4eb35b360", "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24b052b6-5996-496d-9e91-1fdbda5897da", "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The process where water seeps into a crack in a rock, as the temperature drops below freezing, the water freezes and expands causing the crack to enlarge. The ice then melts into water again as the temperature rises above freezing. This action is repeated until the rock breaks.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ee8dfdf6-0153-4067-ab3b-51794b01ee86", "label": "BASAL ICE FREEZING", - "broader": "24b052b6-5996-496d-9e91-1fdbda5897da", + "parentId": "24b052b6-5996-496d-9e91-1fdbda5897da", "definition": "A process made by made by glaciohydraulic supercooling, though some studies show that even where physical conditions allow it to occur, the process may not be responsible for observed sequences of basal ice.", "children": [] } @@ -13652,69 +13652,69 @@ { "uuid": "e2ea5b37-7004-4943-ad69-ca39a57569a4", "label": "FIRN FORMATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The formation process of firn, a partially compacted névé, which is a type of snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than névé. It is ice that is at an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b313436f-d925-48b7-a339-e6a08475b6e1", "label": "GLACIAL DRIFT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Less apparent is the ground moraine, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath much of the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6743ea28-0a6e-4d47-ac71-0c9cdf24ac25", "label": "GLACIAL GROWTH", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The growth of a glacier over time", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa74db50-4ae7-463b-903a-2a256f967ca8", "label": "GLACIAL DISPLACEMENT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The displacement of a glacier. The speed of glacial displacement is partly determined by friction. Friction makes the ice at the bottom of the glacier move slower than the upper portion. In alpine glaciers, friction is also generated at the valley's side walls, which slows the edges relative to the center.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12bb9ec2-a706-436d-aa29-253495276052", "label": "GLACIAL STRIATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. Glacial striations are usually multiple, straight, and parallel, representing the movement of the glacier using rock fragments and sand grains, embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools. Large amounts of coarse gravel and boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough-like glacial grooves, and finer sediments also in the base of the moving glacier further scour and polish the bedrock surface, forming a glacial pavement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92e348f3-9e6c-4e9e-a1bc-ee72d04755d6", "label": "SCOURING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Erosion resulting from glacial action, whereby the surface material is removed and the rock fragments carried by the glacier abrade, scratch, and polish the bedrock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53e26c7c-5e85-4dd0-a999-8de519bf9976", "label": "PLUCKING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Exploits pre-existing fractures in the bedrock. This plays a key role in opening and creating new fractures but has only provided small segments of loose material. This is then followed by the entrainment of the loosened rock by the ice. During the process of entrainment, loose rock material is frozen onto the base of the glacier and incorporated into the glacial ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "134fd984-9b26-4ceb-9084-3bffc0c5a321", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", + "parentId": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7fa9d5ef-690e-4daf-8503-363b6b1cb6e4", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", + "parentId": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", "children": [] } @@ -13723,42 +13723,42 @@ { "uuid": "8c6d4f39-6ae0-4c8d-ad48-2f82bb4e1541", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8b73efd-d313-41d8-995a-49b80bc8f248", "label": "GLACIER CRUST SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. The opposite of subsidence is uplift, which results in an increase in elevation. Ground subsidence is of concern to geologists, structural engineers and surveyors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df77e4c7-0b22-4f14-afa5-11b1d335a315", "label": "CRUST REBOUND", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, glacial isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy. It affects northern Europe (especially Scotland, Fennoscandia and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07825acf-619a-4689-b1ed-09c15166624c", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f8b965f-0a0e-427f-a696-ac6b4323744e", "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Describes a geomorphic process related to freezing of water occur. In its original meaning a periglacial area was at the time in question, the area was not buried by glacial ice but was subject to intense freezing cycles and exhibits permafrost weathering and erosion characteristics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb31cb40-97cf-4445-8abd-d375391edf6f", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", + "parentId": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9", "definition": "Refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes.", "children": [] } @@ -13767,48 +13767,48 @@ { "uuid": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", "label": "TECTONIC PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "The process of upwelling of magma, plate movement, subduction of crust, folding, faulting, warping, fracturing, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f486acc8-0d0c-4322-bf5c-177bc632bd76", "label": "OROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", + "parentId": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", "definition": "The formation of mountain ranges by intense upward displacement of the earth's crust, usually associated with folding, thrust faulting, and other compressional processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb554660-d608-467c-b265-b9b68eecfb37", "label": "EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", + "parentId": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", "definition": "Refers to upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding apart from broad undulations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f0f52fb-b272-49c6-9425-690d9285c380", "label": "ISOSTATIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", + "parentId": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", "definition": "Refers to the the gradual uplift following rapid erosional removal of material from a mountain range. The land rises as a result of the removal of the weight. Another example of isostatic uplift is post-glacial rebound following the melting of continental glaciers and ice sheets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b370af4-1887-4e7a-82a6-9acb9ce5dd5f", "label": "RIFTING", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", + "parentId": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", "definition": "The process in which continental crust is extended and thinned, forming extensional sedimentary basins and/or mafic dyke-swarms. Rifts commence as intracratonic, down-thrown blocks dominated by normal or oblique-extensional (transtensional) faults.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7d5472ba-ae65-45df-a19a-c762055eaead", "label": "TECTONIC UPLIFT", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", + "parentId": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", "definition": "A geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d43cb88-dd6d-40ac-b241-b628a39ed2af", "label": "SUBDUCTION", - "broader": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", + "parentId": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54", "definition": "The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge. A subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates move towards one another and subduction occurs.", "children": [] } @@ -13817,41 +13817,41 @@ { "uuid": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", "label": "KARST PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "Landscapes characterized by (or the processes characterizing) the formation and collapse of caves and sinkholes because of carbonation weathering of limestone bedrock.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e657b41f-4aa0-4816-b3c8-5b477812a0bc", "label": "KARST HYDROLOGY", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", + "parentId": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", "definition": "Karst Hydrology refers to the extensive dissolution of rock has led to the development of subterranean channels through which groundwater flows in conduits (enclosed or semi-enclosed channels). These conduits can vary in size from slightly enlarged cracks to tunnels many meters in diameter and many kilometers in length.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c2920f06-fd42-47da-9989-3104f8fb7282", "label": "DISSOLVED CO2", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", + "parentId": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", "definition": "The carbon dioxide dissolved in water has even more effect than the oxygen. Oxygen remains as an O2 molecule, whether it's in its gas phase or in solution, but when CO2 is dissolved in water, a small proportion of it reacts chemically with H2O to form carbonic acid, H2CO3. (There's no mystery about that: just add up the six atoms.) In water carbonic acid dissociates rapidly to form a H+ ion and HCO2 (bicarbonate), so it affects the carbonate equilibrium, and pH values change as a result.\n \nDissolved CO2 lowers the average pH of rainwater to 5.7, even where 'acid rain' caused by pollution isn't a factor. The gentle acidity of rainwater is a major source for the weathering of minerals, which the carbonic acid leaches from rocks and which eventually find their way to the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50fd29da-a846-4dd6-98e8-e826b75eeda7", "label": "CAC03", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", + "parentId": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", "definition": "A chemical compound that is a common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is created when Ca ions in hard water react with carbonate ions creating limescale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0317caf8-af0a-4abe-89fb-fd1d9c33b9e7", "label": "POROSITY", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", + "parentId": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", "definition": "A measure of a rock's ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically, porosity is the open space in a rock divided by the total rock volume (solid + space or holes). Porosity is normally expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d727d3c7-3a02-48c6-ab63-a4b3d3364783", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", + "parentId": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.", "children": [] } @@ -13860,89 +13860,89 @@ { "uuid": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "label": "COASTAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "Coastal processes refers to the action of natural forces (e.g., erosion, deposition, tectonic uplift) on the shoreline, and the nearshore seabed. Some examples of landforms resulting from these processes are\nwave-cut cliffs, beaches, and wave-cut benches.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ee016b0b-353b-4811-bfc2-5d32aed59f29", "label": "ACCRETION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The process where coastal sediments return to the visible portion of the beach following storm erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ca8db82-9230-42e0-ad91-9068bc144855", "label": "ABRASION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dee8110-972f-4665-bd28-a9e64de21a16", "label": "ATTRITION/WEATHERING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e73dd30-abb5-4723-be3e-71706d2b1ea1", "label": "CHEMICAL SOLUTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The removal of rock in solution by acidic rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by rainwater containing dissolved CO2.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b99d6c3-1751-43e6-81d1-92a7618cadb3", "label": "DEPOSITION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The act of depositing material, especially by a natural process; the resultant deposit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ebb8ef06-0f73-48eb-bc22-47f36a729bc6", "label": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface. It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2401a77-908f-4c03-abcc-d27d99586967", "label": "FLOODING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "An overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e101ced-5d9f-4733-8768-38db92d83660", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "786c08f1-f3ed-4edd-8ec9-a69313906426", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", + "parentId": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40d7f7e1-e11a-410b-a1b6-78c4a961d631", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", + "parentId": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", "definition": "The composition of a sediment, which can be measured in terms of parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "870803f5-8bbc-4e39-8372-ce21b0decb75", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", + "parentId": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks.", "children": [] } @@ -13951,70 +13951,70 @@ { "uuid": "c344fddc-ffa8-4093-bcf5-bcfe7806c737", "label": "SALTATION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2aad0e7e-1c96-4d87-adeb-4894225e2922", "label": "SEA LEVEL CHANGES", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "Sea levels around the world are rising. Current sea-level rise potentially affects human populations (e.g., those living in coastal regions and on islands) and the natural environment (e.g., marine ecosystems). Two main factors contributed to observed sea level rise. The first is thermal expansion: as ocean water warms, it expands. The second is from the contribution of land-based ice due to increased melting. The major store of water on land is found in glaciers and ice sheets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43b2798d-32ac-497f-8881-98d52422e3ac", "label": "SUBMERGENCE", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "To cover with water; inundate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af017320-085a-4e6c-81c2-38056cb55c7b", "label": "SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62ecfc64-48d0-4373-9c44-599471703cf4", "label": "SUSPENSION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "097a7f54-df6e-4aeb-8d15-65d4bd24da64", "label": "WAVE EROSION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The power of the wave is generated by the fetch. Waves erode cliffs by abrasion/corrasion and hydraulic pressure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df4a0112-3aba-41ca-816a-86129cacb6a5", "label": "WAVE REFRACTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The change in direction of a wave due to a change in its medium. It is essentially a surface phenomenon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab0138b8-6939-4ac1-aa5f-36073d52360b", "label": "WAVE DIFFRACTION", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "Refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "406bfa8b-8522-4776-936a-1fda8b0cfe97", "label": "WAVE BREAKING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "A wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some process can suddenly start to occur that causes large amounts of wave energy to be transformed into turbulent kinetic energy. At this point, simple physical models that describe wave dynamics often become invalid, particularly those that assume linear behavior.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15d5b23c-f739-43b5-bf14-3063c0a59f2d", "label": "WAVE SHOALING", - "broader": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", + "parentId": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a", "definition": "The effect by which surface waves entering shallower water increase in wave height (which is about twice the amplitude).", "children": [] } @@ -14023,194 +14023,194 @@ { "uuid": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "label": "FLUVIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "'Fluvial landforms' are features on the Earth's surface produced by the action, i.e. erosion and deposition, of a stream or river and include such landforms as bars, levees, braided and meandering channels, and alluvial fans. 'Fluvial processes' are those processes included in the action of running water in a stream or river", "children": [ { "uuid": "3207af29-bd29-4f85-9a08-2614579dd27f", "label": "AIT", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A small island. It is especially used to refer to islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "feceb3aa-d3b4-49e0-ad85-3275acd604fb", "label": "WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff850d62-675c-4386-a375-fe4af92ec3ff", "label": "BAR", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of particles, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6fdb3c7-a0ea-4f7c-82e5-d72db09b6444", "label": "BAYOU", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A body of water typically found in flat, low-lying areas, and can refer either to an extremely slow-moving stream or river (often with a poorly defined shoreline), or to a marshy lake or wetland.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e18c970a-d0c6-4430-b419-64cf718bc456", "label": "CONFLUENCE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "The meeting of two or more bodies of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47ea7cc6-2816-4d64-ad41-6ac1d11c2a33", "label": "CUTBANK", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Also known as a river cliff, is an erosional feature of streams. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "daa297ec-4397-4caa-b563-634a71f62b8a", "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1afe698e-d920-4756-8de4-482d2ef15a24", "label": "ENDORHEIC BASIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba37314d-ec38-4e67-bf30-7e1fdc6bfbad", "label": "FLOOD PLAIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a78c946a-9529-4643-b002-1aa2ac9cfed6", "label": "CANYON", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A narrow valley with steep sides; usually created by erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d078d5c-62cb-46b5-a6f5-43678643a0ce", "label": "ISLAND", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9b85df8-3b95-4baf-bd32-8bacd35dc9b5", "label": "GULLY", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A landform created by running water eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ca51b5e-0b7a-4b7a-b7e2-6e163e195e26", "label": "LACUSTRINE PLAIN", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Lakes that get filled by incoming sediment. Overtime, the water may drain from the lake, leaving the deposited sediments behind. This can be caused by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c09d43f-68d5-469d-aaed-f9ef8968ef2e", "label": "MARSH", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b976b8e5-01b9-4bb3-ba4c-308f8fa0fb97", "label": "MEANDER", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A bend in a river, also known as an oxbow loop. This usage derives from the name of the Maeander River in Turkey.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5a9eb49-93c4-4fb5-9a02-5fa06ea8800f", "label": "OX-BOW LAKE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "U-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71b4e773-40a4-47db-8449-7c13f4cc49d9", "label": "PINGO", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Also called a hydrolaccolith, is a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and subarctic that can reach up to 70 metres (230 ft) in height and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in diameter.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "00e49fcb-d846-4b4e-8f45-b022c1713920", "label": "POINT BAR", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A depositional feature of streams. Point bars are found in abundance in mature or meandering streams.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89228e69-5a64-4662-839f-cb3d2209fa41", "label": "POND", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions (examples include vernal pools and prairie potholes).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af058c0e-d40b-4e59-9f92-67b59fd1e2bd", "label": "RIFFLE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87624706-e11f-4043-ac54-479ed94b8dac", "label": "RIVER", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "620a9e6c-5851-48b7-93c5-a1706546f5d1", "label": "SPRING", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A natural flow of water from the sub-surface to the surface. Usually occurs when the water table intersects the Earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "01a84bc1-a571-4d23-b57f-1b04fd9542a6", "label": "STREAM", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many streams empty into lakes, seas or oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1964724-2481-417a-be5a-e0dedb111ab4", "label": "STREAM TERRACE", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Also known as fluvial terraces are elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and fluvial valleys all over the world. They consist of a relatively level strip of land, called a “tread,” separated from either an adjacent floodplain, other fluvial terraces, or uplands by distinctly steeper strips of land called “risers.” These terraces lie parallel to and above the river channel and its floodplain. Because of the manner in which they form, fluvial terraces are underlain by fluvial sediments of highly variable thickness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f6adff6-672d-4066-8c85-25418a7d0e00", "label": "SWAMP", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees. Swamps are wet areas that are normally covered by water all year and subject to drying out during the summer. The parameter Swamp may be colloquially interchanged with the parameter Marshes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f4f9c238-2d7e-4529-944b-52389c13932c", "label": "VALLEY", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "Low land between hills or mountains.", "children": [ { "uuid": "186a08ed-b6fc-4963-adb6-2c5113d133e5", "label": "V SHAPED VALLEY", - "broader": "f4f9c238-2d7e-4529-944b-52389c13932c", + "parentId": "f4f9c238-2d7e-4529-944b-52389c13932c", "definition": "A valley having a cross-sectional profile in the form of the letter V, commonly produced by stream erosion.", "children": [] } @@ -14219,7 +14219,7 @@ { "uuid": "97c6eb84-90a8-4b47-9a22-99c7c1369989", "label": "WATERFALL", - "broader": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", + "parentId": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde", "definition": "A place where running water makes a sheer drop, usually over a cliff.", "children": [] } @@ -14228,82 +14228,82 @@ { "uuid": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "label": "COASTAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "Refers to the landforms created by coastal processes including erosion, deposition, and tectonic uplift.", "children": [ { "uuid": "128db882-0522-4a5e-ac69-81d05986a645", "label": "BARRIER ISLANDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are relatively narrow strips of sand that parallel the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68b4238d-c10f-4f59-9c23-820563107d12", "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Geological landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea or lake. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, waves or cobblestones.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "label": "CORAL REEFS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Corals are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters containing few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, and are formed by polyps that live together in groups. The polyps secrete a hard carbonate exoskeleton which provides support and protection for the body of each polyp.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b54234a2-3261-4c6e-8fd8-75230f3488c0", "label": "FRINGING REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "One of the three main types of coral reefs recognized by most coral reef scientists. It is distinguished from the other two main types (barrier reefs and atolls) in that has either an entirely shallow backreef zone (lagoon) or none at all.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e125e285-b547-47ea-b566-5dffce2bbcbd", "label": "BARRIER REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "A long, narrow ridge of coral or rock parallel to and relatively near a coastline, separated from the coastline by a lagoon too deep for coral growth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a722fea3-fe54-4995-8aec-407efe20dee9", "label": "PATCH REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "An isolated, comparatively small reef outcrop, usually within a lagoon or embayment, often circular and surrounded by sand or seagrass. Patch reefs are common.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c78ed6a-2dbc-4ced-acc2-d0246e0afedd", "label": "APRON REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "A short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ea0dbd4-2af5-4520-a831-32ee04d02ecc", "label": "BANK REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "A linear or semi-circular shaped-outline, larger than a patch reef.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f674559-6e36-4a13-ac0c-f61aa6a37d63", "label": "RIBBON REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "A long, narrow, somewhat winding reef, usually associated with an atoll lagoon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8bbf1177-c74b-4f11-8f7d-40c5785312a1", "label": "ATOLL REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "A ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands/cays on the coral rim.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec0692d8-1cce-4c89-a6ef-c35a5f812121", "label": "TABLE REEF", - "broader": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", + "parentId": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073", "definition": "An isolated reef, approaching an atoll type, but without a lagoon.", "children": [] } @@ -14312,55 +14312,55 @@ { "uuid": "11175bd5-ee63-4b13-aa03-bc5500a458c2", "label": "CUSPATE FORELANDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Geographical features found on coastlines and created by long shore drift. Made out of sand and shingle, and later stabilized by vegetation, cuspate forelands are triangular-shaped accretions and extend seawards.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93647a7c-a881-4066-a696-c19053c7c30b", "label": "DELTAS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f8b39934-bdce-4f90-8b86-a001c0af8b76", "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE)", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", + "parentId": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "386f4f36-26bd-4193-aa25-0c0ec2e5baae", "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", + "parentId": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a271522-fee4-4646-9c9a-a99385f00d9f", "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", + "parentId": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8971f15d-bee3-4eaf-a7dd-ceb005448b37", "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", + "parentId": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db89fdd2-d911-4a75-9210-ce90db043358", "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", + "parentId": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", "children": [] } @@ -14369,119 +14369,119 @@ { "uuid": "8d634619-aed2-4326-a73d-cec49ff74398", "label": "ESTUARIES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawater and freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7299f45f-eafb-4ed9-ae12-5e01c97c1530", "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "153080e1-2ab1-438a-8f1e-0cb6d5fe1242", "label": "HEADLANDS/BAYS/CAPE", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Headlands and bays are often found together on the same stretch of coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands are characterized by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliffs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e069e3fc-0c75-40ee-92d7-595991f8fdb4", "label": "ISTHMUS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with waterforms on either side.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49db8758-1282-45a0-ad3f-0f1e9d8abc44", "label": "INLETS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an 'entrance' or a recession in the shore of a sea, lake or river.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9483208-ff59-4293-9867-3f4895e58c9f", "label": "LAGOONS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A body of shallow sea water or brackish water separated from the sea by some form of barrier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e7daefd-fa73-4561-90cc-478ca37bcb9a", "label": "RIA", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A landform, often referred to as a drowned river valley. Rias are almost always estuaries. Rias form where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change (where the global sea levels rise), or isostatic sea level change (where the local land sinks).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d541e4e1-2542-4716-b943-e080b0865e74", "label": "SALT MARSH", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "An environment in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and salty or brackish water, dominated by dense stands of halophytic (salt-tolerant) plants such as herbs, grasses, or low shrubs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "575d5577-3107-4192-83a3-5a28ceea7a5d", "label": "SEA ARCHES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Sea arches form by wave erosion of coastal headlands. Sea arches are very temporary landforms, in both geologic and human terms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c702cd1d-48dd-4652-9ec6-cff6ff52b430", "label": "SEA CAVES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a82477e6-b563-4135-90e8-c6977c7381be", "label": "SEA CLIFFS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cae5bafd-10a7-4bcf-af1a-3e187ee5e955", "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A somewhat linear landform within or extending into a body of water, typically composed of sand, silt or small pebbles. A spit or sandspit is a type of shoal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e5cf935-cf17-4947-bd1f-6816a855953a", "label": "SHORELINES", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1815faf3-2411-4d2a-a3d5-1e5b0c50782b", "label": "SOUNDS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A wide inlet of the sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline; it often separates a coastline from a nearby island.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f25c039-56b9-47a9-9232-d80860da5990", "label": "SPITS AND BARS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A deposition landform found off coasts. At one end, spits connect to land, while at the far end they exist in open water. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at cove's headlands, by the process of longshore drift.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "320e14a6-4882-4533-b1cf-55d49c8a6b37", "label": "TOMBOLOS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "A deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar. Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island. Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level is called a tombolo cluster.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c523ed2-d02e-4b02-bf21-2da4e171c959", "label": "WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS", - "broader": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", + "parentId": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "The narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the action of waves. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock.", "children": [] } @@ -14490,47 +14490,47 @@ { "uuid": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", "label": "AEOLIAN LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "Features of the Earth's surface produced by either the erosive or constructive action of the wind.", "children": [ { "uuid": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", + "parentId": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f51acce1-eaf6-4de7-b279-5b58c3034aeb", "label": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", + "parentId": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", "definition": "Crescent-shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans, or transverse dunes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb6b9191-21ab-4a56-b43f-27e86f90f6d9", "label": "DOME DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", + "parentId": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c63be844-efa7-49f6-8089-c60111bbdffb", "label": "PARABOLIC DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", + "parentId": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc9dea65-e574-4bbb-9945-cd6d1cdbf6c1", "label": "STAR DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", + "parentId": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5ee3496-6910-4971-8539-5aa084bfa9e1", "label": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", - "broader": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", + "parentId": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length.", "children": [] } @@ -14539,7 +14539,7 @@ { "uuid": "1376f8a1-84f2-4797-a978-69ec520e2423", "label": "RIPPLES", - "broader": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", + "parentId": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1", "definition": "Sedimentary structures (i.e. bedforms of the lower flow regime) and indicate agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.", "children": [] } @@ -14548,47 +14548,47 @@ { "uuid": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "label": "GLACIAL LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "Landforms created by the action of glaciers. Most of glacial landforms today were created by the movement of large ice sheets during the Quaternary glaciations.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d37d51e0-1bef-473a-9221-6713166762f9", "label": "ARETES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "An arete is a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arête is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3032f74-fcdf-41d7-8899-2f2b140209c9", "label": "CIRQUES/COMBES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "Glacially eroded rock basin found on mountains. Most alpine glaciers originate from a cirque.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", "label": "CREVASSES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A crack in an ice sheet or glacier (compare to crevice, which is in rock). Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, etc.; these walls sometimes expose layers that represent the glacier's stratigraphy.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a78c3d42-ac89-4040-9f0d-4d864b8c4551", "label": "LONGITUDINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", + "parentId": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", "definition": "Crevasses that form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0bbea2f-2ef0-4e99-ad76-1aedbbedc016", "label": "MARGINAL CREVASSES", - "broader": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", + "parentId": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", "definition": "Crevasses that form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6ba069ae-8561-44b7-9e59-d645d6bd725f", "label": "TRANSVERSE CREVASSES", - "broader": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", + "parentId": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92", "definition": "Are transverse to flow, as a glacier accelerates where the slope steepens.", "children": [] } @@ -14597,118 +14597,118 @@ { "uuid": "614309a2-4332-4695-aa77-d11794fe4733", "label": "DRUMLINS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "158a8764-a6e4-4d28-a1b9-b2ab91e09995", "label": "ESKERS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "666d9a2b-aaa8-4789-a9d9-a6774e650fe4", "label": "FJORDS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "Are formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c878cc0-d601-4371-af35-9db2c67d8de6", "label": "GLACIAL HORNS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A sharp peak formed where the ridges separating three or more cirques intersect.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a009cb2-9883-48d3-8b91-21efb75b4347", "label": "GLACIER/ICE CAVES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "Refers to any type of natural cave (most commonly lava tubes or limestone caves) that contains significant amounts of perennial (year-round) ice. At least a portion of the cave must have a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) all year round, and water must have traveled into the cave’s cold zone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7335b131-0e86-41b3-a0bc-b28120a0a78a", "label": "GLACIER/HANGING/U-SHAPED VALLEYS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of these two main types or a mixture of them, at least with respect of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c8ad9c7e-384d-42c9-a75c-813a67e4dbfa", "label": "GLACIER STRIATIONS/GROOVES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by process of glacial abrasion. Glacial striations usually occur as multiple straight, parallel grooves representing the movement of the sediment-loaded base of the glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86c6042a-b7ca-4d97-b9d7-db22b1560810", "label": "ICE-DAMMED LAKES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "In geology, a proglacial lake is a lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or by meltwater trapped against an ice sheet due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3407182-6908-4206-b2fd-4c39da4072ce", "label": "KAMES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a8d6d83-1a3b-452c-90b8-f37b28bd7eb6", "label": "KAME DELTA", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A glacial landform made by a stream flowing through glacial ice and depositing material upon entering a lake or pond at the end or terminus of the glacier, thus 'in front' of it, a proglacial lake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0557b602-cf85-4b04-82a7-ca76f364e5f4", "label": "KETTLE HOLES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", "label": "MORAINES", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past ice age.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d3ad1ced-39fa-4e3a-a75d-58e5393a2abe", "label": "LATERAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", + "parentId": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", "definition": "Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "063fae56-f066-4023-84c2-daff8261b7fc", "label": "MEDIAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", + "parentId": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", "definition": "A ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It is formed when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c242e01-40c4-4fca-a99d-48e4064f6c6f", "label": "RECESSIONAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", + "parentId": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", "definition": "Are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary halts in a glacier's retreat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b62123dd-1bf5-4222-a646-05d71d729c75", "label": "RIBBED/ROGAN MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", + "parentId": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", "definition": "Type of basal moraines that forms a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an ice sheet. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water making the Rogen moraines look like tigerstripes on aerial photographs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16bd425e-9a14-41ac-900e-5b5c4f713dda", "label": "TERMINAL MORAINE", - "broader": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", + "parentId": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", "definition": "End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines.", "children": [] } @@ -14717,35 +14717,35 @@ { "uuid": "12e5921b-0d9b-4656-8d5c-d73abcf90a81", "label": "NUNATAKS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "An exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e62a5dd-5ea5-4cd6-8051-b5e162ef4e01", "label": "OUTWASH FANS/PLAINS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "An outwash fan is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. Sediment locked within the ice of the glacier, gets transported by the streams of meltwater, and deposits on the outwash plain, at the terminus of the glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e96cea31-2bee-4d9d-bf4a-d0f469aa3bd4", "label": "ROCHE MOUTONNEES/SHEEPBACK", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "A rock formation created by the passing of a glacier. When a glacier erodes down to bedrock, it can form tear-drop shaped hills that taper in the up-ice direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fcbf8f96-ac53-41b6-9c98-a87425a4ec82", "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "Distinctive geomorphological landforms of angular rock debris frozen in interstitial ice which may extend outward and downslope from talus cones, glaciers or terminal moraines of glaciers. There are two types of rock glaciers: periglacial glaciers, or talus-derived glaciers, and glacial rock glaciers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bffac466-83aa-4060-a378-6d2d6e49f2a1", "label": "TILL PLAINS", - "broader": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", + "parentId": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505", "definition": "An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. A till plain with irregular topography is referred to as a ground moraine.", "children": [] } @@ -14754,41 +14754,41 @@ { "uuid": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", "label": "KARST LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "A Karst landform is a feature created on the Earth's surface by the drainage of water into the ground or by its discharge at springs.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b9e8b2e3-ea76-4ce9-8a25-64ba0cdef913", "label": "SINKHOLES (DOLINES)", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", + "parentId": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", "definition": "A shallow usually funnel-shaped depression of the ground surface formed by solution in limestone regions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdeff06c-28ec-4a4c-b522-4a46f1f9a239", "label": "CAVES", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", + "parentId": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", "definition": "A natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. Some people suggest that the term cave should only apply to cavities that have some part that does not receive daylight; however, in popular usage, the term includes smaller spaces like sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9323363-ea07-479d-8b64-e3dbf298a7c5", "label": "KARST VALLEY", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", + "parentId": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", "definition": "A valley-scale, mid-size, closed depression otherwise meeting the definition of a sinkhole but also enclosing more than one smaller sinkhole and sinking stream.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee347068-e1ff-4271-8726-8343f4f15614", "label": "COCKPIT/TOWER KARST", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", + "parentId": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", "definition": "Limestone towers, from 30 to 200m in height with nearly vertical walls and gently domed or serrated summits.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d42a8f13-c438-4794-9f37-bd7870ec731d", "label": "UVALA", - "broader": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", + "parentId": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", "definition": "A large elongate sinkhole resulting from enlargement and coalescence of a linear group of small sinkholes", "children": [] } @@ -14797,118 +14797,118 @@ { "uuid": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "label": "TECTONIC LANDFORMS", - "broader": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", + "parentId": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279", "definition": "'Tectonic landforms' are structural landforms of regional extent. These landforms make up extensive landscapes whose topography is strongly influenced by the structure of underlying rocks that have undergone (or are undergoing) some degree of deformation (and possible associated metamorphism and igneous intrusion). Landscapes developed on orogenic belts, uplifts, domes, basins, and shields can all be thought of as tectonic landforms. 'Tectonic processes' are large-scale geologic processes that develop these landforms and include mountain building and crustal rifting.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1a0e7a60-9c22-40c5-8424-55119b4db743", "label": "CALDERA", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A large circular depression in a volcano.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9f7bee8-fb32-40b1-9936-ecf6f6597b6b", "label": "CINDER CONE", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "181fb5a4-125b-445d-b65f-adf9a919c800", "label": "FAULTS", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1fa2b28-dc04-4373-a6b6-bbcedfaabfb5", "label": "GRABEN", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8493f8c2-63c3-4e1c-b813-1f0f3893a30a", "label": "HORST", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12d2d3ab-2f04-436f-abd4-e28517e6f86c", "label": "FOLDS", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c2e1960-ae20-46a9-acf1-a3e71542fbb4", "label": "VOLCANO", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8a9104b-fe7b-4a60-94fc-6b5ef504db55", "label": "TUYA", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were formerly covered by continental ice sheets and also had active volcanism during the same time period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "edb9d13d-27a1-4e9a-a32e-4e49b5e76836", "label": "LAVA PLAIN", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "Also called a lava field or lava bed, is a large expanse of nearly flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly-fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7ff366c-4322-47bf-b12e-c3fbfb05cf54", "label": "MAAR", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "Broad, low-relief volcanic crater that is caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption, an explosion caused by groundwater coming into contact with hot lava or magma. A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a888a27-8715-46c8-9e11-a6bffba00078", "label": "GEYSER", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapour phase (steam).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "694e18ec-ceaf-4070-9763-f3ee6dbd6b5b", "label": "PLATEAU", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "An area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau. A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b7f66ea-d481-4641-9dbf-da90ca3ad9c9", "label": "MOUNTAINS", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. The adjective montane is used to describe mountainous areas and things associated with them.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97298feb-6991-4d68-8337-177460e436ad", "label": "RIDGE", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A geological feature that features a chain of mountains or hills that are of a continuous elevated crest for some distance. Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca874a66-f3a8-4099-978c-4684944dc348", "label": "RIFT VALLEY", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "A linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. This action is manifest as crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78200b25-8c91-4f1b-82cc-ed79764cd647", "label": "LAVA DOME", - "broader": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", + "parentId": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f", "definition": "Roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano. The geochemistry of lava domes can vary from basalt to rhyolite although most preserved domes tend to have high silica content.", "children": [] } @@ -14919,90 +14919,90 @@ { "uuid": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "label": "EROSION/SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "The natural processes relating to the break down of soil and rock, and the movement and deposition of the resulting particles.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2f2f5764-d4e6-4bbb-bd6d-dda373018237", "label": "DEGRADATION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The general lowering of the surface of the land by erosive processes, especially by the removal of material through erosion and transportation by flowing water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6a5cc87-a333-4e99-88d4-bf7b5b1cf484", "label": "ENTRAINMENT", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The process of picking up and carrying along, as the collecting and movement of sediment by currents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e2b1b67-a401-4fb6-9ee9-b022c1c023dc", "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The wearing away of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, wind, and underground water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea4aefeb-64cd-4408-83d8-8e0a672739b9", "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "A general term for a wide variety of processes and landforms involving the downslope movement, under gravity, of masses of soil and rock material.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca2ffcd6-39e6-4eab-abc2-07eb4a197e3d", "label": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The chemical composition of a sediment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "807aff1a-6fe0-474a-a025-a0d0d8b17dbd", "label": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The minearlogical constituents of a sediment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4ad5a76-7540-4433-ad82-9fe89259538b", "label": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The movement of sediment by natural agents (such as flowing water, ice, wind, or gravity) either as solid particles or in solution, from one place to another on the earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b41498cd-6b2b-47e3-afe7-0f05b4c0807d", "label": "SEDIMENTATION", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The process of deposition of sediment, especially by mechanical means from a state of suspension in water or air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26558c08-beca-4ef0-9ea3-b000504ece60", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42b5ae5b-90d5-44f0-b331-6c22cdd45c3f", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks from older to younger above; essentially without interruption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69ff701a-674e-4b63-bb93-6ebe6cd95281", "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "Sediment particles supported by the upward currents in eddies of turbulent flow in the surrounding fluid.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b07017e8-d714-45a6-b1fe-8c00230ec209", "label": "WEATHERING", - "broader": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", + "parentId": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a", "definition": "The destructive processes by which rocks are changed on exposure to atmospheric agents at or near the earth's surface, with little or no transport of the loosened or altered material.", "children": [] } @@ -15011,48 +15011,48 @@ { "uuid": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", "label": "LANDSCAPE", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "The fundamental traits of a specific geographic area; including its biological composition, physical environment and anthropogenic or social patterns.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e77c0096-05a7-47ff-8629-55d12c46bb6b", "label": "LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", + "parentId": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", "definition": "The study of the distribution patterns of communities and ecosystems; the ecological processes that affect those patterns and changes in pattern and process over time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36a4ac5a-1082-4922-9bca-934c06e54cda", "label": "LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", + "parentId": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", "definition": "The identification, assessment, design, and manipulation of features or values of a landscape.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dcb100c9-5b43-422a-a429-25cae9dbb170", "label": "REFORESTATION", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", + "parentId": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", "definition": "The natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted, usually through deforestation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b6fe940-7383-4bae-b436-fc487723bbcf", "label": "LANDSCAPE PATTERNS", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", + "parentId": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", "definition": "A natural space classification of living communities and their environmental conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c44a08d-0a08-47f5-b819-7e561445e613", "label": "LANDSCAPE PROCESSES", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", + "parentId": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", "definition": "The physical processes that shape an area of land, including landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, and human activity and the built environment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d57dff3d-5f2f-425c-80bb-2a6fcb42d3fa", "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", + "parentId": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412", "definition": "Restoration: The processes by which an area is treated in an attempt to restore original conditions. \n\nReclamation: The process of reconverting land to other forms of productive uses. \n\nRevegetation: Reestablishment of vegetation which may take place naturally or be induced by humans through seeding or transplanting.", "children": [] } @@ -15061,34 +15061,34 @@ { "uuid": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", "label": "SURFACE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "Any measurement involving the scattering, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation at the land surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "136b1de3-4b2e-49e6-80cd-cf2e9bac2c48", "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", + "parentId": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", "definition": "The ratio of the radiation reflected from an object to the total amount incident upon it, for a particular portion of the spectrum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "00c1d7b9-61d8-40ad-8c33-f27006832866", "label": "ANISOTROPY", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", + "parentId": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", "definition": "The characteristic of a surface for which a physical property, such as reflectivity, varies in value with the direction in or along which the measurement is made.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ee9d0c5-2e0c-486c-b89b-7b002d18c5f7", "label": "EMISSIVITY", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", + "parentId": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", "definition": "The ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a perfect blackbody radiator at the same temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f043c0a8-9cee-4c51-bf64-a4aaa34ab75d", "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", + "parentId": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8", "definition": "The ratio of reflected radiation to that of the incident radiation on a surface.", "children": [] } @@ -15097,54 +15097,54 @@ { "uuid": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", "label": "TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "The general configuration of the land surface,\tincluding its relief and the position of its natural features.", "children": [ { "uuid": "21474df3-f9a6-48ca-be15-bdb3611fe062", "label": "SURFACE ROUGHNESS", - "broader": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", + "parentId": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", "definition": "The unevenness of the land surface that results in friction for fluid flow. This can be influenced by the presence of such things as vegetation, water bodies, mountains and other landforms, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", "label": "TERRAIN ELEVATION", - "broader": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", + "parentId": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", "definition": "The vertical distance from mean sea level to a point or object on the Earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f7d2e34a-c5c2-4c21-9132-2472620dbda1", "label": "TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF MAPS", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", + "parentId": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", "definition": "A type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines in modern mapping, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a combination of two line segments that connect but do not intersect; these represent elevation on a topographic map.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "120f9132-a756-4f6f-a74c-78e94dfcd2a1", "label": "CONTOUR MAPS", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", + "parentId": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", "definition": "A map that contains contours, which are imaginary lines that connect points of equal value (e.g. elevation of the land surface).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "395372ad-2883-4b6a-a481-6383a310ca47", "label": "DIGITAL ELEVATION/TERRAIN MODEL (DEM)", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", + "parentId": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", "definition": "A digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface created from terrain elevation data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05e52e24-b9ac-42cf-bdf9-1dcad56900e8", "label": "BED ELEVATION", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", + "parentId": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", "definition": "Elevation of the bed with respect to mean sea level", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1f5c621-7b45-4889-8d02-b5ca6bf86c08", "label": "Digital Surface Model (DSM)", - "broader": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", + "parentId": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", "definition": "Digital Surface Model (DSM): A topographic digital model capturing both the natural and artificial features of the surface", "children": [] } @@ -15153,7 +15153,7 @@ { "uuid": "05bef198-cfff-48be-b0cb-14e296d38dbc", "label": "TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS", - "broader": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", + "parentId": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", "definition": "The topographic effect is indicated on Landsat images of rugged terrain by the visual impression of relief. It is caused by the variation in spectral radiance due to surface slope and aspect variations. The difference in radiance between a horizontal and sloping surface of the same cover type provides a measure of the topographic effect (Holben and Justice 1981).\tHolben and Justice (1979) also measured it and showed that\nthe effect is most extreme in areas of rugged terrain and especially for slopes in the principal plane of the sun and at low solar elevations.", "children": [] } @@ -15162,61 +15162,61 @@ { "uuid": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", "label": "SURFACE THERMAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", + "parentId": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "Refers to the measurements of any sort related to the amount of heat on the surface of the land.", "children": [ { "uuid": "40d6a3e7-89dd-4399-8fa5-bbc7a0917b4e", "label": "SKIN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", + "parentId": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", "definition": "Refers to the effective radiating temperature of the soil plus canopy surface. It is inferred from satellites in the 8-12 um window region. In climate models, it is the temperature used to determine upward thermal emission. The skin temperature usually shows a larger diurnal variation than the surface air temperature, a factor that needs to be considered when evaluating data/model comparisons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d559b900-eca6-42a4-9311-0297b2ef98ab", "label": "LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", + "parentId": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", "definition": "Refers to how hot the “surface” of the Earth would feel to the touch in a particular location. From a satellite’s point of view, the “surface” is whatever it sees when it looks through the atmosphere to the ground. It could be snow and ice, the grass on a lawn, the roof of a building, or the leaves in the canopy of a forest. Thus, land surface temperature is not the same as the air temperature that is included in the daily weather report.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8931329c-3f6d-4ba6-913c-27afa8d104c1", "label": "LAND HEAT CAPACITY", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", + "parentId": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", "definition": "The ratio of the heat absorbed (or released) by a system to the corresponding temperature rise (or fall).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", + "parentId": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a213e661-4a55-4cee-a889-738f7bd6097c", "label": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", + "parentId": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05dd9887-0b58-45f2-b3ea-6e26bbee6990", "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", + "parentId": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dcefbf77-61b6-462b-a9dc-97f9035ac545", "label": "LONGWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", + "parentId": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b514c2a8-ff5e-4f5a-95ab-5d06c61288c4", "label": "SHORTWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", + "parentId": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -15229,53 +15229,53 @@ { "uuid": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", "label": "BIOSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rain forests and high mountaintops.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "label": "VEGETATION", - "broader": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", + "parentId": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", "definition": "Vegetation, as used, here are types of plants and vegetation structures.", "children": [ { "uuid": "df597f06-8575-4726-acac-65b2bd432d59", "label": "DOMINANT SPECIES", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Dominant Species are recognized by their numerical abundance or biomass and\nare usually defined separately for each trophic level.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0e06e528-e796-4b7c-9878-dbcb061d878d", "label": "TREE RINGS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Tree Rings, also known as annual rings or growth rings, are a sheath of\ncells appearing as one of a series of concentric rings in the\ncross-section of a woody stem. Each ring is usually the result of a\nsingle yearly growth flush starting in spring and ceasing in late summer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a28eeef3-b252-4309-957b-860d2e0f97ef", "label": "AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Afforestation is the establishment of trees on an area that has lacked forest\r\ncover for a very long time or has never been forested. Reforestation is the\r\nnatural or artificial restocking (i.e., planting, seeding) of an area with\r\nforest trees. Also called forest regeneration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "686feba9-87ba-474c-8280-7f67565cfb2f", "label": "BIOMASS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Mass of biological material. Usually the total mass of a particular group\nor category; for example, the biomass of producer organisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abbba948-9b77-4e19-a855-49a7fbc17696", "label": "CANOPY CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Canopy characteristics refer to Global Change Master Directory\ndetailed variables under the variable, Canopy Characteristics: canopy\nheight, canopy position, canopy reflectance, canopy resistance, and canopy\ntemperature.", "children": [ { "uuid": "42eb8baf-edbd-4791-8114-ca898ce5890f", "label": "VEGETATION HEIGHT", - "broader": "abbba948-9b77-4e19-a855-49a7fbc17696", + "parentId": "abbba948-9b77-4e19-a855-49a7fbc17696", "definition": "Average height of existing vegetation", "children": [] } @@ -15284,76 +15284,76 @@ { "uuid": "6f6537f5-773f-4df1-862b-d9ab80eb5e04", "label": "CARBON", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Any measurement of Carbon in the soil, in organic or inorganic fractions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e3999ec-d864-43fd-8d84-bd23630c405f", "label": "CHLOROPHYLL", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the\nlight energy required for photosynthesis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c59b0666-e20f-4134-847b-89719ed5621a", "label": "CROWN", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "The crown is the horizontal layer of the vegetation where most of the\nbranches and foliage are found.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7de16ed-c090-449b-81c1-44fe5b1195f0", "label": "DECIDUOUS VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Deciduous vegetation is vegetation that sheds its leaves each year in the\nfall. Maple, oak, black cherry, and beech trees are examples. The loss of\nleaves in the fall is believed to be an adaptation that greatly reduces\nevaporation at a time when the supply of liquid water is limited.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f717330e-3656-4910-beed-d54cc9a19c2b", "label": "EXOTIC VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Exotic vegetation are species of vegetation that are introduced to\na geographical area where they are not native.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8d3f9a0-be0b-4690-86b9-ac64d951886a", "label": "FOREST COMPOSITION/VEGETATION STRUCTURE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Forest Composition refers to the tree species which make up the forest.\r\nVegetation Structure refers to the vertical arrangement of canopy layers and\r\nplants of different life forms, or the horizontal variation in canopy\r\nclosure and canopy layers, or both. Vegetation Structure also includes\r\nstanding dead trees (snags) and decaying logs on the ground (coarse woody\r\ndebris).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40766d01-bda1-420b-9fd1-fba6d6924f3f", "label": "HERBIVORY", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Herbivory is an ecological interaction between two species where one\nspecies eats part or all of a plant species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "536a5a5a-28bb-473a-aa95-6d2dd1e5098d", "label": "IMPORTANCE VALUE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "The importance value is the sum of relative density, relative dominance,\nand relative frequency for a species in the community. The larger the\nimportance value, the more dominant a species is in the particular\ncommunity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0bfb8ae4-c08a-4d69-82d2-1b1b0d4acef6", "label": "INDIGENOUS VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Indigenous Vegetation or native vegetation is applied to a species that\noccurs naturally in an area, and therefore, one that has not been\nintroduced by humans accidentally or intentionally.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bca1b724-3370-4a26-bcbc-3530ce4ddc97", "label": "LEAF CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Pertain to the general characteristics of leaves including leaf structure, arrangement, leaf shape, and leaf margin.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f829171e-8b22-4f93-8f71-7932dfd7a70b", "label": "LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI)", - "broader": "bca1b724-3370-4a26-bcbc-3530ce4ddc97", + "parentId": "bca1b724-3370-4a26-bcbc-3530ce4ddc97", "definition": "The one sided green leaf area per unit ground area in broadleaf canopies, or as the projected needleleaf area per unit ground area in needle canopies.", "children": [] } @@ -15362,48 +15362,48 @@ { "uuid": "afc54d28-de94-4674-9528-39f00bf74d6d", "label": "LITTER CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Litter characteristics refer to Global Change Master Directory\ndetailed variable under the variable, Litter Characteristics: litter\nchemistry, litter decomposition, litter dry weight, litterfall, and\nlitterfall flux.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf0ddf9c-39ba-4b2d-91ac-63021d644276", "label": "MACROPHYTES", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Macrophytes are macroscopic vegetation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed7c506e-b18e-4a93-ac03-4bdfe119b72f", "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Nitrogen is a plant nutrient that is a component of proteins, nucleic\nacids, coenzymes, and chlorophylls. Plants that are deficient in nitrogen\nhave stunted growth, and light-green older leaves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bcb805c-718e-42c3-913d-174bdf06d4c1", "label": "NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Nutrients are elements essential for growth and survival of a given organism.\n Directly or indirectly, nutrients have roles in metabolism that no\nother nutrients fulfills.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47f4e7ac-b4ca-4ef9-824b-a36ea5510526", "label": "PHOSPHORUS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Phosphorus is a plant element which is a component of nucleic\nacids, phospholipids and ATP.\t Plants lacking phosphorus have\npurplish veins, stunted growth, fewer seeds, and fruits.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db69ecb1-0738-4d82-943f-ae92093f500d", "label": "PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Photosynthetically Active Radiation is the light in the whole wavelength band from 400 nm (deep violet) to 700 nm (dark red) used by plants in photosynthesis.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6079e5e4-4dee-4b32-aaa8-ae3231bcbadb", "label": "FRACTION OF ABSORBED PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION (FAPAR)", - "broader": "db69ecb1-0738-4d82-943f-ae92093f500d", + "parentId": "db69ecb1-0738-4d82-943f-ae92093f500d", "definition": "The fraction of the incoming solar radiation in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a photosynthetic organism, typically describing the light absorption across an integrated plant canopy.", "children": [] } @@ -15412,41 +15412,41 @@ { "uuid": "3e801e91-897e-4528-8f4c-4ec527ad33cc", "label": "PIGMENTS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Pigments are light-absorbing molecules. In addition to chlorophyll,\nother pigments, principally yellow and orange carotenoids, as well as\nother forms of chlorophyll, are also present in green plants.\tThese\nmolecules absorb light and then pass the energy to the chlorophyll a.\nAccessory pigments, like the carotenoids, enable the plants to use more of\nthe light than is trapped by chlorophyll a alone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", "label": "PLANT CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Plant characteristics refer to Global Change Master Directory\ndetailed variables under the variable, Plant Characteristics: Plant\naboveground biomass, plant biomass, plant blooms, plant boron\nconcentration, plant calcium concentration, plant carbon concentration,\nplant copper concentration, plant diameter, plant diseases, plant height,\nplant iron concentration, plant magnesium concentration, plant manganese\nconcentration, plant nitrogen concentration, plant phosphorus\nconcentration, plant potassium concentration, plant production, plant root\nbiomass, plant sink capacity, plant sulfur concentration, plant water\npotential, and plant zinc concentration.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ff141ffe-05ea-4901-a243-e6186826b05c", "label": "VEGETATION WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", + "parentId": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", "definition": "Vegetation water content (VWC) is the amount of water contained in vegetation. VWC is a parameter in agriculture applications that provides information for water stress, aid in yield estimation, assessing drought conditions and retrieving soil moisture from microwave remote sensing observations", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e95bcfcd-a7b6-4317-a678-fe713405f1c8", "label": "CROP HEIGHT", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", + "parentId": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", "definition": "Crop Height is defined as the height above the soil (measured in cm) for individual plants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "244a2eb6-bb6c-462c-978e-f9cfe96dffba", "label": "CROP DENSITY", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", + "parentId": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", "definition": "Crop Density is the number of individual plants found within a set area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3eb9aa2e-8314-4470-a7b5-8bfba901e1fe", "label": "XYLEM DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY", - "broader": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", + "parentId": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", "definition": "The degree of electrical polarization a material experiences under the influence of an external electric field.", "children": [] } @@ -15455,48 +15455,48 @@ { "uuid": "b0ad34ee-4b38-4a8d-a483-b3bfea66fa82", "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Pollen is, collectively, the mass of microspores or pollen grains produced within the anthers of a flowering plant or the male cones of a gymnosperm.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86dfb9ca-6587-4a91-b397-f220bb48a1eb", "label": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Reclamation, as used here refers, to putting a natural resource to a new\nor altered use. Restoration is the return of an ecosystem to a\nclose approximation of its condition prior to disturbance. Revegetation is\nthe planting of vegetation in an area where vegetation has been removed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe6b37b9-f95a-491e-a58e-22aa66be9a9d", "label": "REFORESTATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Reforestation is the replanting of trees in forests where the trees have\nbeen cut down. Reforestation sometimes is undertaken in an effort to\nreduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by restoring forests, which are\ncarbon sinks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5bdb3251-4811-439c-b172-9bbcd98e84b3", "label": "VEGETATION COVER", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Vegetation Cover is the percent of vegetation in an area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", "label": "VEGETATION INDEX", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "An index that is determined using visible and near-IR channels on AVHRR. Denotes relative chlorophyll content of vegetation during daylight conditions, and is thus used to monitor drought conditions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b1d65d88-7bd0-491d-91ca-4102b89dc3e7", "label": "LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI)", - "broader": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", + "parentId": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", "definition": "The one sided green leaf area per unit ground area in broadleaf canopies, or as the projected needleleaf area per unit ground area in needle canopies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2297a00a-80f5-466e-b28e-b9ca42562d3f", "label": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)", - "broader": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", + "parentId": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365", "definition": "An index of plant “greenness” or photosynthetic activity, and is one of the most commonly used vegetation indices.", "children": [] } @@ -15505,27 +15505,27 @@ { "uuid": "de0ace5c-fa2b-47ca-93db-79d8df7ab6f2", "label": "VEGETATION SPECIES", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Vegetation Species are the enumeration of different species in an area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16a7b4d6-e47f-4753-8803-f72edc4e1c5e", "label": "EVERGREEN VEGETATION", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Vegetation that has persistent leaves and whose crown is never totally bare.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f45aadf-ec7c-43a1-a008-b24ca139837a", "label": "PLANT PHENOLOGY", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "The science that treats the periodic biological phenomena with relation to\r\nclimate, especially seasonal changes.\r\nPhenological events are stages of plant growth. From a climatological\r\nviewpoint, these phenomena serve as bases for the interpretation of progress in\nlocal seasons and the climatic zones, and are considered to integrate the\r\neffects of a number of bioclimatic factors on rate of plant development.\r\nPhenology may be considered a branch of the science of bioclimatics, the\r\nsequence of plant or crop development stages through its life cycle. Growth\r\nstages may be defined by stage of physiological development such as\r\ngermination, first true leaf, flowering, maturity, etc., and/or by physical\r\nstage such as planting, emergence, harvest, etc.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f18f64b-dfac-4f93-9ded-89c8f249c2d1", "label": "GROWTH STAGE", - "broader": "3f45aadf-ec7c-43a1-a008-b24ca139837a", + "parentId": "3f45aadf-ec7c-43a1-a008-b24ca139837a", "definition": "Growth Stage is defined as the phenological growth stage and is measured on the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry) Scale.", "children": [] } @@ -15534,28 +15534,28 @@ { "uuid": "2edf648a-6a71-44c3-9c1a-8fcdd2dcc61c", "label": "CANOPY TRANSMITTANCE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Measurement of the light received at a photo cell in the canopy of vegetation placed at fixed distances from a light source.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a13efd5-d712-4b5d-abd4-9caf5914cfb6", "label": "SOLAR INDUCED FLUORESCENCE", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Solar-induced fluorescence is the glow plants emit from photosynthesis — the process of plant growth that includes the capture of carbon from the atmosphere. Areas with lower photosynthesis activity are in shown in light green; areas with higher photosynthesis activity are shown in dark green.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f97f5caf-206e-4310-8c9d-c4c1a09d3c62", "label": "VEGETATION OPTICAL DEPTH", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Optical depth is a measure of how opaque a medium is to radiation passing through it. The optical depth is directly related to the vegetation water content, and is also a function of the incidence angle and the radiometric frequency.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b4a6b86-6a74-4b01-b0ee-a9d7d60c72cb", "label": "VEGETATION WATER POTENTIAL", - "broader": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", + "parentId": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9", "definition": "Water potential is defined by its chemical activity or free energy.", "children": [] } @@ -15564,33 +15564,33 @@ { "uuid": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", "label": "ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS", - "broader": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", + "parentId": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", "definition": "Describes coupled dynamics of human-ecological systems", "children": [ { "uuid": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", "label": "ECOTOXICOLOGY", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", + "parentId": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", "definition": "Describes the adverse effects on living organisms that chemicals can have when\r\nreleased into the natural environment.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a54dbc4f-c136-4648-9797-db00e62fe22b", "label": "SPECIES BIOACCUMULATION", - "broader": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", + "parentId": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", "definition": "The uptake and retention of chemicals by organisms via food or water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e89d525-161c-4e02-8ef8-4868e0cf8c57", "label": "BIOAVAILABILITY", - "broader": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", + "parentId": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", "definition": "The degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or\nis made available at the site of physiological activity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5518feb6-93a8-46fd-9e9a-25be3a832d6d", "label": "TOXICITY LEVELS", - "broader": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", + "parentId": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b", "definition": "A property whereby substances are injurious to health when ingested or\ninhaled, such as chlorine, ammonia, pesticides, and formaldehyde.", "children": [] } @@ -15599,132 +15599,132 @@ { "uuid": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "label": "ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", + "parentId": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", "definition": "Ecosystem functions are the physical, chemical, biological, and man-made\nprocesses that contribute to the self-maintenance of an ecosystem.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9015e65f-bbae-4855-a4b6-1bfa601752bd", "label": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "A Biogeochemical cycle is the movement of chemical elements from organism\nto physical environment to organism in more or less circular\npathways.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a55497b-8e07-431a-9af9-fece001f1dd7", "label": "FOOD-WEB DYNAMICS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Food-web Dynamics denotes the complex network of interconnected food chains.\n Food chains are innumberable pathways where one organism is eaten by a\nsecond, which is eaten by a third.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ecd03762-df34-49b7-91f2-d8a51acd270e", "label": "PRIMARY PRODUCTION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Primary production is production by green plants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a33a978-8ef6-4313-b489-c06cfc6d9cec", "label": "NUTRIENT CYCLING", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Nutrient cycling is the repeated pathway of particular nutrients or\nelements from the environment through one or more organisms back to the\nenvironment. Nutrient cycles include the carbon cycle, the nitrogen\ncycle, the phosphorus cycle, and so on.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07b53dde-6fea-4662-9d03-ccfd617ca710", "label": "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and\nwater by chlorphyll using light as energy with oxygen as a\nbyproduct.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16e5beb3-e3ae-49a4-8fac-302fbbcdd39c", "label": "EXCRETION RATES", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Excretion is any of several processes by which excess water, excess or\nharmful solutes, or waste materials leave the body by way of a urinary\nsystem or certain glands.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "29a64468-46a8-4dbc-955d-80b7b4cf9aaf", "label": "RESPIRATION RATE", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "The chemical process that occurs in all living cells wherein organic\ncompounds are broken down to release energy required for life\nprocesses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5fb90409-f9b5-46bc-8a6a-7c42e250c7c3", "label": "OXYGEN DEMAND", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Oxygen demand or biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen that will\nbe absorbed or 'demanded' as wastes are being digested or oxidized in\nboth biological and chemical processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f8a1613-67b0-4d6a-a9ad-89097c27a052", "label": "CHEMOSYNTHESIS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "The ability of some microorganisms to utilize the chemical energy contained\nin certain inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide for the production\nof organic material.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6464d91-2373-456f-85a7-a5019bdb1076", "label": "CONSUMPTION RATES", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Consumption is the process whereby organisms in an ecosystem derive\ntheir energy from feeding on other organisms or their products.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "560eac7e-d172-4a31-a659-a3e99d5f61ac", "label": "DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Action resulting in decay or rotting of organic material.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0eb9268-0333-4442-9bc6-efbe338d9836", "label": "BIOMASS DYNAMICS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Mass of biological material. Usually the total mass of a particular group\nor category; for example, the biomass of producer organisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "200e9b2d-0201-4f52-9a5e-6dc6c4668ec9", "label": "SECONDARY PRODUCTION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Secondary production is production by herbivores, carnivores, or\ndetritus feeders.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd46a0bf-5c06-48af-a6c9-022417b1fffd", "label": "TROPHIC DYNAMICS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Trophic dynamics are major interactions among organisms which involve\nfeeding relationships.\t The feeding levels are called trophic levels\nwhere all producers belong to the first trophic level; all primary\nconsumers (in other words, all herbivores), whether feeding on living or\ndead producers, belong to the second trophic level; organisms feeding on\nthese herbivores belong to the third level, and so on.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e58872a8-6104-4ff8-bbca-4b00ba4b38e8", "label": "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Carbon sequestration is the process through which CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed by various carbon sinks. Types of sinks include agricultural sinks, forests, geologic formations, oceanic sinks,as well as roots and within the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5069167e-0b99-48af-9f81-8c765e112083", "label": "NUTRITIONAL CONSTRAINTS", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Biological and environmental contrasts between aquatic and terrestrial systems have hindered analyses of community and ecosystem structure across Earth's diverse habitats. Ecological stoichiometry1,2 provides an integrative approach for such analyses, as all organisms are composed of the same major elements (C, N, P) whose balance affects production, nutrient cycling, and food-web dynamics3,4. Here we show both similarities and differences in the C:N:P ratios of primary producers (autotrophs) and invertebrate primary consumers (herbivores) across habitats. Terrestrial food webs are built on an extremely nutrient-poor autotroph base with C:P and C:N ratios higher than in lake particulate matter, although the N:P ratios are nearly identical. Terrestrial herbivores (insects) and their freshwater counterparts (zooplankton) are nutrient-rich and indistinguishable in C:N:P stoichiometry. In both lakes and terrestrial systems, herbivores should have low growth efficiencies (10–30%) when consuming autotrophs with typical carbon-to-nutrient ratios. These stoichiometric constraints on herbivore growth appear to be qualitatively similar and widespread in both environments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b5ed8b8-c739-46cd-ba74-6cf560dc7986", "label": "FATTY ACID DESATURASE", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into fatty acyl chains. They are present in all groups of organisms, i.e., bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, and play a key role in the maintenance of the proper structure and functioning of biological membranes. The desaturases are characterized by the presence of three conserved histidine tracks which are presumed to compose the Fe-binding active centers of the enzymes. Recent findings on the structure and expression of different types of fatty acid desaturase in cyanobacteria, plants and animals are reviewed in this article. Roles of individual desaturases in temperature acclimation and principles of regulation of the desaturase genes are discussed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e2c0e3a-4716-4211-9804-734a7a93adbe", "label": "POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID", - "broader": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", + "parentId": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are major components of complex lipid molecules and are also involved in numerous critical biological processes. Studies conducted mainly in vertebrates have demonstrated that LC-PUFA can be biosynthesized through the concerted action of two sets of enzymes, namely fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) proteins. While LC-PUFA research is a thriving field, mainly focused on human health, an integrated view regarding the evolution of LC-PUFA biosynthetic genetic machinery in chordates is yet to be produced. Particularly important is to understand whether lineage specific life history trajectories, as well as major biological transitions, or particular genomic processes such as genome duplications have impacted the evolution of LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways. Here we review the gene repertoire of Fads and Elovl in chordate genomes and the diversity of substrate specificities acquired during evolution. We take advantage of the magnitude of genomic and functional data to show that combination duplication processes and functional plasticity have generated a wide diversity of physiological capacities in extant lineages. A clear evolutionary framework is provided, which will be instrumental for the full clarification of functional capacities between the various vertebrate groups", "children": [] } @@ -15733,195 +15733,195 @@ { "uuid": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "label": "SPECIES/POPULATION INTERACTIONS", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", + "parentId": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", "definition": "Describes the dynamics of species or populations, and how these populations\ninteract with the environment by fitting evolutionary strategies.", "children": [ { "uuid": "45950ee6-adc2-4f39-96a7-c00bacd1ba9e", "label": "POLLINATOR SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Species which transfer pollen from an anther (the male reproductive organ) \r\nto a stigma (the receptive part of the female reproductive organ), either \r\nof the same flower (self-pollinator) or of a different flower of the same \r\nspecies (cross-pollinator).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "744c38f8-feeb-4e01-a909-33d75fefba82", "label": "USE/FEEDING HABITATS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Feeding habitat refers to the many aspects of how living organisms obtain\ntheir food.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80ae5fdc-c312-4fa1-bf7d-60346529976d", "label": "NATURAL SELECTION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Selection, or natural selection, is a nonrandom reproduction of genotypes\nthat results in the survival of those best adapted to their environment\nand elimination of those less well adapted. Selection leads to\nevolutionary change.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad3a5f4f-4624-4a08-b875-6723c2615e90", "label": "POPULATION DYNAMICS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Population dynamics is the study of the reasons for changes in population\nsize.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f930dcf2-ddb4-4242-9079-9c8d5ceeaa35", "label": "ENDANGERED SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "An endangered species is a species in imminent danger of extinction\nthroughout all or a significant portion of its range.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51f3e55c-b694-4028-86fe-604a52dc794f", "label": "PARASITISM", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Parasitism is where two species live in an obligatory association in which\nthe parasite depends metabolically on the host .", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87601d17-faca-42c2-a431-61cf67933095", "label": "MUTATION RATES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Mutation is a spontaneous change in the genotype of an organism at the\ngenetic, chromosomal, or genomic level. The term mutation often refers to\nalterations to new allelic forms, and represents new material for\nevolutionary change.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f27f7bf4-53fd-41bb-8e7e-b771f48f3bcc", "label": "EXTINCTION RATE", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Extinction is the death of all individuals of a particular species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f75f9011-903e-4757-9fcf-fefac2599b59", "label": "DIURNAL MOVEMENTS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Diurnal movements are movements that occur at daily intervals as applied\nto such daily rhythms as leaf or flower opening and closing or the\ncharacteristic rise and fall of temperature associated with the hours of\nlight and darkness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf3d1728-7606-4561-a0dd-116b4dbec21f", "label": "EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Adaptation is an ecological or evolutionary change in structure or\nfunction that produces better adjustment of an organism to its environment\nand hence enhances its ability to survive and reproduce.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bcb43cdf-294e-463c-a114-a55bd54f0b48", "label": "GRAZING DYNAMICS/PLANT HERBIVORY", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Herbivory is an ecological interaction between two species where one\nspecies eats part or all of a plant species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd9f44da-b3b4-4f9c-a21f-89b59a29b235", "label": "INDIGENOUS/NATIVE SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Indigenous Species or native species is a term applied to a species that\noccurs naturally in an area, and therefore, one that has not been\nintroduced by humans accidentally or intentionally.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa68e752-f3a7-4361-a000-47c908545e49", "label": "SURVIVAL RATES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Survival is the converse of mortality for an organism.\tSurvival is a result\nof a combination of factors that contribute toward successful\nreproductive advantage and the ability to resist being killed or eaten by\nanother species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "003466f4-9ee7-4d3b-81ff-2013add292e2", "label": "MUTUALISM", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Mutualism is an interaction between two species in which both benefit from\nthe association and cannot live separately.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60bd0b0a-2d6f-4f3c-bf42-2c081ef48b72", "label": "SPECIES COMPETITION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Competition is the interaction of two species where they both use the\nsame limited resource or harm one another while seeking a resource.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b69d76ba-ad69-4418-8e5b-ebb659604dda", "label": "SPECIES PREDATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Predation is where one animal eats all or part of a second animal\nspecies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abc96dce-cbae-43a4-b7c2-2ff02276b030", "label": "SCAVENGING", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Scavenging is the manner of feeding where the animal feeds on dead animal\nand plant matter.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e008a809-42eb-4694-aac2-db7b6027ee77", "label": "SYMBIOSIS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Symbiosis is the intimate living together or association of two kinds\nof organisms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd06e0a2-f689-4b33-8a85-f38bf4966808", "label": "SPECIES LIFE HISTORY", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Life History of a population are long-term attributes, such as age at\nfirst breeding, which are more likely to change in response to long-term\nchanges in an organism's environment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4ed794f-d7b6-4e53-b565-3b86fe584ba3", "label": "MIGRATORY RATES/ROUTES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Migration is a persistent movement across different habitats in response\nto seasonal changes in resource availability and quality. Migratory rates\nand routes are observed for many migrating species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f173021d-afc4-4a8f-8432-30c0cf832e3b", "label": "POST-BREEDING PERIODS", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Post-Breeding is the time after nesting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "615e826e-a5da-4e94-b7df-ad3515c06135", "label": "RANGE CHANGES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Range Changes with respect to Migration include forays outside the home range, usually in search of suitable habitat or mating opportunities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5efc3bc4-6403-4e33-ba23-5418fbc026b1", "label": "BIOLUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Bioluminescence is a flashing of light that emanates from an organism\nwhen excited electrons of ATP phosphorylates, luciferins (highly\nfluorescent substances), return to a lower energy level. An example of\nbioluminescence are fireflies which give off these flashes of light as the\nluciferases convert chemical energy to light energy.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ddeb06af-5c36-428d-801e-e9f9a60ce429", "label": "EXOTIC SPECIES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Exotic species are those that are introduced to a geographical area where\nthey are not native.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfc20833-d79a-4976-91fd-db9f3efc7822", "label": "HIBERNATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "A state of greatly reduced metabolic activity and lowered body\ntemperature adopted by certain mammals as an adaptation to winter\nconditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f16bc53-9125-4b44-8cd0-edd7edf7217e", "label": "MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Many animals show unique morphological and behavioural adaptations to desert extremes, while others are able to avoid these by behavioural means. This chapter focuses on patterns of convergent evolution of traits to assess which features represent unique desert adaptations. There are several taxa for which suitable, phylogenetically-controlled analyses have been conducted. This means that the effects of phylogeny, which may be considerable, have been removed. Removing the effects of phylogeny allow one to test whether an adaptation has occurred. For example, a character may be considered a desert adaptation because many desert-dwelling species possess the character, and non-desert-dwelling species do not. However, if there are many desert-dwelling species in a particular part of a clade, then this character may have evolved by chance alone. Select examples from tenebrionid beetles, lizards, birds, and mammals are considered.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "adf5f515-c7b4-4662-a144-580659957ce1", "label": "MICROBIAL CHANGES", - "broader": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", + "parentId": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Changes and adaptations to microorganisms and their communities.", "children": [] } @@ -15930,62 +15930,62 @@ { "uuid": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "label": "COMMUNITY DYNAMICS", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", + "parentId": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", "definition": "Assembled species or populations that dynamically occur in space and time.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4e366444-01ea-4517-9d93-56f55ddf41b7", "label": "BIODIVERSITY FUNCTIONS", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "Biodiversity is the variety of life: the different plants, animals and\nmicro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a2a8cf8-6d7d-4ad6-b40c-4d9f7fed493f", "label": "SPECIES DOMINANCE INDICES", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "Dominance is the condition in communities or in vegetational strata in\nwhich one or more species, by means of their number, coverage, or size,\nhave considerable influence upon or control of the conditions of existence\nof associated species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3c5e3e3-97bf-4e74-9f8d-523dce5f9270", "label": "INDICATOR SPECIES", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "Indicator species are defined as species which can provide information on\r\necological changes and give early warning signals regarding ecosystem processes\nin site-specific conditions due to their sensitive reactions to them. They can\r\nalso be called sentinel species, indicator organisms, biological indicators\r\n('bioindicators'), biological markers, or environmental indicators. The latter\r\nthree expressions do not necessarily refer to species but also to other\r\nenvironmental elements which can indicate environmental changes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bfdbe8d-3945-4678-a90b-d2251f973955", "label": "INVASIVE SPECIES", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "Invasive species are alien species whose introduction does or is likely to\ncause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b98b8823-3e95-4383-bbb0-414ee8832112", "label": "SPECIES RECRUITMENT", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "With reference to populations [of species], the maturation and entry of\nyoung into the adult breeding population.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad7abcce-b88e-46c7-be44-496d60c88f25", "label": "PLANT SUCCESSION", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "The phenomenon of orderly transition from one biotic community to another\nand is also known as ecological or natural succession. Natural succession\noccurs because the physical environment may be gradually modified by the\ngrowth of the biotic community itself, such that the area becomes more\nfavorable to another group of species and less favorable to the present\noccupants.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c09be13f-5dc2-4460-9055-1a7232aa41ae", "label": "GRAZING DYNAMICS / PLANT ECOLOGY", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "wuewuer", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f42c849c-7113-4c69-a01e-52ebc5e7b44d", "label": "COMMUNITY STRUCTURE", - "broader": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", + "parentId": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b", "definition": "A community is a group of populations of plants and animals in a given\nplace or an ecological unit used in a broad sense to include groups of\nvarious sizes and degrees of integration. Community structure can refer to\nthe physical structure or to the biological structure of a community. The\nphysical structure is what one sees when looking at a community. For\nexample, in a forest, a primary structure is imposed by large trees, and a\nsecondary structure is the understory trees and shrubs. Biological\nstructure involves species composition and abundance, temporal changes in\ncommunities, and relationships between species in a community.", "children": [] } @@ -15994,34 +15994,34 @@ { "uuid": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", "label": "FIRE ECOLOGY", - "broader": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", + "parentId": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", "definition": "Branch of ecology that focuses on the origins of wildfire and their\nrelationship to the environment that surrounds it, both living and non-living.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e6f1ee58-fb71-42dd-b071-c1637da7e51f", "label": "FIRE OCCURRENCE", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", + "parentId": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", "definition": "Ecosystems that depend on the recurrence of fire to maintain the\nexisting balance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a0a6319-80c4-49fd-8a40-553175aa8637", "label": "FIRE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", + "parentId": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", "definition": "Describes the physical state of the fire and/or its effect. This may include\r\nthe time and location, duration, aerial extent, temperature, radiative power,\r\nand emission products of the fire event.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2bfd42f1-0453-4c33-a21e-74df3ad64813", "label": "FIRE MODELS", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", + "parentId": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", "definition": "Calculation method that describes a system or process related to fire development, including fire dynamics and the effects of fire.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a45abde1-4717-44d8-8c31-4db5b03d0758", "label": "FIRE DISTURBANCE", - "broader": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", + "parentId": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", "definition": "Ecological disturbance (fire): an event or force, of nonbiological or biological origin, that brings about mortality to organisms and changes in their spatial patterning in the ecosystems they inhabit. Disturbance plays a significant role in shaping the structure of individual populations and the character of whole ecosystems.", "children": [] } @@ -16032,60 +16032,60 @@ { "uuid": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", "label": "ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", + "parentId": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50", "definition": "An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces. (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "label": "TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", + "parentId": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", "definition": "The dry land environment in which the life needs of a plant or animal are supplied.", "children": [ { "uuid": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "label": "FORESTS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "Areas in which vegetation is dominated by trees with their crowns overlapping, generally forming 60 - 100% cover.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cafa8131-4a2d-4c8b-811c-0d64adf5fc06", "label": "BOREAL FOREST/TIAGA", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", + "parentId": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "definition": "Pertaining to subarctic forest consisting of primarily of short conifer trees and characterized by intensely cold winters, short summers, and high annual variation in temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a59dc6dc-5348-4e8b-aec2-20cdeb38b617", "label": "TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", + "parentId": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "definition": "Pertaining to forests consisting of broadleaf deciduous trees found in mid-latitudes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d8236b5-bf5b-499f-a8e7-0cd80e00d261", "label": "TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", + "parentId": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "definition": "Pertaining to forests consisting of coniferous-evergreen trees and characterized by well-defined seasons with cold, long snowy winters and warm, humid summers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9cde47e7-325b-465e-93a6-ae4d459c7945", "label": "TEMPERATE MIXED FOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", + "parentId": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "definition": "Pertaining to forests characterized by both coniferous and deciduous tree species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96ea0bde-7cf6-4601-8a49-116636f556cf", "label": "TEMPERATE RAINFOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", + "parentId": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "definition": "Pertaining to forests in temperate latitudes characterized by high annual precipitation over 140 cm and infrequent fire.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89bb4e2b-dd39-44ed-a4d3-2b205e9fa68a", "label": "TROPICAL RAINFOREST", - "broader": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", + "parentId": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "definition": "Pertaining to forests in tropical latitudes characterized by high annual precipitation consisting of dense vegetation divided into three distinct layers.", "children": [] } @@ -16094,62 +16094,62 @@ { "uuid": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "label": "WETLANDS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "Wetlands is a term for a broad group of wet habitats. They are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the lands may be permanently or intermittently water covered.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0e1f3f95-58b5-4f10-b239-850c66ed55ff", "label": "ESTUARINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Areas of marsh grasses and reeds along coasts and estuaries where the ground\nis covered by high tides but drained at low tide.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6862d4d4-51fe-4fde-80eb-60d3ef08e88e", "label": "PALUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Palustrine Wetlands are areas along rivers that are at times, wet and at others, dry.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ef6f360-10d0-4dc5-8fcb-c532eb23fe5d", "label": "MARINE", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Marine Wetlands are areas that are sometimes covered with water and\nsometimes dry, being influenced by marine water level and tidal\nfluctuations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c05bcf2-d13b-44fd-b1a2-5ec797b2f851", "label": "SWAMPS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Swamps are wet areas that are normally covered by water all year and subject\nto drying out during the summer. The parameter Swamp may be\ncolloquially interchanged with the parameter Marshes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "686e66f7-27bf-4b67-b034-e0fdf0e47c0c", "label": "LACUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Lacustrine Wetlands are lakes, or former lakes, that are naturally filled\nwith shallow water at certain times and more or less drained at other\ntimes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3b5489d-6723-40bf-bd55-68a0f2fc1874", "label": "PEATLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Peatlands are areas formed by a brown mass of organic matter in which twigs, roots, and other plant parts can still be recognized. These areas formed due to lack of enough oxygen to decay vegetation completely on land. Peatlands form in fresh-water swamps, indicated by the plant fossils.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "419877cb-0c17-44b0-9b3d-a2283887a7a6", "label": "MARSHES", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Marshes refer to the area that occurs between the open water of a lake and dry land", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1af675ae-9a65-4d91-970e-a8b9fcce0232", "label": "RIPARIAN WETLANDS", - "broader": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", + "parentId": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Riparian wetlands are the strip of woods that grow along natural wetlands.", "children": [] } @@ -16158,27 +16158,27 @@ { "uuid": "de702fdd-3702-4164-a396-08082b0558c0", "label": "KARST LANDSCAPE", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "An ecosystem within a landscape defined as Karst topography characterized by\r\ncaves, sinkholes, disappraring streams and underground drainage. Karst forms\r\nwhen groundwater dissolves pockets of limestone, dolomite, or gypsum in rock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", "label": "SHRUBLAND/SCRUB", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "Areas with vegetation dominated by shrubs (generally greater than 0.5 m or 1.5 ft tall, but less than 5 m or 16 ft tall) with individuals or clumps overlapping to not touching (generally forming more than 25%\ncover, trees generally less than 25% cover).", "children": [ { "uuid": "0cc6527e-d162-4951-9db7-a6afe5c631c0", "label": "CHAPARRAL", - "broader": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", + "parentId": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", "definition": "Pertaining to distinct shrubland unique to California.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9409e1f9-f3a9-46fa-aaf9-0e685ca2adcb", "label": "MONTANE SHRUBLAND", - "broader": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", + "parentId": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47", "definition": "Pertaining to shrubland found at high elevations.", "children": [] } @@ -16187,34 +16187,34 @@ { "uuid": "99e09719-f1f8-439e-be4c-759242612a84", "label": "MONTANE HABITATS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "The zone in mountainous regions where the influence of altitude (vertical relief) results in local climatic regimes that are sufficiently different from those in the adjacent lowlands as to cause a complex vertical climate-vegetation-soil zonation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", "label": "ALPINE/TUNDRA", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "Habitat found in the zone on mountain tops between permanent snow and the cold limits of trees, or in arctic regions, characterized by very low winter temperatures, short cool summers, permafrost below a surface layer subject to summer melt, short growing season, and low precipitation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "46ecf46f-a710-4589-82b2-34aebf35c3c0", "label": "ARCTIC TUNDRA", - "broader": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", + "parentId": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", "definition": "Pertaining to tundra found north of the Arctic Circle.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "944d9d09-4317-4e9a-9aa5-dc4282be406e", "label": "ALPINE TUNDRA", - "broader": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", + "parentId": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", "definition": "Pertaining to tundra found above the timberline on high mountains.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "101950b9-00d3-4721-9af8-fa5d51b196c3", "label": "SUBALPINE", - "broader": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", + "parentId": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", "definition": "Pertaining to high upland slopes and especially the zone just below the timberline.", "children": [] } @@ -16223,20 +16223,20 @@ { "uuid": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", "label": "GRASSLANDS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "Areas in which vegetation is dominated by perennial grasses and grass-like plants, such as sedges and rushes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d58dab07-f57e-47a9-8dcf-02a3e17f3533", "label": "SAVANNA", - "broader": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", + "parentId": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", "definition": "A rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees, which can be found between a tropical rainforest and desert biome. Not enough rain falls on a savanna to support forests. Savannas are also known as tropical grasslands", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ddb4ca0c-9b19-442d-8bcc-e664544d3fe9", "label": "MONTANE GRASSLAND", - "broader": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", + "parentId": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", "definition": "a biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund. The biome includes high altitude grasslands and shrublands around the world. The term 'montane' in the name of the biome refers to 'high altitude', rather than the ecological term which denotes the region below treeline.", "children": [] } @@ -16245,13 +16245,13 @@ { "uuid": "5d5426f6-e7ce-41c1-a3d3-b93adf748f0f", "label": "DESERTS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "A region with a mean annual precipitation of 10 inches or less, and so devoid of vegetation as to be incapable of supporting any considerable population.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4f63746e-0e8b-4254-9d4a-a23a852f819f", "label": "DESERT SCRUB", - "broader": "5d5426f6-e7ce-41c1-a3d3-b93adf748f0f", + "parentId": "5d5426f6-e7ce-41c1-a3d3-b93adf748f0f", "definition": "Pertaining to an area between 15 and 35 degrees N & S characterized by less than 300 mm annual rainfall and consisting of vegetation adapted to hot, dry conditions.", "children": [] } @@ -16260,21 +16260,21 @@ { "uuid": "fa3c6df8-a1e1-41d5-9de1-49b92e1ea455", "label": "ISLANDS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "Tracts of land smaller than a continent, surrounded by the water of an ocean sea, lake, or stream.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8d55ee4-1efb-4d83-b07f-1029ab0fa9e1", "label": "SAVANNAS", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "An open, grassy, essentially treeless plain, especially as developed in tropical or subtropical regions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91f6a2e5-5862-46a9-ba6a-d76e06d9997c", "label": "CAVE/SUBTERRANEAN", - "broader": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", + "parentId": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382", "definition": "Pertaining to natural openings in solid rock with areas of complete darkness.", "children": [] } @@ -16283,75 +16283,75 @@ { "uuid": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", "label": "AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", + "parentId": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", "definition": "The water environments, such as rivers, and oceans in which the life needs of\r\na plant or animal are supplied.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "label": "WETLANDS", - "broader": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", + "parentId": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", "definition": "Land consisting of marshes or swamps; saturated land.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b70ef20c-7215-4a39-9479-dbff7c2fdca9", "label": "PEATLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Peatlands are areas formed by a brown mass of organic matter in which twigs, roots, and other plant parts can still be recognized. These areas formed due to lack of enough oxygen to decay vegetation completely on land. Peatlands form in fresh-water swamps, indicated by the plant fossils.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d400ab07-bde9-40cc-b70a-63eda730eab2", "label": "PALUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Palustrine Wetlands are areas along rivers that are at times, wet and at others, dry.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "291a51b8-07e5-4a66-8140-d140d69843db", "label": "MARSHES", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cec3b57-1a7f-404d-afde-4de045ef0dd2", "label": "SWAMPS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees. Swamps are wet areas that are normally covered by water all year and subject to drying out during the summer. The parameter Swamp may be colloquially interchanged with the parameter Marshes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd22cc67-afd5-4b9e-8072-90651a191486", "label": "LACUSTRINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Lacustrine Wetlands are lakes, or former lakes, that are naturally filled with shallow water at certain times and more or less drained at other times.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41446bdc-89f6-4d84-a2a4-005390757235", "label": "RIPARIAN WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Riparian wetlands are the strip of woods that grow along natural wetlands.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e924e3a-eb5d-4f81-8981-1b9f622ddc82", "label": "ESTUARINE WETLANDS", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Areas of marsh grasses and reeds along coasts and estuaries where the ground is covered by high tides but drained at low tide.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc320625-d9ba-41f5-9336-57e86fd878f3", "label": "MARINE", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Marine Wetlands are areas that are sometimes covered with water and sometimes dry, being influenced by marine water level and tidal fluctuations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e72c39c5-5480-4602-bb37-216b5cc737dd", "label": "VERNAL POOL", - "broader": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", + "parentId": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d", "definition": "Pertaining to seasonal depressional wetlands.", "children": [] } @@ -16360,20 +16360,20 @@ { "uuid": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", "label": "PLANKTON", - "broader": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", + "parentId": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800", "definition": "Plankton refers to any community of floating or weakly swimming organism;mostly microscopic, living in freshwater and saltwater habitats.", "children": [ { "uuid": "235996b1-b1a8-4c20-bb1f-711fb1a0c952", "label": "PHYTOPLANKTON", - "broader": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", + "parentId": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", "definition": "'Phytoplankton is the plant portion of the plankton, the plant community\nin marine and freshwater situations, that floats free in the water and\ncontains many species of algae and diatoms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0399b52c-e3de-4dcc-9eb6-b1e3acf2cf1b", "label": "ZOOPLANKTON", - "broader": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", + "parentId": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000", "definition": "Zooplankton is the animal portion of the plankton; the animal community\nin marine and freshwater situations that floats free in the water,\nindependent of the shore and the bottom, moving passively with the\ncurrents.", "children": [] } @@ -16384,82 +16384,82 @@ { "uuid": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "label": "MARINE ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", + "parentId": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", "definition": "The space used by an organism together with the other organisms with which it co-exists and the landscape and climate elements that affect it.", "children": [ { "uuid": "09a78997-581b-4d1b-ae71-b2b3f96ef719", "label": "BENTHIC", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", + "parentId": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "definition": "Pertaining to ocean bottom as the place where an organism lives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "label": "COASTAL", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", + "parentId": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "definition": "Pertaining to the area of the ocean near the seashore, including coastal embayments.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a61d1705-a6b7-4df3-9f8e-57e26029629c", "label": "BEACHES", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "The gently sloping shore of a body of water which is washed by waves or tides;especially the parts covered by sand or pebbles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d38de3b-2d05-4ad2-a960-f47a66191319", "label": "DUNES", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Mounds, ridges, or hills of wind-blown sand, either bare or covered with vegetation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80e51854-2f3f-447e-9786-6d2ccb0dd886", "label": "ROCKY INTERTIDAL", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining to coastline consisting of rocky outcrops that are exposed to daily tides.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d0e3045-943e-460c-8bef-1db6fbf76341", "label": "SAV/SEA GRASS BED", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining to areas of submerged aquatic vegetation or sea grasses below low-tide mark.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c666111-3297-474b-ba7b-c93db3a52cb0", "label": "MANGROVE SWAMP", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining to tropical and subtropical swamps dominated by mangrove trees.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "771b2919-ab55-4c71-8561-b4fb365da53f", "label": "MUDFLAT", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining to a mud area with less than 5% vegetative cover.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbe91a4f-4d27-4cfe-ba1b-69a62e359a3d", "label": "SALT MARSH", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining to tidal wetlands areas dominated by salt-tolerant grasses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d609fc5c-8267-4e79-84ec-93629d52aba8", "label": "KELP FOREST", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining areas of dense groupings of kelp species in cold and relatively shallow coastal waters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "879d286b-9ea6-4e4d-bdd1-56a4c7ca1531", "label": "LAGOON", - "broader": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", + "parentId": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining to shallow bodies of water partially or completely separated from the open ocean by barriers of sand or coral.", "children": [] } @@ -16468,41 +16468,41 @@ { "uuid": "af953f41-ab6c-4569-9762-c46ad07118da", "label": "DEMERSAL", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", + "parentId": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "definition": "Habitat where fish and others live at or in the deep water, at the sea floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", "label": "ESTUARY", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", + "parentId": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "definition": "The place where animals or plants live in a semi-enclosed coastal embayment where fresh and saltwater mix (such as a river mouth estuary).", "children": [ { "uuid": "155e730b-4e22-4962-adc5-a4b92543a442", "label": "BRACKISH MARSH", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", + "parentId": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", "definition": "Pertaining to salt marshes where a significant freshwater influx dilutes the seawater to brackish levels of salinity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63cd8427-07bd-4a46-b725-ca65da4bf9b6", "label": "MANGROVE SWAMP", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", + "parentId": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", "definition": "Pertaining to tropical and subtropical swamps dominated by mangrove trees.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86987ad2-21d2-496b-9119-350b3fb17455", "label": "MUDFLAT", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", + "parentId": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", "definition": "Pertaining to expanses of soft-sediment at or below the tide line with little vegetation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f6e1b08-caca-423b-80dc-7de3da7a2988", "label": "SAV/SEA GRASS BED", - "broader": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", + "parentId": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", "definition": "Pertaining to areas of submerged aquatic vegetation or sea grasses below low-tide mark.", "children": [] } @@ -16511,20 +16511,20 @@ { "uuid": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", "label": "PELAGIC", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", + "parentId": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "definition": "The waters of the ocean, over the continental shelf and oceanic zones.", "children": [ { "uuid": "eb958dfb-5e38-401f-8b42-5f1273c75a4a", "label": "NERITIC ZONE", - "broader": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", + "parentId": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", "definition": "Pertaining to open water above the continental shelves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "02d78090-d0b5-490d-92a8-b593172ab232", "label": "OCEANIC ZONE", - "broader": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", + "parentId": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", "definition": "Pertaining to open water beyond the continental shelves.", "children": [] } @@ -16533,20 +16533,20 @@ { "uuid": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", "label": "REEF", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", + "parentId": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "definition": "The coral reef habitat is a unique shallow water community of organisms living on limestone rock that was built by some of the reef organisms.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fa3bc02d-31a7-4456-b716-a8b8f8393c86", "label": "CORAL REEF", - "broader": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", + "parentId": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", "definition": "Pertaining to a reef made up chiefly of corals, coral sands, algal and other deposits, and the solid limestone resulting from their consolidation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "758c00c3-03a3-4cef-9248-ab392d789148", "label": "OYSTER REEF", - "broader": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", + "parentId": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", "definition": "Pertaining to a reef formed of shells from successive generations of oysters.", "children": [] } @@ -16555,20 +16555,20 @@ { "uuid": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", "label": "ABYSSAL", - "broader": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", + "parentId": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db", "definition": "Pertaining to the biogeographic zone of the ocean bottom between the bathyal and hadal zones: from depths of approximately 13,000 to 21,000 feet (4000 to 6500 meters).", "children": [ { "uuid": "bee69b66-3921-4883-920f-6a0bd85b614f", "label": "HYDROTHERMAL VENT", - "broader": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", + "parentId": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", "definition": "Pertaining to hot-water vents formed on the ocean floor when seawater circulates through hot volcanic rock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "290354cc-c670-4845-bb66-ef1974b1e2a2", "label": "COLD SEEP", - "broader": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", + "parentId": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", "definition": "Pertaining to areas of hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbon releases from the ocean floor.", "children": [] } @@ -16579,26 +16579,26 @@ { "uuid": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", "label": "FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", + "parentId": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", "definition": "Subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content.", "children": [ { "uuid": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", "label": "LAKE/POND", - "broader": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", + "parentId": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", "definition": "A considerable inland body of standing water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "06a2da0f-5234-4d29-905b-153d88657eb9", "label": "SALINE LAKES", - "broader": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", + "parentId": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", "definition": "A considerable body of inland water containing large quantities of salt.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b23b9a47-d2aa-4e67-84d6-5fe2527d6fb6", "label": "MONTANE LAKE", - "broader": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", + "parentId": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", "definition": "Pertaining to lakes formed at high elevation.", "children": [] } @@ -16607,41 +16607,41 @@ { "uuid": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", "label": "RIVERS/STREAM", - "broader": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", + "parentId": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa", "definition": "Pertaining to the area of a natural stream of water, where organisms live.", "children": [ { "uuid": "de9222a5-c3bc-470d-86dc-8b426ce61b76", "label": "HEADWATER STREAM", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", + "parentId": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", "definition": "Pertaining to the source of a stream.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0236a2e0-64d6-4763-bcd1-ea8bb3a117a1", "label": "PERENNIAL STREAM/RIVER", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", + "parentId": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", "definition": "Pertaining to channels with water flowing in them year-round.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b5d3b68-4f89-4772-b015-ce6f30cf0496", "label": "INTERMITTENT STREAM", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", + "parentId": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", "definition": "Pertaining to channels that experience seasonal water flow and may not have flowing surface water during dry periods.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f76c978-1c8a-496e-bc6a-78ff7656f014", "label": "EPHEMERAL STREAM", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", + "parentId": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", "definition": "Pertaining to streams that only flow after precipitation events.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bafaa203-0dc0-4167-a64a-d89ba16d8eb1", "label": "RIVER DELTA", - "broader": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", + "parentId": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", "definition": "Pertaining to a low-lying plain that is composed of stream-borne sediments deposited by a river at its mouth.", "children": [] } @@ -16652,40 +16652,40 @@ { "uuid": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", "label": "ANTHROPOGENIC/HUMAN INFLUENCED ECOSYSTEMS", - "broader": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", + "parentId": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf", "definition": "Pertains to terrestrial ecosystems where human activity is significantly and rapidly altering the form and function. For example, we are changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere, converting natural landscapes to urban areas, and transporting floral and faunal species far beyond their natural boundaries.", "children": [ { "uuid": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", "label": "AGRICULTURAL LANDS", - "broader": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", + "parentId": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", "definition": "Areas that are used for farming, including ranching, or land that has biophysical attributes that make it suitable for agricultural use.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2c74f390-9d82-4903-98e0-bddf0d3247fb", "label": "CROPLAND", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", + "parentId": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", "definition": "Pertaining to areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c8b236c-de02-491b-a506-91ecdc324a1c", "label": "RANGELAND", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", + "parentId": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", "definition": "Pertaining to land on which the climax or potential plant cover is composed principally of native grasses, grasslike plants, forbs or shrubs suitable for gazing and browsing, and introduced forage species that are managed like rangelands.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46a26fc7-95f0-409e-8bfa-eb623b3a3f8d", "label": "PASTURE", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", + "parentId": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", "definition": "Pertaining to land managed primarily for the production of introduced forage plants for livestock grazing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39fee18c-8572-4d72-a0ce-2a72942c4870", "label": "FOREST PLANTATION", - "broader": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", + "parentId": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", "definition": "Pertaining to an area where trees have been planted, especially for commercial purposes.", "children": [] } @@ -16694,34 +16694,34 @@ { "uuid": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", "label": "URBAN LANDS", - "broader": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", + "parentId": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", "definition": "Areas that have been altered or obstructed by humans, especially by structures relating to cities.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2b1f7993-2d54-40de-abc4-3909f619ad4e", "label": "PARK", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", + "parentId": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", "definition": "Pertaining to areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0c33d15-b76c-4a0d-abb7-6919102b2977", "label": "CANAL", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", + "parentId": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", "definition": "Pertaining to artificial waterways used for navigation, crop irrigation, water supply, or drainage.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3bd03ca9-4a63-44f1-b368-36f2400776e6", "label": "GARDEN", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", + "parentId": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", "definition": "Pertaining to a plot of ground where herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables are cultivated.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9f2e036-f04f-46cc-a4e8-dfba30d9034c", "label": "ROADSIDE", - "broader": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", + "parentId": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", "definition": "Pertaining to land adjacent to a road.", "children": [] } @@ -16730,34 +16730,34 @@ { "uuid": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", "label": "RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT SITE", - "broader": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", + "parentId": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80", "definition": "Pertaining to sites of human private industry.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7d8dcf2c-133f-47b2-9195-17dd263ec8a3", "label": "MINING/DRILLING SITE", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", + "parentId": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", "definition": "Pertaining to areas where vegetative cover and overburden have been removed for resource extraction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c603a5b-d5e9-4e87-a8dc-2af456678dba", "label": "WIND FARM", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", + "parentId": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", "definition": "Pertaining to an area of land with a cluster of wind turbines for driving electrical generators.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ff1f885-108f-40cb-a054-4e076b8d648b", "label": "SOLAR FARM", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", + "parentId": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", "definition": "Pertaining to an installation or area of land in which a large number of solar panels are set up in order to generate electricity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39fa5f62-1c4e-4790-a768-1252c0b51c7b", "label": "WATER IMPOUNDMENT", - "broader": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", + "parentId": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e", "definition": "Pertaining to artificial impoundments of water used for irrigation, flood control, municipal water supplies, and other human activities.", "children": [] } @@ -16772,82 +16772,82 @@ { "uuid": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "label": "SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "Refers to the study of spectroscopy, remote sensing and imaging, combustion and propulsion technology, and the radiative transfer processes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "label": "SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "Properties of the sensor which affect the imagery it acquires.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a4a3d233-581b-4171-bf16-41a1528a7dda", "label": "PHASE AND AMPLITUDE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "Measurements related to the signal recorded by the sensor.\r\nPhase: A property of a periodic phenomenon, for example a\r\nwave, referring to its starting point or advancement (fraction) relative\r\nto an arbitrary origin. For example, the angle of a complex number (ie.,\r\nthe waves are out-of-phase).\tAmplitude: Measure of the strength\r\nof a signal, and in particular the strength or 'height' of an\r\nelectromagnetic wave (units of voltage).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68ac1c78-6b8b-4e45-b588-38ff94ceb3a4", "label": "DOME TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "External temperature of the instrument, usually a pyrgeometer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36085074-ba97-450b-847b-046509b0e09a", "label": "ULTRAVIOLET SENSOR TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "Definition unavailable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14edbe59-89a4-45ce-ac61-0143fb311da6", "label": "VIEWING GEOMETRY", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "The properties of the sensor which affect the image geometry, including the sensor scan angle, instantaneous field of view (IFOV), and internal distortions. The sensor scan angle is the angle between the sensor view vector and the downward pointing (to nadir) axis. Data with very large scan angles generally are greatly distorted, and navigation of extremely off-nadir pixels may have large errors. The area detectable on the ground is determined by the IFOV of the sensor, or the angle contained by the minimum area distinguished by the sensor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a42042b-7427-4cf2-9475-7d1788e3ac54", "label": "SINK TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "Body temperature of the instrument, usually a pyrgeometer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ef1cc7b-2864-46e3-b399-fcc1fbcf0d9b", "label": "TOTAL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "Measurement made using a temperature probe (e.g. thermistor) which is the\nsum of the ambient air temperature plus the heat of friction caused by the high\nspeed air passing over the probe.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "733092b1-4256-433a-85fe-78c912f21f80", "label": "TOTAL PRESSURE", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "The sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure when these concepts\nare applicable. (Also called Stagnation Pressure)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "914a7dba-82ae-4419-97cf-397007ad9c30", "label": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "An important baseline measurement in ice cores is electrical conductivity.\nElectrical conductivity measurements (ECM) of the core is a very rapid method\nto indicate how acidic the core is without the chemical detail of the ion\nanalyses. The value of the measurement is that it can be done for the whole\nlength of the core in high resolution and provide an immediate picture of the\ncore and allow quick detection of interesting areas, such as a volcanic\neruptions. Because it is a high resolution, continuous measurement it can be\nused, along with the other measurements, for time frequency analysis in order\nto identify cycles in the climate signal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7d3d6c15-b328-43a4-92eb-7d3c430647c4", "label": "THERMAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a0ab5f9-2317-4217-a081-8d4a46eb5334", "label": "GEOLOCATION", - "broader": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", + "parentId": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "Sensor location at Earth's surface.\n\n(definition provided by NSIDC)", "children": [] } @@ -16856,19 +16856,19 @@ { "uuid": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "label": "RADAR", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "An acronym for radio detection and ranging, radar uses radio waves\n (microwave portion of the spectrum) to detect the presence of objects and\n determine their range (position).", "children": [ { "uuid": "46975e66-863a-49c9-b673-b2e099a04c85", "label": "RADAR REFLECTIVITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "The property of illuminated objects to reradiate a portion of the\r\nincident microwave energy.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f83494dd-92c7-46ad-afec-66da5eb425c1", "label": "Two-Way Travel Time", - "broader": "46975e66-863a-49c9-b673-b2e099a04c85", + "parentId": "46975e66-863a-49c9-b673-b2e099a04c85", "definition": "The time taken for a radar wave to travel from the point of a release down to a reflection point and back.", "children": [] } @@ -16877,34 +16877,34 @@ { "uuid": "5d6377ee-def2-4457-b780-6bcb202d7e3e", "label": "DOPPLER VELOCITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "The radial velocity of a target measured with a Doppler radar.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53f69037-ff05-4b09-a95d-e65ff42da595", "label": "RADAR IMAGERY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "A mapping of the observed radar reflectivity of a scene, consisting of a\r\nfile of digital numbers assigned to spatial\t positions on a grid of\r\npixels.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6eca12d1-bafd-448c-bdce-a4438efb359e", "label": "RETURN POWER", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "Definition currently not available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "625da982-3648-43fc-a640-1b230509944e", "label": "RADAR BACKSCATTER", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "The (microwave) signal reflected by elements of an illuminated scene back\r\nin the direction of the radar. It is so named to make clear the difference\r\nbetween energy scattered in arbitrary directions, and that which returns\r\nto the radar and thus may be received and recorded by the sensor.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d8b34f6e-0713-45ae-b0c7-23329b0b8f0b", "label": "COMMON MIDPOINT GATHER", - "broader": "625da982-3648-43fc-a640-1b230509944e", + "parentId": "625da982-3648-43fc-a640-1b230509944e", "definition": "A common midpoint (CMP) gather is constructed when multichannel surveys image the same subsurface target through multiple pathways, using a range of source‐receiver offsets. The CMP gather is a collection of all recorded offsets co-located about a single reflection point in the snow or firn.", "children": [] } @@ -16913,42 +16913,42 @@ { "uuid": "e2c01004-be17-4be4-bfcd-7b5c7fc958d6", "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9613f08d-da11-4ed0-989e-c0c830870044", "label": "RADAR CROSS-SECTION", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "Measure of radar reflectivity, expressed in terms of the physical size of\r\na hypothetical, uniformly scattering sphere that would give rise to\r\nthe same level of reflection as that observed from the\tsample\r\ntarget.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "11e14ac8-e9f3-4737-b83d-98668ad975ed", "label": "SIGMA NAUGHT", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "The conventional measure of the strength of radar signals reflected by a distributed scatterer, usually expressed in dB. It is a normalized dimensionless number, comparing the strength observed to that expected from an area of one square meter. Sigma naught is defined with respect to the nominally horizontal plane, and in general has a significant variation with incidence angle, wavelength, and polarization, as well as with properties of the scattering surface itself (see speckle, and statistics).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41a7f02b-5ab6-4c1e-8583-abb870507ea1", "label": "SPECTRUM WIDTH", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "Width of the Doppler power spectrum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb20786b-2499-40b0-a9a5-2cc64421a6d2", "label": "MEAN RADIAL VELOCITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "Also known as the mean Doppler velocity, the mean motion along the radial beam.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "829e91f4-f351-4012-bb0a-208302fb11c2", "label": "RADIAL VELOCITY", - "broader": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", + "parentId": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1", "definition": "Motion along the radial beam.", "children": [] } @@ -16957,55 +16957,55 @@ { "uuid": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "label": "INFRARED WAVELENGTHS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between the extreme of\r\nthe visible wavelengths and the shortest microwaves (approximately 0.70 to\r\n100 micrometers, respectively).", "children": [ { "uuid": "d76e6734-956b-419d-9d7a-52b8e645b6ac", "label": "INFRARED FLUX", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", + "parentId": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "The amount of infrared radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\r\narea in a given unit of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73629546-592e-41ed-bfde-feb4c94415fb", "label": "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", + "parentId": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "The apparent temperature of the surface assuming a surface emissivity of 1.0. Setting the emissivity to one is equivalent to assuming the target is a blackbody, so the brightness temperature is defined as the temperature a blackbody would be in order to produce the radiance perceived by the sensor.\nBrightness Temperature is a descriptive measure of radiation in terms of the temperature of a hypothetical blackbody emitting an identical amount of radiation at the same wavelength. The brightness temperature is obtained by applying the inverse of the Planck function to the measured radiation. Depending on the nature of the source of radiation and any subsequent absorption, the brightness temperature may be independent of, or highly dependent on, the wavelength of the radiation. Units: C", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1407646-e34a-4a43-ae1d-afc4c229d6de", "label": "INFRARED IMAGERY", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", + "parentId": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "A reproduction of an object by imaging the infrared radiation coming from\r\nthe object or reflected by the object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69f475b6-42af-4822-ae57-6c8fd8ebad4a", "label": "INFRARED RADIANCE", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", + "parentId": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\r\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\r\nmeter and steradian. Units: W·sr^−1·m^−2", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff985037-2f20-4b08-bb22-3ed701ed2f4d", "label": "REFLECTED INFRARED", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", + "parentId": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "Reflected infrared In remote sensing, infrared which is solar-generated electromagnetic radiation that has been reflected from an object. Characteristically, reflected infrared radiation has a wavelength between 0.7 μm and 3 μm and is therefore near-infrared.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32212cbf-e2ba-44c9-930c-8b454ea88bee", "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", + "parentId": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68c2baba-b9b9-41d4-89bf-07488728bc4f", "label": "THERMAL INFRARED", - "broader": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", + "parentId": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "Thermal infrared Infrared radiation which has a wavelength between 3.0 μm and 100 μm. At normal environmental temperatures objects emit infrared between these wavelengths; hotter objects, such as fires, emit infrared at wavelengths shorter than thermal infrared. Compare REFLECTED INFRARED.", "children": [] } @@ -17014,34 +17014,34 @@ { "uuid": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", "label": "LIDAR", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ca776e14-fc3d-4044-9d1a-fd7c07569399", "label": "LIDAR BACKSCATTER", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", + "parentId": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", "definition": "The scattering of radiation in a direction opposite to that of the incident\r\nradiation due to reflection of the transmitted lidar signal back towards the\r\ninstrument (from the Radar Backscatter definition).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19c3f401-1328-495c-9705-74b0175fee56", "label": "LIDAR DEPOLARIZATION RATIO", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", + "parentId": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", "definition": "The ratio of cross polarized to co-polarized lidar signal return reflected back\nin a direction opposite to that of the incident radiation from a lidar\r\ntransmission.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85fa8e79-82c0-4f18-bf12-d6e7bc8c76b0", "label": "LIDAR WAVEFORM", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", + "parentId": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", "definition": "LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target. A Full Waveform LiDAR System records the entire emitted and backscattered signal of each laser pulse. Full waveform LiDAR data are more complex to process however they can often capture more information compared to discrete return LiDAR systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b798091-6362-4e78-9c51-bd5327ec73e7", "label": "APPARENT SURFACE REFLECTIVITY", - "broader": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", + "parentId": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -17050,41 +17050,41 @@ { "uuid": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", "label": "MICROWAVE", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "A very short electromagnetic wave. The portion of the electromagnetic\r\nspectrum lying between the far infrared and the conventional radio\r\nfrequency portion. While not bounded by definition, it is commonly\r\nregarded as extending from 1 mm to 1 m in wavelength (300 GHz to 0.3 GHz\r\nfrequency).

Passive systems operating at these wavelengths sometimes\r\nare called microwave systems. Active systems are called radar, although\r\nthe literal definition of radar requires a distance measuring capability\r\nnot always included in active systems.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d8525750-2ca4-4b1f-a717-08fda61fd547", "label": "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", + "parentId": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", "definition": "The apparent temperature of the surface assuming a surface emissivity of 1.0.\n Setting the emissivity to one is equivalent to assuming the target is\na blackbody, so the brightness temperature is defined as the temperature\na blackbody would be in order to produce the radiance perceived by the\nsensor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "570397b4-3b45-4e12-85c3-ef26779a2c96", "label": "ANTENNA TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", + "parentId": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", "definition": "Absolute radiometric temperature incident upon the instrument antenna with\r\nno corrections for spurious energy received from sources not intended by\r\nthe instrument design.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9654ddc-1dc0-4f9d-9b95-61ab0c3d6f87", "label": "MICROWAVE RADIANCE", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", + "parentId": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\nmeter and steradian.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af234b68-d1ad-40ea-aa1b-6bc2c8e5b467", "label": "MICROWAVE IMAGERY", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", + "parentId": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", "definition": "A reproduction of an object by imaging the microwave radiation coming from\r\nthe object or reflected by the object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f6e0ca7-5d60-4973-890b-08ad82654331", "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", + "parentId": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", "children": [] } @@ -17093,27 +17093,27 @@ { "uuid": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", "label": "ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTHS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "Situated beyond the visible spectrum at its violet end —used of radiation having a wavelength shorter than wavelengths of visible light and longer than those of X-rays", "children": [ { "uuid": "ca87e2c2-9087-42f7-a88a-93ace50ebe39", "label": "ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE", - "broader": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", + "parentId": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\nmeter and steradian.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "01e4b433-34ae-4ffb-a73b-dff7ae4c789a", "label": "ULTRAVIOLET FLUX", - "broader": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", + "parentId": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", "definition": "The amount of ultraviolet radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\r\narea in a given unit of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03d45804-cc21-449d-81f4-4bb778f97ac6", "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", + "parentId": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", "children": [] } @@ -17122,62 +17122,62 @@ { "uuid": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "label": "PLATFORM CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "Properties of the platform which affect the sensors residing on it, and\nin turn, the imagery they acquire.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d622004f-e155-4af3-87c5-61b3a4b87692", "label": "VIEWING GEOMETRY", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "The effects of roll, pitch, and yaw, as well as jitter on the image\r\ngeometry. Roll will cause the image to take on a wavy appearance,\r\npitch will cause grid cells to contract or expand in the flight\r\ndirection, and yaw will create a skewed image.\t Jitter\r\nconsists of random and\tunsystematic vibaration which cannot be\r\nmeasured.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53ab7819-1837-4919-b4a8-85bcc8b7731c", "label": "LINE OF SIGHT VELOCITY", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "Wind velocity in the viewing area of the instrument.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "edbca82e-9396-4842-ad91-18c0000b2741", "label": "ATTITUDE CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "Those properties which define the position of a satellite by determining\nthe relationship between its axes and a reference datum (such as the\nearth horizon, the sun, or stars).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4809f1e1-1b36-46a7-a7ae-ce55523424e6", "label": "ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "Those properties which describe a satellite in its periodic revolution.\nThese consist of the satellite's altitude, orbital inclination (angle\nwith respect to the equator, thus a polar orbit is near 90 degrees, while\nan equatorial orbit is near 0 degrees), orbital period, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ebe88d4-fa73-4dd1-8cbd-6b1c266dff52", "label": "AIRSPEED/GROUND SPEED", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "Airspeed is the speed on an exposed (usually airborne) object relative to the\r\natmosphere. \r\nIn a calm atmosphere, airspeed equals ground speed. Ground speed is the speed\r\nof an airborne object relative to the earth's surface.\tIt is the magnitude of\r\nthe vector sum of the object's velocity with respect to the air and the wind\r\nvelocity, or, expressed in a different manner, the algebraic sum of the\r\naircraft's airspeed and the wind factor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "762f9d7f-5f2d-423d-81c4-288350f64b9d", "label": "DATA SYNCHRONIZATION TIME", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "Consists of various time parameters measured during an aircraft flight,\nincluding computer clock time and GPS time:
\r\n- syncclock_time = time found at the syncclock (VSI-SYnCCLOCK-32) in\r\nseconds from first file name
\r\n- syncclock_m_time = time found at the syncclock (VSI-SYnCCLOCK-32) in\r\nMatlab dateform format
\r\n- system_time = system time in seconds from first file name
\r\n- system_m_time = system time in dateform format
\r\n- gps_time = time found at the GPS unit in seconds from first file name
\r\n- gps_m_time = time found at GPS unit in dateform
\r\n- cmos_time = time found at the computer CMOS in seconds from first file\r\nname
\r\n- cmos_m_time = time found at the computer CMOS in dateform", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b68bae6-e5cb-44ff-ad40-a8100a88e5b1", "label": "FLIGHT DATA LOGS", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "Records events that take place during the aircraft flight.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7995f479-ea09-43f2-b48f-a3ea7e9a8bcd", "label": "CALIBRATION", - "broader": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", + "parentId": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c", "definition": "The action or process of calibrating an instrument or experimental readings. For NSIDC, the keyword represents calibration reports, such as the ones produced for the IceBridge DMS camera.", "children": [] } @@ -17186,34 +17186,34 @@ { "uuid": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", "label": "VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "The band of the electromagnetic spectrum which can be perceived by the\r\nnaked eye. This band ranges from about .75 μm to .4 μm, being bordered by\r\nthe infrared and ultraviolet bands.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a3792ab1-61af-48be-acf2-116c291a3765", "label": "SENSOR COUNTS", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", + "parentId": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7971f416-cf75-47f4-9108-6184baab58e5", "label": "VISIBLE FLUX", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", + "parentId": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", "definition": "The amount of visible radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\r\narea in a given unit of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03f0c0a3-04a7-4ef8-8ec0-3c2266510815", "label": "VISIBLE IMAGERY", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", + "parentId": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", "definition": "A reproduction of an object by imaging the visible radiation coming from\r\nthe object or reflected by the object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b590bfda-a053-4439-8f86-a2811e67ce46", "label": "VISIBLE RADIANCE", - "broader": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", + "parentId": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45", "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\nmeter and steradian.", "children": [] } @@ -17222,13 +17222,13 @@ { "uuid": "12156f9d-9731-446e-b9de-a781af653b1c", "label": "X-RAY", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "X-Ray (Or x-radiation, Rntgen ray) is electromagnetic radiation with\nwavelengths shorter than that of ultraviolet radiation and greater than that of\ngamma radiation.

\r\nDiscovered accidentally by Rntgen in 1895. The primary mechanism for the\nproduction of x- rays is deceleration of a rapidly moving charge upon\ninteraction with matter (bremsstrahlung). The x-ray spectrum from an x-ray tube\nconsists of this continuous spectrum on which are superimposed narrow bands\n(characteristic radiation) that are a consequence of transitions between\nelectronic energy levels of atoms. No sharp boundary exists between x- and\nultraviolet radiation nor between x- and gamma radiation, although the latter\nterm is usually restricted to radiation resulting from transitions between\nnuclear energy levels.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e32b5dca-c243-40d8-9e06-d146a40a71df", "label": "X-RAY FLUX", - "broader": "12156f9d-9731-446e-b9de-a781af653b1c", + "parentId": "12156f9d-9731-446e-b9de-a781af653b1c", "definition": "Short electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths range from .00001 ? to 3000\r\n?.", "children": [] } @@ -17237,13 +17237,13 @@ { "uuid": "d7ef7608-01f5-4e95-9fd9-7dc2aa36113d", "label": "RADIO WAVE", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "Radio waves are that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum having\r\nwavelengths longer than about 10 cm.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b3578efe-fc86-4fb0-92b5-42c08bae5e3c", "label": "RADIO WAVE FLUX", - "broader": "d7ef7608-01f5-4e95-9fd9-7dc2aa36113d", + "parentId": "d7ef7608-01f5-4e95-9fd9-7dc2aa36113d", "definition": "An electrical impusle sent through the atmosphere at radio frequency\n(usually between 10 kHz and 300,000 MHz).", "children": [] } @@ -17252,13 +17252,13 @@ { "uuid": "0a81d67a-102b-4611-a38c-dbfdd7ba4e7d", "label": "GAMMA RAY", - "broader": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", + "parentId": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "Gamma Rays (or gamma radiation) is electromagnetic radiation originating from\r\ntransitions between energy levels of atomic nuclei.

\r\nA nucleus formed as a consequence of beta or alpha emission sometimes exists\r\nbriefly in an excited energy level and makes a transition to a lower energy\r\nlevel accompanied by emission of a gamma ray photon with energy equal to the\r\ndifference between the energies of the initial and final levels. Gamma ray\r\nenergies from radioactive decay lie in the approximate range 10 keV6 MeV. Gamma\nrays are also emitted in nuclear reactions. The boundary between x-rays and\r\ngamma rays is fuzzy, the latter term being most often used for electromagnetic\r\nradiation of nuclear origin.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fd8d9257-795c-4406-b205-cf20059d8e77", "label": "GAMMA RAY FLUX", - "broader": "0a81d67a-102b-4611-a38c-dbfdd7ba4e7d", + "parentId": "0a81d67a-102b-4611-a38c-dbfdd7ba4e7d", "definition": "The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 10^-7 to\r\n10^-5 micrometers. Most often, gamma ray sensors are used to detect\r\ncomposition (from wavelengths of rays emitted by nuclei) or to measure\r\nsoil moisture.", "children": [] } @@ -17269,123 +17269,123 @@ { "uuid": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", "label": "CRYOSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "The cryosphere is the frozen water part of the Earth system.\nce and snow on land are one part of the cryosphere. This includes the largest parts of the cryosphere, the continental ice sheets found in Greenland and Antarctica, as well as ice caps, glaciers, and areas of snow and permafrost. When continental ice flows out from land and to the sea surface, we get shelf ice.\n\nThe other part of the cryosphere is ice that is found in water. This includes frozen parts of the ocean, such as waters surrounding Antarctica and the Arctic. It also includes frozen rivers and lakes, which mainly occur in polar areas.\n\nThe components of the cryosphere play an important role in the Earth’s climate. Snow and ice reflect heat from the sun, helping to regulate our planet’s temperature. Because polar regions are some of the most sensitive to climate shifts, the cryosphere may be one of the first places where scientists are able to identify global changes in climate.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "label": "GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", + "parentId": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", "definition": "Glaciers are masses of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of\r\nfirn, flowing continuously from higher to lower elevations. Ice sheets are a\r\ncontinuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward in\nmany directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface\r\ncontours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental\r\nglacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often\r\nused to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", "children": [ { "uuid": "95fbaefd-1afe-4887-a1ba-fc338a8109bb", "label": "ABLATION ZONES/ACCUMULATION ZONES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Pertaining to the reduction of a glacier due to melting and/or\r\nevaporation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "label": "GLACIERS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "A mass of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of firn, flowing\r\ncontinuously from higher to lower elevations.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d8e2bcae-7781-41b6-8d2d-7c82ae61be47", "label": "GLACIER TERMINUS", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "The terminus is the end of a glacier, usually the lowest end, and is also often called a glacier toe or snout.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "929f60ff-f938-48b0-86fd-c5c8c071c4bd", "label": "GROUNDING LINE", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Marks the locations where said glaciers become anchored on bedrock (i.e., the estimated coastline underneath the ice).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c3aa715-61fd-47a1-804e-fb6d461792ea", "label": "GLACIER RUNOFF", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "The amount of water produced by glacial melt.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbf0db20-7d18-4a67-9227-ea479fcf7c7d", "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0fba127-5208-4e8c-b18f-349dc14fb3d3", "label": "GLACIAL LAKE EXTENT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "A glacial lake is a body of water with origins from glacier activity. They are formed when a glacier erodes the land, and then melts, filling the depression created by the glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b705c00-50a7-438f-8fdd-c5799f7dab89", "label": "DEBRIS THICKNESS", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Thickness of unconsolidated sediment of boulder (clast) fragments, predominantly originating from physical weathering.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6c9cc25-b989-4915-a5c6-43dff744b056", "label": "SUB-DEBRIS MELT ENHANCEMENT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Glacier melt rates are influenced by the presence of supraglacial debris. Supraglacial debris can either enhance or reduce ablation relative to bare ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79b569df-5ed1-4791-b089-c46484069d81", "label": "GLACIER EXTENT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Glacier extent is a glacier outline in horizontal space separating the glacier from unglacierized terrain or, at divides, from contiguous glaciers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b09f0809-2686-4e2b-bacf-e192760ca297", "label": "GLACIER ABLATION", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier from all processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b8ad020-7eff-4639-b8c1-8b22e1535c00", "label": "GLACIER ACCUMULATION", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier from all processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae4be026-7471-4301-9264-675accce8340", "label": "GLACIER AREA", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Total area of a glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52d6b4d1-2daf-4e19-8129-c3e2dbf812d0", "label": "GLACIER MASS", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Total mass of a glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bd14a79-ac70-4f99-9107-a4c036d33bd7", "label": "GLACIER MELT", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier due to melting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "399025f7-315e-47db-af48-67771318a70b", "label": "GLACIER REFREEZE", - "broader": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", + "parentId": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier due to refreezing", "children": [] } @@ -17394,19 +17394,19 @@ { "uuid": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", "label": "ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "A continuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward\r\nin many directions. \r\nThis type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface contours, in\r\ncontrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental glacier of\r\nGreenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often used to\r\ndescribe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6d6a2b61-5d2c-4ec1-a164-34000f481588", "label": "ICE SHEET MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", + "parentId": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", "definition": "Scientists have adopted three general approaches to ice sheet mass balance measurement: comparing outflow and melt to snowfall accumulation (the mass budget method), observing changes in glacier elevation (volume change or geodetic method), and detecting changes in the Earth’s gravity field over the ice sheet (gravimetric method).", "children": [ { "uuid": "8a8fa93e-6424-46dd-ae97-d8afbac41b89", "label": "RIFTS", - "broader": "6d6a2b61-5d2c-4ec1-a164-34000f481588", + "parentId": "6d6a2b61-5d2c-4ec1-a164-34000f481588", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -17415,7 +17415,7 @@ { "uuid": "94402f47-38ea-4798-98da-ea17599e092f", "label": "SURFACE MORPHOLOGY", - "broader": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", + "parentId": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -17424,27 +17424,27 @@ { "uuid": "4d95ccc8-3ef9-40df-85e7-db36cb815499", "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding 5 m or more\r\nabove sea- level, which has broken away from a glacier and which may be\r\nafloat or aground. They may be described as tabular, domed, pinnacled,\r\nwedged, drydocked or blocky. Sizes of icebergs are classed as small,\r\nmedium, large and very large.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", "label": "FIRN", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Rounded, well-bonded snow that is older han one year (from NSIDC glossary). A\r\npermeable aggregate of small ice grains with densities greater than 0.55 up to\r\n0.82 where begins glacial ice.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a30b2871-4cdc-418a-b00c-969b50008726", "label": "SNOW GRAIN SIZE", - "broader": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", + "parentId": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", "definition": "The size of individual snow grains in micrometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0229714c-7960-4179-b671-30ceb9bf68bb", "label": "FIRN AIR CONTENT", - "broader": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", + "parentId": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", "definition": "Firn Air Content is a parameter within that data set and is defined as the volume of air trapped within the firn layer. This parameter is subtracted from the ice surface elevation to obtain ice thickness in actual ice equivalent.", "children": [] } @@ -17453,98 +17453,98 @@ { "uuid": "399a84d1-ccf5-4167-a699-15eb7d1ad1e6", "label": "GLACIER FACIES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock that\nindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish it\nfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristic\nnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed and\nprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f408faa-a427-44e9-a194-b1b9caff1e6d", "label": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a given\r\nyear. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5034ba1f-7208-40a1-beeb-43aefe1c0c33", "label": "GLACIER THICKNESS/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf19f1d1-ae18-4ff2-95f6-dc0ed812c568", "label": "GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Surface relief of the land. Topography usually is measured in meters above sea\r\nlevel. The topography can be very different from one location to another.\r\nTopography can be flat, or mountainous, or hilly.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "13bf19c5-087f-4fe0-87ea-ef6f7ecd5444", "label": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area of\r\nat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growing\r\nin all directions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73f3c797-2eed-4f0d-accf-7e8a36a3fa93", "label": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab319cdf-a34c-446c-9fc0-27605048364e", "label": "GEOMETRY OF INTERNAL REFLECTIONS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Changes in crystal-orientation fabric, changes in conductivity or changes in the amount of bubbles (respectively density) are considered to cause internal reflections in glaciers and ice sheets", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ce536e1-06c8-4817-af5f-b625cfe571a7", "label": "AGE OF INTERNAL REFLECTIONS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab4b800d-820f-40cc-bb01-4e8835368d04", "label": "AGE AT ICE-THICKNESS-NORMALIZED DEPTHS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70541b66-c911-47fb-a99a-5638a9cb55d4", "label": "DEPTHS AT SPECIFIC AGES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68d0f29d-cf46-4f8c-8cad-83817a7093bc", "label": "BASAL SHEAR STRESS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "At the base of a glacier with minimal slope, the normal stress (σ) acting on the bed is mainly a result of the weight of a glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "681e59ee-2006-454d-82d3-c9be49cc67a5", "label": "ICE SHELVES", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Portions of glaciers/ice sheets that are floating over the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7401d2b4-7a39-45ea-89f2-8b88cb0c22c4", "label": "COASTLINE", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "The actual contour of the continent with the existing ice shelves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79c7fd4c-9328-4a6f-82ed-bb012b570ecd", "label": "BASINS", - "broader": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", + "parentId": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "An area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water, but considers the flow of ice over the frozen continent.", "children": [] } @@ -17553,117 +17553,117 @@ { "uuid": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "label": "SEA ICE", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", + "parentId": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over the ocean surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4f0f606c-6bf8-4b8c-9431-d5696fe8a5f2", "label": "LEADS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Any fracture or passage-way through ice which is navigable by surface\r\nvessels. Leads and other open water areas within the sea ice pack are also\r\nimportant in studies of the energy budget in the polar regions and in\r\nlocal and regional climatology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70acf223-7895-4cbe-aca6-815babb2b7ed", "label": "POLYNYAS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/or\r\nbe covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to these\r\nas skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget of\r\nthe polar ocean and local and regional climatology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bc39a6d-cc60-467a-9181-d8b4e02a1cb0", "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a\r\nsalinity of zero.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "064f9784-697e-414c-b463-29cfd734e689", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6e7aa9a-ae65-480e-84fa-b3a5d523e822", "label": "ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Measurements of the temperature of the sea ice and surrounding sea\nsurface temperature. These measurements are usually obtained from remote\nsensing satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1009557b-0d4b-4c13-81a0-fd95c15bf158", "label": "ICE DEFORMATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Ice that has been squeezed together, and in places, forced upwards\r\nand downwards. Some subdivisions of deformed ice are rafted ice, ridged\r\nice, and hummocked ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1efe6ac1-d375-44c3-b8ec-d0ff2987a881", "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding more than 5m above\r\nsea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or\r\naground. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled,\nweathered or glacier bergs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1455c369-88e2-411b-83f7-c914b20609b1", "label": "SEA ICE MOTION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Refers to the movement and direction of ice fields or floes. Ice\nmotion processes include: diverging, compacting, and shearing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "139b0dae-27bb-42bd-8027-81fb9fd8f85d", "label": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In\r\nparticular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the\r\nNASA IceSat satellite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63b37017-9d57-4247-af4e-2df36ee3ed03", "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water.\r\nAlso refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which\r\nvaries seasonally).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7708bb6-a0fa-4905-b99d-c468da7d951a", "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Ice depth or thickness refers to the extent of the ice below the surface of\nthe water. The term is also used in river and lake ice studies. Remote\nsensing techniques (particularly radar and microwave) have been used to\nestimate ice thickness as have recently declassified submarine\nmeasurements of polar ice thickness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", "label": "HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The measurement of the heat flux or heat loss from open ocean areas within\nthe sea ice pack is important for the study of energy balance in the polar\nregions and local and regional climatology. Heat loss through the open\nwater is 100 times more than through thick ice.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9a11c433-3cf6-4d6a-9038-259a77f94158", "label": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", + "parentId": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da442d88-426b-4469-8ebe-f2ec83f410d0", "label": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", + "parentId": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b333abf-9475-4c61-bcd9-65b40baaf213", "label": "LONGWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", + "parentId": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2bc52086-0c6d-4d66-8b1f-72ca78297383", "label": "SHORTWAVE HEAT FLUX", - "broader": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", + "parentId": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -17672,69 +17672,69 @@ { "uuid": "5fa04fa9-06c7-41c7-98f9-f92756f080ea", "label": "ICE EDGES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water and\r\nthe sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af0d756e-784e-4747-97d0-3425baf5d09b", "label": "ICE FLOES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes\r\nare subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast,\r\ngiant.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9667e73-30db-45f9-861c-e0a5caaf2bf0", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried\r\nice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or\r\ngrowth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice,\r\nOld Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake\r\nIce, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake\r\nIce.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce3a1edd-a2fe-4efd-8971-9dd7b97b6d79", "label": "ICE ROUGHNESS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The small-scale variation in the relief of the terrain surface (in this\r\ncase the surface of the ice). Remote sensing instruments, such as radar\r\nand microwave sensors, have been able to detect the degree of roughness of\r\nsea, lake, and river ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bfd4d52-fad4-470f-9da0-fa7df2a5b4aa", "label": "ICE TYPES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Ice Types is a general term applied to sea, river, and lake ice to\r\ndescribe attributes such as age, stage of development or growth, or\r\nsurface feature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d7ea074-225b-4221-b122-e6a085cdce24", "label": "PACK ICE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Pack ice refers to high concentrations of sea ice. When concentrations are\r\n60% or less, then the term drift ice is used.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cece77b6-42bf-44f6-9193-050cbc5f4cf7", "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The reflectance properties of ice bodies. A smooth ice surface will act as\r\na near-specular reflector. As surface roughness increases, the reflection\r\nbecomes diffuse. It is the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation\r\nto that of the incident radiation on a surface. The suffix (-ance) implies\r\na property of that particular specimen surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3488309d-ef21-4d60-81a3-78fb99ffa756", "label": "SEA ICE AGE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The age of the sea ice is usually a distinction between first-year\nand multiyear ice. Multiyear sea ice is usually thicker, has more ridges,\nand can be more of a hinderance to ship travel than first-year ice.\nMicrowave remote sensing studies have shown that first-year sea ice has a\nhigher emissivity at the 1.55 cm wavelength than multiyear ice, thus\nmaking it possible to distinguish between different ice ages from\nsatellites. Ice age can also be qualitatively determined using visible,\ninfrared and radar wavelengths from satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8012fda7-3ea4-4ef2-bb4e-0f66d4d9e850", "label": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of\nthe whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar\norbiting satellites at all wavelengths.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a3f36d7c-4eed-4d7a-8902-a5fcdc1b6261", "label": "ICE FRACTION", - "broader": "8012fda7-3ea4-4ef2-bb4e-0f66d4d9e850", + "parentId": "8012fda7-3ea4-4ef2-bb4e-0f66d4d9e850", "definition": "Sea ice is described by the area it covers, its thickness, its age, and its movement with the winds and ocean currents. Concentration is a unitless term that describes the relative amount of area covered by ice, compared to some reference area. Thus, concentration describes how much of a 25.0 kilometer by 25.0 kilometer (15.5 mile by 15.5 mile) box is covered by sea ice. Ice concentration typically is reported as a percentage (0 to 100 percent ice), a fraction from 0 to 1, or sometimes in tenths (0/10 to 10/10). Our Sea Ice Index products show ice concentration as a percentage. A value of 0 means there is no ice, while a value of 100 means the region is completely covered by ice.", "children": [] } @@ -17743,69 +17743,69 @@ { "uuid": "aa645419-cff3-4f5b-84af-e3de41dd0d16", "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0d4b06b-c498-4760-bc92-877e28f3a098", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Isotopes are a form of an element with a certain number of neutrons, for\r\nexample carbon exists in three isotopes: C12, C13, and C14. Some isotopes are\r\nnaturally unstable and spontaneously decay at a fixed rate; other isotopes are\r\nstable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4466cbe-b991-427b-97b8-fdc284b9ef21", "label": "FREEBOARD", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "On sea ice, the height of the ice surface above the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a55ceba-057a-408f-924f-9ea1d4675f26", "label": "SEA ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Optical imagery is classified into three main surface categories: (1) Snow and bare ice, (2) melt ponds and submerged ice, and (3) ocean. The snow and ice category is further split into two subcategories based on melt state and/or ice thickness: (1a) Snow and bright ice, and (1b) dark or thin ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", "label": "SEA ICE VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4dff1a9b-23ee-4af4-a3c3-601cd2f52f56", "label": "SUBLIMATION", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", + "parentId": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78de9de8-852d-4b14-8650-414b6e4bfe0a", "label": "FLOODING", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", + "parentId": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a7da9b0-2170-4329-997c-939af604b0bf", "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", + "parentId": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4125f82e-9be4-4441-80f2-0d39ccd3d1d8", "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", + "parentId": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d693a3a9-99dd-4872-a2c0-a4b930d312e5", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", + "parentId": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -17814,42 +17814,42 @@ { "uuid": "3bacb194-cf25-42ae-95af-54a6a53898ef", "label": "ICE DRAFT", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "A measurement of the ice thickness below the waterline and often serves as a close proxy for total ice thickness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ad69005-4418-4f5c-bab5-580d13c5992e", "label": "SEA ICE STRAIN RATES", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e335f30-1dff-4746-ad1c-c873a1fdb320", "label": "SEA ICE STRENGTH", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63a4c6e1-9248-488d-95ab-88ac2fb0a21d", "label": "SEA ICE STRESS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91603432-2af5-4012-a670-e73ff2aaa7b9", "label": "SEA ICE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The drift of sea ice forced by the winds and ocean currents", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cfc3ed52-a7e2-4ad1-8330-1f97c7cb0203", "label": "SEA ICE MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", + "parentId": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "The net balance between the sea ice mass gained by freezing and the loss of mass by melting that is a function of its extent and thickness, which combine to give its volume.", "children": [] } @@ -17858,26 +17858,26 @@ { "uuid": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "label": "FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", + "parentId": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", "definition": "Soil within which the moisture has predominantly changed to ice, the unfrozen\r\nportion being in vapor phase. \r\nIce within the soil bonds (adfreezes) adjacent soil particles and renders\r\nfrozen ground very hard. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost. Dry\r\nfrozen ground is relatively loose and crumbly because of the lack of bonding\r\nice. Frozen ground is sometimes inadvisedly called frost or ground frost.", "children": [ { "uuid": "097a0fad-d822-49ad-bd12-232e9ea7cb30", "label": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "Of, or pertaining to, the outer perimeter of a glacier, particularly to the\r\nfringe areas surrounding the great continental glaciers of the geologic ice\r\nages. Thus, periglacial weathering is said to have produced certain\r\ncharacteristic\r\nland forms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c82f3480-545f-4491-83f1-0477369ddcd8", "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "1. (Also called perennially frozen ground, pergelisol, permanently frozen\r\nground.) A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of\r\nthe earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a\r\nfew to several thousands of years. Permafrost exists where the summer heating\r\nfails to descend to the base of the layer of frozen ground. A continuous\r\nstratum of permafrost is found where the\r\nannual mean temperature is below about 5C (23F).

2. As limited in\r\napplication by P. F. Svetsov, soil that is known to have been frozen for at\r\nleast a century.

\r\nMuller, S. W., 1947: Permafrost, or Permanently Frozen Ground, and\r\nRelated Engineering Problems,

\r\nHare, F. K., 1951: Compendium of Meteorology, p. 958, and map, p.\r\n956.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d8606e80-3d34-4540-a355-5f99737f7ab7", "label": "PERMAFROST TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "c82f3480-545f-4491-83f1-0477369ddcd8", + "parentId": "c82f3480-545f-4491-83f1-0477369ddcd8", "definition": "Pertaining to the temperature of permafrost, frozen subsoil. layer of soil or rock, at some depth beneath the surface, in which the temperature has been continuously below 0°C for at least several years; it exists where summer heating fails to reach the base of the layer of frozen ground.", "children": [] } @@ -17886,49 +17886,49 @@ { "uuid": "b1ce822a-139b-4e11-8bbe-453f19501c36", "label": "ROCK GLACIERS", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "A mass of rock fragments and finer material, on a slope, that\r\ncontains either interstitial ice or an ice core and shows evidence of past or\r\npresent movement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e544263-d92f-46c2-9568-25e36d0b9825", "label": "ACTIVE LAYER", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "Active layer, also called frost zone or mollisol, is part of the soil included\r\nwith the suprapermafrost layer (i.e., existing above permafrost) that usually\r\nfreezes in winter and thaws in summer. \r\nIts bottom surface is the frost table, beneath which may lie permafrost or\r\ntalik. The depth of the active layer varies anywhere from a few inches to\r\nseveral feet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0cd7a96f-46e1-4d86-93d0-9cbb6fda61e3", "label": "CRYOSOLS", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "Soil formed in either mineral or organic materials having permafrost either\r\nwithin 1 m below the surface or, if the soil is strongly cryoturbated, with 2 m\nbelow the surface, and having a mean annual ground temperature below 0 deg C.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "021714ad-1cae-441c-bb6f-4be866a0f742", "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a109b2f-947a-4c2c-9db9-ae315a53ef93", "label": "SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "Ground that freezes and thaws annually.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78e5e44c-7832-456d-a599-893ea87ae695", "label": "TALIK", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "Talik, also called tabetisol, is a Russian term applied to permanently unfrozen\nground in regions of permafrost.

\r\nThis usually applies to a layer that lies above the permafrost but below the\r\nactive layer, that is, when the permafrost table is deeper than the depth\r\nreached by winter freezing from the surface. Talik is also found within and\r\nbeneath permafrost; when it occurs beneath the permafrost it is equivalent to\r\nsubgelisol.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4931dcac-8b89-4bc9-ba59-469cfdcf6f12", "label": "GROUND ICE", - "broader": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", + "parentId": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "A general term referring to all types of ice contained in freezing and frozen\r\nground. Ground ice occurs in pores, cavities, voids or other openings in soil\r\nor rock and includes massive ice. It may occur as lenses, wedges, veins,\r\nsheets, seams, irregular masses, or as individual crystals or coatings on\r\nmineral or organic particles. Perennial ground ice can only occur within\r\npermafrost bodies.", "children": [] } @@ -17937,33 +17937,33 @@ { "uuid": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "label": "SNOW/ICE", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", + "parentId": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen water over the Earth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1f4cdbc4-0f65-4384-83c9-9422c280717d", "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba2e2eff-77e0-4071-8884-b2af06e5fc7b", "label": "SNOW DENSITY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the ratio between the volume of snow, and the amount of\nmeltwater derived from that volume of snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dafb67df-dc6d-40a0-8d94-e4621d2538ce", "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, rates, geographical extent of freezing,\nand melting of snow and ice cover.", "children": [ { "uuid": "99c2726c-3ad7-4f54-b5ce-d954f9780bd1", "label": "TRANSITION DIRECTION", - "broader": "dafb67df-dc6d-40a0-8d94-e4621d2538ce", + "parentId": "dafb67df-dc6d-40a0-8d94-e4621d2538ce", "definition": "Describes if snow and/or ice transition is from frozen to thawed or vice-versa.", "children": [] } @@ -17972,160 +17972,160 @@ { "uuid": "4b85cc37-1577-43f6-8cfa-8da2c49eaece", "label": "ICE MOTION", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Defined as the horizontal displacement of ice over an area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99bc6084-32bc-405a-b2e9-efd906fa370b", "label": "SNOW/ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured internal temperature of snow/ice pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e28676de-738d-4112-8897-ee585b7d1d84", "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and geographic extent of ice thickness\non the continental land masses.  ", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e1dbe955-7285-4df2-a854-07693fce44ec", "label": "AVALANCHE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measuerment of a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock,\nfalling rapidly from heights far above a lowland area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c306d542-9be8-449d-ba33-28ad033c77aa", "label": "DEPTH HOAR", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the characteristics of the layer of ice crystals that\nforms between the ground and snow cover by sublimation. It's also\nreferred to as sugar snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58f98d2a-d7d6-47d4-b826-68fdc57e79bb", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e15c793-ede5-4089-8fb7-5bbb31ff7913", "label": "SNOW STRATIGRAPHY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "The order and thickness of layers within the snowpack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52e6600b-7a51-4267-8b62-e79034db3a48", "label": "RIVER ICE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, thickness, longevity, etc. of ice formations\nthat occur on river systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c8ff0035-4776-4eb9-8cc9-a63d380102c8", "label": "SNOW COVER", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, depth, and longevity of snow pack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8cb47594-3af6-4f4f-8ba1-4299a6d6887e", "label": "LAKE ICE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, and analysis to ice formation on inland\nbodies of salt or fresh water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41ebe049-230e-4ff7-acb1-43de68ace83e", "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminous\nenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloud\nsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visible\nsolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have low\nalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are the\nchief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99506fd1-5f84-485d-8e26-03e4f7b55136", "label": "SNOW FACIES", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the observable differences that separate/distinguish one\nsnow/ice unit from another.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19409c76-09d4-455c-b1f1-dc2e647f7403", "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the geographical extent of ice on continental land masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3896f032-388f-408e-b988-bf7e100704ba", "label": "ICE VELOCITY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate at which ice formations (glaciers, ice sheets, etc.)\nare moving.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "067004b9-1628-4c00-8bfb-28f910b68d59", "label": "WHITEOUT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the occurence, extent, and severity of whiteout conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19594c37-ef32-4b03-bda6-abf8a321fdb9", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of ice growth/melting rates, and annual\nchanges in those rates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3520db9-7bed-4f55-a9f6-028d52af6091", "label": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the net increase, or decrease in energy due to snow\nformation, melting, evaporation, etc..", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "587e4d68-36f0-45b5-9978-4b3edd58a1c0", "label": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the amount of water in a given snow pack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea936862-2c98-41e5-8514-6b7288a5f941", "label": "FROST", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, geographic extent, and seasonality of\nfrost.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47bc8942-6fdd-4173-bf38-209e933d843f", "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfe4b154-84e0-4005-81ce-90daf38c06e3", "label": "SNOW/ICE CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Refers to the chemical composition of snow and ice as determined from snow cores, ice cores, and snow pits.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dc6b614-36ad-4e3b-ac6f-af6e0aa6378b", "label": "SNOW MICROSTRUCTURE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a72b96ad-3755-4205-b353-66592c7bff54", "label": "SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA", - "broader": "4dc6b614-36ad-4e3b-ac6f-af6e0aa6378b", + "parentId": "4dc6b614-36ad-4e3b-ac6f-af6e0aa6378b", "definition": "Ice surface area per unit mass of snow.", "children": [] } @@ -18134,20 +18134,20 @@ { "uuid": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", "label": "REFLECTANCE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "A general term referring to the radiation reflected from, or scattered back through, a given surface in response to radiation incident on the surface with the same wavelength or wavelength range.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2dce1d90-f958-4e96-b8d8-c8b0bc69d16e", "label": "BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION", - "broader": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", + "parentId": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", "definition": "The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is a function of four variables and defines how light is reflected at an opaque surface, such as snow or ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eddd1f51-a6ae-4c35-bac5-e68131fcb386", "label": "BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE FACTOR", - "broader": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", + "parentId": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", "definition": "A function describing the anisotropy of reflected radiance from a surface illuminated from a single direction", "children": [] } @@ -18156,48 +18156,48 @@ { "uuid": "1ce90ed3-d8f1-42f5-a609-e2b329839fed", "label": "BLOWING SNOW", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km (about 7 statute miles).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", "label": "SNOW VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8e4f4500-e377-4b8c-8275-6194c4b7db8b", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", + "parentId": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94790dac-6bf8-453b-b841-30b86bdcd491", "label": "SUBLIMATION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", + "parentId": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ee6c16d-8828-44d6-a014-63a9ac8eee37", "label": "ADVECTION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", + "parentId": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db28e274-27f4-4006-a363-32a98eab859d", "label": "DIFFUSION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", + "parentId": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c2baf1f-3e73-443b-8b1d-d248bb438c1b", "label": "PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", + "parentId": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb", "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface.", "children": [] } @@ -18206,27 +18206,27 @@ { "uuid": "481cc0cb-3e52-45e4-bf6e-3bb0c43e3392", "label": "ICE SURFACE TEMPERAT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ea93d94-9a95-4dc0-8ad9-08896541fea9", "label": "SURFACE MELT", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d7a7e7b7-4084-4a29-a4f0-470ea477b486", "label": "ICE MELANGE", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Dense packs of icebergs and sea ice found in proglacial fjords", "children": [ { "uuid": "dcb59899-1b98-478b-b23f-7485f4d93eec", "label": "ICE MELANGE VELOCITY", - "broader": "d7a7e7b7-4084-4a29-a4f0-470ea477b486", + "parentId": "d7a7e7b7-4084-4a29-a4f0-470ea477b486", "definition": "Dense packs of icebergs and sea ice found in proglacial fjords", "children": [] } @@ -18235,7 +18235,7 @@ { "uuid": "97fd3b62-917d-4946-8c8a-29d2a15bf6dd", "label": "SNOW CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", + "parentId": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1", "definition": "Describes local to global seasonal snow type for non-ice-covered terrestrial regions of Earth where snow falls.", "children": [] } @@ -18244,7 +18244,7 @@ { "uuid": "dbe8d9d3-1609-4128-9b45-1061a501401b", "label": "LAND ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", + "parentId": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80", "definition": "Refers to a land ice and ocean classification mask.", "children": [] } @@ -18253,25 +18253,25 @@ { "uuid": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", "label": "PALEOCLIMATE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "the study of past climates", "children": [ { "uuid": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "label": "LAND RECORDS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", + "parentId": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", "definition": "Non-marine geological information pertinent to paleoclimatology consists of all\ncontinental sedimentary records including loess,volcanic deposits, glaciation,\nspelothems, tree ring, pollen, and other land-based records.", "children": [ { "uuid": "84510f18-a4e6-434c-a54c-44cc995e1af2", "label": "TREE RINGS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and analysis of ancient tree rings to\r\ndetermine environmental conditions during that tree's lifetime and\r\nextrapolate that to climatic conditions. The study of tree rings related to\npast climate conditions is called dendroclimatology. Variations in tree ring\nwidths from year to year are recognized as an important source of chronological\nand climatic information. The width of a tree ring is a function of many\nvariables including tree species, age, availability of stored food within the\ntree, soil nutrients, and climatic factors such as precipitation, sunshine\ntemperature, winds and humidity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "902e9bf8-85d4-431b-aa15-e0d7abe0f17c", "label": "SEA SALT", - "broader": "84510f18-a4e6-434c-a54c-44cc995e1af2", + "parentId": "84510f18-a4e6-434c-a54c-44cc995e1af2", "definition": "Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings.", "children": [] } @@ -18280,105 +18280,105 @@ { "uuid": "98e15316-0055-4392-8825-c38f447d6582", "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope,\ne.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic\norganisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d412deec-d4ef-4c97-ac1c-f92ddb6964c6", "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a\nmicroscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in\nthe past.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf0db125-0182-42e7-81c9-6ed55a05ddd0", "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also\ncarbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon\nhaving a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in\ndating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "61f57065-8f47-45c7-8319-f6115153a6ad", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal direct\ninformation about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are\nisotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies using\nother isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used.\nIsoptopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothem\nanalyses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "858d3f93-f2eb-4d2a-87c5-68018f206a47", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock,\nby chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions\nof organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1651d2e2-4483-42fc-aef2-fd49e650eff1", "label": "CAVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Cave deposits, or speleothems, are mineral formations in caves. While the water\nflows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is an\nindicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth might\nindicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation.\nWhen the speleothems stop growing, the outside becomes dirty and eroded in\nplaces, giving it a dull appearance. Spelothems can be dated by measuring how\nmuch uranium has decayed. Evidence of past climate changes can be inferred from\nmeasuring oxygen isotopes in speleothems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c615709-df55-4b09-a5a9-1fabb133fe1a", "label": "GLACIATION", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the\nPeriod or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often\ncalled an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form\nin the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. Conversely, the\nterm interglacial or Interglacial Period, such as the current era, is used to\ndenote the absence of large-scale glaciation on a global scale ¿ i.e., a\nnon-Ice Age. Interglacials are, in general, shorter than glacial epochs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "733234ec-053b-4595-811a-b221e6afb35e", "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Loess is a deposit of wind-blown silt and dust of Pleistocene age that covers\nlarge areas of the continents. It is predominently calcerous consisting of\nquartz feldspars and micas. Loess is extensive in the North American Great\nPlains, south-central Europe, Ukraine, central Asia, China, and Argentina.\nLoess deposits in North America are related to large outwashes from the\nLaurentide ice sheet and floodplains of large rivers. Loess deposits in Europe\nare related to the former Alpine and Scandinavianice sheets. Loess in China and\ncentral Asia are related to desert conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2ceb98b-4b5d-4ee6-b033-e987d2f820f1", "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's\r\nmaterials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's\r\nmagnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field\r\ncan be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the\r\nEarth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in\r\nsediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b54e01eb-02d9-413a-baf1-40a6e59d9eae", "label": "PALEOSOLS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Paleosols are soils that formed in a landscape of the past with distinctive\nmorphological features resulting from a soil-forming environment that no longer\nexists at the site.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4871f3e-bc88-4380-b7b7-3a18afccc2bd", "label": "PALEOVEGETATION", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Paleovegetation refers to plant species that were living at some time in the\npast. Indicators of past vegetation include pollen and plant macrofossils.\nAnimal fossils and sedimentary indicators can also be used to reconstruct past\nvegetation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14c8721e-4d05-4aaa-90be-8607ae2f84b1", "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a\nmicrospore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The\nstudy of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important\naspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen\nanalysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological\ncharacteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)\nthey are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are\ndistributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to\ndecay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen\ndeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac45c059-9555-45ee-ad20-d58514578f1e", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional\r\nenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. \r\nA stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from\nolder below to younger above without interruption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9761565c-2126-49cd-b4c4-cd3bcb5dbbde", "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Volcanic deposits can consist of tephra, which is airborne pyroclastic\nmaterial. Extremely explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast quatntities\nof tephra over wide areas. Tephra layers can form regional isochronous\nstratigraphic markers. Tephrachronology can a very important tool in\npaleoclimatic studies. Volcanic ash horizons can also be used as\nchronostratigraphic markers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a63fa7f-2971-4874-a920-394df07d218e", "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", + "parentId": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of\nrock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature\nchanges at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature.\nBorehhole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature\nvariations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", "children": [] } @@ -18387,104 +18387,104 @@ { "uuid": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "label": "ICE CORE RECORDS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", + "parentId": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", "definition": "An ice core is a section of ice drilled from a glacier or ice sheet. Ice\ndeposits contain samples of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed; they\nalso record seasonal fluctuations of temperature and dust. That's why ice cores\nare extremely valuable sources of paleoclimate data on the Earth's climate\nin the distant past. Researchers drill sections of ice cores hundreds of meters\nlong and then match sections at different depths with particular eras in the\nEarth's past. These sections can then be analyzed for clues about atmospheric\ngases and temperatures from hundreds of thousands of years ago.", "children": [ { "uuid": "096f466a-a86a-42ac-93f7-05a799910817", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "The isotopic record found in ice cores reveal direct information about the past\nclimate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight\ndifferences in atomic weight. Depending on the temperature of evaporation and\nhow far the water has had to travel before it fell as snow, the ratio of 18O to\n16O will vary. This ratio, known as d18O, can be measured very accurately using\na mass spectrometer. Over short time scales the change in temperature from\nsummer to winter produces a very clear oscillation in the 18O/16O ratio. This\noscillation is used to determine the age of the core at different depths,\nsimply by counting the oscillations. Over longer time periods, this ratio\nindicates the average temperature of the regions between the evaporation site\nand the coring site. Investigators in Greenland and Antarctica are also\nanalyzing for the ratio of 1H/2H (Hydrogen to deuterium) which will allow even\nfiner detail about source temperature and condensation history to be obtained.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "01a4a324-cad3-441d-b0f1-02dc9742784a", "label": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "An important baseline measurement in ice cores is electrical conductivity.\r\nElectrical conductivity measurements (ECM) of the core is a very rapid method\nto indicate how acidic the core is without the chemical detail of the ion\nanalyses. The value of the measurement is that it can be done for the whole\nlength of the core in high resolution and provide an immediate picture of the\ncore and allow quick detection of interesting areas, such as a volcanic\neruptions. Because it is a high resolution, continuous measurement it can be\nused, along with the other measurements, for time frequency analysis in order\nto identify cycles in the climate signal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f4ccb5c-7b99-442c-9054-964070d95f7b", "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "Volcanic deposits (including volcanic ash, debris, etc.) are found within ice\ncore\r\nrecords. Volcanoes can produce large quantities of particles and leave a record\nin the ice. Scanning electron micrographs of the particles from a particularly\nlarge dust peak in an ice core may reveal that it is from a known volcano and\nallow a firm date to be placed on that section of core. For prehistoric times,\nthe dust record is a key tool for reconstructing a history of volcanic\nactivity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ddbd1be1-2a1b-4aea-a085-6a63208a75c0", "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas produced from ocean upwelling and soils\nin tropical and temperate regions. Ice core studies have shown that nitrous\noxide increases with temperature in the Northern Hemisphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "daab3b2a-1fe7-4ad9-8340-1a7cfa54a2ac", "label": "METHANE", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas and is seen in polar ice cores. From the ice\ncore record, it is known that methane rose rapidly whenever climate changed\nfrom glacial to interglacial conditions (during 'deglaciation'). Warming of\nwater bathing the seafloor could have led to large-scale release of methane\nfrom the melting of methane ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37dac8df-b04b-4561-91fb-886e1bded2c1", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide traps\ninfrared radiation. Atmospheric CO2 has increased about 25 percent since the\nearly 1800s, with an estimated increase of 10 percent since 1958 (burning\nfossil fuels is the leading cause of increased CO2, deforestation the second\nmajor cause). The increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance the\ngreenhouse effect, blocking heat from escaping into space and contributing to\nthe warming of Earth's lower atmosphere. (Earth Observatory)\r\nThe most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations\nfor periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air (fluid or gas\ninclusions) trapped in the Antarctic or Greenland ice caps. The most widely\naccepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate\nthat atmospheric CO2 levels were about 260¿280uL/L immediately before\nindustrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the\npreceding 10,000 years. \r\nThe longest ice core record comes from Vostok, Antarctica, where ice has been\nsampled to a depth of 3,600 meters, corresponding to an age of 420,000 years\nbefore the present. During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide\nconcentration has varied between 180¿210 uL/L during ice ages, increasing to\n280¿300 uL/L during warmer\ninterglacials.(http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Carbon-dioxide)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3643618f-3af3-4c69-8beb-2ad14141a176", "label": "ICE CORE AIR BUBBLES", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "Trapped gases in ice-core bubbles are highly reliable records of atmospheric\ncomposition in reconstructing past climates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "591d2038-5c5e-47bf-a551-1b28f33d1f05", "label": "IONS", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of various electrostatically charged\r\ncompounds found in ice cores. Ions can be analyzed to infer human, biological,\nand volcanic activity, as well as ocean water conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63c7d604-707e-4c38-8baf-19a620e61917", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "Particulate matter in ice cores (continental dust, volcanic ash, diatoms, and\npollen)can provide information on past climate conditions and climate\nvariability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4487cb97-df49-421f-8c00-5c5f12dd8af1", "label": "VELOCITY", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "Rate (speed and direction) at which the position of ice has changed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c692e8e4-b920-4eb5-86c3-b5f6121fec4b", "label": "SODIUM", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "The major ions, sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−), deposited in central Antarctica and preserved in ice cores originate from both marine and continental sources. They provide important proxy records, helping to reconstruct past climatic processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b9fb947-97cd-4354-a799-f14a81564132", "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "The major ions, sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−), deposited in central Antarctica and preserved in ice cores originate from both marine and continental sources. They provide important proxy records, helping to reconstruct past climatic processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf32d0f2-31f5-450d-9f1d-8aa38fd526dc", "label": "IRON", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "The important active and passive role of mineral dust aerosol in the climate and the global carbon cycle over the last glacial/interglacial cycles has been recognized. However, little data on the most important aeolian dust-derived biological micronutrient, iron (Fe), has so far been available from ice-cores from Greenland or Antarctica. Furthermore, Fe deposition reconstructions derived from the palaeoproxies particulate dust and calcium differ significantly from the Fe flux data available. The ability to measure high temporal resolution Fe data in polar ice-cores is crucial for the study of the timing and magnitude of relationships between geochemical events and biological responses in the open ocean. This work adapts an existing flow injection analysis (FIA) methodology for low-level trace Fe determinations with an existing glaciochemical analysis system, continuous flow analysis (CFA) of ice-cores. Fe-induced oxidation of N,N'-dimethyl-p-pheylenediamine (DPD) is used to quantify the biologically more important and easily leachable Fe fraction released in a controlled digestion step at pH ~1.0. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of labile Fe in ice-core samples collected from the Antarctic Byrd ice-core and the Greenland Ice-Core Project (GRIP) ice-core.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aeaa43ab-5ccf-4df7-b8ad-b9f9f4249551", "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", + "parentId": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74", "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 glaciochemical series (sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride) provides a unique view of the chemistry of the atmosphere and the history of atmospheric circulation over both the high latitudes and mid-low latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Interpretation of this record reveals a diverse array of environmental signatures that include the documentation of anthropogenically derived pollutants, volcanic and biomass burning events, storminess over marine surfaces, continental aridity and biogenic source strength plus information related to the controls on both high- and low-frequency climate events of the last 110,000 years. Climate forcings investigated include changes in insolation of the order of the major orbital cycles that control the long-term behavior of atmospheric circulation patterns through changes in ice volume (sea level), events such as the Heinrich events (massive discharges of icebergs first identified in t he marine record) that are found to operate on a 6100-year cycle due largely to the lagged response of ice sheets to changes in insolation and consequent glacier dynamics, and rapid climate change events (massive reorganizations of atmospheric circulation) that are demonstrated to operate on 1450-year cycles. Changes in insolation and associated positive feedbacks related to ice sheets may assist in explaining favorable time periods and controls on the amplitude of massive rapid climate change events. Explanation for the exact timing and global synchroneity of these events is, however, more complicated. Preliminary evidence points to possible solar variability-climate associations for these events and perhaps others that are embedded in our ice-core-derived atmospheric circulation records.", "children": [] } @@ -18493,83 +18493,83 @@ { "uuid": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "label": "PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", + "parentId": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", "definition": "Reconstruction of past climatic conditions using paleoclimate proxy records\r\n(tree rings, ice cores, etc.)", "children": [ { "uuid": "fed291ec-8f7d-4131-a5cd-dc04706f61b0", "label": "LAKE LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past lake levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc063daf-1db5-4597-9de2-0501a5593947", "label": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past drought and precipitation climatic conditions based on\r\npaleoclimate proxy records (mostly tree ring data).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7859191e-732b-47cf-b1a3-fc7a934509ce", "label": "STREAMFLOW RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past streamflow conditions based on paleoclimate proxy\r\nrecords (related to drought/precipitation records).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e7b30694-5d05-404b-9748-b8f6adc3491d", "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea surface temperatures (SST) based on paleoclimate\r\nproxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2bdfbf06-c583-4e51-a595-dbc6143d95e0", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past atmospheric circulation conditions based on paleoclimate\nproxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f07a511-1c78-4b2b-8c6a-f4aeedb0f5b6", "label": "SOLAR FORCING/INSOLATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past solar forcing and insolation based on paleoclimate proxy\nrecords.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb49a2e7-bd89-4d3a-974a-8776a763a4ae", "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past air temperatures using paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80a6803a-5bf3-4439-b13f-0909e0ea40f9", "label": "OCEAN SALINITY RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past ocean salinity based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf0e53d3-c8ae-4baa-8a31-672a2252f285", "label": "GROUND WATER RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past ground water conditions based on paleoclimate proxy\r\nrecords.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e240565d-d265-474b-a25b-34059526ae44", "label": "SEA LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91600c9b-397e-4855-b21e-b9e97e6d5261", "label": "VEGETATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", + "parentId": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past vegetation conditions based on paleoclimate proxy\r\nrecords.", "children": [] } @@ -18578,104 +18578,104 @@ { "uuid": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "label": "OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS", - "broader": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", + "parentId": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151", "definition": "Paleoclimatic information can be inferred from biogenic material in ocean\nsediments, oxygen isotopic analyses of sea water (via deep sea cores), coral\ngrowth, inorganic material such as from weathering and erosion, lake levels and\nglacial varves, and ocean circulation changes as a result of\nglacial-interglacial cycles.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4722fc1e-f93f-4aa1-854a-2b8a82920008", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional\r\nenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. \r\nA stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from\r\nolder below to younger above without interruption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23822618-39a2-4b2b-9162-37bb0651c118", "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also\r\ncarbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon\r\nhaving a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in\ndating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77cbdebf-eddf-42b5-8603-e939eccd1780", "label": "LAKE LEVELS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Lake level fluctuations can provide important evidence for paleoclimatic\nconditions, particulary in arid and semiarid areas. Lake levels are\nparticularly sensitive to changes in hydrologic balance due to climatic\nfluctuations. Lakes may develop and expand if there is an abundance of\nprecipitation and will recede and even dry up (due to evaporation) during\nprolonged droughts. Lake sediment cores are often drilled to provide\nstratigraphic clues to past climate conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d324729f-cc0d-4943-8d1a-d38335120c00", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Marine sediments are composed of both biogenic and terrigenous materials.\nBiogenic sediments includes the remains of planktic and benthic organisms,\nwhich provide a record of past climate and oceanic circulation. Terrigenous\nmaterial provides a record of humidity-aridity variations on the continents,\nintensity and direction of winds, and other modes of sediment transport\n(rivers, glaciers, erosion, etc.).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e872413-f416-43dd-a960-942ef892ae59", "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope,\r\ne.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic\r\norganisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e001c431-c204-419e-af64-cc8978132abf", "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of\nrock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature\nchanges at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature.\nBorehhole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature\nvariations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f986b716-d26c-4c98-8166-b415229186ff", "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a\r\nmicroscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in\r\nthe past.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "296b7bc4-c031-48ea-bb6d-99f7c971c953", "label": "CORAL DEPOSITS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hard\ncalcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, the\nimportant coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known as\nhermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surface\ntemperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondance between\nlarge excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)\nevents. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs,\nrainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56589fec-7573-42df-b853-2754cdc9e1b7", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of isotopic (excluding oxygen) signatures\r\nin ocean/lake sediments to determine past climatic conditions, and apply\r\nthose findings to the Earth's climate at the time period in question.\r\nCarbon isotope analysis is very important in extracting paleoclimatic\nsignatures from corals and from benthic forams.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a65ec029-86a7-4c3b-b2b3-ee26353aaf36", "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Isotopes of oxygen (O-18, O-16, O-13) are found in calcium carbonate in sea\nwater. The production of O18 is highly dependent on temperature. The oxygen\nisotope record in marine sediments varies locally with temperature and globally\nwith variations in continental ice volume. Oxygen isotope analyses have been\ncarried out on deep sea cores from areas of calcareous sedimentation throughout\nthe world and similar variations in O18 are recorded everywhere. The O18 signal\nis that of ice volume changes on the continents and concomitant changes in the\nisotopic content of the oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d42bf3e3-3eda-471a-adb5-ddf1240cd474", "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's\r\nmaterials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's\r\nmagnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field\r\ncan be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the\r\nEarth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in\r\nsediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ad60c3b-f72e-4f54-9d3e-0048373c166d", "label": "VARVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "A sedimentary bed or lamina or sequence of laminae (thin layers) deposited in a\nbody of silt or still water within a year's time. Usually refers to glacial\nvarves resulting from seasonally deposited meltwater streams in a glacial lake\nor other body of still water. Counting the varves have been used to measure\nglacial deposits.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "adcd37fe-9f4a-4d8d-8f79-489775707ea2", "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "'Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a\nmicrospore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The\nstudy of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important\naspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen\nanalysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological\ncharacteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)\nthey are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are\ndistributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to\ndecay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen\ndeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions. \n'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a088eccf-1160-4f01-ab71-53e720264ecd", "label": "SEDIMENT CORE", - "broader": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", + "parentId": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "tube of sediment collected from the bed of a water body, allowing the analysis of layers of which it is made up, leading to information on seabed / lakebed character, depositional history and environmental change.", "children": [] } @@ -18686,31 +18686,31 @@ { "uuid": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "label": "BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "Biological classification is the process by which scientists group living organisms. Organisms are classified based on how similar they are. Historically, similarity was determined by examining the physical characteristics of an organism but modern classification uses a variety of techniques including genetic analysis.\nOrganisms are classified according to a system of seven ranks:\n\nKingdom\nPhylum\nClass\nOrder\nFamily\nGenus\nSpecies", "children": [ { "uuid": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "label": "ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", + "parentId": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "definition": "Invertebrates are animals lacking a backbone, or without bones.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", "label": "ARTHROPODS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "The phylum Arthropods possesses an exoskeleton, the arrangement of\nhardened plates and tubular sections found in the outer covering or\ncuticle of the body.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b32ca9df-f981-4696-bf97-c190175e47b7", "label": "CHELICERATES", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", + "parentId": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", "definition": "Subphylum of Arthropoda distinguished by chelicerae appendages near the mouth to aid in feeding and only two main body regions, the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma)", "children": [ { "uuid": "973bd2bd-c201-4e8c-8c86-d2e849298310", "label": "ARACHNIDS", - "broader": "b32ca9df-f981-4696-bf97-c190175e47b7", + "parentId": "b32ca9df-f981-4696-bf97-c190175e47b7", "definition": "Arachnids are arthropods with a body divided into an anterior and\nposterior part. The posterior section contains four pairs of legs.\nArachnids are almost entirely terrestrial and mainly free living.", "children": [] } @@ -18719,62 +18719,62 @@ { "uuid": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "label": "CRUSTACEANS", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", + "parentId": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", "definition": "A subphylum or superclass of arthropods containing over 35,000 species\ndistributed worldwide, mainly in freshwater and marine habitats, where they\nconstitute a major component of plankton.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4095dea9-3da1-4679-bccf-7fe637414910", "label": "EUPHAUSIIDS (KRILL)", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Order Euphasiacea, commonly referred to as Krill, are small shrimp like crustaceans with a hard exoskeleton divided into cephalon, thorax and abdomen with biramous appendages and a flattened tail fin called a telson", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e20c4981-7cbe-4f5c-9139-78b22ee7bfb6", "label": "AMPHIPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Crustacean class Malacostraca with three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57e04385-5f7b-432b-8f0b-b26fc9e3d77d", "label": "BARNACLES", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Cone shaped shell-wall comprised of calcareous plates sessile, marine intertidal crustaceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bfda8569-896e-4efa-81e1-8f02af8b1017", "label": "MYSIDS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Order Mysida, Phylum Arthropoda, are small shrimp-like crustaceans characterized by an eight segmented thorax concealed by a protective carapace, a six segmented abdomen, with a head that bears a pair of stalked eyes and two pairs of antennae", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9443e3fb-5087-4aae-a311-35ab172c45ce", "label": "COPEPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Small aquatic crustaceans in Phylum Arthropoda", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e631c681-5dad-48b2-83ce-943a1f0df47a", "label": "DECAPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Small ten-footed aquatic crustaceans in Phylum Arthropoda", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e91ca626-7afa-4e36-8a28-f8df6fc9d797", "label": "OSTRACODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Class Ostracoda, Phylum Arthropoda, are small crustaceans characterized by a bivalved carapace that encloses the entire body and distinguished by five pairs of appendages on their head and 1-3 pairs of appendages on their body.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dcf06e40-74f1-4341-bc80-79dcd2e268b9", "label": "ISOPODS", - "broader": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", + "parentId": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5", "definition": "Phylum Isopoda are aquatic and terrestrial malacostracan crustaceans characterized by small, dorsoventrally flattened body, a pair of maxillipeds, two large antennae and one small vestigial pair, a cephalic sheild and unstalked compound eyes and many legs (except the parasitic form)", "children": [] } @@ -18783,20 +18783,20 @@ { "uuid": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", "label": "HEXAPODS", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", + "parentId": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", "definition": "Subphylum Hexapoda constitutes the largest number of species of arthropods characterized by bodies divided into six fused segments.", "children": [ { "uuid": "44e49605-e860-41d0-8ef8-cb74419f831d", "label": "INSECTS", - "broader": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", + "parentId": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", "definition": "Insects are a class of Arthropoda, members of which have three pairs of\nlegs and usually two pairs of wings borne on the thorax.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b23a3120-0b90-434d-81e6-988f62034e22", "label": "ENTOGNATHA", - "broader": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", + "parentId": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", "definition": "class of wingless arthropods with entognathous mouthparts", "children": [] } @@ -18805,20 +18805,20 @@ { "uuid": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", "label": "MYRIAPODS", - "broader": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", + "parentId": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06", "definition": "Subphylum Myriapoda, Phylum Arthropoda, are characterized by elongated segmented body, a single pair of antenna and simple eyes. Common examples are centipedes and millipedes", "children": [ { "uuid": "582efbf1-ae9c-47f4-8155-c445f3816dd8", "label": "CENTIPEDES", - "broader": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", + "parentId": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", "definition": "Centipedes are in the Class Chilopoda, and are elongate arthropods with\nbody divided into head and trunk, the latter bearing ten or more pairs of\nlegs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6db51cf-d2d0-4203-94c8-c884579e0cb0", "label": "MILLIPEDES", - "broader": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", + "parentId": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9", "definition": "Millipedes are in the Class Chilopoda, in the Phylum Arthropoda, and\nare elongate arthropods with body divided into head and trunk, the latter\nbearing never many more than 200 pairs of legs.", "children": [] } @@ -18829,48 +18829,48 @@ { "uuid": "acce07bc-4e22-48b8-8396-10628c13124f", "label": "COMB JELLIES", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Common name for Ctenophores. Marine invertebrates distinct with rows of fused cilia", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb4834d9-7bfe-4283-86f7-931532baa79c", "label": "WATER BEARS (TARDIGRADES)", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Tardigrada. Commonly known as Water Bears are extremophilic, water-dwelling, eight-legged semented micro-animals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c974992-0ec2-4c55-9ab9-e8158f446fe7", "label": "PRIAPULANS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Priapulida. Commonly called Penis Worms are gonochoristic burrowing marine vermiform pseudocoelomate animals with spines around the mouth", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", "label": "ECHINODERMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "The phylum Echinoderms is a wholly marine group whose members include\nthe familiar starfish and sea urchins often found on the shore. Some of\ntheir particular features are their five-sided adult symmetry, their\nendoskeleton which consists of many small crystals of calcium carbonate\nand tube feet, which are outward manifestations of their water vascular\nsystem.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ec994afa-ecd4-4d25-9e8b-335cd982755c", "label": "SEA STARS", - "broader": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", + "parentId": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", "definition": "Phylum Echinodermata. Class Asteroidea. Opportunistic marine invertebrates characterized by a central armored disk-shaped body with 5 flexible arms having tube feet", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6972b6bd-2f7e-460d-b12a-914b7d1e029c", "label": "SEA URCHINS", - "broader": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", + "parentId": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", "definition": "Phylum Echinodermata. Class Echinoidea. Marine invertebrates with five-fold symmetry visible on the test and spines used for protection", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c653917-a5d8-4572-a509-572e9fd2c63d", "label": "BRITTLE/BASKET STARS", - "broader": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", + "parentId": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", "definition": "Class Ophiuroidea in Phylum Echinodermata. Marine invertebrates characterized by five long thin flexible arms around a central armored disk-shaped body", "children": [] } @@ -18879,19 +18879,19 @@ { "uuid": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", "label": "MOLLUSKS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Mollusks are fundamentally bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with\nsegmentation almost or completely absent; muscular foot, typically\nventral; head usually with concentrated sense organs; dorsal mantle of\ntissue folded to form a cavity with usually houses gills; well developed\nblood vascular system and usually an internal or external calcareous\nshell.", "children": [ { "uuid": "955fae6f-6aae-460a-a952-1c0c30f5151e", "label": "CEPHALOPODS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", + "parentId": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", "definition": "Class of marine Mollusks with a well developed senses, three hearts, jet powered, color changing skin and large brains.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0d07a910-06bf-4607-90f8-422e1f35cfa0", "label": "SQUIDS", - "broader": "955fae6f-6aae-460a-a952-1c0c30f5151e", + "parentId": "955fae6f-6aae-460a-a952-1c0c30f5151e", "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Cephalopoda. Marine molluscs characterized by a condensed anteroposteriorly and extended dorso-ventrally body plan and a reduce shell with only a pen remaining", "children": [] } @@ -18900,41 +18900,41 @@ { "uuid": "2b24db47-ecf4-4559-aaff-aef150188b03", "label": "APLACOPHORANS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", + "parentId": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", "definition": "Molluscs deviated from the normal molluscan form with no shell and rudimentary body structure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e65cfeec-0da2-40d8-b80d-1c74d1a498fc", "label": "CHITONS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", + "parentId": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", "definition": "Rock dwelling marine mollusks with oval shaped bodies that are flattened dorsoventrally with overlapping and separate plates that form a shell", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", "label": "BIVALVES", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", + "parentId": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", "definition": "Aquatic mollusk with a compressed body enclosed within a hinged two-part shell.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bc60fbb8-f9e9-492e-9acf-0f47345cedf2", "label": "MUSSELS", - "broader": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", + "parentId": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Bivalvia. Sedentary bivalve characterized by two-part shell of calcium carbonate secreted by the mantle and joined by a ligamentous hinge held shut by adductor muscles distinguished by slipper dark colored shells and attached to strata by byssus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9273a48a-7ca4-4f1a-9347-7f6599b5a7e3", "label": "CLAMS", - "broader": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", + "parentId": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Bivalvia. Burrowing bivalve characterized by two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and having powerful burrowing foot.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6782a30-639e-4d70-8290-81683d248b1f", "label": "OYSTERS", - "broader": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", + "parentId": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Bivalvia. Sedentary bivalve characterized by two-part shell of calcium carbonate secreted by the mantle and joined by a ligamentous hinge held shut by adducter muscles distinguished by a rough, irregular shell shape.", "children": [] } @@ -18943,7 +18943,7 @@ { "uuid": "d2db293d-2ed7-4831-9794-a2cf903e4d4d", "label": "GASTROPODS", - "broader": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", + "parentId": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be", "definition": "Largest group in the Phylum Mollusca, commonly known as slugs and snails, are extremely diverse species in habitat, feeding and morphology. Characterized by a single, often coiled, shell (although lost in some slug groups), a body that has undergone torsion so the pallial cavity faces forwards and well-developed head bearing a pair of cephalic tentacles", "children": [] } @@ -18952,34 +18952,34 @@ { "uuid": "bfbfd84c-6bf0-412f-9e75-1bad5241c339", "label": "SPONGES", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Sponges are multicellular organisms with no discrete tissues and organs\nbut with a skeleton composed of collagen (with or without mineral\nelements), and a tubular water filtration system driven by specialized\nuniflagellate cells. They have a free living sessile habit and are mainly\nmarine at all depths and latitudes but some occur in freshwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", "label": "SEGMENTED WORMS (ANNELIDS)", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Segmented Worms are worms that have a repeating series of body units that\nmay or may not be similar to one another.", "children": [ { "uuid": "517e2978-223e-42a2-b889-9c60f7099859", "label": "EARTHWORMS", - "broader": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", + "parentId": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", "definition": "Tube shaped segmented worm in Phylum Annelida", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b845369b-bf6b-47a6-b56a-a11438604a39", "label": "LEECHES", - "broader": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", + "parentId": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", "definition": "Class Hirudinea, Phylum Annelida, similar to oligochaetes but are characterized by lack of bristles and two suckers", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea2c5c8f-6b57-4fcc-8c01-53343c706cef", "label": "BRISTLE WORMS", - "broader": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", + "parentId": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5", "definition": "Free-living segmented worms classified with an elongated body and pair of appendages and setae (tufts of bristles) on each segment.", "children": [] } @@ -18988,26 +18988,26 @@ { "uuid": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", "label": "CNIDARIANS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "The name Cnidaria comes from the Greek word 'cnidos', which means stinging\nnettle (i.e. nematocysts). This phylum contains thousands of living species\nworldwide. These creatures are radially symmetrical. There are four major\ngroups of cnidarians:\r\n1) Anthozoa, which includes true corals, anemones, and sea pens;\r\n2) Cubozoa, the amazing box jellies with complex eyes and potent toxins;\r\n3) Hydrozoa, the most diverse group with siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals,\nand many medusae; and\r\n4) Scyphozoa, the true jellyfish.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", "label": "ANTHOZOANS/HEXACORALS", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", + "parentId": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", "definition": "Subclass of class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidarian) of water-based organisms formed by colonial polyps with hexamerous symmetry, eight and ten part symmetry is not uncommon. Hexacorals consit of anemones and 'true corals' with a stony skeleton, also known as 'reef building corals'", "children": [ { "uuid": "9c47c3f3-09ae-491f-994c-0322e2875a7e", "label": "SEA ANEMONES", - "broader": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", + "parentId": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", "definition": "Anemones, or Sea Anemones, belong to the class Anthozoa, which are\r\nsedentary polypoid forms including sea fans, and hard and soft corals.\r\nAnthozoans are the most advanced members of the Phylum Cnidaria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd4de9c8-e078-43cf-a7d8-78f289c8618e", "label": "HARD OR STONY CORALS", - "broader": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", + "parentId": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774", "definition": "Scleractinia is a subclass of class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidarian) of water-based organisms formed by colonial polyps with hexamerous symmetry, eight and ten part symmetry is not uncommon. Stony corals, known as hard corals or 'reef-building corals, are sessile marine organisms that secrete a calicum carbonate skeleton to protect it's soft body. Polyps are individual animals with a cylindrical body crowned by an oral disc and mouth surrounded by tentacles.", "children": [] } @@ -19016,34 +19016,34 @@ { "uuid": "cb628a66-a10b-4ef1-9261-7ce63a9439dc", "label": "JELLYFISHES", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", + "parentId": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", "definition": "Jellyfish are acoelomate with a body wall divided into two layers and\nseparated by a jelly-like mesoglea. They are primarily radially\nsymmetrical with no anus and a mouth usually surrounded by tentacles\nbearing stinging nematocysts. Jellyfish are free swimming.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", "label": "ANTHOZOANS/OCTOCORALS", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", + "parentId": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", "definition": "Subclass of class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidarian) of aquatic organisms formed by colonial polyps with eight fold symmetry, consisting of 'soft corals' lacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by minute, spiny skeletal sclerites used in identification.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c6b33bb7-9714-42b5-88d2-f16bd671b799", "label": "SEA FANS/SEA WHIPS", - "broader": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", + "parentId": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", "definition": "Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Order Alyconacea. Commonly known as Gorgonians are water-based animals formed by colonial polyps with 8 fold symmetry, consisting of 'soft corals' lacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by calcareous spicules less than 0.3 mm in length used in identification", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f25a6bc-ccbd-44fd-a33f-36a2ed53827f", "label": "SEA PENS", - "broader": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", + "parentId": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", "definition": "Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Class Pennatulacea. Water-based animals formed by colonial polyps with 8 fold symmetry, consisting of 'soft corals' lacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by upright stalks, and specialized polyps with specific functions", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7836e8bd-176d-4e2f-9ac1-7f9d9a152b4e", "label": "SOFT CORALS", - "broader": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", + "parentId": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211", "definition": "Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Common name of water-based organisms formed by colonial polyps with 8 fold symmetry, clacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by minute, spiny skeletal sclerites used in identification", "children": [] } @@ -19052,7 +19052,7 @@ { "uuid": "c2c891c2-aa15-40b8-bfae-f02f42d0c739", "label": "HYDROZOANS", - "broader": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", + "parentId": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284", "definition": "Subgroup of Phylum Cnidarian having both polyp and medusa stage distinguished by their complex life cycle, the presence of a velum inside the medusa stage and production of gametes from ectodermal.", "children": [] } @@ -19061,146 +19061,146 @@ { "uuid": "70c0b882-3d34-4e2d-90bf-339ade328ee0", "label": "ACORN WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Common name for any worm-shaped marine invertebrates characterized by three body parts, covering of cilia and solitary benthic lifestyle.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b3f96de-62f8-482a-87a5-6efcc3414af7", "label": "ROTIFERS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Rotifera. Microscopic aquatic animals with a complete digestive tract complete with mouth and anus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af9520f0-6011-45e0-a1d8-bd8c3ed042b0", "label": "SPINY-HEADED WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Acanthocephala. Parasitic worms characterized by the presence of a spiked eversible proboscis", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b560f23d-f190-4c41-8bd9-4650a83296af", "label": "BRYOZOANS/MOSS ANIMALS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Microscopic aquatic colonial invertebrates classified by lophophore, a specialized feeding structure that extends from the body wall into a tentacle structure surrounding the mouth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c1cf609-c70d-4811-8514-3ca45a8bb380", "label": "ROUNDWORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Roundworms are mostly worm-like and unsegmented, with an external cuticle,\na pseudocoelom between body wall and gut, an anus and complex nervous\nsystem but not circulatory system. They are mostly free living bottom\ndwellers in marine and freshwater environments and in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb62f1cf-a6e5-4d9d-a3ab-c665b93ce072", "label": "PHORONIDS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Phoronida. Commonly called Horeshoe worms are hermaphroditic, marine, benthic, suspension feeding vermiform animals distringuished with a looped digestive tract and the anus is located close to the mouth. Adult Phoronida live in chitinous tube attached or burrowed in a hard substrate with lophophore, ciliated feeding structure, surrounding the mouth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "470b8420-2a72-4a0c-9c87-e85c57bf01bb", "label": "LORICIFERANS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Loricifera are microscopic bilateral animals characterized by a lorica and habitat between marine sediments", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ce4bad9-f050-4b0c-845e-5e7569b6a2d2", "label": "FLATWORMS/FLUKES/TAPEWORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Flatworms have a dorsoventrally flattened, simple triploblastic body lacking\na coelom, anus and blood vascular system.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "328d3442-34a0-496b-ae4d-87eb447058b8", "label": "ARROW WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Common name for Chaetognaths. Marine worms with a bilaterally symmetrical, mostly transparent soft body.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d179cd8-3d64-47a8-b665-ac1382053aff", "label": "PEANUT WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Spiuncula. Commonly called Peanut Worms, have an unsegmented fluid filled body and are characterized by a twisted intestine, the anus on the side of the body, a retractable introvert body section and a ring of tentacles around the mouth. Sipunculans have no circulatory or respiratory system", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f70d3181-c6b6-40ec-a583-6c9e44e1c4ad", "label": "BURROWS/SPOON WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Echiura is a group of burrowing marine invertebrates related to Annelids without segmentation classified with an extensible proboscis and set of hooks at posterior end.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b5fd1dc-cfff-4bd8-9807-b5dd5ecf83fe", "label": "RIBBON WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Nemertini (also spelled Nemertina or Nemertea). Commonly called Ribbon Worms are free-living worms with a proboscis separated from the digestive tract distinguished by a complete gut with anus and blood vessels", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23193921-88ee-4ff2-b9ca-d4688aa4bda7", "label": "ENTOPROCTS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "A phylum of small invertebrate aquatic animals typically having a cup-shaped body bearing tentacles and attached to the substrate by means of a stalk characterized by having tentacles with a downstream-collecting ciliary system, an anus inside the ring of ciliated tentacles, and no coelomic canal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa4b61fa-32e7-420f-988f-df5527b6f935", "label": "WHEEL WEAVERS (CYCLIOPHORANS)", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Cycliophora. Commonly called Wheel Weavers are acoelomate, bilateral obligate commensalist animals on the mouthparts of lobsters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3425c65-ead7-4bf6-942c-7176a1469b58", "label": "HORSEHAIR WORMS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Nematomorpha, commonly known as horsehair worms, are parasitoid animals on arthropods. They have cilia on an external cuticle, and only have longitudinal muscle, a nerve ring near the anterior, and non-functional gut with no respiratory, excretory or circulatory system.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "28ae9814-61c2-4ca4-8bc5-d093c1ce5e83", "label": "LAMP SHELLS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Brachiopoda are a group of marine lophotrochozoans with hard shells on upper and lower surfaces, hinged at the rear with a pedicle projecting from one of the valesto keep the animal anchored to the seabed floor. Two main groups comprise brachiopods, articulate with toothed hinges and simple muscles and inarticulates with untoothed hinges and complex muscles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e05fac08-e3de-4f41-a3fa-29d322a99ac2", "label": "GNATHOSTOMULIDS", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Gnathostomulida, commonly known as jaw worms, are marine microscopic free-living worms characterized by a monocliliated epidermis and complex cuticular mouthparts", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", "label": "TUNICATES", - "broader": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", + "parentId": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Subphylum Tunicata. Commonly called Sea Squirts, sessile marine invertebrate filter feeders characterized by a tough outer layer of polysaccharide cellulose", "children": [ { "uuid": "9987f02e-2f2f-48ed-95ac-02514f02d7b0", "label": "SEA SQUIRTS", - "broader": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", + "parentId": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Subphylum Tunicata. Common name for Tunicates, sessile marine invertebrate filter feeders characterized by a tough outer layer of polysaccharide cellulose", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b1af14c-25f1-42bb-bba9-24ee5cee4e43", "label": "LARVACEANS", - "broader": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", + "parentId": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", "definition": "Class Appendicularia, Phylum Chordata, commonly called larvaceans are solitary, free-swimming tunicates characterized by a transparent body of a trunk housing internal organs and a tail with a notochord. The trunk secretes a mucous house that encloses the animal therefore making it a gelatinous zooplankton", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b63e1a64-661a-4228-8453-248076f612b7", "label": "SALPS", - "broader": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", + "parentId": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Subphylum Tunicata. Class Thaliacea. Order Salpida. Free swimming marine holoplanktonic filter feeding chordates without ceolom, segmentation and bony tissue characterized by a gelatinous transparent test", "children": [] } @@ -19211,40 +19211,40 @@ { "uuid": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "label": "PLANTS", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", + "parentId": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "definition": "Pertaining to the scientific classification of plants.", "children": [ { "uuid": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", "label": "GYMNOSPERMS", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", + "parentId": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "definition": "Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants, commonly refered to as 'naked seeds', where the ovules are not inclused in the ovary.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b26769a1-f023-4ab1-bc21-78ef2a5fd185", "label": "CONIFERS", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", + "parentId": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", "definition": "Conifers are pollen- and seed-bearing plants of the dominant group\nof gymnosperms; mostly evergreen, woody trees and shrubs with needle-like\nor scale-like leaves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0077bce-436c-432c-8d28-eb8d9cf2849b", "label": "GNETOPS", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", + "parentId": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", "definition": "Gnetophytes are a small group of Gymnosperms characterized by the presence of vessels elements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e7a8b01-ee3b-44e2-95ef-cf4603b05204", "label": "CYCADS", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", + "parentId": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", "definition": "Division Cycadophyta. Plants resembling palms with a ligneous trunk, stiff evergreen pinnate leaves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fdccf097-a2e1-4494-ad47-1c96a4d0d99a", "label": "GINKGO", - "broader": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", + "parentId": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", "definition": "Ginkgo are dioecious trees, with flagellated sperm inside a pollen grain dispersed by wind. Ginkgo leaves are unique among Gymnosperms as they are broad, flat, lobed, fan-shaped with dichotomous veins", "children": [] } @@ -19253,27 +19253,27 @@ { "uuid": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", "label": "MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS)", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", + "parentId": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "definition": "'Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are the dominant marine plants inhabiting\ntemperate coasts. Macroalgae contain chlorophyll and an assortment of\nadditional pigments spanning the visible spectrum from blue to red.\nHistorically, classification was based on pigmentation. At present, the\nclassification of marine algae relies on additional diagnostic\ncharacteristics. Although pigmentation is only one of the characteristics\nused to classify the algae, the original names, which were based on color,\nhave been retained. The major divisions of seaweed are green\nalgae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae\n(Phaeophyta).", "children": [ { "uuid": "63015ca3-455b-4d91-b047-ff83a95d6bbe", "label": "RED ALGAE", - "broader": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", + "parentId": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", "definition": "Division Rhodophyta. Red algae are characterized by accessory pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanins in the phycobillisomes, lack of flagella and centrioles, starch as their storage product, unstacked thylakoids, and no chloroplast in the endoplasmic reticulum", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36e07e20-ce85-4418-83fd-6d718e55f370", "label": "BROWN ALGAE", - "broader": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", + "parentId": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", "definition": "Phylum Ochrophyta. Class Phaeophyceae, brown algae, are distinguished by chloroplasts with four membranes, fucoxanthin pigment and are heterokonts that develop into forms with differentiated tissues.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fb63f34-f934-4a20-9d6e-ee57424f2391", "label": "GREEN ALGAE", - "broader": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", + "parentId": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c", "definition": "Green algae are distinguished by chlorophyll a and b proportions, accessory pigments beta-carotene, and xanthophylls in stacked thylakoids. Cell walls are typically cellulose and they store carbohydrates as starch", "children": [] } @@ -19282,26 +19282,26 @@ { "uuid": "934bd870-ffa8-41d8-8da9-214b73707168", "label": "MOSSES/HORNWORTS/LIVERWORTS", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", + "parentId": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "definition": "Mosses and Liverworts belong to the Phylum Bryophyta, Class Musci\nand Hepaticae, respectively. Bryophytes are relatively small plants that\ngrow in moist places on land -- on damp rocks and logs, on the forest\nfloor, in swamps or marshes, or beside streams and pools. In a moss, the\nsporophyte stage of the life cycle is a relatively simple structure\nconsisting of three parts: a foot embedded in the 'leafy' green\ngametophyte, a stalk, and a distal capsule, or sporangium. The gametophyte\nplants of some liverworts resemble mosses except that the 'leaves' are\nscaly in appearance, and the 'stem' is prostrate. Other liverworts grow\nas flat green structures lying on the substratum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", "label": "ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", + "parentId": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "definition": "Flowering Plants are all included within the class Angiospermae.\nToday angiosperms are the dominant plant life, their survival helped by\nthe angiosperms' flowers (through pollination), fruit (by being carried to\nnew places), and seeds (which contain food to nourish the young plant).", "children": [ { "uuid": "b2957a8b-4c60-42aa-ac1c-56a88421702b", "label": "MONOCOTS", - "broader": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", + "parentId": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", "definition": "Monocots are plants that have one cotyledon in the seeds, distinguished by the structure of their pollen with a single furrows, flowers in multiples of three, parallel leaf veins, stem vascular bundles scattered that are adventitious", "children": [ { "uuid": "e36c5faa-c772-4bb0-aeca-b361e160ce9d", "label": "SEAGRASS", - "broader": "b2957a8b-4c60-42aa-ac1c-56a88421702b", + "parentId": "b2957a8b-4c60-42aa-ac1c-56a88421702b", "definition": "Seagrasses are marin angiosperms with erect, elongated leaves where photosynthesis is restricted to, and a buried rhizome system", "children": [] } @@ -19310,7 +19310,7 @@ { "uuid": "f4211da2-9eaa-4bb3-86b1-c4595e9f2971", "label": "DICOTS", - "broader": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", + "parentId": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", "definition": "Dicots are plants that are have two cotyledons in the seeds, distinguished by the structure of their pollen with three furrows, flowers in multiples of four or five, reticulated leaf veins, stem vascular bundles in a ring and roots that develop from a radicle.", "children": [] } @@ -19319,26 +19319,26 @@ { "uuid": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", "label": "MICROALGAE", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", + "parentId": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "definition": "Microalgae are microscopic algae.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b29cf79c-92a9-4160-aa8a-6917da79e298", "label": "DINOFLAGELLATES", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", + "parentId": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", "definition": "Dinoflagellates are protists with two flagella, a traverse flagellum typically contained in the cingulum used for motion and a longitudinal flagellum that acts as a rudder. Dinoflagellates are most common in freshwater and can be harmful as 'red tides'.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a454dc9-de56-4682-8688-36ffd547d42f", "label": "HAPTOPHYTES", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", + "parentId": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", "definition": "Haptophytes are a clade of heterokont algae with smooth flagella. Haptophytes are typically eukaryotic, with a central nucleus and are characterized with a haptonema organelle.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ab7eb13f-5fcb-4afa-8819-c37d36feeec1", "label": "COCCOLITHOPHORES", - "broader": "0a454dc9-de56-4682-8688-36ffd547d42f", + "parentId": "0a454dc9-de56-4682-8688-36ffd547d42f", "definition": "Coccolithophores are extremely small, flagellated organisms of the KingdomProtista, which are adorned with buttons of calcium carbonate, called coccoliths. The coccolithophores appear to contribute significantly to marine food chains by capturing radiant energy and manufacturing food during photosynthesis. The coccolithophores make up a considerable portion of the microscopic life in warmer regions, such as the Sargasso Sea.", "children": [] } @@ -19347,14 +19347,14 @@ { "uuid": "a14cfe48-9554-4e7c-9a2b-bf72834eafba", "label": "DIATOMS", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", + "parentId": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", "definition": "'Diatoms are algae of the Phylum Ochrista that lack flagella. They have\na jewel-like appearance.\tThey play an extremely important role in\naquatic food webs in that they are the second most abundant component of\nmarine plankton (after blue-green algae).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "502c9a41-ab95-4ae7-8e92-d1024b094f36", "label": "CRYPTOMONADS", - "broader": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", + "parentId": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058", "definition": "Phylum Cryotophyta. Group of motile, unicellular algae, flattened with an anterior groove or pocket with two unequal flagella characterized by extrusomes with two ribbons held under tension", "children": [] } @@ -19363,34 +19363,34 @@ { "uuid": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", "label": "FERNS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", + "parentId": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "definition": "Pteridophytes, commonly called Ferns and fern allies, are vascular plants with fronds, roots and sometimes true stems.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c5ae3a71-d144-4b91-9cf0-e3cb27ce718f", "label": "CLUB MOSSES", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", + "parentId": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", "definition": "Division Pteridophyta. Class Lycopodiopsida. Order Lycopodiales. Lycopodium, commonly called club mosses, are asexual, flowerless, vascular plants with widely branched stems and needle-like leaves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9818a5f0-bec9-47c0-b2ee-7e84c55466ed", "label": "FERNS", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", + "parentId": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", "definition": "Ferns, of the phylum Pterophyta, with 12,000 species, are the largest group\nof seedless vascular plants, and are in mainly tropical, temperate\nhabitats.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f5bbb69-57ea-4d8e-bd89-20478bc765d1", "label": "HORSETAILS", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", + "parentId": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", "definition": "Class Polypodiopsida. Order Equisetales. Horsetails is in a family of vascular plants, reproduces by spores, with reduced non-photosynthetic leaves and a microphyllis", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e76b3409-8be4-422b-8002-85bbfa846994", "label": "WHISK FERNS", - "broader": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", + "parentId": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", "definition": "Division Pteridophyta. Class Psilotopsida. Order Psilotales. Whisk ferns are fern-like vascular plants, without true roots and leaves but have rhizomes.", "children": [] } @@ -19401,39 +19401,39 @@ { "uuid": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "label": "ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", + "parentId": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "definition": "Vertebrates are chordates with a backbone, either of cartilage or bone, and a\nbrain located inside a protective chamber of skull bones.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "label": "MAMMALS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", + "parentId": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "definition": "The class Mammals are warm-blooded craniates with glandular skin which\nis typically hairy; Young are fed on milk secreted by mammary glands.\nMammals are mostly terrestrial in all habitats from forest to desert, but\nsome fly and some inhabit freshwater or the sea.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", "label": "EVEN-TOED UNGULATES", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", + "parentId": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Hoofed animals whose weight is evenly distributed by the third and fourth toes", "children": [ { "uuid": "108ece15-4588-4564-b803-dc1c17cf193e", "label": "HOGS/PIGS", - "broader": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", + "parentId": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Family Suidae are omnivores, even toed-ungulates with a large head and a long strengthened snout. Hog is a common name for domestic pig weighing more than 120lbs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5557a4f3-8392-4df5-81a9-206c2a86da89", "label": "DEER/MOOSE", - "broader": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", + "parentId": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Atiodactyla. Deer are ruminant, four legged animals with long powerful legs, a small tail, long ears. Deer distinguished by their antlers, which are temporary and can be regrown. Male deer possess antlers while generally females lack antlers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33e2e026-e40b-4932-95a9-b2ca1a7aa407", "label": "CATTLE/SHEEP", - "broader": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", + "parentId": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Family Bovidae. Cattle, commonly called cows, are large quadrupedal animals with odd-toed ungulate ruminants with cloven hooves", "children": [] } @@ -19442,41 +19442,41 @@ { "uuid": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", "label": "CARNIVORES", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", + "parentId": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "definition": "A species that eats meat and flesh of animals", "children": [ { "uuid": "d8973cd1-f3b4-4087-bf3b-25ac0732fb38", "label": "MARTENS/WEASELS/WOLVERINES", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", + "parentId": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Family Mustelidae are small carnivorous mammals with short legs, round ears and thick fur.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35cf1beb-a654-4ceb-ab6b-7e505c2144e7", "label": "SEALS/SEA LIONS/WALRUSES", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", + "parentId": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Pinnipeds are widely distributed carnivorous, fin-footed, marine mammals. Seals are eared and use well developed fore-flippers for swimming and walking. Sea lions have external ear flaps. Walruses are characterized by their tusks and whiskers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6831004a-34d7-42f5-a903-6c84a5e7590f", "label": "BEARS", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", + "parentId": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Family Ursidae. Bears are canivoran mammals with large bodies, stocky legs, log snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hairs distinguished by plantigrade paw with five nonretractile claws and short tails.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eedb68d2-c487-4dc8-8292-c375e3e8b455", "label": "OTTERS", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", + "parentId": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Otters, Family Mustelidae, are small carnivorous mammals with short legs, round ears, tail tappering to a point, nose with a blunt tip, and guard hair covering insulating coarse fur.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d01f599-3a98-44b9-889f-43df92386d12", "label": "DOGS/FOXES/WOLVES", - "broader": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", + "parentId": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Family Canidae. Digitigrade caniform animals with elongated legs, non-retractile claws, with bodies covered in hair except the tip of nose and cushioned pads on feet. Mostly social animals, communicate by scent signal and vocalization", "children": [] } @@ -19485,20 +19485,20 @@ { "uuid": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", "label": "CETACEANS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", + "parentId": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "definition": "Phylum chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Cetacea order are hairless, carnivorous, streamlined aquatic mammals consisting of whales, dolphins and porpoises, characterized by dorso-ventrally flattened tails into flukes, forelimbs modified into flippers, and long rostrum with nares at the top of the skull.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5e0ce993-df7c-46e2-9942-3a242df75705", "label": "BALEEN WHALES", - "broader": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", + "parentId": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Mysticeti, commonly called Baleen Whales, are sexually dimorphic distinguished by their enlarged head with two blow holes and thick blubber and rely on baleen plates to sieve small organisms from saltwater during feeding.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e2a4882-d1e9-4e1a-a2a5-efc449133bf5", "label": "TOOTHED WHALES", - "broader": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", + "parentId": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Odontocetes, commonly called Toothed Whales, are distinguished by their conical teeth.", "children": [] } @@ -19507,28 +19507,28 @@ { "uuid": "de9598de-24cc-4f87-b3df-d9f3d4717d33", "label": "ELEPHANTS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", + "parentId": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Proboscidea. Largest land mammal with long proboscis, incisors that grow into tusks, large ear flaps", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af5fb4da-260e-4e4e-a332-36dfd5084e5d", "label": "DUGONGS/MANATEES", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", + "parentId": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Sirenia are large, fusiform, slow moving herbivorous aquatic mammals with broad backs tapering to paddle-like, dorso-ventrally flattened tails. Their heavy bones act as ballasts to counteract their blubber buoyancy. Dugongs are more streamlined than manatees, lack nails on their flippers and have a bi-lobe tai.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fae29067-5d65-455a-a515-b1ac52881285", "label": "RODENTS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", + "parentId": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Rodentia. Rodents have small robust bodies, short limbs and long tails and are characterized by their dentition of a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9db9cb8c-7d18-4922-990c-b610d22356eb", "label": "BATS", - "broader": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", + "parentId": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Chiroptera. Bats forelimbs form wedded wings with long spread-out digits covered by a thin membrane flapped in flying making them the only mammals capable of sustained flight. Bats have a highly adapted lung system, use echolocation as they have poorly developed eyes and most are nocturnal", "children": [] } @@ -19537,97 +19537,97 @@ { "uuid": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "label": "BIRDS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", + "parentId": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "definition": "Birds, of the class Aves, are warm-blooded craniates with a body covering\nof feathers; typically with forelimbs modified as wings for active flight.\nThey are free living (most can fly) in all terrestrial and surface water\nhabitats; some are capable of swimming underwater.", "children": [ { "uuid": "519a7291-55a2-44a4-8f01-ca7742ff69cc", "label": "SANDPIPERS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Charadriiformes. Sandpipers are shorebirds with long bodies and legs and narrow wings", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4e28ec2-c2a0-4eb4-9544-8eb227903d47", "label": "ALBATROSSES/PETRELS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Procellariformes. Albatross family are colonial birds among the largest flying seabirds with a strong sharp-edged bill, the upper mandible ending in a large hook characterized by tubes along the sides of the bill that measure airspeed in flight. Petrel family are exclusively pelagic, colonial birds that refer to all Procellariforme families except Albatross family.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a463163e-8e86-4086-8b10-8fd6a95fca4a", "label": "PENGUINS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Sphenisciformes. Penguins are flightless aquatic birds, with countershaded bodies and evolved wings into flippers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c310aa65-810b-4e36-9689-d37b1154fa1b", "label": "DUCKS/GEESE/SWANS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Anseriformes. Family Anatidae, comprised of ducks, geese and swans, have a broad and elongated body plan, long neck, small head and short well developed wing muscles. Many have bills with a lamellate interior as they live in aquatic habitats", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f51c987-e49b-4988-a05c-d2d9da82dd22", "label": "EAGLES/FALCONS/HAWKS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. All are dirunal birds with keen vision. Falcons are typically smallest of the birds of prey and distinguished by thin tapered wings and a 'tooth' on the side of their beak used for hunting. Hawks and Eagles use their feet for hunting. Eagles are typically larger bodied, with a hooked beak and have heavy heads and beaks. Hawks are medium sized distinguished by rounded wings and short wide tail and have additional color receptors in their eye giving them ability to percieve ultraviolet light.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4342be4c-fd26-4c02-b09f-e35ea4f34575", "label": "LOONS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Gaviiformes. Loons are large diving aquatic birds with rounded heads, dagger-like bills and webbing between their toes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8f25820-dd06-4d8d-9548-dcc30a871982", "label": "WADERS/GULLS/AUKS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Charadriiformes are very diverse group of birds. Waders feed mostly in the mud. Gulls are generally larger and feed on small fish. Auks nest on sea cliffs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c8186508-c5dd-4282-86d2-b217643a87d8", "label": "PERCHING BIRDS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Passeriformes are true perching birds with four toes, three directed forward and one backward, and sharp curved claws.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39e33722-56b0-4928-a032-d4832f7136cc", "label": "CRANES AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Gruiformes. Cranes, Family Gruidae, are opportunistic feeding large long-legged and necked birds with streamlined bodies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70464ef6-7702-4b8d-bacc-50f44b0d6100", "label": "IBISES/SPOONBILLS", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Family Threskiornithidae are long-legged wading birds with long down-curved bills", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "050ce2a5-f895-4600-a0a1-eb0e3adb09e1", "label": "GREBES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Podicipediformes. Small to medium freshwater diving birds with lobed toes on large feet, long wings and varied bill depending on diet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a591a70-def2-4625-bf26-1151724dbcb4", "label": "PELICANS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Pelicans are large water birds characterized by totipalmate feet and a distinct bill with a pouch of skin used for catching prey.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af67dee1-7c50-4e73-8db8-b1f421df67fb", "label": "HERONS/EGRETS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", + "parentId": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Family Ardeidae are long-legged freshwater and coastal birds. Though not egrets are not biologically distinct from herons, they tend to be mainly white with decorative plumes. Herons has the same build has egrets but tend to be larger with thick daggerlike bills.", "children": [] } @@ -19636,20 +19636,20 @@ { "uuid": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", "label": "AMPHIBIANS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", + "parentId": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "definition": "Amphibians are craniates with a permeable skin across which respiration\r\ncan take place. Their life cycle includes a shell-less egg which gives\r\nrise to a distinct larval form. The amphibians are free living in fresh\r\nwater and on land (some are arboreal) but all are dependent on water or\r\ndamp conditions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "db49ac33-d70a-488c-a1f2-9aa3706ba707", "label": "FROGS/TOADS", - "broader": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", + "parentId": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Amphibia. Animals with stout body, protruding eyes, cleft tongue and limbs folded underneath with no tail as an adult. Frogs are characterized by moist and smooth skin, living mostly in water and having vomerine teeth in their upper jaw. Toads are characterized by dry and bumpy skin, living mostly on land and having no teeth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ac84a15-6f6b-48e0-b7ba-796813e5ff2c", "label": "SALAMANDERS", - "broader": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", + "parentId": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Amphibia. Salamanders have elongated cylindrical bodies and distinguished by presence of a tail in all life stages, limbs are right angles.", "children": [] } @@ -19658,39 +19658,39 @@ { "uuid": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", "label": "FISH", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", + "parentId": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "definition": "Fish are, broadly speaking, any poikilothermic (or organism whose\nbody temperature varies according to the temperature of its surroundings)\nlegless, aquatic vertebrate that possesses a series of gills on each side\nof the ;pharynx, a two-chambered heart, no internal nostrils, and at least\na median fin as well as a tail fin.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "label": "RAY-FINNED FISHES", - "broader": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", + "parentId": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Ray-finned fish are distinguished by spines in their fins.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0b8d5346-d10b-4e32-8179-7a51970c5e7f", "label": "SALMONS/TROUTS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Salmon, a common name for ray-finned fish, are a commercially important anadromous fish. Trout, common name for freshwater fish, have fins without spine and small adipose fin near the tail.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "340b843e-841e-40d9-97c2-d76cca66c65e", "label": "CODS/HADDOCKS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Gadiformes. Family Gadidae. Commonly called cods or haddock, are small commercially important fishes characterized by three dorsal fins, two anal fins, no fin spines, forward pectoral fins, even tail fins and protruding lower jaw.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85b2ba83-b81c-45a6-98d1-07b36040fe45", "label": "PERCH-LIKE FISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Perciforms, or perch-like fish, form the largest order of fish, the largest order of vertebrates and comprise at least a third of all fish species. They are distinguished by pectoral fins on the sides; spines on the dorsal and anal fins; pelvic fins on the abdomen with one spine and up to five soft rays; dorsal and anal fins that are detached from the caudal (tail) fin, and jaw that can be thrust outward to suck food into the mouth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1369d226-2b9b-4f69-a197-6e24523b21e7", "label": "TUNAS AND ALLIES", - "broader": "85b2ba83-b81c-45a6-98d1-07b36040fe45", + "parentId": "85b2ba83-b81c-45a6-98d1-07b36040fe45", "definition": "Members of the Family Scombridae, including tunas, albacores, bonitos, and mackerels", "children": [] } @@ -19699,49 +19699,49 @@ { "uuid": "89530978-556a-44fd-88fa-5d42ce9c8b91", "label": "CATFISHES/MINNOWS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Catfish, Order Siluriformes are ray-finned fish characterized for their pair of barbels, and/or features of their flattened skull and swimbladder. Minnow is a common name for a freshwater or saltwater fish typically used as bait fish", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74b0e517-8cde-45ad-b6fa-0849d4355928", "label": "FLOUNDERS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Pleuronectiformes. Flatfish are ray-finned demersal fishes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "01549b6d-91e1-40de-bd7c-5ed5ee59d14e", "label": "STURGEONS/PADDLEFISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Acipenseriformes, which includes sturgeons and paddlefish, are ray-finned fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton and no vertebral centrum", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b9b8b32-93b4-4e8e-819d-55ee7f6a6480", "label": "NEEDLEFISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Beloniformes. Needlefish are slender piscivorous marine fish characterized by long, narrow beak with sharp teeth", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4309af7d-76c8-4856-8ed3-20693600228b", "label": "ANCHOVIES/HERRINGS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Clupeiformes. Anchovies, Family Engraulidae, are small common salt-water forage fish with a large mouth, characterized by a blunt snout with teeth in both jaws and a rostral organ. Herring, Family Clupediae, are small common salt-water forage fish characterized by a single dorsal fin without spines, no lateral line and protruding lower jaw.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3179b46a-ce20-453c-9ebf-18a070a91dec", "label": "PUPFISHES", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Cyprinodontiformes. Pupfish are ray-finned fish similar to minnows but distinguished by small mouths with teeth and typically found in extreme aquatic habitats.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0b5e8ee-e164-4713-97b7-a8e5100d5e9c", "label": "STICKLEBACKS", - "broader": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", + "parentId": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92", "definition": "Distribution: Northern Hemisphere. Body may be elongate, naked or with bony scutes along the sides. Three to sixteen well-developed isolated dorsal spines preceed a normal dorsal fin having 6-14 rays; caudal fin rays 12-13; a single spine and 1-2 soft rays in the pelvic fin; three branchiostegal rays; circumorbital ring incomplete posteriorly; epineurals present; vertebrae 28-42. About 18 cm maximum length reached in Spinachia spinachia. Sticklebacks have been widely used in scientific studies. Several subspecies are recognized by authors and the family is in need of revision.", "children": [] } @@ -19750,14 +19750,14 @@ { "uuid": "e5404ad9-95bf-4851-9dbb-fecf7dc1e905", "label": "LAMPREYS/HAGFISHES", - "broader": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", + "parentId": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Hyperoartia. Order Petromyzontiformes. Lampreys have a sucking disk for mouth, no jaw, elongates, cylindrical, flexible body distinguished by no scales covered with mucous, a rounded tail, separated dorsal fins without spines. Phylum Chordata. Class Myxini. Hagfish as distinguished from lampreys by the presence four pairs of tentacles around their mouth and a skull but no vertebral column", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed019e00-9b0a-4bdc-89aa-606cc929bd9f", "label": "SHARKS/RAYS/CHIMAERAS", - "broader": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", + "parentId": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Chondrichthyes. Elasmobranchii are cartilaginous fish characterized by having five to seven pairs of gill clefts, rigid dorsal fins and placoid scales. Sharks have pectoral fins not fused to their head. Chimaeras have soft bodies and a single gill-opening and primarily live in deep water. Rays are distinguished by their flattened bodies, enlarged pectoral fins fused to the head with gill openings on their ventral surface.", "children": [] } @@ -19766,19 +19766,19 @@ { "uuid": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", "label": "REPTILES", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", + "parentId": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "definition": "Reptiles are cold-blooded tetrapod craniates which breathe using lungs, have\na dry, scaly skin and lay large, shelled eggs. They live in all types\nof terrestrial habitats, the majority in tropical regions; many\nsecondarily freshwater and marine species.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2037d286-6285-49df-aeb4-6e429b18d595", "label": "TURTLES", - "broader": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", + "parentId": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Testudines are characterized by specialized shell developed from their ribs", "children": [ { "uuid": "c9cb7c91-1b1d-42d8-b5f8-596e657138f9", "label": "SEA TURTLES", - "broader": "2037d286-6285-49df-aeb4-6e429b18d595", + "parentId": "2037d286-6285-49df-aeb4-6e429b18d595", "definition": "Sea turtles are marine reptiles with streamlined bodies and large flippers that are well-adapted to life in the tropical and subtropical oceans. Sea turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira.", "children": [] } @@ -19787,14 +19787,14 @@ { "uuid": "3f1803fa-3ada-4762-96e4-28966dfdcc83", "label": "ALLIGATORS/CROCODILES", - "broader": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", + "parentId": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Crocodilia. Large, lizard-like reptiles with long flattened snouts, laterally compressed tails, and eyes, ears and nostrils at top of head with conical peg-like teeth and a powerful bite. Crocodiles tend to live in saltwater habitats and are characterized by a V-shaped snout with same width of upper and lower jaws, fringe on the hind legs and feet. Alligators tend to live in freshwater environments and are characterized by a wider, short head, a U-shaped snout with a wider upper jaw.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7dce336b-8596-45f0-bc76-f82b26e1405f", "label": "LIZARDS/SNAKES", - "broader": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", + "parentId": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Squamata. Lizards typically have feet and external ears. Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles with skin covered in scales.", "children": [] } @@ -19803,20 +19803,20 @@ { "uuid": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", "label": "MARINE MAMMALS", - "broader": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", + "parentId": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "definition": "Marine mammals represent three different orders of mammals: the Carnivora, Cetacea, and Sirenia. Species in these orders occupy typically marine habitats and evolved similar anatomical features, including large body size, streamlined shape (compared to terrestrial relatives), insulation in the form of blubber and dense fur, and in most cases, a modified appendicular skeleton resulting in reduction in the size of appendages. Marine mammals also possess some similar physiological adaptations (e.g., for diving, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, communication, and orientation) to permit them to exploit the aquatic environment.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a659fc9d-9d6a-4e47-b052-9270baa48dd4", "label": "PINNIPED", - "broader": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", + "parentId": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", "definition": "Pinnipeds are recognized as taxonomically distinct members of the mammalian order Carnivora. They include three monophyletic lineages (represented by three families), Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Odobenidae (walruses), and Phocidae (true or earless seals). The name pinniped comes from the Latin pinna and pedis meaning “feather-footed” referring to the paddle-like fore and hind limbs of seals, sea lions, and walruses. Pinnipeds comprise slightly more than one-fourth (28%) of the species diversity of marine mammals (approximately 134 species currently recognized).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "557e8ffd-807d-41b7-9cd3-ccc3f2690cf5", "label": "DOLPHINS", - "broader": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", + "parentId": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", "definition": "Small to medium-sized odontocetes that live in marine habitats, have conical teeth and a falcate dorsal fin set near the middle to the back.", "children": [] } @@ -19827,13 +19827,13 @@ { "uuid": "7437925f-7e10-4c96-af36-f3532ec24276", "label": "BACTERIA/ARCHAEA", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", + "parentId": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "definition": "Bacteria are a group of microscopic, one-celled protists.", "children": [ { "uuid": "166de4c9-89ad-4248-b771-512beb1705cf", "label": "CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE)", - "broader": "7437925f-7e10-4c96-af36-f3532ec24276", + "parentId": "7437925f-7e10-4c96-af36-f3532ec24276", "definition": "Blue-Green Algae, now called cyanobacteria, are good examples\nof photoautotrophic eubacteria. They are also among the most\ncommon photoautotrophs on Earth. Most live in ponds and other freshwater\nhabitats. They may grow as mucus-sheathed chains of cells, which can form\ndense, slimy mats near the surface of nutrient-enriched water.", "children": [] } @@ -19842,32 +19842,32 @@ { "uuid": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "label": "PROTISTS", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", + "parentId": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "definition": "Protists are of the Kingdom Protista and are one of the diverse\neukaryotes, single-celled species of which may resemble the first\neukaryotic cells. At the present they are categorized by what they are\nnot (not bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals).", "children": [ { "uuid": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", "label": "FLAGELLATES", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "Flagellates are free-living predators and parasites bearing one to\nseveral flagella. The free-living types abound in freshwater or marine\nhabitats. Parasitic types live in the moist tissues of plants and animals,\nincluding humans.", "children": [ { "uuid": "802614f5-e178-4e5d-be64-a7e09ea736cb", "label": "CRYPTOMONADS", - "broader": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", + "parentId": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", "definition": "Phylum Cryotophyta. Group of motile, unicellular algae, flattened with an anterior groove or pocket with two unequal flagella characterized by extrusomes with two ribbons held under tension", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc7d2770-86a3-463c-a92b-c61516ffb32a", "label": "HAPTOPHYTES", - "broader": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", + "parentId": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", "definition": "Haptophytes are a clade of heterokont algae with smooth flagella. Haptophytes are typically eukaryotic, with a central nucleus and are characterized with a haptonema organelle.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e88cc54b-7a4b-4680-b441-4d10a4534cd9", "label": "COCCOLITHOPHORES", - "broader": "dc7d2770-86a3-463c-a92b-c61516ffb32a", + "parentId": "dc7d2770-86a3-463c-a92b-c61516ffb32a", "definition": "Coccolithophores are extremely small, flagellated organisms of the KingdomProtista, which are adorned with buttons of calcium carbonate, called coccoliths. The coccolithophores appear to contribute significantly to marine food chains by capturing radiant energy and manufacturing food during photosynthesis. The coccolithophores make up a considerable portion of the microscopic life in warmer regions, such as the Sargasso Sea.", "children": [] } @@ -19876,7 +19876,7 @@ { "uuid": "a0176a92-3eff-4278-b8db-02148c990302", "label": "DINOFLAGELLATES", - "broader": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", + "parentId": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", "definition": "Dinoflagellates are protists with two flagella, a traverse flagellum typically contained in the cingulum used for motion and a longitudinal flagellum that acts as a rudder. Dinoflagellates are most common in freshwater and can be harmful as 'red tides'.", "children": [] } @@ -19885,27 +19885,27 @@ { "uuid": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", "label": "MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS)", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "'Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are the dominant marine plants inhabiting\ntemperate coasts. Macroalgae contain chlorophyll and an assortment of\nadditional pigments spanning the visible spectrum from blue to red.\nHistorically, classification was based on pigmentation. At present, the\nclassification of marine algae relies on additional diagnostic\ncharacteristics. Although pigmentation is only one of the characteristics\nused to classify the algae, the original names, which were based on color,\nhave been retained. The major divisions of seaweed are green\nalgae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae\n(Phaeophyta).", "children": [ { "uuid": "e2d18940-adf6-4bdd-ab4f-fe86e68278f4", "label": "BROWN ALGAE", - "broader": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", + "parentId": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", "definition": "Phylum Ochrophyta. Class Phaeophyceae, brown algae, are distinguished by chloroplasts with four membranes, fucoxanthin pigment and are heterokonts that develop into forms with differentiated tissues.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9e718df-0a3a-46b6-a34f-4960e9449660", "label": "RED ALGAE", - "broader": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", + "parentId": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", "definition": "Division Rhodophyta. Red algae are characterized by accessory pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanins in the phycobillisomes, lack of flagella and centrioles, starch as their storage product, unstacked thylakoids, and no chloroplast in the endoplasmic reticulum", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "76557903-2ed7-4f0e-b8fc-df02798d724e", "label": "GREEN ALGAE", - "broader": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", + "parentId": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", "definition": "Green algae are distinguished by chlorophyll a and b proportions, accessory pigments beta-carotene, and xanthophylls in stacked thylakoids. Cell walls are typically cellulose and they store carbohydrates as starch", "children": [] } @@ -19914,27 +19914,27 @@ { "uuid": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", "label": "AMOEBOIDS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "Amoebas refer to any eukaryotic organism that has the ability to alter it's shape by extending and contracting their pseudopods", "children": [ { "uuid": "949f8a84-185a-42a0-89dc-48534b46f309", "label": "AMOEBAS", - "broader": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", + "parentId": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", "definition": "The genus amoebae includes several protozoan species. Although, through\nthe microscope it appears as a shapeless mass of cytoplasm surrounded by a\nthin membrane. Amoebae perform all of life's functions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9becd489-f8fb-4dbb-b920-6c8399100515", "label": "RADIOLARIANS", - "broader": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", + "parentId": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", "definition": "Radiolarians belong to the class Actinopoda, meaning 'ray feet' which refers\nto the numerous slender, reinforced pseudopods that radiate from the body.\nLike foramniferans, the radiolarians are well represented in the fossil\nrecord, for they have ornate, silica-hardened parts that resist\ndegradation. Radiolarian shells contribute to the formation of siliceous\nrocks such as chert.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9750f06-3784-4058-941f-40289c8d9d8b", "label": "FORAMINIFERS", - "broader": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", + "parentId": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", "definition": "Foraminifers of subclass Sarcodina are amoeboid marine protozoa that secrete\na calcareous, many-chambered test in which to live and then extrude\nprotoplasm through pores to form a layer over the outside.", "children": [] } @@ -19943,41 +19943,41 @@ { "uuid": "6f2a1cfb-13f4-444f-a6e6-2d8b29797253", "label": "CILIATES", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "Ciliates are members of the phylum Ciliophora. As their name implies,\nciliates use numerous cilia as locomotor organelles. The ciliates exhibit\nthe greatest elaboration of subcellular organelles of any protozoan group,\nwhere, for example, the Paramecium has a special oral groove and\ncytopharynx, into which indigestible wastes are expelled from food\nvacuoles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fdb04105-e8ba-4a83-9c35-ed3c931ccc9f", "label": "DIATOMS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "Diatoms are algae of the Phylum Ochrista that lack flagella. They have\na jewel-like appearance.\tThey play an extremely important role in\naquatic food webs in that they are the second most abundant component of\nmarine plankton (after blue-green algae).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32ffe87f-c0f0-4398-9a6a-755d7f87a5ff", "label": "SPOROZOANS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "Sporozoans are one of four categories of protozoans. Sporozoan is an\ninformal name for parasitic protistans that complete part of the life\ncycle inside specific cells of host organisms. Many sporozoans cause\nhuman diseases. Plasmodium causes malaria while Cryptosporidium strains\nwhich contaminate many water supplies can cause serious intestinal\ndisorders.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "98b35c6b-5d40-41d0-b29f-a6b159c03b78", "label": "SLIME MOLDS", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "A type of heterotrophic protistan with a life cycle that includes free-living cells that at some point congregate and differentiate into spore-bearing structures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a69dd814-e7c0-437f-ba2a-63500f68c9a3", "label": "PLANKTON", - "broader": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", + "parentId": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "'Plankton refers to any community of floating or weakly swimming\norganism, mostly microscopic, living in freshwater and saltwater habitats.", "children": [ { "uuid": "28dc7895-3365-4bab-9946-3b247f4137b0", "label": "PHYTOPLANKTON", - "broader": "a69dd814-e7c0-437f-ba2a-63500f68c9a3", + "parentId": "a69dd814-e7c0-437f-ba2a-63500f68c9a3", "definition": "'Phytoplankton is the plant portion of the plankton, the plant community\nin marine and freshwater situations, that floats free in the water and\ncontains many species of algae and diatoms.", "children": [] } @@ -19988,41 +19988,41 @@ { "uuid": "85510ccc-5dc9-44ff-871e-775e856714f8", "label": "VIRUSES", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", + "parentId": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "definition": "Viruses are small non-cellular obligate intracellular parasites made up a genetic material surrounded by protein coat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", "label": "FUNGI", - "broader": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", + "parentId": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5", "definition": "One of the taxonomic kingdoms, comprising eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic\norganisms, which obtain nutrients by the absorption of organic compounds from\ntheir surroundings. Fungi usually have chitin-containing cell walls and may be\nunicellular, filamentous (mycelial), or plasmoidal.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ee2e5028-1963-4de1-a883-b9e546d682a4", "label": "YEASTS/TRUFFLES", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", + "parentId": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", "definition": "Yeasts are members of the Ascomycota Division.\tYeasts are unicellular and\nthey reproduce asexually by budding.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05763c43-c6ed-4071-b868-2ea6c1335c12", "label": "SLIME MOLDS", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", + "parentId": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", "definition": "A type of heterotrophic protistan with a life cycle that includes free-living cells that at some point congregate and differentiate into spore-bearing structures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14fa5360-320c-4d54-9bf6-9871a4b308d7", "label": "MUSHROOMS", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", + "parentId": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", "definition": "Mushrooms are a type of fungi (which are major decomposers that engage\nin extracellular digestion and absorption of organic matter). Mushrooms\nare of the order Basidiomycota, the club fungi, which have a fruiting body\nin the aboveground portion of the plant.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e85b6d64-a230-4c1d-99a5-c62be8af18c7", "label": "LICHENS", - "broader": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", + "parentId": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", "definition": "Lichens are a type of composite organism, which consists of a fungus and\nan algae living in symbiotic association.", "children": [] } @@ -20033,193 +20033,193 @@ { "uuid": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "label": "TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "'Terrestrial - related to the Earth, A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.\n\nOn Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers. It also exists below ground—as groundwater, in wells and aquifers. Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog.\n\nThe frozen part of Earth's hydrosphere is made of ice: glaciers, ice caps and icebergs. The frozen part of the hydrosphere has its own name, the cryosphere. \n\nWater moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle. Water collects in clouds, then falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow. This water collects in rivers, lakes and oceans. Then it evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all over again. This is called the water cycle.'", "children": [ { "uuid": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "label": "WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", + "parentId": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular use. Water chemistry refers to the chemical characteristics of water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "label": "CONTAMINANTS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", + "parentId": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "definition": "Foreign agents that are present in water which may produce a physical or chemical change.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9c90825c-a35f-4165-8248-e90ab869f8ec", "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Refers to the large pool of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf3aaf41-3502-49cf-89df-4613ce87c9c3", "label": "TOXIC CHEMICALS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Chemicals that can cause serious harm to the environment including lakes, oceans, and biota.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2d6aa01-5070-4147-bae1-4b2cad2c3987", "label": "TRACE METALS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Metals in extremely small quantities, almost at the molecular level, that reside in or are present in animal and plant cells and tissue.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aef23021-81c1-4540-a0a5-35c590142a6d", "label": "PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31c913e1-9692-45b5-bce5-cca46fa1874d", "label": "CARCINOGENS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "The measure of water quality based on the presence of carcinogens.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62ee81e7-9f5a-4af5-a086-f4c402c7d19d", "label": "ACID RAIN", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. The SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e848dbd1-b70a-4820-a630-98bd642ae357", "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives. Variables such as dissolved inorganic matter (DIM) or particulate inorganic matter (PIM) are included as detailed variables under inorganic matter.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "961591ce-9207-47db-9aeb-11586371fa12", "label": "METALS/MINERALS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Minerals are solid, naturally occurring inorganic substances that can be found in the earth’s crust. They are formed without the intervention of humans and have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure.\n\nMetals are elementary substances, such as gold, silver and copper that are crystalline when solid and naturally occurring in minerals. They often have the characteristics of being good conductors of electricity and heat, of being shiny in appearance and of being malleable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fff6994-a0d8-4f19-8d36-c9f354b08b19", "label": "PATHOGEN", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Small unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and some other eukaryotic organelles, they may have photosynthetic pigments but lack chloroplasts, the specialized photosynthetic organelles in higher plants, and mitochondria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4690d6a8-78cd-48bc-82f5-36fb16d4c52e", "label": "DISINFECTANTS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Refers to chemical liquids that destroy bacteria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc1c6d8c-2e47-4a9f-aeb4-16b02bff4f19", "label": "PESTICIDES", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to kill pests that damage crops. By their nature, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans, and need to be used safely and disposed of properly.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b6e67ff-351f-490c-bb43-646ac71f52ea", "label": "HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABs)", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Occurs when colonies of algae—simple photosynthetic organisms that live in the sea and freshwater—grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal. HABs have been reported in every U.S. coastal state, and their occurrence may be on the rise. HABs are a national concern because they affect not only the health of people and marine ecosystems, but also the 'health' of local and regional economies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "207da091-2cd5-49a7-950e-91a164e02637", "label": "SEWAGE OVERFLOWS", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A condition in which untreated sewage is discharged from a sanitary sewer into the environment prior to reaching sewage treatment facilities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa892a9e-523b-424e-bf02-1a8d1e618985", "label": "ARSENIC", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Natural component of the Earth’s crust which is widely distributed throughout the environment in the air, water and land. It is highly toxic in its inorganic form.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e666b9f-6cf5-4454-9a65-987e981cd80e", "label": "BARIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A silvery-white metal that can be found in the environment, where it exists naturally. It occurs combined with other chemicals, such as sulfur, carbon or oxygen. It is very light and its density is half that of iron. Barium oxidizes in air, reacts vigorously with water to form the hydroxide, liberating hydrogen. Barium reacts with almost all the non-metals, forming often poisoning compounds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5a658d5-74db-4022-894f-edc8d297767a", "label": "CALCIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "An alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ab53717-17f1-4259-b425-0eed19c31884", "label": "CHROMIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A lustrous, brittle, hard metal. Its color is silver-gray and it can be highly polished. It does not tarnish in air. When heated it borns and forms the green chromic oxide. Chromium is unstable in oxygen. It immediately produces a thin oxide layer that is impermeable to oxygen and protects the metal below.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78fb5691-136d-40f8-a834-6e6f4cd768ff", "label": "COPPER", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A chemical element that is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantly used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0965eb7b-6bd3-48a3-aa2a-52d7e2dda8ad", "label": "IRON", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38f99d8b-80af-439a-9d3f-1e72aef5d7c3", "label": "MAGNESIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A chemical element that is a shiny gray solid and has the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe. It is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "072721be-eb8b-4ac4-9354-251dbf74ade0", "label": "POTASSIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A chemical element which, in nature, occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water and is part of many minerals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2318fb3-788c-4f36-a1d1-36670d2da747", "label": "SELENIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A chemical element, a nonmetal, that rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth's crust. Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores, where it partially replaces the sulfur.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "160cce6b-c9f5-45bf-9a51-ee477f446cce", "label": "TITANIUM", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A chemical element and a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fe420c1-2285-4031-babe-f0243c59a617", "label": "LEAD", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A chemical element and a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is bluish-white; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab12b3d6-2cbf-4a5a-a410-1d23afe906d8", "label": "ZINC", - "broader": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", + "parentId": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "A chemical element and the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc is refined by froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).", "children": [] } @@ -20228,48 +20228,48 @@ { "uuid": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "label": "NUTRIENTS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", + "parentId": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "definition": "Elements essential for growth and survival of a given organism. Directly or indirectly, nutrients have roles in metabolism that no other nutrients fulfills.", "children": [ { "uuid": "846d2db9-41cd-4ae8-b4ff-a34a9efb7428", "label": "PHOSPHOROUS", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", + "parentId": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "definition": "A chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. With a concentration of 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth's crust. Other than a few exceptions, minerals containing phosphorus are in the maximally oxidized state as inorganic phosphate rocks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "644e0f53-98a2-4512-a228-00f5e61fd93d", "label": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", + "parentId": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "definition": "Nitrogen compounds refer to the nitrogen particles that come from industrial manufacturing which cause contamination to water resources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ba2ccb3-332c-4ee6-a9c9-50dce5a6c0cc", "label": "HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", + "parentId": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bdac7db-be34-4eed-91bc-28f6628ed044", "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", + "parentId": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee92daf8-d0da-4476-b389-0485114cbbe9", "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", + "parentId": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic (carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous remains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds produced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf03dba8-2881-44ac-abfc-ba3353f67a24", "label": "NITROGEN", - "broader": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", + "parentId": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "definition": "Nonmetallic element of Group 15 of the periodic table. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is the most plentiful element in Earth’s atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.", "children": [] } @@ -20278,34 +20278,34 @@ { "uuid": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", "label": "GASES", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", + "parentId": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "definition": "One of the three fundamental states of matter, with distinctly different properties from the liquid and solid states.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a9b89557-c09f-4a4a-a1eb-47c632f8eb59", "label": "DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", + "parentId": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", "definition": "Naturally present as a result of animal respiration, the decay of organic matter, and the decomposition of certain minerals. It is the major source of acidity in unpolluted water samples. Surface waters typically contain less than 10 ppm (mg/L) dissolved CO2, while ground waters, particularly if deep, may contain several hundred ppm (mg/L).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b632d0cc-d4b0-458e-a182-16bbd2a5ab05", "label": "DISSOLVED OXYGEN", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", + "parentId": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", "definition": "A colorless, odorless, gaseous element, constituting 21 percent of the volume of the atmsophere, and essential for aerobic forms of life. Gaseous oxygen has a chemical forumla of O2. Despite its abundance in air, the concentration of oxygen in water is usually quite low, at just a few parts per million. Nevertheless, this concentration is a good indicator of water quality. If it is too low, many organisms, including fish, will die.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac933400-3c8c-4db4-ac68-5e8ed06c8336", "label": "DISSOLVED GASES", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", + "parentId": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", "definition": "Elements or compounds of gaseous form, dissolved in water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc748b93-e7d6-419d-a9f0-f370556d6f8e", "label": "DISSOLVED NITROGEN", - "broader": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", + "parentId": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", "definition": "Nitrogen is essential to life on Earth. It is a component of all proteins, and it can be found in all living systems. Nitrogen compounds are present in organic materials, foods, fertilizers, explosives and poisons. Nitrogen is crucial to life, but in excess it can also be harmful to the environment.", "children": [] } @@ -20314,20 +20314,20 @@ { "uuid": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", + "parentId": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "definition": "One of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behavior but with different atomic masses and physical properties. Every chemical element has one or more isotopes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fb52b51d-8bb4-4b04-907b-c130ec706f85", "label": "STABLE ISOTOPES", - "broader": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", + "parentId": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", "definition": "Any non-radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomic weight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a different number of neutrons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f4e850f-84e4-466f-b5ad-2032ea2187ea", "label": "RADIOISOTOPES", - "broader": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", + "parentId": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", "definition": "Any radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomic weight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a different number of neutrons. Used in a variety of oceanic applications such as dating and\nmovement of water masses.", "children": [] } @@ -20336,27 +20336,27 @@ { "uuid": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", "label": "SOLIDS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", + "parentId": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "definition": "Substances or objects that are solid rather than liquid or fluid.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7d82a1f7-aa6e-47c7-8eb3-78bfe2e4349b", "label": "TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS", - "broader": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", + "parentId": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", "definition": "Materials less than 0.45 micrometer in length, as distinguished from suspended solids and other particulate matter, which are greater than 0.45 micrometer in length.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d8cb1dd-4b38-4b4e-8532-ab4eb72cd4ae", "label": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", - "broader": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", + "parentId": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", "definition": "Particulate matter suspended in the water column, greater than 0.45 micrometers, as distinguished from dissolved solids which are less than 0.45 micrometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d2511f8-4503-4237-93a9-34a3b369fe00", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", + "parentId": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9", "definition": "Naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by sedimentation and if buried this may eventually become sandstone and siltstone, (sedimentary rocks).", "children": [] } @@ -20365,153 +20365,153 @@ { "uuid": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "label": "WATER CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", + "parentId": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "definition": "Describes the major physical characteristics of water that respond to the senses of sight, touch, taste, or smell.", "children": [ { "uuid": "61594015-4ab4-4b38-ae4f-e31a4757b065", "label": "WATER TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water molecules.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d14389d9-54f5-41a0-b8e8-dc9d8f87e4e2", "label": "CONDUCTIVITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "The degree to which an electrical current can pass through water due to ions dissolved in the water. Salinity is often calculated from conductivity and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de21632f-b614-4375-8f09-d14ab00d852b", "label": "CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Refers to the amount of photosynthetic plankton, or phytoplankton, present in the ocean. Phytoplankton populations are influenced by climatic factors such as sea surface temperatures and winds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dac96944-5a5e-4b2a-802d-74627bb93db9", "label": "POTABILITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Water that is safe and palatable for human consumption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0eaf009f-f92b-48b5-8a71-9c44c80d03d4", "label": "TURBIDITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related to the amount of suspended material in the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14625f2a-4186-4377-a0d9-88998bb6b775", "label": "pH", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "A measure of the alkaline or acid strength of a substance. pH is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a74059fe-6b15-4b55-8ea5-4a65b66c7e11", "label": "ALKALINITY", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Refers to the capability of water to neutralize acid. This is really an expression of buffering capacity. A buffer is a solution to which an acid can be added without changing the concentration of available H+ ions (without changing the pH) appreciably.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "475c95a4-fd1c-4015-825f-07f6529858b0", "label": "WATER TRACE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Chemical elements that are present in minute quantities in water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4cc8def9-a825-4ede-9e34-4e11cf89488d", "label": "WATER ION CONCENTRATIONS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "The concentration of ions in water. Ions are positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45351e81-fcd4-46a1-9222-315946caefc7", "label": "LIGHT TRANSMISSION", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Measurement of the percentage of light received at a photo cell placed at fixed distances from a light source.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8d6a9c3-864e-4d97-938f-a6203997c01f", "label": "WATER COLOR", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Describes the color of a body of water in the environment. Highly colored water has significant effects on aquatic plants and algal growth. Light is very critical for the growth of aquatic plants and colored water can limit the penetration of light. Thus a highly colored body of water could not sustain aquatic life which could lead to the long term impairment of the ecosystem. Very high algal growth that stays suspended in a water body can almost totally block light penetration as well as use up the dissolved oxygen in the water body, causing a eutrophic condition that can drastically reduce all life in the water body.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ef34dc5-4d29-4820-963c-f830f46c0347", "label": "BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "The amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a38db528-3064-449d-ae70-af86997a11f4", "label": "SALINE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "The concentration of dissolved salts in water, usually expressed in parts per thousand (permille, %) or parts per million (ppm). The United States Geological Survey classifies saline water in three salinity categories. Salt concentration in slightly saline water is around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1–0.3%), in moderately saline water 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3–1%) and in highly saline water 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1–3.5%). Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75a83951-a086-4d25-9ab0-c118b0e20383", "label": "WATER HARDNESS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "A condition caused predominantly by dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron, such as bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides and nitrates, a water-quality indicator of the concentration of alkaline salts in water, hard water requires more soap, detergent or shampoo to raise a lather.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d05ac6d6-d397-4bf7-b62b-c270522de2a5", "label": "WATER ODOR", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Describes the smell of water, which may be due to the breakdown of waste products or other containments present in the water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "344cbd30-a2e4-437e-9fc9-5e6b1c484bac", "label": "HYDROCARBONS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cf87a79-e8b0-4ff1-9039-f3ad1f1f17a7", "label": "INORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1886b524-1f51-447d-9805-d40859739a0e", "label": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Refers to the nitrogen particles that come from industrial manufacturing which cause contamination to water resources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53d36c39-3cb1-44db-9746-feee86cbe9d7", "label": "EUTROPHICATION", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e82c0632-5a3c-4da2-ba10-55c0fc222580", "label": "ORGANIC MATTER", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic (carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous remains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds produced by current and past metabolism in the soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9f5cedd-9a0e-4058-87ff-c97df63fc326", "label": "PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUNDS", - "broader": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", + "parentId": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110", "definition": "Compounds of phosphorus that play a vital role in the metabolism of both plants and animals. The energy 'currency' of all living things, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is probably the best known organic phosphorus compound, but others are constituents of nervous tissue, cell membranes, and other tissues, as well as of many coenzymes. Phosphates also are key components of DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information in all organisms.", "children": [] } @@ -20520,34 +20520,34 @@ { "uuid": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", "label": "WATER QUALITY INDEXES", - "broader": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", + "parentId": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad", "definition": "Provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4497eb1b-b64d-46ff-a18d-37d217430777", "label": "INDEX OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", + "parentId": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", "definition": "A scientific tool used to identify and classify water pollution problems. An Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) associates anthropogenic influences on a water body with biological activity in the water body, and is formulated using data developed from biosurveys.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a71d195e-ff30-4592-a22c-a82af92f3d1f", "label": "GLOBAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY INDEX", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", + "parentId": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", "definition": "A composite index which was developed to assess source water quality across a range of inland water types, globally, and over time. The approach for development was three-fold: (1) Select guidelines from the World Health Organization that are appropriate in assessing global water quality for human health, (2) Select variables from GEMStat that have an appropriate guideline and reasonable global coverage, and (3) determine, on an annual basis, an overall index rating for each station using the water quality index equation endorsed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The index allowed measurements of the frequency and extent to which variables exceeded their respective WHO guidelines, at each individual monitoring station included within GEMStat, allowing both spatial and temporal assessment of global water quality. Development of the index was followed by preliminary sensitivity analysis and verification of the index against real water quality data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "989e0558-a5fb-4758-bb82-c7d0a6a9f319", "label": "NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION WATER QUALITY INDEX", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", + "parentId": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", "definition": "A water quality index developed by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) in 1970 which provides a standardized method for comparing the water quality of various bodies of water. There are nine water quality parameters included in the index: dissolved oxygen (DO), fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (5-day), temperature change (from 1 mile upstream), total phosphate, nitrate, turbidity, total solids.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fbe9a29-e3f5-4e1f-9dcb-99b79485d3b2", "label": "TROPHIC STATE INDEX", - "broader": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", + "parentId": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78", "definition": "A water quality index used for the purpose of classifying and ranking lakes, most often from the standpoint of assessing water quality. In recent years the Carlson (1977) Index appears to have attained general acceptance in the limnological community as a reasonable approach to this problem. This is a measure of the trophic status of a body of water using several measures of water quality including: transparency or turbidity (using Secchi disk depth recordings), chlorophyll-a concentrations (algal biomass), and total phosphorus levels (usually the nutrient in shortest supply for algal growth).", "children": [] } @@ -20558,47 +20558,47 @@ { "uuid": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", "label": "SURFACE WATER", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", + "parentId": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "Pertains to all water present above the substrate or soil surface including water contained in an ocean, river, stream, lake, pond, lagoon, or impoundment reservoir.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", "label": "WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", + "parentId": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", "definition": "Pertaining to the area from which a surface watercourse or a groundwater system derives its water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b98123fc-6a87-4396-8e1a-ae7406e76ff6", "label": "WATERSHED BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", + "parentId": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", "definition": "Defined by topographic divides and delineate areas where surface-water runoff drains into a common surface-water body, such as a lake or section of a stream.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae36ad48-85f2-42a0-958f-efec71c34cc0", "label": "WATERSHED DRAINAGE", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", + "parentId": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", "definition": "The main site where watershed water drains.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e12150d7-5bd3-4a22-8b9f-f887a1fe3096", "label": "WATERSHED LENGTH", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", + "parentId": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", "definition": "The distance water must travel to reach the drainage site.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d209f3c-73b1-412d-828b-22b25da8fc3a", "label": "WATERSHED SLOPE", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", + "parentId": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", "definition": "The steepness of the highest point to the lower elevations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b37d67c-92a6-4188-8f1b-4462bd754577", "label": "WATERSHED SHAPE", - "broader": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", + "parentId": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36", "definition": "The watershed can vary from streams to many various cracks.", "children": [] } @@ -20607,40 +20607,40 @@ { "uuid": "1baa552d-c563-43fb-b618-54651f8b07e6", "label": "SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", + "parentId": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", "definition": "Refers to the chemical composition of the surface water of rivers, lakes,\r\nstreams, and reservoirs including water quality and contamination.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "label": "SURFACE WATER PROCESSES/MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", + "parentId": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", "definition": "Surface-water hydrology is a field that encompasses all surface waters of the globe (overland flows, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, oceans, etc.). This is a subset of the hydrologic cycle that does not include atmospheric, and ground waters. Surface-water hydrology relates the dynamics of flow in surface-water systems (rivers, canals, streams, lakes, ponds, wetlands, marshes, arroyos, oceans, etc.). This includes the field measurement of flow (discharge); the statistical variability at each setting; floods; drought susceptibility and the development of the levels of risk; and the fluid mechanics of surface waters.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", "label": "AQUIFER RECHARGE", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The processes involved in the replenishment of water to the zone of\nsaturation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f9c86356-381e-4f7e-9193-10c274eae41c", "label": "RECHARGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", + "parentId": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", "definition": "Amount of water needed to replenish ground water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "424652b2-92b2-4dee-9f77-016f905b1569", "label": "RECHARGE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", + "parentId": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", "definition": "Number of times water goes through a cycle to be replenished.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37e1daa7-503a-4d5c-b6d7-c18b71030bc6", "label": "AQUIFER DEPTH", - "broader": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", + "parentId": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", "definition": "The depth of the saturated rock through which water can easily move.", "children": [] } @@ -20649,20 +20649,20 @@ { "uuid": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", "label": "DRAINAGE", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The pattern followed by the waters of an area as they pass or flow off\nin surface streams.", "children": [ { "uuid": "97b68ee7-b729-4828-924d-d0758b43d8e9", "label": "DRAINAGE DIRECTION", - "broader": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", + "parentId": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", "definition": "Direction in which standing water is removed from am area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71926eb5-b64c-42d9-be6a-26f7b2a5fbf1", "label": "DRAINAGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", + "parentId": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", "definition": "The amount of water being drained from a specified area.", "children": [] } @@ -20671,27 +20671,27 @@ { "uuid": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", "label": "INUNDATION", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "Flooding, by the rise and spread of water, of a land surface that is not normally submerged.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3265052b-38e1-472c-ab91-70b39b549854", "label": "INUNDATION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", + "parentId": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", "definition": "Number of times a surface is covered with water in a single period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae35e34f-92de-4107-b277-abaf7a652f2d", "label": "INUNDATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", + "parentId": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", "definition": "Amount of water that covers an area during flooding.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5af94668-05f5-41ee-aa65-82dca2a359fc", "label": "INUNDATION LEVEL", - "broader": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", + "parentId": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570", "definition": "The level of the water that covers an area during flooding.", "children": [] } @@ -20700,20 +20700,20 @@ { "uuid": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", "label": "FLOODS", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or\nartificial confines of a stream or other body of water, or accumulates by\ndrainage over low-lying areas.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bf470637-8aea-47a8-b075-40b394303747", "label": "FLOOD FREQUENCY", - "broader": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", + "parentId": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", "definition": "Flood frequency is the concept of the probable frequency of occurrence of a given flood.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44278367-2c4d-4309-90a2-03244a12ae39", "label": "FLOOD LEVELS", - "broader": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", + "parentId": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", "definition": "Average height flood water reaches.", "children": [] } @@ -20722,48 +20722,48 @@ { "uuid": "42aa1fa1-56a9-4e96-8063-077bd7ba88d8", "label": "WATER DEPTH", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The measurement of the vertical distance from the surface of a body of water to the floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d4e8b5c5-9203-4982-82bc-2611b517ffdb", "label": "HYDROPERIOD", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "A given amount of time in which a river/stream system is active; i.e., water\r\nis passing through the system(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84784fef-5b76-45a0-91e0-28788e09fea6", "label": "WATER PRESSURE", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of force per unit area exerted on water by the overlying column of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "960037c5-57b1-4cdf-84be-4542beee7d5a", "label": "HYDROPATTERN", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The hieracrchical (branch-like) pattern that is found within river and\r\nstream systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", "label": "RUNOFF", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The measurement of the flow of water in a stream, usually expressed in cubic feet per second; the net effect of storms, accumulation, transpiration, melt, seepage, evaporation, and percolation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0eb4156f-e4ab-4e02-a473-df4b44290556", "label": "TOTAL RUNOFF", - "broader": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", + "parentId": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", "definition": "The total runoff is equal to the total precipitation less the losses caused by evapotranspiration, storage, and other such abtractions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f54d4750-b9b3-47fa-b56a-a1d57fcbc978", "label": "RUNOFF RATE", - "broader": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", + "parentId": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351", "definition": "Rate at which water is discharged in surface streams.", "children": [] } @@ -20772,55 +20772,55 @@ { "uuid": "5cb5d5b9-0c0b-497f-a4ea-a8cece52d13d", "label": "STAGE HEIGHT", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The elevation of the water level of a lake, river, stream or other body of water above a common datum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f52de55-f5f2-45c0-b83f-59dbfb1fe221", "label": "TOTAL SURFACE WATER", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "All bodies of water on the surface of the Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04922ba6-8f00-4f54-b80c-ce2414c91e2e", "label": "WATER YIELD", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "The processes involved in the amount of water released from a flowing body of water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", "label": "DISCHARGE/FLOW", - "broader": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", + "parentId": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7", "definition": "In hydrology, discharge is the volume rate of water flow that is transported through a given cross-sectional area.(Buchanan, T.J. and Somers, W.P., 1969, Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter A8, p. 1.)  It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals (e.g. CaCO3(aq)), or biologic material (e.g. diatoms) in addition to the water itself.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f8f16152-094e-4130-8346-2a9bba5872a0", "label": "AVERAGE FLOW", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", + "parentId": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", "definition": "Average amount of water flowing through a point in the stream per second.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "609f7831-5145-4a5c-bd58-d0b426058740", "label": "BASE FLOW", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", + "parentId": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", "definition": "The portion of stream flow that is not runoff and results from seepage of water from the ground into a channel slowly over time. The primary source of running water in a stream during dry weather.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "231dd4ab-8b74-45ba-8933-09ab291594ea", "label": "PEAK FLOW", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", + "parentId": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", "definition": "Peak flow is due to rainwater pushing out water that had been stored in wetlands or groundwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f77adcc6-e320-4fd9-80c9-958e75cd46d3", "label": "FLOW VELOCITY", - "broader": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", + "parentId": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", "definition": "Flow velocity is the speed at which a fluid flows.", "children": [] } @@ -20831,41 +20831,41 @@ { "uuid": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", "label": "SURFACE WATER FEATURES", - "broader": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", + "parentId": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", "definition": "Water features that exist on the surface of the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5e3c573f-a787-4afa-80a4-047c2c5d83f2", "label": "RIVERS/STREAMS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", + "parentId": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", "definition": "River: A large, natural freshwater surface stream having a permanent seasonal flow and moving toward a sea, lake, or another river in a definite channel. Stream: A body of running water moving under the influence of gravity to lower levels in a narrow, clearly defined natural channel.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d138302a-03b3-4cf7-95db-ac98f863c04f", "label": "WETLANDS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", + "parentId": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", "definition": "Wetlands is a term for a broad group of wet habitats. They are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the lands may be permanently or intermittently water covered.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d64f625-fb84-4178-ad08-4be2dd15979b", "label": "LAKES/RESERVOIRS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", + "parentId": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", "definition": "An area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b276110-57bc-4ed6-b741-1ec0383fa962", "label": "WATER CHANNELS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", + "parentId": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", "definition": "The deeper portion of a waterway carrying the main current.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "272700c5-d762-452b-8e9f-130e3a51efb5", "label": "DRAINAGE BASINS", - "broader": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", + "parentId": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb", "definition": "An area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.", "children": [] } @@ -20876,103 +20876,103 @@ { "uuid": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "label": "SNOW/ICE", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", + "parentId": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen water over the\r\nEarth's surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2565d1be-7468-4969-9367-e21719c006a1", "label": "AVALANCHE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measuerment of a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock,\r\nfalling rapidly from heights far above a lowland area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67648fff-9415-4a36-a1f6-ef028dd1d9b5", "label": "DEPTH HOAR", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the characteristics of the layer of ice crystals that\r\nforms between the ground and snow cover by sublimation. It's also\r\nreferred to as sugar snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1f10a307-df15-43e2-b3fa-5fe6df619f98", "label": "SNOW FACIES", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the observable differences that separate/distinguish one\r\nsnow/ice unit from another.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a08f79f-a621-4f8c-b5d5-e1335f9cbcec", "label": "SNOW COVER", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, depth, and longevity of snow pack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0fcce7dc-496f-4078-96f0-2035a73563fb", "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the geographical extent of ice on continental land masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad8499b4-28cb-46ed-b0fe-867ed90fce05", "label": "RIVER ICE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, thickness, longevity, etc. of ice formations\r\nthat occur on river systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fde70d8c-d64c-4784-971d-589eedfc42d1", "label": "SNOW DENSITY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the ratio between the volume of snow, and the amount of\r\nmeltwater derived from that volume of snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47d8d3db-9aea-49f3-8edd-5216736a85ef", "label": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the amount of water in a given snow\r\npack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a7eed90-327a-4609-b952-c9617445a1d1", "label": "PERMAFROST", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a99c2917-8f91-4ec8-ad4f-7ee6200ab35d", "label": "LAKE ICE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, and analysis to ice formation on inland\r\nbodies of salt or fresh water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b99fd5b-4be4-4d4b-bdf2-ef92df294738", "label": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the net increase, or decrease in energy due to snow\r\nformation, melting, evaporation, etc..", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd6de9e1-61e7-41bf-a2dc-9d2afc690bb3", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4453ac7c-1869-4aef-8b06-dbdc9e63e245", "label": "FREEZE/THAW", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, rates, geographical extent of freezing,\r\nand melting of snow and ice cover.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6d245dca-41b5-474d-972f-221822111731", "label": "TRANSITION DIRECTION", - "broader": "4453ac7c-1869-4aef-8b06-dbdc9e63e245", + "parentId": "4453ac7c-1869-4aef-8b06-dbdc9e63e245", "definition": "Describes if snow and/or ice transition is from frozen to thawed or vice-versa.", "children": [] } @@ -20981,91 +20981,91 @@ { "uuid": "9512b90f-f495-41bb-9600-ff25e4cfc571", "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c23be3f-89fc-4a85-83fc-128b0837ee83", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of ice growth/melting rates, and annual\r\nchanges in those rates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06741402-492e-4cda-926b-8897b15450e7", "label": "WHITEOUT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the occurence, extent, and severity of whiteout conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cee7ed2f-3ed1-44ad-b48b-513a68bb3244", "label": "ICE VELOCITY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate at which ice formations (glaciers, ice sheets, etc.)\r\nare moving.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3743f11-06bb-4337-969a-d5616b96038f", "label": "FROST", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, geographic extent, and seasonality of\r\nfrost.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10068260-94c0-4e58-83ac-f9c5d6bd5748", "label": "ICE MOTION", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Defined as the horizontal displacement of ice over an area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5aaee13-289b-40b7-867d-83bd72c02b2d", "label": "SNOW STRATIGRAPHY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "The order and thickness of layers within the snowpack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a3b0d9b-4409-439f-b23d-c07590ff919e", "label": "SNOW/ICE CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Refers to the chemical composition of snow and ice as determined from snow\r\ncores, ice cores, and snow pits.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ddd003d-c19f-4336-9837-316cce5efe0b", "label": "ALBEDO", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminous\nenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloud\nsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visible\nsolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have low\nalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are the\nchief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa751659-7032-447c-a581-f4e9de854070", "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and geographic extent of ice thickness on\r\nthe continental land masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1341f3e1-9279-4ae6-9a93-6a612957efd1", "label": "SNOW/ICE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured internal temperature of snow/ice pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd9423b4-4666-4844-88c5-1813a45f132f", "label": "BLOWING SNOW", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km (about 7 statute miles).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5279e80-7d3d-434e-b9d4-a0a96ace80a1", "label": "LIQUID WATER CONTENT", - "broader": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", + "parentId": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "This keyword refers to the wetness of the snow pack and may be an indicator of snow melt or stability.", "children": [] } @@ -21074,96 +21074,96 @@ { "uuid": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "label": "GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", + "parentId": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "Glaciers are masses of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of\r\nfirn, flowing continuously from higher to lower elevations. Ice sheets are a\r\ncontinuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward in\nmany directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface\r\ncontours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental\r\nglacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often\r\nused to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f1c79b5f-fcc2-42e7-818b-7534f79081ff", "label": "ICEBERGS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding more than 5m above\r\nsea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or\r\naground. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled,\nweathered or glacier bergs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "label": "GLACIERS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "A mass of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of firn, flowing\r\ncontinuously from higher to lower elevations.", "children": [ { "uuid": "84fff9f2-4dad-4ff8-9d10-cacd6a1864fb", "label": "GLACIER TERMINUS", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "The terminus is the end of a glacier, usually the lowest end, and is also often called a glacier toe or snout.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c06019d-97df-499a-ab03-64b615af547a", "label": "GROUNDING LINE", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Marks the locations where said glaciers become anchored on bedrock (i.e., the estimated coastline underneath the ice).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8636894-6c29-46dc-88b9-7e56d27a3d7e", "label": "GLACIER RUNOFF", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "The amount of water produced by glacial melt.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c425053-be1d-4dbe-b5e9-b9e85e382940", "label": "ICE STUPA", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b96d652-3c5c-48a9-9a5f-ac58ec6f9755", "label": "GLACIER EXTENT", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Glacier extent is a glacier outline in horizontal space separating the glacier from unglacierized terrain or, at divides, from contiguous glaciers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2a25e36-0d1f-4087-8a57-6ebc00438da9", "label": "GLACIER ABLATION", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier from all processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4edf013-e60b-4646-aac3-b9ca3d37c1cd", "label": "GLACIER ACCUMULATION", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier from all processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d968650-2e0b-4927-8901-4326fe875657", "label": "GLACIER AREA", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Total area of a glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc813531-b535-479b-8d5d-95572f5e8c1e", "label": "GLACIER MASS", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Total mass of a glacier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44aec746-fe43-4dd7-9f45-ba0cdf94b854", "label": "GLACIER MELT", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier due to melting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a88c170-2481-453b-9b1e-dfcbf156aec6", "label": "GLACIER REFREEZE", - "broader": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", + "parentId": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier due to refreezing.", "children": [] } @@ -21172,48 +21172,48 @@ { "uuid": "b2800856-f1e3-41aa-bdc4-75e9cd626d3f", "label": "ICE SHEETS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "A continuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward\r\nin many directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land\r\nsurface contours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The\r\ncontinental glacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term\r\nis often used to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a870d769-b815-435a-b7cc-cba5e6c27bb3", "label": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d1cc756-c12a-472a-9eae-de96e0a7ba74", "label": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area of\r\nat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growing\r\nin all directions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "72fdd0c7-f998-47ab-aeee-2956b9015ccb", "label": "GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "Surface relief of the land. Topography usually is measured in meters above sea\r\nlevel. The topography can be very different from one location to another.\r\nTopography can be flat, or mountainous, or hilly.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a994a6f6-cfcd-45d2-95a4-0f8455a9454d", "label": "ABLATION ZONES/ACCUMULATION ZONES", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "Pertaining to the reduction of a glacier due to melting and/or\r\nevaporation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff79c018-8d61-4811-91bc-c4ddea29677c", "label": "FIRN", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "Rounded, well-bonded snow that is older han one year. A permeable aggregate of\r\nsmall ice grains with densities greater than 0.55 up to 0.82 where begins\r\nglacial ice. (Glossary of glacier terms/Northeastern Illinois University)", "children": [ { "uuid": "2ba27dc1-e2e6-4ce5-be05-fb4e4dd5ab54", "label": "SNOW GRAIN SIZE", - "broader": "ff79c018-8d61-4811-91bc-c4ddea29677c", + "parentId": "ff79c018-8d61-4811-91bc-c4ddea29677c", "definition": "The size of individual snow grains in micrometers.", "children": [] } @@ -21222,42 +21222,42 @@ { "uuid": "7b657679-78bf-4580-987d-0d1b98dcd0d2", "label": "GLACIER FACIES", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock that\nindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish it\r\nfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristic\r\nnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed and\r\nprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ac9ae0b-901a-468e-8a42-5d6f3865a584", "label": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a given\r\nyear. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87b27ecd-c10b-4d41-8c49-b84f185c5bd4", "label": "GLACIER THICKNESS/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "98d5bed0-0d07-495a-9c8a-b5eedd04192f", "label": "ICE SHELVES", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "Portions of glaciers/ice sheets that are floating over the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18d136b8-728f-438b-90cb-3c82956e1c2c", "label": "COASTLINE", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "The actual contour of the continent with the existing ice shelves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b58fc6f1-2fb5-4e3a-9553-f041fe75960b", "label": "BASINS", - "broader": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", + "parentId": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "An area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water, but considers the flow of ice over the frozen continent.", "children": [] } @@ -21266,39 +21266,39 @@ { "uuid": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", "label": "GROUND WATER", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", + "parentId": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "Ground water in its broadest sense includes all subsurface water whether in its\nliquid, solid or gaseous state, provided it is not chemically combined with the\nminerals present. In practice, it is all subsurface water that participates in\nthe hydrological cycle.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8435030e-8d16-409f-a812-ace5d8ffc122", "label": "GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY", - "broader": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", + "parentId": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", "definition": "Pertaining to the various chemical substances contained within\r\ngroundwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "label": "GROUND WATER PROCESSES/MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", + "parentId": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", "definition": "Describes how ground water is measured and the various ground water processes throughout the ground water system.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", "label": "SALTWATER INTRUSION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "The intrusion of saline marine water into fresh groundwater supplies along coasts, often due to the extraction of fresh groundwater for human consumption.", "children": [ { "uuid": "68034344-9c1c-4a5e-a64e-813f6ecf608c", "label": "INTRUSION AMOUNT", - "broader": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", + "parentId": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", "definition": "Amount of seawater that moves into fresh water aquifer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "310c5663-1825-46ed-8b64-d1ba7c93ff6d", "label": "INTRUSION RATE", - "broader": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", + "parentId": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", "definition": "The speed at which seawater moves into the fresh water aquifer within certain time period.", "children": [] } @@ -21307,20 +21307,20 @@ { "uuid": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", "label": "DISPERSION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate that substances spread through an aquifer.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3a95742c-1355-40af-ac86-e24365a67b04", "label": "DISPERSION RATE", - "broader": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", + "parentId": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", "definition": "The rate at which clay particles separate from one other in moist soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fa631de-797f-4649-aa26-9f814ddcdb9b", "label": "DISPERSION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", + "parentId": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031", "definition": "The number of clay particles that separate from one other in moist oil in a single period.", "children": [] } @@ -21329,20 +21329,20 @@ { "uuid": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", "label": "DISCHARGE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "The volume of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4f30855f-5bf1-46a8-b2ce-ce2fa00485ec", "label": "DISCHARGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", + "parentId": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", "definition": "The volume of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d89d0e4d-0462-43a5-905e-c060db425e7b", "label": "DISCHARGE RATE", - "broader": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", + "parentId": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", "definition": "The rate of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", "children": [] } @@ -21351,20 +21351,20 @@ { "uuid": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", "label": "DRAINAGE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "Pertaining to the process/method that water discharges out of an aquifer.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3045e9ec-ac70-4d72-904a-54094357373a", "label": "DRAINAGE DIRECTION", - "broader": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", + "parentId": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", "definition": "Direction in which standing water is removed from am area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ea5be7b-fdbb-4c50-9f54-c0bbd7dcc78c", "label": "DRAINAGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", + "parentId": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", "definition": "Amount of water removed from am area.", "children": [] } @@ -21373,27 +21373,27 @@ { "uuid": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", "label": "INFILTRATION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which substances enter an aquifer.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d16cd32f-978d-4ab5-9711-f8189a748399", "label": "INFILTRATION RATE", - "broader": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", + "parentId": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", "definition": "The rate at which rain/snow/water seeps into the subsurface soil and rock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59ce52b5-0386-4b51-b5ac-049a0862e9cd", "label": "INFILTRATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", + "parentId": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", "definition": "Amount of water that infiltrates the subsurface soil and rocks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55642a14-2ff4-4892-b61a-ae3ece7fbcd7", "label": "INFILTRATION FREQUENCY", - "broader": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", + "parentId": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", "definition": "Amount of water that infiltrates the subsurface soil and rocks in a single period.", "children": [] } @@ -21402,20 +21402,20 @@ { "uuid": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", "label": "LAND SUBSIDENCE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which the land surface sinks over an aquifer as water is pumped out of it.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2922e6fe-3d72-44d3-a972-2e3778194343", "label": "SUBSIDENCE AMOUNT", - "broader": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", + "parentId": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", "definition": "The amount of groundwater that is withdrawn from certain types of rocks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "535b876d-9297-49c2-bdcd-4c33e02a47be", "label": "SUBSIDENCE RATE", - "broader": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", + "parentId": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066", "definition": "The rate of groundwater that is withdrawn from certain types of rocks.", "children": [] } @@ -21424,20 +21424,20 @@ { "uuid": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", "label": "PERCOLATION", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "Pertaining to the movement of water through the pore space of an aquifer.", "children": [ { "uuid": "22566296-aea0-4f01-93c0-fb3256051f27", "label": "PERCOLATION AMOUNT", - "broader": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", + "parentId": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", "definition": "The amount of fluids being filtered through porous materials.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "acdb39a8-1816-4d8d-bb80-38a94024035e", "label": "PERCOLATION RATE", - "broader": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", + "parentId": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555", "definition": "The speed of filtering fluids through porous materials within a certain time.", "children": [] } @@ -21446,27 +21446,27 @@ { "uuid": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", "label": "AQUIFER RECHARGE", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "The primary method that water enters an aquifer.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2cd0b33e-4805-4930-ba84-fef6c625a9b4", "label": "RECHARGE AMOUNT", - "broader": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", + "parentId": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", "definition": "Amount of water needed to replenish ground water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e89dc20d-0570-41ca-8039-38316332238a", "label": "RECHARGE FREQUENCY", - "broader": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", + "parentId": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", "definition": "Number of times water goes through a cycle to be replenished.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee3893bc-f0d6-445a-8982-f852785d5768", "label": "AQUIFER DEPTH", - "broader": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", + "parentId": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1", "definition": "The depth of the saturated rock through which water can easily move.", "children": [] } @@ -21475,27 +21475,27 @@ { "uuid": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", "label": "SUBSURFACE FLOW", - "broader": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", + "parentId": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "The flow of water beneath earth's surface as part of the water cycle. In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers.", "children": [ { "uuid": "92bfc132-bc15-4952-99a7-763f109c1e7e", "label": "AVERAGE FLOW", - "broader": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", + "parentId": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", "definition": "Average amount of water flowing through a point in the stream per second.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48f02169-8eab-487d-a24b-4b36ec707b13", "label": "PEAK FLOW", - "broader": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", + "parentId": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", "definition": "Peak flow is due to rainwater pushing out water that had been stored in wetlands or groundwater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd27825d-7b6e-4a70-9a45-c68d646a1cc5", "label": "FLOW VELOCITY", - "broader": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", + "parentId": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", "definition": "The speed at which a fluid flows.", "children": [] } @@ -21506,33 +21506,33 @@ { "uuid": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", "label": "GROUND WATER FEATURES", - "broader": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", + "parentId": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", "definition": "Water features that exist below the surface of the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a957363b-2f2c-4169-a656-c2f24933eb72", "label": "AQUIFERS", - "broader": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", + "parentId": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", "definition": "Pertaining to subsurface rock layers that store and transport water through pore-space within the units.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c87c086a-933f-44c7-a128-33279b36d7b5", "label": "FRESHWATER SPRINGS", - "broader": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", + "parentId": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", "definition": "Pertaining to the zones where the water table intersects the land surface, and water flows out of an aquifer without needing to be pumped out of a well,", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ecbe9f17-6012-4e39-a707-713973b7d167", "label": "WATER TABLE", - "broader": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", + "parentId": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320", "definition": "The surface defined by the level of freestanding water in fissures and pores at the top of the saturated zone.", "children": [ { "uuid": "04655f0e-81f1-411c-9cfe-994cd743701e", "label": "WATER TABLE DEPTH", - "broader": "ecbe9f17-6012-4e39-a707-713973b7d167", + "parentId": "ecbe9f17-6012-4e39-a707-713973b7d167", "definition": "The level below which the ground is completely saturated with water.", "children": [] } @@ -21545,20 +21545,20 @@ { "uuid": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", "label": "WATER BUDGET", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", + "parentId": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "A budget of the incoming and outgoing water from a region, including rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and seepage; often used to estimate evapotranspiration.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9731faa4-b7ae-4ead-8f00-ff8ec89fd5f7", "label": "HYDROLOGIC REGIME", - "broader": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", + "parentId": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", "definition": "Spatial and temporal variations of the components in a water budget.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf18cf2c-30b7-4c2b-94d1-68cf3869cb15", "label": "TERRESTRIAL WATER STORAGE", - "broader": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", + "parentId": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac", "definition": "The summation of all water on the land surface and in the subsurface. It includes surface soil moisture, root zone soil moisture, groundwater, snow, ice, water stored in the vegetation, rivers and lakes.", "children": [] } @@ -21567,27 +21567,27 @@ { "uuid": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", "label": "SURFACE MASS", - "broader": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", + "parentId": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "The summation of all mass within ~20 km of the Earth’s surface (i.e. groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, snow, atmosphere) expressed on the surface of the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1456bd4b-1226-4c08-b4f1-e37ed138798a", "label": "LIQUID WATER EQUIVALENT THICKNESS (LWET)", - "broader": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", + "parentId": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", "definition": "A unit of measurement of how thick a uniform layer of water at the surface of the Earth would need to be to account for an equivalent mass at the surface of the Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e660d917-0c77-463c-a15b-e8061ed296f8", "label": "MASS TRANSPORT", - "broader": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", + "parentId": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", "definition": "The change in mass from one specified period of time to another specified period of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c0fa520-f325-4e5b-a003-83e636c63f76", "label": "MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", + "parentId": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", "definition": "The definition of how the mass of an area changes over time; i.e. how balanced the mass is (e.g., whether processes that cause an increase mass, such as precipitation, are balanced with processes that cause mass loss, such as runoff and evaporation).", "children": [] } @@ -21598,68 +21598,68 @@ { "uuid": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", "label": "SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "Sun-Earth Interactions refer to the effects of the sun's variability are evident in a variety of physical and chemical processes in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "label": "SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", + "parentId": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", "definition": "Solar energetic particles are high energy particles occasionally emitted from\nactive areas on the Sun, associated with solar flares and coronal mass\nejections. The Earth¿s magnetic field keeps them out of regions close to Earth\n(except for the polar caps) but they can pose a hazard to space travelers far\nfrom Earth. Solar energetic particles are somtimes referred to as solar cosmic\nrays.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0168947c-5f28-46d8-b643-cb31af02a6de", "label": "SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "These particles include atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and\r\nneutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of\r\nquarks), as well as other particles such as photons and neutrinos which are\r\nproduced copiously in the sun. However, most of the particles that have been\r\ndiscovered and studied are not encountered under normal earth conditions; they\r\nare produced in cosmic rays and during scattering processes in particle\r\naccelerators.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2217b742-b21a-4230-ba34-1af30132135d", "label": "ALPHA PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "An alpha particle has positive charge and consists of two protons and\r\ntwo neutrons (the nucleus of a helium atom). Alpha particles can cause \r\nionization of neutral atoms. Flux is the rate of flow through a reference\r\nsurface, measured in particles per unit area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5223ebeb-a22d-4bb9-b2b2-ed949a10ac29", "label": "ELECTRON FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "The rate of flow of electrons through a reference surface. In cgs\r\nunits, measured in electrons s-1, or simply s-1.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9ce8e7e-44ff-4555-a910-86b87daca0c2", "label": "ION FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "An atom (or molecule) which has become charged as a result of gaining or losing\none or more orbiting electrons. A completely ionized atom is one stripped of\nall its electrons. Heavy ions are those ionized particles at high energy (MeV\nrange). Flux is the rate of flow through a reference surface, measured in\nparticles per unit area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2443978-118d-4f7c-843d-dcd0059fe949", "label": "PROTON FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "The rate of flow of protons through a reference surface, measured in particles\nper unit area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67773da0-f5f1-4047-871a-1fb5a5c1621a", "label": "HEAVY NUCLEI FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "Solar energetic particles consisting of nuclei of elements heavier than protons\nand electrons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f801f54-9ca9-4ba6-be35-fd87968f24e7", "label": "NEUTRAL PARTICLE FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "Neutral atoms or neurons in the solar wind observed in space and on earth\nat energies of around 10*7 - 10*9 ev.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8686285f-9949-4a22-ad80-a1bf4d43e122", "label": "X-RAY FLUX", - "broader": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", + "parentId": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4", "definition": "The rate of flow of x-rays through a reference surface.", "children": [] } @@ -21668,55 +21668,55 @@ { "uuid": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "label": "SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE PROPERTIES", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", + "parentId": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fd42b8e3-b76c-4888-aeb7-e6486beb4b69", "label": "PARTICLE DENSITY", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", + "parentId": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "definition": "The number of particles present per unit volume (typically a cubic centimeter).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b2ca4d1-a225-4243-90eb-1b482fb094a5", "label": "TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", + "parentId": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "definition": "Total Electron Content (TEC) is the number of free electrons in a column of the\nEarth's ionosphere. TEC is affected by geomagnetic storms and measurements of\nTEC is crucial for calibrating measurements obtained by active radar and\naltimeter instruments such as used on TOPEX/Poseidon. Measurements of TEC are a\nby-product if sea surface height measurements and TEC global ionosphere\nclimatologies have been developed from TOPEX/Poseidon measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36bab763-b5d7-450a-8328-1c1f935184f4", "label": "ENERGY DEPOSITION", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", + "parentId": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "definition": "The energy deposited into the atmosphere from ionization of atmospheric\r\ngases, as well as excitation of photometric and x-ray emissions. The\r\nionospheric effects resulting from the energy deposition by incident particle\r\nfluxes include:\r\n- production of secondary electrons (ionization)\r\n- enhanced steady-state electron density\r\n- photometric emissions \r\n- bremsstrahlung x-rays\r\n- conductivity changes\r\n- E-region horizontal currents \r\n- plasma heating(collisional, Joule heating)\r\n- magnetic field perturbations", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc02662f-d4a1-43c6-833f-836107ae6737", "label": "PARTICLE COMPOSITION", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", + "parentId": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "definition": "Particle composition refers to the elemental composition of solar particles,\nsuch as protons, electrons, atoms, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c39210ba-7659-424b-a2f0-5777a1519115", "label": "PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", + "parentId": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "definition": "A characterization of the density of particles located at a given point in\nphase space (a combination\r\nof either velocity or position coordinates) at a given time. The velocity-space\ndistribution function gives the number of particles with a particular velocity;\nthe position-space distribution function is synonymous with the particle\ndensity in position-space. Different combinations of position and spatial\ncoordinates are useful in different problems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68f1ff0e-2e23-4025-ba71-7f6177352311", "label": "PARTICLE SPEED", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", + "parentId": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "definition": "The distance per unit time of particles propagating through the Earth's\natmosphere or through the interplanetary magnetic fields as a result of solar\nevents. For example, the solar wind has a 'fast' component or high speed stream\nwith a speed of about 10*5 M/sec. and a 'slow' component of about 5x10*4 m/sec.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "630c1f3f-73b9-4f80-bc47-4cbf1fa43788", "label": "PARTICLE TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", + "parentId": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126", "definition": "The measure of the heat of an object, namely of the average kinetic energy of\nthe randomly moving particles in an object. \r\nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Sun, The Cambridge University\nPress,\r\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2110.", "children": [] } @@ -21725,69 +21725,69 @@ { "uuid": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "label": "IONOSPHERE/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", + "parentId": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", "definition": "Refers to dynamic processess of the Earth's ionosphere and solar magnetosphere\r\ntriggered by solar events. The magnetosphere is the magnetic cavity surrounding\nthe earth, carved out of the passing solar wind by virtue of the geomagnetic\r\nfield, which prevents, or at least impedes, the direct entry of the solar wind\r\nplasma into the cavity. The ionosphere is the region of the earth's upper\r\natmosphere containing a small percentage of free electrons and ions produced by\nphotoionization of the constituents of the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet\r\nradiation at very short wavelengths (l.t.1000 angstroms). The ionosphere\r\nsignificantly influences radiowave propagation of frequencies less than about\r\n30 MHz.", "children": [ { "uuid": "990016e0-f247-4c36-8a17-f50e792a964a", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC INDICES", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "Geomagnetic indices are an indicator of geomagntic activity caused by solar\r\nevents. Typical geomagntic indices are: a, A, Ap, Dst, K, and Kp. The\nA-index,\r\nfor example, is a daily average composed of 3-hour data points. Geomagnetic\r\nindices can be used in conjunction with solar'wind' data to predict the onset\r\nand intensity of geomagnetic storms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8cbdfa00-852c-452d-8013-86145ad318c8", "label": "MAGNETIC FIELDS/MAGNETIC CURRENTS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "An Electromagnetic field (EM field) is the region of space near electric\ncurrents, magnets, broadcasting antennas etc., regions in which electric and\nmagnetic forces may act, for example on charged particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba75172a-6965-40cf-bf3f-6c0af2f97dad", "label": "ION CHEMISTRY/IONIZATION", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "The process in which a neutral atom or molecule is given a net electrical\ncharge. The atomic process in which ions are produced by removing one or more\nelectrons from an atom, ion, or molecule, typically be collisions with atoms or\nelectrons (collisional ionization), or by interaction with electromagnetic\nradiation (photo-ionization).\r\nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia od the Sun, The Cambridge University\nPress \r\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2001.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9abe9fdb-59f3-4bd6-b24f-b9b7e46eae7c", "label": "ELECTRIC FIELDS/ELECTRIC CURRENTS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "An electric field is the region in which electric forces can be observed, e.g.\r\nnear a charged particle. As a field, it may also be viewed as a region of\r\nspace\r\nmodified by the presence of electric charges. An electric current is a\r\ncontinuous flow of electrons and/or ions, through a material which conducts\r\nelectricity. A current usually flows in a closed circuit, without beginning or\r\nend. In daily life, currents are generally driven through wires by voltages\r\nproduced by batteries or generators. In space plasmas, currents are\r\nproduced by the movement of charged paricles in the presence of a \r\nmagnetic field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "792cf9f0-6d24-4de8-902c-b74e42c74fd3", "label": "AURORAE", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "A faint visual phenomenon associated with geomagnetic activity,\r\nwhich occurs mainly in the high-latitude night sky. Typical\r\nauroras are 100 to 250 km above the ground. The phenomenon\r\ncaused by collisions between charged particles, atoms, and ions\r\nin the Earth's ionosphere and upper atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "882d9a10-713c-4b58-8c7b-d9af086115a3", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC FORECASTS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "The levels of geomagnetic field activity, or disturbance, currently used in the\nlong-term (up to 27 days) forecasts are labelled qualitatively for general\r\nusage. For each of the three major zones (subauroral, auroral, polar cap), the\r\nrange of activity is divided into four classifications: quiet, unsettled,\r\nactive, storm. The actual parameter used for reporting and forecasting magnetic\nactivity is a daily index. It is known as DRX and is the average of the hourly\r\nranges (maximum minus minimum during each hour) in the X (northward) component\r\nof the magnetic field intensity for a day (the UT [or GMT] day), i.e., DRX for\nthe\r\nzone is the mean of 24 values. Because this averaging process has the effect of\nsmoothing (filtering) the more rapid fluctuations in the field, the qualitative\ndescriptors are defined rather differently than for the short-term forecasts.\r\nUnits are nanoteslas (nT).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e453077b-b6f3-44f0-9f3d-4408bf9a69e5", "label": "MAGNETIC STORMS", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "A magnetic storm is a large-scale disturbance of the magnetosphere, often\ninitiated by the arrival of an interplanetary shock originating at the Sun. A\nmagnetic storm is marked by the injection of an appreciable number of ions from\nthe magnetotail into the ring current, a process accompanied by increased\nauroral displays. The strengthened ring current causes a world-wide drop in the\nequatorial magnetic field, taking perhaps 12 hours to reach its greatest\nintensity, followed by a more gradual recovery.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f8a9188-d588-4782-a34b-07fa68380c41", "label": "PLASMA WAVES", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "A plasma is a gas containing ions, electrons, and a magnetic field, and\ntherefore capable of\r\nconducting electric currents. A plasma wave is a set of particles under the\ninfluence of electromagnetic fields, exhibiting wave-like motions with\namplitude and periodicity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d290bd8-049b-4002-86c8-8acba563d0e1", "label": "SOLAR WIND", - "broader": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", + "parentId": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "The solar wind is hot solar plasma spreading from the solar corona in all\ndirections, at a typical speed of 300-1,000 km/sec. The solar wind is\nessentially the hot solar corona on expanding in all directions into the\ninterplanetary space. The solar wind is diverted around the Earth by the\nEarth's magnetic field, although some solar particles enter the Earth's field\nat the poles. The solar wind carries coronal magnetic fields by a process known\nas frozen in the flux. If these frozen in fields have the same North-South\norientation as the Earth's magnetic field, energy can be transferred into the\nEarth's magnetosphere, leading to geomagnetic storms.", "children": [] } @@ -21796,118 +21796,118 @@ { "uuid": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "label": "SOLAR ACTIVITY", - "broader": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", + "parentId": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", "definition": "Any change in the sun's appearance or behavior. The sun's activity\r\nis described as being very low, low, moderate, high or very high.\r\nSolar activity changes over a period of, on average, 11 years. At\r\nsolar maximum, the solar activity is high and so too the Extreme\r\nUltraviolet (EUV) radiation output which affects the ionosphere. At solar \r\nminimum, the opposite is true.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fa9f54b2-a101-4faf-b1dc-b6dff141c08c", "label": "SOLAR FLARES", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "A sudden and violent release of matter and energy within a solar activity\nregion in the form of electromagnetic radiation, energetic particles, shock\nwaves, lasting a few minutes to hours.\tSolar flares accelerate charged\nparticles into interplanetary space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4390c3d-cffa-43ee-8e91-49c6d49ac371", "label": "SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET EMISSIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Radiation with wavelengths roughly between 200 and 400 nanometers.\nThese wavelengths are shorter than those which characterize visible\nlight. Observations from satellites in the UV and extreme UV (EUV)\nwavelengths have demonstrated the sun's UV variability over short time\nscales of days and weeks. UV variability is linked to solar magnetic\nactivity phenomena such as flares and plages. Studies of the UV and EUV\nirradiance variability may have indicated influences on the Earth's\nclimate dynamics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "25aa0f7b-89a5-46d7-b3d3-622b60032661", "label": "SOLAR RADIO WAVE EMISSIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Also known as solar radio emissions. Emissions of the sun in radio\r\nwavelengths from centimeters to decameters, under both quiet and disturbed\r\nconditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a5a2ccf-3ba6-4519-bc9b-7617ef3b9087", "label": "CORONA HOLES", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "An extended region in the solar corona where the density and temperature are\nlower than other places in the corona. The weak diverging and open magnetic\nfield lines in coronal holes extend radially outward and do not immediately\nreturn to the sun. The high speed part of the solar wind comes from coronal\nholes.\r\nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Sun, The Cambridge University\nPress,\r\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2001.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ef327e1-6139-49ff-87c3-f959ea75a511", "label": "CORONA", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "The outermost, high temperature region of the solar atmosphere. Above the\nchromosphere and transition region, consisting of almost fully ionized plasma\ncontained in closed magnetic field loops, called coronal loops or expanding out\nalong open magnetic field lines to form the solar wind. The corona is a highly\nrarefied, low density gas, with electron densities of less than 10*16\nelectrons/ m*3, heated to temperatures of millions of degrees. The corona is\nvisible to the unaided eye as a white halo during a total eclipse of the sun.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d32a340-ee64-4795-9254-09dcaf55bf4c", "label": "SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "A region of the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to the corona that\ndevelops when strong magnetic fields emerge from inside the sun. The magnetized\nrealm in and around the sunspots is called an active region. Radiation from\nactive regions is enhanced when compared to neighboring areas in the\nchromosphere a corona over the whole electromagnetic spectrum. They may last\nfrom a few hours to a few months. They are the sites of intense explosions,\ncalled solar flares.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2fc7768-955b-4e76-935e-d33805fcc914", "label": "SOLAR IMAGERY", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Solar imagery refers to solar images obtained for research in any spectral\nwavelength from ground or space-borne platforms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33f0ec3e-cd6d-498c-9468-749741fc12e2", "label": "SOLAR IRRADIANCE", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere on a plane normal to the\nincident¿radiation, and at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun. Solar\nirradiance¿is also referred to as the solar constant. In satellite remote\nsensing, the¿solar irradiance is used as an onboard calibration of visible band\nsensors.¿Some climate studies suggest that small variations in the solar\nirradiance¿associated with solar activity over days to decades may have an\neffect the¿Earth's climate.¿\r\nThe intensity of the sun's radiation at different wavelengths. The radiation is\ngenerally given in terms of solar constant \\ S, defined in terms of flux of\ntotal radiation received outside the earth's atmosphere per unit area at mean\nsun earth distance., and has the value S = 1.34 X 10*6 ergs cm*-2 sec*-1.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88bd8ce6-334d-4a42-8d51-5ed074ef5a89", "label": "SOLAR OSCILLATIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "The surface of the sun oscillates in certain modes defined by the\r\nnumber¿of latitudinal and longitudinal modal planes. The sun vibrates\r\nin¿multiple modes simultaneously, each mode typically having a\r\ndifferent¿amplitude. Observing the amplitudes of the various solar\r\noscillation¿modes is a way to look inside the sun. A commonly observed\r\nphenomena is the¿'5-minute' oscillation, but other periods have been\r\nobserved from 10 to 160¿minutes on the long period scale to about 10\r\nseconds on the short period¿scale. Also observed are so-called 'g-mode'\r\noscillations (internal gravity¿waves) generated by turbulent convection\r\nbelow the photosphere.¿These oscillations are the result of internal motions of\nthe sun and their study is known as helioseismology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b52f7f5-4102-4829-8ea3-c0dcdd36bdca", "label": "SOLAR PROMINENCES/SOLAR FILAMENTS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "A term identifying cloud-like features in the solar atmosphere. The\r\nfeatures appear as bright structures in the corona above the solar limb\r\nand as dark filaments when seen projected against the solar disk. \r\nSolar filaments are also known as prominences, can appear as arcs and\nproperties can vary with the solar cycle.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a15e514b-4b44-4587-a857-34ab7e2d357e", "label": "SOLAR X-RAY EMISSIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Solar X-Ray emissions can consist of X-Ray background flux or X-Ray bursts. A\ndaily average background X-ray flux is in the 1 to 8 angstrom range. It is a\nmidday minimum designed to reduce the effects of flares. X-Ray burstsare a\ntemporary enhancement of the X-ray emission of the sun. The time-intensity\nprofile of soft X-ray bursts is similar to that of the H-Alpha profile of an\nassociated flare. Bursts last from minutes to several hours.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "429d42ef-9b58-4068-b389-0a9e60e55486", "label": "SUNSPOTS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "An area seen as a dark spot on the PHOTOSPHERE of the sun. Sunspots\r\nare concentrations of magnetic flux, typically occurring in bipolar\r\nclusters or groups. They appear dark because they are cooler than the\r\nsurrounding photosphere. Sunspots are classified as to their group\r\ncharacteristics (called the Zurich Sunspot Classification; older sunspot\r\ncounting schemes may have used the Wolf Sunspot Number classification).\r\nSatellite observations of the sun (notably by the ACRIM and ERBE sensors)\r\nhave demonstrated a correlation between sunspot luminosity changes and\r\nsunspot numbers - a possible influencing factor in Earth's climate\r\ndynamics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ace2d2e5-0b9a-472e-b27b-c687b9108076", "label": "SOLAR SYNOPTIC MAPS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Synoptic maps refer to the state of the entire viewable solar disk at a\r\ngiven moment in time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4fcb001-f517-4295-89dd-73292e0bf3ee", "label": "SOLAR VELOCITY FIELDS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Solar velocity fields are also known as differential rotation. The sun rotates\nslightly more rapidly at the equator than at the poles. Gases at the equator\nmake about 10 rotations, whiles gases at midlatitudes rotates 9 times and gases\nat the poles rotates about 7 times. This produces a shear in the gas motions\nand a pronounced E-W orientation of the magnetic field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d486f25-7477-4da9-96ae-0091596ed4d2", "label": "CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Coronal mass ejection (CME) is a huge cloud of hot plasma, occasionally\nexpelled from the Sun. It may accelerate ions and electrons and may travel\nthrough interplanetary space as far as the Earth¿s orbit and beyond it, often\npreceded by a shock front. When the shock reaches Earth, a magnetic storm may\nresult.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e06822d8-b640-4d75-ac37-33ab3cc5e765", "label": "COSMIC RAYS", - "broader": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", + "parentId": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "High energy particles and photons emitted by stellar processes. The highest\nenergies have been observed at 10*8 Tev and are believed to come from shocks\nemanating from galaxies. Solar cosmic rays are protons observed at 1 Gev,\nhaving been accelerated by shocks associated with solar flares.", "children": [] } @@ -21918,207 +21918,207 @@ { "uuid": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "label": "CLIMATE INDICATORS", - "broader": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", + "parentId": "e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5", "definition": "Climate Indicators are a set of parameters that describe the changing climate without reducing climate change to only temperature. They comprise key information for the most relevant domains of climate change: temperature and energy, atmospheric composition, ocean and water as well as the cryosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "Information about the atmosphere's and ocean's state and health", "children": [ { "uuid": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "label": "TELECONNECTIONS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "A linkage between weather changes occuring in widely seperated regions of the\nglobe.\r\nThe term 'teleconnections' is most commonly applied to variability on monthly\nor longer timescales and refers to the fact that such correlations suggest that\ninformation is propagating between distant points through the atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2295728d-0ee0-4c6f-9bb4-261b4b22322e", "label": "NORTH PACIFIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The North Pacific Index is the area-weighted sea level pressure over\r\nthe region 30N-65N, 160E-140W.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0e53e397-7836-45ec-bc62-0d54f9f176e5", "label": "PACIFIC/NORTH AMERICAN (PNA) PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The PNA pattern is one of the most prominent modes of low-frequency\r\nvariability in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, appearing in all\r\nmonths except June and July. The PNA pattern reflects a quadripole\r\npattern of height anomalies, with anomalies of similar sign located\r\nsouth of the Aleutian Islands and over the southeastern United\r\nStates. Anomalies with sign opposite to the Aleutian center are\r\nlocated in the vicinity of Hawaii, and over the intermountain region\r\nof North America (central Canada) during the Winter and Fall (Spring).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64d4ff80-59bb-4565-8759-e5223939abfd", "label": "EAST ATLANTIC PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The East Atlantic (EA) pattern is the second prominent mode of low-frequency variability over the North Atlantic, and appears as a leading mode in all months. The EA pattern is structurally similar to the NAO, and consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers spanning the North Atlantic from east to west. The anomaly centers of the EA pattern are displaced southeastward to the approximate nodal lines of the NAO pattern. For this reason, the EA pattern is often interpreted as a “southward shifted” NAO pattern. However, the lower-latitude center contains a strong subtropical link in association with modulations in the subtropical ridge intensity and location. This subtropical link makes the EA pattern distinct from its NAO counterpart. This EA pattern is similar to that shown in the Barnston and Livezey (1987) study, but is distinctly different from the EA pattern originally defined by Wallace and Gutzler (1981).\n\nThe positive phase of the EA pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in Europe in all months, and with below-average temperatures over the southern U.S. during January-May and in the north-central U.S. during July-October. It is also associated with above-average precipitation over northern Europe and Scandinavia, and with below-average precipitation across southern Europe.\n\nThe EA pattern exhibits very strong multi-decadal variability in the 1950-2004 record, with the negative phase prevailing during much of 1950-1976, and the positive phase occurring during much of 1977-2004. The positive phase of the EA pattern was particularly strong and persistent during 1997-2004, when 3-month running mean values routinely averaged 1.0-2.0 standard deviations above normal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "21389c4a-0d32-484a-95b9-db319a18f6ca", "label": "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC MERIDIONAL WIND ANOMALY INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "An ENSO meridional wind anomaly index is calculated for the region 12-2N, 160E-80W from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). This region was chosen from a map of meridional wind regressed onto an index of eastern equatorial Pacific SST for the period 1950-79.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47fb8f57-2ddd-4289-b8a5-af7ffa0ee031", "label": "EAST ATLANTIC JET PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The East Atlantic Jet pattern is the third primary mode of low frequency variability found over the North Atlantic, appearing between April and August. This pattern also consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers, with one main center located over the high latitudes of the eastern North Atlantic ... and Scandinavia, and the other center located over Northern Africa and the Mediterranean Sea. A positive phase of the EA-Jet pattern reflects an intensification of westerlies over the central latitudes of the eastern North Atlantic and over much of Europe, while a negative phase reflects a strong split-flow configuration over these regions, sometimes in association with long-lived blocking anticyclones in the vicinity of Greenland and Great Britain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "98e5a7e4-b946-474a-8214-c1b7b3e5f976", "label": "ARCTIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The Arctic Oscillation (AO) is the dominant pattern of non-seasonal\r\nsea-level pressure (SLP) variations north of 20N, and it is\r\ncharacterized by SLP anomalies of one sign in the Arctic and anomalies\r\nof opposite sign centered about 37-45N. Additional information is\r\navailable for the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and for the North Atlantic\r\nOscillation (NAO), a close relative of the AO \r\n(http://jisao.washington.edu/ao/)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5e1c055-768e-4aa3-a0a1-3adfda8ecdca", "label": "NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is often defined as the\r\ndifference of sea-level pressure between 2 stations situated close to\r\nthe 'centres of action' over Iceland and the Azores. Stykkisholmur\r\n(Iceland) is invariably used as the northern station, whereas either;\r\nPonta Delgada (Azores) Lisbon (Portugal) Gibraltar are used as the\r\nsouthern station.\r\nStrong positive phases of the NAO tend to be associated with\r\nabove-normal temperatures in the eastern United States and across\r\nnorthern Europe and below-normal temperatures in Greenland and\r\noftentimes across southern Europe and the Middle East. They are also\r\nassociated with above-normal precipitation over northern Europe and\r\nScandinavia and below-normal precipitation over southern and central\r\nEurope. Opposite patterns of temperature and precipitation anomalies\r\nare typically observed during strong negative phases of the\r\nNAO. During particularly prolonged periods dominated by one particular\r\nphase of the NAO, abnormal height and temperature patterns are also\r\noften seen extending well into central Russia and north-central\r\nSiberia.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57a381ef-56f6-48af-8974-822f5859979d", "label": "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC ZONAL WIND ANOMALY INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The ENSO zonal wind anomaly index is calculated for the region \n8N-8S, 150E-140W from the COADS data. This region was chosen from a map of \nzonal wind regressed onto an index of eastern equatorial Pacific SST for the \nperiod 1950-79. The anomalies are with respect to a 1950-79 climatology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a69f9faf-f730-4eba-9e38-0f72b0544bbe", "label": "BIVARIATE ENSO TIMESERIES INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The BEST index was designed to be simple to calculate and to provide a long time period ENSO index for research purposes. Nino 3.4 has traditionally been used as a measure of ENSO strength in the tropical Pacific. However, it's use alone neglects explicit atmospheric processes. By adding the SOI or Southern Oscillation Index (the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin), these processes are more directly included. In addition, older SST values are at least partially reconstructed and not explicitly measured. By including the SOI, which is better measured historically, the effect of biases in the SST data introduced by the reconstruction technique are reduced. A more detailed explanation how the index was created is available (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/people/cathy.smith/best/details.html).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83b711e1-3fb5-4ef3-bafb-783e8239a4b5", "label": "TROPICAL/NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The Tropical/ Northern Hemisphere pattern was first classified by Mo and Livezey (1986), and appears as a prominent mode from November-February. The pattern consists of one primary anomaly center over the Gulf of Alaska and a separate anomaly center of opposite sign over the Hudson Bay. A weaker area of anomalies having similar sign to the Gulf of Alaska anomaly extends across Mexico and the extreme southeastern United States. This pattern reflects large-scale changes in both the location and eastward extent of the Pacific jet stream, and also in the strength and position of the climatological mean Hudson Bay Low. Thus, the pattern significantly modulates the flow of marine air into North America, as well as the southward transport of cold Canadian air into the north-central United States.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "511e6c26-8806-4d88-9763-a136a6957042", "label": "ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) is the dominant pattern of\r\nnon-seasonal tropospheric circulation variations south of 20S, and it\r\nis characterized by pressure anomalies of one sign centered in the\r\nAntarctic and anomalies of the opposite sign centered about\r\n40-50S. The AAO is also referred to as the Southern Annular Mode\r\n(SAM). There is a Northern Hemisphere analog to the AAO, and it is\r\ncalled the Arctic Oscillation (or Northern Annular Mode).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2aeb8e10-b7f8-429e-b9f6-968ece330741", "label": "BLOCKING INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "Blocking in the southern hemisphere typically occurs at lower\r\nlatitudes when compared with the northern hemisphere. The index\r\nfollows Tibaldi et al. (1994).\r\nThe European blocking index is based on observations of pentad (5-day\r\naverage) wind over the region 15W to 25E and 35n to 55N. If the pentad\r\nzonal wind equals the climatological value for that time period, the\r\nindex is zero. If the pentad zonal wind is less than average the index\r\nis postive, while the opposite is true if the index is\r\nnegative. Values close to +/- 1 indicate relatively strong events.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "095a05c0-6220-4abd-9c1b-c4504a092d7d", "label": "EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO)", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "An irregular variation of ocean current that from January to March\r\nflows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm,\r\nlow-salinity, nutrient-poor water to the south. It does not usually\r\nextend farther than a few degrees south of the equator, but\r\noccasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 degrees S, displacing the\r\nrelatively cold Peru Current. The effects of this phenomenon are\r\ngenerally short-lived, and fishing is only slightly\r\ndisrupted. Occasionally (in 1891, 1925, 1941, 1957 - 58, 1965, 1972 -\r\n73, 1976, and 1982 - 83), the effects are major and prolonged. Under\r\nthese conditions, sea surface temperatures rise along the coast of\r\nPeru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean and may remain high\r\nfor more than a year, having disastrous effects on marine life and\r\nfishing. Excessive rainfall and flooding occur in the normally dry\r\ncoastal area of western tropical South America during these\r\nevents. Some oceanographers and meteorologists consider only the\r\nmajor, prolonged events as El Nino phenomena rather than the annually\r\noccurring weaker and short-lived ones. The name was originally applied\r\nto the latter events because of their occurrence at Christmas time.\r\n('http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/glossary.html')\r\n

\r\nInteracting parts of a single global system of climate\r\nfluctuations. ENSO is the most prominent known source of interannual\r\nvariability in weather and climate around the world, though not all\r\nareas are affected. The Southern Oscillation (SO) is a global-scale\r\nseesaw in atmospheric pressure between Indonesia/North Australia, and\r\nthe southeast Pacific. In major warm events El Nino warming extends\r\nover much of the tropical Pacific and becomes clearly linked to the SO\r\npattern. Many of the countries most affected by ENSO events are\r\ndeveloping countries with economies that are largely dependent upon\r\ntheir agricultural and fishery sectors as a major source of food\r\nsupply, employment, and foreign exchange. New capabilities to predict\r\nthe onset of ENSO event can have a global impact. While ENSO is a\r\nnatural part of the Earth's climate, whether its intensity or\r\nfrequency may change as a result of global warming is an important\r\nconcern.\r\nFrom: 'http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "25d4368e-3b66-40d5-bac1-2343b127fa32", "label": "MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "In 1971 Roland Madden and Paul Julian stumbled upon a 40-50 day\r\noscillation when analyzing zonal wind anomalies in the tropical\r\nPacific. They used ten years of pressure records at Canton (at 2.8B0 S\r\nin the Pacific) and upper level winds at Singapore.\r\nThe oscillation of surface and upper-level winds was remarkably clear\r\nin Singapore. Until the early 1980's little attention was paid to this\r\noscillation, which became known as the Madden and Julian\r\nOscillation(MJO), and some scientists questioned its global\r\nsignificance. Since the 1982-83 El Nino event, low-frequency\r\nvariations in the tropics, both on intra-annual (less than a year) and\r\ninter-annual (more than a year) timescales, have received much more\r\nattention, and the number of MJO-related publications grew rapidly.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2de06b90-4abe-4c71-a537-978679bf8aea", "label": "PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "Fisheries scientist Steven Hare coined the term 'Pacific Decadal\r\nOscillation' (PDO) in 1996 while researching connections between\r\nAlaska salmon production cycles and Pacific climate. PDO has since\r\nbeen described as a long-lived El Nino-like pattern of Pacific\r\nclimate variability because the two climate oscillations have similar\r\nspatial climate fingerprints, but very different temporal behavior.\r\nTwo main characteristics distinguish PDO from El Nino/ Southern\r\nOscillation (ENSO): first, 20th century PDO 'events' persisted for\r\n20-to-30 years, while typical ENSO events persisted for 6 to 18\r\nmonths; second, the climatic fingerprints of the PDO are most visible\r\nin the North Pacific/North American sector, while secondary signatures\r\nexist in the tropics - the opposite is true for ENSO.\r\nSeveral independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles\r\nin the past century: 'cool' PDO regimes prevailed from 1890-1924 and\r\nagain from 1947-1976 while'warm' PDO regimes dominated from 1925-1946\r\nand from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Shoshiro Minobe; has\r\nshown that 20th century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two\r\ngeneral periodicities, one from 15-to-25 years, and the other from\r\n50-to-70 years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea64fa04-2822-4cc5-9014-f18ce1a1ef23", "label": "QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "A stratospheric (16 to 35 km altitude) oscillation of equatorial\r\neast-west winds which vary with a period of about 26 to 30 months or\r\nroughly 2 years; typically blowing for 12-16 months from the east,\r\nthen reverse and blowing 12-16 months from the west, then back to\r\neasterly again.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bdb6eafa-f4e1-4536-b513-4c787f829722", "label": "WEST PACIFIC INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The WP pattern is a primary mode of low-frequency variability over the North Pacific in all months, and has been previously described by both Barnston and Livezey (1987) and Wallace and Gutzler (1981). During winter and spring, the pattern consists of a north-south dipole of anomalies, with one center located over the Kamchatka Peninsula and another broad center of opposite sign covering portions of southeastern Asia and the low latitudes of the extreme western North Pacific. Therefore, strong positive or negative phases of this pattern reflect pronounced zonal and meridional variations in the location and intensity of the entrance region of the Pacific (or East Asian) jet steam. \n\nIn the summer and fall, the WP pattern becomes increasingly wave-like, and a third prominent center appears over Alaska and the Beaufort Sea, with a sign opposite to the center over the western North Pacific. This wave structure is most evident in the Fall, when it extends downstream along a quasi great-circle route into the western United States. The time series of the WP pattern indicates considerable intermonthly and interannual variability, and persistence of a particular phase of the pattern is relatively common.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77b2422e-ce52-465f-8841-5d04ebe536dc", "label": "NORTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The NOI (extratropical-based Northern Oscillation Index) and its analog, the SOI* (extratropical-bassed Southern Oscillation Index) are new indices of midlatitude climate fluctuations that show interesting relationships with fluctuations in marine ecosystems and populations. They reflect the variability in equatorial and extratropical teleconnections and represent a wide range of local and remote climate signals. The indices are counterparts to the traditional SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) that relate variability in the atmospheric forcing of climate change in northern and southern midlatitude hemisphere regions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "523c148f-bb4f-47d0-b176-0949ed59288a", "label": "GLOBALLY INTEGRATED ANGULAR MOMENTUM", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The atmospheric angular momentum is the product of mass times the rotational velocity times the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. A rotating object will conserve its angular momentum unless a torque acts to change its rotation. The axial component is of interest in climate and is determined by the distribution of atmospheric mass and zonal wind relative to the earth's rotation axis. Higher than normal surface pressure in the tropics or strong westerly flow there contributes to greater AAM.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0384fecd-9303-47f3-84e3-f01f58013fc3", "label": "EASTERN PACIFIC OSCILLATION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The East Pacific - North Pacific (EP- NP) pattern is a Spring-Summer-Fall pattern with three main anomaly centers. The positive phase of this pattern features positive height anomalies located over Alaska/ Western Canada, and negative anomalies over the central North Pacific and eastern North America. Strong positive phases of the EP-NP pattern are associated with a southward shift and intensification of the Pacific jet stream from eastern Asia to the eastern North Pacific, followed downstream by an enhanced anticyclonic circulation over western North America, and by an enhanced cyclonic circulation over the eastern United States. Strong negative phases of the pattern are associated with circulation anomalies of opposite sign in these regions.\n\nThe positive phase of the EP-NP pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures over the eastern North Pacific, and below-average temperatures over the central North Pacific and eastern North America. The main precipitation anomalies associated with this pattern reflect above-average precipitation in the area north of Hawaii and below-average precipitation over southwestern Canada.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "caddaef6-1a60-490a-938e-9107885f286f", "label": "MULTIVARIATE ENSO INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The MEI is a leading indicator for the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and is calculated as the first unrotated Principal Component of six observed variables over the tropical Pacific Ocean. These six variables are: sea level pressure, zonal and meridional components of the surface wind, sea surface temperature, surface air temperature, and total cloudiness fraction of the sky. The MEI is computed for each of twelve sliding bimonthly seasons (Dec/Jan, Jan/Feb,..., Nov/Dec). Negative values of the MEI represent the cold ENSO phase (La Niña), while positive MEI values represent the warm ENSO phase (El Niño).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eaa0bc43-e283-4bf1-ba20-ca32850a66ef", "label": "SOUTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is computed using monthly mean sea level pressure anomalies at Tahiti (T) and Darwin (D). The SOI [T-D] is an optimal index that combines the Southern Oscillation into one series. The SOI noise [T+D] series is a measure of small scale and/or transient phenomena that are not part of the large scale Southern Oscillation. These SOI values are similar to those calculated by the Climate Prediction Center in that they have been derived using normalization factors derived from monthly values.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dcdb6cf1-48a7-488e-aeb8-e6c0b36752d4", "label": "ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION LONG VERSION", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The timeseries are calculated from the Kaplan SST dataset which is updated monthly. It is basically an index of the N Atlantic temperatures. Time time series are created; a smoothed version and an unsmoothed version. In addition, two files starting at 1948 are produced to be used in the Correlation webpages.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f141c968-94d4-4c42-8877-bbe34bb84b26", "label": "ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL MODE", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The mode describes the meridional variabilty in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.\n\nCalculation Method:\nThe AMM spatial pattern is defined via applying Maximum Covariance Analysis (MCA) to sea surface temperature (SST; left field) and the zonal and meridional components of the 10m wind field (right field) over the time period 1950-2005, from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis. To define the spatial pattern, data are defined over the region (21S-32N, 74W-15E), and spatially smoothed (three longitude by two latitude points). The seasonal cycle is removed, data are detrended, a three-month running mean is applied to the data, and the linear fit to the Cold Tongue Index (a measure of ENSO variability) is subtracted from each spatial point. Spatial patterns are defined as the first left (SST) and right (winds) maps resulting from singular value decomposition of the covariance matrix between the two fields. The AMM time series below is calculated via projecting SST or the 10m wind field (detrended, CTI removed, but no 3-month running mean) onto the spatial structure resulting from the MCA above.\nTime Interval: Monthly\nTime Coverage: 1948 to present", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6abcc08-7d59-4852-8c1a-82f464900333", "label": "NORTH PACIFIC PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "North Pacific pattern is the area-weighted sea level pressure over the region 30N-65N, 160E-140W.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c58e035f-87c6-4aa5-8729-5a9c6270e73b", "label": "EASTERN ATLANTIC WESTERN RUSSIA PATTERN", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "Monthly tabulated East Atlantic/ Western Russia teleconnection index dating back to 1950. Indices are standardized by the 1981-2010 climatology.\n\nThe East Atlantic/ West Russia (EATL/WRUS) pattern is one of three prominent teleconnection patterns that affects Eurasia throughout year. This pattern has been referred to as the Eurasia-2 pattern by Barnston and Livezey (1987). The East Atlantic/ West Russia pattern consists of four main anomaly centers. The positive phase is associated with positive height anomalies located over Europe and northern China, and negative height anomalies located over the central North Atlantic and north of the Caspian Sea.\n\nThe main surface temperature anomalies associated with the positive phase of the EATL/ WRUS pattern reflect above-average temperatures over eastern Asia, and below-average temperatures over large portions of western Russia and northeastern Africa. The main precipitation departures reflect generally above-average precipitation in eastern China and below-average precipitation across central Europe.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "233903dd-daec-474f-ac2e-cdcad84a85b5", "label": "Pacific Transition Index", - "broader": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", + "parentId": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a", "definition": "The Pacific Transition (PT) pattern is a leading mode during August and September. This pattern captures anomalous wave-train of 500-hPa heights extending from the central subtropical North Pacific to the eastern United States. The positive phase of the PT pattern features above-average heights west of Hawaii and across western North America, and below-average heights in the Gulf of Alaska and over the southeastern United States.\n\nThe PT pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in the western subtropical North Pacific, the subtropical North Atlantic, and throughout western North America, and with below-average temperatures over the eastern half of the United States. The main precipitation departures associated with the PT pattern include above-average precipitation in the southeastern U.S., and below-average precipitation near Hawaii and across the northern tier of the United States.", "children": [] } @@ -22127,27 +22127,27 @@ { "uuid": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", "label": "HUMIDITY INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "A measure or indicator of some aspect of humidity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cdd7a31f-3244-494d-bc44-7b5f1ebb4bd7", "label": "HUMIDITY INDEX", - "broader": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", + "parentId": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", "definition": "The Humidity Index is based on a ratio of annual precipitation and\r\npotential evapotranspiration\r\nThere are various humidity indices including:\r\nThe Global Humidity Index\r\nEvaporative Cooling Humidity Index\r\nHeat-Humidity Index", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5bdc74e2-ea3a-4d1d-b64e-9eaf3a879545", "label": "TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX", - "broader": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", + "parentId": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", "definition": "temperature–humidity index (THI), combination of temperature and humidity that is a measure of the degree of discomfort experienced by an individual in warm weather; it was originally called the discomfort index. The index is essentially an effective temperature based on air temperature and humidity; it equals 15 plus 0.4 times the sum of simultaneous readings of the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures. Thus, if the dry-bulb temperature is 90° F (32° C) and the wet-bulb temperature is 50° F (10° C), the discomfort index is 15 + 0.4 (140), or 71. Most people are quite comfortable when the index is below 70 and very uncomfortable when the index is above 80 to 85. In the U.S. the highest average daily values of the THI, exceeding 80, consistently occur in the southern California deserts and southwestern Arizona in July and August.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9349099-8d45-4260-ab30-c891c3553a25", "label": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT INDEX", - "broader": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", + "parentId": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -22156,13 +22156,13 @@ { "uuid": "8c4e2397-aed6-4ce4-9ead-08323e2f90ae", "label": "CLOUD INDICATORS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2111d240-315c-411b-8114-7ef9e89317e5", "label": "INCREASED/DECREASED CLOUD FRACTION", - "broader": "8c4e2397-aed6-4ce4-9ead-08323e2f90ae", + "parentId": "8c4e2397-aed6-4ce4-9ead-08323e2f90ae", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -22171,41 +22171,41 @@ { "uuid": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", "label": "EXTREME WEATHER", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "Extreme weather includes weather phenomena that are at the extremes of the historical distribution, especially severe or unseasonal weather.[1] The most commonly used definition of extreme weather is based on an event's climatological distribution. Extreme weather occurs only 5% or less of the time. According to climate scientists and meteorological researchers, extreme weather events are rare.[2]", "children": [ { "uuid": "e4c806af-ab57-4fda-b7e9-29e3c65f6ec5", "label": "EXTREME DROUGHT", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", + "parentId": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", "definition": "Extreme Drought - Major crop/pasture losses; widespread water shortages or restrictions\nPalmer Drought Index: -4.0 to -4.9\nCPC Soil Moisture Model (Percentiles): 3-5\nUSGS Weekly Streamflow (Percentiles): 3-5\nStandardized Precipitation Index (SPI): -1.6 to -1.9\nObjective Short and Long-term Drought Indicator Blends (Percentiles): 3-5", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc5a1b7a-5ee8-4d67-80f5-a57e3f1734ab", "label": "EXTREME PRECIPITATION", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", + "parentId": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", "definition": "Extreme precipitation events in the form of high amounts of rainfall can contribute to flooding, landslides and mud flows. Effects of extreme precipitation on the natural environment can often be disproportionally larger than the cumulative effect of normal precipitation patterns. The magnitude of societal impacts of extremes depends upon a variety of factors such geographic location, population density, infrastructure design standards and emergency response systems (Parry et al., 2007)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "079e6699-efbf-4358-9047-b668b459fc22", "label": "HEAT/COLD WAVE FREQUENCY/INTENSITY", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", + "parentId": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f95ceda-09fd-4ee3-9f30-bf38bf831e12", "label": "MONSOON ONSET/INTENSITY", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", + "parentId": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a85b812e-e4d2-4dce-bf67-d89a3e1a9122", "label": "TROPICAL OR EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY/INTENSITY", - "broader": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", + "parentId": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -22214,34 +22214,34 @@ { "uuid": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", "label": "PRECIPITATION INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "Rainfall indices are calculated from precipitation data for a specific region over time.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d14d762c-4117-438a-9093-a098a0d0e4e6", "label": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", + "parentId": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", "definition": "The goal in constructing a precipitation-based measure of ENSO was to estimate the gradient of rainfall anomalies across the Pacific basin and ensure a good relationship with SST- and pressure-based indices. Areas were selected that represent the Maritime Continent (MC) (10° N – 10°S; 90° E – 150° E) and central to eastern Pacific (P) (10° N – 10° S; 160° E – 100° W). These regions capture the largest precipitation anomalies associated with the interannual variations of the Walker circulation and contain the largest correlations between GPCP and Nino 3.4 and SOI. Within P and MC the absolute magnitude of the largest correlation is over +0.6. \n\nBecause of the spatially varying nature of rainfall, it was decided to use a moving block average which would capture the strongest zonal gradients within the equatorial Pacific. This procedure is unlike many fixed area average indices, and allows for a realistic meridional component of the precipitation gradient and migration of the ascending and descending branches of the Walker circulation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7427fb2d-43b5-478a-960d-2ff9aa398462", "label": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", + "parentId": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", "definition": "The SPI was formulated by Tom Mckee, Nolan Doesken and John Kleist of\r\nthe Colorado Climate Center in 1993. The purpose is to assign a single\r\nnumeric value to the precipitation which can be compared across\r\nregions with markedly different climates. Technically, the SPI is the\r\nnumber of standard deviations that the observed value would deviate\r\nfrom the long-term mean, for a normally distributed random\r\nvariable. Since precipitation is not normally distributed, a\r\ntransformation is first applied so that the transformed precipitation\r\nvalues follow a normal distribution.\r\nThe Standardized Precipitation Index was designed to explicitly\r\nexpress the fact that it is possible to simultaneously experience wet\r\nconditions on one or more time scales, and dry conditions at other\r\ntime scales, often a difficult concept to convey in simple terms to\r\ndecision-makers. Consequently, a separate SPI value is calculated for\r\na selection of time scales, covering the last 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,\r\n9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months, and ending\r\non the last day of the latest month.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aefbd3c5-6594-455b-a99d-7397a694bf8e", "label": "WEIGHTED ANOMALY STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", + "parentId": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", "definition": "McKee, T.B., N.J. Doesken, and J. Kliest. 1993: The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8f0571c-4c19-4025-936c-936e9ac72e21", "label": "NORTHEAST BRAZIL RAINFALL ANOMALY", - "broader": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", + "parentId": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", "definition": "The northeast Brazil rainfall index is calculated from data for Fortaleza (3.7S, 38.5W) and Quixeramobim (5.3S, 39.3W) Brazil obtained from the NCAR World Monthly Surface Station Climatology. Climatological mean is for 1950-79.", "children": [] } @@ -22250,27 +22250,27 @@ { "uuid": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", "label": "PRECIPITATION INDICATORS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "Information about the conditions of precipitation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c7c88080-660c-4913-8140-5f3bc91e295e", "label": "PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY", - "broader": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", + "parentId": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "279961c4-dac3-4188-917f-fa11982f957e", "label": "PRECIPITATION TRENDS", - "broader": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", + "parentId": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e13b084e-d044-49c9-8791-f057f777fca3", "label": "SAHEL STANDARDIZED RAINFALL", - "broader": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", + "parentId": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", "definition": "From Mitchell: The averaging region is based on the rotated principal component analysis of average June through September African rainfall presented in Janowiak (1988, J. Climate, 1, 240-255). Stations within 20-8N, 20W-10E are obtained from the National Center for Atmospheric Research World Monthly Surface Station Climatology (WMSSC), and 14 retained which had complete or almost complete records for 1950-93. See link for stations. http://jisao.washington.edu/data_sets/sahel/", "children": [] } @@ -22279,19 +22279,19 @@ { "uuid": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water\nmolecules, measured or estimated at the sea surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4b862c68-9cd9-4fee-942a-7cec0e6b05c2", "label": "EXTREME EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The Niño1+2 SST anomaly index is an indicator of far eastern tropical Pacific El Niño conditions, off the coasts of Peru and Chile. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 90°W - 80°W, 10°S - 0°.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1c2e9a42-39d1-4b38-b752-3982f2a36ef4", "label": "NINO 1+2 INDEX", - "broader": "4b862c68-9cd9-4fee-942a-7cec0e6b05c2", + "parentId": "4b862c68-9cd9-4fee-942a-7cec0e6b05c2", "definition": "The Niño1+2 SST anomaly index is an indicator of far eastern tropical Pacific El Niño conditions, off the coasts of Peru and Chile. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 90°W - 80°W, 10°S - 0°.", "children": [] } @@ -22300,41 +22300,41 @@ { "uuid": "d52674c3-0c78-4f35-9675-c2a8b3869b16", "label": "NORTH TROPICAL ATLANTIC INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The timeseries of SST anomalies averaged over 60W to 20W, 6N to 18N and 20W to 10W, 6N to 10N map. Data is obtained from the COADS dataset for 1951-1991 and NCEP afterwards. Anomalies were calculated relative to the 1951-2000 climatology, smoothed by three months running mean procedure and projected onto 20 leading EOFs. Month of data is the center of the 3 months that are smoothed. More information and the indexes forecasted values are available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c58dc7fb-65d5-4309-8abe-160e8e845382", "label": "NINO 3 INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The Niño 3 index is an average of the sea surface temperatures in the region 150 degrees West - 90 degrees West (longitude) and 5 degrees North to 5 degrees South (latitude). When the index is positive (red) then waters are warmer than normal and when the index is negative (blue) then waters are cooler than normal. El Niños occur when the water is much warmer than normal for a sustained period of time. For example, El Niños occured in 1982-83, 1986-87 and 1997-98", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58d71334-7fb5-4e05-85fd-9d2485854abe", "label": "TRANS-NINO INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The timeseries is calculated from the HadISST and the NCEP OI Datasets. It is the standardized Nina 12 minus the Nina 4 with a 5 month running mean applied which is then standardized using the 1950-1979 period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cde80e8-3eb1-40e7-9305-e765dc8df5e2", "label": "TROPICAL NORTH ATLANTIC INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "Anomaly of the average of the monthly SST from 5.5N to 23.5N and 15W to 57.5W. GISST and NOAA OI 1x1 datasets are used to create index. Climatology is 1951-2000.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "01b96758-13f3-4cea-8447-decae36b1bde", "label": "EAST CENTRAL TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The NINO3.4 index is one of several El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indicators based on sea surface temperatures.\n\nNINO3.4 is the average sea surface temperature anomaly in the region bounded by 5°N to 5°S, from 170°W to 120°W. This region has large variability on El Niño time scales, and is close to the region where changes in local sea-surface temperature are important for shifting the large region of rainfall typically located in the far western Pacific.\n\nAn El Niño or La Niña event is identified if the 5-month running-average of the NINO3.4 index exceeds +0.4°C for El Niño or -0.4°C for La Niña for at least 6 consecutive months.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a084d58c-c4f6-40fa-a645-96d9bef021aa", "label": "NINO 3.4 INDEX", - "broader": "01b96758-13f3-4cea-8447-decae36b1bde", + "parentId": "01b96758-13f3-4cea-8447-decae36b1bde", "definition": "The NINO3.4 index is one of several El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indicators based on sea surface temperatures.\n\nNINO3.4 is the average sea surface temperature anomaly in the region bounded by 5°N to 5°S, from 170°W to 120°W. This region has large variability on El Niño time scales, and is close to the region where changes in local sea-surface temperature are important for shifting the large region of rainfall typically located in the far western Pacific.\n\nAn El Niño or La Niña event is identified if the 5-month running-average of the NINO3.4 index exceeds +0.4°C for El Niño or -0.4°C for La Niña for at least 6 consecutive months.", "children": [] } @@ -22343,48 +22343,48 @@ { "uuid": "309d2897-c74b-4de6-96fc-751a6935d549", "label": "WESTERN HEMISPHERE WARM POOL", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "Monthly anomaly of the ocean surface area warmer than 28.5°C in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific. Climatology is 1951-2000.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c98dcbd-1dc8-4e0a-8ad1-0d11e88360eb", "label": "KAPLAN SST INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The Kaplan SST Index represents SST anomalies over a 5x5 degree grid\r\nfrom the MOHSST5 version of the GOSTA.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "887e3bcc-ffd4-4f10-a91c-849783aac709", "label": "TROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "Anomaly of the average of the monthly SST from Eq-20S and 10E-30W. GISST and NOAA OI 1x1 datasets are used to create index. Climatology is 1951-2000.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70ed535b-a591-411d-80ca-9eafe10b3be8", "label": "OCEANIC NINO INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "Beginning in December 2008, the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) is calculated using Version 3b of the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) dataset. More information on this new dataset is provided here (see refefrence link). This new monthly analysis replaces ERSST Version 3, which will no longer be updated. In the meantime, we are temporarily providing web links to the ONI based on ERSST.v3b and ERSST.v3.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f2273b8-be30-45d5-a5d7-9bd947779c2e", "label": "CARIBBEAN INDEX", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The timeseries of SST anomalies averaged over the the Caribbean. Data is obtained from the COADS dataset for 1951-1991 and NCEP after. Anomalies were calculated relative to the 1951-2000 climatology, smoothed by three months running mean procedure and projected onto 20 leading EOFs. More information and the indexes forecasted values are available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad5bde75-1f54-4f7e-a958-3adaf9f40639", "label": "CENTRAL TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The Niño4 SST anomaly index is an indicator of western tropical Pacific El Niño conditions. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 160°E - 150°W, 5°S - 5°N.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f59ce66b-a76d-467c-bab1-6264f9f3bb70", "label": "NINO 4 INDEX", - "broader": "ad5bde75-1f54-4f7e-a958-3adaf9f40639", + "parentId": "ad5bde75-1f54-4f7e-a958-3adaf9f40639", "definition": "The Niño4 SST anomaly index is an indicator of western tropical Pacific El Niño conditions. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 160°E - 150°W, 5°S - 5°N.", "children": [] } @@ -22393,21 +22393,21 @@ { "uuid": "ed2f3a3f-c841-41cf-9394-3a3254d13fc2", "label": "TROPICAL PACIFIC SST EOF", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca418285-d1f2-4348-82e4-7fc59f8b60c8", "label": "ATLANTIC TRIPOLE SST", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db1000b8-3b19-46fa-9d79-379379d654ac", "label": "PACIFIC WARM POOL", - "broader": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", + "parentId": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16", "definition": "The Indian Ocean/West Pacific Warm Pool extends almost half way around the globe, stretching along the equator south of India, through the waters off Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and New Guinea, and into the central Pacific Ocean. The waters of the Warm Pool are warmer than any other open ocean on Earth. Because these waters are hot enough to drive heat and moisture high into the atmosphere, the warm pool has a large effect on the climate of surrounding lands. In fact, the slow fluctuations of size and intensity of the warm pool may be linked with the intensity of El Niño.", "children": [] } @@ -22416,48 +22416,48 @@ { "uuid": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "label": "TEMPERATURE INDICATORS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3d997f01-8987-4fb1-a32e-d88d51f0a2c4", "label": "HIGHER MAXIMUM DAYTIME TEMPERATURES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", + "parentId": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93741006-ff2a-4ec2-bbd4-ff55301fabe0", "label": "HIGHER MINIMUM NIGHTIME TEMPERATURES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", + "parentId": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7013bdc9-519d-42b6-827c-4b8013fbb726", "label": "TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", + "parentId": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae247e59-db82-45ac-a9de-a9773ae4db40", "label": "TEMPERATURE TRENDS", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", + "parentId": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0e47cca-fa6e-44d0-b900-43920a3d0b91", "label": "TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", + "parentId": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0eb1af15-7bd4-40c6-b8a4-666cbb61ff8c", "label": "STRATOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", - "broader": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", + "parentId": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -22466,62 +22466,62 @@ { "uuid": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "label": "TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c7fa79e4-67a1-45da-b393-a1b89d54a1a5", "label": "COMMON SENSE CLIMATE INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "The Common Sense Climate Index (Hansen et al. 1998) is a simple\r\nmeasure of the degree (if any) to which practical climate change is\r\noccurring. The index is a composite of several everyday climate\r\nindicators. It is expected to have positive values when warming occurs\r\nand negative values for cooling. If the Index reaches and consistently\r\nmaintains a value of 1 or more, the climate change should be\r\nnoticeable to most people who have lived at that location for a few\r\ndecades.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db0d03d7-1d08-42fb-b212-0da35b88e656", "label": "COOLING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "Degree days are based on the assumption that when the outside temperature is 65°F, we don't need heating or cooling to be comfortable. Degree days are the difference between the daily temperature mean, (high temperature plus low temperature divided by two) and 65°F. If the temperature mean is above 65°F, we subtract 65 from the mean and the result is Cooling Degree Days. If the temperature mean is below 65°F, we subtract the mean from 65 and the result is Heating Degree Days.\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nExample 1: The high temperature for a particular day was 90°F and the low temperature was 66°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 90°F + 66°F ) / 2 = 78°F\n\nBecause the result is above 65°F:\n78°F - 65°F = 13 Cooling Degree Days\n\n\nExample 2: The high temperature for a particular day was 33°F and the low temperature was 25°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 33°F + 25°F ) / 2 = 29°F\n\nBecause the result is below 65°F:\n\n65°F - 29°F = 36 Heating Degree Days.\n\nThe calculations shown in the two examples above are performed for each day of the year and the daily degree days are accumulated so that we can compare months and seasons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc6d73a9-4943-4a3e-9f9d-9406fa54b0bc", "label": "FREEZING INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "The total annual freezing and thawing indices are defined as the cumulative number of degree-days when air temperatures are below and above zero degrees Celsius. The total annual freezing index has been widely used to predict permafrost distribution; estimate the maximum thickness of sea, lake, and river ice, and the maximum depth of ground-frost penetration; and classify snow types. The annual total thawing index has been used to predict permafrost distribution and to estimate the maximum depth of thaw in frozen ground. Both total freezing and thawing indices are important parameters for engineering design in cold regions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d808909-ce04-4401-a883-aff4d723d025", "label": "GROWING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "a heuristic tool in phenology. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and pest development rates such as the date that a flower will bloom or a crop reach maturity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe2bc223-e503-4ca1-924c-d3fd5876721c", "label": "HEATING DEGREE DAYS", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "Degree days are based on the assumption that when the outside temperature is 65°F, we don't need heating or cooling to be comfortable. Degree days are the difference between the daily temperature mean, (high temperature plus low temperature divided by two) and 65°F. If the temperature mean is above 65°F, we subtract 65 from the mean and the result is Cooling Degree Days. If the temperature mean is below 65°F, we subtract the mean from 65 and the result is Heating Degree Days.\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nExample 1: The high temperature for a particular day was 90°F and the low temperature was 66°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 90°F + 66°F ) / 2 = 78°F\n\nBecause the result is above 65°F:\n78°F - 65°F = 13 Cooling Degree Days\n\n\nExample 2: The high temperature for a particular day was 33°F and the low temperature was 25°F. The temperature mean for that day was:\n\n( 33°F + 25°F ) / 2 = 29°F\n\nBecause the result is below 65°F:\n\n65°F - 29°F = 36 Heating Degree Days.\n\nThe calculations shown in the two examples above are performed for each day of the year and the daily degree days are accumulated so that we can compare months and seasons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f19ff7fb-fd8b-433c-88e2-afc5dd3ee7b2", "label": "RESIDENTIAL ENERGY DEMAND TEMPERATURE INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "The Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI) is based on population weighted* heating and cooling degree days, and as such, is a valuable tool for explaining year-to-year fluctuations in energy demand for residential heating and cooling. Residential energy consumption is known to be highly correlated with heating and cooling degree days.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d73be111-7aae-4a96-89c2-7b64c064893c", "label": "TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION INDEX (TCI)", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e540a87-ffd9-4277-b8f2-683a58145b87", "label": "THAWING INDEX", - "broader": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", + "parentId": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24", "definition": "The number of degree days, above and below 32°F, between the lowest and highest points on the cumulative degree-days time curve for one thawing season.", "children": [] } @@ -22530,13 +22530,13 @@ { "uuid": "7d3e2368-75ba-43b9-bdce-bba2ff8d3e2c", "label": "OCEAN UPWELLING INDICES", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "74ad118c-2f18-40fb-a26e-092390f52c20", "label": "OCEAN COASTAL UPWELLING INDEX", - "broader": "7d3e2368-75ba-43b9-bdce-bba2ff8d3e2c", + "parentId": "7d3e2368-75ba-43b9-bdce-bba2ff8d3e2c", "definition": "Upwelling is an important process affecting plankton production off the Pacific Northwest. The CUI is a measure of the volume of water that upwells along the coast; it identifies the amount of offshore transport of surface waters due to geostrophic wind fields. Indices are in units of cubic meters per second along each 100 meters of coastline. Positive numbers indicate offshore transport for the upwelling index product and southward transport for the along-shore product. The CUI was developed by Dr. Andrew Bakun (Bakun 1973) and is provided by the Pacific Fisheries Environmental Lab (PFEL) of NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).", "children": [] } @@ -22545,20 +22545,20 @@ { "uuid": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", "label": "SEA LEVEL RISE", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "An increase in the average height of the sea surface over a vertical datum.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9db10fb2-0ceb-412e-9936-a286c579fa9f", "label": "INUNDATION", - "broader": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", + "parentId": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", "definition": "looding, by the rise and spread of water, of a land surface that is\nnot normally submerged.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eec5b471-bcc5-4d9b-8274-f3990e79ed84", "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", + "parentId": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", "definition": "The process by which soil, rock or sand is gradually worn away by water or\nwind action.", "children": [] } @@ -22567,42 +22567,42 @@ { "uuid": "1d8525f0-0cfc-4d59-8677-da5c8038deb7", "label": "SURFACE SALINITY", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "A measure of the dissolved solids in seawater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12dc1f4f-2116-4b74-a1bd-bc61e8e57a5b", "label": "FRESH WATER RIVER DISCHARGE", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "discharge is the volume rate of water flow, including any suspended solids (i.e. sediment), dissolved chemical species (i.e. CaCO3(aq)) and/or biologic material (i.e. diatoms), which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "873ed434-9407-4fd8-9660-41e50b0eb786", "label": "OCEAN UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "The upward motion of seawater anywhere in the oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbf8a0cf-1e9b-4bc4-95a2-819bb16af00c", "label": "OCEAN OVERTURNING", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "The oceans overturn, with surface waters sinking to deep in the ocean at high latitudes, drawing warm waters and heat poleward from low latitude.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83e9ddee-5887-4758-a3ba-5cb17a7d4ed5", "label": "COMPOUND EXTREME EVENTS", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "The simultaneous or sequential occurrence of multiple extremes at single or multiple locations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a219dbe6-c095-4002-9fbe-012b31da839c", "label": "OCEAN ACIDIFICATION", - "broader": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", + "parentId": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "The process by which ocean waters have become more acidic due to the absorption of human-produced carbon dioxide, which interacts with ocean water to form carbonic acid and lower the ocean’s pH. Acidity reduces the capacity of key plankton species and shelled animals to form and maintain shells.", "children": [] } @@ -22611,27 +22611,27 @@ { "uuid": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX (EVI)", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "The Environmental Vulnerability Index.\n \t\t \nA vulnerability index for the natural environment, the basis of all human welfare, has been developed by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and their partners. The index was developed through consultation and collaboration with countries, institutions and experts across the globe. This index is designed to be used with economic and social vulnerability indices to provide insights into the processes that can negatively influence the sustainable development of countries.\n\nThe reason for using indices for this purpose is to provide a rapid and standardised method for characterising vulnerability in an overall sense, and identifying issues that may need to be addressed within each of the three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, economic and social aspects of a country’s development. Development is often achieved through trade-offs between these pillars. Therefore, in order to promote sustainability, it has become increasingly important to be able to measure how vulnerable each aspect is to damage and to identify ways of building resilience. With this information to hand, the outcome for countries could be optimised for their unique situations and development goals.", "children": [ { "uuid": "47200796-7541-4659-acf4-32b5303bcc1f", "label": "FIJI INDEX", - "broader": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", + "parentId": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "585182e9-6e5b-4ad6-96fe-065ffd31f7e8", "label": "TUVALU INDEX", - "broader": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", + "parentId": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c1e046e-2feb-4cb7-a6dd-f3753db7b5f5", "label": "SAMOA INDEX", - "broader": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", + "parentId": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -22640,68 +22640,68 @@ { "uuid": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "label": "LAND SURFACE/AGRICULTURE INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "32e1b1ec-fa69-47b5-b0d6-d71948e3997a", "label": "SATELLITE SOIL MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "The Satellite Soil Moisture Index combines AVHRR-measured NDVI with\r\nsurface temperature to compute an estimate of plant moisture stress,\r\nthen scales it to produce an index image.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16329a9b-72ea-4b46-b507-2ce389c63f50", "label": "FOREST FIRE DANGER INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "A forest fire danger index (FDI) or burning index (BI) is a relative number\r\nrelated to the contribution that fire behavior makes to the amount of effort\r\nneeded to contain a fire of a specified fuel type. The index may be calculated\r\ndifferently by different agencies around the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c1977bc-dfe7-4761-9b30-f42ec986d360", "label": "FIRE WEATHER INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "A fire weather index relates wind, temperature, relative humidity, and\nprecipitation, to indicate conditions that influence fire starts, fire\nbehavior, or fire suppression.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7503ec5-4e63-446a-9390-72c8a638a0af", "label": "SURFACE MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "The Surface Moisture Index incorporates remote measures of vegetation\r\ncondition coupled with radiometric thermal (temperature) data to\r\ncharacterize surface moisture conditions. It is mapped using two\r\nprimary inputs; vegetation status as depicted by Normalized Difference\r\nVegetation Index (NDVI) and surface temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", "label": "DROUGHT INDICES", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a43850a1-7b00-4993-80ff-753c2b5c4015", "label": "PALMER DROUGHT SEVERITY INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", + "parentId": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", "definition": "The Palmer Index or the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is an index\r\nformulated by Palmer (1965) and compares the actual amount of precipitation\r\nreceived in an area during a specified period with the normal or average amount\nexpected during that same period.\r\n

\r\nThe PDSI is based on a procedure of hydrologic or water balance accounting by\r\nwhich excesses or deficiences in moisture are determined in relation to average\nclimatic values.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e26f9e3-4c20-453d-bbc6-1970eca1ffb8", "label": "PALMER DROUGHT CROP MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", + "parentId": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", "definition": "The Palmer Index was developed by Wayne Palmer in the 1960s and uses temperature and rainfall information in a formula to determine dryness. It has become the semi-official drought index.\nThe Palmer Index is most effective in determining long term drought¿a matter of several months¿and is not as good with short-term forecasts (a matter of weeks). It uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of minus numbers; for example, minus 2 is moderate drought, minus 3 is severe drought, and minus\n4 is extreme drought. The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) is also a formula that was developed by Wayne Palmer subsequent to his development of the Palmer Drought Index. The CMI responds more rapidly than the Palmer Index and can change considerably from week to week, so it is more effective in calculating\nshort-term abnormal dryness or wetness affecting agriculture. CMI is designed to indicate normal conditions at the beginning and end of the growing season; it uses the same levels as the Palmer Drought Index. It differs from the Palmer Index in that the formula places less weight on the data from previous weeks and more weight on the recent week.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0565650b-dce1-4ae8-8a7a-7ce25ac198c3", "label": "PALMER Z INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", + "parentId": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", "definition": "The Palmer Z Index shows how monthly moisture conditions depart from normal (short-term drought and wetness).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0365f0af-7843-4ba3-af8c-82d032c14f7e", "label": "PALMER HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDEX", - "broader": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", + "parentId": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470", "definition": "An extended interval of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause a serious hydrological imbalance (i.e., crop damage, water supply shortage, etc.) in the affected area.", "children": [] } @@ -22710,62 +22710,62 @@ { "uuid": "b51f738c-7061-4ced-b216-53734ce4cb43", "label": "EROSION", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "The process by which soil, rock or sand is gradually worn away by water or wind action.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36bdce45-37df-4475-9eed-73469a594edb", "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "A general term for a wide variety of processes and landforms involving the downslope movement, under gravity, of masses of soil and rock material.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", "label": "LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f5824b8f-c3e7-4e56-96e8-cf4b5adefbf8", "label": "CROP HARVEST DATES", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", + "parentId": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "226d4804-1a09-4d9b-a5c1-346f52a2e709", "label": "FREEZE/FROST DATE", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", + "parentId": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "efc141a6-7d8e-45d5-b335-2fc122c62d78", "label": "FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", + "parentId": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "738185b7-54d6-41a2-b31f-b8a4ee1dabe7", "label": "LENGTH OF FREEZE FREE PERIOD", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", + "parentId": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", "definition": "Calculated as the difference between mean/median dates of last Spring and first Autumn freezes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19f7b6be-1347-4c5c-bb8f-4a251369831e", "label": "FIRST LEAF DATE", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", + "parentId": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", "definition": "The first leaf date can be generally defined as the average date when the first leaves appear on an indicator plant species. Conceptually, the first leaf date is indicative of the transition from winter to spring,typically when shrubs start to become active but before deciduous trees put on leaves. The first leaf date is subject to both large-scale climatic conditions and the phenological responses of the plant species under consideration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89428f01-000f-4d6f-a62b-29dd66b7e8c9", "label": "FIRST BLOOM DATE", - "broader": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", + "parentId": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067", "definition": "The first bloom date can be generally defined as the average date when blossoms first appear on an indicator plant species. In the coterminous United States, the first bloom date has been shown to indicate the window of time when lilacs and other shrubs first begin to blossom and when deciduous trees leaf out.", "children": [] } @@ -22774,56 +22774,56 @@ { "uuid": "cb21c5cb-cc49-4328-a72d-94ccca1fa888", "label": "SOIL EROSION", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind, ice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove geologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface and deposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep and so-called tillage erosion; The detachment and movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27dd85c2-3403-438d-8b0c-8d424df60468", "label": "SOIL MOISTURE", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "Soil moisture is difficult to define because it means different things in different disciplines. For example, a farmer's concept of soil moisture is different from that of a water resource manager or a weather forecaster. Generally, however, soil moisture is the water that is held in the spaces between soil particles. Surface soil moisture is the water that is in the upper 10 cm of soil, whereas root zone soil moisture is the water that is available to plants, which is generally considered to be in the upper 200 cm of soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b29ee2f4-b2ce-4b19-b8e3-2d74d071549b", "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d11df264-e70d-456c-9223-07f34e80b352", "label": "TREE LINE SHIFT", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. Beyond the tree line, they are unable to grow because of inappropriate environmental conditions (usually cold temperatures or lack of moisture).[1]:51 Some distinguish additionally a deeper timberline or forest line, where trees form a forest with a closed canopy.[2]:151\n\nAt the tree line, tree growth is often very stunted, with the last trees forming low, densely matted bushes. If it is caused by wind, it is known as krummholz formation, from the German for 'twisted wood'.[3]:58\n\nThe tree line, like many other natural lines (lake boundaries, for example), appears well-defined from a distance, but upon sufficiently close inspection, it is a gradual transition in most places. Trees grow shorter towards the inhospitable climate until they simply stop growing.[3]:55", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d1157c4-d36b-40db-aa82-3603716f9988", "label": "VEGETATION COVER", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "Vegetation Cover is the percent of vegetation in an area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27f92e4f-93f0-4740-bf99-2c44c0c3c23d", "label": "DROUGHT DURATION", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "Drought duration refers to the length of time over which drought conditions persist. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a95af83-fe1b-4cea-931d-953a4e5965e6", "label": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5bb5322d-f3f8-4ca4-91c6-311769936f96", "label": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", - "broader": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", + "parentId": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or stream flow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,agriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected).", "children": [] } @@ -22832,48 +22832,48 @@ { "uuid": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", "label": "TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "Terrestrial - related to the Earth, A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.\n\nOn Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers. It also exists below ground as groundwater, in wells and aquifers. Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog.\n\nThe frozen part of Earth's hydrosphere is made of ice: glaciers, ice caps and icebergs. The frozen part of the hydrosphere has its own name, the cryosphere. \n\nWater moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle. Water collects in clouds, then falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow. This water collects in rivers, lakes and oceans. Then it evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all over again. This is called the water cycle.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2adde197-3f0f-4eda-ae00-a337dfa853c3", "label": "RIVER/LAKE ICE FREEZE", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", + "parentId": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64baed75-e3c0-4495-9bc9-c5b9373670f6", "label": "RIVER/LAKE ICE BREAKUP", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", + "parentId": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "915399a1-eb5b-475b-ae9a-ff45f1dcddc9", "label": "FRESHWATER RUNOFF", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", + "parentId": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", "definition": "The measurment of the flow of water in a stream, usually expressed in cubic feet per second; the net effect of storms, accumulation, transpiration, meltage, seepage, evaporation, and percolation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "994cc55d-b789-4f03-98dc-4cd0f58ad12a", "label": "SNOW COVER DEGRADATION", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", + "parentId": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56e7e412-b354-4ef4-8742-f1f5681c378a", "label": "MOUNTAIN SNOW LINE SHIFT", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", + "parentId": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", "definition": "The boundary marking the lowest altitude at which a given area, such as the top of a mountain, is always covered with snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed0501c5-310c-42ab-b1eb-66e211f22803", "label": "PERMAFROST MELT", - "broader": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", + "parentId": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -22882,89 +22882,89 @@ { "uuid": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "label": "BIOSPHERIC INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "biosphere (the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist)", "children": [ { "uuid": "379dd4c3-04d7-4f76-9bb9-83d0b8e1a2aa", "label": "BIRTH RATE DECLINE/INCREASE", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a07badb-1382-4f63-8344-7ba063b05534", "label": "BREEDING PRODUCTIVITY", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0de668aa-cc97-482d-a0eb-cddcb1a705b6", "label": "SPECIES MIGRATION", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "Migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individuals, usually on a seasonal basis. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon, found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating reasons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a40bc0e-aece-4b4a-a87d-4869c8b903f8", "label": "CANOPY TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6448f172-1560-4ea7-8826-8ac85dc820f3", "label": "INDICATOR SPECIES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "A species whose presence, absence, or relative well-being in a given environment is a sign of the overall health of its ecosystem. By monitoring the condition and behavior of an indicator species, scientists can determine how changes in the environment are likely to affect other species that are more difficult to study.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93c8b32d-ab89-43e1-b58c-f1823fa7d118", "label": "INVASIVE SPECIES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "Invasive species are alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5c63c23-f819-46e8-bc97-1e894424c00c", "label": "RANGE CHANGES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "Range Changes with respect to Migration include forays outside the home range, usually in search of suitable habitat or mating opportunities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "853c3456-5397-4e16-ba67-51e4f4205db5", "label": "HYPOXIC CONDITIONS", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "In ocean and freshwater environments, hypoxic conditions occur when dissolved oxygen concentration is depleted to a certain low level below which aquatic organisms, especially immobile species such as oysters and mussels, endure severe stress or die.​​ Hypoxic conditions can occur naturally but are often the consequence of excessive nutrient input from human activities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d9f0eb8-7233-4969-b40c-979d601ebaa7", "label": "VECTOR SPECIES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "An organism, such as an insect, that transmits disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", "label": "PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", - "broader": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", + "parentId": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "Changes in the temporal pattern of seasonal life cycle events in plants\nand animals, such as timing of blooming, hibernation, and migration.\nSome phenological responses are triggered by mean temperature,\nwhile others are more responsive to day length or weather. Changes in\nphenology affect the growing season and, thus, ecosystem functioning\nand productivity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f73cf4ee-2ae0-47b0-a294-5f8a8f694215", "label": "ANIMAL PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", - "broader": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", + "parentId": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", "definition": "Changes in the timing of periodic biological phenomena in animals,\nsuch as hibernation, reproduction, and migration, that are correlated\nwith climatic conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6f81edb-b683-4356-93e6-5852766a5ee8", "label": "PLANT PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", - "broader": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", + "parentId": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6", "definition": "Changes in the timing of seasonal events in plants such as budburst,\nflowering, and dormancy.", "children": [] } @@ -22975,46 +22975,46 @@ { "uuid": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "label": "CRYOSPHERIC INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bb8c48bc-a36e-4f7e-afda-3244b058bc9c", "label": "AVALANCHE", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertaining to the measuerment of a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock, falling rapidly from heights far above a lowland area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82f49e65-c032-4f74-b5c2-a3f8058b7a71", "label": "DEPTH HOAR", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Depth hoar - Large-grained, faceted, cup-shaped crystals near the ground. Depth hoar is caused by large temperature gradients within the snowpack, usually in the early winter by large temperature differences between the warm ground and the cold snow surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9fec9f47-c45d-4f15-8be5-d71424f33647", "label": "FIRN LIMIT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "A line that marks the limit on a mountain above which snow persists from one winter to the next is called the annual snowline, and this line on a glacier is called the firnline. Above the firnline, snow that falls each year packs down and changes into glacier ice as air is slowly forced out of it. This part of the glacier is its accumulation area where more snow falls each year than is lost by melting. Below the firnline is the ablation area, where melting predominates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "label": "GLACIAL MEASUREMENTS", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "83bd640d-cd05-49a8-9ec7-aab60820b126", "label": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", + "parentId": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area of\nat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growing\nin all directions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6a2b291c-f78b-48c3-869f-9a4c8a40bc6c", "label": "Hypsometry", - "broader": "83bd640d-cd05-49a8-9ec7-aab60820b126", + "parentId": "83bd640d-cd05-49a8-9ec7-aab60820b126", "definition": "elevation and depth measurements of features of the Earth’s surface made with respect to sea level", "children": [] } @@ -23023,35 +23023,35 @@ { "uuid": "613c1fba-8710-47fb-a8e1-e4cd50bb97e1", "label": "GLACIER FACIES", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", + "parentId": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock that\nindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish it\nfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristic\nnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed and\nprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6095d796-68e0-4c7d-aa4f-f2e5bd8c4916", "label": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", + "parentId": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a given year. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a8a6fdb-c431-4d32-8cea-5849e2ee1f33", "label": "GLACIER/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", + "parentId": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c9afaf7-4aec-440d-8084-6a482de09e7a", "label": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", + "parentId": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3e4d439-bbb0-48c9-89eb-57d3a330627a", "label": "GLACIER/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", - "broader": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", + "parentId": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "definition": "Surface relief of the land. Topography usually is measured in meters above sea level. The topography can be very different from one location to another. Topography can be flat, or mountainous, or hilly.", "children": [] } @@ -23060,98 +23060,98 @@ { "uuid": "fadd59e2-e1d2-44f6-9e41-0589eb953198", "label": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and geographic extent of ice thickness on the continental land masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f4c1a555-4758-47ce-baa6-536730333833", "label": "ICE EDGES", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water and the sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50f0cf56-c119-4ac1-9a88-8eb04fa666ad", "label": "ICE EXTENT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water. Also refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which varies seasonally).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4733ef2c-e512-451b-8079-78ff7278e35c", "label": "ICE FLOES", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast, giant.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ff2a38d-00f6-459d-ac9a-9a983bda602e", "label": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried ice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or growth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice, Old Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake Ice, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake Ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fde8a54a-8aaa-45fd-bb66-3105e4c57102", "label": "RIVER ICE DEPTH/EXTENT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, thickness, longevity, etc. of ice formations that occur on river systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee0fce70-2097-4f5b-853a-c34e6cbff929", "label": "SALINITY", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a salinity of zero.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c0ebf89-f115-4e0d-9942-8ff8289bd330", "label": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of the whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar orbiting satellites at all wavelengths.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d5cf73b-f833-4f8d-84a1-8a3840f3b4af", "label": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In particular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the NASA IceSat satellite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ef6560e-c699-49b4-bcb3-6db68506ca22", "label": "SNOW COVER", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, depth, and longevity of snow pack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "008708ac-65a4-481a-8e03-640376f42f56", "label": "SNOW DEPTH", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "29f386e9-84fb-4e5d-9733-20233c63b1be", "label": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertaining to the net increase, or decrease in energy due to snow formation, melting, evaporation, etc..", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1be402f-336c-4f1f-8542-9807264a09a7", "label": "SNOW MELT", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49d638f4-bdfa-4a6e-b154-cce1717d307f", "label": "CLIMATE WARMING", - "broader": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", + "parentId": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "Refers to the impact of climate warming on permafrost melt and eventually effects on how microbiota may change accordingly.", "children": [] } @@ -23160,108 +23160,108 @@ { "uuid": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "label": "PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4bd6aafb-9240-4006-ada3-4b6a0501b612", "label": "BERYLLIUM-10 ANALYSIS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "Beryllium-10 is an isotope that is a proxy for the sun's activity. Be10 is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic ray collisions with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen. Beryllium 10 concentrations are linked to cosmic ray intensity which can be a proxy for solar strength.\n\nOne way to capture earth's record of that proxy data is to drill deep ice cores. Greenland, due to having a large and relatively stable deep ice sheet is often the target for drilling ice cores.\n\nIsotopic analysis of the ice in the core can be linked to temperature and global sea level variations. Analysis of the air contained in bubbles in the ice can reveal the palaeocomposition of the atmosphere, in particular CO2 variations. Volcanic eruptions leave identifiable ash layers.\n\nWhile it sounds simple to analyze, there are issues of ice compression, flow, and other factors that must be taken into consideration when doing reconstructions from such data. I attended a talk at ICCC 09 that showed one of the ice core operations had procedures that left significant contamination issues for CO2. But since Beryllium is rather rare, it doesn't seem to have the same contamination issues attached.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "label": "BIOLOGICAL RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "625ac4b3-a126-4c98-a061-3a780b942280", "label": "BIOMARKER", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "A biomarker, or biological marker, is an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. It is used in many scientific fields.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cffe377f-d840-4bcf-9223-8379b72defe7", "label": "FAUNA", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "animal life; especially : the animals characteristic of a region, period, or special environment—compare flora 1", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bc06198-5546-40f5-97ac-b7b5b5503cfc", "label": "POPULATION ABUNDANCE", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "afeb9962-d3e8-4260-ab2b-e62e11099e31", "label": "CORAL DEPOSITS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hard calcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, the important coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known as\nhermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondance between large excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs, rainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14c78811-5296-4095-9c44-26362914e798", "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a microscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in the past.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0aa423e0-bc21-4d74-894d-a0dfcf17fae5", "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, e.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic organisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbd867cf-f7e8-4dbc-9fd2-2ccc0728350f", "label": "PALEOVEGETATION", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "Paleovegetation refers to plant species that were living at some time in the past. Indicators of past vegetation include pollen and plant macrofossils. Animal fossils and sedimentary indicators can also be used to reconstruct past vegetation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59719c53-a2b7-4200-9b3c-dfa5d39607f7", "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a microspore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The study of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important\naspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen analysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological characteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)\nthey are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are distributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to decay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen\ndeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6444fc67-8cad-41c0-9ded-e93f604ba8b0", "label": "TREE RINGS", - "broader": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", + "parentId": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and analysis of ancient tree rings to determine environmental conditions during that tree's lifetime and extrapolate that to climatic conditions. The study of tree rings related to\npast climate conditions is called dendroclimatology. Variations in tree ring widths from year to year are recognized as an important source of chronological and climatic information. The width of a tree ring is a function of many variables including tree species, age, availability of stored food within the tree, soil nutrients, and climatic factors such as precipitation, sunshine temperature, winds and humidity.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", "label": "ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS", - "broader": "6444fc67-8cad-41c0-9ded-e93f604ba8b0", + "parentId": "6444fc67-8cad-41c0-9ded-e93f604ba8b0", "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal direct\ninformation about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies using other isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used. Isoptopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothem analyses.", "children": [ { "uuid": "437f13e8-0b8a-44a2-a7fd-5b41a00299db", "label": "CARBON ISOTOPE", - "broader": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", + "parentId": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e91ff41a-5cf5-460b-b765-c553ca2a4ae2", "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPE", - "broader": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", + "parentId": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89387757-3548-4fe0-a383-d8f935f07c71", "label": "HYDROGEN ISOTOPE", - "broader": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", + "parentId": "bd1834b0-4f8f-4616-b330-6205bff567c2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -23274,54 +23274,54 @@ { "uuid": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "label": "LAND RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "Non-marine geological information pertinent to paleoclimatology consists of all continental sedimentary records including loess,volcanic deposits, glaciation, spelothems, tree ring, pollen, and other land-based records.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f1f84fc8-d242-4f97-bb7d-77b68631273e", "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of rock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature changes at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature. Borehole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature variations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "482453d7-ffa4-4ae9-8158-9fa73bcf39ef", "label": "CAVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Cave deposits, or speleothems, are mineral formations in caves. While the water flows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is an indicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth might indicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation. When the speleothems stop growing, the outside becomes dirty and eroded in places, giving it a dull appearance. Spelothems can be dated by measuring how much uranium has decayed. Evidence of past climate changes can be inferred from measuring oxygen isotopes in speleothems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3dfa8dcf-0df2-4654-ae3e-c97586265c3e", "label": "GLACIATION", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the Period or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. Conversely, the term interglacial or Interglacial Period, such as the current era, is used to denote the absence of large-scale glaciation on a global scale ¿ i.e., a non-Ice Age. Interglacials are, in general, shorter than glacial epochs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f257f83-bddd-41ce-ac78-5dac857b1be3", "label": "GLACIAL RETREAT", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "A condition occurring when backward melting at the front of a glacier takes place at a rate exceeding forward motion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", "label": "FIRE HISTORY", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Fire history information is provided through two types of proxy data; tree-ring based records and sediment based records. These data sources describe fire regimes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Tree-ring data provide temporally precise, short-term reconstructions of fire events, usually spanning the last 400 years or less. By carefully crossdating and examining the tree rings, the exact year and often even the season in which the fire occurred can be determined. These data offer a high level of spatial resolution in a fire reconstruction in that the location of fire-scarred trees identifies the exact location of particular fires. Although tree-ring methods extend back to the age of the oldest living tree, the records attenuate back through time as older trees are less abundant.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c9ba3275-2fe3-4619-b7c0-881d4f6fa34e", "label": "FIRE SCAR DATE", - "broader": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", + "parentId": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a090a598-3ae6-4fc4-b248-97ec5226702a", "label": "CHARCOAL SEDIMENT", - "broader": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", + "parentId": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c", "definition": "Charcoal records from sediments can reconstruct much longer fires histories, but with less temporal and spatial precision than tree-ring records. Because charcoal particles can be carried aloft to great heights and transported great distances, the source of the charcoal may be from distant fires as well as local fires. Charcoal accumulation may continue for a few years after a fire because of transportation and redeposition of secondary charcoal. This process tends to blur the exact age of a fire, even when the charcoal particles are directly dated by radiocarbon dating, which itself has a dating precision of +/- 5%. Additionally, the charcoal deposited may represent more than one fire within the area, or fires from more than one year. As a result, fire episodes are referred to as one or more fires occurring in the time interval of interest, rather than individual fires.", "children": [] } @@ -23330,48 +23330,48 @@ { "uuid": "7557eddd-db2a-4f39-b1e2-91162f4fc92e", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal direct information about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies using other isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used. Isotopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothem analyses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0d88b2a-8563-443b-8756-73d744a41ee7", "label": "LOESS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Loess is a deposit of wind-blown silt and dust of Pleistocene age that covers large areas of the continents. It is predominently calcerous consisting of quartz feldspars and micas. Loess is extensive in the North American Great Plains, south-central Europe, Ukraine, central Asia, China, and Argentina. Loess deposits in North America are related to large outwashes from the Laurentide ice sheet and floodplains of large rivers. Loess deposits in Europe are related to the former Alpine and Scandinavianice sheets. Loess in China and central Asia are related to desert conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "219ba382-6c90-43d2-a6cf-2ddcc358f70e", "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's materials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's magnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field can be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in sediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fe601b0-314f-4f63-8ec1-3b96cc7263b8", "label": "PALEOSOLS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Paleosols are soils that formed in a landscape of the past with distinctive morphological features resulting from a soil-forming environment that no longer exists at the site.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f4e90e0-aea0-40cd-b781-a6a69a6e6cb3", "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also carbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon having a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in dating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0960827a-ecdb-40a0-babc-fbd6df27bb53", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0d8fc6d8-eba5-4da1-9a78-d69c23d9d78d", "label": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", - "broader": "0960827a-ecdb-40a0-babc-fbd6df27bb53", + "parentId": "0960827a-ecdb-40a0-babc-fbd6df27bb53", "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface.", "children": [] } @@ -23380,14 +23380,14 @@ { "uuid": "d845886d-0c44-4505-b5b9-d3fcd819208e", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52325c6e-1084-43c1-83b2-278bbe0201c6", "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", + "parentId": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Volcanic deposits can consist of tephra, which is airborne pyroclastic material. Extremely explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast quantities of tephra over wide areas. Tephra layers can form regional isochronous stratigraphic markers. Tephrachronology can a very important tool in paleoclimatic studies. Volcanic ash horizons can also be used as chronostratigraphic markers.", "children": [] } @@ -23396,89 +23396,89 @@ { "uuid": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "label": "OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "Paleoclimatic information can be inferred from biogenic material in ocean sediments, oxygen isotopic analyses of sea water (via deep sea cores), coral growth, inorganic material such as from weathering and erosion, lake levels and glacial varves, and ocean circulation changes as a result of glacial-interglacial cycles.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8f8c1808-ac5f-43e5-8397-dbb3d171144c", "label": "BOREHOLES", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles of rock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperature changes at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature. Borehole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperature variations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47d6c670-db83-4975-b684-1be787811ac8", "label": "CORAL DEPOSITS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hard calcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, the important coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known as hermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondence between large excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs, rainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc02e5fb-9ff3-483d-8c33-18db25a07eea", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of isotopic (excluding oxygen) signatures in ocean/lake sediments to determine past climatic conditions, and apply those findings to the Earth's climate at the time period in question. Carbon isotope analysis is very important in extracting paleoclimatic signatures from corals and from benthic forams.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c99427c-1a6a-4326-b072-0c12c87bd944", "label": "LAKE LEVELS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Lake level fluctuations can provide important evidence for paleoclimatic conditions, particulary in arid and semiarid areas. Lake levels are particularly sensitive to changes in hydrologic balance due to climatic fluctuations. Lakes may develop and expand if there is an abundance of precipitation and will recede and even dry up (due to evaporation) during prolonged droughts. Lake sediment cores are often drilled to provide stratigraphic clues to past climate conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "11e12021-f63e-4081-ae78-1bb19fe7b4bf", "label": "MACROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a microscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in the past.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d00c961-de64-40ed-becd-3a95cae182e3", "label": "MICROFOSSILS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, e.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic organisms or a part of a larger orgnaism.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9713a1d5-8b03-4d38-b3b6-34578a1d5f39", "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Isotopes of oxygen (O-18, O-16, O-13) are found in calcium carbonate in sea water. The production of O18 is highly dependent on temperature. The oxygen isotope record in marine sediments varies locally with temperature and globally with variations in continental ice volume. Oxygen isotope analyses have been carried out on deep sea cores from areas of calcareous sedimentation throughout the world and similar variations in O18 are recorded everywhere. The O18 signal is that of ice volume changes on the continents and concomitant changes in the isotopic content of the oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ee90f7c-bdc6-403a-b447-2100d573cad6", "label": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's materials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's magnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field can be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in sediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe06f678-7155-4f93-9e28-4c083d60cccc", "label": "POLLEN", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a microspore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The study of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an important aspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen analysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological characteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2) they are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are distributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to decay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollen deposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a389bcd6-929d-43ac-9af1-5a20a4ddcbe2", "label": "RADIOCARBON", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but also carbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbon having a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful in dating organic materials during the last 50,000 years.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3764016-0b5d-48fb-be3e-4f1082cf13e7", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Marine sediments are composed of both biogenic and terrigenous materials. Biogenic sediments includes the remains of planktic and benthic organisms, which provide a record of past climate and oceanic circulation. Terrigenous material provides a record of humidity-aridity variations on the continents, intensity and direction of winds, and other modes of sediment transport (rivers, glaciers, erosion, etc.).", "children": [ { "uuid": "6fb40553-a2ef-465a-b7d2-3401e3bfceac", "label": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", - "broader": "b3764016-0b5d-48fb-be3e-4f1082cf13e7", + "parentId": "b3764016-0b5d-48fb-be3e-4f1082cf13e7", "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface.", "children": [] } @@ -23487,14 +23487,14 @@ { "uuid": "417a6538-f89e-4f73-a89a-c2e5d2cd7667", "label": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9db3b1cb-0d3d-4486-bf56-1e96b8691b01", "label": "VARVE DEPOSITS", - "broader": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", + "parentId": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "A sedimentary bed or lamina or sequence of laminae (thin layers) deposited in a body of silt or still water within a year's time. Usually refers to glacial varves resulting from seasonally deposited meltwater streams in a glacial lake or other body of still water. Counting the varves have been used to measure glacial deposits.", "children": [] } @@ -23503,103 +23503,103 @@ { "uuid": "703d0c14-1978-4e7f-a51a-233c695823b9", "label": "MASS EXTINCTIONS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "mass extinction is a sharp decrease in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. They occur when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation. Because the majority of diversity and biomass on Earth is microbial, and thus difficult to measure, recorded extinction events affect the easily observed, biologically complex component of the biosphere rather than the total diversity and abundance of life.[1]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f2d4df2-0701-4fe1-9d9b-e7e1c8678a8f", "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "A method of determining patterns of climatic change over long periods using the ratio of the stable oxygen isotopes 18O to 16O as an indicator of the amount of water locked up in ice-sheets and thus of global temperature. Sea water contains many isotopes of oxygen, the most common being 18O to 16O. During cold periods the glaciers grow, water is drawn up into them, and the proportion of 18O increases. When the ice-caps melt during periods of warm climate the proportion of 18O decreases. There are two ways of obtaining data about the 16O to 18O ratio, both using measurements made using a mass spectrometer. The first is to use cores from the polar ice-caps which preserve layers of snow ultimately made from sea water. The second is to use the skeletons of foraminifera preserved in ocean-bottom ooze because these marine fossils had the same 16O to 18O ratio as the sea water during the time they were alive. Using this data a series of at least eleven cycles of cooling and warming climatic conditions have been recognized in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "478092f3-7cdd-4136-84ec-cebf0d539480", "label": "PERMAFROST/METHANE RELEASE", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic, as part of a more general release of carbon from these soils and seas. Whilst a long-term natural process, it may be exacerbated by global warming. This results in a positive feedback effect, as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas. The feedback of the undisturbed process is comparably weak, however, because the local release leads to a warming spread over the whole globe.\n\nThe Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.[1] Global warming may accelerate its release, due to both release of methane from existing stores, and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass.[2] Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost, and as submarine clathrates. Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.[3][4] Other sources of methane include submarine taliks, river transport, ice complex retreat, submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits.[5]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6971fecc-af14-4c97-82db-2b01c98453b9", "label": "PLATE TECTONICS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is divided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is that of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their boundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1cbefa2a-484e-4742-ad3d-d347d27272bd", "label": "SPELEOTHEMS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "a structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water, e.g. a stalactite or stalagmite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "08bc1b7d-b27b-43e2-a728-4939efb88f08", "label": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "a vent in the crust of the earth or another planet or a moon from which usually molten or hot rock and steam issue; also : a hill or mountain composed wholly or in part of the ejected material", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "label": "ICE CORE RECORDS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "An ice core is a section of ice drilled from a glacier or ice sheet. Ice deposits contain samples of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed; they also record seasonal fluctuations of temperature and dust. That's why ice cores are extremely valuable sources of paleoclimate data on the Earth's climate in the distant past. Researchers drill sections of ice cores hundreds of meters long and then match sections at different depths with particular eras in the Earth's past. These sections can then be analyzed for clues about atmospheric gases and temperatures from hundreds of thousands of years ago.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b53939ae-1264-409d-8434-3bb3d22b2848", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide traps infrared radiation. Atmospheric CO2 has increased about 25 percent since the early 1800s, with an estimated increase of 10 percent since 1958 (burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of increased CO2, deforestation the second\nmajor cause). The increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance the greenhouse effect, blocking heat from escaping into space and contributing to the warming of Earth's lower atmosphere. (Earth Observatory) The most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations\nfor periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air (fluid or gas inclusions) trapped in the Antarctic or Greenland ice caps. The most widely accepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels were about 260¿280uL/L immediately before\nindustrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the preceding 10,000 years.\nThe longest ice core record comes from Vostok, Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to a depth of 3,600 meters, corresponding to an age of 420,000 years before the present. During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180¿210 uL/L during ice ages, increasing to\n280¿300 uL/L during warmer interglacials.(http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Carbon-dioxide)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2987914-ed66-4b7c-964d-8eccf0174e57", "label": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "An important baseline measurement in ice cores is electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity measurements (ECM) of the core is a very rapid method to indicate how acidic the core is without the chemical detail of the ion analyses. The value of the measurement is that it can be done for the whole length of the core in high resolution and provide an immediate picture of the core and allow quick detection of interesting areas, such as a volcanic eruptions. Because it is a high resolution, continuous measurement it can be used, along with the other measurements, for time frequency analysis in order to identify cycles in the climate signal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42664b0d-26c2-44ad-b0a9-673ed2902f00", "label": "ICE CORE AIR BUBBLES", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "Trapped gases in ice-core bubbles are highly reliable records of atmospheric composition in reconstructing past climates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "302d7079-299a-4269-bd7e-d95009c9b46e", "label": "IONS", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of various electrostatic ally charged compounds found in ice cores. Ions can be analyzed to infer human, biological, and volcanic activity, as well as ocean water conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", "label": "ISOTOPES", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "The isotopic record found in ice cores reveal direct information about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Depending on the temperature of evaporation and how far the water has had to travel before it fell as snow, the ratio of 18O to 16O will vary. This ratio, known as d18O, can be measured very accurately using a mass spectrometer. Over short time scales the change in temperature from summer to winter produces a very clear oscillation in the 18O/16O ratio. This oscillation is used to determine the age of the core at different depths, simply by counting the oscillations. Over longer time periods, this ratio indicates the average temperature of the regions between the evaporation site and the coring site. Investigators in Greenland and Antarctica are also analyzing for the ratio of 1H/2H (Hydrogen to deuterium) which will allow even finer detail about source temperature and condensation history to be obtained.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e1138bec-7087-45f4-82b0-2e4029063381", "label": "NITROGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", + "parentId": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", "definition": "Natural nitrogen (N) consists of two stable isotopes, nitrogen-14, which makes up the vast majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, andnitrogen-15. Fourteen radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) have also been found so far, with atomic masses ranging from 10 to 25, and one nuclear isomer, 11mN.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a0fc2ec-d1cf-43b5-8e97-6ab96811c02b", "label": "ARGON ISOTOPES", - "broader": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", + "parentId": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", "definition": "(Ar) has 24 known isotopes, from 30Ar to53Ar and 1 isomer (32mAr), three of which are stable, 36Ar, 38Ar, and40Ar.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1362cee-634d-40f4-b47f-901b328895c3", "label": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", - "broader": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", + "parentId": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5", "definition": "Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of threestable isotopes, 16O, 17O, and 18O, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance)", "children": [] } @@ -23608,27 +23608,27 @@ { "uuid": "0948a59e-cc72-4e5d-b97d-4ea0335b0906", "label": "METHANE", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas and is seen in polar ice cores. From the ice core record, it is known that methane rose rapidly whenever climate changed from glacial to interglacial conditions (during 'deglaciation'). Warming of water bathing the seafloor could have led to large-scale release of methane from the melting of methane ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc90bc40-2a21-4a6f-9fb9-bf3ae5845157", "label": "NITROUS OXIDE", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas produced from ocean upwelling and soils in tropical and temperate regions. Ice core studies have shown that nitrous oxide increases with temperature in the Northern Hemisphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15fdef7c-7fb7-4a1d-a24b-01164a8ba11a", "label": "PARTICULATE MATTER", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "Particulate matter in ice cores (continental dust, volcanic ash, diatoms, and pollen) can provide information on past climate conditions and climate variability.", "children": [ { "uuid": "84b443b5-91d3-42d2-a48b-d2e157a39d5b", "label": "MICROPARTICLE CONCENTRATION", - "broader": "15fdef7c-7fb7-4a1d-a24b-01164a8ba11a", + "parentId": "15fdef7c-7fb7-4a1d-a24b-01164a8ba11a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -23637,7 +23637,7 @@ { "uuid": "c736e45d-63f2-428b-abae-48f79d007703", "label": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", - "broader": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", + "parentId": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "Volcanic deposits (including volcanic ash, debris, etc.) are found within ice core records. Volcanoes can produce large quantities of particles and leave a record in the ice. Scanning electron micrographs of the particles from a particularly large dust peak in an ice core may reveal that it is from a known volcano and allow a firm date to be placed on that section of core. For prehistoric times, the dust record is a key tool for reconstructing a history of volcanic activity.", "children": [] } @@ -23646,75 +23646,75 @@ { "uuid": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "label": "PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "Reconstruction of past climatic conditions using paleoclimate proxy records (tree rings, ice cores, etc.)", "children": [ { "uuid": "89e5b8c9-ef72-4e21-83c8-a7552f6871a4", "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past air temperatures using paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "555b048d-8904-4a62-a85a-3af1aa14674e", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past atmospheric circulation conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06bcba40-6046-4c0e-aa38-8f83410b93f0", "label": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past drought and precipitation climatic conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records (mostly tree ring data).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f687ff2-52c0-496b-9a81-503a8c207823", "label": "GROUND WATER RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past ground water conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec4c1ae2-53f4-40ca-b0c3-e145f00e2583", "label": "LAKE LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past lake levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ba98ab7-dee3-4b15-aea1-179ecd8f6e7d", "label": "OCEAN SALINITY RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past ocean salinity based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b51093c5-5997-410c-899d-98d15ab5f5cc", "label": "SEA LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea levels based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "facdb262-04eb-47f9-b46e-ba7a379722ec", "label": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past sea surface temperatures (SST) based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b4ea1db-bb93-4eb8-ac08-4880a3a5e6d2", "label": "SEDIMENTS", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Sediment - can be analyzed in many ways. Sediment laminations, or layers, can indicate sedimentation rate through time. Charcoal trapped in sediments can indicate past fire events. Remains of microorganisms such as diatoms, foraminifera, microbiota, and pollen within sediment can indicate changes in past climate, since each species has a limited range of habitable conditions. When these organisms and pollen sink to the bottom of a lake or ocean, they can become buried within the sediment. Thus, climate change can be inferred by species composition within the sediment.", "children": [ { "uuid": "88735956-6d46-41e1-8cbb-5dba20c33d8c", "label": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", - "broader": "3b4ea1db-bb93-4eb8-ac08-4880a3a5e6d2", + "parentId": "3b4ea1db-bb93-4eb8-ac08-4880a3a5e6d2", "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface.", "children": [] } @@ -23723,21 +23723,21 @@ { "uuid": "fec6c2e4-ca15-426a-b344-36bba69e5c1f", "label": "SOLAR FORCING/INSOLATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past solar forcing and insolation based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cde7aacb-0204-4a84-afcb-279cc3d0870c", "label": "STREAMFLOW RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past streamflow conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records (related to drought/precipitation records).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1c1890d-a6b0-4482-836b-a4b8ed0beee8", "label": "VEGETATION RECONSTRUCTION", - "broader": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", + "parentId": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past vegetation conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records.", "children": [] } @@ -23746,34 +23746,34 @@ { "uuid": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", "label": "PALEOCLIMATE FORCING", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "Climate forcing has to do with the amount of energy we receive from the sun, and the amount of energy we radiate back into space. Variances in climate forcing are determined by physical influences on the atmosphere such as orbital and axial changes as well as the amount of greenhouse gas in our atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "250ce118-46e7-4dec-9e44-8054c9318cff", "label": "SOLAR FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", + "parentId": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", "definition": "Radiative forcing (measured in Watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components. For the case of a change in solar irradiance (i.e., 'solar forcing'), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area. Since the cross-sectional area of the Earth exposed to the sun (πr2) is equal to 1/4 of the surface area of the Earth (4πr2), the solar input per unit area is one quarter the change in solar intensity. This must be multiplied by the fraction of incident sunlight that is absorbed, F=(1-R), where R is the reflectivity, or albedo, of the Earth, equal to approximately 0.7. Thus, the solar forcing is the change in the solar intensity divided by 4 and multiplied by 0.7.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78c47e38-e842-4e31-81b2-44f44c52c692", "label": "VOLCANIC FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", + "parentId": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", "definition": "Volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts of aerosols into the atmosphere, increasing the earth's albedo (reflectivity) and cooling the climate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7cc62051-537c-4399-b9b9-b59c1a3e0773", "label": "ORBITAL CHANGE FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", + "parentId": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", "definition": "Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit. These orbital changes change the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes (from 400 to 500 Wm−2 at latitudes of 60 degrees). In this context, the term 'forcing' signifies a physical process that affects the Earth's climate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0867ff5-2eb4-4959-b874-ac37c1b407e0", "label": "CARBON DIOXIDE FORCING", - "broader": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", + "parentId": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061", "definition": "Carbon dioxide, methane, and other trace gases absorb infrared energy, resulting in greenhouse warming of the earth.", "children": [] } @@ -23782,7 +23782,7 @@ { "uuid": "1efdd374-40a1-4118-a1da-61c647017ec9", "label": "ALUMINUM-26 ANALYSIS", - "broader": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", + "parentId": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2", "definition": "ALUMINUM-26, is a radioactive isotope of the chemical element aluminium, decaying by either of the modes beta-plus or electron capture, both resulting in the stable nuclide magnesium-26. The half-life of 26Al is 7.17×105years. This is far too short for the isotope to survive to the present, but a small amount of the nuclide is produced by collisions of argon atoms with cosmic ray protons.\n The analysis of AL26 is part of the process to determine exposure ages.", "children": [] } @@ -23791,26 +23791,26 @@ { "uuid": "3d64c047-c4fb-4981-bc91-d5dbc22337de", "label": "SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "Sun-Earth Interactions: The effects of the sun's variability are evident in a variety of physical and chemical processes in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", "label": "SUNSPOT ACTIVITY", - "broader": "3d64c047-c4fb-4981-bc91-d5dbc22337de", + "parentId": "3d64c047-c4fb-4981-bc91-d5dbc22337de", "definition": "An area seen as a dark spot on the PHOTOSPHERE of the sun. Sunspots are concentrations of magnetic flux, typically occurring in bipolar clusters or groups. They appear dark because they are cooler than the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots are classified as to their group characteristics (called the Zurich Sunspot Classification; older sunspot counting schemes may have used the Wolf Sunspot Number classification). Satellite observations of the sun (notably by the ACRIM and ERBE sensors) have demonstrated a correlation between sunspot luminosity changes and sunspot numbers - a possible influencing factor in Earth's climate dynamics.", "children": [ { "uuid": "22c14e35-48a4-40b5-a503-add48c2d4cd4", "label": "LENGTH OF THE SOLAR CYCLE", - "broader": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", + "parentId": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b230650-68ff-4e7a-9273-6e0b1083bdfa", "label": "SOLAR FLUX", - "broader": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", + "parentId": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -23821,41 +23821,41 @@ { "uuid": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", "label": "CLIMATE FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "An interaction in which a perturbation in one climate quantity causes a\nchange in a second and the change in the second quantity ultimately\nleads to an additional change in the first. A negative feedback is one in\nwhich the initial perturbation is weakened by the changes it causes; a\npositive feedback is one in which the initial perturbation is enhanced.\nThe initial perturbation can either be externally forced or arise as part of\ninternal variability.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fc77777e-614f-41f1-9b97-d5324fa99105", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", + "parentId": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", "definition": "Processes within the atmosphere through which the climate system is\ncontrolled, changed, or modulated. Atmospheric feedbacks involve a\nperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a second\nquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to an\nadditional change in the first. Examples include water vapor and cloud\nfeedbacks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a6bed83-f95a-44e6-8ae0-1371b532abc3", "label": "COUPLED SYSTEM FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", + "parentId": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", "definition": "Processes or interactions between systems, such as the ocean and\natmosphere, through which the climate system is controlled, changed,\nor modulated. Examples include process that influence the flux of heat,\nfreshwater, and radiatively active trace gases between the ocean and\natmosphere as well as those that influence the exchange of carbon\ndioxide between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3da6855e-9be8-4a79-826e-4ce984ed49a5", "label": "CRYOSPHERIC FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", + "parentId": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", "definition": "Processes within the cryosphere through which the climate system is\ncontrolled, changed, or modulated. Cryospheric feedbacks involve a\nperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a second\nquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to an\nadditional change in the first. Cryospheric feedbacks may, for example,\ninvolve the dependence of surface albedo on the presence of ice and\nsnow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "514c891b-60b8-4a6f-adb3-0366c75588e9", "label": "LAND SURFACE FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", + "parentId": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", "definition": "Land-surface processes through which climate system is controlled,\nchanged, or modulated. Land-surface feedbacks involve a perturbation\nin a climate quantity that causes a change in a second quantity, and the\nchange in the second quantity ultimately leads to an additional change\nin the first. Land-surface feedbacks often involve land-surface change or\nchange in terrestrial carbon stocks that in turn affect land-atmosphere\ninteraction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80d337f4-8e90-456a-9a5b-33e5f5c907ce", "label": "OCEANIC FEEDBACKS", - "broader": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", + "parentId": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691", "definition": "Processes within the ocean through which the climate system is\ncontrolled, changed, or modulated. Oceanic feedbacks involve a\nperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a second\nquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to an\nadditional change in the first. Examples include those processes that\ngovern oceanic uptake, transport, and storage of carbon dioxide.", "children": [] } @@ -23864,34 +23864,34 @@ { "uuid": "53fb0557-9f7f-4504-b0e8-adf329146c52", "label": "CARBON FLUX", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "Carbon flux refers to the direction and rate of transfer, or flows, of carbon between Earth’s carbon pools such as the oceans, atmosphere,land, other living things. Carbon fluxes can be natural exchanges, such as land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere fluxes, or anthropogenic exchanges, such as urban carbon fluxes", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", "label": "REGIONAL CLIMATE LEVELS", - "broader": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", + "parentId": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "Refers to several levels of regional climates that are used to describe the immutable characteristics of an area.", "children": [ { "uuid": "78369c58-beaa-46f2-b286-dd2540634556", "label": "MICROCLIMATE", - "broader": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", + "parentId": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", "definition": "The fine climatic structure of the air space that extends from the very surface of the earth to a height where the effects of the immediate character of the underlying surface no longer can be distinguished from the general local climate (mesoclimate or macroclimate).\n\nThe microclimate varies with and in turn is superimposed upon the larger-scale conditions. While some rigid limits have been placed on the thickness of the layer concerned, it is more realistic to consider variable thicknesses. (Observe the microclimate of a putting green versus that of a redwood forest.) Generally, four times the height of surface growth or structures defines the level where microclimatic overtones disappear. Microclimate can be subdivided into as many different classes as there are types of underlying surface. With sufficient detail, this could be almost limitless. Currently, the most studied broad types are the 'urban microclimate,' affected by pavement, buildings, air pollution, dense inhabitation, etc., the 'vegetation microclimate,' concerned with the complex nature of the air space occupied by vegetation, and its effects upon the vegetation (\nsee phytoclimatology); and the microclimate of confined spaces (the cryptoclimate) of houses, greenhouses, caves, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4820c2b-37e0-491e-a268-e5b18e1a1062", "label": "MESOCLIMATE", - "broader": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", + "parentId": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", "definition": "The climate of a natural region of small extent, for example, valley, forest, plantation, and park. Because of subtle differences in elevation and exposure, the climate may not be representative of the general climate of the region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "273973f1-ccc5-4ae8-9872-17e249023c53", "label": "MACROCLIMATE", - "broader": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", + "parentId": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", "definition": "The general large-scale climate of a large area or country, as distinguished from the mesoclimate and microclimate.", "children": [] } @@ -23904,39 +23904,39 @@ { "uuid": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "label": "EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES", - "broader": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", + "parentId": "1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999", "definition": "A collection of software, tools, models, and other services that can be used to analyze, process, and model Earth science data.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "label": "REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Refers to electronic resources and digitized materials that provider information to users.", "children": [ { "uuid": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", "label": "BIBLIOGRAPHIC", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", + "parentId": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "definition": "Services that provide a list of publications and resources by author,\nsubject, or publisher.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6ee8d84e-c829-44e2-8768-3e5342b79707", "label": "BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES", - "broader": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", + "parentId": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", "definition": "A computerized file consisting of electronic entries or records, each of\nwhich represents a document or bibliographic item retrievable by author,\ntitle, subject heading (descriptor), or keywords. Although some\nbibliographic databases are general in scope and coverage, most are\nindexes and abstracting services which provide access to the literature of\na specific field or discipline.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17d6617a-10ff-45b6-ac16-a7ab8f6aa1eb", "label": "PERSONNEL DIRECTORIES", - "broader": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", + "parentId": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", "definition": "Online directories of scientific researchers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a00621f-4e28-4d16-a183-0658e95d473a", "label": "PROFESSIONAL SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS", - "broader": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", + "parentId": "80a8ca6d-8471-4d49-a99c-fa5954d93a55", "definition": "Online directories of scientific organizations.", "children": [] } @@ -23945,55 +23945,55 @@ { "uuid": "52a71bf1-a099-4bb1-88c2-064203e3608c", "label": "THESAURI", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", + "parentId": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "definition": "1.A book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and\nantonyms.
\r\n2.A book of selected words or concepts, such as a specialized vocabulary of a\nparticular field, as of medicine or music", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", "label": "DIGITAL/VIRTUAL REFERENCE DESKS", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", + "parentId": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "definition": "Digital reference services use the Internet to connect people with people\nwho can answer questions and support the development of skills.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e12352e3-0312-4c12-b62b-25e147193b78", "label": "ASK-A BIOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", + "parentId": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with\npeople who can answer questions about the biological sciences.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "185f7a64-7c35-4e83-b0f0-7f2012e66c5d", "label": "ASK-A ECOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", + "parentId": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with people\nwho can answer questions about the ecological sciences.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c62eddd4-a320-4f5d-8f9c-5f333be0b7c3", "label": "ASK-A GEOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", + "parentId": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with\npeople who can answer questions about the Earth and geological sciences.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ee9dd80-6ca8-49a9-a7be-bd965595e1a3", "label": "ASK-A MARINE BIOLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", + "parentId": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with\npeople who can answer questions about marine biology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9586b25-36da-4e7d-ac2a-b1b24e2f44bd", "label": "ASK-A METEOROLOGIST", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", + "parentId": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with people\n who can answer questions about the climate, atmosphere and weather.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6621ba11-af39-4634-b07c-811585e91a77", "label": "ASK-A OCEANOGRAPHER", - "broader": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", + "parentId": "b37c3094-6ec8-4429-a80b-b332a7b4947d", "definition": "Digital reference services that use the Internet to connect people with people\nwho can answer questions about the marine and oceanographic sciences.", "children": [] } @@ -24002,28 +24002,28 @@ { "uuid": "8f6ad4bb-ab00-4e5a-baee-2c17335ba809", "label": "IDENTIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", + "parentId": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "definition": "A service that aids in the classification of objects in an ordered system that\nindicates natural relationships. This may include taxonomy.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac44c9c0-d0f1-4f25-b016-b57ca51d511e", "label": "GAZETTEER", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", + "parentId": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "definition": "A geographical dictionary; a book giving the names and descriptions, etc., of\r\nmany places.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16d0abc3-8f75-4974-bdb4-df09a04bcfa3", "label": "SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", + "parentId": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "definition": "Services that provide links to subscriptions to\nscientific/environmental Internet newsletters and notifications.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20ed3fa4-20fa-4531-8b02-dceda8eac81f", "label": "KNOWLEDGE/DECISION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", + "parentId": "a3a5d0dd-0e8f-4649-8a55-25f9251e1008", "definition": "A computer-based system that aids the process of decision making or building of\nknowledge. For example: a construction company has decided to build a new\ndevelopment in a certain area, but they need to decide where to place the\nbuildings. They may use information gathered on previous floods (i.e. stage\nheights) to help them decide.", "children": [] } @@ -24032,159 +24032,159 @@ { "uuid": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "label": "MODELS", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Graphical, mathematical (symbolic), physical, or verbal representation or simplified version of a concept, phenomenon, relationship, structure, system, or an aspect of the real world.", "children": [ { "uuid": "96400b5a-6932-41f2-a80c-5aba26a2b5de", "label": "SOLAR-ATMOSPHERE/SPACE-WEATHER MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Solar-Atmosphere/Space Weather Models typically deal with\nSolar-Earth/Atmosphere interactions and warning/prediction systems. These\nmodels are important for telecommunications and all science, commercial\nresearch, and operational satellites. These models also forecast solar particle\nfluxes, and indices of solar and geomagnetic activity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2eb094d5-70bc-49fa-acb6-4ad07f4c7b08", "label": "HYDROLOGIC AND TERRESTRIAL WATER CYCLE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that relate to the water cycle and hydrological analysis (chemistry and\r\nphysics of water) predictions in the Terrestrial Hydrosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea5ccefb-e390-43d5-8202-33e004565beb", "label": "CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Climate Change Impact Assessment Models examine and predict the vulnerabilities of human populations to future climate change, including associated sea-level rise and changes in the frequency and intensity of climate extremes such as floods, droughts, heat waves and windstorms, and taking into account potential impacts on water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, coastal and other types of settlements, and economic activities. These models can be used to assess the potential responses of natural environments and the wildlife that inhabit them to future climate change and identifies environments at particular risk.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "adfee6d2-ca00-4f02-a570-5ccf0850cb55", "label": "DYNAMIC VEGETATION/ECOSYSTEM MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Predicts the fast time scale fluxes of water, carbon, nitrogen and energy\r\nbetween the landsurface and the atmosphere and the resulting diurnal surface\r\nfluxes, seasonal and inter-annual vegetation growth, and decadal to century\r\nscale alterations in vegetation structure and soil carbon and nitrogen. It\r\nwill be made available to the climate modeling community for studies on\r\nseasonal weather evolution, vegetation phenology, the carbon budget, climate\r\nvariability, paleoclimate, global change scenarios, vegetation-climate\r\nfeedbacks, and astronomical biosignatures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5f94c93-e8af-4919-827f-9059dab9cf27", "label": "DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that represent continuous elevation values over a topographic surface by\na regular array of z-values, referenced to a common datum. Digital Elevation\nModels (DEM) and Digital Terrain Models (DTM) are used to predict the\ntopography and terrain over a given land surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5b13fa4-0069-40ce-85cb-bfbab34c2058", "label": "COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are the most\ncomplex models in use, consisting of an Atmosphere general circulation model\n(AGCM) coupled to an Ocean general circulation models (OGCM). With the addition\nof other components (such as a sea ice model or a model for evapotranspiration\nover land), the AOGCM becomes the basis for a full climate model. \r\nSome recent models include the biosphere, carbon cycle and atmospheric\nchemistry as well. AOGCMs can be used for the prediction and rate of change of\nfuture climate. They are also used to study the variability and physical\nprocesses of the coupled climate system. Global climate models typically have a\nresolution of a few hundred kilometres. Climate projections from the Hadley\nCentre make use of the HadCM2 AOGCM, developed in 1994, and its successor\nHadCM3 AOGCM, developed in 1998. Greenhouse-gas experiments with AOGCMs have\nusually been driven by specifying atmospheric concentrations of the gases, but\nif a carbon cycle model is included, the AOGCM can predict changes in carbon\ndioxide concentration, given the emissions of carbon dioxide into the\natmosphere. Similarly, an AOGCM coupled to an atmospheric chemistry model is\nable to predict the changes in concentration of other atmospheric constituents\nin response to climate change and to the changing emissions of various gases.\nFurther information is available on: some aspects of ocean simulation in HadCM3\n(thermohaline circulation, ventilation, vertical mixing), decadal variability\nin the ocean of HadCM3.\r\nRecently a global coupled climate model with an eddy-permitting ocean\nresolution has been developed at the Hadley Centre, in order to better\nrepresent important oceanic processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "063177a9-14cd-4750-9aa4-ad5d266bd7ad", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Numerical representation of the atmosphere and its phenomena over the entire\r\nEarth, using the equations of motion and including radiation, photochemistry,\r\nand the transfer of heat, water vapor, and momentum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f66e185f-7e17-4b5c-bc4e-523ddfbbe9ca", "label": "COMPONENT PROCESS MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Component Process Models are models that are part of the Earth System\ncomponent, including Atmosphere, Ocean, Land Surface Processes, Hydrology,\nSnow/Ice, Biospheric (vegetation, ocean biology) Chemistry, and Radiation.\nThese can be grouped together by a specific process type such as Cloud and\nPrecipitation Dynamics, Cloud-radiation feedback (Cloud-aerosol interaction,\nAtmospheric-land surface coupling, atmosphere-ocean surface coupling, ocean-ice\ncoupling/interaction), land hydrology (run-off models), Transport models (e.g.\nPollution, Trace constituents) and others.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93809fc5-da7c-4ca2-9585-70f09bd99898", "label": "PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that focus on an individual terrestrial phenomenon such as Hurricane\ntrack/intensity prediction, El-Nino (ENSO) predictions, Tsunami warming\nsystems, Air quality index predictions, UV index predictions, Heat wave\npredictions, Drought index and predictions, Flood warning/predictions and\nDisease outbreak warning systems/predictions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a1dd3c3-a126-437e-ad04-9dc0a382d567", "label": "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that aid in decision support of a specific topic such as population,\nirrigation scheduling, coastal zone decisions, ecosystem distribution, crop\nyields, water use, energy generation, telecommunications, and space weather\nactivity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e49f0aae-c2ef-4fd2-aaf4-ddfad074bb75", "label": "REGULATORY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that provide predictions and analysis of environmental factors such as\nair quality and water quality; also included are dispersion modeling. These\nmodels are generally associated with the U.S. EPA to support policy and\nregulatory decisions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f96bf6c8-2f34-412a-b734-b2644f08a329", "label": "GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that represent or predict the geology over a given area; the tectonic\nactivity or probability of earthquakes and tectonic movement, or prevention of\nfuture earthquakes; and paleoclimate reconstructions or predictions of future\nclimate systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "640d703f-9312-4f11-8367-30a8bd8fc508", "label": "CARBON CYCLE/CARBON BUDGET MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models relating to carbon cycle modeling that simulates, over a given period of\ntime, carbon interactions on the ecosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a22b06c-eeed-46dc-b41b-af44ca94c419", "label": "CRYOSPHERE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Cryosphere Models are models that look at the Earth's cryosphere regions, specifically looking at frozen water, snow, permafrost, floating ice, and glaciers. The cryosphere component is directly related to ocean sea-level, therefore is indirectly related to changes in the atmosphere and biosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46461db7-88ba-446f-bdae-2d1e7f6302c2", "label": "LAND SURFACE MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that predict the characteristics of the landscape such as DEMs/DTMs.\nAlso included are models that predict land surface reflectance including the\nscattering, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation at the land\nsurface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1eb8b98b-73a1-4657-beda-76ab6355dd08", "label": "PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Physical and laboratory models are models that represent a larger or smaller physical copy of an object or structure. Most commonly, these models are created in laboratories, but can often be located and studied in the real environment. Physical models allow visualization, from examining the model, of information about the thing the model represents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92471848-b940-4b31-9165-f106457a4616", "label": "WEATHER RESEARCH/FORECAST MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a next-generation mesocale\r\nnumerical weather prediction system designed to serve both operational\r\nforecasting and atmospheric research needs. It features multiple dynamical\r\ncores, a 3-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system, and a\r\nsoftware architecture allowing for computational parallelism and system\r\nextensibility. WRF is suitable for a broad spectrum of applications across\r\nscales ranging from meters to thousands of kilometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c61a56a3-c08f-4989-92f3-0f0787688424", "label": "OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (OGCM)/REGIONAL OCEAN MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "An OGCM is the ocean counterpart of an Atmosphere general circulation model\n(AGCM); it is a three-dimensional representation of the ocean and sea ice.\nOGCMs are useful by themselves for studying ocean circulation, interior\nprocesses and variability, but they depend on being supplied with data about\nsurface air temperature and other atmospheric properties.\r\nFor a list of some Ocean Circulation models, see\nhttp://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/ocean_models.html\r\nhttp://www.ocean-modeling.org/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3668de06-8a7d-4667-beb8-d04dcac619b0", "label": "ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "(A numerical representation of) the chemical constituents of Earth's\r\natmosphere, and the roles they play in influencing the atmosphere's\r\ntemperature, radiation, and dynamics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8615aad-d2eb-45a3-98a7-4adac5bdf5a5", "label": "EARTH SCIENCE REANALYSES/ASSIMILATION MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Models that deal with the retrospective-analyses or reanalyzes of data.\nReanalyzes blend the continuity and breadth of output data of a numerical model\nwith the constraint of vast quantities of observational data. The result is a\nlong-term continuous data record. Merging many different observations together\nwith an estimate of the variables provided by the model is the main function of\nAssimilation models. Global ocean, atmosphere and land surface models are\ndeveloped as components of assimilation and forecast systems, as well as for\naddressing the weather and climate research questions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7872b9af-8c90-481e-aaa6-a47b736f0828", "label": "ANCILLARY MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "108318e6-89c0-4e0d-bcad-7bfdb0df49f5", "label": "MODEL LOGS", - "broader": "7872b9af-8c90-481e-aaa6-a47b736f0828", + "parentId": "7872b9af-8c90-481e-aaa6-a47b736f0828", "definition": "Model configurations / inputs / outputs / logs for ancillary models", "children": [] } @@ -24193,124 +24193,124 @@ { "uuid": "e1b54a28-af57-47ad-8291-bdbf723481b1", "label": "GLACIO-HYDROLOGICAL MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Glacio-hydrological models (GHMs) allow us to develop an understanding of how future climate change will affect river flow regimes in glaciated watersheds. A variety of simplified GHM structures and parameterisations exist, yet the performance of these are rarely quantified at the process level or with metrics beyond global summary statistics. A fuller understanding of the deficiencies in competing model structures and parameterisations and the ability of models to simulate physical processes require performance metrics utilising the full range of uncertainty information within input observations. Here, the glacio-hydrological characteristics of the Virkisá River basin in southern Iceland are characterised using 33 signatures derived from observations of ice melt, snow coverage and river discharge. The uncertainty of each set of observations is harnessed to define the limits of acceptability (LOA), a set of criteria used to objectively evaluate the acceptability of different GHM structures and parameterisations. This framework is used to compare and diagnose deficiencies in three melt and three run-off-routing model structures. Increased model complexity is shown to improve acceptability when evaluated against specific signatures but does not always result in better consistency across all signatures, emphasising the difficulty in appropriate model selection and the need for multi-model prediction approaches to account for model selection uncertainty. Melt and run-off-routing structures demonstrate a hierarchy of influence on river discharge signatures with melt model structure having the most influence on discharge hydrograph seasonality and run-off-routing structure on shorter-timescale discharge events. None of the tested GHM structural configurations returned acceptable simulations across the full population of signatures. The framework outlined here provides a comprehensive and rigorous assessment tool for evaluating the acceptability of different GHM process hypotheses. Future melt and run-off model forecasts should seek to diagnose structural model deficiencies and evaluate diagnostic signatures of system behaviour using a LOA framework.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79841056-b651-439c-b638-439e94731d31", "label": "SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental estimates. They are used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and to predict distributions across landscapes, sometimes requiring extrapolation in space and time. SDMs are now widely used across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms. Differences in methods between disciplines reflect both differences in species mobility and in “established use.” Model realism and robustness is influenced by selection of relevant predictors and modeling method, consideration of scale, how the interplay between environmental and geographic factors is handled, and the extent of extrapolation. Current linkages between SDM practice and ecological theory are often weak, hindering progress. Remaining challenges include: improvement of methods for modeling presence-only data and for model selection and evaluation; accounting for biotic interactions; and assessing model uncertainty.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8fb5ea8a-96ba-47cf-91cd-c7b64fbcd54a", "label": "SPHERICAL HARMONIC MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "An orthogonal set of basis functions to define the amplitudes at the surface of a sphere. It is often employed in solving partial differential equations in many scientific fields, and can be thought of as the 2D Fourier transform of a spatial grid.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97576e51-28b5-4ae0-af33-fbb00fd5996b", "label": "MASS CONCENTRATION (MASCON) MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "A basis function to define “blocks” of mass on the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid, for GRACE(-FO) used as an alternative to spherical harmonics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "label": "MACHINE LEARNING MODELS", - "broader": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", + "parentId": "e1f20631-b5b9-438c-b5c2-b1fa0fce100a", "definition": "A predictive model that when trained on a set of data containing certain features, enables a computer to identify similar features in other data.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fdd890fa-377a-46ce-8fdc-2d7d16a461b7", "label": "SUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that utilizes labels to train the model.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfed775e-934a-4606-b673-e55fd74fded8", "label": "UNSUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that looks for patterns in data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b8fd0d4-f70d-4d5a-b4fa-c43bc42ccfe8", "label": "SEMI-SUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that uses both supervised and unsupervised learning in its approach. Semi-supervised techniques take advantage of both labelled and unlabeled data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42bc61ce-8fe1-4eda-a127-6d431b21e66a", "label": "SELF-SUPERVISED", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that uses context in the available sample data to predict missing or nearby data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55a99ac5-595b-4411-a11f-79d91603358a", "label": "OBJECT DETECTION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that helps to identify a distinct object in data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca240508-9cd7-400e-9420-ad96f72195bd", "label": "CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that sorts data into classes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46b21df4-0467-48eb-b442-709b584ad816", "label": "SEGMENTATION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that clusters part of the data (in particular image data) to groups that belong to the same class.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d42ba19-5ce7-4840-a1b3-5a8341bcc272", "label": "REGRESSION", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model that translates input data of N-dimension to one or more scalar values.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4ef83d6-c132-4cd9-ab8b-5745949877d4", "label": "CLUSTERING", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that divides data into groups (aka clusters) without having a label for them.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a63c35d7-bf69-4f64-a6a9-e87cde0ce801", "label": "NEURAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A machine learning model type that is part of deep learning algorithms that mimic the operations of a human brain to recognize relationships between vast amounts of data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", "label": "ENSEMBLE MODELS", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A modeling process where multiple diverse models are created to predict an outcome, either by using many different modeling algorithms or using different training data sets.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e3e48b06-0678-4c41-9741-3752c9756bb8", "label": "BOOSTING", - "broader": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", + "parentId": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", "definition": "An ensemble learning method that combines a set of weak learners into a strong learner to minimize training errors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a68048f4-181c-4c6c-9bfa-9e4171e9f237", "label": "RANDOM FOREST", - "broader": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", + "parentId": "35d2677c-619a-4a47-a5a7-3feb9973c5ab", "definition": "A type of supervised learning that uses multiple decision trees for a computer to find patterns in data.", "children": [] } @@ -24319,13 +24319,13 @@ { "uuid": "8cf3a3ce-4dd4-4364-8414-83e3b01354ec", "label": "DECISION TREE", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A type of supervised learning that uses a predictive modeling approach to ask additional questions of the data based on the answer to earlier questions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3165b02f-962f-48bf-944b-66dd470f5988", "label": "ISOLATION FOREST", - "broader": "8cf3a3ce-4dd4-4364-8414-83e3b01354ec", + "parentId": "8cf3a3ce-4dd4-4364-8414-83e3b01354ec", "definition": "Isolation Forest is an unsupervised ML method that is used for anomaly detection.", "children": [] } @@ -24334,34 +24334,34 @@ { "uuid": "b28033ac-592a-42a5-8913-3b8d74dfe43d", "label": "NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A type of learning that utilizes text-based sources to analyze parts of speech, sentiment, and term frequency.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", "label": "DEEP LEARNING", - "broader": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", + "parentId": "fe4392b0-13a9-43ff-bacc-f44a65aed4fa", "definition": "A type of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) that imitates the way humans gain certain types of knowledge.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ca705489-8d18-470c-8c95-1c5ecfc902b6", "label": "GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", + "parentId": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", "definition": "A type of unsupervised learning that involves automatically discovering and learning the regularities or patterns in input data in such a way that the model can be used to generate or output new examples that plausibly could have been drawn from the original dataset.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94febaa2-74d0-4f38-93d5-f91cf15f9037", "label": "CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", + "parentId": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", "definition": "A Deep Learning algorithm which can take in an input image, assign importance (learnable weights and biases) to various aspects/objects in the image and be able to differentiate one from the other.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3d5ed2a-04c6-432f-938c-bb06ec887cdc", "label": "RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS", - "broader": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", + "parentId": "543135bc-7749-49ca-89af-b108cac1afaa", "definition": "A type of artificial neural network which uses sequential data or time series data. These deep learning algorithms are commonly used for ordinal or temporal problems, such as language translation, natural language processing (nlp), speech recognition, and image captioning.", "children": [] } @@ -24374,19 +24374,19 @@ { "uuid": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "label": "DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Describes the development, execution and supervision of plans, policies, programs and practices that control, protect, deliver and enhance the value of data. The data handling component refers to the process of ensuring that data is stored, archived, or disposed of in a safe and secure manner during and after the conclusion of a research project and/or data retrieval.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f3573bc-3cb7-4cec-a5bb-1bb6b7ab9057", "label": "DATA INTEROPERABILITY", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Interoperability is the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged.", "children": [ { "uuid": "dad75074-b2f7-4cb7-ae02-02d054f18251", "label": "DATA REFORMATTING", - "broader": "0f3573bc-3cb7-4cec-a5bb-1bb6b7ab9057", + "parentId": "0f3573bc-3cb7-4cec-a5bb-1bb6b7ab9057", "definition": "Reformatting services are defined as Data Handling Services that allow for the alteration of the structure of an Earth science data set so as to make the data set accessible for use by a product or service for which it was not originally compatible. EXAMPLES: Binary to ASCII, HDF to CDF.", "children": [] } @@ -24395,41 +24395,41 @@ { "uuid": "434d40e2-4e0b-408a-9811-ff878f4f0fb0", "label": "CATALOGING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "A Catalog service is defined as Data Handling Services that provide a listing\r of items arranged systematically with descriptive details. These items include, but are not limited to, data sets, reference materials, and other services.\r Catalog services are, however, limited to topics of relevance to the Earth\r Sciences and Global Environmental Change. These foci must be reflected by a\r majority of the items listed in the catalog. Catalog services also include any\r tools that may be used to create a catalog or facilitate the inclusion or\r maintenance of a listing within a catalog. EXAMPLES: NASA's Global Change Master Directory, Geospatial One-Stop (catalogs) and docBUILDER (metadata management).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31ab3c10-1f10-4372-82d4-4c0c4be5999f", "label": "TRANSFORMATION/CONVERSION", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Transformation/Conversion services are defined as Data Handling Services that, in the case of transformation, apply an adjustment function to the original data that alters the absolute values of the data (e.g., interpolation, standardization, anomalies). In the case of conversion, the service is designed to apply a function to the data that transforms the relative value of the data but not the absolute (i.e., unit conversions).\r EXAMPLES: Anomalies (Transformation). Fahrenheit to Celsius (Conversion).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", "label": "SUBSETTING/SUPERSETTING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Subsetting/Supersetting services are defined as Data Handling Services that, in the case of subsetting, create a smaller set of Earth science data from a larger set. In the case of supersetting the service creates an aggregate data\nset from the contents of several data sets. In no instance of supersetting or subsetting is the data transformed (see transformation) (e.g., averaging), only transferred from one data set to another. EXAMPLES: Global cloud-free composite image (supersetting). Selecting one station's data from a data set containing 40 stations (subsetting).", "children": [ { "uuid": "2b42bbe1-a87b-421b-b9cd-6eeb662eaa7e", "label": "TEMPORAL SUBSETTING", - "broader": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", + "parentId": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", "definition": "The process of selecting features of a spatial object based on time and time frequency. whether or not they in some way relate in space to another object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c6d5e60-c312-4589-9918-b0f44b2ae8cd", "label": "SPATIAL SUBSETTING", - "broader": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", + "parentId": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", "definition": "The process of selecting features of a spatial object based on whether or not they in some way relate in space to another object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2295f39-e8c5-4032-8a05-618d95410b28", "label": "VARIABLE SUBSETTING", - "broader": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", + "parentId": "cc9e67fc-eafa-43cc-879f-0cb56b25bc39", "definition": "The process of selecting features of an object based on the variable parameters of the data.", "children": [] } @@ -24438,83 +24438,83 @@ { "uuid": "fc757c55-83b4-400e-9d23-25bcad230603", "label": "MEDIA TRANSFER/DATA RESCUE", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Media Transfer/Data Rescue services are defined as Data Handling Services that physically transfer data from one media form to another (excluding archives), or serve to reconstruct or reconstitute data from deteriorating or unreadable media to accessible media. EXAMPLES: Magnetic Tape to CD-ROM. Book to Diskette.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9916f643-05b4-4f0e-91e0-59922c6e09fc", "label": "DATA DELIVERY", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "The preparation or customized data sets for delivery to customers. Methods of\r data delivery may include, but are not limited to, the following:\r\n- On-line download of the data over the Internet. \n- Placing an order for delivery of data via either on-line (e.g. ftp) or\r off-line (e.g. CD/DVD via U.S. Mail) delivery. \r\n- Display of contact (who to call) information so that the user may contact\r some person to obtain the data of interest.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c75db4f8-716c-47a8-a2f4-34e5a48296b0", "label": "ARCHIVING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Archiving services are defined as Data Handling Services that function to provide storage of Earth science data for later retrieval. Archive services may store the data in any manner but must allow for access and retrieval by a data requestor. This service also includes any tools that facilitate the handling of data into (storage/ingest) or out of (access/retrieval) an archive. EXAMPLES: NASA's Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs), Library of Congress.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07291e32-fd39-45e8-a603-7443cb780976", "label": "DATA MINING", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Data mining is a variety of techniques used to identify nuggets of information or decision-making knowledge in bodies of data, and extracting these in such a way that they can be put to use in areas such as decision support, prediction, forecasting, and estimation. The data is often voluminous but, as it stands, of low value as no direct use can be made of it; it is the hidden information in the data that is useful.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86cbb2d3-6783-4d9b-9dc1-b0aea78f98ea", "label": "DATA ACCESS/RETRIEVAL", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Services that provide online capabilities for searching (typically through a user-friendly web-based search engine) to locate and retrieve (directdownloading or ordering) scientific data sets from databases or\narchives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0d7fb1f-5233-4664-8e83-3c65ca344f41", "label": "DATA COMPRESSION", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Compression services are defined as Data Handling Services that reduce the proportions (file size, physical size, volume or mass) of Earth science data. Data can be reduced by mechanical means (e.g., dehydration) or by \r computer algorithms (e.g., .zip). EXAMPLES: Dehydration or Deflation (mechanical). ZIP, TAR, JAR, GZIP (computer).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80e34388-3d24-4ff9-8d23-784fad52c432", "label": "DATA NETWORKING/DATA TRANSFER TOOLS", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Data networking tools refer to tools and services that facilitate the ability\r of two or more computers to communicate together and to share data with each\r other.\r Data transfer tools refer to tools and services that manage or facilitate the\r transmission of data from one computer or device to another. For example, grid\r computing is a form of networking that harnesses the processing cycles of all\r computers connected in a network to solve problems that are too large for any\r one computer. In the Earth sciences, these tools facilitate the networking of\r large volumes of satellite data or climate model output data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39f3bca5-0abf-4af7-9385-865b99c06b8f", "label": "DATA SEARCH", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "Refers to searching for data in data retrieval systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", "label": "DATA CUSTOMIZATION", - "broader": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", + "parentId": "02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "40d4ba89-0e3d-4c6c-adef-87e08737d4db", "label": "REPROJECTION", - "broader": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", + "parentId": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67239b1c-db58-4f67-a47a-c6f3ba95a16b", "label": "RESAMPLING", - "broader": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", + "parentId": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", "definition": "The method that consists of drawing repeated samples from the original data samples. The method of Resampling is a nonparametric method of statistical inference. In other words, the method of resampling does not involve the utilization of the generic distribution tables (for example, normal distribution tables) in order to compute approximate p probability values.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8e3ba6c-599e-4d7d-b498-93b15c32d820", "label": "INTERPOLATION", - "broader": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", + "parentId": "727a79dd-bef9-40c3-bf85-e152947b8e49", "definition": "A type of estimation, a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points.", "children": [] } @@ -24525,61 +24525,61 @@ { "uuid": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Refers to an official announcement, typically a warning about bad environmental conditions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "label": "MARINE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, resources, and/or the\nenvironment arising from hazards in and around navigable water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6ee1f87a-dc7a-48f7-9b0f-9c529a5645a5", "label": "TSUNAMIS", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", + "parentId": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "definition": "A long-period (usually 15-60 minutes) wave caused by a large-scale movement of\r\nthe sea floor, from a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or landslide\r\nalthough usually barely noticeable at sea, its velocity may be as high as 400\r\nknots, so that it travels great distances and in shoal water may reach heights\r\nof around 15 meters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8aee072-097c-496f-8fe7-b65605fc1103", "label": "TIDES", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", + "parentId": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "definition": "Reports providing information pertaining to the study of the periodic rise and\nfall of the sea surface, generated by long-wavelength waves that are caused by\nthe interaction of gravitational force and inertia. Variables include\ncharacteristics of tides and other aspects important to their study.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f04be06d-5976-43d0-94cb-91d5c487d57c", "label": "SEA STATE", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", + "parentId": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "definition": "A scale that categorizes the force of progressively higher seas by wave height.\nThis scale is mathematically co-related to the Pierson-Moskowitz scale and the\nrelationship of wind to waves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5563d03-2f68-4dac-a50b-3b8450725356", "label": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", + "parentId": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "definition": "Reports providing information pertaining to the measurement of the average\nkinetic energy of oceanic water.
\r\nOcean Temperature Advisory Service include warnings for overall temperature of\nthe ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1111b23-9946-497a-8829-b58da3fce720", "label": "MARINE WEATHER/FORECAST", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", + "parentId": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "definition": "Warnings and forecasts which help mariners plan and make decisions protecting\nlife and property. Examples of this type of advisory includes information\nabout hazardous sea conditions or lower wind speeds that may affect small craft\noperations, warnings for storms(ie tropical storms and hurricane warnings)
\nExample: \r\nhttp://205.156.54.206/om/marine2.htm", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3de6fa74-bb80-4bc6-ae60-1e6fe8ae6c67", "label": "MARINE BIOLOGY", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", + "parentId": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "definition": "Reports providing information on animals and plants that live in the sea.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4aea007-d297-4051-8b41-5cdde00b4d1e", "label": "SEA ICE", - "broader": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", + "parentId": "39f5a91f-c5b6-4aa9-a0c6-05530306f17b", "definition": "Reports providing information pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over\nthe ocean surface.
\r\nSea Ice Advisory Services include warnings for ice melting, and daily analyses\nthrough real time data and forecast.", "children": [] } @@ -24588,41 +24588,41 @@ { "uuid": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", "label": "HYDROLOGICAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from the cycling of water on and inside the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9a583e74-34e9-4eb5-af7a-03418d702af6", "label": "WATER QUALITY", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", + "parentId": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", "definition": "The fitness of water for use (by plants or animals), being affected by\r\nphysical, chemical and biological factors.

\r\nA Water Quality Advisory may include information on the types of contaminants\r\nthat may decrease the water quality in a particular area.
", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e757b032-bfa4-4976-b98a-838f61a86ea8", "label": "FLOODS", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", + "parentId": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", "definition": "A rising body of water (as in a stream, lake, or sea, or behind a dam) that\r\noverlaps its natural or artificial confines and that covers land not normally\r\nunder water, esp. any relatively high streamflow that overflows its banks in\r\nany reach of the stream, or that is measured by gage height or discharge\r\nquantity.

\r\nA Flood Advisory reports on conditions favorable for flooding and will provide\r\nlocations in which flooding is more likely.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3678d18c-9dca-4743-abc0-1442b4d438d2", "label": "DROUGHT", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", + "parentId": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", "definition": "Drought should be considered relative to some long-term average condition of\nbalance between precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) in a particular area,\na condition often perceived as 'normal.' Common to all types of drought is the\r\nfact that they originate from a deficiency of precipitation that results in\nwater shortage for some activity or for some group. It is also commonly\nrecognized that other meteorological elements, such as temperature, wind, and\r\nrelative humidity, may aggravate the severity and impacts of drought in some\ninstances.

\r\nA Drought Advisory may report on drought occurring in a particular region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b28c7543-e313-43e5-8a27-2d84098d2e11", "label": "AVALANCHE FORECASTS", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", + "parentId": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", "definition": "An avalanche is caused when a build up of snow is released down a slope, and is\none of the major dangers faced in the mountains in winter. In an avalanche,\nlots of material or mixtures of different types of material fall or slide\nrapidly under the force of gravity. Avalanches are often classified by what\nthey are made of, for example snow, ice, rock or soil avalanches. A mixture of\nthese would be called a debris avalanche.

\r\nA large avalanche can run for miles, and can create massive destruction of the \nlower forest and anything else in its path. Avalanches occur when the load on\nthe upper snow layers exceeds bonding forces (bonding to layer beneath, support\nfrom anchors such as rocks and trees, stress support from top or bottom of\nslope). Critical load may be exceeded naturally by adding new snow or by rapid \nloading, by falling ice, cornices and similar means. The bonding forces within \na snowpack are affected by temperatures (e.g., a lubricated melt layer, or a\nfragile crystal layer) before, during and after snowfall. Avalanches are also \r\ntriggered by humans - because of the additional weight, kicks during skiing \r\n(e.g. during jumps) or intentionally by explosives, slope-cuts and other means.\n

\r\nAn Avalanche Advisory reports on conditions favorable for an avalanche and will\nprovide locations in which an avalanche is more likely to occur.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3dd9fd35-f1dd-4d25-b849-eeb7b64ab767", "label": "WATER RESOURCES", - "broader": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", + "parentId": "7406a787-6ab6-429f-bc09-9a86d393e114", "definition": "Advisories about the natural, potentially useful sources of water.", "children": [] } @@ -24631,20 +24631,20 @@ { "uuid": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", "label": "AGRICULTURAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from soil cultivation, crop production, and/or the\nraising of livestock.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f1c35c74-0b10-46de-9c06-efeda92d383a", "label": "CROP FORECAST", - "broader": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", + "parentId": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", "definition": "To estimate or calculate in advance, especially to predict crop yield by\nanalysis of agricultural and meteorological data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a394776f-b658-44de-b952-90f4e53d58cc", "label": "DROUGHT FORECAST", - "broader": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", + "parentId": "a9394dee-8c4e-47a8-b630-6549ac1cb717", "definition": "Drought is a protracted period of deficient precipitation resulting in\r\nextensive damage to crops, resulting in loss of yield.\r\nLack of rainfall for an extended period of time can bring farmers and major\r\nmetropolitan areas to their knees. It does not take very long; a few rain-free\r\nweeks spreads panic and shrivels crops. A drought forecast would be issued for\none of the following:

\r\nMeteorological - a measure of departure of precipitation from normal. Due to\r\nclimatic differences what is considered a drought in one location may not be a\r\ndrought in another location.

\r\nAgricultural - refers to a situation when the amount of moisture in the soil no\nlonger meets the needs of a particular crop and can also affect livestock and\r\nother dry-land agricultural operations.

\r\nHydrological -\toccurs when surface and subsurface water supplies are below\r\nnormal.

\r\nSocioeconomic - refers to the situation that occurs when physical water\r\nshortage begins to affect people.

", "children": [] } @@ -24653,69 +24653,69 @@ { "uuid": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "label": "WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from atmospheric conditions and phenomena.", "children": [ { "uuid": "392ff7f6-dcf6-4543-930e-3e6e441ad881", "label": "CLIMATE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "Reports providing information on predicted climate trends.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0451cbfb-3c46-4afe-b02d-456beabd89a6", "label": "WEATHER FORECAST", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specific period and for\na specific area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "020585ff-91fb-421b-ba24-305d657c2231", "label": "PRESENT WEATHER", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "Reports providing information on the observed weather conditions at a fixed\nobservation station.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10144249-d836-4a7d-adc8-177702595c87", "label": "HEAT ADVISORY", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "An advisory to alert the public to when daytime heat indices of 105 degrees F\nor above for two or more consecutive days are expected.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb47fa33-8b9b-4655-b448-1acf8a629015", "label": "FROST/FREEZE WARNING", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "Reports providing information on when below freezing temperatures are expected\nand may cause significant damage to plants, crops, or fruit trees.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e6c260ca-4f1e-4ed9-92d8-b50d1927f88e", "label": "UV RADIATION", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "An alert to advise the public of the anticipated exposure level to ultraviolet\nradiation for a particular location.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d67baa7-19c7-440b-b658-1bda9a8e09bf", "label": "SEVERE WEATHER", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "An alert to advise the public to when and where potentially life threatening\nweather phenomena may occur.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f7c2388-24e4-4f90-a833-6dc166693879", "label": "DUST/ASH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "Advisories providing reports of current volcanic ash plumes or dust clouds and\nthe projected trajectory of the ash or dust.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49c8e881-7100-42cf-9c2e-48f2012e5671", "label": "AIR QUALITY", - "broader": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", + "parentId": "89554e78-d69d-4a38-b7f1-78d9e1e4aa57", "definition": "Reports providing information on the cleanliness of air described in terms of\nlevels of contaminants in air especially with regard to their potential effects\non human health.", "children": [] } @@ -24724,27 +24724,27 @@ { "uuid": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", "label": "HEALTH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including warnings about epidemiological or environmental hazards that potentially threaten animal or human health.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bcb42cdb-0ad3-42e1-ac72-8af05c68cf48", "label": "ANIMAL HEALTH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", + "parentId": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", "definition": "A report regarding the current state of wild and domestic animals, excluding humans, physical well-being as it may be affected by certain environmental factors and/or human interaction. An environmental factor may include local, regional, or global climate changes such as drought. Human intervention may include preservation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e468bd6-a13a-4f49-8cb4-7a0ba69d8ad3", "label": "HUMAN HEALTH ADVISORIES", - "broader": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", + "parentId": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", "definition": "A report regarding the current state of human physical and mental well-being.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8cc052a0-314a-408d-8c2d-c8245bab2465", "label": "DISEASE/EPIDEMIC", - "broader": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", + "parentId": "370eba54-962b-4e59-9686-86d5c5ab9c88", "definition": "A report pertaining information on the presence and rapid/extensive spread of a pathological condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, which is characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms.", "children": [] } @@ -24753,20 +24753,20 @@ { "uuid": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", "label": "FIRE ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\nthe environment arising from wildfires or prescribed burns.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8de8b909-8fcb-4ed7-9df3-37f9dd54054f", "label": "PRESCRIBED BURNS", - "broader": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", + "parentId": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", "definition": "The act of intentionally setting fire to an area in order to prevent more\r\ndamaging fires.
\r\nA Prescribed Burn Advisory may report on a prescribe burn.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "855dc9f5-ccbf-4972-8828-41e11f2aca7a", "label": "WILDFIRES", - "broader": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", + "parentId": "7f71a0a0-3da7-42b9-b134-c0a824dff971", "definition": "An uncontrollable fire initially caused by humans or nature.
\r\nA Wildfire Advisory may report on wildfires occurring in a particular region.", "children": [] } @@ -24775,55 +24775,55 @@ { "uuid": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "label": "SPACE WEATHER ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, resources, and/or the\nenvironment arising from space weather.
\r\nSpace weather, originating on the sun, are changes in the space environment;\nsometimes violent and dramatic changes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8cc74c57-9a5e-4f71-a918-73746c150bd3", "label": "RADIO BLACKOUTS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", + "parentId": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "definition": "Conditions in which long distance radio communications is poor to propagate to\nseverely blocked.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e039ab2-beed-4b17-9fb2-41965839f5bf", "label": "SOLAR FLARES", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", + "parentId": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "definition": "An abrupt release, from a localized region on the Sun, of large amounts of\nenergy in ultraviolet light, x-radiation, and occasionally gamma radiation.\nFlares usually occur in or near complex sunspot regions and may be related to\nthe rearrangement of the intense magnetic fields there.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b786f1b-aca7-437b-bd86-44f20789da7b", "label": "SOLAR RADIATION STORMS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", + "parentId": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "definition": "Caused by solar flares, radiation storms are made up of photons, electrons, and\nprotons. Protons take the lead in these storms, posing much more danger to\nthose not protected by the Earth's magnetic field. They cause damage by\nbreaking chemical bonds in genetic material.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed49aea3-c1ce-4522-985b-1b1b2b2c7790", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC STORM", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", + "parentId": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "definition": "Any type of rapidly varying perturbation to Earth's magnetic field caused by\nelectric current flowing in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Geomagnetic Storm\nAdvisory will incorporate information on geomagnetic storms that may interfere\nwith some technology, including satellite communications.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "65475fcc-b696-4b02-a812-f12364046c4c", "label": "SOLAR WINDS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", + "parentId": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "definition": "The ionized atmosphere above the solar surface that has such a high temperature\nit can overcome the Sun's gravity and expand outward at supersonic speeds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b40d8d03-6286-48cd-818c-20d1680d6453", "label": "CORONAL MASS EJECTION", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", + "parentId": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "definition": "A disturbance of the Sun's corona involving eruptions from the lower part of\nthe corona and ejection of large quantities of matter into the solar wind.\nThese ejecta sometimes have higher speed, density, and magnetic field strength\nthan is typical for the solar wind. If their speeds relative to the background\nsolar wind are high, they can produce shocks in the plasma that precede them as\nthey move outward.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94bafe5f-b97e-49b3-ad62-494865b799f3", "label": "AURORA FORECASTS", - "broader": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", + "parentId": "09d1435d-99de-4149-ba64-d98c3335a383", "definition": "Forecasts that help scientists predict the occurance of aurora. An aurora is \r\nthe bright emission of atoms and molecules in Earth's polar upper atmosphere\r\nthat appears as permanent, ring shaped belts called the auroral oval around the\nnorth and south magnetic poles. Aurora are associated with a global electrical\r\ndischarge process triggered by solar wind disturbances. The emissions are\r\ncaused by energetic particles from Earth's magnetotail region impinging on the\r\nupper atmosphere. Aurora occur about 70 miles above Earth's surface. Contrary\r\nto popular belief, they do not produce any sounds.", "children": [] } @@ -24832,34 +24832,34 @@ { "uuid": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", "label": "GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES", - "broader": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", + "parentId": "09d00879-6d96-4df4-9f50-73bd761118d9", "definition": "Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including\r\nwarnings of potential threat to life, property, agricultural resources, and/or\r\nthe environment arising from the natural processes that occur within the Earth.\nThese processes include but are not limited to those that create, deform,\r\ndestroy, and/or recycle the lithosphere of the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a779ee72-d21e-4106-9efa-93e970bc287f", "label": "EARTHQUAKES", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", + "parentId": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", "definition": "A sudden motion or trembling in the Earth caused by the abrupt release of\r\nslowly accumulated strain in the Earth's lithosphere.
\r\nAn Earthquake Advisory may report on earthquakes occurring in a particular\r\nregion and define areas most vulnerable to earthquake damage.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f342683b-94ee-4ef6-8915-b18a473fafbd", "label": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", + "parentId": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", "definition": "Activity pertaining to a vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma\r\nand associated gases and ash erupt.
\r\nA Volcanic Activity Advisory may include reports on erupting volcanoes,\r\nseismic/GPS information that may predict a pending eruption, and volcanic ash.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8f6e91f-7875-4597-8ab8-64f4b14e8b49", "label": "LANDSLIDES", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", + "parentId": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", "definition": "A general term covering a wide variety of mass-movement landforms and processes\ninvolving the downslope transport, under gravitational influence, of soil and\r\nrock material en masse. Usually the displaced material move over a relatively\r\nconfined zone or surface of shear. The wide range of sites and structures, and\nof material properties affecting resistance to shear, result in a great range\r\nof landslide morephology, rates, patterns of movement, and scale. Landsliding\r\nis usually preceded, accompanied, and followed by imperceptible creep along the\nsurface of sliding and/or within the slide mass. Terminology designating\r\nlandslide types generally refers to the landform as well as the process\r\nresponsible for it, e.g. rockfall, translational slide, block glide, avalanche,\nmudflow, liquefaction slide and slump.

\r\nA Landslide Advisory may be included in other types of advisories such as ones\r\nfor earthquakes, volcanic activity, and floods. Landslide advisories may also\ntake the form of landslide susceptibility and probability maps.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f9d66e9-f65d-41c6-9640-90bd3e155bf8", "label": "GEOMAGNETISM", - "broader": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", + "parentId": "13b8bcd4-7566-49e5-9975-ea15470474ab", "definition": "The magnetic phenomena exhibited by the Earth and it's atmosphere; also the\nstudy of such phenomena.

\r\nA Geomagnetic Advisory will incorporate information on geomagnetic storms that\nmay interfere with some technology, including satellite communications.", "children": [] } @@ -24870,34 +24870,34 @@ { "uuid": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", "label": "METADATA HANDLING", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Refers to tools and best practices that allow for the creation, update, conversion, and discovery of data by means of robust and useful metadata (data about data).", "children": [ { "uuid": "f29a3482-de42-4027-b5f4-87a3f7cd28af", "label": "METADATA TRANSFORMATION/CONVERSION", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", + "parentId": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", "definition": "Metadata Transformation/Conversion services are defined as Metadata Handling\nServices that, in the case of transformation, apply an adjustment function to\nthe original metadata that alters the absolute values of the metadata (e.g.,\ninterpolation, standardization, anomalies). In the case of conversion, the\nservice is designed to apply a function to the data that transforms the\nrelative value of the data but not the absolute.
\r\nExample: DIF to FGDC", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5aad0680-cae2-402b-8311-3fb4ddc892bd", "label": "AUTHORING TOOLS", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", + "parentId": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", "definition": "Authoring Tools services are defined as Metadata Handling Services that helps\nin the creation of metadata.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f41dae97-a5ca-4c23-aec5-378448a14f92", "label": "SERVICE DISCOVERY", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", + "parentId": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", "definition": "Service Discovery Services that provide online capabilities for searching\n(typically through a user-friendly web-based search engine), locate and\nretrieve (direct downloading or ordering) of tools used in analyzing,\nprocessing, and evaluating Earth science data sets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "90c21a67-6703-4b59-96ee-c2c602652c80", "label": "DATA DISCOVERY", - "broader": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", + "parentId": "a1fedfa9-569f-4313-8ce1-db95513c5469", "definition": "Data Discovery Services that provide online capabilities for searching\n(typically through a user-friendly web-based search engine), locate and\nretrieve (direct downloading or ordering) of scientific data sets or metadata\nfrom databases or archives.", "children": [] } @@ -24906,75 +24906,75 @@ { "uuid": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", "label": "HAZARDS MANAGEMENT", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "A problem-solving process aimed at defining problems (identifying hazards), gathering information about them (assessing the risks) and solving them (controlling the risks). Where a control has been used to address an identified hazard, this should be reviewed by checking the effectiveness of the control (evaluation). The whole hazard management process should also be reviewed after a period of time or when something changes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5c14b001-518f-460b-90fe-139bf192d1f2", "label": "HAZARDS PLANNING", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", + "parentId": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", "definition": "Planning refers to the formulation of a course of action to be taken in the\nevent of a hazard emergency.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2e9c7b9-96fd-449f-91db-7ab5e2dd679e", "label": "HAZARDS MITIGATION", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", + "parentId": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", "definition": "Mitigation includes any activities that prevent a hazard emergency, reduce the\nchance of an emergency happening, or lessen the damaging effects of unavoidable\nemergencies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b2fad63-2230-4d54-8f31-fee604d1f977", "label": "DISASTER RECOVERY/RELIEF", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", + "parentId": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", "definition": "The act of restoring a community or ecosystem to its original pre-hazard state.\nRelief refers to assistance that eases the financial, physical, or emotional\nburden brought about by exposure of property or person to natural hazards or\ndisasters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d7aa220d-4012-4ab1-98c8-0cc4157a48f3", "label": "DISASTER RESPONSE", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", + "parentId": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", "definition": "The reaction to an incident or emergency in order to assess the level of\ncontainment and control activity required.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", "label": "HAZARD MAPPING", - "broader": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", + "parentId": "464de0a5-2bb9-4172-9fd3-1634cbc4e739", "definition": "Maps, either static or dynamic, developed to illuminate geographic areas that are affected by or vulnerable to a particular hazard. When properly utilized by decision makers, hazards mapping can be used to save lives and reduce economic losses by limiting or avoiding exposure to a hazard. Hazards maps can be made for natural hazards, such as earthquakes and floods, as well as technological hazards like groundwater contamination and gas leaks.", "children": [ { "uuid": "39a63377-02d8-41a7-814a-41ea7db700c9", "label": "BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", + "parentId": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards caused by exposure to living organisms and their toxic substances (e.g., venom, mold) or vector-borne diseases that they may carry. Examples are venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants, and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents such as parasites, bacteria, or viruses (e.g., malaria).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b32eb466-3fc1-4a03-8011-99002f5591cb", "label": "GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", + "parentId": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards originating from the solid earth. Examples include earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "764e3842-9c3c-4d01-a390-fbccfaa81884", "label": "HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", + "parentId": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards caused by the occurrence, movement, or distribution of surface and subsurface freshwater and saltwater. Examples include flooding, drought, mudslides, and avalanches.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a62a72d-8774-4f52-94e2-f9ad63ce34bd", "label": "METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", + "parentId": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", "definition": "Mapping of ​hazards caused by short-lived, microscale to mesoscale extreme weather and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes to days. Examples include the mapping of severe storms, blizzards, and extreme heat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d454b0f7-d811-46b4-9778-45bb60d7c914", "label": "TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", + "parentId": "c9a13e09-98de-4ace-8d4c-b01aa04347f4", "definition": "Mapping of hazards that are the result of human action or inaction. These hazards often result from the failure of existing man-made infrastructure or technology and can be aggravated by other environmental conditions. Examples include dam failure, hazardous materials accidents, and other forms of infrastructure failure.", "children": [] } @@ -24985,47 +24985,47 @@ { "uuid": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "label": "DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Describes the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, modeling, and visualizing data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Visualization helps people understand the significance of data by placing it in a visual context. Patterns, trends and correlations that might go undetected in text-based data can be exposed and recognized easier with data visualization software", "children": [ { "uuid": "4698858b-bf39-4a2c-9713-e41757739eff", "label": "IMAGE PROCESSING", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", + "parentId": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "definition": "Visualization / Image Processing services are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services that allow the user to view (Visualization) and/or manipulate (Image Processing) Earth Science data in a graphical (rather than numerical) format. These services may or may not include the ability for a user to view and/or manipulate data in a non-graphical (e.g., numerical) format, however, this ability would not be the primary method of operation of the service. EXAMPLES:\nXV, GhostScript, ERDAS IMAGINE, Adobe PhotoShop.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f082ad51-4ce4-4ffe-be50-6753c4f997ae", "label": "GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", + "parentId": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "definition": "A surveying method that uses a set of 24 satellites in geostationary position high above the Earth. Specially designed GPS receivers, when positioned at a point on Earth, can measure the distance from that point to three or more orbiting satellites. The coordinates of the point are determined through the geometric calculations of triangulation. GPS provides accurate geodetic data for any point on the Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", "label": "GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", + "parentId": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "definition": "Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are defined as Data Analysis\r and Visualization Services that are designed specifically to process and\r visualize geographically referenced data in a layered format. Statistical\r or mathematical algorithms may or may not be applied to the data within\r the service, but would be done so (and the results displayed) in a\r graphical manner. EXAMPLES: Idrisi, Arc/Info.", "children": [ { "uuid": "565cb301-44de-446c-8fe3-4b5cce428315", "label": "DESKTOP GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", + "parentId": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", "definition": "Desktop Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services available specifically for the desktop that allows users to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "037f42a2-cdda-4b72-b49c-bdec74d03e0a", "label": "WEB-BASED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", + "parentId": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", "definition": "Web-Based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services designed for use on the web. These services include GIS map viewers, GIS web services, GIS applications, and software tools specifically used for creating GIS applications for the web.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0dd83b2a-e83f-4a0c-a1ff-2fbdbbcce62d", "label": "MOBILE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS", - "broader": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", + "parentId": "794e3c3b-791f-44de-9ff3-358d8ed74733", "definition": "Mobile Geographic Information Systems are defined as GIS applications that have moved from the office into the field. A mobile GIS enables field-based personnel to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display geographic information. Mobile GIS integrates one or more of the following technologies: (1) Mobile devices, (2) Global positioning system, and (3) Wireless communications for Internet GIS access.", "children": [] } @@ -25034,27 +25034,27 @@ { "uuid": "997dc5a6-d83f-4d59-8c5a-1d901b069830", "label": "STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", + "parentId": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "definition": "Statistical Applications are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services that are designed to process Earth science data in a primarily numerical environment and that allow the user of the service to apply statistical or mathematical algorithms to the data in a non-graphical manner. Mathematical Applications may or may not include graphical visualization functionality but do not have visualization as their primary operation. EXAMPLES: A Spreadsheet, SPSS.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", "label": "CALIBRATION/VALIDATION", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", + "parentId": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "definition": "Calibration and Validation are defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Services that are designed to allow, in the case of calibration services, a user of the service to properly adjust Earth science data to achieve optimal accuracy and/or precision or, in the case of validation services, allow the user of the service to confirm the accuracy and/or precision of Earth science data. EXAMPLES: An algorithm to correct for the decaying orbit of a satellite (calibration). A reference data set created under controlled circumstances for comparison with other data (validation).", "children": [ { "uuid": "ecf29317-bd5e-447b-b911-f8bfb153c83b", "label": "CALIBRATION", - "broader": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", + "parentId": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", "definition": "Calibration is defined as Data Analysis and Visualization Service that is designed to allow a user of the service to properly adjust Earth science data to achieve optimal accuracy and/or precision. EXAMPLE: An algorithm to correct for the decaying orbit of a satellite (calibration).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b283a59c-0e9a-469c-baf4-591b64cd4671", "label": "VALIDATION", - "broader": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", + "parentId": "4f938731-d686-4d89-b72b-ff60474bb1f0", "definition": "The process of ensuring data have undergone data cleansing to ensure they have data quality, that is, that they are both correct and useful. It uses routines, often called 'validation rules', 'validation constraints', or 'check routines', that check for correctness, meaningfulness, and security of data that are input to the system. The rules may be implemented through the automated facilities of a data dictionary, or by the inclusion of explicit application program validation logic of the computer and its application.", "children": [] } @@ -25063,14 +25063,14 @@ { "uuid": "f4c2557c-e958-4ea4-b7fb-249469f2c0db", "label": "DATA VISUALIZATION", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", + "parentId": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "definition": "Refers to the graphic representation of data. It involves producing images that communicate relationships among the represented data to viewers of the images. This communication is achieved through the use of a systematic mapping between graphic marks and data values in the creation of the visualization. This mapping establishes how data values will be represented visually, determining how and to what extent a property of a graphic mark, such as size or color, will change to reflect changes in the value of a datum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51273f3b-9024-46eb-a0dd-4981e1ad268f", "label": "DATA ANALYSIS", - "broader": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", + "parentId": "41adc080-c182-4753-9666-435f8b1c913f", "definition": "Refers to the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions and supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, and is used in different business, science, and social science domains. In today's business world, data analysis plays a role in making decisions more scientific and helping businesses operate more effectively.", "children": [] } @@ -25079,68 +25079,68 @@ { "uuid": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", "label": "WEB SERVICES", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "A standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet protocol backbone. XML is used to tag the data, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI is used for listing what services are available. Used primarily as a means for businesses to communicate with each other and with clients, Web services allow organizations to communicate data without intimate knowledge of each other's IT systems behind the firewall.", "children": [ { "uuid": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "label": "DATA APPLICATION SERVICES", - "broader": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", + "parentId": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", "definition": "Services that are designed to support Clients, especially thin client software such as web browsers. That is, these Application Services are designed for use by clients instead of each client directly performing these often-needed support functions. The services in the Application Services tier are used by Clients, and can use other services in the Application Services, Processing Services, and Information Management Services tiers.", "children": [ { "uuid": "83cfde01-9ed0-44df-a606-4bcd7350706c", "label": "CHAIN DEFINITION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services to define a service chain and enable it to be executed by the workflow enactment service; may also provide a chain validation service. This is also known as Web Service Chaining.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "617a50aa-5762-4ff3-aa03-c94b5cc65209", "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA EXTRACTION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services that allow a user to extract and edit feature data, interacting with\nimages and feature data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d77e9d1-d2d1-4b57-a313-0e01e22f799d", "label": "WEB PORTAL SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with multiple application services for\ndifferent data types and purposes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ef01bb2-eba5-41ee-b385-8c36e477d286", "label": "GAZETTEER APPLICATION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with a Gazetteer service.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9047c8f5-3e5a-4073-8cf5-7f4d5ef783d1", "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA DISCOVERY SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services that allow a user to locate and browse metadata about geographic data, interacting with a catalog.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75fbafb0-1f0e-47b3-a9c7-e56dea4b0e91", "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA MANAGEMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services that allow a user to manage geospatial data input and retirement,\ninteracting with Information Management Services.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8087aa7-142f-44d3-ad6e-0a75f17b091e", "label": "FEATURE GENERALIZATION APPLICATION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with Processing services for feature\ngeneralization.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62d7c667-997a-4a9d-abe1-4cca4519673e", "label": "COVERAGE GENERALIZATION SERVICES", - "broader": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", + "parentId": "12a00b9e-52b3-44d0-bbfc-d8bb74173323", "definition": "Services that allow a user to interact with Processing services for coverage\ngeneralization.", "children": [] } @@ -25149,55 +25149,55 @@ { "uuid": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "label": "INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", + "parentId": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", "definition": "Services that are designed to store and provide access to data, normally handling multiple separate datasets. In addition, metadata describing multiple datasets can be stored and searched. Access is usually to retrieve a client-specified subset of a stored dataset, or to retrieve selected metadata for all datasets whose metadata meets client-specified query constraints. The services in the Processing Services tier are used by clients and by services in the Application Services and Processing Services tiers. These services can use other services in the Information Management Services tier.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d6379bf5-88dd-4ec0-9b15-441db5b10b59", "label": "WEB COVERAGE SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", + "parentId": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "definition": "Retrieves client-specified subset of client-specified coverage (or image) dataset.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cabd97d6-aa6c-48b8-963b-79248634ce5d", "label": "CATALOG SERVICE FOR THE WEB", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", + "parentId": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "definition": "Retrieves object metadata stored that meets client-specified query criteria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73098e85-81ed-4556-93ca-ac1e4f4884ab", "label": "GAZETTEER SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", + "parentId": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "definition": "Retrieves location geometries for client-specified geographic names.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2115645-e006-414a-bfb6-083d4874a665", "label": "UNIVERSAL DESCRIPTION, DISCOVERY AND INTEGRATION (UDDI) SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", + "parentId": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "definition": "Allows a client to find a web-based service.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdb4a032-bb7d-455d-b3dc-e88fa465b7c7", "label": "WEB MAP SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", + "parentId": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "definition": "Dynamically produces spatially referenced map of client-specified ground rectangle from one or more client-selected geographic datasets, returning\npre-defined pictorial renderings of maps in an image or graphics format.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d2e9b10f-3b62-42fb-b906-7b4779170a4a", "label": "WEB FEATURE SERVICE", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", + "parentId": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "definition": "Retrieves features and feature collections stored that meet client-specified selection criteria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "933bf0ab-11af-40df-a9d9-1b4a809edd87", "label": "WEB PROCESSING SERVICES", - "broader": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", + "parentId": "46c929ad-8729-4484-8dc5-0a58a4e696a6", "definition": "The OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) is designed to standardize the way that GIS calculations are made available to the Internet. WPS can describe any calculation (i.e. process) including all of its inputs and outputs, and trigger its execution as a Web Service. WPS supports simultaneous exposure of processes via HTTP GET, HTTP POST, and SOAP, thus allowing the client to choose the most appropriate interface mechanism. The specific processes served up by a WPS implementation are defined by the owner of that implementation. Although WPS was designed to work with spatially referenced data, it can be used with any kind of data.", "children": [] } @@ -25206,139 +25206,139 @@ { "uuid": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "label": "DATA PROCESSING SERVICES", - "broader": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", + "parentId": "1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12", "definition": "Services that are designed to process data, sometimes both feature and image (coverage) data. The services in the Processing Services tier are used by clients and by services in the Application Services tier. These services can use other services in the Processing Services and Information Management Services tiers.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a2476ff7-0d19-4db9-9834-956351cb0f3e", "label": "SEMANTIC TRANSLATION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service that converts data from one set of semantics to another.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ca62ed6-d6e9-4ab0-97ef-138b0f83f597", "label": "GEOLINKED DATA ACCESS SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service that uses linked geospatial data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a2db13c-c86d-40ea-9fa8-6d2d5bdac08e", "label": "GEOLINKING SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service that links geospatial data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb0e3a35-d81e-4741-9c0e-3b77bc409cf8", "label": "WEB TERRAIN SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified perspective views from geographic feature and/or coverage data, returning client-specified pictorial renderings of data in an image or graphics format.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dccb7a1b-91d6-43d8-bb9d-ffb5778a17a3", "label": "GEOGRAPHIC DATA EXTRACTION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Services supporting extraction of feature and terrain information from images.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df6cc99d-6254-4759-91bd-3233b6419b4c", "label": "FEATURE GENERALIZATION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service that reduces spatial variation in a feature collection to counteract the undesirable effects of scale reduction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "72b3df24-a061-4624-ad62-f3794798136c", "label": "COVERAGE PORTRAYAL SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified pictorial renderings in an image or graphics format of a coverage subset dynamically retrieved from a Web Coverage Service (WCS).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85b1ed02-700a-4591-b2f7-c997a676332c", "label": "FORMAT CONVERSION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service that converts data from one format to another, including data compression and decompression.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c53868ba-608c-495c-a65d-038f53f7267f", "label": "DIMENSION MEASUREMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Services that compute dimensions of objects visible in an image or other geospatial data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a07f23e-e3f7-4cda-880f-c8cdc6b33e37", "label": "WEB 3D SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified perspective views from geographic feature data, returning perspectives of feature data in a graphical format.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ceeb019c-84d0-4353-b311-04b5a7e305a7", "label": "PROXIMITY ANALYSIS SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Given a position or geographic feature, finds all objects with a specified set\nof properties that are located within a user-specified distance of the position or feature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c8390ac2-4124-43e7-a83e-87cf5eb40f0e", "label": "DATA ALIGNMENT SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service that adjusts sensor geometry models to improve the match of a coverage (or image) with other coverages and/or known ground positions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "250cc56c-2edf-4774-8970-d69a17f15e97", "label": "GEOPARSER SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service to scan text documents for location-based references, such as a place names, addresses, postal codes, etc., for passage to a geocoding service.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b5c0805-13ec-4d32-81ae-430265d15f49", "label": "CHANGE DETECTION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Services to find differences between two data sets that represent the same\ngeographical area at different times.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0cf44d92-1959-41af-9890-b916008efbae", "label": "WEB IMAGE CLASSIFICATION SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Performs classification of digital images, using a client-selected supervised or\nunsupervised image classification method.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af95fcef-dbe1-4dbf-9969-1e6ca75e7f5c", "label": "FEATURE PORTRAYAL SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Dynamically produces client-specified pictorial renderings in an image or graphics format of features and feature collections usually dynamically retrieved from a Web Feature Server (WFS).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff889b84-e12f-40ab-815b-61d5aecf2b63", "label": "WEB COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Transforms the coordinates of feature or coverage data from one coordinate\nreference system (CRS) to another, including “transformations”, “conversions”, rectification, and orthorectification.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d55c5f36-4965-441f-8141-9a3faa17297b", "label": "GEOCODER SERVICE", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service to augment location-based text references with position coordinates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91e02d43-bf56-480f-89c9-ddfca7fc7239", "label": "COVERAGE GENERALIZATION SERVICES", - "broader": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", + "parentId": "431eca76-9d34-4f86-b1d3-a0b40221e905", "definition": "Service that reduces spatial variation in a coverage to counteract the undesirable effects of scale reduction.", "children": [] } @@ -25349,33 +25349,33 @@ { "uuid": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", "label": "EDUCATION/OUTREACH", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Describes software, tools, and activities that support formal, informal, or classroom-based education. This includes the outreach to users and/or decision makers about the science topic or issue.", "children": [ { "uuid": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", "label": "CURRICULUM SUPPORT", - "broader": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", + "parentId": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", "definition": "Curriculum Support Services are defined as Education/Outreach Services that are designed to supplement primary Earth Science and/or Global Environmental Change teaching methods and materials. These materials will either reinforce\nunderstanding of a previously introduced concept or will introduce a new concept not covered by primary materials.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f85293fe-eb9d-491a-bba8-46261a38b9bf", "label": "CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES", - "broader": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", + "parentId": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", "definition": "Classroom Activities are defined as Education/Outreach Services that are designed to supplement primary Earth Science and/or Global Environmental Change teaching methods and materials. These materials can be in the forms of a laboratory experiment or a hands-on activity done by students in a classroom.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc889d75-41f3-4f36-b461-1100536c8f50", "label": "LESSON PLANS", - "broader": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", + "parentId": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", "definition": "Lesson Plans are defined as Education / Outreach Services that comprise a set of courses, sections, or teaching modules related to a topic or topics within the Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a2f59f6-76f3-4c57-b70b-de350708426f", "label": "BACKGROUND INFORMATION", - "broader": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", + "parentId": "97675827-9b0a-4d13-a795-d4a3e78c476a", "definition": "Background Information Services are defined as Education/Outreach Services that are designed to provide supplemental or background information on a particular subject in Earth Science and/or Global Environmental Change.", "children": [] } @@ -25384,20 +25384,20 @@ { "uuid": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", "label": "EXHIBIT MATERIALS", - "broader": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", + "parentId": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", "definition": "Exhibit Materials are defined as Education/Outreach Services that provide a sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) presentation of items or concepts related to the Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change. These materials are designed such that one unit is able to disseminate its information to a large number of viewers at any one time.", "children": [ { "uuid": "24b7bc59-3f10-4a0b-b9c1-92ae10feb007", "label": "MUSEUM EXHIBITS", - "broader": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", + "parentId": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", "definition": "Museum Exhibits are defined as Education / Outreach Services that provide a sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) presentation of items or concepts related to the Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change at a Museum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb3b3728-a6ff-465d-8a33-2619a3276cdf", "label": "SCIENCE CENTER EXHIBITS", - "broader": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", + "parentId": "9f8a6a52-df35-487d-9a74-74b76943e0c0", "definition": "Science Center Exhibits are defined as Education / Outreach Services that provide a sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) presentation of items or concepts related to Earth Sciences and/or Global Environmental Change at a Science Center.", "children": [] } @@ -25406,20 +25406,20 @@ { "uuid": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", "label": "INTERACTIVE PROGRAMS", - "broader": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", + "parentId": "dc2088f9-ffb7-41c3-b0a1-856ecfec89de", "definition": "Interactive Programs are primarily software that allows a student to query the particular program and foster learning Earth Science on an individual level. Interactive Programs will allow a student to query the program as well as be instructed by the program.", "children": [ { "uuid": "bfdcc74d-5e53-44e8-bc0e-5170cfa6152c", "label": "STAND ALONE", - "broader": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", + "parentId": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", "definition": "Stand alone programs are interactive programs that educators and students can use without the use of the Internet. This may include CD-ROMs, DVD’s, and downloadable programs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd8bdd2c-a0db-4202-b10d-a1760d834700", "label": "WEB-BASED", - "broader": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", + "parentId": "247b151a-2f56-41f9-8a19-51e34a64d61e", "definition": "Web-based programs are interactive programs that educators and students can access via the Internet.", "children": [] } @@ -25430,26 +25430,26 @@ { "uuid": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", "label": "MACHINE LEARNING TRAINING DATA", - "broader": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", + "parentId": "894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710", "definition": "Machine Learning training data is the input data necessary for running a machine learning model.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", "label": "LABELS", - "broader": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", + "parentId": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", "definition": "Labels are target variables in a machine learning workflow and part of the training dataset.", "children": [ { "uuid": "381a3ad7-64e9-464e-b5aa-c9ce0520546c", "label": "RASTER LABEL", - "broader": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", + "parentId": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", "definition": "Raster labels are a type of label that masks pixels in raster data in order to identify a data feature or attribute in a machine learning workflow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "351e53f2-fcad-4a2f-bd21-7126713c03b3", "label": "VECTOR LABEL", - "broader": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", + "parentId": "4afb9415-fed3-4fd5-87d2-43fed132f567", "definition": "Vector labels are a type of label created with a point, line, or polygon to identify a data feature or attribute in a machine learning workflow.", "children": [] } @@ -25458,20 +25458,20 @@ { "uuid": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", "label": "SOURCE", - "broader": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", + "parentId": "676bb4aa-1452-4527-aa05-83233ad5d01d", "definition": "Source is the data used in reference in order to create label annotations in a machine learning workflow.", "children": [ { "uuid": "83eb2a9c-5f56-4512-94c1-acd084a5bf9d", "label": "RASTER SOURCE", - "broader": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", + "parentId": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", "definition": "A raster source is a type of source data with gridded representation, where each pixel value represents information in a two-dimensional matrix.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c48b8c4-6a00-4d6f-929b-436f0b43e33d", "label": "VECTOR SOURCE", - "broader": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", + "parentId": "41191de9-be66-45e2-b4de-95d5090df8d8", "definition": "A vector source is a type of source data represented by points, lines, or polygons representing a phenomenon or series of phenomena.", "children": [] } @@ -25483,4 +25483,4 @@ } ] } -] \ No newline at end of file +] diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873.json deleted file mode 100644 index d8b048d..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "label": "Spatial Coverage Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0391636a-d383-4b49-82ba-c867ad6751f9", - "label": "Vertical", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54b48fd2-19ca-47c7-a6eb-676b456d2ca4", - "label": "Orbit", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73bf2951-32e2-4546-ac78-f287a64f2982", - "label": "HorizontalVertical", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "811e8301-3a1f-4bd0-a40e-775e9f617808", - "label": "Horizontal", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6b02e86-f419-4eac-af02-9da4d83452b4", - "label": "Horizon&Vert", - "broader": "26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249.json deleted file mode 100644 index fc0c0e9..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,157 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "label": "ISO Topic Categories", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0353d44f-2fc2-44df-9143-b1a3b86d5aa1", - "label": "INLAND WATERS", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f6206e9-1c4f-44f5-8c54-5c7daaa2c770", - "label": "INTELLIGENCE/MILITARY", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ebf71bd-d007-42f8-8f9b-8c44a6b65a28", - "label": "CLIMATOLOGY/METEOROLOGY/ATMOSPHERE", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2184c696-62aa-46a8-b2d4-9727b11bc8ea", - "label": "UTILITIES/COMMUNICATIONS", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26173055-5433-42b3-bd00-9a1f6ba294e1", - "label": "FARMING", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26ebb539-cae2-4961-9252-7f367642fa57", - "label": "IMAGERY/BASE MAPS/EARTH COVER", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ea4f8f6-204f-4a9a-b711-dde64b4a7908", - "label": "STRUCTURE", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3681060f-2927-4bcb-82d0-bff84235ebbf", - "label": "HEALTH", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c68c358-7a7a-4e52-b6eb-86f4ee84e869", - "label": "ELEVATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "817c2e64-1db4-4e63-9872-53a2d2f28ef8", - "label": "SOCIETY", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81a52fa1-4a8f-4c4d-9736-7aaf0859df9d", - "label": "ENVIRONMENT", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4fde165-9941-4a03-8728-415d63a68dab", - "label": "EXTRA TERRESTRIAL", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3d9cf68-90b1-46be-914c-38ecb2e70097", - "label": "BIOTA", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4d36195-daba-48a5-9ba6-61755ae75873", - "label": "DISASTER", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d68cebd2-9cc9-46ba-b454-7a80efe4e1bf", - "label": "TRANSPORTATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9cd5b7e-e9e7-4746-bbc8-bc69f7b606c7", - "label": "GEOSCIENTIFIC INFORMATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbff9ea9-3b00-4cd4-b3ed-21790a797207", - "label": "OCEANS", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1b563c-c8d2-47df-af42-6c2064e74c8e", - "label": "ECONOMY", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef90500d-0b55-4404-9b26-28e216cf1697", - "label": "PLANNING CADASTRE", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f061db63-5414-4b8f-a2d4-c8a7a1a650d6", - "label": "LOCATION", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5329742-d55b-4804-82f5-1beb25ff9255", - "label": "BOUNDARIES", - "broader": "27fa831b-f131-4f6d-8020-cc4ab0896249", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19.json deleted file mode 100644 index a8a833f..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1885 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "label": "Measurement Name", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "label": "planetary_surface", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "101904f4-75f6-4b76-9adf-a6a4c8009667", - "label": "sea_ice", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "Water ice which has formed by the freezing of sea water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5332daa8-b5c4-4ac9-8a0e-6f60614ac760", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "101904f4-75f6-4b76-9adf-a6a4c8009667", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a3ff6e7-4cd1-4c89-8a68-c624dde2b441", - "label": "snow", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3e7854b1-d7bc-4e5b-af2f-57d8d7bc5648", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "2a3ff6e7-4cd1-4c89-8a68-c624dde2b441", - "definition": "A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bf08c64-dabc-42ab-99ae-3cf3104cd596", - "label": "vegetation", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "08360b01-46ff-49a4-b6fd-01009a72144f", - "label": "area_fraction", - "broader": "2bf08c64-dabc-42ab-99ae-3cf3104cd596", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "201b21eb-5781-4d69-ba1f-026111b3b1e5", - "label": "leaf-area_index", - "broader": "2bf08c64-dabc-42ab-99ae-3cf3104cd596", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae5ed212-3980-444f-b49b-4e37eebb3eba", - "label": "reference_stomatal_resistance", - "broader": "2bf08c64-dabc-42ab-99ae-3cf3104cd596", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "650548c5-fccc-4e26-a040-0e5d47316e63", - "label": "soil", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4dbde065-df1c-48dc-9345-2d9623475eac", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "650548c5-fccc-4e26-a040-0e5d47316e63", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7266c8c3-81eb-47fd-849c-55a1498c4d3d", - "label": "canopy", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "A vegetation layer which is formed by a collection of individual plant crowns, themselves constituting part of the aboveground portion of a plant community.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3726d4fe-036e-417b-b637-15c2a38dd408", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "7266c8c3-81eb-47fd-849c-55a1498c4d3d", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afed4375-d93d-42e2-9874-0c5aa2449cf0", - "label": "area_fraction", - "broader": "7266c8c3-81eb-47fd-849c-55a1498c4d3d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b13444d-b5b0-416d-be9d-7c11328833e7", - "label": "land", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5395e33c-02cb-4027-b425-e771eab13610", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "7b13444d-b5b0-416d-be9d-7c11328833e7", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e3b1d24-d96d-4b4a-a09c-ed9abd0e81e2", - "label": "soil_active-layer", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4b604ba3-39d8-46bd-9d33-6b44c7a316c2", - "label": "porosity", - "broader": "7e3b1d24-d96d-4b4a-a09c-ed9abd0e81e2", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "875b1cd8-ca7e-4edb-9e83-ac78f1a3bc9f", - "label": "water_infiltration", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7932ab90-9137-4496-a695-43943216f387", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "875b1cd8-ca7e-4edb-9e83-ac78f1a3bc9f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "91aad519-c0cf-4350-882d-429bee5c5e4b", - "label": "wind_stress", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c44db244-9086-4e9d-a217-1a78e851249e", - "label": "direction", - "broader": "91aad519-c0cf-4350-882d-429bee5c5e4b", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d73c7668-2353-4e8a-a8e2-d6d0d302a3a4", - "label": "magnitude", - "broader": "91aad519-c0cf-4350-882d-429bee5c5e4b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "949498e6-5d4a-4f14-aa83-93e3eed1bc4d", - "label": "deep_snow", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b5129dae-42ed-4cfa-9fe8-3f37f38cc286", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "949498e6-5d4a-4f14-aa83-93e3eed1bc4d", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "abc70f23-f386-41da-b1ad-43cd7aebe7c4", - "label": "snowpack_top", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03a7c97e-71e2-469e-8af9-bbe80ffedb1a", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "abc70f23-f386-41da-b1ad-43cd7aebe7c4", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5647175-f5ef-41d7-ac25-9b7a12878bde", - "label": "glacier_bottom", - "broader": "1048db97-3dae-476f-9a94-277c915213f8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "aeb02243-583f-444e-a2a4-341ab351a3d8", - "label": "slope", - "broader": "b5647175-f5ef-41d7-ac25-9b7a12878bde", - "definition": "A solid astronomical body part which is part of the planetary surface between the peak of an elevation or the bottom of a depression and relatively flat surrounding land.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "211dfe39-3659-4ab3-8233-b2b8809d1367", - "label": "planetary_surface_overcast_sky", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ebb1a6bf-b84a-4159-a304-88c82e93f032", - "label": "ultraviolet_radiation", - "broader": "211dfe39-3659-4ab3-8233-b2b8809d1367", - "definition": "A radiation process during which electromagnetic waves or their quanta are emitted at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "af677440-5473-4074-b3a6-84d5cb82d739", - "label": "radiative_flux", - "broader": "ebb1a6bf-b84a-4159-a304-88c82e93f032", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2346acc2-ee14-4d4a-8a1a-adca2d26756d", - "label": "atmosphere-over_land_surface", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6de37519-bc50-4ddd-8401-da3ecdeaa900", - "label": "air", - "broader": "2346acc2-ee14-4d4a-8a1a-adca2d26756d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fabeb7da-9d33-450e-83b0-5c3651d1e4a1", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "6de37519-bc50-4ddd-8401-da3ecdeaa900", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2630ccb5-bcb5-4abc-84bc-8b3fb8425c7a", - "label": "atmosphere-at_cloud_top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "label": "air", - "broader": "2630ccb5-bcb5-4abc-84bc-8b3fb8425c7a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4d3ddb7f-42c9-44b8-8ccc-4a651b7dc9ed", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a32cbebb-0f17-41a6-9bf7-f3b111e4c56e", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2203a61-1ef4-4e3d-b7aa-98e7867f8b7c", - "label": "temperature_threshold", - "broader": "3102a98a-ac0c-47fb-83b9-992ff0dc0497", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b058ce7-995e-4fd1-9f32-817447dea142", - "label": "atmosphere-top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "dc8bbde4-6d14-44b9-937e-730925d40c0a", - "label": "air", - "broader": "2b058ce7-995e-4fd1-9f32-817447dea142", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2862699c-a8e0-478f-8c28-e3f204dffedd", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "dc8bbde4-6d14-44b9-937e-730925d40c0a", - "definition": "A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dbbd81a-8a15-4748-b11c-700c3924860a", - "label": "stratosphere", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11d6f2a7-8f2c-4753-a7b0-a72d611b2954", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_particles-volcanic", - "broader": "2dbbd81a-8a15-4748-b11c-700c3924860a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b86a061e-3312-4d7c-91f9-8b13d4910d2e", - "label": "optical_thickness", - "broader": "11d6f2a7-8f2c-4753-a7b0-a72d611b2954", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb24d78d-d1a8-4a3c-9858-4dd2d0793902", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_particles", - "broader": "2dbbd81a-8a15-4748-b11c-700c3924860a", - "definition": "Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "28a4bc78-c92e-4c26-848d-827dd7356198", - "label": "optical_thickness", - "broader": "fb24d78d-d1a8-4a3c-9858-4dd2d0793902", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "label": "ocean", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A marine water body which is constitutes the majority of an astronomical body's hydrosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "04f8c212-9e02-4135-8434-64b3dc15b938", - "label": "sea_surface_skin", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c1f75c04-84da-4185-ac89-4e33700b4cd3", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "04f8c212-9e02-4135-8434-64b3dc15b938", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "24840d39-3bec-4d3d-afec-8a76652e5639", - "label": "hydrological_evaporation", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "decb98b0-b70f-4782-a693-fac6d16ca0e4", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "24840d39-3bec-4d3d-afec-8a76652e5639", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ab73c26-33f0-4e88-8a60-5ea670b17a94", - "label": "sea_surface_subskin", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5819b364-892c-40ab-a90f-5a239c3e028b", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "2ab73c26-33f0-4e88-8a60-5ea670b17a94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "396823a4-c840-49cc-a0b1-a5e9b5cc2230", - "label": "sea_ice__and_surface_snow", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "53feeeb9-a947-4129-a344-23ad1e9473d7", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "396823a4-c840-49cc-a0b1-a5e9b5cc2230", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "67cc1cc2-04b9-4763-8e73-fb028f45baab", - "label": "sea_ice", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "Water ice which has formed by the freezing of sea water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "355998d9-cc22-4cf7-ab21-f66176aa3288", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "67cc1cc2-04b9-4763-8e73-fb028f45baab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52134b42-d055-47b1-8126-6905fe9c8784", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "67cc1cc2-04b9-4763-8e73-fb028f45baab", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d34fef2-b517-4fb3-b317-0e6c2807e610", - "label": "bottom_depth", - "broader": "67cc1cc2-04b9-4763-8e73-fb028f45baab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb3ca6d5-ab16-413b-80f6-c2e2d50ec4c0", - "label": "area", - "broader": "67cc1cc2-04b9-4763-8e73-fb028f45baab", - "definition": "A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad2fceb4-ff6e-426c-991f-45dd1edafbb8", - "label": "sea_ice-meltwater", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e4e4dac0-f0aa-4757-989c-70522eb64e76", - "label": "volume", - "broader": "ad2fceb4-ff6e-426c-991f-45dd1edafbb8", - "definition": "A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "label": "sea_ice_radiation_incoming", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "53ef3a78-30ae-42e8-9609-63224b7ea121", - "label": "shortwave", - "broader": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c899c6e7-9e0f-461b-a588-584e954233b7", - "label": "total", - "broader": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df9fe4bc-2589-4a51-8731-bdd09d21507d", - "label": "longwave", - "broader": "b92c52de-b04a-4682-a643-151d8d64952c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed0b8976-413a-4f8d-8647-77f780852f4a", - "label": "sea_ice-water", - "broader": "36ba4d54-d0de-4e8f-ba22-274d8413f77e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fdf18525-124a-49d2-8de9-1babb372dcd8", - "label": "bottom_depth", - "broader": "ed0b8976-413a-4f8d-8647-77f780852f4a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a0d1a04-972c-4272-a34e-a57c77112d76", - "label": "vegetation", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "511637f3-82aa-43b2-9eee-0c099ecbfcce", - "label": "carbon", - "broader": "3a0d1a04-972c-4272-a34e-a57c77112d76", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "21174afa-96bd-4506-973e-502bc7b91be9", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "511637f3-82aa-43b2-9eee-0c099ecbfcce", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "822fd082-5098-4b2c-bf0d-87c2b298eea7", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "511637f3-82aa-43b2-9eee-0c099ecbfcce", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4838341b-a1e6-4233-969f-aaee684dfd2b", - "label": "atmosphere-at_convective_cloud_base", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "afc398e3-0f5a-451c-aa48-4c0ba157dea4", - "label": "air", - "broader": "4838341b-a1e6-4233-969f-aaee684dfd2b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9cd99b43-79e4-4de7-b525-50171d015da4", - "label": "pressure", - "broader": "afc398e3-0f5a-451c-aa48-4c0ba157dea4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "533f562c-e9d7-48c1-a9ad-21901da68ce9", - "label": "cloud_top", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3c8caa79-900b-4f42-9320-7726c92e50b9", - "label": "frozen_water_particle", - "broader": "533f562c-e9d7-48c1-a9ad-21901da68ce9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1588a8fd-46fc-4c3a-b539-5859668c2010", - "label": "size", - "broader": "3c8caa79-900b-4f42-9320-7726c92e50b9", - "definition": "A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b2a974e-0461-4eb1-86bd-807a29dccfc9", - "label": "air", - "broader": "533f562c-e9d7-48c1-a9ad-21901da68ce9", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fa13c1b2-6be4-45c3-aefa-7918575a583d", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "5b2a974e-0461-4eb1-86bd-807a29dccfc9", - "definition": "A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "623dff5d-b2f3-411e-9ea4-0e7ca5c1fc5f", - "label": "liquid_water_particle", - "broader": "533f562c-e9d7-48c1-a9ad-21901da68ce9", - "definition": "An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form.", - 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"children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c715df46-6a84-4d0f-b275-72fbe93992d9", - "label": "planetary_surface-at_10m_above_displacement_height", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "284d4437-b7f1-4e6d-96f4-92a3b14863c4", - "label": "wind_speed", - "broader": "c715df46-6a84-4d0f-b275-72fbe93992d9", - "definition": "The speed of an atmospheric wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "86bfbc9b-e319-49f1-8f35-8adf0ab9e8d8", - "label": "magnitude-northward", - "broader": "284d4437-b7f1-4e6d-96f4-92a3b14863c4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96479c2e-7a6a-42c5-9bd7-c50692ea6cb8", - "label": "magnitude-eastward", - "broader": "284d4437-b7f1-4e6d-96f4-92a3b14863c4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9b7e278-6be3-4ae7-aaed-3506424fad85", - "label": "vegetation_floor", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "191433fe-2d8e-4ac2-be15-a5f1c683c53a", - "label": "water_interception", - "broader": "c9b7e278-6be3-4ae7-aaed-3506424fad85", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "23be936b-4614-4f9b-a2ef-efe3a4725cc5", - "label": "volume_flux", - "broader": "191433fe-2d8e-4ac2-be15-a5f1c683c53a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0572455-42fa-4690-806c-40b552e0aff8", - "label": "glacier_bed", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d0d3df9-1be1-4073-a6a8-7f9c3955e155", - "label": "planetary_surface", - "broader": "d0572455-42fa-4690-806c-40b552e0aff8", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - 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"definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ccaa2ec0-1c28-4171-b1dd-fcb38d2edd3a", - "label": "wind_speed", - "broader": "e374bbab-6793-43ff-8b92-b8f731a34a00", - "definition": "The speed of an atmospheric wind.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6e129502-6d54-467d-9c53-f67c64285c0b", - "label": "magnitude-eastward", - "broader": "ccaa2ec0-1c28-4171-b1dd-fcb38d2edd3a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fae8bf2-1d9a-402b-ac8c-9edea394f878", - "label": "magnitude-northward", - "broader": "ccaa2ec0-1c28-4171-b1dd-fcb38d2edd3a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "label": "atmosphere", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.", - 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"definition": "A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "34e4bf15-fa75-409a-bac2-8ddfe8e7fe75", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "1c08d8f3-f733-41d8-a01b-2f4044043224", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c220f55-9cd3-4f0b-9d94-afb8f9743a16", - "label": "lwe_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a2e6df97-447b-476e-8fde-268b3ecadbbf", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "1c220f55-9cd3-4f0b-9d94-afb8f9743a16", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f697c83-969d-48ee-87b8-245b11f7e24f", - "label": "snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "ffcda4b1-0956-4413-a4c9-8d72b5dffb58", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "1f697c83-969d-48ee-87b8-245b11f7e24f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "label": "planetary_surface", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with an atmosphere or outer space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "79f28c8b-b3a7-489d-a95f-7d4af14e3b50", - "label": "temperature_anomoly", - "broader": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d28c44d-b17d-4e31-9834-dd98f39312cd", - "label": "brightness_temperature", - "broader": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e2c36bb-2059-44b9-b9e6-2006f146582f", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "20176d52-f396-46d2-ab37-46fb95aabbc6", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2084dc9d-c856-4430-971b-aff5f9a4d98e", - "label": "northward_wind", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "488fdda1-0aff-41e9-9999-e15d89c279de", - "label": "horizontal_velocity", - "broader": "2084dc9d-c856-4430-971b-aff5f9a4d98e", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "label": "precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1c6e0c43-eab4-49d2-b2de-3d24491f4146", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c980bf7d-952e-4eb7-8625-95cf9946262f", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d53e3416-0d61-4b7e-96e6-322d6f5081fd", - "label": "mass_per_unit_area", - "broader": "28c92cae-64f2-4fde-9159-852d62def5a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f5f93ef-2c60-406c-800c-ee9b058f6f66", - "label": "eastward_wind-geostrophic", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ea9add0-e69e-44f9-95ff-d1457c0fafd6", - "label": "horizontal_velocity", - "broader": "3f5f93ef-2c60-406c-800c-ee9b058f6f66", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "45ecec46-aef5-40c2-9f5c-2a31e4870ca8", - "label": "lwe_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a348d165-43dd-44b3-a3ab-85265c8c1509", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "45ecec46-aef5-40c2-9f5c-2a31e4870ca8", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4904c803-4d8a-4c15-aae7-67eea1fa1ab3", - "label": "freezing_level", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cdcf882f-32b7-4553-984e-2081fb7d59fd", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "4904c803-4d8a-4c15-aae7-67eea1fa1ab3", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a38c228-59b1-4d69-8a19-95b61f85d01f", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_black_carbon", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "48887ac3-f280-414b-8cc1-c1eb2a4cb270", - "label": "extinction_optical_thickness", - "broader": "4a38c228-59b1-4d69-8a19-95b61f85d01f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0b8fe38-0faa-43f2-bf83-d5901bdd6715", - "label": "absorption_optical_thickness", - "broader": "4a38c228-59b1-4d69-8a19-95b61f85d01f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dc2a213-8eb3-49fb-8728-a06f323e7267", - "label": "air_pressure_surface", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a4850560-d5e3-4db4-beb8-81fc352effc7", - "label": "geopotential_height_anomaly", - "broader": "4dc2a213-8eb3-49fb-8728-a06f323e7267", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "50ffe6dd-6804-4319-9534-04831a96f5c9", - "label": "lwe_stratiform_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "fb29ebc9-bc39-4921-8238-6a5b38ae3643", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "50ffe6dd-6804-4319-9534-04831a96f5c9", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fa46896-b958-449d-acc4-e0ed3d3a86eb", - "label": "planetary_surface-no_snow", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bbafe0e9-38c1-4124-9bbd-ce0a83e4ca6e", - "label": "albedo", - "broader": "5fa46896-b958-449d-acc4-e0ed3d3a86eb", - "definition": "A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "label": "air", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "090697f0-a982-4cda-94f6-9375d0c816c5", - "label": "temperature_lapse_rate", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1838e31f-ef6d-42f8-b166-71f6cd1aaa57", - "label": "temperature_anomaly", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d87901bc-8a50-4442-8d03-a4e77f02bfb0", - "label": "temperature_threshold", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e631957b-9253-45ba-aa3c-77850d6c2aa0", - "label": "pressure_anomoly", - "broader": "78533b60-f7e2-4882-bd57-5d5049980abf", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "78a0a1bc-26be-4067-822d-fefe7395c194", - "label": "northward_wind-geostrophic", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8e0c445c-93fe-4a92-a0b3-a0a6f57e3453", - "label": "horizontal_velocity", - "broader": "78a0a1bc-26be-4067-822d-fefe7395c194", - "definition": "A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "80037b21-dc0f-4062-8f0a-7d742346d821", - "label": "planetary_surface_land", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6abc5393-cfe7-4e0b-b748-8f3a71602faf", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "80037b21-dc0f-4062-8f0a-7d742346d821", - "definition": "A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e58f9b0-b83b-4f4f-858a-e578b01eec15", - "label": "startiform_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "585b1a1b-913a-4d2b-8e4b-bf7bc61c604f", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "8e58f9b0-b83b-4f4f-858a-e578b01eec15", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "9eec9a9a-7a6a-4abb-aed0-61508149a547", - "label": "convective_cloud_base", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bbcdf261-d91b-4b63-bb71-82946a2d9a89", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "9eec9a9a-7a6a-4abb-aed0-61508149a547", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a42f94f5-1ba2-45cd-ad2a-ca3468efc35e", - "label": "convective_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9d6c2595-1922-4123-b2d0-d64944caac71", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "a42f94f5-1ba2-45cd-ad2a-ca3468efc35e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "label": "atmospheric_wind", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8ad4b6a5-19e2-4454-8f28-3cad7c409a1c", - "label": "horizontal_velocity_divergence", - "broader": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a95a0223-c67b-45b9-addd-10607c09298a", - "label": "vertical_velocity_divergence", - "broader": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b464706c-63dc-4c93-ae5b-d6a1c7f64931", - "label": "beaufort_force", - "broader": "a628333f-aea2-42cf-b930-c8c859ee0547", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad92e251-3da7-4e3f-a45a-cd7651611eca", - "label": "mean_sea_level", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "A elevation quality which inheres in a marine water body by virtue of the position of that water body's surface layer (adjacent to an atmosphere) relative to some reference elevation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8d338244-fb44-4666-b957-c0bdcf238cf6", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "ad92e251-3da7-4e3f-a45a-cd7651611eca", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae381c21-55f2-4dd0-9dd8-e5e39f23d9a0", - "label": "convective_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "b80ee2f3-9c79-47ac-8a85-059927ada534", - "label": "lwe_rate", - "broader": "ae381c21-55f2-4dd0-9dd8-e5e39f23d9a0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9bdf785-0447-461f-9371-0a3108e44cb0", - "label": "volcanic_ash_cloud_top", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "958918e7-8961-45e6-aaf4-5992c456422b", - "label": "geopotential_height", - "broader": "b9bdf785-0447-461f-9371-0a3108e44cb0", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba2abd4d-80f7-4861-8aa7-aaa3ed58a526", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_particles", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a2c7ece0-939a-417a-a87e-720c0de35020", - "label": "absorption_optical_thickness", - "broader": "ba2abd4d-80f7-4861-8aa7-aaa3ed58a526", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c036679f-f295-4022-a2cd-f26ee8ec5829", - "label": "convective_cloud_top", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "001fe2af-7b28-47fb-abf8-e60f9038c1c2", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "c036679f-f295-4022-a2cd-f26ee8ec5829", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "label": "cloud_top", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "7d44b6e1-9914-458a-8fc9-eeeaacf613ed", - "label": "frozen_water_particle", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a0d8392c-e0e8-4884-950d-29162dccb14b", - "label": "size", - "broader": "7d44b6e1-9914-458a-8fc9-eeeaacf613ed", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "968803f5-490d-41fd-8bdd-7fdd20428004", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad0132ad-7ce1-4a99-ba7d-b2bcc3ef915c", - "label": "liquid_water_particle", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f4f7a865-befc-439b-8b6d-bb43ba772ba9", - "label": "size", - "broader": "ad0132ad-7ce1-4a99-ba7d-b2bcc3ef915c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "afa85e48-5967-45f0-aeab-cdf73d1d23a8", - "label": "geopotential_height", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1a4572e-a1e6-4473-9061-4ce9023eda4d", - "label": "height", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea2f6ff0-4ea2-4a85-af8a-fd29d7e5bf75", - "label": "air", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f721be74-a590-4147-8af4-f2804aea4c0b", - "label": "temperature", - "broader": "ea2f6ff0-4ea2-4a85-af8a-fd29d7e5bf75", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb33c68f-3ffb-45bc-938a-323f7658cf48", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "c111cb05-75e7-4fae-985e-d3768a7cd118", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2b2e171-d7b4-4826-9fed-99abd05b979e", - "label": "lwe_convective_precipitation", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2ff3d74c-a483-47e7-91be-edd61e2a1a1a", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "d2b2e171-d7b4-4826-9fed-99abd05b979e", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e362f052-2f1d-43c0-bc7e-12278d495892", - "label": "lwe_convective_snowfall", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6858c11c-c5ee-40de-a67b-a8468a4a66b7", - "label": "rate", - "broader": "e362f052-2f1d-43c0-bc7e-12278d495892", - "definition": "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f92a9b68-455a-4645-ad44-2e1017bf1859", - "label": "cloud_base", - "broader": "e384382c-fb2a-43ea-b064-610e6d4807e9", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "cd052bc6-1bdd-4ebc-8c99-295b50817fe6", - "label": "height", - "broader": "f92a9b68-455a-4645-ad44-2e1017bf1859", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0e1b50c-71e6-4075-934b-0880ef6efc20", - "label": "air_pressure", - "broader": "f92a9b68-455a-4645-ad44-2e1017bf1859", - "definition": "The pressure of some air.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5fe7cb7-1426-4768-9e91-48c17e532d3a", - "label": "glacier_bottom", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4658aa47-a19d-452b-90ce-5cf32f0c2ce4", - "label": "ice_flow", - "broader": "e5fe7cb7-1426-4768-9e91-48c17e532d3a", - "definition": "An advective transport process during which a mass of ice is transported from one location to another.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "08d41260-9c6e-408c-b579-62fee09a31ee", - "label": "eastward_velocity", - "broader": "4658aa47-a19d-452b-90ce-5cf32f0c2ce4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e85d6a2d-23c7-405a-b062-caf78f6ab827", - "label": "land", - "broader": "2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19", - "definition": "Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "369c608c-787a-4ca6-8811-cc8eca7447d5", - "label": "permafrost", - "broader": "e85d6a2d-23c7-405a-b062-caf78f6ab827", - "definition": "Soil or rock and included ice or organic material at or below the freezing point of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "44b8b582-ebac-4d05-be2a-b3982a64b91e", - "label": "top_height", - "broader": "369c608c-787a-4ca6-8811-cc8eca7447d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcb181b4-4732-4752-b70d-bbcc81fcdc59", - "label": "bottom_height", - "broader": "369c608c-787a-4ca6-8811-cc8eca7447d5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "75442d9d-e3e4-4241-941d-c4899c6a41a8", - "label": "hydrological_evaporation", - "broader": "e85d6a2d-23c7-405a-b062-caf78f6ab827", - "definition": "Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "283680c0-5043-410f-bc7d-5c8bdcf31403", - "label": "mass_flux", - "broader": "75442d9d-e3e4-4241-941d-c4899c6a41a8", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecbc5dcc-eebd-47fb-a10e-45e2d487c5e6", - "label": "atmosphere-at_top", - 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{ - "uuid": "475934c7-e05f-4547-aaa3-b0cf01afff06", - "label": "Metadata Language", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988.json deleted file mode 100644 index 0cb10fa..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "label": "Temporal Resolution Ranges", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "027dee16-b361-481e-868d-add966eb5b71", - "label": "Hourly Climatology", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ac968ef-a90a-4ffc-adbf-ea0c0d69a7f9", - "label": "Daily - < Weekly", - "broader": "502ad03c-dba8-4b32-8af5-13fa947c3988", - 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{ - "uuid": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "label": "Collection Data Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "10e8a2ae-a550-4e89-ba7a-a9f5a9d7caaf", - "label": "SCIENCE_QUALITY", - "broader": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad598334-f541-4be4-888c-c2dc7eb54194", - "label": "NEAR_REAL_TIME", - "broader": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2a18701-ff6d-45b3-8712-158a68912790", - "label": "OTHER", - "broader": "62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6.json deleted file mode 100644 index 1977a23..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122 +0,0 @@ -[ - 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"children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f4a899c-0273-4a1d-8928-2fd71ceecaa6", - "label": "2A", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "L2A data contains information derived from the geolocated sensor data, such as ground elevation, highest and lowest surface return elevations, energy quantile heights (“relative height” metrics), and other waveform-derived metrics describing the intercepted surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "808cdb91-d7eb-4625-96c5-0e2caed61636", - "label": "3", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "Variables mapped on uniform space-time grid scales, usually with some completeness and consistency.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87fdeb97-2d3e-4812-8540-b88f425d920c", - "label": "1A", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "Level 1A (L1A) data are reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, time-referenced, and annotated with ancillary information, including radiometric and geometric calibration coefficients and georeferencing parameters (e.g., platform ephemeris) computed and appended but not applied to L0 data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a930f39b-a41f-4122-8a79-c800960ffda5", - "label": "1", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acb6dc53-b39d-4590-8963-9cf2fa624b6a", - "label": "Not provided", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af090ded-5f1f-49bd-96ef-ebe2f4227e69", - "label": "4", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "Model output or results from analyses of lower-level data (e.g., variables derived from multiple measurements).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b58fa5bb-dfc7-4d6c-b240-161fe44c15d3", - "label": "0", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument and payload data at full resolution, with any and all communications artifacts (e.g., synchronization frames, communications headers, duplicate data) removed. (In most cases, NASA's EOS Data and Operations System [EDOS] provides these data to the DAACs as production data sets for processing by the Science Data Processing Segment [SDPS] or by one of the SIPS to produce higher-level products.)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b85956c5-19b8-4e2a-bdae-358f9f1be0ab", - "label": "NA", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e208ff78-0860-4717-bc52-8c02e4abec19", - "label": "1C", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "L1C data are L1B data that include new variables to describe the spectra. These variables allow the user to identify which L1C channels have been copied directly from the L1B and which have been synthesized from L1B and why.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef126a1a-e2b7-4ddf-acd9-ecf743d35760", - "label": "2B", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "L2B data are L2A data that have been processed to sensor units (not all instruments will have a L2B equivalent).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0adb8af-d267-48e5-bf19-7a1ac0c62b33", - "label": "1T", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f14f5874-765a-4d2b-af98-f681c870ec61", - "label": "2P", - "broader": "6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38.json deleted file mode 100644 index 62726a1..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,227 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "label": "Dataset Language", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "173a9e06-e6d1-4e8b-a272-5aa510fac9c5", - "label": "Portuguese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21f4a509-7ae7-4c52-9513-3409ed9220d0", - "label": "Lithuanian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2278b602-e626-43a1-9445-edc913822320", - "label": "Romanian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2614d5ee-0c22-4747-99f5-58cf89a1236c", - "label": "Dutch", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c9b88cd-c055-47a0-8c09-a4872b65450a", - "label": "Czech", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31a3e058-282a-4624-837b-3b166486d1d5", - "label": "Chinese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32ae4019-2195-4842-a243-47d56b5374f1", - "label": "Bulgarian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cd716ec-0e05-4cdc-861a-0983052f5241", - "label": "Danish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d5eb1c6-6c71-403c-92e7-c49eac26fb88", - "label": "German", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b8049c3-aa05-43e1-bc05-78d4d777ea9f", - "label": "Latvian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fc8707a-5fa4-4d3f-a894-2d98e273fac0", - "label": "Russian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5566c206-98f3-4aa6-bff6-2d09189a9cf6", - "label": "Arabic", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e42acec-96c4-4571-866b-c341b61839b1", - "label": "Japanese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fc121cc-1bc6-4e11-aaf5-a7251ac07fb3", - "label": "Italian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64bac22c-d924-4f06-9711-b37dbff5408d", - "label": "Ukrainian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65da74ce-b4bb-4cdc-8146-46d193b95ea1", - "label": "Estonian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cf81421-b803-4de8-ae43-8e7724221f5a", - "label": "Afrikaans", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75b9c9dd-7371-4f0b-87f4-49c8dfc19c4f", - "label": "Slovak", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78207270-75c6-4ea1-af9b-20b4a058dcd7", - "label": "Hungarian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82a93b44-c8fb-49b6-b166-ef51afb9dd6b", - "label": "Indonesian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "866fbc6d-7860-4c2a-914a-6b9f84694bca", - "label": "Polish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f31a791-1182-49cd-b42b-037c6a1c2665", - "label": "Spanish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3524f43-93e8-488d-928a-74969fe30b1e", - "label": "Finnish", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab9d2190-a284-4296-a9fe-5622257f57cf", - "label": "Hebrew", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7b664ef-944e-49a0-8aba-a2d62f21c472", - "label": "English", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd61561c-b3e4-472c-9317-a129057aeb6c", - "label": "Bosnian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d93b3f19-d386-4bd1-853f-ecba1e942e79", - "label": "Korean", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e92fcfb8-a175-4abe-9d7b-9d40f235d193", - "label": "French", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9903c92-ffc9-4dc7-be69-fa09f74dac24", - "label": "Croatian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef525bc9-0f19-4af9-acc1-cf4369340d91", - "label": "Norwegian", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f062c3ad-d764-45ac-84d5-884a7622bb65", - "label": "Vietnamese", - "broader": "79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805.json deleted file mode 100644 index 79d5c52..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2642 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "label": "Trash Can", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "label": "Trash Can/Projects", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e2a7c38-29a3-429f-8653-e959e3ef30c6", - "label": "ABC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "117b0ab7-e79a-4b6a-852a-f95bb346a2e9", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15b14df3-ffeb-4675-99fb-8382c0b0c70e", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "248731e2-8538-46d8-b4eb-5f83424a527e", - "label": "CIESIN/MEC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b6055ff-6578-4279-8cdc-cddf53fc9382", - "label": "Delta-X", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31f625fb-ef43-412c-b394-93e9d9a2f4dc", - "label": "MetOp", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4304b431-1cea-4c7c-b94e-762d66bccd2b", - "label": "EMIT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "The NASA Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission will comprehensively measure the mineral composition of Earth’s dust source regions to help scientists understand how they heat\nor cool our planet. EMIT’s science objectives are specifically focused on better understanding this heating and cooling effect, which is called radiative forcing. The first objective is to deliver a new improved assessment of the heating and cooling effects\nof mineral dust in the Earth’s atmosphere. The second objective is to predict how future climate scenarios might change the amount and type of mineral dust emitted into the Earth’s atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4964db9e-ec5b-4758-8ac2-532781a93992", - "label": "S-MODE", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "543c2bc0-b081-46b7-a836-1cb1736fe0b2", - "label": "GloSSAC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd35e66-021f-40b1-910a-944b31f12671", - "label": "ADCC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "[from Arctic System Science Data Coordination Center home page,\n'http://nsidc.org/arcss/']\n\nThe Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Data Coordination Center (ADCC) at\nthe National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado at\nBoulder, is the permanent data archive for all components of the ARCSS\nProgram. Funded by the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar\nPrograms, the project's focus is to archive and provide access to\nARCSS-funded data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600500b8-3ffb-43ff-9072-f08995d88d3f", - "label": "MTEST", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "623d817a-a517-455e-86c8-69adca3a02c1", - "label": "SnowEx", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "753332de-5c67-4717-b1b8-092d96c0e766", - "label": "HAQES", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "The Hazardous Air Quality Ensemble System (HAQES) is a real-time ensemble forecast of hazardous air quality events, such as wildfires, dust storms, and Volcanic eruptions. Both regional and global models from multiple agencies are used to create the ensemble, including the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) from Naval Research Laboratory, the Global Ensemble Forecast System Aerosols (GEFS), High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (NOAA-EPA) Atmosphere-Chemistry Coupler-Community Multiscale Air Quality model (NACC-CMAQ) from NOAA. The HAQES provides the forecast of surface PM2.5 (PM25_TOT), PM2.5 organic carbon (PM25_OC), and PM2.5 black carbon (PM25_BC) every 3 hours. The prototypes of HAQES products were developed by the George Mason University Air Quality Laboratory as part of the NASA Health Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7868b0d7-ce77-44c0-83cb-40b036d77462", - "label": "CIOOS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "CIOSS is a cooperative (federal-academic) center of excellence for research and education, which involves satellite remote sensing of the ocean and its air-sea interface, along with models of the ocean and overlying atmosphere. CIOSS provides a mechanism to bring together the resources of a research-oriented university (OSU), NESDIS and other NOAA line offices, with additional partners at other universities, government and private agencies. With these partners, CIOSS conducts research of mutual interest to CIOSS/COAS and NOAA. This research helps NOAA to accomplish its Mission Goals and helps NESDIS to fulfill its role in providing the remote sensing component of the 'national backbone' for the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), which includes operational and research components within NOAA, ONR, NSF and NASA. CIOSS contributes to the development of ocean observing and modeling systems, along with public understanding of those systems, through:\n\n- Research that helps to develop and improve our understanding of, and operational products related to, the upper ocean and air-sea interface. It does this by using data from present and past satellites and by helping to plan future satellite sensors;\n\n- Research that helps to incorporate and assimilate those products and understanding into ocean and atmosphere circulation models; and\n\n- Education and training in the same topics, reaching a wide range of 'audiences' in formal education (K-16 education, graduate school, ongoing professional training) and informal education (public outreach).\n\nCIOSS Mission, Goals and Objectives: The CIOSS mission is to enhance and improve the use of satellite remote sensing for oceanographic research, operational applications and education/outreach. To do this, CIOSS has the following broad goals and objectives:\n\n- Foster and provide a focus for research related to NOAA's mission responsibilities and strategic objectives in the coastal and open ocean, emphasizing those aspects of oceanography and air-sea interaction that utilize satellite data, along with models of oceanic and atmospheric circulation;\n\n- Collaborate with NOAA research scientists in using satellite ocean remote sensing through: evaluation, validation, and improvement of data products from existing and planned instruments; development of new multi-sensor products, models, and assimilation techniques; and investigation and creation of new approaches for satellite data production, distribution, and management;\n\n- Improve the effectiveness of graduate-level education and expand the scientific training and research experiences available to graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and scientists from NOAA and other governmental laboratories and facilities; and\n\n- Educate and train research scientists, students, policy makers and the public to use, and appreciate the use of, satellite data in research that improves our understanding of the ocean and overlying atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7dbdaf29-c395-40ba-8216-69f2f76cf89a", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94738719-014b-4d35-91c6-e63b8aa15ada", - "label": "HABSOS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c54f8c2-e1a8-4ccd-87b9-c268615f6de8", - "label": "ANDRILL", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2fb9077-adf3-4211-9b84-ab0cb6c67232", - "label": "CGL2004-01348-E/ANT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baec19d6-5d2c-4eb9-89cb-238786ac308b", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1aa0691-8ce5-4252-a8af-5bdbb7645e08", - "label": "AAA", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d374d7b7-9e20-481d-b08b-a04bba6ee638", - "label": "WAISDIVIDE", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da94175c-8039-4844-8329-4c7f8c55b966", - "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e39da245-a9db-4e65-b6cc-fe8472fd21a3", - "label": "ABC", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "Short Title: ABC 72* North\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=282\n\nArctic Base Camp (ABC)\nLocation: 72*42’ North 77*57’ West\n\nEstablished in 1989, award-winning Arctic adventure company, Polar Sea Adventures (PSA) is based in Pond Inlet on the northern tip of Baffin Island in Canada's high Arctic. PSA offers a wide range of safe, high quality scheduled and custom-made adventure trips, expeditions and services. Each one professionally designed, in close consultation with clients, carefully promoting environmental awareness, exploration and respect for nature. One of the most northerly tour operators in the world - Polar Sea's trips, expeditions and projects are planned and delivered with the intention of being environmentally, socially and economically responsible. Polar Sea is sensitive to the effects of travel on the areas we visit. We live, and are based in the Arctic, therefore have a vital and vested interest in ensuring the areas we journey to and explore are respected and protected. Group sizes are kept small to avoid impacting the things that attract people to visit in the first place. We are actively dedicated to the protection of the Arctic and strive to play a role in encouraging and promoting the responsible and ethical development of this incredible, unique and important part of our planet.\n\nThe Arctic Base Camp (ABC) project involves PSA and a number of other related companies, individuals and organizations. The ABC will be the creation of a science based research facility that in addition will cater for a number of equally important activities and projects. In collaboration with outdoor equipment manufacturer Mountain Hard Wear, the ABC will consist of three Space Stations (kitchen, dining room and recreation room) twelve Satellite tents (for guests and staff accommodation) and two Stronghold (for workshops and laboratories) The Nunavut Territorial Government, Nunavut Tourism, the local hamlet council and local businesses have already expresses interest in the project\n\nUses for the ABC include: \nScience/research laboratory, training facility for young scientists and researchers, Inuit Elders & Youth retreat, camp for schools, colleges and universities, training facility for young Inuit interested in a career in the sustainable tourism industry and as a defined destination for people from around the world interested in the Arctic environment.\n\nThe science and research part of the ABC would be set up similar to an Earthwatch program (earthwatch.org) Paying clients would be invited to join scientists and researchers in the field to help and assist with the work being done. The ABC season will start in early April and run until late September. Being located on the sea ice during the spring months, the camp will represent and illustrate low-impact and sustainable use of the Arctic environment. In late June the 'land' on which it is located will cease to exist, therefore no trace of the camp ever being there will exist. The ABC will be seasonal yet prove to have year round benefits to all those involved.\n\nThe ABC will be created to be an on-going research and training facility. We believe that the long term benefits of the camp will be significant. Good science will be conducted and a sustainable project for the Inuit of the North Baffin region (and beyond) will be started and built upon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f245e694-6d15-4993-8ba2-8d6b699abb66", - "label": "IMBER/AMT", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2e1029d-74ab-444d-bf61-c9758392fd57", - "label": "SEAMAP", - "broader": "0d2016ae-49b9-4117-b4f4-1bbc3514da59", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "label": "Trash Can/Related URL Content Types", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "06601fb9-f365-4d6d-b9bc-722cc371201b", - "label": "Zarr Store Documentation", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ecda1d7-2f7f-498d-904b-dada2ccb2798", - "label": "COOKBOOK", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4781987b-6ad7-4d99-b55a-25ede65c376e", - "label": "UAT TEST", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf3bf666-12c6-4981-9799-9a92d5c907df", - "label": "BROWSE", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a granule browse image.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfb16010-1ac6-4330-873a-3b225334e890", - "label": "HOW-TO", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da072026-03d8-41ef-9a93-ff34c420612c", - "label": "DISCLAIMER", - "broader": "117c4595-d924-414c-a565-91701e0c3e7d", - "definition": "A disclaimer is generally any statement intended to specify or delimit the scope of rights and obligations that may be exercised and enforced by parties in a legally recognized relationship. In contrast to other terms for legally operative language, the term disclaimer usually implies situations that involve some level of uncertainty, waiver, or risk.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "25383497-5925-4580-9b01-9031f508ee45", - "label": "Trash Can/Contact Type", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6d315dc4-4517-4eff-9eaa-fa079bd54311", - "label": "Rosy", - "broader": "25383497-5925-4580-9b01-9031f508ee45", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "label": "Trash Can/Instruments", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0ea7afd3-6e3d-4a4d-a3fa-fd1e8cd06873", - "label": "VSWIR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Infrared Imager or HyspIRI mission will study the world’s ecosystems and provide critical information on natural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires and drought. HyspIRI will be able to identify the type of vegetation that is present and whether the vegetation is healthy. The mission will provide a benchmark on the state of the worlds ecosystems against which future changes can be assessed. The mission will also assess the pre-eruptive behavior of volcanoes and the likelihood of future eruptions as well as the carbon and other gases released from wildfires.\n\nThe HyspIRI mission includes two instruments mounted on a satellite in Low Earth Orbit. There is an imaging spectrometer measuring from the visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR: 380 nm - 2500 nm) in 10 nm contiguous bands and a multispectral imager measuring from 3 to 12 um in the mid and thermal infrared (TIR). The VSWIR and TIR instruments both have a spatial resolution of 60 m at nadir. The VSWIR will have a revisit of of 19 days and the TIR will have a revisit of 5 days. HyspIRI also includes an Intelligent Payload Module (IPM) which will enable direct broadcast of a subset of the data.\n\nNASA will conduct airborne campaigns for the HyspIRI mission. For these campaigns, NASA will fly the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) instruments on a NASA ER-2 aircraft to collect precursor datasets in advance of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission. The primary goal of this activity is to demonstrate important science and applications research that is uniquely enabled by HyspIRI like data, taking advantage of the contiguous spectroscopic measurements of the AVIRIS, the full suite of MASTER TIR bands, or combinations of measurements from both instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "126c0c35-2a07-4620-9397-c3a674570495", - "label": "SENTINEL-1 C-SAR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "137c2486-95ec-4bb9-9ac9-da5a2b2c30ab", - "label": "MRR - rosy", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "164735a4-4034-4067-b4a0-75e3c0a7bbec", - "label": "DPG", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2671d26f-0624-466d-8b22-d0e4b1cf8b4b", - "label": "SAPHIR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "SAPHIR (Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie) is a sounding instrument with 6 channels near the absorption band of water vapor at 183 Ghz. These channels provide relatively narrow weighting functions from the surface to about 10 km, allowing retrieving water vapor profiles in the cloud free troposphere. The scanning is cross-track, up to an incidence angle of 50°. The resolution at nadir is of 10 km.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "280ef569-f354-4af4-aae2-0d03f9a46774", - "label": "FIA", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33f06e92-f896-4168-87ca-5936439f55aa", - "label": "FISH", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "A new set of hygrometers based on the Lyman α photofragment fluorescence technique has been developed for operation on aircraft and balloons in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. They combine technical details from existing fluorescence hygrometers with several improvements in order to achieve the highest data quality and to minimize maintenance and operational procedures. With these instruments, stratospheric H2O measurements can be accomplished with a precision of < 0.2 ppmv at 1 s integration time, as has been demonstrated both in the laboratory and under field deployment. The design enables a rapid exchange of the air sample of the order of 1 s for fast measurements of small-scale variations of the H2O mixing ratio in the atmosphere. The hygrometer is calibrated using a laboratory calibration bench with approximately 4% accuracy. Measurements made by the hygrometer are compared with a frost point hygrometer during an aircraft mission at H2O mixing ratios from 280 to 8 ppmv, yielding an agreement between both techniques within the instrumental errors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "458148e8-2e83-4855-90ce-d9e944e58ab6", - "label": "POLDER-2", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cc79398-327b-4301-b81c-4edf718da8d3", - "label": "MCoRDS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5089b16c-8967-4da2-b672-9a16c467c8bc", - "label": "Biopsy", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "Removal of tissue, cells, or fluid from the body for pathology, toxicology, genetics, genomics, stable isotope, endocrine and/or other analysis and tests.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c1f5aa6-3ea5-4eab-9469-35f2cf43d71c", - "label": "TANSO-CAI", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bc455d3-c4bc-4fde-8355-12bb06ccfcf7", - "label": "Biological Sampling", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "799e3dc3-1705-497a-9bbb-3f23c3a192ec", - "label": "AMSR2", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) onboard the GCOM-W1 satellite is a remote sensing instrument for measuring weak microwave emission from the surface and the atmosphere of the Earth. From about 700 km above the Earth, AMSR2 will provide us highly accurate measurements of the intensity of microwave emission and scattering.\nThe antenna of AMSR2 rotates once per 1.5 seconds and obtains data over a 1450 km swath. This conical scan mechanism enables AMSR2 to acquire a set of daytime and nighttime data with more than 99% coverage of the Earth every 2 days.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSR2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AMSR2\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9412325f-c7a2-4a14-96a8-eab53e555084", - "label": "LLR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9057d4b-0cbe-4ceb-9bcb-1b5323a7fe80", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab8905ed-90e2-4b71-8252-f859fc9e9d56", - "label": "WISE", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b45b2069-5e00-43df-b8f4-8193a5ddc8b2", - "label": "AVAPS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d840d468-4709-418d-b56c-3ea66b5fe1fd", - "label": "HiCARS1", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9c4f60d-3237-4e93-b2f7-e37bca3bebb0", - "label": "CIPS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) is a single-particle optical array probe complemented with sensors for air temperature, relative humidity, liquid water content, and air speed. It i developed by Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de28d1a0-160d-4fa8-9b04-cdb50acc9fec", - "label": "DLH", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e30f4e77-ece5-40d1-86b1-47d25dbec3e1", - "label": "EMIT Imaging Spectrometer", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) Imaging Spectrometer is a NASA Earth Venture Instrument (EVI-4) mounted to the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS). EMIT will be the first instrument to use NASA invented imaging\nspectroscopy technology to comprehensively measure the different wavelengths of light emitted by minerals on the surface of deserts and other dust sources to determine their composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaab0199-2efd-4c73-bbd5-84d76b9e6482", - "label": "ToF-AMS", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eaf50414-f5a1-4a68-aa5c-f06d8b2493b5", - "label": "STR", - "broader": "4b2630a8-2630-42f1-852f-772e9a62efe7", - "definition": "The Swarm STR (Star Tracker) assembly provides the attitude of the VFM. Both instruments are co-mounted in a common optical bench to ensure proper alignment for the determination of the highly accurate magnetic field components.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5090b25d-b962-42dd-8e8c-0b398fbdbb94", - "label": "Trash Can/Granule Data Format", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "de1542d1-3d67-4044-a4b4-c8fb57636213", - "label": "Georeferenced JPEG", - "broader": "5090b25d-b962-42dd-8e8c-0b398fbdbb94", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "label": "Trash Can/Platforms", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "033d5136-ed48-4ef0-9000-d657ded62cba", - "label": "Reanalysis", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04dae41e-7a74-4750-89b6-1ea717cce9d2", - "label": "AES", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Atmospheric Environment Service:\n\n\n\nCertain ships of Canadian registry are fitted with this equipment\non a loan basis. The cup wheel and wind vane are mounted on\neither end of a U - shaped arm. This U - arm is mounted as high\nand as forward on the ship as possible, so that the unit is in a\nflow of air relatively undisturbed by the ship's\nsuperstructure. The instrument requires 115 volt, 60 cycle power\nto operate the direction unit. The speed unit supplies its own\npower by means of a small permanent magnet generator which is\noperated by the rotating cup wheel.\n\nThe wind speed and direction dials are mounted in a small\ncabinet located conveniently in the chart room or wheel\nhouse. The wind speed dial is calibrated in nautical miles per\nhour, from 0 to 1 00 knots. The wind direction dial is\ncalibrated in tens of degrees from 01 0? to 360?. The direction\nindicated by the dial will be the direction of the apparent wind\nin relation to the heading of the ship, and not to north. Thus\nan indication of 360? represents an apparent wind from dead\nahead; 090?, a wind on the starboard beam; 180?, a wind from\ndead astern; and 270?, a wind from the port beam.\n\n[Source: MID]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "079610fb-e4cf-4e2c-9a92-86a9b798a7d5", - "label": "Environmental Modeling", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c61b045-d8aa-4062-8b09-788b4ed32972", - "label": "ROPOS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "113ecbc2-ab36-4d58-a96c-a6ce0106e749", - "label": "Models/Analyses", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "A schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts \nfor its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study \nof its characteristics\n\n[Source: The Free Dictionary]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Models/Analyses\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models/Analyses\n Short_Name: Models/Analyses\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1468d86c-f2b8-4fbf-8e8b-8831fd598801", - "label": "MOORINGS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1af8c9c7-d980-43a0-9685-b2fbd3a10d0c", - "label": "PML", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) provides capability for observing, modelling, understanding and forecasting marine ecosystems, to underpin evidence-based environmental solutions to societal challenges. PML do so by applying world-leading, integrated, scientific understanding, focused on the interactions between the marine environment and society, in estuarine, coastal and shelf waters, as well as the upper layers of the global ocean.\n\nPML’s science is concerned with:\n\n- increasing knowledge and understanding of the marine environment and\n- designing tools and evidence based solutions for its practical management.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PML\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: PML\n Long_Name: Plymouth Marine Laboratory\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: www.pml.ac.uk/default.aspx\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20de05fc-7088-4cf5-87aa-a8e2ceb3abd6", - "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Surface Water & Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission brings together two communities focused on a better understanding of the world's oceans and its terrestrial surface waters. U.S. and French oceanographers and hydrologists and international partners have joined forces to develop this new space mission to make the first global survey of Earth's surface water, observe the fine details of the ocean's surface topography, and measure how water bodies change over time. SWOT was one of 15 missions listed in the 2007 National Research Council Decadal Survey of Earth science as missions that NASA should implement in the coming decade.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2196cc92-a5da-4233-9509-5523385da1d7", - "label": "Rockets", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Balloons : a nonporous bag of light material that can be inflated especially\nwith air or gas. A bag that is filled with heated air or a \ngas lighter than air\nso as to rise and float in the atmosphere and that usually \ncarries a suspended\nload (as a gondola with passengers).\n\nRockets: A jet engine that operates on the same principle \nas the firework\nrocket, consists essentially of a combustion chamber and an \nexhaust nozzle,\ncarries either liquid or solid propellants which provide the \nfuel and oxygen\nneeded for combustion and thus make the engine independent \nof the oxygen of the\nair, and is used especially for the propulsion of a missile \n(as a bomb or shell)\nor a vehicle (as an airplane). A rocket-propelled bomb, \nmissile, projectile, or\nvehicle.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Balloons/Rockets\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Balloons/Rockets\n Short_Name: Balloons/Rockets\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "227d9c3d-f631-402d-84ed-b8c5a562fc27", - "label": "Aircraft", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "233e419e-e318-4c83-8258-259dbcea821d", - "label": "SHIPS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "236e1d7c-7500-4100-b547-9b92ff8d7acc", - "label": "GACM", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, \nhttp://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/gacm.html ]\n\nGACM will enable scientists to better understand the relationship between atmospheric ozone distribution and the factors that alter it. \n\nMission objectives:\n\n * Ozone and related gases for intercontinental air quality and stratospheric ozone layer prediction\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GACM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: GACM\n Long_Name: Global Atmospheric Composition Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MLS\n Short_Name: UV SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-04\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/gacm.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "252a24e5-6f62-40df-86b3-59ef0d38283f", - "label": "Soil Characteristics", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c9f1fcc-d9c8-4c6d-b701-45c97cee511f", - "label": "Sentinel GMES", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "313328db-116d-4b5c-9193-63fdac23af7e", - "label": "SCLP", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/sclp.html ]\n\nMission objectives:\n\n* Snow accumulation for fresh water availability\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SCLP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: SCLP\n Long_Name: Snow and Cold Land Processes\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/sclp.html\n Sample_Image: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/missions/SCLP1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "331632bf-01fa-4ba9-a4e1-11e07992eee3", - "label": "PAZ SAR", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3821bbd9-789b-4263-aee9-395968bc7d77", - "label": "Seirios", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cc1c6b0-cdfa-49d4-b32b-9c14fe5ffe92", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40c9a3e3-88ac-498f-bb23-fe8c71a27c60", - "label": "Non Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41d72eb0-9554-48a7-8821-dec569503da3", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ce2e520-9a55-44fe-8f2c-93d64f4eef63", - "label": "GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e4a81c4-4863-45ae-b3f6-ec6d580ddc59", - "label": "Argus", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f396ff6-7bea-4ba4-afa3-198ebd914a4a", - "label": "In Situ Land-based Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Fixed and mobile land-based platforms.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53a12afa-40dc-473c-9d85-32b42f138099", - "label": "Analytical Lab", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53f3539c-238d-4e95-838c-d434238d7a10", - "label": "EOS (Earth Observing System)", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "552df6fd-fc4c-43d5-ba61-1f77657680dd", - "label": "Gulfstream III", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The NASA Langley Research Center received authorization from NASA Headquarters on September 18, 2017 to acquire three excess C-20B Gulfstream III aircraft from the U.S. Air Force. Two of these aircraft will be used as parts support for the Agency, and the third aircraft will be used for research. The research G-III (C-20B) aircraft, designated NASA 520, will replace the Dassault HU-25A Guardian aircraft (NASA 524) as soon as practical. The research aircraft arrived at NASA Langley on December 7, 2017. NASA Langley has installed an engine hush kit and two nadir portals in the fuselage. The hush kit enables the aircraft to be Stage III noise compliant, allowing the aircraft to deploy nationwide and worldwide without requiring engine noise waivers. The nadir portals allow the aircraft to install earth science sensors, as is currently possible with the Center’s two King Air aircraft and the HU-25A aircraft. The NASA Langley G-III aircraft will ready for research at NASA Langley in January 2020.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57b7373d-5c21-4abb-8097-a410adc2a074", - "label": "WEATHER STATIONS/NETWORKS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62e9613a-6e40-41cf-838a-ed6ac0d4871b", - "label": "OCEAN PLATFORM/OCEAN STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6314fc1f-507f-4a59-a8f2-0d3cdc9c59a2", - "label": "GCOM-W1", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The GCOM-W mission aims to establish the global and long-term observation system to collect data, which is needed to understand mechanisms of climate and water cycle variations, and demonstrate its utilization. AMSR2 onboard the first generation of the GCOM-W satellite will continue Aqua/AMSR-E observations of water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture.\n\nGCOM-W1/AMSR2 characteristics\nScan and rate : Conical scan at 40 rpm\nAntenna : Offset parabola with 2.0m dia.\nSwath width : 1450km\nIncidence angle: Nominal 55 degrees\nDigitization : 12bits\nDynamic range : 2.7-340K\nPolarization : Vertical and horizontal\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GCOM-W1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GCOM-W1\n Long_Name: Global Change Observation Mission 1st-Water\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63c8aa1d-6efc-4943-8891-3a1cd520dde0", - "label": "HOV", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6652cc13-663c-4772-b6a2-0ecb13a9310e", - "label": "NPP", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66c23b2e-7a41-4b54-8cc8-fcaff3e90053", - "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F18", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66d14514-c38f-4a5e-a2aa-18ed7a07efe1", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a8c37b7-88f2-453c-a5b7-a7bc2a49db40", - "label": "AQUARIUS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA AQUARIUS mission web site http://aquarius.nasa.gov/ ]\n\n[10-Jun-11] Aquarius/SAC-D rocketed into space at 7:20:13 AM PDT. Less than 57 minutes later it separated from the rocket's second stage and began communicating with ground controllers and unfurling its solar arrays.\n\nAquarius is a focused satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Salinity (SSS). Scientific progress is limited because conventional in situ SSS sampling is too sparse to give the global view of salinity variability that only a satellite can provide. Aquarius will resolve missing physical processes that link the water cycle, the climate, and the ocean. Aquarius is planning to launch in 2011. Aquarius/SAC-D is a space mission developed by NASA and the Space Agency of Argentina (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, CONAE.)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAC-D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PALS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 657 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.01 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 6 a.m.\n Period: 97.74 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 7 days (103 orbits)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-17\n Online_Resource: http://aquarius.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/aquarius\n Sample_Image: http://aquarius.nasa.gov/images/gallery/sat_earth-s.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-06-10\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: ARGENTINA/CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bccb1de-b846-4fb5-9fc1-58ea90ccaaf7", - "label": "Ships", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e59f4bf-41dd-4ade-9070-4efcae4628fb", - "label": "FLOATS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ee1cf85-aa14-4fe9-a915-a8022830d8a7", - "label": "OCEAN PLATFORM/OCEAN STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702d7d3a-eea8-4011-864d-7e78075db879", - "label": "TEST2", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "733fa864-17c7-4220-aa32-2e6ff11f42dd", - "label": "Little Hercules", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73d106f1-2ba9-47db-ae92-6550a024744c", - "label": "HYDROLOGICAL STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7599828f-8793-4a17-b845-b0341729507e", - "label": "GCOM-W1", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76ba9890-0da6-4567-8b8b-0deff9108ef2", - "label": "AIR MONITORING STATIONS/NETWORKS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b07ea0a-714f-4883-b202-898dfa0d4a69", - "label": "FY-1A", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "FY-1 is China's meteorological satellite. Multichannel Visible\nand IR Scan Radiometer (MVISR) is the major sensor of FY- 1. The\ntotal number of channels of the sensor is increased from 5\nchannels in FY-1 A and B to 10 channels in FY-1 C and D. These\nchannels include 4 VIS channels, 3 near IR channels, 1 short\nwave IR channel and 2 long wave IR channels.\n\nThe instantaneous field of view of the sensor is 1.2 microrad\nand the resolution at subpoint is 1.1 Km. The scan rate of MVISR\nis still 6 lines/second and total pixel of every scan line is\n20480.\n\nThe High Resolution Picture Transmission of FY-1 C and D is\nnamed CHRPT. It is considered that the system which receives and\nprocesses HRPT/NOAA- Now data can receive and process CHRPT with\nupdating as few as possible.\n\nThe scan rate of MVISR is 6 lines/second. The words of every\nchannel are 2048 and the total words of 10 channels are\n20480. Plus the sync and auxiliary information there are 22180\nwords every scan line and 10 bits every word. The bit rate is\n1.3308 Mbps, just twice as many as the bit rate of\nHRPT/NOAA-Now. The modulation of CHRPT data is PSK and bit\nformat is split phase. The transmission frequency of CHRPT will\nbe 1700.5MHz and the data format will be similar to the\nHRPT/NOAA-Now data format. Therefore, it will to be easy to\nprocess CHRPT data with HRPT/NOAA-Now data processing system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nsmc.cma.gov.cn/fy1e.html'\n\n[Summary provided by China's National Satellite Meteorological Center]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FY (Feng-Yun)\n Short_Name: FY-1\n Long_Name: China's Meteorological Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MVISR - Multichannel Visible and Infrared Scan Radiometer\n Short_Name: CHRPT - The High Resolution Picture Transmission of FY-1 C\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 863 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 8:53 AM\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nsmc.cma.gov.cn/item/fy_demo2.asp\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-09-06\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: China National Meteorology Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ca187b6-1aa8-4812-91f4-06251e7c5f11", - "label": "TEST3", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82a67b12-e99d-4c90-8a6a-a6f79d4c3c7b", - "label": "SHIPS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bce0691-74e9-4363-8d1f-d453a318c62b", - "label": "AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "An AIRCRAFT is a machine or device, such as an airplane, helicopter, glider, or dirigible, that is capable of atmospheric flight. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRCRAFT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n Short_Name: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n Short_Name: INS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e6f026c-352d-4f51-b756-d32ab75032d5", - "label": "Explorer", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f3ab728-820e-4723-8807-c1f1e6e4a1b0", - "label": "NASA GLOBAL HAWK 872 AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Owner/Operator: \nNASA Armstrong (Dryden) Flight Research Center\n\nType: \nUAS\n\nDuration: \n30 hours (payload and weather dependent)\n\nUseful Payload: \n1,900 lbs\n\nGross Take-off Weight: \n25,600 lbs\n\nOnboard Operators: \n0\n\nMax Altitude: \n65,000 ft\n\nAir Speed: \n345 knots\n\nRange: \n11,000 Nmi\n\nPower: \nRolls-Royce AE3007H turbofan\n\nNASA SMD User Fee: \n$60K/week or $250K/month for access $1800/Flt hour up to 150hrs/month", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92d903c9-147b-462e-8c21-68604bf19251", - "label": "NDBC MOORED BUOY", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "944bdc0a-f753-425c-9ac7-1494c9b9d299", - "label": "METOP-B", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "MetOp is a series of three polar orbiting meteorological satellites operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The satellites form the space segment component of the overall EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS), which in turn is the European half of the EUMETSAT/NOAA Initial Joint Polar System (IJPS). The satellites carry a payload comprising 11 scientific instruments and two which support Search and Rescue services. In order to provide data continuity between MetOp and NOAA Polar Operational Satellites (POES), several instruments are carried on both fleets of satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95a92849-1a3e-4103-bce7-f35c750e5d66", - "label": "IMERG", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm combines information from the GPM satellite constellation to estimate precipitation over the majority of the Earth's surface. This algorithm is particularly valuable over the majority of the Earth's surface that lacks precipitation-measuring instruments on the ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a143e5f5-4e4c-45cb-8053-5c9f6a099784", - "label": "SOLAR/SPACE MONITORING STATIONS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a805fcaf-f9c2-4bca-8496-4b0dc032c016", - "label": "KINGAIR", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a861a0cb-a973-4c20-939b-1d8019e32cb7", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9de39df-2409-49c6-9d99-da9db2e00215", - "label": "In-Situ Ocean-based Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aacf1f4c-2d79-4946-bc18-6157262d7039", - "label": "DC-8", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "When the world's first jet airliner, the De Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1949, Douglas held a commanding position in the aircraft market. Although Boeing had pointed the way to the modern all-metal airliner in 1933 with the 247, it was Douglas that, more than any other company, made the promise a reality. Douglas produced a succession of piston-engined commercial aircraft through the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s: 138 DC-2s, 10,928 DC-3s (mostly for military service in World War II), 1453 DC-4s, 537 DC-6s and 226 DC-7s.\n\nGiven the success of their designs, Douglas took the view that there was no reason to rush into anything new, as did their rivals Lockheed and Convair. Most air transport manufacturers expected that there would be a gradual switch, from piston engines to turbines and that it would be to the more fuel-efficient turboprop engines rather than pure jets.\n\nIn contrast, Boeing took the bold step of starting to plan a pure jet airliner as early as 1949. Boeing's military arm had gained extensive experience with large, long-range jets through the B-47 Stratojet (first flight 1947) and the B-52 Stratofortress (1952). With thousands of their big jet bombers on order or in service, Boeing had developed a close relationship with the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC), and could count on having preference when the time came to replace SAC's fleet of piston-engined KC-97 Stratotankers. For Boeing, this was an opportunity to build a jet aircraft for air-to-air refueling that could be turned into a commercial transport.\n\n[Text provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DC-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Long_Name: Douglas DC-8\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAPS\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n Short_Name: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n Short_Name: INS\n Short_Name: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n Short_Name: CDP\n Short_Name: PIP\n Short_Name: DC8 DROPSONDES\n Short_Name: DROPSONDES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www1.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-050-DFRC.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/jetliner/dc8/dc8_06.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aad5bad0-f116-4c97-bb3f-64a1da94697f", - "label": "CALET", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af11dd2a-e514-4329-bbc5-0f36f2776a26", - "label": "Maps/Charts/Photographs", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Map: Visual representations of an area – a symbolic depiction \nhighlighting relationships between elements of that space such as \nobjects, regions, and themes.\n\n[Source: Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map ]\n\nChart: A sheet of information in the form of a table, graph, or diagram.\n\n[Source: Merriam Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/charts\n\nPhotograph: a picture or likeness obtained by photography.\n\n[Source: Merriam Webster, \nhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/photographs ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7185a12-a008-4262-bf33-b09a2d02bfc1", - "label": "Sentinel-5P", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf17bbac-0fc9-48b3-9b03-bd780ffe1eb0", - "label": "USV", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) or autonomous surface vehicles (ASV) are vehicles that operate on the surface of the water (watercraft) without a crew.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1ef6ce3-5640-4e4a-bd2f-02b0a25e60d3", - "label": "Rockets", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c76b3744-6047-4ba9-9364-ebe1a0e3c502", - "label": "MOBILE STATIONS/VEHICLES", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c76f142e-ee8d-47b5-96fc-6f9a892b8891", - "label": "Gulfstream V", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The Gulfstream V is a long-range, large business jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, derived from the previous Gulfstream IV. It flies up to Mach 0.885, up to 51,000 feet and has a 6,500 nmi range. It typically accommodates four crew and 14 passengers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caa8300a-560a-4190-b257-6f8d33f6f134", - "label": "DeepWorker 2000", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "The one-atmosphere DeepWorker 2000 submersible allows a pilot to go deeper and spend more time below the surface than traditional diving methods. The compact and lightweight DeepWorker 2000 is easy to operate and can be piloted with minimal training. Horizontal and vertical thrusters give unparalleled manoeuvrability; the DeepWorker 2000 can hover and ‘fly’ underwater.\n\nDeepWorker 2000 is also available in a 3300ft (1000m) configuration as a DeepWorker 3000.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d14286d5-f62f-4be2-ba20-2c0fdee614df", - "label": "DESDYNI", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Homepage, https://science.nasa.gov/ ]\n\n[Mission Canceled]\n\nSurface deformation is linked directly to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Observations of surface deformation are used to forecast the likelihood of earthquakes occurring as a function of location, as well as predicting both the place and time that volcanic eruptions and landslides are likely. Advances in earthquake science leading to improved time-dependent probabilities would be significantly facilitated by global observations of surface deformation, and could result in significant increases in the health and safety of the public due to decreased exposure to tectonic hazards. Monitoring surface deformation is also important for improving the safety and efficiency of extraction of hydrocarbons, for managing our ground water resources, and, in the future, providing information for managing CO2 sequestration.\n\nMission Objectives\n\n- Determine the likelihood of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.\n- Predict the response of ice sheets to climate change and impact on the sea level.\n- Characterize the effects of changing climate and land use on species habitats and carbon budget.\n- Monitor the migration of fluids associated with hydrocarbon production and groundwater resources.\n\nThis mission combines two sensors that, taken together, provide observations important for solid-Earth (surface deformation), ecosystems (terrestrial biomass structure) and climate (ice dynamics). The sensors are: 1) an L-band Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) system with multiple polarization, and 2) a multiple beam lidar operating in the infrared (~ 1064 nm) with ~ 25 m spatial resolution and 1 m vertical accuracy. The mission using InSAR to meet the science measurement objectives for surface deformation, ice sheet dynamics, and ecosystem structure has been extensively studied. It requires a satellite in 700-800 km sun-synchronous orbit in order to maximize available power from the solar arrays. An eight day revisit frequency balances temporal de-correlation with required coverage. Onboard GPS achieves cm-level orbit and baseline knowledge to improve calibration. The mission should have a 5 year life time to capture time-variable processes and achieve measurement accuracy.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DESDYNI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: DESDYNI\n Long_Name: Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1b7fdfe-dfaa-4ca3-b1da-e5d9450df84e", - "label": "LANDSAT-10a", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d301492d-0514-4b1f-bae7-15ce6f2776c1", - "label": "OWEN CESSNA SKYCAT", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d48c7bce-ce00-42f3-8afd-82a9d45615e6", - "label": "FY-2", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "China began its geostationary meteorological satellite FY-2\nprogram in 1980. Through hard work for more than ten years, the\nfirst FY-2 satellite was launched on June 10, 1997 and located\nin the geostationary orbit at an altitude of 35800 kilometers\nover 105 degrees E. The satellite is a cylinder of 2.1 m by\n1.6 m. The attitude of the satellite is spin stabilized with a\nspeed of 100 rotation/min.\n\nFY-2A is the first geostationary meteorological satellite in\nChina. It is a spin-stabilized satellite. The main function of\nFY-2A is observation. It takes visible, infrared and water vapor\ndisk images of the Earth hourly. The main payload of FY-2A is a\nVisible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR).\n\nThe VISSR takes the Earth and cloud images from the space. A\ncomplete 20° x20° scan covering the full Earth disk can be\naccomplished every 30 minutes by means of combination of\nsatellite spin motion (100 rpm from the west to east) and step\naction of the scan mirror (2500 steps from north to south). The\nS-VISSR data are retransmitted to user stations via FY-2A during\nthe VISSR observation. The stretched VISSR (S-VISSR) data are\nthe digital image data originated by VISSR on board and\nstretched on the Command and Data Acquisition Station (CDAS) in\ntime. After stretching, the transmission rate of S-VISSR data is\nreduced and can be easily received by the users. \n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://nsmc.cma.gov.cn/fy2e.html\n\n[Summary provided by China's National Satellite Meteorological Center]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FY (Feng-Yun)\n Short_Name: FY-2\n Long_Name: China's Meteorological Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Feng Yun 2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35,800 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/china/earth/fy-2.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/china/earth/fy2-s.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-06-10\n Launch_Site: Xichang Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: CHINA/CMA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da6420b6-48ec-4ae2-98c7-0ef0538815a0", - "label": "ROV", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) are unoccupied, highly maneuverable underwater robots operated by a person aboard a surface vessel. They are linked to the ship by a group of cables that carry electrical signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle. Most are equipped with at least a video camera and lights. Additional equipment is commonly added to expand the vehicle's capabilities. These may include a still camera, a manipulator or cutting arm, water samplers, and instruments that measure water clarity, light penetration, and temperature. First developed for industrial purposes, such as internal and external inspections of pipelines and the structural testing of offshore platforms, ROVs are now used for many applications, many of them scientific. They have proven extremely valuable in ocean exploration, and are also used for educational programs at aquaria and to link to scientific expeditions live via the internet.\n\n[Information obtained from http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/rov/rov.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ROV\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Short_Name: ROV\n Long_Name: Remotely Operated Vehicles\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ROV\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/rov/rov.html\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg/400px-ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db03fbe5-ad2d-498b-8a3d-9aa3259fdfeb", - "label": "TEST4", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db4bd90e-ec8c-449d-9113-495133403406", - "label": "Physical Models", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df8ca548-ee15-450c-9448-9289150aaa9a", - "label": "PATH", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/path.html ]\n\nMission objectives:\n\n* High frequency, all-weather temperature and humidity soundings for weather forecasting and SST\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PATH\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: PATH\n Long_Name: Precision and All-Weather Temperature and Humidity\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/path.html\n Sample_Image: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/missions/path1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e36481f3-5507-428b-a870-67f6d96ae389", - "label": "BUOYS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4f5ffb4-0708-4619-9fe2-6adbb33f05b3", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e50b2a1a-7d9d-4c09-ac7e-dc29f0c08fc7", - "label": "In Situ Ocean-based Platforms", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "Fixed and mobile ocean-based platforms.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Short_Name: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6d3a1a1-6774-4be2-8456-40025d745e08", - "label": "ARAON (Icebreaker Research Vessel", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e798b5b2-e34b-41bf-97f8-f1efd6a93300", - "label": "CONUS-Soil", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7cea2b9-02df-4ea3-845a-0ff123605983", - "label": "NASA Mobile Aerosol Characterization laboratory", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed45c0fe-b3b4-425e-b321-1cfe129c9a48", - "label": "MITgcm", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f10c1ccb-5e83-4646-a5ed-b59121acd13b", - "label": "LIST", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/list.html ]\n\nThis global set of data will serve users and researchers from a wide array of disciplines that need elevation and terrain information. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LIST\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: LIST\n Long_Name: Lidar Surface Topography\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/list.html\n Sample_Image: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/missions/list1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f875bfd2-1712-4cd4-99dd-058aada97f91", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "A series of Space Shuttle-Spacelab missions, designated the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS), is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. The series, originally planned to acquire data throughout the Sun's 11-year active cycle, investigated how Earth's atmosphere and climate are affected by the Sun, and by the products of industrial complexes and agricultural activities. ATLAS 1, the first spacecraft in this series conducted 14 investigations in atmospheric science, solar physics, space plasma physics, and astrophysics.\n\nThe 14 ATLAS 1 experiments included:\n(1) Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE)\n(2) Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS)\n(3) Grille Spectrometer (GRILLE)\n(4) Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO)\n(5) Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)\n(6) Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SSBUV-4) -\ntechnically, this instrument was seperate from the ATLAS payload and\nwas a co-manifested payload\n(7) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM)\n(8) Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC)\n(9) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM)\n(10) Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON)\n(11) Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI)\n(12) Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC)\n(13) Energetic Neutral Atom Precipitation (ENAP). ENAP was not a\nseperate instrument but used the ISO instrument measurements\n(14) Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST)\n\nATLAS 2 was flown on the STS-56 in April 1993 and consisted of seven of the ATLAS 1 instruments: ATMOS, MAS, SSBUV-5, ACRIM, SOLSPEC, SUSIM, AND SOLCON.\n\nATLAS 3 was flown on the STS-66 in November 1993 and consisted of the same instruments as ATLAS 2.\n\nThese investigations studied the chemical makeup of the atmosphere between approximately 15 and 600 kilometers (8.3 to 330 miles) above the Earth's surface, measured the total energy contained in sunlight and energy variations, investigated how Earth's electric and magnetic fields and atmosphere influence each other, and examined sources of ultraviolet light in the Universe. The instruments were mounted on two Spacelab pallets in the Shuttle payload bay. The Shuttle's changing orientation to Earth placed the experiments in advantageous orbiting locations, to observe the atmosphere, the Sun, and astronomical targets. Specifically, the orbiter orientation was either inertially fixed so that selected instruments were pointed at the sun, or nadir pointed for observations of the Earth's atmosphere. Crew members were in consultation with the investigators while controlling and monitoring the experiments. The atmospheric and solar instruments provided correlative measurements with the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATLAS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: ATLAS\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ATLAS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/factsheet/Atlas-1_factsheet_prt.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/images/atlas/atlaslogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb33c206-114a-45ce-8d27-e5db3df9703c", - "label": "3D-WINDS", - "broader": "6089b3e5-7db9-46e1-b73b-2d679f34abb4", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies, https://eospso.nasa.gov/future-missions ] \n\nMission objectives:\n\n * More accurate, longer-term weather forecasts\n * Improved storm track prediction and evacuation planning\n * Improved planting and harvesting schedules and outlook\n\n3D-Winds will study tropospheric winds for weather forecasting and pollution transport.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: 3D-WINDS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: 3D-WINDS\n Long_Name: Three-Dimensional Tropospheric Winds from Space-based Lidar\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/future-missions\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", - 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"definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "label": "Trash Can/Measurement Name", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "225efa99-b674-44bd-9aa7-33d6f1e2ae02", - "label": "ambient_aerosol_black_carbon", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36e91f31-8af4-4421-ac27-484b21fd9572", - "label": "startiform_precipitation", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9195a94c-91e8-4dbf-977a-3099cfccf21a", - "label": "atmosphere-at_550nm", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9725e81d-6706-421c-92a1-bae0a542b8c4", - "label": "extinction_optical_thickness", - "broader": "b0c8dbc9-3f8d-4426-9302-c1f9cfcbcc5b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "label": "Trash Can/Chronostratigraphic Units", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0602206c-c213-4109-a86d-4351df95ff61", - "label": "test2", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "test", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25223fe0-e790-47b1-9eac-e114d73bbf75", - "label": "PRECAMBRIAN", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b22ec46-e2af-4118-af52-6b58d49a300d", - "label": "LOWER", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d48e427-fb9d-4c7f-b6ee-0acb0e07a95c", - "label": "Test2323", - "broader": "bb3f8975-7b0b-4a38-8cde-bb291ffca33b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "label": "Trash Can/Science Keywords", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "01e19b5d-8849-4196-afb8-9f8656e3a8f3", - "label": "GAMMA RAY BURST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "053decc4-22e0-4ce1-89eb-ffd23d0708df", - "label": "COSMIC RAY MUON COMPONENT", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0559367d-362a-4e08-9940-ed68722c5e32", - "label": "WIND AND CIRCULATION INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Wind and circulation indices measure the magnitude of one of several aspects of\nlarge-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Indices most frequently measured\nrepresent the streangth of the zonal (east-west) or meridional (north-south)\ncomponents of the wind, at the surface, or at the upper levels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "087bffd1-f4f5-49ef-98d8-8e7d1169bfe8", - "label": "MEI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08b09276-b8b2-403b-a032-97d0743fd68a", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0916afef-a0b7-4ecd-85ba-cc24070470a7", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ab9695a-de5e-4a56-8df3-bf3531ee707d", - "label": "ACETYLENE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Acetylene appears as a colorless gas with a faint garlic-like odor. Easily ignited and burns with a sooty flame. Gas is lighter than air. Flame may flash back to the source of a leak very easily. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b42b741-1e7d-4ad8-bcc7-124172240b7f", - "label": "TAU", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "119883be-37a3-4638-b990-fd4b124953ae", - "label": "RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15709489-1603-4f60-80ad-4b725bca59e1", - "label": "ENGINEERING", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15f42cd5-9822-4769-be88-3efe64205ce0", - "label": "PT", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The Pacific Transition (PT) pattern is a leading mode during August and September. This pattern captures anomalous wave-train of 500-hPa heights extending from the central subtropical North Pacific to the eastern United States. The positive phase of the PT pattern features above-average heights west of Hawaii and across western North America, and below-average heights in the Gulf of Alaska and over the southeastern United States.\n\nThe PT pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in the western subtropical North Pacific, the subtropical North Atlantic, and throughout western North America, and with below-average temperatures over the eastern half of the United States. The main precipitation departures associated with the PT pattern include above-average precipitation in the southeastern U.S., and below-average precipitation near Hawaii and across the northern tier of the United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1746a218-89e0-4c56-a1d6-6d2620f56561", - "label": "EXTREME HIGH ENERGY", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19631138-70c8-4922-8052-821ec5ce093b", - "label": "NAO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bbb19ba-49b7-47c2-b8c8-fa61bb615fb3", - "label": "WHWP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1dd9be28-df7b-434f-bea1-5b171d09312b", - "label": "MARINE GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Processes affecting the amount, distribution, or structure of chemical elements in marine environments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25be5748-b82d-4779-9764-7052d06e6e60", - "label": "STRATUS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "267a0108-6ccc-45c6-b7e2-9094c6b3250b", - "label": "MOON SHADOW", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26e61e5f-b9c2-4549-a08e-4d8416c88d1c", - "label": "ASTROPHYSICS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2953da71-fe1d-4506-9bd6-445b92e2b443", - "label": "MJO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bff6b6c-2b9d-4c83-931d-d8459d2e4745", - "label": "CARBONATE FORMATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3055774e-8931-4b5d-a131-5ef5911839e4", - "label": "NEUTRINOS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "334d9428-a178-4a5e-b758-a3675a122bef", - "label": "EP/NP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34b92cc2-7708-4e44-8c3f-4c23f62be944", - "label": "NP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37df8b8b-30d6-489f-a733-5a1d80d358e9", - "label": "GALACTIC PLANE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45dd0a01-d428-4407-ba18-c074d3172b41", - "label": "EA-JET", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49212b14-17db-4652-9d16-8ec1716f06c5", - "label": "COMPOSITION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dddd6fa-be86-44a0-8135-6e2041af7578", - "label": "COSMOLOGY", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50fc0919-092a-4908-afa5-f3c4d36e3348", - "label": "SUPERNOVA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54330626-f9b4-4c34-949a-9be427fdf51b", - "label": "ENSO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "545d2b24-4337-4f43-b359-ad502de7626d", - "label": "CASCADES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "567ebb6c-cc6f-4b3e-9853-6f76a4086bc5", - "label": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b42e474-2917-4fa3-852d-8b0f91acf0b3", - "label": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "A drought index is a computed value related to some of the cumulative effects\nof a prolonged and abnormal moisture deficiency. Other definitions: an index of\nhydrological drought corresponding to levels below the mean in streams, lakes,\nreservoirs, etc. A common drought index is the Palmer Drought Severity Index.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b608686-a176-4c15-8980-e6e086f91601", - "label": "ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The timeseries are calculated from the Kaplan SST dataset which is updated monthly. It is basically an index of the N Atlantic temperatures. Time time series are created; a smoothed version and an unsmoothed version. In addition, two files starting at 1948 are produced to be used in the Correlation webpages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "645a25c8-3340-42af-9b43-a804b20be71d", - "label": "AIR TEMPERATURE INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "A measure or indicator of some aspect of atmospheric temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "690be4e9-c48c-4442-8b86-3d0a51abb0c1", - "label": "AAO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ede7dcc-8252-4462-a149-1f032e15ba63", - "label": "SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "739f9b7e-3ca7-4f0b-8ce2-68753fc0a6d9", - "label": "EATL", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85586d78-1819-4ba7-ab5f-9f684640d730", - "label": "NTA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87e52017-9062-48cd-83ce-65be4542c439", - "label": "PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88841897-1e84-4df0-a677-2da7adc3ce37", - "label": "TNA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a31313b-e60e-47e8-b7bd-df0503e7c868", - "label": "PDO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8eac6c91-8af5-4b1b-8dc3-89cd4871915f", - "label": "TNH", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9130e78a-882c-4a69-b1ae-0b775869c3de", - "label": "THI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91dea76a-1f9a-4c3d-9791-1806b3a04f42", - "label": "SEA ICE STRENGTH", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94ecf3ab-aa20-4756-8e3b-629795b3d5b5", - "label": "BEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a43235b-a7b7-4c76-b296-c01799b1f278", - "label": "NOI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The NOI (extratropical-based Northern Oscillation Index) and its analog, the SOI* (extratropical-bassed Southern Oscillation Index) are new indices of midlatitude climate fluctuations that show interesting relationships with fluctuations in marine ecosystems and populations. They reflect the variability in equatorial and extratropical teleconnections and represent a wide range of local and remote climate signals. The indices are counterparts to the traditional SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) that relate variability in the atmospheric forcing of climate change in northern and southern midlatitude hemisphere regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d5411ef-d934-4515-b9fd-c9fd54c21d1b", - "label": "COSMIC RAY MUONS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9eb9029c-fe64-415a-950f-a1baad014572", - "label": "SEA ICE VOLUME BUDGET", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a135fceb-cf13-4186-9ad3-8d5db82312c9", - "label": "AO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5b7dd6d-55b1-4f4b-820b-e95b6a73ba54", - "label": "DIFFUSE SOURCE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a71861c1-f007-4dd8-93d9-5c4f00517314", - "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa192fc0-7dd7-4cfd-80c5-a01d6ec1374b", - "label": "EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRONOMY", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aaa9c9eb-9d46-4015-a735-8938e0ed4506", - "label": "TNI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab9302c6-24c5-47ac-baca-f083e70630a8", - "label": "METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "abfdf12c-858d-4b49-a23e-7b1a68ca9d78", - "label": "SPACE SCIENCE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac02751f-4020-4487-b8ab-2849adcdb866", - "label": "CROP MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) was developed by Palmer (1968) to assess short-term crop water conditions and needs across major crop-producing regions. It is based on the concept of abnormal evapotranspiration deficit, calculated as the difference between computed actual evapotranspiration (ET) and computed potential evapotranspiration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae2f63e3-2345-491e-b49d-593e03db09c2", - "label": "SEA ICE STRAIN RATES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b18f322e-2097-4058-af0d-20f259ff3e9f", - "label": "AIR SHOWER", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b362dfd4-3901-4db9-9e39-bb29b6dad621", - "label": "NPO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b625d811-6c7e-4204-abc8-2c72d07aba02", - "label": "TSA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7ad62e0-f904-4429-b6db-6cc50b2281bc", - "label": "CAR", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bae01a02-ff03-4ad8-9080-3a4f89fa0dc6", - "label": "EATL/WRUS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bcd11fd2-ddf4-4cd3-8507-c3bf6f40a934", - "label": "WTVI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be39b5e9-0dad-4c6c-97a6-46e863b17d7e", - "label": "RADIATION FOG", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf1c1225-c3de-4c37-92bb-7a9e9e06c030", - "label": "Spectrum Width", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c96e1137-56a7-4a1f-b5f9-45e273ff9acd", - "label": "CENTRAL INDIAN PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "The Indian rainfall data set was derived from 306 almost uniformly distributed stations for which rainfall data are available from 1871. The hilly regions consisting of four meteorological subdivisions of India which are parallel to Himalayan mountain range have not been considered in view of the meagre rain-gauge network and low areal representation of a rain-gauge in a hilly area. Two island subdivisions far away from mainland have also not been included. Thus, the contiguous area having network of 306 stations over 30 meteorological subdivisions measures about 2,880,000 sq.km., which is about 90 percent of the total area of the country.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cafeff8b-c583-40e3-9a43-2b2b069b1df8", - "label": "SOI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc579f1f-6a72-425b-84c3-aa8070d4a0ec", - "label": "AMO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d16b4f44-27df-4dcc-a083-ff057a5f6263", - "label": "HYDROLOGIC/OCEAN INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d17151a9-e03f-49ee-8d3a-d653ac84c071", - "label": "SEA LEVEL", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d50297e0-37e7-41e4-a89e-e2aa4b96b7c2", - "label": "COSMIC RAYS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d53f199e-938c-42ec-a74f-4806f3809fdc", - "label": "DECOMPOSITION", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d72ccd5b-d662-4be0-a012-8fdd8a40a6fb", - "label": "OCEAN/SST INDICES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "Hydrologic indices are related to surface water levels, flood conditions, river\nstages, aquifer levels, precipitation. Ocean indices are related to sea surface\ntemperature indices, ocean surface winds, upwelling, sea level pressure, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db8eb32d-2f86-40ab-82af-b615b5a30db9", - "label": "CUI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddcc55bd-2047-4aa2-996c-409f940fbba9", - "label": "AMM", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1066b27-d90b-49a2-b7aa-2b9935a470af", - "label": "METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS MAPPING", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1176d1c-8452-4d85-8ab5-060736618b48", - "label": "ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2ca81d1-995e-4f09-8e86-0cd71a4a6577", - "label": "SULFATE AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e932c1de-a7b5-4cbc-9f56-a40234334b2e", - "label": "QBO", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e97143bb-25e1-451f-abaf-b72f66d88087", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eab3ecb1-e30a-47e5-a4d3-f3f3c76e89bc", - "label": "EXTRATERRESTRIAL POINT SOURCE", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebddda06-097f-4454-9751-bb27c41aca37", - "label": "PNA", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef08dc97-f859-4939-ac79-0b3aafee1d4f", - "label": "SULFATE AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8cdb3d9-99ba-4bfa-bb1c-772d88078a60", - "label": "WIMPS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa145983-a569-414d-bd1d-c68f4f6291ae", - "label": "NITRATE AEROSOLS", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb1e4438-d142-4750-a3c8-24b10c5bc3b5", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbae11f2-f8db-44b8-bcb6-55471dca13a2", - "label": "ONI", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe25c265-296d-4671-9e66-9b752b78bb60", - "label": "WP", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe82ad9e-1908-4f64-b96a-9aceeb992c8c", - "label": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", - "broader": "c5a4126a-8f0a-4774-9bef-c2a9f9487727", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "label": "Trash Can/Locations", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2c7ee979-5008-4ef9-9259-9f62868626f6", - "label": "Test", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "649c7926-a726-406f-abec-92d3e1877714", - "label": "BYELORUSSIAN SSR", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7848d9b7-a18d-4519-bec3-b4f5fe19a68f", - "label": "ZAIRE", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85267adf-b16e-414d-930f-d513dc5f2800", - "label": "Maher Island", - "broader": "c654a873-271a-4586-90bf-995866885cc4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "label": "Trash Can/Storage for deleted or cut concepts", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "15c423c3-4268-4d7c-98c1-899f0105ed97", - "label": "SOCIAL BEHAVIOR", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Social Behavior is broadly defined to be social information such\r\nas socioeconomic status, voting patterns, environmental effects on various\r\ngroups of people and other broad environmental preferences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1914294c-fd0a-4791-8bfe-7b81c98b6e33", - "label": "FOG", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "242682ac-eec0-45e9-bbbf-628141170e1c", - "label": "LGGE-UJF-CNRS 5183", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) has built its reputation on the scientific study of climate and atmospheric composition. These studies focus on the present but also on past trends through the archives that make up the snow and ice accumulated over time. However LGGE has other very competitive know-how focused on snow and ice, as the physical and mechanical properties of ice, the air-snow chemical exchange or the acquisition of field data and satellite . The research carried out combines technological and analytical approach to numerical modeling related to various fields, from the atmosphere to the flow of ice masses. The Arctic and Antarctic polar regions are preferred sites of action of LGGE but experience also extends to mountain areas: study of alpine glaciers, Andean and Himalayan pollution in the Alpine valleys. These studies contribute to understanding major scientific problems that are often social issues such as the greenhouse effect, climate variability and the environment, the mass balance of the cryosphere, the wide pollution global and regional or glacial hazards. The research topics of LGGE developed within the four scientific teams are presented in the 'Research Teams' and the list of publications and activity reports are available in 'Scientific Production'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24c8ec7c-1168-4422-b32f-ffe4b06c193b", - "label": "DIGITAL OPTICAL MODULES", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "353826c4-79ac-4928-b54d-355402e2d103", - "label": "THERMAL PROPERTIES", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Pertaining to measurements of any sort related to the amount of heat at the and surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38405b10-889c-4106-b907-8090597e9a45", - "label": "ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39afe541-0553-4ade-8901-3292a89880f9", - "label": "PRESERVATION", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52529452-2578-470b-93b4-609740087428", - "label": "ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "The timeseries are calculated from the Kaplan SST dataset which is updated monthly. It is basically an index of the N Atlantic temperatures. Time time series are created; a smoothed version and an unsmoothed version. In addition, two files starting at 1948 are produced to be used in the Correlation webpages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52d659f0-9391-4f26-ba95-e4c08f767a47", - "label": "Space Stations/Crewed Spacecraft", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "587ef900-8084-4931-8788-edaa4c29422a", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b8200c9-985c-4d7f-99a1-afed060039d3", - "label": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d46a49e-be86-46be-81cc-28fdc7e63ae8", - "label": "CENTRAL INDIAN PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65f9067f-1434-47d6-9ebf-61921ac0b506", - "label": "ANATOMICAL PARAMETERS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Anatomical parameters relate to the branch of morphology relating to studies of\nthe structures of organisms and their health.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6aaf70f1-e1fa-4eb0-b96c-8edc2e2867a7", - "label": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7eff6ab9-dc01-4ee0-9472-a30cc62496ad", - "label": "METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Atmospheric phenomena and processes that are capable of causing harm to persons, property, animals, plants, or other natural resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "896397ff-ea9c-463b-92fc-480068601377", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "945e6100-feff-4298-8882-4fb9283ff672", - "label": "GovDataMaps", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fedbb67-fc17-4a39-87e9-1138adb51c23", - "label": "50 km - < 100 km or approximately .5 degree - < 1 degree", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a16a36d1-d869-452d-ab60-0e91dc186952", - "label": "CROP MOISTURE INDEX", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) was developed by Palmer (1968) to assess\nshort-term crop water conditions and needs across major crop-producing regions.\nIt is based on the concept of abnormal evapotranspiration deficit, calculated\nas the difference between computed actual evapotranspiration (ET) and computed\npotential evapotranspiration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b74e22e3-8744-414a-ae7a-2c68e7825a46", - "label": "VITAL STATISTICS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Vital Statistics refers to statistics about contaminants,\r\nenvironmental samples, fuel economy, transportation or any other\r\nstatistics that may provide information about human health and the quality\r\nof the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc3160ab-0b98-46a6-82fb-a4fd8b737091", - "label": "PSYCHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Psychological parameters refer to the parameters obtained from the study of\r\npsychology (the scientific study of behavior and the mind). This definition\r\ncontains three elements. The first is that psychology is a scientific\r\nenterprise that obtains knowledge through systematic and objective methods of\r\nobservation and experimentation. Second is that psychologists study behavior,\r\nwhich refers to any action or reaction that can be measured or observed such as\nthe blink of an eye, an increase in heart rate, or the unruly violence that\r\noften erupts in a mob. Third is that psychologists study the mind, which refers\nto both conscious and unconscious mental states. These states cannot actually\r\nbe seen, only inferred from observable behavior.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1f086a0-8e75-4814-8d1b-8e1fa0892a5c", - "label": "LANDFORMS", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Many features that taken together make up the surface of the earth. These include broad features, such as plains, plateaus, and mountains, and also minor features, such as hills, valleys, slopes, canyons, arroyos, and\nalluvial fans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ece489af-6804-4039-84b6-e856327fc383", - "label": "PUBLIC HEALTH", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "Public Health is how the residents of a particular area\r\nare affected by the quality of their environment (air, water, etc).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f25741c4-f28d-4d6f-8387-c077766fb085", - "label": "ADVECTION FOG", - "broader": "e675abf7-83bd-4b65-984c-c682457dce1f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "label": "Trash Can/Granule Data Format", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0fd9652e-2b6e-4dba-8c4d-63021f34bd53", - "label": "NetCDF Classic", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fc323de-e1f0-41a4-9914-b72eddb0383f", - "label": "BIL", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24f3781c-428a-40ec-ac8f-96435e2c7614", - "label": "GIF", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2544f989-47b8-40dd-ae10-c4abee8198b8", - "label": "Georeferenced TIFF", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28d8f538-1934-460c-94ea-cb06ce1535cd", - "label": "Slope", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2d0ca5a9-1627-4f0e-bd55-bb3235fd4f5c", - "label": "ESRI ArcInfo Interchange File (E00)", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3465ad3b-63eb-4718-a347-8d2844ae54dc", - "label": "Atlas GIS", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bd030e2-a015-473b-987e-25632cbbd386", - "label": "DEM", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ca1eef4-a930-4566-a92e-29a1bcfe3690", - "label": "NetCDF-CF/Radial", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59d4ac47-d1d0-4c7c-bb2b-dc37e6273943", - "label": "ESRI Geodatabase", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7534e14c-0847-48d2-879a-6fa64ff05dd0", - "label": "ESRI Shapefile", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9145565a-0f8b-4806-b4a8-296f021be5b8", - "label": "ESRI ASCII Raster", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93e6035a-9f46-4ece-b365-10e1507b116e", - "label": "MLC", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab1e1949-c4d0-4af2-9f34-1c7489e30ae6", - "label": "ISO Image", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b12a5f68-4344-43b4-8e44-8c34e2a638e1", - "label": "DV", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b20dfc5c-e40d-473b-9e31-789dc6e1ed2e", - "label": "Word", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b80a8053-d46a-45dd-b5d3-e9e66d4c404e", - "label": "Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG)", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "A Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) is a regular GeoTIFF file, aimed at being hosted on a HTTP file server, with an internal organization that enables more efficient workflows on the cloud. It does this by leveraging the ability of clients issuing ​HTTP GET range requests to ask for just the parts of a file they need.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbf2a46d-7de1-4e70-a039-4db2f3251776", - "label": "ESRI Grid", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc5c5996-c046-4d70-aeea-4ba4de2c4f96", - "label": "SLC", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf085809-cf9f-4c42-b17d-45de69183cf7", - "label": "Incidence Angle File", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfcd3481-9ddc-49d2-a827-76cecd1746d5", - "label": "OGC KML", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0314652-e5e1-493b-945b-d712b4d30df1", - "label": "HDF", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d806dc1f-63cc-431e-b1c0-222caa1da54e", - "label": "HDF-EOS", - "broader": "ea286b54-905a-432d-9e15-20fed0d7f29b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "label": "Trash Can/Providers", - "broader": "7e70bdb4-dbd0-4e35-b715-3a8e843a7805", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "002cb064-86db-4037-8da6-b244facf19fd", - "label": "DOC_NOOA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02a13e51-a356-4954-b0c0-d6e8daf8adbb", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/OCG", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03e6c260-90ab-490c-a13c-d7e149ade9a7", - "label": "DOI/USGS/FRESC/SRFS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center provides research and technical assistance in support of sound management and conservation of biological systems in the western United States.\n\nHistory:\n\nFRESC, as an organizational unit of the Federal Government is fairly young, but the various groups that merged to form FRESC have lengthy histories, some dating back 30 years\n\nVision:\n\nNatural resource managers, policy makers, and the scientific community will recognize FRESC as a premier source of unbiased and socially relevant scientific information.\n\n[Summary provided by the U.S. Geological Survey.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "041211a9-bdb8-441a-85fc-6501f1517a81", - "label": "TEST", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f97a51-9e5b-42e9-ad1f-fcfac7b8d87d", - "label": "LGGE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d923b41-7e05-482c-9ffa-6a6532b19f6c", - "label": "DOI/USGS/CMG/WRCMG/MBMS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is a Federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast. Stretching from Marin to Cambria, the MBNMS encompasses a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322 square miles of ocean. Supporting one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems, it is home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates and plants in a remarkably productive coastal environment. The MBNMS was established for the purpose of resource protection, research, education, and public use of this national treasure. The MBNMS is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n\nSummary provided by http://montereybay.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "129687ec-ad1b-4159-8700-e15a4dbd513a", - "label": "UK/BBSRC/UKCROPNET", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council\n(BBSRC) is the leading funding agency for academic research and\ntraining in the biosciences at universities and institutes\nthroughout the UK.\n\nResearch funded by BBSRC furthers our understanding of processes\nat the level of molecules and cells, as well as improving our\nknowledge of how whole organisms work, and how they interact\nwith each other in populations and ecological systems\n\nThe UK Crop Plant Bioinformatics Network (UK CropNet) was\nestablished in 1996 as part of the BBSRC's Plant and Animal\nGenome Analysis special initiative. Our focus is the\ndevelopment, management, and distribution of information\nrelating to comparative mapping and genome research in crop\nplants.\n\nWebsite: 'http://ukcrop.net/'\n\n[Summary provided by The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences\nResearch Council and The UK Crop Plant Bioinformatics Network.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "157a17b1-e036-422b-8cfb-fa966a514877", - "label": "LGGE/CNRS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "LGGE has built its reputation on the scientific study of climate and atmospheric composition. These studies focus on the present but also on past trends through the archives that make up the snow and ice accumulated over time. However LGGE has other very competitive know-how focused on snow and ice, as the physical and mechanical properties of ice, the air-snow chemical exchange or the acquisition of field data and satellite . The research carried out combines technological and analytical approach to numerical modeling related to various fields, from the atmosphere to the flow of ice masses. The Arctic and Antarctic polar regions are preferred sites of action of LGGE but experience also extends to mountain areas: study of alpine glaciers, Andean and Himalayan pollution in the Alpine valleys. These studies contribute to understanding major scientific problems that are often social issues such as the greenhouse effect, climate variability and the environment, the mass balance of the cryosphere, the wide pollution global and regional or glacial hazards.\nThe research topics of LGGE developed within the four scientific teams are presented in the 'Research Teams' and the list of publications and activity reports are available in 'Scientific Production'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18f0a1eb-5765-43d2-a026-39fd64100141", - "label": "USDA/APHIS/PPQ", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Animal and Plant Health inspection Service (APHIS) is responsible for\nprotecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health, administering the Animal\nWelfare Act, and carrying out wildlife damage management activities.\n\nThe APHIS mission is an integral part of U.S. Department of Agriculture's\n(USDA) efforts to provide the Nation with safe and affordable food. Without\nAPHIS protecting America's animal and plant resources from agricultural pests\nand diseases, threats to our food supply and to our Nation's economy would be\nenormous. For example, if Mediterranean fruit fly and Asian longhorned beetle,\ntwo major agricultural pests, were left unchecked by APHIS, production and\nmarketing losses of several billions of dollars would occur annually in this\ncountry. And, if APHIS was not on the job as the first line of defense, 24\nhours a day, 7 days a week, animal diseases like foot-and-mouth disease and\nbovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) could devastate our\nlivestock industry and our food supply. All these plant and animal pests and\ndisease threats could cost billions of dollars in lost domestic and\ninternational markets and have a huge impact on U.S. consumers, but APHIS has\naggressively and successfully worked to prevent and respond to these\nsituations.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USDA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "216c96e1-f190-4f6b-a1c2-419d39515915", - "label": "TAMU/CNRIT", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Center for Natural Resource Information Technology (CNRIT) serves as an institution for research and development that takes a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to information and decision support systems for planning, monitoring and assessing management paradigms, new technologies and policy relative to the economic well-being of landholders, society and the natural resources supporting future generations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "220d4cb3-8b03-4bba-bc97-cde3a45c14a3", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23595c29-806e-4e0e-8d7d-b7e418b5b1e3", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/LST", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Land Surface Team (LST) provides research and oversight for\nland remote sensing products and activities in NOAA/NESDIS. Land\nsurface products are developed and generated to provide boundary\nand initial conditions for numerical weather prediction models,\nfor input to coupled models for ENSO forecasts, for drought\ndetection and assessment, and for NWP model validation and\nimprovement.\n\nWebsite: 'http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/crad/sat/surf/'\n\n[Summary provided by the NOAA LST]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24ff851e-f09c-4a6d-9e5b-0deab6d9fe46", - "label": "LRMG/DBB/UERJ", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29957325-ec04-419f-88f1-20916624ae13", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/LA/GPM", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate Homepage, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/gpm ] \n\nGPM Constellation is a joint mission with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and other international partners. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it will initiate the measurement of global precipitation, a key climate factor. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete sampling of the Earth's precipitation. GPM Constellation is envisioned to consist of a core spacecraft to measure precipitation structure and to provide a calibration standard for the constellation spacecraft, an international constellation of NASA and contributed spacecraft to provide frequent precipitation measurements on a global basis, calibration/validation sites distributed globally with a broad array of precipitation-measuring instrumentation, and a global precipitation data system to produce and distribute global rain maps and climate research products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2af11745-524e-43b6-b556-f8ae0c31f984", - "label": "DOE/NREL/PSEC/DESI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Distributed Energy Systems Integration group, managed by Dr. James Cale, conducts collaborative research and provides technical support in a range of distributed generation areas, including interconnection engineering and standards, system integration engineering and testing, interconnection interface applications, and policy and regulatory analysis.\n\n[Summary provided by NREL's Power Systems Engineering Center.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ff8aff2-3760-48c5-bf9e-c603a4e07d1e", - "label": "RU/FSR/HME/AARI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37a23460-73cf-4383-b7b6-5fabba68022f", - "label": "ACCU-WEATHER", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "ACCU-DATA is the world's most comprehensive and flexible state-of-the-art\ndatabase designed and continually improved by Accu-Weather's staff of over 100\nmeteorologists and computer scientists, and is real-time, interactive and\naffordable. ACCU-DATA data sources include the National Weather Service (NWS)\nDomestic Data Service (including Services A and C), NWS Public Products\nService, State Weather Wires, International Data Service, National\nMeteorological Center Numerical Products Service, FAA 604 Data Circuit,\nEuropean World Forecasting Model data, DIFAX, WEFAX, GOES Satellite data,\nlightning data and radar data.\nACCU-DATA consists of 6 major components:\n1) Data and Text: Select from over 35,000 data types including surface\n observations, upper air data, forecasts, watches, warnings, climatological\n summaries and marine data. Easy commands allow you to select what you need\n by site, region, state or county, and for specific time periods.\n2) High Resolution Maps: The Advanced Map Plotting System (AMPS) permits you to\n choose from over one million high resolution maps and graphics. Any area of\n the world can be sized and contoured to your specifications at a keystroke.\n Then you overlay the data display you want in the exact form and format you\n desire.\n3) Color Graphic Images: Choose from over 2,000 full color graphics daily--the\n same high quality images used by television stations and major government\n agencies. Select national and regional satellite images, radars and\n RadarPlus, current and forecast surface and upper air maps, and temperature\n band maps.\n4) Lightning Data and Graphics: the distribution, intensity and frequency of\n lightning strikes are available in real-time on a local, regional and\n national basis.\n5) European and Other Forecast Models: The European World Forecast Model,\n MRF (Spectral), NGM (Nested Grid Model), RAF's (Regional Area Forecast) and\n LFM (Limited Fine Mesh) model outputs yield computerized forecasts for the\n Northern and Southern Hemispheres up to 7 days ahead.\n6) DIFAX: Access over 300 NWS DIFAX products within seconds of availability.\nACCU-DATA Contact:\n Email: info@accuwx.com\n Phone: 814-235-8600 (AccuWeather Sales)\n WWW: 'http://www.accuweather.com/'\nAccess Procedures:\nConnect from anywhere in the world by telephone. Requires no specialized\nequipment and is compatible with virtually all terminals, modems, and personal\nand business computers.\nOrdering/Price Policy:\nPay only for the time you use. No phone charges, set up fees, or penalty\novertime costs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3807d23e-b701-4b28-87ae-3ffbb1fbe6c1", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e8dcb5b-3acf-4334-8e09-a23f0f4d72d5", - "label": "IN/ISRO/MOSDAC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44a93a03-29c0-4800-a5a8-67d2c2c2caa7", - "label": "OR-STATE/EOARC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center is a branch of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station of OSU's College of Agricultural Sciences. Jointly funded and staffed by OSU and Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center serves two major cattle-raising environments of the region: the sagebrush-steppe of the Great Basin and the inland coniferous forests. The mission is to develop agricultural and natural resource strategies that maintain or enhance intermountain forest and shrub steppe ecosystems for the benefit of present and future generations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "450eda8e-ab22-487d-bce2-8d55c811bec9", - "label": "CEDA", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "45483768-5470-42f8-a204-20f9855533f5", - "label": "VIETNAM", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c6dd36a-98fe-4081-8353-b47dea583d12", - "label": "DataONE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e372e20-55a7-4d3b-ab0f-cde1f15578c6", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NOSA", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "NOAA can manage its observation system more efficiently and effectively with an architecture that defines a consistent set of principles, policies, and standards. The NOAA Observing System Architecture (NOSA) Action Group, directed by the NOSA Senior Steering Group, was established to develop an observational architecture that helps NOAA:\n\n * design observing systems that support NOAA's mission and provide maximum value,\n * avoid duplication of existing systems, and\n * operate efficiently and in a cost-effective manner.\n\nNOSA includes:\n\n * NOAA's observing systems (and others) required to support NOAA's mission,\n * The relationship among observing systems including how they contribute to support NOAA's mission and associated observing requirements, and\n * the guidelines governing the design of a target architecture and the evolution toward this target architecture\n\nSummary provided by http://nosa.noaa.gov/about_nosa.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4fb7aac8-712f-4664-a2c3-f3a3d89e9562", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/HDISC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "[Text Source: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/hydrology/ ]\n\nThe Hydrology DISC supports data products generated by GSFC's Hydrological Sciences Branch. Data products from the North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) can be accessed through anonymous ftp, the Mirador search and access tool or the GrADS Data Server (GDS). NLDAS and GLDAS systems integrate data from multiple space-based Earth observing systems using advanced land surface modeling and assimilation techniques. These products support weather and climate forecast experiments, water resources applications, and water and energy cycle research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51e837ac-022a-47ee-a0b6-726f24306b7a", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/NBII/MPIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Mountain Prairie Information Node (MPIN) is a part of the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) program. The NBII was established by the National Biological Survey in 1993 and is composed of a network of geographic (regional) and thematic information nodes that collectively provide Web-based access to high-quality data, information, and resources about the Nation's biological resources. Mountain Prairie is a key part of the national program, focusing on Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and relevant parts of Idaho.\n\nMountain Prairie's mission is to develop an integrated Web-based program that provides access to information about biological resources in the mountains and prairies of the north-central United States and that contributes to the collaborative conservation of these resources.\n\nMountain Prairie provides:\n\n * Geographically-based information at regional, state, and other scales.\n * Thematically organized information concerning topics of regional interest.\n * Tools and processes that facilitate data integration. \n\nThe Mountain Prairie Information Node is managed by Montana State University's Big Sky Institute for Science & Natural History (BSI), the USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, and the USGS Northern Rockies Mountain Science Center (NRMSC). Together, these organizations have partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey, and Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks to develop a strategic plan that will guide the program over 2006-2010.\n\nSummary provided by http://mpin.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56b64767-f574-4853-ae3c-72ecfc56a218", - "label": "AIRNow", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5913c3db-41bb-4c20-af8d-d95603ba00cf", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/NBII/PBIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "PBIN is an information system that provides access to data and computer applications related to Pacific Island biodiversity. It is a cooperative venture including federal, state, public, and private organizations. These organizations have joined together in hopes of having a lasting impact on the biodiversity of tropical and subtropical islands by providing well-organized, authoritative, and timely information to educate, enable scientific progress, and address questions related to biodiversity conservation. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.nbii.gov/portal/community/Communities/Geographic_Perspectives/Pacific_Basin/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5dc3064a-2ee6-432d-88e2-1fef76b40ef1", - "label": "IOOS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61ef5681-fb19-4ba1-9858-aecd1e96cf56", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/OSPO", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "624b3f56-3572-4078-8614-98f15a7908ff", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/OSDPD", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The NOAA Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution\n (OSDPD) manages and directs the operation of the central ground\n facilities which ingest, process, and distribute environmental\n satellite data and derived products to domestic and foreign\n users.\n \n Mission Statement:\n \n -The Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution\n (OSDPD) manages and directs the operation of the central ground\n facilities which ingest, process, and distribute environmental\n satellite data and derived products to domestic and foreign\n users.\n \n -OSDPD serves as the primary operating level interface with\n civil sector users of data from operational environmental\n satellites.\n \n -OSDPD provides interpretive and consultative services to those\n users and is responsible for the transmission of data products\n to remote receiving stations.\n \n -OSDPD provides for the collection of environmental data from\n remote platforms using NESDIS satellites.\n \n -OSDPD manages the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking\n (SARSAT) System, and is responsible for coordinating and\n implementing the United States activities in the international\n satellite aided search and rescue program, COSPAS-SARSAT.\n \n -OSDPD assists the Office of the Assistant Administrator in\n planning and developing new satellites and ground facilities and\n the major modifications to existing facilities within the\n central ground facilities and National Weather Service field\n stations.\n \n -OSDPD maintains the central ground facilities and makes such\n improvements to the equipment and software that are within the\n available capabilities and resources.\n \n -OSDPD evaluates the effectiveness of the operational ground\n facilities and procedures in terms of the quality and quantity.\n \n -OSDPD assesses the timeliness of the products and services\n provided and maintains an inventory of operational products and\n services and prepares assessments, recommendations and plans for\n the initiation of new products and services.\n \n Website: https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/\n \n [Summary provided by OSDPD]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "659b2007-000f-4608-95c6-41b431223ab1", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NOS/OCM", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6691e077-1fc9-4509-b49b-3b896d6c49ac", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/OSEI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The mission of the NOAA Operational Significant Event Imagery\n(OSEI) is to produce high-resolution, detailed imagery of\nsignificant environmental events which are visible in\nremotely-sensed data available at the NOAA Science Center in\nSuitland, Maryland.\n\nDaily Operational Significant Event Imagery Report (DOSEIR)\noutlines the events we have captured in satellite imagery and\nprovides a direct link to each image. The images are described\nwith short narratives.\n\nThis report is available Monday through Friday as an email via\nsubscription or on this website in a remote window.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.osei.noaa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by OSEI]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702015ed-b703-44eb-97de-5d086d5d343a", - "label": "UKS/BINHM/PALEOBOT", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "For approximately 15 years, our laboratory has been working on various aspects\nof Late Permian (~250 million years ago) and Middle Triassic (238 myr) floras\nfrom Antarctica. The best of these floras is anatomically preserved, so that\nevery cell within the plants is intact, a preservation process called\npermineralization. Permineralized deposits are the rarest form of plant fossil\npreservation and can reveal a great deal of information about anatomy,\nmorphology, and reproductive biology, as well as plant-animal and plant-microbe\ninteractions in the ecosystem. In addition, the floras from Antarctica are\nparticularly important since we know very little about the plants that lived\nduring the Permian and Triassic, due to generally poor preservation of floras\nelsewhere in the world. During these time periods a number of unusual seed\nplant groups evolved, several of which have been implicated as possible\nancestors of the flowering plants (angiosperms), the group that dominates the\nworld today.The availability of anatomically preserved material from these\ngroups has furthered our knowledge of seed plant evolution in the late\nPaleozoic and Mesozoic considerably.\n\nThis research has already produced significant results including:\n\n-The oldest, anatomically preserved fossil cycad (Smoot et al., 1985) and\nassociated pollen cone (Klavins et al., 2003)\n\n-Evidence of polyembryony in Permian seeds (Smoot and Taylor, 1986)\n\n-Two standing fossil forests which grew at very high paleolatitudes\n(80-85º S in the Permian; 70-75º in the Triassic) (Taylor et al., 1992; Cúneo\net al., 2003)\n\n-Anatomically preserved reproductive organs of the Permian seed ferns,\nGlossopteridales (Taylor and Taylor, 1992) and associated stems and leaves\n(Pigg et al., 1990, 1993)\n\n-The discovery that Triassic Dicroidium-type leaves were borne on\ndifferent stem types in East Gondwana and West Gondwana (Meyer-Berthaud et al.,\n1993)\n\n-A completely new group of Mesozoic seed ferns, the Petriellales, which\nshow some characters similar to the flowering plants (Triassic) (Taylor et al.,\n1994)\n\n-Triassic specimens of Osmunda, the 'interrupted fern,' which appear\nalmost identical to modern forms (Phipps et al., 1998)\n\n-Data on paleoclimate in Antarctica based on fossil tree rings, indicating\nthat the poles were warmer than has been suggested from physical paleoclimate\nmodels (Taylor et al., 2000)\n\n-The first evidence of the attachment of Dicroidium fronds, the most\ncommon leaf type in the Triassic of the southern hemisphere, to stems that also\nbear seeds in cupules (Axsmith et al., 2000)\n\nWebsite: http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/default.htm\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Kansas.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70a7c747-c22c-43b7-9b4d-9051111015b0", - "label": "USDA/ADDS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Agricultural Database for Decision Support Center is the result of efforts\nof the Cooperative Extension System and Land Grant Universities in cooperation\nwith other public and private individuals and groups. ADDS Center products are\ncompiled from extension materials, university research reports and private\nindustry documents into easily accessible, readily available reference\nmaterials. ADDS Center products can benefit the following industry groups: \n\n1. Producers. Providing instant access to timely information to support\nimportant decisions.\n\n2. Education Providers. A one-stop shop for educational resources and\ninformation technology.\n\n3. Private Industry. The latest in research information to assist clients in\nmaking informed decisions.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.adds.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USDA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "714f79b8-34af-4aa6-a075-ed80470a3812", - "label": "WHOI/WSG", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Woods Hole Sea Grant program, based at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), supports research, education, and extension projects that encourage environmental stewardship, long-term economic development, and responsible use of the nation’s coastal and ocean resources. It is part of the National Sea Grant College Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a network of 32 individual programs located in each of the coastal and Great Lakes states. Together, these programs form a national network of over 300 participating institutions involving more than 3,000 scientists, engineers, educators, students, and outreach experts.\n\nSea Grant’s legislative charge is to “increase the understanding, assessment, development, utilization, and conservation of the nation’s ocean and coastal resources by providing assistance to promote a strong educational base, responsive research and training activities, and broad and prompt dissemination of knowledge and techniques.”\n\nLocally, Sea Grant’s affiliation with WHOI began in 1971 with support for a number of individual research projects. In 1973, WHOI was designated a Coherent Sea Grant Program and, in 1985, was elevated to its current status as an Institutional Sea Grant Program. The Woods Hole Sea Grant Program has made great strides to channel the expertise of world-renowned ocean scientists toward meeting the research and information needs of users of the marine environment. Public and private institutions throughout Massachusetts, and the northeast region, participate in the Woods Hole Sea Grant Program.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.whoi.edu/seagrant/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72a4a606-6c4f-4853-bcc2-0492c2eef29b", - "label": "TAMU/BLACKLAND", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7315aa27-2d06-4d42-bd4a-4b35ff948159", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/NBII/SWIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Southwest Strategy is a community development and natural resources\nconservation and management effort by federal, state, tribal and local\ngovernments. Its mission is to facilitate collaborative, scientifically based\napproaches to enhance communities and its resources. The major focus is the\nUnited States and the Mexican Border?s ecosystem and water supply.\n\nThe Scientific Information Database (SID) lets you search for information on\nscientific research or collection activities on federal public lands in Arizona\nand New Mexico.\n\nWebsite: 'http://swin.nbii.gov/sid'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77ca1af2-3526-47df-944c-0071d21cde38", - "label": "KOBIS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e600ff0-b546-4012-abdd-951d4f56d2e1", - "label": "DOI/USGS/CMG/WHSC/GMIS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Research Environmental Data and Information Management System (REDIMS) for the\nGulf of Maine - a Regional Marine Research Program funded collaborative between\nthe University of New Hampshire (UNH) , the Bedford Institute of Oceanography\n(BIO), Dartmouth College , and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). A list of\nregional research programs along with data links are available online.\n\n[Source: 'http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/oracle/gomaine/']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80f4b816-9b51-4279-a2a5-1ab4d3b3396b", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/GEO-IDE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Global Earth Observation - Integrated Data Environment (GEO-IDE) wiki contains information on a wide variety of standards and tools being considered, used or developed across NOAA and in the broader environmental data management community. It is intended to help you find resources and connect to others in order to improve the access, interoperability, and usability of environmental information.\n\nThe wiki makes use of “Categories” to help organize and manage content (see Wikipedia Categories Page for information about using categories). The Categories link in the navigation menu on the left links to the Categories List from any page in the wiki. See using the GEO-IDE wiki page for additional tips on using the wiki. \n\n[Summary provided by NOAA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8952670f-37c5-4fa3-b6a9-c8e89497f09c", - "label": "Cal-Adapt", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89a8717d-eb00-4dad-8fdf-3757bb8ff171", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9678d3a6-5c21-41c5-b794-83817989d662", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC) is dedicated to supporting ecosystem management by providing access to the Nation's coastal and ocean data resources.\n\nNCDDC fulfills this mission by bringing together diverse coastal data from a variety of sources and creating ways for users to access data via the Internet. In order to make coastal data more accessible, NCDDC maintains a searchable metadata catalog of coastal data, develops gateways to data repositories, and uses technology that allows users to receive data in specific formats for their needs.\n\nTo enhance our mission, NCDDC forms partnerships across NOAA and with agencies in federal, state and local government, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations that collect or provide coastal data and information. By maintaining these partnerships, NCDDC is able to know what partner data collections are available and produce dynamic end-to-end data and information products.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ncddc.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98afeb95-b773-4d6a-8689-5eb748e7203c", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/ACDISC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Composition Data and Information Services Center (ACDISC) is a\nportal to the Atmospheric Composition (AC) specific, user driven, multi-sensor,\non-line, easy access archive and distribution system employing data analysis\nand visualization, data mining, and other user requested techniques for the\nbetter science data usage.\n\nIt provides convenient access to AC data and information from various\nremote-sensing missions, from heritage TOMS, UARS, MODIS, and AIRS data sets,\nto the most recent data from Aura OMI, MLS, HIRDLS (once these data sets are\nreleased to the public), as well as AC data sets residing at other remote\narchive sites.\n\n[Text From the ACDISC home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "999a2474-5a48-4e7c-b107-e1e707c72f2c", - "label": "SEA-COOS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEA-COOS)\nis an information system that collects, manages, and\ndisseminates observations and information products of the\ncoastal ocean off of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and\nFlorida. It is an effort to develop an umbrella organization to\ncoordinate observing system related activities in the four\nstates.\n\nSEA-COOS is envisioned to be one of the regional systems ringing\nthe U.S. to form the coastal component of the Integrated Ocean\nObserving System (IOOS).\n\nOne of the challenges faced in developing IOOS is how to move\nforward from the planning stage. SEA-COOS is an initiative to\nstart building a regional system for the Southeast and is based,\nin part, on the results of a planning workshop held in Miami, 27,\n29 June. It will enhance and expand existing observing\nsystems, test and develop needed sensor support infrastructure\nsuch as data transmission and power systems, develop data\nmanagement capabilities such as Web-based regional DODS servers\nand a gateway for data and metadata to national repositories,\nand develop data-assimilative model products. Because these\ncomponents are required by all coastal observing networks,\nadvances made within this project will benefit the development\nof the national system.\n\nWHY? Better and more timely information on the state of the\ncoastal ocean is needed to support better decision-making and to\npromote better quality of life in the coastal zone. Over the\nlast decade there has been an international effort to define how\nthis should happen, called the Global Ocean Observing System\n(GOOS).\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.seacoos.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by SEA-COOS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ae61c7c-dc8c-4a88-bd4c-320b58089921", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/NEESPI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The GES DISC NEESPI portal is a multi-sensor, online, easy access data archive and distribution system to provide advanced data management capabilities in support of the NEESPI scientific objectives. Its tools include data analysis and visualization, data mining and other techniques for better science data usage.\n\nThe portal integrates remote sensing data from MODIS, AVHRR, and other instruments on board polar-orbiting satellites, with customized data products from climatology data sets and models into a single one-stop-shopping; interdisciplinary NEESPI data center for remote sensing products. \n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://neespi.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Text Source: GES-DISC/NEESPI Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0631ab7-4db5-479e-9ee2-d414b0ec8705", - "label": "ORAU/ORISE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a58e4924-5da8-4bc4-b68f-969afbc260c6", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/WERC/SNGC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Sierra Nevada Global Change Research Program began in 1991. The program was\noriginally funded by the National Park Service, and is now funded by the\nBiological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. \n\nThe program has involved more than 20 scientists from ten research\ninstitutions. Studies of the Sierra Nevada organized around three time periods:\npast, present and future.\n\nWebsite: http://www.werc.usgs.gov/sngc/\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad4a01a6-5c60-4708-ae9b-b44aabbf9659", - "label": "NASA/MSFC/SWC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Solar Physics Group at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center was formed in the early 1970's in conjunction with the Apollo Skylab Mission. These pages contain an overview of solar physics itself along with highlights of our own work, our current projects, and possible future missions.\n\nSummary provided by http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1354238-1b5e-48a3-a68c-6ad8ac7b90c0", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/CERC/BRAZOS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Brazos Field Research Station (BFRS) of the Columbia Environmental Research\nCenter (CERC) provides leadership and scientific information for the U.S.\nGeological Survey. BFRS works with members from CERC and Wildlife and\nFisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University.\n\nCERC?s main focus includes fields in toxicology, ecology, biochemistry and\nphysiology, environmental chemistry, ecogeography, and information technology.\nBFRS while under the supervision of CERC conducts ecotoxicological field\nresearch and provide technical assistance to meet the goals of the USGS.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/FRS_Webs/Brazos1/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b175a5c3-9b7b-48ed-a55f-c7c71d5f6318", - "label": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/COARE", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The TOGA COARE Data Information System contains information\nabout TOGA COARE datasets and provides direct access to data\ncenters. You may locate a dataset by using the Data User's Guide\nor the catalog. If you already know the dataset location, go\ndirectly to one of the permanent data centers identified\nbelow. Additional COARE-related information is available at this\nsite, including online reports, a publication list, e-mail\nmailing list (tcsci) subscription services, and updates from the\ncommunity. Links to other COARE data inventories, browse\nproducts and data websites are also provided.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/'\n\n[Summary provided by TOGA COARE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b21f7975-82ec-4ee0-a061-7dc5a507d39c", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4d761c0-08d5-466e-928c-f30bd36ccb4c", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/CBI/NBII/WDIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfa5e686-6692-4bbd-a889-e863f5cd38ef", - "label": "DOC_NOAA_NWS_ROC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d662008d-b069-4ad7-aa60-df5a7dd9b62e", - "label": "DOI/USGS/BRD/CBI/NBII/SAIN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) is a broad,\ncollaborative program to provide increased access to data and information on\nthe nation's biological resources. The NBII links diverse, high-quality\nbiological databases, information products, and analytical tools maintained by\nNBII partners and other contributors in government agencies, academic\ninstitutions, non-government organizations, and private industry.\n\nThe NBII is a program based amongst federal state, international,\nnon-government, and academic and private industry partners.\n\nWebsite: 'http://sain.nbii.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d83cfe62-201f-4a36-89d2-3ef9dd4beb33", - "label": "TBSTEST", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9c35c4e-17f8-4b51-9384-d24fca95dd45", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/OBPG", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) is responsible for the production and distribution of the ocean color data products from the MODIS sensor on Aqua and from SeaWiFS (Sea Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor).\n \nMODIS and SeaWiFS standard products can be found at http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/ or by ftp at ftp://oceans.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \nVisually search the ocean color data archive and directly download and/or order data from single files to the entire mission through the Level 1 and 2 Browser at http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/browse.pl?sen=am\n \nBrowse the entire Level 3 global ocean color data set for many parameters and time periods and download either JPEG images or digital data in HDF format. View time series plots of selected SeaWiFS parameters for selected regions of the globe. Level 3 Standard Mapped Images for MODIS Aqua and SeaWiFS can be found at https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0e0fafb-495b-4932-9399-2a69ec54eec7", - "label": "UAK-F/GI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e26dc6df-d3d4-48b1-83e4-a251f04c67fe", - "label": "FI/FEI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) is the national\nenvironmental research and development centre of the\nenvironmental administration. Research and development in the\nSYKE deals with changes in the environment, cause and effect\nrelationships, means of resolving environmental problems and\neffects of policy measures. SYKE is the national environmental\ninformation centre and provides expert services and takes care\nof certain national and international statutory tasks.\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.environment.fi/'\n\n[Summary provided by The Finnish Environment Institute]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2c8850f-c171-4787-a1f9-6a3ee0420ffb", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/EOS/ESDIS/ECHO", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Provide the NASA workforce the information infrastructure and tools that adapt and evolve to support management, science, research, and technology programs; to develop and implement unique and specialized IT systems to support mission planning and operations; and provide systems that disseminate information to the public and that preserve NASA's information assets.\n \nSummary Provided by:\n \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/offices/ocio/about/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3a96915-4b58-4b47-9bf3-a5f7597b7611", - "label": "DOI/USGS/CMG/WHSC/MS/GLORIA", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The GLORIA system was developed specifically to map the morphology and texture\nof seafloor features in the deep ocean. The GLORIA system is a digital side\nscan sonar system capable of producing digital image maps of the seafloor from\nreflected sound waves. \n\nThe GLORIA creates sonographs by transmitting images by way of sound pulses and\nrecorded echoes from the sea floor as the collecting ship moves along a set\ncourse. The sound source and receivers are built into a 'fish' that is towed\nabout 200 meters behind a ship. This electronic mapping system brings out a\nsignal pulse every 30 seconds, which is then recorded by shipboard computers.\nThe GLORIA provides such a broad view of the seafloor. The recorded digital\ndata are processed and used to construct digital maps of the seafloor.\n\nWebsite: http://coastalmap.marine.usgs.gov/gloria/\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e672670f-5a87-4c6c-b999-4a0cb986b1bc", - "label": "UCO/CEAS/CCAR", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR) was established at the\nUniversity of Colorado at Boulder in the College of Engineering and Applied\nScience during the fall of 1985. It is hosted by the Department of Aerospace\nEngineering Sciences and is a part of the University of Colorado's commitment\nto develop a program of excellence in space science. CCAR is a\nmultidisciplinary group involving faculty, staff and students from the\nDepartments of Aerospace Engineering Sciences and Electrical and Computer\nEngineering. Its research program emphasizes astrodynamics, satellite\nmeteorology, oceanography, geodesy, and terrestrial vegetation studies.\n\nWebsite: http://ccar.colorado.edu/\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Colorado.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8dfc732-9097-494c-996b-c7ce882e049e", - "label": "USGS NMWSC", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Welcome to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Web page for the water resources of New Mexico; this is your direct link to all kinds of water-resource information. Here you'll find information on New Mexico's rivers and streams. You'll also find information about ground water, water quality, and many other topics. The USGS operates the most extensive satellite network of stream-gaging stations in New Mexico, many of which form the backbone of flood-warning systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e9a2f905-b0bc-4352-b7a2-af0afd49a037", - "label": "NFHP", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efb8a6e2-44a8-4da9-9f01-e234d014a127", - "label": "DOI/USGS/FICS/CARS/NAS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Nonindigenous Aquatic Species originally started with the passage of the\nNonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species Control and Prevention Act of 1990. The\ngoal of the information system is to provide timely, reliable data about the\npresence and distribution of Nonindigenous aquatic species.\n\nThe Data Repository and Information Management uses geographic information\nsystem (GIS) technology supported by significant information management and\nanalysis capability, and a computerized data repository to collect, analyze and\ndisseminate information about the presence and distribution of Nonindigenous\naquatic species and their effects.\n\nReporting and findings for the GIS will be directly presented by the Center or\nthrough intermediaries, such as university researchers, State fish and wildlife\nagency staff, Sea Grant Marine Advisory Service agents, and research\nlaboratories.\n\nWebsite: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f13a4ed7-4436-4d3e-97a9-586779750d22", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/GCDC/GESDISC/ATMODYN", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4a6a354-8206-4799-9cb7-28be14b324ff", - "label": "NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/HBSL/BISB/MODAPS", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5ebc827-1782-41cb-a78d-2782ebde4bb9", - "label": "CMI", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "Cycloview Media Inc. supply the worlds widest range of VR Imaging services and consultation. With experience since 1995 we know what works and how well it works. We specialize in Production services but are able to carry out creative undertaking and distribution. We offer a unique data rescue service that allows us to rescue your lost images form Flash card. We supply both Java and QuickTime solutions for the web we use XML.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.productionhub.com/directory/description.aspx?item=135637", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f91efc17-b50a-4119-8aa1-6d34258c09a3", - "label": "NASA/JPL/EMIT", - "broader": "ed72f095-568f-4d67-a8dd-cd020f089633", - "definition": "The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) science team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory will generate new, more accurate mineral composition maps of Earth’s dust source regions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1.json deleted file mode 100644 index 2d56dd1..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "label": "Projection Datum Names", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a5e23990-f514-4015-ae8b-35fe6788c331", - "label": "North American Datum (NAD) 1927", - "broader": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b45a8880-f8d4-444b-9616-7093d17af970", - "label": "North American Datum (NAD) 1983", - "broader": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5d437f-4346-4ee7-89fb-bd6bbf71e8c6", - "label": "World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984", - "broader": "7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096.json deleted file mode 100644 index b47ae1e..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,739 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "label": "Related URL Content Types", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "65373de8-3fb3-4882-a8ca-cfe23a4ff58e", - "label": "DataContactURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e5803df8-c802-4f3f-96f5-53e534835887", - "label": "HOME PAGE", - "broader": "65373de8-3fb3-4882-a8ca-cfe23a4ff58e", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "731f4e5c-d200-4c56-9daa-e6fad17415ef", - "label": "VisualizationURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "label": "Color Map", - "broader": "731f4e5c-d200-4c56-9daa-e6fad17415ef", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "197d7881-a01b-4892-822f-94ca72aea2f4", - "label": "Giovanni", - "broader": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "503206c2-c5ae-4d65-8c18-be8d06370c0c", - "label": "Harmony GDAL", - "broader": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87117fb4-888c-41b9-a795-d13d436d828b", - "label": "GITC", - "broader": "58848eb9-9c2c-491e-847e-5a4f3d9f6889", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "label": "GET RELATED VISUALIZATION", - "broader": "731f4e5c-d200-4c56-9daa-e6fad17415ef", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set visualization.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "389ab1cf-fbf4-49ee-bf22-e40643fa00f6", - "label": "SOTO", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "State of the Ocean is a web-based tool that generates informative maps, animations, and plots that communicate and promote the discovery and analysis of the State of the Oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "690210ef-4cf8-4645-b68d-921466bba6a2", - "label": "GIOVANNI", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "Giovanni is a Web-based application developed by the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) that provides a simple and intuitive way to visualize, analyze, and access vast amounts of Earth science remote sensing data without having to download the data. Giovanni is an acronym for the Geospatial Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6f9524a-e4bc-460a-bdf3-a5e8f0e921a9", - "label": "MAP", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eeff646c-6faf-468e-a0ab-ff78fc6f86f9", - "label": "WORLDVIEW", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "The URL for viewing a Worldview visualization. The Worldview tool from NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) provides the capability to interactively browse over 600 global, full-resolution satellite imagery layers and then download the underlying data. Many of the imagery layers are updated within three hours of observation, essentially showing the entire Earth as it looks 'right now'. This supports time-critical application areas such as wildfire management, air quality measurements, and flood monitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efbd1edc-388f-4985-8033-6782ee87d463", - "label": "GIS", - "broader": "dd2adc64-c7bd-4dbf-976b-f0496966817c", - "definition": "GIS data visualization displays the spatial patterns or relationship between or among locations. Popular open source software included here are ArcGIS, Tableau, InstantAtlas, QGIS, SAGA GIS, GeoDa, and MapWindow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "894edd57-afb3-4bb3-878f-fc245d8b6e82", - "label": "PublicationURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "label": "VIEW RELATED INFORMATION", - "broader": "894edd57-afb3-4bb3-878f-fc245d8b6e82", - "definition": "The URL for accessing related data set documentation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b597285-eaac-4cbd-94cc-d87ae8046681", - "label": "PRODUCTION HISTORY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set production version history. Product version history refers to a history of each version type of a data product and the differences between each version including how the data was produced and any changes in science parameters and quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eba3253-8eb7-4e43-9627-9cff48775e27", - "label": "DATA QUALITY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data quality information for a data set.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1132a0fc-888b-4332-ad0a-dc5c6e615afa", - "label": "PRODUCT USAGE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set product usage information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13a4deec-bd22-4864-9804-77fac181f484", - "label": "PUBLICATIONS", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing related data set publications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15b0a4c4-b39d-48f5-92d2-905e45e6dc6a", - "label": "SCIENCE DATA PRODUCT VALIDATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing science data product validation information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2af2cfc4-9390-43da-8fa8-1f272e8ee0b0", - "label": "IMPORTANT NOTICE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing important notice web pages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3112d474-b44f-4af1-8266-c3dd6d28220f", - "label": "CASE STUDY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set case study information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "367f8b8a-e57e-4c49-b971-0b5c6a484186", - "label": "PI DOCUMENTATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing project investigator documentation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40cf5001-15ec-4d9a-913c-bb323f2974fc", - "label": "DATA CITATION POLICY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing information related to a data set citation policy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415cfe86-4d71-4100-8f35-6404caec1c91", - "label": "DATA PRODUCT SPECIFICATION", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f3c0b04-1fe6-4e11-994a-9cc4afd09ce0", - "label": "MICRO ARTICLE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing micro articles. Micro articles are concise and focused selections of information that allow users to quickly assess topics and locate the most useful or relevant associated data, information and tools.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "547600e9-b60a-44eb-b14b-5c6e1f2c094e", - "label": "DATA RECIPE", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set recipes - instructions on how to access or use Earth science data sets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cfa5214-7f69-4355-b259-286be88f25d1", - "label": "PROCESSING HISTORY", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set processing history.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ebd73e5-b0aa-4cf2-ace5-1d3890c2c3ce", - "label": "HOW-TO", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing how-to web pages. How-To web pages describe how to accomplish specific tasks related to data discovery, access and/or usage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86b8b121-d710-4c5b-84b0-7b40717f6c76", - "label": "REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing requirements and design information for a data set or service/software/tool.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "914cbb7e-5b20-4bcd-86e3-ffcfa26f0a73", - "label": "ANOMALIES", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data set anomaly information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa3cea98-b20a-4de8-8f22-7a8b30784625", - "label": "READ-ME", - "broader": "5ec1bb9d-0efc-4099-9b31-ec791bbd8145", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set READ-ME file. A README file contains information about other files in a directory or archive of computer software. 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Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBD) are intended to describe the physical and mathematical description of the algorithms to be used in the generation of data products. The ATBD include a description of variance and uncertainty estimates and considerations of calibration and validation, exception control, and diagnostics. 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There may be other relevant information about the data set on the landing page.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f00cf885-8fc5-42ca-a70e-1689530f00cf", - "label": "PROFESSIONAL HOME PAGE", - "broader": "c7bbd6c7-8b0a-46ed-a428-a2f0453ed69e", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a professional web page of a PI at a data center or university.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "label": "DistributionURL", - "broader": "8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "172cd72d-30d3-4795-8660-dc38820faba0", - "label": "GET DATA VIA DIRECT ACCESS", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2892b502-2c66-42d5-af3d-bcddb57d9195", - "label": "GET CAPABILITIES", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "09c6e3ea-f8e0-4052-8b41-c3b1269799ed", - "label": "OpenSearch", - "broader": "2892b502-2c66-42d5-af3d-bcddb57d9195", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca5440d6-a9e4-416b-8e35-c4769f664b95", - "label": "GIBS", - "broader": "2892b502-2c66-42d5-af3d-bcddb57d9195", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "label": "GET DATA", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b50c12d-a6ae-4d63-b42b-d99bf7aa2da0", - "label": "LAADS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA LAADS system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26431afd-cb37-4772-9e97-3a36f6dff32d", - "label": "MODAPS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e869d22-88fe-43dc-852d-9f50c911ad02", - "label": "GIOVANNI", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA GIOVANNI tool.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2fc3797c-71b5-4d01-8ae1-d5634ec625ce", - "label": "DATACAST URL", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the EOSDIS DAAC data cast feed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3779ec72-c1e0-4a0f-aff8-8e2a2a7af486", - "label": "EOSDIS DATA POOL", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the EOSDIS data pool.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "38219044-ad26-4a32-98c0-dca8ad3cd29a", - "label": "Subscribe", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c2a68a6-d8c2-4f14-8208-e57a4446ad71", - "label": "DATA TREE", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a data set via a navigation tree.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c60609c-d48d-47c4-b069-43951fa0aea3", - "label": "IceBridge Portal", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "444f03b4-e588-42da-aee6-73028f3c45be", - "label": "DATA COLLECTION BUNDLE", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a data set bundled with additional data sets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4485a5b6-d84c-4c98-980e-164863ca518f", - "label": "USGS EARTH EXPLORER", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the USGS Earth Explorer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "459decfe-53ee-41ce-b608-d7578b04ef7b", - "label": "Sub-Orbital Order Tool", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The Sub-Orbital Order Tool (SOOT) is a tool developed by the Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) at NASA Langley Research Center for handling data acquired from suborbital field campaigns that are assigned to and archived at the ASDC. SOOT allows users to discover data variables from multiple airborne studies and/or platforms. Based on users’ selections, they can output data products including original data submitted by each instrument Principal Investigator (PI) and merged data (i.e., geolocated data from one or multiple instrument PIs). This tool supports data users interested in airborne/field campaign data and promotes sub-orbital research and analysis. SOOT provides a modern user interface that streamlines data discovery and accessibility of airborne field campaigns archived at the DAAC. SOOT enables users to easily filter and browse field campaign data based on more specific metadata attributes such as PI, platform, and instruments. By providing these search functionalities, the unique needs of the airborne science teams will be addressed. 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They can span multiple DAACs, SIPS, and/or EOSDIS elements. Virtual collection URLs can include:\n\n- Specific data directories or data files\n- OPeNDAP data directories\n- OPeNDAP constraint URLs\n- WMS GetMap requests\n- WCS GetCoverage requests\n- OpenSearch Description Documents\n- OpenSearch search requests\n- Giovanni requests", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ff3e5a8-650a-4cd1-80db-cca0fd209a84", - "label": "MLHub", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "Radiant MLHub is the world’s first cloud-based open library dedicated to Earth observation training data for use with machine learning algorithms. Designed to encourage widespread data collaboration, Radiant MLHub allows anyone to access, store, register, and share open training datasets for high-quality Earth observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e33a2dd-df13-4079-8636-391abb5344c6", - "label": "DIRECT DOWNLOAD", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for downloading the entire data set.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93bc7186-2634-49ae-a8da-312d893ef15e", - "label": "CERES Ordering Tool", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a tool which allows for visualizing, subsetting, and ordering CERES data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b05d2a3-9a5a-425c-b6ed-59e0e56814fa", - "label": "MIRADOR", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA MIRADOR system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bfb0f20-189e-411b-a678-768bf3fa256e", - "label": "GoLIVE Portal", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a36f1716-a310-41f5-b4d8-6c6a5fc933d9", - "label": "NOAA CLASS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa11ac15-3042-4634-b47e-acc368f608bd", - "label": "LANCE", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing data sets via the NASA Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b434314f-949f-4c26-be57-2ea4c7f03643", - "label": "NOMADS", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set via NOAA National Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd91340d-a8b3-4c01-b262-71e50fe69c83", - "label": "Order", - "broader": "750f6c61-0f15-4185-94d8-c029dec04bc5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca8b62c9-5f31-40bd-92a9-8d30081309e2", - "label": "DOWNLOAD SOFTWARE", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a software package.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5fedeefd-2609-488c-a897-fe168cae34dd", - "label": "MOBILE APP", - "broader": "ca8b62c9-5f31-40bd-92a9-8d30081309e2", - "definition": "The URL for downloading a mobile application.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "label": "USE SERVICE API", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a service Application Programming Interface (API).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "029540bb-7f5c-44ba-8578-61e2f858be60", - "label": "WEB COVERAGE SERVICE (WCS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the Web Coverage Service (WCS) API. The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) Web Coverage Service (WCS) provides an open specification for sharing raster datasets on the web.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c3aa5c6-f1f9-4c16-aa96-30672028d26c", - "label": "MAP SERVICE", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a map service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "411d2781-822c-4c48-8d5b-4b51b100ce0a", - "label": "SERVICE CHAINING", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a service chain workflow service.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c0cd574-0255-4202-9b5b-3da8711b7ed7", - "label": "GRADS DATA SERVER (GDS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) Data Server (GDS) API. GrADS Data Server (GDS), is a stable, secure data server that provides subsetting and analysis services across the internet. The core of the GDS is OPeNDAP, a software framework used for data networking that makes local data accessible to remote locations. GDS services can be provided for any GrADS-readable dataset: GRIB, Binary, NetCDF, HDF, BUFR, and GrADS station data format. The GDS unifies all these data formats into a NetCDF framework. The GDS subsetting capability allows users to retrieve a specified temporal and/or spatial subdomain from a large dataset, eliminating the need to download everything simply to access a small relevant portion of a dataset. The GDS analysis capability allows users to retrieve the results of an operation applied to one or more datasets on the server. Examples of analysis operations include basic math functions, averages, smoothing, differencing, correlation, and regression; the GDS supports any operation that can be expressed in a single GrADS expression. The GDS is based on Anagram, a modular framework for high-performace scientific data servers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77cae7cb-4676-4c69-a88b-d78971496f97", - "label": "THREDDS DATA", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for access to the Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Services (THREDDS). The THREDDS Data Server (TDS) is a web server that provides metadata and data access for scientific datasets, using OPeNDAP, OGC WMS and WCS, HTTP, and other remote data access protocols.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aac9f91-20c4-4234-9153-e850c8ace8a9", - "label": "WEB MAP TILE SERVICE (WMTS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the GIBS Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) API. The WMTS implementation standard provides a standards-based solution for serviing digital maps using predefined image tiles. Through the constructs of the specification, a WMTS service advertises imagery layers (e.g. imagery product) and defines the coordinate reference system, scale, and tiling grid available for access.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b664934-70c4-4694-b8c1-416e7c91afb9", - "label": "TABULAR DATA STREAM (TDS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging the Tabular Data Stream (TDS) API. The Tabular Data Stream (TDS) Protocol is an application-level protocol used for the transfer of requests and responses between clients and database server systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89b80cbd-027f-4eab-823f-ae00c268f5bf", - "label": "OpenSearch", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing OpenSearch, which is a collection of simple formats for the sharing of search results. A user can use OpenSearch formats to help people discover and use your search engine and to syndicate search results across the web.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0e2089c-3c1d-4c12-b833-e07365a4038e", - "label": "WEB MAP SERVICE (WMS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for leveraging a Web Map Service (WMS) API. The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC), Web Map Service (WMS) specification is an international specification for serving and consuming dynamic maps on the web.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4d406e6-7a34-42aa-bd79-f7f9265cc7bd", - "label": "WEB FEATURE SERVICE (WFS)", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a Web Feature Service (WFS) API. The Open Geospatial Consortium Web Feature Service (WFS) Interface Standard provides an interface allowing requests for geographical features across the web using platform-independent calls.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eae7a041-b004-48df-8d4e-d758969e3185", - "label": "OPENDAP DATA", - "broader": "d117cf5c-8d23-4662-be62-7b883cecb219", - "definition": "The URL for accessing an Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP ) API framework.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "label": "GOTO WEB TOOL", - "broader": "d25982b9-92e9-4ec0-ab44-48e79ecbe137", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a data set related tool.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "20ab6d52-f5a7-439c-a044-6ef2452a2838", - "label": "LIVE ACCESS SERVER (LAS)", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a Live Access Server (LAS) tool. The Live Access Server (LAS) is a highly configurable web server designed to provide flexible access to geo-referenced scientific data. It can present distributed data sets as a unified virtual data base through the use of DODS networking. Ferret is the default visualization application used by LAS, though other applications (Matlab, IDL, GrADS, ...) can also be used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ffc54ea-001a-4c03-afff-5086b2da8f59", - "label": "SIMPLE SUBSET WIZARD (SSW)", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing the Simple Subset Wizard (SSW) Tool. The Simple Subset Wizard (SSW) makes searching for granules easier. The tool unites the search function with various subsetters to deliver a single, simple, seamless process. SSW uses OpenSearch to query the Earth Observing System Clearing House (ECHO) for granules and then employs individual subset agents to submit requests.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7225578-b398-4222-a7a0-8f5175338ddf", - "label": "HITIDE", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "HiTIDE, the High-level Tool for Interactive Data Extraction, allows users to subset and download popular PO.DAAC level 2 (swath) datasets. Users can search across a wide variety of parameters, such as variables, sensors and platforms, and filter the resulting data based on spatial and temporal boundaries of interest to the user. HiTIDE goes even further, offering instant previews of variable imagery, allowing users to rapidly find data of interest for download and further, rigorous scientific analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf37a20c-8e99-4187-b91b-3ea254f006f9", - "label": "SUBSETTER", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a subsetter tool. A subsetter provides the user with a way to subset and regrid the data on-the-fly. You can choose from several subsetting options such as spatial, variable, temporal and vertical level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1c61697-b4bd-467c-9db4-5bd0115545a3", - "label": "MAP VIEWER", - "broader": "ffccf1c0-f25d-4747-ac4a-f09444383031", - "definition": "The URL for accessing a map viewer. 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With the passage of time, PNG has evolved as one of the widely used image file formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "133c2aee-50f9-4260-b792-6d6694399da3", - "label": "IONEX", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The IONosphere-map EXchange format was developed with the purpose of having a common format to exchange TEC maps obtained from the GNSS signals. IONEX format is based on RINEX: it consists of a ASCII file containing a header with global information, placed in the beginning of the file, and a data section, with the TEC map.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1528fc97-9aa0-4417-887b-c746fb0c6d23", - "label": "Valeport CTD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A CTD — an acronym for Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth — is the primary tool for determining essential physical properties of sea water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "181d354f-af90-4aaf-9167-ff3db9f6cb13", - "label": "LAS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The LAS (LASer) format is a file format designed for the interchange and archiving of lidar point cloud data. It is an open, binary format specified by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). The format is widely used and regarded as an industry standard for lidar data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19139079-41cd-47d5-b581-93bed04ade29", - "label": "TAR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A TAR file is an archive created by tar, a Unix-based utility used to package files together for backup or distribution purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "191a9f1d-cfd3-469d-86b8-ce2d2355034a", - "label": "DEM", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A file with the DEM file extension is a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Data file. DEM files contain digital elevation models, which are 3D pictures of a surface, usually a planet, obtained during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) by NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1aee02b9-bf37-4197-bb7f-bd6f040d26f6", - "label": "ASCII Raster", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Esri ASCII raster format can be used to transfer information to or from other cell-based or raster systems. When an existing raster is output to an Esri ASCII-format raster, the file will begin with header information that defines the properties of the raster such as the cell size, the number of rows and columns, and the coordinates of the origin of the raster. The header information is followed by cell value information specified in space-delimited row-major order, with each row separated by a carriage return.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b5f24f0-a524-4d6b-a20a-6bc685d46c8e", - "label": "MDB", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An MDB file is a database file created by Microsoft Access, a widely-used desktop relational database program. It contains the database structure (tables and fields) and database entries (table rows). MDB files may also store data entry forms, queries, stored procedures, reports, and database security settings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c406abc-104d-4517-96b8-dbbcf515f00f", - "label": "HDF5", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "HDF5 is a high performance data software library and file format to manage, process, and store your heterogeneous data. HDF5 is built for fast I/O processing and storage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20c82be1-789f-4441-9728-d51cf2704523", - "label": "NITF21NCDRD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "NITF data can be added to a mosaic dataset using the NITF (Generic), the NITF (NCDRD) raster type, or the Esri generic raster dataset raster type. When a NITF is added using the NCDRD raster type, the metadata fields specified below will be added and populated in the attribute table. Using the NCDRD raster type allows you to create a mosaic dataset where you can query the mosaic dataset based on a limited set of NITF attributes in the mosaic dataset attribute table regardless of the sensor type (for example, supporting a mixed collection of commercial satellite image products from multiple vendors).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20f86520-af22-4e57-9d83-06a7e2ca5280", - "label": "RB5", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The data format for the the Qualcomm Flight RB5 5G platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22996c6c-4a7c-4ff3-9782-1fc3c680a88c", - "label": "EPS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) is a Document Structuring Conventions-conforming (DSC) PostScript document format usable as a graphics file format. EPS files are more-or-less self-contained, reasonably predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or drawing and can be placed within another PostScript document. An EPS file is essentially a PostScript program, saved as a single file that includes a low-resolution preview 'encapsulated' within it, allowing some programs to display a preview on the screen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23a0f833-fc2b-4922-8998-371a4a18bd17", - "label": "COG", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) is a regular GeoTIFF file, aimed at being hosted on a HTTP file server, with an internal organization that enables more efficient workflows on the cloud. It does this by leveraging the ability of clients issuing HTTP GET range requests to ask for just the parts of a file they need.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23ccdce5-cd51-424e-b82a-67e076a86994", - "label": "ICARTT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The ICARTT file format standards were developed to fulfill the data management needs for the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) campaign in 2004. The ICARTT study consisted of eleven highly coordinated individual field experiments with over 300 government-agency and university participants from five countries, i.e., US, Canada, UK, Germany, and France. A common and simple-to-use data file format, ICARTT file format was established for this study to primarily facilitate data exchange and to promote collaborations among the science teams for achieving the ICARTT science objectives. The ICARTT file format is text-based and composed of a header section (metadata) with critical data description information (e.g., data source, uncertainties, contact information, and brief overview of measurement technique), and a data section. Although it was primarily designed for airborne data, the ICARTT format proved to be practical for other mobile and ground-based studies and various data types. Upon the success of the ICARTT study, the ICARTT file format has since been widely accepted in the atmospheric composition field study community and used in recent major airborne studies sponsored by NASA, NSF, NOAA and international partners.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2611e09d-5eb2-4159-a917-7e373727a825", - "label": "HDF-EOS4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "There are two main versions of the HDF library: HDF4 and HDF5. These two versions are not compatible and support for both will continue. However, the support for HDF4 will be limited to bug-fixes and building and testing on new platforms; no new features will be added. There are also two main versions of HDF-EOS that are based on the HDF libraries. HDF-EOS2.x versions are based on HDF4 and HDF-EOS5.x versions are based on HDF5.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2648d5e0-a8fd-4cd0-8060-0c63e15d3a67", - "label": "GeoJSON", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "GeoJSON is an open standard format designed for representing simple geographical features, along with their non-spatial attributes. It is based on the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). The features include points (therefore addresses and locations), line strings (therefore streets, highways and boundaries), polygons (countries, provinces, tracts of land), and multi-part collections of these types. GeoJSON features need not represent entities of the physical world only; mobile routing and navigation apps, for example, might describe their service coverage using GeoJSON.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28acdf05-9aed-44e8-a58c-e47291bbc28f", - "label": "IIQ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An IIQ file is a proprietary camera RAW format developed by Phase One.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a6763f9-0ef9-4879-9b7d-6ce023c75871", - "label": "AVI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Audio Video Interleaved is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows software. AVI files can contain both audio and video data in a file container that allows synchronous audio-with-video playback. Like the DVD video format, AVI files support multiple streaming audio and video, although these features are seldom used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c37a52f-c159-4d16-a5c1-36ca833863e1", - "label": "HGT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A file with the HGT file extension is a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Data file. HGT files contain digital elevation models, which are 3D pictures of a surface, usually a planet, obtained during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) by NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2da9aa88-c3d4-4307-a86f-e048b6297899", - "label": "CCSDS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) was formed in 1982 by the major space agencies of the world to provide a forum for discussion of common problems in the development and operation of space data systems. It is currently composed of eleven member agencies, twenty-eight observer agencies, and over 140 industrial associates. Since its establishment, it has been actively developing Recommendations for data- and information-systems standards to promote interoperability and cross support among cooperating space agencies, to enable multi-agency spaceflight collaboration (both planned and contingency) and new capabilities for future missions. Additionally, CCSDS standardization reduces the cost burden of spaceflight missions by allowing cost sharing between agencies and cost-effective commercialization.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30ea4e9a-4741-42c9-ad8f-f10930b35294", - "label": "netCDF-4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 'Self-describing' means that a dataset includes information defining the data it contains. 'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31aab472-99df-43a4-a4bb-09cd087af860", - "label": "LAZ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "LAZ is a compressed light detection and ranging (lidar) data format that is often used to transfer large amounts of lidar data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "378d394c-8230-49f1-8ba0-8ee7e7abe316", - "label": "ACCDB", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An ACCDB file is a database created with Microsoft Access 2007 or later. It typically contains data organized into tables and fields and may also include custom forms, SQL queries, and other data. ACCDB files replaced .MDB files.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37adee23-d239-4e1d-8ac8-1c7e26f36dc6", - "label": "SQLite", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SQLite, version 3, is the file format used as the publicly documented native format for the SQLite database engine since June 2004. Software and associated documentation are available at https://www.sqlite.org/. The code, software, and accompanying documentation have been dedicated to the public domain. SQLite is an embedded SQL database engine that requires no configuration and reads and writes directly to ordinary disk files. A complete SQL database with tables, indexes, triggers, and views, is contained in a single disk file. The engine, and thus the file format, support a full-featured SQL implementation. The database file format, referred to here as 'SQLite_3', is cross-platform, transferable between 32-bit and 64-bit systems or between big-endian and little-endian architectures. These features make SQLite_3 a popular choice as an application file format. See Adoption under Sustainability Factors below for examples of the many operating systems and software applications in which it is distributed or used.\n\nSQLite is not directly comparable to client/server SQL database engines such as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, or SQL Server. They are designed to implement a shared repository of enterprise data; SQLite is designed to provide local data storage for individual applications. See Appropriate Uses For SQLite for more detail on when SQLite is appropriate and examples of when a client/server SQL database engine would be more appropriate.\n\nThe main SQLite_3 database file consists of one or more pages. All pages within the same database are the same size. The size of a page in bytes is a power of two between 512 and 65536 inclusive. The page size for a database file is indicated by the 2-byte integer located at an offset of 16 bytes from the beginning of the database file. The theoretical maximum size for an SQLite_3 database file is about 140 terabytes; typically, the file size limit of the underlying filesystem or hardware is the practical constraint. The smallest SQLite_3 database is a single 512-byte page.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a3d2a90-5cf6-4ddd-a3c4-c88fa0c6941d", - "label": "Binary", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A binary file is a computer file that is not a text file. The term 'binary file' is often used as a term meaning 'non-text file'. Many binary file formats contain parts that can be interpreted as text; for example, some computer document files containing formatted text, such as older Microsoft Word document files, contain the text of the document but also contain formatting information in binary form.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b7e3e2e-8f14-4e07-a84c-00dc9750cc10", - "label": "miniSEED", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MiniSEED is the subset of the SEED standard that is used for time series data. Very limited metadata for the time series is included in miniSEED beyond time series identification and simple state-of-health flags. In particular, geographic coordinates, response/scaling information and other information needed to interpret the data values are not included. Time series are stored as generally independent, fixed length data records which each contain a small segment of contiguous series values. A reader of miniSEED is required to reconstruct longer, contiguous time series from the data record segments. Common record lengths are 512-byte (for real time streams) and 4096-byte (for archiving), other record lengths are used for special scenarios. A “file” or “stream” of miniSEED is simply a concatenation of data records. Depending on the capabilities of the intended reader the data records for multiple channels of data may be multiplexed together.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bcc2483-169c-4dc3-a29c-c4c2dbab6926", - "label": "SIARD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SIARD is a set of tools to convert some proprietary databases into standard SQL (non-proprietary), capturing both data and schema (database structure), and storing them in a single .siard format file. The tools also enable converting the .siard file back into some 5 proprietary database formats. The SIARD format v1 was adopted as an eCH standard in 2013. eCH is an organisation administering Swiss eGovernment data standards. SIARD v2 of the eCH standard was drafted in 2015.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3be6e181-085f-4a53-b7ed-851f1980dc71", - "label": "GIF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Graphics Interchange Format is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the online services provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987. It has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability between applications and operating systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43e7a701-2ce2-41e8-8893-6b75963fcfe0", - "label": "ISI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "In the twilight years of British rule in India, when the country was faced with the gigantic task of building up the industrial infrastructure, it was the Institution of Engineers (India), which prepared the first draft of the Constitution of an Institution which could take up the task of formulation of National Standards. This led to the Department of Industries and Supplies issuing a memorandum on 03 September 1946, formally announcing the setting of an organization called the “Indian Standards Institution”. The Indian Standards Institution (ISI) came into being on the 06 January 1947 and in June 1947 Dr. Lal C. Verman took over as its first Director.\n\nIn the initial years, the organization concentrated on standardization activity. To provide the advantages of standardization to common consumers, the Indian Standards Institution started operating the Certification Marks Scheme under the Indian Standards Institution (Certification Marks) Act, 1952. The Scheme, which was formally launched by ISI in 1955-56, enabled it to grant licences to manufacturers producing goods in conformity with Indian Standards and to apply ISI Mark on their products. To meet the requirements of the Certification Marks Scheme, the nucleus of a laboratory was started in 1963. While the product certification wasbeing operated under the Indian Standards Institution (Certification Marks) Act, 1952, the formulation of standards and other related work were not governed by any legislation. A Bill with this objective was therefore introduced in the Parliament of 26 Nov 1986.\n\nBureau of Indian standards (BIS) came into existence, through an act of parliament dated 26 November 1986, on 1 April 1987, with a broadened scope and more powers taking over the staff, assets, liabilities and functions of erstwhile ISI. Through this change over, the government envisaged building a climate for quality culture and consciousness and greater participation of consumers in formulation and implementation of national standards.\n\nThe Bureau is a Body Corporate consisting of 25 members representing both Central and State governments, Members of Parliament, industry, scientific and research institutions, consumer organizations and professional bodies; with Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution as its President and with Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution as its Vice-President.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "465809cc-e76c-4630-8594-bb8bd7a1a380", - "label": "CSV", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A comma-separated values (CSV) file is a delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values. Each line of the file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. The use of the comma as a field separator is the source of the name for this file format. A CSV file typically stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, in which case each line will have the same number of fields.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48571017-0cc3-4ac7-b9ab-d0df8ed99a6c", - "label": "RINEX", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A data interchange format for raw satellite navigation system data. This allows the user to post-process the received data to produce a more accurate result — usually with other data unknown to the original receiver, such as better models of the atmospheric conditions at time of measurement. The final output of a navigation receiver is usually its position, speed or other related physical quantities. However, the calculation of these quantities are based on a series of measurements from one or more satellite constellations. Although receivers calculate positions in real time, in many cases it is interesting to store intermediate measures for later use. RINEX is the standard format that allows the management and disposal of the measures generated by a receiver, as well as their off-line processing by a multitude of applications, whatever the manufacturer of both the receiver and the computer application.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49028622-39d1-46b1-b89f-0fc2b4923882", - "label": "CRD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Consolidated Laser Ranging Data Format (CRD) provides a flexible, extensible format for the ILRS full-rate, sampled engineering, and normal point data. This format is based on the same features found in the ILRS Consolidated Prediction Format (CPF), including separate header and data record types assembled in a building block fashion as required for a particular target.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dc86020-d8e0-49d2-b217-a48c18111b51", - "label": "BIL", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Band interleaved by line (BIL) is is one of three primary methods for encoding image data for multiband raster images in the geospatial domain, such as images obtained from satellites. BIL is not in itself an image format, but is a scheme for storing the actual pixel values of an image in a file band by band for each line, or row, of the image. For example, given a three-band image, all three bands of data are written for row one, all three bands of data are written for row two, and so on. The BIL encoding is a compromise format, allowing fairly easy access to both spatial and spectral information. The BIL data organization can handle any number of bands, and thus accommodates black and white, grayscale, pseudocolor, true color, and multi-spectral image data. Additional information is needed to interpret the image data, such as the numbers of rows, columns, and bands, and relate the image to geospatial locations. This information may be supplied in a file header (typical on the tapes originally used for satellite image data) or in files associated with a raw image data file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "53ce2fee-84fe-40c4-bd26-b2dcce86021a", - "label": "RData", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The RData format (usually with extension .rdata or .rda) is a format designed for use with R, a system for statistical computation and related graphics, for storing a complete R workspace or selected 'objects' from a workspace in a form that can be loaded back by R. The save function in R has options that result in significantly different variants of the format. This description is for the family of formats created by save and closely related functions. A workspace in R is a collection of typed 'objects' and may include much more than the typical tabular data that might be considered a 'dataset,' including, for example, results of intermediate calculations and scripts in the R programming language. A workspace may also contain several datasets, which are termed 'data frames' in R.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5513aef2-5676-4a19-9652-edda4d753c2e", - "label": "IFC", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Industry Foundation Classes, IFC, are an open international standard for Building Information Model (BIM) data that are exchanged and shared among software applications used by the various participants in the construction or facility management industry sector.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5782afb9-caa8-44c4-8dec-e793d990b75d", - "label": "ENVI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The ENVI image format is a flat-binary raster file with an accompanying ASCII header file. The data are stored as a binary stream of bytes in one of the following formats, often referred to as the interleave type.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58fdfa0e-ca66-4534-948e-0cc0dbc219dd", - "label": "BIP", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Band interleaved by pixel (BIP) is one of three primary methods for encoding image data for multiband raster images in the geospatial domain, such as images obtained from satellites. BIP is not in itself an image format, but is a method for encoding the actual pixel values of an image in a file. Images stored in BIP format have the first pixel for all bands in sequential order, followed by the second pixel for all bands, followed by the third pixel for all bands, etc., interleaved up to the number of pixels. The BIP data organization can handle any number of bands, and thus accommodates black and white, grayscale, pseudocolor, true color, and multi-spectral image data. Additional information is needed to interpret the image data, such as the numbers of rows, columns, and bands, and relate the image to geospatial locations. This information may be supplied in a file header (typical on the tapes originally used for satellite image data) or in files associated with a raw image data file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59928592-b670-47dc-b025-3ac040ae679e", - "label": "GTE", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The GTE Data Archive Format is intended to satisfy both the data archive and data exchange requirements of the GTE field expeditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a94a0c5-093d-4c9e-bd48-f2ddf1c4daa6", - "label": "ArcInfo Interchange", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The ArcInfo interchange file format, also known as an export file (.e00), is used to enable a coverage, grid to TIN, and associated INFO tables to be transferred between different machines that are not connected by any type of file sharing network. ArcInfo interchange files have an .e00 extension, which increases incrementally to .e01, .e02, and so on, if the interchange file is composed of several separate files.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aedf9cd-c6cb-4c62-b54f-050549e4a270", - "label": "WKT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Well Known Text (WKT) is an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard that is used to represent spatial data in a textual format. Most OGC-compliant systems support Well Known Text. Spatial functionality in SQL Server 2008, 2012, and SQL Azure can easily convert between a spatial object in the database and WKT. A WKT can only store the information for a single spatial object and this spatial data format is usually used as part of a larger file format or web service response. The following are examples of each of the geometry types represented as Well Known Text and the equivalent Bing Maps class that is generated when parsing a Well Known Text string.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c71f6b1-6978-416d-a213-f42a7d2728e3", - "label": "NBJ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The NBJ data files are related to U.S. Military Campgrounds Directory Software. NBJ file is an U.S. Military Campgrounds Directory Software Data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cd15e09-8082-4049-98ae-f402e54929a4", - "label": "Little-Endian", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Little Endian is a data storage format where the ordering or sequencing of bytes is such that the least significant byte is stored at the smallest memory address, while the most significant byte is stored at the largest memory address.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d95e94b-95f7-4db3-a555-a1363fc23df0", - "label": "WKI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (later part of IBM). It was the first killer application of the IBM PC, was hugely popular in the 1980s, and significantly contributed to the success of IBM PC-compatibles. The first spreadsheet, VisiCalc, had helped launch the Apple II as one of the earliest personal computers in business use. With IBM's entry into the market, VisiCalc was slow to respond, and when they did, they launched what was essentially a straight port of their existing system despite the greatly expanded hardware capabilities. Lotus's solution was marketed as a three-in-one integrated solution: it handled spreadsheet calculations, database functionality, and graphical charts, hence the name '1-2-3', though how much database capability the product actually had was debatable, given the sparse memory left over after launching 1-2-3. It quickly overtook VisiCalc, as well as Multiplan and SuperCalc, the two VisiCalc competitors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e17145e-b1c9-473b-9e5e-7680c286c64a", - "label": "PSD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Photoshop format (PSD) is the default file format and the only format, besides the Large Document Format (PSB), that supports all Photoshop features. Because of the tight integration between Adobe products, other Adobe applications, such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe Premiere, Adobe After Effects, and Adobe GoLive, can directly import PSD files and preserve many Photoshop features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600ef75c-9c03-41ba-a57d-4c913acd4cb5", - "label": "GRIDFloat", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Output format created by the GRIDFLOAT command (from ArcInfo Workstation) and by the Raster to Float tool in ArcGIS for Desktop. ESRI_GridFloat is an interchange format, used primarily for exchange with other programs. The semantics of ESRI_GridFloat are identical to those of ESRI_ASCII_Grid. In terms of format structure, however, there are two differences. First, in ESRI_GridFloat the gridded data values are in binary form, typically resulting in smaller files. Second, ESRI_GridFloat is a pair of files: a simple text file with extension .hdr that contains the same information as the first six lines of the equivalent ESRI_ASCII_Grid with one additional line; and the primary content of numeric values in binary form in a file with extension .flt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60d4013b-f58c-42f6-8680-d41d8e6ee90f", - "label": "SIGMET IRIS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "This read-only GDAL driver is designed to provide access to the products generated by the IRIS weather radar software.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61225045-76c9-439f-a44b-b5c1a26635f1", - "label": "DTA", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "State data type is applied to data that uses the full names or the two-letter abbreviations for states in the United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6231402a-7e4c-42d9-802d-7184eb812f46", - "label": "SAS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SAS transport data set files are machine-independent files that let you move SAS data sets between computers running different operating systems. You can directly read SAS transport data set files with several statistical software packages (e.g., SPSS and BMDP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6616fd27-7c2a-4d3f-b361-20ad423e31a2", - "label": "ArcInfo Coverage", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An ESRI ArcInfo Coverage is a georelational data model that stores vector data; i.e., both the spatial (location) and the attribute (descriptive) data for geographic features. ArcInfo_Coverages use a set of feature classes to represent geographic features. Each feature class stores a set of points, lines (arcs), polygons, or annotation (text). Feature attributes are stored in the ArcInfo_Coverage's .adf files. Other attributes can be stored in INFO tables or tables in an RDBMS, then joined to features with a layer or a relationship class. ArcInfo_Coverages can have topology, which determines the relationships between features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "668db73b-2a1c-4e92-8e0e-fda3131b4aac", - "label": "GeoTIFF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "GeoTIFF is a public domain metadata standard which allows georeferencing information to be embedded within a TIFF file. The potential additional information includes map projection, coordinate systems, ellipsoids, datums, and everything else necessary to establish the exact spatial reference for the file. The GeoTIFF format is fully compliant with TIFF 6.0, so software incapable of reading and interpreting the specialized metadata will still be able to open a GeoTIFF format file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a602f95-1d4d-483f-90e6-674dec7bc01b", - "label": "JSON", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JSON is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and arrays. It is a common data format with diverse uses in electronic data interchange, including that of web applications with servers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71467c5c-c54c-48b6-8420-0d19e272d1c9", - "label": "Open XML Spreadsheet", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Office Open XML (also informally known as OOXML)[3] is a zipped, XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions as ISO/IEC 29500.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7443bb2d-1dbb-44d1-bd29-0241d30fbc57", - "label": "JPEG", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. Since its introduction in 1992, JPEG has been the most widely used image compression standard in the world and the most widely used digital image format, with several billion JPEG images produced every day as of 2015.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75ce5e67-f1c3-4a53-bad3-34ba6f104a8c", - "label": "VPF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Vector Product Format (VPF) is a standard data structure developed in 1996 as a U.S. Military Standard for geospatial data based on a georelational data model. It is designed to be compatible with a widevariety of applications and products and to allow application software to read data directly from computer-readable media without prior conversion to an intermediate form. VPF uses tables and indexes that permit direct access by spatial location and thematic content and is designed to be used with any digital geographic data in vector format that can be represented using nodes, edges, and faces. A VPF-compliant database product must include all mandatory tables and columns described in section 5 of the specification. The VPF data model may be considered to be layered into four structural levels. At the lowest level, a VPF database consists of feature classes. In the database, these feature classes are defined using VPF primitive and attribute tables. Feature classes make up coverages, which in turn make up libraries; and finally, a database is made up of libraries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77f3bc44-4f05-432d-9ee3-2e6859ca2896", - "label": "McIDAS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The McIDAS-X data format involves images that are stored in binary files called areas. Each area file is a collection of information that defines the image and its associated ancillary data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "789d230c-8557-493b-8bdc-4e810f4f7968", - "label": "SLPK", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A Scene Layer Package (SLPK) file is an openly published file format for 3D geospatial data, designed as a package for storage or exchange that captures all resources for a 'scene layer' structured according to the Indexed 3D Scene Layer (I3S) specification. The I3S/SLPK specification originates from Esri ( formerly known as Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.). It has been in use in products in Esri's ArcGIS range since 2016. In September 2017, it was approved by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) as a community standard.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78fe04cb-d68f-4b4f-a6b5-3b59660d3f95", - "label": "DLG", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Digital Line Graphs (DLGs) are digital vector representations of cartographic information derived from USGS maps and related sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aafe1ad-b785-4805-ac76-2aa102cdb7e4", - "label": "BMP", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Bitmap Image File is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and color, in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile (WMF) specification covers the BMP file format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7de32ba8-eb3a-4e02-add3-3d828e46bd57", - "label": "Text File", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A standard text document that contains plain text. It can be opened and edited in any text-editing or word-processing program. TXT files are most often created by Microsoft Notepad and Apple TextEdit, which are basic text editors that come bundled with Windows and macOS, respectively.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f6d6202-7fb2-4ad5-bbfe-114803316b63", - "label": "ODB", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Defines an XML schema for office applications and its semantics. The schema is suitable for office documents, including text documents, spreadsheets, charts and graphical documents like drawings or presentations, but is not restricted to these kinds of documents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80323a44-3233-4472-b0d9-158cb9371719", - "label": "TimeseriesML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "TimeseriesML 1.0 defines an XML encoding that implements the OGC Timeseries Profile of Observations and Measurements [OGC 15-043r3], with the intent of allowing the exchange of such data sets across information systems. Through the use of existing OGC standards, it aims at being an interoperable exchange format that may be re-used to address a range of data exchange requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "809da52c-3147-403c-8d4e-e06119ef89f9", - "label": "KML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "KML is a file format used to display geographic data in an Earth browser such as Google Earth. You can create KML files to pinpoint locations, add image overlays, and expose rich data in new ways. KML is an international standard maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81782805-cc0d-4325-8f35-aa0c8e439b16", - "label": "ADF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Arc/Info Binary Grid format is the internal working format of the Arc/Info Grid product. It is also usable and creatable within the spatial analyst component of ArcView. It is a tiled (blocked) format with run length compression capable of holding raster data of up to 4 byte integers or 4 byte floating data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "832bfe62-e5c3-4c89-bee9-4c1b6e80dc9f", - "label": "BigTIFF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The TIFF file format uses 32bit offsets and, as such, is limited to 4 gigabytes. This has been quite sufficient for many years. Today however, there is a need for a good multi-purpose open image file format that can handle huge images, or very large collections of images, breaking the 4 gig boundary.\n\nThere is currently an ongoing attempt to launch a new variant of TIFF, called BigTIFF, that closely resembles TIFF, but uses 64bit offsets instead. The benefits of closely resembling TIFF are huge. For instance, existing TIFF libraries can quite easily extend their support for TIFF to also include this new variant. Documentation needs are minimal. All the much appreciated properties of a file format that has been around and has been extended for more then a decade are inherited. All properly known tags are being reused, all supported bitdepths and datatypes remain valid. The arbitrary number of 'extra channels', the tiling and striping schemes, the multitude of compression schemes, and the private tag scheme, that made TIFF very useful in pre-press as well as for storing scientific data, and many other applications, all remain intact. Yet, the offset bitdepth changes, and BigTIFF files are no longer restrained by the 4 gigabyte limitation from which classic TIFF suffers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83698059-cf52-4267-9b2c-599f671d1bd6", - "label": "XTDR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The eXternal Data Representation (XDR) is a standard for the description and encoding of data. XDR uses a language to describe data formats, but the language is used only for describing data and is not a programming language. Protocols such as Remote Procedure Call (RPC) and the Network File System (NFS) use XDR to describe their data formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "868fc5dc-21fa-4356-a3de-f4c3c9559a21", - "label": "netCDF-3", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 'Self-describing' means that a dataset includes information defining the data it contains. 'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87ae4923-1a96-4fa2-a560-ddf27de4fcba", - "label": "CR2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A CR2 file is a RAW digital photography file format developed by Canon.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "87eddebb-2ef4-4597-bfac-1b97e9f54440", - "label": "SAFE", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "SAFE, the Standard Archive Format for Europe, is designed to act as a standard format for archiving and conveying Earth observation data within the European Space Agency (ESA) archiving facilities and, potentially, within the archiving facilities of cooperating agencies. SAFE benefits from experiences gathered during developments of several existing archiving standards and copes with the major constraints defined (in the OAIS-RM, see next paragraph) for the packaging and long term preservation of Earth observation data. SAFE has been designed to be used in an archive system compliant with the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) standard. Therefore, the OAIS reference model is a major input to its design. In fact, SAFE provides features that facilitate the archive compliance with OAIS and at the same time ensures that this compliance is not hampered by it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b3ff8b7-92b4-48ba-97dd-29e925069745", - "label": "WaterML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "WaterML 2.0 is a standard information model for the representation of water observations data, with the intent of allowing the exchange of such data sets across information systems. Through the use of existing OGC standards, it aims at being an interoperable exchange format that may be re-used to address a range of exchange requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b7ff128-106e-4a40-9de9-5bf3b6404fc2", - "label": "SonTek Castaway CTD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A CTD — an acronym for Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth — is the primary tool for determining essential physical properties of sea water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e128326-b9cb-44c7-9e6b-4bd950a08753", - "label": "ASCII", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "ASCII is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f05ce85-385b-491a-abe5-a39f426e4832", - "label": "MOV", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "QuickTime is an extensible multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc., capable of handling various formats of digital video, picture, sound, panoramic images, and interactivity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94961648-292b-46d9-bc9d-502bc19f0d55", - "label": "GRIB2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A concise data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9efbc54a-b45c-47af-bac7-20e504483dc4", - "label": "XML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879). Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1d1fbdd-98f4-41e9-9aeb-a369a3b466a4", - "label": "Shapefile", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A shapefile is a simple, nontopological format for storing the geometric location and attribute information of geographic features. Geographic features in a shapefile can be represented by points, lines, or polygons (areas). The workspace containing shapefiles may also contain dBASE tables, which can store additional attributes that can be joined to a shapefile's features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1edd41d-50e1-4d1f-9062-7d2649605e38", - "label": "MSR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MetaSensing adds a state-of-the-art operational multimode Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ground processor for satellite SAR sensors to its family of space products. MSR is the data format that supports the MetaSensing system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2904083-1e32-4086-b028-a2afc2ffd443", - "label": "ODS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Open Document Format (ODF) is an XML-based open source file format for saving and exchanging text, spreadsheets, charts, and presentations. Files saved under ODF, termed 'OpenDocuments,' have easily recognizable extensions, similar to Microsoft's proprietary .doc or .xls.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a593731a-ff49-47d8-bed0-7f3f9d3a9e33", - "label": "MP4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MPEG-4 is a method of defining compression of audio and visual digital data. It was introduced in late 1998 and designated a standard for a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a82ccef5-a7bf-416c-8ef6-704e62564901", - "label": "NIDS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The National Indicator Data Set (NIDS) is a minimum group of indicators introduced by the National Department of Health that every public health facility is expected to collect, use and report on. Facilities are required to report only on indicators in which they render the service according to their service package. The NIDS is use for monitoring and tracking progress with the implementation of national strategic goals, objectives and priority health programmes. The NIDS will help the Department of Health to identify the needs in the healthcare system and provide managers with information to guide programme development and budgeting, provide support to improve the healthcare system, and demonstrate national commitment to globally accepted measures of care.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac33b396-4ab5-4873-89c6-e248621961d4", - "label": "GeoPackage", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "GeoPackage (GPKG) is an open, non-proprietary, platform-independent and standards-based data format for geographic information system implemented as a SQLite database container. Defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) with the backing of the US military and published in 2014, GeoPackage has seen wide widespread support from various government, commercial, and open source organizations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac392872-1571-4bfd-94dd-81f93d9f1fd0", - "label": "PDF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac8d1b01-34f9-477a-a17d-21866b862ee1", - "label": "EDI", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An Electrical Data Interchange (EDI) file is a standard structured file format used to share data in the electromagnetic geophysics community. The data interchange file is stored as text (ASCII). Data values may be stored in a parallel binary data file and referenced in the data interchange file. EDI files are commonly used for geophysical techniques such as magnetotelluric (MT) and electromagnetic array profiling (EMAP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adc9dbd1-13ec-4f36-aa3a-378af76ba34b", - "label": "JSON-LD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JSON-LD is a lightweight Linked Data format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is based on the already successful JSON format and provides a way to help JSON data interoperate at Web-scale. JSON-LD is an ideal data format for programming environments, REST Web services, and unstructured databases such as Apache CouchDB and MongoDB.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b46bb83e-736e-4189-b1d8-6f0570fdfa6c", - "label": "FITS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is an open standard defining a digital file format useful for storage, transmission and processing of data: formatted as multi-dimensional arrays (for example a 2D image), or tables. FITS is the most commonly used digital file format in astronomy. The FITS standard was designed specifically for astronomical data, and includes provisions such as describing photometric and spatial calibration information, together with image origin metadata.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5849782-087e-4580-8d39-19777a96d736", - "label": "BNA", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Atlas Boundary File .BNA is an ASCII format file used to store spatial information including areas, curves, ellipses and points. Spatial information is only concerned with the location of objects in space (i.e., their coordinates) and not with their attributes (such as line or fill style, marker symbol used, text labels, etc.).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b62836b1-87f6-49fe-92e6-cd481c6d8456", - "label": "netCDF-2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 'Self-describing' means that a dataset includes information defining the data it contains. 'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb6184eb-1ced-44fb-9668-d57cf1baa2e3", - "label": "Grid", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "An Esri grid is a raster GIS file format developed by Esri, which has two formats: A proprietary binary format, also known as an ARC/INFO GRID, ARC GRID and many other variations. A non-proprietary ASCII format, also known as an ARC/INFO ASCII GRID.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd2ced35-e9f5-4ab6-a85d-0f45fac62c00", - "label": "BSQ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Band sequential (BSQ) is one of three primary methods for encoding image data for multiband raster images in the geospatial domain, such as images obtained from satellites. BSQ is not in itself an image format, but is a method for encoding the actual pixel values of an image in a file. BSQ format is a very simple format, where each line of the data is followed immediately by the next line in the same spectral band. This format is optimal for spatial (x,y) access of any part of a single spectral band. The BSQ data organization can handle any number of bands, and thus accommodates black and white, grayscale, pseudocolor, true color, and multi-spectral image data. Additional information is needed to interpret the image data, such as the numbers of rows, columns, and bands, and relate the image to geospatial locations. This information may be supplied in a file header (typical on the tapes originally used for satellite image data) or in files associated with a raw image data file.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be0d9b66-445d-4109-8784-63f1ea80e729", - "label": "SeaBASS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Satellite ocean color missions require an abundance of high-quality in situ measurements for bio-optical and atmospheric algorithm development and post-launch product validation and sensor calibration. To facilitate the assembly of a global data set, the NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view (SeaWiFS) Project developed the Seafaring Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), a local repository for in situ data regularly used in their scientific analyses. The system has since been expanded to contain data sets collected by the NASA Sensor Intercalibration and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Project, as part of NASA Research Announcements NRA-96-MTPE-04 and NRA-99-OES-99. SeaBASS is a well moderated and documented hive for bio-optical data with a simple, secure mechanism for locating and extracting data based on user inputs. Its holdings are available to the general public with the exception of the most recently collected data sets. Extensive quality assurance protocols, comprehensive data and system documentation, and the continuation of an archive and relational database management system (RDBMS) suitable for bio-optical data all contribute to the continued success of SeaBASS. This document provides an overview of the current operational SeaBASS system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0158436-501c-47e5-9a92-6416ef81d0b9", - "label": "CEOS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "CEOS has various data formats. The mission of CEOS is to ensures international coordination of civil space-based Earth observation programs and promotes exchange of data to optimize societal benefit and inform decision making for securing a prosperous and sustainable future for humankind.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c087e039-7d05-4067-a0e3-150e0ff19aa3", - "label": "DBF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "DBF is a file format typically used by database software. DBF stands for DataBase File. DBF files were originally used in dBase II and continued through to dBase Version IV. The DBF file format originated by Ashton-Tate, but is understood by Act!, Clipper,FoxPro, Arago, Wordtech, xBase, and similar database ordatabase-related products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c142d352-cfc0-493a-a0f1-167ad22530c4", - "label": "SPC", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Thermo Scientific SPC file format is a generic format used in all of Thermo Scientific's software products. In addition, many spectrometer vendors' software packages offer capabilities to export spectral data to the Thermo Scientific SPC format or use it as their native file format. All the converters and translators used on this site create Thermo Scientific SPC files from the submitted spectral data files before presenting them to the library search engine on this site. Submitting data files in the Thermo Scientific SPC format is the most reliable way to guarantee that your data is interpreted correctly for searching against the databases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7c7819e-4805-4b0a-819e-82b453e8fdd0", - "label": "Not Provided", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbcdfa99-4403-4370-a8d1-03b2327a51aa", - "label": "Parquet", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Apache Parquet is an open source, column-oriented data file format designed for efficient data storage and retrieval. It provides efficient data compression and encoding schemes with enhanced performance to handle complex data in bulk. Parquet is available in multiple languages including Java, C++, Python, etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ceb2056a-ab97-441b-9491-62df68970205", - "label": "PowerPoint", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "PPT and PPTX file formats are Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation formats that are supported in the Document/Medical products. PPTX/PPT files store collections of records and structures that specify slides, shapes, pictures, audio, video, text, and other presentation content. This content can then be shown to an audience as a slide show.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfe55cb7-b9db-4e56-801e-0c7c605c887c", - "label": "SDTS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Spatial Data Transfer Standard, or SDTS, is a standard used to describe earth-referenced spatial data. It was designed to easily transfer and use spatial data on different computer platforms. The FGDC has proposed to withdraw the standard. The USGS made an effort to promulgate the standard by making a large volume of data available at no cost and many companies supported the standard by writing translators to transform the data into different formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0b3505e-77bb-45a0-83fe-787bc3812b67", - "label": "Geodatabase", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The native data structure for ArcGIS and is the primary data format used for editing and data management. While ArcGIS works with geographic information in numerous geographic information system (GIS) file formats, it is designed to work with and leverage the capabilities of the geodatabase.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d40b49ce-c201-431c-9fdf-4db38f9b97b2", - "label": "BUFR", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) is a binary data format maintained by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The latest version is BUFR Edition 4. BUFR Edition 3 is also considered current for operational use. BUFR was created in 1988 with the goal of replacing the WMO's dozens of character-based, position-driven meteorological codes, such as SYNOP (surface observations), TEMP (upper air soundings) and CLIMAT (monthly climatological data). BUFR was designed to be portable, compact, and universal. Any kind of data can be represented, along with its specific spatial/temporal context and any other associated metadata. In the WMO terminology, BUFR belongs to the category of table-driven code forms, where the meaning of data elements is determined by referring to a set of tables that are kept and maintained separately from the message itself", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7d5b771-8c3e-44d5-ba14-8a3757cecbaf", - "label": "ASCII Grid", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Esri ASCII Grid files are raster files containing elevation data, and each elevation sample in the file is a point in a single FME raster feature. Esri ASCII Grid is a very simple format. It has a very short header that precedes the raster data. This header provides the location and size of the raster to follow. The raster is written as a series of rows, which contain one ASCII integer or floating point value per column in the raster. The first element of the raster corresponds to the upper left-hand corner of the raster. For each raster, there is only a single feature returned, since this feature will contain the entire raster.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d896a8cc-4fce-4a8d-86bc-185b324fab2b", - "label": "HTML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets and scripting languages such as JavaScript.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db86a588-b3e3-46fe-98b0-9f0699e918a5", - "label": "HDF-EOS2", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The HDF-EOS2 is a software library designed built on HDF4* to support EOS-specific data structures, namely Grid, Point, and Swath. The new data structures are constructed from standard HDF data objects, using EOS conventions, through the use of a software library. A key feature of HDF-EOS files is that instrument-independent services, such as subsetting by geolocation, can be applied to the files across a wide variety of data products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd61ff8e-5257-4018-8d99-3e8bdec58837", - "label": "SYLK", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Symbolic link file created by Microsoft spreadsheet programs; stores lines of text that specify the cell row, column, formatting, and other content from the spreadsheet; used for transferring data between spreadsheet applications and other databases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddcd5941-9ba8-4c39-a498-1e214d1bfa6e", - "label": "Sea-Bird CTD", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A CTD — an acronym for Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth — is the primary tool for determining essential physical properties of sea water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de132e9b-fc00-4c79-8a65-57f774d9a673", - "label": "YAML", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "YAML file consists of a language YAML (YAML Ain’t Markup Language) which is a Unicode based data-serialization language; used for configuration files, internet messaging, object persistence, etc. YAML uses the .yaml extension for its files. Its syntax is independent of a specific programming language. Basically, the YAML is designed for human interaction and to work well with modern programming languages. Support for serializing arbitrary native data structures increased the readability of the YAML files, but it has made the parsing and file generation process complicated a little.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1544d27-a3b8-4b14-95aa-e25b21bcce1f", - "label": "JPEG2000", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "JPEG 2000 (JP2) is an image compression standard and coding system. It was developed from 1997 to 2000 by a Joint Photographic Experts Group committee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president),[1] with the intention of superseding their original discrete cosine transform (DCT) based JPEG standard (created in 1992) with a newly designed, wavelet-based method. The standardized filename extension is .jp2 for ISO/IEC 15444-1 conforming files and .jpx for the extended part-2 specifications, published as ISO/IEC 15444-2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1b78739-ebcf-43c9-8181-3d4e79003f72", - "label": "DXF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "DXF (Drawing Interchange Format) is one of the most widely used CAD/CAM/CAE applications in the world. DXF is very popular and is supported by most 3D formats on PC platforms. A DXF file is an ASCII file containing 2D and 3D components representing a drawing. Those components are known as Entities. The DXF file can represent almost any CAD drawing using those entities, and can connect a group of entities together (such as windows, doors, etc.) and use them later in the file. The DXF file has seen many changes through the years, from version 2.6 to the latest release version 14. However, the latest release of AutoCAD still manages to open files created with any of the earlier versions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1c88c22-0bf2-4798-89fd-fa7d875e4b6c", - "label": "IWRF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Integrated Weather Radar Format (IWRF) was developed to provide an efficient binary, platform-independend data exchange format for time series data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2d8208a-e202-480d-bf3a-01ee96b0642f", - "label": "MTH5", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "MTH5 is a self-describing hierarchical file format used to archive and share magnetotelluric time series data and transfer functions. All metadata within an MTH5 file follows the mt_metadata standard proposed by the IRIS-PASSCAL MT Software working group and documented in MT Metadata Standards.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3b8b3e3-3dd0-41c2-a784-9697ba934d2d", - "label": "SPSS", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The SPSS Statistics File Format is a proprietary binary format, developed and maintained as the native format for the SPSS statistical software application. SPSS, which originally stood for 'Statistical Package for the Social Sciences,' is a widely used statistical software system, first released in 1968. SPSS has been owned by IBM since 2009 and is now known as IBM SPSS Statistics. When an SPSS Statistics data file is saved from SPSS, the file extension .sav is used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5c126f8-0435-4cef-880f-72a1d2d792f2", - "label": "HDF4", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "HDF4 is a library and multi-object file format for storing and managing data between machines. HDF4 is a very different technology than HDF5. The HDF Group recommends that, other than for working with existing HDF4 data, new applications use HDF5 since HDF5 addresses important deficiencies of HDF4.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6ab1f01-1c2c-46a5-97fa-5b8bb874fc31", - "label": "KMZ", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A KMZ file consists of a main KML file and zero or more supporting files that are packaged using a Zip utility into one unit, called an archive. The KMZ file can then be stored and emailed as a single entity. A NetworkLink can fetch a KMZ file from a web server. When the KMZ file is unzipped, the main .kml file and its supporting files are separated into their original formats and directory structure, with their original filenames and extensions. In addition to being an archive format, the Zip format is also compressed, so an archive can include only a single large KML file", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e807acba-457e-4f7e-be44-da5f93f4118b", - "label": "Excel", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebe6f3c4-a78f-4152-977c-296d42e4e9e8", - "label": "AREA", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "AREA is a GIS/geospatial file extension.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed9804d8-e1ad-4209-8fea-30fba3d47ed7", - "label": "Zarr", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Zarr is a format for the storage of chunked, compressed, N-dimensional arrays.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee05a43b-abfa-4955-847b-86cb590fba53", - "label": "SEG-Y", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The SEG-Y file format is one of several data standards developed by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) for the exchange of geophysical data. It is an open standard, and is controlled by the SEG Technical Standards Committee, a non-profit organization. The format was originally developed in 1973 to store single-line seismic reflection digital data on magnetic tapes. The specification was published in 1975. The format and its name evolved from the SEG 'Ex' or Exchange Tape Format. However, since its release, there have been significant advancements in geophysical data acquisition, such as 3-dimensional seismic techniques and high speed, high capacity recording.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1736125-bd43-47d3-9125-262baa182f99", - "label": "GMT", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "Generic Mapping Tools are an open-source collection of computer software tools for processing and displaying xy and xyz datasets, including rasterization, filtering and other image processing operations, and various kinds of map projections.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4930ca9-6b68-4bb8-adb0-81a571e20a53", - "label": "GRIB1", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "A concise data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f49d1197-2ed0-4f88-98ce-fbb86bbb03e1", - "label": "Word", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The data format used for Microsoft Word documents, part of the Microsoft Office Suite of software. DOCX/DOC files are used to store word processing data. DOCX is part of Microsoft Office Open XML specification (also known as OOXML or OpenXML) and was introduced with Office 2007.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8c1fd07-20b6-47fe-a420-f01679c523d1", - "label": "UF", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The Common Doppler Radar Exchange Format, more commonly referred to as Universal Format (UF). Designed primarily to accomodate data for a single ground-based radar, it lacks some of the descriptor information needed to fully describe ELDORA data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa52494f-c855-4d6c-a4dc-46b3090cc6e3", - "label": "netCDF-4 classic", - "broader": "8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb", - "definition": "The purpose of the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) interface is to allow you to create, access, and share array-oriented data in a form that is self-describing and portable. 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'Portable' means that the data in a dataset is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5.json deleted file mode 100644 index 63edda4..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "label": "Vertical Resolution Ranges", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0893353d-4e8c-4b31-bcc5-fce552ccfff3", - "label": "Point Resolution", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "201337ea-fa14-4e58-a538-e92c5ff734a4", - "label": "1 meter - < 10 meters", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20505a5b-4df8-4430-83a3-ad7b212c9bfc", - "label": "10 meters - < 30 meters", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f0aa4fc-802c-4804-9f9f-8b666f3a2776", - "label": "> 1 km", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a66aa809-5320-408d-9cbe-86ed7940b8ec", - "label": "30 meters - < 100 meters", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf1f085e-4948-4874-9640-e236fff7bc8d", - "label": "< 1 meter", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eccf8700-c503-46a3-b6f7-86cf7e48465a", - "label": "100 meters - < 1 km", - "broader": "9728ca44-7bb3-40a4-9dd2-49470ad47fa5", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053.json deleted file mode 100644 index c608cbb..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "label": "Metadata Association Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "05e2b0c3-8cc0-454f-b1d2-8423681bcfd1", - "label": "Input", - "broader": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f27cea5-08b1-4069-9c7e-9848502efcb7", - "label": "Dependent", - "broader": "9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053", - "definition": "No definition available.", - 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"broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c3103f11-b82a-45fc-82b5-2ac7e353950d", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "0673738a-3751-4d6e-9df0-b2eda0bde993", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "bf921c77-6ec0-494f-a9b8-54c01ca6560a", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "c3103f11-b82a-45fc-82b5-2ac7e353950d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9b163dab-3afd-4084-b6c8-380f96a40f75", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "bf921c77-6ec0-494f-a9b8-54c01ca6560a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "13e26688-3e0e-49da-b7cb-0d25d51a9e59", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "9b163dab-3afd-4084-b6c8-380f96a40f75", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "label": "PROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "The Proterozoic is a geological eon spanning from 2,500 million years ago - 541 million years ago. During this time, there was the appearance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere and the proliferation of complex life (such as trilobites and corals) on the Earth. The Proterozoic is the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale and it is subdivided into three geologic eras (from oldest to youngest): the Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "label": "MESOPROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "definition": "The Mesoproterozoic Era is a geologic era that occurred from 1,600 to 1,000 million years ago. The Mesoproterozoic was the first period of Earth's history of which a fairly definitive geological record survives. Continents existed during the preceding era, but little is known about them. The continental masses of the Mesoproterozoic were more or less the same ones that exist today.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4639c868-7e0e-46df-9c18-e04f9e0f042d", - "label": "STENIAN", - "broader": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "definition": "The Stenian Period is the final geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1200 Mya to 1000 Mya (million years ago). The name derives from narrow polymetamorphic belts formed over this period. The supercontinent Rodinia assembled during the Stenian. It would last into the Tonian period. This period includes the formation of the Keweenawan Rift at about 1100 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71103ecc-f291-48d4-a479-c1781850aee2", - "label": "CALYMMIAN", - "broader": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "definition": "The Calymmian Period is the first geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1600 Mya to 1400 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. The period is characterised by expansion of existing platform covers, or by new platforms on recently cratonized basements. The supercontinent Columbia broke up during the Calymmian some 1500 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee9ef5b8-884f-4f1d-97bb-463e2f06ac6e", - "label": "ECTASIAN", - "broader": "17813394-7d77-4d08-857a-d3b045d49600", - "definition": "The Ectasian Period is the second geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1400 Mya ago to 1200 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. This period is interesting for the first evidence of sexual reproduction. The 1.2 billion years old Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Canada, dates from the end of the Ectasian. It contains the microfossils of the multicellular filaments of Bangiomorpha pubescens (type of red algae), the first taxonomically resolved eukaryote. This was the first organism that exhibited sexual reproduction, which is an essential feature for complex multicellularity. Complex multicellularity is different from 'simple' multicellularity, such as colonies of organisms living together. True multicellular organisms contain cells that are specialized for different functions. This is, in fact, an essential feature of sexual reproduction as well, since the male and female gametes are specialized cells. Organisms that reproduce sexually must solve the problem of generating an entire organism from just the germ cells.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "label": "PALEOPROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "definition": "The Paleoproterozoic Era, spanning the time period from 2,500 to 1,600 million years ago (2.5–1.6 Ga), is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic Eon. The Paleoproterozoic is also the longest era of the Earth's geological history. It was during this era that the continents first stabilized. Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth's rotational rate during this era resulted in 20-hour days ~1.8 billion years ago, implying a total of ~450 days per year.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0b4a037a-03fb-475e-b1c4-f18bca899b80", - "label": "SIDERIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Siderian Period is the first geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2500 Ma to 2300 Ma (million years ago). The laying down of the banded iron formations (BIFs) peaked early in this period. BIFs were formed as anaerobic cyanobacteria produced waste oxygen that combined with iron, forming magnetite (Fe3O4, an iron oxide). This process removed iron from the Earth's oceans, presumably turning greenish seas clear. Eventually, with no remaining iron in the oceans to serve as an oxygen sink, the process allowed the buildup of an oxygen-rich atmosphere. This second, follow-on event is known as the oxygen catastrophe, which, some geologists believe triggered the Huronian glaciation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10a82168-ba73-426c-9cc5-ecaae260cf39", - "label": "STATHERIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Statherian Period is the final geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1800 Mya to 1600 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. The period was characterized on most continents by either new platforms or final cratonization of fold belts. By the beginning of the Statherian, the supercontinent Columbia had assembled.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61627988-014a-4c16-a986-3d90009a4841", - "label": "OROSIRIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Orosirian Period is the third geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2050 Mya to 1800 Mya (million years ago). The later half of the period was an episode of intensive orogeny on virtually all continents. Two of the largest known impact events on Earth occurred during the Orosirian. At the very beginning of the period, 2023 Mya, a large asteroid collision created the Vredefort impact structure. The event that created the Sudbury Basin structure occurred near the end of the period, 1850 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65e898c9-b329-4b1e-b34c-c3b36af720d3", - "label": "RHYACIAN", - "broader": "a4a66454-acdb-4493-b5db-765653e5b824", - "definition": "The Rhyacian Period is the second geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2300 Mya to 2050 Mya (million years ago). The Bushveld Igneous Complex and other similar intrusions formed during this period. The Huronian (Makganyene) global glaciation began at the start of the Rhyacian and lasted 100 million years.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "label": "NEOPROTEROZOIC", - "broader": "4407ca3c-3dc0-402c-bfc3-4dabd23f283a", - "definition": "The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1,000 to 541 million years ago. It is the last era of the Precambrian Supereon and the Proterozoic Eon; it is subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran Periods. It is preceded by the Mesoproterozoic era and succeeded by the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. The most severe glaciation known in the geologic record occurred during the Cryogenian, when ice sheets may have reached the equator and formed a 'Snowball Earth'. The earliest fossils of complex multicellular life are found in the Ediacaran period. These organisms make up the Ediacaran biota, including the oldest definitive animals in the fossil record. The sum of the continental crust formed in the Pan-African orogeny and the Grenville orogeny makes the Neoproterozoic the period of Earth's history that has produced most continental crust.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "8081c24d-2a51-4f26-825c-8406b5bbf1f0", - "label": "EDIACARAN", - "broader": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "definition": "The Ediacaran Period spans 94 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period 635 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Cambrian Period 541 Mya. It marks the end of the Proterozoic Eon, and the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc40a250-0fea-4668-9bc5-33ba16ccb2a6", - "label": "TONIAN", - "broader": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "definition": "The Tonian is the first geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era. It lasted from 1000 Mya to 720 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined by the ICS based on radiometric chronometry. The Tonian is preceded by the Stenian Period of the Mesoproterozoic era and followed by the Cryogenian.Rifting leading to the breakup of supercontinent Rodinia, which had formed in the mid-Stenian, occurred during this period, starting from 900 to 850 Mya.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e26ff122-9c3a-4184-b580-bf74c5f1ba85", - "label": "CRYOGENIAN", - "broader": "d0ab2b43-d68f-4ab0-8e5a-fd55974c3f29", - "definition": "The Cryogenian is a geologic period that lasted from 720 to 635 million years ago. It forms the second geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era, preceded by the Tonian Period and followed by the Ediacaran. The Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations occurred during the Cryogenian period, which are the greatest ice ages known to have occurred on Earth. These events are the subject of much scientific controversy. The main debate contests whether these glaciations covered the entire planet (the so-called 'Snowball Earth') or a band of open sea survived near the equator (termed 'slushball Earth').", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "label": "ARCHAEAN", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "The Archean Eon is one of the four geologic eons of Earth history, occurring 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago (4 to 2.5 billion years ago). During the Archean, the Earth's crust had cooled enough to allow the formation of continents and life started to form.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "27660bb3-982e-414c-991a-707abd861f46", - "label": "MESOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Mesoarchean is a geologic era within the Archean Eon, spanning 3,200 to 2,800 million years ago. The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level in a rock section on Earth. Fossils from Australia show that stromatolites have grown on Earth since the Mesoarchean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cd7912b-8cf2-41a1-99b9-8797dcd94fa7", - "label": "PALEOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Paleoarchean is a geologic era within the Archaean Eon. It spans the period of time 3,600 to 3,200 million years ago. The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level of a rock section on Earth. During this era, a large asteroid, about 37 to 58 kilometres (23–36 mi) wide, collided with the Earth in the area of South Africa about 3.26 billion years ago, creating the features known as the Barberton greenstone belt.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dff752e-939d-4b16-a735-bb4af8dbd785", - "label": "EOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Eoarchean is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record for which the Earth has a solid crust. It spans 400 million years from the end of the Hadean Eon 4 billion years ago (4000 Mya) to the start of the Paleoarchean Era 3600 Mya. The beginnings of life on Earth have been dated to this era and evidence of cyanobacteria date to 3500 Mya, just outside this era. At that time, the atmosphere was without oxygen and the pressure values ranged from 10 to 100 bar (around 10 to 100 atmospheres).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2d0ac71-d27d-46cb-b95b-39a6f796c501", - "label": "NEOARCHEAN", - "broader": "7160e90a-d7c4-4817-9b1c-e82211688bdb", - "definition": "The Neoarchean spans the period from 2,800 to 2,500 million years ago. During this era, oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved, releasing an abundance of oxygen, that first reacted with minerals and afterward was free to react with greenhouse gases of the atmosphere, leaving the Earth's surface free to radiate its energy to space. This is known as the oxygen catastrophe which was to happen later in the Paleoproterozoic from a poisonous buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere, released by these oxygen producing photoautotrophs, which evolved earlier in the Neoarchean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "label": "PHANEROZOIC", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers 541 million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period when animals first developed hard shells preserved in the fossil record.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "label": "PALEOZOIC", - "broader": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "definition": "The Paleozoic Era, which ran from about 542 million years ago to 251 million years ago, was a time of great change on Earth. The era began with the breakup of one super-continent and the formation of another. Plants became widespread. And the first vertebrate animals colonized land.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "label": "ORDOVICIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Ordovician Period lasted almost 45 million years, beginning 488.3 million years ago and ending 443.7 million years ago. During this period, the area north of the tropics was almost entirely ocean, and most of the world's land was collected into the southern supercontinent Gondwana. Throughout the Ordovician, Gondwana shifted towards the South Pole and much of it was submerged underwater. The Ordovician is best known for its diverse marine invertebrates, including graptolites, trilobites, brachiopods, and the conodonts (early vertebrates). A typical marine community consisted of these animals, plus red and green algae, primitive fish, cephalopods, corals, crinoids, and gastropods. More recently, tetrahedral spores that are similar to those of primitive land plants have been found, suggesting that plants invaded the land at this time. From the Lower to Middle Ordovician, the Earth experienced a milder climate — the weather was warm and the atmosphere contained a lot of moisture. However, when Gondwana finally settled on the South Pole during the Upper Ordovician, massive glaciers formed, causing shallow seas to drain and sea levels to drop. This likely caused the mass extinctions that characterize the end of the Ordovician in which 60% of all marine invertebrate genera and 25% of all families went extinct.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00c6f0f3-5734-4500-a69e-f6780e365985", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a58844b9-65e5-4b5a-98ab-b99968769d4a", - "label": "FLOIAN", - "broader": "00c6f0f3-5734-4500-a69e-f6780e365985", - "definition": "The Floian is the second stage of the Ordovician geologic period. It succeeds the Tremadocian with which it forms the Lower Ordovician epoch. It precedes the Dapingian stage of the Middle Ordovician. The Floian extended from 477.7 to 470 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb8eee5d-fd20-4465-a917-051562f5fcd1", - "label": "TREMADOCIAN", - "broader": "00c6f0f3-5734-4500-a69e-f6780e365985", - "definition": "The Tremadocian is the lowest stage of Ordovician. Together with the later Floian stage it forms the Lower Ordovician epoch. The Tremadocian lasted from 485.4 to 477.7 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00b13a7e-4d16-4d89-bc47-2839331545e6", - "label": "HIRNANTIAN", - "broader": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "definition": "The Hirnantian is the seventh and final internationally recognized stage of the Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic Era. It was of short duration, lasting about 1.4 million years, from 445.2 to 443.8 Ma (million years ago). The early part of the Hirnantian was characterized by cold temperatures, major glaciation, and a severe drop in sea level. In the latter part of the Hirnantian, temperatures rose, the glaciers melted, and sea level returned to the same or to a slightly higher level than it had been prior to the glaciation. Most scientists believe that this climatic oscillation caused the major extinction event that took place during this time. In fact, the Hirnantian (also known as the End Ordovician and the Ordovician-Silurian) mass extinction event represents the second largest such event in geologic history. Approximately 85% of marine (sea-dwelling) species died. Only the End Permian mass extinction was larger. Unlike many smaller extinction events, however, the long-term consequences of the End Ordovician event were relatively small. Following the climatic oscillation, the climate returned to its previous state, and the species that survived soon (within two or three million years) evolved into species very similar to the ones that existed before.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08eaa5b8-60b3-4872-a0ad-d3dc4bb00d83", - "label": "SANDBIAN", - "broader": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "definition": "The Sandbian is the first stage of the Upper Ordovician. It follows the Darriwilian and is succeeded by the Katian. Its lower boundary is defined as the first appearance datum of the graptolite species Nemagraptus gracilis around 458.4 million years ago. The Sandbian lasted for about 5.4 million years until the beginning of the Katian around 453 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda85cc0-7711-471d-ab14-c034ce53f24b", - "label": "KATIAN", - "broader": "479caf3a-2744-4cef-b992-745c1ffd3e96", - "definition": "The Katian is the second stage of the Upper Ordovician. It is preceded by the Sandbian and succeeded by the Hirnantian stage. The Katian began 453 million years ago and lasted for about 7.8 million years until the beginning of the Hirnantian 445.2 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e941d527-8935-4b63-b76f-5febd609b9b5", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "02f8be65-6bdd-4f4d-9e69-adac5aec33f6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "51b449af-bc34-4bee-9f61-61ba9721717d", - "label": "DARRIWILIAN", - "broader": "e941d527-8935-4b63-b76f-5febd609b9b5", - "definition": "The Darriwilian is the upper stage of the Middle Ordovician. It is preceded by the Dapingian and succeeded by the Upper Ordovician Sandbian stage. The lower boundary of the Darriwilian is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite species Undulograptus austrodentatus around 467.3 million years ago. It lasted for about 8.9 million years until the beginning of the Sandbian around 458.4 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8843625-1941-4c7e-85f3-86e0b552518f", - "label": "DAPINGIAN", - "broader": "e941d527-8935-4b63-b76f-5febd609b9b5", - "definition": "The Dapingian is the third stage of the Ordovician and the first stage of the Middle Ordovician. It is preceded by the Floian and succeeded by the Darriwilian. The top of the Floian is defined as the first appearance of the conodont species Baltoniodus triangularis which happened about 470 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "label": "CAMBRIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Cambrian Period was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 55.6 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 541 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 mya. The Cambrian is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where 'soft' parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. As a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods. The Cambrian marked a profound change in life on Earth; prior to the Cambrian, the majority of living organisms on the whole were small, unicellular and simple; the Precambrian Charnia being exceptional. Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian, but it was not until this period that mineralized—hence readily fossilized—organisms became common. The rapid diversification of life forms in the Cambrian, known as the Cambrian explosion, produced the first representatives of all modern animal phyla. Phylogenetic analysis has supported the view that during the Cambrian radiation, metazoa (animals) evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor: flagellated colonial protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. Although diverse life forms prospered in the oceans, the land is thought to have been comparatively barren—with nothing more complex than a microbial soil crust and a few molluscs that emerged to browse on the microbial biofilm. Most of the continents were probably dry and rocky due to a lack of vegetation. Shallow seas flanked the margins of several continents created during the breakup of the supercontinent Pannotia. The seas were relatively warm, and polar ice was absent for much of the period.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "411f36cf-8c87-474c-bfaf-614723a4b938", - "label": "TERRENEUVIAN", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "The Terreneuvian is the lowermost and oldest series of the Cambrian geological system. Its base is defined by the first appearance datum of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum around 541 million years ago. Its top is defined as the first appearance of trilobites in the stratigraphic record around 521 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "81cc3a0f-1084-42b4-9e40-637aad46aff4", - "label": "STAGE 2", - "broader": "411f36cf-8c87-474c-bfaf-614723a4b938", - "definition": "Stage 2 of the Cambrian is the unnamed upper stage of the Terreneuvian series. It lies atop the Fortunian and below Stage 3 of the Cambrian. It is commonly referred to as the Tommotian, after the Cambrian stratigraphy of Siberia. Neither the upper nor lower boundary has yet been defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0fcada2-4e5b-4349-9611-5879f541d4e4", - "label": "FORTUNIAN", - "broader": "411f36cf-8c87-474c-bfaf-614723a4b938", - "definition": "The Fortunian stage marks the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon, the Paleozoic era, and the Cambrian period. It is the first of the two stages of the Terreneuvian series. It's base is defined as the first appearance of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum 541 million years ago. The top of the Fortunian which is the base of the Stage 2 of the Cambrian has not been formally defined yet, but will correspond to the appearance of an Archeocyatha species or 'Small shelly fossils' approximately 529 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c98a4c91-1b1d-464d-8380-497a186db7eb", - "label": "SERIES 2", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "Cambrian Series 2 is the unnamed 2nd series of the Cambrian. It lies above the Terreneuvian series and below the Miaolingian. Series 2 has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, lacking a precise lower boundary and subdivision into stages. The proposed lower boundary is the first appearance of trilobites which is estimated to be around 521 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "16e234b5-5ecb-4e03-b4ec-7a5e03db8017", - "label": "STAGE 3", - "broader": "c98a4c91-1b1d-464d-8380-497a186db7eb", - "definition": "Cambrian Stage 3 is the still unnamed third stage of the Cambrian. It succeeds Cambrian Stage 2 and precedes Cambrian Stage 4, although neither its base nor top have been formally defined. The plan is for its lower boundary to correspond approximately to the first appearance of trilobites, about 521 million years ago, though the globally asynchronous appearance of trilobites warrants the use of a separate, globally synchronous marker to define the base. The upper boundary and beginning of Cambrian Stage 4 is informally defined as the first appearance of the trilobite genera Olenellus or Redlichia around 514 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81103299-c23d-4a11-9a04-c1041fea5d1b", - "label": "STAGE 4", - "broader": "c98a4c91-1b1d-464d-8380-497a186db7eb", - "definition": "Cambrian Stage 4 is the still unnamed fourth stage of the Cambrian and the upper stage of Cambrian Series 2. It follows Cambrian Stage 3 and lies below the Wuliuan. The lower boundary has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. One proposal is the first appearance of two trilobite genera, Olenellus or Redlichia. Another proposal is the first appearance of the trilobite species Arthricocephalus chauveaui. Both proposals will set the lower boundary close to 514 million years ago. The upper boundary corresponds to the beginning of the Wuliuan.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "label": "FURONGIAN", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "The Furongian is the fourth and final series of the Cambrian. It lasted from 497 to 485.4 million years ago. It succeeds the Miaolingian series of the Cambrian and precedes the Lower Ordovician Tremadocian stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the Paibian, Jiangshanian and the unnamed 10th stage of the Cambrian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1349b331-a168-48fc-a548-5c0c962271cf", - "label": "JIANGSHANIAN", - "broader": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "definition": "The Jiangshanian is the middle stage of the Furongian series. It follows the Paibian stage and is succeeded by the still unnamed Stage 10 of the Cambrian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Agnostotes orientalis which is estimated to be 494 million years ago. The Jiangshanian lasted until approximately 489.5 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a00ebef2-3976-401b-a9fe-6bbcfe536737", - "label": "PAIBIAN", - "broader": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "definition": "The Paibian is the lowest stage of Furongian series of the Cambrian. It follows the Guzhangian (3rd series of the Cambrian) and is succeeded by the Jiangshanian stage. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago. The top, or the base of the Jiangshanian is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Agnostotes orientalis around 494 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1d5b9db-42c5-4dea-a9c6-c0074eb3f3e8", - "label": "STAGE 10", - "broader": "d5a694f5-630e-4164-8789-aaa164a5e34a", - "definition": "Stage 10 of the Cambrian is the still unnamed third and final stage of the Furongian series. It follows the Jiangshanian and precedes the Ordovician Tremadocian stage. The proposed lower boundary is the first appearance of the trilobite Lotagnostus americanus around 489.5 million years ago, but other fossils are also being discussed (see below). The upper boundary is defined as the appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus which marks the beginning of the Tremadocian and is radiometrically dated as 485.4 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "label": "MIAOLINGIAN", - "broader": "167bba30-03d3-4898-8c53-6e50828d1749", - "definition": "The Miaolingian is the third Series of the Cambrian period. It lasted from about 509 to 497 million years ago and is divided into 3 stages: the Wuliuan, the Drumian, and the Guzhangian. The Miaolingian is preceded by the unnamed Cambrian Series 2 and succeeded by the Furongian series.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5172e1c2-f89f-4155-aca3-ff51eba0a976", - "label": "GUZHANGIAN", - "broader": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "definition": "The Guzhangian is an uppermost stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It follows the Drumian Stage and precedes the Paibian Stage of the Furongian Series. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Lejopyge laevigata around 500.5 million years ago. The Guzhangian-Paibian boundary is marked by the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "639cf686-6c06-42a9-8ed1-79fe81c690fa", - "label": "WULIUAN", - "broader": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "definition": "The Wuliuan stage is the fifth stage of the Cambrian, and the first stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. Its base is defined by the first appearance of the trilobite species Oryctocephalus indicus; it ends with the beginning of the Drumian stage, marked by the first appearance of the trilobite Ptychagnostus atavus around 504.5 million years ago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dddaa5c1-3f72-44aa-9147-9b171782956b", - "label": "DRUMIAN", - "broader": "ea5250b7-79a4-4f27-a5c5-9ebd41ab627b", - "definition": "The Drumian is a stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It succeeds the Wuliuan and precedes the Guzhangian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Ptychagnostus atavus around 504.5 million years ago. The top is defined as the first appearance of another trilobite Lejopyge laevigata around 500.5 million years ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "label": "SILURIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozoic Era. As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a series of major Ordovician–Silurian extinction events when up to 60% of marine genera were wiped out. A significant evolutionary milestone during the Silurian was the diversification of jawed fish and bony fish. Multi-cellular life also began to appear on land in the form of small, bryophyte-like and vascular plants that grew beside lakes, streams, and coastlines, and terrestrial arthropods are also first found on land during the Silurian. However, terrestrial life would not greatly diversify and affect the landscape until the Devonian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "15256b96-f71f-43d2-8c1b-ab5dca5dd3db", - "label": "LUDLOW", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Ludlow epoch (from 427.4 ± 0.5 million years ago to 423.0 ± 2.3 million years ago) occurred during the Silurian period, after the end of the Homerian age.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a5bf9cd1-657c-4669-8794-2ca79d769677", - "label": "GORSTIAN", - "broader": "15256b96-f71f-43d2-8c1b-ab5dca5dd3db", - "definition": "The Gorstian is the age of the Ludlow epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 427.4 ± 0.5 Ma and 425.6 ± 0.9 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Gorstian age succeeds the Homerian age and precedes the Ludfordian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da923214-120f-4ee4-8f62-9fde989e3c75", - "label": "LUDFORDIAN", - "broader": "15256b96-f71f-43d2-8c1b-ab5dca5dd3db", - "definition": "The Ludfordian is the age of the Ludlow epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that occurred between 425.6 ± 0.9Ma and 423. ± 2.3 Ma (million years ago). The Ludfordian age succeeds the Gorstian age and precedes the Pridoli epoch. The Lau event is a rapid pulse of cooling during the Ludfordian, about 420 million years ago; it is identified by a pulse of extinctions and oceanic changes. It is one of the series of fast sea-level and excursions in oxygen isotope ratios that signal fast switches between warm and cold climate states, characteristic of the Silurian climatic instability. The Lau Event occurred during an extended period of elevated seawater saturation state, explained by reservoirs of the planet's fresh water being locked up in massive polar ice caps. The sudden reappearance in normally saline marine environments of stromatolites and a mass occurrence of oncoids during the event suggested that minor extinction events like the Lau Event also resulted in periods of reduced grazing pressures on surviving 'disaster biota', which can be compared to the aftermath of the more catastrophic end-Ordovician and end-Permian mass extinctions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "38271019-de23-4b2e-85ed-15af2f3a11bc", - "label": "PRIDOLI", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Pridoli epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon is comprehended between 423 ± 2.3 and 419.2 ± 3.2 mya (million years ago), approximately. The Pridoli epoch succeeds the Ludfordian age and precedes the Lochkovian age of the Devonian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda42e0a-bac4-4ca6-b20d-c09b45e8717b", - "label": "WENLOCK", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Wenlock is the second series of the Silurian. It is preceded by the Llandovery epoch and followed by the Ludlow Group. Radiometric dates constrain the Wenlockian between 433.4 and 427.4 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a4ceb190-02b5-4eeb-b9c8-0d1445006f8e", - "label": "SHEINWOODIAN", - "broader": "cda42e0a-bac4-4ca6-b20d-c09b45e8717b", - "definition": "The Sheinwoodian is the age of the Wenlock epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 433.4 ± 0.8 Ma and 430.5 ± 0.7 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Sheinwoodian age succeeds the Telychian age and precedes the Homerian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a67468bf-980b-4053-a26c-64fc5d9aa611", - "label": "HOMERIAN", - "broader": "cda42e0a-bac4-4ca6-b20d-c09b45e8717b", - "definition": "The Homerian is the age of the Wenlock epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 430.5 ± 0.7 Ma and 427.4 ± 0.5 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Homerian age succeeds the Sheinwoodian age and precedes the Gorstian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "label": "LLANDOVERY", - "broader": "3be2d037-28aa-40c7-8877-530fbcaa2c03", - "definition": "The Llandovery epoch (from 443.8 ± 1.5 million years ago to 433.4 ± 0.8 million years ago) occurred at the beginning of the Silurian period. The Llandoverian epoch follows the massive Ordovician-Silurian extinction events, which led to a large decrease in biodiversity and an opening up of ecosystems. Widespread reef building started in this period and continued into the Devonian period when rising water temperatures are thought to have bleached out the coral by killing their photo symbionts. The Llandoverian epoch ended with the Ireviken event which killed off 50% of trilobite species, and 80% of the global conodont species.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3f87a2a4-2e77-4955-83a4-f3ecad41ec1c", - "label": "AERONIAN", - "broader": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "definition": "The Aeronian is the age of the Llandovery epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that began 440.8 ± 1.2 Ma and ended 438.5 ± 1.1 Ma (million years ago). The Aeronian age succeeds the Rhuddanian age and precedes the Telychian age, all in the same epoch.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b67850f-0a8a-4e35-b6db-ea37d8cbfbea", - "label": "RHUDDANIAN", - "broader": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "definition": "The Rhuddanian is the first age of the Silurian period and of the Llandovery epoch. The Silurian is in the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. The Rhuddanian age began 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma and ended 440.8 ± 1.2 Ma (million years ago). It succeeds the Himantian Age (the last age of the Ordovician Period) and precedes the Aeronian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "608cfddd-ac10-4617-815c-1171a00ab54a", - "label": "TELYCHIAN", - "broader": "ec205df2-0e6a-4ffe-a7f6-8f20592345f7", - "definition": "The Telychian is the age of the Llandovery epoch of the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 438.5 ± 1.2 Ma and 433.4 ± 0.8 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Telychian age succeeds the Aeronian age and precedes the Sheinwoodian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "label": "PERMIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous period 298.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic era; the following Triassic period belongs to the Mesozoic era. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the early amniotes into the ancestral groups of the mammals, turtles, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs. The world at the time was dominated by two continents known as Pangaea and Siberia, surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these drier conditions, rose to dominance in place of their amphibian ancestors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "219be745-055a-4b37-883a-a0fece613e4f", - "label": "LOPINGIAN", - "broader": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "definition": "The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian. It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic. The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms late Permian or upper Permian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4d1a1c38-1c05-4bae-8810-aa1bb03ed1d2", - "label": "WUCHIAPINGIAN", - "broader": "219be745-055a-4b37-883a-a0fece613e4f", - "definition": "The Wuchiapingian or Wujiapingian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the lower or earlier of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Wuchiapingian spans the time between 259.1 and 254.14 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "677882a4-d01c-4858-b889-575f405dccb9", - "label": "CHANGHSINGIAN", - "broader": "219be745-055a-4b37-883a-a0fece613e4f", - "definition": "The Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.902 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Wuchiapingian and followed by the Induan. The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred during this age. The extinction rate peaked about a million years before the end of this stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "label": "CISURALIAN", - "broader": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "definition": "The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2ef634c0-2e47-419e-873e-4649974f7e64", - "label": "KUNGURIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Kungurian lasted between 283.5 and 272.95 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5b05025-2467-4ba9-95cd-2e6c9568d33d", - "label": "ARTINSKIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Artinskian likely lasted between 290.1 and 283.5 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8919fb7-eb9e-4ec6-ac4a-80d6251562f4", - "label": "ASSELIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Asselian is the earliest geochronologic age or lowermost chronostratigraphic stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Asselian lasted between 298.9 and 295 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "feb84480-e62e-4999-b8ce-ad7df84dae5d", - "label": "SAKMARIAN", - "broader": "7cf7423c-bc51-44ae-bccd-d0cffa85bed9", - "definition": "The Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Sakmarian lasted between 295 and 290.1 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Asselian and followed by the Artinskian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "label": "GUADALUPIAN", - "broader": "50437b21-5bf8-4e7e-abe0-007b56c09cca", - "definition": "The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and date between 272.3 ± 0.5 – 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson’s Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5ba80ec4-1060-4228-ab97-d7c24980c97e", - "label": "ROADIAN", - "broader": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "definition": "The Roadian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the earliest or lower of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Roadian lasted between 272.95 and 268.8 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92c8e901-67e5-4d5a-8744-1ffb7f5ec4cb", - "label": "WORDIAN", - "broader": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "definition": "The Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Wordian lasted between 268.8 and 265.1 million years ago (Ma).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93443b1e-9f1e-4f35-9b3b-222bf35a51c0", - "label": "CAPITANIAN", - "broader": "c78b1ba6-5187-474e-a7ad-fd46cd6d93ae", - "definition": "The Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Capitanian lasted between 265.1 and 259.1 million years ago. It was preceded by the Wordian and followed by the Wuchiapingian. A significant mass extinction event (the End-Capitanian extinction event) occurred at the end of this stage, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "label": "DEVONIAN", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya. The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian. Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land, forming extensive forests which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared. Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established. Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the Age of Fishes. The placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. The ancestors of all four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) began adapting to walking on land, as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs. In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician. The first ammonites, species of molluscs, appeared. Trilobites, the mollusc-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs, were still common. The Late Devonian extinction which started about 375 million years ago severely affected marine life, killing off all placodermi, and all trilobites, save for a few species of the order Proetida.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "definition": "In the Lower Devonian, ammonoids appeared, leaving us large limestone deposits from their shells. Bivalves, crinoid and blastoid echinoderms, graptolites, and trilobites were all present, though most groups of trilobites disappeared by the close of the Devonian.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2c142df4-aede-4962-b141-3b84cea639b0", - "label": "PRAGIAN", - "broader": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "definition": "The Pragian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian epoch. It lasted from 411.2 ± 2.8 million years ago to 407 ± 2.8 million years ago. It was preceded by the Lochkovian stage and followed by the Emsian stage. The most important lagerstätte of the Pragian is Rhynie chert in Scotland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d53c67e-1019-4c4f-9ed5-b0fadab11f55", - "label": "EMSIAN", - "broader": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "definition": "The Emsian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian epoch. It lasted from 407.6 ± 2.6 million years ago to 393.3 ± 1.2 million years ago. It was preceded by the Pragian stage and followed by the Eifelian stage. During this period, earliest known agoniatitid ammonoid fossils began appearing within this stage after first appearing in previous stage and began to evolutionarily radiate within this stage, in which a new ammonoid order Goniatitida rises in the end of Zlichovian stage (Siberian representation; corresponds to early Eifelian and after the end of Early Devonian, before 391.9 mya). Later agoniatitid ammonoids would die out in the Taghanic event in the upper middle Givetian. Goniatite ammonoids would give rise to further ammonoid orders, thus starting ammonoid dominance of marine fossils in further periods until their end at the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ec111c5-b689-4482-9bfe-a9884c44f7f3", - "label": "LOCHKOVIAN", - "broader": "599af9b7-4517-45c2-8505-a46fc204e524", - "definition": "The Lochkovian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian epoch. It lasted from 419.2 ± 3.2 million years ago to 410.8 ± 2.8 million years ago. It marked the beginning of the Devonian Period, and was followed by the Pragian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "62e5494d-c515-47dc-a4af-f870874add3d", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "definition": "The Middle Devonian began 393.3± 2.7 million years ago. During this time, the first ammonoids appeared, descending from bactritoid nautiloids. Ammonoids during this time period were simple and differed little from their nautiloid counterparts.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d002ab48-1cd0-42e3-9fc1-608db632e75c", - "label": "EIFELIAN", - "broader": "62e5494d-c515-47dc-a4af-f870874add3d", - "definition": "The Eifelian is one of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian epoch. It lasted from 393.3 ± 1.2 million years ago to 387.7 ± 0.8 million years ago. It was preceded by the Emsian stage and followed by the Givetian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6913b28-5a77-4042-97ef-fcbf743c2982", - "label": "GIVETIAN", - "broader": "62e5494d-c515-47dc-a4af-f870874add3d", - "definition": "The Givetian is one of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian period. It lasted from 387.7 million years ago to 382.7 million years ago. It was preceded by the Eifelian stage and followed by the Frasnian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6b9b49c-667e-4da7-bd72-32b4b5d89c0e", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "866fbfc3-7395-4a77-bc1e-29272e8b795c", - "definition": "The Upper or Late Devonian started with the Frasnian, 382.7 ± 2.8 to 372.2 ± 2.5, during which the first forests took shape on land. The first tetrapods appeared in the fossil record in the ensuing Famennian subdivision, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian, 358.9± 2.5 million years ago.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2cdd9d46-afee-4566-9469-d043dc6d8acd", - "label": "FAMENNIAN", - "broader": "d6b9b49c-667e-4da7-bd72-32b4b5d89c0e", - "definition": "The Famennian is the latter of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian epoch. It lasted from 372.2 million years ago to 358.9 million years ago. It was preceded by the Frasnian stage and followed by the Tournaisian stage. It was during this age that tetrapods first appeared. In the seas, a novel major group of ammonoid cephalopods called clymeniids appeared, underwent tremendous diversification and spread worldwide, then just as suddenly went extinct. The beginning of the Famennian is marked by a major extinction event, the Kellwasser Event, and the end with a smaller but still quite severe extinction event, the Hangenberg Event.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55c20bf0-31dd-4a82-a9a4-928f1a84f219", - "label": "FRASNIAN", - "broader": "d6b9b49c-667e-4da7-bd72-32b4b5d89c0e", - "definition": "The Frasnian is one of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian period. It lasted from 382.7 million years ago to 372.2 million years ago. It was preceded by the Givetian stage and followed by the Famennian stage. Major reef-building was under way during the Frasnian stage, particularly in western Canada and Australia. On land, the first forests were taking shape. In North America, the Antler and Taconic orogenies peaked, which were contemporary with the Bretonic phase of the Variscan orogeny in Europe.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5b2981d-1623-4988-8b28-4cb8085a62e1", - "label": "CARBONIFEROUS", - "broader": "0e098a6e-2123-4566-9069-6a3401775ca3", - "definition": "The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period 358.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, 298.9 Mya. Terrestrial animal life was well established by the Carboniferous period. Amphibians were the dominant land vertebrates, of which one branch would eventually evolve into amniotes, the first solely terrestrial vertebrates. Arthropods were also very common, and many (such as Meganeura) were much larger than those of today. Vast swaths of forest covered the land, which would eventually be laid down and become the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today. The atmospheric content of oxygen also reached its highest levels in geological history during the period, 35%, compared with 21% today, allowing terrestrial invertebrates to evolve to great size.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "label": "MISSISSIPPIAN", - "broader": "b5b2981d-1623-4988-8b28-4cb8085a62e1", - "definition": "The Mississippian is a subperiod in the geologic timescale or a subsystem of the geologic record. It is the earliest/lowermost of two subperiods of the Carboniferous period lasting from roughly 358.9 to 323.2 million years ago. The Mississippian was a period of marine transgression in the Northern Hemisphere: the sea level was so high that only the Fennoscandian Shield and the Laurentian Shield were dry land. The cratons were surrounded by extensive delta systems and lagoons, and carbonate sedimentation on the surrounding continental platforms, covered by shallow seas. In North America, where the interval consists primarily of marine limestones, it is treated as a geologic period between the Devonian and the Pennsylvanian. During the Mississippian an important phase of orogeny occurred in the Appalachian Mountains. It is a major rock-building period named for the exposures in the Mississippi Valley region. The USGS geologic time scale shows its relation to other periods. In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are grouped together as the Carboniferous system, and sometimes called the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Carboniferous instead.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "03796134-4406-43d2-88e9-8334843e9153", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a5aede69-96cd-45bf-8a53-fe5c8fa3f3dc", - "label": "SERPUKHOVIAN", - "broader": "03796134-4406-43d2-88e9-8334843e9153", - "definition": "The Serpukhovian is the uppermost stage or youngest age of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Serpukhovian age lasted from 330.9 Ma to 323.2 Ma. It is preceded by the Visean and is followed by the Bashkirian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f8853f9-6fc0-4a72-9e61-8b8a5e1fdae7", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "e7f66704-f02e-4480-89d8-f0d5c28a18a3", - "label": "VISEAN", - "broader": "0f8853f9-6fc0-4a72-9e61-8b8a5e1fdae7", - "definition": "The Visean is an age in in the stratigraphic column. It is the second stage of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Visean lasted from 346.7 to 330.9 Ma. It follows the Tournaisian age/stage and is followed by the Serpukhovian age/stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c0489a3d-7571-44f8-ae10-bc56da60a29e", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "a9aac8e7-10bc-4fe9-bf8e-c45db58b5eca", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a3e3914d-7777-4e91-80ca-60264adb1e73", - "label": "TOURNAISIAN", - "broader": "c0489a3d-7571-44f8-ae10-bc56da60a29e", - "definition": "The Tournaisian is the lowest stage or oldest age of the Mississippian, the oldest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Tournaisian age lasted from 358.9 Ma to 346.7 Ma. It is preceded by the Famennian (the uppermost stage of the Devonian) and is followed by the Viséan.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "label": "PENNSYLVANIAN", - "broader": "b5b2981d-1623-4988-8b28-4cb8085a62e1", - "definition": "The Pennsylvanian is the younger of two subperiods (or upper of two subsystems) of the Carboniferous Period. It lasted from roughly 323.2 million years ago to 298.9 million years ago. As with most other geochronologic units, the rock beds that define the Pennsylvanian are well identified, but the exact date of the start and end are uncertain by a few hundred thousand years.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "26d10402-338b-433e-a90e-5952e3ae044d", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "c9924714-7cba-41ff-b2e8-f2395d00583a", - "label": "MOSCOVIAN", - "broader": "26d10402-338b-433e-a90e-5952e3ae044d", - "definition": "The Moscovian is a stage or age in the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Moscovian age lasted from 315.2 to 307 Ma, is preceded by the Bashkirian and is followed by the Kasimovian. The Moscovian overlaps with the European regional Westphalian stage and the North American Atokan and Desmoinesian stages.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fab652d-b69a-4005-b6cf-6d9d4a533703", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "47a51602-f1de-4188-ab8d-9aedd88a1936", - "label": "GZHELIAN", - "broader": "5fab652d-b69a-4005-b6cf-6d9d4a533703", - "definition": "The Gzhelian is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian and the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from 303.7 to 298.9 Ma. It follows the Kasimovian age/stage and is followed by the Asselian age/stage, the oldest subdivision of the Permian system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8d669b7-ed07-4bcc-8698-cbab463fefc8", - "label": "KASIMOVIAN", - "broader": "5fab652d-b69a-4005-b6cf-6d9d4a533703", - "definition": "The Kasimovian is the third stage in the Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous), lasting from 307 to 303.7 Ma. The Kasimovian stage follows the Moscovian and is followed by the Gzhelian. The Kasimovian saw an extinction event which occurred around 305 mya, referred to as the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "981c3e53-263e-4a91-a2ca-f5896635bbbd", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "b99b0ad0-93d2-4acf-912c-13d5a1ba12a6", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1e8dafc0-21c0-4f49-82a6-9d38d8b9f16d", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "981c3e53-263e-4a91-a2ca-f5896635bbbd", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20a0db39-423d-4fd9-a89c-7f760d14f844", - "label": "BASHKIRIAN", - "broader": "981c3e53-263e-4a91-a2ca-f5896635bbbd", - "definition": "The Bashkirian is the lowest stage or oldest age of the Pennsylvanian. The Bashkirian age lasted from 323.2 to 315.2 Ma, is preceded by the Serpukhovian and is followed by the Moscovian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "label": "MESOZOIC", - "broader": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "definition": "The Mesozoic Era is divided into three time periods: the Triassic (251-199.6 million years ago), the Jurassic (199.6-145.5 million years ago), and the Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 million years ago).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0d7a2c62-d0b0-4a13-8412-d7cc8d68aeff", - "label": "CRETACEOUS", - "broader": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "definition": "The Cretaceous is usually noted for being the last portion of the 'Age of Dinosaurs', but that does not mean that new kinds of dinosaurs did not appear then. It is during the Cretaceous that the first ceratopsian and pachycepalosaurid dinosaurs appeared. Also during this time, we find the first fossils of many insect groups, modern mammal and bird groups, and the first flowering plants.\n\nThe breakup of the world-continent Pangea, which began to disperse during the Jurassic, continued. This led to increased regional differences in floras and faunas between the northern and southern continents.\n\nThe end of the Cretaceous brought the end of many previously successful and diverse groups of organisms, such as non-avian dinosaurs and ammonites. This laid open the stage for those groups which had previously taken secondary roles to come to the forefront. The Cretaceous was thus the time in which life as it now exists on Earth came together.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "0d7a2c62-d0b0-4a13-8412-d7cc8d68aeff", - "definition": "The Upper Cretaceous is the last geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 100.5 million years ago, and ended 66 million years ago.\n\nThe Cretaceous is traditionally divided into Lower Cretaceous (early), and Upper Cretaceous (late), because of the different rocks. The rocks reflect the conditions in which they were formed.\n\nThe Upper Cretaceous is the chalk. It is composed of countless millions of calcareous (CaCO3) plates called coccoliths. They are so small they can only just be seen with a light microscope; details require an electron microscope. The plates are formed by single-celled planktonic algae called coccolithophores, and were laid down in the off-shore seas.\n\nThe only other rock found in chalk is the flint, which is siliceous (silica, SiO2). This derives from those algae and animals which have skeletons of silica.\n\nThe Cretaceous was the last period when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals. Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor lived at this time. The huge Mosasaurus was the dominant marine predator. In the Cretaceous period, birds became more diverse. Flowering plants developed more, and became the dominant plants on land. The Upper Cretaceous ended with the K/T extinction event.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2fc19a25-4320-4513-a4a3-f20548ed1daa", - "label": "SANTONIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the Coniacian and is followed by the Campanian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4912ab7c-dd62-48df-975c-e3e107a4b09b", - "label": "TURONIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.8 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by the Cenomanian stage and underlies the Coniacian stage.\n\nAt the beginning of the Turonian an anoxic event took place which is called the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the 'Bonarelli Event'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66543c1a-4855-4ded-a610-c38a80cf158a", - "label": "CENOMANIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous series. An age is a unit of geochronology: it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding age. Both age and stage bear the same name.\n\nAs a unit of geologic time measure, the Cenomanian age spans the time between 100.5 ± 0.9 Ma and 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma (million years ago). In the geologic timescale it is preceded by the Albian and is followed by the Turonian. The Upper Cenomanian starts approximately at 95 M.a.\n\nThe Cenomanian is coeval with the Woodbinian of the regional timescale of the Gulf of Mexico and the early part of the Eaglefordian of the regional timescale of the East Coast of the United States.\n\nAt the end of the Cenomanian an anoxic event took place, called the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the 'Bonarelli Event', that is associated with a minor extinction event for marine species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ce20eea-74f0-40cd-b611-4686427c5fa4", - "label": "MAASTRICHTIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Maastrichtian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the latest age (uppermost stage) of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series, the Cretaceous period or system, and of the Mesozoic era or erathem. It spanned the interval from 72.1 to 66 million years ago. The Maastrichtian was preceded by the Campanian and succeeded by the Danian (part of the Paleogene and Paleocene).\n\nAt the end of this period, there was a mass extinction known as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (formerly known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event).[a] In this extinction event, many commonly recognized groups such as non-avian dinosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, as well as many other lesser-known groups, died out. The cause of the extinction is most commonly linked to an asteroid about 10 to 15 kilometres (6.2 to 9.3 mi) wide colliding with Earth at the end of the Cretaceous.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96713563-fdf4-4e05-ad85-36cf66a74260", - "label": "CAMPANIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous series. Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.7) to 72.1 (± 0.6) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.\n\nThe Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas. The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f431ccfe-5f30-4faa-84d0-4621fb602f10", - "label": "CONIACIAN", - "broader": "d3928482-e056-4d2d-ae5a-1e7097099c2b", - "definition": "The Coniacian is an age or stage in the geologic timescale. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series and spans the time between 89.8 ± 1 Ma and 86.3 ± 0.7 Ma (million years ago). The Coniacian is preceded by the Turonian and followed by the Santonian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "0d7a2c62-d0b0-4a13-8412-d7cc8d68aeff", - "definition": "The Lower Cretaceous is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 146 Ma to 100 Ma. \n\nDuring this time many new types of dinosaur appeared or came into prominence, including ceratopsians, spinosaurids, carcharodontosaurids and coelurosaurs, while survivors from the Late Jurassic continued to persist.\n\nAngiosperms (flowering plants) appeared for the first time during the Early Cretaceous; Archaefructaceae, the oldest (124.6 Ma) was found in the Yixian Formation, China. This time also saw the evolution of the first members of the Neornithes (modern birds).\n\nSinodelphys, a 125 Ma-old boreosphenidan mammal found in the Yixian Formation, China, is one of the oldest mammal fossils found. The fossil location indicates early mammals began to diversify from Asia during the Early Cretaceous. Sinodelphys was more closely related to metatherians (marsupials) than eutherians (placentals) and had feet adapted from climbing trees. Steropodon is the oldest monotreme (egg-lying mammal) discovered. It lived in Gondwana (now Australia) at 105 Ma.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4542d23f-a390-4e21-a905-79ec5e9c66ec", - "label": "APTIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Aptian is an age in the geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch or series and encompasses the time from 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Aptian succeeds the Barremian and precedes the Albian, all part of the Lower/Early Cretaceous.\n\nThe Aptian partly overlaps the upper part of the regionally used (in Western Europe) stage Urgonian.\n\nThe Selli Event, also known as OAE1a, was one of two oceanic Anoxic events in the Cretaceous period, which occurred around 120 Ma and lasted approximately 1 to 1.3 million years. The Aptian extinction was a minor extinction event hypothesized to have occurred around 116 to 117 Ma.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d050d2d-3397-439c-86a5-0e41c3e8dfdc", - "label": "BERRIASIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "In the geological timescale, the Berriasian is an age or stage of the Early Cretaceous. It is the oldest, or lowest, subdivision in the entire Cretaceous. It spanned the time between 145.0 ± 4.0 Ma and 139.8 ± 3.0 Ma (million years ago). The Berriasian succeeds the Tithonian (part of the Jurassic) and precedes the Valanginian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ff94259-fc2a-4899-b878-736daf6b3f94", - "label": "VALANGINIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Valanginian is an age or stage of the Early or Lower Cretaceous. It spans between 139.8 ± 3.0 Ma and 132.9 ± 2.0 Ma (million years ago). The Valanginian stage succeeds the Berriasian stage of the Lower Cretaceous and precedes the Hauterivian stage of the Lower Cretaceous.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a26a2ddd-4eb0-4aa8-a6db-8b47622b5dbe", - "label": "BARREMIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago) and 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous epoch (or Lower Cretaceous series). It is preceded by the Hauterivian and followed by the Aptian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f270c702-4bc6-45bd-82ee-b8637073c96f", - "label": "HAUTERIVIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Hauterivian is, in the geologic timescale, an age in the Early Cretaceous epoch or a stage in the Lower Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 132.9 ± 2 Ma and 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Hauterivian is preceded by the Valanginian and succeeded by the Barremian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4da3849-801c-4b51-9403-45ec421dfa03", - "label": "ALBIAN", - "broader": "db06b2a9-4ed5-4222-8533-fbf3ed3bdc23", - "definition": "The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous epoch/series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± 0.9 Ma (million years ago). The Albian is preceded by the Aptian and followed by the Cenomanian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "label": "JURASSIC", - "broader": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "definition": "Great plant-eating dinosaurs roaming the earth, feeding on lush ferns and palm-like cycads and bennettitaleans smaller but vicious carnivores stalking the great herbivores … oceans full of fish, squid, and coiled ammonites, plus great ichthyosaurs and long-necked plesiosaurs … vertebrates taking to the air, like the pterosaurs and the first birds. This was the Jurassic Period, 199.6 to 145.5 million years ago* — a 54-million-year chunk of the Mesozoic Era.\n\nNamed for the Jura Mountains on the border between France and Switzerland, where rocks of this age were first studied, the Jurassic has become a household word with the success of the movie Jurassic Park. Outside of Hollywood, the Jurassic is still important to us today, both because of its wealth of fossils and because of its economic importance — the oilfields of the North Sea, for instance, are Jurassic in age.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "definition": "The Middle Jurassic is the second epoch of the Jurassic Period. It lasted from about 174 to 163 million years ago. Fossil-bearing rocks from the Middle Jurassic are relatively rare, but some important formations include the Forest Marble Formation in England, the Kilmaluag Formation in Scotland, the Daohugou Beds in China, Itat Formation in Russia, and the Isalo III Formation of western Madagasca.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1386b377-26fd-49af-a7e3-7c8be3320997", - "label": "BAJOCIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Bajocian is an age and stage in the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 170.3 Ma to around 168.3 Ma (million years ago). The Bajocian age succeeds the Aalenian age and precedes the Bathonian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e10cbfa-f2d3-4397-a353-752126197158", - "label": "CALLOVIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Callovian is an age and stage in the Middle Jurassic, lasting between 166.1 ± 4.0 Ma (million years ago) and 163.5 ± 4.0 Ma. It is the last stage of the Middle Jurassic, following the Bathonian and preceding the Oxfordian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d25cd2c-cb4e-4133-af8b-dcde0775c558", - "label": "AALENIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "The Aalenian ( /ɑːˈliːniən/) is a subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch/series of the geologic timescale that extends from about 174.1 Ma to about 170.3 Ma (million years ago). It was preceded by the Toarcian and succeeded by the Bajocian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd6d09ee-0c39-4a4f-9285-3bf616b0aae3", - "label": "BATHONIAN", - "broader": "2df3bf58-8e9d-4c08-8370-3678b7bc94f6", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale the Bathonian is an age and stage of the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 168.3 Ma to around 166.1 Ma (million years ago). The Bathonian age succeeds the Bajocian age and precedes the Callovian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "definition": "The Upper Jurassic is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya. It was followed by the Lower Cretaceous.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "19b97ca1-f6ae-4a27-be69-c67cd2bbd985", - "label": "KIMMERIDGIAN", - "broader": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Kimmeridgian is an age or stage in the Late or Upper Jurassic epoch or series. It spans the time between 157.3 ± 1.0 Ma and 152.1 ± 0.9 Ma (million years ago). The Kimmeridgian follows the Oxfordian and precedes the Tithonian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "97bead3b-1194-49ba-b39a-42f5462a36a4", - "label": "OXFORDIAN", - "broader": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "definition": "The Oxfordian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the earliest age of the Late Jurassic epoch, or the lowest stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 163.5 ± 4 Ma and 157.3 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). The Oxfordian is preceded by the Callovian and is followed by the Kimmeridgian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a600cd3f-c92f-4a5b-a381-24e6f4904c9c", - "label": "TITHONIAN", - "broader": "47a5e636-ac8a-4c32-a356-d8c6a7172a8f", - "definition": "In the geological timescale, the Tithonian is the latest age of the Late Jurassic epoch or the uppermost stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 152.1 ± 4 Ma and 145.0 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Kimmeridgian and followed by the Berriasian stage (part of the Cretaceous).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "2fc65458-428c-4d02-ae15-f4b0a1c1dc39", - "definition": "The Early Jurassic epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma (million years ago), and ends at the start of the Middle Jurassic 174.1 Ma.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "071a00d6-29c6-460a-9d59-d593e430d263", - "label": "SINEMURIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Sinemurian is an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series. It spans the time between 199.3 ± 2 Ma and 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Sinemurian is preceded by the Hettangian and is followed by the Pliensbac", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07d16792-c709-4db2-a744-97619e9bc680", - "label": "TOARCIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "The Toarcian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic. It spans the time between 182.7 Ma (million years ago) and 174.1 Ma. It follows the Pliensbachian and is followed by the Aalenian. The Toarcian age began with the Toarcian turnover, the extinction event that sets its fossil faunas apart from the previous Pliensbachian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dd020ac-d5ee-4f39-8a55-3d80a84854a7", - "label": "PLIENSBACHIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "The Pliensbachian is an age of the geologic timescale and stage in the stratigraphic column. It is part of the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series and spans the time between 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 182.7 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Pliensbachian is preceded by the Sinemurian and followed by the Toarcian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb29222e-8aaf-4b46-8672-8525a58e2b8d", - "label": "HETTANGIAN", - "broader": "bc9f3b87-69ff-4841-a227-309c69c952c2", - "definition": "The Hettangian is the earliest age and lowest stage of the Jurassic period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 201.3 ± 0.2 Ma and 199.3 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago). The Hettangian follows the Rhaetian (part of the Triassic period) and is followed by the Sinemurian.\n\nIn European stratigraphy the Hettangian is a part of the time span in which the Lias was deposited. An example is the British Blue Lias, which has an upper Rhaetian to Sinemurian age. Another example is the lower Lias from the Northern Limestone Alps where well-preserved but very rare ammonites, including Alsatites, have been found.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "label": "TRIASSIC", - "broader": "a0bd8bda-adb6-4ea2-ae02-5caef1557ad6", - "definition": "In many ways, the Triassic, lasting from 251.0 mya to 199.6 mya, was a time of transition. It was at this time that the world-continent of Pangea existed, altering global climate and ocean circulation. The Triassic also follows the largest extinction event in the history of life, and so is a time when the survivors of that event spread and recolonized.\n\nThe organisms of the Triassic can be considered to belong to one of three groups: holdovers from the Permo-Triassic extinction, new groups which flourished briefly, and new groups which went on to dominate the Mesozoic world. The holdovers included the lycophytes, glossopterids, and dicynodonts. While those that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world include modern conifers, cycadeoids, and the dinosaurs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "definition": "The Late (Upper) Triassic is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic Period in the geologic timescale. The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. The corresponding series is known as the Upper Triassic. In Europe the epoch was called the Keuper, after a German lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) that has a roughly corresponding age. The Late Triassic spans the time between 237 Ma and 201.3 Ma (million years ago). The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages.\n\nMany of the first dinosaurs evolved during the Late Triassic, including Plateosaurus, Coelophysis, and Eoraptor.\n\nThe extinction event that began during the Late Triassic resulted in the disappearance of about 76% of all terrestrial and marine life species, as well as almost 20% of taxonomic families. Although the Late Triassic Epoch did not prove to be as destructive as the preceding Permian Period, which took place approximately 50 million years earlier and destroyed about 70% of land species, 57% of insect families as well as 95% of marine life, it resulted in great decreased in population sizes of many living organism populations.\n\nSpecifically, the Late Triassic had negative effects on the conodonts and ammonoid groups. These groups once served as vital index fossils, which made it possible to identify feasible life span to multiple strata of the Triassic strata. These groups were severely affected during the epoch, and became extinct soon after. Despite the large populations that withered away with the coming of the Late Triassic, many families, such as the pterosaurs, crocodiles, mammals and fish were very minimally affected. However, such families as the bivalves, gastropods, marine reptiles and brachiopods were greatly affected and many species became extinct during this time", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "11fdca69-e5fb-4b41-97e5-de678fd7eade", - "label": "NORIAN", - "broader": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "definition": "The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). The Norian lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db75736c-28be-470c-b532-71b81ca3fbcd", - "label": "CARNIAN", - "broader": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "definition": "The Carnian is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the Carnian Pluvial Event) occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff133a4b-a23a-4710-93d3-2b802b21c8c4", - "label": "RHAETIAN", - "broader": "35aa6f1d-da5b-473d-b95c-24ba82cc0780", - "definition": "The Rhaetian is, in geochronology, the latest age of the Triassic period or in chronostratigraphy the uppermost stage of the Triassic system. It lasted from 208.5 to 201.3 million years ago. It was preceded by the Norian and succeeded by the Hettangian (the lowermost stage or earliest age of the Jurassic).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "5cf3e2f7-3753-4c2f-ae82-4b8eebf4547f", - "label": "EARLY", - "broader": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "definition": "The Early (Lower) Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 251.902 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million years ago). Rocks from this epoch are collectively known as the Lower Triassic, which is a unit in chronostratigraphy. The Early Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic Era and is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages.\n\nThe Lower Triassic series is coeval with the Scythian stage, which is today not included in the official timescales but can be found in older literature. In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of Buntsandstein, a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "38c83387-bfa9-46d4-8f17-43fc46ac891e", - "label": "OLENEKIAN", - "broader": "5cf3e2f7-3753-4c2f-ae82-4b8eebf4547f", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch or a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251.2 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million years ago). The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian. The Olenekian saw the deposition of a large part of the Buntsandstein in Europe. Archosaurs - a group encompassing crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and ultimately birds - are diapsid reptiles that first evolved from Archosauriform ancestors during the Olenekian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7e63199-3f21-4dd3-900c-e9bfc68c158a", - "label": "INDUAN", - "broader": "5cf3e2f7-3753-4c2f-ae82-4b8eebf4547f", - "definition": "The Induan is, in the geologic timescale, the first age of the Early Triassic epoch or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251.902 Ma and 251.2 Ma (million years ago).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee019c00-2300-4675-9dea-8f993a744a67", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "b44427cd-4b20-42a3-9e14-8d1f6d8399d5", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided. It spans the time between 247.2 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian ages or stages.\n\nFormerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known as Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a specific unit of rock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.\n\nDuring this time there were no flowering plants, but instead there were ferns and mosses. Small dinosaurs began to appear, like Nyasasaurus and the ichnogenus Iranosauripus.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4eb7b9e2-0478-478d-8674-1798e5fb1b2b", - "label": "LADINIAN", - "broader": "ee019c00-2300-4675-9dea-8f993a744a67", - "definition": "The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 242 Ma and ~237 Ma (million years ago). The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the Carnian (part of the Upper or Late Triassic).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4d1651b-a5c2-463d-afea-c211da0d1ea5", - "label": "ANISIAN", - "broader": "ee019c00-2300-4675-9dea-8f993a744a67", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The Anisian age succeeds the Olenekian age (part of the Lower Triassic epoch) and precedes the Ladinian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "label": "CENOZOIC", - "broader": "af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede", - "definition": "The Cenozoic Era is the most recent of the three major subdivisions of animal history. The other two are the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras. The Cenozoic spans only about 65 million years, from the end of the Cretaceous Period and the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs to the present. The Cenozoic is sometimes called the Age of Mammals, because the largest land animals have been mammals during that time. This is a misnomer for several reasons. First, the history of mammals began long before the Cenozoic began. Second, the diversity of life during the Cenozoic is far wider than mammals. The Cenozoic could have been called the 'Age of Flowering Plants' or the 'Age of Insects' or the 'Age of Teleost Fish' or the 'Age of Birds' just as accurately.\n\nThe Cenozoic (65.5 million years ago to present) is divided into three periods: the Paleogene (65.5 to 23.03 million years ago), Neogene (23.03 to 2.6 million years ago) and the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago to present). Paleogene and Neogene are relatively new terms that now replace the deprecated term, Tertiary. The Paleogene is subdivided into three epochs: the Paleocene (65.5 to 55.8 million years ago), the Eocene (55.8 to 33.9 million years ago), and the Oligocene (33.9 to 23.03 million years ago). The Neogene is subdivided into two epochs: the Miocene (23.03 to 5.332 million years ago) and Pliocene (5.332 to 2.588 million years ago).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "label": "PALEOGENE", - "broader": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "definition": "The Paleogene is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period 66 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period 23.03 Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The earlier term Tertiary Period was used to define the span of time now covered by the Paleogene and subsequent Neogene periods; despite no longer being recognized as a formal stratigraphic term, 'Tertiary' is still widely found in earth science literature and remains in informal use. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period. The United States Geological Survey uses the abbreviation PE for the Paleogene, but the more commonly used abbreviation is PG with the PE being used for Paleocene.\n\nThis period consists of the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs. The end of the Paleocene (55.5/54.8 Mya) was marked by the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic, which upset oceanic and atmospheric circulation and led to the extinction of numerous deep-sea benthic foraminifera and on land, a major turnover in mammals. The term 'Paleogene System' is applied to the rocks deposited during the 'Paleogene Period'.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "5e89981e-0ef5-4aec-b118-54fdf197eb05", - "label": "OLIGOCENE", - "broader": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "definition": "The Oligocene Epoch, which is right in the middle of the Tertiary Period (and end of the Paleogene), lasted from about 33.9 to 23 million years ago. Although it lasted a 'short' 11 million years, a number of major changes occurred during this time. These changes include the appearance of the first elephants with trunks, early horses, and the appearance of many grasses — plants that would produce extensive grasslands in the following epoch, the Miocene.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "9388f3a4-18df-45f6-ba3d-7a78579f6a6d", - "label": "CHATTIAN", - "broader": "5e89981e-0ef5-4aec-b118-54fdf197eb05", - "definition": "The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 28.1 and 23.03 Ma. The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage of the Miocene).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb81d8bd-f837-4893-b560-921c28359975", - "label": "RUPELIAN", - "broader": "5e89981e-0ef5-4aec-b118-54fdf197eb05", - "definition": "The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 33.9 and 28.1 Ma. It is preceded by the Priabonian stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "label": "EOCENE", - "broader": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "definition": "The Eocene is the second of five epochs in the Tertiary Period — the second of three epochs in the Paleogene — and lasted from about 55.8 to 33.9 million years ago. The oldest known fossils of most of the modern orders of mammals appear in a brief period during the early Eocene and all were small, under 10 kg. Both groups of modern ungulates, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, became prevalent mammals at this time, due to a major radiation between Europe and North America.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1fbdcab5-811a-4221-899a-3a0610cdcb26", - "label": "LUTETIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between 47.8 and 41.2 Ma. The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the Middle Eocene subepoch.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67246f68-1e2e-48a8-b8c8-be04d247a4c2", - "label": "BARTONIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "The Bartonian is a stage or age in the middle Eocene epoch or series. The Bartonian age spans the time between 41.2 and 37.8 Ma. It is preceded by the Lutetian and is followed by the Priabonian age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "788fb9ec-4963-40cc-8409-398dede7754b", - "label": "PRIABONIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "The Priabonian is the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene epoch or series. It spans the time between 37.8 and 33.9 Ma. The Priabonian is preceded by the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage of the Oligocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5657be8-24d2-4cf0-90c2-c01922c74079", - "label": "YPRESIAN", - "broader": "afd62c36-fd25-4673-a56d-85be8d47f3d0", - "definition": "In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between 56 and 47.8 Ma, is preceded by the Thanetian age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian age. The Ypresian age begins during the throes of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The Fur Formation in Denmark and the Messel shales in Germany are from this age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "label": "PALEOCENE", - "broader": "a77f665d-345c-49b0-9e9b-f9f78a1415cc", - "definition": "The Paleocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. \n\nThe epoch is bracketed by two major events in Earth's history: the K-Pg extinction event and the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum. The K-Pg extinction event, brought on by an asteroid impact and an ensuing impact winter, marked the beginning of the Paleocene and killed off 75% of life on Earth, most famously the non-avian dinosaurs. The end of the epoch was marked by the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum, which was a major climatic event wherein about 2,500–4,500 gigatons of carbon was released into the atmosphere and ocean systems en masse, causing a spike in global temperatures and ocean acidification.\n\nThe Paleocene continued many geological processes initiated in Mesozoic, and the continents continued moving towards their present positions. The Northern Hemisphere continents were still connected via some land bridges as well as the Southern Hemisphere continents, the Rocky Mountains were being uplifted, the Americas had not yet joined, and the Indian Plate had begun its collision with Asia. In the oceans, the thermohaline circulation probably was much different than it is today, with downwellings occurring in the North Pacific rather than the North Atlantic, and water density was mainly controlled by salinity rather than temperature.\n\nThe extinction event caused a floral and faunal turnover of species, with previously abundant species being replaced by previously uncommon ones. With a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles. As such, there were forests worldwide–including at the poles–with low species richness in regards to plant life, populated by mainly small creatures which were rapidly evolving to take advantage of the recently-emptied Earth. Though some animals attained enormous size, most remained rather small. The forests grew quite dense in the general absence of large herbivores. Mammals proliferated in the Paleocene, and the earliest placentals and marsupials are recorded from this time, but most Paleocene taxa have ambiguous affinities. In the seas, ray-finned fish rose to dominate open ocean and reef ecosystems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1f28f84d-f0ab-484e-8eea-2c9f5c141558", - "label": "SELANDIAN", - "broader": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "definition": "The Selandian is in the geologic timescale an age or stage in the Paleocene. It spans the time between 61.6 and 59.2 Ma. It is preceded by the Danian and followed by the Thanetian. Sometimes the Paleocene is subdivided in subepochs, in which the Selandian forms the 'Middle Paleocene'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "979bcb67-30f0-49c8-8e8e-fb7412e75efa", - "label": "THANETIAN", - "broader": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "definition": "The Thanetian is, in the ICS Geologic timescale, the latest age or uppermost stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene Epoch or series. It spans the time between 59.2 and 56 Ma. The Thanetian is preceded by the Selandian age and followed by the Ypresian age (part of the Eocene). The Thanetian is sometimes referred to as the Late Paleocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2053865-d144-4d79-b18b-4fd361be25ae", - "label": "DANIAN", - "broader": "cb277225-be9e-4c22-954e-fe7352e9faa6", - "definition": "The Danian is the oldest age or lowest stage of the Paleocene epoch or series, the Paleogene period or system and the Cenozoic era or erathem. The beginning of the Danian age (and the end of the preceding Maastrichtian age) is at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 Ma. The age ended 61.6 Ma, being followed by the Selandian age.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7e7fb38-44ef-4c5b-aa1d-b3fdcf89d838", - "label": "QUATERNARY", - "broader": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "definition": "The Quaternary is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene (2.588 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today). The informal term 'Late Quaternary' refers to the past 0.5–1.0 million years. The Quaternary Period is typically defined by the cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets associated with Milankovitch cycles and the associated climate and environmental changes that occurred.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "label": "PLEISTOCENE", - "broader": "c7e7fb38-44ef-4c5b-aa1d-b3fdcf89d838", - "definition": "The Pleistocene, often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology.\n\nThe Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary Period or sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era. In the ICS timescale, the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages, the Gelasian, Calabrian, Middle Pleistocene (unofficially the 'Chibanian') and Upper Pleistocene (unofficially the 'Tarantian'). In addition to this international subdivision, various regional subdivisions are often used.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "4a8e2b77-e46a-4646-8a9d-1a99b6d8a4b0", - "label": "CALABRIAN", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "Calabrian is a subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch of the geologic time scale, defined as ~1.8 Ma.—781,000 years ago ± 5,000 years, a period of ~1.019 million years.\n\nThe end of the stage is defined by the last magnetic pole reversal (781 ± 5 Ka) and plunge into an ice age and global drying possibly colder and drier than the late Miocene (Messinian) through early Pliocene (Zanclean) cold period. Originally the Calabrian was a European faunal stage primarily based on mollusk fossils. It has become the second geologic age in the Early Pleistocene. Many of the mammalian faunal assemblages of the Early Pleistocene start in the Gelasian. For example, the Platygonus and other Blancan fauna appear first in the Gelasian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "750b7e7e-8dd6-41ec-8e09-c3026baffd2b", - "label": "MIDDLE", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "The Middle Pleistocene is a subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch, from 781,000 to 126,000 years ago (781–126 ka). It is preceded by the Calabrian stage, beginning with the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, and succeeded by the Tarantian stage (equivalent to the Late or Upper Pleistocene), taken as beginning with the last interglacial (MIS 5).\n\nThe tripartite subdivision of the Pleistocene into Lower (Early), Middle and Upper (Late) has been in use since the 1930s. It is in use as a provisional or 'quasi-formal' designation by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) as of 2018, pending the ratification of the 2017 proposal by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, ICSSQS) of the Chibanian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f54bcf3-64dc-480b-ba75-3298c2299f35", - "label": "LATE", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "The Upper Pleistocene is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago. Its end is defined at the end of the Younger Dryas, some 11,700 years ago. The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch.\n\nMuch of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciations, such as the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and the Weichselian glaciation and Würm glaciation in Eurasia. Many megafauna became extinct during this age, a trend that continued into the Holocene. The Late Pleistocene contains the Upper Paleolithic stage of human development, including the out-of-Africa migration and dispersal of anatomically modern humans and the extinction of the last remaining archaic human species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea3e9d14-1969-4add-83f3-a4c486b922e9", - "label": "GELASIAN", - "broader": "a686e751-3639-4cd0-840b-c8ad25c441c1", - "definition": "The Gelasian is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary period/system and Pleistocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 2.588 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago) and 1.806 ± 0.005 Ma. It follows the Piacenzian stage (part of the Pliocene) and is followed by the Calabrian stage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "label": "HOLOCENE", - "broader": "c7e7fb38-44ef-4c5b-aa1d-b3fdcf89d838", - "definition": "The Holocene is the name given to the last 11,700 years of the Earth's history — the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or 'ice age.' Since then, there have been small-scale climate shifts — notably the 'Little Ice Age' between about 1200 and 1700 A.D. — but in general, the Holocene has been a relatively warm period in between ice ages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "007cc0a7-cccf-47c9-a55d-af36592055b3", - "label": "GREENLANDIAN", - "broader": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "definition": "The Greenlandian is the earliest age or lowest stage of the Holocene epoch or series, part of the Quaternary. It is one of three subdivisions of the Holocene. The lower boundary of the Greenlandian Age is the GSSP sample from the North Greenland Ice Core Project in central Greenland (75.1000°N 42.3200°W). The Greenlandian GSSP has been correlated with the end of Younger Dryas (from near-glacial to interglacial) and a “shift in deuterium excess values.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "078b8751-408f-4410-9925-0840a52e0b5c", - "label": "MEGHALAYAN", - "broader": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "definition": "The Meghalayan is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Quaternary. It is also the upper, or latest, of three subdivisions of the Holocene epoch or series. Its Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) is a Krem Mawmluh Cave formation in Meghalaya, northeast India. Mawmluh cave is one of the longest and deepest caves in India, and conditions here were suitable for preserving chemical signs of the transition in ages. The global auxiliary stratotype is an ice core from Mount Logan in Canada.\n\nThe Meghalayan begins 4,200 years BP, i.e., before 1950 (c. 2250 BCE or 7750 HE), leaving open room for the possible creation of the Anthropocene from 1950 forward. The age began with a 200-year drought that impacted human civilizations in Egypt, Greece, Syria, Canaan, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and the Yangtze River Valley. 'The fact that the beginning of this age coincides with a cultural shift caused by a global climate event makes it unique,' according to Stanley Finney, Secretary General of the International Union of Geological Sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "faa0de65-292f-4a5e-9dc7-1893ca82180c", - "label": "NORTHGRIPPIAN", - "broader": "e000088a-8252-4603-ba55-38189c45612c", - "definition": "In the geologic time scale, the Northgrippian is the middle of the three ages of the Holocene epoch which lies in the Quaternary period. It was officially ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in July 2018 along with the Greenlandian and the Meghalayan.\n\nThe age began 8,236 years prior to the year 2000 (6236 BCE or 3764 HE), near the 8.2 kiloyear event, and goes up to the start of the Meghalayan, which began 4,200 years prior to the year 1950 (2250 BCE or 7750 HE), near the 4.2 kiloyear event.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "e5a3aed9-de46-4903-a999-f9f8bcdf1cd7", - "label": "NEOGENE", - "broader": "db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653", - "definition": "The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period 23.03 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2.58 Mya. The Neogene is sub-divided into two epochs, the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene. Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period, the Quaternary. \n\nDuring this period, mammals and birds continued to evolve into roughly modern forms, while other groups of life remained relatively unchanged. Early hominids, the ancestors of humans, appeared in Africa near the end of the period. Some continental movement took place, the most significant event being the connection of North and South America at the Isthmus of Panama, late in the Pliocene. This cut off the warm ocean currents from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, leaving only the Gulf Stream to transfer heat to the Arctic Ocean. The global climate cooled considerably over the course of the Neogene, culminating in a series of continental glaciations in the Quaternary Period that follows.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "label": "MIOCENE", - "broader": "e5a3aed9-de46-4903-a999-f9f8bcdf1cd7", - "definition": "The Miocene Epoch, 23.03 to 5.3 million years ago, was a time of warmer global climates than those in the preceeding Oligocene or the following Pliocene and it's notable in that two major ecosystems made their first appearances: kelp forests and grasslands. The expansion of grasslands is correlated to a drying of continental interiors as the global climate first warmed and then cooled.\n\nThe overall pattern of biological change for the Miocene is one of expanding open vegetation systems (such as deserts, tundra, and grasslands) at the expense of diminishing closed vegetation (such as forests). This led to a rediversification of temperate ecosystems and many morphological changes in animals. Mammals and birds in particular developed new forms, whether as fast-running herbivores, large predatory mammals and birds, or small quick birds and rodents.\n\nPlant studies of the Miocene have focused primarily on spores and pollen. Such studies show that by the end of the Miocene 95% of modern seed plant families existed, and that no such families have gone extinct since the middle of the Miocene. A mid-Miocene warming, followed by a cooling is considered responsible for the retreat of tropical ecosystems, the expansion of northern coniferous forests, and increased seasonality. With this change came the diversification of modern graminoids, especially grasses and sedges.\n\nIn addition to changes on land, important new ecosystems in the sea led to new forms there. Kelp forests appeared for the first time, as did sea otters and other critters unique to those environments. At the same time, such ocean-going mammals as the Desmostylia went extinct.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "027286de-800d-4141-b17b-6df71fbef30c", - "label": "AQUITANIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Aquitanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the oldest age or lowest stage in the Miocene. It spans the time between 23.03 ± 0.05 Ma and 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago) during the Early Miocene. It is a dry, cooling period. The Aquitanian succeeds the Chattian (the youngest age of the Oligocene) and precedes the Burdigalian.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4faea12f-7425-42c4-abcc-e9253d312e57", - "label": "LANGHIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Langhian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, an age or stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma and 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago) during the Middle Miocene. The Langhian was a continuing warming period defined by Lorenzo Pareto in 1865, it was originally established in the Langhe area north of Ceva in northern Italy, hence the name. The Langhian is preceded by the Burdigalian and followed by the Serravallian stage.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "630bb839-bbf4-4183-92a2-d0aa25de6dcb", - "label": "MESSINIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Messinian is in the geologic timescale the last age or uppermost stage of the Miocene. It spans the time between 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma and 5.333 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It follows the Tortonian and is followed by the Zanclean, the first age of the Pliocene.\n\nThe Messinian overlaps the Turolian European Land Mammal Mega Zone (more precisely MN 12 and 13) and the Pontian Central European Paratethys stage. It also overlaps the late Huayquerian and early Montehermosan South American Land Mammal Ages, and falls inside the more extensive Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f22650c-e749-4775-a99a-9978a89456d0", - "label": "SERRAVALLIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Serravallian is in the geologic timescale an age or a stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series, that spans the time between 13.82 Ma and 11.63 Ma (million years ago). The Serravallian follows the Langhian and is followed by the Tortonian.\n\nIt overlaps with the middle of the Astaracian European Land Mammal Mega Zone, the upper Barstovian and lower Clarendonian North American Land Mammal Ages and the Laventan and lower Mayoan South American Land Mammal Ages. It is also coeval with the Sarmatian and upper Badenian stages of the Paratethys time scale of Central and eastern Europe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9eca563-b06d-433d-b00b-deb3a3572f02", - "label": "TORTONIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Tortonian is in the geologic time scale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma and 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It follows the Serravallian and is followed by the Messinian.\n\nThe Tortonian roughly overlaps with the regional Pannonian stage of the Paratethys timescale of Central Europe. It also overlaps the upper Astaracian, Vallesian and lower Turolian European land mammal ages, the upper Clarendonian and lower Hemphillian North American land mammal ages and the upper Chasicoan and lower Huayquerian South American land mammal ages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d76017a5-c60a-4910-81f7-58a559d32990", - "label": "BURDIGALIAN", - "broader": "32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af", - "definition": "The Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or stage in the early Miocene. It spans the time between 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma and 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). Preceded by the Aquitanian, the Burdigalian was the first and longest warming period of the Miocene and is succeeded by the Langhian.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cb96c3b-1a1c-4d26-a894-2638d5cd05d1", - "label": "PLIOCENE", - "broader": "e5a3aed9-de46-4903-a999-f9f8bcdf1cd7", - "definition": "The Pliocene, 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago, was a time of global cooling after the warmer Miocene. The cooling and drying of the global environment may have contributed to the enormous spread of grasslands and savannas during this time. The change in vegetation undoubtedly was a major factor in the rise of long-legged grazers who came to live in these areas.\n\nAdditionally, the Panamanian land-bridge between North and South America appeared during the Pliocene, allowing migrations of plants and animals into new habitats. Of even greater impact was the accumulation of ice at the poles, which would lead to the extinction of most species living there, as well as the advance of glaciers and ice ages of the Late Pliocene and the following Pleistocene.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "430b7535-b720-4b3e-a497-5517eb571a75", - "label": "PIACENZIAN", - "broader": "6cb96c3b-1a1c-4d26-a894-2638d5cd05d1", - "definition": "The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma and 2.588 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). The Piacenzian is after the Zanclean and is followed by the Gelasian (part of the Pleistocene).\n\nThe Piacenzian is roughly coeval with the European land mammal age MN 16, overlaps the late Chapadmalalan and early Uquian South American land mammal age and falls inside the more extensive Blancan North American land mammal age. It also correlates with the Astian, Redonian, Reuverian and Romanian regional stages of Europe. Some authorities describe the British Red Crag Formation and Waltonian stage as late Piacenzian, while others regard them as early Pleistocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd16d901-1c9f-4373-ab7d-d5292049b7a6", - "label": "ZANCLEAN", - "broader": "6cb96c3b-1a1c-4d26-a894-2638d5cd05d1", - "definition": "The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Messinian age of the Miocene epoch, and followed by the Piacenzian age.\n\nThe Zanclean can be correlated with regionally used stages, such as the Tabianian or Dacian of Central Europe. It also corresponds to the late Hemphillian to mid-Blancan North American Land Mammal Ages. In California, the Zanclean roughly corresponds to the mid-Delmontian Californian Stage of from 7.5 To 2.9 Ma ago.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7626c29-a1d3-4d0c-a263-616fe060f164", - "label": "HADEAN", - "broader": "a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190", - "definition": "Hadean time (4.6 to 4 billion years ago) is not a geological period as such. No rocks on the Earth are this old, except for meteorites. During Hadean time, the Solar System was forming, probably within a large cloud of gas and dust around the sun, called an accretion disc. The relative abundance of heavier elements in the Solar System suggests that this gas and dust was derived from a supernova, or supernovas — the explosion of an old, massive star.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8.json index 675beb8..a90cf71 100644 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8.json +++ b/resources/keywords/gcmd-b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8.json @@ -2,73 +2,73 @@ { "uuid": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", "label": "Instruments", - "broader": null, + "parentId": null, "definition": "There are two types of remote sensing instruments—passive and active. Passive instruments detect natural energy that is reflected or emitted from the observed scene. Passive instruments sense only radiation emitted by the object being viewed or reflected by the object from a source other than the instrument. Reflected sunlight is the most common external source of radiation sensed by passive instruments. Scientists use a variety of passive remote sensors.", "children": [ { "uuid": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "label": "Solar/Space Observing Instruments", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", + "parentId": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "label": "Photon/Optical Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", + "parentId": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0883dd32-8449-4e0a-8202-7f1437b01487", "label": "VAE", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "The Visible Airglow Experiment (VAE) on Atmosphere Explorers\nC, -D and -E (AE-C, -D, -E) is an airglow photometer designed to\nmeasure various thermospherlc emission features during the day and\nnight both at low latitudes and in auroras. The photometer has two\ndistinct optical channels, a high sensitlvity channel (channel 2)\nwith a large field of view (3 degrees half angle cone) and a low sensitivity\nchannel (channel 1) with a narrow field of view (3/4 degree half angle cone)\nto resolve small airglow features. The system is protected by a combination\n100 to 1 attenuating system and a cathode back biasing scheme\nwhich allows measurements of maximum sensitivity within a fraction of\na second of viewing the bright limb of the earth.\n\nThe experimental design allows six atmospheric emissions from\nthe near ultraviolet to the near infrared to be monitored regularly on\neach satellite. The six filters are mounted on a wheel along with a\ndark position and calibrate position. The calibration source is made\nof phosphor and is activated by radioactive promethium. Each optical\nsystem employs a combination of a simple objective lens and field stop\nto define the angular field of view. The integration periods for\nchannels 1 and 2 are 32 and 120 msec, respectively.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0cca1c24-ea39-45ae-97a4-a1c5ab8b1739", "label": "RED CORONAGRAPH", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "A RED CORONAGRAPH is a instrument used for photographing the\ncorona and prominences of the sun at times other than at solar\neclipse; An occulting disk used to block out the image of the\nbody of the sun in the focal plane of the objective lines, light\nof the corona passes through and onto film which is filter by\nred light.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "28b720e9-f104-42f7-80b0-ac24986c6b23", "label": "STOKES POLARIMETER", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "A Stokes Polarimeter is used to analyze light of\narbitrary polarization states.\n\n[Summary provided by Meadowlark Optics]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "442b619e-48aa-48a2-8048-de57cf04e5c2", "label": "LYMAN-ALPHA PHOTOMETER", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "The Lyman alpha photometer (LAP) on board the SS-520-1 rocket,\nwhich was launched at sunset at 0830 UT on February 5, 1998,\nobserved geocoronal H and D Lyman alpha emissions. The LAP has H\nand D abserption cells to measure H and D Lyman alpha emission\nseparately. The width of Lyman alpha emission can be estimated\nby changing the optical depth of the cell by switching the\nfilament current of each cell.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-jm.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/1999cd-rom/pdf/ed/ed-p016_e.pdf'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", "label": "Cameras", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "efa1e3d9-c9b8-485d-ae7e-b4616040e4fd", "label": "CBERS", - "broader": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", + "parentId": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", "definition": "The CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)cooperative program has been jointly developed by China and Brazil to build up a set of remote sensing Satellites. CBERS-1 was launched on Oct. 14, 1999, which operated until Aug. 2003. CBERS-2 was launched on Oct. 21, 2003, which is still working in orbit. The third satellite CBERS-2B was launched on Sep.19, 2007, which carries in-board a multisensor payload with different spatial resolutions called: HR (High Resolution Panchromatic), CCD (Charge Coupled Device) and WFI (Wide Field Image) camera. \n\nIRMSS is present in CBERS-1 and -2, not however in CBERS-2B, where it was replaced by HRC (High-Resolution Panchromatic Camera). The IRMSS operates in 4 spectral bands, thus extending the CBERS spectral coverage up to the thermal infrared range. It images a 120 km swath with the resolution of 80m (160m in the thermal channel). In 26 days one obtains a complete Earth coverage that can be correlated with the images of the CCD camera. \n\nHR camera is the first civilian high spatial resolution sensor, whose designed spatial resolution is 2.36m. HR camera operates in a single spectral band which covers visible and near-infrared bands. It is only present in CBERS-2B, not in CBERS-1 and -2. It generates images of 27km width and resolution 2.7m, which will allow the observation of surface objects with large detail. Given its 27km swath, five 26 days cycles are necessary for the 113km standard CCD swath to be covered by HRC. \n\nThe CCD camera provides images of a 113 km wide strip with 20m spatial resolution. Since this camera has a sideways pointing capability of ± 32 degrees, it is capable of taking stereoscopic images of a certain region. In addition, any phenomenon detected by the WFI may be 'zoomed in' by the oblique view of the CCD camera with a maximum time lag of 3 days. The CCD camera operates in 5 spectral bands that include a panchromatic one from 0.51 to 0.73 µm. The two spectral bands of the WFI are also present in the CCD camera to allow complementing the data of the two types of remote sensing images. A complete coverage cycle of the CCD camera takes 26 days.\n\nThe WFI has a ground swath of 890 km which provides a synoptic view with spatial resolution of 260m. The Earth surface is completely covered in about 5 days.\n\nThe data collected by the satellites are used in several applications, such as CPTEC weather forecast, ocean circulation studies, tides, chemistry of the atmosphere, agriculture planning, besides others, thru more than 600 platforms installed in Brazil. One important application is the hydrological basin monitoring by the ANA and SIVAM platform networks, which provides Brazilian river and rain data.\n\nCBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and -4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and -2. Four cameras will be present in the payload module, with improved geometrical and radiometric performance. They are: PanMux Camera-PANMUX, Multi-spectral Camera-MUXCAM, Scanning Medium Resolution Scanner-IRSCAM and Wide Field Imaging Camera-WFICAM. The orbits of the two satellites will be the same as for CBERS-1 and -2.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Cameras\n Short_Name: CBERS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: WIDE FIELD IMAGER\n Short_Name: HIGH RESOLUTION CAMERA\n Short_Name: CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers1-2.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-05-30\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration (CNSA)\n Instrument_Owner: Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff1e71a9-62ed-4dbd-b0c7-f70c54a79d34", "label": "SPIN-SCAN AURORAL IMAGER", - "broader": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", + "parentId": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", "definition": "The SPIN-SCAN AURORAL IMAGER is located on the Dynamics\nExplorer-1; The DE-1 auroral image data set consists of all\nmission analysis files (MAFs). Each MAF contains one\nnadir-centered image produced by one of the three photometers;\nauroral images are obtained at 391.4, 557.7 and 630.0\nnm. Several background filters are also provided.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fff596a8-f792-4627-8c3a-954012a1969b", "label": "SPECTROHELIOGRAPHS", - "broader": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", + "parentId": "6c0e547e-70cc-47db-8c8c-97c5ba73f1da", "definition": "SPECTROHELIOGRAPHS are H-alpha spectroheliograms which are\ngenerally taken with telescopes equipped with a half-angstrom\nbandwidth Halle filter. These H-alpha observations consist of\nsolar patrols (routine monitoring) of the whole disk or selected\nregions of the sun; two of the six instruments on board the\nOSO-7 were a EUV spectroheliograph and a Hard X-ray Spectrometer\n(Datlowe, Elcan, and Hudson 1974). The spectroheliograph\nprovided 5'x5' rasters spectroheliograms) over the active region\nat four wavelengths every 61 s, with a pixel size of 12' x\n20'. Only about 1/3 of the solar image was scanned. The\ninstrument could co-record H-alpha spectroheliograms with a wide\n0.086 nm band pass, blue shifted 0.016 nm from the H-alpha rest\nwavelength through the same aperture as the EUV\nspectroheliograms.", "children": [] } @@ -77,111 +77,111 @@ { "uuid": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "label": "Telescopes", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "05465677-7016-46cb-984f-76f27aa67bb3", "label": "SOLAR TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "A SOLAR TELESCOPES is a magnifier of images of distant objects.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1cc74977-f4b6-44e1-a9f0-ff0af803f93c", "label": "C/P", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "328ad1dd-e526-4995-9245-f251b6e02ecf", "label": "LAT", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "LAT baseline design for the GLAST tracker consists of a four-by-four array of tower modules. Each tower module consists of interleaved planes of silicon-strip detectors and tracker tungsten converter sheets. Silicon-strip detectors are able to more precisely track the electron or positron produced from the initial gamma-ray than previous types of detectors. SSDs will have the ability to determine the location of an object in the sky to within 0.5 to 5 arc minutes. The pair conversion signature is also used to help reject the much larger background of charged cosmic rays. The high intrinsic efficiency and reliability of this technology enables straight forward event reconstruction and excellent resolution with small tails. These ease-of-use properties will maximize the mission science return for guest observers.\n\nSummary provided by http://www-glast.stanford.edu/Instrument.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: LAT\n Long_Name: Large Area Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FERMI\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-glast.stanford.edu/Instrument.html\n Sample_Image: http://www-glast.stanford.edu/images/glast2close.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "406d1bc6-8488-4691-a35e-f7e61b8aa268", "label": "SOT", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51f533ea-9529-4916-b47f-8f2143f2fe1b", "label": "SOON SOLAR TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f28194d-9df5-4ec4-bbbd-075cb23cc4ae", "label": "TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "The TRACE imaging telescope is the sole science instrument on the spacecraft. Its primary science objectives are to: (1) follow the evolution of magnetic field structures from the solar interior to the corona; (2) investigate the mechanisms of the heating of the outer solar atmosphere; and, (3) determine the triggers and onset of solar flares and mass ejections.\n\nThe 30 cm aperture Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) telescope on the TRACE mission uses four normal-incidence coatings for the EUV and UV on quadrants of the primary and secondary mirrors. The segmented coatings on solid mirrors form identically sized and perfectly coaligned images. Pointing is internally stabilized to 0.1 arc second against spacecraft jitter. A 1024 x 1024 CCD detector collects images over an 8.5 x 8.5 arc minute field-of-view (FOV). A powerful data handling computer enables very flexible use of the CCD array including adaptive target selection, data compression, and fast operation for a limited FOV.\n\nFor more information on the TRACE telescope, see: http://vestige.lmsal.com/TRACE/Project/Instrument/insrument.htm \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE\n Long_Name: Transition Region and Coronal Explorer Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 284A - 2500A\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 8.4 - 170 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://trace.lmsal.com/Project/Instrument/insrument.htm\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1998-020A-01\n Online_Resource: http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/\n Sample_Image: http://trace.lmsal.com/Images/insphoto.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1998-04-02\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f75c1a9-6b02-4239-9809-10f95201b407", "label": "OPTICAL TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "OPTICAL TELESCOPES provide a magnifier of images of distant objects.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a84eba5f-3055-4c0b-ba38-9c7ccd230237", "label": "TELESCOPES", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "TELESCOPES provide a magnification of images of distant objects.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4c33855-3aae-436d-8e75-8d6e432729eb", "label": "ICECUBE", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e853c3c9-9745-4b49-95dd-c1545d134914", "label": "LASCO", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "The Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph (LASCO) instrument is one of 11\ninstruments included on the joint NASA/ESA SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric\nObservatory) spacecraft. The LASCO instrument is a set of three coronagraphs\nthat image the solar corona from 1.1 to 32 solar radii. It is convenient to\nmeasure distances in terms of solar radii. One solar radius is about 700,000\nkm, 420,000 miles or 16 arc minutes. A coronagraph is a telescope that is\ndesigned to block light coming from the solar disk, in order to see the\nextremely faint emission from the region around the sun, called the corona.\nLASCO was built by an international consortium of four institutions in four\ndifferent countries:\n- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC\n- Max-Planck-Institute for Aeronomy, Lindau, Germany\n- Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England\n- Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale, Marseille, France\n\nThe LASCO electronics box also provides services for an additional experiment\ncalled the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT). Since the two\nexperiments are closely coupled, status and other general information can be\nobtained at this site, but more specific information is available from the EIT\nhome page (http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/lasco.html\nand\nhttp://star.mpae.gwdg.de/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LASCO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: LASCO\n Long_Name: Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.07 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/\n Online_Resource: http://star.mpae.gwdg.de/\n Sample_Image: http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/content/gif/LASCO_front.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Naval Research Lab\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "296313a6-101e-4441-9c04-c49c5d3b0436", "label": "PS2", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "Planet achieved Mission 1 after the successful launch of 88 Dove satellites in February 2017 and the successful launch of a further 48 Dove satellites in July 2017. This groundbreaking feat enabled Planet to image the world’s land mass, roughly 150Mkm2, every single day in 4 spectral bands: blue, green, red and near-infrared (NIR).\n\nThese Dove satellites carry instruments comprised of a telescope we call 'PS2' paired with a 2D frame detector having 6600 pixels across by 4400 lines down. The detector has a Bayer pattern filter separating the wavelengths of light into blue, green and red channels. On top of the Bayer pattern filter is a “2-stripe” filter, where the top half blocks the NIR wavelengths, thus allowing only the blue, green and red light to pass through, and the bottom half allows only the NIR wavelengths of light to pass through.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87a3848a-9791-4039-8005-2692f3818762", "label": "PS2.SD", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "The PS2.SD instrument is comprised of the same 'PS2' telescope and the same 2D frame detector as used in PS2. The Bayer pattern filter and pass-band filters in the PS2 satellites have been replaced with a high-performance butcher-block filter. The PS2.SD filter is made up of 4 individual pass-band filters, that separate the light into each of the blue, green, red and NIR channels. The choice of the pass-band filters for PS2.SD match closely with and are interoperable with those of Sentinel-2. We’ve named this new instrument PS2.SD.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80b5c374-728b-4ae3-b3e9-f86cc70475e0", "label": "PSB.SD", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "The new PSB.SD instrument is comprised of the next-generation 'PSBlue' telescope with a larger 47 megapixel sensor and the same filter response as PS2.SD above, in the Red, Green, Blue and NIR bands.\n\nThe PSB.SD payloads extend on this capability so that in addition to the four bands that are identical to the PS2.SD spectral bands above (Red, Green II, Blue and NIR), there is also an additional band. Specifically, Red Edge, which is meant to be interoperable with Sentinel-2 band 5.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "456fc7e9-f39a-48f8-9fbc-86c2a219e0f2", "label": "PS1", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "PS1 features the same optical system as PS0, aligned and mounted in an isolated carbon fiber/titanium telescope. This telescope is matched with an 11MP CCD detector.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b83c7872-9b24-4ffe-97b3-a410d669f88e", "label": "PS0", - "broader": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", + "parentId": "7502f18e-f489-49f5-b879-27d5407df7ec", "definition": "PS0 features a 2 element Maksutov Cassegrain optical system paired with an 11MP CCD detector. Optical elements are mounted relative to the structure of the spacecraft.", "children": [] } @@ -190,41 +190,41 @@ { "uuid": "83eedf76-1354-4c80-9804-c2d0ad26b199", "label": "OPTICAL TRACKING", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b45bd54a-636a-4ab6-ad98-72e7b45b5593", "label": "HMI-SDO", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "[Source: Stanford University HMI home page, http://hmi.stanford.edu/ ]\n\nThe primary goal of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) investigation is to study the origin of solar variability and to characterize and understand the Sun’s interior and the various components of magnetic activity. The HMI investigation is based on measurements obtained with the HMI instrument as part of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) mission. HMI makes measurements of the motion of the solar photosphere to study solar oscillations and measurements of the polarization in a spectral line to study all three components of the photospheric magnetic field. HMI produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability and how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity. It also produces data to enable estimates of the coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere. HMI observations will enable establishing the relationships between the internal dynamics and magnetic activity in order to understand solar variability and its effects, leading to reliable predictive capability, one of the key elements of the Living With a Star (LWS) program.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HMI-SDO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: HMI-SDO\n Long_Name: Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/instruments.php\n Online_Resource: http://hmi.stanford.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://hmi.stanford.edu/cover_tiny.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6b426a9-4342-4df8-8101-0ff8498daece", "label": "MDI", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "The Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) is a project of the Stanford-Lockheed\nInstitute for Space Research and is a joint effort of the Solar Oscillations\nInvestigation (SOI) in the W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory of\nStanford University and the Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory of the\nLockheed-Martin Advanced Technology Center. The MDI is flown on the Solar \nHeliospheric Observatory (SOHO).\n\nThe Michelson Doppler Imager is capable of making a wide range of observations\nwithin the constraints imposed by the instrument design, by telemetry\navailability, and by the limits associated with the running observing programs.\nThis page summarizes the instrument observables and the nature of the observing\nprograms. It is intended to provide sufficient background for potential\nproposers of research investigations involving either special observations or\nthe analysis of standard program observations. For a full description of the\ninstrument capabilities and mission observing plans, see The Solar Oscillations\nInvestigation - Michelson Doppler Imager (Scherrer et al., Solar Physics. in\npress).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://soi.stanford.edu/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MDI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: MDI\n Long_Name: Michelson Doppler Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 676.8 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.01 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://soi.stanford.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://soi.stanford.edu/operations/drawings/optical_layout.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 73 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Stanford University\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", "label": "Charged Coupled Devices", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging.", "children": [ { "uuid": "657ac23c-4ee8-400c-bd41-165dfd3845f5", "label": "K-LINE CCD/SOLAR OSCILLATIONS", - "broader": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", + "parentId": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2f5c85c-ca3b-4f7e-8cbb-106f5fd99b53", "label": "CCD", - "broader": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", + "parentId": "b867df1d-a9dd-4c68-89db-1290217890a4", "definition": "A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging.\n\nThe\tEPIC\tinstrument consists of a 2048x2048 charge-coupled device (CCD) attached to a 30cm f/9.6 Cassegrain telescope. Using a filter wheel, it samples at 10 channel narrow-band ranges\tfrom\t317.5nm to 780nm. These bands provide the ability to generate a variety of science products, including ozone, sulfur dioxide, aerosols, vegetation, and cloud height.", "children": [] } @@ -233,63 +233,63 @@ { "uuid": "c49dbd34-167c-4eab-86e5-f41383986357", "label": "AIRGLOW/AURORA IMAGER", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d951f8e8-703b-4af3-8861-6d561d5ad1b0", "label": "AP", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "The auroral photometer (AP) is a two-channel broad-band instrument that is used to determine the energy deposited in the upper atmosphere by energetic auroral electrons. It is similar to airglow photometers developed by LASP and flown on OGO-5 and -6 in the late 1960's. The channels consist of two Hamamatsu phototube detectors, a UV filter for each channel, and a field of view limiter for each channel. Both channels have circular fields of view, 11 degree full-cone. The detectors are identical phototubes with magnesium fluoride (MgF2) windows and cesium iodide (CsI) photocathodes. Channel A has a calcium fluoride (CaF2) filter placed in front of the detector and channel B has a barium fluoride (BaF2) filter. The combination of the CsI photocathode and the CaF2 filter produces a bandpass from 125 to 180 nm for channel A, allowing a combined measurement of the LBH bands, the OI doublet at 135.6 nm, and the OI triplet at 130.4 nm. Channel B has a 135 to 180 nm bandpass, providing a measurement of the LBH bands and the OI doublet at 135.6 nm with the exclusion of the OI triplet at 130.4 nm. The sensitivity of channel A at 130.4 nm is 23 counts/second/Rayleigh and the sensitivity of channel B at 135.6 nm is 26 counts/second/Rayleigh. The AP and UVS photomultiplier electronics are identical, resulting in significant economies in fabrication and operation.\n\nAs with the UVS, the AP is mounted with its optical axis perpendicular to the S/C spin axis. The AP produces continuous data but at a much lower rate than the UVS. Only the downward- looking 60° of each spin will be stored. The integration time for each channel is set to 63 milliseconds which provides 32 samples per channel per spin. Data from the AP are stored in its buffer, which is emptied once per spin by the S/C microprocessor.\n\nSummary provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: AP\n Long_Name: AURORAL PHOTOMETER (SNOE)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SNOE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/AP_New.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfacaad0-0e2f-4426-8731-0acd3c3999a8", "label": "AIA-SDO", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "[Source: Atmospheric Imaging Assembly team home page, http://aia.lmsal.com/ ]\n\nThe Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) for the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is designed to provide an unprecendented view of the solar corona, taking images that span at least 1.3 solar diameters in mutiple wavelengths nearly simultaneously, at a resolution of about 1 arcsec and at a cadence of 10 seconds or better. The primary goal of the AIA Science Investigation is to use these data, together with data from other SDO instruments and from other observatories, to significantly improve our understanding of the physics behind the activity displayed by the Sun's atmosphere, which drives space weather in the heliosphere and in planetary environments. The AIA will produce data required for quantitative studies of the evolving coronal magnetic field, and the plasma that it holds, both in quiescent phases and during flares and eruptions; the AIA science investigation aims to utilize these data in a comprehensive research program to provide new understanding of the observed processes and, ultimately, to guide development of advanced forecasting tools needed by the user community of the Living With a Star (LWS) program.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIA-SDO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: AIA-SDO\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3 UV-Visible channels\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 7 Extreme Ultraviolet Channels\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aia.lmsal.com/\n Online_Resource: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/instruments.php\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3211dbd-5432-4b13-b5ca-2ac11981f1e8", "label": "HELIOGRAPHS", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "HELIOGRAPHS are instruments that records the duration of\nsunshine and gives a qualitative measure of the amount of\nsunshine by the action of the sun?s rays upon blueprint paper; a\ntype of sunshine recorder.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8e62902-f8e3-41a4-b9e5-28f99508c330", "label": "CORONAGRAPHS", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "CORONAGRAPHS are instruments used for photographing the corona\nand prominences of the sun at times other than at solar eclipse.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eaae7987-aeef-4a24-ab3e-e7347497b7b6", "label": "SFD", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "The Scintillating Fiber Detector (SFD) on the EQUATOR-S is based on the light\nemission property of some materials when hit by ionising radiation. Optical\nfibers guide the emitted light to a photodiode operated in current mode. A\nlogarithmic amplifier converts this detector current to an analog output\nvoltage. Energy discrimination is achieved by using three differently shielded\nchannels. This way electrons above 0.26, 0.4, and 1.9 MeV are measured, and\nprotons above 6.3, 9.5, and 35 MeV, with a time resolution of 64 s. A constant\ncurrent is added periodically to calibrate the system.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb147027-c757-43d6-a9fc-e492a21b3404", "label": "AIRGLOW SENSOR", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "Global measurements of the hydroxyl mesospheric airglow over an extended period of time have been made possible by the NASA SABER infrared sensor aboard the TIMED satellite which has been functioning since December of 2001. The orbital mission has continued over a significant portion of a solar cycle. Experimental data from SABER for several years have exhibited equatorial enhancements of the nighttime mesospheric OH airglow layer consistent with the high average diurnal solar flux. The brightening of the OH airglow typically means more H+O3 is being reacted. At both the spring and autumn seasonal equinoxes when the equatorial solar UV irradiance mean is greatest, the peak volume emission rate (VER) of the nighttime Meinel infrared airglow typically appears to be both significantly brighter plus lower in altitude by several kilometres at low latitudes compared with midlatitude findings.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRGLOW SENSOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: AIRGLOW SENSOR\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AIRGLOW SENSOR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1402-4896/75/5/004\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1be03db-82e3-42a2-a763-3a6331aac9a8", "label": "XPS", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "The XUV Photometer System (XPS) measures the solar soft x-ray\n(XUV) irradiance from 1 to 34 nm and the bright hydrogen\nemission at 121.6 (H I Lyman-alpha). The solar XUV radiation is\nmostly emitted from the hot, highly variable corona of the Sun,\nand these high-energy photons are a primary energy source for\nheating and ionizing Earth's upper atmosphere. Of all the SORCE\ninstruments, the XPS is most sensitive to flare events on the\nSun as the solar XUV radiation often changes by a factor of 2 to\n10, or more, during flares.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/xps_print.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f486b743-ef0f-4a8f-b9da-fe692c56c86a", "label": "GREEN CORONAGRAPH", - "broader": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", + "parentId": "386ea533-9d98-4202-bad3-bb630ac39a93", "definition": "A GREEN CORONAGRAPH is an instrument used for photographing the\ncorona and prominences of the sun at times other than at solar\neclipse; An occulting disk used to block out the image of the\nbody of the sun in the focal plane of the objective lines and\nlight of the corona passes through and onto film which is used\nwith a green filter.", "children": [] } @@ -298,615 +298,615 @@ { "uuid": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "label": "Particle Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", + "parentId": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01407ecf-45af-4fcc-8a1b-9b383636e2e4", "label": "HYDRA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "HYDRA is a plasma experimental investigation on the POLAR spacecraft. HYDRA is\na collection of electrostatic analyzers designed for high resolution\nobservations of electron and ion velocity distributions in the earth's polar\nmagnetosphere and was designed and constructed by a consortium of institutions\nfor the purpose of improving our understanding of the complex interactions of\nthe polar magnetosphere with the solar wind and the ionosphere.\nHYDRA subsystems are:\n- Duo-Deca-Electron-Ion-Spectrometer (DDEIS)\n- Parallel Plate Analyzer (PPA)\n- Data Processing Unit (DPU) and UV Intracalibration System \n\nFor more information, see: \nhttp://www-st.physics.uiowa.edu/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HYDRA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: HYDRA\n Long_Name: Hot Plasma Analyzer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-st.physics.uiowa.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://www-st.physics.uiowa.edu/www/images/ddeis2.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "025d9870-8138-418a-9854-097723c40042", "label": "BIMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Bennett Ion-Mass Spectrometer (BIMS) experiment was flown to\nmeasure, throughout the orbit, the individual concentrations of\nall thermal ion species in the mass range 1 to 72 atomic mass\nunits (u) and in the ambient density range from five to 5.E6\nions/cc. The mass range was normally scanned in 1.7 s, but the\nscan time per range could be increased by command. Laboratory\nand inflight determination of spectrometer efficiency and mass\ndiscrimination permitted direct conversion of measured ion\ncurrents to ambient concentrations. Correlation of these\nmeasured data with the results from companion experiments, CEP\n(75-107A-01) and RPA (75-107A-04) permitted individual ion\nconcentrations to be determined with high accuracy. The\nexperiment's four primary mechanical components were guard ring\nand ion-analyzer tube, collector and preamplifier assembly,\nvent, and main electronics housing. A three-stage Bennett tube\nwith 7-to 5-cycle drift spaces were flown; it was modified to\npermi t ion concentration measurements to be obtained at low\naltitudes. The balance between ion-current sensitivity and mass\nresolution in a Bennett spectrometer may be altered by changing\nappropriate voltages. These voltage changes were controlled\nindependently by ground command for each one of the three mass\nranges: 1 to 4, 2 to 18, and 8 to 72.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04029c7f-6df9-47f0-ad9f-dd93ad04ec2c", "label": "SWIMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) and the Solar Wind\nIons Mass Spectrometer (SWIMS) instruments on the Advanced Composition\nExplorer (ACE) are optimized for measurements of the chemical and\nisotopic composition of solar and interstellar matter. Both\ninstruments are time-of-flight mass spectrometers with electrostatic\nanalyzers, though each is optimized for different measurements. SWICS\ndetermines the chemical and ionic charge state composition of the\nsolar wind and resolves H and He isotopes of both solar and\ninterstellar sources. SWICS also measures the distribution functions\nof both the interstellar cloud and dust cloud pickup ions up to\nenergies of 100 keV/e. SWIMS measures the chemical and isotopic\ncomposition of the solar wind for every element between He and Ni, up\nto 10 keV/e.\n\nSWIMS and SWICS was designed and developed by the University of\nMichigan, Ann Arbor, Solar and Heliospheric Research Group.\n\nSee:\nhttp://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWIMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWIMS\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Ion Mass Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1997-045A&ex=1\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/swims_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.505 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "042e723a-9d12-4eff-ab5d-334171182d5c", "label": "DUST", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Ulysses dust experiment is intended to provide direct observations of dust\ngrains with masses between 10**-16 g and 10**-6 g in interplanetary space, to\ninvestigate their physical and dynamical properties as functions of\nheliocentric distance and ecliptic latitude. Of special interest is the\nquestion of what portion is provided by comets, asteroids and interstellar\nparticles. The investigation is performed with an instrument that measures the\nmass, speed, flight direction and electric charge of individual dust particles.\nIt is a multicoincidence detector with a mass sensitivity 10**6 times higher\nthan that of previous in situ experiments which measured dust in the outer\nsolar system. The instrument weighs 3.8 kg, consumes 2.2 W, and has a normal\ndata transmission rate of 8 bits/s in nominal spacecraft tracking mode. On 27th\nOctober 1990 the instrument was switched on. The instrument was configured to\nflight conditions and science data collection started immediately. In the\nperiod to 13th January 1991 at least 44 dust impacts have been recorded. Flux\nvalues are given covering the heliocentric distance range from 1.04 to 1.7 AU. \n\n(Abstract from: E. Gruen et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 411-423,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_dust.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DUST\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: DUST\n Long_Name: Ulysses Cosmic Dust Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/dustgroup/projects/ulysses.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/dust.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/dust.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Max Plank Institute\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05a868db-43ca-4f45-85b1-00fda3130a53", "label": "MCPHA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The multichannel pulse height analyzer is a device that will\nseparate pulses based on pulse height. Each energy range of\npulse height is referred to as a channel. The pulse height is\nproportional to the energy lost by a gamma ray. Separation of\nthe pulses, based on pulse height, shows the energy spectrum of\nthe gamma rays that are emitted. Multichannel analyzers\ntypically have 100 or 200 channels over an energy range of 0 to\n2 MeV. The output is a plot of pulse height and gamma activity,\nas shown in Figure 28. By analyzing the spectrum of gamma rays\nemitted, the user can determine the elements which caused the\ngamma pulses.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.tpub.com/doeinstrument/instrumentationandcontrol57.htm'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c6429f1-0fec-43f1-a26f-c7f1d12b1f95", "label": "EPAC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Energetic PArticles Composition instrument EPAC pn Ulysses was designed to\nprovide information on the flux, anisotropy and chemical composition of\nenergetic particles in interplanetary space. EPAC consists of four identical\ntelescopes inclined under angles of 22.5 deg, 67.5 deg, 112.5 deg and 157.5 deg\nwith respect to the spacecraft spin axis. This design, together with spin\nsectorisation, allows us to sample 80% of the sphere in 32 bins and therefore\nget a fully three-dimensional resolution of angular distributions. In each of\nthe telescopes we used the so-called 'E-dE/dx' technique, which requires a\nparticle to traverse a very thin detector and then stop it in a second, much\nthicker detector. Particles of higher energies can traverse the two detector\nstack, but are eliminated by a third 'veto' detector. Each telescope has a\ngeometric factor of about 0.08 cm'sr and has a field-of-view with a full angle\nof 35 deg.\n\nAs a front detector we used an very thin semiconductor detector with a\nthickness of 5 um and 25 mm' sensitive area (detector A). Such detectors became\navailable in reliable technique by the time when we started to build the\ninstrument. The energy detector B was 100 ým thick. A third detector (C) of\nmuch larger area provided veto signals from penetrating particles. The detector\nstack is surrounded by a massive platinum shield. Further background rejection\nis realised by using multiparameter analysis. The front detectors are protected\nagainst sunlight by 80 ug/cm' Al-layers. By using hybrid electronic technology\nwe were able to make this fairly complicated instrument with very low weight\n(2685 g) and power demand (3.43 W).\n\nThe telescopes based on this design allowed clear separation of Hydrogen,\nHelium and the heavier nuclei up to iron. 14 different categories of data are\ntransmitted to the ground, using different time and angular resolutions for the\nvarious categories. In flight a functional performance test using a pulse\ngenerator, which on command produced sequences of coincident and non-coincident\npulses is initiated from time to time. The sensor was designed to operate at\ntemperatures between +10C near Earth and -35C at Jupiter. \nA full description can be found in: E. Keppler et al., Astron. Astrophys.\nSuppl. Ser. 92, 317-331, 1992\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.linmpi.mpg.de/english/projekte/ulysses/epac.html\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_epac.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPAC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPAC\n Long_Name: Energetic Particles Composition Instrument (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 MeV - 1.5 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mps.mpg.de/en/projekte/ulysses/epac/\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/epac.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/epac.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.012 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d7c2e1b-4406-437d-878c-4a3f962e66f1", "label": "CEPPAD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The CEPPAD on the Polar spacecraft, consists of three packages. Two are\nspacecraft body mounted and the third is located on the despun platform. The\nfirst body-mounted package consists of the Imaging Proton Sensor (IPS) and the\nDigital Processing Unit (DPU). The second consists of the Imaging Electron\nSensor (IES) and the High Sensitivity Telescope (HIST). The single despun\nplatform package is the Source/Lose-Cone Energetic Particle Spectrometer\n(SEPS). The IPS, IES and HIST all use the body-mounted DPU. The SEPS sensor is\nindependent of the body mounted sensor and contains a separate digital\nprocessing unit. This approach was taken because of the limitations inherent in\ncommunicating between the spacecraft body and despun platform. \n\nThe IPS measures protons over the energy range from ~10 keV to 1 MeV using a\nspectrometer which incorporates a Microstrip Solid State Detector (MSSD) having\na planar configuration with six individual elements. The IES measures electrons\nover the energy range from ~ 25 to 400 keV using a spectrometer which\nincorporates a Microstrip Solid State Detector (MSSD) having a 0.5 x 2.1 cm\nplanar configuration with five individual elements. The MSSD forms the image\nplane for a sensor segment with a 'pin-hole' aperture. The MSSD has a thick\n'dead layer' and thus does not respond to protons with energies below ~ 250\nkeV. However the dead layer is sufficiently thin as that it allows the IES to\nbe sensitive to electrons with energies ~ 25 KeV or more. The 'pin-hole'\naperture accepts electrons over a 60 degrees angular segment in a plane\ncontaining the satellite spin axis. Each of the five detector e1ements in the\nMSSD detects electrons in a ~12 degrees angular sub-interval of the 60 degrees\nfield-of-view (FOV). The complete IES system has a nominal geometric factor of\n6 x 10^-3 cm2. The nominal angular resolution of a detector element is 12\ndegrees x 12 degrees and its elemental geometric factor is approximately 3.8 x\n10^-4. Three of these detector segments provide the desired electron\nmeasurements over a FOV of +/- 12 degrees x 180 degrees. The satellite spin is\nused to obtain measurements over the full 4p steradians.\n\nAll detector elements in each segment are attached to a dedicated preamplifier.\nIn the normal mode of operation, the detector elements with fields of view\nperpendicular, parallel and anti-parallel to the spin axis are connected to a\ndedicated amplifier chain at all times. There are a total of 6 amplifier and\npulse height analyzer chains in the IES signal conditioning unit (SCU). The\nremaining four detector elements in each sensor segment are then sampled on a\ntime-share basis. Each of the remaining three amplifier chains are attached to\none of the four detector elements in each segment under DPU control. In\ngeneral, the DPU can control which 6 of the 15 detector elements are being\nsampled at any given time by the amplifier chains. The responses of the\nselected detector elements are pulse-height analyzed by 8-bit Analog-to-Digital\nConverters (ADCs) to obtain the energy for each detected particle.\n\nThe DPU samples the 5 detector elements in each ES segment according to\npre-programmed sampling schemes which utilize the sectored satellite spin to\nobtain data samples over the unit sphere. In the normal mode of operation, the\ncombined data from the 3 dedicated detector elements and the 3 program-control\nsampled detectors strips are used to build a three dimensional (3D) 'image' of\nthe medium energy electron angular distribution. For each electron detected,\nthe polar and azimuthal angular sector and energy are known. The DPU\naccumulates the result into an array which contains the electron fluxes in 15\n(polar) by 32 or 16 (azimuthal) angular intervals for each of up to 12 energy\nranges. Within 24 seconds (4 spin periods), the complete 4p steradians can be\nsampled and within one spin period a 2D distribution function can be obtained. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://leadbelly.lanl.gov/ccr/\nhttp://www.css.tayloru.edu/~physics/seps.html\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CEPPAD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CEPPAD\n Long_Name: Comprehensive Energetic Particle Pitch Angle Distribution\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SEPS\n Short_Name: IES-P\n Short_Name: HIST\n Short_Name: IPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://spacedata.bu.edu/polar_info.html\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml#CEPPAD\n Online_Resource: http://www.css.taylor.edu/~physics/seps.html\n Sample_Image: http://spacedata.bu.edu/graphics/Polar/IPS%20Large.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0f65098b-489c-41bf-a6ef-41ce5fb2310a", "label": "SWAN", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The SWAN (Solar Wind ANisotropies) instrument is one of twelve instruments\nonboard SOHO (SOlar Heliospheric Observatory) satellite. It is a collaboration\nbetween Finnish Meteorological Institute and Service d'Aeronomie. Technical\nResearch Centre of Finland was responsible for the construction, mechanics,\nthermal design, and central processor of the instrument itself.\n\nA solar Lyman alpha radiation is scattered by hydrogen atoms, which flow into\nthe solar system. The scattered radiation is called interplanetary Lyman alpha\nradiation. SWAN observes interplanetary Lyman alpha radiation from all\ndirections of the sky. Usually SWAN observes three radiation maps of the whole\nsky per week. In each map the radiation is strongest near the inflow direction\nof the interstellar hydrogen gas. However, the overall picture of the sky has\nchanged considerably from the solar minimum 1996 to the solar maximum.\nTheoretical results have shown that this kind of a change can be caused by the\nsolar wind proton flux which varies according to the distance to the\nheliospheric current sheet.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.fmi.fi/research_space/space_7.html\nand\nhttp://www.aero.jussieu.fr/experience/SWAN/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWAN\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Anisotropies\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115-180 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.001 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/experience/SWAN/\n Online_Resource: http://www.fmi.fi/research_space/space_7.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.fmi.fi/img/en/research/space/link/swan.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.2 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Finnish Meteorological Institute\n Instrument_Owner: Service d'Areonomie, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "145f4ede-8339-417a-99da-021577933def", "label": "LEPEDEA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The experiments on IMP-7 and IMP-8 were designed to measure the energy spectra\nof low-energy electrons and protons in the geocentric range of 30 to 40 earth\nradii to give further data on geomagnetic storms, aurora, tail and neutral\nsheet, and other magnetospheric phenomena. The detectors were a dual-channel,\ncurved-plate electrostatic analyzer (LEPEDEA - low energy proton and electron\ndifferential energy analyzer) with 16 energy intervals between 5 eV and 50 keV.\nThey had an angular field of view of 9¡ x 25¡. The detectors could be operated\nin one of two modes: (1) one providing good angular resolution (16 directions\nfor each particle energy band) once each 272 s, and (2) the other providing\ngood temporal resolution in which the entire energy range in four directions\nwas measured every 68 s.\nFor further details on IMP-J, see Frank, L. A. et al., J. Geophys. Res., 81, p.\n5859, 1976.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/imp/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1697df5f-7781-45a6-a0fe-fa389fdbc5a4", "label": "CRNC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Cosmic Ray Nuclear Composition (CRNC) on IMP-8 experiment used two\ntelescopes to measure the composition and energy spectra of solar (and\ngalactic) particles above about 0.5 MeV/nucleon. The main telescope consisted\nof five collinear elements (three solid state, one CsI, and one sapphire\nCerenkov) surrounded by a plastic anticoincidence shield. The telescope had a\n60-deg, full-angle acceptance cone with its axis approximately normal to the\nspacecraft spin axis, permitting eight-sectored information on particle arrival\ndirection. Four elements of the main telescope were pulse-height analyzed, and\nlow- and high-gain modes could be selected by command to permit resolution of\nthe elements H through Ni or of electrons and the isotopes of H and He and\nlight nuclei. A selection-priority scheme was included to permit sampling of\nless abundant particle species under normal and solar-flare conditions. The\nlow-energy telescope was essentially a two-element shielded solid-state\ndetector with a 70-deg full-angle acceptance cone. The first element was\npulse-height analyzed, and data were recorded by sectors.\n\nThe Cosmic Ray Nuclear Composition (CRNC) telescope was designed and built at\nThe University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute (EFI), Laboratory for\nAstrophysics & Space Research (LASR), Simpson Cosmic Physics Group and is now \nbeing operated out of the The University of New Hampshire Institute for the\nStudy of Earth, Oceans and Space (EOS). The PI is Dr. Clifford Lopate.\n\nFor additional information, see:\nhttp://ulysses.sr.unh.edu/WWW/Simpson/imp8.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19309803-c99e-4d14-8cd3-d64bddd8aa9e", "label": "SEPICA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "SEPICA is one of nine instruments aboard the ACE spacecraft. Its mission is to\ncollect information about particles emanating from the Sun. SEPICA detects the\nionic charge state, kinetic energy, and nuclear charge of ions coming from the\nSun, and with that information, one can determine not only the type of ions\npresent, but also the history of those ions within the Sun. This aids\nscientists in their understanding of the Sun and the processes that take place\nwithin it. \n\nThe SEPICA instrument is the prime sensor on ACE, which is used to determine\nthe\ncharge state distribution of energetic particle distributions. SEPICA is\ndesigned to measure the ionic charge state, Q, the kinetic energy, E, and the\nnuclear charge, Z, of energetic ions above 0.2 MeV/Nuc (Stone et al., 1990).\nThis includes ions accelerated in solar flares as well as in interplanetary\nspace during energetic storm particle (ESP) and co-rotating interaction region\n(CIR) events. For low mass numbers SEPICA will also separate isotopes -- for\nexample, 3He and 4He. During solar quiet times, SEPICA should also be able to\ndirectly measure the charge states of anomalous cosmic ray nuclei, including H,\nN, O, and Ne, which are presumed to be singly-charged. With the capability to\ndifferentiate the charge states of ions, the instrument will also be able to\nseparate neutral atoms (Q = 0) from ions. Thus it may be able to identify\nenergetic neutrals created through charge exchange.\n\nThe instrument is based on the design of the ULEZEQ (Ultra Low Energy Z E Q\nAnalyzer) sensor flown on the ISEE spacecraft (Hovestadt et al., 1978). The\nsensor combines the determination of the electrostatic deflection of incoming\nions in a collimator-analyzer assembly by the measurement of the impact\nposition in the detector plane and a dE/dx - E telescope with a proportional\ncounter solid state detector combination. The background from penetrating\nradiation is suppressed by the use of an anti-coincidence detector. The\nscientific objectives of the ACE mission call for significant improvements over\nthe ULEZEQ sensor in the following parameters of the instrument:\n\n1. Increase of the geometrical factor by at least a factor of 10 (to improve\nthe measurement statistics significantly)\n\n2. Improvement of the charge resolution to deltaQ/Q 0.1 below 0.7 MeV/nucleon\n(to allow resolution of individual charge states for elements up to oxygen.\n\nSEPICA was built as a collaboration between the UNH Space Science Group and the\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). SEPICA's mission was\nproposed in 1986. The project was kicked off into Phase B in May of 1991, with\nthe development and implementation of Phase C started in January, 1994.\nSatellite integration and testing (Phase D) was carried out through 1996 and\n1997. ACE itself was launched on 25 August, 1997, on a Delta II launch vehicle,\nfrom the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Since then, SEPICA has been returning\ndata on the solar wind.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/tof/Missions/Ace/index.html?acemain.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEPICA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEPICA\n Long_Name: Solar Energetic Particle Charge Analyzer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssg.sr.unh.edu/tof/Missions/Ace/index.html?sepicamain.html\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/sepica_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.604 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire, Space Science Group\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ba9aee0-57c5-482b-b3e6-03d9506642fe", "label": "SEM-2", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Image and Text Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sem.html ]\n\nThe SEM/2 provides measurements to determine the intensity of the Earth’s radiation belts and the flux of charged particles at the satellite altitude. It provides knowledge of solar terrestrial phenomena and also provides warnings of solar wind occurrences that may impair long-range communications, high-altitude operations, damage to satellite circuits and solar panels, or cause changes in drag and magnetic torque on satellites.\n\nThe SEM/2 consists of two separate sensor units and a common Data Processing Unit (DPU). The sensor units are the Total Energy Detector (TED) and the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED).\n\nThe DPU serves as the interface between the sensors and the spacecraft. The TED senses and quantifies the intensity in the sequentially selected energy bands. The particles of interest have energies ranging from 0.05 keV to 20 keV. The MEPED senses protons, electrons, and ions with energies from 30 keV to levels exceeding 6.9 MeV.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEM-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Long_Name: Space Environment Monitor-2\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TED\n Short_Name: MEPED\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sem.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-5.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/images/enlarged_sem.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-04\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "22de8fba-f98f-458d-995f-bb34b2d31380", "label": "PEACE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Plasma Electron And Current Experiment (PEACE) instrument can measure the\nthree dimensional velocity distribution of electrons in a space plasma, for an\nenergy range from a few electronvolts to about 30 kiloelectronvolts. MSSL is\nthe PI Institution for the PEACE instruments. A PEACE instrument is flying on\neach of the four Cluster II spacecraft, which were launched in the summer of\n2000. The science phase of the mission officially started in February 2001. \n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_plasma/missions/cluster/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PEACE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: PEACE\n Long_Name: Plasma Electron and Current Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_plasma/missions/cluster/\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/37/hires_36663.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 3 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College, London\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "22e46ca9-0d91-4cc0-8730-9c73cccd57a0", "label": "CDE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: AIM Project home page, http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/cde.html ]\n\nThe Cosmic Dust Experiment (CDE) is an instrument designed to monitor the variability of the cosmic dust influx into Earth’s mesosphere in order to address its role in the formation of PMCs. CDE determines the magnitude and characterizes the temporal and spatial variability of the cosmic dust influx, allowing for direct correlation studies with PMC frequency and brightness\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CDE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CDE\n Long_Name: AIM Cosmic Dust Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/cde.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-06-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "283bb108-ea36-4946-99a0-0910946e3265", "label": "ULEIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer (ULEIS) on the Advanced\nComposition Explorer (ACE) measures ion fluxes over the charge range\nfrom He through Ni from about 20 keV/nucleon to 10 MeV/nucleon, thus\ncovering both suprathermal and energetic particle energy\nranges. Exploratory measurements of ultra-heavy species (mass range\nabove Ni) will also be performed in a more limited energy range near\n0.5 MeV/nucleon. ULEIS will be studying the elemental and isotopic\ncomposition of solar energetic particles, and the mechanisms by which\nthese particles are energized in the solar corona. ULEIS will also\ninvestigate mechanisms by which supersonic interplanetary shock waves\nenergize ions.\n\nULEIS was designed and developed by ther Johns Hopkins Applied Physics\nLaboratory and the University of Maryland\n\n\nSee:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ULEIS/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ULEIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: ULEIS\n Long_Name: Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ULEIS/\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ULEIS/pics/NEW_ULEISimage4x4.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c28b055-3ee0-4f63-8567-9bbef6655564", "label": "SSJ/4", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-04 ]\n\nThe purpose of the precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, SSJ/4, is to measure fluxes and energies of electrons and ions precipitated into the upper atmosphere. Particles are separated by an electrostatic analyzer into 20 energy bands from 30 eV to 30 keV: (1) 10 high-energy levels, 0.948, 1.39, 2.04, 3.00, 4.40, 6.46, 9.48, 13.92, 20.44 and 30.00 keV; and (2) 10 low-energy levels, 30.0, 44.0, 64.6, 94.9, 139.2, 204.4, 300, 440, 646, and 948 eV. Channeltrons are used to count the impinging electrons and ions in each energy band.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSJ/4\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Long_Name: Precipitating Electron/Ion Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-04\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ce24ed3-2965-4c69-bf7a-71cbc99d397d", "label": "SEM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: EUMETSAT, http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_201005316199936?l=en\n\nThe Space Environmental Monitor (SEM-2) is a multi-channel, charged-particle spectrometer that provides measurements to determine the intensity of the Earth's radiation belts and the flux of charged particles at the satellite altitude. It provides knowledge of solar terrestrial phenomena and also provides warnings of solar wind occurrences that may impair long-range communication; high-altitude operations; cause damage to satellite circuits and solar panels, or cause changes in drag and magnetic torque on satellites.\n\nThe SEM-2 instrument is one of the non-meteorological instruments on Metop. It has been added to the set of American instruments in order to guarantee NASA/NOAA a continuity in the determination of auroral activity — intensities of charged particle radiation within the Earth's atmosphere that can degrade radio communications (occasionally making short wave radio communication impossible in the polar regions); occasionally disrupt the proper operation of satellite systems, and, when intensities are high, increase the radiation dose to astronauts in space. \n\nThe Space Environment Center (SEC) processes the particle counts received from Metop and monitors solar activity and the state of the Earth's near space environment. Warnings are issued to advisories and forecasts of conditions are relayed to customers whose systems are affected. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Instrument_Type: SEM\n Short_Name: SEM\n Long_Name: Space Environment Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_201005316199936?l=en\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e1c9a42-a023-4837-8f34-5f4ca6318815", "label": "CIMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometers (CIMS) instrument has\ntwo independent detection channels. For CRYSTAL/FACE both\nchannels are configured for measurements of ambient nitric acid\n(HNO3). For HNO3 detection, reagent ions SiF5 - are generated\nand mixed into the ambient air sample. Strongly bound cluster\nions HNO3 ?SiF5 - which are formed in the reaction HNO3 + SiF5 -\n↔HNO3 ?SiF5 ?can be detected with high sensitivity and\nselectivity. The product ion abundance is proportional to the\nambient HNO3 mixing ratio. The response of each detection\nchannels is calibrated several times in flight by standard\naddition of HNO3 via a HNO3 permeation cell. The baseline of\neach channel is determined by replacing the ambient air sample\nwith dry nitrogen.\n\nSample inlets are located in an airfoil-shaped inlet pylon that\nextends 36 cm below the bottom of the\n\nWB-57 fuselage pallet at positions which are far beyond the\naircraft boundary layer. One inlet is facing backward and is\nonly sensitive to gas-phase HNO3. The other inlet is facing\nforward and is sensitive to particulate HNO3 as well.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "319307da-05bc-4263-a49a-1347ed0aba2b", "label": "HI-SCALE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Heliosphere Instrument for Spectra, Composition, and Anisotropy at Low\nEnergies (HI-SCALE) on Ulysses is designed to make measurements of\ninterplanetary ions and electrons throughout the entire Ulysses mission. The\nions (Ei > 50 keV) and electrons (Ee > 30 keV) are identified uniquely and\ndetected by five separate solid-state detector telescopes that are oriented to\ngive nearly complete pitch-angle coverage (i.e., coverage of essentially 4 pi\nster) from the spinning spacecraft. Ion elemental abundances are determined by\na delta E vs E telescope using a thin (5 micron) front solid state detector\nelement in a three-element telescope. Experiment operation is controlled by a\nmicroprocessor-based data system. Inflight calibration is provided by\nradioactive sources mounted on telescope covers which can be closed for\ncalibration purposes and for radiation protection during the course of the\nmission. Ion and electron spectral information is determined using both\nbroad-energy-range rate channels and a 32 channel pulse-height analyser\n(channels spaced logarithmically) for more detailed spectra. The instrument\nweighs 5.775 kg and uses 4.0 W of power. Some initial in-ecliptic measurements\nare presented which demonstrate the features of the instrument.\n\n(Abstract from: L. Lanzerotti et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92,\n349-363, 1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Ulysses/hiscale.html\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_hiscale.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HI-SCALE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: HI-SCALE\n Long_Name: Heliosphere Instrument for Spectra, Composition, and Anisotropy and Low Energies\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1 - 15 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/hiscale.html\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Ulysses/\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/hiscale.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 100 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35337e2c-ac2d-4b08-a73a-376b8ef3811a", "label": "NACE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Neutral Atmosphere Composition Experiment (NACE)\nwas performed in order to determine upper atmospheric\n(160 km and above) concentrations of argon, helium,\natomic oxygen and molecular oxygen and nitrogen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3779af4d-7b60-4bb9-b13f-ea801c58b2f7", "label": "MASS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The High MASS Resolution Spectrometer (MASS), part of the SMS Package on WIND, \nis designed to measure the elemental and isotopic composition of the solar\nwind from 0.5 to 12 keV/e. MASS combines an electrostatic deflection system\nwith a static electric harmonic potential inside the time-of- flight analyzer\nto obtain mass resolutions of M/?M ~ 100. As ion passes through a thin carbon\nfoil to enter the time-of-flight system secondary electrons are scattered and\ncollected by a microchannel plate (MCP) to generate a start signal. The\nharmonic potential causes the ion to travel in a parabolic trajectory,\nimpinging on a second MCP to create the stop signal. The potential also causes\nthe time-of-flight (calculated from the start and stop pulses) to be only a\nfunction of the mass/charge* of the particle, where the charge is that of the\nion after passing through the carbon foil. Since most of the particles emerge\neither neutral or singly charged the calculated time-of- flight is proportional\nto mass (a time-of-flight is not determined for the neutral particles).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://space.umd.edu/wind/sms.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a099bab-607d-486a-9abd-43ea9be2122d", "label": "SSB/O", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-06 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of a large-area proportional counter and four circular cadmium telluride (CDTE) semiconductors embedded in a hemispherical plastic scintillator that was viewed by a photomultiplier tube. The sealed proportional counter had a collimator and was sensitive to X rays from 1.5 to 20.2 keV. The CDTE detectors had discriminators that provided threshold values of 15, 30, 60, and 90 keV. The investigation was primarily concerned with X rays produced in the atmosphere by precipitating electrons. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/O\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/O\n Long_Name: Remote X-Ray Sensor - Precipitating Electrons (SSB/O)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3fdb4acc-1fa5-44d9-9295-c08c710a5059", "label": "CIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The CIS (Cluster Ion Spectrometry) experiment is a comprehensive ionic plasma\nspectrometry package onboard the four Cluster spacecraft, capable of obtaining\nfull three-dimensional ion distributions with good time resolution (one\nspacecraft spin) and with mass-per-charge composition determination. The CIS\npackage consists of two different instruments, a Hot Ion Analyser (HIA) and a\ntime-of-flight ion Composition Distribution Function (CODIF), plus a\nsophisticated dual-processor based instrument control and data processing\nsystem (DPS), which permits extensive onboard data-processing.\n\nThe CIS experiment is prepared by an international consortium, under the\nprincipal responsibility of Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements (CESR). \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CIS\n Long_Name: Cluster Ion Spectrometry Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1114\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=2\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/38/hires_36664.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 5.5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Centre d'Etudes Spatiale des Rayonments, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46ed8c0c-f962-4e58-929d-a10fa38bdee6", "label": "SPEA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "A hemispherical electrostatic analyzer measured the directional intensity of\npositive ions and electrons in the solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetotail.\nIons as heavy as oxygen were resolved when the solar wind temperature was low.\nEnergy analysis was accomplished by charging the plates to known voltage levels\nand allowing them to discharge with known RC time constants. In the solar wind,\npositive ions from 200 eV to 5 keV (15% spacing, 3% resolution) and electrons\nfrom 5 eV to 1 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) were studied. In the\nmagnetosheath, positive ions from 200 eV to 5 keV (15% spacing, 3% resolution)\nand from 200 eV to 20 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) and electrons from 5 eV\nto 1 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) were studied. In the magnetotail,\npositive ions from 200 eV to 20 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) and electrons\nfrom 5 eV to 1 keV (30% spacing, 15% resolution) and from 100 eV to 20 keV (15%\nresolution) were studied. For further details see W. C. Feldman et al., J.\nGeophys., v. 80, p. 4181, 1975.\nSee:\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1973-078A&ex=10", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d2b0afb-7bcf-4168-b4b9-3c8a85b0a6e4", "label": "SSI/ES", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-03 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the ionospheric/scintillation monitor, SSI/ES, is to measure electron density and temperature, hydrogen and oxygen ion density and temperature, the power spectrum of plasma irregularities, and the velocity components of bulk plasma flow at satellite altitude. The experiment consists of four sensors. The electrostatic analyzer measures electron parameters at least 1 m above the satellite surface. The ion retarding potential analyzer has a body-mounted electrostatic trap with a circular aperture to measure ion density and temperature. The driftmeter uses a planar electrostatic ion trap with a four-quadrant collector. The current is measured in pairs of quadrants and differenced to provide plasma drift velocities. The scintillation monitor obtains power spectrum irregularities by an ion trap with electrometer and amplifiers capable of measuring direct and alternating current in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 12 kHz.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSI/ES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Ionospheric Plasma Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 20 Hz to 12 kHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "559d20cc-c490-445e-ae0e-e02531407df3", "label": "SSI/ES2", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-03 ]\n\nThe SSI/ES is an improved version of the Special Sensor for Ions and Electrons (SSI/E). The SSI/E instruments measure the ambient electron density and temperatures, the ambient ion density, and the average ion temperature and molecular weight at the DMSP orbital altitude.\n\nThis instrument consists of an electron sensor (Langmuir probe) and an ion sensor mounted on a 2.5 meter boom. The ion sensor is a planar aperature, planar collector sensor oriented to face the spacecraft velocity vector at all times. In addition to the Langmuir probe and planar collector which make up the SSI/E, the SSI/ES has a plasma drift meter and a scintillation meter. An upgraded version of the SSI/ES (SSI/ES-2) is planned for flight on vehicles through S-20.\n\nURL for data archive: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html\n\nNGDC has received DMSP SSI/E data from satellites F-4 through F-7 and SSI/ES data from satellites F-8 through F-13. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSI/ES2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Ionospheric Plasma Monitor 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56fe4c48-87d0-4752-b802-ad804fbf3fe1", "label": "IMPACT", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "In-situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients (IMPACT) - a suite of seven instruments that samples the 3-D distribution of solar wind plasma electrons, the characteristics of the solar energetic particle (SEP) ions and electrons, and the local vector magnetic field. IMPACT is one of the STEREO mission's four measurement packages whose principal objective is to understand the origin and consequences of coronal mass ejections (CME's). CME's are the most energetic eruptions on the Sun. They are responsible for essentially all of the largest solar geomagnetic storms. In order to understand and forecast CME's, we need 3-Dimensional images of them and of the ambient solar corona and heliosphere. Achieving this perspective requires moving away from our customary Earth-bound lookout point. To provide the images for a stereo reconstruction of solar eruptions, one spacecraft leads Earth and one trails Earth in its orbit about the Sun. Launch occurred on October 25, 2006.\n\nSummary provided by http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/impact/about_impact.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMPACT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: IMPACT\n Long_Name: In situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/instruments.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/impact.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5be4f745-8097-4ef9-aca4-f0a9cea5f8e1", "label": "LENA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Low-Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) Imager instrument on the IMAGE spacecraft\ndetects energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) with energies between 10 eV and 500 eV.\nLENA's primary role is to image the outflow of low-energy ions from the polar\nionosphere. Thomas E. Moore, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, is the\nlead investigator for the LENA experiment.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lena.gsfc.nasa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d37ac20-6631-4885-98c4-548c9f6fa5b0", "label": "EPE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Energetic Particle Experiment (EPE) aboard IMP-8 was one of the first low\nenergy (tens of keV) magnetic/solid state detector ion-electron separation and\nanalysis systems flown in space. The Principal Investigator is D. J. Williams.\nFurther instrumental details are summarized by Williams [NOAA Tech. Rpt. ERL\n393-SEL 40, 1977]. The EPE on IMP-8 has operated successfully for 28 years and\nhave generated a wealth of high-quality data that have led to new discoveries\nand have resulted in hundreds of publications. Both the CPME and EPE\ninstruments continued to perform without problems until IMP-8 operations were\nterminated by NASA at the end of October 2001.\n\nThe EPE cleanly separates ions and electrons in the energy range for 30 keV\nthrough several MeV. In addition to the magnetic deflection system,\ncomplementary particle observations are obtained from a low-noise detector (~18\nkeV discriminator level) and a thin (~5 micron) detector.\n\nOne full 15 degree viewing cone perpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis\n(nearly normal to the ecliptic plane) and two full 13 degree viewing cones 45\ndegree to the spin axis are used for the EPE particle observations. Angular\ndistributions are measured by obtaining 8 or 16 samples (depending on particle\ntype and energy) per satellite spin period. Orientations of the 16, 22.5-degree\n(full-angle) sectors of the EPE on IMP-8 are illustrated in EPE sector look\ndirections. A complete energy-angular distribution is obtained every 20.4\nseconds.\n\nThe EPE particle detector assembly consists of a main magnet-detector assembly\nand two auxiliary detector heads. All detectors are fully depleted, surface\nbarrier, solid state detectors, and are operated with bias voltages 1.25-1.5\ntimes the values required for full depletion. To minimize radiation damage\neffects, all detectors directly exposed to ion fluxes are mounted with the\naluminum contact exposed to the incoming beam.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/IMP/imp_index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e13a562-d6de-4dba-b05d-f49e7b1299d3", "label": "3DP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle Analyzer investigation on WIND will\nmeasure ions and electrons in the interplanetary medium with energies including\nthat of the solar wind and the energetic particle range. It will study the\nparticles upstream of the bow shock in the foreshock region and the transient\nparticles emitted by the Sun during solar particle events following solar\nflares. This experiment will cover the gap between the energy ranges covered by\nSWE and EPACT.\nThe 3-D PLASMA instrument consists of two sensor packages mounted on small\nradial booms, and an electronics package mounted inside the spacecraft. One\nboom-mounted sensor package contains an array of 6 double-ended semiconductor\ntelescopes, each with two or three closely sandwiched silicon detectors to\nmeasure electrons and ions above 20 keV. One side of each telescope is covered\nwith a thin foil which absorbs ions below 400 keV. On the other side, the\nincoming electrons below 400 keV are swept away by a magnet so that electrons\nand ions are cleanly separated. Higher energy electrons (up to ~1 MeV) and ions\n(up to 11 MeV) are identified by the two double-ended telescopes which have a\nthird detector. The first sensor package also contains a pair of ion\nelectrostatic analyzers (PESA-L and -H) for measuring ion fluxes from ~3 eV to\n40 keV. The second sensor package contains a pair of electron electrostatic\nanalyzers (EESA-L and -H) for measuring electron fluxes from ~3 eV to 30 keV,\nand for making input (from EESA-H) to a fast particle correlator (FPC). The\nFPC, using also plasma wave data from WAVES as input, measures perturbations to\nthe electron distribution function and studies other wave-particle\ninteractions.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/wind3dp/esahome.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: 3DP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: 3DP\n Long_Name: 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle Investigation (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3 eV - 11 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/wind3dp/esahome.html\n Sample_Image: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/wind3dp/images/windpartbig.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Berkeley\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e162150-4959-42b5-82a5-27340e3b7db9", "label": "PTR-MS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ff06519-ce84-4f09-b8ec-821d08f5cf18", "label": "COSPIN", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The COSPIN Experiment on Ulysses provides measurements of energetic nucleons and electrons in various energy ranges extending upwards from about 0.5 MeV. The experiment consists of five sensor systems, each with specific objectives for obtaining a comprehensive picture of the energetic charged particle environment. The sensors are\n\n * the Dual Anisotropy Telescopes (ATs),\n * the Low Energy Telescope (LET),\n * the High Energy Telescope (HET),\n * the High Flux Telescope (HFT),\n * the Kiel Electron Telescope (KET)\n\nThese instruments provide measurements of the intensities, spectra, arrival directions, and nuclear and isotopic composition of galactic cosmic rays, anomalous components, solar energetic particles, and of particles accelerated in the solar wind and planetary magnetospheres.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COSPIN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: COSPIN\n Long_Name: Cosmic and Solar Particle Investigation (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: KET/COSPIN\n Short_Name: DAT/COSPIN\n Short_Name: LET/COSPIN\n Short_Name: HET/COSPIN\n Short_Name: HFT/COSPIN\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 MeV - 600 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses.sr.unh.edu/WWW/Simpson/Ulysses.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/cospin.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/cospin.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 100 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6317c7b3-ce07-487b-bc45-19b3e0d101ac", "label": "HEP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "There are three scientific objectives to be studied by the HEP investigation on\nGeotail: (1) plasma dynamics in the geomagnetic tail, (2) solar flare particle\nacceleration and propagation, and (3) the origin, lifetime and propagation of\ncosmic ray particles. There are five instruments that make up this\ninvestigation: Low-energy particle Detector (LD), Burst Detector (BD),\nMedium-energy Isotope detectors (MI-1 and MI-2), and High energy Isotope\ndetector (HI).\n\nLD and BD are mainly dedicated to magnetospheric studies.\n\nMI and HI concentrate on solar flare and cosmic ray studies.\n\nThe LD sensor system consists of three identical Imaging Ion Mass spectrometers\nwhich use time-of-flight/energy measurement, and covers 180 degrees in polar\nangle over the energy range 20--300 keV for electrons, 2 keV--1.5 MeV for\nprotons, and 2 keV--1.5 MeV per charge for ions. LD provides distribution of\nelectrons and ions with complete coverage of the unit sphere in phase space,\nand electron and proton flux in 4 azimuth sectors, helium and oxygen flux at an\nazimuth of 0 degrees.\n\nThe BD sensor consists of three delta-E x E telescopes which identify particles\nby their energy loss and residual energy over the energy range 0.12--2.5 MeV\nfor electrons, 0.7--35 MeV for protons, and 0.7--140 MeV for helium. The three\ntelescopes each have an opening angle of 30 degrees by 45 degrees with look\ndirections of 30, 90, and 150 degrees to the spin axis. BD provides count rates\nfor high energy electrons, protons and helium, as well as electron and proton\nfluxes in four 90 degree azimuth bins.\n\nThe MI and HI instruments are all silicon semiconductor detector telescopes\nutilizing the well-known dE/dx x E algorithm for isotope identification: mass\nand nuclear charge. The MI instrument measures elemental and isotopic\ncompositions of solar energetic particles and energetic particles in the\nheliosphere with 2<Z<28 in the 2.4--80 MeV/nucleon energy range , and\nmeasures the elemental composition of solar energetic particles heavier than\niron. The HI instrument also measures elemental and isotopic compositions of\nsolar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays with 2<Z<28 in the\n10-210 MeV/nucleon energy range.\n\nHEP operates continuously with no change in allocated bit rate. LD has two\noperational modes: normal and burst. Burst mode is an internal high speed mode\nwhich does not change the data output.\n\nBD has four operational modes for calculating energy spectra for electrons,\nprotons, and helium: 16 sectors in 1 spin (time high resolution mode), 8\nsectors in 32 spins (energy high resolution mode), 8 sectors in 2 spins, and 16\nsectors in 4 spins. MI and HI have only one operational mode.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nProf. Tadayoshi Doke\nWaseda University\ne-mail: jkikuchi@cfi.waseda.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HEP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: HEP\n Long_Name: High Energy Particles (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#HEP\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1992-044A&ex=1\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.664 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Waseda University, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "667cc949-ee0a-4f04-9e02-48e8c7f81ee3", "label": "SIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\nis designed to provide high resolution measurements of the isotopic composition\nof energetic nuclei from He to Ni (Z=2 to 28) over the energy range from ~10 to\n~100 MeV/nucleon. During large solar events, when particle fluxes can increase\nover quiet-time values by factors of up to 10000, SIS will measure the isotopic\ncomposition of the solar corona, while during solar quiet times SIS will\nmeasure the isotopes of low-energy Galactic cosmic rays and the composition of\nthe anomalous cosmic rays which are thought to originate in the nearby\ninterstellar medium. The solar energetic particle measurements are useful to\nfurther our understanding of the Sun, while also providing a baseline for\ncomparison with the Galactic cosmic ray measurements carried out by the Cosmic\nRay Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) oon ACE.\n\nSIS is also part of the Real Time Solar Wind (RTSW) set of instruments flying\naboard ACE. Four of ACE's nine instruments will be constantly monitored by the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operated ground\nstations. The data from these instruments will be used by NOAA to evaluate the\nrisk of geomagnetic storms from solar events and to make predictions of these\nstorms rapidly available.\n\nSIS was designed and developed by the California Institute of Technology, the\nNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. \nSee:\nhttp://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/sis.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SIS\n Long_Name: Solar Isotope Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/sis.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/images/SIS-front.jpeg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: California Institute of Technology\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68cc8bde-36a2-4440-ba9e-7d2ad151232f", "label": "PEM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The purpose of the Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) experiment on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is to provide quantitative measurements of both local and global energy inputs into the Earth's atmosphere by charged particles and Joule dissipation. PEM accomplishes this goal with an integrated set of instruments which measure x-rays, charged particles, and the magnetic field. PEM consists of four instruments: the Atmospheric X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (AXIS), the High Energy Particle Spectrometer (HEPS), the Medium Energy Particle Spectrometer (MEPS), and the Vector Magnetometer (VMAG). UARS was launched in 1991. \n\nPEM hardware subsystems were fabricated at three institutions. Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory supplied the AXIS, HEPS, power control unit, and remote power units. The Vector Magnetometer sensor and electronics were furnished by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Southwest Research Institute provided the MEPS, CEP, and zenith and nadir interface electronics. Integration of the PEM system was performed by Southwest Research Institute with support from Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. \n\nFor more information on UARS, see: \nhttp://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/ \nhttp://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/pem\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: PEM\n Long_Name: Particle Environment Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/pem\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69392904-2027-4e56-a312-c1905166f632", "label": "CRIS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) on the Advanced Composition\nExplorer (ACE) spacecraft is intended to be a major step in\nascertaining the isotopic composition of the cosmic rays and hence a\nmajor step in determining their origin. The Galactic cosmic rays\n(GCRs) consist, by number, primarily of hydrogen nuclei (~92%) and He\nnuclei (~7%). The heavier nuclei (1%) provide most of the information\nabout cosmic-ray origin through their elemental and isotopic\ncomposition. The intensities of these heavy cosmic rays are very low\nand progress in the past has been impeded by limited particle\ncollection power, particularly regarding individual isotopes. CRIS is\ndesigned to have far greater collection power (~250 cm2-sr) than\nprevious satellite instruments ( < 10 cm2-sr) while still maintaining\nexcellent isotopic resolution up through Z=30 (Zinc) and beyond.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/cris.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CRIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CRIS\n Long_Name: Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/cris.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/crishw.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/CRIS_SIS/images/CRIS.jpeg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.464 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: California Institute of Technology\n Instrument_Owner: Washington University, St. Louis\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6972425d-ee1a-47f9-8bf2-49bdec495aab", "label": "SEISS-GOESR", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6abf2d0e-39c0-4562-9229-612c1883a739", "label": "CPME", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Charged Particle Measurement Experiment (CPME) was designed and built at\nJHU/APL. The original Principal Investigator was S. M. Krimigis. The current\nPrincipal Investigator is R. B. Decker ( robert.decker@jhuapl.edu). The CPME on\nIMP-8 have operated successfully for 28 years and have generated a wealth of\nhigh-quality data that have led to new discoveries and have resulted in\nhundreds of publications. Both the CPME and EPE instruments continued to\nperform without problems until IMP-8 operations were terminated by NASA at the\nend of October 2001.\n\nThe CPME consists of a number of detector assemblies. A description of the CPME\ncan be found in the published paper by Sarris et al. [J. Geophys. Res., 81,\n2341, 1976]. A detailed account of various instrumental characteristics (energy\npassbands, flux conversion factors, data formats, etc.) can be found in the\nunpublished CPME handbook by Armstrong [1976].\n\nMost of the detectors have their fields of view centered in the ecliptic plane,\nso that fairly comprehensive angular distributions in this plane can be\nobtained for several species, as indicated in column seven of the CMPE PET\nTable, by using the spin of the spacecraft. Orientations of the 8, 45-degree\n(full-angle) sectors of the CPME on IMP-8 are illustrated in CPME sector look\ndirections.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/IMP/imp_index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b5d3792-9aab-4717-a0d7-0b7f3ab82e4d", "label": "ICP-AES", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c8992c5-d083-4c4a-ae02-6815ffd2a2c0", "label": "DIDM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: AMPTEK, http://www.amptek.com/didm.html ]\n\nDigital Ion Drift Meter (DIDM) instruments are designed to measure the velocity vectors of ambient ions at a spacecraft's location. Measurements of ion density and temperature are also provided. The local electrical field strength can be obtained via the relationship between electrical field, ion drift velocity and the measured magnetic field provided by on-board magnetometer.\n\nMore information: http://www.amptek.com/didm.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DIDM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: DIDM\n Long_Name: Planar Langmuir Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.amptek.com/didm.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.amptek.com/didm2.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Germany/GFZ\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71dd6343-d7e5-4651-adf1-b47090c635cc", "label": "ERNE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "One of the scientific instruments of SOHO is the energetic particle instrument\nERNE (Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron) of the University of\nTurku. The energy eruptions in the solar atmosphere can lead to the\nacceleration of local gas particles to extremely high energies and their\ninjection into the interplanetary space. These fast moving streams of particles\nare recorded by ERNE. At times, when there is no energetic particle production\nat the Sun, ERNE is observing the continuous flux of energetic particles from\nMilky Way (galactic cosmic rays) , and from the boundary of the heliosphere\naccelerated by the termination shock (anomalous cosmic rays). The two particle\nexperiments of SOHO, COSTEP and ERNE, are carried out in the CEPAC\ncollaboration. \n\nThe ERNE Sensor Unit (ESU) has two energetic particle sensors: LED and HED.\nFurther, all analog and digital electronics as well as the Data Processing Unit\n(ESU-DPU) of these sensors are within this unit. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.srl.utu.fi/projects/erne/index_english.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ERNE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: ERNE\n Long_Name: Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.utu.fi/projects/erne/index_english.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: University of Turku, Finalnd\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7208876b-c968-483e-93fe-6f71325785a7", "label": "PCD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The purpose of the Potential Control Device (PCD) on EQUATOR-S is to reduce the\nspacecraft potentials to a few volts, levels sufficiently low to allow plasma\nparticle measurements down to very low energies. For this purpose, the PDC\nemits beams of 6 keV indium ions to compensate the positive charging that would\notherwise exist under most circumstances. The emission principle is field\nevaporation and ionisation of the liquid metal covering a needle by applying a\nhigh voltage. Beam currents are variable and can either be set to fixed values,\nor are adjusted automatically based on the electron energy spectrum measured by\nthe 3DA instrument that is transmitted to PCD in real-time. PCD is identical to\nthe ASPOC instrument developed for CLUSTER.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7459c233-6fe4-47a4-92f8-aaa419a1c1ee", "label": "HEPAD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Space Environment Monitor System Aboard GOES\n\nThe Space Environment Monitor (SEM) consists of: a three-axis\nvector magnetometer; an Energetic Particle Sensor and associated\nHigh-energy Proton and Alpha Detector (HEPAD); and an X-ray\nSensor (XRS). This set of instruments is designed to provide\nreal-time measurement of space weather: solar activity, the\ncharged particle environment, and the Earth's magnetic field at\nsynchronous orbit.\n\nThe magnetometer measures the magnitude and direction of the\nEarth's ambient magnetic field with three orthogonal sensors,\nlocated in a sensor assembly and attached to a boom that places\nthe sensor three meters away from the body of the spacecraft.\n\nThe Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) and the High-Energy Proton\nand Alpha Detector (HEPAD) monitor solar protons and alpha\nparticles, produced during large flares, which are a radiation\nhazard to manned and unmanned operations in space and the\nionosphere at high latitudes. The HEPAD instrument covers the\nvery high-energy protons and alpha particles that are produced\nin large solar flares.\n\nThe X-Ray Sensor performs real-time measurements of the solar\nX-ray emissions in two channels covering the spectral ranges of\n0.5 Angstroms (shortwave) and 1 to 9 angstroms (longwave). The\nsensitivity of the sensor was chosen to permit quiet sun\nbackground measurements at as low a level of solar activity as\npossible while detecting events at the lowest practicable\nthreshold for early event warning.\n\nThe Future: Solar X-Ray Imager\n'http://www.spaceweather.noaa.gov/stories/sw2b.htm'\n\n[Source: NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79ae7e24-d6ff-4f1d-a4fc-5ca7214291b0", "label": "IDM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The ion drift meter (IDM) is a modified Faraday cup mounted on a\nsatellite which measures the bulk flow of the plasma in the\nhorizontal and vertical directions at right angles to the\nsatellite's direction of motion. Ion drift meters build by the\nCenter for Spcae Sciences have flown on NASA's Atmospheric\nExplorer series (AE) in the 1970s, NASA's Dynamics Explorer-2\n(DE-2) in 1981, the DMSP military satellites from F8 (launched\n1987) through the present time, and will fly on the Taiwanese\nsatellite ROCSAT to be launched in 1998. satellite in\n1981. Although there are slight differences in design between\neach of these, essentially the overall configuration is the same\nfor all of them.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://utd500.utdallas.edu/~hairston/idm.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The University of Texas at Dallas]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a73bf82-99e3-4cc2-89a2-801c58b49b9b", "label": "MENA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Medium-Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) Imager instrument on the IMAGE \nspacecraft detects energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the energy range 1-30 keV.\nLike HENA, MENA provides images of the ring current, near-Earth plasma sheet,\nand the nightside injection boundary. In addition, it images the ion\npopulations of the cusp. The lead investigator for the MENA experiment is Craig\nJ. Pollock, of Southwest Research Institute.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/MENA_description.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ca30e2f-61bc-46de-924e-86890289cd79", "label": "RAPID", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The RAPID spectrometer for the Cluster mission is an advanced particle detector\nfor the analysis of suprathermal plasma distributions in the energy range from\n20-400 keV for electrons, 40-1500 keV (4000 keV) for hydrogen, and 10 keV/nuc -\n1500 keV (4000 keV) for heavier ions. Novel detector concepts in combination\nwith pin-hole acceptance allow the measurement of angular distributions over a\nrange of 180ý in polar angle for either species. The detection principle for\nthe ionic component is based on a two-dimensional analysis of the particle's\nvelocity and energy. Electrons are identified by the well known energy-range\nrelationship.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mps.mpg.de/en/projekte/cluster/rapid/index.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RAPID\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: RAPID\n Long_Name: Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mps.mpg.de/en/projekte/cluster/rapid/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/39/hires_36665.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2007-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "818a809f-f34d-432e-8b8f-fa9ff227dcd8", "label": "EDI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) on Cluster-II measures the drift of a weak\nbeam of test electrons, from which the ambient electric fields and magnetic\nfield gradients can be determined. As a by-product, the magnetic field strength\nis also measured.\n\nEDI is a collaborative effort between the Max-Planck-Institut fur\nextraterrestrische Physik (MPE) the University of New Hampshire (UNH), and the\nUniversity of California San Diego (UCSD).\n\nMPEs contribution was supported by Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt\n(DLR) under grant 50 OC 9705.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/CLUSTER/EDI-Pages/edi_page.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EDI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EDI\n Long_Name: Electron Drift Instrument (CLUSTER-II)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/CLUSTER/EDI-Pages/edi_page.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/CLUSTER/Bilder/EDI_Charts1_162.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik \n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, San Diego\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "822e908d-6d65-4c29-b13f-0ad794909fc2", "label": "ASPOC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The objective of the ASPOC (Active Spacecraft Potential Control) instrument on \nthe Cluster-II spacecraft is to investigate this ion beam and its interaction\nwith the surrounding particles, connected with the reduction efficiency of the\nspacecraft charge to acceptable levels.\n\nThis instrument is being developed by an international workgroup, which the\ninstitute of space research of the Austrian academy of sciences chairs as\nprinciple investigator. This institute is also responsible for the complete\ndigital electronics of the instrument. An important part is made up by the ion\nemitters, which were developed by the Austrian research center Seibersdorf. The\nliquid metal ion emitter that will be operated is especially suited for outer\nspace because of the low melting point of Indium. The electronics for the\ncurrent supply and high voltage generation is developed by Forsvarets\nForskningsinstitut (FFI) in Kjeller, Norway. The instrument casing, the lid and\nshutter mechanism for the ion emitter module and test support are the\nresponsibility of the Space Science Department of ESA at ESTEC. The mass of the\ninstrument is 1.9 kg, the power usage up to 2.7 Watt.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.iwf.oeaw.ac.at/english/research/earthnearspace/cluster/aspoc_e.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ASPOC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: ASPOC\n Long_Name: Active Spacecraft Potential Control Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.iwf.oeaw.ac.at/english/research/earthnearspace/cluster/aspoc_e.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.108 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences\n Instrument_Owner: Institute for Physics, Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf\n Instrument_Owner: Space Science Department, ESA/ESTEC\n Instrument_Owner: Norwegian Defense Research Establishment\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n Instrument_Owner: Naval Postgraduate School\n Instrument_Owner: Southwest Research Institute\n Instrument_Owner: University of Washington\n Instrument_Owner: University College London\n Instrument_Owner: Chinese Academy of Sciences\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "827ee059-44af-49bc-90f4-dcb05dc26908", "label": "CELIAS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System (CELIAS) instrument is\ndesigned to study the composition of the solar wind (SW) and of solar and\ninterplanetary energetic particles on SOHO. SOHO is a project of international\ncooperation between ESA and NASA. The CELIAS instrument consists of three\ndifferent sensors with associated electronics, which are optimized each for a\nparticular aspect of ion composition. These aspects are the elemental,\nisotopic, and ionic charge composition of SW or energetic ions emanating from\nthe Sun. In addition, the Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) has been included into CELIAS\nfor monitoring the absolute EUV flux from the Sun.\n\nThe CELIAS instrument consists of three different sensor units (CTOF, MTOF, and\nSTOF) coupled to a Digital Processing Unit (DPU). The energy ranges of the SOHO\nparticle instruments, the CELIAS ion sensors together with the COSTEP /ERNE\nenergetic particle experiments, cover a very wide range (large version) in\nnuclear mass and energy space.\n\nAll three CELIAS sensors employ electrostatic deflection systems in combination\nwith time-of-flight (TOF) measurements of the impinging particles. The CTOF and\nSTOF sensors employ also silicon solid state detectors to determine the\nresidual energy of particles. Thus for these two sensors the quantities energy\nper charge, E/Q, time-of-flight (TOF), and energy, E, are determined for the\nincoming particles. CTOF and STOF are aimed at different energy ranges, CTOF\nbeing devoted to solar wind and low energy suprathermal ions, while STOF is\ndevoted to higher energy suprathermal and low energy solar energetic particles.\nThe MTOF sensor is a high resolution retarding potential mass analyzer with a\nquadrupol electric field configuration, which will be able not only to measure\nthe composition of the less abundant elements in the solar wind, but also the\nisotopic composition of the more abundant heavy ions.\n\nThe solar EUV monitor, SEM, is structurally connected with STOF. SEM consists\nbasically of a diffraction grating in front of a set of three absolutely\ncalibrated silicon light diodes, which are covered with an aluminum filter. The\ndiodes are placed at the zero - and first order diffraction image of the Sun in\norder to isolate the 30.4 nm He II line.\n\nThe digital processing unit, DPU, serves all three sensors by fully handling\nthe communications with the spacecraft. It receives rate and pulse-height data\nfrom each sensor, compresses, stores and formats it for conveying the data to\nthe S/C telemetry. It also handles the experiment control through the\ncommanding system and surveys the CELIAS housekeeping data. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.space.unibe.ch/soho/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CELIAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CELIAS\n Long_Name: Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MTOF\n Short_Name: CTOF\n Short_Name: PM\n Short_Name: SEM/SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 17-70 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space.unibe.ch/soho/\n Sample_Image: http://www.space.unibe.ch/soho/random/ctof.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik\n Instrument_Owner: Universiy of Bern, Switzerland\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institut fur Aeronomie\n Instrument_Owner: University of Maryland\n Instrument_Owner: Technische Universitat Braunschweig\n Instrument_Owner: University of Southern California\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "840f1418-801a-4cdc-ad23-e63be82fa3e1", "label": "TIDI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics\n(TIMED) satellite is a NASA Office of Space Sciences Sun-Earth\nConnection (SEC) mission to study the mesosphere and lower\nthermosphere from about 60 to 180 km altitude, and understand\nhow solar variability and lower atmosphere processes combine to\nmake this one of the most dynamic and variable regions of the\nterrestrial atmosphere.\n\nTIMED carries four instruments, a Global Ultraviolet Imager\n(GUVI), an infrared limb-sounder (SABER), a solar ultraviolet\nspectrometer (SEE), and a Fabry-Perot interferometer\n(TIDI). Data are available through the TIMED Mission Data Center\nand the individual instrument web sites.\n\nTIDI performs ultra-high-spectral-resolution measurements of\nairglow layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere in order\nto measure winds and temperatures using the doppler shifts and\nline shapes of spectral features. The instrument was built at\nthe University of Michigan Space Physics Research Lab (SPRL),\nand is operated as a collaborative project between SPRL and\nHAO/NCAR.\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "905fd244-460d-4f83-b7b5-a659249fb692", "label": "MEPAD", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPAD) has two\nsets of proton and electron telescopes and four omni-directional\ndetectors. These provide both directional and omni-directional\nmeasurements.\n\nThe directional sensors, called telescopes, make independent\nmeasurements of the particle types in six energy ranges from 30\nto greater than 6900 keV for protons, and three energy\nthresholds from 30 to 300 keV for electrons. Directional\nmeasurements are made near the zenith direction and 90? off\nnadir.\n\nThe omni-directional sensors measure proton energy in four\nthresholds from 16 to 140 MeV.\n\n[Summary provided by ESA.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b47e4c5-0a04-4adc-8e83-975cb2cbc4a6", "label": "TIDE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE) and Plasma Source Instrument (PSI)\nhave been developed in response to the requirements of the ISTP Program for\nthree-dimensional plasma composition measurements capable of tracking the\noutflow of ionospheric plasma throughout the magnetosphere. This plasma is in\npart lost to the downstream solar wind and in part recirculated within the\nmagnetosphere, participating in the formation of the diamagnetic hot plasma\nsheet and ring current plasma populations. Significant obstacles which have\npreviously made this task impossible include the low density and energy of the\noutflowing ionospheric plasma plume and the positive spacecraft floating\npotentials which exclude the low-energy plasma from detection on ordinary\nspacecraft. Based on a unique combination of focusing electrostatic ion optics\nand time of 3 flight detection and mass analysis, TIDE provides the\nunprecedented sensitivity (seven channels at 0.1 cm2 sr each) and resolution\nrequired for this purpose. PSI will produce a low energy plasma locally at the\nPOLAR spacecraft which will provide the ion current required to balance the\nphotoelectron current, along with a low temperature electron population, thus\nregulating the spacecraft potential at a few tenths of a volt positive relative\nto the space plasma.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://satyr.msfc.nasa.gov/TIDE/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIDE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TIDE\n Long_Name: Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://xd12srv1.nsstc.nasa.gov/ssl/PAD/sppb/index_Tide.html\n Online_Resource: http://tide.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://xd12srv1.nsstc.nasa.gov/ssl/PAD/sppb/TIDE/images/plate_1_lrg.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: SW Research Labs\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Lab\n Instrument_Owner: Centre d'etude des Environnements Terrestre et Planetaires, France\n Instrument_Owner: Hughes Research Labs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f9794b8-9608-4411-8653-aab4ae6e70a5", "label": "EDI-E", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) on EQUATOR-S measures the displacement of a\nweak (< 1 µA) beam of test electrons, after one gyration in the ambient\nmagnetic field, that is induced by electric fields or magnetic gradients. This\ndisplacement causes the beam to return to a detector on the spacecraft only\nwhen emitted in one of two precicely determined directions. By employing two\nbeams and two detectors, these directions can be monitored continuously and the\ndisplacement obtained by triangulation. For small magnetic fields the\ntriangulation degenerates and the displacement is obtained instead from the\ndifference in the travel times of the electrons in the two beams. As a\nby-product, the measured times-of-flight provide a precise measurement of the\nmagnetic field magnitude. To separately determine the electric fields and the\nmagnetic field gradients, the electron energy is varied between 1.0 and 0.5\nkeV. Time-resolution varies with ambient conditions, but should typically be\n100 ms or better. The electron drift instrument on EQUATOR-S is identical to\nthe instrument developed for CLUSTER.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0abb2f4-579b-4dfe-a35e-5074b57dfe63", "label": "SWE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) on WIND will measure ions and electrons in the\nsolar wind and the foreshock regions (particles whose energies are in the\nkiloelectronvolt range). From these measurements, the solar wind velocity,\ndensity, temperature and heat flux can be deduced. Electron and ion velocity\ndistributions should reveal properties of the following plasmas and their\npivotal role in the transfer of mass, momentum, and energy from the Sun to the\nEarth. Measurements made in the foreshock region will contribute to\nunderstanding the structure of the bow shock.\nThe SWE instrument consists of five integrated sensor/electronics boxes and a\ndata processing unit (DPU). The sensor units are mounted on the top and bottom\nshelves of the spacecraft, extending through the top and bottom surfaces.\n3D velocity distribution measurements of the ion component in the solar wind\nare made by a pair of Faraday Cup analyzers, which provide a wide field-of-view\nand the capability for flow characterization within one spin revolution (3\nseconds). 3D velocity distribution measurements of ions and electrons in\nplasmas having Mach numbers.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://web.mit.edu/afs/athena/org/s/space/www/wind.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWE\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Experiment (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 eV - 22 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena/org/s/space/www/wind.html\n Sample_Image: http://web.mit.edu/space/www/wind/wind_figures/wind-3.339x269.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: MIT\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1472f08-bf0e-42a9-a5a6-7375414b182f", "label": "COSTEP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Comprehensive Suprathermal and Energetic Particle Analyzer (COSTEP) on the \nSolar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) addresses scientific objectives\nrelated to the following phenomena:\n\nSteady state processes in the solar atmosphere\nEnergy release and particle acceleration in the solar atmosphere\n o Long duration events\n o Impulsive events\n o Non flare-associated particle events\nSamples of solar atmospheric material\n o Large solar particle events\n o Elemental abundance of low-Z-elements\n o Isotopic abundances of H and HE\n o Small, 3HE-rich flares and impulsive kilovolt electron events\nInterplanetary medium\n o Travelling shock events\n o Corotating interaction regions\n o Particle propagation in interplanetary space\n\nThe COSTEP sensors Low Energy Ion and Electron Instrument (LION) and Electron\nProton Helium Instrument (EPHIN) allow a systematic investigation of these\nquestions to be made by measuring energetic particles over a wide range of\nenergies and for different particle species and combining this information with\nsimultaneous observations from other experiments in the SOHO payload, on other\nsatellites and with ground based observations. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ifkki.kernphysik.uni-kiel.de/SOHO/engl/homepage.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COSTEP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: COSTEP\n Long_Name: Comprehensive Suprathermal and Energetic Particle Analyzer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LION\n Short_Name: EPHIN\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ieap.uni-kiel.de/et/ag-heber/costep/\n Online_Resource: http://ifkki.kernphysik.uni-kiel.de/SOHO/engl/homepage\n Sample_Image: http://www.ieap.uni-kiel.de/et/ag-heber/costep/images/figures/index_fig1.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Institut fur Experimentele und Angewandte Physik\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a46bb45e-fccb-418b-8595-3539f014a4e0", "label": "THEMIS-SST", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: NASA THEMIS home page, \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SST.html ]\n\nThe Solid State Telescope (SST) measures superthermal particle distribution functions, namely the number of ions and electrons coming towards the spacecraft from specified directions with specified energies within the energy range from 25 keV to 6 MeV. These particles are the much more energetic (hence superthermal) than the main magnetospheric population, but are quite important as tracers of acceleration and heating in the magnetosphere. SST observations help us achieve the objectives of the THEMIS mission by providing two different measurements of substorm onset within the Earth’s plasma sheet, a region of enhanced particle fluxes and depressed magnetic field strengths within the Earth’s magnetotail. The first method is based on the fact that the plasma sheet slowly thins prior to substorm onset, but rapidly expands at onset. Using the so-called ‘finite gyroradius’ effect, the SST can remotely sense the location and motion of the boundaries of the plasma sheet, in particular the expansion at substorm onset. This is the first time that two SSTs will track this changing boundary from three locations while other instruments at different locations in the magnetosphere are determining the time of substorm onset.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-SST\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: THEMIS-SST\n Long_Name: THEMIS Solid State Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SST.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_sst.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/168041main_SST-FM1_med.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a487681c-656f-4875-ba2b-790d67d66934", "label": "EPI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "Physically part of the 3DA instrument, The Energetic Particle Instrument (EPI) \non EQUATOR-S consists of an array of solid-state telescopes measuring electrons\nand ions in the energy range 20 - 226 keV and 20 - 400 keV, respectively, in 6\nenergy channels and 4 angle channels at a time. During each spacecraft spin the\ntelescopes trace out a large fraction (70%) of the solid-angle sphere.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9d0a2ed-3df0-499c-bdc1-8914b6bbd4a4", "label": "CPFM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Composition and Photodissociative Flux Measurement (CPFM)\ninstrument is a small, light-weight photodiode array\nspectrometer. It measures the solar flux on a horizontal\nsurface, the vertical and horizontal polarized limb radiance\ncomponents, and the along-track and cross-track polarized nadir\nradiance components. The limb observations consist of a\nten-point scan. The detector is an EG&G 1024-element,\nphotodiode array and is positioned at the focus of an f/2\nconcave, holographic diffraction grating. Filters are used to\nallow only light in either the first order, 375-775 nm, or the\nsecond order, 188-388 nm, to be focused onto the array. In\naddition, polarizers are used to select one polarization\ncomponent of the limb or nadir radiance and reject the\nother. Due to the increased absorption by ozone combined with\ndeclining UV sensitivity there are no useful data below 300 nm.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ess1.ps.uci.edu/%7Ecmclinden/link/xx/node31.html'\n\n[Source: University of California, Irvine]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac8f25ba-a1f6-435d-9962-7dfe05b4cdd7", "label": "SEM-N", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: NOAA NPOESS Project, http://www.npoess.noaa.gov/sess_TXT.php ]\n\n\nThe Space Environment Monitor – NPOESS (SEM-N) is the primary instrument for 5 Environmental Data Records (EDRs). SEM-N is the only space weather sensor on NPOESS.\n\nSEM-N is comprised of the Special Sensor J5 (SSJ5) for detection of low-energy particles, the Energetic Particle Spectrometer (EPS) for medium-energy particles, and omni-directional detectors for high-energy particles. In concert, these sensors are capable of providing measurements of the energy spectrum and directional distribution of charged particle fluxes in the vicinity of the spacecraft. The measurements are indicative of the population of the Earth’s radiation belts and of charged particle precipitation phenomena resulting from solar activity.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEM-N\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEM-N\n Long_Name: Space Environment Monitor NPOESS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NPOESS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr#\n Online_Resource: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A51F0166W\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af1399f5-2c9d-4f51-8367-23076f07aa00", "label": "CINDI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5ccd0b3-7091-4d64-bf71-d3d19cd006ea", "label": "EPACT", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Energetic Particle Acceleration, Composition, and Transport (EPACT)\ninvestigation on WIND will provide a comprehensive study of energetic particle\nacceleration and transport processes in solar flares, the interplanetary\nmedium, and planetary magnetospheres, as well as the galactic cosmic rays and\nthe anomalous cosmic ray component.\nEPACT measurements will determine elemental and isotopic abundances for the\nminor ions making up the solar wind, with energies in excess of 20keV. This\ndirect sampling of solar matter is a way to study events on the solar surface\nand the incorporation of solar material into the solar wind. EPACT will also\nprovide information on shocks in the interplanetary medium, which accelerate\nparticles from solar-wind energies to several hundred keV. \nThe EPACT instrument consists of three integrated telescope/electronics boxes\nmounted on the body of the spacecraft. The extensive dynamic range of particles\nto be measured is divided between three Low Energy Matrix Telescopes (LEMT),\ntwo Alpha-Proton-Electron Telescopes (APE), an Isotope Telescope (IT), and a\nSupra Thermal Energetic Particle Telescope (STEP). The APE and IT instruments\nare contained in a single package known as the Electron Isotope Telescope\n(ELITE). These solid state detector telescopes all use the dE/dx by E method of\nparticle identification, except STEP, which obtains particle mass by measuring\ntime-of flight and energy. An onboard recorder allows continuous observations\nto be made.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gamcosray/lecr/EPACT/epact.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPACT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPACT\n Long_Name: Energetic Particles: Acceleration, Composition and Transport (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LEMT\n Short_Name: APE\n Short_Name: STEP/EPACT\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 - 500 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gamcosray/lecr/EPACT/epact.html\n Sample_Image: http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gamcosray/lecr/EPACT/EPACT_files/lemt_pic.jpeg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b62575f6-25e9-4a50-b0f6-a45dbf22c8d4", "label": "SMS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Studies (SWICS/MASS/STICS)\nexperiment on WIND comprises three major instruments: Solar Wind Ion\nComposition Spectrometer (SWICS), High Mass Resolution Spectrometer (MASS), and\nSuprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS). This experiment will\ndetermine the abundance, composition and differential energy spectra of solar\nwind ions, and the composition, charge state and 3-D distribution functions of\nsuprathermal ions. These ions and their abundance fluctuations provide\ninformation about events on the solar surface and the formation of the solar\nwind, complementing the EPACT and 3D-PLASMA investigations.\nThe SMS experiment consists of five separate packages mounted on the spacecraft\nbody. SWICS uses electrostatic deflection, post-acceleration, and a\ntime-of-flight vs. energy measurement to determine the energy and elemental\ncharge state composition of solar wind ions.\nMASS uses energy/charge analysis followed by a time of flight measurement, to\ndetermine solar-wind ion composition with high mass-resolution (M/delta M >\n100), for the first time.\nSTICS, similar to SWICS but not using post-acceleration, has a large geometric\nfactor and wide angle viewing for studies of suprathermal ions.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://space.umd.edu/wind/\nThe SMS data processing unit and STICS analog electronics unit are mounted\nseparately.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SMS\n Long_Name: SWICS/MASS/STICS Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MASS\n Short_Name: STICS\n Short_Name: SWICS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 - 230 kEV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://space.umd.edu/wind/\n Sample_Image: http://space.umd.edu/wind/position.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: University of Maryland\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "baf05da4-8d5e-40cd-b1ae-d71210e833e6", "label": "SSI/E", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-05 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of one spherical (SEA) and one planar (PEA) electrostatic analyzer. The SEA provided measurements of electron densities from 10 to 1.E6/cubic cm in the temperature range from 200 to 15,000 deg k. The PEA measured ion temperatures in the same range as well as the average ion mass over the range 1 to 35 u. The PEA was oriented in the direction of the positive spacecraft velocity vector, while the SEA was oriented at right angles to this direction and away from the sun to minimize the effect of photoelectrons. The device also provided a measurement of the spacecraft potential.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSI/E\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n Long_Name: Ionospheric Plasma Monitor (SSI/E)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-05\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: United States Air Force\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bcb3e5c1-0045-4cff-ab38-67b73f3c6b14", "label": "CAMMICE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The objective of the Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion Composition Experiment\n(CAMMICE) is the unambiguous determination of the composition of the energetic\nparticle populations of the Earth's magnetosphere over the range of 6 keV/Q to\n60 MeV per ion in order to identify mechanisms by which these charged particles\nare energized and transported from their parent source populations to the\nmagnetosphere.\n\nThe CAMMICE consists of two types of sensor systems: the Magnetospheric Ion\nComposition Sensor (MICS), and the Heavy Ion Telescope (HIT). Each sensor\nperforms a multiple-parameter measurement of the composition of\nmagnetospherically trapped and transient ion populations over a combined energy\nrange from 6 keV/Q to 60 MeV per ion (a range of over 4 orders of magnitude)\nand for elements from hydrogen through iron.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://leadbelly.lanl.gov/ccr/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CAMMICE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CAMMICE\n Long_Name: Charge And Mass Ion Composition Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: HIT\n Short_Name: MICS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml#CAMMICE\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1996-013A&ex=6\n Sample_Image: http://spacedata.bu.edu/graphics/Polar/MICS%20Large.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "be9f47d7-c7d4-4297-bd2d-3bf293445dcd", "label": "EPAM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) on the Advanced\nComposition Explorer (ACE) is composed of five telescope apertures of\nthree different types. Two Low Energy Foil Spectrometers (LEFS)\nmeasure the flux and direction of electrons above 30 keV (geometry\nfactor = 0.397 cm2 sr), two Low Energy Magnetic Spectrometers (LEMS)\nmeasure the flux and direction of ions greater than 50 keV (geometry\nfactor = 0.48 cm2 sr), and the Composition Aperture (CA) measures the\nelemental composition of the ions (geometry factor = 0.24 cm2 sr). The\ntelescopes use the spin of the spacecraft to sweep the full\nsky. Solid-state detectors are used to measure the energy and\ncomposition of the incoming particles.\n\nEPAM was designed and developed by ther Johns Hopkins Applied Physics\nLaboratory.\n\n\nSee:\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/EPAM/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPAM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPAM\n Long_Name: Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CA\n Short_Name: LEMS\n Short_Name: LEFS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/EPAM/\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/EPAM/pics/epam_image.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.16 kpbs\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bef53e54-5314-483e-99de-28d1de4b8b27", "label": "SWEPAM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Wind Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) on the Advanced\nComposition Explorer (ACE) measures the solar wind plasma electron and ion\nfluxes (rates of particle flow) as functions of direction and energy. These\ndata provide detailed knowledge of the solar wind conditions and internal state\nevery minute. SWEPAM also provides real-time solar wind observations which are\ncontinuously telemetered to the ground for space weather purposes. \n\nElectron and ion measurements are made with separate sensors. The ion sensor\nmeasures particle energies between about 0.26 and 36 KeV, and the electron\nsensor's energy range is between 1 and 1350 eV. Both sensors use electrostatic\nanalyzers with fan-shaped fields-of-view. The electrostatic analyzers measure\nthe energy per charge of each particle by bending their flight paths through\nthe system. The fields-of-view are swept across all solar wind directions by\nthe rotation of the spacecraft. \n\nSWEPAM was built jointly by the Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories in\nNew Mexico. It is built from the spare solar wind electron and ion analyzers\nfrom the Ulysses mission with selective modifications and improvements.\n\nSee:\nhttp://swepam.lanl.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWEPAM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWEPAM\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: IS_SWEPAM\n Short_Name: ES_SWEPAM\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://swepam.lanl.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/swepam_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n Instrument_Owner: Sandia National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c093951b-4276-4795-824f-54064a8f5a0d", "label": "CPI-G", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The objective of the CPI investigation on Geotail is to make comprehensive\nobservations of the three-dimensional velocity distribution functions of\nelectrons and positive ions, with identification of ion species. The instrument\ncontains three sets of quadrispherical analyzers with channel electron\nmultipliers. These three obtain three-dimensional measurements for hot plasma\nand solar wind electrons, for solar wind ions, and for positive-ion composition\nmeasurements. The positive-ion composition measurement includes five miniature\nimaging mass spectrometers at the exit aperture of the analyzer, and covers\nmasses from 1 to 550 u/Q at 100 eV, and 1 to 55 u/Q at 10 keV. The hot plasma\nanalyzer measures electrons and ions in the range 1-50,000 eV/Q. The solar wind\nanalyzer measures ions from 150 to 7,000 eV/Q. Sequencing of the energy\nanalyzers and mass spectrometers, and other control functions, are provided by\ntwo microprocessors.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nProf. Louis A. Frank\nDepartment of Physics and Astonomy\nThe University of Iowa\nVan Allen Hall, Iowa cty, IA 52242-1479\nPhone: 1-319-335-1695\nFax: 1-319-335-1753\ne-mail: frank@iowasp.physics.uiowa.edu\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\nand\nhttp://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/cpi/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CPI-G\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: CPI-G\n Long_Name: Comprehensive Plasma Investigation-Geotail\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/cpi/\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#CPI\n Sample_Image: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/cpi/cpi_description/cpi_plate2.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.608 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0abac29-bee6-44fc-802d-32b1b723f80c", "label": "LEP", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The objective of the LEP experiment on Geotail is to observe plasma and\nenergetic electrons and ions in the terrestrial magnetosphere and in the\ninterplanetary medium.\n\nThe LEP consists of three sensors: LEP-EA, LEP-SW, and LEP-MS, with common\nelectronics (LEP-E).\n\nLEP-EA measures three-dimensional velocity distributions of hot plasma in the\nmagnetosphere. EA consists of two nested sets of quadrispherical electrostatic\nanalyzers. The inner analyzer measures electrons in the energy range from 6--36\neV, and the outer one measures positive ions from 7 eV/Q to 42 keV/Q. The field\nof view for each quadrispherical analyzer covers 10 degrees by 145 degrees,\nwhere the longer dimension is parallel to the satellite spin axis.\n\nLEP-SW measures three-dimensional velocity distributions of solar wind ions in\nthe energy range from 0.1--8 keV/Q with a 270 degree spherical electrostatic\nanalyzer with a field of view of 5 degrees by 60 degrees.\n\nLEP-MS is an energetic ion mass spectrometer, which provides three-dimensional\ndeterminations of the ion composition in 32 steps over the energy range of\n0--25 keV/Q. All sensors operate continuously as long as the spacecraft power\nbudget can allow, except for the orbit/attitude maneuvering operation.\n\nWhen spacecraft power budget is not sufficient to fully operate the\ninstruments, priority is given to LEP-EA and LEP-E.\n\nAlthough this experiment ceased operation shortly after launch, the LEP-EA and\nLEP-SW portions of the experiment resumed operation in late 1993 and have\nworked well ever since.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nDr. Tsugunobu Nagai\nTokyo Institue of Technology\nEarth and Planetary Sciences\nTokyo 152-8551 Japan\nPhone:\nFax:\ne-mail: nagai@geo.titech.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LEP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: LEP\n Long_Name: Low Energy Particles (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#LEP\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: ISAS, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1f85122-1cc1-4aed-a095-df40d7b98c71", "label": "SEC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The main science objective of the Ulysses Solar Corona Experiment on Ulysses is\nto derive the plasma parameters of the solar atmosphere using established\ncoronal-sounding techniques. Applying appropriate model assumptions, the 3-D\nelectron density distribution will be determined from dual-frequency ranging\nand Doppler measurements recorded at the NASA Deep Space Network during the\nsolar conjunctions. Multi-station observations will be used to derive the\nplasma bulk velocity at solar distances where the solar wind is expected to\nundergo its greatest acceleration. As a secondary objective profiting from the\nfavorable geometry during Jupiter encounter, radio-sounding measurements will\nyield a unique cross-scan of the electron density in the Io Plasma Torus.\n\n(Abstract from: M.K. Bird et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 425-430,\n1992)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5019f7d-d4fb-4ebe-8491-83e9f618d0eb", "label": "TED", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Total Energy Detector (TED) uses eight programmed swept\nelectrostatic curved-plate analyzers with continuous dynode\nelectron multipliers (CDEM) to select the particles type and\nenergy.\n\nThe TED measures electron and proton fluxes in the 0.05 to 20\nkeV energy range. Measurements are related to j (E, alpha), the\ndifferential directional energy flux, found in the number of\nprotons and electrons in units of number per (m?-s-Sr-keV).\n\nTwo independent measurements of the particle flux are made at 0\nand 30? from the local vertical. The total energy is divided in\ntwo ranges: 0.05 to 1 keV and 1 to 20 keV. The TED also measures\nthe maximum differential energy flux density and the energy at\nwhich it occurs for each direction and type (electron and\nproton).\n\nThe TED consists of eight Electro-Static Analyzers (ESA), Pulse\nHeight Discriminators (PHD), and In-Flight Calibrator (IFC), two\nhigh voltage (HV) supplies, a sweep voltage supply and\nhousekeeping circuits. A particle (proton, ion or electron)\nenters an entrance of an ESA. If the particle has the right\ncharge (+ or -) and energy, it passes through the ESA to the\nContinuous Dynode Electron Multiplier (CDEM). The CDEM makes a\npulse that is processed by the PHD that sends a logic pulse to\nthe DPU.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.esa.int/export/esaME/ESA8I1V9EYC_sem_0.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ESA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TED\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TED\n Long_Name: Total Energy Detector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-N PRIME\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6015706-d663-4d06-ae76-c25af7fa83fe", "label": "ICI", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Ion Composition Instrument (ICI) on EQUATOR-S measures the 3D distribution\nfunctions of the major ion species, H+, He+, He++, and O+. It consists of a\nretarding-potential analyzer (RPA), followed by a toroidal energy-per-charge\n(E/q) analyzer with disc-shaped field of view, followed by a 20 kV\npost-acceleration into a time-of-flight (ToF) analysis section. Without RPA\noperation, the E/q range is 15 V to 40 kV, otherwise it starts at essentially\nzero volts. To accommodate the large dynamic range in ion fluxes, the\ninstrument has split the 360¡ FoV into two 180¡ sections whose sensitivities\ndiffer by a factor 100. Moments of the distributions of all 4 ion species are\ncomputed on board and are available every 4 spins, i.e., every 6 s. The\ninstrument is identical to the CODIF portion of the CIS instrument on CLUSTER.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6882517-ade8-4513-a503-70f07bb30a31", "label": "EPM", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "[Souce: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-02 ]\n\nThe energetic particle monitor consisted of three detector assemblies, each covering limited regions of the overall energy spectrum. The first two detector assemblies monitored protons in seven energy ranges between 0.8 and 500 MeV and alpha particles in six energy ranges from 4 to >400 MeV. There was also one channel for the measurement of electrons in the energy range above 500 keV. The third detector, high energy proton and alpha detector (HEPAD), monitored protons in four energy ranges above 370 MeV and alpha particles in two energy ranges above 640 MeV/nucleon. In all, there were 25 channels of data, each channel sampling at a slow rate of once in a few seconds, or once in a few minutes.\n\nInvestigator: Dr. Herbert H. Sauer, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories\n\nData Manager: Dr. Ernest Hildner, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPM\n Long_Name: Energetic Particle Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-041A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-022A\n Online_Resource: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb597cce-dff8-47d6-b805-9b5c4e6da8a3", "label": "EPIC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The principal objective of the EPIC (Energetic Particle and Ion Composition)\ninvestigation on Geotail is to explore the distant magnetotail region and\nobtain information on the origin, transport, storage, acceleration and dynamics\nof suprathermal and non-thermal particle populations.\n\nThe instrument performs three-dimensional distribution measurements by using\nboth total energy, E/Q and time of flight (STICS -- Supra-Thermal Ion\nComposition Spectrometer) and Velocity/Energy (ICS -- Ion Composition\nSubsystem) detectors. These measure Ions >8 keV/charge and Ions/Electrons >35\nkeV, respectively.\n\nComposition measurements are made by using a thin foil time-of-flight technique\nwhich resolves the H and He isotopes, and provides elemental resolution up to\napproximately argon. The instrument also measures the non-thermal components to\n6 MeV for protons, 480 keV for electrons, and 400 keV/nucleon for ions with\nZ>2. Directional measurements with a time resolution <3 s are possible.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nRichard McEntire\nApplied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University\nJohn Hopkins Road\nLaurel, MD 20723-6099\nPhone: 240-228-5410\nFax:\ne-mail: Dick.McEntire@jhuap1.edu\n\nSee: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\nand\nhttp://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Geotail/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EPIC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: EPIC\n Long_Name: Energetic Particle and Ion Composition (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ICS\n Short_Name: STICS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Geotail/\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#EPIC\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Geotail/epic_photo.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2.56 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbe13031-7013-488c-a1b5-e2e4fb812bed", "label": "SWICS-U", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on Ulysses is designed to\ndetermine uniquely the elemental and ionic-charge composition, and the\ntemperatures and mean speeds of all major solar-wind ions, from H through Fe,\nat solar wind speeds ranging from 175 km/s (protons) to 1280 km/s (Fe8+). The\ninstrument, which covers an energy per charge range from 0.16 to 59.6 keV/e in\n~13 min, combines an electrostatic analyzer with post-acceleration, followed by\na time-of-flight and energy measurement. The measurements made by SWICS will\nhave an impact on many areas of solar and heliospheric physics, in particular\nproviding essential and unique information on: (i) conditions and processes in\nthe region of the corona where the solar wind is accelerated; (ii) the location\nof the source regions of the solar wind in the corona; (iii) coronal heating\nprocesses; (iv) the extent and causes of variations in the composition of the\nsolar atmosphere; (v) plasma processes in the solar wind; (vi) the acceleration\nof energetic particles in the solar wind; (vii) the thermalization and\nacceleration of interstellar ions in the solar wind, and their composition; and\n(viii) the composition, charge states and behavior of the plasma in various\nregions of the Jovian magnetosphere.\n\n(Abstract from: G. Gloeckler et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92,\n267-289, 1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_swics.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWICS-U\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWICS-U\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 110 eV - 66.7 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ulysses/\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/swics.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/swics.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 55 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: University of Michigan, Solar and Heliospheric Research Group\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d29c6ed9-a4f2-42f8-8e8d-3c8a7e6cef4a", "label": "TIMAS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) instrument measures the\nfull three-dimensional velocity distribution functions of all major\nmagnetospheric ion species with one-half spin period time resolution. The TIMAS\nis a first order double focusing (angle and energy), imaging spectrograph that\nsimultaneously measures all mass per charge components from 1 AMU/e to greater\nthan 32 AMU/e over a nearly 360 degrees by 10 degree instantaneous\nfield-of-view in 20 milliseconds. Mass per charge is dispersed radially on an\nanular microchannel plate detector and the azimuthal position on the detector\nis a map of the instantaneous 360 degrees field of view. With the rotation of\nthe spacecraft, the TIMAS sweeps out a 4pi solid angle image in a half spin\nperiod. The energy per charge range from l5eV/e to 32 keV/e is covered in 28\nnon-contiguous steps spaced approximately logarithmically with adjacent steps\nseparated by about 30%. In order to handle the large volume of data within the\ntelemetry limitations the distributions are compressed to varying degrees in\nangle and energy, log-count compressed and then further compressed by a\nlossless technique. This data processing task is supported by two SA3300\nmicroprocessors. The voltages (up to + 5 kV) for the tandem toroidal\nelectrostatic analyzers are supplied from common high voltage supplies using\noptically controlled series-shunt regulators.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/timas/TIMAS_description.html\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIMAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TIMAS\n Long_Name: Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/timas/TIMAS_description.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/timas/Full_size_b.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Company\n Instrument_Owner: Southwest Research Institute\n Instrument_Owner: Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College, UK\n Instrument_Owner: University of Berne, Switzerland\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d4407d38-61c8-4391-afcc-e5ff52fc95b5", "label": "GME", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Goddard Medium Energy (GME) Experiment on IMP-8 provided a comprehensive\nbasis for modulation and acceleration studies at 1 AU and a critical and unique\nbaseline at 1 AU for ongoing studies of cosmic ray modulation and propagation\nin the outer heliosphere for Pioneer and Voyager investigations. These include\nwork at New Mexico State University, the University of New Hampshire, the\nUniversity of Maryland, the University of Iowa, Nagoya University, the\nUniversity of Tasmania and NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nThe GME instrument has provided continuous observations extending over almost a\ncomplete heliospheric cycle from launch in October 1973 to 2001. When combined\nwith the data from essentially identical Goddard experiments on IMP 6 and 7,\nthese cosmic ray and energetic interplanetary particle observations span a\nperiod of 26 years. Data from the GME instrument span an energy range of\n0.5-450 MeV Hydrogen, 2-450 MeV/nuc Helium, ions from Carbon through the Iron\ngroup from several to >100 MeV/nuc and relativistic electrons. The quality of\nthe IMP 8 GME data in terms of particle and energy resolution, and sensitivity,\nfor galactic cosmic ray Hydrogen (2-230 MeV) and Helium (2-450 MeV/nuc) remains\ncomparable to that of any other cosmic ray experiment flown since 1971.\n\nThe GSFC cosmic-ray experiment was designed to measure energy spectra,\ncomposition, and angular distributions of solar and galactic electrons,\nprotons, and heavier nuclei up to Z=30. Three distinct detector systems were\nused. The first system consisted of a pair of solid-state telescopes that\nmeasured integral fluxes of electrons above 150, 350, and 700 keV and of\nprotons above .05, .15, .50, .70, 1.0, 1.2, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, 15, and 25 MeV.\nExcept for the .05-MeV proton mode, all counting modes had unique species\nidentification. The second detector system was a solid-state dE/dx vs E\ntelescope that looked perpendicular to the spin axis. This telescope measured\nZ=1 to 16 nuclei with energies between 4 and 20 MeV/nucleon. Counts of\nparticles in the 0.5- to 4-MeV/nucleon range, with no charge resolution, were\nobtained as counts in the dE/dx sensor but not in the E sensor. The third\ndetector system was a three-element telescope whose axis made an angle of 39\ndeg with respect to the spin axis. The middle element was a CsI scintillator,\nwhile the other two elements were solid-state sensors. The instrument responded\nto electrons between 2 and 12 MeV and to Z=1 to 30 nuclei in the energy range\n20 to 500 MeV/nucleon. For particles below 80 MeV, this instrument acted as a\ndE/dx vs E detector. Above 80 MeV, it acted as a bidirectional triple dE/dx vs\nE detector. Flux directionality information was obtained by dividing certain\nportions of the data from each detector into eight angular sectors. For further\ndetails, see B. J. Teegarden et al., Astrophys. J., v. 202, p. 815, 1975.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/imp8_GME/GME_home.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9e6c8ba-9232-4baf-bb05-5f9bc723eff4", "label": "SEPS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Source/Loss-Cone Energetic Particle Spectrometer (SEPS) instrument is\nlocated on the POLAR satellite despun platform along with the auroral imagers,\nand is independent of the other CEPPAD sensors. SEPS consists of two\nindependent telescopes which measure both the energetic electron, and ion\nfluxes in the vicinity of the magnetic field-aligned loss, and source cone\nregions with high sensitivity, and with fine angular and time resolution. \n\nSEPS consists of two independent telescopes, one for electrons, and one for\nions. The electron telescope has twice the sensor area of the ion telescope,\nand uses aperture wheels to vary its dynamic range. Particle angular imaging is\nobtained using pinhole-camera apertures in front of the electron XY position\nsensitive detectors. The ion telescope is similar to the electron telescope\nexcept for the reduced sensor area, and the fact that the aperture wheels are\nreplaced by magnets which sweep out electron.\nSee: http://www.css.tayloru.edu/~physics/seps.html for more information.\n\nThe SEPS is part of the Comprehensive Energetic Particle Pitch Angle\nDistribution (CEPPADS) package, but the SEPS sensor is independent of the body\nmounted sensor and contains a separate digital processing unit. \nSee: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SEPS\n Long_Name: Source Loss-Cone Energetic Particle Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.css.taylor.edu/~physics/seps.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.css.taylor.edu/~physics/seps-1/images/seps_instrument.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Taylor University\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df26ec0f-95c1-4b5c-bc48-324718391239", "label": "AAS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) is an analytical\ntechnique used to measure a wide range of elements in materials\nsuch as metals, pottery and glass. Although it is a destructive\ntechnique (unlike ED-XRF), the sample size needed is very small\n(typically about 10 milligrams - i.e. one hundredth of a gram)\nand its removal causes little damage. The sample is accurately\nweighed and then dissolved, often using strong acids. The\nresulting solution is sprayed into the flame of the instrument\nand atomised (see schematic diagram). Light of a suitable\nwavelength for a particular element is shone through the flame,\nand some of this light is absorbed by the atoms of the\nsample. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the\nconcentration of the element in the solution, and hence in the\noriginal object. Measurements are made separately for each\nelement of interest in turn to achieve a complete analysis of\nan object, and thus the technique is relatively slow to\nuse. However, i t is very sensitive and it can measure trace\nelements down to the part per million level, as well as being\nable to measure elements present in minor and major amounts.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/text/techniques/\nsr-tech-aas-t.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df4bc930-ae90-41ae-9c8a-606e91572dcb", "label": "PLASTIC", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "Part of the NASA STEREO mission for providing a global view of the Sun and its effects on the Heliosphere.\n\nThe NASA Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission uses two nearly identical spacecraft in orbit about the Sun to provide a unique and revolutionary view of the Sun-Earth system. The strategic placement of the two spacecraft allows for the first time a stereoscopic (3-D) view of the Sun and the interplanetary space environment out to the orbit of the Earth. Of particular interest to this mission is the origin, propagation and evolution of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). CMEs are the primary cause of major space weather disturbances at the Earth.\n\nThe STEREO payload combines remote imaging of the Sun and its eruptions with in-situ sampling of the particles and fields that subsequently flow past the spacecraft. The Plasma and Suprathermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) portion of the scientific payload samples the solar wind and suprathermal particles, providing measurements of kinetic properties and composition. The PLASTIC consortium includes the University of New Hampshire, the University of Bern, the Max Planck Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, under the overall direction of the University of New Hampshire (Dr. A.B. Galvin,PI).\n\nSummary provided by http://stereo.sr.unh.edu/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PLASTIC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: PLASTIC\n Long_Name: PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion and Composition\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://stereo.sr.unh.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/plastic.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e7f69679-9110-4e8e-a137-acb932ef4ab7", "label": "APS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9949888-a970-4312-a854-07297b4efe6c", "label": "SWICS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) and the Solar Wind Ions\nMass Spectrometer (SWIMS) instruments on the Advanced Composition Explorer\n(ACE) are optimized for measurements of the chemical and isotopic composition\nof solar and interstellar matter. Both instruments are time-of-flight mass\nspectrometers with electrostatic analyzers, though each is optimized for\ndifferent measurements. SWICS determines the chemical and ionic charge state\ncomposition of the solar wind and resolves H and He isotopes of both solar and\ninterstellar sources. SWICS also measures the distribution functions of both\nthe interstellar cloud and dust cloud pickup ions up to energies of 100 keV/e.\nSWIMS measures the chemical and isotopic composition of the solar wind for\nevery element between He and Ni, up to 10 keV/e.\n\nSWIMS and SWICS was designed and developed by the University of Michigan, Ann\nArbor, Solar and Heliospheric Research Group. \nSee:\nhttp://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWICS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWICS\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu/ace/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1997-045A&ex=2\n Sample_Image: http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/ace/swics_sm.tif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2f87c74-b53d-4e94-b6be-488926729c27", "label": "MUON COSMIC RAY DETECTORS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "Muon Particle ? Myon\n\nElectrically charged instable elementary particle with a rest\nenergy of 105.658 MeV corresponding to 206.786 times the rest\nenergy of an electron (0.511 MeV). The muon has an average\nhalf-life of 2.2 ? 10-6 s. The muon belongs to the elementary\nparticle group of the leptons.\n\nMost cosmic rays are protons, which are abundant in the\nuniverse. Primary cosmic rays are particles (ionized atoms)\nsuch as a single proton (nuclei of hydrogen; about 90% of all\ncosmic rays) up to an iron nucleus and beyond, but being\ntypically protons and alpha particles (identical to helium\nnuclei; majority of the remaining 10%) traveling through the\ninterstellar medium. Most of these originate outside of our\nsolar system (i.e. from Supernovae), but some of them come from\nsun.\n\nWhen these primary cosmic rays hit Earth's atmosphere at around\n30,000m above the surface, the impacts cause nuclear reactions,\nwhich produce pions. These pions decay into a muon and muon\nneutrino (= antineutrino) at about 9000 m altitude, which rain\ndown upon the surface of the earth, traveling at about\n0.998c. Many muons decay on the way down into Neutrinos and an\nelectron while others reach the surface, but there are still\nenough to be detected fairly easy. Actually, about 200 rain down\non each square meter of Earth every second.\n\nWe detect the muons by utilizing a homebrew Geiger-M?ller\ndetector. The Geiger counters are supplied by high voltage,\nwhich creates a very high electric field near the anode of the\ndetectors. When a cosmic particle enters one detector, it strips\noff some electrons of some atoms. These electrons move towards\nthe positively charged wires, are accelerated by the huge\nelectric field and have enough energy to strip more electrons\nfrom other gas molecules. These electrons are accelerated too in\norder to strip more and more electrons. This electric avalanche\nconsisting of more than a billion negative charges rains down on\nthe positively charged wire, causing a current that flows into\nthe simple detection circuit.\n\nSince other particles are stimulating the detector aswell, we\nwill use 2 detectors to avoid false detection. Other particles\noriginating from i.e. terrestrial radiation will also cause a\nstimulation, but those particles have too less energy to\npenetrate both detectors. They will end up either in the first\ndetector or shortly after it. So we simply have to look for\nalmost instant detections in both detectors and consider this as\nsuccessful detection.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://muon.captain.at/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f69e74d2-d873-4f5b-b2c0-ddba9ad835d7", "label": "STICS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The SupraThermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS), part of the SMS Package \non WIND is designed to measure the mass and mass/charge of suprathermal ions.\nIt is similar to SWICS in that it employs electrostatic deflection,\ntime-of-flight and residual energy measurements. The electrostatic deflection\nsystem covers a range of 6 to 223 keV/e in 30 logarithmic steps (1 step per\nrotation of the spacecraft). An ion experiences no post acceleration prior to\nentering the time-of-flight chamber. The ion?s time- of-flight (TOF) is\ncalculated from start and stop pulses created by the collection of scattered\nelectrons by microchannel plates at the beginning and end of the ion?s flight\npath. These scattered electrons are generated when the ion passes through a\nthin carbon foil at the entrance of the chamber and when it impinges on the\nsolid state detector at the end. The solid state detector also measures the\nresidual energy (Emeas) of the ion.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://space.umd.edu/wind/sms.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f71c5055-d1a6-45e4-8d0c-226d029164bc", "label": "HENA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The High-Energy Neutral Atom (HENA) imager on the IMAGE spacecraft detects\nenergetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the 10-500 keV energy range. HENA imaging\nfocuses principally on the ring current, inner plasma sheet, and substorm\ninjection boundary. HENA is a modified version of the Cassini INCA instrument,\nwhich will provide global images of ENA emissions from Saturn's magnetospheric\nion populations. The HENA lead investigator is Donald G. Mitchell, of the\nApplied Physics Laboratory.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/HENA_description.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9361dd3-16ab-46f0-bbcc-27c07dd6f4ac", "label": "AA", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "AT CAMMP the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer is used to detect\nthe impurity levels of contaminants in starting materials and\nfor elemental analysis of products. For example, it is used to\ndetermine the concentration of impurities in a starting zeolite\nmixture as well as the silicon to aluminum ratio in the\ncrystalline product.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dac.neu.edu/cammp/CAMMP_AA.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Northwestern University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb0ea25b-c9d6-496e-8a10-ba3ba0dafc84", "label": "SWOOPS", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Solar Wind Plasma Experiment on Ulysses is accurately characterizing the\nbulk flow and internal state conditions of the interplanetary plasma in three\ndimensions on the way out to Jupiter. These observations will continue over the\nfull range of heliocentric distances and heliographic latitudes reached by the\nprobe after its encounter with Jupiter and consequent deflection out of the\necliptic plane. Solar wind electrons and ions are measured simultaneously with\nindependent curved-plate electrostatic analyzers equipped with multiple Channel\nElectron Multipliers (CEMs). The CEMs are arranged to detect particles at\nchosen polar angles from the spacecraft spin axis; resolution in spacecraft\nazimuth is obtained by timing measurements with the spacecraft Sun clock as the\nspacecraft spins. Electrons with central energies extending from 0.86 eV to 814\neV are detected at seven polar angles and various combinations of azimuth angle\nto cover the unit sphere comprehensively, so as to enable computation of the\npertinent electron velocity distribution parameters. As the average electron\nflux level changes with heliocentric distance, command control of the CEM\ncounting intervals is used to extend the dynamic range. Ions are detected\nbetween 255 eV/q and 34.4 keV/q using appropriate subsets of 16 CEMs at spin\nangles designed to provide matrices of counts as a function of energy per\ncharge, azimuth angle, and polar angle centered on the average direction of\nsolar-wind flow. Data matrices are obtained every 4 min when the spacecraft is\nactively transmitting and every 8 min during data store periods. These matrices\ncontain sufficient energy and angle resolution to permit a detailed\ncharacterization of the ion velocity distributions from which ion bulk\nparameters are derived. As the average ion flux intensity changes with\nheliocentric distance, the entrance aperture size is periodically optimized by\ncommand selection from a set of seven apertures on a disk driven by a stepping\nmotor. Changes in the average solar wind flow direction relative to the\nEarth-pointing spacecraft spin axis are accommodated by command selection of\nthe proper measurement matrix from a set of 11 matrices. In a separate mode of\noperation and under favorable conditions, heavy ions of oxygen, silicon, and\niron at various charge levels are resolved.\n\n(Abstract from: S.J. Bame et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 237-265,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://swoops.lanl.gov/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_swoops.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWOOPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: SWOOPS\n Long_Name: Solar Wind Plasma Experiment (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: EAE/SWOOPS\n Short_Name: IAE/SWOOPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1 eV - 900 eV\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 16\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 257 eV - 35 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://swoops.lanl.gov/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/swoops.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/bai.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 100 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Los Alamos National Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbb455d3-de90-43dc-b678-48f463461740", "label": "NATE", - "broader": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", + "parentId": "5f5e4f2c-61b7-4694-8680-3fc5799f6171", "definition": "The Neutral Atmosphere Temperature Experiment (NATE) was designed\nto measure the kinetic temperature of the neutral gas at the spacecraft.\nIts design was based upon a technique first employed on the San Marco\nIII (a and b) satellites, and later the Aeros I and II satellites (Ref).\nThe measurement approach is based upon the concept that the neutral\nparticles, in this case N2, are in thermal equilibrium, and hence a\nmeasure of their velocity distribution permits a kinetic temperature\ncalculation. The desirability of measuring the local kinetic tempera-\nture seems obvious - it is a basic parameter in atmospheric studies, and\nit reflects local conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium and hence the\nlocal dynamic situation. Most previous temperature measurements have in\nfact been derived from density measurements, from the density scale\nheight, from ion temperature, or optically by observation of line widths,\nRecent Aeros data analysis reveals temperature derived from density does\nnot always faithfully reflect the true temperature of the gas particularly\nat times when a geomagnetic disturbance is influencing the atmosphere\n(Ref).\n\nThe NATE also provided measurement of the composition, when\ncommanded into the appropriate mode and, for the first time, measurement\nof the local wind:\n\nAE-C Vertical motions\n\nAE-D, E Vertical motions and horizontal (normal to orbit plane)\nwinds\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] } @@ -915,216 +915,216 @@ { "uuid": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "label": "Ultraviolet Instruments", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", + "parentId": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "07a1357a-4c4f-4844-bf24-ad3290a033f4", "label": "FUV", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV) images the distribution of He+ in Earth's\nplasmasphere by detecting its resonantly-scattered emission at 304 A. It is one\nof seven scientific instruments on the IMAGE Earth satellite, an element of\nNASA's MIDEX Program. EUV consists of three identical sensor heads, each having\na field of view 30 deg in diameter. These sensors are tilted relative to one\nanother to cover a fan-shaped field of 84x30 deg, which is swept across the\nplasmasphere by the spin of the satellite.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://euv.lpl.arizona.edu/euv/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "142f1d91-1109-4609-9c63-29d39a2380d2", "label": "CDS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer (CDS) experiment on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft is designed to determine such information through the study of emission line characteristics in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) - particularly essential for the detection of emission from the hottest plasmas in the (non-flare) solar atmosphere. This is complementary to the remaining coronal instrument package on SOHO which includes a longer-wavelength UV spectrometer, an EUV imager and two coronagraphs (UV and white light). \n\nThe CDS consists of a Wolter II grazing incidence telescope which has a focus at a slit assembly which lies beyond a scan mirror. Light stops define two telescope apertures which feed, simultaneously into two spectrometers beyond the slit assembly. One portion of the beam hits a grating in grazing incidence and the spectrum is dispersed onto four 1-D detectors placed around the Rowland circle. This is the grazing incidence spectrometer or GIS. The other portion is fed through to a twin grating in normal incidence and the resulting spectrum is viewed by a 2-D detector system. This is the normal incidence spectrometer or NIS.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://solar.bnsc.rl.ac.uk/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CDS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: CDS\n Long_Name: Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15.0-80.0 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2 arcsec\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://solar.bnsc.rl.ac.uk/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Rutherford Appleton Labs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1dd287ba-eb78-4d30-9084-7440e9cd3d44", "label": "EIS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "293213eb-9d76-4b9b-9504-3bd13fa1ec76", "label": "SBUV/2", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "[Image Source: NOAA, http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/sbuv2.htm ]\n\n[Text Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sbuv.html ]\n\nThe SBUV/2 is a nadir-pointing nonspatial spectrally scanning ultraviolet radiometer carried in two modules. The two modules are the Sensor Module with the optical elements/detectors and the Electronics Module. The overall radiometric resolution is approximately 1 nanometer (nm). Two optical radiometers form the heart of the instrument: a monochrometer and a “Cloud Cover Radiometer” (CCR). The monochrometer measures the Earth radiance directly and selectively the Sun when a diffuser is deployed. The CCR measures the 379-nm wavelength and is coaligned to the monochrometer. The output of the CCR represents the amount of cloud cover in a scene and is used to remove cloud effects in the monochrometer data.\n\nThe SBUV/2 measures solar irradiance and Earth radiance (backscattered solar energy) in the near ultraviolet spectrum (160 to 400 nm). The following atmospheric properties are measured from this data:\n \n - The global ozone concentration in the stratosphere to an absolute accuracy of 1 percent.\n - The vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone to an absolute accuracy of 5 percent.\n - The long-term solar spectral irradiance from 160 to 400 nm Photochemical processes and the influence of “trace” constituents on the ozone layer.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SBUV/2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n Long_Name: Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet/2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 12\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 252.00 ± 0.05 nm - 339.89 ± 0.05 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sbuv.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/sbuv2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-8.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/poessat.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cc08952-176e-40bb-9c41-e4c3b39c9987", "label": "SUSIM", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The main objective of the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) experiment was to measure with high precision full-disk solar fluxes and their changes over a solar activity cycle in the 120-400 nm wavelength region. The SUSIM experiment on all three Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions flew concurrently with another SUSIM experiment onboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and was able to provide correlative measurements and calibration checks. The goals of the SUSIM experiment are (1) to improve the absolute accuracy of solar continuum irradiance measurements in the 140-400 nm region to plus or minus 6 to 10 % (wavelength-dependent), (2) improve the absolute accuracy of solar emission line irradiance measurements in the 120-400 nm region to plus or minus 6 to 10% (wavelength-dependent), (3) measure with high accuracy the intensities of the continuum below 208 nm relative to the intensities of the continuum above 208 nm to plus or minus 1%, (4) measure with high accuracy the intensities of solar emission lines below 208 nm relative to the stable solar continuum above 208 nm to plus or minus 1 to 5 % (wavelength-dependent), (5) measure the degree of correlation of the solar flares in the 120-400 nm region with ground observations. The instrument consists of two identical double-dispersion scanning spectrometers, seven detectors (five photodiodes and two photon counters), a UV calibration source, and a Sun sensor. The spectrometers and detectors are sealed in a canister filled with 1.1 atm of argon gas to eliminate contamination of the optics. One spectrometer is used continuously to measure the solar intensities while the other monitor is used once a day to track the stability of the first spectrometer. The two photon counters obtain a spectral resolution of 0.15 nm while the photodiodes obtain a spectral resolution of 5 nm. A deuterium lamp transfer standard is built into the instrument for calibration of the seven detectors. \n\nThe Space Shuttle Discovery carrying UARS was launched on September 12, 1991 from Kennedy Space Flight Center. UARS was released to orbit on September 15, 1991, and the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) began scientific observations of the earth's upper atmosphere October 11, 1991. \n\nFor centuries, the number of sunspots has been observed to vary on an 11 year cycle. Measurements during the last two solar cycles have shown that sunspot numbers and the magnitude of solar UV light are correlated. Solar UV light can only be accurately measured from outside the Earth's atmosphere because this is where most of it is absorbed. To observe the sun in the UV over an entire 11 year solar cycle, a satellite-based experiment is the most practical means. SUSIM UARS makes measurements over its 115-410 nm wavelength range daily at 1 and 5 nm resolutions and weekly at 0.15 nm resolution. It is hoped through elaborate and painstaking calibrations made both before and during flight that the calibration of the instrument can be maintained to an absolute accuracy of 6% and a relative accuracy of 2% for the duration of a solar cycle. \n\nSUSIM UARS also observes occultations of the sun by the Earth's atmosphere. Through comparison of the amount of UV light of selected wavelengths that penetrate the atmosphere as a function of altitude, densities of upper atmosphere UV light absorbers molecular oxygen and ozone are measured. \n\nThe experiment is operated as a part of the SUSIM Program by the NRL SUSIM UARS team through daily command streams sent via the NASA GSFC UARS Payload Operations Control Center. The raw SUSIM data is downlinked through the NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, the NASA Communications Network, and the GSFC Data Capture Facility, to the UARS Central Data Handling Facility (CDHF). The CDHF processes the data based on algorithms and calibrations developed by the SUSIM UARS team to produce absolutely calibrated irradiances at instrument resolution for each solar scan. A subset of these data are processed further each day to produce 1 nm integrated irradiances at 1 nm intervals and the values of 7 solar indices. \n\nSUSIM UARS Principal Investigator: Guenter E. Brueckner \n\nReferences: \nBrueckner, G. E. et al., 'The Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance \nMonitor Experiment Onboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite', \nJ. Geophys. Res. 98, D6, 10695-10711, 1993. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SUSIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SUSIM\n Long_Name: Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115 nm and 411 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/susim\n Online_Resource: http://wwwsolar.nrl.navy.mil/susim.html\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cdeb7b8-d89e-4caf-b79b-76cff46a6a66", "label": "EGS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The EGS is a Rowland-circle grating spectrograph that makes\nsolar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral irradiance\nmeasurements. The original EGS made measurements from 30 to 115\nnm with 0.1 nm spectral resolution. This EGS version made\nmeasurements in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, and 1994, and it was\nlost during the failure of the Conestoga / METEOR satellite\nlaunch. The new EGS, the TIMED protoflight version, covers the\nspectral range from 20 to 200 nm with 0.2 nm spectral\nresolution.\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f629cf9-ed89-4a7e-b35c-99f3142ba356", "label": "UVI", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) is a two dimensional imager sensitive to far\nultraviolet wavelengths flown on the POLAR spacecraft. With its 8 degree\ncircular field of view, it will image the sunlit and nightside polar regions of\nthe earth. The UVI is able to detect and provide images of very dim emissions\nwith a wavelength resolution never achievable before. The highly sensitive\ninstrument will conduct observations of both the sunlit and nightside polar\nregions in the far ultraviolet wavelengths. The resulting images will help\nquantify the overall effects of solar energy input to the earth's polar\nregions. Its scientific objectives are to image to aurora simultaneously, to\nmeasure the total energy and characterize the energy that is deposited in the\nauroral regions, to characterize the space and time variations of the aurora,\nand to help correlate events in the auroral regions to other regions in the\nmagnetosphere.\n\n'A Far Ultraviolet Imager for the International Solar Terrestrial Physics\nMission', M. R. Torr, D. G. Torr, M. Zukic, R. B. Johnson, J. Ajello, P. Banks,\nK. Clark, K. Cole, C. Keffer, G. Parks, B. Tsurutani, and J. Spann, Space\nScience Reviews, Vol. 71: 329-383, 1995.\n\nFor additional information, see http://uvi.nsstc.nasa.gov/.\nSee also: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: UVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: UVI\n Long_Name: UltraViolet Imager (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://uvi.nsstc.nasa.gov/InstrumentDescription.htm\n Sample_Image: http://uvi.nsstc.nasa.gov/UVI_camera_lrg.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/MSFC\n Instrument_Owner: University of Alabama, Huntsville\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33838b40-3574-42aa-a849-52125f1a7708", "label": "SIM", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Spectral Irradiance Monitor is a newly designed spectrometer that will\nprovide the first long-duration solar spectral irradiance measurements in the\nvisible and near infrared (Vis/NIR). The wavelength coverage is primarily from\n300 to 2000 nm, with an additional channel to cover the 200-300 nm ultraviolet\nspectral region to overlap with the SOLSTICE, another instrument on-board the\nSORCE satellite. Understanding the wavelength-dependent variability throughout\nSIM's wavelength range is of primary importance for long-term climate change\nstudies on Earth. SIM is a single optical element Fýry prism spectrometer; only\none optical element is needed to focus and disperse the light onto a series of\ndetectors in the spectrometer's focal plane. In this focal plane, four\nphotodiode detectors and an electrical substitution radiometer (ESR) are used\nto detect solar radiation. SIM contains two completely independent and\nidentical (mirror-image) spectrometers to provide redundancy and\nself-calibration capability.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SIM\n Long_Name: Spectral Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SORCE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 300 - 2000 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 200 - 2000 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 200 - 300 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/sim.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1001 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-25\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "478ad082-2139-4485-a563-c1e5dddcefcb", "label": "ESUM", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Extreme Solar Ultraviolet Monitor (ESUM) experiment made\nabsolute broadband spectro-radiometric measurements of the solar\nEUV flux from 200 A to Lyman-alpha at 1216 A and made precise\nmeasurements of the temporal variability. The instrument\nconsisted of two identical windowless EUV photodiodes with\naluminum oxide cathodes and a filter wheel containing two sets\nof unbacked metallic filters (aluminum, tin, indium) and an open\nposition. A visible light diode measured the pinhole\ntransmittance of the filters to determine the white light\nbackground. The tilt angle of the instrument relative to the +Z\nspacecraft axis was optimized for the maximum viewing time of\nthe sun in both spinning and despun spacecraft modes. The\ninstrument field of view was 60 deg. The nominal bandwidths in\nAngstroms for 50% of the signal were 270 to 550, 570 to 584, 800\nto 935, and 1216 A.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ce416b7-b6bb-475e-86c1-f7f76cb670b6", "label": "UVCS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS/SOHO) is composed of three\nreflecting telescopes with external and internal occultation and a spectrometer\nassembly consisting of two toric grating spectrometers and a visible light\npolarimeter. The purpose of the UVCS instrument is to provide a body of data\nthat can be used to address a broad range of scientific questions regarding the\nnature of the solar corona and the generation of the solar wind. The primary\nscientific goals are the following: to locate and characterize the coronal\nsource regions of the solar wind, to identify and understand the dominant\nphysical processes that accelerate the solar wind, to understand how the\ncoronal plasma is heated in solar wind acceleration regions, and to increase\nthe knowledge of coronal phenomena that control the physical properties of the\nsolar wind as determined by in situ measurements. To progress toward these\ngoals, the UVCS will perform ultraviolet spectroscopy and visible polarimetry\nto be combined with plasma diagnostic analysis techniques to provide detailed\nempirical descriptions of the extended solar corona from the coronal base to a\nheliocentric height of 12 solar radii. \n(from: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/uvcspap/uvcspap.html)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/uvcs.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: UVCS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: UVCS\n Long_Name: Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 610 -6000 A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/\n Sample_Image: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/uvcs/mos/mos2.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "533459d5-e0cc-4692-a30d-517cb271f473", "label": "SOLAR UV SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "SOLAR UV SPECTROMETERS are devices that are onboard the Solar\nMesosphere Explorer (SME) and measure ultraviolet radiation in\nthe spectral range of 115.5 to 302.5 nm. Daily averages of\nsolar irradiance, adjusted to a solar distance of 1 AU, with a\nspectral resolution of 1 nm is recorded on tape.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58cd5aaa-aa46-4104-af05-48c028d609f3", "label": "SEE", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) is an experiment designed to measure the\nfull-disk solar irradiance from 0.1 to 200 nm using a grating spectrograph and\nsilicon photodiodes coated with thin film transmission filters. The spectral\nresolution of the measurements is 0.4 nm above 25 nm and about 7 nm below 25\nnm. The solar sensors are designed to let the Sun drift through their field of\nview once per orbit, so only an one-axis pointing platform is employed for SEE.\n\nSEE is being designed and built primarily at the LASP Space Technology\nBuilding. The only major subcontract for the SEE instruments is to Schaeffer\nMagnetics, Inc. for the SEE pointing platform hardware.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/see/\n\n[Summary provided by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Sciences]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SEE\n Long_Name: Solar EUV Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: XUV-SEE\n Short_Name: EGS-SEE\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIMED\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 - 200 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.4 nm and 7 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/see/\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/see/SEE_Instrument_Labels.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 210 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-07\n Instrument_Owner: University of Colorado\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d2207f2-9a8e-42fd-a3d5-68e03bf836fb", "label": "SUVI-GOESR", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "661b5a64-9e81-41b4-aa81-5e1ceeeb2f13", "label": "SECCHI", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "SECCHI is a suite of 5 scientific telescopes SCIP, HI and SEB that will observe the solar corona and inner heliosphere from the surface of the Sun to the orbit of Earth. These unique observations will be made in stereo from NASA's Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory STEREO. The STEREO mission was successfully launched at 8:52pm EDT on October 25, 2006 from Cape Canaveral in Florida atop a Delta II rocket.\n\nThe STEREO mission is the third in the line of Solar-Terrestrial Probes (STP) and is a strategic element of the Sun-Earth Connections Roadmap. STEREO is designed to view the three-dimensional (3D) and temporally varying heliosphere by means of an unprecedented combination of imaging and in situ experiments mounted on virtually identical spacecraft flanking the Earth in its orbit.\n\nThe primary goal of the STEREO mission is to advance the understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the Sun's corona, especially regarding the origin of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), their evolution in the interplanetary medium, and the dynamic coupling between CMEs and the Earth environment. CMEs are the most energetic eruptions on the Sun, are the primary cause of major geomagnetic storms, and are believed to be responsible for the largest solar energetic particle events.\n\nThe two spacecraft will be launched together and will use a gravity assist from the moon to slingshot the spacecraft into a heliocentric orbit. The first to enter heliocentric orbit will be the Ahead (STEREO-A) spacecraft and then two weeks later the Behind (STEREO-B) spacecraft. The two spacecraft drift away from Earth at an average rate of about 22.5 degrees per year. After the two year nominal operations phase the spacecraft will be about 90 degrees apart, each about 45 degrees from Earth. STEREO-A will drift ahead of Earth and STEREO-B behind. In order to accomplish this drift, STEREO-A will be traveling faster than Earth around the Sun and so must have an orbit slightly closer to the Sun than Earth's. Similarly, the STEREO-B must be traveling slower than Earth and must have an orbit slightly further than Earth. The orbits are shown in the Java tool along with the planets and the orbit of the sun-grazing comets in the Kreutz group.\nIt is now 2 Year, 9 Months, and 11 Days since STEREO launch at 8:52pm EDT Oct 25, 2006 from Kennedy Space Center. \n\nSummary provided by http://secchi.nrl.navy.mil/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SECCHI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SECCHI\n Long_Name: Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/instruments.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/nrl.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66d156e5-970f-4783-84d8-23d055e80df9", "label": "SOLCON", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The objectives of the Solar Constant (SOLCON) experiment on the\nAtmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) were: (1)\nto measure the absolute value of the solar constant to +/- 0.1%, and\n(2) to measure long-term variations in the solar constant. The SOLCON\ninstrument was an absolute self-calibrating radiometer. The radiometer\nhad two channels which enabled the detection of and compensation for\nany degredation of the black surfaces, and the determination in space\nof the self-consistency of the radiometric system. Radiation\nmeasurements were made by using a heat balance system automatically\ndriven by a feedback system. The two sensors were independently\nshuttered. The radiometer produced solar measurements with an accuracy\nof better that 0.05 %. The SOLCON instrument was flown on Spacelab 1\nand on all three ATLAS missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c1e7433-7fe4-4a8f-9783-d7710eb73a9d", "label": "SSBUV", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument was\ndesigned to measure ozone concentrations by comparing solar\nultraviolet radiation with radiation scattered back from the Earth's\natmosphere. SSBUV was first flown in 1989 and has been flown a total\nof seven times on the Space Shuttle including all three Atmospheric\nLaboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions.\nSSBUV compares the observations of several ozone measuring instruments\naboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA-9 and\nNOAA-11 satellites, the Russian Meteor-3/TOMS satellite and the Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The SSBUV data are used to\ncalibrate the instruments to ensure the most accurate readings\npossible for the detection of atmospheric ozone trends.\nSSBUV's impact on NASA's ability to detect ozone trends accurately was\nrealized after approximately four flights. Data from the first flight\nwith an earlier satellite already have been used to estimate ozone\ntrends in the upper stratosphere since 1980. These results show a\ndepletion of about 8 percent over 10 years, which is consistent with\npredictions of ozone depletion.\nSSBUV has achieved one of it's primary objectives using data from the\nfirst three flights, flown in 1989, 1990 and 1991. These data have\nbeen used to update the calibration of the NOAA-11 SBUV/2 ozone\ninstrument which has been in orbit since late 1988. The NOAA ozone\ndata have been reprocessed with a refined algorithm and new\ncalibration factors based on SSBUV and SBUV/2 in- flight calibration\ndata, which were provided by NASA. The reprocessing covers the period\n1989 to 1993. The reprocessed data have been checked against ground-\nbased ozone observations, and these comparisons show very good\nagreement. There is also now excellent consistency between the refined\nNOAA-11 SBUV/2 data and the Nimbus-7 SBUV/TOMS data set, which goes\nback to 1978. The combined 15-year data set represents an excellent\nresource for ozone climate and trend studies.\nSSBUV has detected and verified a significant decrease in the amounts\nof total Northern Hemisphere between the STS-45/ATLAS-1 (March 1992)\nand STS-56/ ATLAS-2 (March 1993) missions. The depletion also was\ndetected simultaneously by satellites and ground-based\nobservations. Indications are that total ozone decreased during the\nsame period on the order of 10 to 15 percent at mid- latitudes in the\nNorthern Hemisphere. Scientists believe that this significant\ndepletion results from the combined residual effects of Mt. Pinatubo\naerosols in the stratosphere and cold stratosphere temperatures during\nthe winter of 1992/ 93.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSBUV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SSBUV\n Long_Name: Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94e64b07-2c6e-4437-bcb3-91c329eb9b8f", "label": "EIT", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on the Solar Heliospheric \nObservatory (SOHO) is a normal-incidence, multilayer telescope. The EIT is a\ntelescope of Ritchey-Chretien design that will obtain full-disk images in four\nnarrow passbands with a eld of view 45 arcmin square and a spatial resolution\nlimited only by the 2.6 arcsec pixel size of the CCD image sensor. The EIT uses\nfour separate multilayers that are deposited on matched quadrants of both the\nprimary and secondary mirrors of the telescope. The bandpasses are defined\nthrough interference effects arising in the multilayer coatings. A rotating\nmask allows only a single multilayer-coated quadrant of the telescope to be\nilluminated by the Sun at any time. All of the multilayers are fabricated from\nalternating layers of molybdenum and silicon.\n\nA paper describing the instrument (Delaboudinere et al. 1996, Solar Physics\n162, 291) is available\nhttp://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/images/instrument_paper.pdf\n\nFor more information,see:\nhttp://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EIT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: EIT\n Long_Name: Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 17.1 - 30.4 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2.5 arcsec\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/EIT.html#INSTRUMENT\n Sample_Image: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/images/EIT_instrument.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "95c5a319-8d6a-4bf7-a39e-e2b37a37cf78", "label": "EUV SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ca8feb4-f091-4a4e-b9ff-17f0cbd64e1d", "label": "SOLSPEC", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The objective of the Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC) experiment\nwas the measurement of absolute solar irradiances in the wavelength\nrange from 180 to 3000 nm with an accuracy of 0.1% and measuring the\nvariability of the solar irradiances in this wavelength range. The\nexperiment consists of three double grating spectrometers covering the\nUV (180 to 370 nm), visible (350 to 900 nm) and IR (800 to 3000 nm)\nand an onboard calibration device. The three spectrometers use concave\nholographic gratings of 10-cm focal length with a spectral positioning\naccuracy of 0.01 nm. The onboard calibration device consists of two\ndeuterium lamps, two tungsten ribbon lamps, and one hollow cathode\nlamp. The instrument is calibrated against a 3300 K black body and a\nset of tungsten ribbon lamps. SOLSPEC was flown on all three\nAtmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLSPEC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SOLSPEC\n Long_Name: Solar Spectrum Measurement\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6f6f219-0503-4a6a-be9e-3c3a195588f3", "label": "SOLSTICE", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The SOlar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) is one of four solar irradiance measurement experiments that was launched as part of the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) on January 25, 2003. SORCE SOLSTICE is a follow-on to the very successful SOLSTICE launched aboard the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) in 1991 [Rottman et al., 1993]. The new SOLSTICE will make daily solar ultraviolet (115-320 nm) irradiance measurements and compare them to the irradiance from an ensemble of 18 stable early-type stars. This approach provides an accurate monitor of instrument in-flight performance and provides a basis for solar-stellar irradiance comparison for future generations. \n\nThe first generation SOLSTICE instrument, UARS SOLSTICE, was on the UARS spacecraft and made daily solar irradiance measurements between 118 and 425 nm approximately 15 times per day. UARS was decommissioned on 14 December 2005.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLSTICE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SOLSTICE\n Long_Name: Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n Short_Name: SORCE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115-320 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/solstice/solstice_home.html\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/solstice\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/solstice/files/2012/04/sols_int5.gif\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 521 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-25\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-10-03\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-12-14\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b175daf5-caa7-4a5b-97f2-ccf90a583691", "label": "SSD", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-07 ]\n\nThe SSD was a limb-scanning ultraviolet spectrometer which measured dayglow emissions from O and N2. The wavelengths of primary interest were at 1356 and 3371 A. Energetic photoelectrons were provided by photoionization of neutral molecules by solar EUV radiation. As these fast photoelectrons lost energy through collisions with neutrals, those with energies near 16 eV excited O and N2 to electronic states of energy higher than the ground states. The subsequent decay to the ground state produced emissions monitored by the SSD. The SSD measured light emitted by molecular nitrogen excitation in the LBH and 2D position bands, and atomic oxygen in the 1356 and 1304 lines. The instrument also had the capability of providing spectral scans from 850 to 1200, from 1100 to 1600, and from 2900 to 3950 A at 4, 6, and 12 A resolution, respectively. Light monitored with narrow collimators that provided a field-of-view of 0.1 deg x 4 deg. The SSD was mechanically driven to scan vertically through the earth's limb from 80 to 480 km. It provided approximately 50 sets of density profiles on the daylight portion of each orbit.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SSD\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Density Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-07\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b564a0f7-7cb9-44f8-b13b-6d9513040137", "label": "EXIS-EUVS-GOESR", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b99ca460-10c8-400e-b3e2-a8774eb09fdf", "label": "UVSP", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Ultraviolet Spectrometer and Polarimeter (UVSP) was designed\nto measure the relatively low-temperature plasmas (5000 to\n200,000 K) in flares, active regions and the quiet Sun. The\nwavelength range given above could be scanned. Spatial\nresolution in some observations is as good as 1 arc sec, and\nthe field of view could be varied by raster scanning to build\nup images as large as 256 arc sec square. (Some larger\nimages were made by adjusting the spacecraft fine pointing\nbetween rasters.)\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c08833fc-c16a-4a35-bb4a-d8716865b196", "label": "UVIC", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dab15a54-9775-4c07-9ea6-fbc1f6169bd0", "label": "UVS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The primary function of the ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) is to measure the density of nitric oxide between the altitudes of 100 and 200 km in the terrestrial upper atmosphere by observing the (1,0) and (0,1) gamma bands. The UVS design is similar to instruments flown on the Solar Mesospheric Explorer (SME), Pioneer Venus, and several rocket flights. It consists of an Ebert-Fastie spectrometer, an off-axis telescope, and two Hamamatsu phototube detectors. The spectrometer has a focal length of 125 mm and uses a 3600 l/mm mechanically ruled plane grating which produces a dispersion of 1.8 nm/mm at the detectors. The phototubes each have fused silica windows and a cesium telluride photocathode. The telescope is an off-axis parabola with a 250 mm focal length and is used to image the spectrometer slit on the limb. The combination of the spectrometer and the detectors produces a spacing of 22 nm between the two channels and the exit slits are sized to give each detector a 3.7 nm bandpass. The grating in the spectrometer will be set to place the (1,0) gamma band ( 215 nm) on one detector and the (0,1) gamma band (237 nm) on the other detector. Both channels have a sensitivity of 450 counts/second/kiloRayleigh.\n\nThe UVS is mounted with its optical axis perpendicular to the spin axis of the S/C. Its telescope images the entrance slit of the spectrometer on the limb with the long axis of the slit parallel to the horizon. The image of the slit on the limb is 3.5 km high, which determines the fundamental altitude resolution of the instrument. The integration time of the is set to 27 milliseconds. To minimize requirements on the S/C, data are stored for the downward limb scan only. Allowing for some overscan, this produces 65 samples per spin from each channel. The storage operation is initiated by a signal derived from the horizon crossing indicator in the ADCS. The data are stored in a buffer which is emptied, time-tagged, and stored once per spin by the S/C microprocessor.\n\nSummary provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: UVS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: UVS\n Long_Name: ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER (SNOE)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SNOE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/spacecraft/instruments.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/UVS_New.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dab33678-76fd-4727-9489-dce83edecbbc", "label": "EVE-SDO", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "[Source: Extreme ultraviolet Variabilty Experiment (EVE) team home page, http://lasp.colorado.edu/eve/ ]\n\nThe Extreme ultraviolet Variabilty Experiment (EVE) is designed to measure the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance. The EUV radiation includes the 0.1-105 nm range, which provides the majority of the energy for heating Earth's thermosphere and creating Earth's ionosphere (ionized plasma). This wide spectral range requies the use of multiple channels. Some key requirements for EVE are to measure the solar EUV irradiance spectrum with 0.1 nm spectral resolution and with 20 sec cadence. These drive the EVE design to include grating spectrographs with array detectors so that all EUV wavelengths can be measured simultaneously. Another key requirement for EVE is to measure the EUV radiation with an accuracy of 25% or better, thus on-board calibration channels are included to go with underflight calibration experiments to be conducted during the SDO mission.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EVE-SDO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: EVE-SDO\n Long_Name: Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment on Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.1 nm -105 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/eve/\n Online_Resource: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/instruments.php\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/eve/images/instrument/EVE_FrontOpen_Labels_sm.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db003a32-cd6b-4bec-8f2f-fffeee8b221f", "label": "EUVS", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUVS) was used to observe\nthe variations in the solar EUV flux in the wavelength range\nfrom 140 to 1850 A and the atmospheric attenuation at various\nfixed wavelengths. This provided quantitative atmospheric\nstructure and composition data. The instrument consisted of 24\ngrazing-incidence grating monochromators, using parallel-slit\nsystems for entrance collimation and photoelectric detectors at\nthe exit slits. Twelve of these monochromators had wavelength\nscan capability, each with 128 selectable wavelength positions,\nwhich could also automatically step scan through these\npositions. The other 12 monochromators operated at fixed\nwavelengths with fields of view smaller than the full solar disk\nto aid in the atmospheric absorption analysis. The spectral\nresolution varied from 2 to 54 A depending upon the particular\ninstrument. The field of view varied from 60 x 60 down to 3 x 6\narc min. All 24 monochromator-entrance axes were co-aligned\nparallel. A solar pointing system could point to 256 different\npositions, execute a 16-step one-dimensional sc an or a full\n256-step raster. The time resolution varied from 0.5 s for\nobserving 12 fixed wavelengths up to 256 s for programming the\nEUVS through all possible modes.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1749036-bc8a-4464-9ca8-eb3a8403aa6c", "label": "SUMER", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) on SOHO:\n- measure profiles and intensities of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lines emitted\nin the solar atmosphere ranging from the upper chromosphere to the lower\ncorona;\n- determine line broadenings, spectral positions and Doppler shifts with high\nprecision and accuracy;\n- provide stigmatic images of selected areas of the Sun in the EUV with high\nspatial, temporal and spectral resolution and\n- obtain full images of the Sun and the inner corona in selectable EUV lines,\ncorresponding to a temperature range from 10 000 to 2 000 000 K. \n\nThe optical design is based upon two parabolic mirrors, a plane mirror and a\nspherical concave grating, all made of silicon carbide. The first off-axis\ntelescope parabola mirrors the Sun on the spectrometer entrance slit. The\nsecond off-axis parabola collimates the beam leaving the slit. This beam is\nthen deflected by the plane mirror onto the grating. Two detectors, located in\nthe focal plane of the grating, collect the monochromatic images of the\nspectrometer entrance slit. Coverage of the full spectral range of the\ninstrument requires a wavelength scan performed by rotating the plane mirror. A\nbaffle system, consisting of an entrance aperture, light traps, an aperture\nstop, a pre-slit and a Lyot stop, completes the design.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/soho/sumer\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SUMER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Ultraviolet Instruments\n Short_Name: SUMER\n Long_Name: Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 390 - 1500 A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/soho/sumer/text/webluca/ch_inst.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/soho/sumer/text/webluca/sumopt.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2fac046-d9cb-4012-8dce-a16d4724ef18", "label": "SBUV", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The objectives of the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) flown on\n NIMBUS-7 were to determine the vertical distribution of ozone, map the\n total ozone content, and monitor the incident solar ultraviolet (UV)\n irradiance and ultraviolet radiation backscattered from the earth. The\n SBUV consisted of a double Ebert-Fastie spectrometer and a filter\n photometer similar to the BUV on Nimbus 4. The SBUV spectrometer\n measured solar UV backscattered by the earth's atmosphere at 12\n wavelengths between 0.25 and 0.34 micrometer, with a spectral bandpass\n of 0.001 micrometer. The SBUV used three detectors: a photomultiplier\n tube (PMT) and a photodiode for the monochromator, and one photodiode\n for the photometer. Both the monochromator and the photometer have\n chopper wheels operating at 25 Hz. The SBUV used a depolarizer to\n eliminate the sensitivity of the grating monochromator to polarization\n of the backscattered radiation. The instrument's field of view (FOV)\n at nadir was 0.20 rad. A roughened aluminum diffuser plate viewed the\n sun for solar-spectral irradiance measurements and for calibration by\n viewing a mercury-argon lamp. The diffuser plate was driven by a\n stepper motor to three postions on command: SBUV, TOMS, and STOW. The\n contribution functions for the eight shortest wavelengths were\n centered at levels ranging from 55 to 28 km and were used to infer the\n vertical ozone profile. The four longest wavelengths had contribution\n functions in the troposphere which were used to compute the total\n ozone amount. The SBUV spectrometer had a second mode of operation\n that allowed a continuous solar-spectral scan from 0.16 to 0.4\n micrometer for detailed examination of the extraterrestrial solar\n spectrum and its temporal variations. A parallel photometer channel at\n 0.343 micrometer measured the reflectivity of the atmosphere's lower\n boundary in the same 0.21-rad FOV.\n A another version of the SBUV (SBUV/2) has been flown on the NOAA\n Polar Orbiting series of spacecraft on NOAA-9, NOAA-11, and NOAA-14.m\n The SBUV/2 was a non-scanning, nadir viewing instrument designed to\n measure scene radiance in the spectral region from 160 to 400 nm. SBUV\n data are used to determine the vertical distribution of and total\n ozone in the atmosphere, and solar spectral irradiance.\n\n Additional Information:\n\nSBUV sensor: 'http://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left2.html&body\n=/en/area2/cgms/ap10-12.htm&a=284&b=2&c=280&d=200&e=0'\n\n TOMS: 'http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5475ab0a-4c92-495d-a071-b86b6e7df49f", "label": "Thermal Radiation Experiment", - "broader": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", + "parentId": "b5e4912d-3224-4d7b-924c-a697677775c6", "definition": "The Explorer 7 thermal radiation experiment was designed to measure incident and reflected solar UV radiation and terrestrial IR radiation in order to obtain a better understanding of the driving forces of the earth-atmosphere system. The primary instrumentation consisted of five bolometers in the form of hollow silver hemispheres that were thermally insulated from, but in close proximity to specially aluminized mirrors. The hemispheres thereby behaved very much like isolated spheres in space. Two of the hemispheres had black coatings and responded about equally to solar and terrestrial radiation. A third hemisphere, coated white, was more sensitive to terrestrial radiation than to solar radiation. A fourth, which had a gold metal surface, was more sensitive to solar radiation than to terrestrial radiation. The fifth hemisphere, protected from direct sunlight, was used to measure the reflected sunlight. A glass-coated bead thermistor was mounted on the top of each hemisphere to measure the temperature. A complete set of four temperature observations and one reference sample required 30 s. Thus, in each orbit, about 180 temperature measurements could be obtained. The experiment was a success, and usable data were obtained from launch until February 28, 1961.", "children": [] } @@ -1133,279 +1133,279 @@ { "uuid": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "label": "Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", + "parentId": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "06b0df5e-b0fd-48df-a1bc-66e5a3c86f6f", "label": "VECTOR MAGNETOGRAPHS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The MSFC magnetograph was developed in the early 1970s and has been operating\nas a vector system since 1976 in support of NASA space missions (Solar Maximum\nMission and Spacelab), rocket and balloon experiments, and joint ground-based\nobservations. The magnetograph consists of a symmetric 30-cm Cassegrain\nsystem which has a field of view of 6 x 6 arc-min giving an effective pixel\nsize of 2.8 x 2.8 arc- sec in the 2 x 2 pixel-binning mode of the CCD camera.\nThe absorption line Fe I 5250.2 is selected by a Zeiss birefringent filter\n(FWHM = 0.125A). The polarimeter consists of quarter-wave plates, a KD*P\nelectro-optical modulator, and an analyzer provided by the sheet polarizers in\nthe Zeiss filter. The resulting magnetic field sensitivities are 5 and 125 G\nin the line-of-sight and transverse components, respectively, with a temporal\ncadence of 5 min.\n\nThe Zeiss filter can be tuned +/- 8 Angstroms about the Fe I 5250.2 line.\nThis allows the three Fe I lines at 5247.0, 5250.2, and 5250.6 to be selected\nfor performing flux tube analyses. Information on the method of calibration\nused for the interpretation of MSFC vector magnetograph data can be found in\nNASA TM-4048, 'The SAMEX Vector Magnetograph - A Design Study for a Space-\nBased Solar Vector Magnetograph' (M. J.Hagyard, G. A. Gary, and E. A. West,\n1988).\n\nThe capabilities of the MSFC vector magnetograph were extended in September\n1989 by the addition of a coaligned H-alpha telescope with a CCD camera.\nThis telescope was the engineering-backup model of the Skylab ATM H-alpha 1\ntelescope. The system is a 17-cm Cassegrain which feeds a Fabry-Perot filter\nwith a 0.7 A bandpass. The H-alpha system provides video images of chromosphe-\nric activity that are cospatial and cotemporal with the vector magnetograms.\nResearch programs carried out with the coaligned instruments include studies\nof magnetic morphology, evaluation of magnetic shear at flare sites,\ncalculation of vertical electric currents, analysis of magnetic field\nsubmergence/emergence, studies of magnetic canopies, evaluation of magnetic\nenergy, coronal field extrapolations, Stokes profile analysis, and the study\nof magneto-optical effects.\n\nBecause the MSFC magnetograph is a dedicated system, the MSFC team can observe\neach day that weather permits. The observational data are reported in: 'The\nMSFC Solar Observatory Report,' (published twice a year and distributed to the\nsolar community).\n\nFor further information on the MSFC Solar Vector\nMagnetograph, link to the web at\n'http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/magmore.htm'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06de61c6-d242-4a78-8753-d665e72301dc", "label": "SPFC", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "A modulated split-collector Faraday cup, the Solar Plasma Faraday Cup (SPFC) \non IMP-8, perpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis, was used to study the\ndirectional intensity of positive ions and electrons in the solar wind,\ntransition region, and magnetotail. Electrons were studied in eight\nlogarithmically equispaced energy channels between 17 eV and 7 keV. Positive\nions were studied in eight channels between 50 eV and 7 keV. A spectrum was\nobtained every eight spacecraft revolutions. Angular information was obtained\nin either 15 equally spaced intervals during a 360-deg revolution of the\nsatellite or in 15 angular segments centered more closely about the\nspacecraft-sun line.\nFor more information, see:\nftp://space.mit.edu/pub/plasma/imp/www/imp.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d4fc3c1-8249-48eb-9a1f-abfce1240a8d", "label": "WHISPER", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "WHISPER (Waves of HIgh frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by\nRelaxation) is one of the five wave instruments present on board each of the\nfour CLUSTER spacecraft.\n\nIt measures, in the 2 - 80 kHz range, the electric field fluctuations issued\nfrom distant or local sources.\n\nBy operating a relaxation sounder, an active radio technique, the frequency\nposition of the plasma resonance is identified, leading to the reliable\nmeasurement of the absolute density of the total electron population.\n\nSee:\nhttp://lpce.cnrs-orleans.fr/gb/gb_experim/i_exper.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WHISPER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: WHISPER\n Long_Name: Waves of High Frequency and Sounder for Probing Electron Density by Relaxation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lpce.cnrs-orleans.fr/www_experim/experim_espace_whisper_fr.php\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=11\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1110\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/35/hires_36661.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.98 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0f99e5d8-7e81-4a94-b79c-ff20732f1527", "label": "PWI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The objective of this investigation is to determine the dynamic behavior of the\nplasma trapped in the earth's magnetosphere (i.e. toroidal and poloidal\ncurrents, oscillations and waves in the plasmas, ion entrance and exit via the\nionosphere and solar wind, and the extent of the plasma sheath).\n\nThe instrument measures electric fields over the range 0.5 Hz to 400 kHz, and\nmagnetic fields over the range 1 Hz to 10 kHz. Triaxial magnetic search coils\nare utilized in addition to a pair of electric dipole antennas. The instrument\ncontains two sweep-frequency receivers (12 Hz to 400 kHz and 12 Hz to 6.25\nkHz), a multichannel analyzer (5.6 Hz to 311 kHz for the electric antenna and\n5.6 Hz to 1.0 kHz for the magnetic coils), a low frequency waveform receiver\n(0.01 to 10 Hz), and a wideband waveform receiver (10 Hz to 16 kHz). \n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nProf. Hiroshi Matsumoto\nRadio Atmospheric Science Center\nKyoto University\nGokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan\nPhone: 81-774-33-2532\nFax: 81-774-31-8463\ne-mail: matsumoto@kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/gtlpwi\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PWI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: PWI\n Long_Name: Plasma Waves Investigation (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/gtlpwi/\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#PWI\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Radio Atmospheric Science Center, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14021465-f1a6-4fee-aac7-60bc7efb5fbe", "label": "EECA", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Electrostatic Energy-Charge Analyzer (EECA) is the University of Maryland\nexperiment on the IMP-8 Satellite. It uses electrostatic deflection and total\nenergy measurements to determine the ionic charge and energy of particles in\nthe range of approximately 100 to 1000 keV/charge. A full description of the \ninstrument is at: http://imp8.umd.edu/imp-8-eeca_desc.html\n\nThis experiment was designed to determine the composition and energy spectra of\nlow-energy particles observed during solar flares and 27-d recurrent events.\nThe detectors used included (1) an electrostatic analyzer (to select particles\nof the desired energy per charge) combined with an array of windowless\nsolid-state detectors (to measure the energy loss) and surrounded by an\nanticoincidence shield, and (2) a thin-window proportional counter, solid-state\nparticle telescope. The experiment measured particle energies from 0.1 to 10\nMeV per charge in 12 bands and uniquely identified positrons and electrons as\nwell as nuclei with charges of Z from 1 to 8 (no charge resolution for Z\ngreater than 8). Two 1000-channel pulse-height analyzers, one for each\ndetector, were included in the experiment payload.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://imp8.umd.edu/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16187619-9586-41e3-8faf-16981d5e6ef9", "label": "FGM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b5c7255-8c2d-4460-8833-da12256007c6", "label": "EFD", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The objectives of the EFD investigation on Geotail are studies of (1) the large\nscale configuration of the electric field in the magnetotail, (2) tail electric\nfield variations during substorms, (3) the electric field in the plasma sheet,\n(4) the electric field near the magnetopause and in the plasma mantle at\nlocations tailward of those covered by similar measurements on ISEE 1, (5)\nmicropulsation and low frequency wave measurements at frequencies covering the\nlocal gyrofrequency (<1Hz) and lower hybrid frequency (<10Hz) in the tail, (6)\nplasma density as deduced from measurement of the floating potential of the\nspacecraft, and (7) electric field comparisons (with the aid of the other\nspacecraft in the ISTP program) at different points along the same magnetic\nfield line, at different points along a common boundary, or in different\nregions of the magnetosphere.\n\nThe instrument consists of two orthogonal double probes, each of which is a\npair of separated spheres on wire booms that are located in the satellite spin\nplane and whose difference of potential is measured. The separation distances\nbetween the pair of sensors are variable and as great as 160 m tip-to-tip. One\noperating mode involves length ratios of the two antennas of about 2:1 in order\nto verify instrument operation through showing that the electric field\nsignature is proportional to the boom length. A second reason for two pairs of\nwire booms in the satellite spin plane is the requirement for measurements\nhaving a time resolution far better than the satellite spin period.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nDr. Koichiro Tsuruda\nThe Institute of Space and Astronautical Science\n3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara\nKannagawa 229, Japan\nPhone: 81-427-51-3911 ext. 2501\nFax: 81-427-59-4236\ne-mail: tsuruda@fujitubo.gtl.isas.ac.jp\n\nSee:\n'http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EFD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: EFD\n Long_Name: Electric Fields Detector (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#EFD\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1992-044A&ex=5\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: ISAS, Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c7ce208-a746-4e11-ad9f-522049221947", "label": "WBD", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Wide Band Data instrumentation (WBD) on the Cluster-II spacecraft is part\nof the WEC consortium of wave experiments and consists of a digital wideband\nreceiver which can provide electric or magnetic field waveforms over a wide\nrange of frequencies up to 577 kHz.\n\nThe wideband technique involves transmitting band-limited waveforms directly to\nthe ground using a high-rate data link. The primary advantage of this approach\nis that continuous waveforms are available for detailed high-resolution\nfrequency-time analysis. \n\nThe instrument processes signals from one of four sensors which can be chosen\nvia command. The four selectable inputs consist of two electric antennas (Ey,\nEz) provided by the EFW investigation, and two magnetic search coils (Bx , By )\nprovided by the STAFF investigation. Primarily, WBD will utilise the electric\nantennas.\n\nThe input frequency range of the wideband receiver can be shifted by a\nfrequency converter to any one of four ranges (0, 125 ,250, or 500 kHz), where\nthe conversion frequency determines the lower edge of the frequency range to be\nreceived.\n\nThe bandwidth of the WBD instrument's output waveform is determined by one of\nthree bandpass filters (9.5, 19, or 77 kHz) selected in combination with a\ngiven output mode. The output waveform is sampled by an 8-bit\nanalogue-to-digital converter which provides the sampling resolution and data\noutput rates listed in Table 33. For sample rates where the bit rate exceeds\nthe spacecraft telemetry data rate (220 kbit/s), the digitised wideband data\nare buffered by the format generator and read out at a reduced average bit rate\nof 220 kbits/sec. The format generator organises the digitised waveform data\ninto a 1096-byte output frame, which includes appropriate timing and status\ninformation.\n\nThe WBD instrument utilises two separate telemetry acquisition modes for\ntransferring frames of digitised data to the spacecraft data handling system.\nThe primary mode (TDA 8) supports real-time acquisition of WBD data by the NASA\nDSN. The second data mode (TDA 5.2) supports burst data acquisition through the\nWEC DWP onto an onboard Solid State Recorder. In this second mode, DWP reduces\nthe WBD data rate (and bandwidth) by a factor of 3 via digital filtering.\n\nThe WBD instruments were designed and built at The University of Iowa through\nfunding provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. \nSee:\nhttp://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/cluster/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WBD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: WBD\n Long_Name: Wide Band Data Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/cluster/\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/36/hires_36662.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 73 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "22020da0-c608-4c34-80b5-fd85eb6a1ba7", "label": "FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS are measuring meter instruments that\nmeasure the Earth's magnetic field intensity using multiple\ngates or connections on the complete circuit for current to flow\nthrough.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3531ac17-1445-4f8e-9063-96442be014f2", "label": "MAG-GOESR", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39e3a87b-bf51-49da-8da0-468e1e148fb5", "label": "GONG NETWORK", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42040b0c-664c-4c06-87ae-b817e68fd021", "label": "MFE-P", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Magnetometer on the Polar Spacecraft is a high precision instrument\ndesigned to measure the magnetic fields in the high and low altitude polar\nmagnetosphere. This instrument will be used to investigate the behavior of\nfield-aligned current systems and the role they play in the acceleration of\nparticles and the dynamics of the fields in the polar cusp, magnetosphere, and\nmagnetosheath. The instrument design has been influenced by the needs of the\nother instruments for immediately useable magnetic field data and high rate\n(100+ Vectors/Sec) data distributed on the spacecraft. The design provides a\nfully redundant instrument with enhanced measurement capabilities depending on\navailable spacecraft power. \n\nFor more information, see: http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/polar/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFE-P\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MFE-P\n Long_Name: Magnetic Fields Experiment (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/polar/\n Sample_Image: http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/pictures/polar/mfe2.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Los Angeles\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4490bfda-5baa-45d3-ad01-8ebeb2d675e8", "label": "LPM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47926401-5326-441b-be91-1e3c36e6eb6c", "label": "DWP", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Digital Wave Processing Experiment (DWP) on the Cluster-II spacecraft, is \na component of the Wave Experiment Consortium. The wide variety of \ngeophysical plasmas that will be investigated by the Cluster mission contain \nwaves with a frequency range from DC to over 100 kHz with both magnetic and \nelectric components. The characteristic duration of these waves extends from a \nfew milliseconds to minutes and a dynamic range of over 90 dB is desired. The \nDWP instrument employs a novel architecture based on the use of transputers \nwith parallel processing and re-alloctable tasks to provide a high-reliability \nflexible system.\n\nDWP is responsible for coordinating WEC operations at several levels. At the\nlowest level, DWP provides electrical signals to synchronise instrument\nsampling. At higher levels, DWP time tags data in a consistent manner and\nprovides a facility for constructing more complex WEC modes by means of macros.\n\nThe processing system within the DWP instrument will also perform particle\ncorrelations in order to permit the study of wave/particle interactions.\nParticle correlation is based on forming autocorrelation functions of the time\nseries of particle detector counts as a function of energy and pitch angle. The\nbasic operations are carried out in DWP resident software using algorithms\ndeveloped for AMPTE, CRRES, rocket experiments and also from computer\nsimulations.\n\nThe DWP particle correlator takes raw electron detection pulses from the PEACE\ninstrument and performs software auto-correlation functions (ACF) that are\nsorted and summed according to instantaneous PEACE selected electron energy.\n\nDWP was designed and built by the Space Systems Group of the University of \nSheffield. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DWP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: DWP\n Long_Name: Digital Wave Processing Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1109\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=7\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/34/hires_36660.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: University of Sheffield, England\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4876ce18-75b4-42f7-9339-69c46747dc7e", "label": "STAFF", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "STAFF (Spatio Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations) is a wave experiment of\nthe CLUSTER mission in order to measure the multicomponents of the electric and\nmagnetic fields in a frequency band between ~0.1 Hz and 4 kHz.\n\nA magnetometer on the end of a five metre long boom looks at waves (rapid\nvariations in the magnetic fields), particularly in regions where the charged\nparticles of the solar wind interact with the magnetosphere. Low frequency data\nare analysed on the ground, while the electric and magnetic components of the\nhigher frequency waves are processed on board. One of the five complementary\nexperiments which form the Wave Experiment Consortium.\n\nThe CLUSTER mission is a 4-satellites mission of the European Space Agency\n(ESA) with a NASA participation. Scientific and technical responsibilities are\nassumed by a laboratory in Paris region (CETP).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: STAFF\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: STAFF\n Long_Name: Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33024&fbodylongid=1107\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=2000-041B&ex=9\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/32/hires_36658.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: IPSL, France\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ec76cc1-278c-4bb5-b4ce-4908b357e0b0", "label": "IME", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The magnetic field experiment on the IMP-8 spacecraft utilizes a tri-axial\nfluxgate (saturable inductor) magnetometer. The instrument originally had\nthree, automatically determined, ranges, +/-12 nT, +/-36 nT, and +/-108 nT, full\nscale. Because of a range-change circuit failure occurring in early July 1975,\nthe experiment was commanded into a fixed +/-36 nT range on July 11, 1975 at\n12:55:09 UT and has been in that range ever since. The measurements are A-to-D\nconverted onboard, to an 8-bit resolution, yielding +/-0.14 nT quantization\nsensitivity, which is larger than the intrinsic sensor noise level of 0.025 nT\nRMS.\nThe data from the two-bit (per component) adaptive delta modulator,\nincorporated into the instrument, and applied to the intrinsic sample rate of\n25 vectors/sec., was never utilized, and hence the rate of the full (8-bit)\nvector words, which occur every 320 ms, represents the effective sample period\nof the instrument. The sampling rate is synchronized to the spacecraft clock;\nthe basic spacecraft clock frequency is 6.4 kHz. The sensor unit is mounted on\nthe end of a boom approximately 4 m from the center of the spacecraft.\nFor further details, see: http://www-lep.gsfc.nasa.gov/imp8/expr.html\n\nAdditional information on the IMP-8 magnetometer can found at:\nhttp://lep694.gsfc.nasa.gov/imp8/imp8_hm.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52feba5f-c6cd-4d33-9eae-3660fecd5c02", "label": "PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-04 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of a high-frequency radio receiver connected to a short antenna that swept from 1.3 to 13.9 MHz in 100-kHz steps. The device was used to monitor the ionospheric breakthrough frequency of noise generated by manmade or natural sources below the f2 layer to obtain the critical frequency of this layer (fof2). The fof2 parameter was used in constructing electron-density profiles used in forecasting the state of the ionosphere. The instrument could detect electric fields down to 10 microvolts/m.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Long_Name: Passive Ionospheric Monitor (SSI/P)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-04\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: United States Air Force\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56b3e539-db39-4ff5-8fc3-7dc9b2ee0460", "label": "3DA", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The 3D-Plasma Analyzer (3DA) instrument on EQUATOR-S consists of an electron\nelectrostatic analyzer (EESA) and an ion electrostatic analyzer (PESA). The\nanalyzer is a symmetrical spherical-section electrostatic analyzer (top-hat\ndesign) with a disc-shaped field of view (FOV) of 180¡ directed perpendicular\nto the spacecraft body. The complete solid-angle sphere is thus covered in one\nspin period of 1.5 s. The analyzers measure electron and ion distribution\nfunctions in 192 angle and 56 energy channels, in the energy-per-charge range\n10 eV - 25 keV. Moments of the distributions are computed on board. The 3DA\ninstrument (together with the EPI instrument) is a derivative of the 3D Plasma\nand Energetic Particle Instrument on the WIND spacecraft.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "663ba569-a725-427f-862a-d974e72570a5", "label": "POLAR-EFI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Electric Field Instrument (EFI) on the Polar spacecraft measures the three\ncomponents of the ambient vector electric field and the thermal electron\ndensity. \n\nThe electric field and plasma density measurements are made over a frequency\nrange of DC to above 20 kHz. The dynamic range of the electric field\nmeasurement is 0.02 to 1000 mV/m, while the plasma density will be measured at\nleast over the range of 0.1 to 100 particles per cubic centimeter. A by-product\nof the experiment is measurement of the floating potential of the spacecraft\nover the range of about +1 to +90 volts.\n\nAn important component of the Electric Field Instrument is a two megabyte burst\nmemory that allows storage of high time resolution field and plasma density\nmeasurements, allowing study of rapid variations of non-linear spatial\nstructures and waves.\n\nThe EFI sensors are arranged as three orthogonal sphere pairs whose potential\ndifferences and Langmuir probe characteristics are measured. Two of these\nsphere pairs are in the satellite spin plane on the ends of wire booms that\nprovide tip to tip sphere separations of 100 and 130 meters respectively, while\nthe third pair is aligned along the spacecraft spin axis with a 14 meter tip to\ntip separation that is provided by rigid stacer booms.\n\nThe electric field preamplifiers have frequency responses to above one mHz to\naccommodate their use by the Plasma Wave Instrument. In addition, the Electric\nField Instrument interfaces on the spacecraft with the Magnetic Field\nExpirement (which provides information for deciding when to trigger bursts of\ndata collection), the Hydra plasma experiment (in order that both instruments\ncollect high time resolution data simultaneously), and the low energy plasma\nexperiment, Tide, (which wants to know when the Electric Field Instrument is\ncollecting data in the burst mode).\n\nThe heritage for the Electric Field Instrument encompasses instruments\npreviously flown on the S3-3, GEOS, ISEE-1, Viking, and CRRES satellites, as\nwell as experiments being built for the Freja, FAST, and Cluster satellites. \n\nHarvey, P., F. S. Mozer, D. Pankow, J. Wygant, N. C. Maynard, H. Singer, W.\nSullivan, P. B. Anderson, R. Pfaff, T. Aggson, A. Pedersen, C. G. Falthammar,\nand P. Tanskannen, THE ELECTRIC FIELD INSTRUMENT ON THE POLAR SATELLITE, Space\nScience Reviews 71: 583-596, 1995. \nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/Instrument/instrument.html\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EFI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: EFI\n Long_Name: Electric Fields Investigation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/PolarEFI/Instrument/instrument.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69424579-2ac2-4e83-96b1-faf3c5d0a1d2", "label": "ULYSSES-FGM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "A fundamental feature of the heliosphere is the three dimensional structure of\nthe interplanetary magnetic field. The magnetic field investigation on Ulysses,\nthe first space probe to explore the out-of-ecliptic and polar heliosphere,\naims at determining the large scale features and gradients of the field, as\nwell as the heliolatitude dependence of interplanetary phenomena so far only\nobserved near the ecliptic plane. The Ulysses magnetometer uses two sensors,\none a Vector Helium Magnetometer, the other a Fluxgate Magnetometer. Onboard\ndata processing yields measurements of the magnetic field vector with a time\nresolution up to 2 vectors/second and a sensitivity of about l0 pT. Since the\nswitch-on of the instrument in flight on 25 October l990, a steady stream of\nobservations have been made, indicating that at this phase of the solar cycle\nthe field is generally disturbed: several shock waves and a large number of\ndiscontinuities have been observed, as well as several periods with apparently\nintense wave activity. The paper gives a brief summary of the scientific\nobjectives of the investigation, followed by a detailed description of the\ninstrument and its characteristics. Examples of wave bursts, interplanetary\nshocks and crossings of the heliospheric current sheet are given to illustrate\nthe observations made with the instrument.\n\n(Abstract from: A. Balogh et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 221-236,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.sp.ph.ic.ac.uk/Ulysses/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_vhm_fgm.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: FGM-U\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: FGM-U\n Long_Name: Ulysses Flux Gate Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/spat/research/space_missions/ulysses/magnetometer/instrument_description\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/vhm_fgm.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/vhm.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: Imperial College, London\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fce447f-7097-48ca-8094-60bc6ffc9eae", "label": "MAM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The MAM magnetic field instrument on EQUATOR-S consists of three-axes flux-gate\nmagnetometers, one mounted at the end of a 1.8-m boom, the other 50 cm further\ninboard, to reduce (and determine) the amount of interference from the\nspacecraft. The sampling rate is 128 vectors/s when only one of the\nmagnetometers is utilized, and 64 vectors/s when both are utilized. Resolution\nis 16 bits, and ranges can be selected (automatically or manually) in steps of\n4, between 250 and 64000 nT.\nSee:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-instruments.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79ec687b-1513-41ce-ab1f-6604317d7b90", "label": "THEMIS-ESA", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "[Text from the NASA THEMIS home page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/ESA.html ]\n\nThe Electrostatic Analyzers (ESAs) (on THEMIS) measure how many electrons and ions they detect with a specified energy from a certain direction at a given time (the particle distribution function) over the energy range from ~3 eV to 30 keV. These thermal electrons and ions are the particles responsible for creating the aurora. The ESA measurements allow scientists to derive the density, velocity, and temperature of the ambient electrons and ions (plasma). Knowing these quantities at the five THEMIS probes will allow scientists for the first time to determine the time of substorm onset.\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/ESA.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-ESA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: ESA-THEMIS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/ESA.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_esa.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/164126main_idpu_med2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7abb05fb-8000-425c-8761-c85aba595205", "label": "MFI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Magnetic Fields Investigation (MFI) on WIND will investigate the\nlarge-scale structure and fluctuation characteristics of the interplanetary\nmagnetic field, which influence the transport of energy and the acceleration of\nparticles in the solar wind and dynamic processes in the Earth's magnetosphere.\nThe fundamental observations of solar wind magnetic fields are important to the\nstudy of the solar wind and magnetosphere coupling process and also to the\ninterpretation of other observational data from WIND.\nThe MFI instrument consists of dual triaxial fluxgate magnetometers mounted on\na 12-meter radial boom, and a data processing and control unit within the body\nof the spacecraft. The magnetometer sensors each produce analog signals\nproportional to the strength of the magnetic field component aligned with the\nsensor. These signals are then digitized and processed by a microprocessor\ncontrolled data system. Mounting the magnetometers at the outboard end and at\nan inboard location on the boom helps substantially to reduce contamination of\nthe measurements by spacecraft-generated magnetic fields. MFI has a very wide\nfield measurement capability, from +/- 0.004 nT to +/- 65,536 nT, with both\nautomatic and commandable range-change capability. Measurement rates are: one\nvector per 92 seconds for key parameter data, 10.9 vectors per second for rapid\ndata for standard analysis, and 44 vectors per second for Fast Fourier\nTransform data, and data from the snap-shot memory which can be triggered\nautomatically for predefined field changes.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://lepmfi.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/windmfi.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MFI\n Long_Name: Magnetic Field Investigation (WIND)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lepmfi.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/windmfi.html\n Sample_Image: http://lepmfi.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/sensor.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ea0e93b-a15b-4dad-a929-377dbd1dfa74", "label": "DIFLUX MAGNETOMETERS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7fd394e4-bab3-4802-85d5-b7f338638d78", "label": "EFW", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The EFW instrument (Electric Field and Waves) [Gustafsson et al., 1997, 2001]\non Cluster-II is part of the Wave Experiment Consortium (WEC). It consists of\nfour 8 cm diameter spherical probes extended on 42.5 m long wire booms (88 m\ntip-tip) in the spacecraft spin plane. The probes are used for measuring either\nelectric fields or plasma density variations. In the electric field mode, the\nprobes are actively controlled by a bias current to ensure a high quality\nmeasurement. In the density mode, the probes are voltage biased to collect the\nambient thermal electron current. Analog signals from the EFW instrument are\nfed to STAFF, WHISPER and WBD. Commands to EFW and telemetry from EFW are\npassed through DWP. In addition, EFW receives (via DWP) signals from FGM and\nSTAFF, and delivers (via DWP) the measured spacecraft potential to ASPOC.\n\nSee:\nhttp://cluster.irfu.se/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EFW\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: EFW\n Long_Name: Electric Field and Wave Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cluster.irfu.se/\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/33/hires_36659.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.44 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-07-16\n Instrument_Owner: IRF, Sweden\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "804d4f03-ee93-4fc9-ada0-f3dc9a7a6706", "label": "SSM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-06 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the magnetometer experiment was to obtain the components of magnetic field transverse to the main geomagnetic field at high latitudes which are associated with auroral field-aligned currents. The instrument consisted of (1) a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer with a fixed Z-axis sensor and adjustable X- and Y-axis sensors and (2) a signal processor to provide data at a 15-nT resolution over the range of 0 to 60,000 nT.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: SSM\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84df34de-8d78-4f98-bdd3-475d34cb364c", "label": "SCM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "[Text from NASA's THEMIS home page \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SCM.html ]\n\nThe Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) measures low frequency magnetic field fluctuations and waves in three directions (tri-axial) in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Scientists believe that low frequency magnetic fluctuations and waves play an important role in triggering substorms. Frequencies of the waves range from several octaves below the lowest key on the piano (0.1 Hz) up to the top key on the piano (4 kHz). The SCM will measure this range to identify the instability that triggers substorms. Data from the SCM will be especially important in studying the waves in the “current disruption region” about 10 Earth Radii away from Earth in the magnetotail plasma sheet, as well as at larger distances where neutral lines are expected to form. Together with the other instruments of the THEMIS suite, the SCM will reveal the link between waves and the location(s) where substorms begin, thereby identifying the basic substorm mechanism.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: SCM\n Long_Name: SEARCH COIL MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/SCM.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_scm.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/168039main_SCM_ETU_1_med.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: CETP (France)\n Instrument_Owner: NASA (USA)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85d80454-bba8-4973-82e7-562a7e2d3d06", "label": "GONG INSTRUMENT", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The GONG Instrument consists of two mirrors tracking the Sun in\nelevation and cross- elevation axes that feed light horizontally into\na cargo container housing the rest of the equipment. The optical\nsystem is sealed by a filtered window and has an effective aperture of\n2.8cm. Near the focus of the 1-m focal length objective lens is a box\nthat contains various optics that can be moved in and out of the\nbeam. These optics allow calibration of the response of the\ninstrument. A variable polarization retarder can be put into the beam\nto allow the line-of-sight component of the solar magnetic field to be\nimaged. All of these mechanisms are under computer control and\nnormally operate automatically.\n\nThe instrument is controlled by two computers and a precise clock. It\nnormally produces a data record every minute, day and night. During\nnight, only instrumental and environmental parameters are\nrecorded. When the program determines that the sun has risen, the\ninstrument front end is unstowed and pointed to the sun closely enough\nso that a guider sensor can provide precise pointing information. If\nit is cloudy, the computer estimates where the sun is and points to\nthat location. The first time enough sunlight is available on a day, a\ncalibration sequence is executed. Observations are made until near\nsunset, at which time the instrument stows itself. The instrument\noperates automatically for one week and the only user intervention\nneed is to change the data tapes or to perform maintenance.\n\nThis instrument is developed by the The Global Oscillation Network\nGroup (GONG), which is a community-based project to conduct a detailed\nstudy of solar internal structure and dynamics using helioseismology.\nIn order to exploit this new technique, GONG has developed a\nsix-station network of extremely sensitive, and stable velocity\nimagers located around the Earth to obtain nearly continuous\nobservations of the Sun's 'five-minute' oscillations, or pulsations.\n\nAdditional information on the GONG Instrument available at\n'http://www.gong.noao.edu/Instrument/instrument.html'\n\nGeneral information on the Global Oscillation Network Group available at\n'http://www.gong.noao.edu/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "907644cf-3f4f-457c-928e-44bd55d34734", "label": "AMPTE/IRM MAGNETOMETER", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The 3-axis fluxgate magnetometer onboard the AMPTE/IRM Satellite had a wide\ndynamic range (0.1-60000 nT), a high resolution (16-bit analog to digital\nconversion) and the capability to operate automatically or via telecommand in\ntwo gain states. The sampling rate was 32 samples per second.\nReference:\nLuehr, H., N. Kloecker, W. Oelschlaegel, B. Haeusler, and M. Acuna,\n'The IRM fluxgate magnetometer', IEEE Trans., GE-23, 259, 1985.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1984-088B'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "95743360-4880-4014-9874-64f47f758e83", "label": "GOLF", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies (GOLF) experiment on the SOHO\nmission aims to study the internal structure of the sun by measuring the\nspectrum of global oscillations in the frequency range 10-7 to 10-2 Hz. Both p\nand g mode oscillations will be investigated, with the emphasis on the low\norder long period waves which penetrate the solar core.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/golf1.htm\n\nA complete description of the GOLF instrument was published by Solar Physics,\nvol. 162, p. 61-99, 1995.\nhttp://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/golf_ps/paper_descrip.ps\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOLF\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: GOLF\n Long_Name: Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 17 A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/\n Online_Resource: http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~bertello/golf.html\n Sample_Image: http://golfwww.medoc-ias.u-psud.fr/golf_images/golf_instru.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale at Orsay, France\n Instrument_Owner: Service d'Astrophysique, Frence\n Instrument_Owner: Instituto de Astrofýsica de Canarias, Spain\n Instrument_Owner: Observatoire de l'Universitý Bordeaux, France\n Instrument_Owner: Observatoire de la Cýte d'Azur, France\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c295c6e-eef4-4c65-a580-636e59035c26", "label": "PWI-P", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The primary goal of the Polar Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) is to provide\ncomprehensive measurements of plasma wave phenomena in the high latitude\nauroral zones, in the dayside magnetic cusp regions, and in the plasmasphere\nand plasmasheet. Coordinated measurements will be made with the plasma,\nenergetic particle, imaging, and magnetic field measurements to study local\nprocesses with an emphasis on wave-particle interactions. \n\nThe Polar Plasma Wave Investigation employs seven distinct sensors for\ndetecting the electric and magnetic fields of plasma waves. These sensors\nconsist of: a pair of orthogonal two-sphere electric antennas in the spin plane\nof the spacecraft with sphere-to-sphere separations of 100 meters and 130\nmeters respectively, shared with the Electric Field Instrument (EFI); a short\ntwo-sphere electric antenna aligned along the spacecraft spin axis with a\nsphere-to-sphere separation of 14 meters, also shared with EFI; a triaxial\nmagnetic search coil mounted on the end of a rigid stacer boom, shared with\nEFI; and a magnetic loop antenna mounted on the same boom and oriented parallel\nto the 100-meter electric antenna in the spin plane.\n\nThe spheres on the electric antennas are 9 cm in diameter and each contains a\nhigh-impedance preamplifier that provides signals to the boom deployment\nmechanisms. Amplifiers in the deployment mechanisms buffer signals to EFI and\nPWI independently. Each of the three magnetic search coils consists of two\nbobbins mounted on high permeability micro-metal cores 40cm long. Each bobbin\nis wound with 10,000 turns of #40 wire. The coil outputs are amplified by a\npreamplifier in the search coil housing to provide a low-impedance signal to\nthe main electronics box. The search coil sensitivity constant is 70 micro\nV/nT-Hz and the resonance frequency is approximately 10 kHz. The loop antenna\nis similar to the magnetic loop antenna on Dynamics Explorer A and is designed\nto detect magnetic fields over a frequency range from 25 Hz to 800 kHz. The\nloop sensitivity constant is 385 micro V/nT-Hz and the resonance frequency is\n45 kHz. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PWI-P\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: PWI-P\n Long_Name: Plasma Waves Investigation (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/polar/home.html\n Online_Resource: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/polar/instrument.html\n Sample_Image: http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/istp/polar/images/PolarComponents.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1e8831d-a914-42fa-808a-f7f4df25509e", "label": "MFE", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The objective of the MFE experiment on Geotail is to measure the magnetic field\nvariation of the magnetotail in the frequency below 50 Hz.\n\nThe MGF experiment consists of dual three-axis fluxgate magnetometers and a\nthree-axis search coil magnetometer. Triad fluxgate sensors, which utilize a\nring core geometry, are installed at the end and middle of a 6 m deployable\nmast. Three search coils are mounted approximately one-half of the way out on\nanother 6 m boom together with search coils for the VLF wave in the PWI system.\n\nThe fluxgate magnetometers are of standard design and consist of an amplifier,\nfilter, phase sensitive detector, integrator, and a voltage-current convertor.\nThe fluxgate magnetometers operate in seven dynamic ranges to cover various\nregions of the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind: +/-16 nT, +/-64 nT,\n+/-256 nT, +/-1024 nT, +/-4096 nT, +/-16384 nT, and +/-65536 nT, and supply 16\nvectors/sec.\n\nThe search coil magnetometer system consists of three sensors, preamplifier,\namplifier, filter, multiplexer, and an A/D converter. The search coil\nmagnetometers operate in a frequency range of 0.5 kHz to 1 kHz, and supply 128\nvectors/sec.\n\nThe fluxgate magnetometer operates in both real time and record modes, while\nthe search coil data are used only in real time mode.\n\nPrincipal Investigator:\nDr. Tsugunobu Nagai\nTokyo Institue of Technology\nEarth and Planetary Sciences\nTokyo 152-8551 Japan\nPhone:\nFax:\ne-mail: nagai@geo.titech.ac.jp\n\nSee:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MFE\n Long_Name: Magnetic Field Experiment (Geotail)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail_inst.shtml#MGF\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1992-044A&ex=6\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 3.584 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-24\n Instrument_Owner: Tokyo Institute of Technology\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b11bd09e-0f65-4eaf-8a87-c0af94b173d1", "label": "THEMIS-EFI", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "[Text from NASA's THEMIS home page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/EFI.html ] \n\nThe THEMIS Electric Field Instrument (EFI) is designed and built to sense the electric field in Earth's ever-changing magnetosphere. The EFI will provide the observations needed to determine the motion of the electrified gas (plasma) as it travels past each probe. This is the first time a mission will measure these motions with five probes aligned in the magnetotail. This is vital to determining the time and location of the high-speed flows that begin at substorm onset in the Earth’s magnetotail.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-EFI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: THEMIS-EFI\n Long_Name: THEMIS Electric Field Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/EFI.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_efi.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/images/instruments/efi.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2b82375-d0b0-416e-af7d-b6d01063550d", "label": "MAGNETOGRAPHS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "MAGNETOGRAPHS are dedicated instruments that observe the solar\nvector magnetic field and provide a homogeneous record of the\nchanging solar field. The solar magnetic fields are\nphotographically or computer drawn contours of the solar\nlongitudinal magnetic field distribution across the whole sun at\ndifferent levels of nanotesla (gauss). The computer-plotted\ncontours use solid lines for positive and dotted lines for\nnegative field polarities. The polarities on the photographs\nare indicated by bright areas (positive) and dark areas\n(negative). The data also can be drawings of individual sunspot\nregions with coordinates, polarity and intensity in nanotesla of\neach spot indicated.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd903ae2-03dc-4504-868e-29a09d5a9308", "label": "MAG", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Magnetometer (MAG) instrument on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\nconsists of one electronics box mounted on the spacecraft top deck and of two\nsensors mounted at the end of two boom.\n\nExcept for minor modifications, the ACE/MAG instrument consisting of a set of\ntwin sensors and of an electronics control unit is the flight spare from the\ninstrument currently flying on the WIND spacecraft launched in November of\n1994,\n\nThe ACE/MAG instrument will measure the local interplanetary magnetic field\n(IMF) direction and magnitude and establish the large scale structure and\nfluctuation characteristics of the IMF at 1 AU upstream of Earth as a function\nof time throughout the mission. This experiment will provide: \n\n- continuous data at 3,4 or 6 vectors/sec, and\n- snapshot memory data and Fast Fourier Transform data (FFT) based on\n24 vectors/sec. acquired on board, working synchronously with blocks\nof 512 samples (FFT only) each.\n\nThese measurements will be precise, accurate, and ultra sensitive. The basic\ninstrument is a twin triaxial fluxgate magnetometer system. Each of two\nidentical sensors is on booms that extend past the end of diametrically\nopposite solar panels. The digital processing unit utilizes a 12 bit A/D\nconverter to easily resolve small amplitude fluctuations of the field, and is\nmicroprocessor controlled. It also incorporates a dedicated FFT processor\ndeveloped around high performance DSP integrated circuits, which produces a 32\nchannel logarithmic spectrum for each axis, synthesized from a 'raw' 256 point\nlinear spectrum. All components of the power spectral matrices corresponding to\nthe 32 estimates are transmitted to the ground once every 80 seconds, providing\npower and phase information together with the corresponding snapshot memory\ntime series data. As in previous instruments developed at GSFC, high\nreliability is obtained by the use of fully redundant systems and extremely\nconservative designs. The intrinsic zero drift of the sensors is expected to be\nbelow 0.1 nT over periods of up to 6 months. Electrical 'flippers' designed to\nsimulate a 180 degree mechanical rotation of the sensors, will be used to\nmonitor the zero level drift associated with aging of electronic components.\nThe use of advanced statistical techniques for estimating absolute zero levels\nis also planned. The instruments feature a very wide dynamic range of\nmeasurements capability, from B1 4 nT up to B1 65,536 nT per axis in eight\ndiscrete ranges; all ranges can be activated either by command or, most\ncommonly, automatically. The upper range permits end to end testing in the\nEarth's magnetic field without the need for special field cancellation coils or\nmagnetic shields.\n\nThe Bartol Research Institute (BRI) of the University of Delaware, in\ncollaboration with the Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics (LEP) at the\nGoddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), built and delivered the magnetometer\ninstrument for the ACE mission. Data processing for the MAG instrument moved to\nThe University of New Hampshire when C.W. Smith moved there in July 2003.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/mag/ACE.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MAG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MAG\n Long_Name: Magnetic Field Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssg.sr.unh.edu/mag/ACE.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.ssg.sr.unh.edu/mag/ace/images/fullmag.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.304 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: University of Delaware, Bartol Research Institute\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c639a90f-f720-40a7-be05-7ec1dece40c3", "label": "ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "The Electrostatic Analyzers ('ESAs') measure the direction and\nenergy of charged particles in the polar ionosphere. These\nparticles are primarily electrons (-) and protons (+), but can\nalso include oxygen and helium as well. Changes in the solar\nwind and the local 'space weather' of the Earth can accelerate\nthese particles to high energies; when they hit the upper layers\nof our atmosphere, aurora can be the result. These instruments\ntell us how many particles were present, their direction in\nspace, and if the particle masses are known, their velocities as\nwell. With this information, scientists can infer what processes\nmay have caused these particles to 'precipitate' towards the\nEarth and relate these to changes in the solar wind that\nsurrounds the Earth.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/PolarCusp/instruments2/B.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Silver Space Sciences Laboratory]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdd42dd9-1029-476f-9b6e-50f05b3bf494", "label": "VHM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "A fundamental feature of the heliosphere is the three dimensional structure of\nthe interplanetary magnetic field. The magnetic field investigation on Ulysses,\nthe first space probe to explore the out-of-ecliptic and polar heliosphere,\naims at determining the large scale features and gradients of the field, as\nwell as the heliolatitude dependence of interplanetary phenomena so far only\nobserved near the ecliptic plane. The Ulysses magnetometer uses two sensors,\none a Vector Helium Magnetometer, the other a Fluxgate Magnetometer. Onboard\ndata processing yields measurements of the magnetic field vector with a time\nresolution up to 2 vectors/second and a sensitivity of about l0 pT. Since the\nswitch-on of the instrument in flight on 25 October l990, a steady stream of\nobservations have been made, indicating that at this phase of the solar cycle\nthe field is generally disturbed: several shock waves and a large number of\ndiscontinuities have been observed, as well as several periods with apparently\nintense wave activity. The paper gives a brief summary of the scientific\nobjectives of the investigation, followed by a detailed description of the\ninstrument and its characteristics. Examples of wave bursts, interplanetary\nshocks and crossings of the heliospheric current sheet are given to illustrate\nthe observations made with the instrument.\n\n(Abstract from: A. Balogh et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 221-236,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.sp.ph.ic.ac.uk/Ulysses/\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_vhm_fgm.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e05cfb42-8cd1-4474-a00a-e3059e71ed23", "label": "THEMIS-FGM", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "[Text from THEMIS home page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/FGM.html ] \n\nThe Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM) measures the background magnetic field and any low frequency (to 64 Hz) fluctuations superimposed upon it. The instrument will be used to identify and time the abrupt reconfigurations of the magnetospheric magnetic field that occur at substorm onset. For the first time, this measurement will be made on five satellites, all five THEMIS probes, aligned during substorm onset.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS-FGM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: THEMIS-FGM\n Long_Name: Themis Fluxgate Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/spacecraft/FGM.html\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/instrument_fgm.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/168033main_FGM_with_SCM_background_med.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e644d037-64fe-4090-97dd-964476d2a56f", "label": "WBS", - "broader": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", + "parentId": "bb175474-5e70-47be-8e1f-8dcd7563cc5b", "definition": "Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS) has spectroscopic capabilities in a\nwide energy band from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. It consists of\na soft X-ray spectrometer (SXS), hard X-ray spectrometer (HXS),\ngamma-ray spectrometer (GRS), and radiation belt monitor\n(RBM). Of these, SXS, HXS, and GRS aim at solar flare\nobservations, but RBM serves to sound the alarm for radiation\nbelt passage. All of these detectors have pulse count (PC) data\nand pulse height (PH) data. PC is the sum of all counts for a\ngiven energy range, and PH is essentially an energy loss\nspectrum as a function of energy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://surfwww.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/surf/guides/yag/iguide_sec5.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Solar UK Research Facility]", "children": [] } @@ -1414,62 +1414,62 @@ { "uuid": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "label": "Visible/Infrared Instruments", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", + "parentId": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "00d15ae0-0fa4-464b-b7d1-46525f73cadb", "label": "SOFIA", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23ea0899-47fc-4ecc-9882-fcc678e86cec", "label": "TIM", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "[Source: GLORY project home page, http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-tim.html ]\n\nThe TIM will collect high accuracy, high precision measurements of total solar irradiance using an active cavity radiometer that monitors changes in incident sunlight to Earth's atmosphere. \n\nChanges in both the solar irradiance and in the composition of the atmosphere can cause global climate change. Solar irradiance is a purely a natural phenomenon, while the composition of the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the byproducts of modern industrial societies. Over the past century, the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by about 0.5 degrees Celsius. \n \nThe TIM is a heritage-design instrument that was originally flown on the SORCE satellite launched in January 2003.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: TIM\n Long_Name: Total Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLORY\n Short_Name: SORCE\n Short_Name: STPSat-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-tim2.html\n Online_Resource: http://glory.giss.nasa.gov/tim/\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/instruments/tim.htm\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/tim2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 713 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-25\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: LASP-CU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24431ed9-ded8-4abc-b64c-77b13475a48d", "label": "VIS", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "The Visible Imaging System (VIS) is a set of three low-light-level cameras\nflown on the POLAR spacecraft of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics\n(ISTP) program. Two of these cameras share primary and some secondary optics\nand are designed to provide images of the nighttime auroral oval at altitudes\n~1 to 8 RE (Earth radius) as viewed from the eccentric, polar orbit of the\nspacecraft. A third camera is used to monitor the directions of the\nfields-of-view of the auroral cameras with respect to the sunlit Earth. The\nauroral images are to be gained with filters with narrow passbands at visible\nwavelengths. The emissions of interest include those from N2+ at 391.4 nm, Ol\nat 557.7 and 630.0 nm, Hl at 656.3 nm and OII at 732.0 nm. The primary\nscientific objectives of this imaging instrumentation, together with the in\nsitu measurements from instruments on board the ensemble of ISTP spacecraft,\nare (1) quantitative assessment of the dissipation of magnetospheric energy\ninto the auroral ionosphere, (2) an instantaneous reference system for the\nabove in situ observations, (3) development of a substantial model of the\nenergy flow within the magnetosphere, (4) investigation of the topology of the\nmagnetosphere, and (5) delineation of the responses of the magnetosphere to\nsubstorms and variable solar wind conditions.\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/vis/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: VIS\n Long_Name: Visible Imaging System (Polar)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/vis/description.html\n Online_Resource: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/vis/vis_description/vis_description.htmlx\n Sample_Image: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/www/vis/vis_description/plate_1a.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Astrospace\n Instrument_Owner: University of Iowa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cd4dc41-07f3-4c0d-a4fe-235fdd7cbc29", "label": "ACRIM III", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III)\ninvolves the Monitoring of the total variability of solar\nirradiance with active cavity radiometer solar monitoring\nsensors. ACRIM III was successfully launched on board the\nACRIMSAT spacecraft on December 20, 1999.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIM III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM III\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACRIMSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/acrimIII/acrimIII_table\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n Online_Resource: http://www.acrim.com/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: < 1 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "540babe7-c4d6-43e4-9b7d-745fd5526204", "label": "SOUP", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) experiment was\nflown in July and August 1985, on board the STS-51F/Spacelab II\nshuttle mission. Images of solar features observed in white\nlight were recorded on film. The targets were solar pores,\nsunspots, upwelling, active region AR 4682, and the structures\nalong the solar limb. When the film was returned to the\ninvestigator team and developed, it was digitized frame by\nframe.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "571751a3-5812-4f17-8044-91746229593b", "label": "ACRIM", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "The objective of the Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) is to measure the total solar irradiance with state-of-the-art accuracy and precision. The ACRIM instrument was first flown on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM/ACRIM I) satellite and was flown on all three Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions and the Spacelab 1 misson from the Space Shuttle. In addition, ACRIM was flown as a flight-of-opportunity instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS/ACRIM II) and is scheduled to fly as a flight-of-opportunity mission during NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS) program (ACRIMSAT/ACRIM III) The principal role of the ACRIM is to support extended solar irradiance experiments on free-flying satellites and establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level through direct intercomparison with other experiments. The total solar irradiance (TSI) from far ultraviolet through far infrared is measured by three Type V active-cavity radiometer sensors. These detectors are electrically self-calibrated, cavity pyrheliometers each capable of defining the absolute radiation scale with an uncertainty of +/- 0.1% SI units. The single sample irradiance precision is +/- 0.012 %. The three sensors are independently shuttered and their measurement cycles are different so that the three sensors can be used in various combinations to provide periodic cross references on the system's performance. \n\nThe ACRIM contains four cylindrical bays. Three of the bays house independent heat detectors, called pyrheliometers, which are independently shuttered, self calibrating, automatically controlled, and which are uniformly sensitive from the extreme UV to the far infrared. Each pyrheliometer consists of two cavities, and temperature differences between the two are used to determine the total solar flux. One cavity is maintained at a constant reference temperature, while the other is heated 0.5 K higher than the reference cavity and is exposed to the Sun periodically. When the shutter covering the second cavity is open, sunlight enters, creating an even greater difference in cavity temperatures. The power supplied to the second cavity by the ACRIM electronics decreases automatically to maintain the 0.5 K temperature difference between the two cavities. This decrease in the amount of electricity is proportional to the solar irradiance entering the cavity. Additional details about the individual sensors is given by Willson (1979 & 1980) and of the instrument by Willson (1981). The fourth bay holds a sensor that measures the relative angle between the instrument and the Sun.\n\nTo guarantee precision, the ACRIM cavities have mirror-like black surfaces that reflect light toward the apex of the cavity, where 99.99998 percent of the Sun's incoming energy in the 180 to 3,000 nm wavelength range is absorbed. In normal operation the ACRIM is on a platform which tracks the Sun. One of its detector channels makes regular measurements while the other two are kept shuttered to reduce possible degradation by solar UV radiation, atmospheric or satellite outgassed gases, etc. Readings are taken at 1.024 second intervals. About once a month the second channel, B, is opened for comparison measurements; while at longer intervals the third channel, C, is also compared. This triple detector arrangement proved valuable. On the SMM Satellite channel A degraded about 600 parts per million compared to channel C during the 9.75 year mission. Channel B, opened roughly once a month, also showed a slight degradation compared to channel C by 1989. This degradation was allowed for in the calibration equation (Willson and Hudson, 1991).\n\nNote: ACRIM II was not officially part of the UARS project. It was included on the UARS platform as an instrument of opportunity.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 180 nm to 3.000 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://acrim.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://acrim.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission_heritage.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.acrim.com/\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 32 kbit/s\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-04-10\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2001-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA + Jet Propulsion Lab - JPL\n Instrument_Owner: Columbia University\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e17098a-5542-4d5c-b290-f0599d9d10b3", "label": "CEDAR IMAGER", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "The Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR)\n Data Base at NCAR/HAO holds data collected from airglow imagers and\n all-sky cameras. None of the imager data are in digital form in the\n CEDAR Data Base and must be obtained from the contact person. Video\n tapes from the imager at Millstone Hill are in the CEDAR Data Base.\n\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02070/nsf02070.pdf'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1dc412d-9184-461b-8176-e2e6679aa2a1", "label": "ACRIM II", - "broader": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", + "parentId": "bdfc139c-c877-4c9d-9e95-0971524d0193", "definition": "The objective of the Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) is to measure the total solar irradiance with state-of-the-art accuracy and precision. The ACRIM instrument was first flown on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM/ACRIM I) satellite and was flown on all three Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) missions and the Spacelab 1 misson from the Space Shuttle. In addition, ACRIM was flown as a flight-of-opportunity instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS/ACRIM II) and is scheduled to fly as a flight-of-opportunity mission during NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS) program (ACRIMSAT/ACRIM III) The principal role of the ACRIM is to support extended solar irradiance experiments on free-flying satellites and establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level through direct intercomparison with other experiments. The total solar irradiance (TSI) from far ultraviolet through far infrared is measured by three Type V active-cavity radiometer sensors. These detectors are electrically self-calibrated, cavity pyrheliometers each capable of defining the absolute radiation scale with an uncertainty of +/- 0.1% SI units. The single sample irradiance precision is +/-0.012 %. The three sensors are independently shuttered and their measurement cycles are different so that the three sensors can be used in various combinations to provide periodic cross references on the system's performance. For more information about the UARS/ACRIM II and current data availability see:\n\nhttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/solar/uars.html\n\nFor information about the latest ACRIM III instrument which was\nlaunched on ACRIMSAT on December 20, 1999, see:\n\nhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/ACRIMSAT/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIM II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Visible/Infrared Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM II\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor II\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/solar/uars.html\n Online_Resource: http://acrim.com/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -1478,251 +1478,251 @@ { "uuid": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "label": "X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", + "parentId": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "04f173d3-a3c2-49a5-b0e4-05403f47e84d", "label": "BATSE", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) serves as the\nall-sky monitor for the Compton Observatory, detecting and\nlocating strong transient sources called gamma-ray bursts as\nwell as outbursts from other sources over the entire sky. There\nare eight BATSE detectors, one facing outward from each corner\nof the satellite, which are sensitive to gamma-ray energies from\n20 keV to over one thousand keV.\n\nAt the heart of the BATSE detectors are NaI crystals which\nproduce a flash of visible light when struck by gamma rays. The\nflashes are recorded by light-sensitive detectors whose output\nsignal is digitized and analyzed to determine the arrival time\nand energy of the gamma ray which caused the flash. Each BATSE\ndetector unit consists of a large area detector sensitive to\nfaint transient events along with a smaller detector optimized\nfor spectroscopic studies of bright events.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgro/batse.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14036003-4f00-45be-afd2-9a8cc6ed4749", "label": "HXIS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Solar Maximum Mission was a NASA satellite originally\nlaunched on February 14, 1980. It carried the Hard X-ray Imaging\nSpectrometer (HXIS, van Beek 1980), the first attempt at imaging\nthe sun in hard X-rays. The HXIS used a brute-force method of\nimaging: an array of collimators each with a narrow field of\nview, so that each collimator channel functioned as one pixel of\nan imaging telescope. It achieved a spatial resolution of 8\narcsec over a 2'40'' square field of view and a 32 arcsec\nresolution over a 6'24'' diameter circle. The detector used was\na position-sensitive proportional counter, consisting of two\nXe-filled chambers deep, each equipped with 450 anodes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://solarwww.mtk.nao.ac.jp/kobayash/thesis/node8.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "221d6bc4-8fd6-438f-a49b-10acec766ce9", "label": "X-RAY TELESCOPE", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "X-RAY TELESCOPES provide magnification of images of distant\nobjects that uses x-ray (a more detailed and varied telescope).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2587d7bd-4836-4e40-ac2b-39581ec0b43b", "label": "XRT", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30b5c6da-9a07-4718-bcf9-f3744a93b4a9", "label": "EDXA", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41db9c48-4af8-40db-8632-a86983d81258", "label": "XRD", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "A XRD - X-Ray Diffractometer is an instrument that uses a\ncrystal to diffract x-rays for the measurement of the\nintensities of the diffracted rays.\n\n[Summary provided by The Photonics Dictionary]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "457a7c82-c8de-4ee7-a2fb-53ac464d3cb7", "label": "GRB", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The scientific objectives of the Ulysses solar X-ray/cosmic gamma-ray burst\nexperiment and the unique features of the Ulysses mission which will help to\nachieve them are described in Hurley, et al (1992). After a discussion of the\nspecial design constraints imposed by the mission, we describe the sensor\nsystems, consisting of two CsI scintillators and two Si surface barrier\ndetectors covering the energy range 5 keV-150 keV. Their operating modes and\ninflight performance are also given.\n\n(Abstract from: K. Hurley et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 401-410,\n1992)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_grb.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: GRB\n Long_Name: Solar X-Ray/Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 - 150 KeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/grb.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/ipn3/grb.htm\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/grb.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 25 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Berkeley\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "577ab1ed-bfcd-4808-bed8-19cf5ef06492", "label": "PIXIE", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE) onboard the POLAR\nspacecraft is described. The PIXIE instrument will measure the spatial\ndistribution and temporal variation of x-ray emissions in the energy range 3 to\n60 keV from the earth's atmosphere. From these x-ray measurements, the\nmorphology and spectra of energetic electron precipitation and its effects upon\nthe atmosphere can be derived.\n\nThe Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE) will provide global\nmeasurements of the spatial distribution and temporal variation of\nbremsstrahlung x-ray emissions from the earth's atmosphere. From these x-ray\nmeasurements, the morphology and spectra of energetic electron precipitation\nand the effects upon the atmosphere can be derived. The measurements can be\nused to estimate the total rate of electron energy deposition and the energy\ndistribution of the precipitating electrons. The electron energy distribution\ncan then be used to compute the altitude profile of ionization and electrical\nconductivity. All of these quantities will be derived for the entire auroral\nzone simultaneously. PIXIE x-ray measurements can be made on the day side of\nthe earth as well as the night, and the precipitating electron intensities and\nenergy spectra can be derived from the x-ray images. These are unique\ncapabilities that cannot be duplicated by optical or UV devices. Images of\natmospheric bremsstrahlung emission will be obtained over the energy range of 3\nto 60 keV with good spatial and energy resolution, and with sufficient time\nresolution (a few minutes) to generate movies of the dynamical variations of\nauroral luminosities and associated atmospheric effects.\n\nThe design of an instrument for mapping bremsstrahlung x-rays and the plans for\non-orbit operations and data analysis should be based on actual measurements of\nbremsstrahlung x-rays at satellite altitudes. For these purposes, we have\nformulated representative spectra and intensities based on the only existing\nsets of satellite bremsstrahlung data. (These data were acquired by the\nLockheed and Aerospace groups - Imhof et al., 1974, 1981, 1985; Datlowe et al.,\n1988; Mizera et al., 1978, 1984; Gorney, 1987) . Previous instruments viewed a\nrelatively small region below a low-altitude spacecraft and, therefore, do not\ngive a global picture, but the data can be taken as representative of certain\nclasses of auroral events. The two physical parameters that are crucial in\ndetermining global upper atmospheric processes are the total energy input to\nthe high latitude regions of the atmosphere and the spectrum of the\nprecipitating electron fluxes which provide a highly variable and significant\nportion of that energy. Based on our data taken from low-altitude polar\norbiting satellites, bremsstrahlung x-rays can be used to deduce these\nparameters. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pixie.spasci.com/\nand\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/polar_inst.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PIXIE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: PIXIE\n Long_Name: Polar Ionospheric X-Ray Imaging Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pixie.spasci.com/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Company\n Instrument_Owner: Aerospace Corporation\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "689963cd-8b12-47e9-a259-47005db5a68b", "label": "GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "A GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used for obtaining a\nmass spectrum by deflecting the gamma ray particles into a thin\nslit and measuring the radiation given off or deflected and\nrelating it to other studies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6acbb2d5-8911-4560-9c1b-b19198a0fb2a", "label": "SXM", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "+ SXM on GOES 1-3 and SMS 1-2\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-100A-03\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1974-033A-03\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-011A-02 ]\n\nThe X-ray counter was composed of a collimator, two ionization chambers, and two electrometers. A small angular aperture was chosen for the telescope collimator, which was mounted so that the declination of its axis could be controlled by ground command to ensure that the full disk of the sun was viewed by the telescope once during every vehicle rotation. One ion chamber was filled with argon at 1 atm for detection of 1- to 8-A X rays and had a 0.127-mm beryllium window to exclude X rays of longer wavelengths. The other chamber was filled with xenon at 1.5 to 2 atm and had a 1.27-mm beryllium window for measurements of X rays in the wavelength range 0.5 to 3 A.\n\n+ SXM on GOES 4\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1980-074A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of ion chamber detectors. The wavelength ranges and minimum useful threshold sensitivity were 0.5 to 3 A, 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s; and 1 to 8 A, 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s; with a dynamic range of 1.0E4. \n\n+ SXM on GOES 5\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1981-049A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 5 to 30 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 10-80 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades. \n\n+ SXM on GOES-6\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-041A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 5 to 30 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 10-80 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades. No usable data could be obtained from August, 94. \n\n+ SXM on GOES-7\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 5 to 30 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 10-80 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-13 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades.\n\n+ SXM on GOES-8\n\n[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-022A-03 ]\n\nThe X-ray monitor consisted of two ion chambers, mounted behind a slim rectangular field-of-view (48 deg x 3 deg) collimator made of lead-lined aluminum. The chamber for the lower wavelength band of 0.05 to 0.40 nanometer was filled with Xe-He mixture with an entry aperture made of 20 mil Be sheet. For the other band, 0.1-0.8 nm, the gas was Ar-He mixture and the aperture was a 2 mil Be. The threshold sensitivities were 1.0E-12 J per sq cm per s for the lower wavelength band, and 1.0E-11 J per sq cm per s for the higher band; each had a dynamic range of four decades. Entry of charged particle were prevented by the strong magnetic field located at the chamber windows.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SXM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SXM\n Long_Name: Solar X-Ray Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1974-033A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-011A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-100A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-048A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-062A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1980-074A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1981-049A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-041A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-022A-03\n Creation_Date: 2009-11-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73649c42-fec7-4b86-9c63-6b212e5b3a9a", "label": "HXRBS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer (HXRBS) was designed to\nexamine the role of energetic electrons in solar flares by\nmeasuring the variations in intensity and energy of the hard\nX-ray fluxes. Scintillation events in its actively collimated\nCsI(Na) detector were read out every 128 ms in fifteen energy\nchannels between ~25 to ~500 keV. A circulating memory was able\nto accumulate relatively brief periods of data during the more\nintense flares with time resolution down to 1 ms. The full width\nat half maximum of the field of view was approximately 40\ndegrees.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/smm/hxrbs.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "754e1a89-5108-4fd7-ab04-5d89f78c2579", "label": "SSB/X2", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-06 ]\n\nThis is an array-based system that detects the location, intensity, and spectrum of X-rays emitted from the earth's atmosphere. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/X2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Long_Name: Advanced X-Ray Detector (SSB/X2)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7cd4fed8-6fbe-48ae-b320-72264f333b90", "label": "TIMAX", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81318d18-653e-483a-be7e-5c66710fa553", "label": "SMM-HXIS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The objective of the Hard X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (HXRIS) experiment was to\nmeasure the position, structure, and thermodynamic properties of hot thermal\nand nonthermal sources in active regions and in flares.\nThis instrument produced two-dimensional images with 8-arc-sec resolution over\nan approximately square area of side 2 min 40 sec, or 32-arc-sec resolution\nover a square of side 6 min 24 sec. These images were observed in six\nselectable energy channels, between 3.5 and 30 keV, with a temporal resolution\nof 0.5 to 7 sec, depending on the mode of operation. By means of a flare flag,\nthe experiment alerted other SMM instruments when a flare began and indicated\nthe position of the brightest pixel of the observation.\nThe instrument consisted of 10 etched grid plates, each divided into 576\nsections that formed the collimator, and 900 miniproportional counters that\nprovided a position-sensitive detector system capable of spectral analysis.\nA dual microcomputer system permitted three modes of operation with commandable\nparameters that provided for a flexible tradeoff between temporal resolution\nand spatial coverage during different phases of a solar flare.\n\nFor more details on this experiment, see H. R. Van Beek et al., Solar Phys., v.\n65, p. 39, 1980.\n\nFOV 6.4 arcmin, 8 or 32 arcsec spatial resolution, 3.5-30 keV,\n PERSONNEL\n\n PI - C. DE JAGER SPACE RESEARCH LAB, U OF UTRECHT\n OI - H.F. VAN BEEK SPACE RESEARCH LAB, U OF UTRECHT\n OI - A.P. WILLMORE U OF BIRMINGHAM\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/smmQL.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9887d594-0e99-40ce-8c02-cf357ea9a9e0", "label": "HESSI SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) spectrometer\ncontains nine germanium detectors that are positioned behind the nine grid\npairs on the telescope. These artificially grown crystals, pure to over one\npart in a trillion, were manufactured by the ORTEC division of PerkinElmer\nInstruments. When they are cooled to cryogenic temperatures and a high voltage\nis put across them (up to 4000 V), they convert incoming x-rays and gamma-rays\nto pulses of electric current. The amount of current is proportional to the\nenergy of the photon, and is measured by sensitive electronics designed at the\nLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Space Sciences Lab., Berkeley. \n\nThe detectors are cooled with a recently developed electromechanical cryocooler\n(built by Sunpower, Inc. and flight qualified at Goddard. It maintains them at\nthe required operating temperature of minus 324 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 198\ndegrees Centigrade, or 75 degrees above absolute zero).\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/instrumentation.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HESSI SPECTROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: HESSI SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RHESSI\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/hessispec.htm\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/detectors.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-02-05\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99f4dc06-d8c6-4ac8-af0d-da07b293e6c6", "label": "XRP", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The x-ray polychromatic is intended for energy-time analysis of\nthe x-ray radiation. The device operation is based on x-ray\ndiffraction on a periodical crystal structure ? multilayer\nmirror.\n\n[Summary provided by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d947155-75e1-4d2e-881d-52b769fc9b5b", "label": "KONUS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", - "definition": "The Gamma Ray Burst Studies investigation on WIND will perform gamma-ray burst\nstudies similar to the TGRS studies. It will perform event detection and will\nmeasure time history and energy spectra. Although KONUS has a lower resolution\nthan TGRS, it has broader area coverage to complement that of TGRS so that,\nwhen their data are combined, they provide coverage of the full sky. KONUS is\nthe first Russian instrument to fly on an American satellite since civil space\ncooperation between the U.S. and Russia was resumed in 1987.\nThe Konus instrument consists of two Russian sensors mounted on the top and\nbottom of the spacecraft aligned with the spin axis, a U.S. interface box, and\na Russian electronics package mounted in the spacecraft body. The sensors,\ncopies of ones successfully flown on the Soviet COSMOS, VENERA and MIR\nmissions, are identical and interchangeable Nal scintillation crystal detectors\nof 200 cm2 area, shielded by Pb/Sn. The design and location of the two sensors\nensure practically isotropic angular sensitivity. The relative count rates\nrecorded by the two detectors can provide a burst source locus to within a few\ndegrees relative to the spin axis. On-board analysis of background and burst\nevents is performed by four pulse height analyzers, four time history\nanalyzers, two high resolution time history analyzers and a background\nmeasurement system.\nSee http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/wind.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: KONUS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: KONUS\n Long_Name: Gamma Ray Burst Detector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 KeV - 10 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1994-071A&ex=9\n Online_Resource: http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/wind/wind_inst.html#KONUS\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Russian Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "definition": "The Gamma Ray Burst Studies investigation on WIND will perform gamma-ray burst\nstudies similar to the TGRS studies. It will perform event detection and will\nmeasure time history and energy spectra. Although KONUS has a lower resolution\nthan TGRS, it has parentId area coverage to complement that of TGRS so that,\nwhen their data are combined, they provide coverage of the full sky. KONUS is\nthe first Russian instrument to fly on an American satellite since civil space\ncooperation between the U.S. and Russia was resumed in 1987.\nThe Konus instrument consists of two Russian sensors mounted on the top and\nbottom of the spacecraft aligned with the spin axis, a U.S. interface box, and\na Russian electronics package mounted in the spacecraft body. The sensors,\ncopies of ones successfully flown on the Soviet COSMOS, VENERA and MIR\nmissions, are identical and interchangeable Nal scintillation crystal detectors\nof 200 cm2 area, shielded by Pb/Sn. The design and location of the two sensors\nensure practically isotropic angular sensitivity. The relative count rates\nrecorded by the two detectors can provide a burst source locus to within a few\ndegrees relative to the spin axis. On-board analysis of background and burst\nevents is performed by four pulse height analyzers, four time history\nanalyzers, two high resolution time history analyzers and a background\nmeasurement system.\nSee http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/wind.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: KONUS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: KONUS\n Long_Name: Gamma Ray Burst Detector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 KeV - 10 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1994-071A&ex=9\n Online_Resource: http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/wind/wind_inst.html#KONUS\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Russian Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6df0bc2-3f37-467b-a93e-3661ebfe7836", "label": "GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "A GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR is an instrument that is used to\ndiscover the highest and strongest form of energy that is\nradiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or\nparticles.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-04\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9c0abe0-204e-414a-89ba-dae7da179cbe", "label": "HESSI IMAGER", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) Imager \nconsists of the Imaging Telescope Assembly, which consists of the telescope\ntube, grid trays, Solar Aspect System (SAS), and Roll Angle System (RAS). It\nwas constructed, assembled, aligned, and tested at the Paul Scherrer Institut\nin Switzerland. The front and rear grid trays are attached to the telescope\ntube (shown here). It maintains the separation and alignment of the trays. \n\nNine grids are mounted on a grid tray at each end of the telescope tube. The\ngrid pairs modulate the transmission of solar flare x-ray and gamma-ray\nemissions through to the detectors as the spacecraft spins around the axis of\nthe telescope tube. The modulated count rates in the nine detectors are used in\ncomputers on the ground to construct images of solar flares in different energy\nbands.\n\nThe five coarse grids (square) were constructed by Van Beek Consultancy in The\nNetherlands. The four fine grids (round) were constructed by Thermo Electron\nTecomet in Massachusetts. All grids were characterized both optically and with\nX-rays at Goddard before being shipped to the Paul Sherrer Institut for\nintegration into the imaging telescope assembly. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/instrumentation.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HESSI IMAGER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: HESSI IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RHESSI\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/instrumentation.htm\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/Grid_Tray_Front.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-02-05\n Instrument_Owner: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1fd1e65-03a8-43c0-911a-66eecb834a47", "label": "SXP", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) is a small scientific spacecraft designed, built, and operated by the University of Colorado at Boulder, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). Its scientific goals are to measure nitric oxide density in the terrestrial lower thermosphere (100-200 km altitude) and analyze the energy inputs to that region from the sun and magnetosphere that create it and cause its abundance to vary dramatically. The SNOE spacecraft is a compact hexagonal structure, 36'' high and 39'' across its widest dimension, that weighs 254 lbs. It was launched by a Pegasus XL into a circular orbit, 580 km altitude, at 97.75 degrees inclination for sun synchronous precession, on 26 Feb. 1998. It spins at 5 rpm with the spin axis normal to the orbit plane. It carries three instruments: an ultraviolet spectrometer to measure nitric oxide altitude profiles, a two-channel auroral photometer to measure auroral emissions beneath the spacecraft, and a five-channel solar soft X-ray photometer. Charles Barth is the principal investigator, and Stan Solomon is the deputy principal investigator of the SNOE project. SNOE is one of three satellite projects selected for the Student Explorer Demonstration Initiative program (STEDI). STEDI is funded by NASA and managed by the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). \n\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/mission_overview/mission.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SXP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SXP\n Long_Name: SOLAR X-RAY PHOTOMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SNOE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/mission_overview/mission.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/snoe_scenario.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-07\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3a7155c-5089-4388-a148-8d4defc520f8", "label": "EDAX", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (EDAX) is a tool that\ndetermines the chemical composition of elements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9bef144-8d6a-4a4b-b554-a99f0218981c", "label": "GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-04 ]\n\nThe instrument consisted of a four-detector array of cesium iodide scintillators and photomultiplier tubes each surrounded by a tantalum ring shield to provide a directional system. Each detector was positioned so that its most sensitive direction faced 30 deg from the vertical. Pulse-height discriminators were used to provide gamma-ray energy loss thresholds of 0.06, 0.15, and 0.375 MeV. Gamma rays produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays, precipitating electrons, and other means could be monitored with this instrument. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-04\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca9f8a17-5c53-4d25-a201-eccbbde661b3", "label": "TGRS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS) on WIND will detect transient\ngamma-ray burst events and will make the first high-resolution spectroscopic\nsurvey of cosmic gamma-ray bursts, and will also make measurements of gamma-ray\nlines in solar flares.\nCosmic gamma-ray bursts are among the most violent and energetic processes\nknown to exist in nature, characteristically emitting most of their luminosity\nat gamma-ray wavelengths. The high-resolution spectroscopy of solar flares will\ncontribute to the study of solar flare activities and help in understanding the\ncoupling between the active corona and photosphere. \nThe TGRS instrument consists of four assemblies: detector cooler assembly,\npre-amp, and analog processing unit, all mounted on a tower on the +Z end of\nthe spacecraft, and a digital processing unit mounted in the body of the\nspacecraft. The detector is a 215 cubic cm high purity n-type germanium crystal\nof dimensions: 6.7 cm (diameter) X 6.1 cm (length), radiatively colled to 85\ndegrees K. The germanium serves as a reaction medium for incoming gamma rays,\nwhich, depending on their energy, are either stopped by or passed through the\ndetector crystal. Particle energy and angle of incidence are calculated based\non a number of primary and secondary interaction processes, including\nphotoelectric, Compton, pair and bremsstrahlung radiation as well as the\nionization energy losses of secondary electrons. A two-stage cooler surrounds\nthe detector, providing a field of view of 170 degrees. Gamma-ray bursts and\nsolar flares are expected to be detected at a frequency of several per week,\nwith typical durations between 1 second and several minutes. Between bursts the\ninstrument is maintained in a waiting mode, measuring background counting rates\nand energy spectra. When a burst or flare occurs, the instrument switches to a\nburst mode, where each event in the detector is pulse-height analyzed and time\ntagged in a burst memory. Then the instrument switches to a dump mode for\nreading out the burst memory.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TGRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: TGRS\n Long_Name: Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Gamma Ray\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15 KeV - 10 MeV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1994-071A&ex=2\n Online_Resource: http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/wind/wind_inst.html#TGRS\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d431ff24-f2ab-4ee9-ac8e-2268cabea819", "label": "HARD X-RAY MONITOR", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "A HARD X-RAY MONITOR is a piece of electronic equipment that is\nused to check the quality or content of electronic transmissions\nwith the use of x-rays; also a piece of electronic equipment\nthat keeps track of the operation of a system and continuously\nwarns of trouble or fault.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d712c5a9-f2fe-47ee-abe9-341ffae946fa", "label": "EXIS-XRS-GOESR", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db6471b5-3c29-4a85-bded-cf6e0fbf808d", "label": "BCS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) is designed to study plasma\nheating and dynamics during the impulsive phase of solar\nflares. It consists of two bent crystal spectrometers, BCS-A and\nBCS-B, that observe the H-like line complex of Fe XXVI, and\nHe-like complexes of Fe XXV, Ca XIX and S XV. Each spectrometer\nconsists of a double detector placed behind a pair of germanium\ncrystals that diffract the incoming X-rays into the\ndetectors. The two structures are mounted at the front of the\nYohkoh spacecraft, on either side of the central panel, with a\nthermal filter mounted in front of each spectrometer. The\ncrystal dispersion axes are oriented north-south.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/yohkoh/docs/yag/iguide/node3.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de763588-b7e8-42ce-a80b-2bc6a1a28091", "label": "PXRI", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e364d42b-442d-4658-9528-a1f2ccd8b3e8", "label": "CXRI", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4ef69d0-d32f-4b6f-ae6f-103863473000", "label": "SSB/X", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1991-082A-06 ]\n\nThe primary function of this investigation is to detect nuclear debris from nuclear detonations. The advanced X-ray detector, SSB/X, consists of two nonscanning sensors, one of which looks to the left and the other to the right of the ground track. Each sensor is a set of CdTe detectors which sense X rays in the three energy bands, >60 keV, >150 keV, and >375 keV.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/X\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Long_Name: Advanced X-Ray Detector (SSB/X)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: >60 keV, >150 keV, and >375 keV. \n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1991-082A-06\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e77b8f18-e7e2-4f9f-a771-f9e4dae5773a", "label": "SXI", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "Source: NASA GOES Project, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/sxi.html ]\n\nThe Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI) is essentially a small telescope that is used to monitor solar conditions and activity. Every minute the SXI captures an image of the sun's atmosphere in X-rays, providing space weather forecasters with the necessary information in order to determine when to issue forecasts and alerts of conditions that may harm space and ground systems. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SXI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SXI\n Long_Name: SOLAR X-RAY IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-14\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 to 20 Å\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/sxi.html\n Online_Resource: http://sxi.ngdc.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/goes_o.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/images/sxi_small.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f54aafd2-925e-4653-b897-c6ae4e094c69", "label": "XRPD", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "An x-ray powder diffractometer is primarily used for the\nidentification of phases in powder form. An x-ray beam of known\nwavelength is focused on a powdered sample and x-ray\ndiffraction peaks are measured using a germanium detector; the\nd-spacing of the observed diffraction peaks is calculated using\nBragg's Law [n*lamda = 2dsin(theta)]. The Scintag Pad V\nautomated powder diffractometer uses a Cu x-ray tube with\nvariable filters, a four-sample changer, and a low-noise, high\nefficiency, liquid-nitrogen cooled germanium detector. The\ngoniometer is automated and software packages are run from a PC\nrunning Windows NT 4. A number of Scintag software packages are\navailable for routine powder diffraction data acquisition,\nbackground correction and peak identification. Unknowns can be\nmatched to JCPDS cards in an on-line database. Other software\nis available for quantitative analysis of powder mixtures, unit\ncell refinement, Rietveld analysis, and GSAS structural\nanalysis. Samples sho uld be prepared as powders with a grain\nsize of 10 um (approximately), and typically about 100\nmilligrams of sample is required.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.gps.caltech.edu/facilities/analytical/xrd.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Caltech]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f79601b8-d9ae-4979-857f-77486f9bad85", "label": "HXT", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Hard X-ray telescope is designed to image X-rays from <6\nto >40 keV with resolution better than 1' over a 8' field of\nview. X-rays are collected by graded multilayer reflective\noptics and imaged with a position sensitive X-ray detector. The\nmirrors have a 9 meter focal length.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heseweb.nrl.navy.mil/gamma/detector/hxt/hxt.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Naval Research Laboratory]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9523392-f71d-49c8-96d1-f420c4c8f26e", "label": "SXT", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) emerged from a very\nperceptive and constructive collaborative agreement between\nJapan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and\nthe USA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to\ncooperate on an ISAS mission to study high-energy processes in\nthe sun's atmosphere. The SXT itself was conceived and built by\nthe National Observatory of Japan and the Lockheed Martin Solar\nand Astrophysics Laboratory. The scientific planning for SXT,\nand its operation, has involved scientific groups in Japan and\nthe USA. A very strong SXT team priority lay with the early\nimplementation of a comprehensive software system for data\nhandling and analysis. This subsequently evolved into the\nfamiliar and powerful SolarSoft system now in use by many solar\ngroups for a large variety of experiments.\n\nThe Yohkoh launch (August, 1991) gave us the first solar soft\nX-ray telescope equipped with a CCD camera: SXT. Although SXT's\nangular resolution is comparable to the Skylab telescopes, its\nperformance is quite uniform over the entire sun, it has much\nlower scattered light, much more telemetry, and most\nimportantly, the CCD itself. Such a detector is inherently\nlinear and stable, and (much to our pleasure) robust; it is\nstill going strong ten years later. Almost each day its images\nbring new thrills, especially since Yohkoh has survived into its\nsecond solar maximum. With time we've learned much better how to\nobserve flares and CMEs with a soft X-ray telescope.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://soi.stanford.edu/results/SolPhys200/Hudson/introduction.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Stanford University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb044f8d-e9c2-4bbe-b0bf-216d2a8b8058", "label": "SSB/S", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-08 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the X-ray detector, SSB/S, was to detect nuclear debris from nuclear detonations. The instrument consisted of three sensors. Two of the sensors were arrays of four 1-cm-diameter CdTe detectors which sensed X rays in the four energy bands >45 keV, >75 keV, >115 keV, and >165 keV. The third sensor was a NaI detector which sensed scintillation. Rotating the sensor assembly caused all three sensors to scan across the ground track.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSB/S\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: X-Ray/Gamma Ray Detectors\n Short_Name: SSB/S\n Long_Name: X-Ray Detector (SSB/S)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: >45 keV, >75 keV, >115 keV, and >165 keV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-113A\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eee5e87c-1e05-48c4-8091-c15e031f94b7", "label": "XRS", - "broader": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", + "parentId": "d49b2313-2fb1-464c-a2f8-5ff5799344a7", "definition": "The XRS is an X-ray telescope that measures solar X-ray flux in two bands of 0.05 - 0.3 nm and 0.1- 0.8 nm. The XRS assembly consists of a telescope collimator, sweeper magnet assembly, dual ion chamber and preamplifier subassemblies. Two ion chambers detect X-rays, one chamber for each spectral range. The detector output signals are processed by separate electronic channels that have a single range in each band, with the >5 decade dynamic range logarithmically compressed into a 15 bit data word. Data transmitted through the spacecraft PCM telemetry permit real time ground determination of the solar X-ray emission in the two spectral bands.", "children": [] } @@ -1731,61 +1731,61 @@ { "uuid": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "label": "Radio Wave Detectors", - "broader": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", + "parentId": "02c354fd-8e2d-4825-b786-aa4b0782d1d6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "097dc475-d0f6-464c-bc41-bb14bc9e826a", "label": "WAVES", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "The Sun and the Earth emit radio waves that affect particles in the interplanetary plasma and carry some of the energy flowing there. The Radio and Plasma Wave experiment (WAVES) on WIND will measure the properties of these waves and other wave modes of the plasma over a wide frequency range. Analyses of these measurements, in coordination with the other onboard plasma, energetic particles, and field measurements, will further the understanding of solar wind and interplanetary plasma processes.\n\nThe sensor system of the WAVES experiment consists of three electric antenna systems (two coplanar, orthogonal wire antennas in the spin-plane and a rigid spin-axis dipole) and a triaxial magnetic search coil. The longer and shorter spin plane dipoles have lengths of 50 m and 7.5 m for each wire, respectively, while each spin-axis dipole extends 5.28 m from the top and bottom surfaces of the spacecraft. The triaxial magnetic search coil for measuring bi-frequency magnetic fields is mounted at the outboard end of a 12-m radial boom.\n\nThere are five main receiver systems: a bi-frequency (DC to 10 kHz) Fast Fourier Transform receiver, a broadband (4 kHz to 256 kHz) electron thermal noise receiver, two swept-frequency radio receivers (20 kHz to lMHz, and lMHz to 14 MHz), and a time domain waveform sampler (up to 120,000 samples per second). The DPU controls and acquires data from all operations of the experiment, and can be reprogrammed from the ground. The receiver systems and DPU are housed within the spacecraft body. WAVES has onboard interconnects with 3-D PLASMA and with SWE. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WAVES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Long_Name: Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4 kHz - 14 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Paris-Meudon Observatory\n Instrument_Owner: University of Minnesota\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "114fda2d-b98c-4ee7-920c-b72b33a27fd0", "label": "VIRGO", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "The Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations (VIRGO) is an\ninternational collaboration of different European countries. This is a part of\nthe payload of the SOHO spacecraft. SOHO is an international collaboration\nprogramme between ESA and NASA.\n\nThe VIRGO experiment will provide the following observational and derived data:\n- continuous high-precision, high-stability and high-accuracy measurements\nof the solar total and spectral irradiance and spectral radiance variation;\n- continuous measurements of the solar polar and equatorial diameters;\n- frequencies, amplitudes and phases of oscillation modes in the frequency\nrange of 1 uHz to 8 mHz;\n\nThe total irradiance is measured with active cavity radiometers (PM06-V and the\nDual Irradiance Absolute Radiometer, DIARAD), the spectral irradiance by\nthree-channel Sunphotometers (SPM) and the radiance with 12 resolution elements\non the solar disk using the Luminosity Oscillations Imager (LOI).\n\nThese data will be utilized to achieve the main scientific objectives of VIRGO\nsummarized in the following list:\n- detect and classify low-degree g modes of solar oscillations;\n- determine the sound speed, density stratification and rotation in the\nsolar interior, specifically determine the physical and dynamical properties of\nthe solar core;\n- study the solar atmosphere through comparison of amplitudes and phases of\nthe p modes with these from GOLF (Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies) and\nSOI/MDI (Solar Oscillation Investigation/Michelson Doppler Imager);\n- search for the long periodicities or quasiperiodicities that have been\nfound in other solar parameters;\n- utilize the solar `noise' signal to develop models for the global\nsignature of stellar surface parameters;\n- determine properties of the solar asphericity and its variation in time;\n- study the relation between p-mode frequency changes and irradiance\nvariations;\n- study the influence of solar active regions and other large-scale\nstructures on total and spectral irradiance;\n- study the solar energy budget;\n- provide accurate total and spectral irradiance data for input in\nterrestrial climate modelling.\n\nObservations of the total solar irradiance will be a continuation of previous\nmeasurements from satellites, which have been performed by the radiometer HF of\nthe Earth Radiation Budget experiment (ERB) on the NIMBUS-7 satellite from\nNovember 1978 until January 1993 (Hoyt et al 1992), by ACRIM~I on the Solar\nMaximum Mission satellite (SMM) from February 14, 1980 until June 1, 1989 (e.g.\nWillson and Hudson 1991), by ACRIM~II on the Upper Atmospheric Research\nSatellite (UARS) since October 1991 (Willson 1992) and by SOVA (Solar\nVariability) on the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) from August 1992\nuntil May 1993 (Crommelynck et al 1993, Romero et al 1994). \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.ias.u-psud.fr/virgo/virgomain.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIRGO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: VIRGO\n Long_Name: Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SOHO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 335 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 550 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 865 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/virgo/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1995-02-12\n Instrument_Owner: Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Framce\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35262ef6-69c8-4f7b-9191-808b8687a40d", "label": "RADIO TELESCOPES", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "RADIO TELESCOPES provide a magnifier of images of distant\nobjects that uses radio signals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ae1e7e5-747f-4c06-a498-8a288a9ce026", "label": "RPI", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) instrument on the IMAGE spacecraft is a low-power\nradar which operates in the radio frequency bands which contain the plasma\nresonance frequencies characteristic of the Earth's magnetophere (3 kHz to 3\nMHz). RPI can locate regions of various plasma densities by observing radar\nechos from the plasma that are reflected where the radio frequency is equal to\nthe plasma frequency. By stepping through various frequencies for the\ntransmitted signal, features of various plasma densities can be observed and,\nby fitting contours and/or magnetospheric models to the features, a 3-D\nspecification of the shape of the magnetosphere can be created.\n\nThe RPI instrument consists of an electronics enclosure, four 250 m wire\nantennae with deployers (including switches and couplers), and a z-axis boom\ncanister containing two 10 m lattice boom antennae and two preamplifiers. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/rpi/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "520ebc89-b977-4502-a2c8-e7ca07a55b19", "label": "BROADBEAM RIOMETERS", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "Riometer is a radio receiver used for monitoring the intensity\nof cosmic radio noise. Riometer is, in principle, a sensitive,\ncalibrated radio receiver which measures the signal strength of\nthe weak radio signals received from the sky.\n\nThe riometer technique for examining electron density\nenhancements in the ionosphere is based on the absorption of\ncosmic radio noise, the broadband RF energy radiated by stellar\nsources in the galaxy.\n\nRiometer record the noise coming to earth from the sky by using\nnarrow beam antennas, with beamwidths of 10 to 20 degrees, are\nsensitive to smaller scale features of ionization, it rejects\nnoise coming in from sources on the ground and responds mostly\nto signals coming from outside the ionosphere. The data from\nseveral riometers operated at different frequencies, but\nexamining the same sky with broadbeam antennas, show effects\nwhich have been interpreted as being due to small scale spatial\nstructure in the electron precipitation region, which does not\ncompletely fill the antenna beam.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aac79253-3894-408b-a20b-51e7101c36e3", "label": "RIOMETER", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "A riometer is a relative ionospheric opacity meter--a specially designed radio\nreceiver for the continuous monitoring of galactic or extragalactic radio\nnoise between 1 and 50 MHz. Riometers track high-latitude, enhanced,\natmospheric ionization events known as polar cap absorption.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1168d43-61e3-4f14-abbd-dac7318a9324", "label": "VLBI", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "The Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) program is located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The VLBI group supports the Coordinating Center for the IVS, develops and supports the Field System, performs research in geodesy to improve the VLBI technique, and analyzes VLBI data from numerous sources.\n\nAdditional information available athttps://vlbi.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [ { "uuid": "46bdd77f-96e9-4931-a1d5-cd8ef94a83b3", "label": "Quasars", - "broader": "b1168d43-61e3-4f14-abbd-dac7318a9324", + "parentId": "b1168d43-61e3-4f14-abbd-dac7318a9324", "definition": "Quasars are very bright, distant, and active supermassive black holes that are millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. Typically located at the centers of galaxies, they feed on infalling matter and unleash fantastic torrents\nof radiation. Among the brightest objects in the universe, a quasar’s light outshines that of all the stars in its host galaxy combined, and its jets and winds shape the galaxy in which it resides.", "children": [] } @@ -1794,28 +1794,28 @@ { "uuid": "c4068086-4e8d-47af-8769-abea4bb1cb68", "label": "SWAVES", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "SWAVES is an interplanetary radio burst tracker that traces the generation and evolution of traveling radio disturbances from the Sun to the orbit of Earth. Principal Investigator Dr. Jean Louis H. Bougeret, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatory of Paris, and Co-Investigator Dr. Robert J. Macdowall of Goddard, lead the investigation.\n\nSummary provided by http://swaves.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SWAVES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: SWAVES\n Long_Name: STEREO WAVES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/instruments.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/swaves.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-05\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cee2f3d6-09c8-4528-82b2-12fea55c7d50", "label": "IMAGING RIOMETERS", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "IMAGING RIOMETERS are relative ionospheric opacity meters; A\ndevice for measuring and creating a visual image of the\nelectromagnetic capacity of the ionosphere using the strength of\na cosmic radio source relative to that during minimums of\nionospheric disturbances.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8b6c727-ccd1-407d-9751-95b94136b510", "label": "VLA", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "The Very Large Array (VLA) is operated by the National Radio Astronomy\nObservary (NRAO), and located in Socorro, New Mexico. The array was officially\ncompleted in October 1980, but observations started in 1976 -- although with\nonly a few antennas. The VLA archiving program will preserve all data taken\nafter mid-1976.\nThis radio telescope has three arms with 9 movable antenna's on each of the\nthree arms. Each antenna has a crossection of 25 m. The telescope is operated\nin four configurations with various lengths of the antenna arms. The maximum\nantenna seperations for the four VLA configurations are: A-36 km, B-11 km, C-3\nkm, D-1 km. Hybrid configurations with a long north arm are used to produce a\nround beam for southern sources (south of -15 degree decination).\nFor the following frequencies full capabilities exist 90, 20, 6, 3.6, 2, 1.3\ncm, and the VLA has partial capability at 400 cm. Observers should note that\nin the years of sunspot maximum, daytime observations at 327 MHz are unlikely\nto be successful in the smaller configurations because of solar interference,\nand in the larger configurations because of a disturbed ionosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f00b008b-005a-4d1f-891b-a71cb4f53729", "label": "URAP", - "broader": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", + "parentId": "d8fc8d90-89b6-49c8-aeb7-c45afb8963d8", "definition": "The scientific objectives of the Ulysses Unified Radio and Plasma wave (URAP)\nexperiment are twofold: l) the determination of the direction, angular size,\nand polarization of radio sources for remote sensing of the heliosphere and the\nJovian magnetosphere and 2) the detailed study of local wave phenomena, which\ndetermine the transport coefficients of the ambient plasma. The tracking of\nsolar radio bursts, for example, can provide three dimensional 'snapshots' of\nthe large scale magnetic field configuration along which the solar exciter\nparticles propagate. URAP observations of Jovian radio emissions should greatly\nimprove the determination of source locations and consequently our\nunderstanding of the generation mechanism(s) of planetary radio emissions. The\nstudy of observed wave-particle interactions will improve our understanding of\nthe processes that occur in the solar wind and at Jupiter and of radio wave\ngeneration. A brief discussion of the scientific goals of the experiment is\nfollowed by a comprehensive description of the instrument. The URAP sensors\nconsist of a 72.5 m electric field antenna in the spin plane, a 7.5-m electric\nfield monopole along the spin axis and a pair of orthogonal search coil\nmagnetic antennas. The various receivers, designed to encompass specific needs\nof the investigation, cover the frequency range from DC to l MHz. A relaxation\nsounder provides very accurate electron density measurements. Radio and plasma\nwave observations are shown to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of\nthe URAP instruments: radio observations include solar bursts, auroral\nkilometric radiation, and Jovian bursts; plasma waves include Langmuir waves,\nion acoustic-like noise and whistlers.\n\n(Abstract from: R.G. Stone et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 291-316,\n1992) \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://urap.gsfc.nasa.gov/www/home.html\nand\nhttp://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/inst_urap.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: URAP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors\n Short_Name: URAP\n Long_Name: Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Experiment (Ulysses)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SND\n Short_Name: FES\n Short_Name: WFA\n Short_Name: PFR\n Short_Name: RAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.25 kHz - 1 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://urap.gsfc.nasa.gov/www/home.html\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/archive/urap.html\n Sample_Image: http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulysses/images/sto_6.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 145 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1990-10-06\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -1826,31 +1826,31 @@ { "uuid": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", "label": "Earth Remote Sensing Instruments", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", + "parentId": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", "definition": "Instruments that are mounted on platforms such as helicopters, planes, and satellites that make it possible for the sensors to observe the surface of the Earth from above. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Short_Name: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "label": "Passive Remote Sensing", - "broader": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", + "parentId": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", "definition": "Remote sensing that involves measuring the natural emission of radiation. An example is weather satellites. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Passive Remote Sensing\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments \n Short_Name: Passive Remote Sensing\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "2aa41630-56f3-4be1-bb8f-bf99e5485dec", "label": "Altimeters", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "eee4d2e4-f229-49af-a3cb-ebd540aa14d5", "label": "Pressure Altimeters", - "broader": "2aa41630-56f3-4be1-bb8f-bf99e5485dec", + "parentId": "2aa41630-56f3-4be1-bb8f-bf99e5485dec", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "499d9aed-4f71-4d5d-acbb-eb434f6e413b", "label": "PRS Altimeter", - "broader": "eee4d2e4-f229-49af-a3cb-ebd540aa14d5", + "parentId": "eee4d2e4-f229-49af-a3cb-ebd540aa14d5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -1861,712 +1861,712 @@ { "uuid": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "label": "Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "label": "Spectrometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0182b483-26de-4ba5-b0dd-2d44a5daeab2", "label": "RSMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "During a month in the summer of 1999, individual aerosol\nparticles were sized and analyzed using a Rapid Single-particle\nMass Spectrometer (RSMS) in Atlanta. RSMS aerodynamically\nfocuses one particle size at a time to the source region of a\nmass spectrometer and employs a 193 nm excimer laser to desorb\nand ionize the particle components.The ions are analyzed in a\nsingle time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the spectrum is\ndigitally recorded. Spectra are only saved if the ion peak in\nthe spectrum is above a threshold level. Background spectra\nwere determined and flagged. Particle size scans were initiated\nperiodically and each size was sampled until 30 particle hits\nwere obtained, unless the sampling time became\nexcessive. Aerodynamic particle sizes ranged from about 40 to\n1300 nm and were partitioned into nine discrete size classes\nlogarithmically spaced, roughly, over the range. Single\nparticle data are valuable because for instance a) they are\ncollected and analyzed real ti me so have excellent temporal\nresolution, b) the particle-to-particle composition variations\n(external mixing properties) can be assessed, and c) key\nparticle sources are easily identified since the particles\nretain source characteristics. The data resulting from these\nmeasurements consist of an aerodynamic particle size and a\npositive mass spectrum of the components for each particle,\nalong with the date and time of measurement and other\nincidental measurement parameters such as the laser pulse\nenergy. Support for RSMS measurements has been provided by the\nEPA Supersite program and additional funding from the EPA and\nNSF.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0252ac58-9091-4879-85e0-dc765d636e62", "label": "OSS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The objective of the Open-Source Netrual Mass Spectrometer was\nto contribute to a study of the chemical, dynamic, and energetic\nprocesses that control the structure of the thermosphere by\nproviding direct in situ measurements of both major and minor\nneutral atmospheric constituents having masses in the range from\n1 to 48 atomic mass units (u). A double-focusing,\nMattauch-Herzog magnetic deflection mass spectrometer with an\nimpact ion source was flown. Two ion collectors were included\nto measure ions differing in mass by a factor of 8; i.e., the\ntwo mass ranges covered were 1 to 6 and 6 to 48 u. In the ion\nsource the neutral species were ionized by means of electron\nimpact. The electron energies were selectable; 75 eV for the\nhigh-eV mode and 25 eV for the low-eV mode. At altitudes greater\nthan 380 km, ion currents were measured with an electron\nmultiplier. Counts were accumulated for 1/20 s before\nautomatically switching to a different mass number. While\ncomplete mass spectra could be swept, in the common mode of\noperation peak stepping was employed; readings on principal\npeaks in the mass spectrum were repeated approximately every 0.5\ns and on other species less frequently. Data below 380 km were\nmeasured using an electrometer. In addition to the peak\nstepping mode, there were several other operating modes which\nwere selected by ground command. In the fly-through mode,\nambient particles striking the ion source retained energies less\nthan 0.1 eV, which was not high enough to overcome the negative\nspace charge potential holding the ions in the beam. Those\nambient particles that did not strike the ion source retained\ntheir incoming energy of several eV after ionization and escaped\ninto the acceleration region of the analyzer.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ea7e68a-6e72-4fca-88b0-1cacbd6182d4", "label": "VEGETATION-1", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "[Text Source: Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing & Processing (CRISP), http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm ]\n\nThe SPOT 4 satellite carries on-board a low-resolution wide-coverage instrument for monitoring the continental biosphere and to monitor crops. The VEGETATION instrument provides global coverage on an almost daily basis at a resolution of 1 kilometer with a swath of 2250 km, enabling the observation of long-term environmental changes on a regional and worldwide scale.\n\nThe VEGETATION program is being co-funded by the European Union, Belgium, France, Italy and Sweden and led by French space agency CNES. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VEGETATION-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-1\n Long_Name: VEGETATION INSTRUMENT (SPOT 4)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm to 0.47 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm to 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.78 μm to 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.58 μm to 1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+4&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/sat/Instruments_and_missions/HRVIR.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.vgt.vito.be/\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n Instrument_Owner: European Union\n Instrument_Owner: Belgium\n Instrument_Owner: Italy\n Instrument_Owner: Sweden\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1536cab4-190b-4a58-8185-b183b124e76c", "label": "FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A Fourier transform spectrometer (abbreviated FTS) is a\nMichelson interferometer with a movable mirror. By scanning the\nmovable mirror over some distance, an interference pattern is\nproduced that encodes the spectrum of the source (in fact, it\nturns out to be its Fourier transform ). Fourier transform\nspectrometers have a multiplex advantage over dispersive\nspectral detection techniques for signal, but a multiplex\ndisadvantage for noise.\n\nIn its simplest form, a Fourier transform spectrometer consists\nof two mirrors located at a right angle to each other and\noriented perpendicularly, with a beamsplitter placed at the\nvertex of the right angle and oriented at a 45? angle relative\nto the two mirrors. Radiation incident on the beamsplitter from\none of the two 'ports' is then divided into two parts, each of\nwhich propagates down one of the two arms and is reflected off\none of the mirrors. The two beams are then recombined and\ntransmitted out the other port. When the position of one mirror\nis continuously varied along the axis of the corresponding arm,\nan interference pattern is swept out as the two phase-shifted\nbeams interfere with each other.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/FourierTransformSpectrometer.\nhtml'\n\n[Summary provided by Science World]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a9cdda7-cf98-43c9-a877-b65f0ce86ba8", "label": "OCO SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The OCO spectrometers measure sunlight reflected off the Earth's surface. The rays of sunlight that enter the spectrometers pass through the atmosphere twice, once as they travel from the Sun to the Earth, and then again as they travel from the Earth's surface to the OCO instrument. Carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen molecules in the atmosphere absorb light energy at very specific colors or wavelengths. Grating Spectrum Thus, the light that reaches the OCO instrument will display diminished amounts of energy at those characteristic wavelengths. The OCO instrument employs a diffraction grating to separate the inbound light energy into a spectrum of multiple component colors. The reflection gratings used in the OCO spectrometers consist of a very regularly spaced series of grooves that lie on a very flat surface. The back of a compact disc is an everyday example of a diffraction grating.\n\nThe characteristic spectral pattern for CO2 can alternate from transparent to opaque over very small variations in wavelength. The OCO instrument must be able to detect these dramatic changes, and specify the wavelengths where these variations take place. Thus, the grooves in the instrument diffraction grating are very finely tuned to spread the light spectrum into a large number of very narrow wavelength bands or colors. Indeed, the OCO instrument design incorporates 17,500 different colors to cover the entire wavelength range that can be seen by the human eye. A digital camera covers the same wavelength range using just three colors.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n Long_Name: Orbiting Carbon Observatory Spectrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OCO-2\n Short_Name: OCO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76, 1.58, 2.06 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/observatory/instrument/\n Creation_Date: 2008-12-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b947dd3-35e8-46a7-9dda-78789e06d767", "label": "TIMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) sensor is a\nline scanning device originally designed for geologic\napplications. Flown aboard NASA C-130B, NASA ER-2, and NASA\nLearjet aircraft, the TIMS sensor has a nominal Instantaneous\nField of View of 2.5 milliradians with a ground resolution of 25\nfeet (7.6 meters) at 10,000 feet. The sensor has a selectable\nscan rate (7.3, 8.7, 12, or 25 scans per second) with 698 pixels\nper scan line. Swath width is 2.6 nautical miles (4.8\nkilometers) at 10,000 feet while the scanner's Field of View is\n76.56 degrees\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1bd248bb-0029-4bb3-ab6f-dafbcafa192b", "label": "CAPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Cloud, Aerosol, Precipitation, Spectrometer (CAPS) measures the size and concentration of aerosol and cloud particles over a size range from 0.0003 mm to 1.6 mm. This aircraft-mounted sensor also measures the liquid water content of cloud droplets, the air temperature and pressure, and the airspeed. CAPS was developed specifically for oper tion on the Navy?s Pelican and Twin Otter aircrafts that have limited space and weight carrying capacity, but needed to measure the extended range of particles that the CAPS provides. The CAPS replaces a suite of five instruments that was previously needed to cover this environmentally important range of sizes. \n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://www.dropletmeasurement.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=28\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CAPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CAPS\n Long_Name: Cloud, Aerosol, Precipitation Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DHC-6\n Short_Name: DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.dropletmeasurement.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=28\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c527672-f2ad-4b8a-aa83-25d5abf916f4", "label": "TEAMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Time-of-flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrograph (TEAMS) instrument on the\nFast Auroral SnapshoT Explorer (FAST) is a high sensitivity, mass-resolving ion\nspectrometer with an instantaneous 360 x 8 deg field of view. It is designed to\nmeasure the full 3-dimensional distribution function of the major ion species\n(including H+, He+, He++, O+, O2+ and NO+) during each half-spin period (2.5 s)\nof the spacecraft. Its energy range is between 1.2 and 12000 eV/charge and thus\ncovers the core of all important plasma distributions in the auroral\nacceleration region. The detector consists of a 'top hat' toroidal\nelectrostatic analyzer followed by a time-of-flight analysis system and\nresolves 16 x 22.5 deg azimuthal angle bins.' \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/scienceprod/papers/klumpar/Klumpar.pdf\nand\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/inst.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TEAMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Particle Detectors\n Short_Name: TEAMS\n Long_Name: Time of Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FAST\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1996-049A&ex=2\n Online_Resource: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/scienceprod/papers/klumpar/Klumpar.pdf\n Sample_Image: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/graphics/teams.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-08-21\n Instrument_Owner: University of California, Berkeley\n Instrument_Owner: Lockheed\n Instrument_Owner: University of New Hampshire\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "21af6b5d-4da2-495f-885b-b7a7efa170e0", "label": "SPECTROGRAPHS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "Spectrographs are spectroscopes with a photographic or other\nrecording device to capture an image of the entire spectrum, or\nportions thereof, at one instant in time.\n\n[Source: Glossary of Meteorology]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "246e1807-5a25-4fee-8f2a-4f902c94146e", "label": "TANSO-FTS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "GOSAT TANSO-FTS Level 1B (GOSAT.TANSO-FTS.Level 1B)\n \nGOSAT data processing system uses TANSO-FTS Level 0 data and then applies geometric and radiometric correction.\n\nIn TANSO-FTS nominal observation mode (Observation Mode I), equivalent distanced mesh points are observed systematically. TANSO-FTS scans Earth surface for cross track direction and observe 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 locations per one cross-track scan. For 1 or 3 points scan mode, the same position is observed three times.\n\nFor different TANSO-FTS scan pattern, exposure duration and turn-around time differ, and so product volume also differs. For Observation Mode II, AT/CT pointing direction will be fixed.\n5 observation modes are available: day observation mode 1, night observation mode 1, day observation mode 2, target mode (day), target mode (night). \n\nSummary provided by http://envisat.esa.int/earth/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=6885\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TANSO-FTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TANSO-FTS\n Long_Name: Thermal And Near Infrared Sensor For Carbon Observation\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/earth/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=6885\n Sample_Image: http://earth.esa.int/earthnetmedia/images/tm_gosat.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-24\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24b5c870-6a34-4473-b992-7b045a6839fa", "label": "USB4000 Hemi", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a1ec50d-e931-49d3-b45d-fc5108c4f92b", "label": "DOAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS)\ninstrument consists of grating spectrometers covering the\nvisible and near ultraviolet spectral region. Zenith-scattered\nsunlight is collected by simple one-lens telescopes and fed via\noptical fiber bundles into the spectrometers, where atmospheric\nabsorption spectra are obtained. The instrument runs\nautomatically.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://snake.irf.se/optlab/hut2/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2d17f6d1-6a60-48e7-aa37-d3942286e6a1", "label": "UV OZONE DETECTORS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A UV OZONE DETECTOR is an electrical piece of equipment that\nreceives a signal or stimulus such as heat, pressure, light, or\nmotion and responds to it by extracting modulation from a radio\ncarrier wave; This detects the heat from the UV rays and\nresponds to its presence of radioactivity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2dc89734-7e34-4bf8-83c8-0e3d75f850e8", "label": "DMT UHSAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ef354d6-de14-42f5-99ec-73fbc9dac4de", "label": "N-MASS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "N-MASS (Nucleation-Mode Aerosol Size Spectrometer) measures the\nconcentration of particles as a function of diameter from\napproximately 4 to 60 nm. A sample flow is continuously\nextracted from the free stream using a decelerating inlet and is\ntransported to the N-MASS. Within the instrument, the sample\nflow is carried to 5 parallel condensation nucleus counters\n(CNCs). Each CNC is tuned to measure the cumulative\nconcentration of particles larger than certain diameter. The\nminimum detectable diameters for the 5 CNCs are 4.0, 7.5, 15, 30\nand 55 nm, respectively. An inversion algorithm is applied to\nrecover a continuous size distribution in the 4 to 60 nm\ndiameter range.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.engr.du.edu/aerosol/nmass.htm'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3074a6af-8f37-40b8-9538-7a0d892d8763", "label": "GOMOS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) experiment is\nan Announcement of Opportunity (AO) European Space Agency (ESA) instrument\non the ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). The GOMOS instrument\nwill monitor the global ozone in the 250-950 nm window by comparing\nmeasurements with the spectrum of stars outside and through the\natmosphere. The GOMOS instrument also will measure H2O, NO2, ClO, NO3,\nBrO, OClO, temperature, and aerosols. The GOMOS instrument consists of two\nbore-sighted telescopes, each with its own spectrometer. The GOMOS optical\nsystem consists of a Cassegrain telescope which simultaneously filtered\nradiation through a 0.6 nm resolution U-Vis spectrometer for measurements\nin the Huggins and Chappuis bands (0.25-0.45 micrometer and 0.425-0.65\nmicrometer) and through a near-IR high-resolution 0.07 nm spectrometer for\noxygen (O2) and water vapor (H2O) measurements in the 0.758-0.772\nmicrometer and 0.926-0.943 micrometer range. A CCD-based star tracker,\nwhich operates in either dark limb or bright limb mode, shares the same\nfocal plane and provides pointing and tracking accuracy required to\nmaintain the star image at the center of the spectrometers entrance slits.\nStellar occulatations give a vertical resolution of 1.7 km. There were\nabout 25 occultations per orbit or about 350 observations during a single\n24 hour period. Two blocks of CCD lines, above and below the stellar\nspectrum, allows measurement of the atmospheric background which is\nsubtracted out of the stellar spectrum. The GOMOS instrument measures\natmospheric transmission in the stratosphere from 15-20 km altitude up to\n60 km from the UV (250 nm) to near-IR (950 nm) with a spatial resolution\nof 0.6 nm. Transmission is measured along the tangential line-of-sight\nfrom the spacecraft to stars. The stellar spectrum is measured outside the\natmosphere and compared with the spectrum measured through the atmosphere.\nThe full UV-vis-Near-IR spectrum is recorded continuously in multispecral\nmode. Atmospheric chemical species, such as ozone, are characterized by\nthe attenuation of the stellar spectrum and tangential column densities\nare derived from a comparison of unattenuated stellar spectra with the\nsame instrument a few seconds before. Absolute concentrations of\natmospherc species are insulated from instrumental drifts using this\nfull-spectrum method and ensures long-term stability of the ozone\ndistribution.\n\nFor more information see:\nGOMOS Home Page:\n'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/info/AUC/GOMOS/'\n\nGOMOS Home Page at Finnish Meteorological Instituteinish:\n'http://sumppu.fmi.fi/~kyrola/gomos.html'\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, see:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30926fb0-7796-4ac1-9d8e-7cd1e4a4b7d1", "label": "AERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "339fea8e-c365-4296-82e6-75759e3fc410", "label": "SIRS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Satellite Infrared Spectrometer (SIRS) is a grating\nspectrometer, first carried on Nimbus 3, to obtain temperature\nsoundings of the atmosphere. It had eight detectors,\nFastie-Ebert optics, and a 12-degree field of view.\n\n[Summary provided by Euromet]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "399fa153-9fe9-4774-8764-bd98810f2cd9", "label": "EB SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The EB SPECTROMETER ? Ebert-Fastie Spectrometer was designed to\nmake measurements of UV spectrum of the earth in the wavelength\nrange from 1100 to 3400 A, with a 20-A resolution.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b47c92b-f424-486b-9c3a-24fa004c0b90", "label": "MMRS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The MMRS, Multispectral Medium Resolution Scanner is a five\nchannel camera with detection capability in VIS, NIR and SWIR\nranges. On-ground pixel size is 175 m and spectral bands were\nselected to fit land and coastal study requirements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.invap.net/space/mmrs/intro-e.html'\n\n[Summary provided by INVAP]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4456d205-404e-48c0-8fe8-5e3eaf5ecfea", "label": "CLAES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Space Shuttle Discovery carrying UARS was launched on September 12, 1991 from Kennedy Space Flight Center. UARS was released to orbit on September 15, 1991, and the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) began scientific observations of the earth's upper atmosphere October 1, 1991. \n\nThe CLAES experiment measures temperature profiles, and concentrations of ozone, methane, water vapor, nitrogen oxides, and other important species, including CFCs, in the stratosphere. CLAES also maps the horizontal and vertical distributions of aerosols in the stratosphere. These measurements are analyzed to better understand the photochemical, radiative, and dynamical processes taking place in the ozone layer. \n\nCLAES measures ozone (O3) and the following stratospheric gases: 1) Source Species * Nitrous oxide (N2O)-produced in soils and oceans * Fluorocarbon-11 (CFCl3)-refrigerants, foaming agents * Fluorocarbon-12 (CF2Cl2)-refrigerants, foaming agents * Methane (CH4)-biogenic processes * Water vapor (H2O) 2) Ozone-Destructive Species * Nitric oxide (NO) * Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 3) Reservoir and Sink Species * Nitric acid (HNO3) * Chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) * Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) * Hydrogen cloride (HCl) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions are measured and used to deduce temperature and pressure. Aerosol absorption coefficients are also derived. \n\nCLAES Science Objectives ------------------------ \n\nCLAES produced a 19-month global database showing the vertical distributions of important ozone-layer gases in the stratosphere and their variation with time of day, season, latitude, and longitude. With the other UARS instruments, these data are contributing to a better understanding of the processes that control ozone depletion in the middle and northern latitudes, including volcanic effects, as well as the seasonal development and breakup of the Antarctic ozone hole. \n IDN_Node: USA/NASA \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CLAES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CLAES\n Long_Name: Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CLAES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm to 12.9 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/claes\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1300 measurement sets per day\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-10-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1993-05-05\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5057855a-7e45-47d8-ae4b-92b9c63a3deb", "label": "SOFIE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "SOFIE is one of three instruments onboard the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite. The objective of AIM is to study polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) and the environment in which they form.\n\nSOFIE uses the technique of solar occultation to measure solar energy passing through the limb of the earth's atmosphere as the sun rises or sets relative to the spacecraft. These measurements are accomplished using differential absorption radiometry with eight band pairs covering wavelengths from 0.29 to 5.26 microns. Six SOFIE channels are designed to measure gaseous signals, and two are dedicated to PMC measurements. Measurements in two carbon dioxide bands will be used to simultaneously retrieve profiles of temperature and carbon dioxide mixing ratio. Each SOFIE channel uses two detectors, one that samples a spectral region where the target gas is strongly absorbing, and one that samples a weakly absorbing region. Measuring the difference of these signals allows precise isolation of the target gas signal and reduces common-mode noise. The measurements allow PMC extinction retrievals using the gas channel weak bands, so that PMCs will be measured at a total of 11 wavelengths. \n\n[Text Source: GATS Inc. SOFIE Instrument Home Page, http://gwest.gats-inc.com/sofie/SOFIE_Home_Page.html]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SOFIE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SOFIE\n Long_Name: Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.292 to 5.316 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://gwest.gats-inc.com/sofie/SOFIE_Home_Page.html\n Online_Resource: http://sofie.gats-inc.com/sofie/index.php\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/sofie.html\n Sample_Image: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/graphics/gallery/lg/instruments/sofie/sofie_sat.png\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51233a6a-ba89-4a05-8692-0934edbadcba", "label": "COSPEC", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5207aaad-b875-40ed-b2cc-69c1b112fe37", "label": "TES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) was flown on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft launched in July 2004. The primary goal of the TES is the global mapping of tropospheric ozone and its photochemical precursors. The TES is a high spectral resolution infrared imaging Fourier transform spectrometer with spectral coverage from 2.3 to 16.7 micrometers with four single-line arrays optimized for different spectral regions. TES has the\ncapability to make both limb and down-looking observations. In the limb mode, tropospheric profiles of chemical species are made with a height resolution of 2.3 km from 0 to 30 km. In the down-looking mode, TES provides tropospheric profiles with a spatial resolution of 50 x 5 km (global) and 5 x 0.5 km (local), and a swath of 50 x 180 km (global) and 5 x 18 km (local). Both modes sensing thermal emission from the atmosphere and surface will be used to generate 3-dimensional profiles on a global scale for retrievals of O3, CO, CH4, H2O, and NOy from the surface to the lower stratosphere. See Beer, R. and\nT.A.Glavich,'Remote sensing of the troposphere by infrared emission\nspectroscopy', in Advanced Optical Instrumentation for Remote Sensing of Earth's Surface from Space, vol. 1129, pp 42-51,SPIE,1989.\n\nThe TES Principal Investigator is Reinhard Beer.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TES\n Long_Name: Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 650 to 2250 cm-1\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.1 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/tes.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.5 MBPS\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53917e58-9617-44b8-9e93-07d9672b5cac", "label": "NOAA-O3", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ab06add-f445-4dce-b20f-da107bb8ff45", "label": "USB4000 Tele", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5eaf2209-904b-49c8-b99f-1e8550cf95d0", "label": "GOME-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "[Text Source: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMTTEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html ]\n\nThe Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) is one of the new-generation European instruments carried on MetOp and will continue the long-term monitoring of atmospheric ozone started by GOME on ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY on Envisat. The more advanced GOME-2 is set to make a significant contribution towards climate and atmospheric research, whilst providing near real-time data for use in air quality forecasting. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOME-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: GOME-2\n Long_Name: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 - 315 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.24 - 0.29 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 311 - 403 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.26 - 0.28 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 401 - 600 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.44 - 0.53 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 590 - 790 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.44 - 0.53 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMTTEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.sron.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=147&Itemid=312\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/HOME/Main/What_We_Do/Satellites/EUMETSAT_Polar_System/Space_Segment/SP_1139327173571\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 400 kbit/s (GOME-1: 40 kbit/s)\n Instrument_Owner: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ece73d7-9b45-4df4-a149-b637ea3ca577", "label": "AURORAL SPECTROGRAPH", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f247d6b-9402-47e5-8ee7-33920a7752ae", "label": "FCAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Focused Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer (FCAS) counts and sizes\naerosol particles by measuring the amount of light scattered as\nthey pass through a laser beam. The instrument consists of a\nsampling inlet, a Particle Measuring model Focused Cavity\nAerosol Spectrometer, and a data acquisition and recording\nsystem.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Research/AirSci/ER-2/pi_inst.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f9b8637-15f5-4072-8194-0a8b3b34cd1d", "label": "PES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Photoelectron Spectrometer experiment was designed to\nprovide information on the intensity, angular distribution,\nenergy spectrum, and net flow along field lines, of electrons in\nthe thermosphere with energies between 1 and 500 eV. The\ninstrument consisted of two identical oppositely directed\nhemispherical electrostatic analyzers, and contained 30\noperating modes. Each spectrometer had a relative energy\nresolution of plus or minus 2.5% and a geometric factor on the\norder of 0.001 sq cm-sr, independent of electron energy. Three\nseparate energy ranges could be measured: 0 to 25, 0 to 100, and\n0 to 500 eV. Measurements from these intervals could be\nsequenced in five different ways. Data could be taken from\neither sensor separately, or alternately with time resolution\nvarying from 0.25 to 8 s. There were two deflection voltage\nscan rates determined by the spacecraft clock. This voltage was\nchanged in 64 steps, and was done at 4 or 16 steps per telemetry\nframe. With 16 frames/s, this allowed a choice of either one\n64-point spectrum, or four 16-point spectra in one second. The\nlongest (8 s) cycle of data involved observations using\nincreasing voltage steps for the lowest, middle, lowest, then\nhighest energy ranges (in that order) for 1 s each. A repeat\nfor decreasing voltage steps completed the cycle.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "605a23e9-6d45-48dd-815f-4359f7b81627", "label": "TOMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The TOMS instrument is a second-generation backscatter ultraviolet ozone sounder. TOMS can measure 'total column ozone'--the total amount of ozone in a 'column' of air from the Earth's surface to the top of the atmosphere--under all daytime observing and geophysical conditions. TOMS observations cover the near ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, where sunlight is absorbed only partially by ozone.\n\nTOMS/EP measures total ozone by observing both incoming solar energy and backscattered ultraviolet (UV) radiation at six wavelengths. 'Backscattered' radiation is solar radiation that has penetrated to the Earth's lower atmosphere and is then scattered by air molecules and clouds back through the stratosphere to the satellite sensors. Along that path, a fraction of the UV is absorbed by ozone. By comparing the amount of backscattered radiation to observations of incoming solar energy at identical wavelengths, scientists can calculate the Earth's albedo, the ratio of light reflected by Earth compared to that it receives. Changes in albedo at the selected wavelengths can be used to derive the amount of ozone above the surface.\n\nThe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data represent the primary long-term, continuous record of satellite-based observations available for use in monitoring global and regional trends in total ozone over the past 25 years. TOMS also provides measurements of tropospheric aerosols, volcanic SO2, ultraviolet irradiance, erythemal UV exposure, and effective reflectivity from the Earth's surface and clouds. The data are produced by the Laboratory for Atmospheres at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nFour TOMS instruments have been successfully flown in orbit – aboard the Nimbus-7 (Nov. 1978 - May 1993), Meteor-3 (Aug. 1991 - Dec. 1994), Earth Probe (July 1996 - current), and ADEOS (Sep. 1996 - June 1997) satellites. Version 8 TOMS data products are available from the Goddard Earth Sciences Distributed Information and Services Center (GES DISC). These include level 3 gridded data (1.0° x 1.25°) as well as level 2 instrument resolution data (between 50x50 km and 26x26 km pixel at nadir). At this time, the data are from the Nimbus-7 and Earth Probe TOMS instruments.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TOMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Long_Name: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EP-TOMS\n Short_Name: METEOR-3\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/acdisc/TOMS\n Online_Resource: https://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/missions/toms/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62bffa21-68c7-44e6-bfaf-71412901af4d", "label": "UV SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6312933a-1109-44a7-80c4-67d55cbbc722", "label": "HUPCRS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6408232b-6537-449c-9ec3-999129deb2f9", "label": "WATS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Wind and Temperature (WATS) experiment on the Dynamics\nExplorer-2 (DE-2) spacecraft consists of a closed source neutral\nmass spectrometer with two rectangular baffles, which are swept\nacross the incoming neutral beam. The modulation of the neutral\nflux by the baffles allows measurement of the temperature and\ngas velocity. The mass was commendable and was usually selected\nto be N2 or O.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67ea269c-cccd-405a-8911-177b947ec93d", "label": "FCAS II", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Focused Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer II (FCAS II) sizes\nparticles in the approximate diameter range from 0.09 to 2\nmicrons. Particles are drawn from the free stream with a\nnear-isokinetic inlet and transported to the instrument. They\nthen pass through a laser beam, and the light scattered by\nindividual particles is measured (Fig. 1). Particle size is\nrelated to the intensity of the scattered light. The data\nreduction for the FCAS II takes into account the water that is\nevaporated from the particle during sampling and the effects of\nanisokinetic sampling.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solveII/instrument_files/fcasII.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6980f340-0c50-4d14-8d4e-7b0359e0aad6", "label": "AES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Atmospheric Emission Spectrometer (AES) is an airborne FTS\noperated by JPL.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a1e1356-a04f-47d2-a1b7-34475c7a5f9a", "label": "OMI", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a contribution of the\nNetherlands's Agency for Aerospace Programs (NIVR) in\ncollaboration with the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)\nto the EOS Aura mission. It will continue the TOMS record for\ntotal ozone and other atmospheric parameters related to ozone\nchemistry and climate. OMI measurements will be highly\nsynergistic with the other instruments on the EOS Aura\nplatform. The OMI instrument employs hyper spectral imaging in\na push-broom mode to observe solar backscatter radiation in\nthe visible and ultraviolet. The Earth will be viewed in 740\nwavelength bands along the satellite track with a swath large\nenough to provide global coverage in 14 orbits (1 day). The\nnominal 13 x 24 km spatial resolution can be zoomed to 13 x 13\nkm for detecting and tracking urban-scale pollution\nsources. The hyper spectral capabilities will improve the\naccuracy and precision of the total ozone amounts. The hyper\nspectral capabilities will also allow for accurate radiometric\nand wavelength self calibration over the long term. The\nexpanded wavelength characteristics will provide the following\nfeatures.\n\nContinue global total ozone trends from satellite measurements\nbeginning in 1970 with BUV on Nimbus-4.\n\nMap ozone profiles at 36 x 48 km, a spatial resolution never\nachieved before.\n\nMeasure key air quality components such as NO2, SO2, BrO,\nOClO, and aerosol characteristics.\n\nDistinguish between aerosol types, such as smoke, dust, and\nsulfates. Measure cloud pressure and coverage, which provide\ndata to derive tropospheric ozone.\n\nMap global distribution and trends in UV-B radiation.\n\nA combination of algorithms including TOMS version 7,\nDifferential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Hyper\nspectral BUV Retrievals and forward modeling will be used\ntogether to extract the various OMI data products.\n\nNear Real Time (NRT) production of ozone and other trace gases.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/omi.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: OMI\n Long_Name: Ozone Measuring Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: TELESCOPES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 350 - 500 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0 - 0.45 nm FWHM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: UV-1, 270 to 314 nm, UV-2 306 to 380 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0 - 0.45 nm FWHM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/omi.html\n Online_Resource: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?keywords=aura&page=1&source=Aura%20OMI\n Online_Resource: http://projects.knmi.nl/omi/research/science/index.php\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 0.8 Mbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6af7a52e-094d-4ba7-9174-ed967260939c", "label": "OMPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The advanced Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) tracks the health of the ozone layer and measures the concentration of \nozone in the Earth's atmosphere.\n\nOMPS consists of three spectrometers: a downward-looking nadir mapper, nadir profiler and limb profiler. The entire OMPS \nsuite, OMPS-Nadir (OMPS-N) and OMPS-Limb (OMPS-L), currently fly on board the Suomi NPP spacecraft and are scheduled to fly \non the JPSS-2 satellite mission.\n\nOMPS-N will fly on the JPSS-1 satellite mission and will be used to generate total column ozone measurements.\n\nMass: 68 kilograms\nAverage Power: 108 Watts\nVendor: Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp. (BATC), Boulder, CO\nOMS Sensor Leads: Scott Janz (Goddard Space Flight Center), Glen Jaross (SSAI)\nPurpose: To measure the global distribution of O3 (Ozone) in the stratosphere\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/omps.html\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OMPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: OMPS\n Long_Name: Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 300 nm - 380 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 250 nm - 310 nm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.19 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/omps.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73242f79-660e-4202-98b9-80111fe44e22", "label": "DFGAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74164619-dfe3-4235-ab39-43bf33fb4bb9", "label": "UVNO", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "782ba9cb-0707-4680-a446-9b7f0ff6477d", "label": "SCIAMACHY", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY\n(SCIAMACHY) is an Announcement of Opportunity (AO) European Space Agency\n(ESA) instrument on the ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002).\nSCIAMACHY is a joint project of Germany and The Netherlands for global\natmospheric measurements. SCIAMACHY comprises a moderately high\nresolution (0.2-0.4 nm) spectrometer to observe transmitted, reflected and\nscattered light from the atmosphere in the UV, visible and near infrared\nwavelength regions over the range 240-1700 nm, and in 2 selected regions\nbetween 2.0 and 2.4 micron. The goal is to allow small optical absorptions\n(as small as 2E-4 in some regions of the spectrum) to be detected.\n\nSCIAMACHY is designed to measure both tropospheric and stratospheric\nabundances of a number of atmospheric constituents, which take part in\nOzone break-off or in the greenhouse effect. Targeted species are:\n\n-in the troposphere - Ozone,O4, N2O, NO2, HH4, CO, CO2,\nH2O and aerosols and, in polluted conditions, SO2\n\n-in the stratosphere - Ozone, NO, NO2, NO3, CH4, CO2,\nH2O, ClO, OClO, BrO, aerosols, stratospheric clouds, and possibly,\nHCHO and CO.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www.sciamachy.de/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCIAMACHY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SCIAMACHY\n Long_Name: Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 nm - 2380 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 nm - 2380 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 240 nm - 2380 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sciamachy.de/\n Sample_Image: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/tour-index/hardware_img/x_Fmint01.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78b5d442-f4e5-4e41-8eb2-809c87ec44ac", "label": "PES (SSJ/3)", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center,http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-03 ]\n\nThe spectrometer consisted of two different-sized cylindrical electrostatic analyzers (ESA) using channeltron electron multipliers. The ESA's pointed toward the zenith in order to measure precipitating electrons. The large ESA had a field of view (FOV) of 1.6 by 8.0 deg with a delta E/E of 0.04, while the small one had a FOV of 3.7 by 4.8 deg with a delta E/E of 0.072. The large ESA covered the range from 1 to 20 keV and the other one from 50 to 1000 eV. A complete eight-point spectrum from each unit was obtained in 1 s.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PES (SSJ/3)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Long_Name: Precipitating Electron Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F3\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-044A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79db06d1-7b80-4f8d-8466-ac7cbed4926a", "label": "ACE-FTS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)\n\n Background\n\n The Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) is the primary\n instrument selected for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment\n (ACE) mission onboard the SCISAT satellite. A second instrument,\n Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and\n Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (MAESTRO), is also onboard\n SCISAT.\n\n The ACE-FTS was built in co-operation with the Canadian Space\n Agency by ABB Bomem of Qu?bec City. Funding for the ACE mission,\n including both Canadian instruments, was provided by the\n Canadian Space Agency?s Space Science Program.\n\n How ACE-FTS functions\n\n The ACE-FTS instrument is designed to simultaneously measure the\n temperature, trace gases, thin clouds, and aerosols found in the\n atmosphere using a solar occultation technique. For this\n technique to work, the orbiting satellite must first point to\n the Earth's horizon during sunrise or sunset. As the sun 'moves'\n through the thin band of atmosphere at the horizon, its rays are\n partly absorbed by the various gases in the atmosphere at\n different altitudes. It is these gases and their distribution\n that the high-resolution, infrared ACE-FTS will measure. Thus,\n as the instrument observes the rising or setting sun, it can\n perform its measurements throughout the whole thickness of the\n atmosphere. Aerosols such as those caused by gases ejected by\n volcanoes will also be measured.\n\n SCISAT?s low orbit of 650 km above the Earth will give the\n ACE-FTS instrument extensive coverage with an emphasis on\n mid-latitude areas, such as Canada and the United States, as\n well as the polar region. The area to be scanned will be from\n about 4 km above the cloud tops (or the boundary layer for clear\n scenes) up to about 100 km. SCISAT will orbit the Earth 15 times\n a day, providing 30 daily opportunities (sunrises and sunsets)\n to take its precise measurements.\n\n Complements other experiments\n\n ACE-FTS will measure the density of a large number of chemicals\n in order to make an accurate estimate of both chemical loss and\n the movement of ozone in the polar winter and springtime. Its\n results will be complemented by those gathered by MAESTRO. The\n overall ACE mission will work in conjunction with other\n instruments and missions planned by NASA, the European Space\n Agency, and other international partners over the next decade to\n gain a better understanding of the chemistry and dynamics of the\n stratosphere with an emphasis on ozone.\n\n View the SCISAT homepage at:\n 'http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/csa_sectors/space_science/atmospheric/\nscisat/scisat.asp'\n\n [Summary provided by the Canadian Space Agency]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7dcfb92b-2372-41df-8f5a-787f983065b5", "label": "ILAS II", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II) developed by the\nEnvironment Agency of Japan is a sensor to monitor the high-latitude\nstratospheric ozone and will be aboard the ADEOS II platform(early\n2001). The objectives of ILAS-II are to monitor and study changes in\nthe stratosphere which are triggered by emissions of\nchlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and to evaluate the effectiveness of\nworld-wide emission controls of CFCs. ILAS-II is a spectrometer which\nobserves the atmospheric limb absorption spectrum from the upper\ntroposphere to the stratosphere using sunlight as a light source\n(solar occultation technique).\n\nThe spectrometer covers the infrared region (2-13fÊm) and the near\nvisible region (753 to 784nm). ILAS-II was designed to improve\nobservation accuracy and cover wider spectral ranges than ILAS (aboard\nADEOS planned for 1996 launch by NASDA) which was based on LAS aboard\nEXOS-C (Ohzora, ISAS, 1984). ILAS's observations are focused in the\nhigh latitude regions because of the geometrical relation of the solar\noccultation events with the sun-synchronous orbit. From these spectral\nobservations, ILAS-II can measure the vertical profiles of species\nrelated to ozone hole phenomena:ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide(NO2),\naerosols, water vapor (H2O), CFC11, methane(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),\nchlorine nitrate (CIO NO2),temperature, and pressure.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\n * Spectral Coverage\n CH:1 : 7.14 - 11.76mm(1400 - 850cm - 1)\n CH:2 : 2 - 8mm(5000 - 1250cm - 1)\n CH:3 : 12.80 - 12.83mm(781 - 779cm - 1)\n CH:4 : 753 - 784nm\n * Spatial Coverage(Height)\n 10 - 60km\n * Vertical Resolution\n 1km\n * Observation Accuracy\n 5%(1% to ozone)\n (Processing Error is not included)\n * Observation Region\n N56 - 70deg / S63 - 88deg\n * Spectrometer\n CH:1 : Grating Spectrometer\n CH:2 : Prism Spectrometer\n CH:3 : Grating Spectrometer\n CH:4 : Concave Grating Spectrometer\n * Observation Parameters\n O3,HNO3,N2O,H2O,CFC-11,CFC-12 CIONO2, Aerosols,Pressure and\n Temperature.\n\nAdopted from the Earth Observation Satellite Homepage:\n'http://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/sendata/ilas2_e.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81e1ee64-0668-4369-a8a1-4dd21f7ab880", "label": "CLOUD TOP SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A CLOUD TOP SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used for obtaining a\nmass spectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring\nthe ion current with an electrometer; measures and obtains\nspectra for a given cloud or cloud layer, which is considered\nthe highest level in the atmosphere at which the air contains a\nperceptible quantity of cloud particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81ec51b3-31eb-4c2c-b196-582d29d8fbc5", "label": "NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A NEAR INFRARED SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope that is close to\nthe infrared part or red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OCO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8394197b-b391-45fe-bce4-dc156f8fe447", "label": "SAGE I", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I (SAGE I)\ninstrument was launched February 18, 1979, aboard the\nApplications Explorer Mission-B (AEM-B) satellite (McCormick et\nal., 1979). The SAGE I instrument had four spectral channels\ncentered at wavelengths of 1000, 600, 450, and 385 nanometers\nfor nearly global measurement of aerosol extinction profiles and\nozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration profiles. The AEM-B\nsatellite was placed in an orbit of approximately 600 kilometers\nat an inclination of 56 degrees to extend the latitudinal\ncoverage for the solar occultation measurements from 79 degrees\nSouth to 79 degrees North. The SAGE I instrument collected data\nfor almost three years until the AEM-B satellite power subsystem\nfailed.\n\nThe SAGE I instrument was a sun photometer that measured the\nattenuation of solar radiation through the Earth's atmosphere\nduring spacecraft sunrise and sunset in the four spectral\nregions mentioned above. The solar radiance data were combined\nwith spacecraft ephemeris and NOAA meteorological data and then\nnumerically inverted to yield altitude profiles of aerosol\nextinction at wavelengths of 1000 and 450 nanometers and\naltitude profiles of ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration.\n\nThe SAGE I aerosol data were validated by comparison with\ncorrelative lidar and dustsonde in situ measurements; the ozone\ndata were validated by comparison with balloon ECC ozonesonde\nand rocket measurements; and the nitrogen dioxide measurements\nwere compared with climatology.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SAGE I\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AE-B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/campaign_documents/sage1_project.html\n Sample_Image: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/guide/sage1/images/sage1.gif\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85882054-d455-492f-976e-d2ea12f35578", "label": "SAGE II", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) on the Earth\nRadiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) was a seven-channel sunphotometer\nwhich measured stratospheric aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and\nnitrogen dioxide during spacecraft sunrise and sunset. The SAGE II\nmission objectives were to (1) develop a long-term global climatology\nof stratospheric aerosol extinction, (2) monitor transient events\n(e.g. volcanic eruptions), (3) develop a high-altitude cloud climatology,\nand (4) provide stratospheric ozone, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide\nconcentration profiles at 1 km vertical resolution. The SAGE II was a\ntwo-axis gimbaled system capable of rotating in azimuth. The sun was\nacquired when two azimuth sun sensors were activated and rotated in\nazimuth until SAGE II was pointed at the radiometric centroid of the\nsun. A scan mirror moved at fast rate of 3 deg/sec to acquire the sun.\nThe mirror scanned across the sun at a slow rate of 15 min/sec. When the\nlimb of the sun was reached, the servo mechanism reversed and scanned the\nsun again. The sunlight was reflected into a Cassegranian telescope and\nfocused on an aperature that defined a 0.5-minute elevation angle by 2.5\nminute azimuth angle instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The aperature was\nthe entrance slit to the spectrometer, which used a holographic grating and\nfilters to isolate the seven wavelength bands (0.385 to 1.02 micrometer).\nChannels 1,2,3,4, and 7 used neutral density filters and channels 2,5, and 6\nused bandpass filters. All seven channels were sampled within 1 ms at 64 Hz\nand digitized to a 12-bit word. The SAGE II instrument measured the solar\nirradiance during each spacecraft sunrise and sunset so that two profiles\nfrom specific locations above the Earth were obtained during each spacecraft\nrevolution. SAGE II made about 15 sunrise and sunset measurements each\nday, seperated by 24.5 degrees in longitude and slightly in latitude.\nThe maximum latitudes covered were 80 N to 80 S.\nFor more information see:\nhttp://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/sage2/table_sage2.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SAGE II\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/SAGE.html\n Online_Resource: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/PRODOCS/sage2/table_sage2.html\n Online_Resource: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/sageii/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8932ecfa-bdcd-443d-8d21-30d9aa935f36", "label": "ATMOS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Atmospheric Trace Molecules Observed by Spectroscopy (ATMOS)\nexperiment was flown four times on the Space Shuttle (on Spacelab 3\nand three flights of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Appliactions and\nScience (ATLAS). The ATMOS experiment objective was to determine\nconcentration profiles for a large number of stratospheric species for\naltitudes from 20 to 80 km, with a vertical resolution of 2 km. The\nATMOS instrument viewed the sun through the stratosphere and measured\nthe spectral absorption of solar energy. Each data-taking run was\ninitiated before the sun emerged from or disappeared behind the\nearth. Data from the instrument for these sunrise and sunset limb\nencounters were interferograms that were processed on the ground to\nprovide absorption spectra.\nThe instrument was a continuous-scanning Fourier spectrometer that\noperated in the 2- to 16-micrometer wavelength region and generated\none interferogram each second, with a spectral resolution of 0.01\n(1/cm). The ATMOS consisted of four major systems: a suntracker for\nprecise solar pointing, an input optical system that included a\ntelescope and a data handling system, an interferometer for wavelength\nmeasurements, and an infrared detector sensitive to radiation in the\n3- to 16-micrometer wavelength range.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/spectroscopy/ASDatmos.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f368c9f-5dd7-42f6-8cd1-086c23ef6cdd", "label": "HARP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "More information: https://www.eol.ucar.edu/instruments/hiaper-airborne-radiation-package\n\nThe instrument consists of two components:\nactinic flux: 280-680 nm, spectrally resolved, up and down\nThis system consists of two hemispheric light collectors, each connected by fiber optics to a monolithic solid state spectrograph with a CCD detector. The spectral resolution is about 1.8 nm, and the field of view is the full sky up and down. The measurements then characterize the radiation environment responsible for photochemistry. The upward-viewing light collector is mounted on the top of the tail to avoid shielding by the tail.\nspectral irradiance: 260-2217 nm, spectrally resolved, on stabilized platforms up and down\nThis system consists of spectrometers viewing up and down. A light collector with response proportional to the cosine of the incident radiation delivers the radiation to the spectrometers. To extend the range of wavelengths, two spectrometers are used in each direction; one is used to extend the wavelength coverage into the near IR.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91923fed-61c3-4125-b69d-1eeccafce52c", "label": "OMPS-N", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The advanced Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) tracks the health of the ozone layer and measures the concentration of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere.\n\nOMPS consists of three spectrometers: a downward-looking nadir mapper, nadir profiler and limb profiler. The entire OMPS suite, OMPS-Nadir (OMPS-N) and OMPS-Limb (OMPS-L), currently fly on board the Suomi NPP spacecraft and are scheduled to fly on the JPSS-2 satellite mission.\n\nOMPS-N will fly on the JPSS-1 satellite mission and will be used to generate total column ozone measurements.\n\nOMPS collects total column and vertical profile ozone data and continues the daily global data produced by current ozone monitoring systems—the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV/2) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f8cb294-2481-45b3-a3e4-76026fe1567a", "label": "FPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0b0fd02-9952-4110-bac9-940a1b6e996f", "label": "GOME", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) is a new instrument\nadded to the original European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1)\npayload complement for the second European Remote Sensing Satellite\n(ERS-2) launched on April 20, 1995.\n\nGOME is a nadir-viewing spectrometer which observes solar radiation\ntransmitted through or scattered from the Earth's atmosphere or from\nits surface. The recorded spectra is used to derive a detailed picture\nof the atmosphere's content of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, water wapor,\noxygen/oxygen dimer and bromine oxide and other trace gases. The\nERS-2 orbit provides global Earth coverage every three days.\n\nRelated URL: http://earth.esa.int/gome\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOME\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: GOME\n Long_Name: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.2 to 0.4 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/gome\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a759efc0-0eb4-4e41-84f3-c6f49cca12ce", "label": "SSJ", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-03 ]\n\nSpecial Sensor J (SSJ) was an electron spectrograph with one fixed cahnnel and one stepping channel. The channels detected energetic electrons over ranges of energies associated with visible aurora. The fixed channel was 6 keV and the stepping channel cycled through eight energy thresholds: 54, 98, 219, 600, 1400, 3540, 8200, and 1970 eV. The data sample was taken approximately every second. The field-of-view was 3 degrees by 12 degrees.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSJ\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SSJ\n Long_Name: Electron Spectrometer J (SSJ)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a96885e0-9dc1-4edb-bc29-1cdb320d50f2", "label": "IRM", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The IRM (Imaging and Rapid-scanning Ion Mass Spectrometer) objective is to observe the mass composition and 3-D velocity distributions (energy and angular) of ions in the energy range of 0.1-100 eV and 1-40 amu/q.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa0da1eb-b50b-408b-8541-59b8dea64019", "label": "BUV", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The backscatter ultraviolet instrument (BUV) monitored the\nspatial distribution of atmospheric ozone by measuring the\nintensity of the UV radiation backscattered from the earth's\natmosphere. To obtain this ozone distribution, the BUV subsystem\nmeasured direct solar radiation and backscattered UV radiation\nfrom the daytime sun-illuminated atmosphere.\n\nThe Instrument consisted of a spectrometer (monochromatic) and a\nphotometer. The monochromatic measured the intensity of UV\nradiation backscatter and reflected radiation from the earth's\natmosphere in 12 wavelengths (2555 to 3398 A) in which ozone\nattenuation occurs. The photometer measured the reflected UV\nradiation in a single wavelength span in which attenuation by\nozone does not occur. The BUV had four operating modes.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa2c39cf-1c4c-437e-ae2d-29e6a77f1aa2", "label": "FTIR SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "FTIR SPECTROMETER - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer\n\nTraditional (dispersive) infrared techniques experience\ndifficulties due to the '1 wavenumber at a time' nature of data\nacquisition. This leads to either a poor signal to noise ratio\nin a spectrum or a very long time needed to obtain a high\nquality spectrum. Both these situations cause problems with\nkinetic work. The first gives inherent large errors, the second\nprohibits in-situ work. These problems can be overcome using\nFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) that is based on\nthe interferometer originally designed by Michelson and a\nmathematical procedure developed by Fourier that converts\nresponse from the 'time' to the 'frequency' domain.\n\nIn the Michelson interferometer a parallel, polychromatic beam\nof radiation from a source (A) is directed to a beam splitter\n(B), made from an infrared transparent material, such as\nKBr. The beam splitter reflects approximately half of the light\nto a mirror, known as the fixed mirror (C), which in turn\nreflects the light back to the beam splitter. The rest of the\nlight passes through to a mirror, moving continuously, at a\nknown velocity, back and forth along the direction of the\nincoming light and this is known as the moving mirror (D). Upon\nreflection from the moving mirror, radiation is then directed\nback to the beam splitter. At the beam splitter some of the\nlight that has been reflected from the fixed mirror combines\nwith light reflected from the moving mirror and is directed\ntowards the sample. After passing through the sample (E) the\nradiation is focused onto the detector (F). The detectors are\nsufficiently fast to cope with time domain signal changes from\nthe modulatio n in the interferometer.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div842/Gp1/fts_intro.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5f54e44-f6fc-4abc-afb2-b098f8ef061c", "label": "ILAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) is provided by the\nEnvironment Agency (EA) of Japan for the ADvanced Earth Observation\nSatellite (ADEOS) mission. The ILAS is designed to measure the\nvariability of the concentration of ozone and other trace constituents\n(such as HNO3 and H2O) in the stratosphere and to monitor ozone layer\ndynamics. The ILAS system consists of two observation packages: One is\na 12 cm telescope containing 44 pyroelectric detectors linearly\narrayed for observations in the infrared region of the spectrum\n(6.0-6.8, 7.3-11.8 microns). The other is a 3 cm telescope consisting\nof a photodiode array for observations in the visible region\n(0.753-0.784 microns). Sunrise and sunset observations will be made at\n2 km resolution over the 10-60 km vertical range.\nFor more information see: 'http://www-ilas.nies.go.jp/'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ILAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: ILAS\n Long_Name: Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b68224a0-262d-4001-94b8-e10a3fd7e799", "label": "GOLD", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, mission is designed to explore the nearest reaches of space. Capturing never-before-seen images of Earth’s upper atmosphere, GOLD explores in unprecedented detail our space environment — which is home to astronauts, radio signals used to guide airplanes and ships, as well as satellites that provide communications and GPS systems. The more we know about the fundamental physics of this region of space, the more we can protect our assets there.\n\nGathering observations from geostationary orbit above the Western Hemisphere, GOLD measures the temperature and composition of neutral gases in Earth’s thermosphere. This part of the atmosphere co-mingles with the ionosphere, which is made up of charged particles. Both the Sun from above and terrestrial weather from below can change the types, numbers, and characteristics of the particles found here — and GOLD helps track those changes.\n\nActivity in this region is responsible for a variety of key space weather events. GOLD scientists are particularly interested in the cause of dense, unpredictable bubbles of charged gas that appear over the equator and tropics, sometimes causing communication problems. As we discover the very nature of the Sun-Earth interaction in this region, the mission could ultimately lead to ways to improve forecasts of such space weather and mitigate its effects.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8be465a-8266-4f75-be28-55657a63de60", "label": "MAGNETO OPTICAL FILTER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The second instrument of PVSO is the Magneto Optical\nFilter. This instrument is still under construction but its\nfirst phase is currently completed and operational. In this\nphase the MOF is able to record intensitygrams of the sun in the\npotassium 769.9nm line. With the completion of the second phase\nthe MOF will be able to acquire simultaneous dopplergrams and\nmagnetograms of the surface of the Sun.\n\nIn the curent configuration, a telescope is used to form an\nimage of a solar region of interest on a CCD camera. The MOF is\nplaced between the telescope and the camera and filters the\nlight by isolating the potassium line. The hearth of the MOF is\na glass cell that contains potassium vapor, which is placed in a\nlongitudinal magnetic field. The light which enters the cell\npasses first trough a linear polarizer which transform the\nrandomly polarized light into linear polarized light. In the\npresence of the magnetic field, the vapor will alter the\npolarization state of the potassium line. A second polarizer\nwith the transmission axis perpendicular to the first is placed\nat the exit, blocking all the light but that modified by the\nvapor. The output consists of an image of the sun in the two\nwings of the potassium line. A second vapor cell, called the\nwing selector, will be added to the filter in the near future\nand will provide images of the Sun's velocity and magnetic\nfields.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.pvamu.edu/cps/info/bottom'\n\n[Summary provided by Prairie View A&M University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9f2cf4a-c2f0-4e78-847f-71fbbbce2f24", "label": "SAGE III", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "SAGE III is a fourth generation, satellite-borne instrument and a crucial element in NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). Its mission is to enhance our understanding of natural and human-derived atmospheric processes by providing accurate long-term measurements of the vertical structure of aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SAGE III\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOR-3M\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://sage.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bacafa70-2fbe-4869-98bd-ba2b4a49d5f2", "label": "MAMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "MAMS is a multispectral scanner which measures reflected radiation\nfrom the Earth's surface and clouds in eight visible/near-infrared\nbands, and thermal emission from the Earth's surface, clouds, and\natmospheric constituents (primarily water vapor) in four infrared\nbands. The 5.0 mRa aperture of MAMS produces an instantaneous\nfield-of-view (IFOV) resolution of 100 m at nadir from the nominal\nER-2 altitude of 20 km. The width of the entire cross path\nfield-of-view scanned by the sensor is 37 km, thereby providing\ndetailed resolution of atmospheric and surface features across the\nswath width and along the aircraft flight track. For clouds and\nthunderstorm features the IFOV decreases with increasing cloud height\nby a factor of (Z-20)/20, where Z is the cloud height in kilometers.\n\nThe MAMS 6.5 micrometer channel has been used to map variations in\nupper tropospheric water vapor associated with a variety of\natmospheric disturbances. The upper tropospheric water vapor imagery\nfrom VAS and the new GOES imager and sounder is very useful in the\nstudy of upper-level dynamics of mid-latitude weather systems. This is\nreadily apparent in video 'loops' of this from the satellite channel,\nwhich show smooth flowing patterns associated with large-scale weather\ndisturbances. Changes in the brightness of the water vapor features\nare related to the vertical distribution of water vapor in the middle\nand upper troposphere, the integrated water vapor amount, and to a\nlesser degree the temperature profile. In addition, water vapor\nimagery can be used to discern small-scale variability of high clouds\n(particularly cirrus) and clear air atmospheric water vapor fields. In\nparticular, MAMS water vapor imagery has been used to map clear air\nmoisture variations in a number of different applications including\nlee wave situations.\n\nThe split-window channels from MAMS are similar to those from the\nAdvanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), VAS, and GOES-8/9/10\nimager and sounder. The 11 micrometer channels of MAMS and VAS are\nvery similar, while those of AVHRR and the GOES-8/9/10 imager and\nsounder are narrower and shifted toward shorter wavelengths. The 12\nmicrometer channel of AVHRR is positioned near 11.8 micrometer with a\nbandwidth about twice that of MAMS and VAS (which are centered at\nlonger wavelengths). The GOES-8/9/10 imager and sounder 12 micrometer\nchannels are also narrow when compared to AVHRR. One of the sounder 12\nmicrometer channels and the imager 12 micrometer channel are centered\nnear 12.0 micrometer, while the other sounder channel is near 12.7\nmicrometers. These 12 micrometer channels measure upwelling radiation\nwhere water vapor and other constituent absorption (particularly, by\nthe Q-branch of CO2 at 12.63 micrometers) are more significant. The\nspectral differences of the 12 micrometer channels produce small\ndifferences in brightness temperatures for VAS and MAMS, but somewhat\nlarger differences between AVHRR and MAMS (or VAS).\n\nMore Information: 'http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/irgrp/aircraft.html'\n\n[Adapted from NASA/MSFC/GHCC Homepage]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "badb0356-46e0-47b8-9697-0e068358c91e", "label": "FIRSC", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A Far Infrared Sensor for Cirrus (FIRSC) is a a Fourier\ntransform spectrometer (FTS) configured as a Martin-Puplett\npolarizing interferometer. In a Martin-Puplett configuration,\ndihedral (roof-top) mirrors replace the usual flat mirrors of a\nMichelson interferometer and a linear polarizing grid is the\nbeamsplitter. The instrument can operate in intensity or\npolarization measuring mode. The Martin-Puplett configuration\nprovides two separate input and output ports defined by\nreflection/transmission from input and output polarizer\nelements. The measured spectrum is the difference of two input\nports consisting of the nadir scene and a controlled temperature\nblackbody source. The two output ports provide the two spectral\nchannels.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nit.colorado.edu/~evans/mwcirrus/FIRSC/'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Colorado]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc9a1191-24df-4d8c-afa7-da5948f79d20", "label": "MAPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Measurement of Air Pollution from satellite (MAPS) instrument was\nflown with the Space Radar Laboratory-1 on the Space Shuttle\n'Endeavor' (STS-59) launched April 9, 1994.\nThe objectives of the MAPS instrument were to measure the global\ndistribution of carbon monoxide (CO) in the troposphere and its role\nin global tropospheric chemistry. The MAPS instrument, flown on two\nprevious Shuttle flights (1981 and 1984), is a precursor to EOS-era\ninstruments. The MAPS instrument was able to detect CO and nitrous\noxide using gas filter radiometry to measure the IR absorption\nwavelength band in the atmosphere for these trace gases (4.67\nmicrometer). The MAPS instrument viewed the Earth simultaneously\nthrough three cells, one cell filled with CO, one filled with nitrous\noxide, and one filled with helium (which does not absorb at these\nwavelengths). The difference in the energy received as seen through\ncell pairs enabled researchers to derive the amount of CO and nitrous\noxide in the atmosphere. The nitrous oxide measurements provided a\nmethod for automatically rejecting cloud-contaminated observations of\nCO. The MAPS instrument consisted of the optical subassembly, which\ncontained the optical elements, blackbodies, gas cells, detectors,\npreamplifiers, and calibration unit; the electronics subassembly,\nwhich housed the signal processing and control circuits; the flight\ntape recorder subassembly; and the aerial camera subassembly, which\nprovided correlative cloud cover photos during the daylight portion of\nthe flight. MAPS is expected to fly with the SRL again in 1994 and\n1995.\n\nInformation on the MAPS sensor, visit the STS-59 site at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-59/mission-sts-59.html'\n\nInformation about the Space Radar Laboratory can be found on the NASA\nJPL WWW Home Page: 'http://www.jpl.nasa.gov'\n\nPersonnel:\n\nLouis Caudill (NASA HQ) - Program Manager\nDr. Michael Kurylo (NASA HQ) - Program Scientist\nDr. Henry G. Reichle, Jr. (NASA LaRC) - Principal Investigator\nJohn Fedors (NASA LaRC) - Project Manager", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0c7a50a-52c3-42e1-a702-bb39bb5ace08", "label": "VEGETATION-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "[Note: 'With some minor improvements regarding instrument operations, the VEGETATION-2 instrument is identical in its technical specification to VEGETATION flown on SPOT-4', Source: Earth Observation Satellites & Sensors for Risk Management home page, http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ]\n\n[Text Source: Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing & Processing (CRISP), http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm ]\n\nThe SPOT 4 satellite carries on-board a low-resolution wide-coverage instrument for monitoring the continental biosphere and to monitor crops. The VEGETATION instrument provides global coverage on an almost daily basis at a resolution of 1 kilometer with a swath of 2250 km, enabling the observation of long-term environmental changes on a regional and worldwide scale.\n\nThe VEGETATION program is being co-funded by the European Union, Belgium, France, Italy and Sweden and led by French space agency CNES. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VEGETATION-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-2\n Long_Name: VEGETATION INSTRUMENT 2 (SPOT 5)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm to 0.47 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm to 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.78 μm to 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.58 μm to 1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.vgt.vito.be/\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n Instrument_Owner: European Union\n Instrument_Owner: Belgium\n Instrument_Owner: Italy\n Instrument_Owner: Sweden\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c28a3be2-f739-49c1-8621-2be3905f91f5", "label": "VISIBLE SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A VISIBLE SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used similarly like the\nUV spectroscope, which is used for obtaining a mass spectrum of\nvisible light in the electromagnetic spectrum by deflecting the\nvisible light ions into a thin slit and then measuring the ion\ncurrent with an electrometer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6e97a0f-910e-4402-b283-e4a985fdbf28", "label": "MIMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The magnetic ion mass spectrometer (MIMS) measures the abundances\nof the ambient positive ions along the orbit of the AE satellite. It scans\nthe mass range from 1 to 90 amu, or portions of that range, depending on\nits operational mode. The instrument consists of an entrance aperture, a\n7 cm screen, flush mounted to the surface of the spacecraft, a set of\ncollimating slits, a magnetic analyzer and a triple detector system, each\ndetector consisting of a collector slit, an electron multiplier and a log\namplifier. Positive ions are rammed through the entrance grid due to the\norbital motion of the spacecraft and accelerated through the collimator\nforming a beam which enters the magnetic analyzer. This analyzer consists of a\npermanent magnet with a field strength of 3600 gauss in the gap. Three\nion beam trajectories are allowed through the magnet. These split the ion\nbeam into 3 parts in the mass ratio 1:4:16. Collector slits are placed at\nthe exit of the magnetic lens system corresponding to the image point of\nthe allowed ion trajectories. As the ion accelerating voltage is varied,\nthe ion beams are scanned across the collector slits forming a series of\npeaks in the 103 current detector. The mass ranges covered are 1 to 4, 4 to\n16 and either 16 to 90 (AE-C) or 14 to 72 (AE-D) amu at the low, mid and\nhigh mass collectors respectively. The scan times are either 4 sec (AE-C)\nor 2 sec (AE-D) for the analog short mode, or 8 sec for the analog long mode.\nWhen the analog short mode is used, the mass ranges of each channel are cut\nin half. The analog short mode is used when the satellite is spinning; the\nanalog long for despun operation.\n\nThe overall accuracy is better than 20%, except in very disturbed\nregions of the ionosphere, or at extremely low densities. Sensitivity of\nthe instrument is somewhat mass dependent, varying from 1.0 ion cm-3 for\nH,to ~10 ions cm-3 for O+ .\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/ae/aedoc/mims.txt'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1fa64b3-b413-4930-bc16-4f364e54f093", "label": "GRILLE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The objective of the Grille spectrometer (GRILLE) experiment was to\ndetermine the vertical distribution profiles of trace constituents, on\na global scale, between 15 and 150 km altitude through spectroscopic\nobservations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range\ncharacteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of atmospheric\nconstituents. GRILLE was flown on the Space Shuttle as part of the\nAtmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS 1) and on\nSpacelab 1. In addition to the atmospheric species previously studied\nwith the GRILLE instrument on the Spacelab 1 flight, the instrument\nhas also studied the hydroxyl radical (OH) on the ATLAS 1 flight. The\nequipment consisted of an infrared spectrometer with a telescope and a\ncooled infrared detector. The spectrometer operated in the wavelength\nrange from 2.5 to 10 microns at a resolution better than 0.1 per\ncm. The grille on the instrument is a 15 x 15 mm square with a minimum\nstep of 0.1 mm. The GRILLE instrument was not be flown on subsequent\nATLAS flights.\nFurther information about the ATLAS-1 mission can be found at:\n'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0f71e02-6540-4207-ba18-aacf55057144", "label": "TANSO-CAI", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "CAI( visualizes the state of the atmosphere and the ground surface during the daytime. The image data from CAI are used to determine the cloud existence over an extended area that includes the FTS's field of view (FOV). When clouds and aerosols are detected in FOV, cloud characteristics and aerosol amounts are calculated. The information is used to correct the effects of the clouds and the aerosols on the spectra obtained with FTS.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TANSO-CAI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: TANSO-CAI\n Long_Name: Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation - Cloud and Aerosol Imager\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-30\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3bb4369-8b1d-4c16-b2f1-5745058bee86", "label": "SCARAB", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Scanner for Radiation Budget (SCaRaB) is a joint project of France,\nGermany and Russia and was flown on Russian Meteor-3/7 spacecraft in\n1994/1995. The main goal of the ScaRaB instrument is to study the Earth's\nradiation budget and cloud-radiation interactions. The ScaRaB instrument\nis a cross-track scanning radiometer with a 60x60 km2 field of view and\nthe pixel spacing is on a square grid of 42.5 km at nadir. The ScaRaB\nradiometer consist of four parallel telescopes. These are identical except\nfor the optical filters. Each telescope represents one spectral channel:\nvisible, solar, total and atmospheric window.\n\n1 Visible Channel: 0.55 - 0.65 5m\n2 Solar Channel(SW): 0.20 - 4 5m\n3 Total Channel(TW): 0 20 - 50 5m\n4 Window Channel: 10.5 - 12.5 5m\n\nRadiation in the Thermal Longwave band (4-50 5m) is determined from\nthe measurements in Channel 2 and 3. The narrower channels 1 and 4 are\nto be used as a link to operational imager channels and to aid in\ncloud scene identification.\n\nAdditional available at\n'http://w3.gkss.de/ScaRaB/'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCARAB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: SCARAB\n Long_Name: The Scanner for Radiation Budget\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 60km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/455-cnes-en.php\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e446f7ff-cc80-43d1-95bf-a7278203bb78", "label": "INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "CLARREO Instruments\n\nThe CLARREO mission is currently envisioned to consist of two duplicate observatories each carrying a payload of one infrared instrument suite, one reflected solar instrument suite and a Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument system.\n\nSummary provided by http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Spectrometers\n Short_Name: INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE\n Long_Name: Infrared Instrument Suite (CLARREO)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n Sample_Image: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/images/Payload_breakdown-600w.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e999ce1b-d55c-40b8-a3c3-c4e93b34529d", "label": "LPSP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The LPSP multichannel High Resolution UV and visible spectometer\nwas launched June 21, 1975 and was in operation until September\n30, 1978 with 6 channels covering the most intense optically\nthick chromospheric lines (H and K CaII, h and k MgII, Lymann\nalpha and Lymann beta HI)\n\nThe imaging system is a cassegranian telescope, with a\ncollecting area of 170 cm2 and an aperture f/16. The solar\nimage can be scanned by moving the secondary mirror in azimuth\nand elevation. Each step increment is either 1' or .5'. The\nsize of the raster in azimuth and elevation is chosen between 1'\nto 64' by binary increments.\n\nThe slit defines the focus of the telescope and is formed of two parts :\n-a narrow one of 1'x60' which optimizes the spectrometer resolution\n-a large one of 6'x6'\n-a rotating disk actuated by a stepping motor allows the selection of\nseveral spatial resolution.\n\nThe dispersing system is a 6 channel polychromator of the\nCzerny-Turner type. The main dispersor is a 1200 grooves (1/mm)\nplane grating. The scan in wavelength is performed by rotation\nof the grating.\n\nRaw data are on 1600 bpi magnetic tapes and saved on 6250 bpi tapes, all\ncreated on CDC computer running NOS-BE system.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea9c102c-6987-445e-a869-c853d2d8e912", "label": "FSSP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP), Model 300\n(FSSP-300) Aerosol Spectrometer sizes particles by measuring the\nlight intensity scattered forward from the angles of 4 degrees\nto 12 degrees by aerosol, and cloud particles that pass through\na focused laser beam.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f19de526-fe67-4c5e-8b9c-f7d5123e2ebc", "label": "MAESTRO", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "[ Text extracted from the SCISAT MAESTRO Homepage \nhttp://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/satellites/scisat/maestro.asp ]\n\nMAESTRO, which stands for 'Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the\nStratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation,' aids in the\nsatellite's overall mission of increasing our understanding of\nthe chemical processes involved in the depletion of the ozone\nlayer. SCISAT also carries the Canadian-built Fourier Transform\nSpectrometer (ACE-FTS) instrument as part of the overall mission,\ndubbed Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE).\n\nMAESTRO was developed, in co-operation with the Canadian Space Agency,\nby Toronto-based Meteorological Service of Canada, the University of\nToronto, and EMS Technologies of Ottawa. Funding for the ACE mission,\nincluding both Canadian instruments, is being provided by the Canadian\nSpace Agency's Space Science Program.\n\nMAESTRO Homepage (CSA): \nhttp://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/satellites/scisat/maestro.asp\n\nMore MAESTRO Information (Univ of Waterloo): \nhttp://www.ace.uwaterloo.ca/MAESTRO.htm", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8dee1bb-7104-47b8-ba1e-549b79a38853", "label": "PARTICLE SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "PARTICLE SPECTROMETERS are spectroscopes used for obtaining a\nmass spectrum by deflecting certain particles into a thin slit\nand measuring the specific current related to that particle with\nan electrometer to better understand its development, behavior,\nand movement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd5678a0-5d76-4cde-90da-4316bf535212", "label": "MASPR", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Multiple-Angle Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (MASP) determines the size and\nconcentration of particles from about 0.2 to 20 microns in diameter and the\nindex of refraction for selected sizes. Size is determined by measuring the\nlight intensity scattered by individual particles as they transit a laser beam.\nLight scattered from particles into a cone from nominally 30 to 50 degrees\nforward and 130 to 150 degrees backwards is reflected by a mangin mirror\nthrough a condensing lens to the detectors. A comparison of the signals from\nthe open aperture detector and the masked aperture detector is used to accept\nonly those particles passing through the center of the laser beam. The index of\nrefraction of individual particles can be estimated from the ratio of the\nforward to back scatter signals. A calibration diode laser is pulsed\nperiodically during flight to ensure proper operation of the electronics. The\nshrouded inlet minimizes angle of attack effects and maintains isokinetic flow\nthrough the sensing volume so that volatilization of particles is eliminated.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/Public/Analysis/aircraft/tote/ baumgardner.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff8b57b5-881e-4ec3-8c1d-83c839dcbeea", "label": "SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A SPECTROMETER is a spectroscope used for obtaining a mass\nspectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring the ion\ncurrent with an electrometer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03f9c0b1-4dcd-4293-8bfa-5fe0608ab332", "label": "ACES", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "Principle of the Measurement:\n\nCavity enhanced spectroscopy uses two mirrors to create an optical path of several tens of kilometers within a 50 cm measurement cell, making the instrument very sensitive to absorption by trace gases.\n\nSpecies Measured:\n\nGlyoxal (CHOCHO), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)\n\nTime Response / Detection Limit:\n\n30 pptv / 10 seconds for glyoxal and NO2", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a106157-e0a0-4a3e-bed1-4ce3b8e06151", "label": "ACSM", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) measures mass loading and chemical composition of non-refractory aerosol particles in real-time. Smaller, lower cost, more robust, and simpler to operate than our AMS instruments, the ACSM is designed for long-term unattended deployment and routine monitoring applications.\n\nThe ACSM is available with either a quadrupole or time-of-flight mass spectrometer and can be configured for either PM1 or PM2.5.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3235f243-ac44-4dbd-a94a-e413e98927ac", "label": "Aerodyne CAPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The CAPS PMex monitor provides a measurement of the optical extinction (the sum of scattering and absorption) of an ambient sample of particles. Currently, there is a choice of 5 different wavelengths – blue (450 nm), green (530 nm), red (630 nm), far red (660 nm ) and near infrared (780 nm, at additional cost) – which match the spectral bands of most other particle optical properties measurement equipment. These instruments have a 1 second time response and provide a level of detection (3σ) less than 2 Mm-1 with 1 second integration time. These monitors are entirely self-contained, requiring no consumables such as zero air and can be operated autonomously for over 12 months using on-board data storage if one second averaging is chosen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f05736cc-2cac-4df5-8e03-cd572f8f1197", "label": "CAMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The CAMS instrument’s core design and operation is similar to the DFGAS (Difference Frequency Generation Absorption Spectrometer) instrument, which has been successfully deployed for fast, accurate, and sensitive airborne measurements of the important trace gas formaldehyde (CH2O). CAMS like DFGAS is based on tunable mid-IR (3.53-μm) absorption spectroscopyutilizing advanced fiber optically pumped difference-frequency generation(DFG) laser sources. A comprehensive discussion of the measurement principle and performance of the DFGAS instrument is found in Weibring et al. [2006, 2007], and only a brief discussion is presented here.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05919a1b-a95d-4bb5-a597-55150efbb568", "label": "CPSPD", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The differentiation of small water droplets and ice crystals by in situ measurements, in the size range < 50 μm, remains a challenge and the lack of such measurements is an obstacle to progress in understanding ice formation in clouds. A new microphysical instrument, the Cloud Particle Spectrometer with Polarization Detection (CPSPD), has been developed that measures light intensity scattered (in forward and backward directions) by individual cloud particles that pass through a focused laser beam and derives their size and thermodynamic phase (liquid or ice) in the optical diameter range from 2 to 50 μm. The optical equivalent diameter is derived from the light scattered in the forward direction. The change in polarization state of the incident light, caused by interaction with the cloud particle, is determined from the polarized components of the backscattered light. The CPSPD, along with several other cloud microphysical probes, has been flown on the University of North Dakota Citation aircraft in mixed phase clouds. It has also been deployed and operated at the Zugspitze research station studying mountain clouds. The preliminary results show that liquid cloud droplets can be distinguished from ice crystals and that the ice fraction can be estimated; an important parameter for better understanding of cloud processes, particularly that of glaciation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "706feedf-c671-44e8-9c37-284517cc0cbe", "label": "LWCC", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "WPI’s Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell (LWCC) is a flow cell for absorbance measurements in the ultraviolet, visible and near infra-red ranges. Pathlengths range from 50–500cm, with increasing measurement sensitivity from 50 to 500-fold. The flow cells are fiber coupled and have a very small sample volume ranging from 125μL (50cm pathlength) to 1,250μL (500cm pathlength).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2fbdd42-4bd8-4462-8a00-1e81e1281fa8", "label": "OCO-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "OCO-2 will not be measuring CO2 directly; but actually, the intensity of the sunlight reflected from the presence of CO2 in a column of air. This measurement is unique like a fingerprint, and can be used for identification. The OCO-2 instrument will use a diffraction grating (like the back of a compact disk) to separate the incoming sunlight into a spectrum of multiple component colors.\n\nThe instrument measures the intensity of three relatively small wavelength bands (Weak CO2, Strong CO2 and Oxygen O2) from the spectrum, each specific to one of the three spectrometers. The absorption levels will indicate the presence of the different gases. By simultaneously measuring the gases over the same location and over time, OCO-2 will be able to track the changes over the surface over time.\n\nThe OCO-2 spectrometers will measure sunlight reflected off the Earth's surface. The sunlight rays entering the spectrometers will pass through the atmosphere twice - once as they travel from the Sun to the Earth, and then again as they bounce off from the Earth's surface to the OCO-2 instrument. Carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen molecules in the atmosphere absorb light energy at very specific colors or wavelengths.\n\nThe OCO-2 instrument uses diffraction grating to separate the inbound light energy into a spectrum of multiple component colors. The reflection gratings used in the OCO-2 spectrometers will consist of a very regularly-spaced series of grooves that lie on a very flat surface.\n\nThe characteristic spectral pattern for CO2 can alternate from transparent to opaque over very small variations in wavelength. The OCO-2 instrument must be able to detect these dramatic changes, and specify the wavelengths where these variations take place. So, the grooves in the instrument diffraction grating will be very finely tuned to spread the light spectrum into a large number of very narrow wavelength bands or colors. In fact, the OCO-2 instrument design incorporates 17,500 different colors, to cover the entire wavelength range that can be seen by the human eye. A digital camera covers the same wavelength range using just three colors.\n\nOCO-2 measurements must be very accurate. To eliminate energy from other sources that would generate measurement errors, the light detectors for each camera must remain very cold. To ensure that the detectors remain sufficiently cold, the OCO-2 instrument design will include a cryocooler, which is a refrigeration device. The cryocooler keeps the detector temperature at or near -120C (-184F).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d2903b14-616d-4425-b9ac-40e5c954821f", "label": "OCO-3", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "OCO-3 will not be measuring CO2 directly; but actually, the intensity of the sunlight reflected from the presence of CO2 in a column of air. This measurement is unique like a fingerprint, and can be used for identification. The OCO-3 instrument (like the current OCO-2 instrument) will use a diffraction grating (like the back of a compact disk) to separate the incoming sunlight into a spectrum of multiple component colors.\n\nThe instrument measures the intensity of three relatively small wavelength bands (Weak CO2, Strong CO2 and Oxygen O2) from the spectrum, each specific to one of the three spectrometers. The absorption levels will indicate the presence of the different gases. By simultaneously measuring the gases over the same location and over time, OCO-2 will be able to track the changes over the surface over time.\n\nThe OCO-3 spectrometers will measure sunlight reflected off the Earth's surface. The sunlight rays entering the spectrometers will pass through the atmosphere twice - once as they travel from the Sun to the Earth, and then again as they bounce off from the Earth's surface to the OCO-3 instrument. Carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen molecules in the atmosphere absorb light energy at very specific colors or wavelengths.\n\nThe OCO-3 instrument uses diffraction grating to separate the inbound light energy into a spectrum of multiple component colors. The reflection gratings used in the OCO-3 spectrometers will consist of a very regularly-spaced series of grooves that lie on a very flat surface.\n\nOCO-3 measurements must be very accurate. To eliminate energy from other sources that would generate measurement errors, the light detectors for each camera must remain very cold. To ensure that the detectors remain sufficiently cold, the OCO-3 instrument design will include a cryocooler, which is a refrigeration device. The cryocooler keeps the detector temperature at or near -120 C (-184 F).The characteristic spectral pattern for CO2 can alternate from transparent to opaque over very small variations in wavelength. The OCO-3 instrument must be able to detect these dramatic changes, and specify the wavelengths where these variations take place. So, the grooves in the instrument diffraction grating will be very finely tuned to spread the light spectrum into a large number of very narrow wavelength bands or colors. In fact, the OCO-3 instrument design incorporates 17,500 different colors, to cover the entire wavelength range that can be seen by the human eye. A digital camera covers the same wavelength range using just three colors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da57ac0a-e5ab-47f4-996f-06c12e1a4a62", "label": "TANSO-FTS-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "TANSO-FTS-2 is the Fourier Transform spectrometer same as the FTS on GOSAT, with improved characteristic: 5 bands (instead of 4) with the spectral range of each band optimized based on the results of the utilization of GOSAT data, two bands for the TIR, the bands other than the TIR are divided into two polarizations (P and S), extension of band 3 to observe the Carbon Monoxide.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e1d8d749-9818-4ddf-8f61-14ef63b6ce7b", "label": "TANSO-CAI-2", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "TANSO-CAI-2 is a push-broom imaging sensor that has forward- and backward-looking bands (+-20 degrees) for observing the optical properties of aerosols and clouds, and for monitoring the status of urban air pollution and trans-boundary air pollution over oceans. An important role of CAI-2 is to perform cloud discrimination in each direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "756151d4-36d6-427e-99c1-cb012196a3ef", "label": "SPEC HVPS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer combines 2D-S opto-electronics with HVPS optics and probe tips designed to minimize shattering.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53ce1e6c-c747-4907-87a2-3a9caf63025a", "label": "Pandora", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "This project uses spectroscopy to study ultraviolet (UV) and visible wavelengths of light to determine the composition of the atmosphere and its interactions with Earth’s environment. The Pandora Spectrometer System was designed to specifically look at levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde in the atmosphere. What makes the Pandora unique from other ground-based networks at NASA is that it can measure total column profiles, observing different layers of the atmosphere at once.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2e6df59-5768-4c4d-a0ed-0ec040de37ce", "label": "NEMS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Nimbus E Microwave Spectrometer (NEMS) was designed primarily to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of microwave sensors for measuring tropospheric temperature profiles, water vapor abundances, cloud liquid water content, and earth surface temperatures. The NEMS could continuously monitor emitted microwave radiation at frequencies of 22.235, 31.4, 53.65, 54.9 and 58.8 GHz. The three channels near the 5-mm oxygen absorption band were used primarily to determine the atmospheric temperature profiles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d7d7c6ae-b2c4-4e6d-a1e6-a9d7b859cff8", "label": "DASH-SP", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The DASH-SP will provide rapid measurements of aerosol sub-saturated hygroscopic\ngrowth factors aboard the NASA DC-8 during the SEAC4 RS field campaign. DASH-SP\nmeasurements in the critically important southeast Asian region will afford a valuable\nopportunity to examine the relationship between aerosol composition and water-uptake\nproperties in order to improve model parameterizations of aerosol-water interactions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e75f4f20-63df-4f25-bade-044f7668618b", "label": "ACAM", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper (ACAM) was designed and built at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) as part of an effort to provide cost-effective remote sensing observations of tropospheric and boundary layer pollutants and visible imagery for cloud and surface information. ACAM has participated in three campaigns to date aboard NASA's Earth Science Project Office (ESPO) WB-57 aircraft. This paper provides an overview of the instrument design and summarizes its ability to determine the minimal measurable slant-column concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as well as exploring the calibration stability of commercially available miniature spectrometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e14a5672-7cea-4e59-9135-bc16b2b8d1d1", "label": "MXGS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The ASIM MXGS instrument carries two set of detectors for TGF. The low energy detector senstive in the spectrcal band from 15 keV to 400 keV and the high energy detector sensitive from 200 keV to 40 MeV. The low energy detector is pixellated in 128 by 128 channels, which, in combination with a high mass density coded mask in front of the detector, allows advanced post-processing algorithms to pin point the direction to the TGF source. Overlaying the TGF direction with the optical imaging by the MMIA instrument, the correllation with lightning and TLE is possible.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a7c9b6b-0188-440f-a9d0-6059d0c94863", "label": "MMIA", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "ASIM uses optical observiations in carefully selected bands in order to filter out data with TLEs from the lightning data. Since downlink is limited, thse algorithms are implemented in the on-board software. The ASIM MMIA instrument is capable of observing 12 frames per second continuously in the 777.4 nm and 337 nm bands, both only 5 nm wide. Combined with 100 kHz photometer data from the same two bands in addition to a 180-230 nm band, data is filtered en realtime to optimize the available downlink capability allocated to ASIM on ISS.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a5cbed4-a76f-4c8a-ab1e-dd0a13a85c0c", "label": "MAX-DOAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "Multiple Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (MAX-DOAS) systems are inherently very\nsimple instruments, which have been shown to provide extremely useful information about a wide variety of environmental parameters. In order to exploit the potential of the technique we have developed a new field-deployable, passive MAX-DOAS system that is automated and uses little power (<3 W). This new instrument utilizes a fully enclosed scan head that protects all moving parts and optics from harsh environments. Instrument diagnostics, such as tilt monitoring and frost accumulation detection and removal, are integrated\ninto the main data acquisition program, which then acts to remedy problems that were discovered. This full automation and data quality checking make this instrument ideal for long-term deployment at remote, unmanned locations around the world, such as in polar regions or in the monitoring of trace gas emissions from volcanoes. This instrument was recently integrated into an ice-tethered autonomous buoy and tested in Elson Lagoon, near Barrow, Alaska to monitor halogen chemistry in the Arctic. During this investigation, differential slant column densities (dSCDs) of BrO up to 6×1014 molecules/cm2 were observed. Typical spectral fit residual RMS optical densities were less than 6×10−4 for solar zenith angles (SZA) <80◦ and a 6-min integration\ntime. Here we describe the design concepts and performance of this new MAX-DOAS instrument through detailed analyses of spectral quality, power usage, possible instrument response biases, and typical instrument operations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20b24a77-036d-46d0-9d3d-34dc924586cf", "label": "TEMPO", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The TEMPO instrument is a grating spectrometer, sensitive to visible and ultraviolet wavelengths of light, which will be attached to the Earth-facing side of a commercial telecommunications satellite (to be selected) in geostationary orbit. This allows TEMPO to maintain a constant view of North America so that the instrument's light-collecting mirror can make a complete East to West scan of the 'Field of Regard' each and every hour of the day. By measuring sunlight reflected and scattered from the Earth's surface and atmosphere back to the instrument's detectors, TEMPO's ultraviolet and visible light sensors will provide spectra of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and other elements of daily atmospheric chemistry cycles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b28d2ec0-1639-4313-ab85-1661839413a1", "label": "ACGS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "ACGS (Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Grating Spectrometer ) is a state-of-the-art hyperspectral grating spectrometer aimed at allowing XCO2 retrievals by measuring backscattered sunlight in three NIR/SWIR bands: the oxygen (O2) A-band (758–778 nm with ~0.04 nm spectral resolution), the CO2 weak band (1594–1624 nm with ~0.125 nm spectral resolution) and the CO2 strong band (2042–2082 nm with ~0.16 nm spectral resolution). CO2 column information is largely drawn from the weak CO2 band which includes a series of strong but not saturated CO2 lines which respond to even small variations in atmospheric CO2. The O2 A-band hyperspectral measurement contains information on aerosol and cloud scattering both in total scattering amount and scattering vertical distribution. The strong CO2 band provides information on aerosol and cloud scattering at longer wavelengths, in conjunction with information on CO2 and water vapour.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60fba55b-1325-453d-86ba-68f84242a09a", "label": "GAMS/LAABS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "GAMS/LAABS is a combination of the Gas and Aerosol Measurement System (GAMS) and the Langley Airborne A-Band Spectrometer (LAABS). The instruments are optically co-aligned and use a common pointing system to track the Sun through an aircraft view port. In the field the instrument provides line-of-sight (LOS) O3, NO2, O4, and water vapor measurements using both a SAGE III-like multiple linear regression algorithm and a full spectrum algorithm. Aerosol may also be derived for ‘enhanced’ conditions including polar stratospheric clouds and optically thin cirrus. Using profile data (1-D/2-D) transformed to GAMS/LAABS LOS geometry, quick-look validation/comparison products for SAGE III, AROTAL, AATS-14, SCIAMACHY, and other instruments will be obtained. The data from GAMS/LAABS will make possible crucial evaluations of SAGE III data processing possible following deployment. These activities include SAGE III etaloning/mirror correction validation, O2 spectroscopy and forward model verification, ozone spectroscopy near the O2 A band and 940-nm water vapor features, evaluation of the relative strength of spectroscopic features (e.g., water vapor features at 600 nm and 940 nm) and altitude registration validation using oxygen measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bdfc7f8-1fed-4b26-a256-fcaa585aeaf2", "label": "DIAS", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "A solar tracking Direct beam Irradiance Airborne Spectrometer (DIAS) is used for calculation of line of sight ozone and wavelength dependent aerosol optical depths.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c10ecbc-ca56-4f5e-bfa8-8a16fb68d82d", "label": "TIRS-PREFIRE", - "broader": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", + "parentId": "055a79c7-61db-4250-abad-f1e09909f14c", "definition": "The Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE) consists of two 6U CubeSats that each host a Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (TIRS) instrument. The CubeSats are scheduled for launch in March and October of 2023. The purpose of the TIRS instrument is to make spectrally resolved measurements of the Earth’s thermal radiation from the top of the atmosphere. PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 4 to 54 microns on hourly to seasonal timescales. The primary mission is 12 months in a polar orbit with inclination of 82  to 98  at altitudes between 450 km and 650 km. The TIRS instrument is an Offner spectrometer that uses a thermopile detector array and a Schwarzchild telescope. In addition, there is a scan mirror which is periodically actuated for calibration. The instrument concept of operation is to collect radiation emitted towards zenith in a nadir sounding orientation with periodic internal and space calibrations. The TIRS thermal control architecture consists of entirely passive elements. The instrument requires all elements be maintained between 0 C and 50 C during operation for the duration of the mission. An overview of the overall thermal control design approach is presented.", "children": [] } @@ -2575,636 +2575,636 @@ { "uuid": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "label": "Radiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "055fb569-9674-474f-b841-f89c30b7ecef", "label": "ESTAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR)is used\nfor daily mapping of soil moisture over an area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a387f6a-9281-4ece-a2d9-79fc462638e0", "label": "HRIR Nimbus-3", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1969-037A-02 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 3 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) was designed (1) to map the earth's nighttime cloud cover and thus to complement the daytime television (AVCS) coverage and (2) to measure the radiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. The Nimbus 3 HRIR was a modified version of previous experiments on Nimbus 1 and 2. It used a dual band-pass filter which transmitted reflected solar radiation in the 0.7- to 1.3-micrometer band as well as emitted thermal radiation in the 3.4- to 4.2-micrometer band. By detecting reflected solar radiation in the 0.7- to 1.3-micrometer band, the radiometer could also map the earth's cloud cover during the daytime. Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 48 rpm and scanned in a plane normal to the spacecraft velocity. The radiation reflected from the scan mirror was chopped at the focus of a 10.2-cm f/1 modified Cassegrain telescope. The modulated energy was then refocused on a lead selenide detector cell that transformed the received radiation into an electrical output. The output was amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. Using the direct readout infrared radiometer (DRIR) system, nighttime and daytime data could be transmitted by the real-time transmission system (RTTS) to ground APT stations. A ground resolution of 8.5 km could be obtained at nadir. The HRIR measured radiance temperatures between 210 and 330 deg K to a general accuracy of 1 deg K. For a more detailed description, see Section 3 of 'The Nimbus III User's Guide' (TRF B03409). The experiment was successful until August 1969, when noise in the tape recorder system gradually reduced the quality of the data. Routine processing of HRIR data was terminated after January 31, 1970. All experiment operations ceased on January 22, 1972, when the spacecraft was deactivated. The HRIR world montages were presented in 'The Nimbus III Data Catalog' (TRF B06523), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRIR NIMBUS-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-3\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.4 μm - 4.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 μm - 1.3 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16ad0bd4-7fe9-48b0-9145-2155bf3d0cc2", "label": "AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "A passive microwave radiometer measures brightness temperature of ocean to retrieve salinity.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n Long_Name: Aquarius Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aquarius/main/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "184150ce-100e-485b-87db-839615af3d1a", "label": "RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "RADIOMETERS are meters used to detect and measure radiant energy\nthat can be either electromagnetic or acoustic; measures\nradiated electromagnetic power.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18b3f136-732e-4e1b-92fd-ca2a7f560330", "label": "TMRS2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b6265cd-b638-4ed1-97b9-9cc8f65f9449", "label": "C-STAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Conically-Scanning Two-look Airborne Radiometer (C-STAR) is\na passive microwave radiometer system on an airborne platform\nthat collects data at 37.1 GHz. Making use of a rotating\nantenna, the C-STAR is able to produce images forward and aft of\nthe aircraft ground track. Data is collected in both horizontal\nand vertical polarization for each of the forward and aft\nimages.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1f08e989-bc85-4cea-ab1f-7774c89d3836", "label": "4.7um Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "216db434-5ef4-4d3b-9c30-7510dc04621c", "label": "ERM", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Earth's radiation detector is mainly used for detecting the Earth-atmosphere system radiation budget.It does this by 0.2-4.3 µm short wave and 0.2-50 µm full wave the two wide bands channel observation of the Earth system radiation into space, where the main observations of short wave channel gas system reflection of solar radiation, from the full wave channel observation will be deducted reflection of solar radiation is the result of the Earth-atmosphere system-wave radiation.The adoption of the Earth's radiation detector wide-angle sweeping across the narrow field of view and track scan modes on Earth observation, the former provides the global total of radiation budget status, and the latter provides resolution of about 35Km of the Earth's radiation budget distribution of energy. \n\n\tNarrow field of view scanned channels and the index\nChannel \t 0.2～>3.8μm 0.2～50μm\nField View \t 2°×2° \t 2°×2°\nScan area \t ±50° \t ±50°\nRadiance range \t 0～370Wm-2Sr-1 0～500Wm-2Sr-1\nCalibration accuracy[Note 1] \t 1% \t 0.8%\nSensitivity \t 0.4Wm-2Sr-1 \t0.4Wm-2Sr-1\nLong-term stability in the second year[Note 2] \t ＜1% \t ＜1%\n\n\tWide field of view does not scan the channel and its index\nChannel \t 0.2～>3.8μm \t 0.2～50μm\nField View \t 120° \t 120°\nScan area \t ±50° \t ±50°\nRadiance range \t 0～370Wm-2Sr-1 0～500Wm-2Sr-1\nCalibration accuracy[Note 1] \t 1% \t 0.8%\nSensitivity \t 0.4Wm-2Sr-1 \t0.4Wm-2Sr-1\nLong-term stability in the second year[Note 2] \t ＜1% \t ＜1%\n\t\n[Note 1]：for the first Star \t[Note 2]：assessment of long-term stability in-orbit\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ERM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: ERM\n Long_Name: Earth Radiation Measurement\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_ERM.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24536b41-a968-4626-9516-7cf4c158334c", "label": "MWR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) provides time-series measurements\nof column-integrated amounts of water vapor and liquid\nwater. The instrument itself is essentially a sensitive\nmicrowave receiver. That is, it is tuned to measure the\nmicrowave emissions of the vapor and liquid water molecules in\nthe atmosphere at specific frequencies.\n\nThe MWR receives microwave radiation from the sky at 23.8 GHz\nand 31.4 GHz. These two frequencies allow simultaneous\ndetermination of water vapor and liquid water burdens along a\nselected path. Atmospheric water vapor observations are made at\nthe 'hinge point' of the emission line where the vapor emission\ndoes not change with altitude (pressure). Cloud liquid in the\natmosphere emits in a continuum that increases with frequency,\ndominating the 31.4 GHz observation, whereas water vapor\ndominates the 23.8-GHz channel. The water vapor and liquid water\nsignals can therefore, be separated by observing at these two\nfrequencies.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/instruments/static/mwr.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ee6a227-a510-4dcd-8068-3e0ad14ede9b", "label": "CAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) is an airborne multi-wavelength scanning radiometer that can perform several functions including determining the single scattering albedo of clouds at selected wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared; measuring the angular distribution of scattered radiation; measuring bidirectional reflectance of various surface types; and acquiring imagery of cloud and Earth surface features.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32b8a132-9f49-4dc2-80bc-c48c9d36043d", "label": "MIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Millimetef-wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) is a total-power\npassive microwave radiometer with channels at frequencies of\n89, 150, 183.3+-1, 183.3+-3, 183.3+-7, 220, and 325 GHz, and it\nis used for measurements of atmospheric water vapor and\nprecipitation (Racette et al. 1995). For cloud and\nprecipitation regions, the channels on this instrument respond\nprimarily to scattering from ice regions of clouds, with the\nlower free uencies penetrating progressively further into the\ncloud. The 183 GHz and lower-frequency channels on NIIR are\ncurrently flown on the SSMII and SSM/T2 spaceborne\ninstruments. The MIR instrument is located in the right ERA\nwing superpod and scans S7 points cross-track +- 5Q? (each seen\ncycle takes about 2.9 s)Ail channels have a beamwidth of\napproximately 3.3? resulting in a spot size of about 0.5 km at\na 10 km altitude typical of the ice scattering region in\nthunderstorms. The polarisation state of the measurements\nrotates with scan angle such that at nad ir, the elecinc field\nis perpendicular to the direction of flight.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lba.cptec.inpe.br/lba/eng/amc/er-2.htm'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36e951f1-902a-44ba-b4fa-14b2f6950347", "label": "HRIR Nimbus-1", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 1 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) was designed (1) to map the earth's nighttime cloudcover and thus to complement the daytime television (AVCS) coverage and (2) to measure the radiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. Mounted on the earth-oriented sensory ring, the radiometer measured thermal radiation in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer 'window' region. The HRIR subsystem consisted of (1) an optical system, (2) an infrared detector (lead selenide photoconductive material), (3) electronics, (4) a magnetic tape recorder, and (5) a filter to minimize attenuation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide. In contrast to the AVCS camera, no image was formed within the radiometer. The HRIR sensor merely transformed the received radiation into an electrical voltage, which was recorded on the tape recorder for subsequent playback when the satellite came within range of an acquisition station. The radiometer had an instantaneous field of view of about 1.5 deg, which at a nominal spacecraft altitude corresponded to a ground resolution of approximately 8 km at nadir. The radiometer was capable of measuring radiance temperatures from 210 to 330 K. Since the radiometer operated in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer region, the daytime pictures include reflected solar radiation in addition to the emitted surface IR radiation. However, the reflected solar radiation did not saturate the instrument, and a usable output was still obtained. In spite of a short operational lifetime (3.5 weeks), the HRIR system successfully demonstrated the feasibility of complete surveillance of surface and cloud features on a global scale during nighttime. With its improved spatial resolution, the radiometer yielded more detailed visual data on the structure of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and on the formation of tropical storms and frontal systems than had previously been possible. For a more detailed description and an index of the data, see 'Nimbus I High Resolution Radiation Data Catalog and Users' Manual' (TRF B04500), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRIR NIMBUS-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-1\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm - 4.1 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "383877d8-1789-4a05-ac12-51c1765315cd", "label": "HRR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d368ab3-07c6-49b9-b4b2-41dbeb4814e3", "label": "MMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Surface directional radiances and reflectances were measured\nwith a Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR), in six of the\nspectral bands nominally corresponding to the Thematic Mapper\nbands, and the seventh band was in the middle infrared\nregion. The spectral regions, nominal band-widths and the uses\nof the bands are as follows:\n\nBand Wavelength Primary\n (micrometer) Application\n---- ------------ ------------------------------------------------\n 1 0.45 - 0.52 Water bodies, land use, soil, and vegetation\n analyses.\n 2 0.52 - 0.62 Green reflectance of healthy vegetation.\n 3 0.63 - 0.69 Vegetation discrimination, soil and geological\n boundary delineations.\n 4 0.75 - 0.88 Amount of vegetation biomass, crop identification,\n emphasizes soil-crop and land-water contrasts.\n 5 1.15 - 1.30 Crop drought and plant vigor investigations,\n hydrologic discrimination between clouds,\n snow, and ice.\n 6 1.50 - 1.85 Crop drought and plant vigor investigations,\n hydrologic discrimination between clouds,\n snow, and ice.\n 7 2.08 - 2.35 Discrimination of geologic rock formations, and\n zones of hydrothermal alteration in rocks.\n\nThe Barnes Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR) was designed to\nacquire multispectral radiance data over the visible, near\ninfrared, middle infrared and thermal regions of the\nelectromagnetic spectrum. It produces analog voltage responses\nto scene radiance in 8 spectral bands. Voltages from thermistors\nattached to the instrument chopper and detectors are recorded to\nprovide a means of compensating for thermal effects on sensor\nresponse and for calculation of target surface temperatures. The\n8 bands are approximately 0.45 '-' 0.52,0.52 0.60, 0.63-0.69,\n0.76-0.90, 1.15-1.30, 1.55-1.75, 2.08-2.35, 10.4-12.5 um. Bands\n1-4 have silicon detectors and bands 5-7 have lead sulfide\ndetectors. The MMR's dimensions are 26.4 cm by 20.5 cm by 22.2\ncm and the device weighs 6.4 kg. The MMR is battery\npowered. Data logging was via a microprocessor-based Omnidata\nPolycorder where analog to digital conversions take place.\n\nThe NASA Bell UH-1B helicopter optical remote sensing system\nsupported a data acquisition system consisting of a bore-sighted\nMMR; a color video camera; and two 35 mm flight research cameras\nloaded with color film (one with a 1 inch focal length and the\nother with a 6 inch focal length). Controller units for all the\noptical devices are rack-mounted inside the helicopter and are\nwired such that a single switch closure triggers all\ndevices. The switch closure also activates an audible tone which\nis recorded on one of the two audio tracks of a Beta-format\nvideo recording system. The other audio track of the VCR was\nused to record cabin intercom conversations among the helicopter\ncrew. If one desires to examine site conditions in greater\ndetail, the higher resolution 35 mm still photography can be\nreviewed.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/fedmac/helo/helo_mmr.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3dd67068-9e9f-4a5c-ae4b-799fbb0332ec", "label": "AMMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Airborne Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (AMMR) measures\nthermal microwave emission (in degrees Kelvin of brightness\ntemperature) from surface and atmosphere. The up-looking\nradiometer at 21 and 37 GHz is a component of AMMR that was\ndeveloped in the 1970's for precipitation measurements from an\naircraft. The entire AMMR assembly covers a frequency range of\n10-92 GHz. The 21/37 GHz unit has been flown in many types of\naircraft during the past three decades in various field\ncampaigns. It was refurbished during the year 2000 and is ready\nfor flights again.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nsidc.org/data/amsr_validation/rainfall/wakasa_bay/AMMR.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NSIDC]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43e9f45d-542b-4c76-9be6-1663399c9725", "label": "MRM", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by Proba-1 payloads\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MRM\n Long_Name: Miniaturized Radiation Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47d8a63b-98da-4aea-84ed-929ee0cc8b0e", "label": "SIPS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: SIPS\n Long_Name: Smart Instrument Points\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "494ce358-a27e-41da-8858-17d224715ddd", "label": "SCR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Selective Chopper Radiometer (SCR) is a 16-channel\nnonscanning radiometer flown on Nimbus-5 (launched December\n1972) for sounding the atmosphere in the infrared spectrum.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse?s=s&p=24'\n\n[Summary provided by the Glossary of Meteorology]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d76ff74-2e45-4e20-bb9d-41cf0f5dcc6d", "label": "GBMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52e34405-124d-485e-859b-63f34609b812", "label": "CERES-FM1", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in \nthe 0.3-5 μm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 μm band, and total radiation from 0.3 μm to beyond \n100 μm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, \ndetailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) \nsatellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in \nDecember 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as CERES-FM3 \nand CERES-FM4.\n\nInstrument Characteristics:\n\n* Selected for flight on TRMM, Terra, and Aqua.\n* Two broadband, scanning radiometers: One cross-track mode, one rotating azimuth plane (bi-axial scanning).\n* First instrument (cross-track scanning) is continuing ERBE, TRMM, and Terra measurements and the second (biaxially scanning) is providing angular radiance information to improve the accuracy of angular models used to derive the Earth's radiative balance.\n* Single scanner on TRMM mission (launched Nov. 1997)\n* Dual scanners on Terra (launched Dec. 1999) and Aqua, and single thereafter.\n\nInstrument Facts:\n\nHeritage: Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE)\nPrime Contractor: TRW\nResponsible Center: NASA Langley Research Center\nThree Channels in Each Radiometer: Total radiance (0.3 to 100 μm); Shortwave (0.3 to 5 μm); Window (8 to 12 μm)\n Swath: Limb to limb\nSpatial Resolution: 20 km at nadir\nMass: 50 kg per scanner\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nPower: 47 W (average) per scanner, 104 W (peak: biaxial mode) both scanners\nData Rate: 10 kbps per scanner\nThermal Control By: Heaters, radiators\nThermal Operating Range: 38°± 0.1° C (detectors)\nField of View (FOV): ±78 ° cross-track, 360° azimuth\nInstrument Instantaneous FOV: 14 mrad\n Pointing Requirements (platform + instrument 3?) \nControl: 720 arcsec\nKnowledge: 180 arcsec\nStability: 79 arcsec/6.6 sec\n Physical Size: 60 x 60 x 57.6 cm/unit \n\n\nThere are two CERES on Aqua, following two on the Terra satellite, launched in 1999, and one on the Tropical Rainfall \nMeasuring Mission, launched in 1997.\n\nMore Information: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM1\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm - 12 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "561ac4d5-7545-4271-ae17-bb00d35fed8e", "label": "HFOVR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Broadband Hemispherical Field-of-View Multiple Spectral Channels\nInfrared Flux Radiometer (HFOVR): Similar to the BBHSR except\nthat this instrument incorporates a long pass interference\nfilter and uses the field of view inversion method. Used to\nmeasure infrared net fluxes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5995cecc-a5da-4dd7-b78b-228454239292", "label": "THIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Nimbus 7 Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) detected emitted thermal radiation in both the 10.5- to 12.5-micrometer region (IR window) and the 6.5- to 7.0-micrometer region (water vapor). The window channel provided an image of the cloud cover and temperatures of the cloud tops, land, and ocean surfaces. The other channel provided information on the moisture and cirrus cloud content of the upper troposphere and stratosphere, and the location of jet streams and frontal systems. The ground resolution at nadir was 6.7 km for the window channel and 20 km for the water vapor channel. Data from these two channels were used primarily to support other sophisticated meteorological experiments onboard Nimbus 7. The instrument was a non-imaging radiometer consisting of a 12.7 cm Cassegrain system and scanning mirror common to both channels, a beam splitter, filters, and two germanium-immersed thermistor bolometers. Incoming radiant energy was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated through 360 deg at 48 rpm and scanned in a plane normal to the spacecraft velocity. The energy then was focused on a dichroic beam splitter which divided the energy spectrally and spatially. The two channels of this sensor transformed the received radiation into electric outputs (voltages), which were digitized and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. For more complete information on instrument and data products, see Section 9 in 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045) and the 'Nimbus 7 Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) Data User's Guide' (TRF B30601), both available from NSSDC. Except for data being digitized on board, the Nimbus 7 THIR was of the same design and operation as the THIR flown on Nimbus 4, 5, and 6. The instrument was turned off in 1985 to conserve power.\n\nInformation obtained from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-098A-10\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: THIR\n Long_Name: Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-6\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-5\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5- to 12.5-micrometer\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 6.7 km for the window channel and 20 km for the water vapor channel\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-098A-10\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5be26ec2-f2c1-4a9e-8a31-ee58d236712b", "label": "TNR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Thermopile Net Radiometer is an instrument used to measure,\nhemispherically, net all-wave radiation from incoming and\noutgoing radiation. The receiving surface of a net radiometer is\na blackened plate across which there is a thermopile with one\nset of junctions in contact with the upper face and the other\nset attached to the lower face. With the plate aligned parallel\nto the surface the thermopile output is related to the\ntemperature difference across the plate.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://snrs.unl.edu/agmet/408/instruments/netrad.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c18b944-5015-4450-a16a-1179620b5aa5", "label": "NMLR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Nebraska Multiband Leaf Radiometer (NMLR) is an instrument\nused during leaf optical measurements) wavebands.\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62155a85-7249-4de7-a1d7-042bae2f2e2b", "label": "CERES SCANNER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Scanner (CERES)\nis a broadband instrument that measures the TOA radiance in\nthree bands (0.3 to > 50 ?m (total), 0.3 - 5 ?m (shortwave),\n8-12 ?m (longwave) at a spatial resolution of about 10 km at\nnadir.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/~sundar/papers/conf/IGARSS2001.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Alabama]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63437bc6-f068-4d54-8b46-53e27ab00b8c", "label": "MTSAT 1R Imager", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6631b88e-494d-4879-ab41-60a6c0108d21", "label": "BSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Broadband Solar Radiometer (BSR) is a modified Kipp & Zonen CM-22\nPyranometer ('http://www.kippzonen.com/') designed for aircraft\napplications.\nBandpass: 0.2 - 3.6 microns\nField-of-view: hemispheric\nData Rate: 10Hz\nData Format: RS232C\nData Resolution 16 bit\nTemperature Range: +80C to ?65C\nMeasured quantities: down and upwelling broadband solar flux (W/m 2)\nDerived quantities: albedo, net broadband solar flux, solar absorption\nin atmospheric layer\n\nThese flight-ruggedized CM-22 radiometers were modified and\nflight-tested as part of the Sandia National Laboratory\nDepartment of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement\n(ARM) - Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (ARM-UAV) program\n('http://armuav.ca.sandia.gov')\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d22671d-ff01-4b11-944b-5cb68f4e0c5e", "label": "MTSAT 2 Imager", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7182c726-b019-4b03-93ae-12b66867a386", "label": "2.4um Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7204c4d5-b7d0-41af-ba90-61d47c6dc610", "label": "SLSTR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "72f8d1ce-375c-416b-a8c9-1aa5cd2101b6", "label": "GOES-13 Imager", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75bd4312-5e45-4943-be24-343f42ee5c82", "label": "WINDSAT", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "WindSat is a joint NOAA Integrated Program Office/Department of Defense/NASA demonstration project, intended to measure ocean surface wind speed and wind direction from space using a polarimetric radiometer. It was launched aboard the Coriolis satellite by a Titan II rocket on 6 January 2003 into a 830-km 98.7-degree orbit, and is designed for a three-year lifetime.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WindSat\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: WindSat\n Long_Name: WindSat\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Coriolis\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-09\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "770216a2-85bc-4f52-9a5b-120a0c1f5796", "label": "TDDR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Measurements of the spectral optical depth were made during\nACE-1 (Nov.-Dec. 1995) using a Total Direct Diffuse Radiometer\n(TDDR) mounted in a zenith port of the NCAR C-130. The TDDR is a\nshadow-band radiometer with a hemispheric field of view and 7\nchannels (380, 412,500,675,862,1064, and 1640 nm). Each channel\nhas a bandpass of approximately 10 nm. As its name implies, the\nTDDR measures the total, direct, and diffuse components of the\nsolar radiation field from which the optical depth is\nobtained. The optical depth, as a function of wavelength, can\nthen be inverted to derive an estimate of the column aerosol\nsize distribution.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79e79dea-54f1-454d-9def-c05973de6208", "label": "MULTIFILTER RADIOMETER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bcbff2e-f2fa-44de-9025-3d82080b3728", "label": "HRIR Nimbus-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-03 ]\n\nNimbus 2 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) was designed (1) to map the earth's nighttime cloud cover and thus to complement the daytime television (AVCS) coverage and (2) to measure the radiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. Mounted on the earth-oriented sensory ring, the radiometer measured thermal radiation in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer 'window' region. The HRIR subsystem consisted of (1) an optical system, (2) an infrared detector (lead selenide photoconductive material), (3) electronics, (4) a magnetic tape recorder, and (5) a filter to minimize attenuation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide. In contrast to the AVCS camera, no image was formed within the radiometer. The HRIR sensor merely transformed the received radiation into an electrical voltage, which was recorded on the tape recorder for subsequent playback when the satellite came within range of an acquisition station. Some HRIR data were also transmitted in a real-time mode by the APT transmitter. The radiometer had an instantaneous field of view of about 0.5 deg, which at an altitude of 1100 km corresponded to a ground resolution of approximately 8 km at nadir. The radiometer was capable of measuring radiance temperatures from 210 to 330 K. Since it operated in the 3.5- to 4.1-micrometer region, the daytime pictures included reflected solar radiation in addition to the emitted surface IR radiation. However, the reflected solar radiation did not saturate the instrument, and a usable output was still obtained. The experiment was a success, and good data were obtained until the HRIR tape recorder failed on November 15, 1966. The failure of the spacecraft recorder on July 26, 1966, necessitated the use of the HRIR recorder on a part-time basis to record selected telemetry data, which resulted in a 15% reduction of available HRIR data thereafter. For more detailed information of the experiment and the index of data, see Section 3 of 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), 'The Nimbus II High Resolution Infrared Data World Montage Catalog' (TRF B06578), and 'The Nimbus II Data Catalog' (TRF B06573), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRIR NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm - 4.1 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-03\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c85939e-c2a5-4a04-b67c-6779bc7f9a85", "label": "ERB", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The objective of the Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment,\na follow-on to the Nimbus 6 ERB, was to determine the Earth radiation\nbudget on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous\nmeasurements of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth-reflected\n(shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation. Both (1) fixed\nwide-angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude\nand (2) scanned narrow-angle sampling of the angular radiance\ncomponents, were used to determine outgoing radiation (reflected and\nemitted). The ERB subsystem consisted of a 22-channel radiometer\ncontaining separate subassemblies to perform the required solar,\nearth-flux (wide angle), and scanned earth radiance (narrow angle)\nmeasurements. The systems used optical filters for spectral\ndiscriminations, and for uncooled thermal detectors, thermopile\ndetectors in the solar and fixed-earth-flux channels, and pyroelectric\ndetectors in the scanning channels. The 10 solar channels observed the\nsun in front of the observatory in the X-Y plane. The solar channels\nobtained usable solar data only during a period of about 3 min in each\norbit when the spacecraft was over the Antarctic region. Their full\nresponse field of view (FOV) was 0.18 rad. The solar channel\nsubassembly was pivoted plus or minus 0.35 rad in the X-Y plane to\ncompensate for sun-angle deviation when required. The channel 10c\nsolar channel was a model H-F self-calibrating cavity thermopile used\nfor monitoring the total solar irradiance (0.2 to 50 micrometers). The\nfour fixed earth-flux channels (numbered 11-14) were mounted so that\nthey could continuously view the total earth disk, and record data at\n0.25-s intervals. The eight narrow FOV scanning channels were mounted\nin the scanning head. The NFOV channels consisted of four shortwave\n(0.2 to 4.8 micrometers) and four longwave (4.5 to 50+ micrometers)\nchannels. The scanning head was gimbal-mounted in the radiometer unit\nmain frame. The FOVs of the telescopes were asymmetric (4.4 by 89.4\nmrad) and those of the shortwave and longwave channels were\ncoincident. The 89.4 mrad FOVs of the four pairs of channels were not\ncontiguous, but covered only alternate 89.4 mrad angular intervals\nalong the horizon.\n\nContact Information:\n\nNASA Langley Research Center\nMail Stop 157D\n2 South Wright Street\nHampton, Virginia 23681-2199\nUSA\nTelephone: (757) 864-8656\nFAX: (757) 864-8807\nE-mail: larc@eos.nasa.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://charm.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/campaign_documents/nimbus7_project.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ee2c846-ce0d-48a4-8117-d805acd2bd7a", "label": "ERB-SCANNER", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "815656a4-1382-4e05-94f9-5d4709e036f4", "label": "CERES-FM2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "CERES consists of two broadband scanning radiometers that measure the Earth's radiation balance and provide cloud property \nestimates to assess their role in radiative fluxes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere.\n\nCERES is a broadband scanning thermistor bolometer package with extremely high radiometric measurement precision and \naccuracy. The Terra spacecraft carries two identical instruments: one operates in a cross-track scan mode and the other \nin a biaxial scan mode. The CERES Terra cross-track scanning data greatly extends the CERES data from the Tropical Rainfall \nMeasuring Mission (TRMM) to achieve complete global measurements by adding mid-latitude and polar observations (see CERES-FM1).\nTRMM data is restricted by its orbit to roughly cover 40S to 40N. Terra crosstrack data also adds observations at different \ntimes of day than TRMM (and later Aqua) in order to increase the accuracy of measuring the large diurnal cycle of the \nradiation fields from day to night. Finally, the CERES Terra biaxial scan mode provides new observations of the angular \nradiation fields in order to greatly improve the accuracy of the final fluxes of solar and thermal energy used to derive \nthe Earth's radiation balance.\n\nEach CERES instrument has three channels--a short-wave channel for measuring reflected sunlight, a longwave channel for \nmeasuring Earth-emitted thermal radiation in the 8-12 µm 'window' region, and a total channel for total radiation. Onboard \ncalibration hardware includes a solar diffuser, a tungsten lamp system with a stability monitor, and a pair of blackbody \nsources. Cold space and internal calibration looks are performed during each normal Earth scan.\n\nCERES is a Principal Investigator instrument provided by NASA and managed by NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, \nVirginia. The instrument was built by TRW in Redondo Beach, California. The CERES Team Leader is Norman Loeb.\n\nInformation obtained from: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM2\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 μm - 5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm - 12 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8464f59d-5a48-4c3c-ae7f-ba052f323d7c", "label": "ADMIRARI", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "ADMIRARI (ADvanced MIcrowave RAdiometer for Rain Identification) is a unique passive microwave radiometer. It was built by Radiometer Physics, Meckenheim and delivered to the Meteorological Institute at the University of Bonn in summer 2007. It is designed to measure water vapor, cloud and rain liquid water with high temporal (1s) and spatial resolution (5°). The radiometer is mounted on a trailer allowing relatively easy transportation and participation in field campaigns. Additionally it is equipped with two active instruments, i.e. since 2008 a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at 24.1 GHz frequency for rain structure observation and since September 2010 with a cloud Lidar at 920 nm wavelength for Cloud base estimation. Both active instruments are fully steerable alike ADMIRARI. (http://www2.meteo.uni-bonn.de/admirari/)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "858856b1-d6a9-4135-b9ac-bec7d70de8d2", "label": "CERES-FM5", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instrument measures reflected sunlight and thermal radiation emitted by \nthe Earth.\n\nCERES FM5 is currently flying on the Suomi NPP satellite mission, and CERES FM6 will fly on the JPSS-1 spacecraft.\n\nCERES helps provide measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of Earth's Radiation Budget (ERB) components. \nThis further develops a quantitative understanding of the links between the ERB and the proprieties of atmosphere and \nsurface that define it.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/ceres.html\n\nMass: approximately 45 kilograms\nAverage Power: 45W\nDevelopment Institution: NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC)\nCERES Lead: Norman Loeb, NASA LaRC\nPurpose: To measure the Earth's energy balance for a better understanding of global climate change.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM5\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM5\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 5\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 µm - 50 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 µm - 12 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.3 µm - 5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/ceres.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-30\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "862550bd-0d5e-41db-83aa-38630b4459a8", "label": "AMPR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The AMPR is a total power passive microwave radiometer producing calibrated brightness temperatures (TB) at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz. These frequencies are sensitive to the emission and scattering of precipitation-size ice, liquid water, and water vapor. The AMPR performs a 90º cross-track data scan perpendicular to the direction of aircraft motion. It processes a linear polarization feed with full vertical polarization at -45º and full horizontal polarization at +45º, with the polarization across the scan mixed as a function of sin2, giving an equal V-H mixture at 0º (aircraft nadir). A full calibration is made every fifth scan using hot and cold blackbodies. From a typical ER-2 flight altitude of ~20 km, surface footprint sizes range from 640 m (85.5 GHz) to 2.8 km (10.7 GHz). All four channels share a common measurement grid with collocated footprint centers, resulting in over-sampling of the low frequency channels with respect to 85.5 GHz.\n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/AMPR\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88c74b6f-9713-4266-a7d4-b00182706c79", "label": "RSP", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Instrument Description\n\nIn order to demonstrate the capabilities of polarimetry an instrument\nthat can make either ground-based, or aircraft measurements, the\nResearch Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) has been developed by SpecTIR\nCorporation. This instrument has similar functional capabilities to\nthe proposed EOSP satellite instrument. Currently data acquisition is\nperformed on a laptop, which is shown here and gives an indication of\nthe size of the instrument. The scientific requirements for the\npolarimetric measurements are satisfied by the RSP through its high\nmeasurement accuracy, the wide range of viewing angles measured and by\nsampling of the spectrum of reflected solar radiation over most of the\nradiatively significant range. The RSP instrument uses a polarization\ncompensated scan mirror assembly to scan the fields of view of six\nboresighted, refractive telescopes through +/-600 from the normal with\nrespect to the instrument baseplate. The refractive telescopes are\npaired, with each pair making measurements in three spectral\nbands. One telescope in each pair makes simultaneous measurements of\nthe linear polarization components of the intensity in orthogonal\nplanes at 00 and 900 to the meridional plane of the instrument, while\nthe other telescope simultaneously measures equivalent intensities in\northogonal planes at 450 and 1350. This approach ensures that the\npolarization signal is not contaminated by uncorrelated spatial or\ntemporal scene intensity variations during the course of the\npolarization measurements, which could create false\npolarization. These measurements in each instantaneous field of view\nin a scan provide the simultaneous determination of the intensity, and\nthe degree and azimuth of linear polarization in all nine spectral\nbands.\n\n- More information: 'http://www.giss.nasa.gov/data/rsp_air/specs.html'\n\n[Summary adapted from the NASA/GISS home page]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a90b95a-6b6a-403f-9481-58303aaeada2", "label": "HIRAD", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "[Text Source: Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation, http://www.vcsi.org/hirad.html ]\n\nThe Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) is an innovative technology development designed to provide the operational and research communities with hurricane intensity information that cannot be observed by other sensors. HIRAD will produce imagery of ocean surface wind speed and rain rate during strong wind and heavy rain hurricane conditions that hamper the observational capabilities of existing instruments. HIRAD ocean surface wind observations will significantly contribute to the low altitude wind information needed for the NOAA observational requirement for three-dimensional tropical cyclone wind profiles, identified by the NOAA Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project as a high priority need. \n\nHIRAD is a passive microwave remote sensor which incorporates the observing frequency range of the NOAA Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (which is the only active or passive remote sensing technique that has successfully measured surface wind speeds and rain rates in tropical cyclones) and a unique, technologically advanced array antenna and other technologies successfully demonstrated by the NASA Instrument Incubator Program. HIRAD will be a compact, lightweight, low-power instrument with no moving parts that will produce wide-swath imagery from aircraft or spacecraft platforms.\n\nThe HIRAD development team includes scientific and engineering personnel from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Hurricane Research Division (HRD), the University of Alabama in Huntsville, the University of Central Florida, and the University of Michigan. The Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation collaboration will capitalize on an initial NASA MSFC technology investment to finish the development of two critical subsystems and to test-fly the integrated aircraft instrument in partnership with NASA MSFC. This partnership will expedite the overall development of the HIRAD ocean wind sensor as a prototype for a NOAA Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) component of the Global Earth Observing Systems of Systems (GOESS) for research and operational tropical cyclone applications. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRAD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: HIRAD\n Long_Name: Hurricane Imaging Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA WB-57F\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hirad.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.vcsi.org/hirad.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.sprl.umich.edu/projects/HIRad/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/missions/grip/news/hirad.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-10-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d1de077-bdb4-4530-8c23-a1ee9fa74968", "label": "HRIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "90b33fac-349c-4c13-9819-d295833a97a7", "label": "STEP FREQUENCY RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "STEP FREQURNCY RADIOMETERS: (Background)\n\nMany spacecraft were launched from 1962 thru 1973 to record\nsolar and cosmic radio bursts. The spacecraft carried receivers\nfor various frequency ranges, and collected data intermittently\nover those years. Some of the spacecraft were intended\nprimarily to observe cosmic sources, but solar bursts were not\nexcluded. Many data sets from these space missions are held at\nNSSDC (National Space Science Data Center). These radiometers\nwere of use on these space missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a6159cf-328f-4871-9213-6c402cab5971", "label": "AMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR), is an enhanced version of the Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR). Like the JMR, it acquires measurements via three separate frequency channels to determine the path delay of the altimeter's radar caused by atmospheric water vapor. This instrument measures radiation from Earth's surface at three frequencies (18, 21 and 37 GHz). Measurements acquired at each frequency are combined to determine atmospheric water vapor and liquid water content. Once the water content is known, we can determine the correction to be applied for radar signal path delays.\n\nAdditional information on the AMR is available on the AVISO site. \n\n[Description Source: NASA JPL Ocean Surface Topography from Space Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: AMR\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 18.7, 23.8, and 34 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm-sc-inst.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/amr/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/typo3temp/pics/97616634ad.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0e116bb-56d8-4739-a83a-db7c4935fe72", "label": "MR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) -or Microwave Sounder (MWS)- is part of\nthe Along Track Scanning Radiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR)\ninstrument on-board the European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and\nERS-2) launched by the European Space Agency on 17 July 1991 and 20\nApril 1995.\n\nThe ATSR incorporates two separate instruments: an advanced four-\nchannel infrared radiometer (the ATSR-IRR, commonly called the ATSR)\nused for measuring sea surface temperature and cloud top temperatures,\nand a two-channel Microwave Sounder (the ATSR-MWR, commonly called the\nMWR) designed to measure total precipitable water vapour and the total\nliquid water content of the atmosphere.\n\nThe MWR is a passive two-channel radiometer. The footprints of the two\nchannels are not coincident on the Earth's surface, as one channel\nviews slightly forward of the nadir point and the other slightly\nbehind, although both are on the sub_satellite track. The footprints\nare 22.4 km for the forward view and 21.2 km for the rear view, with a\n60 km separation. The calibration is achieved by ambient loads within\nthe instrument, consisting of terminated waveguides and a set of\nskyhorns viewing space.\n\nMWR characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nChannels: 23.8 and 36.5 GHz\nBeam width: 3 dB\nIFOV: 20 and 22 km\nAntenna: 60 cm off-axis paraboloid Cassegrain\nReceiver: Dicke\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\nThe ATSR was designed to provide the following:\n\n\n- global sea surface temperature, accurate to better than\n0.5K (absolute) with a spatial resolution of 50 Km in\nconditions of up to 80% cloud cover\n- images of surface temperature, accurate to 0.1K\n(relative) with 1 km resolution and 500 km swath width\n- total water vapour content of the atmosphere\n- observations of clouds, aerosols, haze, land-ice and\nsea-ice surface emissivity\n- tropospheric range correction of the radar altimeter\nmeasurements to better than 5 cm\n\n\nThe ATSR provides important information in scientific disciplines such\nas oceanography, climatology and meteorology. When combined with\nobservations of cloud top temperatures, cloud cover, haze, aerosol and\ntotal water vapour content of the atmosphere, significant improvements\nmay be expected in the accuracy of medium range weather\nforecasting. Also accurate sea surface temperatures can be of use to a\nnumber of commercial users, particularly those involved in fishing and\nthe management of fishing areas. In the field of research, potential\napplications of the ATSR include distinguishing thin new ice from open\nwater, identifying surface type, and the accumulation rate of land\nice.\n\nOnline sensor information:\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/instruments/static/mwr.html'\n\nRelated URL: 'http://earth.esa.int/mwr/'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_ats.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1b43096-d002-4e81-b4e7-b0ec20af9c79", "label": "MRIR NIMBUS-3", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1969-037A-05 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 3 Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) experiment measured the intensity and distribution of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by and reflected from the earth and its atmosphere in five selected wavelength intervals from 0.2 to 23 micrometers. Data on the heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system were obtained as well as water vapor distribution data, surface or near-surface temperatures, and data on seasonal changes of stratospheric temperature distribution. The five wavelength regions were (1) the 6.5- to 7.0-micrometer channel, which covered the 6.7-micrometer water vapor absorption band, (2) the 10- to 11-micrometer band, which operated in the atmospheric window, (3) the 14.5- to 15.5-micrometer band, which covered the 15-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band, (4) the 20- to 23-micrometer channel, which covered the spectral region containing the broad rotational absorption bands of water vapor, and (5) the 0.2- to 4.0-micrometer channel, which yielded information on the intensity of reflected solar energy. Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 8 rpm and scanned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the satellite. Each of the five channels contained a 4.33-cm diameter folded telescope with a 2.8-deg field of view and a thermistor bolometer. The collected energy was modulated by a mechanical chopper to produce an ac signal. The signal was then amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. At a satellite altitude of 1100 km, a horizontal resolution of 45 km was obtained. The MRIR experiment was successful, in spite of a telemetry conflict that caused the experiment to be periodically turned off. During August and September 1970 (hurricane season), the MRIR was on essentially full time to cover the area from the equator to 70 deg N and from 10 deg E to 100 deg W. On September 25, 1970, the satellite's rear horizon scanner failed, making it impossible to determine where the MRIR sensor was pointing. The experiment was operated periodically until January 22, 1972, when all spacecraft operations were terminated.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRIR/NIMBUS-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MRIR/NIMBUS-3\n Long_Name: Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.5 μm - 7.0 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 μm - 11 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 14.5 μm - 15.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 20 μm - 23 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 4.0 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus \n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a23f09aa-48e0-42a4-b7e1-9f25ada6ba47", "label": "CERES-PFM", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in \nthe 0.3-5 µm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 µm band, and total radiation from 0.3 µm to beyond \n100 µm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, \ndetailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) \nsatellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in \nDecember 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as\nCERES-FM3 and CERES-FM4.\n\nCERES consists of two broadband scanning radiometers that measure the Earth's radiation balance and provide cloud property \nestimates to assess their role in radiative fluxes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere.\n\nCERES is a broadband scanning thermistor bolometer package with extremely high radiometric measurement precision and accuracy.\nThe Terra spacecraft carries two identical instruments: one operates in a cross-track scan mode and the other in a biaxial \nscan mode. The CERES Terra cross-track scanning data greatly extends the CERES data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring \nMission (TRMM) to achieve complete global measurements by adding mid-latitude and polar observations. TRMM data is \nrestricted by its orbit to roughly cover 40S to 40N. Terra crosstrack data also adds observations at different times of \nday than TRMM (and later Aqua) in order to increase the accuracy of measuring the large diurnal cycle of the radiation \nfields from day to night. Finally, the CERES Terra biaxial scan mode provides new observations of the angular radiation \nfields in order to greatly improve the accuracy of the final fluxes of solar and thermal energy used to derive the Earth's \nradiation balance.\n\nEach CERES instrument has three channels - a short-wave channel for measuring reflected sunlight, a longwave channel for \nmeasuring Earth-emitted thermal radiation in the 8-12 µm 'window' region, and a total channel for total radiation. Onboard \ncalibration hardware includes a solar diffuser, a tungsten lamp system with a stability monitor, and a pair of blackbody \nsources. Cold space and internal calibration looks are performed during each normal Earth scan.\n\nCERES is a Principal Investigator instrument provided by NASA and managed by NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC) in \nHampton, Virginia. The instrument was built by TRW in Redondo Beach, California. The CERES Team Leader is Dr. Norman Loeb.\n\nInformation obtained from https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/trmm_ceres.php\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-PFM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-PFM\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Prototype Flight Model\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/trmm_ceres.php\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/CERES\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9acad98-de3f-4c93-b2b6-c795136ab06e", "label": "MAPIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Here is the first paragraph:\n\nThe Marshall Airborne Polarimetric Imaging Radiometer (MAPIR) is a dual beam, dual angle polarimetric, scanning L band passive microwave radiometer system developed by the Observing Microwave Emissions for Geophysical Applications (OMEGA) team at MSFC. MAPIR observes naturally-emitted radiation from the ground primarily for remote sensing of land surface brightness temperature from which we can retrieve soil moisture and possibly surface or water temperature and ocean salinity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9f6f54c-cc25-4a27-888b-a47b134f8663", "label": "MULTICHANNEL FILTER RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "MULTICHANNEL FILTER RADIOMETERS are instruments that measure\nradiated electromagnetic power using varied and multiple\nchanneled grooved filters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "acdc388a-802f-4fa8-8f37-f95ad95a645e", "label": "MRIR NIMBUS-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-04 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 2 Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) experiment measured the intensity and distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by and reflected from the earth and its atmosphere in five selected wavelength intervals from 0.2 to 30 micrometers. Data for heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system were obtained, as well as measurements of water vapor distribution, surface or near-surface temperatures, and seasonal changes of stratospheric temperature distribution. The five wavelength regions were (1) the 6.4- to 6.9-micrometer channel, which covered the 6.7-micrometer water vapor absorption band, (2) the 10- to 11-micrometer band, which operated in the 'atmospheric window,' (3) the 14- to 16-micrometer band, which covered the 15-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band, (4) the 5- to 30-micrometer band, which measured the emitted long-wavelength infrared energy for heat budget purposes, and (5) the 0.2- to 4.0-micrometer channel, which yielded information on the intensity of reflected solar energy (albedo). Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 8 rpm and scanned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the satellite. Each of the five channels contained a 4.33-cm-diameter folded telescope with a 2.8-deg field of view and a thermistor-bolometer. The collected energy was modulated by a mechanical chopper to produce an ac signal. The signal was then amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. At a satellite altitude of 1100 km, a horizontal resolution of 55 km could be obtained. The MRIR experiment was successful, and good data were obtained from launch until the recorder failed on July 29, 1966. For more detailed information of the experiment and the index of data, see Section 4 of 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), 'The Nimbus II Medium Resolution Infrared Pictorial Data Catalog' (TRF B06580), and 'The Nimbus II Data Catalog' (TRF B06573), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRIR NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MRIR NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.4 μm- 6.9 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 μm - 11 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 14 μm - 16 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 μm - 30 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 4.0 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-03\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b087f1d4-ad8d-4b15-b908-599b1560c355", "label": "INFRARED RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "INFRARED RADIOMETERS are meters used to detect and measure\nradiant energy that is either electromagnetic or acoustic and\nthat is also in the infrared part of the electromagnetic\nspectrum (visible spectrum at its red end); Infrared is\nelectromagnetic wave frequencies below the visible range which\nhave wavelengths longer than light but shorter than radio waves.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOR 2-21\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b10f1d54-aa57-4e9d-8876-a1c5c3785660", "label": "SWIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Short Wave Infrared Radiometer (SWIR) is one of ASTER?s\nthree different subsystems.\n\nThe SWIR subsystem uses a single aspheric refracting\ntelescope. The detector in each of the six bands is a Platinum\nSilicide-Silicon (PtSi-Si) Schottky barrier linear array cooled\nto 80K. Cooling is provided by a split Stirling cycle\ncryocooler with opposed compressors and an active balancer to\ncompensate for the expander displacer. The on-orbit design life\nof this cooler is to be 50,000 hours. Although ASTER will\noperate with a low duty cycle (8% average data collection time)\nthe cryocooler will operate continuously because the cool-down\nand stabilization time is long. No cyrocooler has yet\ndemonstrated this length of performance and the development of\nthis long-life cooler is one of several major technical\nchallenges facing the ASTER team.\n\nThe cryocooler is a major source of heat. Because the cooler is\nattached to the SWIR telescope, which must be free to move to\nprovide cross-track pointing, this heat cannot be removed using\na platform provided cold plate. This heat is transferred to a\nlocal radiator attached to the cooler compressor and radiated to\nspace.\n\nSix optical bandpass filters are used to provide spectral\nseparation. No prisms or dichroic elements are used for this\npurpose. A calibration device similar to that used for the VNIR\nsubsystem is used for in-flight calibration. The exception is\nthat the SWIR subsystem has only one such device.\n\nThe NE delta rho will vary from 0.5 to 1.3% across the bands\nfrom short to long wavelength. These performance estimates may\nbe optimistic for the bandpasses given in Table II. Since bands\n5-9 are narrower than those used in developing the conceptual\ndesign. The absolute radiometric accuracy is to be +4% or\nbetter. The combined data rate for all six SWIR bands, including\nsupplementary telemetry and engineering telemetry, is 23 Mbps.\n\nAdditional information is available at\n'http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/click/click.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1a560d0-e9cb-4ce3-9c06-c354bcf1833f", "label": "CERES-FM4", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in the 0.3-5 µm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 µm band, and total radiation from 0.3 µm to beyond 100 µm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, detailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in December 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as CERES-FM3 and CERES-FM4.\n\nAqua carries two CERES instruments, the fourth and fifth CERES to fly in space. The TRMM and Terra CERES have obtained levels of accuracy never before achieved for comprehensive Earth radiation-budget measurements. All the CERES instruments have the capability of operating in either of two scanning modes: fixed azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are perpendicular to the path of the satellite, and rotating azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are at wide range of angles with respect to the satellite's path. The paired CERES on Terra and on Aqua provide both of those missions with the possibility of coincident fixed azimuth plane scanning from one CERES and rotating azimuth plane scanning from the other CERES, enhancing the quality of the final products.\n\nSEE ALSO: CERES-PFM, CERES-FM1, CERES-FM2.\n\nInformation obtained from http://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/aqua_ceres.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM4\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM4\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 4\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 3.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 μm - 25 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/ceres\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4d51bd0-047f-4365-98cf-acfe4370eec0", "label": "CERES-FM3", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a 3-channel radiometer measuring reflected solar radiation in the 0.3-5 µm wavelength band, emitted terrestrial radiation in the 8-12 µm band, and total radiation from 0.3 µm to beyond 100 µm. These data are being used to measure the Earth's total thermal radiation budget, and, in combination with MODIS data, detailed information about clouds. The first CERES instrument was launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite in November 1997 as CERES-PFM; the second and third CERES instuments were launched on the Terra satellite in December 1999 as CERES-FM1 AND -FM2; and the fourth and fifth CERES instruments are on board the Aqua satellite, as CERES-FM3 and CERES-FM4.\n\nAqua carries two CERES instruments, the fourth and fifth CERES to fly in space. The TRMM and Terra CERES have obtained levels of accuracy never before achieved for comprehensive Earth radiation-budget measurements. All the CERES instruments have the capability of operating in either of two scanning modes: fixed azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are perpendicular to the path of the satellite, and rotating azimuth plane scanning, where the scan lines are at wide range of angles with respect to the satellite's path. The paired CERES on Terra and on Aqua provide both of those missions with the possibility of coincident fixed azimuth plane scanning from one CERES and rotating azimuth plane scanning from the other CERES, enhancing the quality of the final products.\n\nSEE ALSO: CERES-PFM, CERES-FM1, CERES-FM2.\n\nInformation obtained from https://aqua.nasa.gov/ceres\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CERES-FM3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: CERES-FM3\n Long_Name: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Flight Model 3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 100 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.2 μm - 3.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 μm - 25 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/ceres\n Online_Resource: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b59f2392-310f-4542-bf7e-17c84f0c3242", "label": "NISTAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "NISTAR is an active cavity radiometer designed to measure the energy reflected and emitted from the entire sunlit face of the Earth from its orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1). L1 is a neutral gravity point between Earth and the sun. This position offers a unique continuous view of the Earth at from sunrise to sunset.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6bcacb0-f88c-440e-9401-61dfb8aa2e0d", "label": "CERES-FM6", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "CERES FM6, or Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System Flight Model 6, is a three-channel radiometer that measures both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. CERES measures radiances in three broadband channels: a shortwave channel, a total channel, and an infrared window channel. More Information: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/jpss1_ceres.php", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd8f369d-a91f-48c3-b044-03195a870682", "label": "BBHSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Broadband Hemispherical Field-of-View Multiple Spectral Channels\nInfrared Flux Radiometer (HFOVR): Similar to the BBHSR except\nthat this instrument incorporates a long pass interference\nfilter and uses the field of view inversion method. Used to\nmeasure infrared net fluxes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/publications/implementation/measure_sys.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c143ee20-1d14-4003-9043-f028c19f0265", "label": "SMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Odin SMR (Sub-Millimeter Radiometer) instrument continues to produce profiles of chemical species relevant to understanding the middle and upper atmosphere. The long-term observation of stratospheric ozone can be useful for trend analysis of chemical ozone loss.\n\nSMR is a Swedish instrument in cooperation with Finland (119 GHz channel), and France, provision of the AOS (Acousto-Optic Spectrometer) detector. SMR is a passive microwave limb sounder with one receiver at a wavelength of 3 mm and additional four bands within the submillimeter range (0.5 - 1.0 mm) corresponding to a frequency range of 486 - 580 GHz. Antenna reflector type: offset Gregorian telescope [off-axis system, 1.1 m diameter, surface roughness: 10 µm rms, material: carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)]. SMR is used in the astronomy as well as in the atmospheric research mission to detect molecular transitions.\n\nThe signal coming from the telescope is routed to the receivers, split and filtered by optics consisting of combinations of mirrors, grids and meshes. Diplexers and sideband filters are based on tunable polarizing Michelson interferometers. The SMR telescope is being equipped with a very flexible cryogenic sub-mm receiver package (cooling to -175º C). The frequency range of 541-581 GHz is covered by three tuneable Schottky mixers and a fourth Schottky mixer covers the band 486-504 GHz. A 119 GHz fix-tuned HEMT preamplifier has been installed to allow very sensitive searches for interstellar O2. All receivers are operated in single-sideband mode.\n\nThe five single sideband heterodyne receivers in SMR are continuously switched between a reference source of known signal strength and the signal from the telescope (Dicke switch). The telescope is periodically targeted towards well-known celestial objects. These procedures ensure both stability and good calibration.\n\nSpectral lines: The SMR instrument covers transitions of aeronomical interest from the following molecules: ClO, CO, NO2, N2O, H2O2, HO2, H2O, H218O, NO, HNO3, O3, and O2; and atomic and molecular transitions of astrophysical interest from: Cl, H218O, H2O, H2S, NH3, H2CO, O2, CS, 13CO, H2CS, SO, SO2\n\nType\n\nSingle sideband heterodyne receivers (use of InP material),\n\nFrequencies\n\n118.25 - 119.25 GHz, 486.1 - 503.9 GHz, 541 - 580.4 GHz\n\nBandwidth\n\n100 MHz to 1 GHz\n\nResolution\n\n0.1 MHz to 1 MHz\n\nSensitivity\n\n1 K in 1 MHz with S/N = 5 after 15 minutes\n\nMixers\n\nCooled Schottky mixers\n\nLocal Oscillators\n\nLO based on Gunn diodes and frequency multipliers\n\nLNA\n\nCooled HEMT low noise amplifiers\n\nSpectrometers\n\ntwo hybrid autocorrelators and one AOS (Acousto-Optic Spectrometer)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1a69b2c-52ff-4eb3-8e29-f1aaf5c0733c", "label": "TMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The TOPEX/Poseidon Microwave Radiometer (TMR) was a three-frequency microwave radiometer flown on the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite in low Earth orbit that provided total water vapor along the path viewed by the altimeter and was used for range correction. It measured the brightness temperature in the nadir-column at 18, 21, and 37 GHz. The TMR monitors and corrects for the propagation path delay of the altimeter radar signal due to water vapor and nonprecipitating liquid water in the atmosphere. JMR on Jason is a slightly more advanced version of TMR.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TMR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: TMR\n Long_Name: TOPEX Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 18, 21, and 37 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.asd.ssc.nasa.gov/News.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c83f5d9a-2dca-4c8c-b099-d4fab1773da9", "label": "2.3um Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc237196-3891-40fb-b502-01fb09dae72f", "label": "PARABOLA", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "PARABOLA (The Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisitions of\nBidirectional Observations of Land and Atmosphere) is an\ninstrument specifically designed to measure variations in\nreflectance of forest canopies as a function of solar and sensor\nviewing geometry, wavelength, and canopy biophysical\ncharacteristics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cde1ad93-a609-4f47-b11d-2dab1bba5eff", "label": "NFOVR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "A Narrow Field of View Radiometer (NFOVR) is a narrow field of\nview radiometer operating at 9.6-11.5 um was used to estimate\ncloud base temperature.\n\n[Summary provided by Miami University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce6c83ba-ea2a-4651-8c55-8232248b500c", "label": "IKAR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Russian Space Agency (RSA)'s Priroda is an attached payload\nfor RSA's Space Station MIR. It carried 15 microwave\nradiometers, called IKAR (Multichannel Microwave Radiometric\nSystem),covering the frequency range from 5 to 90 GHz. IKAR\nalso has a channel at 13 GHz which measures 3 Stokes parameters\nfor sea surface and vector wind speed determination.\n\n[Summary provided by CEOS]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d023b35a-a688-4872-9580-1001b2aca22d", "label": "HCMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission Radiometer (HCMR), which flew\non board the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), collected\nvisible and thermal infrared day/night data which may be\nuseful for a variety earth science studies such as making\nthermal inertia studies for the discrimination of rock types\nand mineral resource location, measuring plant canopy\ntemperatures, observing soil temperature cycles, and mapping\nnatural and man-made thermal effluents. The HCMM local times\nof equator crossings were 2 PM (ascending node) and 2 AM\n(descending node). This provided day/night coverage about once\nevery 16 days at approximately 12-hour intervals depending o\nlatitude. The HCMM provided global coverage from 85 N to 85 S,\nbut due to the lack of onboard recorders, image acquisition\nwas limited by the availability of ground receiving\nstations. Areas covered include parts of the US, western\nCanada, western Europe, northern Africa, and Eastern\nAustralia. The spatial resolution for this data is\napproximately 600 m at nadir for the IR channel (10.5-12.5\nmicrometers) and 500 m for the visible channel (0.5-1.1\nmicrometers). Specific coverage information is available from\nNSSDC. HCMM radiometer image data are available in both film\n(NSSDC ID 78-041A-01A) and digital (CCT) format (NSSDC ID\n78-041A-01B) at a scale of 1:4,000,000. The film products are\non 241-mm rolls (totalling about 25,000 scenes), and are\navailable as positive or negative prints or transparencies and\ncontain, in addition to the actual imagery, annotation\ninformation, a gray scale, frame identification (id),\nresolution targets, registration marks and tick marks (Hotine\noblique mercator coordinates). Digital HCMM data are arranged\nin a band sequential (BSQ) format. In addition, HCMM images\nare available as day/night registered imagery in both film\n(NSSDC ID 78-041A-01C) and digital format (NSSDC ID\n78-041A-01D) also with a scale of 1:4,000,000. These day/night\nregistered data consist of five types of images: visible, day\nthermal infrared, night thermal infrared, the temperature\ndifference, and the apparent thermal inertia. Day/night\nregistered data also contain a 16 step gray scale, time and\nlocation annotation, geometric correction information,\netc.,. All HCMM data are available from the NSSDC. HCMM data\nacquired at Lannion, France, may also be ordered from ESA\nEarthnet User Services.\n\nReferences:\n\nKahle, A.B., J.P. Schieldge, M.J.Abrams, R.E. Alley, and\nC.J. LeVine, Geologic Applications of thermal inertia imaging\nusing HCMM data. JPL Publication 81-55, Pasadena, CA,\n1981. Price, J.C., Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) data\nusers handbook for Applications Explorer Mission (AEM),\nNASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 1980 (Available from NSSDC). Short,\nNicholas M. and Locke Stuart, 'The Heat Capacity Mapping\nMission (HCMM) Anthology', NASA SP-465, 1982.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ceos.neonet.nl/metadata/dif/78-041A-01A.xml'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d583f653-7a8d-414a-aff7-7d9006a138cc", "label": "ERBE WFOV Nonscanner", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The ERBE non-scanning instrument, like it's scanning companion, was designed, built, and calibrated by TRW, Inc. at it's facility in Redondo Beach, California in 1984. There are five detectors within the instrument, four of which normally operate in a nadir (Earth) staring mode. The fifth detector (the solar monitor) is used only for solar calibration measurements. In-flight, the instrument is (normally) calibrated internally at 2-week intervals. The detectors are as follows:\n\n The Wide Field-Of-View (WFOV) Detectors:\n\n One Total (wavelength) active cavity radiometer (ACR)\n One Short (wavelength) ACR\n\n The Medium Field-Of-View (MFOV) Detectors:\n\n One Total (wavelength) ACR\n One Short (wavelength) ACR\n\n The Solar Monitor Detector:\n\n One Solar active cavity pyrheliometer \n\nThe total detectors measure radiation in the 0.2 - 50.0 micron wavelength band, and the shortwave detectors measure radiation in the 0.2 - 5.0 micron band. The solar monitor is sensitive to all incident irradiance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ddd0f410-c84f-4c72-b6ed-7efbcbf3c244", "label": "AMR-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The AMR-2 instrument is provided by NASA/JPL with the objective to measure the altimeter signal path delay due to tropospheric water vapor. AMR-2 is a passive microwave radiometer measuring the brightness temperatures in the nadir column at 18.7, 23.8, and 34 GHz, providing path delay correction for the altimeter (the brightness temperatures are converted to path-delay information). The 23.8 GHz channel is the primary water vapor sensor, the 34 GHz channel provides a correction for non-raining clouds, and the 18.7 GHz channel provides the correction for effects of wind-induced enhancements in the sea surface background emission.\n\nThe AMR-2 consists of two subsystems: ESA (Electronics Structure Assembly) and RSA (Reflector Structure Assembly). The ESA is developed by JPL, while the RSA is developed by ATK Space Systems, San Diego, CA.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "deb0fd7e-2b42-4795-ba3f-aa5243cefbd5", "label": "ASUR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Airborne Submillimeter Radiometer (ASUR) radiometer is an\nairborne radiometer measuring the thermal emission of trace\ngases in the stratosphere (in an altitude range between 15 and\n50 km). The instrument detects the radiation in a frequency\nrange between 604.3 and 662.3 GHz. This corresponds to\nwavelengths of about 0.45-0.5 mm. In this frequency range a\nmajor part of the radiation is absorbed by atmospheric water\nvapor. As most of the water vapor is found in the troposphere\n(in the Arctic up to 8 km, in the tropics up to 16 km altitude)\nthe instrument is operated on board of an aircraft flying at an\naltitude of 10-12 km, such that a major part of the water vapor\nabsorption is avoided.\n\nThe ASUR instrument in its current configuration can measure\nemission lines of the trace gases HCl, ozone, ClO, N2O, HNO3,\nCH3Cl, H2O, BrO, HO2, HCN, and NO. The horizontal resolution of\nthe measurements ranges between 12 and 50 km and depends on\nsignal intensity and aircraft speed. The maximum time of\ncontinuous operation is 10-11 hours and is determined by the\nstorage volume of liquid cryogen (see section Setup).\n\nThe hardware of the ASUR instrument [Whyborn et al., 1996, Mees\net al., 1995] has been developed and built in a collaboration\nbetween SRON (Space Research Organisation of the Netherlands),\nGroningen and the Institute of Environmental Physics of the\nUniversity of Bremen. The spectrometers AOS (Acousto-Optical\nSpectrometer) and CTS (Chirp-Transform Spectrometer) were\ndeveloped , in the framework of an ESA/ESTEC project by the\nObservatoire de Meudon, Paris, and the Deutsche Aerospace (now:\nASTRIUM), respectively.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.iup.physik.uni-bremen.de/asur/general/instrument_e.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "def2dfaa-ab01-4b32-b1b2-ea3f3fdc9ef2", "label": "MFR/SSH", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-02 ]\n\nSpecial Sensor H (SSH) was a vertical temperature profile radiometer (VTPR). The objective of this experiment was to obtain vertical temperature, water vapor, and ozone profiles of the atmosphere to support Department of Defense resuirements in operational weather analysis and forecasting. The SSH was a 16-channel sensor with one channel (1022 cm-1) in the 10-micrometer ozone absorption band, one channel (835 cm-1) in the 12-micrometer atmospheric window, six channels (747, 725, 708, 695, 676, 668.5 cm-1) in the 15-micrometer CO2 absorption band, and eight channels (535, 408.5 441.5, 420, 374, 397.5, 355, 353.5 cm-1) in the 22- to 30-micrometer rotational water vapor absorption band. The experiment consisted of an optical system, detector and associated electronics, and a scanning mirror. The scanning mirror was stepped across the satellite subtrack, allowing the SSH to view 25 separate columns of the atmosphere every 32 s over a cross track ground swath of 2000 km. While the scanning mirror was stopped at a scene station, the channel filters were sequenced through the field of view. The surface resolution was approximately 39 km at nadir. Radiance data were transformed into temperature water vapor and ozone profiles by a mathematical inversion technique. A more complete description of the experiment can be found in the report, 'DMSP Block 5D Special Meteorological Sensor H, Optical Subsystem,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, No. 4, 284-288, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MFR/SSH\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Long_Name: MULTICHANNEL FILTER RADIOMETERS/SPECIAL SENSOR H (SSH)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 12 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 22 μm - 30 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-02\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e060e0ba-0168-4d2b-a41f-3a83cee49f00", "label": "MFRSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The MFRSR takes spectral measurements of direct normal, diffuse\nhorizontal, and total horizontal solar irradiances. These\nmeasurements are at nominal wavelengths of 415, 500, 615, 673,\n870, and 940 nm. The measurements are made at a user specified\ntime interval; typically this interval is about one minute or\nless, at the SGP site, the sampling interval is 20 seconds. From\nsuch measurements, one may infer the atmosphere's optical depth\nat the wavelengths mentioned above. In turn, these optical\ndepths may be used to derive information about the column\nabundances of ozone and water vapor (Michalsky et al. 1995), as\nwell as aerosol (Michalsky et al. 1994) and other atmospheric\nconstituents.\n\nA silicon detector is also part of the MFRSR. This broadband\ndetector provides a measure of the broadband direct normal,\ndiffuse horizontal, and total horizontal solar\nirradiances. These quantities are uncalibrated and reported in\nunits of 'counts.' An MFRSR head that is mounted to look\nvertically downward can measure upwelling spectral irradiances\n(obviously at the same wavelengths as the MFRSR!). In the ARM\nsystem, this instrument is called an 'MFR'. At the SGP there are\ntwo MFRs; one mounted at the 10 m height and the other at 25\nm. At the NSA sites, the MFRs are mounted at 10 m.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/instruments.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ARM]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e37f56fd-0a8c-4cbe-a903-8ae4358d3df4", "label": "RAMS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "A single Radiation Measurement System (RAMS) consists of a\nvariety of broadband and spectral radiometers developed and\nmaintained by the Atmospheric Research Laboratory at the Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography, University of California, San\nDiego. A RAMS is mounted on both the zenith and nadir positions\non each aircraft for the purpose of measuring both downwelling\nand upwelling fluxes. All of the instruments composing a RAMS\nhave hemispheric fields-of-view and are located in positions on\neach aircraft which minimize obstructions from their view (i.e.,\ntail fins, radio antennas, landing gear, etc.). Because both\ndownwelling and upwelling fluxes are measured on a single plane,\nthe net flux at a given altitude is easily inferred by a pair of\nRAMS. The RAMS Instrument package has been part of the ARM-UAV\nprogram and has flown on and been located at surface stations\nduring the ARESE, S96, F96 and F97 flight series.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://armuav.ca.sandia.gov/rams.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e432d8db-ec9c-44fa-9942-d6b1eb993126", "label": "ERBE", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), flown on the Earth\nRadiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the NOAA Polar Orbiting\nEnvironmental Satellites (NOAA-9, NOAA-10), was designed to measure the\nenergy exchange between the earth-atmosphere system and space. The\nmeasurements of global, zonal, and regional radiation budgets on\nmonthly time scales helped in climate prediction and in the\ndevelopment of statistical relationships between regional weather and\nradiation budget anomalies. The ERBE consisted of two seperate\ninstrument packages: the nonscanner (ERBE-NS) instrument and the\nscanner (ERBS-S) instrument. The ERBE-NS instrument had five sensors,\neach using cavity radiometer detectors. Four of them were primarily\nearth-viewing. Two wide-field-of-view (WFOV) sensors viewed the entire\ndisk of the earth from limb to limb, approximately 135 deg. Two medium\nFOV (MFOV) sensors viewed a 10-deg region. The fifth sensor was a\nsolar monitor that measured the total radiation from the sun. Of the\nfour earth-viewing sensors, one WFOV and one MFOV sensor made total\nradiation measurements; the other two measured reflected solar\nradiation in the shortwave spectral band between 0.2 and 5 micrometers\nby using Suprasil-W filters. The earth-emitted longwave radiation\ncomponent was determined by subtracting the shortwave measurement from\nthe total measurement. The ERBE-S instrument was a scanning radiometer\nthat contained three narrow FOV channels. One channel measured\nreflected solar radiation in the shortwave spectral interval between\n0.2 and 5 micrometers. Another channel measured earth-emitted\nradiation in the longwave spectral region from 5 to 50 micrometers.\nThe third channel measured total radiation with a wavelength between\n0.2 and 50 micrometers. All three channels were located within a\ncontinuously rotating scan drum, which scanned the FOV across track\nsequentially from horizon to horizon. Each channel made 74 radiometric\nmeasurements during each scan, and the FOV of each channel was 3 by\n4.5 deg, which covered about 40 km at the earth's surface. The ERBE-S\nalso viewed the sun for calibration.\nAdditional information can be obtained from the 'Earth Radiation\nBudget Experiment (ERBE): An Overview,' J. Energy, vol 6, pp. 141-146\n(1982), by B.R. Barkstrom and J.B. Hall, Jr.\nMore information can also be found at:\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/erbe/ASDerbe.html'\nData availability contact:\nLangley Distributed Active Archive Center\nMail Stop 157B\nNASA Langley Research Center\nHampton, Virginia 23681-0001\n(804)864-8656\nFAX (804)864-8807\nuserserv@eosdis.larc.nasa.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ecb13ab0-c56c-4c40-bf30-05429c764e1f", "label": "BRTS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3c9a235-939d-4898-94f3-3dea5ad187e1", "label": "BBR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "BBR is an ESA multilook along-track instrument with a 10 km footprint (heritage of ScaRaB). The objective is to provide measurements of the reflected short-wave (SW channel, 0.25-4 µm) and the emitted long-wave (LW channel, 4.0-50 µm) radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) along three along-track views (forward, nadir, and backward). The BBR has spectral channel and accuracy requirements typical for ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) instruments. 81) 82) 83) 84) 85) 86)\n\nThe instrument is required to observe the incoming radiances in three different directions continuously – nadir, forward and backward. The forward and backward views cover the scene with an OZA (Observational Zenith Angle) of 55º, equivalent to an offset between the three telescopes of 50º. The optical design provides equal pixel sizes (10 km x 10 km) for all three views. There is no cross-track swath. Co-registration to 10% of the footprint size of all views is required.\n\nThe instrument is a two-channel radiometer, in which the LW channel is obtained by subtracting the SW component from a channel covering the complete spectral range. Dedicated telescopes are used for all views. They are mounted together in one block, allowing them to be moved also towards an internal black body simulator and external views for calibration. A channel selector revolves around the telescopes to modulate the incoming flux (as the detectors are only sensitive to alternating signals), and to generate the two spectral channels. The scene measurements are over-sampled in all three views to correct scene altitude errors by post processing. The telescope assembly is moved in the across track direction by a mechanism to compensate the rotation of the Earth thereby ensuring co-registration of the three views.\n\nThe importance of this measurement technique is that it provides data to drive the algorithm that converts the instrument-measured flux to the hemispherical TOA radiance.\n\nThe BBR instrument is being designed and developed by a UK-led consortium with SEA (Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd.) as the prime contractor, with RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) responsible for the BBR optics unit, Sula Systems Ltd., ESR Electronic Components Ltd., INO of Canada, SciSys, and LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique du CNRS.) of France.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f88cf612-f536-44a8-b1be-f5936f4a38ea", "label": "JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer measures the 18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz and 34.0 GHz sea surface microwave brightness temperatures. The 18.7 GHz channel provides the wind induced effects in the sea surface background emissions correction. The 23.8 GHz channel measures water vapor. The 34.0 GHz channel measures the cloud liquid water to be corrected. All together the three frequencies provide the error in the satellite range measurement caused by pulse delay due to water vapor.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer\n Long_Name: JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 41.6 km at 18.7 GHz, 36.1 km at 23.8 GHz, 22.9 km at 34 GHz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: ~1.0 cm - ~100 cm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/Jason1\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/images/ostm/newsroom/features/images/200608-1b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2013-11-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-09\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2013-07-03\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1c3e433-935f-48c4-8f3d-9957ecd846f5", "label": "PMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Composed of two similar radiometric channels with pressurised CO2, one for the altitude range 40-60 km, the other for the range 60-90. The height of the weighting function is changed by modulating the CO2 pressure in the cells, and exploiting the Doppler shift by tilting the telescope along-track", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77e2a8be-5470-4d34-9509-28fd0dc94558", "label": "SCMR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "A three-channel scanning radiometer on ''Nimbus''-5 (launched December 1972) measuring radiation in the visible and infrared spectrum to determine the composition of the earth's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dcbdea47-3a76-428f-b58c-f9203a960b59", "label": "LRIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The limb radiance inversion radiometer (LRIR) on Nimbus 6 was the first orbiting infrared limb scanner; it has four channels with which to determine temperature, O3, and H2O in the stratosphere and low mesosphere. The limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) is a similar six-channel instrument which was launched on Nimbus 7 in October 1978 in order to measure O3, H2O, NO2, and HNO3. The instrumentation and inversion techniques are briefly described, and the application of limb scanner data to the study of photochemical, dynamical, and transport problems is discussed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d4c0029-9a3c-47f7-b949-b42657dd822d", "label": "MRIR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Nimbus 3 Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) experiment measured the intensity and distribution of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by and reflected from the earth and its atmosphere in five selected wavelength intervals from 0.2 to 23 micrometers. Data on the heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system were obtained as well as water vapor distribution data, surface or near-surface temperatures, and data on seasonal changes of stratospheric temperature distribution. The five wavelength regions were (1) the 6.5- to 7.0-micrometer channel, which covered the 6.7-micrometer water vapor absorption band, (2) the 10- to 11-micrometer band, which operated in the atmospheric window, (3) the 14.5- to 15.5-micrometer band, which covered the 15-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band, (4) the 20- to 23-micrometer channel, which covered the spectral region containing the broad rotational absorption bands of water vapor, and (5) the 0.2- to 4.0-micrometer channel, which yielded information on the intensity of reflected solar energy. Radiant energy from the earth was collected by a flat scanning mirror inclined at 45 deg to the optical axis. The mirror rotated at 8 rpm and scanned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the satellite. Each of the five channels contained a 4.33-cm diameter folded telescope with a 2.8-deg field of view and a thermistor bolometer. The collected energy was modulated by a mechanical chopper to produce an ac signal. The signal was then amplified and recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to a ground acquisition station. At a satellite altitude of 1100 km, a horizontal resolution of 45 km was obtained. The MRIR experiment was successful, in spite of a telemetry conflict that caused the experiment to be periodically turned off. During August and September 1970 (hurricane season), the MRIR was on essentially full time to cover the area from the equator to 70 deg N and from 10 deg E to 100 deg W. On September 25, 1970, the satellite's rear horizon scanner failed, making it impossible to determine where the MRIR sensor was pointing. The experiment was operated periodically until January 22, 1972, when all spacecraft operations were terminated.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ffc498c-f9fc-4468-898d-321bb0595071", "label": "Libera", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "NASA has selected a new space-based instrument as an innovative and cost-effective approach to maintaining the 40-year data record of the balance between the solar radiation entering Earth’s atmosphere and the amount absorbed, reflected, and emitted. This radiation balance is a key factor in determining our climate: if Earth absorbs more heat than it emits, it warms up; if it emits more than it absorbs, it cools down.\n\nThe new instrument, named Libera, is NASA’s first mission selected in response to the 2017 National Academies’ Earth Science Decadal Survey. The project’s principal investigator is Peter Pilewskie of the University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics in Boulder, Colorado.\n\n“This highly innovative instrument introduces a number of new technologies such as advanced detectors that will improve the data we collect while maintaining continuity of these important radiation budget measurements,” said Sandra Cauffman, acting director of the Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington.\n\nLibera will measure solar radiation with wavelengths between 0.3 and 5 microns reflected by the Earth system and infrared radiation with wavelengths between 5 and 50 microns emitted from the Earth system as it exits the top of the atmosphere. The sensor will also measure the total radiation leaving the Earth system at all wavelengths from 0.3 to 100 microns. An innovative additional “split shortwave” channel measuring radiation between 0.7 and 5 microns has been added to enable new Earth radiation budget science.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac24596b-164b-406d-a67f-956ac0cd3238", "label": "ITPR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Nimbus 5 Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer (ITPR) experiment was designed to measure the three-dimensional temperature field in the earth's atmosphere with a spatial resolution of 32 km. The radiometer sensed four intervals in the 15-micrometer CO2 band, one interval in the water vapor rotational band near 20 micrometers and two spectral intervals in the atmospheric window regions near 3.7 and 11 micrometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b6e5de1f-95ea-471f-8a89-75fc3c15a470", "label": "Low-Resolution Omnidirectional Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The TIROS 4 low-resolution omnidirectional radiometer consisted primarily of two sets of bolometers in the form of hollow aluminum hemispheres, mounted on opposite sides of the spacecraft, whose optical axes were parallel to the spin axis. The bolometers were thermally isolated from but in close proximity to reflecting mirrors so that the hemispheres behaved very much like isolated spheres in space. The experiment was designed to measure the amount of solar energy absorbed, reflected, and emitted by the earth and its atmosphere. One bolometer in each set was painted black, and one was painted white. The black bolometer absorbed most of the incident radiation while the white bolometer was sensitive mainly to radiation with wavelengths longer than approximately 4 micrometers. The reflected and emitted radiation could thus be separated. The sensor temperatures were measured by thermistors fastened to the inside of the hollow hemisphere. The sensor temperatures, taken every 29 sec, were an average of the two temperatures from the matched thermistors. The experiment was a success, and usable data were received from February 8, 1962, to June 28, 1962. Identical experiments were flown on TIROS 3 and 7, and a simliar one was carried on Explorer 7.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32be908e-2a4f-4d38-8e32-57bc13d70861", "label": "TMS", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "08e2249f-3fc9-4084-85fd-17131c5a1cbb", "label": "FMPL-2", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "Flexible Microwave Payload version2 is a dual microwave payload composed of a GNSS-Reflectometer and L-band radiometer with interference detection/mitigation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f26dbe2-27f3-430e-a4da-f61fce22a0fd", "label": "SI-111 Infrared Radiometer", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The SI-111, manufactured by Apogee, is a precision infrared radiometer that determines the surface temperature of an object without physical contact. It measures both the subject's surface temperature and the sensor-body temperature. A Campbell Scientific data logger uses these measurements to calculate the correct temperature of the subject.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f7f0396-7ea0-4b88-886c-a5c441372d71", "label": "AMR-C", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The AMR-C instrument is provided by NASA/JPL with the objective to measure the altimeter signal path delay due to tropospheric water vapor. AMR-C measures the 18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz and 34.0 GHz sea surface microwave brightness temperatures. AMR-C is a successor to the AMR heritage radiometers.\nRationale: This AMR instrument is not exactly the same as its predecessors and has its own name.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7fb25e1-2cf6-4191-960d-45d84bcc99e0", "label": "COWVR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Compact Ocean Wind Vector Radiometer (COWVR) instrument performs conical imaging at three frequencies (18.7, 23.8, and 33.9 GHz) with six (full) polarizations for each frequency, thereby providing a total of eighteen channels.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "373ed910-4022-4d08-b6b9-d3e44de61fd5", "label": "TEMPEST", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems (TEMPEST) instrument performs cross-track imaging at five frequencies (89, 166, 176, 180, and 182 GHz).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a374ea79-4cea-4c40-8ada-3f576befbb6d", "label": "ROSR", - "broader": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", + "parentId": "5b753e40-b3f1-426a-8d92-ffee1d675468", "definition": "The Remote Ocean Surface Radiometer (ROSR) provides NIST-traceable sea-surface skin temperature (SSST) (±0.1◦C) from a ship or buoy for long unattended periods in all weather conditions and with months between maintenance or calibration service.", "children": [] } @@ -3213,41 +3213,41 @@ { "uuid": "7d8a1068-e9a0-4698-89c4-d136a08fffa4", "label": "3D-IMAGER", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "The INSAT-3D imager provides imaging capability of the earth disc from geostationary altitude in one visible (0.52 - 0.72 micrometers) and five infrared; 1.55 - 1.70(SWIR), 3.80 - 4.00(MIR), 6.50 - 7.00 (water vapour), 10.2 - 11.2 (TIR-1) and 11.5 - 12.5 (TIR-2) bands. The ground resolution at the sub-satellite point is nominally 1km x 1km for visible and SWIR bands, 4km x 4km for one MIR and both TIR bands and 8km x 8km for WV band.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: 3D-IMAGER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: 3D-IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: 3D-IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.30-11.30\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.50-12.50\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.0\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55-0.75\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.20\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55-1.70\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.80-4.00\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.20\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.50-7.10\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.60\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/insat-3d.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.org/satellites/images/insat-3d_img.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-11\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2013-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", "label": "Spectroradiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5a28269b-4c23-4e12-a42d-58220dca7eb3", "label": "SAFS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", + "parentId": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", "definition": "The Scanning Actinic Flux Spectroradiometer determines\nwavelength-dependent downwelling actinic fluxes for calculation\nof photolysis frequencies of photochemically-important\ncompounds.\n\n[Summary provided by the NCAR Atmospheric Chemistry Division]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "937585ae-67a1-44a5-b88a-612667d353ea", "label": "SPECTRORADIOMETERS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", + "parentId": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", "definition": "SPECTRORADIOMETERS are a combination of a spectroscope and a\nradiometer in one single unit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da9cf145-0986-42b4-9ae4-c8b65932ee77", "label": "ASAS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", + "parentId": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3888f804-5a7a-4179-aa36-80e84d4e8c73", "label": "CAFS", - "broader": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", + "parentId": "8c02cd6b-89d0-423e-b96f-4b4fba94f5d2", "definition": "The CCD Actinic Flux Spectroradiometers (CAFS) developed in the ARIM laboratory will be deployed on the NASA DC-8 for SEAC4RS and DC3 field campaigns. The instruments measurespectrally resolved down-and up-welling in situ ultraviolet and visible actinic fluxfrom approximately 280-650 nm. Photolysis frequencies for photodissociation reactions for species including O3, NO2, CH2O, HONO, HNO3, N2O5, HO2NO2, PAN, H2O2, CH3OOH, CH3ONO2, CH3CH2ONO2, CH3COCH3, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CHOCHO, CH3COCHO, CH3CH2CH2CHO, CH3COCH2CH3, Br2, BrO, Br2O, BrNO3, BrCl, HOBr, BrONO2, Cl2, ClO, and ClONO2are calculated from the radiative measurements. Careful calibration techniques and comparison to the NCAR/TUVradiative transfer model improves the accuracy and precision of the measurements. CAFS instruments have a successful heritage of radiation measurements during atmospheric chemistry and satellite validation missions including NASA AVE, PAVE, CR-AVE, TC-4 and ARCTAS campaignson the WB-57 and DC-8 platformsand during the NSF OASIS ground campaign in Barrow, AK.Similar instruments will bedeployed on the NCAR G-V platform as part of the HIAPER Airborne Radiation Package (HARP) as a part of DC3 and SEAC4RS.", "children": [] } @@ -3256,1371 +3256,1371 @@ { "uuid": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "label": "Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "05ddbe55-9c47-4ebb-9f2b-168c8731057e", "label": "Geoton-L1 (1)", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (Geoton-L1 (1))\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Geoton-L1 (1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (1)\n Long_Name: Geoton-L1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs DK 1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.6 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 µm - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://77rus.smugmug.com/Military/MAKS-2013/i-XgxMfgw/0/M/MAKS2013part9-29-M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "069b927b-486b-49e2-a1c2-4508185e113f", "label": "HiRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "HiRI of CNES with Thales Alenia Space (TAS-F) as the prime contractor for this instrument (formerly Alcatel Alenia Space). The objective is to provide high-resolution multispectral imagery with high geo-location accuracy. The camera design employs a pushbroom imaging concept. Extensive use of existing state-of-the-art technologies is made regarding such items as: a) camera alignment procedures, b) telescope thermal control and mechanical assembly principles, c) video processing techniques. 49) 50) 51) 52) 53)\n\nThe industrial team consists of the following partners:\n\n• Thales Alenia Space, France: Instrument, telescope, detection unit, telescope structure & thermal control, video electronics, video power supply, harness\n\n• Thales Alenia Space España: Instrument service module\n\n• Sener: Shutter, detection unit structure & thermal control\n\n• E2V (Chelmsford, UK): Pan & MS CCD imaging detectors\n\n• SESO (Société Européenne de Systèmes Optiques), France: telescope mirror manufacturing\n\n• EADS Sodern: FPA (Focal Plane Assembly)\n\n• Sagem: Spectral filters.\n\nEquipment\n\nTechnology\n\nImplementation\n\nPanchromatic detector\n\nCCD detector array with TDI (Time Delay Integration) mode of operation and anti-blooming structure\n\nHigh resolution imaging without satellite slowing. No light spreading due to blooming.\n\nVery long multispectral stripe filters\n\nAssembly of a single substrate with 4 stripe filters over the detector window\n\nSeparate the different spectral bands in the FOV. Minimize chromatic aberrations\n\nHighly integrated detection unit\n\nIntegrated focal plane and video electronics. Highly integrated ASIC technology\n\nCompact detection function integrated in the camera\n\nTelescope\n\nCarbon / carbon structure and light-weighted Zerodur optics\n\nLow mass/high thermal stability, highly polished mirror surfaces\n\nOptical assembly: The instrument employs a Korsch all-reflective 4 mirrors telescope design with TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) optics. An additional plane mirror (MR) is used to enhance the instrument compactness. The imaging geometry optimization features a primary mirror size of 650 mm diameter, which suits well to the detectors performance and the orbit characteristics. The instrument architecture chosen is organized around a central plane structure supporting the primary mirror, the tertiary mirror, the plane mirror (MR), and a central cylinder that supports the secondary mirror. The optical assembly consists of an on-axis part (M1 + M2 collector mirrors) and an off-axis part (M3 + MR mirrors) feeding the different focal planes. \n\nThe optics system of the instrument uses state-of-the-art techniques such as SiC-100 (silicon carbide) material for the mirrors and the telescope structure, specific detectors, and a modular video chain design. EADS Sodern is responsible for the development of the FPA. The FPA is offering a wide variety of new technologies for the imaging function. The size of the observed image is close to 400 mm and is analyzed in 30,000 samples in Pan and 7,500 in MS.. The focal plane assembly consists of two symmetrical arrangements of Pan and MS detectors. The beam splitter is made of a set of mirrors.\n\nThe spectral selection is made by optical filters placed very close in front of the detectors. Pan filters and MS stripe line filters are space-qualified multi-layer coatings deposited on glass substrates. Each filter is composed of a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. An absorbing material deposited between the MS filters isolates each band from the others to avoid interband straylight.\n\nAttitude sensors (star tracker heads and gyroscope heads) are placed on this central instrument structure to improve the performance. A dedicated supporting truss structure ensures the instrument interface with respect to the bus. The detector thermal radiator has its own supporting structure. The instrument design employs carbon material for the structure (the carbide characteristics are: very low coefficient of thermal expansion, very low density, resulting in a light telescope, and a simple thermal control) and Zerodur material for the mirrors.\n\nThe instrument focus mechanism is placed onto the tertiary mirror. This position offers an optimum between mechanism and accuracy. The instrument includes also an internal shutter to protect it from sun radiation in non-operational phases such as launch, attitude acquisition, or safe modes. The shutter is placed behind the primary mirror to protect only the tertiary mirror and the detection cavity.\n\nSpectral bands\n\nPan: 480-820 nm; TDI is only used for Pan data\nMS bands in nm\nB0= 450-530 (blue),\nB1= 510-590 (green),\nB2= 620-700 (red),\nB3= 775-915 (NIR)\n\nOptical system\n\n65 cm aperture diameter, focal length of 12.905 m, f/20, TMA optics\n\nSpatial resolution, GSD\n\n0.7 m for Pan, 2.8 m for MS bands\n\nSwath width, FOR\n\n20 km at nadir, 60º (FOR=Field of Regard); Each satellite will be able to collect imagery anywhere within an\n800 km wide ground strip, covering 200 km in 11 s or 800 km in 25 s, including stabilization time.\n\nSNR\n\n> 147 (Pan), > 130 (MS)\n\nMTF in Pan band\n\n0.07 at Nyquist frequency fe/2 (1/2 x 0.7 m-1) Note: “fe” is the sampling frequency (fréquence d'échantillonnage)\n\nDetectors\n\nPan array assembly: 5 x 6000 (30,000 pixels cross-track) pixel size: 13 µm\nMS array assembly: 5 x 1500 (7500 pixels in cross-track) pixel size: 52 µm\n\nTDI detector data rate\n\n290 Mpixel/s (total) or about 700 Mbit/s per detector; or 3.5 Mbit/s (max)\n\nData quantization\n\n12 bit per pixel (correlated dual sampling)\n\nImage location accuracy\n\n1 m (with ground control points), 20 m without GCP (99.7%), 10 m (90%)\n\nImage location accuracy\n\n<0.9 pixel Pan over 12 s with a time linear error model (with GCPs)\n\nLine-of-sight frequency\n\n<0.1 pixel (dynamic stability)\n\nSource data rate, downlink\n\n4.5 Gbit/s (max), 465 Mbit/s in 3 x 155 Mbit/s X-band channels\n\nData compression\n\nWavelet compression algorithm with an average compression factor of 4\n\nInstrument mass, power\n\n~ 195 kg (< 14 service electronics), ~ 400 W\n\nInstrument size\n\nL < 1594 mm\nW < 980 mm\nH < 2235 mm\n\nPointing agility of S/C\n\nRoll of 60º within 25 s; Pitch of 60º within 25 s", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07b92ff1-218f-49a8-81ac-1f36ad58d1b4", "label": "OCM", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "081f9b6e-d0a0-4f1d-ad8a-638189418480", "label": "EarthCARE MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "MSI is a passive instrument of ESA designed and developed by SSTL, Surrey, UK and TNO, Delft, The Netherlands (contractors to EADS Astrium). The objective is to provide complimentary data (context) in support of the other EarthCARE instruments for determination of cloud type, texture, temperature and other microphysical parameters such as cloud phase. MSI provides imagery in the visible (reflectance) and infrared regions (emitted bands) in support of active instruments (information on the horizontal structure of cloud and aerosol fields). MSI is also being used for the calibration of BBR. The instrument operates in a pushbroom mode with two bands in the VNIR (Visible Near Infrared), two bands in the SWIR (Short Wave Infrared). Three bands are in the TIR (Thermal Infrared) part of the spectrum. The instrument is nadir-pointing with a spatial resolution of 500 m and a swath width of 150 km. 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74)\n\nThe MSI instrument is of MIBS (Microbolometer Spectrometer) design heritage, a breadboard hyperspectral imager with uncooled bolometer detectors, developed by TNO Science and Industry, Delft, The Netherlands. MIBS is able to provide co-registered measurements in the 7 to 14 µm wavelength region yielding acceptable NEDT performance on the basis of currently available standard detectors.\n\nThe MSI instruments consists of two parts:\n\n• VNS (VNIR-SWIR) system, radiometrically calibrated using a sun-illuminated diffuser\n\n• TIR (Thermal Infrared) calibrated system using cold space and an internal black-body.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b9dfb8a-828f-4416-aee1-4fe685fb106b", "label": "PROBA.CHRIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "CHRIS stands for Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer.It was\nlaunched aboard ESA's Proba satellite on 22 October 2001 and provides\nhyperspectral images to a resolution of 18m. The Proba mission\nobjectives are primarily for in-orbit demonstration and evaluation of\nnew technologies, the CHRIS instrument is one of these technologies,\nthe data provided from Chris is targeted to help with environmental\nmonitoring applications.\n\nCHRIS data is supplied in HDF data files (version 4.1r3).\n\nCHRIS acquires a set of up to five images of each target during each\nacquisition sequence, these images are acquired when Proba is pointing\nat distinct angles with respect to the target.\n\nCHRIS Level 1A products include five formal CHRIS imaging modes,\nclassified as modes 1 to 5. These modes are as follows: - MODE 1: Full\nswath width, 62 spectral bands, 773nm / 1036nm, nadir ground sampling\ndistance 34m @ 556km - MODE 2 WATER BANDS: Full swath width, 18\nspectral bands, nadir ground sampling distance 17m @ 556km - MODE 3\nLAND CHANNELS: Full swath width, 18 spectral bands, nadir ground\nsampling distance 17m @ 556km - MODE 4 CHLOROPHYL BAND SET: Full swath\nwidth, 18 spectral bands, nadir ground sampling distance 17m @ 556km\nMODE 5 LAND CHANNELS: Half swath width, 37 spectral bands, nadir\nground sampling distance 17m @ 556km", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0c5b0ed1-205b-497d-84b5-9ea87b5ad7b1", "label": "MSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Multispectral Scanner (MSS) sensors were line scanning devices observing the Earth perpendicular to the orbital track. The cross-track scanning was accomplished by an oscillating mirror; six lines were scanned simultaneously in each of the four spectral bands for each mirror sweep. The forward motion of the satellite provided the along-track scan line progression.\n\nThe first five Landsats carried the MSS sensor which responded to Earth-reflected sunlight in four spectral bands. Landsat 3 carried an MSS sensor with an additional band, designated band 8, that responded to thermal (heat) infrared radiation.\n\nAn MSS scene had an Instantaneous Field Of View (IFOV) of 68 meters in the cross-track direction by 83 meters in the along-track direction (223.0 by 272.3 feet respectively). To understand this concept consider a ground scene composed of a single 83 by 83 meter area. The scan monitor sensor ensures that the cross-track optical scan is 185 km at nominal altitude regardless of mirror scan nonlinearity or other perturbations of mirror velocity.\n\nCross- track image velocity was nominally 6.82 meters per microsecond. After 9.958 microseconds, the 83 by 83 meter image has moved 67.9 meters. The sample taken at this instant represented 15 meters of previous information and 68 meters of new information.\n\nTherefore, the effective IFOV of the MSS detector in the cross-track direction was considered to be 68 meters which corresponds to a nominal picture element (pixel) ground area of 68 by 83 meters at the satellite nadir point. Using the effective IFOV in area calculation eliminates the overlap in area between adjacent pixels.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSS\n Long_Name: Multispectral Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-5\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-4\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-2\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-1\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 μm -0.6 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 μm -0.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 -0.8 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.8 μm -1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/mss.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/slr_sats_pics/resurs01.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1972-07-23\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d967f3a-04c1-4dac-85f9-e0ffc54c2425", "label": "JAMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "JAMI is the instrument aboard MTSAT-1R. It obtains round earth imagery, called &full-disk image&, and observes earth surface conditions and cloud distributions as well as meteorological phenomena such as typhoons, depressions, front and so on. In addition, the various meteorological parameters, such as sea surface temperature and cloud motion winds are extracted from image data.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: JAMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radiometers\n Short_Name: JAMI\n Long_Name: Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://mscweb.kishou.go.jp/index.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-06\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0e1c7819-2a62-4303-a2c2-6ea7b0599cbc", "label": "ISO", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The objective of the Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO)\nexperiment was to obtain daytime and nighttime low light level\nspectroscopic measurements of atomic and molecular species in the\nmiddle and upper atmosphere from the extreme ultraviolet to the\ninfrared (30 to 1300 nm). The ISO was flown on the Space Shuttle as\npart of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS\n1) and on Spacelab 1. The purpose of the ISO on ATLAS 1 was to\nconcentrate on specific scientific issues that were raised with the\nISO measurements taken on Spacelab 1. The instrument is composed of\nfive identical spectrometers, each of which is restricted to a given\nspectral range in the 30- to 1300-nm region. Each module is an\nimaging spectrometer with coincident 0.65 x 0.01 deg fields of\nview. Imaging is obtained along the length of the observational field\nby use of an intensified-solid state array detector developed\nespecially for the ISO. The wavelength resolution varies between 0.2\nand 0.6 nm over the spectral range. A scan mirror is used to direct\nthe spectrometer at selected regions of the atmosphere. The experiment\nalso had a solar pointing mode in which observations of the extreme\nultraviolet (30 - 125 nm) spectral region of the Sun were made. A\ndedicated instrument microcomputer located seperately on the\ninstrument pallet was used to interact directly with the ATLAS 1\ncomputer providing a link between the instrument and scientists on the\nground.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://csds.uah.edu/iso/isomain.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0f772f93-307a-42d1-8381-fcd5d77c493e", "label": "DAEDALUS TMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "A widely used digital multispectral scanner flown aboard the\nER-2 is the Daedalus Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS). Simulating\nthe performance of the Thematic Mappers (TM) orbiting on Landsat\n4 and 5 satellites, it replicates the spatial and spectral\ncharacteristics of the seven bands of digital data acquired by\nthe Thematic Mapper. Four additional spectral bands are also\nacquired by the TMS while TM band 6 (thermal data) is acquired\nat full resolution in two channels in low and high gain\nsettings. The TMS has provided data for land use and land cover\nanalysis, forestry applications, geologic studies and disaster\nassessments.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10104271-f13c-4d3c-af22-f17fc100fb26", "label": "REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "CLARREO Instruments\n\nThe CLARREO mission is currently envisioned to consist of two duplicate observatories each carrying a payload of one infrared instrument suite, one reflected solar instrument suite and a Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument system. \n\nSummary provided by http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE\n Long_Name: Reflected Solar Instrument Suite (CLARREO)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n Sample_Image: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/images/Payload_breakdown-600w.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10547cb0-9a39-4630-a244-abb244d8518f", "label": "VISSR-METEOSAT", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Text Source: NOAA/NESDIS: http://psbcw1.nesdis.noaa.gov/terascan/home_basic/geosats_sensors_tables.html#Meteosat%20Sensor ]\n\n\nThe sensor of the Meteosat-7 is a three-channel imager known as the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) (which is also the name of the GMS imager). This imager has one channel for visible radiation, one for detection of water vapor, and one for infrared radiation. Channel properties are given in the following table:\n\nHigh-resolution PDUS data from Meteosat channel A2 (1694.5) is disseminated in two formats: A and B. The A format is full-disk and the B format covers the European, Northern African, and Middle Eastern regions.\n\nIn the A and B formats, the VIS channel data are indicated as coming from the 'southern' (VISs) or 'northern' (VISn) detector mounted in the radiometer. This means that during the scanning of the Earth, the VISs detector scans the line immediately to the south of the VISn detector.\n\nThe following format abbreviations are used in the Meteosat dissemination schedule for high-resolution images (HRI):\nAIVH \tFull-Disk IR and Half-Resolution VIS\nAIW \tFull-Disk IR and WV\nAW \tFull-Disk WV\nAV \tFull-Disk Full-Resolution VIS\nBIW \tEuropean Sector IR and WV\nBIV \tEuropean Sector IR and Full-Resolution VIS\nBIVW \tEuropean Sector IR, WV and Half-Resolution VIS\nBW \tEuropean Sector WV\nATEST01 \tTest Pattern\nATEST02 \tTest Pattern\n\nIR and WV data are always 'full resolution' at 5 km resolution. Full-resolution VIS data is at 2.5 km resolution; half-resolution VIS is at 5 km resolution. WV and IR data are 2500 lines by 2500 samples. Full-resolution VIS data is 5000 lines by 2500 samples each for VISs and VISn. In the A format, the VISn and VISs lines are side-by-side; in the B format they alternate.\n\nThe starting line of B formats is 1810, the last line is 2434. For the IR and WV formats, the first pixel in a line is 626, the last is 1875. The first pixel within a visible line is 1252 and the last is 3751.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VISSR-METEOSAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VISSR-METEOSAT\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (METEOSAT Series)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-7\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.9 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2.5km (5km)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5.7 µm - 7.1 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 µm - 12.5 µm \t \n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://psbcw1.nesdis.noaa.gov/terascan/home_basic/geosats_sensors_tables.html#Meteosat%20Sensor\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatSecondGeneration/index.htm\n Creation_Date: 2011-11-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10deaf31-ae63-43a6-90b8-994487a71edb", "label": "GSA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (GSA (1))\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GSA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Short_Name: GSA\n Long_Name: Hyperspectral imaging equipment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.mcc.rsa.ru/Pic/pr/resurs_p/2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1138ec18-a2a5-4cff-84bc-ce5fdfe29f0a", "label": "ECOSTRESS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) will measure the temperature of plants and use that information to better understand how much water plants need and how they\nrespond to stress.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12a671f6-d18d-405a-9ff5-432ef2b94135", "label": "ABI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Advanced Baseline Imager is the primary instrument on the GOES-R series for imaging Earth’s weather, oceans and environment. ABI will view the Earth with 16 different spectral bands (compared to five on current GOES), including two visible channels, four near-infrared channels, and ten infrared channels.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12e12fd9-0d3e-47fc-b818-cbbeb3f35413", "label": "MVI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "A new method for measuring plant canopy nonrandomness and other\narchitectural components has been developed using a 16 bit\n(65535 gray scale levels) charged-coupled device (CCD) camera\nthat captures images of plant canopies in two wavelength\nbands. This complete system is referred to as a multiband\nvegetation imager (MVI). The use of two wavelength bands\n(visible (VIS) 400-620 nn and near infrared (NIR) 720-950 nm)\npermits identification of sunlit and shaded foliage, sunlit and\nshaded branch area, clouds, and blue shy based on the camera's\nresolution, and the Varying spectral properties that scene\ncomponents have in the two wavelength bands. This approach is\ndifferent from other canopy imaging methods (such as fish-eye\nphotography) because it emphasizes measuring the fraction of an\nimage occupied by various scene components (branches, shaded\nleaves, sunlit leaves) under different sky conditions rather\nthan simply the canopy gap fraction under uniform sky\nconditions.\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Wisconsin-Madison]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1449ce31-3588-45cd-88b5-55e24d677210", "label": "TMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) is a passive microwave sensor designed to provide quantitative rainfall information over a wide swath \nunder the TRMM satellite. By carefully measuring the minute amounts of microwave energy emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere, TMI is able to quantify the water vapor, the \ncloud water, and the rainfall intensity in the atmosphere. It is a relatively small instrument that consumes little power. This, combined with the wide swath and the good, \nquantitative information regarding rainfall make TMI the 'workhorse' of the rain-measuring package on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.\n\nNASA Earth Science Reference Handbook [ Mission: TRMM ]\n\nMore information: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/TMI\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: TMI\n Long_Name: TRMM Microwave Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TMI\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 9\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.65, 19.35, 37.0, and 85.5 GHz at dual polarization and 22.235 GHz at vertical polarization\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 37 to 4.6-km resolution respectively, covering 760-km swath\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/tmi.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/TMI\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 8.5 Kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-12-08\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15d09d38-78d5-484c-93b4-3bf27e036dff", "label": "PanCam", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "PanCam (Panchromatic Camera): 12m resolution panchromatic sensor (swath 25km, Field of Regard 300km).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15f02273-9e95-43d7-a2b0-e6cf8f569f69", "label": "PRISM", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM)\nis a panchromatic radiometer with 2.5-meter spatial resolution. Its\ndata will be used for extracting highly accurate digital elevation\nmodel (DEM).\n\nThe PRISM has three independent optical systems for nadir, forward and\nbackward looking to achieve along-track stereoscopy. Each telescope\nconsists of three mirrors and several CCD detectors for pushbroom\nscanning. The nadir-looking telescope provides 70 km width coverage;\nforward and backward telescopes provide 35 km width coverage each.\n\nThe telescopes are installed on both side of its optical bench with\nprecise temperature control. Forward and backward telescopes are\ninclined + and - 24 degrees from nadir to realize a base-to-height\nratio of 1.0. PRISM's wide field of view (FOV) provides fully\noverlapped three-stereo (triplet) images (35 km width) without\nmechanical scanning or yaw steering of the satellite. Without this\nwide FOV, forward, nadir, and backward looking images would not\noverlap each other due to the Earth's rotation.\n\n[Summary provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PRISM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: PRISM\n Long_Name: Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.77 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/prism_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/prism_image.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1640dd94-3432-4f48-ae9b-7966137e027b", "label": "ATSR-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Along-Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR) on board the\nEuropean Remote Sensing Satellite 2 (ERS-2) produces infrared\nimages of the Earth at a spatial resolution of 1 kilometer. The\nfirst ATSR instrument (ATSR-1) was launched on board the ERS-1\nsatellite in July 1991 as part of the European Space Agency\n(ESA) Earth Observation Programme. ATSR-2 on board ESA's ERS-2\nspacecraft is an enhanced version of ATSR-1 and is equipped with\nadditional 'visible' channels for vegetation monitoring. The\ndata from these instruments is useful for scientific studies of\nthe land surface, atmosphere, clouds, and oceans.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031/DATASET_DOCS/atsr2_gbt.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16da019f-39a2-4ccf-9dbc-b4de1e14c6cd", "label": "ALI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[EO-1's mission ended 2017-03-30. Information for archival purposes.]\n\nThe Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is the first Earth-Observing instrument to be flown under NASA's \nNew Millennium Program (NMP). The ALI employs novel wide-angle optics and a highly integrated multispectral and panchromatic \nspectrometer.(Silicon Carbide Optics; Wide Field of View Optics; Multispectral Imaging Capability) EO-1 is a technology \nverification project designed to demonstrate comparable or improved Landsat spatial and spectral resolution with substantial \nmass, volume, and cost savings. \n\nThe focal plane for this instrument is partially populated with four sensor chip assemblies (SCA) and covers 3 degrees \nby 1.625 degrees. Operating in a pushbroom fashion at an orbit of 705 km, the ALI will provide Landsat type panchromatic \nand multispectral bands. These bands have been designed to mimic six Landsat bands with three additional bands covering \n0.433-0.453, 0.845-0.890, and 1.20-1.30 micrometers. The ALI also contains wide-angle optics designed to provide a \ncontinuous 15 degrees x 1.625 degrees field of view for a fully populated focal plane with 30-meter resolution for \nthe multispectral pixels and 10 meter resolution for the panchromatic pixels.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\nMore Information: https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/eo1.usgs.gov/ali.html\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ALI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: ALI\n Long_Name: Advanced Land Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.48 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.433 μm - 0.453 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.515 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.525 μm - 0.605 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.775 μm - 0.805 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.845 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.2 μm - 1.3 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm - 1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 μm - 2.35 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/eo1.usgs.gov/ali.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-11-27\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19b481f1-44a8-44f7-b395-ea3e45f71c97", "label": "MIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: NOAA NPOESS Project, http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr\n\nThe Microwave Imager/Sounder collects global microwave radiometry and sounding data to produce microwave imagery and other meteorological and oceanographic data. It is the primary instrument for satisfying 16 Environmental Data Records (EDR). The MIS data will be provided on NPOESS spacecrafts C2 (2016), C3, and C4. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MIS\n Long_Name: Microwave Imager/Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MIS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NPOESS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 GHz to 183 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/npoes\n Sample_Image: http://npoess.noaa.gov/images/npoess_satellite.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 500 kbps data rate\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b0cf705-a6e1-4a96-aac1-5c8d505be6a7", "label": "MWRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Optical image can only see the surface of an object, such as ” “ we can only have the light, and useful case see images of objects.Penetrating ” “ microwave has the ability, microwave image reflects the object's temperature and dielectric properties, and more.Such as sea surface temperature monitoring with microwave instrument we can get during the day and night temperature of the ocean, and the information is not affected by weather, where there is a cloud cover, we can obtain the ocean surface temperature information.Different microwave frequency bands have different penetration.In General, the frequency, the lower the more penetration.By selecting different frequency observations imaging, we can obtain different target information.Oscar Niemeyer, 3, A star on the load of IMI five frequency, each frequency has two polarization mode.The frequency of sensing can provide us with all-weather, probably the largest land surface temperature, soil moisture, snow depth flood, drought, structure, atmospheric moisture content of the typhoon, and so a wealth of information.IMI's observations can also be used in numerical weather prediction models, let our weather forecast more accurate.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MWRI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MWRI\n Long_Name: MicroWave Radiation Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MWRI.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-09\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c645150-c046-4652-8f68-11167a19ba91", "label": "MFR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ca9aabd-bc50-4dd6-b81b-fe70cb50ea1b", "label": "CA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ce6f43e-8bee-4b3a-9a0e-3ea2a9f5e7b3", "label": "PHyTIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space\nStation (ECOSTRESS) will be implemented by placing the existing space-ready\nPrototype HyspIRI Thermal Infrared Radiometer (PHyTIR) on the International\nSpace Station (ISS) and using it to gather the measurements needed to\naddress the science goals and objectives. PHyTIR was developed under the\nEarth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Instrument Incubator Program (IIP).\nFrom the ISS, PHyTIR will provide data with 38-m in-track by 69-m\ncross-track spatial resolution (science requirement is 100 m) and predicted\ntemperature sensitivity of ≤0.1 K (science requirement is 0.3 K). The ISS\norbit allows excellent coverage of the selected targets including diurnal\ncoverage. The existing hardware was developed to reduce the cost and risk\nfor the thermal infrared radiometer on the future Hyperspectral Infrared\nImager (HyspIRI) mission, A double-sided scan mirror, rotating at a\nconstant 23.3 rpm, allows the telescope to view a 51°-wide nadir\ncross-track swath as well as two internal blackbody calibration targets\nevery 1.29 seconds (Note that the two-sided mirror rotating at 23.3 rpm\nprovides 46.6 sweeps per minute). The optical signal is focused by a\ntelescope onto the 60 K focal plane containing a custom 13.2-μm-cutoff\nmercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) infrared detector array. Spectral filters\non the focal plane define 5 spectral bands in the 8-12.5 μm range and an\nadditional band at 1.6 um for geolocation and cloud detection (six bands\ntotal). The focal plane is cooled by two commercial Thales cryocoolers.\nElectronics consist of six build-to-print and four commercial boards. Heat\nrejection for the ECOSTRESS cryocoolers and electronics is provided by the\ncooling fluid loop on the ISS Japanese Experiment Module External Facility\n(JEM-EF). ECOSTRESS can fit any of the nine JEM-EF payload locations but\nwill be deployed at Site 10 (one of the two end locations).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "212f750c-5342-44a8-8dcd-fe9dc4d98a19", "label": "VHRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Very High Resolution Radiometer is capable of imaging the\nearth in the visible, thermal infrared and water vapor bands of\nthe electromagnetic spectrum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "228edef6-d682-40eb-8b41-e37c78b9e7c5", "label": "AHI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The first ABI-class imager launched, known as the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), was launched 7 October 2014 on the Himawari-8 satellite for the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA). AHI provides a number of improvements compared with current capabilities, including better forecasting, improved numerical weather prediction accuracy, and enhanced environmental monitoring. Environmental intelligence provided by AHI will give forecasters better data faster and at a higher resolution to provide advanced warning during dangerous weather, which is critical to saving lives and property. The first AHI became operational on 7 July 2015. JMA launched its second AHI instrument on board the Himawari-9 satellite on 2 November 2016.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "22dc2a25-e81e-4408-bcf2-a47ef28d7f7f", "label": "VNIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) is one of\nASTER's three different subsystems.\n\nThe VNIR subsystem consists of two independent telescope\nassemblies to minimize image distortion in the backward and\nnadir looking telescopes. The detectors for each of the bands\nconsist of 5000 element silicon charge coupled detectors\n(CCD's). Only 4000 of these detectors are used at any one\ntime. A time lag occurs between the acquisition of the backward\nimage and the nadir image. During this time earth rotation\ndisplaces the image center. The VNIR subsystem automatically\nextracts the correct 4000 pixels based on orbit position\ninformation supplied by the EOS platform.\n\nThe VNIR optical system is a reflecting-refracting improved\nSchmidt design. The backward looking telescope focal plane\ncontains only a single detector array and uses an interference\nfilter for wavelength discrimination. The focal plane of the\nnadir telescope contains 3 line arrays and uses a dichroic\nprism and interference filters for spectral separation\nallowing all three bands to view the same area\nsimultaneously. The telescope and detectors are maintained at\n296 + 3K using thermal control and cooling from a platform\nprovided cold plate. On-board calibration of the two VNIR\ntelescopes is accomplished with either of two independent\ncalibration devices for each telescope. The radiation source\nis a halogen lamp. A diverging beam from the lamp filament is\ninput to the first optical element (Schmidt corrector) of the\ntelescope subsystem filling part of the aperture. The\ndetector elements are uniformly irradiated by this beam. In\neach calibration device, two silicon photo-diodes are used to\nmonitor the radiance of the lamp. One photo-diode monitors the\nfilament directly and the second monitors the calibration beam\njust in front of the first optical element of the\ntelescope. The temperature of the lamp base and the\nphoto-diodes is also monitored. Provision for electrical\ncalibration of the electronic components is also provided.\n\nThe system signal-to-noise is controlled by specifying the NE\ndelta rho to be < 0.5% referenced to a diffuse target with a\n70% albedo at the equator during equinox. The absolute\nradiometric accuracy is to be + 4% or better. The VNIR\nsubsystem produces by far the highest data rate of the three\nASTER imaging subsystems. With all four bands operating (3 nadir\nand 1 backward) the data rate including image data, supplemental\ninformation and subsystem engineering data is 62 Mbps.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VNIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VNIR\n Long_Name: Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24b58da6-ac1a-46d1-bbd3-6cdb0a0e1707", "label": "SLIM6-22", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Type\tImaging multi-spectral radiometers (vis/IR)\nSpectrum\tVIS (~0.40µm to ~0.75µm)\nNIR (~0.75µm to ~1.3µm)\nResolution class\tMedium (20m - 200m)\nPAN resolution\t22m\nMS resolution\t22m\nSwath\t650km\nRevisit Time\t days\nMax look angle\t52°\nOther characteristics\t\nOn-board of\tUK-DMC-2\nUK-DMC Nigeriasat-X\nUK-DMC DEIMOS-1\nDistributors\tESA (European Space Agency)\nCatalogues\tESA Earth Online", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "284594aa-8f07-41db-927c-f84980da2877", "label": "ASPECT", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2878f334-35dc-47a7-a3ae-8c5da1adccd3", "label": "MODIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a multi-disciplinary, keystone instrument on Aqua and Terra, \nproviding a wide array of multispectral, daily observations of land, ocean, and atmosphere features at spatial resolutions \nbetween 250 m and 1000 m. Approximately 40 data products are produced from the MODIS data. Data are distributed not only \nthrough the EOS Data and Information Service (EOSDIS) Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) at Goddard Space Flight \nCenter, the EROS Data Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, \nColorado, but also via over 100 Direct Broadcast (DB) stations distributed world-wide.\n\nKey MODIS Facts\nHeritage: AVHRR, HIRS, Landsat TM, and Nimbus-7 CZCS\nInstrument Type: Medium-resolution, multi-spectral, cross-track scanning radiometer; daylight reflection and day/night \nemission spectral imaging\nSwath Width: 2,300 km at 110 degree (±55 degree)\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 250 m, 500 m, 1 km\nDimensions: 1.04 m x 1.18 m x 1.63 m\nMass: 229 kg\nThermal Operating Range: 268 ± 5 K\nPower: 162.5 W (average), 225 W (peak)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nInstrument Nadir IFOV: 250 m (2 bands), 500 m (5 bands), 1,000 m (29 bands)\nPolarization Sensitivity: 2% from 0.43 µm to 2.2 µm and ±45 degree scan\nSignal-to-Noise Ratios: From 500 to 1100 for 1-km ocean color bands at 70 degree solar zenith angle\nNEDt: Typically < 0.05 K at 300 K\nAbsolute Irradiance Accuracy: 5% for wavelengths < 3 µm and 1% for wavelengths > 3 µm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MODIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MODIS\n Long_Name: Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 10 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 10 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.75 - 3 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 16 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.0 - 14.5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis/modis_products_table\n Online_Resource: https://atmosphere-imager.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://nsidc.org/data/modis/index.html\n Online_Resource: https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov\n Online_Resource: https://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/\n Online_Resource: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/index.php\n Sample_Image: httpa://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/images/modisComponents.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 6.2Mbps (average), 10.5 Mbps (daytime), 3.2 Mbps (nighttime)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-06-25\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 6.2Mbps (average), 10.5 Mbps (daytime), 3.2 Mbps (nighttime)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-02-24\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "291dd78f-67de-417f-a26d-6df02bafe8e7", "label": "LIP", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) consists of an average of 6 rotating vane type electric field sensors, a dual channel conductivity probe, slow and fast antennas, and two optical sensors along with a central computer to record and monitor the instruments. The actual configuration varies depending on the specific platform’s resources. The electric field sensors are standard in each field campaign with the conductivity probe present in most experiments. The slow and fast antenna and optical sensors are included when the configuration allows. Each field mill incorporates self-calibration capabilities that reduce the time required to obtain a full aircraft calibration. In addition, the electric field signals are digitized at each mill and transmitted as a digital data stream, reducing signal noise and simplifying aircraft integration. The electric field mills and the conductivity probe are compact sensors, each weighing less than 10 lbs and provide the full vector components of the atmospheric electric field (i.e., Ex, Ey, Ez) around the storms overflown. The air conductivity probe determines the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere and can be used to derive storm electrical currents. Slow and fast antennas acquire lightning waveforms and provide a measure of total lightning. Dual multiple channel, calibrated, optical sensors are used to determine the intensity, duration, and waveform characteristics of the different types of lightning discharges from thunderstorms. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LIP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LIP\n Long_Name: Lightning Instrument Package\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RQ-4\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://camex.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/lip.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b334efc-b3b7-4551-8ed5-80753d46032c", "label": "VTIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "A visible and thermal infrared radiometer (VTIR) covers one visible band and\nthree thermal infrared bands to detect thermal radiation from the earth's\nsurface. This radiometer is equipped with a rotating scanning mirror which\nmechanically scans the earth's surface from right to left, at right angles to\nthe direction of flight of the satellite. When the mirror deviates from the\ndirection of the earth surface, it looks at an internal black body unit and at\ndeep space, and thus obtains thermal infrared calibration data. The VTIR's\nresolution in terms of the earth surface is some 900 m in the visible-ray band\nand about 2,700 m in the thermal infrared bands. The scanning width of the\nVTIR is so wide (1,500km) that a particular area on the earth surface can be\nobserved continuously for ten-odd days by using its side-lap.\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n VTIR\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWavelength/ micron\nFrequency 0.5-0.7 6.0-7.0\n 10.5-11.5\n 11.5-12.5\nResolution 900m 2.7km\nSensitivity/ 55dB 0.5k\nSN\nSwath 1500Km\nApplication Fields\n Band 1 Snow cover distribution\n (0.5-0.7) Ice distribution\n Cloud distribution\n Band 2 Water vapor distribution in upper layer\n (6-7) (Temperature zone)\n Detection of thin cirrus cloud\n Band 3 Snow cover distribution\n (10.5-11.5) Ice distribution\n Monitoring of sea water flow\n Sea surface temperature\n Band 4 Snow cover distribution\n (11.5-12.5) Ice distribution\n Monitoring of sea water flow\n Cloud distribution\n Sea surface temperature\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VTIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VTIR\n Long_Name: Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31fb513e-d4d6-43c2-9e77-363ebe603ff0", "label": "MTVZA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Scanning microwave imager-sounder (MTVZA)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MTVZA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MTVZA\n Long_Name: Scanning microwave imager-sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://jurnal.vniiem.ru/text/107/8.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/333\n Sample_Image: http://s020.radikal.ru/i700/1506/49/1b2051a01353.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3267ab9b-4e40-454c-ad9f-ec0832ff49ab", "label": "VISSR-GMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Text Source: Gunter's Space Page, http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm ]\n\nThe principal instrument on board all satellites in the GMS series is the visible and infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR), which is produced by Hughes' Santa Barbara Research Center. The spacecraft body carries the VISSR and spins at 100 rpm, while the antennas are despun and remain pointed toward Earth.\n\nThe spinning motion of the satellite carries the west-east scan. The north-south scan is produced by the VISSR scan mirror, which steps approximately 0.008° with each satellite revolution.\n\nVisible spectrum information consists of reflected sunlight and is obtained when Earth's surface is illuminated by the sun. Infrared spectrum information consists of heat radiation from Earth's surface and cloud tops. Since this information contains very little sunlight reflection, it can be obtained day and night. Extremely sensitive detectors, which are kept cold by a radiative cooler, convert Earth's infrared radiation into analog signals.\n\nThe VISSR senses radiation and produces images of Earth and its atmosphere one scan line at a time, similar to the way television images are generated. About 2500 scan mirror steps or line scans are required to make a full image of the portion of Earth's disk as seen by the satellite. With its specially designed optical telescope and detectors, the VISSR obtains a complete 20° by 20° scan, produces an image of the full Earth disk every 25 minutes, and transmits that image back to Earth as weather facsimile pictures, showing different portions of the hemisphere. This enables meteorologists to identify, monitor, and track cataclysmic weather events such as windstorms, heavy rainfall, and typhoons, and to predict weather dangers long before storms reach densely populated areas.\n\nUnlike its predecessors, which carried one infrared channel each, GMS-5 carries three. Two perform the same function as the single infrared on the previous satellites. The third determines atmospheric water vapor distribution.\n\nMany aspects of weather that affect the daily lives of people exist for such relatively short periods that polar-orbit weather satellites fail to observe them. However, the GMS, from its stationary vantage point of constant observation, acquires almost instantaneous information on rapidly changing weather patterns and regional weather phenomena.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VISSR-GMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (GMS Series)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GMS\n Short_Name: GMS-5\n Short_Name: GMS-4\n Short_Name: GMS-3\n Short_Name: GMS-2\n Short_Name: GMS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-11-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33b662f6-eee9-4aa2-bfc8-2bf758615223", "label": "K1-VHRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3773a427-32d9-4fef-a549-d0f56a4d18ff", "label": "GOES-11 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "396af9f0-50d9-4b4c-b4cc-c58aef015471", "label": "IRS (CBERS)", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: eoportal.org, http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6146/8664.html ]\n\nIRS (Infrared System) of CAST, IRS is of IRMSS heritage. IRS is an imager with 4 spectral bands (0.76-0.90; 1.55-1.75; 2.08-2.35; 10.5-12.5 ) µm. The spatial resolution is halved with regard to IRMSS. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS (CBERS)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: IRS (CBERS)\n Long_Name: Infrared System (CBERS 3 and 4)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm -0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm -1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 μm -2.35 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm -12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4.htm\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6146/8664.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39ac1813-238f-4fa3-b0cb-fe08a7dcadc4", "label": "ATSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Along Track Scanning Radiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR) is\none of the instruments carried on-board of the European Remote Sensing\nSatellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) launched by the European Space Agency on\n17 July 1991 and 20 April 1995.\n\nThe ATSR incorporates two separate instruments: an advanced four-\nchannel infrared radiometer (the ATSR-IRR, commonly called the ATSR)\nused for measuring sea surface temperature and cloud top temperatures,\nand a two-channel Microwave Sounder (the ATSR-MWR, commonly called the\nMWR) designed to measure total precipitable water vapour and the total\nliquid water content of the atmosphere.\n\nThe ATSR-IRR images are in four co-registered infra-red channels in a\n500 km wide swath. The viewing geometry involves a unique scanning\ntechnique where the surface is viewed at two angles, one close to the\nnadir (0 degree, nadir swath) and the other at 47 degrees (forward\nswath), within the space of two minutes (the time it takes the\nsub-satellite point to reach the along track point which is separated\nby approximately 800 km). These two swaths are produced by a scanning\nmirror with a rotation axis inclined 23.45 degrees from the vertical,\nresulting in a near-elliptical path on the Earth's surface.\n\nOn-board calibration is carried out by incorporating two 'black\nbodies' into the instrument scan pattern. The IR sensors are kept to\n80 K by an active cooling system to minimize the thermal noise\ncomponent in the sensor signals.\n\nATSR-IRR characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nSpectral channels: 1.6, 3.7, 11 and 12 microns\nSpatial resolution: 1 km x 1 km (nadir); 1.5 km x 2 km\n(forward)\nSwath width: 500 km\nDetector: single element InSb and HgCdTe\nCooler: Stirling Cycle Cooler\nRadiometric precision: 0.1 K\nSST predicted accuracy: 0.5 K over a 50 kmx 50 km square\nwith 80% cloud cover\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe ATSR was designed to provide the following:\n\n\n- global sea surface temperature, accurate to better than\n0.5K (absolute) with a spatial resolution of 50 Km in\nconditions of up to 80% cloud cover\n- images of surface temperature, accurate to 0.1K\n(relative) with 1 km resolution and 500 km swath width\n- total water vapour content of the atmosphere\n- observations of clouds, aerosols, haze, land-ice and\nsea-ice surface emissivity\n- tropospheric range correction of the Radar Altimeter\nmeasurements to better than 5 cm\n\n\nThe ATSR provides important information in scientific disciplines such\nas oceanography, climatology and meteorology. When combined with\nobservations of cloud top temperatures, cloud cover, haze, aerosol and\ntotal water vapour content of the atmosphere, significant improvements\nmay be expected in the accuracy of medium range weather\nforecasting. Also accurate sea surface temperatures can be of use to a\nnumber of commercial users, particularly those involved in fishing and\nthe management of fishing areas. In the field of research, potential\napplications of the ATSR include distinguishing thin new ice from open\nwater, identifying surface type, and the accumulation rate of land\nice.\n\nRelated URL: 'http://earth.esa.int/atsr/'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_ats.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a3c2498-8e0e-4138-b5a2-7c2a80e1b598", "label": "LISS-III", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor (LISS-III) is a multi-spectral camera operating in four spectral bands, three in the visible and near infrared and one in the SWIR region, as in the case of IRS-1C/1D. The new feature in LISS-III camera is the SWIR band (1.55 to 1.7 microns), which provides data with a spatial resolution of 23.5 m unlike in IRS-1C/1D (where the spatial resolution is 70.5 m).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm - 1.70 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b2904fa-bc88-4a86-b917-59ea09afdd6f", "label": "TIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Thermal Infrared Radiometer (TIR) is one of ASTERs three different subsystems. The TIR subsystem uses a Newtonian catadioptric system with an aspheric primary mirror and lenses for aberration correction. Unlike the VNIR and SWIR telescopes, the telescope of the TIR subsystem is fixed with pointing and scanning done by a mirror. Each band uses 10 Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (HgCdTe) detectors in a staggered array with optical band-pass filters (Table II) over each detector element. Each detector has its own pre-and post-amplifier for a total of 50.\n\nAs with the SWIR subsystem, the TIR subsystem uses a mechanical split Stirling cycle cooler for maintaining the detectors at 80K. In this case, since the cooler is fixed, the waste heat it generates is removed using a platform supplied cold plate.\n\nThe scanning mirror functions both for scanning and pointing. In the scanning mode the mirror oscillates at about 7 Hz. For calibration, the scanning mirror rotates 180 degrees from the nadir position to view an internal black body which can be heated or cooled. The scanning/pointing mirror design precludes a view of cold space, so at any one time only a one point temperature calibration can be effected. The system does contain a temperature controlled and monitored chopper to remove low frequency drift. In flight, a single point calibration is done frequently (e.g., every observation). On a less frequent interval, the black body is cooled or heated (to a maximum temperature of 340K) to provide a multipoint thermal calibration. Facility for electrical calibration of the post-amplifiers is also provided. Another major technical challenge facing the ASTER team was to establish before flight that the elements of the inflight calibration and subsystem design will permit high quality accurate thermal radiometry.\n\nFor the TIR subsystem, the signal-to-noise can be expressed in terms of an NE delta T. The requirement is that the NE delta T be less than 0.3K for all bands with a design goal of less than 0.2K. The signal reference for NE delta T is a blackbody emitter at 300K. The accuracy requirements on the TIR subsystem are given for each of several brightness temperature ranges as follows: 200 - 240K, 3K; 240 - 270K, 2K; 270 - 340K, 1K; and 340 - 370K, 2K.\n\nThe total data rate for the TIR subsystem, including supplementary telemetry and engineering telemetry, is 4.2 Mbps. Because the TIR subsystem can return useful data both day and night, the duty cycle for this subsystem has been set at 16%. The cryocooler, like that of the SWIR subsystem, operates with a 100% duty cycle.\n\nURL: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/tir.asp", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3bfc3d3d-48cb-44a8-91fe-5ed91a18aa85", "label": "WIFS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) is on-board the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite 1C (IRS-1C) launched in 1996. It collects images during mid-morning (about 10:30 AM) with a spatial resolution of about 200 meters in both a red and near-infrared spectral band. The temporal resolution/revisit time frame is five days, which is an improvement over the two weeks of the Landsat systems, but still not as frequent as that of the GOES (every 15-30 minutes) or SeaWiFS (once per day). A major advantage of this data set is that it fills in the spatial resolution gap between the Landsat TM and MSS (30 and 75 meters, respectively) and the GOES and SeaWiFS (1 km) data sets. This, combined with the fact that our eolian erosion vulnerability image-mapping algorithm uses the red and near-infrared bands (the two bands collected by WiFS), allows excellent regional image maps to be made using these data. The five day temporal resolution makes them better than the Landsat MSS and TM data for possible i maging of active dust storms, but still not acceptable for operational monitoring and detection of active dust storms.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WIFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: WIFS\n Long_Name: Wide Field Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P3\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-1d.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c56938d-eb2f-4cc1-97ed-d0d0865f679b", "label": "GOES-15 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Measures cloud cover, atmospheric radiance, winds, atmospheric stability, rainfall estimates. Used to provide severe storm warnings/ monitoring day and night (type, amount, storm features).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-15 Imager\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GOES-15 Imager\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 15-Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-06-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2010-03-04\n Instrument_Owner: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d84cea2-1361-46fc-b0e2-eab9cc393258", "label": "HRV", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Text Source: NSSDC, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1986-019A-01 ]\n\nThe SPOT-A High Resolution Visible (HRV) imager provides acquisition of high-resolution data of the earth's surface on a global basis. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV) imaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV experiment is designed to operate in either or both of two modes, in the visible and near infrared spectral regions: (1) a panchromatic (black and white) mode corresponding to observation over a broad spectral band (0.51 0.73 micrometer) and (2) a multispectral (color) mode corresponding to observation in three narrower spectral bands (0.50 - 0.59, 0.61 0.68, and 0.79 - 0.89 micrometer). The instrument's sampling mesh corresponds to a ground element (pixel) that is 10 m x 10 m in the first case and 20 m x 20 m in the second, for nadir viewing. The two detectors are of the CCD (charge-coupled device) type. Each array consists of 6000 detectors without any mechanical scanning. Light from the scene being viewed enters the HRV instrument via a plane mirror that is steerable by ground control. The viewing axis can thus be oriented as required in the plane perpendicular to the orbit. This off-nadir viewing capability covers a range of plus or minus 27 deg relative to the vertical (in 45 steps of 0.6 deg each). This allows the instrument to image any point within a strip extending 475 km to either side of the satellite ground track. The width of the swath actually observed varies between 60 km for nadir viewing and 80 km for extreme off-nadir viewing. With this special feature of off-nadir viewing, the two HRV instruments can be pointed to cover adjacent fields in order to obtain complete earth coverage. Among other possibilities introduced by this feature are increased revisit coverage at intervals ranging from one to several days and the recording of stereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive satellite passes. The observation sequence is loaded every day into the onboard computer by the Toulouse ground-control station while the satellite is within its range. The operation sequences for the two HRV instruments are entirely independent. Data will be processed at the Centre de Rectification des Images Spatiales (CRIS) which will be jointly set up by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Institut Geographique National (IGN). CRIS is responsible for archiving SPOT-A raw data received at Toulouse and for carrying out image data processing.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRV\n Long_Name: High Resolution Visible Imaging System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.79 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 µm - 0.73 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1986-019A-01\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=4074\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e488a04-58da-4ef3-b30c-a8bb21a79630", "label": "LAC", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[LAC data is not available and is no longer collected as part of the EO-1 Extended Mission.]\n\nThe Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array/Atmospheric Corrector (LEISA/AC) is an infrared camera. Images from the AC can \nbe used to remove the effects of the atmosphere from surface pictures obtained by instruments such as the Advanced Land \nImager (ALI) on EO-1 and Landsat. Observing the surface through the atmosphere is conceptually the same as viewing the \nbottom of a lake through cloudy water. The AC provides data on the amount of atmospheric water vapor. These data can be \nused to clear the view. The AC on EO-1 will be the first use of a dedicated instrument to per- form this function on a \nreal-time basis. This instrument will provide scientific return both in terms of improved imagery and hyperspectral sensing \ncapabilities. It will also test a number of new technologies. Because the AC is small and adaptable to different spacecraft\n configurations, it is a bolt-on instrument, which can be attached to any future Earth imaging spacecraft. The LEISA AC \n instrument was developed by Goddard's Applied Engineering and Technology Directorate (AETD). AETD will provide open \n access to U.S. industry regarding the design and performance of the LEISA AC instrument with the explicit purpose of \n expediting technology transfer to the commercial sector.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LAC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LAC\n Long_Name: LAC (Linear Etalon Imaging Spectrometer Array (LEISA) Atmospheric Corrector\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: .85-1.5 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/new/Technology/Documents/InstrumentOverview.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41249ca9-3c20-4dc7-a5ad-bf314b7dd542", "label": "MSS_RS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Multispectral imaging system (MSS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSS_RS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSS_RS\n Long_Name: Multispectral imaging system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BelKA\n Short_Name: Kanopus-V\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.6 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 µm - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.8 µm - 0.9 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: https://innoter.com/sites/default/files/uploads/articles/Kanopus/5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4270e59d-8fbe-4b75-ab05-616d3b38fa4e", "label": "NS-001 TMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) instruments are designed to\nsimulate spectral, spatial, and radiometric characteristics of\nthe Thematic Mapper sensor on the Landsat-4 and 5\nspacecraft. The two instruments used in OTTER are similar, but\nthey are flown at different altitudes thereby yielding data with\ndifferent resolutions. The NS001 TMS is generally flown at\nmedium altitudes and provides 12.2-meter resolution at nadir at\nan altitude of 16,000 feet (4,864 meters). The Daedalus TMS is\nflown at higher altitudes and provides a ground resolution of 25\nmeters at an altitude of 65,000 feet (19,760 meters). The NS001\nTMS is flown aboard NASA's C-130 aircraft based at the NASA Ames\nResearch Center. The Daedalus TMS is flown aboard the NASA ER-2\naircraft.\n\nAlthough the TMS sensors are very similar, they differ slightly\nfrom each other and from the Landsat TM instruments. Both TMS\ninstruments have 7 spectral channels that are very similar to\nthose of the TM sensor. However, they both have additional\nchannels; the NS001 TMS has one additional IR channel and the\nDaedalus TMS has five additional channels.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/jskiles/top-down/OTTER/OTTER_docs/\nDAEDALUS.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "447cb532-a56a-4d8a-b367-40aebcc1648d", "label": "LIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "LIS is designed to investigate the global incidence of lightning, its correlation with convective rainfall, and its relationship with the global electric circuit. Conceptually, LIS is a simple device, consisting of a staring imager optimized to locate both intra cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning with storm-scale resolution over a large region of surface on Earth, to mark the time of occurrence, and to measure the radiant energy. It will monitor individual storms within the field of view (FOV) for 80 seconds, long enough to estimate the lightning flash rate. Location of lightning flashes is determined to within 5 km over a 600-km × 600-km FOV. \n\nThe LIS design uses an expanded optics wide-FOV lens, combined with a narrow-band interference filter that focuses the image on a small, high-speed, charge-coupled-device focal plane. The signal is read out from the focal plane into a real-time data processor for event detection and data compression. The particular characteristics of the sensor design result from the requirement to detect weak lightning signals during the day when the background illumination, produced by sunlight reflecting from the tops of clouds, is much brighter than the illumination produced by the lightning. \n\nA combination of four methods is used to take advantage of the significant differences in the temporal, spatial, and spectral characteristics between the lightning signal and the background noise. First, spatial filtering is used to match the instantaneous FOV of each detector element in the LIS focal-plane array to the typical cloud-top area illuminated by a lightning event (about 5 km). Second, spectral filtering is applied, using a narrow-band interference filter centered about the strong hypoiodite ion (OI) emission multiplet in the lightning spectrum at 777.4 nm. Third, temporal filtering is applied. The lightning pulse duration is of the order of 400 microseconds, whereas the background illumination tends to be constant on a time scale of seconds. The lightning signal-to-noise ratio improves as the integration time approaches the pulse duration. Accordingly, an integration time of 2 ms is chosen to minimize pulse splitting between successive frames and to maximize lightning delectability. Finally, a modified frame-to-frame background subtraction is used to remove the slowly varying background signal from the raw data coming off the LIS focal plane. If, after background removal, the signal for a given pixel exceeds a specified threshold, that pixel is considered to contain a lightning event. \n\nLIS investigations are striving to understand processes related to, and underlying, lightning phenomena in the Earth atmosphere system. These processes include the amount, distribution, and structure of deep convection on a global scale, and the coupling between atmospheric dynamics and energetics as related to the global distribution of lightning activity. The investigations will contribute to a number of important EOS mission objectives, including cloud characterization and hydrologic-cycle studies. Lightning activity is closely coupled to storm convection, dynamics, and microphysics, and can be correlated to the global rates, amounts, and distribution of convective precipitation, to the release and transport of latent heat, and to the chemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. LIS standard products include intensities, times of occurrence, and locations of lightning events. The performance of LIS has exceeded specifications and has been returning unprecedented data on lightning activity. LIS is enabling investigators to quantify relationships between lightning, convection, and ice production. \n\n NASA Earth Science Reference Handbook [ Mission: TRMM ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LIS\n Long_Name: Lightning Imaging Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LIS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.777 micrometers with 5-km spatial resolution and 2-ms temporal resolution over an imaging area of 600 km × 600 km.\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://lightning.nsstc.nasa.gov/lis/index.html\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/lis.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/LIS\n Sample_Image: https://lightning.nsstc.nasa.gov/lis/graphics/lis_sensor.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 500 frames per second\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-11-30\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44d87436-a753-4d0c-80f6-7e6b48795575", "label": "SSMIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) continues the legacy of passive microwave instruments carried aboard Defense Meteorological Satellite \n[Text Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/ssmis_instrument/index.html ]\n\nProgram (DMSP) satellites. Beginning with the launch of the DMSP F-16 satellite on 18 October 2003, the SSMIS marks the commencement of a new series of passive microwave conically scanning imagers and sounders planned for launch over the next two decades (Sun and Weng 2008). SSMIS improves upon the surface and atmospheric retrievals of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and upon the atmospheric temperature and water vapor sounding capabilities of both the Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder (SSM/T-1) and the Special Sensor Microwave Humidity Sounder (SSM/T-2). Furthermore, the SSMIS imaging and sounding sensors share the same viewing geometry, thereby allowing surface parameters to be retrieved simultaneously (Yan and Weng 2008). The SSMIS instrument is able to estimate atmospheric temperature, moisture, and surface parameters from data collected at frequencies ranging from 19 to 183 GHz over a swath width of 1707 km. SSMIS is currently carried aboard DMSP-F16, -F17, and -F18 satellites, and is slated for furture missions aboard DMSP-F19 and -F20. This document discusses the mission objectives, principles of operation, sensor specifications, and calibration information of the SSMIS instrument.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSMIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SSMIS\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F18\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F17\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Number_Channels: 24\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Center Frequency 19.35 GHz to 183.31 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/ssmis_instrument/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/rsad/ssmi/swath/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/DOD\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "477652cd-2ed0-4d78-b821-5fc4f5ae7a11", "label": "PIP", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Measures concentration and records images of cloud particles from approximately 500-30000 microns in diameter with a resolution of 100 microns per pixel. \n\n[Source: Global Hydrology Resource Center] \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PIP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: PIP\n Long_Name: Precipitation Imaging Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2011-07-12\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47a49789-181d-43d0-8591-a0fe494f86d2", "label": "OLS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-01 ]\n\nThe Operational Linescan System (OLS) was the primary experiment on the DMSP Block 5D spacecraft. The purpose of this experiment was to provide global, day/night observations of cloud cover and cloud temperature measurements to support Department of Defense requirements for operational weather analysis and forecasting. The OLS employed a scanning optical telescope driven in an oscillating motion, with optical compensation for image motion, which resulted in near-constant resolution throughout the sensor field of view. The radiometer operated in two ('light' and 'thermal') spectral intervals -- (1) visible and near infrared (0.4 to 1.1 micrometers) and (2) infrared (8 to 13 micrometers). The radiometer produced, with onboard processing, data in four modes -- LF (light fine) and TF (thermal fine) data with a resolution of .56 km, and LS (light smoothed) and TS (thermal smoothed) data with a resolution of 2.8 km. There were three onboard recorders, and each had a storage capability of 400 min of both LS and TS data or 20 min of LF and TF data. For direct readout to tactical sites, the experiment was programmed so that LF and TS data were obtained at night. The infrared data (TF and TS) covered a temperature range of 210 to 310 deg k with an accuracy of 1 deg c. The LS data mode provided visual data through a dynamic range from full sunlight down to a quarter moon. This mode also automatically adjusted the gain along scan to allow useful data to be obtained across the terminator. Additional information on this experiment is contained in the report, 'Primary Optical Subsystems for DMSP Block 5D,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, No. 4, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: OLS\n Long_Name: Operational Linescan System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F6\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F5\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F3\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm to 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm to 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm to 13 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/sensors/ols.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47fa86bf-3472-4539-bb2e-a08020dc2090", "label": "LMA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "A lightning mapping array is a network of time-of-arrival sensors that passively receive VHF impulses from electrical breakdown within thunderstorms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49c18248-f7db-4874-829e-31222af91350", "label": "MLA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The SPOT series of satellites carry two nominally identical High\nResolution Visible (HRV) imagers which can be operated\nindependently or in various coupled modes. They have four\nstraight and continuous virtual sensing lines, with 6000 basic\nsensing elements per line. These instruments are, however, not\nlimited to nadir viewing. Each HRV contains a pointable mirror\napparatus which allows the imaging direction to be varied at\nuser-selected angles. Each HRV imager has two sensing\nmodes. They are known as the Multi-Linear Array (MLA) and the\nPanchromatic Linear Array (PLA) sensors. The MLA sensor\ncaptures data in three spectral bands: 500 - 590 nm, nominal\nground resolution of 20 metres at nadir. The PLA sensor\ncaptures data in the spectral range 510 - 730 nm at a 10 metre\nnominal ground resolution at nadir. Data are archived at a rate\nof approximately 100,000 (60 km x 60 km) scenes per year. Each\ndata set contains visible and near-infrared radiance data. The\ndata are stored on h igh density tapes and are available in\nDigital and film format at a variety of processing levels from\nraw levels to fully-processed products registered to the\nCanadian National Topographic Map series. The data are offered\nin LGSOWG, EOSAT fast format and ARCinfo.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cgdi.gc.ca/CGDI.cfm/fuseaction/data.details/id/3788/gcs.cfm'\n\n[Summary provided by GeoConnections]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a2f52b5-d671-4c3e-bdfa-99ce98c3fbe2", "label": "VIRIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Visible/Infrared Intelligent Spectrometer (VIRIS) was\ndeveloped as the IRIS Mark IV by GER, Inc., and a portable\nillumination source (a spectralon coated hemisphere/baffle\nsystem employing 4, high-intensity, quartz line, 30 W bulbs)\nwere used to characterize the reflectance of branch samples with\nneedles attached (spruce and hemlock).\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bf480ae-5266-4812-a4b4-15043764b745", "label": "COSSIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Conical Scanning Sub-millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer\n(COSSIR) built by Jim Wang at NASA Goddard is also a heterodyne\ninstrument very similar to the Cloud Ice Radiometer. More\nflexible scanning capabilities will increase the possible\nviewing configurations.\n\n[Summary provided by Frank Evans, University of Colorado]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c03dcf4-6630-4b27-b4c6-ee69ac490f7d", "label": "AOCI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Airborne Ocean Color Imager is a high altitude multispectral\nscanner built by Daedalus Enterprises, designed for\noceanographic remote sensing. It provides 10-bit digitization of\neight bands in the visible/near-infrared region of the spectrum,\nplus two 8-bit bands in the near and thermal infrared.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Research/AirSci/ER-2/aoci.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dbe7764-a2ea-4a19-b754-696c35ac3205", "label": "ETM+", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Involving three large American governmental organizations: NASA, NOAA and USGS launched on April 15, 1999. Landsat 7 is \nequipped with ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus), which provides a ground survey in four modes: VNIR (Visible and Near \nInfrared), SWIR (Shortwave Infrared), PAN (Panchromatic - Panchromatic range), TIR (Thermal infrared - Thermal infrared range).\n\nThe Landsat 7 ETM+ instrument is designed with the significant exception of the thermal infrared band, where the ground \nresolution has been improved from 120 to 60 m.\n\nInformation provided by https://eos.com/landsat-7/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ETM+\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: ETM+\n Long_Name: Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/the-enhanced-thematic-mapper-plus/\n Online_Resource: https://eos.com/landsat-7/\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-19\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4de23942-39b8-4a1f-88b7-4be7ee4dfb24", "label": "MADRAS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "MADRAS (Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Systems) is a microwave imager, with conical scanning (incidence angle 56°), close from the SSM/I and TMI concepts. The main aim of the mission being the study of cloud systems, a frequency has been added (157 Ghz) in order to study the high level ice clouds associated with the convective systems, and to serve as a window channel relative to the sounding instrument at 183 GHz.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MADRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MADRAS\n Long_Name: Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Systems\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Megha-Tropiques\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 18.7 Ghz ± 100 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 40 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 23.8 Ghz ± 200 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 40 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 36.5 Ghz ± 500 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 40 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 89 Ghz ± 1350 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 10 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 157 Ghz ± 1350 Mhz\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 6 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/mission-description-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-10-12\n Instrument_Owner: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)\n Instrument_Owner: Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e7f5d0e-4d2a-4a03-bd89-6361cc46f207", "label": "AIRSAFE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "AIRSAFE uses an ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) receiver for tracking of aircraft on a global scale.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f6f33c8-388f-46ea-99bc-66fa1582c647", "label": "GLI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Global Imager, or GLI, is one of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n(JAXA) mission instruments on board ADEOS-II which was launched by H-IIA rocket\non December 14, 2002. ADEOS-II failed on October 24, 2003.\n\nGLI is an optical sensor while will observe globally and frequently\nthe reflected solar radiation from the Earth's surface including land,\nocean and clouds. It also has an infrared radiation capability to\nmeasure the physical parameters such as chlorophyll, dissolved organic\nmatter, surface temperature, vegetation distribution, vegetation\nbiomass, distribution of snow and ice, and albedo of snow and\nice. These data may be used for determining the global circulation of\ncarbon; monitoring clouds, snow, ice and sea surface temperature; and\ninvestigating the primary marine production.\n\nThe GLI will be equiped with 36 spectral channels from visible to infrared\nwavelengths. The most striking feature of this sensor is summarized below:\n\n- The GLI has many more visible channels, especially for the ocean\n color observations, than other spaceborne sounders or imagers.\n\n- Its dynamic range is wide enough to observe land area\n\n- It employs 0.38, 0.76, and 1.38 ?m bands that were previously not\n well utilized for spaceborne remotesensing.\n\n- The tilt function enables it to avoid sea reflected sun glitter over\n middle latitude areas\n\n- It has six 250m resolution channels justified to\n LANDSAT/Thematic Mapper (TM).\n\n- Many atmospheric window bands (1.6, 2.2, 3.7, 8.6, 10.9, and 12.0\n ?m) are available.\n\n- Water absorption bands (6.7, 7.3, and 7.5 ?m) are provided to obtain\n vertical profiles of water vapor.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://suzaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GLI/index.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5183cd58-f9e6-4669-9f6e-2b66ca589408", "label": "GOES-16 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The GOES-16 Imager is an imaging spectrometer/radiometer that collects images of multi-level clouds, which are then used to help direct aviation flights.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52f1a056-aba7-42e7-a99d-6c38319cd78b", "label": "IRMSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: 'The IRMSS for CBERS', Wang Huaiyi, Ma Wenpo, Beijing Institute of Space Machine and Electricity, Beijing]\n\nThe IRMSS is a cross-track scanning imaging radiometer mainly operating in the infrared. It has one Panchromatic (Pan) band, two short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands and one long-wave infrared (LWIR) band. The spatial resolution of the Pan and SWIR bands is 78m in an orbit altitude of 778km while the LWIR band is 156m. Its swath is 120km, and the global coverage period is 26 days, Its key design characteristics are summarized in Table 1.\n\nThe IRMSS mainly include a scanner mainframe, an amplifier assembly, and encoder, a power supply assembly, a command & telemetry assembly, a radiative cooler controller and a thermal controller.\n\nThe scanner mainframe is composed of the mainframe structure, the linear scan mirror assembly, the scanning angle monitor, the telescope, the scan line corrector, the onboard calibration system, the relay optics, the focal plane assemblies, the pre-amplifiers and the radiative cooler.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRMSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: IRMSS\n Long_Name: Infrared Multispectral Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 µm - 1.75 µm,\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 µm - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 µm - 2.35 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.4 µm - 12.5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/231\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 16 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "534f6bde-acc9-4ba3-b3d9-06cd61060026", "label": "MSIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "MSIS (Multispectral Imaging System): 4-band visible (red, green, blue) and near-infrared sensor with 26m resolution (swath 55km, Field of Regard 300km).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "536bf692-3335-4ccc-8b77-53ba15ba054c", "label": "GOES I-M Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: NOAA GOES Project, http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/imager.html ]\n\nThe GOES I-M Imager is a five channel (one visible, four infrared) imaging radiometer designed to sense radiant and solar reflected energy from sampled areas of the earth. By means of a servo driven, two-axis gimbaled mirror scanning system in conjunction with a Cassegrain telescope, the Imager's multispectral channels can simultaneously sweep an 8-kilometer (5 statute mile) north-to-south swath along an east-to-west/west-to-east path, at a rate of 20 degrees (optical) east-west per second. This translates into being able to scan a 3000 by 3000 km (1864 by 1864 miles) 'box' centered over the United States in just 41 seconds. The actual scanning sequence takes places by sweeping in an East-West direction, stepping in the North-South direction, than sweeping back in a West-East direction, stepping North-South, sweeping East-West, and so on.\n\nThe Imager consists of electronics, power supply, and sensor modules. The sensor module containing the telescope, scan assembly, and detectors, is mounted on a baseplate outside the main structure of the spacecraft, together with shields and louvers for thermal control. The electronics module provides redundant circuitry and performs command, control, and signal processing functions; it also serves as a structure for mounting and interconnecting the electronic boards for proper heat dissipation. The power supply module contains the converters, fuses, and power control for interfacing with the spacecraft electrical power subsystem. The electronics and power supply modules are mounted inside the spacecraft on the internal equipment panel.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 - 0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.80 - 4.00 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.50 - 7.00 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.20 - 11.20 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.50 - 12.50 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/imager.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/goes-calibration/goes-imager-srfs.htm\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55461d90-0015-4d73-8ccc-16b25d9c925c", "label": "GOES-14 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The GOES-14 Imager is multi-purpose obtaining imagery and wind derivation by tracking clouds and water vapor features using 5 channels covering VIS, MWIR, and TIR.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "574fd149-e30a-4762-8a43-34bc2fcfdc8c", "label": "AVNIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "AVNIR is a high spatial resolution optical sensor for observing land and coastal zones in visible and near-infrared regions. AVNIR has 4 spectral bands with a 16m spatial resolution and 1 panchromatic band with an 8 m spatial resolution. The AVNIR data will be useful for environmental awareness and monitoring of such phenomena as desertification, destruction of tropical forests, and pollution of coastal zones as well as for resource exploration, land use, etc.\n\nAVNIR's field of view (FOV) is about 80km, picked up by lines of small pixels. Its FOV scans the entire earth's surface as the satellite moves. There are only a few other similar sensors, such as TM on LANDSAT. Among AVNIR's sensors are features which give the sensors high spatial resolution, a pointing function to change the observation field by +-40 degrees along the cross track, a 0.4rim band useful for coastal zones and lakes, an optical calibration function which uses solar light and lamps, as well as others.\n\nAVNIR is composed of two units, the Scanning Radiometer Unit (SRU) which is mainly composed of optical components and the Electronic Unit (ELU) which includes mainly electronic components. Optics in SRU adopts a Catadioptric Schmidt optical system to reduce aberration in a wide field of view. Large mirrors used in Optics and Pointing Mechanism Assembly are ultralight mirrors weighing 50 to 70% less than conventional mirrors, made from low expansion material. CFRP with low thermal and moisture expansion properties is used as the truss structural material in order to make Optics light yet extremely precise in orbit. The large linear-array CCDs with 5,000 and 10,000 pixels are used as detectors and deliver high spatial resolution. Observation data is compressed in the Image Processing Assembly by about 10% in order to reduce the transmission data rate. \n\n[Summary provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVNIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVNIR\n Long_Name: Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.42 μm - 0.50 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.60 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/avnir_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/avnir_pic.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1996-08-17\n Instrument_Owner: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57854209-ce09-4dc9-90e2-5c4e1060fdad", "label": "AVIRIS-NG", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) has been developed to provide continued access to high signal-to-noise ratio imaging spectroscopy measurements in the solar reflected spectral range. AVIRIS-NG is expected to replace the AVIRIS-Classic instrument that has been flying since 1986.\n\nAVIRIS-NG measures the wavelength range from 380 nm to 2510 nm with 5 nm sampling. Spectra are measured as images with 600 cross-track elements and spatial sampling from 0.3 m to 4.0 m from a Twin Otter platform. In the near future, a high altitude platform (NASA's ER-2) will be available. AVIRIS-NG has better than 95% cross-track spectral uniformity and >= 95% spectral IFOV uniformity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5787cc42-b51a-44ca-862e-7132b1e0d5c8", "label": "Geoton-L1 (2)", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (Geoton-L1 (2))\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Geoton-L1 (2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (2)\n Long_Name: Geoton-L1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 µm - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 µm - 0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm - 0.6 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.72 µm - 0.80 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.72 µm - 0.80 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.80 µm - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.mcc.rsa.ru/Pic/pr/resurs_p_2/4b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58207caf-121d-4f88-bd79-11cafefa3f5b", "label": "TIRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) measures land surface temperature in two thermal bands with a new technology that applies quantum physics to detect heat.\n\nTIRS was added to the satellite mission when it became clear that state water resource managers rely on the highly accurate measurements of Earth’s thermal energy obtained by Landsat 8’s predecessors, Landsat 5 and Landsat 7, to track how land and water are being used. With nearly 80 percent of the fresh water in the Western U.S. being used to irrigate crops, TIRS is an invaluable tool for managing water consumption.\n\nTIRS uses Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) to detect long wavelengths of light emitted by the Earth whose intensity depends on surface temperature. These wavelengths, called thermal infrared, are well beyond the range of human vision. QWIPs are a new, lower-cost alternative to conventional infrared technology and were developed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.\n\nMore Information: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/article/thermal-infrared-sensor-tirs/\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: TIRS\n Long_Name: Thermal Infrared Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.6-11.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.5-12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/article/thermal-infrared-sensor-tirs/\n Creation_Date: 2013-02-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5989cded-9b05-400f-a40f-a4b05bae5ddd", "label": "CZCS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Coastal Zone Color Scanner Experiment (CZCS) onboard the Nimbus-7\nspacecraft was designed to map chlorophyll concentration in water,\nsediment distribution, gelbstoffe concentrations as a salinity\nindicator, and temperature of coastal waters and ocean\ncurrents. Reflected solar energy was measured in six channels to sense\ncolor caused by absorption due to chlorophyll, sediments, and\ngelbstoffe in coastal waters. The CZCS was a multi-channel scanning\nradiometer which used a rotating plane mirror at a 45 degree angle to\nthe optic axis of a Cassegran telescope. The mirror scanned 360\ndegrees but only the 80 degrees of data centered on nadir were\ncollected for ocean color measurements. The instrument viewed deep\nspace and calibration sources during the remainder of the scan. The\nincoming radiation was collected by the telescope and divided into two\nstreams by a dichroic beam splitter. One stream was transmitted to a\nfield stop that was also the entrance aperature of a small\npolychromator. The radiance that entered the polychromator was\nseperated and re-imaged in five wavelengths on five silicon detectors\nin the focal plane of the polychromator. The other stream was directed\nto a cooled mercury cadmium telluride detector in the thermal region\n(10.5-12.5 micrometer). A radiative cooler was used to cool the\nthermal detector. To avoid sun glint, the scanner mirror was tilted\nabout the sensor pitch axis on command so that the line of sight of\nthe sensor was moved in 2-deg increments up to 20 deg with respect to\nthe nadir. Spectral bands at 0.443 and 0.670 micrometers centered on\nthe most intense absorption bands of chlorophyll, while the band at\n0.550 micrometers centered on the 'hinge point,' the wavelength of\nminimum absorption. Ratios of measured energies in these channels were\nshown to closely parallel surface chlorophyll concentrations. Data\nfrom the scanning radiometer were processed, with algorithms developed\nfrom the field experiment data, to produce maps of chlorophyll\nabsorption. The temperatures of coastal waters and ocean currents were\nmeasured in a spectral band centered at 11.5 micrometers. Observations\nwere made also in two other spectral bands, 0.520 micrometers for\nchlorophyll correlation and 0.750 micrometers for surface vegetation.\nThe scan width was 1556 km centered on nadir and the ground resolution\nwas 0.825 km at nadir. For a more detailed description, see Section 2\nin 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045), available from\nNSSDC. Data are archived at SDSD. Since mid-1984, the instrument\nexperienced occasional start-up problems. It was finally turned off in\nDecember 1986.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CZCS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: CZCS\n Long_Name: Coastal Zone Color Scanner\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/CZCS/\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Color_Scanner\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5bf2b441-7c1e-4511-a8b8-281c988e88ea", "label": "VISSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The VISSR, flown on SMS-1 and 2, and GOES-1 through 3, was a dual-band (visible and infrared) spin-scanning imaging device utilized for day and night, two-dimensional, cloud cover pictures from a geosynchronous altitude. This sensor permitted day/night observations of clouds and the determination of temperatures, cloud heights, and wind fields. It consisted of one visible channel (.55 to .70um) and one infrared channel (10.5-12.6um). The ground resolution at nadir in the visible was 0.8km while the infrared was much lower at 7km. The swath width is the Earth disc.\n\nEntry taken from:\n\nColwell, R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second Edition,\nVolumes I and II, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VISSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm - 12.6 μm (GOES-1, SMS-1, SMS-2)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 μm - 0.70 μm (GOES-1, SMS-1, SMS-2)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm - 12.5 μm (GOES-2 and GOES-3)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 μm - 0.75 μm (GOES-2 and GOES-3)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-100A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1977-048A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-062A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1974-033A\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1975-011A-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://www.raytheon.com/products/vissr/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d8a5307-5574-4dd6-b923-8a29d158f008", "label": "COSMIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "CoSMIR, originally developed for the calibration/validation of the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager/ Sounder (SSMIS),, is an airborne, 9-channel total power radiometer modified to have scan mode to acquire both conical and across-track scan data simultaneously in a given flight. The well-calibrated radiometric data between 50-183 GHz has an accuracy on the order of ±1 K.\n\nMore info can be found at: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/meso/index.php?section=121\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COSMIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: COSMIR\n Long_Name: Compact Scanning Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/meso/index.php?section=121\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "600b228b-165c-4f80-96e2-7ee2d9989680", "label": "AVHRR-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is a multi purpose imaging instrument used for global measurement of cloud cover, sea surface temperature, ice, snow and vegetation cover and characteristics. This instrument is currently flying on the NOAA series of spacecraft in a five channel version, on board NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11and NOAA-13 and NOAA-14. The five AVHRR channels are located in the visible and infra red between 0.63 and 12.0 micrometers, with an instantaneous footprint of 1.1 km at the sub satellite point. The internal rotating scan mirror also views deep space and a thermal calibration source on each rotation. Scanning is cross-track with a range of ±55.37° about nadir.\n\nCalibration of the IR channels is performed with 4 internal black bodies every scan line. The calibration coefficients for the visible channels are determined pre launch.\n\nAVHRR scans across track of the satellite path in continuous scan. There are 2048 Earth Views per scan over a swath of ± 1447 km. The squared instantaneous field of view has a size of 1.1 km at nadir.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/aapp/avhrr_2.html and http://eoweb.dlr.de:8080/short_guide/D-AVHRR.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVHRR-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVHRR-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n Short_Name: NOAA-13\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 and 12.0 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 and 12.0 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eoweb.dlr.de:8080/short_guide/D-AVHRR.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/aapp/avhrr_2.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-22\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "612ba79f-ccc7-4ee1-b520-1f9573119b17", "label": "GOES N-P Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense radiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the Earth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep east-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a two-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth disc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and various sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene using a flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid continuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale (regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6467145c-2b45-4e0f-b131-eb945ee130f6", "label": "VIRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) is one of the primary instruments aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observatory. \nVIRS is one of the three instruments in the rain-measuring package and serves as a very indirect indicator of rainfall. It also ties in TRMM \nmeasurements with other measurements that are made routinely using the meteorological Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites POES) and those \nthat are made using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) operated by the United States.\n\nMore Information: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/VIRS\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VIRS\n Long_Name: TRMM Visible Infrared Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: VIRS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.63 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.6 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.75 to 12 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/virs.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/VIRS\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 49.8 Kbps (day), 28.8 Kbps (night)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-12-20\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "65ed042c-df53-4afb-8b6a-1ea16958015d", "label": "OLCI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The OLCI instrument baseline is the successor to ENVISAT MERIS with additional spectral channels, different camera arrangements and simplified on-board processing.\n\nThe OLCI is a push-broom instrument with five camera modules sharing the field of view.\n\nThe field of view of the five cameras is arranged in a fan-shaped configuration in the vertical plane, perpendicular to the platform velocity.\n\nEach camera has an individual field of view of 14.2° and a 0.6° overlap with its neighbours.\n\nThe whole field of view is shifted across track by 12.6° away from the sun to minimise the impact of sun glint.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67f1d110-c312-492d-a18e-0726da4cd0ef", "label": "DF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "682ca0b2-2fa9-4a5f-b110-a5e0ee72e73f", "label": "THEOS MS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "THEOS MS consists of 4 spectral bands (R,G,B, NIR) with resolution 15 m and swath width at 90 km.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEOS MS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: THEOS\n Long_Name: THEOS Multi Spectral Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 - 0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.53 - 0.60 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gistda.or.th/gistda_n/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&catid=35&Itemid=34\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: GISTDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cb001d7-fc1c-4e20-9b81-a1573ad77221", "label": "PORTOS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d529763-54c7-4f14-8f0a-988af122c6fe", "label": "SMMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The primary purpose of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) experiment was (1) to provide all-weather measurements of ocean surface temperature and wind speed, and (2) to obtain integrated liquid water column content and atmospheric water vapor column content for path length and attenuation corrections to the ALT and SASS observations. Microwave brightness temperatures were observed with a 10-channel (five-frequency dual polarized) scanning radiometer operating at 0.8-, 1.4-, 1.7-, 2.8-, and 4.6-cm wavelengths (37, 21, 18, 10.7, and 6.6 GHz). The antenna was a parabolic reflector offset from nadir by 0.73 rad. Motion of the antenna reflector provided observations from within a conical volume along the ground track of the spacecraft. The SMMR had a swath width of about 600 km and the spatial resolution ranged from about 22 km at 37 GHz to about 100 km at 6.6 GHz. The absolute accuracy of sea surface temperature obtained was 2 K deg with a relative accuracy of 0.5 K deg. The accuracy of the wind speed measurements was 2 m/s for winds ranging from 7 to about 50 m/s. The same experiment was flown on Nimbus 7. A more detailed description can be found in E. Njoku, et al., 'The Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR): instrument description and performance,' IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., v. OE-5, pp. 100-115, 1980. The instrument operated continuously in orbit from July 6, 1978 for a period of 95 days, until the spacecraft failed on October 10, 1978. Data are available from SDSD.\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMMR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Long_Name: Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-05\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6dd795c0-5af9-43b0-95c5-3e1ec3d1f29e", "label": "HRTS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) instrument was\nsuccessfully launched on Sept. 30, 1997 from LC-36 at the White Sands\nMissile Range. The instrument consists of 30cm Cassegrain telescope\nand a three element focal plane package. The central focal plane\ninstrument was a tandem Wadsworth spectrograph with wavelength\ncoverage in two bands (120-140nm and 150-170nm) with a resolution of\n50mAngstroms. The reflective spectrograph slit jaws are imaged with an\nintermediate bandpass UV spectroheliograph and with a visible Halpha\nimaging slit jaw imaging system. As on the previous flight, four\n(20Angstrom FWHM) filters were used in the spectroheliograph to obtain\nimages with central wavelengths at 1540, 1550, 1560 and 1600\nAngstroms. The spectra and images are recorded on photographic\nfilm. The instrument was successfully pointed and focussed in\nflight. 1 arc-second spatial resolution was achieved in all the\nimages.\n\nThe observation target for the mission was the coronal hole at the\nsolar north pole. During the prime mission, the 900' long slit\nwas moved over the surface of the sun to obtain a 10' wide\nraster with 2' steps. The slit was positioned nearly radially\nwith 100' above the northern limb of the sun. A wide range of\nexposures were taken to observe a wide variety of bright and\nfaint lines. A series of spectroheliograph and Halpha images\nwere taken of the spectrograph slit jaws to reference the slit\nlocation. Final image coregistration will be accomplished using\nslit jaw, Tmin continuum images and Kitt Peak/MDI\nmagnetograms. An excellent collaborative data set was obtained\nat Kitt Peak Observatory (chromospheric and photospheric\nmagnetograms), Big Bear Solar Observatory and University of\nHawaii. The space based collaborative observing campaign\nincluded SXT (YOHKOH), MDI (SOHO), EIT (SOHO), CDS (SOHO) and\nSUMER (SOHO). The slit spectra show an interesting collection\nof explosive even ts in C IV. The spectroheliograph images show\nC IV loop like structures near the limb.\n\nThe flight also was the first scientific flight of the new digital\nattitude control system produced by the Lockheed Martin SPARCS group\nat the White Sands Missile Range. The system utilizes fast,\nprogrammable digital control of the payload. The previous problem of\nground loop noise on the shielded sensor lines was entirely eliminated\nby the incorporation of a fiber optic sensor data line. The\nperformance of this new system was superb. Acquisition occurred within\n30 seconds of opening the aperture door. The noise on the sensor\noutput lines was 0.05 arc-seconds. The stability over the entire\nflight was 1.5 arc-seconds peak to peak. The stability of the pointing\nover a typical 10 second exposure was 0.2 arc-seconds peak to peak and\n<0.1 arc-seconds peak to peak for a typical 1 second exposure. This\npointing stability in future flights will enable very high spatial\nresolution solar images to be obtained from a sounding rocket\nplatform.\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://wwwsolar.nrl.navy.mil/hrts.html'\n\n {Summary provided by Naval Research Laboratory}", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f912d59-3932-4f05-8924-20628d508b84", "label": "MISR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "To accomplish its scientific objectives, the MISR instrument measures Earth's brightness in 4 spectral bands, at each of 9 look angles spread out in the forward and aft directions along the flight path. Spatial samples are acquired every 275 meters. Over a period of 7 minutes, a 360 km wide swath of Earth comes into view at all 9 angles. Special attention has been paid to providing highly accurate absolute and relative calibration, using on-board hardware consisting of deployable solar diffuser plates and several types of photodiodes. To complement the on-board calibration effort, a validation program of in situ measurements are being conducted, involving field instruments, one of which is the &PARABOLA III&, which automatically scans the sky and ground at many angles, and a multi-angle aircraft camera (AirMISR). Global coverage with MISR is acquired about once every 9 days at the equator; the nominal lifetime of the mission is 6 years.\n\nMISR was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and is one of five instruments launched into polar orbit aboard NASA's Terra spacecraft in August 1999. The spacecraft flys in a sun-synchronous orbit, designed so that it crosses the equator every 98 minutes, always at 10:30 a.m. local time, as Earth rotates below. \n\n[Source: MISR Project Home Page https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MISR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MISR\n Long_Name: Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Blue, Green, Red\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://asdc.larc.nasa.gov/project/MISR\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/misr\n Online_Resource: https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/Mission/misrInstrument/\n Sample_Image: https://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/images/mws/misrpic.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 3.3 Megabits/second average, 9.0 Megabits/second peak\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-02-01\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71d4cffb-853d-40c9-8e01-793e71805b31", "label": "IRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71dcdb88-420a-4498-afa6-59e74bd0a220", "label": "UAF Scanner", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "72f5b059-bc48-4ed2-960f-62b83b74782a", "label": "SHMSA-VR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Earth Remote Sensing Instrument (SHMSA-VR)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SHMSA-VR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SHMSA-VR\n Long_Name: High resolution wide capture multispectral optical sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm - 0.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 - 0.51 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 - 0.58 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.60 - 0.70 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.80 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://s017.radikal.ru/i436/1506/33/7bf492e33360.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "736038ef-c1ae-47c7-a50e-729474eeb3b1", "label": "AMSR-E", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) is one of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission instruments flown on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft, which was launched May 4, 2002. A similar instrument (AMSR) was flown on the JAXA ADEOS-II spacecraft in December 2002.\n\nAMSR-E monitors various atmospheric and surface water processes that influence weather and climate. It provides improved measurements of rain rates and greatly extends the spatial coverage of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, while also measuring water vapor, sea surface winds, sea surface temperature, sea ice, soil moisture, snow cover, and the amount of water in clouds.\n\nThe AMSR-E is a 14-channel, 8-frequency passive microwave radiometer which measures microwave radiation from the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Frequencies of the AMSR-E are 6.9, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 (horizontal and vertical polarization), and 50.3 and 52.8 GHz (vertical polarization only). AMSR has a large antenna (2 meters, one of the largest), and a field of view of 7 km at 89 GHz and 60km at 6.9 GHz. It scans conically at an incidence angle of 55 degrees to achieve a 1600 km swath width. Data are externally calibrated by a cold sky temperature (2.7K) and a high-temperature hot load.\n\nKey AMSR-E Facts\nHeritage: SMMR (on Nimbus-7 and Seasat), SSM/I (on DMSP), AMSR (on ADEOS II)\nSwath Width: 1445 km\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 6 km x 4 km (89.0 GHz), 14 km x 8 km (36.5 GHz), 32 km x 18 km (23.8 GHz), 27 km x 16 km (18.7 GHz), 51 km x 29 km (10.65 GHz), 74 km x 43 km (6.925 GHz)\nDimensions: Sensor Unit: 1.95 m x 1.7 m x 2.4 m (deployed); Control Unit: 0.8 m x 1.0 m x 0.6 m\nMass: 314 kg\nPower: 350 W\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nView: Forward-looking conical scan\nIncidence Angle: 55°\nInstrument IFOV at Nadir: Ranges from 74 km x 43 km for 6.9 GHz to 6 km x 4 km for 89.0 GHz\nSampling Interval: 10 km for 6-36 GHz channels, 5 km for the 89 GHz channel\nAccuracy: 1 K or better\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSR-E\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AMSR-E\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 12 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.34 - 4.35 cm / 6.9 - 89.0 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/AMSR/\n Online_Resource: http://aqua.nasa.gov/content/amsr-e\n Online_Resource: http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/mirador/collectionlist.pl?keyword=AMSR-E\n Online_Resource: http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/AMSR/images/amsre_instrument.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 87.4 kbps average, 125 kbps peak\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-06-18\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74ee2866-0e9e-4c20-8003-0621af6552f3", "label": "TROPOMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The TROPOMI instrument is a space-borne, nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infrared.\n\nThe instrument, the single payload of the Sentinel-5P spacecraft, uses passive remote sensing techniques to attain its objective by measuring, at the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA), the solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth.\n\nThe instrument operates in a push-broom configuration (non-scanning), with a swath width of ~2600 km on the Earth's surface. The typical pixel size (near nadir) will be 7x3.5 km2 for all spectral bands, with the exception of the UV1 band (7x28 km2) and SWIR bands (7x7 km2).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "752d166c-5834-4fdc-968c-f69425b31ae5", "label": "SLAP", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The SLAP instrument on Langley’s King Air aircraft is an aircraft scale simulator of the instruments that were planned to be mounted on NASA’s upcoming Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which collects soil moisture measurements for ground validation. SLAP has both passive (radiometer) and active (radar) microwave L-band imaging capabilities, just as SMAP.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75a145eb-0fed-4011-90db-286010e10fb0", "label": "SENSE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "SENSE is a receiver for AIS (Automatic Identification System) signal reception from ships at sea, providing worldwide tracking (identification, position, course and speed information) plus detailed vessel characteristics for maritime safety.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "769780b8-ba0e-4cd2-9575-88953c1010a0", "label": "SeaWiFS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[SeaWiFS collected data from September 1997 until the end of its mission in December 2010]\n\nThe SeaWiFS instrument was launched by Orbital Sciences Corporation on the OrbView-2 (a.k.a. SeaStar) satellite in August \n1997, and collected data from September 1997 until the end of mission in December 2010. SeaWiFS had 8 spectral bands from \n412 to 865 nm. It collected global data at 4 km resolution, and local data (limited onboard storage and direct broadcast) \nat 1 km. The mission and sensor were optimized for ocean color measurements, with a local noon (descending) equator crossing \ntime orbit, fore-and-aft tilt capability, full dynamic range, and low polarization sensitivity.\n\nThe SeaWiFS instrument has scanning mechanisms to\ndrive an off-axis folded telescope and a rotating halfangle\nmirror. Incoming scene radiation is collected\nby the folded telescope and reflected onto the rotating\nhalf-angle mirror. The collected radiation is then relayed\nthrough dichroic beam splitters to separate the radiation\ninto four wavelength intervals each wavelength interval\nencompassing two of the eight SeaWiFS spectral bands.\nFour corresponding aft-optics direct the radiation in the\nfour separate wavelength intervals through two separate\nspectral band-pass filters that further separate the radiation\ninto eight SeaWiFS spectral bands. The aft-optics\nassemblies also image each of the resultant defined bands\nof radiation onto four detectors that are aligned in the scan\ndirection. Monitoring of sensor calibration over periods of\na few orbits, to several months or years, is accomplished\nusing solar calibration for the former and lunar calibration\nfor the latter. Solar calibration uses a solar-radiation\ndiffuser and an input port located in a fixed position\noutside of the 58.3 degree SeaWiFS scene-scan interval. Lunar\ncalibration is accomplished by a spacecraft maneuver to\nview the moon when the spacecraft is in the nighttime\nportion of its orbit.\n\nKey SeaWiFS Facts\nScan Width: 58.3 deg (LAC); 45.0 deg (GAC)\nScan Coverage: 2,800 km (LAC); 1,500 km (GAC)\nPixels along Scan: 1,285 (LAC); 248 (GAC)\nNadir Resolution: 1.13 km (LAC); 4.5 km (GAC)\nScan Period: 0.124 seconds\nTilt: -20, 0, +20 deg\nDigitization: 10 bits\n(LAC stands for Local Area Coverage; GAC stands for Global Area\nCoverage)\n\nAdditional Information: \nhttps://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEAWIFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SEAWIFS\n Long_Name: Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASTAR\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 6 channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 - 0.7 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2 channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.765 - 0.865 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/\n Online_Resource: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/seawifs/\n Sample_Image: https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/SEASTAR/seawifs_bench.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1997-09-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2010-12-11\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78035802-3615-494c-8ec0-cc040feae6e8", "label": "MOMS-01", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/moms ]\n\nThe Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS) is a scanning system (based on CCD technique) for airborne and predominantly spaceborne geoscientific remote sensing application. The first version MOMS-01 (with a dual channel mode: 600 nm and 900 nm) has been developed by order of the German Minister for Research and Technology under contract from the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR, previous DFVLR)by Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm (MBB). Scientific guidance for the experiment has been provided by the University of Munich/FRG.\n\nMost important characteristic of MOMS is the modular arrangement of the CCD-sensor, electronics, optical lens system and filters that allow the instrument to be adapted for completely different geoscientific tasks or missions, as well as the refurbishment of the system between missions as demonstrated in practise.\n\nThe multispectral mode of the MOMS family envisages geoscientific data application for: general geologic mapping, mineral resources exploration, hydrology; mapping and monitoring of renewable resources (agriculture, forestry, urban and regional planning); coastal zone monitoring; topographic mapping with conventional methods.\n\nThe first two flights of the space qualified MOMS-01 took place on board of Space Shuttle with the missions STS-7 in June 1983 (total recording time: 26 min) and STS-11 in February 1984 (total recording time: 30 min). The sensor was placed with magtape recording unit (HDDT) on the SPAS-01 platform, built by MBB, which was loosely connected to the Shuttle by a specific bus system for system control. Both flights yielded high-resolution images with 20x20 m ground pixel size from about 300 km orbital altitude. Data takes are available over Africa/Arabia, Australia, East Asia, India, South America, South East Asia, and USA.\n\nData processing, archiving of products and their distribution to users is made by the German Remote Data Center (DFD) in Oberpfaffenhofen, FRG. Data products include CCT copies (1600,6250 bpi), film negatives and B/W paper copies (scale1:800000) and appropriate image enlargements. Catalog material is available on microfiche.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MOMS-01\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MOMS-01\n Long_Name: Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STS-11\n Short_Name: STS-7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/moms\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7903c432-f65f-4b92-bb9e-96cd3036fd1d", "label": "LISS-IV", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The LISS-IV camera is a high resolution multi-spectral camera operating in three spectral bands (B2, B3, B4). LISS-IV can be operated in either of the two modes. In the multi-spectral mode (Mx), a swath of 23 Km (selectable out of 70 Km total swath) is covered in three bands, while in mono mode (Mono), the full swath of 70 Km can be covered in any one single band, which is selectable by ground command (nominal is B3 - Red band). The LISS-IV camera can be tilted up to +-26 degrees Celsius in the across track direction thereby providing a revisit period of 5 days.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-IV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-IV\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor iV\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-p6.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-10-17\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79241b91-40b5-4a81-96c5-f92ab39584bd", "label": "MOMS-02", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Ten years after the last spaceborne flights of the precursor\nMOMS-01 in 1983/84, the new concept of a combined stereo and multi-\nspectral payload, the Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Stereo\nScanner (MOMS-02), was realized. It was successfully operated during\nSpace Shuttle flight STS-55 from April 26 to May 6, 1993, with an\naverage orbital altitude of 296 km and a geographic coverage of\n+/- 28.5 latitude. MOMS-02 opens new horizons for Earth observation\nfrom space using three-linear stereo cameras. Investigations of the\nenvironment, agriculture, forestry and urban development as well as\ndigital mapping and landscape modelling with a high degree of\nautomation will be strongly improved by using the specific\ncapabilities of this sensor.\n\nThe entire MOMS-02 system was manufactured by DASA (German Aero-\nspace) under contract of Deutsche Agentur fuer Raumfahrt-Angelegen-\nheiten (DARA) GmbH.\nGerman Space Agency DARA GmbH.\nDept. for Special Applications\nP.O.Box 300364\nD-53183 Bonn\nFederal Republic of Germany\nPhone: +49-228-447-582\nFax: +49-228-447-700\nTechnical Parameters:\n---------------------\n The design features of the sensor provide at least the following\nimagery characteristics:\ni) three-linear stereo, ii) along track stereo, iii) high resolution,\niv) multispectral, v) combinations of stereo and multispectral.\nThe following spectral ranges and modes are provided:\nMultispectral bands spectral range spatial resolution\nband1 440-505 nm 13.5 m\nband2 530-575 nm 13.5 m\nband3 645-680 nm 13.5 m\nband4 770-810 nm 13.5 m\nPanchromatic bands spectral range spatial resolution\nband5 520-760 nm 4.5 m\nband6 520-760 nm 13.5 m\nband7 520-760 nm 13.5 m\nMode Channel Combination No. of Data Takes\n1 stereo channel 6,7; HR 15\n2 multispectral channels 1,2,3,4 12\n3 multispectral channels 3,4; stereo 6,7 7\n4 multispectral channels 1,3,4; stereo 6 -\n5 multispectral channels 1,3,4; stereo 7 1\n6 multispectral channels 2,3,4; HR 13\n7 multispectral channels 1,3,4; HR -\nMode 4 and 7 were not operated.\n MOMS02 is designed for spectral data acquisition in visible and near\ninfrared range (four channels) and for along-track stereo recording\nusing a panchromatic channel for one nadir and two off-nadir looking\nmodules. All stereo devices have equivalent bandpasses and provide a\nground pixel size of 4.5mx4.5m (nadir: band 5) and 13.5mx13.5m\n(tilted optics: bands 6 and 7). A ground pixel size of 13.5mx13.5m\nfor the spectral channels is considered as a sound compromise between\na high spectral resolution and a reasonable signal to noise ratio.\n For all operated modes, except the full stereo mode, the nadir orien-\ntation of the Space Shuttle was held within a limit of 1 degree. For\nthe stereo mode the roll angle limits had to be extended to 3 degrees\ndue to technical reasons.\nImaging Geometry:\n-----------------\n The swath width for the high resolution channel can be as much as\n37 km, depending on the recording mode, and 78 km for the other\nchannels. These values are relative to the nominal altitude of 296 km.\nBecause of the viewing angle of 21.4 degrees of the two off-nadir\nstereo channels, the image swath on the Earth`s surface for these\nchannels is separated from the swath of the nadir channels by about\n120 km. The three stereo cameras allow the imaging of a strip almost\nsimultaneously with three different viewing angles in a time distance\nof about 20 seconds. Possible platform movements have to be compen-\nsated.\nData Processing and Ordering:\n-----------------------------\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.nz.dlr.de/moms2p/techdat/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79657c54-716d-4500-8a45-47201e8a4daa", "label": "AIMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Airborne Imaging Microwave Radiometer operates from the\nNCAR/NSF C-130 aircraft, scanning across the flight track\nthrough the nadir point. The instrument measures surface and\natmospheric radiation emissions at 37 and 90 GHz. Each frequency\nis separated into horizontally and vertically polarized\nchannels. To date, the instrument has primarily been used for\nmapping of the polar ice cap (ice and snow change their\nradiative properties with age) but potential may exist for\nmapping ground moisture content as well.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/dir_off/facilities/AIMR'\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a5528bc-32da-43e1-9790-23c91b4484ed", "label": "GOCI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "GOCI is the world's 1st geostationary ocean color imager with the objective to provide multispectral (8-band) VIS/NIR data. The radiometer is designed to be operated in a 2D staring-frame capture mode. The instrument provides an important new capability for imagining the coastal zone where the phenomena varying on shorter space and time scales demand a simultaneous increase in spatial and temporal resolution. GOCI will provide multiple views of many locations within the fixed region during a single day (i.e. 8 images during the daytime and 2 images during the nighttime). The data from GOCI will therefore address various research areas in coastal, oceanographic and atmospheric sciences.\n\nThe overall observation objectives of GOCI include the following capabilities:\n\n• Detecting, monitoring and predicting of short-term biophysical phenomena\n\n• Support for studies on bio-geochemical variables and cycle\n\n• Detecting, monitoring and predicting noxious or toxic blooms of algae of notable extension\n\n• Monitoring of the health state of marine ecosystems\n\n• Permitting an assessment of the geological and biological response to physical dynamics\n\n• Support of coastal zone and resource management\n\n• Provision of improved information on marine fisheries to the fisherman communities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ac6447e-331d-40d5-9118-903222aaed55", "label": "MESSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "A multi-spectral electronic self-scanning radiometer (MESSR) is an\nelectronic-scan-type radiometer which detects reflected solar rays from the\nearth's surface in two visible bands and two near-infrared bands. It is\nequipped with two camera systems that are parallel with the direction of flight\nof the satellite. Each camera system is comprised of two optical units; one\nfor the visible range and the other for the near-infrared range. Each camera\nsystem scans a width of 100 km of the earth surface at right angles to the\ndirection of flight of the satellite. When the two systems are used at the\nsame time, a width of 185 km can be scanned. Each has 2048 charge-coupled\ndevices (CCDs) for detection purposes, thus achieving a resolution of 50 m for\nthe earth's surface.\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n MESSR\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWavelength/ micron\nFrequency 0.51 - 0.59\n 0.61 - 0.69\n 0.72 - 0.80\n 0.80 - 1.10\nResolution 50m\nSensitivity/ 39dB\nSN\nSwath 100Km\nApplication Fields\n Band 1 Land: Plant distribution, Snow cover distribution\n (0.51-0.59) Distribution of volcanic ash, Land usage\n Ocean: Water quality of coastal sea areas and lakes,\n Red tide, Geological shape at the bottom of the\n sea in coastal areas ( with high transmission\n factor)\n Band 2 Land: Land usage, Geological structure, Plant\n (0.61-0.69) distribution, Snow cover distribution,\n Distribution of volcanic ash\n Ocean: Water quality of coastal sea areas and lakes,\n Red tide, Water vortex\n Band 3 Land: Ground surface water, Moor, Water resources\n (0.72-0.80) Geological structure, Plant distribution\n Band 4 Land: Mapping of ground surface water and outer layer\n (0.80-1.1) composition, Flood areas, Lakes and Ponds, Plant\n distribution\n Ocean: Ice distribution, Water boundaries\n Channel\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nThe MESSR has flown on the following NASDA satellites: MOS-1, and MOS-1b.\n_______________\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MESSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MESSR\n Long_Name: Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/messr_e.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7adab01b-cdf2-4e08-9844-23604b6e07eb", "label": "MSU-MR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Low-resolution multispectral scanning imager-radiometer (MSU-MR)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSU-MR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSU-MR\n Long_Name: Low-resolution multispectral scanning imager-radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 µm - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 1.1 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 µm - 1.1 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.6 µm - 1.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 µm - 4.1 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 µm - 11.5 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.5 µm - 12.5 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://gis-lab.info/projects/ss/sensor/meteor_msu-mr.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/326\n Sample_Image: http://s017.radikal.ru/i435/1506/17/c8ca69ecfc57.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7cac33c5-a557-4fee-b564-000c5e7f2817", "label": "GMI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical- scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. \n\nThe instrumentation enables the Core spacecraft to serve as both a 'precipitation standard' and as a 'radiometric standard' for the other GPM constellation members. The GMI is characterized by thirteen microwave channels ranging in frequency from 10 GHz to 183 GHz. In addition to carrying channels similar to those on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), the GMI carries four high frequency, millimeter-wave, channels about 166 GHz and 183 GHz. With a 1.2 m diameter antenna, the GMI will provide significantly improved spatial resolution over TMI. \n\nScan Geometry:\n\nThe off-nadir-angle defining the cone swept out by the GMI is set at 48.5 degrees which represents an earth- incidence-angle of 52.8 degrees. To maintain similar geometry with the predecessor TMI instrument, the-earth- incidence angle of GMI was chosen identical to that of the TMI. Rotating at 32 rotations per minute, the GMI will gather microwave radiometric brightness measurements over a 140 degree sector centered about the spacecraft ground track vector. The remaining angular sector is used for performing calibration; i.e. observation of cold space as well as observation of a hot calibration target.\n\nThe 140 degree GMI swath represents a swath of 904 km on the Earth's surface. For comparison, the DPR instrument is characterized by cross-track swath widths of 245 km and 120 km, for the Ku and Ka-band radars respectively. Only the central portions of the GMI swath will overlap the radar swaths (and with approximately 67 second duration between measurements due to the geometry and spacecraft motion). These measurements within the overlapped swaths are important for improving precipitation retrievals, and in particular, the radiometer-based retrievals. \n\nSummary provided by http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/GMI\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GMI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GMI\n Long_Name: Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GPM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 13\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10 GHz to 183 GHz.\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/GMI\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7cd2fc64-dc09-47a9-8f79-6c540299ec1d", "label": "MVIRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e5f9494-c191-4f20-984f-15ceb88b29d1", "label": "BJ-1 MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Beijing-1 Multispectral Imager is a high-resolution earth observation remote sensors, orbit altitude of 686 km, the resolution of the sensors is 32 meters with a 600 km swath.The data can be used for land use, geological survey, survey of water resources, floods, winter wheat acreage monitoring, forest type identification, urban planning, monitoring and archaeological aspects of applied research.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BJ-1 MSI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: BJ-1 MSI\n Long_Name: BJ-1 Multispectral Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Green 520 - 600 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Red 630 - 690 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: NIR 760 - 900 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.blmit.com.cn/document/weixingjieshao.jsp\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-10-27\n Instrument_Owner: NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "835fb659-6a25-44a7-8c5a-7698fe785472", "label": "AVNIR-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) is a visible and near infrared radiometer for observing land and coastal zones and provides better spatial land coverage maps and land-use classification maps for monitoring regional environment. The AVNIR-2 is a successor to the AVNIR onboard the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) launched in August 1996.\n\nIts main improvement over AVNIR's is its instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The AVNIR-2 provides 10-meter spatial resolution images compared with the 16 m resolution of the AVNIR in the multi spectral region. The higher resolution was realized by improving the CCD detectors (AVNIR: 5,000 pixels per CCD, AVNIR-2: 7,000 pixels per CCD) and their electronics. Another improvement is a cross track pointing function for prompt observation of disaster areas. The pointing angle of AVNIR-2 is + and - 44 degrees.\n\n[Summary Provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVNIR-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVNIR-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer Type 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.42 μm - 0.50 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.60 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/avnir2_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/avnir2_image.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87c44e15-54c8-407d-a881-8035a2d5512b", "label": "AVHRR-3", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[ Text Source, ESA Meteorological Missions Homepage, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEM9VEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html ]\n\nThe Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) is one of the complement of American instruments provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to fly on MetOp-A, B and C.\n\nThe AVHRR/3 scans the Earth surface in six spectral bands in the range of 0.58 - 12.5 microns. It provides day and night imaging of land, water and clouds, measures sea surface temperature, ice, snow and vegetation cover.\n\nThe AVHRR/3 is a six-channel imaging radiometer that detects energy in the visible and infrared (IR) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The instrument measures reflected solar (visible and near-IR) energy and radiated thermal energy from land, sea, clouds, and the intervening atmosphere. The instrument has an instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) of 1.3 milliradians providing a nominal spatial resolution of 1.1 km (0.69 mi) at nadir. A continuously rotating elliptical scan mirror provides the cross-track scan, scanning the Earth from ± 55.4° from nadir. The mirror scans at six revolutions per second to provide continuous coverage.\n\nThe instrument provides spectral and gain improvements to the solar visible channels that provide low light energy detection. Channel 3A, at 1.6 microns, provides snow, ice, and cloud discrimination. Channel 3A will be time-shared with the 3.7-micron channel, designated 3B, to provide five channels of continuous data. An external sun shield and an internal baffle have been added to reduce sunlight impingement into the instrument’s optical cavity and detectors. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVHRR-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Long_Name: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 μm - 1.64 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.09 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.55 μm - 12.5 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.09 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-1.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEM9VEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_2010053153142514\n Online_Resource: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/instrumentsummary.aspx?instrumentID=403\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/images/enlarged_avhhr.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88094b8c-c68c-4e4f-a4d9-1d5b6e15ba5b", "label": "VGT-P", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The PROBA-Vegetation payload is a multispectral pushbroom spectrometer with 4 spectral bands and with a very large swath of 2285 km to guarantee daily coverage above 35 latitude. The payload consists of 3 identical SI (Spectral Imagers), each with a very compact TMA telescope. Each TMA, having a FOV of 34º, contains 4 spectral bands: 3 bands in the visible range and one band in the SWIR spectral range. The swath TFOV is 103º. 42) 43) 44) 45)\n\nVGT-P is restricted to imaging land and dedicated calibration zones. On-board the spacecraft, there is for each spectral imager a land sea mask that is provided by the PI (Principal Investigator). The land sea mask removes the pixels that contain only sea and it dictates when each SI should be in imaging mode.\n\nOIP (Optronic Instruments & Products, Belgium) is the industrial prime contractor for the payload and is responsible for the design and development of the PROBA-V instrument and AMOS (Belgium) is responsible for the manufacturing and alignment of the telescope. The major payload challenge lies in the fact that the wide-swath imaging instrument has to fit into a small satellite with limited resources. The TMAs and the SWIR FPA have to be developed for the VGT-P since no COTS products are available.\n\nOptical system\n\nType: Pushbroom instrument using a reflective optical design\n3 identical TMA telescopes mounted on an optical bench together with the star tracker optical heads allowing precise co-alignment.\nFOV = 33.6º x 5.5º, a TFOV of nearly 103º is provided with 3 SIs (Spectral Imagers)\n4 spectral bands: 3 VNIR centered at (460, 658, 834 nm) and 1 SWIR band (1610 nm)\nVNIR detector : 3 x 6000 pixels of 13 µm (E2V, France)- quadrilinear AT71547\nSWIR detector: liner array composed of 3 mechanically butted detectors of 1024 pixels (Xenics NV, Belgium)\n\nSpectral bands\n\nVNIR B0: 0.415-0.500 µm (Blue)\nVNIR B1: 0.580-0.770 µm (Red)\nVNIR B2 : 0.730-0.960 µm (NIR)\nSWIR:1.480-1.760 µm\n\nOptical parameters\n\nFocal length: 109.6 mm\nAperture diameter: 18.6 mm\nf/number: 6\nSize: 90 mm x 110 mm x 140 mm (length x width x height)\n\nGeometrical performance\n- Swath width\n- GSD (Ground Sample Distance)\n\n\n2285 km (103º of 3 TMAs) at 820 km altitude\n300 m (baseline)\n- VNIR : 100 m at nadir, 360 m at edge of swath\n- SWIR : 200 m at nadir, 600 m at edge of swath\n\nSpectral parameters\n\nVNIR bands: 447-493 nm (blue); 610-690 nm (red); 777-893 nm (NIR)\nSWIR band: 1570-1650 nm\n\nMechanical concept\n\n- 3 telescopes are mounted on highly rigid and light-weighted optical bench\n- Star tracker mounted on the same bench to minimize the pointing knowledge error\n- Optical bench thermally decoupled from satellite\n- Radiator for heat removal from the optical bench\n- Heater and thermostats close to FPAs\n\nElectrical concept\n\n- ROE (Read-out Electronics) of the FPAs partly on optical bench, partly on satellite panel\n- DHU (Data Handling Unit) dealing with image data, housekeeping and commands\n- PSU (Power Supply Unit)\n- Instrument power consumption = 43.2 W\n\nInstrument mass, size\n\n35 kg, 200 mm x 812 mm xs 350 mm\n\nInstrument power consumption\n\n30 W (peak)\n\nData compression\n\nCCSDS 133.0 B-1\n\nData rate\n\n7.15 Mbit/s (after compression)\n\nDHU Interfaces with ADPMS\n\n2 Packetwire interfaces\n1 UART interface to control and monitor VGT-P\n3 Discrete pulses (5V CMOS TTL) to synchronize VGT-P on-board timing and switch on/off survival heater circuit and PSU\n6 AD590 temperature sensors\nPower: 28 V", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8891b8a8-a469-411f-8f84-71a94da19f02", "label": "SGLI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Second generation GLobal Imager(SGLI) on “SHIKISAI”\n(GCOM-C) is an optical sensor capable of multi-channel\nobservation at wavelengths from near-UV to thermal infrared\nwavelengths （380nm to 12µm）. SGLI also has polarimetry and\nforward / backward observation functions at red and near\ninfrared wavelengths. SGLI obtains global observation data\nonce every 2 or 3 days, with resolutions of 250m to 1km.\n\nThe SGLI observations will improve our understanding of climate\nchange mechanisms through long-term monitoring of aerosols\nand clouds, as well as vegetation and temperatures, in the land\nand ocean regions. These observations will also contribute to\nenhancing the prediction accuracy of future environmental\nchanges by improving sub-processes in numerical climate\nmodels. SGLI-derived phytoplankton, aerosol, and vegetation\nactivity are also used for mapping fisheries, monitoring the\ntransport of yellow dust, and monitoring crop growth and\nestimating crop yield.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "895234ca-e7fe-4343-ac53-52786aa0b811", "label": "CASI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) is an imaging\nspectrometer designed and built by Itres Ltd of Calgary, Canada, and\nis flown on aircraft.\n\nIt works on the principle of a series of lines of charged coupled\ndevices (CCDs) which each produce an electrical charge dependant upon\nthe amount of light energy falling upon them. These are packed\ntogether into a 3 dimensional array made up of 288 x 512 CCDs.\nUpwelling light radiation from beneath the aircraft is focused onto\nthe array by a compound lens.\n\nLight entering the system is split into a number of wavebands, each\nregistering on a different CCD or row of CCDs. As the aircraft travels\nforward, light reflected from a succession of small areas fall onto\nthe array and is split into its wavebands. The minimum size (pixel\nsize) of the areas recorded in the routine coastal surveys was 8m x\n8m. Other pixel sizes can be recorded by altering height, speed and\nthe focal length of the lens.\n\nThe CASI can be operated continuously in 2 modes and intermittently in\na third. In the spatial mode, the CASI records data in up to 19\nselected spectral channels from all the pixels across the swath.\nWaveband channels can be selected for specific environmental\nparameters (such as chlorophyll, vegetation, etc.).\n\nThe CASI can also be used in the spectral mode, recording data from\nacross the whole spectrum over 288 wavebands but only for a limited\nnumber of pixels across the swath. This mode also allows the\ncollection of spatial mode data in a single waveband to aid in the\nlocation of the spectral data.\n\nFinally, the CASI can also be used in short bursts in an enhanced\nspectral mode to record up to 74 channels over a 300 pixel wide swath.\nThis acts as a middle ground between spectral and spatial modes.\n\nA PCI image processing package reads and displays CASI data directly\nin full 16 bit resolution to produce high resolution images.\n\n[This description was obtained from the UK Environment Agency.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a7c1795-8625-484d-8f62-6d7204d211b9", "label": "GUVI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) is one of four instruments that constitute\nthe TIMED spacecraft, the first mission of the NASA Solar Connections program.\nThe TIMED spacecraft is being built by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics\nLaboratory and GUVI is a joint collaboration between JHU/APL and the Aerospace\nCorporation. TIMED will be used to study the energetics and dynamics of the\nMesosphere and lower Thermosphere between an altitude of approximately 60 to\n180 kilometers\n\nGUVI is a far-ultraviolet (115 to 180 nm), scanning imaging spectrograph that\nprovides horizon-to-horizon images in five selectable wavelength intervals, or\n'colors.' These colors (HI 121.6 nm, OI 130.4 nm, OI 135.6 nm, and N2\nLyman-Birge-Hopfield bands 140 to 150 nm and 165 to 180 nm) are chosen in order\nto produce the GUVI key parameters.\n\nGUVI is based on heritage from the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic\nImager (SSUSI), an instrument previously built for Defense Meteorological\nSatellite Program Block 5d-3 satellites, which will fly on the DMSP Block 5D3\nsatellites F-16 through F-20. The instrument consists of a scan mirror feeding\na parabolic telescope and Rowland circle spectrograph, with a wedge-and-strip\ndetector at the focal plane.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://guvi.jhuapl.edu/about/introduction.shtml'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GUVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GUVI\n Long_Name: Global Ultraviolet Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIMED\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 115 - 180 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://guvi.jhuapl.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://guvi.jhuapl.edu/about/photek_tube.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 8 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-07\n Instrument_Owner: Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f95953c-8c1b-44b1-8ca5-d1322e34e70d", "label": "POLDER-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The POLDER instrument is a camera composed of a two-dimensional CCD detector array, wide field of view telecentric optics and a rotating wheel carrying spectral and polarized filters.[https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POLDER-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: POLDER-2\n Long_Name: Polarization/Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcPOLDER/B07A.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2014-02-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 882 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9279c31b-d81d-4d48-a0b5-f9aa92f58f2d", "label": "GOES-8 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92d834e1-689c-4d12-8c4a-74ee4cf75b36", "label": "AMSR2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9455d12c-dd20-4cf2-af29-38ea1f484937", "label": "PSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "958fcf8b-6022-4cc9-88bb-4ce6c63c9c66", "label": "MSIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96b31d3d-5ba0-47ea-9dd1-8a7d5f25597b", "label": "CF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97038277-b048-40fd-ab36-8bb04a92adf0", "label": "AIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Arizona Imager/Spectrograph (AIS) consisted of five grating\nspectrographs (with 9 channels) and 12 imagers packaged together for\nobservations at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The\nAIS is a unique combination of spectrographs and imagers designed to\nmeasure the entire spectrum from 115 to 1100 nm with a spectral\nresolution range between 0.2 and 0.8 nm to resolve rotational lines in\nmost vibrational bands. The coaligned imagers provided spatial images\nof a few prominent spectral features at selected wavelengths. Spectra\nand images of short-lived or rapidly changing events were obtained\nsimultaneously. The use of two dimensional intensified CCDs as\nfocal-plane detectors resulted in a state-of-the-art, highly\nminiaturized instrument capable of spectral and spatial mapping of\ntargets.\nAlthough it was designed for specific scientific objectives (e.g., the\nstudy of shuttle glow), its versatility allowed the AIS to be used for\nnumerous other experiments such as studies of airglow or aurora. Small\nchanges, such as modifications to foreoptics and the replacement of\ninterference filters, could allow the design to be used in any number\nof applications.\nThe experimental objective of the AIS was the multispectral and\nradiometric measurements of: (1) orbiter plumes, (2) Earth limb, (3)\nchemical release, (4) orbiter environment, (5) gas release, and (6)\ncalibration sources. The AIS experiment was unique and succeeded in\nmeeting its objectives even though the full potential of the\nexperiment was not fully realized. A review of the science data\nresulted in the identification of about 40 sequences in which good\ndata were recorded on a variety of subjects.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a8265a0-1ff1-47ac-9204-f839ab508471", "label": "STRATOS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "STRATOS makes use of GPS radio occultation measurements to determine temperature, pressure and humidity profiles of Earth's atmosphere for applications in operational meteorology, space weather, and climate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bb2d7ab-a86d-49e7-8a84-e036ca793d48", "label": "TSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d259111-dc99-4ca1-a4f3-d461c1d26636", "label": "ENLS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Earth Network Lightning Sensors (ENLS) have a unique sensor technology and patent pending system for the detection of lightning activity . This system has a broad frequency range extending from 1 Hz to 12 MHz which detects both in-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning vs. competing lightning sensors operating in North America which are constrained to frequencies of up to just a few hundred kilohertz thus limiting in-cloud detection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a159e29b-f717-401b-97e6-b1ed8d2e2acc", "label": "CASI-1500", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a20a82f0-ff1a-4a48-a052-b9b429899ab4", "label": "TMS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The The Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) sensor is a line\nscanning device designed for a variety of Earth science\napplications. Flown aboard NASA ER-2 aircraft, the TMS sensor\nhas a nominal Instantaneous Field of View of 1.25 milliradians\nwith a ground resolution of 81 feet (25 meters) at 65,000\nfeet. The TMS sensor scans at a rate of 12.5 scans per second\nwith 716 pixels per scan line. Swath width is 8.3 nautical\nmiles (15.4 kilometers) at 65,000 feet while the scanner's Field\nof View is 42.5 degrees.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a359cad7-3543-4427-9516-e006146c8d55", "label": "MEIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Multispectral Electro-optical Imaging Scanner (MEIS) which\nwas the first airborne push broom scanner to be used\noperationally, was built by Canada's CCRS. It images in 8 bands\nfrom 0.39 to 1.1 ?m (using optical filters to produce the narrow\nband intervals) and uses a mirror to collect fore and aft views\n(along track) suitable as stereo imagery.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a77c855f-9c33-4200-802f-4ff5aea226db", "label": "REIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The RapidEye constellation consists of five optical Earth Observation satellites with a swath width of 77 km wide at nadir and a ground resolution of 6.5 metres. RapidEye's sensors produce imagery in five spectral bands: Blue (440-510 nm), Green (520-590 nm), Red (630-685 nm), Red Edge (690-730 nm), and Near Infrared (760-850 nm). The system collects up to five million square kilometres of optical imagery every day for its archive and over one billion km2 every year.\n\nOver 70% of RapidEye imagery has a view angle of less than 10°, as the view angle is always less than 20°. The system also has the capability for daily revisit to any point on earth. Each of the five satellites are inter-calibrated to one another and to the ground so that images between satellites are indistinguishable from each other and are useful for bio-physical analyses of vegetation.\n \nProcessing Levels:\n\nRapidEye 1B Basic product is radiometric and sensor corrected; and is the least processed of the RapidEye image products. This product is designed for customers who wish to do their own geometric correction and is accompanied by all the needed information for processing the data into a geocorrected form.\n\nThe RapidEye Ortho product (L3A) is ortho-corrected using ground control and DEMs, then cut to the RapidEye tile grid. Each covers a 25 km by 25 km area with an overlap between adjoining tiles and is optimal for covering smaller project areas that require accurately referenced imagery.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: REIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: REIS\n Long_Name: RapidEye Earth Imaging System\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/data-access/browse-data-products/-/asset_publisher/y8Qb/content/rapideye-products\n Online_Resource: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/current-missions/rapideye\n Creation_Date: 2014-05-22\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a78d42f1-cc25-4f10-8b4c-0e6c29dea046", "label": "LISS-II", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "IRS-1A is the first satellite in the IRS constellation. It was launched from Baikonur cosmodrome, Khazakhstan. It operated in sun-synchronous near polar orbit at an inclination of 99 degrees at an altitude of 904 km. One orbit around the earth took about 103 minutes and the satellite made 14 orbits per day. The 22 day repetivity ensured repeated collection of data of the same geographical area at the same local time. The equatorial crossing time for IRS-1A in the descending node was 9:40 AM.\n\nIt had two types of cameras known as Linear Self Scanning Sensors (LISS-I and LISS-II). LISS-I had a spatial resolution of 72.5m with a swath of 148 km on ground. LISS-II had two separate imaging sensors LISS-IIA and LISS-IIB with spatial resolution of 36.25m each. They were mounted on the spacecraft in such a way so as to provide a composite swath of 146.98 km on ground. Both LISS-I and LISS-II operated in four spectral bands covering visible and near infrared region. It had following payload and orbital parameters \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor II\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P2\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n Short_Name: IRS-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8cd4c4e-9442-4d08-af4d-af7d544c2d39", "label": "MRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Full name\tMedium Resolution Imager\nPurpose\tHigh-resolution land observation and disasters monitoring\nShort description\t4-channel VIS/NIR camera [see detailed characteristics below]\nBackground\tConsolidated technology\nScanning Technique\tPushbroom; swath 300 km\nResolution\t32 m\nCoverage / Cycle\tGlobal coverage in 10 days", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a943a6f3-7115-4da4-be2d-61a4ddfec5f8", "label": "ESMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Nimbus 6 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR)\nmeasured the earth's microwave emission to provide the liquid\nwater content of clouds, the distribution and variation of sea\nice cover, and gross characteristics of land surfaces\n(vegetation, soil moisture, and snow cover). The two-channel\nscanning radiometer operated in a 250-MHz band centered at 37\nGHz. One channel was used to measure the vertical polarization\nand the other measured the horizontal polarization. The antenna\nbeam array, a 90- by 20- by 12-cm box-like structure, was\nmounted on top of the spacecraft sensory ring and was pointed in\nthe direction of the spacecraft's forward motion and tilted down\n45 deg from the satellite antenna axis. The antenna beam scanned\nthe earth in 71 discrete steps for various angles extending up\nto 35 deg on either side of the orbital plane. The deduced\nbrightness temperatures were expected to be accurate to within\n3-5 deg K. Spatial resolution was 20 km in the cross-track\ndirection and 45 km in the direction parallel to the subpoint\ntrack. For a more detailed description, see Section 5 of 'The\nNimbus 6 User's Guide' (TRF B23261), available from NSSDC. The\nESMR performance was satisfactory until September 15, 1976, when\nthe horizontal channel output was zero due to a failure of the\nFerrite-Dicke switch. Selected ESMR images were presented in\n'The Nimbus 6 Data Catalog' (TRF B26731), also available from\nNSSDC.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-052A&ex=3'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac3071cf-e97e-4789-ad85-d2e33e502e2a", "label": "IIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) instrument on CALIPSO is a three-channel\nIIR is provided by CNES with algorithm development performed by the Institute\nPierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) in Paris.\n\nThe IIR a nadir-viewing, non-scanning imager having a 64 km by 64 km swath with\na pixel size of 1 km. The CALIOP beam is nominally aligned with the center of\nthe IIR image.\n\nThe instrument uses a single microbolometer detecter array, with a rotating\nfilter wheel providing measurements at three channels in the thermal infrared\nwindow region at 8.7 mm, 10.5 mm, and 12.0 mm. These wavelengths were selected\nto optimize joint CALIOP/IIR retrievals of cirrus cloud emissivity and particle\nsize.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#IIR\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: IIR\n Long_Name: Imaging Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.6 µm - 1.0 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#IIR\n Sample_Image: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/images/payload.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 44 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "adb2a7a9-92d0-4e24-9c29-b3f2218437a5", "label": "THEOS MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1de62e1-48c6-430b-80c9-e0d639b5153f", "label": "GOES-12 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Measures cloud cover, atmospheric radiance, winds, atmospheric stability, rainfall estimates. Used to provide severe storm warnings/ monitoring day and night (type, amount, storm features).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-12 Imager\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GOES-12 Imager\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 12-Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-06-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-07-23\n Instrument_Owner: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5b0b14b-df0c-4884-9423-01a018da7efb", "label": "MOS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Modular Optoelectronic Scanner MOS is a space borne imaging\npush broom spectrometer in the visible and near infrared range\nof optical spectra (400 - 1010 nm), which was specially designed\nfor remote sensing of the ocean-atmosphere system. MOS-PRIRODA\nand MOS-IRS instruments are basically identical providing 17\nspectral channels with medium spatial resolution in the\nVIS/NIR. The advanced instrument built for the IRS spacecraft\nhas one additional channel in the SWIR at 1.6?m.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.ba.dlr.de/NE-WS/ws5/mos_home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by DLR]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8616a2e-4fef-4d9b-98fb-5681dd70cf4a", "label": "POLDER-3", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The POLDER instrument is a camera composed of a two-dimensional CCD detector array, wide field of view telecentric optics and a rotating wheel carrying spectral and polarized filters.[https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8cf268c-8fb7-4686-866a-4acf7dc7b0ed", "label": "BF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "baf5be91-ebf6-423c-9c57-ec5fa544adf1", "label": "PSS_RS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Panchromatic imaging system (PSS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PSS_RS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: PSS_RS\n Long_Name: Panchromatic imaging system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BelKA\n Short_Name: Kanopus-V\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.54 µm - 0.86 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.54 µm - 0.86 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: https://innoter.com/sites/default/files/uploads/articles/Kanopus/4.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd5a9e8c-72db-4244-9455-53b0f19950b4", "label": "SkySat Camera", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Purpose\tVery-high-resolution land imagery\nShort description\t5-channel VIS/NIR radiometer with one panchromatic channel and 4 multi-spectral [see detailed characteristics below]. Capability of video-clips\nBackground\tNew development\nScanning Technique\tPushbroom, swath 8 km. Capability of providing video clips of areas minimum 5 km x 5 km of duration 90 s at 30 frames/s in MPEG-4 format (only in panchromatic)\nResolution\t0.9 m (panchromatic) and 2.0 m (multispectral)\nCoverage / Cycle\tGlobal coverage in one year, in daylight", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "beada4de-1b76-4354-b140-774d7fe70189", "label": "GERB", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The MSG system has been outlined to support additional or research missions. ESA selected the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument for flight on the MSG-1 satellite. The GERB instrument is developed by a European consortium led by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), United Kingdom, under a cooperation between the UK, Italy and Belgium. The EUMETSAT Council decided in November 1998 to fund the flight of two additional GERB instruments on MSG-2 and MSG-3.\n The first images from the GERB instrument flying on Meteosat-8 (MSG-1) were taken on 12 December 2002. \n\nThe principle objective of the GERB mission is to measure the Earth radiation budget, in support of climate research and monitoring. A GERB International Science Team (GIST) had been established and tasked inter alia to define the science requirements, products and processing algorithms, and to implement science and validation activities. The consortium that developed and is responsible for operating the GERB system includes the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), UK; Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (ICSTM), UK; Hadley Centre, UK; Leicester University, UK; RMI, Belgium; Advanced Mechanical and Optical Systems Ltd (AMOS Ltd), Belgium; and Officine Galileo, Italy. \n\nThe Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI) was a key player in the development of the GERB concept, and Belgium provides half of the GERB ground segment infrastructure and services.\n\nThe GERB instrument, as part of the satellite, is operated by EUMETSAT in coordination with the GERB Operations Team based at ICSTM.GERB data are received at the EUMETSAT ground segment and passed to the GERB ground segment for data processing. The data and products are then distributed by RAL to centres throughout Europe which use the information to evaluate and improve climate monitoring and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models.\n\nThe GERB instrument is a scanning radiometer with two broadband channels, one covering the solar spectrum (0.32 to 4.0 µm), the other covering a wider portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.32 to 30 µm). Together these channels are used to derive the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth in the spectral range 4.0 to 30 µm. Data are calibrated on board in order to support the retrieval of radiative fluxes of reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal radiation at the top of the atmosphere with an accuracy of 1%. The radiation budget represents the balance between incoming energy from the Sun and outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected (shortwave) energy from the Earth.\n\nThe GERB broadband channels span the twelve much narrower channels measured by the MSGs other instrument the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). Thus GERB fills in the gaps in the thermal radiation spectrum missed by the SEVIRI channels. However, the GERB measures the thermal radiation at a coarser spatial resolution. Back on the ground, RMI scientists use the finer spatial resolution of the SEVIRI data to improve the spatial resolution of the GERB images. \n\nSource: EUMETSAT\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GERB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: GERB\n Long_Name: Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GERB\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 2 broadband channels, one covering the solar spectrum (0.32 to 4.0 µm), the other covering a wider portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.32 to 30 µm).\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4.0 - 30 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: With and without quartz filter: 0.32 - 4.0 µm, 0.32 - 30 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet111/chapter5_bul111.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/spat/research/missions/atmos_missions/gerb/instrument\n Online_Resource: http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/view/badc.nerc.ac.uk__ATOM__dataent_gerb\n Sample_Image: http://radagast.nerc-essc.ac.uk/Assets/GERB_schematic.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50.6 Kbits/sec (L Band)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-12-12\n Instrument_Owner: European consortium led by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), United Kingdom, under a cooperation between the UK, Italy and Belgium.\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "beee83ac-12f6-4fe0-a8d6-386ce41be39d", "label": "SHMSA-SR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Medium resolution wide capture multispectral optical sensor(SHMSA-SR)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SHMSA-SR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SHMSA-SR\n Long_Name: Medium resolution wide capture multispectral optical sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 μm - 0.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.43 - 0.51 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 - 0.58 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.6 - 0.7 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 - 0.8 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.80 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://s016.radikal.ru/i335/1506/5a/58cae2622e8e.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bfc07fb2-ca22-48e6-8171-84527b0faae7", "label": "TM", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Thematic Mapper (TM) is an advanced, multispectral scanning, Earth resources sensor designed to achieve higher image resolution, sharper spectral separation, improved geometric fidelity and greater radiometric accuracy and resolution than the MSS sensor. TM data are sensed in seven spectral bands simultaneously. Band 6 senses thermal (heat) infrared radiation. Landsat can only acquire night scenes in band 6. A TM scene has an Instantaneous Field Of View (IFOV) of 30 square meters in bands 1-5 and 7 while band 6 has an IFOV of 120 square meters on the ground.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: TM\n Long_Name: Thematic Mapper\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-5\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm -0.60 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 μm -0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 μm -0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 μm -1.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.4 μm -12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.08 μm - 2.35 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/tm.html\n Sample_Image: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/tmsensor.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1982-07-16\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2011-11-18\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c075c75b-4e28-4ace-9347-f2b8f95db18f", "label": "AIRMSPI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Airborne Multi-angle Spectro Polarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) is an airborne prototype instrument similar to that of the future satellite-borne MSPI instrument for obtaining multi-angle polarization imagery. AirMSPI flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. The instrument was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. \n\nMore information is available at:\nhttp://airbornescience.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/airmspi/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRMSPI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AIRMSPI\n Long_Name: Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airbornescience.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/airmspi/\n Creation_Date: 2014-03-27\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c087ba2c-2ea3-4907-9477-ad9233c9f921", "label": "SEVIRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "This radiometer is the main instrument on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG). MSG is a cooperation program of ESA (European Space Agency) and EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites). This multi-wavelength camera, called SEVIRI, provides images of the Earth disc with cloud, land, ocean, snow and other information made visible by day and by night. It takes one full resolution image every 15 minutes, thus illustrating the weather in motion. Its operating principle is based on collecting the Earth's radiation by means of a telescope and focusing it on detectors sensitive to 12 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is followed by the electronic processing of the signals provided by the detectors.\n\nThe infrared channels require low detector temperature and hence a large passive cooler. The instrument's overall mass is 270 kg and its power consumption is nominally less than 123 W during operations. \n\nAdditional information can be found at the ESA MSG web site:\nhttp://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/MSG/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEVIRI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SEVIRI\n Long_Name: Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: MSG\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.56-0.71µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.74-0.88µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5.35-14.46µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 5 km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/MSG/\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/groups/ops/documents/document/pdf_ten_msg_seviri_instrument.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/msg/pag4.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1e7af7f-5610-4714-a79c-b1573a32cf01", "label": "PLA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5058bd9-6183-4c0a-a6aa-611540ba1196", "label": "SSM/I", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-05 ]\n\nThe purpose of the microwave imager, SSM/I, is to provide day and night measurements of ocean surface wind speed, ice coverage and age, area and intensity of precipitation, cloud water content and land surface moisture. An estimate of atmospheric attenuation at each of the SSM/I sensor frequencies is also available. Microwave brightness temperatures are obtained with a seven-channel passive microwave radiometer operating at four frequencies, three with both vertical and horizontal polarization (19.35, 37.0, 85.5 GHz) and one with vertical polarization (22.23 GHz). The instrument scans across the ground track to gather data over an approximate 1400-km swath width with horizontal resolutions 13 to 50 km for different frequencies. The data can be used for tropical storm reconnaissance, ship routing in polar regions, agricultural weather, aircraft routing and refueling, etc.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM/I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave/Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Vertical and Horizontal Polarization 19.35, 37.0, 85.5 GHz\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Vertical Polarization 22.23 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.ssmi.com/\n Online_Resource: http://www.discover-earth.org/ocean_surface_wind/ocean_surface_wind.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6ff04f5-a31f-4c9f-9c37-82f053905736", "label": "VHRI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Full name\tVery High Resolution Imager\nPurpose\tHigh-resolution land observation and disasters monitoring\nShort description\t5-channel camera including one PAN channel [see detailed characteristics below]\nBackground\tConsolidated technology\nScanning Technique\tPushbroom steerable within a Field-of-Regard of 1200 km. Swath: 20 km\nResolution\t5 m multispectral, 2.5 panchromatic\nCoverage / Cycle\tGlobal in 4 months. More frequently by exploiting strategic pointing\nMass\t41 kg\tPower\t55 W\tData Rate", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c811bdaf-649f-4e23-b495-940d64e675f4", "label": "ASTER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The objectives of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) include surface and cloud \nimaging with high spatial resolution and with 14 multispectral channels from visible to thermal infrared and determination \nof surface kinetic temperatures. The instrument consists of (1) three visible and near-infrared channels (VNIR) between \n0.5 and 0.9 micrometers at 15 meter resolution, (2) six shortwave infrared channels (SWIR) between 1.6 and 2.5 micrometers \nat 30 meter resolution, and (3) five thermal infrared channels (TIR) between 8 and 12 micrometers at 90 meter resolution. \nThe instrument will have 4 % absolute radiometric accuracy in the VNIR and SWIR, and 2 K absolute thermal accuracy (240 to \n370 K) over a 60 km swath whose center is pointable cross-track +/- 106 km. One of the VNIR channels will provide along \ncross-track stereo views with a base-to-height ratio of 0.6, which will be used for stereoscopic observations of local \ntopography, cloud heights, volcanic plumes, and generating local digital elevation models (DEMs). Various combinations \nof VNIR, SWIR, and TIR will lead to (1) soil and rock studies, (2) volcano monitoring, (3) surface temperature, emissivity, \nand reflectivity, (4) land use patterns and vegetation monitoring, (5) evapotranspiration, land and ocean temperatures, \nand (6) glacier monitoring. The ASTER pointing capabilities will be such that any point on the globe would be accessible \nat least once every 16 days. The ASTER facility is provided by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry \n(MITI) and was flown on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite on December 18, 1999.\n\nMore Information: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ASTER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: ASTER\n Long_Name: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TIRS\n Short_Name: SWIR\n Short_Name: VNIR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 μm - 0.9 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.6 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm - 12 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/aster\n Sample_Image: https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/content/01_mission/03_instrument/03_SWIR/swir-c.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry\n Instrument_Owner: Japan's Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9659679-1a9c-4c90-bc5f-62f0278c5d92", "label": "AIRMISR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Airborne Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (AirMISR) is an airborne instrument for obtaining multi-angle imagery similar to that of the satellite-borne MISR instrument, which is designed to provide new types of information for scientists studying Earth's climate. AirMISR flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. It was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/Mission/airMISR/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc1e1545-49f0-4ced-aeef-b38cd02546bd", "label": "DA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ccae4c79-b985-4be6-b146-5c1a1a395e03", "label": "PlanetScope", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The PlanetScope satellite constellation consists of multiple launches of groups of individual satellites (DOVEs). Therefore, on-orbit capacity is constantly improving in capability or quantity, with technology improvements deployed at a rapid pace. Each DOVE satellite is a CubeSat 3U form factor (10 cm by 10 cm by 30 cm). The complete PlanetScope constellation of approximately 150 active satellites is able to image the entire land surface of the Earth every day (equating to a daily collection capacity of 350 million km²/day). The constellation is constantly 'on' and does not require ordering or acquisition planning.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd74d049-ae8b-4510-a2ae-618e9b470296", "label": "OCE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Ocean Color Experiment (OCE) was designed to demonstrate the\nability to locate plankton or chlorophyll concentrations and\nidentify circulation features by mapping color patterns in the\nocean. The OCE instrument was a modified version of a NASA\nhigh-altitude aircraft sensor known as the U-2-borne ocean\ncolor scanner. The instrument was also similar to the coastal\nzone color scanner (CZCS) on the Nimbus 7 satellite. It\nconsisted of two main modules: the scanner and the\nelectronics. The scanner was mounted on the experiment pallet\nshelf, and the electronics were coupled to a cold plate on the\npallet deck. The rotating mirror on the OCE instrument scanned\nplus or minus 45 deg from nadir across the direction of flight\nwith a ground resolution of 3 km. The scanner operated in eight\nspectral intervals: 486 nm (blue), 518 nm, 553 nm (green), 585\nnm, 621 nm, 655 nm (red), 685 nm, and 787 nm\n(near-infrared). The OCE experiment operated successfully and\noverall image quality and spe ctral information were\nexcellent. The instrument acquired approximately 20 to 30\nminutes of cloud-free data.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-111A&ex=5'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cde74f5c-0ce2-442b-8b60-0ab30f6882c6", "label": "LISS-I", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "IRS-1A is the first satellite in the IRS constellation. It was launched from Baikonur cosmodrome, Khazakhstan. It operated in sun-synchronous near polar orbit at an inclination of 99 degrees at an altitude of 904 km. One orbit around the earth took about 103 minutes and the satellite made 14 orbits per day. The 22 day repetivity ensured repeated collection of data of the same geographical area at the same local time. The equatorial crossing time for IRS-1A in the descending node was 9:40 AM.\n\nIt had two types of cameras known as Linear Self Scanning Sensors (LISS-I and LISS-II). LISS-I had a spatial resolution of 72.5m with a swath of 148 km on ground.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LISS-I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: LISS-I\n Long_Name: Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor I\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-1B\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.86 μm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf664bfd-5313-4472-9979-53b7e810287c", "label": "AMSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ( AMSR )is one of the Japan\nAerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission instruments on board ADEOS-II which\nwas launched by H-IIA rocket on December 14, 2002. A similiar instument\n(AMSR-E) was flown on NASA's Aqua spacecraft to be launched May 4, 2002. The\nADEOS-II spacecraft failed on October 24, 2003.\n\nThe AMSR is a 14-channel, 8- frequency passive microwave radiometer\nwhich measures microwave radiation from the Earth's surface and\natmosphere. Frequencies of the AMSR are 6.9, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5,\nand 89.0 (horizontal and vertical polarization), and 50.3 and\n52.8 GHz (vertical polarization only). AMSR has a large antenna\n(2 meters, one of the largest), and a field of view of 7 km at\n89 GHz and 60km at 6.9 GHz. It scans conically at an incidence angle\nof 55 degrees to achieve a 1600 km swath width. Data are externally\ncalibrated by a cold sky temperature (2.7K) and a high-temperature\nhot load.\n\nVarious geophysical parameters will be retrieved from AMSR data.\nThese parameters are primarily concerned with water (H2O), and\ninclude total water vapor content,total liquid water content,\nprecipitation, snow water equivalent, soil moisture, sea surface\ntemperature (SST), sea surface wind speed, and sea ice extent.\nThe data set obtained by AMSR will support studies to understand the\nwater and energy cycle on a global scale.\n\nAMSR features are summarized below.\n\n1. The 2m-diameter antenna can measure SST and soil\n moisture at 6 and 10 GHz.\n\n2. With its higher spatial resolution, retrieval accuracy\n will be improved for geophysical parameters such as\n total water vapor content, total liquid water content,\n and precipitation.\n\n3. AMSR data will be transmitted to the EOC via a data\n relay satellite every orbit, so they can be used by\n meteorological agencies as initial conditions for\n weather forecast models.\n\n4. GLI and SeaWinds data are available, and a\n combined use of AMSR, GLI and SeaWinds data will\n improve retrieval accuracy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/ov_amsr/index.htm'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d03771c4-d795-4066-86d2-40e200df134b", "label": "MSU-GS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Multispectral scanning imager-radiometer (MSU-GS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSU-GS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Short_Name: MSU-GS\n Long_Name: Multispectral scanning imager-radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Elektro-L N1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.5 μm - 0.65 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.65 μm - 0.8 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.8 μm - 0.9 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.5 μm - 4.01 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5.7 μm - 7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 7,5 μm - 8,5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8.2 μm - 9,2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 9.2 μm – 10.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.2 μm - 11.2 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.2 μm - 12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://planeta.infospace.ru/electro/html/msu-gs.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/324\n Sample_Image: http://www.mcc.rsa.ru/Pic/electra/3.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0e5bb89-a379-4341-976a-58a2f8feaf4f", "label": "GOES-10 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The GOES-10 Imager is a multi-purpose imagery and wind derivation by tracking clouds and water vapor features using 5 channels covering VIS, MWIR, and TIR.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1917f5c-0f50-4b7b-adb5-08cd7a6510d3", "label": "HRVIR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Text Source: CNES, http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/hrvir.htm ]\n\nThe HRVIR imaging instrument is designed to acquire, instantaneously, one complete line of pixels at a time covering the entire field of view. This is achieved using charged-couple device (CCD) linear array.\n\nSpecial optical devices forming a so-called 'spectral separator' separate the in-coming light (from target area on the ground) into four spectral channels.\n\nThe CCD linear arrays operate in the so-called 'push-broom' mode. A wide-angle telescope forms an instantaneous image of adjacent 'ground patch areas' on a row of detectors in the instrument's focal plane.\n\nColumn-wise scanning is a direct result of the satellite's motion along its orbit. The signals generated by the detectors (photodiodes) are read out sequentially at a predetermined clock rate. Thus, although the linear arrays do not 'scan' in the line-wise direction to gather light, the detectors are scanned electronically to generate the output signal.\n\nThe telescope has a field of view of 4°, corresponding to 60 km on the ground covered instantaneously by a line of 6000 detectors. Each HRVIR is thus said to offer a 'strip width' of 60 km.\n\nAs just mentioned, each detector generates one pixel at a time, each pixel corresponding to a ground patch area measuring 10 metres square in the high-resolution mode. When adjacent detectors are electronically scanned in pairs, they yield pixels corresponding to a ground patch area measuring 20 metres square resulting in imagery with 20-m resolution. The satellite's motion along its orbit results in successive scanlines, hence complete images.\n\nThe HRVIR instrument has two operating modes, depending on whether the detectors are read out singly or in pairs. The image quality is very high, partly because no moving parts are involved in image generation.\n\nThe light entering the HRVIR is sunlight reflected by the Earth's surface then gathered by a telescope with a focal length of 1.08 m and an aperture of ƒ/3.5. The in-coming beam is split into four spectral channels by a beam-splitter consisting of prisms and filters, then focused onto four rows of detectors. As just mentioned, four rows of detectors simultaneously generate four lines of 'registered' pixels; in other words a single line of landscape is simultaneously observed in four perfectly registered spectral bands.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRVIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRVIR\n Long_Name: High Resolution Visible and Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.79 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.53 µm - 1.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.61 µm - 0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/hrvir.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/sat/Instruments_and_missions/HRVIR.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm\n Sample_Image: http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/images/hrv/hrvir1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d29f5cab-9782-4d06-9349-cee6652a2f97", "label": "MERSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Spectral imaging instrument in the resolution to probe a system from the Earth's atmosphere, I get the electromagnetic radiation in the 20 channels in multi-spectral information.By imaging, you can implement vegetation, ecology, land cover classification and snow-covered global land surface characteristics such as remote sensing instruments 8-16-wave channel is high SNR narrow-band channel, can be realized by chlorophyll, suspended sediment and the concentration of soluble yellow substance inversion; instrument 2.13 µm channel on the aerosol relatively transparent, combined with a visible channel, you can implement quantitative terrestrial aerosol; remote sensing 0.94 Micron near-infrared moisture absorption of 3 channels, enhances atmospheric water vapor especially low-level moisture detectability; 250 m resolution visible light three-channel truecolor image, you can implement a variety of natural disasters and environmental impact monitoring, monitoring of image Mesoscale convective clouds and surface characteristics of fine.In resolution spectral imager can high precision sensing cloud properties, aerosol, land surface, Ocean color, such as the lower water vapor, implements the geophysical elements to air, land and sea of multi-spectral continuous comprehensive observation.\n\nmore information: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MERSI.aspx\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MERSI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MERSI\n Long_Name: MEdium Resolution Spectral Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MERSI.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d58f0c56-376f-45b9-a4d3-aa14bb1f455a", "label": "POLDER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) is a passive optical imaging radiometer and polarimeter. It measures surface reflectance as a function of wavelength and observation geometry such as solar radiation reflected by Earth's atmosphere, sea surface reflectance, bidirectional reflectance distribution function of land surfaces, and the Earth Radiation Budget.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d612e2b3-6625-411a-800f-51aa5343d55c", "label": "AA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d621a1c7-3d21-4c8d-833d-237f3e494b05", "label": "FEGS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "FEGS is an airborne radiometer system designed to provide cal/val measurements for GLM from high altitude aircraft. It consists of a 5 x 5 array of radiometers each with a narrow passband filter to isolate\nthe 777.4 nm neutral oxygen emission triplet radiated by lightning. The radiometers will measure the optical radiance emitted by lightning that is transmitted through the cloud top with a temporal resolution of 10 μs. When integrated on the NASA ER-2 aircraft, the FEGS array with its 90° field-of-view will observe a cloud top area nearly equal to a single GLM pixel. This design will allow FEGS to determine the temporal and spatial\nvariation of light that contributes to a GLM event detection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d67afd03-3b79-419c-9289-5dde713ab904", "label": "AVIRIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) is a unique optical sensor that delivers calibrated images of the upwelling spectral radiance in 224 contiguous spectral channels (also called\nbands) with wavelengths from 400 to 2500 nanometers (nm). The instrument flies aboard a NASA ER-2 airplane (a U2 plane modified for increased performance) at approximately 20 km above sea level, at about 730 km/hr. AVIRIS has flown all across the US, plus Canada and Europe. The science objectives of the AVIRIS project are broad. The main objective is to identify, measure, and monitor constituents of the Earth's surface and atmosphere based on molecular absorption and particle scattering signatures. Research with AVIRIS is dominantly directed towards understanding processes related to the global\nenvironment and climate change. AVIRIS research areas include:\nEcology\nOceanography\nGeology\nSnow hydrology\nCloud and atmospheric studies\n\nFor more information on current and past mission involving AVIRIS or\naccess to AVIRIS data, See: https://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d7fbb6b1-1925-4a32-b399-c578435db47c", "label": "HiRAIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "HiRAIS is an optical payload, designed and developed by SI (Satrec Initiative) of Daejeon, Korea in collaboration with Elecnor Deimos. The proven design has a significant heritage with DubaiSat-1 and -2 of EIAST (Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology), United Arab Emirates. Dubaisat-2 is an almost exact Deimos-2 twin. The HiRAIS instrument consists of three elements:\n\n• EOS (Electro-Optical Subsystem)\n\n• SSRU (Solid-State Recorder Unit)\n\n• ITU (Image Transmission Unit).\n\nEOS is comprised of the following elements: telescope, ACM (Auxiliary Camera Module), and FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). EOS is a pushbroom type camera with 1 m GSD (Ground Sampling Distance) for a panchromatic imagery and 4 m GSD in four MS (Multispectral) bands (red, green, blue and NIR). The swath width of the generated image is 12 km.\n\nEOS features a Korsch telescope with 5 mirrors. The optical design includes the main mirror (M1) of 415 mm diameter, 3 mirrors to increase the focal length up to 5.7 m, and a flat mirror to reflect light rays onto FPA. Light-weighted Zerodur is used for the mirrors, while CFRP material was used to design the main optomechanical structure of HiRAIS. The temperature balance of the mirror surfaces, the distances between the mirrors and the FPA are all actively controlled by a feedback heating system, which includes thermostats and heaters. Also passive cooling with heat dissipative materials.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d81fc4e3-c0b4-4205-82b2-ef2161c169a3", "label": "Sentinel-3 MWR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "MWR is a nadir looking sounder, operating at 23.8 and 36.5 GHz (K/Ka-band) covering a bandwidth of 200 MHz in each channel. The objective is to provide water vapor and cloud water contents in the field of view of the altimeter, necessary to compensate for the propagation delay induced by these atmospheric components and affecting the radar measurements. Such corrections are only possible over the ocean, where the background noise is stable and can be quantified either by the 3rd (optional) radiometer channel, or derived from the altimeter measurements of the backscattered power. Alternatively, over ice and land surfaces where MWR data cannot be used, wet troposphere corrections will be derived based on global meteorological data and dedicated models.\n\nThe MWR instrument is being developed by EADS CASA Espacio (ECE) under contract with Thales Alenia Space France (TAS-F) and ESA. MWR measures the thermal radiation emitted by Earth (brightness temperature). The received signal is proportional to the abundance of the atmospheric component emitted at the observed frequency and the sea-surface reflectivity. This information reveals the delay added to the altimeter pulses by moisture in the troposphere.\n\nThe MWR instrument is comprised of the following part elements: antenna assembly, REU (Radiometer Electronics Units), the main structure and the thermal control hardware. Both K-band and Ka-band channels are fully redundant, except for the antenna assembly, with cold redundancy without cross-strapping.\n\nCenter frequency, bandwidth\n\n23.8 GHz, 200 MHz\n\n36.5 GHz, 200 MHz\n\nCenter frequency stability\n\n180 kHz/ºC\n\n220 kHz/ºC\n\nRadiometric performance\n\nAccuracy: < 3K\nSensitivity: 0.29 K\nStability: < 0.6 K\n\nAccuracy: < 3K\nSensitivity: 0.34 K\nStability: < 0.6 K\n\nBeam efficiency (2.5 HPBW)\n\n94.1%\n\n96.0%\n\nAntenna footprint diameter (average HPBW)\n\n23.5 km\n\n18.5 km\n\nCalibration cycle\n\n~ 1 / hour\n\nDicke frequency\n\n78.5 Hz (nominal, programmable within 76-80 Hz range)\n\nIntegration time\n\n152.88 ms (nominal, within 150-157.9 ms range)\n\nDynamic range\n\n2.7 K to 320 K (radiometric performance guaranteed at 150 K - 313 K range)\n\nSide-lobe level (SLL)\n\n< -36 dB\n\n< -45 dB\n\nAntenna beam pointing\n\nAlong-track: 1.98\nCross-track: 0.0º\n\nAlong-track: 1.93º\nCross-track: 0.0ºº\n\nMain antenna diameter\n\n60 cm\n\nInstrument mass, power consumption\n\n~25 kg, 34 W", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da65c47c-1ebb-456c-bf3a-b300ce9edf3d", "label": "MSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "As a parabolic antenna revolves, the microwave scanning radiometer (MSR)\ncontinuously scans the earth surface conically for a width of 317 km. During\nthis process, the MSR receives weak radio waves in the two frequency bands of\n23.8 and 31.4 GHz. Its resolution in terms of earth area is 32 km in the 23.8\nGHz band and 23 km in the 31.4 GHz band.\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n MSR\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWavelength/ GHz\nFrequency 23.8 31.4\nResolution 32Km 23Km\nSensitivity/ 1K 1K\nSN\nSwath 320Km\nApplication Fields\n 23.8GHz Water vapor content,\n rainfall area measurement and snowfall measurement\n 31.4GHz Ice measurement, measurement of water content in\n cloud and snowfall measurement\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\nThe MSR has flown on the following NASDA satellites: MOS-1, and MOS-1b.\n_______________\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MSR\n Long_Name: Microwave Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dae61eb2-5733-4255-abd8-03c1f415e7e3", "label": "MSU-SK", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The MSU-SK is a multi-spectral optical-mechanical radiometer\nwith conical scanning of the surface. So images obtained with\nMSU-SK are strongly enough geometrically distorted but the\nspatial resolution remains constant within the images.\n\n[Summary provided by ScanEx]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd7c719e-5767-4ceb-b83a-66c1401dab4a", "label": "VIIRS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument collects visible and infrared imagery and global observations\nof land, atmosphere, cryosphere and oceans.\n\nCurrently flying on the Suomi NPP satellite mission, VIIRS generates many critical environmental products about snow and ice \ncover, clouds, fog, aerosols, fire, smoke plumes, dust, vegetation health, phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyll. VIIRS \nwill also be on the JPSS-1 and JPSS-2 satellite missions.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/viirs.html\n\nMass: Approximately 252 kilograms\nAverage Power: 191 W\nDevelopment Institutions: Raytheon Company\nVIIRS Sensor Lead: Bruce Guenther (NOAA)\nPurpose: To collect measurements of clouds, aerosols, ocean color, surface temperature, fires, and albedo.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VIIRS\n Long_Name: Visible-Infrared Imager-Radiometer Suite\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.412 μm - 0.746 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.865 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.7 μm - 2.25 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.74 μm - 12.013 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/viirs.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de910a53-ecb0-4450-961a-baac5300df07", "label": "VIRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Visible and Infrared Radiometer (VIRR) is a standard\nradiometer that measures the intensity of radiation in five\nwavelength channels.\n\nAddditional information available at\nhttp://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/~swsgrime/artemis/ch2/other/other.html\n\n[Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html ]\n\nThe VIRR identified cloud, land, and water features on the SEASAT mission. It operated in the visible band (0.49-0.94 micrometers) and in the infrared band (10.5-12.5 micrometers). The swath of the VIRR is approximately 2280 kilometers wide, centered on nadir. Spatial coverage for the mission was global, and temporal coverage spanned July 4, 1978 to August 27, 1978. The normal scan period was 1.25 seconds, and 48 scans were completed per minute.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Long_Name: Visible and Infrared Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.49 - 0.94 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 - 12.5 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1978-07-04\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1978-08-27\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e05116d2-cff4-4d23-9e6c-0e5843006160", "label": "MSU-E", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Multichannel High Resolution Electronic Scanner (MSU-E)\nis a multi-spectral optical-electronic radiometer containing\nthree CCD line arrays - one for each spectral band.\n\n[Summary provided by ScanEx]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e18daa03-d76a-435d-83c3-d9c60b3fe437", "label": "AATSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) is a European Space\nAgency (ESA) Announcement of Opportunity (AO) instrument selected for the\nENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). AATSR is a follow-on to the\nAlong-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) flown on European Remote Sensing\n(ERS) ERS-1 and ERS-2 spacecraft. The AATSR provided high-precision sea\nsurface temperature measurements and bi-directional measurements of land\nsurface in 10 channels: 0.470, 0.550, 0.670, 0.870, 1.240, 1.610, 3.750,\n4.0, 10.85, and 12.0 micrometers. The AATSR gave a FOV of 500 meters in a\nswath of 500 km for channels up to 1.6 micrometers and 1 km FOV for\nchannels above 1.6 micrometers. For more information see:\n&http://www.atsr.rl.ac.uk/&\n\nSee also &http://envisat.esa.int/& for information on ENVISAT.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AATSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: AATSR\n Long_Name: Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e549f821-0712-41c2-a558-0f55f6c8ba80", "label": "KMSS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Multispectral Imager (VIS) system (KMSS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: KMSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: KMSS\n Long_Name: Multispectral Imager (VIS) system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 µm - 0.9 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 µm - 0.9 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/242\n Online_Resource: http://ofo.ikiweb.ru/en/msu.php\n Sample_Image: http://s017.radikal.ru/i435/1506/bc/24ef74242990.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e64e83bd-02b3-4a47-830d-00e1aa4b04d3", "label": "AVHRR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The AVHRR five channel scanning radiometer with 1.1-km\nresolution is sensitive in the visible and near-infrared, and the\ninfrared 'window' regions. This instrument will be carried\nthrough NOAA-J, NOAA-K, L and M and will have a similar\ninstrument with six channels and other improvements. AVHRR data\nare tape-recorded onboard the spacecraft for readout at the\nFairbanks and Wallops Command Data Acquisition stations. These\ndata can be recorded in 1.1-km resolution (the basic resolution\nof the AVHRR instrument) or at 4 km resolution; the swath width\nis >2600 km. The stored high resolution (1.1-km) imagery is known\nas Local Area Coverage (LAC). Owing to the large number of data\nbits, only about 11+ minutes of LAC can be accommodated on a\nsingle recorder. In contrast, 115 minutes of the lower\nresolution (4-km) imagery, called Global Area Coverage (GAC), can\nbe stored on a recorder, enough to cover an entire 102 minute\norbit of data.\n\nChannel Wavelength Primary Uses\n (microns)\n------- ----------- -----------------------------\n 1 0.58- 0.68 Daytime cloud/surface mapping\n 2 0.725- 1.10 Surface water delineation,\n ice and snow melt\n 3 3.55- 3.93 Sea surface temperature,\n nighttime cloud mapping\n 4 10.30-11.30 Sea surface temperature, day\n and night cloud mapping\n 5 11.50-12.50 Sea surface temperature, day\n and night cloud mapping\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nAdditional information available at:\n\nhttp://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/avhrr.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e827d04c-bf67-4877-91a7-b39b819d5168", "label": "BA", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8a6f9ad-e376-495c-869e-3467526b49ec", "label": "OLI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: NASA LDCM Mission Homepage, http://ldcm.nasa.gov/spacecraft_instruments/oli.html ]\n\nThe Operational Land Imager (OLI), built by the Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation, will measure in the visible, near infrared, and short wave infrared portions of the spectrum. Its images will have 15-meter (49 ft.) panchromatic and 30-meter multi-spectral spatial resolutions along a 185 km (115 miles) wide swath, covering wide areas of the Earth's landscape while providing sufficient resolution to distinguish features like urban centers, farms, forests and other land uses. The entire Earth will fall within view once every 16 days due to LDCM's near-polar orbit. \n\nOLI's design is an advancement in Landsat sensor technology and uses an approach demonstrated by the Advanced Land Imager sensor flown on NASA's experimental EO-1 satellite. Instruments on earlier Landsat satellites employed scan mirrors to sweep the instrument fields of view across the surface swath width and transmit light to a few detectors. The OLI will instead use long detector arrays, with over 7,000 detectors per spectral band, aligned across its focal plane to view across the swath. This 'push-broom' design results in a more sensitive instrument providing improved land surface information with fewer moving parts. With an improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to past Landsat instruments, engineers expect this new OLI design to be more reliable and to provide improved performance. \n\nMore Information: http://ldcm.nasa.gov/spacecraft_instruments/oli.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OLI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: OLI\n Long_Name: Operational Land Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.433–0.453 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.450–0.515 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.525–0.600 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.630–0.680 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.845–0.885 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.560–1.660 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 2.100–2.300 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.500–0.680 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.360–1.390 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ldcm.nasa.gov/spacecraft_instruments/oli.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/566477main_ldcm-oli_s2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2013-02-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9764a4c-745e-43ac-b8bd-101ef391f014", "label": "SSC", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-08 ]\n\nThe snow/cloud sensor was an experimental unit that was being used in conjunction with the OLS sensor on spacecraft F-4. The experiment performed by the simultaneous in-orbit use of these two sensors was primarily that of proving the proposition that snow/cloud scene discrimination could be obtained through the combination of near IR (1.6 micrometer wave-length) sensor data and OLS L-channel (visual) information. The snow/cloud detector was a 'push-broom' scan radiometer that depended upon orbital velocity of the 5D spacecraft to provide the along track scan and a linear array of 48 detector elements at the image plane of a wide lens to provide a 40.2 deg cross track scan. The sensor depended upon reflected solar energy in the 1.51 to 1.63 micrometer spectral band for its input signal.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SSC\n Long_Name: Snow/Cloud Discriminator Special Sensor C\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1979-050A-08\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9d9df16-ebbf-4f6d-838f-225716619ff9", "label": "MSC", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec243b2f-f4af-414e-86c8-47ba2c395d0e", "label": "GOES-9 Imager", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The GOES-9 Imager is a multi-purpose imagery and wind derivation by tracking clouds and water vapor features using 5 channels covering VIS, MWIR, and TIR.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ecfc7717-1c5f-48ba-bc42-f37daaace47c", "label": "POLDER-1", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The POLDER instrument is a camera composed of a two-dimensional CCD detector array, wide field of view telecentric optics and a rotating wheel carrying spectral and polarized filters.[https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POLDER-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: POLDER-1\n Long_Name: Polarization/Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PARASOL\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://polder-mission.cnes.fr/en/POLDER/GP_instrument.htm\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcPOLDER/P27110p.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 882 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef9ac5ea-ac53-4a8b-b9b1-fabbbd148c3c", "label": "MOP VIS/IR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The imaging radiometer on the Meteosat Operational Programme (MOP)\nseries of satellites operated in a visible, infrared, and water vapor\nband providing full-disc Earth images in 25 minutes followed by a 5\nminute retrace and stabilization period. The imager provided day/night\ncloudcover data and visible-infrared radiances for meteorological\napplications and weather forecasting. The optical system consisted of\na moveable Ritchey-Cretien 40 cm primary aperature, 365 cm focal\nlength telescope mounted on two flexible plate pivots attached to a\nstep motor by a high-precision jack screw via a gear box. The\ntelescope is stepped 0.125 milliradians every 100 rpm satellite\nrotation so that the Earth's surface is scanned at 5 km intervals,\nsouth to north, covering a total angular distance of 18 degrees. Each\ninfrared (IR) image consists of 2500 lines (each 2500 pixels). The\nvisible detectors provide 5000-line images corresponding to a\nresolution of 2.5 km. The visible silicon photodiode detectors cover\n0.4 - 0.9 microns, the thermal infrared HgCdTe detector covers 10.5 -\n12.5 microns, and the water vapor-infrared HgCdTe detector covers 5.7\n- 7.1 microns.\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meeosat\nProgram, see the URL:\nhttp://www.esrin.esa.it'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MOP VIS/IR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MOP VIS/IR\n Long_Name: MOP Imaging Radiometer\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "efad471f-d7d6-473f-bca2-1e17372b3fdf", "label": "HRDI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: HRDI/UARS project home page, http://www.sprl.umich.edu/projects/HRDI/ ] \n\nThe High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) was one of the instruments on board the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS). The satellite was launched on 12 September 1991 as a part of NASA's effort to study the Earth's stratosphere and mesosphere. UARS was the first satellite in NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. HRDI observed the emission and absorption lines of molecular oxygen (and other atmospheric components) in small volumes (4 km in height by 50 km in width) above the limb of the Earth. From the Doppler shift of the lines, the horizontal winds can be determined to an accuracy of ~5 m s-1, while the line shapes and strengths yield information about the temperature and atmospheric species, such as mesospheric ozone. The HRDI instrument conducted scientific measurements from November 1991 until April 2005. The UARS spacecraft was deactivated on 14 December 2005 at 17:16:37z, completing 78084 orbits over 5208 mission days. The UARS spacecraft is expected to re-enter the atmosphere sometime in 2009 or 2010. \n\nWind measurements from the TIDI instrument on the TIMED satellite provide overlapping measurements with HRDI from early 2002 through the end of the UARS mission. TIDI observations continue to the current time. \n\nThe primary purpose of this site is to make HRDI data available to the scientific community. A secondary goal is to provide information about the instrument technical\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRDI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HRDI\n Long_Name: High Resolution Doppler Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 550 to 770 nanometers\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.001 nanometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sprl.umich.edu/projects/HRDI/\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/hrdi\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.750 kbps.\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-11-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-04-01\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1312494-d94b-4280-8ebf-bd9a4a53fc47", "label": "PSR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) is a versatile airborne\nmicrowave imaging radiometer developed by the Georgia Institute of\nTechnology and the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory for the\npurpose of obtaining polarimetric microwave emission imagery of the\nEarth's oceans, land, ice, clouds, and precipitation. The PSR consists\nof a set of five polarimetric radiometers housed within a\ngimbal-mounted scanhead drum. The scanhead drum is rotatable by the\ngimbal positioner so that the radiometers (Figure 2.) can view any\nangle within 70o elevation of nadir at any azimuthal angle (a total of\n1.32 sr solid angle), as well as external hot and ambient calibration\ntargets. The configuration thus supports conical, cross-track,\nalong-track, fixed-angle stare, and spotlight scan modes. The PSR was\ndesigned to provide several specific and unique observational\ncapabilities from various aircraft platforms.\n\nMore Information: 'http://www1.etl.noaa.gov/radiom/psr.html'\n\n[Adapted from the NOAA/ETL homepage]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2b8a443-cf0a-4ece-bdb4-ba3d24dfb69e", "label": "AN", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3e24783-42cf-4080-8a6b-f8420722b987", "label": "AF", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6fcdea4-fdbd-4eaa-b696-2db4a893fbbc", "label": "FLORIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "FLORIS is a high-resolution imaging spectrometer acquiring data in the 500-880 nm spectral range.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa8e9486-0e46-42c7-b774-08f6a2153f31", "label": "Medium-Resolution Scanning Radiometer", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-01 ]\n\nThe four-channel scanning radiometer, designated the sensor AVE (Aerospace Vehicle Electronics) package (SAP), was the primary experiment on the DMSP spacecraft. The purpose of this experiment was to provide global, day/night observations of cloudcover and cloud temperature measurements to support Department of Defense requirements for operational weather analysis and forecasting. The radiometer operated in two spectral intervals -- (1) visible and near infrared (0.4 to 1.1 micrometers) and (2) infrared (8 to 13 micrometers). The three-channel radiometer was essentially two scanning radiometers driven by a common motor. One radiometer provided high resolution (HR) visual and infrared (IR) data with nadir resolutions of 3.7 and 4.4 km, respectively. The other radiometer produced very high resolution (VHR) visual and infrared (WHR) data with nadir resolutions of .63 km and .67 km, respectively. On board recorders had a storage capacity of 210 min of both HR and IR data and a total of 20 min of VHR and WHR data. For direct readout to tactical sites, the experiment was programmed so that VHR and IR data were obtained during the daytime and HR and WHR data were obtained at night. The infrared channels (WHR and IR) covered a temperature range of 210 to 310 deg k with an accuracy of 1 deg c. Electronic circuitry in the sensor converted the sensed infrared energy directly into equivalent black body temperature (as opposed to radiance) prior to transmission to ground sites. The HR channel included a zero resolution sensor which measured solar input and was used to control channel gain, thereby producing an output signal that represents scene albedo. This feature also made it possible to obtain useful visual data at night. The sensor incorporated sunshades and glare suppression devices in conjunction with a long-scan automatic gain control which allowed the HR channel to provide usable data through the day/night terminator. Identical experiments were flown on all DMSP Block 5 spacecraft to date.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SR\n Long_Name: Scanning Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 1.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 8 μm to 13 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-01\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "faab4948-8041-4617-89b0-cabef0bc57c6", "label": "MIMR", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The objectives of the Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer\n(MIMR) instrument are to provide measurements of (1) precipitation\nrates, (2) atmospheric cloud water and water vapor, (3) sea surface\nroughness and sea surface temperature, (3) soil moisture, (4) global\nsnow and ice cover, and (5) wind speed. The MIMR operates at 6\nfrequencies, each with horizontal and vertical polarizations: 6.8,\n10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 90 GHz. MIMR employs nine feedhorns\nyielding 20 available channels. The instrument is designed to have a\ncross-track swath of 1400-km at an incidence angle of 50 degrees and\nis expected to provide a 3-day global coverage of the\nEarth. Resolution in the 20 channels is from 60 to 5-km with a 1 to 2\nK accuracy. MIMR is scheduled to be launched on the EOS PM series of\nspacecraft beginning in 2000.\nThe MIMR Team Leaders are Dr. Roy S. Spencer and Dr. Christopher Readings.\nMore information about the EOS Project can be found at:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc3f3ca6-1578-47b2-9d99-bc35ca85e0ba", "label": "MERIS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) is a core European Space Agency (ESA) instrument on the ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). The primary objective of MERIS is to monitor ocean color and marine biophysical parameters in oceans and coastal regions with applications to land and atmospheric processes. MERIS is a passive push-broom optical system using Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) at high spectral resolution (5-20 nm) in 15 channels from0.405 to 1.030 micrometers with a swath width of 1500 km. MERIS performed simultaneous spatial and spectral imaging. Spatial imaging is performed in a push-broom mode and spectral imaging is performed by diffraction grating dispersion. MERIS images are converted into electrical signals using CCDs. MERIS operates in two modes: Full Resolution (Direct Transmission) Mode and Low Resolution (Average Transmission) Mode. Full resolution mode uses 15 channels with a resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 km and a spectral resolution of 2.5 nm. Data will be relayed directly to the ground station in this mode and is not stored on-board. Low Resolution Mode uses 15 channels with a spatial resolution of 1 x 1 km and a spectral resolution of 2.5 nm. The MERIS imaging system consists of six overlapping optical modules, each with a 14 degree FOV. The FOV is deflected in the along-track direction by a depointing mirror. The ground imager receives light from the Earth and formed an Earth image on the entrance slit of the spectrometer. The spectrometer then dispersed the light onto an area array CCD. The spectrometer is comprised of a refracting block and a concave reflecting diffraction grating. All 15 MERIS channels are programmable in width and wavelength. On-board calibration is performed by seperate light sources and through the use of the depointing mirror as a shutter. All of the mechanical, thermal electronic and optical devices are mounted externally to the platform. MERIS is operated synergistically with the RA-2, ASAT, and AATSR instruments.\n\nFor more information on MERIS, link to\nhttp://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/meris/\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, link to\nhttp://envisat.esa.int/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MERIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MERIS\n Long_Name: Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 15\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4-1.5um\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/meris\n Online_Resource: http://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/meris/\n Sample_Image: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/tour-index/hardware_img/x_Meris50.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.5 Mbytes/s\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc4227aa-66df-48a4-9712-f75a1b24fcd1", "label": "IMAGING RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "IMAGING RADIOMETERS are meters used to detect and measure\nradiant energy that can be either electromagnetic or acoustic\nand put that information in the form of images or visual\npictures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc57a9a0-a287-4bcf-a517-20811b55596b", "label": "Sentinel-2 MSI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The instrument is based on the pushbroom observation concept. The telescope features a TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmat) design with a pupil diameter of 150 mm, providing a very good imaging quality all across its wide FOV (Field of View). The equivalent swath width is 290 km. The telescope structure and the mirrors are made of silicon carbide (SiC) which allows to minimize thermoelastic deformations. The VNIR focal plane is based on monolithic CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) detectors while the SWIR focal plane is based on a MCT (Mercury Cadmium Telluride) detector hybridized on a CMOS read-out circuit. A dichroic beamsplitter provides the spectral separation of VNIR and SWIR channels.\n\nEADS Astrium SAS of Toulouse is prime for the instrument. The industrial core team also comprises Jena Optronik (Germany), Boostec (Bazet, France), Sener and GMV (Spain), and AMOS, Belgium. The VNIR detectors are built by Astrium-E2V, while the French company Sofradir received a contract to provide the SWIR detectors for MSI.\n\nCalibration: A combination of partial on-board calibration with a sun diffuser and vicarious calibration with ground targets is foreseen to guarantee a high quality radiometric performance. State-of-the-art lossy compression based on wavelet transform is applied to reduce the data volume. The compression ratio will be fine tuned for each spectral band to ensure that there is no significant impact on image quality.\n\nThe observation data are digitized on 12 bit. A shutter mechanism is implemented to prevent the instrument from direct viewing of the sun in orbit and from contamination during launch. The average observation time per orbit is 16.3 minutes, while the peak value is 31 minutes (duty cycle of about 16-31%).\n\nImager type\n\nPushbroom instrument\n\nSpectral range (total of 13 bands)\n\n0.4-2.4 µm (VNIR + SWIR)\n\nSpectral dispersion technique\n\nDichroic for VNIR and SWIR split\nIn field separation within focal plane\n\nMirror dimensions of telescope\n\nM1 = 440 mm x 190 mm\nM2 = 145 mm x 118 mm\nM3 = 550 mm x 285 mm\n\nSSD (Spatial Sampling Distance)\n\n10 m: (VNIR) B2, B3, B4, B8 (4 bands)\n20 m: B5, B6, B7, B8a, B11, B12 (6 bands)\n60 m: B1, B9, (3 bands)\n\nSwath width\n\n290 km, FOV= 20.6º\n\nDetector technologies\n\nMonolithic Si (VNIR); hybrid HgCdTe CMOS (SWIR)\n\nDetector cooling\n\nCooling of SWIR detector to < 210 K\n\nData quantization\n\n12 bit\n\nInstrument mass, power\n\n~ 290 kg, < 266 W\n\nData rate\n\n450 Mbit/s after compression", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe2b617a-4571-4442-9a64-51ef8deb0306", "label": "MAS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) is a modified Daedalus Wildfire scanning spectrometer which flies on a NASA ER-2 aircraft and provides spectral information similar to that which will be provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) scheduled to be launched on the Earth Observing System (EOS)-AM platform in 1998. The principal investigators for MAS are Dr. Michael King (NASA/GSFC) and Dr. Paul Menzel (NOAA/NESDIS).\n\nThe modified Wildfire instrument was first flown in 1991 in the FIRE Cirrus-II experiment onboard a NASA ER-2 over Kansas and the Gulf coast area. The Wildfire instrument was re-configured to the MAS in 1992 and was flown over the Atlantic Ocean as part of the ASTEX experiment. During 1993, MAS was flown in the southwestern Pacific during TOGA/COARE and CEPEX experiments. In July 1993, MAS was flown over the northeastern United States during the SCAR-A experiment. The MAS is a 50-band spectrometer, but before mid-1994, only 12 bands were used at 8 bit resolution. By October 1999,the MAS was recording information in all 50 visible and infrared spectral bands at 16-bit resolution. From January 1995 to October 1999, the 16 bits resolution was compressed into a 12 bit format.\n\nDetails of the MAS instrument and data calibration can be found in the MAS level-1B Data User's Guide at http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/reference/guide.html\n\nInformation about the MAS data and experiments can be found on the MAS\nHome Page at: http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: MAS\n Long_Name: MODIS Airborne Simulator\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/reference/guide.html\n Online_Resource: http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fee5e9e1-10f1-4f14-94bc-c287f8e2c209", "label": "SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "[Source: SMAP home page Instrument Description, http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/ ]\n\nThe SMAP instrument architecture incorporates an L-band radar and an L-band radiometer that share a single feedhorn and parabolic mesh reflector. The reflector is offset from nadir and rotates about the nadir axis at 14.6 rpm, providing a conically scanning antenna beam with a surface incidence angle of approximately 40°. The reflector has a diameter of 6 m, providing a radiometer footprint of 40 km. The real-aperture radar footprint is 30 km, defined by the two-way antenna beamwidth.\n\nTo obtain the desired high spatial resolution the radar employs range and Doppler discrimination. The radar data can be processed to yield resolution enhancement to 1-3 km spatial resolution.\n \nThe science goal is to combine the attributes of the radar and radiometer observations in terms of their spatial resolution and sensitivity to soil moisture, surface roughness, and vegetation. Soil moisture will be estimated optimally at a resolution of 10 km and freeze-thaw state at a resolution of 1-3 km. \n\nThe provision of constant incidence angle across the 1000-km swath simplifies the data processing and enables accurate repeat-pass estimation of soil moisture and freeze/thaw change. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER \n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER\n Long_Name: SMAP L-Band Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMAP\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.41 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/smap\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=72\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff49e220-7ca6-44c9-80df-b48b31a62cb6", "label": "OCTS", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "OCTS is an optical radiometer devoted to the frequent global\nmeasurement of ocean color and sea surface temperature. OCTS will show\nthe amount of chlorophyll and dissolved substances in the water, and\ntemperature distribution. OCT's data will be used for determination of\nocean primary production and carbon cycle, and be used for getting the\ninformation of ocean conditions for fishery and environment monitoring\netc. OCTS is a successor to CZCS(Coastal Zone Color Scanner), the\nU.S. projects, which was the first real optical sensor for ocean\nobservation onboard NIMBUS-7 launched in 1978.\n\nOCTS has 8 bands in visible and near-infrared region and 4 bands in\nthermal region, and achieves highly sensitive spectral measurement\nwith these bands. The observation bands are determined on the\ncharacteristics of spectral reflectance of the object substances,\natmosheric windows and atmospheric correction. The spatial resolution\nis about 700m. This is applicable to the observation of coastal zone\nand land, the feature of these area baries quickly compared to the\nopen ocean. As the swathwidth is about 1400km on the ground, OCTS can\nobserve the same area every 3 days and can monitor rapidly changing\nphenomena. OCTS has optical calibration function using solar light and\nhalogen lamp as the calibration source. OCTS has two data trasmission\nmodes. All raw pixel data are transmitted through X band with fine\ndata transmission mode. One pixel data is sampled from every 6x6km\narea as typical data of the area and is transmitted at UHF band in\ncoarse data transmission mode.\n\nOCTS consists of scanning radiometer unit, which contains optical\nsystem and detector module, and-electrical unit. OCTS adopts catoptric\noptical system and mechanical rotating scanning method using\nmirror. this is because OCTS covers wide range of wavelength and wide\nscanning angles. OCTS can tilt its line of sight along the track to\nprevent the sunglitter at the sea surface from interrupting the\nobservation. For high sensitivity, each band has 10pixels aligned to\nthe track. The infrared detectors are cooled at 100k by a large\nrediant cooler facing the deep space.\n\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.eorc.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS/Project/Octs.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OCTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: OCTS\n Long_Name: Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "28a3ae40-6383-47e3-a1b8-a9f6503c5fd5", "label": "WAF-P", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The WAF-P (Wide-Angle Fabry-Perot) Imaging Spectrometer, operating in the SWIR (Short-Wave Infrared) region, is based on a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer. The optical design of the instrument includes three lens groups, in addition to the Fabry-Perot interferometer, as well as beam folding mirrors required to fit the telescope within a microsatellite bus. The payload avionics includes a Q7 hybrid processor provided by Xiphos Systems Corporation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36c2c1c6-ca48-44f1-a63b-a22b76537f3c", "label": "SpaceView-110", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "5-channel VIS/NIR radiometer with one panchromatic channel and 4 multi-spectral. 110-cm telescope [see detailed characteristics below]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "affc0737-15e0-4d75-8c28-4f9004379296", "label": "CASIE", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7ebcb16-ac5e-4def-862b-f68e16c5430a", "label": "MASTER", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The MASTER is similar to the MAS, with the thermal bands modified to more closely match the NASA EOS ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite instrument, which was launched in 1998. It is intended primarily to study geologic and other Earth surface properties. Flying on both high and low altitude aircraft, the MASTER has been operational since early 1998.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9099f629-d3c9-4b6a-8468-f1c8b212d875", "label": "HawkEye", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Hawkeye instrument, flown onboard the SeaHawk CubeSat, was optimized to provide high quality, high resolution imagery (120 meter) of the open ocean, coastal zones, lakes, estuaries and land features. This ability provides a valuable complement to the lower resolution measurements from previous missions like SeaWiFS, MODIS and VIIRS. The SeaHawk CubeSat mission is a partnership between NASA and the University of North Carolina, Wilmington (UNCW), Cloudland Instruments and AAC-Clyde Space and is funded by the Moore Foundation under a grant for the Sustained Ocean Color Observations with Nanosatellites (SOCON).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6ad03566-0766-4e23-bb6c-1a89bf74329b", "label": "EMIT Imaging Spectrometer", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "he Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) Imaging Spectrometer is a NASA Earth Venture Instrument (EVI-4) mounted to the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS). EMIT will be the first instrument to use NASA invented imaging spectroscopy technology to comprehensively measure the different wavelengths of light emitted by minerals on the surface of deserts and other dust sources to determine their composition.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1f991c5b-ee25-4074-871f-7f0cc015c468", "label": "CAPI", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The CAPI (Cloud and Aerosol Polarization Imager) is a multi-band imager which provides radiance measurements in five bands (365-408 nm, 660-685 nm, 862-877 nm, 1360-1390 nm, 1628-1654 nm) from UV to NIR. In order to achieve more information on aerosol size, which has a significant impact on the wavelength dependence of aerosol optical properties, CAPI includes two polarization channels (660-685 nm and 1628-1654 nm) to measure the Stokes parameters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5157581a-1d6c-4b5c-9905-b844c4864516", "label": "SSTL S1-4", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The S1-4 Imager is a 4-band multispectral (+PAN) VHR optical sensor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbf9d956-a972-44cc-9d84-84644e12505e", "label": "PNEO", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "Pléiades Neo is a PANchromatic + 6-band MultiSpectral Optical instrument.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6c96647-5ff7-4407-992a-ff343ba158ca", "label": "OLI-2", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2) measures in the visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared portions of the spectrum. Its images have 15 m (49 ft) panchromatic and 30 m multi-spectral spatial resolutions along a 185 km (115 mi) wide swath. The entire Earth falls within view once every 16 days due to Landsat 9’s near-polar orbit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f81fffc6-6742-4d69-b30a-c125fde64738", "label": "HyTES", - "broader": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", + "parentId": "944b7691-af37-4fb4-9393-c114e7997829", "definition": "The Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES) instrument has 512 pixels across track with pixel sizes in the range of 5 to 50 m depending on aircraft flying height and 256 spectral channels between 7.5 and 12 µm. The HyTES design is built upon a Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA), a cryo-cooled Dyson Spectrometer and a high-efficiency, concave blazed grating, produced using E-beam lithography. HyTES was originally developed to support the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission. HyTES is useful for a number of applications, including high-resolution surface temperature and emissivity measurements, point sources of air pollution, and volcano observations.", "children": [] } @@ -4629,76 +4629,76 @@ { "uuid": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "label": "Interferometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "06aac8ed-49ff-41d0-9960-f18d9cd0f0ae", "label": "IMG", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "The Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG) instrument is\nprovided by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of\nJapan for the ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS). The IMG\nis designed to monitor the horizontal distribution of greenhouse\neffect gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.) and the\nvertical distribution of temperature and water vapor. The IMG uses an\ninterferometric spectrometer which scans the spectrum from the middle\ninfrared to thermal infrared (0.3 to 15 microns). A mechanical\ncryogenic coolant system is used to regulate the temperature of the\nquantum detectors. An image motion compensation mirror is used to\ncompensate for the satellite orbital motion. Measurements are made in\n20 km swaths at 8 km resolution.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://kuroshio.eorc.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS/Project/Img.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: IMG\n Long_Name: Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "070eb17a-33d1-4255-bc7a-e4168c8e9e56", "label": "WINDII", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on UARS determined \ntemperature and winds in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere by \nmeasuring both Doppler widths and shifts of isolated spectral lines \nemitted by airglow and aurora. The principal objectives were (1) \nmeasure 2-dimensional vertical profiles of horizontal wind velocity \nand Doppler temperature of the neutral atmosphere from 70 to 310 km as \na function of latitude and time, (2) measure the global distribution \nof small-scale wave-like structures on a 3 km scale, and (3) studied \nthe dynamic and thermal aspects of the neutral atmospheric energy \nbalance. The WINDII instrument viewed the atmospheric limb \nsimultaneously in two directions, 45 degrees and 135 degrees from the \nvelocity vector. An imaging detector provided simultaneous \nmeasurements of temperature and wind profiles over the instrument's \nentire altitude range (70 to 310 km) with a vertical resolution of 2 \nkm and horizontal resolution of 20 to 100 km. Emission lines of OI, \nOH, O+ and O2 were measured to cover both daytime and nighttime over \nthe altitude range and provide thermospheric ion wind velocities. The \ninstrument was basically a CCD camera which viewed the Earth's limb \nthrough a field-widened Michelson interferometer. The instrument took \n4 images with the interferometer optical path difference changed by \n1/4 wavelength between images. From these images, the fringe phase \n(leading to wind velocity), fringe modulation (leading to \ntemperature), and emission rate was determined. The Michelson optics \nconsisted of a cemented glass hexagonal beamsplitter, a glass block \nwith a deposited mirror and a glass block combined with an air gap and \na piezoelectrically driven mirror. The CCD camera consisted of a fast \ncamera lens and a 320 x 256 pixel detector array cooled to -50 C. \nInterference filters were mounted in a temperature-controlled filter \nwheel assembly to isolate specific spectral lines. \n\nSee \nReber, Carl A.,'The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite',Trans., Am. Geophys. \nUnion EOS, Vol. 71, No. 51, pp. 1867-1868,1873-1874,1878, December 18, \n1990.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WINDII\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: WINDII\n Long_Name: Wind Imaging Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/windii\n Online_Resource: http://www.trentu.ca/academic/windii/\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "29bb0fb9-dd17-48e2-b414-9b8c6f39f02a", "label": "MARK IV INTERFEROMETER", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "A MARK IV INTERFEROMETER is a specific instrument that uses\ninterference patterns (electrical or acoustic activity that can\ndisturb or obstruct communication) to make accurate measurements\nof waves; named Mark IV and flown on arctic airborne ozone and\nstratospheric experiment projects like AAOE, AASE-1 and AASE-2.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55b35143-89d0-4c87-961e-7ded204a0d72", "label": "SIRIS", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "The Stratospheric Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (SIRIS)\nwas first carried on Nimbus 3, to obtain temperature soundings\nof the atmosphere. It had eight detectors, Fastie-Ebert optics,\nand a 12-degree field of view.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://euromet.meteo.fr/demos/courses/glossary/satellit.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by EuroMET]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "781660ad-1e2f-410d-b77c-6b1ed498d43d", "label": "INTERFEROMETERS", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "INTERFEROMETERS are any measuring instrument that uses\ninterference patterns (electrical or acoustic activity that can\ndisturb or obstruct communication) to make accurate measurements\nof waves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87173192-e3eb-438f-b5fe-b10c2c89e3fe", "label": "HALOE", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "[Source: HALOE Project Home Page, http://haloe.gats-inc.com/home/index.php ] \n\nSince its launch on September 12, 1991 from the Space Shuttle Discovery, the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) has been collecting profiles of middle atmosphere composition and temperature on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). HALOE uses solar occultation to measure simultaneous vertical profiles of Ozone (O3), Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), Hydrogen Fluoride (HF), Methane (CH4), Water Vapor(H2O), Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Temperature, Aerosol Extinction at 4 infrared wavelengths, Aerosol composition and size distribution versus atmospheric pressure with a 1.6 km instantaneous field of view at the Earth's limb. \n\nAimed at better understanding the coupled chemistry, dynamics, and energetics of the Earth's middle and upper atmosphere, HALOE was selected to fly on UARS supported by the NASA Mission to Planet Earth program. HALOE is a collaboration among the Langley Research Center; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; University of Chicago; University of Michigan; University of California, Irvine; NOAA/Environmental Research Laboratory; and Imperial College, U. K. Fabricated and calibrated in-house by engineers at NASA Langley Research Center, the over 14 years of flawless operation of HALOE is an icon of their dedication and commitment to quality. \n\nDr. James M. Russell III from Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia is the HALOE Principal Investigator. The HALOE Project Scientist is Dr. Ellis E. Remsberg located at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HALOE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: HALOE\n Long_Name: Halogen Occultation Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://haloe.gats-inc.com/home/index.php\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/datapool/UARS/HALOE/\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1991-10-11\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-11-21\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad46b854-7c4a-47f6-b134-808f1e1a1dd8", "label": "GRACE INTERFEROMETER", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd05b815-2c9a-405f-86f2-fc9abb529908", "label": "IRIS", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "The Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer (IRIS) on the Nimbus\nspacecraft actually acts as three separate instruments. First, it is a very\nsophisticated thermometer. It can determine the distribution of heat energy a\nbody is emitting, allowing scientists to determine the temperature of that body\nor substance. Second, the IRIS is a device that can determine when certain\ntypes of elements or compounds are present in an atmosphere or on a surface.\nThird, it uses a separate radiometer to measure the total amount of sunlight\nreflected by a body at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared frequencies.\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c940ded8-8ddc-4fea-8bf7-5fb100cdf093", "label": "MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "The American physicist Albert Michelson invented the optical\ninterferometer. The incoming beam is split into two beams by\nthe half-silvered mirror. Each sub-beam reflects off of another\nmirror, which returns it to the half-silvered mirror, where the\ntwo sub-beams recombine as shown. One of the reflecting mirrors\nis movable by a sensitive micrometer device, allowing the path\nlength of the corresponding sub-beam, and hence the phase\nrelationship between the two sub-beams, to be altered.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node13.html'\n\n[Summary provided by New Mexico Tech]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2b390c8-5d95-4f81-a6e8-6780e40fc4f0", "label": "FPI", - "broader": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", + "parentId": "992ffede-af18-49a9-8acb-2cd333860efe", "definition": "The Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) makes use of multiple\nreflections between two closely spaced partially silvered\nsurfaces. Part of the light is transmitted each time the light\nreaches the second surface, resulting in multiple offset beams\nwhich can interfere with each other. The large number of\ninterfering rays produces an interferometer with extremely high\nresolution, somewhat like the multiple slits of a diffraction\ngrating increase its resolution.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/fabry.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Hyper Physics]", "children": [] } @@ -4707,69 +4707,69 @@ { "uuid": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "label": "Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0ef776ed-5347-4dd8-a700-ff77a5ad9a97", "label": "HICO", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO™) is an imaging spectrometer based on the PHILLS airborne imaging spectrometers. HICO is the first spaceborne imaging spectrometer designed to sample the coastal ocean. HICO samples selected coastal regions at 90 m with full spectral coverage (380 to 960 nm sampled at 5.7 nm) and a very high signal-to-noise ratio to resolve the complexity of the coastal ocean. As a demonstration instrument, HICO was designed to collect only one 50 x 200 km scene per orbit. The regions to be collected were determined weekly by a scheduling team. The focus was on providing HICO data for scientific research on coastal zones and other regions around the world. HICO demonstrates coastal products including water clarity, bottom types, bathymetry and on-shore vegetation maps. During its five years in operation HICO collected over 10,000 scenes from around the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c6ddfcd-00e3-4194-be91-9a9648f9d30b", "label": "DESIS", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "The DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS) is an Earth observation instrument that was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2018 and is integrated into the Multi-User System for Earth Sensing (MUSES) platform. DESIS is a pushbroom imaging hyperspectral sensor system with 235 hyperspectral narrowbands (HNB) each with 2.55 nm bandwidth that record image data from the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range of the spectrum (400 to 1000 nm). It has a surface spatial resolution of about 30 meters and a swath width of about 30 km. DESIS is also equipped with a steering mirror for Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) measurements. This data reveals changes in the ecosystems on Earth's surface. Scientists can use the information acquired in this way to assess the condition of forests or farmlands and forecast their yield. DESIS was developed and built by the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) and is operated commercially by Teledyne Brown Engineering (TBE).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "949e0309-4367-4349-8d62-a6ad8054a94a", "label": "HYPERION", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "[For archive only. The Earth-Observing One (EO-1) satellite was decommissioned March 2017.]\n\nThe Hyperion instrument provides a new class of Earth observation data for improved Earth surface characterization. The Hyperion provides a science grade instrument with quality calibration based on heritage from the LEWIS Hyperspectral Imaging Instrument (HSI). The Hyperion capabilities provide resolution of surface properties into hundreds of spectral bands versus the ten multispectral bands flown on traditional Landsat imaging missions. Through these large number of spectral bands, complex land eco-systems shall be imaged and accurately classified. \n\nThe Hyperion provides a high resolution hyperspectral imager capable of resolving 220 spectral bands (from 0.4 to 2.5 µm) with a 30 meter spatial resolution. The instrument images a 7.5 km by 100 km land area per image and provides detailed spectral mapping across all 220 channels with high radiometric accuracy. The major components of the instrument include the following:\n\n1. System fore-optics design based on the KOMPSAT EOC mission. The telescope provides for two separate grating image spectrometers to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).\n\n2. A focal plane array which provides separate short wave infrared (SWIR) and visible/near infrared (VNIR) detectors based on spare hardware from the LEWIS HSI program. \n\n3. A cryocooler identical to that fabricated for the LEWIS HSI mission for cooling of the SWIR focal plane.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HYPERION\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HYPERION\n Long_Name: HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 2.5 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/usgs-eros-archive-earth-observing-one-eo-1-hyperion?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a18ddcfa-9dc5-4bc3-be90-8088f26688bd", "label": "HYSI-T", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "Hyper Spectral Imager (HySi-T) is one of the two onboard imaging payloads. It is an imager for ocean and atmosphere study of earth surface in large number of bands with high spectral resolution. The instrument shall have 64 bands in the spectral zone from 400 nm to 950nm. The imager using specific optics will collect and focus the solar reflection from the earth’s surface on to an area detector. The collecting optics for HySI-T is a multi-element lens assembly with a thermal filter at the front.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HYSI-T\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Short_Name: HYSI-T\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IMS-1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-10-26\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc04560f-b42f-47fc-b05c-34c4f2270127", "label": "HyperScout-2", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "Hyper-spectral optical payload that includes the ɸ-sat experiment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68054b74-0b1e-4a27-bf53-b8cb6c070630", "label": "GEMS", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer is a geostationary scanning ultraviolet-visible spectrometer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93f8f6c2-b613-4b7d-b400-af81291bbaf6", "label": "PRISMA", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "PRISMA carries two sensor instruments, the HYC (Hyperspectral Camera) module and the PAN (Panchromatic Camera) module. The HYC sensor is a prism spectrometer for two bands, VIS/NIR (Visible/Near Infrared) and NIR/SWIR (Near Infrared/Shortwave Infrared), with a total of 237 channels across both bands. Its primary mission objective is the high-resolution (30 m) hyperspectral imaging of land, vegetation, inner waters and coastal zones. The second sensor module, PAN, is a high-resolution (5 m) optical imager, and is co-registered with HYC data to allow testing of image fusion techniques.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1842a33e-e198-4df7-8cf0-a668d3f4fa23", "label": "CPF-HySICS", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "The CLARREO (Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory) Pathfinder (CPF) mission officially began in 2016 with the directive to achieve two primary mission goals: 1) measure Earth-reflected sunlight with an unparalleled accuracy of 0.3% (k=1) – a 5-10x improvement over existing reflected solar (RS) sensors and 2) serve as an on-orbit inter-calibration reference to other orbiting sensors. The high accuracy spectrally-resolved measurements CPF will take are critical to the physical drivers of and the Earth’s response to climate change.\n\nCPF’s unprecedented accuracy traceable to international standards and its high spatial and spectral resolution also ideally position CPF to serve as an on-orbit calibration reference to other RS instruments. This is essential because most reflected solar instruments experience on-orbit degradation with extended exposure to the extreme space environment. Alternatively, CPF has been designed to be resilient to such on-orbit degradation with frequent on-orbit calibration measurements.\n\nA major element of the CPF payload is a Reflected Solar (RS) spectrometer called HySICS (HyperSpectral Imager for Climate Science), and developed by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). The CPF payload will be hosted on the International Space Station (ISS) and is planned to take measurements for one year. An additional year is included in the project for data analysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "deda08fd-3b85-47bf-9a66-9b047d3d816e", "label": "OCI", - "broader": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", + "parentId": "d0341489-930a-4aa8-a3d3-ab851816058c", "definition": "The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is scheduled to launch no earlier than 2023. The mission will carry one hyperspectral radiometer (OCI) and two multi-angle polarimeters (HARP2 and SPEXone).\n\nPACE's primary sensor is the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI). It is a highly advanced optical spectrometer that will be used to measure properties of light over portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It will enable continuous measurement of light at finer wavelength resolution than previous NASA satellite sensors, extending key system ocean color data records for climate studies.", "children": [] } @@ -4778,20 +4778,20 @@ { "uuid": "018fded8-a186-45f7-a33a-b7ad5ebb853a", "label": "Imaging Polarimetric SpectroRadiometers", - "broader": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", + "parentId": "2e38423f-a5e6-411a-88d3-8fdc00aaf30a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5b4cc29d-7cf4-4f13-9393-f715cbe7f9b0", "label": "MAIA", - "broader": "018fded8-a186-45f7-a33a-b7ad5ebb853a", + "parentId": "018fded8-a186-45f7-a33a-b7ad5ebb853a", "definition": "Currently in development, MAIA will make radiometric and polarimetric measurements needed to characterize the sizes, compositions and quantities of particulate matter in air pollution. As part of the MAIA investigation, researchers will combine MAIA measurements with population health records to better understand the connections between aerosol pollutants and health problems such as adverse birth outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and premature deaths.\n\nThe MAIA instrument measures the radiance and polarization of sunlight scattered by atmospheric aerosols, from which the abundance and characteristics of ground-level particulate matter (PM) are derived. The instrument contains a pushbroom spectropolarimetric camera on a two-axis gimbal for multiangle viewing, frequent target revisits, and inflight calibration.\n\nThe MAIA instrument is being developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). MAIA is a Venture-class investigation within NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder Program.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9fdc317f-59a8-43ff-9d36-36e9719a7ea0", "label": "SPEXone", - "broader": "018fded8-a186-45f7-a33a-b7ad5ebb853a", + "parentId": "018fded8-a186-45f7-a33a-b7ad5ebb853a", "definition": "The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is scheduled to launch no earlier than 2023. The mission will carry one hyperspectral radiometer (OCI) and two multi-angle polarimeters (HARP2 and SPEXone).\n\nPACE's Spectro-polarimeter for Planetary Exploration one (SPEXone) instrument is a multi-angle polarimeter. It measures the intensity, Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP) and Angle of Linear Polarization (AoLP) of sunlight reflected back from Earth's atmosphere, land surface, and ocean. The focus of the SPEXone development is to achieve a very high accuracy of DoLP measurements, which facilitates accurate characterization of aerosols in the atmosphere.", "children": [] } @@ -4802,61 +4802,61 @@ { "uuid": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "label": "Profilers/Sounders", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01962d1c-4089-4221-977d-0de0ea2835d4", "label": "TCISS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03143a81-5fc4-4762-bf1e-e39e60970f09", "label": "VTPR", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-02 ]\n\nSupplementary Sensor E (SSE) was a vertical temperature profile radiometer. The objective of this experiment was to obtain vertical temperature and water vapor profiles of the atmosphere to support Department of Defense requirements in operational weather analysis and forecasting. The SSE was an eigth-channel sensor with six channels (668.5, 677, 695, 708, 725, and 747 cm-1) in the carbon dioxide 15 micrometer absorption band, one channel (535 cm-1) in a water vapor absorption band, and one channel (835 cm-1) in the 11 micrometer atmospheric window. The experiment consisted of an optical system, detector and associated electronics, and a scanning mirror. The scanning mirror stepped across the satellite subtrack, allowing the SSE to view 25 separate columns of the atmosphere every 32 sec over a cross track ground swath of 185 km. While the scanning mirror was stopped at a scene station, the channel filters were totaled through the field of view. The surface resolution of the SSE was approximately 37 km at nadir. The carbon dioxide band radiation data were transformed to a temperature profile by a mathematical inversion technique. By a similar technique, this information could be combined with water vapor band data to obtain a water vapor profile. Identical experiments have been flown on all DMSP spacecraft launched since 1972. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VTPR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: VTPR\n Long_Name: Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 15 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1972-089A-02\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03a649bc-c35c-4b9a-965d-6c4eb79841c3", "label": "NOAA PROFILER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The NOAA Profiler Network (NPN), consisting of 35 unmanned\nDoppler Radar sites located in 18 central US states and Alaska,\nprovides hourly vertical wind profile data. The data produced by\nthis network are distributed to the National Weather Service\n(NWS), environmental research groups, and Universities. The NPN\nhas operating continuously since 1992 and celebrated its 10th\nAnniversary in 2002.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.profiler.noaa.gov/jsp/index.jsp'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09bc6a40-b0eb-476a-b750-7aa8af59e0f0", "label": "ATOVS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", "label": "Radio Sounders", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "18efb4b9-414b-43a4-98ea-6edafafdecaa", "label": "SACC-BLACKJACK", - "broader": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", + "parentId": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", "definition": "In the year 2000, the Argentinean satellite SAC-C was launched\ncarrying a new generation of GPS receivers, the 'Blackjack',\ndeveloped at JPL. The mission is managed by the Argentinean\nCONAE, which will be the other main data processing center for\nSAC-C occultations. On July 7th. the SAC-C Blackjack captured\nits first profile and has since been collecting up to 250 daily\noccultations during much of 2001. This receiver has enhanced\ncapabilities over the older generation GPS/MET instrument that\ninclude 'enhanced codeless' tracking (i.e., the ability to track\nthe encrypted GPS signals), higher signal-to-noise ratio, and\nlower tracking in the atmosphere. The Blackjack GPS receiver is\ncapturing high vertical resolution profiles over land and oceans\nand is providing data complementary to other sounding\ntechniques. From this point on, the amount of data is expected\nto increase with ongoing enhancements of the receiver's\nsoftware.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://genesis.jpl.nasa.gov/html/missions/SAC-C.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e586f28-8ac6-4cd6-8c81-6a188dc6b6d6", "label": "CHAMP-BLACKJACK", - "broader": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", + "parentId": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", "definition": "[Source: NASA JPL GENESIS, http://genesis.jpl.nasa.gov/zope/GENESIS/Missions/CHAMP ]\n\nIn the year 2000, the German satellite CHAMP was launched carrying a new generation of GPS receivers, the 'Blackjack', developed at JPL. The mission is managed by the Geophysikalisches Forschungszentrum (GFZ) at Potsdam (Germany) which is the other main data processing center for CHAMP radio occultations. The CHAMP Blackjack started collecting atmospheric profiles on April 6, 2001 and since then has been collecting up to 250 daily occultations during much of 2001. This receiver has enhanced capabilities over the older generation GPS/MET instrument which include 'enhanced codeless' tracking (i.e., the ability to track the encrypted GPS signals), higher signal-to-noise ratio, and lower tracking in the atmosphere. The Blackjack GPS receiver is capturing high vertical resolution profiles over land and oceans and is providing data complementary to other sounding techniques. From this point on, the amount of data is expected to increase with ongoing enhancements of the receiver's software. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CHAMP-BLACKJACK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio Sounders\n Short_Name: CHAMP-BLACKJACK\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://genesis.jpl.nasa.gov/zope/GENESIS/Missions/CHAMP\n Sample_Image: http://gps.csr.utexas.edu/reflect/blackjack_halo.JPG\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82307626-ad8a-471c-b47e-d645b6bba9a2", "label": "GPS SONDE", - "broader": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", + "parentId": "0aac1404-4b73-4349-b690-6af0092c8021", "definition": "GPS SONDE uses dropwinsonde and Global Positioning System (GPS)\nreceivers to measure the atmospheric state parameters (temp,\nhumidity, windspeed/ direction pressure) and location in 3\ndimensional space during the sonde's descent once each half\nsecond. Measurements are transmitted to the aircraft from the\ntime of release until impact with the ocean's surface.", "children": [] } @@ -4865,83 +4865,83 @@ { "uuid": "147ad93c-4291-4aa6-a309-04094251772d", "label": "AVAPS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Airborne Vertical Atmosphere Profiling System (AVAPS) uses dropwindsonde\nand Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure the atmospheric state\nparameters during the its descent. Dropwindsondes measure vertical profiles of\npressure, temperature, humidity, and wind during their descent through the\natmosphere. During CAMEX-3, the AVAPS system was deployed on the NASA DC-8\naircraft. There were over one hundred dropwindsondes released during the\nexperiment, with 39 released on one flight alone.\n\nVertical measurement of the atmosphere goes back many decades with the current\ndropwindsonde coming into being in 1993. Working in collaboration with the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/ Atlantic Oceanographic and\nMeteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML) and the German Aerospace Research\nEstablishment (DLR), the National Center for Atmospheric Research/ Atmosphere\nTechnology Division (NCAR/ATD) developed a third-generation dropwindsonde using\na new sensor module and a GPS receiver from Vaisala, Inc. More accurate wind\nprofiles are now available because of a NCAR/ATD-developed, unique square-cone\nparachute that reduces the initial shock load and stabilizes the dropwindsonde\nas it falls. The dropswindsondes are the responsibility of NCAR/ATD/Surface and\nSounding Systems Facility who provided the final post experiment quality\ncontrol processing.\n\nMore information available at: \nhttp://microwave.nsstc.nasa.gov:5721/dataset_documents/dc8avaps_dataset.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ed90de3-8468-488b-97f6-843c9f000975", "label": "RTOVS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "229ea366-e078-42f0-8349-e5ac23bd040b", "label": "NAST-MTS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed - Microwave Temperature Sounder\n(NAST-MTS) contains two microwave radiometer systems covering the\nspectral ranges of 50-56 GHz with eight single-sideband channels, and\n115-123 Ghz with nine double-sideband channels centered on the 118.75\nGhz oxygen line. Both radiometers scan +- 65 degrees from nadir and\nalso view two black-body targets and zenith for calibration. The\ntemperature weighting functions cover altitudes from the surface to\nER-2 altitude. A video camera in the MTS package will provide\nancillary digitized stereo images for cloud location. The instrument\nwas used during the third Convection And Moisture EXperiment (CAMEX)\nconducted in 1998.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://camex.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/nast-mts.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NAST-MTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: NAST-MTS\n Long_Name: NPOESS Aircraft Microwave Temperature Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=nast and http://camex.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/nast-mts.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "25f07bd1-a78c-4d22-a84f-daa45aa00402", "label": "HIRDLS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The objective of the High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)\ninstrument is to observe the global distribution of\n(1) atmospheric temperature\n(2) concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere\n(3) aerosols\n(4) locations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) and cloud tops.\n\nThe HIRDLS instrument performs limb scans in the vertical\nat multiple azimuth angles, providing a 2000 to 3000-km-wide swath along the satellite track, measuring infrared emissions in 21 channels from 563 to 1990 per cm. The channels are photo-conductive HgCdTe detectors cooled to 80 K. Four channels measure the emission of carbon dioxide. The goals of this instrument is to make observations with horizontal and vertical resolution superior to that previously obtained, to observe the lower stratosphere with improved sensitivity and accuracy and to use the data to improve understanding of atmospheric processes. The HIRDLS instrument has been selected for flight on the EOS CHEM series. The Co-Principal Investigators are John Barnett and John Gille.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRDLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRDLS\n Long_Name: High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: HIRDLS Channel 21\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 to 18 mm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/hirdls.html\n Online_Resource: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?page=1&keywords=aura\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 65 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: NSF/UCAR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "label": "Interferometers", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "334b0c35-71bc-4a04-aa14-e0cd35e465a7", "label": "MIPAS", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", + "parentId": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "definition": "The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) is a\ncore European Space Agency (ESA) instrument on the ENVISAT spacecraft\n(launched March 1, 2002). MIPAS is a high-resolution Fourier-transform\nspectrometer designed to measure the concentration profiles of atmospheric\nconstituents on a global scale. MIPAS will observe the atmospheric\nemissions from the Earth horizon (limb) throughout the mid-infrared\nregion, which will allow the simultaneous measurement of more than 20\ntrace gases, including the complete family of nitrogen-oxygen compounds\nand several CFCs. MIPAS will provide global data coverage, including the\npolar regions. The instrument measures atmospheric radiation in the\nspectral-coverage range 4.15 um to 14.6 um. This covers almost the\ncomplete mid-infrared region, and thus the emission lines of many\natmospheric species are captured.\n\nIn order to determine the concentration profiles of the atmospheric trace\ngases, MIPAS will measure a series of spectra from different tangent\nheights. A basic elevation scan sequence will comprise 16 high resolution\nspectra or up to 75 spectra with a reduced spectral resolution. A typical\nelevation scan will start at about 50 km tangent height and descend in 3\nkm steps to 5 km. It will also be possible to code different elevation\nscan sequences within the tangent height range in variable step sizes.\n\nMeasurements are possible in either of two pointing regimes. One pointing\nregime is rearwards in the anti-flight direction within a 35 ! wide range\nused for good earth coverage and the polar regions. The second pointing\nregime is sideways within a 30 ! wide range on the anti-Sun side. This\nviewing direction is provided for the observation of volcanic eruptions,\nair-traffic corridors, or concentration gradients across the dusk/dawn\nterminator.\n\nThe MIPAS instrument uses eight detectors. The spectral range is split\ninto five bands, where each band is covered by one or two specific\ndetector pairs (A, B1, B2, C and D). In a typical data collection orbit,\n16 scene measurements will be recorded in sequence for different\natmospheric elevations, followed by two deep space measurements. This\ntakes approximately 80 seconds and repeats for the duration of measurement\nin the orbit. This gives 75 scans per orbit. One spectrum consists of\n35000 samples and takes four seconds. One altitude scan requires 16\nspectra measurements and one deep space offset measurement. The altitude\nscan lasts about 75 seconds. The spectrum is converted in a single\ninterferogram and would be appriximately 62 Kbytes.\n\nFor more information on MIPAS see:\n'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/info/AUC/MIPAS/'\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, see:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6306cc51-41a4-4b1a-af8f-e60adfb656f0", "label": "GLISTIN-A", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", + "parentId": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "definition": "The upgraded airborne Glacier and Ice Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN-A) flew initial (8/6/12 and 8/13/12) and final (1/17/13 and 2/26/13) checkout flights on a DFRC G-III (C-20).\n- Initial assessments of the Ka-band single pass interferometer (which is an interface to UAVSAR) show system performance consistent with prediction\n- Instrument integration and flight process improvements have been implemented\nGlacier and Ice Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN) will provide all-weather, high-resolution swath ice surface topography, not available through existing lidar (i.e. ICESAT-2) or radar (CryoSAT) sensors", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82af9cb6-cc72-435d-adbe-4a823aabbbcd", "label": "HIS", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", + "parentId": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "definition": "The High resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) is an airborne\ninterferometer that measures emitted thermal radiation at high\nspectral resolution to obtain atmospheric profiles, including\ntemperature and water vapor.\n\n[Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8df8e3d1-6e77-4146-bd7e-59d64564595b", "label": "MIRAS", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", + "parentId": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "definition": "The objective of MIRAS (SMOS) 2-D Passive L-Band Microwave Interferometer is to demonstrate observations of sea surface salinity and soil moisture in support of climate, meteorology, hydrology, and oceanography applications.\n\n[Summary provided by CEOS]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MIRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: MIRAS\n Long_Name: 2-D Passive L-Band Microwave Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1400-1427 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEBD9OY2F_LPsmos_0.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93e3734d-78db-43b3-8e13-9dbed088f5cb", "label": "IASI", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", + "parentId": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "definition": "Text Source: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IASI/\n \nIASI, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer is a key payload element of the METOP series of European meteorological polar-orbit satellites. It is developed by CNES in the framework of a co-operation agreement with EUMETSAT. \n\nThe first flight model was launched in 2006 onboard the first European meteorological polar-orbiting satellites, METOP-A. The second and third instruments will be mounted on the METOP-B and C satellites with launches scheduled for September 2012 and October-November 2016.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IASI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: IASI\n Long_Name: Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IASI/\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_2010053151047495\n Online_Resource: http://www.class.ngdc.noaa.gov/saa/products/search?datatype_family=IASI\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc80cf73-5369-4dfb-be7c-1733c85951a5", "label": "AERI", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", + "parentId": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "definition": "The AERI instrument is an advanced version of the high spectral\nresolution interferometer sounder (HIS) designed and fabricated\nat the University of Wisconsin (Revercomb et al. 1988) to\nmeasure upwelling infrared radiances from an aircraft. The AERI\nis a fully automated ground-based passive infrared\ninterferometer that measures downwelling atmospheric radiance\nfrom 3.3 - 18.2 mm (550 - 3000 cm-1) at less than 10-minute\ntemporal resolution with a spectral resolution of one\nwavenumber. Careful attention to calibration results in an\nabsolute calibration accuracy of better than 1% of the\nambient. The AERI instrument foreoptics consist of a scene\nmirror and two calibration blackbodies. These blackbodies are\nessential to provide a well known stable hot and ambient\ntemperature reference for calibration of the downwelling skyview\nradiances. A typical measurement cycle consists of a\nthree-minute sky dwell period followed by two-minute dwell\nperiods for each of the blackbodies. While the interferometer\nacquires an uncalibrated spectrum every two seconds, averaging\nreduces the radiometric noise in the measurements. The\ntemperature of one of the blackbodies is fixed at 60 oC, while\nthe other fluctuates with the ambient temperature.\n\nMore Information and data: 'http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/aeri/'\n\n[Extracted from the AERI Homepage]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed368a9d-d2c6-40f0-9e71-2ed972e95045", "label": "NAST-I", - "broader": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", + "parentId": "290dea0f-84a5-4397-bd44-cba490e06676", "definition": "NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer Instrument\n(NAST-I) is an airborne scanning interferometer developed for\ngathering of scientific data as well as to help develop new\ntechnology for future satellite-borne instruments.\n\n[Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NAST-I\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Interferometers\n Short_Name: NAST-I\n Long_Name: NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Interferometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=nast\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4950,34 +4950,34 @@ { "uuid": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", "label": "GOES N-P SOUNDER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition.\n\n[Source GOES project home page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-14\n Short_Name: GOES-P\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 12.02 μm - 14.71 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.51 μm - 11.03 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.70 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/n_p_sounder.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/index.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/images/nq_sounder_sketch.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-04-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "ddd54504-4204-4401-89b0-7320c26ed646", "label": "sndrD1", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", + "parentId": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf80505f-ae80-4822-b6b6-5da31961a635", "label": "sndrD2", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", + "parentId": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89093575-ccfd-460d-b582-ecb159fe00dd", "label": "sndrD3", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", + "parentId": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca98377d-f9b6-4665-b4e8-ee54c99585b2", "label": "sndrD4", - "broader": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", + "parentId": "29798184-84cd-4339-917f-04343556d63c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -4986,272 +4986,272 @@ { "uuid": "2a393a42-ecf9-4137-b1ea-1c25692384b4", "label": "AMSU-A", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The objectives of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instrument are to (1) provide atmospheric temperature sounding from the surface up to 40 km, (2) obtain estimates of total column water vapor in the atmosphere, and (3) detect the presence of precipitation. AMSU-A is a 15-channel microwave sounder that obtains temperature profiles in the upper atmosphere and provides a cloud-filtering capability for the AIRS infrared channels for increased accuracy of tropospheric temperature observations. The fifteen AMSU-A channels have a 3.3° beam width, resulting in a nominal horizontal spatial resolution of 40.5 km at nadir.\n\nChannels 3 to 14 on AMSU-A are situated on the low-frequency side of the oxygen resonance band (50 ~ 60 GHz) and are used for temperature sounding. Successive channels in this band are situated at frequencies with increasing opacity and therefore respond to radiation from increasing altitudes. Channel 1, located on the first (weak) water vapor resonance line, is used to obtain estimates of total column water vapor in the atmosphere. Channel 2 (at 31 GHz) is used to indicate the presence of rain. Channel 15 on AMSU-A, at 89 GHz, is used as an indicator for precipitation, using the fact that at 89 GHz ice more strongly scatters radiation than it absorbs or emits radiation.\n\nThe AMSU is currently operational on the NOAA-15 polar orbiting satellite (launched 13 May 1998), the NOAA-16 polar orbiting satellite (launched 21 September 2000), the NASA EOS Aqua (formally PM-1) spacecraft (launched 4 May 2002), the NOAA-17 polar orbiting satellite (launched 21 May 2002), the NOAA-18 polar orbiting satellite (launched 20 May 2005), the NOAA-19 polar orbiting satellite (launched 06 February 2009), and the METOP-B satellite (launched 17 September 2012). The NOAA AMSU configuration consists of the 15-channel AMSU-A and a 5 channel AMSU-B for a total of 20 channels.\n\nKey AMSU-A Facts\nHeritage: Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU)\nAperture: 13.2 cm on AMSU-A1 (two apertures); 27.4 cm on AMSU-A2 (one aperture)\nSwath Width: 1690 km\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 - 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 40.5 km at nadir\nDimensions: 72 cm x 34 cm x 59 cm for AMSU-A1; 73 cm x 61 cm x 86 cm for AMSU-A2\nMass: 91 kg (49 kg for AMSU-A1, 42 kg for AMSU-A2)\nPower: 101 W (77 W for AMSU-A1, 24 W for AMSU-A2)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nFOV: ± 49.5° cross-track from nadir\nInstrument IFOV: 3.3° (40.5 km at nadir) for both units\nScan Period: 8 s\nScan Sampling: 30 x 3.3°, in 6 s\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSU-A\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Long_Name: Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 15 Channels (13 for AMSU-A1, 2 for AMSU-A2)\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 23 - 90 GHz (50-90 GHz for AMSU-A1, 23-32 GHz for AMSU-A2)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/content/amsu\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2.0 kbps (1.5 kbps for AMSU-A1, 0.5 kbps for AMSU-A2)\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-08-31\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b326777-12dc-4765-ab6f-2f7306d3519f", "label": "MLS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiments measure\nnaturally-occurring microwave thermal emission from the limb (edge) of\nEarth's atmosphere to remotely sense vertical profiles of atmospheric\ngases, temperature, pressure, and cloud ice. The overall objective of\nthese experiments is to provide information that will help improve our\nunderstanding of Earth's atmosphere and global change.\n\nThe first MLS experiment in space (UARS MLS) was on NASA's Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) launched 12 Sept 1991.\n\nThe second (EOS MLS) is on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura\nmission launched 15 July 2004. EOS MLS began full-up atmospheric\nscience observations on 13 August 2004, with excellent performance to\ndate in all portions of the instrument. Provisional and Stage I\nvalidataed data are now publicly available (for information go to EOS\nMLS data).\n\n[From the NASA JPL MLS Web Page]\n\nFor more information on the MLS instrument see:\nhttps://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nFor more information on UARS and the MLS instrument on UARS see:\nhttps://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/uars/instrument.php\nhttps://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\nThe EOS-AURA web site information and EOS MLS instrument\ninformation is at:\nhttps://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nhttps://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/mls.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MLS\n Long_Name: Microwave Limb Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n Short_Name: AURA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 118, 190, 240, 640 and 2250 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?page=1&keywords=aura\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33690bf4-5877-4ff4-b0a1-f8c4c94b79a7", "label": "SSM/T-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-07 ]\n\nThis instrument, SSM/T-2, is designed to provide global monitoring of the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere under all sky conditions by taking advantage of the reduced sensitivity of the microwave region to cloud attenuation.\n\nSSM/T-2 is a cross-tracking scanning, five channel, passive total power microwave radiometer system which consists of a single, self-contained module with a step-scan motion in the cross-track direction of +/- 40.5 degrees. The SSM/T-2 scan mechanism is synchronized with the SSM/T-1 so that the beam cell patterns of the two sensor coincide. SSM/T-2 has three channels situated symmetrically about the 183.31 GHz water vapor resonance line and two window channels. This instrument was flown on all DMSP Block 5D-2 satellites starting with F11 (launched in 1991).\n\nThe SSM/T-2 observation rate is 7.5 scans per minute. There are 28 observations (beam positions) per scan for each of the five channels, with each observation having a spatial resolution of approximately 48 km. All five channels have coincident centers. The total swath width for the SSM/T-2 is approximately 1500 km.\n\nURL for further information: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/ssmt2.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM/T-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature Profiler\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1994-057A-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/sensors/ssmt2.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36bad2be-728a-4797-b913-f204d5f8902a", "label": "DIGISONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "Ionosondes and Digisondes are devices that send a spectrum of\nradio wave pulses straight up (vertically incident to the\nground). They measure the length of time it takes for a\nreflection to be returned, the strength of the reflection, and\nhow high of a frequency can be reflected.\n\nFrom these three data points (time, strength, frequency), the\ndevice can determine ionization density, altitude of the\nionization, and potential Maximum Useable Frequency (MUF).\n\nOutput from ionosondes and digisondes are displayed in the form\nof an 'ionogram', or displayed in a tabular data format\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.amfmdx.net/fmdx/ionosonde.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38d4a708-487f-4b16-927f-fd5f19e477d0", "label": "WVSS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The water vapor sensing systems (WVSS) are integrated into\nexternal probes mounted on the nose of commercial Boeing and\nAirbus aircraft. Data from the WVSS will be used for weather\nforecasting models, helping aircraft avoid hazardous weather\nconditions, and helping the National Weather Service better\npredict dangerous weather conditions. Ultimately, the demand for\nan improved method of sensing water vapor at various altitudes\nis driven by the desire to improve the safety of air\ntravel. Collected water vapor data will be distributed via the\nACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System)\nsystem, a VHF air/ground data link, and sent remotely to weather\ndatabase and modeling computers operated by the National\nOceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a0822e8-e6fa-4782-af0f-d6999b9beb28", "label": "UMKEHR OBSERVATIONS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "Umkehr observations of the vertical profile of ozone up to 50\nkm, beginning in the late 1950s, were the only source of data\nfor trend analysis of ozone changes in the photochemical\nregion near 40 km until satellite data became available\nstarting in 1979. The Umkehr ozone profile trend analysis\nperformed in the early 1980s on the historical data set\nindicated a significant reduction in ozone concentration near\n40 km. Confirmation of ground-based and satellite trend\nresults, published in 1992, has greatly improved the\ncredibility of the data derived from both methods of\nobservations. While the Umkehr observation produces laudable\nresults, the method is sensitive to stratospheric aerosol\ninterference (especially during elevated aerosol loading\nconditions after a significant volcanic eruption) and this\nrequires information on the profiles and optical properties of\nthe stratospheric aerosol to account for the interference. The\nmethod to correct Umkehrs for stratospheric aerosol is tedious\nand complex and has not been fully developed up to the level\nthat it should be. The research funded by the Department of\nEnergy will provide a comprehensive data set on stratospheric\naerosols back to 1958, will evaluate the uncertainties in the\nmethod of correction, and will provide a measure of the\nuncertainties in the application of Umkehr data for trend\nanalysis.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atmos.anl.gov/ACP/5-ozone_summtab.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Colorado and NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a45d262-7ff0-4f69-8e31-48f56a7edb82", "label": "AEM", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "AEM (airborne electromagnetic) anomalies caused by massive sulphide conductors and superficial conductors can be recognized with a statistical method, as shown by an analysis of Input AEM data from Karnataka State. The weathering in the survey area is of tropical type. Parameters, such as various amplitude ratios and time parameters (inverse of decay rate) for exponential and power-law decay were analyzed for sulphide bodies, conducting soil, superficial conductors, and cultural conductors. Time parameters T1 (exponential decay) is defined as ratio of time differences between the third and fourth channel to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. Time parameter K1 (power-law decay) is defined as ratio of the difference of the logarithmic values of the delay times of the third and fourth channels to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. The two parameters have been useful in recognizing sulphide conductors. Also the first channel Input amplitude and logarithmic plot of the transients appear to be helpful in conductor identification. Channel ratios seem to be the least effective parameters of conductor identification. In the area studied both power-law and the conventional exponential decay were found equally suitable for approximating Input AEM transients.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AEM\n Long_Name: Airborne Electromagnetic Profiler\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AEM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01300.x\n Sample_Image: http://www.fugroairborne.com/grfx/aircraft/geotem_main.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d148e55-a196-4779-ad6e-71a6acb5ec92", "label": "MOPITT", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The objective of the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) spectrometer is to measure emitted and \nreflected infrared radiance in the atmospheric column to permit retrieval of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) \nprofiles and total column methane. Observations of CO and methane will be used to study how these gases interact \nwith the surface, ocean, and biomass systems. The MOPITT instrument is bases on the principle of correlation \nspectroscopy utilizing both pressure-modulated and length-modulated gas cells, with detectors at 2.3, 2.4, and \n4.7 micrometer. Atmospheric profiles of CO are measured with the 4.7 micrometer detector. CO and methane are measured \nby the 2.4 and 2.3 micrometer channels, respectively, sense solar radiation reflected from the surface. The MOPITT\nis a scanning instrument with a field-of-view of 1.8 degrees (22-km footprint at nadir). The scan line consists of 28\npixels, each at 1.8 degree increments with a maximum scan angle of 25.2 degrees off-axis (swath width of 620-km). \nMOPITT data products are expected to include gridded retrievals of methane with a horizontal resolution of 120 km \nat 1 % accuracy and gridded CO soundings with 10 % accuracy in three vertical layers between 0 and 15 km. The \nMOPITT instrument was launched on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft on December 18, 1999. \n\nKey MOPITT Facts:\nJoint with Canada\nHeritage: Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS), Pressure\nModulator Radiometer (PMR), Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder\n(SAMS), and Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS) instruments\nInstrument Type: Eight-channel radiometer\nCO Concentration Accuracy: 10%\nCH4 Column Abundance Accuracy: 1%\nSwath: 640 km (29 fields of view)\nSpatial Resolution (each pixel):\n22 km ? 22 km (at nadir)\nDimensions: 115 cm x 93 cm x 57 cm (stowed), 115 cm x 105 cm x 71 cm (deployed)\nMass: 192 kg\nPower: 250 W (average), 260 W (peak)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nData Rate: 28 kbps\nThermal Control: 80 K Stirling-cycle cooler, capillary-pumped cold plate and\npassive radiation\nThermal Operating Range: 25°C (instrument), 100 K (detectors)\nInstrument IFOV: 22 km across track,\n88 km along track (1.8° x 7.2° x 4° pixels)\nSpectral Range: Correlation spectroscopy utilizing both pressure and\nlength-modulated gas cells, with detectors at 2.3, 2.4, and 4.7 µm\nDirect Broadcast: No; Rapid Response processing available\nPrime Contractor: COM DEV\nThe Canadian Space Agency provided the instrument\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/mopitt\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MOPITT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MOPITT\n Long_Name: Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ISAMS\n Short_Name: MAPS\n Short_Name: SAMS\n Short_Name: 2.4um Radiometer\n Short_Name: 4.7um Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TERRA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4.7 µm, 2.4 µm, 2.3 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/mopitt\n Online_Resource: https://mopitt.physics.utoronto.ca/\n Online_Resource: https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/mopitt\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-09\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 28 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1999-12-18\n Instrument_Owner: Canada/CSA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "413d8f2d-88bf-415b-91ff-74590a205ad3", "label": "OZONESONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "OZONESONDES are adiosondes equipped with an instrument to\nmeasure the atmospheric concentration of the ozone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41703169-78fa-4da7-b1e2-02e978a3f03a", "label": "XSV", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46421a95-3e0a-4cac-af85-8140c2b99774", "label": "SSU", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The SSU, supplied by the United Kingdom Meteorological\n Office, employs a selective absorption technique to make\n measurements in three channels. The principles of its operation\n are based on the Selective Chopper Radiometer (SCR) flown on\n Nimbus-4 and, and the Pressure Modulation Radiometer (PMR) flown\n on Nimbus-6.\n\n The SSU makes use of the pressure modulation technique to\n measure radiation emitted from carbon dioxide at the top of the\n earth's atmosphere. A cell of carbon dioxide gas in the\n instrument's optical path has its pressure changed (at about a 40\n Hz rate) in a cyclic manner. The spectral characteristics of the\n channel and, therefore, the height of the weighting function is\n then determined by the pressure in the cell during the period of\n integration. By using three cells filled at different pressures,\n weighting functions peaking at three different heights can be\n obtained.\n\n The primary objective of the instrument is top obtain data\n from which stratospheric (25-50 km) temperature profiles can be\n determined. This instrument was used in conjunction with the\n HIRS/2 and MSU to determine temperature profiles from the surface\n to 50 km (see the sensor reference for TIROS OPER VERTICAL\n SOUNDER).\n\n SSU Characteristics:\n PRESSURE OF\n WEIGHTING\n FUNCTION PEAK\n CELL --------------\n CHANNEL PRESSURE(mb) (mb) (km)\n ------- ---------- ---- ----\n 1 100 15 29\n 2 35 5 37\n 3 10 1.5 45\n _________________________________________________________________\n Entry taken from:\n Rao,P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n Colwell,R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second\n Edition, Volume I, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\n Cornillon, A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of\n Rhode Island Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left4.html&body=/en/\narea4/aapp/ssu.html&a=420&b=1&c=400&d=400&e=0'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47b1f007-ab9b-41ca-abdf-fcaa2b5b83dc", "label": "TIROS-N", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bd33158-b070-4673-8f23-772e1d6a47b6", "label": "IKFS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "IR-Fourier spectrometer (IKFS)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IKFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Atmospheric temperature and humidity sounders\n Short_Name: IKFS\n Long_Name: IR-Fourier spectrometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-3M\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 5 µm - 15 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/559\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSCOSMOS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "528c5616-a58a-4589-ad13-6833e329e6a3", "label": "ROCKETSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "ROCKETSONDES are meteorological instrument packages that measure\nvertical profiles of atmospheric winds and either temperature or\ndensity upon descent after ejection from a rocket at or near\napogee (point in an orbit when the orbiting object is farthest\naway from the central object); reach altitudes above those\ntypical for a balloon-borne radiosonde.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54677c8a-4cfc-45ed-8f0c-2c9a6380d226", "label": "OMEGASONDE", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "587475a9-9426-4c49-b8aa-da1dcb11aaaa", "label": "HAMSR", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The High Altitude monolithic microwave integrated Circuit (MMIC)\nSounding Radiometer (HAMSR) is a microwave atmospheric sounder\nrecently developed by JPL under the NASA Instrument Incubator\nProgram. Operating with 25 spectral channels in the 50-190 HGz\nregion, it provides measurements that can be used to infer the\n3-D distribution of temperature, water vapor, and liquid water\nin the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. HAMSR was\nmounted in a wing pod of a NASA ER-2 research aircraft.\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HAMSR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HAMSR\n Long_Name: High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: RQ-4\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/8623/1/02-1193.pdf\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "598b6dc4-aff0-4e14-b7b7-039e58560dd0", "label": "OSIRIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "OSIRIS is a Canadian sensor (CSA, NSERC) built by Routes AstroEngineering Ltd. of Ottawa, Ontario. OSIRIS has a dual-purpose objective of detecting aerosol layers and to detect abundances of species such as O3, NO2, OClO, and BrO (retrieval of altitude profiles of terrestrial atmospheric minor species by observing limb-radiance profiles).\n\nThe instrument is a UV/VIS/IR limb sounder, in effect a double instrument, mounted in a common optical housing and supported by common electronics. The UV/VIS imaging spectrograph uses compact reflective optics (off-axis system, folded design, aperture = 36 mm x 36 mm) and an aspherical ruled grating along with UV-enhanced CCD arrays.\n\nThe IR imager consists of three infrared telescopes (co-aligned single-lens imagers operating at 1263, 1273, and 1530 nm). The CCD detector, a 1353 x 286 array, is operated in a frame transfer MPP (Multi-Pin-Phase) mode with only 32 rows of the imaging section of the array illuminated by the slit image. Radiation detected outside the slit image provides information on the internal scattering properties of the spectrograph. The detector is passively cooled through a radiator. As OSIRIS is pointed at the limb, the entrance slit to the spectrograph subtends a region 30 km long by 1 km high. Scattered light has been reduced through the use of a beam-fold mirror that is located between the telescope mirror and the entrance slit.\n\nThe optical spectrograph (grating spectrometer type) measures species in the altitude range from 15 to 80 km (measurement of atmospheric airglow as well as utilization of the DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) technique on scattered and subsequently absorbed moonlight). The FOV of the UV/VIS and the IR channels are aligned (and co-aligned with SMR) to produce simultaneous measurements. Instrument mass = 12 kg, power=20W. On-orbit spectral calibration for the UV/VIS instrument is done by observing artificial sources emanating from the Earth, such as discrete lines produced by mercury and sodium street lights. Radiometric calibration is not provided internally. For the IR imager, the IR shutter assembly contains a built-in incandescent lamp providing the radiometric calibration signal.\n\nUV/VIS Spectrograph\n\nWavelength\n\n280 - 800 nm\n\nWavelength resolution\n\n1 nm from 300-450 nm, < 2nm from 450-800 nm\n\nSlit orientation\n\nperpendicular to the orbit plane (horizontal)\n\nFOV\n\n0.02º (vertical) x 0.75º (horizontal) corresponding to 1 km x 40 km on Earth\n\nSpatial resolution\n\n1 km at the limb\n\nPointing direction\n\naligned with SMR boresight\n\nAD converter\n\n14 bit\n\nDetector type\n\nSi CCD array (1353 x 286 pixels)\n\nSpecies to be detected\n\nO3, NO2, BrO, OCLO, O2, aerosols\n\nIR Imager\n\nBandpass filter center wavelengths\n\n1.263 µm, 1.273 µm, 1.520 µm\n\nBandwidth (FWHM)\n\n10 nm (1.263 and 1.273), 40 nm (1.520)\n\nFOV\n\n118 km (vertical) x 2 km (horizontal)\n\nSpatial resolution\n\n1 km in the vertical direction\n\nTelescope aperture\n\n23 mm diameter\n\nDetector type (linear arrays with hybrid multiplexers)\n\n3 InGaAs, each detector has 128 pixels\n\nDetector pointing direction\n\nin the orbit plane (vertical)\n\nDetector temperature\n\n-40ºC (or less)\n\nTemperature stability during exposure\n\n±0.1ºC", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59ef9227-bc9d-4687-91de-f35a60ae34a8", "label": "INSAT-3D SOUNDER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "INSAT-3D carries a 19 channel sounder, this is the first such payload to be \nflown on an ISRO satellite mission. The Sounder has eighteen narrow spectral channels in shortwave, infrared, middle infrared and long wave infrared regions and one channel in the visible region. It will provide information on the vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and integrated ozone. These profiles are available for a selected region over Indian landmass every one hour and for the entire Indian Ocean Region every six hours.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-3D SOUNDER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS\n Instrument_Class: PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING\n Instrument_Type: PROFILERS/SOUNDERS\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 18\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.70-14.70\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.20\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.65-0.75\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 0.10\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://mosdac.gov.in\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2013-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ad54972-6d91-4860-aea4-7914fe7ef823", "label": "CrIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), a Fourier transform spectrometer with 1305 spectral channels, will produce \nhigh-resolution, three-dimensional temperature, pressure, and moisture profiles. These profiles will be used to enhance \nweather forecasting models, and they will facilitate both short- and long-term weather forecasting. Over longer timescales, \nthey will help improve understanding of climate phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña.\n\n Mass: <152 kilograms\n Average Power: <124W\n Development Organizations: ITT-Fort Wayne, IN; NPP/SDL\n CrIS Sensor Leads: Joe Predina (ITT), Gail Bingham (NPP/SDL)\n Purpose: To produce water vapor and temperature profiles of the atmosphere\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://www.jpss.noaa.gov/cris.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CrIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: CrIS\n Long_Name: Cross-track Infrared Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: LWIR Band 650-1095 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: MWIR Band 1210-1750 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: SWIR Band 2155-2550 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: LWIR Band < 0.625 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: MWIR Band < 1.25 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: SWIR Band < 2.50 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/cris.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-11-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b12e8dc-d093-47f5-b041-d8fb93bbe458", "label": "DROPWINDSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "A Dropwindsonde is an instrument package that contains a\ntemperature sensor, a moisture sensor (hygrometer) and a GPS\nreceiver that determines the position of the package in time and\n3 dimensional space. Upon release, the dropwindsonde transmits\ndata to the releasing aircraft (DC-8, WC-130, WP-3) where the\ndata is collected and saved. When subsequently analysed, the\nresultant sounding yields temperature, dew point and wind speed\nobserved by the instrument.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "61e68c34-0c98-4a6c-ac2b-bdba0423081c", "label": "AMMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS) instrument ,\nwhich was mounted on NASA's DC-8 aircraft for the TOGA COARE\nField Experiment, is a scanning radiometer that measures\nbrightness temperatures in degrees Kelvin. It was operational\nduring 16 mission flights of the DC-8 between January 5 and\nFebruary 23, 1993 under the direction of Principal Investigator\nJim Wang of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nThe AMMS was designed to profile atmospheric water vapor and was\nmainly used for this purpose in the past. It is also sensitive\nto cloud cover and precipitation. Because the weighting\nfunctions of its four frequency channels peak at different\naltitudes, depending on water vapor density and profile, AMMS\nhas the potential of estimating the height of frozen\nhydrometeors associated with a convective storm. For TOGA COARE\nthe sensor was combined with other radiometers in the same\naircraft to measure the radiometric response of convective\nrainfall systems in the frequency range of 10-183 GHz. AMMS is\na 4-channel, mechanically scanned, imaging microwave radiometer\noperating at 92, 174, 178 and 181 GHz. It has a 15-cm aperture\ngiving an angular resolution of about 2 degrees at 92 GHz and 1\ndegree at 183 GHz. After every 6 scans, the beam is directed to\nview heated (330 K) and cooled (250 K) external calibration\ntargets for 2 seconds each, resulting in a total frame time of\n~30 secon ds (including slewing time). The radiometric signals\nand the measured physical temperatures from these calibration\ntargets form the basis for the derivation of the scene\nbrightness temperatures. The calibration accuracy is on the\norder of 1 K in the 250 - 300 K brightness temperature\nrange. The temperature sensitivity (delta T) of the sensor has\ngradually deteriorated over the past 10 years. For water vapor\nprofiling, averaging of up to 50 radiometric samples is needed\nto meet the requirement of delta T of <= 1 K. The microwave\nsignatures from precipitation are much stronger than water\nvapor at the AMMS frequencies, and data from this sensor\naveraged over a few samples will be sufficient to derive\nimportant information about the hydrometeors.\n\nThe beam is scanned in 50 steps of 1.8 degrees from nominally\n45 degrees to the right through nadir, and to 45 degrees to the\nleft with a total scan time of ~4 seconds.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TOGA/amms.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62178728-5beb-49e8-b63f-ff7dd98df2ee", "label": "LIMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The objective of the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere\n(LIMS) experiment was to map the vertical profiles of\ntemperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapour,\nnitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid in the lower to middle\nstratosphere range, with extension to the stratopause for water\nvapour and into the lower mesosphere for temperature and\nozone. This experiment was a follow-on to the Limb Radiance\nInversion Radiometer (LRIR) flown on Nimbus-6. The LIMS mapped\nvertical profiles of thermal IR emission coming from the horizon\nin six bands of CO2N, CO2, O3, HNO3, H2O, and NO2.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/home/'\n\n[Summary provided by the British Atmospheric Data Centre]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LIMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: LIMS\n Long_Name: Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.2 µm, 6.3 µm, 9.6 µm, 11.3 µm, two at 15 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/guides/GSFC/guide/LIMS_dataset.gd.shtml\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1978-10-25\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1979-05-28\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62af3234-bd3e-4bf9-969e-623a58d30cac", "label": "CRIMSS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Source: NPOESS home page: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=crimss ]\n\nThe Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) combined with the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) globally produces atmospheric temperature, moisture and pressure profiles from space. CrIS and ATMS (CrIMSS) are the next generation operational sensor suite selected to fly on the National Polar- orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) spacecraft. CrIMSS will operationally produce high vertical resolution profile measurements of temperature, water vapor, and pressure. Combining both cross-track infrared and microwave sensors aboard the NPOESS satellite provides key Environmental Data Records (EDRs) CrIMSSMission Products\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CRIMSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: CRIMSS\n Long_Name: Cross-track Infrared and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounders\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Short_Name: CRIS-NPOESS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: LWIR Band 650-1095 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: MWIR Band 1210-1750 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: SWIR Band 2155-2550 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: LWIR Band < 0.625 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: MWIR Band < 1.25 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: SWIR Band < 2.50 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr\n Online_Resource: http://npp.gsfc.nasa.gov/cris.html\n Online_Resource: http://npp.gsfc.nasa.gov/atms.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-11-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68e079d2-303e-408c-932b-d98d2a3385e7", "label": "DROPSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "DROPSONDES are radiosondes with a parachute dropped form an\nairplane carrying receiving equipment for the purpose of\nobtaining an upper-air sounding during descent; also called a\nparachute radiosonde.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77ed5ad1-0bc7-4aaf-8373-18294829021f", "label": "SAPHIR", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "SAPHIR (Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie) is a sounding instrument with 6 channels near the absorption band of water vapor at 183 Ghz. These channels provide relatively narrow weighting functions from the surface to about 10 km, allowing retrieving water vapor profiles in the cloud free troposphere. The scanning is cross-track, up to an incidence angle of 50°. The resolution at nadir is of 10 km.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAPHIR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SAPHIR\n Long_Name: Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Megha-Tropiques\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 0.2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 1.1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 2.8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 4.2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 6.8\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 183.31 ± 11\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/instruments.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-10-12\n Instrument_Owner: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)\n Instrument_Owner: Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8311d9c1-5930-493f-8a84-e0ba9be70e2e", "label": "VAS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The VAS is an advanced version of the Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) flown on the SMS and early GOES satellites. This instrument flown on GOES 4-8 is a visible and infrared radiometer that provides image (VISSR mode) and sounding (VAS mode) data. The VAS retained the VISSR dual-band imaging function while expanding to 6 infrared channels. The additional spectral bands provided are sensitive to the effects of atmospheric constituents which allows for determination of surface and cloud-top temperatures as in VISSR along with three-dimensional structure of the atmospheric temperature and water-vapor distribution. The 12 Infrared spectral bands span central wavelengths from 3.9 to 15.0um. The ground resolution is 1km in the visible range and 7km (imaging) and 14km (sounding) in the infrared ranges. The swath width is the Earth disc.\n\nThe following is a table displaying the Infrared spectral bands.\n\nSPECTRAL PRESSURE LEVEL WAVELENGTH\n BAND (mb)* (um) BAND\n-------- -------------- ---------- -------------\n 1 65 14.730 CO2\n 2 100 14.480 CO2\n 3 325 14.250 CO2\n 4 450 14.010 CO2\n 5 SURFACE 13.330 CO2\n 6 700 4.525 CO2\n 7 SURFACE 12.660 H2O\n 8 SURFACE 11.170 WINDOW\n 9 375 7.261 H2O\n 10 330 6.725 H2O\n 11 280 4.444 CO2\n 12 SURFACE 3.945 WINDOW\n* Level of maximum weighting function for the spectral band.\nCO2 is Carbon Dioxide.\nH2O is Water Vapor.\n\nInvestigators:\nDr. Verner E. Suomi, University of Wisconsin-Madison\nMr. William E. Shenk, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\n\nEntry taken from:\n\nColwell, R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second Edition,\nVolumes I and II, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\n\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: VAS\n Long_Name: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10.5 μm - 12.5 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.55 μm - 0.75 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.94 μm - 14.74 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.725 μm -14.25 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1987-022A-01\n Online_Resource: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=visible-infrared-spin-scan-radi1\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "874099d6-64f7-422a-acbf-8d44dc133f56", "label": "SOUNDERS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "SOUNDERS are instruments that acquire multispectral measurements\nfrom which vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and\nhumidity can be derived.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88b88e80-fc8a-4724-825f-47eeac7f6ff3", "label": "SAMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The STRATOSPHERIC AND MESOSPHERIC SOUNDER (SAMS) objective was\nto observe the limb of the atmosphere through various pressure\nmodulator radiometers in order to measure vertical\nconcentrations of H2O, CH4, CO, and NO; observe resonant\nscattering of solar radiation in spectral bands H2O, CO2, CO,\nand NO; measure the temperature of the stratosphere and\nmesosphere to ~90 kilometers altitude; investigate source\nfunction and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium\nbetween 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission\nbands, and measure the zonal wind velocity component along the\nline of sight.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/SEES/ozone/oz_sat.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography at\nOld Dominion University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89cc57b0-0963-4266-a549-bf5a9e17446e", "label": "MWTS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "Characterization of atmospheric air temperature is in motion, the basic meteorological elements is an important basis for weather forecasting. Microwave thermometer probe field of view through a receive 50-60GHz oxygen absorption of microwave radiation to probe the target attribute, atmospheric temperature probe. Weak oxygen absorption regions\nto be able to detect the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere of information, but the absorption center can detect the information from the upper atmosphere.Microwave thermometer detection channel four, primarily for detecting surface emissivity and including representatives from the 700 hPa, 300 hPa and 90 hPa different level on the State of atmospheric temperature, thereby can deduce the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature.Microwave thermometer with penetrating the ability of non-precipitation cloud, resulting in an all-weather distribution of atmospheric temperature, numerical weather prediction, disaster monitoring and climate change provide irreplaceable information.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MWTS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MWTS\n Long_Name: MicroWave Temperature Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 50.3 GHz, 53.6 GHz, 54.94 GHz, 57.29 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MWTS.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-09\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8be17733-c145-421c-b402-bf3fd0797e15", "label": "AMSU-B", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) is a 5 channel microwave radiometer. The purpose of the instrument is to receive and measure radiation from a number of different layers of the atmosphere in order to obtain global data on humidity profiles. It works in conjunction with the AMSU-A instruments to provide a 20 channel microwave radiometer.\n\nAMSU-B is a cross-track, line scanned instrument designed to measure scene radiances in 5 channels. At each channel frequency, the antenna beam width is a constant 1.1 degrees (at the half power point). Ninety contiguous scene resolution cells are sampled in a continuous fashion, each scan covering 50 degrees on each side of the sub satellite path. These scan patterns and geometric resolution translate to a 16.3 km diameter cell at nadir at a nominal altitude of 850 km.\n\nThe AMSU-B instrument consists of a scanning parabolic reflector antenna which is rotated once every 8/3 seconds and focuses incoming radiation into a quasi-optic system which then separates the frequencies of interest into three separate feed horns of the receiver assembly. The receiver subsystem provides further demultiplexing of the 183 GHz signal in order to selectively acquire three defined double sided bands around the 183 GHz signal. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AMSU-B\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Long_Name: ADVANCED MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT B (AMSU-B)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 1.1 degree\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-4.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8cdf5ebf-d2a8-4f73-9c13-82fd1eb7b3ce", "label": "SBUS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "UV ozone sounding instrument for 12-port, these channels observation data together, you can generate ozone vertical profile of the product.Use ozone vertical profile of the product, you can monitor a different level of ozone levels to protect the Earth's atmospheric ozone layer providing early-warning information, provide for protection policies.\n\n\tAtmospheric model spectral properties of the instrument\nChannel \t Central wavelength(nm) \tBandwidth(nm)\n1 \t 252.00±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n2 \t 273.62±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n3 \t 283.10±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n4 \t 287.70±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n5 \t 292.29±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n6 \t 297.59±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n7 \t 301.97±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n8 \t 305.87±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n9 \t 312.57±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n10 \t 317.56±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n11 \t 331.26±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\n12 \t 339.89±0.05 \t1+0.2，-0\nCloud cover photometer \t 379.00±1.00 \t3+0.3\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SBUS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SBUS\n Long_Name: Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Sounder\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_SBUS.aspx\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/Ord/Satellite.aspx?seriesCode=FY3X&satellitecode=FY3A\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9541cd1b-aac3-4cdd-8ad9-613d9f832e02", "label": "TOVS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "Data acquired from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) are used to produce atmospheric soundings. The TOVS software transforms upwelling infrared and microwave radiant energy into vertical temperature and water vapor profiles. A variety of other parameters, such as total ozone, cloud height and amount, and tropopause temperature and pressure, are also derived. Approximately 50,000 soundings, spaced 80 to 300 km apart, are produced daily by two polar orbiting satellites. Objective analysis and noise screening techniques that eliminate bad, redundant, and questionable data reduce this to about 10,000 soundings per day.\n\n\nTOVS, as flown aboard the Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) is a three instrument system consisting of the HIRS/2, SSU and MSU. \n\nThe High-resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS/2) is a 20 channel instrument for taking atmospheric measurements, primarily in the IR region. The data acquired can be used to compute atmospheric temperatures from the Earth surface to 50 mb, water vapor content in three atmospheric layers, and the total ozone content of the atmospheric column. HIRS/2 will be replaced by an improved version onboard NOAA-K,L, and M in the 1990s.\n\n\nThe Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) is a three channel instrument, provided by the United Kingdom, that uses the selective absorption technique. The pressure in a carbon dioxide gas cell in the optical path determines the spectral characteristics of each channel, and the mass of carbon dioxide in each cell determines the atmospheric level at which the weighting function of each channel peaks. It will be replaced by an advanced passive microwave sensor in the 1990s.\n\nThe Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) is a four channel Dicke radiometer making passive microwave measurements in the 5.5-mm oxygen band. Unlike infrared instruments of TOVS, the MSU is little influenced by clouds in the field of view. An MSU is onboard NOAA-11, launched in 1988, and will be onboard NOAA-D in 1990, NOAA-I in 1991, and NOAA-J in 1992. After that, the MSU will be replaced (on 'K', 'L', and 'M') by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU).\n\n\nNote: For more information of these sensors, look under individual\nsensor entries for each instrument:\n\n\nHIGH RES. IR RAD. SOUNDER STRATOSPHERIC SOUNDING UNIT MICROWAVE\nSOUNDING UNIT\n\n\n__________\n\n__________\n\nEntry taken from:\n\n\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\nWeather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications,\nAmerican Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\nReference online documentation:\nhttp://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ESA_Publications/\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\nhttp://earth.esa.int\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\nFax: +39 06 94180292\nAddress:\nESA/ESRIN\nVia G.Galilei\n00044 Frascati\nItaly\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TOVS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Long_Name: TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SSU\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Short_Name: MSU\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n Short_Name: NOAA-6\n Short_Name: NOAA-7\n Short_Name: NOAA-8\n Short_Name: NOAA-9\n Short_Name: NOAA-10\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n Short_Name: NOAA-12\n Short_Name: NOAA-13\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 20\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/action/tovs.htm\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a68e783-b54c-41f2-82ce-da975af38359", "label": "ATMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) instrument is the next generation cross-track microwave sounder providing \natmospheric temperature and moisture for operational weather and climate applications.\n\nATMS is a key instrument that collects microwave radiation from the Earth's atmosphere and surface all day and all night, \neven through clouds. ATMS currently flies on the Suomi NPP satellite mission and will fly on the JPSS-1 and JPSS-2 satellite \nmissions.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/atms.html\n\nMass: approximately 75 kilograms\nAverage Power: 100 W\nDevelopment Institution: Northrop Grumman\nATMS Sensor Lead: Edward Kim, NASA GSFC\nPurpose: To provide sounding profiles of atmospheric temperature and moisture\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ATMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 22\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 23.8 GHz to 183.31 ± GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/atms.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-11-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9da230c7-0b08-4dfa-afca-e5fcf4be0bf2", "label": "CLASS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The C-Loran Atmospheric Sounding System is a balloon sounding\nsystem that support Loran-C and Omega navigational winds and\nincludes surface meteorological measurements.\n\n[Summary provided by the National Science Foundation]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", "label": "GOES I-M SOUNDER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Source: NASA GOES Project, \nhttp://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/i_m_sounder.html ]\n\nThe GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition.\n\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/instruments/i_m_sounder.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "5b02ddd7-e12c-4d1a-bb2c-1f700735e5ba", "label": "sndrD1", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", + "parentId": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3c1afe9-f2a2-485e-a200-7e0f40fd9e85", "label": "sndrD2", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", + "parentId": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a37427f4-a538-45f1-b145-9cca1accb7c9", "label": "sndrD3", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", + "parentId": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d425a5b-bc05-40fb-a316-da5d86a17b1f", "label": "sndrD4", - "broader": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", + "parentId": "a0636d91-0d30-441e-8f47-03b2672af3f2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -5260,238 +5260,238 @@ { "uuid": "a4569574-019d-4b81-827b-a5d1388addde", "label": "MTP", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "A Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP) is a a passive microwave\nradiometer, which measures the thermal emission from oxygen\nmolecules in the atmosphere for a selection of elevation angles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a507052f-e4a9-4210-84c5-0a5b9868d249", "label": "HIWRAP", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) is a dual-frequency (Ka- and Ku-band) conical scan system, configured with a nadir viewing antenna on the high-altitude (20 km) NASA ER-2 aircraft. The HIWRAP is able to measure line-of-sight and ocean surface winds at higher spatial and temporal resolution than obtained by current satellites and lower-altitude instrumented aircraft.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIWRAP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIWRAP\n Long_Name: High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLOBAL HAWK UAV\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/image/HIWRAP_instrument\n Online_Resource: http://har.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php?section=13\n Creation_Date: 2012-04-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9bd961e-1063-4f37-99b6-ecd77aa9eb40", "label": "AIRS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) instrument is a high spectral resolution grating spectrometer containing 2378 infrared channels in the 3.74 to 15.4 micron spectral range for obtaining atmospheric temperature profiles and a variety of additional Earth/atmosphere products. AIRS is centered on measuring accurate temperature and humidity profiles throughout the atmosphere. AIRS also provides four visible/near-infrared channels (0.4 - 1.0 μm) to characterize cloud and surface properties.\n\nKey AIRS Facts\nHeritage: Advanced Moisture and Temperature Sounder (AMTS), High\nResolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS)\nInstrument Type: Temperature controlled (155 K) array grating spectrometer, plus a visible/near-infrared photometer\nAperture: 10 cm\nSwath Width: 1650 km\nCoverage: Global coverage every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: Infrared: 13.5 km at nadir; Visible/near-infrared: 2.3 km at nadir\nDimensions: 116.5 cm x 80 cm x 95.3 cm\nMass: 177 kg\nPower: 180/220 W (beginning/end of life)\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nField of View (FOV): ± 49.5° cross-track from nadir\nInstrument IFOV (track/scan): Infrared: 1.1° x 0.6° (13.5 km x 7.4 km at nadir); Visible/near-infrared: 0.149° x 0.190° (1.8 km x 2.3 km at nadir)\nScan Period: 2.667 s\nScan Sampling (scan/track): Infrared: 90 x 1 (1.1° spacing), in 2 s; visible/near-infrared: 720 x 9 (0.138° x 0.185° spacing), in 2 s\nDesign Life: 5 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: AIRS\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Infrared Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 2 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.4 μm - 0.68 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: λ/Δλ 1200 nominal\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 2 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.71 μm - 0.94 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: λ/Δλ 1200 nominal\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 2378\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.74 μm - 15.4 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: λ/Δλ 1200 nominal\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://aqua.nasa.gov/content/airs\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/index.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/mirador/presentNavigation.pl?tree=project&project=AIRS\n Sample_Image: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/system/content_pages/main_images/13_13_8262767875_dff40d0f0b_z.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1.27 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-08-31\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aad9c18b-486a-476c-a51d-0042d22c2efd", "label": "ISAMS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Space Shuttle Discovery carrying UARS was launched on September \n12, 1991 from Kennedy Space Flight Center. UARS was released to orbit \non September 15, 1991, and the Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric \nSounder (ISAMS) began scientific observations of the earth's upper \natmosphere September 26, 1991. \n\nISAMS is a limb-sounding radiometer which uses a combination of \npressure-modulated and wide-band infrared channels to measure Carbon \nMonoxide, Water Vapour, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitric Acid, Ozone, Nitric \nOxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, Dinitrogen Pentoxide, Aerosol, and \nTemperature in the middle atmosphere. Typically, ISAMS produces \nvertical profiles of constituents and temperature every 200 km along \nthe tangent track, with an instantaneous field of view of about 2.4 km \nvertically. ISAMS made measurements, with several significant gaps, \nbetween 80 S and 80 N from 26 September 1991 to 29 July 1992. UARS is \nin a near sun-synchronous orbit so that while the 15 orbits/day are \nspaced approximately every 24 degrees of longitude around the equator, \nthe sampled local solar time actually changes by 20 minutes/day. \n\nThe ISAMS Primary Science Objectives: \n(1) To determine the thermal structure of the middle atmosphere and \nits fluctuations in space and time, \n(2) To investigate the photochemistry of nitrogen-containing species, \n(3) To study the water vapour budget, \n(4) To investigate the role of volcanic and polar stratospheric \naerosol in stratospheric chemistry. \n\nTypically, over 2600 temperature profiles/day were retrieved, spaced \nevery 200 km along the limb-viewing track and nominally extending from \n100-0.01 mb (15-80 km). \n\nISAMS Principal Investigator: Fred W. Taylor \nE-mail: taylor@isams.atm.ox.ac.uk \n\nReferences: \nTaylor, F. W., Scaddan, R. J. and Callard, L. Improved Stratospheric \nand Mesospheric Sounder. Optical Engineering, 810, pp. 81-90, 1988. \nTaylor, F. W., C. D. Rodgers, J. G. Whitney, S. T. Werrett, J. J. \nBarnett, G. D. Peskett, P. Venters, J. Ballard, C. W. P. Palmer, \nR. J. Knight, P. Morris, T. Nightingale, A. Dudhia, Remote Sensing of \nAtmospheric Structure and Composition by Pressure Modulator Radiometry \nfrom Space: The ISAMS Experiment on UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 98, p10, \n799-10814, 1993 \nTaylor F. W., J. Ballard, A. Dudhia, M. Goss-Custard, B. J. Kerridge, \nA. Lambert, M. Lopez-Valverde, C. D. Rodgers and J. J. Remedios, \nStratospheric and Mesospheric observations with ISAMS, Adv. in Space \nRes., 14, pp. (9)41-(9)52, 1994. \nTaylor F. W., A. Lambert, R. G. Grainger, C. D. Rodgers and J. J. \nRemedios, Properties of Northern Hemisphere Polar Stratospheric Clouds \nand Volcanic Aerosol in 1991/2 from UARS/ISAMS Satellite Measurements, \nJ. Atmos. Sci., 51, pp3019-3026, 1994.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ISAMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: ISAMS\n Long_Name: Improved Stratospheric And Mesospheric Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UARS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/isams/\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/UARS/documents/data-guides-for-uars-platform\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 1991-09-26\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-07-29\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab3f8fdd-fec8-4c56-b9e4-481f93cb85b9", "label": "RAWINSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "RAWINSONDES are an upper-air sounding that includes\ndetermination of wind speeds and directions. In the past, data\nwas collected by tracking a balloon-borne radiosonde with a\nradio direction finder. Nowadays, GPS or Loran radio navigation\nsignals measure position or radiosonde velocity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad956eec-c8e9-41fe-bc21-7d4b077447b9", "label": "HIRS/4", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov ]\n \nThe HIRS/4 is an atmospheric sounding instrument that provides multi-spectral data from one visible channel (0.69 micron), seven shortwave channels (3.7 to4.6 microns), and 12 longwave channels (6.7 to 15 microns) using a single telescope and a rotating filter wheel containing 20 individual spectral filters. The IFOV for each channel is approximately 7.0 ° that, from a spacecraft altitude of 870 km (470 nmi), encompasses a circular area of 10 km (6.2 mi) in diameter at nadir on Earth. This is an improvement in resolution over the 20-km (12.4 mi) HIRS/3 instrument that was flown on NOAA-KLM. An elliptical scan mirror provides a cross-track scan of 56 steps of 1.8° each. The mirror steps rapidly, then holds at each position while the optical radiation passing through 20 spectral filters is sampled. Each Earth scan takes 6.4 seconds and covers ±49.5° from nadir. IR calibration of the HIRS/4 is provided by views of space and the internal warm target, each viewed once per 38 Earth scans.\n\nThe instrument measures scene radiance in the IR spectrum. Data from the instrument is used, in conjunction with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instruments, to calculate the atmosphere’s vertical temperature profile from the Earth’s surface to about 40 km (24.9 mi) altitude. The data is also used to determine ocean surface temperatures, total atmospheric ozone levels, precipitable water, cloud height and coverage, and surface radiance.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRS/4\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Long_Name: High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/4\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 19\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 14.96 μm - 3.76 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 669 cm-1 - 2,660 cm-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.690 μm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 14,500 cm-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMUREG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/99871.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/j/app-j2.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: EUMETSAT\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "afe060cb-ce16-4d82-88b6-14e82aaa2fda", "label": "HIRS/3", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/3) is a discrete stepping, line-scan instrument designed to measure scene radiance in 20 spectral bands to permit the calculation of the vertical temperature profile from Earth's surface to about 40 km.\n\nMultispectral data from one visible channel (0.69 micrometers), seven shortwave channels (3.7 to 4.6 micrometers) and twelve longwave channels (6.5 to 15 micrometers) are obtained from a single telescope and a rotating filter wheel containing twenty individual filters. An elliptical scan mirror provides cross-track scanning of 56 increments of 1.8 degrees. The mirror steps rapidly (<35 msec), then holds at each position while the 20 filter segments are sampled. This action takes place each 100 msec. The instantaneous FOV for each channel is approximately 1.4 degrees in the visible and shortwave IR and 1.3 degrees in the longwave IR band which, from an altitude of 833 kilometers, encompasses an area of 20.3 kilometers and 18.9 kilometers in diameter, respectively, at nadir on the Earth.\n\nThree detectors are used to sense the radiation. A silicon photodiode at the instrument temperature (nominally 15 degrees C) detects the visible energy. An Indium Antimonide detector and a Mercury Cadmium Telluride detector (mounted on a passive radiator and operating at 100K) sense the shortwave and longwave IR energy. The shortwave and visible optical paths have a common field stop, while the longwave path has an identical but separate field stop. Registration of the fields of view in all channels is largely determined by these stops with secondary effects from detector position.\n\nIR Calibration of the HIRS/3 is provided by programmed views of two radiometric targets: a warm target mounted to the instrument base and a view of space. Data from these views provides sensitivity calibrations for each channel every 40 lines (256 seconds), if commanded. Internally generated electronic signals provide calibration and stability monitoring of the amplifier and readout electronics.\n\nData from the instrument is multiplexed into a single data stream controlled by the TIP system of the spacecraft. Information from the radiometric channels and voltage telemetry are converted to 13-bit binary data. Radiometric information is processed to produce the maximum dynamic range such that instrument and digitizing noises are a small portion of the signal output. Each channel is characterized by a noise equivalent radiance (NEΔN) and a set of calibration data that may be used to derive atmospheric temperatures and probable errors.\n\nThe HIRS/3 instrument is a single package mounted on the Instrument Mounting Platform (IMP) of the NOAA KLM spacecraft.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec32-1.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRS/3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRS/3\n Long_Name: High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 19\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6.5 to 15 micrometers & 3.7 to 4.6 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.69 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/html/c3/sec32-1.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NOAA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b03b32d3-1750-4564-b192-8fa4b303b80a", "label": "MHS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Text and Instrument Image Source: NASA POES Project home page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/mhs.html ]\n \nThe MHS is a new instrument for the NOAA series of satellites. It is a five-channel microwave instrument intended primarily to measure profiles of atmospheric humidity. It is also sensitive to liquid water in clouds and measures cloud liquid water content. Additionally, it provides qualitative estimates of the precipitation rate. \n\nBecause of the high variability of atmospheric water, the MHS has a higher resolution than the AMSU-A, with an approximate 16-km (1 mi) diameter circular field of view at nadir. Ninety such fields of view are measure in each cross-track scan. The instrument has approximately the same swath width as AMSU-A but scans across-track in one-third the time in order to keep the two instruments synchronized. By this means, arrays of 3 x 3 MHS samples will overlay each AMSU-A sample, facilitating synergistic use of these instruments. \n\nMHS has four humidity channels in the 157 GHz to 190 GHz range. As with AMSU-A, it also has a surface-viewing window channel at 89 GHz, partly to ensure cross-registration of the two sounding instruments.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MHS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MHS\n Long_Name: Microwave Humidity Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 5\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 89.0 GHz - 190.31 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-9.htm\n Online_Resource: http://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/mhs/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8d36404-e132-4401-a176-b61704be3bde", "label": "MACAWS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Multi-center Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor (MACAWS) is\nan airborne, pulsed, scanning, coherent Doppler laser radar (lidar)\nthat remotely senses the distribution of wind velocity and aerosol\nbackscatter within three-dimensional volumes in the troposphere and\nlower stratosphere. MACAWS, presently configured to fly on the NASA\nDC-8 research aircraft, was developed jointly by the atmospheric lidar\nremote sensing groups of NASA Global Hydrology and Climate Center,\nNASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), NOAA Environmental\nTechnology Laboratory (ETL), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory\n(JPL). Nearly all of the MACAWS hardware components were developed for\nprevious atmospheric research programs. The re-use of these\nfield-tested components has resulted in considerable cost savings to\nthe Government. Interagency cooperation among the atmospheric lidar\nremote sensing groups also ensures that research activities are both\nscientifically synergistic and cost-effective. For example, the MACAWS\nlaser transmitter is that of the highly successful mobile ground-based\nDoppler lidar ('Windvan') developed by NOAA ETL and deployed for a\nnumber of experiments.\n\nMore Information: 'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/macaws.html'\n\n[Adapted from the NASA/MSFC/GHCC Homepage]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0399262-e7e1-48aa-996e-c69380576b27", "label": "NAST-M", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The new M.I.T. Microwave Temperature Sounder (MTS), which is\ndesignated NAST-M when flown as the microwave component of the NPOESS\nAircraft Sounding Testbed, is a complete upgrade of the MTS instrument\nwhich has been flown by M.I.T. on NASA ER- 2 aircraft since 1988. (ref\nGasiewski) This package consists of two radiometers: the first with\neight single-sideband channels between 50 and 57 GHz and the second\nwith nine double-sideband channels within 4 GHz of the 118.75 oxygen\nline. The instrument block diagram is shown in Figure 1. Channel\npassbands are listed in table 1. Both radiometers have scalar\nfeedhorns with 7.5 0 3-dB beamwidths and a shared mirror scans pattern\nof 18 spots from -65 0 to +65 0 from nadir, two black-body calibration\nloads and a chimney-view of zenith during a nominal 6.5-second\nscan. This scan pattern provides abutting beams across track and beams\nalso overlap along track at distances greater than 10 km from the\naircraft at the ER-2's flight velocity of 210 m/s. Scan speeds can be\nadjusted to achieve other overlaps in beam coverage, but the nominal\npattern has an integration time on the order of 100 ms per spot and\nyields data at a rate of less than 2 kB per second or 7.2 MB per hour.\n\nAdditional information:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/teflun/overview/instr/mts.desc.html'\n\n[Text adapted from the NASA/ARC Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NAST-M\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: NAST-M\n Long_Name: NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed-Microwave Radiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=nast\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c20c443f-9351-433e-b375-cf4c6c29ab60", "label": "HIRS/2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "HIRS/1, flown on NIMBUS-6, was an improved version of the 7\n channel ITPR (Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer) on NIMBUS-\n 5. HIRS/2, an adaptation in turn of HIRS/1, measures radiation\n in 20 channels - one visible and nineteen infrared, from short\n wavelength (4.3 micron) to long (15 micron). The instrument is\n intended to obtain vertical temperature profiles, surface\n temperature, water vapor profiles and cloud coverage. HIRS/2 is\n part of the TOVS package (see the sensor reference for TIROS OPER\n VERTICAL SOUNDER).\n\n HIRS/2 channels:\n WAVELENGTH\n CHANNELS (microns) PRIMARY USE*\n -------- ---------- -----------\n 1-5 14.95-13.97 Temperature profiles, clouds\n 6-7 13.64-13.35 Carbon dioxide and water vapor\n 8 11.11 Surface temperature, clouds\n 9 9.71 Total ozone concentration\n 10-12 8.16-6.72 Humidity profiles,\n detection of thin cirrus clouds\n 13-17 4.57-4.24 Temperature profiles\n 18-20 4.00-0.69 Clouds, surface temperatures\n under partly cloudy skies\n -----------------------------------------------------------------\n * See HIRS/1 for expanded descriptions in corresponding\n wavelengths.\n -----------------------------------------------------------------\n Entry taken from:\n Rao,P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n Cornillon, P. A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of\n Rhode Island Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n Additional information available at\n\nhttp://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left2.html&body=/en/area2/cgms/ap10-09.htm&a=284&b=2&c=280&d=200&e=0'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HIRS/2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Long_Name: High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 19\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4 - 15 micrometers\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c2d99bbb-bdc8-4c15-ade8-10a3843ac8d7", "label": "SABER", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) is a\n10-channel infrared radiometer, is one of four instruments on NASA?s TIMED\n(Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics) Mission. Its goal is\nto explore the mesosphere and lower thermosphere globally and achieve a major\nimprovement in our understanding of the fundamental processes governing the\nenergetics, chemistry, dynamics, and transport of the atmospheric region\nextending from 60 km to 180 km.\n\nThe instrument telescope is a Cassegrain design with a picket-fence tuning fork\nchopper at the first focus, and a clamshell reimager to focus the image on the\nfocal plane. The telescope has been designed to reject stray light from the\nEarth and atmosphere outside the instrument instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV).\nThe baffle assembly contains a single axis scan mirror which permits the 2 km\nvertical IFOV of each detector to be scanned from the Earth to a 400 km tangent\nheight. Accurate vertical registration of the tangent height of the data in the\natmosphere is achieved by analysis of the 14.9 ?m CO2 channels. The telescope\nand baffle assembly are cooled to 240 K by a dedicated radiator. The focal\nplane assembly, consisting of a filter array, a detector array, and a Lyot stop\nis cooled to 75 K by a miniature cryogenic refrigerator. The detector array\ncontains discrete HgCdTe, InSb, and InGaAs detectors.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://saber.larc.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SABER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SABER\n Long_Name: Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIMED\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.27 um - 17 um\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.27 um - 17 um\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://saber.larc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://saber.larc.nasa.gov/images/saber_inst2.jpg\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2001-12-07\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3673c5c-4210-42bc-b0ca-a5cd320de100", "label": "IRFS-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3d768e8-f6b5-4628-938d-b6c45b176a3a", "label": "TOU", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "Total ozone ultraviolet detector is equivalent to using the sunlight ultraviolet (UV) imaging digital camera.Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted to the atmosphere of the Earth surface, some on the ultraviolet (UV) covered ozone uptake, that's exactly protects life from UV damage, partly reflecting surface and the atmosphere was to of total ozone generated UV image detector.UV image contains total ozone in the atmosphere, the content of information through scientific algorithm calculates the total content of atmospheric ozone.Oscar Niemeyer, meteorological satellite, 3 day 14 laps around the Earth, the global total ozone can be obtained.\n\nChannel \tCentral wavelength(nm) \tBandwidth(nm)\n1 \t 308.68±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n2 \t 312.59±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n3 \t 317.61±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n4 \t 322.40±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n5 \t 331.31±0.15 \t1+0.3，-0\n6 \t 360.11±0.25 \t1+0.3，-0\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TOU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: TOU\n Long_Name: Total Ozone Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 6 channels in the range 308 - 360 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_TOU.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4a0f956-d9eb-4fdb-8671-0b5fbe3037ba", "label": "TEMPERATURE PROFILERS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "TEMPERATURE PROFILERS are remote sensing devices that receives\nelectromagnetic or acoustic waves transmitted through, emitted\nby, or reflected from the atmosphere in order to produce a\nvertical profile (a graph showing the variation of a\nmeteorological event with height) of one or more atmospheric\nquantities such as temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4ed5cfc-b7c3-4a6f-822c-35e81a39cc0e", "label": "MAS/ATLAS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The objective of the Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)\nexperiment on Atmospheric Laboratory for Application and Science\n(ATLAS) was to study the composition and dynamic structure of the\nstratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere in the 20 to 90 km\naltitude range (middle atmosphere) with a height resolution as low as\n4 km. MAS provided simultaneous information on the temperature and\nozone distribution in the 20 to 90 km region and information on water\nvapor and chlorine monoxide (ClO). The MAS is a passive limb-sounding\ntotal power microwave radiometer-spectrometer. The equipment consists\nof a steerable parabolic antenna which focuses the radiation into the\nMAS Reciever Electronics (MRE). The MRE consists of three radiometers\noperating at frequencies 61 to 64 GHz, 183 GHz and 204 GHz. The\nsignals are converted to intermediate frequencies below 6 GHz which\nare then analyzed by five filterbanks in the Filter Electronic Box\n(FEB) which consists of 240 filters. The antenna can position in\nelevation about 4 degrees with a total scan of about 13 degrees. The\ninstrument is expected to be flown on subsequent ATLAS missions. The\nMAS on ATLAS provided critical correlative measurements with the\nMicrowave Limb Sounder (MLS) and other instruments on the Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). MAS was flown on all three\nATLAS missions.\nSee Croskey, et al,'The Milimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS): A\nShuttle-Based Remote Sensing Experiment',IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory\nand Techniques, Vol. 40, No. 6, June 1992, pp. 1090-1100.\nFor more information on MAS and online MAS images see:\n'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/MAS/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c79ff20c-08c1-41f5-8f68-13c1b6d34ba8", "label": "RADIOSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "RADIOSONDES are expendable meteorological instrument packages,\noften aboard a free flight balloon, that measures, from the\nsurface to the stratosphere, the vertical profiles of\natmospheric variables and transmits the data via radio to a\nground receiving station.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca27055f-12d7-4445-a3b8-bbd2925af14d", "label": "MWHS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "183.31GHz in the microwave frequency bands, water vapor in \nthe atmosphere has the strongest absorption lines, implemetation chose \n183.31GHz as the primary detection frequency, being in the vicinity of \nthe three channel is set.These atmospheric water vapor different level \nof microwave radiation showed different responses, you can use \natmosphere 300hPa 850hPa, 500 HPA and steamed different heights.At the \nsame time, the 150GHz mechanism are still in the areas of atmospheric \nwindow bipolar detection channels, the background of the Earth's surface \nfor detection of microwave radiation.Comprehensive application of the \nfive channel mechanism for detecting inversion results you can get the \nvertical distribution of atmospheric humidity.\nsource: China Meteorological Administration(CMA), National Satellite and \nMeteorological Center(NSMC)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MWHS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MWHS\n Long_Name: MicroWave Humidity Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Microwave: 19.35 - 89.0 GHz (8 channels)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_MWHS.aspx\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce651ad4-5446-4d14-8d15-e09eea62d8fc", "label": "DC8 DROPSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "DC8 DROPSONDES: DC-8 are aircrafts that study the atmosphere and\nonboard are many instruments such as dropsondes like AVAPS and\nother meteorological equipment; the system uses dropwinsonde and\nGlobal Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure the\natmospheric state parameters (temp, humidity,\nwindspeed/direction pressure) and location in 3 dimensional\nspace during the sonde's descent once each half\nsecond. Measurements are transmitted to the aircraft from the\ntime of release until impact with the ocean's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d68c91e3-4c9e-4ef9-b02d-a9b0f4f7e59a", "label": "ISS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Integrated Sounding System (ISS) was developed jointly by\nthe Surface and Sounding Systems Facility of the National Center\nfor Atmospheric Research Atmospheric Technology Division and the\nAeronomy Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration. The ISS combines various measurement systems,\nboth in situ and remote, to take advantage of the positive\nattributes of each. The ISS further integrates the data from the\nvarious measurement systems for archival and display.\n\nThe ISS consists of four separate subsystems:\n\n Balloon borne radiosonde navaid (GPS, Loran) sounding system;\n Enhanced surface observing station;\n 915 MHz Doppler clear-air wind profiling radar;\n Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/rtf/facilities/iss/iss.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d91baf20-cfc4-425f-aa8d-3824671ca006", "label": "SSH-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1988-006A-05 ]\n\nThe objective of this experiment was to obtain vertical temperature and water vapor profiles of the atmosphere at altitudes from 0 to 30 km. The infrared temperature and moisture sounder, SSH-2, was a 16-channel sensor with one channel (3.7 micrometers) in the 3.7 micrometer window, one channel (11.1 micrometers) in the 12-micrometer window, six channels (13.4, 13.7, 14.1, 14.4, 14.8, 15.0 micrometers) in the 15-micrometer CO2 absorption band, and eight channels (12.5, 18.7, 20.1, 22.7, 23.9, 24.5, 25.2, 28.3 micrometers) in the 22- to 30-micrometer rotational water vapor absorption band. The experiment consisted of an optical system, detector and associated electronics, and a scanning mirror. The scanning mirror was stepped across the satellite groundtrack, allowing the sounder to view 25 separate columns of the atmosphere every 32 s over a cross track ground swath of 2204 km. While the scanning mirror was stopped at each of the 25 positions, the channel filters were sequenced through the field of view. The cross track surface resolution was approximately 60 km at nadir. The radiance data were transformed into temperature and water vapor profiles by a mathematical inversion technique. The rms error of the temperature is 2.5 to 3 deg K.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSH-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSH-2\n Long_Name: Infrared Temperature and Moisture Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 3.7 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 11.1 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 6\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.4 μm, 13.7 μm, 14.1 μm, 14.4 μm, 14.8 μm, 15.0 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Thermal\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 12.5 μm, 18.7 μm, 20.1 μm, 22.7 μm, 23.9 μm, 24.5 μm, 25.2 μm, 28.3 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1988-006A-05\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e14163b0-c667-41ea-96a4-e9ce6fcfe041", "label": "MSU", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The MSU is the descendant of the Scanning Microwave\nSpectrometer (SCAMS) flown on Nimbus-6, which in turn evolved\nfrom the Nimbus-5 Microwave Spectrometer (NEMS). NEMS was the\nfirst microwave temperature sounder flown in space. The MSU is a\nfour channel Dicke radiometer making passive measurements in\nregions of the 5.5-mm oxygen region (50.3 GHz, 53.74 GHz, 54.96\nGHz, and 57.05 GHz). The dynamic range of the MSU is 0 K to 350\nK, with a noise equivalent temperature of 0.3 K. The ground\nresolution at nadir is 109 km; the swath width is 2347.2 km.\n The MSU, flown on the Advanced TIROS-N (ATN), was used in\nconjunction with the SSU and HIRS/2 as part of the TOVS package\n(see the sensor reference for TIROS OPER VERTICAL SOUNDER).\n_________________________________________________________________\nEntry taken from:\nRao,P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\nColwell,R.N. (Editor-in-Chief), Manual of Remote Sensing: Second\n Edition, Volume I, American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983.\nCornillon, A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of\n Rhode Island Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MSU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: MSU\n Long_Name: Microwave Sounding Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 50.3, 53.74, 54.96, and 57.95 GHz,\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/sensor_documents/msu_instrument.html\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/services/opendap/msu.shtml\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory \n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e257079e-3775-4f95-b42d-b2e4ffab00e8", "label": "HSB", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "HSB is a 4-channel microwave sounder designed to obtain atmospheric humidity profiles under cloudy conditions and to detect heavy precipitation under clouds. The four HSB channels have a 1.1? beam width, resulting in a nominal horizontal spatial resolution of 13.5 km.\n\nThree of the HSB channels make measurements on the wings of the strongly opaque water vapor resonance line at 183.3 GHz; the fourth makes measurements at 150 GHz. Successive channels have decreasing opacity and consequently their data correspond to humidities at decreasing altitudes. The four HSB channels improve the humidity profiles from AIRS/AMSU-A in the presence of liquid water.\n\nKey HSB Facts\nHeritage: AMSU-B\nAperture: 18.8 cm\nSwath Width: 1650 km\nCoverage: Global every 1 to 2 days\nSpatial Resolution: 13.5 km at nadir\nDimensions: 70 cm x 65 cm x 46 cm\nMass: 51 kg\nPower: 56 W\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nFOV: ± 49.5° cross-track from nadir\nInstrument IFOV: 1.1° (13.5 km at nadir)\nScan Period: 2.667 s\nScan Sampling: 90 x 1.1°, in 1.71 s\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HSB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: HSB\n Long_Name: Humidity Sounder for Brazil\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 4 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 150 - 190 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aqua.nasa.gov/content/hsb\n Online_Resource: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/documentation/hsb_instrument_guide.shtml\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 4.2 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-08-31\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2003-02-05\n Instrument_Owner: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE, the Brazilian Institute for Space Research)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e291609f-474d-4cb5-b02c-f8054605d56f", "label": "IRAS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "Infrared spectrometer is atmospheric sounding instrument, mainly by detecting the Earth's surface and atmosphere up IR-band emission of radiation, inversion get from surface to about 40 km to the different level of distribution of atmospheric temperature and humidity.Infrared spectrometer a total of 26 spectral channels for numerical weather prediction models provide initial field information, especially in the mountains, oceans, to the scarcity of desert areas such as meteorological station, an irreplaceable role to play.Using infrared spectrometer inversion resulting atmospheric temperature and humidity of the vertical distribution of information also reflects the local atmosphere of stability and helps the Meteorological Department and small scale weather systems forecast analysis.Infrared spectrometer data and microwave thermometer, implemetation data not only in conjunction with the temperature and humidity can improve accuracy, you can cloud, rain, three-dimensional weather process internal temperature and water vapor distribution structure, such as typhoons, storm for severe weather monitoring and prediction of the process of providing a strong support. \n\nsource: China Meteorological Administration(CMA), National Satellite and Meteorological Center(NSMC)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Long_Name: InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: VIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: NIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: SWIR (~1.3 µm - ~3.0 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: MWIR (~3.0 µm - ~6.0 µm)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: TIR (~6.0 µm - ~15.0 µm)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/StaticContent/DeviceIntro_FY3_IRAS.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-05-29\n Instrument_Owner: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e809e82b-acfd-4371-80d7-7637a47e08ce", "label": "SLS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Submillimeter Limb Sounder (SLS), whose extremely high\nabundance sensitivity and high spectral resolution allows the\ndetection of trace gases while simultaneously measuring wind\nvelocities for key constituents above the clouds.\n\n[Source: American Astronomical Society]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e90b119b-ed2d-42ea-b526-c3a8d74b569a", "label": "S-HIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "S-HIS is an airborne instrument that measures emitted thermal radiation at high spectral resolution between 3.3 and 18 microns. S-HIS produces sounding data (vertical profiles of temperature and other parameters) with 2 kilometer resolution (at nadir) across a 40 kilometer ground swath from a nominal altitude of 20 kilometers when aboard a NASA ER-2 aircraft or 20 kilometer ground swath from a nominal altitude of 10 kilometers when aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft. The radiance measurements are used to obtain temperature and water vapor profiles of the Earth's atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee79f1d4-3a73-408f-beea-945b869b3abf", "label": "HIRS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) is an\natmospheric sounding instrument that has provided important\ninformation on atmospheric temperatures in cloud-free conditions since\n1978. The latest version, HIRS/3, will be flown on NOAA-K, -L, -M in\nthe years from 1998. A similar instrument, HIRS/4, will be flown on\nEUMETSAT's Metop-1, -2, -3 from 2005. They will provide high\nresolution temperature soundings of the global atmosphere in\ncloud-free conditions of great importance to meteorology and\nclimatology. The instruments will be provided by NOAA, assuring data\nhomogeneity from the two series of operational polar spacecraft. The\n20-channel HIRS/3 instrument has an effective ground Field of View\n(FOV) of about 20 km, while in HIRS/4 the effective FOV will be\nreduced to about 10 km in order to improve the ability of the\ninstrument to view cloud-free scenes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n\n'http://www.eumetsat.de/en/index.html?area=left2.html&body=/en/area2/\ncgms/ap10-09.htm&a=284&b=2&c=280&d=200&e=0'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef12b762-306e-480b-ba32-3e41a37aff59", "label": "WIND PROFILERS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "WIND PROFILERS are radars that are used to measure vertical\nprofiles of the wind; also called wind profiler radar.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eff0bf28-0b98-4ad8-9d00-e83aa9a6245e", "label": "SSM/T", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1990-105A-02 ]\n\nThe microwave temperature sounder, SSM/T, is a seven-channel scanning radiometer which measures radiation in the 5- to 6-mm wavelength (50- to 60-GHz) region (specifically 50.5, 53.2, 54.35, 54.9, 58.4, 58.825, and 59.4 GHz) to provide data on vertical temperatures from the earth's surface to above 30 km. The SSM/T operates in the absorption band of molecular oxygen. By choosing frequencies with different absorption coefficients on the wing of the oxygen absorption band, a series of weighting functions peaking at preselected altitudes is obtained. The radiometer scans across the nadir track on seven scan positions and two calibration positions (cold sky and 300 deg K). The dwell time for the crosstrack and calibration positions is 2.7 s each. The total scan period is 32 s. The instrument has an instantaneous field of view of 12 deg and scans plus or minus 36 deg from nadir.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSM/T\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 50.5, 53.2, 54.35, 54.9, 58.4, 58.825, and 59.4 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/sensors/ssmt.html\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0a78244-9158-4b58-aac2-0859ff2a7441", "label": "TETHERSONDES", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "TETHERSONDES are radiosondes attached to a fixed or tethered\nballoon that is usually larger than the balloons used for\nupper-air soundings; the tether limits the sounding to the\nboundary layer and the radiosonde moves up and down the tether\nto get multiple, high resolution profiles of the boundary layer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f719a2fe-11eb-4d78-80de-2b2493c29a43", "label": "SSULI", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2003-048A-09 ]\n\nThe Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI) measures vertical profiles of the natural airglow radiation from atoms, molecules and ions in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere by viewing the Earth's limb at a tangent altitude of approximately 50 km to 750 km. Measurements are made from the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to the far ultraviolet (FUV) over the wavelength range of 80 nm to 170 nm, with 1.8 nm resolution. The SSULI instrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for the Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) . A SSULI prototype, the Low Resolution Airglow and Auroral Spectrograph (LORAAS), was launched onboard the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) on February 23, 1999. More information can be found on the NRL SSULI site at\n\nhttp://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/ssuli/ \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSULI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Short_Name: SSULI\n Long_Name: Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 80 nm to 170 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2003-048A-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/ssuli/\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7cf5a975-8c60-45e6-b6bf-8f9a83ea07c5", "label": "SHIS", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The Scanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS) is a cross-track scanning interferometer sounder which measures emitted thermal radiation at high spectral resolution between 3.3 and 18 microns. The measured spectrally resolved radiance is used for a variety of applications, including retrieval of temperature and water vapor profiles of the Earth's atmosphere, determination of surface emissivity and temperature, and validation of radiative transfer models and satellite measurements. The S-HIS produces sounding data with 2 kilometer spatial resolution (at nadir) across a 40 kilometer ground swath from an altitude of 20 kilometers (0.100 mrad FOV). The S-HIS instrument flies on a number of airborne platforms including the NASA ER-2, DC-8, Proteus, WB-57, and Global Hawk. On the Proteus and WB-57 aircraft, a zenith view is available, providing a means for calibration verification and studies of upper level water vapor.\n\nThe S-HIS is an advanced version of the HIS NASA ER-2 instrument. The S-HIS was initially designed to fly on an unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV) with limited payload capacity. This drove it to be small, lightweight, and modular, with low power consumption. It was developed between 1996 and 1998 at the University of Wisconsin (UW) Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) with the combined support of the US DOE, NASA, and the NPOESS Integrated Program Office. Its design and calibration techniques have matured from experience with the HIS and with the ground based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) instruments developed for the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. The nadir-only spatial sampling of the original HIS has been replaced by programmable cross-track coverage with similar sized footprints. The S-HIS is also smaller, more robust, and easier to operate. Since 1998, the S-HIS has flown in several field campaigns and has proven to be extremely dependable and effective.\n\nThe S-HIS instrument is maintained and operated by the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, WI. The principal scientific investigator for the S-HIS is Dr. Joe K Taylor", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cac095ca-d881-492d-83f7-b5fd393af848", "label": "WindCube", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "WindCube is the most flexible and accurate wind measurement technology available, for both onshore and offshore projects. It is well-suited for all turbine types and supports continuous measurement campaigns throughout all project phases. A highly refined, mature technology, WindCube provides unrivalled wind measurement capabilities and services for simplifying operations and maximizing operational continuity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a5db0f9-054b-41c8-a49e-75b704d28669", "label": "MWHS-2", - "broader": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", + "parentId": "4190ebdc-e89a-4f3f-bc74-b2af4c68d009", "definition": "The MicroWave Humidity Sounder 2 (MWHS-2) is an important instrument onboard FengYun-3C (FY-3C), the first operational satellite in a series of the second generation of polar-orbiting operational meteorological satellites of China.\n\nMWHS-2 was designed for observing the distribution of global atmospheric thermodynamics information, and monitoring the severe convective systems such as typhoon and rainstorm in all-weather conditions. Assimilation of MWHS-2 will improve the analysis of atmospheric humidity and temperature fields required for numerical weather prediction (NWP).", "children": [] } @@ -5500,33 +5500,33 @@ { "uuid": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "label": "Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0c439fcf-b55c-430e-baee-ae047032df46", "label": "FAI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "FAI was developed by a team of experts in partnership from the University of Calgary, Routes AstroEngineering, Burley Scientific, Keo Consultants Inc, and JENOPTIK Optical Systems, Inc. (Leroy Cogger). FAI images the auroral emission in the near infrared (NIR) and visible (VIS) spectral range. The major scientific objectives of the mission are associated with the Earth's high latitude atmosphere and ionosphere. The first thrust is to investigate the outflow of plasma from the polar regions and the related processes of micro-scale ion acceleration and wave-particle interaction, and auroral excitation. The second thrust is the study of 3D ionospheric irregularities using both active and passive radio techniques. The third emphasis is on the escape of neutral particles from high latitudes caused by temperature enhancements as well as by non-thermal processes. 39) 40)\n\nWhile the spatial resolution capability for most auroral imagers over the past two decades has been of the order of tens of km, the need in the ePOP mission was for an order of magnitude improvement. Likewise, a similar improvement in repetition rate was required. The challenge was met by carefully selecting the spectral elements to image and by taking advantage of the best available technology within the constraint of a very limited budget.\n\nThe instrument is a coaligned dual-head CCD imaging camera with detectors for NIR and narrow-band VIS (630 nm), intended to operate only over the polar regions of the orbit. The sensitivity of the cameras was maximized through the choice of a CCD detector and optics module. A thinned, backside-illuminated, high quantum efficiency and low noise CCD was selected, the E2V CCD67 in a 256 x 256 pixel array. The quantum efficiency is 0.8 at 630 nm. With two-stage thermoelectric cooling (TEC) of the AIMO (Asymmetric Inverted Mode Operation) device, the dark current can be kept insignificant for normal instrument operating temperatures. An f/4 telecentric lens system is being used in the optics unit with a 5:1 fiber-optic taper to provide an effective f-number of 0.8. Typically, FAI takes imagery at a rate of about 60 0.1 second exposures per minute with the NIR camera, and 1/2 second exposure per minute with the VIS camera.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c03710e-1898-49ec-84bb-c064e7a358d0", "label": "CER", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "the CER (Coherent Electromagnetic Radiation) objective is to determine ionospheric total electron density (TEC) by using a three-frequency beacon; cooperative ionospheric observations with fixed ground receivers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1df05f75-d41f-4acd-bd8b-e6262d9c3f49", "label": "Gun Detector", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c3c1bb15-f06f-4e94-9351-01c402bd73ca", "label": "MMS EDI", - "broader": "1df05f75-d41f-4acd-bd8b-e6262d9c3f49", + "parentId": "1df05f75-d41f-4acd-bd8b-e6262d9c3f49", "definition": "The Electron Drift Instrument\nmeasures both the electric and\nmagnetic fields by tracking the path of\nelectron beams through space. EDI\nsends a beam of electrons out into\nspace using each of its two Gun\nDetector Units. In the presence of\nmagnetic fields, electrons travel in\norbits that are nearly circles, so over\nthe course of about half a mile, the\nelectron beam curves around on\nitself until it comes back in to the\nsecond Gun Detector Unit. By\nmeasuring how long it takes the\nelectrons to circle back, one can\ncalculate the strength of the magnetic\nfields through which the beam traveled.\nWhen electric fields are present as\nwell, the electron beam will not make a\nperfect circle, but will drift in a\npredictable way as it returns. By\nmeasuring the size of that sideways\ndrift, one can calculate the strength of\nthe electric fields.\nThis technique of correctly capturing\nthe electron beam was successfully\ndemonstrated by the joint European\nSpace Agency/NASA Cluster mission.\nOn MMS, the EDI will take faster\nmeasurements than on Cluster. Its\nstrength, however, is not in its speed\nbut in its precision. Knowing the\ndisplacement of the particles in space\ndue to an electron field is crucial for\naccurate measurements by other\ninstruments aboard MMS.\nIf needed, EDI can also be used solely\nas a detector, measuring all incoming\nelectrons from space as opposed to\njust tracking its own specialized\nelectron beam. In this case, EDI can\nmake observations at rates of up to\n1,000 times a second.\nThe EDI electron gun was developed\nat the Space Research Institute. EDI\noptics were developed at the University of Iowa.\nThe sensitive detector, the controlling\nelectronics, and the overall integration\nand operation of the EDI instrument is\nthe responsibility of the University of\nNew Hampshire in Durham.", "children": [] } @@ -5535,48 +5535,48 @@ { "uuid": "42265517-3396-4f51-8016-89b9dd143a2a", "label": "NUCLEAR PRECESSION MAGNETOMETER", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "A NUCLEAR PRECESSION MAGNETOMETER is a measuring meter\ninstrument that measures the Earth?s magnetic field intensity\nwith nuclear powered technology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e95a04f-e746-4b55-b0f0-76631bb197fe", "label": "EFI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "EFI, also referred to as CEFI (Canadian Electric Field Instrument), is provided by Canada (CSA funding, design by the University of Calgary, with ComDev Ltd. of Cambridge, Ontario as instrument manufacturer). The CEFI sensor is based on SII (Suprathermal Ion Imager)-a Canadian particle detector design that has already proven its capability - to gather precise measurements of ion winds. The goal of the CEFI instrument is to characterize the electric field about the Earth by measuring the plasma density, drift, and acceleration at high resolution; also for plasma density mapping in conjunction with GPS.. CEFI derives its heritage from the CPA (Cold Plasma Analyzer) instrument on Freja, the Nozomi TPA instrument and the CUSP, JOULE and GEODESIC sounding rocket missions.\n\nThe plasma ion measurements are derived from energy-angle distributions that are generated by two orthogonal 2D electrostatic analyzers on each satellite. The ion bulk flow velocity and temperature are related to the distribution moments by transfer functions whose form are determined from simulations of the analyzers. The electric field is determined from measurements of the ion velocity and the magnetic field.\n\nThe main sources of error come from uncertainties in the instrument transfer functions, the sensor-to-plasma potential difference, particle Poission noise, galactic cosmic ray event, and detector gain variations.\n\nThe CEFI instrument is comprised of three main parts: the SII (Suprathermal Ion ImagerI) sensors, the LP (Langmuir Probe) sensors, and the Electronics Assembly. The electronics assembly contains all of the electronics necessary to support power supply, sensor data acquisition, instrument control and communications with the spacecraft bus. The electronics assembly and SII sensors will be positioned on the ram face of each Swarm spacecraft along with the Langmuir probes positioned preferably on the ram and nadir faces of each spacecraft and connected to the electronics assembly with wire harnesses.\n\nThe SII sensors are of CPA heritage; they are using a unique particle focusing scheme developed at the University of Calgary. Ions enter a narrow aperture slit and are then deflected by a pair of hemispherical grids that create a region having electric fields directed radially inward. Incoming low-energy positive ions are accelerated toward the center of the spherical system, whereas ions with larger kinetic energies travel farther toward the edge of the detector, creating an energy spectrum as a function of detector radius.\n\nParticles arriving from out of the plane of Figure 37 land at different azimuths on the image plane. The resulting image from each SII sensor is a 2D cut through the ion distribution function, from which one can calculate ion density, drift velocity (2D), temperature, and higher-order moments. The two SII sensor head assemblies are oriented such that the aperture slits are oriented perpendicularly to each other, enabling 3D characterization of the ion distribution.\n\nRange of operational conditions:\n\n• Natural variability\n\n- Ion densities (108-10 m-3)\n\n- Ion and electron temperatures (0.1-0.5eV)\n\n- Ionospheric plasma flow (~200 m/s)\n\n• Active biasing of face plate\n\n• Passive biasing of material components associated with different work functions and contact potentials.\n\nWhen the charged particles strike the MCP Microchannel Plate) detector, the signal is amplified through secondary emission processes. The voltage applied across the MCP controls the gain of the device. In parts of the orbit where ion flux is high, the voltage applied to the front surface is reduced to limit the gain of the device and preserve its life. This gain adjustment is part of an automatic gain control realized through the use of a feedback loop using the CEFI instrument faceplate current as a control input. Where sufficient gain control cannot be achieved via the MCP voltage alone, an electrostatic shutter will gate the incoming ions with duty cycles ranging from 100% to well below 1%.\n\nA Langmuir Probe assembly is part of the CEFI device to provide measurement of electron density, electron temperature and spacecraft potential. The LP design is based on hardware flown on the Cluster and Rosetta missions of ESA and was developed by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics. The overall height of the LP sensor is 10 mm.\n\nThe instrument electronics assembly includes the following electrical subsystems:\n\n• Instrument controller\n\n• Detector readout electronics\n\n• HVPS (High Voltage Power Supply)\n\n• LVPS (Low Voltage Power Supply). The primary function of the LVPS is to generate low voltages for other electronics within the Swarm CEFI instrument.\n\n• Langmuir probe assemblies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70fbd942-21f6-4ab5-98e6-f4897024ea6f", "label": "OVM", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "An Overhauser magnetometer uses RF power to excite the electrons of a special chemical dissolved in the hydrogen-rich liquid. The electrons pass on their excited state to the hydrogen nuclei, altering their spin state populations, and polarizing the liquid, just like in a standard proton magnetometer but with much less power and to greater extent.\n\nActually, the total magnetization vector of the hydrogen liquid is larger in an Overhauser magnetometer, which allows sensitivity to be improved as well. Also, since the liquid can be polarized while the signal is being measured, Overhauser magnetometers have a much higher speed of cycling and sensitivity than standard proton precession magnetometers.\n\nOverhauser magnetometers are without question the most energy efficient magnetometers available with sensitivities suitable for Earth field measurement. Power consumption can be optimized to be as low as 1W for continuous operation, yielding sensitivities between 0.1nT to 0.01nT, and sampling rates as high as 5Hz. Also, no warm up time is required, so for slow reading rates, the sensor can be shut down to save power. Continuous Overhauser magnetometers, like the GSM-19 or GSM-11, operate with continuous polarization, and offer sampling rates up to 10Hz, but require more power (few watts) to operate.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.gemsys.ca/index.htm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OVM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: OVM\n Long_Name: Overhauser Scalar Magnetometer\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gemsys.ca/index.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", "label": "Spectrometers", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9c9a60bf-0ac1-4e54-92bd-b6a5284649da", "label": "MMS EIS", - "broader": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", + "parentId": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", "definition": "The Energetic Ion Spectrometer\nalso gathers all-sky measurements of\nthe energetic ions, gathering\ninformation about their energy, their\narrival direction and their mass. EIS\ncan determine the mass of these\nparticles by measuring their velocity\nand total energy. The mass information\nhelps determine how many protons,\nhelium and oxygen ions are present at\nenergies above those reachable by\nHPCE.\n\nTo measure the energy, EIS uses a\nsolid state detector like the one on\nFEEPS. Velocity is measured using\ntwo very thin foils and a microchannel\nplate sensor. When an ion travels\nthrough the first foil it knocks a few\nelectrons off. These electrons are\ndeflected toward the microchannel\nplate, which can amplify the signal,\nsending 1 million electrons out the\nother side -- just like the detectors\nused in the plasma suite. The ion\ncontinues traveling to the second foil,\nwhere a similar process occurs. By\ndetermining the time of flight between\nelectron detection at the first and\nsecond foils, the instrument can\ndetermine the velocity of the original\nincoming particle.\n\nCombining the comprehensive ion\nmeasurements of EIS with the simpler\nion measurements on FEEPS allows\nresearchers to determine the ion\nproperties at a faster rate of 1/3 of a\nspacecraft spin, a cadence that will\nsometimes be needed in the vicinity of\nfast changing reconnection sites.\nEIS development was led by the Johns\nHopkins University Applied, Md.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bcc90341-d46c-4714-b987-620a26904c94", "label": "MMS FPI", - "broader": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", + "parentId": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", "definition": "The Fast Plasma Investigation\nobserves the fast-moving plasma.\nIncoming particles pass through a filter\nwhich cherry picks certain particle\nspeeds and directions and allows them\nto pass through to a sensor plate.\nWhen an incoming particle hits the\nsensor plate, some million electrons\ncome out the other side, so the\ninstrument can detect the event. The\nwhole process takes several\nnanoseconds. By separately\nmeasuring electrons and ions, and by\nfiltering for specific energies, FPI can\ncount the number of particles of each\nkind entering the instrument from a\nrange of directions at different energies\nduring any given time span.\n\nPast plasma detectors have relied on\nthe spin of the spacecraft to gain a full\nview of its environment, but with only a\njourney of a fraction of a second\nthrough any given magnetic\nreconnection site, FPI must be much\nfaster. Four sensors are used to detect\nthe negatively charged electrons and\nanother four for the positively charged\nions. Each sensor is made of two\nspectrometers whose field of view is\nseparated by 45 degrees, each of\nwhich can scan through a 45-degree\narc for a larger panorama. All together\nthe sensors can observe the entire sky.\nThe box for each dual sensor and its\ncomponents is as big as a small\ntoaster oven, weighing in at about 15\npounds.\n\nIn combination, FPI – consisting of the\nfour dual electron spectrometers, the\nfour dual ion spectrometers, and one\ndata processing unit -- will produce a\nthree-dimensional picture of the ion\nplasma every 150 milliseconds and of\nthe electron plasma every 30\nmilliseconds. These frame rates are\nsimilar to those used in video and a\nfactor of 100 times faster than what\nhas been accomplished before for\nelectrons.\n\nThe dual electron spectrometers and\nthe processing unit, or IDPU, were built\nat NASA Goddard. The dual ion\nspectrometers were built by Meisei\nElectric in Gunma, Japan, under the\ndirection of the Institute of Space and Aeronautical\nSciences, a part of the Japanese\nAerospace Exploration Agency.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0134cc6-79d0-492d-9e9a-6320e04ed972", "label": "NMS", - "broader": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", + "parentId": "717ba2ad-1580-46d5-8540-f59e9ec0dd56", "definition": "NMS (Neutral Mass and Velocity Spectrometer) measures the density and velocity of neutral atmospheric species using an open-source electron impact ionization chamber and a microchannel plate (MCP) imaging detection subassembly. It employs a planar entrance aperture with a plasma filter to repel low energy charged particles.", "children": [] } @@ -5585,34 +5585,34 @@ { "uuid": "99f75fc4-61dd-4d4e-8390-e64e0fef01ca", "label": "MTQ", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "[Source: NASA/Utexas, http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sat.html ]\n \nThe Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) consists of sensors, actuators and software. The sensors include the DSS Coarse Earth Sun Sensor (CESS) for omni-directional, coarse attitude measurement in the initial acquisition, survival and stand-by modes of the satellite. The high precision sensors include the SCA and GPS receiver. An Inertial Reference Unit (IRU), used in survival modes, provides 3-axis rate information. A Förster Magnetometer is mounted on the deployable boom, to provide additional rate information. The actuators for the AOCS include Cold Gas Assembly and a Magnetorquer. The GN2 reaction control system includes two pressure vessels, valves, regulators and filters, along with 12 attitude control thrusters and two orbit control thrusters. Three magnetorquers with linear dipole moments of 30 Am2 complete the set of AOCS actuators. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MTQ\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MTQ\n Long_Name: Magnetic Torque Rod\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sat.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", "label": "Probes", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0ec93d14-49bb-42be-9042-063384a221c4", "label": "MMS ADP", - "broader": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", + "parentId": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", "definition": "MMS carries two sets of doubleprobe\ninstruments. Each measures the\nvoltage between two electrodes to\ndetermine the electric field. As the field\nchanges are quite small, the electrodes\nmust be set as widely apart as possible\nto provide a robust signal. Thus the\ndouble probes sensors reside at the\nends of very long booms that deploy\naway from the main body of each\nobservatory after they are launched.\n\nThe Spin-plane Double Probe, or SDP,\nconsists of four 200-foot wire booms\nwith spherical sensors at the end.\nThese booms stick out of the sides of\nthe observatories. The Axial Double\nProbe, or ADP, is aligned through the\ncenter of each observatory, along its\nspin axis. It is made of two 30-foot\nantennas. The ADP is controlled via a\nseparate electronics box, called the\nAxial Electronic Box or AEB.\n\nGathering accurate measurements\nwhile each spacecraft spins around is\nno small feat and the accuracy of the\nprobes is continually checked and\ncalibrated against measurements made by EDI.\nThe SDP is the product of a\ncollaboration between the University of\nNew Hampshire, the Royal Institute of\nTechnology in Sweden, and the\nUniversity of Colorado in Boulder. The\nADP was provided by the University of\nColorado.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78af5114-336b-4e5b-98bc-59db351bdcef", "label": "MMS SDP", - "broader": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", + "parentId": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", "definition": "MMS carries two sets of doubleprobe\ninstruments. Each measures the\nvoltage between two electrodes to\ndetermine the electric field. As the field\nchanges are quite small, the electrodes\nmust be set as widely apart as possible\nto provide a robust signal. Thus the\ndouble probes sensors reside at the\nends of very long booms that deploy\naway from the main body of each\nobservatory after they are launched.\n\nThe Spin-plane Double Probe, or SDP,\nconsists of four 200-foot wire booms\nwith spherical sensors at the end.\nThese booms stick out of the sides of\nthe observatories. The Axial Double\nProbe, or ADP, is aligned through the\ncenter of each observatory, along its\nspin axis. It is made of two 30-foot\nantennas. The ADP is controlled via a\nseparate electronics box, called the\nAxial Electronic Box or AEB.\n\nGathering accurate measurements\nwhile each spacecraft spins around is\nno small feat and the accuracy of the\nprobes is continually checked and\ncalibrated against measurements\nmade by EDI.\n\nThe SDP is the product of a\ncollaboration between the University of New Hampshire, the\nRoyal Institute of Technology in\nSweden, and the University of\nColorado in Boulder. The ADP was\nprovided by the University of Colorado.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fcdd7f4-a96b-4c42-a60e-225419d86443", "label": "Zhangheng LAP", - "broader": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", + "parentId": "a172d205-122a-4a8b-b73a-52c1d44d6aaa", "definition": "The Langmuir Probe, realized by the Center for Space Science and Applied Research of the Chinese Academy of Science, allows to:\n\n- monitor the global parameters of the ionosphere in situ\n\n- study the coupling between lithosphere and ionosphere before, during and after earthquakes.\n\nThe LP consists of a pair of spherical Langmuir Probes with diameters of 5 cm and 1 cm, respectively, installed at the tip of booms 50 cm long. The LP has been tested in an Electronics test facility for an electronics calibration and in the INAF-IAPS Plasma Chamber.", "children": [] } @@ -5621,27 +5621,27 @@ { "uuid": "b1a1df43-48b0-4fa5-b6dc-dd3646803161", "label": "PROTON MAGNETOMETER", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "A PROTON MAGNETOMETER is a measuring meter instrument that\nmeasures the Earth?s magnetic field intensity, but this uses\nprotons (positively charged particles) to help measure properly.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", "label": "Particle Detectors", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "04fd88ee-5d49-487a-b6d9-f2fc43050543", "label": "MMS FEEPS", - "broader": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", + "parentId": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", "definition": "The primary job of FEEPS is to obtain nearly instantaneous all-sky measurements of how many electrons of different energies and different arrival directions are present. The instrument relies on solid state detectors made of silicon, a semiconductor much like those used in computer electronic systems. Whenever a charged particle hits the detector, it initiates a current that can be used to measure the energy of the original particle. There are two FEEPS instruments per spacecraft, and together they provide 18 views in different directions simultaneously, giving rise to the 'fly's eye' in the instrument's name. FEEPS has two sets of sensors, one for electrons and one for ions. The solid state detectors within each of the electron 'eyes' are covered by a 2-micrometer aluminum foil, which keeps out the ions. The detectors for the ion views, on the other hand, have no aluminum foil and are exceedingly thin so that electrons generally pass through without leaving a detectable signal.\n\nFEEPS development was led by The Aerospace Corporation of El Segundo, Calif.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ffba6ea-5767-4aac-ac90-d1845ca6e595", "label": "Zhangheng HEP", - "broader": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", + "parentId": "b9689a31-2752-45af-81ed-58d662a495bc", "definition": "The HEP instrument package is being developed at the IHEP/CAS (Institute of High Energy Physics /Chinese Academy of Sciences) of Beijing. The package consists of a high-energy (HEPP-H), a low-energy detector (HEPP-L) and a solar X-ray detector (HEPP-X).", "children": [] } @@ -5650,20 +5650,20 @@ { "uuid": "cfc5cf67-75e6-4cc4-9abe-ca2eda777ddc", "label": "MAGVAR", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "The Magnetic Variometer (MAGVAR) is an instrument that measures\nthe angle between the magnetic and geographic (true) north at a\nlocation, expressed in degrees east or west from the direction\nof true north.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9fca203-ace2-4d3e-8e5c-2c556ba3cf4b", "label": "Composition Analyzer", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ffddbe98-056e-46d8-9fc1-27f6807ce0a7", "label": "MMS HPCA", - "broader": "d9fca203-ace2-4d3e-8e5c-2c556ba3cf4b", + "parentId": "d9fca203-ace2-4d3e-8e5c-2c556ba3cf4b", "definition": "The Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer (HPCA) is more concerned with detecting exactly which kinds of ions are present. It gathers more detailed measurements but at a slower rate.\n\nWhen an ion, hits the carbon foil at the front of the sensor, it knocks off an electron. The HPCA uses this electron to start a timer to measure the time it takes the original particle to hit a stop detector. This time can be used to determine the particle's speed, and this speed is used to determine the mass of the original particle. The mass, in turn, is used to determine what particle it was.\n\nThe material in Earth's magnetosphere is dominated by a different set of atoms than the material streaming in from the sun with the solar wind: protons, singly-charged helium and oxygen in the magnetospheric plasma; protons and doubly-charged helium in the solar wind. Consequently, using the HPCA to observe what ions are present during any given event helps scientists determine which kind of plasma was involved, and assess the effects of particles of different charge and mass. \n\nUnlike FPI, the HPCA needs only one sensor. The instrument relies on the spin of the spacecraft to view a sweep of the sky, gathering a set of observations every 10 seconds, the equivalent of half of the spacecraft's spin.\n\nThe HPCA also has a unique capability never before flown. There are usually so many solar wind protons compared to, for example, magnetospheric oxygen that mass spectrometers flown in the past were overwhelmed -- and the oxygen signal was masked. HPCA uses radio frequency oscillations to sweep the majority of solar wind protons away from the detector, without affecting the magnetospheric oxygen, resulting in a 10- to 100-fold improvement in detection.\n\nThe HPCA was developed and built by the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas.", "children": [] } @@ -5672,97 +5672,97 @@ { "uuid": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "label": "MAGNETOMETERS", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "MAGNETOMETERS measure the Earth's magnetic field intensity. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MAGNETOMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetometer\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "03d748ff-7398-4ea8-87e7-38d0ef3e6167", "label": "VFM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "VFM is the prime instrument of the Swarm mission developed at DTU Space. The objective is to measure the magnetic field vector, on the boom, together with the star tracker for precise attitude measurement. The boom mounted Swarm vector magnetometer instrument consist of a triple star sensor block and a CSC (Compact Spherical Coil) vector magnetometer sensor, mounted on a stable optical bench (Figure 8). Each satellite contains the optical bench with one CSC and three CHU (Camera Head Unit). \n\nThe three star sensor units are arranged with the boresights 90º from each other so as to ensure that only one CHU may be affected by Sun or Moon intrusion at any given time. Hereby an attitude solution accurate in all three degrees of freedom can be delivered to the CSC throughout the entire mission. The CSC sensor and the triple star sensor block are mounted on either end of a highly stable mechanical structure.\n\nThe CSC vector sensor is supported by a zero CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) adapter that on the one end matches the zero CTE CFRP tube, used to displace the CSC sensor from the star sensor heads (CHU), and on the other end matches the 32 ppm CTE CSC sensor, by means of a finger section. The rotational symmetry of this design ensures an excellent angular stability.\n\nThe other end of the CFRP tube is attached to a CSiC bracket holding the three CHUs. The CSiC exhibit a heat distribution capacity second to none, minimizing thermal biases of this section, from the inevitable thermal gradient induced when the sun happens to illuminate any of the three CHUs. Because the CSiC is weakly magnetic, this material can only be used at distances larger than 20 cm from the CSC sensor.\n\nEach CHU is fitted with a straylight suppression system that is thermally decoupled from the optical bench. This separation minimizes thermal excursions from the time varying sun impingement over an orbit to less than a few degrees C. The straylight suppression system is mechanically mounted on an external thermal CFRP shroud, which also provides for thermal control of the entire optical bench. The material selection for all thermal protection has been performed to suppress soft or hard magnetic parts as well as parts that can generate magnetic fields under thermal gradients.\n\nVFM instrument: The VFM (fluxgate type) is based on the fluxgate transducer using a ringcore with amorphous magnetic material, which has a very low noise (10-20 pT rms). It has an extremely high stability < 0.05 nT/year. VFM consists of a CSC (Compact Spherical Coil) sensor, non redundant, mounted on the deployable boom, an internally redundant data processing unit (DPU) and the connecting harness. The spherical coils that create a homogeneous vector field inside the sphere are mounted on an isotropic and extremely stable mechanical support. In feedback conditions the sensor is used as a nulling device and the coils define uniquely the magnetic axes of the sensor. The VFM exhibits high linearity (< 1ppm), a component accuracy of 0.5 nT and precision of 50 pT rms.\n\nThe operation of the fluxgate sensor is based on the extreme symmetry of the positive and negative magnetic saturation levels of the ferromagnetic sensor core material. Continuous probing of the core saturation levels by a high frequency excitation magnetization current enables the sensor to detect deviations from the zero field with only tens of pT noise and sub-nT long term stability.\n\nThe mounting of the VFM sensor is using a sliced adaptor ring. The optical bench ensures mechanical stability of the system. Three star trackers provide full accuracy attitude.\n\nInstrument mass, power consumption\n\n1 kg, 1 W\n\nDimension of sensor head (CSC)\nMass, power\n\n82 mm Ø\n280 g, ~ 250 mW\n\nDimension of DPU\nMass of DPU, power\n\n100 x 100 x 60 mm\n750 g, ~1 W\n\nData rate\n\n \n\nDynamic range\n\n±65536.0 nT to 0.0625nT (21 bit)\n\nOmnidirectional linearity\n\n±0.0001% of full scale (±0.1nT in ±65536nT)\n\nIntrinsic sensor noise\n\n15 pTRMS in the band 0.01-10 Hz (6.6 pTRMS Hz-1/2 at 1 Hz)\n\nIntrinsic electronics noise\n\n50 pTRMS in the band 0.01-10 Hz (15 pTRMS Hz-1/2 at 1 Hz)\n\nSampling rate\n\n50 Hz, linear phase filter, -3dB frequency 13.1 Hz\n\nTemperature range\n\n-20ºC to +40ºC (Operating performance)\n-40ºC to +50ºC (Survival performance)\n\nThermal behavior\n- Offset\n- Scale factors\n- Non-orthogonality angles\n\n\n~0 nT/ºC (CSC), ~0.1 nT/ºC (electronics)\n~10 ppm/ºC (CSC), ~2 ppm/ºC (electronics)\n~0 arcsec/ºC (0.06, 0.07, 0.04)\n\nZero stability (thermal & long term)\n\n< ± 0.5 nT\n\nAbsolute accuracy of Ørsted magnetometer parameters (relative to ASM & STR):\n\n- Offset\n\n< 0.2 nT (~120 dB)\n\n- Scale factors\n\n< 0.0005%\n\n- Axes orthogonality\n\n< 0.0006º (~2 arcsec)\n\n- Axis alignment\n\n< 0.0002º (~7 arcsec)\n\nØrsted magnetometer with 3 offsets, 3 scale factors & 3 angles for 6.5year:\n\nAccuracy\n\n< 0.5 nT", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1300915c-2564-4859-9e6c-8b2257adfadc", "label": "VSM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "A vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) (also referred to as a Foner magnetometer) is a scientific instrument that measures magnetic properties.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20ee59ce-5b73-490f-a7f9-68436314a525", "label": "MMS SCM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "The Search Coil Magnetometer\nprovides direct measurements of\nchanges in the magnetic fields, using\nsomething called an induction\nmagnetometer. The magnetometer\ncontains a coil of wire around a\nferromagnetic material. It is a basic law\nof physics that a changing magnetic\nfield near such a coil will induce a\nvoltage. This voltage, in turn, can be\nused to measure how the magnetic\nfield changes.\nThe SCM was developed at the\nLaboratory for Plasma Physics in\nParis, France.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "277ba2c1-6625-4e5e-8e87-3907ff6178f1", "label": "MMS DFG", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "The fluxgate magnetometers\nprovide two sets of similar\nmeasurements. The fluxgates carry a\npermeable material that changes\nproperties in response to the presence\nof magnetic fields. Measuring how they\nchange can be correlated to strength of\nthe field down to a half a nanotesla –\ntypical fields in the regions of interest\nwill be about 50 nanotesla.\nThe AFG sensors were provided by the\nUniversity of California in Los Angeles\nand the DFG instrumentation was\nprovided by the Space Research\nInstitute of the Austrian Academy of\nSciences in Graz, Austria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cc96a71-b8c6-4b4e-abd2-585fd7bc00fe", "label": "SSM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "A SQUID (for superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely subtle magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7bc737c-15de-4b67-9bc3-5fa7c2b651d5", "label": "ASM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "ASM is provided by CNES (French Space Agency) and CEA-LETI (French Atomic Energy Commission - Laboratoire d'Electronique de Technologie et d'Instrumentation), Grenoble, France. The objective is to measure magnetic field strength and to calibrate the VFM device to maintain the absolute accuracy during the multi-year mission. ASM is positioned at the very tip of the boom. The required main performance characteristics of the ASM are: absolute accuracy of < 0.3 nT (2σ), resolution < 0.1 nT within its full-scale range of 15000-65000 nT.\n\nMeasurement concept: To overcome the limitations of the OVM (Overhauser Magnetometers) identified during the Oersted and Champ programs, a new magnetometer has been designed for the Swarm mission. The ASM pumped helium magnetometer relies on a low pressure helium vapor as the sensing medium (Figure 26), with the optical pumping process the counterpart of the dynamic nuclear polarization.\n\nOne important difference is however due to the fact that the optical pumping is a much more efficient polarization method, leading to an almost complete polarization. As a consequence, the signal amplitude does no longer depend on the magnetic field strength and a resolution of 1 pT/ (Hz)1/2 is now obtained over the complete measurement range.\n\nAs compared to most optically pumped magnetometers, the ASM operates with linearly polarized pumping light instead of circularly polarized light. The main reasons for that choice are the following:\n\n- the strong interaction between the laser pumping beam and the helium atoms can in general affect their energy level and result in so-called light shifts whenever the pumping light wavelength is detuned from the helium transition center wavelength. Now using linearly polarized light suppresses this effect, thus significantly increasing the instrument’s accuracy.\n\n- the key parameter governing the optical pumping angular dependence is then the direction of the laser polarization, whereas it is the propagation direction of the pumping beam that matters in circularly polarized light. Now when trying to design an isotropic instrument, i.e an instrument whose performances are independent of the sensor attitude, it is obviously easier to control the direction of the linear polarization than to rotate the whole sensor in order to align it properly with respect to the magnetic field direction. In our case the isotropy is thus simply achieved thanks to the use of an amagnetic piezoelectric motor which permanently controls the laser polarization and the RF magnetic field directions so that they are both perpendicular to the static magnetic field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1573a94-789a-4510-a8e4-b358f62180e6", "label": "CS-3", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6c2bb9d-071b-4a74-8ba4-84e1ac268ed8", "label": "MSS AFG", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "The fluxgate magnetometers\nprovide two sets of similar\nmeasurements. The fluxgates carry a\npermeable material that changes\nproperties in response to the presence\nof magnetic fields. Measuring how they\nchange can be correlated to strength of\nthe field down to a half a nanotesla –\ntypical fields in the regions of interest\nwill be about 50 nanotesla.\nThe AFG sensors were provided by the\nUniversity of California in Los Angeles\nand the DFG instrumentation was\nprovided by the Space Research\nInstitute of the Austrian Academy of\nSciences in Graz, Austria.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb47a4c5-5ab5-4803-9395-f58de828499c", "label": "MGF", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "The MGF (Magnetic Field Instrument) primary objective is the characterization of electric currents flowing to and from the high latitude (auroral) ionosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2da3a4c-b2f9-42c7-932f-899375f733bc", "label": "GEOMET 823A", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ecb3b826-7409-4b0b-be34-51bfd8cd9ab5", "label": "MGM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "MGM (3-axis Magnetometer) is used for magnetic torquer control and as rate sensors. The readings from the three MGM on each axis are subject to a 2 out of 3 majority voting scheme.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "264a8a52-d929-4b07-a0df-0af8a99b1b61", "label": "Zhangheng SCM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "The Search-Coil Magnetometer (SCM) measures the magnetic field fluctuations in ionosphere.\n\nMain parameters:\n- Band: 10 Hz - 20 kHz\n- Magnitude: 5×10-4- 50 nT\n- Sensitivity: 1 nT·Hz- 1/2 @ 2 kHz", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c820f9c5-af80-4fbc-aab8-2cd92739135b", "label": "Zhangheng HPM", - "broader": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", + "parentId": "deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a", "definition": "The HPM is an optically-pumped absolute scalar magnetometer which is based on two-photon spectroscopy of free alkali atoms. In a special laser based excitation mode, three different magnetic field dependent resonances arise in the presence of an external magnetic field. They reach their maximal strengths at different angles between the magnetic field direction and the reference axis of the sensor which is defined by the optical path of the laser excitation field. Dependent on this angle, the strongest resonance is selected for the actual measurement which enables an omnidirectional scalar magnetometer.\n\nMain parameters:\n\n- Frequency Range: DC-15 Hz\n\n- Resolution: 0.15 nT\n\n- Sensitivity: 0.05 nT·Hz- 1/2 @ 1 Hz", "children": [] } @@ -5771,21 +5771,21 @@ { "uuid": "ee53dfb1-6495-405e-953b-63434a2ec27e", "label": "SEI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "The SEI (Suprathermal Electron Imager) SEI measures the 2-D energy and angular distributions of thermal electrons and soft electrons in the range 1-200 eV/q with particular emphasis on photoelectrons in the 1 to 50 eV range, which are believed to play an important role in the polar wind outflow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1f8384c-3846-443b-8bd1-18b7696aafd4", "label": "RRI", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "The RRI (Radio Receiver Instrument) measures radio waves in the ULF and HF frequency range (up to 18 MHz).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d15acbf-5327-4b0c-87d6-5121d9ff6bf3", "label": "Zhangheng EFD", - "broader": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", + "parentId": "449b7d65-85e6-43a5-b87b-1071dc9936b2", "definition": "The objective of EFD is to measure the variation of the ionosphere electric field due to perturbations from solar, seismic and anthropic phenomena. It consists of about four meter long independent identical sensors installed at the tips of four booms (~ 4 m long) and it has been designed in collaboration between the LIP (Lanzhou Institute of Physics)of CAST and the INFN division of Roma Tor Vergata. Two different engineering models have been designed and tested in the Faraday Cage at the INFN division of Roma Tor Vergata, and in the Plasma Chamber at the IAPS-INAF Institute in Roma Tor Vergata.\n\nThe EFD Flight Model, assembled by the LIP (Lazhou Institute of Physics), has been optimized taking into account the performance of the two instruments.", "children": [] } @@ -5794,89 +5794,89 @@ { "uuid": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "label": "Thermal/Radiation Detectors", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "063d678b-bc2b-4bb1-b695-210c5d97049c", "label": "SREM", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SREM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Thermal/Radiation Detectors\n Short_Name: SREM\n Long_Name: Space Radiation Environment Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e9749cb-84f8-49d9-8af9-2df5f1b7c20c", "label": "FLIR", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "Forward looking infrared (FLIR) cameras, typically used on military and civilian aircraft, use a thermographic camera that senses infrared radiation.[1]\n\nThe sensors installed in forward-looking infrared cameras—as well as those of other thermal imaging cameras—use detection of infrared radiation, typically emitted from a heat source (thermal radiation), to create an image assembled for video output.\n\nThey can be used to help pilots and drivers steer their vehicles at night and in fog, or to detect warm objects against a cooler background. The wavelength of infrared that thermal imaging cameras detect differs significantly from that of night vision, which operates in the visible light and near-infrared ranges (0.4 to 1.0 μm).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f239f48-f42e-4129-a3f2-c7a9861c5583", "label": "ACTINOMETER", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "A ACTINOMETER is an instrument for measuring the intensity of\nelectromagnetic radiation (usually by the photochemical effect)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43d8f22f-2c9a-4aac-bc11-c2f08ce4623c", "label": "RRS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "528625c1-18bf-4e66-baf6-21b26980f39d", "label": "SSFR", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) is used to measure\nsolar spectral irradiance at moderate resolution to determine\nthe radiative effect of clouds, aerosols, and gases on climate,\nand also to infer the physical properties of aerosols and\nclouds. The newest version of the SSFR was designed primarily\nfor airborne platforms and thus it has no moving parts. Two\ninstruments were built and successfully deployed in three field\nmissions: 1) the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation\nMeasurement (ARM) Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE) II in\nFebruary/March, 2000; 2) the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE)\nin July, 2000; and 3) the South African Regional Science\nInitiative (SAFARI) in August/September, 2000. Additionally, the\nSSFR was used to acquire water vapor spectra using the Ames\n25-meter base-path multiple-reflection absorption cell in a\nlaboratory experiment.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgp/radiation/rad8.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "529b7330-c88f-426a-ae2b-7aa640beb5f2", "label": "FAN-ASPIRATED RADIATION SHIELD", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55c84391-ef1c-4318-9a8f-c2072e5a864a", "label": "GFE-3R DOSIMETER", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-03 ]\n\nThe purpose of the GFE-3R dosimeter was to measure the radiation dose in silicon under aluminum shielding of four thicknesses representative of Block 5D DMSP spacecraft. The dosimeter, built by the Aerospace Corporation Space Science Laboratory, consisted of four separate, single-detector units. These omnidirectional sensors were small, cubical, lithium-drifted, silicon detectors centered under hemispherical shells, and heavily shielded (relative to the hemispherical shell) over the rear 2 pi solid angle. The shielding domes for the four sensors were 35, 75, 125, and 200 mils of aluminum, respectively. The dosimeter directly measured the ionization in the silicon cube caused by the natural radiation and served as an electron-proton spectrometer, thus yielding the fluences of energetic electrons and protons encountered in the DMSP orbit, as a function of time. Four integral discriminators, with thresholds corresponding to deposited energy of 25, 75, 300, and 5000 keV, were used to analyze the pulse-height spectrum of signals produced by protons, electrons, and gamma rays entering the detector. Individual pulses from the 25, 300, and 5000 keV channels were counted in scaling registers, which are read out and reset by the telemetry system every three s. Pulses, whose amplitudes exceed the gating thresholds of 25 keV and 75 keV, were integrated into 1 MeV equivalent energy pulses (corresponding to a dose of 8.0E-6 rad), which were counted by a cumulative storage register. These registers were read out every three seconds but not reset by the telemetry so that the number of counts read out at any time represented the total energy in MeV deposited in the silicon acitve volume during the mission life. Maximum accumulated dose storage corresponded to 5.5E5 rads. Additional information can be obtained from Aerospace Corporation publication number TOR-0077(1630)-1, June 1977.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GFE-3R DOSIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Thermal/Radiation Detectors\n Short_Name: GFE-3R DOSIMETER\n Long_Name: Radiation Dosimeter (SSJ*)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-091A-03\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bab9a56-28b2-44f3-9673-d9cd0bee44bc", "label": "PYRANOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "PYRANOMETERS sometimes referred as solarimeters; the class of\nactinometers that measure the combined intensity of incoming\ndirect solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation; consists of a\nrecorder and a radiation sensing element that is mounted so it\nis able to view the entire sky.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a59245f-a074-470f-8b93-8ba7a6177afb", "label": "PYRHELIOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "PYRHELIOMETERS are the class of actinometers that measure the\nintensity of direct solar radiation; consists of a radiation\nsensing element which is enclosed except for a small section in\nwhich direct solar rays can enter.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", "label": "PYRGEOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "PYRGEOMETERS are instruments for measuring radiation in the long\nwave range between 2 and 60 nm; it measures the terrestrial\nradiation and atmospheric radiation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "86d56006-93bf-4cbc-9c1f-8a3ca2fea45a", "label": "CG4", - "broader": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", + "parentId": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "be3f59cc-d501-45d3-b4be-ac24e10c9eb0", "label": "Pyrgeometer", - "broader": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", + "parentId": "7bf2a88f-52e6-4903-abe8-3765a3e8c6ae", "definition": "A pyrgeometer is a device that measures near-surface infra-red radiation spectrum in the wavelength spectrum approximately from 4.5 µm to 100 µm. This instrument has different sensitivity to short and long-wave radiations and can measure both terrestrial and atmospheric radiation.", "children": [] } @@ -5885,84 +5885,84 @@ { "uuid": "97aedd07-23eb-4983-8712-188d6949b3ce", "label": "SOLARIMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "Solarimeters are pyranometers developed by W. Gorczyski,\nconsisting of a Moll thermopile shielded from the wind by a bell\nglass.\n\n[Source: Glossary of Meteorology]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9f8dd0d-94ff-48fa-ba0f-ec5b89519bbf", "label": "PYRRADIOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "Pyrradiometers are instruments used for the measurement of\nradiation in the total spectrum of the solar radiation.\n\n[Summary provided by Process Controls and Instrumentation]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8da0692-df8a-4f81-9256-50cce6000301", "label": "BOLOMETERS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "BOLOMETERS are instruments that measure the intensity of radiant\nenergy by employing a thermally sensititive electrical resistor;\na type of actinometer; also called an actinic balance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf168eb9-97ed-4396-8013-13e4a35c3697", "label": "SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-07 ]\n\nThe primary purpose of the space radiation dosimeter was to measure the radiation dose above desired thresholds in silicon under aluminum shielding of four thicknesses representative of the Block 5D DMSP spacecraft. The instrument consisted of four detectors mounted beneath hemispherical domes of different thicknesses. Each detector was a pin-diffused junction silicon diode. The dosimeter directly measured the ionization in the silicon cube caused by natural radiation and served as an electron-proton spectrometer, thus yielding the integral fluxes of energetic electrons and protons encountered in the orbit as a function of time. The energy thresholds for measured electrons by different dome sensors were 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 MeV, and those for protons were 20, 35, 51, and 75 MeV. The radiation dose and the energetic electron flux obtained in this experiment may result in an optimization of space radiation-shielding design to protect sensitive electronics components.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Thermal/Radiation Detectors\n Short_Name: SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1983-113A-07\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c35d861f-7877-4cfa-9a55-e1722047efc6", "label": "PYRANOGRAPHS", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "Pyranographs measure changes in solar radiation by a mechanism\nsimilar to that in the hygrothermograph. The differential\nshrinking and expanding of two bimetallic strips causes a pen to\nmove up or down against a rotating drum, recording changes in\nsolar radiation. Both strips are exposed to the ambient air\ntemperature, but one strip is shielded from the direct rays of\nthe sun and the other is exposed. The pen moves when the\ntemperature of the exposed strip increases beyond that of the\nshielded strip, i.e. when direct radiation from the sun causes\nit to heat up and expand. The pen does not move when both\nstrips are changing temperature at the same rate in response to\nchanges in the ambient air temperature. In effect, the shielded\nstrip is the baseline and solar radiation is measured as any\nchange in the exposed strip that exceeds that baseline.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.hubbardbrook.org/yale/watersheds/w6/rain-gauge-stop/\ntemperature.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Hubbard Brook]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e910e0c5-5cd3-420c-be6e-c909f487ed6c", "label": "TD-LIF", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The UC Berkeley thermal-dissociation laser-induced fluorescence (TD- LIF) instrument detects NO2 directly and detects total peroxynitrates (ΣPNs ≡ PAN + PPN +N2O5 + HNO4. . .), total alkyl- and other thermally stable organic nitrates (ΣANs), and HNO3 following thermal dissociation of these NOy species to NO2. The sensitivity for NO2 at 1 Hz is 30 pptv (S/N=2) with a slope uncertainty of 5%. The uncertainties for the dissociated species are 10% for ΣPNs and 15% for ΣANs and HNO3.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7d825599-5ffd-4e06-a97f-a1bcc3080477", "label": "CNR4", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The CNR4 net radiometer measures the energy balance between incoming short-wave and long-wave Far Infrared (FIR) radiation versus surface-reflected short-wave and outgoing long-wave radiation. It consists of a pyranometer pair, one facing upward, the other facing downward, and a pyrgeometer pair in a similar configuration. The pyranometer pair measures short-wave radiation and the pyrgeometer pair measures long-wave radiation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f164613e-d75f-4293-a2ce-fad711c66235", "label": "Total Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The Total Detector is used to measure the longwave and shortwave radiances from the integrating sphere.The shortwave reference source is used to determine the shortwave detector and shortwave portion of the total detector gains and offsets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0dd9c32-e0a3-486e-85e7-2628fbef4ede", "label": "Window Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The Window Detector measures Earth-emitted longwave radiation in the water vapor window wavelength region of 8 µm to 12 µm.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5c76a4d-7def-459b-8cdc-169dbaff56ce", "label": "Shortwave Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The shortwave detector measures Earth-reflected solar radiation in the wavelength region of 0.3 µm to 5.0 µm.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc7aac56-5fb4-4c0d-ba3d-2c396db4edc0", "label": "Longwave Detector", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The longwave detector was used to measure longwave radiances from the integrating sphere. The properly corrected differences between the total and longwave detector measurements were used to characterize the shortwave radiances from the integrating sphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89b90dcc-3ff5-4e85-902e-519136081345", "label": "Eppley PIR", - "broader": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", + "parentId": "5440f386-8dac-4779-91a6-e610a06ab6f5", "definition": "The Precision Infrared Radiometer (Pyrgeometer) is intended for measurement, separately, of downwelling or upwelling longwave irradiance. Unlike instruments that measure the shortwave (solar) irradiance, there is no official ISO/WMO\nclassification of pyrgeometers which are designed to measure the longwave (infrared) irradiance from the sky. The PIR comprises the same wirewound thermopile detector and temperature compensation circuitry as found in the SPP pyranometers. This thermopile detector is used to measure the “net radiation” of the PIR and a case thermistor (YSI 44031) is used to determine the outgoing radiation from the case. A dome thermistor is included if one wishes to measure the dome temperature as compared to the case temperature to make any “corrections” to the final result.", "children": [] } @@ -5971,54 +5971,54 @@ { "uuid": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "label": "Positioning/Navigation", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01992a08-d5a3-4eb6-8b46-7e3caa395022", "label": "GYROS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "GYROS are compass systems that do not depend on magnetism but\nuses a gyroscope instead; a rotating mechanism in the form of a\nuniversally mounted spinning wheel that offers resistance to\nturns in any direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07f78cd4-9f41-40d8-b6a6-9d3f5f635a20", "label": "DIGITAL BEACON RECEIVER", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d8c65c6-a8f3-4a72-a958-7aa1487a9b78", "label": "OPTICAL BEACON", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18403ff3-3d2d-4ad4-a25d-d098f4c17c21", "label": "SARR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "[Source: NASA POES Project and NOAA KLM User Guide, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sarrsarp.html\nhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-7.htm ]\n\nThe Search and Rescue instruments are part of the international Cospas-Sarsat system designed to detect and locate Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs), Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs), and Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) operating at 121.5, 243, and 406.05 MHz. The NOAA spacecraft carries two instruments to detect these emergency beacons: the Search and Rescue Repeater (SARR) provided by Canada and the Search and Rescue Processor (SARP-2) provided by France. Similar instruments are carried by the Russian COSPAS polar-orbiting satellites.\n\nThe SARR transponds the signals of 121.5, 243, and 406.05-MHz emergency beacons. However, these beacon signals are detected on the ground only when the satellite is in view of a ground station known as a Local User Terminal (LUT).\n\nThe SARP detects the signal only from 406.05-MHz beacons but stores the information for subsequent downlink to a LUT. Thus, global detection of 406.05-MHz emergency beacons is provided. This processor consists of a receiver power unit (rpu) and signal processing unit (spu).\n\nThe U.S. fishing fleet is required to carry 406.05-MHz emergency beacons. The 406.05-MHz beacons are also carried on most large international ships, some aircraft, and pleasure vessels, as well as on terrestrial carriers. The 121.5-MHz and 243-MHz beacons are required on many small aircraft with a smaller number carried on maritime vessels.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SARR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SARR\n Long_Name: Search and Rescue Repeater\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/sarrsarp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-7.htm\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/instruments/images/enlarged_sarr.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", "label": "Radar", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "312862a1-759b-4a87-8115-aa1443395e88", "label": "SUPERSTAR", - "broader": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", + "parentId": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ]\n\nThe SuperSTAR accelerometer manufactured by ONERA/CNES (France) is a modified version of the ASTRE high precision accelerometer previously flown on different Shuttle-missions (Life and Microgravity Science Mission (STS-78, 1996), Microgravity Science Laboratory (STS-83, STS-94, 1997)) and the STAR accelerometer which will be operated on the CHAMP satellite.\n\nThe accelerometer serves to measure all non-gravitational accelerations on the GRACE satellite due to air drag, solar radiation pressure or attitude control activator impulses initiated by the attitude and orbit control system (AOCS). In combination with the sub-mm intersatellite distance observed by the k-band ranging system (KBR) and the accurate satellite position measured by the onboard GPS receiver, the Earth's gravity field can be deduced with unprecedented accuracy.\n\nThe measurement principle of the SuperSTAR accelerometer is based on the electrostatic suspension of a parallel-epipedic proof-mass inside a cage. The cage walls are equipped with control electrodes which serve both as capacitive sensors to derive the instantaneous proof-mass (PM) position and as actuators to apply electrostatic forces in order to keep the PM motionless in the centre of the cage. Because the ACC sensor is hard-mounted with the GRACE satellite body, the amount of these control forces in combination with the well known proof-mass can be used to derive the acceleration vector for any moment of time.\n\nThe PM has to be positioned very precisely at the Center of Gravity (CoG) of the GRACE satellite to avoid acceleration offsets and measurement disturbances. In order to meet the very high requirements for GRACE gravity recovery this offset shall be measured with an accuracy of 50 µm in all 3 axis and corrected by a Center of Mass Trim Assembly (CMT). The planned resolution of the CHAMP STAR accelerometer is 1 · 10-9 ms-2 integrated over the frequency bandwith of 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz. Its full measurement range is 10-3 ms-2 . Because of the low-vibration design of the GRACE spacecraft and the high temperature stability (below 0.1° Celsius) the SuperSTAR ACC full scale range will be increased to 5 · 10-5 ms-2 . Additional improvements (proof mass offset voltage reduction from 20V to 10V, smaller acceleration bias and bias fluctuations by a factor of 20) increases the GRACE ACC resolution to 1 · 10-10 ms-2 . For the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements the attitude of the ACC will be measured very precisely by a star camera assembly (SCA).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE ACC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar\n Short_Name: GRACE ACC\n Long_Name: GRACE SuperSTAR Accelerometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10-3 ms-2\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/docs/GRACE.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: GFZ Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea344ac5-1b12-47dc-ba33-c2e950a3378a", "label": "SDPTR", - "broader": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", + "parentId": "195f58c2-8ba2-4bcd-87e4-2c8d26997b3f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -6027,41 +6027,41 @@ { "uuid": "1edddcf6-ce7e-4056-a829-dcc29b5edb16", "label": "COMPASSES", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "Compasses are instruments for indicating a horizontal reference\ndirection relative to the Earth.\n\n[Source: Dictionary.Com]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", "label": "QZSS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", "children": [ { "uuid": "431b8ff0-551a-47dc-ac1a-a745ef27830a", "label": "QZSS P", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", + "parentId": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e6991d1-cbb3-451e-84bb-e592e07f022a", "label": "QZSS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", + "parentId": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4d536ad-fb99-46b4-a1d1-f8b4e19da1b3", "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", + "parentId": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6a6369a-e95b-450d-b5aa-46e0034d5fea", "label": "QZSS", - "broader": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", + "parentId": "3910e051-f05b-4f1c-937e-c3e4f249847e", "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", "children": [] } @@ -6070,55 +6070,55 @@ { "uuid": "3ceae8e3-4f8d-49d7-b07a-d779b5fb33c2", "label": "TRANSPONDERS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "TRANSPONDERS are electrical devices designed to receive a\nspecific signal and automatically transmit a specific reply.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4158be33-fc11-416b-a9a8-ea9f90a898fb", "label": "SDTA", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41e9430e-97ad-4f89-8908-f3eb481591b1", "label": "GNSS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", "label": "Beidou", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is China’s satellite navigation system and will consist of 35 satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1e11acdb-0f09-4562-9558-db3a80f9bbb0", "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", + "parentId": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5cb6bed4-b046-4156-8daf-296d803f7505", "label": "Beidou P", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", + "parentId": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78c56202-f84a-470f-8de6-287b3f39b2bb", "label": "Beidou", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", + "parentId": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", "definition": "The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is China’s satellite navigation system and will consist of 35 satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab691c1b-9cca-461b-a726-6df04da70576", "label": "Beidou RECEIVERS", - "broader": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", + "parentId": "43d17037-c574-4abc-9831-d9c5064e00f7", "definition": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is China's second-generation satellite navigation system that will be capable of providing positioning, navigation, and timing services to users on a continuous worldwide basis. The first and second generation of BeiDou receivers are already available, including the combination of GPS and BeiDou systems - currently limited to the available regional services - with already over a thousand users.", "children": [] } @@ -6127,153 +6127,153 @@ { "uuid": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "label": "GPS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "029feed6-79dc-4316-b8ac-be8f1e557f89", "label": "GPS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "GPS RECEIVERS receive radio or TV signals, which is used for the\nGlobal Positioning System.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS RECEIVERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TSX\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gps\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "02a50e11-e6ee-4b05-a157-32cf57a74adf", "label": "GAP", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "GAP (GPS Attitude and Positioning Experiment) instrument objective is to measure S/C velocity and attitude as well as TEC (Total Electron Content) of the ionosphere. The relative phase delay of signals in both the L1 and L2 bands from a GPS satellite occulted by the limb ionosphere provide large-scale (1000's of km) information on how the total electron content responds to magnetospheric perturbations. GAP consists of two components: - GAP-A: Three single-frequency (L1) GPS receivers and four patch antennas. This package is being used to provide an accurate absolute time reference, spacecraft 3-D attitude, and post-processed spacecraft position and velocity. - GAP-O: The objective is to provide ionospheric tomography observations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "060f030c-1f31-4d72-b288-a4ec16295b60", "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites (e.g., currently GPS and GLONASS and, in the future, Galileo). The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.\n\nSource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/ggao/gnss.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GNSS RECEIVER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GNSS RECEIVER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/ggao/gnss.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-12-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c1a851e-95d2-4d8f-85f5-cf970f384038", "label": "KTC", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ecf8017-d760-45ca-b32d-c1ff7c4897f2", "label": "GPS CLOCKS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "Many modern radio clocks use the Global Positioning System to provide more accurate time than can be obtained from these terrestrial radio stations. These GPS clocks combine time estimates from multiple satellite atomic clocks with error estimates maintained by a network of ground stations. Due to effects inherent in radio propagation and ionospheric spread and delay, GPS timing requires averaging of these phenomena over several periods. No GPS receiver directly computes time or frequency, rather they use GPS to discipline an oscillator that may range from a quartz crystal in a low-end navigation receiver, through oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OXCO) in specialized units, to atomic oscillators (rubidium) in some receivers used for synchronization in telecommunications. For this reason, these devices are technically referred to as GPS-disciplined oscillators.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS CLOCKS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS CLOCKS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.kema.com/Default.aspx\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48765b60-1c92-428a-a73d-1cba4811dc03", "label": "GNSS-RO RECEIVER", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "CLARREO Instruments\n\nThe CLARREO mission is currently envisioned to consist of two duplicate observatories each carrying a payload of one infrared instrument suite, one reflected solar instrument suite and a Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument system.\n\nSummary provided by http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GNSS-RO RECEIVER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GNSS-RO RECEIVER\n Long_Name: Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (CLARREO)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/about-instrument.php\n Sample_Image: http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/images/Payload_breakdown-600w.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-05\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4aab0210-9532-48c3-b636-c184584260b1", "label": "RO", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "Design & Heritage\n\nThe IGOR design is based on the NASA/J PL Black Jack Spaceborne GPS Receiver. The Black Jack receiver is a revolutionary spaceflight Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver developed by NASA/J PL to fill future needs for orbit-based GPS science. The Blackjack receiver itself ¡s a design to replace the previous science grade space receivers. The Blackjack was designed from the start as an instrument for use on orbital platforms. Currently there are nine Black Jack devices operating on orbit with a 100%success rate. The IGOR design conti nues the evolution of the Black Jack and previous units and incorporates several improvements based on the experiences made with the BlackJackon previous NASA/JPL missions including CHAMP, SAC-C, Jason-1, and GRACE\n\nInformation provided by \nhttp://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/systems/IGOR_Flyer.pdf\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: RO\n Long_Name: GPS Radio Occultation Receiver\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/systems/IGOR_Flyer.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f133467-ad2a-47e6-8f3e-3b44b07e8cb9", "label": "UAF GPS/IMU", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5cd87492-48a9-4378-addb-dcddce502412", "label": "UTIG RTNav", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d787285-fdce-4c64-994d-b6cd52d0d62e", "label": "UTIG GPS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "688f088b-7ae9-45c3-abc4-cdb881a8fec3", "label": "GPSP", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "The GPSP is a tracking system that receives dual-frequency navigation signals continuously and simultaneously from 16 GPS satellites to determine the exact position of a transmitter. The GPSP supports precise orbit determination by the Doris system. It also helps to improve gravity field models and provides data for satellite positioning accurate to about 50 meters and 50 nanoseconds.\n\nAdditional information on the GPSP is available on the AVISO site. \nhttp://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/future-missions/jason-2/instruments/gpsp/index.html\n\n[Description Source: NASA JPL Ocean Surface Topography from Space Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPSP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPSP\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Payload\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm-sc-inst.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/gpsp/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/images/OSTM-2006_12_19_gpsp-br.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69f341d1-e29f-4bb9-b3b7-27ce4533f2ad", "label": "GRAS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "GRAS (Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) is a new European GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver that operates as an atmospheric sounder. It will provide unprecedented observations of atmospheric temperature and humidity to improve weather forecasting and climate change monitoring.\n\nGRAS uses radio occultation to measure vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity by tracking signals received from a constellation of GPS navigation satellites while they are setting or rising behind the Earth's atmosphere. Radio occultation is based on the fact that when radio waves pass through the atmosphere, either during a rise event or during a set event as seen by the receiver, they are refracted along the atmospheric path. The degree of refraction depends on gradients of air density, which in turn depend on temperature and water vapour. Therefore, measurement of the refracted angle contains information about these atmospheric variables.\n \nAs the measurements are made tangentially to the atmosphere, the profiles will be provided with a resolution within a few hundred metres to 1.5 kilometres, while horizontal coverage of each profile is in the order of a few hundred kilometres. The GRAS instrument will provide 500 very precise atmospheric profiles per day, which will be fed into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. At the same time, due to the very good stability of the instrument, GRAS measurements will contribute to monitoring climate change.\n \nGRAS can track up to eight satellites for navigation purposes, two additional satellites for rise and two others for set occultation measurements. GRAS has on-board GPS satellite prediction for optimising the navigation and occultation measurements. \n\nSource: ESA\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Long_Name: Global navigation satellite system Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS SONDE\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://oiswww.eumetsat.org/WEBOPS/eps-pg/GRAS/GRAS-PG-0TOC.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-13\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 60 kb/s\n Instrument_Owner: ESA/Eumetsat\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d6321dd-06d5-4d8a-a33a-00ee00afe41f", "label": "BLACKJACK", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "BlackJack (GPS Flight Receiver), a new generation instrument of TRSR (TurboRogue Space Receiver) heritage, provided by JPL (see description under CHAMP). The objective is to use the GPS instrument for navigation (precise orbit determination) and radio-occultation (refractive occultation monitoring) applications. BlackJack features three antennas, the main zenith crossed dipole antenna is used to collect the navigation data. In addition, a backup crossed dipole antenna and one helix antenna on the aft panel are used for back-up navigation and atmospheric occultation data collection, respectively. This system is capable of simultaneously tracking up to 24 dual frequency signals. In addition, this system provides digital signal processing functions for the KBR and SCA instruments as well.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BLACKJACK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: BLACKJACK\n Long_Name: Global Positiong System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7317\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af3d0b82-108d-4995-adb6-7f095fbc2953", "label": "NASA POS/AV", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6962bbc-9332-48fb-96d7-0e2cb14fb4d9", "label": "GPS/IMU", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5ac2829-12b3-41c0-8ec1-c00ec8ad1a0d", "label": "SSTI", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "[Source: ESA's Gravity Mission GOCE Brochure, http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf ]\n\nThe Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument (SSTI) consists of \nan advanced dual-frequency, 12-channel GPS receiver and an \nL-band antenna. The SSTI receiver is capable of simultaneously \nacquiring signals broadcast from up to 12 spacecraft in the GPS \nconstellation. The SSTI instrument delivers, at 1Hz, so-called \npseudo-range and carrier-phase measurements on both GPS \nfrequencies, as well as a real-time orbit navigation solution. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSTI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: SSTI\n Long_Name: Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOCE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAHTK1VMOC_LPgoce_0.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-05-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2009-03-20\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5fde4c4-15cd-4278-b922-005488df096f", "label": "GPS", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "A Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of 24 satellites, developed by the U.S. Department of Defense that orbit the earth at an altitude of 20,200 km. These satellites transmit signals that allows a GPS receiver anywhere on earth to calculate its own location. The GPS is used in navigation, mapping, surveying, and other applications where precise positioning is necessary.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n Short_Name: SNOE\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/gps1.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/DOD/USAF\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e7c3b01c-0739-487b-adbb-59d84c559375", "label": "TRSR", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "BlackJack is also referred to as TRSR-2 (Turbo Rogue Space Receiver-2). The instrument is of GPS/MET (Microlab) heritage (of a design as flown on CHAMP) and is being provided by NASA/JPL and built by Spectrum Astro Inc. of Gilbert, AZ. BlackJack is a 16-channel GPS receiver with the objective to provide supplementary positioning data to DORIS in support of the POD (Precision Orbit Determination) function and to enhance and/or improve gravity field models. Radial accuracies of 1-2 cm are obtained in post-processing. BlackJack is a fully redundant unit (two independent receivers operating in cold redundancy). Each unit is comprised of an omnidirectional antenna, low-noise amplifier, crystal oscillator, sampling down-converter, and a baseband digital processor assembly, communicating through a 1553 bus interface. Instrument mass = 10 kg (2), power = 17.5 W.\n\nIn its current configuration, the BlackJack on Jason-1 can track up to 12 GPS satellites simultaneously in dual-frequency mode. From these signals, BlackJack acquires measurements of the GPS carrier phase providing range measurements with an accuracy of about 1 mm; the absolute pseudo range (defined as the absolute range plus receiver time offset from GPS time) has an accuracy of about 10 cm. BlackJack provides also onboard solutions for S/C position and time, accurate to about 50 m and 150 ns, respectively.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dcee7eaa-c2b6-4fe7-857d-7411828bbf3b", "label": "IGOR", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "The IGOR (Integrated GPS Occultation Receiver) of BRE (Broad Reach Engineering), Tempe, AZ, USA has been selected. The IGOR instrument, of BlackJack heritage, is customized to include a MIL-STD-1553B bus and two SSR (Solid State Recorders), each of 128 MByte. The IGOR instrument includes two RO antennas and two POD (Precision Orbit Determination) antennas. 37)\n\n- IGOR instrument mass: 4.2 kg; size: 21.8 cm x 24.0 cm x 14.4 cm\n\n- Peak power consumption: 25 W\n\n- Tracking signals: L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz)\n\n- Tracking channels: 48 (4 antenna inputs)\n\n- Sampling rate: 0.1 Hz and 50 Hz sampling; (0.1 Hz for POD support, 50 Hz for occultation science)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e622fce-24da-4349-ade8-abf6886ed868", "label": "Hemisphere VS1000", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "The Vector™ VS1000 is Hemisphere GNSS’ premiere multi-GNSS, multi-frequency receiver designed specifically for the professional marine market. Providing precise heading, Athena RTK positioning, and full Atlas capability, its rugged design is compliant to 60529:2013 IP67 and IEC 60945:2002 8.7 standards.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24c0bf95-99f3-4fca-88d0-8ffc879ba475", "label": "GPS Vector V103", - "broader": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", + "parentId": "47d0c7c0-683c-42a9-b53b-53b684972b52", "definition": "Now with GLONASS, the IMO Wheelmarked Vector™ V103™ and V113™ GNSS compass series are known for their superb heading and positioning performance. With the addition of GLONASS, the V103 and V113 now provide a more robust solution in critical areas where sky blockage occurs. The rugged IP69K design housing is sealed for the harshest environments. It incorporates fixed and pole mounting capabilities for both marine and land applications. The Vector V103 and V113 series of GPS Compasses are suitable for both dynamic positioning and professional marine surveys, as well as for machine control applications in agriculture, mining, construction, and other challenging applications.", "children": [] } @@ -6282,34 +6282,34 @@ { "uuid": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", "label": "IRNSS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", "children": [ { "uuid": "62f8ee0d-2f4e-4e6d-87ee-6b16150e0033", "label": "IRNSS", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", + "parentId": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a803deb-f682-402d-a4fe-eaa572d8c90a", "label": "IRNSS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", + "parentId": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6be16901-cc53-490e-b77c-a72b5dbf83bb", "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", + "parentId": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfbee37a-ab88-48a9-b47b-647d0e11393d", "label": "IRNSS P", - "broader": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", + "parentId": "4ddf95f4-82a3-4402-b17c-12388347f659", "definition": "IRNSS is a regional navigation satellite system developed in India and consisting of seven satellites. IRNSS provides a standard positioning service to all users and a restricted service to authorized users.", "children": [] } @@ -6318,34 +6318,34 @@ { "uuid": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", "label": "SBAS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", "children": [ { "uuid": "33d79df4-817b-432d-a41e-67b48f3c2cab", "label": "SBAS", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", + "parentId": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "be02e58f-ce2f-448f-8a81-74bcc4eb7056", "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", + "parentId": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c453aa33-edaf-48a0-8070-6aafffe9a777", "label": "SBAS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", + "parentId": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", "definition": "The receiver supports SBAS (satellite based augmentation systems) that conform to RTCA/DO-229C, such as WAAS, EGNOS, or MSAS. The receiver can use the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) set up by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). WAAS was established for flight and approach navigation for civil aviation. WAAS improves the accuracy, integrity, and availability of the basic GPS signals over its coverage area, which includes the continental United States and outlying parts of Canada and Mexico.\n\nSBAS can be used in surveying applications to improve single point positioning when starting a reference station, or when the RTK radio link is down. SBAS corrections should be used to obtain greater accuracy than autonomous positioning, not as an alternative to RTK positioning.\n\nThe SBAS system provides correction data for visible satellites. Corrections are computed from ground station observations and then uploaded to two geostationary satellites. This data is then broadcast on the L1 frequency, and is tracked using a channel on the BD9xx receiver, exactly like a GPS satellite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5099d68-1165-4af4-bc2b-24e94c744ce3", "label": "SBAS P", - "broader": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", + "parentId": "50731a19-972c-4337-b964-378d623f3c03", "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", "children": [] } @@ -6354,104 +6354,104 @@ { "uuid": "57ff6e42-aa9e-45c1-9d61-5d65891911f1", "label": "SLR Station", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59725d26-d9d6-4604-b7fb-6ae0d257d373", "label": "PASSIVE OPTICAL TRACKING", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a4b960f-f7b0-477d-a8dd-ba55b5110966", "label": "VLF RECEIVERS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "VLF receivers are simple, yet uncommon. Consisting only of an\nantenna and an audio amplifier, they are sensitive to radio\nwaves with frequencies between a few hundred Hertz and 10 kHz\n. For comparison, AM broadcast band radios --like the ones in\nmost automobiles-- span the much higher frequency range 540 kHz\nto 1.6 MHz.\n\nEven if there is no lighting in your area, you can still hear\nVLF crackles from storms thousands of kilometers away. Some\nsferics travel all the way around the Earth! Radio waves can\npropagate such great distances by bouncing back and forth\nbetween our planet's surface and the ionosphere -- a layer of\nthe atmosphere ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation. The\nionosphere, which begins about 90 km above the ground and\nextends to thousands of kilometers in altitude, makes a good\nover-the-horizon reflector of low frequency radio waves.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "753dc941-ab3e-4690-80f0-cad586822f0a", "label": "SARSAT", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "[Source: NPOESS Project home page, http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr# ]\n\nThe Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking system (SARSAT) uses NOAA satellites in low-Earth and geostationary orbits to detect and locate aviators, mariners, and land-based users in distress. The satellites relay distress signals from emergency beacons to a network of ground stations and ultimately to the U.S. Mission Control Center (USMCC) in Suitland, Maryland. The USMCC processes the data and alerts the appropriate search and rescue authorities.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SARSAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SARSAT\n Long_Name: Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: JPSS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMU2DG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/New_C-S_System_Overview.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "label": "Radio", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "06beae62-5db5-4e77-9326-0ee1debf2622", "label": "USO", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "The Ultra-Stable Oscillator (USO) employs a temperature-stabilized 'oven' to keep its output frequency as stable as possible. During Cassini's flight, telecommunications engineers calibrate the USO by observing it for a number of hours every few months. By maintaining records and formulating a model of how the USO's output frequency changes over time, the USO can provide for moderately accurate Doppler data for navigation and Radio Science.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\nThe GRACE Instrument Processing Unit (IPU) is part of the GRACE Instrument System (IS) consisting of an Ultrastable Oscillator (USO), a K-band Ranging Assembly (KBR), a Star Camera Assembly (SCA) and an Accelerometer (ACC). Most of these systems are fully redundant.\n\nThe function of the USO is to provide a stable reference clock for the K-band Ranging Assembly.\n\n [Summary from GRACE IPU Specification Document (GFZ)]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: USO\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: USO\n Long_Name: Ultra-Stable Oscillator\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://xenon.colorado.edu/grace.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3025a319-131e-4f26-b55c-3cfb122f39eb", "label": "LORAN", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "Long Range Navigation (LORAN) is a specific type of radio\nnavigation device which creates radio signals to navigate or\nlocate a position.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3077c378-f568-4923-a54f-b704f486c131", "label": "INS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "An Inertial Navigation System (INS) is a system used to control a plane or spacecraft by using inertial forces.\n\n[Source: Hyper Dictionary]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: INS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: INS\n Long_Name: Inertial Navigation System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ddc6f63-c206-4ed1-9312-d61c03f96d4b", "label": "RADIO BURST RECEIVERS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "RADIO BURST RECEIVERS receive radio or TV signals but in small\ntiny waves or fluxes (bursts as in energy).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52b14925-b490-4104-9493-efad527585cf", "label": "TELEMETER", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "A TELEMETER is any scientific instrument for observing events at\na distance and transmitting the information back to the\nobserver.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bfd9ff7-b838-4834-bd47-0127384c79f7", "label": "DORIS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "[Source: ESA/Earthnet Online, \nhttp://envisat.esa.int/instruments/doris/ ]\n\nThe Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite instrument is a microwave tracking system that can be utilized to determine the precise location of the ENVISAT satellite. Versions of the DORIS instrument are currently flying on the SPOT-2 and Topex-Poseidon missions.\n\nDORIS operates by measuring the Doppler frequency shift of a radio signal transmitted from ground stations and received on-board the satellite. The reference frequency for the measurement is generated by identical ultra-stable oscillators on the ground and on-board the spacecraft.\n\nCurrently there are about 50 ground beacons placed around the globe which cover about 75% of the ENVISAT orbit. On board measurements are performed every 7 - 10 seconds. Precise Doppler shift measurements are taken using an S-band frequency of 2.03625 GHz, while a second VHS band signal at 401.25 MHz is used for ionospheric correction of the propagation delay.\n\nOn the ground, DORIS data is used to create precise orbit reconstruction models which are then used for all satellite instruments requiring precise orbit position information. In addition, DORIS operates in a Navigator mode in which on-board positioning calculations are performed in real-time and relayed to the ground segment. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DORIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Long_Name: Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT-2\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Number_Channels: 2 Channels\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 401.25 MHz and 2036.25MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/doris/\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/doris/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/typo3temp/pics/98d5269f70.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 330 bps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-01-15\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8b3168c-ba08-4ee6-8971-23974521ea28", "label": "ARGOS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "The Argos DCS is another data collection relay system that adds\nthe benefits of providing global coverage and platform\nlocation. The Argos program is administered under a joint\nagreement between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) and the French space agency, Centre\nNational dýEtudes Spatiales (CNES).\n\nThe system consists of in-situ data collection platforms\nequipped with sensors and transmitters and the Argos instrument\naboard the NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental\nSatellites (POES). The global environmental data sets are\ncollected at telemetry ground stations in Fairbanks, Alaska;\nWallops Island, Virginia; and Lannion, France; and pre-processed\nby the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information\nService (NESDIS) in Suitland Maryland.\n\nWorldwide coverage is provided by this system. Additionally,\nincorporating the Argos instrument on a moving satellite allows\nfor locating an in-situ platform using Doppler shift\ncalculations. This positioning capability permits applications\nsuch as monitoring drifting ocean buoys and studying wildlife\nmigration paths.\n\nFor additional information,\nlink to http://noaasis.noaa.gov/ARGOS/\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ARGOS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: ARGOS\n Long_Name: ARGOS Data Collection and Position Location System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf9011ca-b6b1-4fdc-a210-4cc3a48e0411", "label": "PTT", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de43af49-b240-40e2-b412-9ba68c15ed7f", "label": "HAIRS", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "The K-band ranging (KBR) system is the instrument of GRACE which measures the\ndual one-way range change between both satellites. Both KBR are identical,\nexcept of the frequencies, which are shifted by 500 KHz to avoid cross-talk\nbetween transmitted and received signals and to offset the down-converted\nsignal from zero frequency. Each satellite transmits carrier phase signals on\ntwo frequencies allowing for ionospheric corrections.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HAIRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Radio\n Short_Name: HAIRS\n Long_Name: High Accuracy Inter-satellite Ranging System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.asd.ssc.nasa.gov/m2m/sensor_report.aspx?sensor_id=1094\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: GFZ Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a915c74a-9f4c-446a-a797-ac732efb8c93", "label": "GRACE-FO MWI", - "broader": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", + "parentId": "7561d126-2baf-4583-a6cc-f8159ebf8e94", "definition": "GRACE-FO Microwave Instrument (MWI) consists of a GNSS receiver and a K-band ranging (KBR) assembly.", "children": [] } @@ -6460,34 +6460,34 @@ { "uuid": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", "label": "GLONASS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", "children": [ { "uuid": "594d2d10-aad3-41bc-a3a7-7cb67a4db34e", "label": "GLONASS P", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", + "parentId": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a28b2d0-0d67-459a-ac83-b440d9498a06", "label": "GLONASS", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", + "parentId": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd926f5e-a39d-4f8d-9e6c-0b7f353f210e", "label": "GLONASS RECEIVERS", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", + "parentId": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", "definition": "A GLONASS Receiver is a L-band radio processor capable of solving the navigation equations in order to determine the user position, velocity and precise time (PVT), by processing the signal broadcasted by GLONASS satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db5ceeef-82dc-418e-936d-8dfcd534d158", "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", + "parentId": "7954c30c-becb-4793-83ea-2c53ad0c6706", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", "children": [] } @@ -6496,118 +6496,118 @@ { "uuid": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "label": "Laser Ranging", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0be9c8a4-d29d-4046-ad10-4ca80c765ee6", "label": "Laser_RF", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "A laser rangefinder is a rangefinder which uses a laser beam to determine the distance to an object with great accuracy. The laser range finder, measures distance by timing the interval between the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves, but it employs visible or infrared light rather than radio pulses. Laser range finders can accurately measure distances of 0.2 inch (0.5 cm) up to 1 mile (1.61 km). It is especially useful in surveying rough terrain where remote points have to be located between rocks and brush.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36ea978b-6de3-4115-9094-87364cf1217f", "label": "LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "A LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR is an object that reflects incident energy; usually a device designed for specific reflection characteristics such as tracking (observing patterns) with laser technology.\n\n[With regard to the LAGEOS Missions, Text From National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-039A-01 ]\n\nLaser retroreflectors covering a very dense spherical satellite were used to provide a permanent reference point in a very stable orbit for precision earth-dynamics measurements. This sphere was machined largely from depleted uranium, weighed about 411 kg, and was composed of a cubical inner core with six attached spherical caps. Each of the spherical caps had machined cavities to accommodate the retroreflectors. The satellite was placed at a high orbital inclination at an altitude of about 5000 km and tracked by a network of 13 laser stations operated by both U.S. and foreign agencies. The performance in orbit is limited only by degradation of the retroreflectors, and a minimum lifetime of 50 years is expected. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-2\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1976-039A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1992-070B-01\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b941002-170e-413b-aee4-860155b891e3", "label": "LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "The European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) are equipped\nwith a Laser Retroreflector (LRR), a passive optical instrument\noperating in the infra-red, to permit ranging of the satellite by the\nuse of Laser Tracking Stations, and therefore the accurate\ndetermination of its height. These measurements allow:\n\n- calibration of the Radar Altimeter altitude measurements with an\nerror of 10 cm\n- improvement of the satellite orbit determination ensuring the\nproduction of a global ephemeris accurate to better than 1-2 m for the\nradial component.\n\nThe operating principle is to measure the time of a round trip of\nlaser pulses reflected from an array of corner cubes mounted on the\nEarth-facing side of the spacecraft's Payload Electronics Module. This\narray consists of a hemispherical housing with an arrangement of one\nnadir-looking corner cube in the centre, surrounded by an angled ring\nof eight corner cubes. Each corner cube is individually made to\ncompensate for satellite motion in reflecting incident laser energy\nback exactly along its incoming path. This allows laser ranging for\nsatellite passes in the range of 0-360 degrees azimuth and 30 to 90\ndegrees elevation at the ground.\n\nInstrument characteristics:\n\n-------------\nWavelength: 350-800 nm optimised for 532 nm\nEfficiency: less or equal than 0.15 end-of-life\nReflection Coefficient: less or equal than 0.80 end-of-life\nField of view: elev. half-cone angle 60 degrees; azimuth 360 degrees\nDiameter: more or equal than 20 cm\n--------------\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\n ESA/ESRIN\n\n Via G.Galilei\n\n 00044 Frascati\n\n Italy\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LRR\n Long_Name: Laser Retro-Reflector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TSX\n Short_Name: GOCE\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/lrr/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bf72fe4-8e07-490b-88ec-84d63a57416d", "label": "LRA", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "The Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) is used to calibrate the other location systems on the satellite with a very high degree of precision. The ability to determine a satellite’s precise position on orbit is critical in interpreting altimetry data used for measuring ocean surface topography. LRA is a totally passive reflector designed to reflect laser pulses back to their point of origin on Earth. It consists of nine 39 millimeter quartz corner-cube reflectors arrayed on a circular structure on the satellite’s nadir side (facing Earth). A corner-cube reflector is a special type of mirror that always reflects an incoming light beam back in the direction from which it came. The retroreflectors are optimized for a wavelength of 532 nm (green), providing a field of view of about 100ý. The eight equally spaced peripheral cubes are oriented at 50 degrees with respect to NADIR. The array structure is aluminum alloy and the corner cubes are constrained to allow for the differential thermal expansion of the structure and the quartz corner cubes. \n\nThe LRA is an array of mirrors onboard the satellite that provides a target for laser-tracking measurements from ground stations. By analyzing the round-trip time of the laser beam, it is possible to determine precisely where the satellite is on its orbit. The laser-tracking data are analyzed to calculate the satellite’s altitude to within a few mm; however, because there are a small number (10–15) of ground stations and the laser beams are sensitive to weather conditions, it is not possible to track the satellite continuously using the LRA alone. That is why other location systems are needed on board the satellite.\n\nKey LRA Facts\nHeritage: TOPEX/Poseidon\nFunction: Laser-tracking targets\nConfiguration: 9 corner cubes: 1 nadir looking, 8 arrayed azimuthally in truncated cone\nFOV: 110ý w/1.5 arcsec dihedral angle per cube\nDimensions: Each cube is 163-mm diameter ý 66-mm height\nMass: 0. 8 kg\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nThermal Operating Range: -65ý to 95ý C\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LRA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LRA\n Long_Name: Laser Retroreflector Array\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1 Channel\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 532 nm (primary)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1 Channel\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm (secondary)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://god.tksc.jaxa.jp/ad2/lrra/main.html\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/instrument-lra.html\n Sample_Image: http://argonautica.jason.oceanobs.com/images/missions/tp/image1.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-01-15\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: JAXA\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab5ca508-7ae5-4ede-8c04-5998af821ff7", "label": "LT (SEASAT 1)", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "This system was one of the devices to support precision orbit determination for Seasat 1. Laser corner reflectors, composed of 96 fused silica 3.75-cm hexagonal corner cube retroreflectors, and ground-based laser systems were used to obtain precise satellite tracking information. The retroreflector array was configured as a single ring of cube corners 1.27 m in diameter. Sixteen of the cube corners were tilted away from the axis of the ring by an angle of 25 deg and the remaining 80 cubes by an angle of 50 deg. Because of the great distance of the array from the center of mass of the satellite the range correction varied from -5.28 m at zenith to -3.08 m near the horizon. When illuminated by laser light pulses from the ground, each retroreflector cube in the array reflected the light pulses back to a telescope/receiver on the ground. A digital counter recorded the time of flight of the laser light pulses from the ground to the satellite and back to the ground. Range was determined from this time. NASA, USAF, SAO (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) and foreign laser tracking stations tracked this satellite.\n\nSummary provided by http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-06\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LT (SEASAT 1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: LT (SEASAT 1)\n Long_Name: SEASAT 1 Laser Tracking\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-06\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc24693a-c946-4704-8475-9688ce2f4a13", "label": "SLR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "NASA has used satellite laser ranging (SLR) for almost two decades in the study of the earth. These include measurements of global tectonic plate motion, regional crustal deformation near plate boundaries, the Earth's gravity field, and the orientation of its polar axis and its rate of spin. The sub-centimeter precision of this technique is now attracting the attention of a new community of scientists interested in high resolution ocean, ice and land topography. The international SLR network is providing an essential link to two new oceanographic satellites, ERS-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon, which range to sea and ice surfaces using microwave altimeters.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SLR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: SLR\n Long_Name: Satellite Laser Ranging\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: \n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://ilrs.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "be0d7200-fd15-41e0-99c9-76675ba81bf6", "label": "GRACE LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ]\n\nThe GRACE laser retro reflector (LRR) will be provided by GFZ and is identical with the CHAMP LRR. It is a simple passive payload instrument consisting of 4 prisms manufactured from high-grade fused glass, glued into fixing rings mounted within an aluminium-alloy structure. The LLR is used to reflect short laser pulses of visible or near-infrared wavelengths transmitted by dedicated Laser ground stations. The direct distance can be measured with an accuracy of 1 - 2 cm (depending on the technological status of the ground station). The LRR data will be used for\n \n- precise orbit determination in combination with GPS tracking data for gravity field recovery\n \n- calibration of the on-board GPS Space Receiver,\n \n- technological experiments such as two-colour ranging\n\nThe idea of the two-colour ranging principle is to demonstrate the possibility of differential ranging with a few mm single-shot precision and thus to verify existing tropospheric correction models as well. This is accomplished by a novel design with only 4 prisms in a dense package. Only one single prism will be visible for the laser ground station most of the time. The effective reflection plane is defined with very high accuracy and minimizes the optical depth of the reflector.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE LRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: GRACE LRR\n Long_Name: Laser Retro-Reflector\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf662901-ea76-459a-b8e7-1f5df16d48e4", "label": "LASER REFLECTOR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1deab09-3edf-493b-a7ef-a3811b89e59d", "label": "SWARM-LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "Precise orbit determination relies on the data from the GPS receivers providing full global coverage of orbit data. The alternative method of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is used as a supporting and independent means for orbit determination. Its limitation is the rather poor global and temporal coverage, but the SLR data is free from ambiguities and directly related to the terrestrial reference frame.\n\nEach of the Swarm satellites is equipped with a Laser Retro-Reflector (LRR) of novel design (More Information(https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/global-geomonitoring-and-gravity-field/topics/development-operation-and-analysis-of-gravity-field-satellite-missions/satellite-payload-development-and-integration/laser-reflectors-for-leo-satellites/)) for external calibration and validation of the onboard GPS receiver. A basic requirement for LRR is to enable the worldwide SLR station network to track the satellite with high accuracy and with a sufficiently high link budget under both night and daytime ranging conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db819ac2-b841-4885-84a1-5aa8ddaec248", "label": "LASER TRACKING SITE", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9b42200-2667-48df-a63f-4e5ea9a7ef46", "label": "TLRS", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) allows scientists to detect small\nmovements in the Earth's surface over distances of many\nthousands of miles (1.6 km per mile). This technique can be\napplied globally to measure the movement of many of the rigid\nblocks of the Earth's crust, or plates.\n\nSLR plate motion studies have largely helped to confirm the\nexpected motions for most plates, obtained from geologic data\naveraged over several million years.\n\nLaser ranging observatories are located around the world. There\nare three kinds of stations; fixed, movable and highly\nmobile. In a fixed system, the laser is permanently located at a\npier or foundation that does not change position.\n\nFour of the NASA stations are the highly mobile type called\nTransportable Laser Ranging Systems (TLRS). They are newer\nsystems that are smaller versions of the fixed and movable SLR\nsystems. They are complete systems able to operate from a pad\naccessible by road, and require relatively short setup and\nbreakdown times. Because of the need to sample the orbit of the\nretroreflector satellite, however, the duration of recording is\ngenerally measured in terms of weeks to months.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa074e59-230b-495e-8e56-f71e22033ee7", "label": "RIS", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "The Retroreflector in Space (RIS) experiment was provided by the\nEnvironment Agency (EA) of Japan on the ADvanced Earth Observation\nSatellite (ADEOS). The RIS is a 50 cm diameter passive cornor cube\nlaser retroreflector designed to provide data to infer the\ndistribution of ozone and other trace gases in the atmosphere. A\nground-based laser beam is reflected by the RIS to the ground station\nand the constituent gases derived from the spectral response. A\ndifferential type laser radar system is used to eliminate the\nattenuating effects of the atmosphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://kuroshio.eorc.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS/Project/Ris.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Instrument_Subtype: Laser Ranging\n Short_Name: RIS\n Long_Name: Retroreflector in Space\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c61bba5-2e43-4865-9e26-d1dd44594192", "label": "GRACE-FO LRR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "The laser retro-reflectors were contributed by GFZ and provide a means of tracking the GRACE-FO satellites from the ground for backup and orbit verification purposes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbf63ec2-4855-4499-81a5-181dd76e4cb2", "label": "LLR", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "During three U.S. Apollo missions (11, 14, and 15) and two unmanned Soviet missions (Luna 17 and Luna 21), retro-reflectors were deployed near the landing sites between 1969 and 1973. The LLR experiment has continuously provided range data for about 41 years, generating about 17000 normal points. The main benefit of this space geodetic technique is the determination of a host of parameters describing lunar ephemeris, lunar physics, the Moon’s interior, various reference frames, Earth orientation parameters and the Earth-Moon dynamics. LLR has also become one of the strongest tools for testing Einstein's theory of general relativity in the solar system; no violations of general relativity have been found so far. However, the basis for all scientific\nanalyses is more high quality data from a well-distributed global LLR network.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a11b62d-a8a4-4573-84c0-8a571aa39e35", "label": "LRR ERS", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "The Laser Retro-Reflector (LRR) was a passive optical device, on board the ERS-1 and ERS-2 missions, designed for accurate satellite tracking from the ground to support instrument data evaluation.\nIt operated in the infrared, to permit ranging of the satellite by the use of Laser Tracking Stations, and therefore the accurate determination of its height. It was used extensively during the commissioning phase and regularly during the mission to verify the stability of the positioning system.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f341648c-ed05-4def-8ba6-f7baff3a6836", "label": "LRR CryoSat", - "broader": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", + "parentId": "942876b3-fbd5-43d9-9e1f-170682f7b5b3", "definition": "The Laser Retro-Reflector (LRR) is a passive optical device attached to the underside of CryoSat. LRR is used as an additional tool and backup for precise orbit determination with the aid of the international laser tracking network.", "children": [] } @@ -6616,62 +6616,62 @@ { "uuid": "9ac10b20-f4d8-4014-8385-bf80a68e6cfd", "label": "ACS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "The Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC) calculates the pointing direction of a CCD camera from a star image of the sky. The direction is found fully autonomous with arc seconds accuracy. The ASC comprises one or more CCD cameras and a Data Processing Unit. The main application of the Advanced Stellar Compass is on-board attitude determination for a satellite.\n\nThe ASC was originally designed and developed to fly onboard the Danish Geomagnetic Research Satellite Ørsted. Ever since, the Advanced Stellar Compass has evolved into a more compact and sophisticated instrument that has flown on several missions including Astrid II, TeamSat, CHAMP, PROBA and GRACE. Furthermore the ASC has been chosen to participate in several other projects.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: ACS\n Long_Name: Advanced Stellar Compass 2 (Boom)\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://iris.iau.dtu.dk/research/ASC/main.html\n Sample_Image: http://juno.wisc.edu/Images/using/Instruments/overview_payload2_link.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a904ebc2-37ae-49ba-8655-f691dbb443c3", "label": "IPU", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "The GRACE Instrument Processing Unit (IPU) is part of the GRACE\n Instrument System (IS) consisting of an Ultrastable Oscillator (USO), a\n K-band Ranging Assembly (KBR), a Star Camera Assembly (SCA) and an\n Accelerometer (ACC). Most of these systems are fully redundant.\n\n The function of the IPU is to\n + receive, downconvert and digitize GPS signals,\n + extract observables from KBR and SCA and report,\n + provide timing reference to the satellite bus and ACC, and\n + calculate GPS navigation solution (position, velocity and time).\n\n [Summary from GRACE IPU Specification Document]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IPU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: IPU\n Long_Name: Instrument Processing Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/grace\n Online_Resource: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace/\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac739385-29c5-4cc8-a170-c28dcb00f8a5", "label": "AIRCRAFT MOTION SENSOR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "An aircraft motion sensor is comprised of the GPS and INS plus associated hardware. Used to determine the motion of the aircraft with respect to the surface of the earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3c4b521-4014-43b4-af9b-395d67dc9e1e", "label": "SFERICS DETECTOR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", "label": "Galileo", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "Galileo is the European GNSS and provides accurate positioning and timing information on a global basis. The Galileo constellation consists of 18 operational satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0696d322-094f-4fa3-8015-b94effe9cbda", "label": "Galileo RECEIVERS", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", + "parentId": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", "definition": "A GALILEO Receiver is a device capable of determining a navigation solution by processing the signal broadcasted by Galileo satellites. Once the signal is acquired and tracked, the receiver application decodes the navigation message. The navigation data contain all the parameters that enable the user to perform positioning service.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a66ab14-1844-49ac-ae76-ad8c489c821a", "label": "Galileo", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", + "parentId": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", "definition": "Galileo is the European GNSS and provides accurate positioning and timing information on a global basis. The Galileo constellation consists of 18 operational satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "824e503e-5993-42f3-b7c6-dc6755c2060d", "label": "Galileo P", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", + "parentId": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", "definition": "Galileo is the European Union's Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS). Sometimes called the 'European GPS', Galileo provides accurate positioning and timing information. Galileo is a programme under civilian control and its data can be used for a broad range of applications. It is autonomous but also interoperable with existing satellite navigation systems. At the moment, the Galileo constellation consists of 18 satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a6adca1-c79e-44fd-9ae8-b466ae4d51d9", "label": "GNSS RECEIVER", - "broader": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", + "parentId": "bf71449f-834e-4183-9006-cf94f7eb5520", "definition": "GNSS receivers detect, decode, and process signals from the GNSS satellites. The satellites transmit the ranging codes on two radio-frequency carriers, allowing the locations of GNSS receivers to be determined with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the receiver and post-processing of the data.", "children": [] } @@ -6680,84 +6680,84 @@ { "uuid": "cc335159-45d6-4ecc-b1b8-0be773bd5379", "label": "VLBI Station", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3415c4b-e95a-45c4-b3a2-1d9f622ddd81", "label": "PRARE", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "The Precise RAnge and Range-Rate Equipment (PRARE) was developed and\nmaintained as a national German experiment by the Institute for\nNavigation (INS) of the University of Stuttgart, the\nGeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Time Tech GmbH Stuttgart, and\nKayser-Threde GmbH Munich. Development is funded by BMFT (Germany's\nFederal Ministry for Research and Technology).\n\nPRARE was flown on the European Space Agency (ESA) European Remote\nSensing Satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2 and will be flown on the ESA\nENVISAT.\n\nPRARE is a highly accurate microwave ranging system, supported by a\nnetwork of mobile ground stations, which are used for orbit\ndetermination at decimeter level of accuracy as well as for various\ngeodetic applications.\n\nThe PRARE is designed to:\n\n- provide, in all weather conditions, precise\nsatellite-to-ground or ground-to-satellite\nrange and range-rate information\n- guarantee very reliable measurements through\ncross-checks and calibration procedures\n- ensure highly effective operation of the ground\nsegment through data collection and dissemination\nvia the satellite itself and control of the global\nnetwork via one central ground station\n- allow fast product generation at an archiving,\nprocessing and distribution centre.\n\nIn this two-way microwave ranging system, the on-board equipment\nperforms the measurements in X-band (8.5 GHz), with some additional\nfunctions in S-band (2.2 GHz) for ionospheric correction purposes.\n\nThe PRARE measures range and Doppler (range rate) between the\nsatellite's antenna and up to four ground stations simultaneously. It\nis an autonomous system for precise satellite orbit observation. It\nconsists of the space segment with its own computer and data storage\nmedium, and the ground segment, the unattended user ground stations, a\ndedicated command station and a master station for receiving the data\ndumps. PRARE operates in X-band and, in the downlink, also in\nS-band. Thus, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) can be\ndetermined along the line-of-sight from the ground station to the\nsatellite.\n\nThe applications of PRARE are:\n\n- precise satellite orbit determination\n (e.g. of altimeter and geodynamic satellites)\n- earth gravity field\nrecovery\n- precise point positioning (tectonics)\n- earth rotation\nparameter determination and measurement of the ionospheric total\nelectron content (TEC).\n\nIn the measurement process the space segment is the active part,\ni.e. the satellite is the start and end point of the two-way line and\nthe Range and Doppler correlations take place on-board. A ground\nstation only turns the signal around after amplification and after\nmodulating the S/X-band travel time difference and meteorological data\non the carrier. All data are collected on-board and dumped during\ncontact with the master station. The space segment also provides\nupdated orbit and schedule data to the ground stations in the\ndownlink. With this design it is possible to operate a global ground\nstation network without external data transmission\nfacilities. Especially important is that even the host satellite is\nnot encumbered by the PRARE data flow.\n\nRelated URL:\n\n\n'http://op.gfz-potsdam.de/prare/general/general.html'\n\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/ers/prare'\n\n\n\nReference online documentation:\n\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_pra.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\n ESA/ESRIN\n\n Via G.Galilei\n\n 00044 Frascati\n\n Italy", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8b985fa-87b9-4cf2-a7fc-4395b11a9f49", "label": "A-DCS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "[Source: NPOESS Project home page, http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=adcs ]\n\n The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) will continue the NOAA tradition of providing a platform for the French Data Collection System (DCS). The advanced DCS (A-DCS) carried on-board NPOESS satellites will provide global coverage and platform location of in-situ data collection platforms. These platforms are equipped with sensors and transmitters which permit applications such as monitoring drifting ocean buoys, monitoring weather conditions at remote sites, and studying wildlife migration paths.\n\n[Also known as ARGOS]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: A-DCS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n Long_Name: Advanced Data Collection System\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SARSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NPOESS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://npoess.noaa.gov/index.php?pg=instr#\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaME/adcs.html\n Online_Resource: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/ARGOS/\n Creation_Date: 2009-03-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8157021-d184-4972-a42e-4829ce641a3c", "label": "RF ANTENNA", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "A RF ANTENNA is an antenna or an electrical device that sends or\nreceives radio or television signals that is used to help\nfurther study lightning and its detection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8a927c5-e5a8-43c8-91d4-2ca3785ef019", "label": "THR", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "[Source: NASA/JPL, ftp://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/grace/doc/ProdSpecDoc_v4.5.pdf ]\n\nThe GRACE Thruster Activation System is part of the Cold Gas System.\nThe GRACE Cold Gas System uses Nitrogen as medium, which is stored\nin two tanks at an initial pressure of 350 bar. This upstream pressure\nis reduced to the thruster valve working pressure of approximately 1.5\nbar by a Pressure Regulator. For redundancy reasons, the two branches\ncan be operated individually. Attitude control around the roll, pitch\nand yaw axis is performed by 3 sets of 4 thrusters with a nominal thrust\nforce of 10 mN. The attitude control thrusters are nominally operated\nin pairs which are accommodated such, that force free reaction control\nis achieved. For orbit maintenance, two 40 mN thrusters are mounted on\nthe anti-flight direction side with the force vector pointing through\nthe satellite center of gravity. The cold gas system housekeeping sensor\nset consists of two Pressure Transducers, one for the high pressure part\nand one for the low pressure part, and temperature sensors on both tanks\nand every thruster.\n\n[Summary from GRACE Thruster Specification Document]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: THR\n Long_Name: THRuster activation system\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE SENSORS\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Short_Name: TNK\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: ftp://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/grace/doc/ProdSpecDoc_v4.5.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f7d7f4ee-9414-4022-b66e-876476188bbc", "label": "RADIO TRANSPONDERS", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f80d590c-9099-49fc-bc45-af5397a4a049", "label": "DORIS GROUND STATION BEACON", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc1107e4-4cb5-4e98-88cd-41d78ae2a86f", "label": "SCA", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "The Spatial Coordinate Apparatus (SCA) consists of four arms\nconnected to potentiometers. The top three arms can move in a\nvertical plane while the fourth arm can rotate upon its\nlongitudinal axis. As the arms rotate, the angles of the\nrotation are measured in terms of voltages from the\npotentiometers and recorded in a computer. These voltage\nreadings were then converted into 3-dimensional coordinates (x,\ny, z) of the endpoint of the top arm.\n\n[Source: ORNL]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SCA\n Long_Name: Spatial Coordinate Apparatus\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0bdff346-7b1c-496d-87c5-6cd2c3e54e90", "label": "NASDAT", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "The NASDAT is the airborne host for the ASP Sensor Network system, and brings Ethernet connectivity and satellite communications directly to experimenters and their instruments. It is a key element of the wider Airborne Science Program effort to harmonize payload interfaces across the fleet, and enable sensor web participation, including live data access via the ASP Web Portal and the Mission Tools Suite. NASDAT core network services include aircraft housekeeping data broadcast, NTP time server, CSV status packet ingest, UDP packet forwarding, and ground web services. It includes four embedded Iridium modems for baseline global communications, and provides a gateway to wider-bandwidth sat-com services such as Inmarsat. Although legacy interfaces from the old ER-2 Navigation Recorder are still provided (RS-232, RS-422, ARINC-429, Synchro, IRIG-B,) experimenters are encouraged to take advantage of the new Ethernet-based capabilities where possible. NASDAT units are installed on all of the core NASA science platforms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8315215c-1aa2-4f06-b003-3bb6339b33a4", "label": "Applanix", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "POS AV is a hardware and software system specifically designed for Direct Georeferencing of airborne sensor data. By integrating precision GNSS with inertial technology, POS AV enables geospatial projects to be completed more efficiently, effectively, and economically. Supported by Applanix' industry expertise and technological innovation, POS AV is engineered for aerial cameras, scanning lasers, imaging sensors, synthetic aperture radar, and LIDAR technology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54927026-f395-40b5-a451-df4e4e06e037", "label": "GRACE-FO TriG", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "The GRACE-FO Trig-RO receiver upgrades the capabilities offered by BlackJack/IGOR GPS science receivers in order to meet NASA’s decadal survey recommendations. This includes the ability to track not only GPS, but additional GNSS signals, including Galileo, CDMA GLONASS and Compass.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80ddee56-a14c-45be-8363-6728fc268483", "label": "NAV420 Navigation Data", - "broader": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", + "parentId": "596a5700-b3fd-4261-b8f8-a054d052e3fe", "definition": "roll, pitch, and heading using MEMS technology in commercial, industrial\nand aerospace markets since 1998. The Crossbow Navigation System, or\nNAV420CA uses a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis rate sensor to make a\ncomplete measurement of the dynamics of the system. The addition of a 3-\naxis magnetometer inside the NAv420CA allows it to make a true\nmeasurement of magnetic heading without an external flux valve. With the\nbuilt-in GPS receiver, the combined system becomes a low-cost INS that\ncan output location, velocity and acceleration. The Crossbow NAV420CA\nis a solid-state equivalent of a vertical gyro/artificial horizon display\ncombined with a directional gyro, flux valve and Global Positioning System\n(GPS).", "children": [] } @@ -6766,26 +6766,26 @@ { "uuid": "644b9652-4b71-493e-8ceb-25697a1a6514", "label": "Pyrometers", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", "label": "Infrared Pyrometers", - "broader": "644b9652-4b71-493e-8ceb-25697a1a6514", + "parentId": "644b9652-4b71-493e-8ceb-25697a1a6514", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "47aef999-3e01-4a9f-815b-8c7b853c6e8c", "label": "KT15 Pyrometer", - "broader": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", + "parentId": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", "definition": "KT15 IIP is a digital, compact, programmable and universally applicable radiation pyrometer series with comprehensive and flexible functions for industrial temperature monitoring and control.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8e1857c-ea38-4341-a01b-2879e63ac2d8", "label": "KT19 Pyrometer", - "broader": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", + "parentId": "9669f608-8f98-46d3-a74e-6b9750d3e5e7", "definition": "The KT19 II implements the most advanced infrared technologyof the forthcoming generation. New performance features bringadded functionality beneficial to difficult and complex appli-cations. The KT19 II sets unsurpassed standards inradiation pyrometry. It is the ultimate high per-former for non-contact temperature measurements to cope with extremelyunfavorable boundary conditions.The magnitude of availableoptions and freelyselectable operatingparameters allowsideal adaptation forthe specific require-ments of all feasibleapplications.", "children": [] } @@ -6796,96 +6796,96 @@ { "uuid": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "label": "Photon/Optical Detectors", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "11d3fac2-d6ca-458f-9f40-2adf3193076a", "label": "PARTICLE DETECTORS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "PARTICLE DETECTORS are devices that receive a signal or stimulus\nsuch as heat, pressure, light, motion or in this case particles\n(tiny parts of matter) and responds to it by extracting\nmodulation from a radio carrier wave.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18c04845-1b2c-4373-9cee-da6298092bf1", "label": "PIN DIODE", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "A PIN diode is a semiconductor device that operates as a\nvariable resistor at RF and microwave frequencies. The resistance\nvalue of the PIN diode is determined only by the forward biased dc\ncurrent. In switch and attenuator applications, the PIN diode\nshould ideally control the RF signal level without introducing\ndistortion, which might change the shape of the RF signal. An\nimportant additional feature of the PIN diode is its ability to\ncontrol large RF signals while using much smaller levels of dc\nexcitation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a881d2e-13c0-4c7b-a27e-5fed2b5f1d40", "label": "APS GLORY", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "[Source: APS GLORY home page, http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-aps.html ]\n\nAEROSOL Polarimetry SENSOR (APS)\n\nAerosols include, but are not limited to, smoke, dust, volcanic ash, sea spray, polar stratospheric clouds, and smog. APS Instrument Illustration Although cloud particles can be considered as a particular type of aerosol, it is conventional to put them in a separate category.\n\nLiquid water clouds are defined as distinct optically thick particulate features composed of droplets. Cirrus clouds are defined as visible, or sub-visible particulate layers (either natural, or man-made, such as contrails), which reside in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere and are composed of water ice crystals with sizes ranging from several micrometers to a millimeter. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APS GLORY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: APS GLORY\n Long_Name: AEROSOL Polarimetry SENSOR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLORY\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-aps.html\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/inst-aps.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-01-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "29e65a9f-41bf-4c53-bff6-98472d5f4f47", "label": "MICROTOMOGRAPHY", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2d580f50-3951-4601-9b08-7fbea94eebef", "label": "DMS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3974be5a-2650-479c-a5f0-59a340f525d1", "label": "NO2 LIF", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a8a9d74-05f4-4e0c-9e4e-f5bc2acccfe7", "label": "OTD", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) is a highly compact\ncombination of optical and electronic elements. It was developed\nas an in-house project at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in\nHuntsville, Alabama. The name, Optical Transient Detector,\nrefers to its capability to detect the momentary changes in an\noptical scene which indicate the occurrence of lightning. The\nOTD instrument is a major advance over previous technology in\nthat it can gather lightning data under daytime conditions as\nwell as at night. In addition, it provides much higher detection\nefficiency and spatial resolution than has been attained by\nearlier lightning sensors.\n\nAt the heart of the system is a solid-state optical sensor\nsimilar in some ways to a TV camera. However, in overall design\nand many specific features, OTD had to be uniquely designed for\nthe job of observing and measuring lightning from space. Like a\nTV camera, the OTD has a lens system, a detector array (serving\na function somewhat analogous to the retina in the human eye),\nand circuitry to convert the electronic output of the system's\ndetector array into useful data.\n\nThe sensor system (camera) is approximately 8 inches in diameter\nand 15 inches high, while the supporting electronics package is\nabout the size of a standard typewriter. Together, the two\nmodules weigh approximately 18 kilograms (40 pounds). The total\nweight of the satellite placed on orbit is 75 kilograms (165\npounds).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/otd/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e0e841f-e791-456a-a15a-c6b5d1a537e7", "label": "PAS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The EcoChem Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor (PAS 2000) uses the principle of photoionization to measure particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds/hydrocarbons (PAH). The sampled air stream and particles are exposed to radiation at 220 nm from a pulsed excimer lamp. Radiation at this wavelength ionizes PAH-coated aerosols but not gas molecules or non-carbon aerosols. The resulting free electrons are removed from the air stream and the positively charged particles are collected on a filter inside an electrometer where the charge is measured. The resulting electric current is proportional to the concentration of the total particle-bound PAH in the sample with no specification of which PAHs are present. The low volatility of the various PAHs reduces the amount of gaseous PAH in the sample and ensures that the sample is particle-bound PAH. The sample flow rate is measured with a mass flow meter and is controlled by a variable speed motor that maintains a constant mass flow of 2.0 l/min referenced to standard temperature and pressure conditions of 0 °C and 1 atm. Data units for the PAC are currently reported in femptoAmps, as a reliable conversion has not yet been established.\n\nInformation obtained from http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/dataset_documents/narsto_epa_ss_fresno_particle_pac_data.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: PAS\n Long_Name: Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/dataset_documents/narsto_epa_ss_fresno_particle_pac_data.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-17\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "414c48df-6fe2-4657-8a72-1b1eacb055c4", "label": "SCINTILLATION COUNTERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "SCINTILLATION COUNTERS are recorders that keeps a record of the\nnumber of times something happens, in this case scintillation or\nrapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of electromagnetic\nor acoustic waves that have propagated through a medium\ncontaining fluctuations in the refractive index, such as the\natmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4830f3e8-b4f3-4574-88d0-b52a27d52eff", "label": "HPGE", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "Germanium is a lot like silicon: It's a semiconductor from which\nyou can build complex electronic circuits, and in bulk form it's\na dark, shiny crystalline yet sort of metallic solid. It's quite\nexpensive, much more expensive than silicon, and not nearly as\ncommonly used.\n\nGermanium can also be used as an x-ray lens, because even though\nit's opaque to visible light, it transmits and can focus x-rays.\n\nSilicon and Germanium are available in higher purity grades than\nvirtually any other elements. Silicon in particular can be had\nin large quantities at reasonable prices, at a purity that\nexceeds anything else achieved by the hand of man. Germanium is\nsimilar, just more expensive. The reason for this is not that\nother elements are necessarily more difficult to purify (some\nare, some aren't), it's that there is a huge market demand for\nhyperpure silicon and to a lesser extent germanium for the\nsemiconductor industry.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/032/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", "label": "JRE (CARMEN-3 + LPT)", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "03d2c9e4-e102-4488-b764-bca16d5aae2b", "label": "CARMEN-3", - "broader": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", + "parentId": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", "definition": "CARMEN (CARacterization and Modeling of ENvironment) is an instrument concept dedicated to space environment measurement: orbital debris, high and low energy particles. CARMEN-3 is composed of the ICARE-NG module and an additional sensor AMBRE. ICARE-NG is a dedicated instrument to study the influence of space radiation and their effects on electronic components. AMBRE is a type of sensor which is able to detect low level ions and electrons.\n\nCARMEN-3 instrument has particular mission objectives as well as objectives related to the satellite:\n\n• Scientific objectives for ICARE-NG: to allow the measurement of charged particles fluxes and the effects of these particles fluxes on under test electronic components.\n\n• Scientific objectives for AMBRE: to allow the measurement of low energy charged particles fluxes responsible for electrostatic discharges.\n\n• Mission objectives for CARMEN-3 associated with JASON-3: to allow the local radiative environment characterization and the evaluation of the potential drifts of the equipments in particular due to radiation from South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and to participate in the data cross calibration with the LPT instrument in the frame of JRE (Joint Radiation Experiment).\n\nCarmen-3 (CNES instrument) is a dosimeter used to improve knowledge of particularly aggressive radiation in Jason's orbit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7c3f2fb-0fdd-465d-9107-f1c7369c72f2", "label": "LPT", - "broader": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", + "parentId": "4fd10be3-7cd3-4f49-810e-61924a2453a4", "definition": "LPT is a detection unit of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), Tokyo, Japan. LPT complements the radiation measurements of Carmen-2. In June 2006, JAXA and CNES signed a MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) with the intent to load the JAXA instrument LPT (Light Particle Telescope) onto the Jason-2 spacecraft of CNES. 19)\n\nLPT consists of two units, which are LPT-E and LPT-S. Figure 14 shows the external views of LPT-E (left) and LPT-S (right). A block diagram of LPT is shown in Figure 15. LPT-E is mounted inside of the satellite and LPT-S is outside.\n\nLPT-E provides functions of the electrical I/F with the Jason-2 satellite system. It receives primary power supply from satellite system and provides sensors and electrical circuits with secondary power. It also receives telecommands and sends telemetry data via the MIL-1553B bus using protocols specified by the PROTEUS standard satellite bus which is used for the Jason-2.\n\nLPT-S consists of four sensors. Specifications of each sensor are shown in Table 6. Each sensor counts number of interesting particles irradiated from inside of the view angle with the specific energy of each channel every one second (time resolution).\n\nThe LPT-S device has a FOV in the zenith direction; it is accommodated on the outside of the spacecraft. The LPT-E device is installed inside of Jason-2.\n\nLPT-S consists of 4 sensor units; ELA-A, ELS-B for counting electrons, APS-A and APS-B for protons. Each unit includes a set of radiation detectors, their preamplifiers, high voltage supplies, analog and digital board for data processing and analyzing. They measure energies of incident particles and identify particle species by the ΔE x E method. The counts of each particle are accumulated for a second and transmitted to LPT-E. There is an electrical interface between LPT-S and the satellite bus system. LPT-E includes a CPU board for data handling, receiving commands, and transmitting telemetry data in order to control the LPT-S according to a command. LPT-E also supplies LPT-S with power. 20)\n\nEach sensor has 2 measurement modes. The nominal mode is called “count mode”, which obtains count data in energy bins for each particle. Another “list mode” transmits analog-to-digital converted data indicating energy of incident particles. The list mode is used for checking health and gain drift of the detector and electronics while the volume of data to be transferred is limited.\n\nInitial performance check: LPT was initially checked out from June to November 2008 and the LPT was working correctly. The electrical noise was measured for ELS-A, APS-B and APS-A using regular test pulses. The full width of half maximum (FWHM) derived from the test pulses corresponded to 16.3 keV for ELS-A. For APS-A and APS-B, the electrical noise was smaller than a digit of the ADC (Analog–to-Digital Converter) in LPT. Those FWHMs are consistent with the technical requirement.\n\nA world flux map for electrons measured by ELS-A in the 400 – 490 keV energy range is shown in Figure #. The map shows averaged data for 4 months from November 2008 to February 2009. It is easily found that the border of SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly) at that altitude of 1336 km is extended from the middle of Indian Ocean to the western edge of Pacific Ocean. The slot region between the inner radiation belt and the outer radiation belt is also seen clearly.\n\nThe observational data of LPT helps to improve the radiation environment knowledge and characterize the local radiation environment to evaluate errors of other mission instruments. An improved LPT device will be also onboard JASON-3 which has the same orbit as JASON-2.", "children": [] } @@ -6894,125 +6894,125 @@ { "uuid": "5ae3becd-81d4-485a-8910-e153dc9c02a5", "label": "OSA", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "OSA was designed and custom-built by Kodak Co. of Rochester, NY (Space Imaging owns the design of OSA). The instrument features a Cassegrain-type telescope with a 70 cm diameter primary mirror, a 10 m focal length (folded optics design). The OTA (Optical Telescope Assembly) captures imagery across a swath of 11-13 km, it uses five mirrors to reflect the imagery to the imaging sensor arrays at the back end of the telescope. Three of the mirrors are powered (curved), and are of TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) design. Note: TMA refers to lenses that are able to form approximately point images of target (object) points. The other two mirrors are flat, and serve to `fold' or bounce the imagery across the width of the telescope.\n\nPushbroom detector technology (a large focal plane detector array, generation of 6500 lines/s of panchromatic image data) is employed. Simultaneous imaging in panchromatic and multispectral modes is provided. The pixel size on the detector array is 12 µm for the panchromatic (PAN), and 48 µm for the multispectral (MS) detectors.\n\nThe MS bands correspond to those of TM on Landsat in the visible range of the spectrum. The instrument light level is governed by a 70 cm aperture and a choice of 10, 13, 18, 24, or 32 TDI (Time Delay Integration) stages for panchromatic (gray-scale) imaging. The detector array offers a cumulative exposure concept for panchromatic imaging.(1)\n\nOn-board electronics provide low-loss data compression of the original 11-bit data using ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation). - The OSA instrument design features lightweight materials and advanced manufacturing techniques. The mass of the primary mirror was reduced by cutting a honeycomb pattern into its core using abrasive waterjet technology, and fusing thin mirror plates to each face.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62da1828-7b49-454f-999a-e91c6c40dd94", "label": "CAMBOT", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6497f9c7-d8a6-46d7-9fea-68f612b835ff", "label": "Visibility Sensor", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "Visibility sensors detect atmospheric transparency and output a sensor equivalent visibility (SEV) range that represents the maximum distance that the human eye can see under given atmospheric conditions. They offer a standardized method for assessing visibility range when it is impaired by fog, cloud cover, snow, smoke, or other precipitation. Meteorologists use visibility sensors to remotely monitor the visibility range. They may be deployed in remote weather stations while the most common application for visibility sensors is for aviation when assessing visibility at runways.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "674d52b5-35a8-4f3a-8b11-28c37a893ba5", "label": "SUNSHINE RECORDERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "A SUNSHINE RECORDERS is an instrument designed to record the\nduration of sunshine without regard to intensity at any given\nlocation; Instruments that record data about the sun?s rays and\nheat it gives off (sunshine); done daily, monthly, and\nseasonally for the purpose of studying the weather and climate\npatterns on the Earth?s surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c58b909-9cdc-4fed-9432-ba35940eed10", "label": "Pleiades High Resolution", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cd74e61-e205-49bb-9ebb-78b06db5f531", "label": "WSI", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The whole-sky imager (WSI) is an automated imager used for assessing and documenting cloud fields and cloud field dynamics. The WSI is a ground-based electronic imaging system that monitors the upper hemisphere. It is a passive, i.e., non-emissive, system that acquires images of the sky dome through three spectral filters (neutral, red, and blue). From these sky images, we can assess the presence, distribution, shape, and radiance of clouds over the entire sky using automated cloud decision algorithms and related processing. The current WSI model (EO System 6) is capable of image acquisition under daylight, moonlight, and starlight conditions.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.arm.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WSI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: WSI\n Long_Name: Whole-Sky Imager\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.arm.gov/instruments/instrument_iop.php?id=wsi\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-17\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, US Dept of Energy\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fac8911-0000-4c2b-aefa-a6bcbff97805", "label": "SBI", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The Solar Bolometric Imager (SBI) was designed to operate for 10-30 days in the stratosphere above Antarctica where it can provide millions of wavelength-integrated images of the Sun. These images will show how solar irradiance sources vary in local magnetic fields and they will show any other sources of solar irradiance variation such as that due to the hypothetical giant cells. This is the best observational approach to characterizing potential causes of the long-term irradiance variations. Discovery of other predicted sources of secular variability, such as torsional waves and meridional flow variations, would constitute a major advance for solar physics and for policy response to global warming.\n\nSBI uses a 30-cm diameter F/12 Dall-Kirkham telescope with uncoated mirrors and neutral density filters to provide high precision measurements over the wavelengths from 0.28 microns to 2.6 microns. The SBI sensor has the unique capability to record images of the solar photosphere with a flat photometric response. Each frame from the SBI will be precisely calibrated. Bursts of 60 to 120 frames of the same scene will be co-registered and summed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The scenes will be mosaiced to form images with 5 arc-second resolution over the entire Sun.\n\nThe calibrated, mosaiced SBI images will be used to derive data products such as 3D plots of intensity contrast versus magnetic flux and distance from Sun center. Inferred solar irradiance variations will be compared with SORCE/TIM and ACRIMSAT measurements. The images and data products will be openly available via the SBI \n\nWeb page sd-www.jhuapl.edu/SBI/.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SBI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: SBI\n Long_Name: Solar Bolometric Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.28 ¼m to 2.6 ¼m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/SBI/\n Sample_Image: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/SBI/Instrument/palestine_2006/gondola_front_m\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-09-01\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "715bd84e-47a5-4da8-baf4-a283c46ccadf", "label": "OCM-2", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The OCM-2 sensor consists of 8-band modular cameras operating in the Visible-Near IR spectral range. This sensor provides an instantaneous geometric field of view of 360 m and covers a swath width of 1420 km. The wide swath enables the OCM-2 to provide a revisit cycle of two days for a given area.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OCM-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: OCM-2\n Long_Name: Ocean Colour Monitor-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-O2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40-0.885 micron\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 20 nm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-10-28\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bf9f69e-3bc7-45ad-9224-969676d36d78", "label": "11.5um Radiometer", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93687d67-fcb3-48bf-b37f-ff6722a1687f", "label": "GSD", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "Germanium Semiconductor Detector (GSD) are semiconductor diodes\nhaving a P-I-N structure in which the Intrinsic (I) region is\nsensitive to ionizing radiation, particularly X-rays and gamma\nrays. Under reverse bias, an electric field extends across the\nintrinsic or depleted region. When photons interact with the\nmaterial within the depleted volume of a detector, charge\ncarriers (holes and electrons) are produced and are swept by the\nelectric field to the P and N electrodes. This charge, which is\nin proportion to the energy deposited in the detector by the\nincoming photon, is converted into a voltage pulse by an\nintegral charge sensitive preamplifier.\n\nBecause germanium has a relatively low band gap, these detectors\nmust be cooled in order to reduce the thermal generation of\ncharge carriers (thus reverse leakage current) to an acceptable\nlevel. Otherwise, leakage current induced noise destroys the\nenergy resolution of the detector. Liquid nitrogen, which has a\ntemperature of 77?K is the common cooling medium for such\ndetectors. The detector is mounted in a vacuum chamber which is\nattached to or inserted into an LN2 dewar or an electrically\npowered cooler. The sensitive detector surfaces are thus\nprotected from moisture and condensable contaminants.\n\n[Source: CANBERRA 'http://www.canberra.com']", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "959af52d-2698-43a2-8e8e-37f4a92c5489", "label": "SILICON PHOTODIODES", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "SILICON PHOTODIODES: With this instrumentation, radiation\ntransmittance (ratio of transmitted to incident radiation)\nthrough clear ice, refrozen slush ice and brash ice, from ice\nsurface to ice water interface in 400 to 600 nanometer range\n(photosynthetically active range), was measured at two\nfreshwater lakes. Data taken with this included surface and\nunder-ice sensor readings, date and time of observation, solar\nangle, ice thickness, water depth, distance of under-ice sensor\nfrom ice bottom surface, and site number/location.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3771e7c-efaf-4867-8380-1d629f2eb66b", "label": "OPC", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "Optical particle counters (OPCs), photometers, Aerodynamic Particle Sizer\n(APS) spectrometers, and\ncondensation particle counters (CPCs) all measure airborne particles in real time. Each technology has a\nunique sensitivity to specific particle characteristics such as size, mass and refractive index. Table 1\nsummarizes the basic performance differences. Note in particular the size range and flow rate for each\ninstrument as well as the upper limit of the number concentrations. Table 2 summarizes typical\napplications for each measurement technology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4279b96-58ea-4e69-8cb2-e0956a8a8648", "label": "ALAE", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The objective of the Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE)\nexperiment was to measure atomic hydrogen and deuterium in the\nterrestrial atmosphere. The ALAE was flown on the Space Shuttle as\npart of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Science and Applications (ATLAS\n1). The instrument consists of a spectrophotometer with an atomic\nhydrogen absorption cell and an atomic deuterium absorption\ncell. Various combinations of switching the cells on and off allow\nobservations of the atmospheric deuterium layer, the atomic geocorona,\nand the Lyman-alpha interplanetary medium.\nFurther information about the ATLAS-1 mission can be found at:\n'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b58d7d73-ea9e-4af3-8363-51bd6547b94f", "label": "GFC RADIOMETER", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer (GFCR) is an\noptoelectrical sensor able to detect airborne pollutants such as\ncarbon monoxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides. The device makes\nuse of a polarization modulator, in conjunction with a\npolarization beam splitter, to enable rapid optical-path\nswitching without the use of moving parts. As light reflected\nfrom the atmosphere enters the instrument the light radiation\npasses through a polarization-sensitive beam splitter, the\nsplitter reflects the polarized photons and transmits\nhorizontally polarized photons. The beamis thus alternated\nbetween two optical paths: one comprised of a vacuum cell and\nthe other a correlation cell that contains a small quantity of\ngas, which the sensor is calibrated to detect.\n\nThe gas in the correlation cell acts as a defacto filter for\nincoming radiation. As radiation from the two paths is\nrecombined and analyzed, the difference in signal strengths\nindicates the amount of target gas present in the outside air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "baafc73b-3728-49ab-8a90-87d9af82fdbe", "label": "OPS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The Optical Sensor(OPS) provide better ground resolution than MOS-1's MESSR. The OPS separates the light reflected from the ground into seven spectral bands from visible to short-wave infrared and employes CCD's. Detailed pictures from the satellite allow us to survey the earth resources, monitor sea status and obtain other information useful for improving our life. \n\n[Summary provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: OPS\n Long_Name: Optical Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JERS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/ops_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/ops_pic.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-02-11\n Instrument_Owner: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c21aefc3-6e3d-4a92-b576-ad872e4c6de3", "label": "MINARAD RST-10", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The MINARAD RST-10 is a sensor used to measure Nadir infrared radiance (radiation temp).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MINARAD RST-10\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: MINARAD RST-10\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ACROS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 9.5mm<µ<11.5mm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.arm.gov/publications/proceedings/conf08/extended_abs/asano_s.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c38e16d1-61f9-4189-a3c9-33e2015db137", "label": "Passive Remote Sensing", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8e7b55f3-c7ef-4f25-9c84-a75166b382c8", "label": "CMT", - "broader": "c38e16d1-61f9-4189-a3c9-33e2015db137", + "parentId": "c38e16d1-61f9-4189-a3c9-33e2015db137", "definition": "The China Mapping Telescope (CMT) is a High resolution optical imager. CMT is an instrument on-board the Beijing-1 satellite which is a part of Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) First Generation.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CMT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Type: Telescopes\n Short_Name: CMT\n Long_Name: China Mapping Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40 μm to 0.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/84\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-24\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Peoples Republic of China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7021,34 +7021,34 @@ { "uuid": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", "label": "NEPHELOMETERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "A nephelometer measures the scattering coefficient of light\ncaused by suspended particles in the air instantaneously.", "children": [ { "uuid": "75c9c28f-8098-46d0-ae34-01241acee7ff", "label": "TSI-3562 Nephelometer", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", + "parentId": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59c3ceea-e637-4400-a980-5eaedfa4eb91", "label": "RR Neph", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", + "parentId": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", "definition": "TSI Integrating Nephelometers are designed specifically for studies of direct radiative forcing of the Earth’s climate by aerosol particles, or studies of ground-based or airborne atmospheric visual air quality in clean areas. They may also be used as an analytical detector for aerosol particles whenever the parameter of interest is the light-scattering coefficient of the particles after a pretreatment step, such as heating, humidification, or segregation by size. The light-scattering coefficient is a highly variable aerosol property. Integrating Nephelometers measure the angular integral of light scattering that yields the quantity called the aerosol scattering coefficient, which is used in the Beer-Lambert Law to calculate total light extinction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b38b19d3-4b1b-4bf0-8dfc-7fd36e7d6f2f", "label": "TSI-3563 Neph", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", + "parentId": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", "definition": "TSI Integrating Nephelometers are designed specifically for studies of direct radiative forcing of the Earth’s climate by aerosol particles, or studies of ground-based or airborne atmospheric visual air quality in clean areas. They may also be used as an analytical detector for aerosol particles whenever the parameter of interest is the light-scattering coefficient of the particles after a pretreatment step, such as heating, humidification, or segregation by size. The light-scattering coefficient is a highly variable aerosol property. Integrating Nephelometers measure the angular integral of light scattering that yields the quantity called the aerosol scattering coefficient, which is used in the Beer-Lambert Law to calculate total light extinction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0911bb8-dabd-4cd9-b7de-04e15d14aa62", "label": "LI Neph", - "broader": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", + "parentId": "c39f54a3-efd0-4596-8d5b-fe7ab519d13f", "definition": "The laser imaging nephelometer measures the unpolarized scattering phase function of an aerosol ensemble using diode lasers at 375 and 405 nm. Scattered light from the bulk aerosol in the instrument is imaged onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) using a wide-angle field-of-view lens, which allows for measurements at 4–175∘ scattering angle with ∼ 0.5∘ angular resolution. Along with a suite of other instruments, the laser imaging nephelometer sampled fresh smoke emissions both directly and after removal of volatile components with a thermodenuder at 250 ∘C. The total integrated aerosol scattering signal agreed with both a cavity ring-down photoacoustic spectrometer system and a traditional integrating nephelometer within instrumental uncertainties. We compare the measured scattering phase functions at 405 nm to theoretical models for spherical (Mie) and fractal (Rayleigh–Debye–Gans) particle morphologies based on the size distribution reported by an optical particle counter.", "children": [] } @@ -7057,496 +7057,496 @@ { "uuid": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "label": "Cameras", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "001d8e8c-e9b1-4418-9941-f41321c2c500", "label": "WV110", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "WV110 was designed and developed at ITT Corporation's Space Systems Division of Rochester, NY. The objective of the WV110 instrument is to provide high-resolution panchromatic as well as 8-band multispectral imagery for enhanced mapping and monitoring applications (including stereo imagery due to rapid retargeting capability). \n\nIn September 2008, BATC started with the integration of the WV110 camera. On Feb. 24, 2009 the WV110 camera had been integrated into the WorldView-2 spacecraft and system-level testing has commenced.\n\nImager type\n\nPushbroom imager (or a line scan imaging system)\n\nImaging mode\n\nPanchromatic (Pan)\n\nMultispectral (MS) 8 bands\n(4 standard + 4 additional colors)\n\nSpectral range\n\n450-800 nm\n\n400-450 nm (coastal blue)\n450-510 nm (blue)\n510-580 nm (green)\n585-625 nm (yellow)\n630-690 nm (red)\n705-745 nm (red edge)\n770-895 nm (NIR1)\n860-1040 nm (NIR2)\n\nSpatial resolution at nadir\n\n0.46 m GSD (0.52 m at 20º off-nadir)\n\n1.8 m GSD (2.4 m at 20º off-nadir)\n\nSwath width\n\n16.4 km (multiple adjoining paths can be imaged in a target area in a single orbit pass due to S/C agility)\n\nDetectors\n\nPan: Si CCD array (8 µm pixel size) with a row of > 35,000 detectors\nMS: Si CCD 4 arrays (32 µm pixel size) with a row of > 9,300 detectors\n\nData quantization\n\n11 bit\n\nGeolocation accuracy of imagery\n\n≤ 3 m (using a GPS receiver, a gyroscope and a star tracker) without any GCP (Ground Control Points)\n\nOptics\n\nTMA telescope with an aperture diameter of 1.1 m, focal length = 13.3 m, f/12\n\nTDI (Time Delay Integration)\n\n6 selectable levels from 8 to 64 in Pan and MS\n\nFOV (Field of View)\n\n> 1.28º\n\nInstrument size\n\n3 m tall\n\n\nSpectral band\n\nCenter wavelength (nm)\n\nMinimum lower band edge (nm)\n\nMaximum upper band edge (nm)\n\nPan (WorldView-1) imager\n\n650\n\n400\n\n900\n\nPan (WorldView-2) imager\n\n625\n\n447\n\n808\n\nMS1 (NIR1)\n\n831\n\n765\n\n901\n\nMS2 (red)\n\n659\n\n630\n\n690\n\nMS3 (green)\n\n546\n\n506\n\n586\n\nMS4 (blue)\n\n478\n\n442\n\n515\n\nMS5 (red edge)\n\n724\n\n699\n\n749\n\nMS6 (yellow)\n\n608\n\n584\n\n632\n\nMS7 (coastal blue)\n\n427\n\n396\n\n458\n\nMS8 (NIR2)\n\n908\n\n856\n\n1043\n\nParameter / Spacecraft\n\nQuickBird-2 (QB)\n\nWorldView-1\n\nWorldView-2\n\nLaunch date\n\nOct. 21, 2001\n\nSept. 18. 2007\n\nOct. 08, 2009\n\nOrbital altitude (SSO)\n\n450 km\n\n450 km\n\n770 km\n\nSpacecraft mass at launch\n\n931 kg\n\n2500 kg\n\n2800 kg\n\nSpacecraft bus size\n\n3 m x 1.6 m Ø\n\n3.6 m x 2.5 m Ø\n\n4.3 m x 2.5 m Ø\n\nSpacecraft bus type\n\nBCP-2000\n\nBCP-5000\n\nBCP-5000\n\nSolar array span\n\n5.2 m\n\n7.1 m\n\n7.1 m\n\nSpacecraft power\n\n1.14 kW (EOL) single junction GaAs cells\n\n3.2 kW (EOL) triple junction GaAs cells\n\n3.2 kW (EOL) triple junction GaAs cells\n\nBattery\n\n40 Ah NiH2\n\n100 Ah NiH2\n\n100 Ah NiH2\n\nAttitude actuation\n\nReaction wheels\n\nCMG assembly\n\nCMG assembly\n\nS/C body pointing capability\n\n±30º (nominal in any direction)\n\n±40º (nominal in any direction)\n\n±40º (nominal in any direction)\n\nOnboard propulsion\n\n4 x 4.4 N hydrazine thrusters\n\nYes\n\nYes\n\nSpacecraft design life\n\n5 years\n\n7.25 years\n\n7.25 years\n\nRF Wideband downlink\n\n320 Mbit/s\n\n800 Mbit/s\n\n800 Mbit/s\n\nOnboard data storage\n\n128 Gbit\n\n2.2 Tbit\n\n2.2 Tbit\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\nPayload (builder)\n\nBHRC60 (BATC)\n\nWV60 (ITT)\n\nWV110 (ITT)\n\nTelescope aperture\n\n60 cm Ø\n\n60 cm Ø\n\n110 cm Ø\n\nSwath width\n\n16.5 km\n\n16.4 km\n\n16.4 km\n\nPan resolution at nadir\n\n0.61 cm\n\n50 cm\n\n46 cm\n\nMS resolution at nadir\n\n2.4 m\n\n-\n\n1.8 m (8 bands)\n\nMonoscopic area coverage\n\n1 x\n\n> 4 x\n\n> 4 x\n\nSingle pass mono coverage\n\n1 strip of 350 km\n\n1 strip of 650 km\n1 area of 60 km x 110 km\n\n1 strip of 650 km\n1 area of 96 km x 110 km\n\nSingle pass stereo coverage\n\nSingle scene (<10º off nadir track)\n\n3 strip x 55 km\n2 strip x 110 km\n1 strip x 220 km\n\n3 strip x 55 km\n2 strip x 110 km\n1 strip x 220 km", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03f8378f-16de-466c-816f-352990d5aaf4", "label": "CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Multispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural environment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0596301b-c30a-4d3b-b0bc-6340ba0ab487", "label": "BJ-1 PAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Beijing-1 Panchromatic Imager is a high-resolution remote sensing device with a 4-meter panchromatic resolution and a width 24 km.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BJ-1 PAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: BJ-1 PAN\n Long_Name: BJ-1 Panchromatic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: VIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.blmit.com.cn/document/weixingjieshao.jsp\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-10-27\n Instrument_Owner: China/NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "080d3032-aef9-4b1a-bab9-43ecbc12480c", "label": "CPI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Cloud Particle Imager (CPI):\n\nCPIs sold to NASA, NCAR, University of Washington, University of\nNorth Dakota,\n\nCanadian Meteorological Society, University of Manchester\n\nCPIs operated in several field campaigns including: NASA TRMM,\nNASA EOS, NASA CAMEX, NSF SHEBA, NSF Antarctica Program,\n\nNCAR/FAA MWISP, DOE ARM, Canadian Atlantic Storms Project, Canadian,\nFreezing, Drizzle Experiment, Alliance Icing Research Study,NSF Cloud\nStudy, Australian Emerald Project\n\nHigh-resolution (2.3 micron pixel size) digital images of\nparticles recorded as particles pass through the sample volume\nat speeds up to 200 m/s.\n\nReal time image processing crops particle images, eliminating\nblank space and compressing data by >1000:1 ? Data analysis\nsoftware automatically classifies ice crystal habits and\nseparates water drops from ice particles.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.specinc.com/cpi.htm'\n\n[Summary: SPECinc]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ff265ba-785f-498b-bee3-407c4317ac87", "label": "MULTI-SPECTRAL", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "A camera that captures multispectral images. The image data is captured at specific frequencies across the electromagnetic spectrum.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14c1a460-556d-4526-a758-08d828057350", "label": "PASS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PASS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PASS\n Long_Name: Payload Autonomous Star Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19b1f097-50a4-4a8b-9a2e-8b02fdc80855", "label": "RBV", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) consisted of three TV-like cameras\nwhich used color filters to provide multispectral images in EM\nbands centered in the blue-green, yellow-red, and red-IR. This\nsensor failed early on the ERTS-1 and never came into routine\nuse. However, a four-camera RBV on Landsat-3 was a panchromatic\n(0.505 - 0.750 m) version that provided four contiguous images\nat 30 m (98ft) resolution; each image comprises approximately\none-quarter of a full Landsat MSS scene).\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RBV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: RBV\n Long_Name: Return Beam Vidicon\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-3\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-2\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.47 μm - 0.575 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.58 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.69 μm - 0.83 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2265.5 MHz\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d0575e9-fde5-41b2-adfc-85b129a50673", "label": "CC GLORY", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: CCD GLORY home page, http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-cc.html ]\n\nCloud Camera Research\n\nThe cloud camera is a high-spatial-resolution two-band radiometer intended to facilitate the identification of cloud-contaminated APS pixels and to determine the fraction of the pixel area occupied by clouds. Over ocean, the cloud camera will also be used to determine aerosol load and fine mode fraction over a wider swath based on the aerosol microphysical model determined from APS measurements for the nadir pixles.\n\nCloud Camera Data\n\nThe analysis of cloud camera data to provide cross track coverage over a finite swath of aerosol load and fine mode fraction over the open ocean provides a back up to what is planned with APS and MODIS-Aqua in the event that MODIS data are not available.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CC GLORY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CC GLORY\n Long_Name: Cloud Camera on GLORY\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLORY\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview-cc.html\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/CC.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2009-01-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23f742b3-e172-4f52-bb38-e859fdb8b16e", "label": "AVCS Nimbus-2", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-01 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 2 Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) was a combination of cameras, tape recorder, and transmitter that could record and store a series of remote daytime cloudcover pictures for subsequent playback to a ground-data acquisition station. The AVCS sensors consisted of three vidicon cameras mounted on the satellite sensory ring, facing earthward and deployed in a fan-like array to produce a three-segment composite picture. Each camera covered a 35-deg field of view with the center camera pointing straight down. The optical axes of the other two cameras were directed 35 deg to either side. Each of the cameras employed an f/4 lens with a focal length of 18.2 mm. A potentiometer attached to the solar array controlled the lens opening from f/16 when the spacecraft was over the equator to f/4 when it was near the poles. The 800-scan-line, 2.54-cm vidicon pickup tubes yielded a linear resolution of better than 1 km at nadir from an approximate altitude of 1100 km. At this altitude, the camera array could produce a composite picture covering an area of 720 by 3400 km. Successive frames were taken at 91-s intervals providing about 20% overlap in coverage. A 40-ms exposure time was used, and the image was scanned by the electron beam in 6.5 s. The resulting signal was frequency modulated and recorded on three tracks of a magnetic tape, one track for each camera. Sufficient tape was provided for recording 53 pictures (about 1-2/3 orbits of data). The AVCS data were multiplexed with the High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) data and, using a transmission frequency of 1707.5 MHz, were telemetered to a ground station in 4 min. The experiment operated normally until August 31, 1966, when the tape recorder malfunctioned. Sporadic operation was continued until September 2, 1966, when the recorder failed completely, terminating data acquisition except for direct readouts received over North Carolina and Alaska readout stations. The experiment was successful in providing high-quality cloudcover pictures over an entire season on a near-global basis and in confirming the reliability of the camera system for use in future operational weather satellites. Data from this experiment can be obtained through SDSD. For more detailed information of the experiment and the index of the data, see Section 2 of the 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), 'Nimbus 2 AVCS World Montage Catalog' (TRF B06579), and 'The Nimbus 2 Data Catalog' (TRF B06573), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVCS NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Vidicon Camera System on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-01\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-28\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a852a66-f1d9-4d84-b97b-c92638b34c2a", "label": "VIDEO CAMERA", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "A camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition, initially developed by the television industry but now common in other applications as well. Video cameras are used primarily in two modes. The first, characteristic of much early television, is what might be called a live broadcast, where the camera feeds real time images directly to a screen for immediate observation. A few cameras still serve live television production, but most live connections are for security, military/tactical, and industrial operations where surreptitious or remote viewing is required. The second is to have the images recorded to a storage device for archiving or further processing; for many years, videotape was the primary format used for this purpose, but optical disc media, hard disk, and flash memory are all increasingly used.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VIDEO CAMERA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: VIDEO CAMERA\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Sonyhdrfx1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c5a8a67-5e8d-4f2b-971d-928ff967c653", "label": "THEOS PAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "THEOS PAN is an optical instrument with resolution 2 m and swath width at 22 km. It can be used in several applications such as cartography, land use planning and management, national security, etc.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: THEOS PAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: THEOS PAN\n Long_Name: THEOS Panchromatic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 - 0.90 µm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-10-01\n Instrument_Owner: GISTDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "315dd090-e866-4746-9a27-5d4579b974e1", "label": "CIPS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The CIPS instrument is a panoramic UV (265 nm) nadir imager that views in the nadir and off-nadir direction and images the polar atmosphere at a variety of angles in order to determine cloud presence, provide the spatial morphology of the cloud and constrain the parameters of the cloud particle distribution. The instrument consists of a 2x2 array of cameras operating in a 10 nm passband centered at 265 nm, each with an overlapping FOV, and a resolution (at the nadir) of 2.5 km. The total FOV is 80 deg x 120 deg, centered at the sub-satellite point, with the 120 deg axis along the orbit track. Because of slant viewing at the edges of the FOV, the worst spatial resolution is about 6.4 km, adequate for identifying the larger-scale NLC 'bands.' The near-polar orbit will cause the observation swaths to overlap at latitudes higher than about 70 deg, so that nearly the entire polar cap will be mapped with 15-orbit per day coverage. For the first time a synoptic morphology of cloud evolution throughout the entire season, and in both hemispheres, will be achieved.\n\nCIPS provides:\n· Panoramic nadir imaging with a 120º x 80º field-of-view (1140 x 960 km)\n· Scattered radiances from Polar Mesospheric Clouds near 83 km altitude to derive PMC morphology and constrain cloud particle size information.\n· Rayleigh scattering from the background near 50 km altitude to measure gravity wave activity\n· Multiple exposures of individual cloud elements to measure scattering phase function and detect spatial scales to approximately 2.5 km\n· Measurements of the ultraviolet band pass (265 ± 5 nm) which maximizes the cloud contrast.\n \n[Source: CIPS Instrument Description on the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) Home Page http://lasp.colorado.edu/aim/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CIPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CIPS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2.5 Km\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/instrmt/cips.html\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/aim/\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38266f66-47af-4e1c-870e-8b9c20a4c9e9", "label": "CCD IMAGER", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Characteristics of the Imaging Instrument CCD Camera:\nSpectral bands:\n0,51 - 0,73 µm (pan)\n0,45 - 0,52 µm (blue)\n0,52 - 0,59 µm (green)\n0,63 - 0,69 µm (red)\n0,77 - 0,89 µm (near infrared)\nField of view: 8,3º\nSpatial resolution: 20 x 20 m\nSwath width: 113 km\nMirror pointing capability: ±32º\nTemporal resolution: 26 days nadir view (3 days revisit)\nRF carrier frequency: 8103 MHz and 8321 MHz\nImage data bit rate: 2 x 53 Mbit/s\nEIRP: 43 dBm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD (CBERS 2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98575/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-22\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38312ec1-55a7-488e-9253-fe779a2ff457", "label": "GRACE SCA", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Star Camera Assembly (SCA) (also called Star Camera System or SCS) will be manufactured (as for CHAMP) by the Danish University of Technology (DUT) and is used for the precise orientation of the satellite within the AOCS and for the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements. The SCA consists of 2 simultaneously operated DTU star cameras with a field of view of 18° by 16° and one Data Processing Unit (DPU). It will measure the S/C's attitude better than 0.3 mrad (with a goal of 0.1 mrad) by autonomous detection of star constellations using an onboard available star catalogue. The SCA is rigily attached to the accelerometer and views the sky at 45° angle with respect to the zenith at the port and starboard sides. In the case that the sun will move into the field of view of one of two sensors the second sensor will proceed to measure the attitude. To avoid velocity induced aberration the SCA is equipped with an orbit propagator which will be regularily updated by the GPS navigation solution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE SCA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: GRACE SCA\n Long_Name: Star Camera Assembly\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a52de1f-9020-4008-be76-566b0c3a9ef5", "label": "CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Multispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural environment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e2eef5b-8257-462f-bfff-8f260d041a73", "label": "MS-THEOS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Multispectral Cameral on the Thai Earth Observation System.\n\nMore Information: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?id_page=8&Satellite_Name=THEOS\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: MS\n Long_Name: Multispectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: THEOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.450 micrometers to 0.520 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.530 micrometers to 0.600 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.620 micrometers to 0.690 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.770 micrometers to 0.900 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.astrium.eads.net/families/daily-life-benefits/remote-sensing/theos\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?id_page=8&Satellite_Name=THEOS\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/theos.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-03\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Thailand GISTDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40a7456b-a677-4636-ac2c-6214f0e2f105", "label": "AVCS Nimbus-1", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-01 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 1 Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS), which consisted of three cameras, a tape recorder, and an S-band transmitter, recorded and stored a series of remote daytime cloudcove pictures for subsequent playback to selected ground data acquisition stations. The AVCS cameras were mounted on the satellite sensory ring, facing earthward and deployed in a fan-like array to produce a three-segment composite picture. Each camera covered a 37-deg field of view with the center camera pointing straight down. The optical axes of the other two cameras were directed 35 deg to either side. Each of the cameras employed an f/4 lens with a focal length of 16.5 mm. A potentiometer attached to the solar array controlled the lens opening from f/16 when the spacecraft was over the equator to f/4 when it was near the poles. The 800-scan-line, 2.54-cm-diameter vidicon pickup tubes yielded a linear resolution of better than 1 km at nadir from an altitude of 800 km. At this altitude, the camera array produced a composite picture covering an area of 830 by 2700 km. Up to 192 pictures (two full orbits of data) or 64 pictures per camera could be stored on tape for subsequent playback to an acquisition station. Using a transmission frequency of 1707.5 MHz, the two orbits of pictures could be telemetered to a ground station in 4 min. The AVCS experiment was highly successful. It provided the first near-global, high-resolution cloudcover pictures ever assembled and confirmed the decision to use this particular camera assembly as a basis for the first operational satellite system TOS/ESSA (TIROS Operational System/Environmental Science Services Administration). Data from this experiment can be obtained through SDSD. For an index of the data, see 'Nimbus 1 Users' Catalog: AVCS and APT' (TRF B04499), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AVCS NIMBUS-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-1\n Long_Name: Advanced Vidicon Camera System on NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-01\n Online_Resource: https://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-28\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46938545-abfb-4c16-80d7-fd886420508b", "label": "HRCCD", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: Satellite Imaging Corporation, http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html ]\n\nCCD Camera supports the analysis of phenomena whose duration is compatible with its temporal resolution. This temporal resolution can be improved as the CCD has the capacity of side view. Its bands are located in the spectral zone of the visible and near infrared, which allow good contrast between vegetation and other type of objects.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRCCD\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n Long_Name: High Resolution CCD Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 μm - 0.73 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 μm - 0.52 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.59 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 0.89 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/media/images/cbers-2-satellite-sensor.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-27\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil/INPE\n Instrument_Owner: CHINA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4836842d-fcbe-41a1-8481-8edf9fed2307", "label": "Headwall", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Headwall family of hyperspectral cameras\nare line-scanning hyperspectral cameras (sometimes called pushbroom) that\ncollect reflected light through an image slit. One row of spatial pixels is\ncollected per frame as motion occurs, with each pixel containing full\nspectral data. Headwall's standard hyperspectral imaging ranges may include\nUV-VIS (250-500nm), VNIR (400-1000nm), Extended VNIR (550-1700nm), NIR\n(900-1700nm), and SWIR (900-2500nm). The spectral imaging sensors are used\naboard UAV, aircraft, or satellite platforms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a0a0d09-63c9-4c2e-ab46-25727248df27", "label": "HRC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRC\n Long_Name: High Resolution Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ee9c6ac-88c3-4b1e-b269-1736ac220955", "label": "EPIC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "DSCOVR Mission's EPIC Instrument - Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera\n\nEPIC instrument views the entire sunlit face of the Earth from sunrise to sunset in 10 narrowband channels, from ultraviolet to near infrared. These measurements can be used to determine ozone, aerosols, cloud heights, dust, volcanic ash. Credit: NASA / DSCOVR: \n\nFor more photos from DSCOVR, visit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa_goddard/sets/72157647125358753/\n\nFor more information about DSCOVR, visit: http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56d237d3-4b34-4c75-8c9e-5d20dffd48b1", "label": "IDCS Nimbus-3", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Nimbus 3 Image Dissector Camera System (IDCS) was designed to take daytime cloudcover photographs. The pictures could be transmitted to APT stations using the real-time transmission system (RTTS) or stored on magnetic tape for subsequent playback to ground acquisition stations. The camera was mounted on the bottom of the satellite sensory ring and pointed vertically down toward the earth at all times. The image dissector was a shutterless electronic scan and step tube mounted behind a wide-angle (108 deg), 5.7-mm focal length lens. Scanning and stepping functions occurred continuously while the satellite progressed along its orbital path. The field of view of the optics was 73.6 deg in the direction of flight and 98.2 deg in a plane normal to the direction of flight. The image was focused by the optics on a photosensitive surface of the image dissector tube. A line-scanning beam scanned the photosensitive surface at 4 Hz with a frame period of 200 s. At the nominal spacecraft altitude of 1100 km, each resulting picture was approximately 1400 km on a side, with a ground resolution of 3 km at nadir. For a more detailed description, see Section 2 of 'The Nimbus III User's Guide' (TRF B03409). The experiment was a success and produced good data until September 25, 1970, when operations were terminated owing to spacecraft yaw problems. Data from this experiment are available through SDSD. The IDCS world montages were presented in 'The Nimbus III Data Catalog' (TRF B06523), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IDCS NIMBUS-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: IDCS NIMBUS-3\n Long_Name: Image Dissector Camera System on NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1969-037A-06\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-28\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57566b7c-2e79-4b4a-90cd-1feca61eaa04", "label": "PANMUX", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE),\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4.htm ] \n\nThe PanMux Camera (PANMUX) is a high resolution camera that will be found on the CBERS-3 and 4 satellite. Brazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PANMUX\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PANMUX\n Long_Name: PanMux Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51µm -0.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.51 µm - 0.85 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm -0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm -0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4_cameras.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 140 Mbit/s (B01), 100 Mbit/s (B02.B03.B04)\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58faa563-84f4-4c0f-8c06-d6f75d8afb0f", "label": "HRG-1", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: Earth Observation Satellites and Sensors for Risk Management, \n http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ] \n\nThe panchromatic resolution is 2.5m / 5 m. Imagery at a resolution of 2.5 metres in the panchromatic band is obtained using a sampling concept unique to SPOT 5, called Supermode. This concept processes two 5-metre panchromatic images acquired simultaneously to generate a single image at a resolution of 2.5 metres.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRG-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRG-1\n Long_Name: High Resolution Geometrical Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.495 μm - 0.605 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.617 μm - 0.687 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.780 μm - 0.893 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.580 μm - 1.750 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.475 μm - 0.710 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1415-spot.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/?countryCode=US&languageCode=en\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "594771b6-eeb7-4930-9b54-b1407a537ac8", "label": "Sky View Camera", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b431302-22c1-4485-90bb-6ed5bf5558b6", "label": "LLLTV", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "LLLTV, or Low Light Level Television, is a type of electronic sensing device, usually a CCD camera with a frequency detection range extending above the normal visible (0.4 to 0.7 micrometre) wavelengths, and into the short-wave Infrared - usually to about 1.0 to 1.1 micrometres. This allows viewing of objects in extremely low light levels, where they would not be seen by the naked eye. LLLTVs tend to be more affordable than IR cameras, which typically cover ranges from 3 to 5 µm (MWIR)or 8 to 12 µm (LWIR).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LLLTV\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: LLLTV\n Long_Name: Low Light Level TV\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d355667-2cdb-42c3-b003-72536268eb27", "label": "APT Nimbus-1", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-02 ]\n\nThe Nimbus 1 Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system was a camera and transmitter combination designed to transmit local daytime, slow-scan television pictures of cloudcover conditions to properly equipped ground receiving stations on a real-time basis. The camera used a 108-deg wide-angle f/1.8 objective lens with a focal length of 5.7 mm. The camera was mounted facing earthward on the H-frame inside the sensory ring, with its optical axis parallel to the spacecraft spin axis. The actual picture taking required 8 s and the transmission 200 s. Earth-cloud images retained on the photo-sensitive surface of the 2.54-cm-diameter vidicon were read out at four lines per second to produce an 800-line picture. A 5-W TV transmitter (136.95 MHz) relayed the pictures to local APT stations within communication range. The faceplate of the vidicon had reticle marks that appeared on the picture format to aid in relating the picture to its geographical position on the earth's surface. At the nominal satellite altitude, a picture covered approximately a 1660- by 1660-km square with a horizontal resolution of around 3 km at nadir. The experiment supplied over 1600 high-quality cloudcover pictures to participating APT stations during the spacecraft's 3.5-week lifetime. It proved the capability of weather satellites to provide high-quality daytime local cloudcover data to operational meteorologists on an essentially real-time basis. Its success bolstered the decision to include such instrumentation in the TIROS Operational System (TOS). For more detailed information of the experiment, see 'APT Users' Guide' (TRF B04499), available from NSSDC. APT data are primarily intended for operational use within the local APT acquisition station and are generally not available for distribution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APT NIMBUS-1\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-1\n Long_Name: Automatic Picture Transmission System on NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-052A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f23cc05-b83e-4f1b-8ebc-b76903947f5e", "label": "CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "CCD camera for:\nMultispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural enviroment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5fd2c0d2-50bb-4f70-a975-9e33e344c0e3", "label": "ASC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "A All-Sky cameras is a camera that uses special optical elements\nsuch as fish-eye lenses or spherical mirrors to acquire an image\nof the whole sky in one shot (hence the name).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/atmos/sondre.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Berkeley]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "627146f7-ff09-4265-a967-f3d202f23d52", "label": "WFC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: NASA CALIPSO project Home Page, http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#WFC ]\n\nThe WFC is a modified version of the commercial off-the-shelf Ball Aerosopace CT-633 star tracker camera. It is a fixed, nadir-viewing imager with a single spectral channel covering the 620-670 nm region, selected to match band 1 of the MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on Aqua.\n\nCharacteristics:\nWavelength: 645 nm\nSpectral Bandwidth: 50 nm\nIFOV/swath: 125 m/61 km\nData Rate: 26 kbps\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WFC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WFC\n Long_Name: Wide Field Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 620-670 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#WFC\n Sample_Image: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/images/payload.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 26 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a3c8a54-48ae-4357-8bbc-bd2c48ede3a7", "label": "SLIM-6", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "SLIM-6 (Surrey Linear Imager Multispectral 6 channels): 32-metre resolution imager in 3 spectral bands (NIR, red, green) with an extremely wide imaging swath of 600 km.\nGPS Reflectometry Experiment: to demonstrate GPS reflectometry measurements from the sea surface.\nWater resistojet: experimental ultra low-cost micropropulsion system", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b7c232c-1f9c-464d-adc2-fa226617eb0a", "label": "IRS (HuanJing 1B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Infrared Multispectral Camera - Infrared measurements for environment and natural disaster monitoring.\n\nResolution Summary: 300 m (10.5 - 12.5 μm), 150 m (the other bands)\nSwath Summary: 720 km\nWaveband Summary: 0.75 - 1.10 µm, 1.55 - 1.75 µm, 3.50 - 3.90 µm, 10.5 - 12.5 µm\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\nSWIR (~1.3 µm - ~3.0 µm)\nMWIR (~3.0 µm - ~6.0 µm)\nTIR (~6.0 µm - ~15.0 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS (HuanJing 1B)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: IRS (HuanJing 1B)\n Long_Name: Infrared Multispectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > THERMAL\n Number_Channels: 5-8\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.75 - 1.10 µm, 1.55 - 1.75 µm, 3.50 - 3.90 µm, 10.5 - 12.5 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 300 m (10.5 - 12.5 μm), 150 m (the other bands)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 60 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7176f246-b8a4-4fc9-a028-d2384cd2ba89", "label": "WFI (CBERS 3,4)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Wide Field Imager (WFI) is an upgrade of the Wide Field Imager (WFI) of the CBERS-1 and 2 satellites. Brazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2.\n\n[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE).]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Long_Name: Wide Field Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 µm - 1.75 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4_cameras.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~mischa/wfi/wfi.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a2c0877-ad80-43a3-b732-3e45e64a3b65", "label": "CCD (CBERS 1)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "High Resolution CCD Camera - Measurements and Applications Measurements of cloud type and extent and land surface reflectance, and used for global land surface applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 20 m\nSwath Summary: 113 km\nWaveband Summary: VIS: 0.45 - 0.52 µm, 0.52 - 0.59 µm, 0.63 - 0.69 µm, NIR: 0.77 - 0.89 µm, PAN: 0.51 - 0.71 µm\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD (CBERS 1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD (CBERS 1)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 - 0.52 µm, 0.52 - 0.59 µm, 0.63 - 0.69 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 20 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 - 0.89 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 20 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98575/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-30\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 2×53 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1999-10-14\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2010-04-10\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7eca5548-fc92-4adb-9e77-fe4a21bc6fb1", "label": "APT Nimbus-2", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-02 ]\n\nhe Nimbus 2 Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system was a camera and transmitter combination designed to transmit local daytime slow-scan television pictures of cloudcover conditions to properly equipped ground receiving stations on a real-time basis. The camera used a 108-deg wide-angle f/1.8 objective lens with a focal length of 6.0 mm. The camera was mounted facing earthward on the H-frame inside the sensory ring, with its optical axis parallel to the spacecraft spin axis. The actual photography required 8 s and the transmission 200 s. Earth-cloud images retained on the photosensitive surface of the 2.54-cm-diameter vidicon were read out at four lines per second to produce an 800-line picture. A 5-W TV transmitter (137.5 MHz) relayed the pictures to local APT stations within communication range. The faceplate of the vidicon had reticle marks that appeared on the picture format to aid in relating the picture to its geographical position on the earth's surface. From the satellite attitude and altitude (approximately 1100 km), a picture covered a 1200- by 1200-km square with a horizontal resolution of better than 3 km at nadir. The APT system was capable of transmitting the nighttime high-resolution infrared radiometer (HRIR) sensor output through the APT transmitter. Hence, with some minor modifications, an APT station within telemetry range could receive HRIR data in the direct readout infrared radiometer (DRIR) mode. The experiment was a success, and good data were obtained during its operational lifetime. More detailed information can be found in Section 5 of the 'Nimbus II Users' Guide' (TRF B03406), available from NSSDC. APT/DRIR data are primarily intended for operational use within the local APT acquisition station and are generally not available for distribution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APT NIMBUS-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-2\n Long_Name: Automatic Picture Transmission System on NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1966-040A-02\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "811e6b87-a49b-4b5a-be4d-98a6ba77c722", "label": "WAC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Proba-1 payloads\n \nProba-1 carries onboard several Earth observation and space environment scientific instruments. In view of the project’s aim to demonstrate technology, several platform elements and systems have also been included as technology experiments.\n\nThe Proba-1 development approach includes several innovative aspects. A design-to-cost approach was adopted according to European Cooperation for Space Standardisation category 3 project classification. This involved using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) equipment and units; simulation-based development, verification and testing; automated software generation; extensive use of test and operations infrastructure commonalities; and a highly integrated ESA-industry design and development team.\n\nExtensive use is made of automated functions onboard the spacecraft. Full onboard flight dynamics computation, in conjunction with automated ground segment functions such as pass automation and high-level user interfaces, satisfy the spacecraft autonomy requirements.\n\nAutomated functions onboard handle nominal spacecraft operations, plan and schedule activities, and manage payload resources. Onboard flight dynamics include orbital navigation as well as computation and control of instruments, camera pointing and scanning in order to meet user-defined targets (latitude, longitude and altitude).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WAC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WAC\n Long_Name: Wide Angle Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/ESARBKTHN6D_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/Ardennes_M.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-01-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81957191-3585-40a3-891b-bbd15e14a31d", "label": "HRPC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "HRPC (High-resolution Panchromatic Camera). HRPC is a new pushbroom camera on CBERS-2B replacing the IRMSS instrument.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRPC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRPC\n Long_Name: High Resolution Panchromatic Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 μm - 0.80 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/192\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-042A\n Sample_Image: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/include/img/ilustra1_lancamento2b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 60 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil/INPE\n Instrument_Owner: China/CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86402184-15ee-435c-933f-d70eb986c715", "label": "AWIFS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The AWiFS camera provides enhanced capabilities compared to the WiFS camera on-board IRS-1C/1D, in terms of spatial resolution (56 m Vs 188m), radiometric resolution (10 bits Vs 7 bits) and Spectral bands (4 Vs 2) with the additional feature of on-board detector calibration using LEDs. The spectral bands of AWiFS are same as LISS-III.\n\nThe AWiFS camera is realized in two electro-optic modules viz.,. AWiFS-A and AWiFS-B, each containing four band assemblies. A combined swath of 740 Km is realized by mounting the two modules on the Deck, with their optical axes tilted by 11.94 deg away from the + yaw axis in opposite direction. With this mounting, a side lap of 128 pixels i.e., about 7.2kKm, is available in the combined swath. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AWIFS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: AWIFS\n Long_Name: Advanced Wide Field Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 μm - 1.70 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 μm - 0.68 μm\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-10-17\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "899b268d-9cdb-4215-af8b-b29b9d7c20f7", "label": "PVI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "PVI is an instrument designed by Dr. Larry Bliven at NASA Wallops Flight Facility. Its high-frame-rate records of grey-scale images is able to determine particle size in both rain and snow. A description of PVI, also called Snowflake Video Imager, is documented in Newman, A.J., Kucera, P.A. and Bliven, L.F. 2009. 'Presenting the Snowflake Video Imager (SVI).' Journal of Atmospheric and Ocean Technology, 26, pp 167-179. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PVI\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-17\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "90818762-d67c-4404-8563-5938c0493d2d", "label": "RSI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "RSI is a pushbroom-type imager built by EADS Astrium SAS, France. RSI is made up of the camera and IPU (Instrument Processing Unit). The camera itself consists of the optical subassembly, the secondary structure, and the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The Korsch telescope (mirrors & structure) design and the focal plane structure are being made of SiC (Silicon Carbide). The video electronics, sequencer, DC/DC converter, and compression cards comprise the IPU. 27) 28) 29) 30)\n\nSpectral bands:\n1 PAN (Panchromatic band)\n4 MS (Multispectral bands), nm\n\n\n450-900 nm\nB1= 450-520, blue\nB2 = 520-600, green\nB3 = 630-690, red\nB4 = 760-900, NIR\n\nSpatial resolution (GSD)\n\n2 m for PAN, 8 m for MS imagery\n\nSwath width\n\n24 km\n\nS/C body pointing capability, FOR (Field of Regard)\n\n±45º in the roll and pitch axis ( providing a cross-track observation capability of 968 km about nadir for event/disaster monitoring); cross-track and along-track observation capability\n\nOptics, focal length,\nAperture diameter\n\nCassegrain type optics with refractive corrector, focal length= 2896 mm, pupil diameter = 600 mm\n\nDetector types\n\nCCD: TH 7834 for PAN, THX 31547 quad-linear CCD for MS\nPan: 12,000 pixels, MS: 3,000 pixels\n\nIntegration time\n\n0.308 ms for PAN, 1.232 ms for MS\n\nProcessing rate\n\n10 Mpixel/s for PAN, 5 Mpixel/s for MS\n\nPixel quantization\n\n12 bit\n\nData compression ratio\n\n2.8 and 3.75 for PAN, 1.7 and 3.75 for MS\n\nInstrument mass, power consumption\n\n114 kg, 161 W for imaging, 73 W for standby", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91c8e5fe-b933-4166-b118-dc54718c5147", "label": "HRG-2", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: Earth Observation Satellites and Sensors for Risk Management, http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ] \n\nThe panchromatic resolution is 2.5m / 5 m. Imagery at a resolution of 2.5 metres in the panchromatic band is obtained using a sampling concept unique to SPOT 5, called Supermode. This concept processes two 5-metre panchromatic images acquired simultaneously to generate a single image at a resolution of 2.5 metres.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRG-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRG-2\n Long_Name: High Resolution Geometrical Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.495 μm - 0.605 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.617 μm - 0.687 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.780 μm - 0.893 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.580 μm - 1.750 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.475 μm - 0.710 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1415-spot.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/?countryCode=US&languageCode=en\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "947cfe79-f076-4b9d-a8a0-a3f15073fa70", "label": "LFC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The LFC was by far the most capable camera ever flown on a\nU.S. manned mission. Hard-mounted in the Shuttle payload bay,\nthis 405 kg camera, with a 305 mm focal length and a 23 cm by 46\ncm. This was the central element of photographic experiments on\nthe few missions in which they used it. It is probably the only\nspace payload in which cast iron was a major constituent. From a\ntypical altitude of 300 km (186 mi), a frame covers ground\ndimensions of about 225 x 450 km (140 x 280 mi). Although quite\nsuccessful, the LFC doesn't always fly, primarily because it\nrequires dedicated payload-bay space, attitude-control fuel, and\nscheduled time, in contrast to the hand-held photography. This\nview of the Mojave Desert in California taken with the LFC\nduring the 41-G mission in 1984, is typical of the quality\nachieved with this instrument:\n\n'http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect12/Sect12_4.html'\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "992cb370-d2d0-4a9f-a4d4-179f140f505a", "label": "GIS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "GIS is a pushbroom imaging system whose basic elements are the optics subsystem (telescope assembly), the focal plane assembly (CCD detector), and the digital electronics subsystem. The optics subsystem employs a TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) telescope design with a primary mirror aperture of 1.1 m in diameter. Three mirrors are used to image and focus the light, and two additional mirrors to direct the image to the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The telescope is designed to give a near-perfect (diffraction limited) image to the FPA and to convert the analog pixels into digitized signals.\n\nThe FPA consists of an array of CCD detectors with 8 µm pixel size for PAN and 32 µm pixel size for multispectral imagery. ITT has included an outer barrel and door assembly to help protect the telescope and maintain its thermal environment.\n\nImager type\n\nPushbroom imager. Lline scan imaging system with TDI (Time Delay Integration) capability\n\nImaging mode\n\nPanchromatic (Pan)\n\nMultispectral (MS)\n\nSpectral range\n\n450-900 nm\n\n450-510 nm (blue)\n520-580 nm (green)\n655-690 nm (red)\n780-920 nm (near infrared)\n\nSpatial resolution at nadir\n\n0.41 m GSD\n\n1.64 m GSD\n\nSwath width\n\n15.2 km (multiple adjoining paths can be imaged in a target area in a single orbit pass due to S/C agility)\n\nDetectors\n\nPan: Si CCD array (8 µm pixel size) with a row of > 35,000 detectors\nMS: Si CCD 4 arrays (32 µm pixel size) with a row of > 9,300 detectors\n\nData quantization\n\n11 bit\n\nGeolocation accuracy of imagery\n\n≤ 3 m (using a GPS receiver, a gyroscope and a star tracker) without any GCP (Ground Control Points)\n\nOptics\n\nTMA telescope (5-element modified Cassegrain optical design)\nAperture diameter of 1.1 m, focal length = 13.3 m, f/12\n\nFOV (Field of View)\n\n> 1.28º\n\nInstrument size\n\n3 m tall (the volume is 5.3 m3)\n\nTotal instrument mass\n\n452 kg", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b1a9aa9-65ed-466d-bb24-e00c110b5a2f", "label": "AVCS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Advanced Vidicon Camera System", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9cd4b512-57e4-4369-9070-8618a92fb8ce", "label": "QUICKBIRD/BHRC-60", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "On board the Quickbrid is the BGIS 2000 (Ball Global Imaging System 2000), of which the camera instrument is called BHRC 60 (Ball High Resolution Camera 60). BHRC 60 consists of the following elements: Optical subsystem, FPU (Focal Plane Unit) and the DPU (Digital Processing Unit), with FPU and DPU designed and custom-built by Kodak (same, except for size, as that used on IKONOS). BHRC 60 has a design life of > 5 years, achieved with a redundant architecture. Instrument mass = 380 kg, instrument power = 250 W silicon and 430 W for GaAs (orbital average).\n\n• The optical subsystem, mounted on an optical bench (with sunshield and internal baffling to suppress stray light), is of Ball design (telescope aperture of 60 cm diameter, lightweight structure, focal length of 8.8 m, f/14.7, the telescope mass is 138 kg, telescope size: 115 cm x 141 cm x 195 cm), providing a FOV (Field of View) of 2.12º, obtained with an unobscured off-axis three-mirror-anastigmatic (TMA) optical form. A fourth mirror is used to fold the light bundle for compact telescope packaging. The enlarged FOV of the BHRC 60 instrument offers a ground swath of 15 km at 400 km orbital altitude or 34 km at 900 km altitude with a GSD varying between 0.5-1.5 m, respectively. \n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: QUICKBIRD/BHRC-60\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: QUICKBIRD/BHRC-60\n Long_Name: Quickbird Ball High Resolution Camera 60\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: QUICKBIRD\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7375\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3200684-34e6-4007-a247-111725a111f8", "label": "NAOMI", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "NAOMI is a product line of high-resolution imagers designed and developed at EADS Astrium SAS. Several versions of the NAOMI instrument have already been developed with a GSD from 1.5 m to 2.5 m, and swath widths from 10 km up to 60 km. All of them are based on the same telescope concept implementing one or several focal planes units in the same camera, and even two cameras in the same instrument as for the SPOT-6 & SPOT-7 program.\n\nNAOMI instruments can be embarked on small platforms (Myriade class) or larger platforms (Astrosat-250). The IEU (Instrument Electronics Unit) can accommodate internal mass memory functions or can be coupled with high capacities mass memories like CORECI equipment also developed by Astrium SAS.\n\nThe main building blocks of the instrument are:\n\n• A highly stable, light and compact telescope built in SiC material, with a simple thermal control.\n\n• A focal plane, embedding TDI (Time Delay Integration) detector, a PAN CCD and four XS (multispectral) detectors equipped with strip filters and coupled with front end electronics. The TDI implementation exhibits an outstanding MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) servicewith an extremely low power consumption. This allows significantly loosening of optical requirements at the telescope level, while keeping the same overall optical quality at system level; in other words, the same optical quality can be reached from smaller and much lighter telescopes. Therefore more performance can be obtained from smaller satellites.\n\n• Back-end electronics, including video Electronics, data storage and services adapted to the mission specificities. The modular video chains are capable of operating at different frequencies up to 15 Msample/s, so that the same hardware can be easily tuned to serve ground resolutions ranging from 0.5 m to say 10 m. The swath width can easily be adjusted by butting together several detectors and associated modular video chains, thus fulfilling the requirements of the most demanding customers.\n\nThe telescope is based on a Korsch combination, offering a simple, compact concept. The detector, space qualified, includes on the same die one TDI matrix of 7000 pixels for the panchromatic channel, and four lines of 1750 pixels for the multispectral bands. The detector exhibits excellent characteristics that significantly contribute to the instrument very high optical performance.\n\nThe optical assembly is based on a Korsch-type telescope including three aspheric mirrors and two folding mirrors.\n\nThe detection chain is made of three main parts: the detectors, the Front End Electronics Module (F2EM) and the Video Electronics (MEV) which are part of the IEU (Imaging and Electronics Unit). The PAN + XS focal planes are the heart of the detection chain.\n\nFocal plane is based on a customized high performance detector architecture developed by e2v for Astrium (proprietary architecture). It takes benefit of all the heritage and skills acquired in CCD architecture definition and in operating with the ultimate conditions of speed and performances. The result of this customization offers an unrivalled level of integration and performances. All the stringent constraints of dynamic range optimization and power consumption reduction have been mastered with less than 1 watt detector dissipation.\n\nThe Front-End Electronics Module (F2EM) encompasses all the functions to be implemented close to the detectors. Mounted inside the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly), it provides the detectors with all the necessary biasing and clocking signals and performs preamplification and transmission of the video signal to the MEV.\n\nThe MEV (Module Electronique Video) is the backend part of the NAOMI detection electronics. The MEV provides the F2EM with the primary power supplies and clocks necessary to front-end operation. The video signal from the F2EM is received, adapted and digitally converted to 12 bit in the MEV. The resulting data, rounded down to 10 useful bit, are then transmitted to the digital functions of the NIEU to be real-time processed and stored into the mass memory for further downlink.\n\nInstrument type\n\nPushbroom imager\n\nOptics\n\n- Korsch telescope in SiC (Silicon Carbide)\n- aperture diameter = 200 mm\n\nSpectral band (Pan)\n\n0.45-0.75 µm\n\nMS (Multispectral bands), 4\n\nBlue: 0.45-0.52 µm\nGreen: 0.53-060 µm\nRed: 0.62-0.69 µm\nNIR: 0.76-0.89 µm\nThe multispectral bands can be matched to suit customer needs\n\nGSD (Ground Sample Distance)\n\nPAN: from 1.5 m to 2.5 m at nadir\nMS: from 6 m to 10 m at nadir\n\nDetectors\n\nN x silicon area arrays with 7000 pixels PAN, 1750 pixels in each MS band\n\nTDI (Time Delay Integration)\n\nThe PAN band offers TDI services for SNR improvement of the signal\n\nSwath width\n\n- From 10 km to 60 km at nadir depending on GSD and number of detectors 29)\n\nFOR (Field of Regard)\n\n±30º (spacecraft tilting capability about nadir for event monitoring)\n\nData quantization (dynamic range)\n\n12 bit", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a4e5d987-10c4-4788-a1ac-8c8494be04ef", "label": "HRS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: Earth Observation Satellites and Sensors for Risk Management, \nhttp://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8 ]\n\nSPOT 5 features a new HRS imaging instrument operating in panchromatic mode. HRS points forward and after of the satellite, giving it the ability to acquire stereopair images almost simultaneously to map relief.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRS\n Long_Name: High Resolution Stereoscopic Instrument\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.49 μm - 0.69 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Online_Resource: http://smsc.cnes.fr/SPOT/index.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?Satellite_Name=SPOT+5&id_page=8\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot5.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a51a9037-73b7-4764-98db-e99838442b7f", "label": "OCPS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Orbiter Camera Payload System (OCPS) includes a Large Format\nCamera (LFC) that made its maiden voyage aboard the Challenger\nShuttle vehicle. The LFC was used to acquire very high\nresolution images of the Earth's surface. The camera system was\noperated via ground signal controllers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6a2f2fb-2ce2-4478-afb0-855bd6c7b8f6", "label": "CCD (CBERS 2B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6c03baf-042d-412e-af18-3c5bd6fa8770", "label": "EOC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The objective is to obtain cartographic imagery of Korea (may be extended to other regions of the globe) at 1/25.000 scale. EOC collects panchromatic imagery (spectral region of 510 - 730 nm) with a ground sample distance (GSD) at nadir of 6.6 m and a swath width of 17 km by pushbroom scanning. The S/C features a cross-track pointing capability (body pointing) of up to ±45º, thereby extending the field of regard for imagery collection. Some instrument parameters: MTF >10% at Nyquist frequency, SNR >50 over entire FOV, FPA has a CCD line array of 2592 pixels, data quantization of 8 bits, total instrument mass is 35 kg, power = 46 W, the source data rate is equal to or less than 25 Mbit/s. - Calibration: use of a built-in dark calibration function. In addition, ground reference targets of known brightness can be used for white calibration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a91c14e8-8417-4a08-a3b3-a42e825bd6f2", "label": "HRTC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "High Resolution Technological Camera (HRTC) will improve part of the MMRS scenes. The HRTC will be operational over Argentina during the lifetime of SAC-C.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HRTC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: HRTC\n Long_Name: High Resolution Technological Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SAC-C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40 μm - 0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.40 μm - 0.90 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.conae.gov.ar/sac-c/misionsacc.html#HRTC\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-11\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Argentine Commission on Space Activities (CONAE)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad85a45a-06c4-43f5-9e98-9a4b5e31c7f6", "label": "PAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Indian Remote Sensing satellites IRS-1C/1D carried the Panchromatic Camera (PAN), which uses an all-reflective folded mirror telescope along with three seperately mounted 4096-element CCD arrays. Each detector array has separate interference filters and four LEDs along with a cylindrical lens.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: PAN\n Long_Name: IRS Panchromatic Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.50 μm – 0.75 μm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-1d.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "afe65518-f572-438f-a56e-e5bb6c400739", "label": "MULTILENS CAMERAS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b434201b-4969-4a7e-8749-ba5b7c537c2f", "label": "CAMERAS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "A Camera is an apparatus for taking photographs, generally consisting\nof a lightproof enclosure having an aperture with a shuttered lens\nthrough which the image of an object is focused and recorded on a\nphotosensitive film or plate.\n\n [Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc}", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb5470c8-8dc4-49de-9024-722a13f9885a", "label": "CCD LINEAR ARRAY", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The CCD linear array on board the Meteor-3M-1, along with the spectrometer, provides continuous wavelength coverage between 290 and 1040 nm with a spectral resolution between 1.2 to 2.5 nm, permitting the measurement of multiple absorption features of each gaseous species and multi-wavelength measurement of broadband extinction by aerosols. Nine channels are routinely utilized in solar occultation measurements and three channels are used in lunar measurements. Spectral calibration is continuous, combined with the self-calibrating nature of the occultation technique. In addition, the CCD array permits in-orbit wavelength and intensity calibration from observations of the exo-atmospheric solar Fraunhofer spectrum.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD LINEAR ARRAY\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD LINEAR ARRAY\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METEOR-3M\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=8273\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bde63ed6-0984-4705-801c-45c82546da6f", "label": "CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "CCD camera for:\nMultispectral measurements of Earth's surface for natural environment and disaster applications.\n\nResolution Summary: 30 m\nSwath Summary: 360 km (per set), 720 km (two sets)\nWaveband Summary: 0.43 - 0.90 µm (4 bands)\nVIS (~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm)\nNIR (~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)\n Long_Name: Charge-coupled Device 1\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1-3\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.40 µm - ~0.75 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: ~0.75 µm - ~1.3 µm\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 30 m\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 120 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2008-09-06\n Instrument_Owner: CAST\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf3e5771-7ca2-4083-a5e2-9be6a28fe588", "label": "MSC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "MSC is a joint development of KARI with ELOP (Electro Optics Industries Ltd. of Rehovot, Israel) and OHB-System, Bremen, Germany. The objective is to collect high-resolution panchromatic and multispectral imagery of the Earth's surface (simultaneous observation).\n\nMSC is an optoelectronic linear pushbroom instrument with a single nadir-pointing telescope. The Pan band has a spectral range of 500-900 nm, the four MS bands are in the 450-900 nm range. The GSD (Ground Sample Distance) of the Pan data is 1 m (GSD), the MS data has a GSD of 4 m. The swath width is 15 km. A FOR (Field of Regard) of ±30º in pitch and up to ±56º in the roll direction is provided through spacecraft body pointing. MSC has a duty cycle of 20%.\n\nThe EFL (Effective Focal Length) of the optics subsystem is 9000 mm for the Pan band, and 2250 mm for the MS bands.\n\nParameter\n\nValue\n\nParameter\n\nValue\n\nSpectral range Pan\n\n500-900 nm\n\nSpectral range MS\n\n450-520, 520-600, 630-690, 760-900 nm\n\nGSD (Ground Sample Distance)\n\nPan (1 m), MS (4 m)\n\nSpectral bands\n\n1 Pan + 4 MS\n\nSwath width, FOV\n\n15 km at nadir, ±0.62º\n\nSNR\n\n> 100\n\nMTF (Modulation Transfer Function)\n\n> 15% for Pan,\n20% for MS\n\nData quantization\nPayload power, mass\n\n10 bit\n350 W, 150 kg\n\nDetector line array\n\n15,000 pixels (Pan)\n\nDetector line array\n\n3,750 pixels (MS)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c30e0992-f685-4253-bf3f-5be733eef7bb", "label": "MUXCAM", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Multi-Spectral Camera (MUXCAM) is an upgrade of the 20m-High Resolution CCD Camera of CBERS-1 and 2 Satellites. Brazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011. CBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2.\n\n[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE).]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MUXCAM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: MUXCAM\n Long_Name: Multi-Spectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 µm - 0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Infrared > Reflected\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.55 µm - 1.75 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm - 0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 4\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/cbers3-4_cameras.htm\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 68 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c45c4e30-e253-4329-8838-8991a53f494f", "label": "SCS", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ]\n\nThe Star Camera Assembly (SCA) (also called Star Camera System or SCS) will be manufactured (as for CHAMP) by the Danish University of Technology (DUT) and is used for the precise orientation of the satellite within the AOCS and for the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements. The SCA consists of 2 simultaneously operated DTU star cameras with a field of view of 18° by 16° and one Data Processing Unit (DPU). It will measure the S/C's attitude better than 0.3 mrad (with a goal of 0.1 mrad) by autonomous detection of star constellations using an onboard available star catalogue. The SCA is rigily attached to the accelerometer and views the sky at 45° angle with respect to the zenith at the port and starboard sides. In the case that the sun will move into the field of view of one of two sensors the second sensor will proceed to measure the attitude. To avoid velocity induced aberration the SCA is equipped with an orbit propagator which will be regularily updated by the GPS navigation solution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE SCA\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: GRACE SCA\n Long_Name: Star Camera System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-14\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4ef00f2-ccfe-49cd-922a-685d8894baf9", "label": "COBAN", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Text and Photo Source: Uzay home page]\n\nÇOBAN is a low resolution 8-channel camera.\nThe name is an abbreviation for 'ÇOk-BANtlı Kamera', that is, 'Multi-Band Camera'.\nUZAY has gained experience on electro-optical systems in space.\n\nÇOBAN has been designed in the framework in the framework of the BİLSAT project. ÇOBAN has been designed and manufactured by Turkish engineers and technicians. All intellectual property rights pertinent to these systems belong to UZAY. They are the first space systems entirely designed, manufactured and tested in Turkey.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: COBAN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: COBAN\n Long_Name: COBAN Multi-Band Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BILSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 375 nm - 425 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 410 nm - 490 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 460 nm - 540 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 510 nm - 590 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 560 nm -640 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 610 nm - 690 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 660 nm - 740 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 850 nm - 1000 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/87\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-18\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Turkey/Uzay\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9f1f236-bf07-42ba-b694-a766a0e3e925", "label": "MX-T", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: eoportal.org, http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=15158 ]\n\nTWSat (IMS-1) carries two payloads: the Mx-T (Multispectral Camera) and the HySI (Hyperspectral Imager). However, since the data of both imagers is rather high, only one of them will be powered on and data transmitted at any given time.\n\nMx-T (Multispectral Camera). The instrument of modular design provides four spectral bands in VNIR, where each band employs an individual lens, a separate CCD detector, and separate front-end electronics. The camera operates in a pushbroom scanning mode to image the Earth. The spatial resolution at nadir is 36 m on a swath of 151 km. The 12 bit video output is coded to 10 bit with multi-linear gain. Mx-T has a mass of 5.5 kg and a power consumption of 18 W. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MX-T\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: MX-T\n Long_Name: Mx Multispectral Camera\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: IMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.45 µm -0.52 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 µm -0.59 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.62 µm -0.68 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm -0.86 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=15158\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6100/IMS1_Auto9.jpeg\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 32 Mbit/s \n Instrument_Owner: ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf6b8783-02c7-4aae-9c46-08468a6c61c8", "label": "GRACE-FO SCA", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Star Camera Assembly ** is of GRACE and CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) heritage. The objective is the precise measurement of satellite attitude. SCA consists of three DTU (Technical University of Denmark) star camera assemblies.\n\nhttps://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3c105ae-a9a1-47ea-bc0d-d1fce3d77198", "label": "IDCS Nimbus-4", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d636a1de-d66c-4c9e-9767-4d3746a75d46", "label": "SSCC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "The Spin-Scan Cloud Camera is a camera system developed by\nscientists at the University of Wisconsin and flown on the first\nATS in 1966. This camera made use of the spin-stabilization of\nthe satellite to produce high-resolution cloud imagery. The\nspin-scan cloud camera was the forerunner of the VISSR imaging\ninstrument used in later geostationary satellites.\n\n[Source: The Glossary of Meteorology]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8ff2cc4-d922-4661-8bba-fd78c7672ce9", "label": "WV60", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "WV60 was designed and developed by BATC. The objective is to provide highly detailed imagery for a wide spectrum of applications such as precise map creation, change detection and in-depth image analysis (note that imagery must be re-sampled to 50 cm for non-US Government customers).\n\nInstrument optics\n\n- Use of QuickBird optical bench design\n- Telescope of 60 cm aperture\n\nSpectral range (panchromatic imagery only)\n\n0.45 - 0.90 µm\n\nSpatial resolution (GSD)\n\n- 50 cm panchromatic at nadir\n- 55 cm out to 20º off-nadir\n\nSwath width\n\n17.6 km at nadir\n\nRevisit frequency\n\n- 1.7 days at 1 m GSD or less\n- 5.9 days at 20º off-nadir or less (0.51 m GSD)\n\nDetectors\n\n- Silicon CCD array (8 µm pixel size) with a row of > 35,000 detectors\n- The array includes 64 stages of TDI (35,000 columns and 64 rows)\n\nTDI (Time Delay Integration)\n\n6 selectable levels from 8 to 64\n\nData quantization\n\n11 bit\n\nGeolocation accuracy of imagery after processing\n\n- 5.8 to 7.6 m without GPCs\n- 2 m with GPCs\n\nInstrument mass, power\n\n380 kg, 250 W\n\nWV60 consists of the following elements: Optical subsystem, FPU (Focal Plane Unit) and the DPU (Digital Processing Unit), with FPU and DPU designed and custom-built by ITT Space Systems Division, formerly Kodak Remote Sensing Systems of Rochester, New York.\n\nThe optical subsystem, mounted on an optical bench (with sunshield and internal baffling to suppress stray light), is of Ball design (telescope aperture of 60 cm diameter, lightweight structure, focal length of 8.8 m, f/14.7, the telescope mass is 138 kg, telescope size: 115 cm x 141 cm x 195 cm), providing a FOV (Field of View) of 2.12º, obtained with an unobscured off-axis three-mirror-anastigmatic (TMA) optical form. A fourth mirror is used to fold the light bundle for compact telescope packaging.\n\nThe pushbroom imager is rigidly aligned with the S/C axis, providing a nominal body-pointing capability of ±40º into the along-track and cross-track directions (45º max). WV60 may also be used for stereo imaging by slewing the S/C fore and aft. The TDI feature provides a capability for low-light observations of imagery. The on-board processor provides real-time radiometric/geometric calibration and image compression for all imaging data. The focal plane array and the compression technique ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) employed are provided by Kodak. Instrument mass = 380 kg, instrument power = 250 W.\n\nDigitalGlobe's imagery may be used for a number of mapping and planning activities within the defense, intelligence, and commercial markets around the world.\n\nSpectral band\n\nCenter wavelength (nm)\n\nMinimum lower band edge (nm)\n\nMaximum upper band edge (nm)\n\nPan (WorldView-1) imager\n\n650\n\n400\n\n900\n\nPan (WorldView-2) imager\n\n625\n\n450\n\n800\n\nMS1 (NIR1)\n\n835\n\n770\n\n895\n\nMS2 (red)\n\n660\n\n630\n\n690\n\nMS3 (green)\n\n545\n\n510\n\n580\n\nMS4 (blue)\n\n480\n\n450\n\n510\n\nMS5 (red edge)\n\n725\n\n705\n\n745\n\nMS6 (yellow)\n\n605\n\n585\n\n625\n\nMS7 (coastal)\n\n425\n\n400\n\n450\n\nMS8 (NIR2)\n\n950\n\n860\n\n1040", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3f4a032-8c88-4de6-b212-d3bb36f1e056", "label": "CCD (CBERS 2)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Characteristics of the Imaging Instrument CCD Camera:\nSpectral bands:\n0,51 - 0,73 µm (pan)\n0,45 - 0,52 µm (blue)\n0,52 - 0,59 µm (green)\n0,63 - 0,69 µm (red)\n0,77 - 0,89 µm (near infrared)\nField of view: 8,3º\nSpatial resolution: 20 x 20 m\nSwath width: 113 km\nMirror pointing capability: ±32º\nTemporal resolution: 26 days nadir view (3 days revisit)\nRF carrier frequency: 8103 MHz and 8321 MHz\nImage data bit rate: 2 x 53 Mbit/s\nEIRP: 43 dBm\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CCD (CBERS 2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: CCD (CBERS 2)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98575/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/cbers-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-22\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f50dc982-9fe2-4a45-aaac-9bb691239d8c", "label": "Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope is a Cassegrain-like two-mirror system combined with a full-aperture Schmidt corrector. Various combinations of corrector separation and mirror conics are possible, with somewhat different image field properties. Prevailing commercial arrangement is a compact design with fast spherical primary and usually also spherical secondary mirror, resulting in ~ƒ/10 system. All-spherical SCT is corrected only for spherical aberration, with low astigmatism, as well as relatively strong field curvature and coma remaining. The corrector also induces low level spherochromatism, undetectable visually and negligible for most photographic applications.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f59c308e-274f-4cb7-8c81-89e53ba1cc69", "label": "WFI (CBERS 1,2)", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "[Source: INPE CBERS home page,\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ingles/ ]\n\nThe WFI (Wide Field Imager) has a ground swath of 890 km which provides a synoptic view with spatial resolution of 260m. The Earth surface is completely covered in about 5 days.[Source: INPE CBERS home\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Long_Name: Wide Field Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 µm - 0.69 µm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.77 µm - 0.89 µm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/ingles/\n Sample_Image: http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~mischa/wfi/wfi.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 50 Mbit/s\n Instrument_Owner: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Instrument_Owner: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc9dc282-5557-44bb-8041-ba6ea8e3baa1", "label": "IRIS-XSAT", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "IRIS (Greek goddess of the rainbow and the messenger of the gods). The objective is to provide multispectral imagery in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range. Specific objectives are:\n\n• To demonstrate X-Sat capabilities for remote sensing in the South East Asia region\n\n• To take imagery and collect spatial and radiometric information of land to monitor and manage forests, plantations, urban areas and urban infrastructure\n\n• To detect significant environmental events, such as forest fires, floods and landslides, as quickly as possible and provide timely coverage to monitor the development of these events.\n\nThe IRIS camera is being funded by DSO National Laboratories and designed and built by SaTReCi (SaTReC Initiative Co. Ltd. of Daejeon, Korea; SaTReCi is the commercial spin-off from SaTReC), the contractor to NTU. The IRIS instrument is an upgraded version of the KITSAT-3 multispectral imager. IRIS development at SaTReCi was initiated in April 2002. 17) 18)\n\nIRIS consists of an optical and an electronics module. The optical module in turn consists of mirrors, lenses, baffles, detectors, detector front-end electronics, and structural parts. The electronics module consists of the power supply module, control module, and an IRIS-internal mass storage module. IRIS provides also a logical LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) interface to the PPU (via a RAMDisk) for real-time access to the raw data.\n\nThe IRIS instrument design features a pushbroom scanner with three spectral bands: green (520 - 600 nm), red (630 - 690 nm), and NIR (760 - 890 nm). Each of the three linear detector arrays consists of 5000 active elements, which were all manufactured on the same wafer and subsequently coated with different interference filters to select the appropriate spectral characteristic (the FPA houses a quad-linear detector array and the proximity electronics). The design provides a high degree of band-to-band alignment, i.e. 0.1 pixels. The spatial resolution is 10 m GSD (Ground Sample Distance) on a swath of 50 km. The IRIS optics employs a Mangin telescope design with a primary and secondary mirror as well as two correction lenses; the aperture diameter is 120 mm.\n\nInternally the IRIS is equipped with a redundant signal processing and control module (based on a PowerPC architecture) which preprocesses the image data (along with Reed Salomon coding) prior to storage in the 8 Gbit memory module (independent of the RAM-Disk). Access to the image data is through a 50 Mbit/s LVDS link that reads the encoded data from the storage after image acquisition and an 81 Mbit/s link that enables realtime access during imaging. \n\n[Text Source: eorportal.org, http://directory.eoportal.org/]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IRIS-XSAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Cameras\n Short_Name: IRIS-XSAT\n Long_Name: IRIS on X-Sat\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: X-SAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.52 micrometers - 0.60 micrometers\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.63 micrometers - 0.69 micrometers \n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.76 micrometers - 0.89 micrometers\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/7105/8557.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.dso.org.sg/home/index.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/7105/XSAT_Auto5.jpeg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-07\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: CREST, NTU (Nanyang Technological University), DSO National Laboratories, Singapore\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ebe0137-dcd0-41d1-96f5-3966884431c6", "label": "CIRC", - "broader": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", + "parentId": "d322ae9d-bde0-448f-948d-777aef096eb6", "definition": "CIRC is an infrared demonstration instrument of JAXA with state-of-the-art COTS (Commercial-off-the-Shelf) technology developed at MELCO (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation). The camera is equipped with an uncooled infrared array detector (microbolometer). The main objective of CIRC is to provide infrared imagery for wildfire detection. CIRC is mounted onto the spacecraft pointing to the right of the flight path at an off-nadir angle of 30º. CIRC is a small size instrument with a mass of ~ 3 kg.\n\nWildfires are one of the major and chronic disasters affecting many countries in the Asia-Pacific region, and indications are that this will get worse with global warming and climate change. Wildfire detection is one of the main goals in the Sentinel Asia project and to share this information in near real-time across the Asia-Pacific region.", "children": [] } @@ -7555,27 +7555,27 @@ { "uuid": "da3ff603-9639-4081-9160-4cf5309f4dd4", "label": "MONOCHROMATORS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "MONOCHROMATORS are instruments having or appearing to have only\none color or put forth data in a range of tones of a single\ncolor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec7681c4-fbcd-4c58-8f0b-5a9b59b0b56d", "label": "GLM", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The Geostationary Lightning Mapper is a single-channel, near-infrared optical transient detector that can detect the momentary changes in an optical scene, indicating the presence of lightning. GLM will measure total lightning (in-cloud, cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground) activity continuously over the Americas and adjacent ocean regions with near-uniform spatial resolution of approximately 10 km.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f17d0ef3-2f14-4276-9361-cbd9deb97110", "label": "POLARIMETERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "POLARIMETERS are instruments used for determining the degree of\npolarization of light.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fb7ac8bf-b969-47a6-aaf6-3173401e442c", "label": "HARP2", - "broader": "f17d0ef3-2f14-4276-9361-cbd9deb97110", + "parentId": "f17d0ef3-2f14-4276-9361-cbd9deb97110", "definition": "The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is scheduled to launch no earlier than 2023. The mission will carry one hyperspectral radiometer (OCI) and two multi-angle polarimeters (HARP2 and SPEXone).\n\nThe Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter #2 (HARP2) instrument is a wide angle imaging polarimeter designed to measure aerosol particles and clouds, as well as properties of land and water surfaces. HARP2 will combine data from multiple along-track viewing angles (up to 60), four spectral bands in the visible and near infrared ranges, and three angles of linear polarization to measure the microphysical properties of the atmospheric particles including their size distribution, amount, refractive indices and particle shape.", "children": [] } @@ -7584,153 +7584,153 @@ { "uuid": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "label": "Photometers", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "06079669-cd05-4ccc-a635-0fa7785d6ac8", "label": "POAM III", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III)\ninstrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)\nto measure the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, water\nvapor, nitrogen dioxide, aerosol extinction, and temperature.\n\nMeasurements are made using the solar occultation technique; the\nSun is observed through the Earth's atmosphere as it rises and\nsets as viewed from the satellite. Solar extinction is measured\nin nine narrow band optical channels, covering the spectral\nrange from 350 to 1030 nm\n\nPOAM III is an improved version of POAM II. It has an improved\nelectronic system that provides lower noise and more accurate\nmeasurements. The optical filters were manufactured with a\nbetter technology that yields higher transmission and greater\nability to withstand the space environment. The wavelengths and\nbandwidths of the science channels differ slightly from those in\nPOAM II. POAM III, like POAM II, was fabricated by ThermoTrex\nCorporation in San Diego, California.\n\n[Summary provided by CNES]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POAM III\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Photometers\n Short_Name: POAM III\n Long_Name: Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 353.4 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 439.6 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 442.2 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 603 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 761.3 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 779 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 922.4 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 935.9 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1018 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/rsd/7220/poam\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/poam3/poam3_table\n Online_Resource: http://spot4.cnes.fr/spot4_gb/poam_iii.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0f885790-928e-427d-a9b5-8e78e49d3c11", "label": "AIRBORNE TRACKING SUNPHOTOMETER", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "A AIRBOURNE TRACKING SUNPHOTOMETER measures the atmospheric\naerosol optical depth. The six separate detectors view the Sun\nsimultaneously at six independent wavelengths. The FOV of each\ndetector is set by the entrance aperture to 4 degrees. The\ninside surfaces of the aperture assembly are anodized a dull\nblack to reduce internal reflections; direct sun and sky\nradiances are acquired as well.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ed4313f-af3f-4b93-be52-7cae4cd30c64", "label": "DMT SP2", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2435bd13-980a-42ad-98f8-9eac9457bce4", "label": "TIP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "[Text Source: Scott A. Budzien, NRL, Washington, DC; and K. F. Dymond, D. H. Chuah, and C. Coker, Tiny 'Ionospheric Photometer science program, data products, and operations on COSMIC', Fourth Symposium on Space Weather, 2007, http://ams.confex.com/ams/87ANNUAL/techprogram/paper_120405.htm ]\n\nThe Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) sensors aboard the Constellation Observing System for Meterology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) spacecraft comprise a suite of six nadir-viewing ultraviolet photometers for characterizing the Earth's nightside ionosphere. The TIP instruments complement the ionospheric capabilities of the GPS occultation experiment (GOX) by characterizing horizontal ionospheric density gradients. These photometers target OI 135.6 nm emission produced by ionospheric O++e recombination and measure ionospheric structure with a horizontal resolution of 10 – 30 km and sensitivity of greater than 300 counts/s/Rayleigh. The satellites initially orbited in the same plane at 450 km, but over the course of 13 months they are individually raised to their final 750~km orbits in six planes separated by 24° in right ascension. This deployment period provides opportunities for cross-calibration among the sensors, for multi-pass observations as the satellites orbit together early in the mission, and for observations at different spatial resolutions as the spacecraft operate at different altitudes. TIP data and basic Level 1 data products are processed and disseminated by the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC) at UCAR and the Taiwan Analysis Center for COSMIC (TACC). Additionally, advanced algorithms and higher-level data products are generated and disseminated by the TIP operations center at NRL, including ionospheric morphology products, simple ionospheric electron densities, and combined GOX/TIP data products. COSMIC data will also be incorporated into the Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model operating at NRL.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TIP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Photometers\n Short_Name: TIP\n Long_Name: Tiny Atmospheric Photometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 135.6 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ams.confex.com/ams/87ANNUAL/techprogram/paper_120405.htm\n Online_Resource: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUSMSA51A..01F\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: DOD/United States Naval Research Laboratory\n Instrument_Owner: NSF/UCAR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30a951ea-1c81-4a7c-a520-8c9f744cf879", "label": "PSAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37dd08bb-0cdf-4b73-96c1-2bcade9a07fc", "label": "SXM-2", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "Data Source:\n\nThe eight channel sun-photometer named SXM-2 (440, 522, 613,\n672, 781, 871 and 1030 nm with 10 nm FWHM) was used on the\nground. It follows the sun automatically using a 4 quadrant\ndetector.\n\nSpatial Resolution:\n\nSpatial resolution is a function of the solar zenith angle and\nas such is not pertinent to measurements by a sunphotometer. For\nvery accurate measurements however, it can be estimated to be\napproximately 10 * sin(zenith angle) in km. Thus for 30 degrees,\nit is 5 km. Meteorological parameters determine the effective\nspatial resolution.\n\nThe time of optical thickness data acquisition was in September,\n1990. SXM-2 instrument cycles through a set of 8 filters in\nabout 20 seconds and the frequency of sampling can be varied\nfrom once every 4 minutes to one-half minute.\n\nInstrument Description:\n\nMission Objectives - To measure the aerosol optical thickness\nusing a multi-channel sunphotometer. This is part of the\nCorrection and Calibration effort for FED, and will allow the\nestimation of the atmospheric effects on the transmitted and\nreflected radiation so that the appropriate correction schemes\ncan be employed to infer reflectivity of the ground from\naircraft radiometric data.\n\nPrinciples of Operation - The SXM-2 automatically tracks the\nsun. The detector is a silicon photodiode detector that is kept\nat a constant tempera- ture. The instrument has 1.5 degree\nfield-of-view. Data can be acquired once every 1/2 min or 4 min\nonto data cassettes or a computer. 4.4 Instrument Measurement\nGeometry. The field-of-view (FOV) for SXM-2 is 1.5 degrees.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/fedmac/opt_thic/opt_thic.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f7c8cc2-e3c3-4dfd-a17f-9d480f1f7179", "label": "SPECTROPHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "SPECTROPHOTOMETERS are photometers that measure the intensity of\nradiation as a function of frequency (or wavelength) of the\nradiation; radiation enters the meter through a slit and is\ndispersed by means of a prism.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42ed0bb1-99f7-4ec0-9546-cd6fd84452a3", "label": "DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "A DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETER is a photoelectric spectrophotometer\nthat is used to determine the ozone content of the atmosphere;\ncompares the solar energy at two wavelengths in the absorption\nband of the ozone by permitting the radiation of each to fall\nalternately upon a photocell.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a210bf2-d6e5-459d-a555-d0d05155006b", "label": "SUN PHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "A Sun photometer (also spelled Sunphotometer) is an instrument\nthat measures the intensity of sunlight arriving directly from\nthe Sun. Since it is designed to be pointed directly at the Sun,\na Sun photometer measures only direct sunlight, not the diffuse\nlight scattered from the sky, haze and clouds. Since haze blocks\nsome direct sunlight, a Sun photometer is an ideal instrument\nfor measuring haze.\n\nScientists have used Sun photometers of various kinds for more\nthan a century. The modern generation of hand held Sun\nphotometers was pioneered in the late 1950's by Frederick Volz\n[1], who has made important discoveries about the effects of\nnatural and volcanic haze on the environment.\n\nAlthough some Sun photometers respond to a wide range of colors\nor wavelengths of sunlight, most include special filters that\nadmit only a very narrow band of wavelengths. These filters are\nexpensive. They also have a limited life. While some filters may\nwork well for a decade or more, others may last only a few\nyears.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.concord.org/haze/spwhat.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Concord Consortium]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e498269-5d5c-4006-b692-f031ff3e160e", "label": "POAM II", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement II (POAM II) instrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to measure the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, aerosol extinction, and temperature. POAM II measures solar extinction in nine narrow band channels, covering the spectral range from approximately 350 to 1060 nm. \n\nPOAM II was launched aboard the French SPOT-3 satellite on 26 september, 1993 into a Sun synchronous polar orbit. As seen from the satellite, the Sun rises in the north polar region and sets in the south polar region 14.2 times per day. Sunrise measurements are made in a latitude band from 55-71 degrees north while sunsets occur between 63-88 degrees south. \n\nFurther details about the POAM II instrument can be found in Glaccum, et al. [1996]. The POAM II mission was interrupted by the failure of the SPOT-3 satellite in November of 1996. A follow-on instrument, POAM III, was subsequently launched on the SPOT-4. satellite in March 1998 and is currently operational.\n\nReference:\n'The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM II) Instrument', W.Glaccum,\nR.Lucke, R.M.Bevilacqua, E.P.Shettle, J.S.Hornstein, D.T.Chen, J.D.Lumpe,\nS.S.Krigman, D.J.Debrestian, M.D.Fromm, F.Dalaudier, E.Chassefiere, C.Deniel,\nC.E.Randall, D.W.Rusch, J.J.Olivero, C.Brogniez, J.Lenoble, & R.Kremer, J.\nGeophys. Res., 101, 14,479-14,487, 1996.\n\nFor more information, see: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/rsd/7220/poam\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POAM II\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Instrument_Subtype: Photometers\n Short_Name: POAM II\n Long_Name: Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement II\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Ultraviolet\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 350 nm to 1060 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 350 nm to 1060 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/rsd/7220/poam\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/poam2/poam2_table\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: United States Navy\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "728fb833-a404-4b27-bc13-93290aedc047", "label": "MASP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "The Mobile Automatic Scanning Photometer (MASP) began operation in\nMarch 1979 and has provided continuous data since August, 5, 1979. This\ndatabase contains information from August 5, 1979, to September 2, 1994.\nMeasurements of the attenuation of direct solar radiation are taken by\nthe photometer for different wavelengths using 12 filters. Five of these\nfilters (i.e., those for 428 nm, 486 nm, 535 nm, 785 nm, and 1010 nm\nwavelengths, with respective half-power widths of 2, 2, 3, 18, and 28 nm)\nare suitable for monitoring variations in the total optical depth of the\natmosphere.\n\n[Source: ORNL]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "806d0bc3-8d08-4418-800b-972292f3db99", "label": "PHOTOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "PHOTOMETERS are instruments used for measuring the luminance,\nluminous intensity, or luminance of a light source; similar to a\nradiometer, but with an output weighted by the wavelength\nresponse of the human eye.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c77977d-a149-46a2-8140-7f0df90a7123", "label": "TCTE", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac85aed3-e8bb-4a4c-8ce6-8de68e0f03d2", "label": "MSBSP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2659aca-16d3-4c5f-9846-e8affdcaafa6", "label": "MSP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e590b4fe-229e-4b11-9ed5-e37a2b10038a", "label": "TRANSMISSOMETERS", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "TRANSMISSOMETERS are meters that measure the intensity of a\ndistant light; also measures the extinction coefficient of the\natmosphere and for the determination of the visual range.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb12ba15-e041-49de-b804-9dd4d56910ab", "label": "AEPI", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "The objective of the Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI)\nexperiment was the investigation of the upper atmosphere-ionosphere\nand the space shuttle environment. The AEPI experiment was flown on\nthe Space Shuttle as part of the Atmospheric Laboratory for\nApplications and Science (ATLAS 1). The goals of this experiment were\n(1) investigation of ionospheric transport processes by observing\npositive magnesium (Mg) ions, (2) studies of optical properties of\nartificially induced electron beams, (3) measurement of electron cross\nsections for selected atmospheric species, (4) studies of natural\nairglow, and (5) studies of natural auroras. Many experiments were\nperformed with the AEPI instrument in coordination with other ATLAS 1\ninstruments (ISO and SEPAC). The experiment also investigated optical\nemissions generated by the Shuttle. The equipment consists of (1) a\ndual-channel low-light-level television (LLLTV) system, photon\ncounting array and associated electronics, (2) a low-light-level\nunfiltered (spectral continuum) TV camera which consists of an\nAugeniux 50 mm f/0.95 lens focused at infinity whereby an image is\nformed on a single-stage microchannel plate intensified inverter tube\ncoupled to an uncooled CCD via a fiberoptic taper, (3) dedicated\nexperiment processor (DEP) which controls the detector functions\nincluding filter wheel positioning, camera focusing, prism movement,\nintensifier gain control, and gain control, (4) a small hand-held\nimage intensifier and associated filters and manually operated\nspectrometer which can be used by the payload crew to monitor\nlow-light-level phenomena, and (5) a video data encoder (VDE) for\nannotating video with essential housekeeping and experiment\nparameters. The magnesium positive ion resonance line is imaged at\n279.5 and 280.2 nm and the 2p state singly ionized atomic oxygen is\nobtained at 731.9 and 247.0 nm.\nFurther information about the ATLAS-1 mission can be found at:\n'http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88912b20-4ad5-4441-b0c4-880b407ade3f", "label": "MAAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "The Model 5012 Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) black carbon monitor measures ambient and source black carbon (BC) concentrations and aerosol light absorption properties. The Model 5012 combines proven detection technology, easy to use menu-driven software, and advanced diagnostics to offer unsurpassed flexibility and reliability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0bb6dac1-2f8a-4eba-9bbd-7b5b2f730185", "label": "TAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "Perform real-time light absorption and black carbon measurements using light transmission through a filter with the Tricolor Absorption Photometer (TAP). Based on a decades-proven design that is simple to use and maintain, the TAP measures light absorption at three wavelengths by particles deposited on a filter. By assuming a mass extinction efficiency, the ambient mass loadings of black carbon can also be determined. The TAP has been deployed at Global Aerosol Watch sites around the world for many years, demonstrating good agreement with other simultaneously deployed filter-based light absorption methods.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4eabba21-47c2-4042-986d-d200d0ae2dd9", "label": "CLAP", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "Based on experience gained from years of operating commercial instruments continuously at field sites and intermittently in laboratory studies, staff at GMD designed a new instrument, the Continuous Light Absorption Photometer (CLAP), to be functionally comparable to a widely-used commercial instrument, the Particle/Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), but that did not suffer from the same operating limitations as the PSAP. The choice of a functionally comparable design to the PSAP allowed measurements from the CLAP to use the well-established PSAP correction schemes that account for know imperfections in all filter-based absorption measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f21311d0-6788-472b-a315-b130932435c2", "label": "NOAA O3 Classic", - "broader": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", + "parentId": "f66daf4f-4d71-49a0-9d3d-205dc7f1faed", "definition": "The NOAA-O3 instrument consists of a mercury lamp, two sample chambers that can be periodically scrubbed of ozone, and two detectors that measure the 254-nm radiation transmitted through the chamber. The ozone absorption cross-section at this wavelength is accurately known; hence, the ozone number density can be easily calculated. Since the two absorption chambers are identical, virtually continuous measurements of ozone are made by alternating the ambient air sample and ozone scrubbed sample between the two chambers. At a one-second data collection rate, the minimum detectable concentration of ozone (one standard deviation) is 1.5 x 10 10 molecules/cm 3 (0.6ppbv at STP).", "children": [] } @@ -7739,56 +7739,56 @@ { "uuid": "fe7c93d2-1460-4292-9dda-2338c3f6120d", "label": "CEILOMETERS", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "Ceilometers are devices using a laser or other light source to\ndetermine the height of a cloud base. An optical ceilometer uses\ntriangulation to determine the height of a spot of light\nprojected onto the base of the cloud; a laser ceilometer\ndetermines the height by measuring the time required for a pulse\nof light to be scattered back from the cloud base.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceilometer'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77bb89d9-23a6-47dd-a366-0cd32b00c52e", "label": "PI-NEPH", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The Polarized Imaging Nephelometer (PI-Neph) is a novel in-situ instrument developed for accurate measurements of the first two matrix elements of the scattering phase function of aerosol particles. The instrument takes in aerosol through an inlet and bombards the sample with a polarized laser beam, at 445, 532, or 661nm, inside a closed chamber. The laser beam is split into forward and backward segments by a retroreflector; a wide field-of-view camera inside the chamber images the intensity of scattered light from 5-175 degrees in scattering angle. The high-resolution phase function measurement from the PI-Neph is used to retrieve aerosol microphysical properties including refractive index, size distributions, sphericity, asymmetry parameter, and single-scattering albedo akin to multi-angle remote sensors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c18ac4f-4750-42f0-9cfe-5652b6ff07a7", "label": "UASO3", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "Ozone (O3) in the lower stratosphere (LS) is responsible for absorbing much of the biologically damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sunlight, and thus plays a critical role in protecting Earth's environment. By absorbing UV light, O3 heats the surrounding air, leading to the vertical stratification and dynamic stability that define the stratosphere. Halogen species from anthropogenic compounds such as CFCs can cause significant damage to the O3 layer in the LS and have led to the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole. Accurate measurement of O3 in the LS is the first step toward understanding and protecting stratospheric O3. The UAS Ozone Photometer was designed specifically for autonomous, precise, and accurate O3 measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) onboard the NASA Global Hawk Unmanned Aircraft System (GH UAS) and other high altitude research platforms such as the ER-2 and WB-57. With a data rate of 2 Hz, the instrument can provide high-time-resolution, detailed information for studies of O3 photochemistry, radiation balance, stratosphere-troposphere exchange, and air parcel mixing in the UT/LS. Furthermore, its accurate data are useful for satellite retrieval validation. Contacts: Troy Thornberry, Ru-Shan Gao", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e4e9367-3746-46a1-9f6e-318b85dac853", "label": "LIF-SO2", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The LIF-SO2 instrument detects sulfur dioxide at the single-part per trillion (ppt) level using red-shifted laser-induced fluorescence. It has operated on the WB-57 and Global Hawk aircraft in the UT/LS, as well as on the DC-8. Sulfur Dioxide is an important precursor for aerosols including nucleation of new particles globally and can be greatly enhanced in the stratosphere following explosive volcanic eruptions. An important implication of the Asian Monsoon is transport of aerosol precursors including SO2 into the lower stratosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9cada11-d8b0-43ab-a017-7d1ab6a79aac", "label": "AATS14", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "AATS-14 measures direct solar beam transmission at 14 wavelengths between 354 and 2139 nm in narrow channels with bandwidths between 2 and 5.6 nm for the wavelengths less than 1640 nm and 17.3 nm for the 2139 nm channel. The transmission measurements at all channels except 940 nm are used to retrieve spectra of aerosol optical depth (AOD). In addition, the transmission at 940 nm and surrounding channels is used to derive columnar water vapor (CWV) [Livingston et al., 2008]. Methods for AATS-14 data reduction, calibration, and error analysis have been described extensively, for example, by Russell et al. [2007] and Shinozuka et al. [2011]. AATS-14 measurements of spectral AOD and CWV obtained during aircraft vertical profiles can be differentiated to determine corresponding vertical profiles of spectral aerosol extinction and water vapor density. Such measurements have been used extensively in the characterization of the horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties and in the validation of satellite aerosol sensors. For example, in the Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia (ACE-Asia), AATS measurements were used for closure (consistency) studies with in situ aerosol samplers aboard the NCAR C-130 and the CIRPAS Twin-Otter aircraft, and with ground-based lidar systems. In ACE-Asia, CLAMS (Chesapeake Lighthouse & Aircraft Measurements for Satellites, 2001), the Extended-MODIS-λ Validation Experiment (EVE), INTEX-A, INTEX-B, and ARCTAS, AATS results have been used in the validation of satellite sensors aboard various EOS platforms, providing important aerosol information used in the improvement of retrieval algorithms for the MISR and MODIS sensors among others.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85981a31-9ed9-40b4-a366-778dce75ba0e", "label": "SHIROP", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "With a mass of 19.4 kg and a diameter of 20 cm, the SHIROP is a small optical sensor, providing a resolution of <10 m. It is designed to demonstrate observations at super low altitudes. Compared to 30 cm in diameter and 2.5 meter resolution of the Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM) onboard Daichi /ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite), launched on January 24, 2006, the SHIROP is smaller and has a more sensitive resolution, as it observes in a super low orbit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "28367594-1412-44e9-849b-cc1b9f2244e6", "label": "LIF-NO", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "The LIF-NO instrument uses single-photon laser induced fluorescence to achieve fast, precise and accurate measurements of nitric oxide down to sub-pptv mixing ratios. The instrument is designed as a two-channel instrument and the second channel can be used to detect other species that can be converted into NO, such as NO2 or NOy. Measurements of reactive nitrogen species provide important constraints on radical oxidation chemistry, ozone destroying chemistry, and are useful tracers of pollution.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e4af765-9b07-4829-8ddc-864ffc2b9677", "label": "SPEX Airborne", - "broader": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", + "parentId": "72227178-bb4c-4ff5-98a3-f976aa3f3714", "definition": "SPEX airborne is a multi-angle spectro-polarimeter payload designed to fly onboard NASA’s high altitude research aircraft ER-2 where it performs remote sensing measurements of aerosol and cloud particles.", "children": [] } @@ -7797,40 +7797,40 @@ { "uuid": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", "label": "Magnetic/Motion Sensors", - "broader": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", + "parentId": "4f81c61c-f100-4bc4-9664-d9b70d2f162f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", "label": "Accelerometers", - "broader": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", + "parentId": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "11c1598b-d484-4c26-83ae-bc12af957b84", "label": "EGG", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", + "parentId": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", "definition": "[Source: ESA's Gravity Mission GOCE Brochure, http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf ] \n\nThe principle of operation of the gradiometer relies on measuring the forces that maintain a ‘proof mass’ at the centre of a specially engineered ‘cage’. Servo-controlled electrostatic suspension provides control of the ‘proof mass’ in terms of linear and rotational motion. Three pairs of identical accelerometers, which form three ‘gradiometer arms’, are mounted on the ultra-stable structure. The difference between accelerations measured by each of two accelerometers (which are about 50 cm apart), in the direction joining them, is the basic gradiometric datum. The average of the two accelerations is proportional to the externally induced drag acceleration (common mode measurement). The three arms are mounted orthogonal to one another: one aligned with the satellite’s trajectory, one perpendicular to the trajectory, and one pointing approximately towards the centre of the Earth. By combining the differential accelerations, it is possible to derive the gravity gradient components as well as the perturbing angular accelerations. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: EGG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Accelerometers\n Short_Name: EGG\n Long_Name: Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GOCE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR209web.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAHTK1VMOC_LPgoce_0.html\n Creation_Date: 2009-05-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2009-03-20\n Instrument_Owner: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "843cf5f8-b983-463c-8191-4fbdc943d765", "label": "GRACE ACC", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", + "parentId": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", "definition": "The SuperSTAR accelerometer manufactured by ONERA/CNES (France) is a modified version of the ASTRE high precision accelerometer previously flown on different Shuttle-missions (Life and Microgravity Science Mission (STS-78, 1996), Microgravity Science Laboratory (STS-83, STS-94, 1997)) and the STAR accelerometer which will be operated on the CHAMP satellite.\n\nThe accelerometer serves to measure all non-gravitational accelerations on the GRACE satellite due to air drag, solar radiation pressure or attitude control activator impulses initiated by the attitude and orbit control system (AOCS). In combination with the sub-mm intersatellite distance observed by the k-band ranging system (KBR) and the accurate satellite position measured by the onboard GPS receiver, the Earth's gravity field can be deduced with unprecedented accuracy.\n\nThe measurement principle of the SuperSTAR accelerometer is based on the electrostatic suspension of a parallel-epipedic proof-mass inside a cage. The cage walls are equipped with control electrodes which serve both as capacitive sensors to derive the instantaneous proof-mass (PM) position and as actuators to apply electrostatic forces in order to keep the PM motionless in the centre of the cage. Because the ACC sensor is hard-mounted with the GRACE satellite body, the amount of these control forces in combination with the well known proof-mass can be used to derive the acceleration vector for any moment of time.\n\nThe PM has to be positioned very precisely at the Center of Gravity (CoG) of the GRACE satellite to avoid acceleration offsets and measurement disturbances. In order to meet the very high requirements for GRACE gravity recovery this offset shall be measured with an accuracy of 50 µm in all 3 axis and corrected by a Center of Mass Trim Assembly (CMT). The planned resolution of the CHAMP STAR accelerometer is 1 · 10-9 ms-2 integrated over the frequency bandwith of 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz. Its full measurement range is 10-3 ms-2 . Because of the low-vibration design of the GRACE spacecraft and the high temperature stability (below 0.1° Celsius) the SuperSTAR ACC full scale range will be increased to 5 · 10-5 ms-2 . Additional improvements (proof mass offset voltage reduction from 20V to 10V, smaller acceleration bias and bias fluctuations by a factor of 20) increases the GRACE ACC resolution to 1 · 10-10 ms-2 . For the correct interpretation of the ACC measurements the attitude of the ACC will be measured very precisely by a star camera assembly (SCA).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE ACC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Subtype: Accelerometers\n Short_Name: GRACE ACC\n Long_Name: GRACE SuperSTAR Accelerometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: RADIO\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 10-3 ms-2\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 2 x 10-4 Hz to 0.1 Hz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/docs/GRACE.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n Instrument_Owner: GFZ Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6ae33f3-f492-4f32-9526-a7e289d542e7", "label": "GRACE-FO ACC", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", + "parentId": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", "definition": "Accelerometer (of SuperSTAR heritage on GRACE) is an improved accelerometer developed by ONERA, France. ACC is designed to measure the non-gravitational accelerations (such as those due to atmospheric drag).\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0bdca141-ccec-471e-9dd9-f47d3a94abf7", "label": "ACC", - "broader": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", + "parentId": "11208f10-6879-48ca-919c-88558391403b", "definition": "The Accelerometer measures the Swarm satellite's non-gravitational acceleration in its respective orbit. The instrument helps scientists to study factors that cause non-gravitational accelerations such as air drag, winds, Earth albedo, and direct solar radiation pressure on the spacecraft.\n\nThe data provided by the instrument can provide air density measurements that can be used with magnetometer data to provide new insights into geomagnetic processes.", "children": [] } @@ -7839,13 +7839,13 @@ { "uuid": "a3fc8231-afa3-4137-a793-2860e2ab08a0", "label": "Gravimeters", - "broader": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", + "parentId": "fe684c79-5d9f-406e-8f28-0dce3ad65acf", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c4c7ec2f-6edb-4564-b6aa-49bae3a8e900", "label": "CMG-GT-1A", - "broader": "a3fc8231-afa3-4137-a793-2860e2ab08a0", + "parentId": "a3fc8231-afa3-4137-a793-2860e2ab08a0", "definition": "The CMG-GT-1A Airborne Gravimeter system is a three axis stabilized gravimeter, with a ±500 Gal dynamic range primary vertical accelerometer.\n\nThe GT series of mobile gravimeters combine inertial navigation systems (INS), vertical gravity sensors and global positioning systems (GPS) to measure gravity anomalies related to sub-surface geology and structure.\n\nThe GT-1A Airborne Gravimeter is developed by Gravimetric Technologies and Canadian Micro Gravity.\n\nFurther technical information:\nhttp://www.canadianmicrogravity.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid=108\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CMG-GT-1A\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Passive Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Subtype: Gravimeters\n Short_Name: CMG-GT-1A\n Long_Name: Canadian Micro Gravity GT-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: INS\n Short_Name: GRAVIMETERS\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BT-67\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.canadianmicrogravity.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid=108\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7858,110 +7858,110 @@ { "uuid": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", "label": "Active Remote Sensing", - "broader": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", + "parentId": "6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69", "definition": "Remote sensing that involves emitting a signal and then measuring that signal when it is backscattered (or reflected) back to the instrument. Examples include radars and lidars (LIght Detection And Ranging Radars - similar to Radar but uses a laser). \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Active Remote Sensing\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments \n Short_Name: Active Remote Sensing\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "label": "Scatterometers", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", + "parentId": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "06286aad-e656-4a8c-bc43-ffc2a1fdd281", "label": "SASS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "A scatterometer provides the backscatter cross-section as a function of\nincidence angle for the area under observation. In the case of the SASS, the\nmain interest was in measuring the ocean surface backscatter as a means to\nderive the surface wind vector. The physical basis for this technique is that\nthe strength of the radar backscatter is proportional to the amplitude of the\nsurface capillary waves (Bragg scattering), which in turn is related the wind\nspeed near the surface. Moreover, the radar backscatter is anisotropic,\nallowing the wind direction to be derived from backscatter measurements at\ndifferent azimuth angles. In practice, however, there was normally a fourfold\nambiguity in the wind direction that had to be resolved manually.\nThe SASS operated at a frequency of 14.6 GHz (or 2.0 cm). It incorporated four\ndual-polarized fan beam antennas, two radiating +/- 45 degrees forward and two,\n+/- 45 degrees aft, which produced an X-shaped pattern of illumination on the\nsurface.\nGlobal measurements of the surface wind velocity over the seas were obtained\nfrom SASS at least once every 36 hours with the high latitudes being covered\nmore frequently. The resolution of the instrument was 50 km and the grid\nspacing of the output data product, 100 km.\n___________\nTaken from:\nElachi,C., 'Microwave and Infrared Satellite Remote Sensors,' in MANUAL OF\nREMOTE SENSING, edited by R.N.Colwell, pp 571-650, American Society of\nPhotogrammetry, Sheridan Press, Falls Church, Virginia, 1983. ISBN 0-937294-41\nCornillon, P., A GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE DATA, Graduate School of\nOceanography, U. Rhode Island, Technical Report 79, 1982.\n_________\nSee Also:\nSpecial Issue on the SEASAT-1 Sensors, IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING,\nVol. OE-5, No.2, 1980.\n\nAdditional information on the SEASAT-1 spacecraft and the sensor available at\n'http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SASS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: SASS\n Long_Name: SEASAT-A Scatterometer System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-03\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "08a08050-15d8-4dba-a8e6-352f157da323", "label": "POLSCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20877b67-1c0c-4298-bda4-5403363eb527", "label": "NSCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT), an active microwave satellite\nscatterometer, was developed by NASA/JPL as part of the NASA's Earth\nProbe Mission To Planet Earth (MTPE) program and will be flown on the\nJapanese ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS). The NSCAT\ninstrument is intended to be a follow-on to the Seasat-1 scatterometer\n(SASS) flown in 1978. The NSCAT is designed to measure the ocean\nsurface wind velocity and will provide data on air-sea interactions,\ncalculations for large-scale fluxes between atmosphere and ocean,\nair-sea coupling and interannual variability of the Earth's climate.\nThe NSCAT was a 13.995 GHz (Ku-band) active microwave radar that\ntransmits continuous pulses to the ocean surface and will receive\nbackscattered radiation from the Earth. The radar cross section of the\nsurface is used to derive the backscattered radiation as a function of\nboth wind speed and direction and to determine the wind vector. The\nNSCAT consists of three major subsystems: the Radio Frequency\nSubsystem (RFS), the antenna subsystem, and the Digital Data Subsystem\n(DSS). Transmittted pulses at 13.995 GHz are generated by the RFS to\neach antenna beam. A low-noise amplifier of 3 dB was used to amplify\nthe return echo. The antenna subsystem consisted of 6 identical,\ndual-polarization fan beam antennas, approximately 10 feet long. The\nsix antennas were calibrated to 0.25 dB prior to launch. The NSCAT\nwill be the first spaceborne scatterometer to employ on-board digital\nprocessing of the Doppler-shifted signal. The NSCAT measures two\nswaths, each 600 km wide at nadir and radar cross sections in three\nazimuth angles for a wind speed accuracy of 2 meter/sec and direction\naccuracy of 20 degrees and a spatial resolution of 25 km. NSCAT data\nis processed to science products directly from telemetry by the NSCAT\nData Processing and Instrument Operations (DP&IO). See Naderi, F.N.,\net al. 1991: 'Spaceborne Radar Measurement of Wind Velocity Over the\nOcean - An Overview of the NSCAT Scatterometer System', Proceedings\nIEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 850-866 (B39955). For more information see:\n'http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/nscat/nscatindex.html'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NSCAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: NSCAT\n Long_Name: NASA Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "275efdbc-5d2c-49c1-9e08-c2b50d2ff115", "label": "RapidScat", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The InternISS-RapidScat ational Space Station Rapid Scatterometer (ISS-RapidScat) mission was launched on 20 September 2014 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida with the primary goal of measuring ocean surface wind vectors, calibrated to a 10 meter reference height, as a continuation of the QuikSCAT climate data record, and as a demonstration of the ability to cost-effectively re-use existing hardware, originally designed and manufactured for test purposes, as an operational space flight Earth remote sensing mission in support of fundamental scientific research of Earth's weather, oceans, and coupled climate system. After successfully being mounted and properly calibrated on the ISS, the RapidScat instrument began providing its first set of calibrated, science-quality measurements on 3 October 2014. As a bi-product of the low inclination orbit of ISS, RapidScat is in a unique position to provide measurements that are asynchronous with respect to the solar day cycle of the Earths; this translates to RapidScat having the unique capability (in contrast to all other past and present space-borne scatterometers) of observing diurnal and semi-diurnal variability over seasonal time scales. The ISS-RapidScat mission is particularly blessed to have contemporaneous measurements from QuikSCAT (albeit limited due to QuikSCAT's fixed antenna position) as a way to ensure consistently calibrated measurements to ensure accurate observation and continued study of the coupled Earth climate system. The PO.DAAC functions as the primary archive and distribution center for the RapidScat data produced directly by the ISS-RapidScat Science Data Systems (SDS) team at JPL.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ea0f679-bb41-4a04-b9b5-d6786ecaa5cb", "label": "SCATTEROMETERS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "A scatterometer transmits radar pulses and receives backscattered energy, the intensity of which depends on the roughness and dielectric properties of a particular target. Scatterometers were originally designed to measure oceanic surface winds, where the amount of backscatter depends on two factors – the size of the surface ripples on the ocean, and their orientation with respect to the propagation direction of the pulse of radiation transmitted by the scatterometer. The first is dependent on wind stress and hence wind speed at the surface, while the second is related to wind direction. Hence measurements by such scatterometers may be used to derive both wind speed and direction.\n\nThese instruments aim to achieve high accuracy measurements of wind vectors (speed and direction) and resolution is of secondary importance (they generally produce wind maps with a resolution of order 25-50km). Because scatterometers operate at microwave wavelengths, the measurements are available irrespective of weather conditions.\n\nSpaceborne scatterometers have provided continuous synoptic microwave coverage of the Earth for nearly a decade, starting with the ERS series, NSCAT on ADEOS, and more recently SeaWinds on QuikSCAT. The ERS and NSCAT instruments employed a fan-beam (multi-incidence) wind retrieval technique, whereas QuikSCAT employs a conically scanning (fixed incidence) technique. Increases in swath width capability of scatterometers now mean that a single instrument can provide around 90% coverage of global oceans on a daily basis.\n\n[Summary provided by CEOS.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SCATTEROMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: SCATTEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eohandbook.com/eohb05/ceos/part3_1_pop13.html\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "494f7200-d648-42e2-97fa-83d8765b9395", "label": "C-SCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The C-Band Scatterometer (C-SCAT) is used for NOAA?s (National\nOceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) Climatic Data\nCenter and measures ocean surface wind vectors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "799026db-3706-4335-a5ca-30fb9b34b845", "label": "AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The Aquarius Scatterometer : an active system for measuring surface roughness for sea-surface brightness temperature correction\n\nThe Aquarius scatterometer is a total-power L-band radar system for estimating ocean surface roughness. Its measurements will enable the removal of wind effects from the Aquarius radiometer ocean-surface brightness temperature measurements being used to retrieve ocean salinity. The Aquarius scatterometer is a relatively simple, low-spatial resolution power-detecting radar, without ranging capability. But to meet its science requirement, it must be very stable, with repeatability on the order of 0.1 dB over several days, and calibrated accuracy to this level over several months. Data from this instrument over land as well as ocean areas will be available for a variety of geophysical applications.\n\nIEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Denver, Colorado, July 31- August 4, 2006.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER\n Long_Name: Aquarius Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aquarius/main/index.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-29\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2011-08-25\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba611e74-27eb-4e97-a132-79d63f5e892b", "label": "SEAWINDS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The SeaWinds scatterometer is a specialized microwave radar that measures near-surface wind velocity (both speed and direction)\nunder all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. The experiment is a follow-on mission and continues the data \nseries initiated in 1996 by the NASA scatterometer (NSCAT). The SeaWinds instrument was launched on the NASA QuikScat 'quick \nrecovery' satellite on June 19, 1999. SeaWinds was also launched on the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Advanced \nEarth Observation Satellite II (ADEOS-II) on December 14, 2002. ADEOS-II failed on October 24, 2003.\n\nSeaWinds uses a rotating dish antenna with two spot beams that sweep in a circular pattern. The antenna radiates microwave \npulses at a frequency of 13.4 gigahertz across broad regions on Earth's surface. The instrument will collect data over ocean, \nland, and ice in a continuous, 1,800-kilometer-wide band, making approximately 400,000 measurements and covering 90% of \nEarth's surface in one day.\n\nScatterometers use a highly indirect technique to measure wind velocity over the ocean. Changes in the wind velocity cause \nchanges in ocean surface roughness, modifying the radar cross section of the ocean and the magnitude of the backscattered \npower. Multiple collocated measurements acquired from several viewing geometries (incidence angles, polarizations, and \ndirections) are used to determine wind speed and direction simultaneously. The directly measured backscatter cross-sections \nover land and ice-covered regions yield information on vegetation type and ice type and extent.\n\nKey SeaWinds Facts\nHeritage: SeaSat, NSCAT\nDimensions: CDS: 32 cm ? 46 cm ? 34 cm; SES: 81 cm ? 91 cm ? 43 cm;\nSAS: ~150 cm; 100-cm diameter antenna dish on 60-cm diameter ? 60-cm pedestal\nMass: 220 kg\nPower: 220 W\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nThermal Control: Radiators\nThermal Operating Range: 5\\u201340Ú C\nField of View (FOV): Rotating (at 18 rpm) pencil-beam antenna with dual feeds pointing 40Ú and 46Ú from nadir\nIFOV: ? 51Ú from nadir\nSwath: 1800 km (? 51Ú look angles) from 803-km altitude\nPointing Requirements (3Ã): Control: <0.3Ú (~1000 arcsec); Knowledge: <0.05Ú (~167 arcsec); Stability: <0.008Ú/s (30 arcsec/s)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEAWINDS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n Long_Name: SeaWinds\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.4 gigahertz; 110-watt pulse at 189-hertz pulse repetition frequency (PRF)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/index.cfm\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/index.cfm\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 40 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1999-07-19\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 40 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-04-10\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2003-10-24\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1c4be34-1053-42c5-bc81-bfdcb6b27567", "label": "ERS WIND SCATTEROMETER", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "In addition to a SAR, each ERS satellite also carries a Wind\nScatterometer as part of its Active Microwave Instrument (AMI).\nThe primary objective of wind scatterometers is to measure radar\nbackscattering from ocean surface waves, from which wind\nvelocity and direction can be estimated. However,\nscatterometers also collect data over land as well. Like the\nERS SAR instruments, the ERS Wind Scatterometers operate at\nC-band (5.3 GHz) and VV polarization (vertically sent and\nreceived radar pulses). However, they operate over a much\ngreater range of incident angle (18-57? as opposed to 23? for\nERS SAR), have a wider illuminated swath width (500 km as\nopposed to 100 km), much coarser resolution (50 km, with a\nprocessed pixel spacing of 25 km) and more frequent coverage\n(near-daily at Arctic latitudes as opposed to 35 days for ERS\nSAR). Wind scatterometers therefore allow frequent radar\nimaging over large areas but with coarser spatial resolution\nthan can be achieved with SAR.\n\n[Source: University of California-Los Angeles]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f55d156c-adbc-47db-a69c-981afbaa0cf6", "label": "ASCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) is a real aperture radar operating at 5.255 GHz (C-band) and using vertically polarised antennas. It transmits a long pulse with Linear Frequency Modulation (‘chirp’). Ground echoes are received by the instrument and, after de-chirping, the backscattered signal is spectrally analysed and detected. In the power spectrum, frequency can be mapped into slant range provided the chirp rate and the Doppler frequency are known. The above processing is in effect a pulse compression, which provides range resolution. \n\nThe instrument was developed under ESA/EUMETSAT contract by EADS Astrium GmbH in Friedrichshafen, Germany.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ASCAT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Scatterometers\n Short_Name: ASCAT\n Long_Name: Advanced Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/datasets/ASCATData.php/\n Online_Resource: http://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/products/ASCAT.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaME/ascat.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMBWEG23IE_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/Metop/Instruments/SP_2010053161611647?l=en\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-03\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff159b0a-e63b-4a88-a0de-d90f861a0f07", "label": "WS", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The purpose of the Wind Scatterometer is to obtain information\non wind speed and direction at the sea surface. These wind\nvectors can then be incorporated into models, global statistics\nand climatological data sets. The Wind Scatterometer measures\nthe echo power of a signal transmitted by the satellite and\nreturned from the ocean surface. The echo power is affected by\nthe surface wind conditions. Three antennae are used to obtain\ninformation about the wind at the ocean surface. Each antenna\npoints in a different direction, and hence for a particular\npoint on the ocean surface three echo power values, obtained\nfrom three different angles, are used to calculate the surface\nwind vectors.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://earth.esrin.esa.it/rootcollection/sysutil/01069.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ESA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e24a235-4813-44dd-8be0-0c74e6898e15", "label": "OSCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "OSCAT is an active microwave device designed and developed at ISRO/SAC, Ahmedabad. The objective is to monitor ocean surface wind speed and directions. The instrument is a pencil beam wind scatterometer operating at Ku-band of 13.515 GHz. OSCAT is being utilized for the estimation of the radar backscattered power and subsequent local and global wind vector (velocity magnitude and direction) retrieval over the ocean, from the normalized radar cross-section (σo), for cell resolution grids of 25 km x 25 km over a swath of 1400 km. The aim is to provide global ocean coverage and wind vector retrieval with a revisit time of 2 days.\n\nThe scanning configuration of OSCAT, similar in design to Seawinds of NASA, offers the advantages like simpler onboard payload, better radar backscatter cross section (σo) measurement and directional accuracy, continuous and wider swath with no nadir gaps, less complex signal processing and reduced data rates, smaller and lighter onboard instrument and simplified wind retrieval model compared to conventional multiple fan beam scatterometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55694771-4eee-455d-87db-135627949cf5", "label": "SCAT", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "Remote Sensing Laboratory / Center for Space Science and Applied Research / Chinese Academy of Sciences), Beijing, China. SCAT will be the first RFSCAT (Rotating Fan-beam Scatterometer) pointing at medium incidence angles (26° to 46°) with a dual antenna system; it is flown on a spacecraft for global ocean vector wind observations.\n\nSCAT is a Ku-band RFSCAT with HH and VV polarizations. The expected ocean wind vector retrieval performance is as follows (with 50 km OSVW resolution):\n\n• Wind speed accuracy: 2 m/s or 10% (larger) within the 4~24 m/s wind speed range\n\n• Wind direction accuracy: ±20º within the 360º wind direction range\n\n• Ground geolocation accuracy OSVW resolution cells: < 5 km.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3abc7c20-963c-49ed-bb73-8fcacdce9d8c", "label": "OSCAT-2", - "broader": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", + "parentId": "563f30c8-43f8-48be-b649-4b548f877fa4", "definition": "The OSCAT-2 is used to determine ocean surface-level wind vectors through the estimation of radar backscatter. It is the instrument onboard SCATSat-1, developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Satellite Centre, Ahmedabad, India. OSCAT-2 is similar to OSCAT flown onboard OceanSat-2. However, many improvements both in hardware as well as for the onboard signal processor and control software are being implemented, based on the OSCAT experience. The instrument is a pencil beam wind scatterometer operating at Ku-band of 13.515 GHz.", "children": [] } @@ -7970,397 +7970,397 @@ { "uuid": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", "label": "Profilers/Sounders", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", + "parentId": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "label": "Radar Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", + "parentId": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "08ec5716-b5d9-4e15-8d4a-c699f6e89283", "label": "D3R", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Dual-frequency Dual-polarized Doppler Radar (D3R) is a fully polarimetric, scanning weather radar system operating at the nominal frequencies of 13.91 GHz and 35.56 GHz covering a maximum range of 30 km.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a63da59-87bd-4294-a51f-0f21baf20429", "label": "ACOUSTIC RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "An acoustic radar is a device acting as the well known radars, with\nthe difference that the transmitted and the received signals have\nfrequencies in the acoustic region. An alternate name for this class\nof instruments is 'Sodar', due to the SOund Detection And Ranging'. A\nshort acoustic pulse is transmitted in the atmosphere. While it is\ntravelling in there, it is scattered from the atmospheric\nirregularities. Here, the irregularities don't mean a 'target' object,\nas in the usual electromagnetic or microwave radars. A change in the\nwind velocity, a turbulent layer, a temperature inversion e.t.c. cause\nscattering of the acoustic waves. A part of the scattered signal\nreturns to the receiver, where it is collected and processed.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~tliaskas/Welcome.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Athens]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b748b90-fe0d-4179-9bdc-d65cd5cadaf4", "label": "ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOPROFILER", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0fb52f3d-d45a-4c77-8159-c5f07e042fba", "label": "POSS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Technology Center, Global Hydrology Resource Center (GHRC), http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe POSS is a bi-static X-band Doppler radar designed by Environment Canada. The POSS measures a signal whose frequency is proportional to the particle Doppler velocity and whose amplitude is proportional to the particle scattering cross-secion. Its measurements can be used to provide information regarding precipitation occurrence, type, rate, and rain drop size distribution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POSS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: POSS\n Long_Name: Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/facilities/poss.html\n Creation_Date: 2013-08-30\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "12f1957f-f37b-43d6-a962-42f3422f5806", "label": "HiCARS1", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b358511-67f9-43cb-85a3-7201f1d787db", "label": "ICORDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fda092b-8f01-4810-a8e5-284efa1210c8", "label": "HiCARS2", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "HiCARS is a VHF ice-penetrating radar which operates in frequency-chirped mode from 52.5 to 67.5 MHz.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20186f0a-7a29-4868-9ddd-2bb332b68505", "label": "OSCR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "240304d3-2cf8-40e0-b65f-670be88fdf4e", "label": "PALS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "Please view the NASA Aquarius Homepage for instrument details: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/techops-instrument.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PALS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: PALS\n Long_Name: Passive and Active L- and S-Band System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 7\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: Radiometers at 1.413 GHz; scatterometer at 1.26 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/techops-launch.html\n Sample_Image: http://aquarius.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/aq_drawing.gif\n Creation_Date: 2009-06-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: TBD kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24c6b787-4d3d-4252-a9b8-b99aeca73c00", "label": "CRS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Cloud Radar System (CRS) is a 94 GHz (W-band; 3 mm\nwavelength) Doppler radar developed for autonomous operation in the\nNASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft and for ground-based operation.\nIt will provide high-resolution profiles of reflectivity and\nDoppler velocity in clouds and it has important applications to\natmospheric remote sensing studies. The CRS was designed to fly\nwith the Cloud Lidar System (CLS), in the tail cone of an ER-2\nsuperpod. There are two basic modes of operation of the CRS: 1)\nER-2 with reflectivity, Doppler, and linear-depolarization\nmeasurements, and 2) ground-based with full polarimetric\ncapability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e3fe1ff-8b6e-42df-9b4f-e7a13d9577f0", "label": "X-POW", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Mobile X-band Polarimetric Weather Radar on Wheels (X-POW) is a Doppler scanning radar operating at 9.3 GHz with horizontal and vertical polarization. X-POW is used for detection and detailing surface rainfall rates and precipitation classification fields, 3-D precipitation microphysical retrievals, including water and frozen hydrometeor contents, and drop size distribution profiles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32fabcaa-08a3-4660-8dcf-882211b33881", "label": "APR-2", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Second Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) is a dual-frequency, Doppler, dual-polarization radar system that includes digital, real-time pulse compression, extremely compact RF electronics, and a large deployable dual-frequency cylindrical parabolic antenna subsystem. The PR-2 radar flew on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the field experiment. \nAdditional information available at\n\nhttp://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APR-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: APR-2\n Long_Name: Second Generation Airborne Precipitation Radar\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "34f702ec-4273-4281-a2d5-5b80459fbc3b", "label": "CAMRA", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The 3 GHz Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar (CAMRa)\nis the largest steerable meteorological radar in the world.\nThe 25 metre dish is located at the Chilbolton Observatory\nin England (UK). It has dual-polarisation capability and\nfull Doppler capability. The scan-type is usually 'ppi'\n(plan-position indicator, i.e. a horizontal scan) or 'rhi'\n(range-height indicator, i.e. a vertical scan). Chilbolton\nObservatory is operated by the Radio Communications Research\nUnit of CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.\n\nThe characteristics of the radar are:\nFrequency 3.075 GHz\nAntenna diameter 25 metres\nPeak power 560 kW\nPulse width 0.5 micro-sec\nPulse repetition frequency 610 Hz\nSystem noise figure 1.3 dB\nBeamwidth 0.28 degrees\nRange resolution 300 m or 75 m\nCross-polar isolation -34 dB\nStandard maximum slew rate 1 degree/sec\nUnambiguous velocity 15 m/s\n\nMore Information: 'http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/radar/camra.html'\n\n[Summary Extracted from the BADC Home Page]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "34f982b6-85ed-4a23-a886-b5c88a16de9b", "label": "FMCWR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3604e8a3-6e1e-4f11-9b33-1d9b3ddfe6ae", "label": "PR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "PR is the first spaceborne instrument designed to provide 3-D maps of storm structure. The measurements yield invaluable information on the intensity and distribution of the rain, the rain type, the storm depth and the height at which the snow melts into rain. The estimates of the heat released into the atmosphere at different heights based on these measurements can be used to improve models of the global atmospheric circulation. \n\n PR has a horizontal resolution at the ground of about 4 km and a swath width of 220 km. One of its most important features is its ability to provide vertical profiles of the rain and snow from the surface to a height of about 20 km. PR is able to detect fairly light rain rates down to about 0.7 mm/hr. For intense rain rates, where the attenuation effects can be strong, new methods of data processing have been developed that help correct for this effect. PR is able to separate out rain echoes for vertical sample sizes of about 250 m when looking straight down. \n\nNASA Earth Science Reference Handbook [ Mission: TRMM ]\n\n\nMore Information: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/PR\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: PR\n Long_Name: TRMM Precipitation Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: PR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.8 GHz horizontal polarization; 220-km swath.\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 4.3 Km horizontal resolution instantaneous field-of-view (nadir), 0.25 km vertical resolution (nadir)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/channel/earth/index_e.htm\n Online_Resource: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/channel/instruments/index_e.htm\n Online_Resource: https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/pr.html\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/PR\n Sample_Image: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/channel/instruments/pr/image/pr2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 93.2 Kbps\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n Instrument_Owner: Communications Research Laboratory - Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c2d43d1-8017-4616-8075-3678e66b7513", "label": "NPOL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The purpose of the NASA Portable S-band Multiparamerer Weather\nResearch Radar (NPOL) is to measure vertical distribution of radar\nreflectivity and rainfall rates.\n\nOther Information:\n\nPlatform: KAMP\n\nTemporal Resolution: Continuous operation, full volume scans every ten\nminutes, special scans to support aircraft operations\n\nSpatial Resolution: 300 Km long range scans, 150 Km range for most\nhigh resolution data scans. 150 m range resolution, 1.5 degree beam\nwidth so the sample volume increases with range\n\nData Volume Per Day: 2 GB (estimate) 140 full volume scans, 140\nsurveillance scans per day\n\nIn-Field Quick Look Products: Real time PPI scans of reflectivities\nand velocities, near real time displays of all radar products,\nincluding RHI's,\n\nCAPPI's, and Polarimetric products. Gif images of the radar displays\ncan be sent via the Internet in near real time.\n\nDirect Products: Raw radar files along with a list any corrections\nneeded for calibration\n\nDerived Products: None planned since raw files can be used to generate\nany product of interest.\n\nPotential Products: For case studies - full product suites can be\nproduced including calibrated reflectivites and line of sight\nvelocities, differential reflectivity, differential phase, and linear\ndepolarization ratios. Derived products can include rain rates and\nhydrometeor classifications.\n\nPreferred Aircraft Maneuvers: Flying along radials to the NPOL\n\nFrequency of Maneuvers: Whenever feasible\n\nUnfavorable Aircraft Maneuvers: Flying data flights directly over NPOL\n(radar can not go past 90 degrees in elevation and if the plane takes\ndata while flying over the radar, radar data will be lost while the\nantenna is rotated 180 degrees in azimuth)\n\nUnfavorable Environmental Conditions: Hurricane force winds at the\nradar location\n\nDropsondes Requested Per Mission: 1-2 in the aircraft mission area\nwith in range of NPOL\n\nPreferred Atmospheric Conditions All weather conditions\n\nAircraft to Perform Drop: no preference\n\nDesired Data Sources: Microphysical, radar (S,C and X-band), sondes,\nprofiler, disdrometers and raingauges\n\nMission Planning Needs: WSR-88D, Internet access, communications\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://camex.msfc.nasa.gov/camex4/instruments.jsp'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c769989-de85-49c0-820e-8870b39ce3e3", "label": "WISE", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "WISE is a decameter wavelength airborne radar sounder that operates over a 1 to 5 MHz frequency range for airborne sounding of ice sheets and ice caps. The radar bandwidth is 2 MHz.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d040403-e6ab-4e42-b54a-14cce4033f6e", "label": "TOGA RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response\nExperiment (TOGA COARE) provided the opportunity to observe tropical\nprecipitation systems in the Western Pacific Ocean. Previous studies\nhave shown that the driving force of global circulation is the result\nof latent heat released during the formation of tropical precipitation\n(Simpson et al. 1988). One of the goals of TOGA COARE was to determine\nand understand the development and interactions of precipitation in\nthe tropical Pacific Ocean.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.iihr.uiowa.edu/projects/rrresearch/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f90fc9d-03a6-4297-a887-5295b2bd6ff9", "label": "MSPI", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4046a144-ca32-4207-8831-31b8d780ace2", "label": "MRR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "[Source: Marilyn Drewry, UAHuntsville/Global Hydrology Resource Center]\n\nThe MRR is a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) vertically pointing Doppler radar, which operates at 24.24GHz and provides vertical profiles of drop size distribution. The MRR is the second generation of the instrument manufactured by METEK (URL: http://www.metek.de/product-details/mrr-2.html )\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: MRR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: MRR\n Long_Name: Micro Rain Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.metek.de/product-details/mrr-2.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-11-26\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "41d3528f-8029-4b1a-ae82-9279c7466219", "label": "ACORDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "440da7dc-72d9-4963-8dc1-2084d1a51294", "label": "MMCR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "509e6d6f-eb4e-4c4b-807a-617610eace3a", "label": "ADRAD", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Meteorology department first began its study of convective\nstorms with the use of a 3cm wavelength radar in the early\n50's. In 1962, they upgraded to a 10cm, and in 1966, dual wave-\nlength capability was added. After several modifications, the\nradar was placed on top of the newly completed Eller O&M\nBuilding in 1973. In 1992, the Aggie Doppler RADar was born with\nthe installation of doppler capability. A final upgrade to the\npedestal, removal of the side dishes, new processor, and work\nstation occurred in 1997.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/mesogroup/trmm/adrad.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51b9980d-4225-47bd-92d9-3268f023791f", "label": "ELDORA", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "ELDORA (Electra Doppler Radar) is an airborne, dual beam,\nmeteorological research radar developed jointly at the National\nCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), USA and the Centre de\nRecherches en Physique de L'Environnement Terrestre et Planetaire\n(CRPE), France. ELDORA's first deployment was to TOGA COARE in\nthe Solomon Islands in January and February 1993.\n\nELDORA Characteristics:\n\nNumber of Radars 2 (fore and aft)\nWavelength 3.2 cm\nTransmit Frequency 9.3 - 9.8 GHz\nBeamwidth (circular) 1.8 °\nAntenna Gain 38.7 dB\nPolarization (00 elevation) horizontal\nFirst Sidelobe Power -35 dB\nBeam Tilt Angle (fore and aft) ± 15-19 °\nAntenna Rotation Rate 5-144 °/s\nDwell Time 7-50 ms\nRotational Sampling Rate 0.75-2.00 °\nPeak Transmitted Power 40-45 kw\nReceiver Bandwidth 0.5 - 8.0 MHz\nReceiver Temperature (at antenna) <600 °K\nPulse Repetition Frequency 2000-5000 Hz\nMinimum Detectable Signal (at 10 km) -12 dBZ\nUnambiguous Range 20 - 90 km\nUnambiguous Velocity (single PRT) ± 13 - 20 m/s\nUnambiguous Velocity (dual PRT) ± 80 - 100 m/s\nNumber of Frequencies 5\nPulse Chip Length 0.25 - 3.00 µs\nRange Averaging 1-4 gates\nTotal Cell Length 37.5 - 1200 m\nAlong Track Beam Spacing 0.3 - 1.0 km\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://linus.atd.ucar.edu/rsf/eldora/eldora.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NCAR Atmospheric Technology Division]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa", "label": "GPR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)is a noninvasive electromagnetic\ngeophysical technique for subsurface exploration,\ncharacterization and monitoring (history). It is widely used in\nlocating lost utilities, environmental site characterization and\nmonitoring, agriculture, archaeological and forensic\ninvestigation, unexploded ordnance and land mine detection,\ngroundwater, pavement and infrastructure characterization,\nmining, ice sounding, permafrost, void, cave and tunnel\ndetection, sinkholes, subsidence, karst, and a host of other\napplications. It may be deployed from the surface by hand or\nvehicle, in boreholes, between boreholes, from aircraft and from\nsatellites. It has the highest resolution of any geophysical\nmethod for imaging the subsurface, with centimeter scale\nresolution sometimes possible.\n\nResolution is controlled by wavelength of the propagating\nelectromagnetic wave in the ground. Resolution increases with\nincreasing frequency (shorter wavelength). Depth of\ninvestigation varies from less than one meter in mineralogical\nclay soils like montmorillonite to more than 5,400 meters in\npolar ice. Depth of investigation increases with decreasing\nfrequency but with decreasing resolution. Typical depths of\ninvestigation in fresh-water saturated, clay-free sands are\nabout 30 meters. Depths of investigation (and resolution) are\ncontrolled by electrical properties through conduction losses,\ndielectric relaxation in water, electrochemical reactions at\nthe mineralogical clay-water interface, scattering losses, and\n(rarely) magnetic relaxation losses in iron bearing minerals.\nScattering losses are the result of spatial scales of\nheterogeneity approaching the size of the wavelength in the\nground (like the difference between an ice cube and a snowball\nin scattering visib le light). Detectability of objects in the\nground depends upon their size, shape, and orientation relative\nto the antenna, contrast with the host medium, as well as\nradiofrequency noise and interferences.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.g-p-r.com/'\n\n[Summary provided by Gary R. Olhoeft]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a8adb1b-9f47-460c-8f5a-c570b8b6eb0c", "label": "MCoRDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "MCoRDS radar operates over the frequency range from 140 to 230 MHz with multiple receivers developed for airborne sounding and imaging of ice sheets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62309600-7c79-4ae1-a232-9f968bd81ac3", "label": "MST", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The mission of the NERC MST Radar Facility at Aberystwyth is to\nprovide high-quality atmospheric data products to the UK\nacademic community in support of environmental research and\neducation. The data are freely available through the British\nAtmospheric Data Centre (BADC).\n\nThe MST (Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere) Radar at Capel\nDewi (near Aberystwyth in West Wales, UK) is a 46.5 MHz pulsed\nDoppler radar ideally suited for studies of atmospheric winds,\nwaves and turbulence. It is run almost exclusively in the\nST-mode for which MST radars are unique in their ability to give\ncontinuous measurements of the three-dimensiuonal wind vector\nover the altitude range 2 - 20 km at resolutions of a few\nhundred metres in altitude (typically 300 m) and a few minutes\nin time (typically 2-3 mins). Additionally, under certain\ncircumstances, the radar returns can give information about the\natmospheric static stability (thus allowing for monitoring of\nthe altitude and sharpness of the tropopause), humidity fields\nand turbulence (of at least moderate intensity).\n\nTechnical Information:\n\n1. Operating frequency/radar wavelength\n46.5 MHz/6.45 m\n\n2. Peak transmitted power\n160 kW (from 5 Tycho Technology WPT-50 transmitters)\n\n3. Transmitter pulse lengths, us (range resolutions, m)\n1 (150), 2 (300), 4 (600), 8 (1200), 16 (2400), 32 (4800)\n\n4. Complementary pulse coding available for 4 us and longer pulses\nInter-pulse periods, us (maximum unambiguous ranges, km)\n80 (12), 160 (24), 320 (48), 640 (96)\n\n5. Maximum duty cycle\n5 %\n\n6. Antenna type\n20 ?~ 20 array of 4-element Yagis, 0.85 ?É spacing\n\n7. Antenna dimensions\n109.6 ?~ 109.6 m\n\n8. Location of the antenna arrray\nLatitude 52.42??N, Longitude 4.01??W, 50 m above mean sea level\nBritish National Grid Reference SN 637 826\n\n9. Available beam pointing directions\nN4.2??, E4.2??, S4.2??, W4.2??\nNE6??, SE6??, SW6??, NW6??,\nN8.5??, E8.5??, S8.5??, W8.5??\nNE12??, SE12??, SW12??, NW12??\n\nwhere the actual azimuths are offset 17.5 ??, anticlockwise from\nthe nominal directions\n\n10. Minimum coherent integration time\n81.92 ms\n\n11. Avaialble DFT lengths\n64, 128, 256, 512\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://mst.nerc.ac.uk/'\n\n[Summary provided by National Environment Research Council]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "62cd7e76-9926-43e9-aabb-71f44ad367eb", "label": "SPOL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "S-band Polarimetric Doppler Radar (SPOL) is a new S-band polarimetric\nweather radar developed at the National Center for Atmospheric\nResearch (NCAR) to serve the weather research community. It replaces\nthe NCAR CP-2 polarimetric radar. S-Pol was developed for the purpose\nof providing a state-of-the-art polarization diverse radar for cost\neffective world wide deployment. It is planned that S-Pol will be\ndeployed during the mid-August to mid-November 1999 Special Observing\nPeriod of MAP 47km northwest of Milano, Italy\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/rsf/spol/spol.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NCAR]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cef88d9-ea3c-4f61-80c2-18b48affc583", "label": "SNOW RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Wide-band Snow Depth radar is an ultra-wideband radar that operates over the frequency from 2 to 8 GHz to map near-surface internal layers in polar firn with fine vertical resolution. The radar has also been used to measure thickness of snow over sea ice.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SNOW RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: SNOW RADAR\n Long_Name: Wide-band Snow Depth Radar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-20\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d513201-491c-4359-8e8f-20acb6a6537e", "label": "RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "Radar is an acronym for 'radio detection and ranging.' A radar\nsystem usually operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or\nmicrowave part of the radio-frequency (RF) spectrum, and is used\nto detect the position and/or movement of objects. Radar can\ntrack storm systems, because precipitation reflects\nelectromagnetic fields at certain frequencies. Radar can also\nrender precise maps. Radar systems are widely used in\nair-traffic control, aircraft navigation, and marine navigation.\n\nHigh-power radar, using large dish antennas, has been used to\nmeasure distances to the moon, other planets, asteroids, and\nartificial satellites. From unmanned space probes, radar has\nbeen used to map Venus, whose surface is obscured at visible\nwavelengths by a thick layer of clouds. Radar has been employed\nby NASA (the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration)\nto make highly detailed topographical maps of the earth's\nsurface as well.\n\nMost radar systems determine position in two dimensions: azimuth\n(compass bearing) and radius (distance). The display is in polar\ncoordinates. A rotating antenna transmits RF pulses at defined\nintervals. The delay between a transmitted pulse and the echo,\nor return pulse, determines the radial position of the plotted\npoint(s) for each azimuth direction on the display. The greater\nthe echo delay from a particular object in space, the farther\nfrom the display center its point appears. The maximum range of\na UHF or microwave radar system depends on the height of the\nantenna above average terrain, the topography of the surface in\nthe region, the atmospheric conditions in the region, and in\nsome cases the level of radio background noise.\n\nRadar is known to the general public for its use by law\nenforcement in determining the speeds of motor vehicles. This\ntype of radar does not display the exact position of an object,\nbut determines its radial speed vector from the Doppler\neffect. A radar detector, which consists of a simple\nUHF/microwave broadband receiver, can be used in a car or truck\nto warn drivers of the presence of police radar. Radar detectors\nare illegal in some states.\n\nThe Weather Service uses so-called Doppler radar to determine\nnot only the positions and extent of storm systems, but wind\npatterns and velocities aloft. Doppler radar employs a\ncombination of position-sensing and speed-sensing radar, making\nit possible to ascertain the locations and intensity of severe\nthunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes.\n\nRadar has been used on the high-frequency (HF) radio bands,\nbetween approximately 5 MHz and 20 MHz, in an attempt to obtain\nearly warning in the event of a nuclear assault via ballistic\nmissiles. The ionosphere refracts HF waves, allowing much\ngreater system range than is possible with radar at UHF or\nmicrowave frequencies. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the\nsignals from these systems became infamous because of the\ninterference they caused. Radio amateurs coined the term\nwoodpecker to describe the sound of HF over-the-horizon radar\npulses in communications receivers.\n\n[Source: Tech Target]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "734f3eb4-2be6-4da4-8751-62f7b6d7eff4", "label": "PR-2", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Second Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) is a dual-frequency, Doppler, dual-polarization radar system that includes digital, real-time pulse compression, extremely compact RF electronics, and a large deployable dual-frequency cylindrical parabolic antenna subsystem.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b04b051-2ec0-47e4-854e-22ce47ee872c", "label": "RADAR ECHO SOUNDERS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c01c5b0-bc0f-404f-9ae4-8e9012ed6d60", "label": "RWP50", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c131051-30ac-4346-9e5c-38516ca69350", "label": "PARIS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f26c022-321a-4523-b30f-0406377fe9f3", "label": "XPOL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "A doppler radar measures some information about winds (on top of the\nusual echo strength all radars measure) by using the Doppler\neffect. Although many radars are 'Doppler', this additional\ninformation is almost never shown to the public because it can be\ndifficult to interpret even for experienced meteorologists.\n\nThe most common wind information measured by a Doppler radar is the\nradial velocity, which is the component of the wind going in the\ndirection of the radar (either towards or away). If we take the\nexample of a constant wind from the north, strong approaching\nvelocities will be observed when the radar looks north, strong\nreceding velocities when the radar looks south, and no velocity when\nthe radar looks east or west. This information can then be displayed,\ngenerally using progressively colder colors (for example blue) for\nincreasingly strong approaching velocities and progressively warmer\ncolors (for example red) for increasingly strong receding velocities.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/define_doppler.html'\n\n[Summary provided by McGill University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a212d36d-2a4e-473f-b16a-6e2104b9dd8f", "label": "EXRAD", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "EDOP is an X-band (9.6 GHz) Doppler radar nose-mounted in the ER-2. The instrument has two antennas: one nadir-pointing with pitch stabilization, and the other forward pointing. The general objectives of EDOP are the measurement of the vertical structure of precipitation and air motions in mesoscale precipitation systems and the development of spaceborne radar algorithms for precipitation estimation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa8a18c9-5cc7-462c-9841-91775178a58c", "label": "DOPPLER BEACONS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abe7e571-142e-4ca1-96d9-d56b9a5311e2", "label": "APR-3", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "APR-3 is the third generation Airborne Precipitation Radar. APR3 is a dual-frequency, Doppler, dual-polarization radar system that performs cross track scans on each side of DC-8 aircraft path. This instrument collects radar reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio, and Doppler velocity measurements.\n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/APR-3", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae74b4c1-18e6-4079-b740-d65a6394ba37", "label": "INCOHERENT SCATTER RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Incoherent Scatter Radar is the most powerful ground based\ntechnique for the study of the Earth's ionosphere and its\ninteractions with the upper atmosphere, the magnetosphere and\nthe interplanetary medium (solar wind).\n\nTypical Incoherent Scatter radars radiate effective powers\nmeasured in gigawatts, but the returned signals normally\nrepresent only picowatts.\n\nPowerful multi-mega-watt transmitters, large high-gain antennas\n(typically at least 1000 m2 in area), sensitive receivers and\nsophisticated radar control and data acquisition systems are all\nnecessary for the sucful detection and evaluation of the weak\nincoherent scatter echoes received from the ionosphere.\n\nIncoherent Scatter radar systems provide a wealth of\nobservational data and are complemented by detailed observations\nfrom balloons, rockets and satellites as well as a wide range of\nground-based instruments including magnetometers, all-sky\ncameras, ionosondes and coherent (auroral) backscatter\nradars. Incoherent Scatter radars have attracted many such\ninstruments to their vicinity and will continue to provide the\nfocus of substantial research efforts for the foreseeable\nfuture.\n\n[Summary provided by the EISCAT Scientific Association]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aefa950a-e310-4ae3-814e-38b4aa0aec04", "label": "DPR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "One of the prime instruments for the GPM Core Observatory is called the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). The DPR consists of a Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) and a Ka-band precipitation radar (KaPR). The KuPR (13.6 GHz) is an updated version of the highly successful unit flown on the TRMM mission. The KuPR and the KaPR will be co-aligned on the GPM spacecraft bus such that that the 5 km (3.1 mile) footprint location on the earth will be the same.\n\nThe DPR is a spaceborne precipitation radar capable of making accurate rainfall measurements. The DPR is expected to be more sensitive than its TRMM predecessor especially in the measurement of light rainfall and snowfall in the high latitude regions. Rain/snow determination is expected to be accomplished by using the differential attenuation between the Ku-band and the Ka-band frequencies. The variable pulse repetition frequency (VPRF) technique is also expected to increase the number of samples at each IFOV to realize a 0.2 mm/h sensitivity.\n\nInformation provided by http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/DPR. See website for top-level general design specifications.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DPR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: DPR\n Long_Name: Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GPM\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM/flight-project/DPR\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3977ebf-401c-4731-be75-4184a4b4afd1", "label": "NEXRAD", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "NEXRAD (Next Generation Radar) is the next generation of weather\nradar technology that is operational at 158 sites throughout the\nUnited States and at selected overseas locations.\nMeteorologists can now warn the public to take shelter with more\nnotice than any previous radar. The maximum range of the NEXRAD\nradar is 250 nautical miles. The NEXRAD network provides\nsignificant improvements in severe weather and flash flood\nwarnings, air traffic safety, flow control for air traffic,\nresource protection at military bases, and management of water,\nagriculture, forest, and snow removal.\n\nThe NEXRAD is capable of operating in three different modes,\nPrecipitation mode, Clean air Mode, and Severe weather mode. The\nradar is placed in precipitation mode when a significant amount\nof precipitation is detected. It completes nine full scans at\ndifferent elevation angles between 0.5 and 19.5 degrees and is\nupdated every six minutes. The NEXRAD offers much more\nresolution in precip levels. Old radars only had six precip\nlevels, the NEXRAD has fifteen levels, which enables it to give\nmore accurate descriptions on the intensity of precipitation.\n\nWhen the NEXRAD is placed in clean air mode the radar becomes\nmore sensitive and is updated every ten minutes after completing\nfive full scans at different elevation angles between 0.5 and\n4.5 degrees. It is useful to measure those winds in 'clear air'\nfrom very weak returns on dust, insect, smoke, etc. It is also\ncapable of depicting snow very well, a feature that old radars\nhad trouble with. The Severe weather mode is activated when a\nsevere weather pattern is detected. The radar then completes\nfourteen scans between 0.5 and 19.5 degrees in five minutes. The\nNEXRAD calculates both the speed and direction of motion of\nsevere storms. By providing information on wind patterns within\ndeveloping storms, the NEXRAD identifies conditions leading to\ntornadoes and can subsequently give accurate data on the\ndirection and speed of formed tornadoes.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.roc.noaa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA Radar Operations Center]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7e9c174-3993-434f-becd-c2ee25946aa2", "label": "Accumulation Radar", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Accumulation Radar is designed to map variations in the snow accumulation rate, achieving fine depth resolution profiling of the top 100 m of the ice column. When operated from aircraft, it operates from 600 to 900 MHz providing 28-cm depth resolution in ice and when operated on the ground (500 MHz to 2 GHz) a 5.6-cm depth resolution in ice is achieved. The fine depth resolution enables area extensive spatial mapping of the annual accumulation layers.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACCUMULATION RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: ACCUMULATION RADAR\n Long_Name: ACCUMULATION RADAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-20\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba3de3fc-b958-4f98-94a0-e322a290cc1c", "label": "EDOP", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) is an X-band (9.6 GHz) Doppler radar\nmounted in the nose of ER-2. The instrument has two fixed antennas,\none pointing at nadir and the second pointing approximately 33 degree\nahead of nadir. The beam width of the antenna is 3 degree in the\nvertical and horizontal directions which, for a 20 km altitude, yields\na nadir footprint a the surface of 1 km. The ER-2 ground speed is\nnominally 210 m/s and the integration period used by the data system\nis 0.5 second. The transmit pulse is 0.5 second and the gate spacing\nis over sampled at 37.5 meter interval. Minimum detectable\nreflectivity is about -10 dBZ at an altitude of 15 km and for a 0.375\nmeters range gate spacing.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TRMM_FE/lba/edop_int.shtml'\n\n{Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd06c523-4e22-4cd4-975a-ba7bbab25ad0", "label": "MCRDS", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd87a5d1-fe86-4e45-8beb-d8be5dc35677", "label": "RWP915", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9443a85-ca1d-4220-be2f-fa4c8e09b0f0", "label": "VERTICAL POINTING RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The purpose of a Vertical Pointing Radar is to study precipitation echoes at high resolution. As a result, very detailed radar images can be obtained of the weather as it passes overhead. Technically, the VPR is essentially a boat radar transmitter-receiver to which is attached a parabolic antenna and a locally developed data collection system. At this point, the radar can detect all precipitation targets, some ice clouds, and the turbulence associated with developing cumulus clouds.\n\n[Summary provided by McGill University, http://www.mcgill.ca/]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: VERTICAL POINTING RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Sounders\n Short_Name: VERTICAL POINTING RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS\n Short_Name: GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0c0ab2c-14a4-41a0-8d9b-ac1c13312b40", "label": "ARMAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "ARMAR was developed by NASA/JPL for the purpose of supporting future\nspaceborne rain radar systems, including the radar for the Tropical\nRain Measuring Mission (TRMM) which was flown in November 1997. It\nflies on the NASA Ames DC-8 aircraft and is operated by JPL. Its\nprimary goal in TOGA COARE was to measure the three-dimensional\nreflectivity of rainfall.\n\nInstrument Geometry:\n\nARMAR operates with the TRMM frequency and\ngeometry, measuring reflectivity at 13.8 GHz in a cross-track scan\n+/-20 degrees from nadir along the flight track of the\naircraft. Nadir-looking, non-scanning measurements can also be\nacquired.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TOGA/armar.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0e9ba6a-81e3-459b-87c3-20d00039c0de", "label": "LAP-3000", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Vaisala LAP 3000 is a pulsed Doppler radar which provides continuous and real-time vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction and radial velocity up to 3 km above ground level.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LAP-3000\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: LAP-3000\n Long_Name: Vaisala LAP 3000\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.hobeco.net/pdf/lap-3000%20brochure.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.hobeco.net/pdf/lap-3000%20presentation.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-04\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc5ee11d-a90e-4a70-9bcb-93d106c1583f", "label": "W-Band Radar", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The W-Band radar is a single antenna, pulsed, vertical pointing Doppler radar system with range of 75 to 110 GHz.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: W-Band Radar\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: EARTH REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS\n Instrument_Class: ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING\n Instrument_Type: PROFILERS/SOUNDERS\n Instrument_Subtype: RADAR SOUNDERS\n Short_Name: W-BAND RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: MICROWAVE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 75 to 110 GHz\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-19\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb04b68b-0652-4881-a933-c84602364ee5", "label": "DOPPLER RADAR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "A DOPPLER RADAR is a measuring instrument in which the echo of a\npulse of microwave radiation is used to detect and locate\ndistant objects; used for weather forecasting and observation of\nweather patterns.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f343a9c5-994a-4447-8634-28d2fe2227b0", "label": "SCR-HF", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "Operating in the HF band of the electromagnetic spectrum, a long range RADAR\nremotely senses surface currents up to 100 miles offshore.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f39fb827-591d-4153-81aa-30b78f7389d8", "label": "DMR", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f59652c5-eaa8-49c0-b65f-a0166048b1dd", "label": "MASC", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "Description: MASC is a recently developed cross-track scanning (30 RPM) microwave sounder with channels near the 118 GHz oxygen line and the 183 GHz water-vapor line. It has previously participated in the PECAN campaign and the OLYMPEX GPM ground validation campaign. During both of these campaigns, it was deployed on the DC-8. MASC leverages recently developed technology and is a low-cost, compact instrument that weighs only 10 lbs. It is designed to be packaged as a 6U CubeSat and serves as an engineering prototype for the TEMPEST-D EVI-2 technology demonstrator. MASC uses MMIC-based millimeter-wave radiometers developed for GeoSTAR and HAMSR. Rationale for adding: The MASC was on-board the DC-8 aircraft during the\nOLYMPEX field campaign. This collected data that were used to validate rain and snow measurements in midlatitude frontal systems moving from ocean to coast to mountains and to determine how remotely sensed measurements of precipitation by GPM can be applied to a range of hydrologic, weather forecasting and climate data.\n\nMore Information: https://cpex.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/masc.php", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "640cd1f2-73c3-42bd-9fd4-527f61f533a5", "label": "DDMI", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "The Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument (DDMI) flies aboard each of the 8 spacecraft of the CYGNSS constellation and is an L-band receiver designed to receive direct signals from GPS satellites as well as signals reflected off the ocean surface. The direct signals are used to pinpoint the location of the CYGNSS observatory (of which there are 8 unique spacecraft observatories), while the reflected signals correspond to ocean surface roughness, from which wind speed is estimated using a Geophysical Model Function (GMF).\n\nAdditional Information: https://clasp-research.engin.umich.edu/missions/cygnss/technology-ddmi.php", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09dc5c8f-ab07-412e-9f0d-652239cfbafb", "label": "SEA-POL", - "broader": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", + "parentId": "6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140", "definition": "As part of the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS-2) 2017 cruise to the eastern tropical Pacific, the Colorado State University SEA-POL (SEA-going POLarimetric) C-band radar made its first ever ship deployment. Previous ship-based experiments have used Doppler radars to map rainfall and the structure of oceanic convection, but SPURS-2 marked the first time the US research community deployed a dual-polarimetric radar at sea. Dual-polarimetric radar transmits and receives electromagnetic radiation in both horizontal (H) and vertical (V) polarizations simultaneously and thereby makes additional, important measurements of precipitation compared to a single polarization radar, which normally transmits horizontal polarization only. For H-polarization, the electric field vector of the transmit pulse is horizontal to the local Earth’s surface; for V-polarization, the electric field vector is perpendicular to Earth’s surface. Polarization measurements provide information about particle size, shape, and phase (water vs. ice). As a result, superior rain rate estimates are afforded by the dual-polarimetric technology. During SPURS-2, SEA-POL produced rain maps in real time to locate freshwater lenses forming on the ocean’s surface to develop context for oceanographic measurements of surface temperature and salinity.", "children": [] } @@ -8369,160 +8369,160 @@ { "uuid": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "label": "Lidar/Laser Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", + "parentId": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "13e3c534-6615-433d-a06f-7425bb91e104", "label": "DOPS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "31d04c8c-017d-4e62-bc0c-1b59bfa5d9f2", "label": "CLOUD LIDAR", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The Cloud Lidar is an instrument which combines a pulsed laser transmitter and optical receiver (usually a telescope) with an electronic signal processing unit used for the detection and ranging of various distant targets in the atmosphere, analogous to the principles of operation of microwave radar. The cloud lidar is an active instrument used for Cloud base estimation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c5cf319-3005-44c3-8b27-3544e862da89", "label": "CATS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS), launched on 10 January 2015, is a lidar remote sensing instrument that provides range-resolved profile measurements of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. Data from CATS is used to derive properties of cloud/aerosol layers including: layer height, layer thickness, backscatter, optical depth, extinction, and depolarization-based discrimination of particle type. The instrument is located on the Japanese Experiment Module – Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) on the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS orbit is a 51-degree inclination orbit at an altitude of about 405 km. This orbit provides more comprehensive coverage of the tropics and mid-latitudes than sun-synchronous orbiting sensors, with nearly a three-day repeat cycle. CATS is intended to operate on-orbit for at least six months, and up to three years. The CATS payload is designed to provide a combination of long-term operational science, in-space technology demonstration, and technology risk reduction for future Earth Science missions. \n\nScience Goals:\nThe measurements of atmospheric clouds and aerosols provided by the CATS payload will be used for three main science objectives:\n\n1. Provide real-time observations of aerosol vertical distribution as inputs to global models. The vertical profile information obtained by CATS, particularly at multiple wavelengths and with depolarization information obtained in Modes 1 and 3, provides height location of cloud and aerosol layers, as well as information on particle size and shape.\n\n2. Extend the space-based lidar record for continuity in the lidar climate observations. The CATS instrument will provide measurements of cloud and aerosol profiles similar to CALIPSO, filling in the data gap, so this information can continually be used to improve climate models and our understanding of the Earth system and climate feedback processes.\n\n3. Advance technology in support of future space-based lidar mission development by demonstrating the ability to retrieve vertical profiles using the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) technique and 355 nm wavelength.\n\nModes of Operation:\nTo meet these three science goals, CATS operates in three different modes using four instantaneous fields of view (IFOV):\n\nMode 1 Multi-beam backscatter detection at 1064 and 532 nm, with depolarization measurement at both wavelengths.\nMode 2 Demonstration of HSRL aerosol measurements.\nMode 3 Demonstration of 355-nm profiling.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CATS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Sounders\n Short_Name: CATS\n Long_Name: Cloud-Aerosol Transport System\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: HSRL\n Short_Name: LIDAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ISS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: INFRARED > REFLECTED\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 532 nm\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: ULTRAVIOLET\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 355 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://cats.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/cats_on_iss_print.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2015-08-21\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2015-01-10\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cc266de-68cd-42bf-88e6-a508869901a6", "label": "RL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f53531b-4c12-493a-bc9b-a65502bd62c5", "label": "UAF Profiler", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "485824e1-c539-45e6-8262-4e902b8542ed", "label": "ATLID", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "ATLID is an ESA backscatter lidar instrument (active instrument) of Airbus DS (former EADS Astrium SAS, instrument prime), developed at Selex-Galileo, Florence, Italy. The objectives of this core instrument are to:\n\n• Detect vertical profiles of radiatively significant clouds/aerosols (extinction coefficient alpha > 0.05 km-1); alpha backscatter sensitivity of 8 x 10-7 m-1 sr-1 (10 km horizontal integration)\n\n• Derive cloud and aerosol optical depth and identify particle type and habit, a) alpha dual wavelength or HSRL (High-Spectral Resolution Laser), b) alpha measure depolarization\n\nA telescope footprint smaller than 30 m is favored to minimize the multiple scattering effects and to reduce the solar background noise by reducing the telescope field of view.\n\nOperating in the UV range at 354.8 nm, ATLID provides atmospheric echoes with a vertical resolution up to 100 m from ground to an altitude of 20 km and 500 m vertical resolution from 20 km to 40 km altitude. Thanks to a high spectral resolution filtering, the lidar is able to separate the relative contribution of aerosol (Mie) and molecular (Rayleigh) scattering, which gives access to aerosol optical depth. Co-polarized and cross-polarized components of the Mie scattering contribution are also separated and measured on dedicated channels.\n\nThe measurement principle of ATLID uses the fact that interaction of light with molecules or aerosols leads to different spectra. Whereas the Brownian motion of molecules induces a wide broadening of the incident light spectrum, the single scattering with an aerosol does not affect the spectrum shape of the incident light. As a consequence, a simple means of separating the contributions consists in filtering the backscattered spectrum with a high spectral resolution filter centered on central wavelength.\n\nThe instrument provides a sequence of samples of the temporal profile, proportional to the laser pulse energy and collecting area. The instrument design uses an Nd-YAG laser operating at the third harmonic (354.8 nm). A master oscillator stabilized by an injection seeder emits the laser line. A beam expander shared with the half meter diameter receiving telescope magnifies the laser beam. This monostatic configuration ensures that the photons backscattered by the atmosphere are collected along the same axis as the laser beam. In this framework, possible thermo-elastic deformation of structure and optics does not affect the collecting efficiency.\n\nATLID is a nadir-looking multi-FOV single wavelength lidar with a high-spectral-resolution (HSR) receiver. The device separates Rayleigh (molecular) and Mie (cloud and aerosol particles) backscatter returns. A small footprint of around 10 m (70 m separation) is favored to minimize the multiple scattering effects and reduce the solar background noise by reducing the telescope field of view. The full vertical resolution of 100 m is considered for the Mie channel, while data are accumulated in the vertical direction over 300 m for the Rayleigh channel. A horizontal integration length of 10 km is assumed for both channels. The SNR requirements of 2 for the Mie signal in the cirrus and of 10 for the Rayleigh are met with good margin. An additional cross-polarization channel is implemented. The lidar is pointed slightly off nadir by 2º in the along-track direction to avoid specular reflection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d9f3a1b-9601-4b32-9a35-ae26981b1ee9", "label": "LASERS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "LASERS (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation): Any\nof several devices that emit highly amplified and coherent radiation\nof one or more discrete frequencies. One of the most common lasers\nmakes use of atoms in a metastable energy state that, as they decay to\na lower energy level, stimulate others to decay, resulting in a\ncascade of emitted radiation.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,\nFourth Edition]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5409f22f-d1f3-4e53-8c00-9aef3e82e932", "label": "CLS", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The Cloud Lidar System (CLS), which was operated from the left ER2 superpod, measured the backscatter cross-sections of cloud and aerosol particles at 1.064 and 0.532 microns. It was used in the TOGA/COARE experiment primarily to profile clouds below the flight level of the aircraft which was typically 18.0-20.5 km. In cases where the cloud optical thicknesses were small, boundary layer aerosol backscatter signals were detectable. The 0.532 micron lidar return was split into signals that were parallel and perpendicular to the outgoing laser radiation, thereby providing polarization sensitive data principally for cloud particle phase state detection. The cloud lidar provided information on the internal vertical structure of optically thin clouds which aids in the determination of the overall influence of such clouds on the radiative balance in both the shortwave and longwave portions of the spectrum. Another principal application that was planned for the ER2 CLS was the study of radiative heating and cooling rates for tropical cirrus. The CLS provided a detailed picture of internal cloud structure which aided in the interpretation of visible, infrared, and microwave radiometric data when they are applied to the determination of radiative fluxes and forcing. The lidar signal was useful up to a maximum optical thickness of 3 to 4. It provided the locations of cloud layer boundaries, both vertically and horizontally, which was useful in most types of cloud studies. The CLS can provide information on cloud particle characteristics. Depolarization of the laser pulses detected at the green wavelenghts can reveal water phase state of the particles. CLS backscatter information, when combined with multispectral radiometric observations, can be used in the determination particle size and concentration within the clouds. The lidar also gathered data on boundary layer heights and aerosol backscatter cross-sections. From the distribution of cloud base heights in and around the marine boundary layer, an estimate of the LCL (lifting condensation level) can be obtained. When combined with the sea surface temperature this could provide a measure of the moisture content. From the intensity of the lidar return, estimates of cloud liquid water are possible. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CLS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Sounders\n Short_Name: CLS\n Long_Name: Cloud Lidar System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6238f3e2-9a87-4e32-b866-c4a637094b51", "label": "CPL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL) (successor to the Cloud Lidar\nSystem is an airborne lidar system designed specifically for\nstudying clouds and aerosols using the ER-2 High Altitude\nAircraft. Because the ER-2 typically flies at 65,000 feet (20\nkm), its instruments are above 94% of the earth's atmosphere,\nthereby allowing ER-2 instruments to function as spaceborne\ninstrument simulators. The Cloud Physics Lidar provides a unique\ntool for atmospheric profiling and is sufficiently small and low\ncost to include in multiple instrument missions.\n\nThe Cloud Physics Lidar flies on the ER-2 along with other\ninstruments and is typically located in the forward section of\nthe left wing superpod. A window in the bottom of the superpod\nallows the instrument to look directly at nadir (this is a\nnon-scanning system). The Cloud Physics Lidar provides a\ncomplete battery of cloud physics information. Data products\ninclude:\n\nCloud profiling with 30 m vertical and 200 m horizontal\nresolution at 1064 nm, 532 nm, and 355 nm, providing cloud\nlocation and internal backscatter structure.\n\nAerosol, boundary layer, and smoke plume profiling at all three\nwavelengths.\n\nDepolarization ratio to determine the phase (e.g., ice or water)\nof clouds using the 1064 nm output.\n\nCloud particle size determined from a multiple field-of-view\nmeasurement using the 532 nm output (off-nadir multiple\nscattering detection).\n\nDirect determination of the optical depth of cirrus clouds (up\nto ~OD 3) using the 355 nm output. The CPL provides information\nto permit a comprehensive analysis of radiative and optical\nproperties of optically thin clouds. To determine the effects of\nparticulate layers on the radiative budget of the\nearth-atmosphere system certain information about the details of\nthe layer and its constituents is required. The effect of clouds\nis often referred to as cloud radiative forcing. Cloud radiative\nforcing, in general, is the alteration that the presence of\nclouds has on the energy budget. The information required to\ncompute the radiative forcing includes the vertical distribution\nof short wave cross section, a parameter that the CPL provides\nup to the limits of optical signal attenuation.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cpl.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c237a14-1064-41e6-add7-8ad2962cf8e7", "label": "DAWN", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "[Text Source: http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/DAWN ]\n\nDAWN (Doppler Aerosol WiNd lidar) is a pulsed laser, 2-micron, and solid-state. It pulses at 10 Hertz with 250 mJ pulses that are 200 ns long full width at half maximum (FWHM). Using the wedge scanner, five different azimuth angles are measured: 1) to end up with five equations for the three unknown components of wind vs. altitude, 2) to mitigate cloud obscurations, and 3) to measure the atmospheric variability.\n\nDAWN can provide vertical profiles of u, v, and w components of 3-D wind in the region below the aircraft. Various vertical and horizontal resolutions are possible. DAWN can also provide vertical profiles of line of sight (LOS) wind for the five (5) azimuth angles; vertical profiles of relative aerosol backscatter in the region below the aircraft, for the five (5) azimuth angles; vertical profiles of wind turbulence in the region below the aircraft, for the five (5) azimuth angles; and correlations of the data products vs. height.\n\nInstrument Type: Lidar\nMeasurements: Wind, Aerosol Backscattering\nAircraft: DC-8\nInstrument Team: Michael J. Kavaya (PI)\nMissions: GRIP (DC-8)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DAWN\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Sounders\n Short_Name: DAWN\n Long_Name: Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/DAWN\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7166c458-f935-4bd9-a322-d92830cf0c33", "label": "LIDAR", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is an active remote sensing system\nthat can be operated in either a profiling or scanning mode using\npulses of light to illuminate the terrain. LIDAR data collection\ninvolves mounting an airborne laser scanning system onboard an\naircraft along with a kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS)\nreceiver to locate an x and y position and an inertial navigation\nsystem to monitor the pitch and roll of the aircraft. By accurately\nmeasuring the round trip travel time of the laser pulse from the\naircraft to the ground, a highly accurate spot elevation can be\ncalculated. Depending upon the altitude and speed of the aircraft\nalong with the laser repetition rate it is possible to obtain point\ndensities that would likely take months to collect using traditional\nground survey methods.\n\n Additional information availabel at\n 'http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/RESEARCH/RSD/main/lidar/lidar.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bebf8e8d-babf-4f4f-bff3-d04c80bc67dc", "label": "DIAL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) system is a lidar instrument\nthat sends pulses of laser radiation at different wavelengths into the\natmosphere to measure ozone and also simultaneously measure aerosols\nand clouds. The laser beams are pointed both upwards and downwards out\nof the aircraft. The UV DIAL system uses five laser (or lidar)\nwavelengths in three different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum\n(Fig. 1): two in the UV region for ozone measurements, two in the\nvisible region, and one in the near infrared (IR) region. IR and\nvisible wavelengths both measure aerosols and clouds. Comparing these\ntwo wavelengths can reveal information about the size distribution of\naerosols. The two UV wavelengths determine the profile of ozone by\nanalyzing the absorption differences due to ozone between the two\nlidar returns. From this measurement, scientists can determine the\nlocation and amount of aerosols, clouds, and ozone along the\nline-of-sight of the UV DIAL system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lidar/lidar.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA}", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f94386e2-8e9b-4a95-9071-fb617a50cabb", "label": "ALADIN", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "Direct Detection Doppler Lidar (D3L) operating in the ultra-violet spectral region (355 nm). The instrument measures both Mie scattering from particles and aerosols and Rayleigh scattering from the upper atmosphere", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "886cde36-5bca-4940-bcc6-b3c7dff788fc", "label": "LMOL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The Langley mobile ozone lidar (LMOL) is a mobile ground-based ozone lidar system that consists of a pulsed UV laser producing two UV wavelengths of 286 and 291 nm with energy of approximately 0.2  mJ/pulse and repetition rate of 1 kHz. The 527 nm pump laser is also transmitted for aerosol measurements. The receiver consists of a 40 cm parabolic telescope, which is used for both backscattered analog and photon counting. The lidar is very compact and highly mobile. This demonstrates the utility of very small lidar systems eventually leading to space-based ozone lidars. The lidar has been validated by numerous ozonesonde launches and has provided ozone curtain profiles from ground to approximately 4 km in support of air quality field missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a22e9df-49e0-4189-ba5d-26cf2320e89a", "label": "GSFC TROPOZ DIAL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "Tropospheric ozone profiles have been retrieved from the new ground-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center TRO-Pospheric OZone DIfferential Absorption Lidar (GSFC TROPOZ DIAL) in Greenbelt, MD (38.99 • N, 76.84 • W, 57 m a.s.l.), from 400 m to 12 km a.g.l. Current atmospheric satellite instruments cannot peer through the optically thick stratospheric ozone layer to remotely sense boundary layer tropospheric ozone. In order to monitor this lower ozone more effectively, the Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) has been developed, which currently consists of five stations across the US. The GSFC TROPOZ DIAL is based on the DIAL technique, which currently detects two wavelengths, 289 and 299 nm, with multiple receivers. The transmitted wavelengths are generated by focusing the out-put of a quadrupled Nd:YAG laser beam (266 nm) into a pair of Raman cells, filled with high-pressure hydrogen and deu-terium, using helium as buffer gas. With the knowledge of the ozone absorption coefficient at these two wavelengths, the range-resolved number density can be derived. An in-teresting atmospheric case study involving the stratospheric– tropospheric exchange (STE) of ozone is shown, to empha-size the regional importance of this instrument as well as to assess the validation and calibration of data. There was a low amount of aerosol aloft, and an iterative aerosol correc-tion has been performed on the retrieved data, which resulted in less than a 3 ppb correction to the final ozone concentra-tion. The retrieval yields an uncertainty of 16–19 % from 0 to 1.5 km, 10–18 % from 1.5 to 3 km, and 11–25 % from 3 to 12 km according to the relevant aerosol concentration aloft. There are currently surface ozone measurements hourly and ozonesonde launches occasionally, but this system will be the first to make routine tropospheric ozone profile measure-ments in the Baltimore–Washington, D.C. area.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b843471-ec94-434e-ac4d-1569947cdf64", "label": "MPL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The micropulse lidar (MPL) is a ground-based, optical, remote-sensing system designed primarily to determine the altitude of clouds; however, it is also used for detection of atmospheric aerosols. The physical principle is the same as for radar. Pulses of energy are transmitted into the atmosphere; the energy scattered back to the transceiver is collected and measured as a time-resolved signal, thereby detecting clouds and aerosols in real time.\n\nFrom the time delay between each outgoing pulse and the backscattered signal, the distance to the scatterer is inferred. Post-processing of the lidar return characterizes the extent and properties of aerosols or other particles in a region.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a71bb0e6-33ec-4cd2-82a1-0c414634614f", "label": "TOPAZ", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone lidar (TOPAZ) lidar was designed and built in 2006 at the NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory. TOPAZ incorporates state-of-the-art technologies to make it compact and lightweight as well as having low power consumption. These features have allowed for flexibility in its application to numerous air quality field studies, both airborne and ground-based. Its wavelength flexibility permits optimization for differing atmospheric conditions including interference from other atmospheric components and allows dual-DIAL operation – introduction to Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) techniques.\n\nTOPAZ was originally configured and deployed on the NOAA Twin Otter aircraft to participate in air quality studies where it provided wide-area mapping of ozone and aerosol distributions and transport near urban sources. The first example of this application was the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006. As the lidar was flown over and around the Houston area collecting ozone and aerosol backscatter profiles from flight level to near ground level, it produced a three-dimensional picture of the distribution of ozone and aerosols in the study area. Additional information obtained from the lidar data included boundary height determination and ozone plume flux measurements.\n\nAfter several years of airborne operation, TOPAZ was reconfigured for deployment in a box truck (and, more recently, a trailer) for ground-based operation. The addition of a two-axis (one automated) scanner permits data collection from a few meters above ground level (AGL) through 6-8 km AGL, dependent on atmospheric conditions. Recent examples of TOPAZ applications in this arrangement include the California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS) 2016 and the Fires, Asian, and Stratospheric Transport - Las Vegas Ozone Study (FAST-LVOS) 2017 experiments.\n\nTOPAZ is also part of the NASA Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) for ground-based profiling of tropospheric ozone. In addition to the occasional deployment to field experiments, TOPAZ makes routine measurements in support of TOLNET goals including satellite ozone measurement validation and creating a long-term ozone measurement record under varied atmospheric conditions on the Front Range of Colorado.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "089a93e8-e7f0-4ecd-9680-846f7b77eec3", "label": "JPL DIAL", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "Several lidar systems are operated at the Jet Propul-\nsion Laboratory JPL Table Mountain Facility TMF; 34.4 °N, 117.4 °W for atmospheric measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere.1,2 One\nof these is a differential absorption lidar DIAL sys-\ntem for ozone profiling and another is an elastic and\nRaman scattering system primarily for aerosol and\ncloud observations.3,4 Previously these two lidars\nwere combined in a single system, which involved\nmany problems and compromises and limited their\nperformance. Recently these systems were rede-\nsigned and separated to improve their capabilities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e3dbafa-6d45-4987-b244-329b72d44c6a", "label": "RO3QET", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The primary scientific objective is to provide time/height ozone measurements from near the surface to the top of the troposphere to describe in high-fidelity their spatio-temporal distribution. These high-fidelity measurements will provide the GEO-CAPE science team with accurate representations of the PBL and FT ozone structure as proxies for the high time resolved observations from a geosynchronous satellite. With these observations of the detailed ozone structure, the GEO CAPE science team will be able to study the character of lower-atmospheric ozone and also assess the accuracy and vertical resolution with which a geosynchronous instrument could retrieve the observed laminar ozone structures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4520969b-6e98-4c11-8b17-2fbea876f51d", "label": "AMOLITE", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has recently developed a fully autonomous, mobile LIDAR17\nsystem called AMOLITE (Autonomous Mobile Ozone LIDAR Instrument for Tropospheric18\nExperiments) to simultaneously measure the vertical profile of tropospheric ozone, aerosol19\nand water vapor (night time only) from near ground to altitudes reaching ten to fifteen20\nkilometers. This current system uses a dual laser, dual LIDAR design housed in a single21\nclimate-controlled trailer. Ozone profiles are measured by the DIfferential Absorption22\nLIDAR (DIAL) technique using a single 1 m Raman cell filled with CO2. The DIAL23\nwavelengths of 287 nm and 299 nm are generated as the second and third Stokes lines24\nresulting from stimulated Raman scattering of the cell pumped using the fourth harmonic of a25\nNd:YAG laser (266nm). The aerosol LIDAR transmits three wavelengths simultaneously26\n(355 nm, 532 nm and 1064 nm) employing a detector designed to measure the three27\nbackscatter channels, two nitrogen Raman channels (387 nm and 607 nm), and one cross-28\npolarization channel at 355 nm. In addition, we have added a water vapor channel arising29\nfrom the Raman-shifted 355nm output (407nm) to provide nighttime water vapor profiles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ddf66ea-00c8-4d49-862a-0905ce22c480", "label": "Leica CityMapper-2", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "The world’s only hybrid oblique imaging and LiDAR airborne sensor for fast and efficient digitisation of cities. High-Performance Hybrid Urban Mapping Sensor\n\nThe Leica CityMapper-2 provides high quality oblique imaging and LiDAR from one flight, saving time and costs. It captures two nadir (RGB/NIR) and four oblique 150 MP images. Together with a new generation 2 MHz pulse rate LiDAR it breaks all barriers of urban mapping. The newly developed optical system is equipped with Leica Geosystem’s unique mechanical forward-motion-compensation (FMC), which allows to capture high-quality imagery even in difficult lighting conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79fb1653-e670-4d95-b8ab-bf145d837a6f", "label": "Roscoe", - "broader": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", + "parentId": "7c13f166-8711-4d2f-9251-4635002c6c31", "definition": "Roscoe is a new, more compact version of the NASA GSFC Cloud Physics Lidar that has flown on multiple NASA high altitude aircraft over the past two decades. While utilizing the same proven measurement technique of coupling a high repetition rate laser with photon-counting detection, Roscoe differs from CPL in two significant ways. First, it is designed to simultaneously observe both upwards and downwards from the aircraft, to enable studies of stratospheric aerosols above flight altitude as well as below. It is, essentially, two small CPL instruments in one package, one pointing nadir and one pointing zenith. Second, it operates at only 1064 and 355 nm (not 532 nm) to satisfy eye-safety considerations for airborne operation. Roscoe measures depolarization at both wavelengths to characterize the phase of the cloud and aerosol particles detected.", "children": [] } @@ -8531,13 +8531,13 @@ { "uuid": "9fd01f99-1b20-4a7c-aca8-4ac5d539195f", "label": "Radio Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", + "parentId": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e7904358-3122-41a3-b9c4-572b74db72a5", "label": "IONOSONDE", - "broader": "9fd01f99-1b20-4a7c-aca8-4ac5d539195f", + "parentId": "9fd01f99-1b20-4a7c-aca8-4ac5d539195f", "definition": "IONOSONDE is the traditional technique for measuring the\nproperties of the ionosphere by transmission and reception of\nvertically incident radio pulses at swept frequencies in the HF\nrange.", "children": [] } @@ -8546,48 +8546,48 @@ { "uuid": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", "label": "Acoustic Sounders", - "broader": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", + "parentId": "662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "62d1e780-c34f-44e6-be01-bef03beeec4c", "label": "RASS", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", + "parentId": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", "definition": "A radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) consists of one or more\nvertically pointed loudspeakers, surrounded by focusing dishes\nand an antenna that receives the return signal from above. It is\na remote sensing technique for the measurement of virtual\ntemperature profiles.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap15/rass.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ef0c3e6-1012-411a-b166-482fb35bb1dd", "label": "ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", + "parentId": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", "definition": "ACOUSTIC SOUNDERS are instruments that acquire multispectral\nmeasurements from which vertical profiles of atmospheric\ntemperature and humidity can be derived and does particular\nmeasurements of depth of water below an instrument (at the\nsurface or at some moored depth) which is computed form the\ntravel time of the acoustic pulse emitted by this sounder.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b547aa7-4980-42dc-9f6b-4d35e2cc625c", "label": "ECHO SOUNDERS", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", + "parentId": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", "definition": "ECHO SOUNDERS are devices that use sound waves to measure the\ndepth of surface water bodies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "adb501c8-3a2f-4c52-acf3-e77816428a92", "label": "SAW", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", + "parentId": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", "definition": "The SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE HYGROMETER (SAW) SAW hygrometer\nmeasures the amount of water in the atmosphere by detecting\ncondensation on the surface of a highly sensitive quartz\noscillator.\n\nIn flights on the NASA DC8 experimental aircraft, the SAW\nhygrometer was shown to be more than ten times faster than\nconventional hygrometers in detecting humidity changes in the\natmosphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://technology.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/techGallery/gallery/\n gl_pages/saw.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb8fdbae-05fc-4017-9759-300261552f45", "label": "IES", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", + "parentId": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", "definition": "Inverted Echo Sounders (IES) measure the temperature of the\nwater column at a single point. The IES is attached to the ocean\nbottom. It emits a sound pulse aimed toward the surface of the\nocean. The sound pulse will reflect off the surface of the ocean\nand return to the bottom. The IES listens for the return of the\nsound pulse from the ocean surface. The travel time of the sound\nis used to calculate the speed of sound through the water. The\ntemperature profile is calculated from the speed of sound\nthrough the water. The IES must be calibrated with a measurement\nof the water column properties. Sometimes a pressure sensor is\nused with the IES to make the calibration.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://omp.gso.uri.edu/dosits/people/resrchxp/1.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Rhode Island]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0e787fa-61e0-4b24-9aba-68c554f5dadf", "label": "SR50A", - "broader": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", + "parentId": "ba25756b-6326-4746-a20d-63db582a5f3f", "definition": "The SR50A Sonic Ranging Sensor measures the distance from the sensor to a target. The most common applications are measuring snow depths and water levels. The sensor is based on a 50 kHz (Ultrasonic) electrostatic transducer. The SR50A determines the distance to a target by sending out ultrasonic pulses and listening for the returning echoes that are reflected from the target. The time from transmissions to return of an echo is the basis for obtaining the distance measurement.", "children": [] } @@ -8598,279 +8598,279 @@ { "uuid": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "label": "Imaging Radars", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", + "parentId": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01aa7772-e06d-4772-b8c1-82210f187038", "label": "SIR-A", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Shuttle Imaging Radar-A (SIR-A) flew abord the Space Shuttle Columbia\nin November of 1981 for almost 8 hours during the 2 and 1/2 day\nflight. SIR-A is a horizontally polarized L-band radar operating at\n1.28 GHz (23 cm) and obtained imagery at a resolution of 40m with a\nswath width of 50km and a look angle of approx. 45 degrees\n(variable). The imagery is produced at a scale of 1:500,000.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0287b3bd-ed50-4662-96e9-7f7469179344", "label": "SRTM", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) obtains\nhigh-resolution digitial topographic database of the Earth. The\ninstrument will operate within the cargo bay of the space\nshuttle including a mast that extends 200 ft (60 m).\n\nSRTM uses C-band and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture\nradars (IFSARs) to acquire topographic data over 80% of Earth's land\nmass (between 60N and 56S).\n\nSRTM produces digital topographic map products which meet\nInterferometric Terrain Height Data (ITHD)-2 specifications (30 meter\nx 30 meter spatial sampling with 16 meter absolute vertical height\naccuracy, 10 meter relative vertical height accuracy and 20 meter\nabsolute horizontal circular accuracy). All accuracies are quoted at\nthe 90% level, consistent with National Mapping Accuracy Standards.\n\nThe SRTM is managed from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). For\nmore information see:\n'http://www-radar.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/'\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SRTM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SRTM\n Long_Name: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: BLACKJACK\n Short_Name: SIR-C\n Short_Name: X-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OV-105\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/\n Sample_Image: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/Images/Data/project_onestop/msrtm.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2000-02-11\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2000-02-22\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "042e5575-eb33-4c45-a708-3df3555afff6", "label": "Polarimetric Radar", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "A polarimetric radar is a radar that transmits electromagnetic wave pulses in both a horizontal and vertical orientation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "126f9ae6-20ea-4d58-9039-decb8913296d", "label": "PALSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) is an\nactive microwave sensor using L-band frequency for cloud-free and\nday-and-night land observation, and provides higher performance than\nthe JERS-1's SAR. The fine resolution mode is a conventional one. The\nPALSAR will have other attractive observation mode, the ScanSAR mode,\nwhich will allow us to acquire a 250 to 350 km width (depends on\nnumber of scans) of SAR images at the expense of spatial\nresolution. This is three to five times wider swath than conventional\nSAR images. The development of the PALSAR is a joint project between\nNASDA and Japan Resources Observation System Organization (JAROS).\n\n[Summary Provided by JAXA.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PALSAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: PALSAR\n Long_Name: Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/palsar_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/hatoyama/satellite/sendata/image/palsar.gif\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1667ff45-ae3a-4f20-ab42-b786a6d06a72", "label": "UAVSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1715936c-434b-410c-aa94-c2f6b5c08c95", "label": "P-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "P-SAR operates in a stripmap mode with a swath illuminated by a single antenna beam, i.e. an imaging configuration similar to that of the ERS-1/2 SAR. Global coverage is obtained by the interleaved stripmap operations among three complementary swaths as described previously. The beam re-pointing is performed through a roll maneuver of the spacecraft, as there is ample time over the poles for such operations. This solution using the spacecraft rolling was preferred over the possibility of electronic beam switching due to its simplicity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "177f6ccb-e45a-4a60-8b34-ac19bbb698d4", "label": "CBR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "C-BAND RADAR are specialized Radar sets developed for the frequency band 300 MHz to1 GHz. Primarily used for satellite communications, for full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds. Commonly used in areas that are subject to tropical rainfall.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c53d85e-3792-4081-9748-192fd3140aa6", "label": "SENTINEL-1 C-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The C-SAR instrument is an active phased array antenna providing fast scanning in elevation (to cover the large range of incidence angle and to support ScanSAR operation) and in azimuth (to allow use of TOPS technique to meet the required image performance). To meet the polarisation requirements, it has dual channel transmit and receive modules and H/V-polarised pairs of slotted waveguides.\n\nIt has an internal calibration scheme, where transmit signals are routed into the receiver to allow monitoring of amplitude/phase to facilitate high radiometric stability.\n\nSENTINEL-1's metallised carbon-fibre-reinforced-plastic radiating waveguides ensure good radiometric stability even though these elements are not covered by the internal calibration scheme. The digital chirp generator and selectable receive filter bandwidths allow efficient use of on-board storage considering the ground range resolution dependence on incidence angle.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-1-sar-wiki/-/wiki/Sentinel%20One/Instrument\n Creation_Date: 2015-02-05\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "285c90fb-0b3f-487f-a094-40d6dea7948e", "label": "X-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The objectives of the X-band Synthetic Aperature Radar (X-SAR) are to\nprovide all-weather monitoring of Earth's land and ocean surface to\nprovide data for studies of (1) vegetation extent and biomass\ncondition, (2) soil moisture and snow properties, (3) recent climate\nchange and tectonic activity, and (4) ocean wave spectra. The X-SAR is\ndesigned to be operated in conjunction with the Spaceborne Imaging\nRadar-C (SIR-C) on the same platform. The X-SAR, designed and built by\nthe German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) and sponsored by the\nGerman and Italian governments, will operate at X-band (3.1-cm\nwavelength or 9600 MHz) with VV polarization. The swath width is from\n10 to 45 km at 25-km resolution with illumination angle of 15 to 60\ndegrees off-nadir. The X-SAR antenna has a fixed beamwidth of 5.8\ndegrees in elevation and 0.13 degrees in azimuth as opposed to the\nphased array, multi-polarization antenna of SIR-C. The X-SAR was\nflown on the Shuttle STS-59 in April 1994 and the STS-68 in\nSeptember/October 1994. See Jordan,R.L.,B.L.Huneycutt,and\nM.Werner,'The SIR-C/X-SAR Synthetic Aperature Radar\nSystem',Vol.79,No.6,June 1991.\nFor more information on SIR-C/XSAR including online images see the URL:\n'http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/sircxsar/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a342947-dc41-4ea0-b0a4-ba68bb732657", "label": "NOXP", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "NOXP is a mobile Doppler radar that operates on a 3cm wavelength (X-Band). This wavelength is more sensitive to smaller particles than the longer wavelengths used by NOAA NWS radars, and is capable of detecting tiny water droplets or snowflakes", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "318da8a4-09da-476f-a3eb-3f3c0fa82fb7", "label": "SLAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Most imaging radars used for remote sensing are side-looking\nairborne radars (SLARs). The antenna points to the side with a\nbeam that is wide vertically and narrow horizontally. The image\nis produced by motion of the aircraft past the area being\ncovered.\n\nA short pulse is transmitted from the airborne radar, when the\npulse strikes a target of some kind, a signal returns to the\naircraft. The time delay associated with this received signal,\nas with other pulse radars, gives the distance between target\nand radar.\n\nWhen a single pulse is transmitted, the return signal can be\ndisplayed on an oscilloscope; however, this does not allow the\nproduction of an image. Hence, in the imaging radar, the signal\nreturn is used to modulate the intensity of the beam on the\noscilloscope, rather than to display it vertically in proportion\nto the signal strength.\n\nThus, a single intensity-modulated line appears on the\noscilloscope, and is transferred by a lens to a film. The film\nis in the form of a strip that moves synchronously with the\nmotion of the aircraft, so that as the aircraft moves forward\nthe film also moves.\n\nWhen the aircraft has moved one beamwidth forward, the return\nsignals come from a different strip on the ground. These signals\nintensity-modulate the line on the cathode-ray tube and produce\na different image on a line on the film adjacent to the original\nline. As the aircraft moves forward, a series of these lines is\nimaged onto the film, and the result is a two-dimensional\npicture of the radar return from the surface.\n\nThe speed of the film is adjusted so that the scales of the\nimage in the directions perpendicular to and along the flight\ntrack are maintained as nearly identical to each other as\npossible. Because the cross-track dimension in the image is\ndetermined by a time measurement, and the time measurement is\nassociated with the direct distance (slant range) from the radar\nto the point on the surface, the map is distorted somewhat by\nthe difference between the slant range and the horizontal\ndistance, or ground range.\n\nIn some radar systems, this distortion is removed by making the\nsweep on the cathode-ray tube nonlinear, so that the points are\nmapped in their proper ground range relationship. This, however,\nonly applies exactly if the points all lie in a plane surface,\nand this modification can result in excessive distortion in\nmountainous areas.\n\nSide-looking airborne radars normally are divided into two\ngroups: the real-aperture systems that depend on the beamwidth\ndetermined by the actual antenna, and the synthetic aperture\nsystems that depend upon signal processing to achieve a much\nnarrower beamwidth in the along-track direction than that\nattainable with the real antenna. The customary nomenclature\nused is 'SLAR' for the real-aperture system and 'SAR' for the\nsynthetic aperture system, although the latter is also a\nside-looking airborne (or spaceborne) radar.\n\n[Source: ESA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d936b6b-4876-4b80-a5c2-ea218ea77c82", "label": "SIR-C", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n(SIR-C/X-SAR) was flown as part of the Space Radar Laboratory-1\npayload launched on the Space Shuttle STS-59 on April 9, 1994.\nThe objectives of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) instrument were\nto investigate characteristics of the Earth's surface such as (1)\nvegetation extent and biomass condition, (2) soil moisture and snow\nproperties, (3) recent climate change and tectonic activity, and (4)\nocean wave spectra. The SIR-C was jointly operated from the Space\nShuttle with the X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR), provided by the\nGerman Space Agency (DARA)/German Aerospace Research Establishment\n(DLR) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI), on the same Space Radar Laboratory\n(SRL) platform. The SIR-C radar operated at L-band (24-cm wavelength or\n1250 MHz) and C-band (5.6-cm wavelength or 5300 MHz) in multiple polarization\nmodes (HH,HV,VH,VV). The antenna was composed of two planar arrays, one for\nL-band and one for C-band, in dual-polarized operation. Each array was\ncomposed of a uniform grid of dual-polarized microstrip antenna radiators.\nThe SIR-C antenna was 12.2 meters, weighed over 10,500 kg and filled the\nShuttle cargo bay. SIR-C provided images of the magnitudes of HH,VV,and\ncross-polarized returns, images of the relative phase difference between\nmultiple polarization returns, and derivation of linear, circular, or\nelliptical polarization. Image resolution was 25 m (20 MHz bandwidth) and\n40 m (10 MHz bandwidth). The swath width ranged from 15 to 65 km for\ncalibrated images and 40 to 90 km for mapping mode (SCANSAR) images.\nIn SCANSAR mode, the antenna was steered electronically or mechanically to\nacquire data at various incidence angles (15 to 55 degrees) increasing the\nswath width at reduced resolution. Data was acquired at 8 bits per sample or\n4 bits per sample in 16 primary modes. SIR-C used four solid state receivers,\ntwo each for C-band and L-band. The SIR-C data was recorded on-board on the\nShuttle Payload High Rate Recorder. The SIR program is an extension of the\nSeasat SAR, SIR-A, and SIR-B instruments.\nX-SAR operated at X-band (3.1-cm wavelength or 9600 MHz) with VV\npolarization. The X-SAR used a passive slotted-waveguide antenna (12\nmeters) which was tilted mechanically to align the X-band beam with\nthe SIR-C C-band and L-band beams. The swath width was from 10 to 45\nkm at 25-km resolution with illumination angle of 15 to 60 degrees\noff-nadir. The X-SAR antenna had a fixed beamwidth of 5.8 degrees in\nelevation and 0.13 degrees in azimuth as opposed to the phased array,\nmulti-polarization antenna of SIR-C. X-SAR data was recorded on-board\non the Shuttle Payload High Rate Recorder and transmitted in real-time\n(Ku-band via TDRSS) over selected regions. The X-SAR is a follow-on\nthe Germany's Microwave Remote Sensing Experiment (MRSE), flown on the\nfirst Shuttle Spacelab mission in 1983. The SRL is expected to fly\nagain in 1994 and 1995.\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR Science Team was made up of 49 members and 3\nassociates from 13 countries. Data was collected and focused on\nselected supersites in conjunction with aircraft and ground-based\nobservations. See Jordan,R.L., B.L.Huneycutt, and M.Werner, &The\nSIR-C/X-SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar System&, Vol.79, No.6, June\n1991.\nThere were more than 400 sites on Earth where data was taken during\nthe mission. Nineteen sites were designated &supersites&, making them\nthe highest priority targets and the focal point for the scientific\ninvestigations. The following were the supersites targeted:\nEcology - Manaus, Brazil; Raco, Mich.; Duke Forest, NC; Central Europe\nHydrology - Chickasha, OK; Otztal, Austria; Bebedouro, Brazil;\nMontespertoli, Italy\nOceanography - Gulf Stream (mid-Atlantic); Northeast Atlantic Ocean;\nSouthern Ocean\nGeology - Galapagos Islands; Sahara Desert; Death Valley, CA; Andes\nMountains, Chile; Mount Pinatubo\nCalibration - Flevoland, The Netherlands; Kerang, Australia;\nOberpfaffenhofen, Germany; Western Pacific Ocean\nRain Experiments - Western Pacific Ocean\n\nPersonnel:\nDr. Diane Evans (JPL) - U.S. Project Scientist\nDr. Herwig Ottl (DLR) - German Project Scientist\nProf. Mario Calamia (Univ. Florence) - Italian Project Scientist\nDr. Miriam Baltuck (NASA HQ) - Program Scientist\nMichael Sander (JPL) Project Manager\nRichard Monson (MtPE) Program Manager\nJim McGuire (NASA HQ) SRL Program Manager\nDr. Manfred Wahl (DARA) X-SAR Project Manager\nDr. Paolo Ammendola (ASI) Deputy Project Manager\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SIR-C\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SIR-C\n Long_Name: Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: STS-59\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dc63a97-144f-49f7-8fe2-2202857543f7", "label": "TSX-1", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Primary Payload: the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)\n\nThe primary payload is a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with an active antenna that allows for the utilization of different imaging modes and can be used in a very flexible manner. With radar instruments various frequency ranges of the radar spectrum can be observed, the so-called bands. TerraSAR-X is operated in the X-band, which is lying at a frequency around 9.65 GHz, corresponding to a wavelength of about 3 centimeters. The technology of the active, phase-con-trolled antenna enables a high flexibility and mission efficiency. While in case of passive systems the whole radar antenna or even the satellite must be rotated in order to align the antenna onto the tar-get area, the active antenna of TerraSAR-X can steer its radar pulses in a certain direction. The antenna is 4.80 meters long and80 centimeters wide. The satellite is designed in a way that it can be installed, together with its antenna at its full size, on the launch vehicle. In this way a complex unfolding mechanism can be avoided. The TerraSAR-X radar can operate in two polarizations, H (horizontal) and V (vertical)and consists of 12 antenna panels, each equipped with 32 slotted waveguide radiators. Each of these waveguides is fitted with a transmit/receive module (TRM), so that the whole antenna consists of 384 TRMs.\nThis allows the control of the radar beam by 0.75° in the flight direction and 20° perpendicular to the flight direction. The data received are stored in a mass storage system with a 256 Gbit capacity before they are transmitted via a 300 Mbit per second X-band system to the ground station. The active antenna enables different imaging methods to be used with very fast switching between them: - In the Spotlight Mode the radar image records an area of 5 to 10 by 10 kilo-meters size. In this manner a maximum resolution of up to one meter is achieved. - In the Stripmap Mode the satellite images a strip of 30 kilometers width and a maximum length of 1,500 kilo-meters. The resolution is 3 meters. - In the ScanSAR mode a strip of 100 kilometers width and 1,500 kilometers maximum length is scanned with a resolution of 18 meters. The elements of the SAR instrument are designed fully redundant, which means that two fully functional sets of electronic boxes exist. This allows to utilize a new concept that envisages the simultaneous activation of both chains. This experimental operating scenario is called “Dual Receive Antenna“ (DRA) mode, in which the antenna is electrically separated into two halves, and the data received are independently recorded and evaluated. In this way it is possible to apply interesting new techniques such as Along Track Interferometry, fully polarimetric data recording, or an increase in geometric resolution. Along Track Interferometry allows, amongst other things, the detection of moving objects such as, for example, cars or ships. This application is of particular interest both for traffic re-search, and also for the investigation of ocean currents, for example.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6378c31c-75e6-47dc-b59b-87221ec46ea3", "label": "GEOSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "GeoSAR (Geographic Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an airborne radar\nsystem that will generate high-resolution, three-dimensional maps to\nexplore and study California. GeoSAR is being developed by a\nconsortium consisting of the California Department of Conservation,\nCalgis Inc., and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with funding\nprovided the the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).\n\nThe project will develop a dual-frequency airborne radar system that\nwill be able to collect 249 square kilometers (94 square miles) of\ndata a minute. A special feature of GeoSAR will be its ability to\nacquire three-dimensional images of the Earth's surface through a\ntechnique call interferometry. Because GeoSAR uses radar, the system\nwill be able to operate both day and night, under almost any weather\ncondition. GeoSAR will be the first instrument that will be able to\nmap both above, through, and below the vegetation canopy providing\nimportant information such a data about landslides that are overgrown\nwith vegetation. The GeoSAR radar system is a dual frequency design\nusing both P- and X-band wavelengths. The longer P-band wavelength\nwill penetrate deeper into the canopy and, coupled with computer\nmodeling, map beneath the vegetation canopy. When combined with other\nremote sensing data such as Landsat multi-spectral information, it\nwill be possible to not only determine land cover type such as tree\nspecies, but also tree height and perhaps even width, such as crown\ndiameter. Maps created with the GeoSAR data will be used to assess\npotential goelogic/seismic hazards, such as landslides, classify land\ncover, map farmlands and urbanization, and manage forest\nharvests. This system will become operational in early 2000.\n\nFor more information see:\n\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/html/projects/geosar.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6473c154-cada-4165-bfd4-2e8fd6c469f6", "label": "AIRSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "NASA/JPL have built and operated a series of airborne imaging radar\nsystems. NASA/JPL currently maintain and operate an airborne SAR\nsystem, known as AIRSAR/TOPSAR, which flies on a NASA DC-8 jet. In one\nmode of operation, this system is capable of simultaneously collecting\nall four polarizations (HH,HV, VH and VV) for three frequencies: L-\nband (lambda ~ 24 cm); C-band (lambda ~ 6 cm) ; and P-band (lambda ~\n68 cm). In another mode of operation, the AIRSAR/TOPSAR system\ncollects all four polarizations (HH,HV, VH and VV) for two\nfrequencies: L- band (lambda ~ 24 cm); and P-band (lambda ~ 68 cm),\nwhile operating as an interferometer at C-band to simultaneously\ngenerate topographic height data. AIRSAR/TOPSAR also has an\nalong-track interferometer mode which is used to measure current\nspeeds. Typical image sizes for AIRSAR/TOPSAR products are 12kmx12km,\nwith 10 meter resolution in both dimensions. Topographic map products\ngenerated by the TOPSAR system have been shown to have a height\naccuracy of 1 m in relatively flat areas, and 5 m height accuracy in\nmountainous areas.\n\n\nFor more information on AirSAR or AirSAR data products and imagery, see:\n'http://airsar.jpl.nasa.gov'\n\nRadar Data Center\nMail Stop 300 - 233\nJet Propulsion Laboratory\n4800 Oak Grove Drive\nPasadena, CA 91109\nFax: (818) 393 2640\ne-mail: radar.data@jpl.nasa.gov\n\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69d604ea-dead-41cc-9aaf-c63eec4f8947", "label": "SLRAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Side-Looking Real Aperature Radar (SLRAR) on Cosmos-1500 was the\nfirst spaceborne SLRAR. The instrument was constructed and developed\nat the Institute of Radiophysics and Electonic (IRE) of the Ukranian\nAcademy of Sciences to provide 2-dimensional images of ice and\noceanographic scenes. The SLRAR operated at a frequency of 9.5 GHz in\nvertical (V) polarization providing 0.8 x 2.5 km resolution and a\nswath width of 425 km. SLRAR data were processed on-board and\ntransmitted directly to ships and automated data receiving stations.\nThe data were used to make high resolution radar maps of ice cover in\nthe Arctic and Antarctic. The data were also used to derive wind speed\nand direction at the ocean surface. All-weather radar imagery were\nprovided to the user community in real-time by means of a 137.4 MHz\nAutomatic Picture Transmission (APT) channel. Imagery from the SLRAR on-board\nCosmos-1500 was used to rescue about 50 Soviet ships trapped in heavy\nice in the Arctic during the polar winter of 1983. In 1986, real-time\ndata was used to rescue the inhabitants of a research station in\nAntarctica. The SLRAR instrument was a precursor to other radars used\non the oceanographic series of satellites (Okean-1. -2, and -3). Similar\ninstruments were used on the Cosmos-1602 and Cosmos-1766 spacecraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6efe4ae6-fbf2-4e92-8fe4-78e16182da84", "label": "BRLK", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (BRLK)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BRLK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: BRLK\n Long_Name: X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: X-Ray\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Russia/ROSHYDROMET\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b241f5e-a68a-491a-830b-22ecf48a57e3", "label": "C-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "C-band radar has a nominal frequency range from 8 to 4 Ghz (3.75 to 7.5 cm wavelength) within the microwave (radar) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The corresponding wavelength for these systems is on the order of 5.6 cm, which has been found useful in sea ice surveillance as well as in other applications. Imaging radars equipped with C-band are generally not hindered by atmospheric effects and are capable of 'seeing' through tropical clouds and rain showers. Its penetration capability with regard to vegetation canopies or soils is limited and is restricted to the top layers. C-band is also used in range instrumentation radars.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bd9c21d-d123-49c6-a9e6-0a63deb523be", "label": "SRTM C-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) collected topographic data of the Earth aboard the space shuttle Endeavour during its STS-99 mission which was flown February 11 through 22, 2000. The mission was an international project designed to generate a near-global digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth using radar interferometry. SRTM utilized single-pass interferometry which compared two radar signals taken at different angles. The C-band antennas transmitted and received radar at a wavelength of 5.6 centimeters. One antenna was located in the shuttle's payload bay, and the other on the end of a 60-meter (200-foot) mast that extended from the payload pay once the Shuttle was in space. SRTM collected C-band radar data in swaths, with a swath width (width of the radar beam on Earth's surface) of 225 kilometers (km) from an altitude of 233 km. The C-band radar acquired during the mission was processed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). Endeavour orbited Earth 16 times each day during the 11-day mission, completing 176 orbits. SRTM successfully collected radar data over 80 percent of the Earth's land surface between 60° North and 56° South latitude. The C-band data were processed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to make a near-global topographic map of the Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c1508ab-b7c9-402a-9779-cd4388dcefdd", "label": "IFSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81f1e075-7f78-4442-9deb-5efc53e0e24c", "label": "SnowSAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "SnowSAR is a simultaneous dual frequency (X and Ku frequency bands) polarimetric radar for snow and ice measurements, developed by MetaSensing (MS) for the European Space Agency (ESA).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "912c3308-23bc-4e12-b7fb-9d82e9fc5fe9", "label": "ASAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Advanced Synthetic Aperature Radar (ASAR) on the European Space Agency\n(ESA) ENVISAT spacecraft (launched March 1, 2002). is a high resolution,\nall-weather imaging SAR that will provide data on ocean waves, surface\ntopography, land surface properaties, snow and ice extent, and sea-ice\nprocesses. The ASAR operates in three modes: image mode, wide swath mode\nand wave mode. The imaging mode collects data in C-band (5.3 GHz) with a\nbandwidth of 15.55 MHz at 30 meter resolution and a swath width of 100 km.\nThe Wide Swath Mode uses the ScanSAR technique and provides a resolution\nof 100 meters and a swath of 400 km. The Wave Mode also operates at 5.3\nGHz with a resolution of 30 meters in 5 x 5 km swaths for imaging of ocean\nsurface to determine ocean wave features. The ASAR C-band radar operates\nin either horizontal (H) or vertical (V) polarization.\n\nFor more information on ASAR see:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/asar/'\n\nFor more information on ENVISAT, see: 'http://envisat.esa.int/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a351e42-4f5c-4d6b-b51f-152c513ad3ff", "label": "IMAGING RADAR SYSTEMS", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Radar instrumentation consists of (1) a duel-mode very high-frequency (VHF) (120 to 300 MHz) synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) that can operate in bistatic or monostatic mode for simultaneously measuring ice thickness, mapping internal layers at depth and imaging the ice-bed interface, and (2) an ultra high-frequency (UHF) ultra-wideband radar (500 to 2000 MHz) for fine-resolution mapping of near-surface internal layers. One important application of the SAR is the determination of basal conditions, particularly the presence and distribution of basal water. Basal water lubricates the ice/bed interface, enhancing flow, and increasing the amount of ice discharged into the ocean. Another application of the SAR will be to measure ice thickness and map internal layers in both shallow and deep ice. Information on near-surface internal layers will be used to estimate the average, recent accumulation rate, while the deeper layers provide a history of past accumulation and flow rates. A tracked vehicle and an automated rover was used to test and demonstrate the utility of an intelligent radar in glaciological investigations.\n\nThe system was developed to collect, process and analyze data in real time, and to use a priori information derived from archived sources for decision making. The combined real time and archived information can be used onboard the vehicles to select and generate an optimum sensor configuration. This project thus involves innovative research in intelligent systems, sounding radars and ice sheet modeling. In addition it has a very strong public outreach and education program, which include near-real-time image broadcasts via the world wide web \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMAGING RADAR SYSTEMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: IMAGING RADAR SYSTEMS\n Long_Name: Imaging Radar Systems, Real and Synthetic Aperture\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: Wideband UHF radar\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: RADAR ECHO SOUNDERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD SURVEYS\n Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 120 - 300 MHz\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 500 - 2000 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.cresis.ku.edu/\n Sample_Image: http://www.cresis.ku.edu/images/SAR_radar.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-04\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 18 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2005-07-20\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-07-23\n Instrument_Owner: Prasad Gogineni\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 18 Mbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2006-01-01\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2006-01-10\n Instrument_Owner: Prasad Gogineni\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ca1af5f-e2d6-4412-9efc-5eeefae8f0dc", "label": "pRES", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a37282d4-322c-4dd0-8edc-36099b9b586c", "label": "SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)provides the capability of acquiring imagery inclement weather or during night as well as day. SAR systems take advantage of the long-range propagation characteristics of radar signals and the complex information processing capability of modern digital electronics to provide high resolution imagery. Synthetic aperture radar complements photographic and other optical imaging capabilities because of the minimum constraints on time-of-day and atmospheric conditions and because of the unique responses of terrain and cultural targets to radar frequencies.\n\nSynthetic aperture radar technology has provided terrain structural information to geologists for mineral exploration, oil spill boundaries on water to environmentalists, sea state and ice hazard maps to navigators, and reconnaissance and targeting information to military operations. There are many other applications or potential applications. Some of these, particularly civilian, have not yet been adequately explored because lower cost electronics are just beginning to make SAR technology economical for smaller scale uses. \n\nSandia has a long history in the development of the components and technologies applicable to Synthetic Aperture Radar -- 40 years in radar, antenna, and miniature electronics development; 30 years in microelectronics; and 25 years in precision navigation, guidance, and digital-signal processing. Over the last decade, we have applied these technologies to imaging radars to meet the needs of advanced weapon systems; verification and nonproliferation programs; and environmental applications. Sandia's expertise in electromagnetics, microwave electronics, high-speed signal processing, and high performance computing and navigation, guidance and control have established us as world leaders in real-time imaging, miniaturization, processing algorithms, and innovative applications for SAR.\n\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://www.sandia.gov/radar/sar.html\n\n[Summary provided by Sandia National Laboratories]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SAR\n Long_Name: Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMO-SKYMED\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-1\n Short_Name: JERS-1\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.sandia.gov/radar/sar.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.sandia.gov/radar/images/3dsar.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-31\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: Sandia National Laboratories\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6a8801e-88f1-42a0-b060-24b38b19a446", "label": "AirSWOT", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "AirSWOT is an instrument for supporting the SWOT mission. AirSWOT data help the engineering team better understand the natural properties of the Earth surfaces that SWOT will observe so that the SWOT design can be better tailored to the science objectives of the mission. AirSWOT data will also be used to help calibrate and validate SWOT data and can be used additionally for science studies in their own right.\n\nMore Information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/airswot.htm", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab70584d-30b9-49c1-b1d6-b05cd8c9cbb0", "label": "TDX-1", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "In June 2010, TSX-1 was supplemented in orbit by its twin, the TanDEM-X instrument (TDX-1). In a close formation flight, they will separately acquire data for the TerraSAR-X mission and jointly execute the TanDEM-X mission data collection. With the finalization of its commissioning phase in October 2010, it could be confirmed that the second satellite will provide the SAR data for the TerraSAR-X mission with nearly identical performance parameters and stability as the first one.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aca17f83-54bb-42f0-9f38-c7d015882483", "label": "SIR-B", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) is an horizontally polarized L-band\nradar operating at frequency 1.28 GHz (wavelength 23 cm).\nThe SIR-B antenna had the capability of being mechanically\ntilted to acquire data at varying incidence angles from 15 to\n60 degrees. The SIR-B obtained imagery at a resolution of\napproximately 25 m (varying with incidence angles) with a\nswath width of 20-50 km. The SIR-B provided both digitally\nrecorded and optically recorded data.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/scienceapps/sirb.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ade92813-1bb6-4ecd-af53-a8eb21f212d3", "label": "PALSAR-2", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6c1ba5b-650d-48f9-b101-2a3842da834d", "label": "AMI", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Active Microwave Instrument (AMI) is one of the instruments\ncarried on-board the first European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1\nand ERS-2) launched by the European Space Agency on 17 July 1991 and\n20 April 1995.\n\nERS-1 and ERS-2 operate in a sun-synchronous orbit, was conceived as\nan orbiting platform that would be capable of measuring the Earth's\natmospheric and surface properties with a high degree of accuracy on a\nglobal scale.\n\nThe AMI incorporates two separate radars, a Synthetic-Aperture Radar\n(SAR) operating in image or wave mode, and a Wind Scatterometer. The\nEarth's surface is illuminated by four antennas and backscattered\nenergy is received either to derive data on wind fields and wave\nspectra, or to produce high resolution images. The operational\nrequirements are such that each mode needs to be operated exclusively,\nbut the Wind and Wave Modes are also capable of interleaved operation,\nin so-called 'Wind/Wave Mode'.\n\nThe engineering calibration of AMI is performed by making use of\nground-based transponders. The validation of AMI Wave and Wind\nproducts is carried out through dedicated campaigns with surface\nmeasurements from buoys and flights by instrumented aircrafts.\n\nSAR IMAGE MODE\n\n\nSAR obtains strips of high-resolution imagery 100 km in width to the\nright of the satellite track. The 10 m long antenna, aligned parallel\nto the flight track, directs a narrow radar beam (at a frequency of\n5.3 GHz) onto the Earth's surface over the swath.\n\nOn-board and on-ground signal processing is used to build up an image\nfrom the backscattered energy, which depends primarily on the\nroughness and dielectric properties of the illuminated area.\n\nThe power demands during the Image Mode are such that operating time\nhas to be limited to a maximum of 12 minutes during each orbit of\nwhich 4 in eclipse. The data rate of 100 Mbits/s is far too high for\nonboard storage, so images can only be acquired within the reception\nzone of a suitably equipped ground station. Major advantage over\noptical sensors is the capability of microwaves to penetrate clouds,\ntherefore providing all-weather imagery capabilities.\n\nSAR Image-Mode characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nFrequency: 5.3 GHz (C-band)\nPeak power: 4.8 kW\nAntenna size: 10 m x 1 m\nPolarisation: Linear Vertical (LV)\nIncidence angle: 23 degrees at mid-swath\nData rate: less than or equal to 105 Mbit/s\nSpatial resolution: along track less than or equal to 30 m;\nacross track less than or equal to 26.3 m\nRadiometric resolution: 2.5 dB at -18 dB\nRadiometric stability: less than or equal to 0.95 dB\nSwath width: 100 km\nLocalisation accuracy: along track less than or equal to 1\nkm; across track less than or equal to 0.9 km\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMain applications of SAR Image Mode Data:\n\n\n- Ice mapping and monitoring\n- Ocean and coastal areas imaging\n- Land imaging\n\nSAR WAVE MODE\n\nWave Mode operation of the SAR provides 5 km x 6 km images at\nintervals of 200 km along track, which can then be interpreted to\nprovide wave spectra. Because the data rate is relatively low,\nonboard data storage is possible, and there is a global sampling of\nwave spectra.\n\nSAR Wave Mode characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nWave direction: 0-180 degrees\nWave length: 100-1000 m\nAccuracy: direction 20 degrees; length 25 degrees;\nSpatial sampling: 5 km x 6 km every 200-300 km,\nprogrammable anywhere within the SAR swath\nFrequency: 5.3 GHz (C-band)\nPolarisation: Linear Vertical (LV)\nIncidence angle: 23 degrees nominal\nSpatial resolution: along track less than or equal to or\nequal to 30 m across track less than or equal to 26.3 m\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nApplications of SAR Wave Mode Data:\n\n\nThe capability of ERS-1 and ERS-2 to acquire global data sets and\nimaging of ocean and ice phenomena, where previously scientists have\nhad to rely on sporadic measurements from ships or buoys, and in\ncloud-covered regions, are important in such disciplines as:\n\n- Oceanography (internal waves, small-scale variations in\nwind and\nmodulations due to surface currents, etc.)\n- Glaciology\n- Climatology\n- Meteorology (forecasts of sea conditions, etc.)\n- Geodesy\n\nAMI WIND MODE\n\n\nThe Wind Mode uses three antennas to generate radar beams looking 45\ndegrees forward, sideways, and 45 degrees backwards with respect to\nthe satellite's flight direction. These beams illuminate a 500 km-wide\nswath as the satellite moves along its orbit, and each provide\nmeasurements of radar backscatter from the sea surface on a 25 km\ngrid. The result is three independent backscatter measurements for\neach grid point, obtained using the three different viewing directions\nand separated by a short time delay. As the backscatter depends on the\nsea surface capillar roughness as a function of the wind speed and\ndirection at the ocean surface, it is possible to calculate the\nsurface wind speed and direction by using these 'triplets' within a\nmathematical model.\n\nAMI Wind Mode characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nWind direction range: 0-360 degrees\nAccuracy: 20 degrees\nWind speed range: 4-24 m/s\nAccuracy: 2 m/s or 10%\nSpatial resolution: 50 km\nGrid spacing: 25 km\nSwath stand-off: 200 km to side of orbital track\nSwath width: 500 km\nFrequency: 5.3 GHz\nPolarisation: Linear vertical (LV)\nPeak power: 4.8 kW\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMain applications of Wind Mode data:\n\n\n- Weather and sea state forecasts\n- Commercial and scientific uses (offshore exploration,\nship routing, fish resource management, etc.)\n\nRelated URL:\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/ws'\n\n\n'http://earth.esa.int/sar'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_wsc.html'\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_sar.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 9410777\n\nFax: +39 06 9418292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6a17c7b-def7-415a-af34-87819125d14f", "label": "SMAP L-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/smap ]\n\nThe Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission has been recommended by the NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey Panel for launch in the 2010-2013 time frame. SMAP will use a combined radiometer and high-resolution radar to measure surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state, providing for scientific advances and societal benefits. Direct measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state are needed to improve our understanding of regional water cycles, ecosystem productivity, and processes that link the water, energy, and carbon cycles. Soil moisture information at high resolution enables improvements in weather forecasts, flood and drought forecasts, and predictions of agricultural productivity and climate change.\n\nThe National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Integrated Program Office (IPO) has developed a tri-agency set of requirements for the next generation of polar-orbiting operational environmental satellites. A novel approach combining radar-radiometer and L-band mapping of global soil moisture will allow SMAP to far exceed the NPOESS soil moisture threshold (minimum performance) requirements for sensing depth and spatial resolution. With 'fast-track' development, it is possible that SMAP could provide critical gap-filling soil moisture measurements for NPOESS, which were lost when the Conical Microwave Imager/Sounder was cancelled from the first NPOESS platform.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n Long_Name: SMAP L-Band Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SMAP\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.26 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/smap \n Online_Resource: http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-surveys\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=72\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-23\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5c4d64f-fb76-40e1-84f0-d3019b70642d", "label": "KaRIn", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Ocean and surface water levels are measured over a 120-km (75-mi) wide swath with a ~20 km (~12 mi) gap along nadir using a Ka-band radar interferometer. KaRIn (Ka-band Radar Interferometer) has two antennas separated by a 10-meter boom. Radar pulses are transmitted by one antenna and received by both for interferometry, creating two parallel swaths of data. More information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/flight-systems/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed400e7c-229e-48be-9a93-84f2fc864448", "label": "C-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The C-SAR instrument is an active phased array antenna providing fast scanning in elevation (to cover the large range of incidence angle and to support ScanSAR operation) and in azimuth (to allow use of TOPS technique to meet the required image performance). To meet the polarisation requirements, it has dual channel transmit and receive modules and H/V-polarised pairs of slotted waveguides.\n\nIt has an internal calibration scheme, where transmit signals are routed into the receiver to allow monitoring of amplitude/phase to facilitate high radiometric stability.\n\nSENTINEL-1's metallised carbon-fibre-reinforced-plastic radiating waveguides ensure good radiometric stability even though these elements are not covered by the internal calibration scheme. The digital chirp generator and selectable receive filter bandwidths allow efficient use of on-board storage considering the ground range resolution dependence on incidence angle.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Imaging Radars\n Short_Name: C-SAR\n Long_Name: C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-1-sar-wiki/-/wiki/Sentinel%20One/Instrument\n Creation_Date: 2015-02-05\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f41e9e06-c769-46ed-a79c-2ff2184eee4a", "label": "WCR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) is a 95Ghz, dual-channel, Doppler Radar designed for airborne use. The UW King Air installation of the WCR uses three antennas- one that can look either upward or horizontally (to the right of the aircraft) plus two downward--looking antennas (one at nadir; the second slanted ~30 degrees forward of nadir along the aircraft centerline).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "474a09e5-315c-42e4-9521-36153eafb049", "label": "PAZ-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The objective of the PAZ-SAR instrument is to provide high quality SAR imagery in a variety of sizes and resolution ranging from medium over wide regions up to very high resolution (e.g. meter and sub-meter). Operational flexibility with multi-mode, multi-polarization and left and right looking attitude is one of the major PAZ System requirements leading to a quite large number of different instrument configurations and antenna beams.\n\nThe PAZ-SAR instrument comprises an X-band active phased array antenna with an operation instantaneous bandwidth up to 300 MHz. The SAR antenna (with a size of 4.8 m x 0.7 m) consists of 12 panels in azimuth direction – assembled in three mechanical leaves – each with 32 dual-polarized subarrays. Each individual subarray is driven by a TRM (Transmit-Receive Module) adjustable in amplitude and phase by applying complex excitation coefficients.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54397601-4108-4c9d-93f7-07a3326ac9cd", "label": "SWESARR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) is a challenging quantity to estimate using remote sensing techniques, due to snow spatial variability and the influence of substrate, vegetation, and atmospheric properties. Even though snow covered area can be estimated based on optical or microwave remote sensing, and snow depth can be estimated from surface height differencing snow free and snow on conditions using lidar and radar altimetry data reliably, remote sensing of SWE remains a challenge. At NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, a new dual microwave instrument, SWESARR, has been designed and built to remotely observe microwave radiation relevant for SWE retrievals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ae11ffd-d606-4b8a-b6ec-6bdfe75a149c", "label": "CSG-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "The CSG-SAR is a multi-mode instrument, conceived to provide a wide range of performance through different implementations (measurement modes) of the three major SAR acquisition techniques (Stripmap, Spotlight and ScanSAR).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd232e58-5c61-4d07-becf-2f2fb5af1001", "label": "SAOCOM-SAR", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "SAOCOM-SAR is an L-band polarimetric SAR instrument.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f23f32ff-f770-4046-941f-534014a2fcab", "label": "GridRad", - "broader": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", + "parentId": "824070fa-da29-40fa-ba17-f3d60584bd4d", "definition": "As originally part of a National Science Foundation funded project to investigate the effects of deep convection on the stratosphere, the authors merged radar reflectivity data from 125 National Weather Service NEXRAD WSR-88D weather radars to produce hourly, three-dimensional, high-resolution analyses of radar reflectivity that cover most of the contiguous U.S. The gridded radar data, known as GridRad V3.1, covers the period 1995 through 2017.\n\nIn 2022, leveraging support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, two new archives of GridRad data (built using V4.2 of our algorithm) were released to the public: an hourly archive of GridRad volumes covering the entire contiguous U.S. and including radar reflectivity and velocity spectrum width from 2008-2021, and a 5-min archive of GridRad volumes for ~100 of the most severe weather events each year from 2010-2021. The GridRad-Severe volumes include up to 7 variables: radar reflectivity, velocity spectrum width, azimuthal shear of the radial velocity, radial divergence of the radial velocity, and (for years 2013 and later) differential radar reflectivity, specific differential phase, and copolar correlation coefficient. GridRad-Severe data are expected to be routinely updated each year into the future.", "children": [] } @@ -8879,19 +8879,19 @@ { "uuid": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", "label": "Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", + "parentId": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2533b190-cdd5-4c94-99d9-7d5cc5dad371", "label": "Radar Spectrometers", - "broader": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", + "parentId": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "20608ba0-ee5b-48b6-be6e-1dd63f7c3892", "label": "ROWS", - "broader": "2533b190-cdd5-4c94-99d9-7d5cc5dad371", + "parentId": "2533b190-cdd5-4c94-99d9-7d5cc5dad371", "definition": "NASA GSFC's Radar Ocean Wave Spectrometer (ROWS) is an airborne remote\nsensor used to support the development and refinement of satellite\nradars that measure the ocean surface. The short-pulse Ku-band radar\nis specifically configured to measure the directional spectrum of\nocean swell. In addition, the system is being used to study near-nadir\nocean backscatter and its relation to wind waves. The sensor is\ntypically flown on one of several NASA aircraft and is potentially\navailable for outside use in funded ocean research efforts. Currently,\nROWS research efforts are aimed at improving the interpretation of\nocean data collected using the satellite SAR (ERS-1), altimeter(TOPEX)\nand scatterometer (NSCAT).\n\nThe airborne system has participated in numerous ocean surface\nmeasurement programs since since the late 1970s. ROWS has been\ninstalled on numerous aircraft, most recently NASA/GSFC/WFF's T-39 and\nP-3B. The system is typically operated from altitudes of 5-10 km.\n\nThe high-range-resolution radar generates data using two distinct,\ncontinuously-operating modes. Spectrometer mode data are collected\nwith a near-vertically-pointing, pencil-beam antenna which rotates in\nazimuth. These data are used to derive two- dimensional ocean wave\nspectral estimates and near-nadir directional radar backscatter\ninformation. Concurrent pulse-limited altimeter mode radar returns are\nderived using a vertically-pointed horn antenna. Ocean significant\nwave height and surface wind speed are inferred from the altimeter\nreturn. A table below provides the radar system's characteristics.\n\n ROWS Instrument Characteristics\n\nFrequency 13.9 Ghz\n\nPulse Type linear FM, 100 MHz bandwidth,1.2 us chirp\n\nPulse length 12.5 n, compressed\n\nPeak power 2 kW\n\nPRF 100 Hz\n\nDynamic range 70 dB\n\nDetection noncoherent, square law\n\nAntennas\nA)10 by 40 (elevation by azimuth)printed circuit array,\nvertical polarization,16 deg. boresight,6 rpm rotation rate\nB)vertically-pointing 290 pyramidal horn\n\nData system\nPC-based with full waveform capture using a 100 or 500 MHz\ndigitization rate\n\nFor more information on ROWS see:\n'http://rows.wff.nasa.gov/'\nFor information on the ROWS Project see:\n'http://rows.wff.nasa.gov/overview.html'", "children": [] } @@ -8900,202 +8900,202 @@ { "uuid": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "label": "Lidar/Laser Spectrometers", - "broader": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", + "parentId": "93e67fc7-3a57-4cf0-a0f9-7f76cded167c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "086b650d-3aac-4b1a-8d51-0928634eca50", "label": "DLH", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The Diode Laser Hygrometer (DLH), an instrument developed for the measurement of water vapor in the troposphere and lower stratosphere by NASA’s Langley and Ames Research Centers, has flown on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during several field campaigns. The DLH is a near-infrared spectrometer operating near 1.4 µ, and was developed for in situ measurements of atmospheric water vapor (H 2O(v)) from aircraft platforms. It is based upon near-infrared tunable diode technology. This spectrometer provides true in situ monitoring of water vapor concentrations with precision levels exceeding those of existing Lyman α and frost point hygrometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d45873c-9a8c-4cff-b27b-a1b0bd629cc4", "label": "LASER SPECTROMETER", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "LASER SPECTROMETER are spectrometers with the added feature of\nlaser technology to improve spectrometer?s capabilities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "298cf686-6365-4f47-b0c7-9619865cd8ab", "label": "ALIAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "Aircraft Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS) is used\nfor N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, NO2, and Water Isotopes H216O, HDO,\nH217O, and H218O on the ER-2 and WB-57 Aircraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3efdeb69-25ca-4756-b293-d4d10af2a921", "label": "ALPS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The Airborne Laser Polarization Sensor (ALPS) is used to study\nforest ecosystem dynamics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "423dda9a-30fe-4fb2-abdb-a9ae31433ad7", "label": "AOLFL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The NASA Airborned Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) Fluorosensor (AOLFL) is a\nlaser fluorospectrometer (and associated instruments) which is carried\nonboard a NASA P-3B or NASA C-130 aircraft. The AOLFL measures a variety\nof reflected and induced light properties, from which a number of\noceanographic surface water properties can be derived. These properties\ninclude ocean color and phytoplankton pigment concentrations.\nThe primary AOLFL sensor is a dual wavelength laser fluorospectrometer.\nThis sensor transmits two laser wavelengths, one UV (355nm) and one green\n(532nm) to the ocean surface from the aircraft. These laser frequencies\ninteract with the water molecules, causing a shift in the laser frequency.\nThis Raman shift of the 355nm and 532 nm laser radiation allows\nnormalization of other light measurements to compensate for changes in\nwater clarity. If biological organisms containing chlorophyll and/or\nphycoerythrin are present in the water, the 532nm laser light is absorbed,\nand reemitted as particular bands of fluorescence. These fluorescent\nsignals can be normalized to the water Raman signal, and have been shown\nto agree well with shipboard measurements of the same pigments. The 355nm\nlaser radiation causes fluorescence of some of the dissolved organic\nmaterial in the water. The water Raman normalized of this dissolved\norganic material is labeled CDOM (chromophoric dissolved organic matter).\nThe AOLFL also carries several spectrometers which measure the downwelling\nsunlight incident on the top of the aircraft, and the reflected sunlight\nfrom the ocean surface. From these measurements, various algorithms can\ndetermine chlorophyll concentrations in the same manner as CZCS satellite.\nThe ability of the AOLFL sensors to make oceanographic optical component\nmeasurements by both laser fluorescence techiques and by reflected spectra\ntechniques allows the validity of each technique to be tested.\n\n[This sensor description was derived from the WWW pages of the Airborne\nOceanographic Lidar Laboratory, Observational Sciences Branch, Wallops\nFlight Facility, NASA. See http://aol.wff.nasa.gov ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AOLFL\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Spectrometers\n Short_Name: AOLFL\n Long_Name: Airborne Oceanographic Lidar Fluorosensor\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://aol.wff.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43c00652-3065-443c-9ecb-be4a3d24c1f3", "label": "ELASTIC BACKSCATTER LIDAR", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b99824c-39d1-4e1d-a5c7-c75baa04fb90", "label": "KNOLLENBERG PROBE", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "A KNOLLENBERG PROBE: is a laser imaging device that measures\nprecipitation particle size and type; the probe is used for The\nAirborne Cloud Physics data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ebada8c-1d4c-4c89-8cdd-dfe630b454db", "label": "NOAA-H2O", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "654817e8-e647-4d7b-8113-295652359e6c", "label": "MPL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The MPL (Spinhirne et al. 1995) is a compact and eye-safe lidar system capable of determining the range of aerosols and clouds by firing a short pulse of laser light (at 523, 527, or 532 nm) and measuring the time-of-flight from pulse transmission to reception of a returned signal. The returned signal is a function of time, converted into range using the speed of light, and is proportional to the amount of light backscattered by atmospheric molecules (Rayleigh scattering), aerosols, and clouds. The evolution of the MPL from the initial Spinhirne et al. (1995) optical design to the standard design now used in MPLNET is described in detail by Campbell et al. (2002) and Welton and Campbell (2002), including on-site maintenance, and calibration techniques.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8059a3c0-6067-43d6-9695-199279d7d0de", "label": "BACKSCATTER LIDAR", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ab7e899-6854-48da-9cae-21df7539045e", "label": "HSRL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "Langley engineers and scientists are currently developing an\nairborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL), started under\nLangley's Creativity and Innovation initiative, to measure\naerosols and clouds. In the future, the HSRL team hopes to add\nultraviolet backscatter and Raman channels to enable aerosol\nmicrophysical retrievals.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/new_AtSC/hsrl.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a211773e-5959-40dc-8b33-f7d5880d57f3", "label": "PALMS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) is a laser\nionization mass spectrometer which makes in-situ measurements of\nthe chemical composition of individual aerosol\nparticles. Aerosols are brought into a vacuum system and\nindividual particles are detected by light scattered as they\ncross the beam of a continuous laser. The scattered light signal\ngives a rough indication of the size of the particle and\nprovides a trigger for an excimer laser (193nm), which is pulsed\nso its beam hits the particle to ionize molecules and\natoms. These ions are analyzed with a time of flight mass\nspectrometer to provide a complete mass spectrum from each\nparticle. The instrument is capable of measuring particles from\n0.2 to 3 microns in diameter. Analysis is complete less then 1\nmillisecond after the aerosols enter the inlet. The instrument\ncan acquire either positive or negative ion spectra.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a40bd45e-e709-42dc-ad37-6e480a1309b9", "label": "SCAMS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "(Abbreviated SCAMS.) A five channel scanning radiometer on ''Nimbus''-6 (launched June 1975) used to measure temperatures over ocean surfaces, water vapor, and liquid water.\n\nSCAMS was a precursor to the MSU used operationally on the TIROS-N (NOAA series) satellites since 1978.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad628f56-6e31-4dba-b7ae-9b9329da6dc2", "label": "SIGMA SPACE LIDAR", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3b3e579-219c-4498-bb50-649a78c5ba5d", "label": "VIRL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "Visible and Near IR Lidar (VIRL) measures the backscatter\ncross-sections of cloud and aerosol particles at 1.064 and 2.036\num and was used in TOGA COARE primarily to profile clouds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "de7e08db-86f1-4593-ba9e-288f9f7b063e", "label": "RBI", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) is a scanning radiometer capable of measuring Earth’s reflected sunlight and emitted thermal radiation. Observations from RBI will help measure the effect of clouds on the Earth’s energy balance, which strongly influences both weather and climate. Long-term satellite data from RBI will help scientists and researchers understand the links between the Earth’s incoming and outgoing energy, and properties of the atmosphere that affect it. The data from RBI will provide fundamental inputs to extended range --10-day or longer -- weather forecasting, and help develop a quantitative understanding of the links between Earth’s radiation budget and the properties of the atmosphere and surface that define that budget. RBI will fly on the Joint Polar Satellite System 2 (JPSS-2) mission planned for launch in November 2021, and will extend the unique global climate measurements of the Earth’s radiation budget provided by the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy Systems (CERES) instruments since 1998.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e605cb42-8974-4401-857e-ecd524390353", "label": "LLS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb994e17-3aa5-4e97-a45a-16501d433010", "label": "AIR-ION", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee6bc848-3c65-4693-aac0-6d1146d7d9f5", "label": "VIL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The Volume Imaging Lidar (VIL) is an elastic aerosol backscatter lidar\ndesigned to image the four-dimensional structure of the atmosphere\n[1]. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the system. The transmitter\nemploys a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The receiver consists of a telescope,\ninterference filter, and avalanche photo diode. Scanning is performed\nusing a fast, computer controlled beam steering unit consisting of two\nflat rotating mirrors mounted at 45 angles on the optical axis of the\ntransmitter-receiver system. Realtime control and data acquisition are\ncontrolled by an Intel i960 microcontroller on VME bus. An interactive\nuser interface and graphical real time displays are perfomed using\nSilicon Graphics Indigo II workstation. The system is mounted in a\nsemi-trailer, that has a water chiller and air conditioning to provide\nan adequate environment for the lidar and electronics. Only an\nexternal AC-power source is required for a full field operation.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/syst/vil/vil.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0aac4fb-b886-4333-a947-3fede8da1f5b", "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The Airborne Tunable Laser Absorption Spectrometer (ATLAS) uses\na tunable laser to detect a target gas such as N2O, methane,\ncarbon monoxide, or ozone. The laser source is tuned to an\nindividual roto-vibrational line in an infrared absorption band\nof the target gas, and is frequency modulated at 2 kHz. The\ninstrument detects the infrared target gas by measuring the\nfractional absorption of the infrared beam from the tunable\ndiode laser.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Research/AirSci/ER-2/pi_inst.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f53da431-a1cd-4151-9df9-9d82745797d0", "label": "LASE", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) program was initiated\nas an effort to produce an autonomous system for measuring water vapor\nlevels from airborne and spaceborne platforms using LIDAR technology.\n\nThe LASE Instrument:\n\nThe transmitter consists of a Ti:sapphire laser pumped by a double\npulsed Nd:YAG laser. The frequency of the Ti:sapphire laser is\ncontrolled by injection seeding using a diode laser that is frequency\nlocked to a water vapor line in the 815-nm region. The 'on' and 'off'\nwavelengths are separated by less than 70 pm. The laser pulses are\nsequentially transmitted with about 400 microseconds separation. This\npermits the use of the same avalanche photodiodes (APD) for detecting\nthe lidar returns. The use of low and high light level APD's provides\nlinear response to atmospheric and cloud/ground returns,\nrespectively. Lidar returns at 5 Hz are digitized and recorded, and\nwhen possible, the data are telemetered to the LASE ground station for\nreal-time processing and experiment control. Operation with strong and\nweak absorption regions of a preselected water vapor line can be made\nduring the mission to optimize the measurement of water vapor in\ndifferent altitude regions.\n\nThe LASE system has proven to be a reliable, accurate, and sensitive\nwater vapor profiler with the ability to measure water vapor mixing\nratios over a large dynamic range (0.01 g/kg to 20 g/kg). Aerosol\nbackscatter ratios can be measured from ground to 20 km with a\nvertical resolution of 30 m and a horizontal resolution of 40 m.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lase/ASDlase.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe1fa30a-adc4-4019-a176-f471e4f8f49c", "label": "JPL LASER HYGROMETERS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "Laser hygrometers measure the amount of water vapor directly via\nabsorption of laser light. If the initial strength of the laser and\nthe path length through which it travels is known, measuring the\ndiminution of its intensity will give an indication of the amount of\nwater vapor present. The JPL Laser Hygrometer uses this principle in\nan open-path instrument; that is, the laser path is in the free stream\npassing by the aircraft.\n\nA tunable diode laser operating at 1.37mm is mounted in a window blank\n(an aluminum panel which replaces the passenger window) on the port\nside of the NASA DC-8. The laser and detector are mounted on a\ncircular aluminum disk in the upper rectangular 'arm' of the\ninstrument. Exactly 25cm away is a 0.5 inch diameter mirror from which\nthe laser beam is reflected. This gives a path length of 50cm- from\nthe laser, down to the mirror and back to the detector. The length of\nthe arms insures that the instrument is well outside the boundary\nlayer of the aircraft minimizing effects of the aircraft itself upon\nthe measurements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/c4djlh.html'\n\n [Summary provided by Global Hydrology Resource Center]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fec19414-e21b-48a3-8130-c268834c4889", "label": "TSI LAS-3340", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "76ddbc4d-3d1d-44f5-ba5a-a13f4b525038", "label": "Aerodyne Mini-TILDAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "Aerodyne instruments use tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) at mid-IR wavelengths to probe molecules at their strongest “finger-print” transition frequencies. We further enhance sensitivity by employing a patented multi-pass broad-band absorption cell thatprovides optical path lengths upto 76 m. Direct absorption spectroscopy allows for fast (<1 sec) absolute trace gas concentrations without need for elaborate calibration procedures. Moreover, TILDAS instrumentsarefree of measurement interference from other molecular species, enabling extremely specific detection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "686ad912-433c-4bc8-93d3-660f368c476c", "label": "QC-TILDAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The QC-TILDAS is a tunable infrared laser spectrometer, based on pulsed quantum cascade laser technology. The QC-TILDAS uses an absolute spectroscopic analysis method that is inherently self-calibrating, making calibration gases unnecessary. The QC-TILDAS is optimized for NH3, but it can be used for a variety of gases, depending on laser selection. Ambient NH3 is continuously sampled in a multipass (56-meter path length, 0.5-liter volume) cell at reduced pressure (30 to 60 Torr). The glass surfaces are siloxyl-coated to minimize surface losses. The QC-TILDAS uses the unique infrared spectroscopic identification, or fingerprint, of NH3 to quantify ambient NH3 levels. The QC-TILDAS consists of an optical and an electronic subunit, mounted together. The optical system is on a temperature-stabilized 25-centimeter (cm) × 60-cm optical breadboard and contains a laser, multiple-pass absorption cell, and infrared detectors, coupled with all-reflective optics. The quantum cascade laser for NH3 detection at a 10.3-micrometer wavelength is thermoelectrically cooled in a hermetically sealed housing and operates in the pulsed mode. The astigmatic Herriot multiple pass cell has two mirrors separated by 32 cm. Two infrared detectors, one for the sample cell and one for a reference cell are contained in one liquid nitrogen-cooled dewar. (Thermoelectrically cooled detector options are available with reduction in sensitivity.) The electronics subunit consists of laser temperature and current controllers, pressure and temperature probes, valve driver, and computerized data acquisition. The data acquisition rate is adjustable from 1 Hertz (Hz) to 20 Hz. The electronics are mounted in a standard 48.3-cm rack, 53.3 cm wide by 53.3 cm deep. The total height of QC-TILDAS is 61 cm. The combined weight of the electronics and optical modules is 77.3 kilograms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ecbe1db3-e9d0-47bf-b29a-0e9f0e5b0d61", "label": "PALMS-NG", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The Purdue PALMS-NG instrument measures single-particle aerosol composition using UV laser ablation to generate ions that are analyzed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The PALMS size range is approximately 150 to >3000 nm and encompasses most of the accumulation and coarse mode aerosol volume. Individual aerosol particles are classified into compositional classes. The size-dependent composition data is combined with aerosol counting instruments from Aerosol Microphysical Properties (AMP), the Langley Aerosol Research Group Experiment (LARGE), and other groups to generate quantitative, composition-resolved aerosol concentrations. Background tropospheric concentrations of climate-relevant aerosol including mineral dust, sea salt, and biomass burning particles are the primary foci for the ATom campaigns. PALMS also provides a variety of compositional tracers to identify aerosol sources, probe mixing state, track particle aging, and investigate convective transport and cloud processing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bf7c312-654e-4505-8206-bc886f0cd84e", "label": "AROTAL", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "This is a stratospheric lidar which is configured to fly on the NASA DC-8. It is a zenith viewing instrument, which makes vertical profile measurements of ozone, aerosols and temperature. Stratospheric ozone can be measured at solar zenith angles greater than ~30 degrees, while temperature and aerosols require SZA > 90 degrees. The SNR is maximized under dark coonditions. The measurement of Near-field water vapor measurements is being investigated and could be readily implemented. The instrument utilizes a XeCl excimer laser and a Nd-YAG laser to make DIAL, Raman DIAL, and backscatter measurements. A zenith viewing 16' telescope receives the lidar returns.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52a6b69f-7df4-45f4-929f-240183cf2ca0", "label": "CO2LAS", - "broader": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", + "parentId": "46238695-5577-4fad-91bf-0a2fdf8a9b19", "definition": "The JPL Carbon Dioxide Laser Absorption Spectrometer is an aircraft instrument for measuring the integrated column content CO2 beneath an aircraft. It does this using a technique called Differential Absorption in which two, invisible, eye-safe lasers are transmitted from the instrument down to the surface where they are reflected back to the instrument and the power of each measured. One of the lasers is absorbed by carbon dioxide while one is not such that the difference in power received can be used to determine the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric column beneath the aircraft. The instrument has been flown on a Twin Otter DHC-6 aircraft and is being prepared for flight on NASA's DC-8 aircraft.", "children": [] } @@ -9106,208 +9106,208 @@ { "uuid": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", "label": "Altimeters", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", + "parentId": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "label": "Radar Altimeters", - "broader": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", + "parentId": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2380ecc6-b5ae-4ad8-a56a-9740166465aa", "label": "Star Tracker", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "the star tracker calculates a coarse attitude by matching triangle patterns of stars with patterns stored in its catalog. Subsequently, in attitude update mode it calculates precise attitude at a rate of 1.7 Hz.\n\nThe star tracker attitude serves also as reference for determining the orientation of the SIRAL interferometric baseline. The orientation of the interferometric baseline needs to be very accurately measured in-flight: small errors in knowledge of the roll-angle translate into substantial errors in the elevation of off-nadir points. The HE-5AS star tracker of Terma A/S, originally developed and qualified for the NEMO (Navy EarthMap Observer) and FCT (Foreign Comparative Test) projects, is selected for CryoSat. It is a fully autonomous star tracker capable of delivering high-accuracy inertial attitude measurements from a lost-in-space condition with no external attitude information. The EOL performance of the star tracker is < 3.2 arcsec in the lateral axes and < 16 arcsec about the roll axis under worst-case conditions. 13)\n\nThe star tracker baffle has been designed to meet the required sun exclusion angle of 30º and the moon exclusion angle of 25º. These exclusion angles ensure together with the star tracker accommodation on the antenna bench that during the whole mission sun and moon can only blind one star tracker head at any time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2eb2b23d-b5eb-459b-b364-e18780900f96", "label": "ALTIKA Altimeter", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "AltiKa, a Ka-band altimeter The altimeter named AltiKa onboard Saral uses a single frequency in Ka-band. It is the first oceanographic altimeter using such a high frequency. It is much less affected by the ionosphere than one operating at Ku-band, and has greater performance in terms of vertical resolution, time decorrelation of echoes, spatial resolution and range noise. But its main drawback is that Ka-band electromagnetic waves are sensitive to rain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30787b9f-a407-47a5-b69b-5b9e1d1b1144", "label": "SIRAL", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "CryoSat’s primary instrument is the Synthetic Aperture Interferometric Radar Altimeter (SIRAL). It was designed to meet the measurement requirements for ice-sheet elevation and sea-ice freeboard, which is the height of ice protruding from the water.\n\nConventional radar altimeters send pulses at intervals long enough that the echoes are uncorrelated; many such echoes can be averaged to reduce noise. At the typical satellite orbital speed of 7 km/s, the interval between pulses is about 500 microseconds.\n\nHowever, the CryoSat altimeter sends a burst of pulses at an interval of only about 50 microseconds. The returning echoes are correlated and, by treating the whole burst together, the data processor can separate the echo into strips arranged across the track by exploiting the slight frequency shifts, caused by the Doppler effect, in the forward- and aft-looking parts of the beam.\n\nEach strip is about 250 m wide and the interval between bursts is arranged so that the satellite moves forward by 250 m each time. The strips laid down by successive bursts can therefore be superimposed on each other and averaged to reduce noise. This mode of operation is known as the Synthetic Aperture Radar – or SAR – mode.\n\nIn order to measure the arrival angle, a second antenna receives the radar echo simultaneously. When the echo comes from a point not directly beneath the satellite, there is a difference in the path-length of the radar wave, which is measured.\n\nSimple geometry then provides the angle between the 'baseline', joining the antennas and the echo direction.\n\nIn addition to the altimeter, knowledge of the precise orientation of the baseline of the two receiving antennas is essential. CryoSat measures this baseline orientation using the oldest and most accurate of references: the position of the stars in the sky.\n\nThree star trackers mounted on the antenna support structure each takes five pictures per second. The images are analysed by the star trackers’ built-in computers and compared to a catalogue of star positions.\n\nThe altimeter makes a measurement of the distance between the satellite and the surface. However, this measurement cannot be converted into the more useful measure of the height of the surface until the satellite’s position is accurately known.\n\nThe orbital position of altimetry satellites can be determined to within a few centimetres. To do this, CryoSat carries two devices: a radio receiver and a laser retroreflector.\n\nThe Doppler Orbit and Radio Positioning Integration by Satellite (DORIS) radio receiver detects and measures the Doppler shift on signals broadcast from a network of more than 50 radio beacons around the world. Although the full accuracy of this system is obtained only after ground processing, DORIS provides a real-time estimate on board. The DORIS system has been operating for more than a decade, and is used on many satellites.\n\nA small laser retroreflector is attached to the underside of CryoSat. This little device has seven optical corner cubes, which reflect light in exactly the direction it came from. A global network of laser tracking stations fires short laser pulses at the satellite and times the interval before the pulse arrives back – providing independent reference measurements of its position.\n\nThese stations are relatively few but, because their positions are very accurately known from their routine work of tracking geodetic satellites, they provide a set of independent reference measurements of CryoSat’s position.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38b69d95-81c3-4f6f-b3a6-0766fc2bc199", "label": "KU-BAND RADAR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The Ku-band Radar is a wideband radar altimeter that operates over the frequency range from 13 to 17 GHz. The primary purpose of this radar is high precision surface elevation measurements over polar ice sheets.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: KU-BAND RADAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: KU-BAND RADAR\n Long_Name: Ku-band Radar Altimeter\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-12-20\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f392e56-af78-451b-a1ba-c577aa728a4c", "label": "Jason-class Altimeter", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "Jason-class Altimeter will collect data in the gap between the KaRIn swaths. It will send and receive signals that travel straight up and down. Each pulse's round-trip travel time will be used to determine Sea Surface height.\n\nMore Information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/flight_systems.htm", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "412a30f1-2563-42c1-9a92-1a41c4373e16", "label": "GEOS-3 ALTIMETER", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "Objective/Purpose:\nThe GEOS-3 Radar Altimeter is a precision satellite radar developed primarily to measure ocean surface topography and sea state. \n\nSummary of Parameters:\n Sea Surface Height\n Significant Wave Height\n Ocean Wind Speed\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-3 ALTIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: GEOS-3 ALTIMETER\n Long_Name: GEOS-3 ALTIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GEOS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: RADIO\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.9 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: ftp://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/allData/geos3/L2/docs/geos3_gdr.html#4.\n Sample_Image: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/content/Geos_NASA_Auto1.jpeg\n Creation_Date: 2013-05-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1975-04-14\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 1978-12-02\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44dbfc87-9835-4093-9aac-33231ccdd990", "label": "ALT (SEASAT 1)", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The Radar Altimeter (ALT) experiment measured (1) the spacecraft height above mean sea level and (2) the significant wave height and backscatter coefficient of the ocean surface beneath the spacecraft. The altimeter was a more accurate version of the Skylab Radar Altimeter, and was similar to the altimeter flown on GEOS 3. Two of its unique features were a linear FM transmitter with a 320-MHz bandwidth, which yielded a 3.125-ns time-delay resolution, and microprocessor-implemented closed-loop range tracking, automatic gain control, and real-time estimation of significant wave height. The instrument operated at 13.5 GHz using a 1-m parabolic antenna pointed at nadir and had a swath width which varied from 2.4 to 12 km, depending on sea state. The precision of the height measurement was 10 cm (rms). The estimate of significant wave height was accurate to 0.5 m or 10%, whichever was greater, and the ocean backscatter coefficient had an accuracy of 1 dB. For a more detailed description, see W. Townsend, 'An initial assessment of the performance achieved by the Seasat-1 radar altimeter,' IEEE J. of Oceanic. Eng., v. OE-5, pp. 80-92, 1980. The ALT was turned on for the first time on July 3, 1978, and declared operational on July 7, 1978. The ALT operated successfully until October 10, 1978, when the spacecraft prematurely terminated the mission. Data are available from SDSD.\n\nSummary provided by http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-01\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ALT (SEASAT 1)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: ALT (SEASAT 1)\n Long_Name: SEASAT 1 Radar Altimeter\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1978-064A-01\n Creation_Date: 2009-07-02\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "478ad687-00a6-48f8-b00d-b61f43f37cd4", "label": "KBR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "[Source: GFZ/Potsdam, http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/ ] \n\nThe K-band ranging (KBR) system is the key science instrument of GRACE which measures the dual one-way range change between both satellites with a precision of about 1 µm per second.\n\nThe hardware consists of\n\n- a single horn antenna for transmission and reception of the dual-band (24 and 32 GHz) k- and ka-band microwave signals,\n \n- an ultra-stable oscillator (USO) serving as a frequency reference,\n \n- a microwave assembly for up-converting the reference frequency , down-converting the received phase from the other satellite to approximately 2 MHz and for amplifying and mixing the received and the reference carrier phase and\n\n- an instrument processing unit (IPU) used for sampling and digital signal processing of the k-band carrier phase signals and the data of the GPS space receiver, the accelerometer (ACC) and the star camera assembly (SCA).\n\nBoth KBR are completely identical, except of the frequencies, which are shifted by 500 KHz to avoid cross-talk between transmitted and received signals and to offset the down-converted signal from zero frequency. Each satellite transmits carrier phase signals on two frequencies allowing for ionospheric corrections. The 10 Hz samples of the phase change at the two frequencies for each satellite are down-linked to ground. The appropriately decimated linear combination of the sum of these phase measurements at each frequency gives the ionosphere-corrected measurement of the range change between the satellites. To reduce measurement errors, the KBR temperature has to be controlled to 0.2 K. Additionally multipath effects are reduced by stringent spacecraft pointing requirements (< 1 mrad) and representative antenna and spacecraft front panels.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE KBR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: GRACE KBR\n Long_Name: K-Band Ranging system\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: USO\n Short_Name: IPU\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/spacecraft/sis.html#sis2\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c4d88f6-a2e2-4394-81ac-b2919cb2efcd", "label": "SSALT", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "Single-frequency Solid State Radar Altimeter (SSALT, a.k.a. Poseidon-1) was an experimental instrument designed by CNES and intended to validate the accuracy, operation, and signal processing of a small-volume, lightweight, low-power altimeter. Poseidon-1 used the same antenna as the NASA altimeter and had similar operating principles and performance, but it only operated at a single frequency of 13.6 GHz. SSALT (Poseidon-1) was the predecessor of Poseidon-2, which is described in greater detail in the Jason entry.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SSALT\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: SSALT\n Long_Name: POSEIDON Solid State Radar Altimeter\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 13.65 GHz (Ku band)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://topex.wff.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.jason.oceanobs.com/html/donnees/tools/poseidon_uk.html\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/gifs/BHT.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Start_Date: 1992-09-23\n Instrument_Stop_Date: 2005-10-09\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "619fc93c-4f4a-4509-8964-46c9218aa9a4", "label": "UTIG Riegl", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "715d7cf7-0824-4fca-bdd8-1b651953b820", "label": "EarthCARE CPR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "CPR is a nadir-looking active instrument (94 GHz) of JAXA and NICT (joint development), Tokyo, and a core instrument of EarthCARE. The objective of the CPR is to provide vertical profiles of cloud structure along the subsatellite track to obtain micro- and macroscopic properties of clouds.\n\n• Detect radiatively significant ice clouds [extinction (alpha) >0.05 km-1] alpha radar sensitivity of -38 dBZ (10 km horizontal integration) alpha 500 m vertical range resolution\n\n• Identify precipitation and vertical motion: a) alpha Doppler measurements, b) accuracy 1 m/s. This provides information on convective motion", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b6e3162-1314-4441-b33a-e2b68ae85bcd", "label": "Sentinel-3 SRAL", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "SRAL is a redundant dual-frequency (C-band + Ku-band) nadir-looking altimeter instrument, and the core instrument of the topographic payload. The overall objectives are to provide altimetric data (basic measurements of surface heights, sea wave heights and sea wind speed) relative to a precise reference frame. SRAL has a strong heritage of the instrument techniques implemented for the Poseidon-3 altimeter on Jason-2 (launch June 20, 2008), SIRAL (SAR Interferometer Radar Altimeter) on CryoSat-2 (launch April 8, 2010), and AltiKa (Altimeter in Ka-band) on the SARAL mission of ISRO and CNES (launch 2012). The SRAL instrument is being developed at TAS (Thales Alenia Space) of Toulouse, France.\n\nThe SRAL radar uses a linearly frequency-modulated pulse (chirp) and the pulse compression is carried out on-board by means of the deramp technique. The main frequency used for surface height measurements is the Ku-band (13.575 GHz, bandwidth=350 MHz), whereas the C-band frequency (5.41 GHz, bandwidth=320 MHz) is used for the ionospheric corrections. The frequency plan is compliant with the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) regulations. A 50 ms pulse duration for both frequencies has been sized as a trade-off result between a high BT product and the timing constraints of the burst pattern of the SAR mode.\n\nThe SRAL altimeter instrument is made of one nadir looking antenna subsystem which is externally mounted on the satellite +Zs panel and central electronic chains composed each of a DPU (Digital Processing Unit) and a RFU (Radio Frequency Unit). The central electronic chains are mounted inside the satellite on the -YS panel and are treated according to a cold redundancy scheme.\n\nThe SRAL instrument includes measurement modes, calibration modes and support modes. The measurement modes are composed of two radar modes associated to two tracking modes. The two radar modes are the following:\n\n• LRM (Low Resolution Mode). It refers to the conventional altimeter pulse-limited resolution mode (so far, the LRM mode is being used on all altimetry missions). It consists of regular emission/reception sequences at a fixed PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) of around 1920 Hz leading to an ambiguity rank of 10.\n\n• SARM (SAR Mode): This is a high along-track resolution mode composed of bursts of Ku-band pulses.\n\nThese modes are associated to two tracking modes which consist of the following:\n\n- Closed-loop mode: refers autonomous positioning of the range window (ensures autonomous tracking of the range and gain by means of tracking loop devices implemented in the instrument).\n\n- Open-loop mode: refers to the positioning of the range window based on a-priori knowledge of the terrain height from existing high-resolution global digital elevation models.\n\nThe open-loop is intended to be used instead of the more conventional closed-loop tracking over some surfaces, to improve the acquisitions over inhomogeneous or rough topography. While in open-loop, the setting of the tracking window of the altimeter is driven by predetermined commands, stored on board, combined with real-time navigation information available from the GNSS receiver. The main advantage is that the measurements are continuous, avoiding the data gaps typical of closed-loop tracking, which has problems in tracking the rapid topographic changes at coastal margins and in mountainous regions.\n\nSurface type\n\nInstrument operation\n\nMode\n\nTracking\n\nOpen ocean\n\nLRM\n\nClosed-loop\n\nCoastal ocean\n\nSARM\n\nOpen-loop\n\nSea ice\n\nSARM\n\nClosed-loop\n\nIce sheet interiors\n\nLRM\n\nClosed-loop\n\nIce sheet margins\n\nSARM\n\nOpen-loop\n\nRivers/lakes\n\nSARM\n\nOpen-loop", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "842c4fea-afe2-4ed1-aade-ccce65cfb121", "label": "POSEIDON-3", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The Poseidon-3 radar altimeter is the main instrument on the Jason-2 mission. Derived from the Poseidon-1 altimeter on Topex/Poseidon and the Poseidon-2 on Jason-1, it measures sea level, wave heights and wind speed.\n\nThe Poseidon-3 altimeter emits pulses at two frequencies 13.6 and 5.3 GHz to measure the distance from the satellite to the surface (range). Free electrons in the atmosphere can delay the signal's return, affecting the measurement accuracy. The delay is directly related to the radar frequency, so the difference between the two measurements can be used to determine atmospheric electron content. Poseidon-3 is coupled with Doris/Diode, to improve measurements over coastal areas, inland waters and ice.\n\nAdditional information on the Poseidon-3 instrument is available on the AVISO site.\nhttp://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/poseidon-3/index.html\n\n[Description Source: NASA JPL Ocean Surface Topography from Space Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POSEIDON-3\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: POSEIDON-3\n Long_Name: JASON-2 RADAR ALTIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: OSTM/JASON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 13.6 GHz in the Ku-band, 5.3 GHz in the C-band\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm-sc-inst.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-2/instruments/poseidon-3/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/images/ostm-altimeter-br.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: France/CNES\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8928c9da-2163-4cfc-b3ed-3fc5d67a4334", "label": "ASIRAS", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9873d448-7c5c-4d0b-b699-8683aa37dd4c", "label": "RA", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The Radar Altimeter (RA) is one of the instruments carried on-board of\nthe European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2) launched by\nthe European Space Agency on 17 July 1991 and 20 April 1995.\n\nERS-1 and ERS-2, operating in a sun-synchronous orbit, were conceived\nas an orbiting platform that would be capable of measuring the Earth's\natmospheric and surface properties with a high degree of accuracy on a\nglobal scale.\n\nThe RA is a nadir-pointing active microwave sensor designed to make\nprecise measurements of the echoes from ocean and ice surfaces. It\nprovides information on:\n\n- significant wave height\n- surface\nwind speed\n- sea surface elevation, which relates to ocean currents, the\nsurface\ngeoid and tides\n- various parameters over sea ice and\nice sheets\n\n\nThe RA is relatively simple in concept, but depends on electronic\nprecision and a sophisticated data processor to achieve its\nperformance. The RA operates by timing the two-way delay for a short\nduration radio frequency (RF) pulse, transmitted vertically\ndownwards. The required level of accuracy in range measurements\n(better than 10 cm) calls for a pulse length of a few nsec, therefore,\nin order to reduce the RF power requirements a pulse compression\n(chirp) technique is used.\n\nInstrument characteristics:\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nFrequency: 13.8 GHz\nBandwidth: 330 MHz (ocean mode); 82.5 MHz (ice mode)\nBeamwidth: 1.3 degrees at 3 dB\nFootprint: up to 20 km (depending on sea state)\nMass: 96 kg\nAntenna diameter: 1.2 m\nPulse length: 20 ms chirp\nRF transmit power: 50 W\nPulse repetition frequency: 1020 Hz\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe RA operates in three modes:\n\n\n- acquisition mode, during which the radar finds the\napproximate distance to the surface and then switches to\none of the tracking modes\n- ocean tracking mode\n- ice tracking mode where an increased dynamic range is\nused, obtained by reducing the chirp bandwidth by a factor\nof four to 82.5 MHz, resulting in a coarser\nresolution\n\n\nEcho characteristics are analysed with respect to:\n\n\n- time delay of return pulse, providing altitude\nmeasurements\n- slope of the echo leading edge, relating to wave height\nparameters\n- power level of return signal, affected by small scale\nsurface roughness giving an indication of surface wind\nfield parameters\n\n\nOver the ocean the waveform profile is sufficiently well understood to\npermit real-time estimates of ocean parameters to be carried out\non-board the satellite. For other surfaces the waveform shape does not\nalways conform to a simple model and further data analysis is\nnecessary. The return echo from sea ice appears more specular than\nfrom the ocean and has a peaked trace.\n\nThe information provided by the RA, in accordance with the objective\nof the ERS programme, is of significant importance to the commercial\nand scientific user communities, with marked benefits for ocean\nrelated activities, including ship routing and the design of offshore\nfacilities. Infact the RA was designed to permit the following:\n\n\n- Ice mapping and monitoring\n- Weather and sea state forecast\n- Sea surface topography and ocean currents\n- Experimental altimetry over land\n\n\nRelated URL: 'http://earth.esa.int/ra'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_ra_.html'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\n\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\n\nFax: +39 06 94180292\n\nAddress:\n\nESA/ESRIN\n\nVia G.Galilei\n\n00044 Frascati\n\nItaly", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3452367-b483-4893-a377-7d1d343424a7", "label": "NRA", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "NRA or Nasa Radar Altimeter (206 kg including redundancy, 237 W), operating at 13.6 GHz (Ku band) and 5.3 GHz (C band) simultaneously is provided by Nasa. It is the fifth generation of altimeter; its design is based on the previous SEASAT and GEOSAT altimeters with significant improvements including the 5.3 GHz channel for the ionospheric measurement. It is the primary sensor for the Topex/Poseidon mission. The measurements made at the two frequencies are combined to obtain the altimeter height of the satellite above the sea (satellite range), the wind speed modulus, the significant wave height and the ionospheric correction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3cf784c-00ad-455a-8961-ae9dcec76712", "label": "RA-2", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The Radar Altimeter-2 (RA-2) on the European Space Agency (ESA)\nENVISAT-1 spacecraft is an adaptive pulse limited radar altimeter\noperating at a frequency of 13.8 GHz (K-band) and at 3.2 GHz\n(S-band). The main objectives of the RA-2 are high-precision\nmeasurements of significant wave height and sea level determination,\nocean circulation, ice sheet topography and land mapping. The 3.2 GHz\nchannel is used to measure and correct for ionospheric delays. The\nRA-2 uses an adaptive range window with a bandwidth of 330 MHz for\nmeasurements over ice surfaces. The RA-2 ensures continuity with the\nERS-1 and ERS-2 radar altimeters (RA).\n\n\nFor more information see:\n\nENVISAT:\n'http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/ra2/'\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_gen.html'\n'http://esapub.esrin.esa.it'\n\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n'http://earth.esa.int'\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\nFax: +39 06 94180292\nAddress:\nESA/ESRIN\nVia G.Galilei\n00044 Frascati\nItaly", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab172a97-a1ed-4a5b-ba0b-8b39685b76a5", "label": "ALT (TOPEX)", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "TOPEX Altimeter Sensor/Instrument:\n\nThe TOPEX altimeter is a dual frequency radar instrument which draws\nupon a long heritage of single-frequency altimeters extending back to\nSeasat. The primary channel for the altimeter is Ku-band (13.6 GHz),\nand the secondary channel is C-band (5.3 GHz). Inclusion of the\nsecondary channel allows correction for propagation delays in the\nionosphere, reducing a significant error source in the measurement.\n\nThe ALT was developed and built by the Applied Physics Laboratory of\nthe John Hopkins University (APL/JHU) under contract to the Wallops\nFlight Facility of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) on behalf\nof JPL.\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031/SENSOR_DOCS/topex_alt.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b60ab284-6cac-4389-ae78-c601100030e7", "label": "POSEIDON-3B", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "funded by EUMETSAT and of Poseidon-2 heritage (built by Thales Alenia Space). The Poseidon-3B dual-frequency (5.3 and 13.6 GHz) nadir-looking radar altimeter continues to be the key instrument in this spaceborne observation program. The objective is to map the topography of the sea surface for calculating ocean surface current velocity and to measure ocean wave height and wind speed. Poseidon-3 has a measurement precision identical to its predecessor Poseidon-2.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e1539872-b5fd-43e9-b67b-7b4252885aa0", "label": "UTIG IMU", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f01cb5c4-0ed4-4a83-8c0c-9b954fdb697e", "label": "POSEIDON-2", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "Poseidon-2 is a nadir-looking radar altimeter that maps the topography of the sea surface. Derived from the Poseidon-1 (ALT) altimeter on Topex/Poseidon, it measures sea level, wave heights and wind speed determined from the shape and strength of the radar-return pulse. The altimeter emits a radar beam that is reflected back to the antenna from the Earth's surface. Poseidon-2 operates at two frequencies (13.6 GHz in the Ku-band, 5.3 GHz in the C-band) to determine atmospheric electron content, which affects the radar signal path delay. These two frequencies also serve to measure the amount of rain in the atmosphere.\n\nPoseidon-2 was designed by Alcatel Space Industries (ASPI) for CNES Toulouse Space Center, and is essentially an improved version of the Poseidon-1 altimeter that flies on TOPEX/Poseidon. Poseidon-2 improves on Poseidon-1 by adding a second frequency at 5.3 GHz, changing to digital technology, and using a new more powerful rad-hard microprocessor. It makes these improvements while keeping the same compact mass and size as its predecessor.\n\nKey Poseidon-2 Facts\nHeritage: Poseidon-1 radar altimeter (TOPEX/Poseidon)\nInstrument Type: Dual-frequency radar Altimeter (Ku-band and C-band)\nScan Type: Fixed nadir-pointing beam\nTransmitted Pulse Width: 105 s\nPulse Repetition Frequency: 2100 Hz (1800 Hz for Ku-band and 300 Hz for C-band)\nMaximum Radio-Frequency Output\nPower to Antenna: 38.5 dBm (Ku-band); 44 dBm (C-band)\nTransmission Frequency: 13.575 GHz (Ku-band), 5.3 GHz (C-band)\nDimensions: Radio Frequency Unit (RFU): 42.2 cm ý 24.6 cm ý 24.5 cm;\nPower Control (PC) Unit: 26.8 cm ý 20.5 cm ý 24.9 cm\nMass: 52 kg (dual-frequency, dual\nconfiguration with one antenna)\nPower: 66 W\nDC Supply Bus: Unregulated 21\\u201332 V\nDuty Cycle: 100%\nThermal Operating Range: -5ý to 35ý C\nPointing Requirements (platform + instrument, 3Ã): Control (Satellite): 0.33ý; Knowledge: < 0.1ý\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: POSEIDON-2\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Altimeters\n Short_Name: POSEIDON-2\n Long_Name: JASON-1 RADAR ALTIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Microwave\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 38.5 dBm (Ku-band); 44 dBm (C-band)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/instrument.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.jason.oceanobs.com/html/missions/jason/instruments/poseidon2_uk.html\n Sample_Image: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/science/images/invest-jason-1-th.gif\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 22.5 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2002-01-15\n Instrument_Owner: NASA\n Instrument_Owner: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6420e37-932b-4550-b8dc-fab4ba91d680", "label": "RADAR ALTIMETERS", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The radar altimeter is a short pulse, nadir viewing radar designed to\nmesure precisely the distance from the satelite to the Earth surface.\nThe instrument can also measure the shape of the returned pulse and\nthe backscattering cross section. The latter two measurements permit\ninference of significant wave height and wind speed. The significant\nwave height can be inferred from the slope of the leading edge of the\nreturned pulse and the wind speed can be inferred from the rqdar cross\nsection. Higher waves tend to decrease the slope of the leading edge\nof the pulse and also the backscattering, thus leading to the\ninference of the presence of higher winds. The major component of\ninformation derived from a nadir altimeter pertains to the geoid and\nsmall-scale anomalies. These anomalies may be caused by sea mounts,\ntrenches, ocean currents, and fronts.\n\n_________________________________________________________________\nEntry taken from:\n\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, P.E. Lehr,\n Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental\n Applications, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1990.\n ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\nReference online documentation:\n'http://earth.esa.int/services/esa_doc/doc_gen.html'\n'http://esapub.esrin.esa.it'\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n'http://earth.esa.int'\n\nE-mail: eohelp@esa.int\nPhone: +39 06 94180777\nFax: +39 06 94180292\nAddress:\n ESA/ESRIN\n Via G.Galilei\n 00044 Frascati\n Italy", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9941038-62ff-4a59-b82d-6b2f9a4546d2", "label": "CloudSat-CPR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "[Source: NASA CloudSat home page]\n\nThe Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) is a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar which measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. The CPR was developed jointly by NASA/JPL and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The overall design of the CPR is simple, well understood, and has strong heritage from many cloud radars already in operation in ground-based and airborne applications. Most of the design parameters and subsystem configurations are nearly identical to those for the Airborne Cloud Radar, which has been flying on the NASA DC-8 aircraft since 1998.\n\nThe design of the CPR is driven by the science objectives. The original requirements on CPR were: sensitivity defined by a minimum detectable reflectivity factor of -30 dBZ, along-track sampling of 2 km, a dynamic range of 70 dB, 500 m vertical resolution and calibration accuracy of 1.5 dB. The minimum detectable reflectivity factor requirement was reduced to -26 dBZ when the mission was changed to put CloudSat into a higher orbit for formation flying.\n\nTo achieve sufficient cloud detection sensitivity, a relatively low frequency (i.e. <94 GHz) radar would require an enormous antenna and high peak power. At frequencies much greater than 100 GHz, a large antenna and high peak power are also needed due to rapid signal attenuation through cloud absorption. Furthermore, technologies at such high frequencies are less well developed. The 94-GHz frequency chosen by CPR offers the best compromise, meeting performance within the spacecraft resources. In fact, most existing airborne cloud radars operate at 94 GHz. These airborne radars provide extensive heritage for CPR on instrument design and technology, data processing, and retrieval algorithms. A primary frequency allocation of 94 GHz for spaceborne cloud radar sensing has been formally approved at the 1997 World Radio Conference.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CLOUDSAT-CPR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Radar Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CloudSat-CPR\n Long_Name: CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CLOUDSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: RADIO\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 94 GHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/instrument\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 15 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "faef1e3c-e201-4fbc-8f7e-5ab2818c0a62", "label": "ALTIMETERS", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The altimeter is a 13.5 GHz near-nadir pointing radar which measures\nthe range to the surface of the ocean. The height measurement from\nthe altimeter to the ocean surface is useful in various oceanographic\napplications. Determination of sea surface topography is useful for\nmarine gravity determinations, seafloor bathymetry estimations, and\ndynamic circulation of the oceans.\n\nIn addition, wave height and wind speed can be measured by altimeters.\nThe characteristics of the radar return signal are determined by the\nocean surface. The wave height is found from the sharply rising\nleading edge slope of the return wave form, and the amplitude of the\nocean return signal is a measure of the backscatter coefficient which\nis related to wind speed.\n\nThe earliest returns from the transmitted radar pulse come from the\nwave crests with contributions increasing with time from reflectors\ndeeper in the waves. The plateau region of the wave form, which is at\na fairly constant level is reached at about the time that the first\nreflectors from the wave troughs are received. As a result the return\nsignal has a steep slope in low sea states and a relatively gentle\nslope in high wave heights. The mathematical model relating the shape\nof the leading edge to significant wave height assumes that the sea\nsurface is Gaussian and linear. Amplitude of the ocean return signal\nis normalised by an automatic gain control (AGC) loop. This AGC\nsetting is a measure of the backscatter coefficient (radar\ncross-section, s0) at the surface which depends on wind speed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c7fb7a4-cedd-4328-b785-5b0774cf1990", "label": "SWIM", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "SWIM is a new CNES Ku-band radar instrument, manufactured by TAS (Thales Alenia Space), Toulouse, France; it is based on the technology of a spaceborne radar altimeter. SWIM is the first ever space radar concept that is mainly dedicated to the measurement of ocean waves directional spectra and surface wind velocities through multi-azimuth and multi-incidence observations. Orbiting on a 519 km sun-synchronous orbit, its multiple Ku-band (13.575 GHz) beams illuminating from nadir to 10º incidence and scanning the whole azimuth angles (0-360º) provide with a 180 km wide swath and a quasi global coverage of the planet between the latitudes of ±80º.\n\nScientific requirements for wave measurements: The main objective of SWIM is to provide directional wave spectra. The products delivered to users shall reach the following accuracies:\n\n• Nadir measurements:\n\n- Accuracy on SWH (Significant Wave Height) better than 10% or 50 cm (maximum)\n\n- Accuracy on wind speed about ± 2 m/s or 10% (whichever is the larger).\n\n• Wave spectrum measurements (beams 6°, 8°, 10°):\n\n- Resolution cell of 70 x 90 km2 for wave spectra\n\n- Observable wavelengths of waves in (70 m, 500 m) with an accuracy from 10% to 20%\n\n- Azimuth resolution in wave propagation direction : 15°\n\n- Accuracy in wave spectrum level : 15% within the half wave energy bandwidth with respect to the peak.\n\n• Backscattering coefficient measurements:\n\n- Absolute accuracy of ±1dB, relative accuracy between beams ±0.1dB.\n\nSuch a wide range of observations, requiring high-range resolution (about 20 m on the ground), have led to design an instrument whose architecture and technology goes beyond what has been done on altimeter and scatterometer implementations. The global coverage and the reduction of telemetry budgets have required performing onboard range compression. The variety of signals at different incidences, the impact of the complex moving geometry of observation and the required real-time signal processing have led to propose onboard complete digital range compression on backscattered 320 MHz bandwidth signals. The design of the onboard compression and processing resulted from a trade-off between the instrument high level performances required, the needed correction for geometrical effects such as range migrations and performance of the acquisition and tracking loops.\n\nThe multi-azimuth multi-incidence observations requirements have led to design an ambitious antenna subsystem that rotates at 5.6 rpm while transmitting six high power RF signals towards tunable directions. This configuration allows a 180 km wide swath and a quasi global coverage of the planet between the latitudes of ±80º.\n\n• Real aperture radar SWIM instrument\n\n- Ku-band (320 MHz bandwidth)\n\n- On-board digital processing\n\n- 6 distinct beams between nadir and 10° incidence (0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, 8° and 10°)\n\n- Rotating antenna at 5.6 complete rotations/min.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2092a1b6-776d-45eb-990a-2838a69c5d86", "label": "Poseidon-4 Radar Altimeter", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "Radar Altimeter (POSEIDON-4): The primary measurement system of SENTINEL-6 (JASON-CS), POSEIDON-4 is a fully redundant normal incidence Ku and C band pulse-width limited radar altimeter with the capability of acquiring phase coherent measurements of a surface allowing synthetic-aperture processing to improve along-track sampling and reducing range and Significant Wave Height (SWH) noise as a function of SWH.\n\nOverall performances will be improved with respect to other ocean topography altimeter missions by means of improvements in the design and in an optiminsed pulse timing pattern.\n\n \n\nThe main characteristics of the POSEIDON-4 (SENTINEL-6 Ku/C radar altimeter) are:\n\n \n\nRadar measurement modes: Interleaved mode (simultaneous LRM and SAR, plus reduced-data-rate-SAR RMC\n\nKu-band central frequency of 13.575 GHz, total bandwidth of 320 MHz\n\nC-band secondary frequency, used for ionosphere corrections, central frequency of 5.41 GHz, total bandwidth of 320 MHz\n\nTracking modes: closed and open-loop\n\nPulse repetition frequency: approximately 9 kHz (variable from 9.076 to 9.280 kHz)\n\nWith the current POSEIDON-4 design theoretical performances have been assessed which demonstrates that SENTINEL-6 will improve on its required performances for both LRM and SAR processing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b08d8f27-9552-45f8-b5b1-f2ce993811ff", "label": "STR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "STR (Star Tracker), providing high accuracy and autonomous inertial attitude determination from “lost in space” conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18919103-a3e9-4c28-a5cb-81c76e3baeaa", "label": "SWARM-STR", - "broader": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", + "parentId": "92ddaaca-40b2-4936-bc1a-28cc5743e8b8", "definition": "The Swarm STR (Star Tracker) assembly provides the attitude of the VFM. Both instruments are co-mounted in a common optical bench to ensure proper alignment for the determination of the highly accurate magnetic field components.", "children": [] } @@ -9316,111 +9316,111 @@ { "uuid": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "label": "Lidar/Laser Altimeters", - "broader": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", + "parentId": "abe7fa55-1198-44ea-8327-20d13155b46c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0c8b5d57-5ecf-4126-a14d-080061ccbde1", "label": "Riegl LMS-Q1560", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3449c20e-8cf2-4aff-829a-2e8f0cca5670", "label": "MABEL", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fcbd8a9-2cfe-461b-8e3b-f039692fdd10", "label": "LVIS-Camera", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5218fe2e-bea7-4654-bc54-7b9ec5503b60", "label": "GEDI", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "GEDI is a full-waveform lidar instrument that makes detailed measurements of the 3D structure of the Earth’s surface. Lidar is an active remote sensing technology (the laser version of radar) which uses pulses of laser light to measure 3D structure. The light is reflected by the ground, vegetation and any clouds and is then collected by GEDI’s telescope. These photons are then directed towards detectors, converting the brightness of the light to an electronic voltage which is then recorded as a function of time in 1 ns (15 cm) intervals. Time is converted to range (a distance) by multiplying by the speed of light. The recorded voltage as a function of range is the full-waveform.\n\nMore Information: https://gedi.umd.edu/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57463f12-2a21-49f9-9477-718030d34291", "label": "GLAS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA GLAS Instrument Home Page, http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/glas.php ] \n\nGLAS (the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) is the first laser-ranging (lidar) instrument for continuous global observations of Earth, which will make unique atmospheric observations as an important component of the ESE climate change program. GLAS is a facility instrument designed to measure ice-sheet topography and associated temporal changes, cloud and atmospheric properties.and give us information on the height and thickness of radiatively important cloud layers which is needed for accurate short term climate and weather prediction. In addition, operation of GLAS over land and water will provide along-track topography. \n\nGLAS includes a laser system to measure distance, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, and a star-tracker attitude determination system. The laser will transmit short pulses (4 nano seconds) of infrared light (1064 nanometers wavelength) and visible green light (532 nanometers). Photons reflected back to the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth and from the atmosphere, including the inside of clouds, will be collected in a 1 meter diameter telescope. Laser pulses at 40 times per second will illuminate spots (footprints) 70 meters in diameter, spaced at 170-meter intervals along Earth's surface. \n\nHeritage: MOLA \nInstrument Type: A three-laser system, with a single laser operating at any given time \nScan Type: Nadir Viewing \nDimensions: Telescope diameter is 1 m, instrument height is ~175 cm \nMass: 300 kg \nPower: 330 W average \nSpatial Resolution: At 40 pulses per second, the centers of 70-m spots are separated in the along-track direction by 170 m for a 600-km altitude orbit; the cross-track resolution is determined by the ground-track repeat cycle and orbit control. \nDuty Cycle: 100% \nThermal Operating Range: 20° ± 5°C \nTelescope FOV: Nadir only, 375 μrad and 160 μrad (0.532 μm) \nInstrument IFOV: ~70 m laser footprint at nadir\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GLAS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: GLAS\n Long_Name: Geoscience Laser Altimeter System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ICESAT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: VISIBLE\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 0.532 micrometers (atmosphere)\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: NEAR INFRARED\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1.064 micrometers (surface)\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://glas.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/icesat/data.html\n Sample_Image: http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/images/glas-inst.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2016-01-08\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: ~450 kbps\n Instrument_Start_Date: 2003-01-12\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "623a6c70-4611-453a-bdfe-d9a9f1df5419", "label": "Riegl Airborne Lidar", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "Riegl airborne laser scanner series are based on innovative\nWaveform-Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology and provide a\nhigh-density point cloud suited for vegetation and mapping applications.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6323cb13-3eb8-4cbf-b0c7-eb253dbf5652", "label": "LIDAR ALTIMETERS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8783344a-b6cb-4905-adab-1ae6281fc83d", "label": "CALIOP", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "[Source: NASA CALIPSO Project Home Page, http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#CALIOP ]\n\nThe Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument on CALIPSO is a two-wavelength polarization-sensitive lidar that provides high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds. CALIOP utilizes three receiver channels: one measuring the 1064 nm backscatter intensity and two channels measuring orthogonally polarized components of the 532 nm backscattered signal. Dual 14-bit digitizers on each channel provide an effective 22-bit dynamic range. The receiver telescope is 1 meter in diameter. A redundant laser transmitter is included in the payload. \n\nAn active boresight system is employed to maintain co-alignment between the\ntransmitter and the receiver. Ball Aerospace Corporation, developed the\ninstrument.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#CALIOP\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CALIOP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Spectrometers/Radiometers\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Spectrometers\n Short_Name: CALIOP\n Long_Name: Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Visible\n Number_Channels: 2\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 532 nm,\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Number_Channels: 1\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php#CALIOP\n Sample_Image: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/images/payload.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-22\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 316 kbps\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa338429-35e6-4ee2-821f-0eac81802689", "label": "LVIS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "SYSTEM OVERVIEW\n\nLVIS is a pulsed laser altimeter and measures range by timing a short\n(<10 ns duration) pulse of laser light between the instrument and the\ntarget surface. The entire time history of the outgoing and return laser\npulses is digitized using a single detector, digitizer and timing clock.\nThis configuration unambiguously describes the range to the surface as\nwell as the vertical distribution of surfaces within each laser\nfootprint.\n\nThe LVIS system operates at altitudes up to 10 km AGL and has a 12\ndegree potential field-of-view (PFOV) within which footprints can be\nrandomly spaced across track. Scanning is performed using\ngalvanometer-driven scan mirrors that control the pointing of both the\nlaser and the telescope instantaneous field-of-view (FOV). Scan mirrors\nare positioned in a stepped pattern, stopping to fire the laser and\nintegrate the return signal at each beam location. This raster scan\npattern efficiently covers 100% of the area within the data swath.\nFootprint sizes from 1 to 80 m are possible, determined by the AGL\naltitude of the airplane and the focal length of a diverging lens in the\noutput path. The dual axis transmit scanner allows the swath pattern to\nremove forward motion of the aircraft from the collection pattern. Roll\ncompensation has also been incorporated into the software for keeping\ncollection directly below the aircraft.\n\n\nOPTICAL SYSTEM\n\nThe receiver system consists of a 200-mm diameter, 5-power telescope\nwith a 25-mm exit pupil. The telescope has a 200-mm aperture, f/2\nPetzval1(1 Petzval lens: a high speed, narrow FOV lens composed of two\nachromatic lenses positioned about an aperture stop; named after the\nAustrian optician Josef Petzvald) objective with a 400-mm focal length\ndirecting light through a 50-mm focal length f/1.8 eyepiece, which\nproduces a 25-mm collimated beam. A scan mirror, located at the exit\npupil of the telescope, directs the beam through a 10-nm bandpass filter\nand onto a 25-mm molded aspheric condenser lens which focuses onto the\n0.8-mm Si:APD detector. The scan mirror is a 25x40 mm beryllium mirror\nthat was custom designed to be lightweight for fast scanning, yet stiff\nenough to remain flat during and just after the intense acceleration of\nscanning. The receiver box can accommodate two more detectors, enabling\nthe simultaneous collection of dual-wavelength, dual-polarization data.\n\nTable 1: System characteristics of the LVIS altimeter\nTelescope aperture 20 Telescope total FOV 200 mrad\nDetector FOV 8 mrad\nDetector band width 90 MHz\nBandpass filter band width 10 nm\nDigitizer sampling rate 500 Msamp/s\nDigitizer effective bits 7\nLaser output energy 5 mJ\nLaser pulse width 10 ns (FWHM*)\nLaser spatial energy pattern TEM00 single mode\nPulse repetition rate rep-rate 100 to 500 Hz\nLaser output wavelength 1064 nm\nData rate at 500 Hz rep-rate 300 Kbytes/s\nSwath width at 10 km altitude 2.0 km\nFootprint diameter 1 to 80 m\nMaximum operating altitude >10 km\n*Full width at half maximum.\n\n\nLASER\n\nThe transmitter is a water-cooled, solid-state, diode-pumped, Nd:YAG\noscillator-only laser, designed and manufactured by Cutting Edge\nOptronics (St. Louis, MO). The laser cavity is housed in a hermetically\nsealed aluminum enclosure that measures 45x13x13 cm. Operating at rates\nof up to 500 Hz, the laser emits 5 mJ, 10 ns, Gaussian-shaped\n(temporally and spatially) optical pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm.\nAccurate ranging to a mean elevation in a wide laser footprint can be\nconfounded by a complex spatial energy distribution across the laser\nspot, thus, the laser transmitter was required to have a single-spatial\nmode (TEM00) energy pattern. A fiber-coupling lens is placed behind the\nfinal turning mirror inside the laser enclosure to capture a small\namount (<1%) of the laser output and direct it through two optical\nfibers (start pulse and calibration pulse with 100 m (300 ns) delay).\nThe laser output beam is directed through the output scanner box\ncontaining filter wheels to control the output power to optimize return\nsignal strength, a diverging lens to control the size of the footprint\non the surface, a lockable pitch control for boresighting, and the\ngalvanometer-driven output scan mirror.\n \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LVIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: LVIS\n Long_Name: Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: INS\n Short_Name: LVIS\n Short_Name: LIDAR\n Short_Name: LASERS\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: ALTIMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Near Infrared\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 1064 nm\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=96&Itemid=93\n Creation_Date: 2008-05-16\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Data_Rate: 500 Hz rep-rate 300 Kbytes/s\n Instrument_Owner: Laser Remote Sensing Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3684b4b-4f0b-48aa-8997-e3758fd04155", "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc0ff6d1-1318-4fe3-839e-feaf63a04d2d", "label": "MBLA", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "The Multi-Beam Laser Altimeter (MBLA) for the Vegetation Canopy Lidar\n(VCL) mission, is a five-beam instrument with 25 m contiguous along\ntrack resolution. The five beams are in a circular configuration 8 km\nacross and each beam traces a separate ground track spaced 2 km apart,\neventually producing 2 km coverage between 67 degrees N and S, with\norbit crossovers producing a denser grid away from the equator.\n\nEach laser beam operates at the 1064 nm fundamental wavelength of the\nneodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) solid-state laser and\nare arranged in a pentagon inside a 20 mrad telescope circular\nfield-of-view that is centered on nadir.\n\nInformation on the MBLA instrument can be obtained from:\n'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/division/VCLhome/VCLInst.html'\n\nFor more information on the VCL Mission,\n\nSee:\n'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/vcl/index.html'\nor\n'http://www.inform.umd.edu/Geography/vcl/'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c2428a35-a87c-4ec7-aefd-13ff410b3271", "label": "ATM", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "The Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) measures topography to an\naccuracy of ten to twenty centimeters by combining measurements from\nan airborne laser altimeter and GPS (global positioning system)\nreceivers. The ATM has demonstrated this accuracy at distances as\ngreat as a thousand kilometers from any base station.\n\nThe current ATM instruments (ATM2 and ATM3) and their predecessors\nhave a history going back to the mid 1970's. The instruments commonly\nfly aboard the NASA P3-B based at Wallops Flight Facility,\nVirginia. ATM2 has also flown aboard several twin-otter (DH-6)\naircraft. A major task of the ATM over recent years has been the\nmeasurement of the Greenland ice sheet with the goal of determining\nchanges in the ice sheet elevation. Other uses have included\nverification of satellite altimeters , and the measurement of sea-ice\nthickness. The altimeter often flies in conjunction with other\ninstruments, and has been used to measure sea-surface elevation and\nocean wave characteristics.\n\nNew applications are always being investigated. Measurement of coastal\nbeach dynamics and monitoring of beach erosion was begun in 1995 with\nan initial airborne survey of northern Assateague Island in\nconjunction with the National Park Service's ground-based monitoring\neffort. Also, in 1994 an aerial survey was compared against the FAA\nregulations to determine airfield obstruction clearances at the\nWallops Flight Facility.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ATM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: ATM\n Long_Name: Airborne Topographic Mapper\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://atm.wff.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eec2fe85-bcce-4c42-858a-0c8b5fe96b10", "label": "LVIS-GH", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "LVIS-GH\n(NASA Global Hawk)\n\nA smaller version of the LVIS instrument, known as LVIS-GH, is under development for use in NASA's Global Hawk unpiloted aircraft system.\n\n\nFor info about LVIS: http://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: LVIS-GH\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Altimeters\n Instrument_Subtype: Lidar/Laser Altimeters\n Short_Name: LVIS-GH\n Long_Name: Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor - Global Hawk\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: LVIS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/instruments/lvis.html#.UmFsvxZ8a25\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff309a1a-606d-456b-82b6-5b3c182f66ff", "label": "AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0e3c8f3e-c229-4760-b81c-fd0150254aaa", "label": "HALO", - "broader": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", + "parentId": "ec76ff59-7450-48a0-9152-7c3531e609fd", "definition": "A deeper understanding of how clouds will respond to a warming climate is one of the outstanding challenges in climate science. Uncertainties in the response of clouds, and particularly shallow clouds, have been identified as the dominant source of the discrepancy in model estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity. As the community gains a deeper understanding of the many processes involved, there is a growing appreciation of the critical role played by fluctuations in water vapor and the coupling of water vapor and atmospheric circulations. Reduction of uncertainties in cloud-climate feedbacks and convection initiation as well as improved understanding of processes governing these effects will result from profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere with improved accuracy and vertical resolution compared to existing airborne and spaceborne measurements. \n\nNASA/LaRC (Langley Research Center) in Hampton, VA, developed the airborne instrument HALO (High Altitude Lidar Observatory) to address the observational needs of NASA's weather, climate, carbon cycle, and atmospheric composition focus areas. HALO is a multi-function airborne lidar to measure atmospheric H2O and CH4 mixing ratios and aerosol/cloud/ocean optical properties using the DIAL (DIfferential Absorption Lidar) and HSRL (High Spectral Resolution Lidar) techniques, respectively. HALO is designed as an airborne simulator for future space-based greenhouse gas DIAL missions called out by the 2018 Earth Science Decadal Survey and serves as testbed for risk reduction of key technologies required to enable future spaceborne missions.\n\nTo respond to a wide range of airborne process studies, HALO can be rapidly reconfigured to provide either CH4 DIAL+HSRL, H2O DIAL+HSRL, or CH4 DIAL+H2O DIAL measurements using three different laser transmitters and a single multi-channel and multi-wavelength receiver. This paper will provide an overview of the HALO program including advancements of new laser technologies for airborne and spaceborne measurements of water vapor and methane and preliminary CH4+aerosol measurements from recent airborne test flights.", "children": [] } @@ -9431,47 +9431,47 @@ { "uuid": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", "label": "Positioning/Navigation", - "broader": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", + "parentId": "c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0936ec9e-318d-4503-8e0b-4a2fa171c8fe", "label": "TBB", - "broader": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", + "parentId": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", "definition": "[Text Source: Paul A. Bernhardt 1, Craig A. Selcher 2, Santi Basu 3, Gary Bust 4 and Steven C Reising 5, 'Atmospheric Studies with the Tri-Band Beacon Instrument on the COSMIC Constellation', TAO, Vol. 11, No. 1, 291-312, March 2000, http://www.engr.colostate.edu/ece/faculty/reising/pdf/.../ECEscr00010.pdf ]\n\nThe primary objective of the Tri-Band Beacon experiment on COSMIC is to study the electron density in the Earth's ionosphere. This is analyzing total electron content (TEC) data to produce electron densities as either two-dimensional maps or one-dimensional profiles. The earth's upper atmosphere contains a partially ionized plasma that is constantly changing under the influence of solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, recombination chemistry, neutral winds, and electric fields (Rishbeth and Garriott, 1969; Kelley, 1989). The ionosphere extends from 50 km to above 1000-km altitude with variations in ion species balanced by equal densities of electrons. At altitudes below 150 km, the ions are primarily molecular. The peak densities are found in the F-layer near 300 to 400 km where atomic oxygen is the primary ion species. Above 1500-km altitude, the plasmasphere is composed of atomic hydrogen and helium ions along with an equal number of electrons to maintain neutrality. The atmospheric region known as the ionosphere is both important and complex. The ionosphere affects terres- trial radio signals. Satellite to ground links are affected by electron density irregularities that can degrade received signal strength. Communication, radar, and navigation systems often rely on predictions and measurements of ionospheric propagation conditions. Over-the-horizon radars require accurate models of the ionosphere to determine target locations \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TBB\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: TBB\n Long_Name: Tri-Band Beacon\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Wavelength_Keyword: Radio\n Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 150 MHz, 400 MHz, and 1067 MHz\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CA0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engr.colostate.edu%2Fece%2Ffaculty%2Freising%2Fpdf%2Fjournals%2FECEscr00010.pdf&ei=xi3eSraQM4qN8Aa6tdVf&usg=AFQjCNG9STFHCXkqVEwNVL-WV8Aqos5Rnw&sig2=MxAFPQ7_Km6qBPWN2nbN0A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: NSF/UCAR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f542e06-d6d2-4387-84cb-e4430ae8c8d4", "label": "SATELLITE RADIO BEACON", - "broader": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", + "parentId": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", "definition": "Beacons are also used in both geostationary and inclined orbit satellites. Any satellite will emit one or more beacons (normally on a fixed frequency) whose purpose is twofold; as well as containing modulated station keeping information (telemetry), the beacon is also used to locate the satellite (determine its azimuth and elevation) in the sky.\n\n[From Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_beacon]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SATELLITE RADIO BEACON\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: Earth Remote Sensing Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Active Remote Sensing\n Instrument_Type: Positioning/Navigation\n Short_Name: SATELLITE RADIO BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-9\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_beacon\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", "label": "Laser Ranging", - "broader": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", + "parentId": "e87a9716-cf7e-42c7-8e70-a45e6ee337d2", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9cf060b8-d8ea-46c4-a8de-f2073df5d0ae", "label": "GRACE-FO LRI", - "broader": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", + "parentId": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", "definition": "First spaceborne laser interferometer to measure distance variations between remote spacecraft\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc9d34c8-4d8d-4434-aff9-dd8d8aa49793", "label": "MOBLAS", - "broader": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", + "parentId": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", "definition": "Laser ranging observatories are located around the world. There are\nthree kinds of stations; fixed, movable and highly mobile. In a fixed\nsystem, the laser is permanently located at a pier or foundation that\ndoes not change position.\n\nThe movable systems are different. NASA operates four stations\nknown as Mobile Laser Ranging Systems (MOBLAS), in movable\nlocations. MOBLAS usually consist of two trailer vans which can be\ndriven to a given observing location and set up for an observing\nsession that will then last for months or years at that site. Because\nof the time-consuming setup and breakdown process, these movable\nsystems are rarely moved. The MOBLAS at Goddard is one of three\nNASA SLR's located in North America. The fourth is in Yarragadee,\nAustralia.\n\nFour of the NASA stations are the highly-mobile type called\nTransportable Laser Ranging Systems (TLRS). They are newer\nsystems which are smaller versions of the fixed and movable\nSLR systems. They are complete systems able to operate from a pad\naccessible by road, and require relatively short setup and breakdown\ntimes. Because of the need to sample the orbit of the retroreflector\nsatellite, however, the duration of recording is generally measured in\nterms of weeks to months. These have been placed in locations such\nas Chile, French Polynesia, Peru and several sites in North America,\nMexico and Europe.\n\nThe other two NASA systems are fixed systems located in Texas and\nHawaii and are operated for NASA by local universities.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d3b9c87-39ca-423a-82d7-1ee2bf8d01e9", "label": "Riegl LD90-3100VHS-FLP", - "broader": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", + "parentId": "a3ce2cfb-5488-4301-83c2-64bbc090c397", "definition": "Laser Distance Meter for use with or without reflectors which, because of its long-range and its “First & Last Pulse' facility, is especially well suited for scanner applications.", "children": [] } @@ -9486,19 +9486,19 @@ { "uuid": "8129a4b9-b5f9-4585-87e6-4576c3a53682", "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", + "parentId": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fd7e2a51-5ccc-4592-8056-487b400ac350", "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "8129a4b9-b5f9-4585-87e6-4576c3a53682", + "parentId": "8129a4b9-b5f9-4585-87e6-4576c3a53682", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "51963b3c-d82e-441f-8f65-e21b005861ef", "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "fd7e2a51-5ccc-4592-8056-487b400ac350", + "parentId": "fd7e2a51-5ccc-4592-8056-487b400ac350", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -9509,95 +9509,95 @@ { "uuid": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "label": "In Situ/Laboratory Instruments", - "broader": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", + "parentId": "b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8", "definition": "Instruments that measure a phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs (i.e. without moving it to some special medium). Laboratory instruments refer to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Short_Name: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", "label": "Magnetic/Motion Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "label": "Gravimeters", - "broader": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", + "parentId": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f63a24a-379d-40bc-975c-4f71479f3a06", "label": "GRAVIMETERS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "A gravimeter is a device used to measure the acceleration due to gravity, or,\nmore specifically, variations in the gravitational field between two or more\npoints. \nSource: Schlumberger OilField Glossary\nhttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/default.cfm", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "11a96ea3-6231-48d7-8ebd-9212e1e0fa2f", "label": "SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "GWR Instruments, Inc. is the exclusive manufacturer of the Superconducting Gravimeter (SG). The SG uses persistent supercurrents, which are trapped in superconducting magnets, to produce an ultra stable magnetic field which levitates a superconducting test mass (sphere). The SG consists of two basic components: 1) the Gravimeter Sensing Unit (GSU) which includes: the superconducting magnets, the sphere, circuitry for energizing the coils, temperature control circuitry and magnetic shielding; and 2) the liquid helium tank (Dewar) and refrigeration system which keeps the GSU close to 4.2OK to maintain the superconducting state. In 1993, GWR introduced the CT Compact Tidal Gravimeter which dramatically decreased the overall size of the SG and simplified field installation. The standard support equipment for the Compact Tidal Gravimeter includes a pair of cryogenic tilt meters, an automatic tilt compensating system, a gravimeter electronics package, a current supply/heater pulser, a helium level sensor and a helium transfer kit. The Compact SG is routinely equipped with the CD-125 Standard holdtime Dewar refrigeration system. This allows the gravimeter to operate for approximately 500 days between liquid helium refills.\n\nSome users of the SG have found that it is necessary to remove small infrequent offsets from the gravity data to preserve the baseline (zero) on a continuous record. However, geophysical signal and noise sources often mask the offsets and make them difficult to measure and remove precisely. In response to this need, GWR now manufactures a new Dual Sphere SG GSU that incorporates two levitated test masses into a single sensor (See section I.A.2). Since it is unlikely that offsets occur on both spheres simultaneously, the differential signal gives a precise measurement of any offsets that may occur in the record. This makes offset identification and removal a straightforward procedure during data processing.\n\nIn response to customers' requests, GWR has also developed a second high performance refrigeration system. This Ultra Long Holdtime (ULHD) Dewar (See section II.B) allows indefinite operation after a single filling of liquid helium. (citation from: http://www.gwrinstruments.com/GWR_ctspec.html)\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Gravimeters\n Short_Name: SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2725b06e-67c5-44ed-bfad-95c4b772cf1d", "label": "LRGM", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "The gravity response system consists of a weight on the end of a\nhorizontal beam supported by a zero-length spring (a zero-length\nspring is defined as one in which the tension is proportiona1 to\nthe actual length of the spring, that is, if all external forces\nwere removed the spring would collapse to zero length).\n\nThe gravity meter can detect very small changes in gravity by\nmeasuring the restoring force necessary to bring the horizontal\nbeam to a reference position. It is important to note that the\ninstrument does not measure the total force of gravity, only\nchanges in gravity. The accuracy of the instrument is about .01\nmgal, perhaps .005 if great care is exercised. The temperature\ninside the instrument is carefully controlled by a heater and\nthermostat, because changes in temperature affect the physical\nproperties of the spring.\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Colorado]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "421591cb-6858-4419-877d-43fb1c44029f", "label": "ZLS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f8418fd-1a24-4b72-a3c9-8fc907366abf", "label": "AIRGrav", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66db13de-e7f5-4740-992b-e8874b1a579d", "label": "INCLINOMETERS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "Inclinometer:\n\n1. An instrument used to determine the angle of the earth's\nmagnetic field in respect to the horizontal plane.\n\n2. An instrument for showing the inclination of an aircraft or\nship relative to the horizontal.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language:\nFourth Edition. 2000]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "acf32e4e-5919-428d-b861-814bf776fc4f", "label": "DTG", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG):\nthermogravimetry allows the determination of the mass as a\nfunction of temperature or time; this thermal technique provides\ninformation concerning the thermal stability and composition of\nthe sample and of any intermediate compound which may be\nformed. DTG curve represents the first derivative of the mass\nchange curve; in this way a series of peaks are obtained instead\nof the stepwise curve in which the areas under the peaks are\nproportional to the total mass change of the sample.\n\n[Summary provided by Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbc2aa6d-24d0-4449-a472-9b6379979446", "label": "OWEN TUBE", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e7c8ddfc-c3c5-4fdd-a44c-80df5b95200a", "label": "LGS", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5cbbf7c-a3b6-4969-9ae9-0fdb3e86e23b", "label": "FG5", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "[Source: Micro-g LaCoste home page]\n\nMicro-g LaCoste is proud to announce the new state of the art in absolute gravity measurements! The FG5-X is a “follow on” instrument to the “absolute standard” that is the FG5 freefall gravimeter. The FG5-X featrues an improved dropping chamber and an improved electronic interface.\n\nMore Information: http://microglacoste.com/product/fg5-x-fgl-absolute-gravimeter/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe6df97e-c1cd-466a-8c57-09b4a48e5cb5", "label": "BGM-3", - "broader": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", + "parentId": "1707b0ef-5e6f-4abc-bd7b-905c4ea18ba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -9606,20 +9606,20 @@ { "uuid": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", "label": "Seismometers", - "broader": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", + "parentId": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "aac114f4-64ec-4117-9a4c-b7babe53f24a", "label": "SEISMOMETERS", - "broader": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", + "parentId": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", "definition": "SEISMOMETERS are meters that perform nearly the same\ninstrumentation as a seismograph does.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dca86e5d-e95d-4159-a552-5a83a515abd4", "label": "SEISMOGRAPHS", - "broader": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", + "parentId": "46f6b588-fe2f-4091-97dc-5f6fea3343fe", "definition": "SEISMOGRAPHS are measuring instruments for detecting and\nmeasuring the intensity, direction and duration of movements of\nthe ground (as an earthquake); measures and records the\nearthquake vibrations and other earth tremors.", "children": [] } @@ -9628,34 +9628,34 @@ { "uuid": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", "label": "Accelerometers", - "broader": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", + "parentId": "02a7fb42-6ff5-493f-a447-b687f841b2c1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0fdcd01a-d31f-4f34-aecc-55f541147b52", "label": "ACCELEROMETERS", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", + "parentId": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", "definition": "Accelerometers are sensors and instruments for measuring, displaying and analyzing acceleration and vibration. They can be used on a stand-alone basis, or in conjunction with a data acquisition system. Accelerometers are available in many forms. They can be raw sensing elements, packaged transducers, or as a sensor system or instrument, incorporating features such as totalizing, local or remote display and data recording. Accelerometers can have from one axis to three axes of measurement, the multiple axes typically being orthogonal to each other. These devices work on many operating principles. The most common types of accelerometers are piezoelectric, capacitance, null-balance, strain gage, resonance, piezoresistive and magnetic induction. \n\nThree main features must be considered when selecting accelerometers: amplitude range, frequency range, and ambient conditions. Acceleration amplitude range is measured in Gs, whereas frequency is measured in Hz. For the ambient conditions, such things as temperature should be considered, as well as the maximum shock and vibration the accelerometers will be able to handle. This is the rating of how much abuse the device can stand before it stops performing, much different from how much vibration or acceleration accelerometers can measure.\n\nElectrical output options depend on the system being used with the accelerometers. Common analog options are voltage, current or frequency. Digital output choices are the standard parallel and serial signals. Another option is to use accelerometers with an output of a change in state of switches or alarms.\n\nWhen mounting accelerometers, many choices must be weighed based on application and ability. Probably the most secure method is stud mounting. Many accelerometers have the option of a threaded section that can be fastened to the machinery or object being monitored. For applications where this is not possible or desirable, many other options are available: wax, magnets and adhesive. Some applications require accelerometers to be mounted on an electrically isolated surface to provide ground isolation between the mounting surface and signals from the accelerometers. Triaxial mounting cubes can also be purchased to mount three accelerometers together in an orthogonal configuration to each other. This way, only one mounting surface on the monitored device has to be used for all three.\n To minimize frequency response errors, care must be taken to relieve cable strain by securing the cables attached to accelerometers. To do this, affix the cables to the same device the accelerometers are attached to. This will prevent flexing of the cables between the anchor point and the vibrating surface, thus keeping the accuracy of the readings as high as possible.\n\n[Summary provided by 1999-2003 GlobalSpec Inc.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACCELEROMETERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Accelerometers\n Instrument_Subtype: ACCELEROMETERS\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2bd1f0f5-2583-4757-b634-314fba02ae92", "label": "ACCELEROGRAPHS", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", + "parentId": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", "definition": "ACCELEROGRAPHS are instruments for measuring the acceleration of\naircraft or rockets.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4dc8264-c6b4-4ff9-923d-1babc2f41dd6", "label": "ADA", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", + "parentId": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", "definition": "Investigation Name- Atmospheric Density Accelerometer (MESA)\nNSSDC ID- 75-107A-02\n\nPersonnel\n OI - F.A. MARCOS USAF GEOPHYS LAB\n PI - K.S. CHAMPION USAF GEOPHYS LAB\n\nBrief Description\nThe Miniature Electrostatic Analyzer (MESA) obtained data on\nthe neutral density of the atmosphere in the altitude range of\n120 to 400 km, by the measurements of satellite deceleration\ndue to aerodynamic drag, which is directly proportional to\natmospheric density. The instrument consisted of three\nsingle-axis accelerometers, mounted mutually at right angles,\ntwo in the spacecraft X-Y plane and the other along the Z-axis.\nThe instrument determined the applied acceleration from the\nelectrostatic force required to recenter a proof mass. The\noutput of the device was a digital pulse rate proportional to\nthe applied acceleration. The sample time of each instrument\nwas 0.25 s. The measurements allowed determination of the\ndensity of the neutral atmosphere, monitored the thrust of the\nOrbit-Adjust Propulsion System (OAPS), determined the satellite\nminimum altitude, measured spacecraft roll, and provided some\nattitude-sensing information. Spacecraft nutations of less than\n0.01 deg were monitored. The instrument had three sensitivity\nranges: 8.E-3 earth's gravity (G) in OAPS monitor mode; 4.E-4 G\nbetween 120 km (plus or minus 2%) and 280 km (plus or minus\n10%); and 2.E-5 G between 180 km (plus or minus 2%) and 400 km\n(plus or minus 10%). Numbers in parentheses represent errors.\nThere may be a systematic error of up to plus or minus 5% due\nto drag coefficient uncertainty. The highest measurement\naltitude was determined assuming the instrument could sense to\n0.2% of full scale.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f69c1ec7-6e16-49a8-b31d-6ed0f76ee9eb", "label": "GHIS", - "broader": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", + "parentId": "b9ab54ce-e045-482c-8b8f-fde98bdab60d", "definition": "[Source: 'Global Hawk In-flight turbulence Sensor', Ru-Shan Gao, Laurel Watts, Steven Ciciora, and David Fahey, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, 2010, ftp://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/pub/doc/grip/gripghis/GHIS_Description.pdf.]\n\nThe NOAA Global Hawk In-flight turbulence Sensor (GHIS) is an autonomous instrument that can be placed at various GH instrument locations to detect 2-axis local accelerations (the instrument is normally placed such that one axis is horizontal and the other one is vertical; both are perpendicular to the line of flight) caused by turbulence and local vibrations. The GHIS instrument may also be reprogrammed to test command, control, and communication (C3) links. The instrument will broadcast the User (10 Hz) and Status (1 Hz) UDP packets with parameters of local acceleration as well as the local air temperature and pressure at the instrument location and the voltage of the aircraft DC power. The entire dataset is also stored on the instrument as CSV text files. The GHIS specifications are given in Table 1. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GHIS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Magnetic/Motion Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Accelerometers\n Short_Name: GHIS\n Long_Name: Global Hawk In-Flight Turbulence Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GLOBAL HAWK UAV\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: ftp://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/pub/doc/grip/gripghis/GHIS_Description.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2011-09-20\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NOAA\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -9666,146 +9666,146 @@ { "uuid": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "label": "Current/Wind Meters", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "Current meters are devices designed to measure speed alone or velocity of flowing water. A wind meter is a device for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station instrument. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Current/Wind Meters\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Current/Wind Meters\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "0ae93838-ebae-43cf-89bb-f6638300e385", "label": "CURRENT METERS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "CURRENT METERS are devices device designed to measure speed\nalone or velocity of flowing water; the most common types are\nmechanical (rotor or vane), electromagnetic, and acoustic\nDoppler.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "141117c3-6d2d-4b78-b0c4-f7150f6dec2e", "label": "DRIFTING BUOYS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "A drifting buoy is a floating (or drifting on ice) ocean buoy equipped with\nmeteorological and/or oceanographic sensing instruments linked to transmitting\nequipment for sending the observed data to collecting centers.\n\n[Source: NSIDC]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "34be23a9-4a1a-45b9-bb9a-f02f2fa90dc7", "label": "CVI", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "The NCAR counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) (Noone et al., 1988; Twohy et al., 1997) is an airborne instrument that can be used for studies of aerosol/cloud interactions, cloud physics, and climate. The CVI has also been used on the ground for these studies. At the CVI inlet tip, cloud droplets or ice crystals larger than about 8 µm aerodynamic diameter are separated from the interstitial aerosol and impacted into dry nitrogen gas. This separation is possible via a counterflow stream of nitrogen out the CVI tip, which assures that only larger particles (cloud droplets or ice crystals) are sampled. Because droplets or crystals in a sampling volume of about 200 l/min are impacted into a sample stream of approximately 10 l/min, concentrations within the CVI are significantly enhanced. The water vapor and non-volatile residual nuclei remaining after droplet evaporation are sampled downstream of the inlet with selected instruments. These may include a Lyman-alpha or similar hygrometer, a condensation nucleus counter, an optical particle counter, filters for chemical analyses, or user instruments.\n\nReferences\n\nNoone, K.J., Ogren, J.A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R.J. and D.S. Covert, 1988: Design and calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor for sampling of atmospheric fog and cloud droplets, Aer. Sci. Technol., 8, 235-244.\n\nTwohy, C.H., Schanot, A.J. and W.A. Cooper, 1997: Measurement of condensed water content in liquid and ice clouds using an airborne counterflow virtual impactor, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 197-202.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CVI\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Current/Wind Meters\n Short_Name: CVI\n Long_Name: Counterflow Virtual Impactor\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/raf/cvigeneralATD.html\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-01\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46a263bf-4448-421f-be9d-7628f3d03490", "label": "SONIC ANEMOMETER", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "A SONIC ANEMOMETER is an anemometer that measures linear\ncomponents of the wind vector by determining the effect of the\nwind on transit times of acoustic pulses transmitted in opposite\ndirections across known paths; operates on the principle that\nthe propagation velocity of a sound wave in a moving medium is\nequal to the velocity of sound with respect to the medium plus\nthe velocity of the medium; an absolute instrument with a very\nshort time constant and an absence of moving mechanical parts.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e93856a-9669-4b32-9ef5-68dc9ff6c0d7", "label": "CRWVA", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67ee945f-7873-42f2-ae88-9a74a1c1e236", "label": "ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTION METER", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "A ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTION METER is a measuring sensor for wind\ndirection, wind velocity, current direction, current velocity,\nwater temperature and salinity (at 3m water depth).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9039aa7d-2f28-49da-afe5-e7dff64693fe", "label": "WIND VANES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "WIND VANES are instruments used to indicate or measure wind\ndirection; consists of an asymmetrical, elongated object mounted\nat its center of gravity about a vertical axis; wind direction\nis determined by visual reference to an attached oriented\ncompass rose.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97b25e4d-360c-41df-988b-00dd8052493d", "label": "GEK", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "The Geomagnetic ElectroKinetograph (GEK) measures currents by\nmeasuring the electrical potential induced in sea water when a\nconductor (sea water) moving in a magnetic field (Earth's\nfield). It consisted of a pair of electrodes towed behind a\nship. The electrodes were at the beginning and end of line\nseveral hundred meters long. Or, the electrodes were at ends of\nsubmarine telephone cables. The accuracy of the technique was\ndifficult to quantify and the technique fell from favor. The\nprimary error was due to unknown shorting of current by\nconduction through the sea floor and in still water below moving\nsurface currents.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/education/common/notes/chap10.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Texas A&M University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6bb1bff-9420-42ca-b087-91225fbf6c3a", "label": "GUST PROBES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "GUST PROBES are air velocity sensing instruments usually mounted\non the front of an aircraft that resolves turbulent fluctuations\nin all three components relative to the aircraft; includes\npressure probes, vanes, and heated wires (hot-wire anemometers);\nit measures air velocity relative to the earth corrected for the\naircraft attitude and velocity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0cf9340-dc51-447f-a151-f6cdad265d9a", "label": "ANEMOMETERS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "ANEMOMETERS are instruments designed to measure either total\nwind speed or the speed of one or more linear components of the\nwind vector; classified according to the transducer employed.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ded51fba-1231-4ccd-bbde-c0e407d7d4cd", "label": "AEROVANES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "An aerovane is used to measure both wind direction and speed.\nThe tail orients the instrument into the wind for direction\nwhile the propellers measure the wind speed.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e892b190-f905-48b0-8331-7d578e250467", "label": "WIND MONITOR", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "Wind Monitor or Propeller Wind Monitor is 'a light-weight, sturdy instrument for measuring wind speed and direction in harsh environments. Its simplicity and corrosion-resistant construction make it ideal for a wide range of wind measuring applications.'\n\n[Source Text (in quotes above) is from Campbell Scientific home page, http://www.campbellsci.com/05103-l ]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WIND MONITORS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Current/Wind Meters\n Short_Name: WIND MONITORS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: WEATHER STATIONS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.campbellsci.com/05103-l\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eae6f11d-fdd5-4e31-b119-aa00e6633da8", "label": "AIMMS-30", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "AIMMS-30 is Aventech's third generation wind measurement system which is capable of providing accurate GPS, inertial rates, air-data and meteorological data including:\n\n Barometric (Static) Pressure\n Air Speed (including TAS)\n Angle-of-Attack (AOA)\n Angle-of-Sideslip (AOS)\n Temperature (OAT)\n Relative Humidity", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f21d5bb6-ae5b-4842-b1e4-f552b80aa4c0", "label": "PTGA", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "The Propeller Type Generating Anemovane is an instrument with a\nhelicoids-shaped, four-blade propeller that measure wind speed\nand direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5a3c5f6-b575-48f4-8479-2bc4092c8f99", "label": "EDDY CORRELATION DEVICES", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "EDDY CORRELATION DEVICES are devices that use the method of\nmeasuring the flux densities of mass, heat, and momentum across\na plane at a point in turbulent flow; EDDY CORRELATION is\ndefined as the covariance between two variables associated with\nturbulent motions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48f3dfd2-bd42-4731-a9d1-fd58eb98e7bf", "label": "TAMMS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "TAMMS instrument is composed of multiple subsystems that include the gust probe, the inertial navigation system (INS), the data processing system, and the water vapor/trace gas sensors.\nRationale: There are datasets at the GHRC DAAC under the IMPACTS field campaign that consist of this instrument.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "61435b17-dde2-4254-9e22-dc8cf7db3cb2", "label": "AIMMS", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "Smart sensor modules are combined using a Controller Area Network (CAN) to form the Aircraft-Integrated Meteorological Measurement System, or AIMMS-20, which delivers precise real-time meteorological data at rates up to 20Hz (temperature, humidity, wind). A minimum of four modules are combined to form an AIMMS-20 system: an Inertial Measurement Unit module (IMU) that delivers six degree-of-freedom rate data at 40Hz; a GPS Phase Module that processes satellite navigation signals from two antennas; an Air-Data-Probe (ADP) that measures temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and the aircraft-relative flow vector; and, a Central Processing Module (CPM) to process GPS data, inertial signals and air-data information that yield accurate wind data when combined.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d850e78-621b-4dfe-bb4d-f1e8338921a3", "label": "RM Young 05103 Wind Monitor", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "The wind speed sensor is a four blade helicoid propeller. Propeller rotation produces an AC sine wave voltage signal with frequency directly proportional to wind speed. Slip rings and brushes are eliminated for increased reliability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a980b482-34be-4b56-adc9-c3a3fbffefca", "label": "Gill WindMaster Pro", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "The Gill WindMaster Pro is a precision anemometer offering three-axis wind\nmeasurement data. This instrument will monitor wind speeds of 0-65m/s and provides\nsonic temperature, speed of sound and U, V & W vector outputs at 32Hz as standard.\nThe unit also features improved vertical (W) resolution and speed of sound accuracy\nand less distortion due to wind loading. Each WindMaster Pro can be calibrated with\nan optional Gill wind tunnel test to provide optimum performance. Optional analogue\ninputs and outputs plus a PRT are available with 14 bit resolution.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab326c9a-bbea-4aec-8aaa-261572ea4862", "label": "RM Young 8600", - "broader": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", + "parentId": "1b41692e-c7fe-4567-bed9-b938a7400462", "definition": "The YOUNG Model 86000 2D Ultrasonic Anemometer offers high performance and low power consumption in a compact size. It is ideal for the most demanding wind sensing applications", "children": [] } @@ -9814,55 +9814,55 @@ { "uuid": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "label": "Corers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "Devices that drill holes in the surface of the Earth and pulls out a sample. This also includes drilling a hole in a ice sheet and pulling out the ice core. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Corers\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Corers\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "0e916c3b-d9ac-4fe1-bc7c-18772784f7fb", "label": "ROCK CORERS", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", + "parentId": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "definition": "The rock corer is a device that collects volcanic glass from the\nsurface of young lava flows on the seafloor. The head of the\ncorer consists of a series of cups with sharp edges that are\nfilled with a thick wax. The rock corer is lowered to the\nseafloor very rapidly and hits the hard surface of the lava. As\nit does so, chips of volcanic glass are broken off and stick to\nthe wax.\n\nWhen the corer is recovered, the wax containing the glass chips\nis removed from the cups and is then heated to melt the\nwax. Scientists can then pick the glass chips out of the liquid\nand take them back to shore for analysis in their laboratories.\n\n[Summary provided by 'Dive and Discover']", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "479451b2-d1d1-48d3-a7be-e50850e89ce2", "label": "CORING DEVICES", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", + "parentId": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "definition": "Coring devices essentially drills a hole in the ice sheet and\npulls out the ice core.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ed90a1e-cb8a-4253-8d83-3f715894fc83", "label": "SNOW DENSITY CUTTER", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", + "parentId": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "definition": "A Snow Density Cutter is a metal device that cuts out exactly\n100 cubic centimeters of snow. The metal device is then placed\non the balance and the snow's mass is recorded. The snow density\ncan be calculated by dividing the mass by its volume.\n\n[Source: Teachers Experiencing Antarctica and the Arctic]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7818106b-76d3-432c-a423-299bab2ae9da", "label": "GRAVITY CORER", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", + "parentId": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5c27e06-b779-44e7-9e0f-579a00cedba0", "label": "SEDIMENT CORERS", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", + "parentId": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "definition": "A sediment corer is a device to collect undisturbed samples of\nsaturated sands, silts, and sediments.\n\n[Summary provided by Rickly Hydrological Company]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d83a72f7-d148-4f5e-bf7a-c191fb6a528e", "label": "BOX CORE", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", + "parentId": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8480746-ff39-4de8-ba2e-b5de47890c78", "label": "ICE AUGERS", - "broader": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", + "parentId": "2315cd93-18c9-4553-a7d2-650d65d95505", "definition": "Ice Augers are devices used to drill holes in ice.", "children": [] } @@ -9871,174 +9871,174 @@ { "uuid": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "label": "Gauges", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "020d9550-c314-45b6-8a43-23304626d9c0", "label": "RING SHEAR TESTERS", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "The Ring Shear Testers serve for the determination of the flow properties of\nmore or less all powders and bulk solids like flour, cement, soap powder,\ntitanium dioxide, clay, sewage sludge, and others.\n\nThe Ring Shear Testers of the RST-01 series are suited for all powders and bulk\nsolids up to a particle size of 5 .. 10 mm. The basic version is the RST-01.01 \nwhere an operator is required during the test. The Ring Shear Tester RST-01.pc\nperforms the tests automatically, i.e. controlled by a Personal Computer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0595fdeb-9d82-49c0-a987-ff3892117cbd", "label": "TIDE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "TIDE GAUGES are devices for measuring the height of a tide; a\ngraduated staff in a sheltered location where visual\nobservations can be made or it might have a recording device\nattached (marigraph) which make continuous graphic record of\nheight against time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e22804e-4100-4129-b239-b91be5b21fc3", "label": "SPRING BALANCE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3bc9781d-87b7-49c6-9647-876c7144eade", "label": "GROUND WATER LEVEL GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "GROUND WATER LEVEL GAUGES are measuring instruments for\nmeasuring and indicating a quantity or for testing conformity\nwith a standard of the level of groundwater in an unconfined\naquifer below which the porous medium is saturated.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46d11d98-dbd4-4543-9e0e-3b4f3e763d36", "label": "WATER LEVEL GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "WATER LEVEL GAUGES are devices used for measuring and recording\nwater levels in rivers, lakes, or wells with respect to time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5443ac3e-5066-4a89-a973-93b345c91947", "label": "TEOM", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "In the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM), the air\nis sucked in through the sampling head which restricts the size\nof the particle entering the device (for instance a PM10\nsampling head will only allow particles with a diameter less\nthan or equal to 10 micro-meters). Some of the air then passes\nthrough the filter within the tapered element oscillating\nmicrobalance and as the number of particles deposited increases\nthe natural frequency of the vibration of the element\ndecreases. There is therefore a direct relationship between the\nchange in the vibrating frequency and the mass on the filter.\n\nThe TEOM measures the mass of the particles and allows 15-minute\naverage readings, which is very useful for tracking pollution\nincidents as it allows real time analysis. However, it tends to\nunder-read the particle levels monitored compared with the\nPartisol Plus Unit as it is heated to prevent water entering the\ndevice, and therefore many of the volatile particles are\nevaporated.\n\n[Summary provided by The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59819689-d637-4468-a9e6-a6123190c61a", "label": "STRAIN GAUGE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66b99c8a-5962-4049-af83-b2eafd59d1df", "label": "LYSIMETERS", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "LYSIMETERS are types of evaporation gauges that consists of a\ntank or pan of soil placed in a field and manipulated so that\nthe soil, water, thermal, and vegetative properties in the tank\nduplicate as closely as possible to the properties of the\nsurrounding area; uses various methods to determine the\nreductions in the weight of the instruments so that water loss\ndue to evapotranspiration can be computed; some lysimeters deal\nwith the studies of chemical leaching and others like\nshear-stress lysimeters have been developed to measure the\nsurface momentum flux from the atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69bcf472-1c03-40fd-b304-1abb09fc5398", "label": "ADG", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "The acoustic depth gauge (ADG) measures the distance from the gauge to the\nsnow. The distance to the snow surface in mm and the air temperature used to\ncalculate the speed of sound for the distance measurement are recorded in a\nmemory module at 1 hour intervals along with the hour and the Julian day of the\nyear. The snow accumulation is calculated by subtracting the ADG depth from the\ninitial distance to the snow. Figure 1 shows the June 1992 ADG record at the\ntime of installation. The July 1992 record shows that the snow surface may be\nexposed for long time periods without significant snow accumulation. Once the\nsnow surface is covered with additional snow without being exposed later the\nlayer can be considered stored. Sampling the previously exposed surface should\ngive an idea of the dry fall and sampling the snow between exposed layers\nshould give information about the wet fall. The accumulation between previously\nexposed layers may be precipitation or it could be snow trans ported to the\nsite. A similar approach is planned for Siple Dome and the new drilling site\nnear Byrd Station.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/pastmeetings/abstracts99/stearns.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a0afbcb-36d7-4b10-a2c1-35d4d14d6c75", "label": "RAIN GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "A RAIN GAUGE is an instrument that measures and records the\nlevel or levels of rain or precipitation.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RAIN GAUGES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Gauges\n Short_Name: RAIN GAUGES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6eebaf59-4863-492b-97fd-f96af8c1fbdf", "label": "WAVE HEIGHT GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "WAVE HEIGHT GAUGES are devices used for measuring the vertical\ndistance between a wave crest and the preceding or following\nwave trough.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ce49fe7-db96-44cf-a242-fdfca6337087", "label": "BALANCE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "A BALANCE is a scale used for weighing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bd0a7b8-bb67-4b44-b2bc-cf975f93ea10", "label": "STREAM GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "STREAM GAUGES are devices for measuring the river stage or level\nof the water surface in a river measured with reference to some\ndatum; also called a river gauge.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac4ef2f4-6dbb-4ae2-b78e-4f016f7cb6d3", "label": "ORG", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "An Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) is a sensitive instrument for\nmeasuring precipitation. Precipitation is measured by detecting\nthe optical scintillation induced by drops falling through an\ninfrared optical beam. By detecting the intensity of the\nscintillations that are characteristics of precipitation, the\nactual rainfall rate can be estimated. This instrument provides\nrain accuracy of 5% and rain resolution of 0.001 mm .\n\n[Source: National MST Radar Facility]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "afaef469-286c-4bc9-a31a-6a130327caed", "label": "LAND SUBSIDENCE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c860abca-20ba-43e6-add6-994bbdd61c94", "label": "RAD GAUGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "The Rad Gauge combines the affects of the air temperature,\naltitude, and barometric pressure. The gauge is calibrated in\npercentage points. Its main advantage is that it provides the\ntuner with an indication of how much the air density percentage\npoints. Its main advantage is that it provides the tuner with an\nindication of how much the air density changes. The RAD gauge\nwill help a tuner maintain the ideal fuel air mixture. Once the\ntuner sets the carburetor tuning perfectly, he then sets the RAD\ncalibration screw so the RAD needle is 100%. When the air\ndensity changes, the RAD gauge will show the relative percent of\nchange. The tuner can multiply the RAD gauge percentage by the\nmain jet size and determine the corrected main jet size for the\nair density.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce453fe8-6e46-43dc-870b-2728d3fc12f6", "label": "IONIZATION PRESSURE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "A high-pressure ionization gauge is described with a novel\nelectrode system of rugged construction. The electrodes consist\nof two parallel electron collector plates and two parallel ion\ncollector plates mounted at right angles to each other with a\nfilament running axially down the centre. The filament consists\nof a platinum-10% rhodium wire with an yttrium oxide coating\nallowing the gauge to operate in reactive gases such as\natmospheric air up to a pressure of 5 torr. The evaluation of\nthe gauge characteristics has enabled the optimum operating\nconditions to be achieved. The gauge sensitivity is equal to\n0.11 torr-1 for air and constant within the pressure range 1\ntorr to 50 torr providing the electron accelerating potential is\nnot greater than 42 V. The gauge can be usefully employed in the\npressure range required for applications such as cathodic\nsputtering, vacuum melting, gas discharge studies, and as a\nsecondary calibration standard.\n\n[Summary provided by the Journal of Scientific Instruments]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d67b2277-d13a-4241-b0ec-a7e882628c2c", "label": "TRETYAKOV GAUGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "The Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge has been used historically as the official precipitation measurement instrument in the Russian (formerly the USSR) climatic and hydrological station network and in a number of other European countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of this gauge were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 11 stations in Canada, the USA, Russia, Germany, Finland, Romania and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison. The Intercomparison data collected at the different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (measured/DFIR) for the same gauge, when compared using mean wind speed at the height of the gauge orifice during the observation period.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfc90592-5ad2-48a6-9639-52d8021ff6c2", "label": "ULTRASONIC DEPTH GAUGE", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "Snow depth is monitored constantly beneath the instrument tower\nusing a Campbell Scientific UDG01 Ultrasonic Depth Gauge. This\nsensor measures the distance from the sensor to the surface; it\nis currently mounted at 6.0 above the ground, so during peak\nsnowpack conditions it is 2-3 m above the snow surface. The\nprimary components of this sensor are the Polaroid Ultrasonic\ntransducer and the Polaroid 6500 Sonar Ranging Module. The\ninstrument bounces an ultrasonic wave off the surface and\nlistens for the return echo. The time from transmit to return of\nthe echo is the basis for determining the distance to the\nsurface. The sensor has a measurement range of 0.1-6 m, and an\naccuracy of +/- 1 cm or 0.4% of Distance to Target, whichever is\ngreatest. The measurement resolution is 0.5 mm. The IFOV of the\nsensor is approximately 20 degrees, so at low snow depths (large\ndistances) echoes are sometimes recorded from the tower itself,\nresulting in a multiple signal.\n\n[Source: University of Colorado at Boulder]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed5e049a-e17a-469f-8de4-20d9faa94b26", "label": "BOTTOM PRESSURE GAUGES", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "The system designed to monitor sea level consists of a\ncombination of a bottom pressure sensor (the tide gauge itself)\nand a surface barometer. The combined use of these two pressure\nmeasurements, altogether with the knowledge of the density\nprofile of the water column above the tide gauge, allows to\ninfer the water level above the bottom pressure sensor. It will\nbe shown that for shallow waters, the accuracy will mainly\ndepend on the accuracy of the pressure sensors.\n\nThe used bottom pressure gauge is a WLR7 Aanderaa, which has a\nquartz crystal sensor whose oscillating frequency is a function\nof the absolute pressure exerted on it. The range of frequency\nvariations of the sensor determines the range of depths where\nthe instrument may be used. Since the bottom pressure sensor\nmeasures not only the pressure exerted by the water column\nabove, but also the atmospheric pressure, the later must be\nmeasured and conveniently subtracted. The barometer used to\nmeasure the atmospheric pressure is an Aanderaa 2810 model\ngiving the pressure difference between the two sides of a thin\nmembrane that is exposed to the atmospheric pressure on one side\nand to a reference vacuum on the other. Finally, the tide gauge\nalso has temperature and conductivity sensors. The first is\nincluded in all models, since temperature is required to\ncalibrate the pressure measurements. Instead, the conductivity\ncell is attached as an optional sensor. Pressure measurements\nare finally transformed into water level by using the well-known\nhydrostatic relationship g P h r = (1)\n\nWhere h is the height above the pressure sensor, P is the\npressure difference measured by the gauge sensor and he\nbarometer, g is the gravity acceleration and r is the density of\nthe water column above the pressure sensor. In this simplified\nversion of the hydrostatic equation density is assumed as\nconstant along the water column above the instrument, a\nreasonable assumption for a few meters depths. The time\nvariation of density is obtained by using the values of\ntemperature and conductivity provided by the WRL7 sensors. The\ncomplementary approach regarding density measurements would be\nto obtain periodical CTD profiles at the instrument site. In\nthat case, the water column would not be taken as constant with\nheight, but the time variations would have to be interpolated in\nbetween the CTD measurements. This approach would be more\nappropriate for gauges deployed at open sea, at depths of the\norder of tens of meters.\n\n[Summary provided by the Institut Mediterrani d' Estudis Avancats]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa4fb154-aafb-4cdb-9c10-9c07cbae9432", "label": "GWLG", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "Used as meteorological sensor to measure the ground water level.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GWLG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Gauges\n Short_Name: GWLG\n Long_Name: GROUND WATER LEVEL GAUGES\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: GWLG\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb8f849f-bbe5-4c62-9a50-d729718ad980", "label": "E-BAM", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "The Met One Instruments E-BAM is in a class of its own as a portable, real-time beta gauge, which is comparable to U.S. EPA methods for PM2.5 and PM10 particulate measurements. The E-BAM has been built to satisfy users, regulators, and those from the health and safety community by providing truly accurate, precise, real time measurement of fine particulate matter. It is rugged, portable, battery operated, and deployable in 15 minutes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d3f2ff0-4f79-4ea8-b746-3fbcdd76f1f2", "label": "TE525 Rain Gauge", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "The TE525-series tipping bucket rain gages are manufactured by Texas Electronics. They funnel precipitation into a bucket mechanism that tips when filled to a calibrated value. A magnet attached to the tipping mechanism actuates a switch as the bucket tips. The momentary switch closure is counted by the pulse-counting circuitry of Campbell Scientific dataloggers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0098e812-3fd1-4f8d-aaeb-ff22a4edf804", "label": "ORG-815-DA", - "broader": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", + "parentId": "271601ce-3e85-4090-b70d-d28a70095c2d", "definition": "ORG® Optical Rain Gauge ORG-815 OSi’s ORG® (Optical Rain Gauge) is a superior tool\nfor rain measurement. The ORG® is the only instrument available to measure true rain rate. This\nmeans you avoid the reading errors due to mechanical limitations, which plague other low-\ntech gauges. No other rain sensor comes close to the ORG® in performance and features. Our scintillation technology has undisputed advantages over the competition.", "children": [] } @@ -10047,76 +10047,76 @@ { "uuid": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "label": "Electrical Meters", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "Devices that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by an electrically powered device. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Electrical Meters\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Electrical Meters\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "02064e6f-5647-4da1-bb5e-800924a82e27", "label": "GALVANOMETER", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "A galvanometer is a type of ammeter: an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection of some type of pointer in response to electric current flowing through its coil in a magnetic field. The term has expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.\n\n[Summary provided by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: GALVANOMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Electrical Meters\n Short_Name: GALVANOMETER\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/galvan.html\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer\n Sample_Image: http://www.elexp.com/test/sm-1102.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-17\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b6020a0-2e04-407d-83af-34eabfefb870", "label": "COULOMETERS", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "A COULOMETER is a meter that uses coulombs (a unit of electrical\ncharge equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of\n1 ampere in 1 second) to help measure.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "422f03c8-c41e-41e8-9ee0-6a3ecda8bb58", "label": "ELECTRIC FIELD MILL", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "Electric field mills are used to measure the vertical component of the electric\nfield as the aircraft flies in the vicinity of electrified clouds. The dynamic\nrange of these instruments extends from the fair weather fields (a few tens of\nV/m) to large thunderstorm fields (thousands of V/m). Using these field mills,\nit is possible to detect both intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning from the\nabrupt electric field changes in the data.\n\nFrom: MSFC/GHRC Glossary of terms:\nhttp://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghrc/glossary.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46f0f371-af6e-4125-9b26-edcedad523ac", "label": "MESA", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "The Miniature Electrostatic Analyzer (MESA), a USAFA-designed\npatch sensor that measures differential energy fluxes of\nelectrons from 0.1 eV to 13 eV in six channels, is the primary\nsensor aboard FalconSAT-2, a 25 kg micro-satellite manifested\nfor launch into an International Space Station (ISS) orbit via\nthe Space Shuttle in January 2003.\n\n[Summary provided by COSIS]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c6afb8e-9ceb-45c1-a393-823c14e4e01c", "label": "MIPS-EFM", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "The Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS) is a mobile\natmospheric profiling system. It includes a 915 MHz Doppler\nprofiler, lidar ceilometer, 12-channel microwave profiling\nradiometer, Doppler Sodar, Radio Acoustic Sounding System\n(RASS), Field Mills, and surface observing station. This dataset\nconsists of data from the Electric Field Mills that yield\ninformation about the atmospheric electrical fields above the\ninstruments.\n\n[Summary provided by GeoConnections]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "864856d9-94ac-4d71-abd3-3cbdbafb7184", "label": "RDEFM", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "The Rotating Dipole Electric Field Mill (RDEFM) is used to to\nmeasure the vertical component of the electric field as the\naircraft flies in the vicinity of electrified clouds. The\ndynamic range of these instruments extends from the fair weather\nfields (a few tens of V/m) to large thunderstorm fields\n(thousands of V/m). Using these field mills, it is possible to\ndetect both intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning from the\nabrupt electric field changes in the data.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a5b3beb-e397-4ab9-8ded-06940862bd89", "label": "UE", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ccbeebed-70e8-435e-ba33-b82d237caca4", "label": "ELECTROMETER", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical hand-made mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices. Modern electrometers based on vacuum tube or solid state technology can be used to make voltage and charge measurements with very low leakage currents, down to 1 femtoampere. A simpler but related instrument, the electroscope, works on similar principles but only indicates the relative magnitudes of voltages or charges.\n\n[Summary provided by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ELECTROMETER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Electrical Meters\n Short_Name: ELECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/electrometers/electrometers.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ptw.de/uploads/pics/unidos_atto.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-17\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1e33bbf-2f09-4e5d-ad79-a334f32839b1", "label": "VOLTAGE METERS", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "VOLTAGE METERS are meters that measure the potential difference\nbetween two points.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eeb86e6d-1b9e-41a8-9a61-813e5c0874e4", "label": "SNOW FORKS", - "broader": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", + "parentId": "2724649a-5bae-4b34-89c0-2e5ca6d3203b", "definition": "[Adapted from Snow Fork: A portable instrument for measuring the properties of\nsnow, 'http://personal.inet.fi/business/toikka/ToikkaOy/snowfork.htm']\n\nSnow forks are explicitly designed for field use. They are designed to operate\nin extreme conditions, ranging from rainy weather to as low as 40 °C below\nzero. The sensor is a steel fork used as a microwave resonator. Snow forks\nmeasure electrical parameters: resonant frequency, attenuation and 3-dB\nbandwidth. The measuring results are used to calculate accurately the complex\ndielectric constant of snow. Further, the liquid water content and density of\nsnow are calculated using semi-empirical equations. All data will be shown\nimmediately on the display and can be stored in a solid-state memory.\n\nMeasurements made by a snow fork are reliable because:\n\n* there is no sampling\n\n* the fork does not compress the snow pack\n\n* the measurement is easily repeatable\n\n* the instrument can be checked by calibration measurement in the air.", "children": [] } @@ -10125,1301 +10125,1301 @@ { "uuid": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "label": "Chemical Meters/Analyzers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "Instrument for monitoring, measuring, or recording the rate of flow, pressure, or discharge of a fluid, particularly those with a distinct molecular composition that is produced by or used in a chemical process. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Short_Name: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "03b03563-05d1-426f-9cc9-3410d4d5e214", "label": "OZONE SENSOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Ozone sensors are instruments that are able to to provide ozone\nleak detection and ozone level measurements.\n\n [Summary provided by Ozone Services.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ea6e92c-3970-4662-a960-b928fc46ec8b", "label": "PCASP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP) is an\nairborne probe, similar in size to the Cloud Particle Probe,\nPrecipitation Probe, and FSSP (see Cloud Physics\ninstrumentation). It is configured in a rugged 17.8 cm (7 inch)\ncylinder of 0.79 meter (31 inches) in length. A sampling cone\nextends out from the forward end cap, oriented in the direction\nof flight. A hollow rake at the rear of the cone creates a\nventuri that draws a large volume of air flow into the small\nopening at the tip of the cone during flight. The expanding cone\ndecelerates the input ram air to become iso-kinetic, with the\nsmall volume of actual sample air flow drawn straight into the\ninlet jet. The WMI-PCASP has 15 size channels, and measures\nparticles from 0.10 to 3.00 microns in diameter. Accuracy: ?20%\n(diameter), ?16% (concentration). The size that is determined by\nthe PCASP assumes that the scattered light detected is from a\nspherical particle of refractive index 1.58.\n\n[Summary provided by Weather Modifications, Inc]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ecdd685-9996-45af-b4e7-2df074c68368", "label": "EGC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "181b36db-751a-441e-b87e-6719bbef7f44", "label": "AETHALOMETER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A AETHAELOMETER is an instrument that measures soot\nconcentrations; used on an aircraft in the Kuwait Oil Fires.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1bed8644-6254-4b14-8409-07645044b10f", "label": "SPMAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fa24892-32e0-4c93-a6bf-23dc79301674", "label": "NOAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "25f8d5c2-1a32-4453-9421-65c5d9d3d114", "label": "SAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "276af45e-11f4-4545-a05a-f74a8ce2612e", "label": "CHN ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Analyzers (CHN ANALYZERS) are\ninstruments that performs analyses on the compound that contains\ncarbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "276edf98-202b-4ebc-b1e0-8deb61614d51", "label": "SWMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27d770a5-fd5d-4eca-a1a3-285ed5f35ac2", "label": "NM BARE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b2d61c1-30be-429d-8bc3-9ca8b81b4400", "label": "NDIR GAS ANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "NDIR Gas Analyzers measure the densities of a specific\ncomponent in a sample gas.\n\n[Summary provided by Shimadzu]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c133c21-9b0a-42e6-94ac-0f148fe5aeef", "label": "LACE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Lightweight Airborne Chromatograph Experiment (LACE) is a\ntwo-channel gas chromatograph (GC) that is designed for\noperation on balloons and remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) up to\n32 km in altitude. LACE, similar to Airborne Chromatograph for\nAtmospheric Trace Species (ACATS), is a joint collaborative\nproject between two National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) labs: the Climate Monitoring and\nDiagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) and Aeronomy Laboratory (AL) in\nBoulder, CO. The first test flights of this new instrument will\noccur during a Stratospheric Tracers for Atmospheric Transport\n(STRAT) deployment located at Fort Sumner, NM in June 1996. The\ndesign and construction of LACE is supported in part by the\nEnvironmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST)\nProgram of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Project of NOAA's Climate\nand Global Change Program (C&GP). The operation of LACE for\nSTRAT mission is s upported in part by the High Speed Research\nProgram (HSRP) of NASA, Upper Atmospheric Research Program of\nNASA, and the Atmospheric Chemistry Project of NOAA's C&CP.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/airborne/lace/lace.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "307def51-758d-4e3e-90a6-27d1603deb5b", "label": "2DS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32402358-e5dc-4c01-bede-5304ebea0584", "label": "GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Gas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample\nbeing vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The\nsample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile\nphase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed\nonto the surface of an inert solid.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "329d1c70-96da-43fd-b053-a4fb67e09d69", "label": "SPECIFIC ION METERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "SPECIFIC ION METERS measure and record all data about a certain\ntype, piece, fragment, and/ or section of an ion; They are\nspecific for a specific ion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35dc5fc4-4c96-44d9-8710-0e99e00201c8", "label": "FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Fluorescence illumination and observation is the most rapidly\nexpanding microscopy technique employed today, both in the\nmedical and biological sciences, a fact which has spurred the\ndevelopment of more sophisticated microscopes and numerous\nfluorescence accessories. Epi-fluorescence, or incident light\nfluorescence, has now become the method of choice in many\napplications and comprises a large part of this tutorial. We\nhave divided the fluorescence section of the primer into several\ncategories to make it easier to organize and download. Please\nfollow the links below to navigate to points of interest.\n\nIntroductory Concepts - Fluorescence is a member of the\nubiquitous luminescence family of processes in which susceptible\nmolecules emit light from electronically excited states created\nby either a physical (for example, absorption of light),\nmechanical (friction), or chemical mechanism. Generation of\nluminescence through excitation of a molecule by ultraviolet or\nvisible light photons is a phenomenon termed photoluminescence,\nwhich is formally divided into two categories, fluorescence and\nphosphorescence, depending upon the electronic configuration of\nthe excited state and the emission pathway. Fluorescence is the\nproperty of some atoms and molecules to absorb light at a\nparticular wavelength and to subsequently emit light of longer\nwavelength after a brief interval, termed the fluorescence\nlifetime. The process of phosphorescence occurs in a manner\nsimilar to fluorescence, but with a much longer excited state\nlifetime.\n\nAnatomy of the Fluorescence Microscope - In contrast to other\nmodes of optical microscopy that are based on macroscopic\nspecimen features, such as phase gradients, light absorption,\nand birefringence, fluorescence microscopy is capable of imaging\nthe distribution of a single molecular species based solely on\nthe properties of fluorescence emission. Thus, using\nfluorescence microscopy, the precise location of intracellular\ncomponents labeled with specific fluorophores can be monitored,\nas well as their associated diffusion coefficients, transport\ncharacteristics, and interactions with other biomolecules. In\naddition, the dramatic response in fluorescence to localized\nenvironmental variables enables the investigation of pH,\nviscosity, refractive index, ionic concentrations, membrane\npotential, and solvent polarity in living cells and tissues.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/\nfluorhome.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37d788e3-1313-44a9-9446-03f863b457ff", "label": "PAN ANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ce7f4f0-d2db-4352-8762-d88296f7aa15", "label": "GC-MS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "In the simplest terms, the GC/MS instrument represents a device\nthat separates chemical mixtures (the GC component) and a very\nsensitive detector (the MS component) with a data collector (the\ncomputer component).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://caag.state.ca.us/bfs/toxlab/gcms.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the California Bureau of Forensic Services]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e507cc0-d6a2-4bd5-9598-70956268e9aa", "label": "TSI CPC-3025", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "TSI's Model 3025A Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter is a continuous-flow particle counter that detects particles as small as 3 nm in diameter. A sheath-air flow design optimizes this CPC's efficiency for detecting ultrafine particles, for concentrations up to 105 particles/cm3. The 3025A responds quickly to concentration changes. It includes a front-panel display for viewing particle counts or concentration data. An internal microprocessor and built-in serial port simplify data collection and storage.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e95f655-a6d2-4779-bd88-8d7c90f4a395", "label": "LOPC-PMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "424121d2-5124-4883-bdc5-b827e3408050", "label": "FIA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43bf80b9-854e-4e21-b36b-6b66f1f27687", "label": "OAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Oxidants Automatic Measuring Instrument (OAMI) is a instrument\nfor measuring sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen; used for\nmonitoring air pollution.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44d843af-0ffe-4f1b-9729-d239440bc20a", "label": "PLANT STRESS MONITOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Plant Stress Monitors measure measures plant health by determining\nthe chlorophyll content of leaves. NASA also is seeking qualified\nU.S. companies to help further develop through exclusive or non-\nexclusive licenses a second device. That device, available for\ndevelopment between NASA and a commercial partner, is a portable\nvideo imager that determines plant health by measuring the\nreflected light of leaves to determine their chlorophyll content.\nThe device gives the user an easy-to-read indication of the\ncondition of plants being observed.\n\nResearchers at Stennis have constructed a prototype of each\ndevice and filed patent applications. The benefits of the new\ndevices are their portability, easy use, low cost, adaptability\nand accuracy. The devices may be applied to such areas as\nagriculture, precision farming, horticulture, plant research,\nforestry, paper manufacturing, lawn care and other public and\ngovernment activities.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b8e3b9a-ee98-41e1-94aa-263ebbd4de58", "label": "CPA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Charged Particle Analyzer (CPA) experiment consists of four\ndetectors including the LoE, HiE, LoP and HiP. Each will be\ndescribed in some detail. The reader is referred to Higbie, et\nal., 1978, or Baker, et al., 1985, for further instrument\ninformation.\n\nCPA experiments were flown on a series of LANL satellites\nbeginning in 1976. In all, 8 satellites were flown, the last was\nlaunched in 1987. After 1979 a constellation of at least three\nsatellites with CPA detectors were continuously maintained and\nthe data from some subset were processed up until\n1995. Currently two satellites remain operational, however, the\nCPA data from these is not processed due to processor\nlimitations and their function has been replaced with other LANL\nsatellites with SOPA detectors.\n\nThe LoE (low energy electron) subsystem is a set of five,\nsimilar, solid-state sensors (700 microns thick) in a fan\narrangement at angles of +/- 60, +/- 45 and 0 degrees to the\nnormal to the satellite spin axis (directed toward the\nEarth). Each telescope has a collimating aperture with a half\nangle of ~2.6 degrees, which provides a geometrical factor of\n3.096E-03 cm-sq sr. As the satellite spins, (period of ~10\nseconds), the telescopes sweep out parallel bands. During the\ncourse of a single rotation, the five LoE detectors record 200\nsamples of the unit sphere at each energy. There are six nested\nenergy channels with approximate lower thresholds of 30, 45,\n65, 95, 140, and 200 keV. Each channel has an upper threshold\nof 300 keV. Each of the five telescopes is fronted by an\naluminized Mylar sunscreen. The LoE telescopes do not\ndiscriminate between particle species, but rely instead on the\nnormal preponderance of electrons at GEO. Therefore, there is\nalways a small contaminatio n of each electron channel by\nprotons and other ions (usually less than 1%).\n\nThe HiE (high energy electron) subsystem is a single element,\ncollimated, solid-state sensor (3000 microns thick) mounted\nperpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis with a field-of-view\nhalf angle of 3.7 degrees and a geometrical factor of 1.407 E-02\ncm-sq sr. It is designed to monitor high-energy electrons. There\nare six nested energy channels with approximate lower thresholds\nof 200, 290, 430, 630, 930, and 1350 keV. Each channel has an\nupper threshold of 2000 keV. The HiE detector records 40 samples\nof the particle distribution each rotation. It is fronted by an\naluminized Mylar sunscreen. As with the LoE, the HiE depends on\nthe preponderance of electrons at GEO for species\ndiscrimination.\n\nThe LoP (low energy proton) subsystem is a single element,\ncollimated, solid-state sensor (85 microns thick) mounted\nperpendicular to the spacecraft spin axis with a field-of-view\nhalf angle of 2.8 degrees and a geometrical factor of 2.948E-03\ncm-sq sr. It is designed to monitor protons, and has 10 nested\nenergy channels with lower thresholds that vary from satellite\nto satellite, but which are about 80, 90, 110, 135, 175, 200,\n240, 300, 365, 455 keV and an upper threshold of ~580 keV. The\nLoP detector records 40 samples of the particle distribution\neach rotation. Electron contamination to the proton channels is\nminimized by the action of a sweeping magnet. An\nanti-coincidence scintillation discriminator vetoes particles\npenetrating the sensor. The LoP is fronted by a 90 micro-inch,\nnickel sunscreen.\n\nThe HiP (high energy proton) subsystem is a single, tri-element,\ncollimated, solid-state telescope (45 microns, 3300 microns,\nand 500 microns thick) mounted perpendicular to the spacecraft\nspin axis. Except for the collimated aperture, the stack of\nthree solid-state sensors is completely surrounded by a plastic\nanti-coincidence shield. The HiP detector has two slightly\ndifferent fields-of-view and geometrical factors, depending on\nwhich sensor element the particle is analyzed by field-of-view\nhalf angles of 6.5 and 6.7 degrees and geometrical factors of\n4.685 E-02 and 4.813 E-02 cm-sq sr. The HiP is designed to\nmonitor high-energy protons with 16 differential energy\nchannels. The channels differ slightly from satellite to\nsatellite due to slight variations in sensor dead-layers and in\nthe thickness of the front elements. However, the nominal\nenergy thresholds for the 16 channels are 0.4 MeV, 0.5, 0.6,\n0.8, 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.8, 4.3, 8.0 14, 23, 33, 48, 71, and 100,\nwith an uppe r threshold of ~160 MeV. Like the LoP, the HiP\nrecords 40 samples of the particle distribution each\nrotation. Again, electron contamination to the proton channels\nis minimized by the action of a one kilogauss sweeping\nmagnet. The HiP collimator is fronted by an aluminized Mylar\nsunscreen.\n\n[Summary provided by Leadbelly.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ee25aa6-e372-49db-8d5a-b9e1ccf76668", "label": "NEUTRON MONITORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "NEUTRON MONITORS are devices that observe and study by way of\nmeasurement and recording data about the neutron or uncharged\n(neutral) subatomic particle.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "554a3c73-3b48-43ea-bf5b-8b98bc2b11bc", "label": "ADS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "[Adapted from 'AUTOMATED DNA SEQUENCING',\n'http://www.p2000.umich.edu/chemical_waste/cw12.htm#Overview', by University of\nMichigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health]\n\nIn general, DNA sequencing involves determining the positions of labeled \nnucleotides that have been incorporated into a replicated piece of DNA. \nTraditionally, the nucleotides were labeled with radioactive isotopes and the \nsequnce read using autoradiography. The use of an automated DNA sequencer, \nhowever, negates the need for radioactive isotopes, and instead, uses a \nfluorescent dye to label the nucleotides. A laser stimulates the fluorescent \ndye, and then, the fluorescent emissions are collected on a charge coupled \ndevice that determines the wavelengths of those emissions. Each labeled \nnucleotide is distinguished by a different wavelenth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b02f9eb-6261-43c4-b403-25a4aa289e37", "label": "MERCURY ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c38595e-5e7d-4513-9f0e-aa9b5f6b139f", "label": "PH METERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "PH METERS are meters that measure the pH of any substance; water\nis neutral at 7.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e72c9a6-342e-4632-bb60-87a898f359b1", "label": "AEROSOL/CLOUD PARTICLE SIZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f22a292-3c44-416a-ab29-fa9bfabb906b", "label": "TOTCAP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Program (AEAP) is charged\nwith the effects of aircraft on climate and on the chemistry of\nthe atmosphere. Much of this effort has been dedicated to\ninterpretation of atmospheric observations and prediction of\nthe impact of future aircraft fleets using two-and\nthree-dimensional models. However, some of the information\nneeded to assess aircraft impacts is lacking. In response, the\nTropospheric Ozone and Tracers from Commercial Aircraft\nPlatforms (TOTCAP) project was conceived as a means to gather a\nlong-term data set that would address transport in the\ntropopause region. Students in Linnea Avallone's group and LASP\ntechnical staff have designed and tested a suite of instruments\nthat measures several trace gases. Although ultimately this\ninstrument package will be flown on commercial (revenue)\naircraft, it was initially deployed on NASA's DC-8 flying\nlaboratory during the SOLVE campaign to study ozone loss in the\nnorthern hemisphere. Four i ndependent chemical sensors are\npackaged into a single unit that operates autonomously.\n\nMeasurements of ozone (by ultraviolet absorption), water vapor\n(by near-infrared tunable diode laser spectroscopy), carbon\ndioxide (by near-infrared absorption), and short-lived\nhalocarbons (by gas chromatography) are made continuously\nduring aircraft flight, every second for O3, H2O and CO2, and\nevery four minutes for halocarbons. The wide range of lifetimes\nand source/sink processes for these compounds provide the means\nto assess the relative importance of various transport\nprocesses in determining the chemical composition of the\ntropopause region. A more complete understanding of these\nprocesses (e.g., convection, stratosphere-troposphere exchange)\nis essential to the construction of realistic atmospheric\nmodels that are used to assess the impact of aviation. Until\napplications on commercial aircraft become a reality, the\ninstruments will be used in other projects to study chemistry\nand transport in the troposphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lasp.colorado.edu/programs_missions/present/totcap/'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Colorado]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "664b4f38-b657-42de-9e76-f300805b02ac", "label": "TSI CPC-3010", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "With a footprint that measures only 19 by 22 cm, the Model 3010 offers flexibility and convenience that only a small particle counter can provide. Yet it includes a number of high-powered features. Like a lower detection limit of 10 nm. Its high signal-to-noise ratio means it detects these small particles with remarkable accuracy. Its higher flow rate makes it more suitable for low-concentration aerosols. Like our top-of-the-line Condensation Particle Counters, the Model 3010 includes a front-panel display, microprocessor, and serial port. Plus, it is SMPS compatible. The 3010 requires an external pump, which must be purchased separately.\n\nTrade-In your CPC Model 3010 and recieve 15% off the purchase of the newer, equivalent model.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6656d674-a63d-4c68-9a61-59fd8cdf0c6b", "label": "ACATS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Airborne Chromatograph For Atmospheric Trace Species (ACATS) is designed to measure a variety of organic chlorine and long-lived species in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. The instrument includes four separate gas chromatographic (GC) channels each incorporating an electron capture detector. Channels can be configured by selecting different GC columns to measure the following combination of individual trace gas species: CFC-11 and CFC-113; CH3CCl3 (MC) and CCl4 (CT); CFC-12 and N2O; or HCFC-22, CH3Cl, or hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. The gas chromatograph can measure one sample every 2-3 minutes with a detection limit of 2% of the maximum tropospheric value. The absolute accuracy of the measurement is +/- 3% plus precision.\n\nThis research is supported by the High Speed Research Program (HSRP) of NASA and the Atmospheric Chemistry Project of NOAA's Global Climate Change Program.\n\nAdditional information available at the ACATS Home Page:\nhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/airborne/acats/\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACATS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Short_Name: ACATS\n Long_Name: Airborne Chromatograph for Atmospheric Trace Species\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: NASA WB-57F\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/airborne/acats/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66caadfa-f3e1-4491-918a-5db7c07f8e19", "label": "HPLC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is one method for identifying\nvarious phytoplankton groups in water samples by using pigments as\nchemotaxonomic markers. HPLC also has a wide variety of applications in\nseparation, identification, purification, and quantification of various\ncompounds.\nSee:\nhttp://kerouac.pharm.uky.edu/ASRG/HPLC/hplcmytry.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67e485bb-e086-4fd1-9f04-519d13a51476", "label": "SOPA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The The Synchronous Orbit Particle Analyzer (SOPA) instrument is\ndesigned to provide high spatial, high-resolution energetic\nparticle measurements at geo-synchronous orbit on spinning\nsatellites. As such it monitors electrons, protons, helium,\ncarbon, nitrogen, and oxygen ions individually and all particles\nwith Z > sulfur and all particles with Z > strontium above\ncertain energies. Finally, the SOPA E by dE/dx capability is\nexploited to provide dual parameter pulse height analysis\n(PHA). This feature extends the ion coverage, in principal, to\nall ions. The SOPA instrument, because it collects many samples\nof the surrounding particle populations (64 per spin period),\ncan be used to determine the symmetry axis of the distribution\nthus providing the magnetic field orientation. The reader is\nreferred to Belian, et al., 1992, for further information.\n\nThe instrument consists of three solid-state detector telescopes\n(T1, T2 and T3) that accept particles from three different\ndirections relative to the spacecraft spin axis. Each telescope\nconsists of a thin, 4 ?m, 10 mm2 front detector followed by a\nthick, 3000 ?m, 25 mm2 back detector. A collimator, with 11?\n(full width) field of view fronts the detector stack. High and\nlow Z passive shielding completely surround the active\nsolid-state detectors providing protection from side penetrating\nparticles. The shielding is sized to stop 50% of the 6 MeV\nelectrons and 65 MeV protons incident normal to the shielding\nsurface.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://leadbelly.lanl.gov/psm/dickb.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Leadbelly]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "686f0f1d-ed3c-4510-8bee-224f195013ab", "label": "OZONE DETECTORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A Ozone Detector is typically used in areas around ozone\ngenerators, gas chambers, vent gas (post-destruct) systems, gas\ndelivery systems, and inside semiconductor tools. In most of\nthese environments an ozone detector is required in order to\ncomply OSHA/TLV requirements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.inusacorp.com/ozone_detector_d.html'\n\n[Summary provided by InUSA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68c246e3-ae56-4976-9fe2-7300cfa7d97a", "label": "IONIZATION CHAMBER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A IONIZATION CHAMBER is an apparatus used to study the\nproduction of ions in the atmosphere by cosmic ray and\nradioactive bombardment of air molecules; it is an airtight\ncontainer usually cylindrical and has an insulated electrode in\nthe center of the chamber; ions produced are collected by the\nelectrode and measured by an electrometer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a7f7d2d-6d6d-4bd2-b814-0f8e4df3896a", "label": "HAMI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b018752-d66e-46d7-8fe7-76aa2c8e2e13", "label": "RPA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Retarding Potential Analyzer (RPA) which was developed at the University of\nTexas at Dallas, were flown aboard NASA's Dynamics Explorer-2 spacecraft. It\nconsists of two planar sensors that view approximately along the spacecraft\nvelocity vector. One sensor provides a measure of the total ion flux entering\nthe sensor aperture from which structure in this parameter can be measured with\nextreme sensitivity. The other sensor has internal grids that can be stepped\nthrough positive voltage waveforms to modulate the incoming ion flux that\nreaches the collector. The resulting ion-flux versus retarding potential\nmeasurements are used to derive the ion temperature, the ion drift velocity\nalong the sensor look direction ,and the ion composition. \n\n[Source: University of Texas, Dallas.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bbff5f7-727a-4c21-b322-2c2ff16aca8d", "label": "UHSAS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c810285-f58a-4790-800e-1fb55919b30e", "label": "CNC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Condensation Nuclei Counter (CNC) is optical method for\ncounting atmospheric aerosol particles.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e67cba9-163d-41f6-b9bc-177298e24f55", "label": "PICARRO G2401-mc CO2, CH4, CO, H2O INSTRUMENT", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78090906-ba69-42f4-97a0-c770556e236e", "label": "FLOW CYTOMETRY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "'Cytometry refers to the measurement of physical and/or chemical\ncharacteristics of cells, or, by extension, of other biological particles. Flow\nCytometry is a process in which such measurements are made while the cells or\nparticles pass, preferably in single file, through the measuring apparatus in a\nfluid stream. Flow Sorting extends flow cytometry by using electrical or\nmechanical means to divert and collect cells with one or more measured\ncharacteristics falling within a range or ranges of values set by the user.'\n\nThis definition for Flow Cytometry is adapted from the third edition of: Howard\nShapiro: 'Practical Flow Cytometry'. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79f76e22-ae42-450d-8bed-d05a800f6ea0", "label": "AUTOANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "An AutoAnalyzer provides a testing and software maintenance\nenvironment for software engineers. Builds an interactive structure\nchart of source code, traces use of global variables, measures and\ndisplays test coverage analysis, performance information.\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7aecabfb-0047-484f-8396-efc0da16bc20", "label": "CO2 ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "CO2 ANALYZERS are devices that that performs analyses on carbon\ndioxide; similar to the carbon and CHN analyzers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b08ac7a-6242-4fc5-bff9-e7d0c6341555", "label": "CPC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bd773dd-d715-473b-8e24-64b32138515f", "label": "GAS CORRELATION FILTERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "GAS CORRELATION FILTERS are a form of nondispersive infrared\nspectrometry that takes advantage of the banded nature of\ngas-phase infrared spectra.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f60d215-8aea-467c-9c48-8a88d35da522", "label": "CCN", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Developed by Droplet Measurement Technologies, the CFSTGC is based on a concept by Roberts and Nenes [2005]. The instrument counts the fraction of aerosol particles that become droplets when exposed to a given water vapor supersaturation (RH > 100%).\n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/CFSTGC", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f7bb2bd-89a6-418e-b291-8fb5af7dcf4f", "label": "GAS SENSORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f96c0f8-d032-4055-95e6-2dcb4f3cc045", "label": "ROCK-EVAL IV", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8421ed50-4ae2-4df7-bd76-9fd7b8aea9a6", "label": "FLAME-IONIZATION DETECTOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "FLAME-INONIZATION DETECTORS are types of detectors used in gas\nchromatography; Individual components of a gas mixture elute\nfrom the column and are burned in a hydrogen flame, where a\nlarge quantity of ions are produced. The ions are vented through\na collector tube, which is maintained at some electrical\npotential so that a current passes through the ions produced in\nthe flame to the collector. The current measured is proportional\nto the quantity of eluted compound. The technique has found the\nmost for the measurement of organic compounds (hydrocarbons) in\nthe atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "861b4cd3-ffb6-4e6f-b3df-368d082ca812", "label": "OZONE MONITORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Ozone Monitors continuously measures the concentration of ozone\nin the air. Air drawn into the instrument is divided into two\npaths, one of which has a scrubber that removes all the ozone\nfrom the air stream. Abeam of ultraviolet light is passed\nthrough both air streams and the difference in the amount of\nlight that is absorbed by the two streams is proportional to the\nozone concentration. This ability to absorb ultraviolet light is\nwhy ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from excessive\nultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ground-level ozone, formed\nfrom photochemical reactions involving oxides of nitrogen and\nreactive organic compounds, is linked to respiratory injury and\nincreased incidence of asthma attacks.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.wx.rutgers.edu/PAM/apm.shtml'\n\n[Summary provided by Rutgers University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b2daf2b-79d8-4a58-af0d-77fe1bc4191b", "label": "PMS 2D-S PROBE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "[Source: LPVEx Two-Dimensional Stereo Probe and Cloud Particle Imager home page, http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/uso/ds_docs/gpmgv/lpvex/gpmcilpvex/gpmcilpvex_dataset.html ]\n\nThe 2D stereo probe (2D-S) utilizes two laser beams that cross at right angles in the middle of the sample volume. The overlap region where the two laser beams intersect defines an area where two orthogonal views of particles are obtained, which improves sample volume boundaries and sizing of small (less than 100 μm) particles as compared to conventional optical array probes. The use of two high-speed, 128-photodiode linear arrays allows the 2D-S probe to produce shadowgraph particle images with 10-μm pixel resolution at aircraft speeds up to 250 m s−1. The stereo views of particles in the overlap region can also improve determination of the three-dimensional shape of a particle. Features of this probe are:\n\n- Has two 128-photodiode linear arrays working independently as high-speed and high-resolution optical imaging probes.\n\n- Captures two-dimensional images of particles passing through the sample volume where laser beams overlap.\n\n- The region where the beams overlap uniquely defines the depth-of-field (and thus the sample volume) for small particles.\n\n- Response time is 10 times faster than older probes.\n\n- Particles as small as 10 microns imaged at 200 m/s.\n\n- Greatly improved determination of sample volume and sizing of small particles less than 100 microns.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PMS 2D-S PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Short_Name: PMS 2D-S PROBE\n Long_Name: Particle Measuring Systems 2D-S Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: BEECHCRAFT KING AIR\n End_Group\n Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information\n Spectral_Frequency_Resolution: 10 microns\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/uso/ds_docs/gpmgv/lpvex/gpmcilpvex/gpmcilpvex_dataset.html\n Creation_Date: 2011-03-01\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b6b7c59-9eba-4b28-8d56-998b3681b237", "label": "PMS 2D-P PROBE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Particle Measuring System (PMS) Two Dimensional Cloud and\nPrecipitation (2D-P) Probe records the two dimensional shadows\nof hydrometeors as they pass through a focussed He-Ne laser\nbeam.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghrc/glossary/glossary-ps.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c26aafd-eebc-41ad-8bed-d48a1da42c7d", "label": "AEROSOL MONITOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The aerosol monitor measures mass concentrations of airborne\ndust, smoke, mists, haze, and fumes and provides continuous\nreal-time readouts.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92f99316-b581-4adb-9980-aeb6bed64eee", "label": "CIP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "CIP obtains cloud particle images using a 64-element photodiode array probe to generate 2-Dimensional images of particles from 25-1550 μm, as well as sizing in 1-Dimensional histogram form, and includes housekeeping data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "950f43fd-6ae5-4843-92b4-90777ae8f0be", "label": "LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHS are sensors that study or collect data\nfrom the liquid layers of the chromatosphere (solar atmosphere\nabove the PHOTOSPHERE and beneath the transition region and the\nCORONA).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "965f5727-1ea6-44ad-915c-962614ba9253", "label": "PMS 2D-C PROBE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Particle Measuring System Two Dimentional Cloud and Precipitation (2D-c) Probe records the two dimensional shadows of cloud hydrometeors as they pass through a focussed He-Ne laser beam in the size range 25-800 micrometers.\n\n[Summary provided by Global Hydrology Resource Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PMS 2D-C PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Instrument_Type: PMS 2D-C PROBE\n Short_Name: PMS 2D-C PROBE\n Long_Name: Particle Measuring Systems 2D-C Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/data/software/pms2d\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96caaaf9-c813-4973-9491-772a7963b792", "label": "AWQT", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "972dae4e-73b2-46d1-8817-3789bef4e11b", "label": "PAM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A Portable Fluorescence Analyzer (PAM) is a device used to\nmeasure chlorophyll fluorescence.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9fb77604-82f9-4ad1-9995-c0a99df09629", "label": "PMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2983835-be12-4a07-b2b5-349718045ab4", "label": "FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Among instrumental techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy is\nrecognized as one of the more sensitive. In fluorescence, the\nintensity of the emission of the sample is measured. The reason\nfor the high sensitivity of fluorescence techniques is that the\nemission signal is measured above a low background level. This\nis inherently more sensitive than comparing two relatively large\nsignals as in absorption spectroscopy. The sensitivity of\nfluorescence techniques is as much as 1000 times more sensitive\nthan absorption spectroscopy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.pti-nj.com/tech_3.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3df384f-6eea-47a5-9846-ff9e4dfd5ec5", "label": "ARGUS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "ARGUS is a two channel, tunable diode laser instrument set up\nfor the simultaneous, in situ measurement of CO (carbon\nmonoxide) and CH4 (methane) in the troposphere and lower\nstratosphere. The instrument measures 40 x 30 x 30 cm and weighs\n21 kg. An auxiliary, in-flight calibration system has dimensions\n42 x 26 x 34 cm and weighs 17 kg. The instrument is an\nabsorption spectrometer operating in rapid scan, second-harmonic\nmode using frequency-modulated tunable lead-salt diode lasers\nemitting in the mid-infrared.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad863cd5-c697-4221-9280-31ac395e80c6", "label": "SMPS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) Sizer is based on\nthe principal of the mobility of a charged particle in an\nelectric field. Particles entering the system are neutralized\n(using a radioactive source) such that they have a Fuchs\nequilibrium charge distribution. They then enter a Differential\nMobility Analyzer (DMA) where the aerosol is classified\naccording to electrical mobility, with only particles of a\nnarrow range of mobility exiting through the output slit. This\nmonodisperse distribution then goes to a Condensation Particle\nCounter, which determines the particle concentration at that\nsize. The DMA consists of a cylinder, with a negatively charged\nrod at the center; the main flow through the DMA is particle\nfree 'sheath' air. It is important that this flow is\nlaminar. The particle flow is injected at the outside edge of\nthe DMA, particles with a positive charge move across the sheath\nflow towards the central rod, at a rate determined by their\nelectrical mobility.\n\nParticles of a given mobility exit through the sample slit at\nthe top of the DMA, while all other particles exit with the\nexhaust flow. The size of particle exiting through the slit\nbeing determined by the particles size, charge, central rod\nvoltage, and flow within the DMA. By (in the case of the SMPS)\nexponentially scanning the voltage on the central rod, a full\nparticle size distribution is built up.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cloudbase.phy.umist.ac.uk/field/instruments/smps.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Atmospheric Physics Group]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b116ce39-0740-423e-89cc-111c14439f7c", "label": "ION CHROMATOGRAPHS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "ION CHROMATOGRAPHS are recorders that are used in\nchromatography; a form of high pressure liquid chromatography\nusing conductivity detectors where a combination of weak ionic\nsolvents are used to separate anions and cations of a solution,\nwith the contribution of the solvent to conductivity suppressed\njust prior to detection; measures anions such as sulfate,\nnitrate, and chloride in hydrometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b18726c7-97b1-48a4-9ee0-9ed77415634f", "label": "GC-ECD", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Gas Chromatography - Electron Capture Detector or GC-ECD is a technique used to analyze halogenated compounds and is primarily used in the environmental, forensic and pharmaceutical markets. Within an ECD, when certain molecules pass by the detector, they capture some of the electrons in the sample and this reduces the current measured. The compensation for this reduction is recorded as a positive peak.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b23f0161-64bb-45d7-b0c1-85aa9a1d2c8d", "label": "PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The photosynthesis chamber is the chamber used to demonstrate\nthat photosynthesis is taking place in the leaves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b46bf990-c49d-4302-96ee-dce3c4f96d08", "label": "CARBON ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A CARBON ANALYZER is an instrument that performs analyses on the\nelement of carbon and its many forms; studies all aspects of\nstate, behavior, formation, and composition.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b74e1bfe-67bf-4120-a399-56ebe124dfc8", "label": "UCATS-GC", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9caa53c-dc7d-4422-bacf-6fe5c092a7c9", "label": "AVOCET", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b9e15e2b-d3a4-42a5-9ddb-dff368d2a12f", "label": "CHNS/O ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Instrument used for measuring carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen content in organic and other types of materials.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CHNS/O ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Chemical Meters/Analyzers\n Short_Name: CHNS/O ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://las.perkinelmer.com/content/RelatedMaterials/Brochures/BRO_2400SeriesIICHNSOelementalAnalyzer.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-15\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb7586fa-5af4-495d-ab07-4f9c4a79b1a6", "label": "GC-FID", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector or GC-FID is a common analytical technique that is widely used in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical and natural gas markets. A flame ionization detector (FID) is a scientific instrument that measures the concentration of organic species in a gas stream. It is frequently used as a detector in gas chromatography. An FID typically uses a Hydrogen/Air flame into which the sample is passed to oxidize organic molecules and produces electrically charged particles (ions). The ions are collected and produce an electrical signal which is then measured.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bfc1ba63-1ad4-43a1-9afc-0caa8b06cf89", "label": "SOMMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "An important facet of the US DOE sponsored research has been the\ndevelopment, purchase and use of standardized instrumentation\nfor use by the various measurement groups. In particular, the\nScience Team has emphasized the use of the SOMMA (Single\nOperator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) system, developed by\nKen Johnson, for the measurement of total dissolved inorganic\ncarbon.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.oasdpo.bnl.gov/mosaic/DOECO2/background.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca207c43-257d-459f-98e4-0f93e7105dc2", "label": "WAS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Whole Air Sampler (WAS) collects samples for a range of\ntrace gases including CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, Methane, C2-C5 alkanes,\nC1 and C2 chlorinated compounds, Halons, methyl halides,\nBromochloromethanes, alkyl nitrates, etc.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/dir_off/airborne/was.html'\n\n[Source: NCAR]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d069d617-1506-4b3c-bda2-55397c232f7f", "label": "IRGA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA)is a portable, battery-powered\ninstrument, used to measure the carbon dioxide (CO2)\nconcentration in air and in enclosed chambers.\n\n[Summary provided by the Coweeta Long Term Ecological Research]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1a3d7a9-cc76-4e8a-a587-b603ef30b5c2", "label": "DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZERS are devices used to remove from\na flowing gas stream a predictable fraction of particles within\na narrow size range based upon electrical mobility (the\nelectrical velocity of the particle divided by the field\nstrength).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d57eaaed-a3e4-4d41-8fce-48ebaff1d5df", "label": "SFM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8efbcb9-9ab3-4016-b7ff-6426cd0bf545", "label": "EQUILIBRATORS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "EQUILIBRIATORS are devices used to bring data or material to a\nchemical stasis, state of balance or equilibrium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d984900c-fb06-4e06-9400-3d51b868663c", "label": "INCUBATOR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "An incubator is an apparatus in which environmental conditions, such as\ntemperature and humidity, can be controlled, often used for growing bacterial\ncultures, hatching eggs artificially, or providing suitable conditions for a\nchemical or biological reaction.\n\n[The American Heritage Dictionary.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9e2e316-5a3e-42f4-b10a-b51bd53d0f9a", "label": "FRRF", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df90c6d6-4201-4f3a-9792-22395447add6", "label": "PICARRO L2130-i Flight Ready Water Vapor Isotopic Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0882651-d7f3-4a49-bce4-db48d7228875", "label": "POROMETER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A Porometer is an instrument used for determining the total\nthrough and non-through pore volume of materials.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.arcihyd.com/html/tf/pp.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by ARCI]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3f31009-e95d-411f-b5ce-2e17e5905ac5", "label": "UCN", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4f6292b-6823-48b9-85ef-df8e7f911c6e", "label": "LGR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "LGR's CO/CO2 Analyzer simultaneously measures ambient levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water vapor with extraordinary precision in real time. Of course, higher precision may be achieved with modest averaging. (For simultaneous measurements of N2O and CO, please refer to LGR's N2O/CO Analyzer.) The instrument may be set up in minutes and does not require any cryogens or consumables. In addition, the Analyzer simultaneously measures water vapor mixing ratios with very high precision and accuracy. As a result, the instrument also reports the measured gases on a dry mole fraction basis accurately in real time without the need for sample drying, empirical corrections, or any post processing.\n\nhttps://www.lgrinc.com/analyzers/overview.php?prodid=32&type=gas", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e553e68d-bc64-4b5b-b4e5-c01cf3fc68d9", "label": "IR CO2 ANALYZER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5e172d6-34e8-4cf7-8734-e5dbe487794f", "label": "SSIES", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e83fdef6-eca3-4ce2-b3b3-8e92c385836b", "label": "STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e904c3c7-0111-4d09-bb01-2b7bea9b4d3f", "label": "FLUOROMETERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A fluorometer is an instrument that measures the amount of\nfluorescent radiation produced by a sample exposed to\nmonochromatic radiation.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/createsensorsupweb'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee6320cf-7ee8-4282-99f1-c5dc4dd42ca6", "label": "AIR PERMEAMETERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Air permeameters measure the permeability of air through a solid substance \nsuch as snow, ice, soils, or rock.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eeed0f6b-5821-420f-b928-b0db22cabf74", "label": "CO2NDIR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A Carbon Dioxide Nondispersive Infrared Analyzer (C02NDIR) registers \nconcentrations of CO2 in a stream of flowing air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f079e001-14f8-4a4b-85a3-1d73b98d0e3d", "label": "P-SYSTEM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f131b3c1-72a6-4559-b586-a4a8f4a2fed9", "label": "ACFA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1cabbcf-e278-49a1-8c6f-2ee656e9a914", "label": "LICOR GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Licor Gas Exchange System measures photosynthesis,\nfluorescence and soil CO2 flux.\n\n[Summary provided by Li-Cor]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f54fd6d0-9705-4f45-8c78-7eaba058b1b6", "label": "GC-TCD", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Gas Chromatography -Thermal Conductivity Detector or GC-TCD is a technique used to analyze inorganic gases (Argon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, etc.) and small hydrocarbon molecules. The TCD compares the thermal conductivity of two gas flows - the pure carrier (reference) gas and the sample. Changes in the temperature of the electrically-heated wires in the detector are affected by the thermal conductivity of the gas which flows around this. The changes in this thermal conductivity are sensed as a change in electrical resistance and are measured.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6a4576d-be7e-4f4c-b95a-a6a66245f1ec", "label": "APMS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6fd5d33-b69c-4e75-9f97-be980d8f2d1b", "label": "LICOR SOIL GAS CHAMBER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The LICOR Soil Gas Chamber measures soil CO2 flux. The chamber has infrared \nanalyzers built into the sensor head.\n\nSee:\nhttp://www.licor.com/env/Products/li6400/6400_soil.jsp", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f7a09d7f-59cd-495d-97ad-bc7a09a50b0d", "label": "OZONEMETERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "OZONEMETERS are instruments for ascertaining the amount of ozone\nin the atmosphere, or in any gaseous mixture.\n\n[Source: Dictionary.Com]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f8e7d425-cfe3-4b7e-b09d-7ae9770ffdd9", "label": "ARI MINI CO, N2O, H2O", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb4c76e9-8aa8-4c4a-8346-44c8bf735633", "label": "ATHOS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Airborne Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (ATHOS) uses\nlaser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to measure OH and HO2\nsimultaneously. OH is both excited and detected with the A2S+(u\n'=0) ? X2P +(u '=0) transition near 308 nm. HO2 is first reacted\nwith reagent NO to form OH and is then detected with LIF.\n\nThe ambient air is slowed from the aircraft speed of 240 m/s to\na controlled 8-40 m/s in an aerodynamic nacelle, and is then\npulled by a vacuum pump through a small inlet, up a sampling\ntube, and into two low-pressure detection cells. The first cell\nis for OH and the second for HO2. Detection occurs in each\ndetection cell at the intersection of the airflow, the laser\nbeam multi-passed through White cells, and the detector\nfield-of-view.\n\nThe laser has a 5 kHz pulse repetition frequency, 30 ns long\npulses, and is tuned on and off resonance with the OH transition\nto determine OH fluorescence and background signals. The\ndetector is gated to detect the OH fluorescence after the laser\npulse has cleared the detection cell. A reference cell\ncontaining OH shows when the laser is on and off resonance with\nthe OH transition.\n\nAn in-flight calibration system creates OH and HO2 outside the\ndetection chamber inlet and is currently used to monitor the\nrelative sensitivities of the two axes. The absolute\nuncertainty, which is determined in the laboratory and\nmaintained in flight with monitors, is ? 40%. The minimum\ndetectable mixing ratio (S/N =2, 60 seconds) is 0.015 pptv for\nOH and 0.06 pptv for HO2. All data are collected at 5 Hz. OH\nand HO2 signals are statistically significant at 5 Hz in plumes,\nbut they must be integrated for more than 20 seconds in clean\nair to get statistical significance. ATHOS can detect OH and HO2\nin clear air and light clouds from Earth's surface to the lower\nstratosphere.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/pem/brune.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbdeb76e-eb59-44dc-a34c-7fdf196ae887", "label": "WVISO", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Measures Water vapor volume mixing ratio, isotope ratio of oxygen (d18O), isotope ratio of hydrogen (dD)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fdcfecd6-9731-450e-94e8-5bc4c04e22a2", "label": "OXYGEN METERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe37b7a7-b6ca-4880-8dcf-16973cd8ecc8", "label": "LEE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "This experiment provided direct measurements of the energy input into the upper\natmosphere due to electrons and protons in the energy range of 0.2 to 25 keV.\nThe experiment acquired differential measurements of the energy influx and\nangular distribution. There were two detectors measuring electrons and protons\nfrom 0.2 to 25 keV in 16 logarithmically spaced steps, and one detector\nmeasuring 5 keV electrons continuously. Each detector consisted of a\ncylindrical electrostatic analyzer for species and energy selection, and a\nSpiraltron electron multiplier for particle detection. Energy distributions\nwere obtained by applying different fixed or stepped voltages to the deflection\nplates. Distributions in angle were measured using the spacecraft spin and the\nanalyzers' positions on the spacecraft. In the despun modes, measurements were\nobtained at 45 deg to the spacecraft equator, and radially away from the earth.\nDetector look angles were chosen to give optimum magnetic pitch-angle coverage\nwhen the spacecraft was moving either poleward or equatorward. All detectors\nwere identical in construction and used 1- x 6-mm entrance apertures. Counts\nwere accumulated over 55.7 ms and read out each main telemetry frame (62.5 ms).\nThe two stepped detectors moved one energy step once each main frame with the\nsame accumulation time, requiring about 1 s for a complete cycle of steps. More\ncomplete details of this experiment may be found in R. A. Hoffman et al., Radio\nSci., v. 8, n. 4, p. 393, 1973. NSSDC has all the useful data that exist from\nthis investigation. The LEE experiment was conducted on the AE-C spacecraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe4fc26d-cadb-4b24-bea6-5c6654f15986", "label": "4-Channel CL", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "feed45ef-ac50-4a63-bd94-1a8f2affaba6", "label": "OXYGEN ANALYZERS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Oxygen analyzer employs a ceramic zirconium oxide reaction\ncell, which develops a voltage between surfaces exposed to\ndifferent concentrations of oxygen. Ambient air is routed to the\ninterior of the cell, with the sample stream routed to the\nexterior of the cell. When the sample stream oxygen content is\n20.9%, the concentration normally found in air, the cell output\nvoltage is zero. As the oxygen content in the sample stream\ndrops, the zirconium oxide cell will sense the difference in\noxygen concentration between the sample and the ambient air, and\ngenerate a voltage that can be made proportional to the oxygen\ncontent of the sample stream.\n\n[Summary provided by Rutgers University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0a5f758-5fd9-4f04-8f2b-4dce83e7dae6", "label": "C-TAG", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "“Comprehensive TAG”, developed with UC Berkeley, extends the thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph to include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in addition to semi-volatile vapors and particles, spanning C5 to C30 compounds. \n\nC-TAG extends the collection capability of the TAG family to include gas phase precursors that form aerosols in the atmosphere, which is one of the major sources of organic particle content. The C-TAG is built around two independent collection and gas chromatography modules coupled to a shared time-of-flight mass spectrometer (gc-HRTOF by Tofwerks). Custom miniature gas chromatographs have been developed to separate molecular species in the gas and particle channels. Each channel features a custom collection cell optimized for the two volatility ranges to be measured plus dedicated online calibration modules for full quantification. The instrument is fully automated including calibrations for continuous, unattended operation in the field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea17edb6-5c2d-4f17-bcf0-702fd2932024", "label": "OC-EC Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Sunset Laboratory’s Semi-Continuous OCEC instrument has been developed as a field deployable alternative to integrated filter collection with subsequent laboratory analysis. This instrument can provide time-resolved OCEC analyses on a semi-continuous basis with OCEC (organic and elemental carbon) results comparable to the recognized NIOSH Method 5040. As currently performed, a quartz filter punch is mounted in the instrument, then samples are collected for the desired time period. Once the collection is complete, the oven is purged with helium, a stepped-temperature ramp increases the oven temperature to 850 °C, thermally desorbing organic compounds and pyrolysis products into a manganese dioxide (MnO2) oxidizing oven. As the carbon fragments flow through the MnO2 oven, they are quantitatively converted to CO2 gas. The CO2 is swept out of the oxidizing oven with the helium stream and measured directly by a self-contained non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector system. A second temperature ramp is then initiated in an oxidizing gas stream and any elemental carbon is oxidized off the filter and into the oxidizing oven and NDIR. The elemental carbon is then detected in the same manner as the organic carbon.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6684e131-f3d0-4db9-8efc-1e19083b9e2a", "label": "TOGA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "TOGA provides near-continuous real-time atmospheric mixing ratios of an extensive and growing list of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the C2-C10 molecular structure range. The list includes alkanes, alkenes, chlorofluorocarbons, halons, nitrates, nitriles, sulfides, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and ethers. Typically, a subset of some 60-70 unique trace gases are measured, with sufficient sensitivity to measure trace species in the remote background atmosphere and dynamic range to measure in highly polluted regions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a61fcbd-c75f-4940-939f-6e4c7d84d643", "label": "CRDS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Nearly every small gas-phase molecule (e.g., CO2, H2O, H2S, NH3) has a unique near-infrared absorption spectrum. At sub-atmospheric pressure, this consists of a series of narrow, well-resolved, sharp lines, each at a characteristic wavelength. Because these lines are well-spaced and their wavelength is well-known, the concentration of any species can be determined by measuring the strength of this absorption, i.e. the height of a specific absorption peak. But, in conventional infrared spectrometers, trace gases provide far too little absorption to measure, typically limiting sensitivity to the parts per million at best. CRDS - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy - avoids this sensitivity limitation by using an effective pathlength of many kilometers. It enables gases to be monitored in seconds or less at the parts per billion level, and some gases at the parts per trillion level.\n\nIn CRDS, the beam from a single-frequency laser diode enters a cavity defined by two or more high reflectivity mirrors. Picarro analyzers use a three-mirror cavity, as in the figure below, to support a continuous traveling light wave. This provides superior signal to noise compared to a two-mirror cavity that supports a standing wave. When the laser is on, the cavity quickly fills with circulating laser light. A fast photodetector senses the small amount of light leaking through one of the mirrors to produce a signal that is directly proportional to the intensity in the cavity.\n\nWhen the photodetector signal reaches a threshold level (in a few tens of microseconds), the continuous wave (CW) laser is abruptly turned off. The light already within the cavity continues to bounce between the mirrors (about 100,000 times), but because the mirrors have slightly less than 100% reflectivity (99.999%), the light intensity inside the cavity steadily leaks out and decays to zero in an exponential fashion. This decay, or 'ring down', is measured in real-time by the photodetector, and the amount of time it takes for the ring down to happen is determined solely by the reflectivity of the mirrors (for an empty cavity). Consider that for a Picarro cavity of only 25 cm in length, the effective pathlength within the cavity can be over 20 kilometers.\n\nNow, if a gas species that absorbs the laser light is introduced into the cavity, a second loss mechanism within the cavity (absorption) is now introduced. This accelerates the ring down time compared to a cavity without any additional absorption due to a targeted gas species. Picarro instruments automatically and continuously calculate and compare the ring down time of the cavity with and without absorption due to the target gas species. This produces precise, quantitative measurements that account for any intra-cavity loss that may be changing over time, and it allows the discrimination of loss due to absorption from losses due to the cavity mirrors. Furthermore, the final concentration data is particularly robust because it is derived from the difference between these ring down times and is therefore independent of laser intensity fluctuations or absolute laser power.\n\nThis scheme of comparing the ring down time of the cavity without any absorbing gas, with the ring down time when a target gas is absorbing light is accomplished not by removing the gas from the cavity, but rather by using a laser whose wavelength can be tuned. By tuning the laser to different wavelengths where the gas absorbs light, and then to wavelengths where the gas does not absorb light, the 'cavity only' ring down time can be compared to the ring down time when a target gas is contributing to the optical loss within the cavity. In fact, the laser is tuned to several locations across the target gas's spectral absorption line (and ring down measurements are conducted at all these points) and a mathematical fit to the shape of that absorption line is what is actually used to calculate the gas concentration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bfaf8b81-6ef6-49d3-bb38-8062985158a2", "label": "PILS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS) was developed for rapid automated on-line and continuous measurement of ambient aerosol bulk composition. The general approach is based on earlier devices in which ambient particles are mixed with saturated water vapor to produce droplets easily collected by inertial techniques. The resulting liquid stream is analyzed with an ion chromatograph to quantitatively measure the bulk aerosol ionic components. In this instrument, a modified version of a particle size magnifier is employed to activate and grow particles comprising the fine aerosol mass. A single jet inertial impactor is used to collect the droplets onto a vertical glass plate that is continually washed with a constant water diluent flow of nominally 0.10 ml min-1. The flow is divided and then analyzed by a dual channel ion chromatograph. In its current form, 4.3 min integrated samples were measured every 7 min. The instrument provides bulk composition measurements with a detection limit of approximately 0.1 µg m-3 for chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, calcium, and potassium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f6fb2b75-e58c-4073-bcfb-9bee0b5e48ec", "label": "Hawkeye 2DS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Hawkeye probe was initially developed by SPEC to fly on the NASA Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The Hawkeye is an outgrowth of the 3V-CPI, including all of the features of the 3V-CPI, with the addition of an FCDP (Fast Cloud Droplet Probe) in the front part of the sample tube, and the conversion of one 10-micron channel to a 50-micron channel in the 2D-S portion of the probe. In this way, the Hawkeye is actually a combination of four probes in one.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "faf4c184-ea6b-40fb-803e-25cfa43c4de6", "label": "Hawkeye FCDP", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Hawkeye probe was initially developed by SPEC to fly on the NASA Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The Hawkeye is an outgrowth of the 3V-CPI, including all of the features of the 3V-CPI, with the addition of an FCDP (Fast Cloud Droplet Probe) in the front part of the sample tube, and the conversion of one 10-micron channel to a 50-micron channel in the 2D-S portion of the probe. In this way, the Hawkeye is actually a combination of four probes in one.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "217d0f36-a296-4c74-be15-b075ef0e8f27", "label": "MABI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Using typical aerosol filter samples, the Multi-wavelength Absorption Black carbon Instrument (MABI) measures light absorption at seven different wavelengths. As black carbon can be emitted from a range of different sources, primarily either diesel vehicles of biomass burning, particles have a range of densities and sizes. When the black carbon concentration equation is modified to include contributions relating to the size and density of the particles, a more accurate measurement is acquired. Spanning ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths, the measurements can be used to differentiate the contribution from different sources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5a12839-2d5b-45c5-aee9-23b3a0da75ce", "label": "POM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "2B Tech has taken the next step in miniaturization of UV-based ozone monitors by developing the Personal Ozone Monitor or 'POM'. The basic POM unit has dimensions of 4 x 3 x 1.5 inches and weighs only 0.8 lb / 1.0 lb without/with battery (360 g / 450 g ). It has a built in GPS so that ozone measurements may be logged continuously along with geographic location. By folding the optical path in the shape of a 'U,' it was possible to achieve the same path length in the POM as in the Models 202, 205, and 106-L and thus have similar precision and accuracy (~1.5 ppb).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24d472f8-301f-46b8-8138-06277c30befc", "label": "2B Technologies", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The 2B Technologies Model 202 Ozone Monitor™ is designed to enable accurate and precise measurements of ozone ranging from low ppb (precision of ~1.5 ppb) up to 250,000 ppb (0-250 ppm) based on the well-established technique of absorption of UV light at 254 nm. Flash card memory and a quiet, long-life internal air pump are now provided standard on the Model 202 Ozone Monitor. The Model 202 Ozone Monitor™ is lightweight (5.5 lb., 2.5 kg.) and has a low power consumption (12V DC, 0.60 amp, 7.2 watt) relative to conventional instruments and is therefore well suited for applications such as:\n​\nVertical profiling using balloons, kites, RPVs and light aircraft where space and weight are highly limited\nLong-term monitoring at remote locations where power is highly limited\nUrban arrays of ground-based detectors\nPersonal exposure monitoring for studies of health effects of air pollutants\nEnvironmental health and safety monitoring\nLaboratory studies of the effects of ozone exposure on materials and organisms", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9044c133-fbd1-440c-abd9-eccc8c0fa72c", "label": "CAFE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "NASA Compact Airborne Formaldehyde Experiment (CAFE) is a nonresonant laser-induced fluorescence instrument for airborne in situ measurement of formaldehyde (HCHO). The instrument is described here with highlighted improvements from the predecessor instrument, COmpact Formaldehyde FluorescencE Experiment (COFFEE). CAFE uses a 480 mW, 80 kHz laser at 355 nm to excite HCHO and detects the resulting fluorescence in the 420–550 nm range. The fluorescence is acquired at 5 ns resolution for 500 ns and the unique time profile of the HCHO fluorescence provides measurement selectivity. CAFE achieves a 1σ precision of 160 pptv (1 s) and 90 pptv (10 s) for [HCHO] = 0 pptv. The accuracy of CAFE, using its curve-fitting data processing, is estimated as ±20 % of [HCHO] + 100 pptv. CAFE has successfully flown on multiple aircraft platforms and is particularly well-suited to high-altitude research aircraft or small air quality research aircraft where high sensitivity is required but operator interaction and instrument payload is limited.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "704ba472-0a31-414e-9d3d-6d1aa90335bd", "label": "CAPS NO2 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The T500U CAPS NO2 Analyzer represents the next generation of criteria pollutant monitoring technology for the direct measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in air. The instrument utilizes a patented Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS) technique to provide an extremely sensitive, fast and accurate NO2 measurement in a cost effective and low maintenance instrument package.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd9406f1-2e9d-4823-8437-0bc479edd516", "label": "Picarro G2401", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Picarro G2401 gas concentration analyzer provides simultaneous, precise measurement of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water (H2O) vapor at parts-per-billion (ppb) sensitivity with negligible drift for atmospheric science, air quality, and emissions quantification. It meets the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) performance requirements for CO, CO2, and CH4 atmospheric monitoring.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fda182c2-f37b-4877-b4d3-b1570445f4e5", "label": "Picarro G2201-i", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Picarro G2201-i isotope analyzer combines capabilities of two Picarro δ13C carbon isotope instruments for CO2 and CH4 into a single instrument. Now it’s easy and fast to capture the insights that only stable isotope ratios offer. Researchers can follow carbon as it moves from source to sink with a single instrument. The dual-purpose analyzer brings simplicity and speed to research. Its small size and robustness make it easy to transport to the field, where immediate results allow researchers to change course on-the-fly and achieve optimal results from limited-time field campaigns.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d366681-ae43-40ed-b802-b3732047ea32", "label": "LGR CRDS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy has become a widely usedtechnique in the optical absorption analysis of atoms, molecules,and optical components. The technique allows the determination oftotal optical losses within a closed cavity comprised of two or moremirrors, and can be made arbitrarily more sensitive by improvmentsin the cavity mirror reflectivity. Part of the great attraction thatCavity Ringdown has, in addition to its’ great sensitivity, is thesimplicity of it’s use. The required equipment is modest, and thetheory of operation is easily grasped by students of modest training.In fact, the technique is used at a growing number of universities asan undergraduate laboratory demonstration. This article presents areview of the development of the Cavity Ringdown technique fromits’ roots as an unstable and difficult to use method of measuringmirror reflectivities, to the development of the high sensitivitypulsed and continuous adaptations which are in current use.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84dccb6c-ce3d-416e-bac5-169eead0c515", "label": "COFFEE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The NASA GSFC COmpact Formaldehyde FluorescencE Experiment (COFFEE) instrument measures formaldehyde (CH2O) using a nonresonant laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. Originally designed to fly in the unpressurized pod of the Alpha Jet, COFFEE is capable of operation on both pressurized and unpressurized (high-altitude) aircraft. COFFEE possesses the high sensitivity, fast time response, and dynamic range needed to observe CH2O throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere.\n\nFormaldehyde is produced via the oxidation of hydrocarbons, notably methane (a ubiquitous greenhouse gas) and isoprene (the primary hydrocarbon emitted by vegetation). Observations of CH2O can thus provide information on many atmospheric processes, including:\n - Convective transport of air from the surface to the upper troposphere\n - Emissions of reactive hydrocarbons from cities, forests, and fires\n - Atmospheric oxidizing capacity, which relates to formation of ozone and destruction of methane\nIn situ observations of CH2O are also crucial for validating retrievals from satellite instruments, such as OMI, TROPOMI, and TEMPO.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68530a96-9976-45c2-b8ea-80661bec7531", "label": "Picarro G2301-m", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Picarro G2301 gas concentration analyzer provides simultaneous, precise measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) at parts-per-billion (ppb) and water (H2O) vapor at parts-per-million (ppm) sensitivity with negligible drift for atmospheric science, air quality, and emissions quantification. It meets the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) performance requirements for CO2 and CH4 atmospheric monitoring.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff62a73b-6949-4e1c-b07e-ddbdc48a1a7c", "label": "Thermodenuder", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A thermodenuder is a device that strips off volatile particulate compounds off of aerosol particles in the airborne state. This allows to distinguish different classes of compounds, depending on their volatilisation temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f425ddec-c609-4f95-b098-88bfe59761a1", "label": "LI-6252", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The LI-610 is a precision instrument that provides a controlled water vaporsource of known dew point. The LI-610 has the ability to generate stabledew points from 0 to 50 °C with high accuracy (± 0.2 °C). The water vaporsource can be derived from any input air stream, including ambient air,eliminating the need for external tanks or mixing of gases.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e6e29103-5539-4638-a561-44cee176df9e", "label": "Aerolaser AL5002", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The AL5002 from Aero-Laser is a fast carbon monoxide (CO) monitor with a unique sensitivity below 1ppb (parts per billion). The detection of CO is based on a VUV-fluorimetry, employing the excitation of CO at 150nm. This method combines high sensitivity with high selectivity and is linear from 1ppb to 100 ppm. The excitation light is generated by a CW-CO2 resonance lamp, which needs only low maintenance. A monochromator unit, using dielectric mirrors, filters out the VUV from the lamp’s spectrum. The fluorescence light in the wavelength range between 160 nm and 190 nm is detected by a VUV sensitive photomultiplier followed by a fast counter. The AL5002 calibrates within minutes, using only a small amount of calibration gas and an in-built zero gas source. The calibration procedure is fully automatic and can be scheduled in custom-set time intervals. The gas concentration is displayed in real-time and is logged via a standard RS-232 interface. Parameter/diagnostic information (e.g. of pressures, flows, temperatures) are logged simultaneously with the measurement data allowing fast troubleshooting of problems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3138794-28ef-4a40-aa53-7bc7a4d74061", "label": "Teledyne API Ozone Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model T400 UV Absorption analyzer uses a system based on the Beer-Lambert law for measuring low ranges of ozone in ambient air.\n\nA 254 nm UV light signal is passed through the sample cell where it is absorbed in proportion to the amount of ozone present. Periodically, a switching valve alternates measurement between the sample stream and a sample that has been scrubbed of ozone. The result is a true, stable ozone measurement.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports,​​​ either locally or by remote connection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "402d661b-7ae8-4002-a227-99edb4f61f4e", "label": "Thermo Scientific SO2 43i Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Measure SO2 in ambient air up to 100ppm with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 43i SO2 Analyzer, the first gas analyzer to utilize pulsed fluorescence technology to measure SO2. Reflective bandpass filters are less subject to photochemical degradation and more selective in wavelength isolation, resulting in both increased detection specificity and long term stability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a9aea9c-9193-4074-a444-9073e348d5ad", "label": "Thermo Scientific Ozone Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Measure the amount of ozone in ambient air with the dual-cell, UV photometric Thermo Scientific™ Model 49i Ozone Analyzer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3040fb00-4d90-4d4c-928f-e0df5d91217c", "label": "Thermo Scientific NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Measure the amount of nitrogen oxides in the air from sub-ppb levels up to 1000 ppb using chemiluminescence with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 42i-TL TRACE Level NOx Analyzer. The Model 42i-TL is a single chamber, single photomultiplier tube design that cycles between the NO, NOx, and Zero modes. The addition of the Zero mode provides for excellent long term stability and extremely low minimum detectable limits. The 42i-TL has independent outputs for NO, NO2, and NOx and each can be calibrated independently.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dce07da6-0bd2-4b0e-b6dc-029798ff0ceb", "label": "Thermo Scientific CO Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Measure trace levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in ambient air with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 48i-TLE Enhanced Trace Level CO Analyzer, which utilizes gas filter correlation and NDIR technology. The enhanced sample conditioned temperature stabilization and auto-zeroing of the Model 48-TLE result in a low detection limit for the measurement of carbon monoxide.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0282628e-5b4a-41de-aec4-a7dd526b96b1", "label": "Aeroqual Portable Air Quality Monitor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Series 500 air quality sensor enables accurate real-time surveying of common outdoor air pollutants, all in an ultra portable handheld monitor. Air quality professionals typically use the Series 500 for short term air quality studies and carrying out checks on pollution “hot spots”. The Series 500 can also be deployed for short term fixed monitoring by adding an optional outdoor enclosure.\n\nData is stored on board the Series 500 with a maximum 8,188 records available. To download the data a USB cable is supplied for connection to PC. Free PC software provided with the Series 500 takes the data and presents it in a chart or table view. Data can be downloaded and viewed in Excel.\n\nLike all our handheld monitors the Series 500 portable air quality sensor takes advantage of the unique sensor head format. Sensors are housed within an interchangeable cartridge (“head”) that attaches to the monitor base. The head can be removed and replaced in seconds, allowing users to measure as many gases as they wish. Sensor heads feature active fan sampling which ensures a representative sample is taken and therefore increases measurement accuracy.\n\nOther features on the Series 500 include monitor ID and location ID. Monitor ID identifies the monitor uniquely and ensures that all data from it are tied to that monitor. Location ID can be used to tag measurements to a specific location which is helpful when sampling at a number of sites over the course of a day or week.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f746495b-4fe2-4d63-b77a-b4ea5cc7f3e1", "label": "Thermo Scientific NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Measure levels of nitrogen oxide (NO-NO2-NOx) in the emissions from a source using chemiluminescent technology with the Thermo Scientific™ Model 42i NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f39b155d-7818-4812-8806-50d4d356d380", "label": "HTDMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Most particles in the atmosphere take up water when exposed to increasing relative humidity – this often explains the poor visibility during the early morning hours when the relative humidity is high and particles have swollen in size and more effectively scatter solar radiation. When we inhale particles they also grow into water droplets, how large they grow determines where they deposit in our respiratory systems. Brechtel developed the first commercial version of the Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA) so researchers who wanted to explore the complexities of particle water uptake no longer had to build their own instruments, instead they could rely on our 20 plus years of experience with HTDMAs to invest in a solution that would let them focus on their science and not the tool.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46a21779-809f-43db-b196-f98af4f21e03", "label": "MetOne BC 1050 Black Carbon Monitors", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Met One Instruments, Inc. BC 1050 Series, Black Carbon Monitors, measures the absorption of particulate matter onto filter tape continuously. The BC 1050 monitor operates at 2-wavelengths and the BC 1054 operates at 10-wavelengths. The BC 1050 offers the user the ability to monitor absorption at near-IR (880 nm) and near-UV (375 nm) wavelengths simultaneously with a standard minimum time resolution of 1-minute. The BC 1054, multi-spectrum carbon monitor, measures the absorption at 375, 430, 470, 525, 565, 590, 660, 700, 880 and 950 nm with a standard time resolution of 1-minute. Optional 1-second time resolution is available for both the BC 1050 and the BC 1054.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3433869d-37b6-4dd8-b618-614979bf6f2e", "label": "URG-9000D AIM", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The URG-9000D Ambient Ion Monitor (AIM) is a scientifically-advanced, multi-pollutant monitoring method which allows for continuous measurements of particle sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium. At the same time, the AIM provides time-resolved gas measurements of sulfur-dioxide, nitric acid and ammonia.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b176d9b-4831-44a7-bec2-516ec9246f5b", "label": "MetOne BAM 1020", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The BAM 1020 automatically measures and records airborne particulate concentration levels (in milligrams or micrograms per cubic meter) using the industry-proven principle of beta ray attenuation. Thousands of BAM 1020 units are currently deployed worldwide, making the unit one of the most successful air monitoring platforms in the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a5c214f-a303-4c54-bd0d-068f236f0aa9", "label": "TECO 49", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model 49 is a powerful, easy-to-use, UV photometric based ozone analyzer which offers increased specificity via its balanced optical system. User-programmable software capabilities allow selection of the frequency at which internal zero/span activation and instrument calibration checks will occur.\n\nAdditionally, field-programmable measurement range settings can be stored in memory for subsequent recall. Extended troubleshooting diagnostics now provide an instantaneous indication of instrument operating parameters, status including Pressure, Flow, DC Supply Voltages, Optical BenchTemperature, Ozonator Power Supply Voltage, and Lamp Voltage.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "854d953c-3439-4a5b-86bc-19f9f9b6e92e", "label": "Thermo Scientific SHARP 5030", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Thermo Scientific Model 5030 SHARP Synchronized Hybrid Ambient Real-time Particulate Monitor combines light scattering photometry and beta attenuation for continuousPM-10/PM-2.5 measurement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07edcbf4-ac91-4c71-b18a-25fdaf1e17b2", "label": "Thermo Scientific SO2 43C Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model 43C integrates the proven pulsed fluorescence design of Thermo Electron’s Model 43series with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a sensitive, ultra stable SO2analyzer offering network operators and research scientists unlimited troubleshooting diagnostics and data communications capability.User software facilities include field programmable measurement ranges and SO2concentration value storage by date and time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "afe02b53-4cf2-42b6-b4a7-e0cf6c165314", "label": "TECO 43C", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model 43C integrates the proven pulsed fluorescence design of Thermo Electron’s Model 43series with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a sensitive, ultra stable SO2analyzer offering network operators and research scientists unlimited troubleshooting diagnostics and data communications capability. User software facilities include field programmable measurement ranges and SO2concentration value storage by date and time.\n\nExtended troubleshooting diagnostics now provide instantaneous indication of instrument operation parameter status including pressure flow, DC supply voltage, internal temperature, reaction chamber temperature, PMT operating voltage, lamp intensity, lamp voltage and optical span test.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cd4f43e-c1dd-42b2-8391-07e0448b3375", "label": "TEOM Monitor Series 1400ab", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The TEOM Monitor, Series 1400ab, measures PM-10 or PM-2.5 mass concentrations and consists of a TEOM mass sensor and control unit in a network ready configuration. The TEOM 1400ab distinguishes itself from other PM measurement methods by utilizing a direct mass measurement that is not subject to measurement uncertainties found in other surrogate technologies. The TEOM 1400ab provides a self-referencing, NIST traceable direct mass measurement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e68eb86c-dea0-4759-a566-45e066cce86f", "label": "LI-7500", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The LI-7500 is a high performance, non-dispersive, open path infrared CO2/H2O analyzer designed for use in eddy covariance flux measurement systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c5970fb-69a7-4701-a271-b4b211ed476b", "label": "TSI DustTrak", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The DustTrak Aerosol Monitor measures aerosol contaminants such as dust, smoke, fumes and mists.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77d3b352-f1e4-4080-b2d3-b8fc64469bdf", "label": "2B Technologies NO Monitor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model 410 Nitric Oxide Monitor is designed for the measurement of atmospheric nitric oxide (NO) in the concentration range 0-2,000 ppb (0-2 ppm) with a precision of ±1.5 ppb. The detection principle of the Model 410 is based on the selective reaction of NO with ozone. The resulting ozone depletion is measured using the absolute method of UV absorbance and thus requires only infrequent calibration. By comparison, chemiluminescence NOx instruments require nearly continuous calibration using a standard gas.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ddf9bc8b-2d0f-4a22-81c8-3b045cfbfbc1", "label": "2B Technologies NO2 Converter", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model 401 NO2 Converter (above photo, right), when used in combination with the Model 410 Nitric Oxide Monitor, (above photo, left) allows measurements of NO, NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) and NO2 (as the difference between NOx and NO) in the range 0-2,000 ppb. The NO2 Converter also contains an internal scrubber for scheduled zeroing of the NO Monitor. The NO2 Converter makes use of a molybdenum ('moly') converter heated to 325 °C to reduce NO2 to NO. Frequencies of switching between NO and NOx measurements and zeroing frequencies are chosen from the NO Monitor menu. The instrument package may be set to either always measure NO, always measure NOx, or switch back and forth between measurements of NO and NOx at a specified interval (5 min, 15 min or 1 hour). Choices of zeroing frequency are never, continuous, and at 30 min, 1 hour and 4 hour frequencies. Menu choices of NO/NOx and zero measurement frequencies can be customized to your needs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1dac4e61-317d-4b47-af7a-b2752fab93a9", "label": "Teledyne API Model T200 NO/NO2/NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model T200 NO/NO2/NOx analyzer uses the proven chemiluminescence detection principle, coupled with state-of-the-art electronics to allow accurate and dependable low level measurements for use as an ambient analyzer or dilution CEMS monitor.\n\nA unique AutoZero feature provides superb stability by continuously correcting for zero drift, while advanced Adaptive Filtering allows the analyzer to optimize performance under changing conditions. The Model T200 includes a permeation inlet dryer for ozone generation to provide excellent reliability with no periodic replacement required. A catalytic exhaust ozone scrubber is standard for maximum safety and pump life.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports,​ either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T200 comes with NumaView Software. NumaView Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView Software​ .", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c922a16e-a29b-4d0a-8fda-5015767bee37", "label": "NH3 QC Laser-Based Sensor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "We demonstrate a compact, open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based atmospheric ammonia sensor operating at 9.06 µm for high-sensitivity, high temporal resolution, ground-based measurements. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a gas-phase precursor to fine particulate matter, with implications for air quality and climate change. Currently, NH3 sensing challenges have led to a lack of widespread in situ measurements. Our open-path sensor configuration minimizes sampling artifacts associated with NH3 surface adsorption onto inlet tubing and reduced pressure sampling cells, as well as condensed-phase partitioning ambiguities. Multi-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy allows for selective and sensitive detection of atmospheric pressurebroadened absorption features. An in-line ethylene reference cell provides real-time calibration (±20 % accuracy) and normalization for instrument drift under rapidly changing field conditions. The sensor has a sensitivity and noise-equivalent limit (1σ) of 0.15 ppbv NH3 at 10 Hz, a mass of ∼ 5 kg and consumes ∼ 50 W of electrical power. The total uncertainty in NH3 measurements is 0.20 ppbv NH3 ± 10 %, based on a spectroscopic calibration method. Field performance of this open-path NH3 sensor is demonstrated, with 10 Hz time resolution and a large dynamic response for in situ NH3 measurements. This sensor provides the capabilities for improved\nin situ gas-phase NH3 sensing relevant for emission source characterization and flux measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59fedd43-22bd-4325-bf4b-6b7127d2eb26", "label": "N2O/CO QC Laser-Based Sensor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A compact and portable open-path sensor for simultaneous detection of atmospheric N(2)O and CO has been developed with a 4.5 μm quantum cascade laser (QCL). An in-line acetylene (C(2)H(2)) gas reference cell allows for continuous monitoring of the sensor drift and calibration in rapidly changing field environments and thereby allows for open-path detection at high precision and stability. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is used to detect simultaneously both the second and fourth harmonic absorption spectra with an optimized dual modulation amplitude scheme. Multi-harmonic spectra containing atmospheric N(2)O, CO, and the reference C(2)H(2) signals are fit in real-time (10 Hz) by combining a software-based lock-in amplifier with a computationally fast numerical model for WMS. The sensor consumes ~50 W of power and has a mass of ~15 kg. Precision of 0.15 ppbv N(2)O and 0.36 ppbv CO at 10 Hz under laboratory conditions was demonstrated. The sensor has been deployed for extended periods in the field. Simultaneous N(2)O and CO measurements distinguished between natural and fossil fuel combustion sources of N(2)O, an important greenhouse gas with poorly quantified emissions in space and time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a225b9d4-8b00-48e1-98e1-68e274cf2ec3", "label": "LI-7700", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The LI-7700 Open Path CH4 Analyzer features an open sample path that measures methane density in ambient air. The LI-7700 is designed specifically for eddy covariance flux measurements to evaluate methane emissions from the terrestrial landscape. It provides low-maintenance long-term operation in demanding field deployments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cfef6030-aba1-47b6-b643-e826c5b88468", "label": "CAPS PMex Monitor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The CAPS PM monitor provides a measurement of the optical extinction (the sum of scattering and absorption) of an ambient sample of particles. Currently, there is a choice of 5 different wavelengths – blue (450 nm), green (530 nm), red (630 nm), far red (660 nm ) and near infrared (780 nm, at additional cost) – which match the spectral bands of most other particle optical properties measurement equipment. A multi wave instrument is also available. These instruments have a 1 second time response and provide a level of detection (3σ) less than 2 Mm-1 with 1 second integration time. These monitors are entirely self-contained, requiring no consumables such as zero air and can be operated autonomously for over 12 months using on-board data storage if one second averaging is chosen.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "249c9a6c-fb7f-438d-bc19-8601eeb6f5c1", "label": "Teledyne API Model T200U NO/NO2/NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model T200U Trace-level NO/NO2/NOx analyzer has been developed specifically to address the challenges of low level monitoring as required, for example, in the US NCore network. It uses the proven chemiluminescence principle and is designed to allow ultra-sensitive measurements with a lower detectable limit of 50 ppt while still meeting the requirements for use as a US EPA compliance analyzer.\n\nThe Model T200U combines a gold plated reaction cell with an enhanced performance pump, special low noise photomultiplier tube, and unique signal conditioning to provide exceptional sensitivity. In addition, a pre-reactor separates the NO-O3 reaction from background chemiluminescence to allow accurate auto-zero of the analyzer.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports, either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T200U comes NumaView Software. NumaView Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView Software.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3ef4e0e-f30f-434a-9247-7825d1a4e41a", "label": "Thermo Model 49C O3 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model 49C combines the unique, time shared dual cell design with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a powerful, easy-to-use, UV photometric based ozone analyzer which offers increased specificity via its balanced optical system.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c58254b-1ee5-45ce-ac92-ca8bb366778e", "label": "Thermo Model 42C NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model 42C combines the superior optical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of its predecessor, the Model 42, with an enhanced electronics package and user interface. The outcome is a powerful, easy-to-use, chemiluminescence based analyzer capable of measuring oxides of nitrogen from sub parts per billion (ppb) to 100 parts per million (ppm). User programmable software capabilities allow individual measurement range settings to be stored in memory for subsequent recall and NO, NO2, NOX, hourly average storage for up to one month.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d30bf16-e773-4d45-9fd9-a8e329d0c9b8", "label": "CairPol CairClip", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The CairPol CairClip O3-NO2 is a lightweight, portable sensor for measuring ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in parts per billion (ppb) or micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) in applications such as personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring. It uses a micro fan to actively sample air. The CairClip can run on battery power for approximately 24 hours, but it can also operate continuously for much longer periods when plugged into a power source. This operating procedure explains what you need to do to collect quality O3 and NO2 data using the CairClip sensor for your monitoring project.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a494522-0412-4678-9723-f519144e5a8b", "label": "Teledyne API Model T200UP NO-NO2 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model T200UP provides trace level measurements of NO and NO2 using our Model T200U NOx analyzer combined with a patented high efficiency photolytic converter. Even low temperature molybdenum converters transform other nitrogen-containing compounds such as HNO3, PAN, etc. to a considerable extent. Simultaneous measurements of NO2 performed with molybdenum and photolytic converters have shown significantly different results in the presence of such compounds.\n\nIn the photolytic process the sample gas passes through a cell where it is exposed to light at a specific wavelength from an LED array. This causes the NO2 to be selectively converted to NO with negligible interference from other gases. Combined with the proven Model T200U, it provides ultra-sensitive performance, with a lower detectable limit of 0.05 ppb or better, and is ideally suited for NCore research sites and the low-level direct NO2 measurements required for roadside monitoring. Advances in the photolytic converter technology now yields NO2 conversion efficiency that is similar to molybdenum under typical ambient NO2 concentrations, but without the same interferences.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/0, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports, either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T200UP comes with NumaView™ Software. NumaView™ Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView​​™ Software.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bfd5ebc3-94d4-4f27-89da-1f549ae0ab0d", "label": "Teledyne API Model T265 O3 Analyzer", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Model T265 uses Chemiluminescence with Nitric Oxide (NO) as a reagent, making it safe, stable, and effective for all applications. The NO-CL method for Ozone has several advantages​ over the conventional UV absorption technology, including the avoidance of positive and commonly found interferences such as VOCs, fine particulates, Mercury, terpenes, ClO2 and others. If these pollutants are present in the atmosphere, it can cause UV absorption analyzers to give an artificially high ozone measurement. The innovative T265 combines speed of response, sensitivity and stability of our proven nitrogen oxide analyzer, with a simple user interface, to provide reliable ozone measurements under the harshest conditions.\n\nAn inexpensive external cylinder of NO provides over one year of reagent for the T265. A unique AutoZero feature provides superb stability by continuously correcting for zero drift, while advanced Adaptive Filtering allows the analyzer to optimize performance under changing conditions. Optional zero and span valves allow automatic, unattended calibration checks.\n\nAll T Series instruments offer an advanced color display, capacitive touch screen, intuitive user interface, flexible I/O, and built-in data acquisition capability. All instrument set up, control and access to stored data and diagnostic information is available through the front panel, or via RS232, Ethernet, or USB com ports, either locally or by remote connection.\n\nThe Model T265 comes with NumaView™ Software. NumaView™ Remote PC Software allows for a remote connection with virtual interface and data downloading capability to analyzers operating NumaView™ Software.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec165cc6-324d-4be1-8ace-48a660a1f900", "label": "GNI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "This instrument has been flown on multiple earth system science-focused field research campaigns, and as a mature instrument, will continue to be operated in future field research campaigns.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9b2c34d-a96a-4c90-9b24-6fa81d4dd740", "label": "AutoGNI", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "This instrument has been flown on multiple earth system science-focused field research campaigns, and as a mature instrument, will continue to be operated in future field research campaigns.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96cc340b-7899-4f22-9229-7a7cb72a741e", "label": "SID", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Small Ice Detector mark 2 (SID-2), which was built by the University of Hertfordshire, has been operated by the Met Office on the Facility for Atmospheric Airborne Research (FAAM) BAe-146 aircraft during a large number of flights. The flights covered a wide range of atmospheric conditions, including stratocumulus, altocumulus lenticularis, cirrus, and mixed-phase cumulus clouds, as well as clear-sky flights over the sea and over desert surfaces. SID-2 is a laser scattering device that provides in situ data on cloud particle concentration and size. SID-2 also provides the spatial light scattering data from individual particles to give some information on the particle shape. The advantage of SID-2 is that it can characterize the cloud particle shape for particle sizes less than the resolutions of the more usual commercially available ice crystal imaging probes. The particle shape characteristics enable, for example, small just-nucleated ice particles to be discriminated from supercooled water drops. SID-2 also has an open-path inlet that reduces shattering of large cloud particles compared to other probes that use a tube inlet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cfbfe9fe-e54d-4bfd-aa56-f1953575f132", "label": "VIPS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The VIPS is an electro-optical instrument used to collect and record a continuous sample of cloud particles down to 5 um. Particles are collected continuously on a looped belt coated with silicone oil. The portion of the belt exposed to the airstream is imaged by two very high resolution charged coupled device (CCD) shuttered video cameras with different resolutions. The resulting imagery is available for real-time, in-flight evaluation of cloud conditions and for post-flight habit classification and spectra analysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78de14ea-63ce-4555-8aa1-2fa61b3d12aa", "label": "ROZE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The NASA Rapid Ozone Experiment (ROZE) is a broadband cavity-enhanced UV (ultraviolet) absorption instrument for the detection of in situ ozone (O3). ROZE uses an incoherent LED (light-emitting diode) light source coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity to achieve an effective pathlength of ∼ 104 m. Due to its high sensitivity and small optical cell volume, ROZE demonstrates a 1σ precision of 80 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) in 0.1 s and 31 pptv in a 1 s integration time, as well as an e-fold time response\nof 50 ms. ROZE can be operated in a range of field environments, including low- and high-altitude research aircraft, and is particularly suited to O3 vertical-flux measurements using the eddy covariance technique. ROZE was successfully integrated aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during July–September 2019 and validated against a well-established chemiluminescence measurement of O3. A flight within the marine boundary layer also demonstrated flux measurement capabilities, and we observed a mean O3 deposition velocity of 0.029 ± 0.005 cm s−1 to the ocean surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5872b98b-5357-4378-beb0-1971a222f2e9", "label": "CANOE", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The NASA GSFC Compact Airborne NO2 Experiment (CANOE) instrument measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on both pressurized and unpressurized (high-altitude) aircraft. Using non-resonant laser induced fluorescence (LIF), CANOE possesses the high sensitivity, fast time response, and dynamic range needed to observe NO2 throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0364f832-b1a8-4056-b811-51d3d1fc32ed", "label": "HAL", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Harvard Halogen instrument measures ClO and BrO in situ via a two-step process: chemical conversion to Cl and Br atoms via a rapid bimolecular reaction with NO, followed by atomic resonance fluorescence detection of Cl and Br in the vacuum ultraviolet. The instrument is located in the superpod forebody of the ER-2. The flow of ambient air through the instrument is controlled by a single primary bypass duct from which the laminar core is extracted and decelerated into two nested, mirror-image secondary ducts each with two axes for the detection of halogen radical species. The 4-axis design enables multiple ClO and BrO detectors to be present on each flight.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c8b31982-b01f-4fec-8b0b-87f3ce442dbd", "label": "TSI APS-3321", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Aerodynamic Particle Sizer3321 spectrometer provides high-resolution, real-time aerodynamic measurements of particles from 0.5 to 20 microns. These unique particle sizers also measures light-scattering intensity in the equivalent optical size range of 0.37 to 20 microns. By providing paired data for each particle, the APS spectrometer opens up exciting new possibilities for those interested in studying the makeup of an aerosol.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97a23ba4-085c-4690-b29d-ce5403d7aee6", "label": "DMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "A Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) is an integral part of a submicrometer size classification system. Model 3085A is one of three DMAs designed for use with the TSI model 3082 Electrostatic Classifier.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d3ad104-c122-4fd5-bffb-c4b36e80a06d", "label": "LDMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Performance of a long differential mobility analyzer (LDMA) in measurements of nanoparticles was evaluated experimentally and numerically. In the evaluation of the LDMA measurements, silver particles in a size range of 5–30 nm were used under an increased flow rate. The numerical calculation method was used for calculating the particle trajectory in the LDMA, and the results were used for a comparison with Stolzenburg's transfer function. Using the CFD method, the flow around the aerosol inlet slit was analyzed, and the resulting particle mobility distribution was compared with that for an ideal flow. The resulting flow effect on the penetration efficiency caused by the inlet and exit slits were negligible when a well-designed system was used. The experimental measurements of mobility distributions were in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of particle size ranges over 10 nm, but some discrepancies were observed when particle size ranges were below 10 nm in size. The numerical calculation estimated the discrepancy found below the 10 nm particle size ranges.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fae09965-8500-4041-b2c8-fc9ada6c4682", "label": "TDMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "SEADM’s Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (TDMA) enables to study a wide range of nano-aerosol processes by analyzing the change of electrical mobility experienced by the nanoparticles.\n\nElectrical mobility is a well-proved method to elucidate structural and size characteristics of ions, and has been successfully applied for the study of processes such as evaporation, condensation, chemical reactions, charge reduction (or charge evaporation), nucleation, etc.\n\nTDMA features the renowned DMAs first developed by SEADMs cofounder, Prof. Juan Fernandez de la Mora, from Yale, including an ultra-high resolution, high transmission parallel plate DMA (termed DMA P5 system) before the process chamber, and a suitably lighter cylindrical DMA (termed Half Mini) afterwards. The system produces particularly rich information when exploited to investigate molecular ions or small clusters, since particle diameter is in this case discrete, and a series of well defined peaks rather than a continuum mobility spectrum is obtained.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b64520ad-868a-4382-babf-4a2dcee18b2c", "label": "Picarro G1301-m", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Traditional techniques for measuring greenhouse gas inventories in the well-mixed atmosphere have required extremely dry sample gas streams (dew point < -60°C) to achieve the inter-laboratory comparability standard set forth by the WMO for carbon dioxide (100 ppb) and methane (2ppb). Drying the sample gas to low water vapor levels can be both expensive and prone to problems, especially at remote sites where access is difficult. The Picarro G1301 three-species greenhouse gas analyzers for the first time permit accurate and precise greenhouse gas measurements that can meet the WMO inter-laboratory comparability standard without drying the sample gas. Below, we present direct measurements of t he water vapor correction factors that, when applied to the G1301 data, enable drygas mixing ratio measurements without the need for low-level drying or frequent calibration. In addition, we confirm these results with careful spectroscopic analysis, and we estimate the uncertainties remaining in the measurement of t he drygas mixing ratios.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5dee7001-09d3-43b3-bf9b-b5d717f557b2", "label": "AWAS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "32 samples/flight (ER-2); 50 samples/flight (WB57); 90 samples/flight (Global Hawk)\n\nUpdated control system with remote control capability\n\nFill times\n–14 km 30 – 40 sec\n–16 km 40 – 50 sec\n–18 km 50 – 60 sec\n–20 km 100 – 120 sec (estimated)\n\nAnalysis in UM lab: GC/MS; GC/FID; GC/ECD", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d63b22a-efe5-4fee-a0f8-eebe99efd05f", "label": "Harvard CO2", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The high-sensitivity fast response CO2 instrument measures CO2 concentrations in situ using the light source, gas cells, and solid-state detector from a modified nondispersive infrared CO2 analyzer (Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE). These components are stabilized along the detection axis, vibrationally isolated, and housed in a temperature-controlled pressure vessel. Sample air enters a rear-facing inlet, is preconditioned using a Nafion drier (to remove water vapor), then is compressed by a Teflon diaphragm pump. A second water trap, using dry ice, reduces the sample air dewpoint to less than 70C prior to detection. The CO2 mixing ratio of air flowing through the sample gas cell is determined by measuring absorption at 4.26 microns relative to a reference gas of known concentration. In-flight calibrations are performed by replacing the air sample with reference gas every 10 minutes, with a low-span and a high-span gas every 20 minutes, and with a long-term primary standard every 2 hours. The long-term standard is used sparingly and serves as a check of the flight-to-flight accuracy and precision of the measurements, augmented by ground-based calibrations before and after flights.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d40b9033-af28-45bc-9d0e-fff5f0ae4aa4", "label": "ClO/BrO", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Vacuum ultraviolet radiation produced in a low pressure plasma discharge lamp is used to induce resonance scattering in Cl and Br atoms within a flowing sample. ClO and BrO are converted to Cl and Br by the addition of NO such that the rapid bimolecular reaction ClO + NO → Cl + NO2 (BrO + NO → Br + NO2) yields one halogen atom for each halogen oxide radical present in the flowing sample. Three detection axes are used to diagnose the spatial (and thus temporal) dependence of the ClO (BrO) to Cl (Br) conversion and to detect any removal of Cl (Br) following its formation. A double duct system is used both to maintain laminar flow through the detection region and to step the flow velocity in the detection region down from free stream (200 m/sec) to 20 m/sec in order to optimize the kinetic diagnosis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d753940-10cf-49d6-811c-e757cb8fbdc1", "label": "HOx", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "OH is detected by direct laser induced fluorescence in the (0-1) band of the 2?-2? electronic transition. A pulsed dye-laser system produces frequency tunable laser light at 282 nm. An on-board frequency reference cell is used by a computer to lock the laser to the appropriate wavelength. Measurement of the signal is then made by tuning the laser on and off resonance with the OH transition.\n\nStratospheric air is channeled into the instrument using a double-ducted system that both maintains laminar flow through the detection region and slows the flow from free stream velocity (200 m/s) to 40 m/s. The laser light is beam-split and directed to two detection axes where it passes through the stratospheric air in multipass White cells.\n\nFluorescence from OH (centered at 309 nm) is detected orthogonal to both the flow and the laser propagation using a filtered PMT assembly. Optical stability is checked periodically by exchanging the 309 nm interference filter with a filter centered at 302 nm, where Raman scattering of N2 is observed.\n\nHO2 is measured as OH after chemical titration with nitric oxide: HO2 + NO → OH + NO2. Variation of added NO density and flow velocity as well as the use of two detection axes aid in diagnosis of the kinetics of this titration. Measurements of ozone (by uv absorption) and water vapor (by photofragment fluorescence) are made as diagnostics of potential photochemical interference from the mechanism: O3 + hv (282 nm) → O(1D) + O2, followed by: O(1D) + H2O → OH + OH.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74e78bef-2b00-4f6d-b422-8644db6a6e31", "label": "CLONO2", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The NO2-ClO-ClONO2-BrO instrument is composed of two separate instruments: A laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the detection of NO2 and a thermal dissociation/resonance fluorescence instrument for the detection of ClO, ClONO2 and BrO.\n\nThe NO2 detection system uses laser-induced resonance fluorescence (LIF) for the direct detection of NO2. Ambient air passes through a detection axis where the output of a narrow bandwidth (0.06 cm-1), tunable dye laser operating near 585 nm is used to excite a rovibronic transition in NO2. The excited NO2 molecules are either quenched by collision with air or fluorescence. The NO2 fluorescence is strongly red-shifted, with emission occurring over a broad range of wavelengths from 585 nm to the mid-infrared. The specificity of the technique is accomplished by tuning the laser frequency on and off resonance with a narrow spectral feature (0.04 cm-1) in the NO2 absorption spectrum. The difference between the fluorescence signal on and off resonance is related to the mixing ratio of NO2 through laboratory and in-flight calibrations. The observations are determined with an accuracy (1 sigma) of ±10% ±50 pptv, precision (1 sigma) of ±40 pptv, and a reporting interval of 10 seconds. Higher resolution (0.25 sec) data available on request.\n\nThe halogen detection system uses gas-phase thermal dissociation of ambient ClONO2 to produce ClO and NO2 radicals. The pyrolysis is accomplished by passing the air sampled in a 5-cm-square duct through a grid of resistively heated silicon strips at 10 to 20 m/sec, rapidly heating the air to 520 K. The ClO fragment from ClONO2 is converted to Cl atoms by reaction with added NO, and Cl atoms are detected using ultra-violet resonance fluorescence at 118.9 nm. A similar detection axis upstream of the heater provides simultaneous detection of ambient ClO. An identical twin sampling duct provides the capability for diagnostic checks. The flight instrument is calibrated in a laboratory setting with known addition of ClONO2 as a function of pressure, heater temperature and flow velocity. The concentration of ClONO2 is measured with an accuracy and detection limit of ±20% and 10 pptv, respectively, in 35 seconds (all error estimates are 1 sigma). The concentration of ClO is measured with an accuracy and detection limit of ±17% and 3 pptv, respectively, in 35 seconds.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c035ce1-7747-43fc-b803-44d090c70fc5", "label": "TSI CNC-3760", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2bb2fd20-fb6e-48d7-a22c-74fa4b6f205d", "label": "PANTHER", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "PANTHER uses Electron Capture Detection and Gas Chromatography (ECD-GC) and Mass Selective Detection and Gas Chromatography (MSD-GC) to measure numerous trace gases, including Methyl halides, HCFCs, PAN, N20, SF6, CFC-12, CFC-11, Halon-1211, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.\n\n3 ECD (electron capture detectors), packed columns (OV-101, Porpak-Q, molecular sieve).\n\n1 ECD with a TE (thermal electric) cooled RTX-200 capillary column.\n\n2-channel MSD (mass selective detector). The MSD analyses two independent samples concentrated onto TE cooled Haysep traps, then passed through two temperature programmed RTX-624 capillary columns.\n\nWith the exception of PAN, all channels of chromatography are normalized to a stable in-flight calibration gas references to NOAA scales. The PAN data is normalized to an in-flight PAN source of ≈ 100 ppt with ±5 % reproducibility. This source is generated by efficient photolytic conversion of NO in the presence of acetone. Detector non-linearity is taken out by lab calibrations for all molecules.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb6a94d6-76be-4305-9a5a-b23d09736d63", "label": "PAM Reactor", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Motivated by the need to develop instrumen-\ntal techniques for characterizing organic aerosol aging, we\nreport on the performance of the Toronto Photo-Oxidation\nTube (TPOT) and Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) flow\ntube reactors under a variety of experimental conditions.\nThe PAM system was designed with lower surface-area-to-\nvolume (SA/V) ratio to minimize wall effects; the TPOT re-\nactor was designed to study heterogeneous aerosol chemistry\nwhere wall loss can be independently measured.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a82d8c8-5b43-4348-8b73-4becec2c9ed3", "label": "ACOS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "To address exciting new opportunities for studying gross photosynthesis, LGR's OCS Analyzer (Carbonyl Sulfide or COS) simultaneously reports measurements of carbonyl sulfide (OCS or COS), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, and water vapor (H2O) in air continuously with extraordinary precision and sensitivity.\n\nThe analyzer is simple to use, low power and rugged which makes it ideal for a wide variety of field and air quality studies. The ability of the analyzer to simultaneously measure all three gases at high speed and over a wide range of mole fractions makes it an excellent choice for plant respiration and chamber flux measurements. In addition, the instrument automatically reports all gases on a dry mole basis (accurately corrects for water vapor dilution and absorption line broadening effects) by analyzing fully resolved high resolution lineshape measurements without any need for sample drying or post processing.\n\nOnly LGR’s analyzers provide reliable measurements at concentrations more than 20 times greater than typical ambient levels (to 8000 ppm carbon dioxide, to 10 ppm carbon monoxide in air). \n\nLGR’s new “Enhanced Performance” series incorporates proprietary internal thermal control for ultra-stable measurements with unsurpassed precision, accuracy and drift. Moreover, only LGR’s analyzers provide reliable guaranteed measurements at mole fractions more than 20 times ambient levels.\n\nFor applications requiring highly mobile measurements in the field, LGR offers the COS Analyzer in our acclaimed portable package.\n\nThe Analyzer uses LGR’s patented Off-axis ICOS technology, a fourth-generation cavity enhanced laser absorption technique. Off-axis ICOS has many advantages over conventional optical techniques (including first generation cavity ringdown spectroscopy) such as being simpler to build, more rugged and alignment insensitive, having a much shorter measurement time, and providing measurements over a much wider dynamic range.\n\nThe Analyzer has an internal computer that can store data practically indefinitely on its hard disk drive and send real time data to a data logger via the digital (RS232), analog or Ethernet outputs. All LGR analyzers may be controlled remotely via the Internet. This capability allows the user to operate the analyzer using a web browser practically anywhere Internet access is available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aceef44e-e41e-47df-82ee-895ebf49ad9b", "label": "COMA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Instrument Type: Laser absorption\n\nMeasurements: CO, N2O, H2O\n\nAircraft: P-3 Orion - WFF, WB-57 - JSC\n\nMissions: ACCLIP (WB-57 - JSC); ORACLES (P-3 Orion - WFF)\n\nPoint(s) of Contact: James Podolske (PI), Levi Golston (Co-I), Laura Iraci (Co-I), Emma Yates (Co-I), Roy R. Johnson (POC; Mgr), Caroline Dang (Co-I), Kristen Okorn (Co-I)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9a128a1-c9b0-44e0-92db-4134793855a3", "label": "COLD 2", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "COLD2 is an automated, portable, mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer for in situ carbon monoxide mixing ratio measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The instrument was designed to be versatile, suitable for easy installation on different platforms and capable of operating completely unattended, without the presence of an operator. The spectrometer features a small size (80 × 25 × 41 cm 3 ), light weight (23 kg) and low power consumption (85 W typical), without being pressurized. COLD2 recently flew aboard the research aircraft M55 Geophysica during a measurement campaign (StratoClim) carried out in Nepal in summer 2017. The instrument worked extremely well, without external maintenance during all flights, yielding an in-flight sensitivity of 1–2 ppbV with a time resolution of 1 s.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14769c94-71ae-4a23-b23c-d10084673d36", "label": "ISAF", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The NASA GSFC In Situ Airborne Formaldehyde (ISAF) instrument measures formaldehyde (CH2O) on both pressurized and unpressurized (high-altitude) aircraft. Using laser induced fluorescence (LIF), ISAF possesses the high sensitivity, fast time response, and dynamic range needed to observe CH2O throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, where concentrations can range from 10 pptv to hundreds of ppbv.\n\nFormaldehyde is produced via the oxidation of hydrocarbons, notably methane (a ubiquitous greenhouse gas) and isoprene (the primary hydrocarbon emitted by vegetation). Observations of CH2O can thus provide information on many atmospheric processes, including:\n\n - Convective transport of air from the surface to the upper troposphere\n\n - Emissions of reactive hydrocarbons from cities, forests, and fires\n\n- Atmospheric oxidizing capacity, which relates to formation of ozone and destruction of methane\nIn situ observations of CH2O are also crucial for validating retrievals from satellite instruments, such as OMI, TROPOMI, and TEMPO.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb84c29a-ec15-4598-a3f6-7644a45a19ff", "label": "SAGA", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "As part of the measurement team on the NASA DC-8 we operate two related installations: a mist chamber/ion chromatograph (MC/IC) sampling/analysis system providing near real time results for selected species, and a bulk aerosol system that collects particulates onto filters for subsequent analysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ea26300-b0f5-40bf-81d9-0dc4376c3ad9", "label": "PANAK", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The Ames PANAK instrument is a computerized 3- channel Capillary Gas Chromatographic system designed for the collection and analysis of low ppt (10-12 v/v) levels of peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), alkyl nitrates, and tertrachloroethene in Channels 1 and 2; and C2-C3 aldehydes, C1-C2 alcohols, C3-C4 ketones, and C1-C2 nitriles in channel 3. Channels 1 and 2 use ECD detectors and have a sampling frequency of 2.5 minutes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d0f7c56-5fc3-45ca-bac4-fb7f016b8c71", "label": "ACIR", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Aerosols of size 0.05 µm to 5 µm are collected with Ames wire impactors. This instrument consists of 25 µm, 75 µm and 500 µm diameter palladium or gold wires on ring mounts exposed to air for up to 5 minutes. Smaller diameter wires utilize their higher collection efficiency for small particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ca26840-6a60-4c96-a17f-c86a2e652835", "label": "URI Instrument", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "Measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylhydroperoxide (CH3OOH) will be made using a technique described by Lee et al., 1995. This technique has successfully been employed as a method of quantifying hydroperoxide concentrations aboard both the DC-8 and P3-B during previous PEM missions. Aqueous collection using continuous flow glass scrubbing coils allows for 99% collection efficiency for H2O2 and approximately 60% for CH3OOH. Quantitative analysis aboard both planes will be conducted using\nhigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described by Lee et al., 1995. Hydroperoxides are separated using reverse phase HPLC followed by a derivatization reaction between the particular hydroperoxide and peroxidase producing a fluorescent dimer (6,6'-dihydroxy-3,3'biphenyldiacetic acid). The production of this dimer is proportional the quantity of the reacting hydroperoxide.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1e36c6e3-f66b-4a18-bc5d-61b4917bfbf8", "label": "APS", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The APS is a passive sensor designed to gather high altitude dust particles for laboratory research. An APS paddle is deployed from a wingtip pod into stratosphere once the ER-2 has reached cruising altitude, and is retracted before descent. Both wire impactor and oil-film paddles are used. After approximately 40 hours of exposure, the sealed units are returned to the investigator for examination by an electron microscope. The returned particles can be the by-products of meteor decomposition in the upper atmosphere, or the products of massive volcanic eruptions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4275d192-55e8-4c72-a7d1-f4775516c2d0", "label": "GPR-2500 S", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The GPR-2500S is generally used to monitor the oxygen content of a confined space or control room occupied by humans for a deficiency of oxygen. This configuration requires the operator calibrate the monitor with a certified span gas from a cylinder and not the ambient air surrounding the monitor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db48e642-532d-4c75-a464-9d9c2b179966", "label": "Xylem Cond 1970i", - "broader": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", + "parentId": "3d25724b-832f-4a61-b0b2-4f2ccecdba94", "definition": "The portable Cond 1970i measuring instrument enables you to carry out conductivity measurements rapidly and reliably. The Cond 1970i provides the maximum degree of operating comfort, reliability and measuring certainty for all applications.", "children": [] } @@ -11428,25 +11428,25 @@ { "uuid": "451995e8-a883-4468-abfd-a0e211ca9b72", "label": "Data Analysis", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", "label": "Environmental Modeling", - "broader": "451995e8-a883-4468-abfd-a0e211ca9b72", + "parentId": "451995e8-a883-4468-abfd-a0e211ca9b72", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "143488b4-9a25-47d9-8e47-317b7cb1e49d", "label": "Soil Characteristics", - "broader": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", + "parentId": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b46f44ae-d2b5-4653-abdc-09a28eb4276b", "label": "CONUS-Soil", - "broader": "143488b4-9a25-47d9-8e47-317b7cb1e49d", + "parentId": "143488b4-9a25-47d9-8e47-317b7cb1e49d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -11455,14 +11455,14 @@ { "uuid": "814d6fe0-07c4-4af1-b8ce-85348cb119a6", "label": "Line intercept sampling", - "broader": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", + "parentId": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", "definition": "Line intercept sampling is a method of sampling elements in a region whereby an element is sampled if a chosen line segment, called a 'transect', intersects the element. Line intercept sampling has proven to be a reliable, versatile, and easy to implement method to analyze an area containing various objects of interest.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91294ff2-2621-4976-98c7-b159a056d6f9", "label": "Computer", - "broader": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", + "parentId": "ded4f1ec-01bc-4e96-99bb-1a7464af9e46", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -11473,61 +11473,61 @@ { "uuid": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "label": "Samplers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1474e6ed-cce2-4f24-980a-68f03eda0194", "label": "QUADRATS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", "label": "Bottles/Flasks/Jars", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "25ed0fd3-9f56-4464-9ecc-618c49084deb", "label": "FLASKS", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", + "parentId": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", "definition": "FLASKS are bottles that have a narrow neck.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3139a8c0-c56a-4e6a-ad8d-195b0882f16b", "label": "NANSEN BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", + "parentId": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", "definition": "Nansen bottles are 'water sampling bottles' used by oceanographers to obtain\nsubsurface samples of seawater to determine the properties of sea-water. These\nbottles are generally metal or plastic tubes with either plug valves at each\nend. The bottle is lowered by wire with its valves open at both ends to the\ndesired depth. It is then closed in situ by allowing a weight (called a\nmessenger) to slide down the wire and strike the reversing mechanism. This\ncauses the bottle to turn upside down, closing the valves and reversing the\nreversing thermometers, which are mounted on the bottle in a special\nthermometer case. If, as is usually the case, a series of bottles are lowered,\nthen the reversal of each bottle releases another messenger to actuate the\nbottle beneath it.\n\nGenerally a number of bottles (12 to 24) are attached at predetermined\nintervals in series along the wire (a 'bottle cast') and closed in succession.\nWhen the bottles have been brought back to the deck the water samples are drawn\nthrough a tap, following a routine designed to obtain a pure sample. In some\ndesigns, the bottle when tripped is released at its upper end and rotates\nthrough 180 degrees about a hinge at its lower end where it is clamped to the\nwire. This is for the purpose of operating the 'reversing thermometers' and\nleads to the bottles being referred to as 'reversing bottles'. In other\ndesigns, the bottle remains stationary while a frame carrying the reversing\nthermometers rotates. A capacity of 1.25 liters is common for these bottles\nbut for special purposes, such as carbon-14 analysis, larger bottles are used -\nup to several hundred liters capacity.\n\nAnother arrangement of water bottles is in the form of a so- called 'rosette\nsampler'. In this, 12 to 20 water bottles are mounted in a single frame which\nis attached to the end of the oceanographic wire. This has an electrical\nconductor incorporated; the bottles can be closed when desired on electrical\ncommand from the deck. This rosette arrangement is generally used in\nconjunction with a CTD sensor head with deck read-out so that water samples can\nbe obtained to check the CTD or to obtain confirmation of interesting features\nin the water profile.\n_________________________________________________________________\nTaken from:\nPickard, G.L, Descriptive Physical Oceanography, 3rd edition, Pergamon Press,\nOxford, 1979. ISBN 0-08-023824-6\n\nSmith, F.G.W, (Editor), CRC Handbook of Marine Science, Volume I, CRC Press,\nCleveland, 1974. ISBN 0-87819-388-X (Complete Set)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fb56d22-1ee4-4cec-a509-910ddc23cd96", "label": "GO-FLO BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", + "parentId": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", "definition": "Go-Flo bottles are 'water-sampling bottles' used by oceanographers to obtain\nsubsurface water samples at the required depths. The Go-Flo water-sampling\nbottle is used whenever uncontaminated samples need to be taken, for instance\nfor the chemical analysis of trace metals in sea water. The Go-Flo bottles are\nclosed when they are lowered into the water column and open automatically at a\ndepth of about 10 meters. As a result, these bottles are neither contaminated\non deck nor as they are lowered into the water, by the uppermost layer of the\nseawater surface that is contaminated by interaction with the air. \n\nSeveral Go-Flo bottles (12 or 24) can also be attached to a 'rosette sampler'.\nIn this, water bottles are mounted in a single frame which is attached to the\nend of the oceanographic wire. This has an electrical conductor incorporated;\nthe bottles can be closed when desired on electrical command from the deck. \nThe rosette can then lowered into the water column along with an 'STD'\nmeasuring system (measures salinity, temperature, concentration of dissolved\noxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll level, etc. in the water column to a depth of\n1600 meters). In this case, the bottle closing mechanisms are activated by the\nSTD system each time a required depth is reached.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b79c7e06-cd07-442f-bf12-2019cd71c201", "label": "NISKIN BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", + "parentId": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", "definition": "The most commonly used water-sampling bottle at present is the Niskin bottle,\nwith spring-loaded end-caps with rubber washers. These are plastic\n(polyvinylchloride) bottles with stoppers at each end. The stoppers are held\ntogether by a rubber cord or spring that pulls them together from inside the\nbottle. The water-tight closures at both top and bottom, equipped with\nsubsampling spigot and air vent, can be remotely triggered at pre-determined\ndepths in the water column to collect seawater samples for discrete chemical\nand biological measurements. To cock these bottles, lanyards are used to pull\nthe stoppers away from the bottle, leaving the bottle wide open for water to\nflow through. The bottle is tripped by activating a firing mechanism that\nreleases the lanyard, allowing the stoppers to close on the bottle thereby\ntrapping the seawater sample. \n\nNiskin bottles can capture a much larger volume of seawater than the older\nNansen bottles. Reversing thermometers on Niskin bottles are mounted in a\nspring-loaded frame that rotates the thermometers at the same time that the\nNiskin bottle stoppers are closed. These are used with most rosette samplers,\nthe most common arrangement for water bottles, where a single frame carries up\nto 36 water bottles. Water bottles are mounted in a single frame that is\nattached to the end of the oceanographic wire. This has an electrical\nconductor incorporated; the bottles can be closed when desired on electrical\ncommand from the deck.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec361302-dcd2-4606-9254-4dac527a99de", "label": "FILTERABLE DEPOSIT JAR SAMPLER", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", + "parentId": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9425f59-1aec-4743-b07a-fc6d760bb296", "label": "WATER BOTTLES", - "broader": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", + "parentId": "36c976c8-cede-4a48-a19f-4f29458e7cae", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -11536,111 +11536,111 @@ { "uuid": "3a277594-15de-4795-b057-35a918e1c12a", "label": "FSI", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66fd83d4-5315-42b3-a9fc-3e1bb6222c79", "label": "HVPS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "The High Volume Particle Sampler, also known as the High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS), measures particle size distributions and obtains particle images in the size range of about 0.1 cm to 6 cm. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HVPS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: HVPS\n Short_Name: HVPS\n Long_Name: High Volume Particle Sampler\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/HVPS\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c7c9336-4cb9-45a5-a949-c5ee562106d0", "label": "ELECTROFISHING", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "label": "Grabbers/Traps/Collectors", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "363d283c-b6ba-4c90-852a-365b22b86f7e", "label": "SEDIMENT TRAPS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "Sediment Traps are specialized sampling devices, usually\ncylindrical or conical in shape and of variable dimensions,\nwhich is deployed in the ocean to collect sinking particulate\ninorganic and organic matter. When positioned near the base of\nthe euphotic zone, the downward flux of nitrogen should\napproximate new production in aquatic ecosystems.\n\n[Source: University of California]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48cb1921-cd98-4dc4-b6cf-0ae5da689b2e", "label": "TULLGREN FUNNEL", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "A device used to extract small invertebrate animals from a dry soil sample. The sample is placed in a container with a base made from gauze with a mesh designed to hold soil particles but permit the animals to pass. The container is arranged over a funnel, with a light above. The heat causes the animals to move away from the top of the sample, through the gauze sheet and into the funnel from which they can be collected. Most species are collected after two hours, but complete extraction takes two-three days. [Encyclopedia.com]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TULLGREN FUNNEL\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: Grabbers/Traps/Collectors\n Short_Name: TULLGREN FUNNEL\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-04-29\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4b3e2548-dffe-421b-b308-95556d69b2ee", "label": "TRAPS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "580df25f-c9f8-4f50-aec6-06440671d0d0", "label": "WET DEPOSITION COLLECTORS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e7f22d1-aef7-4fe7-94f2-49eea53ea3ff", "label": "Dart Biopsy Gun", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a858dfd-8e3a-408e-a250-89ed91fff930", "label": "AEROSOL COLLECTORS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "Aerosol collectors are devices used to measure aerosols usually deposited \ndirectly onto films or sensitive detectors. Collectors can measure varying \nsizes of aerosols depending on the application. Some aerosol collectors are \nground-based, while others are aircraft-based or even placed on buoys.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8356bb8a-ff3a-46a6-aa85-4a0a3fd2db61", "label": "SEDIMENT METERS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "An instrument used for measuring a quantity of sediment in the water. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: SEDIMENT METERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: Grabbers/Traps/Collectors\n Short_Name: SEDIMENT METERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99b3c865-d4a4-43f7-b37d-28a24b2c71e5", "label": "GRAB SAMPLERS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "GRAB SAMPLERS are a rapid collection of whole-air samples that\nare fitted into a suitable container, such as an n evacuated\ncanister or polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) bag.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a01d0f54-b753-4249-8dc7-a1a49947e0c5", "label": "MACS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "Multiple Aerosol Collection System (MACS) contains an impactor\ncollector, which permits the collection of particles on electron\nmicroscope grids for later chemical-constituent analysis. The\ncollector consists of a two stages. In the first stage the\npressure of the sample is reduced by a factor of two without\nloosing particles by impaction on walls. The second stage\nconsists of a thin plate impactor which collects efficiently\neven at small Reynolds numbers. The system collects particles\nas small as 0.02 micron at WB-57F cruise altitudes. As many as\n24 samples can be collected in a flight.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b315f661-b19f-4088-ba0f-cf27ea5151d4", "label": "DRY DEPOSITION COLLECTORS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b735c07f-218a-4ae7-b240-c4de7867e90b", "label": "ROTENONE STATIONS", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f77932c0-e115-48da-978d-dd7bf6afd0af", "label": "SOIL SAMPLER", - "broader": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", + "parentId": "70815ca9-3685-4e93-a6c5-55ef53d6080c", "definition": "A Soil Sampler is a probe used to extract soil for testing.", "children": [] } @@ -11649,244 +11649,244 @@ { "uuid": "734709ce-2a7a-4160-8cb3-a3c7e0bc164d", "label": "GRANULOMETRIC SIEVES", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77f6de85-0628-4659-bfe1-9172ba7b19ef", "label": "WET/DRY PRECIPITATION SAMPLERS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "Precipitation samples are collected with wet/dry collectors or\nbulk samplers. The wet/dry collector is the preferred\nprecipitation sampler and consists of a bucket that is open only\nduring periods of wet (rainfall, snow, etc.)\nprecipitation. During dry periods the sample bucket is covered,\nthus excluding dry-fall precipitation from the sample.\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7a53aaf4-249e-4747-a5a3-47e037d2885d", "label": "HVAS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86b43d3e-92bb-436b-9d56-a5de4ac23ef1", "label": "CUFES", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "The Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) is a, recently\ndeveloped, plankton sampling device that provides\nhigh-resolution maps of fish eggs by sieving the eggs from water\npumped from a fixed depth (usually 3 m) while a survey ship is\nunderway. Concurrently, environmental data are collected, stored\nand processed by means of a set of instruments and probes,\ninstalled onboard, and software that handles the\ninformation. Most systems record date, time, position (GPS),\nwater flow, temperature, conductivity (salinity) and\nfluorescence (chlorophyll).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ipimar-iniap.ipimar.pt/pelagicos/english/news/sampling.html'2003", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d27ab4d-00ee-4403-aa04-a89e74d3f24a", "label": "PISTON SAMPLERS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "Piston Samplers are drive samplers equipped with either a free\nor a retractable-type piston that retreats up into the barrel of\nthe sampler in contact with the top of the soil sample as the\nsampler is pressed into the formation being sampled.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96471be4-6078-477d-8e66-c02b92f594d4", "label": "DREDGING DEVICES", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "Dredging is the removal of earthen materials, including rock or\ncoral, from under water. It increases the size of the waterway\nand provides construction materials for land-based projects. It\nalso improves logistics. The wider, deeper shipping channel\nprovides easier passage of vessels with deep draft. The deeper\nthe draft of a vessel, the more tonnage it can carry. If few\nships are available for logistics, then dredging can make these\nships more efficient.\n\nMaterial removed during dredging is often a naturally-occurring\nconstruction material. In military operations, natural materials\nmake up for scarce resources. Typically, sand is available along\nthe coast and in most rivers. Care must be taken to avoid clay\nor fine-grained sediments.\n\nTwo primary types of dredging occur: mechanical and hydraulic.\n\nMechanical equipment dredges easily with a clam shell, shovel,\nbackhoe, or other device that scoops the material up. A simple\ntype of mechanical dredge is a land crane, equipped with a\nsuitable bucket mounted on a barge. This dredge needs barges or\nscows to move the material from the dredging site to the\ndisposal site.\n\nThe hydraulic dredge uses water to remove and transport the\nmaterial. This system has a pump for moving the water. The pump\ncreates a vacuum or a pressure head, which moves water rapidly\nthrough the pipe. This system always has at least three\ncomponents: dredging device, pump, and discharge system. There\nare many common hydraulic dredging systems--hopper dredges,\nsidecast dredges, cutterhead dredges, and dustpan dredges.\n\n[Summary provided by the Globe Security Organization]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "983f115b-4f2a-44c6-9737-101377f44fb2", "label": "KEMMERER SAMPLER", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "A Kemmerer Sampler is a device that is usually used to obtain a\nwater sample from a specific depth in lakes or streams. It is less\nfrequently used to sample monitoring wells. First, the supporting\ncable is marked to identify the depth at which the sample will be\ntaken. As it is lowered, the water passes freely through the body\nof the sampler. At the designated depth, a weighted messenger is\ndropped down the cable. When it reaches the sampler, the messenger\nactivates a trip mechanism that closes a plug/stopper at the bottom\nand top of the sampler thus sealing the water inside.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1135cb4-a824-4e32-b5b1-7c0633d5f817", "label": "STS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3dda022-2254-4ec5-9ce5-99d65060cc2f", "label": "BEDLOAD SENSORS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "Bedload sensors sample sand, silt, gravel, rock, and other debris from the\nocean, river, stream, lake, etc. bottom. Some bedload sensors use acoustic\ntechnologies to sample bottom sediments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af479639-68a7-436c-b57d-11771971a7be", "label": "KOPRI Unit", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4e04a55-68fc-43df-939b-91048f24ff57", "label": "HVPS-3", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "This instrument is a type of airborne particle probe flown on research aircraft. It was flown on the citation aircraft for the GPM ground validation field campaign OLYMPEX.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8fe9845-4ae5-44e3-bebf-64128c268df5", "label": "PILS/IC", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "The Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS) was developed for rapid automated on-line and continuous measurement of ambient aerosol bulk composition. The general approach is based on earlier devices in which ambient particles are mixed with saturated water vapor to produce droplets easily collected by inertial techniques. The resulting liquid stream is analyzed with an ion chromatograph to quantitatively measure the bulk aerosol ionic components. In this instrument, a modified version of a particle size magnifier is employed to activate and grow particles comprising the fine aerosol mass. A single jet inertial impactor is used to collect the droplets onto a vertical glass plate that is continually washed with a constant water diluent flow of nominally 0.10 ml min-1. The flow is divided and then analyzed by a dual channel ion chromatograph. In its current form, 4.3 min integrated samples were measured every 7 min. The instrument provides bulk composition measurements with a detection limit of approximately 0.1 µg m-3 for chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, calcium, and potassium.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb18f75e-6305-4be3-b12e-27aeef7d3fe5", "label": "WWS", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "label": "Trawls/Nets", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1e610ebc-134a-47f3-bfa1-a5bef8dc6c3e", "label": "DEMERSAL TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "28f2c2c5-1f5c-47e7-a58c-1c2e88bd968a", "label": "BONGO NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "The Bongo net was invented in the mid-20th century. Today, bongo\n nets are available both in opening/closing and non-closing\n form. However, the most commonly used net is a non-closing\n MARMAP Bongo Net, developed around 1980.\n\n How It Works\n\n A pulley with a 19 mm diameter chain or cable is used to lower\n the nets into the water column. A collecting bucket, attached to\n the cod-end of the net, is used to contain the zooplankton\n sample. Finally, when the net is retrieved from the ocean, the\n collecting bucket can then be detached and easily transported to\n a laboratory.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.whoi.edu/coastalresearch/instrumentation/html/zooplankton.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46b681ed-42fd-4cb6-9da4-1ca93336bc41", "label": "NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c1980ca-9cb9-4ba3-bb2a-ee5951d514f8", "label": "TUCKER TRAWLS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "Tucker Trawls consists of a a net stretched between two steel\nbars, which filter samples into a small bucket. The net is\nattached to a wire on the ship and reeled out to a specific\ndepth.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c859cd7-4921-4158-a85f-621d999431f2", "label": "SCOR WP-2 ZOOPLANKTON NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dc13375-a2a4-40ed-a556-51e887438769", "label": "PLANKTON NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "A plankton net is a device for concentrating small marine\norganisms for closer examination. The small organisms collected\nin a plankton tow will be plants and animals that go unnoticed\nby most people. A microscope is needed to identify many of these\norganisms, but you see can see some of the larger zooplankton\nwith your naked eye, and even better with a magnifying glass.\n\nA net with very fine mesh is used in the plankton net because\nmany of these tiny organisms would pass through an ordinary dip\nnet. The plankton net is essentially a cloth funnel that allows\nwater to pass through, but retains the living organisms. The\ncollected organisms will be found in the small glass or plastic\nbottle found at the bottom of the net.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/G_Bay/Ecosystem/Plankton/plankton_net.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Rhode Island Sea Grant]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e07cfa1-93d0-4862-94ee-325411a9149d", "label": "BENTHOPELAGIC TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a7963a9-01d1-41ee-b8d6-b7afb0e39d81", "label": "NORPAC ZOOPLANKTON NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "The NORPAC ZOOPLANKTON NET is a mesh net towed vertically for\nthe collection of zooplankton (small floating or weakly swimming\nanimals that are transported with the water currents).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d25838c-87ed-4e75-95fe-2d426a85c1c7", "label": "OTTER TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6285338b-3ec4-4ecc-962f-ee6fc2d80c7e", "label": "BIONESS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "The BIONESS (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Net Environmental Sampling\nSystem) is a series of 9 nets that are opened and closed in sequence. BIONESS\ntows are done obliquely (diagonally) through the water at given depths. A CTD\nunit is attached to the frame of the BIONESS and allows in situ display of\nconductivity, temperature, depth, and % light transmission within the water. We\nuse our BIONESS in combination with a scientific echo sounder to strategically\nsample locations of high biomass within the water column.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64fd5823-293d-41bb-b8c6-7e48d754813d", "label": "TUBBS TOWS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c662d7f-95b2-4885-9d96-776242da52fa", "label": "NEUSTON NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "A Neuston Net is an aluminum frame fitted with mesh used\nfor plankton sampling.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9461dfde-fc76-4a6e-8f9c-e1e8048008c3", "label": "BENTHIC GRABS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b798ae8a-8d20-4428-841a-f6e7189f9434", "label": "FISH NETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b879e422-8370-4f09-a52d-8ebfbdf37493", "label": "AGASSIZ TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "A dredge consisting of a net attached to an iron frame with a hoop at each end that is used to collect organisms, particularly invertebrates, living on the ocean bottom. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AGASSIZ TRAWL\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Samplers\n Instrument_Type: Trawls/Nets\n Short_Name: AGASSIZ TRAWL\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AGASSIZ TRAWL\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.senckenberg.de/images/content/foto1_schwamme_agassiztrawl1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c386fdd8-5a49-46c6-9be6-b56a9428f30d", "label": "TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "Trawl is a long fishing line with many shorter lines and hooks\nattached to it (usually suspended between buoys).\n\n[Summary provided by Wordnet]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c495dfab-f577-4428-ac47-daf34b437f4b", "label": "BENTHOPELAGIC NET", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9c0085a-3b55-407b-8a87-c66c2b98c7aa", "label": "MOCNESS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "The MOCNESS is a computer controlled net system used to collect\nplankton samples from specific depths in the water column. As\nthe net system is towed through the water, individual nets can\nbe opened within target depth 'bins.' This ability to collect\nsamples from discrete depths allows researchers to determine the\nvertical distribution of the organisms they are studying.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent3/docs/mocness.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbbb7e45-e65c-45fd-8fa4-c4d2a56d0e87", "label": "BOTTOM TRAWL", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "efbaa43f-3ecf-4f3e-8823-6d80d6cd3197", "label": "GILLNETS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f692fa4a-034c-4428-8d71-2549e1fd254e", "label": "MIDWATER TRAWLS", - "broader": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", + "parentId": "eceec9a6-1311-4028-8433-1f6d21b62d4d", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -11895,56 +11895,56 @@ { "uuid": "abefe108-1df7-40ee-bab4-51218ba6bbf9", "label": "SWE Sampler", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "A SWE sampler is used to collect snow samples for snow depth and snow water equivalent measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a0d8278-77c0-4c24-ac87-58d5ac82e338", "label": "UC Davis RDI", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "The RDI sampler was developed and constructed at University of California, Davis. It is a cascade impactor operated at 16.7 L/min air flow rate drawn by an external pump and coupled to a 10 μm cut-point (PM10) inlet. The 8-stage RDI sampler collects particulates continuously on 8 drums in 8 size ranges (i.e., 10-5, 5-2.5, 2.5-1.15, 1.15-0.75, 0.75-0.56, 0.56-0.34, 0.34-0.26, and 0.26-0.09 μm) with programmable time resolution of 0.4 to 48 hours (corresponding to about 0.75 to 96 weeks sampling duration), which can be preset depending on the predicted particle loading.\n\nThe RDI samples collected from the field sites are analyzed by XRF using a broad-spectrum X-ray beam generated on beamline 10.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The ALS XRF system is capable of high sensitivity detection of elements ranging from sodium to uranium. The XRF analysis of the RDI samples provides quantitative elemental data for approximately 28 elements. Of the 28 elements analyzed, approximately 18 were well quantified due to their sufficiently high ambient atmospheric concentration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c3e8902-90e1-48bd-8e94-ea0c6579d5cc", "label": "Capture Mark Recapture", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) can be viewed as an animal survey method in which the count statistic is the total number of animals caught, and the associated detection probability is the probability of capture. The method involves capturing a number of animals, marking them, releasing them back into the population, and then determining the ratio of marked to unmarked animals in the population.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9b6ed7f-2e26-4749-98f0-b3617451192b", "label": "Photo-Identification Techniques", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "A method of identifying species with persistent external patterns that can be used to identify unique individuals over the course of most of their adult life span. Examples include spots, anomalous pigmentation, and patterns on the trailing edges of marine mammal fins.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "092cad6c-758d-4d0b-b615-615fc42e08b5", "label": "Distance Sampling", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "A set of randomly placed lines or points is established and distances are measured to those objects detected by traveling the line or surveying the points.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3d76a99-1e2d-4acd-b6b2-c7185a20cfc7", "label": "Line Transect Sampling", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "A line is traversed by an observer and perpendicular distances are measured from the line to each detected object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67a21bdb-2f92-4692-96e7-6a27e95f8c55", "label": "Event", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "An action that occurs at some location during some time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2faf041-a3c6-4013-9134-970183e4775f", "label": "PILS/WSOC", - "broader": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", + "parentId": "78c70202-ab05-40d6-90db-563be2a8dc90", "definition": "An instrument for on-line continuous measurement of the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) component of aerosol particles is described and results from an urban site in St. Louis are presented. A Particle-into-Liquid Sampler impacts ambient particles, grown to large water droplets, onto a plate and then washes them into a flow of purified water. The resulting liquid is filtered and the carbon content quantified by a Total Organic Carbon analyzer providing continuous six-minute integral measurements with a detection limit of 0.1 μg C/m3. Summer and fall measurements of WSOC and organic carbon (OC) indicated WSOC/OC ratio typically ranged from 0.40 to 0.80. A diurnal variation in WSOC/OC that correlated with ozone was observed over extended periods in June; however, other periods in August had no correlation. The results suggested that WSOC was composed of a complex mixture of compounds that may contain a significant fraction from secondary organic aerosol formation.", "children": [] } @@ -11953,103 +11953,103 @@ { "uuid": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "label": "Photon/Optical Detectors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "02c7de7e-4a26-4bb8-800f-07bff27fed08", "label": "THEODOLITE", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "A THEODOLITE is an optical instrument, similar to a surveyor?s\ntransit telescope, used to visually track a radiosonde balloon\nand determine its azimuth and elevation angles while in flight.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04e586f0-569b-467d-b9ca-b43bc6802f4b", "label": "SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is one of the most\nversatile and widely used tools of modern science as it allows\nthe study of both morphology and composition of biological and\nphysical materials.\n\nBy scanning an electron probe across a specimen, high resolution\nimages of the morphology or topography of a specimen, with great\ndepth of field, at very low or very high magnifications can be\nobtained. Compositional analysis of a material may also be\nobtained by monitoring secondary X-rays produced by the\nelectron-specimen interaction. Thus detailed maps of elemental\ndistribution can be produced from multi-phase materials or\ncomplex, bio-active materials. Characterization of fine\nparticulate matter in terms of size, shape, and distribution as\nwell as statistical analyses of these parameters, may be\nperformed.\n\nThere are many different types of SEM designed for specific\npurposes ranging from routine morphological studies, to\nhigh-speed compositional analyses or to the study of\nenvironment-sensitive materials. The Centre for Microscopy &\nMicroanalysis presents three particular types of SEM that, in\ncombination, provide a powerful analytical approach for many\nresearch or quality-control applications.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.uq.edu.au/nanoworld/sem_gen.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The University of Queensland]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0982484f-4bb9-41dd-8841-931435cc138d", "label": "VISUAL OBSERVATIONS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "VISUAL OBSERVATIONS are the act of making and recording a\nmeasurement by visually looking at it with the eyes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "127997fe-4551-41d1-9a4b-c7ad233fdde2", "label": "TUNABLE DIODE LASER", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "A TUNABLE DIODE LASER is a solid-state laser in which as lasing\nis achieved by passing an injection current through the active\nregion of a semiconductor across the p-n junction; tunable\nmeaning it is used with a technique based upon the measurement\nof light absorption upon irridating a sample using a tunable\nlaser source.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ca6fb57-094a-4190-8b28-914c48ea2782", "label": "VISUAL CENSUS TRANSECTS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "396006e9-23ac-48f9-be9f-41cde27f9bbc", "label": "DIHM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "Allows fast three-dimensional imaging of microscopic samples, such as swimming microorganisms and soft matter systems with minimal modification to a standard microscope setup.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4472cb27-6e0b-4b25-92e0-b0fb8a3070fa", "label": "TLPCS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "496dfd2e-441f-49ec-ba0e-b80bc03a8308", "label": "PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPES are microscopes that help to\ndetermine the concentration of asbestos fibers along a national\nroad, intersection and its surroundings; In the relationships\nbetween the concentration of asbestos fibers at intersection and\nother air pollutants, the positive relationships are recognized\nbetween asbestos fibers and nitrogen monoxide and carbon\nmonoxide.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4feec751-591b-4735-a8ca-e49a15dda0c4", "label": "USIM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "USIM, or Underwater Spectral Irradiance Meter, is used in the study of the photosynthetic rate of phyto-plankton and to measure the quantity of radiant light energy available for photosynthesis, specifically direct measurements of the subsurface radiation. This instrument was designed to measure the total amount of\nlight falling at a fixed point in the sea over a period of time.\n\nReferences:\n\nDraper, L., 1961, Self-contained integrating irradiance meter for use underwater. Journal of Scientific Instruments. 38, 474-476. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: USIM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: USIM\n Long_Name: Underwater Spectral Irradiance Meter\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0950-7671/38/12/307/siv38i12p474.pdf?request-id=be9c3e08-86e5-4f2f-8751-e2d9cfe3831e\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "58ac7544-7271-4957-a70a-ea7c1a1ae094", "label": "TOC", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis is a well-defined and\ncommonly used methodology that measures the carbon content of\ndissolved and particulate organic matter present in water. Many\nwater utilities monitor TOC to determine raw water quality or to\nevaluate the effectiveness of processes designed to remove\norganic carbon. Some wastewater utilities also employ TOC\nanalysis to monitor the efficiency of the treatment process. In\naddition to these uses for TOC monitoring, measuring changes in\nTOC concentrations can be an effective 'surrogate' for detecting\ncontamination from organic compounds (e.g. petrochemicals,\nsolvents, pesticides). Thus, while TOC analysis does not give\nspecific information about the nature of the threat, identifying\nchanges in TOC can be a good indicator of potential threats to a\nsystem.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.epa.gov/safewater/security/guide/\nchemicalsensortotalorganiccarbonanalyzer.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the EPA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b9da836-cd16-4dab-b1ff-be1588738ef8", "label": "PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPES are microscopes used with The\nGeological Survey of Japan (GSJ) who has issued 31 rock\nreference samples for the analysis of major, minor and trace\nelements, isotopic compositions and isotopic ages. The purpose\nof this standard reference material project in Geological Survey\nof Japan is to improve and check the reliability of analytical\ndata obtained from different methods and different laboratories.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "684edd3f-3378-440e-9b8b-2e7c421741da", "label": "DENSIOMETERS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "A densiometer is used to determine amount of canopy closure. In\nother words, you are deciding how much of the sky above you is\nblocked by trees. When looking into a densiometer there is a\nmirror image of what is above you (it works like a periscope on\na submarine).\n\nTo use a densiometer correctly it must be held level. When\nlooking into the densiometer you can see the trees above you.\nIf more than 50% of the view is covered by branches, leaves, or\nlimbs the canopy is closed. If less than 50% of the view is\ncovered by branches, leaves, or limbs the canopy is open.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/cwes/forestree/Toolbox/densiometer.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Wisconsin]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69675373-ef6e-4f2d-8847-a0f499e29a15", "label": "Cameras", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "33de4965-928a-45d5-acfc-79e006842431", "label": "CAMERA", - "broader": "69675373-ef6e-4f2d-8847-a0f499e29a15", + "parentId": "69675373-ef6e-4f2d-8847-a0f499e29a15", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -12058,189 +12058,189 @@ { "uuid": "72e49dce-c936-4cfe-be92-156c34f73cf0", "label": "IRIS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86a80842-6038-4ac0-b443-465ddb24d757", "label": "FD12P WEATHER SENSOR", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "he FD12P Weather Sensor combines the function of a forward\nscatter visibility meter and a present weather detector.\nIt additionally measure the intensity and amount of both\nliquid and solid precipitation. The FD12P is made by Vaisala.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d33aeea-d885-4a45-89da-1dd407cbed05", "label": "RSP-2", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "n order to demonstrate the capabilities of polarimetry an instrument that can make either ground-based, or aircraft measurements, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) has been developed by SpecTIR Corporation. This instrument has similar functional capabilities to the proposed EOSP satellite instrument. \n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/RSP", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99f640d4-6b01-4646-b4e2-315885e01bf4", "label": "MICROSCOPES", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "MICROSCOPES are instruments that magnify the image of small objects.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a280f263-8a40-4bbe-aae0-5c0665884a1c", "label": "FIELD SCOPE", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3423d6a-ffd1-4269-9a31-08106418a986", "label": "PAR SENSORS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a47d7eee-2e0d-47e7-979d-17a79720a8a7", "label": "LBLSC", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5475980-7a92-4664-8114-087141d2b7ce", "label": "OPC", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The Optical Plankton Counter (OPC) is an operational instrument that detects, sizes, and counts individual particles based on measuring the attenuance, or diminution in intensity, of a collimated light beam intercepted by transiting particles. The OPC can determine the size of individual particles with effective diameters in the range 250 µm-2 cm. Thus, nearly the full size spectrum of mesozooplankton can be registered, as well as euphausiids, fish eggs, other small organisms, marine snow, and seston, or small particulate matter in suspension. The nature of the particles being sensed and quantified must be determined by physical capture, a process that is sometimes referred to as calibration. Particle concentrations as high as 10,000 particles per cubic meter can be resolved for counting purposes. The OPC is often towed, at speeds up to 8 knots, but it can also be attached to moorings and other platforms, and may be used in the laboratory. Its ordinary depth rating is 1000 m, but that of a special model is 4000 m.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OPC\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: OPC\n Long_Name: Optical Plankton Counter\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://research.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/research/research-technology/optical-instruments-and-methods-for-remote-sensing/optical-plankton-counter-opc/\n Sample_Image: http://research.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/wp-content/images/Technology/OPCImage01b.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa1dea38-ecf4-433f-afdf-d38d653f215e", "label": "RSP-1", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "In order to demonstrate the capabilities of polarimetry an instrument that can make either ground-based, or aircraft measurements, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) has been developed by SpecTIR Corporation. This instrument has similar functional capabilities to the proposed EOSP satellite instrument. \n\nAdditional Information: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/RSP", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1376dd8-2add-4814-89f7-2ad520438f39", "label": "IceCube", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2e9c2ee-8112-43a8-911c-6cbb8f5215bb", "label": "TURBIDITY METERS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "TURBIDITY METERS measure the reduction in transmission of light\nthat is caused by interposing a solution containing solid\nparticles between the light source and the eye; measures\nturbidity or turbulence (instability in the atmosphere) or\nunstable flow of particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b645849d-c7fd-4fa5-9d23-7671a0a68d35", "label": "PHOTOSYNTHETRON", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The photosynthetron consists of 10 arms (A-J) in a radial\narrangement around a high intensity 250 Watt lamp. Each arm can\nhold 12 50ml screw-top culture bottles, and is temperature\ncontrolled with water flowing through from a water bath. The\nbottles shade each other so there is a gradient of light\nirradiance ranging from 37.5 x 1015 quanta/sec/cm2 in bottle #1\nto 0.78 x 1015 quanta/sec/cm2 in bottle #12.\n\n[Source: College of Charleston South Carolina]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd629a09-0521-4220-b2d9-9ba5ba5985db", "label": "ODM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "An optical disdrometer that uses infrared light to measure falling precipitation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c41e423b-6343-4380-9b6b-e74b2a8485ba", "label": "TLS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The RIEGL VZ-1000 V-Line Terrestrial Laser Scanner provides high speed, non-contact data acquisition using a narrow infrared laser beam and a fast scanning mechanism. \n\nMore information: \nhttps://www.3dlasermapping.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DataSheet_VZ-1000_2017-06-14.pdf", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5824666-8c74-404a-9303-c67fc0c4bd8f", "label": "SECCHI DISKS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The Secchi (rhymes with etch-e) disk originated with Fr. Pietro Angelo\nSecchi, an astrophysicist, who was requested to measure transparency\nin the Mediterranean Sea by Commander Cialdi, head of the Papal Navy. Secchi\nwas the scientific advisor to the Pope. Secchi used some white disks\nto measure the clarity of water in the Mediterranean in April of l865. Various\nsizes of disks have been used since that time, but the most frequently\nused disk is an 8 inch diameter metal disk painted in alternate black and white\nquadrants.\n\nThe Secchi disk is used to measure how deep a person can see into the\nwater. It is lowered into a body of water until the observer loses\nsight of it. The disk is then raised until it reappears. The depth of\nthe water where the disk vanishes and reappears is the Secchi disk\nreading.\n\nEven though the Secchi disc measurement of water clarity is an\napproximate evaluation of the transparency of water, it is used\nprimarily for its simplicity. A more accurate measurement of\nunderwater irradiance can be made by the use of photometer.\n\nA Secchi Disk measures water clarity. Water clarity may be affected by\nthree different factors -- algae, sediment and / or water color.\nOne of the major reasons why Secchi disc measurements decrease from\nspring to fall, is due to the increase of plankton-- both\nphytoplankton and zooplankton. Since zooplankton graze on\nphytoplankton, (algae i.e.), the Secchi disc readings may increase\nduring the summer by the reduction of algae in\nthe water. Algae blooms may occur when the amount of available\nnutrients increases faster than the macrophytes (plants rooted in the\nbottom of a lake)can absorb them.\n\nThis summary has been adapted from the MSLA page on\n'THE SECCHI DISK - WHAT IS IT?'\n\nAdditional information on Secchi Disk available at\n'http://www.pollardwater.com/emarket/pages/L0921002disks.asp'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca21812d-4cee-4489-9571-9701cab22c20", "label": "INFRARED LASER SPECTROSCOPY", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e0333132-bbed-4b09-a453-75afc4afae6d", "label": "TRANSPARENCY METER", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "Transparency meters (SS meters) provide an important management\nparameter for the water quality standards of discharged\nwater. The CST-200 transparency meter (SS meter) performs\ncontinuous measurement of the transparency (suspended solid\nconcentration) of discharged water. This meter can be\neffectively used for notification of water quality abnormalities\nand for management of the operating conditions of wastewater\ntreatment facilities.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.cos-co.com/agriculture_e/cst-200/'\n\n[Summary provided by COS]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5ab49d5-5f99-43d6-85bd-8db629f7bc7b", "label": "TEM", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are patterned after\nTransmission Light Microscopes and will yield similar\ninformation.\n\nMorphology\n\nThe size, shape and arrangement of the particles, which make up\nthe specimen as well as their relationship to each other on the\nscale of atomic diameters. Crystallographic Information The\narrangement of atoms in the specimen and their degree of order,\ndetection of atomic-scale defects in areas a few nanometers in\ndiameter Compositional Information (if so equipped) The elements\nand compounds the sample is composed of and their relative\nratios, in areas a few nanometers in diameter\n\nA TEM works much like a slide projector. A projector shines a\nbeam of light through (transmits) the slide, as the light passes\nthrough it is affected by the structures and objects on the\nslide. These effects result in only certain parts of the light\nbeam being transmitted through certain parts of the slide. This\ntransmitted beam is then projected onto the viewing screen,\nforming an enlarged image of the slide.\n\nTEMs work the same way except that they shine a beam of\nelectrons (like the light) through the specimen(like the\nslide). Whatever part is transmitted is projected onto a\nphosphor screen for the user to see.\n\n[Source: University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9ba8850-f934-46bc-a1ce-744179a38812", "label": "BINOCULAR", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "A pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BINOCULAR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Photon/Optical Detectors\n Short_Name: BINOCULAR\n Long_Name: BINOCULAR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BER_BLA/BINOCULAR_INSTRUMENT.html\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Binocularp.svg/450px-Binocularp.svg.png\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f138394c-f106-4f0f-b8b0-1ef9ecc3f7c2", "label": "PIV", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b989ab29-6f44-4ae0-ae82-6f10a34682f7", "label": "AirHARP", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The Airborne Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (AirHARP) instrument, designed and developed by the\nLaboratory for Aerosol and Cloud Optics (LACO) at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County\n(UMBC), participated in the Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and LIDAR (ACEPOL) field\ncampaign over the Western United States and the Pacific Ocean from 19 October to 9 November 2017.\nAirHARP joined three other polarimeters and two LiDAR instruments on-board the National Aeronautics\nand Space Administration (NASA) Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) ER-2 high-altitude research\naircraft. This document details the Level 1B processing and data quality of AirHARP datasets during this\ncampaign.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ada7c52-7016-4edb-8148-3715c446992b", "label": "ZAPS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "A method and apparatus for monitoring water and other fluid systems. The fluid is continually monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring many optical parameters in an in-line, on-line system, which compensates for normal fluid changes while detecting abnormalities. This system can be deployed on a profiling carousel, such as a CTD/bottle rosette system to continuously measure chemical parameters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37513c7c-ae36-4391-90db-6a8fa08ee478", "label": "A2 Photonic_WISe", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "This handheld instrument is meant to be used in the field and measures the liquid water content of snowpacks; it's uses include detecting snowmelt onset and avalanche forecasting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bb9e493-f4ec-4f66-8db1-c98cfefc2eb3", "label": "OWI-430 DSP-WIVIS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The OWI-430 DSP-WIVIS is the most advanced present weather and visibility sensor ever made. The fully automated instrument provides accurate visibility, present weather and precipitation measurement in a single sensor. This next generation intelligent sensor uses all digital signal processing (DSP) for no-drift high-accuracy results. OSi’s patented environmentally adaptive algorithms use artificial-intelligence technology derived from over 100 million field hours of real-world data from our sensors installed around the world. The result is the most advanced weather sensor in the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3ecc166-16d5-4144-b23f-49ba59813b72", "label": "BIG EYE BINOCULARS", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "A pair of 25 x 150mm telescopes side-by-side, mounted on a pedestal and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9b2f95d-3edf-47f8-87a2-0fdf67b974e5", "label": "Microtomography", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "Microtomography uses X-rays to image cross-sections of a physical object without destroying the original object. The images can be used to create a 3D model of the object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89caeef2-3ad1-4932-a3be-1a075c04afcf", "label": "InfraSnow", - "broader": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", + "parentId": "8143e95e-a438-4a2a-82b2-6d7ae079fba7", "definition": "The InfraSnow Sensor was developed in close collaboration with the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) in Davos. This is the first hand-held device that can measure snow specific-surface-area (SSA) at fractional cost of existing bulky laboratory devices. The method consists of diffuse near-infrared reflectance measurements using a compact integrating sphere setup to derive SSA. Diffuse reflectance is measured at NIR wavelengths, where impurities have only a weak influence on the reflectance of snow. For a sufficiently thick snow block, there exists a unique correlation between diffuse hemispherical reflectance and SSA according to multiple-scattering radiative transfer theory.", "children": [] } @@ -12249,40 +12249,40 @@ { "uuid": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "label": "Radiation Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "451577a2-89bd-4323-aaa1-903203614633", "label": "CIN", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", + "parentId": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "definition": "The Cloud Integrating Nephelometer (CIN) shines a 635 nm laser\nbeam between two parallel plates that are located outside an\naircraft in the free airstream. The volume of the laser beam\nbetween the plates is 100 cm3. Hydrometeors within the laser\nbeam scatter light to four Lambertian sensors located within the\ninstrument plates. The sensors have two domains. The forward\ndomain lies between 10? and 90?; laser light scattered between\n90? and 175? degree falls into the backward domain. Two of the\nsensors have ?cosine masks?. These weight the angular\ndistribution of the intensity of light reaching a sensor by the\ncosine of the angle of light scattered by the particle. Thus,\nthe four channels of the CIN are a forward channel (F), a\nbackward channel (B), a cosine-weighted forward channel (cF),\nand a cosine-weighted backward channel (cB). The fraction of\nforward scattered light missed by the sensor (f) has been\nprecisely calculated to be 0.56 +/- 0.02 for cold cirrus clouds.\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Utah]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5e2e00d5-012c-4830-94d1-214883fd4ba5", "label": "LICOR INTEGRATING SPHERE", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", + "parentId": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "definition": "Leaf Optical: Reflected and transmitted radiant energy can be\nmeasured for individual or a group of canopy elements\n(e.g. leaves, needles, branches, stems, cones, etc.) The Se590\nis attached to a LI-COR Integrating Sphere. The integrating\nsphere has a port for a reference standard and a port for the\nsample to be measured. The sphere has its own lights source\nthat can be placed in three other ports to create reflected,\nreference and transmitted measurements. Techniques have been\ndeveloped for measuring samples large enough to completely cover\nthe light source's beam area and for samples that are smaller\nthan the beam area.\n\n[Source: University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "763a171a-bdb9-4276-8b76-d4937ce0ad50", "label": "LICOR LEAF AREA METER", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", + "parentId": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "definition": "The Li-Cor LI-3100 Leaf Area Meter provides a rapid, easy-to-use\nsystem for precise measurements of both large and small\nobjects. Capability for either 1 mm2 or 0.1 mm2 area resolution\nis provided on the same instrument. Samples are rapidly measured\nby placing them on a moving transparent belt and allowing them\nto pass through the LI-3100. An adjustable press roller flattens\nthe curled leaves and feeds them properly between the\ntransparent belts. The 3000A-01 Readout Console can be connected\nto the LI-3100 for additional data storage and output\ncapabilities.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.glenspectra.co.uk/glen/licor/li3100.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Glen Spectra]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa8f1fab-12ed-4952-bb51-d3ea1365d176", "label": "Ceptometers", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", + "parentId": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a13ced7a-71c9-4b51-b2df-635e45ee9437", "label": "SUNFLECK CEPTOMETER", - "broader": "aa8f1fab-12ed-4952-bb51-d3ea1365d176", + "parentId": "aa8f1fab-12ed-4952-bb51-d3ea1365d176", "definition": "A SUNFLECK CEPTOMETER is an instrument that measures\ninstantaneous fluxes in solar radiation in the\nphotosynthetically active region (400-700 nm). Often used to\ndetermine tree canopy transmittance of photosynthetically active\nradiation.", "children": [] } @@ -12291,21 +12291,21 @@ { "uuid": "b9e375ed-0fae-4151-b10a-b80ee4ff27cb", "label": "SOLAR SIMULATORS", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", + "parentId": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "definition": "Solar Simulators are generally used in laboratory or production\nenvironments for precision testing and/or calibration of\nlight-sensitive (e.g., photovoltaic) devices. Solar simulators\nare also used on terrestrial, aerospace and satellite products\nas a long-term simulated sunlight exposure system to test\noptical coatings, thermal control coatings, paints, etc. Pulse\nsimulators make it possible to test large solar panels at a\nfraction of the cost of steady state solar simulators. Because\nthe temperature of the solar cells under test are held constant,\nthe need for thermocouple testing is eliminated, resulting in\nsavings in both time and cost.\n\n[Source: Spectrolab]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d57891ac-8d42-4397-856b-fbbb887c26ac", "label": "LICOR QUANTUM SENSOR", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", + "parentId": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "definition": "The LI-COR quantum sensor measures photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "febb31dd-ce43-4f26-97b4-7be3f2c7f30d", "label": "LICOR PLANT CANOPY ANALYZER", - "broader": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", + "parentId": "83c39fd7-c4bd-49e9-959f-12235e7f895a", "definition": "The Li-Cor Plant Canopy Analyzer sensing head has five\nconcentric silicon ring detectors beneath a nearly hemispherical\n(150? field of view) lens. A blocking filter restricts radiation\nof less than 490 nm, which minimizes the effect of light\nscattered by foliage (Welles, 1990 ). The five rings provide\ndata at five zenith angles for use in the inversion model. A\nseparate dedicated controller-data logger is attached to the\nsensing head and records light readings for each ring. Readings\nof above- and below-canopy light conditions are necessary for\nthe calculation of LAI and average leaf inclination angle by the\nbuilt-in program. Below-canopy data were taken at eight compass\ndirections and the mean of these values was stored in the\ninstrument. In the orchard, above-canopy data were taken by\nwalking to an adjacent open field immediately (less than 2 min)\nafter recording each below-canopy reading. In the forest,\nabove-canopy readings were acquired by another Plant Canopy\nAnalyzer unit atop a nearby butte, which was about 1 km south\nand at 50 m higher elevation. Data were recorded every 5 min\nduring the period in which below-canopy readings were\nmade. Above-canopy values were then linearly interpolated to\nprovide an appropriate value for each below-canopy reading.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.cstars.ucdavis.edu/papers/pdf/martensetal1993a.pdf'", "children": [] } @@ -12314,41 +12314,41 @@ { "uuid": "934ec55d-174c-468e-9326-2cca8071793f", "label": "EMIS", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", "label": "Conductivity Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "Sensors that measure the the electrical conductance per unit distance in an electrolytic or aqueous solution. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Conductivity Sensors\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments \n Short_Name: Conductivity Sensors\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "039c065c-6119-45c3-bc85-8b77b1500bfc", "label": "CONDUCTIVITY METERS", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", + "parentId": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", "definition": "CONDUCTIVITY METERS are devices that measure the units of\nelectrical conduction (the facility with which a substance\nconducts electricity, as represented by the current density per\nelectrical-potential gradient in the direction of flow).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9feb42c9-5a21-4d68-afd9-4e7671d4b89d", "label": "ELECTRONATORS", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", + "parentId": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", "definition": "Instrument designed to measure the suface conductance\nof ice in situ.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df019c4a-6031-498c-ab35-4cac0575accc", "label": "MWA", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", + "parentId": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", "definition": "The Multiple Water Analyzer is an instrument used to\nmeasure multiple chemicals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f73d0762-863e-44c0-9258-2a07cc2f3c9d", "label": "GERDIEN CONDUCTIVITY PROBE", - "broader": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", + "parentId": "b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0", "definition": "This is a device designed to determine the electrical conductivity of the\natmosphere. By using a capacitor exposed to a sample of air and measuring the\ntime it takes for discharge, the electrical conductivity of the sample is\ndetermined. The Gerdien condenser probe has the ability to sense both positive\nand negative ion conductivities. The probe utilizes a concentric, cylindrical\nelectrode geometry with the inner and outer electrodes serving as the\ncollector/guard and return electrodes, respectively. The ion conductivity is\ndetermined by applying a voltage (V) that is swept linearly between the two\nelectrodes over a 1-minute period, and measuring the resulting current (I). The\nslope of the I?V characteristic (dI/dV) provides the conductivity measurement.\nSpecial construction techniques were used at the collector input to reduce\nstray leakage currents and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference\n(EMI). The length of the collector is 6.4 cm. The inner electrode extends\nanother 10 cm as a guard section that is used to mechanically support the\ncenter electrode and the inner electrode is recessed 3.8 cm from the leading\nedge of the outer cylinder. The whole assembly has a length of 20 cm and a mass\nof 0.286 kg. It was mounted via a 7.6 cm sidestrut to the underside of the\naircraft. A separate electronics box contained the sweep and data amplifier\nelectronics. This was used in the Altus Cumulus Electrification Study (ACES) \non an uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV).", "children": [] } @@ -12357,188 +12357,188 @@ { "uuid": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "label": "Pressure/Height Meters", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0bf12743-3ab8-4be7-9b48-b565723ed0ad", "label": "BAROMETERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "BAROMETERS are instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure;\ntwo types include mercury barometers and aneroid barometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18455f8f-6ead-439d-afe2-66088fa1d54f", "label": "PIPE STRAIN METER", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "A pipe strain meter comprise a couple of paper strain gauges\nadhered to a vinyl chloride pipe and are installed in a bore\nhole. They are used for electrically measuring flexural strain\nin pipe due to landslide. Results of monitoring are useful for\ndetermining the depth of slip surface.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://staff.aist.go.jp/s.tsuchida/itit/f_report/4yamak.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by Nihon University and Shin-Tokyo Geosystem]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c274ce0-6357-4a3a-8249-ba00a9b469ec", "label": "PRESSURE CHAMBERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "In simplest terms, the pressure chamber can be thought of as\nmeasuring the 'blood pressure' of a plant, except for plants it\nis water rather than blood, and the water is not pumped by a\nheart using pressure, but rather pulled with a suction force as\nwater evaporates from the leaves. Water within the plant mainly\nmoves through very small, interconnected cells, collectively\ncalled xylem, which are essentially a network of pipes carrying\nwater from the roots to the leaves. The current model of how\nthis works is that the water in the xylem is under tension, and\nas the soil dries, or for some other reason the roots become\nunable to keep pace with evaporation from the leaves, then the\ntension increases. Under these conditions you could say that the\nplant begins to experience 'high blood pressure.'\n\nSimply put, the pressure chamber is just a device for applying\nair pressure to a leaf (or small shoot), where most of the leaf\nis inside the chamber but a small part of the leaf stem (the\npetiole) is exposed to the outside of the chamber through a\nseal. The amount of pressure that it takes to cause water to\nappear at the petiole tells you how much tension the leaf is\nexperiencing on its water: a high value of pressure means a high\nvalue of tension and a high degree of water stress. The units of\npressure most commonly used are the Bar (1 Bar = 14.5 pounds per\nsquare inch) and the Mega Pascal (1 MPa = 10 bars).\n\nBecause tension is measured, negative values are typically\nreported. An easy way to remember this is to think of water\nstress as a 'deficit:' the more the stress, the more the plant\nis experiencing a deficit of water. The scientific name given to\nthis deficit is the 'water potential' of the plant. The actual\nphysics of how the water moves from the leaf within the pressure\nchamber to the cut surface just outside the chamber is more\ncomplex than just 'squeezing' water out of a leaf, or just\nbringing water back to where it was when the leaf was cut. In\npractice, however, the only important factor is for the operator\nto recognize when water just begins to appear at the cut end of\nthe petiole.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/crops/pressure-chamber.shtml'\n\n[Summary provided by the Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2d42ec44-082b-4510-afa0-bb7ca6d7296b", "label": "VCEIL", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29", "label": "STRAIN METER", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "A strain meter is an instrument used by geophysicists to measure the deformation of the Earth. Linear strain meters measure the changes in the distance between two points, using either a solid piece of material (over a short distance) or a laser interferometer (over a long distance, up to several hundred meters). The type using a solid length standard was invented by Benioff in 1932, using an iron pipe; later instruments used rods made of fused quartz. Modern instruments of this type can make measurements of length changes over very small distances, and are commonly placed in boreholes to measure small changes in the diameter of the borehole. Another type of borehole instrument detects changes in a volume filled with fluid (such as silicone oil). The most common type is the dilatometer invented by Sacks and Evertson in the USA (patent 3,635,076); a design that uses specially shaped volumes to measure the strain tensor has been developed by Sakata in Japan.\n[Source: Wikipedia ]\n\nAll these types of strain meters can measure deformation over frequencies from a few Hz to periods of days, months, and years. This allows them to measure signals at lower frequencies than can be detected with seismometers. Most strain meter records show signals from the earth tides, and seismic waves from earthquakes. At longer periods, they can also record the gradual accumulation of stress (physics) caused by plate tectonics, the release of this stress in earthquakes, and rapid changes of stress following earthquakes.\n\nThe most extensive network of strain meters is installed in Japan; it includes mostly quartz-bar instruments in tunnels and borehole strain meters, with a few laser instruments. Starting in 2003 there has been a major effort (the Plate Boundary Observatory) to install many more strain meters along the Pacific/North-America plate boundary in the United States. The aim is to install about 100 borehole strain meters, primarily in Washington, Oregon and California, and five laser strain meters, all in California.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: STRAIN METER\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: STRAIN METER\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strainmeter\n Sample_Image: http://www.techbriefs.com/images/stories/features/2007/appbrief_1207a.png\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-23\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "36f24fad-75f5-4dc1-a241-78d719227be3", "label": "PIEZOMETERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "PIEZOMETERS are devices (tube or pipe) that allows one to\ndetermine the elevation of hydraulic head in an aquifer at a\ngiven point.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39feceb3-722b-4ddb-935b-0c0e6e80410e", "label": "DPG", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "Deep-Sea Differential Pressure Gauges (DPGs) are pressure gauges capable of accurate measurements of pressures generated directly by long surface gravity waves, tsunami, and microseisms. \n\n[Summary provided by the Scripps Institution of Geography.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: DPG\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: DPG\n Long_Name: Differential Pressure Gauge\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://marineemlab.ucsd.edu/instruments/dpgs.html\n Sample_Image: http://marineemlab.ucsd.edu/instruments/images/DPG1.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-09\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "435dfcc7-2683-45ba-a687-af58302a29ea", "label": "AHF", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "The USGS has developed a helicopter-based instrument, known as the Airborne Height Finder (AHF) which is able to measure the terrain surface elevation, whether above or under the water, in a noninvasive, nondestructive manner. Using an airborne surveying platform (the helicopter) equipped with GPS (global positioning system) technology and a high-tech version of the surveyor's plumb bob, the AHF system distinguishes itself from remote sensing technologies in its ability to physically penetrate vegetation and murky water, providing reliable measurement of the underlying topographic surface.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: AHF\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: AHF\n Long_Name: AIRBORNE HEIGHT FINDER\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: AHF\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.usgs.gov/features/h_finder.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.usgs.gov/features/images/height_finder2.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ca7d7a6-539c-4dba-8808-ee2f5b0b2df7", "label": "MICROBAROGRAPHS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "MICROBAROGRAPHS are aneroid barographs designed to record\natmospheric pressure variations of very small magnitude.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d2ed1b9-cd43-497b-97d8-c1fcbc37dbba", "label": "PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "A pressure transducer is a transducer that converts pressure into an analog electrical signal. Although there are various types of pressure transducers, one of the most common is the strain-gage base transducer. The conversion of pressure into an electrical signal is achieved by the physical deformation of strain gages that are bonded into the diaphragm of the pressure transducer and wired into a wheatstone bridge configuration. Pressure applied to the pressure transducer produces a deflection of the diaphragm that introduces strain to the gages. The strain will produce an electrical resistance change proportional to the pressure.\n\n[Sumamry by Omega.com.]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "715de185-321a-460e-b644-da20a8830ec1", "label": "SURVEYING TOOLS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77548cb9-3844-4992-bfb4-47d8d25d773c", "label": "SCHOLANDER PRESSURE CHAMBER", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "A scholander pressure chamber is used to pressurize leaves and\nleafy twigs and estimate leaf water potential from the balancing\npressure required to force water back to the cut stem surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7933236b-7bef-4339-a257-3446fb365e2f", "label": "PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system\n\nA pitot-static system is a system of pressure-sensitive instruments that is most often used in aviation to determine an aircraft's airspeed, Mach number, altitude, and altitude trend. A pitot-static system generally consists of a pitot tube, a static port, and the pitot-static instruments. This equipment is used to measure the forces acting on a vehicle as a function of the temperature, density, pressure and viscosity of the fluid in which it is operating. Other instruments that might be connected are air data computers, flight data recorders, altitude encoders, cabin pressurization controllers, and various airspeed switches. Errors in pitot-static system readings can be extremely dangerous as the information obtained from the pitot static system, such as altitude, is often critical to a successful flight. Several commercial airline disasters have been traced to a failure of the pitot-static system. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system\n Creation_Date: 2011-05-23\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ec2816e-97fe-434e-8b1b-b720ddab80f3", "label": "PRESSURE GAUGES", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "825fecfb-6ffb-42bd-a8c4-688427317f65", "label": "APS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "Used as meteorological sensor to measure the air pressure.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: APS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: APS\n Long_Name: Air Pressure Sensor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-06-27\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9645b8e1-3c26-41be-bd4d-2c889db7771c", "label": "PRESSURE JUMP DETECTOR", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bb0baec-1ead-4c81-a953-425b45b09463", "label": "PRESSURE PROBE", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a27589e4-5c8c-494a-b0b2-9065c9d7f7ec", "label": "SOIL PRESSURE PLATE", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c33cf00b-b168-4e6a-b004-62e50ff09091", "label": "CLINOMETERS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "CLINOMETERS are instruments for measuring angles of inclination;\nused with ceiling light to measure cloud height at night.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d0f46dd0-34b1-483a-ba0c-ee23583553d3", "label": "ANEROID PRESSURE SENSOR", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f49fcfc6-e6e4-4587-b9f4-a27d67cdd2a3", "label": "ROSEMOUNT PROBES", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "[Source: Global Hydrology Resource Center (GHRC), http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/ ] \n\nAircraft mounted instrument which measures 3 dimensional winds\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters\n Short_Name: ROSEMOUNT PROBES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-05-26\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd08b891-2d9f-4c30-a07e-5c618561a79a", "label": "ICE STRESS SENSORS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd1ac194-aa45-44b4-b155-8ef37c977736", "label": "PRESSURE SENSORS", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c4863fbd-06dd-4465-9217-d044e5c27a5d", "label": "Campbell Scientific CS106", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "The CS106, manufactured by Vaisala, measures barometric pressure for the range of 500 to 1100 hPa (mBar). This range equates to from below sea level (as in a mine) to over 15,000 feet above sea level. Designed for use in environmental applications, the CS106 is compatible with most Campbell Scientific data loggers. The CS106 has an attached 76.2 cm (30 in.) cable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ee1d597-41e4-4e44-bc80-66b4b7c8d86b", "label": "CS100 Barometric Pressure Sensor", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "The CS100 measures barometric pressure for the range of 600 to 1100 hPa (mBar). This range equates to from below sea level (as in a mine) up to 12,000 feet above sea level. Designed for use in environmental applications, the CS100 is compatible with all Campbell Scientific data loggers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "106b63f4-1b30-462d-acce-d7082742e24b", "label": "Vaisala PTB330", - "broader": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", + "parentId": "b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009", "definition": "Vaisala BAROCAP ® Digital Barometer PTB330 is a new generation barometer, designed for a wide\nrange of high-end atmospheric pressure measurement. The pressure measurement of the PTB330 is based\non the Vaisala in-house, silicon Vaisala BAROCAP® Digital Barometer PTB330 with a new trend display.\n- the Vaisala BAROCAP ® Sensor. It provides high measurement accuracy and excellent long-term stability.", "children": [] } @@ -12547,75 +12547,75 @@ { "uuid": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "label": "Temperature/Humidity Sensors", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1f6e288e-be38-4b9e-aad6-d8413e06e21c", "label": "Total Precipitation Sensor (Hotplate)", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "The Model TPS-3100 provides real time snow and liquid precipitation rates at remote automated weather stations. It represents the first fundamental breakthrough in basic precipitation measurement in several decades, and is ideal for mission-critical meteorological and transportation applications.\n\nManufacturer Homepage: http://www.yesinc.com/products/data/tps3100/\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: Total Precipitation Sensor (Hotplate)\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Temperature/Humidity Sensors\n Instrument_Type: Thermometers\n Short_Name: Total Precipitation Sensor (Hotplate)\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.yesinc.com/products/data/tps3100/\n Creation_Date: 2013-11-01\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "label": "Hygrometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1f440b16-46d6-4088-9430-73d7bf9a4c84", "label": "LASER HYGROMETERS", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "46a7ac7c-61e2-42d2-bffb-a55b306eefe8", "label": "FPH", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "Hygrometers measure water. Some measure water vapor content,\nsome measure liquid water. The NOAA Lyman-alpha Total Water\nHygrometer measures the amount of all water that enters the\nsensor, be it in any form-- solid, liquid or gas. The instrument\nionizes the water molecules themselves as they pass\nthrough. Using a high intensity direct current discharge lamp,\nlight at 121.6nm (called Lyman-alpha light) photodissociates\nwater molecules producing excited OH radicals. Fluorescence is\nproduced as the OH radical emits photons at 309nm. Making use of\na phototube sensitive to this wavelength and a counter, the\namount of OH can be calculated. The ambient air in the sample\ndiminishes this signal by an amount proportional to the mixing\nratio, so knowing the ambient pressure and temperature yields\nthe mixing ratio from which the total water is determined. The\ninstrument is periodically calibrated in flight by injecting a\nknown amount of water vapor directly into the sample.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/c4enlh.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "667219fb-9061-40cf-933e-fd5d81272581", "label": "LYMAN-ALPHA HYGROMETER", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "LYMAN-ALPHA HYGROMETER is a hygrometer based on the absorption\nof radiation by water vapor at the Lyman-alpha line, which is an\nemission line of atomic hydrogen at 121.567 nm; this radiation\ncan be generated by a glow discharge in hydrogen and detection\nis accomplished by a nitric oxide ion chamber; Lyman-alpha\nhygrometers are typically used on aircraft and meteorological\ntowers for high frequency humidity measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a22fea1-f43e-4147-abca-13e44016a483", "label": "HYGROMETERS", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "Any instrument that measures the water vapor content of the atmosphere.\nThere are six basically different means of transduction used in measuring this\nquantity and hence an equal number of types of hygrometers. These are 1) the\npsychrometer, which utilizes the thermodynamic method; 2) the class of\ninstruments that depends upon a change of physical dimensions due to the\nabsorption of moisture (see hair hygrometer, torsion hygrometer,\ngoldbeater's-skin hygrometer); 3) those that depend upon condensation of\nmoisture (see dewpoint hygrometer, frost point hygrometer); 4) the class of\ninstruments that depend upon the change of chemical or electrical properties\ndue to the absorption of moisture (see absorption hygrometer, electrical\nhygrometer, carbon-film hygrometer element, dew cell); 5) the class of\ninstruments that depend upon the diffusion of water vapor through a porous\nmembrane (see diffusion hygrometer); and 6) the class of instruments that\ndepend upon measurements of the absorption spectra of water vapor (see spectral\nhygrometer). \n\nReference: Middleton, W. E. K., and A. F. Spilhaus, 1953: Meteorological\nInstruments, 3d ed., rev., Univ. of Toronto Press, 105?116.\n\nIn, American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology online:\nhttp://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f6b44a3-9bf6-498c-a4dd-4f2b6d0d498e", "label": "HWV", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "The Harvard Water Vapor (HWV) instrument combines two independent measurement methods\nfor the simultaneous in situ detection of ambient water vapor mixing ratios in a single duct.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "94358f5c-bb25-4c11-8131-466bec38e7ff", "label": "ULH", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "ULH measures water vapor at high accuracy in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere to meet the following science objectives:\n\n1. validation and scientific collaboration with NASA earth-monitoring satellite missions, principally the Aura satellite, http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n2. observations of stratospheric trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from the mid-latitudes into the tropics,\n\n3. sampling of polar stratospheric air and the break-up fragments of the air that move into the mid-latitudes, The ULH flights on Global Hawk will advance the state of the art technologically with remote command and control. ULH will provide real-time in-situ stratospheric water vapor measurements from Global Hawk. Additionally, ULH will make continuous measurements during long-duration flights up to 33 hours, which would be impossible with manned aircraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab3a6b71-992e-4f21-a383-950c24549214", "label": "FISH", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "A new set of hygrometers based on the Lyman α photofragment fluorescence technique has been developed for operation on aircraft and balloons in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. They combine technical details from existing fluorescence hygrometers with several improvements in order to achieve the highest data quality and to minimize maintenance and operational procedures. With these instruments, stratospheric H2O measurements can be accomplished with a precision of < 0.2 ppmv at 1 s integration time, as has been demonstrated both in the laboratory and under field deployment. The design enables a rapid exchange of the air sample of the order of 1 s for fast measurements of small-scale variations of the H2O mixing ratio in the atmosphere. The hygrometer is calibrated using a laboratory calibration bench with approximately 4% accuracy. Measurements made by the hygrometer are compared with a frost point hygrometer during an aircraft mission at H2O mixing ratios from 280 to 8 ppmv, yielding an agreement between both techniques within the instrumental errors", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ab86d15-469c-422c-8d03-b49eda7456c4", "label": "CRYO", - "broader": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", + "parentId": "2ac83116-414b-44ce-a075-eb65f42e8232", "definition": "Water vapor concentrations are measured using the cryogenically-cooled, chilled mirror hygrometer (Buck Research model CR-1). This instrument has a wide dynamic range (-90 to +30 C or approximately 1 to 30,000 ppmv H2O) and reasonably rapid response time (2 to 20 seconds, depending on the temporal and quantitative characteristics of the change in water vapor concentrations). The model CR-1 hygrometer utilizes a cryogenically chilled mirror and electro-optical technique to determine the dew/frost point of a gas. The primary difference between the CR-1 and other chilled mirror hygrometers is the mechanism used to cool the mirror surface. The mirror surface on which the dew/frost layer is preserved is coupled to a rod cooled by LN2 cryogen. The mirror surface is heated to the dew/frost point by means of a heater winding attached to the mirror rod. A control circuit controlled by optics monitors the reflectance from a LED off the mirror surface and maintains the condensate layer at a preset level. A thermistor embedded in the mirror measures the surface temperature and is output as a direct reading of the dew/frost point of the sample gas.\n\nAir samples for the CR-1 hygrometer are provided by a separate window-mounted droplet-excluding inlet probe which has been used aboard the DC-8 platform in previous field missions. The in situ sampling probe consists of a stainless steel tubing inlet probe insert combined with a Rosemount type102 non-deiced temperature sensor housing. This type forward-facing probe provides inboard sampling of ambient air while maintaining efficient inertial separation of droplets and particles from the sampled air stream. The outer structural portion of the probe is manufactured by Rosemount Aerospace, Inc. and is flight-certified for use aboard both research and commercial jet aircraft. In normal subsonic flight, the inlet is self-pumping and develops enough pressure head to provide up to 15 liters/minute airflow through the approximately the 1 meter of ¼ “ stainless steel tubing which connects the inlet to the sensors. The tubing used to supply the sample air to the hygrometer is heated to approximately 50° C to avoid any chance of internal condensation in the sample line and reduce errors associated with wall effects.", "children": [] } @@ -12624,13 +12624,13 @@ { "uuid": "3b633c32-737c-4c2f-afd4-394efbc8e7e2", "label": "Thermistors", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "d62f53e7-e2e0-496a-a03e-e31fa95b91f0", "label": "THERMISTORS", - "broader": "3b633c32-737c-4c2f-afd4-394efbc8e7e2", + "parentId": "3b633c32-737c-4c2f-afd4-394efbc8e7e2", "definition": "THERMISTORS are devices with electrical resistance that varies\nmarkedly and monotonically and that possesses a negative\ntemperature coefficient of resistivity; commonly used in\nmeteorology and are composed of solid semi conducting materials\nwith resistance that decreases 4% per degree Celsius.", "children": [] } @@ -12639,69 +12639,69 @@ { "uuid": "45cc9562-3589-47ad-8220-6cbf5bf1ef80", "label": "PSYCHROMETERS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "A psychrometer is an instrument used for measuring the water\nvapor content of the atmosphere; a type of hygrometer. It\nconsists of two thermometers, one of which (the dry bulb) is an\nordinary glass thermometer, while the other (wet bulb) has its\nbulb covered with a jacket of clean muslin, which is saturated\nwith distilled water before an observation. When the bulbs are\nsuitably ventilated, they indicate the thermodynamic wet- and\ndry-bulb temperatures of the atmosphere. One variety is the\nAssman psychrometer (a special form of aspiration psychrometer\nfor which the ventilation is provided by a suction fan).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/psychrometer.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4dbc32a5-26a6-4f09-a889-8948152f38c6", "label": "CFDC", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "A Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC) is intended to expose\naerosol particles to well-defined conditions of temperature and\nwater vapor content in order to effect and study phase changes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "label": "Thermometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1cf3fcba-3195-45b8-a14c-dbaf7111b6df", "label": "THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", + "parentId": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "definition": "THERMOMETERS are instruments for measuring temperature by\nutilizing the variation of the physical properties of substances\naccording to their thermal states; can be classified as gas,\nliquid-in-gas, deformation, electrical, liquid-in-metal, and\nsonic thermometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27353319-c995-4fb6-9b1f-8720d9b742ea", "label": "RT", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", + "parentId": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "definition": "A Reversing Thermometer is a thermometer that registers\nthe temperature in deep waters.\n\n[Source: Hyper Dictionary]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33237ad6-ddac-482a-a18a-b9a1656a1b58", "label": "WET BULB THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", + "parentId": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "definition": "WET BULB THERMOMETERS, in a psychrometer, the thermometer that\nhas the wet, muslin covered bulb, and, therefore measures the\nwet-bulb temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4c21c47b-2ef3-4529-8fa5-3a0085cd556e", "label": "QUARTZ CRYSTAL THERMOMETER", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", + "parentId": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "definition": "The Quartz Crystal Thermometer is a highly accurate method based\non sensitivity of resonant frequency of quartz crystal to\ntemperature change.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73196754-1e60-4289-89a9-f1147fa1e3e0", "label": "PRT", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", + "parentId": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "definition": "The Model PRT-5 (Precision Raditaion Thermometer) is a\nbattery-powered, infrared radiometer. Extremely versatile,\nthis instrument makes highly sensitive, non-contact temperature\nmeasurements in any selected range between -50?C and 150?C.\n\nThe PRT-5 can be employed from aircraft, land vehicles, ships or\nother platforms. It is completely portable, requires no set-up\ntime, and does not depend upon external power.\n\nTypical targets for the PRT-5 are sea surface, clouds, sky\nbackground, terrain and similar large-area subjects that are\ndifficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods.\n\nThe PRT-5 consists of a 3.5 pound optical head and a\nrack-mounted, solid-state electronic control unit. The optical\nhead may be hand-held, by means of a pistol grip attachment, or\ntripod mounted. It is linked to the electronic control unit by\nan 8-foot interconnecting cable. When not in use, the optical\nhead is stored in a rugged, protective carrying case, which also\ncontains the control unit and all cables.\n\nThe standard PRT-5 has a 2-degree field of view, a spectral\nrange of 8 to 14 microns, and a three-range, overlapping\ntemperature scale graduated in degrees C or F.\n\nThis instrument provides a target spot size of 35 feet at\ntypical working distance of 1,000 feet. With all versions of the\nPRT-5, measurements are independent of distance as long as the\ntarget fills the instrument?s field of view.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.pyrometer.com/prt5.html'\n\n[Summary provided by PYRO]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4b8b67d-7272-43b2-b096-2bb3d256a6a0", "label": "INFRARED THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", + "parentId": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "definition": "Infrared Thermometers - Infrared sensors developed to remotely\nmeasure the temperature of distant stars and planets, led to the\ndevelopment of the hand-held optical sensor thermometer. Placed\ninside the ear canal, the thermometer provides an accurate\nreading in two seconds or less.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e6080f1a-96ea-4ec8-aa25-d71c0d873ab3", "label": "DRY BULB THERMOMETERS", - "broader": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", + "parentId": "84496caa-d54c-491a-8ff7-fe0e54851341", "definition": "DRY BULB THERMOMETERS: In a psychrometer (an instrument used to\nmeasure humidity), the thermometer that has a dry bulb and\ntherefore directly measures air temperature.", "children": [] } @@ -12710,13 +12710,13 @@ { "uuid": "9a22613f-f9c8-44dd-b1b5-c082c69c891b", "label": "Pyrometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a09ad3d5-233c-4d86-9a44-7e09ab9063c4", "label": "PYROMETERS", - "broader": "9a22613f-f9c8-44dd-b1b5-c082c69c891b", + "parentId": "9a22613f-f9c8-44dd-b1b5-c082c69c891b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -12725,13 +12725,13 @@ { "uuid": "a36df81b-010c-4a78-a276-35f8ba594432", "label": "Thermocouples", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fd49213d-3ad6-455d-bf97-89251483c88d", "label": "THERMOCOUPLES", - "broader": "a36df81b-010c-4a78-a276-35f8ba594432", + "parentId": "a36df81b-010c-4a78-a276-35f8ba594432", "definition": "Thermocouples are devices for measuring temperature in which\npair of wires of dissimilar metals (as copper and iron) are\njoined and the free ends of the wires are connected to an\ninstrument (as a voltmeter) that measures the difference in\npotential created at the junction of the two metals.\n\n[Source: Merriam Webster Online Dictionary]", "children": [] } @@ -12740,27 +12740,27 @@ { "uuid": "aa953a14-4581-47f8-a5b3-c8dd50904ee0", "label": "TEMPERATURE SENSORS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "A meteorological sensor used to measure temperature.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TEMPERATURE SENSORS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Temperature/Humidity Sensors\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE SENSORS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2da7ee4-a58c-43cc-a1da-016b3e7c306a", "label": "HUMIDITY SENSORS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "HUMIDITY SENSORS are devices that receive a signal or stimulus\n(as heat or pressure or light or motion etc.) and responds to\nit, in this case humidity or some measure of the water vapor\ncontent of air.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: HUMIDITY SENSORS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Temperature/Humidity Sensors\n Short_Name: HUMIDITY SENSORS\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SGO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-07-10\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc0c1807-5f6e-4e96-a9e2-99bfafef5ebc", "label": "Hypsometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "47085051-bcbe-4789-89a2-d2c7ed6b3f91", "label": "HYPSOMETERS", - "broader": "bc0c1807-5f6e-4e96-a9e2-99bfafef5ebc", + "parentId": "bc0c1807-5f6e-4e96-a9e2-99bfafef5ebc", "definition": "HYPSOMETERS are instruments for measuring height; specifically\nfor measuring atmospheric pressure by determining the boiling\npoint of a liquid at the station; used in high altitudes because\nof its increased sensitivity when pressure decreases; frequently\nused for height estimation.", "children": [] } @@ -12769,20 +12769,20 @@ { "uuid": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", "label": "Hydrometers", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fbe41309-c094-4218-8d5c-71e4877b899d", "label": "HYDROMETERS", - "broader": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", + "parentId": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", "definition": "HYDROMETERS are instruments used for measuring the specific gravity of a\nliquid. \nhttp://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fdc33ea9-1f74-40ec-b7d2-c44f384832e5", "label": "DEWPOINT HYDROMETERS", - "broader": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", + "parentId": "c848a856-6210-47c4-b8e3-97427f04a035", "definition": "DEWPOINT HYDROMETERS are instruments used for determining the\ndewpoint (the temperature at which a given air parcel must be\ncooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor in order\nfor saturation to occur); a small temperature sensor is embedded\non the underside of a mirror and the electro-optical system is\nused to detect the formation of condensate or dew; specular\nreflectance of the bare mirror decreases the dew layer\nthickness.", "children": [] } @@ -12791,34 +12791,34 @@ { "uuid": "cadcab4e-41f9-4056-9e08-a10d6791a9bb", "label": "HUMIDITY TRANSDUCERS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "HUMIDITY TRANSDUCERS are electrical devices that converts one\nform of energy into another, in this case it converts humidity\nor some measure of the water vapor content of air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d4de5424-3a98-4d11-885a-e83626cf3bb2", "label": "RTD", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper. The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eaaf9dfd-4260-4d06-b0eb-83158cef0891", "label": "SOIL HEAT FLUX TRANSDUCER", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "Soil heat flux is commonly measured using a soil heat flux\ntransducer (plate.) The soil heat flux transducer should be made\nas thin as possible and constructed of a material that does not\nabsorb water and has a thermal conductivity that does not impede\nheat flow. A heat flow transducer (Model HFT-1) built by\nMicromet systems is constructed of high thermal conductivity\nepoxy to prevent ground potential pickup. This instrument also\nhas low resistance to heat flow, requires no power input and has\na linear calibration.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://snrs.unl.edu/agmet/408/instruments/soilheat.html'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Nebraska-Lincoln]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f82756a9-2df8-4dd3-96be-c2cecd5fc1fb", "label": "Hydrothermographs", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c0293996-1fd5-46c1-a6e3-14beaefd8ad2", "label": "HYGROTHERMOGRAPHS", - "broader": "f82756a9-2df8-4dd3-96be-c2cecd5fc1fb", + "parentId": "f82756a9-2df8-4dd3-96be-c2cecd5fc1fb", "definition": "HYGROTHERMOGRAPHS are recording instruments combining, on one\nrecord, the variation of atmospheric temperature and humidity\ncontent as a function of time.", "children": [] } @@ -12827,49 +12827,49 @@ { "uuid": "c2707664-1df9-4716-9fb7-2bac630b815c", "label": "VCSEL Hygrometer", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "The VCSEL hygrometer employs tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy to determine the water vapor number density over a dew-point range of -90 to +30º C. It reports the water vapor number density at 25 samples per second. From the number density other humidity-related parameters such as dew/frost point, mixing ratio, etc. are derived. It is mounted on a GV aperture plate, weighs 3.2 kg and draws less than 20W from 120 VAC, 60 Hz.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae8cab2b-3bd1-47ea-b160-97dc6b31f306", "label": "CLH2", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "The University of Colorado Closed-path Laser Hygrometer, version 2 (CLH2) is an infrared absorption\ninstrument designed to measure so-called “total water”, the sum of water vapor and particulate water.\nIt is a second-generation sensor that derives from the original CLH, which has been flown on the NASA\nDC-8 and WB-57F and the NSF/NCAR G-V and C-130 [Hallar et al., 2004; Davis et al., 2007a; 2007b]. This\nversion of the instrument uses a fiber-coupled tunable diode laser at 1.37 µm to measure by absorption\nthe water vapor resulting from the evaporation of cloud particles. The spectrometer will be housed in a\nmodified PMS canister and coupled to a heated forward-facing inlet. Sampling of particles is deliberately\nsub-isokinetic, which results in enhancements of particle mass relative to ambient by factors ranging\nbetween 30 and 70. Therefore, condensed water even in very thin clouds can be measured with high\nprecision and accuracy.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea416f82-6986-4411-bd05-139c0cc10da6", "label": "TTS", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "https://www.flightdatacommunity.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/02/TAT-Report.pdf", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c6b6c36-370c-48a1-92d9-4e90522924e4", "label": "Vaisala HUMICAP HMP155", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "The HMP155 Humidity and Temperature Probe provides fast, accurate humidity measurements across a range of conditions including tropical, coastal, and marine environments. Thanks to the warmed probe technology and latest generation HUMICAP® R2 sensor technology, the HMP155 delivers excellent long-term stability in the harshest environments, especially where measurements may be corrupted by chemicals, fog, mist, rain, and heavy dew.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2baac496-5b58-46a5-9201-d7dbd691eb5e", "label": "Vaisala HMT330", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "Vaisala HMT330 Series HUMICAPâ Humidity and Temperature Transmitters are\ndesigned for demanding industrial applications where stable measurements and\nextensive customization are essential. With multiple options to choose from, the\ninstrument can be tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual application\nand is pre-configured for each delivery.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81c6c913-61e9-4324-92b0-d7617bdd1000", "label": "NOAA PSL Sea Snake", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "Floating “sea snake” thermometers measure the near-surface ocean temperature accurately and robustly within 0.1 m of the surface, where solar warming affects the ocean temperature. These temperature measurements are used to verify satellite sea surface temperature retrievals and to track the exchange of heat and moisture between the ocean and atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c15cef88-21a9-4d9f-94f8-9f64012c2f91", "label": "Vaisala HMT337", - "broader": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", + "parentId": "bb5a51d9-0ded-40ed-9bfd-7cb0e788f1a5", "definition": "The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Transmitter HMT337 is delivered in one of three configurations:\n\n• Basic: non-warmed probe for moderate humidities\n• With a warmed probe: for nea-rcondensing conditions and dew point measurement\n• With a warmed probe and an additional temperature sensor: for near-condensing conditions and relative humidity measurement.", "children": [] } @@ -12878,328 +12878,328 @@ { "uuid": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "label": "Probes", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "02e65d8f-20a1-4b72-82e1-65e39e206100", "label": "STEEL MEASURING TAPE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "Steel Measuring Tape is an instrument used for measuring lenght.\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL DAAC]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1180264d-4e2b-463a-ab0c-83ffa0654dd2", "label": "Bowen Ratio Devices", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "Bowen Ratio Devices are instruments that measures the Bowen Ratio. Bowen ratio is used to describe the type of heat transfer in a water body. Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat (differences in temperature without evapotranspiration) or latent heat (the energy required during a change of state, without a change in temperature). The Bowen ratio is the mathematical method generally used to calculate heat lost (or gained) in a substance; it is the ratio of energy fluxes from one state to another by sensible heat and latent heating respectively.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "137c4280-1d8c-4800-b47f-ea5882493074", "label": "SNOW MEASURING ROD", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A snow measuring rod is a specially designed rod that is pushed\ninto the snow until the underlying surface is reached to measure\nsnow depth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "278ab29e-9e5e-4829-a676-57db94d4bbf1", "label": "SOIL TEMPERATURE PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A SOIL TEMPERATURE PROBE is a device that measures the\ntemperature of the soil at which it is measured at a certain\ndepth, typically 2, 4, 8 and sometimes 20, 40 inches.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2cbb3280-a541-4e17-b0c0-3583ba06a030", "label": "Hotwire LWC", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Hotwire LWC instrument estimates liquid water content using a heated sensing coil. The system maintains the coil at a constant temperature, usually 125 °C, and measures the power necessary to maintain this temperature. More power is needed to maintain the temperature as droplets evaporate on the coil surface and cool the surface and surrounding air. Hence, this power reading can be used to estimate LWC. Both the LWC design and the optional PADS software contain features to ensure the LWC reading is not affected by conductive heat loss.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ce8f7cd-ee26-4f43-83cb-5113ec8293dc", "label": "TEMPERATURE PROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A Temperature Probe is a device used to directly measure the temperature in a substance, be it soil, water or air. Temperature probes are used on aircraft to measure outside air temperature; often in conjunction with other sensors as in Bowen ratio apparatus; or used to determine water temperature. \n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: TEMPERATURE PROBES\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: DC-8\n Short_Name: AIRCRAFT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50e18063-c74f-4525-8b4e-b21f5c28e669", "label": "1DP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "Cloud microphysical measurements are made with an array of Particle Measuring\nSystems probes (FSSP, 1D-C, 2D-C, 1D-P) mounted on aircraft wing-tip pylons.\nThese probes measure concentrations and sizes of particles from one micrometer\nto several millimeters in diameter.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "561625aa-513c-4ce3-b1a9-8df701368360", "label": "SOIL HEAT PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "Soil heat probes determine the soil moisture content\nby measuring the time taken for a known pulse of heat to\ndissipate into the soil. The wetter the soil, the quicker\nthe heat dissipates. Heat probe sensors can be linked to\na data logger to take continuous readings.\n\n[Summary provided by the Queensland Government]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6ad73580-248c-45af-bf40-dc0356cc40a6", "label": "SHRIMP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "In its early days, radiometric dating was a long and laborious\ntask. In later years the process sped up, but only recently has\ndating a rock become relatively commonplace. In the early 1980s,\na group of researchers at the Australian National University in\nCanberra built an instrument, called an ion microprobe, to date\nrocks. This microprobe, known to scientists as SHRIMP (Sensitive\nHigh Resolution Ion Microprobe), was designed specifically to\ndetect the decay of uranium in the earliest terrestrial\nmaterials.\n\n[Source: Oak Crest Institute of Science]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "741d3a8e-a08a-441a-8b74-7133d1a3a56d", "label": "PERMEAMETERS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "PERMEAMETERS are one of any number of devices used to measure\nthe permeability of porous media.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78de9317-f7df-46dd-bcbd-559b9d1a0de3", "label": "PENETROMETERS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "PENETROMETERS are pointed devices that indicate the amount of\nresistance encountered when it is forced into a material such as\nsnow or soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7d32e5f2-30c8-495a-938c-9e36265aa2e7", "label": "ROSEMOUNT ICING DETECTOR", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86f4b0e3-afef-4ee1-9d9a-8dd5d933d306", "label": "SOIL MOISTURE PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A SOIL MOISTURE PROBE is a device that measures the total amount\nof water, including the water vapor, in unsaturated soil.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92252300-1348-4528-a46d-7936ec3355ef", "label": "DIELECTRIC PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A DIELECTRIC PROBE is designed device that is an electrical\ninsulator, a device that has material with a low electrical\nconductivity; determines other conductivities of other\nmaterials; dielectric = insulator.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "927f1319-fbc9-491f-a9a0-18b52a007b02", "label": "PROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "PROBES, in geophysics, the device used to make a sounding.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "984f0756-a0b9-4c2a-9128-3def832d7800", "label": "CPI PROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "99b75b86-1e64-4d48-a01f-aa0cc855a4ae", "label": "MAGNAPROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The MagnaProbe was invented by two scientists, Jon Holmgren and Dr. Matthew Stur of Snow-Hydro. It consists of a rod that's approximately 1.5 meters in length. At the end of the probe is a white basket that rides on the top of the snowpack. At the top of the probe is a white control button. Pushing this button automatically records the snow-depth measurement, storing it in a data box that's housed in a small backpack.\nThe MagnaProbe was invented by two scientists, Jon Holmgren and Dr. Matthew Stur of Snow-Hydro. It consists of a rod that's approximately 1.5 meters in length. At the end of the probe is a white basket that rides on the top of the snowpack. At the top of the probe is a white control button. Pushing this button automatically records the snow-depth measurement, storing it in a data box that's housed in a small backpack.\n\n The MagnaProbe was invented by two scientists, Jon Holmgren and Dr. Matthew Stur of Snow-Hydro. It consists of a rod that's approximately 1.5 meters in length. At the end of the probe is a white basket that rides on the top of the snowpack. At the top of the probe is a white control button. Pushing this button automatically records the snow-depth measurement, storing it in a data box that's housed in a small backpack.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a0c4ba6-bce4-4f00-8b00-6940a4651e18", "label": "ION MICROPROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "Ion microprobes have been around in various forms for many years. It was not\nuntil the mid 70's that the ion probe was viewed as having the potential to be\nthe geologist's ultimate weapon. The ion probe uses a focused beam of primary\nions to sputter away the sample surface. A small fraction of the sputtered\nmaterial is ionized and can then be accelerated into a mass spectrometer. A\ncharacteristic of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a plethora of\natomic and molecular species which often cause isobaric interferences. The\nfirst ion microprobes relied on low mass resolution mass spectrometers and\ntried to strip away interferences by monitoring other peaks containing the\ninterfering elements. This method is fraught with difficulty because it relies\non the correct identification of all potential interferences. The first SIMS\ninstrument capable of high mass resolution was the Cameca ims-3f. This\ninstrument works as an ion microscope, that is, a direct image of the spatial\ndistribution of the isotopes in the target can be obtained. High mass resolving\npower could only be achieved on this instrument at the expense of beam\ntransmission - entrance and exit slits had to be very narrow thereby reducing\nthe amount of beam transmission.\n\n[Source: Stanford University.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9aa1bbca-5d91-4260-9951-0c57f79bd86b", "label": "SOIL DEPTH PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a96e2db1-d9a0-42a0-a0b1-9b0d7350531f", "label": "SNOW TUBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A SNOW TUBE also known as a snow sampler is a hollow tube for\ncollecting a sample of snow in situ.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "adffbac6-6ba0-4191-b80c-628fd42c6fe7", "label": "NEUTRON PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A neutron probe is not measuring water content directly. It is\nmeasuring hydrogen atoms and these can be from any source,\nincluding bound water and hydrocarbons. The use of a neutron\nprobe in environmental, or environmental remediation\napplications usually requires frequent site recalibration due to\nchanges in the hydrogen provided by sources other than water. In\naddition, a neutron probe is not accurate within the top 15\ncm. of the soil surface due to neutron loss from the region of\ninfluence into the atmosphere.\n\nThe user of a neutron probe usually requires special training,\nand a government license for transport, ownership and use of a\nradioactive source. The soil core from the probe borehole must\nbe gravimetrically analyzed to establish a calibration reference\ncurve to insure probe accuracy, and the site calibration curve\nis specific to a particular probe. Additionally, neutron probes\n'age' with use as the activity level of the source\ndegrades. This 'aging' of the probe requires periodic site\nrecalibration to maintain accuracy.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.esica.com/products/moisture/tech.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by ESI]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3b8b168-e509-44f2-9610-326c72bec833", "label": "CEP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Cylindrical Electrostatic Probe (CEP) consisted of two\nidentical instruments designed to measure electron temperatures,\nelectron and ion concentrations, ion mass, and spacecraft\npotential. One probe was oriented along the spin axis of the\nspacecraft (usually perpendicular to the orbit plane), and the\nother radially, so that it could observe in the direction of the\nvelocity vector once each 15-s spin period. Each instrument was\na retarding-potential Langmuir-probe device that produced a\ncurrent-voltage (I-V) curve for a known voltage pattern placed\non the collector. Electrometers were used to measure the\ncurrent. There were two systems of operation (one with two modes\nand another with three modes) using collector voltage patterns\nbetween plus and minus 5 volts. Most modes involved an\nautomatic or fixed adjustment of collector voltage limits\n(and/or electrometer output) such that the region of interest on\nthe I-V profile provided high resolution. Each system was\ndesigned for use with only one of the probes, but they could be\ninter-switched to provide backup redundancy. The best\nmeasurements in the most favorable modes provided 1-s time\nresolution; electron temperature between 300 and 1.E4 deg K (10%\naccuracy); ion density between 1.E4 and 1.E7 ions/cc (10-20%\naccuracy); electron density between 50 and 1.E6 electrons/cc;\nand ion mass at ion densities above 1.E4. Each probe had a\ncollector electrode extending from the central axis of a\ncylindrical guard ring. The 2.5-cm-long guard ring was at the\nend of a 25-cm boom, and the collector extended another 7.5 cm\nbeyond the guard ring. The boom, guard, and collector was 0.2 cm\nin diameter.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b65bb5c7-386f-4109-800c-f6ceafc5624a", "label": "CAPAC", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "Cloud and Aerosol Particle Characterization (CAPAC) is a series\nof three instruments. The first is the Forward Scattering\nSpectrometer Probe model 300 (FSSP-300), the Two Dimensional\nOptical Array Probes [Cloud and Precipitation Probes (2D-P)] and\nthe CAPAC video. These instruments flew during CAMEX-3 upon the\nNASA DC-8 mounted on the left wing.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/uso/readme/dc8capac.html'\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "beff9871-e277-4b26-8bf1-20fd41b31031", "label": "TENSION INFILTROMETER", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "Tension infiltrometers have been widely used for in situ\ndetermination of the field-saturated hydraulic conductivity\n(Kfs) of soils under near-saturated conditions in the vadose\nzone (Meiers, 2002). Near-saturated conditions refer to\nmeasurements made over the negative pressure range, -20cm to\n0.0cm, where water contents are nearly as high as those for\nsaturation (Reynolds and Elrick, 1991). Tension infiltrometers\ndetermine the steady-state infiltration rate into the soil\nthrough a porous plate on which a constant negative water\npressure (tension) is applied.\n\nAdditional information available at\n\n'http://technology.infomine.com/hydromine/topics/Permeability_Testing/\nTension_Infiltrometer.asp'\n\n[Summary provided by Infomine]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "caeac279-114d-4035-bfb6-f3509defe610", "label": "WCR", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Water Content Reflectometer measures the volumetric water content of porous media using time-domain measurement methods. The reflectometer connects directly to the single-ended analog input of a datalogger. The datalogger period or frequency output can be converted to volumetric water content using calibration values. \n\nSource: http://s.campbellsci.com/documents/us/product-brochures/b_cs615.pdf\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WCR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: WCR\n Long_Name: Water Content Reflectometer\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://s.campbellsci.com/documents/us/product-brochures/b_cs615.pdf\n Creation_Date: 2013-10-16\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf81966e-6b43-403b-9296-b2943a150f2c", "label": "2DC", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "1. Introduction\n\nThe Two dimensional optical array probes (2D-OAP), models 2D-C\nand 2D-P, are instruments developed by Particle Measuring\nSystems (PMS Inc., Boulder, Co) for the measurement of cloud and\nprecipitation drop size distributions. These sensors are used\nprimarily for the study of cloud microphysical processes,\nparticularly the growth of cloud drops and ice crystals through\naggregation, riming and coalescence into drizzle, rain drops,\ngraupel or other forms of precipitation.\n\n2. Operating Principles\n\nThe 2Ds record the two dimensional shadows of hydrometeors as\nthey pass through a focussed He-Ne laser beam (Fig. 1). The\nshadow is cast onto a linear diode array and the on/off state of\nthese diodes is stored during the particle's passage through the\nlaser beam. This informatio, along with the time that has passed\nsince the previous particle, is sent to the data system and\nrecorded for post-flight analysis.\n\nInformation about a particle's shape and size is deduced from\nanalysis of the recorded shadow with a variety of pattern\nrecognition algorithms. Figure 2 illustrates some measurements\nby the 2D probe in several different types of clouds, ranging\nfrom rain drops to pristine ice crystals to more complex heavily\nrimed ice particles. Figure 3 is a photograph of the 2D-C in the\ncanister that is normally mounted on an aircraft pylon. A\ncomplement of 2Ds is normally flown during a project to cover\nthe size range of interest. The 2D cloud probe (2D-C) measures\nin the range from 25 mm to 800 mm and the 2D precipitation probe\n(2D-P) measures in the large size range from 200 mm to 6400 mm.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://raf.atd.ucar.edu/Bulletins/B24/2dProbes.html'\n\n[Summary provided by UCAR]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cfc9cb35-d637-4e78-b1e0-680dedb9beed", "label": "FCDP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cffa876f-b568-41cb-8561-9b13d68c24fe", "label": "TDR", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "In the past 20 years use of the soil?s dielectric properties to\ndetermine moisture content have been met with increasing\ntechnological success through use Time Domain Reflectometry\n(TDR).\n\nThe TDR method is based on determining the propagation time of\nan electromagnetic pulse traveling along a probe segment in the\nsoil. The TDR device first measures the round-trip time for the\npulse to travel to the beginning of the segment, which is\nindicated by the presence of a diode. Then the round-trip\npropagation time to the end of the segment is measured. The\nresulting value is used to determine the dielectric constant of\nthe material. This value, when compared to the dielectric\nconstant of pure water and mineral soil, will indicate the\namount of water found in the medium.\n\n[Summary provided by North Dakota State University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3ffbace-c35b-48a2-88c5-d401e14c17c2", "label": "OSMOMETERS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "OSMOMETERS are devices for measuring soil water amounts, especially under roads.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d7acd06b-31c4-4562-818a-1b89f4e4d061", "label": "Tensiometer", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A tensiometer is an instrument used to measure the soil moisture tension in the vadose zone and are used in irrigation scheduling to help farmers and other irrigation managers to determine when to water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8fdc772-cd17-4951-af88-bbe54490c7cc", "label": "SNOWPACK TEMPERATURE PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "A SNOWPACK TEMPERATURE PROBE is a device that measures the\ntemperature of a laterally extensive accumulation of snow on the\nground that persists through winter and melts in the spring and\nsummer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e53ef737-26b8-40e3-864b-2639d66505b1", "label": "NEVZOROV PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Nevzorov probe is a constant temperature hot wire probe and consists of two separate sensors for measuring the total water content (liquid water [which includes frozen species] content, LWC, and total water content, TWC) of clouds and fog in the range between 0.003 gm-3 and 3 gm-3.\n\n[Summary provided by Global Hydrology Resource Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: NEVZOROV PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Instrument_Type: NEVZOROV PROBE\n Short_Name: NEVZOROV PROBE\n Long_Name: Nevzorov Water Vapor Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e7bfa032-f9e9-452b-b2b1-ebd79a1df9ba", "label": "CDP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "[Source: Global Hydrology Resource Center]\n\nCloud Droplet probe is a miniature, lightweight, low-power cloud particle spectrometer that measures droplets in the range of 2-50 µm in concentrations as high as 2000 particles/cm3\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: CDP\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: CDP\n Long_Name: Cloud Droplet Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n Short_Name: DC-8\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2011-07-12\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef35bb0b-6b11-4064-8f9a-d8a0e4da42cd", "label": "PMS KING PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The PMS/CSIRO is an instrument developed by Warren King (CSIRO) and marketed by Particle Measuring Systems (PMS Inc., Boulder, Co) for the measurement of cloud liquid water content. This sensor, commonly referred to as the 'King' probe, is used primarily for the study of cloud microphysical processes and in icing studies.\n\nSource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/raf/Bulletins/B24/kingLwc.html\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: PMS KING PROBE\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Probes\n Short_Name: PMS KING PROBE\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: UND CITATION II\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/raf/Bulletins/B24/kingLwc.html\n Creation_Date: 2012-12-11\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f80c47db-63dc-4be2-b07b-a00d13ff4ca7", "label": "SMP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd087700-68e9-48f2-a2f7-9781aa99ff1d", "label": "CLOUD LIQUID WATER PROBE", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff2d6f74-959c-42f2-9905-dd942fd80598", "label": "ELECTRON MICROPROBES", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "An electron microprobe is an electron microscope designed for\nthe non-destructive x-ray microanalysis and imaging of solid\nmaterials. It is capable of high spatial resolution and\nrelatively high analytical sensitivity.\n\n[Source: Caltech]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d4a55049-dfe2-4186-8cbe-43cbf9f76342", "label": "AC3", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Axial Cyclone Cloud water Collector is a probe that collects samples of cloud water. Following previous designs, the probe uses inertial separation to remove cloud droplets from the airstream, which are subsequently collected and stored for offline analysis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f3d675e-b046-455f-b2bd-04cfbe7ce652", "label": "FFSSP", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Fast Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FFSSP) measures particle size and concentration. The FFSSP sizes particles by measuring the amount of light scattered into the collecting optics aperture during particle interaction through a focused laser beam. The instrument can size particles from 1-50m with a resolution of about 3m. The system resolves particles into twenty equally spaced bins. It is capable of sizing particles having velocities from 20-175 m/s. The FFSSP is a stand-alone system with an onboard data acquisition system that stores data on a Compact Flash (CF) card.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d403d52c-20f2-4c3d-a1e6-164b31f66bdf", "label": "PHIPS", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering Probe (PHIPS) is an aircraft probe that measures single cloud particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78bf23df-51db-490c-adf7-891a97b5f0bc", "label": "Campbell Scientific 107", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The 107 is a rugged, accurate probe that measures temperature of air, soil, or water from -35° to +50°C. It easily interfaces with most Campbell Scientific data loggers and can be used in a variety of applications.\n\nThe 107 consists of a thermistor encapsulated in an epoxy-filled aluminum housing. The housing protects the thermistor, allowing you to bury the probe in soil or submerge it in water.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ba51039-b95d-4e8c-9ca2-3dbf18a1d939", "label": "ARIM200", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "ARIM200 Digital Air Data Probe (ADP) is an externally mounted digital-electronic air-data sensing system that is suitable for a wide range of different aircraft types. The ARIM200 Digital Air Data Probe (ADP) is a fully integrated, stand-alone air-data system capable of providing measurements of:\n\nBarometric (Static) Pressure\nAltitude\nAir Speed (including TAS)\nAngle-of-Attack (AOA)\nAngle-of-Sideslip (AOS)\nTemperature (OAT)\nRelative Humidity", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0653fd1-089e-4d1b-8b7d-b050a005a0d6", "label": "HMP45C Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The HMP45C is a rugged, accurate temperature and relative humidity probe. It measures relative humidity over the range of 0 to 100% RH and temperature over the range of -40° to +60°C. This probe is suitable for long-term, unattended monitoring, and is compatible with all Campbell Scientific data loggers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "91608ee6-a979-4be5-8405-31cb9d94a85a", "label": "DBH Tape", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83741f7d-303e-40a8-b41d-4efafca221c0", "label": "HC2S3", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The HC2S3 is a rugged, accurate temperature and relative humidity probe that is ideal for long-term, unattended applications. The probe uses Rotronic’s IN1 capacitive sensor to measure relative humidity and a 100 Ω PRT to measure temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "893d780c-68d0-44b1-8fde-f51f881ed2ef", "label": "HydraProbe", - "broader": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", + "parentId": "def72d78-3c2f-4f46-91e7-259a0e63e2de", "definition": "The Stevens Water HydraProbe is a rugged soil sensor which measures three soil parameters: moisture, electrical conductivity and temperature.", "children": [] } @@ -13208,314 +13208,314 @@ { "uuid": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "label": "Recorders/Loggers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "00c994a8-64eb-4263-a3fa-85fd902bb91b", "label": "GTR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "05be4881-c1ea-43fb-ab51-fd1196f61616", "label": "TNK", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The GRACE Cold Gas System uses Nitrogen as medium, which is stored in two tanks at an initial pressure of 350 bar. This upstream pressure is reduced to the thruster valve working pressure of approximately 1.5 bar by a Pressure Regulator. For redundancy reasons, the two branches can be operated individually. Attitude control around the roll, pitch and yaw axis is performed by 3 sets of 4 thrusters with a nominal thrust force of 10 mN. The attitude control thrusters are nominally operated in pairs which are accommodated such, that force free reaction control is achieved. For orbit maintenance, two 40 mN thrusters are mounted on the anti-flight direction side with the force vector pointing through the satellite center of gravity. The cold gas system housekeeping sensor set consists of two Pressure Transducers, one for the high pressure part and one for the low pressure part, and temperature sensors on both tanks and every thruster.\n\n[Summary from GRACE Thruster Specification Document]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: TNK\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: TNK\n Long_Name: cold gas TaNK system\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0648b8de-c21e-4707-8148-c37b66c86207", "label": "2DVD", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "08ed1af5-b984-40d8-bedc-3c9d9e77c11a", "label": "CSR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0fad63bc-18ed-4a01-96ef-786a29de50fc", "label": "WL/CR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16268fa7-9efd-403d-9bcb-fc622d535ff6", "label": "IMU", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "An inertial measurement unit (IMU), is an electronic device that measures and reports on a craft's velocity, orientation, and gravitational forces, using a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes, sometimes also magnetometers. IMUs are typically used to maneuver aircraft, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), among many others, and spacecraft, including satellites and landers.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: IMU\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: IMU\n Long_Name: Inertial Measurement Unit\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: GYROS\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/visions/remote_sensing/imu.html\n Sample_Image: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/visions/remote_sensing/imu_220.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-09\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d185518-66d4-49cf-9c35-e8fa7740b66d", "label": "CPR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) is a plankton sampling\ninstrument designed to be towed from merchant ships on their\nnormal sailing. As a near-surface monitor system the CPR is\nefficient because it can survey large areas during a\ncruise. Data from different cruises is comparable because of the\nsame route.\n\nThe first prototype of this instrument was used by Alister Hardy\nin the Antarctic already in 1925-27. After that, the CPR has\nbeen used regularly for instance in the North Sea and North\nAtlantic.\n\nAdditional information availabel at\n'http://meri.fimr.fi/algaline/zpl1.nsf/0/\n 46513ed78f01928cc22566d6002edcb0?OpenDocument'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c839e60-aa49-4854-92f7-1c149177c45b", "label": "AWIN", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "An automatic weigh and identification nest-system (AWIN) has\nbeen developed to study two closely related petrel species in\nAntarctica. It has been used for a study on the breeding and\nforaging ecology of the Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica\nantarctica) and the Southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) on\nArdery Island, Antarctica (66S, 110E). In three consecutive\nseasons (1996-1999), 30 to 45 artificial nests (Figure 1) have\nbeen operational each year in two study colonies on the\nisland. The nests in these colonies were connected with the\ndatalogger-computer in the field camp with cables up to 800 m\naway.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.noldus.com/events/mb2000/program/abstracts/creuwels.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2fc6cda0-bc5f-4614-95f2-0abadee5d476", "label": "AWS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "An Automated Weather System (AWS) provides automatic real-time\nwind, precipitation, temperature, dew point and pressure\ninformation to meteorological observers for preparing routine\n(every half hourly) and special weather observations reports.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "34929d50-da72-4ed0-90dd-b4b72153c9b4", "label": "DENDROMETERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "DENDROMETERS are instruments used for measuring trees (size,\nheight, age).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d579721-c916-4e6d-aa13-2633ea0a7fac", "label": "JW DISDROMETER", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48e65023-3282-4774-9174-5141435579c3", "label": "VPR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "A Video Plankton Recorder consists of a single video camera and\nsynchronized strobe that photographs a volume of water at a rate\nof 60 Hz. Images are transmitted to the surface via fiber-optic\ncable where time-code from a GPS system is added and data are\narchived on S-VHS videotape. The video signal is also routed\nthrough a real-time image processing system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://zooplankton.lsu.edu/vpr.htm'\n\n[Source: Louisiana State University]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6a61127a-80e8-48ec-88d4-7e64ea689164", "label": "WELL LOGGING TOOLS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "Well logging is the procedure for examining geological\nformations by lowering a measuring device, called a logging\ntool, into a well and recording detected signals from various\nformations as the tool is raised to the surface.\n\n[Summary provided by Herchel Smith Laboratory]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "709e6e72-0f04-4847-8eed-bb0cfd7ca9d7", "label": "ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "A system used to collect data and events, such as flight and vehicle parameters from the Altus Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ALTUS DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: ALTUS\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/UAVFiRE/images/fig6.gif\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7566c63e-dfb9-4af2-8a15-7a30dde73b0c", "label": "PDS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84b4d4c6-3477-4616-92a4-bca59ad62a26", "label": "NAVREC", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The ER-2 Navigation Recorder (NAVREC) is a general-purpose data\nsystem designed for in-flight housekeeping support. It is housed\nin the E-bay, behind the Q-bay. The functions of this computer\nfacility include:\n\nReal-time processing of housekeeping (avionics and environmental\nsensor) data.\n\nReal-time distribution of housekeeping data to experiments.\n\nLogging of housekeeping data for post-flight use.\n\nBroadcast of timing information for in-flight synchronization of\npayloads.\n\nArchiving and post-fight distribution of housekeeping data and\nderived products via the Data Systems Engineering Office.\n\nExperimenters intending to utilize the NAVREC services should\nidentify their requirements to Airborne Science in the early\nstages of mission planning or instrument design. This will\nensure that changes or upgrades in the NAVREC system are\ncoordinated with experimenter ?s requirements and the support\nstaff is prepared for the experimenter's requirements.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8742da0d-37b0-4807-8f6b-fc9fd0a82c39", "label": "CLOCKS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "Clocks are timepieces that show the time of day.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f4238da-89a6-4498-95d7-e23f3ccd5e8b", "label": "HKTM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The Mission Control System, supporting hardware and software Telecommand coding and transfer, HKTM (Housekeeping Telemetry) data archiving and processing tasks essential for controlling the mission, as well as all FOCC external interfaces.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8fb78564-566c-462a-88c2-8857f89a4194", "label": "GLS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "904d513b-585a-45c8-a568-a574fac7e954", "label": "OPTICAL DUST LOGGERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9ed30338-eced-4102-b6e8-4a3b2affd490", "label": "VOPC", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a17e3ad4-d8f4-4f0d-86bd-777faf5ef2c7", "label": "STILLING WELL", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa58ecd2-c726-48c5-86a3-ec592f6dc95e", "label": "TEMPERATURE LOGGERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "Temperature loggers are devices used to measure and log temperature readings.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abbbe80b-be42-436f-a387-a5368aca9121", "label": "MMS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) is a proven\ninstrument to measure accurate, high resolution in situ airborne\nstate measurements. Accurate measurements of these quantities\nrequire judicious choices of sensor locations, repeated\nlaboratory calibrations, and proper corrections for\ncompressibility, adiabatic heating and flow distortion.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae6487a4-eda6-4480-96a6-40f06f9c90b7", "label": "HATDL", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The Hobo XT Air Tempetature Logger is a match-book-size, single-channel, 1800\ndata point capacity data logger for temperature. The HOBO-Temp has its\ntemperature sensor built into the casing. This logger provides a temperature\nrange from -40 deg.F to 253 deg. F and also has an external temperature\nsensor. \n\nView image at \nhttp://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/vitalsigns/equip/tools/xhoboxt.jpg \n\n[Source: University of California, Berkeley]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b103e3e4-093f-4ddb-a93b-29e0e950cc50", "label": "RTMM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Real Time Mission Monitor project home page, http://rtmm.nsstc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe NASA Real Time Mission Monitor (RTMM) is a situational awareness tool that integrates satellite, airborne and surface data sets; weather information; model and forecast outputs; and vehicle state data (e.g., aircraft navigation, satellite tracks and instrument field-of-views) for field experiment management. RTMM optimizes science and logistic decision-making during field experiments by presenting timely data, graphics and visualizations to the users to improve real time situational awareness of the experiment's assets. The RTMM is proven in the field as it supported program managers, scientists, and aircraft personnel during the 2006 NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) experiment in Cape Verde, the 2007 Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) experiment in Costa Rica, the 2007 NOAA-NASA Hurricane Aerosonde Demonstration Project, the 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellite (ARCTAS) experiments, and the 2008 Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment (SMAP VEX) . The integration and delivery of this information is made possible through data acquisition systems, network communication links and network server resources built and managed by collaborators at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). RTMM is evolving towards a more flexible and dynamic combination of sensor ingest, network computing, and decision-making activities through the use of a service oriented architecture based on community standards and protocols.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: RTMM\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: RTMM\n Long_Name: Real Time Mission Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: COMPUTER\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://rtmm.nsstc.nasa.gov/\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-15\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b301234c-2e9d-4266-9f32-74e323fffa7c", "label": "APU", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b892aed3-2fcb-476a-86ae-a5d35cf6defc", "label": "BR", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "An apparatus for the simultaneous continuous recording of the atmospheric electric potential gradient and the air-earth current is described. The CR constants are chosen in such a way that minor changes of the atmosphere electric elements in question are suppressed and the diurnal valuations can readily be seen from the records Modern technical means such as rex-channel recorders, electrometer tubes, and low loss cables make it possible to register a great range of potential gradient and air-earth current Moreover the apparatus is foolproof and convenient as to dimensions and weight so that it can be used on mountain observatories and expeditions without difficulty.\n\n[Source: Kasemir, H.-W. 1951. An apparatus for simultaneous registration of potential gradient and air-earth current (Description and first results). Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 2(1):32-37. (The whole paper is attached).]\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: BR\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: BR\n Long_Name: Benndorf Recorder\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-08-25\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bbf6e856-4ca2-452b-9e47-3ee9bdd4010a", "label": "DIGITIZER", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "A Digitizer converts an image file showing a graph or a map into numbers.\n\n[Summary provided by Sourceforge]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c00e5c26-4a6b-4e1a-90fe-2e6e9625724f", "label": "ICATS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The Information Collection and Transmission System (ICATS) processes and archives avionics and environmental parameters from the Navigational Management System, GPS, Central Air Data Computer, Embedded GPS/INS, and analog voltage sources from the DC-8 aircraft and experimenters. They include measurements of aircraft parameters, such as air speed, altitude, roll/pitch/yaw angles, flight level wind speed, and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c050b29e-dea3-4d49-8f1f-db858ab87cbf", "label": "OBDH", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "[Source: Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/ ]\n\nThe (GRACE) On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) System provided processor and software resources, as well as necessary I/O capabilities for AOCS, Power and Thermal Systems operations, including necessary fault detection, isolation and recovery operations. \n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: OBDH\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Recorders/Loggers\n Short_Name: OBDH\n Long_Name: OnBoard Data Handling System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: GRACE\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/grace.htm\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-02\n Group: Instrument_Logistics\n Instrument_Owner: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c8b93e51-f52c-439f-8307-46ae6edb8389", "label": "DISDROMETERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "DISDROMETERS are instruments that measure and record sizes of\nraindrops; it consists of a transponder that measures momentum\nof individual drops as they fall onto an exposed horizontal\nsurface and the size is determined by calibration and the drop\nsize distribution (a tally of number of drops of different size\ncategories).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e18c90cb-7dfe-4135-83c8-97a393c1d057", "label": "HKTLM", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The ENVISAT Polar Platform generates auxiliary data from the service module, PMC, and instruments that is included in the data stream. The auxiliary data is placed in source packets and transferred to the On-board High Speed Multiplexer to be downlinked with the other low rate instrument data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e37e2077-0af4-483f-80f5-67f21ec5004d", "label": "Tally Counter", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e455f0cf-b95e-4b05-9aab-fb0a2bfae36f", "label": "Passive Acoustic Recorder", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "A self-contained audio recording device that is deployed in marine or terrestrial environments for bioacoustical monitoring. It typically consists of 1 or more microphones plus accompanying electronics, software, and digital storage systems.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed79ec7b-a2df-4948-9877-b75e1fcb8782", "label": "SALINOMETERS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "SALINOMETERS are devices or instruments for determining salinity\nof water, especially one based on electrical conductivity\nmethods.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f724bf90-7f0a-472f-950f-747201f7c711", "label": "DADS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "Characteristics and Output Products\n\nDC-8 DADS Data Products\n\nA. In-Flight Data Products\n\nDuring each flight there are several DADS displays, viewable on\nmonitors throughout the cabin. The DADS Parameter Display (see\ntable F1) shows a subset of DADS data in table format. The Track\nPlot Display shows the aircraft flight track superimposed on a\nreference map. The Real-Time Plot shows several parameters as a\ncolor graph, generally in a time-series strip chart format. All\nof these are configurable as required and are continuously\nupdated. In addition, the Weather Satellite APT Receiver\ndisplays real-time satellite images from the NOAA polar orbiters\nwhenever available. It is also be possible to graphically\nexamine all DADS parameters from any portion of the flight at\nthe DADS station computer if necessary. The DC-8 DADS serial\ntransfer of housekeeping data is available in-flight to allow\neasy access to aircraft data by experimenter computers. The data\nis in ASCII format, in engineering units Data is sent at one\nsecond intervals with transmission rates of 1200, 9600, and\n19.2K baud. Format and hardware interface requirements are\ndescribed in another section below.\n\nB. Post-Flight Data Products\n\nAfter each flight several hardcopy DADS data products will be\navailable. The DC-8 Mission Director Log will contain time/data\nstamped commentary on the flight. A set of Track Plots will show\nthe DC-8 flight track, including flight-level winds. A set of\nTime-Series Plots will show a selection of DADS parameters. The\nParameter Printout will contain 10-second picks of\nrepresentative parameters. Other graphical products may be\nproduced by request of the Mission Director. All of these\nproducts will be given to the GTE Project Office after each\nflight, in both hardcopy and electronic format. The DADS\nASCII-formatted data set will also be submitted.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/pem/PTB_APP-F.html'\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0e775789-4ce9-4a71-857b-1cfdcfc9331b", "label": "UNDERWATER VIDEO CAMERA", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "An underwater camera that captures images and videos under a water body. It can be used to capture images as one is swimming, snorkeling, or be used with the camera mounted on a remotely operated underwater (ROV) vehicle or a human occupied vehicle (HOV).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "172007bb-2b5d-478a-8875-2aa653b9103d", "label": "TAMMS", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The TAMMS is composed of several subsystems including: (1) distributed pressure ports coupled with absolute and differential pressure transducers and temperature sensors, (2) aircraft inertial and satellite navigation systems, (3) a central data acquisition/processing system, and (4) water vapor instruments and potentially other trace gas or aerosol sensors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1f4a8787-557f-4211-8617-c17bc09b6415", "label": "COSMOS-SSP", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "Hydroinnova offers several configurations of the Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Probe. The baseline system is a complete data logging and telemetry solution which includes integrated barometric pressure, humidity, temperature sensors. Our datalogger will also support common external sensors including capacitance probes, water content reflectometers, tipping bucket rain gauges and many other analog sensors commonly used in environmental measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "692a171f-865c-4b9e-ace7-a0bff623a3e3", "label": "COSMOS-Rover", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "Hydroinnova offers several configurations of the Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Probe. The baseline system is a complete data logging and telemetry solution which includes integrated barometric pressure, humidity, temperature sensors. Our datalogger will also support common external sensors including capacitance probes, water content reflectometers, tipping bucket rain gauges and many other analog sensors commonly used in environmental measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "542917b2-f088-43eb-bd6f-abe54968db5b", "label": "Kestrel", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The Kestrel 4500 Pocket Weather Tracker was Kestrel's flagship meter. Capable of monitoring and reporting an exhaustive list of environmental parameters – from temperature to barometric pressure, dewpoint, wind chill, and more, the Kestrel 4500 was the most feature-rich pocket weather meter in the entire Kestrel catalog. Was also available with Bluetooth Technology, allowing you to communicate wirelessly and transmit and log your data automatically.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "743b0b2c-9489-43cf-a3df-ba6e3ce80642", "label": "Campbell Scientific CR800", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The CR800 is a smaller, research-grade data logger designed for stand-alone operation in harsh, remote environments. It is intended for smaller configurations in which fewer sensors will be measured. Each CR800 reads input from sensors, then transmits the data via a communication peripheral; most sensors and telecommunication devices are compatible. Multiple CR800s can be configured as a network or units can be deployed individually.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "accd5364-a684-425d-b064-f681456ee89c", "label": "Campbell Scientific CR3000", - "broader": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", + "parentId": "ebfff02c-2e5a-476e-aafb-c00167bf2daa", "definition": "The CR3000 Micrologger supports complex applications with many sensors. It is fast and powerful enough to handle extended eddy-covariance systems with full energy-balance systems. Multiple CR3000s can be configured as a network or units can be deployed individually.", "children": [] } @@ -13524,264 +13524,264 @@ { "uuid": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "label": "Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "09c35c61-d1ed-4591-b4d5-c539a2a0aec2", "label": "MASS SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "MASS SPECTROMETERS are spectrometers that deal mainly with mass\nor quantitative amount such as weight in a gravitational field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0db71d4f-2329-4adf-9e90-0a1af3458b1d", "label": "PTI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "233ee693-0e56-4d65-9790-830b3756dcb7", "label": "ALPHA-SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26745635-1a01-4060-bbea-3b8134e1baee", "label": "SATI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "271b6866-10a0-4469-a1d1-0894bd1d14ec", "label": "BLIP", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Spectral Analysis of wind time-series data obtained with the\nBoundary Layer Instrument Package (BLIP) during the Barbados\nOceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) in 1969\nshows the spectra to be contaminated by ship and balloon motion\nonly at the very high frequencies (0.11 to 0.07 Hz). Spectra\nfor undisturbed weather show the existence of weak eddies with\nwavelengths centered near 300 m, while those for disturbed\nconditions indicate energetic two-dimensional eddies with\nwavelengths of up to several hundred meters. One of the\nobjectives of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological\nExperiment (BOMEX), held in the summer of 1969, was to gather\ninformation about the marine tropical planetary boundary\nlayer. Since the experiment was to take place on the open sea,\nstandard instrumentation and techniques could not be used, The\nneed for specially designed instrumentation gave birth to the\nBoundary Layer Instrument Package (BLIP), which was developed\nfor BOMEX by the U niversity of Wisconsin. The BLIP is a\nmodified radiosonde that was launched by a tethered balloon\nduring the first three BOMEX observation periods from the four\ncorner ships and from the Oceanographer and Mt. Mitchell during\nthe fourth observation period. It consist of a three cup\nanemometer mounted on an A-frame that acts as a wind vane, with\ntemperature, humidity, and pressure sensors contained in a\npackage attached to the bottom of the frame. A detailed\ndescription of the instrumentation has been given by Almazan\n(1972). The data obtained by the BLIP are likely to be\ncontaminated by ship movement, balloon motion, and the\ninteraction between the balloon and the tether line. The\npurpose of this study is to separate the effects of such motion\nfrom meteorological scales of motion using spectral analysis of\nBLIP data for both undisturbed and disturbed weather\nconditions.\n\n[Source: Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ef83cb4-6573-4e56-9f80-aadbac6137e2", "label": "SAOZ", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "39745f6d-fb59-4343-8060-5b391ce6e3be", "label": "WISPER", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cc591bb-9544-49e1-94c6-8d0aa0119113", "label": "GCAS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "GCAS is a hyperspectral pushbroom sensor designed to measure\nbackscattered solar radiation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e3d658f-1326-42b4-b3a8-3f897a8a2a42", "label": "LA-ICP-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry\nis a technique used for the in situ analysis of trace elements\nin solid samples. It can determine many elements in the periodic\ntable to high degrees of accuracy and precision. The technique\ncomplements electron microprobe analysis, typically measuring\ntrace elements at a lower concentration range (1 ppb - 100 ppm).\n\nSolid particles are physically ablated due to the interaction of\na high power (> 1 x 1010 Wcm-2) laser beam with the surface of\nthe sample. The particles are carried in a stream of inert gas\n(helium or argon) into an argon plasma where they are ionized\nbefore measurement in a quadruple mass spectrometer. Isotopes\nare measured to determine elemental concentrations.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.geo.uu.nl/Research/Petrology/what.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Universiteit Utrecht]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "534d85ff-0437-455e-b45b-fe3038aef23b", "label": "DACOM", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55facbdc-d4ed-4ee2-a74d-911b084c8ff8", "label": "OPTSPEC", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "616bdf0f-8797-496b-af3d-50974baa470c", "label": "ICP-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is one of the fastest\ngrowing inorganic analytical technologies of the 21st Century. Newly developed\nTime of Flight instrumentation is augmenting more traditional quadruple and\nmagnetic sector based instrumentation. Laser ablation, graphite furnace, liquid\nand gas chromatographic interfacing has facilitated the analysis of a\nsignificantly increased variety of sample types, enabling the determination of\nup to sixty elements in samples as small as 10 micro-meters in diameter and\nimproved the resolution and detection limits of organo-metallic species\nanalysis in such matrices as foodstuffs, water, sediment and environmental\nsamples.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/centre/cems/icp_ms.html'\n\n[Summary provided by CEMS]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "665b8764-0c0a-4df7-96f1-4ddae0c6de18", "label": "XRF", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF:\n\nPrimary X-Rays are used to excite (fluoresce) X-rays in the\nspecimen. A fused disc or pressed pellet is used for the\ndetermination of major element concentrations or trace element\nabundances in a bulk specimen. The X-ray detector utilizes a set\nof diffracting crystals specially positioned to detect one\ncharacteristic X-ray at-a-time. This sequential measurement of\nX-rays is termed Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/labs/xrf.htm'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "69ccced6-f07e-4225-b1a0-fea6720a9ee8", "label": "COLORIMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "COLORIMETERS are instruments that use the form of absorption\nspectroscopy in which a reagent bonds with the species of\ninterest and is added to a liquid solution, resulting in the\nchange in color of the solution; used for determining metals in\natmospheric aerosols.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bf351aa-7aad-4c9a-b2f5-b47bfe27f530", "label": "SKY-RADIOMETER", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f7ff5dd-5dd0-4e48-a9da-cc9d93418ef8", "label": "MC-ICP-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MCICPMS)\nspectrometer is a double focusing instrument that provides high precision and\naccurate isotope ratio determinations, coupled with flexibility and ease of\nuse.\n\n[Source: University of Alberta.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80493fab-ac58-4bc4-bd63-7da014e81b00", "label": "FPDR-PDI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The FPDR – PDI provides unique cloud microphysical observations of individual cloud drop arrivals allowing for the computation of a variety of microphysical cloud properties including individual drop size, cloud drop number concentration, cloud drop size distributions, liquid water content, and cloud thickness. The FPDR – PDI measurement technique also provides droplet spacing and drop velocity information which is used to investigate turbulence and entrainment mixing processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f04fca0-2c0a-4265-8590-219d5c24e5b0", "label": "CHEMILUMINESCENCE", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bfce406-fc85-473e-b40a-2764c6a95371", "label": "POSSSUM", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a939b8df-475b-4ea5-9e03-192ef969521a", "label": "IRMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa0f2b35-e7f2-47fe-a782-6c8040d5eb57", "label": "NET RADIOMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "NET RADIOMETERS are radiometers designed to measure the\ndifference in irradiance coming form two opposing hemispheric\nfields of view.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abdf08cd-03c5-4497-87a4-65493584e2c7", "label": "HSRL-2", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The NASA Langley airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar 2 (HSRL) is used to characterize clouds and small particles in the atmosphere, called aerosols. From an airborne platform, the HSRL2 scientist team studies aerosol size, composition, distribution and movement\n\nhttps://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/HSRL2", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abdf6205-bd05-4431-83bb-fa3f9a481cca", "label": "SKIYMET", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b0f93e6a-c766-4957-8762-5c7709487459", "label": "4STAR", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "4STAR has made several test flights on the PNNL G1, and its full capabilities are still being developed. When it achieves those full capabilities, we expect that, in addition to AATS-like direct-beam measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor, 4STARs sky-scanning capabilities will permit the first airborne AERONET-like retrievals of such aerosol properties as SSA, complex refractive index, shape, and multimodal size distribution. Its zenith-viewing mode will permit retrievals of cloud optical thickness and cloud particle effective radius (when combined with a measurement of upwelling flux at two solar wavelengths), and its spectrometric resolution will permit improved aerosol-gas separation (hence improved aerosol retrievals) and possibly retrievals of additional gases. For SEAC4RS, 4STAR is offered as an option to replace AATS-14 on the DC-8 after initial science flights by AATS-14 during the Southeast Asia deployment. 4STAR has the sun-tracking capabilities of AATS and adds sky-scanning and zenith-viewing capabilities, all with spectrometers replacing the individual photodiodes of AATS-14.\n\nAdditional Information: https://espo.nasa.gov/korus-aq/instrument/4STAR", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1be0e72-acd4-4fae-90b2-2eba8b91861f", "label": "CAS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), which measures smaller particles, relies on light-scattering rather than imaging techniques. Particles scatter light from an incident laser, and collecting optics guide the light scattered in the 4° to 12° range into a forward-sizing photodetector. This light is measured and used to infer particle size. Backscatter optics also measure light in the 168° to 176° range, which allows determination of the real component of a particle’s refractive index for spherical particles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3a60685-20f2-4258-80ff-e5de153f2da7", "label": "HAMSTRAD", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d43d3993-bee5-4b6f-9d28-68eb72f125ac", "label": "ICP-ES", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d768b855-c464-4112-8c65-4edfa7ebbfeb", "label": "BGO", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Bismuth Germanate (BGO) detectors provide spectral coverage\nfrom about 150 keV to 30 MeV. BGO is a high-density material\nthat provides good sensitivity over this difficult energy\nrange. The energy resolution of the 12.7 cm by 12.7 cm\ncylindrical BGO crystal will be 14% at 661 keV and 4% at 10 MeV\nand there will be significant efficiency overlapping the lower\nenergy range of the LAT. Each BGO detector is coupled to 2 PMTs\non opposite sides, whose outputs are summed, each with its own\nhigh-voltage control. This design allows a homogeneous light\ncollection over the detector volume and provides redundancy\nshould one of the PMT?s fail or degrades. The BGO detectors are\npositioned on opposite sides of the LAT, providing nearly full\nsky coverage.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d87a2454-21ba-4218-a50a-33ddc9ec31c5", "label": "PARTICLE SPECTROMETERS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc3731dc-f7bd-420b-a311-592f8836f462", "label": "CFA", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc965068-fe7b-42bd-84cf-9b251b2397ea", "label": "SIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometers (SIMS) are mass spectrometric\ntechniques that are useful for the identification of polymer\nsurfaces and fiber/polymer interfaces by the detection of ionic\ngroup clusters that are characteristic of specific polymers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3c7cce6-f46a-4c8b-81ea-3007bc792778", "label": "AMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) is an instrument used for measuring aerosol composition and size.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f49292f8-6010-42cd-a2fb-fabef80c71d4", "label": "BIOMETER", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd8d30cf-1e2b-41e9-bb4e-ba5063bc7d9d", "label": "HR-2014i", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe7b2ae5-ac9c-497c-9678-f37f13b14ed9", "label": "GroundMSPI", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Accurate characterization of surface reflection is essential for retrieval of aerosols using downward-looking remote sensors. In this paper, observations from the Ground-based Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (GroundMSPI) are used to evaluate a surface polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (PBRDF) model. GroundMSPI is an eight-band spectropolarimetric camera mounted on a rotating gimbal to acquire pushbroom imagery of outdoor landscapes. The camera uses a very accurate photoelastic-modulator-based polarimetric imaging technique to acquire Stokes vector measurements in three of the instrument’s bands (470, 660, and 865 nm). A description of the instrument is presented, and observations of selected targets within a scene acquired on 6 January 2010 are analyzed. Data collected during the course of the day as the Sun moved across the sky provided a range of illumination geometries that facilitated evaluation of the surface model, which is comprised of a volumetric reflection term represented by the modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete function plus a specular reflection term generated by a randomly oriented array of Fresnel-reflecting microfacets. While the model is fairly successful in predicting the polarized reflection from two grass targets in the scene, it does a poorer job for two manmade targets (a parking lot and a truck roof), possibly due to their greater degree of geometric organization. Several empirical adjustments to the model are explored and lead to improved fits to the data. For all targets, the data support the notion of spectral invariance in the angular shape of the unpolarized and polarized surface reflection. As noted by others, this behavior provides valuable constraints on the aerosol retrieval problem, and highlights the importance of multiangle observations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba49c933-5787-4e1f-a408-bc4af632e00a", "label": "Hyperspectral Spectrometers/Radiometers", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "618d5de2-7915-4710-b1a2-09ed87a1debc", "label": "Field Spectroradiometer", - "broader": "ba49c933-5787-4e1f-a408-bc4af632e00a", + "parentId": "ba49c933-5787-4e1f-a408-bc4af632e00a", "definition": "A spectroradiometer is an instrument for measuring the energy distribution of emitted radiation. Portable spectroradiometers provide field measurements for a variety of applications including geological remote sensing, ground truthing, spectral remote sensing, environmental and climate research, crop and soil research, vegetative studies, forestry and canopy studies, radiometric calibration transfer, upwelling and downwelling measurement.", "children": [] } @@ -13790,140 +13790,140 @@ { "uuid": "8936f1d7-6fee-4a67-8c64-661eb8c836e1", "label": "CIT-ToF-CIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Aerodyne ToF-CIMS combines chemical ionization with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for sensitive, real-time identification and quantification of gas-phase compounds in sampled air.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6594cfe7-b40d-4f91-b9e7-dd90b74d22f8", "label": "GC-EI-TOF", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Gas Chromatography Electron Impact Mass Spectrometer is a compact, electron impact (EI) mass spectrometer with a heated capillary inlet. Available in bench-top and field-deployable formats.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "337c284f-3158-48e5-8050-5d2744ba77a7", "label": "SpEx", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "We introduce a new instrument for the measure-ment of in situ ambient aerosol extinction over the 300–700 nm wavelength range, the spectral aerosol extinction(SpEx) instrument. This measurement capability is envi-sioned to complement existing in situ instrumentation, al-lowing for simultaneous measurement of the evolution ofaerosol optical, chemical, and physical characteristics in theambient environment. In this work, a detailed description ofthe instrument is provided along with characterization testsperformed in the laboratory. Measured spectra of NO2andpolystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) agreed well with theoreti-cal calculations. Good agreement was also found with simul-taneous aerosol extinction measurements at 450, 530, and630 nm using CAPS PMex instruments in a series of 22 testsincluding nonabsorbing compounds, dusts, soot, and blackand brown carbon analogs. SpEx measurements are expectedto help identify the presence of ambient brown carbon dueto its 300 nm lower wavelength limit compared to measure-ments limited to longer UV and visible wavelengths. Ex-tinction spectra obtained with SpEx contain more informa-tion than can be conveyed by a simple power law fit (typ-ically represented by Ångström exponents). Planned futureimprovements aim to lower detection limits and ruggedizethe instrument for mobile operation", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "195f7965-459d-49e4-aad1-b1f23fa035da", "label": "TD-GC-MS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Thermal desorption (TD) provides unique analyses in applications for forensics, defense, and general emissions testing.\n\nInstrument Features:\n\n• Quantitative sample re-collection of all the split flows enables repeat analysis of critical samples, easy method validation, and overcomes the one-shot limitation of conventional TD systems\n• Electronic tube tagging (TubeTAG™): RFID tube tags available for industry standard sorbent tubes\n• Diffusion locking (DiffLok™) for enhanced sample integrity and robust (mechanically simple) automation\n• Patented inert valving for compatibility with every TD application on a single analytical platform - ultra-volatiles, semi-volatiles (up to n-C40) plus reactive species - mercaptans, CS gas, etc. - all on one TD system\n• Automated internal standard introduction onto blank as well as sampled tubes\n• Electronic pneumatics control (EPC) of carrier gas through the thermal desorber ensures consistent compound retention time independent of split flow\n• Electrically-cooled sorbent trapping with uniquely fast trap heating rates for splitless capillary GC operation and optimum sensitivity without risk of ice formation\n• Off-line conditioning for multiple tubes without the need to blank-off unused tube connections\n• Specialist sorbent tubes: Certified reference standards, SafeLok™ tubes, Silcosteel tubes\n• A range of unique sampling tools for measuring volatile and semi-volatile organics in challenging matrices: liquids/solids/emulsions, breath, in-situ soil, polymers, natural products, construction products, etc", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d37362b4-6ebd-4494-b5fe-d2cc549a7fdf", "label": "FIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "A Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer (FIMS) with a wide dynamic size range has been developed for rapid aerosol size distribution measurements. The design and model evaluation of the FIMS are presented in the preceding paper (Paper I), and this paper focuses on the experimental characterization of the FIMS. Monodisperse aerosol with diameter ranging from 8 to 600 nm was generated using Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA), and was measured by the FIMS in parallel with a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). The mean particle diameter measured by the FIMS is in good agreement with the DMA centroid diameter. Comparison of the particle concentrations measured by the FIMS and CPC indicates the FIMS detection efficiency is essentially 100% for particles with diameters of 8 nm or larger. For particles smaller than 20 nm or larger than 200 nm, FIMS transfer function and resolution can be well represented by the calculated ones based on simulated particle trajectories in the FIMS. For particles between 20 and 200 nm, the FIMS transfer function is boarder than the calculated, likely due to non-ideality of the electric field, including edge effects near the end of the electrode, which are not represented by the 2-D electric field used to simulate particle trajectories.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81b0950f-2be5-44c2-8fa5-348a6da42326", "label": "GeoTASO", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Geostationary Trace gas and Aerosol Sensor Optimization (GeoTASO) and the GEO-CAPE Airborne Simulator (GCAS) instruments are pushbroom sensors capable of making remote sensing measurements of air quality and ocean color.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50faf9d8-2f49-4d23-827b-1706d665555d", "label": "UC Davis CRD-PAS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Particle optical properties for PM1 were measured at 405 nm and 532 nm using the UC Davis 4 Cavity Ringdown-Photoacoustic Spectrometer (CRD-PAS). In the UC Davis CRD-PAS, Light absorption coefficients (babs; units = Mm-1 5 ) for dry particles are determined using photoacoustic spectroscopy (Lack et al., 2012b). Light extinction coefficients (bext; units = Mm-1 6 ) for dry (particles are determined using photoacoustic spectroscopy (Lack et al., 2012b).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45baca7f-18fc-4811-8fd9-015c395e0300", "label": "MFR-7", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFR-7) is a field instrument that measures the global, direct, and diffuse components of solar irradiance at up to seven wavelengths. A microprocessor- controlled shadowband alternately shades and exposes the instrument diffuser, enabling the system to measure all three irradiance components with only one detector. In addition to a broadband channel, this instrument has six narrowband channels.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbaf0199-e56a-4cc3-8792-c6b6abbd6719", "label": "TSI EEPS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) spectrometer is a fast-response, high-resolution instrument that measures very low particle number concentrations in diluted exhaust. It offers the fastest time resolution available—10 times per second—which makes it well-suited for dynamic and transient tests. It measures the size distribution and number concentration of engine exhaust particle emissions in the range from 5.6 to 560 nanometers, covering the entire range of interest.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2f03a5a-056d-44c9-af48-b0e46a1b94fb", "label": "NMASS II", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The nucleation-mode aerosol size spectrometer (NMASS) measures the concentration of particles as a function of diameter from approximately 4 to 60 nm. A sample flow is continuously extracted from the free stream using a decelerating inlet and is transported to the NMASS. Within the instrument, the sample flow is carried to 5 parallel condensation nucleus counters (CNCs) as shown in Fig. 1. Each CNC is tuned to measure the cumulative concentration of particles larger than certain diameter. The minimum detectable diameters for the 5 CNCs are 4.0, 7.5, 15, 30 and 55 nm, respectively. An inversion algorithm is applied to recover a continuous size distribution in the 4 to 60 nm diameter range.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16237051-45ba-458f-99c2-18d4a8940630", "label": "DPOPS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "A light-weight, low-cost optical particle spectrometer for measurements of aerosol number concentrations and size distributions has been designed, constructed, and demonstrated. The spectrometer is suitable for use on small, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and in balloon sondes. The spectrometer uses a 405 nm diode laser to count and size individual particles in the size range 140–3000 nm. A compact data system combines custom electronics with a single-board commercial computer. Power consumption is 7W at 9–15 V. 3D printing technology was used in the construction of the instrument to reduce cost, manufacturing complexity, and weight. The resulting Printed Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) instrument weighs about 800 g with an approximate materials cost of 2500 USD. Several POPS units have been constructed, tested in the laboratory, and deployed on UAVs.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27f6b649-91b4-40ac-b505-29ee0fe73ee9", "label": "HOxCIMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "An inlet collects ambient air from the free air stream and adds reagents, including O2 or N2 dilutents, and NO and SO2 reagent gases. This method, called 'oxygen dilution modulation' leads to nearly 100% measurement of HO2 and RO2 in the O2 dilution/low reagent concentration mode, whereas RO2 is measured with less than 10% efficiency in the N2 dilution/higher reagent concentration mode. This is because the chemistry converts peroxy radicals to H2SO4 efficiently in the O2 mode, but RO2 radicals are converted to RONO in the N2 mode. The H2SO4 thus produced is ionized by reaction with NO3- ions. The reagent and product ions are detected by mass spectrometry using quadrupole mass filtering and counting by a channel electron multiplier operating in the negative ion mode.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c6e3d44-097d-4a23-bd8f-20f42f1c345c", "label": "ToF-AMS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Aerodyne Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF-AMS) is an instrument manufactured by Aerodyne Research Inc. and is used to study the chemical and physical nature of aerosol particles online. The instrument works by focusing the sampled particles into a tightly collimated beam at its inlet and skimming off the majority of the gas phase material before impacting them onto a heated tungsten surface. The non-refractory components of the particles instantly vaporise and the vapours produced are analysed using electron ionisation mass spectrometry. The particle beam can also be modulated using a chopper wheel and the particle sizes calculated by measuring their velocities.\n\nScientifically, the instrument can deliver quantitative mass concentrations of the major non-refractory chemical species present in submicron particles (ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, organics and non-sea-salt chloride) in microgrammes per cubic metre. It is also capable of delivering these concentrations as a function of diameter as a dM/dlog(D) distribution. Further to this, information on the chemical nature of the organic fraction can be derived by inspecting the relative sizes of the peaks within the mass spectrum. In order to produce fully quality assured and meaningful results, the data must be processed offline or near-real-time. Software tools to do this have been developed by the group at Manchester with our collaborators at Aerodyne and the University of Colorado at Boulder and use Igor Pro by Wavemetrics Inc. as a platform.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b33ab96-9749-4f6d-bbb2-f889bb5ec52c", "label": "NOxyO3", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The NCAR NOxyO3 instrument is a 4-channel chemiluminescence instrument for the measurement of NO, NO2, NOy, and O3. NOx (NO and NO2) is critical to fast chemical processes controlling radical chemistry and O3 production. Total reactive nitrogen (NOy = NO + NO2 + HNO3 + PANs + other organic nitrates + HO2NO2 + HONO + NO3 + 2*N2O5 + particulate NO3 - + …) is a useful tracer for characterizing air masses since it\nhas a tendency to be conserved during airmass aging, as NOx is oxidized to other NOy species", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2dc3e6d6-e0ac-40ba-a82e-d886426a40bd", "label": "COBALT", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "COBALT (Carbon mOnoxide By Attenuation of Laser Transmission), an autonomous instrument based on off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy, has been developed and successfully deployed for measurements of carbon monoxide in the troposphere and tropopause onboard a NASA DC-8 aircraft. This instrument was used to measure in-situ carbon monoxide mixing ratios, and to derive mixing ratio profiles. Tunable-laser absorption spectroscopy is an established analytical technique that is being used to obtain accurate in-situ CO concentrations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42273f31-d6e1-4a9e-9ca3-56fe87ffb98c", "label": "FASTOZ", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "• Technique: Chemluminescent reaction of ozone with nitric oxide\n• Dynamic Range: 0.6 - 1600 ppb\n• Accuracy: 5% or 2 ppb\n• Precision: 2% or 0.6 ppb\n• Response: 2-3 Hz; recorded at 6 Hz, reported at 1 Hz, faster data on request\n• Spatial Resolution: <10 m vertical (aircraft spiral), 200 m horizontal (at 400 kts)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ff9bae1-ef19-4e13-b5e3-12954e84e9dd", "label": "NO/NOy", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "NO is measured using a chemiluminescence detector. One of the four NO detectors is used for the NO measurements. NOy is measured simultaneously by catalytically converting it to NO on the surface of gold tubes heated to ±° C, with carbon monoxide (CO) acting as a reducing agent. The converter system is contained in a pod mounted outside the cabin to minimize the length of the inlet tubes. Gas phase-NOy measurements are made by sampling air through the rearward facing inlet which discriminates against particles of diameter larger than 1 mm. The mixing ratios of total NOy (gas phase-NOy + amplified particulate-NOy) are measured by sampling air through the forward facing inlet which is heated to 100° C. The mixing ratios of gas phase and total NOy are measured independently. A humidifier maintains the H2O mixing ratio in sample flows at a few % in order to stabilize the instrument background against humidity variations in the ambient air. The absolute sensitivities of the NO and NOy channels are measured every 80 minutes by adding NO or NO2 standard gases. The pressure in the gold catalytic converter for gas-phase NOy is maintained at a constant value of about 50 hPa, independent of the ambient pressure. The pressure is held constant by controlling the sample flow using a servo-controlled Teflon valve mounted upstream of the converter tube. All parts of the inlet system upstream of the gold catalyst are made of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Teflon which is temperature controlled at 40˚C. The NO2 conversion efficiency is 99.0611%. The HCN conversion efficiency is lower than 5% for dry air with O3 mixing ratios lower than 100 ppbv. It decreases to 2% for humid air with an H2O mixing ratio of 0.1% and O3 mixing ratios lower than 100 ppbv. This instrument is also equipped with an NO2 photolytic converter combined with an NO detector in our first attempt to access the accuracy of the NO2 measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf316624-64e4-4d14-9c67-79232dc4ae23", "label": "ChiWIS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "Chi-WIS is a mid-infrared tunable diode laser off-axis integrated cavity output absorption spectrometer (ICOS) instrument for measurement of H2O and HDO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The high precision of the measurement allows detection of small changes in the HDO/H2O ratio that can be used to study water transport pathways and characterize the extent to which convection-driven water vapor perturbations propagate through the UT/LS to contribute to the overall stratospheric water budget. Chi-WIS participated in the 2017 StratoClim campaign onboard the M-55 Geophysica high altitude research aircraft measuring the isotopic composition of water vapor between 12 and 20 kilometers inside the Asian Summer Monsoon anticyclone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5b662d1c-b519-40bb-9dfc-da25e313e36c", "label": "POPS", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "The Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) was developed at the NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL) by Dr. Ru-Shan Gao and his team. The instrument is a robust, small, lightweight, low-power consumption, and relatively low-cost research grade instrument that reports particle size and number concentration of aerosols with diameters between 140 nm and 2.5 µm. This size range captures the bulk of accumulation mode aerosols, which can efficiently scatter light and often outnumber larger aerosols, thereby influencing radiative forcing and Earth's radiation budget.\n\nThe instrument boasts single particle detection, a variable flow rate and specialized design features to ensure robust aerosol measurements at high altitude (low pressure). POPS measures the scattered light from a 405 nm (Blu-Ray) laser, each time a particle passes through the beam, and a calibrated Mie theory calculation is used to determine the particle size based on the intensity of scattered light. Like with other optical particle sizing instruments, the calculated size depends on the index of refraction and assumes that particles have a spherical shape.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d94680b-ce40-4e4c-8ddd-7451a89b94b7", "label": "Aerodyne Vocus PTR-TOF", - "broader": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", + "parentId": "ecd58f82-8f96-45e1-9547-dd4a02291bd9", "definition": "With sub-ppt limits of detection and mass resolving power up to 15000,\nthe Vocus PTR-TOF is taking laboratory and field analysis of VOCs in exciting\nnew directions", "children": [] } @@ -13932,271 +13932,271 @@ { "uuid": "f2c36164-55e2-4997-b6a7-6d1e841c3762", "label": "ICE CORE MELTER", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "label": "Profilers/Sounders", - "broader": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", + "parentId": "ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01cc0beb-7c9a-40ed-ad86-0661b41aee53", "label": "CTD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "A Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) is an electronic\ninstrument package that accurately reports conductivity,\ntemperature and depth and transmits data up the conducting wire\nto a computer on board. The computer calculates salinity from\nconductivity and temperature. Together, salinity and temperature\ndetermine the density of seawater, which in turn affects its\nmovements; and temperature affects biological rates and\nbehavior.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://octopus.gma.org/onlocation/ctd.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Gulf of Maine Aquarium]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "21368def-717d-4132-a925-f797eee1c400", "label": "STC", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23020cf5-9e71-406c-adae-7a3f7b11c308", "label": "EHAD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "ER-2 Height Altitude Dropsonde System (EHAD) use dropwinsonde\nfitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure\nthe atmospheric state parameters (temperature, humidity, wind\nspeed/direction pressure) and location in 3 dimensional space\nduring the sonde's descent once each half second. Measurements\nare transmitted to the aircraft from the time of release until\nimpact with the ocean's surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b412f3a-f86e-436c-8849-eba4d2ed6ca2", "label": "SBT", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "384cd160-ef82-4278-ae45-7c7d78dd7609", "label": "OFFI", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3fba4d8d-b044-40d0-b671-b8724ccab26e", "label": "AXCTD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "The AXCTDs measure the ocean salinity, or saltiness (proportional to conductivity), and temperature, which are necessary 1) for computing ocean density, stability and buoyancy, and 2) for identifying different ocean water masses.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "424afb3c-b8d2-444d-b884-27e002a10374", "label": "AIRGUN ARRAYS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "An airgun array is composed of multiple airgun units. An airgun\nis essentially a stainless steel cylinder charged with\nhigh-pressure air. The seismic signal is generated when that\nair is almost instantaneously released into the surrounding\nwater column. The effect is similar to popping a balloon; a loud\nsound is created when the air inside the balloon is quickly\nexpelled into the atmosphere.\n\n[Summary provided by IAGC]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4bd00254-efbb-4ff0-95e1-9f354190598a", "label": "EPSONDE", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "A Epsonde is an instrument used to measure turbulence in the deep ocean.\n\nEpsonde is a tethered free-fall profiling system used to obtain\ntemperature microstructure and velocity turbulence data to a\ndepth of at least 1500 m. Epsonde, which carries a variety of\nslow and fast sensors, is deployed on a loose kevlar\nmulticonductor cable by a specialized wire-handling system. Data\nare transmitted from this underwater unit (1792 samples per\nsecond) to a shipboard system, which includes a dedicated\nmicrocomputer for data logging and online data processing. The\nperformance of this system is demonstrated by discussing a study\nof turbulent mixing processes in a lens of Mediterranean water\n(a MEDDY) found at a depth of 1000 m in the Canary basin. These\nstudies indicate that turbulent kinetic energy dissipation may\nbe an important mechanism in determining the decay and lifetime\nof a MEDDY.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/abs_free.jsp?arNumber=566'\n\n[Summary provided by IEEE Xplore]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d3420c1-c7dc-4320-a315-026066debbd6", "label": "THERMOSALINOGRAPHS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "The SBE 45 MicroTSG Thermosalinograph is an externally powered,\nhigh-accuracy instrument, designed for shipboard determination\nof sea surface (pumped-water) conductivity and\ntemperature. Salinity and sound velocity can also be\ncomputed. The MicroTSG is constructed of plastic and titanium to\nensure long life with minimum maintenance.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.seabird.com/products/spec_sheets/45data.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Sea-Bird Electronics]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66f76605-67ef-4e76-9d96-7f1e2f9eeb80", "label": "LADCP", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70cb0f31-5c7e-48c1-a145-b7b99f0709a7", "label": "BOPS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "Bio-Optical Profiling System (BOPS) is an instrument package for\nmeasuring optical and physical parameters in the water column.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89a2c35a-38d1-4388-b9e1-d044821e992d", "label": "SMART-R", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "'SMART-R is a mobile Doppler weather radar platform operated and created by the University of Oklahoma with aide from Texas A&M and Texas Tech University in 2001.'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92f66be9-30e6-4d0e-b4a8-631fe9341b25", "label": "BATHYTHERMOGRAPHS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "The most straightforward way to measure temperature versus\ndepth in the ocean is to lower a thermometer a known distance and\ntake the temperature. So-called 'protected reversing thermometers'\nhave been developed for just that purpose, and are routinely\naccurate to 0.02 degrees C. One disadvantage of this method is\nthat temperatures can only obtained for a few depths.\n The great advantage of the 'bathythermograph' is that,\nalthough less accurate than the reversing thermometer, it gives a\ncontinuous trace of temperature against depth. A liquid-in-metal\nthermometer causes a metal point to move in one direction over a\nsmoked glass slide which is itself moved at right angles to this\ndirection by a pressure sensitive bellows. The instrument is\nlowered to its permitted depth (generally 60, 140 or 270 m) and\nthen brought back up. Since pressure is directly related to depth,\nthe line scratched on the smoked glass forms a graph of temperature\nagainst depth. It is read against a calibration grid to a typical\naccuracy of 0.2 degrees C and 2 meters.\n In wide use now is the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) which\nuses a thermistor as temperature sensitive element. The thermistor\nis in a small streamlined weighted casing which is simply dropped\nover the ship's side. It is connected by a fine wire, on special\nfree-unwinding spools, to a recorder on the ship which traces the\ntemperature of the water in a graphical plot against depth. The\ndepth is not sensed directly but estimated from the time elapsed\nsince release, using the known rate of sink of the thermistor\ncasing. This casing is relatively inexpensive and is not\nrecovered. These XBTs are available for depth ranges from 200 to\n1800 meters, and can be used from ships underway or from circling\naircraft. They can also be dropped from aircraft in a small buoy\nwhich contains a radio transmitter to send temperature/depth\ninformation to the aircraft while it continues its flight.\n The temperature range and depths of several commercial\nbathythermographs are given below:\nMANUFACTURER TEMPERATURE RANGE DEPTH\n degrees C m\nBelfort -1 to 30 60/135/250\n -2 to 32 55/137/274\nGM -2 to 32 60/137/274\nJules Richard -2 to 30 50/150/300\nKahl -2 to 30 60/137/274\nMashprib -2 to 30 200\nWallace & Tiernan -1 to 30 60/135/270\nT.S.K. -2 to 32 75/150/270\nTaken from:\nPickard, G.L, Descriptive Physical Oceanography, 3rd edition,\n Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. ISBN 0-08-023824-6\nSmith, F.G.W, (Editor), CRC Handbook of Marine Science, Volume I,\n CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974. ISBN 0-87819-388-X (Complete Set)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "98413950-cfb7-4b13-bd1f-b2e4dc102410", "label": "LONG STREAMERS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "LONG STREAMERS are long sinuous channels of very high ion\ndensity that propagates itself through a gas by continual\nestablishment of an electron avalanche just ahead of its\nadvancing tip; in lightning discharges; also used to describe a\ndropsonde observation when, because of either partial or\ncomplete parachute failure, the descent speed of the dropsonde\nexceeds 1500 ft per minute.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9929fdb8-b981-4708-a32f-8563654b147f", "label": "BBSS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a76dd88f-8a2b-4bd2-867d-5b562b7b4f0d", "label": "XBT", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "The Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) has been used by\noceanographers for many years to obtain information on the\ntemperature structure of the ocean to depths of up to 2000\nmeters. The use of XBT's to measure the ocean's subsurface has\nsignificantly increased over the past decade. NOAA is actively\nparticipating in an international effort to increase the number\nof subsurface temperature observations in support of global\noceanographic and climate studies. NOAA's XBT program (SEAS)\ncurrently supports about eighty voluntary observing ships\n(VOS). Observations from these vessels are collected and coded\nusing the WMO bathy report format (JJYY) and transmitted via the\nGOES and INMARSAT C satellites. SEAS vessels are responsible for\nmore than 14,000 XBT observations each year.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://seas.amverseas.noaa.gov/seas/xbt.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "label": "Acoustic Sounders", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "10040ca6-3809-4679-a41e-6a6efbb25ae8", "label": "SONAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is a measuring instrument\nthat sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances\nin terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "11572015-20da-4642-a3d9-af2ac25393a8", "label": "GEOPHONES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Geophones are small, cheap instruments instrument for measuring\nground motion. There are many different varieties for different\napplications. They are designed for earthquakes, machine\nvibrations, oil exploration, mining, etc...\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.tenrats.org/whatis'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16406252-49bf-4198-ab15-32253661135c", "label": "SODAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) is sound-wave transmitting\nand receiving equipment operated on principles analogous to\nthose of radar; measures vertical profiles of the mean and\nturbulent properties of the sound to heights of several hundred\nmeters by transmitting acoustic waves upward and measuring the\nDoppler shift in the backscattered acoustic signals.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d605dc5-d2ba-4a2f-877b-5bd9e4194424", "label": "GLORIA", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Geological LOng Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) is a long range\nsidescan sonar that was developed in the early 1970's to map\nseafloor features in the deep ocean. She was developed and\noperated by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, now\nincorporated into Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC). But\nwith advances in technology since GLORIA was designed, it's time\nfor her to retire from active service. One of SOC's three GLORIA\nvehicles, weighing in at 16 tons, left SOC at the end of July\nfor transfer to the Science Museum at Wroughton, near Swindon in\nWiltshire. Part of the National Museum of Science and Industry,\nthis is where the large objects from the world of science and\ntechnology are stored and can be viewed.\n\n[CCMC Online: 'http://www.ccmc.nf.ca/']", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cd21eb5-54d0-48be-beb5-c7e9af18560d", "label": "ACM", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Datawell Waverider DWR4 wave buoy that includes an ACM for measuring surface currents.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44a8a09a-d3f1-457d-8c0f-45ae3febb304", "label": "WCMS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Any acoustic sounder that measures and records acoustic properties for the purpose of mapping the water column.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: WCMS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Type: 'Acoustic Sounders\n Short_Name: WCMS\n Long_Name: Water Column Mapping System\n End_Group\n Group: Associated_Platforms\n Short_Name: SHIPS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-03-06\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "465e0298-da06-4bd8-bc57-b167a5253793", "label": "MBES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c455392-a50e-44da-9da6-f0038cd28acb", "label": "SOSUS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "The SOund SUrveillance System, or SOSUS, is a fixed component of the\nU.S. Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance Systems(IUSS) network\nused for deep ocean surveillance during the Cold War. Installation\nof SOSUS was begun in the mid 1950s by the U.S. Navy for use in\nantisubmarine warfare. SOSUS consists of bottom mounted hydrophone\narrays connected by undersea communication cables to facilities on\nshore. The individual arrays are installed primarily on continental\nslopes and seamounts at locations optimized for undistorted long range\nacoustic propagation. The combination of location within the oceanic\nsound channel and the sensitivity of large-aperture arrays allows the\nsystem to detect radiated acoustic power of less than a watt at ranges\nof several hundred kilometers. In October, 1990, the Navy granted\napproval to NOAA/PMEL to access the SOSUS arrays in the North Pacific\nto assess their value in ocean environmental monitoring,as part of the\nU.S. government's dual-use initiative.\n\nThe data collection systems developed by NOAA's VENTS Program have\nbeen in place since August 29, 1991. Acoustic signals from the north\nPacific Ocean are monitored and recorded at the Newport, Oregon facility\nof NOAA/PMEL. This is the primary tool for both continuous monitoring of\nlow-level seismicity around the northeast Pacific Ocean and real-time\ndetection of volcanic activity along the northeast Pacific spreading\ncenters in support of the VENTS research program in ocean hydrothermal\nsystems. Real-time ridge crest monitoring potentially permits the timely\non-site investigation of hydrothermal and magmatic emissions.\n\nData acquisition is accomplished by combining portions of the Navy's\nprocessing facilities with NOAA-designed systems installed at the U.S.\nNaval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Whidbey Island, Washington.\nAnalog outputs from each hydrophone element are available either through\ndirect cabling or remote data linkage. Navy systems perform adaptive beam\nforming on digitized hydrophone signals, with the outputs converted back to\nanalog electrical signals. These analog hydrophone and beam-former outputs\nare accessed by the NOAA-supplied systems, where the signals are low-pass\nfiltered, digitized, and temporarily buffered on hard disk. The digital\ndata are provided to a wide-area network (WAN) based on Network File System\n(NFS) protocol, linking (by encrypted, dedicated telephone line) the\nacquisition computer to an analysis system located at NOAA laboratories in\nNewport, Oregon.\n\nFor more information on U.S. Navy SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS)see:\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/geophysics/sosus_system.html'\n\nAddress inquiries to:\nChris Fox - Principal Investigator\nNOAA/PMEL\nOSU Hatfield Marine Science Center\n2115 S.E. OSU Drive\nNewport, Oregon 97365 USA\n\nVOICE: (541) 867-0276\nFAX: (541) 867-0356\nEmail: fox@pmel.noaa.gov", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "832b400a-0b31-4200-923b-73314b983e12", "label": "AZFP", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "The ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler™ (AZFP), offers a new, economical way of obtaining reliable measures of marine environmental conditions in the water column. The AZFP™ can monitor the presence and abundance of zooplankton and fish within the water column by measuring acoustic backscatter returns at multiple ultrasonic frequencies. Other sonar targets realized from the sonar backscatter data include bubbles and suspended sediments. \n\nText Source: https://aslenv.com/azfp.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8adf0af6-f62f-4559-a17b-d9d7cb1bba14", "label": "HYDROPHONES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Hydrophones are instruments for listening to sound transmitted\nthrough water.\n\n[Source: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8aeaf436-641d-4d65-9568-6b4de1ff2c74", "label": "ULTRASONIC DEPTH SENSOR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "The Judd Communications ultrasonic depth sensor is an inexpensive solution for remotely measuring snow depth or water levels. The sensor works by measuring the time required for an ultrasonic pulse to travel to and from a target surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8eeccae4-1938-47fa-b3df-6b7641a6f64d", "label": "ARP", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "The Acoustic Recording Package (ARP) is a passive, continuous\nacoustic recorder that drops to the bottom of the ocean and\nrecords low frequency noises. It can record baleen whale calls\nwithin an area of up to 50 km around the device.\n\n[Source: NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac87e18f-bf08-434d-9ed4-0e9be3baf152", "label": "SONOBUOYS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "The United States Navy maintains a superior global\nAnti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) capability with the ability to\ndetect, localize, identify, and track potential hostile\nsubmarines. This is provided by the capabilities of\nsonobuoys. Sonobuoys are used to determine environmental\nconditions for determination of best search tactics, to\ncommunicate with friendly submarines, and to conduct search,\nlocalization, tracking, and, as required, attack of designated\nhostile platforms.\n\nSonobuoys provide both a deployable acoustical signal source and\nreception of underwater signals of interest. These received\nsignals are transmitted to any monitoring unit(s) that then\nprocesses the signal for analysis, classification of any target,\nand recording on magnetic tape media for replay and post event\nanalysis. Both the initial detection of submarines and the\nlocalization of detected targets is usually done with passive\nsonobuoys, if possible, so as to deny for as long as possible\nthe submarine becoming aware that an adversary aircraft is\npresent. By use of established tactics, the sonobuoys allow for\nshort and long range detection of surface ships and submarines,\nthereby, allowing for prosecution of identified hostile\ntargets. Other specialized sonobuoys can detect electric fields,\nmagnetic anomalies or the light emitted by microscopic organisms\ndisturbed by the passage of a submarine [bioluminescence].\n\nActive sonobuoys are used to localize targets quickly and\naccurately in extreme environmental conditions, against a very\nquiet submarine, or in an attack mode. The released acoustic\nenergy enables an accurate location from the sonobuoy in both\nrange and bearing to the submarine. When two or more ?fixes? are\nobtained the speed and the course of the target can be\nestablished. Active buoys use a transducer to introduce acoustic\nenergy into the water and to manipulate the return echoes that\nare amplified and for VHF radio transmission. These buoys are\ndesigned for deeper depths than passive buoys.\n\nSonobuoys may be classified by size ( A, B, C,etc.) and type\n(active, passive or measurement). Most American sonobuoys are\nA-size length 36 inches, diameter 4 7/8 inches. The A-size\nsonobuoy weight varies by manufacturer and buoy type, but will\nnot exceed 39 pounds. Some other countries are using half size\nor A/2 as a standard configuration.\n\nAll sonobuoys currently in inventory are normally launched from\nstandard A-size tubes via pneumatics, free fall, or a Cartridge\nActuated Device (CAD). When launched from aircraft they employ a\nparachute to retard their descent and provide descent\nstability. Shipboard personnel may also launch them by hand or\nOver the Side (OTS). All are powered by either salt water\nactivated magnesium or silver chloride, lithium chemistry, or\nthermal batteries and are designed to scuttle at some point\nafter usable or selected life expires.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/sonobuoys.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Military Analysis Network]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b15d263b-6c51-4005-ba45-bfd2958fcd7d", "label": "ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "An acoustic receiver array assembly includes an underwater vehicle having a base portion and an acoustic receiver portion. The base portion is provided with a rigid boundary wall defining a first largest diameter. The receiver portion is provided with a flexible boundary wall expandable from a generally cylindrical configuration of no more than the first diameter to an expanded configuration of a second diameter substantially larger than the first diameter, the receiver portion defining a chamber. Expansion means is disposed in the chamber and is operable to expand the receiver portion boundary wall to the second diameter. Acoustic receivers are mounted in the receiver portion and provide an acoustic receiver array which expands commensurately with the expansion of the receiver portion boundary wall.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Type: Acoustic Sounders\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS\n Short_Name: SONAR\n Short_Name: USIM\n End_Group\n Sample_Image: http://www.pier.org/images/operations/tag_VR2_in_water.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-04-03\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c00aa734-d7e6-405a-b346-d439a25d0cef", "label": "MSBS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "The Kongsberg Simrad EM-3000 Multibeam system is a\nhigh-resolution echo sounder which measures depth accurately to\nwithin several centimeters when post-processed. It not only\nmeasures the depth below the vessel but also out to the left and\nright of the vessel at a range of ~2-4 times the water\ndepth. The location and vertical elevation of the vessel are\ntracked by the integration of three global positioning systems\nworking together with the echosounder. The multibeam bathymetry\nis relayed to a Sun Ultra 5 workstation, where it is stored,\nprocessed, and presented on screen. Finally, the post-processed\nimage is printed at high resolution with each dot/pixel of color\nrepresenting ~ 0.3 - 0.6 square meters (~1- 2 square feet).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c08fcc42-c060-4634-9ea8-1f5bf1a34c62", "label": "SIDE-SCAN SONAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "SIDE-SCAN SONAR is a method of surveying the bottom of the ocean\nor other body of water to obtain detailed acoustic images,\nfrequently used to locate debris likely form aircraft accidents\nor shipwrecks; the acoustic beam is directed perpendicularly to\nthe direction of travel.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca8de50f-b795-42b7-9301-8baffe2de0f3", "label": "ADCP", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measures currents\nbeneath a ship while underway. Sound signals sent from the\nmoving ship bounce back to receivers aboard the ship. This\nprovides a profile of water movement relative to the\nship-precise modern navigation, allowing the ship's motion to be\nsubtracted from the data. These devices are also used on\nmoorings and profilers and, along with acoustic backscattering,\nmeasure animal biomass. Particles in the path of the sound\nwaves, mostly plankton, reflect a small part of the sound energy\nback toward receivers, allowing researchers to make remote\nestimates of the sizes and numbers of animals present in the\nwater column. Before the 1970's, the most technologically\nadvanced instrument used to measure water velocity was known as\na Doppler speed log. This evolved into the first commercial\nADCP, produced in the mid-1970's, which used averaging. Later in\nthe 1970's, the first vessel-mounted ADCP was developed to\nmeasure water velocity more accurately and to allow measurement\nin range cells over a depth profile.\n\nAs instruments evolved, so did new techniques in Doppler signal\nprocessing. Initially, Doppler speed logs used simple analog\nsignal processing methods, which are still used in some\ncommercial speed logs today. However, the first ADCPs\nincorporated analog-to-digital signal conversion over a narrow\ncommunication bandwidth. Around 1990, this technique was\ndeveloped into broadband signal processing. Since then,\nbroadband ADCPs have been able to generate very accurate,\nreal-time velocity measurements.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.whoi.edu/instruments/viewInstrument.do?id=819'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9adb8d7-d64b-46ba-b8a2-4f4b46305e6f", "label": "UPWARD LOOKING SONAR", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "An upward-looking sonar instrument, the Ice Profiling Sonar\n(IPS), has been developed, and successfully used for obtaining\ntime series measurements of ice keel depths over the continental\nshelves of the Arctic in support of scientific research. The IPS\ninstrument capabilities have since been expanded to provide\naccurate measurement of ocean waves. This new instrument, the\nWaveSonar, uses a high frequency acoustic transducer (420 kHz),\nwith a very narrow conical beam (2? width at -3 dB) to minimize\nthe spatial smoothing of surface waves across the sonar\nfootprint. With low power consumption, and large storage\ncapacity (64 Mbytes flash EPROM), the instrument is capable of\ncontinuous measurements of wave amplitude at a sampling rate of\n1 Hz over deployments of up to nine months. The WaveSonar has\nthe advantage of operating from the relative safety of the ocean\nfloor, thereby avoiding surface hazards such as ships, vandalism\nand adverse weather.\n\n[Summary provided by ASL Environmental Sciences]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ebda5043-7bfd-4041-ade8-3f12fa6d0078", "label": "INFRASONIC MICROPHONES", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "INFRASONIC MICROPHONES are microphones (devices that amplifie\nnoise and sound) that refer to sound frequencies lower than\nthose at the lower limit of average, unimpaired human hearing,\nwhich is about 16 to 30 Hz.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ed6cf3ed-3323-4946-9dd7-897581cc0a38", "label": "ACOUSTIC TAGS", - "broader": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", + "parentId": "b56d53ea-511f-486f-b917-26000794ab51", "definition": "Acoustic tags are small sound-emitting devices that allow the detection and/or remote tracking of fish in three dimensions. Commonly used to monitor the behavior of fish, studies are conducted in lakes, rivers, tributaries, estuaries and at sea. Acoustic tag tracking technology allows researchers to view 3D fish tracks in real-time with sub-meter resolution.\n\n\nGroup: Instrument_Details\n Entry_ID: ACOUSTIC TAGS\n Group: Instrument_Identification\n Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments\n Instrument_Class: Profilers/Sounders\n Instrument_Type: Acoustic Sounders\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC TAGS\n End_Group\n Group: Instrument_Associated_Sensors\n Short_Name: ACOUSTIC TAGS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_Tags\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Acoustic_Tags.jpg\n Creation_Date: 2008-03-18\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -14205,91 +14205,91 @@ { "uuid": "c8f66dce-1c02-40e7-91fe-c22585e65435", "label": "BATHYPHOTOMETER", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "A BATHYPHOTOMETER is a meter that collects bathymetry data which\nconsists of gridded trackline data collected from the operations\ncamps/stations, and digital bottom bathymetry and continental\ntopography data for certain parts or sections of Earth?s oceans.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca25f854-b634-4831-826b-7dfe8845da42", "label": "PROFILERS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "PROFILERS are remote sensing devices that receive\nelectromagnetic or acoustic waves transmitted through, emitted\nby, or reflected from the atmosphere in order to produce a\nvertical profile (a graph showing the variation of a\nmeteorological event with height) of one or more atmospheric\nquantities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d39a10d2-e2fe-4e5f-b44f-44ef2966ccee", "label": "DOW", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db06e3f6-e765-4498-a292-9efeb2ad4c4f", "label": "SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILERS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "Seismic Reflection Profiler are acoustic underwater survey\ndevices that uses the principle of echo-sounding to locate\nsubmerged landforms; in water depths of 100 m, this method can\nachieve penetration of more than 10 m into the sea-floor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e55a85d0-2de9-4b4d-92d7-9cd5b0d9671a", "label": "MBT", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "The mechanical bathythermograph was the predecessor to the\nexpendable bathythermograph which remains a cornerstone in ships\nof opportunity sampling today. This instrument was used to\nobtain continuous tracings of temperature versus depth in the\nsurface layers of the ocean.\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea2626ec-fc8d-47b1-9bad-7d69ce23f7b2", "label": "STD", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "Vertical profiles of salinity and temperature in the ocean\nhave been obtained by a variety of instruments, referred to here\ngenerically as STDs or (when the salinity is obtained by way of the\nwater's conductivity) CTDs. Data described in the Master Directory\nhave in some cases been obtained over considerable periods of time\nand by a variety of investigators. Hence, the specifics of the\nSTDs vary considerably - sometimes within the same data set.\n For descriptions of the instrumental sources and\ncharacteristics of a particular data set, investigators will have\nto contact the appropriate archive. The brief sketch of salinity,\nSTDs and CTDs given below is taken from a standard and well-\naccepted text in descriptive physical oceanography. It is intended\nfor those not already familiar with the field.\n Temperature and depth are physical parameters common to all\nscience - indeed common to ordinary language; salinity is much more\nspecialized. The total amount of dissolved material in sea-water\nis termed the 'salinity' and is defined as 'the total amount of\nsolid materials in grams contained in one kilogram of sea-water\nwhen all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, the bromine and\niodine replaced by chlorine and all organic matter completely\noxidized'. For example, the average salinity of ocean water is\nabout 35 gm/km of sea water, usually stated as 'thirty-five parts\nper thousand'. One of the more remarkable features of sea-water is\nthat while the total concentration of dissolved salts varies from\nplace to place, the ratios of the more abundant components remain\nalmost constant.\n The direct determination of salinity by evaporating sea-water\nto dryness is too difficult to carry out as a routine process.\nInstead, the classical (Knudsen) method of measurement exploits the\nobserved invariance of component ratios. One first determines the\nchlorinity by titration with standard silver nitrate solution and\nthen scales up to the salinity by a relation based on the measured\nratio of chloride ion to total dissolved substances:\n Salinity = 1.80655 X Chlorinity\nIn routine use, an accuracy of 0.02 parts per thousand is\nconsidered reasonable for this laboratory technique. More advanced\nlab procedures easily yield accuracies of 0.003 parts per thousand.\n In the 1960s inductive salinometers were developed for in situ\nuse and a number of such instruments are now available. Because\nthey measure Conductivity, Temperature and Dept, they are generally\nreferred to as CTD instruments. Accuracies of 0.005 parts per\nthousand, 0.005 degrees C and 0.15% of full scale depth are claimed\n(Pickard, p.93). The table below (from the CRC Handbook of Marine\nScience, p.550) gives more modest values for several commercially\navailable in situ instruments.\nMANUFACTURER SALINITY TEMPERATURE DEPTH\n parts per degrees C* meters*\n thousand*\nBeckman RS6 0-40 (0.2) 0-30 (0.2) 0-130 (2.5)\nGeodyne 30-40 (0.02) -2-35 (0.05) 0-9000 (0.25%)\nKjeler 30-40 (0.3) -2-35 (0.02) 0-2500\nT.S.K. 29-36 (0.03) -2-32 (0.2) 0-100 (3%)\n* Accuracies are given in parentheses, in the appropriate units\nunless percent is indicated.\n_________________________________________________________________\nTaken from:\nPickard, G.L, Descriptive Physical Oceanography, 3rd edition,\n Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. ISBN 0-08-023824-6\nSmith, F.G.W, (Editor), CRC Handbook of Marine Science, Volume I,\n CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974. ISBN 0-87819-388-X (Complete Set)\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.aanderaa.com/SalTempDepth3230.htm'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb4177cd-fbe6-4bb5-947b-9951353da2ef", "label": "SCANFISH", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "ScanFish is a towed undulating vehicle system designed for collecting\nprofile data of the water column in oceanographic, bathymetric and\nenvironmental monitoring applications at either fixed depth or to pre-\nprogrammed undulating flight path. \n\nThe ScanFish MK II is an active unit, which generates an up or down force in\norder to position the tow-fish in the water column. It is towed from a tow\npoint placed in a cut in the centre line from the leading edge of the fish\nbody. This tow point allows the cable to pivot ± 90° about a transverse axis\njust forward of the centre of lift providing maximum control while ensuring\nvery good pitch stability resulting in an excellent symmetrical saw tooth\nprofile.\n\nTo give the control system feedback for the flap control, the ScanFish is\nequipped with pitch and roll sensors together with feedback sensors on the\nflaps. The feedback is also used to control the fish, so that it always flies\nin a horizontal position - without roll - and during launch to ensure that the\nfish turns itself upright and level, in case the fish was 'flipped over' when\nlowered into the water.\n\nThis instrument may carry a number of sensors measuring parameters like \nconductivity (salinity), temperature, pressure, fluorescence, \nphotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and other parameters. \n\n[Summary adapted from http://www.eiva.dk/sw316.asp]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0a41463-88bc-4c13-aa75-4d46ef1c046e", "label": "XCP", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "The Expendable Current Profiler provides real-time profiles of\ncurrent speed, direction, and temperature to depths of up to\n1500 meters.\n\n[Summary provided by Sippican Inc.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff0257ad-3077-4829-b308-1211f488d469", "label": "WATERGUNS", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba008542-5c6f-462a-8ddf-21e54cbf3034", "label": "CHAM", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "Chameleon. This is a vertically-profiling, freely-falling tethered instrument that is easily deployed from ship. In this photo, a ring protects the sensors at the bottom - we are preparing to crash it into the bottom on purpose. By getting measurements to the seafloor, we gain an appreciation for the frequent thinness of bottom boundary layers (10s of cm at times).\nBrushes at the trailing edge break up coherent eddies and help to make Chameleon hydrodynamically quiet, essential for low-noise turbulence measurements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f33501aa-1c5e-4d84-aa49-268a3560a31a", "label": "SO", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "SurfOtter (is) a new surface-following platform designed for near-surface oceanographic measurements. Its body consists of a 3-m-long, 0.4-m-diameter aluminum tube attached to a 2-m-deep fin that is tethered to the ship with 200 m of cable. Near the body, the cable divides into a three-point bridle, much like a kite. This forces the body outboard so as to sample water unaffected by the ship.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f93f4587-4216-42d1-ae0a-66fef79bdd1a", "label": "SOLO-II", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "Deployment of Deep Argo regional pilot arrays is underway as a step toward a global array of 1250 surface-to-bottom profiling floats embedded in the upper-ocean (2000 m) Argo Program. Of the 80 active Deep Argo floats as of July 2019, 55 are Deep Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer (SOLO) 6000-m instruments, and the rest are composed of three additional models profiling to either 4000 or 6000 m. Early success of the Deep SOLO is owed partly to its evolution from the Core Argo SOLO-II. Here, Deep SOLO design choices are described, including the spherical glass pressure housing, the hydraulics system, and the passive bottom detection system. Operation of Deep SOLO is flexible, with the mission parameters being adjustable from shore via Iridium communications. Long lifetime is a key element in sustaining a global array, and Deep SOLO combines a long battery life of over 200 cycles to 6000 m with robust operation and a low failure rate. The scientific value of Deep SOLO is illustrated, including examples of its ability (i) to observe large-scale spatial and temporal variability in deep ocean temperature and salinity, (ii) to sample newly formed water masses year-round and within a few meters of the sea floor, and (iii) to explore the poorly known abyssal velocity field and deep circulation of the World Ocean. Deep SOLO’s full-depth range and its potential for global coverage are critical attributes for complementing the Core Argo Program and achieving these objectives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "532b8364-dadc-403e-9585-e62c9a7e3c38", "label": "SBE-21", - "broader": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", + "parentId": "ffa3a835-903a-462a-adfb-fc0d25ba07d0", "definition": "The externally powered SBE 21 accurately determines sea surface temperature and conductivity from underway vessels. 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{ - "uuid": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "label": "Operations", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1b4a365e-e611-446e-8b5d-24fa5677402c", - "label": "DropStoredQuery", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cd3267a-f923-4f54-8662-3d47351ec4f4", - "label": "VARIABLE_SUBSETTING", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a5e58f3-5aaf-41de-8a39-455e127c6ac2", - "label": "SPATIAL_SUBSETTING", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47fd3a19-f4fc-4536-b0c9-b54007c29fe1", - "label": "GetCoverage", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48c02bf7-36db-4139-9955-753cb018bb5c", - 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"label": "Transaction", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c09a82a-9be4-48b0-a0d6-a1c34fc6f25e", - "label": "GetFeatureInfo", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99221b68-ed74-4d71-a654-d459d1af4a56", - "label": "GetFeatureWithLock", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a628136a-049b-4e2d-9547-f596cf27ade0", - "label": "LockFeature", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac4d1b70-5b7e-4cf6-8f7f-a94ced2d408c", - "label": "CreateStoredQuery", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9f9cd42-3be3-4f05-a9d9-be87ab6f8d8d", - "label": "GetMap", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bde376c4-ba7e-4891-8fdb-3a678c350907", - "label": "VARIABLE_AGGREGATION", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9bbd6ab-f323-43ee-aee4-8c7004667154", - "label": "GetCapabilities", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e228289a-e188-419d-b531-ac9267d4e657", - "label": "GetLegendGraphic", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7a34817-3e5e-4685-b64a-751e96a12d51", - "label": "DescribeStoredQueries", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed567f43-a195-48ab-8a39-fb81e75e8a7a", - "label": "TEMPORAL_SUBSETTING", - "broader": "e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def.json deleted file mode 100644 index 6203fe3..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,262 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "label": "Mime Type", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "07bcc60e-1551-44d9-b87e-7c260d230ecb", - "label": "application/opensearchdescription+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Opensearch Description files. application/opensearchdescription+xml provides a human-readable text description of the search engine.\n\nParent: OpenSearchDescription\nRestrictions: The value must contain 1024 or fewer characters of plain text. The value must not contain HTML or other markup.\nRequirements: This element must appear exactly once.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "091b6afc-ab75-4790-8e71-3b32ae8bd0a4", - "label": "text/xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "Mime Type for an unprocessed, source XML document that is readable by casual users. Application/xml is preferable when the XML MIME entity is unreadable by casual users.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17e82b7c-498d-4d69-993c-fd691aa25ce8", - "label": "application/tar+zip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2065aabb-9beb-4c84-8ad7-0e16cfed17cf", - "label": "text/csv", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for CSV files.\n\nIn computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text. Each line of the file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. The use of the comma as a field separator is the source of the name for this file format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b192915-32a8-4b68-a720-8ca8a84f04ca", - "label": "application/x-netcdf", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for NetCDF files.\n\nNetCDF is a set of software libraries and self-describing, machine-independent data formats that support the creation, access, and sharing of array-oriented scientific data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3195dfce-51db-4b40-aadb-808b43573743", - "label": "text/css", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for CSS files.\n\nCascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language.[1] Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e048f9e-8f93-4f0c-9f0b-20bafb909c68", - "label": "image/tiff", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for TIFF files.\n\nTagged Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry,[1] and photographers. TIFF is widely supported by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition, image manipulation, desktop publishing, and page-layout applications.[2] The format was created by Aldus Corporation for use in desktop publishing. It published the latest version 6.0 in 1992, subsequently updated with an Adobe Systems copyright after the latter acquired Aldus in 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f697f52-6a1c-4e2c-bd4b-13aaaf45f2e6", - "label": "image/jpeg", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for JPEG files.\n\nJPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40bdf6e5-780c-43e2-ab8e-e5dfae4bd779", - "label": "application/gml+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for GML files. \n\nGML (Geography Markup Language) is an international standard adopted by both the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40cb0bdd-67f4-43c8-aa57-2bdc260e6950", - "label": "text/javascript", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for JavaScript files.\n\nJavaScript often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based, multi-paradigm, and interpreted programming language. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of World Wide Web content production. It is used to make webpages interactive and provide online programs, including video games. The majority of websites employ it, and all modern web browsers support it without the need for plug-ins by means of a built-in JavaScript engine. Each of the many JavaScript engines represent a different implementation of JavaScript, all based on the ECMAScript specification, with some engines not supporting the spec fully, and with many engines supporting additional features beyond ECMA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415a10b5-7286-4195-a88e-00c7b995b7d0", - "label": "text/html", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for HTML files.\n\nHypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web.[3] Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43ca8ee0-04a5-4020-b0ec-998ec0e0f30e", - "label": "application/tar+gzip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e5db77b-bc1d-4f7c-9f13-e3e54e0b2e3b", - "label": "application/zip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for ZIP files.\n\nZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A .ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed. The .ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was originally created in 1989 by Phil Katz, and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc.'s PKZIP utility,[2] as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson. The .ZIP format is now supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in .ZIP support (under the name 'compressed folders') in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998. Apple has included built-in .ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3 (via BOMArchiveHelper, now Archive Utility) and later. Most free operating systems have built in support for .ZIP in similar manners to Windows and Mac OS X.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e80047b-c50b-4805-ac68-789dbc38803f", - "label": "application/x-hdf5", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for HDF5 files.\n\nHDF5 is a data model, library, and file format for storing and managing data. It supports an unlimited variety of datatypes, and is designed for flexible and efficient I/O and for high volume and complex data. HDF5 is portable and is extensible, allowing applications to evolve in their use of HDF5. The HDF5 Technology suite includes tools and applications for managing, manipulating, viewing, and analyzing data in the HDF5 format.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e70beda-396e-4cc8-bdd5-70dfc8a1142e", - "label": "application/x-tar-gz", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for .tar.gz files.\n\nUnder Unix, tar archives are the most common means of distributing bundles of files, and gzip is the most common compression program.\nA .tar.gz file is simply a bundle of files packaged with tar, and subsequently compressed with gzip.\n\nSometimes the extension '.tgz' is used as an abbreviation for '.tar.gz'. This is especially common on platforms such as MS-DOS that have arbitrary constraints on filenames (no more than one dot, and no more than three characters after the dot).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "627269ae-ba93-492e-8c31-cc4de1d69810", - "label": "application/pdf", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for PDF files.\n\nPortable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.[3] Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c99ff72-5239-424d-a0bf-9712c33ea76d", - "label": "application/vnd.ms-excel", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Microsoft Excel files.\n\nMicrosoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80045dcb-18ee-463a-8baf-ffcabed510ea", - "label": "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for KML files.\n\nKML is an acronym for Keyhole Markup Langage, which stems from the time before the Keyhole Corporation was acquried by Google, and their Keyhole application redesigned and rebranded as Google Earth.\n\nKML is an XML-based file format and grammar for modeling and storing \ngeographic features such as points, lines, images, and polygons for display in \na geospatial browser.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84ef762f-e348-42a6-981c-563822a47806", - "label": "application/tar", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8542dd4a-a11b-475d-8d46-cad785a7f510", - "label": "application/json", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for JSON files.\n\nJSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is easy for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999. JSON is a text format that is completely language independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C-family of languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, and many others. These properties make JSON an ideal data-interchange language.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8ee535a-8bc8-46fd-8b97-917bd7ea7666", - "label": "application/gzip", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for gzip files. \n\ngzip is a file format and a software application used for file compression and decompression. The program was created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free software replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems, and intended for use by GNU (the 'g' is from 'GNU'). Version 0.1 was first publicly released on 31 October 1992, and version 1.0 followed in February 1993.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad61b259-8131-4e0e-aac8-a800a0a51ca6", - "label": "image/gif", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for GIF iles.\n\nThe Graphics Interchange Format (better known by its acronym GIF is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the bulletin board service (BBS) provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987.[1] It has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b0a3e733-4d1b-486f-b56c-c405a5e4367b", - "label": "application/x-hdf", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for HDF files.\n\nHierarchical Data Format (HDF) is a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) designed to store and organize large amounts of data. Originally developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, it is supported by The HDF Group, a non-profit corporation whose mission is to ensure continued development of HDF5 technologies and the continued accessibility of data stored in HDF.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1eac265-2b00-4c39-a429-797c13a2c640", - "label": "application/x-hdfeos", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b26761fa-8d8e-4bd8-a8ba-db6575554ad7", - "label": "application/vnd.opendap.dap4.dmrpp+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b403039f-a107-4a84-88a1-29e4d1b30b0b", - "label": "text/markdown", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Markdown files.\n\nMarkdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax. It is designed so that it can be converted to HTML and many other formats using a tool by the same name.[8] Markdown is often used to format readme files, for writing messages in online discussion forums, and to create rich text using a plain text editor. As the initial description of Markdown contained ambiguities and unanswered questions, many implementations and extensions of Markdown appeared over the years to answer these issues.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7687b8f-7a24-4150-bd9d-28e0d53f7554", - "label": "image/bmp", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for BMP files.\n\nThe BMP file format, also known as bitmap image file or device independent bitmap (DIB) file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows[1] and OS/2[2] operating systems.\n\nThe BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and color, in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile (WMF) specification covers the BMP file format.[3] Among others wingdi.h defines BMP constants and structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b77e64ef-ce80-4dab-b552-c6062990a6e0", - "label": "application/octet-stream", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for 'octet-stream' files.\n\nThe 'octet-stream' subtype is used to indicate that a body contains arbitrary binary data. \n\nThe set of currently defined parameters is:\n\n (1) TYPE -- the general type or category of binary data.\n This is intended as information for the human recipient\n rather than for any automatic processing.\n\n (2) PADDING -- the number of bits of padding that were\n appended to the bit-stream comprising the actual\n contents to produce the enclosed 8bit byte-oriented\n data. This is useful for enclosing a bit-stream in a\n body when the total number of bits is not a multiple of\n 8.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1a8dbb7-312d-4481-998e-58d126b32080", - "label": "application/x-vnd.iso.19139-2+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "ISO 19139-2:2012 defines Geographic Metadata for imagery and gridded data (gmi) encoding. This is an XML Schema implementation derived from ISO 19115-2.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c79a0e11-2774-4cf3-a194-45b9e58a93fd", - "label": "application/msword", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for Microsoft Word files.\n\nMicrosoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983[4] under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[5][6][7] Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS (2001). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3ef6fe7-b6cd-45b4-9a27-d42fa3289116", - "label": "image/vnd.collada+xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for COLLADA files.\n\nCOLLADA (COLLAborative Design Activity) is an interchange file format for interactive 3D applications. It is managed by the nonprofit technology consortium, the Khronos Group, and has been adopted by ISO as a publicly available specification, ISO/PAS 17506.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd6c5cea-4100-4973-9ba9-659fdd7fd608", - "label": "application/xml", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "Mime Type when the XML MIME entity is unreadable by casual users.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e384b8a8-8cec-4230-9ebe-4db76bbef706", - "label": "application/x-bufr", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for BUFR files.\n\nThe Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) is a binary data format maintained by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The latest version is BUFR Edition 4. BUFR Edition 3 is also considered current for operational use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edb9e800-ec31-4d5c-848d-c548fd151db2", - "label": "image/png", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for PNG files.\n\nPortable Network Graphics (PNG) is a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. PNG was created as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), and is the most widely used lossless image compression format on the Internet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7328bf5-8ef2-4f95-a4e0-6fb16d122237", - "label": "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "MIME Type for KMZ files.\n\nKML files are very often distributed in KMZ files, which are zipped KML files with a .kmz extension. These must be legacy (ZIP 2.0) compression compatible (i.e. stored or deflate method), otherwise the .kmz file might not uncompress in all geobrowsers.[5] The contents of a KMZ file are a single root KML document (notionally 'doc.kml') and optionally any overlays, images, icons, and COLLADA 3D models referenced in the KML including network-linked KML files. The root KML document by convention is a file named 'doc.kml' at the root directory level, which is the file loaded upon opening. By convention the root KML document is at root level and referenced files are in subdirectories (e.g. images for overlay images).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fea4e0a7-d794-481d-9915-52f1be226714", - "label": "text/plain", - "broader": "ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def", - "definition": "Default MimeType value for for textual files.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea.json deleted file mode 100644 index 89d101b..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "label": "Chained Operations", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1a4176f6-5253-461c-9ac2-db81929137eb", - "label": "Format Conversion", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4498cfd2-8f94-4fd1-93ae-34947364ce0b", - "label": "Reprojection", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "885ca6d6-46c5-444d-88e1-6d933d8636a7", - "label": "Variable Aggregation", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d0458a2-b179-4b73-b6ab-951beca57784", - "label": "Temporal Subsetting", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b98e16a5-d1cb-4744-8810-05c5ade290c0", - "label": "Variable Subsetting", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be356007-ea42-496a-9417-e000bc0d41de", - "label": "Regridding", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb453edc-11bf-43b2-8f98-febb2af07539", - "label": "Spatial Subsetting", - "broader": "ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12.json index 89deae4..92e3a06 100644 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12.json +++ b/resources/keywords/gcmd-f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12.json @@ -2,25 +2,25 @@ { "uuid": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", "label": "Platforms", - "broader": null, + "parentId": null, "definition": "A schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts \nfor its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study \nof its characteristics\n\n[Source: The Free Dictionary]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MODELS/ANALYSES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: MODELS/ANALYSES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "2385b75c-6ff2-41f8-9cd8-9b5225e4a862", "label": "Living Organism-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", + "parentId": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", "definition": "A 'living platform' such as a bird, whale, turtle, fish, caribou, wolf, or other animal where they are used to hold GPS units to track movement or migration. Cameras can also be attached to the animals for scientists to observe their habitat, eating, and behavioral habits.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6438d343-2e1f-4a89-97a9-b032e651163f", "label": "Living Organism", - "broader": "2385b75c-6ff2-41f8-9cd8-9b5225e4a862", + "parentId": "2385b75c-6ff2-41f8-9cd8-9b5225e4a862", "definition": "A 'living platform' such as a bird, whale, turtle, fish, caribou, wolf, or other animal where they are used to hold GPS units to track movement or migration. Cameras can also be attached to the animals for scientists to observe their habitat, eating, and behavioral habits.", "children": [ { "uuid": "ecc4a2bb-f195-4296-b300-c1227221b688", "label": "Living Organism", - "broader": "6438d343-2e1f-4a89-97a9-b032e651163f", + "parentId": "6438d343-2e1f-4a89-97a9-b032e651163f", "definition": "A 'living platform' such as a bird, whale, turtle, fish, caribou, wolf, or other animal where they are used to hold GPS units to track movement or migration. Cameras can also be attached to the animals for scientists to observe their habitat, eating, and behavioral habits.", "children": [] } @@ -31,46 +31,46 @@ { "uuid": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", "label": "Water-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", + "parentId": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", "definition": "Platforms used for scientific observation that are based in the water such as a buoy, boat, or submarine.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", "label": "Fixed Platforms", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", + "parentId": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", "definition": "A type of offshore platform used for the extraction of petroleum or gas. These platforms are built on concrete and/or steel legs anchored directly onto the seabed, supporting a deck with space for drilling rigs, production facilities and crew quarters. Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long-term use. Various types of structure are used, steel jacket, concrete caisson, floating steel and even floating concrete. Steel jackets are vertical sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. Concrete caisson structures, pioneered by the Condeep concept, often have in-built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (Norwegian fjords and Scottish firths are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about 500 feet (150 m); for deeper depths a floating production system, or a subsea pipeline to land or to shallower water depths for processing, would usually be considered.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", "label": "Subsurface", - "broader": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", + "parentId": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", "definition": "A fixed ocean platform that takes observations below the water surface or at the ocean floor.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1d168c0e-82cd-407c-a49a-f343b4fc4e24", "label": "GEOSTAR", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", + "parentId": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", "definition": "The Observatory (also named 'Bottom Station') is a four-leg marine aluminium frame (overall dimension 3.50m x 3.50m x 3.30m) supporting all equipment and vessels constituting the scientific and operative payload.\nIn the design of the station particular care is paid to ensure correct installation and positioning of the various sensors, taking into account their specific requirements and sensitivity to interferences, induced noise, correct alignment, etc.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83212677-16fc-42ab-9a23-cdbbacfa1d18", "label": "NEMO-SN1", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", + "parentId": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", "definition": "The NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory—Submarine Network 1 (NEMO-SN1) seafloor observatory is located in the central Mediterranean Sea, Western Ionian Sea, off Eastern Sicily (Southern Italy) at 2100-m water depth, 25 km from the harbor of the city of Catania. It is a prototype of a cabled deep-sea multiparameter observatory and the first one operating with real-time data transmission in Europe since 2005. NEMO-SN1 is also the first-established node of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory (EMSO), one of the incoming European large-scale research infrastructures included in the Roadmap of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) since 2006. EMSO will specifically address long-term monitoring of environmental processes related to marine ecosystems, climate change, and geohazards. NEMO-SN1 has been deployed and developed over the last decade thanks to Italian funding and to the European Commission (EC) project European Seas Observatory NETwork—Network of Excellence (ESONET-NoE, 2007–2011) that funded the Listening to the Deep Ocean—Demonstration Mission (LIDO-DM) and a technological interoperability test (http://www.esonet-emso.org). NEMO-SN1 is performing geophysical and environmental long-term monitoring by acquiring seismological, geomagnetic, gravimetric, accelerometric, physico-oceanographic, hydroacoustic, and bioacoustic measurements. Scientific objectives include studying seismic signals, tsunami generation and warnings, its hydroacoustic precursors, and ambient noise characterization in terms of marine mammal sounds, environmental and anthropogenic sources. NEMO-SN1 is also an important test site for the construction of the Kilometre-Cube Underwater Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT), another large-scale research infrastructure included in the ESFRI Roadmap based on a large volume neutrino telescope. The description of the observatory and its most recent implementations is presented. On June 9, 2012, NEMO-SN1 was successfully deployed and is working in real time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85e347f2-d65d-4941-a252-0b0c55653b37", "label": "SN-4", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", + "parentId": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d227bc01-e09a-4356-89d3-84cae164eeec", "label": "SN-2", - "broader": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", + "parentId": "0353603c-a179-41d3-bd20-c97c140d2167", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -79,41 +79,41 @@ { "uuid": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", "label": "Surface", - "broader": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", + "parentId": "3c199bbf-beb6-4ab8-a8ff-60ddcd199f12", "definition": "A fixed ocean platform that takes observations at or above the surface of the water.", "children": [ { "uuid": "31e96f2f-9b8e-454f-a1f8-e8d791c13a33", "label": "Sea Ice Mass Balance Station", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", + "parentId": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", "definition": "The station consists of a 2m long ice temperature probe, a data logger, a radio telemetry system and a battery power supply. The temperature sensors are spaced at 10 cm intervals inside a stainless steel pole. The pole can be positioned so that some of the upper sensors are in the air, although in the current installation the top sensor is located just below the ice surface. The lower sensors will initially be in the water. The lower sensors gradually freeze into the thickening sea ice cover until the entire pole is frozen in the ice. This typically occurs sometime in late August. Once this occurs the station can no longer report on the thickness of the sea ice, however, it can still give important information on the temperature gradient within the sea ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a4e787b-55e4-47d4-9520-ee74d6efdb6e", "label": "OCEAN PLATFORMS", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", + "parentId": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", "definition": "Ocean Platforms are platforms that are elevated over the surface of the ocean for ocean observations and drilling.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7fdf83a9-e0b3-4bb2-a6f4-801078f62cc9", "label": "C-MAN", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", + "parentId": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", "definition": "The Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) was established by NDBC for the NWS in the early 1980's. The development of C-MAN was in response to a need to maintain meteorological observations in U. S. coastal areas. Such observations, which had been made previously by USCG personnel, would have been lost as many USCG navigational aids were automated under the Lighthouse Automation and Modernization Program (LAMPS). In all, approximately 60 stations make up C-MAN.\n\nC-MAN stations have been installed on lighthouses, at capes and beaches, on near shore islands, and on offshore platforms (see the NDBC station location map for all station locations).\n\nC-MAN station data typically include barometric pressure, wind direction, speed and gust, and air temperature; however, some C-MAN stations are designed to also measure sea water temperature, water level, waves, relative humidity, precipitation, and visibility. These data are processed and transmitted hourly to users in a manner almost identical to moored buoy data. In addition to the conventional method of data transmission, certain C-MAN stations are equipped with telephone modems that allow more frequent data acquisition, data quality checking, and remote payload reconfiguration or restarting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cd14c407-881b-4fc1-8222-f1eeed77f4e2", "label": "DRILLING PLATFORMS", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", + "parentId": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", "definition": "A drilling platform is a horizontal surface raised above the level of the adjacent area where a drill can be erected.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d26f4894-667e-4e29-8e0b-5db476c98464", "label": "OCEAN WEATHER STATIONS", - "broader": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", + "parentId": "d93ffd52-5072-4736-b16a-cc4e5113e8b2", "definition": "Ocean Weather Stations are ocean based facilities or locations where meteorological data are gathered, recorded, and released. Such stations are of the first order when they make observations of all the important elements either hourly or by self-registering instruments; of the second order when only important observations are taken; of the third order when simpler work is done, as to record rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures.", "children": [] } @@ -124,61 +124,61 @@ { "uuid": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", "label": "Buoys", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", + "parentId": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", "definition": "A floating object anchored at a definite location to guide or warn mariners, to mark positions of submerged objects, or to moor vessels in lieu of anchoring. Two international buoyage systems are used to mark channels and submerged dangers. In both systems, buoys of standardized colours and shapes indicate safe passageways. Special-purpose buoys are designed for a variety of uses; they include cable buoys, anchor buoys, or race buoys. A mooring buoy differs from other types in not being an aid to navigation but a point to which vessels may be tied up. Secured to a permanent group of anchors by a heavy chain, such a buoy serves as a connecting link between the vessel and the anchors. The use of mooring buoys conserves space in crowded harbours because a moored vessel requires less room to swing with the wind and tide than does a vessel at anchor.", "children": [ { "uuid": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "label": "Moored", - "broader": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", + "parentId": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", "definition": "Buoys that are anchored at fixed locations and regularly collect observations from many different atmospheric and oceanographic sensors. Moored buoys are usually deployed to serve national forecasting needs, maritime safety needs or to observe regional climate patterns.\n\nMoored buoys are normally relatively large and expensive platforms. They can vary from a few meters in height and breadth, to over 12 meters. Measurements from the mooring include surface variables (wind, air and sea surface temperature, salinity, air pressure), as well as subsurface temperatures down to a depth of 500 plus meters.", "children": [ { "uuid": "22946f69-ea37-451d-afe5-409b42dcd983", "label": "TRITON", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", + "parentId": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "definition": "Observational buoys deployed mainly in tropical oceans. For El Niño, Asian monsoon and other climate research, the well-networked array of such buoys has been operated to keep measuring surface meteorology and upper ocean over the long term in tropical areas from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c5df34c-b231-460d-b3b6-4145c1fa8f25", "label": "BUOYS", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", + "parentId": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "definition": "Buoys, in the oceanographic context, are platforms whose defining characteristic is that they float at a predetermined depth in the ocean. Most often BUOYS float on the surface of the ocean. Typically, BUOYS are divided into two categories: drifting and moored buoys. \n\nMoored BUOYS are floats fixed in water to mark a location, warn of\ndanger, or indicate a navigational channel. They can also take\nscientific measurements of the water including temperature and\nwater quality measurements.\n\nDrifting BUOYS are exclusively scientific platforms that drift along the surface of the ocean following the ocean currents and/or the surface winds depending on their configuration. Along the trajectory, they collect oceanographic or meteorological data.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BUOYS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BUOYS\n Short_Name: BUOYS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d83b3e3-1be0-4ab8-9cf5-3b7ade27586e", "label": "NDBC MOORED BUOY", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", + "parentId": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "definition": "Moored buoys are the weather sentinels of the sea. They are deployed in the coastal and offshore waters from the western Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean around Hawaii, and from the Bering Sea to the South Pacific. NDBC's moored buoys measure and transmit barometric pressure; wind direction, speed, and gust; air and sea temperature; and wave energy spectra from which significant wave height, dominant wave period, and average wave period are derived. Even the direction of wave propagation is measured on many moored buoys.\n\nNDBC's fleet of moored buoys includes 6 types: 3-m, 10-m, and 12-m discus hulls; 6-m boat-shaped (NOMAD) hulls; and the newest, the Coastal Buoy and the Coastal Oceanographic Line-of-Sight (COLOS) buoy. The choice of hull type used usually depends on its intended deployment location and measurement requirements. To assure optimum performance, a specific mooring design is produced based on hull type, location, and water depth. For example, a smaller buoy in shallow coastal waters may be moored using an all-chain mooring. On the other hand, a large discus buoy deployed in the deep ocean may require a combination of chain, nylon, and buoyant polypropylene materials designed for many years of service. Some deep ocean moorings have operated without failure for over 10 years.\n\nIn addition to their use in operational forecasting, warnings, and atmospheric models, moored buoy data are used for scientific and research programs, emergency response to chemical spills, legal proceedings, and engineering design.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b29f3baa-5bb8-4b64-8c5b-27c3de8084bd", "label": "DART", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", + "parentId": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "definition": "The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) real-time tsunami buoy system is comprised of two parts -- the Bottom Pressure Recorder (BPR) and the accompanying surface buoy with its related electronics. The BPR resides on the ocean bottom and monitors water pressure with a resolution of approximately 1 mm seawater. Samples integrated over a 15-second time window are recorded internally by the BPR and provide the base sampling interval for all real-time transmissions. Data are transmitted from the BPR to the surface buoy via an acoustic modem which in turn transmits the data to ground systems via Iridium satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9cb3b35-570d-4aa4-a8e1-2a21aacc67c4", "label": "TAO", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", + "parentId": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "definition": "The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) network of moored ocean buoys provides real-time data for improved detection, understanding and prediction of El Niño and La Niña.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TAO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: IN SITU OCEAN-BASED PLATFORMS\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BUOYS\n Short_Name: TAO\n Long_Name: TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE OCEAN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d52d296b-370a-4741-8f07-e6b6873191c6", "label": "ATLAS MOORINGS", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", + "parentId": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "definition": "The Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System was initiated by PMEL's Engineering Development Division (EDD) in 1984. The standard ATLAS mooring had a design lifetime of one year, and the system proved to be robust and reliable. Over 500 Standard ATLAS moorings were deployed between 1984 and 2001. The final standard ATLAS was recovered in November 2001 and NextGeneration ATLAS moorings are now used exclusively in the TAO array.\n\nStandard ATLAS moorings measured surface winds, air temperature, relative humidity, sea surface temperature, and ten subsurface temperatures from a 500 m long thermistor cable. Daily-mean data were telemetered to shore in near real-time via NOAA's polar-oribiting satellites and Service Argos. A small subset of hourly values (2-3 per day) coinciding with satellite passes were also transmitted in real time. Hourly values of surface data were internally recorded and available after mooring recovery.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbcd0c2b-f8ac-4199-9a37-5e7a39150730", "label": "MOORINGS", - "broader": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", + "parentId": "15a80a3c-a97b-4872-896c-b7e6292663b8", "definition": "Equipment, such as anchors or chains, for holding fast a vessel or an aircraft.", "children": [] } @@ -187,34 +187,34 @@ { "uuid": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", "label": "Unmoored", - "broader": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", + "parentId": "99c4602d-1de6-4f4b-88e2-3bd13bd9a385", "definition": "Buoys that are not or no longer attached to a mooring.Unmoored buoys also include floats.", "children": [ { "uuid": "664e984c-b02d-4516-95b5-2afe0b56d7f7", "label": "Argo-Float", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", + "parentId": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", "definition": "A platform that consists of a fleet of robotic instruments that drift with the ocean currents and move up and down between the surface and a mid-water level, supported by an international program (Argo) that collects ocean information.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4d40e77-a862-418e-a8dc-f7b7e704b4cc", "label": "PALACE FLOAT", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", + "parentId": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", "definition": "PALACE FLOATS measure profiles of ocean salinity and temperature. Measurements are made as the floats ascend to a drifting horizon. They do this by changing their buoyancy internally. Periodically, the floats rise to the surface, where the data is transmitted via satellite.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9bfbe86-064a-4d64-875b-cb36bff3f9e9", "label": "PROTEUS", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", + "parentId": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", "definition": "Profile Telemetry of Upper Ocean Currents (PROTEUS)are current-meter moorings along the equator which measure air temperature, SST and subsurface temperature to 500 m and measures and telemeters current profiles in the upper 250 m from a downward-looking acoustic Doppler current meter mounted in the surface buoy.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8299623-dad3-4773-b14a-39482873322f", "label": "MOUSS", - "broader": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", + "parentId": "a5418190-0d3e-4dfb-a9d1-7e5bd0453d61", "definition": "A drop platform that holds cameras.", "children": [] } @@ -225,138 +225,138 @@ { "uuid": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", "label": "Uncrewed Vehicles", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", + "parentId": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", "definition": "A water-based vehicle without a person on board. Uncrewed vehicles can either be remote controlled or remote guided vehicles, or they can be autonomous.", "children": [ { "uuid": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "label": "Subsurface", - "broader": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", + "parentId": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", "definition": "Uncrewed vehicles that take observations below the ocean surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "023cf280-8fd9-4a4d-8e18-54fac3f6dbbb", "label": "Deep Discoverer", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Deep Discoverer is owned by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research and was built and continues to be maintained and operated by the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration (GFOE) . Also known as “D2,” the vehicle is operated off NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer with its sister vehicle, Seirios.\n\nCapable of diving to depths of 3.7 miles (6,000 meters), D2 provides scientists unprecedented access to the deep ocean. The main capability of Deep Discoverer is the ability to capture high-definition video, with the vehicle’s primary camera able to zoom in on a three-inch long organism from 10 feet away. D2’s 20 LED lights provide 150,000 lumens of light, illuminating the otherwise dark depths of the ocean.\n\nEquipped with two manipulator arms, Deep Discoverer is capable of collecting both biological and geological samples. The ROV is also outfitted with a variety of sensors to measure parameters such as salinity, water temperature, depth, and dissolved oxygen, providing additional information about the deep-ocean environment. Also available are five 1.7-liter Niskin bottles for water collection and a rotary suction sampler with six 4-liter sample jars for collecting more delicate biological samples.\n\nAs a “remotely” operated vehicle, D2 carries no passengers. The vehicle is connected to Seirios and Okeanos Explorer via a long cable and is piloted by GFOE engineers on the ship. Thanks to telepresence technology, live video from D2 travels from the seafloor to the ship and then via satellite connection to scientists located on shore who use the real-time video to provide guidance to the pilots on where to go and which samples to collect. The live video is also broadcast to the Internet, allowing members of the public to join in on D2’s adventures.\n\nFrom delivering stunning high-definition video and gathering physical data about surrounding waters to allowing the collection of biological and geological samples, D2 is delivering data needed by scientists to better understand an ecosystem in its entirety, meaning we can make better decisions about an area's management as well as its protection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "127be6b4-50ad-496d-939b-5c1dc47ac4ff", "label": "ROPOS", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "The Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science (ROPOS) is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) which is able to dive down to depths of 3.1 miles (5,000 meters). The vehicle is managed and operated by the Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility , a nationally registered not-for-profit corporation established in 1995 specifically to oversee the ROPOS system.\n\nWhile ROPOS is used for a variety of different types of deployments, the ROV specializes in supporting science-based missions and carries a suite of “core” observation tools to assist with these missions. These tools include a number of video and still cameras and robust lighting to capture the otherwise dark underwater environment; two manipulator arms that can be fitted with different tools for collecting biologic and geologic samples; a multibeam system for mapping the seafloor; and much more. In fact, for each mission, ROPOS can be outfitted with up to eight additional custom-designed observation tools.\n\nROPOS is an unmanned submersible, controlled from a surface vessel through an armored electrical-optical umbilical cable. This means that the ROV can spend as much time underwater as needed to accomplish a mission. To date, the longest dive recorded by ROPOS lasted over 99 hours!\n\nROPOS and its crew conduct missions all over the world and have explored in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans as well as the sub-Arctic and Antarctica.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ea3829f-9479-46f5-a075-315da09867ae", "label": "AUVS", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Self powered systems designed for oceanographic research that operate without a physical connection to the surface. These platforms use extremely modest energy requirements using changes in buoyancy for thrust coupled with a stable, low-drag, hydrodynamic shape. Please also note that underwater gliders are a type of AUV.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2adc78b1-be95-4cec-82a9-603f6a493d5b", "label": "Sonsub Innovator", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "The Innovator is Sonsub’s new in-house manufactured, high-specification, high reliability, 3500 meter depth-rated, 150 HP ROV, capable of performing demanding deep-water construction and drill support tasks. The Innovator has many ground-breaking features which serve to minimize the amount of optical and electrical subsea equipment necessary for operations, while improving performance, flexibility, and reliability of the key components. The versatility of the Innovator allows it to perform a variety of functions as well as act as a platform for the operation of a suite of task specific, Sonsub built tools and equipment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d5edc3b-2f75-45a3-a02e-59b6a88c2652", "label": "ROVS", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "An ROV is a Remotely Operated Vehicle that is tethered and under the direct control of a human operator at the surface. An ROV can stop, hover, and bring back an object or water sample to the surface using a manipulator arm or other mechanical device.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "420ea41e-a300-4c15-9e5d-eb395f56e986", "label": "RCV-150", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "A remotely operated robotic submersible that was operated by HURL between 1998 and 2011. It was piloted from a shipboard station, receiving power and commands from the surface control console via a steel armored electro-mechanical fiber optical cable. The vehicle could operate to depths of 914 meters (3000 ft). It was equipped with two color video cameras with lights and a CTD which sent data directly up the wire. RCV-150 was primarily used as a video survey tool that could acquire extremely close-up views because of its small size and maneuverability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "464643c0-4600-4d38-9927-9587fa8904bb", "label": "Global Explorer", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "It’s critically important for the research on this expedition that we collect live animals in excellent condition, and Deep Sea Systems Global Explorer remotely operated vehicle (ROV) will allow us to do so.\n\nRemotely operated means that the vehicle is tethered to the ship with a long fiber-optic cable, and operations are controlled by skilled pilots on shipboard while the ROV is deep in the ocean. About the size of a mini-van, the Global Explorer has a seven-function manipulator arm, which can be used to gently collect organisms and place them in a BioBox.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51edfe40-a819-400d-9067-5d114b27b825", "label": "SEAGLIDER", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "A long-range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) for oceanographic research. A suite of miniaturized physical and bio-optical instruments, which measure in situ water properties including temperature, salinity, and the absorption and scattering of light in the water column, have been and are currently under development for placement in the glider's science payload bay. Seagliders fly through the water with extremely modest energy requirements using changes in buoyancy for thrust coupled with a stable, low-drag, hydrodynamic shape. Designed to operate at depths up to 1000 meters, the hull compresses as it sinks, matching the compressibility of seawater.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "654fb060-af2f-4d5d-af89-2216ef7939ca", "label": "Hercules", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Owned and operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust , Hercules is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with special features that allow it to perform intricate tasks while descending to depths of 2.5 miles (4,000 meters). Hercules operates off Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus and always with its tandem vehicle, Argus.\n\nHercules carries an array of lighting, cameras, and acoustic sensors that are used to gather video and other data during each dive. Hercules’ four HMI lights and high-definition video camera allow scientists to closely examine a dive site and monitor operations. Video is streamed up a fiber-optic cable to a control van on Nautilus and then out to the world on the Internet .\n\nTwo manipulator arms allow Hercules to collect biological and geological samples and to recover artifacts. Other sensors measure pressure, depth, water temperature, oxygen concentration, and salinity.\n\nAs a remotely operated vehicle, Hercules is controlled (remotely) by pilots located in a mission control room aboard E/V Nautilus, who use the vehicle’s six thrusters to 'fly' the ROV in any direction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "74995db1-1047-4e0b-b0c9-b4b9f7bdd6b6", "label": "Jason", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "In advance of DEEP SEARCH 2019’s first remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dive today, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has shared the following overview about ROV Jason. Check back soon for our impressions of the first dive of the cruise. We’ll be diving at Richardson Hills and are expecting to see some spectacular coral habitats!\n\nJason is an ROV system designed and built by WHOI’s National Deep Submergence Laboratory and funded by the National Science Foundation. Its design gives scientists access to most of the globe’s seafloor, often for days at a time, without leaving the deck of a ship.\n\nThe vehicle can operate as either a two-body (with ROV Medea) or a single-body system, depending on mission requirements. A 10-kilometer (6-mile) reinforced fiber-optic cable delivers electrical power and control signals from the ship to the vehicle and returns data and live video imagery throughout a dive. When Medea is used, it acts as a “shock absorber” shielding Jason from the movement of the ship and cable. For the DEEP SEARCH mission, Jason will be operated in single-body mode with a series of floats attached to the cable to dampen the influence of the surface swell.\n\nJason is equipped with sonars, video and still imaging systems, lighting, and a flexible payload of sensors and sampling systems. The vehicle’s manipulator arms collect samples just by picking them up, or by deploying sampling gear provided by the science team, such as push cores and mussel pots. The samples are then placed in the vehicle’s basket or on “elevator” platforms that float samples to the surface, permitting Jason to stay submerged for as much as a week at a time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "897c4eed-6f5a-4b60-9780-a73362ec84f2", "label": "Phantom DHD2+2", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "The Phantom DHD2+2 is a dependable ROV for offshore inspection and light work tasks, for use in strong currents to depths of 600m (2000'), and accommodates cameras, sonar, tracking, manipulators and custom tooling.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "940914db-9ad3-438c-8118-7a0abb0c4a92", "label": "Yogi", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Yogi was designed, built, and is operated by the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration specifically to meet the needs of the science and ocean exploration communities. Its total weight of 1100lbs, relatively small footprint, and significant payload make it an ideal vehicle for a large variety of sensors and sampling equipment. Yogi is capable of collecting spectacular underwater imagery with its high-definition cameras, it carries a 5-function manipulator, and is rated to dive as deep as 1500m. The vehicle’s first project was to explore Yellowstone Lake.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b01b91a-d937-4148-b4f5-63e5254b6195", "label": "Guru", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Guru is a 1500m rated remotely operated camera platform owned and operated by the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b3ef5a11-5c6d-4f14-a0bb-a90e8614a908", "label": "Little Hercules", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Little Hercules is a 4000m depth rated Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), with an impressive past and most promising future. “Little Herc”, as he is widely referred to is just that; “little”. But as we all know, many good things come in small packages. Little Herc came to the Okeanos Explorer through collaboration between NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research and Dr. Robert Ballard’s Institute for Exploration (IFE) at the University of Rhode Island (URI). With a major commitment to explore the waters off Indonesia, our Program’s much larger ROV could not be readied in time for our 2010 sailing date. As a result, Little Herc was chosen as our stand-in.\n\nOriginally developed by a team of engineers at IFE, Little Herc first came into the spotlight when he gave the world the first and only images of John Kennedy’s PT Boat; PT-109. After several other successful missions for IFE, Little Herc stepped down, taking a back seat to the now much larger and spectacular, “Hercules”. After doing a short stint as an exhibit piece in the Mystic Aquarium, a proposal by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration has given new life to the veteran “Explorer”. Through a Joint Project Agreement (JPA) between NOAA, IFE and URI, a team of engineers from several institutions and companies once again went to work, this time recommissioning Little Herc. In a field where technology advances rapidly, it was necessary and appropriate that Little Herc receive a substantial upgrade before joining the ship. After an extensive 4 month overhaul, Little Herc boasted a new motor controller and power bottle system, an upgraded fiber optic multiplexer system, a new Ultra Short Baseline Tracking System (USBL), a full color imaging sonar, a new Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) sensor, two new single chip color CCD cameras, two new LED lights, two 400watt HMI Lights and a spectacular High Definition video camera. New tethers, new tether terminations, a new transformer, a new electrical junction box, new depth and altitude sensors, a new light bar and a new version of control software to make it all work was in order.\n\nTested at the University of New Hampshire’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping prior to arrival in Hawaii for field trails, Little Herc has now come full circle. Today, the beautiful images you are seeing are once again, Little Herc’s major contribution. Made possible by the generous support of our partners and engineers, Little Herc is back. Diving deeper, shining brighter and taking higher resolution imagery than ever before! And my thanks to everyone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7831fc5-0da7-4c2a-b4d6-dae934648d95", "label": "Jason II", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "The remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Jason 2 is a robotic vehicle tethered to the ship by a fiber optic cable that is capable of working is water depths up to 6500 meters. This tether is only 2.1 cm in diameter and contains 3 copper conductors and 3 single-mode optical fibers. It is incredibly strong with a breaking strength of 18,600 kilograms. Jason is designed to conduct a diverse range of scientific investigations in the world's oceans. The ROV system also includes the vehicle Medea, which serves as a shock absorber and allows Jason to be decoupled from surface and ship motion. The fiber optic tether runs from the ship to Medea, and then down to Jason, to provide real-time communication to and from the vehicles. When Jason is in the water, it requires three people to operate it: a pilot (who operates the vehicle controls), an engineer (who monitors all of the systems and operates the winch that pays out/hauls in the fiber optic cable attached to Medea), and a navigator (who is responsible for positioning the ship so that the system operates in the desired locations). In addition to these three people during each 4-hour watch, 3 to 5 scientists will also be in the control van working with the Jason crew to accomplish the scientific goals of the cruise.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d975d656-aa72-41fe-857f-1aa15b0543e2", "label": "SEASOAR", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "SeaSoar is a a towed, undulating measurement package. The moveable wings are contolled by a topside computer which sends up-down signals via the conducting tow cable. The wings are moved\nby a hydraulic unit which is powered by an impeller on the tail of SeaSoar. Data is returned to a topside computer network via the conducting cable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ddc7ed71-2626-4b81-8079-82c04d0bdc91", "label": "Argus", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Referred to as a “tow sled,” remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Argus typically operates in tandem with ROV Hercules, although it can also operate alone. Both vehicles are deployed from the Ocean Exploration Trust ’s Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus .\n\nArgus “dangles” at the end of a steel-armored fiber-optic cable that is tethered to E/V Nautilus at the sea surface. Because Argus lacks a buoyancy module and is built of heavy stainless steel, its movements are controlled by moving the ship or raising and lowering the cable. A short 100-foot (30-meter) tether connects Hercules to Argus. By keeping the tether between Argus and Hercules slack, Argus can absorb the brunt of any ship movements, so that Hercules, the workhorse of the duo, can remain stable and collect high-definition video from the seafloor.\n\nArgus carries a high-definition video camera similar to the one on Hercules, as well as large lights that illuminate the area around Hercules. The overhead view from Argus allows the pilots and scientists to get a better of view Hercules' surroundings. Thrusters on Argus control its heading, so pilots “flying” the ROV while sitting in the control room on E/V Nautilus can aim the video cameras and lights toward Hercules and sites of interest.\n\nAlthough Hercules is depth rated to 2.5 miles (4,000 meters), when operating alone, Argus can dive deeper – down to 3.7 miles (6,000 meters).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f21d8715-f805-427d-b006-57a5d1240d1c", "label": "Seirios", - "broader": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", + "parentId": "31eb34c8-016e-48c4-9404-7d94ee66cfde", "definition": "Seirios is one of two of the remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Much like its namesake, Seirios acts as a brilliant source of light in the “night sky” of the ocean, providing illumination and a wide-angle view from above for its counterpart ROV, the Deep Discoverer (D2).\n\nReferred to in the industry as a ‘camera sled,’ Seirios is directly tethered via a cable to the Okeanos Explorer and then is further tethered to D2. This cable provides power to the ROVs as well as a pathway for data transfer between the vehicles and the ship. This configuration allows Seirios to absorb the heave from the ship while keeping D2 stable as it explores the ocean floor and gives ROV pilots from the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration on board the Okeanos an expanded view of D2 and surrounding areas. This tandem robot configuration allows stunning imagery to be captured for an undisturbed look at the seafloor, literally shedding light on a location’s features and inhabitants.\n\nSeirios is equipped with a scanning 360-degree sonar as well as a series of cameras, including one high-definition camera and several standard-definition cameras. Three rear-mounted LED light banks aimed forward and below the vehicle illuminate D2 from above. Seirios is also outfitted with a complement of sensors similar to those found on D2 that measure conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, and other information from the ocean and help to better characterize each of the areas that are explored.\n\nWhile Seirios usually isn’t the star of the show, it plays an invaluable role in allowing the dynamic duo of robots to explore the ocean together.", "children": [] } @@ -365,27 +365,27 @@ { "uuid": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", "label": "Surface", - "broader": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", + "parentId": "b0488156-f2de-4635-b8b0-ec8d70ee8622", "definition": "Uncrewed vehicles that take observations at the ocean surface.\n\nThese are also known as Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs).", "children": [ { "uuid": "6077a16e-dc27-47ba-b2b8-6ae731615925", "label": "Saildrone", - "broader": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", + "parentId": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", "definition": "Saildrone (https://www.saildrone.com) is a state-of-the-art, wind and solar powered unmanned surface vehicle (USV) capable of long distance deployments lasting up to 12 months. The drone is autonomous in that it may be guided remotely from land while being completely wind driven. This novel sampling platform is equipped with a suite of instruments and sensors providing high quality, georeferenced, near real-time, multi-parameter surface ocean and atmospheric observations while transiting at typical speeds of 3-5 knots. Instruments are customizable depending on the mission, but typically include anemometer, barometer, thermosalinograph, CTD, IR pyrometer, fluorometer, and CO2/dissolved oxygen sensors. Saildrones have additionally been deployed with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP), passive acoustic sensors and echo sounders to measure along-track 3D current velocities and biological acoustic backscatter. Saildrone adopts a service model approach to the design and implementation of missions and the delivery of data products to customers. Current deployments include the Tropical and North Pacific, with a focus on future deployments in the Arctic. Data from Saildrone are providing information being used to support NASA satellite cal/val and ocean science studies, including the improvement of salinity and SST retrievals at high latitudes and closer to the coast.\n\nhttps://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/saildrone", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dba6c8ed-8444-4e18-965c-9c0e30186ac3", "label": "Kingfisher", - "broader": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", + "parentId": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", "definition": "Kingfisher Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) is an agile, battery operated boat designed for research and rapid prototyping. Fully equipped with a sensor station, an onboard Atom PC for running hardware drivers and intelligence, electric thrusters, GPS, wifi radio, and semi-planing hulls, Kingfisher serves as a marine research platform as well as a remote survey system for bathymetric and hyrometric data collection. This USV includes advanced payload capabilities, easy stow and portability, and can be easily customized to meet research requirements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef8c4927-8814-482c-947d-002a2b3342a7", "label": "Wave Glider", - "broader": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", + "parentId": "e634b062-56ba-41a9-9c95-0cff642b5974", "definition": "Wave energy is greatest at the water’s surface, decreasing rapidly with increasing depth. The Wave Glider’s unique two-part architecture exploits this difference in energy to provide forward propulsion.\n\nThe Wave Glider offers an additional propulsion system using stored solar energy. The additional directional thrust increases mobility and precision and helps to navigate challenging ocean conditions (doldrums, high currents, and hurricanes/cyclones), or accommodate mission changes. The solar energy system also recharges batteries that power sensors.", "children": [] } @@ -396,75 +396,75 @@ { "uuid": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", "label": "Vessels", - "broader": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", + "parentId": "267606d3-4918-4651-b40d-be12b09dd2fe", "definition": "A ship or a large boat.", "children": [ { "uuid": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "label": "Subsurface", - "broader": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", + "parentId": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", "definition": "Vessels or submarines that operate below the ocean surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0f50133b-1ef8-4c67-97a3-ac0604a41fc8", "label": "Pisces V", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "The Pisces V is a three-person, battery-powered, submersible with an operating depth range of 2000 m. Along with its sister submersible, the Pisces IV, the Pisces V weighs 13 tons and has a payload of 200 pounds. The personnel sphere of each sub is 7 feet in diameter and is made of HY 100 steel.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15f4ae34-a5c9-43e0-84d6-246690648fca", "label": "MIR I", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "The MIR deep sea submersibles operate from the RV Akademik Keldysh.\n\nThe Akademik Keldysh is the most advanced deep diving support vessel in the world. The operation is owned and operated by the PP Shirshov Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Its crew of scientists and technicians have worked together for over 20 years, participating in deep dive expeditions all over the world with both Pisces and MIR submersibles.\n\nOur expedition is only made possible with the support and expertise of Captain Yuriy Gorbach, his Keldysh crew and the MIR support team lead by Dr. Anatoly Sagalevitch. They are a highly skilled, professional team running one of the most unique and safest underwater operations in the world.\n\nThe Keldysh and MIR I and II have been used for National Geographic photo and film projects, and director James Cameron's epic motion picture Titanic. In addition to its 17 laboratories, the Keldysh features a specialized library covering underwater geology, oceanography and deep-sea exploration.\n\nThe habitation sphere (pressure hull) of the MIR submersible is 6 feet 10 inches (2.1 meters) in diameter and is specifically designed to carry three people -- in our case one expert pilot and two participants/observers. Inside the sphere it is 'one atmosphere,' just like a room in your home. Around the inside of the sphere are many controls, instruments, and electrical circuits. At the forward end of the sphere are three viewports, each providing a forward and a partial peripheral viewing arc. There are two couches/mattresses for the two participants/observers who can lay along these with their faces close to the viewing portholes (you can also sit or stand up to stretch and relax). The pilot sits or kneels at a central control console and guides the submersible using the main central porthole. There is no vision directly to the sides or the aft end of the submersible.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2fcdab81-7527-4344-a26c-632746e94423", "label": "MIR II", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "The MIR deep sea submersibles operate from the RV Akademik Keldysh.\n\nThe Akademik Keldysh is the most advanced deep diving support vessel in the world. The operation is owned and operated by the PP Shirshov Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Its crew of scientists and technicians have worked together for over 20 years, participating in deep dive expeditions all over the world with both Pisces and MIR submersibles.\n\nOur expedition is only made possible with the support and expertise of Captain Yuriy Gorbach, his Keldysh crew and the MIR support team lead by Dr. Anatoly Sagalevitch. They are a highly skilled, professional team running one of the most unique and safest underwater operations in the world.\n\nThe Keldysh and MIR I and II have been used for National Geographic photo and film projects, and director James Cameron's epic motion picture Titanic. In addition to its 17 laboratories, the Keldysh features a specialized library covering underwater geology, oceanography and deep-sea exploration.\n\nThe habitation sphere (pressure hull) of the MIR submersible is 6 feet 10 inches (2.1 meters) in diameter and is specifically designed to carry three people -- in our case one expert pilot and two participants/observers. Inside the sphere it is 'one atmosphere,' just like a room in your home. Around the inside of the sphere are many controls, instruments, and electrical circuits. At the forward end of the sphere are three viewports, each providing a forward and a partial peripheral viewing arc. There are two couches/mattresses for the two participants/observers who can lay along these with their faces close to the viewing portholes (you can also sit or stand up to stretch and relax). The pilot sits or kneels at a central control console and guides the submersible using the main central porthole. There is no vision directly to the sides or the aft end of the submersible.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57323291-3348-4292-812e-7436d6a0781a", "label": "Alvin", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "Alvin, which is operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, has been in operation since 1964. The human occupied vehicle is capable of reaching depths of 4,500 meters, carrying two scientists and one pilot for each dive. Image courtesy of Luis Lamar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\n\nAlvin, which is operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, has been in operation since 1964. The human occupied vehicle is capable of reaching depths of 4,500 meters, carrying two scientists and one pilot for each dive. Image courtesy of Luis Lamar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Download larger version (jpg, 476 KB).\n\nThe human-occupied vehicle (HOV) Alvin enables direct data collection and observation by two scientists of the seafloor and water column to depths reaching 2.8 miles (4,500 meters) on dives lasting up to 10 hours with the support of an experienced, multi-talented support team. The Alvin Group and their equipment meet the highest safety and reliability standards as a result of decades of operational and engineering expertise. Continual innovation and the application of the latest technological advancements puts Alvin at the forefront of expeditionary research.\n\nIts seven reversible thrusters permit Alvin to hover in the water, maneuver over rugged topography, or rest on the seafloor. With an experienced pilot at the controls, it can collect data throughout the water column, produce a variety of maps, and perform photographic surveys. Alvin also has two robotic arms that can manipulate instruments and obtain samples ranging from hard-rock geology to delicate biology, and its sampling basket can be reconfigured daily based on the needs of each dive.\n\nAlvin is a proven and reliable platform capable of diving for up to 30 days in a row before requiring a scheduled maintenance day. Recent collaborations with autonomous vehicles such as Sentry have proven expansive, allowing research teams to visit promising sites to collect samples and data in-person within hours of being discovered, and University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS)-driven technological advances have improved the ability for scientific outreach and collaboration via telepresence.\n\nCurrently rated to 4,500 meters, Alvin gives researchers in-person access to about two-thirds of the ocean floor. The sub’s most recent upgrade, completed in 2014, increased the depth rating of many of the vehicle’s systems, putting it just steps away from having a depth rating of 4.04 miles (6,500 meters) that would provide access to approximately 98 percent of the seafloor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78c6cfd9-0df5-435e-9bb1-d14322db928f", "label": "Clelia", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "As of 2010, Clelia has been retired from active deployment and placed on display at the Georgia Aquarium as the centerpiece of their deep sea research methods exhibit.\n\nOwned and operated by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Clelia is a PC 1204 submersible built by Perry Oceanographics in 1976 and refitted in 1992 by Harbor Branch to address the needs of the shallow water scientific community. At 23 ft long, 8 ft 3 in wide and 9 ft 7 in high, the Clelia travels at a maximum speed of 3 knots and is classed and certified to a maximum operating depth of 1,000 feet by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).\n\nThe vehicle can accommodate two scientists/observers and a pilot allowing excellent visibility through the forward acrylic hemisphere. The proximity of the occupants to the bottom (approximately 18') allows tasks to be completed in areas of low visibility. Researchers are afforded an excellent view of the ocean environment through 10 view ports. A hemispheric, 3-ft-diameter window is located at the front end of the sub. Eight 8-in diameter ports are equally spaced around the conning tower of the sub, and one upward view port is in the center of the overhead hatch.\n\nClelia is outfitted with active sonar, still and video cameras, as well as a seven-function hydraulic manipulator equipped with a suction sampler, clam bucket scoop and jaws capable of handling bottom cores and other sampling devices. The manipulator can lift up to 150 lbs. The various collections are placed in the rotating sampler that allows for both quantitative and qualitative sampling. The Clelia is equipped with still and video cameras. Two 500-watt metal halide lights, ideal for photography, can illuminate an area to near-daylight conditions.\n\nThe highly maneuverable submersible is ideally suited for multiple short dives as well as longer duration, more complex dives. The Clelia can be balanced midwater to absolutely neutral buoyancy, providing an extremely stable platform from which to observe, collect samples and shoot photographs and video.\n\nTypical applications include benthic and/or mid-water observations, photo/video documentation and collection of organisms; dump site inspections and monitoring; punch and box coring; search and recovery; bottom surveys; photogrammetric surveys; archaeological site documentation and recovery; and environmental impact studies.\n\nMaintained and operated by experienced and expert pilots and crew, it is further supported by an in-house engineering staff. Working with the support staff, researchers also can add their own equipment, usually other cameras or sampling equipment, to the Clelia. The additional equipment, however, must be tested and certified that it can withstand deep-sea pressures. Harbor Branch also requires that researchers provide their equipment ahead of time to ensure that it can be interfaced properly with the Clelia’s existing equipment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "97b4bebd-71e2-4ac5-9d75-fdb89b9eaba2", "label": "DeepWorker 2000", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "A submarine vehicle developed by Nuytco Research, Ltd. It is capable of descending to a depth of 610 m (2001 ft) and remaining submerged for 12 hours. In 1999, it was deployed to the continental shelf and upper continental slope on a five-year mission in association with the National Geographic Society's Sustainable Seas Expeditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e903361-9170-421b-b0ab-3fa6d160c20a", "label": "SUBMARINE", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "A vessel that is capable of operating submerged.\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SUBMARINE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: SUBMARINE\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Submarines\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ALVIN_submersible.jpg/180px-ALVIN_submersible.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae078302-17ab-4cc5-ba7d-7a8a0102c01b", "label": "Johnson-Sea-Link I", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "The Johnson-Sea-Link I and II were retired by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution in 2011 after their support ship the R/V Seward Johnson was sold to Cepemar Environmental Services of Brazil.\n\nThe Johnson-Sea-Link (JSL) I and II are owned and operated by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. At 23.6 ft long, 10.9 ft high and 8.3 ft wide, these highly maneuverable submersibles can dive to a depth of 3,000 ft and travel at a maximum speed of one knot. Edwin Albert Link, engineer, inventor, and friend of Harbor Branch founder Seward Johnson, working at Harbor Branch, designed and built the JSL in 1971, at Mr. Johnson’s request. Harbor Branch constructed the JSL II, which is virtually identical to the JSL I, in 1975.\n\nThe JSL has two separate pressure hulls and can accommodate four people. Aft compartment occupants enter the sub through a bottom-facing 20 inch-wide hatch. The front chamber, which contains the sub’s controls, is a 5-ft-diameter sphere made of five-in thick, clear acrylic. It provides a panoramic view for the pilot and one observer. Because acrylic is a good insulator and hampers conductivity of cold ocean temperatures, the front compartment actually requires air conditioning. The second chamber, the stern compartment, houses another crew member and a second observer. The occupants have access to two side view ports and a video monitor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb5ab3cc-48d1-4b0c-b72b-700a6faee11e", "label": "Johnson-Sea-Link II", - "broader": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", + "parentId": "35f1c0af-8379-4812-a130-08d84514fc98", "definition": "The Johnson-Sea-Link I and II were retired by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution in 2011 after their support ship the R/V Seward Johnson was sold to Cepemar Environmental Services of Brazil.\n\nThe Johnson-Sea-Link (JSL) I and II are owned and operated by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. At 23.6 ft long, 10.9 ft high and 8.3 ft wide, these highly maneuverable submersibles can dive to a depth of 3,000 ft and travel at a maximum speed of one knot. Edwin Albert Link, engineer, inventor, and friend of Harbor Branch founder Seward Johnson, working at Harbor Branch, designed and built the JSL in 1971, at Mr. Johnson’s request. Harbor Branch constructed the JSL II, which is virtually identical to the JSL I, in 1975.\n\nThe JSL has two separate pressure hulls and can accommodate four people. Aft compartment occupants enter the sub through a bottom-facing 20 inch-wide hatch. The front chamber, which contains the sub’s controls, is a 5-ft-diameter sphere made of five-in thick, clear acrylic. It provides a panoramic view for the pilot and one observer. Because acrylic is a good insulator and hampers conductivity of cold ocean temperatures, the front compartment actually requires air conditioning. The second chamber, the stern compartment, houses another crew member and a second observer. The occupants have access to two side view ports and a video monitor.", "children": [] } @@ -473,391 +473,391 @@ { "uuid": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "label": "Surface", - "broader": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", + "parentId": "f843aa6e-0f5a-4e1d-9c9f-96169a283789", "definition": "Vessels that operate at the ocean surface.", "children": [ { "uuid": "034a82a9-1dfc-4648-91fd-94aa6f8ed56f", "label": "F/V GREAT PACIFIC", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A fishing vessel built in 1979 by MARINE INDUSTRIES NORTHWEST - TACOMA WA, U.S.A.. Currently sailing under the flag of United States (USA). It's gross tonnage is 199 tons.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03e37490-87d9-412d-80e1-b351fbe9d03d", "label": "R/V PALMETTO", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The R/V Palmetto is part of a fleet of vessels operated by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR), Marine Resources Research Institute. The research vessel is used primarily for fishery surveys of natural and man-made fish habitats. The Palmetto conducts fishery and oceanographic surveys from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Palm Beach, Florida, and offshore to 100 miles. The ship is outfitted primarily for oceanographic and fishery and surveys including tag and release survival rate studies. It is equipped with three winches for deploying hydrographic gear (CTDs), underwater television and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), fishing gear (longlines, traps, small trawls), and other sampling gear (e.g. plankton nets).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V PALMETTO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V PALMETTO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/vessels/palmetto/palmetto.html\n Sample_Image: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/vessels/palmetto/palmetto_220.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10c24d93-c480-42fc-a438-4600e2d14a77", "label": "R/V SERC", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "SERC has a fleet of research vessels and small open boats for research and education programs on the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Since SERC is located on the Rhode River, our private research dock provides easy access to the river and the mainstem of the Chesapeake Bay.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15f524d9-5155-466a-9d46-364d977bd864", "label": "NOAA Delaware II", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "NOAA Ship Delaware II conducted fishery and living marine resource research in support of the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service's Northeast Fisheries Science Center. The ship's normal operating area was the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, and the continental shelf and slope from Southern New England to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Typical assessment work included groundfish assessment surveys and Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction surveys. Research conducted by Delaware II provided an understanding of the physical and biological processes that control year-class strength of key economical fish species.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "162fb231-6969-422b-a9e4-4de35cd595b7", "label": "R/V ARANDA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "[Adapted from 'Presentation of R/V Aranda',\n'http://www.fimr.fi/en/aranda/laiva.html']\n\nThe modern Aranda was launched in Helsinki in June 1989. It is first research\nvessel which is owned by the Finnish Institute of Marine Research, and its home\nport is Helsinki. The length of the ship is 59,2 m, its beam 13,8 m and gross\nregister weight 1734 GT. The ship accomodates a research staff of 25 - 30\npersons.\n\nAranda is a modern, ice-reinforced research vessel. She was planned for Baltic\nSea research, but in principle, she is able to operate in all seas. Aranda has\nmade scientific expeditions i.a. to Antarctic waters and the Northern Atlantic.\nThe vessel is adapted to year-round multidisciplinary marine research,\nincluding biology, physics, chemistry and geology of the sea. The well-equipped\nlaboratories and advanced computer systems facilitate sample treatment and data\nanalysis under way.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18d0b454-a951-4d21-a58a-b984deade210", "label": "AIRBOAT", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A flat-bottomed watercraft propelled by an aircraft-type propeller and powered by either an aircraft or automotive engine.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a2349cd-6a6e-42bc-8c59-82e93f9372e6", "label": "Nancy Foster", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "NOAA Ship Nancy Foster is one of the most operationally diverse platforms in the NOAA fleet. The ship supports fish habitat and population studies, seafloor mapping surveys, oceanographic studies, and maritime heritage surveys.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1bb21d0f-bf48-42b5-8e09-cc0d58407e4a", "label": "Ships", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A vessel of considerable size for sailing and deep-water navigation.\n\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SHIPS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: SHIPS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SHIPS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/145634main_booster.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1c4e4aa2-b801-479f-b814-c18201db0960", "label": "R/V LMG", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "[Adapted from 'R/V Laurence M. Gould',\n'http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/gould.htm']\n\nThe R/V Laurence M.Gould is 76 meters in length, and is ice-strengthened (Ice\nclass ABS A1). The Gould, a multi-disciplinary research platform, is designed\nfor year-round polar operations and can accomodate 26 research scientists for\nmissions up to 75 days long. Its primary mission is to support research in the\nAntarctic Peninsula region and to resupply and transport researchers and staff\nbetween Palmer Station and South American ports.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2405ed08-fc64-4251-a242-c879181ebafd", "label": "R/V MILLER FREEMAN", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Miller Freeman is a 215-foot fisheries and oceanographic research vessel and is one of the largest research trawlers in the United States. Miller Freeman's primary mission is to provide a working platform for the study of the ocean's living resources. Miller Freeman is homeported at the Marine Operations Center-Pacific in Newport, Oregon. With a 12,578 mile / 31 day endurance, Miller Freeman is capable of operating in any waters of the world.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V MILLER FREEMAN\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V MILLER FREEMAN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/mf/\n Sample_Image: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/mf/mfunderway.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3055b6f7-a545-489d-86c2-e52a24e0da9c", "label": "R/V YUZ", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A research/survey vessel that was built in 1985 (37 years ago) and is sailing under the flag of Russia.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30585903-f838-4b9c-86c2-8778559475f7", "label": "RSS JAMES CLARK ROSS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A marine research vessel for biological, oceanographic and geophysical cruises. It is equipped with a suite of laboratories and winch systems that allows scientific equipment to be deployed astern or amidships. The ship has an extremely low noise signature, allowing the deployment of sensitive acoustic equipment. A swath bathymetry system was fitted in 2000. The JCR also carries out some cargo and logistical work. During the northern summer the JCR supports NERC research, largely in the Arctic.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3361bc7c-c1fa-485a-a18a-e67adc5637be", "label": "R/V XUELONG", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A Chinese icebreaking research vessel. Built in 1993 at Kherson Shipyard in Ukraine, she was converted from an Arctic cargo ship to a polar research and re-supply vessel by Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding of Shanghai by the mid-90s. The vessel was extensively upgraded in 2007 and 2013.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "367f4bab-327f-425e-b047-3a2699126e11", "label": "R/V FERRELL", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Owned by Reservoir Geophysical, the R/V Ferrel is a 146 ft. oceanographic vessel used for sampling marine environments and other marine experiments. The R/V Ferrel houses two laboratories and 24 rooms for staff and crew.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V FERRELL\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V FERRELL\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.reservoirgeophysical.com/reservoirgeophysical_files/Page1054.htm\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "373f55d4-b13d-46fb-a72a-a391ccff99d9", "label": "R/V Point Sur", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The 135 ft. R/V Point Sur is owned by the University of Southern Mississippi, operated by LUMCON, and based at Gulfport State Port in Gulfport, MS. The R/V Point Sur is equipped to handle operations that include: wet and dry lab use, scientific diving, trawling, large box-core sampling, piston cores, shallow seismic surveys, ROV operations, buoy deployment and recovery, and hydrographic casts with CTD-rosette systems. She has three laboratories and is capable of taking 16 scientists to sea for periods up to three weeks at a time. The main deck runs the length of the vessel and covers approximately 1,100 square feet.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b39f0fb-7cfb-495e-a752-82f87eba8fa3", "label": "R/V Atlantis", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The research vessel (R/V) Atlantis is owned by the U.S. Navy and operated by WHOI for the oceanographic community. It is one of the most sophisticated research vessels afloat, and it is specifically outfitted for launching and servicing the Alvin human occupied submersible.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3bd7ce49-0a7d-4460-a40b-79cf848471e1", "label": "R/V Annie", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Annie is a 40’ long aluminum research vessel that was designed and built to support many types of science and exploration-related tasks. She is powered by twin diesels coupled to very powerful jet drives and is uniquely outfitted with complete station keeping capability. Lacking the need to anchor, she is an ideal platform for Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) operations. Additionally, Annie is ideally equipped for side-scan and multibeam sonar projects, gravity coring, or any other sensor deployments with no anchoring required.\n\nThe vessel is also designed to be deployed in remote locations, using a heavy-lift helicopter or from larger ships such as ice breakers using ship-mounted cargo cranes. The cabin is uniquely set up as a fully climate controlled control room with significant console workspace and room for rack-mounting electronics. Interior custom framework facilitates the mounting of a large array of high definition video and computer monitors, as well as navigation and audio equipment.\n\nShe is currently being used for research in Yellowstone Lake, supporting Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), ROV and multiple coring and sensor deployments, but can easily be trailered to other areas of interest. Annie is named after the first vessel to sail on Yellowstone Lake during the Hayden Expedition in 1871.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ccb3423-b471-437e-87d0-e964702bd90f", "label": "R/V ONNURI", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI)'s research vessels. She was built in Bergen, Norway in 1991 by Mjellem & Karlsen Verft AS and designed by Skipsteknisk AS. She has been used to supply Korea's Antarctic research station (King Sejong Station) as well as undertaking oceanographic research in the Pacific Ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d58c65d-cca7-4a69-a882-c18b801411c6", "label": "R/V Sally Ride", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Owned by the United States Office of Naval Research and operated by Scripps Institution of\nOceanography, R/V Sally Ride is an Ocean Class Auxiliary General Oceanographic Research\n(AGOR) vessel designed to perform multidisciplinary oceanographic research worldwide, from\nlittoral environments to the deepest ocean, from the tropics into first-year sea ice. Aboard R/V\nSally Ride, new systems will permit improved over-the-side operations, station keeping,\ntrackline maneuvering, and acoustic system performance to support demanding scientific\ntasks. Designed to be reliable, cost effective and flexible, the Ocean Class AGOR will capably\nsupport the evolving needs of U.S. scientists for decades to come.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3f6d798a-28df-46fa-80ea-7502f90b0fc3", "label": "B/O MYTILUS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The B/O Mytilus was built in hopes to fulfill the need of a maritime vessel in Ecuador. The Mytilus holds various laboratories and instruments to assist in research.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: B/O MYTILUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: B/O MYTILUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.iim.csic.es/~waldo/Index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.iim.csic.es/~waldo/fotos/mytilus/mytilus-circu.gif\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3fa51d3e-c177-4bfb-a189-4bba46686ec1", "label": "R/V PANDALUS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The goals of the sampling from the Pandalus are to determine the distribution and abundance of surface fishes, sample surface zooplankton, measure water temperature, salinity, and fluorescence in the water column, and collect zooplankton for later studies. Samples will be taken at specific station locations along the Seward hydrographic transect (GAK line).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V PANDALUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V PANDALUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.ims.uaf.edu/salmon/research/mesoscale/outreach/pandalus.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ims.uaf.edu/salmon/research/mesoscale/outreach/pictures/pandalus.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40e85d85-0619-48ab-83ab-dc7371d1eeaf", "label": "R/V L'ASTRO", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A French icebreaker that is used to bring personnel and supplies to the Dumont d'Urville Station in Antarctica.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4838472f-2b4c-4107-bd9e-3bf78a7c5562", "label": "Okeanos Explorer", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer is the only federal vessel dedicated to exploring our largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge about the deep ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "600ecdea-31c3-40e6-809a-226f74ffdec5", "label": "ZODIACS", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Small, inflatable, powered rubber boats used in some marine science investigations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "630723db-a296-4569-86ba-c29a2566ad36", "label": "R/V Nuyina", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "[Source: RSV Nuyina Home Page]\n\nThe icebreaker, RSV Nuyina, is the main lifeline to Australia’s Antarctic and sub-Antarctic research stations and the central platform of our Antarctic and Southern Ocean scientific research.\n\nNuyina enables us to cross thousands of kilometres of the world’s stormiest seas, navigate through Antarctica’s formidable sea ice barrier, and live and work for extended periods on the coldest, driest and windiest continent on earth – some of the harshest conditions in the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6405bead-664f-4452-b1d8-39b1f889ebaf", "label": "R/V PROFESSOR KHROMOV", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The purpose for the cruise was to quantitatively clarify the physical, chemical and biological processes which occur in the Sea of Okhotsk. This expedition is collaboration between Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI), Russia, and the Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan. Especially this expedition focused on to sedimentary iron transport processes from northwestern continental shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk to western subarctic Pacific.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cf9a0ac-18c6-492a-b302-62ad4c918fcf", "label": "R/V ITALICA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6ff96d84-74e5-4dc3-9d80-6c0d5d534256", "label": "R/V JangMok", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "RV Jangmok was named after “Jangmok,” a town in the northeastern region of Geoje Island, where the South Sea Research Institute, the home port of the research vessels, is located. It is a small research vessel used for the exploration and observation of Korea’s coastal waters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7d682090-e4cc-4634-93ec-beba19afda60", "label": "R/V POLARSTERN", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The Polarstern spends almost 310 days a year at sea. Between November and March it usually sails to and around the waters of the Antarctic, while the northern summer months are spent in Arctic waters. The ship is equipped for biological, geological, geophysical, glaciological, chemical, oceanographic and meteorological research, and contains nine research laboratories. Additional laboratory containers may be stowed on and below deck. Refrigerated rooms and aquaria permit the transport of samples and living marine fauna.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V POLARSTERN\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V POLARSTERN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.awi.de/en/infrastructure/ships/polarstern/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ec61a93-3c42-4af1-adca-8f26d22d3d27", "label": "RCV-150", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The RCV-150 ROV was a remotely operated robotic submersible that was operated by HURL between 1998 and 2011. It was piloted from a shipboard station, receiving power and commands from the surface control console via a steel armored electro-mechanical fiber optical cable. The vehicle could operate to depths of 914 meters (3000 ft). It was equipped with two color video cameras with lights and a CTD which sent data directly up the wire. RCV-150 was primarily used as a video survey tool that could acquire extremely close-up views because of its small size and maneuverability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "810bc419-c1ea-4f38-b05f-6471e3621274", "label": "R/V Ivan Petrov", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The research vessel (RV) “IVAN PETROV” of the Northern Department of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring on August 1, 2013 leaves a pier of Krasnaya Kuznitsa, Archangelsk at 05:00 pm to set sail to the Kara Sea, the service said Thursday.\n\nThe RV IVAN PETROV endeavors on the 25-day expedition with a team of Oceanographic Institute that will conducting research in the Kara Sea (geochemical survey off Yamal shelf).\n\nThe scientists will conduct water sampling in the Onega and Kandalaksha bays of the White Sea for radioactivity, determining the temperature and salinity of sea water in the sampling points.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "82f1ab0b-3028-4f33-a7ad-81ac973bdf0c", "label": "R/V WECOMA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Equipped with laboratories to accommodate the various maritime scientists, the R/V Wecoma has been used to conduct research on marine environments and species.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V WECOMA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V WECOMA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.shipops.oregonstate.edu/ops/wecoma/\n Sample_Image: http://www.shipops.oregonstate.edu/ops/wecoma/Wecoma_Departing.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "884ca19a-8b6c-462c-85b8-23baacb72704", "label": "R/V Manta", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "R/V MANTA has been the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary research vessel since June 2008. This 82-foot, high-speed Teknicraft catamaran is used primarily as a research platform, conducting research and monitoring activities in the waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, but mostly within sanctuary boundaries. In addition, the vessel serves as a host for educational field trips and emergency response in and around the sanctuary.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "896d7c41-6ddc-4a23-acc4-ee946cf32a7f", "label": "R/V Thompson", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Research Vessel (R/V) Thomas G. Thompson is owned by the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research and is operated by the School of Oceanography at the University of Washington as part of the University National Oceanographic Laboratories System (UNOLS) fleet .", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "90fadab8-daa5-4725-9e58-8fa81f05a960", "label": "R/V AA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "An Australian icebreaker that was built by Carrington Slipways and launched in 1989. The vessel is owned by P&O Maritime Services. It was regularly chartered by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) for research cruises in Antarctic waters and to support Australian bases in Antarctica.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9506524f-5cd7-43f3-8763-afe95283bf30", "label": "R/V OSHORO-MARU", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "978bfb08-a88d-46c3-830e-13e26d55d35b", "label": "Reuben Lasker", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "NOAA Ship Reuben Lasker is the fifth in a series of Oscar Dyson-class fisheries survey vessels and one of the most technologically advanced fisheries vessels in the world. The ship’s primary objective is to support fish, marine mammal, seabird and turtle surveys off the U.S. West Coast and in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9c4dcab-bbd0-4f67-b2c0-bbbe71b8245e", "label": "R/V NBP", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "[from NSF web page on R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer,\n'http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/nathpalm.jsp']\n\nIn 1992, Edison Chouest Offshore Inc., Galliano, Louisiana, built and\ndelivered a 94-meter research ship with icebreaking capability for use\nby the U.S. Antarctic Program for 10 years or more. The ship,\nNathaniel B. Palmer, is a first-rate platform for global change\nstudies, including biological, oceanographic, geological, and\ngeophysical components. It can operate safely year-round in Antarctic\nwaters that often are stormy or covered with sea ice. It accommodates\n37 scientists, has a crew of 22, and is capable of 75-day\nmissions. For ship deck layouts, lab photographs, schedules,\nequipment, ship user committee issues and a variety of other\ninformation regarding USAP research ships, go to the Raytheon Polar\nServices Company (RSPC) marine sciences web site. For specific\ninformation about cruises schedules, scientific equipment and other\nrelated science support information, see RSPC's the Nathaniel\nB. Palmer web page at 'http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/nathpalm.jspl'.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V NBP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V NBP\n Long_Name: R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-31\n Online_Resource: http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/nathpalm.jsp\n Sample_Image: http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/images/prss/nbpice.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1ca2806-20bb-4e83-b6ae-4a642559c84a", "label": "R/V Mirai", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "MIRAI is a conversion of the former nuclear powered ship, MUTSU. The vessel was cut open and its reactor was removed completely in 1995. After non-usable parts and asbestos were also removed and a diesel engine was installed, the vessel was reborn as an oceanographic research vessel MIRAI on August 21, 1996.\n\nMIRAI provides excellent navigational performance and resistance to ice. The vessel can conduct long-term observational studies over wide areas, and is used for oceanographic surveys primarily in the subtropic and subarctic regions of the Arctic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It is hoped that MIRAI will perform a role as an advanced international station for ocean-based, marine-Earth research as well as function as a base for transmitting various types of marine and Earth data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b789b66d-e120-438b-96c1-2849c971040d", "label": "Oregon II", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Homeported in Pascagoula, Mississippi, NOAA Ship Oregon II conducts a variety of fisheries, plankton and marine mammal surveys in the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.\n\nMore information: https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/marine-operations/ships/oregon-ii", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bbb476e8-9e6a-461f-882d-a213213705f2", "label": "R/V HERITAGE", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc5dbb9e-0395-4291-933b-a2281be644ca", "label": "R/V LL", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The R/V Lady Lisa is a 75’ St. Augustine Trawler. Built in 1980, she is powered by a 415 HP, 12 cylinder Caterpillar Engine and is capable of towing two 80’ trawls. The vessel has accommodations for 3 crew members and 8 scientists, including a complete head and shower, as well as dry storage space for gear and cold storage space for samples. The R/V Lady Lisa is the primary sampling platform for several state and federal projects, working mostly in near coastal waters between Cape Hatteras, NC and Cape Canaveral, Florida.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bccde7bb-3a29-4919-85ce-0b8f446d707d", "label": "B/O SG", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The new Oceanographic Vessel (B / O) Sarmiento de Gamboa, launched on January 30, 2006 in the presence of Her Majesty Queen Sofia, is considered of great scientific facility and incorporates the latest technology both in terms of system navigation (eg dynamic positioning) and its scientific equipment, besides being the first Spanish oceanographic ship that can work with ROV's (Remote Operated Vehicle) to great depths and AUV's (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle). Will be used primarily to do research and science in the Atlantic Ocean, so that its base of operations is a port of Galicia.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: B/O SG\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Ships\n Short_Name: B/O SG\n Long_Name: B/O SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.utm.csic.es/sarmiento.asp\n Sample_Image: http://www.utm.csic.es/imagenes/infraestructuras/sarmiento/sarmiento_179x116.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c21b5468-c3b6-4da2-bc6e-19d2109474c4", "label": "R/V RHB", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A blue-water research vessel of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, she is NOAA's only Global-Class research ship.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c37c3a9c-7eaa-4f3f-ae3a-dd1e62924388", "label": "R/V UM", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "Built in 1973, the R/V Umitaka Maru operates in the western central Pacific Ocean, the eastern Indian Ocean, and the Coral Sea. This Japanese marine vessel is mainly used for fisheries.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V UM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V UM\n Long_Name: R/V UMITAKA MARU\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.researchvessels.org/country/Japan/umitaka_maru.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5bdef62-eb89-4489-914f-7476f53bd45d", "label": "R/V ALPHA HELIX", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The R/V Alpha Helix was designed by Glosten Associates and constructed by J. M. Martinac\nShipbuilding Corporation in Tacoma, Washington. It was launched in 1965. The vessel is 133 ft\nlong with a 31-foot beam. It is 433 gross tons based on the International admeasurements system.\nThe National Science Foundation (NSF) is its owner and also funded the vessel’s construction.\nScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California in San Diego, initially operated the\nvessel under agreement with NSF. The vessel was originally designed to meet the needs of\nexperimental marine biology and was specifically built to conduct this research along the\nAustralian Great Barrier Reef, the Amazon River and Bering Sea. To meet the latter requirement,\nthe vessel’s hull was ice strengthened to allow it to operate around the ice edge and in ice\nconditions. In 1966 and 1967, the vessel operated in tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef and\nAmazon River. In 1968 it proceeded to the Bering Sea for operations. It was soon learned that\nthe vessel lacked the power to penetrate deeply into the ice pack unless escorted by icebreaker.\nIts shortcomings pointed out the need for a larger more capable icebreaking research and this was\nthe initial impetus to the design of the ARRV.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c99251bf-e937-4d59-8899-54d7b71a5667", "label": "R/V TANGAROA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "RV Tangaroa is a deepwater research vessel that has been recently upgraded to enhance its ocean science and oil and gas exploration capabilities and extend its useable life. Key details are available at http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/vessels/tangaroa/specifications-and-principal-features#key-details.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V TANGAROA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V TANGAROA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/vessels/tangaroa\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdc27a9f-6118-4ab8-bf2c-d762e6dbbbdf", "label": "R/V AKADEMIK M.A. LAVRENTYEV", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A Russian research vessel.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e15a4f8d-c1e9-4239-8271-45551c3e2553", "label": "R/V LOUIS S. ST. LAURENT", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A Canadian Coast Guard Heavy Arctic Icebreaker. Louis S. St-Laurent's home port is St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador[6] and is stationed there with other vessels of the coast guard.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e2e59fcb-be11-4ff2-bd7f-eee34a76aa45", "label": "R/V ITALIA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e3d46087-97c7-4f61-8a90-f9b3ec5a7c6f", "label": "RRS DISCOVERY", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A steamship built for Antarctic research. Launched in 1901, she was the last traditional wooden three-masted ship to be built in the United Kingdom. Her first mission was the British National Antarctic Expedition, carrying Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton on their first, and highly successful, journey to the Antarctic, known as the Discovery Expedition.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e6cf0811-fc28-45d3-99f9-1c537146cca8", "label": "R/V ARAON", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A large icebreaker operated by the Government of South Korea.[5] The vessel was commissioned in 2009. She supplies the King Sejong Station, and the Jang Bogo Station, South Korea's second Antarctic research station.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eba994bb-dd12-4941-ad6b-89d073e992f9", "label": "R/V DOLPHIN", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A 15 m multipurpose vessel has been specially configured to support marine geophysical survey. Building upon the capabilities of CSA’s existing nearshore fleet, the R/V Dolphin’s layout includes a large aft working deck, a raised wheelhouse with 360° viewing windows, and a spacious multi-use salon area below decks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eedf5ea0-c814-4b9f-9985-dba84cb07b50", "label": "R/V OREGON", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "The NOAA Ship Oregon II conducts fishery and living marine resource studies in support of the research of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Pascagoula Laboratory in Pascagoula, Mississippi. The ship collects fish and crustacean specimens using trawls and benthic longlines and fish larvae and eggs, and plankton using plankton nets and surface and midwater larval nets. The Oregon II normally operates in the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea. The vessel is operated by NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: R/V OREGON\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Ocean-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SHIPS\n Short_Name: R/V OREGON\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/ot/\n Sample_Image: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/ot/oregon2%202007a.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f7a8f86c-08cc-4792-9ef0-50db79865e93", "label": "R/V AMA", - "broader": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", + "parentId": "59b97a6c-385e-40a2-8422-ecbdb6023c4c", "definition": "A fishing support vessel built in 2001 and currently sailing under the flag of Morocco.", "children": [] } @@ -870,404 +870,404 @@ { "uuid": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", "label": "Land-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", + "parentId": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", "definition": "Platforms that are based on the land and used to acquire data. platforms include hand held cameras (film or digital), cranes, ground vehicles, tethered balloons, and even towers. Ground-based platforms typically provide up to 50 meters elevated remote sensing data and are useful for acquiring low altitude imagery with frequent coverage for dynamic phenomena. These types of platforms are relatively inexpensive, stable, and due to their low altitude, provide high-resolution data.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "label": "Permanent Land Sites", - "broader": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", + "parentId": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", "definition": "A fixed site or location where an instrument or platform can be setup to conduct field work.", "children": [ { "uuid": "04c212d2-4091-452d-b672-92d19547f7c2", "label": "PROFS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Prototype Regional Observing and Forecasting Service (PROFS) is a program responsible for improving local weather service capability through application of recent technological advances in high speed communication and computers. This program has worked closely with the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Earth Satellite Service (NESS) to develop a highly sophisticated system (Brown, 1983) which integrates information from radar, satellites, national weather circuits, and a network of 22 automated surface observing stations spread over the northern Front Range and the eastern plains of Colorado. That network, hereafter referred to as the mesonet, provides real-time wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, rainfall, isolation and visual range data, offering the forecaster details of meteorological fields unavailable from other sources.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0768c45e-417b-4c35-aeb3-28e4325ef2d2", "label": "FDSN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Federation of Digital Broad-Band Seismograph Networks (FDSN) is a global organization. Its membership is comprised of groups responsible for the installation and maintenance of broad-band seismographs either within their geographic borders or globally. Membership in the FDSN is open to all organizations that operate more than one broadband station. Members agree to coordinate station siting and provide free and open access to\ntheir data. This cooperation helps scientists all over the world to further the advancement of earth science and particularly the study of global seismic activity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "081f2d22-ca33-437f-b945-57397fd24247", "label": "NLDN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Vaisala's U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) is the most scientifically accurate and reliable lightning information system, monitoring cloud-to-ground lightning activity across the continental United States, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. NLDN information includes date and time, location, cloud type, polarity, peak amplitude, and error ellipse. Also, NLDN can deliver information in real-time or near real-time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b011fe7-4a05-4e04-92f6-fa23b9e85e1a", "label": "AGBFM", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Advanced Ground Based Field Mill (AGBFM) network consists of 34 field mills of which, as of May 29, 1997, only 31 are presently working. These data are used in real time detecting the electrostatic field\nstrength overhead the instrument using stainless steel plates, which are alternatively shielded and exposed to the existing atmospheric electric field by a grounded rotor.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b6bafa6-1cc4-47eb-9925-f72c6d6008fc", "label": "WWLLN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) is a global, ground-based lightning sensor network operated by the University of Washington in Seattle. This network monitors and maps global lightning\nactivity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "106de241-cb93-4ccc-8255-71784fd14b0c", "label": "GEODYNAMIC STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Stations that make geodynmaic observations about the Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1551f765-cbb8-479f-a796-87c61868c509", "label": "WEATHER STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Weather Stations are facilities or locations where meteorological data are gathered, recorded, and released. Such stations are of the first order when they make observations of all the important elements either hourly or by self-registering instruments; of the second order when only important observations are taken; of the\nthird order when simpler work is done, as to record rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "182fc560-a2b1-4c9d-9acf-febe0e1bf179", "label": "SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Seismological stations: Stations that measure seismic activity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ab2e0db-8911-434d-a6ba-3917730e83a6", "label": "ENTLN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) is an integrated in-cloud (IC) lightning and cloud-to-ground (CG) detection network deployed on a global basis capable of detecting long range in-cloud lightning at high efficiencies critical for the advanced prediction of severe weather phenomena.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ENTLN\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: ENTLN\n Long_Name: Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN)\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ENLS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-01-23\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fc48515-92a3-48a6-bbf0-61dfb23b1c9c", "label": "GEOMAGNETIC STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Stations that make geomegnetic observations (observations on the\nEarth's magnetism).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1fe1486b-3f7a-41a8-9400-98607b49ca3e", "label": "ARWS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Automatic Weather Stations provide a continuous stream of high-quality data over a great range of meteorological and hydrological parameters. Basic sensors measure wind velocity and direction, air pressure, temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. Other measurements available on some stations include multilevel soil temperature, soil moisture, solar radiation, net radiation, water level and temperature.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2219e7fa-9fd0-443d-ab1b-62d1ccf41a89", "label": "FIXED OBSERVATION STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A fixed, somewhat permanent point from which measurements or surveys are made.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "294cc889-28bc-4a33-b630-8225f559c3e7", "label": "CODAR SeaSonde", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The SeaSonde HF radar system by CODAR Ocean Sensors is your solution for making continuous, wide-area ocean observations. The SeaSonde will provide you with years of real-time data over large coverage areas, with ranges up to 200 km. \n\nThe SeaSonde is a compact, non-contact surface current and wave measurement system that can be deployed and maintained easily, and will perform even during extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30778eeb-9fab-4503-a230-1fc470f297ed", "label": "SOLAR RADIATION STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Stations that measure radiation from the sun.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3232dc8a-d223-4df2-b64a-4bd4fb632f9e", "label": "MESONET", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Mesoscale Meteorological Network (MESONET) are world-class network of environmental monitoring stations that gather current meteorological observations and send the data to their corresponding centers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ca305ea-d322-46f1-8aa4-469f8d3cdd59", "label": "SOON", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Solar Observing Optical Network (SOON), maintained and operated by the U.S. Air Force, monitors solar activity. The SOON sites are given below.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42f675c4-e14a-455c-b3f3-7cff1a7025f9", "label": "GEOMET", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The USGS Desert Winds Geologic/Meteorological Ground Stations (GEOMET) provide a long-term data base for understanding the range of environmental conditions that can be expected to occur normally in arid and semiarid areas of the desert southwest, baseline data to assess changes in the desert such as changes in\nvegetation, migration of sand, and increased dust storms that may occur due to climate change in desert regions, and data for field-checking remotely sensed image data of various surfaces so that regional models can be developed for monitoring the land surface changes over time.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44c310ff-2688-48bd-a1eb-6e8a80a78bf0", "label": "GONG NETWORK", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) is a community-based project to conduct a detailed study of solar internal structure and dynamics using helioseismology. In order to exploit this new technique, GONG has developed a six-station network of extremely sensitive, and stable velocity imagers located around the Earth to obtain nearly continuous observations of the SUN's 'five-minute' oscillations, or pulsations.\n\nThe site comprising the GONG Network are:\nBig Bear, California\nCerro Tololo, Chile\nLearmonth, Australia\nMauna Loa, Hawaii\nUdaipur, India\nObservatorio del Teide, Canary Islands\n\nThe five-minute oscillation is a subtle effect. Individual modes may exhibit velocities of less than 0.2 meters/second, while the sum of all of the modes is only a few hundred meters/second. The ultimate intention is to have the measurements be limited by the Sun's ``random'' surface motions. This means developing six stable instruments capable of making imaged velocity measurements with a precision of significantly less than one meter/second - one part in ten million! A low technological risk instrument based on a Michelson interferometer was selected, and it will be supported by a highly automated, portable installation, somewhat reminiscent of a spacecraft experiment.\n\nEach station in the network will produce more than 200 megabytes of data every day. Over the three year observing run, the raw data will exceed one terabyte, and the various processed data sets will exceed this several-fold. To keep up with the data flow, a pipe-line capable of roughly 6 Megaflops has be established to do the bulk processing and provide subsets of the data for the scientific community. Because of the widespread scientific participation, distributed data, software and analysis tools will be provided. Thus, in addition to a central facility, participating scientists will have access to readily transportable data archives and software, as well as shared analysis programs at their home institutions.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GONG NETWORK\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLAR/SPACE MONITORING STATIONS\n Short_Name: GONG NETWORK\n Long_Name: Global Oscillation Network Group\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GONG\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: INTERFEROMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-10\n Online_Resource: http://gong.nso.edu/info/\n Sample_Image: http://gong.nso.edu/instrument/outside_shelter.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "465b92cd-6189-4a04-8ee7-484a1da7722f", "label": "PMS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Permafrost Monitoring Stations measure the underlying state of permafrost. These fully automated stations continuously monitor:\n\n-Air temperature\n-Snow Depth\n-Solar radiation\n-Shallow permafrost temperature (at several depths)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "491d3fcc-c097-4357-b1cf-39ccf3592347", "label": "GROUND STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A precise point along the ground or surface where measurements or surveys are made. \n \n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GROUND STATIONS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: GROUND STATIONS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51368be1-9b75-43de-8a73-e525c9b3848c", "label": "AWOS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) have been installed at over 850 locations throughout the U.S. The ASOS program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). ASOS systems serve as the nation's primary surface weather observing network. ASOS is designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "522c7bf2-c8dd-42be-8596-742ccea0f99d", "label": "NPN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) radars provide vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction from near the surface to above the tropopause. The system also generates data quality related statistics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectrum width. There are three systems in Alaska (Talkeetna, Anchorage, and Homer), with an additional testbed site in Norman, OK. Each wind profiler unit uses preprogrammed operational modes to determine the speed and direction of the wind at different heights directly above the unmanned radar site.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5423963b-822b-4eac-8442-c9fab383f5e8", "label": "IRIS-GSN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The IRIS Global Seismographic Network (GSN) is one of the four major components\nof the IRIS Consortium. The goal of the GSN is to deploy 128 permanent seismic\nrecording stations uniformly over the earth's surface.\n\nStations:\n\nAs of 2003 the IRIS GSN was made up of over 128 stations with affiliations to\nUSGS, UCSD/IDA, GEOFON, Pacific21, NCDSN, GEOSCOPE, MedNet, BGR, BFO, USNSN,\nBDSN, TriNet, AFTAC and several other national and international networks.\nEight new stations are planned for completion in 2003-2005.\n\nThe IRIS GSN stations continuously record seismic data from very broad band\nseismometers at 20 samples per second, and to provide for high-frequency (40\nsps) and strong-motion (1 and 100 sps) sensors where scientifically warranted.\nIt is also the goal of the GSN to provide for real-time access to its data via\nInternet or satellite. Over 75% of the IRIS GSN stations meet this goal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d5dddb9-ba89-49c4-bf06-d9abbe56b329", "label": "SOLAR OBSERVATORY STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A solar observatory is an observatory that specializes in monitoring the Sun. These observatories usually have one or more solar telescopes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c9e32c9-bcc2-4e70-97a1-8a31a23ba65a", "label": "Vaisala HydroMet AWS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Vaisala HydroMet Automatic Weather Station MAWS201 is a portable AWS for temporary installations, featuring the same design as the Vaisala TacMet Tactical Meteorological Observation System MAWS201M for demanding tactical meteorological applications. Its lightweight aluminium tripod and easy-to-use connectors make it fast to set up. Each leg is adjustable for use on uneven terrain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73f8e476-b048-4f4d-b350-8987e3862e45", "label": "SID", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Stations (SID) consists of solar observers who monitor very low frequency (VLF) radio stations for sudden enhancements of their signals. Earth's ionosphere reacts to the intense x-ray and ultraviolet radiation released during a solar flare. The ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation. By monitoring the signal strength of a distant VLF transmitter, sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) are recorded and indicate a recent solar flare event.\n\nAll SID monitoring stations are homebuilt by the observers. Instructions for constructing the VLF receiver and antenna can be obtained from the AAVSO Solar Division chairman. The receiver design has progressed remarkably as the SID program participants have been inspired to improve signal sensitivity and noise rejection. Recent SID station receivers follow a design developed by SID Technical Coordinator Art Stokes. The Stokes Gyrator receiver can be built and tuned by anyone with simple soldering skills. A small indoor loop antenna captures the radio wave for amplification and rectification by the receiver. The SID station operates unattended until the end of each month. Recordings are then analyzed for the beginning, end, and duration of SID events.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "78d5b254-ae1d-4014-99a0-77e6ccd90e6f", "label": "SMART-R", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching Radar (SMART-R) is a new mobile radar built with partners Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University and the University of Oklahoma. SMART-R is the first mobile 5 cm radar in the United States. It was designed using the latest computer and radar signal processing hardware and software. With the capability to see through an entire thunderstorm or hurricane, it can observe precipitation over a larger area than other mobile radars.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b335954-929b-4568-a758-1640d15c2504", "label": "STREAMFLOW STATION", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The USGS, in cooperation with more than 800 state, local and other federal agencies, operates approximately 7,000 continuously active streamflow measurement and data collection sites, called streamgages. Almost 5,000 of the USGS's approximately 7,000 streamgages are equipped with telemetry that transmits a reading of stream depth ('stage') to a district office via satellite or telephone. This 'realtime' data is used for a multiplicity of purposes: including flood hazard mitigation by the National Weather Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency; and for resource planning, and infrastructure design of reservoirs and dams.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7e99dce7-ccef-4e44-a234-9af5ffa83e4f", "label": "GMCC", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The NOAA Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Stations (GMCC) measure and observe atmospheric aerosols. The goals of this regional-scale monitoring program are to characterize means, variability, and trends of climate-forcing properties of different types of aerosols, and to understand the factors that control these properties.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7effe54c-3378-470d-a0de-5eeab1109867", "label": "GAW", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of WMO is a partnership involving 80 countries, which provides reliable scientific data and information on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, its natural and anthropogenic change, and helps to improve the understanding of interactions between the atmosphere, the oceans and the biosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f62a51d-7391-418c-8589-b9a4e7d20452", "label": "VOLCANO OBSERVATORY", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Volcano Observatory is a building, place, or institution designed and equipped for making observations on volcanoes. There are many such global volcano observatories.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "897f64c0-14e3-48d8-99fe-a589f57133d0", "label": "COASTAL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Coastal stations take observations near or at the coast.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ba138b3-efea-491a-8595-e06bd53f7e2e", "label": "X-POW", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Mobile X-band Polarimetric Weather Radar on Wheels (X-POW)is a Doppler scanning radar operating at 9.3 GHz.with horizontal and vertical polarization. Used for detection and detailing surface rainfall rate and precipitation classification fields, 3D precipitation microphysical retrievals including water/frozen hydrometer contents and drop size distribution profiles, X-POW was located in the Florida Keys during the CAMEX-4 field experiment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c17b0a9-ae57-4aee-8c6b-8e7020513cc2", "label": "Vaisala WXT520", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Weather Transmitter WXT520 is a small and lightweight transmitter that offers six weather parameters in one compact package. WXT520 measures wind speed and direction, precipitation, atmospheric pressure,\ntemperature and relative humidity. The transmitter housing is IP65/IP66 rated.\n\nWXT520 powers up with 5 ... 32 VDC and outputs serial data with a selectable communication protocol: SDI-12, ASCII automatic & polled and NMEA 0183 with query option. Four alternative serial interfaces are selectable: RS-232, RS-485, RS-422, and SDI-12. The transmitter is equipped with a 8-pin M12 connector for installation, and a 4-pin M8 connector for service use.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92aae4b1-cd4c-41b8-b931-4c2b70790baf", "label": "GREAT WALL STATION", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A research station in Antarctica and opened on 20 February 1985. It lies on the Fildes Peninsula on King George Island, and is about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) from the Chilean Frei Montalva Station, and 960 kilometres (600 mi) from Cape Horn. The station is sited on ice-free rock, about 10 metres (33 ft) above sea level.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a869e6f-df72-49dd-ac66-b9d319b9db77", "label": "GRAVITY STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Gravity stations make observations related to the Earth's gravity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b51d8b7-1ad3-4ca4-985b-e178bb17f745", "label": "METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Meteorological Stations: stations that observe and monitor\nvariabes such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity,\nsurface winds, precipitation, radiation, visibility,\nevaportation, and current conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0dc24a6-75d5-48c4-aa94-0a0c9c4a440a", "label": "SURFACE WATER WEIR", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A small dam built across a river to control the upstream water level. Weirs have been used for ages to control the flow of water in streams, rivers, and other water bodies. Unlike large dams which create reservoirs, the goal of building a weir across a river isn’t to create storage, but only to gain some control over the water level. Over time, the term weir has taken on a more general definition in engineering to apply to any hydraulic control structure that allows water to flow over its top, often called its crest.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5e3eadc-b8a0-4b3b-92e4-10ae18e3041f", "label": "NEUTRON MONITOR STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Ground-based detector designed to measure the number of high-energy charged particles striking the Earth's atmosphere from outer space.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7d17dd8-34f9-44ed-bb30-2742db429707", "label": "ANTHMS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A station on a river, lake, estuary, or reservoir where water quantity and quality data are collected and recorded.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abb8c7fb-7b79-4eb3-8106-5152b8bdf8a3", "label": "GSN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The IRIS Global Seismographic Network (GSN) is one of the four\nmajor components of the IRIS Consortium. The goal of the GSN is\nto deploy 128 permanent seismic recording stations uniformly\nover the earth's surface.\n\nAs of 2001 the GSN was made up of over 120 stations with\naffiliations to IRIS USGS, IRIS IDA, GEOFON, Pacific21, NCDSN,\nMedNet, BGR, BFO, USNSN, BDSN and several other national and\ninternational networks. Thirteen new stations are planned for\ncompletion in 2001/2002.\n\nThe IRIS GSN stations continuously record seismic data from very\nbroad band seismometers at 20 samples per second. It is also the\ngoal of the GSN to record data with a dynamic range of 140 db\n(24 bit digitizers). Nearly all of the IRIS GSN stations meet\nthis goal.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ae0531ae-ee94-4861-bcd0-5b9000b87c38", "label": "OBSERVATORIES", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Observatories: Buildings or places designed and equipped for making observations of astronomical, meteorological, or other natural phenomena.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af4130b5-af02-4602-9e05-81405cfe6dc5", "label": "LDAR", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Located at the Kennedy Space Center, the Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) system consists of seven antennas that detect electromagnetic pulses at 66 MHz, which allows it to detect 99% of all flashes (both intracloud and cloud-to-ground flashes) within 10 km of the antenna network. The accuracy of source locations is a function of position relative to the receiving array, generally decreasing (particularly along\nthe radial axis with respect to the array center) with distance. The RMS error for LDAR lightning source locations varies from 100 meters inside the network to about 10 km at a range of 90 km (about 1/3 the width of the Florida peninsula).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8d95bb8-6841-4a77-8ae7-53375a98bf8f", "label": "ASOS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). The ASOS systems serves as the nation's primary surface weather observing network. ASOS is designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0872e6c-ddab-43b9-a892-1b8c5ba23f4e", "label": "PASSCAL", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) is one of two major instrumentation programs of IRIS (the other being the Global Seismic Network or GSN). PASSCAL\noperates a pool of over 400 portable seismic instruments to record active source reflection data, active source refraction data or natural source recordings of earthquakes. The instrumentation is housed and supported by an instrument center at New Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c1b6934c-bcb3-45f3-bc53-60d856ac7ea1", "label": "ACARS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A digital datalink system for transmission of short, relatively simple messages between aircraft and ground stations via radio or satellite. The protocol, which was designed by ARINC to replace their VHF voice service and deployed in 1978, uses telex formats. SITA later augmented their worldwide ground data network by adding radio stations to provide ACARS service.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACARS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: ACARS\n Long_Name: ACARS Ground Receiving Station\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-31\n Online_Resource: http://www.arinc.com/\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c775e963-be99-4dcf-8edd-ab826995dcba", "label": "ESRL STATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Earth Science Research Laboratory (ESRL), conducts sustained observations and research related to source and sink strengths, trends and global distributions of atmospheric constituents that are capable of forcing change in the climate of Earth through modification of the atmospheric radiative environment, those that may cause depletion of the global ozone layer, and those that affect baseline air quality. ESRL accomplishes this mission primarily through long-term measurements of key atmospheric species at sites spanning the globe, including five fully-equipped Baseline Observatories. These key species include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, surface and stratospheric ozone, halogenated compounds including CFC replacements, hydrocarbons, sulfur gases, aerosols, and solar and infrared radiation. The measurements are of the highest quality and accuracy possible, and document global ch! anges in key atmospheric species, which are all affected by mankind, identifying sources of interannual variability. In addition, research programs in key regions, utilizing an array of platforms including aircraft, balloons, ocean vessels and towers, complement the land-based information. ESRL's data are used to assess climate forcing, ozone depletion and baseline air quality, to develop and test diagnostic and predictive models, and to keep the public, policy makers, and scientists abreast of the current state of our chemical and radiative atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb5fc8b1-e8e3-4984-84ac-03f6f4d8a662", "label": "BAPMON", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "A network of stations that collect rain water samples which are sent to the Central Chemical Laboratory at Pune for complete chemical analysis. Acidity of rain and mineral deposition is determined from these. Atmospheric turbidity which indicates the columnar aerosol load of the atmosphere, is also measured at these stations using sunphotmeters. These data are important for identifying the current levels of pollution as well as for study of the long term trends in the concentration of trace constituents of the atmosphere which may affect the environment and induce a climate change.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5456efc-ae6c-4c68-8b5e-66e40226d897", "label": "SURFRAD", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "To understand the global surface energy budget is to understand climate. Because it is impractical to cover the earth with monitoring stations, the answer to global coverage lies in reliable satellite-based estimates. Efforts are underway at NASA and universities to develop algorithms to do this, but such projects are in their infancy. In concert with these ambitious efforts, accurate and precise ground-based measurements in differing climatic regions are essential to refine and verify the satellite-based estimates, as well as to support specialized research.\n\nTo fill this niche, the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) was established in 1993 through the support of NOAA's Office of Global Programs. The SURFRAD mission is clear; its primary objective is to support climate research with accurate, continuous, long-term measurements of the surface radiation budget over the United States. This differs from DOE's ARM/SGP site, where surface radiation budget measurements are also being made, in that ARM uses clustered measurements over a limited area for process-oriented studies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8b8c801-bc1a-4ecc-a8e8-6757e9aeddc4", "label": "IMPROVE", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Initiated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments(IMPROVE) ambient monitoring network was formed to monitor Federal Class I Areas visibility at 20 locations. Now, the network has expanded to almost 110 sites. IMPROVE's goals are as follow:\n\n- Establish current visibility and aerosol conditions in FCIA\n\n- Identify chemical species and emission sources responsible for existing man-made visibility impairment in FCIA\n\n- Document long-term trends for assessing progress towards the national visibility goal for FCIA (& as required by the Regional Haze Rule)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "db3774b8-9dc1-4ae7-a999-80702cdfa41d", "label": "LPATS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Global Atmospherics, Inc's large-area Lightning Position and Tracking System (LPATS) is a highly-accurate and sophisticated computer-based system using a time-of-arrival (TOA) technique for locating cloud-to-ground lightning strokes. This system has been installed throughout the U.S. to form the LPATS National Network (LN2). The precise time that lightning touches the ground is monitored to sub microsecond accuracy at several receiver sites simultaneously. Available data include stroke position, energy, rise time, probability, counting, and ranging, along with color tracking, time of incidence, and storm historic events on a national or regional scale. LPATS networks also currently exist in Europe, South America, and Asia.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbcead38-c78b-4306-b56f-0ea15c0b755b", "label": "GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "Observations that are located along the ground or land surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9046495-96f1-4f28-9ca0-9f35b10c7c14", "label": "TMRS2", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Tower Mounted Radiometer System (TMRS2) was a ground-based SSM/I simulator and surface energy balance monitoring system. The primary application of TMRS2 were to collect long-term (months) time-series data sets at sites representative of various biomes in support of land surface process modeling and remote sensing research. The system was also used in support of studies in the passive remote sensing of soil moisture, frozen/thawed soil state determination, permafrost, and snow.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9367c95-0a87-46e6-81d7-07171e5463a0", "label": "WeatherStation 200WX", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The WeatherStation 200WX is the best choice for mobile, land-based, weather-monitoring applications. Sensor rich, in a durable, rugged, small housing that is IPX6 rated, means the 200WX can be used on moving platforms such as TV-news and military vehicles.\n\nKnowing the theoretical wind speed and direction is important and often mission-critical. The 200WX calculates the theoretical wind speed and direction based upon the apparent wind (the wind you would feel on your hand if you held it out while moving), speed of the vehicle, and vehicle heading. Its internal 10 Hz GPS and three-axis electronic compass provide heading, position, speed-over-ground, and course-over-ground functionality that is necessary for theoretical wind-data processing on a moving vehicle.\n\nThe 3D compass with dynamic stabilization provided by the three-axis rate gyro enhances the rate-of-turn data. The patented 200WX maintains dynamic compass performance in hilly and mountainous terrain—common in military situations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f56e3e86-8e09-44ac-a4bb-6da59e9dcc2c", "label": "RSTN", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) is a network of solar observatories maintained and operated by the U.S. Air Force Weather Agency. The RSTN consists of ground-based observatories in Australia, Italy, Massachusetts, New Mexico and Hawaii.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "feb61055-a920-4fe3-90a2-caac0c4fd08a", "label": "SGO", - "broader": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", + "parentId": "0ec10fd9-492c-498a-b6d8-e2840cc3643b", "definition": "The most important signal to be recorded at the Superconducting Gravimeter Observatory is gravity. For most Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) purposes the atmospheric correction to gravity is required and so the local measurement of pressure is also necessary. At most sites the effect of groundwater, often associated with rainfall, is an important contributor to gravity variations over periods of days to years. Superconducting Gravimeter groups are therefore urged to record rainfall and groundwater level at their sites as auxiliary data. Finally each station is asked to supply a log file of important events that might affect the data for each month.", "children": [] } @@ -1276,97 +1276,97 @@ { "uuid": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "label": "Vehicles", - "broader": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", + "parentId": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", "definition": "A type of vehicle that travels on the ground/land as opposed to an aircraft, which traveled in the air, a boat, which traveled in the water, or a spacecraft, which traveled through space. These types of vehicles are usually used along with an instrument to acquire data.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0e3131f5-f92d-441e-bba3-e28e55cfead7", "label": "PAM-II", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "Portable Automated Mesonet II (PAM-II) stations was installed 10 meters to the west of the mobile laboratory (measuring trace gases) and consisted of a 10 meter tower with the required sensors, master control electronics box, and antenna to transmit station data to the satellite. The station, via the satellite data link, transmitted the data to NCAR in Boulder, Colorado, where the data were archived by the NCAR/SSSF DEC MicroVAX computer.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "389bc2cd-ddff-4d2d-806f-fbead30f3974", "label": "NASA MACH-2", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The NASA Langley Aerosol Research Group (LARGE; https://science-data.larc.nasa.gov/large/) deployed the NASA Mobile Aerosol Characterization laboratory (MACH-2) with Boise, ID as a home base. The MACH-2 was driven to the fires as listed in Table 1 to investigate smoke for up to 5 days like in the case of the Williams Flats fire. The MACH-2 coordinated with other research platforms, including the NOAA Twin Otters, the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory (AML), the Mobile Dragons, and the NASA DC-8. The MACH-2 traveled 13,300 miles in 51 days, sampled eight fires in six different states, and recorded 10.5 days of 1-s data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4369354d-2d49-4423-be9b-21c979963788", "label": "UWEC Auto", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The second mobile platform deployed for LMOS 2017 was the UW-Eau Claire automobile1367 platform, equipped with a 2-B Technologies Personal Ozone Monitor and a handheld Kestrel weather sensor. This platform made regular measurement stops between the Grafton WDNR site and the Sheboygan Spaceport site to investigate N-S and shallow E-W gradients. The ozone measurements were taken at a height of 3 m for at least 5 minute increments at each location. The 15 stops are described in 1371 Table 2.6.2. On June 2, 3, 12, 13, and 17 the UW-Eau Claire vehicle drove the route of some combination\nof the stops (e.g. Stops 1-13 on June 2, Stops 10-15 multiple times on June 3 to correspond to ship and aircraft measurements made concurrently). Data from the ozone monitor was obtained using 1 minute averaged signal. The duty cycle of the Personal Ozone Monitor subtracts a background (scrubbed ozone)\nUV-signal from a whole air sample, which accounts for the UV absorption of water. However, drastically changing humidity can lead to higher standard deviations in this instrument, which is why the vehicle chose to stop at a single location to measure ozone.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4576f6dc-d2c6-460b-9001-248043a65765", "label": "MIPS", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The MIPS2 is a mobile profiling system with several components and capabilities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f65fc52-a4f7-4ae0-a352-74fae989f9aa", "label": "NSRN", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The NOAA Solar Radiation Network is a collection of stations that provides solar radiations information, specifically, the amount of energy a user can expect from the Sun.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7fe65a2b-756a-43a7-8ee6-d9ff2eb33f4c", "label": "PAM", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM) is a network of portable surface meteorological stations designed to support observational field research projects of the atmospheric science community.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84624c7f-ab41-4689-91f4-58d01d05e285", "label": "CARB MMP", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "All NASA ER-2 flights were coordinated with satellites in a variety of smoke conditions to evaluate how well satellite retrievals can handle small-scale sub-pixel variabilities. The satellite coordination included NASA ER-2 flight legs on and parallel to satellite tracks to evaluate viewing angle uncertainties in satellite retrievals. Ground monitors (including mobile AERONET, and California Air Resources Board (CARB) mobile platforms) were routinely targeted during the campaign primarily for NASA ER-2 instrument algorithm validation purposes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9d4eebe2-de58-40f7-99f8-26c31ac2f7f9", "label": "EPA GMAP", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) has a mobile air monitoring vehicle, or GMAP, that is equipped with analyzers for methane; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); total volatile organic compounds (VOCs); and meteorological and global positioning system (GPS) equipment. This combination of equipment allows for real-time monitoring and mapping of pollutants while the vehicle is in motion or stationary. The mobile platform can evaluate large geographic areas in very short timeframes to identify emission sources. GMAP can also be used to take stationary measurements at facilities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8cf26fe-dcfb-462b-ae0e-5d7280ecfa38", "label": "MIO", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The Mobile Ionospheric Observatory was developed to learn more about the vagaries of the ionosphere. It would become the first major project undertaken by the newly established Radio Propagation Laboratory.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MIO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLAR/SPACE MONITORING STATIONS\n Short_Name: MIO\n Long_Name: Mobile Ionospheric Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: MIO\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.friendsofcrc.ca/Articles/Hansen-MobileObs/RPLMobileObservatory.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.friendsofcrc.ca/Articles/Hansen-MobileObs/RPL-Mobile-48-49-s.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c2aaedcb-f038-4129-8c06-e0f607fa582f", "label": "AML", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The AML operated out of McCall, ID (the location of a ground site as described below), during FIREX-AQ from 9 to 28 August 2019 and during WE-CAN from 11 to 28 August 2018. The AML was well-equipped for detailed gas- and aerosol-phase characterization as listed in Table 8 and included, among other instruments, highly speciated VOC measurements with a Vocus PTR-MS instrument and aerosol composition with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) operated with or without soot-particle mode. Aerodyne Research, Inc. trace gas monitors (using tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy, TILDAS) measured select trace gases including the fire tracer hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ethane (C2H6). The AML also hosted a number of guest instruments run by external collaborators, also listed in the table below. The goal of the AML was to link the aircraft measurements to the ground by comparing EFs, understanding smoldering versus flaming emissions in close range of the fires, measure the air quality and the nighttime exposure in smoke-filled valleys, and look at plume aging.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d308b30a-fdb5-44e1-9ce8-6b67051938f4", "label": "HAGGLUND", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "The Hagglund Oversnow vehicle can travel over large distances and on different \nterrain surfaces.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea573a26-c698-482d-9f1a-09193067bb46", "label": "TRAVERSE", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "A system for transporting science teams and their equipment across vast areas of Antarctica's ice.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb24a648-bc31-48ad-935a-bbd2621da456", "label": "SV", - "broader": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", + "parentId": "8dc44d7b-e349-42ab-860e-18f5acfc1b28", "definition": "A vehicle that is specifically designed to to be driven primarily on snow.", "children": [] } @@ -1375,48 +1375,48 @@ { "uuid": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", "label": "Field Sites", - "broader": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", + "parentId": "3850efdc-1839-4881-a7c0-347b57587850", "definition": "A physical location where field work is carried out.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9909bdb4-b48b-40b0-88b3-360f9b86d0bc", "label": "CONTROL SURVEYS", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", + "parentId": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", "definition": "A survey at a field site that provides positions (horizontal or vertical) of points to which supplementary surveys are adjusted. Field engineers can mount additional platforms or instruments on a control survey to conduct additional surveys for mapping and projects being conducted in the field.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9c44243f-3122-4f7f-98b1-fb4e729418e0", "label": "TRIPOD", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", + "parentId": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", "definition": "A portable three-legged frame or stand, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of another object.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c10044b3-6ebc-413a-99b7-2be30c08e507", "label": "Data Collections", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", + "parentId": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", "definition": "Refers to data collected at field sites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cca1ba09-0595-4ab0-a28f-158f988e9301", "label": "FIELD SURVEYS", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", + "parentId": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", "definition": "Surveys carried out in the field rather than in a laboratory or headquarters.\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FIELD SURVEYS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD SURVEYS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Field Surveys\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dd445d5a-14d5-4813-b1cb-243799a044f7", "label": "Ice Shelf", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", + "parentId": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", "definition": "Permanent floating sheets of ice that connect to a landmass. Most of the world's ice shelves hug the coast of Antarctica. However, ice shelves can also form wherever ice flows from land into cold ocean waters, including some glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere. The northern coast of Canada's Ellesmere Island is home to several well-known ice shelves, among them the Markham and the Ward Hunt ice shelves.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e7057cfa-7b76-494b-b07b-01d1b284bfc6", "label": "Transmitter Station", - "broader": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", + "parentId": "ca8f355b-7f63-407d-89bb-d3a6cd10d683", "definition": "A transmitter station or transmission facility is an installation used for transmitting radio frequency signals for wireless communication, broadcasting, microwave link, mobile telephone or other purposes.", "children": [] } @@ -1427,19 +1427,19 @@ { "uuid": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "label": "Other", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", + "parentId": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", "definition": "Refers to other types of non-traditional platforms categories used in Earth Science data analysis and include charts, maps, models, photographs, and reports.", "children": [ { "uuid": "018e1ad9-a5ad-4fae-a712-ba376144fcc3", "label": "Charts", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "A graphical representation for data visualization, in which data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of quality structure and provides different info.", "children": [ { "uuid": "e9bd8b22-dc54-4bb5-b404-9ce41d7ac53d", "label": "Charts", - "broader": "018e1ad9-a5ad-4fae-a712-ba376144fcc3", + "parentId": "018e1ad9-a5ad-4fae-a712-ba376144fcc3", "definition": "A graphical representation for data visualization, in which data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of quality structure and provides different info.", "children": [] } @@ -1448,285 +1448,285 @@ { "uuid": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "label": "Models", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines, as well as in non-physical systems such as the social sciences.", "children": [ { "uuid": "00f8ab1f-040f-40b4-ba64-9f6a4c2ca7ed", "label": "MICOM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "MICOM is a primitive equation numerical model that describes the evolution of momentum, mass, heat and salt in the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "012a6415-f410-467f-92a8-5196cfd211f4", "label": "RAQMS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The NASA Langley Research Center and University of Wisconsin Regional Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) is used to estimate the tropospheric ozone budget over east Asia during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission. The computed ozone budget explicitly accounts for stratosphere/troposphere exchange (STE) and in situ ozone production using on-line chemical calculations. The east Asian O3 budget is computed during the period from 7 March to 12 April 2001. Gross formation dominates STE by a ratio of 7 to 1 in east Asia during TRACE-P. However, this ratio is strongly influenced by altitude of the tropopause. Approximately 30% of the ozone that is advected across the tropopause over east Asia is subsequently advected out over the western Pacific within the upper 4 km of the troposphere by the Japan jet. The average net photochemical production (gross formation-gross destruction) within the regional domain is 0.37 Tg d−1 or 7% of the average flux at the eastern boundary of the domain during the TRACE-P time period. The budget analysis shows a very close balance between sources and sinks within the RAQMS regional domain during the TRACE-P time period. This balance results in very small average accumulation (∼1 Tg) of O3 in the east Asian region and very little net export averaged over the period (0.03 Tg d−1). The low ozone export from east Asia predicted by RAQMS during TRACE-P is a consequence of relatively high dry deposition rates, which are 37% of the gross ozone formation (1.469 Tg d−1) within the TRACE-P regional domain.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04d24dfe-c9f7-43b6-8bd8-8f2613767257", "label": "OCEAN STATE ESTIMATION", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "major goal of oceanography is to combine all of the theoretical understanding we have about how a global fluid behaves with all of the observations pertaining to it. For anyone trying to understand climate, that means using the best ocean general circulation models, the best models of sea ice—which has a major high latitude influence on the ocean, and the best available estimates of the interacting meteorological fields.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "08ccef97-4faf-4678-8404-03945170aa21", "label": "L4_C", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09294834-bc5d-4937-ba1a-3a62b4329948", "label": "MERRA-2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) provides data beginning in 1980. It was introduced to replace the original MERRA dataset because of the advances made in the assimilation system that enable assimilation of modern hyperspectral radiance and microwave observations, along with GPS-Radio Occultation datasets. It also uses NASA's ozone profile observations that began in late 2004. Additional advances in both the GEOS model and the GSI assimilation system are included in MERRA-2. Spatial resolution remains about the same (about 50 km in the latitudinal direction) as in MERRA.\n\nAlong with the enhancements in the meteorological assimilation, MERRA-2 takes some significant steps towards GMAO’s target of an Earth System reanalysis. MERRA-2 is the first long-term global reanalysis to assimilate space-based observations of aerosols and represent their interactions with other physical processes in the climate system. MERRA-2 includes a representation of ice sheets over (say) Greenland and Antarctica.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "09ef7548-5e64-4296-8129-0ab625e15721", "label": "Catchment-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Catchment model uses the Mosaic land cover classification and soils, topographic, and other model-specific parameters were derived in a consistent manner as in the NASA/GMAO's GEOS-5 climate modeling system.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0bba0556-f0b7-48ff-8b0e-d9b102e9b13e", "label": "HAQES", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Hazardous Air Quality Ensemble System (HAQES) is a real-time ensemble forecast of hazardous air quality events, such as wildfires, dust storms, and Volcanic eruptions. Both regional and global models from multiple agencies are used to create the ensemble, including the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) from Naval Research Laboratory, the Global Ensemble Forecast System Aerosols (GEFS), High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (NOAA-EPA) Atmosphere-Chemistry Coupler-Community Multiscale Air Quality model (NACC-CMAQ) from NOAA. The HAQES provides the forecast of surface PM2.5 (PM25_TOT), PM2.5 organic carbon (PM25_OC), and PM2.5 black carbon (PM25_BC) every 3 hours. The prototypes of HAQES products were developed by the George Mason University Air Quality Laboratory as part of the NASA Health Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0ea8022d-e6bf-48e0-86ce-e1e7a886b7b1", "label": "NCEP-FNL", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is the system used by the Global Forecast System (GFS) model to place observations into a gridded model space for the purpose of starting, or initializing, weather forecasts with observed data. GDAS adds the following types of observations to a gridded, 3-D, model space: surface observations, balloon data, wind profiler data, aircraft reports, buoy observations, radar observations, and satellite observations. GDAS data are available as both input observations to GDAS and gridded output fields from GDAS. Gridded GDAS output data can be used to start the GFS model. Due to the diverse nature of the assimilated data types, input data are available in a variety of data formats, primarily Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) binary. The GDAS output is World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Gridded Binary (GRIB).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16ddc50b-7bb0-4a13-adef-dbdd5e2e2bcd", "label": "NASA-GISS-3D-Tracer-Transport", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "A three-dimensional tracer transport model is used to investigate the annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 concentration produced by seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere. The tracer model uses winds generated by a global general circulation model to advect and convect CO2; no explicit diffusion coefficients are employed. A biospheric exchange function constructed from a map of net primary productivity, and Alzvedo's (1982) seasonality of CO2 uptake and release closely simulates the annual cycles at coastal stations. The results show that zonal homogeneity in surface CO2 concentrations can never be achieved at mid-latitudes where the time scale for zonal mixing is longer than the time scale for biospheric exchange. Analysis of the zonal mean balance in the lower troposphere reveals that atmospheric transport processes may later the CO2 response to local biospheric exchanges by 50% or more. Hence year-to-year variation of the annual CO2 cycle may result from the natural variability of the atmospheric circulation as well as from changes in the sources and sinks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1810678e-9c36-4260-b9a2-eb69eda1ffe4", "label": "CMORPH", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "CMORPH (CPC MORPHing technique) produces global precipitation analyses at very high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique uses precipitation estimates that have been derived from low orbiter satellite microwave observations exclusively, and whose features are transported via spatial propagation information that is obtained entirely from geostationary satellite IR data. \n\nhttp://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/janowiak/cmorph_description.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a9082fc-2274-4f86-ad94-6034cae84ed5", "label": "CASA-GFED3-V2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1b492235-f1fa-47d9-aae5-278812d29e7d", "label": "CESM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Community Climate Model (CCM) was created by NCAR in 1983 as a freely available global atmosphere model for use by the wider climate research community. The formulation of the CCM has steadily improved over the past two decades, computers powerful enough to run the model have become relatively inexpensive and widely available, and usage of the model has become widespread in the university community, and at some national laboratories.\n\nA limitation of the original CCM was that it did not include models of the global ocean and sea ice. Accordingly, in 1994, NCAR scientists submitted a plan to National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop and use a Climate System Model (CSM) that was to include models of the atmosphere, land surface, ocean, and sea ice. These components were to be coupled without resorting to any 'flux adjustments.' The plan was to focus initially on the physical aspects of the climate system, and then in a subsequent version to improve biogeochemistry and coupling to the upper atmosphere. The first phase of this project was the model development by the NCAR staff, after which the model and associated data sets were to be made available to the scientific community. In addition, a new governance structure was promised, in which the interested scientific community would be given a fair opportunity to participate in all aspects of the CSM. NSF approved the plan, and model development began immediately.\n\nIn May 1996, the first CSM Workshop was held in Breckenridge, Colorado. At this workshop the CSM components and the results of an early equilibrium climate simulation were presented. Working groups began to form, and the nature of future CSM governance was discussed. At the final plenary session of the workshop, the proposed management structure was discussed, modified, and adopted. At that point, the second phase of CSM, including full participation of the scientific community, had begun.\n\nThe period since this 1996 workshop has been a time of substantial organizational progress. A Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) has been formed to lead the CSM activity, working groups have been producing useful output, and the previously existing Climate Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (CMAP) Advisory Council has been reorganized as the CSM Advisory Board (CAB). In addition to support from NSF, interest in the CSM from other agencies, notably the Department of Energy (DOE) and NASA, has developed. While working toward the second version of CSM, we believed that it was also time to recognize the community of users and sponsors by changing the name of the model to the Community Climate System Model (CCSM).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ee7757f-8097-432c-b473-b2a2a1266f30", "label": "Unified Model UM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Unified Model (UM) is a numerical model of the atmosphere used for both weather and climate applications.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "260c784e-c422-4279-97fa-9c7a348118fa", "label": "ERA40DAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "ERA 40 is a second generation reanalysis. It is the first reanalysis to directly assimilate satellite radiance data (TOVS, SSM/I, ERS and ATOVS). Cloud Motion Winds are also used. The result is better circulation over the tropics and southern hemisphere. However, unless comparing to previous ERA-40 based results, it is recommended that the 3rd generation reanalyses, ERA-Interim or MERRA, be used for new research.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "26d3953e-be79-46e4-b746-efb1983c3f5c", "label": "MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Graphical, mathematical (symbolic), physical, or verbal representation or simplified version of a concept, phenomenon, relationship, structure, system, or an aspect of the real world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2d0c75bf-49bc-4a76-bd77-b179ea677bc2", "label": "RASI", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Regional Air-Sea Interaction analyses\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RASI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: MODELS/ANALYSES\n Short_Name: RASI\n Long_Name: REGIONAL AIR-SEA INTERACTION\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-11-07\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ecfc2b9-118b-4462-9352-9193eef0a1dc", "label": "NCEP-ETA", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Eta Model, now referred to as North Amercian Meso (NAM) an 84-hour numerical model of the atmosphere run four times daily by NCEP. This is one of the main forecast models used for short-term weather prediction in the United States.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f340c79-ed96-4c46-8546-90c14dca2078", "label": "CHIRPS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "30a98319-e05b-4f35-9cdd-8f287f6c8300", "label": "CMS-Flux-V1", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The CMS Methane (CH4) Flux for North America data set contains estimates of methane emission in North America based on an inversion of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model constrained by Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) observations. The nested approach of the inversion enables large point sources to be resolved while aggregating regions with weak emissions and minimizing aggregation errors. The emission sources are separated into 12 different sectors as follows: Total, Oil/Gas, Coal, Cows, Waste (Landfills+ Wastewater), Biofuel, Rice, Other Anthropogenic, Biomass Burning, Wetlands, Soil Absorption, Other Natural. More details about the algorithm and error characterization can be found in Turner, Jacob, Wecht, et al. 2015.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32204115-79a6-4cda-aac0-2f57580eb445", "label": "CAM-chem", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-chem) is a component of the NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) and is used for simulations of global tropospheric and stratospheric atmospheric composition. CAM-chem uses the MOZART chemical mechanism, with various choices of complexity for tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. The first version of CAM-chem is described in Lamarque et al. (2012), CAM-chem as used for CCMI and HTAP is described in Tilmes et al. (2016), CAM-chem in CESM1.2 is described in Tilmes et al. (2015).\n\nCESM2, including CAM6-chem, is the current version. This version includes a significantly updated tropospheric chemistry mechanism (MOZART-T1) [Emmons et al., 2020], along with a volatility basis set (VBS) parameterization for the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) [Tilmes et al., 2019]. CESM2.0 and CESM2.1 were used for CMIP6 simulations, so if you are interested in simulating results to be consistent with those results it is recommended to use CESM2.1.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "388b0962-f9c0-48d9-95aa-0aa55d5043d9", "label": "TRAJ3D", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Parcel trajectories are often calculated to obtain an appreciation of the history of air masses (e.g. Fuelburg et al., 1996). The direction and length of trajectories are useful in diagnosing processes that may affect particular air masses under certain conditions. In this regard it is important that parcel trajectories are determined accurately.\n\nThe three-dimensional (3D) algorithm presented here (traj3d) builds on the two-dimensional (2D) model of Law (1993) and reported in application by Perrin and Simmonds (1995). From a specified parcel location in the atmosphere, xn at time n, a finite integral is solved to advect the parcel and generate the trajectory path. Given the 3D wind v(xn) the governing prognostic equation for the trajectory path over a short time interval Δt is xn+1 = xn + v Δt . The wind at a given point is found by cubically interpolating from a spatial grid then linearly in time. For back trajectories the wind direction is reversed. The finite integral is solved using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme to obtain an estimate of the wind. This method is considerably more accurate for trajectory calculations than a simple first-order approach. For mathematical details about the 3D algorithm see Noone and Simmonds (1999) and Barras and Simmonds (2009).\n\nWe present an implementation of the 3D algorithm in Fortran 77 that is suitable for any platform given an appropriate compiler. A precompiled Linux version is also available. The input to the program is a simple binary format referred to as CMP. At present the input data (usually 3D winds) are limited to constant pressure levels (e.g. 1000, 925, 850 hPa etc) as is the case with the commonly available reanalysis products e.g. NCEP reanalysis. The output of the program is a NetCDF file (and therefore NetCDF libraries need to be accessible for compilation) and this may be imported into many software packages e.g. Matlab, NCL, for subsequent analysis and plotting. We include some utilities to convert from NetCDF (a common format for 3D meteorological fields like winds) to CMP as well as plotting the trajectories based on NCAR Graphics/NCL.\n\nAlthough intended for computing 3D trajectories the algorithm is equally applicable to 2D trajectory studies e.g. 10 m winds, or a single pressure level e.g. 500 hPa. Finally, it is possible to interpolate auxiliary variables e.g. air temperature, to the trajectory positions and include these in the output NetCDF file.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b746299-cd6d-4aa9-8de2-f05f3d6897cc", "label": "Penman-Monteith", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Monteith (1964) developed a modified version of the Penman equation in which biophysics was introduced through a surface or canopy resistance – the now well-known Penman–Monteith combination equation – that allowed for vegetation control on transpiration rates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3d374eb9-1eb4-4c64-b764-47f6206bbc85", "label": "SPEAR", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "We document the development and simulation characteristics of the next generation modeling system for seasonal to decadal prediction and projection at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). SPEAR (Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research) is built from component models recently developed at GFDL—the AM4 atmosphere model, MOM6 ocean code, LM4 land model, and SIS2 sea ice model. The SPEAR models are specifically designed with attributes needed for a prediction model for seasonal to decadal time scales, including the ability to run large ensembles of simulations with available computational resources. For computational speed SPEAR uses a coarse ocean resolution of approximately 1.0° (with tropical refinement). SPEAR can use differing atmospheric horizontal resolutions ranging from 1° to 0.25°. The higher atmospheric resolution facilitates improved simulation of regional climate and extremes. SPEAR is built from the same components as the GFDL CM4 and ESM4 models but with design choices geared toward seasonal to multidecadal physical climate prediction and projection. We document simulation characteristics for the time mean climate, aspects of internal variability, and the response to both idealized and realistic radiative forcing change. We describe in greater detail one focus of the model development process that was motivated by the importance of the Southern Ocean to the global climate system. We present sensitivity tests that document the influence of the Antarctic surface heat budget on Southern Ocean ventilation and deep global ocean circulation. These findings were also useful in the development processes for the GFDL CM4 and ESM4 models.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3fd56bd8-0e40-4401-9033-97df9a552001", "label": "MITgcm", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "numerical model designed for study of the atmosphere, ocean, and climate, MITgcm’s flexible non-hydrostatic formulation enables it to efficiently simulate fluid phenomena over a wide range of scales; its adjoint capabilities enable it to be applied to sensitivity questions and to parameter and state estimation problems. By employing fluid equation isomorphisms, a single dynamical kernel can be used to simulate flow of both the atmosphere and ocean. The model is developed to perform efficiently on a wide variety of computational platforms.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4201d98f-7f8a-46bf-b823-47385bbc7fed", "label": "NCEP-GODAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "GODAS depends on continuous real-time data from the Global Ocean Observing System. This project is to deliver routine ocean monitoring products, and is being implemented by CPC in cooperation with NOAA Ocean Climate Observation Program (OCO)\n\nWebsite: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/GODAS/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45d0ab0d-19d4-4fc4-8f69-9f6b4529a430", "label": "POM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Princeton Ocean Model (POM), a simple-to-run yet powerful ocean modeling code to simulate a wide-range of problems, from small-scale coastal processes to global ocean climate change. POM is a sigma coordinate (terrain-following), free surface ocean model with embedded turbulence and wave sub-models, and wet-dry capability.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47ee8305-57b9-4df1-84ce-f563df48cf69", "label": "ECMWFIFS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) is a global numerical weather prediction system jointly developed and maintained by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) based in Reading, England, and Météo-France based in Toulouse.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a56783a-932e-4ca7-acea-af82a9fe5626", "label": "DEM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Digital Elevation Models (DEM) are digital files consisting of\nterrain elevations for ground positions at regularly spaced\nhorizontal intervals.\n\n[Source: USGS]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DEM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: DEM\n Long_Name: Digital Elevation Model\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DEM\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://rmmcweb.cr.usgs.gov/elevation/dpi_dem.html\n Sample_Image: http://edc.usgs.gov/images/dem.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4cbc6cbe-50a2-4464-acd9-395379753d4e", "label": "NCEP-NAM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) is one of the National Centers For Environmental Prediction’s (NCEP) major models for producing weather forecasts. NAM generates multiple grids (or domains) of weather forecasts over the North American continent at various horizontal resolutions. Each grid contains data for dozens of weather parameters, including temperature, precipitation, lightning, and turbulent kinetic energy. NAM uses additional numerical weather models to generate high-resolution forecasts over fixed regions, and occasionally to follow significant weather events like hurricanes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53b3429a-d915-4d1c-b600-bf3e37874839", "label": "NCEP-GFS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Global Forecast System (GFS) is a National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) weather forecast model that generates data for dozens of atmospheric and land-soil variables, including temperatures, winds, precipitation, soil moisture, and atmospheric ozone concentration. The system couples four separate models (atmosphere, ocean model, land/soil model, and sea ice) that work together to accurately depict weather conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "57441436-5372-484e-983c-f96cbc51ef72", "label": "CRM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "A new type of atmospheric model which resolve nonhydrostatic accelerations globally with kilometer-scale resolution.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a147bc8-abc3-4c79-bbba-0a64bf888b41", "label": "MERRA", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) dataset was released in 2009. It is based on a version of the GEOS-5 atmospheric data assimilation system that was frozen in 2008. MERRA data span the period 1979 through February 2016 and were produced on a 0.5° × 0.66° grid with 72 layers. MERRA was used to drive stand-alone reanalyses of the land surface (MERRA-Land) and atmospheric aerosols (MERRAero).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c869d68-fbf3-466b-89a0-9622f4f6e773", "label": "FFDAS-V2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Quantifying Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Space: Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System and Global Urban Emissions\nGurney, K. R.; Song, Y.; Asefi-Najafabady, S.; Rayner, P. J.\nAbstract\nThe Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS) quantifies fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the planet at a scale of 10 km hourly for the time period 1997-2012. FFDAS is based on the Kaya identity constrained by multiple ground and space-based observations. Among these are the DMSP nightlights, Landscan population, and the Ventus power plant database. We have recently downscaled the FFDAS version 2.0 to 1 km x 1 km resolution using nighlights. The finer spatial resolution allows for the examination of urban emissions across the planet. We take two approaches to examination of urban FFCO2 emissions. The first, utilizes named administrative boundaries combined with manual GIS identification (supported by LandSat and ISA) to identify the top emitting urban areas of the planet. We also utilize an urban land mask, without governmental boundary identification, to analyze all urban area by country across the planet. We perform multiple regression to identify key drivers and patterns. The results demonstrate the change in urban emissions during the last decade and assess the question of whether urban areas exhibit scaling properties vis a vis FFCO2 emissions.\n\n\nPublication: \nAmerican Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2015, abstract id. A53H-01\n Pub Date: December 2015 Bibcode: 2015AGUFM.A53H..01G Keywords: \n0322 Constituent sources and sinks; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE; 0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE; 3322 Land/atmosphere interactions; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES; 3360 Remote sensing; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6426710e-8498-4308-845e-c9c543bcc17e", "label": "NCEP-MRF", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", "label": "Merged Analysis", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "An analysis that ties together two source datasets.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0fb44090-a3e4-4820-aad5-dafbd76ae1b4", "label": "RM-OBS/PU", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", + "parentId": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", "definition": "Hybrid of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Model and Observations by Princeton University", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "98088db1-3135-4bbf-9a9b-215ca47d721b", "label": "Merged IR", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", + "parentId": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", "definition": "[Source: https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_precip/html/README]\n\nThe Climate Prediction Center/NCEP/NWS is now making available via anonymous ftp (in\ndigital form) globally-merged (60N-60S) pixel-resolution IR brightness temperature\ndata (equivalent blackbody temps), merged from all available geostationary satellites\n(GOES-8/10, METEOSAT-7/5 & GMS). The availability of data from METEOSAT-7, which is\nlocated at 57E at the present time, yields a unique opportunity for total global\n(60N-60S) coverage.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ddbadcdd-36dd-4db8-98c6-c603bec96c76", "label": "IMERG", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", + "parentId": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", "definition": "The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm combines information from the GPM satellite constellation to estimate precipitation over the majority of the Earth's surface. This algorithm is particularly valuable over the majority of the Earth's surface that lacks precipitation-measuring instruments on the ground.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e951dc1d-eeb5-4d67-ad77-e60ee469486c", "label": "LANDMET", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", + "parentId": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eff6fbfa-3ccf-4848-89a2-b0b0e65e3524", "label": "TMPA", - "broader": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", + "parentId": "6acce314-322f-4d58-9dcb-1f93457a9d86", "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) provides a calibration-based sequential scheme for combining precipitation estimates from multiple satellites, as well as gauge analyses where feasible, at fine scales (0.25 x 0.25 deg and 3 hourly). TMPA is available both after and in real time, based on calibration by the TRMM Combined Instrument and TRMM Microwave Imager precipitation products, respectively… Most of the coverage in the TMPA depends on input from two different sets of sensors. First, precipitation-related passive microwave data are collected by a variety of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, including the Microwave Imager (TMI) on TRMM, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) on Aqua, and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite series… The second major data source for the TMPA is the window-channel infrared data that are being collected by the international constellation of geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites.", "children": [] } @@ -1735,209 +1735,209 @@ { "uuid": "6df317e1-6694-4741-b657-58b15253f384", "label": "FLEXPART", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "FLEXPART (“FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model”) (Stohl et al., 2005) is a Lagrangian transport and dispersion model (Lin et al., 2012) suitable for the simulation of atmospheric transport processes. Applications\nrange from the dispersion of radionuclides or air pollutants, over the establishment of flow climatologies, to the analysis of Earth’s water cycle. FLEXPART also produces output suitable for inverse modeling of emission\nfluxes, e.g., of greenhouse gases or volcanic ash.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fb2817f-c3e3-4332-85ad-79f74227e6bc", "label": "WRF", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a next-generation mesoscale numerical weather prediction system designed for both atmospheric research and operational forecasting applications. It features two dynamical cores, a data assimilation system, and a software architecture supporting parallel computation and system extensibility. The model serves a wide range of meteorological applications across scales from tens of meters to thousands of kilometers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73c1df3f-b389-4cc0-98eb-0fbc4f071f98", "label": "Data Analysis", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73cef3bc-0a2c-4c10-9e5b-d0c64bca038f", "label": "LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Models that predict the characteristics of the landscape such as DEMs/DTMs. Also included are models that predict land surface reflectance including the scattering, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation at the land surface.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "750bc9c6-dda7-449a-9299-9473f03bb67b", "label": "BLING", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c4302ef-0fca-4987-9515-d059b9e0bb95", "label": "NCEP/DOE-R2M", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 is an improved version of the NCEP Reanalysis I model that fixed errors and updated paramterizations of physical processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "83ed16e1-71b9-4c2b-9184-b517be58f421", "label": "WRF-Chem", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a next-generation mesoscale numerical weather prediction system designed for both atmospheric research and operational forecasting applications. It features two dynamical cores, a data assimilation system, and a software architecture supporting parallel computation and system extensibility. The model serves a wide range of meteorological applications across scales from tens of meters to thousands of kilometers. The effort to develop WRF began in the latter 1990's and was a collaborative partnership of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (represented by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the Earth System Research Laboratory), the U.S. Air Force, the Naval Research Laboratory, the University of Oklahoma, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).\n\nThe WRF-Chem model is now released as part of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling package.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "862e790e-d42f-433a-8561-107562aceb64", "label": "Forcing-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8680cb49-1637-4a47-a5fd-f39d4e618e45", "label": "CLIMATE MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Climate models, also known as general circulation models or GCMs, use mathematical equations to characterize how energy and matter interact in different parts of the ocean, atmosphere, land. Building and running a climate model is complex process of identifying and quantifying Earth system processes, representing them with mathematical equations, setting variables to represent initial conditions and subsequent changes in climate forcing, and repeatedly solving the equations using powerful supercomputers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86ee0e30-96d0-4bb4-9ee6-a24aa0e0234b", "label": "NCEP-CFSV2", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) produced by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is a fully coupled model representing the interaction between the Earth's oceans, land and atmosphere. The four-times-daily, 9-month control runs, consist of all 6-hourly forecasts, and the monthly means and variable time-series (all variables). The CFSv2 outputs include: 2-D Energetics (EGY); 2-D Surface and Radiative Fluxes (FLX); 3-D Pressure Level Data (PGB); 3-D Isentropic Level Data (IPV); 3-D Ocean Data (OCN); Low-resolution output (GRBLOW); Dumps (DMP); and High- and Low-resolution Initial Conditions (HIC and LIC). The monthly CDAS variable timeseries includes all variables. The CFSv2 period of record begins on April 1, 2011 and continues onward. CFS output is in GRIB-2 file format.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87a9b8ff-5da4-4a9e-815b-2564a1af2719", "label": "VIC-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Variable Infiltration Capacity model is a macroscale, semi-distributed hydrologic model1,2,3 that calculates land surface states and fluxes by solving the surface water and energy balances.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ad656db-1324-4e92-8273-5a765ca29282", "label": "ModelE", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The current incarnation of the GISS series of coupled atmosphere-ocean models is available here. Called ModelE, it provides the ability to simulate many different configurations of Earth System Models — including interactive atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, carbon cycle and other tracers, as well as the standard atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land surface components.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c1eb362-072d-4763-b6f3-6b706b257e6a", "label": "Mosaic-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c24fade-c39c-4b4f-b60c-d884ae780948", "label": "NCEP-RUC", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The NCEP Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) Model is a weather prediction system running every hour out to at least 18h comprised primarily of a numerical forecast model (using isentropic-sigma hybrid vertical coordinate) and an analysis/assimilation system to initialize that model. RUC was developed to serve users needing frequently updated short-range weather forecasts, including those in the US aviation community and US severe weather forecasting community.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NCEP-RUC\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: NCEP-RUC\n Long_Name: NCEP Rapid Update Cycle Model\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://ruc.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ssd/nwpmodel/html/ruc.htm\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "913391a8-e711-43f3-ade2-ef26fddeba24", "label": "GLPPM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Great Lake Primary Productivity Model (GLPPM) was developed under the NASA ROSES Carbon Monitoring System Program as well as under Great Lakes Observing System (GLOS) funding to help determine if and when the Great Lakes act as sources or sinks of carbon to the atmosphere. The GLPPM uses satellite-retrieved concentrations of chlorophyll a, Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR), and light extinction from the MTRI Color Producing Agent Algorithm (CPA-A) (Shuchman et al. 2013). The model also utilizes Photosynthetic Irradiance (PI) parameters derived from years of consistent field observations to estimate phytoplankton carbon fixation rates. The model is the next generation implementation of the model proposed by Fee (1973) and Lang and Fahnenstiel (1996). The GLPPM has been tested with in situ model estimates (Fahnenstiel et al. 2010) and displayed good agreement throughout the vegetative season (Shuchman et al. 2013).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "929347c6-e7d9-4e72-a6c8-8926a369cb6b", "label": "NCEP-CFSR", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) was an effort to generate a uniform, continuous, best-estimate record of the state of the ocean–atmosphere interaction for use in climate monitoring and diagnostics. The Climate Forecast System (CFS) models the interactions between Earth's oceans, land, and atmosphere on a global scale. The model is produced by several dozen scientists under guidance from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and generates hourly data with a ½° horizontal resolution (approximately 56 km).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "931c9090-2136-458b-9047-943c25c65f3a", "label": "ECMWF ERA5", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "ERA5 provides hourly estimates of a large number of atmospheric, land and oceanic climate variables. The data cover the Earth on a 30km grid and resolve the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80km. ERA5 includes information about uncertainties for all variables at reduced spatial and temporal resolutions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "936822a8-ce02-49aa-970f-b4a92dfd769b", "label": "COMPUTERS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "[Source: Mirriam-Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/computer\n\nA programmable usually electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: COMPUTER\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: COMPUTER\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RTMM\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-05-15\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f792df5-3995-48ad-af46-d4ad887d102c", "label": "LNOM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "[Source: NASA GHRC, http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nLNOM The LNOM model is NASA software which combines detailed, flash-specific measurements of lightning with empirical laboratory results of lightning NOx production of Lightning Mapper Array and NLDN data to compute the vertical lightning NOx profile inside the analysis cylinder and the total NOx produced by each flash. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LNOM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: LNOM\n Long_Name: Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-30\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f95a56a-2669-427e-a785-de9162ffe133", "label": "OPERATIONAL MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Models that produce real-time, near-real-time, or short-term data.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac82f543-df04-4301-b5fa-dae2800197d6", "label": "NASA-GISS-Dust-Transport", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Spatial, temporal, and size distributions of mineral dust with sizes of less than 10 µm radius were calculated with a global dust model (Tegen and Fung 1994, see References below) based on the GISS three-dimensional atmospheric tracer transport model (Russell and Lerner 1981). The total dust load as well as the part that is deflated from disturbed soils was calculated (Tegen and Fung 1995). The contribution from disturbed soils should be taken into account in climate change studies (Tegen et al. 1996). As dust particle size information is important for calculations of the dust radiative effect, we provide concentrations for 8 particle size classes with effective radii between 0.1 µm and 10 µm which were transported independently in the model.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1c1ea44-000a-4535-8e90-d8dd447371d4", "label": "NCEP/NCAR-RM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 project is using a state-of-the-art analysis/forecast system to perform data assimilation using past data from 1948 to the present. A large subset of this data is available from PSL in its original 4 times daily format and as daily averages. However, the data from 1948-1957 is a little different, in the regular (non-Gaussian) gridded data. That data was done at 8 times daily in the model, because the inputs available in that era were available at 3Z, 9Z, 15Z, and 21Z, whereas the 4x daily data has been available at 0Z, 6Z, 12Z, and 18Z. These latter times were forecasted and the combined result for this early era is 8x daily. The local ingestion process took only the 0Z, 6Z, 12Z, and 18Z forecasted values, and thus only those were used to make the daily time series and monthly means here.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b316bcaf-1ab8-4a67-91b7-76c28bb29e4e", "label": "GDAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is the system used by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) model to place observations into a gridded model space for the purpose of starting, or initializing, weather forecasts with observed data. GDAS adds the following types of observations to a gridded, 3-D, model space: surface observations, balloon data, wind profiler data, aircraft reports, buoy observations, radar observations, and satellite observations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b35637e0-bc1f-4ecf-b5bc-c78eaeb72562", "label": "ECCO2_Darwin-V3", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The 'Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean' (ECCO) consortium makes the best possible estimates of ocean circulation and its role in climate.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b63e0078-74a3-431d-92f7-8853c10474e4", "label": "NOBM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The MERRA-NOBM biogeochemical reanalysis used the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) coupled with the Poseidon ocean general circulation model to produce distributions of phytoplankton and ocean carbon. The reanalysis used external forcing fields from the MERRA reanalysis.\n\nTotal chlorophyll (ocean-color) data derived from NASA's SeaWiFS, MODIS and NPP-VIIRS observations were assimilated to constrain the phytoplankton distributions. The model contains four explicit phytoplankton taxonomic groups: diatoms, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, and coccolithophores, to represent the large scale biodiversity of the global oceans. Carbon and nutrient distributions, as well as fluxes of carbon between atmosphere and oceans, are included in this product.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", "label": "GEOS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model consists of a group of model components that can be connected in a flexible manner in order to address questions related to different aspects of Earth Science. GEOS model development adheres to the modular architecture of the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). This modular structure simplifies the management of both the model code and the model configurations, to enable progress with forefront applications of coupled processes in the Earth System. GMAO’s work with GEOS spans a large range of space and time scales and encompasses the representation of dynamical, physical, chemical and biological processes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "42ad1501-744a-439c-a394-258db03d0304", "label": "GEOS-5", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", + "parentId": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", "definition": "The Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) model consists of a group of model components that can be connected in a flexible manner in order to address questions related to different aspects of Earth Science. GEOS-5 model development adheres to the modular architecture of the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). This modular structure simplifies the management of both the model code and the model configurations, to enable progress with forefront applications of coupled processes in the Earth System. GMAO’s work with GEOS-5 spans a large range of space and time scales and encompasses the representation of dynamical, physical, chemical and biological processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4773815f-2a76-425e-86cc-0bfd4c3b75c2", "label": "GEOS-Chem", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", + "parentId": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", "definition": "GEOS-Chem is a global 3-D model of atmospheric chemistry driven by meteorological input from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) of the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. It is applied by research groups around the world to a wide range of atmospheric composition problems. Scientific direction of the model is provided by the international GEOS-Chem Steering Committee and by User Working Groups. The model is managed by the GEOS-Chem Support Team, based at Harvard University and Washington University with support from the US NASA Earth Science Division, the Canadian National and Engineering Research Council, and the Nanjing University of Information Sciences and Technology.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3ca2fcc-658a-4249-b9b7-40a8bb5e03a9", "label": "GEOS", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", + "parentId": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", "definition": "The Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model consists of a group of model components that can be connected in a flexible manner in order to address questions related to different aspects of Earth Science. GEOS model development adheres to the modular architecture of the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). This modular structure simplifies the management of both the model code and the model configurations, to enable progress with forefront applications of coupled processes in the Earth System. GMAO’s work with GEOS spans a large range of space and time scales and encompasses the representation of dynamical, physical, chemical and biological processes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b42aa64a-6b63-4fd0-b953-4abf7558008c", "label": "GEOS-4", - "broader": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", + "parentId": "b92ec1f1-157e-4778-8bb3-c60a929bd1de", "definition": "The 'Goddard Earth Observing System' (GEOS) family of models is used for applications across a wide range of spatial scales, from kilometers to many tens of kilometers. The modular structure of the models allows the inclusion of a range of physical, chemical, and biological processes, which are chosen according to the application.", "children": [] } @@ -1946,98 +1946,98 @@ { "uuid": "bacbb5ad-9269-48ce-8da2-c22d73b9a5f2", "label": "GOCART", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model simulates major tropospheric aerosol components, including sulfate, dust, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sea-salt aerosols. The GOCART model uses the assimilated meteorological fields of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS DAS), generated by the Goddard Global Modeling and Assimilation Office.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bb5002a8-6ff2-43dd-b0c9-8f9a76e11cb5", "label": "OBSERVATION BASED", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "An Observation-Based Model (OBM) is described, which uses in-situ atmospheric observations to determine the sensitivity of ozone concentrations in an urban atmosphere to changes in the emissions of ozone precursors (i.e., volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bbe49581-019d-4fec-8730-6f07465ec479", "label": "CMAQ", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "An active open-source development project of the U.S. EPA that consists of a suite of programs for conducting air quality model simulations. CMAQ combines current knowledge in atmospheric science and air quality modeling, multi-processor computing techniques, and an open-source framework to deliver fast, technically sound estimates of ozone, particulates, toxics and acid deposition.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c3a217f5-de08-4aeb-9429-0a29821820b5", "label": "CASA-GFED3-V3", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d022dc0f-0ce8-471a-ac6c-aabb48542cf4", "label": "ERA15DAS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The ERA-15 data assimilation system is a special version of the ECMWF Operational data assimilation system which incorporates:\n\n- Intermittent statistical (Optimum Interpolation) analysis with 6-hour cycling.\n\n- One dimensional variational (1D-VAR) physical retrieval of TOVS (Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder) cloud cleared radiance (CCR) data.\n\n- Diabatic, non-linear normal mode initialisation (five vertical modes).\n\n- A spectral T106 forecast model with 31 hybrid vertical model levels, and a fully three-dimensional semi-Lagrangian advection scheme.\n\n- A physical parametrization package including:\n-- mean orography with a compatible parametrization of sub-grid scale orography;\n-- a four layer prognostic soil scheme with no external forcing;\n-- an interactive cloud/radiation scheme with full model representation of cloud water content and cloud cover;\n-- a planetary boundary layer parametrization based on similarity", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1e2c5e2-076b-4949-8125-384712a33b58", "label": "GCM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "General Circulation Models (GCM) are mathematical representations\nof atmospheric and oceanic properties and processes that attempt\nto describe Earth's climate system.\n\n[Source: Center for the study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GCM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Models\n Short_Name: GCM\n Long_Name: General Circulation Model\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GCM\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.aip.org/history/climate/GCM.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/PROC/Q-GCM/schematic.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8e67ddc-abaf-469b-8e84-f1549c1ca70d", "label": "CLM-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Common Land Model (CLM) was developed for community use by a grassroots collaboration of scientists who have an interest in making a general land model available for public use and further development. The major model characteristics include enough unevenly spaced layers to adequately represent soil temperature and soil moisture, and a multilayer parameterization of snow processes; an explicit treatment of the mass of liquid water and ice water and their phase change within the snow and soil system; a runoff parameterization following the TOPMODEL concept; a canopy photo synthesis-conductance model that describes the simultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor into and out of vegetation; and a tiled treatment of the subgrid fraction of energy and water balance. CLM has been extensively evaluated in offline mode and coupling runs with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d92e3dca-7aeb-4cc1-9dc0-571844337222", "label": "Noah-LSM", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Noah-MP is a land surface model (LSM) using multiple options for key land-atmosphere interaction processes (Niu et al., 2011). Noah-MP contains a separate vegetation canopy defined by a canopy top and bottom, crown radius, and leaves with prescribed dimensions, orientation, density, and radiometric properties. The canopy employs a two-stream radiation transfer approach along with shading effects necessary to achieve proper surface energy and water transfer processes including under-canopy snow processes (Dickinson, 1983; Niu and Yang, 2004). Noah-MP contains a multi-layer snow pack with liquid water storage and melt/refreeze capability and a snow-interception model describing loading/unloading, melt/refreeze capability, and sublimation of canopy-intercepted snow (Yang and Niu 2003; Niu and Yang 2004). Multiple options are available for surface water infiltration and runoff and groundwater transfer and storage including water table depth to an unconfined aquifer", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbe12992-5ef4-47d2-b2a4-84a7c28e84f0", "label": "SMERGE", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The SoilMERGE (SMERGE) product combines long-term (January 1979 – May 2019) satellitebased soil moisture retrievals with land surface model estimates acquired from Phase-2 of the\nNorth American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) to produce a 0.125-degree, daily,\nroot-zone soil moisture (RZMS) product within the conterminous United States (CONUS). This\ndocument contains basic information on the use of SMERGE RZSM for large-scale climate and\nhydrological studies.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e804fb28-786b-460f-969c-7005b0803cde", "label": "REANALYSIS MODELS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "Models that deal with the retrospective-analyses or reanalyzes of data. Reanalyzes blend the continuity and breadth of output data of a numerical model with the constraint of vast quantities of observational data. The result is a long-term continuous data record.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb069e81-1ccb-45a1-867a-520f9cdec401", "label": "STILT", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "STILT, the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model, is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) for atmospheric transport. Its primary purpose is to derive the upstream influence region on atmospheric measurement locations. In other words, it is a fast tool to retrieve the adjoint of tracer transport, i.e. the sensitivity of atmospheric tracer mixing ratio measured at receptor point with respect to upstream surface fluxes. STILT is driven by meteorological fields (most important wind fields) from a variety of weather prediction models (ECMWF, WRF, RAMS, ...), for both analysis of past observations or for measurement planning purposes using forecasts. STILT includes turbulence as a stochastic process.\n\nSTILT is being used by a growing community for interpreting trace gas measurements made at ground based stations, on airborne platforms, as well as from remote sensing. Current applications of STILT focus on greenhouse gases and other trace gases, where it is used with high resolution emission inventories and biospheric flux models to provide insight on regional scale budgets.\n\nSTILT is actively developed by a group of researchers at Harvard University, MPI-Jena, University of Waterloo, and Atmospheric & Environmental Research (AER).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb6ac42f-7c8d-4e3f-9f80-e6334c463d26", "label": "ECMWF", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Model", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f065f97b-a10e-4204-8807-dc904c409b51", "label": "FSL-MAPS", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System (MAPS) was for a 5000 km by 5000 km area\ncentered around the 48 conterminous states, while the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) was for domains of 500 km by 500 km. In the MAPS effort, an isentropic coordinate model is used for four\ndimensional assimilation and short range forecast. During FY 1990, the basic MAPS system was installed at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) for use by the National Weather Service (NWS). Within\nFSL, the upper air analysis was run on a three-hour cycle, and was being extended to a one-hour cycle. The LAPS system was being used for high resolution atmospheric diagnosis, and is testing models for\nvery short range prediction.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe979e09-fcb1-4991-8fab-8ff32a28e84b", "label": "MOZART-4", - "broader": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", + "parentId": "0a184cdc-c074-4946-90a6-02f03c686341", "definition": "The Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) is an offline global chemical transport model particularly suited for studies of the troposphere. The updates of the model from its previous version MOZART-2 are described, including an expansion of the chemical mechanism to include more detailed hydrocarbon chemistry and bulk aerosols. Online calculations of a number of processes, such as dry deposition, emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes and photolysis frequencies, are now included.", "children": [] } @@ -2046,13 +2046,13 @@ { "uuid": "76b8f939-8558-4a10-8139-c7f8a0162102", "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "cffdd7e9-e25d-4c85-86ae-ff651532f02e", "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "76b8f939-8558-4a10-8139-c7f8a0162102", + "parentId": "76b8f939-8558-4a10-8139-c7f8a0162102", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -2061,20 +2061,20 @@ { "uuid": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", "label": "Photographs", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "An image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are now created using a smartphone/camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3cb5948f-2a92-4c2a-9410-eb17a1045d8e", "label": "AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS", - "broader": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", + "parentId": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", "definition": "Air Photographs or aerial photography are photographs of a\nportion of the Earth's surface, often from taken from airplanes.\n\n[Source: About Geography]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Aerial Photographs\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/aerial/aerial.html\n Sample_Image: http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/aerial/graphics/fig4.gif\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9219254-6f80-495b-b3dc-92b1abfdaa8b", "label": "STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS", - "broader": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", + "parentId": "af32bc6d-1bfc-4a2b-8a63-43fcd20a773e", "definition": "Stereographic photographs are two slightly different photographs of the same \nscene that when viewed they produce a 3-dimensional image.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage Dictionary.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STEREOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy\n Sample_Image: http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:h82VFTLdSWZoYM:http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~i18m/ste4.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2083,41 +2083,41 @@ { "uuid": "afdb5cdb-58da-47c8-87a7-950cc63c53f4", "label": "Multi-sensor Analysis", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "Data set collections that are fused from multiple satellites", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7b39580-1632-4951-aecd-cee1c1afc5a0", "label": "FIELD INVESTIGATION", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "Field investigations are primary observations and measurements that are taken from the place or location of what is being investigated.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Field Investigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-12\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", "label": "Physical Models", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "A physical model is a simplified material representation, usually on a reduced scale, of an object or phenomenon that needs to investigated. The model can be used to simulate the physical conditions involved (temperature, waves, speed etc.) and to predict the particular constraints of the situation. These constraints can be taken into account and tested, and solutions implemented before undertaking the final steps of a project. Physical models are widely used in fields involving geometry, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics: urban development, naval construction, aeronautics etc.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3cbb9f17-ddb1-48d3-a507-786887e485af", "label": "LABORATORY", - "broader": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", + "parentId": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", "definition": "A laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific experimentation or\nresearch.\n\n(Source: The American Heritage Dictionary)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac63eed1-779d-4085-92f8-5743ec64a942", "label": "Analytical Lab", - "broader": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", + "parentId": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", "definition": "A laboratory that is used for organic geochemistry, geochemistry and petrology. It includes analytical equipment as well as space set aside for preparative work.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec465fa3-b45e-4f0f-8a3b-857f91c8dbed", "label": "PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER", - "broader": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", + "parentId": "c85170ef-cf60-470e-b9d0-f22c138911fd", "definition": "A photosynthesis chamber is a transparent airtight enclosure that is used along with a gas exchange system and sensing devices to measure plant functions, such as photosynthetic respiration, stomatal conductance, canopy resistance, and leaf photosynthetic rate, especially in response to changes in light and carbon dioxide concentrations. Photosynthesis chambers can be equipped with environmental control equipment (which allow researchers to vary such things as light, temperature, relative humidity, and gas concentrations).\n\nPhotosynthesis chambers provide a controlled environment that supports the study of leaf and plant functions. The specific objectives of a photosynthesis chamber vary according to the needs of the particular study.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: In Situ Land-based Platforms\n Short_Name: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAMBER\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://daac.ornl.gov/source_documents/photosynthesis_chamber.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2126,13 +2126,13 @@ { "uuid": "d53da93a-cc40-457a-a708-6bd4eeb1ffc1", "label": "Maps", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "A map is a graphic representation of the Earth's surface. Maps can include street maps, world maps, country maps, state maps, historic maps and world maps.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8d56ab86-f13a-423b-b209-eca2baeb73ee", "label": "MAPS", - "broader": "d53da93a-cc40-457a-a708-6bd4eeb1ffc1", + "parentId": "d53da93a-cc40-457a-a708-6bd4eeb1ffc1", "definition": "A Map is a graphic representation of the Earth's surface. Maps can include street maps, world maps, country maps, state maps, historic maps and world maps.", "children": [] } @@ -2141,20 +2141,20 @@ { "uuid": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", "label": "Reports", - "broader": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", + "parentId": "5cd7da77-cb95-40aa-8775-b6df68e0aa63", "definition": "A document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose. Although summaries of reports may be delivered orally, complete reports are almost always in the form of written documents.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2e555886-1baa-4f05-899b-1d14ab69fe62", "label": "Publications", - "broader": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", + "parentId": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", "definition": "Peer-reviewed research that is usually published in a journal or book.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9846838-fdbc-4aa0-86e9-b0e70e97d0e2", "label": "MISSION REPORTS", - "broader": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", + "parentId": "d62db12c-fdcf-40ec-a714-4fb7c615aebe", "definition": "A document describing an observation flight, which is completed after the termination of the observation flight by the observing Party and which is signed by both the observing and observed Parties.\n\n[Source: Federation of American Scientists, Glossary of Open Skies Treaty Terms, http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/os/os_glsry.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MISSION REPORTS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Maps/Charts/Photographs\n Short_Name: MISSION REPORTS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-10-24\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2165,25 +2165,25 @@ { "uuid": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", "label": "Space-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", + "parentId": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", "definition": "Space-based platforms include the space station as well as both low-level (700 to 1500 km) and high-level (~ 36,000 km) satellites. These types of platforms can acquire large areas of data in a short amount of time, which can be used to monitor Earth resources, atmospheric dynamics, and other applications.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "label": "Navigation Satellites", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", + "parentId": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", "definition": "Platforms such as GPS, NAVSTAR, and GLONASS whose purpose is for ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route.A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). As of September 2020, the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union's Galileo are fully operational GNSSs. Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a (US) GPS satellite-based augmentation system to enhance the accuracy of GPS, with satellite navigation independent of GPS scheduled for 2023. The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) plans to expand to a global version in the long term.", "children": [ { "uuid": "225fb800-22b1-4d06-88ac-2bb391ac0906", "label": "Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9f9d2fac-92f3-4bc5-80ea-e68da85dd352", "label": "QZSS", - "broader": "225fb800-22b1-4d06-88ac-2bb391ac0906", + "parentId": "225fb800-22b1-4d06-88ac-2bb391ac0906", "definition": "QZSS is a three-satellite regional positioning and time transfer system and satellite-based augmentation system for GPS receivable within Japan.", "children": [] } @@ -2192,13 +2192,13 @@ { "uuid": "41de58a7-f1e3-453f-9094-80cb8e839b36", "label": "NAVSTAR", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation\nof orbiting satellites that provides navigation data to military\nand civilian users all over the world. The system is operated\nand controlled by the 50th Space Wing, located at Schriever Air\nForce Base, Colo.", "children": [ { "uuid": "17da87fb-d1c9-4fca-befd-f14ec5a2fa02", "label": "NAVSTAR", - "broader": "41de58a7-f1e3-453f-9094-80cb8e839b36", + "parentId": "41de58a7-f1e3-453f-9094-80cb8e839b36", "definition": "The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation\nof orbiting satellites that provides navigation data to military\nand civilian users all over the world. The system is operated\nand controlled by the 50th Space Wing, located at Schriever Air\nForce Base, Colo.\n\nNavigating Services Features:\n\nExtremely accurate, three-dimensional location information\n(latitude, longitude and altitude), velocity and precise time\n\nA worldwide common grid that is easily converted to any local grid\n\nPassive all-weather operations\n\nContinuous real-time information\n\nSupport to an unlimited number of users and areas\n\nSupport to civilian users at a slightly less accurate level\n\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nPrimary Function: Precise navigation, timing and velocity\ninformation worldwide\n\nPrimary Contractors: Block I and II/IIA, Rockwell International\n(Boeing North American); Block IIR, Lockheed Martin; Block IIF,\nBoeing North American\n\nPower Plant: Solar panels generating 800 watts\n\nWeight: Block IIA, 3,670 pounds (1,816 kilograms); Block IIR,\n4,480 pounds (2,217 kilograms)\n\nHeight: Block IIA, 136 inches (3.4 meters); Block IIR, 70 inches\n(1.7 meters)\n\nWidth (includes wingspan): Block IIA, 208.6 inches (5.3 meters);\nBlock IIR, 449 inches (11.4 meters)\n\nDesign life: Block II/IIA, 7.5 years; Block IIR, 10 years\n\nDate of First Launch: 1978\n\nLaunch vehicle: Delta II\n\nDate Constellation Operational: July 1995 (at full operational capacity)\n\n\nContact Information:\n\nAir Force Space Command\nPublic Affairs Office\n150 Vandenberg, Suite 1105\nPeterson AFB, Colo. 80914-4500\n692-3731 or (719) 554-3731.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://131.84.1.31/news/factsheets/NAVSTAR_Global_Positioning_Sy.html'\n\n[Summary provided by United States Air Force]", "children": [] } @@ -2207,13 +2207,13 @@ { "uuid": "612454e6-06ce-4bd3-b4f2-6db85f49a013", "label": "Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or reginal augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6c37b37f-44f3-4cfd-859d-44f9266d97cb", "label": "SBAS", - "broader": "612454e6-06ce-4bd3-b4f2-6db85f49a013", + "parentId": "612454e6-06ce-4bd3-b4f2-6db85f49a013", "definition": "SBAS is a satellite-based augmentation system that supports wide-area or reginal augmentation through the use of additional satellite broadcast messages. There are several SBAS systems around the world, such as WAAS in the U.S. and EGNOS in Europe.", "children": [] } @@ -2222,34 +2222,34 @@ { "uuid": "736ef795-ec95-415f-b10a-456366f8a185", "label": "FEDSAT", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "FedSat is an Australian scientific microsatellite mission, a\n58cm cube weighing approximately 50 kg. It was launched in early\n2002 from Japan by Japan's National Space Development Agency.\n\nThe purpose of FedSat is to:\n\nEstablish Australian capability in microsatellite technologies\nDevelop expertise necessary for sustaining those industries and\nprofiting from them\n\nTest and develop Australian-developed intellectual property\nProvide a research platform for Australian space science,\ncommunication and GPS studies.\n\nFedSat was developed by the Cooperative Research Centre for\nSatellite Systems, which combines the resources and skills of 12\nAustralian organizations. Contributions from each of the partner\norganizations are doubled by the Commonwealth Government, under\nits Commonwealth Government's Cooperative Research Center?s\nProgram. The total budget of the Centre is approximately\n์ million over 7 years, with ฤ million of that\nallocated for the FedSat mission. Much of FedSat was developed\nin Australia by the CRCSS. Three of the six main payloads have\nbeen fully developed by the CRCSS, and the other three have been\nsupplied by overseas organizations in consultation with the\nCRCSS. The satellite platform, the structure that houses and\nmaintains the payloads, is being provided by overseas\norganizations. CRCSS engineers could have developed an\nAustralian platform, but given the time available from\nproject-start to launch, that was not practical. CRCSS opted to\ncontract an overseas platform supplier, avoiding the need to\nreinvent established technologies. Payloads:\n\n1. GPS Receiver: The GPS, Global Positioning System, is an\nAmerican network of satellites that transmit radio signals\ncontaining time and orbit-position codes. GPS receivers decode\nthe signals, and by comparing signals of up to 4 satellites with\nknown positions, they can derive their own locations by\ntriangulation. The system was designed for mainly military use,\nbut now GPS provides many scientific and civilian applications.\n\n2. NewMag: The NewMag magnetometer is a very sensitive and\nrapid-sampling device for measuring the strength of the Earth's\nmagnetic field. Earth is like a big bar magnet, with magnetic\nfield lines emerging from the poles and far out into\nspace. FedSat's polar orbit crosses all these lines, so NewMag\ncan effectively gain a window into the whole magnetosphere\nregion. NewMag can also measure vibrations simultaneously with\nground- based magnetometers, so investigating the dynamics of\nthe magnetosphere (changes in it shape due to variations in the\nSun), and study magnetospheric wave-propagation.\n\n3. High performance computing: The FedSat high performance\ncomputing payload is the world's first use of reconfigurable\ncomputing technology in space. Reconfigurable computers permit\nchange of their physical circuits via software control; new\nphysical circuits can be installed into a reconfigurable\ncomputer module by remote command. For spacecraft, this\ntechnology means that satellites can be rewired without having\nto retrieve them.\n\n4. Ka-band transponder: The FedSat Ka-band transponder is\ndesigned to handle the new experimental high- frequency and\nhigh-capacity Ka part of the radio spectrum. The transponder\nprocesses signals to and from the ground in the frequency\nband. The transponder incorporates CRCSS-designed Gallium\nArsenide monolithic microwave circuits; FedSat will space\nqualify these for the first time.\n\n5. Baseband processor The baseband processor provides on-board\ncomputer processing of the Ka- and UHF- band payloads. It has\nbeen designed and built by the CRCSS, to operate as a low power\nsingle modem with flexible operation. It will also provide the\nchannel for satellite operations commands.\n\n6. UHF communications payload: The Ultra High Frequency band\npayload will introduce a new type of packet data service for Low\nEarth Orbiting satellites to obtain environmental data. For\nexample, ocean buoys may transmit their data using this means to\norbiting satellites, which are retransmitted back to the lab for\nanalysis.\n\n7. CD ROM: FedSat also carries a compact disc mounted on the\nside, containing the audio messages members of the Australian\npublic recorded to go into space from March to August 2000. The\ndisc also contains a copy of the song From Little Things, Big\nThings Grow, by Paul Kelly, with kind permission of the writers\n(Kev Carmody/Paul Kelly) and publishers (Larrikin Music,\nMushroon Records).\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.crcss.csiro.au/overview.htm'\nand\n'http://www.crcss.csiro.au/launch/launch.html'\n\n[Summary provided by CSIRO]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", "label": "Global Positioning System (GPS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "Satellite Navigation is based on a global network of satellites that transmit radio signals from medium earth orbit. Users of Satellite Navigation are most familiar with the 31 Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites developed and operated by the United States. Three other constellations also provide similar services. Collectively, these constellations and their augmentations are called Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The other constellations are GLONASS developed and operated by the Russian Federation, Galileo developed and operated by the European Union, and BeiDou, developed and operated by China. All providers have offered free use of their respective systems to the international community. All providers have developed International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and Recommended Practices to support use of these constellations for aviation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "185961ca-55f3-49f4-b795-b1dce8de893c", "label": "GPS-35", - "broader": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", + "parentId": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", "definition": "The Global Position System (GPS), counterpart to the Russian Global Navigation\nSystem (GLONASS), is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) developed,\nworldwide, satellite-based radionavigation system that will be the DoD's\nprimary radionavigation system well into the next century. The constellation\nconsists of 24 operational satellites. The U.S. Air Force Space Command (AFSC)\nformally declared the GPS satellite constellation as having met the requirement\nfor Full Operational Capability (FOC) as of April 27, 1995. Requirements\ninclude 24 operational satellites functioning in their assigned orbits and\nsuccessful testing completed for operational military functionality.\n\nGPS consists of three segments, the SPACE, CONTROL and USER Segment:\n\n1. The SPACE segment consists of 24 operational satellites in six orbital\nplanes, (four satellites in each plane). The satellites operate in circular\n20,200 km orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees and with a 12-hour\nperiod. The position is therefore the same at the same sidereal time each day,\ni.e. the satellites appear four minutes earlier each day.\n\n2. The CONTROL segment consists of five Monitor Stations, three Ground\nAntennas, and a Master Control Station (MCS) located at Falcon AFB in Colorado.\nThe monitor stations passively track all satellites in view, accumulating\nranging data. This information is processed at the MCS to determine satellite\norbits and to update each satellite's navigation message. Updated information\nis transmitted to each satellite via the Ground Antennas.\n\n3. The USER segment consists of antennas and receiver-processors that\nprovide positioning, velocity and precise timing to the user.\n\nGPS provides two levels of service, Standard Positioning Service and the\nPrecise Positioning Service. The Standard Positioning Service (SPS) is a\npositioning and timing service which will be available to all GPS users on a\ncontinuous, worldwide basis with no direct charge. The Precise Positioning\nService (PPS) is a highly accurate military positioning, velocity and timing\nservice which will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis to users\nauthorized by the U.S. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS-35\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GPS (Global Positioning System)\n Short_Name: GPS-35\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Satellites-35\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 degrees\n Period: 718 minutes\n Perigee: 20,195 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/satellite_missions/select.cgi?order=by_name&sat_code=GP35&sat_name=GPS-35&sat_no=9305401&tab_id=general\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/gps.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-08-30\n Design_Life: 7 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "428adb40-4cd5-4923-98fc-cddc83c6b577", "label": "GPS-36", - "broader": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", + "parentId": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", "definition": "The Global Position System (GPS), counterpart to the Russian Global Navigation\nSystem (GLONASS), is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) developed,\nworldwide, satellite-based radionavigation system that will be the DoD's\nprimary radionavigation system well into the next century. The constellation\nconsists of 24 operational satellites. The U.S. Air Force Space Command (AFSC)\nformally declared the GPS satellite constellation as having met the requirement\nfor Full Operational Capability (FOC) as of April 27, 1995. Requirements\ninclude 24 operational satellites functioning in their assigned orbits and\nsuccessful testing completed for operational military functionality.\n\nGPS consists of three segments, the SPACE, CONTROL and USER Segment:\n\n1. The SPACE segment consists of 24 operational satellites in six orbital\nplanes, (four satellites in each plane). The satellites operate in circular\n20,200 km orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees and with a 12-hour\nperiod. The position is therefore the same at the same sidereal time each day,\ni.e. the satellites appear four minutes earlier each day.\n\n2. The CONTROL segment consists of five Monitor Stations, three Ground\nAntennas, and a Master Control Station (MCS) located at Falcon AFB in Colorado.\nThe monitor stations passively track all satellites in view, accumulating\nranging data. This information is processed at the MCS to determine satellite\norbits and to update each satellite's navigation message. Updated information\nis transmitted to each satellite via the Ground Antennas.\n\n3. The USER segment consists of antennas and receiver-processors that\nprovide positioning, velocity and precise timing to the user.\n\nGPS provides two levels of service, Standard Positioning Service and the\nPrecise Positioning Service. The Standard Positioning Service (SPS) is a\npositioning and timing service which will be available to all GPS users on a\ncontinuous, worldwide basis with no direct charge. The Precise Positioning\nService (PPS) is a highly accurate military positioning, velocity and timing\nservice which will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis to users\nauthorized by the U.S. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS-36\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GPS (Global Positioning System)\n Short_Name: GPS-36\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Satellites-36\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 20,200 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 degrees\n Period: 718 minutes\n Perigee: 20,030 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/satellite_missions/select.cgi?order=by_name&sat_code=GP36&sat_name=GPS-36&sat_no=9401601&tab_id=general\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/gps.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-10\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense \n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e66a90c4-3a5c-4e52-b039-bc93857642bf", "label": "GPS", - "broader": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", + "parentId": "7bf16419-1047-4902-a4fa-38c74bceb3bd", "definition": "The Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite is a system of satellites developed by the US Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air\nforces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational uses (e.g. boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet\ntracking, and surveying.\n\nGPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55 degrees. These spacecraft are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane. All launches have been successful except for one launch failure in 1981. The full 24-satellite constellation was completed on March 9, 1994.\n\nGPS receivers use triangulation of the GPS satellites' navigational signals to determine their location. The satellites provide two different signals that provide different accuracies. Coarse-acquisition (C/A) code is intended for civilian use, and is deliberately degraded. The accuracy using a typical civilian GPS receiver with C/A code is typically about 100 meters. The military's Precision (P) code is not corrupted, and provides positional accuracy to within approximately 20 meters.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GPS (Global Positioning System)\n Short_Name: GPS\n Long_Name: Global Positioning System Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Navstar\n Short_Name: USA\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 20,200 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2258,20 +2258,20 @@ { "uuid": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", "label": "GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.\n\nManufacturers of GPS devices say that adding GLONASS made more satellites available to them, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly and accurately, especially in built-up areas where the view to some GPS satellites is obscured by buildings. Smartphones generally tend to use the same chipsets and the versions used since 2015 receive GLONASS signals and positioning information along with GPS. Since 2012, GLONASS was the second most used positioning system in mobile phones after GPS. The system has the advantage that smartphone users receive a more accurate reception identifying location to within 2 meters.", "children": [ { "uuid": "00274700-26c1-4c44-88a4-10a7ec6214de", "label": "GLONASS", - "broader": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", + "parentId": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", "definition": "GLONASS or 'Global Navigation Satellite System', is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.\n\nManufacturers of GPS devices say that adding GLONASS made more satellites available to them, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly and accurately, especially in built-up areas where the view to some GPS satellites is obscured by buildings. Smartphones generally tend to use the same chipsets and the versions used since 2015 receive GLONASS signals and positioning information along with GPS. Since 2012, GLONASS was the second most used positioning system in mobile phones after GPS. The system has the advantage that smartphone users receive a more accurate reception identifying location to within 2 meters.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cadd8c2-ecd7-4816-ad6a-c14e19d7e809", "label": "GLONASS-40-82", - "broader": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", + "parentId": "960f8eb8-6ca9-47d3-ae4a-7e21ebfad4c0", "definition": "GLONASS Satellites\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nSatellite name/other name/full name: GLONASS / / Russian GLObal\nNAvigation Satellite System GLONASS\nLaunch date: set into orbit since 1982\nSatellite Number: see previous page under COSPAR IDs\nPerigee Height: 19 100 km\nApogee Height: 19 100 km\nEccentricity: roughly circular\nInclination: 64.8 degrees\nSemi-major axis: 25 440 km\nComment: The space segment of GLONASS is formed by 24 satellites\nlocated on three orbital planes. Each satellite is identified by\nits slot number, which defines the orbital plane (1-8, 9-16,\n17-24) and the location within the plane. The three orbital\nplanes are separated 120 degrees, and the satellites within the\nthe same orbital plane by 45 degrees.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GLONASS-40-82\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Navigation Platforms\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GLONASS\n Short_Name: GLONASS-40-82\n Long_Name: Global Navigation Satellite System 40-82\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 19,100 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 11 hours 15 minutes\n Perigee: 19,100 km\n Apogee: 19, 100 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:1:2884436078431393054\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/glonass.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1982-10-12\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2280,13 +2280,13 @@ { "uuid": "b1c1ecfd-eb6c-4a51-b86e-2ae64babc27d", "label": "Galileo (Europe's European Satellite Navigation System)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "Galileo is the European Union's Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS). Sometimes called the 'European GPS, Galileo provides accurate positioning and timing information. Galileo is a programme under civilian control and its data can be used for a broad range of applications. It is autonomous but also interoperable with existing satellite navigation systems. At the moment, the Galileo constellation consists of 18 satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "59fae923-a986-41e5-8fe2-30bd3b9cb625", "label": "Galileo", - "broader": "b1c1ecfd-eb6c-4a51-b86e-2ae64babc27d", + "parentId": "b1c1ecfd-eb6c-4a51-b86e-2ae64babc27d", "definition": "Galileo is the European Union's Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS). Sometimes called the 'European GPS, Galileo provides accurate positioning and timing information. Galileo is a programme under civilian control and its data can be used for a broad range of applications. It is autonomous but also interoperable with existing satellite navigation systems. At the moment, the Galileo constellation consists of 18 satellites.", "children": [] } @@ -2295,13 +2295,13 @@ { "uuid": "bad22a08-f8ab-49b3-b266-005b21496626", "label": "India's Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. An Extended Service Area lies between primary service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50 deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East.\n\nIRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4c93cc0b-ca0e-4421-ac60-559b6390b89b", "label": "IRNSS", - "broader": "bad22a08-f8ab-49b3-b266-005b21496626", + "parentId": "bad22a08-f8ab-49b3-b266-005b21496626", "definition": "IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. An Extended Service Area lies between primary service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50 deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East.\n\nIRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area.", "children": [] } @@ -2310,13 +2310,13 @@ { "uuid": "ef679d6a-a05b-4976-a236-ce2158b758ea", "label": "Beidou (China's Satellite Navigation System)", - "broader": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", + "parentId": "1506fb17-7ac4-44ce-bde5-074885bdb2d2", "definition": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System will provide global coverage with positioning, navigation and timing services, including two kinds of service modes: an open service and an authorized service. The open service is provided free of charge location, velocity and timing, with positioning accuracy of 10 meters, velocity accuracy of 0.2 meters / second and timing accuracy of 10 nanoseconds. The authorized service provides a more secure position, velocity, timing, and communications services as well as a higher level of integrity.\nIn order to make BeiDou Navigation Satellite System work better for global service, strengthen compatibility and interoperability between BeiDou and other countries’satellite navigation systems,and promote satellite positioning, navigation and timing service application, China is willing to cooperate with other countries in developing satellite navigation industry.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b4306421-a1b1-4d56-ad84-6f0c57806369", "label": "Beidou", - "broader": "ef679d6a-a05b-4976-a236-ce2158b758ea", + "parentId": "ef679d6a-a05b-4976-a236-ce2158b758ea", "definition": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System will provide global coverage with positioning, navigation and timing services, including two kinds of service modes: an open service and an authorized service. The open service is provided free of charge location, velocity and timing, with positioning accuracy of 10 meters, velocity accuracy of 0.2 meters / second and timing accuracy of 10 nanoseconds. The authorized service provides a more secure position, velocity, timing, and communications services as well as a higher level of integrity.\nIn order to make BeiDou Navigation Satellite System work better for global service, strengthen compatibility and interoperability between BeiDou and other countries’satellite navigation systems,and promote satellite positioning, navigation and timing service application, China is willing to cooperate with other countries in developing satellite navigation industry.", "children": [] } @@ -2327,19 +2327,19 @@ { "uuid": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", "label": "Interplanetary Spacecraft", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", + "parentId": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", "definition": "Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars and planets, usually within a single planetary system. In practice, spaceflights of this type are confined to travel between the planets of the Solar System. Uncrewed space probes have flown to all the observed planets in the Solar System as well as to dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres, and several asteroids. Orbiters and landers return more information than fly-by missions. Crewed flights have landed on the Moon and have been planned, from time to time, for Mars and Venus.", "children": [ { "uuid": "07eea0dc-fc62-4b0d-88ee-2813a22034da", "label": "ORBITER", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", + "parentId": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", "definition": "A spacecraft designed to travel to a distant planet and enter into orbit about it must carry a substantial propulsive capability to decelerate it at the right moment, to achieve orbit insertion. It has to be designed to live with the fact that solar occultations will occur, wherein the planet shadows the spacecraft, cutting off any solar panels' production of electrical power and subjecting the vehicle to extreme thermal variation. Earth occultations will also occur, cutting off uplink and downlink communications with Earth. Orbiter spacecraft are carrying out the second phase of solar system exploration, following up the initial reconnaissance with in-depth study of each of the planets.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c77cd248-34be-4d62-aaae-43fb073a1438", "label": "PIONEER VENUS", - "broader": "07eea0dc-fc62-4b0d-88ee-2813a22034da", + "parentId": "07eea0dc-fc62-4b0d-88ee-2813a22034da", "definition": "The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on\nDecember 4, 1978. The Orbiter was a flat cylinder 2.5 m in diameter and 1.2 m\nhigh. All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end\nof the cylinder, except the magnetometer, which was at the end of a 4.7 m boom.\nA solar array extended around the circumference of the cylinder. A 1.09 m\ndespun dish antenna provided S and X band communication with Earth.\n\nThe Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments (with a total mass of 45 kg):\n\n * a cloud photopolarimeter to measure the vertical distribution of the\nclouds\n * a surface radar mapper to determine topography and surface\ncharacteristics\n * an infrared radiometer to measure IR emissions from the Venus atmosphere\n * an airglow ultraviolet spectrometer to measure scattered and emitted UV\nlight\n * a neutral mass spectrometer to determine the composition of the upper\natmosphere\n * a solar wind plasma analyzer to measure properties of the solar wind\n * a magnetometer to characterize the magnetic field at Venus\n * an electric field detector to study the solar wind and its interactions\n * an electron temperature probe to study the thermal properties of the\nionosphere\n * an ion mass spectrometer to characterize the ionospheric ion population\n * a charged particle retarding potential analyzer to study ionospheric\nparticles\n * two radio science experiments to determine the gravity field of Venus\n * a radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere\n * an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere\n * a radio science atmospheric and solar wind turbulence experiment\n * a gamma ray burst detector to record gamma ray burst events \n\nFrom Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, periapsis was held between 142 and 253\nkm (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric\nmeasurements. The spacecraft was in a 24 hour orbit with an apoapsis of 66,900\nkm. Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise (to 2290 km at maximum) and\nthen fall, to conserve fuel. In 1991 the Radar Mapper was reactivated to\ninvestigate previously inaccessible southern portions of the planet. In May\n1992 Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis\nwas held between 150 and 250 km until the fuel ran out and atmospheric entry\ndestroyed the spacecraft the following August. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER VENUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ORBITER\n Short_Name: PIONEER VENUS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: PVO\n Short_Name: Pioneer 12\n Short_Name: Pioneer Venus 1\n Short_Name: Pioneer Venus 1978 Orbiter\n Short_Name: 10911\n Short_Name: 1978-051A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/pioneer-venus/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://agile.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/pvo/pvo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-05-20\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2348,41 +2348,41 @@ { "uuid": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", "label": "FLYBY", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", + "parentId": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1cc11f32-9643-4fa4-9384-18cab2852604", "label": "VOYAGER 1", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", + "parentId": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", "definition": "Voyager 1 was one of a pair of spacecraft launched to explore the planets of the outer solar system and the interplanetary environment. Each Voyager had as its major objectives at each planet to: (1) investigate the circulation, dynamics, structure, and composition of the planet's atmosphere; (2) characterize the morphology, geology, and physical state of the satellites of the planet; (3) provide improved values for the mass, size, and shape of the planet, its satellites, and any rings; and, (4) determine the magnetic field structure and characterize the composition and distribution of energetic trapped particles and plasma therein.\n\nOriginally planned as a Grand Tour of the outer planets, including dual launches to Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto in 1976-77 and dual launches to Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune in 1979, budgetary constraints caused a dramatic rescoping of the project to two spacecraft, each of which would go to only Jupiter and Saturn. The new mission was called Mariner Jupiter/Saturn, or MJS. It was subsequently renamed Voyager about six months prior to launch. The rescoped mission was estimated to cost $250 million (through the end of Saturn operations), only a third of what the Grand Tour design would have cost.\n\nOriginally scheduled to launch twelve days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's launch was delayed twice to prevent the occurrence of problems which Voyager 2 experienced after launch. Voyager 1's launch finally happened on 05 Sept. 1977 and was termed 'flawless and accurate'.\n\nAlthough launched sixteen days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's trajectory was the quicker one to Jupiter. On 15 Dec. 1977, while both spacecraft were in the asteroid belt, Voyager 1 surpassed Voyager 2's distance from the Sun. Voyager 1 then proceeded to Jupiter (making its closest approach on 05 March 1979) and Saturn (with closest approach on 12 Nov. 1980). Both prior to and after planetary encounters observations were made of the interplanetary medium. Some 18,000 images of Jupiter and its satellites were taken by Voyager 1. In addition, roughly 16,000 images of Saturn, its rings and satellites were obtained.\n\nAfter its encounter with Saturn, Voyager 1 remained relatively quiescent, continuing to make in situ observations of the interplanetary environment and UV observations of stars. After nearly nine years of dormancy, Voyager 1's cameras were once again turned on to take a series of pictures. On 14 Feb. 1990, Voyager 1 looked back from whence it came and took the first 'family portrait' of the solar system, a mosaic of 60 frames of the Sun and six of the planets (Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) as seen from 'outside' the solar system. After this final look back, the cameras on Voyager 1 were once again turned off. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VOYAGER 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: VOYAGER 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Mariner Jupiter/Saturn A\n Short_Name: 10321\n Short_Name: 1977-084A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-06\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1977-084A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/voyager.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-09-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2351e160-5a9c-4d1c-81f0-775bbae1848e", "label": "MARINER 2", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", + "parentId": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", "definition": "The Mariner 2 spacecraft was the second of a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in the flyby, or nonlanding, mode and the first spacecraft to successfully encounter another planet. Mariner 2 was a backup for the Mariner 1 mission which failed shortly after launch to Venus. The objective of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly by Venus and return data on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass. It also made measurements of the interplanetary medium during its cruise to Venus and after the flyby. \n\nSpacecraft and Subsystems \n\nMariner 2 consisted of a hexagonal base, 1.04 meters across and 0.36 meters thick, which contained six magnesium chassis housing the electronics for the science experiments, communications, data encoding, computing, timing, and attitude control, and the power control, battery, and battery charger, as well as the attitude control gas bottles and the rocket engine. On top of the base was a tall pyramid-shaped mast on which the science experiments were mounted which brought the total height of the spacecraft to 3.66 meters. Attached to either side of the base were rectangular solar panel wings with a total span of 5.05 meters and width of 0.76 meters. Attached by an arm to one side of the base and extending below the spacecraft was a large directional dish antenna. \n\nThe Mariner 2 power system consisted of the two solar cell wings, one 183 cm by 76 cm and the other 152 cm by 76 cm (with a 31 cm dacron extension (a solar sail) to balance the solar pressure on the panels) which powered the craft directly or recharged a 1000 Watt-hour sealed silver-zinc cell battery, which was used before the panels were deployed, when the panels were not illuminated by the Sun, and when loads were heavy. A power-switching and booster regulator device controlled the power flow. Communications consisted of a 3 Watt transmitter capable of continuous telemetry operation, the large high gain directional dish antenna, a cylindrical omnidirectional antenna at the top of the instrument mast, and two command antennas, one on the end of either solar panel, which received instructions for midcourse maneuvers and other functions. \n\nPropulsion for midcourse maneuvers was supplied by a monopropellant (anhydrous hydrazine) 225 N retro-rocket. The hydrazine was ignited using nitrogen tetroxide and aluminum oxide pellets, and thrust direction was controlled by four jet vanes situated below the thrust chamber. Attitude control with a 1 degree pointing error was maintained by a system of nitrogen gas jets. The Sun and Earth were used as references for attitude stabilization. Overall timing and control was performed by a digital Central Computer and Sequencer. Thermal control was achieved through the use of passive reflecting and absorbing surfaces, thermal shields, and movable louvers. \n\nThe scientific experiments were mounted on the instrument mast and base. A magnetometer was attached to the top of the mast below the omnidirectional antenna. Particle detectors were mounted halfway up the mast, along with the cosmic ray detector. A cosmic dust detector and solar plasma spectrometer detector were attached to the top edges of the spacecraft base. A microwave radiometer and an infrared radiometer and the radiometer reference horns were rigidly mounted to a 48 cm diameter parabolic radiometer antenna mounted near the bottom of the mast. All instruments were operated throughout the cruise and encounter modes except the radiometers, which were only used in the immediate vicinity of Venus. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MARINER 2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: MARINER 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Mariner-Venus 1962\n Short_Name: 00374\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/mariner1-2.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/mariner02.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-08-27\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "353cc3e0-7d96-451a-bf57-350bf031a0e5", "label": "VOYAGER 2", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", + "parentId": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", "definition": "Voyager 2 was one of a pair of spacecraft launched to explore the planets of the outer solar system and the interplanetary environment. Each Voyager had as its major objectives at each planet to: (1) investigate the circulation, dynamics, structure, and composition of the planet's atmosphere; (2) characterize the morphology, geology, and physical state of the satellites of the planet; (3) provide improved values for the mass, size, and shape of the planet, its satellites, and any rings; and, (4) determine the magnetic field structure and characterize the composition and distribution of energetic trapped particles and plasma therein.\n\nOriginally planned as a Grand Tour of the outer planets, including dual launches to Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto in 1976-77 and dual launches to Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune in 1979, budgetary constraints caused a dramatic rescoping of the project to two spacecraft, each of which would go to only Jupiter and Saturn. The new mission was called Mariner Jupiter/Saturn, or MJS. It was subsequently renamed Voyager about six months prior to launch. The rescoped mission was estimated to cost $250 million (through the end of Saturn operations), only a third of what the Grand Tour design would have cost.\n\nVoyager 2 was the first of the two spacecraft to be launched, with liftoff occurring 20 Aug. 1977. What was at first an auspicious launch, however, proved to be the beginning of a number of problems. The primary cause of the initial problems were attributed to commanding by the AACS, including difficulty in determining the full deployment of the science boom. These problems resulted in a delay of four days in the launch of Voyager 1 to ensure they wouldn't occur for it.\n\nAlthough launched sixteen days after Voyager 2, Voyager 1's trajectory was the quicker one to Jupiter. On 15 Dec. 1977, while both spacecraft were in the asteroid belt, Voyager 1 surpassed Voyager 2's distance from the Sun.\n\nSeveral months after launch, in April 1978, Voyager 2's primary radio receiver failed, automatically kicking in the backup receiver which proved to be faulty. Attempts to recover the use of the primary receiver failed and the backup receiver was used for the remainder of the mission. Although use of the backup receiver made communication with the spacecraft more difficult, engineers were able to find workarounds.\n\nVoyager 2 proceeded with its primary mission and flew by Jupiter (closest approach on 09 July 1979) and Saturn (05 Aug. 1981). During these flybys, Voyager 2 obtained images roughly equal in number to Voyager 1 (18,000 at Jupiter, 16,000 at Saturn).\n\nVoyager 2's launch date had preserved one part of the original Grand Tour design, i.e. the possibility of an extended mission to Uranus and Neptune. Despite the difficulties encountered, scientists and engineers had been able to make Voyager enormously successful. As a result, approval was granted to extend the mission, first to Uranus, then to Neptune and later to continue observations well past Neptune. Voyager 2 made successful flybys of Uranus (24 Jan. 1986) and Neptune (25 Aug. 1989). Because of the additional distance of these two planets, adaptations had to made to accomodate the lower light levels and decreased communications. Voyager 2 was successfully able to obtain about 8,000 images of Uranus and its satellites. Additional improvements in the on-board software and use of image compression techniques allowed about 10,000 images of Neptune and its satellites to be taken.\n\nAll of the experiments on Voyager 2 have produced useful data. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VOYAGER 2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: VOYAGER 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Mariner Jupiter/Saturn B\n Short_Name: 10271\n Short_Name: 1977-076A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-06\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1977-076A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/voyager.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-08-20\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b3df542-ec26-4460-b26b-b0e195baae76", "label": "PIONEER 11", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", + "parentId": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", "definition": "Pioneer 11 was launched on 5 April 1973, like Pioneer 10, on top of an\nAtlas/Centaur/TE364-4 launch vehicle. After safe passage through the Asteroid\nbelt on 19 April 1974, the Pioneer 11 thrusters were fired to add another 63.7\nm/sec (210 ft/sec) to the spacecraft's velocity. This adjusted the aiming point\nat Jupiter to 43,000 km (26,725 miles) above the cloudtops. The close approach\nalso allowed the spacecraft to be accelerated by Jupiter to a velocity 55 times\nthat of the muzzle velocity of a high speed rifle bullet - 173,000 km/hr\n(108,000 mph) - so that it would be carried across the Solar System some 2.4\nbillion kilometers (1.5 billion miles) to Saturn.\n\nDuring its flyby of Jupiter on 2 December 1974, Pioneer 11 obtained dramatic\nimages of the Great Red Spot, made the first observation of the immense polar\nregions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon, Callisto.\n\nLooping high above the ecliptic plane and across the Solar System, Pioneer 11\nraced toward its appointment with Saturn on 1 September 1979. Pioneer 11 flew\nto within 13,000 miles of Saturn and took the first close-up pictures of the\nplanet. Instruments located two previously undiscovered small moons and an\nadditional ring, charted Saturn's magnetosphere and magnetic field and found\nits planet-size moon, Titan, to be too cold for life. Hurtling underneath the\nring plane, Pioneer 11 sent back amazing pictures of Saturn's rings. The rings,\nwhich normally seem bright when observed from Earth, appeared dark in the\nPioneer pictures, and the dark gaps in the rings seen from Earth appeared as\nbright rings.\n\nFollowing its encounter with Saturn, Pioneer 11 explored the outer regions of\nour Solar system, studying energetic particles from our Sun (Solar Wind) and\ncosmic rays entering our portion of the Milky Way. In September 1995, Pioneer\n11 was at a distance of 6.5 billion km (4 billion miles) from Earth. At that\ndistance, it takes over 6 hours for the radio signal (which is traveling at the\nspeed of light) to reach Earth. However, by September 1995, Pioneer 11 could no\nlonger make any scientific observations. On 30 September 1995, routine daily\nmission operations were stopped. Intermittent contact continued until November\n1995, at which time the last communication with Pioneer 11 took place. There\nhave been no communications with Pioneer 11 since. The Earth's motion has\ncarried it out of the view of the spacecraft antenna. The spacecraft cannot be\nmaneuvered to point back at the Earth. It is not known whether the spacecraft\nis still transmitting a signal. No further tracks of Pioneer 11 are scheduled. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: PIONEER 11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Pioneer-G\n Short_Name: 06421\n Short_Name: 1973-019A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1973-019A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1973-04-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA/Ames\n Primary_Sponsor: TRW\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7fc65dd8-ff85-4ca3-a9df-40a8c33b7c2f", "label": "PIONEER 10", - "broader": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", + "parentId": "1cf127d1-ee7d-4cd7-9e66-516805f42f28", "definition": "Pioneer 10 was launched on 2 March 1972 on top of an Atlas/Centaur/TE364-4\nlaunch vehicle. The launch marked the first use of the Atlas-Centaur as a\nthree-stage launch vehicle. The third stage was required to rocket Pioneer 10\nto the speed of 51,810 kilometers per hour (32,400 mph) needed for the flight\nto Jupiter. This made Pioneer the fastest manmade object to leave the Earth,\nfast enough to pass the Moon in 11 hours and to cross the Mars orbit, about 80\nmillion kilometers (50 million miles) away, in just 12 weeks.\n\nOn 15 July 1972 Pioneer 10 entered the Asteroid Belt, a doughnut shaped area\nwhich measures some 280 million kilometers wide and 80 million kilometers\nthick. The material in the belts travels at speed about 20 km/sec. and ranges\nin size from dust particles to rock chunks as big as Alaska.\n\nAfter safely traversing the Asteroid Belt, Pioneer 10 headed toward Jupiter.\nAccelerated by the massive giant to a speed of 132,000 km/hr (82,000 mph),\nPioneer 10 passed by Jupiter within 130,354 km (81,000 miles) of the cloudtops\non December 3, 1973. During the passage by Jupiter, Pioneer 10 obtained the\nfirst close-up images of the planet, charted Jupiter's intense radiation belts,\nlocated the planet's magnetic field, and discovered that Jupiter is\npredominantly a liquid planet.\n\nFollowing its encounter with Jupiter, Pioneer 10 explored the outer regions of\nthe Solar system, studying energetic particles from the Sun (Solar Wind), and\ncosmic rays entering our portion of the Milky Way. The spacecraft continued to\nmake valuable scientific investigations in the outer regions of the solar\nsystem until its science mission ended on March 31, 1997. Since that time,\nPioneer 10's weak signal has been tracked by the DSN as part of an advanced\nconcept study of communication technology in support of NASA's future\ninterstellar probe mission. The spacecraft had also been used to help train\nflight controllers how to acquire radio signals from space during the Lunar\nProspector mission. The power source on Pioneer 10 finally degraded to the\npoint where the signal to Earth dropped below the threshold for detection in\nits latest contact attempt on 7 February, 2003. The previous three contacts had\nvery faint signals with no telemetry received. The last time a Pioneer 10\ncontact returned telemetry data was on 27 April 2002. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: FLYBY\n Short_Name: PIONEER 10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Pioneer-F\n Short_Name: 05860\n Short_Name: 1972-012A\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-03-02\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA/Ames\n Primary_Sponsor: TRW\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2391,27 +2391,27 @@ { "uuid": "1daac324-8de1-49d1-b8ca-e221f5e33a1b", "label": "LUNOKHOD", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", + "parentId": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", "definition": "Luna 17 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards the Moon and entered lunar orbit on November 15, 1970. The spacecraft soft landed on the Moon in the Sea of Rains. The spacecraft had dual ramps by which the payload, Lunokhod 1, descended to the lunar surface. Lunokhod 1 was a lunar vehicle formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently powered wheels. Lunokhod was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four television cameras, and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for soil density and mechanical property tests. An x-ray spectrometer, an x-ray telescope, cosmic-ray detectors, and a laser device were also included. The vehicle was powered by a solar cell array mounted on the underside of the lid. Lunokhod was intended to operate through three lunar days but actually operated for eleven lunar days. The operations of Lunokhod officially ceased on October 4, 1971, the anniversary of Sputnik 1. Lunokhod had traveled 10,540 m and had transmitted more than 20,000 TV pictures and more than 200 TV panoramas. It had also conducted more than 500 lunar soil tests.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LUNOKHOD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Short_Name: LUNOKHOD\n Long_Name: Lunar Retroreflector Array\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Luna 17\n Short_Name: Lunik 17\n Short_Name: Lunokhod 1\n Short_Name: 04691\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1970-095A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/thumbnail/spacecraft/luna17.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-11-10\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: U.S.S.R\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", "label": "LANDER", - "broader": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", + "parentId": "16d65a72-e685-4c98-88a9-689c5f75d358", "definition": "A spacecraft that descends towards, comes to rest on, the surface of an astronomical body. In contrast to an impact probe, which makes a hard landing that damages or destroys the probe upon reaching the surface, a lander makes a soft landing after which the probe remains functional.", "children": [ { "uuid": "21d992d3-447f-4ae1-9ef2-088c736895c1", "label": "VENERA-13", - "broader": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", + "parentId": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", "definition": "VENERA Mission Description:\n\nVenera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take\nadvantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5\ndays apart. The Venera 13 mission consisted of a bus (81-106A)\nand an attached descent craft (81-106D). The Venera 13 descent\ncraft/lander was a hermetically sealed pressure vessel, which\ncontained most of the instrumentation and electronics, mounted\non a ring-shaped landing platform and topped by an antenna. The\ndesign was similar to the earlier Venera 9-12 landers. It\ncarried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements,\nmonitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric\ndischarges during its descent phase through the Venusian\natmosphere. The spacecraft utilized a camera system, an X-ray\nfluorescence spectrometer, a screw drill and surface sampler, a\ndynamic penetrometer, and a seismometer to conduct\ninvestigations on the surface. After launch and a four month\ncruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated from the bus and\nplunged into the Venus atmosphere on 1 March 1982. After\nentering the atmosphere a parachute was deployed. At an altitude\nof 47 km the parachute was released and simple airbraking was\nused the rest of the way to the surface. Venera 13 landed about\n950 km northeast of Venera 14 at 7 deg 30 min S, 303 E, just\neast of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as\nPhoebe Regio. The area was composed of bedrock outcrops\nsurrounded by dark, fine-grained soil. After landing an imaging\npanorama was started and a mechanical drilling arm reached to\nthe surface and obtained a sample, which was deposited in a\nhermetically sealed chamber, maintained at 30 degrees C and a\npressure of about .05 atmospheres. The composition of the sample\ndetermined by the X-ray flourescence spectrometer put it in the\nclass of weakly differentiated melanocratic alkaline\ngabbroids. The lander survived for 127 ! minutes (the planned\ndesign life was 32 minutes) in an environment with a temperature\nof 457 degrees C and a pressure of 84 Earth atmospheres. The\ndescent vehicle transmitted data to the bus, which acted as a\ndata relay as it flew by Venus.\n\nMore info at\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/mission_page/VN_Venera_13_Lander_page1.html\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VENERA-13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDER\n Short_Name: VENERA-13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: VENERA 13\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-13\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/venera1314.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/midres/v13_vg261_262.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-10-30\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "95e65b17-0aa8-4146-999c-b807b42e8ad6", "label": "VENERA-14", - "broader": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", + "parentId": "c12d28c9-5a4c-4897-b82b-67ed59d14e75", "definition": "Venera 14 Mission Description:\n\nVenera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take\nadvantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5\ndays apart. The Venera 14 mission consisted of a bus (81-110A)\nand an attached descent craft (81-110D). The Venera 14 descent\ncraft/lander was a hermetically sealed pressure vessel, which\ncontained most of the instrumentation and electronics, mounted\non a ring-shaped landing platform and topped by an antenna. The\ndesign was similar to the earlier Venera 9-12 landers. It\ncarried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements,\nmonitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric\ndischarges during its descent phase through the Venusian\natmosphere. The spacecraft utilized a camera system, an X-ray\nfluorescence spectrometer, a screw drill and surface sampler, a\ndynamic penetrometer, and a seismometer to conduct\ninvestigations on the surface. After launch and a four month\ncruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated from the bus and\nplunged into the Venus atmosphere on 5 March 1982. After\nentering the atmosphere a parachute was deployed. At an altitude\nof about 50 km the parachute was released and simple airbraking\nwas used the rest of the way to the surface. Venera 14 landed\nabout 950 km southwest of Venera 13 near the eastern flank of\nPhoebe Regio at 13 deg 15 min S by 310 E on a basaltic\nplain. After landing an imaging panorama was started and a\nmechanical drilling arm reached to the surface and obtained a\nsample, which was deposited in a hermetically sealed chamber,\nmaintained at 30 degrees C and a pressure of about .05\natmospheres. The composition of the sample was determined by the\nX-ray flourescence spectrometer, showing it to be similar to\noceanic tholeiitic basalts. The lander survived for 57 minutes\n(the planned design life was 32 minutes) in an environment with\na temperature of 465 degrees C and a pr! essure of 94 Earth\natmospheres. The descent vehicle transmitted data to the bus,\nwhich acted as a data relay as it.\n\n[Source: NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VENERA-14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Interplanetary Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDER\n Short_Name: VENERA-14\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/venera1314.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2422,26 +2422,26 @@ { "uuid": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "label": "Earth Observation Satellites", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", + "parentId": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", "definition": "Satellites that are specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, similar to spy satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc.The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take satellite images, analogous to aerial photographs; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in GNSS radio occultation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", "label": "Sentinel-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PREFERRED TERMS: 1A, S1B, S1C, S1D, Sentinel-1\nDEFINITION\nSentinel-1 is the European Radar Observatory, representing the first new space component of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) satellite family, designed and developed by ESA and funded by the EC (European Commission). The Copernicus missions (Sentinel-1, -2, and -3) represent the EU contribution to GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems). Sentinel-1 is composed of a constellation of two satellites, Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B, sharing the same orbital plane with a 180° orbital phasing difference. The mission provides an independent operational capability for continuous radar mapping of the Earth with enhanced revisit frequency, coverage, timeliness and reliability for operational services and applications requiring long time series.\n\nBROADER CONCEPT: Earth Observation Satellite\nENTRY TERMS: SENTINEL-1\n\nNOTE: A,B,C,D\n\nHOSTS: SAR\nURI: https://earth.esa.int/concept/sentinel-1", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "definition": "PREFERRED TERMS: 1A, S1B, S1C, S1D, Sentinel-1\nDEFINITION\nSentinel-1 is the European Radar Observatory, representing the first new space component of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) satellite family, designed and developed by ESA and funded by the EC (European Commission). The Copernicus missions (Sentinel-1, -2, and -3) represent the EU contribution to GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems). Sentinel-1 is composed of a constellation of two satellites, Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B, sharing the same orbital plane with a 180° orbital phasing difference. The mission provides an independent operational capability for continuous radar mapping of the Earth with enhanced revisit frequency, coverage, timeliness and reliability for operational services and applications requiring long time series.\n\nparentId CONCEPT: Earth Observation Satellite\nENTRY TERMS: SENTINEL-1\n\nNOTE: A,B,C,D\n\nHOSTS: SAR\nURI: https://earth.esa.int/concept/sentinel-1", "children": [ { "uuid": "9940dbad-1a9a-4858-a0e8-af35b21277e2", "label": "Sentinel-1B", - "broader": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", + "parentId": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", "definition": "The SENTINEL-1 mission is the European Radar Observatory for the Copernicus joint initiative of the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Copernicus, previously known as GMES, is a European initiative for the implementation of information services dealing with environment and security. It is based on observation data received from Earth Observation satellites and ground-based information.\n\nThe SENTINEL-1 mission includes C-band imaging operating in four exclusive imaging modes with different resolution (down to 5 m) and coverage (up to 400 km). It provides dual polarisation capability, very short revisit times and rapid product delivery. For each observation, precise measurements of spacecraft position and attitude are available.\n\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has the advantage of operating at wavelengths not impeded by cloud cover or a lack of illumination and can acquire data over a site during day or night time under all weather conditions. SENTINEL-1, with its C-SAR instrument, can offer reliable, repeated wide area monitoring.\n\nThe mission is composed of a constellation of two satellites, SENTINEL-1A and SENTINEL-1B, sharing the same orbital plane.\n\nSENTINEL-1 is designed to work in a pre-programmed, conflict-free operation mode, imaging all global landmasses, coastal zones and shipping routes at high resolution and covering the global ocean with vignettes. This ensures the reliability of service required by operational services and a consistent long term data archive built for applications based on long time series.\n\nSource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Sentinel GMES\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 693 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-18\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/sentinel2_alcatel_M.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-04-03\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 7 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA/EU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7279e54-f7c1-4ee7-a957-719d6021a3f6", "label": "Sentinel-1A", - "broader": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", + "parentId": "007c3084-89db-458e-8387-14e192b6cb8e", "definition": "The SENTINEL-1 mission is the European Radar Observatory for the Copernicus joint initiative of the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Copernicus, previously known as GMES, is a European initiative for the implementation of information services dealing with environment and security. It is based on observation data received from Earth Observation satellites and ground-based information.\n\nThe SENTINEL-1 mission includes C-band imaging operating in four exclusive imaging modes with different resolution (down to 5 m) and coverage (up to 400 km). It provides dual polarisation capability, very short revisit times and rapid product delivery. For each observation, precise measurements of spacecraft position and attitude are available.\n\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has the advantage of operating at wavelengths not impeded by cloud cover or a lack of illumination and can acquire data over a site during day or night time under all weather conditions. SENTINEL-1, with its C-SAR instrument, can offer reliable, repeated wide area monitoring.\n\nThe mission is composed of a constellation of two satellites, SENTINEL-1A and SENTINEL-1B, sharing the same orbital plane.\n\nSENTINEL-1 is designed to work in a pre-programmed, conflict-free operation mode, imaging all global landmasses, coastal zones and shipping routes at high resolution and covering the global ocean with vignettes. This ensures the reliability of service required by operational services and a consistent long term data archive built for applications based on long time series.\n\nSource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SENTINEL-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Sentinel GMES\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SENTINEL-1 C-SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 693 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-18\n Online_Resource: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/sentinel2_alcatel_M.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-04-03\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 7 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA/EU\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2450,20 +2450,20 @@ { "uuid": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", "label": "PREFIRE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year). The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics. Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured. PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE. https://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", "children": [ { "uuid": "478b9bfa-ec10-4c17-98c4-0941a79cc4bd", "label": "PREFIRE-SAT2", - "broader": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", + "parentId": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year). The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics. Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured. PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE. https://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ffb2314a-d470-4ede-bb2a-46558a38a70c", "label": "PREFIRE-SAT1", - "broader": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", + "parentId": "01536059-6bd9-4d5e-941d-55f33ddb5efa", "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year). The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics. Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured. PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE. https://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", "children": [] } @@ -2472,27 +2472,27 @@ { "uuid": "02db0949-495c-4579-8ff5-d1a9079c88b7", "label": "MTSAT-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", "label": "Echo", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6e2adc45-a039-46cb-b8e5-e4743df7e656", "label": "ECHO-2", - "broader": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", + "parentId": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", "definition": "The Echo 2 spacecraft was a 41-m balloon of aluminum foil-mylar\n laminate. Echo 2 was designed as a rigidized passive communications\n spacecraft for testing propagation, tracking, and communication\n techniques. Instrumentation included a beacon telemetry system that\n provided a tracking signal, monitored spacecraft skin temperature\n between -120 deg C and +16 deg C, and measured the internal pressure\n of the spacecraft between 5E-5 mm of mercury and 0.5 mm of mercury,\n especially during the initial inflation stages. This system, which\n consisted of two beacon assemblies, used solar cell panels for power\n and had a minimum power output of 45 mW at 136.17 MHz and 136.02 MHz.\n In addition to fulfilling its communications mission, the spacecraft\n was used for global geometric geodesy. The spacecraft re-entered the\n atmosphere on June 7, 1969.\n\n [Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ECHO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ECHO\n Short_Name: ECHO-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 81.5 degrees\n Perigee: 1029 km\n Apogee: 1316 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-24\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/echoQL.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-01-25\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b532124-c5a7-40c7-9788-a61ff1295363", "label": "ECHO-1", - "broader": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", + "parentId": "0a3e3bc3-d878-44f0-9650-145a53062c36", "definition": "The Echo satellites were NASA's first experimental communications satellite project. Each spacecraft was a large metallized balloon designed to act as a passive communications reflector to bounce communication signals transmitted from one point on Earth to another. Following the failure of the launch vehicle carrying Echo 1, Echo 1A (commonly referred to as Echo 1) was successfully orbited, and was used to redirect transcontinental and intercontinental telephone, radio, and television signals. The success of Echo 1A proved that microwave transmission to and from satellites in space was understood and demonstrated the promise of communications satellites. The vehicle also provided data for the calculation of atmospheric density and solar pressure due to its large area-to-mass ratio. Echo 1A was visible to the unaided eye over most of the Earth (brighter than most stars) and was probably seen by more people than any other man-made object in space. Echo 2 continued the passive communications experiments, and also investigated the dynamics of large spacecraft and was used for global geometric geodesy. Although NASA abandonded passive communications systems in favor of active satellites following Echo 2, the Echo systems demonstrated several ground station and tracking technologies that would be used by active systems. Echo 1A reentered on May 24, 1968 followed by Echo 2 on June 7, 1969. \n\nSpacecraft \n\n1, 1A: each was a 30.5 m diameter balloon made of 0.0127 mm thick mylar polyester film. A set of 107.9-MHz beacon transmitters were carried for telemetry. The transmitters were powered by five nickel-cadmium batteries that were charged by 70 solar cells mounted on the balloon. 2: a 41.1 m diameter mylar balloon that used an improved inflation system to improve the balloon's smoothness and sphericity. Instrumentation included temperature sensors to monitor the balloon's skin temperature and pressure sensors to monitor the balloon's internal pressure. A beacon system, consisting of two transmitter assemblies, provided tracking and telemetry signals. The beacon system used solar cell panels for power and had a minimum power output of 45 mW at 136.17 MHz and 136.02 MHz. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ECHO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ECHO\n Short_Name: ECHO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 47.1999 degrees\n Perigee: 1524 km\n Apogee: 1684 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/echoQL.html\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/echo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1960-08-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2501,20 +2501,20 @@ { "uuid": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", "label": "Cosmos", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A series of uncrewed Soviet and then Russian satellites launched from the early 1960s to the present day. As of 2020 there were 2,544 satellites in the series. The first was launched on March 16, 1962. Kosmos satellites were used for a wide variety of purposes, including scientific research, navigation, and military reconnaissance. In the Soviet years, failures of probes in other programs were given a Kosmos number. Kosmos 26 and 49 (both launched in 1964), for example, were equipped to measure Earth’s magnetic field. Others were employed to study certain technical aspects of spaceflight as well as physical phenomena in Earth’s upper atmosphere and in deep space. A number of them—such as Kosmos 597, 600, and 602—were apparently used to collect intelligence on the Yom Kippur War (the fourth Arab-Israeli war) in October 1973. Some Kosmos spacecraft had the ability to intercept satellites launched by other nations. Other Kosmos satellites have proved much more notable for how their missions ended. Kosmos 954, a Soviet navy satellite powered by a nuclear reactor, crashed in the Northwest Territories of Canada on January 24, 1978, scattering radioactive debris. The first collision that destroyed an operational satellite happened on February 10, 2009, when Kosmos 2251, an inactive Russian military communications satellite, collided with Iridium 33, a communications satellite owned by the American company Motorola, about 760 km (470 miles) above northern Siberia, shattering both satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "04bda92c-0e4f-4e60-82d0-2242b14ce0c4", "label": "COSMOS 1500", - "broader": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", + "parentId": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", "definition": "The Cosmos-1500 spacecraft was launched on 28 September 1983, in Plesetsk, U.S.S.R.. Cosmos-1500 was a precursor to the operational Russian Okean ('Ocean') series of oceanographic remote sensing missions. Cosmos-1500 was launched into a 649 x 679 km orbit at 82.6 deg. inclination. The Cosmos-1500 tested new sensors and methods of data collection and processing. Cosmos-1500 had the capability of overlapping and processing images from its sensors. Data from Cosmos-1500 were sent directly to ships or automated data receiving stations and was applied in navigation in northern oceans. The instrument complement was highlighted by an all-weather X-band Side-Looking Real Aperature radar (SLRAR) operating at 9.5 GHz. other instruments included a multispectral scanner (MSL), a scanning high-frequency radiometer (SHF), and transponders for collecting data from ice and buoy transmitters.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: COSMOS 1500\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: COSMOS\n Short_Name: COSMOS 1500\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: COSMOS 1500\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 82.5 degrees \n Period: 95.8 min \n Perigee: 546 km \n Apogee: 565 km \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.n2yo.com/satellite.php?s=14372\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-09-28 \n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8491e067-951e-4cba-9619-d376b5c628a0", "label": "COSMOS 49", - "broader": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", + "parentId": "0aee28fe-1c74-4743-8855-003bc1075174", "definition": "The rocket was launched from Plesetsk Space Center, 800\nkilometers northeast of Moscow, and successfully brought the\nsatellites on board, including OHB?s micro-satellite\nRUBIN-4-dsi, into their respective orbits. OHB, via its\nsubsidiary COSMOS International Satellitenstart GmbH, organized\nand carried out the services associated with the launch of South\nKorean research satellite KAISTSAT-4, which was also on board.\n\nThe orbital telematics experiment Rubin-4-dsi developed by OHG\nis located on the upper stage of the COSMOS and transmits\ninformation on the rocket?s acceleration, vibration load and\nposition. Rubin will transmit this information to earth via\ne-mail using the Orbcomm satellite communications system. In\nthis way, it will be possible to track the rocket in orbit\nreliably and without any data loss.\n\nRUBIN-4-dsi is the fourth micro-satellite from the RUBIN series\ndeveloped and maintained by OHB. The first was launched in July\n2000 and transmitted approximately 1,600 e-mails with measuring\ndata from outer space. RUBIN-2, a much more complex follow-up\nmodel, and RUBIN-3 came at the end of 2002.\n\nAmong other things, RUBIN communications technology can in\nfuture be used for communicating with satellites orbiting close\nto the earth without any data loss. Moreover, RUBIN can provide\nearly information on whether a satellite was successfully put\ninto orbit.\n\nFor further information please contact:\n\nDanela Sell\nOHB-System AG\nCommunication & Public Relations\nfon: +49.421.2020-620\nfax: +49.421.2020-700\nmail: dsell@ohb-system.de\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.fuchs-gruppe.com/ohb-system/News/presse/2709_03.html'", "children": [] } @@ -2523,13 +2523,13 @@ { "uuid": "0c52630e-cc77-42ab-b1ae-cb736486200e", "label": "EXPLORER", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "84d39d18-7ae4-4f86-9626-694de58da933", "label": "EXPLORER-9", - "broader": "0c52630e-cc77-42ab-b1ae-cb736486200e", + "parentId": "0c52630e-cc77-42ab-b1ae-cb736486200e", "definition": "Explorer 9 was the first in a series of 3.66-m inflatable spheres placed into orbit solely for the determination of atmospheric densities. The spacecraft consisted of alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic film. Uniformly distributed over the aluminum surface were 5.1-cm dots of white paint for thermal control. Explorer 9 carried a 136-MHz beacon for tracking purposes. The beacon failed on the first orbit however, and the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network had to be relied upon for tracking. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere on April 9, 1964.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Balloons/Rockets\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 9\n Long_Name: Air Density Balloon\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer-9\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n Short_Name: OPTICAL TRACKING\n Short_Name: SATELLITE RADIO BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 38.91degrees\n Perigee: 545 km\n Apogee: 2225 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1961-004A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1961-02-16\n Launch_Site: Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2538,20 +2538,20 @@ { "uuid": "0df25660-c2e5-4186-952e-c1fc53ab8ea3", "label": "Pleiades Neo", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Pléiades Neo is a constellation of four identical satellites at 30cm native resolution. The constellation is 100% funded by Airbus group, it was manufactured by Space Systems and operated by Intelligence.\nThe satellites are positioned at 620km altitude, operated as a genuine constellation on the same orbit and phased at 90° from each other and hence offer an intraday revisit capacity anywhere on Earth (at least twice a day) and an acquisition capacity of 2M km² per day (with four satellites). The location accuracy is 3.5m CE90 (native). The satellites are equipped with two new spectral bands: red-edge for crop and vegetation monitoring, and deep blue for bathymetry applications. The satellites are also equipped by Laser Communication Terminals through the SpaceDataHighway (EDRS) allowing reactive tasking.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0df95c0e-77a5-46b5-94f4-3e5ae1391450", "label": "Sentinel-6", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The main purpose of the SENTINEL-6 mission will provide long-term continuity of the satellite altimetry measurement (sea surface height) from the TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON-1, JASON-2, and JASON-3 missions and to extend the climate data record whilst improving measurement precision and accuracy.\n\n \n\nThe SENTINEL-6 Mission Guide provides a high-level description of the mission objectives; satellite description, including payloads, orbit characteristics, coverage and data products. It also covers an introduction to heritage missions.\n\n \n\nThe mission is being developed by a multi-agency partnership comprising ESA, EU, EUMETSAT, NASA-JPL, NOAA and CNES. ESA is responsible for the SENTINEL-6 (JASON-CS) space segment development with Airbus Space and Defence GmbH as a prime contractor.\n\n \n\nThis Mision Guide provides imformation on the following areas:\n\n \n\nOverview\n\nThis section gives a brief description of the spacecraft, including its payload, the heritage missions (TOPEX/POSEIDON and JASON missions), the main improvements compared to previous altimeters, the main thematic areas and services (e.g. ocean, land) and a summary of the complete mission details. It also provides information about the different agencies involved in the mission.\n\n \n\nMission Objectives\n\nThis section describes the primary and secondary objectives of the SENTINEL-6 mission.\n\n \n\nSatellite Orbit and geographical coverage\n\nThis section describes orbit characteristics and the geographical coverage.\n\n \n\nGround Segment\n\nThis section describes the Sentinel Core Ground Segment and its main facilities.\n\n \n\nInstrumental Payload\n\nThis section describes the main instruments of the SENTINEL-6 mission: Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter (POSEIDON-4), MicroWave Radiometer (AMR-C) and Precise Orbit Determination (POD) instruments (DORIS and GNSS-POD) and the secondary GNSS-RO for radio occultation instrument.\n\n \n\nData Products\n\nThis section defines all data products planned for the SENTINEL-6 mission.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1f0f5178-9d7a-41ae-8f04-d6262415c30c", "label": "Sentinel-6A", - "broader": "0df95c0e-77a5-46b5-94f4-3e5ae1391450", + "parentId": "0df95c0e-77a5-46b5-94f4-3e5ae1391450", "definition": "The Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich radar altimeter mission is part of the Copernicus Programme, with the objective of providing high-precision measurements of global sea-level in the 2020–2030 time-frame (expected launch November 2020). A secondary objective is to collect high resolution vertical profiles of temperature, using the GNSS Radio-Occultation sounding technique, to assess temperature changes in the troposphere and stratosphere and to support Numerical Weather Prediction.", "children": [] } @@ -2560,27 +2560,27 @@ { "uuid": "11212d0c-dd70-46ff-9082-ce3e44a49280", "label": "MONITOR-E", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Monitor-E is a Russian Earth observation mission of KhSC (Khrunichev Space Center) on a small-class generic satellite series. The spacecraft was also designed and developed by KhSC of Moscow.\n\nThe Monitor-E mission represents the first operational use of the newly developed modular and multipurpose Yakhta platform, intended for use in various remote sensing, communications, and space research applications.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized using the generic Yakhta platform with a launch mass of 750 kg. The attitude pointing accuracy is 0.1º, the attitude rate control accuracy is 0.001º/s (angular drift). Power of 1200 W (max at EOL) is provided by two solar panels. The spacecraft features a cross-track pointing capability of ±30º from nadir by using a flywheel system, thereby providing a FOR (Field of Regard) for observation coverage considerably beyond that of the nominal swath width. This new S/C agility is provided by the introduction of a CMG (Control Moment Gyro) subsystem, an actuator within the ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem), developed by Russian industry. KhSC refers to the ADCS as ICS (Integrated Control System). The S/C system design life is 5 years.\n\nNote: The Monitor-E spacecraft is of Monitor-E heritage (same name of previous and current missions) which was launched on June 30, 2003 from Plesetsk on a Rockot KS vehicle. On this flight, Monitor-E functioned as a mock-up (or prototype) spacecraft of KhSC with a mass of 700 kg. The spacecraft Monitor-E remained attached to the upper stage of the launch vehicle, it was used for demonstration purposes. \n\nRF communications: The payload data are being received in X-band by ground stations of federal, regional, and local levels in Russia. An effort is being made to acquire the data in near real-time in support of fast reaction response applications.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous near-circular orbit: mean altitude = 540 km, inclination = 97.5º.\n\nLaunch: A launch of Monitor-E took place on Aug. 26, 2005 on a Rockot Breeze-KM launch vehicle of Eurockot Launch Services from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia.\n\nMission status: Monitor-E is operational as of 2007. So far, the spacecraft has collected imagery of more than 80 million km2.\n\n• After launch and orbit insertion, the spacecraft experienced initial attitude control problems (flight controllers lost contact with the satellite). However, the flight controllers have regained control of Monitor-E, all systems are operating nominally and the spacecraft is in the commissioning phase as of early November 2005 (the checkout phase is estimated to last for up to 6 months to test the new components of the platform and the payload - and to conduct various operational experiments).\n\n• In Sept. 2006, Monitor-E experienced a malfunction of its ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem). After analysis of the problem nature, a software work-around procedure was developed and successfully installed onboard.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MONITOR-E\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MONITOR-E-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Monitor Experimental\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 540 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.5 degrees\n Period: 95.2 minutes\n Perigee: 532.0 km\n Apogee: 539.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=11116\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-08-26\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Khrunichev Space Center, Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", "label": "Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) was the first international space platform dedicated to Earth environmental research developed and managed by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) (The Japanese call her MIDORI).", "children": [ { "uuid": "359bcfa1-966f-4d2b-a48d-ac12165d250f", "label": "ADEOS-I", - "broader": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", + "parentId": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", "definition": "ADEOS (ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite), developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA. It was the largest satellite Japan has ever developed, having dimensions of 4 x 4 x 5 m. When antenna and the solar array paddle (approx. 3 x 24 m) were deployed, it had a span of 11m in the flight direction and 29 m in the perpendicular direction.It had a launch mass of approximatly 3500 kg and an in-orbit power generation capability of approximatly 4500W.\nThe spacecraft consisted of a mission module and a bus module.The bus module was made of thermally, electrically and mechanically independent units, including the Communications and Data Handling Subsystem, the Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS), the Attitude and Orbital Control Subsystem (AOCS) and the reaction Control Subsystem (RCS) for orbital maneuvers.\n\nThe mission module carried 8 instruments : Two core sensor developped by JAXA : AVNIR (Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer) and OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Temperature Sensor).Six Annoncement of Opportunity (AO) sensors : NSACT (NASA SCATterometer), TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectometer), POLDER (POlarization and Directionality of the Earth'Reflectance), IMG (Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases), ILAS (Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer), RIS (Retroreflector In Space).ADEOS-1 has been launched in August 1996 by H-II launcher from Tanegashima Space Center. Ninety seconds after liftoff, the solid rocket boosters separated from the H-II vehicle and 6 minutes after liftoff, the first stage separated. Then 16 minutes after liftoff, ADEOS-1 separated from the second stage. ADEOS-1 was lost on June 1997, the 30th, due to a solar panel cable breaking.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ADEOS-I\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)\n Short_Name: ADEOS-I\n Long_Name: Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-I\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: POLDER-1\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Short_Name: RIS\n Short_Name: OCTS\n Short_Name: NSCAT\n Short_Name: IMG\n Short_Name: ILAS\n Short_Name: AVNIR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 797 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/adeos/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-08-17\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d00fc17-cf10-4d1b-b871-07099d0b728a", "label": "ADEOS-II", - "broader": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", + "parentId": "119b40ad-749c-4ff6-af9b-1e9696f78dd8", "definition": "ADEOS (ADvanced Earth Observation Satellite), developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA. ADEOS-II, the successor to ADEOS, has been developed to advance Earth observation technologies. It acquires data to help researchers understand the mechanism of the global environmental changes such as global warming and to support meteorology and fishery activities.It is equipped with two JAXA sensors (AMSR and GLI) and three sensors provided by international and domestic partners (ILAS-II, SeaWinds Scatterometer and POLDER).ADEOS-II is expected to provide the data necessary for us to understand the circulation of water, energy, and carbon in order to contribute to studies on global environmental changes. ADEOS-II has been launched in December 2002 by H-II launcher from Tanegashima Space Center and was lost on October 2003, the 24th.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ADEOS-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)\n Short_Name: ADEOS-II\n Long_Name: Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Midori 2\n Short_Name: 27597\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n Short_Name: POLDER-2\n Short_Name: ILAS II\n Short_Name: GLI\n Short_Name: AMSR\n Short_Name: ACATS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 802.92km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.62 degrees\n Period: 101 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 4 days\n Perigee: 806.0 km\n Apogee: 807.0 km\n Orbit_Type: MEO > SEMI-SYNCHRONOUS > GEODETIC/SPACE ENVIRONMENT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/adeos2/\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/\n Sample_Image: http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/ADEOS2/over/image/adeos22.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-12-14\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2589,41 +2589,41 @@ { "uuid": "149dcad2-bf7c-4c0c-bb53-5ae32d71ecfb", "label": "STELLA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Stella was a 48 kg French satellite that was launched along with\nSPOT 3. It was a dense sphere of uranium alloy with 60 laser\nreflectors on the surface. Reflected laser beams enabled\naccurate geodetic measurements for the determination, with an\naccuracy of 1 cm, of the geoid, of oceanic and terrestrial\ntides, and of tectonic movements. It joined its still\noperational twin, Starlette, that was launched in 1975.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA0", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", "label": "Advanced Technology Satellite (ATS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The overall objective of the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) program was to investigate and flight-test technological developments common to a number of satellite applications. Each of six ATS spacecraft carried a variety of communications, meteorology, and scientific experiments, in addition to providing a platform for evaluating three different kinds of spacecraft stabilization systems.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1190ffd3-586f-46a5-bf9b-e7bf16281edd", "label": "ATS-2", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", + "parentId": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", "definition": "ATS 2 was launched in April 1967 and was a medium altitude,\ngravity-gradient-stabilized spacecraft designed to (1) test new concepts in\nspacecraft design, propulsion, and stabilization, (2) take high-quality\ncloudcover pictures, (3) provide in situ measurements of the aerospace\nenvironment, and (4) test improved communication systems. The\ncylindrically-shaped spacecraft measured 142 cm in diameter and 183 cm in\nlength. The primary structural members were a corrugated thrust tube with\nhoneycombed bulkheads secured to each end. Equipment components and payload\nwere externally mounted on the outer surface of the thrust tube as well as on a\nstructure that slid into the interior of the thrust tube. Electric power was\nprovided by two solar arrays mounted on either end of the spacecraft's outer\nshell and by two rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Extending radially\noutward from the side of the spacecraft were four 28.2 m adjustable\ngravity-gradient booms. The spacecraft telemetry system consisted of four\n2.1-W transmitters (two at 136.47 MHz and two at 137.35 MHz), in addition to a\nmicrowave communications experiment.\n\nThis satellite carried a particle telescope, omnidirectional proton and\nelectron detectors, advanced vidicon camera system, and a electron magnetic\ndeflection spectrometer. The second stage of the ATS 2 launch vehicle failed\nto ignite resulting in an unplanned elliptical orbit. Stresses induced by this\norbit eventually induced spacecraft tumbling. In spite of these conditions\nuseful data were obtained from some of the experiments, most notably the\ncosmic-ray and particle experiments and the field detection experiments. The\nsatellite reentered the atmosphere on September 2, 1969.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ATS (Advanced Technology Satellite)\n Short_Name: ATS-2\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ats2.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/a/ats2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-04-06\n Design_Life: 3 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f78a0f6-bd07-4cbf-9e13-4ad44aeb4ac3", "label": "ATS-1", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", + "parentId": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", "definition": "ATS 1 was launched in December 1966 and was the first in a series of\ngeostationary satellites to be used in a research mode, while also\ndemonstrating communications satellite technology. It was designed for the\npurpose of (1) testing new concepts in spacecraft design, propulsion, and\nstabilization, (2) collecting high-quality cloudcover pictures and relaying\nprocessed meteorological data via an earth-synchronous satellite, (3) providing\nin situ measurements of the aerospace environment, and (4) testing improved\ncommunication systems. The spin-stabilized spacecraft was cylindrically shaped\nand measured 135 cm long and 142 cm in diameter. The primary structural\nmembers were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. Support rods\nextended radially outward from the thrust tube. Solar panels were affixed to\nthe support rods and formed the outer walls of the spacecraft. In addition to\nsolar panels, the spacecraft was equipped with two rechargeable nickel-cadmium\nbatteries to provide electrical power. Equipment components and payload were\nmounted in the annular space between the thrust tube and solar panels.\nThis satellite carried a spin scan cloudcover camera, particle telescope,\nbiaxal fluxgate magnetometer, suprathermal ion detector, omnidirectional\nspectrometer, weather facsimile data relay system, and VHF, telemetry and\ncommand antennas. Spacecraft guidance and orbital corrections were\naccomplished by a 2.3 kg hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine thrusters, which were\nactivated by ground command. The satellite was initially placed at 151.16\ndegrees West over the Pacific Ocean in a geosynchronous orbit. In general,\nmost of the experiments were successful. Data coverage was nominal until about\n1970, after which limited real-time data acquisition was carried out by NOAA\nuntil the May 1974 launch of SMS 1. Limited ATS 1 data acquisition was started\nby NASA at about that time for ATS 1 - ATS 6 correlative studies. The\nspacecraft served as a communications satellite for a number of state, federal,\nand public organizations. It continued to operate at its final longitude of\n164 degress East until September 1983, when the spacecraft was moved out of the\ngeostationary orbit.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6988684a-7e7c-48a7-a1c3-2586dddd1fd4", "label": "ATS-3", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", + "parentId": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", "definition": "ATS 3 was launched in November 1967 and was one of a series of spacecraft\ndesigned to demonstrate the utility and feasibility of a variety of\ntechnological and scientific activities that could be carried out by an\nearth-synchronous spacecraft. Of the 11 experiments on board, 8 were\ntechnological engineering experiments concerned with navigation,\ncommunications, and spacecraft operation equipment; 2 were photographic imaging\nexperiments that produced near real-time daylight pictures of the\nearth-atmosphere system; and the remaining experiment was an ionospheric\nbeacon. The spin-stabilized spacecraft was cylindrically shaped and measured\n180 cm in length and 142 cm in diameter. The primary structural members were\na honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. Support rods extended radially\noutward from the thrust tube and were affixed to solar panels which formed the\nouter walls of the spacecraft. Equipment components and payload were mounted\nin the annular space between the thrust tube and solar panels. In addition to\nsolar panels, the spacecraft was equipped with two rechargeable nickel-cadmium\nbatteries to provide electrical power.\n\nThis satellite supported an image dissector camera, multicolor spin scan\ncloud cover camera, weather facsimile data relay system, omega position and\nlocation equipment designed to demonstrate the feasibility of using the NAVY's\nOmega Navigation System, and VHF, telemetry, and command antennas. Spacecraft\nguidance and orbital corrections were accomplished by 2.3 kg hydrogen peroxide\nand hydrazine thrusters, which were activated by ground command. Initially\nplaced at 48 degrees West over the Atlantic Ocean in a geosynchronous orbit,\nthe satellite position later varied between 45 and 95 degrees West in support\nof meteorological operations. In general, the various experiments were\nsuccessful.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ATS (Advanced Technology Satellite)\n Short_Name: ATS-3\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Satellite-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Advanced Tech. Sat. 3\n Short_Name: 03029\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1967-111A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-11-05 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb8e56df-863a-41a6-a389-237a9725ae8b", "label": "ATS-4", - "broader": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", + "parentId": "14b369b6-19d4-41fe-b1bc-27807ecb666d", "definition": "ATS 4 was launched in August 1968 and was a gravity-gradient-stabilized\nspacecraft designed to (1) test new concepts in spacecraft design, propulsion,\nand stabilization, (2) take high-quality cloud cover pictures, (3) provide in\nsitu measurements of the aerospace environment, and (4) test improved\ncommunication systems while in earth-synchronous orbit. The\ncylindrically-shaped spacecraft measured 142 cm in diameter and 183 cm in\nlength. The primary structural members were a corrugated thrust tube with\nhoneycombed bulkheads secured to each end. Equipment components and payload\nwere externally mounted on the outer surface of the thrust tube as well as on a\nstructure that slid into the interior of the thrust tube. Electric power was\nprovided by two solar arrays mounted on either end of the spacecraft's outer\nshell and by two rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Extending radially\noutward from the side of the spacecraft were four 28.2 m adjustable\ngravity-gradient booms. The spacecraft telemetry system consisted of four\n2.1-W transmitters, (two at 136.47 MHz and two at 137.35 MHz), in addition to a\nmicrowave communications experiment.\n\nThis satellite featured an image orthicon (day/night) camera for the purpose of\ndetermining the feasibility of simultaneous day/night imaging of cloud cover\npatterns from an earth-synchronous spacecraft. The second stage of the launch\nvehicle failed to to ignite, and the planned synchronous orbit was not\nachieved. The spacecraft and its Centaur booster rocket were left attached\ntogether in a parking orbit. In spite of the anomalistic attitude, some of the\nexperiments did perform successfully before the satellite and its attached\nrocket booster reentered the earth's atmosphere on October 17, 1968. The\nprimary objective of inserting a gravity-gradient-stabilized spacecraft into a\ngeosynchronous orbit was not accomplished.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ATS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ATS (Advanced Technology Satellite)\n Short_Name: ATS-4\n Long_Name: Advanced Technology Satellite-4\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ats4.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-08-10\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2632,27 +2632,27 @@ { "uuid": "14bedb8d-7d18-4ae6-9882-9cf87bd3824e", "label": "CORONA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "CORONA is the first operational space photo reconnaissance\nsatellite. President Dwight David Eisenhower approved the\nproject in Febuary 1958. The project was conceived to take\npictures in space of the Soviet Bloc countries and de-orbit\nthe photographic film for processing and exploitation.\n\nSatellite Characteristics:\n\nOBJECTIVES:\n- Annual and Semi-Annual Search\n- Priority Targets\n- Mapping, Charting and Geodesy\n\nPAYLOAD DATA:\n- Two convergent, F/3.5, 24. in FL Pan Cameras\n- Stellar-Terrain Camera\n- 2 1,500 FT x 70mm FILM\n- Frame Size 7.4 x 119 NM\n- Resolution 6-10 FT\n- Coverage 7 Million SQ NM/Mission\n- Two Recovery Vehicles\n\nORBITAL DATA:\n- Inclination 60-110 DEG\n- Average Perigee 100 NM\n- Average Apogee 150 NM\n- Mission Life: 10 days\n\nBOOSTER:\n- Thorad / Agenda\n\nAdditional inforamtion available at\n'http://www.nro.gov/corona/sysinfo2.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the National Reconnaissance Office]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", "label": "SAOCOM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) satellite series represents Argentina's approved polarimetric L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) constellation of two spacecraft, a program defined, managed and operated by CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina's Space Agency, Buenos Aires. The SAOCOM-1 mission is composed of two satellites (SAOCOM-1A and -1B). The overall objective of is to provide an effective Earth observation and disaster monitoring capability.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0aea2992-f0c0-4799-9191-8b733aec8a96", "label": "SAOCOM-1B", - "broader": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", + "parentId": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", "definition": "The SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) satellite series represents Argentina's approved polarimetric L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) constellation of two spacecraft, a program defined, managed and operated by CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina's Space Agency, Buenos Aires. The SAOCOM-1 mission is composed of two satellites (SAOCOM-1A and -1B). The overall objective of is to provide an effective Earth observation and disaster monitoring capability.\n\nSAOCOM 1-B is expected to be launched in 2019, followed by another two satellites as part of the SAOCOM 2 series, which will have the experiences collected from the first mission built in. Both INVAP and CONAE have ample experience in designing satellites and in space missions, as they developed the SAC-B, SAC-A, SAC-C and SAC-D Aquarius satellites.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "804292cd-616b-491b-a477-7954368104b6", "label": "SAOCOM-1A", - "broader": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", + "parentId": "1669252a-0ee7-4491-a1ff-9523a2cd916d", "definition": "The SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) satellite series represents Argentina's approved polarimetric L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) constellation of two spacecraft, a program defined, managed and operated by CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina's Space Agency, Buenos Aires. The SAOCOM-1 mission is composed of two satellites (SAOCOM-1A and -1B). The overall objective of is to provide an effective Earth observation and disaster monitoring capability.\n\nSAOCOM -1A features six computers that work in synchronicity; the spacecraft has a mass of 3,000 kg. Its antenna, designed in central Cordoba province, is composed of 140 smaller antennas. As many as 600 Argentine professionals have been working on the $500 million-satellite since 2011.", "children": [] } @@ -2661,55 +2661,55 @@ { "uuid": "16d6e31d-f61a-4caa-b51d-8648a4e915c9", "label": "EP-TOMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Earth Probe TOMS (EP-TOMS) spacecraft was launched on July 2, 1996 from a Pegasus XL rocket and placed into a polar orbit with the following characteristics:\nApogee Altitude : 515.2 km\nPerigee Altitude : 490.5 km\nOrbit Inclination : 97.432 deg.\nPeriod : 94.6 min\n\nThe satellite was built by TRW for NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nTOMS is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth a long term, coordinated research effort to study the Earth as a global environmental system. Using the unique perspective available from space, NASA will observe, monitor and assess large-scale environmental processes, focusing on climate change. MTPE satellite data, complemented by aircraft and ground data, will allow humans to better understand natural environmental changes and to distinguish natural changes from human induced changes. MTPE data, which NASA will distribute to researchers worldwide, is essential to humans making informed decisions about their environment.\n\nThe goal of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Earth Probe mission (part of NASA's Mission To Planet Earth (MTPE) Phase I program) was to continue the high-resolution global mapping of total ozone on a daily basis (begun with the Nimbus 7 SBUV/TOMS) as well as to detect global ozone trends to verify depletion predicted by atmospheric chemistry models.\n\nThe TOMS-Earth Probe (TOMS-EP), the first of a series of NASA Earth Probe missions, was one of three TOMS missions which included METEOR 3/TOMS2 (launched 1991) and ADEOS/TOMS (launched 1995). The TOMS-EP carried only one instrument: the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS).\n\nThe TOMS-EP spacecraft was based on the TRW/DSI Eagle bus developed under the USAF STEP program. The spacecraft was three-axis stabilized so that the TOMS instrument was nadir-pointed with about 0.5 degree control and about 0.1 degree knowledge from measured altitude data. The TOMS-EP spacecraft bus was designed to accomodate all of the TOMS instrument requirements to support a two-year lifetime with a three-year lifetime goal.\n\nThe EP-TOMS Home Page is located at:\nhttp://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/total-ozone-mapping-spectrometer-earth-probe\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EP-TOMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EP-TOMS\n Long_Name: Earth Probe-TOMS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMEX/TOMS-Earth Probe\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/TOMS-Earth Probe\n Short_Name: TOMS-EP96\n Short_Name: TOMS-Earth Probe\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 740 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.385 degrees\n Period: 99.6 minutes\n Perigee: 490.5 km\n Apogee: 515.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/total-ozone-mapping-spectrometer-earth-probe\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/missions/toms/\n Online_Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/acdisc/TOMS\n Online_Resource: https://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-07-02\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17b1489c-fba7-4252-bf23-b981148343f1", "label": "SATELLITES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Satellites are objects launched to orbit Earth or\nanother celestial body.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18512c09-2590-4804-8b43-dd9caea53b5d", "label": "GCOM-C", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Second generation GLobal Imager (SGLI) on GCOM-C1 is an optical sensor capable of multi-channel observation at wavelengths from near-UV to thermal infrared wavelengths (380nm to 12µm.) SGLI also has polarimetry and forward / backward observation functions at red and near infrared wavelengths. SGLI obtains global observation data once every 2 or 3 days, with resolutions of 250m to 1km.\n\nThe SGLI observations will improve our understanding of climate change mechanisms through long-term monitoring of aerosols and clouds, as well as vegetation and temperatures, in the land and ocean regions. These observations will also contribute to enhancing the prediction accuracy of future environmental changes by improving sub-processes in numerical climate models. SGLI-derived phytoplankton and aerosol distributions are also used for mapping fisheries and for monitoring the transport of yellow dust and/or wildfire smoke.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18fd52d4-c60c-4ef5-b39a-960ae9916472", "label": "CYGNSS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The CYGNSS mission will use eight micro-satellites to measure wind speeds over Earth's oceans, increasing the ability of scientists to understand and predict hurricanes. Each satellite will take information based on the signals from four GPS satellites. \n\nMore information:\nhttps://www.nasa.gov/cygnss\nhttp://clasp-research.engin.umich.edu/missions/cygnss/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "19a621c6-f735-4972-ab32-fcf001a38a46", "label": "EO-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Mission completed 2017-03-30. Information for archival purposes.]\n\nEarth Observing-1 (EO-1) is an advanced land-imaging mission that will demonstrate new instruments and spacecraft systems. \nEO-1 will validate technologies contributing to the significant reduction in cost of follow-on Landsat missions. Launched \non a Delta 7320 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, November 21, 2000. EO-1 has a 1-year primary mission but was \ndesigned to operate for an additional year.\n\nThe NMP EO-1 mission includes three advanced land imaging instruments and five revolutionary cross cutting spacecraft \ntechnologies. The hyperspectral instrument is the first of its kind to provide images of land-surface in more than 220 \nspectral colors. The Hyperion will demonstrate the ability to perform detailed spectral mapping with high radiometric \naccuracy. In the future, an operational version of the Hyperion will allow complex land ecosystems to be imaged and \naccurately classified. The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) instrument yields almost four times better performance at only \none-fourth the cost and weight of the Landsat ETM+. Finally the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array/Atmospheric \nCorrector (LEISA/AC) is an infrared camera, which can be used to remove the effects of the atmosphere from surface \npictures obtained by instruments such as the ALI on EO-1 and Landsat. This instrument will provide scientific return \nboth in terms of improved imagery and hyperspectral sensing capabilities. It will also test a number of new technologies. \nBecause the AC is small and adaptable to different spacecraft configurations, it is a bolt-on instrument, which can be \nattached to any future Earth imaging spacecraft. The three advanced imaging instruments will lead to a new generation \nof lighter weight, higher performance and lower cost Landsat-type Earth surface imaging instruments.\n\nKey EO-1 Facts:\nOrbit\nType: Sun-synchronous\nEquatorial Crossing: 10:01 a.m.\nAltitude: 705 km\nInclination: 98.2°\nPeriod: 98.8 minutes\nRepeat Cycle: 16 days\nDimensions: 2 m height × 2.5 m diameter\nMass: 529 kg\nPower: 300 W\nDesign Life: 18 months; EO-1 is well beyond its planned mission life and is\nstill functioning\nDownlink: X-Band (105 Mbps), Sioux Falls, Svalbard, Alaska, Hobart (Australia)\nNote: Part of the Morning Constellation of satellites, lags one minute behind\nLandsat 7\nContributors\nALI: MIT/Lincoln Laboratory, NASA GSFC\nHyperion: TRW, NASA GSFC\nLAC: NASA GSFC Applied Engineering and Technology Directorate (AETD)\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\nMore Information: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/earth-observing-1\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EO-1\n Long_Name: Earth Observing 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: New Millennium Program Earth Observing-1 (NMP EO-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LAC\n Short_Name: ALI\n Short_Name: HYPERION\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2°\n Equator_Crossing: 10:01 a.m.\n Period: 98.8 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/earth-observing-1\n Online_Resource: https://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-11-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California\n Design_Life: 18 months\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", "label": "HJ1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The HJ-1 minisatellite constellation is a national program by the National Committee for Disaster Reduction and State Environmental Protection Administration (NDRCC/SEPA) of China, to construct a network of Earth observing satellites. The overall objective is to establish an operational Earth observing system for disaster monitoring and mitigation using remote sensing technology and to improve the efficiency of disaster mitigation and relief.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3edef6e1-db0b-4806-b586-8869a7c986ba", "label": "HJ1B", - "broader": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", + "parentId": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", "definition": "Disaster and Environment Monitoring and Forecast Small Satellite Constellation B\n\nLaunch Date: 06 Sep 2008\nEOL Date: 01 Sep 2011\nType: Sun-synchronous Altitude: 649 km Period:\nInclination: 97.9 deg Repeat cycle: 31 days LST: 10:30\nAsc/desc: Descending\nURL: http://www.cresda.com/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HJ1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HJ1B\n Long_Name: HuanJing 1B Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HJ-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IRS (HuanJing 1B)\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1B)\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1B)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 649 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM Local time: e.g.\n Repeat_Cycle: 31 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-09-06\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: CRESDA, CAST, NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d65fc363-e9b4-410a-b5e3-8dbd87b510b4", "label": "HJ1A", - "broader": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", + "parentId": "1bf53ccb-74d1-46ad-a024-b16d3ff01442", "definition": "Disaster and Environment Monitoring and Forecast Small Satellite Constellation A\n\nLaunch Date: 06 Sep 2008\nEOL Date: 01 Sep 2011\nType: Sun-synchronous Altitude: 649 km Period:\nInclination: 97.9 deg Repeat cycle: 31 days LST: 10:30\nAsc/desc: Descending\nURL: http://www.cresda.com/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HJ1A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HJ1A\n Long_Name: HuanJing 1A Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HJ-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD2 (HuanJing 1A)\n Short_Name: CCD1 (HuanJing 1A)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 649 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 Local time: e.g.\n Repeat_Cycle: 31 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-25\n Online_Resource: http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-09-06\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: CRESDA\n Primary_Sponsor: CAST\n Primary_Sponsor: NRSCC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2718,167 +2718,167 @@ { "uuid": "1bffe898-f4a2-458e-92c5-cd7c9c1cd5f0", "label": "SEASAT 1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Source NASA Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-064A ]\n\nThe Ocean Dynamics Satellite (Seasat 1) was designed to provide measurements of sea-surface winds, sea-surface temperatures, wave heights, internal waves, atmospheric liquid water content, sea ice features, ocean features, ocean topography, and the marine geoid. Seasat 1 provided 95% global coverage every 36 h. The instrument payload consisted of (1) an X-band compressed pulse radar altimeter (ALT), (2) a coherent synthetic aperture radar (SAR), (3) a Seasat-A scatterometer system (SASS), (4) a scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), and (5) a visible and infrared radiometer (VIRR). The accuracies obtained were distance between spacecraft and ocean surface to 10 cm, wind speeds to 2 m/s, and surface temperatures to 1 deg C. For more information about Seasat 1, see 'Seasat mission overview,' Science, v. 204, pp. 1405-1424, 1979, and a special issue on the Seasat 1 sensors, IEEE J. of Oceanic Eng., v. OE-5, 1980. On October 10, 1978, Seasat 1 failed due to a massive short circuit in its electrical system. During most of its 105 days in orbit, Seasat 1 returned a unique and extensive set of observations of the earth's oceans.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SEASAT 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SEASAT 1\n Long_Name: Ocean Dynamics Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Seasat-A\n Short_Name: 10967\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LT (SEASAT 1)\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Short_Name: SASS\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: ALT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 108.0°\n Period: 100.7 minutes\n Perigee: 769.0 km\n Apogee: 799.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Online_Resource: http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/scienceapps/seasat.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-064A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/seasat-1\n Online_Resource: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-06-27\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "label": "Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The DMSP satellites 'see' such environmental features as clouds, bodies of water, snow, fire, and pollution in the visual and infrared spectra. Scanning radiometers record information which can help determine cloud type and height, land and surface water temperatures, water currents, ocean surface features, ice, and snow. Communicated to ground-based terminals, the data is processed, interpreted by meteorologists, and ultimately used in planning and conducting U.S. military operations worldwide.", "children": [ { "uuid": "030470d1-f545-4775-90b3-b12978cd6315", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F6", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0661540e-f7b7-469b-9ef7-eaa0dd7a6d10", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F15", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "06d68016-affc-4477-86f5-e14a7a9839f2", "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F3", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-042A ]\n\nDMSD 5D-1/F3 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program were to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m-long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (including the third-stage motor and hydrazine reaction control system); and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors could be maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system (OLS), built by Westinghouse, was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery of clouds, and provided with the data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary meterological sensor, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Wash., and Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report, D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, July-August 1975. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F3 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F3\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 14537\n Short_Name: DMSP-F3\n Short_Name: 10820\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: OLS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6°\n Period: 96.89 minutes\n Perigee: 564.0 km\n Apogee: 653.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-042A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-05-01\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0d8490b8-347e-4f61-a747-07700c863b47", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F11", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-082A ] \n\nDMSP 5D-2/F11 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains five special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an X-ray spectrometer, (3) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (5) a microwave imager. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F11\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F11\n Short_Name: USA 73\n Short_Name: 21798\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.9 minutes\n Perigee: 846.0 km\n Apogee: 870.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-082A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-11-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2f4b0671-f9a0-4912-96cd-96527a4c0678", "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F16", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-048A ]\n\nDMSP F16 (USA 172) was launched by a Titan 2 rocket from Vandenberg AFB at 16:17 UT on 18 October 2003. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missle Systems Center (SMC). The program designs, builds, launches, and maintains satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. Each DMSP satellite has a 101 minute, sun-synchronous near-polar orbit at an altitude of 830km above the surface of the earth. The visible and infrared sensors (OLS) collect images across a 3000 km swath, providing global coverage twice per day. The combination of day/night and dawn/dusk satellites allows monitoring of global information such as clouds every 6 hours. The microwave imager (SSMI) and sounders (SSMT1, SSMT2) cover one half the width of the visible and infrared swath. These instruments cover polar regions at least twice and the equatorial region once per day. The space environment sensors (SSJ, SSM, SSIES) record along-track plasma densities, velocities, composition and drifts (SS stands for Special Sensor).\n\nDMSP F16 carries two new experiments: the limb scanning ultraviolet imager/spectrometer SSULI built by the Naval Research Laboratory and the nadir scanning ultaviolet imager/spectrometer and photometer SSUSI built by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. It also carried new versions of the Special Sensor for Ions, Electrons and Scintillations (SSIES-13) and of the precipitating ion and electron monitor (SSJ-5)\n\nThe data from the DMSP satellites are received and used at operational centers continuously. The data are sent to the National Geophysical Data Center's Solar Terrestrial Physics Division (NGDC/STP) by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) for creation of an archive. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F16\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F16\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F16\n Short_Name: USA 172\n Short_Name: 28054\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSULI\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSIES\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 830km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.9 minutes\n Perigee: 843.0 km\n Apogee: 853.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-31\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-048A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-10-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "48a1fe2e-6cb2-44ad-8303-0a3328b1e5e4", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F13", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "DMSP Satellite F13 was built by General Electrics Astro-Space\nDivision (now part of Martin Marietta Astro Space). It was\nlaunched on March 24, 1995 from Vandenberg AFB, California using\nan Atlas E rocket. The spacecraft is 3.7 meters in length with a\ndiameter of 1.2 meters with an on-orbit mass of 831\nkilograms. It has a design lifetime of 48 months. Power is\nprovided though a 9.29 sq-m solar cell panel. Attitude is\ncontrolled using momentum wheels and magnetic coils using a\nstrap-down star sensor and gyros as the reference.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nMaximum Altitude: 856 km\nMinimum Altitude: 844 km\nInclination: 98.8 deg\nPeriod: 102.0 minutes\nEccentricity: 0.00083\nAscending Equator Crossing Time (Local Time):\nAt Launch: 17:42\nCurrent (09/02/95): 17:43\nSwath Width:\nVisible and Infrared Imagery - 3000 km\nMicrowave Imagery - 1400 km\nTemperature Sounder - 1500 km\nWater Vapor Profiler - 1500 km\nLaunch Date - March 24, 1995\nEnd Mission (Operational Support - F13 is currently (9/02/95)\nproviding primary support with sensors OLS, SSM/I, SSM/T,\nSSM/T-2, SSJ/4, SSIES2, SSM, SSB/X and SSZ still providing data.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/dmsp_f13.html'\nand\n'http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html'\n\n[Summary provided by GHRC]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F13\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F13\n Short_Name: USA 109\n Short_Name: 23533\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSM\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSJ\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Period: 101.9 minutes\n Perigee: 845.0 km \t\n Apogee: 851.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1995-015A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/dmsp_f13.html \n Online_Resource: http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html \n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-03-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4d78ad33-3b1d-4ddc-9d4a-296600363d45", "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F15", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-067A ]\n\nMSP F15 (USA 147) was launched by a Titan rocket from Vandenberg AFB on December 12, 1999 into a 101 minute, sun-synchronous near-polar orbit at an altitude of 840km and with the Local Time nodes of 21:10 and 9:10. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missle Systems Center (SMC). The program designs, builds, launches, and maintains satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. Each DMSP satellite has a above the surface of the earth. The visible and infrared sensors (OLS) collect images across a 3000 km swath, providing global coverage twice per day. The combination of day/night and dawn/dusk satellites allows monitoring of global information such as clouds every 6 hours. The microwave imager (MI) and sounders (T1, T2) cover one half the width of the visible and infrared swath. These instruments cover polar regions at least twice and the equatorial region once per day. The space environment sensors (J4, M, IES) record along-track plasma densities, velocities, composition and drifts. The data from the DMSP satellites are received and used at operational centers continuously. The data are sent to the National Geophysical Data Center's Solar Terrestrial Physics Division (NGDC/STP) by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) for creation of an archive.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F15\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F15\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.8 minutes\n Perigee: 837.0 km\n Apogee: 851.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-31\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-067A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-12-12\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60bf045b-f556-4461-8dcc-54dc63300537", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F12", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-057A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F12, also known as USA 106, is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon.\n\nThe 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element.\n\nThe operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system and provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains: (1) a microwave imager; (2) a microwave temperature sounder; (3) a microwave water vapor profiler; (4) an ion and electron scintillation monitor; (5) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer; (6) a gamma/X-ray detector, and (7) a magnetometer.\n\nData are transmitted to ground receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Real-time data are received at tactical sites world-wide. Recorded data are transmitted to and processed by the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC), Offutt AFB, Nebraska, and the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), Monterey, California. Both AFGWC and FNMOC relay the SSM/I, SSM/T, and SSM/T2 data to the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information System (NESDIS). AFGWC also sends the entire data stream to the National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado. Additional information concerning can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F12 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F12\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F12\n Short_Name: USA 106\n Short_Name: 23233\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSM\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-057A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-08-29\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "60e10f22-c473-4368-888f-886a751662ea", "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F5", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64dfed70-dca2-4656-83d9-63e74c1b0740", "label": "DMSP", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a\nDepartment of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space\nand Missle Systems Center (SMC). The DMSP designs, builds,\nlaunches, and maintains satellites monitoring the\nmeteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics\nenvironments.\n\nEach DMSP satellite has a 101 minute, sun-synchronous near-polar\norbit at an altitude of 830km above the surface of the\nearth. The visible and infrared sensors (OLS) collect images\nacross a 3000km swath, providing global coverage twice per\nday. The combination of day/night and dawn/dusk satellites\nallows monitoring of global information such as clouds every 6\nhours. The microwave imager (MI) and sounders (T1, T2) cover one\nhalf the width of the visible and infrared swath. These\ninstruments cover polar regions at least twice and the\nequatorial region once per day. The space environment sensors\n(J4, M, IES) record along-track plasma densities, velocities,\ncomposition and drifts.\n\nThe data from the DMSP satellites are received and used at\noperational centers continuously. The data are sent to the\nNational Geophysical Data Center's Solar Terrestrial Physics\nDivision (NGDC/STP) by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) for\ncreation of an archive.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/dmsp_sat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-12-01\n Primary_Sponsor: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66014559-5d7a-4f53-811a-1c5b682e4e56", "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F4", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: Nationa Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1979-050A ] \n\nDMSP 5D-1/F4 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAAP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program are to provide global visual and infrared cloud-cover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 830-km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment, (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors, (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (including the third-stage motor, hydrazine reaction control system) that supported (4) a 9.29 sq m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system, so that sensors were maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational line scan system (OLS) built by Westinghouse, was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery at 1/3 nautical mile resolution for all major land masses, 1-1/2 nautical mile resolution for complete global coverage, and provided with this data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary sensor package, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. The data processing system, which included three high-density tape recorders, was capable of storing a total of 400 min of data, each allowing full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, WA, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Fource Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report `The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' D.A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, 4, July - August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F4\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 15539\n Short_Name: DMSP-F4\n Short_Name: 11389\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSC\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Short_Name: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSD\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.4 minutes\n Perigee: 817.0 km\n Apogee: 839.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1979-050A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-06-06\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ed12e98-95b1-406c-a58a-f4bbfa405269", "label": "DMSP 5B/F3", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-089A ]\n\nDMSP (72-089A), also known as DMSP 6530, was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. The program, previously known as Data Acquisition and Processing Program (DAPP), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program was to provide global visual and infrared (IR) cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in 830 km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite near the sunrise terminator and the other near local noon. The satellite, shaped like the frustum of a polyhedron, consisted of four subassemblies -- (1) a solar array hat, (2) a base-plate assembly, (3) a sensor AVE (Aerospace Vehicle Electronics) package (SAP), and (4) a data processing system. The primary sensor (SAP) was a four channel scanning radiometer. Secondary sensors included a vertical temperature profile radiometer (supplementary sensor E -SSE) and an electron spectrograph (supplementary sensor J/2 - SSJ/2), which were mounted, along with the primary sensor, on the base-plate assembly. Spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that the sensors were maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. The data processing system included three tape recorders capable of storing a total of 440 min of data, which allowed full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground receiving sites via an s-band transmitter. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Wa, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out a mobile tactical sites located around the world.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5B/F3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5B/F3\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 6530\n Short_Name: 06275\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSJ\n Short_Name: VTPR\n Short_Name: SR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.8 minutes\n Perigee: 813.0 km\n Apogee: 872.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-089A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-11-09\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "859c1a88-56d5-48c2-839d-6d18f7746379", "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F18", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Spaceflight.com, 'Atlas’ 600th Mission launches with DMSP F18 from Vandenberg', 2009-10-18, http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/10/live-atlas-600th-mission-launch-dmsp-f18-vandenberg/ ]\n\n\nThe Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F18 (DMSP F18) satellite will help the Air Force provide “strategic and tactical weather prediction … to aide the U.S. military in planning operations at sea, on land, and in the air,” notes the ULA mission over presentation.\n\nFurthermore, “DMSP is a space- and ground-based system to collect and disseminate timely global environmental data to the Department of Defense and other governmental agencies.”\n\nDMSP F18 will provide viable data on soil moisture, surface temperatures, and cloud cover around the globe via its multitude of onboard sensors and polar orbit.\n\nThe presentation goes on to discuss some specifics of the DMSP satellite system, of which F18 is a part. “DMSP satellites ’see’ environmental features such as clouds, bodies of water, snow, fire, and pollution in the visual and infrared spectra.”\n\nThe satellite system can monitor global water temperatures, cloud cover, water currents, and ocean surface characteristics during their 101-minute orbital period around Earth. This, coupled with their polar and “sun-synchronous” orbits, allows each DMSP weather satellite to monitor nearly the entire globe every six hours.\n\nThe data collected by the satellites is transmitted to the ground where a team of meteorologists interpret the data and disseminate the information for the U.S. military, which in turn uses the data to plan and conduct U.S. military operations around the globe.\n\nIn addition to DMSP F18, two more DMSP weather satellites are awaiting launch. These satellites are currently stored at Space Systems’ operations in Sunnyvale, California. They will be transported to Vandenberg upon the request of the Air Force for launch operations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F18\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F18\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F18\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-21\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/10/live-atlas-600th-mission-launch-dmsp-f18-vandenberg/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-10-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88f4f200-a0fc-4325-aea6-6f525ca31bfe", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F9", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1988-006A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F9 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in planned 830-km, sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors are maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains four special sensors: (1) an advanced X-ray spectrometer, (2) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (3) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (4) an infrared temperature and moisture sounder. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Center, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite program can be found in the report by D.A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F9\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F9\n Short_Name: USA 29\n Short_Name: 18822\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSH-2\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Period: 101.2 minutes\n Perigee: 818.8 km\n Apogee: 818.8 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1988-006A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-02-03\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa866680-32cd-4bd2-88ee-ae7b45c629da", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F10", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-105A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F10 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains five special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an advanced X-ray detector, (3) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (5) a microwave imager. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F10\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F10\n Short_Name: USA 68\n Short_Name: 20978\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6°\n Period: 96.89 minutes\n Perigee: 564.0 km\n Apogee: 653.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-105A\n Online_Resource: http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/dmsp_f10.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-12-01\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b13ff0b8-748c-475c-8512-361ae27a9395", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F14", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-012A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F14, also named USA 131, is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon.\n\nThe 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so that sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element.\n\nThe operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system and provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains: (1) a microwave imager; (2) a microwave temperature sounder; (3) a microwave water vapor profiler; (4) an ion and electron scintillation monitor; (5) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer; (6) a gamma/X-ray detector; (7) a magnetometer; and (8) a static earth-viewing sensor monitoring electromagnetic radiation.\n\nAdditional information concerning the satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F14\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F14\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F14\n Short_Name: USA 131\n Short_Name: 24753\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSI/ES2\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/T-2\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSB/X2\n Short_Name: SSM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9°\n Period: 101.8 minutes\n Perigee: 843.0 km\n Apogee: 854.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-10-30\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-012A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-04-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8d201a6-28e8-4889-bc23-97babf5a75c5", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F7", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-113A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F7 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program was to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 830-km, sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other one at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft was divided into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors were maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of the clouds. A supplementary sensor package contained six special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an X-ray spectrometer, (3) an ionospheric plasma monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, (5) a magnetometer, and (6) a space radiation dosimeter. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Washington, and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, July-August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F7\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F7\n Short_Name: 14506\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPACE RADIATION DOSIMETER\n Short_Name: SSM\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSB/S\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.3 minutes\n Perigee: 810.0 km\n Apogee: 829.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-113A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-11-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "be9ed5c4-4d6b-45fa-9bf7-55b7995fbd15", "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F17", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-050A ]\n\nMSP F17, also known as DMSP 5D-3 F17 is an American (DoD/NOAA) military weather satellite that was launched by a Delta 4 rocket from Vandenberg AFB at 13:53 UT on 04 November 2006. It is presumed to carry a payload similar to those on DMSP F16 and F15, to provide infrared and visible light images, and some data of ionospheric and magnetospheric import. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-3/F17\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-3/F17\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F17\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F17\n Short_Name: 29522\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.80000305175781°\n Period: 102.0 minutes\n Perigee: 841.0 km\n Apogee: 855.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-23\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-050A\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-11-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "caece537-38fc-4888-8ca7-1f4570dcf409", "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F2", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-044A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-1/F2 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program were to provide global visual and infrared cloud cover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 830-km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment, (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors, (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (that has the third-stage motor, hydrazine reaction control system) which supports (4) a 9.29 sq mm solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors could be maintained in the desired `earth-looking' mode. One feature was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational line scan system (OLS) built by Westinghouse, was the primary data acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery at 1/3-nautical-mile resolution for all major land masses, 1-1/2-nautical-mile resolution for complete global coverage, and provided with this data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary sensor package, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. The data processing system, which included three high-density tape recorders, was capable of storing a total of 400 min of data, each allowing full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites via two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, WA, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed via SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the satellite can be found in the report, `The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, 4, July - August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F2 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F2\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AMS 2\n Short_Name: Advanced Meteorological Satellite 2\n Short_Name: DMSP 13536\n Short_Name: DMSP-F2\n Short_Name: 10033\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSB/O\n Short_Name: PASSIVE IONOSPHERIC MONITOR\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: PES (SSJ/3)\n Short_Name: SSI/E\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.0°\n Period: 101.7 minutes\n Perigee: 811.0 km\n Apogee: 869.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-044A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-06-05\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1ad8ea7-b460-44b2-a96a-1040d156eeb4", "label": "DMSP 5D-3/F19", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "A United Launch Alliance Atlas 5-401 rocket (AV-044) will be used to launch the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Flight 19 military weather satellite for the U.S. Air Force. The polar orbiting satellite will collect global data on cloud movements, atmospheric profiles and the other ingredients needed by meteorologists to generate strike quality weather forecasts across the globe for the warfighter. The rocket stands 189 feet tall, weighs 737,000 pounds at launch and produces 860,000 pounds of sea-level thrust. The spacecraft is encapsulated in a 14-foot, diameter, 39-foot-tall aluminum payload fairing.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6a9e2e1-7c3b-4c10-9ffb-59c40b1b2061", "label": "DMSP 5D-2/F8", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-053A ]\n\nDMSP 5D-2/F8 is one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Its pre-launch designation was DMSP 5D-2/S9. This program, previously known as DAPP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objective of this program is to provide global visual and infrared cloudcover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense operational weather analysis and forecasting requirements. Operationally, the program consists of two satellites in sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 6.4-m-long spacecraft is separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment; (2) an equipment support module containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors; (3) a reaction control equipment support structure containing the third-stage rocket motor and supporting the ascent phase reaction control equipment; and (4) a 9.29-sq-m solar cell panel. The spacecraft stabilization is controlled by a combination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors are maintained in the desired earth-looking mode. One feature is the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allows automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational linescan system is the primary data acquisition system that provides real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night, visual and infrared imagery of clouds. A supplementary sensor package contains five special sensors: (1) a microwave temperature sounder, (2) an advanced X-ray detector, (3) an ionospheric/scintillation monitor, (4) a precipitating electron/ion spectrometer, and (5) a microwave imager. An infrared temperature and moisture sounder and a magnetometer may also be included on this spacecraft. Either recorded or real-time data are transmitted to ground-receiving sites by two redundant S-band transmitters. Recorded data are read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, Wash., and at Loring AFB, Maine, and relayed by SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska. Real-time data are read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. Additional information concerning this satellite program can be found in the report by D. A. Nichols, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' Optical Engineering, v. 14, n. 4, p. 273, July-August, 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-2/F8 \n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-2/F8\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP-F8\n Short_Name: USA 26\n Short_Name: WX9543\n Short_Name: 18123\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSJ/4\n Short_Name: SSM/T\n Short_Name: SSB/X\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: SSM/I\n Short_Name: SSI/ES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6°\n Period: 96.89 minutes\n Perigee: 564.0 km\n Apogee: 653.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-053A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/index.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2a6694b-5ba1-464a-9d0f-d0212e492d53", "label": "DMSP 5D-1/F1", - "broader": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", + "parentId": "1cf8cbcd-c1be-4c78-9272-b62adad59aa1", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1976-091A ]\n\nDMSP-5D-1/F1 was one of a series of meteorological satellites developed and operated by the Air Force under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). This program, previously known as DAAP (Data Acquisition and Processing Program), was classified until March 1973. The objectives of this program were to provide global visual and infrared cloud cover data and specialized environmental data to support Department of Defense requirements. Operationally, the program consisted of two satellites in planned 83-km sun-synchronous polar orbits, with the ascending node of one satellite in early morning and the other at local noon. The 5.4-m-long spacecraft was separated into four sections: (1) a precision mounting platform (PMP) for sensors and equipment requiring precise alignment, (2) an equipment support module (ESM) containing the electronics, reaction wheels, and some meteorological sensors, (3) a reaction control equipment (RCE) support structure (that has the third-stage motor, hydrazine reaction control system) which supports (4) a 9.29 sq m solar cell panel. The Block 5D spacecraft stabilization was controlled by a conbination flywheel and magnetic control coil system so sensors could be maintained in the desired 'earth-looking' mode. One feature of Block 5D was the precision-pointing accuracy of the primary imager to 0.01 deg provided by a star sensor and an updated ephemeris navigation system. This allowed automatic geographical mapping of the digital imagery to the nearest picture element. The operational line scan system (OLS) built by Westinghouse, was the primary acquisition system that provided real-time or stored, multi-orbit, day-and-night visual and infrared imagery at 1/3 nautical mile resolution for all major land masses, 1-1/2 nautical mile resolution for complete global coverage, and provided with this data calibration, timing, and other auxiliary signals to the spacecraft for digital transmission to the ground. A supplementary sensor package, the special sensor H (SSH), a step-scanning radiometer, was the infrared temperature-humidity-ozone sounder. The data processing system, which included three high-density tape recorders, could store a total of 400 min of data, each allowing full global coverage twice daily. Either recorded or real-time data were transmitted to ground-receiving sites via two redundant s-band transmitters. Recorded data were read out to tracking sites located at Fairchild AFB, WA, and Loring AFB, ME, and relayed via SATCOM to Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE. Real-time data were read out at mobile tactical sites located around the world. A more complete description of the Block 5D satellite can be found in the report, 'The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,' D. A. Nichols, Optical Engineering, 14, 4, July - August 1975.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)\n Short_Name: DMSP 5D-1/F1\n Long_Name: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DMSP 12535\n Short_Name: DMSP-F1\n Short_Name: 09415\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MFR/SSH\n Short_Name: OLS\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SSB)\n Short_Name: GFE-3R DOSIMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 830 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Period: 101.3 min\n Perigee: 806 km\n Apogee: 832 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1976-091A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/dmsp.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-09-11\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Department of Defense-Department of the Air Force (United States)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -2887,27 +2887,27 @@ { "uuid": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", "label": "Swarm", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission approved in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and was successfully launched on 22 November 2013.\n\nAs part of the Third Party Missions programme, the e-POP instrument of the Canadian Space Agency's CASSIOPE mission joined the constellation in February 2018.\n\nThe research objectives of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution as well as the electric field in the atmosphere using a constellation of 3 identical satellites carrying sophisticated magnetometers and electric field instruments.", "children": [ { "uuid": "054787a6-0c47-43af-a4ee-05c572dd1705", "label": "Swarm-A", - "broader": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", + "parentId": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", "definition": "Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission approved in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and was successfully launched on 22 November 2013.\n\nAs part of the Third Party Missions programme, the e-POP instrument of the Canadian Space Agency's CASSIOPE mission joined the constellation in February 2018.\n\nThe research objectives of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution as well as the electric field in the atmosphere using a constellation of 3 identical satellites carrying sophisticated magnetometers and electric field instruments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "769a52d4-7db1-4b8e-8d39-6fee4e74d34f", "label": "Swarm-C", - "broader": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", + "parentId": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", "definition": "Primary objectives:\n\n* studies of core dynamics, geodynamo processes and core-mantle interaction\n\n* mapping of the lithospheric magnetisation and its geological interpretation\n\n* determination of the 3D electrical conductivity of the mantle\n\n* investigation of electric currents flowing in the magnetosphere and ionosphere\n\n* identifying the ocean circulation by its magnetic signature\n\n* quantifying the magnetic forcing of the upper atmosphere", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab7f9a64-ca5d-4795-94ff-fd5367d39f9f", "label": "Swarm-B", - "broader": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", + "parentId": "1d6d5f82-acd5-4bd2-9324-12884718b353", "definition": "Primary objectives:\n\n* studies of core dynamics, geodynamo processes and core-mantle interaction\n\n* mapping of the lithospheric magnetisation and its geological interpretation\n\n* determination of the 3D electrical conductivity of the mantle\n\n* investigation of electric currents flowing in the magnetosphere and ionosphere\n\n* identifying the ocean circulation by its magnetic signature\n\n* quantifying the magnetic forcing of the upper atmosphere", "children": [] } @@ -2916,48 +2916,48 @@ { "uuid": "1f7c6ae3-d38e-42b7-a874-60298b0fcfa1", "label": "ODIN", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ODIN is a Swedish small satellite project for Astronomical and\nAtmospheric Research. The Aeronomy research will address\nscientific problem areas in the stratosphere and mesosphere by\nmaking measurements of various trace species. The scientific\ngoals can be summarized as follows:\n\n1. Stratospheric ozone science: To elucidate the geographical\nextent of and mechanisms responsible for ozone depletion in the\n'ozone hole' region and to study dilution effects and possible\nheterogeneous chemistry even outside of the polar regions due to\nsulphate aerosols\n\n2. Mesospheric ozone science: To establish the relative role of\nodd hydrogen chemistry and the effects of ordered and turbulent\ntransport and corpuscular radiation.\n\n3. Summer mesospheric science: To establish the variability of\nmesospheric water vapor including an assessment of the required\nfluxes for aerosol formation in the polar mesosphere.\n\n4. Coupling of atmospheric regions: To study some of the\nmechanisms that provide coupling between the upper and lower\natmosphere, eg downward transport of aurorally enhanced NO with\nits effects on ozone photo chemistry and the vertical exchange\nof minor species such as odd oxygen, CO and H2O.\n\nOdin will work in unexplored bands of the electromagnetic\nspectrum, around wavelengths of 0.5 mm and 3 mm. These contain\nemission lines from important molecules such as water vapor,\nmolecular oxygen, ozone and carbon monoxide. The lines will be\nused as tools to study processes in the Earth's atmosphere and\nin astronomical objects. Complementary information on the\natmosphere will come from spectral lines at ultraviolet and\noptical wavelengths. Major scientific issues relate to star\nformation processes interstellar chemistry and atmospheric ozone\nbalance.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://www.ssc.se/ssd/ssat/odin.html\n\n[Summary provided by Swedish Space Corporation]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20950d05-0365-4984-9d9c-2c7845b4611a", "label": "GEO-KOMPSAT-2B", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) is planning for the follow-on geostationary meteorological satellite (GEO-KOMPSAT-2) to continue the Korean COMS (Communications, Ocean, Meteorological Satellite) mission. From 2009 onwards, KMA has prepared a feasibility study for the GEO-KOMPSAT-2 program under the cooperation of the following Ministries: Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP), Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF), and Ministry of Environment (ME) of the Korean government. The GEO-KOMPSAT-2 program has been approved in September 2010, and was kicked off in the middle of 2012.\nNote: The nickname Cheollian means long distance view (literally “Thousand Li View”) in Korean.\n\nKMA/NMSC (Korea Meteorological Administration/National Meteorological Satellite Center) of Korea started the COMS-Next (GEO-KOMPSAT-2) program with the overall objective to obtain geostationary meteorological data for continuous monitoring of meteorological phenomena in the Asia-Oceania region.\n\nSpecific mission goals are: \n\n• Continuing the COMS (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite) meteorological mission\n\n• Improving the severe weather monitoring\n\n- Higher frequency of observation\n\n- Retrieving the atmospheric structure (pseudo-sounding)\n\n• Improving the support of the NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) model with an efficient data assimilation model\n\n• Intensifying the environment & climate monitoring\n\n- Various surface information retrieval\n\n- Air pollution monitoring\n\n- Establishing long-term observation data.\n\nThe GEO-KOMPSAT-2 program comprises two satellites for multi-purpose applications: GEO-KOMPSAT-2A for meteorological missions and GEO-KOMPSAT-2B for ocean and environmental monitoring. KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) of Daejeon, Korea, is responsible for the development of the GEO-KOMPSAT-2 space segment while KMA/NMSC implements the ground segment.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20dc9390-40d9-441e-86d2-4ab1e97a276b", "label": "HCMM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) spacecraft was the first of a series\nof Applications Explorer Missions (AEM). The objective of the HCMM was to\nprovide comprehensive, accurate, high-spatial-resolution thermal surveys of the\nsurface of the earth. The HCMM spacecraft was made of two distinct modules:\n(1) an instrument module, containing the heat capacity mapping radiometer and\nits supporting gear, and (2) a base module, containing the data handling,\npower, communications, command, and attitude control subsystems required to\nsupport the instrument module. The spacecraft was spin stabilized at a rate of\n14 rpm.\nThe HCMM circular sun-synchronous orbit allowed the spacecraft to sense surface\ntemperatures near the maximum and minimum of the diurnal cycle. The orbit had\na daylight ascending node with nominal equatorial crossing time of 2:00 p.m.\nSince there was no inclination adjustment capacity, the spacecraft drifted from\nthis crossing time by about 1 hour earlier per year. There was no on-board\ndata storage capability, so only real-time data were transmitted when the\nsatellite came within reception range of seven ground stations. The repeat\ncycle of the spacecraft was 16 days. Day/night coverage over a given area\nbetween the latitudes of 85 deg N and 85 deg S occurred at intervals ranging\nfrom 12 to 36 h (once every 16 days).\nDuring February 21-23, 1980, the HCMM orbital altitude was lowered from 620 km\nto 540 km to stop the drift of the orbit plane to unfavorable sun angles which\nin turn reduced the power collection capability of the solar panels. The\noperations of the spacecraft were terminated on September 30, 1980. More\ndetailed information can be found in the 'Heat Capacity Mapping Mission\nUsers' Guide' (TRF B30282), available from NSSDC.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HCMM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HCMM\n Long_Name: Heat Capacity Mapping Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HCMM\n Short_Name: AEM-A\n Short_Name: Explorer 58\n Short_Name: 10818\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.6 degrees\n Period: 96.67 min\n Perigee: 560 km\n Apogee: 641 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1978-041A\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/HCMM.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-04-26\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "24e15a6d-d600-4eb1-9757-022a19f583fe", "label": "TOPSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "TopSat is a micro-satellite designed and built by a QinetiQ-led consortium of British firms. Images from the satellite are provided free of charge to relief agencies responding to disasters anywhere in world.\n\nTopSat was designed and built by a consortium of British companies led by QinetiQ, whose role included systems design and technical authority, provision of payload electronics units, project and operations management and data reception. Other consortium members are Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) designed and Infoterra.\n\nThe satellite is designed to return its data directly to a mobile ground station immediately after collecting an image, allowing far more timely delivery of the information which it collects than standard satellites. The system is specifically designed to meet operational timescales, whether for disaster relief, news-gathering, or other applications where speed of response is vital.\n\nTopSat received the Aviation and Space Grand Award – the top award for aerospace technology, from Popular Science, the best selling science and technology magazine in the world. The magazine’s editors concluded that TopSat is an innovation that has the potential to change satellite and space reconnaissance technology.\n\nTopSat weighs just 120 kg, but carries an optical camera capable of delivering panchromatic images with a spatial resolution at nadir of 2.8 metres covering a 17x17 km area, and simultaneous three-band multi-spectral images, (red, green, blue), with a resolution of 5.6 metres. This is thought to represent the best resolution per mass of any satellite launched to date. This camera is integrated with an agile micro-satellite platform to permit pitch compensation manoeuvres, allowing imaging of low illumination scenes.\n\nTopSat has been in operation since its launch from Plesetsk in Russia on 27th October 2005. The satellite can be reprogrammed in orbit, and the consortium is exploiting this to enhance its performance. In addition to actively pursuing experiments for the MOD and BNSC, the consortium is also seeking new applications to which the technology can be applied. In the future, a constellation of three or four TopSat satellites could image almost any point on the Earth at least once a day, further opening up the potential for quick response imagery which is extremely cost effective to deliver.\n\n[Information from QinetiQ Ltd.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TOPSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TOPSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.1\n Period: 98.6\n Repeat_Cycle: 4\n Perigee: 688.4\n Apogee: 714\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.qinetiq.com/home/defence/defence_solutions/space/topsat.html\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=5135\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-10-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: QinetiQ Ltd.\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n Primary_Sponsor: UK Ministry of Defense (MOD)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", "label": "Quickbird", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "QuickBird was a high-resolution commercial Earth observation satellite owned by DigitalGlobe, launched in 2001 and reentered after orbit decay in 2015. QuickBird used Ball Aerospace's Global Imaging System 2000 (BGIS 2000). The satellite collected panchromatic (black and white) imagery at 61 centimeter resolution and multispectral imagery at 2.44- (at 450 km) to 1.63-meter (at 300 km) resolution, as orbit altitude is lowered during the end of mission life.", "children": [ { "uuid": "04c144cb-2195-4dd7-a7d3-8dacfb550abd", "label": "QUICKBIRD", - "broader": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", + "parentId": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", "definition": "The QuickBird satellite is the first in a constellation of spacecraft that\nDigitalGlobe is developing that offers highly accurate, commercial\nhigh-resolution imagery of Earth. QuickBird's global collection of panchromatic\nand multispectral imagery is designed to support applications ranging from map\npublishing to land and asset management to insurance risk assessment.\n\nToday, DigitalGlobe's QuickBird is the only spacecraft able to offer sub-meter\nresolution imagery, industry-leading geolocational accuracy, large on-board\ndata storage, and an imaging footprint 2 to 10 times larger than any other\ncommercial high-resolution satellite.\n\nQuickBird was designed and built by our strategic partners, Ball Aerospace &\nTechnologies Corp., Kodak, and Fokker Space, all leaders in their fields. By\nutilizing proven technology from each supplier, we have developed a\nstate-of-the-art, satellite system built from space-qualified components. This\nsystem successfully meets DigitalGlobe's demanding performance requirements for\nhigh image quality, robust image collection, and long mission life.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: QUICKBIRD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: QUICKBIRD\n Long_Name: DigitalGlobe's QuickBird\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Quickbird\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 450 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degree\n Repeat_Cycle: 2-3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://www.digitalglobe.com/index.php/85/QuickBird\n Sample_Image: http://www.digitalglobe.com/image.php?id=93\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-10-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: DigitalGlobe\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4240f2ff-8d4a-438d-bbae-f62ae3504922", "label": "QUICKBIRD-2", - "broader": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", + "parentId": "2760ac04-0903-4eb2-a3f9-8f6b853b8ab7", "definition": "QuickBird, launched in October 2001, was an imaging satellite of DigitalGlobe Inc. of Longmont, CO, USA. The spacecraft was in a sun-synchronous orbit with an operating altitude of 450 km. It completed one revolution every 93.4 minutes and absolved more than 15 revolutions per day.", "children": [] } @@ -2966,97 +2966,97 @@ { "uuid": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "label": "Meteosat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01ee202c-22c5-442d-b4fd-65f424057ea3", "label": "METEOSAT-10", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "07dfead6-2cbc-4703-8533-c4d07e2ec67c", "label": "METEOSAT-9", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ef73a04-e012-4389-9646-cdeb7c04dc92", "label": "METEOSAT-8", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ce99530-44bb-435b-ac46-3e3f0ddde484", "label": "METEOSAT-3", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "Meteosat-P2 (Meteosat 3) was launched on June 15, 1988 from Kourou,\nFrench Guiana. Meteosat 3 is a refurbished protoype of Meteosat-2.\nIn general, the design, the instrumentation, and the operation are\nsimilar to SMS/GOES. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measures 210\ncm in diameter and 430 cm in length, including the apogee boost motor.\nThe primary structural members are an equipment platform and a central\ntube. The radiometer telescope is mounted on the equipment platform\nand views the earth through a special aperture in the side of the\nspacecraft. A support structure extends radially out from the central\ntube and is affixed to the solar panels, which form the outer walls of\nthe spacecraft. These solar panels provide the primary source of\nelectrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the\ncentral tube and the solar panels are station-keeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment and batteries. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) are maintained by jet thrusters mounted\non the spacecraft and activated by ground command. The spacecraft uses\nboth UHF-band and S-band frequencies in the telemetry and command\nsystems. During launch, a lower power VHF transponder provides\ntelemetry and command. After launch, the VHF transponder then serves\nas a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attains\nsynchronous orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized, geostationary spacecraft carries (1) a visible-IR\nradiometer to provide high-quality, day/night cloud-cover data and to\ntake radiance temperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, and (2) a\nmeteorological data collection system to disseminate image data to\nuser stations, to collect data from various earth-based platforms, and\nto relay data from polar-orbiting satellites. Orbital\nCharacteristics-\n Orbital Period: 1439.00 m\n Inclination: 0.50 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00110\n Periapsis: 35796.00 km Apoapsis: 35889.00 km\n\n\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\n\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage\n(SIRS). For more information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request\nand User Support Office, 301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight\nCenter, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA,\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-3\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59df537a-0912-4943-834e-9feb08d09d59", "label": "METEOSAT-2", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "Meteosat-2 was launched in June 1981 and was a geostationary\nspacecraft that served as part of European Space Agency's (ESA)\ncontribution to the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). As\npart of GARP, the satellite helped to supply data required for global\ndata sets used in improvement of machine weather forecasts. In\ngeneral, the spacecraft design, instrumentation, and operation were\nsimilar to SMS/GOES. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 210\ncm in diameter and 430 cm in length, including the apogee boost motor.\nThe primary structural members were an equipment platform and a\ncentral tube. The radiometer telescope was mounted on the equipment\nplatform and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side\nof the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the\ncentral tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the\nouter walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of\nelectrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the\ncentral tube and the solar panels were station-keeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment and batteries. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by jet thrusters mounted\non the spacecraft and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used\nboth UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command\nsubsystems. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and\ncommand during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit.\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible-IR radiometer to\nprovide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance\ntemperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, and (2) a meteorological\ndata collection system to disseminate image data to user stations, to\ncollect data from various earth-based platforms, and to relay data\nfrom polar-orbiting satellites. Meteosat-1 was maintained on station\nbetween 1 degree East and 1 degree West.\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-2\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5aac06ef-6ade-49b6-a98c-45516a9a646a", "label": "MSG", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) has been chosen as the name for the new family of Meteorological Satellites. Twenty-five years after the rollout of the first meteorological satellite in 1977, some six other Meteosats later, MSG is now a completely new series of geostationary meteorological satellites with three pieces already being produced and others that may follow within the next decade.\n\nMSG is a joint project between ESA and Eumetsat, the organization set up in 1986 to establish, maintain and operate a European system of meteorological satellites. Three satellites are planned at present and a ground segment. ESA is responsible for designing and developing the first satellite - now already in orbit - and for procuring the other three on behalf of Eumetsat. Eumetsat is responsible for defining the payload based on user needs, procuring the ground segment and launchers, and operating the system.\n\nWith the launch of MSG-2, at any one time, two MSG satellites will be functional in geostationary orbit, the operational one being at 0 degrees longitude which is above equatorial west Africa, the other being on stand-by with 10 degrees of separation.\n\nThe first satellite, MSG-1 has been launched on board an Ariane 5 launcher in\nAugust 2002. MSG-2 will follow later. MSG-3 will be built and put in storage\nuntil it is required to take over as the operational MSG nears the end of its\nlife. Each satellite will have a nominal seven-year lifetime. A fourth MSG\nsatellite of the same design is foreseen to ensure continuity of service until\nthe end of the next decade.\n\nAdditional information can be found at 'http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/MSG/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MSG\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: MSG\n Long_Name: Meteosat Second Generation\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Meteosat-9\n Short_Name: Meteosat-8\n Short_Name: MSG-1\n Short_Name: MSG-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GERB\n Short_Name: SEVIRI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35,800 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 0 degrees\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-29\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaMI/MSG/SEMQSCULWFE_0.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-12-25\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 7 years\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6f9f4776-ca2a-478a-b077-0b15fe8d2c3a", "label": "METEOSAT-6", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "The Meteosat Operational Programme (MOP-3) satellite, launched on\nNovember 20, 1993, was the third operational geostationary Meteosat\nsatellite following 3 pre-operational Meteosat satellites\n(Meteosat-1,-2,-3/P2). The primary goal of the MOP satellites were\n(1) to provide visible and IR day/night cloudcover data and radiances\nand (2) disseminate image data to users through the Data Collection\nPlatform (DCP). MOP-3 (or Meteosat 6) is a 2.1 m diameter, 3.195 m\nhigh stepped cylindrical body with solar cells on six main body\npanels. The spacecraft is spin-stabilized at 100 rpm around the main\naxis aligned almost parallel to the Earth's axis with spin regulated\nby two small hydrazine thrusters. Spin access control and east-west\nstationkeeping is provided by two pairs of large thrusters. Attitude\ninformation is provided by Earth horizon and Sun-lit sensors. A\nradiating diplole antenna directs S-band (333 kbs) transmission of DCP\nimage data to the Data Acquisition, Telemetry, and Tracking Station at\nOdenwald, Germany for relay to the Meteosat Ground Computer System and\nMeteosat Operations Control center at ESA's European Space Operations\nCenter (ESOC). The MOP-3 carries a single imaging radiometer in\nvisible/infrared wavelengths in addition to the Data Collection\nPlatform.\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\nFor more information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the\nMeteosat Program, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-6\n Long_Name: Meteosat Operational Programme 3 (MOP-3)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "75d48be5-2e6d-442f-9e97-0146706f7261", "label": "METEOSAT-7", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "The METOSAT-7 satellite is part of the METOSAT series of satellites whose goal is to provide weather oriented imaging of the Earth's globe at both visible and infra-red wavelenghts. \nGeneral Characteristics:\n\nLaunch date: September 2, 1997\nCountry of origin: Europe\nLaunch vehicle Ariane V99\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: Aerospatiale\nMass at launch: 690 kg\nMass in orbit: 320 kg\nDry mass: 281 kg\nDimension: 4.23 m height x 2.10 m diameter\nStabilization: spin stabilized (90/100 rpm)\nDC power: BOL: 240 W\nEOL: 225 W\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Meteosat\n\n[Information provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MVIRI\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35786 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 8.78124 deg\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Meteosat\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/535\n Sample_Image: http://www.emgo.cz/obrazky/met7sat.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-09-02\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 2006-12-05\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2069a17-e6be-49f4-a796-72aede755493", "label": "METEOSAT-5", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "The Meteosat Operational Programme (MOP-2) satellite, launched on\nMarch 2,1991, was the second operational geostationary Meteosat\nsatellite following 3 pre-operational Meteosat satellites\n(Meteosat-1,-2,-3/P2). The primary goal of the MOP satellites were (1)\nto provide visible and IR day/night cloudcover data and radiances and\n(2) disseminate image data to users through the Data Collection\nPlatform (DCP). MOP-2 (or Meteosat 5) is a 2.1 m diameter, 3.195 m\nhigh stepped cylindrical body with solar cells on six main body\npanels. The spacecraft is spin-stabilized at 100 rpm around the main\naxis aligned almost parallel to the Earth's axis with spin regulated\nby two small hydrazine thrusters. Spin access control and east-west\nstationkeeping is provided by two pairs of large thrusters. Attitude\ninformation is provided by Earth horizon and Sun-lit sensors. A\nradiating dipole antenna directs S-band (333 kbs) transmission of DCP\nimage data to the Data Acquisition, Telemetry, and Tracking Station at\nOdenwald, Germany for relay to the Meteosat Ground Computer System and\nMeteosat Operations Control center at ESA's European Space Operations\nCenter(ESOC). The MOP-2 carries a single imaging radiometer\ninvisible/infrared wavelengths in addition to the Data Collection\nPlatform.\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: http://www.esrin.esa.it\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-5\n Long_Name: Meteosat Operational Programme 2 (MOP-2)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7852052-09a6-4c48-b720-9dfb086df3db", "label": "METEOSAT-1", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "Meteosat-1 was launched in November 1977 and was a geostationary\nspacecraft that served as part of European Space Agency's (ESA)\ncontribution to the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). As\npart of GARP, the satellite helped to supply data required for global\ndata sets used in improvement of machine weather forecasts. In\ngeneral, the spacecraft design, instrumentation, and operation were\nsimilar to SMS/GOES. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 210\ncm in diameter and 430 cm in length, including the apogee boost motor.\nThe primary structural members were an equipment platform and a\ncentral tube. The radiometer telescope was mounted on the equipment\nplatform and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side\nof the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the\ncentral tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the\nouter walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of\nelectrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the\ncentral tube and the solar panels were station-keeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment and batteries. Proper spacecraftattitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by jet thrusters mounted\non the spacecraft and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used\nboth UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command\nsubsystems. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and\ncommand during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit.\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible-IR radiometer to\nprovide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance\ntemperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, and (2) a meteorological\ndata collection system to disseminate image data to user stations, to\ncollect data from various earth-based platforms, and to relay data\nfrom polar-orbiting satellites. Meteosat-1 was originally placed in a\ngeosynchronous orbit near the prime meridian and was positioned later\nbetween 9 and 11 degrees East.\nFor information on the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Meteosat\nProgram, see the URL: 'http://www.esrin.esa.it'\n----------------\nEntry taken from:\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT-1\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bc69ef64-c468-4e8a-9a41-3b421e79cc90", "label": "METEOSAT-11", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "Meteosat-11 is the prime operational geostationary satellite, positioned at 0 degrees and providing full disc imagery every 15 minutes. It also provides Search and Rescue monitoring and Data Collection Platform relay service.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ceb704ea-58eb-441a-8f86-9d2d7017240c", "label": "METEOSAT-4", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "Designation: 19876 / 89020B\nLaunch date: 6 Mar 1989\nCountry of origin: Europe\nMission: Meteorology\nLaunch vehicle: Ariane V29\n\nPrime contractor: Aerospatiale\nMass at launch: 681 kg\nMass in orbit: 316 kg\nDiameter: 2.1 m\nHeight: 3.1 m\nStabilization: Spin stabilized (100 rpm)\nDC power: BOL: 387 W\nEOL: 225 W\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.tbs-satellite.com/tse/online/sat_meteosat_4.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbfa9c1a-1853-4c48-8adf-f51ca6715c43", "label": "METEOSAT", - "broader": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", + "parentId": "28eac19a-5500-4a21-af30-ab7a364ff8d0", "definition": "[Text Source: EUMETSAT, http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/index.htm?l=en ]\n\nMeteosat First Generation refers to a series of geostationary satellites that have provided images of the full Earth disc and data for weather forecasts in a continuous and reliable stream for a quarter of a century. The first Meteosat, Meteosat-1, was launched in 1977, and the last of the first generation, Meteosat-7, was launched 20 years later, in 1997.\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatFirstGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n\nMeteosat Second Generation (MSG) consists of a series of four geostationary meteorological satellites, along with ground-based infrastructure, that will operate consecutively until 2020. The MSG satellites carry an impressive pair of instruments, the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI), which has the capacity to observe the Earth in 12 spectral channels and provide image data which is core to operational forecasting needs, and the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument supporting climate studies.\n\nMore Information: \nhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatSecondGeneration/MissionOverview/index.htm?l=en\n\n\nThe Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) system is being established through cooperation between EUMETSAT and the European Space Agency (ESA). ESA has already contributed to the initial research and development of the new satellites. The first MTG-I and MTG-S prototypes are being developed by ESA as part of its MTG programme. The EUMETSAT MTG programme includes the procurement of the four recurrent satellites - three MTG-Is and one additional MTG-S - as well as six launches, the development of the ground segment and the operations of all satellites.\n\nThe Euronews video (right) provides a useful introduction to past and future developments in European satellite meteorology, with particular reference to the MTG programme.\nThe MTG series will comprise six satellites, with the first spacecraft likely to be ready for launch from 2017. The in orbit configuration will consist of two parallel positioned satellites, the MTG-I (imager) and the MTG-S (sounder) platforms. Unlike the first and second generation Meteosat series, MTG will be based on three axes stabilised platforms having the advantage that the instruments are 100% of their in orbit time pointed to the Earth. Such improvements are necessary to achieve compliance with more demanding user requirements on spatial resolution, repeat cycle and signal to noise ratio, and are a prerequisite to conduct soundings from geostationary orbit.\nMTG-I satellites will fly the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) and an imaging lightning detection instrument the Lightning Imager (LI). The MTG-S will include an interferometer the InfraRed Sounder (IRS) with hyper-spectral resolution in the thermal spectral domain, and the Sentinel-4 instrument, the high resolution Ultraviolet Visible Near-infrared (UVN) spectrometer.\nThe programme should guarantee access to space-acquired meteorological data until at least the late 2030s.\n\nhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatThirdGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METEOSAT\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatFirstGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatSecondGeneration/MissionOverview/index.htm?l=en\n Online_Resource: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Satellites/MeteosatThirdGeneration/index.htm?l=en\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-12-09\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3065,48 +3065,48 @@ { "uuid": "2a5acbda-7149-4bf7-8be2-9076f07e9b7f", "label": "FORMOSAT-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ROCSat-2 is an NSPO (National Space Program Office) of Taiwan Earth imaging satellite with the objective to collect high-resolution panchromatic (2 m) and multispectral (8 m) imagery for a great variety of applications such as in land use, agriculture and forestry, environmental monitoring, natural disaster evaluation, and in support of research interests, in particular with the ISUAL instrument. Daily image coverage of Taiwan and the surrounding region is required.\n\nBackground: A contract was signed in May 1999 between NSPO and DASA/DSS (Dornier Satelliten Systeme GmbH) of Germany to build a high-resolution optical imaging satellite. However, the German government refused to give DASA/DSS an export licence for the S/C (the People's Republic of China was protesting the deal). The stalemate was resolved in Dec. 1999 when NSPO signed a new contract with MMS (now Astrium SAS of France). Quick approval of the export of ROCSat-2 was provided by the French government. The ROCSat program is part of a long-term effort in Taiwan to develop an autonomous space capability.\n\nNote: A public naming competition took place in Taiwan in 2004 with regard to the ROCSat satellite program. At the end of this contest, the ROCSat program was given the new name of FormoSat in December 2004. Hence, ROCSat-2 became FormoSat-2. \n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe spacecraft bus has been built by EADS Astrium SAS (prime contractor) of Vélizy, France, based on the Leostar 500 XO family. There were also contributions from Taiwanese industry (including satellite computers, S-band antennas, and sun sensors). The S/C structure consists basically of a hexagonal body of 1.6 m side length (diameter), 2.4 m in height. The satellite is three-axis stabilized. The upper deck of the platform carries the payload (RSI and ISUAL) and also part of AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem), namely the star sensors and gyroscopes. The lower deck carries the four reaction wheels and the autonomous propulsion module. The pointing accuracy is < 0.7 km (0.12º); the position knowledge is < 70 m (0.02º). The fixed solar array uses GaAs cells and consists of two deployable flaps. The entire S/C architecture is designed in such a way as to provide a low roll inertia, a key factor for satellite agility and instrument line-of-sight stability. The S/C provides a body-pointing capability of ±45º in roll and pitch (45º pitch in 60 s, 10º roll in 25 s, 30º roll in 60 s, respectively). The S/C wet mass is about 746 kg with 81 kg of propellant (N2H4) mass. The design life is five years or better.\n\nLaunch: A launch of ROCSat-2 took place on May 20, 2004 (UTC) on a Taurus-XL vehicle of OSC (Orbital Sciences Corporation) from VAFB, CA (maiden flight of Taurus-XL configuration which offers greater lift capability compared to previous versions of the Taurus rocket).\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, mean altitude = 888 km, inclination = 99.14º, period of 102.9 minutes, the LTDN (Local Time of Descending Node) is 9:26 AM (14 orbits/day). The agility of the spacecraft provides a daily revisit capability for event/disaster monitoring.\n\nNote: Following the early-orbit checkout, the initial satellite orbit has been raised from 728 km to 888 km altitude in the period May 23 to June 2, 2004. A total of 32 burns were performed by the propulsion module with 4 burns for inclination change, to enter into the mission orbit with an altitude of 891 km and an inclination of 99.14º.\n\nGround segment: The basic elements of the ROCSat-2 ground segment are the MMC (Multi Mission Center) and the XAS (X-band Acquisition System) located in Hsinchu, Taiwan. MMC in turn consists of MOC (Mission Operations Center), MCC (Mission Control Center), SCC (Science Control Center), FDF (Flight Dynamics Facility), and GCN (Ground Communications Network). ROCSat-2 X-band imagery reception is also made available to third parties (international partners) with their own ground stations through cooperative agreements.\n\nMission status: The spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally as of 2007.\n\nMission operations started in June 2004 (the checkout and performance verification for satellite bus and RSI were started on May 21 and completed through June 2004; all performance requirements of FormoSat-2 had been successfully verified in orbit). Besides providing imagery for the domestic needs of Taiwan, the S/C is frequently being used to deliver high-resolution imagery for event monitoring (coverage of the Tsunami in Asia on Dec. 26, 2004 and thereafter, coverage of Hurricane Katarina in Aug. 2005, coverage of Typhoons on the Pacific, coverage of earthquake regions, etc.). The spacecraft is operating nominally as of 2006. 7) 8) 9) 10)\n\n• NSPO has contracted to SPOT Image S.A. for the international distribution of FORMOSAT-2 images since June 2004\n\n• On 4 July 2004, ISUAL successfully observed the first images of sprites, sprite halo, and elves.\n\n• In April 2005, NSPO implemented a terminal in Kiruna, Sweden, to serve as an additional receiving station\n\n• In May 2006, NSPO implemented a F2T (FormoSat-2 Terminal) in Svalbard, Norway, to extend the data acquisition capability of the mission.\n\nSOH (State-of-Health) trending during two years of mission operations (May 2004-May 2006) on five major subsystems, including AOCS and EPS (Electric Propulsion Subsystem), and one major payload have been conducted. All parameters were well within specifications. The C&DH and the TT&C do not exhibit any SOH problems so far.\n\nRSI (Remote Sensing Instrument), built by EADS Astrium SAS, France. RSI is made up of the camera and IPU (Instrument Processing Unit). The camera itself consists of the optical subassembly, the secondary structure, and the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The Korsch telescope (mirrors & structure) design and the focal plane structure are being made of SiC (Silicon Carbide). The video electronics, sequencer, DC/DC converter, and compression cards comprise the IPU.\n\nRSI utilizes the agility of the satellite bus for stereo imaging over a specific region, continuous imaging over a slender region, and mosaic imaging over a large region. The imaging capability is 8 minutes per orbit, and the imaging areas during one cycle can be one 3000 km x 24 km continuous strip, two 100 km x 24 km stereo pairs, four 100 km x 24 km strips, or eight scenes.\n\nISUAL (Imager of Sprites: Upper Atmospheric Lightning). ISUAL is a joint international research program of NSPO, UCB (University of California at Berkeley), National Cheng Kung University of Taiwan, and Tohoku University, Japan. The objective is to observe the natural upward lightning discharge phenomena toward the ionosphere on top of the troposphere, referred to as TLEs (Transient Luminous Events). The requirements call for: 14)\n\n• To determine the location and timing of luminous phenomena above thunder clouds to investigate their spatial, temporal and spectral properties\n\n• To obtain a global survey of upper atmospheric optical flash transients (sprites, elves, blue jets, gigantic jets, etc.).\n\nThe instrument consists of four elements: a) intensified sprite imager, b) a six-channel spectrophotometer, c) a two-channel array photometer, and d) an electronics package. The imager is a staring-type frame CCD camera, taking 180 frames/s with a resolution of 512 x 80 pixels in a FOV of 20º x 3.15º. In Figure 8, the large disk of the ISUAL instrument contains six color filters, which can be rotated to select wavelength for measuring the emission spectrum of red sprites. ISUAL is operated in three modes:\n\n• The sprite continuous mode to take images with a sample rate of 100 Hz\n\n• The sprite burst mode with a sample rate of 1000 Hz\n\n• The auroral mode at a constant rate of 1 sample/s. \n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FORMOSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FORMOSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ROCSat-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 888 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.14 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 am\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 1\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.nspo.org.tw/2008e/projects/project2/intro.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.spotimage.com/web/en/977--formosat-2-images.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/formosat-2.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2004-05-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: National Space Program Office (NSPO), China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", "label": "China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program (CBERS) is a technological cooperation program between Brazil and China which develops and operates Earth observation satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0303de56-025a-416c-8a2e-ac14979dc455", "label": "CBERS-1", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", + "parentId": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", "definition": "[Source: INPE CBERS home page, \nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/] \n\nThe first satellite to be developed, CBERS-1, was launched with great success by the Chinese Long March 4B launcher, from the Taiyuan Launch Base, on Oct. 14, 1999. Launch occurred at 1:15 AM (Brasilia local time).\n\nTwo modules compose the satellite. The first one is the payload module, where 3 cameras are located (CCD Camera, IRMSS Camera and WFI Camera) and a Transponder for the Brazilian Environmental Data Collection System. The second one is the service module, containing the equipment for power supply, control, telecommunications and remaining functions necessary to the satellite operation.\n\nIts orbit is Helios-synchronous, at a 778 km altitude. It performs about 14 revolutions a day and obtains a complete coverage of the Earth in 26 days.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-1\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SJ 3\n Short_Name: Shijian 3\n Short_Name: 25940\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Short_Name: IRMSS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Period: 99.6 minutes\n Perigee: 733.0 km\n Apogee: 745.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1999-057A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/cbers-1__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-10-14\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil\n Primary_Sponsor: China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "064b3481-8a82-4c2b-9d59-86eda10cff53", "label": "CBERS-3", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", + "parentId": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", "definition": "[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE), \nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ]\n\nDue to the success of CBERS-1 and 2, the two governments decided, in November 2002, to give continuity to the CBERS program by signing a new agreement for the development and launch of two more satellites, CBERS-3 and 4.\n\nBrazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011.\n\nCBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2. Four cameras will be present in the payload module, with improved geometrical and radiometric performance.\n\nThey are: PanMux Camera-PANMUX, Multi-spectral Camera-MUXCAM, Scanning Medium Resolution Scanner-IRSCAM and Wide Field Imaging Camera-WFICAM.\n\nThe orbits of the two satellites will be the same as for CBERS-1 and 2. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-3\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IRS (CBERS)\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Short_Name: PANMUX\n Short_Name: MUXCAM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 778 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 26 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/cbers-3__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-01-01\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Primary_Sponsor: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "274b7618-c580-4466-8a63-f79b0beb778c", "label": "CBERS-2B", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", + "parentId": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", "definition": "[Source: NASA National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-042A\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ]\n \nCBERS 2B (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 2B), also known as Zi Yuan 2B, is a China-Brazil joint craft that was launched by a Long March 4B rocket from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in Shanxi province at 03:26 UT on 19 September 2007. The 1.5 tonne, 1.8 m x 2.0 m x 2.2 m, triaxially-stabilized craft carries a low 20 m resolution, and a higher 2.5 m resolution camera. The data will help in crop estimation, urban planning, water resource management, and military intelligence. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-2B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-2B\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 2B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n Short_Name: HRPC\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Perigee: 773.0 km\n Apogee: 774.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-25\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-042A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-09-19\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: China-Brazil joint spacecraft\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "808fa0c2-1d97-4347-a5dd-2b285000c6f2", "label": "CBERS-2", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", + "parentId": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", "definition": "[Source: INPE CBERS home page,\nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ] \n\nCBERS-2 is technically identical to CBERS-1. The second satellite developed jointly with China was launched successfully on Oct.21, 2003 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in China. The launch time was 11:16AM (Beijing local time), which corresponds to 1:16AM (Brasilia local time).\n\nThe CBERS-2 was integrated and tested in the Integration and Test Laboratory of INPE. See a detail description of the activities done in Brazil.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-2\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 1,2)\n Short_Name: IRMSS\n Short_Name: HRCCD\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESASP.548..221O\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/cbers-1__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-10-21\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil\n Primary_Sponsor: China\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8551bdde-6ae3-459f-a903-ec1ce7fab5d9", "label": "CBERS-4", - "broader": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", + "parentId": "2b68d69c-e4c8-4194-8db6-8b9002607fb6", "definition": "[Summary provided by the Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE), \nhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/ ]\n\nDue to the success of CBERS-1 and 2, the two governments decided, in November 2002, to give continuity to the CBERS program by signing a new agreement for the development and launch of two more satellites, CBERS-3 and 4.\n\nBrazilian participation in this program will be enlarged up to 50%, thus taking Brazil to a condition of equality with its partner. CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2009, CBERS-4 in 2011.\n\nCBERS-3 and 4 satellites represent an evolution of CBERS-1 and 2. Four cameras will be present in the payload module, with improved geometrical and radiometric performance.\n\nThey are: PanMux Camera-PANMUX, Multi-spectral Camera-MUXCAM, Scanning Medium Resolution Scanner-IRSCAM and Wide Field Imaging Camera-WFICAM.\n\nThe orbits of the two satellites will be the same as for CBERS-1 and 2. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CBERS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite)\n Short_Name: CBERS-4\n Long_Name: China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite 4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IRS (CBERS)\n Short_Name: WFI (CBERS 3,4)\n Short_Name: PANMUX\n Short_Name: MUXCAM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 778 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 26 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.cbers.inpe.br/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-01-01\n Launch_Site: Taiyuan Space Launch Center, China\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil National Institute for Space Research (INPE)\n Primary_Sponsor: China National Space Administration\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3115,27 +3115,27 @@ { "uuid": "2c8530dc-b6cc-445f-87dc-36e76a1cb29c", "label": "GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Geostationary satellites are satellites that travel above Earth's\nequator from west to east at an altitude of approximately 35,900\nkilometers (22,300 miles) and at a speed matching that of Earth's\nrotation, thus remaining stationary in relation to Earth.\n\n[Source: The American Heritageý Dictionary of the English\nLanguage, Fourth Edition Copyright ý 2000 by Houghton Mifflin\nCompany.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", "label": "Sentinel-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Sentinel-2 mission is a land monitoring constellation of two satellites that provide high resolution optical imagery and provide continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions. The orbit is an average height of 785 km and the presence of two satellites in the mission allow repeated surveys every 5 days at the equator and every 2-3 days at middle latitudes. The satellites are equipped with the state-of-the-art MSI (Multispectral Imager) instrument for surveying with a resolution of 10 to 60 m in the visible, near infrared (VNIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral zones, including 13 spectral channels, which ensures the capture of differences in vegetation state, including temporal changes, and also minimizes impact on the quality of atmospheric photography. Sentinel-2A was launched June 23, 2015.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6f1c359b-b1a6-47c1-979e-0689e637fbdc", "label": "Sentinel-2A", - "broader": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", + "parentId": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", "definition": "The Sentinel-2 mission is a land monitoring constellation of two satellites that provide high resolution optical imagery and provide continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions.\n\nThe mission provides a global coverage of the Earth's land surface every 10 days with one satellite and 5 days with 2 satellites, making the data of great use in on-going studies.\n\nThe satellites are equipped with the state-of-the-art MSI (Multispectral Imager) instrument, that offers high-resolution optical imagery.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2445400-1981-4ef3-bf7c-f4aa35923ae9", "label": "Sentinel-2B", - "broader": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", + "parentId": "2ce20983-98b2-40b9-bb0e-a08074fb93b3", "definition": "The Sentinel-2 mission is a land monitoring constellation of two satellites that provide high resolution optical imagery and provide continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions. The orbit is an average height of 785 km and the presence of two satellites in the mission allow repeated surveys every 5 days at the equator and every 2-3 days at middle latitudes. The satellites are equipped with the state-of-the-art MSI (Multispectral Imager) instrument for surveying with a resolution of 10 to 60 m in the visible, near infrared (VNIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral zones, including 13 spectral channels, which ensures the capture of differences in vegetation state, including temporal changes, and also minimizes impact on the quality of atmospheric photography. Sentinel-2B was launched March 7, 2017.", "children": [] } @@ -3144,62 +3144,62 @@ { "uuid": "2e7aa2e6-9d25-4c6e-aef3-6e86d3773bac", "label": "GRACE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Grace/ ]\n\nThe primary goal of the GRACE mission is to accurately map variations in the Earth's gravity field over its 5-year lifetime. The GRACE mission has two identical spacecrafts flying about 220 kilometers apart in a polar orbit 500 kilometers above the Earth. \n\nIt maps the Earth's gravity fields by making accurate measurements of the distance between the two satellites, using geodetic quality Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and a microwave ranging system. This provides scientists from all over the world with an efficient and cost-effective way to map the Earth's gravity fields with unprecedented accuracy. The results from this mission yield crucial information about the distribution and flow of mass within the Earth and it's surroundings.\n\nThe gravity variations that GRACE studies include: changes due to surface and deep currents in the ocean; runoff and ground water storage on land masses; exchanges between ice sheets or glaciers and the oceans; and variations of mass within the Earth. Another goal of the mission is to create a better profile of the Earth's atmosphere. The results from GRACE make a huge contribution to NASA's Earth science goals, Earth Observation System (EOS) and global climate change studies.\n\nGRACE is a joint partnership between the NASA in the United States and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany. Dr. Byron Tapley of The University of Texas Center for Space Research (UTCSR) is the Principal Investigator (PI), and Dr. Christoph Reigber of the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam is the Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI). Project management and systems engineering activities are carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GRACE\n Long_Name: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: BLACKJACK\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n Short_Name: GRACE LRR\n Short_Name: IPU\n Short_Name: KBR\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: MTQ\n Short_Name: OBDH\n Short_Name: SCA\n Short_Name: SCS\n Short_Name: SLR\n Short_Name: SUPERSTAR\n Short_Name: THR\n Short_Name: TNK\n Short_Name: USO\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 89 degrees\n Period: 94.5 minutes\n Perigee: 483.0 km\n Apogee: 508.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Grace/\n Online_Resource: https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www2.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n Online_Resource: https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace/\n Online_Resource: https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/\n Online_Resource: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GRACE/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-03-17\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany/DLR\n Primary_Sponsor: Potsdam/GFZ\n Primary_Sponsor: UTexas/Center for Space Research\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "337848d8-f442-4bd5-9a6a-c8374baef38c", "label": "Vision-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Vision-1 provides complementary imaging capacity to the existing Airbus Earth Observation constellation, delivering orthorectified optical data with resolution up to 87cm as standard.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "33a893cb-b328-462e-9cb0-d8c27823239e", "label": "GPM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate Homepage, https://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM ]\n\nGPM Constellation is a joint mission with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and other international partners. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it will initiate the measurement of global precipitation, a key climate factor. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete sampling of the Earth's precipitation. GPM Constellation is envisioned to consist of a core spacecraft to measure precipitation structure and to provide a calibration standard for the constellation spacecraft, an international constellation of NASA and contributed spacecraft to provide frequent precipitation measurements on a global basis, calibration/validation sites distributed globally with a broad array of precipitation-measuring instrumentation, and a global precipitation data system to produce and distribute global rain maps and climate research products.\n\nThe GPM Core Observatory carries the first space-borne Ku/Ka-band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and a multi-channel GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). The DPR instrument, which provides three dimensional measurements of precipitation structure over 78 and 152 mile (125 and 245 km) swaths, consists of a Ka-band precipitation radar (KaPR) operating at 35.5 GHz and a Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) operating at 13.6 GHz. Relative to the TRMM precipitation radar, the DPR is more sensitive to light rain rates and snowfall. In addition, simultaneous measurements by the overlapping of Ka/Ku-bands of the DPR can provide new information on particle drop size distributions over moderate precipitation intensities. In addition, by providing new microphysical measurements from the DPR to complement cloud and aerosol observations, GPM is expected to provide further insights into how precipitation processes may be affected by human activities.\n\nThe GMI instrument is a conical-scanning multi-channel microwave radiometer covering a swath of 550 miles (885 km) with thirteen channels ranging in frequency from 10 GHz to 183 GHz. The GMI uses a set of frequencies that have been optimized over the past two decades to retrieve heavy, moderate and light precipitation using the polarization difference at each channel as an indicator of the optical thickness and water content.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GPM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GPM\n Long_Name: Global Precipitation Measurement\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GMI\n Short_Name: DPR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://pmm.nasa.gov/GPM\n Online_Resource: http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gpm/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/GPM/index_e.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-01-25\n Launch_Site: TANEGASHIMA ISLAND, JAPAN\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37f7b455-082f-4385-89d7-9292e9f9c750", "label": "GA-EMS OTB-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "In September 2018 NASA awarded the contract for hosting the MAIA instrument to General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (GA-EMS). The instrument will fly on the GA-EMS Orbital Test Bed (OTB)-2 satellite. GA-EMS will install the MAIA instrument on their OTB-2 satellite, perform pre-launch testing to prepare the integrated system for operation in space, and operate the satellite once it is launched into Earth orbit. Launch is currently planned for 2022.\n\nThe OTB-2 is a larger version of GA-EMS’ OTB-1 spacecraft, which will carry JPL’s Deep Space Atomic Clock into Earth orbit. The larger size and enhanced capabilities of OTB-2 are needed to accommodate the MAIA instrument and its high speed data link. Three deployable solar panels and two additional solar panels attached to the spacecraft body will provide electrical power.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a152f3f-de95-4b7a-88c8-7c26fb4ba368", "label": "AJISAI", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "AJISAI: Experimental Geodetic Satellite (Japanese EGS)\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nLaunch:\nAugust 13, 1986\nH-I Launch Vehicle\nTanegashima Space Center\n\nOrbit:\n1500km(alt.) circular 50 deg. inclination\n116 min. period\n\nWeight:\n685kg\n\nDimensions:\n215cm(D) sphere with solar ray and laser beam reflectors\n\nDescription:\nThe short-range objective was testing NASDA's\nH-I'(2-stage) launch vehicle.\n\nThe long-range applications included a survery aimed at\nrectifying Japan's demestic geodetic triangular net -\ndetermining the exact position of many isolated Japanese islands\nand establishing Japan's geodetic point of origin. The survey\nwas conducted by the Geographical Survey Institute of the\nMinistry of Construction and the Hydrography Department of the\nMaritime Safety Agency, Ministry of Transport.\n\nFor additional information, link to:\nhttp://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/egs/index_e.html\n\n[Source: National Space Development Agency of Japan]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AJISAI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: AJISAI\n Long_Name: Experimental Geodetic Satellite (Japanese EGS)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AJISAI\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRA\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 50 deg\n Period: 116 min\n Perigee: 1490 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/egs/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/ajis_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/ajisai.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1986-08-13\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b26dec5-2cb1-48ce-9873-048c321fdebe", "label": "TanSat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The first Chinese Carbon Dioxide Observation Satellite Mission (TanSat) was launched on December 21, 2016. It carries two instruments on-board: the Atmospheric Carbon-dioxide Grating Spectrometer (ACGS) and the multiple-band Cloud and Aerosol Polarization Imager (CAPI). TanSat flies in a sun-synchronous low Earth orbit (LEO) with an equator crossing time around 13:30 local time. The satellite operates in three measurement modes: nadir (ND), glint (GL) and target (TG). The swath width of TanSat measurements is ~18 km across the satellite track and contains 9 footprints each with a size of 2 km × 2 km in nadir. Nadir and glint mode alternate orbit-by-orbit, and the TanSat nadir model ground track is typically between two OCO-2 tracks, which provides potential future opportunities for combined usage of both data products for increased spatial coverage.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", "label": "European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The ERS programme was composed of two missions, ERS-1 and ERS-2, which were launched into the same orbit in 1991 and 1995 respectively. The two spacecraft were designed as identical twins with one important difference – ERS-2 included an extra instrument (GOME) designed to monitor ozone levels in the atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "02c85d04-228e-4bf3-bb03-d72c22681dff", "label": "ERS-1", - "broader": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", + "parentId": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", "definition": "The first European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-1, launched on 17 July\n1991 at 01.46 UTC, operates in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at\nan altitude of 785 km and an inclination of 98.5 degrees, known as the\nreference orbit.\n\nERS-1 was conceived as an orbiting platform that would be capable of\nmeasuring, on a global scale, the Earth's atmospheric and surface\nproperties with a high degree of accuracy. In fact it uses advanced\nmicrowave techniques to collect global measurements and images (much\nof the data are collected from remote areas such as the southern\noceans and the Antarctic) independently of time of day and weather\nconditions. It also undertakes the measurement of many parameters that\nare not covered by existing satellite systems, including those of sea\nstate, sea surface winds, ocean circulation and sea/ice levels.\n\nSatellite characteristics:\n\n--------\nPlatform: based on the SPOT Multimission Platform\nPower supply: 4 x 24 Ah batteries; 1.8 kW from solar array\nAttitude control: 3-axis stabilised earth pointing, with\noption of 9.5 degrees offset in Roll-Tilt Mode (RTM)\nTotal mass: 2400 kg (at beginning of mission)\nOverall length: 11.8 m\nSolar array: 11.7 m x 2.4 m\nSAR antenna: 10.0 m x 1.0 m\nScatterometer antennas: fore/aft 3.6 m x 0.25 m; mid: 2.3 m\nx 0.35 m\nRadar Altimeter antenna: 1.2 m diameter\nDesign lifetime: 2-3 years\n---------\n\nERS-1 carries on-board a number of instruments consisting of a core\nset of active microwave sensors supported by additional, complementary\ninstruments: the Active Microwave Instrument (AMI), which combines a\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operating in image or wave mode and a\nwind scatterometer, the Radar Altimeter (RA), the Along-Track Scanning\nRadiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR), the Precise Range and\nRange-rate Equipment (PRARE) and Laser Retroreflectors (LRR).\n\nThe primary objective of the ERS-1 mission is the monitoring of oceans\nand sea ice providing essential data for:\n\n- improved representation of oceans/atmosphere interactions\nin climatic models\n- major advances in the knowledge of ocean circulation and\ntransfer of energy\n- more reliable estimates of the mass balance of the Arctic\nand Antarctic ice sheets\n- better monitoring of pollution and dynamic coastal\nprocesses\n- improved detection and management of land use change\n\n\nThe ability of ERS-1 to acquire vast global data sets of ocean,\natmosphere, ice and land phenomena contributes to the following fields\nof study:\n\n\n- Ocean/Ice: ocean circulation, global wind/wave\nrelationships, sea ice and iceberg monitoring, etc.\n- Physical Earth: accurate determination of the ocean\ngeoid, forestry, glaciology, geology and agriculture\nstudies, etc.\n- Climate: contribution to the World Climate Research\nProgramme and to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment\n- Weather and Sea: short and medium-term weather\nforecasting, sea surface state forecasting, wind speed and\ndirection, location of pelagic fish through the monitoring\nof temperature fronts\n\nRelation between ERS-1 instruments and mission\nobjectives\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\nWeather forecasting: AMI wind mode\nSea-state forecasting: AMI, wave and wind modes\nOffshore activity: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in wave and wind\nmodes\nShip routing: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in wave and wind modes\nFisheries (fish location): (Altimeter), (ATSR), AMI in\nwind mode\nSea and iceberg monitoring: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in image\nmode\nOil and pollution detection: ATSR, AMI in image mode\nCoastal process: ATSR, AMI in image mode\nLand applications: (Altimeter), ATSR\nOcean circulation: Altimeter(1), ATSR, (AMI in wave mode)\nOcean tides: Altimeter(2)\nWind fields(3): Altimeter, AMI (in image mode), in wave and\nwind mode\nWave fields(3): Altimeter, AMI (in image mode), in wave and\nwind mode\nPolar oceans: Altimeter, ATSR, AMI in all modes.\nLand ice: Altimeter, AMI (in image mode)\nSea-surface temperature: ATSR\nMarine biology: (ATSR)\n------------------------------------------------------------\n( ) indicates limited applicability\n\n(1) For large-scale circulation, accurate orbit\ndetermination over short arcs is required\n\n(2) For solar tides, measurements from other satellites in\ncomplementary orbits are required\n\n(3) The altimeter and active microwave instrumentation are\nmutually supportive in deriving the wind and wave fields\n\nThe complexity of the ERS-1 mission, which effectively consists of a\ncombination of several different missions, requires a very careful\napproach when planning the mission operations. Taking into account the\ndifferent mission objectives, and attempting to satisfy them in a\nquasi-optimal way in the course of ERS-1's lifetime, has held to the\ndefinition of phases of activity during the mission:\n\n\n- Phase 0: Orbit acquisition, initial switch-on and\nfunctional check-out (2 weeks after the launch)\n- Phase A: The Commisioning phase, using a 3 day repeat\ncycle (25 July 1991-10 December 1991)\n- Phase B : The first ice phase, using a 3 day repeat cycle\n (28 December 1991-1 April 1992)\n- Phase R: The Roll-Tilt phase, using a 35 day repeat cycle\n (2 April 1992-14 April 1992)\n- Phase C: The first multi-disciplinary phase, using a 35\nday repeat cycle\n (14 April 1992-23 December 1993)\n- Phase D: The second ice phase, using a 3 day repeat cycle\n (23 December 1993-10 April 1994)\n- Phase E: The first geodetic phase, using a 172 day repeat\ncycle\n (10 April 1994-28 September 1994)\n- Phase F: The second Geodetic Phase, using a 172 day\nrepeat cycle\n (28 September 1994-21 March 1995)\n- Phase G: The second Multi-Disciplinary Phase, using a 35\nday repeat cycle\n (21 March 1995-10 March 2000)\n\nIn the first half of April 1992, the satellite was operated in a\nRoll-tilt-mode (RTM) to allow SAR imaging at a different view\nangle. In fact by rotating the satellite body around its velocity\nvector (so-called 'Roll-tilt mode') the angle at which all the\ninstruments look at the Earth can be varied. This allows\nexperimentation with the SAR at an incidence angle of 35 degrees\ninstead of the standard 23 degrees, thereby permitting analysis of a\ntotally different set of signatures from objects on the Earth's\nsurface, including in particular vegetation.\n\nRelated URL:\n\nThe ERS Missions: http://earth.esa.int/ers\n\nERS-1 Design: http://earth.esa.int/ers/satconc\n\nFor any query, please refer to:\n\nESA/ESRIN Earth Observation Help Desk\n\nhttp://earth.esa.int\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ERS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ERS Earth Resource Satellite\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n Long_Name: European Remote Sensing Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ERS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ATSR\n Short_Name: RA\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: AMI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 782 to 785 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.52 deg\n Period: 100 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 3-day, 35-day and 176-day\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/ers/satconc/\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/ers/\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ers12.htm\n Sample_Image: http://earth.esa.int/icons/eeo/_ers-1_fully_deployed.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-07-17\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 2-3 YRS\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "affbd015-9373-4413-b76f-e91d01c4f5e3", "label": "ERS-2", - "broader": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", + "parentId": "3b6b4870-ae80-4488-b9fb-f9152037ec59", "definition": "The second European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-2, launched on 20\nApril 1995, operates in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an\naltitude of 785 km and an inclination of 98.5 degrees ,known as the\nreference orbit. The mission consists of an only phase (phase A),\nusing a 35 day repeat cycle, from 21 April 1995 to the present.\n\nERS-2 is almost identical to the European Remote Sensing Satellite\nERS-1 launched in 1991. ERS-2 is capable of measuring, on a global\nscale, the Earth's atmospheric and surface properties with a high\ndegree of accuracy. In fact it uses advanced microwave techniques to\ncollect global measurements and images (much of the data are collected\nfrom remote areas such as the southern oceans and the Antarctic)\nindependent of time of day and weather conditions. It also undertakes\nthe measurements of many parameters not covered by existing satellite\nsystems, including those of sea state, sea surface winds, ocean\ncirculation and sea and ice levels.\n\nERS-2 carries on-board a number of instruments consisting of a core\nset of active microwave sensors supported by additional, complementary\ninstruments: the Active Microwave Instrument (AMI), which combines a\nSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operating in image or wave mode and a\nwind scatterometer, the Radar Altimeter (RA), the Along-Track Scanning\nRadiometer and Microwave Sounder (ATSR-2), the Precise Range and\nRange-rate Equipment (PRARE), the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment\n(GOME), and Laser Retroreflectors (LRR).\n\nThe primary objectives of the ERS-2 mission are the monitoring of the\noceans and sea ice providing essential data for:\n\n- improved representation of oceans/atmosphere interactions\nin climatic models\n- major advances in the knowledge of ocean circulation and\ntransfer of energy\n- more reliable estimates of the mass balance of the Arctic\nand Antarctic ice sheets\n- better monitoring of pollution and dynamic coastal\nprocesses\n- improved detection and management of land use change.\n\nThe capability of ERS-2 to acquire vast global data sets of ocean,\natmosphere, ice and land phenomena contributes to the following types\nof study and application:\n\n- Ocean/Ice: ocean circulation, global wind/wave\nrelationships, sea ice and iceberg monitoring, etc.\n- Physical Earth: accurate determination of the ocean\ngeoid, forestry, glaciology, geology and agriculture\nstudies, etc.\n- Climate: contribution to the World Climate Research\nProgramme and to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment\n- Weather and Sea: short and medium-term weather\nforecasting, sea surface State Forecasting wind speed and\ndirection, location of pelagic fish through the monitoring\nof temperature fronts\n- Global Ozone: measures ozone, trace gases, and aerosols\nin the troposphere and stratosphere\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ERS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ERS Earth Resource Satellite\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n Long_Name: European Remote Sensing Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ERS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: GOME\n Short_Name: PRARE\n Short_Name: ATSR-2\n Short_Name: RA\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: AMI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 785 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 35 day\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-19\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/ers/\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ers12.htm\n Sample_Image: http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/polar/satgifs/ers1.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-04-21\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3208,83 +3208,83 @@ { "uuid": "3b788c6f-3611-46f7-abe1-286797143947", "label": "PLT-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The PLATiNO-2 mission envisages the development of the second satellite based on the PLATiNO platform and embarks a Thermal Infrared (TIR) payload, validating PLATiNO multi-applicability feature. Developed by Leonardo and SITAEL, PLATiNO-2 TIR will acquire images that will be used to provide valuable services for territories control and protection such as monitoring waters, glaciers, pollutants, state of crops and vegetation, energy consumption in urban areas. PLATiNO-2 is also equipped with the magnetically shielded HT 100, an improved version of SITAEL electric thruster, making PLATiNO-2 one of the first missions in the world to observe the Earth in the Thermal Infrared from a very low orbit – less than 400 km – and thus significantly improving the resolution of the acquired images.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "label": "Landsat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Landsat program is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth. It is a joint NASA / USGS program. On 23 July 1972, the Earth Resources Technology Satellite was launched. The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the United States and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in agriculture, cartography, geology, forestry, regional planning, surveillance and education, and can be viewed through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 'EarthExplorer' website.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0db82778-12de-4cac-9a86-8f2b97feb7f1", "label": "LANDSAT-4", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Landsat 4 is the fourth satellite of the Landsat program. It was launched on\nJuly 16th, 1982, with the primary goal of providing a global archive of\nsatellite photos. Although the Landsat Program is managed by NASA, data from\nLandsat 4 was collected and distributed by the USGS. Landsat 4 is no longer in\noperation, due to technical failure. It finally ceased transmission in 1993,\nfar beyond its designed life expectancy of five years. The satellite orbit\ncontinues to be maintained by NASA.\n\nLandsat 4 had a maximum transmission bandwidth of 85 Mbit/s, and carried an\nupdated Multi-Spectral Scanner used on previous Landsats, and a Thematic\nMapper. It had a maximum 30 m resolution. Shortly after launch, the satellite\nlost half of its solar power, prompting fears the satellite would fail sooner\nthan expected. This prompted the early launch of Landsat 5, a satellite\nidentical in specification to Landsat 4.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: TM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:45 AM (±15 min.) local time (descending node)\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-4/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-4\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1982-07-16\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "13e3a08a-0d28-4e3f-a306-a20d9fb4fff8", "label": "LANDSAT-8", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "[Update, 2013-02-11]\n\nThe Landsat Data Continuity Mission spacecraft is safely in orbit and sending telemetry back to Earth after a 1:02 p.m. EST liftoff aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 401 rocket. The on-time liftoff followed a smooth countdown at Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 3. \n\n[Text Source: NASA LDCM Mission Homepage, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/landsat/main/index.html ]\n\nLandsat 8 (formerly called the Landsat Data Continuity Mission, or LDCM) is NASA’s eighth satellite in the Landsat series and continues the Landsat program’s critical role in monitoring, understanding and managing the resources needed for human sustainment such as food, water and forests. As our population surpasses seven billion people, the impact of human society on the planet will increase, and Landsat monitors those impacts as well as environmental changes.\n\nWith the longest unbroken data stream of Earth’s surface as seen from space, NASA’s Earth-observing Landsat fleet has provided the world with unprecedented information on land cover changes and their residual effects since 1972. The knowledge gained from 40 years of continuous data contributes to research on climate, carbon cycle, ecosystems, water cycle, biogeochemistry and changes to Earth’s surface, as well as our understanding of visible human effects on land surfaces. Building off that research, the Landsat imaging data set has, over time, led to the improvement of human and biodiversity health, energy and water management, urban planning, disaster recovery and agriculture monitoring, all resulting in incalculable benefits to the United States and world economy.\n\nLandsat 8 joined the Landsat 7 satellite in orbit and produces stunning pictures of Earth’s surface along with a wealth of scientific data. Landsat 8 measures Earth’s surfaces in the visible, near-infrared, short wave infrared and thermal infrared, with a moderate-resolution of 15 to 100 meters, depending on spectral frequency.\n\nLandsat 8 is a collaboration between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: LDCM\n Short_Name: Landsat Data Continuity Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TIRS\n Short_Name: OLI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-8/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-8\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-02-11\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/USGS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5d3ce672-39fb-4dd5-be5e-55f81fb7f40f", "label": "LANDSAT-9", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Landsat 9—a partnership between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey— will continue the Landsat program’s critical role in monitoring, understanding and managing the land resources needed to sustain human life.\n\nToday’s increased rates of global land cover and land use change have profound consequences for weather and climate change, ecosystem function and services, carbon cycling and sequestration, resource management, the national and global economy, human health, and society.\n\nLandsat is the only U.S. satellite system designed and operated to repeatedly observe the global land surface at a moderate scale that shows both natural and human-induced change.\n\nLandsat 9 has been fast-tracked for a December 2020 launch.\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-9/\nhttps://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-9", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "77d92504-8160-4f72-90b9-a7c9640f4361", "label": "LANDSAT", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Since 1972, the joint NASA/ U.S. Geological Survey Landsat series of Earth Observation satellites have continuously acquired space-based images of the Earth’s land surface, providing uninterrupted data to help land managers and policymakers make informed decisions about our natural resources and the environment.\n\nLandsat is a part of the USGS National Land Imaging (NLI) Program.\n\nMore Information: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8d323d5a-0332-4e58-80c5-8dd9f486f482", "label": "LANDSAT-3", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Landsat 3 is the third satellite of the Landsat program. It was launched on\nMarch 5th, 1978, with the primary goal of providing a global archive of\nsatellite photos. Unlike later Landsats, Landsat 3 was managed solely by NASA.\nLandsat 3 is no longer in operation, due to technical failure. It finally\nceased transmission on March 21st 1983, far beyond its designed life expectancy\nof one year.\n\nLandsat 3 had essentially the same design as Landsat 2. It carried a\nMulti-Spectral Scanner, which had a maximum 75m resolution. Unlike the previous\ntwo Landsat missions a thermal band was built into Landsat 3, but this\ninstrument failed shortly after the satellite was deployed. [2] Landsat 3 was\nplaced into a polar orbit at about 920 kilometers, and took 18 days to cover\nthe entire Earth's surface. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: RBV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 900 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:42 AM mean local time\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 18 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-3/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-3\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-03-05\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg AFB\n Design_Life: 1 Year\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b912164c-36a5-4d93-9638-1afb3e4c4354", "label": "LANDSAT-6", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "October 5, 1993 (did not achieve orbit)\n\nParticipants\nNASA\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nDepartment of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)\nSpacecraft bus: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space\nEnhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM): Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center\n \nLaunch\nDate: October 5, 1993\nVehicle: Titan II\nLaunched by: NASA\nSite: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California\n \nSpacecraft\nPower provided by a single sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries\nAttitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading\nOrbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets\nWeight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)\nLength: 4.3 m (14 ft)\nDiameter: 2.8 m (9 ft)\n \nCommunications\nDirect downlink with solid state recorders capable of storing 380 gigabits of data (100 scenes)\nData rate: 85 Mbps\n \nOrbit (if obtained)\nWorldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system\nSun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)\nInclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)\nRepeat cycle: 16 days\nEquatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes\n\nhttps://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-6\nhttps://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-6/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7a09e9f-3c99-4b31-a521-313c379ba2b4", "label": "LANDSAT-7", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Landsat 7 systematically provides well-calibrated, multispectral, moderate resolution, substantially cloud-free, sun-lit digital images of the Earth's continental and coastal areas with global coverage on a seasonal basis. It covers the United States every 16 days. Operations were transferred to USGS on Fall 2000.\n\nThe Landsat Project is a joint initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the NASA to gather Earth resource data using a series of satellites. NASA was responsible for developing and launching the spacecrafts, while the USGS is responsible for flight operations, maintenance, and management of all ground data reception, processing, archiving, product generation, and distribution.\n\nThe primary objective of the Landsat Project is to ensure a collection of consistently calibrated Earth imagery. Landsat's Global Survey Mission is to establish and execute a data acquisition strategy that ensures repetitive acquisition of observations over the Earth's land mass, coastal boundaries, and coral reefs; and to ensure the data acquired are of maximum utility in supporting the scientific objectives of monitoring changes in the Earth's land surface and associated environment.\n\nKey Landsat 7 Facts [p. 176]\nJoint with U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)\nHeritage: Landsat 4, 5\nEquatorial Crossing: 10:00 a.m. ± 15 mins\nAltitude: 705 km ± 5 km (at the equator)\nInclination: 98.2° ± 0.15°\nPeriod: 98.9 min\nRepeat cycle: 16 days/233 orbits\nDimensions: 4 m high, 2.7 m diameter\nMass: 1982 kg\nPower: 1550 W\nDownlink: Three 150 Mbps wideband downlinks\nAntennas: 3 gimbaled X-band, 2 omni S-band\nDesign Life: 5 years\nSpacecraft: Lockheed Martin\nETM+: Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing\nData Archival, Processing, Ground Operations: USGS National Center for Earth\nResources Observation System (EROS) data center\nSpacecraft and Sensor Maintenance: NASA GSFC\nCalibration: EROS and GSFC\nType: Circular, sun-synchronous\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ETM+\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: nominally 10 AM\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-02\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-7/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-7\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-03-15\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/USGS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d41eb9c0-7683-428a-ac86-5643bbfa3985", "label": "LANDSAT-1", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Landsat 1, originally named Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1, was a\nmodified version of the Nimbus 4 meteorological satellite. It was launched on\nJuly 23, 1972, the first satellite of the United States' Landsat program. The\nnear-polar orbiting spacecraft served as a stabilized, Earth-oriented platform\nfor obtaining information on agricultural and forestry resources, geology and\nmineral resources, hydrology and water resources, geography, cartography,\nenvironmental pollution, oceanography and marine resources, and meteorological\nphenomena.\n\nTo accomplish these objectives, the spacecraft was equipped with (1) a\nthree-camera return beam vidicon (RBV) to obtain visible light and near\ninfrared photographic images of Earth, (2) a four-channel multispectral scanner\n(MSS) to obtain radiometric images of Earth, and (3) a data collection system\n(DCS) to collect information from remote, individually equipped ground stations\nand to relay the data to central acquisition stations. Landsat 1 carried two\nwide-band video tape recorders (WBVTR) capable of storing up to 30 min of\nscanner or camera data to give the spacecraft's sensors a near-global coverage\ncapability.\n\nAn advanced attitude control system consisting of horizon scanners, sun\nsensors, and a command antenna combined with a freon gas propulsion system\npermitted the spacecraft's orientation to be maintained within plus or minus\n0.7 degrees in all three axes. Spacecraft communications included a command\nsubsystem operating at 154.2 and 2106.4 MHz and a PCM narrow-band telemetry\nsubsystem, operating at 2287.5 and 137.86 MHz, for spacecraft housekeeping,\nattitude, and sensor performance data. Video data from the three-camera RBV\nsystem was transmitted in both real-time and tape recorder modes at 2265.5 MHz,\nwhile information from the MSS was constrained to a 20 MHz rf bandwidth at\n2229.5 MHz.\n\nIn 1976, Landsat 1 discovered a tiny uninhabited island 20 km off the eastern\ncoast of Canada. This island was thereafter designated Landsat Island after the\nsatellite. As of 2006, it is the only island to be discovered via satellite\nimagery.\n\nThe spacecraft was turned off on January 6, 1978, when cumulative precession of\nthe orbital plane caused the spacecraft to see almost constant sunlight which\nled to overheating.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: RBV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 917 km (570 mi)\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 AM +/- 15 minutes\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 18 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-1/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-1\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-07-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg AFB\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbaddf64-af69-4e82-a4a8-41f5c76ee496", "label": "LANDSAT-2", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Landsat 2 is the second satellite of the Landsat program. The spacecraft\noriginally carried a designation of ERTS-B (Earth Resource Technology Satellite\nB) but was renamed &Landsat 2& prior to its launch on January 22, 1975. Despite\nhaving a design life of one year, Landsat 2 operated for over seven years,\nfinally ceasing operations on February 25, 1982.\n\nAs in the case of its predecessor Landsat 1, the satellite's payload included\ntwo remote sensing instruments, the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and the\nMulti-Spectral Scanner (MSS). The specifications for these instruments were\nidentical to those of the instruments carried on Landsat 1. (This was not the\ncase for Landsat 3, which added a short-lived thermal band to the MSS\ninstrument.) The data acquired by the MSS was considered more scientifically\nuseful than the data returned from the RBV, which was rarely used and\nconsidered only for engineering evaluation purposes.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LANDSAT\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: RBV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 900 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:42 AM mean local time\n Period: 103 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 18 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-2-2/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-01-22\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg AFB\n Design_Life: 1 Year\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe920fff-7852-42cf-b1dc-b2223b24cf2e", "label": "LANDSAT-5", - "broader": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", + "parentId": "3cc4a1e8-3b94-4567-90b3-32137aec2d9e", "definition": "Landsat 5 is the fifth satellite of the Landsat program. It was launched on\nMarch 1st, 1984, with the primary goal of providing a global archive of\nsatellite photos. The Landsat Program is managed by USGS, and data from Landsat\n5 is collected and distributed from the USGS's Center for Earth Resources\nObservation and Science (EROS).\n\nLandsat 5 has significantly exceeded its designed life expectancy, and has a\nmaximum transmission bandwidth of 85 Mbit/s. It was deployed at an altitude of\n705.3 km, a lower orbit than Landsat 4. It takes some 16 days to scan the\nentire Earth. The satellite is an identical copy of Landsat 4 and was\noriginally intended as a backup - it therefore carries the same instruments,\nincluding the Thematic Mapper and Multi-Spectral Scanner. The Multi-Spectral\nScanner was powered down in 1995.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LANDSAT-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: LANDSAT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSS\n Short_Name: TM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 9:45 AM (± 15 min.) local time (descending node)\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-01\n Online_Resource: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-5/\n Online_Resource: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-5\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-03-01\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USGS\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3293,62 +3293,62 @@ { "uuid": "3d031666-2116-4ebc-8daa-3e98ddcf4f60", "label": "WESTPAC", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "WESTPAC (Western Pacific Laser Satellite) was an Australia\ngeodetic satellite for the joint venture between Australia's\nElectro Optics and the Russian Space Agency. It was spherical in\nshape with laser reflectors. It served as a target for the\nWestern Pacific Laser Tracking Network.\n\nFor additional Information, view the WESTPAC report at\nhttp://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/Westpac_final.doc\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WESTPAC\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WESTPAC\n Long_Name: Western Pacific Laser Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: WESTPAC\n Short_Name: 25398\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 835 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Period: 101.3 minutes\n Perigee: 817.0 km\n Apogee: 845.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-30\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/Westpac_final.doc\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-07-10\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Australia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e634ba7-19fc-45ce-9d50-14e108a567ef", "label": "LAPAN-TUBSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "LAPAN-TUBSAT is a cooperation between TU Berlin and the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional/LAPAN). It was launched with an Indian PSLV on Jan. 10, 2007.\n\nIt's design follows the TUBSAT family with dimensions of 45x45x27cm and a mass of about 56kg.\n\nMission goals:\n\n-Technology Demonstrators\n-Earth Observation\n-Attitude Control Experiments \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/RFA/sat/lapan/content.htm\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LAPAN-TUBSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: LAPAN-TUBSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9°\n Period: 97.3 minutes\n Perigee: 620.0 km\n Apogee: 638.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/RFA/sat/lapan/content.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ilr.tu-berlin.de/RFA/sat/lapan/img/lapan-view-01.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-01-10\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: Indonesia\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", "label": "Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory satellite failed to reach orbit after its 4:55 a.m. EST liftoff Feb. 24 (2009) from California’s Vandenberg Air Force Base.\n\nPreliminary indications are that the fairing on the Taurus XL launch vehicle failed to separate. The fairing is a clamshell structure that encapsulates the satellite as it travels through the atmosphere.\n\nThe spacecraft did not reach orbit and likely landed in the Pacific Ocean near Antarctica, said John Brunschwyler, the program manager for the Taurus XL.\n\nA Mishap Investigation Board is to determine the cause of the launch failure. \n\n[Source: NASA OCO Project Home Page, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/ ]\n\nThe Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) is a new Earth orbiting mission sponsored by NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder Project (ESSP) Program. The ESSP Program funds competitively selected, low to moderate cost Earth Science missions. These highly focused missions acquire exploratory measurements of the atmosphere, the oceans, the land surface and the solid Earth. These missions share a common goal of improving the capability of Earth scientists to predict changes in weather, climate and natural hazards.\n\nAfter launch in 2009, the OCO mission will collect precise global measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere. Scientists will analyze OCO data to improve our understanding of the natural processes and human activities that regulate the abundance and distribution of this important greenhouse gas. This improved understanding will enable more reliable forecasts of future changes in the abundance and distribution of CO2 in the atmosphere and the effect that these changes may have on the Earth's climate.\n\nThe Jet Propulsion Laboratory will lead the OCO effort. Orbital Sciences Corporation and Hamilton Sundstrand Sensor Systems will partner with JPL to realize this vital mission.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OCO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: OCO\n Long_Name: Orbiting Carbon Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "38eefa42-2943-43d6-9186-d797d089c9df", "label": "OGO-5", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", + "parentId": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", "definition": "The fifth Orbiting Geophysical Observatory, OGO-5, was launched on 4 March\n1968. The satellite, primarily devoted to Earth observation, was in a highly\nelliptical initial orbit with a 272 km perigee and an 148,228 km apogee. The\norbital inclination was 31.1 degrees. The satellite took 3796 minutes to\ncomplete one orbit. Two experiments aboard OGO-5 produced cosmic high- energy\nresults, although their intended target was the Sun. The spacecraft attitude\ncontrol failed on 6 August 1971 and it was placed in a standby mode on 8\nOctober 1971. Three experiments (none of which were related to cosmic\nhigh-energy detection) were reactivated from 1 June to 13 July 1972. Operation\nof OGO 5 terminated completely on 14 July 1972.\n\nThe Anderson et al. (University of California, Berkeley) Energetic Radiations\nfrom Solar Flares experiment was operational from March 1968 - June 1971.\nPrimarily devoted to solar observations, it detected at least 11 cosmic X-ray\nbursts in time coincidence with gamma-ray bursts seen by other instruments. The\ndetector was a 0.5 cm thick NaI(Tl) crystal with a 9.5 sq-cm area. Data were\naccumulated into energy ranges of: 9.6-19.2, 19.2-32, 32-48, 48-64, 64-80,\n80-104, 104-128, and > 128 keV. The data were sampled for 1. 15 seconds once\nevery 2.3 seconds.\n\nThe gamma-ray instrument on-board, sensitive to energies from 25-100 MeV, was a\nsix gap spark chamber with an effective area of ~ 100 sq-cm. It was called the\nEnergetic Photons in Primary Cosmic Rays experiment (Hutchinson et al.,\nSouthampton University). It had an angular resolution of ~ 30 degrees (FWHM).\nThe satellite was Earth-pointing and passed regularly through the radiation\nbelts, which led to severe restrictions on the sky regions which could be\nexamined by the gamma-ray instrument. Other problems, such as an efficiency\nreduction in the anti-coincidence shield and data system difficulties, severely\ndegraded the scientific return from the experiment. Data collection ceased\naltogether after 5 months. Gamma-ray emission from the galactic plane was\nmonitored. No point sources were detected.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-5\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-E\n Short_Name: 03138\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31.1 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 3796 minutes\n Perigee: 272 km\n Apogee: 148,228 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/ogo.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1968-014A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-03-04\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40b55ae6-fce7-46f1-aa84-ef7313056289", "label": "OGO-2", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", + "parentId": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", "definition": "OGO 2 was a large observatory instrumented with 20 experiments designed to make simultaneous, correlative observations of aurora and airglow emissions, energetic particles, magnetic field variations, ionospheric properties, etc., especially over the polar areas. OGO 2 consisted of a main body, generally parallelepipedal in form, two rectangular solar panels, each with a solar-oriented experiment package (SOEP), and two orbital plane experiment packages (OPEP). It also included six experiment packages (EP-1,-2,-3,-4,-5, and -6) mounted on booms extending generally fore and aft of the spacecraft along the Y axis. Antenna and attitude control fixtures also extended from separate and/or EP booms. The main body was attitude-controlled by use of horizon scanners and gas jets and was designed to point toward the earth (Z axis). The axis connecting the two solar panels (X axis) was designed to oscillate in order to remain perpendicular to the earth-sun-spacecraft plane. The solar panels activated by sun sensors could rotate about this X axis in order to obtain maximum radiation for the solar cells and concurrently orient the SOEP properly. The OPEPs were reoriented on either end of an axis that was parallel to the Z axis and attached to the forward end of the main body. These OPEP sensors normally were maintained looking forward in the orbital plane of the satellite. To maintain this orientation, the OPEP axis could rotate over 90 deg. In addition, an angular difference of over 90 deg was possible between the orientation of the upper and lower OPEP packages. The SOEP contained four experiments, and the OPEP contained five experiments. Soon after achieving orbit, difficulties in maintaining earth lock with horizon scanners caused exhaustion of attitude control gas by October 23, 1965, 10 days after launch. At this time, the spacecraft entered a spin mode (about 0.11 rpm) with a large coning angle about the previously vertical axis. Five experiments became useless when the satellite went into this spin mode. Six additional experiments were degraded by this loss of attitude control. By April 1966, both batteries had failed, so subsequent observations were limited to sunlit portions of the orbit. By December 1966, only eight experiments were operational, five of which were not degraded by the spin mode operation. By April 1967, the tape recorders had malfunctioned and only one third of the recorded data could be processed. Spacecraft power and periods of operational scheduling conflicts created six large data gaps so that data were observed on a total of about 306 days of the 2-yr, 18-day total span of observed satellite data to November 1, 1967. The data gaps were (a) October 24, 1965, to November 5, 1965, (b) December 6, 1965, to January 7, 1966, (c) April 9, 1966, to June 21, 1966, (d) September 2, 1966, to November 18, 1966, (e) December 27, 1966, to April 11, 1967, and (f) May 9, 1967, to September 19, 1967. The spacecraft was shut down on November 1, 1967, with eight experiments still operational. It was reactivated for 2 weeks in February 1968 to operate experiment 65-081A-05. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-2\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-C\n Short_Name: POGO 1\n Short_Name: 01620\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 87.4 degrees\n Period: 104.0 minutes\n Perigee: 414.0 km\n Apogee: 1510.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1965-081A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-10-14\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52dcf6a3-8b08-40a4-acb0-3c1c2fdc55cc", "label": "OGO-3", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", + "parentId": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 3 (OGO 3) was launched on 7 June 1966 and\nput into orbit of 295 x 122,219 km at 31 degrees inclination. All 21\nexperiments returned good data. At the time, this was the largest experimental\ncomplement ever put into orbit. There were 4 cosmic ray instruments (1 of which\nincluded a gamma-ray spectrometer), 4 plasma, 2 trapped radiation, 2 magnetic\nfields, 5 ionosphere, 3 radio/optical, and 1 micrometeoroid detectors. Again,\nthe GSFC positron search and gamma-ray spectrometer was included. The\nexperiment was essentially identical to what was flown on OGO 1, with the PMTs\nbeing replaced by an improved variety. This time, the experiment was successful\nin achieving all of its objectives. OGO 3 maintained 3-axis stabilization for\n46 days. At that point, an attitude controller failed and the spacecraft was\nput into a spin on 23 July 1966. The spin period varied from 90-125 seconds. By\nJune 1969, data acquisition was limited to 50% of the orbital path. Routine\noperation was discontinued on 1 December 1969, and complete termination\noccurred on 29 February 1972.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-3\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOGO 3\n Short_Name: OGO-B\n Short_Name: 02195\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31 degrees\n Period: 2913.0 minutes\n Perigee: 295.0 km\n Apogee: 122219.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-049A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-06-07\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b81f052e-9e45-4097-8189-f4c2f0572dd4", "label": "OGO-1", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", + "parentId": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO 1) was successfully launched from\nCape Kennedy on 5 September 1964 and placed into an initial orbit of 281 x\n149,385 km at 31 degrees inclination. Two experiment booms failed to properly\ndeploy, with one of the booms obscuring a horizon scanner's view of earth. As a\nresult, the spacecraft attitude could not be earth oriented and OGO 1 remained\nspin stabilized at 5 rpm. Nevertheless, data from all 20 experiments on board\nwas received, although at a 'less than expected capacity' from some of them.\nDuring September 1964, acceptable data were received over 70% of the orbital\npath. Spacecraft operation was restricted to Spring and Fall due to power\nsupply limitations. There were 11 such 3-month periods prior to the spacecraft\nbeing put into stand-by mode on 25 November 1969. OGO 1 was completely\nterminated on 1 November 1971.\n\nOn board was the Positron Search and Gamma-Ray Spectrum experiment of Cline et\nal. It was designed to determine whether low-energy (0-3 MeV) positrons are\ntrapped temporarily or permanently in the Van Allen regions and whether\nlow-energy solar and interplanetary positrons exist at the edge of the Earth's\nmagnetic field. A secondary objective was to detect gamma-ray bursts from the\nSun in the energy range 80 keV - 1 MeV. The experiment consisted of 3 CsI\ncrystals surrounded by a plastic anti-coincidence shield. The output of the\nwhole unit was monitored by 3 PMTs. Once every 18.5 seconds, integral intensity\nmeasurements were made in each of 16 energy channels which were equally spaced\nover the .08-1 MeV range.\n\nThe experiment did not achieve its goals due to electrical interference and\nsecular degradation of the PMT responses. However, searching back through the\ndata after the discovery of cosmic gamma-ray bursts by the Vela satellites\nrevealed the detection of one or more such events in the OGO 1 data.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-1\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOGO 1\n Short_Name: OGO-A\n Short_Name: 00879\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31.2 degrees\n Period: 3839.0 minutes\n Perigee: 281.0 km\n Apogee: 149385.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1964-054A\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/ogo.html#ogo1\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-09-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fa5f5aff-4c2f-4613-b082-28454520544e", "label": "OGO-6", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", + "parentId": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 6 (OGO 6) was a large observatory\ninstrumented with 26 experiments designed to study the various\ninterrelationships between, and latitudinal distributions of, high-altitude\natmospheric parameters during a period of increased solar activity. The main\nbody of the spacecraft was attitude controlled by means of horizon scanners and\ngas jets so that its orientation was maintained constant with respect to the\nearth and the sun. The solar panels rotated on a horizontal axis extending\ntransversely through the main body of the spacecraft. The rotation of the\npanels was activated by sun sensors so that the panels received maximum\nsunlight. Seven experiments were mounted on the solar panels (the SOEP\npackage). An additional axis, oriented vertically across the front of the main\nbody, carried seven experiments (the OPEP package). Nominally, these sensors\nobserved in a forward direction in the orbital plane of the satellite. The\nsensors could be rotated more than 90 deg relative to the nominal observing\nposition and more than 90 deg between the upper and lower OPEP groups mounted\non either end of this axis. On June 22, 1969, the spacecraft potential dropped\nsignificantly during sunlight operation and remained so during subsequent\nsunlight operation. This unexplained shift affected seven experiments which\nmade measurements dependent upon knowledge of the spacecraft plasma sheath.\nDuring October 1969, a string of solar cells failed, but the only effect of the\ndecreased power was to cause two experiments to change their mode of operation.\nAlso during October 1969, a combination of manual and automatic attitude\ncontrol was initiated, which extended the control gas lifetime of the attitude\ncontrol system. In August 1970, tape recorder (TR) no. 1 operation degraded, so\nall recorded data were subsequently taken with TR no. 2. By September 1970,\npower and equipment degradation left 14 experiments operating normally, 3\npartially, and 9 off. From October 14, 1970, TR no. 2 was used only on\nWednesdays (world days) to conserve power and extend TR operation. In June\n1971, the number of 'on' experiments decreased from 13 to 7, and on June 28,\n1971, the spacecraft was placed in a spin-stabilized mode about the yaw (Z)\naxis and turned off due to difficulties with spacecraft power. OGO 6 was turned\non again from October 10, 1971, through March 1972, for operation of experiment\n25 by The Radio Research Laboratory, Japan. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-6\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-F\n Short_Name: PL-691D\n Short_Name: POGO 3\n Short_Name: S 60\n Short_Name: 03986\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 82 degrees\n Period: 99.7 minutes\n Perigee: 413 km\n Apogee: 1077 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1969-051A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-06-05\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff60d0cf-4665-40b6-b375-dd59dba896f9", "label": "OGO-4", - "broader": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", + "parentId": "3e77610e-bb50-4c45-a62a-c50194ec16c2", "definition": "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 4 (OGO 4) was a large observatory\ninstrumented with experiments designed to study the interrelationships between\nthe aurora and airglow emissions, energetic particle activity, geomagnetic\nfield variation, ionospheric ionization and recombination, and atmospheric\nheating which take place during a period of increased solar activity. After the\nspacecraft achieved orbit and the experiments were deployed into an operating\nmode, an attitude control problem occurred. This condition was corrected by\nground control procedures until complete failure of the tape recording systems\nin mid-January 1969. At that time, due to the difficulty of maintaining\nattitude control without the tape recorders, the attitude control system was\ncommanded off, and the spacecraft was placed into a spin-stabilized mode about\nthe axis which was previously maintained vertically. In this mode, seven of\nthe remaining experiments were turned off since no meaningful data could be\nobserved by them. On October 23, 1969, the satellite was turned off. It was\nreactivated again in January 1970 for 2 months to obtain VLF observations. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OGO-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)\n Short_Name: OGO-4\n Long_Name: Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OGO-D\n Short_Name: POGO 2\n Short_Name: 02895\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 86 degrees\n Period: 98 minutes\n Perigee: 412 km\n Apogee: 908 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1967-073A\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/ogo/ogo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-07-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3357,97 +3357,97 @@ { "uuid": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "label": "Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Following the successful demonstration flights of Bhaskara-1 and Bhaskara-2 - experimental Earth observation satellites developed and built by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) - and launched in 1979 and 1981, respectively, India began the development of an indigenous IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) program. India realized quite early that sustaining its space program in the long run would depend on indigenous technological capabilities (in particular, US export restrictions made this clear). Keeping this in mind, besides building satellites, India embarked as well on satellite launch vehicle development in the early 1970s. As a consequence, India has two very capable launch systems at the start of the 21st century, namely PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) and GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle). 1)\n\nIRS is the integrated LEO (Low Earth Orbit) element of India's NNRMS (National Natural Resources Management System) with the objective to provide a long-term spaceborne operational capability to India for the observation and management of the country's natural resources (applications in agriculture, hydrology, geology, drought and flood monitoring, marine studies, snow studies, and land use). The intend of the program is to create an environment of new perspectives for the Indian research community as a whole, to stimulate the development of new technologies and applications, and to utilize the Earth resources in more meaningful ways.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0b60f93d-dad7-4bb8-a41b-22d5f5d58835", "label": "IRS-1C", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "The fourth in the IRS series, IRS - 1C was launched from Baikanur cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on May 19, 1995. It operates in a near polar, sun- synchronous orbit at an altitude of 817km. Its local equatorial crossing time is 10:30 A.M in the descending node. The satellite payload consists of three sensors, namely Panchromatic camera (PAN), Linear Imaging and Self-Scanning Sensor (LISS - III) and Wide Field Sensor (WiFS).\n\nThe PAN camera provides data with a spatial resolution of 5.8m and a ground swath of 70 km at nadir view. This camera can be steered up to +/- 26 degrees, which can be used to acquire stereo pairs and this also improves the revisit capability to 5 days.\n\nLISS - III camera provides multi-spectral data in 4 bands. The spatial resolution for visible (two bands) and near infrared (one band) is 23.5m with a ground swath of 141 km. The fourth band (short wave infrared band) has a spatial resolution of 70.5m with a ground swath of 148 km. The repetivity of LISS - III is 24 days.\n\nWiFS camera collects data in two spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 188m and a ground swath of 810 km. By virtue of its wide swath there is huge side lap between adjacent paths. A repetivity of 3 days can be achieved by suitably combining paths.\n\nThe satellite is equipped with an On Board Tape Recorder (OBTR) with a capacity of 62 Gb, for collecting data outside the visibility region of any ground station. The OBTR was capable of storing data collected for 24 minutes. The OBTR was functional during 1995-1998. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1C\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PAN\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n Short_Name: WIFS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 817 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.69 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 A.M\n Period: 101.35 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1c.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1c_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-05-19\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0f7493be-f2c7-427b-befb-d4e33f08016c", "label": "IRS-P2", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) P2 was launched in 1994. This satellite carries one imaging sensor: Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS) 2. This satellite has a polar, circular, sun-synchronous 817-km orbit with a 24-day repeat cycle. Like the IRS-1A and -1B platforms, IRS-P2 has two identical LISS 2, but with a resolution of 32 m across-track and 37 m along-track. The total swath width on the IRS-P2 is 131 km.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P2\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.4 degrees\n Period: 101.2 min\n Perigee: 821.6 km\n Apogee: 822.9 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-09-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p2.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp2_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-10-15\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d98408e-7465-4d31-86fa-3835a137b78d", "label": "IRS-P5", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "The CARTOSAT-1 (IRS-P5) is envisaged as a mission to meet the stereo data requirements of the user community. The objectives of the mission are :\n\n-To design, develop, launch and operate an advanced space based mission with enhanced spatial resolution (2.5m) with along track stereo viewing capability for large scale mapping applications (up to 1:5000 scale)\n\n-To further stimulate newer areas of cartographic applications, urban management, disaster assessment, relief planning and management, environmental impact assessment and GIS applications.\n\nCARTOSAT-1 is a global mission. The nominal life of the mission is planned to be five years. The satellite was launched by the indigenously built Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on May 05, 2005. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P5\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P5 (CARTOSAT-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CARTOSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PAN\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 618 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.87 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 A.M\n Period: 97 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 5 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-12\n Online_Resource: http://www.nrsa.gov.in/satellites/irs-p5.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/irs-p5__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-05-05\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "27b32f62-3460-4541-a1d5-507538b2b34c", "label": "IRS-1D", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "On 29th September, 1996, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) proved its launch vehicle capability by launching the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-1D, using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C1, from Sriharikota. This added one more member to the existing IRS constellation. It carries payloads similar to its predecessor, IRS-1C. Like IRS-1C, IRS-1D has LISS III, PAN, WiFS sensors onboard.\n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WIFS\n Short_Name: PAN\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 737 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.53 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10.30 A.M to 10.47 A.M\n Period: 100.56 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 25 days\n Perigee: 737 km\n Apogee: 821 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1d.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1d_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-09-29\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "56535da7-3b47-41e2-a3a9-b88a6abbc5ef", "label": "IRS-R2A", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "Today, the array of Indian Earth Observation (EO) Satellites with imaging capabilities in visible, infrared, thermal and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, including hyper-spectral sensors, have helped the country in realising major operational applications. The imaging sensors have been providing spatial resolution ranging from 1 km to better than 1m; repeat observation (temporal imaging) from 22 days to every 15 minutes and radiometric ranging from 7 bit to 12 bit, which has significantly helped in several applications at national level. In the coming years, the Indian EO satellites are heading towards further strengthened and improved technologies, taking cognizance of the learnings/ achievements made in the yester years, while addressing newer observational requirements and the technological advancements including high agility spacecrafts.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "87daf1d5-4f7c-40e9-8d31-4c816c320029", "label": "K1", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8f7e0fb3-1917-4bb5-ae90-93af14ef0c51", "label": "IRS-1A", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A (IRS-1A) was launched on March 17, 1988. IRS-1A is the first of a series of semi-operational/ operational remote sensing satellites developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for land-based applications such as agriculture,forestry, geology, and hydrology. The three-axis-stabilized sun-synchronous satellite carries two linear imaging self-scanned sensors (LISS). LISS-1 and LISS-II perform 'pushbroom' scanning in visible and near IR bands to acquire images of the earth. Both push-broom scanning sensors operate in the four spectral bands: 0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.59, 0.62-0.68, and 0.77-0.86 micrometer. Local equatorial crossing time is fixed at around 10 a.m. The spacecraft platform, measuring 1.56 m x 1.66 m x 1.10 m, has the payload module attached on the top and a deployable solar array stowed on either side. Attitude control is provided by four momentum wheels, two magnetic torques, and a thruster system. Together these mechanisms provide an estimated accuracy of plus or minus 0.10 deg in all three axes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n Short_Name: LISS-I\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 904 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.01 deg\n Period: 103.1minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 22 days\n Perigee: 863 km\n Apogee: 917 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1a.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1a_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-03-17\n Launch_Site: BAIKONUR COSMODROME, TYURATAM, RUSSIA\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e3bc460-c94c-462f-a207-aa580f2b5b07", "label": "IRS-P4", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "The IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1), the eighth satellite built in India under the indigenous Indian Remote Sensing Satellite programme was successfully launched on May,26,1999 at 11.52 A.M from Sriharikota, India using the indigenously developed Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).\n\nIRS-P4 carries two sensors onboard, Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) and Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR). Several new technologies like Dual Cone Earth Sensor, improved Digital Sun Sensor and Satellite Positioning System (SPS) were introduced in the satellite. OCM data products are available to the User community acquired from July,01,1999 onwards. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P4\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P4 (OCEANSAT-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Oceansat-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCM\n Short_Name: MIMR\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Short_Name: MR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 720 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.28 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 12 noon\n Period: 98 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 2 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p4_oceansat.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp4ocsat_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-05-26\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1734eeb-aa26-471d-9300-694c80aa8b42", "label": "IRS-1B", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1B (IRS-1B) was launched on August 8, 1991, from Tyuratan, U.S.S.R.. IRS-1B continues the series of Earth resources remote sensing satellites developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for land-based applications such as agriculture, forestry, geology, and hydrology. The spacecraft is a box-shaped 1.6 x 1.56 x 1.1 meter bus with two Sun-tracking solar arrays of 8.5 square meters each. Two nickel cadmium batteries provide power during eclipses. The three-axis stabilize sun-synchronous satellite had a 0.4 degree pitch/roll and 0.5 degree yaw pointing accuracy provided by a zero-momentum reaction wheel system utilizing Earth/Sun/star sensors and gyros. The satellite carried three Linear Imaging Self-Scanning (LISS) push-broom CCD sensors operating in four spectral bands compatible with Landsat Thematic Mapper and Spor HRV data. The bands were 0.45 - 0.52, 0.52 - 0.59, 0.62 - 0.68, and 0.77 - 0.86 microns. The LISS 1 sensor had four 2048-element CCD imagers with a focal length of 162.2 cm generating a resolution of 72.5 meters and a 148 km swath width. The LISS 2A/B sensors had eight 2048-element CCD imagers with a focal length of 324.4 mm generating a ground resolution of 36.25 meters and a 74 km swath width. The two LISS 2 imagers bracketed the LISS 1 imager providing a 3 km overlap. Data from the LISS 1 were downlinked on S-band at 5.2 Mbps and from the LISS 2 A/B at 10.4 Mbps to the ground station at Shandnager, India. The satellite was controlled from Bangalore, India.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-1B\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-IB\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-I\n Short_Name: LISS-II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 904 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 deg\n Period: 103 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 22 days\n Perigee: 887 km\n Apogee: 922 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-1b.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs-1b_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-08\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdbfcd3f-bde3-44b1-8318-e2ee7873fc57", "label": "IRS-P6", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "The RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) is envisaged as the continuity mission to IRS-1C/1D, with enhanced capabilities both in the payload and the platform, to meet the increasing demands of the user community. The objectives of the mission are :\n\n-To provide continued remote sensing data services on an operational basis for integrated land and water resources management at micro level, with enhanced spectral and spatial coverage and stereo imaging.\n\n-To further carry out studies in advanced areas of user applications like improved crop discrimination, crop yield, crop stress, pest/disease surveillance, disaster management etc.,.\n\nThe life of the mission is planned to be five years. The satellite was launched by the indigenously built Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on October 17, 2003. The orbit parameters of IRS-P6 are same as IRS-1C. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-P6\n Short_Name: ResourceSat-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LISS-IV\n Short_Name: LISS-III\n Short_Name: AWIFS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 817 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.69 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10.30 A.M\n Period: 101.35 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p6resourcesat-1.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp6_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-10-17\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbbc7680-269b-42de-a33c-25e541aa6a74", "label": "IRS-P3", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "The IRS-P3 satellite was launched from Sriharikota, India, using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – PLSV-D3. IRS-P3 was put in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 817km with equatorial crossing time of 10:30 A.M in the descending node.\n\nIRS - P3 has an X-ray astronomy and two remote sensing payloads, namely Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) and Modular Optoelectronics Scanner (MOS). The mission caters to oceanography applications.\n\nIRS - P3 WiFS is similar to IRS - 1C WiFS but for the inclusion of an additional band in the Middle Infra-red (MIR) region. This sensor is primarily meant for vegetation dynamic studies while MOS is meant for ocean related studies. MOS has helped the ocean application scientists in developing necessary algorithms for extracting ocean parameters such as phytoplankton, yellow substance and suspended sediments in ocean waters. \n\n[Summary provided by the Indian Remote Sensing Agency.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-P3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-P3\n Long_Name: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite P3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-P3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WIFS\n Short_Name: MOS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 817 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.69 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 10.30 A.M\n Period: 101.35 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/irs-p3.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irsp3_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-03-21\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df967339-0096-4445-8732-0071f1de9e27", "label": "IRS-O2", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Oceansat-2 was launched by PSLV-C14 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota on Sept. 23, 2009. It carries three payloads:\n1) Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM)\n2) Ku-band Pencil Beam scatterometer (OSCAT)\n3) Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmosphere (ROSA) developed by the Italian Space Agency.\nOceansat-2 is envisaged to provide continuity of operational services of Oceansat-1(IRS-P4) with enhanced application potential.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRS-O2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite)\n Short_Name: IRS-O2\n Long_Name: Oceansat-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRS-O2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCM-2\n Short_Name: OSCAT\n Short_Name: ROSA\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 720 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.28 deg\n Equator_Crossing: 12:00 Local time: e.g.\n Period: 99.31minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 2 days\n Perigee: 720 km\n Apogee: 720 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/oceansat-2.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/irs1a_img.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-09-23\n Launch_Site: SRIHARIKOTA ISLAND, INDIA\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd710ee8-797c-490a-9f90-064a38141f99", "label": "IRS-RS2", - "broader": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", + "parentId": "3e8bc0c6-f599-4e23-9535-449af00edd61", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -3456,20 +3456,20 @@ { "uuid": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", "label": "Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ICESat (Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark Earth Observing System mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. From 2003 to 2009, the ICESat mission provided multi-year elevation data needed to determine ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property information, especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar areas. It also provided topography and vegetation data around the globe, in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0a7dad22-dace-4cdc-9a5b-7dfde4aa2822", "label": "ICESat-2", - "broader": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", + "parentId": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA ICESat-2, https://icesat-2.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nICESat-2 will provide scientists with height measurements that create a global portrait of Earth’s 3rd dimension, \ngathering data that can precisely track changes of terrain including glaciers, sea ice, forests and more.\n\nWhile many of ICESat-2’s discoveries are yet to be imagined, the satellite mission has four science objectives:\n\nMeasure melting ice sheets and investigate how this effects sea level rise,\nMeasure and investigate changes in the mass of ice sheets and glaciers,\nEstimate and study sea ice thickness,\nMeasure the height of vegetation in forests and other ecosystems worldwide.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ICESAT-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: ICESAT-II\n Long_Name: Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-II\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://icesat-2.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2018\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71536bf5-2d19-4c63-a127-95264da38082", "label": "ICESat", - "broader": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", + "parentId": "3eb57645-3c25-4718-a255-21c8d19d0517", "definition": "[Source: NASA ICESat home page]\n\nICESat (Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark Earth Observing System mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. From 2003 to 2009, the ICESat mission provided multi-year elevation data needed to determine ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property information, especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar areas. It also provided topography and vegetation data around the globe, in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ICESAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ICESAT\n Long_Name: Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ICESAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GLAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: ~600 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 94 degrees\n Period: ~97 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 91 days with ~33 days subcycle\n Perigee: 593 km (368 mi)\n Apogee: 610 km (379 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/glas/atbd.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-01-12\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3478,69 +3478,69 @@ { "uuid": "3fd43f36-3fbf-462b-8a3f-2eb6f5219b3e", "label": "FASTSAT-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Source: Mark Boudreaux, Edward Montgomery, Joseph Casas 'A Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology SATellite (FASTSAT) and the Small Satellite Market Development Environment', NASA, Huntsville, Alabama USA ]\n\nThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration at Marshall Space Flight Center and the National Space Science and Technology Center in Huntsville Alabama USA, are jointly developing a new class of science and technology mission small satellites. The Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology SATellite (FASTSAT) was designed and developed using a new collaborative and best practices approach. The FASTSAT development, along with the new class of low cost vehicles currently being developed, would allow performance of ~ 30 kg payload mass missions for a cost of less than 10 million US dollars.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FASTSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FASTSAT-1\n Long_Name: Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology SATellite, 1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-10-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20080036190_2008036047.pdf&ei=BgfiSsn_I5OuMPnW0bYB&usg=AFQjCNHZ6N43VBkE4WvahXScylTbIEH_jw&sig2=Q7Ps8w9mdQtbZT7JWHLgbw\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/19nov_fastsat.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/fastsat/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "40e64334-e37c-4292-8b72-67c93bb24d41", "label": "GLORY", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[2011-03-04, NASA's Glory Satellite Fails To Reach Orbit] \n\n[Source: NASA Press Release 11-050, http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/mar/HQ_11-050_N0_Glory.html ] \n\nWASHINGTON -- NASA's Glory mission launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California Friday at 5:09:45 a.m. EST failed to reach orbit. \n\nTelemetry indicated the fairing, the protective shell atop the Taurus XL rocket, did not separate as expected about three minutes after launch. \n\n//\n\n[Source: Glory Science Home Page, http://glory.giss.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nGlory is a remote-sensing Earth-orbiting observatory designed to achieve two separate mission objectives. One is to collect data on the chemical, microphysical, and optical properties, and spatial and temporal distributions of aerosols. The other is to continue collection of total solar irradiance data for the long-term climate record.\n\nThe Glory mission's scientific objectives are met by implementing two separate science instruments, one with the ability to collect polarimetric measurements along the satellite ground track within the solar reflective spectral region (0.4 to 2.4 micrometers) and one with the ability to monitor changes in sunlight incident on the Earth's atmosphere by collecting high accuracy, high precision measurements of total solar irradiance. Glory accomplishes these objectives by deploying two instruments aboard a low earth orbit satellite, the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) and the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM). Additionally, a cloud camera system will provide images that allow the APS scans along the spacecraft ground track to be put into spatial context and to facilitate determination of cloud occurrence within the APS instantaneous field of view.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GLORY\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GLORY\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TIM\n Short_Name: CC GLORY\n Short_Name: APS GLORY\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km +/- 30 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 Degrees +/- 0.15 Degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 1:35 p.m.\n Period: 99 Minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://glory.giss.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/gloryinorbit-s.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-03-04\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: + 3 years; 5 year goal\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "42c6ff80-849b-4ef5-b6ff-fd9416b8cf33", "label": "ICEYE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ICEYE's overall mission is to enable better decision making for everyone by providing timely and reliable Earth observation data. To achieve that goal, the company is developing its own synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) sensor technologies suitable for satellites under 100kg in weight. ICEYE is building a constellation of 18 SAR satellite by end of 2020 and that will enable a 3 hour on average revisit rate around the globe.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "439293ac-ef6a-4f4c-a578-a57d504e783a", "label": "RAPIDEYE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "RapidEye is a commercial multispectral remote sensing satellite mission being designed and implemented by MDA for RapidEye AG. The RapidEye sensor images five optical bands in the 400-850nm range and provides 6.5m pixel size at nadir. Rapid delivery and short revisit times are provided through the use of a five-satellite constellation.\n\nIt provides products for the following applications:\n\n-Agriculture - crop monitoring and mapping, yield prediction, etc.\n-Forestry - tree species separation, stem volume estimation, etc.\n-Security & Emergency - disaster management etc.\n-Energy & Infrastructure - pipeline monitoring, landcover classification etc.\n-Environment - change detection etc.\n-Cartography - satellite based maps, ortho photos, etc.\n-Other Markets - natural disaster assessment, 3D-visualization, etc.\n\nThe satellites will be placed equally spaced in a single sun-synchronous orbit to ensure consistent imaging conditions and a short revisit time. The RapidEye system can access any area on Earth within a day and cover the entire agricultural areas of North America and Europe within five days.\n\nThe RapidEye satellite platforms has been constructed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL). [1] This makes RapidEye the second multiple-satellite imaging constellation that SSTL has been involved with, after building and launching the Disaster Monitoring Constellation.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RAPIDEYE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: RAPIDEYE\n Long_Name: RapidEye\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 630 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.rapideye.de/\n Online_Resource: http://www.rapideye.de/upload/documents/Standard_Image_Product_USLetter.pdf\n Sample_Image: http://www.dappolonia-research.com/invesatwiki/images/thumb/180px-Rapid_Eye.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43a6ecc5-a1d4-4b89-8d4d-e04a10264ab6", "label": "PAGEOS 1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The PAGEOS (Passive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) spacecraft was\n a 30.48-m inflatable sphere, and had no instrumentation on board. It\n was the second (following GEOS 1) NASA satellite in the National\n Geodetic Satellites Program. PAGEOS 1 was made up of 84 gores and 2\n pole caps of 0.0127-mm aluminized mylar film. The gores were 48 m\n long with maximum width of 1.24 m and the pole caps were 1.02 m in\n diameter. The primary purpose of the satellite was to provide a\n tracking target for geodetic purposes. It had a specular reflectance\n of 0.862, and a diffuse reflectance of 0.029, providing a reflecting\n light source whose brightness was relatively independent of\n observer-satellite-sun phase angle. The surface was also 97%\n reflectant for microwave energy in the range from 17 to 4E5 kHz. The\n launch, orbit, separation, inflation and initial operation were\n nominal, with more than 40 ground stations participating in the\n observation program. The orbit was generally considered too high for\n drag-density study, although some work was done in this area by the\n Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. For a more detailed\n description, see David E. Bowker, 'PAGEOS Project Compilation of\n Information for Use of Experimenter' (TRF B01718), NASA-TM-X-1344,\n 1967.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1966-06-24 00:14:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1966-06-24\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 4271.\n Perigee(km) : 4207.\n Inclination : 87.14\n Date of last update : 1985-07-17\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PAGEOS 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PAGEOS 1\n Long_Name: Passive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: PAGEOS 1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 85.40 deg\n Period: 177.10 min\n Perigee: 3,913 km\n Apogee: 4,220 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-21\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-056A\n Sample_Image: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/satellite_geodesy/pageos_500.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-06-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", "label": "Worldview", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The WorldView series consists of high resolution commercial Earth imaging satellites. Owned by MAXAR, the first three satellites in the series are currently operational, and they have been supplying imagery since 2007.", "children": [ { "uuid": "341b5eb7-19bd-4337-83f3-885730103df1", "label": "WORLDVIEW-4", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", + "parentId": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f13b4d2-9114-4890-ac6d-30da1a333d74", "label": "WORLDVIEW-1", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", + "parentId": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", "definition": "he next-generation commercial imaging satellite of DigitalGlobe Inc. (Longmont, CO, USA) is called WorldView-1, a successor of QuickBird-2 (launch Oct. 18, 2001 - and fully operational as of 2007). In Oct. 2003, DigitalGlobe was awarded a sizeable contract by NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) of Washington DC, formerly NIMA (National Imaging and Mapping Agency), to provide high-resolution imagery from the next-generation commercial imaging satellites.\n\nThe NGA requirements call for imagery with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m panchromatic and 2 m MS (Multispectral) data. The contract award was made within NGA's NextView program, designed to give the US commercial imaging satellite operators the financing to build their satellites for high-resolution imaging. The WorldView mission is intended to provide imaging services to NGA as well as to the commercial customer base of DigitalGlobe.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nBATC (Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation) of Boulder, CO, is the prime contractor and integrator of the spacecraft, providing the S/C bus (Ball Commercial Platform BCP-5000) and a WorldView-60 camera. A new feature of the WorldView spacecraft are CMG (Control Moment Gyroscopes) actuators for precise and highly responsive pointing control. The BCP-5000 bus provides increased power, stability, agility, data storage and transmission (over the BCP-2000 bus) as the demand for Earth remote-sensing information becomes more comprehensive. \n\nThe S/C is 3-axis stabilized. The ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem) employs star trackers, IRU (Inertial Reference Unit) and GPS for attitude sensing, and CMGs as actuators. A S/C body-pointing range of ±40º about nadir is provided corresponding to a FOR (Field of Regard) of 775 km in cross-track. An instantaneous pointing accuracy of ≤ 500 m is provided at any start and stop of an imaging sequence. On the ground, the geolocation accuracy of the imagery is 5.8 to 7.6 m without GPCs (Ground Control Points) and 2 m with GPCs (3σ). The agile S/C provides retargeting at a rate of 4.5º/s with an acceleration of 2.5º/s2; it takes 9 s to slew the S/C over a ground distance of 300 km.\n\nS/C power of 3.2 kW (EOL) is provided by the solar panels; the battery capacity is 100 Ah. The solar arrays are being articulated into the sun (normal pointing into the sun). The rotational drive assemblies and drive control electronics, referred to as QuAD (Quiet Array Drive), are being provided by Starsys, a subsidiary of SpaceDev, Poway, CA. Unlike traditional stepper motor solar array drives, the QuAD technology provides low disturbance actuation, allowing spacecraft images to be captured at the same time that the solar arrays are being pointed.\n\nThe S/C bus has dimensions of 3.6 m (high) and 2.5 m in diameter, the span of the deployed panels measures 7.1 m. WorldView-1 has a launch mass of 2500 kg. The mission design life is 7.25 years. \n\nLaunch: A launch of the WorldView-1 spacecraft took place on Sept. 18, 2007 on a Delta-2920 vehicle from VAFB, CA.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 496 km (nominal), inclination = 97.2º. The equator crossing time is at 10:30 hours on a descending node. The period is 94.6 minutes. Note: While the low-altitude orbit selection offers better spatial resolutions than a higher one, it requires also more frequent reboosts to maintain the low orbit due to atmospheric drag influences.\n\nRF communications: The command data are in S-band at 2 or 64 kbit/s. The housekeeping telemetry and tracking is in X-band at 4, 16, or 32 kbit/s of real-time data, or 524 kbit/s of stored data. The imagery is downlinked in X-band at 800 Mbit/s. The S/C provides a data storage capacity of 2.2 Tbit in solid state memory with EDAC (Error Detection and Correction). A total of 331 Gbit of imagery per orbit may be collected. In addition, direct (real-time) downlinks to customer sites are available using the same high-speed 800 Mbit/s X-band link. \n\nMission status: In early January 2008, DigitalGlobe announced the general availability of WorldView-1 imagery to its customers after all check-out aspects of the spacecraft and its payload had been completed. 6)\n\n• DigitalGlobe delivered its first sample set of high-resolution images on Oct. 15, 2007 and began supplying imagery to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) on Nov. 26, 2007 (the S/C reached already full operating capacity on Nov. 17. 2007). \n\nInformaiton obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WORLDVIEW-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WORLDVIEW-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 496\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.2\n Period: 94.5\n Repeat_Cycle: 1.7\n Perigee: 499.7\n Apogee: 500.8\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-10\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=12389\n Online_Resource: http://www.digitalglobe.com/index.php/86/WorldView-1\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-09-18\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 7.25 years\n Primary_Sponsor: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dfb49f10-0755-464f-96b1-fc037802c86d", "label": "WORLDVIEW-3", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", + "parentId": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff0ed18d-c476-4dc4-a248-d42ad74bb4a1", "label": "WORLDVIEW-2", - "broader": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", + "parentId": "45694b28-c8a0-4a89-affc-082282ae9db0", "definition": "WorldView-2, launched October 2009, is the first high-resolution 8-band multispectral commercial satellite. Operating at an altitude of 770 kilometers, WorldView-2 provides 46 cm panchromatic resolution and 1.85 meter* multispectral resolution. WorldView-2 has an average revisit time of 1.1 days and is capable of collecting up to 1 million square kilometers of 8-band imagery per day, greatly enhancing the DigitalGlobe multispectral collection capacity for more rapid and reliable collection.\n\nThe WorldView-2 system, offering incredible accuracy, agility, capacity and spectral diversity, allows DigitalGlobe to substantially expand its imagery product offerings to both commercial and government customers.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WORLDVIEW-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WORLDVIEW-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 770 km\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 am Local time: e.g.\n Period: 100 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 101 days at 1 meter GSD or less; 3.7 days at 20deg off-nadir or less (0.52 meter GSD)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-05-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.digitalglobe.com/about-us/content-collection#satellites&worldview-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-10-08\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 10-12 years\n Primary_Sponsor: DigitalGlobe\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3549,34 +3549,34 @@ { "uuid": "45ec5189-ffc5-452d-b365-f6989f1433f1", "label": "NPOESS (National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System )", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47943416-e045-4d6d-b18e-3d1cc51734e0", "label": "GEOEYE-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "GeoEye-1, formerly known as OrbView-5, is the next-generation high-resolution imaging mission of GeoEye, Dulles, VA, USA. In January 2006, the commercial imaging company GeoEye was formed, made up of former Orbimage of Dulles VA, and of former Space Imaging of Thornton, CO (Orbimage acquired Space Imaging in 2005 and gave the merged company the new name of GeoEye). The newly formed GeoEye company is the world's largest commercial satellite imagery provider.\n\nOn Sept. 30, 2004, OrbImage was awarded a NextView vendor contract of NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). The contract, referred to as NextView OrbImage, provides long-term revenue commitments as well as capital for the development of OrbView-5. NGA's NextView program is designed to give US commercial imaging satellite operators the financing to build their satellites for high-resolution imaging.\n\nGeoEye's principal partners for the development and launch of the GeoEye-1 satellite include General Dynamics (formerly Spectrum Astro), ITT Industries (imager), and Boeing Launch Services. GeoEye's partners for the ground segment include IBM and MDA (MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates) of Richmond, BC, Canada.\n\nhe GeoEye-1 spacecraft is being designed and developed at General Dynamics/C4 Systems of Gilbert, AZ (formerly Spectrum Astro) as prime contractor. The contract was award in Dec. 2004. The spacecraft design is based on the SA-200HP standard modular bus (of Coriolis and SWIFT heritage). The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized with a sophisticated attitude control system to provide a highly stable, while also highly agile imaging platform.\n\nA body-pointing capability of up to ± 60º is being provided, made possible by enhanced reaction wheels (low jitter). The image geolocation accuracy is ≤ 3 m. The spacecraft mass is 1955 kg (bus mass = 1260 kg), the S/C design is fully redundant with an operational life of 7 years (the expected life is 10 years).\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 684 km, inclination = 98º, period = 98 minutes, local equatorial crossing at 10:30 hours, effective revisit time capability ≤ 3 days.\n\nLaunch: A launch of GeoEye-1 is scheduled for August 2008 on a Delta-2 (7420-10) vehicle from VAFB, CA. The launch provider is ULA (United Launch Alliance). The launch delay from the fall of 2007 is due to a launch congestion at VAFB.\n\nRF communications: The source data are being stored on solid-state onboard recorders of 1.2 Tbit capacity. The downlink of imagery in X-band at 740 Mbit/s (or at 150 Mbit/s), the TT&C data are in S-band. The S/C is being operated from the command and control facility at GeoEye headquarters in Dulles, VA, along with an imagery acquisition station. Three other acquisition stations will be operated or leased by GeoEye in Barrow, AK, Tromsø, Norway and Troll, Antarctica (the TrollSat station is located at 72º S and 2º E). The latter two stations are being leased from KSAT (Kongsberg Satellite Services) of Tromsø, Norway.\nA total of four stations are needed to handle primary data reception due to the large volume of data that will be captured by the satellite. In addition, GeoEye will continue to support a network of receiving stations owned and operated by local business partners, referred to as Regional Affiliates and Regional Distributors.\n\nGround segment: GeoEye has built a fully integrated receiving, processing, and distribution network for delivering high-quality imagery products to customers around the world.\n\nIn late 2006, GeoEye purchased high-bandwidth, high-performance compute technology from SGI (Silicon Graphics Inc.). Four SGI Altix systems were installed at the Dulles (VA) ground station for data processing, distribution, and archiving services.\n\nSensor complement: (GIS)\n\nThe requirements of GeoEye-1 call for panchromatic imagery with a resolution of 0.41 m and multispectral imagery with a resolution of 1.64 m. The imager is being designed and developed by ITT Space Systems Division, formerly Kodak Remote Sensing Systems of Rochester, New York, which built also the sensor for Ikonos-2 (launch April 27, 1999). In January 2007, the GeoEye-1 imager system was delivered to General Dynamics for integration into the spacecraft.\n\nGIS (GeoEye Imager System). GIS is a pushbroom imaging system whose basic elements are the optics subsystem (telescope assembly), the focal plane assembly (CCD detector), and the digital electronics subsystem. The optics subsystem employs a TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) telescope design with a primary mirror aperture of 1.1 m in diameter. Three mirrors are used to image and focus the light, and two additional mirrors to direct the image to the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). The telescope is designed to give a near-perfect (diffraction limited) image to the FPA and to convert the analog pixels into digitized signals.\n\nThe FPA consists of an array of CCD detectors with 8 µm pixel size for PAN and 32 µm pixel size for multispectral imagery. ITT has included an outer barrel and door assembly to help protect the telescope and maintain its thermal environment.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOEYE-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GEOEYE-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ORBVIEW-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 684 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degrees \n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM\n Period: 98 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-27\n Online_Resource: http://launch.geoeye.com/LaunchSite/about/fact_sheet.aspx\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=13708\n Sample_Image: http://launch.geoeye.com/LaunchSite/assets/images/about/satellite.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-08-22\n Design_Life: 10 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", "label": "Diadem", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "143a5181-7601-4cc7-96d1-2b1a04b08fa7", "label": "DIADEM-1D", - "broader": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", + "parentId": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", "definition": "Diademe-1 D1C and Diadème-2 D1D were launched by CNES, one week apart in February 1967 into elliptical orbits. Both Diadème satellites were geodetic missions. These satellites were magnetically stabilized which limited their trackability in the southern hemisphere.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DIADEM-1D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DIADEM\n Short_Name: DIADEM-1D\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DIADEM-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 39.5 degrees\n Period: 108 minutes\n Perigee: 570 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/di1d_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/slr_sats_pics/diadem.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-02-15\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5edd7e9b-8b22-438a-b2e2-2c708bd0ac9c", "label": "DIADEM-1C", - "broader": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", + "parentId": "4a21b488-a0ed-4b11-9b7a-a32e123b555e", "definition": "Diadème-1 D1C and Diadème-2 D1D were launched by CNES, one week apart in February 1967 into elliptical orbits. Both Diadème satellites were geodetic missions. These satellites were magnetically stabilized which limited their trackability in the southern hemisphere.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DIADEM-1C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DIADEM\n Short_Name: DIADEM-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Diadem-1C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 39.9 degrees\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 550 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/di1d_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/slr_sats_pics/diadem.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-02-08\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3585,48 +3585,48 @@ { "uuid": "4a3988a7-f1c6-4c0a-a93b-9221adbca49b", "label": "ICON", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Ionospheric Connection Explorer will study the frontier of space: the dynamic zone high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. In this region, the tenuous gases are anything but quiet, as a mix of neutral and charged particles travel through in giant winds. These winds can change on a wide variety of time scales -- due to Earth's seasons, the day's heating and cooling, and incoming bursts of radiation from the sun.\n\nThis region of space and its changes have practical repercussions, given our ever-increasing reliance on technology -- this is the area through which radio communications and GPS signals travel. Variations there can result in distortions or even complete disruption of signals. In order to understand this complicated region of near-Earth space, called the ionosphere, NASA has developed the ICON mission. To understand what drives variability in the ionosphere requires a careful look at a complicated system that is driven by both terrestrial and space weather.\n\nICON will help determine the physics of our space environment and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society.\n\nAdditional Information: https://www.nasa.gov/icon", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4ccfdd4d-3ec2-412d-b49e-fccf2cdc7c35", "label": "DASH-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Dash (Density And Scale Height) satellites were\n2.5-m-diameter balloons used to measure air densities at\naltitudes of approximately 3500 km. The area-to-mass ratio for\nthe spacecraft was 40 sq cm/g. The orbit, originally circular,\nincreased in eccentricity rapidly under the action of solar\nradiation pressure. This experiment used the variations in orbit\ncharacteristics of the Dash balloon satellite to deduce neutral\nair densities and to study the effect of solar radiation\npressure. Other effects, such as terrestrial radiation pressure,\nlunar gravity, and solar gravity were also observable.\n\nDash 2 reentered the earth's atmosphere on April 12, 1971.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/dash-1.htm'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DASH-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: DASH-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DASH-2\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/dash-1.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1963-07-19\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e357ecc-78bd-4da7-b28a-4b34f61f8587", "label": "SME", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) mission objective was primarily to\ninvestigate the processes that create and destroy ozone in the Earth's\nmesosphere and upper stratosphere. Some specific goals were (1) to\ndetermine the nature and magnitude of changes in mesospheric ozone\ndensities resulting from changes in the solar ultraviolet flux; (2) to\ndetermine the interrelationship between solar flux, ozone, and the\ntemperature of the upper stratosphere and mesosphere; (3) to determine\nthe interrelationship between ozone and water vapor; and (4) to\ndetermine the interrelationship between nitrogen dioxide and\nozone. The satellite experiment complement consisted of a solar\nultraviolet spectrometer, an ultraviolet ozone spectrometer, an\ninfrared radiometer, a 1.27-micrometer spectrometer, and a nitrogen\ndioxide spectrometer. In addition, a solar proton alarm detector was\ncarried on board to measure the integrated solar flux in the range 30\nto 500 MeV. Spin stabilized at 5 rpm, the satellite moved in a 3\na.m. to 3 p.m. sun-synchronous orbit. The spacecraft body was a\ncylinder approximately 1.7 by 1.25 m and consisted of two major\nmodules: the observatory module that housed the scientific\ninstruments, and the spacecraft bus. The spin axis was oriented normal\nto the orbital plane. The command system was capable of executing\ncommands in real time or from stored program control. Power was\nsupplied by a solar cell array. The telemetry system was used either\nin a real-time or in a tape-recorder mode. Further details and some\nmeasurement results are written in C. A. Barth et al., 'Solar\nmesosphere explorer: scientific objectives and results,'\nGeophys. Res. Lett., v. 10, no. 4, p. 237, 1983. All instruments on\nboard the SME were turned off in December 1988 because of energy\nconsiderations.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1981-10-06 11:27:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1981-10-16\n Apogee (km or AU): 551.\n Perigee (km or AU): 535.\n Inclination (degree) : 97.5\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SME\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SME\n Long_Name: Solar Mesospheric Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SME\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.5\n Perigee: 535\n Apogee: 551\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sme/\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sme/gifs/sme.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-09-06\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e62dd32-7776-4646-ae8d-b85d97df415a", "label": "SARAL", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", "label": "Laser Geodetic Satellite (LAGEOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The LAser GEOdynamic Satellite (LAGEOS) was designed by NASA and launched May 4, 1976. It was the first spacecraft dedicated exclusively to high-precision laser ranging and provided the first opportunity to acquire laser-ranging data that were not degraded by errors originating in the satellite orbit or satellite array. LAGEOS-2, based on the original LAGEOS design, was built by the Italian Space Agency and launched on October 22, 1992.\n\nThe LAGEOS satellites are covered with 426 cube corner reflectors with all but four of these reflectors made with fused silica glass. The other four reflectors are made of germanium to obtain measurements in the infrared for experimental studies of reflectivity and satellite orientation.\n\nLAGEOS is a passive satellite with no power, communications, or moving parts. LAGEOS satellite 'operations' consists of simply the generation of the orbit predictions necessary for the stations to acquire and track the satellite. Today, these predictions are routinely generated by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NERC Space Geodesy Facility, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The predictions are distributed by NASA’s Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS) and the EUROLAS Data Center (EDC), data centers supporting the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS).", "children": [ { "uuid": "8124c4a5-fb77-455c-9ecd-3cf325fc12a9", "label": "LAGEOS-1", - "broader": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", + "parentId": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n LAGEOS (Laser Geodetic Satellite) was a very dense (high mass-to-area\n ratio) laser retroreflector satellite which provided a permanent\n reference point in a very stable orbit for such precision\n earth-dynamics measurements as crustal motions, regional strains,\n fault motions, polar motion and earth-rotation variations, solid earth\n tides, and other kinematic and dynamic parameters associated with\n earthquake assessment and alleviation. In conjunction with\n appropriate laser-tracking systems, LAGEOS permitted extreme\n precision-ranging measurements for both geometric mode\n (multilateration) and orbital dynamic mode determinations of positions\n of points on the earth. It was the first spacecraft dedicated\n exclusively to high-precision laser ranging and provided the first\n opportunity to acquire laser-ranging data that were not degraded by\n errors originating in the target satellite. The high-accuracy range\n measurements from this permanent-orbiting reference point were used to\n accomplish many extreme precision earth-dynamics measurements required\n by the earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation objectives of the\n Earth and Ocean Physics Applications Program (EOPAP). The performance\n in orbit of LAGEOS was limited only by degradation of the\n retroreflectors, so many decades of useful life can be expected. The\n high mass-to-area ratio and the precise, stable (attitude-independent)\n geometry of the spacecraft, together with the orbit, made this\n satellite the most precise position reference available. Because it\n is visible in all parts of the world and has an extended operation\n life in orbit, LAGEOS can serve as a fundamental standard for decades.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1976-05-04 08:00:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1976-05-05\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 5946.\n Perigee(km) : 5837.\n Inclination : 109.8\n Date of last update : 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LAGEOS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LAGEOS (Laser Geodetic Satellite)\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-1\n Long_Name: Laser Geodetic Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 109.90 deg\n Period: 225.50 min\n Perigee: 5,837 km\n Apogee: 5,947 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/lageosQL.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/lageos-1-2\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/lag1_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/lageos.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-05-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 50 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e1dfd1ca-9bd1-4628-b4ad-c82dfb3c1974", "label": "LAGEOS-2", - "broader": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", + "parentId": "4fc659a0-c543-4538-87c6-0ed2a7ab8b55", "definition": "The LAGEOS satellites are passive vehicles covered with\nretroreflectors designed to reflect laser beams transmitted from\nground stations. By measuring the time between transmission of\nthe beam and reception of the reflected signal from the\nsatellite, stations can precisely measure the distance between\nthemselves and the satellite. These distances can be used to\ncalculate station positions to within 1-3 cm. Long term data\nsets can be used to monitor the motion of the Earth's tectonic\nplates, measure the Earth's gravitational field, measure the\n'wobble' in the Earth's axis of rotation, and better determine\nthe length of an Earth day.\n\nLAGEOS 2 was a joint program between NASA and the Italian space\nagency (ASI), which built the satellite using LAGEOS 1 drawings\nand specifications, handling fixtures, and other materials\nprovided by NASA.\n\nLAGEOS 2's orbit was selected to provide more coverage of\n seismically active areas, such as the Mediterranean Basin and\n California, and may help scientists understand irregularities\n noted in the motion of LAGEOS 1. Ground tracking stations are\n located in many countries (including the US, Mexico, France,\n Germany, Poland, Australia, Egypt, China, Peru, Italy, and\n Japan) and data from these stations is available world-wide to\n investigators studying crustal dynamics. LAGEOS 1 also\n contains a message plaque addressed to human and other beings\n of the far distant future with maps of the Earth from 3\n different eras - 268 million years in the past, present day,\n and 8 million years in the future (the satellite's estimated\n decay date). Spacecraft: Both satellites are spherical bodies\n with an aluminum shell wrapped around a brass core. The design\n was a compromise between numerous factors including the need\n to be as heavy as possible to minimise the effects of\n non-gravitational forces vs. being light enough to be placed\n in a high orbit and the need to accommodate as many\n retroreflectors as possible vs. the need to minimise surface\n area to minimise the effects of solar pressure. The materials\n were chosen to reduce the effects of the Earth's magnetic\n field on the satellite's orbit.426 cube-corner retroreflectors\n are imbedded in the satellites' surface.422 of these are made\n of fused silica glass while the other 4 are made of\n germanium. The vehicles have no onboard sensors or\n electronics, and are not attitude controlled. Payload: Science\n is performed by reflecting laser light from the vehicle's 426\n retroreflectors.\n\n Additional characteristics:\n\n-50 years design life\n-0.6m total length\n-0.6m maximum diameter\n-405 kg total mass\n\n Additional information available at\n'http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lageos.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by SpaceBank.com]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LAGEOS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: LAGEOS (Laser Geodetic Satellite)\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-2\n Long_Name: Laser Geodetic Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: LAGEOS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 52.70 deg\n Period: 222.50 min\n Perigee: 5,616 km\n Apogee: 5,952 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lageos.htm\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/lag1_general.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/lageos-1-2\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/lageos.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-10-22\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 50 year\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3635,20 +3635,20 @@ { "uuid": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", "label": "Pleiades", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Pleiades is the optical component of the ORFEO system developed in cooperation with Italy.\n\nThe Pleiades system is an optical observation system with a metric resolution designed to offer a high acquisition capability with a revisit lower than 24 hours to satisfy both civilian and military needs.\n\nMoreover, to meet the needs for detailed mapping, especially in urban areas and to complement aerial photography, Pleiades will offer instantaneous stereoscopic acquisition and the capability to cover large areas.\n\nFor applications such as forestry, geology and marine environment, and using its spectral characteristics and its tree-dimensional characterization of surfaces, Pleiades should complete the information supplied by other sensors, such as Spot 5, by offering information with a better spatial resolution.\n\nLastly, to meet the defence and civil security missions, the Pleiades system is expected to:\n\nSupply the information in a very short time-frame (usually less than 24 hours).\nEnsure to defence users a priority in the daily programming of the 50 acquisition requests.\nEnsure to defence users the confidentiality of their requests and communications.\nEnable priority acquisitions on a predefined area with a 'crisis' mode implementation.\nFor this, the Pleiades system is constituted of a constellation of two optical satellites (visible and near infrared domain) on a Sun-synchronous orbit at 694 km. This number of satellites is essential to guarantee the accessibility and revisit frequency required to operationally answer to defence and civil security missions.\n\nWith its two agile satellites, the Pleiades system will offer:\n\na daily access to every point on Earth,\na resolution of 0.7 m in vertical viewing in panchromatic,\nfour spectral bands (blue, green, red and near infrared) with a resolution of 2.8 m in vertical viewing,\na field of view of 20 km,\nan acquisition of a 120 km x 120 km image mosaic in the same orbit,\nthe acquisition of nearly instantaneous stereoscopic couples (or even triplet) of 20 km by 300 km,\nthe acquisition of cloud free images covering 2 500 000 km² per year,\na very accurate localization of the images (<1 m with ground control points) enabling an optimal use of the data in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS).\nMoreover, the great agility of the satellites will enable to minimize the programming conflicts, particularly during the dual use, and to better meet the users' needs.", "children": [ { "uuid": "92bdb34f-5df0-498d-b3c9-477ff3a1f80a", "label": "Pleiades-1B", - "broader": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", + "parentId": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", "definition": "Pléiades 1A and Pléiades 1B operate as a constellation in the same orbit, phased 180° apart.\n\nThe identical twin satellites deliver very-high-resolution optical data products in record time and offer a daily revisit capability to any point on the globe.\n\nThe Pléiades constellation is designed to obtain data in double-quick time:\n\nAbility to acquire imagery anywhere in the world in less than 24 hrs. in response to a crisis or natural disaster.\nRegular monitoring, as often as every day if required.\nThree satellite work plans a day ensure easy handling of last-minute tasking requests.\nTwice the coverage and twice the chance of obtaining cloud-free imagery.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0b1f332-41b9-4eec-8a9e-67778193a679", "label": "Pleiades-1A", - "broader": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", + "parentId": "516a9bb2-0171-4ad2-8d4f-3f7d1219d393", "definition": "Pléiades 1A and Pléiades 1B operate as a constellation in the same orbit, phased 180° apart.\n\nThe identical twin satellites deliver very-high-resolution optical data products in record time and offer a daily revisit capability to any point on the globe.\n\nThe Pléiades constellation is designed to obtain data in double-quick time:\n\nAbility to acquire imagery anywhere in the world in less than 24 hrs. in response to a crisis or natural disaster.\nRegular monitoring, as often as every day if required.\nThree satellite work plans a day ensure easy handling of last-minute tasking requests.\nTwice the coverage and twice the chance of obtaining cloud-free imagery.", "children": [] } @@ -3657,27 +3657,27 @@ { "uuid": "52ae802c-b2fd-4548-aefd-ec4e4325b803", "label": "Zhangheng 1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Zhangheng 1 or CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is a Chinese research satellite for the observation of Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes. The mission is conducted by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) with the China Earthquake Administration and China National Space Administration in cooperation with the Italian Space Agency (ASI).\n\nhttps://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/cses-zhangheng-1#:~:text=Zhangheng%2D1%2C%20named%20after%20the,magnitude%20all%20over%20the%20world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", "label": "Aeros", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "AEROS satellites were to study the aeronomy i. e. the science of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, in particular the F region under the strong influence of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. To this end the spectrum of this radiation was recorded aboard by one instrument (of type Hinteregger) on the one hand and a set of 4 other instruments measuring the most important neutral uand iononized parameters at the satellite's position on the other.\n\nAeros was built by Ball Aerospace for a co-operative project between NASA and the Bundesministerium für Foschung und Technologie, Federal Republic of Germany.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6164d877-53a0-4ba2-b73a-9dfb363474c9", "label": "AEROS-1", - "broader": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", + "parentId": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", "definition": "The purpose of the AEROS spacecraft mission was to study the state and\nbehavior of the upper atmosphere (thermosphere) and the ionospheric F-region.\nOf particular interest was the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation\non the structure, photochemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere above\n100 km altitude.\n\nINSTRUMENTATION: Five experiments provided data on the temperature\nand density of F-region electrons, ions and neutral particles, on the\ncomposition of ions and neutral particles, and on the solar ultraviolet\nflux incident on the topside ionosphere.\n\nSPACECRAFT: The AEROS satellite had a circular cylindrical shape\nwith a diameter of 0.914 meter and a height of 0.710 meter.\n\nORBIT: AEROS was launched into an elliptical, polar, and nearly\nsun-synchronous earth orbit. The spacecraft was spin stabilized at\n10 rpm and was oriented with the spin axis toward the sun.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEROS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEROS\n Short_Name: AEROS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AEROS-A\n Short_Name: 06315\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MASS SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: RPA\n Short_Name: Quadrupole Mass Analyzer\n Short_Name: Impedance Probe\n Short_Name: Grating Spectrometer\n Short_Name: Solar Collimator\n Short_Name: Photomultiplier\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.9 degrees\n Period: 95.6 minutes\n Perigee: 223.0 km\n Apogee: 867.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1972-100A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-12-16\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: GERMANY\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df8ac2e0-810a-4671-b2dc-c031487d14ee", "label": "AEROS-2", - "broader": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", + "parentId": "52aef8fa-ae6a-451a-a227-d109a6605cf6", "definition": "The AEROS 2 satellite had a cylindrical shape, a diameter of 0.914 m, and a height of 0.710 m. It was launched into an elliptical, polar, nearly sun-synchronous earth orbit. The spacecraft was spin-stabilized at 10 rpm and oriented with the spin axis toward the sun. The purpose of the mission was to study the state and behavior of the upper atmosphere and ionospheric F region, especially with regard to the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation. Five experiments provided data which included the temperature and density of electrons, ions, and neutral particles, the composition of ions and neutral particles, and solar ultraviolet flux.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEROS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEROS\n Short_Name: AEROS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AEROS-B\n Short_Name: 07371\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4 degrees\n Period: 95.7 minutes\n Perigee: 217.0 km\n Apogee: 879.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1974-055A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/aeros-b.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1974-07-16\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3686,20 +3686,20 @@ { "uuid": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", "label": "Earth Resources Observation Satellite (EROS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A series of Israeli commercial Earth observation satellites, designed and manufactured by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), with optical payload supplied by El-Op. The satellites are owned and operated by ImageSat International (ISI), another Israeli company, with some 35 full-time employees (of IntelSat's total of 50).", "children": [ { "uuid": "ca01c6b2-f799-4f8a-bb33-d553a244048e", "label": "EROS-A1", - "broader": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", + "parentId": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", "definition": "EROS-A (of Ofeq-3 heritage) is a high-resolution commercial imaging satellite of ImageSat International N.V. headquartered at Limassol, Cyprus, and designed and built by Israeli Aircraft Industries Ltd. (IAI). The overall objective is to launch and operate a constellation of high-resolution commercial satellites, primarily for intelligence and national security applications and to serve a global customer base. The spaceborne remote sensing technology for the EROS family was approved by the government of Israel in Oct. 1996. \n\nThe EROS program offers a combination of services and products tailored to meet specific customer requirements and budgets: \n\n• The option to acquire exclusive imaging rights over a defined footprint or the ability to acquire imagery on an exclusive basis.\n\n• Rapid delivery of imagery to the customer, either through direct downlink, electronic transfer or courier.\n\n• Provision of low-cost imagery products to support applications in many fields.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe EROS-A satellite structure consists of low-mass composite material with passive thermal control, it is three-axis stabilized. Attitude control and navigation is performed using horizon sensors, sun sensors, gyros and magnetometer, four reaction wheels and thrusters. The pointing accuracy is <0.1º in all three axes, attitude stabilization is < 40 µrad/s, the jitter is < 0.2 µrad. S/C mass = 260 kg (178 kg S/C bus, 42 kg of instrument mass and 30 kg of hydrazine), solar panel power (silicon array, fixed panels) = 450 W (EOL), plus 14 Ah NiCd batteries for eclipse operation, the bus power consumption at imaging session is 300 W. S/C design life = 4 years, however the estimated operational life of the satellite is ten years. \n\nRF communications: Imagery is transmitted in X-band at a rate of 70 Mbit/s (RF downlink) to the ground receiving stations, using a 1.5 W transmitter and one of the two existing two-axis gimbaled directional antennas. The EROS satellites are monitored/operated in S-Band (TT&C) via a single ground control station (GCS), located at IAI/MBT in Israel (3 to 4 passes per day and per satellite are in station visibility). The S-band data rate is either 2.5 or 15 kbit/s selectable by the GCS.\n\nImageSat has a global network of ground segment infrastructure, for real-time image data acquisition. This network is comprised of the ImageSat Central Ground Control Station, a network of EROS-compatible Ground Receiving Stations on 5 continents and EROS-compatible Ground Control Stations based at exclusive customers' premises (see SOP Program).\n\nThe EROS A satellite has limited availability of onboard source data storage, as the satellite was designed to cater to customers acquiring real-time, exclusive imaging and download rights over a defined geographic footprint, in view of their own EROS-compatible GRS (Ground Receiving Stations).\n\nOperational capabilities/services primarily include:\n\n• Satellite Operating Partner (SOP) Program. This service provides a dedicated regional satellite with local customer tasking. SOP receiving ground stations are able to plan, to generate and to transmit imaging commands to the satellite and to download imagery in real-time.\n\n• PAS (Priority Acquisition Service) Program. The service provides highest priority tasking of the EROS satellite, in areas not previously acquired by SOP Customers.\n\n• Non-exclusive acquisitions. ImageSat sells EROS imagery on a non-exclusive basis to customers for civilian applications, such as mapping, disaster planning and monitoring, environmental management, homeland security and border control, and a range of development-related projects. \n\naunch: EROS-A was launched on a Russian Start-1 launcher on Dec. 5, 2000 from the Svobodny Cosmodrome in eastern Siberia.\n\nOrbit for EROS-A: Circular sun-synchronous orbit, altitude 480 km, inclination = 97.3º, period = 94.7 minutes, local time of descending node at 10:00 hours. The revisit capability at at latitude of 10º within a 15º cone is within 10.5 days. A revisit period/satellite at latitude of 10º is 4.5 days within a 30º cone, and only 2.5 days within a 45º cone.\n\nOperational status of mission: The EROS-A spacecraft and all subsystems are operating nominally as of 2008. Operations are expected to last until 2010. \n\nBackground on EROS program:\n\nEROS is a program of ImageSat International, N.V., formerly WIS (West Indian Space) Ltd., Cayman Islands. The name change took place in June 2000. ImageSat was re-incorporated in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. ImageSat's ownership includes: Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) of Tel-Aviv (owned by the Israeli government), Elbit Systems Ltd. of Haifa, and private investors from Europe and the United States.\n\n• EROS-B was launched on April 25, 2006 on a Start-1 launch vehicle from the Svobodny Cosmodrome in eastern Siberia\n\n• A third satellite, EROS C, will offer comparable panchromatic resolution to EROS B, as well as multispectral resolution of 2.8 m GSD; it is planned for launch in 2009. \n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EROS-A1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EROS-A1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Earth Remote Observation System-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 480\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.3\n Period: 94.7\n Perigee: 498.6\n Apogee: 511.2\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=10063\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-12-05\n Launch_Site: Svobodny Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 4 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ImageSat International, Israel\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce7434f6-7558-434a-afbf-c29500e4ca0d", "label": "EROS-B1", - "broader": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", + "parentId": "52de5848-a1f3-4efe-a784-2bb93fc51f1d", "definition": "EROS-B is a high-resolution commercial imaging minisatellite mission of ImageSat International N.V. headquartered in the Netherlands Antilles (Cayman Islands), with offices in Limassol, Cyprus, and in Tel Aviv, Israel. The overall objective is to provide high-resolution imagery to the customer base.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe EROS-B series S/C structure is identical to that of EROS-A, based on the Ofeq platform of Israel's Defense Ministry, and designed and built by Israel Aircraft Industries Ltd. (IAI/MBT). The deployed S/C structure is 2.3 m high and 4.0 m wide. The S/C is is 3-axis stabilized and the light/rigid design of the EROS satellite family allows for a great degree of platform agility. The spacecraft is very agile, a body-pointing capability of ±45º from nadir is provided in all directions, supporting the daily data acquisition plan. The S/C attitude is sensed and controlled as done with EROS-A. In addition, there is a star sensor for the B satellite series. The nominal S/C design life is six years.\n\nThe nominal S/C launch mass is ~290 kg; however, additional onboard fuel (up to 60 kg) is sufficient for S/C operations of up to 10 years. This increased the spacecraft launch mass to about 350 kg. \n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, mean altitude = 500 km, inclination = 97.4º, local time of descending node (LTDN) at 14:00 hours. - Note: The orbits of EROS-A and EROS-B are phased in the same orbital plane thereby increasing the revisit time of the constellation.\n\nLaunch: A launch of EROS-B took place on April 25, 2006 on a Start-1 launch vehicle from the Svobodny Cosmodrome in eastern Siberia (location at: 51.4º N, 128.3º E). 3)\n\nRF communications: Imagery is transmitted in X-band at a rate of 280 Mbit/s (downlink) to the ground receiving stations, using a 1.5 W transmitter and one of the two existing two-axis gimbaled directional antennas. The EROS satellites are monitored/operated in S-Band (TT&C) via a single ground control station (GCS), located at IAI/MBT in Israel (3 to 4 passes per day and per satellite are in station visibility). The S-band data rate is either 2.5 or 15 kbit/s selectable by the GCS.\n\nImageSat has a global network of ground segment infrastructure, for real-time image data acquisition. This network is comprised of the ImageSat Central Ground Control Station, a network of EROS-compatible Ground Receiving Stations on 5 continents and EROS-compatible Ground Control Stations based at exclusive customers' premises. \n\nSensor complement: (PIC-2)\n\nPIC-2 (Panchromatic Imaging Camera-2), designed and developed by ElOp (Electro Optical Industries) of Rehovot, Israel, a subsidiary of Elbit Systems Ltd. The EROS-B series imager instrument features CCD pushbroom technology in combination with a TDI (Time Delay Integration) scheme in its focal plane, a cumulative expose concept of each ground image line by a CCD detector array, to improve the SNR value (an important issue for high-resolution imaging). The instrument uses also a Cassegrain telescope with an aperture of 50 cm in diameter and a focal length of 5 m (folded optics). FOV = 1.5º. The PIC-2 instrument is rigidly mounted to the S/C structure looking into the nadir direction, thus permitting a body-pointing observation scheme. \n\nhe CCD pushbroom detector array provides 10,000 pixels per line and a total of 96 lines for selectable TDI observation support. Pushbroom scanning is provided for panchromatic imagery only in the spectral range of 0.5 - 0.9 μm. The ground sampling distance (GSD) is 0.70 m, the swath width is 7 km at nadir. The data is quantized at 10 bit/sample.\n\nThe imager instrument of EROS-B spacecraft can be operated in either asynchronous or in synchronous imaging mode. In synchronous mode, the S/C platform keeps a constant pointing angle toward the Earth's surface. In asynchronous mode, imaging by the detector array is performed in a 'step-and-stare' fashion, i.e., by slewing the S/C platform in the along-track direction (this permits in particular the generation of mosaics as well as the support of stereo imaging of targets of interest).\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EROS-B1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EROS-B1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 500\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4\n Period: 94.7\n Perigee: 503.5\n Apogee: 514.7\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=12460\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-25\n Launch_Site: Svobodny Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 10 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ImageSat International, Israel\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3708,77 +3708,77 @@ { "uuid": "53d5ea21-07bb-44b5-88e6-3775e90ca528", "label": "OKEAN-O", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "OKEAN - Russian-Ukrainian mission, data were collected during OKEAN\nscientific program from board of OKEAN-O1 satellite, processed in NC\nOMZ (Scientific Center of Operational Monitoring of Earth of Russian\nAerospace Agency), and stored in IRE CPSSI (Center of Processing and\nStoring the Space Information in Institute of Radioengineering and\nElectronics of Russian Academy of Sciences). MSU-SK - visible and\nIR scanner with medium resolution, optico-mechanical scanner. MSU-SK\nstands for Multispectral Scanners with Conical Scanning. MSU-SK has 6\nspectral channels in 0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7, 0.7-0.8, 0.8-1.1, 3.5-4.1, and\n10.0-12.5 mkm spectral bands. Its spatial resolutions are 157x245 m\n(for visible and near infrared channels in 0.5-1.1 mkm band ) and\n590x820 m (for infrared channels above 3.5 mkm).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OKEAN-O\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: OKEAN-O\n Long_Name: Ukranian-Russian Ocean Remote Sensing System\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OKEAN-O\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 deg\n Perigee: 660 km\n Apogee: 663 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/okeano.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/o/okeano2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-07-17\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russian-Ukrainian\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5419ac51-33aa-4f66-bc37-9f2c73846c9e", "label": "SCISAT-1/ACE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Launched on August 12, 2003, SCISAT helps a team of Canadian and international scientists improve their understanding of the depletion of the ozone layer, with a special emphasis on the changes occurring over Canada and in the Arctic.\n\nSCISAT focuses its attention in the stratosphere, where the ozone layer is located. SCISAT is providing the most accurate measurements to date of chemicals that affect ozone, which blocks the sun's biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation and prevents most of it from reaching the Earth's surface.\n\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/missions/earth/scisat.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SCISAT-1/ACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SCISAT-1/ACE\n Long_Name: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SCISAT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/SCISAT-1ACE/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/missions/earth/scisat.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/img/scisat_061213_thum.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-08-12\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "55823c7c-0503-4012-911e-d503ff62f750", "label": "GOMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Planeta-C Meteorological Space System includes the\nGeostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite GOMS\n(launched on October 31, 1994) located in orbit at\nstationary point over 76° 50' E.\n\nOnboard instruments package allows:\n\n1. obtaining in real time visible and infrared images\nof the Earth surface and cloud cover within a radius\nof 60° 50' centred at subsatellite point\n\n2. providing continious observation of the dinamics of\nvarying atmosheric processes\n\n3. detecting, on an operational basis, hazardous natural\nphenomena\n\n4. determining wind velocity and directions at several\nlevels, sea surface temperature\n\n5. obtaining information on fluxes of solar and galactic\nparticles, electromagnetic ultraviolet and X-ray radiation,\nvariations in the vector of magnetic field\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 23327 / 94069A\nLaunch date: 31 Oct 1994\nCountry of origin: CIS\nMission: Meteorology\nLaunch vehicle: Proton #228\nOut of service: Sep 1998?\nCause: end of life\n\nLocation:\n\nBegin End Position\nL: 31 Oct 1994\n Sep 1998 76.5°E\nMar 1999 66°E drifting\nAug 1999 72°E drifting\nOct 1999 76°E drifting\nMay 2000 84°E\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://sputnik.infospace.ru/goms/engl/goms_e.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the SPUTNIK Server]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GOMS\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOMS\n Short_Name: 23327\n Short_Name: Electro\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36 000km\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.5 deg\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://sputnik.infospace.ru/goms/engl/goms_1.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-10-31\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", "label": "Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "SPOT is a commercial high-resolution optical Earth imaging satellite system operating from space. It is run by Spot Image, based in Toulouse, France. It was initiated by the CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales – the French space agency) in the 1970s and was developed in association with the SSTC (Belgian scientific, technical and cultural services) and the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB). It has been designed to improve the knowledge and management of the Earth by exploring the Earth's resources, detecting and forecasting phenomena involving climatology and oceanography, and monitoring human activities and natural phenomena. The SPOT system includes a series of satellites and ground control resources for satellite control and programming, image production, and distribution.", "children": [ { "uuid": "08e3f2c8-0d9d-4f94-b2fe-bb110b151134", "label": "SPOT-5", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", + "parentId": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA/NSSDC, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2002-021A ]\n\nSpot 5 is a French (CNES), Earth-imaging, three tonne satellite that was launched by an Ariane 42P rocket from Kourou at 00:31:00 UT on 4 May 2002. Its planar and stereoscopic relief images at about three meter resolution will be marketed for civilian and military uses, for cartographic and vegetation analyses. Panchromatic (at 2.5 m resolution) as well as multispectral images (at 10 m resolution) could be obtained. The position of the satellite, and hence the location of the images could be determined at 15 m accuracy by means of the DORIS position determination instrument. Extensive information on the instruments and data products is available via http://www.spotimage.com/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-2\n Short_Name: HRS\n Short_Name: HRG-2\n Short_Name: HRG-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 822 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM (descending node)\n Period: 101.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 2-3 days, depending on latitude\n Perigee: 825.0 km\n Apogee: 826.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://smsc.cnes.fr/SPOT/index.htm\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2002-021A\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/spot-5.html\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcSPOT/spot5.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-05-04\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5993e605-b045-43fb-bd9b-928892b7386d", "label": "SPOT-7", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", + "parentId": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", "definition": "TECHNICAL FEATURES\nWith SPOT 6 and SPOT 7, Astrium not only secures mission continuity of the SPOT series, which has been\ncollecting an archive of more than 30 million of scenes since 1986: this new generation of optical satellites also\nfeatures technological improvements and advanced system performance that increase reactivity and\nacquisition capacity as well as simplifying data access.\n\nSpace segment:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 will provide 1.5metre resolution products over broad areas until 2024.\nNumber of satellites 2\nLaunch periods\nSPOT 6: September 12th, 2012\nSPOT 7: June 30th, 2014\nDesign lifetime 10 years\nSize Body: ~ 1.55 x 1.75 x 2.7 m\nSolar array wingspan 5,4 m2\nLaunch mass 712 kg\nAltitude 694 km\nOnboard Storage 1 Tbits end of life (Solid State Mass Memory)\n\nOrbital characteristics and viewing capability:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 missions are designed to achieve efficiently both collection of large coverage and collection\nof individual targets that are possible thanks to the extreme agility of the satellite.\nOrbit Sun-synchronous; 10:00 AM local time at descending node\nPeriod 98.79 minutes\nCycle 26 days\nViewing angle Standard: +/- 30° in roll | Extended: +/- 45° in roll\nRevisit\n• 1 day with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 operating simultaneously\n• Between 1 and 3 days with only one satellite in operation (note 1)\nPointing agility\nControl Moment Gyroscopes allowing quick maneuvers in all\ndirections for targeting several areas of interest on the same pass (30°\nin 14s, including stabilization time)\nAcquisition capacity Up to 6 million sq.km daily with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 when operating\nsimultaneously\nNominal Imaging Mode 60km-swath strips oriented along North-South axis; up to 600km\nlength\nStereo capability Fore and aft mode; Single pass stereo and tri-stereo\n\nNote1: Depends on the latitude of the area of interest\n\nInstruments:\nOptical system One instrument made of 2 identical Korsch telescopes, each with a 200\nmm aperture, delivering the expected swath.\nDetectors PAN array assembly: 28,000 pixels\nMS array assembly: 4 x 7000 pixels\nSpectral bands\nPanchromatic: 0.450-0.745 µm\nBlue: 0.450-0.520 µm\nGreen: 0.530-0.590 µm\nRed: 0.625-0.695 µm\nNear Infrared: 0.760-0.890 µm\nThe 5 bands are always acquired simultaneously.\nSwath 60km at nadir\nDynamic range at acquisition 12 bits per pixel\nLocation accuracy specification\n• 35m CE 90 without GCP within a 30° viewing angle cone\n• 10m CE90 for Ortho products where Reference3D is available\nInstrument telemetry link rate X-band channel - 300 Mbits/s\n\nGround segment:\nMain receiving stations\n• Toulouse (France)\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\nS-Band uplink stations\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\n• Inuvik (Canada)\nProgramming centre\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Chantilly VA (USA)\nProduction centre Astrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nTasking plans refresh frequency 6 times/day/satellite\nUpdate of weather forecast 4 times/day – fully automatic process\nSatellite control centre Astrium Satellite – Toulouse (France)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5fe45cae-f4ce-4287-8af8-0d824807f3fc", "label": "SPOT-4", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", + "parentId": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", "definition": "SPOT (Satellite Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) is the\nFrench government sponsored civil Earth observation program,\nwith support from Belgium and Sweden. A single SPOT satellite\nprovides complete coverage of the Earth every 26 days. Image\nproducts from SPOT are handled by a commercial entity,\nSPOT-Image Corp.\n\nSpacecraft:\n\n3-Axis stabilized. Single 5-panel solar array, each panel is 2.6\nx 1.9 m. Hydrazine propulsion system provides orbit maintenance.\n\nPayload:\n\nTwo HRVIR (High Resolution Visible - Infrared) pushbrrom imaging\ninstruments are carried. HRVIR is derived from the HRV\ninstruments on SPOT 1-3. This system will provide 10 m\nresolution in the panchromatic band and 20 m resolution in the\nmultispectral bands. HRVIR includes a new medium IR channel to\nsupport vegetation analysis and harvest forecasting. The HRVIRs\nare steerable to within 27 deg off-nadir. Each HRVIR has a swath\nwidth of 60 km. The Vegetation Monitoring instrument has 1 km\nresolution in the same bands as the HRVIR. PASTEL optical link\nterminal supports laser crosslink experiments. DORIS (Doppler\nOrbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite)\nprecision orbit determination system.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/spot4QL.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-4\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 25260\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: VEGETATION-1\n Short_Name: POAM III\n Short_Name: HRVIR\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 832 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8°\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 local solar time\n Period: 100.9 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 26 days\n Perigee: 791.0 km\n Apogee: 811.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-017A\n Online_Resource: http://www.astrium-geo.com/\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=4074\n Sample_Image: http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom-98/ceos1/satellit/spotsys/spot4_gb/images/orbite/spot4044.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-03-24\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 4 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "807f2f4d-1c2e-43ed-87f2-17d7dcced093", "label": "SPOT-1", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "The SPOT-1 (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft was\nlaunched on February 22, 1986. SPOT-1 is an earth observation satellite\nwith a greater ground resolution than that of the Landsat series satellites.\nThe main applications for the images returned by the first SPOT mission are\nland-use studies, agriculture and forestry resources, mineral and oil\nresources, and cartography. The three-axis stabilized satellite operates in\na circular sun-synchronous near-polar orbit for a design lifetime of 2 years.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.40 m\n Inclination: 98.70 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00101\n Periapsis: 815.00 km Apoapsis: 829.60 km\n\nThe spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the overall\nlength of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-1 consists of two parts:\n(1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the payload. The\nbus provides housekeeping information and an onboard computer. The payload\nis mounted on one of the side panels of the bus.\n\nSPOT-1 consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV)\nimaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders\nand a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument observes in three\nspectral bands (in the visible and near infrared regions) with a ground\nresolution of 20 m, and/or in a broader spectral band (panchromatic black and\nwhite) with a ground resolution of 10 m. The pattern of successive ground\ntracks is repeated exactly at 26-day intervals. The SPOT-1 instrument package\nhas the provision for off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for\nmonitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short timescale.\nSPOT-1, also, provides the capability for recording stereoscopic pairs of\nimages of a given area during successive satellite passes.\n*NOTE-SPOT1 is used for technological experiments such as : refocusing,\nbatteries, etc,...\n*NOTE-SPOT1 is no more used for commercial image acquisition.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n Short_Name: SPOT-A\n Short_Name: 16613\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.4 minutes\n Perigee: 815.0 km\n Apogee: 829.6 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1986-019A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1417-spot-1-to-5.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/spot1.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1986-02-22\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", + "parentId": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", + "definition": "The SPOT-1 (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft was\nlaunched on February 22, 1986. SPOT-1 is an earth observation satellite\nwith a greater ground resolution than that of the Landsat series satellites.\nThe main applications for the images returned by the first SPOT mission are\nland-use studies, agriculture and forestry resources, mineral and oil\nresources, and cartography. The three-axis stabilized satellite operates in\na circular sun-synchronous near-polar orbit for a design lifetime of 2 years.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.40 m\n Inclination: 98.70 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00101\n Periapsis: 815.00 km Apoapsis: 829.60 km\n\nThe spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the overall\nlength of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-1 consists of two parts:\n(1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the payload. The\nbus provides housekeeping information and an onboard computer. The payload\nis mounted on one of the side panels of the bus.\n\nSPOT-1 consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV)\nimaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders\nand a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument observes in three\nspectral bands (in the visible and near infrared regions) with a ground\nresolution of 20 m, and/or in a parentId spectral band (panchromatic black and\nwhite) with a ground resolution of 10 m. The pattern of successive ground\ntracks is repeated exactly at 26-day intervals. The SPOT-1 instrument package\nhas the provision for off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for\nmonitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short timescale.\nSPOT-1, also, provides the capability for recording stereoscopic pairs of\nimages of a given area during successive satellite passes.\n*NOTE-SPOT1 is used for technological experiments such as : refocusing,\nbatteries, etc,...\n*NOTE-SPOT1 is no more used for commercial image acquisition.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-1\n Short_Name: SPOT-A\n Short_Name: 16613\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 101.4 minutes\n Perigee: 815.0 km\n Apogee: 829.6 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1986-019A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1417-spot-1-to-5.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/spot1.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1986-02-22\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a59260a-16a7-4853-8920-35ede91561ee", "label": "SPOT-2", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "[Text Source: NSSDC, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-005A ] \n\nThe SPOT-B (Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft is an earth observation satellite with a ground resolution better than that of the Landsat series satellites. The main applications for the images returned by the second SPOT mission are land-use studies, agriculture and forestry resources, mineral and oil resources, and cartography. The three-axis stabilized satellite operates in a circular sun-synchronous near-polar orbit for a design lifetime of 2 years. The spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the overall length of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-B consists of two parts: (1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the payload. The bus provides housekeeping information and an onboard computer. The payload is mounted on one of the side panels of the bus. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV) imaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument observes in three spectral bands (in the visible and near infrared regions) with a ground resolution of 20 m, and/or in a broader spectral band (panchromatic black and white) with a ground resolution of 10 m. The pattern of successive ground tracks is repeated exactly at 26-day intervals. The SPOT-B instrument package has the provision for off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for monitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short timescale. It also provides the capability for recording stereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive satellite passes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-B\n Short_Name: 20436\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 100.9 minutes\n Perigee: 802 km\n Apogee: 831 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.spotimage.fr/web/en/224-technical-information.php\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1990-005A\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-01-22\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", + "parentId": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", + "definition": "[Text Source: NSSDC, \nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1990-005A ] \n\nThe SPOT-B (Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft is an earth observation satellite with a ground resolution better than that of the Landsat series satellites. The main applications for the images returned by the second SPOT mission are land-use studies, agriculture and forestry resources, mineral and oil resources, and cartography. The three-axis stabilized satellite operates in a circular sun-synchronous near-polar orbit for a design lifetime of 2 years. The spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the overall length of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-B consists of two parts: (1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the payload. The bus provides housekeeping information and an onboard computer. The payload is mounted on one of the side panels of the bus. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV) imaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data recorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument observes in three spectral bands (in the visible and near infrared regions) with a ground resolution of 20 m, and/or in a parentId spectral band (panchromatic black and white) with a ground resolution of 10 m. The pattern of successive ground tracks is repeated exactly at 26-day intervals. The SPOT-B instrument package has the provision for off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for monitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short timescale. It also provides the capability for recording stereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive satellite passes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-2\n Short_Name: SPOT-B\n Short_Name: 20436\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7°\n Period: 100.9 minutes\n Perigee: 802 km\n Apogee: 831 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.spotimage.fr/web/en/224-technical-information.php\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1990-005A\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Sample_Image: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/ImaSat/spot2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-01-22\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5b5a3c9-a393-4766-a7d6-ef6c97969e78", "label": "SPOT-6", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", + "parentId": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", "definition": "TECHNICAL FEATURES\nWith SPOT 6 and SPOT 7, Astrium not only secures mission continuity of the SPOT series, which has been\ncollecting an archive of more than 30 million of scenes since 1986: this new generation of optical satellites also\nfeatures technological improvements and advanced system performance that increase reactivity and\nacquisition capacity as well as simplifying data access.\n\nSpace segment:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 will provide 1.5metre resolution products over broad areas until 2024.\nNumber of satellites 2\nLaunch periods\nSPOT 6: September 12th, 2012\nSPOT 7: June 30th, 2014\nDesign lifetime 10 years\nSize Body: ~ 1.55 x 1.75 x 2.7 m\nSolar array wingspan 5,4 m2\nLaunch mass 712 kg\nAltitude 694 km\nOnboard Storage 1 Tbits end of life (Solid State Mass Memory)\n\nOrbital characteristics and viewing capability:\nSPOT 6 and SPOT 7 missions are designed to achieve efficiently both collection of large coverage and collection\nof individual targets that are possible thanks to the extreme agility of the satellite.\nOrbit Sun-synchronous; 10:00 AM local time at descending node\nPeriod 98.79 minutes\nCycle 26 days\nViewing angle Standard: +/- 30° in roll | Extended: +/- 45° in roll\nRevisit\n• 1 day with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 operating simultaneously\n• Between 1 and 3 days with only one satellite in operation (note 1)\nPointing agility\nControl Moment Gyroscopes allowing quick maneuvers in all\ndirections for targeting several areas of interest on the same pass (30°\nin 14s, including stabilization time)\nAcquisition capacity Up to 6 million sq.km daily with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 when operating\nsimultaneously\nNominal Imaging Mode 60km-swath strips oriented along North-South axis; up to 600km\nlength\nStereo capability Fore and aft mode; Single pass stereo and tri-stereo\n\nNote1: Depends on the latitude of the area of interest\n\nInstruments:\nOptical system One instrument made of 2 identical Korsch telescopes, each with a 200\nmm aperture, delivering the expected swath.\nDetectors PAN array assembly: 28,000 pixels\nMS array assembly: 4 x 7000 pixels\nSpectral bands\nPanchromatic: 0.450-0.745 µm\nBlue: 0.450-0.520 µm\nGreen: 0.530-0.590 µm\nRed: 0.625-0.695 µm\nNear Infrared: 0.760-0.890 µm\nThe 5 bands are always acquired simultaneously.\nSwath 60km at nadir\nDynamic range at acquisition 12 bits per pixel\nLocation accuracy specification\n• 35m CE 90 without GCP within a 30° viewing angle cone\n• 10m CE90 for Ortho products where Reference3D is available\nInstrument telemetry link rate X-band channel - 300 Mbits/s\n\nGround segment:\nMain receiving stations\n• Toulouse (France)\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\nS-Band uplink stations\n• Kiruna (Sweden)\n• Inuvik (Canada)\nProgramming centre\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nAstrium GEO-Information Service – Chantilly VA (USA)\nProduction centre Astrium GEO-Information Service – Toulouse (France)\nTasking plans refresh frequency 6 times/day/satellite\nUpdate of weather forecast 4 times/day – fully automatic process\nSatellite control centre Astrium Satellite – Toulouse (France)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d333cd96-f1f0-4179-9fbc-162b18fcb8c8", "label": "SPOT-3", - "broader": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", - "definition": "The SPOT-3 (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft was\nlaunched in September 26,1993. SPOT-3 is a earth observation\nsatellite with a ground resolution better than that of the Landsat\nseries satellites. The main applications for the images returned by\nthe third SPOT mission are land-use studies, agriculture and forestry\nresources, mineral and oil resources, and cartography. The three-axis\nstabilized satellite operates in a circular sun-synchronous near-polar\norbit for a design lifetime of 2 years.\n\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.20 m\n Inclination: 98.60 degrees\n Periapsis: 819.00 km Apoapsis: 846.00 km\n\nThe spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the\noverall length of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-3 consists of two\nparts: (1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the\npayload. The bus provides housekeeping information and an onboard\ncomputer. The payload is mounted on one of the side panels of the\nbus. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV)\nimaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data\nrecorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument\nobserves in three spectral bands (in the visible and near infrared\nregions) with a ground resolution of 20 m, and/or in a broader\nspectral band (panchromatic black and white) with a ground resolution\nof 10 m. The pattern of successive ground tracks is repeated exactly\nat 26-day intervals. The SPOT-3 instrument package has the provision\nfor off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for\nmonitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short\ntimescale. Also, the satellite provides the capability for recording\nstereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive\nsatellite passes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Short_Name: 22823\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: POAM II\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Period: 101.20 minutes\n Perigee: 819.0 km\n Apogee: 846.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1993-061A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1417-spot-1-to-5.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-09-26\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 2 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", + "parentId": "5615d18d-4217-42a0-a53d-77298834fc2e", + "definition": "The SPOT-3 (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) spacecraft was\nlaunched in September 26,1993. SPOT-3 is a earth observation\nsatellite with a ground resolution better than that of the Landsat\nseries satellites. The main applications for the images returned by\nthe third SPOT mission are land-use studies, agriculture and forestry\nresources, mineral and oil resources, and cartography. The three-axis\nstabilized satellite operates in a circular sun-synchronous near-polar\norbit for a design lifetime of 2 years.\n\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.20 m\n Inclination: 98.60 degrees\n Periapsis: 819.00 km Apoapsis: 846.00 km\n\nThe spacecraft dimensions are 2 x 2 x 3.5 m and 15.60 m for the\noverall length of the deployed solar panel. SPOT-3 consists of two\nparts: (1) the bus, a standard multipurpose platform, and (2) the\npayload. The bus provides housekeeping information and an onboard\ncomputer. The payload is mounted on one of the side panels of the\nbus. It consists of two identical high-resolution visible (HRV)\nimaging instruments and a package comprising two magnetic-tape data\nrecorders and a telemetry transmitter. The HRV imaging instrument\nobserves in three spectral bands (in the visible and near infrared\nregions) with a ground resolution of 20 m, and/or in a parentId\nspectral band (panchromatic black and white) with a ground resolution\nof 10 m. The pattern of successive ground tracks is repeated exactly\nat 26-day intervals. The SPOT-3 instrument package has the provision\nfor off-nadir viewing which should be particularly useful for\nmonitoring localized phenomena evolving on a relatively short\ntimescale. Also, the satellite provides the capability for recording\nstereoscopic pairs of images of a given area during successive\nsatellite passes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPOT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPOT\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Long_Name: Systeme Probatoire Pour l'Observation de la Terre-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SPOT-3\n Short_Name: 22823\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: POAM II\n Short_Name: HRV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6°\n Period: 101.20 minutes\n Perigee: 819.0 km\n Apogee: 846.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1993-061A\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1417-spot-1-to-5.php\n Online_Resource: http://www.spot.com/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-09-26\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 2 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } ] @@ -3786,48 +3786,48 @@ { "uuid": "5753c582-923c-4b37-9985-c2dc006c6337", "label": "EXOS-A", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThis satellite was a part of Japan's contribution to the International\nMagnetospheric Study. The mission objectives were to observe the aurora\nborealis, study aurora-related phenomena, and study the ionosphere and\nmagnetosphere. The main body of the spacecraft was a cylinder 0.946 m in\ndiameter with shallow truncated cones attached at both ends. Most of the\nsurface was covered with solar cells that produced 35 W. Two booms of roughly\n1.9 m each extended outward from the equator of the main body. At the tip of\neach boom was a permanent magnet to provide alignment of the spacecraft center\naxis along the local geomagnetic field line. Two sets of circularly polarized\nquadrupole antennas, one for UHF (400 MHz) and another for VHF, extended from\nopposite ends of the spacecraft. The VHF antenna was diplexed for telemetry\n(136 MHz) and command (148 MHz). Other attitude sensors included a vector\nmagnetometer and a solar sensor. The spacecraft contained a tape recorder to\nstore 160 min of data at 512 bps or 40 min at 2048 bps, with readout in 10 min\nat 8192 bps. Besides the solar cells, there was a nickel-cadmium battery for\nnighttime operation.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1978-02-04 07:00:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1978-02-06\n Apogee (km or AU): 3978.\n Perigee (km or AU): 642.\n Inclination (degree) : 65.4\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1991-11-15\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXOS-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EXOS-A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXOS-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 65.4 deg\n Perigee: 642 km\n Apogee: 3978 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.oma.be/sevem/EXOS-A.html\n Sample_Image: http://edu.jaxa.jp/materialDB/display/large-67262.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-02-04\n Launch_Site: Uchinoura Space Center, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", "label": "Disaster Monitoring Constellation- 1st Generation (DMC-1G)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international program initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd), Surrey, UK, to construct a network of five affordable LEO microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "05d8035f-176b-451a-a52b-43d2cc6286bb", "label": "BEIJING-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", + "parentId": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", "definition": "SSTL has developed the BEIJING-1 microsatellite bus for the Beijing Landview Mapping Information Technology Ltd (BLMIT). The BEIJING-1 enhanced microsatellite is an Earth observation spacecraft that combines SSTLs standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) multispectral camera with a high resolution panchromatic imager.\n\nThe customised microsatellite has specific enhancements to provide accommodation for the two imagers: a 32m multispectral imager currently flown on AlSAT-1, UK-DMC and NigeriaSat-1, plus a new 4m panchromatic imager developed under contract to SIRA Electro-Optics Ltd. The satellite bus provides highly agile attitude control to provide accurate pointing and the knowledge necessary for the mapping requirements of the mission.\n\nBEIJING-1 is supported by SSTL S-band telemetry, telecommand and an 8Mbps data retrieval ground station and is further supported by a customer furnished X-band data retrieval ground station and reflector subsystem.\n\nThe Satellite was Launched on October 27th 2005 following a 24-month spacecraft development programme and is presently undergoing in orbit commissioning.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BEIJING-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: BEIJING-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Tsinghua-1\n Short_Name: China DMC+4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: BJ-1 PAN\n Short_Name: BJ-1 MSI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 686 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.1 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:15\n Period: 98.6 min\n Perigee: 683 km\n Apogee: 703 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-02\n Online_Resource: http://eo.belspo.be/Directory/SatelliteDetail.aspx?satId=22\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/Missions/Beijing-1--Launched-2005/Beijing-1/Beijing-1--The-Mission\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-10-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: China\n Primary_Sponsor: SSTL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "144d9185-4435-4cb3-8f09-b3f569eb3a33", "label": "BILSAT-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", + "parentId": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", "definition": "[Source: Gunter's Space Page, http://space.skyrocket.de/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/bilsat-1.htm ]\n\nThe Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is a novel international co-operation in space, led by SSTL bringing together organisations from seven countries: Algeria, China, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Vietnam. The DMC Consortium is forming the first-ever microsatellite constellation bringing remarkable Earth observation capabilities both nationally to the individual satellite owners, and internationally to benefit world-wide humanitarian aid efforts.\n\nBILSAT experiments include two payloads designed and built by SSTL's Turkish customer, TUBITAK-ODTU-BILTEN.\n\n- The first, named COBAN, is a nine-band low resolution multi-spectral imager.\n- The second, named GEZGIN, is a DSP based image processing module that uses the JPEG2000 algorithm to compress images taken by BILSAT-1's on board cameras.\n\nBoth of these payloads were designed and built by BILTEN engineers in the context of the KHTT (Know How Training and Transfer) programme that ran in parallel with the BILSAT project.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BILSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DMC-1G (Disaster Monitoring Constellation- 1st Generation)\n Short_Name: BILSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: COBAN\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/Missions/BILSAT-1--Launched-2003/BILSAT-1/BILSAT-1--The-Mission\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/bilsat-1.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/img_sat/bilsat-1__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-09-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: Fulfilled mission life time in August 2006\n Primary_Sponsor: Turkey/BILTEN\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a79b3d1-6417-4ec7-bf03-ac03f0b45266", "label": "UK-DMC", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", + "parentId": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", "definition": "SSTL developed the UK-DMC-1 satellite (also known as BNSCsat-1) for the British National Space Centre (BNSC) under a grant from the Microsatellite Applications in Collaboration (MOSAIC) programme. Through UK-DMC, BNSC became the anchor tenant for the SSTL-led Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), accelerating the formation of a full international consortium.\n\nUK-DMC is a satellite of the standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) design, with added research and development payloads. Like all of the standard DMC satellites, it carries an optical imaging payload developed by SSTL to provide 32-m ground resolution with an exceptionally wide swath width of over 640 km. The payload uses green, red and near infrared bands equivalent to Landsat TM+ bands 2, 3 and 4. In comparison to the other DMC satellites, UK-DMC features increased on-board data storage, with 1.5 gigabyte capacity. Images are returned to the SSTL mission operations centre using the Internet Protocol over an 8-Mbps S-band downlink.\n\nUK-DMC also contains a commercial Internet router from Cisco Systems, which builds on the use of the Internet Protocol by the DMC satellites to experiment with Internet packet routing to and in space.\n\nUK-DMC has also provided an opportunity for SSTL to test a new concept in remote sensing, GPS reflectometry. This technique, which measures the signals from the GPS navigation system after they are reflected off the sea, could revolutionize oceanographic remote sensing. If UK-DMC validates theories of GPS reflectometry, the technique could one day enable satellites to measure the height of waves on the high seas, providing important data to ship owners and operators. SSTL is using imagery from the UK-DMC to investigate the full range of uses for large-coverage images with medium spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. The UK-DMC satellite will also operate as part of a constellation providing images to disaster relief agencies worldwide in times of need.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: UK-DMC\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: UK-DMC\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: BNSCSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: SLIM-6\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 686 Km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.0 degrees\n Period: 98.4 min\n Perigee: 675\n Apogee: 692\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-04\n Online_Resource: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/current-missions/uk-dmc\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/u/uk-dmc-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-09-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: British National Space Centre (BNSC)\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ec20355-ec48-41cf-9020-9d094af549e6", "label": "ALSAT-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", + "parentId": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", "definition": "AlSAT-1 is part of an international (BNSC-UK, China, Nigeria and Thailand) disaster-monitoring constellation (DMC) of 6 micro-satellites dedicated for monitoring disasters throughout the earth, such as floods, fires, earthquakes, volcanoes, large-scale industrial accidents and civil strife. When there are no disasters, AlSAT-1 will be used for Algerian purposes such as monitoring desertification, industrial and marine pollution, agricultural monitoring, geophysics mapping and fire detection. The nature of the mission is that the 6 micro-satellites, when coordinated together, can produce a daily revisit with a 32 m resolution multi-spectral imaging and 600 km ground track. AlSAT-1 uses the flight proven modular SSTL bus from previous missions but will carry a push broom imager for the first time on SSTL micro-satellites. As a part of the constellation and to maintain a daily coverage, AlSAT-1 is equipped with a propulsion system for orbit corrections.\n\nAlSAT-1's main payload a multi-spectral earth observation imager. Digital store and forward communications can be experienced between two points and autonomous GPS positioning techniques also accomplished.\n\nThe Algerian satellite is one of SSTL’s new generation microsatellites in a sense that it carries a new type of push broom sensors. These types of sensors can previously only be found in larger commercial satellites. Because of the advance in electronics and semiconductor integration on a single chip, nowadays these sensors are being implemented by SSTL on microsatellites.\n\nAlSAT-1 is designed to view the earth surface with a 32 m resolution in three spectral bands (R, G, NIR) and a ground track of 600 km. The spectral bands were chosen to correspond to those used by commercial satellites in the following wavelengths (in micrometer) 0.5-0.6 micrometer, 0.6-0.7 , 0.7-0.8 ). The imaging system comprises two cameras for each spectral band and two sensors with 10 000 pixels each. This represents a huge quantity of data for the electronics on board (processors, SSDR, fast clocks) to deal with.\n\nThe cameras provide 32 m ground resolution in 3 spectral bands capable of giving detailed information on earth resources, land use and effects of pollution and natural disasters using 2x10 000 pixels linear array detectors digitized to 8 bits radiometric resolution (256 levels). The image swath width is 600 km and the imager can collect images continuously along the flight track. The images are stored on board the microsatellite via the On Board Computer (OBC) and Controller Area Network (CAN) in the 2x512 Mbytes Solid State Data Recorder (SSDR) for later transmission to ground via digital packet error controlled links at 8 Mbit/s in S-band.\n\nHowever, on the satellite there will be an option to do “windowing”. By using this technique, we can take images of 100x100 km and thus extend the track range.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ALSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLIM-6\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 700\n Orbit_Inclination: 98\n Period: 98.4\n Perigee: 676\n Apogee: 691\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-02\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/a/alsat-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-11-28\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Algeria\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf904fd3-2fba-40b8-9950-4e200b83a919", "label": "NIGERIASAT-1", - "broader": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", + "parentId": "591c05ef-9b21-4c96-84b5-33f95cca3ab7", "definition": "SSTL developed the NigeriaSat-1 enhanced microsatellite during a know-how and technology transfer program for the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (FMST) of Nigeria. NigeriaSat-1 is the first step in FMSTs plan to develop Nigerias national space infrastructure. The NigeriaSat-1 programme included the satellite, a mission control station in Abuja, Nigeria and hands-on training at Surrey for a team of Nigerian engineers. During the project, Nigeria formed a National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), which now manages the NigeriaSat-1 program.\n \nNigeriaSat-1 is a satellite of the standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) design. It carries an optical imaging payload developed by SSTL to provide 32-m ground resolution with an exceptionally wide swath width of over 640 km. The payload uses green, red and near infrared bands equivalent to Landsat TM+ bands 2, 3 and 4. Images are stored in a 1-gigabyte solid-state data recorder and returned via an 8-Mbps S-band downlink.\n\nNigeriaSat-1 can image scenes as large as 640 x 560 km, providing unparalleled wide-area, medium-resolution data. The data will be used within Nigeria to monitor pollution, land use and other medium-scale phenomena. .\n \nIn addition, NASRDA have joined the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) Consortium, and images from NigeriaSat-1 will be available to disaster relief agencies world-wide through the DMC data sharing system.\n\nNigeriaSat-1 was launched in September 2003 from Pletsesk on a Kosmos launch vehicle, one of three satellites simultaneously launched to complete the first phase of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation, to provide medium-resolution imagery with daily worldwide revisit.\n\nThe objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIGERIASAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: NIGERIASAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLIM-6\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 686 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degrees\n Period: 98.4 min\n Perigee: 675 km\n Apogee: 692 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-02\n Online_Resource: http://www.dmcii.com/\n Online_Resource: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/nigeriasat-1.htm\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/n/nigeriasat-2\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-09-27\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Nigeria\n Primary_Sponsor: SSTL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3836,20 +3836,20 @@ { "uuid": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", "label": "Alouette", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Alouette/ISIS Program consisted of four satellites and associated ground-based data analysis equipment. After the successful launch of Alouette I, Alouette II was launched in 1965, ISIS I in 1969 and ISIS II in 1971 (ISIS is an acronym for 'International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies'). Both Alouette satellites were used for ten years, and the ISIS satellites were used until 1984, when the program was concluded. Japan was authorized to use the ISIS satellites and continued to do so until the late 1980's. By 1980, over 1100 papers and reports were published, and data continues to be received from the two ISIS satellites - more than 20 years after the start of the program.", "children": [ { "uuid": "080e9bc1-058f-4eab-b7ce-009b323299ca", "label": "ALOUETTE-2", - "broader": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", + "parentId": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", "definition": "Alouette-2 was a small space based ionospheric observatory instrumented\nwith a sweep-frequency ionospheric sounder (radio transmitter), a VLF radio\nreceiver, an energetic particle detector experiment, a cosmic radio noise\nexperiment, and an electrostatic plasma probe.\n\nEXTERIOR ANTENNAS: The spacecraft used two long dipole antennas\n(73 meter and 22.8 meter, respectively) for the sounder, VLF, and radio\ncosmic noise experiments.\n\nSPACECRAFT ROTATION (SPIN): The satellite was spin-stabilized at\nabout 2.25 rpm after antenna deployment. End plates on the 73 meter\nantenna corrected the rapid despin that had occurred on the predecessor\nspacecraft, Alouette 1, and which was believed to result from thermal\ndistortion of the antenna and from radiation pressure.\n\nDATA ACQUISITION: There was no onboard tape recorder, so that data\nwere available to the ground receiving station only when the spacecraft\nwas in direct line of sight of telemetry stations. Telemetry stations\nwere located so that primary data coverage was near the 80 degrees\nWest meridan plus areas near Hawaii, Singapore, Australia, England,\nIndia, Norway and Central Africa. Initially data were recorded about\n8 hours per day. Degradation of the power supply system had, by June\n1975, reduced the operating time to about 1/2 hour per day. Routine\noperations were terminated in July 1975. The spacecraft was also\nsuccessfully reactivated on November 28 and 29, 1975, in order to\nobtain data on its 10th anniversary.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOUETTE-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ALOUETTE\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-B\n Short_Name: 01804\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: STEP FREQUENCY RADIOMETERS\n Short_Name: ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1965-098A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-11-29\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4f800938-81f5-4478-bb05-54915f641b70", "label": "ALOUETTE-1", - "broader": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", + "parentId": "5981d335-9b9d-4043-a963-f71a678384ee", "definition": "Alouette-1 was a small ionospheric space based observatory instrumented\nwith an ionospheric sounder (radio transmitter), a VLF radio wave receiver,\nan energetic particle detector, and a cosmic radio noise experiment.\n\nEXTERIOR EQUIPMENT: Extended from the satellite skin (shell) were two\ndipole antennas (45.7-meter and 22.8-meter long, respectively) which were\nshared by three of the experiments on this spacecraft.\n\nSPACECRAFT ROTATION (SPIN): The satellite was spin-stabilized at\nabout 1.4 rpm after antenna extension. After about 500 days in orbit,\nthe ALOUETTE-1 spin rate slowed more than had been expected, to about\n0.6 rpm when satellite spin-stabilization failed. It is now believed\nthat the satellite gradually progressed towards a gravity gradient\nstabilization with the longer antenna pointing earthward. Attitude\ninformation was deduced from a single onboard magnetometer only, and\naided by temperature measurements on the upper and lower heat shields.\n\nDATA ACQUISITION: Alouette-1 was an early space era satellite, and\nthere was no onboard tape recorder so data were available to the\nground stations only from the immediate vicinity of the telemetry\nstations. The ground telemetry stations were located to provide\nprimary data coverage near the 80 degrees West meridian and in\nareas near Hawaii, Singapore, Australia, Europe and Central Africa.\nInitially, data were recorded for about 6 hours per day. In September\n1972, spacecraft operations were terminated.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOUETTE-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ALOUETTE\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ALOUETTE-A\n Short_Name: 00424\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TELEMETER\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1962-049A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-09-29 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3858,76 +3858,76 @@ { "uuid": "59d2e030-5377-4b5b-92ce-f488d418c45f", "label": "Aura", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "NASA's Aura is a mission to understand and protect the air we breathe. With the launch of Aura NASA has begun to make the most comprehensive measurements of the Earth's atmosphere. It also caps off\na 15-year international effort to establish the world's most comprehensive Earth Observing System, whose overarching goal is to determine the extent, causes, and regional consequences of global change. Aura's objective is to study the chemistry and dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere with emphasis on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (0-30km) by employing multiple instruments on a single satellite. The satellite's measurements enable scientists to investigate questions about ozone trends, air quality changes and\ntheir linkages to climate change. These observations provide accurate data for predictive models and provide useful information for local and national government agencies.\n\nWebsite: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AURA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: AURA\n Long_Name: Aura\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOS Chemistry-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TES\n Short_Name: OMI\n Short_Name: MLS\n Short_Name: HIRDLS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 Degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 1:45 p.m.\n Period: 100 Minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-17\n Online_Resource: https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2004-07-15\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: Nominal mission lifetime of 5 years, with a goal of 6 years of operation.\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Joint with United States of America, Netherlands, Finland, and UK\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ab01e26-7baf-4960-bd6e-cb64b47cbfed", "label": "QUIKSCAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Homepage, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/ ]\n\nQuikSCAT mission is intended to record sea-surface wind speed and direction data under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. QuikSCAT was initiated as a 'quick recovery' mission to help reduce the ocean-wind vector data gap created by the loss of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) on the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS), which ceased functioning when ADEOS failed on June 30, 1997. QuikSCAT was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., aboard a Titan II vehicle, reducing the data gap by about one-half.\n\nQuikSCAT operates in a near polar orbit. It flies in a circular orbit at an altitude of approximately 800 km (500 miles) above Earth's surface. It completes a full orbit in about 101 minutes, which translates to a little more than 14 orbits per day.\n\nSeaWinds is the main instrument on the QuikSCAT satellite. SeaWinds is an active radar scatterometer. This scatterometer operates by transmitting high-frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. The scatterometer estimates wind speed and direction over the Earth's oceans at 10 m above the surface of the water. The instrument collects data over ocean, land, and ice in a continuous, 1,800-kilometer-wide band, making approximately 400,000 measurements and covering 90% of Earth's surface in one day. QuikSCAT can acquire hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than can ships and buoys, and can provide continuous, accurate and high-resolution measurements of both wind speeds and direction regardless of weather conditions. This data is vital for global climate research, operational weather forecasting, and storm warning.\n\nThe SeaWinds scatterometer is providing unprecedented, frequent surface wind speed and direction measurements over the global oceans. Coupled with other satellite measurements of cloud patterns, water vapor and rain, the data are contributing to scientists' ability to predict the intensity, location and movements of hurricanes and other severe marine weather patterns.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: QUIKSCAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n Long_Name: Quick Recovery Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 803 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 6:00 p.m.\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 804 km (499 mi)\n Apogee: 806 km (500 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/\n Online_Resource: [Text Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Homepage, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/ ]\n\nQuikSCAT mission is intended to record sea-surface wind speed and direction data under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. QuikSCAT was initiated as a 'quick recovery' mission to help reduce the ocean-wind vector data gap created by the loss of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) on the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS), which ceased functioning when ADEOS failed on June 30, 1997. QuikSCAT was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., aboard a Titan II vehicle, reducing the data gap by about one-half.\n\nQuikSCAT operates in a near polar orbit. It flies in a circular orbit at an altitude of approximately 800 km (500 miles) above Earth's surface. It completes a full orbit in about 101 minutes, which translates to a little more than 14 orbits per day.\n\nSeaWinds is the main instrument on the QuikSCAT satellite. SeaWinds is an active radar scatterometer. This scatterometer operates by transmitting high-frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. The scatterometer estimates wind speed and direction over the Earth's oceans at 10 m above the surface of the water. The instrument collects data over ocean, land, and ice in a continuous, 1,800-kilometer-wide band, making approximately 400,000 measurements and covering 90% of Earth's surface in one day. QuikSCAT can acquire hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than can ships and buoys, and can provide continuous, accurate and high-resolution measurements of both wind speeds and direction regardless of weather conditions. This data is vital for global climate research, operational weather forecasting, and storm warning.\n\nThe SeaWinds scatterometer is providing unprecedented, frequent surface wind speed and direction measurements over the global oceans. Coupled with other satellite measurements of cloud patterns, water vapor and rain, the data are contributing to scientists' ability to predict the intensity, location and movements of hurricanes and other severe marine weather patterns.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: QUIKSCAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n Long_Name: Quick Recovery Scatterometer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: QUIKSCAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEAWINDS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 803 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 6:00 p.m.\n Period: 101 minutes\n Perigee: 804 km (499 mi)\n Apogee: 806 km (500 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/index.cfm\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quick-scatterometer-quikscat/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-06-19\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years (exceeded)\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-06-19\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years (exceeded)\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5ab193bc-b931-41ac-819b-e49391abd272", "label": "TIMED", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "NASA's Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)\nspacecraft was launched on December 7, 2001 from Vandenberg AFB. The spacecraft\nwas built by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) and\nshares the same launch vehicle as NASA's Jason-1 spacecraft.\n\nTIMED is the first mission in NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program and will\nstudy the influences of the sun and humans on the mesosphere and Lower\nThermosphere/Ionosphere (MLTI). TIMED will focus on a portion of the atmosphere\nbetween 60-180 km above the surface.\n\nTIMED's payload consists of four instruments:\n\n- Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI): a spatial scanning ultraviolet spectrograph\ndesigned to measure the composition and temperature profiles of the MLTI\nregion, as well as its auroral energy inputs.\n\n- Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Experiment (SEE): comprised of a spectrometer and a\nsuite of photometers designed to measure the solar soft X-ray, extreme\nultraviolet and far-ultraviolet radiation in the MLTI region.\n\n- TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI): designed to measure the wind and\ntemperature profiles of the MLTI region.\n\n- Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER):\ndesigned to measure the pressure, temperature, key gases in the oxygen and\nhydrogen families, infrared cooling, and effects of solar and chemical heating\nof the MLTI region.\n\nTIMED is sponsored by NASA's Office of Space Science and is managed by NASA's\nGoddard Space Flight Center's Solar Terrestrial Probes program Office. The\nJohns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory operates the spacecraft and leads the\nscience effort.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.timed.jhuapl.edu\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIMED\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TIMED\n Long_Name: Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 26998\n Short_Name: 2001-055B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TIDI\n Short_Name: SEE\n Short_Name: SABER\n Short_Name: GUVI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 625 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 74.1 degrees\n Period: 97.3 m\n Perigee: 627 km\n Apogee: 628 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.timed.jhuapl.edu/WWW/index.php\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/timed.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-12-07\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Lab\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "label": "Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the Nation's new generation polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite system. JPSS is a collaborative program between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and its acquisition agent, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This interagency effort is the latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous environmental satellites.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", "children": [ { "uuid": "043dc242-1014-4e9a-91ee-c472b791b026", "label": "JPSS-2", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", + "parentId": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "definition": "JPSS-2 will provide operational continuity of satellite-based observations and products for NOAA Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) and Suomi NPP satellite and ground systems. The baseline plan for JPSS Ground System will be sustained to support JPSS-2, similar to JPSS-1. The JPSS-2 spacecraft will host the following instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "10adce36-ce10-4ae6-94f9-211911c7dd15", "label": "JPSS-4", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", + "parentId": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "definition": "JPSS-4, scheduled to launch in 2031, is the fifth spacecraft within NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. Similar to previous JPSS spacecrafts missions, JPSS-4 will host five instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2ab4ba32-0bb3-4e4e-bac6-1ff4a3baf0df", "label": "JPSS-3", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", + "parentId": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "definition": "JPSS-3 is the fourth spacecraft within NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. It is scheduled to launch in 2026. Benefiting from on the success of previous JPSS spacecrafts, JPSS-3 contains five similar instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) RBI.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "586db0b3-5f94-466e-b7c1-a2dbedc0c1fc", "label": "NOAA-20", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", + "parentId": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "definition": "NOAA-20, which launched into space on November 18, 2017, is the first spacecraft of NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. Capitalizing on the success of Suomi NPP, NOAA-20 features five similar instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) CERES-FM6. NOAA-20 has a design life of seven years and it will circle the Earth in the same orbit as Suomi NPP, although the two satellites will be separated in time and space by 50 minutes.\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttps://www.jpss.noaa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: JPSS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)\n Short_Name: NOAA-20\n Long_Name: Joint Polar Satellite System - 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: C-1\n Short_Name: Defense Weather Satellite System\n Short_Name: DWSS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CERES-FM5\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Short_Name: CRIMSS\n Short_Name: CRIS\n Short_Name: MIS\n Short_Name: OMPS\n Short_Name: SEM-N\n Short_Name: VIIRS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2017-11-18\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b7147b8-cd9f-4978-ae0a-0af43ed79aa7", "label": "JPSS-1", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", + "parentId": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "definition": "NOAA-20, which launched into space on November 18, 2017, is the first spacecraft of NOAA's next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. Capitalizing on the success of Suomi NPP, NOAA-20 features five similar instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, (4) OMPS-N, and (5) CERES-FM6. NOAA-20 has a design life of seven years and it will circle the Earth in the same orbit as Suomi NPP, although the two satellites will be separated in time and space by 50 minutes. Additional information available at: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "85a52725-e6a1-430a-8506-c08c59ef31c7", "label": "Suomi-NPP", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", + "parentId": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "definition": "[Text from the NPP Launch Blog, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/launch/launch_blog.html ]\n\nThe NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) spacecraft lifted off aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket from Space Launch Complex 2 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on Oct. 28, 2011 at 5:48 a.m. EDT.\n\nThe NPP spacecraft will build on more than four decades Earth observation to help us better understand our climate.\n\nThe National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP) is a joint mission involving the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) and the NPOESS Integrated Program Office (IPO). \n\nThe NPP mission collects and distributes remotely-sensed land, ocean, and atmospheric data to the meteorological and global climate change communities as the responsibility for these measurements transitions from existing Earth-observing missions such as Aqua, Terra and Aura, to the NPOESS. It will provide atmospheric and sea surface temperatures, humidity sounding, land and ocean biological productivity, and cloud and aerosol properties.\n\nFor the IPO, NPP provides risk reduction with an opportunity to demonstrate and validate new instruments and processing algorithms, as well as to demonstrate and validate aspects of the NPOESS command, control, communications and ground processing capabilities prior to the launch of the first NPOESS spacecraft.\n\nMore Information: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SUOMI-NPP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)\n Short_Name: SUOMI-NPP\n Long_Name: Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CRIMSS\n Short_Name: ATMS\n Short_Name: CRIS-NPOESS\n Short_Name: OMPS\n Short_Name: VIIRS\n Short_Name: CERES-FM5\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Repeat_Cycle: 16-day\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/main/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-10-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1bc9381-a17a-4028-813a-14e971917a01", "label": "NOAA-21", - "broader": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", + "parentId": "5c2364ca-c01a-4f69-8808-282c3854b2f6", "definition": "NOAA’s Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) provides global observations that serve as the backbone of both short- and long-term forecasts, including those that help us predict and prepare for severe weather events. The five satellites scheduled in the fleet are the currently-flying NOAA/NASA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite, NOAA-20, previously known as JPSS-1, NOAA-21, previously known as JPSS-2, and the upcoming JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 satellites.", "children": [] } @@ -3936,27 +3936,27 @@ { "uuid": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", "label": "Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite (GEOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) is a NASA spacecraft flown as part of the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). Instrumentation varied by mission, with the goals of pinpointing observation points (geodetic control stations) in a three-dimensional Earth center-of-mass coordinate system to within 10 m, determining the structure of Earth's gravity field to five parts in 10 million, defining the structure of Earth's irregular gravitational field and refining the locations and strengths of large gravity anomalies, and comparing results of the various systems onboard the spacecraft to determine the most accurate and reliable system.", "children": [ { "uuid": "73ac5529-c0ec-46b5-a592-84b197bb0a35", "label": "GEOS-3", - "broader": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", + "parentId": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", "definition": "The mission of GEOS 3 (Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite) was to provide\nthe stepping stone between the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) and\nthe Earth and Ocean Physics Application Program. It provided data to refine\nthe geodetic and geophysical results of the NGSP and served as a test for new\nsystems. A major achievment was the flight of a radar altimeter. Further\nmission objectives: intercomparison of tracking systems, investigation of\nsolid-earth dynamic phenomena through precision laser tracking, refinement of\norbit determination techniques, determination of interdatum ties and gravity\nmodels, and support of the calibration and position determination of NASA\nSpaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN) S-band tracking stations. For\nmore details, see special reports on the GEOS 3 in J. Geophys. Res., v. 84, n.\nB8, 1979.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite)\n Short_Name: GEOS-3\n Long_Name: Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n Short_Name: ALTIMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 115 deg\n Period: 102 min\n Perigee: 824 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/geos_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/geos3.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-04-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a44b20a7-be0a-40d5-baba-8a77022db3a1", "label": "GEOS-1", - "broader": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", + "parentId": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The GEOS 1 (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) spacecraft was a\n gravity-gradient-stabilized, solar-cell powered unit designed\n exclusively for geodetic studies. It was the first successful active\n spacecraft of the National Geodetic Satellite Program.\n Instrumentation included (1) four optical beacons, (2) laser\n reflectors, (3) a radio range transponder, (4) Doppler beacons, and\n (5) a range and range rate transponder. These were designed to\n operate simultaneously to fulfill the objectives of locating\n observation points (geodetic control stations) in a three dimensional\n earth center-of-mass coordinate system within 10 m of accuracy, of\n defining the structure of the earth's irregular gravitational field\n and refining the locations and magnitudes of the large gravity\n anomalies, and of comparing results of the various systems onboard the\n spacecraft to determine the most accurate and reliable system.\n Acquisition and recording of data were the responsibility of the GSFC\n Space Tracking and Data Acquisitions Network (STADAN). Ten major\n observing networks were used.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1965-11-06 18:43:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1978-12-30\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 2275.\n Perigee(km) : 1113.\n Inclination : 59.4\n Date of last update : 1992-04-21\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite)\n Short_Name: GEOS-1\n Long_Name: Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n Short_Name: RADIO TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: LASER REFLECTOR\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 59.3 deg\n Period: 540 days\n Perigee: 1135 km\n Apogee: 2270 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/926/egm96/geos1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www1.cira.colostate.edu/ramm/hillger/ESA-GEOS-1_image.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-04-20\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3b6b9b2-055e-4a11-b0e6-58f233f24b37", "label": "GEOS-2", - "broader": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", + "parentId": "608e831d-f722-4a97-b173-a308d7bc6dd2", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The GEOS 2 (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) was a\n gravity-gradient-stabilized, solar-cell-powered spacecraft that\n carried electronic and geodetic instrumentation. The geodetic\n instrumentation systems included (1) four optical beacons, (2) two\n C-band radar transponders, (3) a passive radar reflector, (4) a\n sequential collation of range radio range transponder, (5) a Goddard\n range and range rate transponder, (6) laser reflectors, and (7)\n Doppler beacons. Non-geodetic systems included a laser detector and a\n Minitrack interferometer beacon. The objectives of the spacecraft\n were to optimize optical station visibility periods and to provide\n complementary data for inclination-dependent terms established by the\n Explorer 29 (GEOS 1) gravimetric studies. The spacecraft was placed\n into a retrograde orbit to accomplish these objectives. Operational\n problems occurred in the main power system, optical beacon flash\n system, and the spacecraft clock, and adjustments in scheduling\n resulted in nominal operations.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1968-01-11 16:19:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1977-02-28\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 1570.\n Perigee(km) : 1082.\n Inclination : 105.8\n Date of last update : 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite)\n Short_Name: GEOS-2\n Long_Name: Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RADIO TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 105.8\n Perigee: 1082 km\n Apogee: 1570 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1978-071A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-01-11\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -3965,55 +3965,55 @@ { "uuid": "62de6540-a614-4770-9e68-fde03001fdb4", "label": "IS-40e", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Maxar Technologies and Intelsat recently agreed to partner to host NASA’s Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument onboard the Intelsat 40e mission. In 2019, NASA selected Maxar to host the TEMPO instrument utilizing the U.S. Air Force Hosted Payload Solutions (HoPS) contract vehicle. Intelsat 40e is based on Maxar's 1300-class satellite platform and will provide commercial satellite communications for Intelsat customers in North and Central America. The satellite is scheduled to launch into geostationary orbit 22,236 miles above Earth's equator in 2022.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6365670e-6e12-437d-baa9-d1deecd87fba", "label": "ZEIA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Mission Objectives:\n\nThe Zeya satellite is a Russian Military Communications\nsatellite launched on March 4, 1997. Zeya is named after the\nZeya River, which is very close to it's launch site, Cosmodrome\nSvobodniy. This was the first satellite launched from this new\nRussian launch site in far eastern Russia. Note: Sometimes also\nspelled Zeia.\n\nILRS Mission Support Status: Satellite laser ranging was used\nfor precision orbit determination for this spacecraft and used\nfor calibration of GPS and GLONASS navigation equipment aboard\nthe satellite. This satellite was only tracked for 6 months by\nthe international laser ranging network. SLR tracking support\nwas discontinued on 29 July 1997.\n\nInstrumentation: Zeya has the following instrumentation onboard:\n\n1) Radio equipment\n2) GPS receiver\n3) GLONASS receiver\n4) Laser retroreflector array\n\nRetroReflector Array (RRA) Characteristics: The retro-reflector\narray is a box array of 20 corner cubes, which are optimized at\n532 nanometers. Twenty retroreflectors operating with principle\n'not more than one reflectors works in any direction' are\ninstalled on the satellite. Each retroreflector has field of\nview of 35 arc degrees. Retroreflectors ensure reflection of\nlaser light within 47% of 4 steradian. Satellite's design\nprovides accuracy of link of range measurements to the center of\nmass with root mean square error of about 5 mm. Systematic\ncorrection is 419 mm. The satellite is spinning around Y axis\nwith angular velocity about 30 revolutions per minute.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/zeya/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", "label": "Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The world's first operational weather satellite system was placed into\nservice with the launching of the Environmental Science Services\nAdministration (which in 1970 became the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration, NOAA) satellites, ESSA-1, on February 3,\n1966, and ESSA-2, on February 28, 1966. The objective of this program,\nalso called the TIROS Operational System (TOS), was to acquire global\nobservational data routinely on a daily basis. This system consisted of\na pair of ESSA satellites in sun-synchronous (polar) orbit. The odd\nnumbered satellites (ESSA-1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) utilized the Advanced\nVidicon Camera System (AVCS) to obtain global imagery which were\ntransmitted to the ESSA Command and Data Acquition (CDA) stations at\nWallops, Virginia, and Fairbanks, Alaska. The CDA stations relayed the\ndata to the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS), which later\nbecame the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information\nService (NESDIS), located in Suitland, Maryland, for processing and\ndistribution to forecasting centers of the U.S. and other nations. The\neven numbered satellites (ESSA-2, 4, 6, and 8) were equipped with\nAutomatic Picture Transmission (APT) TV cameras which transmitted\ntelevision pictures directly to ground stations worldwide.\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ESSA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ESSA\n Long_Name: Environmental Science Services Administration\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ESSA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/essa\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-02-28\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "1dc828a8-8502-479d-b7c4-d5139c06029a", "label": "ESSA-9", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", + "parentId": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", "definition": "The ESSA-9 satellite replaced ESSA-7 and provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing operational weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 10,020 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration of the operational series of ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The satellite spin axis was rotated using the magnetic attitude control system into an alignment perpendicular to the orbital plane and tangent to the Earth's surface. The ESSA-7 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day. Two arrays of radiometer sensors were also mounted 180-degrees apart to measure the global distribution of solar radiation reflected by the Earth and the Earth's atmosphere, as well as the long wave emissions from the Earth (a contribution from the NIMBUS program).\n\nESSA-9 stats:\n\nLaunch Date: February 26, 1969\nOperational Period: 1,726 days until deactivated by NASA on November 15, 1972\nLaunch Vehicle: Three stage, thrust augmented, improved Delta\nLaunch Site: Cape Canaveral, FL\nType: Weather Satellite\n \n\nTop of Page | Back to Missions\n\nPhase: \nPast\nFull Name: \nEnvironmental Science Services Administration Satellite Program\nLaunch Date: \nFebruary 03, 1966", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2e4252b9-5b53-41bb-8212-1e63a540181f", "label": "ESSA-7", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", + "parentId": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", "definition": "The ESSA-7 satellite replaced ESSA-5 and provided cloud cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing operational weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 9100 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration of the operational series of ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The satellite spin axis was rotated using the magnetic attitude control system into an alignment perpendicular to the orbital plane and tangent to the Earth's surface. The ESSA-7 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day. Two arrays of radiometer sensors were also mounted 180-degrees apart to measure the global distribution of solar radiation reflected by the Earth and the Earth's atmosphere, as well as the long wave emissions from the Earth (a contribution from the NIMBUS program).\n\nESSA-7 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: August 16, 1968\nOperational Period: 571 days until deactivated by NASA on March 10, 1970\nLaunch Vehicle: Two stage long tank Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50992afe-f79e-47fc-a1a2-126dc2c42c9a", "label": "ESSA-4", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", + "parentId": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", "definition": "The ESSA-4 satellite replaced ESSA-2 and provided direct readout cloud-cover photography to ground stations worldwide using APT. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 290 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel, then covered with 9100 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration of the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 101-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The APT system was designed to transmit an image every 352 seconds, each photo covering a 2000-square mile area with 2-mile resolution. ESSA-4 was able to transmit two to three images daily to individual ground stations regardless of their location.\n\nESSA-4 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: January 26, 1967\nOperational Period: 465 days until deactivated by NASA on May 5, 1968\nLaunch Vehicle: Thrust Augmented Three-Stage Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b67c88a-b62f-4585-a5d3-8e0005f42fd0", "label": "ESSA-5", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", + "parentId": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", "definition": "The ESSA-5 satellite replaced ESSA-3 and provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 9100 solar cells, used to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\n\nThe two cameras were mounted 180 degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration for the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The ESSA-5 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day. The ESSA-5 satellite replaced ESSA-3 and provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing weather analyses and forecasts.\n\nThe spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered with 9100 solar cells, used to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\nThe two cameras were mounted 180 degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration for the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 102-degree inclination retrograde orbit. The ESSA-5 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day.\n\nESSA-5 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: April 20, 1967\nOperational Period: 738 days until deactivated by NASA on February 20, 1970\nLaunch Vehicle: Thrust Augmented Three-Stage Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c7706afe-079a-4966-8a9e-6a688ca9b880", "label": "ESSA-3", - "broader": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", + "parentId": "65cb3e7c-d4d8-46df-a5fc-aec63e58e8df", "definition": "ESSA-3 satellite replaced ESSA-1. It provided cloud-cover photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the purpose of preparing weather analyses and forecasts. The spacecraft was designed and configured exactly the same as NIMBUS-1. The total weight of the spacecraft was 912 pounds.\n\nThe spacecraft was an 18-sided polygon, 42 inches in diameter, 22 inches high and weighed 320 pounds; it was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel, then covered with 9100 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 nickel-cadmium batteries.\nThe two cameras were mounted 180-degrees opposite each other along the side of the cylindrical craft. The 'cartwheel' configuration of the TIROS-9 was selected as the orbital configuration for the ESSA satellites. Therefore, a camera could be pointed at some point on Earth every time the satellite rotated along its axis. The spacecraft operating system was the same as on the TIROS-9. The craft was placed in its planned Sun-synchronous 101 degree inclination retrograde orbit. The ESSA-3 system transmitted images covering 2000-square mile areas with 2-mile resolution from every location once per day.\n\nESSA-3 Stats:\n\nLaunch Date: October 02, 1966\nOperational Period: 736 days until deactivated by NASA on December 02, 1968\nLaunch Vehicle: Thrust Augmented Three-Stage Delta\nLaunch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA\nType: Weather Satellite", "children": [] } @@ -4022,55 +4022,55 @@ { "uuid": "66f5d236-40fb-4a41-96a4-761d48103765", "label": "CASSIOPE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "CASSIOPE (Cascade SmallSat and Ionospheric Polar Explorer)is a new generation of small-satellite and multifunctional platform technology demonstration program of CSA (Canadian Space Agency) with the goal to serve both, namely scientific and commercial support applications in a variety of future Canadian space missions. The science mission, called ePOP (Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe), is comprised of eight instruments. The objective is to measure the interaction of the Earth's upper atmosphere with the solar wind (space weather monitoring with greatly improved prediction capability).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "67c230f3-5587-4f74-84d1-4c24a74276e4", "label": "GOSAT-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "GOSAT-2 is a follow-on Japanese mission of GOSAT/Ibuki. The experiences gained from the operation of the GOSAT mission with regard to payload calibration and validation activities served as input for the requirements of the GOSAT-2 mission. GOSAT-2 was launched on 29 October 2018.\n\nThe goals for the GOSAT-2 are to measure carbon dioxide at 0.5 ppm and methane at 5 ppb at a 500 km mesh. Developers have also enhanced the satellite's focused, target-point observation capabilities, enabling the device to gather accurate readings from a broader range of target points - an ability that will be especially beneficial in evaluations of industrial areas, densely populated areas, and other areas with large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions. In another improvement over its predecessor, the GOSAT-2 is also capable of monitoring carbon monoxide concentrations.", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "definition": "GOSAT-2 is a follow-on Japanese mission of GOSAT/Ibuki. The experiences gained from the operation of the GOSAT mission with regard to payload calibration and validation activities served as input for the requirements of the GOSAT-2 mission. GOSAT-2 was launched on 29 October 2018.\n\nThe goals for the GOSAT-2 are to measure carbon dioxide at 0.5 ppm and methane at 5 ppb at a 500 km mesh. Developers have also enhanced the satellite's focused, target-point observation capabilities, enabling the device to gather accurate readings from a parentId range of target points - an ability that will be especially beneficial in evaluations of industrial areas, densely populated areas, and other areas with large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions. In another improvement over its predecessor, the GOSAT-2 is also capable of monitoring carbon monoxide concentrations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "68d7cb26-318b-4149-bb75-adc6e3863483", "label": "MSTI-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "MSTI 2 (Miniature Sensor Technology Integration 2) was a US\nDepartment of Defense spacecraft launched from the Vandenberg\nAFB by a Scout rocket. It was the last of the now discontinued\nScout series. The primary mission of MSTI 2 was to demonstrate\ntheater ballistic missible (TBM) tracking and was intended to\nlast for six months. It successfully spotted and locked onto a\ntest Minuteman-3 launched from Vandenberg AFB. More than three\nmillion short wavelength infrared (SWIR) and medium wavelength\ninfrared (MWIR) image frames were obtained during the mission.\n\nGeneral Characteristics:\n\nLaunch date: May 9, 1994\nCountry of origin: United States\nPerigee/Apogee: 411/427 km\nInclination: 97.1°\nPeriod: 92.9 min\nLaunch vehicle Scout #118\n\nEnd of Life:\n\nOut of service: September 1994\nDecay: November 28, 1998\n\nAdditional Resources: 'http://www.actgate.com/msti3/msti2.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bfd2526-e039-40e0-9abe-ac370f755d20", "label": "CLARREO Pathfinder", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "CLARREO Pathfinder (CPF) data will do this by taking highly accurate measurements of sunlight reflected by Earth and the Moon. These measurements, which will be anchored to international standards, will be five to ten times more accurate than those from existing sensors. CPF will have the unique ability to maintain its high accuracy throughout its lifetime. CPF will also showcase novel techniques in transferring its high accuracy to other sensors monitoring Earth. Higher accuracy means greater certainty in our measurements, which makes it possible to detect Earth’s subtle climate change trends decades sooner than otherwise.\n\nMore Information: https://clarreo-pathfinder.larc.nasa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c21f29b-5dd4-4e96-a6fb-44e4788d1973", "label": "TDX", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[SOURCE: http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10378/566_read-426/#/gallery/345]\n\nThe main objective of the TanDEM-X mission is to generate an accurate three-dimensional image of Earth that is homogeneous in quality and unprecedented in accuracy. At present, the elevation models that are available for large parts of Earth are of low resolution, inconsistent or incomplete. In addition, they are commonly based on different data sources and survey methods. TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement, is designed to close these gaps and deliver a homogenous elevation model that should prove indispensable for many scientific and commercial applications. Orbiting Earth at an altitude of around 500 kilometres, the two nearly-identical radar satellites have begun mapping its surface.\n\nThe first of the two, TerraSAR-X, has been operating since 2007. Three years years on, it has been joined by its twin satellite, TanDEM-X. Flying in close formation only a few hundred metres apart, the two satellites are imaging the terrain below them simultaneously, from different angles. These images are processed into accurate elevation maps with a 12-metre resolution and a vertical accuracy better than 2 metres. The amount of data generated by the satellites will grow to 1.5 petabytes within three years, corresponding to a storage capacity of almost 200,000 DVDs. Like the TerraSAR-X mission, TanDEM-X is a project developed under a public-private partnership between the German Aerospace Center, DLR, and Astrium GmbH based in Friedrichshafen, Germany.\n\nThe TanDEM-X mission\n\nThe TanDEM-X mission will survey all 150 million square kilometres of Earth's land surface several times over during its three-year mission. Apart from its high measuring-point density (a 12-metre grid) and high vertical accuracy (better than two metres), the elevation model generated by TanDEM-X will have another unrivalled advantage – being entirely homogenous, it will serve as a basis for maps that are globally consistent. Conventional maps are often fragmented along national borders, or difficult to reconcile as they are based on different survey methods or because of time lags between survey campaigns.\n\nTogether TanDEM-X and TerraSAR-X are form the first configurable synthetic aperture radar interferometer in space. Besides this primary goal, the mission has several secondary objectives based on new and innovative methods such as along-track interferometry, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry, digital beamforming and bistatic radar. The TanDEM-X satellite follows the TerraSAR-X design with minor modifications such as an additional cold gas propulsion system (powered by high-pressure nitrogen gas) to enable fine-tuning of its relative position during formation flying and an additional S-band receiver to receive status and position information sent by TerraSAR-X. The TanDEM-X satellite has been designed for a nominal lifetime of five years and has a planned overlap with TerraSAR-X of three years. TerraSAR-X holds consumables and resources for up to seven years of operation however, potentially allowing for a prolongation of the overlap and the duration of the TanDEM-X mission", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", "label": "Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) was a Japanese Earth-imaging satellite from JAXA that launched on 24 January 2006 and completed its operational phase on 12 May 2011 after failing due to a power anomaly.\n\nALOS is part of ESA's Third Party Missions Programme, in which ESA has an agreement with JAXA to distribute data products from the mission.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0bf5fb56-9d29-438a-a84f-a60296a2e503", "label": "ALOS", - "broader": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", + "parentId": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", "definition": "https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/search?text=alos\n\nhttp://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/alos/index.html\n\nALOS is a Japanese Earth-Observation satellite, developed by JAXA. The\nobjective of the mission is to provide the user community with data of\nsufficient resolution to be able to generate 1:25,000 scale maps. ALOS\nmission objectives as set by JAXA are to:\n\n- Develop digital elevation models (DEMs) and related geographic data\nproducts\n- Perform regional observation for 'sustainable development'\n(harmonization between Earth environment and development)\n- Conduct disaster monitoring around the world\n- Survey natural resources\n- Develop sensor and satellite technology for future Earth-observing\nsatellites\n\nThe mission includes optical and an active L-band microwave sensor\npayload whose high-resolution data may be used for environmental and\nhazard monitoring. ESA will provide the European/African node for data\ndistribution.\n\n[Summary provided by JAXA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ALOS\n Long_Name: Advanced Land Observing Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ALOS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVNIR-2\n Short_Name: PALSAR\n Short_Name: PRISM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 691.65 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.16 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 46 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/alos/index_e.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/images/configuration.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-01-24\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 3-5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4009ba2-7e5d-41ea-b4f9-c45788ad8589", "label": "ALOS-2", - "broader": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", + "parentId": "6cca285c-edc4-4147-ba57-9cbbffbc0ae6", "definition": "The Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) is follow-on mission from the 'DAICHI', which contributed to cartography, regional observation, disaster monitoring, and resource surveys. ALOS-2 will succeed this mission with enhanced capabilities.\nSpecifically, JAXA is conducting research and development activities to improve wide and high-resolution observation technologies developed for DAICHI in order to further fulfill social needs.\nThese social needs include: 1) Disaster monitoring of damage areas, both in cosiderable detail, and when these areas may be large 2) Continuous updating of data archives related to national land and infrastructure information 3) Effective monitoring of cultivated areas 4) Global monitoring of tropical rain forests to identify carbon sinks.\nThe state-of-the-art L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) aboard ALOS-2, which is an active microwave radar using the 1.2GHz frequency range, will, in responding to society's needs, have enhanced performance compared to DAICHI/PALSAR. The SAR is capable of observing day and night, and in all weather conditions. \nThe Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) is follow-on mission from the 'DAICHI', which contributed to cartography, regional observation, disaster monitoring, and resource surveys. ALOS-2 will succeed this mission with enhanced capabilities.\nSpecifically, JAXA is conducting research and development activities to improve wide and high-resolution observation technologies developed for DAICHI in order to further fulfill social needs.\nThese social needs include: 1) Disaster monitoring of damage areas, both in cosiderable detail, and when these areas may be large 2) Continuous updating of data archives related to national land and infrastructure information 3) Effective monitoring of cultivated areas 4) Global monitoring of tropical rain forests to identify carbon sinks.\nThe state-of-the-art L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) aboard ALOS-2, which is an active microwave radar using the 1.2GHz frequency range, will, in responding to society's needs, have enhanced performance compared to DAICHI/PALSAR. The SAR is capable of observing day and night, and in all weather conditions.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ALOS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES\n Short_Name: ALOS-2\n Long_Name: ADVANCED LAND OBSERVING SATELLITE-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 628\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.9\n Period: 100\n Repeat_Cycle: 14\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-10-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/alos2/index_e.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-01-24\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: Jan. 2017\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4079,34 +4079,34 @@ { "uuid": "6f507389-2c7c-41b4-a638-95bdc73b63a3", "label": "Proba-V", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Proba-V satellite may only be slightly larger than a washing machine, but it is tasked with a full-scale mission. This miniature satellite is designed to map land cover and vegetation growth across the entire globe every two days.\n\nOver the last decade 'Proba' has become synonymous with small high-performance satellites, designed around innovation. The two previous satellites in the series were demonstration missions to give promising technologies an early chance to fly in space. They were overseen by ESA’s Directorate of Technical and Quality Management.\n\nAlthough designed as a demonstration mission, the success of the first Proba satellite led to it being operated as an Earth observation Third Party Mission. Proba-1 carries a high-resolution imaging spectrometer.\n\nProba-V, however is different from the outset: this new mission will start serving as an operational Earth observation mission as soon as its six-month commissioning phase is complete, supplying data to an existing – and eagerly waiting – user community.\n\nThe 'V' stands for Vegetation – a lighter but fully functional redesign of the ‘Vegetation’ imaging instrument previously flown on France’s full-sized Spot-4 and Spot-5 satellites.\n\nLaunched on 7 May 2013, Proba-V has been designed to continue the supply of this much needed imagery for applications such as climate impact assessments, water resource management, agricultural monitoring and food security estimates.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fffd5bf-1d22-487a-8b4c-495992ef3b28", "label": "PlanetScope", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The PlanetScope satellite constellation consists of multiple launches of groups of individual satellites (DOVEs). Therefore, on-orbit capacity is constantly improving in capability or quantity, with technology improvements deployed at a rapid pace. Each DOVE satellite is a CubeSat 3U form factor (10 cm by 10 cm by 30 cm). The complete PlanetScope constellation of approximately 150 active satellites is able to image the entire land surface of the Earth every day (equating to a daily collection capacity of 350 million km²/day). The constellation is constantly 'on' and does not require ordering or acquisition planning.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", "label": "Radarsat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) is Canada's new generation of Earth observation satellites. Launched on June 12, 2019, the three identical satellites work together to bring solutions to key challenges for Canadians.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b9c23439-5e16-4329-b719-4704dd7903e6", "label": "RADARSAT-2", - "broader": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", + "parentId": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", "definition": "The RADARSAT-2 satellite incorporates state-of-the-art technology and features\nthe most advanced commercially available radar imagery in the world. The\nRADARSAT-2 program ensures the continuation of the original RADARSAT program\nand the development of Canada's Earth Observation business sector.\n\nRADARSAT-2 is a unique cooperation between the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and\nMacDonald Dettwiler. The CSA is providing approximately 75% of the funding for\nthe development of the satellite and MacDonald Dettwiler is investing the\ndifference. MacDonald Dettwiler will own and operate the satellite and the\nCSA's investment will be recovered through the supply of imagery to a number of\ngovernment agencies during the mission lifetime.\n\nThe design of RADARSAT-2 has been driven by the needs of the emerging Earth\nObservation market, to provide users around the world with high-quality data\nproducts. RADARSAT-2 will be capable of imaging at spatial resolutions ranging\nfrom 3 to 100 meters with swath widths ranging from 20 to 500 kilometres.\nRADARSAT-2 is also the first commercial radar satellite to offer\nmulti-polarization capability that aids in identifying a wide variety of\nsurface features and targets. The satellite is scheduled for launch in 2005 and\nhas a design life of 7 years.\n\nRADARSAT-2 is a truly world-class mission and the next step in MacDonald\nDettwiler's goal to being a world-leading company in the delivery of a broad\nrange of information products and services to manage the scope of human\nactivities on our planet.\n\nOrbit Characteristics:\n\nAltitude (average): 798 km\nInclination: 98.6°\nPeriod: 100.7 minutes\nAscending Node: 18:00 hrs\nSun-synchronous: 14 orbits per day\nRepeat Cycle: 24 days\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttp://www.radarsat2.info/\n\n[Summary provided by MacDonald Dettwiler.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RADARSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: RADARSAT\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 798 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 deg\n Period: 100.7\n Repeat_Cycle: 24 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.radarsat2.info/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-12-08\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/MDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d5e3bc6f-fea5-453e-9942-6ce982bca119", "label": "RADARSAT-1", - "broader": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", + "parentId": "705a396b-83dd-4223-b8be-f002f6b93502", "definition": "Radarsat, a Canadian-led international program and a major part\nof the overall Canadian Space Agency (CSA) program, is Canada's\nfirst remote-sensing satellite.\n\nRadarsat delivers C-Band SAR imagery to the CSA and numerous\ncommercial customers worldwide. The images are used for locating\nand identifying ice in the Arctic Ocean to aid in navigation;\nmonitoring offshore oil and gas explosions and oil slicks; and\nacquiring remote sensing data for the management of agriculture\nand updating the Canadian geological map.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 23710 / 95059A\nLaunch date: 4 Nov 1995\nCountry of origin: Canada\nOperator: Canadian Space Agency\nMission: Remote sensing\nPerigee/Apogee: 783/787 km (polar orbit)\nInclination: 98.6°\nPeriod: 100 min\nLaunch vehicle: Delta 2 #229\nMass at launch: 2750 kg\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: Spar Aerospace (Canada)\nMass at launch: 3150 kg?\nPayload mass: 1500 kg\nSolar array: 18 m span\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDC power: 2200 W\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\nDimensions: 15 m long x 1.5 m wide Synthetic Aperture C-band Radar\nOther information: Resolution: between 30 m and 90 m\nOn-board storage: 96 MB\n\nUplink: S-band (2 kbps)\nDownlink: S-band (2.5, 2, 4, 32 or 128 kbps)\nAnother downlink for science data is at: 2230.000 MHz\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/Default.as\nhttps://science.nasa.gov/missions/radarsat\n\nContact Information:\n\nCanadian Space Agency\nTel: +1-514-926-4436\nFax: +1-514-926-4973\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RADARSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: RADARSAT\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: RADARSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 deg\n Period: 100 min\n Perigee: 783 km\n Apogee: 787 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/Default.asp\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/radarsat\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-11-04\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/MDA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4115,20 +4115,20 @@ { "uuid": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", "label": "Dynamics Explorer (DE)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Dynamics Explorer (DE) mission's general objective was to investigate the strong interactive processes coupling the hot, tenuous, convecting plasmas of the magnetosphere and the cooler, denser plasmas and gases corotating in the Earth’s ionosphere, upper atmosphere, and plasmasphere. Two satellites, DE 1 and DE 2, were launched together and were placed in polar coplanar orbits, permitting simultaneous measurements at high and low altitudes in the same field-line region.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1bc7b5ee-93b6-4bc4-b340-89507104d33f", "label": "DE-2", - "broader": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", + "parentId": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", "definition": "The DE 2 spacecraft (low-altitude mission) complemented the high-altitude mission DE 1 and was placed into an orbit with a perigee sufficiently low to permit measurements of neutral composition, temperature, and wind. The apogee was high enough to permit measurements above the interaction regions of suprathermal ions, and also plasma flow measurements at the feet of the magnetospheric field lines. The general form of the spacecraft was a short polygon 137 cm in diameter and 115 cm high. The triaxial antennas were 23 m tip-to-tip. One 6-m boom was provided for remote measurements. The spacecraft weight was 403 kg. Power was supplied by a solar cell array, which charged two 6-ampere-hour nickel-cadmium batteries. The spacecraft was three-axis stabilized with the yaw axis aligned toward the center of the earth to within 1 deg. The spin axis was normal to the orbit plane within 1 deg with a spin rate of one revolution per orbit. A single-axis scan platform was included in order to mount the low-altitude plasma instrument (81-070B-08). The platform rotated about the spin axis. A pulse code modulation telemetry data system was used that operated in real time or in a tape-recorder mode. Data were acquired on a science-problem-oriented basis, with closely coordinated operations of the various instruments, both satellites, and supportive experiments. Measurements were temporarily stored on tape recorders before transmission at an 8:1 playback-to-record ratio. Since commands were also stored in a command memory unit, spacecraft operations were not real time. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DE-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DE (Dynamics Explorer)\n Short_Name: DE-2\n Long_Name: Dynamics Explorer-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DE 2\n Short_Name: DE-B\n Short_Name: Dynamics Explorer-B\n Short_Name: Explorer 63\n Short_Name: 12625\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RPA\n Short_Name: VECTOR MAGNETOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 98 min.\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-070Bdata.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-08-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59dcd28c-9bd0-4b00-a68c-d892c68bf614", "label": "DE-1", - "broader": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", + "parentId": "74bd6271-10ce-428d-8368-4abbd12da55f", "definition": "The Dynamics Explorer (DE) mission's general objective is to investigate the strong interactive processes coupling the hot, tenuous, convecting plasmas of the magnetosphere and the cooler, denser plasmas and gases corotating in the earth's ionosphere, upper atmosphere, and plasmasphere. Two satellites, DE 1 and DE 2, were launched together and were placed in polar coplanar orbits, permitting simultaneous measurements at high and low altitudes in the same field-line region. The DE 1 spacecraft (high-altitude mission) uses an elliptical orbit selected to allow (1) measurements extending from the hot magnetospheric plasma through the plasmasphere to the cool ionosphere; (2) global auroral imaging, wave measurements in the heart of the magnetosphere, and crossing of auroral field lines at several earth radii; and (3) measurements for significant periods along a magnetic field flux tube. The spacecraft approximated a short polygon 137 cm in diameter and 115 cm high. The antennas in the X-Y plane measured 200-m tip-to-tip, and on the Z-axis are 9 meters tip-to-tip. Two six-meter booms are provided for remote measurements. Power is supplied by a solar cell array, mounted on the side and end panels. The spacecraft is spin stabilized, with the spin axis normal to the orbital plane, and the spin rate at ten plus or minus 0.1 rpm. A pulse code modulation (PCM) telemetry data system is used that operates in real time or in a tape-recorder mode. Data have been acquired on a science-problem-oriented basis, with closely coordinated operations of the various instruments, both satellites, and supportive experiments. Data acquired from the instruments are temporarily stored on tape recorders before transmission at an 8:1 playback-to-record ratio. Additional operational flexibility allows a playback-to-record ratio of 4:1. The primary data rate is 16,384 bits per second. Since commands are stored in a command memory unit, spacecraft operations are not real time, except for the transmission of the wideband analog data from the Plasma Wave Instrument (81-070A-02). On October 22, 1990 science operations were terminated. On February 28, 1991 Dynamics Explorer 1 operations were offically terminated. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DE-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: DE (Dynamics Explorer)\n Short_Name: DE-1\n Long_Name: Dynamics Explorer-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DE 1\n Short_Name: DE-A\n Short_Name: Dynamics Explorer-A\n Short_Name: Explorer 62\n Short_Name: 12624\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-070A\n Sample_Image: http://www-pi.physics.uiowa.edu/sai/gallery/destack.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-08-03 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4137,20 +4137,20 @@ { "uuid": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", "label": "Beacon Explorer (BE)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A series of small ionospheric research satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b0376960-fe7c-4117-8da6-d56a124d09bf", "label": "BE-C", - "broader": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", + "parentId": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", "definition": "BE-C (Explorer 27) was a small ionospheric research satellite instrumented with an electrostatic probe, radio beacons, a passive laser tracking reflector, and a Doppler navigation experiment. Its primary objective was to obtain worldwide observations of total electron content between the spacecraft and the earth. The satellite was initially spin stabilized, but it was despun after solar paddle erection. Subsequent stabilization oriented the satellite axis of symmetry with the local magnetic field by means of a strong bar magnet and damping rods. A three-axis magnetometer and sun sensors provided information on the satellite attitude and spin rate. There was no tape recorder aboard so that satellite performance data and electrostatic probe data were observed only when the satellite was within range of a ground telemetry station. Continuous transmitters operated at 162 and 324 MHz to permit precise tracking by 'Transit' tracking stations for navigation and geodetic studies. The satellite was turned off on July 20, 1973, due to frequency interference with higher priority spacecraft.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BE-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BE (Beacon Explorer)\n Short_Name: BE-C\n Long_Name: Beacon Explorer-C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER BEACONS\n Short_Name: LASER TRACKING REFLECTOR\n Short_Name: RADIO TRANSPONDERS\n Short_Name: PROBES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 41.1 degrees\n Perigee: 1320 km\n Apogee: 940 km \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://cddis.nasa.gov/926/egm96/bec.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-04-29\n Launch_Site: Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f18c5acb-6318-4d40-bda2-459ec09c57f5", "label": "BE-B", - "broader": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", + "parentId": "74cf41a6-464f-44bf-ba05-1535200d6354", "definition": "BE-B (Explorer 22) was a small ionospheric research satellite instrumented with an electrostatic probe, a 20-, 40-, and 41-Hz radio beacon, a passive laser tracking reflector, and a Doppler navigation experiment. Its objective was to obtain worldwide observations of total electron content between the spacecraft and the earth. The satellite was initially spin-stabilized, but it was despun after solar paddle erection. Subsequent stabilization oriented the satellite axis of symmetry with the local magnetic field by means of a strong bar magnet and damping rods. A three-axis magnetometer and sun sensors provided information on the satellite attitude and spin rate. There was no tape recorder aboard so that satellite performance data and electrostatic probe data could be observed only when the satellite was within range of a ground telemetry station. Continuous transmitters also operated at 162 and 324 MHz to permit precise tracking by 'Transit' tracking stations for navigation and geodetic studies. In August 1968, data acquisition from the satellite telemetry channels was discontinued. In July 1969, tracking and world map production were discontinued by GSFC, and world map production based on NORAD orbit elements was subsequently assumed by ESRO. The satellite failed in February 1970 and BE-C was turned on in order to partially replace use made of this satellite beacon experiment. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: BE-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: BE (Beacon Explorer)\n Short_Name: BE-B\n Long_Name: Beacon Explorer-B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 22\n Short_Name: 00899\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DOPPLER RADAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 79.7 degrees\n Perigee: 889 km\n Apogee: 1081 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-29\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1964-064A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-10-10\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4159,20 +4159,20 @@ { "uuid": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", "label": "Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation (COSMO)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "An Italian Earth-imaging constellation consisting of four identical satellites, which launched between 2007 and 2010, and all remain operational. COSMO-SkyMed stands for 'COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation'. The mission is owned and operated by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) and is funded by the Italian Ministry of Research and the Italian Ministry of Defense.", "children": [ { "uuid": "97116573-f0a2-4e18-8601-77e43b717be6", "label": "COSMO-SKYMED", - "broader": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", + "parentId": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", "definition": "COSMO-SkyMed (Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation) is a 4-spacecraft constellation, conceived by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana), and funded by the Italian Ministry of Research (MUR) and the Italian Ministry of Defense (MOD), Rome, Italy. The program is managed in cooperation by ASI and MOD. Each of the four satellites is equipped with a SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) instrument and is capable of operating in all visibility conditions at high resolution and in real time.\n\nThe overall objective of this program is global Earth observation and the relevant data exploitation for the needs of the military community as well as for the civil (institutional, commercial) community.\n\nSample applications of COSMO-SkyMed data are seen the following fields:\n\n• Defense and security applications: Surveillance, intelligence, mapping, damage assessment, vulnerability assessment, target detection/localization\n\n• Risk management applications: Floods, droughts, landslides, volcanic/seismic, forest fire, industrial hazards, water pollution\n\n• Other applications: Marine and coastal environments, agriculture, forestry, cartography, environment, geology and exploration, telecommunication, utilities and planning\n\n• Provision of commercial imaging services\n\n• The high revisit frequency offered by the four X-band SAR spacecraft is also expected to provide a unique potential to the operational meteorological user community through provision of ancillary data and/or data on meteo-correlated phenomena, in particular as regards sea ice monitoring and study of ocean wave patterns.\n\nBackground: In 1996 the Italian Government provided initial funding for the realization of a national Earth observation program. In 1997 the general guidelines for the 1998-2002 Italian National Space Plan (PSN) were approved including the activities on Earth observation. The strategic element in this plan is the COSMO-SkyMed dual-use program of ASI. 1) 2)\n\nIn the summer of 2001, the Italian Ministry of Defense became a partner in the COSMO-SkyMed program (a welcome funding partner for the Italian Ministry of Research). However, the dual-use nature of the COSMO-SkyMed program, i. e. civil (research and commercial) and military use of its data products, resulted in a virtually classified program. A great disadvantage of the new arrangement is that rather sparse technical information of the mission can only be made available to the public.\n\nAlthough the first constellation satellite SAR instruments (SAR-2000) will observe in X-band (9.6 GHz with a wavelength of 3.1 cm), multi-mode scenarios (X-, C- L- and P-band) are planned for the future.\n\nThe overall system architecture is composed of a space segment, a constellation of SAR satellites, and a ground segment including full featured user services. The requirements call for the following general performance characteristics: 3)\n\n• Full global observation coverage with all weather, day/night acquisition capability\n\n• Collection capability of large areas within a single pass, with along-track stereo imaging during a single pass\n\n• High image quality, to allow a robust image interpretability at the requested scale of analysis (data sets are characterized by adequate spatial and spectral resolution suitable to perform analyses at different scales of detail)\n\n• Ground track repeatability: the satellites of the SAR constellation shall have a ground track repeatability of better than 1 km\n\n• Fast response times (from the data/service user request up to the data/service delivery to that requiring user).\n\nThe SABRINA project was started in 2004/5. \n\nThe COSMO-SkyMed space segment is composed of a constellation of four SAR satellites. The PRIMA \\[Piattaforma Riconfigurabile Italiana Multi-Applicativa (Reconfigurable Italian Platform for Multiple Applications)\\] bus of Alcatel Alenia Space is being employed. Alcatel Alenia Space is also the prime contractor of the space segment \\[funding by ASI and I-AD (Ministry of Defense)\\]. - Note: As of April 10, 2007, the EC approved the transfer to Thales of Alcatel-Lucent's shareholdings in the two space sector joint venture companies Alcatel Alenia Space and Telespazio. Hence, Alcatel Alenia Space was renamed to Thales Alenia Space.\n\nThe S/C is three-axis stabilized, it consists of the main body (bus), two deployable solar arrays, and a SAR antenna. The bus provides all support functions like: AOCS, electrical power (power generation, storage and distribution), data handling, thermal control, RF communications, and on-orbit propulsion for orbit injection and maintenance. The platform mechanical configuration consists of two elements or modules, namely:\n\n• SVM (Service Module) at the bottom of the bus which contains all bus subsystems including the propulsion module\n\n• PLM (Payload Module) at the top, dedicated to the payload complement, the PDHT (Payload Data Handing and Transmission) subsystem, and the AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem) with star trackers gyros actuators.\n\nThe bus structure material is CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) while SVM and PLM consist of aluminum alloys. The interfaces of the SAR antenna, star trackers and gyros are mounted on the CFRP structure for pointing precision and stability (a star tracker is being used as well as a high-quality GPS receiver). The SSTI (Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Instrument) is the LAGRANGE GPS receiver of Laben SpA. The SAR antenna bore sight is pointing with an incidence angle about 38º to the right side of the S/C ground track. AOCS provides an antenna steering capability of ±2º in yaw as well as for a re-pointing capability to the left side of the ground track. Each S/C in the constellation features a RCT (Reaction Control Thruster) system for orbit maintenance.\n\nThe mass of each spacecraft is about 1700 kg. The design life is 5 years. The S/C provides an onboard operational autonomy for a period of 24 hours. \n\nLaunch: The launch of the first COSMO spacecraft in the constellation took place on June 8, 2007 (UTC). The launch was provided by the Boeing Company on a Delta-2 (7420-10 configuration) vehicle from VAFB, CA. This represented the first commercial Delta-2 launch since the formation of the United Launch Alliance (ULA) in December 2006.\n\nCircular sun-synchronous dawn-dusk orbit, nominal altitude = 619.6 km, inclination = 97.86º, period = 97.1 min, with LTAN (Local Time of Ascending Node) at 6:00 AM, 14.8125 rev./day (or 14 13/16). All spacecraft of the SAR constellation will be positioned in the same orbital plane with a phasing outlined in Table 2. The nominal repeat cycle is 16 days; however, each single satellite will have a near revisit time of 5 days. \n\nSatellite\tLaunch date\tNominal EOL (End Of Life)\tExtended lifetime\nCSK-1\t8-Jun-07\t\tJun-14\t\t\t\t7-Jun-16\nCSK-2\t9-Dec-07\t\tDec-14\t\t\t\t8-Dec-16\nCSK-3\t25-Oct-08\t\tOct-15\t\t\t\t25-Oct-16\nCSK-4\t6-Nov-10\t\tNov-17\t\t\t\t6-Nov-17\n\nCOSMO-SKYMED Platform_Details\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Associated_Instruments Short_Name: SAR\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n Primary_Sponsor: Italian Ministry of Defense (MOD)\n Primary_Sponsor: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Italy", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b359999f-bb1e-43de-ae6e-1e9dc44e752a", "label": "COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation (CSG)", - "broader": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", + "parentId": "7545e1af-1a3a-4ebc-95e3-cbff49cca4c5", "definition": "Italy's second generation COSMO-SkyMed constellation of two satellites (CSG-1 and CSG-2), also referred to as CSG (COSMO-SkyMed Seconda Generazione), aims at improving the quality of the imaging service, providing the end users with enhanced capabilities in terms of higher number of images and image quality (larger swath and finer spatial and radiometric resolution) with respect to the current COSMO-SkyMed constellation, referred to as CSK.\n\nSee also\nhttps://earth.esa.int/web/guest/content/-/article/cosmo-skymed-second-generation-ready-for-take-off\nhttps://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/cosmo-skymed-second-generation", "children": [] } @@ -4181,55 +4181,55 @@ { "uuid": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "label": "Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The TIROS Program (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was NASA's first experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth. At that time, the effectiveness of satellite observations was still unproven. Since satellites were a new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational parameters. The goal was to improve satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as 'should we evacuate the coast because of the hurricane?'.\n\nThe TIROS Program's first priority was the development of a meteorological satellite information system. Weather forecasting was deemed the most promising application of space-based observations.\n\nTIROS proved extremely successful, providing the first accurate weather forecasts based on data gathered from space. TIROS began continuous coverage of the Earth's weather in 1962, and was used by meteorologists worldwide. The program's success with many instrument types and orbital configurations lead to the development of more sophisticated meteorological observation satellites.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0752330f-2d01-4129-89da-8544369206cb", "label": "TIROS-3", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", + "parentId": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "definition": "Objectives: Continued development of the experimental television techniques and infrared equipment leading to a worldwide meteorological information system. To obtain infrared measurements of the solar energy absorbed, reflected and emitted by the Earth.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 285 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nickel-cadmium batteries. Three major changes were made from the previous TIROS models. Two wide-angle television cameras were housed in the craft in place of one high-resolution and one low-resolution camera.\n\nA new infrared experiment and improved remote control programmers were also new additions. This craft contained an electronic clock to control the operations of the infrared horizon sensor as well as the magnetic orientation system. A magnetic tape recorder was still provided for each camera to store photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. One scanning and two non-scanning radiometers were also on board.\n\nThe antennas were of the same configuration as both previous TIROS models. Although one of the cameras failed 12 days into the mission, photograph quality from the other camera was excellent and many tropical storms during the 1961 hurricane season were photographed. TIROS-3 was also credited with the discovery of Hurricane Esther.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "292335bb-5733-4f54-bb1f-84ab20f838f3", "label": "TIROS-M", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", + "parentId": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "definition": "The ITOS (Improved Tiros Operational Satellite) series (TIROS-M\nwas the prototype spacecraft) were the second generation of\noperational sun-synchronous meteorological\nspacecraft. Operational satellites were renamed NOAA.\n\nThe primary objective of ITOS was to provide improved\noperational infrared and visual observations of earth cloud\ncover for use in weather analysis and forecasting. Secondary\nobjectives included providing both solar proton and global heat\nbalance data on a regular daily basis. To accomplish these\ntasks, the spacecraft carried:\n\n-two television cameras for Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) and\n-two Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) cameras. It also carried\n-a low-resolution Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR),\n-a Solar Proton Monitor (SPM), and\n-two scanning radiometers that not only measured emitted infrared\nradiation, but also served as a backup system for the APT and AVCS\ncameras.\n\nThe nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by 1.2 m. The TV\ncameras and infrared sensors were mounted on the satellite\nbaseplate with their optical axes directed verticially\nearthward. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar\npanels that were folded during launch and deployed after orbit\nwas achieved. Each panel measured over 4.2 m in length when\nunfolded and was covered with 3420 solar cells, each measuring 2\nby 2 cm. The ITOS dynamics and attitude control system\nmaintained desired spacecraft orientation through gyroscopic\nprinciples incorporated into the satellite design. Earth\norientation of the satellite body was maintained by taking\nadvantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per\norbit provided the desired 'earth looking' attitude. Minor\nadjustments in attitude and orientation were made by means of\nmagnetic coils and by varying the speed of the momentum\nflywheel.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/noaa_itos-a.htm'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIROS-M\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: TIROS\n Short_Name: TIROS-M\n Long_Name: Television Infrared Observation Satellite-M\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ITOS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HRIR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/noaa_itos-a.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/700s/spac0170.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-01-23\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "51bf313d-a403-412e-b672-a1312e823675", "label": "TIROS-N", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", + "parentId": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "definition": "TIROS-N was launched in October 1978 and was a third generation\noperational meteorological satellite for use in the National\nOperational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support\nof the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-84. The\nsatellite design provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's\natmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a\nmotion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(AVHRR) and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary\nexperiments consisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data\nCollection System (DCS).\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\nSchwalb, A., 'The TIROS-N/NOAA A-G Satellite Series,' NOAA Tech. Mem.,\nNESS 95, 1978.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIROS-N\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: TIROS\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n Long_Name: Television Infrared Observation Satellite-N\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TIROS-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.70 deg\n Period: 101.70 min\n Perigee: 829 km\n Apogee: 845 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/lae/images/tirosn.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-10-13\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6096b1ec-25d5-4b9b-9358-a17d8b481646", "label": "TIROS", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", + "parentId": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "definition": "The objectives of TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite)\nwas to test experimental television techniques designed to develop\na worldwide meteorological satellite information system.\n\nThe spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and\nweighed 270 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and\nstainless steel which was then covered by 9200 solar cells. The\nsolar cells served to charge the on-board batteries. Three pairs\nof solid-propellant spin rockets were mounted on the base plate.\n\nTwo television cameras were housed in the craft, one\nlow-resolution and one high-resolution. A magnetic tape recorder\nfor each camera was supplied for storing photographs while the\nsatellite was out of range of the ground station network.\n\nThe antennas consisted of four rods from the base plate to serve\nas transmitters and one vertical rod from the center of the top\nplate to serve as a receiver.\n\nThe craft was spin-stabilized and space-oriented (not\nEarth-oriented). Therefore, the cameras were only operated while\nthey were pointing at the Earth when that portion of the Earth\nwas in sunlight.\n\nThe video systems relayed thousands of pictures containing\ncloud-cover views of the Earth. Early photographs provided\ninformation concerning the structure of large-scale cloud\nregimes.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/tiros/tiros1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIROS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: TIROS\n Short_Name: TIROS\n Long_Name: Television Infrared Observation Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TIROS-1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/tiros/tiros1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/lae/images/LE410L8.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1960-04-01\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abcc3bb4-8f36-4008-b12e-d29b028ecad9", "label": "TIROS-2", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", + "parentId": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "definition": "Objectives: To test the experimental television techniques and infrared equipment designed to develop a worldwide meteorological satellite information system. To evaluate a new attitude control system for spacecraft orientation which utilizes the Earth's magnetic field.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 280 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel which was then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nicad batteries. Two television cameras were housed in the craft, one low-resolution and one high-resolution. A magnetic tape recorder for each camera was supplied for storing photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. In addition, an infrared horizon sensor for attitude control, a direction indicator for picture orientation, two infrared radiation experiments, and a magnetic orientation control experiment were included.\n\nThe spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 280 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel which was then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nicad batteries. Two television cameras were housed in the craft, one low-resolution and one high-resolution. A magnetic tape recorder for each camera was supplied for storing photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. In addition, an infrared horizon sensor for attitude control, a direction indicator for picture orientation, two infrared radiation experiments, and a magnetic orientation control experiment were included.\n\nThe antennas consisted of four rods from the base plate to serve as transmitters and one vertical rod from the center of the top plate to serve as a receiver. The video systems relayed thousands of pictures containing cloud-cover views of the Earth. Early photographs provided information concerning the structure of large-scale cloud regimes. In addition, the experiment to partially control the orientation of the satellite spin axis was successful, as was the experiment with infrared sensors.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d39b3bd9-de76-4a80-841f-57c9be70ed5b", "label": "TIROS-7", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", + "parentId": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "definition": "Objectives: Continue research and development of the meteorological satellite information system; obtain improved data for use in weather forecasting, especially during hurricane season.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 270 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel then covered by 9200 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the nickel-cadmium (nicad) batteries. Three pairs of solid-propellant spin rockets were mounted on the base plate.\n\nTIROS-7 was also designed to make infrared measurements of reflected solar and terrestrial radiation over selected spectrum ranges and gather data on electron density and temperature in space. To accomplish this new expanded mission, TIROS-7 carried two wide-angle camera systems, a magnetic tape recorder, and infrared experimentation equipment. The electron density and temperature probes were the same as the ones flown on board Explorer 17.\n\nThe spacecraft operating system still included the infrared horizon scanner, the north direction indicator, despin weights and spinup rockets, and the magnetic attitude control system. TIROS-7 was deactivated after furnishing over 30,000 cloud photographs; it lasted the longest of the TIROS series thus far, 1809 days.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6369522-f750-4946-9946-2d2ed6ce56b5", "label": "TIROS-4", - "broader": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", + "parentId": "75b34f33-a790-4164-9cc0-02a997279e61", "definition": "Objectives: Continued research into and development of the meteorological satellite information system. This mission was designed to maintain an operational TIROS in orbit for an extended period of time and to obtain improved data for operational use in weather forecasting during the northern hemisphere hurricane season.\n\nDescription: The spacecraft was 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighed 285 pounds. The craft was made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel and was then covered by 9260 solar cells. The solar cells served to charge the 63 on-board batteries.\n\nA new lens system was implemented for this launch. The lens was designed to reduce distortion and improve resolution. This craft also contained an electronic clock to control the operations of the infrared horizon sensor as well as the magnetic orientation control system. A magnetic tape recorder was still provided for each camera to store photographs while the satellite was out of range of the ground station network. One scanning and two non-scanning radiometers were also on board. The transmitting and receiving antennas were of the same configuration as the previous TIROS models.\n\nTIROS-4 pictures were the best to date, allowing the US Weather Bureau to initiate an international facsimile transmission network in order to share the cloud pictures with weather services around the world.", "children": [] } @@ -4238,34 +4238,34 @@ { "uuid": "76673a7f-44c8-4dde-83c2-1104b060061f", "label": "MMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is a Solar Terrestrial Probes mission comprising four identically instrumented spacecraft that will use Earth’s magnetosphere as a laboratory to study the microphysics of three fundamental plasma processes: magnetic reconnection, energetic particle acceleration, and turbulence. These processes occur in all astrophysical plasma systems but can be studied in situ only in our solar system and most efficiently only in Earth’s magnetosphere, where they control the dynamics of the geospace environment and play an important role in the processes known as “space weather.”", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b07a0be-b4c9-4837-9521-287bf07198aa", "label": "SCD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The satellites of the SCD (Satelites de Coleta de Dados) series\nare equipped to collect and transmit meteorological and\nenvironmental data collected by automatic platforms (PCD)\ninstalled on land or on oceanic buoys. The data is relayed to\none or more ground stations. The INPE is responsible for\ndevelopment, production and operation of this series of 4\nsatellites, the SCD-1, SCD-2, SCD-2A and SCD-3. SCD-1 was\nplaced in orbit in February 1993 by a Pegasus and is operating\nuntil today, with a useful life beyond the period, initially\nforeseen, of one year. The SCD-2 was launched successfully in\n1998, by a Pegasus-H vehicle, from Cape Canaveral. Currently it\noperates jointly form with SCD-1. The SCD-2A was lost in the\ninaugural launching of the VLS-1, in 1997. SCD 3 is a new\ndesign, which will be launched into a higher orbit to enlarge\nthe area covered by the satellite.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SCD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SCD\n Long_Name: Satellites de Coleta de Dados\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SCD\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 25\n Period: 98.8\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_de_Coleta_de_Dados\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-02-09\n Design_Life: 1 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Brazil/INPE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b9c2b8c-0f57-42bc-ab52-ba3cf542f14e", "label": "TIPS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The TIPS satellite was deployed on 20 June 1996 at an altitude\nof 1,022 kilometers (552 nautical miles). This experiment is\ndesigned to increase knowledge about gravity-gradient tether\ndynamics and the survivability of tethers in space. (Tethers can\nbe severed by space debris.) The National Reconnaissance Office\n(NRO) is a sponsor of the TiPS program. While tethers have been\ntheoretically studied as a means for satellite stabilization,\npropulsion, and electricity generation for some time, TiPS is\namong the first successful tether deployments in space and is\nthe first experiment designed for long duration.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://projects.nrl.navy.mil/tips/\n\n[Summary provided by U.S. Military]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIPS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TIPS\n Long_Name: Tether Physics and Survivability\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TIPS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1,022 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 63.4 deg\n Period: 105 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://projects.nrl.navy.mil/tips/\n Sample_Image: http://code8100.nrl.navy.mil/programs/images/tips2_corner_lg.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-06-20\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7bca3532-02ec-4ab7-a01b-14185479c209", "label": "Megha-Tropiques", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Megha-Tropiques (or MT) is a cooperative experimental mission of ISRO and CNES, the space agencies of India and France, with the objective to study the convective systems (water cycle and energetic exchanges) that affect the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone), in particular in the latitudes between 10º and 20º, with satisfactory temporal sampling. The most energetic tropical systems, such as the cloud clusters of the ITCZ, the monsoon systems and the tropical cyclones, extend over hundreds of kilometers. Hence, a ground resolution of about 10 km is adequate for these observations. Megha-Tropiques, with its unique combination of scientific payloads and its special near-equatorial orbit (offering improved data sampling of the ITCZ), is expected to provide valuable data for climate research.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b4306533-7593-4e76-b0e1-154a74e27d69", "label": "MEGHA-TROPIQUES", - "broader": "7bca3532-02ec-4ab7-a01b-14185479c209", + "parentId": "7bca3532-02ec-4ab7-a01b-14185479c209", "definition": "Introduction\n\nThis mission was studied in France in the context of GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment). For understanding tropical meteorological and climatic processes, it appeared necessary to obtain reliable statistics on the water and energy budget of the tropical atmosphere and to describe the evolution of its systems (monsoons, cyclones, …) at appropriate time scales. In parallel, tropical atmospheric and oceanic missions were also studied in India, which is directly concerned by these phenomena. The first originality of MEGHA-TROPIQUES is to associate three radiometric instruments allowing to observe simultaneously three interrelated components of the atmospheric engine : water vapour, condensed water (clouds and precipitations), and radiative fluxes. The second is to privilege the sampling of the intertropical zone, accounting for the large time-space variability of the tropical phenomena. Moreover, the MEGHA-TROPIQUES microwave radiometer MADRAS could be one element complementing the constellation of mini-satellites of the Global Precipitation Mission .\nScientific objectives\n\n- to improve the knowledge of the water cycle in the intertropical region, to evaluate its consequences on the energy budget,\n\n- to study the life cycle of tropical convective systems over ocean and continents, the environmental conditions for their appearance and evolution, their water budget, and the associated transports of water vapor.\nApplied objectives\n\n- to provide data about the processes leading to dramatic weather events affecting the Tropical countries, as hurricanes, systems producing heavy rainfalls, processes governing monsoons variability or droughts.\nMission Scenario\n\nThe key of this mission is the repetitivity of the measurement in the Tropics. The orbit of the platform must be in a low inclination on the equatorial plane. The altitude of the orbit has to be high enough to allow a wide swath of the instruments.\nGeophysical parameters to be retrieved:\n\nAtmospheric water cycle elements: Water vapor (integrated and vertical distribution), cloud condensed water content, ice/water, precipitation.\n\nRadiative budget elements: solar reflected and terrestrial emitted fluxes at the top of the atmosphere.\nInstrumental payload\n\nThe instruments have to be complementary to what exists on geostationary satellites (VIS-IR imagers). Microwave instruments are then fundamental. The main payload instruments are:\n\n- A microwave imager (MADRAS) aimed mainly to study precipitation and cloud properties, including ice at the top of clouds (SSM/I type, with an additional channel at 157 GHz).\n\n- A microwave sounding instrument for the atmospheric water vapor (SAPHIR - 6 channels in the 183 GHz band).\n\n- A radiometer devoted to the measurement of outgoing radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (ScaRaB).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MEGHA-TROPIQUES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MEGHA-TROPIQUES\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAPHIR\n Short_Name: MADRAS\n Short_Name: SCARAB\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 867\n Orbit_Inclination: 20\n Period: 102.16 minutes\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > INCLINED NON-POLAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-20\n Online_Resource: http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/mission-description.html\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Megha_tropiques.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-10-12\n Launch_Site: SRIHARIKOTA ISLAND, INDIA\n Design_Life: 4\n Primary_Sponsor: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)\n Primary_Sponsor: Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4274,34 +4274,34 @@ { "uuid": "7c3fab1c-d17e-4e5c-870e-994793c2594e", "label": "CFOSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "CFOSAT is a joint mission of the Chinese (CNSA) and French (CNES) space agencies with the goal to monitor the ocean surface winds and waves and to provide information on related ocean and atmospheric science and applications. The primary objective of CFOSAT is to monitor on a global scale the wind and waves at the ocean surface in order to improve:\n\n• The wind and wave forecast for marine meteorology (including severe events)\n\n• The ocean dynamics modeling and prediction\n\n• Our knowledge of climate variability\n\n• Fundamental knowledge on surface processes linked to wind and waves.\n\nAn operational demonstration objective of CFOSAT is to provide observations over the ocean in near-real-time for assimilation in meteorological and wave forecast models. Wind and wave products must be available in operational centers within 3 hours after acquisition.\n\nCFOSAT will also be used to complement other satellite missions for the estimation of land surface parameters (in particular soil moisture and soil roughness), and polar ice sheet characteristics.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7d97b6ca-83de-44e1-8d3b-f45755e38a8d", "label": "HEXAGON KH-9", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ef45b8e-ac63-41b2-9e8b-7becfa7d7431", "label": "HY2-B", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The HY-2 satellite is an oceanographic remote sensing satellite series developed by China's National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS); four satellites are planned: HY-2A (2011), HY-2B (2012), HY-2C (2015), HY-2D (2019). The objective of HY-2 is to monitor the dynamic ocean environment with radar sensors to measure sea surface wind field, sea surface height and sea surface temperature. It will include a dual-frequency radar altimeter in Ku and C-bands, a Ku-band rotating scatterometer and microwave imager. The orbit is sun-synchronous: the first 2 years with a 14-day cycle, then one year with geodetic orbit (168-day cycle, 5-day approx. subcycle).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80e95a88-b44e-444e-bd79-2e6dbb56b170", "label": "Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS) inaugurated the second generation of a space-based system to provide continuous, day-to-day observations of the Earth's weather systems. ITOS launched a total of six satellites from 1970 through 1976, continuing the mission of the TIROS and the TIROS Operational Satellite programs.\n\nITOS flew in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit and used improved stabilization techniques that allowed the spacecraft always to point its cameras and other sensors at the Earth. The satellite carried Automatic Picture Transmission cameras to provide instant weather data to ground stations around the world; Advanced Vidicon Camera Subsystems for detailed observations; and scanning radiometers for imaging the earth at night.", "children": [ { "uuid": "b080d2a3-c089-4ddf-bbfb-3e24495413b3", "label": "ITOS-1", - "broader": "80e95a88-b44e-444e-bd79-2e6dbb56b170", + "parentId": "80e95a88-b44e-444e-bd79-2e6dbb56b170", "definition": "The Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS) inaugurated the second generation of a space-based system to provide continuous, day-to-day observations of the Earth's weather systems. ITOS launched a total of six satellites from 1970 through 1976, continuing the mission of the TIROS and the TIROS Operational Satellite programs.\n\nITOS flew in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit and used improved stabilization techniques that allowed the spacecraft always to point its cameras and other sensors at the Earth. The satellite carried Automatic Picture Transmission cameras to provide instant weather data to ground stations around the world; Advanced Vidicon Camera Subsystems for detailed observations; and scanning radiometers for imaging the earth at night.\n\nITOS 1 had an operational life of 510 days, taking more than 100,000 images of the Earth. This artifact is a prototype of ITOS-1; NASA transferred it to the Museum in 1976.", "children": [] } @@ -4310,34 +4310,34 @@ { "uuid": "80eca755-c564-4616-b910-a4c4387b7c54", "label": "Terra", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Terra is the flagship satellite of NASA's Earth observing systems. Terra is the first EOS (Earth Observing System) platform and provides global data on the state of the atmosphere, land, and oceans, as well as their interactions with solar radiation and with one another.\n\nSince the 1950's, it has become increasingly clear that human activities are modifying the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale. As the result of industrialization, the concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by about 20% during this period. More recently, the stratospheric concentrations of chemically-active gases containing chlorine, bromine, and fluorine have dramatically increased. These trends have created issues of global interest including global warming and declining levels of ozone (both globally and in the ozone &hole& in the Antarctic). It has become increasingly clear, however, that these processes do not occur independently of one another and can only be understood in the context of a global system. Accurate and precise measurements are needed to unravel complex and interactive relationships between chemical, radiative, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, and on land. As a result, in 1991 NASA initiated a comprehensive program to understand the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land, and cryosphere (ice and snow) as a single, complex, interactive system. NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) consists of a series of spaceborne instruments to monitor crucial components of the Earth system, an advanced data handling system, and teams of scientists who will evaluate on-going climate change and predict future changes. Ultimately, EOS will produce scientifically sound recommendations for environmental policy to national and international bodies to mitigate or prepare for these changes.\n\nKey Terra Facts:\nJoint with Japan and Canada\nOrbit:\nType: Near-polar, sun-synchronous\nEquatorial Crossing: 10:30 a.m.\nAltitude: 705 km\nInclination: 98.1 degrees\nPeriod: 98.88 minutes\nRepeat Cycle: 16 days\nDimensions: 2.7 m x 3.3 m x 6.8 m\nMass: 5,190 kg\nPower: 2,530 W\nDesign Life: 6 years\n\nTerra Status:\nOperating instruments: ASTER, CERES, MODIS, MISR, and MOPITT are operating well. ASTER Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) data is unavailable.\nCurrent life expectancy: Terra has far exceeded its design life and has a strong chance of operating successfully into the early 2020s.\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Terra\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Terra\n Long_Name: Earth Observing System, Terra (AM-1)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EOS AM-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOPITT\n Short_Name: MODIS\n Short_Name: MISR\n Short_Name: CERES-FM2\n Short_Name: CERES-FM1\n Short_Name: ASTER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 a.m.\n Period: 98.88 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-06\n Online_Resource: https://terra.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/terra/index.html\n Sample_Image: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/terra/spacecraft/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-12-18\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 6 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "81d3b212-1f8f-4ac8-8292-dce0eb8f3a9c", "label": "LANYARD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "LANYARD was a photo-reconnaissance satellite that was operation\nbetween March 1963-July 1963. The images were used to produce\nmaps and charts for the Department of Defense and other Federal\nGovernment mapping programs.\n\nPresident Clinton signed an Executive Order on 24 February 1995,\ndirecting the declassification of intelligence imagery acquired\nby the first generation of United States photo-reconnaissance\nsatellites, including the systems code-named CORONA, ARGON and\nLANYARD.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://edc.usgs.gov/guides/disp1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", "label": "Etalon", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0bd45536-e8d5-42bf-998f-05ce4d0f0a49", "label": "ETALON-1", - "broader": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", + "parentId": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", "definition": "Etalon are a Russian family (Etalon-1, Etalon-2) of passive geodetic satellites dedicated to satellite laser ranging. Etalon-1 was the first geodynamic satellite launched by the former Soviet Union. The Etalon spacecraft were launched in 1989 in conjunction with a pair of GLObal'naya NAvigatisionnay Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) satellites. The mission objectives were to determine a high accuracy terrestrial reference frame and earth rotation parameters, to improve the gravity field, and to improve the gravitational constant.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ETALON-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ETALON\n Short_Name: ETALON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ETALON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.8 deg\n Period: 676 min\n Perigee: 19400 km\n Apogee: 19400 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/eta1_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/etalon.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-01-10\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9c07cf0-49eb-4c7f-aeff-2e95caae9500", "label": "ETALON-2", - "broader": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", + "parentId": "820b20d7-03b3-43a3-9c7a-f28fa3b0bfe2", "definition": "Etalon are a Russian family (Etalon-1, Etalon-2) of passive geodetic satellites dedicated to satellite laser ranging. Etalon-1 was the first geodynamic satellite launched by the former Soviet Union. The Etalon spacecraft were launched in 1989 in conjunction with a pair of GLObal'naya NAvigatisionnay Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) satellites. The mission objectives were to determine a high accuracy terrestrial reference frame and earth rotation parameters, to improve the gravity field, and to improve the gravitational constant.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ETALON-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ETALON\n Short_Name: ETALON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ETALON-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 65.5 deg\n Period: 675 min\n Perigee: 19120 km\n Apogee: 19120 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/eta1_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/etalon.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-05-31\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4346,27 +4346,27 @@ { "uuid": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", "label": "GHGSat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "GHGSat satellites orbit the earth detecting methane emissions at a 25m resolution.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1aabc727-a8d8-4dff-a248-8e485d147b00", "label": "GHGSat-D", - "broader": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", + "parentId": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", "definition": "GHGSat's demonstration satellite GHGSat-D, nicknamed 'Claire' was successfully launched at 23:56 EDT on 21 June 2016, and reached its planned orbit less than 30 minutes later. GHGSat commissioned Claire within one month of launch, and initial images were released in the Fall of 2016. 'Claire' orbits the Earth approximately 15 times per day, performing several different types of measurements:\n\nInfrared image of customer site\nOne-time concentration map of customer site (provided with abundance dataset)\nFull-year monitoring, including emissions rate estimates", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38a680f5-6c96-490d-9683-8c5588090e34", "label": "GHGSat-C1", - "broader": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", + "parentId": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", "definition": "In order to expand satellite system capacity after the successful launch of its demonstration satellite, GHGSat started the design of two (2) additional high-resolution satellites in January 2017, called GHGSat-C1 ('Iris') and GHGSat-C2 ('Hugo'), respectively. GHGSat-C1/-C2 are intended to have similar designs to GHGSat-D, while applying critical lessons learned to improve performance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6564cc55-1032-4e52-b1d4-b177224d3805", "label": "GHGSat-C2", - "broader": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", + "parentId": "82823ffa-e4d5-4877-bf0a-b9eb5b8c1108", "definition": "In order to expand satellite system capacity after the successful launch of its demonstration satellite, GHGSat started the design of two (2) additional high-resolution satellites in January 2017, called GHGSat-C1 ('Iris') and GHGSat-C2 ('Hugo'), respectively. GHGSat-C1/-C2 are intended to have similar designs to GHGSat-D, while applying critical lessons learned to improve performance.", "children": [] } @@ -4375,34 +4375,34 @@ { "uuid": "84ddaf4a-fe17-4f01-becf-8164ae255b73", "label": "THEOS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The THEOS contract with the Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency (GISTDA) includes the production and launch of one optical observation satellite, as well as the development of the ground segment necessary to operate and control the satellite directly from Thailand. This is accompanied by state of the art facilities for image archiving and processing. The THEOS satellite is based on EADS Astrium's new generation of high performance AstroSat optical Earth observation satellites and benefits from the company's extensive experience in this field which started with the SPOT and MetOp satellites.\n\nAs part of the THEOS contract, Thai engineers will join the Astrium development team and attend intensive space programme training. The company firmly believes that this cooperation contract paves the way for further development of GISTDA and space activities in Thailand.\n\nThe THEOS payload features both high resolution in panchromatic mode (2m) and wide field of view in multi-spectral mode and has been tailored to Thailand's specific needs with a worldwide imaging capability. It will be launched in 2008 on a sun synchronous orbit at an altitude of around 820km.\n\nTHEOS will be fully owned and operated by GISTDA and will provide Thailand with worldwide geo-referenced image products and image processing capabilities for applications in cartography, land use, agricultural monitoring, forestry management, coastal zone monitoring and flood risk management. THEOS will provide access to any part of Thailand in less than two days.\n\n[Source: EADS Astrium Home Page, http://www.astrium.eads.net/families/daily-life-benefits/remote-sensing/theos ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: THEOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: THEOS\n Long_Name: Thai Earth Observation System\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MS\n Short_Name: PAN\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 822 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7\n Equator_Crossing: 10:00 AM\n Period: 101.4\n Repeat_Cycle: 26\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.astrium.eads.net/families/daily-life-benefits/remote-sensing/theos\n Online_Resource: http://www.space-risks.com/SpaceData/index.php?id_page=8&Satellite_Name=THEOS\n Sample_Image: http://earth.esa.int/earthnetmedia/img/0e/tm_theos.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-10-01\n Launch_Site: Yasny Launch Base, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Thailand\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", "label": "FengYun-3", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The FY-3 series of CMA/NSMC (China Meteorological Administration/National Satellite Meteorological Center) represents the second generation of Chinese polar-orbiting meteorological satellites (follow-on of FY-1 series). The FY-3 series represents a cooperative program between CMA and CNSA (China National Space Administration); it was initially approved in 1998 and entered full-scale development in 1999. Key aspects of the FY-3 satellite series include collecting atmospheric data for intermediate- and long-term weather forecasting and global climate research.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2f734fc9-2cfa-4a60-b71e-1357a168fbd1", "label": "FY-3A", - "broader": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", + "parentId": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", "definition": "Storm III (FY-3) satellite is China's second-generation polar orbit meteorological satellite, which is the basis of FY-1 meteorological satellite technology on the development and improvement in function and technology a big step forward with qualitative change, specific requirements to solve the three-dimensional atmospheric detection, ability to obtain substantial increase in global data to further enhance the cloud and surface characteristics of remote sensing capabilities, enabling access to global, all-weather, three-dimensional, quantitative, multi-spectral atmosphere, surface and sea surface parameters. FY-3 meteorological satellite applications for purposes such as four aspects:\n● the provision of global numerical weather prediction for the medium-term resolution of the meteorological parameters uniform.\n● study of global change, including climate variation, climate prediction for the variety of meteorological and geophysical parameters.\n● monitoring of large-scale natural disasters and the surface environment.\n● for a variety of professional activities (aviation, maritime, etc.) of any region to provide global weather information, meteorological support services for the military.\n \nFY-3 research and production is divided into two batches, 01 batches of two satellites, FY-3A has been on 7 May 2008 successfully launched. 02 star award in 2010 after the launch, and some remote sensing instruments for the addition, replacement and performance improvements, FY-3 satellites will apply 15 years.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-3A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FY-3A\n Long_Name: FengYun-3A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SIM\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Short_Name: MWTS\n Short_Name: MWRI\n Short_Name: MWHS\n Short_Name: TOU\n Short_Name: MERSI\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Short_Name: SBUS\n Short_Name: ERM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 836 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.75\n Equator_Crossing: descending node local time 10:00 AM ~ 10:20 AM Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR NON-SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-09\n Online_Resource: http://www.nsmc.cma.gov.cn/NewSite/NSMC_EN/Channels/100184.html\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/Ord/Satellite.aspx\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-05-27\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c65041d4-7a29-48da-86e6-02ac03d366ff", "label": "FY-3C", - "broader": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", + "parentId": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", "definition": "Operated by the CMA (China Meteorological Administration) and NSMC (National Satellite Meteorological Center), the FY-3 series represents the second generation of Chinese polar-orbiting meteorological satellites and are cooperative program between CMA and CNSA (China National Space Administration). The FY-3 series provides global air temperature, humidity profiles, and meteorological parameters such as cloud and surface radiation required in producing weather forecasts, especially in making medium numerical forecasting.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f0030752-05f7-404b-9dd1-2b159d6be13e", "label": "FY-3B", - "broader": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", + "parentId": "84ec9a79-3594-4915-8475-66fdb6e1481c", "definition": "Storm III (FY-3) satellite is China's second-generation polar orbit meteorological satellite, which is the basis of FY-1 meteorological satellite technology on the development and improvement in function and technology a big step forward with qualitative change, specific requirements to solve the three-dimensional atmospheric detection, ability to obtain substantial increase in global data to further enhance the cloud and surface characteristics of remote sensing capabilities, enabling access to global, all-weather, three-dimensional, quantitative, multi-spectral atmosphere, surface and sea surface parameters. FY-3 meteorological satellite applications for purposes such as four aspects:\n● the provision of global numerical weather prediction for the medium-term resolution of the meteorological parameters uniform.\n● study of global change, including climate variation, climate prediction for the variety of meteorological and geophysical parameters.\n● monitoring of large-scale natural disasters and the surface environment.\n● for a variety of professional activities (aviation, maritime, etc.) of any region to provide global weather information, meteorological support services for the military.\n \nFY-3 research and production is divided into two batches, 01 batches of two satellites, FY-3B has been on 05 November 2010 successfully launched. 02 star award in 2010 after the launch, and some remote sensing instruments for the addition, replacement and performance improvements, FY-3 satellites will apply 15 years.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FY-3B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FY-3B\n Long_Name: FengYun-3B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VIRR\n Short_Name: TOU\n Short_Name: SIM\n Short_Name: SBUS\n Short_Name: MWTS\n Short_Name: MWRI\n Short_Name: MWHS\n Short_Name: MERSI\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Short_Name: ERM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 836 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.75\n Equator_Crossing: descending node local time 10:00 AM ~ 10:20 AM Local time: e.g. Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR NON-SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2011-02-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.nsmc.cma.gov.cn/NewSite/NSMC_EN/Channels/100222.html\n Online_Resource: http://satellite.cma.gov.cn/ArssEn/Ord/Satellite.aspx\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-11-05\n Launch_Site: TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER, CHINA\n Primary_Sponsor: China/NSMC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4411,41 +4411,41 @@ { "uuid": "8781da14-5ced-4d64-81cd-8daa10a1c30d", "label": "GCOM-W1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The GCOM-W mission aims to establish the global and long-term observation system to collect data, which is needed to understand mechanisms of climate and water cycle variations, and demonstrate its utilization. AMSR2 onboard the first generation of the GCOM-W satellite will continue Aqua/AMSR-E observations of water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture.\n\nMore Information: http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gcom_w/\n\nGCOM-W1/AMSR2 characteristics\nScan and rate : Conical scan at 40 rpm\nAntenna : Offset parabola with 2.0m dia.\nSwath width : 1450km\nIncidence angle: Nominal 55 degrees\nDigitization : 12bits\nDynamic range : 2.7-340K\nPolarization : Vertical and horizontal\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GCOM-W1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GCOM-W1\n Long_Name: Global Change Observation Mission 1st-Water\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-08-31\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8798ac25-d327-4d6e-910f-d06306133f88", "label": "SUNSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Text Source: University of Stellenbosch]\n[Image Source: NASA ILRS, http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/suns_general.html ]\n\nSunsat is a micro-satellite built by post-graduate engineering\nstudents in the Electronic Systems Laboratory, in the Department\nof Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of\nStellenbosch.It was launched in 1999 on a Delta II Launch\nVehicle. Payloads include NASA experiments, Radio Amateur\ncommunications, a high resolution imager, precision attitude\ncontrol, and school experiments. SUNSAT was launched on the 11th\nattempt at 10h29:45 GMT on 23 February 1999 and went out of\nservice on January 19, 2001 due to hardware failure.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/suns_general.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SUNSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n Long_Name: Stellenbosch University Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SUNSAT\n Short_Name: OSCAR 35\n Short_Name: 25636\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: GPS RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.5 degrees\n Period: 100.0 minutes\n Perigee: 644.0 km\n Apogee: 857.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/suns_general.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-008C\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/sunsat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-02-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Stellenbosch University\n Primary_Sponsor: Republic of South Africa\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "880d1c18-c1ec-4a89-bd4f-d2fea4c1232f", "label": "PRISMA", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "PRISMA is an Earth observation satellite with innovative electro-optical instrumentation which combines a hyperspectral sensor with a medium-resolution panchromatic camera. This combination allows the capability of observation based on the recognition of the geometrical characteristics of the scene, as well as hyperspectral determination of chemical-physical composition of objects present on the scene. PRISMA is a program completely funded by Italian Space Agency (ASI) and is a follow on of the cancelled Hyperspectral Satellite for Earth Observation (HypSEO) mission. The satellite was launched on March 22, 2019 aboard a Vega rocket.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", "label": "Elektro-L", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A next-generation series of meteorological satellites developed for the Russian Federal Space Agency by NPO Lavochkin. The first satellite, Elektro-L No.1, was launched on 2 January 2011. It is the first Russian weather satellite that successfully operates in geostationary orbit, and is currently the second operational Russian weather satellite. The satellites have a mass of about 1620 kg and are designed to operate for 10 years each. They are capable of producing images of the Earth's whole hemisphere in both visible and infrared frequencies, providing data for climate change and ocean monitoring in addition to their primary weather forecasting role.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2c780dff-fce3-4625-8b89-a7cd2d64d6ec", "label": "Elektro-L N3", - "broader": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", + "parentId": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", "definition": "3rd flight unit of the Electro-L series.\nMission: operational meteorology.\nSubstantial contribution to space weather.\n\nLaunch Date: 2019-12-24\n\nMore Information: \nhttps://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/474\nhttps://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/12/russian-proton-m-new-geostationary-weather-satellite/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6d0d4c3e-acfb-4bfd-ab0d-4478e18e4b19", "label": "Elektro-L N1", - "broader": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", + "parentId": "882c16a9-0bc6-4773-8066-e25ea8de3c9d", "definition": "Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite (Elektro-L N1)\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Elektro-L N1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Elektro-L N1\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: GGAK-E\n Short_Name: MSU-GS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36000 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 0 degrees\n Period: 1436 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 1 day\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://www.laspace.ru/rus/electro.php\n Sample_Image: http://www.federalspace.ru/media/img/site/elektro001.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-01-20\n Design_Life: 10 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4454,34 +4454,34 @@ { "uuid": "89bac9f6-0c4f-4b3d-92dc-f6bee4b6906c", "label": "SLATS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "SLATS is a technology demonstration minisatellite of JAXA to orbit the Earth at an altitudes in the range of 180-250 km. Its main objectives are to understand the effects of high-density atomic oxygen on the satellite and to verify the possibility of orbit control using an ion engine system. In this mission, an ion engine system is used to compensate for air drag, which cannot be neglected in such a low Earth orbit", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "89c509e6-13f6-4d6e-b46c-0479d2c7d88d", "label": "TRMM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (or TRMM) is a NASA satellite that provides more information both to test and to improve those models. TRMM is particularly devoted to determining rainfall in the tropics and subtropics of the Earth. These regions make up about two thirds of the total rainfall on Earth and are responsible for driving our weather and climate system. TRMM contributed to a better understanding of where and how much the winds blow, where the clouds form and rain occurs, where floods and droughts will occur, and how the winds drive the ocean currents. TRMM accomplished this not just by providing rainfall data but, more importantly, by providing information on heat released into the atmosphere as part of the process that leads to rain.\n\nTRMM was launched on November 27, 1997, on the Japanese H-II vehicle from the Tanegashima Space Center in Tanegashima, Japan. Continuous science data collection began December 8, 1997. Upon completion of the nominal 3-year prime mission, the decision was made to boost the mission from its original altitude of 350km to 402.5km, to reduce fuel consumption and extend the mission life. The TRMM boost was completed August 24, 2001, and the orbit was maintained until 2014, when fuel was depleted and the spacecraft began to descend. Mission operations were terminated in April 2015, the spacecraft re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere and mostly burned up in June 2015.\n\nTRMM exceeded its 3-year design goal by collecting 17 years of rainfall data, creating a benchmark rainfall climatology which is used to test, compare and improve global climate models. The TRMM dataset of rain distribution across the tropics has narrowed considerably the range of uncertainty in previous space-based rainfall estimates. The choice of a precessing, low-inclination orbit (35°) enabled the quantification of the diurnal cycle of precipitation and convective intensity over land and ocean tropics-wide on fine scales (0.25°). TRMM products have provided the first comprehensive estimates of how rainfall is directly related to latent heat release in the atmosphere, a key characteristic in understanding the impact of tropical rainfall on the general circulation of the atmosphere. Based on hydrometeor vertical structure information from the TRMM active and passive sensors, TRMM produced climatologies of latent heating profiles for analysis and comparison with global models. In addition, the lightning sensor delivered a detailed global map of lightning distribution, and combined with the rain data, led to quantifying the lightning/convection relation for land and ocean.\n\n\nLaunch: Launched: November 27, 1997\nLaunch Site: Tanegashima Space Center, Japan\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 402 km\nInclination: 35 degrees\nPeriod: 92.6 minutes\nNon-Sun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Weight: 3512 kg\nPower: 1100 watts\nDesign Life: 3 years\n\nInstruments: \nCERES (Clouds and the Earth Radiant Energy System\nLIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor)\nTMI (TRMM Microwave Radiometer)\nPR (RADAR)\nVIRS (Visible/Infrared Radiometer)\n\nWebsite: \nhttps://gpm.nasa.gov/missions/trmm\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TRMM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TRMM\n Long_Name: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TRMM\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CERES-PFM\n Short_Name: PR\n Short_Name: TMI\n Short_Name: VIRS\n Short_Name: LIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 402 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 35 degrees\n Period: 92.6 minutes\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: https://gpm.nasa.gov/missions/trmm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-11-27\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 3 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", "label": "Sentinel-3", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", - "definition": "PREFERRED TERMS: 3A, S3B, S3C, S3D, Sentinel-3\nDEFINITION\nThe Sentinel-3 (S3) mission of ESA and the EC is one of the elements of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, which responds to the requirements for operational and near-real-time monitoring of ocean, land and ice surfaces over a period of 20 years. The topography element of this mission will serve primarily the marine operational users but will also allow the monitoring of sea ice and land ice, as well as inland water surfaces, using novel observation techniques.The Sentinel-3 mission is designed as a constellation of two identical polar orbiting satellites, separated by 180º, for the provision of long-term operational marine and land monitoring services. The operational character of this mission implies a high level of availability of the data products and fast delivery time, which have been important design drivers for the mission.\n\nBROADER CONCEPT: Earth Observation Satellite\nENTRY TERMS: SENTINEL-3\n\nNOTE: A,B,C,D\n\nHOSTS: DORIS, GNSS, MWR, OLCI, SLSTR, SRAL\nURI: https://earth.esa.int/concept/sentinel-3", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "definition": "PREFERRED TERMS: 3A, S3B, S3C, S3D, Sentinel-3\nDEFINITION\nThe Sentinel-3 (S3) mission of ESA and the EC is one of the elements of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, which responds to the requirements for operational and near-real-time monitoring of ocean, land and ice surfaces over a period of 20 years. The topography element of this mission will serve primarily the marine operational users but will also allow the monitoring of sea ice and land ice, as well as inland water surfaces, using novel observation techniques.The Sentinel-3 mission is designed as a constellation of two identical polar orbiting satellites, separated by 180º, for the provision of long-term operational marine and land monitoring services. The operational character of this mission implies a high level of availability of the data products and fast delivery time, which have been important design drivers for the mission.\n\nparentId CONCEPT: Earth Observation Satellite\nENTRY TERMS: SENTINEL-3\n\nNOTE: A,B,C,D\n\nHOSTS: DORIS, GNSS, MWR, OLCI, SLSTR, SRAL\nURI: https://earth.esa.int/concept/sentinel-3", "children": [ { "uuid": "41163801-6aac-43e5-aed7-9f52613a6a73", "label": "Sentinel-3B", - "broader": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", + "parentId": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", "definition": "The Sentinel-3 (S3) mission of ESA and the EC is one of the elements of the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, which responds to the requirements for operational and near-real-time monitoring of ocean, land and ice surfaces over a period of 20 years. The topography element of this mission will serve primarily the marine operational users but will also allow the monitoring of sea ice and land ice, as well as inland water surfaces, using novel observation techniques.The Sentinel-3 mission is designed as a constellation of two identical polar orbiting satellites, separated by 180º, for the provision of long-term operational marine and land monitoring services. The operational character of this mission implies a high level of availability of the data products and fast delivery time, which have been important design drivers for the mission.\n\nhttps://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/copernicus-sentinel-3\nhttps://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/401", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5449d87b-5573-450f-8acb-2fdfeab3c8ce", "label": "Sentinel-3A", - "broader": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", + "parentId": "8a19f309-46ee-424b-be9f-e7e57e5b8ca0", "definition": "Mission Details\nLaunch Date:\n\nSentinel-3A - 16 February 2016\nSentinel-3B - 25 April 2018\nOperational lifepsan:\n7 years (With consumables for 12)\n\nMission objectives:\n\nMeasuring sea-surface topography, sea-surface height and significant wave height\nMeasuring ocean and land-surface temperature\nMeasuring ocean and land-surface colour\nMonitoring sea and land ice topography\nSea-water quality and pollution monitoring\nInland water monitoring, including rivers and lakes\nAid ocean forecasts with acquired data\nClimate monitoring and modelling\nLand-use change monitoring\nForest cover mapping\nFire detection\nWeather forecasting\nMeasuring Earth's thermal radiation for atmospheric applications\nMission Orbit:\n\nOrbit Type: Sun-synchronous\nOrbit Height: 814 km\nInclination: 98.6o\nRepeat Cycle: 27 days\n\nPayload:\n\nOLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument)\nSLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer)\nSRAL (Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter)\nMWR (Microwave Radiometer)\nDORIS\nLRR (Laser Retroreflector)\nGNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)\nResolution and Swath Width:\n\nOLCI - 1270 km\nSLSTR - 1420 km\nConfiguration:\n\nIn addition to the observation instruments, the Sentinel-3 spacecraft will carry the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and LRR (Laser Retro Reflector) instruments. GNSS will provide precise orbit determination and can track multiple satellites simultaneously. LRR will be used to accurately locate the satellite in orbit using a laser ranging system.\n\nThe dimensions of the craft are: 3.7 x 2.2 x 2.2 m with a weight (at time of launch) of 1250 kg.\n\nLaunch vehicle: Rockot (Sentinel-3A and -3B)\n\nOperator: EUMETSAT\n\nContractors:\n\nThales Alenia Space is the prime contractor, responsible for constructing the spacecraft and the SRAL instrument, as well as contributing to the supply of the SLSTR instrument.\nMany European companies are involved in supplying the SLSTR instrument, including SELEX Galileo, RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), Jena-Optronik, Thales Alenia Space, ABSL and ESA-ESTEC.\nEADS CASA Espacio is contracted to provide the MWR instrument.\nCNES is contracted to provide the DORIS instrument.\nEurockot and Arianespace are contracted to launch the spacecraft.", "children": [] } @@ -4490,41 +4490,41 @@ { "uuid": "8ac70aba-53e7-45c0-8b4a-2c0197114b09", "label": "PAZ", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "PAZ ('peace' in Spanish) is an X-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) spacecraft based on the TerraSAR-X platform, to serve the security and the defense needs of Spain. The PAZ mission is a dual-use mission (civil/defense) funded and owned by the Spanish Ministry of Defense and managed by Hisdesat.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8ba6dbf3-9537-4c10-8254-128d49ef9c17", "label": "MAGSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe Magsat project was a joint NASA/United States Geological Survey (USGS)\neffort to measure near-earth magnetic fields on a global basis. Objectives\nincluded obtaining an accurate description of the earth's magnetic field,\nobtaining data for use in the update and refinement of world and regional\nmagnetic charts, compilation of a global crustal magnetic anomaly map, and\ninterpretation of that map in terms of geologic/geophysical models of the\nearth's crust. The spacecraft was launched into a low, near-polar, orbit by the\nScout vehicle. The basic spacecraft was made up of two distinct parts: the\ninstrument module that contained a vector and a scalar magnetometer and their\nunique supporting gear; and the base module that contained the necessary\ndata-handling, power, communications, command, and attitude-control subsystems\nto support the instrument module. The base module complete with its subsystems\nwas comprised of residual Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-C) hardware. The\nmagnetometers were deployed after launch to a position 6 m behind the\nspacecraft. At this distance, the influence of magnetic materials from the\ninstrument and base module (chiefly from the star cameras) was less than 1 nT.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1979-10-30 14:16:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1979-10-31\n Apogee (km or AU): 578.4\n Perigee (km or AU): 351.9\n Inclination (degree) : 96.8\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-04-13\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MAGSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MAGSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AEM-3\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.8 deg\n Perigee: 351.9 km\n Apogee: 578.4 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Magsat.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Magsat.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-10-30\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", "label": "Meteorological Operational Satellite (METOP)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Meteorological Operational satellite programme (MetOp) is a European undertaking providing weather data services to monitor the climate and improve weather forecasts. The programme was jointly established by ESA and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (Eumetsat), forming the space segment of Eumetsat's Polar System (EPS).\n \nThe programme also represents the European contribution to a cooperative venture with the United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which for the last 40 years has been delivering meteorological data from polar orbit, free of charge, to users worldwide.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METOP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOSAT\n Short_Name: METOP\n Long_Name: Meteorological Operational Satelite\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/metop_flyby2_l.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: European Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [ { "uuid": "6120cea0-c943-4c7c-bddd-8d8648d58022", "label": "METOP-C", - "broader": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", + "parentId": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", "definition": "Global Data Service. Regional Data Service. Direct Readout Service. Real-time Imagery.\n\nLaunch planned in September 2018", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8143808e-1005-4fed-a469-c2bd5f1521bf", "label": "METOP-A", - "broader": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", + "parentId": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", "definition": "The MetOp-A satellite, developed by a consortium of European companies led by\nthe main contractor EADS-Astrium, France, builds on the heritage gained from a\nsuccessful series of European satellites, including the French Space Agency's\n(CNES) SPOT and ESA'S ERS and Envisat.\n\nThe satellite consists of a Solar Array and two modules: the Payload Module\n(PLM) and the Service Module (SVM). The PLM accommodates the whole suite of\ninstruments and associated support equipment. It includes advanced versions of\nthe widely used scatterometer and ozone-monitoring instruments already flying\nonboard the ERS-2 satellite. The SVM, which interfaces with the launcher,\nprovides the main satellite support functions, such as command and control,\ncommunications with the ground, power and orbit control and propulsion. \n\nMetOp-A carries a set of 'heritage' instruments, provided by the United States’\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the French Space\nAgency (CNES), and a new generation of European instruments offering precise\nsensing capabilities to both meteorologists and climatologists.\n\nhttp://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPmetop.html\n\n[Summary from the ESA MetOp Meteorological Missions home page]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METOP-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-A\n Long_Name: Meteorological Operational Satellite - A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SARR\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Short_Name: A-DCS\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Short_Name: GOME-2\n Short_Name: ASCAT\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: IASI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPmetop.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-10-19\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c9f84df0-e807-46e3-8fce-c33e9201fbc2", "label": "METOP-B", - "broader": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", + "parentId": "8c192c86-d07c-4e7b-af8f-92aa4b40fca7", "definition": "[Text Source: ESA MetOp Meteorological Missions Homepage, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html ]\n\nMetOp-B, the second satellite in the series,launched on 17 September 2012 and will operate in tandem with MetOp-A, increasing the wealth of data even further. The third and final satellite, MetOp-C will be launched in 2016.\n\nLaunching a new satellite every 5–6 years guarantees a continuous delivery of high-quality data for medium- and long-term weather forecasting and climate monitoring until at least 2020.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METOP-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METOP\n Short_Name: METOP-B\n Long_Name: Meteorological Operational Satellite - B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SARSAT\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: IASI\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: GRAS\n Short_Name: GOME-2\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: ASCAT\n Short_Name: ARGOS\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 840 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Period: 101.7 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 29 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-09-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMN1FAATME_LPmetop_0.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/metop-b.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2012-09-17\n Launch_Site: BAIKONUR COSMODROME, TYURATAM, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: EOL July 2017\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: EUMETSAT\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4533,48 +4533,48 @@ { "uuid": "8dd76819-1baa-4ccd-8544-23c2923f2d84", "label": "SES-14", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The C-band payload of SES-14 will replace NSS-806 and will support SES’s cable neighborhood in Latin America. The Ku-band payload augments the Ku-band capacity on NSS-806 with wide beams and high throughput spot beams covering the Americas and the North Atlantic Region. The Ku-band spot beams will allow SES to support the increasing demand for aeronautical and maritime mobility applications, cellular backhaul, broadband delivery, and VSAT services for enterprise and government segments. The Ku-band wide beams are designed to provide video and data services in Latin America, the Caribbean, and across the North Atlantic. SES-14 also carries the Global-Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) as a hosted payload for NASA.\nRead more at https://www.ses.com/our-coverage/satellites/369#pXjgoQTiElC2hApq.99\n\nLaunch date:\n\n26 January 2018\n\nLaunch vehicle:\n\nAriane 5 ECA\n\nSatellite manufacturer:\n\nAirbus Defense and Space\n\nDesigned lifetime:\n\n15 years", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9210813e-eb6f-4d0f-bb1b-d76b4446b4a9", "label": "SNOE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "SNOE ('snowy') was a small scientific satellite that measured the effects of energy from the sun and from the magnetosphere on the density of nitric oxide in the Earth's upper atmosphere. The spacecraft and its instruments were designed and built at LASP, the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. SNOE was launched on February 26, 1998, and was operated from the mission operations center at the LASP Space Technology Research building. SNOE re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on Dec. 13, 2003, completing a very successful mission. This site contains a description of the SNOE mission, spacecraft drawings and images, and provides access to the scientific data and publications. An archive of launch activities and development personnel have been retained.\n\nInformation provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SNOE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Explorer\n Short_Name: SNOE\n Long_Name: Student Nitric Oxide Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SNOE\n Short_Name: Explorer 72\n Short_Name: STEDI-SNOE\n Short_Name: Student Nitric Oxide Explorer\n Short_Name: UNEX/SNOE\n Short_Name: 25233\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AP\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: SXP\n Short_Name: UVS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 580 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.69999694824219° Degrees\n Period: 95.80000305175781 minutes\n Perigee: 535.0 km\n Apogee: 580.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/snoe\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-012A\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/images/UVS_New.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-02-26\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: University of Colorado\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", "label": "Indian National Satellite (INSAT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the same later. GSAT-17 joins the constellation of INSAT System consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18.\n\nThe INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5142bd37-853c-4d34-a2bb-13de9d97b773", "label": "INSAT-1A", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", + "parentId": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The Insat-1 satellite program incorporated two three-axis stabilized\n spacecraft in geostationary orbit (Insat-1A at 74 degrees E and\n Insat-1B at 94 degrees E) with a host of ground stations throughout\n India. The Insat-1A satellite, built by the Ford Aerospace and\n Communications Corporation, was designed to provide combined\n telecommunications, direct TV broadcast, and meteorological service to\n India's civilian community over a 7-year-in-orbit lifespan. The\n telecommunications package provided two-way, long distance telephone\n circuits and direct radio and TV broadcasting to the remotest areas of\n India. The meteorology package was composed of a scanning\n very-high-resolution, two-channel radiometer (VHRR) to provide\n full-frame, full-earth coverage every 30 minutes. The visual channel\n (0.55-0.75 micrometer) had a 2.75-km resolution while the IR channel\n (10.5-12.5 micrometers) had an 11-km resolution. Using the Insat TV\n capability, early warnings of impending disasters (i.e., floods,\n storms, etc.) could directly reach the civilian population, even in\n remote areas. The Insat-1A also had a data channel for relaying\n meteorological, hydrological, and oceanographic data from unattended\n land-based or ocean-based data collection and transmission platforms.\n *Insat-1A was abandoned in September 1983 when its attitude\n control propellant was exhausted*\n Auxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1982-04-10 06:47:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1982-04-11\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 35784.\n Perigee(km) : 225.\n Inclination : 28.1\n Date of last update : 1998-10-07\n\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-1A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (Indian National Satellite)\n Short_Name: INSAT-1A\n Long_Name: Indian National Satellite-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-1A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.1\n Perigee: 225 km\n Apogee: 35784 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1982-031A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1982-04-10\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5999e653-21ea-49ef-977a-13b5fe40fa36", "label": "INSAT-3D", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", + "parentId": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", "definition": "INSAT-3D is an advanced weather satellite of India configured with improved Imaging System and Atmospheric Sounder. INSAT-3D is designed for enhanced meteorological observations, monitoring of land and ocean surfaces, generating vertical profile of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and humidity for weather forecasting and disaster warning. \n\nIt carries four payloads -\na) 6 channel multi-spectral Imager\nb) 19 channel Sounder\nc) Data Relay Transponder (DRT)\nd) Search and Rescue Transponder\nThe payloads of INSAT-3D provides continuity and further augment the capability to provide various meteorological as well as search and rescue services.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-3D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE)\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: 3D-IMAGER\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36000\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.23\n Period: 1428\n Perigee: 35469\n Apogee: 35799\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-11\n Online_Resource: https://www.mosdac.gov.in/insat-3d\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-07-26\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 07 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9dfe63d1-5b6a-4ac4-ae19-1572ab43445e", "label": "INSAT-1B", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", + "parentId": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The Insat 1B was the second spacecraft in the first generation Indian\n National Satellite System. The three-axis stabilized spacecraft,\n originally launched as an on-orbit backup, replaced Insat 1A, which\n failed in late 1982. It was positioned in a geosynchronous orbit at\n 74 deg E with a host of ground stations throughout India. The Insat\n 1B satellite, built by the Ford Aerospace and Communications\n Corporation, was designed to provide combined telecommunications,\n direct TV broadcast, and meteorological service to India's civilian\n community over a 7-year-in-orbit lifespan. The telecommunications\n package provided two-way, long-distance telephone circuits and direct\n radio and TV broadcasting to the remotest areas of India. The\n meteorology package was comprised of a scanning very-high-resolution,\n two-channel radiometer (VHRR) to provide full-frame, full-earth\n coverage every 30 min. The visual channel (0.55-0.75 micrometer) had\n a 2.75-km resolution while the IR channel (10.5-12.5 micrometers) had\n an 11-km resolution. Using the Insat TV capability, early warnings of\n impending disasters (i.e., floods, storms, etc.) can directly reach\n the civilian population, even in remote areas. The Insat 1B also had\n a data channel for relaying meteorological, hydrological, and\n oceanographic data from unattended land-based or ocean-based data\n collection and transmission platforms.\n* INSAT-1B was relegated to spare status on 17 July 1990 by the\n INSAT-1D. The INSAT-1B was finally removed from GEO in August 1993,\n after being replaced at 93.50E by INSAT-2B.*\n Auxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1983-08-31 07:49:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1983-10-15\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 35680.\n Perigee(km) : 35680.\n Inclination : 0.0\n Date of last update : 1998-10-07\nMore information about the INSAT Satellite Series is available at:\n'http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-satellite3.html'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (Indian National Satellite)\n Short_Name: INSAT-1B\n Long_Name: Indian National Satellite-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.0\n Perigee: 35680\n Apogee: 35680\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1983-089B\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-08-31\n Primary_Sponsor: India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dadc6f66-e044-420a-b1d0-4cc11b2f169d", "label": "INSAT", - "broader": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", + "parentId": "949ab40f-3954-4c81-a063-275d0e13a14e", "definition": "INSAT-3D is an advanced weather satellite of India configured with improved Imaging System and Atmospheric Sounder. INSAT-3D is designed for enhanced meteorological observations, monitoring of land and ocean surfaces, generating vertical profile of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and humidity for weather forecasting and disaster warning. \n\nIt carries four payloads -\na) 6 channel multi-spectral Imager\nb) 19 channel Sounder\nc) Data Relay Transponder (DRT)\nd) Search and Rescue Transponder\nThe payloads of INSAT-3D provides continuity and further augment the capability to provide various meteorological as well as search and rescue services.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: INSAT-3D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: INSAT (Indian National Satellite)\n Short_Name: INSAT\n Long_Name: Indian National Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: INSAT-3D\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36000\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.23\n Period: 1428\n Perigee: 35469\n Apogee: 35799\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-06-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/insat-3d.aspx\n Sample_Image: http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/images/insat-3d_img.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-07-26\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 07 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ISRO\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4583,55 +4583,55 @@ { "uuid": "95985c5e-3904-4710-8f45-8157f0171a0a", "label": "IMAGE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The IMAGE spacecraft was launched from Vandenberg AFB on March\n25, 2000, at 20:34:43 UTC. IMAGE is the first satellite mission\ndedicated to imaging the Earth's magnetosphere, the region of\nspace controlled by the Earth's magnetic field and containing\nextremely tenuous plasmas of both solar and terrestrial\norigin. Invisible to standard astronomical observing techniques,\nthese populations of ions and electrons have traditionally been\nstudied by means of localized measurements with charged particle\ndetectors, magnetometers, and electric field\ninstruments. Instead of such in-situ measurements, IMAGE employs\na variety of imaging techniques to 'see the invisible' and to\nproduce the first comprehensive global images of the plasma\npopulations in the inner magnetosphere. With these images, space\nscientists are able to observe, in a way never before possible,\nthe large-scale dynamics of the magnetosphere and the\ninteractions among its constituent plasma populations.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IMAGE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IMAGE\n Long_Name: Imager for Magnetopause -to - Aurora Global Exploration\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IMAGE\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: UVI\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/image_launch_a5.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-03-25\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96a26a3b-bd87-462e-b155-f57677bf4b83", "label": "PROBA-3", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", "label": "Atmosphere Explorer (AE)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The largest series of unmanned U.S. spacecraft, consisting of 55 scientific satellites launched between 1958 and 1975. Explorer 1 (launched Jan. 31, 1958), the first space satellite orbited by the United States, discovered the innermost of the Van Allen radiation belts, two zones of charged particles that surround Earth. Explorer 1’s discovery of the Van Allen belts was the first scientific discovery made by an artificial satellite. Explorer 6 (launched Aug. 7, 1959) took the first pictures of Earth from orbit. Other notable craft in the series include Explorer 38 (launched July 4, 1968; also known as Radio Astronomy Explorer), which measured galactic radio sources and studied low frequencies in space, and Explorer 53 (launched May 7, 1975; also known as Small Astronomy Satellite-C), which was sent out to explore X-ray sources both inside and outside the Milky Way Galaxy.", "children": [ { "uuid": "340b5b79-16c4-4cb7-9476-5cbab3efd834", "label": "AE-E", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", + "parentId": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", "definition": "The Atmospheric Explorer-E (AE-E) spacecraft (Designation: 08440 /\n75107A) was designed as a multi- sided polyhedron shaped frame with a\nmean diameter of 1.4 meters. AE-E was similar in construction and\ninstrumentation to AE-C. AE-E was launched on 1975-11-20 and decayed\non 1981-06-10.\n\nThe purpose of the AE-C mission was to investigate the uppermost layer\nof the earth's atmosphere, the thermosphere, with emphasis on energy\ntransfer and other controlling processes. Photochemical processes\nrelated to the absorption of solar UV radiation were studied by making\ncoordinated measurements of reacting constituents and the solar input.\nSimultaneous two-spacecraft sampling was carried out at higher\nlatitudes by the AE-D and AE-E spacecraft until the failure of AE-D on\nJanuary 29, 1976, and then by (the re-activated) AE-C and AE-E\nspacecraft until AE-C re-entered the earth's atmosphere on December\n12, 1978.\n\nThe AE-E perigee swept through more than six full latitude cycles and\ntwo local time cycles during the first year after launch when the\norbit was elliptical, and the perigee height was varied between 130\nand 400 km. The circularization of the orbit around 390 km was made\non November 20, 1976, and the spacecraft perigee was raised to this\nheight whenever it had decayed to about 250 km. AE-E re-entered the\nearth's atmosphere on June 10, 1981 thus terminating the operations.\nThe payload included instrumentation to measure: Solar UV Fluxes, the\nComposition of Positive Ions and Neutral Particles, the Density and\nTemperature of neutral particles, positive ions and electrons,\nAtmospheric airglow emissions, Photoelectron Energy Spectra, Proton\nand Electron Fluxes with particle energy up to 25 keV, and a\nbackscatter UV spectrometer to monitor the atmospheric ozone content.\nPower was supplied by a solar cell array. The spacecraft used a PCM\ntelemetry data system that operated in real time or using a tape\nrecorder.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-E\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-E\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer E (Explorer 55)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 55\n Short_Name: 08440\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: UV SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Perigee: 130 to 400 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-107A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-11-20 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3516fe07-9d51-42f3-b635-b6a5001e1d6c", "label": "AE-D", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", + "parentId": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", "definition": "The Atmospheric Explorer-D (AE-D) spacecraft (designation: 08353 /\n75096A ) was designed as a multi- sided polyhedron shaped frame with a\nmean diameter of about 1.4 meters. AE-D was in most respects similar\nto AE-C. The AE-D was launched on 1975-10-6 and decayed 1976-03-12.\nThe purpose of the AE-D mission was a direct continuation of the EA-C\nmission: to investigate the chemical and physical processes in the\nuppermost layer of the earth's atmosphere, the thermosphere, with\nemphasis on energy transfer and other controlling processes.\nPhotochemical processes related to the absorption of solar UV\nradiation were studied by making coordinated measurements of reacting\nconstituents and the solar input in the region of high absorption of\nsolar energy.\n\nThe payload included instrumentation to measure: Solar UV Fluxes, the\nComposition of Positive Ions and Neutral Particles, the Density and\nTemperature of neutral particles, positive ions and electrons,\nAtmospheric airglow emissions, Photoelectron Energy Spectra, and\nProton and Electron Fluxes with particle energy up to 25 keV.\nThis mission was planned to sample the high latitude regions at the\nsame time that the AE-E mission was sampling the equatorial and low\nlatitude regions. The same type of spacecraft as AE-C was used, and\nthe payload consisted of the same types of instruments except for\ndeletion of the extreme solar UV monitor and the Bennett ion mass\nspectrometer both of which were part of the AE-E payload.\nAE-D was placed in a high inclination (polar) orbit. The polar orbit\nprovided sampling of all latitudes, the perigee moved through all\nlatitudes in 3 months, and all local times in 4 months.\nUnfortunately, a failure in the solar power panels resulted in the\ntermination of AE-D operations on January 29, 1976, after slightly\nless than 4 months of useful spacecraft life. However, all the\nregions at the perigee altitudes were sampled during this time. The\nAE-D spacecraft re-entered the earth's atmosphere about 1 month after\nthe cessation of telemetry. To continue the correlated observations\nwith the AE-E mission, the earlier AE-C spacecraft was then\nreactivated on February 28, 1976 as replacecment for AE-D. Power to\nAE-D was supplied by a solar cell array. The spacecraft used a PCM\ntelemetry data system that operated in real time or using a tape\nrecorder.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-D\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer D (Explorer 54)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 54\n Short_Name: 08353\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MASS SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-096A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-10-06 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a2b20fa-89d3-4cfc-b186-fbc29113e910", "label": "AE-A", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", + "parentId": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", "definition": "Explorer 17 was a spin-stabilized sphere 0.95 m in diameter. The spacecraft was vacuum sealed in order to prevent contamination of the local atmosphere. Explorer 17 carried four pressure gauges for the measurement of total neutral particle density, two mass spectrometers for the measurement of certain neutral particle concentrations, and two electrostatic probes for ion concentration and electron temperature measurements. Battery power failed on July 10, 1963. Three of the four pressure gauges and both electrostatic probes operated normally. One spectrometer malfunctioned, and the other operated intermittently.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-009A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-A\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer A (Explorer 17)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 17\n Short_Name: S 6\n Short_Name: 00564\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 57.6 degrees \n Perigee: 255 km\n Apogee: 916 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-009A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1963-04-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "65bdc896-7ed5-4d22-8b15-df0914b5be69", "label": "AE-B", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", + "parentId": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", "definition": "Explorer 32 was an aeronomy satellite which was designed to directly measure temperatures, composition, densities, and pressures in the upper atmosphere on a global basis. The satellite was a stainless steel, vacuum-sealed sphere, 0.889 m in diameter. The experimental payload included one ion and two neutral mass spectrometers, three magnetron density gauges, and two electrostatic probes. Additional equipment included optical and magnetic aspect sensors, magnetic attitude and spin rate control systems, and a tape recorder for data acquisition at locations remote from ground receiving stations. Power was supplied by silver-zinc batteries and a solar cell array mounted on the satellite exterior. Two identical pulse-modulated telemetry systems and a canted turnstile antenna were employed. The two neutral-particle mass spectrometers failed about 6 days after launch. The remaining experiments operated satisfactorily and provided useful data for most of the 10-month satellite lifetime. The spacecraft ceased to function due to battery failures which resulted from depressurization of the sphere.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-044A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-B\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer B (Explorer 32)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 32\n Short_Name: 02183\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MASS SPECTROMETERS\n Short_Name: ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.67 degrees\n Perigee: 276 km\n Apogee: 2725 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-044A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-05-25 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f62c196b-8ec3-40e8-a824-6849e5a496f2", "label": "AE-C", - "broader": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", + "parentId": "96dcdb2e-3861-4a4b-97f4-764fd117a0f1", "definition": "The Atmospheric Explorer-C (AE-C) spacecraft (designation: 06977 /\n73101A ) was designed as a multi- sided polyhedron shaped frame with a\nmean diameter of 1.4 meter. AE-C weighed about 660 kg which included\n85 kg of scientific instrumentation. AE-C was launched on 1973-12-16\nand decayed on 1978-12-12.\n\nThe purpose of the AE-C mission was to investigate the uppermost layer\nof the earth's atmosphere, the thermosphere, with emphasis on energy\ntransfer and other controlling processes. Photochemical processes\nrelated to the absorption of solar UV radiation were studied by making\ncoordinated measurements of reacting constituents and the solar input.\nThe payload included instrumentation to measure: Solar UV Fluxes, the\nComposition of Positive Ions and Neutral Particles, the Density and\nTemperature of neutral particles, positive ions and electrons,\nAtmospheric airglow emissions, Photoelectron Energy Spectra, and\nProton and Electron Fluxes with particle energy up to 25 keV.\nThe initial elliptical orbit of AE-C was altered many times in the\nfirst year of operations by means of an onboard propulsion system\nemploying a 3.5-lb thruster.\n\nPERIGEE CHANGES: The purpose of these changes was first to alter the\nperigee height to 129 km. Later the AE-C orbit was circularized and\nthe perigee height was raised periodically, eventually to about 390 km\nheight. By the natural drag action of the exosphere the orbit was\nthen let to decay to 250 km perigee altitude.\n\nLATITUDE COVERAGE: During the first year, the latitude of perigee\nmoved from about 10 degrees north up to 68 degrees north and then down\nto about 60 degrees south.\n\nLOCAL TIME COVERAGE: During this period of orbit modification about\ntwo cycles through all local times were completed.\n\nOPERATIONAL MODES: The spacecraft could be operated in either of two\nmodes: spinning at a nominal 4 rpm or despun to 1 revolution per\norbit. The spin axis was perpendicular to the orbit plane.\nPower was supplied by a solar cell array. The spacecraft used a PCM\ntelemetry data system that operated in real time or using an onboard\ntape recorder.\n\nMore Information: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-101A\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AE-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AE (Atmosphere Explorer)\n Short_Name: AE-C\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Explorer C (Explorer 51)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 51\n Short_Name: 06977\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 68.1 degrees\n Period: 132.3 minutes\n Perigee: 390 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-101A\n Sample_Image: https://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/explorer_51.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1973-12-16\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4640,41 +4640,41 @@ { "uuid": "976e92c4-150c-4068-bed5-60d5f030d7e2", "label": "GFZ-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "GFZ-1 (GeoForschungsZentrum-1) is a geodetic satellite designed to improve the\ncurrent knowledge of the Earth's gravity field. The satellite, a passive system\nwith no onboard sensors or electronics, is covered with retroreflectors that\nreflect laser beams sent from ground stations. By measuring the round trip time\nof the transmitted light, the distance between the satellite and the station\ncan be determined with approximately 1 centimeter. These measurements are used\nto determine variations in the rotational characteristics of the Earth and for\nmeasurement of the Earth's gravitational field. As the vehicle's orbit decays,\nthe satellite's orbital motion will also be used calculate to atmospheric\ndensities. Deployed from the Mir space station, GFZ-1 was the first non-Russian\nsatellite launched from MIR. GFZ-1 was developed in under 12 months and cost\napproximately 轜,000 (including design, fabrication, test, and launch).\nData collection, distribution and evaluation is coor dinated by the project's\nscientists at the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam.\n\nSpacecraft The satellite consists of a spherical body made from brass with 60\ncorner cube reflectors distributed regularly over the satellite's surface.\nThese retroreflectors are quartz prisms placed in special holders that are\nrecessed in the satellite's body. External metallic surfaces are covered with\nwhite paint for thermal control purposes and to facilitate visual observation\nin space. The vehicle's size was limited by the maximum allowable dimensions of\nthe Mir airlock (30 cm). The vehicle carries no electronics or sensors and is\nnot attitude controlled.\n\n[Source: NASA Mission and Spacecraft Library]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GFZ-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GFZ-1\n Long_Name: GeoForschungsZentrum-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GFZ-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SLR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 400 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/gfz1/index_GFZ1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/gfz1/GFZ1_1.small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-04-09\n Launch_Site: 1999-06-23\n Design_Life: 3.5-5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "987f0e52-e554-475a-b680-50df620a520e", "label": "OSTM/JASON-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM)/Jason-2 was a follow-on altimetric mission to the very successful TOPEX/Poseidon mission and Jason-1. It was a joint mission between NASA and CNES (French space agency). It launched 20 June 2008 and began data collection on 12 July 2008.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", "label": "Synchronous Meteorological Satellites (SMS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) system is described which is being utilized in a program to obtain day and night information on the earth's weather by means of earth imaging, retransmission of imaged data, meteorological data collection and relay, and space environment monitoring. The components and functions of the ground system are discussed together with the basic satellite payloads. The launch and orbit of SMS-A are reviewed, and the functions of the visible IR spin-scan radiometer are described in detail. Other systems and units discussed include the data collection system, solar environment monitor, weather-facsimile unit, and central data distribution system. It is noted that SMS-A was used to support the Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment and that the SMS system will be complemented by geostationary environmental satellites from ESRO, Japan, and the USSR.", "children": [ { "uuid": "389f0bec-1032-4b0b-9118-033c9b07402f", "label": "SMS", - "broader": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", + "parentId": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", "definition": "The SMS satellite series (1 and 2) were spin-stabilized (100 rpm) and\noperated in a West-to-East, geo-synchronous orbit at an altitude of\n35,800 km (22,300 mi) above the equator. These were the first and\nsecond prototypes for the GOES satellite series. At this altitude it\ncircled the axis of the Earth once in 24 hours, making its speed\nsynonymous with the Earth's rotation, so that the satellite remained\nessentially stationary over a given geographical point. The two SMS\nsatellites were employed to provide overlapping coverage that centers\non the U.S. and extends over the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the\nwestern Pacific Ocean. The scanning system consisted of a mirror that\nis stepped mechanically to provide North to South viewing, while the\nrotation of the satellite provided West to East scanning. The mirror\nis stepped following each West to East scan, with each step resulting\nin a change in scan angle of 192 microradians, or 7 km near nadir. A\nsequence of 1821 scans is performed to provide a 'full disk' view from\nthe Northern to the Southern Earth horizon. At the rotation rate of\n100 rpm, 18.21 minutes are required to complete one full North to\nSouth view of the Earth. The VISSR field of view provides a ground\nresolution of 0.9km in the visible, and 3.0km in the infrared.\nEntry taken from:\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\nData Catalog Series for Space Science and Applications Flight Missions,\nNational Space Science Data Center/World Data Center A for Rockets and\nSatellites, Volume 2A, September 1982.\nData Catalog Series for Space Science and Applications Flight Missions,\nNational Space Science Data Center/World Data Center A for Rockets and\nSatellites, Volume 4A, July 1985.\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMetorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\nThe GOES Data Users Guide, 1984.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SMS (Synchronous Meteorological Satellites)\n Short_Name: SMS\n Long_Name: Synchronous Meteorological Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/project/history.html\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/project/images/SMS.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-12-07\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3cb9e3b6-5d97-4258-a546-7a955c76cb8b", "label": "SMS-1", - "broader": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", + "parentId": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", "definition": "SMS-1 was launched in May 1974 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, prototype spacecraft for the geosynchronous series of meteorological satellites. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. Throughout its 7 year history, it operated at 45, 75 and 92 degrees West.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA,'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SMS (Synchronous Meteorological Satellites)\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n Long_Name: Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: Magnetic Field Monitor\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1974-033A\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/project/images/SMS.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1974-05-17\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ca25d8a5-40d0-4eb7-9f3f-9c97074ef1be", "label": "SMS-2", - "broader": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", + "parentId": "9abcdc9a-6442-4e2e-848a-8b72b954896c", "definition": "SMS-2 was launched in February 1975 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, second prototype spacecraft for the geosynchronous series of meteorological satellites. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. Throughout its history, it operated at 75 (replaced SMS-1 in April 1979), 115, and 135 degrees West.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SMS (Synchronous Meteorological Satellites)\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n Long_Name: Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: Magnetic Field Monitor\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/history/sms/sms2.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-011A\n Sample_Image: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/history/sms/sms2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-02-06\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4683,27 +4683,27 @@ { "uuid": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", "label": "Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Korean commercial satellites offering 40-cm resolution imagery.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6b65fb1a-d7ee-4abd-bacb-d2a912110d60", "label": "KOMPSAT-5", - "broader": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", + "parentId": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", "definition": "KOMPSAT-5 is part of the Korean National Development Plan of MEST (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology) which started in 2005. The project is being developed and managed by KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "88d9cd91-a26e-467a-9554-c5d927540421", "label": "KOMPSAT-2", - "broader": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", + "parentId": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", "definition": "KOMPSAT-2 (also referred to as Arirang-2 by South Korea) was developed by KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) to continue the observation program of the KOMPSAT-1 mission. The main mission objectives of the KOMPSAT-2 are to provide a surveillance capability for large-scale disasters by acquiring high-resolution imagery for GIS (Geographic Information Systems) applications.\n\nThe spacecraft design is based on the KOMPSAT-1 heritage making extensive use of existing hardware, software, tools, and facilities; it allows parallel integration of the payload, equipment, and propulsion modules. The KOMPSAT-2 bus structure consists of the five modules: SMS (Structure and Mechanisms Subsystem), TCS (Thermal ConTrol Subsystem), AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem), TC&R (Telemetry Command and Ranging) subsystem, EPS (Electrical Power Subsystem), PS (Propulsion Subsystem), and the FSW (Flight Software) element.\n\nThe AOCS provides three-axis stabilization (3-axis control with zero momentum bias system) with high accuracy for roll, pitch and yaw pointing. Star trackers, gyro reference assemblies, three-axis magnetometers, magnetic torquers and reaction wheels are used for attitude sensing and control. The pointing accuracy is < 0.025º in roll and pitch, and 0.08º in yaw. The pointing knowledge is 0.020º in roll and pitch, and 0.045º in yaw. The spacecraft platform offers a cross-track body-pointing capability through roll maneuvers (up to ±45º). The propulsion subsystem makes use of re-used components (hydrazine monopropellant thrusters with blowdown pressure-feed system, 73 kg propellant).\n\nThe spacecraft mass is 800 kg (including propellant), the S/C size is hexagonal: 1.85 m diameter x 2.6 m in height (6.8 m length in deployed configuration), the power is 955 W (EOL) provided by two solar arrays (GaAs cell technology). A super NiCd battery has a capacity of 30 Ah for eclipse phase support. The S/C design life is three years. EADS Astrium has been selected by KARI to support the platform development and manufacture of KOMPSAT-2.\n\nLaunch: A launch of the KOMPSAT-2 spacecraft took place on July 28, 2006 with a Rockot-KM launch vehicle of Eurockot Launch Services from Plesetsk, Russia.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 685 km, inclination = 98.13º, period = 98.46 min, the mean local time of the ascending node is at 10:50 hours. The KOMPSAT-2 orbit is identical to that of KOMPSAT-1 but with a different phase (180º apart).\n\nRF communications: Onboard storage capacity of 96 Gbit (BOL) and 64 Gbit (EOL) for image data. S-band (TT&C) and X-band (payload data at 8.205 GHz downlink frequency) communications are provided for all data transmission to the ground (real-time and playback), the downlink data rate is 320 Mbit/s (QPSK modulation). Encryption of image data. The CCSDS communication protocols are implemented. The S-band data rates are: 2 kbit/s uplink and 1.5 Mbit/s downlink.\n\nMission status: The KOMPSAT-2 spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally as of 2008.\n\n• KOMPSAT-2 completed its commissioning phase in late September 2006 and started its nominal operations phase in October 2006.\n\n• In August, 2006, KOMPSAT-2 had provided its first images.\n\n• On Oct. 24, 2005, KARI has made Spot Image (France) exclusive distributor of imagery from the KOMPSAT-2 Earth observation satellite - except for customers from Korea, the United States, and the Middle East, which are being serviced by KAI Image Inc. of Korea.\n\nInformation obtained from http://www.eoportal.org/\n\nKOMPSAT-2 Specifications\nImaging mode: \t Panchromatic \tMultispectral\nSpatial Resolution: \t1m \t4m\nSwatch Width: \t 15km \t15km\nDuty Cycle: \t >20% per Orbit\nOff-Nadir Imaging: \tUp to 45 degree\nOrbital Altitude: \t685km, Sun-synchromous orbit\nOperation Life: \tMinimum 5 years ( Design Life :3years)\nRevisit Time: \t Less than 3 days\nData Transmission: \t320 Mbps\nData Storage: \t 90 Gbits\nDynamic Range: \t 10 bits per pixel \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: KOMPSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: KOMPSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Arirang-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERA\n Short_Name: MS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 685\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.13\n Period: 98.46\n Repeat_Cycle: ~14\n Perigee: 682.0\n Apogee: 708.0\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-09\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7483\n Online_Resource: http://www.kaiimage.co.kr/eng/kompsat_b01.asp\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-07-28\n Launch_Site: PLESETSK COSMODROME, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: Minimum 5 years ( Design Life :3years)\n Primary_Sponsor: Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), South Korea\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "caf7cd97-6a64-4e31-9b7e-d96854eb9b6a", "label": "KOMPSAT-1", - "broader": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", + "parentId": "9abdb7c0-7b8e-426b-8bc7-57ea4a30d82c", "definition": "Kompsat-1 was a high resolution optical mission of Korea launched in 1999. Through a 3rd party mission agreement, ESA makes a sample dataset of European cities available from this satellite.\n\nThe Kompsat program was initiated in 1995 as a major space investment in Korea. Its objective was the development of a national space segment in Earth observation along with an efficient infrastructure and ground segment to provide valuable services to remote sensing users in various fields of applications.", "children": [] } @@ -4712,20 +4712,20 @@ { "uuid": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", "label": "FireBIRD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "FireBIRD is an earth observation mission with the primary goal of monitoring fires from space. It involves the detection and measurement of so-called high-temperature events and the provision of remote sensing science data for research at DLR and for external partners.\n\nIt is organized as a research and development project under the auspices of DLR’s Aerospace Research and Technology program division with solely science goals, and all aspects of the mission are under DLR control.\n\nThe space segment consists of the two satellites TET-1 (Technology Experiment Carrier) and BIROS (Berlin InfraRed Optical System). The TET-1 satellite has been circling Earth in a polar orbit since July 2012 and has successfully concluded the first part of its mission as a technology testing platform. The BIROS satellite has the same bus as TET-1, but is additionally equipped with a propulsion system for active attitude and orbit control. BIROS was launched on 22 June 2016 at 05:55 CEST. The main payload for both satellites is a multispectral camera system.", "children": [ { "uuid": "67e5bbab-0c9b-40e5-acf7-054671f35d2b", "label": "TET-1", - "broader": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", + "parentId": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", "definition": "TET-1 (Technologie Erprobungs Träger-1) is a German technology demonstration microsatellite of DLR (German Aerospace Center) within its OOV (On-Orbit Verification) program. Project funding is provided by the German Ministry for Economics and Technology (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie). The overall objective is to provide industry and research institutes with adequate means for the in-flight validation of space technology. Certain programmatic rules were established for the space segment and the ground segment to realize TET-1 as a low-cost mission within a relatively short timeframe under the leadership of an industrial space company as prime contractor.\n\nFlight opportunities for technology demonstration and verification should ideally be provided on a regular basis in a cost efficient and safe manner. A market survey of German industries' and institutes' technologies has shown that about 75% of the experiments can be verified using a microsatellite.\n\nThe OOV-Program is thus structured into two main parts with respect to the flight opportunities offered. The first comprises the microsatellites TET with a planned flight opportunity every two years. For payloads which do not fit on TET microsatellite concept, DLR will cooperate with national and international partners to provide flight opportunities on other carriers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e53aafe-f7a5-4629-893e-0a3ae1a6fe1d", "label": "BIROS", - "broader": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", + "parentId": "9b165321-e03c-44dc-bb9c-d10c32c93ab6", "definition": "BIROS is a follow-on fire detection mission of DLR based on TET-1 (Technology Experiment Carrier-1). The BIROS satellite is part of DLR's FireBird constellation, which consists of two spacecraft, TET-1 and BIROS. The primary goal of this mission is the detection and monitoring of so called HTEs (High Temperature Events), e.g. forest fires or other hot spots.\n\nThe secondary BIROS mission goals are:\n\n• The processing capabilities of the BIROS payload will be considerably upgraded.\n\n• BIROS will be equipped with OSIRIS (Optical Space Infrared Downlink System), a new onboard optical communication terminal, developed at DLR, to demonstrate the following capabilities:\n\n- three different laser systems for downlink communications at data rates up to 1 Gbit/s\n\n- four quadrant laser detector onboard for improved pointing accuracy\n\n- a beacon laser in uplink to support the BIROS attitude control; it may also be used for an optical uplink.\n\n• VAMOS (Verification of Autonomous Mission Planning On-board a Spacecraft). VAMOS is a DLR/GSOC software experiment with the objective to schedule and (re-)command tasks.\n\n• AVANTI (Autonomous Vision Approach Navigation and Target Identification), an optical navigation experiment. The goal is to demonstrate autonomous rendezvous to (and departure from) a non-cooperative client using vision-based navigation. 3)\n\n• BIROS will carry onboard the picosatellite BEESAT-4 (Berlin Experimental and Educational Satellite-4) of TU Berlin(1U CubeSat, 1 kg) and release it through a spring mechanism [ejection by SPL (Single Picosatellite Launcher ) after the successful check-out and commissioning of all relevant BIROS subsystems]. After separation, it will perform experimental proximity maneuvers in formation with the picosatellite solely based on optical navigation. 4)\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nFor BIROS, the TET-X platform is being used, a slightly improved version of the existing TET-1 satellite bus. The TET-X bus shares the TET-1 bus envelope of 670 x 580 x 880 mm3 and 70 kg satellite bus mass with 460 x 460 x 428 mm3 payload volume and 50 kg payload mass. The three-axis attitude control system provides a pointing knowledge of 10 arcsec and a position accuracy of 10 m. But the TET-X bus contains a new power subsystem, new transmitters and OBC (OnBoard Computer), with same envelopes and masses as for TET-1.\n\nThe BIROS spacecraft will be built again in a cooperation of DLR and AFW (Astro Feinwerktechnik GmbH), Berlin Adlershof. Both satellites (TET-1 and BIROS) are equipped with an identical main payload. These are the infrared cameras for Earth observation, especially hot spot detection. As part of the DLR FireBIRD mission, both satellites shall be used in a constellation for fire detection and monitoring.\n\nA special point in the design of the satellite bus was the interface between satellite bus and payload. To support different kinds of missions, the system contains the nominal satellite bus and a PSS (Payload Supply System). This payload supply system is on its payload interface side adaptable to the data (SpaceWire, RS422/485, CAN-Bus, etc.) and power interface requirements, data storage requirements and payload control requirements.\n\nThe nominal satellite bus will remain unchanged for different missions, but of course can be adapted in parts, like an upgrade to X-band system if higher data rates are required. The PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) of the PSS will be adapted for every new payload accommodation.", "children": [] } @@ -4734,62 +4734,62 @@ { "uuid": "9b6eb5b1-08b6-435f-9e25-ad95e017fb32", "label": "STARLETTE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe two primary goals of this satellite were to minimize the effects of\nnon-gravitational forces and to obtain the highest possible accuracy for laser\nrange measurements. The satellite was spherically shaped with a 12-cm radius.\nThe core was an alloy of uranium 238 and 1.5% molybdenum. The skin consisted of\n20 spherical caps made of an alloy of aluminum and 5% magnesium with triangular\nbases. Each cap contained three laser corner cubes. The corner cubes were fused\nsilica trihedrons with circular apertures made of suprasil 1 with silver\ncoatings covered by inconel. For Groupe de Recherches de Geodesie Spatiale\n(GRGS), the principal objective was to study earth and ocean tides by (1) the\ndetermination of the second harmonics (amplitude and phase) of the main\nsemidiurnal oceanic tides (M and S) and, if possible, of the diurnal K, O, and\nP tides; and (2) the determination of the dissipation in the solid earth and in\nthe oceans (Q).\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1975-02-06\n Epoch Date and Time : 1975-02-20\n Apogee (km or AU): 1108.\n Perigee (km or AU): 806.\n Inclination (degree) : 49.82\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1985-07-17\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STARLETTE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STARLETTE\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STARLETTE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 49.82\n Perigee: 806\n Apogee: 1108\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-02-06\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "label": "NASA Decadal Survey", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Decadal Survey provides scientific priorities indirectly through a time sequencing of recommended missions. It is a first-ever comprehensive survey of all Earth sciences that could benefit from spaceborne observations. The study is requested and supported by NASA, NOAA, USGS.\n\nMore Information:\nhttps://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-surveys", "children": [ { "uuid": "44de39ab-8595-42d9-8d9e-ca94c4da4b0c", "label": "ACE (DECADAL SURVEY)", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", + "parentId": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "definition": "[Source: NASA ACE Mission, https://acemission.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nACE will assist in answering fundamental science questions associated with aerosols, clouds, and ocean ecosystems, by making \nimproved and more comprehensive measurements through the use of innovative and advanced remote sensing technologies. Aerosols \nmeasured by ACE include those of both man-made and natural origins, the latter of which is contributed significantly by ocean \necosystems.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACE (DECADAL SURVEY)\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: ACE (DECADAL SURVEY)\n Long_Name: Aerosol - Cloud - Ecosystems\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-04\n Online_Resource: https://acemission.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5129ca8d-e299-4966-b0d9-a55c4b302601", "label": "ASCENDS", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", + "parentId": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "definition": "[Source: NASA ASCENDS, https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/ascends/]\n\nThe Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission objective is to make global atmospheric \ncolumn carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements without a seasonal, latitudinal, or diurnal bias. The three science objectives are \nto (1) quantify global spatial distributions of atmospheric CO2 on scales of weather models in the 2010-2020 era; (2) quantify\n the current global spatial distribution of terrestrial and oceanic sources and sinks of CO2 on 1-degree grids at weekly \n resolution; and (3) provide a scientific basis for future projections of CO2 sources and sinks through data-driven \n enhancements of Earth system process modeling.\n\n Entry_ID: ASCENDS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: ASCENDS\n Long_Name: Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-23\n Online_Resource: https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/ascends/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63b6f3d6-3e9a-40c9-ae91-13f580c7b6c3", "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", + "parentId": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "definition": "Ocean and surface water levels are measured over a 120-km (75-mi) wide swath with a ~20 km (~12 mi) gap along nadir using a Ka-band radar interferometer. KaRIn (Ka-band Radar Interferometer) has two antennas separated by a 10-meter boom. Radar pulses are transmitted by one antenna and received by both for interferometry, creating two parallel swaths of data. \n\nMore information: https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/flight-systems/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ee03239-24ff-433e-ab7e-8be8b9b2636b", "label": "SMAP", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", + "parentId": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "definition": "[Source: NASA SMAP, https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov ]\n\n[SMAP was launched on 2015-01-31]\n\nThe Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission has been recommended by the NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey Panel for 'launch in 2015. \nSMAP will use a combined radiometer and high-resolution radar to measure surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state, providing for scientific advances and societal benefits. Direct measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state are needed to improve our understanding of regional water cycles, ecosystem productivity, and processes that link the water, energy, and carbon cycles. Soil moisture information at high resolution enables improvements in weather forecasts, flood and drought forecasts, and predictions of agricultural productivity and climate change.\n\nThe National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Integrated Program Office (IPO) has developed a tri-agency set of requirements for the next generation of polar-orbiting operational environmental satellites. A novel approach combining radar-radiometer and L-band mapping of global soil moisture will allow SMAP to far exceed the NPOESS soil moisture threshold (minimum performance) requirements for sensing depth and spatial resolution. With 'fast-track' development, it is possible that SMAP could provide critical gap-filling soil moisture measurements for NPOESS, which were lost when the Conical Microwave Imager/Sounder was cancelled from the first NPOESS platform.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMAP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: SMAP\n Long_Name: Soil Moisture Active and Passive Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADIOMETER\n Short_Name: SMAP L-BAND RADAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-17\n Online_Resource: https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2015-01-31\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "86f284dc-ebd2-4c9c-93dc-1e0e26a0a033", "label": "CLARREO", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", + "parentId": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Homepage, https://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission will monitor the pulse of the Earth to better \nunderstand climate change. The foundation for CLARREO is the ability to produce highly accurate and trusted climate records. \nThese tested climate records can be used to lay the groundwork for informed decisions on mitigation and adaptation policies \nthat address the effects of climate change on society.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CLARREO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: CLARREO\n Long_Name: Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: INFRARED INSTRUMENT SUITE\n Short_Name: GNSS-RO RECEIVER\n Short_Name: REFLECTED SOLAR SUITE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-25\n Online_Resource: https://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbd436e1-03bf-4e59-8b31-fac71597bc01", "label": "GEO-CAPE", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", + "parentId": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "definition": "[Source: NASA GEO-CAPE, https://geo-cape.larc.nasa.gov/]\n\nThe GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) mission was recommended by the NRC's Earth Science Decadal \nSurvey to measure tropospheric trace gases and aerosols and coastal ocean phytoplankton, water quality and biogeochemistry \nfrom geostationary orbit, providing multiple daily observations within the field of view. Multiple observations per day are \nrequired to explore the physical, chemical, and dynamical processes that determine tropospheric composition and air quality \nover spatial scales ranging from urban to continental, and over temporal scales ranging from diurnal to seasonal. Likewise, \nhigh frequency satellite observations are critical to studying and quantifying biological, chemical, and physical processes \nwithin the coastal ocean and beyond.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEO-CAPE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: GEO-CAPE\n Long_Name: Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-04\n Online_Resource: https://geo-cape.larc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da4db91a-044b-4b01-ad1a-e1684e492adf", "label": "HYSPIRI", - "broader": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", + "parentId": "9bdc4d60-38da-4d6c-ba2f-2a588aa9921b", "definition": "[Source: NASA Hyperspectral Infrared Imager, https://hyspiri.jpl.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Hyperspectral Infrared Imager or HyspIRI mission will study the world’s ecosystems and provide critical information on \nnatural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires and drought. HyspIRI will be able to identify the type of vegetation that is \npresent and whether the vegetation is healthy. The mission will provide a benchmark on the state of the worlds ecosystems \nagainst which future changes can be assessed. The mission will also assess the pre-eruptive behavior of volcanoes and the \nlikelihood of future eruptions as well as the carbon and other gases released from wildfires.\n\nOrbit: LEO, SSO\n\nInstruments:\n Hyperspectral spectrometer\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HYSPIRI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: HYSPIRI\n Long_Name: Hyperspectral Infrared Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-12-18\n Online_Resource: https://hyspiri.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4798,97 +4798,97 @@ { "uuid": "9db79338-5030-45c2-9bf7-c81bfcefb9e1", "label": "VANGUARD", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nVanguard 2 was an earth-orbiting satellite designed to measure\ncloud-cover distribution over the daylight portion of its orbit. The\nspacecraft was a 9.8 kg magnesium sphere 50.8 cm in diameter. It\ncontained two optical telescopes with two photocells. The sphere was\ninternally gold-plated and externally covered with an aluminum deposit\ncoated with silicon oxide of sufficient thickness to provide thermal\ncontrol for the instrumentation. Radio communication was provided by a\n1-W, 108.03-MHz telemetry transmitter and a 10-mW, 108-MHz beacon\ntransmitter that sent a continuous signal for tracking purposes. A\ncommand receiver was used to activate a tape recorder that relayed\ntelescope experiment data to the telemetry transmitter. Both\ntransmitters functioned normally for 19 days. The satellite was spin\nstabilized at 50 rpm, but telemetry data were poor because of an\nunsatisfactory orientation of the spin axis. The power supply for the\ninstrumentation was provided by mercury batteries.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1959-02-17 16:05:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1959-02-17 16:48:00\n Apogee (km or AU): 3320.\n Perigee (km or AU): 559.\n Inclination (degree) : 32.88\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-04-14\nVanguard 3 was launched by a Vanguard rocket from the Eastern Test\nRange into a geocentric orbit. The objectives of the flight were to\nmeasure the earth's magnetic field, the solar X-ray radiation and its\neffects on the earth's atmosphere, and the near-earth micrometeoroid\nenvironment. Instrumentation included a proton magnetometer, X-ray\nionization chambers, and various micrometeoroid detectors. The\nspacecraft was a 50.8-cm-diameter magnesium sphere. The magnetometer\nwas housed in a glass fiber phenolic resin conical tube attached to\nthe sphere. Data transmission stopped on December 11, 1959, after 84\ndays of operation. The data obtained provided a comprehensive survey\nof the earth's magnetic field over the area covered, defined the lower\nedge of the Van Allen radiation belt, and provided a count of\nmicrometeoroid impacts. Vanguard 3 has an expected orbital lifetime\nof 300 yr.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1959-09-18 05:16:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1959-09-18 14:24:00\n Apogee (km or AU): 3744.\n Perigee (km or AU): 512.\n Inclination (degree) : 33.3\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-04-14\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: VANGUARD\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: VANGUARD\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: VANGUARD\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-30\n Online_Resource: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4202/toc2.html\n Sample_Image: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4202/p0-ii.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1959-02-17\n Primary_Sponsor: United States Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e09177b-bc72-41e9-921a-a4546f89e20a", "label": "MT1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1498dff-002d-4d67-9091-16822c608221", "label": "ENVISAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ENVISAT was successfully launched on March 1, 2002 from Kourou, French\nGuiana on Europe's Ariane 5 launcher.\n\nThe ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) is an element of the European\nSpace Agency (ESA) Columbus Programme. The ENVISAT satellite is part\nof the International Earth Observation System (IEOS). The ENVISAT is\ndesigned to study Earth's resources and to contribute to the study of\nland surface properties, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol distribution,\nocean and ice processes, and marine biology. The ENVISAT spacecraft\nis based on the Polar Platform (PPF) concept and consists of a Service\nModule (SM) which provides main support functions, and a\nmission-specific Payload Module (PLM) which provides the instruments\nand payload support functions. The Payload Module consists of the\nPayload Equipment Bay (PEB) and the Payload Carrier (PLC). The Payload\nData Management Subsystem performs instrument and support subsystems,\ndata processing, telecommand and telemetry management, data-bus\ncontrol, failure management, and instrument operations timeline\nmanagement. Commonad and control is provided by the Payload Module\nComputer (PMC). Scientific data generated from the instruments will be\nprocessed by the High Speed Multiplexer (HSM) for recording or\ntransmission to the ground. A set of four tape recorders provide a\nrecording speed of 2 to 4 Mbps and a capacity of 25 Gbits. The\ncommunication subsystem uses an x-band link directly to the ground and\na Ka-band bi-directional link via ESA's Data Relay Satellite\n(DRS). The Thermal Control Subsystem consists of a Heater Switching\nUnit (HSU), heaters, thermistors and thermostats. The Service Module\n(SM) consists of a carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) cone with a\nlauncher interface at one end and a propulsion module at the\nother. The power subsystem consists of up to eight nickel-cadmium\nbatteries (40 Ahr) and a modular solar array. The SM on-board data\nmanagement is done by the Central Computer Unit (CCU). Command and\ncontral are done via S-band communications direct to the ground or\nthrough the DRS. The Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS)\nprovides three-axis stabilization. Altitude measurements will be\nprovided by digital Sun sensors, Earth-horizon sensors and gyroscopes\nwhile altitude control will be provided by monopropellent\nthrusters. Fine pointing is accomplished through star sensors and\ngyroscopes, reaction wheels, and magneto-torquers.\n\nThe ENVISAT consists of : (1) Advanced SAR (ASAR), (2) Global Ozone\nMonitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS), (3) Medium Resolution Imaging\nSpectrometer (MERIS), (4) Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric\nSounding (MIPAS), (5) Radar Altimeter-2 (RA-2), (6) Advanced Along Track\nScanning Radiometer (AATSR), (7) Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer\nfor Atmospheric Cartography (SCIMACHY), (8) Microwave Radiometer (MWR),\n(9) Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite\n(DORIS), and (10) a Laser Retroreflector (LRR) for tracking.\n\nJust weeks after celebrating its tenth year in orbit, communication with the Envisat satellite was suddenly lost on 8 April. Following rigorous attempts to re-establish contact and the investigation of failure scenarios, the end of the mission is being declared.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ENVISAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ENVISAT\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RA-2\n Short_Name: MWR\n Short_Name: MIPAS\n Short_Name: MERIS\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: GOMOS\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: ASAR\n Short_Name: AATSR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 800-km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.55 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10 am Local time: e.g.\n Repeat_Cycle: 35 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-20\n Online_Resource: http://envisat.esa.int/\n Sample_Image: http://www.dutchspace.nl/uploadedImages/Business_Fields/Earth_observation/Envisat/Envisat-in-Orbit-512.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-03-01\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 10 years\n Primary_Sponsor: European Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a21322af-38e0-4386-8e9b-9bf25cf30e16", "label": "GOSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Source: ESA Earthnet Online, http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=5096]\n\nGOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite) is a JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) mission within the GCOM (Global Change Observation Mission) program of Japan. The GOSAT mission goals call for the study of the transport mechanisms of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4).\n\nThe emphasis is on atmospheric monitoring to clarify the sources and sinks of CO2 on a sub-continental scale. The overall mission objective is to contribute to environmental administration by estimating the Green House Gases (GHGs) source and sink on a sub-continental scale and to support the Kyoto protocol that was adsorbed at COP3/UNFCCC (3rd session of the conference in the framework of climate change) in 1997. The protocol calls for a reduction of greenhouse gases, in particular CO2; it requires all parties to reduce their emissions by 5% below the level of the year 1990, for the period of 2008-2012 \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GOSAT\n Long_Name: Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IBUKI\n Short_Name: 2009-002A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TANSO-FTS\n Short_Name: TANSO-CAI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 666 km\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-08-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gosat/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: https://data.gosat.nies.go.jp/GosatUserInterfaceGateway/guig/GuigPage/open.do\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=5096\n Sample_Image: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gosat/img/photo-1_goast.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-01-23\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JP/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5c7a4c7-bbf4-42df-a754-20cb6b98317a", "label": "TSX", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Source: ASTRIUM GEOInformation Services, http://www.infoterra.de/terrasar-x-satellite ]\n\nTerraSAR-X was successfully launched on June 15th, 2007, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan and has been fully operational since early 2008.\n\nWith its active antenna, the spacecraft acquires high-quality X-band radar images of the entire planet whilst circling Earth in a polar orbit at 514 km altitude. TerraSAR-X is designed to carry out its task for five years, independent of weather conditions and illumination, and reliably provides radar imagery with a resolution of up to 1m and a unique geometric accuracy.\n\nKey Technical Features\n\nActive phased array X-band SAR\nSingle, dual and quad polarisation\nSide-looking acquisition geometry\nSun-synchronous dawn-dusk repeat orbit\nRepetition rate: 11 days; due to swath overlay, a 2.5 day revisit time time (2 days at 95% probability) to any point on Earth can be achieved\nOrbit altitude range from 512 km to 530 km\nOperational imaging modes: \nHighResolution Spotlight: up to 1m resolution, 5 to 10 km x 5 km (width x length)\nSpotLight: up to 2m resolution, 10 km x 10 km (width x length)\nStripMap: up to 3m resolution, 30 km x 50 km ( width x length)*\nScanSAR: up to 18 m resolution, 100 km x 150 km (width x length)*\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TSX\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TSX\n Long_Name: TerraSAR-X\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TSX\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.44 degrees\n Period: 11 Days\n Perigee: 514 Km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://www.infoterra.de/terrasar-x-satellite\n Online_Resource: http://www.terrasar.de/\n Online_Resource: http://www.dlr.de/tsx/start_en.htm\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/tsar_general.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-06-15\n Launch_Site: BAIKONUR COSMODROME, TYURATAM, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany/DLR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6fddcb3-881b-484a-bbc9-39591b6359ab", "label": "NISAR", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), or NISAR, Mission will make global integrated measurements of the causes and consequences of land surface changes. NISAR will provide a means of resolving highly spatial and temporally complex processes ranging from ecosystem disturbances, to ice sheet collapse and natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides.\n\n2022 (planned)\n\nMore information: https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a93bb213-7862-4aa5-a113-38669e557a76", "label": "Kanopus-V", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Environmental Satellite Kanopus-V\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Kanopus-V\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Kanopus-V\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Kanopus-V\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PSS_RS\n Short_Name: MSS_RS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 510 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4 degrees\n Period: 94.7 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 5 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-08-19\n Online_Resource: http://vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=622:-l-r-1-3-4-5-6&catid=85:--l-r&Itemid=62\n Sample_Image: http://vniiem.ru/ru/uploads/images/kanopus_3b.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-01-20\n Design_Life: 10 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9a057e8-bfee-464c-9c1f-1913c889caee", "label": "Project for On-Board Autonomy (PROBA)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "acfdfa87-7490-47db-a1dd-94a3bfb6a16d", "label": "FLEX", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Earth Explorer - Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) mission will map vegetation fluorescence to quantify photosynthetic activity. The conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy-rich carbohydrates through photosynthesis is one of the most fundamental processes on Earth – and one on which we all depend. Information from FLEX will improve our understanding of the way carbon moves between plants and the atmosphere and how photosynthesis affects the carbon and water cycles.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aef6c60c-b5c5-46b9-9a84-d99a9c08b06a", "label": "PARASOL", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) is the second microsatellite in the Myriade series developed by CNES. It is carrying a wide-field imaging radiometer/polarimeter called POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances), designed in partnership with the LOA atmospheric optics laboratory in Lille (CNRS-USTL). POLDER is designed to improve our knowledge of the radiative and microphysical properties of clouds and aerosols by measuring the directionality and polarization of light reflected by the Earth-atmosphere system.\n\n[Summary provided by CNES.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PARASOL\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: PARASOL\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: POLDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-21\n Online_Resource: http://missions-scientifiques.cnes.fr/PARASOL/Fr/\n Sample_Image: http://smsc.cnes.fr/IcPARASOL/satellite.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2004-12-18\n Launch_Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n Design_Life: 1 Year\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", "label": "Applications Explorer Mission (AEM)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A planned series of space applications missions whose purpose is to perform various tasks that require a low cost, quick reaction, small spacecraft in a dedicated orbit. The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) is the first mission of this series. The spacecraft described in this document was conceived to support a variety of applications instruments and the HCMM instrument in particular. The maximum use of commonality has been achieved. That is, all of the subsystems employed are taken directly or modified from other programs such as IUE, IMP, RAE, and Nimbus. The result is a small versatile spacecraft. The purpose of this document, the AEM Mission Planners Handbook (AEM/MPH) is to describe the spacecraft and its capabilities in general and the HCMM in particular. This document will also serve as a guide for potential users as to the capabilities of the AEM spacecraft and its achievable orbits. It should enable each potential user to determine the suitability of the AEM concept to his mission.", "children": [ { "uuid": "7921a2bb-f13b-43ce-ad18-cfce4f3deb9c", "label": "AEM-3", - "broader": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", + "parentId": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", "definition": "AEM-3 (Applications Explorer Mission-3)\n\nDesignation: 11604 / 79094A\nLaunch date: 30 Oct 1979\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission Scientific: Earth magnetic field study\nPerigee/Apogee: 352/561 km\nInclination: 96.8ý\nPeriod: 93.7 min\nLaunch vehicle: Scout #101\nDecay: 11 Jun 1980\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEM (Applications Explorer Mission)\n Short_Name: AEM-3\n Long_Name: Applications Explorer Mission-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Magsat\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.8 degrees\n Period: 93.7 min\n Perigee: 352 km\n Apogee: 561 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/magsat__2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-10-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a796345a-53d4-400d-ba32-e7c7eaa1a1cc", "label": "AEM-2", - "broader": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", + "parentId": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) spacecraft was the\nsecond of the Applications Explorer Missions (AEM). This small, versatile,\nand relatively low-cost spacecraft was made of two distinct parts:\n\n(1) The SAGE instrument module containing the detectors\n and the associated hardware, and\n\n(2) The base module containing the necessary data handling,\n power, communications, command, and the attitude control\n subsystem to support the instruments.\n\nThe objective of the SAGE mission was to obtain stratospheric aerosol\nand ozone data on a global scale for a better understanding of the earth's\nenvironmental quality and the radiation budget. The SAGE spacecraft was\ndesigned for a 1-year life in orbit. Unfortunately, SAGE experienced\npower problems after May 15, 1979. Nevertheless, spacecraft operations\ncontinued until November 19, 1981. The signal from the spacecraft was\nlast received on January 7, 1982 when the battery failed.\n\n[Source: NASA NSSDC]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEM (Applications Explorer Mission)\n Short_Name: AEM-2\n Long_Name: Applications Explorer Mission-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAGE\n Short_Name: AEM-B\n Short_Name: Explorer 60\n Short_Name: Strat Aero and Gas Exp\n Short_Name: 11270\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AEROSOL/CLOUD PARTICLE SIZER\n Short_Name: AEROSOL MONITOR\n Short_Name: SAGE I\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 54.9 degrees\n Period: 96.8 minutes\n Perigee: 547.5 km\n Apogee: 660.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1979-013A\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/sage__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-02-18\n Launch_Site: Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, USA\n Design_Life: 1 year\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cb310a29-01bb-4b52-8ff2-52dbfda7d050", "label": "AEM-1", - "broader": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", + "parentId": "b1337c5b-c705-42c0-bc07-97689734253c", "definition": "AEM-1, also known as Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), was the first of the Applications Explorer Missions. The objective of the HCMM was to provide comprehensive, accurate, high-spatial-resolution thermal surveys of the surface of the earth. \n\nMore information can be found at: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-041A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AEM-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AEM (Applications Explorer Mission)\n Short_Name: AEM-1\n Long_Name: Applications Explorer Mission-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HCMM\n Short_Name: AEM-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-27\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-041A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-04-26\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA-Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -4897,27 +4897,27 @@ { "uuid": "b369f647-96ad-4418-84d2-ee5fed065863", "label": "FSSCat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "FSSCat stands for Federated Satellite Systems, consisting of two federated 6-Unit Cubesats.\n \nSee https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Ph-sat/FSSCat_F-sat-1_ready_for_launch\n https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/p/phisat-1", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", "label": "Cartosat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A series of Indian optical earth observation satellites built and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The Cartosat series is a part of the Indian Remote Sensing Program. They are used for Earth's resource management, defense services and monitoring.", "children": [ { "uuid": "16ee6fd3-565f-49b4-8b6e-73c4f8858e01", "label": "CARTOSAT-2A", - "broader": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", + "parentId": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", "definition": "CartoSat-2A is a follow-up optical imaging mission of CartoSat-2 (launch Jan. 10, 2007), representing India's first dedicated military satellite (funding by the Ministry of Defense of the Government of India). The overall objective is to provide scene-specific spot imagery in high resolution to the Indian Armed Forces - which is in the process of establishing an Aerospace Command.\n\nThe spacecraft and its payload, built by ISRO, is practically an identical copy of the CartoSat-2 spacecraft of ISRO. It features a lightweight and compact bus structure using the BMU (Bus Management Unit) for integrated bus functions (of the AOCS, TT&C, etc.). The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized using high torque reaction wheels, magnetic torquers, and hydrazine thrusters. Attitude sensing is provided by a high performance star sensor and by an improved IRU (Inertial Reference Unit). The satellite is very agile providing a body-pointing capability in along-track and cross-track of up to ±45º (this supports a revisit capability of certain target regions within 4 days). Also use of the SPS (Satellite Positioning System), an 8-channel GPS receiver (C/A code) on-board for the provision of instantaneous state vectors (state vector using pseudo range and range rate measurements) for the spacecraft.\n\nThe fixed solar arrays (triple-junction solar cells) provide a power of 900 W when pointed toward the sun; two NiCd batteries of 18 Ah capacity are being used for ecliptic phase bridging.\n\nCartoSat-2A has a launch mass of 690 kg and a design life of 5 years. \n\nLaunch: The launch of CartoSat-2A took place on April 28, 2008 on a PSLV launcher. The launch was conducted from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota space station in southern India. Next to the primary payload of CartoSat-2A, the PSLV-C9 vehicle successfully launched the IMS-1 (Indian Microsatellite-1) of 83 kg and eight nanosatellites for international customers.\n\nSensor complement:\n\nPAN Camera (Panchromatic Camera). The objective is to provide imagery for cartographic applications. The optical system is designed with two mirror Ritchey-Chretien on-axis obscured reflective telescope system with a concave hyperboloidal primary mirror and convex hyperboloid secondary mirrors and the field correcting relay optics. The mirrors are made of special Zerodur glass and are light-weighted to about 60% as in CartoSat-1 series. The mirrors are mounted inside the telescope cylinder made of CFRP with special MFDs (Mirror Fixation Devices) and the whole telescope assembly is mounted to the spacecraft structure through a special suspension arrangement. The optical system is designed to provide < 1 m resolution across track. The along track GSD of < 1 m is achieved by apparent velocity reduction by a factor of 2.5.\n\nThe spacecraft can be suitably biased to provide various modes of imaging:\n\n1) Continuous strip monoscopic mode\n\n2) Spot scene imaging (strips on either side of the ground track can be imaged)\n\n3) Paint brush mode of imaging. This mode is used to increase the total swath. Both roll tilt and pitch tilt is employed.\n\nThe PAN Camera is a nadir-pointing pushbroom CCD instrument (detector line array of 12, 288 pixels), observing in the visible spectral range of 0.5-0.85 µm with a GSD (Ground Sample Distance) of < 1 m, and a swath width of 9.6 km at nadir. \n\nThe spacecraft is being monitored and controlled from the ISRO mission control center in Bangalore, India using the ISTRAC network of stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Mauritius, Bearslake in Russia, Biak in Indonesia and Svalbard in Norway.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CARTOSAT-2A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CARTOSAT-2A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PAN\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 635 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.94 degrees \n Period: 97.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 4 days\n Perigee: 628.7 km\n Apogee: 653.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-27\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=10000443\n Online_Resource: http://www.isro.org/pslv-c9/cartosat2a.htm\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/7336/CartoSat2A_Auto2.jpeg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-04-28\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: Ministry of Defense of the Government of India\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "71ccf8e3-7b1f-418d-9bc0-0ead78ec75ee", "label": "CARTOSAT-2", - "broader": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", + "parentId": "b65c6b10-a648-4a7c-9af1-71506ed9bb13", "definition": "Cartosat-2 Series Satellite is the primary satellite carried by PSLV-C40. This remote sensing satellite is similar in configuration to earlier satellites in the series and is intended to augment data services to the users.\n\nThe imagery sent by satellite will be useful for cartographic applications, urban and rural applications, coastal land use and regulation, utility management like road network monitoring, water distribution, creation of land use maps, change detection to bring out geographical and manmade features and various other Land Information System (LIS) as well as Geographical Information System (GIS) applications. \n\nPSLV-C40/Cartosat-2 Series Satellite Mission was launched on Jan 12, 2018 at 09:29 Hrs (IST) from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.", "children": [] } @@ -4926,27 +4926,27 @@ { "uuid": "b6c5c7d5-ad6a-4cdd-82cc-9259377ff044", "label": "UARS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Following the deployment of the Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC) Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) on Sept. 15, 1991, from the Space Shuttle Discovery, scientists have gained a better understanding of the energy input, chemistry and dynamics of the upper atmosphere and the coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere. UARS, the first satellite dedicated to studying stratospheric science, focuses on the processes that lead to ozone depletion, complementing and amplifying the measurements of total ozone made by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard NASA's Nimbus-7 and the Russian Meteor-3 satellites. UARS also measures winds and temperatures in the stratosphere as well as the energy input from the Sun. \n\nTen UARS instruments have provided the most complete data on upper atmospheric energy inputs, winds, and chemical composition ever gathered. Together, these observations constitute a highly integrated investigation of the nature of the upper atmosphere, and help define the role of the upper atmosphere in climate and climate variability. In its first two weeks of operation, UARS data confirmed the polar ozone-depletion theories by providing three-dimensional maps of ozone and chlorine monoxide near the South Pole during development of the 1991 ozone hole. UARS, developed and managed by GSFC, in Greenbelt, Md., provides information that nations around the world can use to guide decisions on environmental policies, according to scientists. \n\nMoreover, UARS collected data on the chemistry, dynamics, and radiative inputs to the upper atmosphere far beyond its designed lifetime, obtaining over 13 years of observations for many atmospheric constituents, temperature, winds, and external forcings. UARS was decommissioned in 2005. The United Kingdom and Canada both provided instruments for this mission. UARS is the first spacecraft launched as part of NASA's systematic, comprehensive study of the Earth system.\n\nInstruments: \n\nISAMS (Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder)\nMLS (Microwave Limb Sounder)\nHALOE (Halogen Occultation Experiment)\nHRDI (High Resolution Doppler Imager)\nWIND II (Wind Imaging Interferometer)\nSOLSTICE (Solar-stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment)\nSUSIM (Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor)\nPEM (Particle Environment Monitor)\nACRIM II (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor)\nCLAES (Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer)\n\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: UARS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: UARS\n Long_Name: Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CLAES\n Short_Name: ISAMS\n Short_Name: MLS\n Short_Name: HALOE\n Short_Name: HRDI\n Short_Name: WINDII\n Short_Name: SOLSTICE\n Short_Name: SUSIM\n Short_Name: PEM\n Short_Name: ACRIM II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 585 km circular\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 deg\n Period: 96.7 min\n Perigee: 574 km (356 mi)\n Apogee: 582 km (361 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-09\n Online_Resource: http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/uars/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/uars-science/images/uars.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-09-12\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", "label": "Geodetic Satellite (GEOSAT)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The U.S. Navy GEOdetic SATellite (GEOSAT) was launched on March 12, 1985, into an 800-km, 108-deg inclination orbit. It carried an altimeter that was capable of measuring the distance from satellite to sea surface with a relative precision of about 5 cm. Following a classified mission for the Navy, GEOSAT’s scientific Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) began on November 8, 1986. During the ERM, GEOSAT was in a 17.05-day repeat orbit. In this orbit, the satellite passed the same point on the Earth every 17.05 days to gather important information on sea level change and ocean variability.\n\nWhen the ERM ended in January 1990 from failure of both its on-board tape recorders, more than three years of precise altimeter data were available to the scientific community. The studies made using GEOSAT data are numerous and the GEOSAT data set is regarded as a milestone in both satellite oceanography and satellite geodesy.", "children": [ { "uuid": "053da8e9-78d7-4d7f-997a-d06773323b7e", "label": "GEOSAT", - "broader": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", + "parentId": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe GEOdetic SATellite (GEOSAT) was a dedicated US Navy military oceanographic\nsatellite consisting of a radar altimeter designed to obtain closely spaced,\nprecise mapping of the earth's geoid over the ocean. On November 8, 1986, the\nsatellite was moved into an Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) orbit with a repeat\ncycle of 17.05 days. The GEOSAT mission was originally managed by the Office of\nNaval Research (ONR). During the development phase, the program responsibility\nwas transferred to the Naval Electronics Systems Command, now called the Space\nand Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) in Washington, D.C. The Applied\nPhysics Laboratory (APL) was the prime contractor for the spacecraft and radar\naltimeter and performed spacecraft command and control operations and collected\nthe satellite data. The data was distributed to the Naval Surface Weapons\nCenter (NSWC), the Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity (NORDA), and\nNOAA. An arrangement was made with the National Ocean Service of NOAA to obtain\nthe classified GEOSAT geophysical data records (GDR) providing wind, wave and\nsea-level products and made available to the user community. NASA obtained\nGEOSAT data for extensive waveform modeling and ice sheet research.The basic\nstructure of the GEOSAT is similar to the GEOS-3 satellite: The design consists\nof a conical structure below the core for the structural attachment of the\nvelocity control system. The GEOSAT attitude control subsystem was designed to\npoint the radar altimeter to within 1 degree of nadir 98 percent of the time.\nThe system components were a 20-foot scissors boom with 100-pound end mass,\nredundant momentum wheels for roll and yaw stiffness, and pitch and roll\nattitude control thrusters. Attitude sensing was provided through the use of\nthree digital sun-attitude detectors and a three-axis vector magnetometer.\nSpacecraft command was accomplished via a VHF uplink from the APL ground\nstation. The telemetry subsystem consisted of two S-band transmitters, two tape\nrecorders, and two encryption units. The GEOSAT was equipped with two Odetics\ndual-track high-density tape recorders that independently recorded the 10.205\nkbps telemetry stream and played it back at 833 kbps for transmission to the\nground. The GEOSAT also included redundant Doppler beacons for continuous\ntracking by a network of ground stations within the Defense Mapping Agency\n(DMA) and for a source of accurate timing to the radar altimeter and the\ntelemetry subsystem. A C-band transponder was also included on GEOSAT. See\nJensen,J.J. and F.R.Wooldridge, 'The Navy GEOSAT Mission: An Introduction';\nMcConathy, D.R. and C.C.Kilgus, 'The Navy GEOSAT Mission: An Overview', and\nFrain,W.E., M.H.Barbagallo, and R.J.Harvey,'The Design and Operation of\nGEOSAT', all in Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 8, Number 2 (1987).\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1985-03-12\n Epoch Date and Time :\n Apogee (km or AU): 814.\n Perigee (km or AU): 757.\n Inclination (degree) : 108.1\n Orbit Type :\n Information last updated on 1992-05-20\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEOSAT\n Short_Name: GEOSAT\n Long_Name: Geodetic Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GEOSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RADAR ALTIMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Repeat_Cycle: 17 DAYS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-26\n Online_Resource: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/geosatQL.html\n Online_Resource: http://leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/geosatQL.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/geosat\n Sample_Image: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pictures/geosat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1985-03-13\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: United State Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84d55533-31f1-4601-acad-5444b31b62b4", "label": "GFO-1", - "broader": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", + "parentId": "b78f1a1f-2e62-4f21-8031-670f008bdaa5", "definition": "The mission objectives of GFO-1 (GEOSAT FOLLOW-ON-1) program the\nU.S. Navy's initiative to develop an operational family of radar\naltimeters satellites to maintain continuous ocean observation from\nthe GEOSAT exact repeat orbit. GFO-1 data will be used for precise\nmeasurement of both mesoscale and basin-scale oceanography. The length\nand time scales of these processes are too large for conventional\nin-the-water oceanographic instrumentation configurations to\nmeasure. Satellite altimetry is the only known method by which\noceanographers can precisely measure sea surface topography. The shape\nof the sea surface is the only physical variable directly measurable\nfrom space that is directly and simply connected to the large-scale\nmovement of water and the total mass and volume of the ocean.\n\n[Source: NASA]", "children": [] } @@ -4955,34 +4955,34 @@ { "uuid": "bac2e743-1d02-4868-8bd6-b8b8741e3794", "label": "CORIOLIS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Coriolis satellite is a Naval Research Laboratory and Air Force Research Laboratory earth and space observation satellite launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, on 2003-01-06 at 14:19 GMT.\n\nInstruments:\nWindsat:\nWINDSAT is a joint Integrated Program Office/Department of Defense demonstration project, intended to measure ocean surface wind speed and wind direction from space using a polarimetric radiometer.\n\nSolar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI:\nThe Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) is an instrument intended to detect disturbances in the solar wind by means of imaging scattered light from the free electrons in the plasma of the solar wind. To do this three CCD cameras observe sections of the sky of size 60 by 3 degree.\n\nAs the SMEI instrument observers the whole sky, data generated has been used to observe periodic changes in the brightness of stars. This data be used to detect asteroseismological oscillation in giant stars, and for the detection of large eclipsing extra-solar planets.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Coriolis\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Coriolis\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WINDSAT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7\n Period: 101.6\n Perigee: 842\n Apogee: 822\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-01-09\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2003-01-06\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Naval Research Laboratory\n Primary_Sponsor: Air Force Research Laboratory\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bf66ef8c-acc5-4c2f-b519-db0cbee37c99", "label": "EarthCARE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The EarthCARE satellite will carry four instruments for observations of clouds and aerosols with four synergistic sensing methodologies.\n\nThe three-axis stabilised satellite platform was designed to accommodate the four instruments, which need unobstructed and very accurately collocated views of Earth as well as unobstructed views for solar calibration of the passive instruments.\n\nThe satellite design meets these challenges by employing a fully customised carbon fibre-based platform with the radar, lidar and startrackers (used for determining the satellite’s attitude) positioned as close together as possible, thereby minimising alignment errors.\n\nThe satellite is dominated by the large Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) antenna, which is 2.5 m across. The long trailing solar panel at the rear gives the satellite an overall length of 19 m. The solar panel is made up of five sections and covers an area of 21 sq m and, at the satellite’s low orbital altitude, helps minimise atmospheric drag.\n\nEarthCARE will orbit Earth at an altitude of around 393 km. The altitude needs to be as low as possible to optimise the use of the lidar and radar, but not too low where atmospheric drag would impact fuel consumption and the life of the mission.\n\nSince global coverage is required, EarthCARE’s orbit is near-polar. It crosses the equator in the early afternoon, providing optimal illumination and minimal sun glint for the passive instruments.\n\nThe system’s power demand is significant. The two active instruments, the Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) and the CPR, require 2500 W.\n\nThe size of the satellite (with solar panel and CPR antenna stowed for launch) and its mass of about 2000 kg plus fuel makes it compatible with both Soyuz and Zenit launchers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0f0a8dc-bcfd-4959-bb06-692501b9c2bb", "label": "CRRES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) Program\nis comprised of several elements. One is the release of powdered and\nliquid chemicals during the first 45 to 60 days after launch, when the\nspacecraft is in its 300-km altitude circular orbit. These releases\nare used to study electric fields, neutral winds, and other phenomena\nin the upper atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the magnetosphere. The\nspacecraft spins at 20 rpm during the low altitude orbit phase of the\nprogram. After the chemical releases are completed, the satellite is\nboosted into a geosynchronous-transfer-type orbit and spun down to 2\nrpm. The orbit parameters of this final orbit are as follows: apogee\naltitude - 35,800 km, perigee altitude - 400 km, period - 630 min,\ninclination - about 16 deg.\nAs the satellite traverses the inner magnetosphere, a full\ncomplement of field, particle, and plasma instruments measures\nthe radiation environment. A comprehensive set of state-of-the-art\nmicroelectronics devices and other spacecraft components are tested\nin orbit for radiation effects. A major segment of the CRRES payload\nis part of AFGL's Space Radiation Effects Program (SPACERAD). The\nSPACERAD Program is a comprehensive space and ground test effort to\n(a) measure radiation-induced single event upsets and total dose\ndegradation of state-of-the-art microelectronics devices, including\nVHSIC and GaAs, in a known space environment; (b) perform laboratory\nradiation response and annealing characterization of parts identical\nto those flown on CRRES; (c) develop algorithms to relate space\nperformance of microelectronic components to ground test\nprocedures, and update existing radiation ground test guidelines to\nmore accurately simulate the behavior of devices in space; (d) space\nqualify advanced technology devices for use in operational systems;\n(e) update the static models of the radiation belts; and (f) develop\nthe first dynamic models of the high-energy particle populations. The\non-orbit phase of SPACERAD lasts for about 3 years. In addition,\nthere are other radiation belt experiments on CRRES provided by the\nNavy. The CRRES spacecraft has the shape of an octagonal prism with\nsolar arrays on the top side. The prism is 1 m high and 3 m between\nopposite faces. Four of the eight compartments are for the chemical\ncanisters and the other four house the SPACERAD and other experiments.\nThe spin axis of CRRES is controlled so that it points at the sun.\n Spacecraft Orbit Information\nLaunch Date and Time 07/25/90\nOrbit Type Elliptical\nAnomalistic Period 591.9 Min\nApogee(km) 33612.\nPerigee(km) 335.\nInclination 18.2\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CRRES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CRRES\n Long_Name: Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CRRES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 18.2\n Period: 591.9 min\n Perigee: 335 km\n Apogee: 33612 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/help/models/databases/crres.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1990-065A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/crres.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-07-25\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c5d1a6fc-b484-45cb-be94-2e2a23155d63", "label": "SeaHawk", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The goal of the SeaHawk program was to construct and demonstrate the potential scientific applications of a high resolution (~120m) ocean color instruments on a 3U (10cm x 10cm x 30cm) CubeSat Platforms. ACC Clyde (Scotland) provided the CubeSat bus named SeaHawk. Cloudland Instruments (California) provided the Hawkeye Sensor. The program was funded in 2014 by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and is administered by Dr. John Morrison – UNCW. NASA provided “advice and review” during the development phase and with formal NASA/HQ Space Act Agreement (2017), provides services for the collection, processing, calibration, validation, archive and distribution of the data.", "children": [ { "uuid": "9215de74-2008-4a64-8760-f58f16ae7d14", "label": "SeaHawk-1", - "broader": "c5d1a6fc-b484-45cb-be94-2e2a23155d63", + "parentId": "c5d1a6fc-b484-45cb-be94-2e2a23155d63", "definition": "The goal of the SeaHawk program was to construct and demonstrate the potential scientific applications of a high resolution (~120m) ocean color instruments on a 3U (10cm x 10cm x 30cm) CubeSat Platforms. ACC Clyde (Scotland) provided the CubeSat bus named SeaHawk. Cloudland Instruments (California) provided the Hawkeye Sensor. The program was funded in 2014 by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and is administered by Dr. John Morrison – UNCW. NASA provided “advice and review” during the development phase and with formal NASA/HQ Space Act Agreement (2017), provides services for the collection, processing, calibration, validation, archive and distribution of the data.", "children": [] } @@ -4991,76 +4991,76 @@ { "uuid": "c7063bba-13bf-45e1-be70-7499be35d304", "label": "SAGE-III", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The newest SAGE mission, SAGE III on ISS, is scheduled to launch in 2014. Plans include sending a copy of the SAGE III instrument to the International Space Station aboard a commercial Space X flight.\n\nSAGE III was a fourth generation, satellite-borne instrument and a crucial element in NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) . The instrument was launched on the Russian Meteor-3M spacecraft in December 2001. The Meteor-3M mission, along with the SAGE III mission, was terminated on March 6, 2006, because of a power supply system failure resulting in loss of communication with the satellite.\n\nThe SAGE III mission enhanced our understanding of natural and human-derived atmospheric processes by providing accurate measurements of the vertical structure of aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.\n\nHuman-derived changes in climate and ozone threaten the health of our planet. They also threaten global economic development and the use of new technologies like high-speed aircraft.\n\nBy understanding the effect of human activities on the atmosphere, national and international leaders can make informed policy that mitigates or prepares for future climate change.\n\nThe SAGE III-Meteor-3M Version 3 revised data set, which includes improvements to solar ozone, nitrogen dioxide and aerosol extinction products, is publicly available at NASA Langley's Atmospheric Science Data Center . The data set also includes the release of a cloud presence identifier and lunar data products. These data will cover the period 27 February 2002 - Present. IDL users will need to access the reader software that must be matched with this version of the data set.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAGE-III\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SAGE-III\n Long_Name: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment-III\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ISS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-01-27\n Online_Resource: http://www-sage3.larc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/SAGEIII/Images/SAGE_orbit.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Design_Life: 3 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Russian Space Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c84a3a2f-b4a1-4306-9fcf-7d22ab12f252", "label": "IKONOS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "IKONOS is the world's first commerical high resolution satellite and was launched into orbit on September 24, 1999 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on a Athena II rocket. The 1600-pound (720-kilogram) IKONOS was launched into a sun-synchronous, near-polar(98.1degrees), circular low-Earth orbit (423miles) at 11:21:08 a.m. PDT. (2:21:08 p.m. EDT). IKONOS satellite is operated by the Space Imaging Company in Thorton, Colorado.\n\nIKONOS has a panchromatic band with a resolution of 1meter and a multispectural band wit h a resolution of 4meters. The1 meter panchromatic band has a revisit time of 2.9 days and the 4m meter multispectural band has a revisit time of 1.5 days.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IKONOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IKONOS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IKONOS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 681 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.1 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 10:30 AM\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/ikonos.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.satimagingcorp.com/media/images/ikonos-satellite.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-09-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: Over 7 years\n Primary_Sponsor: GeoEye Inc.\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc93fc95-4b03-4d67-ab48-8216434a8944", "label": "MIDAS 2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The MIDAS 2 (Missile Defense Alarm System) satellite was an earth-orbiting\nsatellite designed to measure IR background and define IR sources. In\naddition, the satellite carried experiments to measure cosmic radiation,\natmospheric density, thermal emission and reflected solar radiation from the\nearth, and micrometeorites. A plasma probe was included too. The spacecraft\nwas chemical-battery powered. IR radiation data were received for the lifetime\nof the battery pack, which powered the final transmission on May 26, 1960.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ce3e3563-34ff-4a39-8c81-c9856758e403", "label": "PROBA-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", "label": "Meteor", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "'Meteor' is the Soviet/Russian generic name for its Low-Earth-Orbiting (LEO) meteorological satellite family which started operation in 1969, designed and developed by VNIIEM (All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Electromechanics), Moscow. Sponsoring agency: ROSHYDROMET, the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.", "children": [ { "uuid": "20e6f8e4-f60d-4ffb-ab85-0423c5078a52", "label": "Meteor-M N2", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", + "parentId": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", "definition": "Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N2\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Meteor-M N2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N2\n Long_Name: Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MTVZA\n Short_Name: MSU-MR\n Short_Name: KMSS\n Short_Name: IKFS\n Short_Name: GGAK-M\n Short_Name: BRLK\n Short_Name: DCS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 835 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 a.m. Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101 minutes\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://www.federalspace.ru/20746/\n Online_Resource: http://www.vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=610:-l-r-2-2-1-2-2&catid=82:--l-3r&Itemid=62\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/documents/163813/1637389/MeteorM2_AutoB.jpeg\n Sample_Image: http://www.federalspace.ru/media/img/site/2014/image003.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-07-08\n Design_Life: 5 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "34e29a6e-63ef-4701-9f03-4dd233f146f6", "label": "Meteor-M N1", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", + "parentId": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", "definition": "Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Meteor-M N1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n Long_Name: Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M N1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Meteor-M N1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: GGAK-M\n Short_Name: KMSS\n Short_Name: MSU-MR\n Short_Name: MTVZA\n Short_Name: Severjanin\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 832 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.8 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 9:30 a.m. Local time: e.g.\n Period: 101\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-03-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=604:-l-r-1&catid=82:--l-3r&Itemid=62\n Online_Resource: http://www.vniiem.ru/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=605:-l-r-1&catid=82:--l-3r&Itemid=62\n Sample_Image: http://planet.iitp.ru/spacecraft/img/meteor-m-600.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-09-17\n Design_Life: 6 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a326a88-e23a-42c3-967a-7150bbf2acda", "label": "Meteor-3M", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", + "parentId": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", "definition": "METEOR-3M Mission:\n\nThe Meteor-3M satellite mission is a joint partnership between\nNASA and the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (RASA). It was\ninitiated by the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission in 1994 and\nextends a long-term working relationship between the United\nStates and Russia to understand Earth's environment.\n\nSpacecraft Information:\n\nThe Meteor-3M spacecraft is an advanced model of the Meteor\nspacecraft that was developed over 30 years ago. The payload\nincludes SAGE III and other instruments.\n\nMeasurements Taken:\n\n1. temperature and humidity profiles\n2. clouds,\n3. surface properties\n4. high energy particles in the upper atmosphere.\n\nSolar measurements are collected twice each orbit when the\nsatellite ascends or descends from behind the Earth.\n\nLunar measurements are collected when at least 50% of the moon\nis visible and the sun is not.\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-056A\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR-3M\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR-3M\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAGE III/Meteor 3M\n Short_Name: 26701\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SAGE III\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.7°\n Period: 105.0 minutes\n Perigee: 996.0 km\n Apogee: 1016.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-27\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2001-056A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-12-10\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8895542e-f840-4eeb-a615-b7871e6a580e", "label": "Meteor-2", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", + "parentId": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", "definition": "The Russian Meteor-2 series of spacecraft are polar-orbiting weather\nsatellites designed to provide continuous daily coverage of the Earth's\nsurface and weather patterns. The Meteor-2 provides global data on the\ndistribution of clouds, snow and ice, radiation fluxes, atmospheric\ntemperature, humidity sounding data, cloud-top heights and sea-surface\ntemperature. The series has been of particular importance in providing\ninformation to Russian ships on weather systems and sea-ice conditions.\nTypically, two Meteor satellites are in orbit at the same time to\ncover almost 80% of the Earth's surface in 6 hours. The Meteor-2\ninstrumentation consists of (1) three television-type visible and\ninfrared scanners, (2) an 8-channel scanning radiometer, and (3) a\nradiation-flux device for measuring radiation flux densities in\nnear-space. The two visible scanners operate in the 0.5-0.7 micrometer\nregion and has a swath width of 2100 and 2400 km at a resolution of 2\nand 1 km, respectively. These scanners provide images and mosaics of\narctic and antarctic oceans. The IR scanner operates in the 8-12\nmicrometer range with a swath width of 2600 km at a resolution of 8\nkm. The IR scanner provides imagery of clouds and surface. The\n8-channel infrared radiometer operates in the 11.1 to 18.7 micrometer\nrange with a swath of 1000 km at 30 km resolution. This instrument\nprovides atmospheric sounding data and total ozone content.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: METEOR-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 81.30 deg\n Period: 102.70 min\n Perigee: 876 km\n Apogee: 893 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/meteor2.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/m/meteor2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Design_Life: 1 YEAR\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a94d5d7d-ef21-4849-aa30-854aedd21c69", "label": "Meteor 2-21", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", + "parentId": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", "definition": "[Source: NASA ILRS, http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/fize_general.html ]\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nMeteor 2-21 is the twenty-first and last in the Meteor-2 series of Russian meteorological satellites launched in 1993. The Meteor satellites were designed to monitor atmospheric and sea-surface temperatures, humidity, radiation, sea-ice conditions, snow-cover, and clouds.\n\nWhat makes Meteor 2-21 distinctive from the other meteorological satellites is its unique retroreflector array. Fizeau is named after a French physicist, Armand Fizeau, who in 1851 conducted an experiment which tested for the aether convection coefficient. SLR tracking of this satellite was used for precise orbit determination and the Experiment of Fizeau. The Fizeau Experiment tests the theory of special relativity-that distance events that are simultaneous for one observer will not be simultaneous for an observer in motion relative to the first.\nMission Instrumentation:\n\nMeteor-2-21/Fizeau had the following instrumentation onboard:\n\n 1. Scanning telephotometer\n 2. Scanning infrared radiometers\n 3. Radiation measurement complex\n 4. Retroreflector array\n\nAdditional information available at:\nhttp://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/fize_general.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR 2-21\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR 2-21\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 22782\n Short_Name: Meteor-2-21/FIZEAU\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 82.5 degrees\n Period: 104.0 minutes\n Perigee: 945.0 km\n Apogee: 980.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1993-055A\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/fize_general.html\n Sample_Image: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/meteor2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-05-31\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4ebacc9-59d5-45ae-95af-81d986d5ad3e", "label": "Meteor-3", - "broader": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", + "parentId": "d1a7ef15-31ab-4647-918a-4a1d62028ae4", "definition": "The Russian Meteor-3 series of meteorological satellites provides twice-daily weather information including data on clouds, ice and snow cover, atmospheric radiation and humidity sounding. The Meteor-3 class of satellites orbit in a higher altitude than the Meteor-2 class of satellites thus providing more complete coverage of the earth's surface. The Meteor-3 has the same payload as the Meteor-2 but also includes an advanced scanning radiometer with better spectral and spatial resolution and a spectrometer for determining total ozone content. The spacecraft incorporates three-axis stabilization (0.5 deg accuracy) and twin 10-m span solar panels. The orbit is adjusted by ion thrusters. Meteorological data is transmitted to four primary sites in the former Soviet Union in conjunction with about 80 other smaller sites. Internationally compatible Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) is made available on 137 - 138 MHz channels to ground workstations. The Meteor-3 has two 0.5 - 0.7 micron radiometers. The first provides direct relay with a swath width of 2600 km and a resolution of 1 x 2 km. The second stores data on an on-board data recorder providing global coverage with a swath width of 3100 km and a resolution of 0.7 x 1.4 km. The payload also includes a scanning IR radiometer at 10.5 - 12.5 microns with a swath width of 3100 km and resolution of 3 x 3 km and an 8-channel IR radiometer for atmospheric sounding at 9.65 - 18.7 micorns with a swath width of 2000 km and a resolution of 32 x 32 km. The Meteor-3 also includes a 4 channel UV ozone monitor (0.25 - 1.03 micron) at 2 km altitude resolution and a particle radiation detector (0.15 - 90 MeV). \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: METEOR-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: METEOR\n Short_Name: METEOR-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/meteor3.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/m/meteor3e.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-15\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5069,27 +5069,27 @@ { "uuid": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", "label": "Atmosphere Dynamics Mission-Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus)​", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Aeolus mission objectives is to provide accurate global measurements of winds from the surface up to 30 km.\n\nThe Aeolus mission will contribute to:\n\n- Improve weather forecasts for society\n- Understand atmospheric dynamics\n- Provide information on aerosols and clouds\n- Fill the current major gap in the atmospheric observing system\n- Understand climate change\n- Help to track air pollution\n- Track desert dust, smoke and volcanic ash\n- Wind-energy management\n- Pave the way for future wind lidar missions", "children": [ { "uuid": "0e03a1c5-1d20-46ae-9041-94d1ff77783f", "label": "AD-A", - "broader": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", + "parentId": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", "definition": "AD-A Atmospheric Dynamics A (Explorer 19)\n\nExplorer 19 was the second in a series of 3.66-m inflatable spheres placed into orbit to determine atmospheric densities. Explorer 19 was launched while Explorer 9, the first satellite in the series, was still active, so that densities in two different portions of the atmosphere were sampled simultaneously. The satellite consisted of alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic film. Uniformly distributed over the aluminum outer surface were 5.1-cm dots of white paint for thermal control. A 136.620-MHz tracking beacon, which was powered by four solar cells and was mounted on the spacecraft skin, used the electrically separated hemispheres of the balloon as an antenna. The spacecraft was successfully orbited, but its apogee was lower than planned. The beacon did not have sufficient power to be received by ground tracking stations, making it necessary to rely solely on the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network for tracking.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AD-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AD (Atmospheric Dynamics)\n Short_Name: AD-A\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Dynamics A (Explorer 19)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 19\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 78.6 degrees\n Period: 115.9 min\n Perigee: 597 km\n Apogee: 2391 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-053A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1963-12-19\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "23be0822-1db5-4bf6-bf28-f6bd36754ac3", "label": "AD-C", - "broader": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", + "parentId": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", "definition": "Explorer 39 was an inflatable sphere, 3.6 m in diameter. It was orbited to make atmospheric density determinations. The spacecraft was successfully launched into a nearly polar, highly elliptical orbit. It was folded and carried into orbit, together with ejection and inflation equipment, as part of the payload of Explorer 40. Two density experiments were performed. One involved the study of systematic density variation, and the other was concerned with nonsystematic density changes. The upper atmospheric densities were derived from sequential observations of the sphere by use of an attached 136.620-MHz radio tracking beacon and by optical tracking. The radio beacon ceased transmitting in June 1971. Since that time it has been necessary to rely solely on the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network for tracking. Explorer 39 had an expected orbital lifetime of 50 years.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-066A\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AD-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AD (Atmospheric Dynamics)\n Short_Name: AD-C\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Dynamics C (Explorer 39)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 39\n Short_Name: 03337\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 80.6 degrees\n Period: 118.2 minutes\n Perigee: 670 km\n Apogee: 2538 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-066A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-08-08\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd3a7054-3aec-41ea-a281-3edba4f9f313", "label": "AD-B", - "broader": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", + "parentId": "d1bbc871-749b-4759-bf4f-f8349f8b4020", "definition": "orer 24 was placed in orbit together with Explorer 25 from a single launch vehicle. Explorer 24 was identical in configuration to the previously launched balloon satellites Explorer 9 and 19. The spacecraft was 3.6 m in diameter, was built of alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic film, and was covered uniformly with 5.1-cm white dots for thermal control. It was designed to yield atmospheric density near perigee as a function of space and time from sequential observations of the sphere's position in orbit. To facilitate ground tracking, the satellite carried a 136-MHz tracking beacon. The satellite reentered the earth's atmosphere on October 18, 1968.\n\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-076A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AD-B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: AD (Atmospheric Dynamics)\n Short_Name: AD-B\n Long_Name: Atmosphere Dynamics B (Explorer 24)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EXPLORER 24\n Short_Name: 00931\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL BEACON\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 81.4 degrees\n Period: 116.3 minutes\n Perigee: 525 km\n Apogee: 2498 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-22\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1964-076A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-11-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5098,27 +5098,27 @@ { "uuid": "d35399a9-d4dc-45f2-b69d-55160ac26d10", "label": "ARGON", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ARGON was a photo-reconnaissance satellite that was operation\nbetween 1960-1972. The images were used to produce maps and\ncharts for the Department of Defense and other Federal\nGovernment mapping programs.\n\nPresident Clinton signed an Executive Order on 24 February 1995,\ndirecting the declassification of intelligence imagery acquired\nby the first generation of United States photo-reconnaissance\nsatellites, including the systems code-named CORONA, ARGON and\nLANYARD.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://edc.usgs.gov/guides/disp1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ARGON\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ARGON\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/Programs/corona.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1961-02-17\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: United States\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", "label": "Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network (JASON)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4ea59dad-ed94-453e-a991-62c790a1d101", "label": "JASON-1", - "broader": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", + "parentId": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", "definition": "Jason maps ocean surface topography. The data collected\nprovide information on ocean surface current velocity and\nheights which, when combined with ocean models, can\nlead to a four-dimensional description of ocean circulation.\nData from Jason are also extending ocean surface\ntopography into the 21st century, providing a 5-year view\nof global ocean surface topography, increasing understanding\nof ocean circulation, improving forecasting of\nclimate events, and measuring global sea-level change.\n\nKey Jason Facts\nJoint with France\nDimensions: Satellite support module: 95.4 cm ý 95.4 cm ý 100.0 cm;\nPayload module 95.4 cm ý 95.4 cm ý 121.8 cm; Solar array span: Two wings with four 1.5 m ý 0.8 m panels per wing; total surface of 9.8 m2\nMass: 500 kg\nPower: 2100 W\nDownlink: Jason telemetry downlink is 0.7 Mbps (700 Kbps) S-Band to JPL, Wallops Island, Virginia, Poker Flats, Alaska, and Aussaguel, France\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: JASON-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: JASON-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: JASON\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TRSR\n Short_Name: POSEIDON-2\n Short_Name: LRA\n Short_Name: JMR\n Short_Name: DORIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1336 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 66 degrees\n Period: 112.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 9.9156 days\n Perigee: 1,332 km (827 mi)\n Apogee: 1,344 km (835 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/jason-1\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/missions/jason.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/1441-jason.php\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/images/jason-1-in-space.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-12-07\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3-year primary mission; 2-year extended mission\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bffa816a-c210-46ed-81cb-ffdf3310c1a5", "label": "JASON-3", - "broader": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", + "parentId": "d3747d32-f82d-4a98-aa49-aad5653897fe", "definition": "Jason-3 is the fourth mission in U.S.-European series of satellite missions that measure the height of the ocean surface. Launched on January 17, 2016, the mission will extend the time series of ocean surface topography measurements (the hills and valleys of the ocean surface) begun by the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite mission in 1992 and continuing through the Jason-1 (launched in 2001) and the currently operating OSTM/Jason-2 (launched in 2008) missions. These measurements provide scientists with critical information about circulation patterns in the ocean and about both global and regional changes in sea level and the climate implications of a warming world.", "children": [] } @@ -5127,27 +5127,27 @@ { "uuid": "d69f8964-e168-489e-9bda-a273f9a3a167", "label": "ERBS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ERBS was part of the NASA's 3 satellite Earth Radiation Budget Experiment\n(ERBE), designed to investigate how energy from the Sun is absorbed and\nre-emitted by the earth. This process of absorption and re-radiation is one of\nthe principal drivers of the Earth's weather patterns. Observations from ERBS\nare also used to determine the effects of human activities (such as burning\nfossil fuels and the use CFCs) and natural occurrences (such as volcanic\neruptions) on the Earth's radiation balance. In addition to the ERBE scanning\nand nonscanning instruments, the satellite also carried the Stratospheric\nAerosol Gas Experiment (SAGE II).\n\nThe ERBS was the first of three ERBE platforms which would eventually carry the\nERBE Instruments. Goddard Space Flight Center built the satellite and it was\nlaunched by the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. The second ERBE Instrument\nwas aboard the NOAA-9 satellite when it was launched in January of 1985, and\nthe third was aboard the NOAA-10 satellite when it was launched in October of\n1986. Although the scanning instruments on board all three ERBE satellites are\nno longer operational, the nonscanning instruments are all presently\nfunctioning.\n\nLaunch: Launched: October 5, 1984\nLaunch Site: Kennedy Space Center\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 610 km\nInclination: 57 degrees\nPeriod: 96.4\nNon-Sun-Synchronous\nSun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Power: 622 watts quiescent watts watts\nDesign Life: 2 years\n\nInstruments: ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment)\nSAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment)\n\nWebsite: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/erbs\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ERBS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ERBS\n Long_Name: Earth Radiation Budget Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ERBS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ERB-SCANNER\n Short_Name: ERB-NONSCANNER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 610 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 deg\n Period: 96.4\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-19\n Online_Resource: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/erbs\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-10-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", "label": "Himawari", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) series, also known as its nickname, 'Himawari' (meaning a 'sunflower'), is on the geostationary orbit at 140 degrees of east longitude to carry out weather observation from space being part of the World Weather Watch (WWW) project of the World Meteorological Organization. The images of the earth and clouds sent from this satellite series have been used in many areas such as weather forecasts in TV or newspaper; therefore, it is strongly connected to our daily life.\nAfter the 'Himawari-6', the GMS series was replaced by a Multifunctional Transport Satellite series to broaden its scope of operation. It is operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency for climatic observation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "dd2591d9-35a1-4037-9664-bbfcf4c80b71", "label": "Himawari-8", - "broader": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", + "parentId": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", "definition": "Himawari 8 (ひまわり8号) is a Japanese weather satellite, the 8th of the Himawari geostationary weather satellites operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The spacecraft was constructed by Mitsubishi Electric with assistance from Boeing, and is the first of two similar satellites to be based on the DS-2000 satellite bus.[3] Himawari 8 entered operational service on 7 July 2015 and is the successor to MTSAT-2 (Himawari 7) which was launched in 2006.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e43cfa6a-fb75-4eeb-8674-25917275ea7e", "label": "Himawari-9", - "broader": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", + "parentId": "d8b7fc7d-9cf3-4020-947d-f33d712b64ab", "definition": "Himawari 9 is the second of two third-generation satellites in Japan’s Himawari weather-monitoring series. Alongside Himawari 8, which was launched in October 2014, it is expected to provide the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Ministry of Transport with observational data into the late 2020s\n\nFacts in Brief\nLaunch Date: 2016-11-02\nLaunch Vehicle: H-2A\nLaunch Site: Tanegashima, Japan\nMass: 1300.0 kg", "children": [] } @@ -5156,20 +5156,20 @@ { "uuid": "da278af5-097b-47e7-903d-4deac395c4de", "label": "Spire", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Spire's constellation of 60+ nanosatellites is designed, built, and operated by Spire out of Glasgow, UK and its European headquarters in Luxembourg. With a diversified launch manifest and the capacity to build up to two satellites per week, Spire's constellation continues to grow. The 28-strong ground station network provides timely data that is processed by Spire and made available through their customer API.\n\nSpire is a data and analytics company that collects data from space to solve problems on Earth. They identify, track, and predict the movement of the world's resources and weather systems by 'listening' to the planet in real-time and applying machine learning to understand what will happen in the future. They continue to launch additional satellites and add new payloads to the constellation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dc626ae7-1ebe-4b9d-9b73-c048fa92434f", "label": "Sentinel-5", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "SENTINEL-5 is a European Earth observation mission developed to support the European Commission Copernicus Programme for monitoring the earth.\n\n \n\nThe SENTINEL-5 mission consists in a single instrument which is a UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectrometer observing the earth in nadir mode with a wide swath. It is embarked as a Customer Furnished Item (CFI) on the MetOp-SG A satellite (illustrated in Figure 1) which is operated by EUMETSAT as part of the EPS-SG (EUMETSAT Polar System Second Generation) system.\n\n \n\nThe main objective of the SENTINEL-5 mission is to perform atmospheric measurements, with high spatio-temporal resolution, relating to air quality, climate forcing, ozone and UV radiation and providing a daily global coverage.", "children": [ { "uuid": "77e9a75e-2c3b-428b-8b21-b6a902dd8fee", "label": "Sentinel-5P", - "broader": "dc626ae7-1ebe-4b9d-9b73-c048fa92434f", + "parentId": "dc626ae7-1ebe-4b9d-9b73-c048fa92434f", "definition": "A precursor satellite mission, Sentinel-5P aims to fill in the data gap and provide data continuity between the retirement of the Envisat satellite and NASA's Aura mission and the launch of Sentinel-5. The mission will perform atmospheric monitoring and was launched in October 2017.\n\nLaunch Date: 13 October 2017\n\nOperational lifespan: 7 years\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nThe Sentinel-5 Precursor objectives are to provide operational space-borne observations in support to the operational monitoring of:\n\nAir Quality\nOzone and Surface UV\nClimate\nIt will provide measurements of:\n\nOzone\nNO_2\nSO_2\nFormaldehyde\nAerosol\nCarbonmonoxide\nMethane\nClouds\nMission Orbit:\n\nOrbit Type: Sun-synchronous, polar\nOrbit Height: 824 km\nInclination: 98.74°\nRepeat Cycle: 16 days Mean LST: 13:30 at Ascending Node\nSentinel-5 Precursor is foreseen to operate in loose formation with Suomi-NPP\n\n \n\nPayload:\n\nThe TROPOMI instrument is a UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR push-broom grating spectrometer.\n\nSpectral range: 270-495 nm, 710-775 nm, 2305-2385 nm\nSpectral resolution: 0.25-0.55 nm\nObservation mode: nadir pointing, global daily coverage, 7x7 km^2 ground\nPayload Mass: 200kg\nConfiguration:\nThe spacecraft launch mass is ~900 kg\n\nLaunch vehicle: \nROCKOT\n\nContractors:\n\nPrime Contractor: Airbus Defence & Space\nTROPOMI contract: Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs", "children": [] } @@ -5178,20 +5178,20 @@ { "uuid": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", "label": "NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Missions in the NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program are characterized by innovative design and relatively rapid implementation. These are focused missions that uniquely examine important components and physical processes within the global climate systems, including atmospheric CO2 distribution, sea surface salinity variation, mass water movement, and the vertical structure of clouds and aerosols.", "children": [ { "uuid": "01b319ce-cbe2-4894-bb33-04c43ceef23b", "label": "CALIPSO", - "broader": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", + "parentId": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate]\n\nThe CALIPSO satellite was developed to help scientists answer significant questions and provide new information about the effects of clouds and aerosols (airborne particles) on changes in the Earth's climate. Understanding these components will provide the international science community with a more comprehensive data set that is essential for a better understanding of the Earth's climatic processes. Accurate climate model predictions will provide international and national leaders accurate information to make more informed policy decisions about global climate change.\n\nCALIPSO flies a 3-channel lidar with a suite of passive instruments in formation with Aqua to obtain coincident observations of radiative fluxes and atmospheric conditions. This enables new observationally based assessments of the radiative effects of aerosol and clouds that will greatly improve out ability to predict future climate change.\n\nCloudSat also flies in formation with CALIPSO to provide a comprehensive characterization of the structure and composition of clouds and their effects on climate under all weather conditions. This comprehensive set of measurements is essential for accurate quantification of global aerosol and cloud radiative effects to understand their role in formation and variation of Earth's climate. This is a cooperative mission with France.\n\nFor more information on CALIPSO, see:\nhttps://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CALIPSO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: CALIPSO\n Long_Name: Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WFC\n Short_Name: CALIOP\n Short_Name: IIR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Period: 99 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-17\n Online_Resource: https://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/calipso/calipso_table\n nline_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/calipso/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: FRANCE/CNES\n Primary_Sponsor: Alcatel\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3a724fa-5d0c-4ca1-872b-41ef08ab7b5d", "label": "CloudSat", - "broader": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", + "parentId": "de1e0fd4-d865-4726-9bde-96804cf455b7", "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Missions Home Page]\n\nCloudSat uses advanced radar to 'slice' through clouds to see their vertical structure, providing a completely new observational capability from space. Earlier satellites could only image the uppermost layers of clouds. CloudSat is among the first satellites to study clouds on a global basis. It will look at their structure, composition and effects. This is a cooperative mission with Canada. CloudSat measurements have applications in air quality, weather models, water management, aviation safety, and disaster management.\n\nThe key observations are the vertical profiles of cloud liquid water and ice water contents and related cloud physical and radiative properties. The spacecraft payload consists of a millimeter-wave radar. CloudSat will fly in tight formation with the CALIPSO satellite carrying a backscattering lidar, and these two satellites will follow behind the Aqua satellite in a somewhat looser formation. The combination of data from the CloudSat radar with coincident measurements from CALIPSO and Aqua provides a rich source of information that can be used to assess the role of clouds in both weather and climate.\n \nCloudSat was launched on 2006-04-28 from Vandenberg AFB, California\n\nMore Information: http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CloudSat\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: CloudSat\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CloudSat\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CloudSat-CPR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 Degrees\n Period: 99 Minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 Days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-17\n Online_Resource: https://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cloudsat/\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cloudsat/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-28\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 22 months\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: CANADA/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD/USAF\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5200,48 +5200,48 @@ { "uuid": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", "label": "Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) series, also known as its nickname, 'Himawari' (meaning a 'sunflower'), is on the geostationary orbit at 140 degrees of east longitude to carry out weather observation from space being part of the World Weather Watch (WWW) project of the World Meteorological Organization.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0c08e0d6-ed87-4fc8-8dc9-77887a8bb256", "label": "GMS-5", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", + "parentId": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite series are spin-stabilized satellites. They have been developed to contribute to the improvement of Japan's meteorological services and the development of weather satellite technology. The satellites consist of a despun section which holds the earth-oriented antennas and a 100-rpm rotating spin section which contains the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR), electronic devices, etc. They have been used for the World Meteorological Organization's world Weather Watch Program which is sustained by five geostationary satellites.\n\nGMS-5 made its final observation at 00 UTC on 22 May 2003 and is temporarily replaced by the United States' geostationary meteorological satellite GOES-9. MTSAT-1R, the successor to GMS-5, will be launched in the early coming winter (January and February, 2004). \nCharacteristics:\n\nDimensions: Cylindrical, Diameter : 214.6cm\nHeight: (before AKM separation) 444.1cm\n(after AKM separation) 353.9cm\nWeight: 747kg (at launch) 344kg (beginning of life)\nAttitude control: Spin-stabilized\nDesign life: 5 years\nReliability: More than 0.5 after 5 years (Specification)\nLaunch Vehicle: H-II\nLaunch site: Tanegashima Space Center, Kagoshima, Japan\nLaunch date: Early 1995\nFinal Observation: 22 May 2003\nOrbit: Geostationary orbit, 140deg. E. longitude\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-5\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://psbcw1.nesdis.noaa.gov/terascan/home_basic/geosats_sensors_tables.html#GMS%20Sensor\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-03-18\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "16dbe86f-4f86-4f78-a393-9c047759c0ee", "label": "GMS-4", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", + "parentId": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite series are spin-stabilized satellites. They have been developed to contribute to the improvement of Japan's meteorological services and the development of weather satellite technology. The satellites consist of a despun section which holds the earth-oriented antennas and a 100-rpm rotating spin section which contains the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR), electronic devices, etc. They have been used for the World Meteorological Organization's world Weather Watch Program which is sustained by five geostationary satellites.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\nDimensions: Cylindrical, Diameter 214.6cm\nHeight (before AKM separation) 444.1cm (after AKM separation)\n345.1cm\nInitial Weight after stationing: 325kg Attitude control:\nSpin-stabilized\nDesign life: 5 years\nReliability More than 0.5 after 5 years (Specification)\nLaunch vehicle: H-I Launch Vehicle\nLaunch site:\nTanegashima Space Center, Kagoshima , Japan Launch date:\nSeptember 6, 1989 Orbit Geostationary orbit,\n140deg. E. longitude 296kg\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-4\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS 4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-09-06\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2a4d7fd4-36e7-42a4-9239-5e89ec0b142d", "label": "GMS-1", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", + "parentId": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS-1) was Japan's contribution to the international GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program). One major objective of GARP was to obtain synoptic global meteorological data sets for one year's duration (to include two optimized observing periods of a few weeks each). These data served as raw material to optimize computer models for meteorological prediction. It was hoped that determination could be made of the time limitation for short-term modeling. The GMS series has been used for the World Meteorological Organization's World Weather Watch. The satellite was spin-stabilized with a despun earth-pointing antenna. The GMS series carried the Visible and Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR). Launched by a US Delta rocket in July 1977, the satellite was positioned near 140 deg E. Designed to operate for 5 years, the satellite was turned off in 1981 after 4 1/2 years in orbit.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA). WWW: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nTechnical contact:\n Yukio Haruyama, Earth Observation program office director,\n Program plannig and management department,\n National space development agency of Japan Head office\n Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\n Phone: 81-3-5470-4252\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-1\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-1.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-07-14\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "63c5a148-a766-45c0-b604-6c0c706ff368", "label": "GMS-2", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", + "parentId": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (GMS) were Japan's contribution to the international Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). The GMS series carried the Visible and Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR). The satellite was spin-stabilized with a despun earth-pointing antenna. Launched by a Japan N-2 rocket in a August 1981, the satellite was positioned near 140 deg E and was designed to operate for 5 years. This was a follow-on GMS type spacecraft launched and controlled by NASDA of Japan. The spacecraft was launched in August 1981, and turned off in September 1984.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA). WWW: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nTechnical contact:\n Yukio Haruyama, Earth Observation program office director,\n Program planning and management department,\n National space development agency of Japan Head office\n Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\n Phone: 81-3-5470-4252\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-2\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-08-10\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a8952068-667a-4d77-8e4c-e40bcd310cdd", "label": "GMS-3", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", + "parentId": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (GMS) were Japan's contribution to the international Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). The GMS series carried the Visible and Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR). The satellite was spin-stabilized with a despun earth-pointing antenna. The satellite was positioned near 140 deg E and was designed to operate for 5 years. This was a follow-on GMS type spacecraft launched and controlled by NASDA of Japan. The spacecraft was launched in August 1984, and turned off in December 1989.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA). WWW: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\nTechnical contact:\n Yukio Haruyama, Earth Observation program office director,\n Program plannig and management department,\n National space development agency of Japan Head office\n Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\n Phone: 81-3-5470-4252\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS-3\n Long_Name: Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GMS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gms-2.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-08-03\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "acf612e2-fcf8-40a5-a08a-dd59d689ef0b", "label": "GMS", - "broader": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", + "parentId": "deeecd30-32e0-4b89-ae24-31e3e6641b4c", "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite series are spin-stabilized satellites. They have been developed to contribute to the improvement of Japan's meteorological services and the development of weather satellite technology. The satellites consist of a despun section which holds the earth-oriented antennas and a 100-rpm rotating spin section which contains the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR), electronic devices, etc. They have been used for the World Meteorological Organization's world Weather Watch Program which is sustained by five geostationary satellites. The first satellite in the series was launched by a U.S. Delta rocket in July 1977. The GMS-2,3 were launched by Japanese N-II rockets in August 1981 and 1984, and the GMS-4 was launched by Japanese H-I rocket in September. The following is a summary of the GMS series. \n\nNAME LAUNCHED ALTITUDE INCLINATION INSTRUMENT\n (KM) (DEG)\n------- -------- -------- ----------- ----------\nGMS-1 JULY 77 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-2 AUG. 81 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-3 AUG. 84 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-4 SEP. 89 36,000 0 VISSR\nGMS-5 1994 36,000 0 VISSR\n (to be launched)\n---------------\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: GMS\n Long_Name: Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Himawari\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VISSR-GMS\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gms/index_e.html\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5250,20 +5250,20 @@ { "uuid": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", "label": "International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ISIS 1 and 2 ('International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies') were the third and fourth in a series of Canadian satellites launched to study the ionosphere over one complete solar cycle.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0e8963d6-040a-4df2-a7f6-c7dbc1ef1bda", "label": "ISIS-1", - "broader": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", + "parentId": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nISIS 1 was an ionospheric observatory instrumented with sweep- and\nfixed-frequency ionosondes, a VLF receiver, energetic and soft particle\ndetectors, an ion mass spectrometer, an electrostatic probe, an electrostatic\nanalyzer, a beacon transmitter, and a cosmic noise experiment. The sounder used\ntwo dipole antennas (73 and 18.7 m long). The satellite was spin-stabilized at\nabout 2.9 rpm after antenna deployment. Some control was exercised over the\nspin rate and attitude by using magnetically induced torques to change the spin\nrate and to precess the spin axis. A tape recorder with 1-h capacity was\nincluded on the satellite. The satellite could be programmed to take recorded\nobservations for four different time periods for each full recording period.\nThe recorder data were dumped only at Ottawa. For non-tape-recorded\nobservations, data for the satellite and subsatellite regions could be acquired\nand telemetered when the spacecraft was in the line of sight of telemetry\nstations. The selected telemetry stations were in areas that provided primary\ndata coverage near the 80-deg-W meridian and in areas near Hawaii, Singapore,\nAustralia, England, Norway, India, Japan, Antarctica, New Zealand, and Central\nAfrica. NASA support of the ISIS project was terminated on October 1, 1979. A\nsignificant amount of experimental data, however, was acquired after this date\nby the Canadian project team. ISIS 1 operations were terminated in Canada on\nMarch 9, 1984. The Radio Research Laboratories (Tokyo, Japan) then requested\nand received permission to reactivate ISIS 1. Regular ISIS 1 operations were\nstarted from Kashima, Japan, in early August 1984. ISIS 1 was deactivated\neffective January 24, 1990.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1969-01-30 06:43:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1969-02-04\n Apogee (km or AU): 3526.\n Perigee (km or AU): 578.\n Inclination (degree) : 88.42\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ISIS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ISIS (International Satellite for Ionospheric S\n Short_Name: ISIS-1\n Long_Name: International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ISIS-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LASER SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: VLF RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 88.4\n Period: 128.4 min\n Perigee: 578 km\n Apogee: 3526 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1969-009A\n Sample_Image: http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/img/I-1_ISIS1-photo.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-01-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3725789-7cae-48f1-9c2c-a27bc30c79a1", "label": "ISIS-2", - "broader": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", + "parentId": "dfc148f7-69ed-401a-b2d2-f2c4097ef9b6", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nISIS 2 was an ionospheric observatory instrumented with a sweep- and a\nfixed-frequency ionosonde, a VLF receiver, energetic and soft particle\ndetectors, an ion mass spectrometer, an electrostatic probe, a retarding\npotential analyzer, a beacon transmitter, a cosmic noise experiment, and two\nphotometers. Two long crossed-dipole antennas (73 and 18.7 m) were used for the\nsounding, VLF, and cosmic noise experiments. The spacecraft was spin-stabilized\nto about 2 rpm after antenna deployment. There were two basic orientation modes\nfor the spacecraft, cartwheel and orbit-aligned. The spacecraft operated\napproximately the same length of time in each mode, remaining in one mode\ntypically 3 to 5 months. The cartwheel mode with the axis perpendicular to the\norbit plane was made available to provide ram and wake data for some\nexperiments for each spin period, rather than for each orbit period. Attitude\nand spin information was obtained from a three-axis magnetometer and a sun\nsensor. Control of attitude and spin was possible by means of magnetic\ntorquing. The experiment package also included a programmable tape recorder\nwith a 1-h capacity. For nonrecorded observations, data from satellite and\nsubsatellite regions were telemetered when the spacecraft was in the line of\nsight of a telemetry station. Telemetry stations were located so that primary\ndata coverage was near the 80-deg-W meridian and near Hawaii, Singapore,\nAustralia, England, France, Norway, India, Japan, Antarctica, New Zealand, and\nCentral Africa. NASA support of the ISIS project was terminated on October 1,\n1979. A significant amount of experimental data, however, was acquired after\nthis date by the Canadian project team. ISIS 2 operations were terminated in\nCanada on March 9, 1984. The Radio Research Laboratories (Tokyo, Japan) then\nrequested and received permission to reactivate ISIS 2. Regular ISIS 2\noperations were started from Kashima, Japan, in early August 1984. ISIS 2 was\ndeactivated effective 24, 1990.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1971-04-01 02:53:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1971-04-02\n Apogee (km or AU): 1428.\n Perigee (km or AU): 1358.\n Inclination (degree) : 88.1\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ISIS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: ISIS (International Satellite for Ionospheric S\n Short_Name: ISIS-2\n Long_Name: International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ISIS-B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PHOTOMETERS\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n Short_Name: VLF RECEIVERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 88.1 deg\n Perigee: 1358 km\n Apogee: 1428 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-05\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1971-024A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1971-04-01 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5272,153 +5272,153 @@ { "uuid": "e13d801e-19a3-4516-a64c-27f003b3d963", "label": "Aquarius SAC-D", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Aquarius completed its primary three-year mission in November 2014]\n\nMission Overview\n \nThe Aquarius/SAC-D mission was developed collaboratively between NASA and Argentina's space agency, Comisión Nacional \nde Actividades Espaciales (CONAE) to best meet the goals of each agency while giving priority to salinity measurements. \nCONAE built complementary sensors to detect rain, sea ice, and wind speed, plus sea surface temperature sampling. \nCONAE-sponsored instruments — including sensors from the French Space Agency (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CNES) \nand another from the Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI) — provide environmental data for a wide range \nof applications, including natural hazards, land processes, epidemiological studies, and air quality issues.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SAC-D\n Long_Name: Aquarius SAC-D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_RADIOMETER\n Short_Name: AQUARIUS_SCATTEROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 657\n Orbit_Inclination: 98\n Equator_Crossing: 18:00 Local time: e.g.\n Period: 98\n Repeat_Cycle: 7\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2013-04-01\n Online_Resource: https://aquarius.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2011-06-10\n Launch_Site: VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, USA\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: CONAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e31c4750-9903-4de7-95ef-faa9610f3a63", "label": "Aeolus", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Earth Explorer Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus will provide global observations of wind profiles from space to improve the quality of weather forecasts, and to advance our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and climate processes.\n\nAlthough there are several ways of measuring wind from a satellite, Aeolus will utilise the active Doppler Wind Lidars (DWL) method. This is the only method that has the potential to provide the required data globally, from direct wind observations. In addition, a DWL will provide information on cloud top heights, vertical distribution of cloud, aerosol properties, and wind variability. This information is a useful by-product of the DWL method.\n\nAn improved model of the Earth's climate and atmosphere will lead to progress in numerical weather prediction (NWP), especially concerning long-term forecasting. It is widely recognised that a new global atmospheric observing system, such as Aeolus, will have a great effect upon operational weather forecasting. The provision of detailed wind profiles will also benefit scientists involved with climate research, allowing for greater accuracy in the numerical modelling of tropical regions in particular. \n\nThe Aeolus mission was launched on 22 August 2018.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "label": "Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Program (GOES) is a joint effort of NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\n\nThe GOES system currently consists of GOES-13, operating as GOES-East, in the eastern part of the constellation at 75 degrees west longitude and GOES-15, operating as GOES-West, at 135 degrees west longitude. The GOES-R series will maintain the two-satellite system implemented by the current GOES series. However, the locations of the operational GOES-R satellites will be 75 degrees west longitude and 137 degrees west longitude. The latter is a shift in order to eliminate conflicts with other satellite systems. The GOES-R series operational lifetime extends through December 2036.\n\nThese spacecraft help meteorologists observe and predict local weather events, including thunderstorms, tornadoes, fog, hurricanes, flash floods and other severe weather. In addition, GOES observations have proven helpful in monitoring dust storms, volcanic eruptions and forest fires.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1d7d9f4c-18f5-49f2-bb53-1fb93efbbbc3", "label": "GOES-18", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "NOAA’s GOES-T, the third in a series of four advanced geostationary weather satellites, blasted into orbit aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rocket at 4:38 p.m. ET today (March 1, 2022) from Cape Canaveral, Florida. GOES-T’s mission managers confirmed that its solar arrays successfully deployed at 8:28 p.m. EST, and the satellite was operating on its own power.\n\nGOES-T will track destructive wildfires, lightning, Pacific Ocean-based storms, dense fog, and other hazards that threaten the U.S. West Coast, Hawaii and Alaska. It will also monitor solar activity and space weather to provide early warnings of disruptions to power grids, communications and navigation systems. \n\n\n“GOES-T joins the suite of advanced technology providing critical data and imagery to forecasters and researchers tracking hazardous weather and working toward building a climate ready nation,” said NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad, Ph.D. \n\nOnce GOES-T is positioned in a geostationary orbit 22,300 miles above the Earth, after approximately two weeks, it will be renamed GOES-18. After undergoing a full checkout and validating its six high-tech instruments, the new satellite will move to the GOES-West position and replace GOES-17 in early 2023. \n\nFrom there, it will constantly provide advanced imagery and atmospheric measurements. Observations from GOES-18 will be fed into the NOAA's National Weather Service’s computer models used by meteorologists to develop forecasts and help predict the formation, growth, intensity and movement of hazardous weather systems. \n\nhttps://www.noaa.gov/news-release/noaas-goes-t-blasts-into-orbit", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2304694e-c900-4d63-b458-80163d5dcd86", "label": "GOES-9", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "GOES 9 was launched on May 23, 1995. GOES-9, which is currently\npartially operational, is being provided to the Japanese Meteorological\nAgency to replace their failing geostationary satellite.\n\nGOES I-M represents the next generation of meteorological satellites\nand introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan,\noffers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures\nof local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term\nforecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and\nindependent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather\nforecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to\nincrease the accuracy of their forecasts.\n\nEach satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager\nand a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and\ninfrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the\natmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals\nwhere the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather\nservices both in the United States and around the world, including the\nglobal research community.\n\nThe GOES I-M mission is scheduled to run from the mid-1990s into the\nfirst decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has\nbeen designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at\nleast five years.\nThe GOES I-M system performs the following basic functions:\n+ Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and\nsounding data.\n+ Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor\n(SEM) data.\n+ Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection\nPlatforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and\nremote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station.\n+ Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to\nusers, independent of all other functions.\n+ Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels\nto the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue\nSatellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system.\nGOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system.\nA dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to\ndetect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based\nsources. These unique identification signals are normally combined\nwith signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and\nrelayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are\nused to perform effective search and rescue operations.\nThe GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern\nPacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and\nwestern Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf\nof Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located\nat 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common\nground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia,\nsupports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite\nOperations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides\nspacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering\nanalyses.\n\nDelivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument\ndata for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and\nretransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community.\nThe processed data are received at the control center and disseminated\nto the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological\nCenter, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including\nthe National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe\nStorms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also\nreceived by Department of Defense installations, universities, and\nnumerous private commercial users.\n*The GOES-9 satellite was replaced by GOES-10 in July 1998*\n\nMAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS\nMission life 5 years, minimum\nDimensions\n Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube\n Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet)\nWeight 2100 kg (4600 lb)\nOrbit Geosynchronous\n Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi)\n Longitude 75W and 135W\n Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree\nPower 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery\nbackup\nLaunch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur\n(GOES-L/M)\nCommunications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1\nMbits/sec\nGOES-I/M IMAGER\nThe GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense\nradiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the\nEarth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep\neast-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a\ntwo-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth\ndisc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and\nvarious sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene\nusing a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid\ncontinuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale\n(regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination.\nIMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS\n CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5*\n WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12\nPRODUCT\nClouds x x x x x\nWater Vapor* x x x\nSurface Temp. o x o\nWinds x x x\nAlbedo + IR Flux x o x o\nFires + Smoke x x o o\nKEY: * = new operational data\n x = primary channel\n o = secondary channel\nGOES-I/M SOUNDER\nThe GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering\nthe spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15\nmicrons. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric\ntemperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures,\nand ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It\noperates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a\nsimilarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector\narray assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or\natmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral\nfilters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the\ninfrared channel definition.\nPRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY\n RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY\n Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative\nPRODUCT\n TEMPERATURE\n Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K\n Land --- 10 2 K 1 K\n Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K\n MOISTURE\n Profile 2-4 50 30% 20%\n Total --- 10 20% 10%\n Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec\n CLOUD\n Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb\n Amount total 10 15% 5%\n OZONE*\n Total --- 50 30% 15%\n Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec\nIR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2\nKEY: * = potential future product\n\nGOES 9 information is available at: 'http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/'\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J Track satellite tracking web page at:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/Jtrack/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES J\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/Jtrack/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-05-23\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2b10bfcf-f7ab-4ce1-9a4e-0b6f397a7ae0", "label": "GOES-11", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Update 2011-12-12: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06, Source: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/status.html ]\n\n[Text For Archival Purposes only]\n\nGOES-11 (GOES-L) was launched May 3, 2000 from Cape Canaveral Air Station. The spacecraft will continue the long term geostationary monitoring of U.S. weather. The spacecraft will monitor hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather as well as provide short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting. Combined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations, real-time GOES data will greatly aid weather foecasters in providing better warnings of severe weather.\n\nNOAA's National Environmmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service will operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and GOES I-M Sounder.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-L\n Short_Name: GOES-NEXT\n Short_Name: 26352\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Perigee: 35.790 (km)\n Apogee: 35.7917 (km)\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2000-022A\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/goes-spacecraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-05-03\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2c8920b1-3ed2-417f-90d7-f94a387c77ac", "label": "GOES-7", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-022A ]\n\nGOES 7 was launched in February 1987 and was a NASA-developed,\nNOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically\nshaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive\nof a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell.\nThe primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust\ntube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the\nEarth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support\nstructure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the\nsolar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the\nprimary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space\nbetween the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics\ncontrol equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft\nattitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate\nsets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by\nground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in\nits telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided\ntelemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer\natmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system,\nspace environment monitor, energetic particle monitor, and a magnetic field\nmonitor. GOES 7 was positioned at 98 degrees West in the summer (Atlantic\nhurricane season) and 108 degrees West in the winter (Pacific storm season).\n\nFor more information on GOES satellites: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES H\n Short_Name: PEACESAT\n Short_Name: 17561\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: VAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.10000000149011612°\n Period: 1440.0 minutes\n Perigee: 35788.0 km\n Apogee: 35788.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1987-022A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/goes_2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1987-02-26\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c57a713-8cfe-4e65-8d6c-d30a59786313", "label": "GOES-13", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "GOES-13 (GOES-N) lifted off aboard a Boeing Delta IV rocket from Space Launch\nComplex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida at 6:11 pm EDT on May\n25, 2006.\n\nGOES-13 (GOES-N) is the latest in a series of Earth monitoring satellites.\nGeostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) provide the kind of\ncontinuous monitoring necessary for intensive data analysis. Geostationary\ndescribes an orbit in which a satellite is always in the same position with\nrespect to the rotating Earth. This allows GOES to hover continuously over one\nposition on the Earth's surface, appearing stationary. As a result, GOES\nprovide a constant vigil for the atmospheric 'triggers' for severe weather\nconditions such as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes.\n\nOrbit: \nAltitude: 36000 km\nGeo-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: \nWeight 3200 kg\nSize: 4.2 meters (l) x 1.88 meters (w)\nPower: 2300 watts\nMission Life: 5 years\n\nInstruments: \nSounder\nImager\nSEM (Space Environment Monitor)\nS and R (Search and Rescue)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/goes-n/main/index.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES 13\n Short_Name: GOES-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES N-P IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SXI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/goes-n/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2006-018A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-05-25\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Design_Life: 5 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "54aa88e0-f005-4525-bb26-1b8ed615b5f2", "label": "GOES-3", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-062A ]\n\nGOES 3 was launched in June 1978 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 135 degrees West as GOES-WEST.\n\nFor more information on GOES satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES C\n Short_Name: 10953\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-062A\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/goes.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-06-16\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "59b9924a-a10f-4205-9051-ed611164fd97", "label": "GOES-2", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-048A ]\n\nGOES 2 was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer (VISSR) to provide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance-derived temperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, (2) a meteorological data collection and transmission system to relay processed data from central weather facilities to APT-equipped regional stations and to collect and retransmit data from remotely located earth-based platforms, and (3) a space environment monitor (SEM) system to measure proton, electron, and solar X-ray fluxes and magnetic fields. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit. For more detailed information, see 'The GOES/SMS User's Guide' (TRF B28599), available from NSSDC.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-B\n Short_Name: 10061\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-048A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1977-06-16\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64fabc3c-0684-4325-9831-bf7cc461684d", "label": "GOES-8", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "GOES 8 (GOES-I) was launched on April 13, 1994. On Tuesday April 1,\n2003 GOES-12 (Formerly Referred to as GOES-M) replaced GOES-8 as the\noperational GOES East Satellite. NOAA deactivated the satellite on May\n5, 2004 and will boost it into an orbit 350 kilometers above its\noriginal geostationary position, where it will be disposed safely in\nthree controlled burns.\n\nGOES I-M represented the next generation of meteorological satellites\nand introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan,\noffers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures\nof local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term\nforecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and\nindependent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather\nforecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to\nincrease the accuracy of their forecasts.\n\nEach satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager\nand a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and\ninfrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the\natmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals\nwhere the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather\nservices both in the United States and around the world, including the\nglobal research community.\n\nThe GOES I-M mission ran from the mid-1990s into the\nfirst decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has\nbeen designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at\nleast five years.\n\nThe GOES I-M system performed the following basic functions:\n+ Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and\nsounding data.\n+ Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor\n(SEM) data.\n+ Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection\nPlatforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and\nremote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station.\n+ Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to\nusers, independent of all other functions.\n+ Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels\nto the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue\nSatellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system.\nGOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system.\nA dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to\ndetect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based\nsources. These unique identification signals are normally combined\nwith signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and\nrelayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are\nused to perform effective search and rescue operations.\nThe GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern\nPacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and\nwestern Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf\nof Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located\nat 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common\nground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia,\nsupports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite\nOperations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides\nspacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering\nanalyses.\n\nDelivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument\ndata for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and\nretransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community.\nThe processed data are received at the control center and disseminated\nto the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological\nCenter, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including\nthe National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe\nStorms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also\nreceived by Department of Defense installations, universities, and\nnumerous private commercial users.\n\nMAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS\nMission life 5 years, minimum\nDimensions\n Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube\n Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet)\nWeight 2100 kg (4600 lb)\nOrbit Geosynchronous\n Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi)\n Longitude 75W and 135W\n Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree\nPower 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery\nbackup\nLaunch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur\n(GOES-L/M)\nCommunications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1\nMbits/sec\nGOES-I/M IMAGER\nThe GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense\nradiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the\nEarth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep\neast-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a\ntwo-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth\ndisc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and\nvarious sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene\nusing a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid\ncontinuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale\n(regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination.\nIMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS\n CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5*\n WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12\nPRODUCT\nClouds x x x x x\nWater Vapor* x x x\nSurface Temp. o x o\nWinds x x x\nAlbedo + IR Flux x o x o\nFires + Smoke x x o o\nKEY: * = new operational data\n x = primary channel\n o = secondary channel\n\nGOES-I/M SOUNDER\nThe GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering\nthe spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15\nmicrons. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric\ntemperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures,\nand ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It\noperates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a\nsimilarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector\narray assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or\natmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral\nfilters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the\ninfrared channel definition.\n\nPRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY\n RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY\n Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative\nPRODUCT\n TEMPERATURE\n Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K\n Land --- 10 2 K 1 K\n Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K\n MOISTURE\n Profile 2-4 50 30% 20%\n Total --- 10 20% 10%\n Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec\n CLOUD\n Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb\n Amount total 10 15% 5%\n OZONE*\n Total --- 50 30% 15%\n Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec\nIR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2\nKEY: * = potential future product\n\nGOES 8 information is available at:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES I\n Short_Name: GOES-NEXT\n Short_Name: 23051\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Short_Name: EPM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1994-022A\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-13\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b9ee582-1641-4f3b-8ce2-22ad3aae93fa", "label": "GOES", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "GOES satellites provide the kind of continuous monitoring necessary\nfor intensive data analysis. They circle the Earth in a geosynchronous\norbit, which means they orbit the equatorial plane of the Earth at a\nspeed matching the Earth's rotation. This allows them to hover\ncontinuously over one position on the surface. The geosynchronous\nplane is about 35,800 km (22,300 miles) above the Earth, high enough\nto allow the satellites a full-disc view of the Earth. Because they\nstay above a fixed spot on the surface, they provide a constant vigil\nfor the atmospheric 'triggers' for severe weather conditions such as\ntornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes. When these\nconditions develop the GOES satellites are able to monitor storm\ndevelopment and track their movements.\n\nGOES satellite imagery is also used to estimate rainfall during the\nthunderstorms and hurricanes for flash flood warnings, as well as\nestimates snowfall accumulations and overall extent of snow\ncover. Such data help meteorologists issue winter storm warnings and\nspring snow melt advisories. Satellite sensors also detect ice fields\nand map the movements of sea and lake ice.\n\nNASA launched the first GOES for NOAA in 1975 and followed it with\nanother in 1977. Currently, the United States is operating GOES-10 and\nGOES-12. (GOES-9, which is partially operational, is being provided to\nthe Japanese Meteorological Agency to replace their failing\ngeostationary satellite.) GOES-11 is being stored in orbit as a\nreplacement for GOES-12 or GOES-10 in the event of failure.\n\nAdditional Information on GOES Satellites:\n'http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/'\n\nTo view a 3D orbit of GOES satellites, observe the J Track\nsatellite tracking web page at:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/'\n\n[Summary Extracted from the NOAA Office of Satellite Operations Home Page]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES\n Long_Name: NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Short_Name: GOES-2\n Short_Name: GOES-3\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Short_Name: GOES-7\n Short_Name: GOES-8\n Short_Name: GOES-9\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: GOES-11\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n Short_Name: GOES-13\n Short_Name: GOES-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SAR\n Short_Name: HEPAD\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: VAS\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: SXI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 35,800 km (22,300 miles)\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.41 degrees\n Period: 1,436 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: GOES flies in an orbit above the equator at the same rate as the equator turns -- one cycle per day.\n Apogee: 400 000 km (240 000 mi)\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://www.goes.noaa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/text/goes.databook.html\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/goesfaq.html\n Sample_Image: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/thenextgeneration.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 7 to 11 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6decd6f7-1572-4716-908e-53320218efa1", "label": "GOES-10", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-019A ]\n\nThe Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOES 10 is the third satellite in a series of next generation geosynchronous spacecraft, referred to as GOES-NEXT and represented by the GOES I through GOES M spacecraft. The GOES-NEXT series is a joint effort on the part of NASA and NOAA to provide continued operational monitoring of weather systems primarily over the United States, distribute meteorological data to regional and national weather offices within the USA, contribute to the development of an environmental data collection network, contribute to the search and rescue program, improve the capability for forcasting and provide real-time warnings of solar distrubances, and to extend knowledge and understanding of atmospheric processes to improve short and long-term weather forecasts.\n\nThe GOES-NEXT series extends the capabilities of the previous GOES 1-7 spacecraft. The GOES I-M spacecraft will be placed over the equator at 135 deg West or 75 deg West. The design allows unobstructed views of the Earth for operational coverage by the spacecraft sensors. The spacecraft configuration is a compact box-shaped main body that carries the Earth-observing instruments, a continuous-drive solar array attached to the south panel through a yoke assembly, and a solar pointing instrument gimbal mounted on the solar panel yoke. The main body accomodates the sensors, electronics, and support subsystems. The communication antennas, except the Tracking, Telemetry, and Command (TT&C) antenna, are hard-mounted to the Earth-facing panel. The Propulsion Module consists of the fuel and oxidizer tanks for the bipropellant propulsion subsystem mounted on the central cylinder. The Attitude and Orbit Control Substem (AOCS) provides attitude control of the spacecraft. The AOCS consists of the sensors, electronics, and the actuators. The GOES power is generated from the solar array and two 12 A-hr batteries. Power is automatically regulated during solar eclipses. A conical shaped solar sail at the end of a 58-foot boom balances torque caused by solar radiation. The main body of the spacecraft is a 2-meter cube. In its deployed orbit configuration, the overall length is about 27 meters. Initial mass was about 4640 pounds, including fuel. Design lifetime is about five years.\n\nThe Image Navigation/Registration (INR) system provides Imager and Sounder data products in real-time to users. The Communications, Command, and Data Handling subsystem is comprised of antennas, receivers, transponders, transmitters, data encoders and encryptors and multiplexers. The Tracking Telemetry and Command (TT&C) subsystem provides the necessary monitor and command link between the spacecraft and the ground stations.\n\nThe GOES-NEXT instruments consist of the following: (1) Earth Imaging System, a 5-channel visible and infrared radiometer which provides Earth imagery 24 hours a day; (2) Sounding System, a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer for obtaining atmospheric temperature and moisture soundings; (3) a Space Environment Monitor (SEM), which consists of a magnetic field sensor, a solar X-ray sensor, an energetic particle sensor (EPS), and a High Energy Proton and Alpha Detector (HEPAD); (4) a Search and Rescue subsystem (SARSAT), which receives signals from 406 MHz distress beacons and relays them to the ground; (5) a Data Collection System (DCS) for collecting and relaying real-time information from Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) such as buoys, balloons, remote weather stations, ships, and aircraft; and (6) a Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) system which relays processed weather imagary from the Wallops Island station to the user community. The SEC package has been frequently eratic during 2003.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-10\n Short_Name: 24786\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-03\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-019A\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/goes_2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-04-25\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93ca4f6a-2552-408b-adc2-2a3ca64a4a66", "label": "GOES-6", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-041A ]\n\nGOES 6 was launched in April 1983 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated,\ngeosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped\nspacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a\nmagnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The\nprimary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube.\nThe VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth\nthrough a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure\nextended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels,\nwhich formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source\nof electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust\ntube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment,\nbatteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin\nrate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet\nthrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground\ncommand. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its\ntelemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided\ntelemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary\nsubsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer\natmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system,\nspace environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. GOES 6 was\nmoved from its 135 degrees West position to a more central 98 degrees West\nposition when GOES 5 failed on July 29, 1984.\n\nFor more information on GOES satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-6\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES F\n Short_Name: 14050\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n Short_Name: EPM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1983-041A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-04-28\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9a5e161d-6979-4c0f-a6bd-7d3c268fef18", "label": "GOES-1", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nGOES-1 (SMS-C) was launched in October 1975 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. On December 1, 1978, responsibility for GOES 1 was turned over to ESA to be used as part of FGGE/GARP. It was stationed over the Indian Ocean and controlled by ESOC in Darmstadt, F.R.G. In December 1979, it was returned to the control of NOAA and positioned at 135 degrees West. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 6 was moved east and GOES 1 was reactivated by NOAA to provide visible imaging capability over the western U.S. GOES 1 failed on February 3, 1985. \n\nAdditional Information on GOES Satellites: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-1\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SMS-3\n Short_Name: GOES-A\n Short_Name: SMS-C\n Short_Name: 8366\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: VISSR\n Short_Name: EPM\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: DCS\n Short_Name: Magnetic Field Monitor\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-100A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-10-16\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9dfc4f09-66e5-4e70-b4f9-72f52855c9c3", "label": "GOES-14", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA Home Page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-O/main/index.html ]\n\nThe GOES-O satellite lifted off from Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 6:51 p.m. EDT [2009-06-27] atop a Delta IV rocket. From a position about 22,300 miles above Earth, the advanced weather satellite will keep an unblinking eye on atmospheric conditions in the Eastern United States and Atlantic Ocean.\n\n[Source: GOES project Office NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/goes_o_spacecraft.html ]\n\nGeostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-O represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. GOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. GOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. The GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-O continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13.\n\nGOES-P is also in ground storage following the completion of environmental testing and is prepared for an April 2009 launch readiness with a July 2010, engineering handover date requirement. \n\nSummary provided by http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/goes_o_spacecraft.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-14\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 14\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: SXI\n Short_Name: GOES N-P IMAGER\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-02-12\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/goes_o_spacecraft.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2009-033A\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-O/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/goes-n-o-p\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/launchinfo/images/GOESN_launch.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-06-27\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a93b5d7d-5bf4-49d3-b05f-b5f0b55b1bf6", "label": "GOES-12", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "GOES-12 (GOES-M) was launched July 23, 2001 from Cape Canaveral Air\nStation. On Tuesday April 1, 2003 at approximately 1815 UTC, GOES-12\nreplaced GOES-8 as the operational GOES East Satellite.\n\nThe spacecraft will perform long term geostationary monitoring of\nU.S. weather. GOES 12's mission is the monitoring of\nhurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather\nas well as providing short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting.\nCombined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations,\nreal-time GOES data greatly aids weather foecasters in providing\nbetter warnings of severe weather.\n\nNOAA's National Environmmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service\nwill operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and\nGOES I-M Sounder.\n\nFor more information see\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-12\n Short_Name: 26871\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXI\n Short_Name: GOES I-M SOUNDER\n Short_Name: GOES I-M IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2001-031A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-07-23\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bec0b215-7fe0-46e8-855a-d1807779f004", "label": "GOES-17", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) – R Series is the nation’s most advanced fleet of geostationary weather satellites. The GOES-R Series significantly improves the detection and observation of\nenvironmental phenomena that directly affect public safety, protection of property and our nation’s economic health and prosperity. \n\nThe satellites provide advanced imaging with increased spatial resolution and faster coverage for more accurate forecasts, real-time mapping of lightning activity, and improved monitoring of solar activity and space\nweather. \n\nThe GOES-R Series is a four-satellite program (GOES-R/S/T/U) that will extend the availability of the operational GOES satellite system through 2036.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cbc78fde-7247-4906-b553-92c125fd848d", "label": "GOES-16", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R) is the nation’s next generation of geostationary weather satellites. The GOES-R series will significantly improve the detection and observation of environmental phenomena that directly affect public safety, protection of property and our nation’s economic health and prosperity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc07c141-768f-4e46-a222-5a423b6018a0", "label": "GOES-5", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1981-049A ]\n\nGOES 5 was launched in May 1981 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at at 75 degrees West as GOES-EAST, but on July 30, 1984, GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure, thus NOAA had to relocate GOES 6 to a more central 98 degrees West position, and to reactivate GOES 1 and GOES 4 for the acquisition and relay of VISSR information, respectively, from the western U.S. \n\nFor more information on GOES satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-5\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES E\n Short_Name: 12472\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1981-049A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-05-22\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9415082-d8d2-4073-ba8a-fe22a2c521b6", "label": "GOES-15", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Update 2011-12-13: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06, Source: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/status.html ]\n\n\n[Source: NASA GOES Mission Overview, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-P/overview/index.html ]\n\nThe Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-P represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. \n\nGOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. \n\nGOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. \n\nThe GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-P continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13.\n\nGOES-P Launches!\n\nThe GOES-P satellite launched at 6:57 p.m. EST March 4 aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV rocket from Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. \n \nGOES-P is the third and final spacecraft to be launched in the GOES-N series of geostationary environmental weather satellites.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-15\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-15\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 15\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES-P\n Short_Name: 36411\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GOES N-P SOUNDER\n Short_Name: GOES N-P IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 24 hours\n Orbit_Type: GEO > GEOSYNCHRONOUS > GEOSTATIONARY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-02-24\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/n_p_spacecraft.html\n Online_Resource: http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/goespstatus.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-P/news/goes-15-active.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GOES-P/main/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2010-008A\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/images/content/417581main_2010-1220_1600_946-710.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-03-04\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb1b830e-d451-46df-a8c6-4538ed9a5960", "label": "GOES-4", - "broader": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", + "parentId": "e31e924e-9e50-4856-b85d-862ee3d084a4", "definition": "[Source: NASA NSSDC, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1980-074A ]\n\n GOES 4 was launched in September 1980 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit.\n\nThe spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 100 degrees West initially, but replaced GOES 3 at 135 degrees West in March 1981. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 4 was reactivated by NOAA to provide GOES 1 VISSR data relay services to western users.\n\nMore information about GOES Satellites:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOES-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\n Short_Name: GOES-4\n Long_Name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GOES D\n Short_Name: 11964\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXM\n Short_Name: VAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-04\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1980-074A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1980-09-09\n Launch_Site: CAPE CANAVERAL/KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5427,20 +5427,20 @@ { "uuid": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", "label": "FengYun-2", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "FengYun-2, or FY-2 (FengYun means 'winds and clouds' in Chinese), is the geostationary meteorological satellite series of China, organized and operated by NSMC (National Satellite Meteorological Center) of CMA (China Meteorological Administration) and built by SAST (Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology), affiliated to CASIC (China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation). China started its FY-2 development program in 1980.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3019aa61-89f6-4226-97b3-6c80ef65da10", "label": "FY-2D", - "broader": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", + "parentId": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d2b2dc9e-7a97-4e16-8562-1087a74fb9c9", "label": "FY-2E", - "broader": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", + "parentId": "e3344a00-36a4-49c2-b05e-5b540044b510", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -5449,48 +5449,48 @@ { "uuid": "e3679e9e-5a95-46f4-a856-e51d459469fd", "label": "MTSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e377ef25-1612-4b8d-ac98-54e3977d7e31", "label": "CRYOSAT", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Europe's first ice mission is an advanced radar altimeter specifically designed to monitor the most dynamic sections of Earth's cryosphere. It borrows synthetic aperture radar and interferometry techniques from standard imaging radar missions to sharpen its accuracy over rugged ice sheet margins and sea ice in polar waters. CryoSat-2 measures 'freeboard' - the difference in height between sea ice and adjacent water - as well as ice sheet altitude, tracking changes in ice thickness.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", "label": "Disaster Monitoring Constellation- 2nd Generation (DMC-2G)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The second generation of enhanced DMC satellites (launched 2009) provides hugely increased imaging capacity, retaining the same 650km swath width, but with twice the pixel density at 22 metre GSD. Radiometry was greatly enhanced to provide improved MTF and S/N. The satellites are routinely cross-calibrated within 1% of Landsat.", "children": [ { "uuid": "03afbb23-76cc-4241-b5a3-853367f8461f", "label": "UK-DMC-2", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", + "parentId": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international programme initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) from the United Kingdom, to construct a network of five affordable Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1dda5116-4079-445e-ae1c-614e49879cf3", "label": "NigeriaSat-2", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", + "parentId": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international programme initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) from the United Kingdom, to construct a network of five affordable Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35cafb99-393d-4727-a89d-5472512b2fdf", "label": "NigeriaSat-X", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", + "parentId": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", "definition": "The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is an international programme initially proposed in 1996 and led by SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) from the United Kingdom, to construct a network of five affordable Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellites. The objective is to provide a daily global imaging capability at medium resolution (30-40 m), in 3-4 spectral bands, for rapid-response disaster monitoring and mitigation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b35d386-0999-4b6e-ad12-f8501427b0ca", "label": "Deimos-1", - "broader": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", + "parentId": "e5184d15-eec8-4703-8318-243748ddbd0e", "definition": "The Deimos-1 mission is fully owned and operated by Deimos Imaging (DMI), an UrtheCast company. Deimos-1 satellite was successfully launched on 29 July 2009 from the Baikonur Launch Complex (Kazakhstan) in the Russian-Ukrainian Dnepr launcher. The mission is fully dedicated to Earth Observation and captures images all around the world. Thus, currently the Deimos-1 system provides capabilities well above and beyond the design goals.\n\nThe payload is a three-band multispectral imager system with 22m Ground Sample Distance (GSD) at nominal altitude (663 km) with 625 km swath, 8 or 10 bits radiometric depth available. Imager delivers data in three spectral bands, very close to the Near-Infrared (NIR), Red (R) and Green (G) bands in the Landsat series of US satellites. The satellite payload is a dual bank linear CCD push broom imager, so that banks are mounted at an angle to provide a wide imaging swath, one of the most characteristics Deimos-1 features.\n\nlaunch: July 2009\nlifetime: 10 years\norbit: Sun-Synchronous\naltitude: 650 Km\nweight: 100 Kg\nsize: 60x60x60 cm\ncomms: bands S/X\nbands: R,G,NIR\nresolution: 22 m\nswath: 650 km\nmade by: SSTL Ltd.\nlauncher: Dnepr – Baikonur", "children": [] } @@ -5499,20 +5499,20 @@ { "uuid": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", "label": "Orbiting Carbon Observatory", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "OCO is a NASA sponsored minisatellite mission selected in July 2002 within the ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program. The OCO science objective is to provide global measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) needed to describe the geographic distribution and variability of carbon dioxide sources and sinks. CO2 measurements are essential to resolving significant discrepancies in our understanding of the global carbon budget and, hence, humankind's role in global climate change.\n\nThe Orbiting Carbon Observatory, a mission that partners with industry and academia, will generate knowledge needed to improve projections of future carbon dioxide levels within Earth's atmosphere. Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have raised concerns about global warming. Even though the biosphere and oceans are currently absorbing about half of the CO2 generated by human activities, the nature and geographic distribution of these CO2 sinks are too poorly understood to predict their response to future climate and land-use changes. The OCO mission is led and managed by JPL (PI: David Crisp). The project includes more than 19 universities as well as corporate and international partners (investigators from the USA, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Australia).", "children": [ { "uuid": "6d5f222a-7750-4fd3-aa14-3c0d0059bc85", "label": "OCO-2", - "broader": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", + "parentId": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", "definition": "The OCO-2 Project science objectives are to collect the space-based measurements needed to quantify variations in the column averaged atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) dry air mole fraction, XCO2, with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to improve our understanding of surface CO2 sources and sinks (fluxes) on regional scales (≥1000km) and the processes controlling their variability over the seasonal cycle. This mission validates a space-based measurement approach and analysis concept that could be used for future systematic CO2 monitoring missions.\n\nMore Information: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OCO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: OCO-2\n Long_Name: Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OCO SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-09-10\n Online_Resource: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/projects/OCO/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-07-02\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da687fb4-016d-4b4d-92c2-380640ca5640", "label": "OCO-3", - "broader": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", + "parentId": "e57b586f-09ba-45ad-868c-4c232d6034b4", "definition": "Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) will be flying on the International Space Station (ISS) and will continue the important measurement begun by OCO-2 in 2014. Some quick facts about OCO-3 are:\n\n- OCO-3 is a critical element in the continuation of global carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements focused on understanding the regional sources and sinks of CO2 from the unique vantage point of the International Space Station (ISS).\n\n- OCO-3 can also contribute to focused studies of how space based measurements can constrain rapidly changing anthropogenic (man-made) emissions. Anthropogenic emissions could be the largest source of uncertainty in the global carbon budget as OCO-3 measurements reduce uncertainty of natural fluxes. OCO-3 has the ability to makes measurements at different times of the day.\n\n- OCO-3 measurements can be combined with evapotranspiration and biomass measurements, such as those from other ISS instruments ECOSTRESS and GEDI, to study process details of the terrestrial ecosystem.\n\n- OCO-2 has demonstrated that atmospheric XCO2 can be measured from space with precision of better than 1 ppm. OCO-3 is expected to have similar performance. \n\nMore Information: https://ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov/", "children": [] } @@ -5521,153 +5521,153 @@ { "uuid": "e5eb6afb-5d3e-4767-ad08-5293c5b2d88b", "label": "TOPEX/POSEIDON", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "TOPEX/Poseidon was an oceanography mission to monitor global ocean circulation, improve global climate predictions, and monitor events such as El Niño and ocean eddies. These data have greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of the ocean in the formation of Earth?s weather and climate.\n\nKey TOPEX/Poseidon Facts\nJoint with France\nMass: 2388 kg\nPower: 3,385 W\nOperating Life: Over 13 years, until October 9, 2005\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TOPEX/POSEIDON\n Long_Name: Topography Experiment/Poseidon\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SSALT\n Short_Name: TMR\n Short_Name: LRA\n Short_Name: DORIS\n Short_Name: NRA\n Short_Name: TRSR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1336 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 66 degrees\n Period: 112.4 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 10 days\n Perigee: 1,331 km (827 mi)\n Apogee: 1,344 km (835 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/topex.html\n Online_Resource: http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_14.htm\n Online_Resource: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/spacecraft/gifs/BHT.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-08-10\n Launch_Site: KOUROU, FRENCH GUIANA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "label": "Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Complementing the geostationary satellites are polar-orbiting satellites known as POES, S-NPP, and JPSS-1 (now NOAA-20). NOAA-20 is the first of the JPSS Series. Polar orbiting satellites constantly circle the Earth in an almost north-south orbit, passing close to both poles.\n\nThe POES satellite system offers the advantage of daily global coverage, by making nearly polar orbits 14 times per day approximately 520 miles above the surface of the Earth. The Earth's rotation allows the satellite to see a different view with each orbit, and each satellite provides two complete views of weather around the world each day. NOAA partners with the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) to constantly operate two polar-orbiting satellites – one POES and one European polar-orbiting satellite called Metop.\n\nThe POES instruments include the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument and the Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) suite. The EUMETSAT-provided Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) instrument completes the ATOVS suite. The AVHRR/ATOVS provides visible, infrared, and microwave data which is used for a variety of applications such as cloud and precipitation monitoring, determination of surface properties, and humidity profiles.\n\nData from the POES series supports a broad range of environmental monitoring applications including weather analysis and forecasting, climate research and prediction, global sea surface temperature measurements, atmospheric soundings of temperature and humidity, ocean dynamics research, volcanic eruption monitoring, forest fire detection, global vegetation analysis, search and rescue, and many other applications.\n\nThe orbits are circular, with an altitude between 830 (morning orbit) and 870 (afternoon orbit) km, and are sun synchronous. One satellite crosses the equator at 7:30 a.m. local time, the other at 1:40 p.m. local time. The circular orbit permits uniform data acquisition by the satellite and efficient control of the satellite by the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) stations located near Fairbanks, Alaska and Wallops Island, Virginia. Operating as pair, these satellites ensure that data for any region of the Earth are no more than six hours old.\n\nA suite of instruments is able to measure many parameters of the Earth's atmosphere, its surface, cloud cover, incoming solar protons, positive ions, electron-flux density, and the energy spectrum at the satellite altitude. As a part of the mission, the satellites can receive, process and retransmit data from Search and Rescue beacon transmitters, and automatic data collection platforms on land, ocean buoys, or aboard free-floating balloons.", "children": [ { "uuid": "19ca6acd-5a83-4f3c-8237-fd3178dad1af", "label": "NOAA-10", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-10 (ATN series) was launched on September 17, 1986 and is a\nthird-generation operational meteorological satellite. The satellite\ndesign provides an economical and stable sun-synchronous platform. This\nplatform enables the satellite to carry advanced operational instruments\nthat measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and\nthe near-space environment. The satellite is based upon the Block 5D\nspacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and is capable of\nmaintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus\n0.1 degree with a motion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\n\nPrimary sensors include (1) an Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR), (2) TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), (3)\nEarth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), and (4) a Solar Backscatter\nUltraviolet Spectrometer (SBUV/2). Secondary experiments consist of a\nSpace Environment Monitor (SEM), and a Data Collection System (DCS). A\nSearch and Rescue (SAR) system is also carried on NOAA-10.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.50 m\n Inclination: 98.59 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00256\n Periapsis: 833.00 km Apoapsis: 870.00 km\n\nFor more information about the NOAA POES satellite series link to the\nURL: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/psguide/satellite/noaasat.html'\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/'\n___________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-10\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-10\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n Short_Name: ERBE\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.59 deg\n Period: 101.50 m\n Perigee: 833 km\n Apogee: 870 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/html/c1/sec1-46.htm\n Sample_Image: http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/erbe/noaasat.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1986-09-17\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "304d5731-5627-4f4a-9b9e-3de6f39f9b3d", "label": "NOAA-9", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-9 (ATN series) was launched on December 12, 1984 and was a\nthird-generation operational meteorological satellite. The satellite\ndesign provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous platform.\nThis platform enables the satellite to carry advanced operational\ninstruments to measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud\ncover, and the near-space environment. The satellite was based upon\nthe Block 5D spacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and was\ncapable of maintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus\nor minus 0.1 degree with a motion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\n\nPrimary sensors included (1) an Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR), (2) a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS),\n(3) an Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), and (4) a Solar\nBackscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV/2). The secondary experiment\nwas a Data Collection and Platform Location System (DCPLS). A Search\nand Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system was also carried\non NOAA-9.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 102.00 m\n Inclination: 99.17 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00145\n Periapsis: 841.00 km Apoapsis: 862.00 km\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack'\n\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-9\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-9\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: ERBE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.17 deg\n Period: 102 min\n Perigee: 841 km\n Apogee: 862 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-12-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "37afee26-f2fd-47df-b8e0-7cccd71e6b8c", "label": "NOAA-18", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "[Source: NOAA-N Project home page, \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/main/index.html ]\n\nNOAA-N is the latest polar-orbiting satellite developed by NASA for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-N will collect information about Earth's atmosphere and environment to improve weather prediction and climate research across the globe.\n\nNOAA-N is the 15th in a series of polar-orbiting satellites dating back to 1978. NOAA uses two satellites, a morning and afternoon satellite, to ensure every part of the Earth is observed at least twice every 12 hours.\n\nSevere weather is monitored and reported to the National Weather Service which broadcasts the findings to the global community. With the early warning, effects of catastrophic weather events can be minimized. NOAA-N also has instruments to support an international search-and-rescue program. The Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System, called COPAS-SARSAT, transmits to ground stations the location of emergency beacons from ships, aircraft and people in distress around the world. The program, in place since 1982, has saved about 18,000 lives.\n\nNOAA-N is the first in a series of polar-orbiting satellites to be part of a joint cooperation project with the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMESTAT). \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-18\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-18\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-18\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SARR\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.74 deg\n Period: 102.1 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/spacecraft/noaan_spacecraft.html\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/nnpsupp.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/noaa-n\n Sample_Image: http://www.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/spb/mirs/img/NOAA18.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-05-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: Greater than 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3e1c1312-4559-4318-a64f-d7aafd08550b", "label": "NOAA-4", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-4 was launched in November 1974 and was one in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS system. The\nprimary objective was to provide global daytime and nighttime direct\nreadout real-time cloudcover data on a daily basis. The\nsun-synchronous spacecraft was also capable of supplying global\natmospheric temperature soundings and very high resolution infrared\ncloudcover data for selected areas in either a direct readout or a\ntape-recorder mode. A secondary objective was to obtain global\nsolar-proton flux data on a real-time daily basis. The sensors were\nmounted on the satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed\nvertically earthward. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by\n1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar panels that\nwere folded during launch and deployed after orbit was achieved. Each\npanel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and was covered with\napproximately 3500 solar cells measuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR).\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4357816a-ede9-4a78-852c-fd6474671567", "label": "NOAA-13", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-13 (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) Weather Satellite:\n\nObjective:\n\nTo continue the Advanced TIROS-N program by working as a\ncompanion with NOAA-10, 11 and 12 in order to provide continuous\ncoverage of the Earth and to provide high-resolution global\nmeteorological data.\n\nDescription:\n\nThe spacecraft was launched on August 9, 1993 at Vandenberg Air\nForce Base, California on board the Atlas E.\n\nThe spacecraft was rectangularly shaped (166' long by 74' high)\nand powered by a 191' by 94' solar array. The satellite was\nEarth oriented, three-axis stabilized and weighed approximately\n2200 pounds. NOAA-13 was the sixth operational satellite in the\nAdvanced TIROS-N series. The satellite carried the AVHRR, TOVS,\nand the solar proton monitor. All of which were present on\nprevious NOAA satellites. The ERBE instruments, the SBUV\nradiometer and the SARSAT systems were also flown on this\nsatellite.\n\nNOAA-13 was placed in a near circular, (470nm) polar orbit. The\nspacecraft and its systems operated successfully for 12 days\nuntil a circuit failure resulted in a power loss aboard the\ncraft. At this time the spacecraft is still in its polar orbit;\nhowever, no data is being received.\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: GE Astro\nPlatform: evolved from NOAA 2nd generation\nMass at launch: 1420 kg\nMass in orbit: ~1050 kg\nDimension: 4.18 m long x 1.88 m diameter\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDesign lifetime: 3 years\nAPT downlink freq: 137.620 MHz (standby)\nHRPT downlink freq: 1698.0 MHz\nBeacon: 136.770 MHz\n\nPayload:\n\nAVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer:\n\nWavebands:\n0.58-0.68 µm (visible): cloud, snow and ice monitoring\n0.725-1.10 µm (near IR): water, vegetation and agriculture surveys\n3.55-3.93 µm (near IR): sea surface temperature, volcano, forest\nfire activity 10.3-11.3 µm (thermal IR): sea surface\ntemperature, soil moisture 11.3-12.5 µm (thermal IR): sea\nsurface temperature, soil moisture Resolution: 1.1 km Swath\nwidth: 3000 km\n\nTOVS (Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder):\n\nHIRS/2 (High Resolution IR Sounder): 20 channels in the 0.69 -\n14 - 95 µm band; 17.4 km resolution\n\nSSU (Stratospheric Sounding Unit): step-scanned far IR\nspectrometer with 3 channels in the CO² absorption band (15\nµm);147.3 km resolution\n\nMSU (Microwave Sounding Unit): passive 4-channel radiometer\noperating around 55 GHz; 109 km resolution\n\n\nPARTICIPANTS:\n\nNASA, USAF, ITT, Martin Marietta AstroSpace, Ball Aerospace,\nMarconi, JPL, Loral, NOAA, National Weather Service.\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-13\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-13\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-13\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ATLES E\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Short_Name: MSU\n Short_Name: SSU\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 12 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-05\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/html/c1/sec1-49.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/images/guide/f149-3.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-08-09\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 3-years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "52354476-6975-457e-9d1d-e0f3b5e8f407", "label": "NOAA-2", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-2 was launched in October 1972 and was the first in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS\nsystem. NOAA-2 was not equipped with conventional TV cameras. It was\nthe first operational weather satellite to rely solely upon\nradiometric imaging to obtain cloudcover data. The primary objective\nwas to provide global daytime and nighttime direct readout real-time\ncloudcover data on a daily basis. The sun-synchronous spacecraft was\nalso capable of supplying global atmospheric temperature soundings and\nvery high resolution infrared cloudcover data for selected areas in\neither a direct readout or a tape-recorder mode. A secondary objective\nwas to obtain global solar-proton flux data on a real-time daily\nbasis. The sensors were mounted on the satellite baseplate with their\noptical axes directed vertically earthward. The nearly cubical\nspacecraft measured 1 by 1 by 1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with\nthree curved solar panels that were folded during launch and deployed\nafter orbit was achieved. Each panel measured over 4.2 m in length\nwhen unfolded and was covered with approximately 3500 solar cells\nmeasuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and attitude control system\nmaintained desired spacecraft orientation through gyroscopic\nprinciples incorporated into the satellite design. Earth orientation\nof the satellite body was maintained by taking advantage of the\nprecession induced from a momentum flywheel so that the satellite body\nprecession rate of one revolution per orbit provided the desired\n'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in attitude and\norientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by varying the\nspeed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR). The spacecraft operated satisfactorily until March\n18, 1974, when the VTPR failed. NOAA-2 was then placed in a marginal\nstandby mode from March 19 to July 1, 1974. It was then used as the\noperational NOAA satellite until October 16, 1974, when it was again\nplaced in a marginal standby mode. The spacecraft was deactivated on\nJanuary 30, 1975.\n\nMore Information about NOAA-2:\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-082A\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, https://nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-2\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IKAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-082A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-10-01\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "53a886bf-db3f-4b8c-a111-ba6593dae207", "label": "NOAA-16", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-16 previously NOAA-L was launched on Spetember 21, 2000 on a\nTitan2 launch vehicle.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation - 26536 / 00055A\nLaunch date - 21 Sep 2000\nCountry of origin - United States\nMission - Meteorology\nPerigee/Apogee - 870 km\nInclination - 98.70\nPeriod - 102 min\nLaunch vehicle - Titan 2 #22\n\nMore Information:\n'http://www.tbs-satellite.com/tse/online/sat_noaa_16.html'\n'http://www.osd.noaa.gov/'\n\nTrack NOAA-16:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-16\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-16\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-16\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-L\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 deg\n Period: 102.1 min\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/spacecraftStatusSummary.asp?spacecraft=16\n Sample_Image: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/noaa-l.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-09-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "550199a6-a331-4392-b5d3-30270c83f773", "label": "NOAA-5", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-5 was launched in July 1976 and was one in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS system. The\nprimary objective was to provide global daytime and nighttime direct\nreadout real-time cloudcover data on a daily basis. The\nsun-synchronous spacecraft was also capable of supplying global\natmospheric temperature soundings and very high resolution infrared\ncloudcover data for selected areas in either a direct readout or a\ntape-recorder mode. A secondary objective was to obtain global\nsolar-proton flux data on a real-time daily basis. The sensors were\nmounted on the satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed\nvertically earthward. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by\n1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar panels that\nwere folded during launch and deployed after orbit was achieved. Each\npanel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and was covered with\napproximately 3500 solar cells measuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR). The spacecraft was placed in a sun-synchronous orbit\nwith equatorial crossing of the ascending node near 8:30 a.m. local\ntime.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-5\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-5\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-07-29\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "613988b8-740a-461d-a24f-39cc84a8ba8d", "label": "NOAA-3", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-4 was launched in November 1974 and was one in a series of\nreconfigured ITOS satellites launched with new meteorological sensors\nonboard to expand the operational capability of the ITOS system. The\nprimary objective was to provide global daytime and nighttime direct\nreadout real-time cloudcover data on a daily basis. The\nsun-synchronous spacecraft was also capable of supplying global\natmospheric temperature soundings and very high resolution infrared\ncloudcover data for selected areas in either a direct readout or a\ntape-recorder mode. A secondary objective was to obtain global\nsolar-proton flux data on a real-time daily basis. The sensors were\nmounted on the satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed\nvertically earthward. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured 1 by 1 by\n1.2 m. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar panels that\nwere folded during launch and deployed after orbit was achieved. Each\npanel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and was covered with\napproximately 3500 solar cells measuring 2 by 2 cm. The dynamics and\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth-looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThe primary sensors consisted of a Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(VHRR), Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR), and a Scanning\nRadiometer (SR).\n\nMore information about NOAA-4: \nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-086A\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office, https://nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov/).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b3f1f0f-353b-45b7-9dc0-567afa2c82c5", "label": "NOAA-12", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-032A ]\n\nNOAA-12 (NOAA-D before launch) is a third-generation operational meteorological satellite for use in the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS). The satellite design provides an economical and stable sun-synchronous (morning equator-crossing) platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment. Primary sensors include an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) for observing daytime and nighttime global radiances and temperatures and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) for obtaining temperature and water vapor profiles through the earth's atmosphere. Secondary experiments consist of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM), which measures the proton and electron fluxes near the earth, and an ARGOS Data Collection and Location System, which processes and relays to central data acquisition stations the various meteorological data received from free-floating balloons and ocean buoys distributed around the globe. The satellite is based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and it is capable of maintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 deg with a motion rate of less than 0.035 deg/s. NOAA 12 operations were closed as of April 2001.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-12\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-D\n Short_Name: 21263\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: ADCS\n Short_Name: HIRS\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: SEM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.70 deg\n Period: 101.3 minutes\n Perigee: 821.0 km\n Apogee: 841.0 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-05\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/index.htm\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-032A\n Online_Resource: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/genlsatl.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-05-14\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7441d55f-26c8-4f7f-ad75-1402c6a6e470", "label": "NOAA-15", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA 15, also known as NOAA-K before launch, was an operational,\npolar orbiting, meteorological satellite operated by the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was the latest in the Advanced\nTIROS-N (ATN) series and the design was based on the Defense\nMeteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Launched by the Titan II rocket\nfrom Vandenberg AFB, NOAA-K replaced the decommissioned NOAA 12\nin an afternoon equator-crossing orbit. It provided support to environmental\nmonitoring by complementing the NOAA/NESS geostationary\nmeteorological satellite program (GOES). Instruments were flown for\nimaging and measurement of the Earth's atmosphere, its surface, and cloud\ncover, including Earth radiation, atmospheric ozone, aerosol distribution, sea\nsurface temperature, vertical temperature and water profiles in the\ntroposphere and stratosphere; measurement of proton and electron flux at\norbit altitude, and remote platform data collection, and for SARSAT. They\nincluded (1) an improved six-channel Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer/3 (AVHRR/3); (2) an improved High Resolution Infrared\nRadiation Sounder (HIRS/3); (3) the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided\nTracking System (S&R), which consists of the Search and Rescure\nRepeater (SARR) and the Search and Rescue Processor (SARP-2); (4) the\nFrench/CNES-provided improved ARGOS Data Collection System (DCS-2);\nand (5) the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSUs), which replaced\nthe previous MSU and SSU instruments to become the first in the NOAA\nseries to support dedicated microwave measurements of temperature,\nmoisture, surface and hydrological studies in cloudy regions where visible\nand infrared instruments have decreased capability.\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/intro.htm\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\nhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/\n\nNOAA-K CHARACTERISTICS\n\nMain Body: 4.2m long, 1.88m diameter\nSolar Array: 2.73 by 6.14 m\nWeight: At liftoff 2231.7 kg\n (includes 756.7 kg of expendable fuel)\nLifetime: Greater than 2 years\nLoad Power Requirements: 833 Watts for 0 degree sun angle\n 750 Watts for 80 degree sun angle\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.20 m\n Inclination: 98.70 degrees\n Periapsis: 808.00 km Apoapsis: 824.00 km\n\n\nInformation was adopted from NSSDC Master Catalog and the J Track\nLiftoff web pages.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-15\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-15\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-15\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 807 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.5 deg\n Period: 101.1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/spacecraftStatusSummary.asp?spacecraft=15\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-05-13\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2620edb-fa1b-4e76-99db-581a1766f22a", "label": "NOAA POES", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "The world's first operational weather satellite system was placed into\nservice with the launching of the Environmental Satellite Services\nAdministration (which in 1970 became the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration, NOAA) satellites, ESSA-1, on February 3, 1966, and ESSA-2, on\nFebruary 28, 1966. The objective of this program, called the TIROS Operational\nSystem (TOS), was to acquire global observational data routinely on a daily\nbasis. This system consisted of a pair of ESSA satellites in sun synchronous\n(polar) orbit. The odd numbered satellites (ESSA-1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) utilized\nthe Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) to obtain global imagery which were\ntransmitted to the ESSA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) stations at Wallops,\nVirginia, and Fairbanks, Alaska. The CDA stations relayed the data to\nthe National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS), which later became the\nNational Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS),\nlocated in Suitland, Maryland, for processing and distribution to forecasting\ncenters of the U.S. and other nations. The even numbered satellites (ESSA-2,\n4, 6, and 8) were equipped with Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) TV cameras\nwhich transmitted television pictures directly to ground stations worldwide.\nThe ESSA satellites operated in orbits at altitudes of approximately 1450 km.\n The second generation operational polar orbiting satellites started with\nthe ITOS-1 (Improved TIROS Operational System) mission launched on January 23,\n1970 which combined the joint capabilities of two ESSA spacecraft; essentially,\nthe direct readout APT system and the global stored images of the AVCS. The\nsecond generation objectives were to provide improved operational Infrared\n(IR) and Visible (VIS) observations of Earth cloud cover for use in weather\nanalysis and forecasting and also to provide solar proton and global heat data\non a daily basis. ITOS-1 also carried an operational 2 channel Scanning\nRadiometer (SR) providing day and night radiometric data for immediate\ntransmission as well as acquisition data stored for delayed transmission to CDA\nstations. With an Infrared 5 channel scanner, global observation of the Earth\natmosphere and surface areas was available once every 12 hours. A second ITOS\nspacecraft, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite,\nNOAA-1, was launched on December 11, 1970.\n The ITOS system evolved further with the development of the ITOS-D\nsatellites, NOAA-2, 3, 4, and 5 and were placed into orbit in 1972, 1973, 1974,\nand 1975, respectively. These had a new sensor complement to provide day and\nnight imaging by means of the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) along with\nthe medium resolution Scanning Radiometer (SR). The Vertical Temperature\nProfile Radiometer (VTPR) for sounding the atmosphere and the Solar Proton\nMonitor (SPM) for measurements of solar proton and electron flux in the\nvicinity of the satellite were added.\n The first spacecraft in the third generation operational polar orbiting\nenvironmental satellite system was TIROS-N which was launched in 1978. The\nthird generation objectives were to provide observations for the atmosphere,\ncloud cover, surface and near-surface. The TIROS-N type satellites that\nfollowed were NOAA-A (6), NOAA-B which failed to achieve useful orbit, NOAA-C\n(7), and NOAA-D. The TIROS-N system provided NOAA with the global\nmeteorological and environmental data required for normal operations and for\nthe experimental World Weather Watch (WWW) Program. The spacecraft had a new\ncomplement of data gathering instruments. The Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR) provided day and night imaging in the Visible (VIS) and\nInfrared (IR), sea surface temperature (SST) determination, estimation of heat\nbudget components, and identification of snow and sea ice. The TIROS\nOperational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) supplied improved estimates of the vertical\nstructure of the atmosphere. The Data Collection System (DCS) gathered\nenvironmental data from fixed and moving platforms such as buoys and\nballoons, and transmitted the data to central stations for processing and\nrelay to users. The Solar Environment Monitor (SEM) measured solar proton,\nelectron, and alpha particle densities. The data collected were stored onboard\nthe satellite for transmission to the NOAA central processing facility at\nSuitland, Maryland, through the Wallops and Fairbanks CDA stations. Satellite\ndata also were transmitted in real time direct readout at VHF and S-band\nfrequencies to remote stations worldwide.\n The Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) type satellites were NOAA-E (8), NOAA-F (9),\nNOAA-G (10), NOAA-H (11), NOAA-I (12), and NOAA-J (13), the latter two\nscheduled for launch in 1990 and 1991 respectively. The spacecraft was\nlengthened 0.5m and the solar array was enlarged to provide additional power.\nNew systems were added starting with NOAA-8: the Search and Rescue (SAR)\nsystem; NOAA-9: the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) instruments and\nthe Solar Backscatter UltraViolet (SBUV) radiometer; NOAA-10: ERBE instruments.\nFor more information about the NOAA POES satellite series link to the\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\nCornillon, P., A Guide to Environmental Satellite Data, University of Rhode\nIsland Marine Technical Report 79, 1982.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA POES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA POES\n Long_Name: NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA POES\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/index.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/images/poesSpacecraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a6a7b0e4-f58a-42fe-b723-d6405d4afde2", "label": "NOAA-8", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-8 was launched in March 1983 and was a third-generation operational\nmeteorological satellite for use in the National Environmental Satellite Data\nand Information Service (NESDIS) of NOAA. NOAA-8 was the first spacecraft of\nthe advanced TIROS-N (ATN) series. The satellite design provided an economical\nand stable sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to\nmeasure the earth's atmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a motion\nrate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)\nand a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary experiments\nconsisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data Collection and\nPlatform Location System (DCPLS). A Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking\n(SARSAT) system was also included on NOAA-8. Although designed for a 2-year\nlife span, NOAA-8 experienced a premature failure in June 1984.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA,'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-8\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-E\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: TOVS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.dk3wn.info/images/noaa.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-06-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b2e2ad86-b73f-44fd-9992-6f32820ea847", "label": "NOAA-11", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-11 (ATN series) was launched on September 24, 1988 and is a\nthird-generation operational meteorological satellite for use in the\nNational Operational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS). The\nsatellite design provides an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform. This platform enables the satellite to carry advanced\noperational instruments to measure the earth's atmosphere, its surface\nand cloud cover, and the near-space environment. The satellite is based\nupon the Block 5D spacecraft bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and\nis capable of maintaining an earth-pointing accuracy of better than plus\nor minus 0.1 degree with a motion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\n\nPrimary sensors include (1) an Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR), (2) TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), and\n(3) a Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SBUV/2). The\nsecondary experiment is a Data Collection System (DCS). A Search and\nRescue (SAR) system is also carried on NOAA-11.\nOrbital Characteristics-\n Orbital Period: 101.50 m\n Inclination: 99.00 degrees Eccentricity: 0.00256\n Periapsis: 833.00 km Apoapsis: 870.00 km\n\nTo view a 3D orbit, observe the J track satellite tracking web page:\n'http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/RealTime/JTrack/'\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-11\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: SBUV\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 deg\n Perigee: 833 km\n Apogee: 870 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1988-09-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4d60d40-59b9-46ab-a4c5-a2e534680b05", "label": "NOAA-17", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-17 (previously NOAA-M) was launched on June 24, 2002 from Vandenberg\nAFB, CA.\n\nNOAA-M POES (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nPolar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites) provides global\ncoverage of numerous atmospheric and surface parameters for weather\nforecasting and meteorological research, as well as space environment\nmonitors and an aircraft and maritime emergency beacon system. This is a\nreimbursable project for NOAA. NASA builds and launches the satellites.\nNOAA operates the satellites post commissioning and check-out period and\nuses the data in weather forecasts.??Energy forecasting, aviation safety,\ndisaster management, public health, and air quality.???\n\nInstruments include:\n\n* AMSU-B (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B)\n* MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder)\n* SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer)\n* DCS (Data Collection System)\n* S&R (Search and Rescue)\n* AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)\n* HIRS (High Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder)\n* AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A)\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://poes.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-17\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-17\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-17\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-M\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AMSU-B\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.7 deg\n Period: 101.2 min\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-08\n Online_Resource: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/spacecraftStatusSummary.asp?spacecraft=17\n Sample_Image: http://www.horizon.co.fk/images/weather/noaa-17-06220146-mcir-precip.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-06-24\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7461b99-2b6f-460a-ae7f-6bb37515684d", "label": "NOAA-19", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "[Source: NASA Portal, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NOAA-N-Prime/main/index.html ]\n\nThe Delta II carrying NOAA-N Prime lifted off Feb. 6, 2009 at 2:22 a.m. Pacific time, 5:22 a.m. Eastern time from Space Launch Complex-2 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.\n\n[Image and Text Source: NOAA-N Prime Spacecraft web page, http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/spacecraft/noaanprime_spacecraft.html ]\n\nNOAA-N Prime will be the last in the series of TIROS ATN. NOAA-N' has a planned launch date of February 2009 from Vandenberg AFB, CA by a Delta II launch vehicle.\n\nThe spacecraft will continue to provide a polar-orbiting platform to support (1) environmental monitoring instruments for imaging and measuring the Earth's atmosphere, its surface, and cloud cover, including Earth radiation, atmospheric ozone, aerosol distribution, sea surface temperature, and vertical temperature and water profiles in the troposphere and stratosphere; (2) measurement of proton and electron flux at orbit altitude; (3) data collection from remote platforms; and (4) the Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system.\n\nAdditionally, NOAA-N' will be the fifth in the series of support dedicated microwave instruments for the generation of temperature, moisture, surface, and hydrological products in cloudy regions where visible and infrared (IR) instruments have decreased capability.\n\nThis spacecraft will carry an Advanced - DCS instead of the previous DCS. \n\nMore Information:\nhttp://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/spacecraft/noaanprime_spacecraft.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-19\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-19\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-19\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SARR\n Short_Name: SEM-2\n Short_Name: SBUV/2\n Short_Name: MHS\n Short_Name: HIRS/4\n Short_Name: AVHRR-3\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.osd.noaa.gov/POES/noaa_n_prime.htm\n Online_Resource: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/Goes_N_Prime.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/nnpsupp.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NOAA-N-Prime/main/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/gallery/N%20Prime/unpacking/Unpacking-5_800px.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-02-06\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b8b9a664-2e7e-4dae-8efc-1ce4ace7ac63", "label": "NOAA-6", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-6 was launched in June 1979 and was a third generation\noperational meteorological satellite for use in the National\nOperational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support\nof the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-84. The\nsatellite design provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's\natmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a\nmotion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(AVHRR) and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary\nexperiments consisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data\nCollection and Platform Location System (DCPLS). In early 1984, only\none to two NOAA-6 passes were taken per day due to priorities for\nNOAA-7 and 8 data. However, when NOAA-8 failed in late June 1984,\nNOAA-6 was returned to full operational status to continue to provide\nmorning orbit operational data.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-6\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-N\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SEM\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n Short_Name: TOVS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.6 deg\n Period: 92.6 min\n Perigee: 382 km\n Apogee: 425 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.siloworld.com/MISSILE%20%20LAUNCHES/VAFB/SLC-3/19790627_025F_0568.JPG\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1979-06-27\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d4bfa8e2-4ce3-482e-8b2a-1297f65fdc8a", "label": "NOAA-14", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA 14 (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) Weather Satellite:\n\nObjectives:\n\nTo continue the Advanced TIROS-N program by working as a\ncompanion with NOAA-10, 11 and 12 in order to provide continuous\ncoverage of the Earth and to provide high-resolution global\nmeteorological data.\n\nNOAA-14 is the sixth operational satellite in the Advanced\nTIROS-N series (NOAA 13 never officially became operational as\nit failed during its 21 day checkout period). The satellite\ncarried the AVHRR, TOVS, and the solar proton monitor. All of\nwhich were present on previous NOAA satellites. The ERBE\ninstruments, the SBUV radiometer and the SARSAT systems were\nalso flown on this satellite. NOAA-14 was placed in a near\ncircular, (470nm) polar orbit.\n\nNOAA 14 replaced NOAA 11 whose cloud cover imaging instrument\nhad failed a few months before this launch. Besides an imaging\nradiometer, it carries optical sounders to monitor temperature\nand moisture content in the atmosphere, and counters to measure\nenergetic electrons and protons.\n\nA gas leak caused some difficulties in attitude control shortly\nafter launch, but this has been resolved. The motor for the\nMicrowave Sounding Unit on the NOAA 14 spacecraft has stopped\nworking. Records show the unit is from a delivery made to Martin\nMarietta dating back to 1984! The microwave sounder returned to\nnormal operation in May 1995 after a software patch was\ninstalled to cope with any repeat failure. Its life expectancy\nremains uncertain.\n\nIn Feb 1995, the SARP failed, the SBUV/2 Cloud Cover Radiometer\n(CCR) failed, and DTR 4A/B was deemed inoperable.\n\n\nSpecifications:\n\nDesignation: 23455 / 94089A\nLaunch date: 30 Dec 1994 at 10:02 UT\nCountry of origin: United States\nPerigee/Apogee: 847/861 km\nInclination: 98.9°\nPeriod: 02 min\nLaunch vehicle: Atlas E\nLaunch site: Vandenberg SLC3\nPrime contractor: GE Astro\nPlatform: evolved from NOAA 2nd generation\nMass at launch: 1420 kg\nMass in orbit: ~1050 kg\nDimension: 4.18 m long x 1.88 m diameter\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDesign lifetime: 3 years\nAPT downlink freq: 137.620 MHz (standby)\nHRPT downlink freq: 1698.0 MHz\nBeacon: 136.770 MHz\n\nPayload:\n\nAVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer):\n\nWavebands: 0.58-0.68 µm (visible): cloud, snow and ice monitoring\n0.725-1.10 µm (near IR): water, vegetation and agriculture surveys\n3.55-3.93 µm (near IR): sea surface temperature, volcano, forest fire activity\n10.3-11.3 µm (thermal IR): sea surface temperature, soil moisture\n11.3-12.5 µm (thermal IR): sea surface temperature, soil moisture\nResolution: 1.1 km\nSwath width: 3000 km\n\nTOVS (Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder):\n\nHIRS/2 (High Resolution IR Sounder): 20 channels in the 0.69 -\n14 - 95 µm band; 17.4 km resolution SSU (Stratospheric Sounding\nUnit): step-scanned far IR spectrometer with 3 channels in the\nCO² absorption band (15 µm);147.3 km resolution MSU (Microwave\nSounding Unit): passive 4-channel radiometer operating around 55\nGHz; 109 km resolution\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-14\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-14\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-14\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: HIRS/2\n Short_Name: MSU\n Short_Name: SSU\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.9 DEG\n Period: 02 min\n Perigee: 847 km\n Apogee: 861 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-05\n Online_Resource: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/html/c1/sec1-410.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/images/guide/f1410-1.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-12-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f80b13a8-7692-4d1a-be08-851544cd0cde", "label": "NOAA-1", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-1 (ITOS-1) was launched in December 1970 and the primary\nobjective of the sun-synchronous meteorological satellite was to\nprovide improved operational infrared and visual observations of earth\ncloud cover for use in weather analysis and forecasting. Secondary\nobjectives included providing solar proton and global heat balance\ndata on a regular daily basis. The nearly cubical spacecraft measured\n1 by 1 by 1.2 m. The TV cameras and infrared sensors were mounted on\nthe satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed vertically\nearthward. The spacecraft was equipped with three curved solar panels\nthat were folded during launch and deployed after orbit was\nachieved. Each panel measured over 4.2 m in length when unfolded and\nwas covered with 3420 solar cells, each measuring 2 by 2 cm. The\nattitude control system maintained desired spacecraft orientation\nthrough gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite\ndesign. Earth orientation of the satellite body was maintained by\ntaking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so\nthat the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit\nprovided the desired 'earth looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in\nattitude and orientation were made by means of magnetic coils and by\nvarying the speed of the momentum flywheel.\nThis spacecraft carried four cameras; two television cameras for\nAutomatic Picture Transmission (APT), and two Advanced Vidicon Camera\nSystem (AVCS) cameras. The satellite also carried a low-resolution\nflat plate radiometer, a solar proton monitor, and two scanning\nradiometers that not only measured emitted IR radiation but also\nserved as a backup system for the onboard cameras. Launched into a\nnear-polar orbit, the spacecraft and its subsystems performed normally\nuntil May 29, 1971 when the incremental tape recorder failed,\nresulting in partial loss of solar proton data and total loss of flat\nplate radiometer data. The APT and Direct Readout Infrared (DRIR)\nsubsystems were turned off on June 20, 1971 in an attempt to reduce\nthe above normal temperature due to overheating in the attitude\ncontrol system. The AVCS was turned off shortly thereafter, and the\nscanning radiometer continued partial operations until the spacecraft\nwas deactivated on August 19, 1971.\nFor more information about NOAA-1:\nhttps://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-106A\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, https://nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-1\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ITOS-A \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-106A\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-12-11 \n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fd4a398d-682c-4748-8349-83a8aa47cebf", "label": "NOAA-7", - "broader": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", + "parentId": "e8baa3a4-ef5a-455a-bf25-d61e59fc9bb3", "definition": "NOAA-7 was launched in June 1981 and was a third generation\noperational meteorological satellite for use in the National\nOperational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support\nof the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-84. The\nsatellite design provided an economical and stable sun-synchronous\nplatform for advanced operational instruments to measure the earth's\natmosphere, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space\nenvironment. The satellite was based upon the Block 5D spacecraft bus\ndeveloped for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an\nearth-pointing accuracy of better than plus or minus 0.1 degree with a\nmotion rate of less than 0.035 degree/second.\nPrimary sensors included an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\n(AVHRR) and a TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Secondary\nexperiments consisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) and a Data\nCollection and Platform Location System (DCPLS). A contamination\nmonitor was provided by the U.S. Air Force to assess contamination\nsources, levels, and effects for consideration on future spacecraft.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA, 'http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/').\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NOAA-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NOAA POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites)\n Short_Name: NOAA-7\n Long_Name: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NOAA-C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TOVS\n Short_Name: AVHRR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-09\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.siloworld.com/MISSILE%20%20LAUNCHES/VAFB/SLC-3/19810623_087F_1229.JPG\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-06-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5676,34 +5676,34 @@ { "uuid": "e9611632-822d-468b-9748-a392991a0718", "label": "SkySat", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The SkySat constellation is the Very High Resolution component of Planet's satellite image portfolio. Skysat-A and B generation satellites were launched in 2013/14. The SkySat-C generation satellite is a high-resolution Earth imaging satellite, first launched in 2016. Eleven are currently in orbit, all collecting thousands of square kilometres of imagery. Each satellite is 3-axis stabilised and agile enough to slew between different targets of interest. Each satellite has four thrusters for orbital control, along with four reaction wheels and three magnetic torquers for attitude control.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", "label": "Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico (SAC)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "SAC-D/Aquarius is a cooperative international mission between CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), Argentina, and NASA, USA. NASA uses the term Aquarius for the mission within its ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program (where Aquarius happens to be the prime instrument of the mission). At CONAE, which provides the spacecraft, the mission is referred to as SAC-D (Scientific Application Satellite-D) in reference to its previous missions. On March 3, 2004, the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for SAC-D/Aquarius construction was signed by Jorge Taiana, vice-chairman of the Board of the Argentine Space Agency CONAE, and the Administrator of NASA, Sean O'Keefe. The MOU was signed in Buenos Aires giving formal status to the decision to construct fully in Argentina the joint space mission SAC-D/Aquarius.", "children": [ { "uuid": "12fff8c1-4062-48ce-a85e-ef85cc6fc370", "label": "SAC-C", - "broader": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", + "parentId": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", "definition": "SAC-C is an international cooperative mission between NASA, the Argentine Commission on Space Activities (CONAE), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES or the French Space Agency), Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais (Brazilian Space Agency), Danish Space Research Institute, and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency). SAC-C was developed through the partnership of its senior partners, CONAE and NASA with contributions from Brazil, Denmark, France, and Italy.\n\nSAC-C will provide multispectral imaging of terrestrial and coastal environments. The spacecraft will study the structure and dynamics of the Earth?s atmosphere, ionosphere and geomagnetic field. SAC-C will seek to measure the space radiation in the environment and its influence on advanced electronic components. The satellite will determine the migration route of the Franca whale and verify autonomous methods of attitude and orbit determination.\n\nCONAE is responsible for development of the spacecraft and several instruments. The Brazilian Space Agency provided the testing facilities for SAC-C. The Italian Space Agency has partnered with CONAE to supply both solar panels and two GPS receivers. The Danish Space Research Institute provided the Magnetic Mapping Payload which carries a NASA Supplied Helium Magnetometer, and CNES is contributing an experiment to test the response of electronic circuitry to space radiation. The launch vehicle and some science instruments are provided by NASA. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. is responsible for overall project management.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAC-C\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SAC\n Short_Name: SAC-C\n Long_Name: Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico - C\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOBLAS\n Short_Name: MMRS\n Short_Name: IST\n Short_Name: INES\n Short_Name: ICARE\n Short_Name: HRTC\n Short_Name: HCS\n Short_Name: GOLPE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 702 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degree\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.conae.gov.ar/satelites/sac-c.html\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/sac-c__2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-11-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Argentina/CoNAE\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3be80dc-37f6-44b9-afd4-37c261c13367", "label": "SAC-A", - "broader": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", + "parentId": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", "definition": "[Source: NASA National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-069B ]\n\nSatellite de Aplicaciones Cientifico-A (SAC-A) was a small non-recoverable satellite built by the Argentinean National Commission of Space Activities (CoNAE). The satellite will test and characterize the performance of new equipment and technologies which may be used in future operational or scientific missions.\n\nThe satellite payload included a Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) to provide real-time autonomous attitude measurements for the satellite, a CCD camera to perform digital space photography, Argentinean built silicon solar cells, a magnetometer to take scalar measurements of the Earth's magnetic field, and an Argentinean experiment to track endangered whale population migrations in the southern hemisphere. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAC-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SAC\n Short_Name: SAC-A\n Long_Name: Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico - A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SAC-A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 51.6 deg\n Period: 92.3 min\n Perigee: 378 km\n Apogee: 395 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-069B\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/sac-a__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-12-14\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: Argentina./CoNAE\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb9164bb-4dba-4598-ba56-cb24d8db5527", "label": "SAC-D", - "broader": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", + "parentId": "ea7e0cb4-5764-4ca4-89f6-913b22a47eff", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -5712,27 +5712,27 @@ { "uuid": "ea7fd15d-190d-43f3-bdd3-75f5d88dc3f8", "label": "Aqua", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Aqua is a major international Earth Science satellite mission centered at NASA. Launched on May 4, 2002, the satellite has six different Earth-observing instruments on board and is named for the large amount of information being obtained about water in the Earth system from its stream of approximately 89 Gigabytes of data a day. The water variables being measured include almost all elements of the water cycle and involve water in its liquid, solid, and vapor forms. Additional variables being measured include radiative energy fluxes, aerosols, vegetation cover on the land, phytoplankton and dissolved organic matter in the oceans, and air, land, and water temperatures.\n\nKey Aqua Facts\nJoint with Brazil and Japan\nDimensions: 2.7 m x 2.5 m x 6.5 m stowed; 4.8 m x 16.7 m x 8.0 m deployed\nMass: 2,934 kg (1,750 kg spacecraft, 1,082 kg instruments, 102 kg propellants)\nPower: 4,600 W silicon cell array and a NiH2 battery\nAverage Data Rate: 89 Gbytes/day\nData Storage: 136-Gbit solid state recorder (SSR) for storage of up to two orbits of data\nData Relay Methods: Direct downlink from the SSR to polar ground stations; direct broadcast\nData Links: X-band\nTelemetry: S-band\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AQUA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EOS (Earth Observing System)\n Short_Name: AQUA\n Long_Name: Earth Observing System, AQUA\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CERES-FM4\n Short_Name: CERES-FM3\n Short_Name: AIRS\n Short_Name: AMSR-E\n Short_Name: AMSU-A\n Short_Name: HSB\n Short_Name: MODIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 705 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.2 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 1:30 p.m. (south to north) and 1:30 a.m. (north to south)\n Period: 98.8 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days (233 revolutions)\n Perigee: 699 km (434 mi)\n Apogee: 706 km (438 mi)\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-04-16\n Online_Resource: https://aqua.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/aqua/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-05-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 6 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: BRAZIL/INPE\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb4175de-3ee7-4897-bbbe-590ad7e09b4f", "label": "PACE", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "PACE is NASA's Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem mission, currently in the design phase of mission development. It is scheduled to launch in 2022, extending and improving NASA's over 20-year record of satellite observations of global ocean biology, aerosols (tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere), and clouds. \n\nPACE will advance the assessment of ocean health by measuring the distribution of phytoplankton, tiny plants and algae that sustain the marine food web. It will also continue systematic records of key atmospheric variables associated with air quality and Earth's climate. \n\nMore information: https://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov/", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ec3e5f45-f6a2-4d1f-aa6f-51a638c7852f", "label": "NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The mission of the Explorers Program is to provide frequent flight opportunities for world-class scientific investigations from space utilizing innovative, streamlined and efficient management approaches within the heliophysics and astrophysics science areas.\n\nThe program seeks to enhance public awareness of, and appreciation for, space science and to incorporate educational and public outreach activities as integral parts of space science investigations.", "children": [ { "uuid": "dda33ba1-2108-4297-a221-d94726c60792", "label": "AIM", - "broader": "ec3e5f45-f6a2-4d1f-aa6f-51a638c7852f", + "parentId": "ec3e5f45-f6a2-4d1f-aa6f-51a638c7852f", "definition": "NASA's AIM spacecraft began its two-year mission April 25, 2007 after a flawless ride to Earth orbit aboard an Orbital Sciences Pegasus XL rocket. Launch took place at 1:26 PDT. Launch operations at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California ran smoothly, with no technical or weather issues causing concern.\n\nThe AIM mission is the first dedicated to exploring mysterious ice clouds that dot the edge of space in Earth's polar regions. These clouds have grown brighter and more prevalent in recent years and some scientists suggest that changes in these clouds may be the result of climate change.\n\n[Source: NASA AIM Mission Home Page \n https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/index.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: AIM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Small Explorers (SMEX)\n Short_Name: AIM\n Long_Name: Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SOFIE\n Short_Name: CIPS-AIM\n Short_Name: CDE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 600km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.4° inclination\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-05-01\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://aim.hamptonu.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-04-25\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 26 months\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5741,20 +5741,20 @@ { "uuid": "ec484699-009f-4f39-93aa-d11379b4288a", "label": "COMS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "In 1996, Korea established its long-term plan of the National Space Program which was revised in 2000 to accommodate the public and civilian demand for satellite utilization and to maintain the continuity of satellite services. The plan prospects the details of the future space activities of Korea until 2015 and serves as a basis for space development in Korea. In response to this space plan, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) started to define and formulate the basic requirements for COMS, the first geostationary meteorological satellite mission of Korea. - Note: The nickname Cheollian means long distance view (literally 'Thousand Li View') in Korean.\n\nCOMS is a geostationary meteorological satellite program of Korea with multifunctional applications in the fields of:\n\n1) Experimental communications: a) in-orbit verification of developed communication technology, b) experiment of wide-band multimedia communication service\n\n2) Ocean color monitoring: a) monitoring of marine environment and ecosystem, b) production of fishery information. The scope of the ocean color mission includes detecting, monitoring and predicting short-term biological phenomena such as HAB (Harmful Algal Bloom), studies on biogeochemical variables, monitoring health of the marine ecosystem, coastal zone and resource management and providing information for fishing communities.\n\n3) Meteorological observations: a) continuous monitoring of the ground segment from GEO and extraction of meteorological products, b) early detection of severe weather phenomena, c) monitoring of long-term change of SST and clouds. The meteorological mission will complement the existing network of geostationary satellites, providing improved input data for numerical weather prediction models, and monitoring climate changes; the data, imagery and derived products will be freely available to both domestic and international community in real-time or near real-time basis through direct broadcasting or land lines.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "edf02962-aafa-484f-84e5-2549f6db7552", "label": "FengYun-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3ad82f6f-152d-4565-ada3-0f1a4ceacb6f", "label": "FY-1A", - "broader": "edf02962-aafa-484f-84e5-2549f6db7552", + "parentId": "edf02962-aafa-484f-84e5-2549f6db7552", "definition": "FengYun (FengYun = wind and cloud) is a meteorological satellite series of China, organized by CMA (China Meteorological Administration). Within the meteorological program, the odd-numbered satellites (FengYun-1 or simply FY-1) refer to the polar-orbiting LEO series, while the even-numbered S/C (FY-2, FY-4, etc.) refer to the GEO series. 1) 2)\n\nThe first generation LEO satellite (FY-1) series consists of a total of four spacecraft (FY-1A, -1B, -1C, and -1D). The funding body in China is the Ministry of Aerospace, while CMA (China Meteorological Administration) is the agency authorized and empowered to administer the national meteorological service in the governmental capacity, and is charged with the organizational arrangement and coordination of national meteorological affairs.", "children": [] } @@ -5763,55 +5763,55 @@ { "uuid": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "label": "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements.\n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1071feea-75f0-49f7-a87a-9e08b153ccc3", "label": "TROPICS/05", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", + "parentId": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5f2b1f43-f737-4236-8231-5f89d1802cf6", "label": "TROPICS/02", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", + "parentId": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "66445c7d-6628-4955-8403-17cbe4a1de4a", "label": "TROPICS/01", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", + "parentId": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9f7b095a-94af-4ca3-8917-d1e1b8b99b80", "label": "TROPICS/07", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", + "parentId": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bd1174ed-f4ed-463a-b372-de14e45d658b", "label": "TROPICS/06", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", + "parentId": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ccf920b3-c5a0-4408-8c84-0cc8743adc33", "label": "TROPICS/03", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", + "parentId": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f1594cda-7e89-4cab-8c6f-02ee081b59a5", "label": "TROPICS/04", - "broader": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", + "parentId": "eeecdc48-ff49-4f60-9419-3f99632fd660", "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises a constellation of CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. \n\nThis observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones (TCs) on a nearly global scale and is a profound leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for detailed study of high-impact meteorological events (TCs being the primary emphasis in this proposal). TROPICS will demonstrate that a constellation approach to earth Science can provide improved resolution, configurable coverage (tropics, near global, or global), flexibility, reliability, and launch access at extremely low cost, thereby serving as a model for future missions.", "children": [] } @@ -5820,41 +5820,41 @@ { "uuid": "ef053df7-ff76-47f3-a335-5d4e87e51b92", "label": "LARES", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "LARES is a small space mission that will achieve important measurements in gravitational physics, General Relativity, space geodesy and geodynamics\n\nIn particular, together with the LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2 satellites and with the GRACE models, it will provide a very accurate determination of the Earth gravitomagnetic field and of the Lense-Thirring effect.\n\nThe orbital data are acquired by the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), a worldwide network of a number of laser-ranging stations. \n\nThe Data analysis is carried on by a research centre at Sapienza, Univeristy of Rome in collaboration with Italian Space Agency (ASI), University of Salento, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), University of Maryland Baltimore County, NASA Goddard, University of Texas at Austin and the German Research Centre for Geoscience (GFZ) of Potsdam.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", "label": "Resurs", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A series of Russian commercial Earth observation satellites capable of acquiring high-resolution imagery (resolution up to 1.0 m). The spacecraft is operated by Roscosmos as a replacement of the Resurs-DK No.1 satellite.", "children": [ { "uuid": "75227aec-09d6-47e5-bdd1-4eeed285ff9b", "label": "RESURS-O1", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", + "parentId": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", "definition": "There are two types of remote sensing instrument on board\nRESURS-O1. The MSU-E is comparable with instruments on other\nsatellites, such as Landsat, while the MSU-SK offers\nperspectives of the Earth that have never been available\nbefore. It has a wide swath and medium resolution, and bridges\nthe enormous gap in coverage and detail between SPOT/Landsat TM\nand NOAA AVHRR. It makes it an ideal complement to both of these\ndata sets, better defining the regional context of a local\nstudy, or giving focus at regional scales to a continental\nsurvey.\n\nTechnical Information:\n\nlaunch date: 4 November 1994\norbit: sun-synchronous, circular\naverage altitude: 678 km\ninclination: 98.04\neccentricity: 0.0128\nargument of perigee: 88.93\ncycle: 21 days\norbit period: 98 minutes\nsatellite mass: 1950 kg\nscientific payload mass: 550 kg\nattitude control: orbital, triaxial, active\ndata transfer rate: 7.68 Mbits/s\ndown-link frequency: 8192 MHz\ndesign lifetime: 2 years\nlaunched from: Baikonur\ncarrier Zenit\n\n[Summary provided by the Sputnik Server]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RESURS-O1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: RESURS-O1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: RESURS-01\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSU-SK\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 678\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.04\n Period: 98\n Repeat_Cycle: 21\n Perigee: 88.93\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-28\n Online_Resource: http://sputnik.infospace.ru/resurs/engl/resurs.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-11-04\n Design_Life: 2 YEARS\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7560954-fe13-4e8a-bb12-1289154a3a24", "label": "Resurs-P N1", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", + "parentId": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", "definition": "Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Resurs-P N1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N1\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GSA\n Short_Name: SHMSA-VR\n Short_Name: SHMSA-SR\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (2)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 475 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Online_Resource: http://en.samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Sample_Image: http://www.ntsomz.ru/img/resurs-p_scheme.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-06-25\n Design_Life: 5 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b00d17a2-b509-4b42-86fd-d50bf50cfc3c", "label": "Resurs-P N2", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", + "parentId": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", "definition": "Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N2\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Resurs-P N2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Resurs-P N2\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Resurs-P N2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (2)\n Short_Name: GSA (1)\n Short_Name: SHMSA-VR\n Short_Name: SHMSA-SR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 475 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97 degrees\n Repeat_Cycle: 3 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Online_Resource: http://en.samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_p/\n Sample_Image: https://hi-tech.imgsmail.ru/hitech_img/source/a9/e4/60d9293c45c431051af8cf310903.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2015-12-26\n Design_Life: 5 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ff2141a6-5682-44da-88fc-9a4e78de35ad", "label": "Resurs DK 1", - "broader": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", + "parentId": "ef6c9735-8d68-4432-9e5e-a2c1ccd2fa90", "definition": "Environmental Satellite Resurs-DK N1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: Resurs DK 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: Resurs DK 1\n Long_Name: Environmental Satellite Resurs-DK N1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: Geoton-L1 (1)\n Short_Name: Arina\n Short_Name: Pamela\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 361x604 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 70 degrees\n Period: 94 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 6 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > INCLINED NON-POLAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-01-26\n Online_Resource: http://samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_dk_1/\n Online_Resource: http://en.samspace.ru/products/earth_remote_sensing_satellites/ka_resurs_dk_1/\n Sample_Image: http://ruscosmos.narod.ru/KA/RSR-DK/karsr/DK.jpg\n Sample_Image: http://wizard.roma2.infn.it/pamela/images/resurs-DK1_Spacecraft.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-06-15\n Design_Life: 9 years\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5863,20 +5863,20 @@ { "uuid": "efdc8649-0ef2-4d41-999a-2bb104a06f34", "label": "NCEP GTS", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Global Telecommunication System (GTS) consists of an integrated network of point-to-point circuits, and multi-point circuits which interconnect meteorological telecommunication centres.\n\nThe circuits of the GTS are composed of a combination of terrestrial and satellite telecommunication \nlinks of:\n\n- point-to-point circuits,\n \n- point-to-multi-point circuits for data distribution,\n \n- multi-point-to-point circuits for data collection,\n \n- as well as data-communication network services. \n\n[Text and Photo Source, World Meteorological Organization: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/gts.html ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NCEP GTS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: NCEP GTS\n Long_Name: National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Telecommunications Systems\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-08-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/gts.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/images/StructureGTS.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NOAA NCEP\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f122ab59-266b-4be9-99ad-4c2172bcf97c", "label": "Deimos", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The Deimos-1 and Deimos-2 mission archive and new acquisitions are now available for research and application development.", "children": [ { "uuid": "48e0f5f2-08fb-4739-8c5f-f53e24003f8c", "label": "Deimos-2", - "broader": "f122ab59-266b-4be9-99ad-4c2172bcf97c", + "parentId": "f122ab59-266b-4be9-99ad-4c2172bcf97c", "definition": "Deimos-2 is a very-high resolution (75cm pan-sharpened) multispectral optical satellite, fully owned and operated by Deimos Imaging, an UrtheCast company.\n\nThe Deimos-2 end-to-end system has been designed to provide a costeffective yet highly responsive service to customers worldwide.\n\nDeimos-2 is the second satellite of the Deimos Earth Observation system, following Deimos-1, which was launched in 2009 and provides mid-resolution, very-wide-swath imagery.\n\nDeimos-2 has been launched on 19 June 2014, with a mission lifetime of at least seven years. It operates from a Sun-synchronous orbit at a mean altitude of 620 km, with a local time of ascending node (LTAN) of 10h30, which allows an average revisit time of two days worldwide (one day at mid-latitudes). The spacecraft design is based on an agile platform for fast and precise off-nadir imaging (up to 30º over nominal scenarios and up to 45º in emergency cases), and it carries a push-broom very-high resolution camera with 5 spectral channels (1 panchromatic, 4 multispectral).", "children": [] } @@ -5885,27 +5885,27 @@ { "uuid": "f1503638-4366-4025-8d27-6aefedc4c4dd", "label": "TIUNGSAT-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "TiungSat-1 is Malaysia's first national microsatellite. It was designed and developed in a collaborative effort between the Malaysian government, under the government appointed company ATSB \\[Astronautic Technology (Malaysia) Sdn. Bdh.\\] of Kuala Lumpur, and SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.) of Surrey, UK. In the view of the Malaysian government, the satellite development program was seen as an impetus for expanding Malaysia's capability in the area of high-technology industry. The first satellite was named 'Tiung' after a beautiful small singing bird in Malaysia. Astronautic Technology Sdn. Bhd. (ATSB) is a research and development organization, which was formed in 1995 by the government of Malaysia. \n\nThe TiungSat-1 specific applications are in the following fields:\n\n* Collection of imagery for environmental and meteorological use\n* Digital S&F (Store & Forward) communications\n* Technology demonstration\n* Space science\n* Amateur radio access\n\nSpacecraft:\n\nThe TiungSat-1 S/C structure comprises eleven module trays used to house the electronics for the bus and payload systems. The box-like spacecraft has a size of 690 mm x 360 mm x 360 mm; it is three-axis stabilized using a gravity-gradient boom (6 m boom with tip mass), two 3-axis magnetorquers, and a momentum wheel. Attitude is sensed by two 3-axis magnetometers and by two-axis analog sun sensors. In addition, there are UED (Underneath Earth Detector) and SOD (Sun Overhead Detector). The pointing knowledge is in roll and pitch and in yaw (3 sigma values). The S/C power is 35 W per panel, provided by four surface-mounted GaAs solar panels and by a 10-cell NiCd battery (7 Ah). The power subsystem provides regulated voltage supplies at +5V and 10V along with an unregulated supply which fluctuates between 12-14 V. Autonomous functions, safe modes and data are handled by two OBCs (On-Board Computer), OBC-186 and OBC-386. Onboard data handling via a CAN (Controller Area Network) between platform and payloads. The onboard data storage capacity is 1 Gbit. The S/C mass is 50 kg (platform = 35 kg, payload = 15 kg). The nominal design life is three years.\n\nRF communications: TiungSat uses conventional AMSAT frequencies (Malaysian Oscar-46), thereby giving amateur radio operators access to its data (imagery and communication capabilities). The microsatellite features an AX.25 protocol store-and-forward PACSAT protocol suite communications system. The uplink is in VHF-band with a data rate of 9.6 kbit/s; three receivers are used: Rx1 operates at 144.46 MHz, Rx2 and Rx3 operate at 145.86 145.925 MHz, selectable. The downlink is dual-redundant in UHF-band (435 to 438 MHz range with 437.300, 437.325, 437.350, 437.375 MHz, selectable) with data rates of 9.6, and 38.4 kbit/s (experimentally at 76.8 kit/s). An error-protected digital packet communications protocol is used. All spacecraft operations are performed at ATSB in Kuala Lumpur.\n\nTiungSat-1 was launched Sept. 26, 2000 on a Dnepr-1 vehicle along with other satellites (the other payloads were: SaudiSat-1A/-1B of SISR (Saudi Institute for Space Research), UniSat of the University of Rome, and MegSat-1 of the MegSat Space Division of 'Gruppo Meggiorin,' Bresia, Italy) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan.\n\nOrbit: Circular orbit, altitude = 650 km, inclination = 64, period = 97 minutes.\n\nSpacecraft operations are carried out at ATSB's Mission Control Station located at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor. The satellite has also been used in a number of educational activities ranging from the physical sciences to the humanities.\n\nOperational status of TiungSat-1 as of 2004: The payload was fully operational well beyond its design life of three years. However, since Jan. 2004, the payload is only being operated intermittently to reduce the power consumption of the battery.\n\nSensor/experiment complement (MSEIS, MEIS, S&F, CEDEX):\n\nMSEIS (Multi-Spectral Earth Imaging System). MSEIS is a NAC (Narrow Angle Camera), a multispectral system of three cameras (green, red and near-infrared) in parallel, each with a 75 mm focal length optic and 100 mm aperture diameter. The NAC system provides a 78 m ground spatial resolution in three spectral bands: 510-590 nm, 610-690 nm and 810-890 nm (green, red, and near infrared). A two-dimensional CCD staring array detector with 1024 x 1024 pixels is used providing snapshot imagery of scene size 78 km x 78 km. Up to four contiguous images can be collected along the flight path. The data are digitized to 8 bits radiometric resolution (256 levels).\n\nMEIS (Metrological Earth Imaging System). MEIS is a single-band WAC (Wide Angle Camera) system with 6.5 mm focal length optics. It provides NIR imagery (810-890 nm) with a 900 m spatial resolution. The CCD area array detector has a size of 1024 x 1024 elements (pixels) for snapshot observations. Data are quantized to 8 bits radiometric resolution. An image has the size of 900 km x 900 km. The data is being used for meteorological applications.\n\nS&F (Digital Store & Forward Communications). The subsystem provides global, frequency-agile, communications for any form of digitized data: e-mail, voice-mail, scientific data exchange, fax, imagery, or even Internet mail for remote regions. The low cost and direct access offered by the TiungSat-1 microsatellite in orbit also makes it ideal for use by scientists, engineers and students based in institutes, universities and even schools throughout the world. - DSPE (Digital Signal Processing Experiment). The DSPE consists of a TM320C31 low power DSP suitable for special or general purpose signal processing tasks on LEO satellites. The VHF scanner operates in the 140-150 MHz range. A built-in FSK decoder is used. The system is capable to detect signals from a pre-set signal strength threshold within selected bar. DSP can be used for processing audio transmission for rebroadcast.\n\nCEDEX (Cosmic Ray Energy Deposition Experiment). The objective of CEDEX is to characterize the TiungSat-1 orbit radiation environment in terms of the observed particle LET (Linear Energy Transfer) spectrum at the spacecraft. The primary sensor consists of a 30mm x 30mm PIN diode detector 300 microns in depth, housed in a separate screened aluminium unit mounted on the CEDEX module box (three area PIN-diode detectors are mounted in a 'telescopic' arrangement; hence, information pertaining to directions of the energy particles detected can be derived.). This is connected to a charge amplifier and a pulse-shaping circuit which, in turn, are connected to an event-driven, hardware-logic controlled pulse-height multi-channel analyzer. CEDEX is controlled autonomously by a CAN-microcontroller with its own data-storage RAM and built-in data-compression software. This sends data to an internal CAN-controller which formats and sends them on to the primary OBC via the spacecraft's CAN (Controlled Area Network) bus. CEDEX is a multichannel analyzer with 512 channels and a 0.5 pC (picocoulomb) charge resolution. The instrument charge range is between 0.2 -24 pC, equivalent to a normal incidence particle LET range of about 60 - 7500 MeV cm2 g-1 (200,000 particles/s).\n\nThe CEDEX data obtained are comparable directly with such instruments as CREDO-II flown on STRV-1c (launch Nov. 16, 2000) and CRE (Cosmic Ray Experiment) flown on KitSat-1 (launch Aug. 10, 1992) and PoSat-1 (launch Sept. 26, 1993).\n\nExperimental Microsatellite GPS, an SSTL/ESA collaboration. An advanced 12-channel GPS receiver with two GPS patch antennas is installed for several objectives: 1) onboard generation of Keplerian orbital elements (NORAD experiment, this was first performed on PoSat), 2) onboard navigation, attitude, and timing services, and 3) refractive sounding of the ionosphere. The instrument is primarily used for orbit and position determination and for precise onboard timing services. In parallel, the instrument is also employed for refractive ionospheric monitoring. The TEC (Total Electron Content) occultation observations of the instrument provide slant range measurements which can be converted into vertical profiles. \n\nInformation provided by: http://www.eoPortal.org\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TIUNGSAT-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TIUNGSAT-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: MySat-1\n Short_Name: Oscar-46\n Short_Name: MO-46\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 650\n Orbit_Inclination: 64.6\n Period: 97.1\n Perigee: 605.3\n Apogee: 647\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-19\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=7470\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-09-26\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Malaysia\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", "label": "OrbView", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "GeoEye’s OrbView-3 satellite was among the world’s first commercial satellites to provide high-resolution imagery from space. OrbView-3 collected one meter panchromatic (black and white) or four meter multispectral (color) imagery at a swath width of 8 km for both sensors. One meter imagery enables more accurate viewing and mapping of houses, automobiles and aircraft, and makes it possible to create precise digital products. Four meter multispectral imagery provides color and near infrared (NIR) information to further characterize cities, rural areas and undeveloped land from space. Imagery from the OrbView-3 satellite complements existing geographic information system (GIS) data for commercial, environmental and national security customers. OrbView-3 orbits 470 km above the Earth in a sun-synchronous polar orbit while collecting imagery of the Earth's surface at one meter resolution in the Panchromatic (black and white) mode, or at four meter resolution in the Multispectral (color) mode with a three day repeat cycle.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center received 179,981 OrbView-3 image “segments” from GeoEye with no restrictions. The data were delivered in Basic Enhanced (Level 1B) radiometrically corrected format. The product files include satellite telemetry data, rational functions, post-processed Ground Sample Distance (GPS) at nadir data, and sufficient metadata for rigorous triangulation.\n\nThe data in this collection were acquired between September 2003 and March 2007, from the multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (Pan) sensors. Over 84% of the Orbview-3 collection is PAN (black & white).", "children": [ { "uuid": "7a186060-a313-4047-ba21-27a0ffdff8e4", "label": "OrbView-1", - "broader": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", + "parentId": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", "definition": "MicroLab 1, also known as OrbView 1 was launched on April 3,\n1995, OrbView-1 provides the world's first broad-area\ncloud-to-cloud lightning data.\n\nOrbView-1's payload consists of two sensors:\n\n-an Optical Transient Detector (OTD) provided by NASA's Marshall\nSpace Flight Center, and\n\n-an atmospheric monitoring instrument (GPS/MET) sponsored by the\nNational Science Foundation and the University Consortium for\nAtmospheric Research.\n\nThe OTD sensor maps atmospheric lighting strikes and has\nprovided NASA with information important to the understanding of\nsevere weather patterns. The GPS/MET sensor has proven that the\nsignals from the GPS satellite constellation used for precision\nnavigation can also be used to provide important atmospheric\ndata. The success of the GPS/MET sensor has further validated\nthe concept of using space-based sensors to improve worldwide\nweather prediction.\n\nThe OrbView-1 program is the result of a unique\ngovernment-industry partnership between ORBIMAGE and NASA. Under\nthis arrangement, NASA provided the OTD sensor for use on\nOrbView-1 and ORBIMAGE agreed to conduct an initial six-month\nexperiment of the sensor. NASA's cost for data under this\nprogram over the past five years has totaled approximately\nů.2 million.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttps://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/orbview-1.htm\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MICROLAB-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: MICROLAB-1\n Long_Name: OSC Microlab-1 Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OrbView-1 \n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n Short_Name: OTD\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-20\n Online_Resource: https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/orbview-1.htm\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/orbview-1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Lsogistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-04-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aef85316-b8f8-422a-add0-8130b113fa7d", "label": "OrbView-2", - "broader": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", + "parentId": "f221869f-1552-4f72-a308-7e79d0ab98e1", "definition": "OrbView-2 is an imaging satellite, developed, owned, managed and operated by Orbital Imaging Corporation (OrbImage) of Dulles, VA. The overall objective of the OrbView-2/SeaWiFS mission is to provide quantitative data on global ocean bio-optical properties to the Earth science community. The OrbView-2 satellite includes the SeaWiFS (Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor) imaging system, an 8-band multispectral imaging instrument with a one kilometer spatial resolution.", "children": [] } @@ -5914,34 +5914,34 @@ { "uuid": "f2b0301b-2f33-4048-9381-25a92226ed66", "label": "ASIM", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "ASIM is a climate observatory designed for detecting transient luminous event and terrestrial gamma ray flashes. ASIM will be mounted externally on the European Space Laboratory on ISS, Columbus. The ASIM payload consists of four sub-systems, CEPA, DHPU, MXGS, and MMIA. The CEPA and DHPU form the structural and electrical platform servicing the MXGS and MMIA scientific instruments. The DHPU, MXGS, and MMIA are mounted on-top of the CEPA. The power and data connections from ISS are routed through the CEPA to the DHPU, which converts 120V ISS supply to 28V instrument supply and handles all data communication.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5509236-8a81-4ebe-af91-d65aa58d4ab5", "label": "CHAMP", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "CHAMP will generate for the first time simultaneously highly precise gravity\nand magnetic field measurements over a 5 years period. This will allow us to\ndetect besides the spatial variations of both fields also their variability\nwith time. The CHAMP mission will open a new era in geopotential research and\nwill become a significant contributor to the Decade of Geopotentials. It will\nperform the following three tasks: 1) Mapping of the Earth's global long to\nmedium wavelength gravity field and temporal variations with applications in\nthe geophysics, geodesy and oceanography; 2) Mapping of the Earth's global\nmagnetic field and temporal variations with applications in geophysics and\nsolar terrestrial physics; 3) Atmosphere/ionosphere sounding with applications\nin global climate studies, weather forecasting, disaster research and\nnavigation.\n\nCHAMP-derived data will serve as an ideal basis for a further refinement of\nmodern satellite surveying methods and constructing digital terrain models\ncovering large land and ice areas for remote sensing applications and for\ncartography. The evaluation of all three kinds of signals CHAMP will be\nobserving will allow a complete and integrated modeling of the structure and\ndynamics of the Earth core and mantle. Such an improvement will strongly\nenhance studies concerning the structure and composition of the Earth's\ninterior and will open new insights and application areas in geodesy, solid\nEarth physics and oceanography.\n\nLaunch: Launched: July 15, 2000\nLaunch Site: Plesetzk, Russia\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 450 km and circular\nInclination: 87.27\nPeriod: 94 minutes\nNon-Sun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Weight: 500 kg\nPower: 167 watts\nDesign Life: 5 years\n\nInstruments: LRR (Laser Retro Reflector)\nOVM (Overhauser Magnetometer) and the FGM (Fluxgate Magnetometer)\nDIDM (Digital Ion Drift Meter)\nACC (Accelerometer)\nGPS (Global Positioning System) Receiver\n\nCHAMP home Page: \nhttp://op.gfz-potsdam.de/champ/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CHAMP\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n Long_Name: Challenging Minisatellite Payload\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CHAMP\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CHAMP-BLACKJACK\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: DIDM\n Short_Name: ACCELEROMETERS\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 450 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 87.27\n Period: 94 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-24\n Online_Resource: http://op.gfz-potsdam.de/champ/\n Online_Resource: http://science.nasa.gov/missions/champ/\n Online_Resource: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=66\n Sample_Image: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/champ/media_CHAMP/champ_startconf.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-07-15\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany/GFZ\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f75e34e2-ebe7-4a6c-8bf6-da596a36b632", "label": "GRACE-FO", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Source: GRACE-FO Home Page, https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on (GRACE-FO) mission is a partnership between NASA and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). GRACE-FO is a successor to the original GRACE mission, which began orbiting Earth on March 17, 2002. GRACE-FO will carry on the extremely successful work of its predecessor while testing a new technology designed to dramatically improve the already remarkable precision of its measurement system.\n\nGRACE-FO, launched in May 2018, will continue the work of tracking Earth's water movement to monitor changes in underground water storage, the amount of water in large lakes and rivers, soil moisture, ice sheets and glaciers, and sea level caused by the addition of water to the ocean. These discoveries provide a unique view of Earth's climate and have far-reaching benefits to society and the world's population.\n\nMore Information: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GRACE II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Decadal Survey\n Short_Name: GRACE-FO\n Long_Name: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow On\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: \n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f79e1dd5-797c-4aa6-ab58-433c1abaec26", "label": "Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "JERS (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) was a Japanese Earth observation satellite launched by NASDA (National Space Development Agency); also known by the national name Fuyo. Following on the success of MOS, JERS tested the performance of optical sensors and a synthetic aperture radar, and made observations for use in land survey, agriculture, forestry, fishery, environmental preservation, disaster prevention, and coastal surveillance. Some of its data were shared with the University of Alaska for research purposes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "f3230e87-898e-45d1-aa7f-b5b42eb3a3fc", "label": "JERS-1", - "broader": "f79e1dd5-797c-4aa6-ab58-433c1abaec26", + "parentId": "f79e1dd5-797c-4aa6-ab58-433c1abaec26", "definition": "[Source: JAXA, http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/JERS-1/en/index.html ]\n\nJERS-1 is an Earth Observation Satellite to cover the global land area for national land survey, agriculture, forestry, and fishery, environmental protection, disaster protection, and coastal monitoring, etc. focusing on observation around the world and resource exploitation. It was launched into a solar-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit at an altitude of 568 km with a recurrent period of 44 days by the H-I launch vehicle on February 11, 1992 from National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) Tanegashima Space Center, and has been continuing to observe and collect data with a mission data recorder by the high performance Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Optical Sensor (OPS).\n\nSAR is an active sensor which transmits microwave and observes characteristics, inequality, slope in the surface of the earth, etc. without being influenced by the weather day and night due to scattered waves from the Earth.\n\nOPS can observe in seven bands from the visible region to short wave infrared band and is capable of stereoscopic observation by forward look of 15.3 (J from nadir in near infrared band and highly is usable for identifying stones, rocks, and minerals.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: JERS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: JERS\n Short_Name: JERS-1\n Long_Name: Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: FUYO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPS\n Short_Name: SAR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 580 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 deg\n Period: 96 min\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-10\n Online_Resource: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/JERS-1/en/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/jers1/img/photo_jers1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-02-11\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: JAPAN/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5950,20 +5950,20 @@ { "uuid": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", "label": "Japan Marine Observation Satellite (MOS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Japanese earth sea satellite. The MOS 1A and 1B satellites, also known as Momo 1A and 1B, were Japan's first Earth resources satellites. The satellites were designed to monitor ocean currents, sea surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor, ocean chlorophyll levels, precipitation, and land vegetation. They also acted as relays for data from remote surface sensor platforms.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3f023faf-79fe-4efd-99cf-efdea9fd2e67", "label": "MOS-1B", - "broader": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", + "parentId": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nThe Japanese Marine Observation Satellite-1b (MOS-1b) was the second\nEarth resources satellite in the MOS series to be launched by NASDA to\nmonitor atmospheric water vapor, ocean currents, sea surface\ntemperature, ice floe dynamics, chlorophyll concentration in the\noceans, and vegetation and agricultural land applications. The MOS-1b\ncarried the same three sensors as the MOS-1a: a Multi-spectrum\nElectronic Self-Scanning Radiometer (MESSR), a Visible and Thermal\nInfrared Radiometer (VTIR), and a Microwave Scanning Radiometer\n(MSR). Data was transmitted real-time to the Hatoyama Earth\nObservation Center for processing and is available through the Data\nService Department, Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan\n(RESTEC). The satellite also included a Data Collection System (DCS)\nTransponder designed to be a forerunner of the Japanese TDRSS, used to\ncollect and relay information from surface Data Collection Platforms\n(DCPs) and locate DCPs based on the Doppler frequency of received\nsignals. The satellite is a 1.26 x 1.48 x 2.4 meter high box-shape of\naluminium honeycomb construction with a single solar array of three\n1.51 meter wide panels. The satellite is controlled in three axes by\nmomentum wheels and four IN hydrazine thrusters. Other MOS satellites\nare planned throughout the 1990's.\n\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1990-02-07\n Epoch Date and Time :\n Apogee (km or AU): 940.\n Perigee (km or AU): 909.\n Inclination (degree) : 99.\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-06-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MOS-1B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: MOS (Japan Marine Observation Satellite)\n Short_Name: MOS-1B\n Long_Name: Japanese Marine Observation Satellite-1B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Momo-1b\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSR\n Short_Name: VTIR\n Short_Name: MESSR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/mos1/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/mos\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-02-07\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Design_Life: 2 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cdf3698d-ace4-432b-80aa-8757f8d53d58", "label": "MOS-1", - "broader": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", + "parentId": "f835f27c-becb-4ad7-a2d5-c0385f3418f3", "definition": "NASDA launched the Japanese Marine Observation Satellite 1(MOS-1) on\nFebruary 19, 1987. The MOS-1 carries three instruments on board, the\nMESSR (Multispectrum Electronic Self Scanning Radiometer), VTIR\n(Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer) and MSR (Microwave Scanning\nRadiometer). MOS-1 is Japan's first earth observation satellite which\nhas a sun-synchronous and sub-recurrent orbit at a nominal altitude of\n909 km and an inclination of 99 deg. The local mean time at\ndescending node is 10:00-11:00 AM. MOS-1/b, which carries the same\nsensors as MOS-1 was launched on February 7, 1990 to provide\ncontinuous data to users. The following is a summary of MOS-1 and\nMOS-1/b.\n\n\nNAME LAUNCHED ALTITUDE INCLINATION INSTRUMENTS\n (KM) (DEG)\n------- --------- -------- ----------- --------------\nMOS-1 19 FEB 87 909 99 MESSR, VTIR,\n MSR\nMOS-1/b 7 FEB 90 909 99 MESSR, VTIR,\n MSR\n---------------\n\nContributed by:\nTasuku Tanaka, Earth Observation Program Office Director, Program Planning and\nManagement Department, National Space Development Agency of Japan Head Office,\nHamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nTakeshi Osugi, Earth Observation Center Director, National Space Development\nAgency of Japan, Ohashi Hatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama pref, Japan\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MOS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: MOS (Japan Marine Observation Satellite)\n Short_Name: MOS-1\n Long_Name: Japanese Marine Observation Satellite 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Momo-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MSR\n Short_Name: VTIR\n Short_Name: MESSR\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/mos1/index_e.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/mos\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1987-02-19\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -5972,62 +5972,62 @@ { "uuid": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "label": "Nimbus", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Nimbus is a NASA meteorological research-and-development satellite program (parallel to the operational TIROS program) which started in 1963 with the prime objective to test new instrument concepts (introduction of sensor technology), a secondary objective was to provide atmospheric data for improved weather forecasts. Eventually, the series grew more into a major Earth sciences program (study of oceans, land surfaces and atmosphere) with the availability of better sensing instrumentation.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0af3eeb1-3339-46ad-964f-2d18dce319fe", "label": "Nimbus-7", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "The Nimbus 7 research-and-development satellite served as a\nstabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced\nsystems for sensing and collecting data in the pollution,\noceanographic and meteorological disciplines. The polar-orbiting\nspacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow\ntorus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control\nhousing unit that was connected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss\nstructure. Configured somewhat like an ocean buoy, Nimbus-7 was\nnearly 3.04 m tall, 1.52 m in diameter at the base, and about 3.96 m\nwide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that formed the\nsatellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules.\nThe lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and\nantennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus\nprovided support for the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the\ncontrol housing unit, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were\nsun sensors, horizon scanners, and a command antenna. The spacecraft\nspin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced attitude-control\nsystem permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled to\nwithin plus or minus 1 deg in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw).\nEight experiments were selected: (1) Limb Infrared Monitoring of the\nStratosphere (LIMS), (2) Stratospheric And Mesopheric Sounder (SAMS),\n(3) Coastal-Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), (4) Stratospheric Aerosol\nMeasurement II (SAM II), (5) Earth Radiation Budget (ERB), (6)\nScanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), (7) Solar\nBackscatter UV and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS), and\n(8) Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR). These sensors\nwere capable of observing several parameters at and below the\nmesospheric levels. The Nimbus-7 spacecraft was turned off in 1994\nafter 16 years of service.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Nimbus-G\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CZCS\n Short_Name: TOMS\n Short_Name: SBUV\n Short_Name: LIMS\n Short_Name: THIR\n Short_Name: SAMS\n Short_Name: SMMR\n Short_Name: ERB\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 955 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.1 degree\n Equator_Crossing: 12:00 PM for ascending and 12:00 AM for descending\n Period: 104.15 min.\n Repeat_Cycle: 6 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-17\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1978-098A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Sample_Image: http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/n7toms/images/n7c100small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1978-10-24\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "486c2802-dca4-49a3-8bb8-4889e6961014", "label": "Nimbus-2", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "Nimbus-2 was launched in May 1966 and was the second in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major elements: (1) a sensory\nring, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system housing. The solar paddles\nand the control system housing were connected to the sensory ring by a truss\nstructure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy. Nimbus-2 was\nnearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m across with\nsolar paddles extended. The sensory ring, which formed the satellite base,\nhoused the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the\ntorus-shaped sensory ring provided mounting space for sensors and telemetry\nantennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center of the torus provided\nsupport for the larger experiments and tape recorders. Mounted on the control\nsystem housing, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors,\nhorizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command antenna. Use\nof a stabilization and control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to\nbe controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for all three axes (pitch, roll,\nand yaw).\nThe spacecraft carried an advanced vidicon camera system for recording and\nstoring remote cloudcover pictures, an automatic picture transmission camera\nfor providing real-time cloudcover pictures, and both high- and\nmedium-resolution infrared radiometers (HRIR and MRIR) for measuring the\nintensity and distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by and\nreflected from the earth and its atmosphere. The spacecraft and experiments\nperformed normally after launch until July 26, 1966, when the spacecraft tape\nrecorder failed. Its function was taken over by the HRIR tape recorder until\nNovember 15, 1966, when it also failed. Some real-time data were collected\nuntil January 17, 1969, when the spacecraft mission was terminated owing to\ndeterioration of the horizon scanner used for earth reference.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-2 Users' Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Nimbus-C\n Short_Name: 02173\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-2\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-2\n Short_Name: MRIR NIMBUS-2\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 100.3499984741211 Degrees\n Period: 108 minutes\n Perigee: 1103.0 km\n Apogee: 1179.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1966-040A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Sample_Image: http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:3-Xfyn-FEFls8M:http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/nimbus_ii.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-05-15\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6b956645-9c85-4b3d-8771-159a62005911", "label": "Nimbus-4", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "Nimbus-4 was launched in April 1970 and was the fourth in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a\nring-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system\nhousing. The solar paddles and the control system were connected to the sensor\nmount by a truss structure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean\nbuoy. Nimbus-4 was nearly 3.7 m tall, 1.45 m in diameter at the base, and about\n3 m across with solar paddles extended. The torus-shaped sensor mount, which\nformed the satellite base, housed the electronics equipment and battery\nmodules. The lower surface of the torus ring provided mounting space for\nsensors and telemetry antennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center\nof the torus provided support for the larger experiments and tape recorders.\nMounted on the control system housing, which was on top of the spacecraft, were\nsun sensors, horizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command\nantenna. Use of an advanced attitude-control subsystem permitted the\nspacecraft's orientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for\nall three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw).\nPrimary experiments consisted of an image dissector camera system for providing\ndaytime cloudcover pictures both in real-time and recorded modes,\ntemperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) for measuring daytime and\nnighttime surface and cloudtop temperatures as well as the water vapor content\nof the upper atmosphere, infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) for\nmeasuring the emission spectra of the earth/atmosphere system, satellite\ninfrared spectrometer (SIRS) for determining the vertical profiles of\ntemperature and water vapor in the atmosphere, a monitor of ultraviolet solar\nenergy (MUSE) for detecting solar UV radiation, a backscatter ultraviolet (BUV)\ndetector for monitoring the vertical distribution and total amount of\natmospheric ozone on a global scale, a filter wedge spectrometer (FWS) for\naccurate measurement of IR radiance as a function of wavelength from the\nearth/atmosphere system, a selective chopper radiometer (SCR) for determining\nthe temperatures of six successive 10-km layers in the atmosphere from\nabsorption measurements in the 15-micrometer CO2 band, and an interrogation,\nrecording, and location system (IRLS) for locating, interrogating, recording,\nand retransmitting meteorological and geophysical data from remote collection\nstations. The spacecraft performed well until April 14, 1971, when attitude\nproblems started. The experiments then operated on a limited time basis until\nSeptember 30, 1980.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-4 User's Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-D\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: BUV\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1970-025A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/nimbus-4__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1970-04-08\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6bbdcd8e-cbe4-48db-96e6-1d5f1dd1e857", "label": "Nimbus-6", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "Nimbus-6 was launched in June 1975 and was a research-and-development\nsatellite serving as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for testing advanced\nsystems for sensing and collecting meteorological data on a global scale. The\npolar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow\ntorus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control housing unit\nconnected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss structure. Configured somewhat\nlike an ocean buoy, Nimbus-6 was nearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the\nbase, and about 3 m wide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that\nformed the satellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules.\nThe lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and\nantennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus supported\nthe larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control housing unit, which was\nlocated on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a\ncommand antenna. The spacecraft spin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced\nattitude-control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled\nto within plus or minus 1 degree in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw).\nThe experiments selected for Nimbus-6 were the earth radiation budget (ERB),\nelectrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR), high-resolution infrared\nradiation sounder (HIRS), limb radiance inversion radiometer (LRIR), pressure\nmodulated radiometer (PMR), scanning microwave spectrometer (SCAMS),\ntemperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR), tracking and data relay\nexperiment (T+DRE), and the tropical wind energy conversion and reference level\nexperiment (TWERLE). This complement of advanced sensors was capable of mapping\ntropospheric temperature, water vapor abundance, and cloud water content;\nproviding vertical profiles of temperature, ozone, and water vapor;\ntransmitting real-time data to a geostationary spacecraft (ATS 6); and yielding\ndata on the earth's radiation budget.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-6 User's Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-F\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ESMR\n Short_Name: THIR\n Short_Name: HIRS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-15\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-052A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-06-12\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "955e7643-bd77-44aa-ba05-f7b841ce582b", "label": "Nimbus-5", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "Nimbus-5 was launched in December 1972 and was a research-and-development\nsatellite designed to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for\nthe testing of advanced meteorological sensor systems and collecting\nmeteorological and geological data on a global scale. The polar-orbiting\nspacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow, ring-shaped\nsensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control system housing. The solar\npaddles and control system housing were connected to the sensor mount by a\ntruss structure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy.\nNimbus-5 was nearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m\nwide with solar paddles extended. The torus-shaped sensor mount, which formed\nthe satellite base, housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The\nlower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and antennas.\nA box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus provided support\nfor the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control system housing, which\nwas located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a\ncommand antenna. An advanced attitude-control system permitted the spacecraft\norientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree in all three axes\n(pitch, roll, and yaw).\nPrimary experiments included a temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR)\nfor measuring day and night surface and cloudtop temperatures as well as the\nwater vapor content of the upper atmosphere, electrically scanning microwave\nradiometer (ESMR) for mapping the microwave radiation from the earth's surface\nand atmosphere, infrared temperature profile radiometer (ITPR) for obtaining\nvertical profiles of temperature and moisture, Nimbus E microwave spectrometer\n(NEMS) for determining tropospheric temperature profiles, atmospheric water\nvapor abundances, and cloud liquid water contents, selective chopper radiometer\n(SCR) for observing the global temperature structure of the atmosphere, and a\nsurface composition mapping radiometer (SCMR) for measuring the differences in\nthe thermal emission characteristics of the earth's surface.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-5 User's Guide\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: THIR\n Short_Name: SCR\n Short_Name: NEMS\n Short_Name: ITPR\n Short_Name: ESMR\n Short_Name: SCMR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1020 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 100.10 degrees\n Period: 107.20 minutes\n Perigee: 1088 km\n Apogee: 1101 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-097A\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus-5\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1972-12-11\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "acc28309-0d1a-4533-9b18-c5ac2b0deea8", "label": "Nimbus-3", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "Nimbus-3 was launched in April 1969 and was the third in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major elements: (1) a sensory\nring, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system housing. The solar paddles\nand the control system housing were connected to the sensory ring by a truss\nstructure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy. Nimbus-3 was\nnearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m across with\nsolar paddles extended. The torus-shaped sensory ring, which formed the\nsatellite base, housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower\nsurface of the torus ring provided mounting space for sensors and telemetry\nantennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center of the torus provided\nsupport for the larger experiments and tape recorders. Mounted on the control\nsystem housing, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors,\nhorizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command antenna. Use\nof the attitude control subsystem (ACS) permitted the spacecraft's orientation\nto be controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for all three axes (pitch,\nroll, and yaw).\nPrimary experiments consisted of a satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS) for\ndetermining the vertical temperature profiles of the atmosphere, an infrared\ninterferometer spectrometer (IRIS) for measuring the emission spectra of the\nearth-atmosphere system, both high- and medium-resolution infrared radiometers\n(HRIR and MRIR) for yielding information on the distribution and intensity of\ninfrared radiation emitted and reflected by the earth and its atmosphere,\nmonitor of ultraviolet solar energy (MUSE) for detecting solar UV radiation,\nimage dissector camera system for providing daytime cloudcover pictures in both\nreal-time mode using the real time transmission system and tape recorder mode\nusing the high data rate storage system, radioisotope thermoelectric generator\n(RTG) SNAP-19 to assess the operational capability of radioisotope power for\nspace applications, and an interrogation, recording and location system (IRLS)\nexperiment designed to locate, interrogate, record, and retransmit\nmeteorological and geophysical data from remote collection stations.\nNimbus-3 was successful and performed normally until July 22, 1969, when the\nIRIS experiment failed. The HRIR and the SIRS experiments were terminated on\nJanuary 25, 1970, and June 21, 1970, respectively. The remaining experiments\ncontinued operation until September 25, 1970, when the rear horizon scanner\nfailed. Without this horizon scanner, it was impossible to maintain proper\nspacecraft attitude, thus making most experimental observations useless. All\nspacecraft operations were terminated on January 22, 1972.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\nNimbus-3 User's Guide.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Nimbus-B2\n Short_Name: 03890\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: INFRARED RADIOMETERS\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99.91000366210938 degrees\n Period: 107.4000015258789 minutes\n Perigee: 1075.0 km\t\n Apogee: 1135.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1969-037A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Sample_Image: http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/gdprojs/images/nimbus_iii.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-04-14\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "df91d23f-2c02-4bc1-92c1-a105fb0deb05", "label": "Nimbus", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "The Nimbus Technology satellite program was initiated by NASA in the early\n1960's to develop an observational system capable of meeting the research and\ndevelopment needs of Earth scientists. The objectives of the program were to:\ndevelop advanced passive radiometric and spectrometric sensors for surveillance\nof the atmosphere and oceans; develop and evaluate new active and passive\nsensors for sounding the atmosphere and for mapping surface characteristics;\ndevelop advaced space technology and ground data processing techniques for\nmeteorological and scientific research; and participate in global observation\nprograms such as the World Weather Watch (WWW). Eight spacecraft were built, of\nwhich 7 were launched, with one failure, between 1964 and 1978. The Nimbus\nsatellites were placed in polar orbits and acquired global data twice every 24\nhours.\n-----------------\nEntry taken from:\nRao, P.K., S.J. Holmes, R.K. Anderson, J.S. Winston, and P.E. Lehr, Weather\nSatellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications, American\nMeteorological Society, Boston, 1990. ISBN 0-933876-66-1\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/earth/nimbus.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc1b2147-7086-4164-a2e5-596f83e1431c", "label": "Nimbus-1", - "broader": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", + "parentId": "f91ad0ef-29bd-4594-a843-60beaaf858ca", "definition": "Nimbus-1 was launched in August 1964 and was the first in a series of\nsecond-generation meteorological research-and-development satellites that was\ndesigned to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of\nadvanced meteorological sensor systems and for collecting meteorological data.\nThe polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major elements: (1) a sensory\nring, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system housing. The solar paddles\nand the control system housing were connected to the sensory ring by a truss\nstructure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy. Nimbus-1 was\nnearly 3.7 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter at the base, and about 3 m across with\nsolar paddles extended. The sensory ring, which formed the satellite base,\nhoused the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the\ntorus-shaped sensory ring provided mounting space for sensors and telemetry\nantennas. An H-frame structure mounted within the center of the torus provided\nsupport for the larger experiments and tape recorders. Mounted on the control\nsystem housing, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors,\nhorizon scanners, gas nozzles for attitude control, and a command antenna. Use\nof a stabilization and control system allowed the spacecraft's orientation to\nbe controlled to within plus or minus 1 degree for all three axes (pitch, roll,\nand yaw).\nThe spacecraft carried an advanced vidicon camera system for recording and\nstoring remote cloudcover pictures, an automatic picture transmission camera\nfor providing real-time cloudcover pictures, and a high-resolution infrared\nradiometer to complement the daytime TV coverage and to measure nighttime\nradiative temperatures of cloud tops and surface terrain. A short second-stage\nburn resulted in an unplanned eccentric orbit. Otherwise, the spacecraft and\nits experiments operated successfully until September 22, 1964. The solar\npaddles became locked in position, resulting in inadequate electrical power to\ncontinue operations.\n__________\nTaken from the NSSDC System for Information Retrieval and Storage (SIRS). For\nmore information contact the NSSDC Coordinated Request and User Support Office,\n301-286-6695 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933.4, Greenbelt, Maryland\n20771, USA).\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NIMBUS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NIMBUS\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: NIMBUS-A\n Short_Name: 00872\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: APT NIMBUS-1\n Short_Name: HRIR NIMBUS-1\n Short_Name: AVCS NIMBUS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 degrees\n Period: 98.41999816894531 minutes\t\n Perigee: 429.0 km\n Apogee: 937.0 km\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-10-11\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1964-052A\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/nimbus\n Online_Resource: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/nimbus/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-08-28\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6036,69 +6036,69 @@ { "uuid": "f9922bc7-cbad-4230-ad65-08c5998a8e0f", "label": "TSINGHUA-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Tsinghua-1 is a microsatellite of Tsinghua University, developed and built in a joint venture between SSTL of Guildford, Surrey, UK, and Tsinghua University in Beijing, China. The TSRC (Tsinghua Space Research Center) was set up in Oct. 1998 with the goal to integrate all space research activities at Tsinghua University and to provide a means and facilities for S/C building. The joint-venture company in Beijing is referred to as T-SSSC (Tsinghua-Surrey Small Satellite Company). The cooperative program is to develop and build microsatellites (Tsinghua-1) and nanosatellites (THNS-1) and to provide integrated training in small satellite design.\n\nTsinghua-1 (also referred to as 'Hangtian' in Chinese) is a demonstrator microsatellite in the 50 kg class of size: 35 cm x 35 cm x 64 cm. The overall objective is to provide daily high-resolution imaging for disaster monitoring and mitigation on a worldwide scale. A further goal of Tsinghua-1 is to conduct communications research in LEO. The design uses the new MicroSat-70 platform modules or trays to carry the subsystems and payload. The power subsystem design includes the regulation, protection and distribution of a 35 W solar array and 7 Ah NiCd batteries. This subsystem essentially offers two buses: an unregulated 14 V bus and a regulated 5 V bus. The three payload modules include the GPS receiver (SGR-10 with 12 channels), transputer, and DSP/DTE (Digital Signal Processing/Data Transfer Experiment) unit. The three cameras and 3 reaction wheels are accommodated in the Earth Observation Compartment. Two GPS antennas are accommodated on the space facing side of the S/C.\n\nThe spacecraft is three-axis stabilized using a combination of passive (gravity-gradient boom) and active (magnetorquers, reaction wheels) actuator elements. The platform is nadir pointing. Attitude is sensed by sun sensors and a magnetometer. The body-pointing platform has the capability to perform fast slew maneuvers within 15 about the roll axis (or 180 about the yaw axis). An off-nadir pointing configuration can be sustained for up to half an orbit. Onboard data handling is provided with a dual CAN (Controller Area Network) bus (ISO 11898 & ISO 11519-1) 20 Mbit/s, and INMOS serial point-to-point link 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous duplex UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter).\n\nA launch of Tsinghua-1, along with SNAP-1 of SSTL as secondary payloads to Nadezhda-6, the prime Russian S&RSAT (Search & Rescue Satellite) of COSPAS, took place on June 28, 2000 on a Russian Cosmos-3M launcher from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia.\n\nOrbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 700 km, inclination = 98, period of 100 minutes.\n\nStatus of Tsinghua-1 mission: The spacecraft is operational as of 2004. \n\nSensor complement:\n\nMEIS (Multispectral Earth Imaging System).MEIS is a demonstrator instrument intended for the upcoming DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation) mission. The objective is to acquire multispectral Earth surface imagery with a spatial resolution of 40 m (snapshot imagery). The MEIS camera assembly consists of three cameras (one for each spectral band) mounted at an angle of 15 from nadir so that the yaw angle can be selected to offer the required off-pointing angle of 15 from nadir. The image swath width is 80 km and each camera can collect four images contiguously along the flight path. The instrument performs autonomous onboard histogram analysis to ensure optimum image quality involving image processing, compression and onboard storage. The OBCs may also be used to carry out autonomous onboard cloud editing and high-compression thumb-nail image previews.\n\nSGR-10 (Space GPS Receiver-10). The objective is real-time positioning for tracking the satellite and providing orbital elements for the spacecraft mission and ground station. SGR is a customized COTS-developed receiver. The instrument is based on the second generation GPS chip set of MITEL Semiconductors. The SGR consists of the following elements: GPS antennas, LNAs, the RF section, the digital section and the TLM/TC node. \n\nRF section: The SGR has two separate RF front-ends in the RF section which are responsible for down-converting the GPS signals and digitizing the IF signals. The RF sections use the same local oscillator so that the measurements are referenced to the same fundamental TCXO clock.\n\nDigital section: This part consists of hardware correlator channels, memory, a 32 bit RISC microprocessor with supporting peripherals and the interface circuitry. There are 24 C/A code correlation channels available, although only 12 channels are available if only 2 antennas are used.\n\nTLM/TC node: A separate 8 bit microcontroller is used to provide telemetry and telecommands. The telemetry includes status monitoring of SGR, while telecommand include reset, power down parts of the receiver, some redundancy switching etc.\n\nThe SGR-10 receives the L1 signal from the GPS constellation. The total SGR mass is 1.355 kg, including antenna/LNA. The accuracy of positioning, velocity and time synchronization (under Selective Availability on GPS) are: 150 m, 1 m/s, 3-D, 2 sigma approximately, and + 1 s, respectively. \n\nInformation from http://www.eoPortal.org\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TSINGHUA-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: TSINGHUA-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 700\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.14\n Period: 98.68\n Perigee: 687\n Apogee: 713\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-19\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=9264\n Online_Resource: http://www.sstl.co.uk/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-06-28\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: Tsinghua University (China)\n Primary_Sponsor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fbfed562-4772-48fe-b2bb-7ebced3a7c9f", "label": "SCATSAT-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Scatterometer Satellite-1 (SCATSAT-1) is a satellite providing weather forecasting, cyclone prediction, and tracking services to India. It has been developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Satellite Centre.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc4a8eda-b910-4df6-8012-d573e5835707", "label": "MTSAT-1R", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "The MTSAT-1R is a geostationary satellite from Japan. It has an onboard sensor, which is called the Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager (JAMI). JAMI obtains round earth imagery, called 'full-disk image', and observes earth surface conditions and cloud distributions as well as meteorological phenomena such as typhoons, depressions, front and so on. In addition, the various meteorological parameters, such as sea surface temperature and cloud motion winds are extracted from image data.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MTSAT-1R\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GMS (Japan Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)\n Short_Name: MTSAT-1R\n Long_Name: Multi-functional Transport Satellite 1 Replacement\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: JAMI\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-06\n Online_Resource: http://mscweb.kishou.go.jp/index.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2005-02-26\n Launch_Site: Tanegashima Island, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan Meteorological Agency\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe07a2e4-a6cd-401c-af3e-433bbc8c2c98", "label": "HY2-A", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "HY-2 is a second generation ocean observation/monitoring satellite series approved by CNSA (China National Space Administration) Beijing in Feb. 2007. The HY-2A mission represents a follow-up of the HY-1A and HY-1B missions.\n\nThe overall objective of HY-2 is the measurement of ocean dynamic and environmental parameters in the microwave region (i.e., all weather observations). The requirements call also for the collection of data on marine wind setup (wind vector), marine surface height, and SST (Sea Surface Temperature), along with aero-marine forecasts for the prevention and relief of disaster.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe4a4604-029e-4cdc-93f0-6d8799dd25e5", "label": "PROBA-1", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "[Text Source: ESA Proba web site, http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/index.html ]\n\nThe Project for On-Board Autonomy (Proba) is a technology demonstration mission of the European Space Agency, funded within the frame of ESA's General Support Technology Programme. It is managed by ESA??s Control and Data Systems Division within the Department of Electrical Engineering, part of the Directorate for Technical and Operational Support at ESA/ESTEC.\n \nWork on the project began in mid-1998 and Proba was successfully launched on 22 October, 2001, initially for a one-year mission. \nProba objectives\n \nThe objectives of Proba are:\n\n-in-orbit demonstration and evaluation of new hardware and software\nspacecraft technologies\n\n- in-orbit demonstration and evaluation of onboard operational\nautonomy\n\n- in-orbit trial and demonstration of Earth observation and space\nenvironment instruments\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Proba_web_site/index.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PROBA-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PROBA-1\n Long_Name: Project for On-Board Autonomy, PROBA-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: PROBA\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PROBA.CHRIS.1A\n Short_Name: HRC\n Short_Name: WAC\n Short_Name: SREM\n Short_Name: DEBIE\n Short_Name: SIPS\n Short_Name: MRM\n Short_Name: PASS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 615 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.75 deg\n Period: 101.3 min\n Repeat_Cycle: 16 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-11-21\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Proba_web_site/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2001-10-22\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", "label": "Earth Explorers", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "Earth Explorers are smaller research missions dedicated to specific aspects of our Earth environment whilst demonstrating new technology in space. Earth Explorer missions focus on the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and the Earth's interior with the overall emphasis on learning more about the interactions between these components and the impact that human activity is having on natural Earth processes.", "children": [ { "uuid": "a641c997-0bd2-41aa-ba43-8e03066c3c2a", "label": "SMOS", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", + "parentId": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", "definition": "[Source: ESA, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAMBA2VMOC_LPsmos_0.html ]\n\nESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has been designed to observe soil moisture over the Earth's landmasses and salinity over the oceans. Soil moisture data are urgently required for hydrological studies and data on ocean salinity are vital for improving our understanding of ocean circulation patterns.\n \nLaunched on 2 November 2009, SMOS is the second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission to be developed as part of ESA's Living Planet Programme. As well as demonstrating the use of the new radiometer, the data acquired from this mission will contribute to furthering our knowledge of the Earth's water cycle. The data acquired from the SMOS mission will lead to better weather and extreme-event forecasting, and contribute to seasonal-climate forecasting. As a secondary objective, SMOS will also provide observations over regions of snow and ice, contributing to studies of the cryosphere.\n\nFacts and figures \n• Launch: 2 November 2009 \n• Orbit: Mean altitude of 758 km and inclination of 98.44°; low-Earth, polar, Sun-synchronous, quasi-circular, dusk-dawn, 23-day repeat cycle, 3-day sub-cycle \n• Lifetime: Three years (including a six-month commissioning phase) with a possible two-year extension \n• Instrument: Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis – MIRAS, 2D interferometric L-band radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz (21 cm wavelength), with 69 antenna receivers distributed on a Y-shaped deployable antenna array and central hub. H and V polarisations measured sequentially \n• Satellite: Proteus platform adapted to the needs of the SMOS mission \n• Satellite mass: 658 kg (platform: 275 kg, payload: 355 kg, fuel: 28 kg) \n• Dimensions at launch: Cylinder 2.4 m high and 2.3 m in diameter \n• Power: Deployable solar panels with Si-cells, Li-Ion battery. Maximum power available for satellite: 1065 W, maximum consumption for MIRAS payload: 511 W \n• Communication links: X-band downlink for science data to ESA’s European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) in Villafranca, Spain, complemented by an X-band station in Svalbard, Norway, for acquisition of near-realtime data products; S-band uplink (4 kbps) and downlink (722 kbps) to Kiruna, Sweden, for satellite telemetry and telecommand (generic Proteus ground station) \n• Launcher: Rockot (with Breeze-KM upper stage) by Eurockot Launch Services GmbH \n• Launch site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia \n• Mission control: CNES Proteus Control and Command Centre in Toulouse, France, via CNES S-band ground station network – Kiruna in Sweden, Aussaguel in France and Kourou in French Guiana \n• Data processing: Data Processing Centre at ESAC, long-term archive at Kiruna, and User Services via ESA’s Centre for Earth Observation ESRIN in Frascati, Italy\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMOS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Earth Explorers\n Short_Name: SMOS\n Long_Name: Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission)\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MIRAS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 758 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.44 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 23 days\n Orbit_Type: LEO > LOW EARTH ORBIT > POLAR SUN-SYNCHRONOUS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-09-12\n Online_Resource: http://earth.esa.int/SMOS/\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/8042-gp-smos-to-provide-a-unique-map.php\n Online_Resource: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/SMOS/SMOS_factsheet_22Jun09.pdf\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAMBA2VMOC_LPsmos_0.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.esa.int/images/smos_key-visual_FINAL_H.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-11-02\n Launch_Site: PLESETSK COSMODROME, RUSSIA\n Design_Life: 3 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: France/CNES\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a915ab2f-46c5-493b-9f18-aeb3383ee72b", "label": "CRYOSAT-2", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", + "parentId": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", "definition": "Europe's first ice mission is an advanced radar altimeter specifically designed to monitor the most dynamic sections of Earth's cryosphere. It borrows synthetic aperture radar and interferometry techniques from standard imaging radar missions to sharpen its accuracy over rugged ice sheet margins and sea ice in polar waters. CryoSat-2 measures 'freeboard' - the difference in height between sea ice and adjacent water - as well as ice sheet altitude, tracking changes in ice thickness.\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CRYOSAT-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Earth Explorers\n Short_Name: CRYOSAT-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: DORIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 717 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 92 deg\n Repeat_Cycle: 369 days with 30 day sub-cycle\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Non-Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2010-05-07\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPcryosat.html\n Sample_Image: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/EarthObservation/cryosat/4_sar_hz31_H.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-04-08\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 3 Years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a9b21edd-49b7-43be-8e35-8652bbc5559a", "label": "Biomass", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", + "parentId": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", "definition": "The Biomass mission will address a fundamental gap in our understanding of the land component of the Earth system, which is the status and the dynamics of Earth’s forests, as represented by the distribution of forest biomass and its changes. With accurate, frequent and global information on these forest properties at a spatial scale of 200 m, it will be possible to address a range of critical issues with far-reaching scientific and societal consequences. The Biomass mission will explore Earth’s surface for the first time at the P-band wavelength, making observations that could have a wide range of as yet unforeseen applications, such as for mapping subsurface geological features in deserts in support of palaeohydrological studies and in ice sheets, and the surface topography of areas covered by dense vegetation.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b4fc57c3-7f36-40dc-8067-8b1f4dff4e3d", "label": "GOCE", - "broader": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", + "parentId": "fe9b35e7-6243-44bb-ac42-ce8350e7a86f", "definition": "[Source: ESA GOCE Home page, http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESAYEK1VMOC_LPgoce_0.html ]\n \nLaunched on 17 March 2009 - End of mission 10 November 2013, ESA's Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) was developed to bring about a whole new level of understanding of one of Earth's most fundamental forces of nature – the gravity field.\n \nDubbed the 'Formula 1' of satellites, this sleek high-tech gravity satellite embodies many firsts in its design and use of new technology in space to map Earth's gravity field in unprecedented detail. As the most advanced gravity space mission to date, GOCE will realise a broad range of fascinating new possibilities for oceanography, solid Earth physics, geodesy and sea-level research, and significantly contribute to furthering our understanding of climate change. \n \nAlthough invisible, gravity is a complex force of nature that has an immeasurable impact on our everyday lives. It is often assumed that the force of gravity on the surface of the Earth has a constant value, but in fact the value of 'g' varies subtly from place to place. These variations are due to a number of factors such as the rotation of the Earth, the position of mountains and ocean trenches and variations in density of the Earth's interior.\n\nOver its life of about 20 months, GOCE will map these global variations in the gravity field with extreme detail and accuracy. This will result in a unique model of the 'geoid', which is the surface of equal gravitational potential defined by the gravity field – crucial for deriving accurate measurements of ocean circulation and sea-level change, both of which are affected by climate change. GOCE-derived data are also much needed to understand more about processes occurring inside the Earth and for use in practical applications such as surveying and levelling.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GOCE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Earth Explorers\n Short_Name: GOCE\n Long_Name: Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LRR\n Short_Name: EGG\n Short_Name: SSTI\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 250 km (Hibernation 270 km)\n Orbit_Inclination: 96.7°\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-05-15\n Online_Resource: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPgoce.html\n Online_Resource: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/goce_general.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2009-03-17\n Launch_Site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia\n Design_Life: 20 months\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6107,20 +6107,20 @@ { "uuid": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", "label": "Indian Mini Satellite (IMS)", - "broader": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", + "parentId": "3466eed1-2fbb-49bf-ab0b-dc08731d502b", "definition": "A family of modular mini satellite buses developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).", "children": [ { "uuid": "a4d7359a-ec66-49d6-a394-3cf2794dd552", "label": "IMS-1", - "broader": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", + "parentId": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", "definition": "IMS-1, previously referred to as TWSat (Third World Satellite), is a low-cost microsatellite imaging mission of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization). The overall objective is to provide medium-resolution imagery for developing countries for free. Around 50 data reception terminals will be installed by ISRO in selected Third World countries and also at some universities in India.\n\nhe project started in 2005 with a definition phase of the mission. The ISRO approach was to develop two versions of a standard small spacecraft bus (SSB) design with the objective to provide a low-cost and a quick-response time approach to space.\n\n• A microsatellite version (first use by the IMS-1 mission)\n\n• A minisatellite version (first use by the SARAL mission)\n\nThe main advantage of these 'smallsats' is the fact that they can be launched by a PSLV vehicle as a piggyback payload on any one of the larger primary payloads (like IRS satellites).\n\nThe modular design concept of the SSB is suited for series production making the bus a natural choice for constellation-flight applications. The design layout is such that the bus module and the payload module of each series may be integrated and tested separately (thus reducing the interdependency during the realization between both modules). Each SSB version is 3-axis stabilized. SSB is also designed to accommodate different types of payloads with minor modification from mission to mission. \n\nThe SSB micro-bus uses aluminum honeycomb panels arranged in a cuboid structure with internal shear frames. This design is made to provide maximum area for mounting the packages while being sturdy. All the subsystem packages are mounted within the cuboid except sensors and antennas which are mounted outside. The structure includes a launch vehicle interface and solar panel interfaces. The payloads are mounted on the top deck, with optical axis towards the + yaw direction.\n\nThe power subsystem consists of solar panels, battery, power conditioning and distribution units. There are two solar panels of size 0.81m x 0.72 m in the roll direction of the satellite. The panels are stowed during the launch and deployed after injection to the orbit. The satellite is nominally in sun-pointing mode with the solar panels facing the sun. For every payload operation, the satellite is maneuvered into an Earth-pointing mode and goes back to the sun-pointing mode after the imaging operation. Multi-junction solar cells are being used to provide higher efficiency of power conversion to generate about 230 W. A Li-ion battery is used with a capacity of 10.5 Ah, having a mass of about 3.5 kg. The power subsystem provides a single raw bus of 28 to 33 V. There are four DC/DC converters which provide the required secondary voltages for the payloads and bus subsystems.\n\nThe AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem) uses sun sensors with 4π FOV providing an accuracy of 0.5º in all axes. The sun sensors are being used for sun acquisition and safe mode detection and recovery. A MEMS-based magnetometer is being used in the spacecraft de-tumbling support mode and in the momentum dumping of the reaction wheels. A star sensor, providing an inertial quaternion output, is used as prime sensor during 3-axis stabilization and during the maneuver support modes. The accuracy of the star sensor is < 40 arcsec in all axes. In addition, there are two miniaturized gyros which are dynamically tuned. A GPS-based SPS (Satellite Positioning System) is used to provide the satellite position to an accuracy of < 30 m. Actuation is provided by magnetic torquers (momentum dumping), micro reaction wheels,and an RCS (Reaction Control Subsystem). The reaction wheels have aan angular momentum capacity of 0.36 Nms and a torque of 0.015 Nm. The wheels are arranged in a tetrahedral configuration to provide enhanced torques about any axis. The RCS consists of a single tank (8 liter volume) containing a monopropellant fuel and a single 1N thruster. The thruster is primarily used for orbit corrections.\n\nBMU (Bus Management Unit): The BMU represents the heart of the satellite providing the functions of telecommand decoding, house keeping telemetry, data encoding, sensor processing, on/off control of the subsystems and heaters, command distribution, spacecraft control during initial acquisition, normal mode, safe mode etc., using the actuators. This subsystem is realized in a single PCB (Printed Circuit Board).\n\nPassive control methods (with elements like multi layer insulation blankets, optical surface reflectors, thermal paints and heaters wherever necessary.) are being used in the thermal control subsystem. \n\nLaunch: A launch of IMS-1 as a secondary payload on a PSLV vehicle (PSLV-C9) took place on April 28, 2008 from the SDSC-SHAR launch site (Sriharikota, India) of ISRO. The primary payload on this flight was CartoSat-2A (launch mass of 690 kg), an Indian military high-resolution panchromatic imaging satellite (based on CartoSat-2 of ISRO).\n\nTWSat carries two payloads: the Mx-T (Multispectral Camera) and the HySI (Hyperspectral Imager). However, since the data of both imagers is rather high, only one of them will be powered on and data transmitted at any given time.\n\nMx-T (Multispectral Camera). The instrument of modular design provides four spectral bands in VNIR, where each band employs an individual lens, a separate CCD detector, and separate front-end electronics. The camera operates in a pushbroom scanning mode to image the Earth. The spatial resolution at nadir is 36 m on a swath of 151 km. The 12 bit video output is coded to 10 bit with multi-linear gain. Mx-T has a mass of 5.5 kg and a power consumption of 18 W.\n\nAll the front end electronics and the video processors are accommodated on the electro optical module (EOM) itself. Each band has one detector which gives out data in 4 ports with 10 bits per pixel. The source data (32 Mbit/s) is sent to the baseband data handling system of the microsatellite bus, compressed and stored in SSR (Solid State Recorder). The recorded data is transmitted to the ground in S-band at 8 Mbit/s. \n\nHySI-T (Hyperspectral Imager). The prototype instrument providing a total of 64 spectral bands in the VNIR region. Spectral separation is realized using the wedge filter technique. Detection is provided with a CMOS/APS (Active Pixel Sensor) area device. - The HySI-T data may be used for resource characterization and detailed studies. The HySI-T is being used on an experimental basis to obtain experience of such a payload and also of handling the hyperspectral data and generating the application models.\n\nMission operations: While Mx-T serves the basic requirement of the imaging mission, the HySI-T is incorporated on an experimental basis. It is planned to operate the Mx-T instrument on for most of the orbits based on the user demands, while the HySI-T is operated over Indian ground stations for evaluation purposes. Either of the payloads will be operated at a time in order to conserve the available resources on board the microsatellite.\n\nThe data from the two payloads is being downlinked separately. The Mx-T data is compressed at a ratio of 3.4:1, formatted, RS (Reed Solomon) encoded and stored on SSR (Solid Sate Recorder). The downlink is in near real-time via the S-band transmitter. The SSR has the storage capacity of 16 Gbit providing a maximum storage volume of 20 minutes data in segmented form. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IMS-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IMS-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MX-T\n Short_Name: CCD IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 635 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98 km\n Period: 97.3 minutes\n Perigee: 626.5 km\n Apogee: 646.3 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-06-27\n Online_Resource: http://directory.eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=15158\n Sample_Image: http://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/6100/IMS1_Auto9.jpeg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-04-28\n Launch_Site: Sriharikota Island, India\n Primary_Sponsor: Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aa137482-53a7-455d-b8d8-52d487380c2a", "label": "IMS-2", - "broader": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", + "parentId": "fecf6a37-ffa9-4e11-90cf-1abfeb95cb95", "definition": "IMS-2 Bus is evolved as a standard bus of 400 kg class which includes a payload capability of around 200kg. IMS-2 development is an important milestone as it is envisaged to be a work horse for different types of remote sensing applications. The first mission of IMS-2 is SARAL. SARAL is a co-operative mission between ISRO and CNES with payloads from CNES and spacecraft bus from ISRO.", "children": [] } @@ -6131,257 +6131,257 @@ { "uuid": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", "label": "Space Stations/Crewed Spacecraft", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", + "parentId": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", "definition": "Space Stations: A space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live and work in outer space for a period of time.\n\nCrewed Spacecraft: A vehicle, vessel or machine designed to (transport) humans in outer space.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "label": "Space Shuttle", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", + "parentId": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", "definition": "Between the first launch on April 12, 1981, and the final landing on July 21, 2011, NASA's space shuttle fleet -- Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour -- flew 135 missions, helped construct the International Space Station and inspired generations. NASA's space shuttle fleet began setting records with its first launch on April 12, 1981 and continued to set high marks of achievement and endurance through 30 years of missions. Starting with Columbia and continuing with Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour, the spacecraft has carried people into orbit repeatedly, launched, recovered and repaired satellites, conducted cutting-edge research and built the largest structure in space, the International Space Station. The final space shuttle mission, STS-135, ended July 21, 2011 when Atlantis rolled to a stop at its home port, NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\n\nAs humanity's first reusable spacecraft, the space shuttle pushed the bounds of discovery ever farther, requiring not only advanced technologies but the tremendous effort of a vast workforce. Thousands of civil servants and contractors throughout NASA's field centers and across the nation have demonstrated an unwavering commitment to mission success and the greater goal of space exploration.", "children": [ { "uuid": "019b76a2-3576-4a03-a91f-8519319d66ee", "label": "STS-62", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Space Transport System STS-62\n\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nThe 14-day mission is the latest in a series of Extended\nDuration Orbiter (EDO) flights which will provide additional\ninformation for on-going medical studies that assess the impact\nof long-duration spaceflight, 10 or more days, on astronaut\nhealth, identify any operational medical concerns and test\ncountermeasures for the adverse effects of weightlessness on\nhuman physiology.\n\nThe United States Microgravity Payload (USMP) will be making its\nsecond flight aboard the Space Shuttle. The USMP flights are\nregularly scheduled on Shuttle missions to permit scientists\naccess to space for microgravity and fundamental science\nexperiments which cannot be duplicated on Earth and provide the\nfoundation for advanced scientific investigations that will be\ndone on the international space station.\n\nThe Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST-2) payload\ncontains six experiments that will obtain technology data to\nsupport future needs for advanced satellites, sensors,\nmicrocircuits and the space station. Data gathered by the OAST-2\nexperiments could lead to satellites and spacecraft that are\ncheaper, more reliable and able to operate more efficiently.\n\nSTS-62 will help scientists calibrate sensitive ozone- detecting\ninstruments with the sixth flight of the Shuttle Solar\nBackscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) Instrument. This highly\ncalibrated tool is used to check data from ozone-measuring\ninstruments on free-flying satellites -- NASA's Total Ozone\nMapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Upper Atmosphere Research\nSatellite (UARS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration NOAA-9 and NOAA-11 satellites.\n\nThe Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiments and the Commercial\nProtein Crystal Growth (CPCG) experiments aboard Columbia will\nhelp scientists understand the growth of crystals to study the\ncomplex molecular structures of important proteins. By knowing\nthe structure of specific proteins, scientists can design new\ndrug treatments for humans and animals and develop new or better\nfood crops.\n\nNASA's efforts in the important field of biotechnology are\nrepresented by the fourth flight of the Physiological Systems\nExperiment which is designed to evaluate pharmaceutical,\nagricultural or biotechnological products, and the first flight\nof the Biotechnology Specimen Temperature Controller (BSTC),\ndesigned to test the performance of a temperature control device\nbeing developed for use with the Bioreactor, a cell- culture\ngrowth device. Also flying again on the Shuttle is the\nCommercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payload which\nwill support more than 15 commercial life science investigations\nthat have application in biomaterials, biotechnology, medicine\nand agriculture.\n\nThe Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE) will make its\nsecond flight on STS-62. MODE investigates how the microgravity\nof space flight influences the behavior of large space\nstructures. The MODE test article can be configured in different\nshapes typical of space structural forms-- the truss of a space\nstation, for example -- to help engineers develop and verify an\nanalytical modeling capability for predicting the linear and\nnonlinear modal characteristics of space structures in a\nmicrogravity environment. MODE also will gather force\nmeasurements of nominal, crew-induced disturbance loads on the\nShuttle.\n\nAstronauts will demonstrate a new magnetic end effector and\ngrapple fixture design for the Shuttle's Canadian-built robot\narm that engineers believe will increase the arm's dexterity and\nalignment accuracy, provide operators with a sense of touch and\nallow the use of more compact 'handles' on satellites and other\nShuttle payloads.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-62/mission-sts-62.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "15541ce2-b06c-4597-8eb1-745e1c72600b", "label": "OV-105", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Endeavour, the newest addition to the four-orbiter fleet, is named after the first ship commanded by James Cook, the 18th century British explorer, navigator and astronomer. For the first time, a national competition involving students in elementary and secondary schools produced the name of the new orbiter; it was announced by President George Bush in 1989. The Space Shuttle orbiter Endeavour was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in May 1991, and flew its first mission, highlighted by the dramatic rescue of a stranded communications satellite, a year later in May 1992.\n\nEndeavour features new hardware designed to improve and expand orbiter capabilities. Most of this equipment was later incorporated into the other three orbiters during out-of-service major inspection and modification programs. Endeavour's upgrades include:\n\n-A 40-foot diameter drag chute that is expected to reduce the orbiter's rollout distance by 1,000 to 2,000 feet.\n\n-The plumbing and electrical connections needed for Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) modifications to allow up to 28-day missions.\n\n-Updated avionics systems that include advanced general purpose computers, improved inertial measurement units and tactical air navigation systems, enhanced master events controllers and multiplexer-demultiplexers, a solid-state star tracker and improved nose wheel steering mechanisms.\n\n-An improved version of the Auxiliary Power Units (APU's) that provide power to operate the Shuttle's hydraulic systems.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-105\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-105\n Long_Name: Endeavour Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html\n Sample_Image: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/images/medium/02pd0590-m.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-05-07\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "184a4b22-f26d-4358-8eb1-ab4262d4524e", "label": "SRL-1", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The Space Radar Laboratory - 1 (SRL-1) was launched onboard the Space Shuttle 'Endeavor' (STS-59) on April 9, 1994. The SRL-1 consists of two elements: a suite of radar instruments called the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) jointly developed by NASA and DARA of Germany and ASI of Italy, and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS) instrument to measure atmospheric air pollution. SRL-1 is the first in a series of flights of this payload designed to (1) acquire radar imagery of the Earth's surface for studies in geology, geography, hydrology, oceanography, agronomy, and botany; (2) gather data for future space-borne radar systems; and (3) provide measurements of the global distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) in the troposphere. Instruments on board include the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) with multi-frequency (C- and L-Bands), multi-polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH), and multi-incidence angle (15 to 55 degrees) capabilities thus lending itself to a wide range of earth surface applications; the X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR), an X-band, VV-polarized imaging radar system, built by Dornier (Germany) and Alenia (Italy) for the German Space Agency (DARA)/German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI); and, the Mapping Air Pollution from Space (MAPS) instrument for the study of global air pollution. The MAPS instrument, from NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth (MtPE) Program. Four 45-Mbps data channels were recorded on special high data rate tape recorders and real-time data was transmitted to ground stations. About 50 hours each of SIR-C and X-SAR data were recorded during the mission. The combined SIR-C/X-SAR Science Team was made up of 49 members and 3 associates representing 13 countries. SIR-C/X-SAR data collection was focused on several worldwide supersites and correlated with ground and aircraft measurements. Radar data was also calibrated to allow comparisons with other operating spaceborne radars (ERS-1 SAR, JERS-1 SAR).\n\nBoth SIR-C and X-SAR will use on-board tape recorders to store data as well as limited real-time transmissions to the ground. Each radar has its own on-board data handling system and each radar can have its data routed through the TDRSS for real-time transmission (Ku-band). SIR-C data are recorded in parallel and X-SAR data is recorded serially. SIR-C and X-SAR data will be preprocessed at the Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) at NASA/JSC before delivery to JPL and operations centers in Germany and Italy. Commands are sent to the SRL-1 from POCC. At mission end, data tapes recorded on-board are sent to the PI sites.\n\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR part of the SRL-1 mission is expected to collect over 50 hours of data, both recorded and real-time. Real-time raw data will be pre-processed by the instrument PIs and science teams and stored at the PI sites at JPL, in Germany, and in Italy for analysis. SIR-C data will be processed at JPL using the JPL advanced digital SAR processor, leading to processed SAR images on 8-mm digital tape and on film. Plans include the production of CD-ROMs with 100 m resolution images. X-SAR data will be pre-processed within 3 months. Image products will be made available to X-SAR investigators. Both Germany and Italy will operate separate archives and processing facilities for X-SAR data. SIR-C processed data will eventually be be archived with the EOSDIS DAAC at EROS Data Center. All processed MAPS data is expected to be archived with the EOSDIS DAAC at NASA/Langley. Two additional flights of SRL are planned (August 1994 and 1995).\n\nSome SIR-C and X-SAR images are publically available on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) FTP site: jplinfo.jpl.nasa.gov in the directory /sircxsar. The images are also available through the World Wide Web (WWW) at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/. Both servers also have extensive information about the mission.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SRL-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SRL-1\n Long_Name: Space Radar Laboratory-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SRL-1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: X-SAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-59.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "186b17f1-68bc-4f05-8b2b-932d24c57e3a", "label": "STS-41G", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The 13th flight of the Space Shuttle (STS 41-G) carried the OSTA-3 (Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications) payload designed for conducting experiments in earth remote sensing. This experiment payload consisted of 1) a Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) for studies of the earth's surface, 2) a Large Format Camera (LFC) for cartographic mappings of the earth, 3) a Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS) experiment to determine the distribution of CO in the atmosphere, and 4) a Feature Identification and Location Experiment (FILE) for classification of surface materials. The SIR-B was an upgraded version of the SIR-A flown on the OSTA-1 payload during the STS-2 mission (NSSDC ID 81-111A-01). The MAPS and FILE sensors were the reflies of those same instruments on the OSTA-1 payload (NSSDC ID 81-111A-04 and 81-111A-03). The mission lasted 8 days and, except for SIR-B, all instruments met their pre launch requirements.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-41G\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-41G\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-41G\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Challenger (6)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n Perigee: 216 km\n Apogee: 229 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-41g.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/images/images/pao/STS41G/10061805.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-10-05\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "307e058f-5a6c-4b6b-b1a3-6a06a559a21b", "label": "STS-34", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Space Transport System STS-34\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nSpace Shuttle mission STS-34 will deploy the Galileo planetary exploration spacecraft into low-Earth orbit starting Galileo on its journey to explore Jupiter. Galileo will be the second planetary probe deployed from the Shuttle this year following Atlantis' successful launch of Magellan toward Venus exploration in May.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-34\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-34\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-34\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 185\n Orbit_Inclination: 34.3\n Period: 39\n Repeat_Cycle: 4\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-34/mission-sts-34.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/images/images/pao/STS34/10063739.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1989-10-23\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "320292c9-dd15-43db-bbe7-36a217efc535", "label": "Spacelab-1", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The first Spacelab mission was a joint NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) mission. Spacelab 1 consisted of a pressurized compartment (module) for housing equipment and flight personnel and a space-exposed platform to accommodate instruments. The compartment and platform were flown into space and returned inside the payload compartment of the Space Shuttle. The mission lasted 10 days, and while in space, the Shuttle payload compartment doors were opened to allow viewing of the earth, sun, and deep space. Spacelab 1 was a multidiscipline mission comprising five broad areas of investigation: Atmospheric Physics and Earth Observations, Space Plasma Physics, Astronomy and Solar Physics, Material Sciences and Technology, and Life Sciences. The Atmospheric Physics investigations conducted studies of the earth's environment through surveys of temperature, composition, and motion of the atmosphere. The Earth Observations investigations used and evaluated the capability of advanced measuring systems for making topographic and thematic maps from high-resolution photographs and from remote-sensing data. Investigations in the Space Plasma Physics group studied the charged particle or plasma environment of the earth. The Astronomy investigations studied astronomical sources of radiation in the ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths. The Solar Physics investigations measured the total energy output of the sun using three different methods with the instruments cross calibrated so that meaningful comparisons could be made. The Material Sciences and Technology investigations took advantage of the microgravity conditions to perform studies in such areas as crystal growth, metallurgy, tribology, fluid physics, and ceramics technology. The Life Sciences investigations were concerned with the effects of the space environment (zero gravity and high-energy radiation) on human physiology and on the growth, development, and organization of biological systems. The mission was considered very successful.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "391b3a49-2960-4be9-a12b-29f2f912da99", "label": "STS-72", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The primary objective of the STS-72 mission is to capture and return to Earth a Japanese microgravity research spacecraft known as Space Flyer Unit (SFU). The 7,885lbs SFU spacecraft was launched by Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA) from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan at 8:01 UT on March 18, 1995 aboard a Japanese H-II rocket (HII-3).\n\nThe STS-72 mission will also deploy (for about 50 hours) and then retrieve the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer (OAST-Flyer) spacecraft. OAST-Flyer is the seventh in a series of missions aboard reuseable free-flying Spartan carriers. It consists of four experiments: Return Flux Experiment (REFLEX), Global Positioning System Attitude Determination and Control Experiment (GADACS), Solar Exposure to Laser Ordnance Device (SELODE) and the University of Maryland Spartan Packet Radio Experiment (SPRE).\n\nOther experiments onboard STS-72 include the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment (SSBUV-8) (previously flown on STS-34, STS-41, STS-43, STS-45, STS-56, STS-62 and STS-66), EDFT-03, Shuttle Laser Altimeter Payload (SLA-01/GAS(5)), VDA-2, National Institutes of Health NIH-R3 Experiment, Space Tissue Loss Experiment (STL/NIH-C), Pool Boiling Experiment (PBE) (hardware previously flown on STS-47, STS-57 and STS-60) and the Thermal Energy Storage (TES-2) experiment (previously flown on STS-69).\n\nGet Away Special payloads include the United States Air Force Academy G-342 Flexible Beam Experiment (FLEXBEAM-2), Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies' G-459 - Protein Crystal Growth Experiment and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory GAS Ballast Can with Sample Return Experiment.\n\nEndeavour's 10th flight also includes two 6.5 hour spacewalks by three astronauts to test hardware and tools that will be used in the assembly of the International Space Station starting in late 1997. EVA-1 on flight day five consists of Crewmembers Leroy Chiao (EV1) and Dan Barry (EV2) while EVA-2 on Flight Day 7 consists of Leroy Chiao (EV1) and Winston Scott (EV2).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-72\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-72\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-72\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 250 nm (288 statute miles)\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-72/mission-sts-72.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134518main_sts-72-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-01-11\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "430147e6-cf02-4d33-8806-033c85364fd4", "label": "STS-51F", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nSpacelab 2, a NASA developed payload, had a configuration that included an\nigloo attached to a lead pallet, with the Instrument Pointing Subsystem (IPS)\nmounted on it, a two pallet train, and an experiment special support structure.\nThe flight objective was to demonstrate Spacelab's capabilities through a\nmultidisciplinary research program and to verify system performance.\nInvestigations in the field of astrophysics and solar astronomy included a sky\nsurvey for extended infrared sources, x-ray imaging of cluster galaxies, cosmic\nray measurements, studies of small-scale structures on the sun's surface, and a\nmeasurement of the coronal helium abundance. In addition, there were\nmeasurements of: the solar ultraviolet flux; the plasma environment and plasma\nprocesses near the Orbiter; and zero-gravity effects on technology processes\nand on the behavior of liquid helium. Life sciences problems investigated\nincluded bone demineralization in humans and lignin formation in plants.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1985-07-29 21:00:00\n Epoch Date and Time :\n Apogee (km or AU): 321.\n Perigee (km or AU): 312.\n Inclination (degree) : 49.5\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-06-19", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45da4f3c-c73d-4299-ba88-e26775f3c9f2", "label": "STS-39", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Space Transport System STS-39\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nMission STS-39 is the first unclassified Department of Defense-\ndedicated Space Shuttle mission, highlighted by around-the-clock\nobservations of the atmosphere, gas releases, Shuttle engine firings,\nsubsatellite gas releases and the Shuttle's orbital environment in\nwavelengths ranging from infrared to the far ultraviolet.\n\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-39/mission-sts-39.html\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4e7df1af-daec-4ee1-9e83-9f013d573fc1", "label": "SRL-2", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "During the 10 day mission, the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload in Endeavour's cargo bay will make its second flight. The SRL payload, which first flew during STS-59 in April 1994, will again give scientists highly detailed information that will help them distinguish between human-induced environmental changes and other natural forms of change.\n\nSRL-2 will take radar images of the Earth's surface for Earth system sciences studies, including geology, geography, hydrology, oceanography, agronomy and botany.\n\nThe SRL payload is comprised of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS). The German Space Agency (DARA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) are providing the X-SAR instrument.\n\nThe imaging radar of the SIR-C/X-SAR instruments has the ability to make measurements over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The radar waves can penetrate clouds, and under certain conditions, also can 'see' through vegetation, ice and extremely dry sand. In many cases, radar is the only way scientists can explore inaccessible regions of the Earth's surface. \n\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR radar data provide information about how many of Earth's complex systems - those processes that control the movement of land, water, air and life - work together to make this a livable planet. The science team particularly wants to study the amount of vegetation coverage, the extent of snow packs, wetlands areas, geologic features such as rock types and their distribution, volcanic activity, ocean wave heights and wind speed. STS-68 will fly over the same sites that STS-59 observed so that scientists will be able to study seasonal changes that may have occurred in those areas between the missions.\n\nAn international team of 49 science investigators and three associates will conduct the SIR-C/X-SAR experiments. Thirteen nations are represented: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and the United States.\n\nThe MAPS experiment will measure the global distribution of carbon monoxide in the troposphere, or lower atmosphere. Measurements of carbon monoxide, an important element in several chemical cycles, provide scientists with indications of how well the atmosphere can cleanse itself of 'greenhouse gases,' chemicals that can increase the atmosphere's temperature.\n\nSTS-68 provided a continuation of NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) experiments program. The project gives a person or organization a chance to perform experiments in space on a Shuttle mission. Two universities, North Carolina A&T State University and University of Alabama in Huntsville, and the Swedish Space Corp., Soina, Sweden, will have small self-contained payloads flying during the STS-68 mission. Other GAS hardware in Endeavour's payload bay will carry 500,000 commemorative stamps for the U.S. Postal Service in recognition of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing.\n\nOther payloads aboard Endeavour include the Biological Research in Canister (BRIC) which will fly for the first time, and the Military Applications of Ship Tracks (MAST) which will be making its second flight. BRIC experiments, sponsored by NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, are designed to examine the effects of microgravity on a wide range of physiological processes in higher order plants and arthropod animals (e.g., insects, spiders, centipedes, crustaceans). MAST is an experiment sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and is part of a five-year research program developed by ONR to examine the effects of ships on the marine environment.\n\nThe Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG) experiment, the Chromosome and Plant Cell Division in Space Experiment (CHROMEX) and the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) experiment also will be carried aboard Endeavour.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SRL-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SRL-2\n Long_Name: Space Radar Laboratory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SRL-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: X-SAR\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/backup%2010-5/sts-68/\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-09-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50b3f253-e76a-4895-bd28-e477052ca1bb", "label": "STS-45", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Studies of the sun, the upper reaches of Earth's atmosphere and astronomical objects using an international array of instruments in Atlantis' cargo bay will highlight Shuttle Mission STS-45.\n\nAtlantis will carry the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-1 (ATLAS-1), 12 instruments from the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Japan, that will conduct 13 experiments to study the chemistry of the atmosphere, solar radiation, space plasma physics and ultraviolet astronomy. ATLAS-1 is planned to be the first of several ATLAS flights designed to cover an entire 11-year solar cycle, the regular period of energetic activity by the sun. Co- manifested with ATLAS-1 is the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SSBUV), which provides highly calibrated measurements of ozone to fine-tune measurements made by other NASA and NOAA satellites.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-45\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-45\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-45\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 160nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57.0 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-45/mission-sts-45.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134440main_sts-45-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-03-24\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "595c5eb0-2a7d-452b-8a62-d492375b78fa", "label": "OV-104", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Atlantis, the fourth orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after the primary research vessel for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts from 1930 to 1966. The spaceship Atlantis has carried on the spirit of the sailing vessel with several important voyages of its own, including the Galileo planetary explorer mission in 1989 and the deployment of the Arthur Holley Compton Gamma Ray Observatory in 1991.\n\nAtlantis benefited from lessons learned in the construction and testing of Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger. At rollout, its weight was some 6,974 pounds less than Columbia. The Experience gained during the Orbiter assembly process also enabled Atlantis to be completed with a 49.5 percent reduction in man hours (compared to Columbia). Much of this decrease can be attributed to the greater use of thermal protection blankets on the upper orbiter body instead of tiles. During the construction of Discovery and Atlantis, NASA opted to have the various contractors manufacture a set of 'structural spares' to facilitate the repair of an Orbiter if one was damaged during an accident. This contract was valued at 踥 million and consisted of a spare aft-fuselage, mid-fuselage, forward fuselage halves, vertical tail and rudder, wings, elevons and a body flap. These spares were later assembled into the orbiter Endeavour. Atlantis was shipped to California to undergo upgrades and modifications. These modifications include a drag chute, new plumbing lines that configure the orbiter for extended duration, more than 800 new heat protection tiles and blankets and new insulation for the main landing gear.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-104\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-104\n Long_Name: Atlantis Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/atlantis.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.centralfloridavillaholiday.com/images/nasa_shuttle_launch.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1985-10-03\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5bfe76ac-90dc-4620-8da8-1178cf637b2d", "label": "OV-102", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Columbia, the oldest orbiter in the Shuttle fleet, is named after the Boston, Massachusetts based sloop captained by American Robert Gray. The spaceship Columbia has continued the pioneering legacy of its forebears, becoming the first Space Shuttle to fly into Earth orbit in 1981. Four sister ships joined the fleet over the next 10 years: Challenger, arriving in 1982 but destroyed four years later; Discovery, 1983; Atlantis, 1985; and Endeavour, built as a replacement for Challenger, 1991. A test vehicle, the Enterprise, was used for suborbital approach and landing tests and did not fly in space.\n\nColumbia was the first on-line orbiter to undergo the scheduled inspection and retrofit program. It was transported August 10, 1991, after its completion of mission STS-40, to prime Shuttle contractor Rockwell International's Palmdale, California assembly plant. The oldest orbiter in the fleet underwent approximately 50 modifications, including the addition of carbon brakes, drag chute, improved nose wheel steering, removal of development flight instrumentation and an enhancement of its thermal protection system. The orbiter returned to KSC February 9, 1992 to begin processing for mission STS-50 in June of that year.\n\nOn October 8, 1994, Columbia was transported to Palmdale California for its first ODMP. Approximately 90 modifications and upgrades were made to Columbia during this 6 month period. Modifications included upgrades to the main landing gear thermal barrier, tire pressure monitoring system and radiator drive circuitry. (Reference KSC Press Release 113-94 and Shuttle Status Report 10/10/94)\n\nOn September 24, 1999, Columbia was transported to Palmdale California for its second ODMP. While in California, workers will perform more than 100 modifications on the vehicle. Columbia will be the second orbiter outfitted with the multi-functional electronic display system (MEDS) or 'glass cockpit'. Last year, Shuttle Atlantis had the full-color, flat-panel displays installed on its flight deck during an OMDP. The new system improves crew interaction with the orbiter during flight and reduces the high cost of maintaining the outdated electromechanical cockpit displays currently onboard. (Reference KSC Press Release 74-99).\n\nOn February 1, 2003, Columbia was lost during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. \n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-102\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-102\n Long_Name: Columbia Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Columbia\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia-logo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6462dbc4-9b1f-4cb4-9ae1-8eed8bf3f17c", "label": "STS-56", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "A variety of scientific questions will be addressed when NASA conducts Shuttle mission STS-56 in late March 1993. The crew on Space Shuttle Discovery will gather data on the relationship between sun's energy output and Earth's middle-atmosphere chemical make-up and how these factors affect the Earth's ozone level.\n\nThe crew will use the Atmospheric Laboratory for Science and Applications (ATLAS 2) and Shuttle Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) payloads aboard Discovery to gather this information.\n\nThe source of solar wind and the possible applications a microgravity environment can provide for research in drug development and the changes which occur in muscles and bones in a weightless condition are some of the other areas to be investigated during the STS-56 mission.\n\n{Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-56\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-56\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-56\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: DISCOVERY\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 160nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-56/mission-sts-56.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-56/sts-56-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-04-08\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "70d24549-a5ef-47b1-8131-f5c48e7e93d4", "label": "Spacelab-3", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The Spacelab 3 mission was the second flight of Spacelab, the reusable and versatile space laboratory developed for NASA by the European Space Agency (ESA); it was also the first NASA-dedicated Spacelab mission. The SL-3 crew consisted of Commander Robert F. Overmyer, Pilot Frederick D. Gregory,\nMission Specialists Don L. Lind, Norman E. Thagard, and William E. Thornton, and Payload Specialists Lodewijk van den Berg and Taylor G. Wang. Rather than carrying experiments covering a broad range of disciplines as did Spacelab 1, the SL-3 payload investigations focused mainly on microgravity and included experiments in life sciences, materials science, fluid mechanics, and atmospheric and astronomical observations.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73fef640-5d7a-4798-93d3-a97b712287a2", "label": "SPAS-II", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The SPAS (Shuttle Pallet Satellite) satellite was a reusable free-flying vehicle built by Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm.which could be deployed and then retrieved by the US Space Shuttle's Remote Manipulator System arm. The original SPAS, with materials processing and SDI-related sensor payloads, was used on several missions (STS-7, STS-11, STS-39). An experiment-carrying truss (USS) based on the original SPAS structure (but without the avionics and attitude control) was flown on the Spacelab D-1 and D-2 missions.\n\nThe shuttle was launched on April 28, 1991 and landed May 6, 1991. Unclassified payload included the Infrared Background Signature Survey (IBSS) with Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV), Chemical Release Observation (CRO) and Shuttle Pallet Satellite-II (SPAS-II) experiments; and Space Test Payload-1 (STP-1). Classified payload consisted of Multi-Purpose Release Canister (MPEC). Also on board was Radiation Monitoring Equipment III (RME III) and Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense Systems-1A (CLOUDS-1).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPAS-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SPAS-II\n Long_Name: Shuttle Pallet Satellite-II\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ORFEUS II\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-39.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-04-28\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "806b38f9-e3d7-4ac9-b403-7af2fdcc5381", "label": "STS-7", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Manned five crew. Deployed Anik C2, Palapa B1; deployed and retrieved SPAS platform. Payloads: Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA)-2 experiments, deployment of PALAPA-B1 communications satellite for Indonesia with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D and Telesat-F communications satellite for Canada with PAM-D, German Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS)-01, seven getaway specials (GAS), Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-7\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CHALLENGER\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOMS-01\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 160nm-170nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-7/mission-sts-7.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-7/sts-7-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-06-18\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b619f22-98ef-4a50-871d-04fc49ecdf03", "label": "STS-66", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Sciences - 3 (ATLAS-03) is the primary payload aboard STS-66. It will continue the series of Spacelab flights to study the energy of the sun and how it affects the Earth's climate and environment. The ATLAS 3 mission will make the first detailed measurements from the Shuttle of the Northern Hemisphere's middle atmosphere in late fall. The timing of the flight, when the Antarctic ozone hole is diminishing, allows scientists to study possible effects of the ozone hole on mid-latitudes, the way Antarctic air recovers, and how the northern atmosphere changes as the winter season approaches.\n\nIn addition to the ATLAS-03 investigations, the mission will include deployment and retrieval of the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometer Telescopefor Atmosphere, or CRISTA. Mounted on the Shuttle Pallet Satellite, the payload is designed to explore the variability of the atmosphere and provide measurements that will complement those obtained by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite launched aboard Discovery in 1991. CRISTA-SPAS is a joint U.S./German experiment.\n\nOther payloads in Atlantis cargo bay include the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV-7) payload and the Experiment on the Sun Complementing ATLAS (ESCAPE-II). Payloads located in the middeck include the Physiological & Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE/NIR-R), Protein Crystal Growth-Thermal Enclosure (PCG-TES), Protein Crystal Growth- Single Locker (PCG-STES), Space Tissue Loss/National Institute of Health (STL/NIH-C), Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) and the Heat Pipe Performance-2 Experiment (HPP-2).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-66\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-66\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-66\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 164nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-66/mission-sts-66.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134504main_sts-66-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-11-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8dd0a34f-2aba-4313-bc2e-b9a742d91862", "label": "STS-68", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "During the 10 day mission, the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload in Endeavour's cargo bay will make its second flight. The SRL payload, which first flew during STS-59 in April 1994, will again give scientists highly detailed information that will help them distinguish between human-induced environmental changes and other natural forms of change.\n\nSRL-2 will take radar images of the Earth's surface for Earth system sciences studies, including geology, geography, hydrology, oceanography, agronomy and botany.\n\nThe SRL payload is comprised of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS). The German Space Agency (DARA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) are providing the X-SAR instrument.\n\nThe imaging radar of the SIR-C/X-SAR instruments has the ability to make measurements over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The radar waves can penetrate clouds, and under certain conditions, also can 'see' through vegetation, ice and extremely dry sand. In many cases, radar is the only way scientists can explore inaccessible regions of the Earth's surface.\n\nThe SIR-C/X-SAR radar data provide information about how many of Earth's complex systems - those processes that control the movement of land, water, air and life - work together to make this a livable planet. The science team particularly wants to study the amount of vegetation coverage, the extent of snow packs, wetlands areas, geologic features such as rock types and their distribution, volcanic activity, ocean wave heights and wind speed. STS-68 will fly over the same sites that STS-59 observed so that scientists will be able to study seasonal changes that may have occurred in those areas between the missions.\n\nAn international team of 49 science investigators and three associates will conduct the SIR-C/X-SAR experiments. Thirteen nations are represented: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and the United States. The MAPS experiment will measure the global distribution of carbon monoxide in the troposphere, or lower atmosphere. Measurements of carbon monoxide, an important element in several chemical cycles, provide scientists with indications of how well the atmosphere can cleanse itself of 'greenhouse gases,' chemicals that can increase the atmosphere's temperature.\n\nSTS-68 provided a continuation of NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) experiments program. The project gives a person or organization a chance to perform experiments in space on a Shuttle mission. Two universities, North Carolina A&T State University and University of Alabama in Huntsville, and the Swedish Space Corp., Soina, Sweden, will have small self-contained payloads flying during the STS-68 mission. Other GAS hardware in Endeavour's payload bay will carry 500,000 commemorative stamps for the U.S. Postal Service in recognition of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing.\n\nOther payloads aboard Endeavour include the Biological Research in Canister (BRIC) which will fly for the first time, and the Military Applications of Ship Tracks (MAST) which will be making its second flight. BRIC experiments, sponsored by NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, are designed to examine the effects of microgravity on a wide range of physiological processes in higher order plants and arthropod animals (e.g., insects, spiders, centipedes, crustaceans). MAST is an experiment sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and is part of a five-year research program developed by ONR to examine the effects of ships on the marine environment.\n\nThe Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG) experiment, the Chromosome and Plant Cell Division in Space Experiment (CHROMEX) and the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) experiment also will be carried aboard Endeavour.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-68\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-68\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-68\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 57\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-68/mission-sts-68.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134508main_sts-68-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-09-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "982f77c0-4379-4263-a231-c8dec440e57d", "label": "ATLAS-3", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The third flight in a series of Space Shuttle-Spacelab missions, designated the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS), was part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. The series was intended to study the composition of the middle atmosphere and its possible variations due to solar changes over the course of an 11-year solar cycle. The third flight of ATLAS focused on atmospheric and solar physics and consisted of the same experments as in ATLAS-2 with the addition of two co-manifested experiments. The ATLAS-3 instruments were mounted on Spacelab pallets in the Shuttle payload bay. The Shuttle's changing orientation to Earth placed the experiments in advantageous orbiting locations to observe the atmosphere and the Sun. The Shuttle orbiter orientation was either inertially fixed so that the selected instruments were pointed at the Sun, or nadir pointed for observations of the Earth's atmosphere. Crew members were in consultation with the investigators while controlling and monitoring the experiments. The ATLAS-3 core instruments consisted of: (1) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM); (2) Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON); (3) Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC); (4) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); (5) Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS); and (6) Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS). The ATLAS-3 payload was co-manifested with the 6th flight of the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV-06) experiment, the German Space Agency (DARA) Shuttle Pallet Satellite/Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (SPAS/CRISTA) from Germany, and the Middle Atmospheric High Resolution Spectrograph Investigation (MAHRSI) from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Both MAHRSI and CRISTA were mounted on the German SPAS carrier and were integrated into the ATLAS-3 science plan.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e00a9bb-bff6-44aa-976c-fd1ac1c014b0", "label": "STS-55", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The 54th flight of the Space Shuttle will be devoted primarily to Germany for conducting a wide range of experiments in the microgravity environment of space flight.\n\nColumbia, the flagship of the Shuttle fleet, will make its 14th voyage into Earth orbit carrying a crew of seven, including two German payload specialists. STS-55's primary payload is Spacelab D2, for the second Shuttle mission dedicated to Germany. Spacelab D1 was flown in 1985. Spacelab is a self-contained, space-based research laboratory carried inside the Shuttle's 60- foot-long cargo bay.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-55\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-55\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-55\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: COLUMBIA\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-55/mission-sts-55.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1993-04-26\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a5cdaa1d-0ca7-4b37-bb53-166f9f168430", "label": "ATLAS-1", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "ATLAS missions were part of Phase I of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a large-scale, unified study of planet Earth as a single, dynamic system. Throughout the ATLAS series, scientists gathered new information to gain a better understanding of how the atmosphere reacts to natural and human-induced atmospheric changes. That knowledge helped us identify measures to keep our planet suitable for life for future generations.\n\nATLAS-1 flew aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-45 in spring 1992. It was the first of up to nine ATLAS missions that were undertaken throughout one solar cycle, which lasted 11 years. During that period solar flares, sunspots and other magnetic activity in the sun changes from one extreme to the other and back.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7443743-c640-4eaf-a525-61651a9d954d", "label": "STS-11", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "First untethered space walks by McCandless and Stewart, using manned maneuvering unit. WESTAR-VI and PALAPA-B2 satellites deployed, but failure of Payload Assist Module-D (PAM-D) rocket motors left them in radical low-Earth orbits. German-built Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), first flown on STS-7, became first satellite refurbished and flown again. SPAS remained in payload bay due to electrical problem with Remote Manipulator System (RMS). RMS manipulator foot restraint first used, practice procedures performed for Solar Maximum satellite retrieval and repair planned for next mission. Integrated Rendezvous Target (IRT) failed due to internal failure. Five Get Away Special canisters flown in cargo bay and Cinema-360 camera used by crew. Other payloads: Acoustic Containerless Experiment System (ACES); Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR); and Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME), and Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) payload.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-11\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Challenger\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MOMS-01\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/41-b/mission-41-b.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/images/images/pao/STS41B/10061751.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-02-03\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a771d41b-2298-47fd-9e5d-f99370540e98", "label": "SPACE SHUTTLES", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "A Space Shuttle is a reusable spacecraft with wings for controlled descent in the atmosphere, designed to transport astronauts between Earth and an orbiting space station and also used to deploy and retrieve satellites.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SPACE SHUTTLES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: SPACE SHUTTLES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle\n Sample_Image: http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacepictures/shuttle_endeavour.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ab66dd2f-7d5a-4e6f-a3dc-ec34849cf766", "label": "STS-41", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Space Transport System STS-41\n\nMission Highlights:\n\nThree satellites deployed: Satellite Business System SBS-D, SYNCOM IV-2 (also known as LEASAT2) and TELSTAR. The 102- foot-tall, 13-loot-wide Office of Application and Space Technology (OAST-1) solar wing extended from payload bay. Wing carried different types of solar cells and extended to full height several times. It demonstrated large lightweight solar arrays for future in building large facilities in space such as Space Station. Other payloads: Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) Ill; Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME); Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiment; lMAX camera, being flown second time; and an Air Force experiment, Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense Systems (CLOUDS).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-41\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-41\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-41\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: discovery\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45\n Repeat_Cycle: 4\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-41/sts-41-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-08-30\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "af8374fb-1543-4eb2-a67e-5da2237505d3", "label": "OV-099", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Challenger, the second orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after the British Naval research vessel HMS Challenger that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870's. The Apollo 17 lunar module also carried the name of Challenger. Like her historic predecessors, Space Shuttle Challenger and her crews made significant contributions to America's scientific growth.\n\nChallenger started out as a high-fidelity structural test article (STA-099). The airframe was completed by Rockwell and delivered to Lockheed Plant 42 for structural testing on 02/04/78. The orbiter structure had evolved under such weight-saving pressure that virtually all components of the air frame were required to handle significant structural stress. With such an optimized design, it was difficult to accurately predict mechanical and thermal loading with the computer software available at the time. The only safe approach was to submit the structural test article to intensive testing and analysis. STA-099 underwent 11 months of intensive vibration testing in a 43 ton steel rig built especially for the Space Shuttle Test Program. The rig consisted of 256 hydraulic jacks, distributed over 836 load application points. Under computer control, it was possible to simulate the expected stress levels of launch, ascent, on-orbit, reentry and landing. Three 1 million pound-force hyd raulic cylinders were used to simulate the thrust from the Space Shuttle Main Engines. Heating and thermal simulations were also done. On January 28, 1986, the Challenger and its seven-member crew were lost 73 seconds after launch when a booster failure resulted in the breakup of the vehicle.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-099\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-099\n Long_Name: Challenger Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: challenger\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/resources/orbiters/challenger.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b978a160-ed2c-41e2-b993-7429ba4b2688", "label": "STS-64", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The STS-64 mission will carry the LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE), a project to measure atmospheric parameters from a space platform utilizing laser sensors, the Robot Operated Materials Processing System (ROMPS) to investigate robot handling of thin film samples, and the Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN-201). SPARTAN is a free-flying retrievable platform with two telescopes to study the solar wind, a continuous stream of electrons, heavy protons and heavy ions ejected from the sun and traveling through space at speeds of almost 1 million miles per hour. The solar wind frequently causes problems on Earth by disrupting navigation, communications and electrical power.\n\nThe STS-64 mission will also carry the Shuttle Plume Impingement Flight Experiment (SPIFEX). This experiment is designed to directly measure RCS plume loads in the far-field regime under actual on-orbit conditions. Discovery's payload bay also contains a GAS bridge assembly with 12 GAS canisters (G-178, G-254, G-312, G-325, G-417, G-453, G-454, G-456, G-485, G-506 and G-562). One additional experiment in the payload bay is the Trajectory Control Sensor (TCS) package positioned on an Adaptive Payload Carrier. It will provide relative trajectory data on a target vehicle operating in close proximity (less than 5000ft) of the Orbiter. The TCS will provide range and range rate data for target vehicles having a reflective surface. Additionally, the TCS provides bearing, bearing rate, attitude, and attitude rates for target vehicles utilizing special retro-reflectors.\n\nIn Discovery's middeck area, STS-64 will carry the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) system, the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), the Biological Research in Canister III (BRIC-III) experiment, the Radiation Monitoring Equipment III (RME-III) experiment. Other experiments onboard STS-64 include Military Application of Ship Trails (MAST), Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II (SAREX-II) and Air Force Maui Optical Site Calibration Test (AMOS).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-64\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-64\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-64\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Discovery\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 140 nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-64/mission-sts-64.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134500main_sts-64-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-09-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba33ff1b-a3a6-4d01-b6e6-a78ce7f20e32", "label": "STS-59", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Scientists around the world will be provided a unique vantage point for studying how the Earth's global environment is changing when Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on Shuttle mission STS-59. During the 9-day mission, the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload in Endeavour's cargo bay will give scientists highly detailed information that will help them distinguish human-induced environmental changes from other natural forms of change.\n\nThe Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) payload is comprised of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS). The German Space Agency (DARA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) are providing the X-SAR instrument. \n\nThe imaging radar of the SIR-C/X-SAR instruments have the ability to make measurements over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or sunlight conditions. The radar waves can penetrate clouds, and under certain conditions, can also 'see' through vegetation, ice and extremely dry sand. In many cases, radar is the only way scientists can explore inaccessible regions of the Earth's surface.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-59\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-59\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-59\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Endeavour\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 121nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-59/mission-sts-59.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/136249main_sts-59-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-04-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c0866d20-5a1e-4365-965b-0673826bd398", "label": "STS-2", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Space Transport System STS-2\n\nMission Objectives:\n\nDemonstrate safe re-launch and safe return of the orbiter and crew. Verify the combined performance of the entire shuttle vehicle - orbiter, solid rocket boosters and external tank.\n\nPayloads included the Orbital Flight Test Pallet consisting of the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellite (MAPS) experiment, the Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer (SMIRR) experiment, the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiment, the Features Identification and Location Experiment (FILE) and the Ocean Color Experimetn (OCE). Also included was the 11,048 lb Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) pallet, the Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package (ACIP), the Induced Environment Contamination Monitor (IECM) and the 5,395 lb Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications Pallet (OSTA-1).\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-2\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: columbia\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 291\n Orbit_Inclination: 38.03\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-28\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-2/mission-sts-2.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-2/sts-2-patch.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-11-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cc33ee94-f31e-4e4a-a659-f5c6fc244710", "label": "STS-99", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The primary objective of the STS-99 mission was to complete high resolution mapping of large sections of the Earth's surface using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), a specially modified radar system. This radar system produced unrivaled 3-D images of the Earth's Surface. The mission was launched at 1231 on February 11, 2000 onboard the space shuttle Endeavour, and led by Commander Kevin Kregel. The crew was Pilot Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie and Mission Specialists Janet L. Kavandi, Janice E. Voss, Mamoru Mohri from the National Space Development Agency (Japanese Space Agency), and Gerhard P. J. Thiele from DARA (German Space Agency). This videotape shows a press briefing about a mechanical problem that the shuttle was having. There was discussion about possibly scrubbing the launch due to the problem with the Enhanced Master Events Controller. A problem with a fuel pump part had also become evident and there was discussion about the impact that this could have on the flight. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-99\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-99\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-99\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CAMERAS\n Short_Name: SRTM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 126 nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-99/mission-sts-99.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-02-11\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d03c64a2-2352-424f-8345-ee17fc859167", "label": "STS-9", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "For the STS-9 mission Columbia was once again back in orbit.The launch occurred at ll a.m. EST, Nov. 28, 1983, after a 2-month delay because of a nozzle problem with one of the SRBs. This necessitated moving the vehicle back to the Vehicle Assembly Building where the nozzle was replaced.\n\nThe 6-member crew -- a manned space flight record at the time -- included John W. Young, commander, on his second Shuttle flight; Brewster H. Shaw, pilot; Owen Garriott and Robert A. Parker, both mission specialists; and Byron K. Lichtenberg and Ulf Merbold payload specialists -- the first two non-astronauts to fly on the Shuttle. Merbold, a citizen of West Germany, also was the first foreign citizen to participate in a Shuttle flight. Lichtenberg was a researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-9\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Columbia\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 155nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 57.0 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-9/mission-sts-9.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-9/sts-9-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-11-28\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "da093451-5b0d-49cc-87ad-18ce04aff12f", "label": "STS-51B", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The first dedicated mission with acquisition of science data as its primary objective, Spacelab 3 was a multidisciplinary mission emphasizing investigations requiring the low-gravity environment of Earth orbit. The experiments covered several disciplines. For the materials processing discipline, higher-quality crystals were grown by two methods; namely, seed crystal growth in a saturated solution and condensation from the vapor phase. The two fluid physics experiments studied the dynamic behavior of rotating and oscillating liquid drops, and the convection processes found in planetary atmospheres and in stellar interiors. The performance of equipment and facilities specially designed for investigations on the Spacelab Life Sciences mission series was evaluated. The investigations selected for the Spacelab 3 mission originated in the United States, France, and India, and represented a total of five different disciplines, including material science, life sciences, fluid mechanics, atmospheric science, and astronomy. Two of the investigations, one in material science and one in astronomy, had already flown aboard Spacelab 1. Many of the Spacelab 3 investigations were scheduled to be modified and reflown on later missions to further explore the discoveries of this mission. Some of the experiments were located in the module, some on the pallet in the payload bay, and one at middeck. Spacelab 3 consisted of a Spacelab long module and a pallet. The mission successfully demonstrated the capability of Spacelab for multidiscipline research in microgravity.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-51B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-51B\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-51B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Challenger\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45 degrees\n Perigee: 370 km\n Apogee: 370 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-51/mission-sts-51.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134455main_sts-51b-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1985-04-29\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e4e2e121-378a-48f0-b160-0ebd48030b50", "label": "ATLAS-2", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The second flight in a series of Space Shuttle-Spacelab missions, designated the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS), was part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. The first ATLAS was flown on STS 45 in March 1992. The ATLAS series was intended to study the composition of the middle atmosphere and its possible variations due to solar changes over the course of an 11-year solar cycle. The second flight of ATLAS focused on atmospheric and solar physics studies and did not include the experiments on space plasma physics and astronomy that were flown with the ATLAS 1 payload. The ATLAS 2 instruments were mounted on Spacelab pallets (provided by ESA) in the Shuttle payload bay. The ATLAS 2 instrument power supply, command and data handling system and temperature control systems were housed in a pressurized container called an igloo located in front of the pallet. The Shuttle's changing orientation to Earth placed the experiments in advantageous orbiting locations to observe the atmosphere and the Sun. The Shuttle orbiter orientation was either inertially fixed so that selected instruments were pointed at the Sun, or nadir pointed for observations of the Earth's atmosphere. Crew members were in consultation with the investigators while controlling and monitoring the experiments. The atmospheric and solar instrument data were also used to provide correlative measurements with the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and the Solar-Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV/2) instruments on board the NOAA polar orbiters. The ATLAS 2 core instruments consisted of: (1) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM); (2) Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON); (3) Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC); (4) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); (5) Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS); and, (6) Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS). The ATLAS 2 payload was co-manifested with the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV 05) experiment and integrated into the ATLAS Science Plan.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e771da36-4162-407d-add9-46e6e0e80417", "label": "STS-43", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "Atlantis will put NASA's fourth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-E) into orbit on Space Shuttle mission STS-43 to update the satellite tracking network, resulting in two operating satellites plus a complement of two spares in the space network.\n\nTDRS-E, to be deployed from Atlantis about 6 hours after launch, will be boosted to a geosynchronous orbit by an attached upper stage where TDRS-E will be positioned to remain stationary 22,400 miles above the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hawaii.\n\nThe Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, in operation since the eighth Space Shuttle flight, provides almost uninterrupted communications with Earth-orbiting shuttles and satellites and has replaced the intermittent coverage provided by globe-encircling ground tracking stations used during the early space program. A reduced string of ground stations remains in operation, however, for radar tracking and backup communications.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STS-43\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: STS-43\n Long_Name: Space Transport System STS-43\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Atlantis (9)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 174nm\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.45 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-29\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-43/mission-sts-43.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/134436main_sts-43-crew-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-02\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f03dc3d3-f280-4ff4-b0e6-de800bb21ebb", "label": "OV-103", - "broader": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", + "parentId": "3ef93fbf-1e19-42a9-a91f-502d125dbb7c", "definition": "The Space Shuttle Discover was the the third orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after one of two ships that were used by the British explorer James Cook in the 1770s during voyages in the South Pacific that led to the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. Another of his ships was the Endeavour, the namesake of NASA's newest orbiter.\n\nDiscovery benefited from lessons learned in the construction and testing of Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger. At rollout, its weight was some 6,870 pounds less than Columbia. Two orbiters, Challenger and Discovery, were modified at KSC to enable them to carry the Centaur upper stage in the payload bay. These modifications included extra plumbing to load and vent Centaur's cryogenic (L02/LH2) propellants (other IUS/PAM upper stages use solid propellants), and controls on the aft flight deck for loading and monitoring the Centaur stage. No Centaur flight was ever flown and after the loss of Challenger it was decided that the risk was too great to launch a shuttle with a fueled Centaur upper stage in the payload bay.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OV-103\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SPACE SHUTTLE\n Short_Name: OV-103\n Long_Name: Discovery Space Shuttle\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Discovery\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-25\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/discovery.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/discovery-logo.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1984-08-30\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6390,83 +6390,83 @@ { "uuid": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "label": "Gemini", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", + "parentId": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", "definition": "Project Gemini was NASA's second human spaceflight program. Conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, Gemini started in 1961 and concluded in 1966. The Gemini spacecraft carried a two-astronaut crew. Ten Gemini crews and 16 individual astronauts flew low Earth orbit (LEO) missions during 1965 and 1966.\n\nGemini's objective was the development of space travel techniques to support the Apollo mission to land astronauts on the Moon. In doing so, it allowed the United States to catch up and overcome the lead in human spaceflight capability the Soviet Union had obtained in the early years of the Space Race, by demonstrating: mission endurance up to just under 14 days, longer than the eight days required for a round trip to the Moon; methods of performing extra-vehicular activity (EVA) without tiring; and the orbital maneuvers necessary to achieve rendezvous and docking with another spacecraft.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1c4b5e76-b447-4dab-acb5-4badecbf682a", "label": "GEMINI-3", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "GEMINI 3 was the first manned Earth-orbiting spacecraft of the GEMINI series. Its primary objective was to demonstrate the manned qualifications of the GEMINI spacecraft. A synergistic effect of zero-g and radiation on white blood cells experiment, a sea urchin egg growth under zero-g experiment, and one technological experiment were conducted. Several of the photographs taken by the astronauts were later considered suitable for synoptic terrain studies. After 5 hours, the spacecraft successfully reentered the atmosphere and landed 60 n.m. (111 km) from the target area. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II (3)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 33 degrees\n Perigee: 160 km\n Apogee: 240 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-03-23\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1ef441a3-0fa2-4c1d-81d8-4312dcdde415", "label": "GEMINI", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "Gemini (GPS-based Orbit Estimation and Laser Metrology for\nIntersatellite Navigation) is a technology mission, proposed by\nDLR?s German Space Operations Center (GSOC), Astrium GmbH, and\nVectronic Aerospace GmbH. aiming The major Gemini mission\nobjective is the controlled establishment of a satellite\nformation in a low-Earth orbit. To that end, advanced in-orbit\ntechnologies will be demonstrated based on laser metrology, as\nwell as innovative GPS-based approaches to relative\nnavigation. As part of its technological objectives, the Gemini\nformation control will entirely be based on an autonomous orbit\ncontrol approach. Secondary mission objectives concern the\nseparation concept from the launcher, the drift stop and the\ndevelopment of a controlled formation acquisition strategy. As\na technology demonstration mission, emphasis is given to an\nindependent verification of the relative distance by means of a\nlaser radar sensor. To allow a formation flying demonstration\nfor a wide ran ge of applications, the technologies for the\ncontrol of the relative distance cover both the regime of close\nand wide formations ranging from several hundreds of meters up\nto 100 km. In contrast to the relaxed orbit control\nrequirements of nowadays formations, Gemini aims at a relative\nposition keeping of several cm to several meters, that is\nexpected to be of significance for many of the upcoming\nformation flying missions and, in addition, paves the way for\neven more advanced requirements, such as for SMART 2. To\nachieve that level of control accuracy, the Gemini sensors have\nto provide relative position measurements in the range of\nmillimeters or better, that may not be achievable solely using\na spaceborne GPS receiver.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3aa4763b-bc85-4609-96fe-0d0eff904fef", "label": "GEMINI-5", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "Gemini 5, manned with two astronauts, was the third earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini series. The cone-shaped spacecraft was 3.05 m in diameter at the largest end, which was the rear of the craft. The major objectives of this mission were to demonstrate (1) a long-duration manned flight using a fuel cell power system, (2) rendezvous capabilities, and (3) rendezvous maneuvers. scientific studies included zodiacal light, synoptic terrain, synoptic weather photography, and a cloud top spectrometer experiment. In addition, five medical and seven technological experiments were performed during the mission. The 120-orbit flight lasted 8 days, returning to earth on august 29, 1965. The mission was considered successful.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II (5)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.61 degrees\n Perigee: 197 km\n Apogee: 303 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-v/gemini-v.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-v/gemini-v-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-08-21\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3bd3a9c0-07cf-41eb-917d-d40162429a59", "label": "GEMINI-12", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "Gemini 12 was the tenth and final flight of the Gemini series, which bridged the Mercury and Apollo programs. This mission was scheduled to perform rendezvous and docking with the Agena target vehicle, to conduct three extravehicular activity (EVA) operations, and to conduct a tethered station keeping exercise. There were also 14 scientific, medical, and technological experiments on board. The successfully performed scientific experiments were (1) frog egg growth under zero-g, (2) synoptic terrain photography, (3) synoptic weather photography, (4) nuclear emulsions, (5) airglow horizon photography, (6) UV astronomical photography, and (7) dim sky photography. Two micrometeorite collection experiments, as well as three space phenomena photography experiments, were not fully completed. There were fuel cell and attitude control thruster problems during the mission, which was otherwise highly successful. Reentry was accomplished after 59 orbits, with the spacecraft under automatic control. It landed within 4.8 km of the intended impact point on november 15, 1966.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-12\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: gemini-12\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.78 degrees\n Perigee: 243 km\n Apogee: 310 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/flights/gemini12.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/0/10074584.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-11-11\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3fb34887-645d-4eea-94c3-a0b15df84a3d", "label": "GEMINI-10", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "This spacecraft, an ATLAS/AGENA vehicle, was successfully launched from Cape Kennedy on July 18, 1966. It was the GEMINI X AGENA target vehicle (GATV10) with which the GEMINI 10 crew of young and collins successfully docked on July 21, 1966, 5 hr, 21 min after GEMINI 10 was launched. during rendezvous and docking, three midcourse maneuvers were effected using the GATV secondary propulsion system. In maneuver 1, the orbital apogee was changed from 163 n.m. to 414 n.m., the perigee from 158 to 160 n.m., the period from 90.4 to 94.9 min, and the inclination from 2887 to 2888 deg. During maneuver 2, the apogee was changed from 414 to 206 n.m., the perigee from 160 to 160 n.m., the period from 94.9 to 91.2 min, and the inclination from 2888 to 2886 deg. During maneuver 3, the apogee was changed from 206 to 209 n.m., the perigee from 160 to 204 n.m., the period from 91.2 to 92.0 min, and the inclination from 2886 to 2884 deg.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II\n Short_Name: EVA\n Short_Name: Pad LC-19\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.9 degrees\n Period: 92 minutes\n Perigee: 160 km\n Apogee: 206 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-18\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-x/gemini-x.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-x/gemini-x-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-07-18\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c0aee1a-955d-48c1-acc0-f7d095030308", "label": "GEMINI-6", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nGEMINI 6 was the fifth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the GEMINI series,\nhaving been launched after GEMINI 7. the mission priorities were to demonstrate\non-time launch procedures, closed-loop rendezvous capabilities, and\nstationkeeping techniques with GEMINI 7. the crew conducted three scientific\nexperiments -- (1) synoptic terrain photography, (2) synoptic weather\nphotography, and (3) dim light photography. The mission was successfully\ncompleted after 25 hours of flight. The spacecraft landed within 11 km of the\ntarget point on December 16, 1965.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1965-12-15 13:40:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1965-12-15\n Apogee (km or AU): 271.\n Perigee (km or AU): 258.\n Inclination (degree) : 28.89\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-vi-a/gemini-vi-a.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6dbd3d85-18ca-4bc6-984b-add0889db68f", "label": "GEMINI-11", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n Gemini 11 was the ninth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini\n series. The 3-day mission was designed to achieve a first orbit\n rendezvous and docking with the agena target vehicle, to accomplish\n two extravehicular activity (EVA) tests, and to perform spacecraft\n maneuvers. There were also eight scientific and four technological\n experiments on board. The scientific experiments were (1) synergistic\n effect of zero-g and radiation on white blood cells, (2) synoptic\n terrain photography, (3) synoptic weather photography, (4) nuclear\n emulsions, (5) airglow horizon photography, (6) UV astronomical\n photography, (7) Gemini ion wake measurement, and (8) dim sky\n photography. The experiments and the other mission objectives were\n successfully completed. Reentry occurred after 44 orbits using the\n first closed-loop automatic reentry mode. The spacecraft landed within\n 4.8 km of the planned impact point on september 15, 1966.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1966-09-12 14:38:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1966-09-12\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 280.\n Perigee(km) : 161.\n Inclination : 28.83\n Date of last update : 1992-05-11\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.friends-partners.ru/partners/mwade/flights/gemini11.htm'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-11\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-11\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.8\n Perigee: 161\n Apogee: 280\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.friends-partners.ru/partners/mwade/flights/gemini11.htm\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-xi/gemini-xi-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-09-12\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "799b81e7-1b2d-4837-88e0-a01836697615", "label": "GEMINI-4", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "GEMINI 4 was the second manned mission of the GEMINI series and carried J. A. Mcdivitt and E. H. White on a 4-day, 62-orbit, 98-hr flight from June 3 to June 7, 1965. The spacecraft was conical and had a diameter of 3.05 m at the large end, which was the rear of the spacecraft and which was covered by a fiberglass heat shield to protect the craft during reentry. The objective of the mission was to test the performance of the astronauts and capsule for an extended length of time in space. The spacecraft was transported to space with a titan rocket. White performed a 23-min eva (walk) in space attached to the spacecraft by an 8-m tether. Medical and engineering experiments were performed. The scientific experiments performed were visual and photographic. The experiments performed were electrostatic charge (msc-1), proton-electron spectrometer (msc-2), triaxial magnetometer (msc-3), two-color earth limb photos (msc-10), inflight exerciser (m-3), inflight phonocardiogram (m-4), bone demineralization (m-6), synoptic terrain photos (s-5), synoptic weather photos (s-6), dim and twilight phenomena (s-28), radiation (d-8), and simple navigation (d-9). The mission was successful, and the spacecraft landed in the pacific on June 7, 1965.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Titan-II (4)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.53 degrees\n Period: 56 minutes\n Repeat_Cycle: 4 days\n Perigee: 162 km\n Apogee: 281 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-23\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-iv/gemini-iv.html\n Sample_Image: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-iv/gemini-iv-patch-small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-06-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "92df7f2e-7258-4140-be9f-888b1ae454ce", "label": "GEMINI-7", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "- Spacecraft Brief Description -\nGEMINI 7 was the fourth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the GEMINI series.\nits mission priorities were (1) to demonstrate a 2-week flight, (2) to perform\nstationkeeping with the GEMINI launch vehicle stage 2, (3) to evaluate the\n'shirt sleeve' environment, (4) to act as a rendezvous target for GEMINI 6, and\n(5) to demonstrate controlled reentry to within 11 km of the landing point. The\ncrew members had four scientific experiments to perform. These were synoptic\nterrain, synoptic weather, dim light photography, and visual acuity in the\nspace environment. Four technological and eight medical experiments were also\nconducted. All experiments and mission objectives were successfully completed.\nThe spacecraft reentered the atmosphere after 15 days in space and landed\nwithin 11 km of the target point.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1965-12-04 19:26:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1965-12-12\n Apogee (km or AU): 298.\n Perigee (km or AU): 292.\n Inclination (degree) : 28.9\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-vii/gemini-vii.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93baec30-36eb-499b-9523-10e30b8ed846", "label": "GEMINI-8", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n\n Gemini 8 was the sixth manned earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini\n series. The primary mission objectives were to perform rendezvous and\n four docking tests with the Agena target vehicle and to execute an\n extravehicular activity (EVA) experiment. Ten technological, medical,\n and scientific experiments were carried on board. Of the six\n scientific experiments only the Agena micrometeorite collection was\n successful. the others -- (1) zodiacal light photography, (2) frog egg\n growth, (3) synoptic terrain photography, (4) nuclear emulsions, and\n (5) spectrophotography of clouds -- were incomplete, owing to a large\n loss of fuel and early termination of the mission. The EVA docking and\n other maneuvers were canceled. The spacecraft reentered the earth's\n atmosphere after 6.5 orbits and landed in the pacific ocean on March\n 17, 1966.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1966-03-16 16:48:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1966-03-17\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 298.\n Perigee(km) : 285.\n Inclination : 28.88\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-viii/gemini-viii.html'", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0925c59-450c-46be-8735-a0ead1bbf437", "label": "GEMINI-9", - "broader": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", + "parentId": "443bd29e-d615-498d-8580-300249cb7695", "definition": "Gemini 9, manned with two astronauts, was the seventh earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini series. The blunt, cone-shaped spacecraft was 3.048 cm in diameter at the rear of the craft. Primary mission objectives were to demonstrate (1) three rendezvous techniques, (2) an extravehicular activity (EVA) to test the astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU), and (3) precision landing capability. scientific objectives included obtaining zodiacal light and airglow horizon photographs. Two micrometeorite studies were to be carried out, and there were also one medical and two technological experiments. the agena target vehicle failed to achieve orbit, and the agena micrometeorite experiment hardware was lost. Other experiments functioned normally. The three rendezvous techniques were demonstrated, although docking could not be achieved due to a failure of the augmented target-docking shroud to jettison. The EVA was curtailed due to fogging of the visor and energy expended by the astronaut. Reentry was routinely accomplished after 47 orbits on june 6, 1966, within 3.2 km of the target point.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMINI-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: GEMINI\n Short_Name: GEMINI-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: TITAN II (9)\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.86 degrees\n Perigee: 270 km\n Apogee: 272 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-24\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/flights/gemini9.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/0/10074373.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-06-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6475,62 +6475,62 @@ { "uuid": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "label": "Space Station", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", + "parentId": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", "definition": "A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite. Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0a14ea80-5b3a-4d6f-a81b-38150a1fbe93", "label": "SOYUZ", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "SPOT 4 is the fourth member of the SPOT family. SPOT 4 was\nplaced in orbit on March 24 1998 on an Ariane launcher. Designed\nand developed by the French space agency CNES (Centre National\nd'Études Spatiales), the SPOT system is the world leader in\ncivil earth observation.\n\nThe SPOT system comprises three satellites (SPOT 1, SPOT 2 and\nSPOT 4), an orbit and mission control ground segment, a global\nnetwork of receiving and processing stations, and an\ninternational product distribution and marketing network.\n\nSpecifications on SPOT 4\n\nPrime contractor: Matra Marconi Space\nPlatform: Spot Mk 2\nMass at launch: 2755 kg\nDry mass: 2600 kg\nPayload mass: 1390 kg\nDimension: 2.5 x 2.5 x 5.35 m\nSolar array: 4 x 8 m\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDC power: EOL (2200 W)\nDesign lifetime: 5 years\n\nAdditional inforamtion avaialble at\n'http://spot4.cnes.fr/'\n\n[Summary provided by CNES]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "207e6805-2bdf-4954-8178-c4cd63ce2269", "label": "MIR-PRIRODA", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "The Russian space station MIR was launched in 1986, providing opportunities in many scientific areas. Planning for an environmental remote sensing module began in the mid-1980's which was later called PRIRODA (Russian for 'Nature'). The PRIRODA module was launched from Baykonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan aboard a Proton-K rocket on April 23, 1996. The PRIRODA module docked with the MIR space station on April 26, 1996. The PRIRODA module consists of a passive microwave package (IKAR) consisting of 3 instuments: IKAR-N, IKAR-D, and IKAR-P; an active microwave Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR); and the following optical instruments: an infrared ISTOK-1 from Russia, Czechia, MOS-A and MOSD-B imaging radiometers from Germany, MOMS-2P high resolution multispectral ans stereo scanner from Germany, MSU-SK and MSU-E multispectral scanners from Russia, a TV-camera, and an OZONE-M ozone profiler. The PRIRODA mission is conducted by the Russian Space Agency (RKA), the Institute for Radioelectronics of the Russian Acadamy of Sciences, and RKK ENERGIA. International participants include Belorussia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine, and USA.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MIR-PRIRODA\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: MIR-PRIRODA\n Long_Name: PRIRODA Module of MIR Space Station\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: mir-priroda\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-31\n Online_Resource: http://www.astronautix.com/craft/priroda.htm\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-04-23\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "93c5d18c-be62-46c4-9545-42f73a854d85", "label": "ISS", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "The International Space Station is the largest and most complex international scientific project in history. The station represents a move of unprecedented scale off the home planet. Led by the United States, the International Space Station draws upon the scientific and technological resources of 16 nations: Canada, Japan, Russia, 11 nations of the European Space Agency and Brazil.\n\nThe goals of the International Space Station are:\n\n1. Find solutions to crucial problems in medicine, ecology and other areas of science.\n\n2. Lay the foundation for developing space-based commerce and enterprise.\n\n3. Create greater worldwide demand for space-related education at all levels by cultivating the excitement, wonder and discovery that the ISS symbolizes.\n\n4. Foster world peace through high-profile, long-term international cooperation in space.\n\n[Summary provided by Boeing and NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ISS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: ISS\n Long_Name: International Space Station\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ISS\n Short_Name: FGB\n Short_Name: MKS\n Short_Name: Space Station\n Short_Name: Unity\n Short_Name: Zarya\n Short_Name: 25544\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: CATS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: ~ 350 Km\n Orbit_Inclination: 51.6°\n Period: 92.0 minutes\n Perigee: 384.0 km\n Apogee: 396.0 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-30\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station\n Sample_Image: http://www.our-picks.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/international-space-station.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-11-20\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Russia/RKA\n Primary_Sponsor: Canada/CSA\n Primary_Sponsor: Japan/JAXA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b0e515cf-ed97-4870-bdde-6c00b0c998ee", "label": "MERCURY", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "Initiated in 1958, completed in 1963, Project Mercury was the United States' first man-in-space program. The objectives of the program, which made six manned flights from 1961 to 1963, were specific:\n\n- To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth\n- To investigate man's ability to function in space\n- To recover both man and spacecraft safely\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: MERCURY\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: MERCURY\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-18\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/goals.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/163519main_mercury-missions-sm.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b0f992d7-3ff5-4470-849a-a540a9f8ce3e", "label": "SKYLAB", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "The Skylab (SL) was a manned, orbiting spacecraft composed of five parts: the Apollo telescope mount (ATM), the multiple docking adapter (MDA), the airlock module (AM), the instrument unit (IU), and the orbital workshop (OWS).\n\nThe Skylab was in the form of a cylinder, with the ATM being positioned 90 degrees from the longitudinal axis after insertion into orbit. The ATM was a solar observatory, and it provided attitude control and experiment pointing for the rest of the cluster. The retrieval and installation of film used in the ATM was accomplished by astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA). The MDA served as a dock for the command and service modules, which served as personnel taxies to the Skylab.\n\nThe OWS was a modified Saturn 4B stage suitable for long duration manned habitation in orbit. It contained provisions and crew quarters necessary to support three-person crews for periods of up to 84 days each. All parts were also capable of unmanned, in-orbit storage, reactivation, and reuse. The Skylab itself was launched on May 14, 1973. It was first manned during the period May 25 to June 22, 1973, by the crew of the SL-2 mission. Next, it was manned during the period July 28 to September 25, 1973, by the crew of the SL-3 mission. The final manned period was from November 16, 1973, to February 8, 1974, when it was manned by the crew from the SL-4 mission.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SKYLAB\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Short_Name: SKYLAB\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: skylab\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-31\n Online_Resource: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/skylab/skylab.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/144461main_skylab_over_earth2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1973-05-14\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b86cb129-67f0-40e1-91c4-5b4755cd8477", "label": "CALET", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), an apparatus for observing high-energy electrons and gamma-rays, is Japan’s first full-scale project for observing cosmic rays in space. It will be launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014 via Japan’s HTV-5 (Kounotori-5) transfer vehicle, where it will conduct observation of primary cosmic rays for a period of 2 to 5 years. Using equipment called a ‘calorimeter’ fitted with state-of-the-art electronic detection technology, CALET will measure the energy of particles flying through space, as well as the type of particles and their direction of arrival. We can expect these measurements to lead to new world-leading discoveries, such as the propagation and acceleration mechanisms of high-energy cosmic rays—still unexplained even now, 100 years on since the discovery of cosmic rays—as well as the search for dark matter, further elucidation of gamma-ray bursts, and more.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cf915b86-38c0-4450-827c-6640c54a555b", "label": "MUSES", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "The Multiple-User System for Earth Sensing (MUSES) is a precision-pointing platform mounted externally to the International Space Station (ISS). The platform can host four instruments simultaneously and offers the ability to change, upgrade, and robotically service each individually. It is a space-based, Earth-pointing platform providing position sensing, data downlink, and other core services for each payload attitude control. MUSES is the first commercial Earth-sensing platform on the ISS; designed, built, operated and managed by the commercial entity TBE (Teledyne Brown Engineering) providing research institutions and private sector companies outside NASA the opportunity to mount their instruments on the platform. MUSES was positioned on board the ISS in 2017 and transformed the space station into a universal instrument platform.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e554b6aa-8d53-4fc5-a7d3-e43808d9e41b", "label": "OSTA-1", - "broader": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", + "parentId": "a4297e6c-efe4-4194-8309-0b8bd658445b", "definition": "The STS-2 mission was planned as a five day mission, but was cut\nnearly three days due to the failure of one of three fuel cells\nthat produce electricity and drinking water. However, 90 percent\nof the mission objectives were still achieved.\n\nThe flight marked the first time a manned space vehicle had been\nreflown with a second crew: Commander Joseph Engle and Pilot\nRichard Truly. It again carried the Development Flight\nInstrumentation (DFI) package , which contained sensors and\nmeasuring devices to record orbiter performance and the stresses\nthat occurred during launch, ascent, orbital flight, descent and\nlanding. Also, onboard were the Office of Space and Terrestrial\nApplications-1 (OSTA-1) Earth observation experiments mounted on\nSpacelab pallet in payload bay. These instruments, including the\nShuttle Imaging Radar-A (SIR-1), successfully carried out remote\nsensing of Earth resources, environmental quality, ocean and\nweather conditions. In addition, the Canadian-built Remote\nManipulator System (RMS), a mechanical robot arm located in the\npayload bay of the Shuttle, was successfully operated for the\nfirst time.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/ch1.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] } @@ -6539,27 +6539,27 @@ { "uuid": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", "label": "Apollo", - "broader": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", + "parentId": "388e72a1-b851-4b78-9e69-747e06ae215f", "definition": "The Apollo program was the name of NASA's project to land humans on the moon in the 1960s and early 1970s. With the success of Apollo 11 in 1969, which put astronauts on the lunar surface for the first time in history, the U.S. was able to declare victory in the space race against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. \n\nBeginning in 1961, the Apollo program consisted of 11 total spaceflights; four of those tested equipment, and six of the other seven flights landed people on the moon, according to NASA. The first crewed flight occurred in 1968, and the final mission occurred in 1972. \n\nBy the time the Apollo missions came to an end, 12 astronauts had walked on or driven over the moon's surface, conducting scientific research and snagging rocks to bring back to researchers on Earth. These samples are still being used to make new discoveries more than 50 years after they were collected.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6368896e-e7dc-4b4a-b081-7283a3700a02", "label": "APOLLO-SOYUZ", - "broader": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", + "parentId": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "812c1d73-a38d-498c-9b6b-493a6634a21a", "label": "APOLLO-SOYUZ", - "broader": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", + "parentId": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", "definition": "The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) was the first human\nspaceflight mission managed jointly by two nations. It was\ndesigned to test the compatibility of rendezvous and docking\nsystems for American and Soviet spacecraft in order to open the\nway for future joint human flights. There were a number of\ndifficulties that both nations had to resolve in the mission\ndesign before they could assure a safe docking of both\nspacecraft and an on-orbit meeting of crewmembers. The technical\nchallenges included different measuring systems, the different\nspacecraft and thus mating adapter designs, and different air\npressures and mixtures.\n\nThe Apollo spacecraft was the same design as those used on lunar\nexploration missions. Several modifications were made for the\nApollo-Soyuz mission, however, including the addition of\npropellants for the reaction control system, heaters for\ntemperature control, and extra equipment needed to operate the\nDocking Module. The Soyuz had been the Soviet's primary\nspacecraft since 1967. It consisted of three basic\nmodules?Orbital, Descent, and Instrument?no major modifications\nwere needed.\n\nThe mission began with the Soyuz launch on July 15, 1975,\nfollowed by the Apollo launch seven hours later. The docking in\nspace of, the two spacecraft took place at 2:17\np.m. U.S. central time on July 17. Two days worth of joint\noperations followed. After separation, the Soyuz remained in\nspace for almost two days before landing in the U.S.S.R. on July\n21. The Apollo spacecraft remained in space for another three\ndays before splashing down near Hawaii on July 24.\n\nThe mission was a resounding success for both Americans and\nSoviets. They achieved their goal of obtaining flight experience\nfor rendezvous and docking of human spacecraft. In addition,\nthey also demonstrated in-flight intervehicular crew transfer,\nas well as accomplished a series of scientific experiments. The\nASTP mission was not only successful as a space effort, but the\nmutual confidence and trust it engendered made it a huge step in\ninternational cooperation during the Cold War.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/astp/astp.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "84be98c7-9e25-42a7-8da6-0336b8bd8fcc", "label": "APOLLO", - "broader": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", + "parentId": "c6cf9028-9a62-4a0d-8cce-a2a5b1262758", "definition": "The Apollo program was designed to land humans on the Moon and\nbring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions (Apollos\n11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17) achieved this goal. Apollos 7 and 9\nwere Earth orbiting missions to test the Command and Lunar\nModules, and did not return lunar data. Apollos 8 and 10 tested\nvarious components while orbiting the Moon, and returned\nphotography of the lunar surface. Apollo 13 did not land on the\nMoon due to a malfunction, but also returned photographs. The\nsix missions that landed on the Moon returned a wealth of\nscientific data and almost 400 kilograms of lunar\nsamples. Experiments included soil mechanics, meteoroids,\nseismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar\nwind experiments.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: APOLLO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Space Stations/Manned Spacecraft\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: APOLLO\n Short_Name: APOLLO\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Apollo\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://history.nasa.gov/apollo.html\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html\n Online_Resource: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/\n Online_Resource: http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo.htm\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo1_crew.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-01-27\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6570,54 +6570,54 @@ { "uuid": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "label": "Solar/Space Observation Satellites", - "broader": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", + "parentId": "b39a69b4-c3b9-4a94-b296-bbbbe5e4c847", "definition": "Satellites that observe the Earth's sun and the physical universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0aad04f5-5438-4800-a0c9-6155656a720e", "label": "WIND", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "WIND was launched on November 1, 1994 and is the first of two NASA spacecraft in the Global Geospace Science initiative and part of the ISTP Project. WIND was positioned in a sunward, multiple double-lunar swingby orbit with a maximum apogee of 250Re during the first two years of operation. This was followed by a halo orbit at the Earth-Sun L1 point.\n\nThe science objectives of the WIND mission are:\n- Provide conplete plasma, energetic particle, and magnetic field input for\nmagnetospheric and ionospheric studies.\n- Determine the magnetospheric output to interplanetary space in the\nup-stream region\n- Investigate basic plasma processes occuring in the near-Earth solar wind\n- Provide baseline ecliptic plane observations to be used in heliospheric\nlatitudes from ULYSSES. \n\nWIND carries the following instruments:\nRadio and Plasma Wave experiment (WAVES)\nEnergetic Particle Acceleration, Composition, and Transport (EPACT)\nSolar Wind Experiment (SWE)\nSolar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Studies (SWICS/MASS/STICS)\nMagnetic Fields Investigation (MFI)\n3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle Analyzer (3DP)\nTransient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS)\nGamma Ray Burst Studies (KONUS)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/wind.shtml\nand\nhttp://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: WIND\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: WIND\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GGS/Wind\n Short_Name: ISTP/Wind\n Short_Name: Wind/GGS\n Short_Name: Wind/ISTP\n Short_Name: 23333\n Short_Name: 1994-071A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SWIMS\n Short_Name: KONUS\n Short_Name: TGRS\n Short_Name: 3DP\n Short_Name: MFI\n Short_Name: SMS\n Short_Name: SWE\n Short_Name: EPACT\n Short_Name: WAVES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Perigee: 235 ER\n Apogee: 265 ER\n Orbit_Type: LPO > L1 > Lissajous Orbit > Halo Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/wind.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1994-11-01\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "17d64f1b-288c-4e11-9253-dc6468310607", "label": "FAST", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Fast Auroral SnapshoT Explorer (FAST), the second mission in NASA's Small\nExplorer Satellite Program (SMEX), is a satellite designed to study Earth's\naurora. This highly successful spacecraft has helped scientists answer\nfundamental questions about the causes and makeup of the aurora. \n\nFAST was launched on August 21, 1996 from a Pegasus rocket into a highly\nelliptical orbit. It crosses Earth's auroral zones (donut shaped regions\ncentered on the poles) four times each orbit, and only collects high-resolution\ndata ('snapshots') while in those zones. It ventures high into the charged\nparticle environment of the aurora to measure the electric and magnetic fields,\nplasma waves, energetic electrons and ions, ion mass composition, and thermal\nplasma density and temperature.\n\nThe FAST instrument set consists of sixteen electrostatic analyzers, four\nelectric field langmuir probes suspended on 30 m wire booms, two electric field\nlangmuir probes on 3 m extendible booms, searchcoil and fluxgate magnetometers\nand a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The science investigation makes\nextremely temporal and spatial resolution measurements of the auroral plasma at\napogee altitude. The instrument hardware consists of the sensor assemblies and\nan instrument data processor. The instrument electronics include a 32-bit data\nprocessing unit that performs the science data processing and recording in a\none gigabit, solid-state memory. The stored data are transferred to the ground\nat one of three selectable high data rates of 900 Kbps, 1.5 Mbps or 2.25 Mbps.\nThe instruments weigh 51 kg; the total observatory mass is 191 kg. The FAST\nmission is in a 351 x 4175 km orbit with an 83? inclination.\n\nThe FAST observatory is a 12 rpm, spin-stabilized spacecraft with its spin axis\noriented parallel to the orbit axis. Spin rate and spin-axis orientation are\nmaintained by two magnetic torquer coils, one spinning Sun sensor, one horizon\ncrossing indicator and a spacecraft magnetometer. The Attitude Control System\n(ACS) provides closed-loop spin-rate control. Spin-axis precession is performed\nopen loop and is closed via ground commands. After computation on the ground,\nattitude knowledge is accurate to within one degree.\n\nThe body-mounted solar array contains 5.6 m2 of solar cells that can distribute\n52 W of orbit average power to the spacecraft and instruments. The orbit\naverage power consumption of the spacecraft hardware is 33 W. The instruments\nconsume 19 W orbit average power, 39 W when operating. Instruments are\nfrequently powered off in order to maintain a positive energy balance.\n\nThe data system for the FAST mission consists of dual 8085, 8-bit spacecraft\ncomputers. The spacecraft computers perform health and safety functions, power\ndistribution, data encoding/decoding and launch vehicle interface. A\nmulti-element micropatch antenna mounted on a boom above the spacecraft\nsupports ground communications. Commands are uplinked at 2 Kbps. Health and\nsafety data is telemetered to the ground at 4 Kbps. A Transportable Orbital\nTracking Station (TOTS) was placed in Alaska to collect real-time science\ntelemetry while the spacecraft is passing through the northern aurora. TOTS is\nhighly automated and portable; it has an 8 m antenna with 200 W of uplink power\nand can be packed for shipment in three ISO containers.\n \nThe FAST instruments consist of:\nElectric Field Experiment: The electric field experiment is composed of three\northogonal boom pairs. Spherical sensors deployed on radial wire and axial\nstacer booms will provide information on the plasma density and electron\ntemperature.\n\nMagnetic Field Experiment: The magnetic field experiment consists of two\nmagnetometers mounted 180? apart on deployable graphite epoxy booms. The search\ncoil magnetometer uses a three-axis sensor system to provide magnetic field\ndata over the frequency range of 10 Hz to 2.5 kHz. The flux gate magnetometer\nis a three-axis system using high, stable, low noise, ring core sensors to\nprovide magnetic field information for DC to 100 Hz.\n\nTime-of-Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrograph (TEAMS): The TEAMS instrument is\na high sensitivity, mass-resolving spectrometer that measures full\nthree-dimension distribution functions of the major ion species with one spin\nof the spacecraft. The TEAMS experiment covers the core of all plasma\ndistributions of importance in the auroral region.\n\nElectrostatic Analyzers (ESA): Sixteen ESAs configured in four stacks will be\nused for both electron and ion measurements. The four stacks are placed around\nthe spacecraft such that the entire package is provided a full 360? field of\nview. The ESAs can provide a 64-step energy sweep, covering approximately 3 eV\nto 30 KeV up to 16 times per second.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FAST\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FAST\n Long_Name: Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 70\n Short_Name: SMEX/FAST\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/FAST\n Short_Name: 24285\n Short_Name: 1996-049A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MFS/FAST\n Short_Name: EFS/FAST\n Short_Name: ESA/FAST\n Short_Name: TEAMS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 83 degrees\n Period: 133 m\n Perigee: 350 km\n Apogee: 4175 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/intro.html\n Sample_Image: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/graphics/fast.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-08-21\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", "label": "Explorer", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "Explorer, any of the largest series of unmanned U.S. spacecraft, consisting of 55 scientific satellites launched between 1958 and 1975. Explorer 1 (launched Jan. 31, 1958), the first space satellite orbited by the United States, discovered the innermost of the Van Allen radiation belts, two zones of charged particles that surround Earth. Explorer 1’s discovery of the Van Allen belts was the first scientific discovery made by an artificial satellite. Explorer 6 (launched Aug. 7, 1959) took the first pictures of Earth from orbit. Other notable craft in the series include Explorer 38 (launched July 4, 1968; also known as Radio Astronomy Explorer), which measured galactic radio sources and studied low frequencies in space, and Explorer 53 (launched May 7, 1975; also known as Small Astronomy Satellite-C), which was sent out to explore X-ray sources both inside and outside the Milky Way Galaxy.", "children": [ { "uuid": "4a23392b-1472-4437-868a-eaf788b6b690", "label": "EXPLORER-31 (DME-A)", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", + "parentId": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", "definition": "The Direct Measurement Explorer-A (DME-A) satellite was launched in November 1965 into a near-earth orbit ranging between altitudes of 500 and 3000 km to sample and measure charged particles. The attitude control system is used to keep the spin axis aligned with the orbit normal and to maintain the spin rate. Spin axis control is achieved by a chargeable permanent magnet system which is operated upon command and reacts with the earth's field to produce precession of several degrees per minute. With this system the spin axis was kept within 10 degrees of the orbit normal for several weeks at a time, although larger deviations have been tolerated. The spin rate was observed to decay at 0.05 rpm per day. Periodic use of the spin rate control system has compensated for spin decay. This system is analogous to a DC motor in which the entire satellite is the armature.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-31 (DME-A)\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EXPLORER\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-31 (DME-A)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer-A\n Short_Name: Explorer 31\n Short_Name: 01806\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SPHERICAL MASS SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: ELECTROSTATIC ANALYZERS\n Short_Name: ENERGETIC ELECTRON CURRENT MONITOR\n Short_Name: ELECTRON TEMPERATURE PROBE\n Short_Name: MAGNETIC ION-MASS SPECTROMETER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 79.80 degrees\n Period: 119.70 min\n Perigee: 505 km\n Apogee: 2833 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0656730\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/DME.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-11-29\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac093d50-d9c2-4aca-87d6-0c79a9ce6cb3", "label": "EXPLORER-35", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", + "parentId": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", "definition": "AIMP-2 (AIMP-E or IMP-E or Explorer 35, NSSDC ID: 76-070A) was a spin- stabilized 230 kg spacecraft instrumented for interplanetary studies at lunar distances. It was successfully 'anchored' to the earth's moon, and stayed that way during its operational life. The AIMP-2 sensors were designed to study the interplanetary plasmas, the magnetic fields, fluxes of energetic particles, and solar X-rays. The spacecraft was launched into an elliptical lunar orbit. The spin axis direction was nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, and the AIMP-2 spin rate was 25.6 rpm, giving a spin period of 2.34 sec. The overall AIMP-2 mission objectives were achieved. After successful operation and data gathering for 6 years, the spacecraft was turned off on June 24, 1973.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-35\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EXPLORER\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-35\n Long_Name: Interplanetary Monitoring Platform D (IMP-E)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: AIMP 2\n Short_Name: AIMP-E \n Short_Name: IMP-E\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1967-070A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/explorer_35.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-07-19\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c6092442-77cc-4978-9e4d-3ebea97db988", "label": "Explorer-7", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", + "parentId": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", "definition": "Explorer 7 (1959 Iota) was designed to measure solar X-ray and Lyman-alpha flux, trapped energetic particles, and heavy primary cosmic rays (Z>5). Secondary objectives included collecting data on micrometeoroid penetration and molecular sputtering and studying the Earth-atmosphere heat balance.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e54cff9a-7866-448b-adad-88b344021e3c", "label": "EXPLORER-33", - "broader": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", + "parentId": "182e52f4-6ce7-42e3-b50e-42a3725eeca3", "definition": "AIMP-1 (also known as AIMP-D or IMP-D or Explorer 33, NSSDC ID: 66-058A) was launched into a lunar orbit in order to 'anchor' it to the lunar distance from the earth. AIMP-1 was a spin-stabilized spacecraft with spin axis parallel to the ecliptic plane, and spin period varying between 2.2 sec and 3.6 sec. The spacecraft was instrumented for studies of interplanetary plasma, energetic charged particles [electrons, protons and helium ions (alpha particles)], magnetic fields, and solar X-rays at lunar distances. Unfortunately, the spacecraft failed to achieve lunar orbit but did achieve major mission objectives. The initial AIMP-1 apogee occurred at about 16:00 hour local time. Over the first 3-year period, perigee varied between 6 earth radii and 44 earth radii and apogee varied between 70 earth radii and 135 earth radii. The inclination with respect to the equatorial plane of the earth varied between 7 degrees and 60 degrees. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EXPLORER-33\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: EXPLORER\n Short_Name: EXPLORER-33\n Long_Name: Interplanetary Monitoring Platform D (IMP-D)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 33 \n Short_Name: AIMP-D \n Short_Name: IMP-D\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 24.4 degrees\n Period: 3879 min\n Perigee: 2657 km\n Apogee: 4808 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-058A\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/explorer33.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-07-01\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6626,69 +6626,69 @@ { "uuid": "18f50c33-af5a-48b1-9a34-9be9347cedbc", "label": "C/NOFS", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) is a prototype operational system designed to monitor and forecast ionospheric scintillation in real-time and on a global scale. Timely location of scintillation outage regions would enable the warfighter to modify mission plans and prevent potential mission failures by optimizing and tailoring communications routes, paths, and/or priorities and effectively use satellite communications, navigation, and surveillance assets. It will include three critical elements. The first is a space-borne sensor system consisting of seven proven sensors to provide data for global, real-time specification, and 4 hour forecast capability. The second is a series of regional ground networks that augment the space based sensors for real time, high resolution coverage in theater. The third is a forecasting/decision aid software package that produces tailored space environmental forecasts and warnings in the form of outage maps for the warfighter.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/cnofs.htm\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C/NOFS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: C/NOFS\n Long_Name: Communication and Navigation Outage Forecast System\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: C/NOFS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GPS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: MEO > Semi-Synchronous > Navigation\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/cnofs.htm\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "label": "Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Orbiting Solar Observatory (abbreviated OSO) Program was the name of a series of American space telescopes primarily intended to study the Sun, though they also included important non-solar experiments. Eight were launched successfully into low Earth orbit by NASA between 1962 and 1975 using Delta rockets. Their primary mission was to observe an 11-year sun spot cycle in UV and X-ray spectra. The initial seven (OSO 1–7) were built by Ball Aerospace, then known as Ball Brothers Research Corporation (BBRC), in Boulder, Colorado. OSO 8 was built by Hughes Space and Communications Company, in Culver City, California.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3aea48c3-0abb-4c1a-87f7-4035473d0015", "label": "OSO-2", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 00987 / 65007A\nLaunch date: 3 Feb 1965\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 294/306 km\nInclination: 32.8?\nPeriod: 90.5 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #29\n\nDecay: 9 Aug 1989\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-2\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO 2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.8 degrees\n Period: 90.5 min\n Perigee: 294 km\n Apogee: 306 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/images/oso_images.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-02-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "73ae7b33-4b42-47a6-ac52-5aaf791823ac", "label": "OSO-5", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 03663 / 69006A\nLaunch date: 22 Jan 1969\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 538/559 km\nInclination: 33°\nPeriod: 95.6 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #64\n\nOut of service: Jul 1975\nDecay: 2 Apr 1984\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso5.html'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-5\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-5\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-5\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-5\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 33 degrees\n Period: 95.6 min\n Perigee: 538 km\n Apogee: 559 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso5.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso5_wheel.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-01-22\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a0e267fd-fde9-490a-a582-cd57464382ba", "label": "OSO-1", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation. The OSO 1 was the first satellite to have pointed instruments and\nonboard tape recorders for data storage. The OSO 1 platform consisted of a\nsail section, which pointed two experiments continuously toward the sun,\nsupplying power to the experiments from the solar batteries and rechargeable\nchemical batteries; and a wheel section, which spun about an axis perpendicular\nto the pointing direction of the sail and carried seven experiments. Attitude\nadjustment was performed by gas jets. Data were simultaneously recorded on tape\nand transmitted by FM telemetry. A command system provided for 10 ground-based\ncommands. The spacecraft performed normally until the second onboard tape\nrecorder failed May 15, 1962. The spacecraft provided real-time data until May\n1964, when the power cells failed.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 00255 / 62006A\nLaunch date: 7 Mar 1962\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 522/553 km\nInclination: 32.8°\nPeriod: 95.3 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #8\n\nEnd of Life:\n\nOut of service Apr 1963\nDecay 8 Oct 1981\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-1\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-1\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.8 degrees\n Period: 95.3 min\n Perigee: 522 km\n Apogee: 553 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso1.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasm.si.edu/spacecraft/images/SS-Astro/A19820270000d.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-03-07\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2f755b5-e29a-4e57-8372-ab18a76c62ca", "label": "OSO-7", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar\n physics experiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle\n and to map the entire celestial sphere for direction and intensity of\n UV light and X-ray and gamma radiation. The OSO 7 platform consisted\n of a sail section, which pointed two experiments continually toward\n the sun, and a wheel section, which spun about an axis perpendicular\n to the pointing direction of the sail and carried four experiments.\n Attitude adjustment was performed by gas jets and a magnetic torquing\n coil. A pointing control permitted the pointed experiments to scan\n the region of the solar disk in a 60- by 60-arc-min raster pattern.\n In addition, the pointed section could be commanded to select and scan\n any 7.5- by 5-arc-min region near the solar disk. Data were\n simultaneously recorded on tape and transmitted by PCM/PM telemetry.\n A command system provided for at least 155 ground-based commands.\n Only real-time data have been received since May 1973, when the second\n tape recorder failed. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere\n July 9, 1974.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1971-09-29 09:50:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1971-09-30\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 572.\n Perigee(km) : 321.\n Inclination : 33.1\n Date of last update : 2003-01-28\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso7/oso7.html'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-7\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-7\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 33.1 degrees\n Perigee: 321 km\n Apogee: 572 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso7/oso7.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso7_flight.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1971-09-29\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a364e4c0-444a-4dec-9fa4-cf740e340411", "label": "OSO-6", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 04065 / 69068A\nLaunch date: 9 Aug 1969\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission Scientific: Sun observation\nPerigee/Apogee: 489/554 km\nInclination: 32.9°\nPeriod: 95.1 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #72\n\nOut of service: Jan 1972\nDecay: 7 Mar 1981\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso6.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-6\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-6\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-6\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.9 degrees\n Period: 95.1 min\n Perigee: 489 km\n Apogee: 554 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso6.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso7.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1969-08-09\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b7eaad99-82e7-4edb-a3d3-9e10d2c209c3", "label": "OSO-4", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 03000 / 67100A\nLaunch date: 18 Oct 1967\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 552/555 km\nInclination: 32.9°\nPeriod: 95.7 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #53\n\nOut of service: Dec 1971\nDecay: 15 Jun 1982\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso4.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-4\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-4\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-4\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-4\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.9 degrees\n Period: 95.7 min\n Perigee: 552 km\n Apogee: 555 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso4.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso4.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-10-18\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e58bc59d-a030-4cc4-80a9-f9cb7f294244", "label": "OSO-8", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 07970 / 75057A\nLaunch date: 21 Jun 1975\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 539/553 km\nInclination: 32.9°\nPeriod: 95.6 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #112\nMass at launch: 1064 kg\n\nOut of service: Sep 1978\nDecay: 9 Jul 1986\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso8/oso8.html'\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-8\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-8\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.9 degrees\n Period: 95.6 min\n Perigee: 539 km\n Apogee: 553 km \n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/oso8/oso8.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso8_2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1975-06-21\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb5ac938-4c9a-4abd-9b62-7ae1ac63b34e", "label": "OSO-3", - "broader": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", + "parentId": "1a5dc311-b702-4712-868a-f306bbdc0833", "definition": "The objectives of the OSO satellite series were to perform solar physics\nexperiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the\ncelestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma\nradiation.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 02703 / 67020A\nLaunch date: 8 Mar 1967\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Sun observation)\nPerigee/Apogee: 546/570 km\nInclination: 32.8°\nPeriod: 95.8 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Delta #46\n\nOut of service: Nov 1969\nDecay: 4 Apr 1982\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso3.html'\n\n[Summary provided by of The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: OSO-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory)\n Short_Name: OSO-3\n Long_Name: Orbiting Solar Observatory-3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: OSO-3\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 32.8 degrees\n Period: 95.8 min\n Perigee: 546 km\n Apogee: 570 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-12-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/oso3.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/oso/oso3.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1967-03-08\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6697,69 +6697,69 @@ { "uuid": "1f48df58-92d6-4f8c-bb95-872709133d7b", "label": "GRO", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) was the second of NASA's\nGreat Observatories. Compton, at 17 tons, was the heaviest\nastrophysical payload ever flown at the time of its launch on\nApril 5, 1991 aboard the space shuttle Atlantis. Compton was\nsafely deorbited and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on June\n4, 2000.\n\nThe objective of the Compton GRO was to make comprehensive\nobservations of gamma ray sources throughout the Universe. The\nobservatory carried four scientific instruments that made gamma\nray energy measurements from 0.1 million electron volts to\n30,000 million electron volts.\n\nThe end of life was in June 2000. The failure of 1 gyroscope\nrequires the deorbitation of the satellite in order to make sure\nit will not fall in a populated area. It is too large to\ncompletely burn in the atmosphere.\n\nSpecifications:\n\nPrime contractor: TRW\nDimension: 7.7 x 5.5 x 4.6 m\nMass at launch: 15622 kg\nDry mass: 13800 kg\nSolar array: 21.5 m\nStabilization: 3-axis\nDC power: EOL: 3980 W\nDesign lifetime: 2 years (min)\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA and The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GRO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GRO\n Long_Name: Gamma-Ray Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: CGRO\n Short_Name: GRO\n Short_Name: 1991-027B\n Short_Name: 20225\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: BATSE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n Period: 90 m\n Perigee: 362 km\n Apogee: 457 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/index.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/cgro.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-04-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "236ccd86-2d36-4312-b73b-c273039e3a2d", "label": "COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "[Source: COSMIC Home Page at UCAR, http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/about.html ]\n\nFORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Overview\n\nFORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3C) is a joint Taiwan/US science mission for weather, climate, space weather and geodetic research. The F3C mission was successfully launched on 15 April 2006. Six identical micro satellites, each carrying an advanced GPS radio occultation (RO) receiver, a Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) and a Tri Band Beacon (TBB) were deployed. The satellites have since been raised by Taiwan's National Space Organization (NSPO) to their final orbit altitude at 800km to achieve an operational constellation of six orbital planes separated by 30 degrees. The payload science data are currently being downloaded every orbit via two NOAA TT&C stations (in Alaska and Norway) and one NSF/NASA station in McMurdo, Antarctica and transferred to the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archival Center (CDAAC) at UCAR in Boulder. The CDAAC currently processes the COSMIC science data in near real time - Ninety percent of RO profiles are delivered to operational weather centers within 3 hours of observation. CDAAC also reprocesses data in a more accurate post-processed mode (within 6 weeks of observation) for COSMIC as well as other missions including GPS/MET, CHAMP, SAC-C, and GRACE.\n\nCOSMIC is currently providing between 1000-2500 daily RO profiles in the neutral atmosphere, 1000-2500 daily electron density profiles and total electron content arcs, and TIP radiance products. The data have already demonstrated their value for operational weather forecasting, hurricane forecasting, and investigations of the atmospheric boundary layer. The data have been used extensively to test ionospheric models and their use in operational space weather models is under development. COSMIC GPS RO data also have the potential to be of great benefit to climate studies due to their demonstrated high precision and global and diurnal sampling coverage.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3\n Long_Name: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3A\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3B\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3C\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3D\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3E\n Short_Name: FORMSAT 3F\n Short_Name: 2006-011A\n Short_Name: 2006-011B\n Short_Name: 2006-011C\n Short_Name: 2006-011D\n Short_Name: 2006-011E\n Short_Name: 2006-011F\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: RO\n Short_Name: TBB\n Short_Name: TIP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 72 degrees\n Period: 95 m\n Perigee: 496 km\n Apogee: 540 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nspo.org.tw/2008e/projects/project3/hot.shtml?right=no\n Sample_Image: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/images/rocksat.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-04-15\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NSF/UCAR\n Primary_Sponsor: TAIWAN/NSPO\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD/USAF\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NOAA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD/ONR\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "253d5637-2f35-464d-bc79-db0f843604fe", "label": "HST", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a cooperative program of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to operate a long-lived space-based observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community. HST is an observatory first dream of in the 1940s, designed and built in the 1970s and 80s, and operational only in the 1990s. Since its preliminary inception, HST was designed to be a different type of mission for NASA -- a long-term space-based observatory. To accomplish this goal and protect the spacecraft against instrument and equipment failures, NASA had always planned on regular servicing missions. Hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and stabilized in all three axes. HST is a 2.4-meter reflecting telescope, which was deployed, in low-Earth orbit (600 kilometers) by the crew of the space shuttle Discovery (STS-31) on 25 April 1990. \n\nAdditional information available at http://www.stsci.edu/hst/HST_overview/ \n \n [Source: Space Telescope Science Institute] \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HST\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HST\n Long_Name: Hubble Space Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Hubble Space Telescope\n Short_Name: 1990-037B\n Short_Name: Space Telescope\n Short_Name: 20580\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 575 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.48 degrees\n Period: 96.66 m\n Perigee: 586.47 km\n Apogee: 610.44 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.stsci.edu/hst/HST_overview/\n Online_Resource: http://hubble.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://hubblesite.org/\n Sample_Image: http://hubble.nasa.gov/art/zzcover/hubble_earth_horz.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-04-25\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3c45bc59-32ce-4e5d-a602-6fec80ff7f1c", "label": "SORCE", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) is a NASA-sponsored satellite mission that is providing state-of-the-art measurements of incoming x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and total solar radiation. The measurements provided by SORCE specifically address long-term climate change, natural variability and enhanced climate prediction, and atmospheric ozone and UV-B radiation. These measurements are critical to studies of the Sun; its effect on our Earth system; and its influence on humankind.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "436570eb-cb83-48d3-81d7-a6b6c6a777b4", "label": "CLUSTER-II", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The aim of the Cluster mission is to study small-scale structures of the\nmagnetosphere and its environment in three dimensions. To achieve this, Cluster\nis constituted of four identical spacecraft that will flight in a tetrahedral\nconfiguration. The separation distances between the spacecraft will be varied\nbetween 600 km and 20 000 km, according to the key scientific regions. \n\nThe first Cluster mission was launched on 4 June 1996, but the launch vehicle \nexploded 37 seconds into the flight.\n\nCluster II was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 16 July 2000\nand 9 August 2000. The four satellites were put into orbit, in pairs, by two\nSoyuz rockets provided by the Russian-French Starsem company. Starsem has four\nshareholders - Aerospatiale, Arianespace, the Russian Space Agency and TsSKB\nSamara, the manufacturer of the Soyuz vehicle. \n\nEach of the four spacecraft carries an identical set of 11 instruments to\ninvestigate charged particles, electrical and magnetic fields. These were built\nby European and American instrument teams led by Principal Investigators. \n\nFGM-Fluxgate Magnetometer\n\nEDI -Electron Drift Instrument\n\nASPOC-Active Spacecraft Potential Control experiment\n\nSTAFF -Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation experiment\n\nEFW-Electric Field and Wave experiment\n\nDWP-Digital Wave Processing experiment\n\nWHISPER-Waves of High frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by\nRelaxation experiment\n\nWBD-Wide Band Data instrument\n\nPEACE-Plasma Electron And Current Experiment\n\nCIS-Cluster Ion Spectrometry experiment\n\nRAPID-Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors\n\nSee:\nhttp://clusterlaunch.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=8\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CLUSTER-II\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: CLUSTER-II\n Long_Name: CLUSTER-II\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Cluster-2\n Short_Name: FM6\n Short_Name: FM5\n Short_Name: FM7\n Short_Name: FM8\n Short_Name: Salsa\n Short_Name: 26411\n Short_Name: 26463\n Short_Name: 26410\n Short_Name: 26464\n Short_Name: Samba\n Short_Name: Rumba\n Short_Name: Tango\n Short_Name: 2000-045B\n Short_Name: 2000-041A\n Short_Name: 2000-041B\n Short_Name: 2000-045A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: EFW\n Short_Name: FGM\n Short_Name: EDI\n Short_Name: ASPOC\n Short_Name: STAFF\n Short_Name: DWP\n Short_Name: WHISPER\n Short_Name: WBD\n Short_Name: PEACE\n Short_Name: CIS\n Short_Name: RAPID\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 90.7 degrees\n Period: 620 m\n Perigee: 19,000 km\n Apogee: 119,000 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=8\n Sample_Image: http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/2e/hires_36654.JPG\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2000-07-16\n Launch_Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia\n Design_Life: 9 years\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "43e942db-8536-4268-8bd4-cea81573b8ee", "label": "SOHO", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The SOHO (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) project is being carried out by the\nEuropean Space Agency (ESA) and the US National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA) as a cooperative effort between the two agencies in the\nframework of the Solar Terrestrial Science Program (STSP) comprising SOHO and\nCLUSTER, and the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP), with\nGeotail (ISAS-Japan), Wind, and Polar.\n\nSOHO was launched on December 2, 1995. The SOHO spacecraft was\nbuilt in Europe by an industry team led by Matra, and\ninstruments were provided by European and American\nscientists. There are nine European Principal Investigators\n(PI's) and three American ones. Large engineering teams and more\nthan 200 co-investigators from many institutions supported the\nPI's in the development of the instruments and in the\npreparation of their operations and data analysis. NASA was\nresponsible for the launch and is now responsible for mission\noperations. Large radio dishes around the world which form\nNASA's Deep Space Network are used to track the spacecraft\nbeyond the Earth's orbit. Mission control is based at Goddard\nSpace Flight Center in Maryland.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOHO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SOHO\n Long_Name: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory\n Short_Name: 23726\n Short_Name: 1995-065A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: VIRGO\n Short_Name: UVCS\n Short_Name: SWAN\n Short_Name: SUMER\n Short_Name: MDI\n Short_Name: LASCO\n Short_Name: GOLF\n Short_Name: ERNE\n Short_Name: EIT\n Short_Name: COSTEP\n Short_Name: CELIAS\n Short_Name: CDS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Apogee: 1.5 million km\n Orbit_Type: LPO > L1 > Lissajous Orbit > Halo Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/soho/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=14\n Sample_Image: http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/Posters/images/large/soho-poster.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1995-12-02\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "44941da4-aae8-4776-8db0-f2c3eb5eb5e6", "label": "EQUATOR-S", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "EQUATOR-S is a low-cost mission designed to study the Earth's equatorial\nmagnetosphere out to distances of 67000 km and it forms an element of the\nclosely-coordinated fleet of satellites that comprise the IASTP program\n(http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/sci_operations/www-sites.html) . It is\nbased on a simple spacecraft design and carries a science payload consisting of\nadvanced instruments that were developed for other IASTP missions. Unique\nfeatures of EQUATOR-S are its nearly equatorial orbit and its high spin rate.\nIt was launched as an auxiliary payload on an Ariane-4 on December 2nd, 1997.\nThe mission is intended for a two-year lifetime.\n\nThe idea of an equatorial satellite dates back to NASA's GGS (Global Geospace\nScience) program originally conceived in 1980. When the equatorial element of\nthe program was abandoned in 1986 and several subsequent attempts to rescue the\nmission had failed, the Max-Planck-Institut f?r extraterrestrische Physik (MPE)\ndecided in 1991 to fill this gap in the GGS (and in the international IASTP)\nprogram because of its interest in the global magnetospheric science, and\nbecause it provided an opportunity for a test of an advanced instrument, EDI,\nto measure electric fields with dual electron beams. The realization of\nEQUATOR-S was possible through a grant from the German Space Agency DARA\n(meanwhile part of DLR), that was approved in late 1994, but also through\nMPE-internal funds and personnel. \n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/eq-s-spacecraft.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: EQUATOR-S\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: EQUATOR-S\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: EQUATOR-S\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/\n Sample_Image: http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/EQS/PIFICONS/eqs-spacecraft.gif\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", "label": "Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "Launched in October 2006, the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, or STEREO, has provided scientists a unique and revolutionary view of the Sun-Earth System. Composed of two nearly identical observatories -- one ahead of Earth in its orbit, the other trailing behind -- STEREO has traced the flow of energy and matter from the Sun to Earth. \n\n \nSolar ejections, like coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are the most powerful drivers of the Sun-Earth connection. Yet despite their importance, scientists don't fully understand the origin and evolution of CMEs, nor their structure or extent in interplanetary space. STEREO's unique 3D images of the structure of CMEs is enabling scientists to determine their fundamental nature and origin.\n\nSTEREO is also a key addition to the fleet of space weather detection satellites. It provides more accurate alerts for the arrival time of Earth-directed solar ejections with its unique side-viewing perspective.\n\n \nOn Oct. 1, 2014, NASA mission operations lost communication with one of the spacecraft, STEREO-B. Efforts to regain contact are ongoing. STEREO-A continues to operate normally and provide views of parts of the far side of the Sun otherwise unseeable from Earth’s perspective.", "children": [ { "uuid": "68820e6c-4047-4830-99a8-57e13cc5699d", "label": "STEREO A", - "broader": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", + "parentId": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", "definition": "STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) is a 2-year NASA mission employing two nearly identical space-based observatories to provide the very first, 3-D 'stereo' images of the sun to study the nature of coronal mass ejections. These powerful solar eruptions are a major source of the magnetic disruptions on Earth and a key component of space weather, which can greatly affect satellite operations, communications, power systems, the lives of humans in space, and global climate.\n\nSTEREO is the third mission in NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program. The twin observatories launched aboard a single Boeing Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on Oct. 25, 2006, at 8:52 p.m. EDT.\n\nSTEREO is sponsored by NASA Headquarters' Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program Office, in Greenbelt, Md., manages the mission, instruments and science center. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), in Laurel, Md., designed and built the spacecraft and will operate the twin observatories for NASA during the mission. \n\nThe two spacecraft are launched to drift slowly away from the Earth in opposite directions at about 10 degrees per year for the lagging spacecraft and 20 degrees per year for the leading one. Optimal longitudinal separation of about sixty degrees is achieved after two years. Afterwards the separation gradually increases beyond the design lifetime of two years with the possibility of extended mission observations at larger angles. Science instruments selected for STEREO include the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) for extreme ultraviolet (EUV), white-light coronographic, and heliospheric imaging, the STEREO/WAVES (SWAVES) interplanetary radio burst tracker, the In situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients (IMPACT) investigation for in-situ sampling the 3-D distribution and plasma characteristics of solar energetic particles and the interplanetary magnetic field, and the PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion and Composition (PLASTIC) experiment to measure elemental and charge composition of ambient and CME plasma ions. STEREO data recorded and stored onboard each spacecraft will be downlinked through the NASA Deep Space Network on a daily schedule. Real-time space weather data will be continuously transmitted through a separate beacon system to NASA and non-NASA receiving stations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STEREO A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STEREO A\n Long_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STEREO East\n Short_Name: STEREO Lag\n Short_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory A\n Short_Name: 29510\n Short_Name: 2006-047A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SWAVES\n Short_Name: SECCHI\n Short_Name: PLASTIC\n Short_Name: IMPACT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/gallery/images/artistConcepts/tn/PanelsDeploy_tn.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-10-26\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Johns Hopkins/APL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad945ca6-cd6f-4e21-abe0-e7e7bba68523", "label": "STEREO B", - "broader": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", + "parentId": "45ca37e2-2ca8-4562-b9f4-cec6b8251c9f", "definition": "STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) is a 2-year NASA mission\nemploying two nearly identical space-based observatories to provide the very\nfirst, 3-D 'stereo' images of the sun to study the nature of coronal mass\nejections. These powerful solar eruptions are a major source of the magnetic\ndisruptions on Earth and a key component of space weather, which can greatly\naffect satellite operations, communications, power systems, the lives of humans\nin space, and global climate.\n\nSTEREO is the third mission in NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program. The\ntwin observatories launched aboard a single Boeing Delta II rocket from Cape\nCanaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on Oct. 25, 2006, at 8:52 p.m. EDT.\n\nSTEREO is sponsored by NASA Headquarters' Science Mission Directorate,\nWashington, D.C. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Solar Terrestrial Probes\nProgram Office, in Greenbelt, Md., manages the mission, instruments and science\ncenter. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), in\nLaurel, Md., designed and built the spacecraft and will operate the twin\nobservatories for NASA during the mission.\n\nThe two spacecraft are launched to drift slowly away from the Earth in opposite\ndirections at about 10 degrees per year for the lagging spacecraft and 20\ndegrees per year for the leading one. Optimal longitudinal separation of about\nsixty degrees is achieved after two years. Afterwards the separation gradually\nincreases beyond the design lifetime of two years with the possibility of\nextended mission observations at larger angles. Science instruments selected\nfor STEREO include the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric\nInvestigation (SECCHI) for extreme ultraviolet (EUV), white-light\ncoronographic, and heliospheric imaging, the STEREO/WAVES (SWAVES)\ninterplanetary radio burst tracker, the In situ Measurements of Particles and\nCME Transients (IMPACT) investigation for in-situ sampling the 3-D distribution\nand plasma characteristics of solar energetic particles and the interplanetary\nmagnetic field, and the PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion and Composition (PLASTIC)\nexperiment to measure elemental and charge composition of ambient and CME\nplasma ions. STEREO data recorded and stored onboard each spacecraft will be\ndownlinked through the NASA Deep Space Network on a daily schedule. Real-time\nspace weather data will be continuously transmitted through a separate beacon\nsystem to NASA and non-NASA receiving stations.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STEREO B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STEREO B\n Long_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: STEREO Lead\n Short_Name: STEREO West\n Short_Name: Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory B\n Short_Name: 29511\n Short_Name: 2006-047B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: IMPACT\n Short_Name: PLASTIC\n Short_Name: SECCHI\n Short_Name: SWAVES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-13\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/\n Online_Resource: https://stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov/ \n Sample_Image: https://stereo.jhuapl.edu/gallery/images/artistConcepts/tn/PanelsDeploy_tn.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-10-26\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Johns Hopkins/APL\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6768,125 +6768,125 @@ { "uuid": "5255d395-6dd9-49ba-aaf4-44450f708a3c", "label": "HINOTORI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The main objective of the HINOTORI mission was the detailed study of solar flares during solar maximum. Principal investigations were (1) imaging of solar flare X rays in the range 10 to 40 keV by means of rotating modulation collimators and (2) spectroscopy of X-ray emission lines from highly ionized iron in solar flares in the range 1.7 to 2.0 A by means of a Bragg spectrometer. Wavelength scanning was achieved by the spacecraft revolution, with an offset pointing of the spin axis with respect to the sun. Investigations (1) and (2) each had a time resolution of 6 s. In addition, the following investigations were included: three solar flare X-ray monitors that recorded the time profile and spectrum of the X-ray flares in the range 2 to 20 keV, a solar flare gamma-ray detector for the range 0.2 to 9.0 MeV, a particle detector that monitored electron flux above 100 keV, and plasma probes for the measurement of electron density and temperature. \n\nInformation provided by http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-017A\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HINOTORI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HINOTORI\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ASTRO-A\n Short_Name: Astronomical Satellite-A\n Short_Name: 12307\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: PARTICLE DETECTORS\n Short_Name: BCS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1981-017A\n Sample_Image: http://jda.jaxa.jp/jda/get_image.php?f_id=1414&type=L\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1981-02-21\n Primary_Sponsor: Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, U of Tokyo/Japan\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "label": "Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "Geostationary satellites circle the Earth in geosynchronous orbit, which means they orbit the Earth’s equatorial plane at a speed matching the Earth’s rotation. This allows them to stay in a fixed position in the sky, remaining stationary with respect to a point on the ground. GOES satellites continually view the Western Hemisphere from approximately 22,300 miles above Earth.\n\nSince 1975, NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) have provided continuous imagery and data on atmospheric conditions and solar activity (space weather). They have even aided in search and rescue of people in distress. GOES data products have led to more accurate and timely weather forecasts and better understanding of long-term climate conditions. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) builds and launches the GOES, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates them. In October 2015, NOAA celebrated the 40th anniversary of the launch of the first GOES satellite.\n\nGOES satellites are designated with a letter prior to launch and renamed with a number once achieving geostationary orbit. The GOES-N series consists of GOES-13, GOES-14, and GOES-15.", "children": [ { "uuid": "18ceff7d-c5cd-4a72-86af-9a3ac0a884c4", "label": "GOES-5", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 5 was launched in May 1981 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at at 75 degrees West as GOES-EAST, but on July 30, 1984, GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure, thus NOAA had to relocate GOES 6 to a more central 98 degrees West position, and to reactivate GOES 1 and GOES 4 for the acquisition and relay of VISSR information, respectively, from the western U.S. For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "2fa330c6-862b-408a-bdea-cc0eb502f3d2", "label": "GOES-8", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 8 (GOES-I) was launched on April 13, 1994. On Tuesday April 1, 2003 GOES-12 (Formerly Referred to as GOES-M) replaced GOES-8 as the operational GOES East Satellite. NOAA deactivated the satellite on May 5, 2004 and will boost it into an orbit 350 kilometers above its original geostationary position, where it will be disposed safely in three controlled burns. GOES I-M represented the next generation of meteorological satellites and introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan, offers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures of local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term forecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and independent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather forecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to increase the accuracy of their forecasts. Each satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager and a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and infrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the atmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals where the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather services both in the United States and around the world, including the global research community. The GOES I-M mission ran from the mid-1990s into the first decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has been designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at least five years. The GOES I-M system performed the following basic functions: + Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and sounding data. + Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor (SEM) data. + Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and remote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station. + Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to users, independent of all other functions. + Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels to the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system. GOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system. A dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to detect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based sources. These unique identification signals are normally combined with signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and relayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are used to perform effective search and rescue operations. The GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern Pacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and western Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf of Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located at 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common ground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia, supports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides spacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering analyses. Delivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument data for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and retransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community. The processed data are received at the control center and disseminated to the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological Center, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including the National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also received by Department of Defense installations, universities, and numerous private commercial users. MAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS Mission life 5 years, minimum Dimensions Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet) Weight 2100 kg (4600 lb) Orbit Geosynchronous Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi) Longitude 75W and 135W Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree Power 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery backup Launch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur (GOES-L/M) Communications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1 Mbits/sec GOES-I/M IMAGER The GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense radiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the Earth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep east-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a two-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth disc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and various sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene using a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid continuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale (regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination. IMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5* WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12 PRODUCT Clouds x x x x x Water Vapor* x x x Surface Temp. o x o Winds x x x Albedo + IR Flux x o x o Fires + Smoke x x o o KEY: * = new operational data x = primary channel o = secondary channel GOES-I/M SOUNDER The GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition. PRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative PRODUCT TEMPERATURE Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K Land --- 10 2 K 1 K Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K MOISTURE Profile 2-4 50 30% 20% Total --- 10 20% 10% Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec CLOUD Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb Amount total 10 15% 5% OZONE* Total --- 50 30% 15% Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec IR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2 KEY: * = potential future product GOES 8 information is available at: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "49178ef5-a003-4de2-9553-066f629bb072", "label": "GOES-10", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOES 10 is the third satellite in a series of next generation geosynchronous spacecraft, referred to as GOES-NEXT and represented by the GOES I through GOES M spacecraft. The GOES-NEXT series is a joint effort on the part of NASA and NOAA to provide continued operational monitoring of weather systems primarily over the United States, distribute meteorological data to regional and national weather offices within the USA, contribute to the development of an environmental data collection network, contribute to the search and rescue program, improve the capability for forcasting and provide real-time warnings of solar distrubances, and to extend knowledge and understanding of atmospheric processes to improve short and long-term weather forecasts. The GOES-NEXT series extends the capabilities of the previous GOES 1-7 spacecraft. The GOES I-M spacecraft will be placed over the equator at 135 deg West or 75 deg West. The design allows unobstructed views of the Earth for operational coverage by the spacecraft sensors. The spacecraft configuration is a compact box-shaped main body that carries the Earth-observing instruments, a continuous-drive solar array attached to the south panel through a yoke assembly, and a solar pointing instrument gimbal mounted on the solar panel yoke. The main body accomodates the sensors, electronics, and support subsystems. The communication antennas, except the Tracking, Telemetry, and Command (TT&C) antenna, are hard-mounted to the Earth-facing panel. The Propulsion Module consists of the fuel and oxidizer tanks for the bipropellant propulsion subsystem mounted on the central cylinder. The Attitude and Orbit Control Substem (AOCS) provides attitude control of the spacecraft. The AOCS consists of the sensors, electronics, and the actuators. The GOES power is generated from the solar array and two 12 A-hr batteries. Power is automatically regulated during solar eclipses. A conical shaped solar sail at the end of a 58-foot boom balances torque caused by solar radiation. The main body of the spacecraft is a 2-meter cube. In its deployed orbit configuration, the overall length is about 27 meters. Initial mass was about 4640 pounds, including fuel. Design lifetime is about five years. The Image Navigation/Registration (INR) system provides Imager and Sounder data products in real-time to users. The Communications, Command, and Data Handling subsystem is comprised of antennas, receivers, transponders, transmitters, data encoders and encryptors and multiplexers. The Tracking Telemetry and Command (TT&C) subsystem provides the necessary monitor and command link between the spacecraft and the ground stations. The GOES-NEXT instruments consist of the following: (1) Earth Imaging System, a 5-channel visible and infrared radiometer which provides Earth imagery 24 hours a day; (2) Sounding System, a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer for obtaining atmospheric temperature and moisture soundings; (3) a Space Environment Monitor (SEM), which consists of a magnetic field sensor, a solar X-ray sensor, an energetic particle sensor (EPS), and a High Energy Proton and Alpha Detector (HEPAD); (4) a Search and Rescue subsystem (SARSAT), which receives signals from 406 MHz distress beacons and relays them to the ground; (5) a Data Collection System (DCS) for collecting and relaying real-time information from Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) such as buoys, balloons, remote weather stations, ships, and aircraft; and (6) a Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) system which relays processed weather imagary from the Wallops Island station to the user community. The SEC package has been frequently eratic during 2003.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "530c0bf3-28b9-4cb7-ad4e-979ad7444933", "label": "GOES-14", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "The GOES-O satellite lifted off from Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 6:51 p.m. EDT [2009-06-27] atop a Delta IV rocket. From a position about 22,300 miles above Earth, the advanced weather satellite will keep an unblinking eye on atmospheric conditions in the Eastern United States and Atlantic Ocean. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-O represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. GOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. GOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. The GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-O continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13. GOES-P is also in ground storage following the completion of environmental testing and is prepared for an April 2009 launch readiness with a July 2010, engineering handover date requirement.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "72ebfb29-14dd-4306-a28c-ecfc25fc8ad6", "label": "GOES-16", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R) is the nation’s next generation of geostationary weather satellites. The GOES-R series will significantly improve the detection and observation of environmental phenomena that directly affect public safety, protection of property and our nation’s economic health and prosperity.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "79de5661-cfa3-491d-bb30-4414452676e8", "label": "GOES-4", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 4 was launched in September 1980 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 100 degrees West initially, but replaced GOES 3 at 135 degrees West in March 1981. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 4 was reactivated by NOAA to provide GOES 1 VISSR data relay services to western users. More information about GOES Satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8651726e-1f93-4a65-9e09-4be1e3075e5d", "label": "GOES-9", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 9 was launched on May 23, 1995. GOES-9, which is currently partially operational, is being provided to the Japanese Meteorological Agency to replace their failing geostationary satellite. GOES I-M represents the next generation of meteorological satellites and introduces two new features. The first feature, flexible scan, offers small-scale area imaging that lets meteorologists take pictures of local weather trouble spots. This allows them to improve short-term forecasts over local areas. The second feature, simultaneous and independent imaging and sounding, is designed to allow weather forecasters to use multiple measurements of weather phenomena to increase the accuracy of their forecasts. Each satellite in the series carries two major instruments: an Imager and a Sounder. These instruments acquire high resolution visible and infrared data, as well as temperature and moisture profiles of the atmosphere. They continuously transmit these data to ground terminals where the data are processed for rebroadcast to primary weather services both in the United States and around the world, including the global research community. The GOES I-M mission is scheduled to run from the mid-1990s into the first decade of the 21st century. Each element of the mission has been designed to meet all in-orbit performance requirements for at least five years. The GOES I-M system performs the following basic functions: + Acquisition, processing, and dissemination of imaging and sounding data. + Acquisition and dissemination of Space Environment Monitor (SEM) data. + Reception and relay of data from ground-based Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) that are situated in carefully selected urban and remote areas to the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station. + Continuous relay of Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) and other data to users, independent of all other functions. + Relay of distress signals from people, aircraft, or marine vessels to the search and rescue ground stations of the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) system. GOES provides the instantaneous relay functions for the SARSAT system. A dedicated search and rescue transponder on board GOES is designed to detect emergency distress signals originating from Earth-based sources. These unique identification signals are normally combined with signals received by a low-Earth orbiting satellite system and relayed to a search and rescue ground terminal. The combined data are used to perform effective search and rescue operations. The GOES I-M system serves a region covering the central and eastern Pacific Ocean; North, Central, and South America; and the central and western Atlantic Ocean. Pacific coverage includes Hawaii and the Gulf of Alaska. This is accomplished by two satellites, GOES West located at 135 west longitude and GOES East at 75 west longitude. A common ground station, the CDA station located at Wallops, Virginia, supports the interface to both satellites. The NOAA Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC), in Suitland, Maryland, provides spacecraft scheduling, health and safety monitoring, and engineering analyses. Delivery of products involves ground processing of the raw instrument data for radiometric calibration and Earth location information, and retransmission to the satellite for relay to the data user community. The processed data are received at the control center and disseminated to the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Meteorological Center, Camp Springs, Maryland, and NWS forecast offices, including the National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Processed data are also received by Department of Defense installations, universities, and numerous private commercial users. *The GOES-9 satellite was replaced by GOES-10 in July 1998* MAIN SPACECRAFT DESIGN ELEMENTS Mission life 5 years, minimum Dimensions Main body 2 meter (7 foot) cube Deployed length 27 meters (88 feet) Weight 2100 kg (4600 lb) Orbit Geosynchronous Altitude 36,000 km (22,000 mi) Longitude 75W and 135W Latitude equatorial, within 0.5 degree Power 1050 watts @ 42 volts, solar array; battery backup Launch vehicle Atlas-I/Centaur (GOES-I/K), Atlas-II/Centaur (GOES-L/M) Communications Imager and Sounder in GVAR format at 2.1 Mbits/sec GOES-I/M IMAGER The GOES Imager is a multi-channel instrument designed to sense radiant and solar-reflected energy from sampled areas of the Earth. The multi-element spectral channels simultaneously sweep east-west and west-east along a north-to-south path by means of a two-axis mirror scan system. The instrument can produce full-Earth disc images, sector images that contain the edges of the Earth, and various sizes of area scans completely enclosed within the Earth scene using a new flexible scan system. Scan selection permits rapid continuous viewing of local areas for monitoring of mesoscale (regional) phenomena and accurate wind determination. IMAGER CHANNELS AND PRODUCTS CHANNEL 1 2* 3* 4 5* WAVELENGTH (um) 0.65 3.9 6.7 11 12 PRODUCT Clouds x x x x x Water Vapor* x x x Surface Temp. o x o Winds x x x Albedo + IR Flux x o x o Fires + Smoke x x o o KEY: * = new operational data x = primary channel o = secondary channel GOES-I/M SOUNDER The GOES Sounder is a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns. It is designed to provide data from which atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud-top temperatures, and ozone distribution can be deduced by mathematical analysis. It operates independently of and simultaneously with the Imager, using a similarly flexible scan system. The Sounder's multi-element detector array assemblies simultaneously sample four separate fields or atmospheric columns. A rotating filter wheel, which brings spectral filters into the optical path of the detector array, provides the infrared channel definition. PRODUCTS, RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY RESOLUTION (km) ACCURACY Vert. Horiz. Absolute Relative PRODUCT TEMPERATURE Profile 3-5 50 2-3 K 1 K Land --- 10 2 K 1 K Sea --- 10 1 K 0.5 K MOISTURE Profile 2-4 50 30% 20% Total --- 10 20% 10% Motion 3 layers 50 6 m/sec 3 m/sec CLOUD Height 2 layers 10 50 mb 25 mb Amount total 10 15% 5% OZONE* Total --- 50 30% 15% Motion 1 layer 50 10 m/sec 5 m/sec IR Flux* total 50 10 W/m^2 3 W/m^2 KEY: * = potential future product", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "98685a1b-9825-43c0-b0d9-6a65f8cb8c7c", "label": "GOES-13", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES-13 (GOES-N) lifted off aboard a Boeing Delta IV rocket from Space Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida at 6:11 pm EDT on May 25, 2006. GOES-13 (GOES-N) is the latest in a series of Earth monitoring satellites. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) provide the kind of continuous monitoring necessary for intensive data analysis. Geostationary describes an orbit in which a satellite is always in the same position with respect to the rotating Earth. This allows GOES to hover continuously over one position on the Earth's surface, appearing stationary. As a result, GOES provide a constant vigil for the atmospheric 'triggers' for severe weather conditions such as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes. Orbit: Altitude: 36000 km Geo-Synchronous Vital Statistics: Weight 3200 kg Size: 4.2 meters (l) x 1.88 meters (w) Power: 2300 watts Mission Life: 5 years Instruments: Sounder Imager SEM (Space Environment Monitor) S and R (Search and Rescue)", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a520a517-f8da-4bf7-9dec-5e8758dad38a", "label": "GOES-3", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 3 was launched in June 1978 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. It operated at 135 degrees West as GOES-WEST. For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b048b823-7125-4426-b25d-121c85044bb4", "label": "GOES-6", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 6 was launched in April 1983 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. GOES 6 was moved from its 135 degrees West position to a more central 98 degrees West position when GOES 5 failed on July 29, 1984. For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ccc4869c-ff0c-41ef-b621-eaeae1ffb79b", "label": "GOES-12", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "OES-12 (GOES-M) was launched July 23, 2001 from Cape Canaveral Air Station. On Tuesday April 1, 2003 at approximately 1815 UTC, GOES-12 replaced GOES-8 as the operational GOES East Satellite. The spacecraft will perform long term geostationary monitoring of U.S. weather. GOES 12's mission is the monitoring of hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather as well as providing short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting. Combined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations, real-time GOES data greatly aids weather foecasters in providing better warnings of severe weather. NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service will operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and GOES I-M Sounder.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d1c98f16-ae13-45a0-b1bf-de4fd2a5b1c7", "label": "GOES-11", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "Update 2011-12-12: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06, Source: http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/status.html ] [Text For Archival Purposes only] GOES-11 (GOES-L) was launched May 3, 2000 from Cape Canaveral Air Station. The spacecraft will continue the long term geostationary monitoring of U.S. weather. The spacecraft will monitor hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, flash floods, and other severe weather as well as provide short-term weather forecasting or nowcasting. Combined with Doppler radar and automated surface weather stations, real-time GOES data will greatly aid weather foecasters in providing better warnings of severe weather. NOAA's National Environmmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service will operate GOES. The instrument package includes a GOES I-M Imager and GOES I-M Sounder. For more information see: https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e8fbbfce-0ba2-431c-8533-a1ec9347efd1", "label": "GOES-7", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 7 was launched in February 1987 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder, meteorological data collection and transmission system, space environment monitor, energetic particle monitor, and a magnetic field monitor. GOES 7 was positioned at 98 degrees West in the summer (Atlantic hurricane season) and 108 degrees West in the winter (Pacific storm season). For more information on GOES satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f2b36444-124d-4f32-97c7-dc8a09b2d0f0", "label": "GOES-2", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES 2 was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The spin-stabilized spacecraft carried (1) a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer (VISSR) to provide high-quality day/night cloudcover data and to take radiance-derived temperatures of the earth/atmosphere system, (2) a meteorological data collection and transmission system to relay processed data from central weather facilities to APT-equipped regional stations and to collect and retransmit data from remotely located earth-based platforms, and (3) a space environment monitor (SEM) system to measure proton, electron, and solar X-ray fluxes and magnetic fields. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially out from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained synchronous orbit. For more detailed information, see 'The GOES/SMS User's Guide' (TRF B28599), available from NSSDC.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f86fcbce-178c-410a-8e6e-380c0bc392ad", "label": "GOES-1", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "GOES-1 (SMS-C) was launched in October 1975 and was a NASA-developed, NOAA-operated, geosynchronous, and operational spacecraft. The cylindrically shaped spacecraft measured 190.5 cm in diameter and 230 cm in length, exclusive of a magnetometer that extended an additional 83 cm beyond the cylinder shell. The primary structural members were a honeycombed equipment shelf and thrust tube. The VISSR telescope was mounted on the equipment shelf and viewed the Earth through a special aperture in the side of the spacecraft. A support structure extended radially from the thrust tube and was affixed to the solar panels, which formed the outer walls of the spacecraft and provided the primary source of electrical power. Located in the annulus-shaped space between the thrust tube and the solar panels were stationkeeping and dynamics control equipment, batteries, and most of the SEM equipment. Proper spacecraft attitude and spin rate (approximately 100 rpm) were maintained by two separate sets of jet thrusters mounted around the spacecraft equator and activated by ground command. The spacecraft used both UHF-band and S-band frequencies in its telemetry and command subsystem. A low-power VHF transponder provided telemetry and command during launch and then served as a backup for the primary subsystem once the spacecraft attained orbit. This spin-stabilized spacecraft carried a visible infrared spin-scan radiometer, meteorological data collection and relay system, space environment monitor, and a biaxial fluxgate magnetometer. On December 1, 1978, responsibility for GOES 1 was turned over to ESA to be used as part of FGGE/GARP. It was stationed over the Indian Ocean and controlled by ESOC in Darmstadt, F.R.G. In December 1979, it was returned to the control of NOAA and positioned at 135 degrees West. When GOES 5 VAS experienced a failure on July 30, 1984, GOES 6 was moved east and GOES 1 was reactivated by NOAA to provide visible imaging capability over the western U.S. GOES 1 failed on February 3, 1985. Additional Information on GOES Satellites: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/GOES/index.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f9649a77-f89c-4b3a-a5e5-624ccfccf97d", "label": "GOES-15", - "broader": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", + "parentId": "6e332c25-caeb-4917-afb6-af757bcecd72", "definition": "[Update 2011-12-13: GOES-15 replaced GOES-11 as the GOES-West operational spacecraft on 2011-12-06]\nThe Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-P represents a continuation of the newest generation of environmental satellites built by Boeing for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the technical guidance and project management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. GOES satellites provide the familiar weather pictures seen on United States television newscasts every day. The GOES imaging and sounding instruments (built by ITT) feature flexible scans for small-scale area viewing in regions of the visible and infrared spectrum allowing meteorologists to improve short-term forecasts. GOES provides nearly continuous imaging and sounding, which allow forecasters to better measure changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture distributions and hence increase the accuracy of their forecasts. GOES environmental information is used for a host of applications, including weather monitoring and prediction models, ocean temperatures and moisture locations, climate studies, cryosphere (ice, snow, glaciers) detection and extent, land temperatures and crop conditions, and hazards detection. The GOES-O&P Imagers have improved resolution in the 13 micrometer channel from 8 km to 4 km. The finer spatial resolution allows an improved cloud-top product, height of atmospheric motion vectors and volcanic ash detection. GOES-P continues the improved image navigation and registration, additional power and fuel lifetime capability, space weather, solar x-ray imaging, search and rescue, and communication services as provided on GOES-13. GOES-P Launches! The GOES-P satellite launched at 6:57 p.m. EST March 4 aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV rocket from Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. GOES-P is the third and final spacecraft to be launched in the GOES-N series of geostationary environmental weather satellites.", "children": [] } @@ -6895,55 +6895,55 @@ { "uuid": "6f00151d-b33f-472a-a263-eff7b46b296d", "label": "TSIS-1", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "72594fae-e32a-4f62-88ad-d871ef0ff29a", "label": "ULYSSES", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The primary objectives of Ulysses, formerly the International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM), are to investigate, as a function of solar latitude, the properties of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field, of galactic cosmic rays and neutral interstellar gas, and to study energetic particle composition and acceleration. The 55 kg payload includes two magnetometers, two solar wind plasma instruments, a unified radio/plasma wave instrument, three energetic charged particle instruments, an interstellar neutral gas sensor, a solar X-ray/cosmic gamma-ray burst detector, and a cosmic dust sensor. The communications systems is also used to study the solar corona and to search for gravitational waves. Secondary objectives included interplanetary and planetary physics investigations during the initial Earth-Jupiter phase and investigations in the Jovian magnetosphere. The spacecraft used a Jupiter swingby in Feb. 1992 to transfer to a heliospheric orbit with high heliocentric inclination, and will pass over the rotational south pole of the sun in mid-1994 at 2 AU, and over the north pole in mid-1995. A second solar orbit will take Ulysses again over the south and north poles in years 2000 and 2001, respectively. The spacecraft is powered by a single radio-isotope generator. It is spin stabilized at a rate of 5 rpm and its high-gain antenna points continuously to the earth. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ULYSSES\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ULYSSES\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: International Solar Polar Mission\n Short_Name: Solar Polar\n Short_Name: 20842\n Short_Name: 1990-090B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: EPAC\n Short_Name: FGM-U\n Short_Name: DUST\n Short_Name: URAP\n Short_Name: SWOOPS\n Short_Name: SWICS-U\n Short_Name: HI-SCALE\n Short_Name: COSPIN\n Short_Name: GRB\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Period: 2264 days\n Perigee: 1.35 AU\n Apogee: 5.4 AU\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-03-05\n Online_Resource: http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://helio2.estec.esa.nl/ulysses_/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/ulysses_test.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1990-10-06\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: ESA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "76e768b0-150f-4986-8504-42a713c9c841", "label": "ACRIMSAT", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The purpose of the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III)\ninstrument is to study total solar Irradiance from the Sun. The ACRIM III\npackage is flying on a spacecraft called ACRIMSAT. The spacecraft was launched\non December 20, 1999 as a secondary payload on a Taurus launch vehicle. ACRIM\nIII, third in a series of long-term solar-monitoring tools built for NASA by\nthe Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will continue to extend the database first\ncreated by ACRIM I, which was launched in 1980 on the Solar Maximum Mission\n(SMM) spacecraft. ACRIM II followed on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite\n(UARS) in 1991. ACRIMSAT data will be correlated with possible global warming\ndata, ice cap shrinkage data, and ozone layer depletion data. It is theorized\nthat as much as 25 percent of the Earth's total global warming may be solar in\norigin due to small increases in the Sun's total energy output since the last\ncentury. By measuring incoming solar radiation and adding measurements of ocean\nand atmosphere currents and temperatures, as well as surface temperatures,\nclimatologists will be able to improve their predictions of climate and global\nwarming over the next century. Energy forecasting, carbon management, public\nhealth.\n\nLaunch: Launched: December 20, 1999\nLaunch Vehicle: Taurus\nLaunch Site: Western Test Range, Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\nOrbit: Altitude: 680 km\nInclination: 98.13 degrees Sun-Synchronous\n\nVital Statistics: Weight: 13 kg\nPower: 49 watts\nDesign Life: 5 years\n\nInstruments: Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) instrument (4 Shuttle)\nSMM/ACRIM I\nSMM/ACRIM II\n\nWebsite: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACRIMSAT\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ACRIMSAT\n Long_Name: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: 1999-070B\n Short_Name: 26033\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM III\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 685 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.13 degrees\n Equator_Crossing: 10:50 AM descending node\n Period: 99 m\n Perigee: 683 km\n Apogee: 727 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-irradiance-monitor-satellite-acrimsat/\n Online_Resource: https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/active-cavity-radiometer-irradiance-monitor-satellite\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/missions/acrimsat.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1999-12-20\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7747d786-1e89-4c8e-a9ea-3e90c93d95e0", "label": "SAMPEX", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "SAMPEX is the first of SMEX'es (SMall EXplorers). SAMPEX was launched in July 1992 from Western Test Range (Lompoc,CA) at 1419 UT on July 3, 1992. SAMPEX orbits at an altitude 520 by 670 Km and 82 degrees inclination and carries four instruments on board. SAMPEX measures energetic electrons as well as ion composition of particle populations from ~0.4 MeV/nucleon to hundreds of MeV/nucleon from a zenith-oriented satellite in a near polar orbit. The Payload combines some of the most sensitive particle sensors ever flown in space. \n\nInformation provided by http://lasp.colorado.edu/sampex/sampex.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SAMPEX\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SAMPEX\n Long_Name: SolarAnomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: sampex\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ION CHROMATOGRAPHS\n Short_Name: SOLAR TELESCOPES\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 520 by 670 Km\n Orbit_Inclination: 82 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-21\n Online_Resource: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sampex/sampex.html\n Sample_Image: http://lasp.colorado.edu/sampex/sampex.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-07-03\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", "label": "Pioneer", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes exploration. The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, successfully sent one spacecraft to fly by the Moon, and successfully sent one spacecraft to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus. The second program, which ran from 1965 to 1992, sent four spacecraft to measure interplanetary space weather, two to explore Jupiter and Saturn, and two to explore Venus. The two outer planet probes, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System.", "children": [ { "uuid": "1128de1e-ca90-4400-8ee8-3659106f3d65", "label": "PIONEER 7", - "broader": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", + "parentId": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "35fa31c4-a259-4b5d-82e0-48b5bdddd13a", "label": "PIONEER 7", - "broader": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", + "parentId": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", "definition": "Identical to Pioneer 6, Pioneer 7 was put into heliocentric orbit at 0.814 x 0.985 AU to study the solar magnetic field, the solar wind, and cosmic rays at widely separated points in solar orbit. \n\nOn 7 September 1968, the spacecraft was correctly aligned with the Sun and Earth to begin studying Earth's magnetic tail. \n\nIn 1977, eleven years after its launch, Pioneer 7 registered the magnetic tail 19.3 million kilometers out, three times further into space than recorded previously. \n\nOn 20 March 1986, the spacecraft flew within 12.3 million kilometers of Halley's Comet and monitored the interaction between the cometary hydrogen tail and the solar wind. \n\nAs with Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 8, NASA continues to maintain intermittent contact with Pioneer 7, more than thirty years after its mission began. On 31 March 1995, for example, the plasma analyzer was turned on during 2 hours of contact with the ground.\n\nInformation provided by http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=Pioneer%207&Letter=P&Display=ReadMore\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 7\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PIONEER 7\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n Short_Name: PROBES\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Letter=P&Alias=Pioneer%207\n Sample_Image: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/images/miss-pioneer_07.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-08-17\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f5041b9b-2a20-4cd3-9154-f9c62fbf6d1f", "label": "PIONEER 6", - "broader": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", + "parentId": "7c63ec87-b637-492f-8650-ef7a7bcf1b9f", "definition": "Pioneer 6 was the first of four NASA spacecraft designed to study interplanetary phenomena in space. The spacecraft successfully provided simultaneous scientific measurements at widely dispersed locations in heliocentric orbit. It returned the first data on the tenuous solar atmosphere and later recorded the passage of Comet Kohoutek's tail in 1974. \n\nAlong with Pioneers 7, 8, and 9, the spacecraft formed a ring of solar weather stations spaced along Earth's orbit. Measurements by the four Pioneers were used to predict solar storms for approximately 1,000 primary users, including the Federal Aviation Administration; commercial airlines; power companies; communication companies; military organizations; and entities involved in surveying, navigation, and electronic prospecting. \n\nBy December 1990, Pioneer 6 had circled the Sun twentynine times (traveling 24.8 billion kilometers) and had been operational for twenty years -- a record for a deep space probe. Its original slated lifetime had been only six months. \n\nOn 15 December 1996, the spacecraft's primary transmitter failed, but during a track on 11 July 1996, ground controllers switched on the backup transmitter. \n\nOf the spacecraft's six scientific instruments, two (the plasma analyzer and the cosmic-ray detector) still continue to function. \n\nNASA maintains contact with the spacecraft once or twice each year. For example, 1 hour's worth of scientific data was collected on 29 July and 15 December 1995 (although the primary transmitter failed soon after that), and again on 6 October 1997, more than thirty years after launch. The probe's solar arrays continue to deteriorate, although the transmitters can be turned on at perihelion when the solar flux is strong enough to provide sufficient power. \n\nOn 8 December 2000, to commemorate its thirty-fifth anniversary of operation, ground controllers established successful contact with the spacecraft for about 2 hours.\n\nInformation provided by http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=Pioneer%206&Letter=P&Display=ReadMore\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PIONEER 6\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: PIONEER 6\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Short_Name: MUON COSMIC RAY DETECTORS\n Short_Name: PROBES\n Short_Name: FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-20\n Online_Resource: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=Pioneer%206&Letter=P&Display=ReadMore\n Sample_Image: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/images/miss-pioneer_06.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-12-16\n Design_Life: 6 months\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6952,27 +6952,27 @@ { "uuid": "7d44ede4-e2e4-43b8-a970-11f1f75394d5", "label": "GEOTAIL", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The GEOTAIL mission is a collaborative project undertaken by the Institute of\nSpace and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and the National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA). Its primary objective is to study the dynamics of the\nEarth's magnetotail over a wide range of distance, extending from the\nnear-Earth region (8 Earth radii (Re) from the Earth) to the distant tail\n(about 200 Re). The GEOTAIL spacecraft was designed and built by ISAS and was\nlaunched on July 24, 1992.\n\nThe Geotail mission measures global energy flow and transformation in the\nmagnetotail to increase understanding of fundamental magnetospheric processes.\nThis will include the physics of the magnetopause, the plasma sheet, and\nreconnection and neutral line formation (i.e., the mechanisms of input,\ntransport, storage, release and conversion of energy in the magnetotail).\nGeotail, together with Wind, Polar, SOHO, and Cluster projects, constitute a\ncooperative scientific satellite project designated the International\nSolar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) program which aims at gaining improved\nunderstanding of the physics of solar terrestrial relations.\n\nGeotail is a spin-stabilized spacecraft utilizing mechanically despun antennas\nwith a design lifetime of about four years. The nominal spin rate of the\nspacecraft is about 20 rpm around a spin axis maintained between 85 and 89 deg\nto the ecliptic plane. Geotail is cylindrical, approximately 2.2 m in diameter\nand 1.6 m high with body-mounted solar cells. Geotail also has a two-hour\nback-up battery subsystem which operates when the spacecraft is in the Earth's\nshadow.\n\nReal-time telemetry data transmitted in the X-band are received at the Usuda\nDeep Space Center (UDSC) in Japan. There are two tape recorders on board, each\nwith a capacity of 450 Mbit which allow daily 24-hour data coverage. The data\nare collected in playback mode by the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN).\n\nThe Geotail mission is divided into two phases. During the two-year initial\nphase, the orbit apogee was kept on the nightside of the Earth by using the\nMoon's gravity in a series of double-lunar swing-by maneuvers that result in\nthe spacecraft spending most of its time in the distant magnetotail (maximum\napogee about 200 Earth radii) with a period varying from one to four months.\nThen, starting in November 1994, there were a series of maneuvers to bring the\nspacecraft into its near-Earth orbit. This transition orbit lasted about three\nmonths with the apogee varying from 50 RE to 30 RE. The second phase is\ndedicated to the study of near-Earth magnetospheric processes, including\nneutral line formation.\n\nThe GEOTAIL mission consists of the following experiments:\n- Comprehensive Plasma Investigation (CPI)\n- Electric Fields Detector (EFD)\n- Energetic Particle and Ion Composition (EPIC)\n- High-Energy Particles (HEP)\n- Low-Energy Particles (LEP)\n- Magnetic Field Experiment\n- Plasma Waves Investigation (PWI)\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail.shtml\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEOTAIL\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: GEOTAIL\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GGS/Geotail\n Short_Name: GTL\n Short_Name: Geomagnetic Tail Lab\n Short_Name: ISTP/Geotail\n Short_Name: 22049\n Short_Name: 1992-044A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MFE\n Short_Name: PWI\n Short_Name: LEP\n Short_Name: HEP\n Short_Name: EPIC\n Short_Name: EFD\n Short_Name: CPI-G\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 5.15 degrees - 7.45 degrees\n Period: 43 days - 49 days\n Perigee: 47,835 km - 51,024 km\n Apogee: 869,421 km - 191,340 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/geotail.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://www.stp.isas.ac.jp/geotail/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/geotail.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1992-07-24\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: ISAS, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "848796c8-2654-4c1e-b70f-a85834f4fcef", "label": "FERMI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "[Source: FERMI Project, http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Universe is home to numerous exotic and beautiful phenomena, some of which can generate almost inconceivable amounts of energy. Supermassive black holes, merging neutron stars, streams of hot gas moving close to the speed of light ... these are but a few of the marvels that generate gamma-ray radiation, the most energetic form of radiation, billions of times more energetic than the type of light visible to our eyes. What is happening to produce this much energy? What happens to the surrounding environment near these phenomena? How will studying these energetic objects add to our understanding of the very nature of the Universe and how it behaves?\n\nThe Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, formerly GLAST, will open this high-energy world to exploration and help us to answer these questions. With Fermi, astronomers will at long last have a superior tool to study how black holes, notorious for pulling matter in, can accelerate jets of gas outward at fantastic speeds. Physicists will be able to study subatomic particles at energies far greater than those seen in ground-based particle accelerators. And cosmologists will gain valuable information about the birth and early evolution of the Universe.\n\nFor this unique endeavor, one that brings together the astrophysics and particle physics communities, NASA is teaming up with the U.S. Department of Energy and institutions in France, Germany, Japan, Italy and Sweden. General Dynamics was chosen to build the spacecraft. Fermi was launched June 11, 2008 at 12:05 pm EDT.\nMission Objectives\n\n - Explore the most extreme environments in the Universe, where nature harnesses energies far beyond anything possible on Earth.\n - Search for signs of new laws of physics and what composes the mysterious Dark Matter.\n - Explain how black holes accelerate immense jets of material to nearly light speed.\n - Help crack the mysteries of the stupendously powerful explosions known as gamma-ray bursts.\n - Answer long-standing questions across a broad range of topics, including solar flares, pulsars and the origin of cosmic rays.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: FERMI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: FERMI\n Long_Name: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GLAST\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: LAT\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-09-14\n Online_Resource: http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/main/index.html\n Online_Resource: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/glast\n Sample_Image: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/glast/graphic\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2008-06-11\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9277b570-917c-4fd2-acba-3cb167c4c4c9", "label": "Living with a Star", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The LWS Program provides missions to improve our understanding of how and why the Sun varies, how the Earth and Solar System respond, and how the variability and response affects humanity in Space and on Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "8c1066ca-a1e6-47c2-aab8-ac70ed33f948", "label": "SDO", - "broader": "9277b570-917c-4fd2-acba-3cb167c4c4c9", + "parentId": "9277b570-917c-4fd2-acba-3cb167c4c4c9", "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate Home Page, https://science.nasa.gov/ ]\n\n[SDO was successfully launched on 2010-02-11. Please follow the SDO home page for mission updates. https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ] \n\nThe Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the first mission to be launched for NASA's Living With a Star (LWS) Program, a program designed to understand the causes of solar variability and its impacts on Earth. SDO is designed to help us understand study the Sun's influence on Earth and Near-Earth space by studying observing the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously.\n\nSDO's goal is to understand, driving towards a predictive capability, the solar variations that influence life on Earth and humanity's technological systems by determining how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured how this stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the heliosphere and geospace in the form of solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar irradiance. SDO data will help us to understand the cause the how and why of the Sun's magnetic activity changes. It will determine how the magnetic field is generated and structured, and how the stored magnetic energy is released into the heliosphere and geospace. SDO data and analysis will also help us develop the ability to predict the solar activity variations. that influence life on Earth and humanity's technological systems.\n\nSDO will observe different layers in solar atmosphere from visible surface, photosphere, to outer corona. measure the properties of the Sun and solar activity. There are few types of measurements but many of them will be taken. For example, Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) will record maps of magnetic fields on entire visible solar hemisphere. HMI will also observe flows of plasma in the photosphere. These observations will be used to study motions throughout solar atmosphere: from the global scale (solar rotation), to small spatial scales (e.g. convective motions, which the surface velocity is measured by HMI. This data can be used for many different studies. One is the surface rotation rate, which must be removed to study the others. After subtracting the rotation, you have the oscillation and convective velocities. The latter look like billows of storm clouds covering the Sun. Hot gas moves outward at the center of the billows and downward at the edges—just like boiling water). Data from HMI will also allow us to study processes taking place underneath the visible surface. These studies will be conducted using methods of helioseismology, in the same manner as geologies on Earth study interior of our planet. Other SDO instruments, Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) will study hot outer layers of solar atmosphere, corona. AIA will take images and movies of corona in several wavelengths of ultraviolet light. The third SDO instrument, ), Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) will observe total every flux from the Sun, or irradiance. The variations in irradiance are important component of Earth's atmosphere and climate models. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SDO\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: Living with a Star\n Short_Name: SDO\n Long_Name: Solar Dynamics Observatory\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HMI-SDO\n Short_Name: AIA-SDO\n Short_Name: EVE-SDO\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 36,000 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n Orbit_Type: GEO > Geosynchronous > Non-Geostationary\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-04-24\n Online_Resource: https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/main/index.html\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2010-02-11\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 5 years 3 months\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -6981,20 +6981,20 @@ { "uuid": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", "label": "Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "IMP (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform) was a series of NASA probes, managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, aimed at investigating plasma (ionized gas) and magnetic fields in interplanetary space. The placement of IMPs in a variety of solar and Earth orbits enabled the study of spatial and temporal relationships of geophysical and interplanetary phenomena simultaneously by several spacecraft. The IMP network also provided a crucial early warning of solar flare activity for Apollo manned missions that ventured beyond the Van Allen belts. IMPs were a subprogram of the Explorer series and also designated Explorers 18, 21, 28, 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, and 50 (see Explorer entry for orbital details, etc).", "children": [ { "uuid": "4b4e3fbd-27e9-4022-ab65-09026234ed14", "label": "IMP-8", - "broader": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", + "parentId": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", "definition": "IMP-8 (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-8) was launched by NASA on October\n26, 1973 to measure the magnetic fields, plasmas, and energetic charged\nparticles (e.g., cosmic rays) of the Earth's magnetotail and magnetosheath and\nof the near-Earth solar wind. IMP-8, the last of ten IMP (Interplanetary\nMonitoring Platform) or AIMP (Anchored-IMP) spacecraft launched in 10 years,\ncontinues to operate to this day in its near-circular, 35 Earth Radii, 12-day\norbit. It is an important adjunct to the International Solar Terrestrial\nPhysics program, provides in-ecliptic, one Astronomical Unit baseline data for\nthe deep space Voyager and Ulysses missions, and continues to accumulate a\nlong-timeseries database useful in understanding long-term solar processes. \n\nhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/imp-8.html\n\n[Source: NASA.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7b36ad79-8cf3-46a9-b26c-52f3a0f1eac9", "label": "IMP-I", - "broader": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", + "parentId": "98767da4-f273-4c32-a12f-0df5429ac15e", "definition": "IMP-6 (IMP-I or Explorer 43, NSSDC ID: 71-019A) was a 16-sided drum-shaped\nspacecraft of dimensions: 1.8212 meter high and 1.3564 meter in diameter.\nIts mass was 635 kg. The spacecraft spin axis was perpendicular to the\necliptic plane with a spin rate of 5 rpm, giving it a spin period of\n12 seconds. IMP-6 continued the study, begun by earlier IMPs, of the\ninterplanetary and outer magnetospheric regions by measuring energetic\nparticles, plasma, and electric and magnetic fields. A radio astronomy\nexperiment was also included in the spacecraft payload. The initial\napogee point was near the earth-sun line. The solar-cell and chemical-\nbattery powered spacecraft carried two transmitters. One continuously\ntransmitted PCM encoder data at a 1600-bps information bit rate. The\nsecond transmitter was used for transmission of VLF data and for ranging\ninformation. Three orthogonal pairs of dipole antennas were used for\nthe electric fields experiments, and one of these pairs was also used\nfor the radio astronomy experiment. The members of the antenna pair\nalong the spacecraft spin axis extended 2.9 meter, the members of the\nantennal pair used in both the electric field and radio astronomy\nexperiments extended 45.5 meter, and the members of the third pair were\nslightly unbalanced, extending 24.4 meter and 27.6 meter, respectively.\nAll four elements perpendicular to the spin axis were to have extended\n45.5 meter. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere on October 2,\n1974, after a highly successful mission. The IMP (Interplanetary\nMonitoring Platform) spacecraft exploration program was carried out by\nthe United States.\n_____________________________________________________________\nEntry taken from:\n Hills, H. K., R. G. Littlefield, N. J. Schofield and\n J. I. Vette: 'Data Catalog Series for Space Science and\n Applications Flight Missions', Vol. 3A, NSSDC/WDC-A,\n NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center, September 1982.\n_________________________________________________________________\nSee also:\n Fairfield, D. H., Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 1368, 1974.\n Frank, L. A. et al., Journal of Geophysical Research,\n 82, 129, 1977.\n Armstrong, T. and S. M. Krimigis, Journal of Geophysical\n Research, 81, 677, 1976.\n Williams, D. J., NOAA Technical Report, ERL 393-SEL 40,\n U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado, USA,\n October 1977.", "children": [] } @@ -7003,27 +7003,27 @@ { "uuid": "9c2ad4c0-d1ee-4940-85c7-53d903b500ab", "label": "POLAR", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Polar spacecraft was launched on February 24, 1996, to obtain data from\nboth high- and low-altitude perspectives of this active region of geospace.\nHigh above the poles the particles of the solar wind and the energy of the wind\ncan find their way into the magnetosphere. At lesser altitudes energy is\ntransferred from electric fields and electromagnetic waves to electrons that\nthen plunge into the atmosphere to create the aurora. At mid-altitudes nearer\nthe equator the satellite passes through the Earth's trapped radiation, the Van\nAllen belts. Out of the polar ionosphere flows plasma to populate the\nmagnetosphere. Through this region particles and energy flow from the\ngeomagnetic tail to the atmosphere. Thus the instruments on the Polar\nsatellites see a lot of action in the various plasma parameters that they\nmeasure.\n\nThree of the twelve scientific instruments aboard the Polar satellite are used\nto image the aurora in various wavelengths when the satellite is near apogee,\nhigh over the northern polar region. The other nine instruments make\nmeasurements in-situ, at the location of the satellite, around the entire\norbit. They measure the fluxes of charged particles, electrons and protons, as\nwell as heavier ions, from thermal energies into MeV energies. They measure\nmagnetic and electric fields, plus electromagnetic waves. They must make these\nmeasurements in great detail in order for scientists to be able to learn new\nthings about the environment in the region over the poles of the Earth.\n\nThe Polar satellite is in a highly elliptical orbit, with apogee at 9 earth\nradii and perigee at 1.8 earth radii geocentric. The inclination is 86 deg. and\nthe period about 18 hours. Initially apogee was over the northern polar region,\nbut apogee has been moving towards the equator at about 16 deg. per year. The\nnominal mission duration was two years, but a three year extended mission has\nbeen approved. \n\nDetails on the POLAR mission and instrumentation are provided in Space Science\nReviews (Vol. 71, Nos. 1-4, 1995) and reprinted in The Global Geospace Mission,\nedited by C. T. Russell (Kluwer, 1995).\n\nFor more information, see: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: POLAR\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: POLAR\n Long_Name: POLAR\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: GGS/Polar\n Short_Name: STP/Polar\n Short_Name: Polar Plasma Laboratory\n Short_Name: 23802\n Short_Name: 1996-013A\n Short_Name: POLAR-EFI\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MDI\n Short_Name: VIS\n Short_Name: UVI\n Short_Name: TIMAS\n Short_Name: TIDE\n Short_Name: SEPS\n Short_Name: PWI-P\n Short_Name: PIXIE\n Short_Name: MFE-P\n Short_Name: HYDRA\n Short_Name: EPI\n Short_Name: CEPPAD\n Short_Name: CAMMICE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 85.9 degrees\n Period: 938.1 min\n Perigee: 185 km\n Apogee: 50551 km\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/polar.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1996-02-24\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", "label": "NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "437b468d-4635-4cb9-b875-0795beb47f6d", "label": "TRACE", - "broader": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", + "parentId": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", "definition": "The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) is a NASA Small Explorer\n(SMEX) mission to image the solar corona and transition region at high angular\nand temporal resolution.\n\nTRACE was launched on a Pegasus launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base\nin April 1998. The launch was scheduled to allow joint observations with SOHO \nduring the rising phase of the solar cycle to sunspot maximum. No transition\nregion or coronal imager has witnessed the onset and rise of a solar cycle.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://trace.lmsal.com/ \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: TRACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)\n Short_Name: TRACE\n Long_Name: Transition Region and Coronal Explorer\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 73\n Short_Name: SMEX/TRACE\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/TRACE\n Short_Name: 25280\n Short_Name: 1998-020A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: TRACE IMAGING TELESCOPE\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 700 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 97.84 degrees\n Period: 95.48 m\n Perigee: 520.0 km\n Apogee: 547.2 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://trace.lmsal.com/\n Online_Resource: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/trace.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1998-04-02\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Labs\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d7a1d916-1dc9-4dbd-8a7e-554be1b7379c", "label": "GEMS", - "broader": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", + "parentId": "a1dfb99c-1819-4a09-9024-81d9c3486eac", "definition": "[Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News, http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2009/gems_explore.html ]\n\nAn exciting new astrophysics mission led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., will provide a revolutionary window into the universe. Named the Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS), the satellite will be the first to systematically measure the polarization of cosmic X-ray sources.\n\n'To date, astronomers have measured X-ray polarization from only a single object outside the solar system -- the famous Crab Nebula, the luminous cloud that marks the site of an exploded star,' said Jean Swank, a Goddard astrophysicist and the GEMS principal investigator. “We expect that GEMS will detect dozens of sources and really open up this new frontier.'\n\nGoddard will provide the X-ray mirrors and polarimeter instrument for GEMS and oversee the mission's science operations center, science data processing and systems engineering.\n\nElectromagnetic radiation -- light, radio waves, X-rays -- contains a varying electric field. Polarization refers to this field's direction. An everyday example of putting polarization to use is as close as a pair of sunglasses. Reflected light contains an electric field with a specific orientation. Because polarized sunglasses block light vibrating in this direction, they can reduce the glare of reflected sunlight.\n\nThe extreme gravitational field near a spinning black hole not only bends the paths of X-rays, it also alters the directions of their electric fields. Polarization measurements can reveal the presence of a black hole and provide astronomers with information on its spin. Fast-moving electrons emit polarized X-rays as they spiral through intense magnetic fields, providing GEMS with the means to explore another aspect of extreme environments.\n\n'Thanks to these effects, GEMS can probe spatial scales far smaller than any telescope can possibly image,' Swank said. Polarized X-rays carry information about the structure of cosmic sources that isn't available in any other way.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: GEMS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Small Explorer (SMEX)\n Short_Name: GEMS\n Long_Name: Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2009-08-11\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2009/gems_explore.html\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gems/\n Online_Resource: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/376204main_GEMS_labeled_226.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2014-07-01\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7032,27 +7032,27 @@ { "uuid": "a60eb82b-e058-4b1d-bc09-864d886e8c48", "label": "ACE", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) is an Explorer mission that is\nbeing managed by the Office of Space Science Mission and Payload\nDevelopment Division of the National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA). The primary purpose of ACE is to determine and\ncompare the isotopic and elemental composition of several distinct\nsamples of matter, including the solar corona, the interplanetary\nmedium, the local interstellar medium, and Galactic matter.\nThe spacecraft is 1.6 meters across and 1 meter high, not including\nthe four solar arrays and the magnetometer booms attached to two of\nthe solar panels. It will weigh 785 kg, which includes 189 kg of\nhydrazine fuel for orbit insertion and maintenance. The solar arrays\nwill generate about 500 watts of power at the beginning of life. The\nspacecraft will spin at 5 rpm, with the spin axis generally pointed\nalong the Earth-sun line and most of the scientific instruments on the\ntop (sunward) deck. The instruments that are carried on ACE are as follows:\nCosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS), Electon,Proton,and Alpha Monitor\n(EPAM), Magnetometer (MAG), Solar Energetic Particle Ionic Charge Analyzer\n(SEPICA), Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS), Solar Wind Electon, Proton, and\nAlpha Monitor (SWEPAM), Solar Wind Ionic Charge Spectrometer (SWICS),\nSolar Wind Ion Mass Spectrometer (SWIMS), and Ultra Low Energy Isotope\nSpectrometer (ULEIS).\n\nACE launched on a McDonnell-Douglas Delta II 7920 launch vehicle on\nAugust 25, 1997 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\nIn order to get away from the effects of the Earth's magnetic field,\nthe ACE spacecraft has travelled almost a million miles (1.5 million\nkm) from the Earth to the Earth-sun libration point (L1). By orbiting\nthe L1 point, ACE will stay in a relatively constant position with\nrespect to the Earth as the Earth revolves around the sun.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: ACE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: ACE\n Long_Name: Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 71\n Short_Name: 1997-045A\n Short_Name: 24912\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: MAG\n Short_Name: SWICS\n Short_Name: SEPICA\n Short_Name: SIS\n Short_Name: SWEPAM\n Short_Name: EPAM\n Short_Name: SWIMS\n Short_Name: ULEIS\n Short_Name: CRIS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 1.5 million km\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.7 degrees\n Perigee: 179 km\n Apogee: 1256768 km\n Orbit_Type: LPO > L1 > Lissajous Orbit > Halo Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/\n Online_Resource: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/ACE/ACE_FactSheet.html\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/ace1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1997-08-25\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: California Institute of Technology\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ac6d0fd3-a559-4f59-b862-51addf61944a", "label": "RHESSI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI) mission consists of a single\nspin-stabilized spacecraft in a low-altitude orbit inclined 38 degrees to the\nEarth's equator. The only instrument on board is an imaging spectrometer with\nthe ability to obtain high fidelity color movies of solar flares in X rays and\ngamma rays. It uses two new complementary technologies: fine grids to modulate\nthe solar radiation, and germanium detectors to measure the energy of each\nphoton very precisely. The HESSI was renamed the Reuven Ramaty High Energy\nSolar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). RHESSI is a NASA Small Explorer satellite\nand was launched February 5, 2002.\n\nRHESSI's imaging capability is achieved with fine tungsten and/or molybdenum\ngrids that modulate the solar X-ray flux as the spacecraft rotates at ~ 15 rpm.\nUp to 20 detailed images can be obtained per second. This is sufficient to\ntrack the electrons as they travel from their acceleration site, believed to be\nin the solar corona, and slow down on their way to the lower solar atmosphere.\n\nThe high-resolution spectroscopy is achieved with 9 cooled germanium crystals\nthat detect the X-ray and gamma-ray photons transmitted through the grids over\nthe broad energy range of 3 keV to 20 MeV. Their fine energy resolution of\nabout 1 keV is more than sufficient to reveal the detailed features of the\nX-ray and gamma-ray spectra, clues to the nature of the electron and ion\nacceleration processes. \n\nFor more information, see;\nhttp://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/index.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RHESSI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: RHESSI\n Long_Name: Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HESSI\n Short_Name: Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager\n Short_Name: SMEX/RHESSI\n Short_Name: Small Explorer/RHESSI\n Short_Name: 27370\n Short_Name: 2002-004A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: HESSI SPECTROMETER\n Short_Name: HESSI IMAGER\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 600 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 38 degrees\n Period: 96.5 m\n Perigee: 579 km\n Apogee: 607 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/hessicraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-02-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA/GSFC\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b003a4a0-0dc3-498b-9795-a197e25cff6c", "label": "NASA Medium Class Explorers (MIDEX)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [ { "uuid": "6524ba60-7265-49ae-b368-c18d981e7381", "label": "THEMIS", - "broader": "b003a4a0-0dc3-498b-9795-a197e25cff6c", + "parentId": "b003a4a0-0dc3-498b-9795-a197e25cff6c", "definition": "[Source: NASA THEMIS Mission Home Page, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/mission/ ]\n\nNASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) aims to resolve one of the oldest mysteries in space physics, namely to determine what physical process in near-Earth space initiates the violent eruptions of the aurora that occur during substorms in the Earth's magnetosphere.\n\nTHEMIS is a 2-year mission consisting of 5 identical probes that will study the violent colorful eruptions of Auroras.\n\nFor the first time NASA will launch a constellation of five satellites to study substorms. The THEMIS probes will line up over North America once every four days. Over the mission’s two-year lifetime, the probes should be able to observe some 30 substorms.\n\nTHEMIS is the fifth medium-class mission under NASA's Explorer Program, which was conceived to provide frequent flight opportunities for world-class scientific investigations from space within the Heliophysics and Astrophysics science areas. The Explorers Program Office at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., manages this NASA-funded mission. The University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory and Swales Aerospace, Beltsville, Md., built the THEMIS probes.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: THEMIS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: NASA Medium Class Explorers (MIDEX)\n Short_Name: THEMIS\n Long_Name: Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: THEMIS-SST\n Short_Name: THEMIS-ESA\n Short_Name: THEMIS-FGM\n Short_Name: THEMIS-EFI\n Short_Name: SCM\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Type: HEO > Highly Elliptical Orbit\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-17\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/main/\n Online_Resource: http://themis.ssl.berkeley.edu/\n Online_Resource: http://www.atk.com/Customer_Solutions_SpaceSystems/cs_ss_spacesys_ssp_ppcs-themis.asp\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/164405main_THEMIS-Spacecraft_bus2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2007-02-17\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7061,27 +7061,27 @@ { "uuid": "b5e24e20-f99f-423f-83ac-d3eb5989ac48", "label": "STPSat-3", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "STPSat-3 Mission: Launched from Wallops Flight Center Va., on Nov. 19, 2013 – three years to the day since STPSat-2 launched from Kodiak, Alaska.\n\nSTPSat-3 is the primary satellite for the U.S. Air Force Operationally Responsive Space (ORS)-3 enabler mission. STPSat-3 was launched along with numerous28 CubeSats as part of the ORS-3 mission. The ORS-3 enabler mission is demonstrating, testing and verifying rapid response spacecraft technologies to decrease launch timelines and reduce mission costs.\n\n[Source: Ball Aerospace Home Page, http://www.ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=303 ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: STPSat-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Earth Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: STPSat-3\n Long_Name: U.S. Air Force Space Test Program Satellite 3\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: ORS-3\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 400 and 850 km altitude\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2015-03-01\n Online_Resource: http://www.ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=303\n Online_Resource: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/o/ors-3\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2013-11-19\n Launch_Site: WALLOPS FLIGHT FACILITY, WALLOPS ISLAND, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/DOD\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", "label": "Helios", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "These are a pair of probes that were launched into heliocentric orbit to study solar processes. As a joint venture of West Germany's space agency DLR (70 percent share) and NASA (30 percent share) the probes were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, on December 10, 1974, and January 15, 1976, respectively. As built by the main contractor, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, they were the first space probes built outside the United States and the Soviet Union to leave Earth's orbit.", "children": [ { "uuid": "5d34bc0e-e9a2-422e-aa9d-8dcb826af251", "label": "HELIOS 2", - "broader": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", + "parentId": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", "definition": "Helios 2 was launched into a solar orbit on 15 January 1976. It had a perihelion of 0.29 AU and an aphelion of 1 AU. Its orbit made it an ideal platform for making long baseline time-of-arrival measurements to obtain source direction. The satellite rotated with a ~ 1-s spin period. The mission ended in 1981.\n\nInformation provided by http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/helios2.html\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HELIOS 2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HELIOS 2\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HELIOS 2\n Short_Name: 08582\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SCINTILLATION COUNTERS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 0.0°\n Period: 185.6 days\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/helios2.html\n Online_Resource: http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/2743-helios-ii-a-new-generation-of-military-satellites.php\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/helios2.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1976-01-15\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: Germany\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9bb5d516-de20-41eb-9b54-109f939b764c", "label": "HELIOS 1", - "broader": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", + "parentId": "b5e6d6de-2d7b-4876-86b1-cd94a494d44d", "definition": "Helios 1 was a joint German- American deep space mission to study the main solar processes and solar-terrestrial relationships. Specifically, the spacecraft's instruments were designed to investigate phenomena such as solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays, and cosmic dust in regions between Earth's orbit and approximately 0.3 AU from the Sun. \n\nIt was the largest bilateral project to date for NASA, with Germany paying about $180 million of the total $260-million cost. Germany provided the spacecraft and NASA the launch vehicles. \n\nAfter a successful launch, Helios 1 passed within 47 million kilometers of the Sun at a speed of 238,000 kilometers per hour on 15 March 1975, the closest any humanmade object had been to our nearest star. During its mission, the spacecraft spun once every second to evenly distribute the heat coming from the Sun, 90 percent of which was reflected by optical surface mirrors. Its data indicated the presence of fifteen times more micrometeorites close to the Sun than there are near Earth. \n\nInformation provided by http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Sun&MCode=Helios_01&Display=ReadMore\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HELIOS 1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HELIOS 1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Helio 1\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Short_Name: 3DP\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Sun&MCode=Helios_01&Display=ReadMore\n Sample_Image: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/images/miss-helios_01.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1974-11-10\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7090,55 +7090,55 @@ { "uuid": "bd6d6791-759d-4ebc-baef-0b2148648b91", "label": "HESSI", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The HESSI mission consists of a single spin-stabilized spacecraft in a low-altitude orbit inclined 38 degrees to the Earth's equator. The only instrument on board is an imaging spectrometer with the ability to obtain high fidelity color movies of solar flares in X rays and gamma rays. It uses two new complementary technologies: fine grids to modulate the solar radiation, and germanium detectors to measure the energy of each photon very precisely. \n\nHESSI's imaging capability is achieved with fine tungsten and/or molybdenum grids that modulate the solar X-ray flux as the spacecraft rotates at ~ 15 rpm. Up to 20 detailed images can be obtained per second. This is sufficient to track the electrons as they travel from their acceleration site, believed to be in the solar corona, and slow down on their way to the lower solar atmosphere. \n\nThe high-resolution spectroscopy is achieved with 9 cooled germanium crystals that detect the X-ray and gamma-ray photons transmitted through the grids over the broad energy range of 3 keV to 20 MeV. Their fine energy resolution of about 1 keV is more than sufficient to reveal the detailed features of the X-ray and gamma-ray spectra, clues to the nature of the electron and ion acceleration processes. \n\nA spinning spacecraft pointing at or near Sun center provides a simple and reliable way to achieve the rotation required for the HESSI imaging technique. A low-altitude equatorial orbit that can be reached with a Pegasus launch vehicle is chosen to minimize damage to the germanium detectors from the charged particles in the Earth's radiation belts. \n\nContext observations from ground-based observatories and a theory program are also integral parts of the HESSI mission. Ground-based optical and radio telescopes will provide complementary data on the magnetic fields, electric currents, hot plasma, and the energetic electrons in the flaring regions where the X-ray and gamma-ray emissions are generated. Also, it is hoped that other spacecraft will provide additional simultaneous observations of the thermal and dynamic environment to further enhance our knowledge of the conditions in the flaring region. \n\n[Information provided by NASA.]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HESSI\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HESSI\n Long_Name: High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: HESSI\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: POLARIMETERS\n Short_Name: SPECTROGRAPHS\n Short_Name: WAVES\n Short_Name: VECTOR MAGNETOGRAPHS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Altitude: 600 km\n Orbit_Inclination: 38 degrees\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-08-13\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/\n Sample_Image: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/images/hessicraft.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2002-02-05\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Design_Life: 2 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", "label": "Solar Radiation (SOLRAD)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "An American series of satellites sponsored by the US Navy in a program to continuously monitor the Sun. SOLRAD was the Naval Research Laboratory's first post-Vanguard satellite.", "children": [ { "uuid": "032d5a46-7a5e-46d2-ae07-034e59a611b4", "label": "SOLRAD-7A", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", + "parentId": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", "definition": "Solrad 7A Characteristics:\n\nDesignation: 00730 / 64001D\nLaunch date: 11 Jan 1964\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific\nPerigee/Apogee: 900/921 km\nInclination: 69.9 degrees\nPeriod: 103.2 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Agena\nLaunch site: Vandenberg\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-7A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-7A\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-7A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: solrad-7a\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 69.9 degrees \n Period: 103.2 minutes\n Perigee: 900 km\n Apogee: 921 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=1964-001D-01\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1964-01-11\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "849f648c-c8d7-448c-bea6-5fd642705a14", "label": "SOLRAD-9", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", + "parentId": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", "definition": "This NRL satellite was one of the Solrad series that began\nin 1960 to provide continuous coverage of solar radiation\nwith a set of standard photometers. Solrad 9 was a\nspin-stabilized satellite oriented with its spin axis\nperpendicular to the sun-satellite line so that the\n14 solar X-ray and UV photometers pointing radially\noutward from its equatorial belt viewed the sun with\neach revolution.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 03141 / 68017A\nLaunch date: 5 Mar 1968\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific (Observation of the Sun)\nPerigee/Apogee: 353/433 km\nInclination: 59.3°\nPeriod: 92.4 min\nLaunch vehicle: Scout #60\nDecay: 16 Nov 1990\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-9\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-9\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-9\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-9\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 59.3 degrees\n Period: 92.4 minutes\n Perigee: 353 km\n Apogee: 433 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0686019\n Sample_Image: http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app3/1968-017a.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-03-15\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "895be672-a1c7-4bf0-a6fb-13816bac13c8", "label": "SOLRAD-10", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", + "parentId": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", "definition": "Solrad 10, known as Explorer 44 before launch, was the third in\na series of small satellites launched by the US Naval Research\nLaboratory to study the Sun. It went into orbit on 8 July\n1971. It was in an eccentric orbit, with apogee 630 km, perigee\n436 km, and inclination 51 degrees. The orbital period was just\nover 95 minutes. The satellite was spin stabilized at 60\nrpm. The satellite spin axis was pointed toward the Sun. All of\nthe solar X-ray and UV sensors were located on the Sun-facing\nend parallel to the spin axis. The satellite was 12 sided, with\na diameter of 0.76 m and a height of 0.59 m. It weighed about\n118 kg. Solrad 10's scientific instruments were dedicated to\nstudying the solar electromagnetic radiation, specifically in\nthe UV/X-ray region. However, it could be commanded to study\nradiations from other stellar sources. The spacecraft descended\ninto the atmosphere on 15 December 1979.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/solrad10.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-10\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-10\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-10\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-10\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 51 degrees\n Perigee: 436 km\n Apogee: 630 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/solrad10.html\n Sample_Image: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/solrad10_small.gif\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1971-07-08\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a59bfb93-9bb4-47c1-84ea-5357788e97a3", "label": "SOLRAD-7B", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", + "parentId": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", "definition": "The Solar Radiation (SOLRAD) series 1, 4, 6 - 10 collected solar X-ray\nand ultraviolet data during numerous intervals in the years 1960 -\n1973.\n\nGeneral Information:\n\nDesignation: 01291 / 65016D\nLaunch date: 9 Mar 1965\nCountry of origin: United States\nMission: Scientific\nPerigee/Apogee: 900/928 km\nInclination: 70.1°\nPeriod: 103.3 min\nLaunch vehicle: Thor Agena D\nLaunch site: Vandenberg\n\n[Summary provided by The Satellite Encyclopedia]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-7B\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-7B\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-7B\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: solrad-7B\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 70.1 degrees\n Period: 103.3 minutes\n Perigee: 900 km\n Apogee: 928 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1965-016D\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/z/zgrab.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1965-03-09\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: United States Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d17cc4a4-bf4a-4b9f-8314-6aed5e32f588", "label": "SOLRAD-8", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", + "parentId": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", "definition": "The NRL Solrad 8 satellite was one of the Solrad series that\nbegan in 1960 to provide continuous coverage of solar radiation\nwith a set of standard photometers. Solrad 8 was a\nspin-stabilized satellite oriented with its spin axis\nperpendicular to the sun-satellite line so that the 14 solar\nX-ray and ultraviolet photometers pointing radially outward from\nits equatorial belt viewed the sun with each revolution. Data\nwere transmitted in real time by means of an FM/AM telemetry\nsystem and were recorded by the stations on the STADAN tracking\nnetwork. The satellite performed normally except for the spin\nsystem, which failed to maintain 60 rpm (at spin rates below 10\nrpm data reduction became difficult). The spin rate gradually\ndecreased to 4 rpm on September 12, 1966. At that time, ground\ncommand succeeded in reactivating spinup to 78 rpm, which\nexhausted the gas supply. From this point, the spin rate\ngradually decreased to 10 rpm in August 1967, when data\ncollection was substantially decreased.\n\n[Summary provided by Gunther's Space Page]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-8\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-8\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-8\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-8\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SXP\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://space.skyrocket.de/index_frame.htm?http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_se-a.htm\n Sample_Image: http://space.skyrocket.de/img_sat/se-a__explorer30__solrad-8__1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1966-05-20\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e101ee62-014e-4cc0-8262-088272d6f65f", "label": "SOLRAD-1", - "broader": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", + "parentId": "c15fcde1-b44a-4d20-91e8-c6c807325b08", "definition": "Orbiting Solar Observatory - 1 (OSO-1) Engineering Prototype\n\nThe Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series was the earliest of\nthe spin stabilized scientific satellites. OSO-1 was launched\non March 7, 1962 to study the sun in the ultraviolet, x-ray and\ngamma-ray regions of the spectrum. Sun sensors connected to\nservo-feedback systems on the upper 'sail' portion were\ndesigned to keep the pointed instruments (75 pound payload) to\nwithin +/- 1 minute of arc on the center of the sun. The lower\nspinning portion carried some 100 pounds of instruments and\nrotated once every two seconds, allowing those instruments to\nscan the solar disk and atmosphere. The OSO had three\nprotruding arms that extended after deployment which gave the\nsystem greater axial stability. Among many observations by the\nbattery of instruments on OSO was that the sun's corona had\nopenings, now called coronal holes, which were interpreted as\nhuge fast-moving bubbles rising through the corona. Ball\nAerospace Systems Division restored the OSO-I engineering\nprototype in 1982 af ter it was transferred from NASA in 1981.\n\nFor additional information, link to\n'http://www.nasm.si.edu/nasm/dsh/artifacts/SS-OSO1.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Smithsonian, National Air and Space Museum]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SOLRAD-1\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: SOLRAD\n Short_Name: SOLRAD-1\n Long_Name: Solar Radiation-1\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: solrad-1\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasm.si.edu/nasm/dsh/artifacts/SS-OSO1.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.weltraumforschung.de/Images/solrad1.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1962-03-07\n Primary_Sponsor: United States Department of Defense\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7147,27 +7147,27 @@ { "uuid": "c31354ca-9db7-4ea5-b1ed-9b2dbfc06118", "label": "IRAS", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS)was a joint scientific\nproject sponsored by the United Kingdom, the United States, and\nthe Netherlands. IRAS was launched in January of 1983 and ended\nits mission ten months later. IRAS' mission was to map the\nentire sky at infrared wavelengths. It was equipped with a\nspecial infrared telescope to scan the sky. IRAS was the first\nsatellite to discover a comet. The comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock was\nnamed for the probe and two co-discovering astronomers. During\nits lifespan, IRAS observed 20,000 galaxies, 130,000 stars and\n90,000 other space objects and star clusters. IRAS detectors\nfound a disk of dusty material and fine rock around the star\nVega which may be an early stage in the formation of a new solar\nsystem. IRAS' most famous discovery was that of a new type of\ngalaxy, a starburst galaxy. In starburst galaxies, new stars are\nforming more rapidly than in other types of galaxies.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/iras/'\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: IRAS\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: IRAS\n Long_Name: Infrared Astronomy Satellite\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: IRAS\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: OPTICAL TELESCOPES\n Short_Name: LRS - Low Resolution Spectrometer\n Short_Name: CPC - Chopped Photometric Channel\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 99 degrees\n Perigee: 884 km\n Apogee: 903 km\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/IRAS.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/IRAS.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1983-01-23\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", "label": "Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE)", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Radio Astronomy Explorer investigated low frequency (long wave-length) radio emissions from the sun and its planets as well as galactic and extragalactic sources. The spacecraft had a mass of about 190 kg. It was equipped with a dipole antenna (36 m from tip to tip) and two V-shaped antennas. These antennas consist of four 230 m long elements which form a large 'X' with the spacecraft in the center. The V-shaped antennas provided gravity gradient stabilization. The RAE program, as planned, called for a series of four spacecraft with the first scheduled for launch in early 1968. Two missions (RAE-A and B) were approved and payloads for them were selected. Missions RAE-C, and D were not approved. RAE-A and B were intended for a circular orbit with an altitude of 5800 km. Inclination of the orbit to the equator was 58 degrees retrograde and the orbital period was 3.83 hours.", "children": [ { "uuid": "82b2d471-ddff-4c3c-8eed-82e834cc0029", "label": "RAE-B", - "broader": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", + "parentId": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", "definition": "Spacecraft Brief Description\n This RAE-B mission was the second of a pair of Radio Astronomy\n Explorer satellites. It was placed into lunar orbit on June 15, 1973,\n to provide radio astronomical measurements of the planets, the sun,\n and the galaxy over the frequency range of 25 kHz to 13.1 MHz. The\n experiment complement consisted of two Ryle-Vonberg radiometers (nine\n channels each), three swept-frequency burst receivers (32 channels\n each), and an impedance probe for calibration. The experiment\n antennas consisted of a 229-m upper V-antenna pointed away from the\n moon; a 183-m lower V-antenna pointed toward the moon; and a 37-m\n dipole antenna parallel to the lunar surface. The lower V-antenna was\n extended to its full 229-m length in November 1974. The spacecraft\n body was a truncated cylinder 36.25 in. in diameter and approximately\n 31-in. high, with four fixed solar paddles. The maneuvering system\n consisted of a hydrazine velocity correction package, a cold gas\n attitude control system, and a solid fuel lunar insertion motor. Data\n were returned to the earth via either a low power UHF/(400 MHz)\n transmitter, in real time, or stored in an onboard tape recorder and\n transmitted to earth via a high power UHF transmitter (400 MHz). Two\n tape recorders provided backup storage. A VHF transmitter served\n primarily for range and range-rate measurements and as a backup.\n Commands were received on a VHF (148 MHz) receiver, which also was a\n part of the range and range-rate system. Spacecraft attitude was\n determined by (1) a solar aspect system, (2) a horizon sensor system,\n and (3) a panoramic attitude sensor system, and was accurate to 1 deg.\n The spacecraft was gravity gradient oriented (Z axis parallel to local\n vertical) and was equipped with libration dampers to damp out\n oscillations. For additional information, see J. K. Alexander et al.,\n Astron. & Astrophys., v. 40, p. 365, 1975.\nAuxiliary Information\n Launch Date and Time : 1973-06-10 14:13:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1973-06-21 00:00:00\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Apogee(km) : 1063.84\n Perigee(km) : 1052.98\n Inclination : 55.7\n Date of last update : 1992-03-09\n*** Note: For datasets information under this source name, select option 1\n*** from the MD_MAIN menu, and then search by source.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f4c1befd-8eae-4cc0-b7ce-1a5306f79fa8", "label": "RAE-A", - "broader": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", + "parentId": "c381eef8-a0be-407e-b85b-67757d724af8", "definition": "The RAE-1 spacecraft measured the intensity of celestial radio sources,\nparticularly the sun, as a function of time, direction, and frequency (0.2 to\n20 MHz). The spacecraft was gravity gradient oriented. The spacecraft weight\nwas 193 kg, and average power consumption was 25 W. It carried two 750-ft-long\nV-antennas, one facing toward the earth and one facing away from the earth. A\n120-ft-long dipole antenna was oriented tangentially with respect to the\nearth's surface. The spacecraft was also equipped with one 136-MHz telemetry\nturnstile. The onboard experiments consisted of four step-frequency\nRyle-Vonberg radiometers operating from 0.45 to 9.18 MHz, two multichannel\ntotal power radiometers operating from 0.2 to 5.4 MHz, one step frequency\nV-antenna impedance probe operating from 0.24 to 7.86 MHz, and one dipole\nantenna capacitance probe operating from 0.25 to 2.2 MHz. RAE-1 was designed\nfor a 1-year minimum operating lifetime. The spaecraft tape recorder\nperformance began to deteriorate after 2 months in orbit. In spite of several\ncases of instrument malfunction, good data were obtained on all three antenna\nsystems. For more details, see R. R. Weber, J. K. Alexander, and R. G. Stone,\nRadio Sci., v. 6, p. 1085, 1971.\n - Auxiliary Information -\n Launch Date and Time : 1968-07-04 17:31:00\n Epoch Date and Time : 1968-07-07\n Apogee (km or AU): 5861.\n Perigee (km or AU): 5851.\n Inclination (degree) : 120.6\n Orbit Type : Geocentric\n Information last updated on 1992-03-09\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: RAE-A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Platform_Series_or_Entity: RAE (Radio Astronomy Explorer)\n Short_Name: RAE-A\n Long_Name: Radio Astronomy Explorer-A\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Explorer 38\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 120.6\n Perigee: 5851\n Apogee: 5861\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-02\n Online_Resource: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1968-055A\n Sample_Image: http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/r/rae.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1968-07-04\n Launch_Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7176,28 +7176,28 @@ { "uuid": "c5799ec3-693e-4ee7-ad8e-376b2e515a44", "label": "HINODE", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "Solar-B (Hinode) is an international mission to study our nearest star, the\nsun. To accomplish this, the Solar-B mission includes a suite of three science\ninstruments -- the Solar Optical Telescope, X-ray Telescope and Extreme\nUltraviolet Imaging Spectrometer. SOLAR-B is the third solar physics satellite\nof JAXA which was approved as a successor of the highly successful Japan/US/UK\nYOHKOH (SOLAR-A) collaboration. \n\nTogether, these instruments will study the generation, transport, and\ndissipation of magnetic energy from the photosphere to the corona and will\nrecord how energy stored in the sun's magnetic field is released, either\ngradually or violently, as the field rises into the sun?s outer atmosphere.\n\nLed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Solar-B mission is a\ncollaboration between the space agencies of Japan, the United States, the\nUnited Kingdom and Europe. NASA helped in the development, funding and assembly\nof the spacecraft?s three science instruments. Solar-B is part of the Solar\nTerrestrial Probes (STP) Program within the Heliophysics Division of NASA's\nScience Mission Directorate in Washington. The Solar Terrestrial Probes Program\nis managed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. NASA's\nMarshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., managed the development of\ninstrument components provided by NASA, with additional support by academia and\nindustry. \n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: HINODE\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: HINODE\n Long_Name: Hinode (Solar-B)\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar-B\n Short_Name: 29479\n Short_Name: 2006-041A\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: SOT\n Short_Name: EIS\n Short_Name: XRT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 98.3 degrees\n Period: 94.54 m\n Perigee: 318 km\n Apogee: 675 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Polar Sun-Synchronous\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2007-02-15\n Online_Resource: http://solar-b.nao.ac.jp/index_e.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/\n Online_Resource: http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/solar/\n Online_Resource: http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/hinode/index.shtml\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/solar_b.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 2006-09-22\n Launch_Site: Uchinoura Space Center, Japan\n Design_Life: 3 years\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "cea7a056-9bc7-43be-a689-8a15fac587b7", "label": "YOHKOH", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The YOHKOH satellite, also called 'Sunbeam' was launched into\nspace from the Kagoshima Space Center (KSC) in Southern\nJapan. This is a project of the Japanese Institute of Space and\nAstronautical Science (ISAS). The scientific objective has been\nto observe the energetic phenomena taking place on the Sun,\nspecifically solar flares in x-ray and gamma-ray emissions.\n\nInstruments on the satellite:\n\nthe Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS)\nthe Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS)\nthe Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT)\nthe Hard X-Ray Telescope (HXT)\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/yohkoh.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: YOHKOH\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: YOHKOH\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar-A\n Short_Name: 1991-062A\n Short_Name: 21694\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: WBS\n Short_Name: SXT\n Short_Name: BCS\n Short_Name: HXT\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 31.3 degrees\n Period: 97.9 m\n Perigee: 517.9 km\n Apogee: 792.6 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-01-17\n Online_Resource: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/Yohkoh.shtml\n Online_Resource: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/yohkoh.htm\n Online_Resource: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/yohkoh_archive.html\n Sample_Image: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/yohkoh.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1991-08-30\n Launch_Site: Uchinoura Space Center, Japan\n Primary_Sponsor: JAXA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d109e6f1-c4b6-45bc-9e1a-4d23a2bae1b1", "label": "SMM", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) was designed to provide coordinated\nobservations of solar activity, in particular solar flares, during a\nperiod of maximum solar activity. The payload was made up of seven\ninstruments, specifically selected to study the short-wavelength and\ncoronal manifestations of flares. The total solar irradiance was\nmeasured by ACRIM, gamma rays by GRS, hard X-rays by the HXRBS, soft\nX-rays by XRP and HXIS, ultraviolet by UVSP, and the C/P imaged the\ncorona 2-5 radii from the sun. Data were obtained on the storage and\nrelease of flare energy, particle acceleration, formation of hot\nplasma, and mass ejection. Complementary studies were made as part of\nthe SMM guest investigator program, and coordinated in-situ\nmeasurements of flare particle emissions were made from the ISEE-3\nspacecraft.\n\nThe SMM observatory was of modular construction and measured\napproximately 4 m in length, fitting into a circular envelope 2.3 m in\ndiameter. The instrument module occupied the top 2.3 m and contained\nall the solar payload instruments together with the fine-pointing\nSun-sensor system. Below the instrument module was the Multimission\nModular Spacecraft (MMS) containing the systems for attitude control,\npower, communication, and data handling. Between the instrument module\nand the MMS was the transition adaptor, supporting two fixed solar\npaddles that supplied between 1500 and 3000 W of power.\nQuick and coordinated responses to solar flares were considered\nessential for meeting the scientific objectives of the\nmission. Therefore, the ground system was designed to facilitate\ncoordinated data evaluation, observation, planning, and command uplink\nto the onboard stored command processor. Onboard coordination of\nresponse to a flare was performed in real time. The attitude-control\nsoftware allowed observatory repointings and slow scanning motions;\nthere was also a special module for tracking a solar feature over many\ndays.\n\nA repair mission by the space shuttle (STS-41C) was performed in\n1984. During the repair mission the Shuttle astronauts rendezvoused\nwith SMM and replaced successfully some hardware. As a result the\ncoronagraph observations resumed until the end of mission.\nSMM collected data until Nov. 24, 1989, and re-entered on Dec. 2, 1989.\n\nFor more details, see\nE. G. Chipman, Ap. J., v. 244, p. L113, 1981,\nand J. D. Bohlin et al., Solar Phys., v. 65, p. 5,1980.\n \nLAUNCH DATE- 02/14/80\nORBIT PARAMETERS\n ORBIT TYPE- GEOCENTRIC EPOCH DATE- 02/15/80\n ORBIT PERIOD- 94.8 MIN INCLINATION- 28.5 DEG\n PERIAPSIS- 508. KM ALT APOAPSIS- 512. KM ALT\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: SMM\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: SMM\n Long_Name: Solar Maximum Mission\n End_Group\n Group: Synonymous_Platform_Names\n Short_Name: Solar Max\n Short_Name: Solar Maximum Mission\n Short_Name: 1980-014A\n Short_Name: 11703\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: ACRIM\n Short_Name: UVSP\n Short_Name: HXRBS\n End_Group\n Group: Orbit\n Orbit_Inclination: 28.5 degrees\n Period: 94.8 m\n Perigee: 508 km\n Apogee: 512 km\n Orbit_Type: LEO > Low Earth Orbit > Inclined Non-Polar\n End_Group\n Online_Resource: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/smm/\n Sample_Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/smm_capture.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Launch_Date: 1980-02-14\n Launch_Site: Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center, USA\n Primary_Sponsor: NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d9cc74c9-34f5-48a4-a982-e4c6f8a5171c", "label": "DSCOVR", - "broader": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", + "parentId": "8e8b7689-0a8e-47a4-9c68-5f6a207104d5", "definition": "[Text Source: NOAA NESDIS]\n\nThe Deep Space Climate Observatory, or DSCOVR, will maintain the nation's real-time solar wind monitoring capabilities\nwhich are critical to the accuracy and lead time of NOAA's space weather alerts and forecasts. Without timely and accurate warnings, space weather events like the geomagnetic storms caused by changes in solar wind have the potential to disrupt nearly every major public infrastructure system, including power grids, telecommunications, aviation and GPS.\n\nDSCOVR will succeed NASA's Advanced Composition Explore's (ACE) role in supporting solar wind alerts and warnings from the L1 orbit, the neutral gravity point between the Earth and sun approximately one million miles from Earth. L1 is a good position from which to monitor the sun, because the constant stream of particles from the sun (the solar wind) reaches L1 about an hour before reaching Earth.\n\nMore Information: https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DSCOVR\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Solar/Space Observation Satellites\n Short_Name: DSCOVR\n Long_Name: Deep Space Climate Observatory\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-05-07\n Online_Resource: https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observ\n Online_Resource: https://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov\n Online_Resource: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/dscovr/dscovr_table\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: NOAA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] } @@ -7208,26 +7208,26 @@ { "uuid": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "label": "Air-based Platforms", - "broader": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", + "parentId": "f3261de5-34c1-4980-af22-f9d7e7206d12", "definition": "Platforms or a structure that are in the air-space and include a kite, helicopter or aircraft. Fixed wing aircraft are the platform of choice for most applications as they provide a stable platform for small-area, high resolution surveys. Airborne platforms can also serve to test spaceborne sensors before they are placed into orbit. These air-based platforms have downward or sideward looking sensors that are mounted on an aircraft to obtain images of the earth's surface. An advantage of airborne remote sensing, compared to satellite remote sensing, is the capability of offering very high spatial resolution images.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", "label": "Dropwindsondes", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "Weather instruments that collect atmospheric data as they descend after being dropped from research aircraft. These dropwindsondes obtain vertical profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity from 400mb to the surface. This data is then ingested by numerical numerical models to come up with hurricane track and intensity forecasts. These observations provide grid points of observations over the tropical oceans which are generally devoid of weather observations. Aberson and Franklin (1999) state that 'accurate modeling of tropical cyclone motion and intensity requires both realistic numerical models and accurate representation of meteorological fields through the depth of the troposphere on a variety of scales.' While models have greatly improved over the past 20 years, significant forecast improvements are still possible by decreasing the analysis error. This has been the primary goal of the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) branch of NOAA. This is wh! y NOAA has procured a new generation of dropwindsondes based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) as well a Gulfstream-IV jet aircraft (G-IV). A study of the impact of the new dropwindsondes' observations on hurricane forecast models was conducted by Aberson and Frankilin in 1997. In the 1997 study about 30 dropwindsondes were used during each mission. These observations were then put into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and VICBAR hurricane models and the Global Spectral Model (GSM) using the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation (GDAS). GDAS uses a quality control algorithm, synthetic data and analysis procedures, and the Global Spectral Model in its data assimilation. Further information about the data assimilation can be found in Aberson and Franklin (1999). For the study NCEP's GSM is run and is used as the boundary conditions for the HRD's barotropic model (VICBAR) and the GFDL model. The track forecasts of the GSM, VICBAR, and GFDL models were compared to the CLIPER model to calculate track errors and the SHIFOR model to calculate intensity errors.", "children": [ { "uuid": "fa514134-ff56-47d1-bc02-6b8568ad21e7", "label": "DROPWINDSONDES", - "broader": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", + "parentId": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", "definition": "Dropwindsondes are weather instruments that collect atmospheric\n data as they descend after being dropped from research\n aircraft. These dropwindsondes obtain vertical profiles of\n wind, temperature, and humidity from 400mb to the surface.\n This data is then ingested by numerical numerical models to\n come up with hurricane track and intensity forecasts. These\n observations provide grid points of observations over the\n tropical oceans which are generally devoid of weather\n observations. Aberson and Franklin (1999) state that 'accurate\n modeling of tropical cyclone motion and intensity requires both\n realistic numerical models and accurate representation of\n meteorological fields through the depth of the troposphere on a\n variety of scales.' While models have greatly improved over\n the past 20 years, significant forecast improvements are still\n possible by decreasing the analysis error. This has been the\n primary goal of the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) branch of\n NOAA. This is wh! y NOAA has procured a new generation of\n dropwindsondes based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) as\n well a Gulfstream-IV jet aircraft (G-IV). A study of the\n impact of the new dropwindsondes' observations on hurricane\n forecast models was conducted by Aberson and Frankilin in 1997.\n\n In the 1997 study about 30 dropwindsondes were used during each\n mission. These observations were then put into the Geophysical\n Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and VICBAR hurricane models\n and the Global Spectral Model (GSM) using the National Center\n for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation\n (GDAS). GDAS uses a quality control algorithm, synthetic data\n and analysis procedures, and the Global Spectral Model in its\n data assimilation. Further information about the data\n assimilation can be found in Aberson and Franklin (1999).\n\n For the study NCEP's GSM is run and is used as the boundary\n conditions for the HRD's barotropic model (VICBAR) and the GFDL\n model. The track forecasts of the GSM, VICBAR, and GFDL models\n were compared to the CLIPER model to calculate track errors and\n the SHIFOR model to calculate intensity errors. The CLIPER and\n SHIFOR models are statistical regression models which use only\n climatology and persistence in their forecasts.\n\n More info at:\n 'http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/education/spring2000/louisb/Results.html'\n\n[Source: Reuters]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fea5b6b5-7b78-4a4e-b722-e0b5a89e2632", "label": "Dropsondes", - "broader": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", + "parentId": "2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4", "definition": "A dropsonde is a weather device that is designed to be dropped out of an aircraft at specified altitudes and due to the force of gravity, drop to the Earth. During the descent the GPS dropsonde collects data of the surrounding atmosphere that is remotely sent back to the aircraft by radio transmission.", "children": [] } @@ -7236,195 +7236,195 @@ { "uuid": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "label": "Jet", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "An airplane powered by one or more jet engines.", "children": [ { "uuid": "0c31ed1c-8ec6-4f7c-ac27-23fb428b7415", "label": "DLR-Falcon", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "Among its fleet of highly modified aircraft the twin engine jet Falcon 20 E covers the largest flight envelope and is one of the few aircraft in Europe which is able to reach the stratosphere well above the cruise altitude of most airliners. The Falcon offers unique modifications and features which make it a true multipurpose sensor platform which can be configured to the individual needs of multiple applications.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1dea03cc-d165-4f61-9a8c-b624b981f36a", "label": "DC-6", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Douglas DC-6 was one of the first airplanes to fly a regularly scheduled around-the-world route. With its higher performance, increased accommodation, greater payload and pressurized cabin, it was a natural evolution of the DC-4.\n\nAlthough the DC-6 had the same wingspan as the DC-4, its engines helped it fly 90 mph faster than the DC-4, carry 3,000 pounds more payload and fly 850 miles farther. The DC-6 could maintain the cabin pressure of 5,000 feet while flying at 20,000 feet.\n\nAmerican Airlines and United Airlines ordered the commercial DC-6 in 1946, and Pan American Airways used the DC-6 to start tourist-class service across the North Atlantic. The 29th DC-6 was ordered by the Air Force, adapted as the presidential aircraft and designated the VC-118. It was delivered on July 1, 1947, and called The Independence after President Harry Truman's hometown, Independence, Mo.\n\nThe larger, all-cargo DC-6A first flew Sept. 29, 1949; the larger capacity DC-6B, which could seat up 102 people, first flew Feb. 10, 1951. After the Korean War broke out in 1951, the military ordered DC-6As modified as either C-118A 'Liftmaster' personnel carriers, as the Navy's R6D transports or as MC-118As for aeromedical evacuation. Between 1947 and 1959, Douglas built a total of 704 DC-6s, 167 of them military versions. By 1998, the DC-6 was still flying with smaller airlines around the world.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "293eba8a-cae4-4505-9c59-d1e223990ea4", "label": "J-31", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "A Chinese prototype mid-sized twinjet 5th-generation fighter aircraft developed by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "38f334bd-7507-43ed-8b45-d1c8ac2379a2", "label": "G-I", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "Grumman developed the Gulfstream I turbine powered executive transport to replace the many hundred war surplus piston twins performing such missions in the mid 1950s.\n\nDesign work began in 1956, with first flight of the Gulfstream I prototype occurring on August 14 1958. FAA Type certification was awarded on May 21 1959 and deliveries of production aircraft followed from that June. Notably, the Gulfstream I was the first US twin engined corporate transport to be certificated to cruise at 30,000ft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a59dbd3-86c4-47dd-aeb1-935c657aa544", "label": "NSF/NCAR C-130", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "FAQs, Investigator Handbook and other materials related to capabilities of the NSF/NCAR C-130\n\nC-130 is a versatile airborne research platform that is well suited for studies of the middle troposphere.With its 13,000 lbs payload capability and 10 hour endurance, the C-130 is well suited for a variety of research tasks that do not require reaching altitudes in excess of 26,000 feet. With excellent low altitude performance the C-130 is used extensively for studies of the planetary boundary layer, flying as low as 100 feet above the surface of the ocean.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "4595fee4-25d7-41f3-abe0-73203138c243", "label": "Alpha", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The NASA Ames Research Center operates a new research platform for atmospheric studies: an instrumented Alpha Jet. The present complement of instruments allows for the determination of carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, and methane concentrations as well as measurements of three-dimensional wind speeds, temperature, and pressure. Planned future instrumentation includes an Air-Core sampler and an instrument to measure formaldehyde. We give examples of measurements that have been made, including measurements carried out during a downward spiral over an expected methane source. An attractive property of this airborne system is its ability to respond rapidly to unexpected atmospheric events such as large forest fires or severe air quality events.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "47b6caf1-e14c-458c-84a1-ec64cf29b534", "label": "HU-25C", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Dassault HU-25C Guardian is a modified twin-engine business jet, based on the civilian Dassault FA-20G Falcon. The aircraft was previously used by the U.S. Coast Guard as a search-and-rescue platform. NASA acquired this aircraft in 2011 to provide a medium altitude, medium range platform for remote sensing instruments and satellite support. Payload accommodations include a nadir camera port, large search windows on each side of the fuselage, a hard point with pylon under each wing, provisions for mounting atmospheric sampling probes on the crown of the fuselage, and a nadir drop hatch (32 in. long x 19.7 in. wide).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5c7ba790-030e-4cd6-99e8-9fe9809c5052", "label": "LEARJET", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Learjet started life as an abortive Swiss ground-attack fighter aircraft, the FFA P-16. Development started in 1952 and prototypes were ordered the next year. The first prototypes flew in 1955 and construction and testing continued until 1958 when an order for 100 was placed. This was reversed soon after due to a crash of the third prototype. Two additional prototypes were finished, the last in 1960, but the project was ended at this point.\n\nThe basic structure of this aircraft was seen by Bill Lear and his team as a good starting point to the development of a business jet, which was originally intended to be called the SAAC-23. The wing with its distinctive tip fuel tanks and landing gear of the first Learjets were little changed from those used by the fighter prototypes. The tooling for building the aircraft was purchased and moved to Wichita, Kansas in 1962. On February 7, assembly of the first Learjet began. The next year, the company was renamed the Lear Jet Corporation.\n\n[Text provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.aerospace-technology.com ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LEARJET\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: LEARJET\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.learjet.com/\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet\n Sample_Image: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/learjet/images/Learjet45_2.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "701c4a38-b7f2-41de-ab5f-d1c8ad76a717", "label": "NASA WB-57F", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas is the home of the NASA WB-57 High Altitude Research Program. Two fully operational WB-57 aircraft are based near JSC at Ellington Field. Both aircraft have been flying research missions since the early 1960's, and continue to be an asset to the scientific community with professional, reliable, customer-oriented service designed to meet all scientific objectives.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f1568aa-e87e-4b83-a622-e8f8a03f75bd", "label": "NASA S-3B VIKING", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Lockheed S-3 Viking is a jet aircraft originally used by the United States Navy to identify, track, and destroy enemy submarines. In the late 1990s, the S-3B's mission focus shifted to surface warfare and aerial refueling. After the retirement of the A-6 Intruder and A-7 Corsair II, the Viking was the only airborne refueling platform organic to the Carrier Air Wing(s) until the fielding of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet...\n\nOne aircraft was transformed into a state-of-the-art NASA research aircraft. The Navy's Fleet Readiness Center - Southeast and a Boeing facility in Fla. enhanced the plane by adding commercial satellite communications, global positioning navigation and weather radar systems. They installed research equipment racks in what was once the plane's bomb bay. NASA's S-3B Viking is equipped to conduct science and aeronautics missions, such as environmental monitoring, satellite communications testing and aviation safety research.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7f2883c4-bbaf-4150-93d8-dc48716476ca", "label": "UND CITATION II", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The University of North Dakota owns and operates a Cessna Citation II aircraft for the purpose of atmospheric research. This aircraft type has a number of design and performance characteristics that make it an ideal platform for a wide range of atmospheric studies. The Citation II is a twin-engine fanjet with an operating ceiling of 43,000 feet (13.1 km). The turbofan engines provide sufficient power to cruise at speeds of up to 340 knots (175 m s-1) or climb at 3300 feet per minute (16.8 m s-1). These high performance capabilities are accompanied by relatively low fuel consumption at all altitudes, giving the Citation an on-station time of 3-5 hours, depending on mission type. Long wings allow it to be operated out of relatively short airstrips and to be flown at the slower speeds (140 kts/72 m s-1) necessary for many types of measurements. The Citation is certified for flight into known icing conditions.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80b0db4e-1a31-4b54-b61f-f4bd9f17d96a", "label": "CESSNA CITATION II", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Cessna Citation (CE-550) is a versatile twin-engine jet aircraft modified for acquiring remote sensing imagery. The aircraft is equipped with two equal sized camera ports which can support a wide variety of remote sensing configurations including large format aerial photography as well as data collection for digital cameras, hyperspectral, multispectral, and LIDAR systems.\n\nStandard configuration includes space for two pilots, two equipment operators, and a scientific equipment rack. The aircraft can accommodate additional passengers depending on the amount of scientific equipment. The aircraft's unique side-by-side sensor port modification allows two different sensors to collect data simultaneously. The sensor ports have glass optical flats that allow the cabin to remain pressurized. Additionally, two high-precision GPS antennas provide signals to user receivers.\n\nThe Citation primarily supports the Remote Sensing Division of the National Geodetic Survey, collecting remote sensing data in support of coastal mapping and remote sensing research. Imagery acquired onboard the Citation is used for updating the shoreline and shore features on NOAA's nautical charts. The Citation also serves as an emergency responder during hurricane season by collecting digital photography of damaged areas caused by hurricane landfall.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "879d697c-381f-45df-a48d-2d9095bc5c54", "label": "NSF/NCAR GV HIAPER", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The NSF/NCAR High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) aircraft is the preeminent airborne research platform for scientists and researchers in several disciplines. HIAPER has demonstrated success in collecting data required to meet a broad range of scientific studies and objectives, including air quality and chemistry; chemical composition and transport within the atmosphere; effects of the chemical process on climate change; atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics on the synoptic and mesoscales; cloud properties and processes; atmospheric predictability; geological surveys; and electrification of the atmosphere.\n\nIn support of university-driven observational field campaigns, HIAPER is maintained and operated on behalf of the National Science Foundation by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. HIAPER is based in Broomfield, Colorado, USA, and is managed by EOL’s Research Aviation Facility (RAF).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b7834c1-2c66-414e-a655-2298e7dcc479", "label": "Airplane", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "A fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "924c4b23-30f0-451f-baa2-b6de47c94e58", "label": "G-V", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "A long-range, large business jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, derived from the previous Gulfstream IV. It flies up to Mach 0.885 (508 kn; 940 km/h), up to 51,000 feet (16,000 m) and has a 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) range. It typically accommodates four crew and 14 passengers. It first flew on November 28, 1995, and entered service in June 1997. It is used by the US military under the designation C-37A. It is followed by an improved version, the Gulfstream 550 (Model GV-SP).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a7b0e975-f965-4f8f-aa85-68aeae48ffb1", "label": "G-III", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "A Grumman Gulfstream III (G-III) business jet has been modified and instrumented by NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center to serve as a multi-role cooperative research platform testbed for a variety of flight research experiments. The twin-turbofan aircraft provides long-term capability for efficient testing of subsonic flight experiments for NASA, the U.S. Air Force, other government agencies, academia, and private industry. The aircraft, which carried the military designation of C-20A, was obtained from the U.S. Air Force in 2003.\n\nNASA Dryden's G-III is equipped with a self-contained on-board Data Collection and Processing System (DCAPS). This embedded instrumentation system allows for automated configuration setups to reduce required engineering support for each mission. It includes primary and backup systems to assure mission reliability, with the backup system available for use concurrently as a slave system when needed. DCAPS is designed to allow easy upgrades, addition of add-on systems for expansion, and to operate in both autonomous and manual modes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a930c78a-6ed3-4a49-ad2d-bd2c5c36d291", "label": "NASA DC-8", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "NASA operates a highly modified Douglas DC-8 jetliner as a flying science laboratory. The aircraft, based at NASA's Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in Palmdale, Calif., is used to collect data for experiments in support of projects serving the world's scientific community. Federal, state, academic and foreign investigators are among those who use NASA’s DC-8.\n \nData gathered with the aircraft at flight altitude and by remote sensing have been used for studies in archaeology, ecology, geography, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, volcanology, atmospheric chemistry, cryospheric science, soil science and biology. \n\nFour types of missions are flown with the DC-8: sensor development, satellite sensor verification, space vehicle launch or re-entry telemetry data retrieval and optical tracking, and basic research studies of Earth's surface and atmosphere.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aad5d9e8-7e22-4abc-a8c3-9cdc7578bca6", "label": "G-IV", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Gulfstream IV-SP (G-IV) is a high altitude, high speed, twin turbofan jet aircraft acquired by AOC in 1996. The G-IV is currently configured for operational support of the National Hurricane Center synoptic surveillance mission and is expected to provide support for NOAA programs for many years to come. This mission is designed to collect, process and transmit vertical atmospheric soundings in the environment of the hurricane. The principle tool used for this task is the GPS dropwindsonde.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b16010e6-c7ea-4c98-929e-3f844ca2f2c2", "label": "NASA ER-2", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The ER-2 is a civilian version of the Air Force's U2-S reconnaissance platform. These high-altitude aircraft are used as platforms for investigations that cannot be accomplished by sensor platforms of the private sector. Aircraft and spacecraft have proven to be excellent platforms for remote and in situ sensing. The ER-2, flying at the edge of space, can scan shorelines, measure water levels, help fight forest fires, profile the atmosphere, assess flood damage, and sample the stratosphere.\n\n[Text and Photo provided by: \nhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/AirSci/ER-2/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: NASA ER-2\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: NASA ER-2\n Long_Name: NASA Earth Resources-2\n End_Group\n Group: Platform_Associated_Instruments\n Short_Name: COSMIR\n Short_Name: NAST-MTS\n Short_Name: NAST-M\n Short_Name: NAST-I\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/AirSci/ER-2/\n Online_Resource: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-046-DFRC.html\n Sample_Image: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/images/content/85208main_EC99-45225-2.jpg\n Group: Platform_Logistics\n Primary_Sponsor: USA/NASA\n End_Group\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ba1d0da3-7f0b-4390-833f-67708525f1a3", "label": "Long EZ", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "Long-EZ N3R is a plans-built aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. It is used in research mainly for flux measurements at lower altitudes", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "bab77f95-aa34-42aa-9a12-922d1c9fae63", "label": "A340-600", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "Designed as an early generation 747 replacement, the A340-600 flies 380 passengers in a three-class cabin layout (419 in 2 class) over 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km). It provides similar passenger capacity to a 747 but with 25% more cargo volume, and at lower trip and seat costs. First flight of the A340-600 was made on 23 April 2001. Virgin Atlantic began commercial services in August 2002.\n\nThe A340-600 is more than 10 m longer than a basic -300, making it the longest airliner currently in production; more than four metres longer than the Boeing 747-400. The Airbus A340-600 will continue to hold the record for being the worlds longest commercial aircraft until the first Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental is rolled out in 2010. It is powered by four 56,000 lbf (249 kN) thrust Rolls-Royce Trent 556 turbofans. It also has an additional four-wheel undercarriage on the fuselage center-line to cope with the increased MTOW. Airbus has made provisions for freeing additional upper deck main cabin space, by providing optional arrangements for additional facilities such as crew rest areas, galleys, and lavatories upon the 'stretched' A340 aircraft's lower decks.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d3a21a28-538b-4292-9570-5fd3da9ce4d2", "label": "T-39", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The T-39 is the Air Force version of Rockwell's popular Sabreliner executive aircraft. This handy twin-jet utility plane has been used for many purposes: a four-passenger executive transport, light priority cargo and for radar and navigational training. The T-39 Sabreliner is a low wing, twin jet aircraft. The cockpit and cabin compartments are pressurized and soundproofed for high altitude flight. Power is supplied by two Pratt and Whitney, J60 gas turbine engines located on each side of the aft fuselage. The rated sea level static thrust of each engine is 3,000 pounds at military power.\n\nThe T-39 was developed by North American Aviation Inc. as a private venture to meet a USAF requirement for a twin jet utility trainer. The prototype T-39 made its first flight on September 16, 1958. In January 1959, the USAF placed a production order and on June 30, 1960, the first production T-39A made its initial flight. In all, 143 T-39As and 6 T-39Bs were built for the USAF.\n\nAnother 62 T-39 variants were produced for the Navy. In July 1961, the Navy ordered ten of North American’s Model NA-277 to train radar operators. In that order the aircraft was designated T3J-1, but by the time the first one was delivered in 1962, the designation had been changed to T-39D. A total of 52 additional aircraft were accepted. After the bulk of military contracts had been met, the Sabreliner entered the commercial market where it became a highly successful executive jet transport.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d77685bd-aa94-4717-bd97-632699d999b5", "label": "HU-25A", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Dassault HU-25C Guardian is a modified twin-engine business jet, based on the civilian Dassault FA-20G Falcon. The aircraft was previously used by the U.S. Coast Guard as a search-and-rescue platform. NASA acquired this aircraft in 2011 to provide a medium altitude, medium range platform for remote sensing instruments and satellite support. Payload accommodations include a nadir camera port, large search windows on each side of the fuselage, a hard point with pylon under each wing, provisions for mounting atmospheric sampling probes on the crown of the fuselage, and a nadir drop hatch (32 in. long x 19.7 in. wide).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e9b3e773-5a35-4793-9683-737a9dc82524", "label": "G-II", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop powered Grumman Gulfstream I proved to be quite successful as a large long range corporate transport, while the availability of an faster and more powerful turbojet powered model, the Rolls-Royce Spey meant that a jet powered successor was a logical development. Grumman launched such an aircraft, named the Gulfstream II or G-II, in May 1965.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee4eccba-83d0-4ba5-83f4-8e366712b44f", "label": "CORSAIR 131A", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "The S-3B Viking was built to take off and land on carrier ships, fly into enemy territory and take out threatening submarines. It's rugged, fast and powerful, but its fighting days are numbered.\n\nThough the United States Navy is slowly decommissioning the fleet, one S-3B is still flying in hostile conditions. Its next mission? Venture into hazardous weather to study a phenomenon that has caused more than 100 commercial aircraft engines to fail, stall or temporarily lose power.\n\nEngineers from NASA's Glenn Research Center, Boeing and the Navy have combined forces to transform the S-3B into a state-of-the-art NASA research aircraft. Last month, NASA Glenn unveiled the modified plane in Cleveland.\n\n'We were able to capitalize on the decommissioning by acquiring the aircraft directly from the Navy,' explained Dr. Rickey Shyne, director of Glenn's Facilities and Test Directorate. 'This saved taxpayers millions of dollars compared to the cost of a new aircraft.'\n\nWorkers at the Navy's Fleet Readiness Center - Southeast and a Boeing facility in Fla. enhanced the plane by adding commercial satellite communications, global positioning navigation and weather radar systems. They installed research equipment racks in what was once the plane's bomb bay. And they gave it a shiny blue-and-white NASA paint job.\n\nWith these new features, NASA's S-3B Viking is equipped to conduct science and aeronautics missions, such as environmental monitoring, satellite communications testing and aviation safety research. It can fly up to 40,000 feet high and reach speeds faster than 500 miles per hour, which makes it perfect for studying commercial airline safety issues.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f4dbe34b-a93e-439f-bdbb-4167c833aba6", "label": "G-LiHT", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "Goddard’s Lidar, Hyperspectral and Thermal (G-LiHT) airborne imaging system simultaneously maps the composition, structure, and function of terrestrial ecosystems. The G-LiHT platform is comprised of Light\nRanging and Detection (LiDAR), visible and near-infrared (VNIR) imaging spectroscopy, and broad band thermal instruments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fc0c7954-fdd2-4a16-905e-d3688dfc9be1", "label": "CONVAIR-990", - "broader": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", + "parentId": "5b8e4067-db4e-42d4-b4a5-7de5e683125d", "definition": "he Convair 990 Coronado was an enhanced version of the Convair 880. Specifically, it was 10 feet longer, could hold as many as 39 more passengers, and has anti-shock bodies extending back from the trailing edge of the wing (see picture below).\n\nGeneral Dynamics, the parent company of Convair, was the third American aerospace company to enter the jet race behind Boeing with its 707 and Douglas with its DC-9. Being third was a distinct disadvantage as most airlines had already purchased jets before the first Convair ever flew. However, Convair believed it could win with a jet that would be the fastest civilian aircraft in the skies.", "children": [] } @@ -7433,34 +7433,34 @@ { "uuid": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", "label": "Rotorcraft/Helicopter", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "An aircraft (such as a helicopter) whose lift is derived principally from rotating airfoils.", "children": [ { "uuid": "06e037ed-f463-4fa3-a23e-8f694b321eb1", "label": "HELICOPTER", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", + "parentId": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", "definition": "An aircraft that derives its lift from blades that rotate about an approximately vertical central axis.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "50ce4651-516f-4b05-a5e0-864617ec26eb", "label": "AS350-B2", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", + "parentId": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", "definition": "A single-engine light utility helicopter originally designed and manufactured in France by Aerospatiale and Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters). In North America, the AS350 is marketed as the AStar. The AS355 Ecureuil 2 is a twin-engine variant, marketed in North America as the TwinStar. The Eurocopter EC130 is a derivative of the AS350 airframe and is considered by the manufacturer to be part of the Écureuil single-engine family.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "770c3b12-d083-4df9-8b36-27a4786794bb", "label": "AS355-F2", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", + "parentId": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", "definition": "A twin-engine light utility helicopter developed and originally manufactured by Aérospatiale in France. The Écureuil 2 was directly derived from the single-engined AS350 Écureuil, performing its maiden flight on 28 September 1979 and introduced to service shortly thereafter. The type was commonly marketed in North America as the TwinStar. During the 1990s, Aérospatiale merged its helicopter interests into the multinational Eurocopter consortium; under this new entity, the Écureuil 2 continued to be manufactured. Shortly after Eurocopter's rebranding as Airbus Helicopters, the group decided to discontinue production of the Écureuil 2 during 2016, however, production of its single-engined siblings has continued since then.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ad1d4887-ac0d-43a0-9e9b-b42172befebc", "label": "AS350-B3", - "broader": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", + "parentId": "610cd524-ed33-44c2-811c-66bd27b9b3ea", "definition": "AS350 B3e is a high performance, single engine, light helicopter manufactured by Eurocopter. The AS350 B3e helicopter, developed as a variant of the AS350 B3, is the latest member of the Ecureuil family. The new variant is designed for operations in a wide range of missions, temperatures and geographies.\n\nThe AS350 B3e can be used for wide range of operations including fire fighting, hoisting, news gathering, power line inspection, passenger transportation and law enforcement. The aircraft delivers best in class endurance, range and fast cruise speed.", "children": [] } @@ -7469,328 +7469,328 @@ { "uuid": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "label": "Propeller", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "A device that consists of a central hub with radiating blades placed and twisted so that each forms part of a helical surface and that is used to propel a vehicle (such as a ship).", "children": [ { "uuid": "02d1826b-a34b-4773-a61d-de91677eb8bd", "label": "NRL P-3", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "https://www.eol.ucar.edu/observing_facilities/nrl-p-3", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "03c57589-9fc0-4ffb-b0c4-73a6e065a74f", "label": "PIPER AZTEC", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Piper PA-23, named Apache and later Aztec, was an American twin-engined monoplane, the first twin-engine aircraft built by Piper Aircraft.\n\nOriginally to be named the 'Twin-Stinson' and designed as a four-seater low-wing all-metal monoplane with a twin tail, the prototype first flew 2 March 1952. The prototype was then named the PA-21 to conform to Piper's numerical nomenclature[1] It was redesigned with a single vertical stabilizer and an all-metal rear fuselage and renamed to Apache 150 when it entered production in 1954; 1,231 were built. In 1958, the Apache 160 was produced by upgrading the engines to 160 hp (119 kW), and 816 were built before being superseded by the Apache 235, which went to 235 hp (175 kW) engines and swept tail surfaces (119 built).\n\nDeclining sales of the Apache prompted the redesign dubbed PA-23-250 Aztec, with 250 hp (186 kW) Lycoming. The first models were delivered with O-540 Lycoming carburetor engines. These first models came in a five-seat configuration which became available in 1959. The later models of the Aztec were equipped with IO-540 fuel-injected engines and six-seat capacity, and continued in production until 1982. There were also turbocharged versions of the later models, which were able to fly at higher altitudes.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "04da5a44-7299-4d07-b85f-26db1552d00a", "label": "C-185", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "050f6aee-d3c0-4d1c-9c88-86c9e5ac9e81", "label": "FOKKER F27", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Fokker F27 Friendship is a turboprop airliner designed and built by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.\n\nDesign of the Fokker F27 started in the 1950s as a replacement to the successful DC-3 airliner. The manufacturer evaluated a number of different configurations before finally deciding on a high wing twin Rolls-Royce Dart engine layout with a pressurised cabin for 28 passengers.\n\nThe first prototype, registered PH-NIV, first flew on 24 November 1955. The second prototype and initial production machines were 3 ft (0.9 m) longer, addressing the first aircraft's slightly tail-heavy handling and also providing space for more (32) passengers. These aircraft also used the more powerful Dart Mk 528 engine. The first production model, the F27-100, was delivered to Aer Lingus in September 1958.\n\nIn 1956 Fokker signed a licensing deal with the US aircraft manufacturer Fairchild for the latter to construct the F27 in the USA. The first U.S.-built aircraft flew on 12 April 1958. Fairchild also independently developed a stretched version, called the FH-227.\n\nAt the end of the Fokker F27s production in 1987, 793 units had been built (including 207 in the USA by Fairchild), which makes it the most successful western European civil turboprop airliner.\n\nMany aircraft have been modified from passenger service to cargo or express-package freighter roles.\n\nIn the early 1980s, Fokker developed a successor to the Friendship, the Fokker 50. Although based on the F27-500 airframe, the Fokker 50 is virtually a new aircraft with Pratt & Whitney Canada engines and modern systems. Its general performance and passenger comfort were improved over the F27.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0b69c56f-5aaa-46a2-83da-9c4cffc7c181", "label": "CONVAIR CV-580", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "While Convair (based in San Diego like the Classic Airliner Page) was quite successful with its piston powered CV-240/340/440 series of twins, it recognized as early as 1950 that turboprop engines offered some clear advantages over the 'round engines'. Instead of building a new plane, Convair decided that those very Convair-Liners could be re-engined instead. An experimental installation of Allison T56 engines into a CV-240 in 1950 was quite successful, but the first commercial conversion did not take place until 1954, and then with British Napier Elands. \n\n[Text provided by: http://www.calclassic.com/580.htm ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://images3.jetphotos.net/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CONVAIR CV-580\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CONVAIR CV-580\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.calclassic.com/580.htm\n Sample_Image: http://images3.jetphotos.net/img/2/4/6/2/79826_1215091264.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "0fa676d8-e487-4905-81c7-1a98150e86c8", "label": "C-131A", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The C-131 was a military transport version of the Convair-Liner 240 built by General Dynamics. It was the first pressurized, twin engine transport ordered by the Military Air Transport Service. The T-29 version of this aircraft filled the back of the plane with student stations and was used to train bombardiers, navigators and electronic warfare officers. \n\n[Text and Photo provided by: http://www.marchfield.org/c131d.htm ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C-131A\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: C-131A\n Long_Name: Convair C-131 Samaritan\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/specs/convair/c-131a.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.marchfield.org/c131d.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.marchfield.org/c131z262.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "18cb3d65-a7ab-4220-b7e3-38b98ce04ac7", "label": "UC-12B", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The NASA Langley Beechcraft UC-12B Huron (NASA 528) is an all-metal, twin-turboprop research aircraft. The UC-12B aircraft is a military version of a Beechcraft B200 King Air. NASA Langley acquired this aircraft in 2007 from the U.S. Marine Corps. The aircraft has been modified with two nadir-viewing ports: 29.5 x 29.5-in. in the forward section of the passenger cabin and 26.75 x 22.5 in. in the aft section. These downward-looking portals allow the use of a wide variety of optical, laser, or R-F based devices that might require a nadir look angle out of the aircraft. Research-supporting subsystems, such as electrical power distribution, TCAS, GPS and satellite phone communications also have been installed. The UC-12B aircraft also has a cargo door in the aft left side of the passenger cabin that can accommodate payloads up to 51.5 in. wide. In past operations, the cargo door has allowed a forklift with a boom attachment to place large, heavy payloads directly into the aircraft cabin. In its current configuration, the aircraft serves as the primary flight platform for a suite of aerosol and cloud remote-sensing instruments, including the NASA Langley Doppler Aerosol Wind LIDAR (DAWN). The aircraft is fully IFR capable.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1bfe5750-3641-4ff1-b8bf-40deb163abf0", "label": "BT-67", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The BT-67 is a world-class transport aircraft with an impressive resume of performance. Its robust airframe and state-of-the-art components stand ready to deliver a range of special mission capabilities that will provide unlimited opportunities.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "1d0fbb34-9f52-41cc-8b83-b45af8e58777", "label": "UMD Cessna", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The University Of Maryland Cessna 402B Research Aircraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "20d7a6a7-1c69-469b-ac53-92078dcb2a67", "label": "AC-500S", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Rockwell Aero Commander (AC-500S) is a versatile and stable high-winged twin piston-engine aircraft that is suitable for a variety of missions. Standard configuration allows for mission equipment and two pilots. However, with the scientific packages removed, seating for five additional passengers may be installed. NOAA's two aero commanders are utilized primarily as aerial survey platforms for visual verification of aeronautical charts, high-resolution aerial photography, and snow water equivalent and soil moisture content measurements. Additionally, the aircraft has been used in biological investigations, such as algal bloom measurements and sea turtle population assessments, and post-hurricane and severe flood damage assessment photography.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "29564e60-e0d6-4d5d-9999-97b9cd16a034", "label": "P-3A ORION", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The P-3A ORION is the Chilean Armada P-3 aircraft used during the 2002, 2004 and 2008 NASA missions that included Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) instrument data used in the recent Level 4 IceBridge derived data product.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: P-3A ORION\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: P-3A ORION\n Long_Name: Lockheed P-3A Orion\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2014-03-13\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "32e58bec-22e7-406e-bded-20d97de35f64", "label": "SA Mooney", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Scientific Aviation manned fleet consists of four Mooney aircraft, each with slightly different features. These aircraft are highly versatile, exhibit excellent flight capabilities in a large range of environments, have low operating costs compared to larger aircraft, and are fully FAA certified. All of our Mooney aircraft feature advanced avionics and navigational systems, and can be customized with a scientific payload specific to your mission requirements.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "365c9e65-c156-4763-968a-a3e53e8accff", "label": "GULFSTREAM 1000 (695A)", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Gulfstream Jet Prop Commander 1000 (AC-695A) is a stable high-wing, pressurized, twin-engine turboprop aircraft that is suitable for a variety of missions. Standard configuration allows for mission equipment, two pilots and one observer. However, the aircraft can be configured for two scientists/observers and mission equipment in the cabin. NOAA’s AC-695A Jet Prop Commander is typically utilized by the National Weather Service (NWS) National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3a710b96-89c3-4783-b811-e9c5a3f3784f", "label": "PA-12", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "From August 9 to December 10, 1947, Clifford Evans and George Truman circled the globe in their Piper Super Cruisers, covering 35,897 kilometers (22,436 miles), the first time light personal aircraft accomplished such a feat. Evans flew the City of Washington while Truman flew the City of The Angels, now at the Piper Aviation Museum in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.\n\nThe PA-12 was a more powerful J-5 Cruiser, with an electric starter, navigation lights, and a cabin heater. For the flight, Piper Aircraft arranged for second-hand planes and extra fuel tanks while radio and navigation equipment were also donated. Evans built a drift meter for each aircraft. Flags of each nation they visited were hand-painted on the fuselages' left sides and 53 of 55 city stops on the right sides.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: PA-12\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: PA-12\n Long_Name: Piper PA-12 Super Cruiser\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19500101000\n Sample_Image: http://airandspace.si.edu/images/collections/media/previews/A19500101000cp02.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "3ecc7e27-1cf9-4c7d-817f-557752323560", "label": "AC-680E", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Aero Commander 500 is the first in a series of light twin-engined aircraft originally built by the Aero Design and Engineering Company in the late 1940s. It later became the Aero Commander division of Rockwell International. The initial production version was the Aero Commander 520. Versions manufactured after 1967 are known as the Shrike Commander.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "45abac35-586f-4fed-ac38-5dcd59af2cc5", "label": "NASA P-3", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The P-3B is a specialized aircraft operated as an airborne “platform” in support of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. The aircraft supports scientific investigations by NASA and visiting scientists from universities, other agencies and organizations worldwide. With instruments installed, the aircraft serves an economical test bed for studying the Earth and for new concepts in satellite design. The aircraft supports scientific studies across all disciplines of Earth Science such as forest ecology, atmospherics, ocean and ice dynamics, land processes and many more. The P-3 aircraft can carry instrument payloads consisting of one to several at once while supporting Earth studies all over the globe.\n\nScientific instrument installations on the aircraft generally consist of external components such as a sensors, antennas or probes while inside the aircraft the supporting control and data analysis computers are installed in specially designed rack modules. Multiple instrument payloads are an economical way for cooperating scientists to intercompare data when studying Earth processes. A diverse mix of engineers, technicians, scientists, pilots and managers all team together to safely complete the aircraft-instrument integration designs and hardware fabrications and conduct the flight portions of studies. Once designed, all components can be quickly and economically.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "5a9f3704-2947-483b-8fe7-992692c9f289", "label": "WP-3D ORION", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "Two of the world's premier research aircraft, the renowned NOAA WP-3D Orions, participate in a wide variety of national and international meteorological, oceanographic and environmental research programs in addition to their widely known use in hurricane research and reconnaissance. These versatile turboprop aircraft are equipped with an unprecedented variety of scientific instrumentation, radars and recording systems for both in-situ and remote sensing measurements of the atmosphere, the earth and its environment. Obtained as new aircraft from the Lockheed production line in the mid-70's, these robust and well maintained aircraft have led NOAA's continuing effort to monitor and study hurricanes and other severe storms, the quality of the atmosphere, the state of the ocean and its fish population, and climate trends.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "64b518f5-2026-4c5b-9bae-9fa55b5b5778", "label": "UWKA", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The University of Wyoming Beechcraft King Air 200T (N2UW) is the third atmospheric research aircraft we have operated since the mid 1960's. Click here for photos. Click here for driving instructions to the facility.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6fa682b9-c6b5-46ca-971f-b7ecd4bf304d", "label": "AC-690A", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "A series of light-twin piston-engined and turboprop aircraft originally built by the Aero Design and Engineering Company in the late 1940s, renamed the Aero Commander company in 1950, and a division of Rockwell International from 1965. The initial production version was the 200-mph, seven-seat Aero Commander 520. An improved version, the 500S, manufactured after 1967, is known as the Shrike Commander. Larger variants are known by numerous model names and designations, ranging up to the 330-mph, 11-seat Model 695B/Jetprop 1000B turboprop.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "7ec84078-8ced-4e7f-9a8c-781cc5d2bd8d", "label": "SKYVAN", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Skyvan is a 19-seater twin turboprop aircraft manufactured by Short Brothers, at the time Short Brothers & Harland Ltd, and used mainly for short-haul freight and skydiving.\n\nThe Skyvan is a high wing twin engined all-metal monoplane with a high cantilever tailplane with twin rudders. The first flight of the Skyvan, the Skyvan 1, was on 17 January 1963.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "80374e6d-fef6-4b11-bcc4-53568a3db220", "label": "CESSNA 188", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Cessna 188 is a family of light agricultural airplanes produced between 1966 and 1983 by the Cessna Aircraft Company.\n\nThe various versions of the 188 — the AGwagon, AGpickup, AGtruck and AGhusky, along with the AGcarryall variant of the 185, constituted Cessna's line of agricultural aircraft.\n\nIn the early 1960s Cessna decided to expand their already wide line of light aircraft by entering the agricultural aircraft market. They surveyed pilots and operators of other brands of agricultural aircraft to see what features and capabilities these operators were looking for. The resulting aircraft was a conventional single-seat, piston-powered, strut-braced low-winged agricultural airplane.\n\nThe 188 is the only single-engined Cessna design that does not have a high-wing.\n\nThe Cessna 188 borrowed heavily from the Cessna 180, the initial version using the same tail cone and fin structure as well as the same Continental O-470-R 230hp (170kW) powerplant. The 188’s airframe is predominantly built from 2024-T3 aluminum, with the chemical hopper constructed from fibreglass. The fuselage is of semi-monocoque construction and is pressurized on later models (using the dynamic pressure resulting from the aircraft's forward speed) to reduce induction of chemicals into the airframe.\n\nThe Cessna 188 was first flown on 19 February 1965. The aircraft was certified and entered production in February 1966, with 241 aircraft delivered the first year.\n\nThe initial design of the Cessna 188 was so successful that over its 17-year production run the basic airframe remained unchanged. Only the engines and the agricultural products dispensing systems were upgraded, other than some minor changes to the ventilation systems.\n\nA total of 3967 Cessna 188s of all four variants were built during its production run.\n\n[Text and Photo provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_188 ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CESSNA 188\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CESSNA 188\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_188\n Online_Resource: http://www.cessna.com/\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/CessnaA188BAGtruckC-GSWZ.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8b1791fe-cef8-4883-a634-b3963a39c8a6", "label": "WC-130J", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The WC-130 Hercules is a high-wing, medium-range aircraft used in weather reconnaissance missions. This plane is a C-130 transport configured with palletized weather instrumentation for penetration of tropical disturbances and storms, hurricanes and winter storms to obtain data on movement, size and intensity. The WC-130 is the weather data collection platform for the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "8e7d2140-fbbb-4169-ba3e-e6d1fe6c7cf8", "label": "HC-130", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The HC-130 is an extended-range, combat rescue version of the C-130 transport aircraft. Capable of independent employment in the no-to-low threat environment. Its primary mission is to provide air refueling for rescue helicopters. The HC-130 can perform extended searches in a permissive environment and has the capability to airdrop pararescuemen and survival equipment to isolated survivors when a delay in the arrival of a recovery vehicle is anticipated. Flights to air refueling areas or drop zones are accomplished at tactical low altitude to avoid threats. NVG-assisted, low-altitude air refueling and other operations in a low-threat environment are performed by specially trained crews. The crew can perform airborne mission commander (AMC) duties in a no-to-low threat environment when threat conditions permit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "992b25fe-7863-4885-98b9-875ddafb6935", "label": "CESSNA T206H", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Cessna 205, 206 and 207, known primarily as the Stationair (and marketed variously as the Super Skywagon, Skywagon and Super Skylane), are a family of single-engined, general aviation aircraft with fixed landing gear, used in commercial air service as well as for personal use. The family was originally developed from the popular retractable-gear Cessna 210 and produced by the Cessna Aircraft Company.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "993d2657-71e9-4c5a-b456-ffce88699c55", "label": "PIPER NAVAJO CHIEFTAIN", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The PA-31 Navajo is a family of cabin-class, twin-engine aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft using Lycoming engines for the general aviation market.\n\nIn the mid-1960s, an aircraft of this size was sorely needed and founder William T. Piper requested the type be developed. Targeted at small-scale cargo and feeder liner operations and the corporate market, the aircraft was a success. It continues to prove a popular choice, but due to greatly decreased demand across the general aviation sector in the 1980s, production of the PA-31 ceased.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9fd64ddf-4c61-45ae-8721-aa306829a165", "label": "Convair-580", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "http://carg.atmos.washington.edu/sys/research/improve/convair_inst.html", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a2128496-3729-45ff-9feb-20b9b700470b", "label": "BE-200", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The basic configuration of the Be-200 amphibious aircraft is indended for fighting the forest fires using the fire extinguishant fluids. While doing this, the aircraft can fulfill the following tasks:\n\n- stop and restrain the spread of the big forest fires by developing the protecting strip due to multiple drops on the fire edge;\n\n- extinguishing the small fire and fire which only starts to develop;\n\n- delivery of fire brigades and fire extingushing equipment to the fire region by landing on preselected water area of aifield, and return to the base. \n\nA particular feature of the Be-200 aircraft, when compared with the other amphibians, is that it has fully pressurized fuselage, which allows to fulfill a lot of missions.\n\nThe aircraft is fitted with flight/navigation and communication equipment allowing the navigation and flight control at all flight phases in adverse weather conditions at any season, day and night.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a3d03059-eeec-4afd-b3f1-c24a1fcf3862", "label": "DHC-6", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The DeHavilland Twin Otter (DHC-6) is a highly maneuverable, versatile aircraft which can be flown slowly (80-160 knots/150-300 km/hr) and in tight circles. The Twin Otter is a high-winged, unpressurized, twin-engine turboprop aircraft equipped with color weather radar, radar altimeter, dual GPS/Loran-C navigation systems with scientific data drops, and camera ports in the nose and belly areas. A standard flight crew consists of two NOAA pilots. In support of NOAA or NOAA-related missions, this platform has conducted low-level slow speed aerial surveys of marine mammals, aerial video surveys of coastal erosion, various remote sensing missions, atmospheric air chemistry sampling, and atmospheric eddy flux and concentration gradient assessments.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a790e30f-5a13-4188-befb-2647a884034b", "label": "C-130", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The C-130 Hercules primarily performs the intratheater portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for paradropping troops and equipment into hostile areas. Basic and specialized versions perform a diversity of roles, including airlift support, DEW Line and Arctic ice resupply, aeromedical missions, aerial spray missions, fire-fighting duties for the US Forest Service, and natural disaster relief missions. In recent years, they have been used to bring humanitarian relief to many countries, including Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Rwanda.\n\nFour decades have elapsed since the Air Force issued its original design specification, yet the remarkable C-130 remains in production. The turbo-prop, high-wing, versatile 'Herc' has accumulated over 20 million flight hours. It is the preferred transport aircraft for many US Government services and over 60 foreign countries. The basic airframe has been modified to hundreds of different configurations to meet an ever-changing environment and mission requirement. The C-130 Hercules has unsurpassed versatility, performance, and mission effectiveness. Early C-130A, B, and D versions are now retired. \n\n[Text provided by: http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/c-130.htm ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.globalaircraft.org/ ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C-130\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: C-130\n Long_Name: Lockheed C-130 Hercules\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules\n Online_Resource: http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=92\n Sample_Image: http://www.globalaircraft.org/photos/planephotos/c-130_1.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "abe97ffb-af51-43b2-a1d4-a922ddf9bc6e", "label": "C-23 Sherpa", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s (GSFC) Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) Aircraft Office operates the NASA C-23 Sherpa research aircraft available to support airborne science research. The C-23 is used to perform scientific research, provide logistics support on an as-needed basis to other airborne science missions, and can be used as a technology test bed for new airborne and satellite instrumentation. This aircraft is also available to support range surveillance and recovery operations as needed. The C-23 is a self-sufficient aircraft that can operate from short field civilian and military airports to remote areas of the world in support of scientific studies and other operations. The C-23 is a two-engine turboprop aircraft designed to operate efficiently, under the most arduous conditions, in a wide range of mission configurations. The large square-section cargo hold, with excellent access at both ends (4 side fuselage doors and aft cargo ramp), and a 7000 pound payload, offers ready flexibility to perform a variety of missions. The aircraft also has 22 cabin windows as well as a nose cargo area available for installations. An internal auxillary fuel tank is also available which is capable of extending the aircraft range to 1,000nm and 7 hours endurance.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: C-23 Sherpa\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: C-23 Sherpa\n Long_Name: Short Brothers C-23 Sherpa\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2016-08-05\n Online_Resource: https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/C-23_Sherpa\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "aef364b1-6a71-49c0-b248-6dc1ecd4eaa3", "label": "DHC-3", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The DeHavilland DHC-3 Otter's primary purpose is for utility and personnel transport. However, the DHC-3 was used by the U.S. Military and the Canadian Military as a search and rescue aircraft.\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: DHC-3\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: DHC-3\n Long_Name: DeHavilland DHC-3 Otter\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2012-07-23\n Online_Resource: http://www.dhc3otter.com/profile.htm\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "b1a1eda8-55a5-43a0-a984-239ab657be68", "label": "NASA ELECTRA", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "Lockheed's Electra provided a number of airlines with their introduction to turbine powered aircraft. Today it remains popular with freight operators.\n\nThe Lockheed L-188 Electra was developed to meet a 1954 American Airlines requirement for a domestic short to medium range 75 to 100 seat airliner. In June 1955 American awarded Lockheed an order for 35 such aircraft. Lockheed's design, the L-188, was a low wing, four turboprop powered aircraft. Many other airlines shared American's interest in the L-188, and by the time the first prototype flew on December 6 1957, the order book stood at 144. Service entry was with Eastern Airlines (due to a pilot's strike at American) on January 12 1959.\n\nHowever, any optimism Lockheed felt about a strong sales future would have been short lived, as a number of crashes in 1959 and 1960 (two of which where the aircraft broke up in flight) contributed to a number of order cancellations.\n\nAs an interim measure following the crashes, speed restrictions were imposed on Electras. Investigations uncovered a design defect with the engine mountings where the wing would shake and eventually break up. Lockheed undertook a significant modification program where the nacelles, nacelle mountings and wing structure were strengthened, and the speed restrictions were eventually lifted in 1961. After that the Electra proved reliable and popular in service, but the damage had been done and production wound up in 1961 after 170 had been built.\n\nLockheed built two basic versions of the Electra. The L-188A was the basic production aircraft, and accounted for most Electra sales. The L-188C entered service with KLM in 1959 and had greater fuel capacity and higher weights, and thus improved payload range performance.\n\nThe Electra also forms the basis for the hugely successful P-3 Orion long range maritime surveillance aircraft of which more than 600 have been built.\n\nMost Electras currently in service are configured as freighters. From 1967 Lockheed converted 41 Electras to freighters or convertible freighter/passenger aircraft, fitting a strengthened floor and a large cargo door forward of the wing on the left side. Other companies have also converted Electras to freighters. However, a small number remain in passenger service.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c285cedc-7581-4abc-aeee-978ffd3a8879", "label": "G-1 AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The G-1 is a large twin turboprop with performance characteristics of contemporary production aircraft. It is capable of measurements to altitudes approaching 30,000 feet over ranges of 1500 nautical miles, and can be operated at speeds that enable both relatively slow sampling and rapid deployment to field sites throughout the world. The aircraft is configured for versatile research applications. It accommodates a variety of external probes for aerosol, radiation, and turbulence measurements and internal sampling systems for a wide range of measurements. The G-1 has sufficient cabin volume, electrical power and payload capabilities, and flight characteristics to accommodate a variety of instrument systems and experimental equipment configurations. Internal instrumentation is mounted in removable racks to enable rapid reconfiguration as necessary. Data from most systems are acquired on a central computer that is tailored to airborne research data acquisition. In addition to acquiring the various analog and digital input signals, it can be configured to communicate with and/or control other systems onboard, and to provide time synchronization to other computers.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c88b260b-2acd-417e-9c82-3a8226b4e218", "label": "LA-27", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Lake Renegade Seawolf (LA-27) is a rugged, adaptable, single turbo-charged piston engine amphibious aircraft designed for nearshore low-level surveys. The aircraft is equipped with external fuel tanks, bubble windows, and NATO hardpoints. A standard crew consists of one pilot and up to three scientists. The Lake aircraft has been used for biological surveys including red drum, sea turtle and marine mammal surveys, as well as on site terrain observations. \n\n[Photo and text provided by NOAA, \nhttp://www.aoc.noaa.gov/aircraft_lake.htm ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: LA-27\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: LA-27\n Long_Name: Lake Seawolf LA-27\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://www.aoc.noaa.gov/aircraft_lake.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.aoc.noaa.gov/images/lake1.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "c97d09d4-4966-42ed-a6c7-4330a1e76edf", "label": "Cessna Pelican", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Pelican is a highly-modified Cessna 337, O2, Skymaster originally developed by the Office of Naval Research for low-altitude, long-endurance atmospheric and oceanographic sampling. Through an SBIR program between Zivko Aeronautics and GA, the air vehicle was configured to operate as a true Predator UAV surrogate for the U.S. Navy. Pelican has supported several military exercises that require a UAV capability for the troops to work with, but where a real UAV wasn't practical to operate due to FAA restrictions. With Pelican, the US Military can realistically train with capabilities very close to those of the UAV's that they will work with on the battlefield.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d6aa2406-0323-43c1-b890-3509ee22784e", "label": "B-200", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Beechcraft Super King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation (now the Beechcraft Division of Hawker Beechcraft). The King Air line comprises a number of model series that fall into two families: the Model 90 series, Model 100 series (these models comprising the King Air family), Model 200 series and Model 300 series. The latter two models were originally marketed as the 'Super King Air' family, but the 'Super' was dropped in 1996.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "d80f3d86-ab38-4c27-82c5-aeae2b4c3370", "label": "CESSNA SINGLE-ENGINE AIRCRAFT", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e10cf52f-a68a-4593-896b-8fe3d17483fe", "label": "CESSNA 320", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Cessna 310/320\n\nThe sleek Cessna 310 was the first twin engine design from Cessna to enter production after WW2.\n\nThe 310 first flew on January 3 1953. The modern rakish lines of the new twin were backed up by innovative features such as engine exhaust thrust augmentor tubes and the storage of all fuel in tip tanks. Deliveries commenced in late 1954.\n\nThe first significant upgrade to the 310 line came with the 310C of 1959, which introduced more powerful 195kW (260hp) IO-470-D engines. The 310D of 1960 featured swept back vertical tail surfaces. An extra cabin window was added with the 310F. A development of the 310F was the turbocharged 320 Skyknight, with TSIO-470-B engines and a fourth cabin side-window. The Skyknight was in production between 1961 and 1969 (the 320D, E and F were named Executive Skyknight), when it was replaced by the similar Turbo 310.\n\nThe 310G introduced the 'stabila-tip' tip tanks, while the 310K replaced the rear two windows on each side with a single unit. Subsequent significant developments include the 310Q and turbocharged T310Q with redesigned rear cabin with a skylight window, and the final 310R and T310R, identifiable for their lengthened noses. Production ended in 1980.\n\nUSAF military versions were the L-27A (310A) and L-27B (310M) Blue Canoe, later redesignated U-3A and U-3B. \n\n[Text provided by: http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=149 ]\n\n[Photo provided by: http://www.edcoatescollection.com ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CESSNA 320\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CESSNA 320\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_310\n Online_Resource: http://www.cessna.com/\n Sample_Image: http://www.edcoatescollection.com/ac3/Civil%20Planes/Cessna%20320%20Skynight.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eaa3cf37-b738-47ae-abac-7c430d4ecdc7", "label": "TWIN OTTER CIRPAS NPS", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "A Twin Otter research aircraft has been operated by the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA since 1998. The aircraft supports atmospheric and oceanographic research for Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and others. The airplane is instrumented to measure the meteorological state variables, flight path and platform attitude, turbulence, aerosol particle concentration and size spectra, cloud and precipitation drop concentration and size spectra, light scatter and absorption coefficients and sea surface temperature. Ample room is in the cabin for rack-mountable guest instruments. Well characterized aerosol community inlet provides air samples into the cabin. Nadir and zenith ports provide up and down view for radiometers, sunphotometers and imaging instruments. Satellite communication system permits flight following from the ground and viewing of data in real time, as well as chat-room communication between flight scientist and science team on ground.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "eb80f2b1-4c2f-4cbb-8cb2-40a7613edff3", "label": "P-3B", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "In April 1958 Lockheed corporation won a US Navy competition to find a replacement for the Navy's aging P2V Neptune series of long range antisubmarine warfare and maritime patrol aircraft. Lockheed's winning proposal was designated 'P3V Orion'. Named for the winter constellation of the mighty hunter, the Orion was actually derived from the famous Lockheed Electra civil airliner. \n\n[Text provided by:\nhttp://www.geocities.com/lucktam/awacs/orion/orion.htm ]\n\n[Photo provided by: \nhttp://www.farfromglory.com/images/p3b.jpg ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: P-3B ORION\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: P-3B ORION\n Long_Name: Lockheed P-3B Orion\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/specs/lockheed/p-3b.htm\n Online_Resource: http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/types/usa/lockheed_martin/p-3/P-3_Orion.htm\n Sample_Image: http://www.farfromglory.com/images/p3b.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ebf5d441-db97-4691-a8fc-08b4afdbac46", "label": "CESSNA 206", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Cessna 205, 206, and 207, known variously as the Super Skywagon, Stationair, and Super Skylane are a family of single engine, general aviation aircraft with fixed landing gear used in commercial air service and also for personal use. The family was originally developed from the popular retractable-gear Cessna 210.\n\nThe line's combination of a powerful engine, rugged construction and a large cabin has made these aircraft popular bush planes. Cessna describes the 206 as 'the sport-utility vehicle of the air.' These airplanes are also used for aerial photography, skydiving and other utility purposes. They can also be equipped with floats, amphibious floats and skis. Alternatively, they can be fitted with luxury appointments for use as a personal air transport.\n\nBetween the start of production in 1962 and 2006 the total Cessna 205, 206 and 207 production has been 8509 aircraft so far.\n\n[Text and Photo provided by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_206 ]\n\n\nGroup: Platform_Details\n Entry_ID: CESSNA 206\n Group: Platform_Identification\n Platform_Category: Aircraft\n Short_Name: CESSNA 206\n End_Group\n Creation_Date: 2008-07-14\n Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_206\n Online_Resource: http://www.cessna.com/\n Sample_Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cessna.206h.stationair2.arp.jpg/800px-Cessna.206h.stationair2.arp.jpg\nEnd_Group", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ee829117-a171-4500-a0a5-81cac07f1071", "label": "CESSNA 172 SKYHAWK", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is a four-seat, single-engine, high-wing airplane.\n\nMore Cessna 172s have been built than any other aircraft. It is probably the most popular flight training aircraft in the world.\n\nMeasured by its longevity and popularity, the Cessna 172 is the most successful mass produced light aircraft in history. The first production models were delivered in 1956 and they are still in production as of 2008; more than 43,000 have been built.[1] The Skyhawk's main competitors have been the Beechcraft Musketeer and Grumman AA-5 series (neither in production), the Piper Cherokee and, more recently, the Diamond DA40.\n\nThe Cessna 172 started life as a tricycle landing gear upgrade from the taildragger Cessna 170, with a basic level of standard equipment. The first flight of the prototype was in November 1955. The 172 became an overnight sales success and over 1400 were built in 1956, its first full year of production.\n\nEarly 172s were similar in appearance to the 170, with the same straight aft fuselage and tall gear legs, although the 172 had a straight vertical tail while the 170 had a rounded fin and rudder. Later 172 versions incorporated revised landing gear and the sweptback tail which is still in use today.The final aesthetic development in the mid-1960s, was a lowered rear deck that allowed an aft window. Cessna advertised this added rear visibility as 'Omni-Vision' . This airframe configuration has remained almost unchanged since then, except for updates in avionics and engines, including the Garmin G1000 glass cockpit in 2005. Production had been halted in the mid-1980s, but was resumed in 1996 with the 160 hp (120 kW) Cessna 172R Skyhawk and was supplemented in 1998 by the 180 hp (135 kW) Cessna 172S Skyhawk SP.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "ef194fe1-50e0-4ba7-943a-c87c6f5e72c1", "label": "NOAA Twin Otter", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "With an endurance of 4-6 hours at survey speeds, the Twin Otter is more than capable of covering over 600+ nautical miles of low altitude survey in a given flight at max fuel loads. These aircraft remain very busy year round supporting airborne marine mammal, hydrological, remote sensing, air chemistry and emergency response programs. Normal crew size is two pilots with a cabin capable of seating six people with smaller science equipment installed. Known for its stability at slower speeds, the Twin Otter is capable of surveying between 90-140 knots over the ground, making it ideal for missions that require a slower aircraft for data collection.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f959e3c5-f014-40b7-a134-4d41b616f79d", "label": "King Air", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "The Beechcraft King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation (now Beechcraft Division of Hawker Beechcraft). The King Air line comprises a number of models that have been divided into two families; the Model 90 and 100 series are known as King Airs, while the Model 200 and 300 series were originally marketed as Super King Airs, with 'Super' being dropped by Beechcraft in 1996 (although it is still often used to differentiate the 200 and 300 series King Airs from their smaller stablemates). As of October 2007, the only small King Air in production is the conventional-tail C90GT.\n\nThe King Air was the first aircraft in its class and has been in continuous production since 1964. It has outsold all of its turboprop competitors combined and is the only small twin-turboprop business aircraft in production. It now faces competition from jet aircraft such as the Beechcraft Premier I and Cessna Citation Mustang.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fb9f4171-b9b6-4627-9c79-1d3b5890dfc4", "label": "NP-3C Orion", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "fdb96a23-16f4-4df4-a60b-a4d1123587ce", "label": "NCAR ELECTRA", - "broader": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", + "parentId": "6175c78e-432c-4254-b442-40d3cf0f6b34", "definition": "No definition available.", "children": [] } @@ -7799,13 +7799,13 @@ { "uuid": "812304fb-2eaf-4ce8-ac49-2de68c025927", "label": "Rockets", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "A vehicle or device propelled by one or more rocket engines, especially such a vehicle designed to travel through space.", "children": [ { "uuid": "c2a3f38e-524a-46ee-ac1b-2a12910e6bdd", "label": "ROCKETS", - "broader": "812304fb-2eaf-4ce8-ac49-2de68c025927", + "parentId": "812304fb-2eaf-4ce8-ac49-2de68c025927", "definition": "A vehicle or device propelled by one or more rocket engines, especially such a vehicle designed to travel through space.", "children": [] } @@ -7814,48 +7814,48 @@ { "uuid": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", "label": "Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "An aircraft (also known as a drone) without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an uncrewed aircraft system (UAS), which includes adding a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the UAV. The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control by a human operator, as remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA), or with various degrees of autonomy, such as autopilot assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.", "children": [ { "uuid": "46392889-f6e2-4b06-8f79-87f2ff9d4349", "label": "ALTUS", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", + "parentId": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", "definition": "The ALTUS II, the first of the two craft to be completed, made its first flight on May 1, 1996. With its engine at first augmented by a single-stage turbocharger, the ALTUS II reached an altitude of 37,000 ft during its first series of development flights at Dryden in August, 1996. In October of that year, the ALTUS II was flown in an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM-UAV) study in Oklahoma conducted by Sandia National Laboratories for the Department of Energy (DOE). During the course of those flights, the ALTUS II set a single-flight endurance record for remotely operated aircraft of more than 26 hours.\n\nThe ALTUS I, completed in 1997, flew a series of development flights at Dryden that summer. Those test flights saw the craft reach an altitude of 43,500 ft while carrying a simulated 300-lb payload, a record for a remotely operated aircraft powered by a piston engine augmented with a single-stage turbocharger.\n\nAfter major modifications and upgrades, including installation of a two-stage turbocharger in place of its original single-stage unit, a larger fuel tank and additional intercooling capacity, the ALTUS II returned to flight status in the summer of 1998. The goal of its development test flights was to reach one of the major Level 2 performance milestones within NASA's ERAST program: to fly a gasoline-fueled, piston-engine remotely piloted aircraft for several hours at an altitude at or near 60,000 feet. On March 5, 1999, The ALTUS II maintained flight at or above 55,000 feet for three hours, reaching a maximum density altitude of 57,300 feet during the mission.\n\nLater that spring, the ALTUS II flew another series of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement missions conducted by Sandia National Laboratories for the DOE. Hard-to-measure properties of high-level cirrus clouds that may affect global warming were recorded using specially designed instruments while the Altus flew at 50,000 feet altitude off the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i. Clouds both reflect incoming solar energy back to space, and absorb warm longwave radiation from the Earth's surface, keeping that heat in the atmosphere. Data from the study will help scientists better understand how these dual roles of clouds in reflecting and absorbing solar energy work, and build more accurate global climate models.\n\nIn September, 2001, ALTUS II served as the UAV platform for a flight demonstration of remote sensoring and imaging capabilities that could detect hot spots in wildfires and relay that data in near- real time via the Internet to firefighting commanders below. The demonstration, led by NASA Ames Research Center, was flown over GA-ASI's El Mirage development facility in Southern California.\n\nIn the summer of 2002, The Altus II served as the airborne platform for the Altus Cumulus Electrification Study (ACES), led by Dr. Richard Blakeslee of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The ACES experiment focused on the collection of electrical, magnetic and optical measurements of thunderstorms. Data collected will help scientists understand the development and life cycles of thunderstorms, which in turn may allow meteorologists to more accurately predict when destructive storms may hit. For more information on the ACES study, visit the National Space Science and Technology Center web site at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6be3bc48-c307-4583-8357-34262cf8f35d", "label": "AEROSONDE", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", + "parentId": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", "definition": "A small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed to collect weather data, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and wind measurements over oceans and remote areas. The Aerosonde was developed by Insitu, and is now manufactured by Aerosonde Ltd, which is a strategic business of AAI Corporation. The Aerosonde is powered by a modified Enya R120 model aircraft engine, and carries on board a small computer, meteorological instruments, and a GPS receiver for navigation. It is also used by the United States Armed Forces for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR).", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "6c58928b-d25f-46cf-a8a6-3d5a27cc2248", "label": "IKHANA", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", + "parentId": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", "definition": "NASA's Ikhana / Predator B has a wingspan of 66 feet and is 36 feet long. More than 400 pounds of sensors can be carried internally and over 2,000 pounds in external under-wing pods. Ikhana is powered by a Honeywell TPE 331-10T turbine engine and is capable of reaching altitudes above 40,000 feet. The Ikhana is the first production Predator B equipped with a digital electronic engine controller developed by Honeywell and GA-ASI that will make Ikhana five to 10 percent more fuel efficient than earlier versions of the aircraft.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9b6da136-51c7-4941-8023-5826be7a9273", "label": "UAV", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", + "parentId": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", "definition": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are remotely piloted or self-piloted aircraft that can carry cameras, sensors, communications equipment or other payloads. They have been used in a reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering role since the 1950s, and more challenging roles are envisioned, including combat missions. Since 1964 the Defense Department has developed 11 different UAVs, though due to acquisition and development problems only 3 entered production. The US Navy has studyied the feasibility of operating VTOL UAVs since the early 1960s, the QH-50 Gyrodyne torpedo-delivery drone being an early example. However, high cost and technological immaturity have precluded acquiring and fielding operational VTOL UAV systems.\n\nBy the early 1990s DOD sought UAVs to satisfy surveillance requirements in Close Range, Short Range or Endurance categories. Close Range was defined to be within 50 kilometers, Short Range was defined as within 200 kilometers and Endurance as anything beyond. By the late 1990s, the Close and Short Range categories were combined, and a separate Shipboard category emerged. The current classes of these vehicles are the Tactical UAV and the Endurance category.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "e5aedd55-cce6-417c-97c0-595448406ad5", "label": "RQ-4", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", + "parentId": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", "definition": "A high-altitude, remotely-piloted, surveillance aircraft. It was initially designed by Ryan Aeronautical (now part of Northrop Grumman), and known as Tier II+ during development. The RQ-4 provides a broad overview and systematic surveillance using high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensors with long loiter times over target areas. It can survey as much as 40,000 square miles (100,000 km2) of terrain per day, an area the size of South Korea or Iceland.\n\nThe Global Hawk is operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). It is used as a High-Altitude Long Endurance platform[2] covering the spectrum of intelligence collection capability to support forces in worldwide military operations. According to the USAF, the superior surveillance capabilities of the aircraft allow more precise weapons targeting and better protection of friendly forces.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "f3494b27-4de0-45d9-9a5b-8dae39785182", "label": "GLOBAL HAWK", - "broader": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", + "parentId": "841ec82d-fdea-466c-8436-68ed93d6d6de", "definition": "The Northrop Grumman (formerly Ryan Aeronautical) RQ-4 Global Hawk (known as Tier II+ during development) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used by the United States Air Force and Navy as a surveillance aircraft.\n\nIn role and operational design, the Global Hawk is similar to the Lockheed U-2, the venerable 1950s spy plane. It is a theater commander's asset to provide a broad overview and systematic target surveillance. For this purpose, the Global Hawk is able to provide high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)—that can penetrate cloud-cover and sandstorms— and Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) imagery at long range with long loiter times over target areas. It can survey as much as 40,000 square miles (103,600 square kilometers) of terrain a day.", "children": [] } @@ -7864,41 +7864,41 @@ { "uuid": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", "label": "Balloons", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "A nonporous bag of light material that can be inflated especially with air or gas. A bag that is filled with heated air or a gas lighter than air so as to rise and float in the atmosphere and that usually carries a suspended load.", "children": [ { "uuid": "2516981b-e560-479d-ba96-f8edfb54efe9", "label": "RADIOSONDES", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", + "parentId": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", "definition": "The radiosonde is a balloon-borne instrument platform with radio transmitting capabilities. Originally named a radio-meteorograph, the instrument is now referred to as a radiosonde, a name apparently derived by H. Hergesell from a combination of the words 'radio' for the onboard radio transmitter and 'sonde', which is messenger from old English.\n\nThe radiosonde contains instruments capable of making direct in-situ measurements of air temperature, humidity and pressure with height, typically to altitudes of approximately 30 km. These observed data are transmitted immediately to the ground station by a radio transmitter located within the instrument package. The ascent of a radiosonde provides an indirect measure of the wind speed and direction at various levels throughout the troposphere. Ground based radio direction finding antenna equipment track the motion of the radiosonde during its ascent through the air. The recorded elevation and azimuth information are converted to wind speed and direction at various levels by triangulation techniques.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "95707b1d-4451-4958-af57-0fdf70444cac", "label": "EOLE", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", + "parentId": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", "definition": "Eole, a.k.a. CAS 1 (Cooperative Application Satellite), FR 2\n (France), the second French experimental data relay satellite\n for meteorological data and the first launched by NASA under a\n cooperative agreement with the Centre National d'Etudes\n Spatiales (CNES), was designed to function primarily as a\n communications satellite to acquire and relay telemetered data\n on altitude, pressure, temperature, moisture, and upper\n atmospheric wind velocities from instrumented earth-circling\n constant density meteorological balloons. The octagonally\n shaped satellite measured 0.71 m across opposite corners and\n was 0.58 m long. Electrical power (20 W average) was supplied\n by eight rectangular solar panels deployed 45 deg from the EOLE\n 1 upper octagonal structure after orbital insertion, and by 15\n rechargeable silver-cadmium batteries. Constant earth\n orientation was maintained by a deployable 10.06-m gravity\n gradient boom. Satellite spin was near zero rpm in orbit, and\n the attitude was programme! d to remain stable within 9 deg of\n local vertical. The data were stored on board the spacecraft\n and unloaded on command when the spacecraft was within range of\n the ground station. The onboard telemetry consisted of (1) a\n 136.350-MHz downlink transmitter for relaying balloon telemetry\n to ground stations and also to serve as a tracking beacon, (2)\n a 148.25-MHz receiver for receiving spacecraft commands and\n telemetry programs for balloon operations, and (3) a\n spacecraft-to-balloon transmitter (464.84 MHz) and receiver\n (401.7196 MHz). The satellite operation was successful with the\n exception of the inadvertent destruction of 71 balloons by an\n erroneous ground command. The last balloon ceased transmitting\n in January 1973. However, the spacecraft was subsequently used\n to track and receive data from ocean buoys, icebergs, and\n ships.\n\n More info at:\n 'http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de\n /space/doc_sdat/eole.htm'\n\n[Source: Gunther's Space Page]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1586112-38f5-461c-9e88-0a95cf62062c", "label": "BALLOONS", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", + "parentId": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", "definition": "1. A flexible bag designed to be inflated with hot air or with a\ngas, such as helium, that is lighter than the surrounding air,\ncausing it to rise and float in the atmosphere.\n\nSuch a bag with sufficient capacity to lift and transport a\nsuspended gondola or other load.\n\nSuch a bag shaped like a figure or object when inflated; an inflatable.\n\n[Source: The American Heritage? Dictionary of the English\nLanguage, Fourth Edition Copyright ? 2000 by Houghton Mifflin\nCompany.]", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a1cfc5a9-e688-4f2e-88b0-9d72d07ea41a", "label": "MAXIS", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", + "parentId": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", "definition": "To study electron precipitation from the magnetosphere into the ionosphere. This electron precipitation creates the aurora (northern and southern lights) along with X-rays which can be observed with our balloon instrumentation. For this project, the University of Washington provided a bismuth germanate (BGO)\nX-ray spectrometer and two X-ray imaging cameras. One camera has a pinhole collimator and the other has a coded aperture mask collimator. Both cameras use scintillating crystals and photomultiplier tubes to detect X-rays which are produced in the aurora. The Berkeley balloon group provided a high resolution\ngermanium X-ray spectrometer. All of these instruments flew on the INTERBOA campaign in 1996, where they observed an unusual relativistic electron precipitation event.\n\nThe MAXIS balloon was terminated on January 30, 2000 at 22:13 UT after a successful 450 hour flight.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "dbb82f09-3a6f-4840-b1a9-c4acc3f6bbe8", "label": "PIBAL", - "broader": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", + "parentId": "90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a", "definition": "A small balloon whose ascent is followed by a theodolite in order to obtain data for the computation of the speed and direction of winds in the upper air.", "children": [] } @@ -7907,27 +7907,27 @@ { "uuid": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", "label": "Sounding Rockets", - "broader": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", + "parentId": "ef71c514-0fec-4354-bb1e-6baa5967634f", "definition": "Sub-orbital rockets that carry a payload above the Earth's atmosphere for period of up to 15 minutes, but which do not place the payload into orbit around the Earth.", "children": [ { "uuid": "3b3bc1cb-312d-448c-8cdf-a8de43bb540a", "label": "SOUNDING ROCKETS", - "broader": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", + "parentId": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", "definition": "Sounding rockets are sub-orbital rockets that carry a payload above the Earth's atmosphere for period of up to 15 minutes, but which do not place the payload into orbit around the Earth.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "9e9e86b0-d613-4069-abe2-8291a6fac3ef", "label": "Titan 34D", - "broader": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", + "parentId": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", "definition": "Still quite similar to the Titan III-C on which it was based, the Titan 34D was introduced in 1982 and could incorporate either the Transtage third stage or a new upper stage called an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). The IUS was a two-stage booster which effectively provided a third and fourth stage that allowed the Titan 34D to carry large military payloads into orbit. Performance of the Titan 34D was also improved by adding a one-half segment to the previous generation of Titan III solid rocket boosters, making a total of five and one-half segments per booster. The two resulting United Technologies solid rocket boosters burned Powered Aluminum/Ammonium Perchlorate solid fuel and could produce a combined thrust of 2,498,000 pounds. The first stage Aerojet engine could produce a thrust of 532,000 pounds. An Aerojet second stage engine could produce a 101,000-pound thrust. Both the first and second stage engines burned Aerozine 50/Nitrogen Tetroxide liquid fuel. The IUS first stage could produce a thrust of 62,000 pounds, while its second stage was capable of producing a 26,000-pound thrust. Both IUS stages were solid-fueled. The Titan 34D was able to carry a 27,500-pound payload to low-Earth orbit or a 4,200-pound payload to geostationary transfer orbit.", "children": [] }, { "uuid": "a044e8ff-8225-4bba-85c4-80ea394e007b", "label": "Titan IIID", - "broader": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", + "parentId": "db2063ed-c27a-41e2-9e40-9f2f7e63f94b", "definition": "The Titan IIID or Titan 3D was an American expendable launch system, part of the Titan rocket family. Titan IIID was flown 22 times with KH-9 and KH-11 satellites between 1971 and 1982, all successful launches. It was designed for heavy LEO payloads.\n\nThe Titan IIID first flew on 15 June 1971, launching the first KH-9 satellite. It was retired from service in 1982, and replaced by the uprated Titan 34D. All launches occurred from Space Launch Complex 4E at Vandenberg Air Force Base.", "children": [] } @@ -7937,4 +7937,4 @@ } ] } -] \ No newline at end of file +] diff --git a/resources/keywords/gcmd-fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab.json b/resources/keywords/gcmd-fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab.json deleted file mode 100644 index dc0683e..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/gcmd-fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13292 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "label": "Projects", - "broader": null, - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "label": "A - C", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "006d842b-9c63-498f-b198-9afdc16c91b6", - "label": "CEAREX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX) was conducted to\nstudy the processes regulating eastern Arctic Ocean exchange of\nmomentum, heat, and biomass. The primary CEAREX objectives were to\nunderstand the structure and function of mesoscale and submesoscale\nprocess in the transport of heat northward, and to understand the ice\nbehavior and associated acoustic ambient noise and coherence (CEAREX,\n1990).\nCEAREX was a multi-national, multi-platform field program carried out\nin the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and north to Svalbard, from\nSeptember 1988 through May 1989. Participating nations included\nCanada, Denmark, France, Norway, and the United States. The field\nprogram consisted of four phases: Polarbjorn Drift Phase, Whaler's\nBay/SIZEX Phase, Oceanography Camp Phase, and Acoustic Camp Phase.\nCEAREX collected data on meteorological conditions, bathymetry,\nhydrography, acoustic and ambient noise, sea ice dynamics\n(acceleration, deformation, stress), positions from GPS satellite\nmeasurements, and biophysical data. Data were collected using ship\nplatforms, ARGOS buoys, helicopter and aircraft, meteorology stations\non the drifting ice, rawinsonde, CTD casts, and satellites.\nCEAREX was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR).\nReference:\nPritchard, R.S., et al. 1990. 'CEAREX Drift Experiment', EOS\nTransactions of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 71, No. 40,\nOctober 2, 1990.\nContacts:\nDr. Robert S. Pritchard\nIce Casting, Inc.\n11042 Sand Point Way, NE\nSeattle, WA 98125-5846\nEmail: OMNET > r.pritchard\nClaire Hanson\nNational Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)\nCIRES, Campus Box 449\nUniversity of Colorado\nBoulder, CO 80309\nPhone: 303-492-1834\nFAX: 303-492-5171\nEmail: OMNET > c.hanson\n Internet > hanson@kryos.colorado.edu\nData Availability:\nThe CEAREX data is available on CD-ROM from the National Snow and Ice\nData Center (NSIDC). The CD-ROM contains CEAREX data as well as data\nfrom MIZEX 1983, 1984, 1987, and MIZEX West, SIZEX, and EUBEX.\nClaire Hanson\nNational Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)\nCIRES, Campus Box 449\nUniversity of Colorado\nBoulder, CO 80309\nPhone: 303-492-1834\nFAX: 303-492-5171\nEmail: OMNET > c.hanson\n Internet > hanson@kryos.colorado.edu", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00923bad-d9ac-4093-aca3-83d3e9ae3171", - "label": "CREEFS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An international cooperative effort to increase tropical taxonomic expertise, conduct a taxonomically diversified global census of coral reef ecosystems, and improve access to and unify coral reef ecosystem information scattered throughout the globe.\n\nCoral reefs are considered to be the most biologically diverse of all marine ecosystems. While individual reef systems likely host tens of thousands of species, most of this diversity remains undocumented. Significant declines in key indicators of reef ecosystem health suggest a degradation of coral reefs globally in response to the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors. The vulnerability of coral reef ecosystems is anticipated to increase significantly in response to climate change induced coral bleaching and disease, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and changing storm tracks. There is a clear danger that much reef biodiversity could be lost before it is even documented, and researchers will be left with a limited and poor understanding of undisturbed reef communities on which to base future management decisions. Under these rapidly changing conditions, a key goal for reef resource managers and policy makers over the next several decades will be the development of tools to increase the resilience of global communities through effective conservation of coral reef biodiversity. In order to develop reasonable approaches to improve the resilience of coral reef biodiversity, and to effectively use the ecosystem approach to management, it is first necessary to understand existing biodiversity and changes over time. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.creefs.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00ab1bb7-6b30-4be0-9ef5-68b5af38d991", - "label": "BDBP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Baltic Drainage Basin Project (BDBP) is a multi-disciplinary\nresearch project under the EU 1991-1994 Environment Research\nProgramme. It was developed as joint effort between the Beijer\nInstitute, Stockholm, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm\nUniversity and UNEP/GRID-Arendal.\n\nThe GIS database, mainly focusing upon land cover/land use and\npopulation, was developed as a joint effort between the Beijer\nInstitute, Stockholm; the Department of Systems Ecology,\nStockholm University; and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. The database was\nused for analytical purposes during the BDBP. Following this,\nthe GIS database was further refined and prepared for public\ndissemination. Concurrently, a number of maps in conventional\ngraphical formats were prepared and included. The GIS and Maps\ndatabase was first released in August 1995. Later, a number of\nstatistical tables, also derived from the GIS database, were\nincluded. The available data sets include administrative units,\narable lands, pasture lands, coastlines, land cover, population\ndensity, sub-watershed drainage basins, and wetland\ndistribution.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.grida.no/baltic/index.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by UNEP/GRID-Arendal", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "011bd4b2-3b6c-4f51-af8a-edbb9dde9073", - "label": "BANZARE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mawson organised and led the British, Australian and New Zealand\nAntarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) during the summers of 1929-31\nto explore the region of Antarctica directly south of Australia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01391b8e-33dd-4703-9881-dfb1ade8bcc7", - "label": "CGC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate and Global Change Program represents a National Oceanic\nand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) contribution to evolving\nnational and international programs designed to improve our ability to\nobserve, understand, predict, and respond to changes in the global\nenvironment. This program builds on NOAA's mission requirements and\nlong-standing capabilities in global change research and\nprediction. The NOAA Program is a key contributing element of the\nU.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), which is coordinated by\nthe interagency Committee on Environmental and Natural\nResources. NOAA's program is designed to complement other agencies'\ncontributions to that national effort.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01802b84-2ef2-495b-921a-46a53116f510", - "label": "AfSIS/CLIMATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01a9de18-14fc-4f38-a433-221d64829e0b", - "label": "BTF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BTF\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=214\n\nPolar environments are changing rapidly. Resulting impacts on terrestrial/freshwater ecosystems affect a) higher trophic levels and resources for Arctic residents, b) biodiversity in both polar regions and beyond due to the migration of many species, and c) land-atmosphere processes through changes in surface reflectivity and exchange of trace gases. \nPolar lands are vast and diverse and the knowledge of geographical variation in recent ecosystem change is limited. Attribution of change is difficult because the primary drivers vary from site to site and between the poles: at some sites multiple drivers of change (e.g. climate, UV-B, contaminants, habitat fragmentation) operate concurrently. \nBetween 1964 and 1974, a network of IBP* Tundra Biome sites was established in both polar areas. Intensive investigations of primary production, production processes, decomposition, plant community structure and soil fauna were carried out together with studies of freshwater ecosystems. These sites and many of the original researchers represent a unique asset for detecting multidecadal environmental change. IPY provides timely opportunities for collating data on past changes, passing knowledge to new generations of researchers and documenting environmental characteristics of sites to facilitate detection and attribution of future changes at IBP sites and others, and on IBP topics in an interdisciplinary context. \n\nGoals\n1. To assess multidecadal past changes in the structure and function of Polar terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and environments in relation to diverse divers of change \n2. To assess the current status of Polar ecosystems and their biodiversity\n3. To permanently record precise locations of old sites in order to perpetuate platforms for a) the assessment of future changes in Polar ecosystems and their environments and b) sampling for Polar research and assessment programmes.\n\nApproach\nIBP sites in both polar regions will be re-visited, documented, and pinpointed with GPS. IBP Tundra Biome alpine and temperate upland sites will be included: comparison among such diverse, cold sites gave increased information on the environmental controls of ecosystem processes. The cold, temperate sites are now even more relevant as they represent analogues of future, warmer, polar sites. BTF will also include appropriate non-IBP polar and sub-polar sites. Investigations of primary production, production processes, decomposition, plant community structure and soil fauna will be repeated using original techniques. Additional measurements (biological and non-biological) will be made following meetings of the BTF group and representatives of linked projects (e.g. ITEX*, IPA*, TARANTELLA*) to maximise the efficiency of time in the field in often remote localities and to ensure cross-disciplinary connections. \nBTF will include, or link to, remote sensing projects that will provide a larger geographical context (GOA*) and provide baseline information on vegetation structure from radar and laser remote sensing. The sites will provide validation for remote sensing and modelling communities. The network will also include other aspects of retrospective analysis of ecosystems (e.g. photographic records from the late 1960's) and populations (e.g. retrospective growth analyses) and provide sampling possibilities for various environmental assessments. The project will be implemented by younger researchers interacting with older generations. Data and metadata will be registered with the IPY Project COMAAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01b1a8ab-5c29-48cd-a283-713d74edf2e2", - "label": "AMEX/EMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The other experiments, AMEX (Australian Monsoon Experiment)\nconducted by the Bureau, EMEX (Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment)\nconducted by NOAA and a consortium of US universities, will\ninvestigate the synoptic environment and heat exchange processes\nin the Australian monsoon. The CSIRO F-27 aircraft will be\ninvolved in AMEX and will provide a platform for a series of\ntrace gas measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02963adc-1abc-48f9-95e3-546ab371ff50", - "label": "BIOGEOGRAFIA DE AVES MARINAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03866903-66a9-42d7-a5d6-aef57067da0d", - "label": "BLAST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Bromine Latitudinal Air/Sea Transect (BLAST) expeditions by\nNOAA/CMDL consisted of 3 cruises. BLAST I in 1994 in the Eastern\nPacific Ocean, BLAST II, also in 1994 in the Atlantic Ocean, and BLAST\nIII in 1996 in the Southern Oceans near Antarctica.\nThe BLAST I 1994 expedition was intended to test the reliabilty of a\ngas chromatograph / mass spectrometer (GC/MS) combination instrument\nat sea and then measure methyl bromide (CH3Br) in the marine air and\nthe surface waters of the East Pacific Ocean to determine whether the\nocean is a source or a sink for this compound. Along with methyl\nbromide, about 20 other compounds in both air and surface waters was\nmeasured. The BLAST I expedition started in Seattle, WA, crossed\nseveral regions of the East Pacific and reached the inland passage of\nChile at 41 degrees S, and finally Punta Arenas, Chile, at 54 degrees\nS about 4.5 weeks after its beginning. The NOAA Ship Discoverer (R\n102) was used in the BLAST I expedition.\nThe BLAST II 1994 cruise was a continuation of the BLAST I 94 mission\nin order to verify findings from the first cruise, but in the Atlantic\nOcean rather than the Pacific. In addition to all compounds that were\nmeasured during BLAST 94, other halogenated methanes were also\nmeasured. The cruise covered an equally wide latitudinal range as\nBLAST 94, similar oceanic regimes such as coastal and coastally\ninfluenced waters, upwelling regions and open ocean gyres, but\nslightly different seasons, fall in the northern hemisphere and spring\nin the southern hemisphere. The entire cruise was almost 5 weeks long\nand was conducted between 18 October, 1994 and 21 November, 1994. The\ndata for methyl bromide basically confirmed what was seen during BLAST\nI 94 and contributed valuable information to NOAA/CMDL's database for\nmethyl halides. The ship FS Polarstern, used for the BLAST II\nexpedition, operates out of Bremerhaven, Germany, and is run by the\nAlfred Wegener Polarforschung mainly as a research vessel and supply\nship for the German Antarctica station Georg von Neumayer.\nThe BLAST III cruise was conducted between February 22nd and April\n7th, 1996 from McMurdo, Antarctica, along the coast and through the\nice of Antarctica to Punta Arenas, Chile. This cruise was a\ncontinuation of previous BLAST cruises. The main focus on these\nexpeditions has been the measurement of methyl bromide and a suite of\nother methyl halides, very similar to the setup during BLAST II. The\nship Nathanial Palmer, used for the BLAST III expedition, is operated\nby Antarctic Support Associates which headquarters located in\nEnglewood, Colorado.\nReferences:\nNet Sink for Atmospheric CH3Br in the East Pacific Ocean, J.M. Lobert,\nJ.H. Butler, S.A. Montzka, L.S. Geller, R.C. Myers, and J.W. Elkins,\nScience 267, 1002-1005 (1995)\nBLAST 94: Bromine Latitudinal Air/Sea Transect 1994: Report on Oceanic\nMeasurements of Methyl Bromide and Other Compounds. J.M. Lobert,\nJ.H. Butler, L.S. Geller, S.A. Yvon, S.A. Montzka, R.C. Myers, A.D.\nClarke, and J.W. Elkins. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-10.\nThe Latitudinal Distribution of Atmospheric Sulfur Hexafluoride,\nL.S. Geller, J.W. Elkins, R.C. Myers, J.M. Lobert, and J.H. Butler.\nsubmitted to GRL (1996).\nThe distribution and cycling of halogenated trace gases between the\natmosphere and ocean. J.H. Butler, J.M. Lobert, S.A. Yvon, and\nL.S. Geller. In: G. Kattnetterer (eds.), The Expedition ANTARKTIS XII\nof FS Polarstern in 1994/95, Reports of Legs ANT XII/1 and 2.\nBerichte zur Polarforschung, Vol 168, 27-40, 1995. Bremerhaven,\nGermany: Alfred Wegener Instir Polar- und Meeresforschung.\nUndersaturations of CH3Br in the Southern Ocean, J.M. Lobert,\nS.A. Yvon-Lewis, J.H. Butler, S.A. Montzka, and R.C. Myers,\nGeophys. Res. Lett., 24(2), 171-172, 1997.\nBLAST I Contacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJurgen M. Lobert +1 303 497 7006 (tel) 7850 (fax) jurgen@fiji.ucsd.edu\nBLAST II and III Contacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJurgen M. Lobert +1 303 497 7006 (tel) 7850 (fax) jurgen@fiji.ucsd.edu\nShari A. Yvon +1 303 497 7015 (tel) 7850 (fax) syvon@cmdl.noaa.gov\nData are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account:\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/blast_94'\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/blast_ii'\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/blast_iii'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "04ebf2ad-0d10-4e27-aeab-197b8670324b", - "label": "ACRIMII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The second Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM)\n satellite solar monitoring experiment (ACRIM II) has been\n providing total solar irradiance observations since its launch\n as part of the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) in\n late 1991. The UARS is a three-axis stabilized, Earth-oriented\n spacecraft with an orbit at inclination of 57 degrees and\n altitude 585 km. The UARS orbit provides about 60 minutes of\n sunlight in each orbit of which about 35 minutes are available\n for solar viewing. During this period the Solar/Stellar Pointing\n Platform points the instrument to the center of the Sun.\n\n For more information link to:\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/SOLAR/IRRADIANCE/uars.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0571653e-35f6-462c-ace6-91317ba2161f", - "label": "ACID-MODES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Acid Model Operational Diagnostic Evaluation Study (Acid MODES),\nwas funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (59 Eulerian Model\nEvaluation Field Study (EMEFS) sites including variability (VAR) and\ngradient (GRAD) special study sub-networks). The Acid MODES\nvariability sub-network was a four-site cluster of sites used to\nevaluate spatial concentration variability on the 80 - 100 km grid\nscale of the models being evaluated. The gradient sub-network\nsimilarly provided a higher spatial network resolution in an area\nwhere sharp spatial concentration gradients were observed in previous\nstudies. The study operated from 6/1/1988 to 5/30/1990 over the\nEastern USA.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/acid.htm' for more information\non the Acid MODES.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05f19de3-48f6-4461-ad70-ee55333a1ee4", - "label": "COP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "COP provides scientific information to assist decision makers in\nmeeting the challenges of managing our Nation's coastal resources. COP\ntargets critical issues which exist in the Nation's estuaries, coastal\nwaters, and Great Lakes. COP translates its findings into accessible\ninformation and the transfer of technology to coastal managers,\nplanners, lawmakers, and the public. Its aim is to create near-term\nand continuous improvements in environmental decisions affecting the\ncoastal ocean and its resources.\n\nThe Coastal Ocean Program provides a focal point through which the\nagency, together with other organizations with responsibilities for\nthe coastal environment and its resources, can make significant\nstrides toward finding the solutions that will protect coastal\nresources and ensure their availability and well-being for future\ngenerations.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cop.noaa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "061abbeb-2278-4274-a632-664a82cf7a0d", - "label": "COUNTRY FOOD SAFETY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The food-borne parasites Trichinella nativa, Toxoplasma gondii, and Anisakis simplex are significant Arctic human zoonoses; endemic to some regions and directly related to the consumption of country foods. Many Northerners remain reliant on wildlife as a source of food, financial income and cultural identity and are demanding programs which will provide greater security in the safety of country foods and programs that ensure the long-term sustainability of wildlife populations. Changing climatic conditions are predicted to alter wildlife habitat, facilitate the northward migration of wildlife diseases and parasites, and alter contaminant cycling and fate; all of which have the potential to detrimentally affect the health and long term sustainability of wildlife populations and ultimately the source and safety of country foods (ACIA 2004; Boonstra 2004; Derocher et al. 2003; Harvell et al., 2002; Hoberg et al., 2002; Kutz et al. 2004; Lie et al. 2004 & 2005). Adequate baseline data (benchmarks) regarding the current health conditions of wildlife (including zoonotic pathogens) is therefore urgently needed for the assessment and prediction of wildlife health impacts resulting from the cumulative impacts of multiple stressors associated with climate change and exposure to anthropogenic contaminants.\n\nIssues regarding potential impacts to Arctic wildlife health and the safety of country foods are complex and will require an integrated approach from a wide range of scientific and social disciplines. The work outlined in this proposal will integrate well in a supportive manner with other IPY proposals (710, 742, 364, 261- Canadian #, and 231) focussed on wildlife health and social aspects.\n\nDuring 2007 to 2009 we propose the following:\nOverall objectives –\n1. Document distribution and abundance of Trichinella nativa, Toxoplasma gondii, and Anisakis simplex in Arctic/subarctic wildlife.\n2. Develop community capacity for ongoing detection and monitoring of above zoonotic pathogens through the development of a community-based testing program in order to provide Northerners rapid information regarding the safety of harvested country foods. This program will build upon other currently existing initiatives such as the Nunavik and Nunavut Trichinellosis Prevention Programs with the purpose enhancing the science, and broadening the present scope of services and capacity building within the communities. Once this framework is established it will be expanded to monitoring a variety of biological ‘indicators’ in various wildlife species in order to begin the process of establishing baseline benchmarks regarding wildlife health by engaging local hunters from selected communities to report on general health indices (i.e., body condition, behavior, pathogen observations). The collection of wildlife health indices will be modeled after the Nunavut Wildlife Health Assessment project and the Shatu Community based monitoring program which have been administered by investigators of this current proposal.\n3. Facilitate the collection of wildlife samples for other researchers outside of this project. It is recognized that the collective impact of multiple IPY research request to northern communities will present a daunting task to local Hunter and Trapper Organizations / Associations within Canada, and similar organizations in other circumpolar locations. We propose to help avoid duplication of sampling effort by working in a liaison manner with the local hunter organization and northern communities for which we have already established a measure of familiarity and trust.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=186", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "074f1aec-503d-4830-8d7c-3ece00ddf37d", - "label": "CLASIC07", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07500391-44a7-4752-a0ac-41c6e7d58917", - "label": "CLARET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Dr.Eberhard and his associates are studying the information on clouds\nuniquely available from CO2 lidar, which operates in the 9-11\nmicrometer wavelength range. Techniques are being developed to\nmeasure mean (or effective) radius of cloud drop size distributions,\nand discriminate between water and ice clouds using\nwavelength-dependent backscatter and extinction. Cloud dynamics using\nDoppler measurements of particle motions are also being investigated.\nThe coupling of data from this lidar with other sensors,\n(e.g. mm-wavelength radar), provides other important parameters such\nas vertical profiles of number concentration, effective radius, and\nice water content of cirrus clouds. The phenomenon of zenith-enhanced\nlidar backscatter from oriented crystals has also been systematically\nexamined. The LIDAR method is used to extract optical depth and\nemissivity of clouds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "076d61a5-e39d-4c9b-ba78-2eea650781a5", - "label": "AFSIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) is developing continent-wide digital soil maps for sub-Saharan Africa using new types of soil analysis and statistical methods, and conducting agronomic field trials in selected sentinel sites. These efforts include the compilation and rescue of legacy soil profile data, new data collection and analysis, and system development for large-scale soil mapping using remote sensing imagery and crowdsourced ground observations.\n\nThe project area includes ~17.5 million km2 of continental sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), an area that encompasses more than 90% of Africa’s human population living in 42 countries. The project area excludes hot and cold desert regions based on the recently revised Köppen-Geiger climate classification, as well as the non-desert areas of Northern Africa.\n\nhttp://africasoils.net/data/overview", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07a12d76-3794-4d1f-8db3-96a4c9814d54", - "label": "25090-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "086f7566-5193-4bc3-a75a-c073e379bbe9", - "label": "ACCP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program (ACCP) was an investigation to determine the theoretical and empirical basis for remote sensing of nitrogen and lignin concentrations in vegetation canopies of different ecosystems. The ACCP data consist of AVIRIS images, laboratory chemical analysis of field samples, laboratory spectra and chemical analyses from several mini-canopy experiments, and canopy modeling data.\n\nApproximately 1000 leaf samples from fresh forest foliage were collected from 5 geographically distinct sites and analyzed at the University of New Hampshire to determine carbon constituents (non-polar, polar, cellulose, and lignin) content using a series of extractions, and nitrogen content using a standard combustion procedure. Results were used as a calibration set for Visible/NIR reflectance and the estimation of carbon and nitrogen concentrations at both the leaf and canopy level. The canopy level study used high spectral resolution data from NASA's AVIRIS to estimate canopy level nitrogen and lignin concentration for the study sites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08ac9d05-1676-4556-b097-ee82fc162918", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/AOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) research seeks to understand\nthe arctic marine environment and its role in climate and global\nchange. The arctic marine environment is an interactive system\ncomprising the water, ice, air, biota, dissolved chemicals, and\nsediments of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Through feedback\nprocesses that are only partially understood, this system has a\nsignificant impact on global climate, and in turn is highly sensitive\nto environmental perturbations originating elsewhere.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://nsidc.org/arcss/projects/oaii.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09d79dd9-9c84-4625-ad55-3e2edf2393e0", - "label": "C-AMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Enhanced ObservingPeriod (CEOP) seeks to establish an integrated global observing system for the water cycle which responds to both scientific and social needs. It is built as the foundation of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization(WMO) and Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) under the framework of the Integrated Global Observing Strategy partnership (IGOS-P).\n\nObjectives:\n\nCEOP is an effort to address some of the critical aspects of the climate system involving land areas in particular over a 2 year period beginning in mid-2001. It will focus on two overall issues: 1) water and energy fluxes and reservoirs over land areas, and 2) monsoonal circulations. CEOP will involve the simultaneous or near-simultaneous collection of observations from several regions around the world. In particular, it will include: 1) several reference sites in the continental-scale experimental regions of GEWEX as well as other regions, 2) extensive field measurements for addressing monsoonal systems, and 3) validation studies for new satellite systems CEOP will lead to: 1) better understanding of water and energy fluxes and reservoirs over specific land areas, 2) progress at better appreciating the role of land areas in the whole climate system, 3) a testing of our capabilities to transfer techniques and models between different GEWEX continental-scale experimental (and other) regions and to predict water-related parameters and, 4) enhanced understanding of the land-atmosphere-ocean interactions. CEOP Enhanced Observing Period 1 (EOP-1) covers the time period from 1 July 2001 through 30 September 2001.\n\nSummary provided by http://data.eol.ucar.edu/codiac/projs?CEOP%2FEOP-1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a2a66b4-1142-462a-9fae-850942ea0e8a", - "label": "CAMP-CEOP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP), which is built as the foundation of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)and the framework of Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P),seeks to establish an integrated global observing system for the water cycle which responds to both scientific and social needs.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.ceop.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a33b584-f70c-4949-8178-8d13e4bc9a93", - "label": "ARCTIC PORTAL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Arctic Portal\nProject URL: http://www.arcticportal.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=388\n\n\nThough the creation of the Arctic Portal concept, ( a web portal, accessible through the internet, focused on the Arctic and the Arctic Council ) the feasibility study, and preliminary design elements originate within the Arctic Council, and it is the Arctic Council that will launch the Arctic Portal, the Portal has four main components: \nArctic Council:\nThe Arctic Portal will enable the Arctic Council to operate more efficiently, maximizing limited financial and human resources. It will serve to enhance the operations of the Working Groups, Permanent Participants (Indigenous Peoples Organizations), and Observer countries and organizations. It will provide a means for the Working Groups and their Secretariats to establish better communication and cooperation on those elements of day-to-day operations that they share in common, such as a common calendar, joint project directory, and on-line document library, none of which currently exist. The Arctic Portal will also allow for the Arctic Council to hold virtual meetings. This will enable better meeting attendance by the Indigenous Peoples Organizations and other interested stakeholders who have limited financial and staff resources. \nProfessional/Scientific: \nThe Arctic Portal may serve as a main storage of data and provide interactive working venues on the web for research projects in the Arctic, including those of the Arctic Council Working Groups, providing data management and analysis capabilities. Two such projects, submitted as IPY projects are the CBMP and COMAAR. Remote sensing data, and GIS-mapping will now be possible as well through the Arctic Portal, and it will link data from the different Working Groups and scientific projects in the Arctic more easily and cost-effectively. Professionals located across the globe will have better access to data and information sharing through this Portal, including the use of virtual meetings and access to password-protected draft documents. This is especially relevant with Working Group Assessments which involve experts from many different regions, not just the Arctic.\nIndigenous Peoples Organizations/Communities:\nThe Arctic Portal will serve the Indigenous Peoples Organizations of the Arctic Council as well as other Arctic Indigenous communities. It will provide a gateway into a multi-media/multi-lingual site where culture, history and language can be shared and preserved. Stories, maps and photographs of sacred sites, customs, and historical facts can be shared using audio, video, and photography. In addition, this is where important issues of concern can be presented, such as climate change and the changes in migration patterns of species on which livelihoods depend. It will be a tool to help with regional development issues and will communicate many different levels of information, for primary and secondary education up to national and regional governments and policymakers. Intellectual property rights will be correctly addressed with all such information put on the Arctic Portal. \nGeneral Public:\nThe Arctic Portal will make it much easier to download and order Arctic publications using the online document library. It will also provide basic information about the Arctic and its residents, species of flora and fauna, the state of the environment and the current issues being addressed by researchers and policy makers in a simple format for use by educators and the general public. Different maps of the Arctic countries can be made easily available, as well as publications for the public by national agencies of each of the Arctic countries. A general calendar of events will be created to serv the interest of the general public, professionals and other interested stakeholders.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0adad482-4712-47c7-a676-80cfbddb7c41", - "label": "ABRACOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ABRACOS project is a collaboration between the Agencia Brasileira de\nCooperacao and the UK Overseas Development Administration. Data is made\navailable by the UK Istitute of Hydrology and the Instituto Nacional de\nPesquisas Espaciais (Brazil-INPE).\nDatasets relating to Climate, Micrometeorology, Evaporation, Physiology,\nCarbon Dioxide Fluxes, and Soil Physics have been produced by this project.\nThe ABRACOS datasets are available via World Wide Web.\n\nLink to: 'http://lba.cptec.inpe.br/lba/prelba/abracos/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b456b7b-b3a1-4840-841f-4277ce175a41", - "label": "CHRONOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CHRONOS provides services for geospatial data via WFS and WMS capabilities URL's can be found to the right of this page. In addition, several tutorials will be provided examples of the use of these resources. \n\nGIS client:\nCHRONOS is integrating the Cartoweb open source cross platform GIS client into the geospatially enabled data sources. The goal is to connect data searched geospatially into the other searches (text and time based) at the CHRONOS site. Also we will connect these with external open data source reachable via service calls. Integrating searches regardless of the user interface is a goal to address the need for researchers to quickly and effectively locate data related to their research efforts. \n\nSummary provided by http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=search_gis", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b578aa0-e4f0-4af1-95d3-6b2093ed80a7", - "label": "CBMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CBMP\nProject URL: http://arcticportal.org/en/caff/cbmp\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=133\n\nWhat is the CBMP?\n- The CBMP is an international network of key scientists and conservation experts from 8 Arctic countries, including indigenous organizations. \n- It collaborates to document the dramatic changes in the North, why these changes occur and what can be done about them.\n\nWhy is the CBMP needed?\n- Public interest in Global Change is high and increasing. Key question: What is happening to the climate and the environment, particularly in the North where changes are predicted to be most intense. \n- Political support is high: Environment Ministers from all 8 Arctic countries ordered in November 2004 that a CBMP be launched as soon as possible.\n- Good circumpolar information is needed to make the best conservation decisions as pressures on the Arctic increase.\n- With the international polar year coming up in 2007, timing is right to ramp up monitoring efforts on a circumpolar basis.\n- Collaboration increases efficiency and impact of conservation work, compared to each country working alone on these issues. \n\nWhere is the CBMP at?\n- The CBMP has just been officially launched on Sept 8, 2005, at an international meeting in Cambridge, England\n- The Cambridge meeting also achieved the following:\no Brought together almost 60 key arctic scientists and conservation experts\no Selected a suite of 12 indicator areas to be monitored\no Developed a data management strategy\no Confirmed collaboration with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre as the main data hub\no Established remote sensing and community monitoring task teams\no Confirmed financial support from Microsoft Research for up to 5 years and substantial in kind and monetary support from Canada\no Confirmed Canada as the lead country for the CBMP \no Established an international secretariat for the CBMP with full time staff to oversee implementation of the program\n\nWhat are the next steps and longer term goals?\n- Stepping up circumpolar monitoring efforts to document changes in Arctic Biodiversity\n- Monitor key drivers of change and a suite of 12 key indicators\n- Report on why biodiversity is changing and what can be done about it\n- Develop a web portal that displays monitoring information and policy advise\n- Development of a Polar Global Environmental Outlook report.\n- Develop a high profile Arctic Biodiversity Assessment by 2010", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b66955e-f979-41bd-9fa4-69536fc698d4", - "label": "ARIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) Project will bring geodetic imaging capabilities to an operational level in support of local, national, and international hazard science and response communities.\n\nThe Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) Project, a joint effort of California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is developing the infrastructure to generate imaging products in near real-time that can improve situational awareness for disaster response. The ARIA Project is also developing provide automated imaging and analysis capabilities necessary to keep up with the increase in raw data from geodetic imaging missions planned for launch by NASA, as well as international space agencies.\n\nMore Information: https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ce6939f-a7c4-4828-a4a5-bab96f27dfb5", - "label": "CESIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "There have been a number of initiatives in recent years to generate indicators\nof national-level sustainability, resilience and vulnerability, yet obtaining\nthe data behind these efforts is often difficult. Even where data are publicly\navailable for download, combining them with other indicators or ingesting them\ninto other databases can be problematic. Through this compendium SEDAC has\nsought to make the acquisition, comparison and analysis of sustainability\nindicators easier by compiling them in a single database, incorporating\nmultiple country codes, and condensing the indicator descriptions into short\nmethodological summaries in an accompanying metadata database.\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d816d98-ad26-4e2c-abee-77161da7d02d", - "label": "B-CILCAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: B-CILCAS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=390\n\nSpiders are important general predators of insects and other arthropods in all terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. In addition they are an important food source for smaller vertebrates, like birds. Therefore they act as important key nodes in the arctic food web. The proposed project aims at an extensive documentation of the current status of arctic spider biodiversity and genetic diversity and at the evaluation of climate change-driven modification of spider lifecycles.\n\nArctic spider biodiversity has been addressed selectively, but not yet comprehensively. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the assessment of spider diversity allows to conclude on the diversity of all arthropods in a given habitat. In addition, spiders, especially lycosids (wolf spiders), are valid model organisms for the monitoring of climate change impact on arctic habitats and their microclimate. In fact, spiders adapt their lifecycle frequencies to microclimatic conditions. Since in the arctic lifecycles take up to several years, changes will almost instantly be assessable by analysis of the life stages present. \n\nOur aim is to combine an arctic-wide spider biodiversity survey and the monitoring of climate induced lifecycle changes in a set of model species at several circum-arctic locations. For the first aim, surveys will be conducted at a selected set of locations, to assess data across the arctic, partly linked to existing stations and other IPY reference sites and projects. In addition, we try to extend our resolution by including students of the whole arctic via the GLOBE project. Collected specimens will be identified by spider taxonomy experts, and characterized using molecular markers for a subset of samples, to address genetic diversity. \n\nOn the long-term, dynamics of species and genetic biodiversity, shall be addressed. This will allow to estimate speed of speciation in the arctic and the time of isolation between distant populations. We will extend existing field methodologies, e.g. pitfall trapping, by establishing complementary new ones, which allow direct monitoring of microclimate changes in arctic habitats. \n\nMajor methodologies will be: (1) pitfall trap and hand collection, classic taxonomy, voucher specimen deposition in museum collections, assembly of a biodiversity database. (2) Microclimate measurements and correlation to biodiversity data. (3) morphometric and statistic lifecycle analysis based on pitfall trap data for selected species of the lycosids. (4) Long term RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) based remote sensing of microchip tagged spiders (lycosids) in semi-closed experimental plots, in order to address activity data, which will be correlated as a baseline to pitfall trap data and allow to record minor activities during winter and cold periods. (5) Manipulated test plots (artificial heating, etc.), in order to simulate microclimate induced lifecycle changes in lycosids directly. (6) Genetic analysis of distant populations, latitudinal and longitudinal. \n\nFor most activities, instant setup at several circum-arctic locations is possible. The RFID-technique will have to be tested first at one location. At a later phase, a standardized setup can be implemented into a variety of circum-arctic locations. All data will be linked to microclimate data as well as general climate data and will be made available to the general public via databases and scientific publications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0dd5a2d9-987d-4a29-9387-89bec0e531f8", - "label": "CIYCP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CIYCP\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=446\nOver a million indigenous people inhabit the circumpolar Arctic. Understandably, one of their main priorities over the past decade has been to improve their social and economic well-being and increase their political voice. However, in light of the ominous predictions about the impacts of global warming on the Arctic ecosystem and the recent rash of catastrophic natural events in both hemispheres, there is growing recognition that significant attention also needs to be paid to protecting the natural environment, which is the third component of sustainable development. For this, much of the burden will fall to the youth who make up well over 50% of the Arctic's indigenous populations and are acknowledged as one of the world's fastest growing demographic groups. \n\nAs they move into adulthood, these young people will soon be faced with the challenge of achieving sustainable livelihoods while protecting their natural environment and conserving its ecological resources and integrity. This will mean making hard choices between oft-competing land and resource uses while maintaining a healthy and reasonable balance between economic, environmental, cultural and social goals. Their task will be further compounded by differing social perceptions and by economic, political and environmental decisions made in multinational and global fora. To help them better face these challenges, it is prudent to begin equipping them with the proper knowledge and skills they will need to make informed decisions on their environment and on sustainable resource use, to acquaint them with global and regional environmental instruments and issues and to engage them early in the ongoing processes, dialogue and debates. This Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Project consists of three inter-related components designed to achieve these goals. \n\nThe three components of the Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Project are:\n\n- A series of Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Workshops to a) better familiarise indigenous youth from the north with contemporary conservation and sustainable use issues and instruments, b) provide them with an opportunity to exchange ideas on the environment and on conservation, and c) seek their input on priorities and future directions for this pilot Circumpolar Conservation Project. A preliminary design for Workshop I has been completed. The executing agency for this component will be the Toronto Zoo.\n\n- An updateable two-part Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Guide to a) educate and inform young indigenous people on the various global and regional conservation instruments, programmes and organisations relevant to the north, and b) provide an overview of important conservation issues and challenges of particular relevance for northern indigenous peoples. A preliminary design for the two parts of the Guide has been prepared. The executing agency for this component will be Twin Dolphins.\n\n- A pilot Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Network, initially set up on a trial basis, to a) provide a participatory mechanism for northern indigenous youth to become more involved and engaged in conservation issues and debates, b) integrate them into the processes of conservation and c) to provide them with an ongoing opportunity for dialogue and input. This component is being addressed from both a technical and a content standpoint. It will be carried out in three phases beginning with a Technical Experts Meeting, followed by a Feasibility Study and by a Trial Implementation and Evaluation phase to be carried out in co-operation with several northern schools across the Arctic. A preliminary description of the phases of Component III has been prepared and investigations are now underway to select the appropriate agencies and schools to execute the Network component.\n\nNote: The project proponents are currently investigating the potential of adding a fourth component as a corollary to this Project. This would be a circumpolar network of ex-situ conservation facilities to include, inter alia, the Toronto Zoo and zoos from other countries with expertise in Arctic conservation. These facilities would supplement, complement and enhance the education and outreach components of the Circumpolar Indigenous Youth Conservation Project. The project proponents are currently investigating adding this as a corollary component. \n\nThis Project is consistent with and responds to the overall objectives of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan; the Millennium Development Goals and Strategy; the UN Decade of Education; and is consistent with the goals and objectives of major Regional and Global Conservation Instruments and Programmes", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e08dbf2-162a-4dbf-a60e-ab55ffeefa3c", - "label": "ANTARCTIC GEODESY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Geoscience Australia plays a key role in the Antarctic region through its field work and computations carried out in the Geodesy program, as well as its participation in the Geoscience Standing Scientific Group (GSSG), part of the international committee, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).\n\nSCAR provides a forum for scientists of all countries with research activities in the Antarctic to discuss their field activities and promote cooperation and collaboration in scientific research amongst Antarctic Treaty Nations.\n\nThe surveying, mapping and geoscientific research activities of Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research are coordinated through the Geoscience Standing Scientific Group.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/antarc/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e7404f6-1094-47e8-a967-a1e0247e024b", - "label": "COMPASS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: COMPASS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=267\n\nCOMPASS provides an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to understanding the input of Antarctica into global climate formation during the observation period of IPY 2007-2008. COMPASS is realised through following four themes:\n1. Records of Antarctic climate variability and change\n2. Climate processes at the Antarctic central and coastal zones\n3. Southern Hemisphere teleconnections and land - air - sea - ice interactions\n4. Antarctica and the global climate system\n\nThe COMPASS Project cluster has the goal of creating a definitive, high quality data set of IPY Antarctic standard meteorological observations for use in climate research and applied studies. The project results will be freely available to the Antarctic community. The primary source of COMPASS Project data will be the netwoirk of Antarctic manned research stations and automatic weather stations (AWSs) being actively operating during IPY period observational period.\nThis proposal describes IPY activities grouped in the Antarctic Meteorology cluster of EOIs that contribute to the goals of COMPASS.\n\nObjectives:\n1. To obtain a synoptic circumpolar snapshot of the atmospheric environment of the Southern Hemisphere (collaboration with other IPY activities will extend the snapshot to include solar radiation, trace gases, permafrost and geomagnetism).\n2. To enhance understanding of the role of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric processes in present climate, including teleconnections between polar and lower latitudes, connections between synoptic, mesoscale and large-scale circulation systems, solar radiation cloudy feedbacks, greenhouse gases emission, land - air- - sea - ice interactions.\n\nOutcomes/Deliverables:\n1. Improved description of atmosphere features for a better understanding of southern polar climate processes.\n2. Proof of concept of a viable, cost-effective, sustained observing system for the southern polar regions (including land, atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere).\n3. A baseline for the assessment of future climate change.\n\nMajor field programs:\n1. A circumpolar data set of full multi-disciplinary measurement program with extending from the Antarctic continent northward to Sub-Antarctic Islands, including current surface (00, 06, 12, 18 GMT) and upper-air observations (00, 12, GMT) (totally about 120 synoptic parameters).\n2. An enhanced circumpolar dataset of solar radiation measurements, including UV-B radiation variability based on surface observations, satellite data and model estimations.\n3. An enhanced circumpolar dataset of cloud cover parameters variability, including number of cloudy levels, top and bottom boundary height of clouds, water content of clouds and so on (totally about 40 parameters) based on surface observations, upper-air data diagnosis, satellite information, lidar measurements (EOI 757).\n4. An enhanced circumpolar dataset of precipitation and snow cover parameters variability, including precipitation correction procedure.\n5. Greenhouse gases dataset formation, based on surface and satellite data.\n6. Dataset on atmospheric aerosol composition and distribution.\n7. Automatic Weather Stations information and data quality control.\n8. Atmospheric boundary layer turbulent flux measurements (EOI 805).\n9. Synoptic map collection and macro-scale circulation form classification.\n\nThe observations will be integrated closely with modelling studies using a variety of approaches (global and regional atmospheric models, photo-chemical models, coupled climate models (EOI 582)).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e9111f2-ca44-41da-8104-9b95d58e74c1", - "label": "ABLE-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Flow structures and scalar dispersions in urban boundary layers are analyzed, using large eddy simulation with an explicitly resolved urban geometry. Two types of urban surface geometry have been investigated. One is large square/staggered arrays of uniform building with various areal densities (Experiment-1), and the other is a real 3-D building geometry using GIS-data of Tokyo Metropolitan area (Experiment-2).\n\nThe purpose of the Experiment-1 is to obtain basic knowledge for making simple urban canopy models for meso-scale simulations. First, a passive scalar was released at a constant flux from all constituent surfaces under fully-developed turbulent flows, and then a dataset of relative value of local transfer coefficients of each constituent surface was constructed for a wide range of simple building arrays. Second, simulations with a constant heat flux to one of the constituent surfaces (four vertical walls, roof, and floor, respectively) were performed. The results revealed that the heating of windward-wall generates significantly larger Reynolds stress than the heating of the other surfaces even though the heat fluxes per unit lot area are all the same.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eaeb9f1-4f3a-483e-a470-266738c7604c", - "label": "COHMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "COHMEX was conducted in the vicinity of Huntsville, Alabama during\nJune-July, 1986. The objectives of this field experiment were to\ninvestigate the morphology, dynamics, microphysics, and electrical\nevolution of storms and the relation of storm electrical activity to\nprecipitation and dynamical processes. The primary instrumentation\nused in quantifying storm electrification included the ER-2 LIP,\n4-station MSFC lightning direction finder network, NCAR research\nradars, and T-28 field mills.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f116222-4f9c-491a-a3d9-5fe414d99e3d", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC DRAG EXPERIMENT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This experiment was designed to determine nonsystematic changes of\nupper atmospheric density by conducting studies of the drag on a 3.6-m\ndiameter, low-density sphere caused by short-term variations in solar\nactivity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f6028cf-a319-463b-868a-efef41a6c3d8", - "label": "AGAGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) began in\n1994, continuing a global network program to provide continuous\nmeasurements of methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O) and\nChloroflurocarbons CFCl3 (CFC-11), CF2Cl2 (CFC-12), and CF2ClCFC12\n(CFC-113); methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3); chloroform (CHCl3), and carbon\ntetrachloride (CCl4). The network includes observation stations\nsituated at different sites throughout the world: Cape Grim, Tasmania;\nPoint Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged Point, Barbados; and Mace Head,\nIreland; and Trinidad Head, California. Stations existed at Cape\nMeares, Oregon and Adrigole, Ireland. The AGAGE is the third phase of\na monitoring network consisting of the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment\n(ALE) and the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE). The AGAGE\nphase began in 1994.\nThe ALE phase (1978-1986) utilized the Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas\nchromotographs; the GAGE phase utilized the HP5880 gas chromotagraphs;\nand the recently initiated Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases\nExperiment (AGAGE) uses a new fully automated system from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed HP5890 and\nCarle Instruments gas chromotographic components.\nThe ALE/GAGE/AGAGE daily and monthly data are available via anonymous\nFTP from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) as\nfollows:\nftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov\ncd pub/ale_gage_Agage/\nor\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/'\nThe subdirectory, Agage, contain data from the AGAGE phase of the\nexperiment.\nFurther information can be obtained from:\nCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nBuilding 1000, MS-6335\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6335\nPhone: 423-574-4791\nFAX: 423-574-2232\nEmail: cdp@ornl.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10dacf4d-3058-43a2-9cc4-9752ff5f6859", - "label": "CROPCLIM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "In the coming decades the agricultural sector faces many challenges stemming from growing global populations, land degradation, and loss of cropland to urbanization. Although food production has been able to keep pace with population growth on the global scale, periodically there are serious regional deficits, and poverty related nutritional deficiencies affect close to a billion people globally. In this century climate change is one factor that could affect food production and availability in many parts of the world, particularly those most prone to drought and famine.\n\nThese data sets are based on two studies that use similar methods to identify likely impacts of climate change on crop yields. The first, Potential Impacts of Climate Change on World Food Supply: Data Sets from a Major Crop Modeling Study, was released in 2001, and the second, Effects of Climate Change on Global Food Production from SRES Emissions and Socioeconomic Scenarios, was released in 2009.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11d3fa4f-55d2-48d4-bace-85881d916e1f", - "label": "CLUE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CLUE\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=337\n\nLife in the Arctic is changing very fast, and there are serious problems behind the façade of its modernization process. High rates of morbidity and mortality, increased migration, unemployment and crisis of the native economies are taking place in many Arctic countries along with aggravated environmental problems contamination and degradation of the natural environment, rapid climate change, and shrinking of the pristine and traditional land use areas. Interdependence of social, economic and environmental problems, with their particular manifestations in the regions of traditional subsistence by indigenous peoples, require development of specific methods of scientific inquiry, aimed at understanding the various national and local approaches to their solutions. Northern populations, depending upon how they are recognized within a wide variety of legal and political frameworks, thereby obtain access to land-based resources. The immemorial presence of people on the land has often provided the justification for their confirmed rights or stipulated privileges (an important distinction) with regard to land use. Once states have defined who can access land resources and what kinds of usage such access might entail, however, a circular dynamic is formed whereby categories of people (and even historically well-defined groups) aspire to be 'recognized' according to these legal criteria. The concept of 'indigenous people' has come to mean different things in different countries and to be associated with a wide variety of accompanying land use regulations. Even the size of a defined ethnic group can be of significance with respect to resource use, as in Russia where placement of peoples on the list of the 'small peoples of the North' holds great significance for their land rights and development, but might also thereby come to disqualify them from membership in a larger group with certain rights of political autonomy. In effect, there are compelling reasons for how groups manage to present themselves and different strategies that must be employed according to the different criteria established by their encompassing states. Similarly, the distinction between group and category is also open to strategic negotiation. In the West, new Indian tribes have been 'constructed' in order to form effective lobbies for environmental protection. This ongoing circular dynamic whereby historical land use has come to define people, and the definition of people has come to define their land use rights, is of essential significance to the sustainability of the human dimension in the North.\nThe proposed research methodology will be based on anthropological fieldwork accompanied by semi-structured sociological interviews of both members of local northern populations, members of their representative organizations and also government resource administrators. We shall seek to establish the current 'rules of the game' with respect to definitions, eligibility criteria, and accompanying land rights/privileges. We will also seek to uncover the tensions between and within groups (haves and have nots) generated by these systems. We are interested in how, in effect, the system developed historically and politically. Current tensions will also outline the course of future changes. It is our conviction that these systems generate the seeds to their own future development. Hence research will focus upon current dissatisfactions and hopes and will also ask informants to speculate on possible corrective measures and what the effects of such measures might be if taken. We will thereby obtain material with a continuity of time depth as well as comparative material from different circumpolar countries. As each country deals with the much the same issues from different vantage points in national policy, and increasingly through similar foundations ratified in international conventions, such research into the pros and cons of various regulatory systems is essential.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12ee3357-2079-4924-a956-6ba4498a9a65", - "label": "CBP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Chesapeake Bay Program is the unique regional partnership that's\nbeen directing and conducting the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay\nsince the signing of the historic Chesapeake Bay Agreement of\n1983. The Bay Program partners includethe states of Maryland,\nPennsylvania and Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake\nBay Commission, a tri-state legislative body; the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency, representing the federal government; and\nparticipating advisory groups.\n\nAs the largest estuary in the United States and one of the most\nproductive in the world, the Chesapeake Bay was this nation's first\nestuary targeted for restoration and protection. In the late 1970s,\nscientific and estuarine research on the Bay pinpointed three areas\nrequiring immediate attention: nutrient over-enrichment, dwindling\nunderwater Bay grasses and toxic pollution. Once the initialresearch\nwas completed, the Bay Program evolved as the means to restore this\nexceptionally valuable resource.\n\nSince its inception in 1983, the Bay Program's highest priority has\nbeen the restoration of the Bay's living resources- its finfish,\nshellfish, Bay grasses, and other aquatic life and\nwildlife. Improvements include fisheries and habitat restoration,\nrecovery of Bay grasses, nutrient and toxic reductions, and\nsignificant advances in estuarine science.\n\nConsidered a national and international model for estuarine research\nand restoration programs, the Bay Program is a partnership led by the\nChesapeake Executive Council. The members of the Executive Council are\nthe governors of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania; the mayor of the\nDistrict of Columbia; the administrator of the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency and the chair of the Chesapeake Bay Commission. The\nExecutive Council meets annually to establish the policy direction for\nthe Bay Program.\n\nIn the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement , the Executive Council set a\ngoal to reduce the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous entering the Bay\nby 40% by 2000. Achieving a 40% nutrient reduction will ultimately\nimprove the oxygen levels in Baywaters and encourage aquatic life to\nflourish. In 1992, the Bay Program partners agreed to continue the 40%\nreduction goal beyond 2000 as well as to attack nutrients at their\nsource - upstream in the Bay's tributaries. As a result, Pennsylvania,\nMaryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia began developing\ntributary strategies to achieve nutrient reduction targets.\n\nOn June 28, 2000, the Chesapeake Bay Program partners signed the new\nChesapeake 2000 Agreement, which will guide the next decade of\nrestoration and protection efforts throughout the Bay watershed. The\nagreement commits to protecting and restoring living resources, vital\nhabitats and water quality of the Bay and its watershed.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.chesapeakebay.net/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13855299-505b-47e3-8d24-3dcee58a5a52", - "label": "CORSACS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Our main objective in this proposed research is to investigate the relative importance and potential interactive effects of iron, light and CO2 levels in structuring algal assemblages and growth rates in the Ross Sea. We hypothesize that the interaction of these three variables largely determines the bottom-up control on these two dominant Southern Ocean phytoplankton taxa. Grazing and other loss processes will also be important variables in determining the relative dominance of these two taxa; however, the study proposed here will primarily focus on the bottom-up control mechanisms. It is important to understand such environmentally-driven taxonomic shifts in primary production, since they are expected to impact the fixation and export of carbon and nutrients, and the production of DMS, thus potentially providing both positive and negative feedbacks on climate.\n\nWithin the context of this proposal, we consider a range of ambient iron, light and pCO2 levels that span those typically observed in the Ross Sea during the growing season. That is, dissolved iron ranging from ~0.1 nM (“low iron”) to >1 nM (“high iron”) (Fitzwater et al. 2000; Sedwick et al. 2000); mean irradiance (resulting from vertical mixing/self shading) ranging from <10% Io (“low light”) to >40% (“high light”) (Arrigo et al., 1998, 1999), which may be adjusted based on our field observations (see section 6.3.3); and pCO2 ranging (Sweeney et al. 2001) from ~150 ppm (“low CO2”) to the probable higher levels of pCO2 — 750 ppm as a conservative estimate — that are likely to be attained later this century due to anthropogenic perturbation of the global carbon cycle (IPCC, 2001).\n\nFrom the information currently available from both field observations and experiments, we have formulated the following specific hypotheses regarding the interactive role of iron, light and CO2 in regulating algal composition in the Ross Sea. Principally, we propose that diatoms bloom in the southern Ross Sea only under optimum conditions of high iron, light and pCO2; colonial Phaeocystis dominate under conditions of high iron with either (or both) low light or low pCO2; and solitary Phaeocystis are predominant under conditions of low iron with either (or both) low light or low pCO2. Two cruises are planned to investigate the interactions between the primary productivity of the Ross Sea and pCO2, iron and other trace elements. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.whoi.edu/sbl/liteSite.do?litesiteid=2530&articleId=4191", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13a262d6-0817-47ed-b3a7-ba042f89885f", - "label": "ABC-NET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ABC-NET\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=300\n\nThe theme of this project is to establish comprehensive, arctic-wide, locally driven monitoring programmes for biodiversity of Arctic char through two linked components: 1) Community-based monitoring, and 2) Research-based Monitoring. Such work will allow for both local indigenous peoples and researchers to document changes in the biodiversity of char populations and their local ecosystems and to link their findings into a comprehensive view of global change as it affects this key Arctic fishery resource. During the IPY period (2006-2008) this activity will: a) establish a network and outreach among northern communities, char researchers, conservation groups, and other IPY projects; b) research and/or summarise present local and global biodiversity in chars; c) develop appropriate monitoring protocols for char status and diversity; and, d) establish relevant local and global monitoring/research sites and teams in as many Arctic countries as possible. Using these IPY short-term products as the background, the long-term goals are to establish long-term funding for the Network, extend it to un- or under-represented areas, and establish legacy databases and trained individuals, assessment schedules, and monitoring approaches and research topics suitable for long-term monitoring and research. This activity is fundamental to the conservation and sustainability of this pivotal arctic aquatic resource and will contribute to this by documenting present status and impacts on this fish and its Arctic ecosystems, project future status, and provide the foundation for adaptation strategies designed to meet challenges of change in the Arctic.\nFurther, this activity is a direct response fulfilling a specific aim and initiative of the Arctic Council as follows. In its acceptance of the findings and projections from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), the Arctic Council directed two of its working groups, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) and Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) to examine the ACIA findings and develop follow-on programmes and activities, both individually and jointly, to address key projections for the future of the Arctic. A primary response of the CAFF working group was the implementation of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP, IPY133) formally released in September, 2005 (http://www.caff.is). The CBMP calls for the development of a number of specific networks designed to monitor the status and change of key Arctic organisms of primary importance to the integrity of Arctic ecosystems and the culture and livelihood of indigenous peoples. Arctic char was specifically designated by the CBMP as a target species for monitoring the general health and biodiversity of Arctic aquatic ecosystems. Results and activities from this char network will contribute directly to CBMP work; furthermore, additional networks (e.g., Freshwater Biodiversity, IPY202) and specific research endeavours (e.g., Arctic char thermal habitat use; IPY 144) developed through IPY stimulus are directly linked to this IPY proposal (i.e., lead on this project, J. Reist, is a member of the CBMP, and is a co-lead (144) or named participant (202) of other projects). A component of this project is also linked to the IPY Youth project (IPY168). This proposed network is also tightly linked to established existing char researchers (i.e. International Society of Arctic char Fanatics, ISACF IPY project co-lead, J. Hammar, is principal of ISACF and J. Reist is a long-time member).\nChars are a group of closely related fish species that collectively form a key renewable resource for northern peoples from the sub-Arctic through to the northernmost freshwaters of all Arctic nations. Chars exhibit great biodiversity both within and among locations (e.g., ecological forms, life history types, etc.). These forms may act as distinct ecological 'species' in Arctic systems thus contribute to ecosystem stability and resilience. Chars also may occupy and migrate among many habitats during their life history, thus are key components of, and linking entities between, freshwater (both lakes and rivers), estuarine, and near-shore ecosystems. Chars are usually apex predators within their ecosystems thus they integrate lower-level ecosystem impacts. Chars are highly responsive to many anthropogenic impacts and are pivotal integrators of both short-term (e.g., exploitation, contaminants, habitat change, industrial development) and long-term (e.g., climate variability and change) direct effects both on themselves and indirect effects on their ecosystems. Chars are also widely fished supporting local food, commercial and sport fisheries as well as northern aquaculture endeavours. Thus, chars are of primary interest to northern peoples as a key resource, hence interest and involvement of community-based monitoring is high. Accordingly, chars are useful both as monitors of ecosystem change and for understanding responses of northern resources and ecosystems to anthropogenic drivers at many temporal and spatial levels. This network will provide the basis for integrating these activities throughout the Arctic thereby establishing a lasting legacy for a key northern renewable resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "145f0552-8470-4db9-9e28-a351d8aa0ad1", - "label": "ARP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program is to achieve\nsignificant environmental and public health benefits through\nreductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen\noxides (NOx), the primary causes of acid rain. To achieve this\ngoal at the lowest cost to society, the program employs both\ntraditional and innovative, market-based approaches for\ncontrolling air pollution. In addition, the program encourages\nenergy efficiency and pollution prevention.\n\nView the entire project description at\n'http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/arp/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1491b3b0-a1ac-4ce5-bbbd-e6fc7516974b", - "label": "AASTO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Automated Astrophysical Site-Testing Observatory (AASTO), is a self-powered, self-heated autonomous laboratory that hosts a suite of site-testing instruments. These instruments cover the spectrum from UV to submillimeter, and are intended to fully characterize potential astronomical sites at a variety of locations on the high Antarctic plateau. The CARA AASTO project enjoys strong collaboration with the University of New South Wales and the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Australia.\n\nIt is currently operational at South Pole station, and will later be deployed to remote, uninhabited sites on the high Antarctic plateau. It has a suite of astronomical site-testing instruments, so that potential observatory sites can be fully characterized over a wide range of wavelengths.\n\nIn addition to the astronomical site-testing data, the AASTO also collects weather data such as temperature, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://astro.uchicago.edu/cara/research/site_testing/aasto.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14b8c15c-2906-4b3a-82c5-ea465cae2e59", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) research seeks to understand\ninteractions between land, atmosphere, and ice in the Arctic. LAII\nresearch, focusing primarily on Alaska, constitutes a major\ncontribution of land-based data to U.S. global change research in the\nArctic.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://arcss.colorado.edu/arcss/projects/laii.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14c549f4-19d4-4297-9e0c-4bd950ff0786", - "label": "CLEOPATRA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: Ice Edge Programme, http://www.iceedge.no/cleopatra/project-summary ]\n\nThis project will investigate how increased light intensities, due to reduced ice concentrations and ice extent, affect timing, quantity and quality of primary and secondary production in the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ).The MIZ is the key productive area of Arctic shelf seas. The ongoing warming of Arctic regions will lead to a northward retreat of the MIZ, and to an earlier opening of huge areas in spring. This may result in a temporal mismatch between the phytoplankton spring bloom and zooplankton reproduction. Less ice will also reduce the ice algae production that may be an important food source for spawning zooplankton prior to the phytoplankton spring bloom. Quantity and quality of primary production in seasonally ice-covered seas is primarily regulated by light and nutrients. Excess light, however, is potentially detrimental for algae and can reduce algal food quality. A decrease in the relative amount of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in algae due to excess light may affect the reproductive success and growth of zooplankton, and thereby the transport of energy to higher trophic levels, such as fish, birds, and mammals. We will carry out an extensive field campaign in spring, land based in the high Arctic fjord Rijpfjorden (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard), to follow the development in biomass and food quality of ice algae, phytoplankton and secondary production before, under and after ice break up. The copepod Calanus glacialis, the key herbivore in Arctic shelf seas will be used as target species for secondary production. The role of PUFAs for the reproductive success of Calanus, as well as the algal potential for acclimation to high and shifting light intensities will be studied in controlled laboratory experiments in Ny Ålesund (Marine Laboratory) and Longyearbyen (UNIS). Ultimately, this study aims to predict food web effects of reduced ice concentrations and ice cover in Arctic shelf seas, such as the Barents Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14d25657-76a7-4570-82d2-27f8eb0bd2f8", - "label": "BROMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objective of this interdisciplinary research, anchored by the BRomine, Ozone, and Mercury EXperiment (BROMEX) field study, is to investigate impacts of Arctic sea ice reduction on bromine, ozone, and mercury chemical processes, transport, and distribution, from sea ice surfaces and near leads on the Arctic Ocean, and atmospheric transport of these chemicals to high mountains on land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1651dd4f-d5f9-4d1e-841e-5c805a0809dd", - "label": "CCCO/CO2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1761ff72-1908-48a1-ae6e-ac53daaf04e4", - "label": "CREDDP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Columbia River Estuary Data Development Program (CREDDP) has two purposes:\nto increase understanding of the ecology of the Columbia River Estuary and to\nprovide information useful in making land and water use decisions. The program\nwas initiated by local governments and citizens who saw a need for a better\ninformation base for use in managing natural resources and in planning for\ndevelopment. In response to these concerns, the Governors of Oregon and\nWashington requested in 1974 that the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission\n(PNRBC) undertake an interdisciplinary ecological study of the estuary. At\napproximately the same time, local governments and port districts formed the\nColumbia River Estuary Study Taskforce (CREST) to develop a regional management\nplan for the estuary.\nCREDDP was designed to meet the needs of those groups who were expected to be\nthe principal users of the information being developed. One group consisted of\ngovernment officials and others involved in planning. The other group was\nresearchers and educators. The ecological research in CREDDP focuses on the\nlinkages among different elements in the food web and the influence on that web\nof such physical processes as currents, sediment transport, and salinity\nintrusion.\nResearch was divided into thirteen projects, called work units. Three work\nunits, Emergent Plant Primary Production, Benthic Primary Production, and Water\nColumn Primary Production, dealt with the plant life which, through\nphotosynthesis and uptake of chemical nutrients, forms the base of the esturine\nfood web. The goals of these work units were to describe and map the\nproductivity and biomass patterns of the estuary's primary producers and to\ndescribe the relationship of physical factors to primary producers and their\nproductivity levels.\nThe higher trophic levels in the estuarine food web were the focus of seven\nCREDDP work units: Zooplankton and Larval Fish, Benthic Infauna, Epibenthic\nOrganisms, Fish, Avifauna, Wildlife, and Marine Mammals. The goals of these\nwork units were to describe and map the abundance patterns of the invertebrate\nand vertebrate species and to describe these species' relationships to relevant\nphysical factors.\nThe other three work units, Sedimentation and Shoaling, Currents, and\nSimulation, dealt with physical processes. The work unit goals were to\ncharacterize and map bottom sediment distribution, to characterize sediment\ntransport, and to determine the cause of bathymetric change, and to determine\nand model circulation patterns, vertical mixing and salinity patterns.\nFinal reports on all these thirteen work units have been published. In\naddition, these results are integrated in a comprehensive synthesis entitled\nTHE DYNAMICS OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTURINE ECOSYSTEM, the purpose of which is\nto develop and description of the estuary at the ecosystem level of\norganization.\nOther documents available are:\n INDEX TO CREDDP DATA\n GUIDE TO THE USE OF CREDDP INFORMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS\n THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY: ATLAS OF PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL\n CHARACTERISTICS\n BATHYMETRIC ATLAS OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY\n CHANGES IN COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY HABITAT OVER THE PAST CENTURY\n COLUMBIA'S GATEWAY\n LITERATURE SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY\n ABSTRACTS OF MAJOR CREDDP PUBLICATIONS\nTo order any of the above documents or to obtain further information about\nCREDDP, its publications or its archives, call (503) 325-0435, or write\n CREST\n P.O.Box 175\n Astoria, Oregon 97103", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17b47095-5ac1-4d99-9ff1-7a662d535c66", - "label": "AQUARIUS SAC-D", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mission Overview\n The joint U.S./Argentinian Aquarius/Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC)-D mission will map the salinity—the concentration of dissolved salt—at the ocean surface, information critical to improving our understanding of two major components of Earth's climate system: the water cycle and ocean circulation. By measuring ocean salinity from space, Aquarius will provide new insights into how the massive natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice influences ocean circulation, weather and climate.\n\nBecause ocean surface salinity varies from place to place and over time, scientists can use it to trace the ocean's role in Earth's water cycle. For example, more than 85 percent of global evaporation and more than 75 percent of global precipitation occur over the ocean. By measuring changes in ocean surface salinity caused by these processes, as well as by ice melting and river runoff, Aquarius/SAC-D will provide important new information about how Earth's freshwater moves between the ocean and atmosphere and around the globe.\n\nKnowing ocean surface salinity can also help scientists track ocean currents and better understand ocean circulation. Salinity, together with temperature, determines how dense and buoyant seawater is. This, in turn, drives how ocean waters are layered and mixed and the formation of water masses. Salinity also has a major effect on ocean circulation, including the flow of currents that move heat from the tropics to the poles.\n\nAquarius/SAC-D will provide essential ocean surface salinity data needed to link the water cycle and ocean circulation—two major components of the climate system. This information, in turn, will help scientists improve the accuracy of computer climate models.\n\nGlobal ocean salinity has been an area of much scientific uncertainty. Past measurements of salinity have been limited mostly to summertime observations in shipping lanes. Recently, a European mission has begun making ocean surface salinity measurements. With the launch of Aquarius/SAC-D, scientists will collect more data in the mission's first few months than had been amassed by ships and in-water sensors during the previous 125 years.\n\nScheduled for launch no earlier than June 2011, Aquarius/SAC-D is designed to measure ocean surface salinity for at least three years, repeating its global pattern every seven days. During its lifetime, the mission will provide monthly maps of global changes in ocean surface salinity with a resolution of 150 kilometers (93 miles), showing how salinity changes from month-to-month, season-to-season and year-to-year. The spacecraft will fly in a sun-synchronous orbit 657 kilometers (408 miles) above Earth's surface.\n\nNASA's Aquarius is the primary instrument on the SAC-D spacecraft. It consists of three passive microwave radiometers to detect the surface emission that is used to obtain salinity and an active scatterometer to measure the ocean waves that affect the precision of the salinity measurement. While salinity levels in the open ocean generally range from 32 to 37 practical salinity units, or psu (roughly equivalent to parts per thousand), the Aquarius sensor will be able to detect changes in salinity as small as 0.2 psu. This is equivalent to about a 'pinch' (i.e., 1/8 of a teaspoon) of salt in one gallon of water.\n\nAquarius/SAC-D is a collaboration between NASA and Argentina's space agency, Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE), with participation from Brazil, Canada, France and Italy. The Aquarius instrument was jointly built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. JPL will manage Aquarius through the mission's commissioning phase and will archive mission data. Goddard will manage the mission's operations phase and process Aquarius science data. NASA's Launch Services Program at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida is managing the launch. CONAE is providing the SAC-D spacecraft, an optical camera, a thermal camera in collaboration with Canada, a microwave radiometer, sensors developed by various Argentine institutions, and the mission operations center in Argentina. France and Italy are also contributing instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18488f23-7ad7-4774-bc38-386251bc8372", - "label": "CHAOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From January 30 to March 29 2001, a team of 25 scientists, including Charlie McClennen and Amy Leventer (Chief Scientist), and Colgate undergraduate geology majors Natalie McLenaghan, Meredith Metcalf, and Caroline Olson, explored the East Antarctic Margin on cruise NBP0101 of the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer. The Palmer is one of two icebreakers leased by the National Science Foundation and is dedicated almost entirely to conducting scientific research in the Southern Ocean. This 58-day cruise left from Hobart Tasmania and returned to port in Capetown South Africa, after transiting nearly a quarter of the way around the perimeter of Antarctica. Along the way, nearly a quarter mile of sediment core was recovered from seven deep shelf basins, with the goal of developing a record of climate and oceanographic change during the Quaternary. Although the pace of recent climate change appears to be more rapid and of a larger scale in Antarctica compared to other areas of the globe, the factors forcing climate change in Antarctica are not well understood, due to the relative inaccessibility of the southernmost continent and the inhospitable working conditions. In order to address this scarcity of samples, particularly from the eastern side of the continent, we devoted our two months of ship time to acquiring as much data as possible. Most of the sediment core material was recovered with the 'Jumbo Piston Corer,' a 90-foot long, 5' diameter, assembly of steel barrels, plastic core liner, and lead weights. Core sites were selected based on a combination of sub-bottom profiling and seafloor bathymetric mapping of well stratified and undisturbed acoustic reflectors. Back in the lab, our group has been responsible for two lines of investigation. First, we develop paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on microscopic analysis of diatoms, single celled algae with a hard silica skeleton that serves as a permanent record of past climate. Second, we work with the sea floor maps to decipher the geologic processes that have shaped the seabed. Natalie, Caroline and Meredith worked with both Charlie and Amy as well as with our colleagues from other institutions, on senior projects based on the data collected during the cruise. Their contribution to the success of this cruise has been invaluable. Geology undergrads will continue the detailed analysis for the next few years as we extract the clearest indicators of Antarctic margin climate change from the core samples. \n\nSummary provided by http://departments.colgate.edu/geology/research/levant.htm?FDSID=331", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a02732b-e091-47ee-be97-14f010b1e07c", - "label": "CI2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The FIRE Cirrus Intensive Field Observations-II (IFO-II) was conducted\nNovember 13 - December 3, 1991, in southeastern Kansas. The goal of\nCirrus IFO-II was to investigate the cloud properties and physical\nprocesses of mid-continent cirrus clouds and advected sub-tropical\ncirrus clouds. The Cirrus IFO-II combined coordinated satellite,\nairborne, and surface-based observations with modeling activities to\nstudy the roles and interactions of processes acting over telescoping\nscales ranging from the microscale to the large-scale and on\ncharacterizing the physical, radiative, and optical properties of\ncirrus clouds (E7IRE Cirrus Intensive Field Observations-II:\nOperations Plan, 1991). The data has been instrumental in developing\nparameterizations relating cloud-scale processes to climate-scale\nvariables, and in improving our understanding and utilization of ISCCP\ndata products.\n\nSCENTIFIC OBJECTIVES:\n\nThe key science objectives for the Cirrus IFO-II field experiment were to:\n\nIncorporate FIRE-I data and -II data into models of varying scale and\ncomplexity for the purpose of developing and testing CIRRUS\nparameterizations and assessing capabilities to reliably simulate\ncirrus development on short and long time scales. Characterize the\nphysical, thermodynamical, and dynamical development of cirrus clouds\non the synoptic scale, the mesoscale, the convective/turbulent scale,\nand the microscale. Characterize relationships among various cirrus\ncloud optical properties, including, cloud optical depths in the\nvisible, near infrared, and infrared, cloud scattering phase\nfunctions, and cloud single-scattering albedos; and the corresponding\ncloud physical properties, including, particle size, number density,\nphase, and habit, and cloud height, temperature, and thickness.\nExplicitly quantify the capabilities and limitations of methods to\nderive physical and optical cirrus cloud properties from satellite\nobservations, especially ISCCP, and future techniques for producing\nglobal cloud climatologies in the EOS era. Quantify the impact of\ncirrus clouds on the surface, atmosphere, and top-of- atmosphere\nradiation budgets. Improve the capability to utilize surface-based\nactive and passive remote sensing observations for quantitative\nstudies of cirrus clouds.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/fire/FIRE_II/cirrus_ifo2.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1af4d897-4b66-4c0b-a03b-3d19882a7c25", - "label": "CATS-ISS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cb6e038-d017-48f0-8847-f7b021a091c3", - "label": "CCSP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Change Science Program integrates federal research on climate and global change, as sponsored by thirteen federal agencies and overseen by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Council on Environmental Quality, the National Economic Council and the Office of\nManagement and Budget. \nDuring the past thirteen years the United States, through the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), has made the world's largest scientific investment in the areas of climate change and global change research -- a total investment of almost $20 billion. The USGCRP, in collaboration with several other national and international science programs, has documented and characterized several important aspects of the sources, abundances and lifetimes of greenhouse gases; has mounted extensive space-based monitoring systems for global-wide monitoring of climate and ecosystem parameters; has begun to address the complex issues of various aerosol species that may significantly influence climate parameters; has advanced our understanding of the global water and carbon cycles (but with major remaining uncertainties); and has developed several approaches to computer modeling of the global climate.\n\nBecause of the scientific accomplishments achieved by USGCRP and other research programs during a productive &period of discovery and characterization& since 1990, we are now ready to move into a new\n&period of differentiation and strategy investigation&, which is the theme of the President's Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI). In announcing the CCRI, the President directed the reestablishment of priorities for climate change research, including a focus on identifying the scientific information that can be developed within 2 to 5 years to assist the nation's evaluation of optimal strategies to address global change risks. The President also called for improved coordination among federal agencies, to assure that research results are made available to\nall stakeholders, from national policy leaders to local resource managers.\n\nThe President's direction for CCRI, focusing on the development of near-term decision-support information, requires close integration with the many existing programs managed under the U.S. Global Change Research Program. This will ensure internal consistency of the CCRI research with the full body of global change information developed under the\nUSGCRP.\n\nTo accomplish this integration of USGCRP and CCRI activities, the Interagency Climate Change Science Program has assumed oversight of both\nprograms, with a single interagency committee responsible for the entire range of science projects sponsored by both programs. The Interagency\nClimate Change Science Program retains the responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the Global Change Research Act of 1990, including its provisions for annual reporting of findings and short-term plans, scientific reviews by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, and periodic publication of a ten-year strategic plan for the program.\n\nInformation provided http://www.climatescience.gov/about/default.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ce21438-4c23-4bb5-b99a-da98622cdd02", - "label": "CERES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Clouds and the Earth s Radiant Energy System (CERES)\n experiment is one of the highest priority scientific satellite\n instruments developed for EOS. CERES products include both\n solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the\n atmosphere to the Earth's surface. Cloud properties are\n determined using simultaneous measurements by other EOS\n instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging\n Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Analyses of the CERES data, which\n build upon the foundation laid by previous missions such as the\n Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), will lead to a better\n understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in\n global climate change.\n\n CERES instruments were launched aboard the Tropical Rainfall\n Measuring Mission (TRMM) in November 1997 and on the EOS Terra\n satellite in December 1999. Two additional instruments will fly\n on the EOS Aqua spacecraft in 2002. Multiple satellites are\n needed to provide adequate temporal sampling since clouds and\n radiative fluxes vary throughout the day. The first 24 months\n of CERES data collected on both TRMM and Terra demonstrate that\n the CERES instruments are substantially improved over the ERBE\n instruments. The CERES data show lower noise, improved ties to\n the ground calibration in absolute terms, and smaller fields of\n view. CERES instrument calibration stability on TRMM and Terra\n is typically better than 0.2%, and calibration consistency from\n ground to space is better than 0.25%. Onboard calibration\n sources provide traceability of the measurements to the\n International Temperature Scale of 1990 at the 0.2% level. Such\n levels of accuracy have never before been achieved for rad!\n iation budget instruments.\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/ceres/ASDceres.html'\n\nThe NASA Langley Web Ordering Tool:\n'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/JORDER/ceres.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ceedc1e-8285-471a-813f-fd302a653993", - "label": "ACE (Antarctic)", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE), organised by the Swiss Polar Institute (SPI), took place in the austral summer of 2016 / 17. Scientists from all over the world studied a wide range of disciplines, collecting data and samples from the Southern Ocean and a number of terrestrial sites on islands around Antarctica, as well as the continent itself.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1e084707-5c2c-459c-a117-0f01e1fcb58e", - "label": "AON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AON is an NSF initiative for the International Polar Year (IPY) to improve observational capabilities in the Arctic and leave a long-term legacy for the benefit of science and society. AON data will contribute to scientific research leading to (1) increased knowledge and understanding of the regional and global causes and consequences of present-day environmental Arctic Change, (2) scenarios for and prediction of the course of future Arctic Change and its regional and global consequences, and (3) the development of adaptive responses to Arctic Change.\n\nAON is integral to the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH). AON currently consists of 28 projects funded by the NSF Office of Polar Programs. The AON projects fall into the following SEARCH Implementation Plan categories: Atmosphere; Ocean and Sea Ice; Hydrology/Cryosphere; Terrestrial Ecosystems; and Human Dimensions. Data and information management support for these projects, as well as IASOA (International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere), will be provided by CADIS (Cooperative Arctic Data and Information Service).\n\nFor more information about AON projects, see http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/aon-cadis/projects/\n\nProject Website: http://dels.nas.edu/prb/aon/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f515c33-1841-4897-922c-8cc6486c6341", - "label": "ASO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fbeb540-738d-423b-bad4-2a8dd52ff0b1", - "label": "CDRK", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Airborne Measurement of Carbon dioxide as Greenhouse gases over Kanagawa prefecture area.\n\n\nhttp://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/199908/000019990899A0213033.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ffec712-ab76-4104-b31a-e5b6568e2a2f", - "label": "AfriSAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AfriSAR mission was an airborne campaign that collected radar and field measurements of forests in Gabon, West Africa. The mission was a NASA collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Gabonese Space Agency. During the 2016 AfriSAR campaign, NASA UAVSAR and LVIS instruments collected data that will be used to derive forest canopy height, structure, and topography. The AfriSAR data will help prepare for and calibrate current and upcoming spaceborne missions that aim to gauge the role of forests in Earths carbon cycle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fffaa58-72f8-4044-a4cc-f7cc57c07b09", - "label": "ACCO-NET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ACCO-Net\nProject URL: http://www.awi-potsdam.de/acd/acconet/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=90\n\nThe coastal zone is the interface through which land-ocean exchanges in the Arctic are mediated and it is the region of most high-latitude human activities. The coastal margin hosts a complex interaction of marine, terrestrial and atmospheric processes that are extremely vulnerable to predicted environmental changes and anthropogenic stressors. These high-latitude coasts are typically permafrost-dominated and suffer from rapid erosion with serious implications for ecosystems and communities (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) - key finding #5). Furthermore, changes in inputs of water and constituents (nutrients, sediments, dissolved inorganic matter and contaminants) from major Arctic rivers have the potential to fundamentally alter biogeochemical cycling and productivity in the coastal zone and in the Arctic marginal seas (continental shelves). Changes in the Arctic coastal zone, including coastal erosion and riverine fluxes, will not only affect regional biological and human systems, but are also likely to influence the global system. For example, degradation of coastal and offshore permafrost may lead to the release of greenhouse gases (GHG), and increases in freshwater inputs may alter regional as well as large-scale ocean circulation and climate patterns. To detect and quantify trajectories in coastal/shelf systems, their components and transformations must first be monitored. A coordinated monitoring programme incorporating diverse regions and providing site-specific, fine-scale baseline and time-series data will yield maximum value, facilitating local and circum-Arctic studies, such as validation of multiscale biodiversity and coastal community models. \n\nTo address these issues, it is proposed that an internationally coordinated circum-Arctic network of coastal and marginal seas observatories (~20 key sites including deltas and estuaries of major Siberian and North American rivers) be established within the IPY 2007-2008 framework based on ecoregion representation criteria. The sites will be loci for multi-disciplinary, multi-resolution studies set within a broader eco- and socio-regional frame of reference and will include sensitive areas with varying degrees of human impact. Site selection will be coordinated with local communities and will build upon existing monitoring programmes and data availability. In particular, the circum-Arctic coastal key sites established within the IASC/IPA/IGBP-LOICZ project Artic Coastal Dynamics (ACD), the river monitoring stations installed at down-stream locations on the 6 largest rivers draining the pan-Arctic watershed (Yenisey, Lena, Ob, Kolyma, Yukon, Mackenzie) as part of the NSF-ARCSS Freshwater Initiative (FWI), and the pilot version of the Hudson Bay Complex Observatory (MERICA) will be considered.\n\nThe recommended strategy is outlined in five steps:\n(1) Initial site characterisation and representation assessment: \n(a) acquisition of comprehensive, high-resolution imagery of the circum-Arctic coastline, (\nb) physical (atmospheric, terrestrial, inter-tidal and marine coastal conditions), \n(c) ecological (marine and terrestrial classification, habitat mapping, assessment of biodiversity indicators and components), \n(d) biogeochemical fluxes of major and minor elements and greenhouse gases \n(e) Socio-economic (general situation, interaction of resource users, assessment of resources used, local knowledge of coastal processes, state of legal and administrative regulations);\n\n(2) Monitoring of changes: \n(a) physical (atmospheric and oceanographic forcing, permafrost parameters, coastal terrestrial and marine morphology, riverine fluxes), \n(b) ecological (habitats, biodiversity, living resource assessment) \n(c) biogeochemistry, (C, N, and gas fluxes, environmental quality, biological production and biogeochemical cycles), \n(d) socio-economic (industrial production, plans and potential constraints for development, quality of life, local economy, population and demography, social problems of native peoples);\n\n(3) Data analyses: \n(a) change detection, \n(b) identification of interdependencies amongst physical, biological, social, and ecological parameters; \n\n(4) Data/information management: \n(a) metadata standards, \n(b) Arctic spatial data infrastructure, \n(c) web accessible databases and products (e.g. maps), \n(d) data accessibility to local and scientific communities;\n\n(5) Synthesis: formulation of models at multiple levels (conceptual to regional and global numerical) incorporating interdependent physical, biological and environmental changes in response to natural and anthropogenic forcing, development of response strategies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2058cc8b-67e0-4368-85b4-304b8c00bb95", - "label": "COISF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This award supported a four year project to develop of better understanding the\nice streams of the Ross Sea Embayment (A--F) which drain the interior West\nAntarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) by rapidly moving vast quantities of ice to the\ncalving front of the Ross Ice Shelf. The project examined the role of these ice\nstreams as buffers between the interior ice and the floating ice shelves. The\nreasons for their fast flow, the factors controlling their current\ngrounding-line-, margin-, and head-positions are crucial to any attempt at\nmodeling the WAIS system and predicting the future of the ice sheet. For the\nAntarctic ice streams of the Siple Coast, the transition from no-sliding (or\nall internal deformation) to motion dominated by sliding is defined as the\n'onset-region'. To fully understand (and adequately model) the WAIS, this onset\nregion must be better understood. The lateral margins of the ice streams are\nalso a transition that need better explanation. Hypotheses on controls of the\nlocation of the onset region range from the 'purely-glaciologic' to the\n'purely-geologic. Thus, to model the ice sheet accurately, the basal boundary\nconditions (roughness, wetness, till properties) and a good subglacial geologic\nmap, showing the distribution, thickness, and properties of the sedimentary\nbasins, are required. These parameters can be estimated from seismic, radar,\nand other geophysical methods. The transition region of ice stream D was\nstudied in detail with this coupled geophysical experiment. In addition,\nselected other locations on ice streams C & D were made, in order to compare\nand contrast conditions with the main site on ice stream D. Site-selection for\nthe main camp wasbased on existing radar, GPS, and satellite data as well as\ninput from the modeling community.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20973724-3e1a-407d-83fe-ef2e6c5e7c18", - "label": "CAMEX-3", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The third in the series of CAMEX field studies (CAMEX-3) is planned\nfor August - September, 1998. This field campaign will be devoted to\nthe study of hurricane tracking and intensification using NASA-funded\naircraft remote sensing instrumentation. The NASA ER-2 and DC-8 are\nthe primary aircraft platforms currently planned for the deployment;\nhowever, collaborations with the National Weather Service/Tropical\nPrediction Center/National Hurricane Center and National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration/Hurricane Research Division are being\ndeveloped so that actual mission sorties may involve as many as five\nto six aircraft.\n\nThe remote sensing instrumentation to be utilized by NASA during\nCAMEX-3 will yield high spatial and temporal information of hurricane\nstructure, dynamics, and motion. These data, when analyzed within the\ncontext of more traditional aircraft, satellite, and ground-based\nradar observations, should provide additional insight to hurricane\nmodelers and forecasters who continually strive to improve hurricane\npredictions. The ultimate goal of CAMEX-3 is to provide information\nwhich could someday assist in decreasing the size of coastal\nevacuation areas and increasing the warning time for those areas.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/camex3/instruments/aeri.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20f9ac3d-0bb2-4c76-9624-dce12d89f4ab", - "label": "CAMREX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objective of our CAMREX (Carbon in the Amazon River Experiment) project for two decades has been to determine the sequence of processes that controls the distributions and transformations of water and bioactive elements (C, N, P, and O) in the Amazon River system. The basic questions we are addressing are: \n\nHow are biogeochemical signatures of the river system imparted by aggregated land surfaces, and at what rates and scales? \nHow are the signatures of land-derived and in-situ processes modified during transit through the river system? \nWhat role does the evasion (outgassing) of CO2 from the river system to the atmosphere play in the carbon cycle of moist tropical forests? \n\nThis information is taken from http://boto.ocean.washington.edu/camrex/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21b3c5bb-e239-4e1f-90b9-39fc7c875856", - "label": "ACES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV) represents an exciting new technology that can contribute in significant and unique ways to lightning and storm observations. In turn, these measurements can be linked to global scale processes (e.g., global water and energy cycle, climate variability and prediction, atmospheric chemistry) to provide an improved understanding of the total Earth system.\n\nWe have chosen the ALTUS II aircraft produced by General Atomic-Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) for the ACES investigation. The decision to select GA-ASI as the partner was based on a number of factors including the maturity level of the ALTUS aircraft, its performance capabilities and proven flight record, and the successful integration and flight of the ACES payload on ALTUS in September 2000 under a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) activity with IDEA managed by one of the Co-Investigators (Co-Is), Dr. R. Goldberg.\n\nWe propose to fly ALTUS as a component of a currently funded field experiment. That field experiment, in the vicinity of NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC), is being conducted to both validate the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite measurements, and investigate lightning activity and its relationship to storm morphology. The ACES payload, already developed and flown on ALTUS, includes several electrical, magnetic, and optical sensors to remotely characterize the lightning activity and the electrical environment within and around thunderstorms.\n\nThis summary is from http://aces.msfc.nasa.gov/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22131dc3-ec65-4371-b24c-ad3391780ced", - "label": "ACSOE-NAE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The North Atlantic Experiment was a pert of the Marine Aerosol and Gas\nExchange (MAGE) component of the Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the\nOceanic Environment (ACSOE) project.\n\nThe aims of the experiment were:\n\nTo investigate the mechanisms producing climatically important gases\nin seawater.\n\nTo investigate how the rates of climatically important gas production\nvary with biological and physiochemical parameters.\n\nTo assess whether measured gaseous emissions can be used in models to\nidentify the major atmospheric transformation processes.\n\nTo investigate how the plankton community responds to atmospheric\ndeposition of nutrients in terms of growth rates and production of\nclimaticallyThe experiment was based around an RRS Discovery cruise in June and\nearly July 1998 that followed the development of a bloom in a patch of\nwater marked with SF6. Associated aircraft overflights to\ninvestigate the physical and chemical evolution of particles in the\nmarine boundary layer were planned but were not possible.\n\nA wide range of oceanographic, meteorological and atmospheric\nparameters were measured during the cruise. The fieldwork was\nsupported by modelling work with a zero-dimensional time-dependent\nphotochemical box model of an air mass in the marine boundary layer. important\ntrace gases and their precursors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22e8371e-28a6-4670-841e-288252792918", - "label": "CITIPIX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CITIPIX is a project developed by Kodak's Earth imaging\n department. Data is provided by ALTAPHOTO, in which aerial\n photography is acquired from the top 95 most populated American\n Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA). It also includes outlyig\n counties of each MSA and hte 10 most populated Canadian cities\n with thier outlying areas as well.\n\n For more information and sample CITIPIX Imagery, link to\n'http://kei.kodak.com/specification.asp#'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24202b71-b95b-43a0-a106-6620fd8a4da2", - "label": "CENCAL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Central California Council Diving Clubs, Inc. (Cen Cal) is dedicated to the principles of wise and equitable legislation, safety, conservation, access, sportsmanship, underwater sports and to furthering the knowledge of the marine phenomena. \n\nCen Cal has directorships and committees involved in all facets of diving and other underwater activities. Its efforts are directed toward promoting the interests of the various aspects of the underwater world. \n\nWe are a tax-exempt, not-for-profit organization, incorporated in the State of California. As a corporation, we have a constitution, bylaws and a Board of Directors elected by the membership. Each member club is entitled to a representative and also has a district representative. \n\nThe Council meets monthly on the last Wednesday excepting December. See Directions for location. All divers are welcome! \n\nThis information is provided http://www.cencal.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24e7702e-72a3-40f0-83b1-11018cd7fc99", - "label": "CALJET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) experiment was a\nstudy initiated by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) in early 1998. The purpose of CALJET was to\nobserve pre-frontal Low Level jet streams contained within\nextratropical cyclones. This data will then be used to improve cyclone\nforcasts and provide more accurate emergency warnings.\nAdditional CALJET information is available at the official Home Page.\nLink to: 'http://www.etl.noaa.gov/programs/1998/caljet/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2679af7a-7d63-4c4c-8a94-e1e363426259", - "label": "CLMBS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Crater Lake Multibeam Survey (CLMBS) took place from July 28\nto August 3, 2000 using a Kongsberg Simrad EM1002 Multibeam\nSonar System. The system collects both bathymetry and\nco-registered, calibrated backscatter data.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/dds/dds-72/site/arcex.htm'\nor 'http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of00-405/'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "268e9d90-0f6d-46e1-b197-8e0a0123f39e", - "label": "AMSRICE06", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AMSRIce06 campaign, headed by Don Cavalieri, was conducted over a one-week period in March 2006. Joint ground and aircraft measurements of snow and sea ice were taken over the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean. The objectives of the experiment were to compare field, airborne, and other satellite data in order to validate and improve existing snow depth on sea ice retrieval algorithms for the AMSR-E instrument. For more information and campaign maps, visit the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Sea Ice Remote Sensing: Arctic 2006 Web page.\n\nhttp://nsidc.org/data/amsr_validation/cryosphere/amsrice06/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "271041df-bbfe-426e-857d-3430fdf3577d", - "label": "ACE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) is an Explorer mission\nthat was managed by the Office of Space Science Mission and\nPayload Development Division of the National Aeronautics and\nSpace Administration (NASA).\n\nThe Earth is constantly bombarded with a stream of accelerated\nparticles arriving not only from the Sun, but also from\ninterstellar and galactic sources. Study of these energetic\nparticles will contribute to our understanding of the formation\nand evolution of the solar system as well as the astrophysical\nprocesses involved. The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)\nspacecraft carrying six high-resolution sensors and three\nmonitoring instruments samples low-energy particles of solar\norigin and high-energy galactic particles with a collecting\npower 10 to 1000 times greater than past or planned experiments.\n\nFrom a vantage point approximately 1/100 of the distance from\nthe Earth to the Sun ACE performs measurements over a wide range\nof energy and nuclear mass, under all solar wind flow conditions\nand during both large and small particle events including solar\nflares. ACE provides near-real-time solar wind information over\nshort time periods. When reporting space weather ACE can provide\nan advance warning (about one hour) of geomagnetic storms that\ncan overload power grids, disrupt communications on Earth, and\npresent a hazard to astronauts.\n\nACE orbits the L1 libration point which is a point of Earth-Sun\ngravitational equilibrium about 1.5 million km from Earth and\n148.5 million km from the Sun. With a semi-major axis of\napproximately 200,000 km the elliptical orbit affords ACE a\nprime view of the Sun and the galactic regions beyond.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28d076d2-5219-4549-8e60-64b2904f5798", - "label": "ATTREX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Stratospheric water vapor has large impacts on the earth’s climate and energy budget. Future changes in stratospheric humidity and ozone concentration in response to changing climate are significant climate feedbacks. While the tropospheric water vapor climate feedback is well represented in global models, predictions of future changes in stratospheric humidity are highly uncertain because of gaps in our understanding of physical processes occurring in the region of the atmosphere that controls the composition of the stratosphere, the Tropical Tropopause Layer. Uncertainties in the Tropical Tropopause Layer region’s chemical composition also limit our ability to predict future changes in stratospheric ozone. By improving our understanding of the processes that control how much water vapor gets into this region from lower in the atmosphere, the ATTREX investigation will directly address these uncertainties in our knowledge of the climate system.\n\nSummary provided by http://science.nasa.gov/missions/attrex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29738461-5953-482a-90ef-7f3fdbcf7b4a", - "label": "AARAM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Andean Amazon Rivers Analysis and Management (AARAM) project pursues active research and training programs while simultaneously working with national and local organizations to develop water management policies and programs.\n\nThis Summary is from http://aaram.fiu.edu/welcome.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29d71c2b-8efd-49ed-835c-3c5f62534eba", - "label": "ARCOD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Ocean is unique on Earth in its physical and biological properties. It is the most extreme ocean in regard to the seasonality of light and its year-round existing ice cover. Current knowledge indicates that the Arctic seas hold a multitude of unique life forms highly adapted in their life history, ecology and physiology to the extreme and seasonal conditions of their environment. Our knowledge of what currently lives in the Arctic Ocean is still rudimentary compared to most other regions, due to the logistical challenges imposed by its multiyear ice and inhospitable climate. \n\nThe Arctic Ocean is also the area where the impact of climate change might be strongest expressed. The already on-going changes make the effort to identify the diversity of life in the major three realms (sea ice, water column and sea floor) an urgent issue. Changes in the environmental conditions will have direct effects on the marine biota on multiple scales, from communities and populations to individuals. Species level information is, therefore, essential to discussions on climate change or anthropogenic impact, their expressions and effects. These effects can only be detected through long-term monitoring of key species, communities and processes. For monitoring and assessment of changes, the availability of baseline data is crucial.\n\nThe Census of Marine Life is implementing a project aimed at documenting the present Arctic Ocean Biodiversity (PDF download) using an international Pan-Arctic view. The operational approach is for coordinated research efforts, designed to examine the diversity in each of the major three realms: sea ice, water column and sea floor. This program will consolidate what is known and fill remaining gaps in our knowledge: it aims for active participation in the International Polar Year 2007/2008. ArcOD was listed as lead for the Arctic Ocean diversity cluster by ICSU. Most recent research efforts in the Arctic Ocean focus on processes. The emphasis of this program is on biodiversity, because processes are critically impacted by the composition of biota involved in them.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29f04f16-3652-4210-bd9e-1578718aac70", - "label": "COADS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\n Growing concerns with effects of climatic anomalies have brought the\nrealization that climate itself is dynamic and that observations from the\noceans require the same detailed study that has been devoted to observation\nfrom stations on land for over a century.\n These considerations formed the starting point for the construction of a\nComprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). Development of COADS is a\ncontinuing cooperative effort between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), its Environmental Research Laboratories, National\nClimatic Data Center (NCDC), and Cooperative Institute for Research in\nEnvironmental Sciences (CIRES), and the National Science Foundation's National\nCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Initiated in 1981, the COADS project\nhas used modern formats to minimize storage volume and other innovations in\ndata organization to provide for the first-time convenient and efficient\naccess to a unique record of ocean-atmosphere behavior, beginning in 1854 and\ncontinuing into the future.\nProject Description:\n Global marine data observed during 1854-1979, primarily by\nships-of-opportunity, have been collected, edited, and summarized\nstatistically for each month of each year of the period, using 2 degree\nlatitude times 2 degree longitude boxes. Products now available in a first\nrelease from this Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set include full\nquality-controlled (trimmed) reports and summaries. Each of the 70 million\nunique reports contains 28 elements of weather, position, etc., as well as\nflags indicating which observations were statistically trimmed. The\nsummaries give 14 statistics, such as the median and mean, for each of eight\nobserved variables of air and sea surface temperatures, wind, pressure,\nhumidity, and cloudiness, plus 11 derived variables. Relatively noisy\n(untrimmed) individual reports and summaries (giving 14 statistics for each of\nthe eight observed variables) are available for investigators who prefer their\nown quality control. Two other report forms, inventories, and decade-month\nsummaries are among the other data products available. FORTRAN 77 software\navailable to help read 'packed binary' data products and processing details,\nsuch as the method of identifying duplicate reports, are also described.\nData Products:\n COADS products currently available from NCAR or NCDC are listed in the\nfollowing table. Product numbers correspond to Release 1 (gaps in numbering\nrefer to earlier versions of available products that are no longer supported).\nType of product is indicated by R (individual marine reports), M (2 degrees\nyear-month summaries), D (2 degrees decade-month summaries), or -- (other).\nThe number of tapes is based on a tape density of 6250 characters/inch.\nFootnotes to commonly selected products give some additional details (minor\nproducts may later be reviewed for retention). All tapes are available\nthrough NCAR, except product number 19, which is available through NCDC.\n PRODUCT TYPE No. of TAPES\n1. Long Marine Reports (LMR)* R 48\n2. Inventories (INV) -- 1\n6. Decadal Summary Untrimmed Limits (DSUL) -- 1\n8. Trimming Performance (TRP) -- 2\n9. Decadal Summaries Trimmed (DST) D 2\n10. Compressed Marine Reports (CMR)** R 18\n12. Decadal Summaries Untrimmed (DSU) D 2\n13. Monthly Summaries Untrimmed Timesort (MUS.T) M 9\n14. Monthly Summaries Untrimmed Boxsort (MSU.B) M 9\n15. Monthly Summaries Trimmed Timesort (MST.T) M 18\n16. Monthly Summaries Trimmed Boxsort (MST.B) M 17\n17. Monthly Summary Untrimmed Groups (MSUG) M 4\n18. Monthly Summary Trimmed Groups (MSTG)*** M 10\n19. NCDC Result (TD-1129)**** R 115\n * The complete observational record stored in a variable-length format.\nSort is by 10 degree box, year, month, 1 degree box, day, hour, and deck.\nDuplicate reports have either been eliminated or flagged. Coverage:\n1800-1969 (56 'suspect' reports in 1800-1852 are included), 1970-79\nseparately; landlocked reports are flagged. Volume: 39.5 Gbit.\n ** A selection of 28 frequently used elements. Individual ship number or call\nsign is omitted, as are wave and swell fields, etc. Variables outside\ntrimming limits were flagged. Sort is by 10 degree box, month, 2 degree box,\nyear, day, hour, longitude, latitude. Coverage: 1854-1969; 1970-79\nseparately; landlocked reports are flagged. Volume: 13.7 Gbit.\n *** Five trimmed groups, each containing four variables, with eight statistics\nincluded for each variable. Sort is by year, month, 2 degree box. Coverage:\n1854-1979; landlocked data are deleted. Volume: 1.72 Gbit per group (4.5\nmillion year-month-2 degree boxes). Two tapes per group file (thus 4\nuntrimmed and 10 trimmed tapes total).\n**** The full observational record (except for some near-duplicate reports) in\nan ASCII-Character TD-1129 format. Sort is by Marsden Square (MSQ), year,\nmonth, 1 degree MSQ, day, hour, deck (or for 1970-79: MSQ, 1 degree MSQ, year,\nmonth, day, hour, deck). Coverage: 1800-1969; 1970-79 separately; landlocked\nreports are flagged. Volume: 84.6 Gbit.\nContacts:\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research\nData Support Section\nNCAR/SCD\nP.O. Box 3000\nBoulder, CO 80307\nPhone: 303-497-1219\nFAX: 303-497-1298\nEmail: datahelp@ncar.ucar.edu\nNCAR Home Page: 'http://www.ucar.edu/'\nNational Climatic Data Center\n151 Patton Avenue, Room 120\nFederal Building\nAsheville, NC 28801-5001\nPhone: 704-271-4800\nFAX: 704-271-4876\nemail: orders@ncdc.noaa.gov\nNCDC Home Page: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/'\nFTP: ftp hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov\n login: storm\n password: research\nReferences:\n Woodruff, S.D., R.J. Slutz, R.L. Jenne, and P.M. Steurer: Bulletin of the\nAmerican Meteorological Society, Vol. 68, No. 10, October 1987, USA.\n Slutz, R.J., S.J. Lubker, J.D. Hiscox, S.D. Woodruff, R.L. Jenne, D.H.\nJoseph, P.M. Steurer, and J.D. Elms, 1985: Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data\nSet; Release 1. NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Climate Research\nProgram, Boulder, Colo., 268 pp. (NTIS PB86-105723).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a7ed9f0-03c3-46db-a269-259f419efdc4", - "label": "COPOL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: COntaminants in POLar regions (COPOL)\nProject URL: http://copol.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=175\nIntroduction\n\nContaminants have been detected both in the Antarctic Ecosystem (AAE) and in the Arctic Ecosystem (AE). It has been illustrated that in Polar Regions, concentrations of some semi-volatile contaminants may become elevated due to the cold-condensation effect. Global warming is also expected to alter contaminant dynamics and fate in polar regions although the magnitude and nature of these effects is difficult to predict. Because many of these contaminants, like organochlorines, exhibit toxicity and are persistent, they pose a risk to organisms that reside in Polar Regions. For the AE this has been shown, see for instance the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) in which some partners of the current consortium participated. For an assessment of the extent of contamination in the Polar Regions, and associated risks, information is needed on routes of transport to Polar Regions, fate of contaminants in Polar Regions and food web uptake and levels in biota, preferably combined with spatial and temporal trends. This EoI is a combined effort in order to assess this in a multi-disciplinary way, in an international consortium, focused on both Polar Regions. Within the EoI two research pillars are defined: 1) on the transport and fate of contaminants to and in Polar Regions, 2) on the food web transfer and contaminant status of higher organisms. \n\nResearch pillar 1: atmospheric transport, deposition and photochemistry à input to Polar Regions\nIn order to address the occurrence and routes of transport to Polar Regions, an international circumpolar network will be established to document contaminant deposition to terrestrial Arctic/Antarctic environments, using the moss/lichen monitoring approach and snow-sampling approaches coupled with passive POPs samplers. This network will build upon passive sampling devices in co-operation with the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Project, but also on in situ passive biomonitors (lichens and mosses). It builds on the work of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) in advancing our understanding of spatial patterns of contaminant deposition in the Arctic, and adds an Antarctic module. It is linked to other IPY EoI's and full proposals like OASIS, GOA and ATMOPOL. The work will fill knowledge gaps defined by successful ongoing Arctic programs (Northern Contaminants Program and Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) and contribute to development and validation of models used to predict contaminant transport and deposition.\n\nResearch pillar 2: food web transfer and risks\nThe focus of this initiative will be to document recent trends and derive conclusions on the nature of contaminant biotransport through diverse trophic level pathways of polar food web and to compare/contrast contaminant distributions and bioaccumulation for Antarctic and Arctic food webs. Integrated bipolar research, using similar methods, will be highly beneficial to both regions. The AAE has very little anthropogenic influence and may therefore act as reference for the AE, while for AE more toxicity data is available, which may be extrapolated to the Antarctic region. The following topics will be addressed: trophic magnification factors for predator-prey species in AAE and AE (food web transfer to birds and mammals, including ringed seals in the AE), comparison of compound patterns and levels in Antarctica with the Arctic, spatial and temporal trends between and within AAE and AE, emerging contaminants and toxicity assessment at lower trophic levels, especially for Antarctic species. Contaminants in combination with dietary descriptors (for instance stable isotopes) will be used as ecological markers to enhance the understanding of the polar marine food web and trophic relations, which account for the elevated level of contaminants at higher trophic levels. For the AAE, specific attention will be drawn to the role of stations in the local contamination of the environment.\nThe research will be designed such that the overall outcome of the project will be an integrated picture of new knowledge on routes and mode of transport to Polar Regions, and uptake and food web transfer in Polar Ecosystems. Integration of Arctic and Antarctic data will enable comparisons between the regions, but will also use the specific values of the data of the two regions (Antarctica being perhaps a better reference site, Arctic region with more toxicity data).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2da57231-bb54-4862-84da-944489bebbb6", - "label": "ALOS-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dc1ac25-cbf7-439a-9b3c-ce89b22d43d3", - "label": "CARO-COOPS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Carolinas Coastal Ocean Observing and Prediction System\n(Caro-COOPS) initiative is based upon an instrumented array of coastal\nand offshore moorings, which are being deployed off of the coast of\nthe Carolinas. The information from this observing system will be used\nto monitor and model estuarine and coastal ocean conditions, as well\nas develop predictive tools and ultimately forecasts for coastal\nmanagers. The initial product of Caro-COOPS will be an advanced,\nintegrated storm surge model, based on real-time monitoring of\nhydrologic and meteorological conditions and processed by\nstate-of-the-art computer models. Future applications of Caro-COOPS\ninformation will include water quality and transport of pollutants,\nsediment transport and shoreline stability, and the state of the\nfisheries. Caro-COOPS also include a sophisticated information\nmanagement infrastructure designed to process and deliver information\nto a variety of public users, as well as to model applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e2c64fa-0b00-426f-a280-37bf07eea560", - "label": "CASES-99", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The concept of CASES-99 was borne out of a scientific interest in\nstable atmospheric conditions. The stable atmosphere, due to its\ngenerally weak or intermittent turbulence (`bursting'), is the source\nof a number of outstanding problems in atmospheric science,\nagricultural meteorology, and signal propagation, amongothers. As\nsuch, CASES-99 focussed it's Intense Observing Periods during the\nclear sky, light near-surface wind, nocturnal boundary layer (NBL)\nconditions, which are conducive to stable (Ri > 0.25) and very stable\nconditions (Ri > 1.0). There are also significant components that will\nstudy the transition periods (from daytime, unstable to nighttime,\nstable conditions and vice-versa).\n\nThe experimental period was from October 1-31, 1999 near Leon, Kansas\n(50 km) east of Wichita, Kansas with a 3 day intercomparison and\ninstrument testing period from September 27-30. This area was chosen\nfor CASES-99 due to its relative lack of obstacles, relatively flat\nterrain (average slopes are 0.5 degrees), and reasonable access to\npower and phone lines. A large number of instrumentswill be deployed\nin a an area 4.8 x 3.2 km, to capture stable NBL heterogeneity, with\nsome outlying instrumentation. These instruments include a heavily\ninstrumented 60 m tower, numerous 10 m towers (many with flux\nmeasurements), multiple radars, lidars, scintillometers, tethersondes,\nrawinsondes and research aircraft. See the experimental design for\ndetails.\n\nCASES-99 was a very successful experiment and essentially all of our\nscientific goals can be addressed with the data taken. The data is\nstored for public use (no password protection) in the UCAR JOSS\nCASES-99 Data Archive . The Archive contains quality-controlled data\ncomplete with timestamps in UTC and descriptions of the data therein,\nlisted by data platform.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.colorado-research.com/cases/CASES-99.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e61366f-04e7-44c2-8d0f-ad44783eccdc", - "label": "ANSLOPE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AnSlope seeks an answer to the question: What is the role of the Antarctic\nSlope Front and continental slope morphology in the exchanges of mass, heat,\nand freshwater between the shelf and oceanic regimes, in particular those\nleading to outflows of dense water into intermediate and deep layers of the\nadjacent deep basins and world ocean circulation?\n\nThe importance to the global ocean circulation and climate of cold water masses\noriginating in the Antarctic is now understood, but the processes by which\nthese water masses enter the deep ocean circulation are not. We have developed\na program called AnSlope to address this problem. Our primary goal is to\nidentify the principal physical processes that govern the transfer of\nshelf-modified dense water into intermediate and deep layers of the adjacent\ndeep ocean. At the same time, we seek to understand the compensatory poleward\nflow of waters from the oceanic regime. We identify the upper continental slope\nas the critical gateway for the exchange of shelf and deep ocean waters. Here\nthe topography, velocity and density fields associated with the nearly\nubiquitous Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) must strongly influence the advective\nand turbulent transfer of water properties between the shelf and oceanic\nregimes.\n\nAnSlope has four specific objectives: [A] Determine the ASF mean structure and\nthe principal scales of variability (spatial from ~1 km to ~100 km, and\ntemporal from tidal to seasonal), and estimate the role of the Front on\ncross-slope exchanges and mixing of adjacent water masses; [B] Determine the\ninfluence of slope topography (canyons, proximity to a continental boundary,\nisobath divergence/convergence) on frontal location and outflow of dense Shelf\nWater; [C] Establish the role of frontal instabilities, benthic boundary layer\ntransports, tides and other oscillatory processes on cross-slope advection and\nfluxes; and [D] Assess the effect of diapycnal mixing (shear-driven and\ndouble-diffusive), lateral mixing identified through intrusions, and\nnonlinearities in the equation of state (thermobaricity and cabbeling) on the\nrate of descent and fate of outflowing, near-freezing Shelf Water.\n\nAnSlope addresses these objectives with an integrated observational and\nmodeling program structured as follows. A collaborative core program begins in\n2002, containing the components considered central to meeting AnSlope\nobjectives, primarily through acquisition of a set of measurements focused over\nthe outer continental shelf and upper slope of the northwestern Ross Sea. This\nwill allow us to assess the regional AABW production rate, and to identify the\ncross-front exchange processes that must be taken into account when assessing\nprovision of dense water to the deep basins elsewhere around Antarctica. The\ncore elements are: moorings; CTD/LADCP and CTD-based microstructure; tracers;\nand basic tidal modeling. 'Enhancement' proposals, to be submitted separately,\nrequest support for the modeling studies that are necessary to fully exploit\nthe measurements and develop the techniques for parameterizing cross-front\nexchanges in regional and global models. Three cruises are proposed, beginning\nin Austral summer 2003, over a period of 12 to 14 months. Moorings would be in\nplace throughout this period. The Italian CLIMA program in the Ross Sea\nprovides a valuable international enhancement for the AnSlope observational\ncomponent. The German BRIOS-2 coupled ice-ocean GCM program is complementary to\nthe US process-oriented modeling studies, and provides a test-bed for\nAnSlope-generated parameterizations of cross-front exchange.\n\nAdditional information can be found at\n'http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/projects/anslope.shtml'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f82a7a1-fd21-425f-a489-25316de8601f", - "label": "CASERTZ", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CASERTZ geophysical surveys were aimed at understanding geological\ncontrols on ice streams of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, ultimately to\nhelp assess the potential for ice sheet collapse. Blankenship et\nal. (2001) used ice surface elevations and ice thicknesses (reported\nhere) to calculate driving stresses across the ice sheet and thus to\nidentify regions of rapid basal movement by ice streams.\n\nReference: Blankenship, D.D., D.L. Morse, C.A. Finn, R.E. Bell,\nM.E. Peters, S.D. Kempf, S.M. Hodge, M. Studinger, J.C. Behrendt, and\nJ.M. Brozena. 2001. Geologic controls on the initiation of rapid basal\nmotion for West Antarctic ice streams: A geophysical perspective\nincluding new airborne radar sounding and laser altimetry results. The\nWest Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment. Antarctic Research\nSeries 77: 105-121.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30030c75-9638-4fef-9f5a-570a0e2b28ef", - "label": "BACPAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "NOAA/CMDL values of trace halocarbons in the marine atmosphere, and surface and subsurface waters measured in 1994-2004 \nThese research expeditions were conducted over a 10-year period with the primary objective of understanding more about the exchange of halocarbons across the air-sea interface and the role of the ocean in regulating the atmospheric composition of these gases. \n\nInformation provided by http://cdiac.ornl.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31c053ae-d8a5-49e8-9017-b7ac2f80e0eb", - "label": "CWP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Coastal Wave is a leading provider of Internet services and network consulting in Northwest Ohio. Based in Port Clinton, Coastal Wave provides a variety of Internet solutions, including a broadband wireless network spanning a radius of over 50 miles.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.coastalwave.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31fd2740-2aa1-4bf9-bf28-1dde873e973f", - "label": "CAMEX-4", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CAMEX-4 is focused on the study of tropical cyclone (hurricane)\ndevelopment, tracking, intensification, and landfalling impacts using\nNASA-funded aircraft and surface remote sensing instrumentation. The\nprimary aircraft used during CAMEX-4 are the NASA DC-8 and ER-2\nresearch airborne platforms. These instrumented aircraft will fly\nover, through, and around selected hurricanes as they approachlandfall\nin the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and along the east coast of the\nUnited States. The NASA aircraft will investigate upper altitude\nregions of the hurricane not normally sampled. Where possible,\nmeasurements will be compared and validated with coincident\nobservations from the QuikSCAT, Terra, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring\nMission satellites. This study will yield high spatial and temporal\ninformation of hurricane structure, dynamics, and motion. These data,\nwhen analyzed within the context of more traditional aircraft,\nsatellite, and ground-based radar observations,should provide\nadditional insight to hurricane modelers and forecasters who\ncontinually strive to improve hurricane predictions.More accurate\nhurricane predictions at landfall will result in decreasing the size\nof necessary coastal evacuations and increasing the warning time for\nthose areas.\n\nWhile remote sensing of the hurricane environment is the primary\nobjective of CAMEX-4, there will also be separate flights to study\nthunderstorm structure, precipitation systems, and atmospheric water\nvapor profiles. This portion of CAMEX-4 is known as KAMP, Keys Area\nMicrophysics Project. The objective of the KAMPflights is to improve\nquantitative precipitation estimates from passive and active microwave\ninstruments.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://camex.msfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32109d23-de57-48ce-ae46-509ebbe08d41", - "label": "ADBEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From tentative first steps in the late 1970s, Australian research in Antarctic marine biology is now participating in international programs aimed at ensuring that harvesting of Southern Ocean living species can be sustained without harming this vital resource. The task is as herculean as it is important.\n\nAustralian research into Antarctic marine biology began in the late 1970s, spurred on by the establishment of the international BIOMASS (Biological Investigations into Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks) Program. Driven by the development of a fishery for krill, BIOMASS looked at the distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill, seeking information on the interrelationships between krill and the other elements of the marine ecosystem.\n\nAustralian Antarctic marine research was made feasible by the conversion of the supply ship Nella Dan into a functional research vessel, in which the Australian Antarctic Division made its first concerted forays into open ocean research. Australia was a participant in the highly successful 1981 First International BIOMASS experiment (FIBEX) – the first attempt to survey the distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill using acoustic techniques. The results from this huge effort, using 13 ships from 11 nations, were translated 10 years later into catch limits for the krill fishery in the Atlantic and South West Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean. The Second International BIOMASS Experiment (SIBEX) was fraught with logistic difficulties.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=4305", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3231716f-f626-43c5-8ccc-7926b72e3654", - "label": "AMTEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A mesoscale numerical simulation (35 km) of a return-flow event over the Gulf of Mexico that occurred during the Gulf of Mexico Experiment (GUFMEX) is presented in order to examine the structure and the transformation of the polar air mass and to assess the model's skill in simulating the event. The study deals with the phase of cold-air outbreak over the Gulf of Mexico and the subsequent rapid modification of the cold air mass by the underlying warm ocean, prior to the onset or return flow.\n\n\nhttp://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0450(1992)031%3C0946%3ANSOATO%3E2.0.CO%3B2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32d8bd9e-bfdf-40de-9703-77b4527d9380", - "label": "BIOENERGETICA GAVIOTA COCINERA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This study investigates the breeding and feeding biology of Kelp Gull\nat Antarctica. The study includes data on the following:\n- Breeding chronology;\n- Breeding success;\n- Feeding tactics;\n- Feeding times;\n- Displacement behaviors;\n- Pursuit behaviors; and\n- Kleptoparasitic behaviors.\n\nPeriodic sampling of food items (Antarctic limpets, in particular)\nis conducted to gather information on energetics and estimates of food\navailability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "342ee29f-1e63-4bb4-b8d0-8f07472de7a9", - "label": "ARCTIC RESILIENCY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Like the July 2005 submission this is a living document which evolves as partnerships and resources are negotiated. Health related mega-projects in the Arctic have so far highlighted diseases and illnesses separating the aspirations and the accomplishments of Arctic peoples. This programme is framed by Arctic peoples’ resiliency, where partnerships are fostered which highlights the strength and aspiration of Arctic residents. Over the last few decades many Canadian Arctic peoples have negotiated land claims and set up governance and structures to protect and enhance their knowledge, languages. This will cover the first theme of the three proposed for this project; namely the Dynamics of Governance and Local Authority. This includes issues such as self-determination, governance, economic change and community dynamics.\n\nSecondly, within this model specific health concerns will be addressed including diabetes, heart disease, HIV, cancer, mental health, injuries. In addition factors that contribute to health including genuine progress indicators, water, environmental health, ownership of health, addictions, lifestyle, technology impacts and cumulative effects will be explored. The second theme of this project, then covers Northern Health Indicators, which addresses issues such as unintentional/intentional injuries, mental health lifestyle (addictions), and genuine progress indicators.\n\nThis programme is also framed by having to understand the Arctic peoples’ health through diversity by brining in issues from the point of view gender, and youth. This will aid in animating the cultural and individual contributions. An overarching community driven, Arctic lead, health and wellness research network is proposed that facilitates and participates in health research activities during the IPY within a model in which the resiliency and diversity of Arctic peoples is highlighted to answer questions that will create healthy environments and improve the health of persons in the circumpolar Arctic\n\nThis Canadian led Network would link territories, countries, communities, researchers, research and data management and that would serve as an international Canadian led legacy for IPY. It will also ensure best practices for community based health and wellness research throughout the IPY. As well as create a legacy for health research in Circumpolar Health Research across the Circumpolar North.\n\nThe above will be done through the creation of a network which allows for communication and integration of knowledge from various sources including medical science, traditional knowledge, social sciences, environmental sciences, biological, sociological historical – to mention few. And these will allow the third theme Northern Populations in Transition to emerge where topics like environmental change, technology and traditional foods and medicines come to play a role in understanding Arctic health in broadest sense.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=183", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "349b981d-16e9-4d2a-9ec7-6c741a202f3b", - "label": "AASE-II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From October 1991 through March 1992, the NASA ER-2 and the DC-8 aircraft were flown out of Fairbanks, Alaska, and Bangor, Maine, to examine the evolution of the chemistry of the stratospheric polar vortex over the course of the winter. This was AASE II. \n \nAASE II began about two and a half years after the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Experiment (AASE), which determined that the chlorine chemistry in the Northern Hemisphere polar winter stratosphere was indeed perturbed, similar to the situation in the Southern Hemisphere winter. This mission was designed to measure chemical and meteorological variables as the Northern polar vortex--the ring of winds which circles the pole in winter--evolved through the season.\n \nThe first deployment was out of Fairbanks, Alaska, in October 1991. The ER-2 flew north to the pole to survey the beginnings of the polar vortex. Subsequent deployments were staged from Bangor, Maine, for two-week periods spaced about two weeks apart from November 1991 through March 1992. Most flights were north towards the polar vortex, but a few went south towards the tropics to survey aerosols injected into the stratosphere by the eruption of the Pinatubo volcano in June 1991.\n \nThe ER-2 was joined by the NASA DC-8 beginning with the January deployment. The DC-8, which has a much longer range than the ER-2, flew circuits from NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, to Fairbanks, Alaska, to Stavanger, Norway, to Bangor, Maine, and then back to NASA Ames.\n \nFor more information, link to: http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/aase2/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34b067e5-f6ac-44f7-8dfd-0b55f372216d", - "label": "ANSMET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The homepage has been designed to give you a pictoral tour of how and why ANSMET hunts for meteorites in the Antarctic. The images have been provided by field party members from the 20 field seasons ANSMET has had since 1976. ANSMET is a program supported by grants from the Office of Polar Programs of the U.S. National Science Foundation and by the Solar System Exploration Division of NASA. The Principal Investigator of the current grant is Dr. Ralph P. Harvey of the Department of Geological Sciences at Case Western Reserve University. Prof. William A. Cassidy of the University of Pittsburgh was the founder of ANSMET and Principal Investigator until 1991. John Schutt has been our field safety officer since 1980. Since 1976, ANSMET has been recovering meteorite specimens from the East Antarctic Icesheet- a total of over 10,000 as of today.\n\nInformation provided by http://caslabs.case.edu/ansmet/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35064bfb-c783-4b48-9630-5ad2eeebca1c", - "label": "CGL2007-60369-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35865cda-e394-4745-847f-9061fa75113f", - "label": "CHAMP_ESE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CHAMP (Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload for Geo-scientific Research\nand Applications program) will perform the following three tasks: 1)\nMapping of the Earth's global long to medium wavelength gravity field\nand temporal variations with applications in the geophysics, geodesy\nand oceanography; 2) Mapping of the Earth's global magnetic field and\ntemporal variations with applications in geophysics and solar\nterrestrial physics; 3) Atmosphere/ionosphere sounding with\napplications in global climate studies, weather forecasting, disaster\nresearch and navigation. This is a cooperative project with\nGermany. Energy forecasting and water management.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: July 15, 2000\n Launch Site: Plesetzk, Russia\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 450 km and circular\n Non-Sun-Synchronous\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 500 kg\n Power: 167 watts\n Design Life: 5 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n LRR (Laser Retro Reflector)\n OVM (Overhauser Magnetometer) and the FGM (Fluxgate Magnetometer)\n DIDM (Digital Ion Drift Meter)\n ACC (Accelerometer)\n GPS (Global Positioning System) Receiver\n\n For more information on CHAMP, see\n 'http://op.gfz-potsdam.de/champ/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36261f8e-7b4f-4405-b0f9-a9faea4fb527", - "label": "BIANZO II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BIANZOII will investigate biodiversity patterns of the Antarctic zoobenthos and their causal processes for three representative groups of different size categories: nematodes (meiobenthos), amphipods (macrobenthos) and echinoids (megabenthos). Trophodynamic aspects of these benthic groups and their ability to cope with temperature and temperature-related changes (food composition and availability, pH of the seawater...) will be studied mainly in an experimental approach. Information collected in previous studies and in the first two work packages will be used to initiate the development of a model about the possible changes in the benthic communities due to global environmental change.\n\nExpected results and/or products are:\n1. An improved knowledge of the composition and biogeography of the target groups in poorly known parts of the Southern Ocean, e.g. the deep-sea and a recently collapsed ice shelf east of the Antarctic Peninsula;\n\n2. An improved knowledge of species diversity and distribution patterns and similarities with oceans worldwide;\n\n3. A better understanding of the trophic position of the three benthic taxa;\n\n4. An evaluation of the share of prokaryotes in benthic energy flows through amphipods;\n\n5. An estimation of metabolic rates of scavenger amphipods based on respiration and excretion measurements;\n\n6. Characterization of the trophic categories of Antarctic echinoids and feeding plasticity of selected taxa;\n\n7. Measuring the effect of seawater acidification on the skeletogenesis of selected taxa.\nBIANZO II is IPY activity #391. It is part of CAML (Census of Antarctic Marine Life) and contributes to SCAR EBA (Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic). The partners are also involved in other IPY projects: ANDEEP-SYSTCO and ClicOPEN. BIANZO II is also involved in SCAR-MarBIN.\n\nhttp://www.belspo.be/belspo/fedra/proj.asp?l=en&COD=SD/BA/02A", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36d131d7-5961-405e-9d3b-09db4d292bfa", - "label": "ACDP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Community Association of Progressive Dominicans (ACDP) is a highly respected organization providing services to residents of Northern Manhattan and the Bronx. ACDP was founded in 1979 and incorporated in 1980 as the first non-profit to focus on the needs of New York’s Dominican immigrants and the communities in which they live. ACDP has organized the community to develop high quality programs providing direct assistance to 23,359 persons annually. With a Team of volunteer of over 230 persons, ACDP serves the community in the following critical areas: \n\nEducation and Youth Leadership \nPublic and Mental Health \nFood and Nutrition \nImmigration and Citizenship \nHousing \nEconomic Development \n\nACDP's programs are part of an integrated organizational whole. Together, the programs nurture and challenge individuals and community institutions. They bring people together by celebrating diversity and opposing all forms of stereotyping and discrimination. \n\nThis summary is from http://www.acdp.org/AboutUs.aspx", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37f12f97-1fca-4277-8464-331665481067", - "label": "AICEMI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AICEMI\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=248\n\nAICEMI is proposed by the permanent participants of the Arctic Council (Aleut International Association, Arctic Athabaskan Council, Gwich in Council International, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, and Saami Council) as an umbrella project for community-based (CB) programs and/or CB components of other IPY projects. \nPreliminary goals:\n-Ensuring synergies between CB projects and enhancing their significance and potential sustainability during the IPY and beyond\n-Facilitating IPY projects with community-based component to ensure involvement of appropriate organizations/projects/individuals \n-Protecting intellectual and economic interests of indigenous and other local residents through providing assistance in the development of the control mechanisms and legal instruments regulating the use of information based on traditional and indigenous knowledge \n\nThe goals could be achieved through:\n-Facilitation and coordination of communication among IPY CB projects and between the projects and higher level networks, science community and the public\n-Development of data management policies and procedures for cluster projects in cooperation with IPY electronic data management services.\n\nPossible CB sub-networks:\n1. Bering Sea Sub-network (BSSN), EO 922\n2. ALISON, EO 6\n3. Environment Monitoring and Aboriginal Land Claims: Implementation Challenges, EO 510 Northern Community Science: the establishment of a regional network of environmental science centres, EO 128\n4. Elders of the Northern Ice, EO 332\n\nAICEMI will respond to the needs for CB component of large scale projects such as Integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System (ID No: 14) and Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring (ID No.:133).\n\nThis proposal will be reviewed and further developed at the permanent participants workshop in February 2006 in Denmark.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39a76532-c8e2-40b3-91f1-d5675fecf670", - "label": "ASPECT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ASPeCt is a programme of multi-disciplinary Antarctic sea ice zone\nresearch within the SCAR Global Change Programme. ASPeCt will\nspecifically address key identified deficiencies in our understanding\nand data from the sea ice zone. The programme is designed to\ncomplement and to contribute to the other international programmes in\nthis region and will build on existing and proposed research\nprogrammes, and the shipping activities of National Antarctic\noperators, and will also include a component of data-rescue of\nvaluable historical sea ice zone information.\n\n\nThe overall aim of ASPeCt is to understand and model the role of\nAntarctic sea ice in the coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean system. This\nrequires an understanding of key processes, and the determination of\nphysical, chemical, and biological properties of the sea ice\nzone. These are addressed by objectives which are:\n\n\nI. To establish the distribution of the basic physical properties of\nsea ice that are important to air-sea interaction and to biological\nprocesses within the Antarctic sea-ice zone (ice and snow cover\nthickness distributions; structural, chemical and thermal properties\nof the snow and ice; upper ocean hydrography; floe size and lead\ndistribution). These data are required to derive forcing and\nvalidation fields for climate models and to determine factors\ncontrolling the biology and ecology of the sea ice-associated biota.\n\n\nII. To understand the key sea-ice zone processes necessary for\nimproved parameterization of these processes in coupled models.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/aspect/contents.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a6b742f-1330-4636-87ab-da45c5182c79", - "label": "BERING LAND BRIDGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Bering Strait connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans via the Arctic Ocean. The Strait is currently only 50 meters deep. During low sea level stands produced by continental glaciation it was emergent, forming the Bering Land Bridge connection between North America and Asia. This is the only area on Earth where the circulation between ocean basins has been blocked and a migration corridor between continental landmasses has been opened by falling sea levels of the Pleistocene epoch. Scientific drilling to recover a proximal record of the region can be most promisingly recovered in the thick (> 3 km) basinal sequences of the Norton and Hope basins immediately to the south and north of the Strait. The sedimentary record of marine transgressions and regressions within the Bering Strait region that includes intercalated terrestrial lacustrine sediments would have the potential to resolve crucial questions regarding Bering Land Bridge paleoecology and climate change.\nFunds to conduct a workshop to identify, select and prioritize drilling sites in Bering Sea Shelf basins with the potential to contain thick sequences of alternating marine and terrestrial sediments was approved by Joint Oceanographic Institutions/United States Science Support Program (JOI/USSSP) . Workshop to be held 21-222 June, 2005. The workshop focused on key scientific questions, identification of drilling sites with the potential to answer these questions, discussing the most appropriate platform or platforms, proposal submissions, and multi-proxy analyses. Products of this workshop will include a discussion of the potential scientific gains, a list of recommended drilling sites, and, ultimately, proposals submitted to the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.\nScientific issues included: Studies of global freshwater transport have demonstrated a net flux of water from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic through the Bering Strait at a rate of 0.8 Sverdrups per year which accounts for nearly one-third of the total freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean . Models indicate that increased flow of fresher North Pacific water through the submerged Bering Strait can also lead to suppression of NADW formation . The opening and closing of the Bering Strait clearly has global climatic implications with regard to the cause and the duration of glacial and interglacial climatic oscillations, yet the numerous and sometimes contradictory models cannot be adequately tested because an accurate chronology of the emergence and submergence of the Strait is lacking. Reconstruction of the sea level history of the Bering Strait, including the exact timing of the opening and closing of the land bridge and the rates of associated sea level changes, the presence/absence of sea/terrestrial ice, is essential to understanding its role as a trigger or pacemaker of northern hemisphere climate changes. The Bering Land Bridge served as an oscillating biological filter between marine and terrestrial for plants, animals, and humans that passed between Eurasia and North America during the Late Quaternary period. Previous exchanges of species between Asia and North America during the Miocene and Late Cretaceous indicate that the Bering Strait region experienced intervals of emergence prior to the Pleistocene. Intercontinental exchange and competition from foreign species has been sited as a causal factor in the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Pleistocene extinctions. It needs to be determined if there was a north-south and/or east west ecological gradient on the central land bridge? If so did the gradients varied in space and time?\nIn addition to organic remains, identification and dating of tephras contained within terrestrial or marine sediments of the Bering Strait will further enhance understanding of the chronology of Quaternary eruptions and their role in global climate variations. Geochemical characterization of tephras from Bering Strait cores could provide a record of the frequency, magnitude, and timing of eruptions at volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Seward Peninsula, and islands in Bering Sea. Furthermore, volcanic ash deposits are one of the only possible ways of demonstrating precise correlations between terrestrial and marine deposits throughout Beringia and the Bering Sea.\n. The workshop participants resolved that in order to address unresolved questions regarding global ocean circulation and rapid climate changes, and to permit reconstruction of the flora, fauna, and climate of the lowlands in the center of the Beringian subcontinent, basinal features that contain both marine and terrestrial lacustrine sediments must be targeted\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=29", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b01c18c-e4c9-459a-9438-3e39f22c6f3f", - "label": "CAPAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Nicaragua possesses a system of Protected Areas that shelters a wide range of ecosystems that includes thousands of flora and fauna species. There are about 12.000 vegetable classified species beside another 5.000 not classified yet. Furthermore there are more than 1.400 classified animal species. This is a real biological treasure. \n\nSummary provided by: http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b55924e-cbe4-4f16-8616-b70533be4ca1", - "label": "CARPE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) is a\n5 year, $14 million regional project, funded by the United States\nAgency for International Development (USAID) to address the issue of\ndeforestation in the Congo Basin forest zone, in the middle of the\nAfrican continent. One of the least developed regions of the world,\nthe Congo Basin, holds massive expanses of closed canopy tropical\nforest, second only to the Amazon Basin in area.\nA GIS and Remote Sensing CD-ROM product is now available as are other\nCARPE publications: See: 'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/products.htm'\nPartners include the following:\nBiodiversity Support Program\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/bsp/bsp.htm'\nNASA/University of Maryland Partnership\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/gsfc-umd/umdcarpe.htm'\nPeace Corps 'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/pc/pccarpe.htm'\nU.S. Department of Agriculture/Forest Service\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/usfs/usfcarpe.htm'\nWildlife Conservation Society\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/wcs/wcscarpe.htm'\nWorld Learning (PVO-NGO/NRMS)\nWorld Resources Institute\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/wri/wricarpe.htm' World\nWildlife Fund 'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/partners/wwf/wwf.htm'\nAfrican Government Agencies\nAfrican Non-Governmental Organizations\nAfrican Universities\nFor more information, view the CARPE Home Page, hosted by the\nUniversity of Virginia:\n'http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b7a4fa8-6336-4fe3-a7cd-aac2dbf019c9", - "label": "ADEPT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ADEPT is a scientific project (CTM2011-23458) funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation). ADEPT addresses the study of the effect of atmospheric aerosol deposition on the dynamics of a marine LNLC (low nutrient low chlorophyll) system, namely the Mediterranean. To achieve its goal, ADEPT uses a multiscale and complementary approach. Relationships between atmospheric deposition and ocean nutrient and plankton dynamics are studied at a coastal scale and at the Mediterranean basin scale. Laboratory experiments focus to understand some of the underlying mechanisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bbdb017-92b2-4f57-bc6e-f540aad0dd53", - "label": "ASSIST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Academic Support for Spatial Information SysTems (ASSIST) is an educational\nproject that focuses on provideing support for the GIS user community.\nThis project is supported by the University of Leicester, Department of\nGeography and provides educational and training materials associated\nwith a variety of popular GIS systems.\n\nSystems Included:\n\n1. GRASS 'http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/assist/grass/index.html'\n2. Arc/Info 'http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/assist/arc/index.html'\n3. IDRISI 'http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/assist/idrisi/index.html'\n\nContact Information:\n\nProject ASSIST\nDepartment of Geography\nUniversity of Leicester\nLeicester LE1 7RH\nUK\n\nTel: +44 (0)116 252 3823\nFax: +44 (0)116 252 3854\nemail: geog@le.ac.uk\n\n[Summary provided by University of Leicester]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c6fdd82-330a-4ab3-b373-a319fae5496f", - "label": "CloudSat", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CloudSAT uses advanced radar to 'slice' through clouds to see their vertical structure, providing a completely new observational capability from space. Current satellites can only image the uppermost layers of clouds. CloudSAT will be one of the first satellites to study clouds on a global basis. It will look at their structure,\ncomposition and effects. This is a cooperative mission with Canada. Air quality, weather models, water management, aviation safety, disaster management.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: 2006-04-28 \n Launch Site: Western Test Range, Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 705 km\n Sun-Synchronous\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 999 kg\n Power: 700 watts\n Design Life: 2 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n 94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR)\n\n For more information, see\n http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cbaca44-8ade-4dce-b0c8-103d68965fca", - "label": "CILAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "As revenue from sales of commercial games exceeds movie box office sales, there is a renewed interest in how games can be used in educational settings.\n\nThe pedagogical laboratory provides education majors an opportunity to work like scientists who experiment with the latest findings in learning and instructional theories by trying them out with K-12 students recruited from local schools, observing student learning,\n\nEducational robotics activities are gaining in popularity.\n\n\nhttp://cilat.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ced2adf-ad4a-45ab-a043-4b02ccae0463", - "label": "CORINE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aim of the European Union's Coordination of Information on\nthe Environment (CORINE) project is to provide up to date\ninformation on land cover at scale 1:100.000 for the whole\nEurope. The database includes 44 categories in accordance with a\nstandard European nomenclature, organised into five large groups:\nartificial surfaces, agricultural areas, forest and semi-natural\nareas, wetlands, water bodies. Classification was done by visual\ninterpretation using Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite image maps\nwith the help of topographic maps as main ancillary material and\nfield work. Following digitization the land cover information is\nstored in topological structure as ARC/INFO database.\n\nThe project started in 1993 in Hungary together with the\nneighbouring Central and East European countries and finished for\nHungary in 1996. The final product has been integrated into the\nEuropean database and is available for users. Printed maps\ncovering the whole country were produced at scales 1:500.000 and\n1:200.000.\n\nAn experimental project to derive similar land cover at scale\n1:50.000 was also carried out for selected areas. An experimental\nCORINE Land Cover?Level 4 nomenclature was formulated for Central\nEurope by experts of the participating countries (Czech Republic,\nHungary, Poland and Slovakian) including 87 categories. Mapping\nwas based on digitally merged Landsat TM and SPOT PAN satellite\nimagery. Two larger blocks have been mapped (Bükk-Nyírség and\nKiskunság) covering about 15% of the country.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://fish.fomi.hu/angolfish/adathaz/termekek/CORINE/corine.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Budapest Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and\nRemote Sensing]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d180ef3-04f9-48c7-8dc2-fa823c868f98", - "label": "CAPEFAREWELL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: RadTrace\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=443\n\nRadionuclides can serve as valuable tracers of atmospheric and terrestrial transport processes, which will be altered by changing climate patterns. This project is anchored in the existing Health Canada radiological monitoring network operated throughout Canada. The network includes seven Arctic sites equipped with high volume samplers for airborne particulates. Two of these sites are also equipped for noble gas collection and one site is equipped with a continuous gamma radiation monitor. In addition to the primary functions of supporting of the Canadian Federal Nuclear Emergency Plan and the international Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the network provides regular measurements of a wide range of naturally-occurring radionuclide concentrations in air. Heavy metals and some organic compounds will also be measured in airborne particulates collected by the air samplers. An archive of air filters extending back to the early 1970s will allow the elucidation of time trends in these contaminants. The Health Canada air monitoring network covers an area extending from 55o to 83o North Latitude and 60o to 135o West Longitude, representing a large fraction of the entire land mass in the North polar region. \n\nData from the Canadian network will supplemented with similar data collected by collaborators in other countries -notably Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. Ground-based sample collections will also be carried out in the Canadian north to gain a better understanding of the deposition of atmospheric contaminants and their movement through food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe objectives of this project are:\n-Establish an international database for sharing data between monitoring networks in collaborating countries.\n-Develop and extend atmospheric transport models to trace the movement of radionuclides and other contaminants from sources in temperate zones to remote Arctic locations\n-Demonstrate changing trends in atmospheric circulation to the Arctic and within the Arctic by using these contaminants as tracers of atmospheric processes. \n-Document changes in soil gas emanation due to changing permafrost conditions.\n-Examine the link between climate change and forest fires in the north\n-Contribute to an understanding of ozone depletion in the stratosphere and ozone chemistry at ground level.\n-Assess the impact of these changes on the movement of contaminants through Arctic ecosystems and particularly in food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe following ongoing and future studies will be carried out with the aid of air monitoring networks for radionuclides and other contaminants:\n-A study carried out in collaboration with Meteorological Services of Canada has traced the movement of iodine-129 from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities in Siberia to remote locations in the Canadian Arctic. \n-Radioxenon from the reactor belt in eastern North America has been traced to Yellowknife, NWT. Measurements will be extended to include the long-lived krypton-85, a waste product from nuclear fuel reprocessing, in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions.\n-Cesium-137 released from wood-burning in distant forest fires has been detected at the Yellowknife location. Levoglucosan, a combustion product from forest fires, will also be measured on archived air filters to provide an historical record of forest fire effects. \n-Measurements of uranium, radium, lead-210, and potassium-40, and total dust loading will give information on intercontinental dust transport.\n-The short-lived radon and thoron decay products (lead-212, bismuth-214) are indicative of local emanations of soil gas and will be used to study changing permafrost conditions. \n-The beryllium isotopes (Be-7 and Be-10) are produced by cosmic irradiation of air molecules in the stratosphere. Their abundances and ratios at the earth's surface give information on exchanges of air masses between the stratosphere and troposphere, which are vulnerable to changing climate conditions.\n-Measurements of heavy metals (e.g., Hg, Cd) and selected organic compounds will extend the range of sources and pathways that can be studied and will aid in the understanding of atmospheric chemistry processes in the Arctic. \n\nDetails are still being worked out on the ground based studies. They will include collections of precipitation, soil, lichens, and higher plants to track the deposition of airborne contaminants and their movement through the food chain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d1b5e61-b6fd-42e4-8d99-c0901e9b32b0", - "label": "AWDN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) records hourly data for air\ntemperature and humidity, soil temperature, wind speed and direction,\nsolar radiation, and precipitation.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://hpccsun.unl.edu/awdn/home.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d420fac-88c4-4b06-bddb-25af93d9d160", - "label": "AMSRICE03", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AMSRIce03 campaign, headed by Don Cavalieri, was conducted over a three-week period in March 2003. Joint ground and aircraft measurements were taken in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas in the Arctic Ocean, and in Elson Lagoon, off the northern coast of Alaska, USA. The objectives of the experiment were to compare field, airborne, and other satellite data in order to validate and improve existing sea ice retrieval algorithms for the AMSR-E instrument. \n\nhttp://nsidc.org/data/amsr_validation/cryosphere/amsrice03/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d538499-d29b-482d-8caf-b62a605456ae", - "label": "CRIPA-X (FINNARP)", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e9cddd9-724e-43a5-9784-adcfaa410d98", - "label": "BSSN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BSSN\nProject URL: http://www.arcticpeoples.org/key-issues/monitoring/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=247\n\nThis project will create an infrastructure for monitoring and observation by the indigenous and other Arctic residents organizations based in the coastal communities of the Bering Sea region (BSR) including Bering Strait and adjacent Chukchi Sea. It will increase capacity and effectiveness of the circum-Arctic monitoring through responding to the need of the long-term collection of data in remote Arctic locations, in particularly, in BSR that was identified as a priority monitoring area by many scientists, e.g. by the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme of the Arctic Council. The project will use IPY as an impetus to consolidate current research and jump-start new cooperative activities between scientists, indigenous and other citizens groups from the North East Russia and Alaska, U.S. Whereas, the region is known for an international cooperative research in specific species management, e.g. Gray whales and Polar bear, efforts on creation of circum-Bering Sea research interface have not been successful due to political and logistical reasons. BSSN will work specifically with community-based/place based research and will attempt to integrate these efforts with broader scientific activities in the region and globally.\nBSSN will consist of community-based and/or international regional organizations, primarily indigenous. In addition to the international organization (AIA, ICC, CAFF, UNEP), the list of initial partners will include five Alaska Natives regional non-profit organizations, eight regional organizations in Chukotka and Kamchatka in Russia, Alaska Native Science Commission and University of Alaska. The Network will cooperate with other organizations, projects and scientists from the cluster projects. The initial program activities will be based on the existing and emerging research and monitoring projects implemented by its partners. Examples of potential monitoring targets related to climate change, biodiversity and human health: shift of southern species north, changes in distribution and abundance of fish and other temperature-sensitive species, change in ice patterns, weather observations, contaminants presence in environment and traditional foods, weather related accidents, occurrence of infectious diseases.\nThe research activities that are currently undertaken in cooperation with scientists will continue in BSSN. This project will advance this work by scaling it up to the international level. It will create a system for sharing of the best practices of individual projects/organizations in the region and in the Arctic, will enable scientists to reach key areas in the region for collection of specific data and will improve standardized data management. \nThe Network will employ the following principles: ecosystem approach BSSN has ecosystem boundaries and the collected data will help better understand relationships between various elements of ecosystem; openness and transparency based on defined structure and management; use of the best available knowledge - western science and expertise derived from traditional and indigenous knowledge will be utilized. Local and indigenous experts, recognized as such in their respective communities, will be offered an opportunity to work side-by-side with scientists contributing to generate hypotheses, analyze empirical data, develop and perform research activities where appropriate. The network will consist of organizations, not projects, to ensure sustainability and continuity. \nIn 2006, BSSN will conduct a series of workshops to devise the Network management structure, logistics, memberships and means for sustainability. Work plans for activities assuring BSSN input to major IPY projects (CBMP, AHHI, and ESSAS via BEST and SEARCH, etc.) and output from independent thematic projects, e.g. ALISON, will be developed. A data management process will be established for the network. Alaska Native Science Commission and the University of Alaska will lead this work. The process will go through rigorous reviews by BSSN members and will conform to the standards/matrix developed by IPY data management services. \nInitial research activities may begin in 2006 with thematic observation systems based on current projects and will continue in 2007-08 with inclusion of new monitoring projects, e.g. invasive species or distribution of particular species. Such thematic networks could be developed for CBMP and other interested programs. The list of current projects includes: 1.) Oil spill monitoring, lead partner (LP) Aleutian Pribilof Island Association (APIA), funded; 2.) Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, LP Aleut International Association, funding pending; 3.) Shark distribution changes, LP APIA, funding pending; 4.)Traditional food safety, LP APIA; 5.) Polar bear and whale hunting projects of the Alaska Chukotka development Program", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3fe9c479-3cb5-45bf-8f4d-637282dccfa3", - "label": "ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS AND", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic will experience some of the more dramatic environmental changes in the 21st century as surface air temperatures continue to rise in response to anthropogenic forcing. This will lead to an intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle. At regional scales, however, it remains unknown how precipitation, evaporation, and river discharge are evolving in a warmer world. This study will investigate the role of large-scale atmospheric anomalies in the Canadian northern hydrologic cycle with a focus on the IPY. Specifically, we will address the following science questions:\n\n1) What are the dominant large-scale atmospheric teleconnections that affect northern Canada?\n2) What is the role of these teleconnections and their relative contributions to the atmospheric and surface water budgets of high-latitude river basins in a changing environment?\n3) How will the meteorological and hydrological variables differ from their mean state during the IPY and how will they evolve in the near future?\n\nTo answer these important science questions, the following work will be conducted according to the proposed timeline:\n\n-2006-2007: Historical meteorological and hydrological data will be analysed. Relationships between atmospheric teleconnections such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the state of the hydrologic budget over northern Canada will be evaluated. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA40) data set will provide global meteorological data that will be supplemented by observed river discharge from the Canadian Hydrometric Database (HYDAT) and observed precipitation and temperature from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia. The analysis will cover the period 1964-2004 for which spatial and temporal coverage is best and focus on the Mackenzie and Hudson Bay river basins.\n\n-2007-2008: During the IPY intensive observing period, real-time monitoring of the atmospheric teleconnection indexes and of the hydrologic budget in northern Canada will be maintained. The daily and recent state of atmospheric and hydrologic variables, including daily assessments of their deviations from the mean, will be reported on our website to provide other researchers this valuable information.\n\n-2008-2009: A diagnostic study of the atmospheric and hydrologic state over northern Canada during the IPY will be conducted. This work will focus on the anomalies during the IPY from the mean state (1964-2004). An assessment of trends in the atmospheric teleconnection indexes and in the hydrometeorological variables will provide insights on the possible future state of northern Canada’s hydrologic cycle.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details-print.php?id=159", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40ec23d6-2895-46e7-b606-8ec6bc50f8d5", - "label": "CRYSTAL-FACE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers -\nFlorida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) is a measurement\ncampaign designed to investigate tropical cirrus cloud physical\nproperties and formation processes. Understanding the production of\nupper tropospheric cirrus clouds is essential for the successful\nmodeling of the Earth's climate\n\nCarbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activities warm\nour climate. Two effects of this warming are the increase of clouds\nand the rise of water vapor in the atmosphere. Both of these in turn\ninfluence the impacts of the man-made gases on global warming. Clouds\ncan reflect the sun rays away from the surface, cooling the climate,\nbut they also act as radiative heat. These various interactions are\ncomplex and not fully understood. However, the processes are crucial\nin determining the eventual overall effect of manmade greenhouse gases\non the earth's climate. The detailed measurements from the\nCRYSTAL-FACE mission will assist in improving our climate models. Six\naircraft will be equipped with state-of-the-art instruments to measure\ncharacteristics of clouds and how clouds alter the atmosphere's\ntemperature. These measurements will be compared with ground based\nradars, satellites, and the results of advanced atmospheric models, in\norder to improve our ability to forecast future climate change. This\nlarge multi-agency experiment will unite seven NASA centers, NOAA,\nNational Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Office of Naval\nResearch, U.S. Weather Research Program, Universities and other\ngovernment weather researchers in this well coordinated study of our\nenvironment.\n\nFor further information, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/crystalface/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40f91183-5b08-410a-9dad-b02748c3c340", - "label": "ARGAU", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The main hypothesis of the ARGAU program is that the Southern Atlantic\nOcean would be the ocean reacting the faster and more intensely to the\nclimatic change induced by the anthropogenic atmospheric CO2\nincrease. To evidence these changes, ARGAU, a long term (10 years)\nprogram based on oceanographic cruises (summer and winter, from Buenos\nAires to the Weddell Sea) onboard the Argentinean Icebreaker ?\nAlmirante Irizar ? is carried out. In order to describe, explain and\nmodel the trend and variability of CO2 fluxes in this area at various\ntime scale, the physico-chemical characterization of the different\nwater masses is being studied together with the biological communities\npresent in the water column, within a multidisciplinary approach.\n\nThe first two cruises were carried out between 20 March and 14 May,\n2000 (ARGAU Zero) and 2 January-15 April, 2001 (ARGAU 1). Different\nfrontal structures are revealed by sea surface temperature and sea\nsurface salinity gradients: The Patagonian frontal shelf, the\nAntarctic Circumpolar Current and the Malvinas cyclonic current. The\nresults of both cruises suggest that major part of the southwest\nAtlantic Ocean appears as a CO2 sink. The strongest sink areas were\nfound around the Antarctic Peninsula (at 68?W) with a DPCO2 of\n-80ppm. This strong sink is correlated to the highest fluorimetric\nsignal and chlorophyll-a concentration (around 4 mg.m-3) and\nrelatively low nitrate and phosphate concentrations (10 and 0.8 ?g.l-1\nrespectively). This could be explained by a bloom of Dactyliosolen\nantarcticus (Castracane). The second strong sink observed at 56.5?W\nwith a DPCO2 of -40ppm is associated to the coldest temperature\n(-1.8?C).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4236799a-f395-4a7c-98c6-bb387b5ac7d3", - "label": "COTS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'Building regional capacity for the collection and application of coastal and\nocean information'.\n\nThe Coastal Observation Technology System (COTS) project grants were initiated\nin 2002 to further the development of integrated coastal ocean observing\nsystems on a regional basis. The COTS projects are an alliance of\ncongressionally directed and competitively funded projects focusing on regional\ncoastal observation, research, technology and prediction, with an emphasis on\ndata management and integration. In FY05 13 projects were funded by\nCongressional direction to contribute to the formation of IOOS. These projects\ncover a wide range of ocean and coastal observations research activities,\nincluding ecological forecasting, modeling, and storm surge prediction.\n\nCOTS funds also support competitively selected pilot observing system\ntechnology projects (3) and regional coordination projects (11) to establish\nthe framework for Regional Associations (RAs). The RAs will serve as a forum to\nimprove the regional coastal ocean observing systems (RCOOS), by enabling\nstakeholders to influence IOOS development by identifying and establishing\nregional observation priorities.\n\n[Summary adopted from 'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/cots/']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42528daf-a3b4-4424-ad77-85f2595dc823", - "label": "CONFLUENCIA_WEDDELL-SCOTIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CONFLUENCIA WWEDDELL-SCOTIA\n\nThe proposed program will focus on quantifying both the deep\nboundary currents and the overlying mixing processes which\ncombine to transfer Weddell Sea waters northward through the\nWSC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43070912-4687-40ae-b389-264f5347c25d", - "label": "BIOFLAME", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BIOFLAME will study the DNA 'fingerprints' of biological evolution to trace the way species adapt to environmental extremes. We will use state-of-the-art genomics technology to investigate the DNA of individuals, populations, natural communities and entire ecosystems, synthesising information across all these different scales of life. While surveying gene sequences and their functions, we will assess the potential for commercial exploitation. Objectives are to: Understand how the genomes of different species influence their responses to environmental variation and change at the level of individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems; Find out how climate change influences biodiversity and affects important ways the ecosystem functions within the Antarctic and globally; Determine the role of Antarctica and extreme environments in evolutionary change and the development of global biodiversity. \n\nBIOFLAME will link to GEACEP, ACES and DISCOVERY 2010. Component projects of BIOFALME are: BIOFLAME-BIOPEARL: BIOdiversity dynamics: Phylogeography, Evolution And Radiation of Life and BIOFLAME-BIOREACH: BIOlogical Responses to Extreme Antarctic Conditions and Hyper-extremes \n\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/current_programmes/bioflame.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "432d2336-1111-4305-a8cb-8d0c8a3af632", - "label": "Aura", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura is a NASA mission to study the\n Earth's ozone, air quality and climate. This mission is designed\n exclusively to conduct research on the composition, chemistry and\n dynamics of the Earth's upper and lower atmosphere employing multiple\n instruments on a single satellite. EOS Aura is the third in a series\n of major Earth observing satellites to study the environment and\n climate change and is part of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. The\n first and second missions, Terra and Aqua, are designed to study the\n land, oceans, and the Earth's radiation budget. Aura's chemistry\n measurements will also follow up on measurements which began with\n NASA'S Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite and continue the record of\n satellite ozone data collected from the TOMS missions.\n \n The EOS Aura satellite, instruments, launch, and science\n investigations are managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in\n Greenbelt, Maryland. The satellite was launched in July 2004\n and will operated for five or more years. Scientific investigations will\n continue throughout the years the spacecraft is in operation and\n several years afterwards.\n \n The Aura Project staff includes managers, engineers, administrators\n and financial personnel, science advisory personnel, and functional\n Working Groups. The Project administers the contracts for each of\n Aura's instruments and the Aura spacecraft and specifies the launch\n vehicle. They oversee the design, fabrication, assembly and testing of\n each instrument and the integration of all the instruments to the\n spacecraft. They devise and implement the plans, specifications,\n schedules and budgets required to build the Aura spacecraft and deploy\n it in orbit. They also provide multi-disciplinary engineering\n expertise to deal with diverse technical challenges that occur when\n developing, building, and testing a complex spacecraft system.\n \n Aura consists of the following instruments:\n High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)\n Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)\n Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)\n Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES)\n\n **Aura was successfully launched on July 15, 2004 from \n Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA**\n \n For more information and mission updates, see:\n https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \n For more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n https://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43e2297c-0116-4037-81fd-12f21792f63e", - "label": "CCMA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CCCma is located on the beautiful University of Victoria campus, in the Ian Stewart Complex at the intersection of McKenzie Avenue and Gordon Head Road (see map). Follow this link if would like to know more about Victoria and find out how to reach us. \n\nYou will find a wide range of information on this site. Be sure to check out our employment and graduate studies pages for opportunities to do research in our group. Also check out our user friendly interactive data section, where you can download data from various climate simulations performed with our models. A username and password are required. These are easily obtained by an online registration form and agreeing to the licensing conditions. Once you have applied, you will be notified of your username and password by email instantly. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.cccma.ec.gc.ca/eng_index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44c9591c-3633-4ecf-8c11-9df8c28557bc", - "label": "BIAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BIAC\nProject URL: http://www.uib.no/People/ngfso/BIAC/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=23\n\nGeneral: The aim of the proposed project is to study mechanisms, manifestations and impacts of bottom water formation on the bipolar Atlantic Ocean shelves. Key areas are the Barents Sea, and the southern Weddell Sea.\n\nThe proposed activity is to \ni) Identify key regions where dense water is formed and contributes to bottom water formation and thermohaline circulation; \nii) Study cooling and freezing processes in these areas by remote sensing, in situ measurements and modeling;\niii) Estimate production rates of dense water; \niv) Study cascading of dense water towards the deep ocean by direct measurements and modeling of the bottom plume characteristics like velocity and turbulent structures; \nv) Measure and calculate the mixing processes in these downward cascading waters and obtain production rates of bottom water; \nvi) Define physical and biogeochemical controls on ocean carbon biogeochemistry; \nvii) Investigate relationships between variability in deep-water formation, CO2 uptake rates and large scale natural or anthropogenic climate forcing. \nviii) Study the relationships between variability in the bipolar deep-water formation and the global ocean circulation using the ROMS model system; \nix) Study the role of the variability of Antarctic ice sheet for triggering glacial cycles by combining paleo-climatological sampling and paleo modeling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46e02474-72d7-4c81-9474-952a79bfdc42", - "label": "ANTARCTIC BENTHIC COMMUNITIES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The continental shelf around Antarctica is relatively narrow, 60 to 240km wide. It ranges from very shallow areas of less than 50m near the coast to areas deeper than 800m deep. The average depth is 500m. Beyond the shelf the Antarctic continental slope descends to over 3000m and levels out on the abyssal plains at depths of 3700 - 5000m (5km) deep. Soft sediments (mud, sand and gravel) are the single largest habitat on the continental shelf, slope and abyssal plains in Antarctica, and probably cover over 90% of the seabed. The abyssal plains consist only of soft-sediments with occasional boulders.\n\nSummary Provided by: http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1656", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47c8554b-3c79-4ccb-94fd-aecb6cbed79e", - "label": "ACR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Antarctic Climate Research originates from the National\nInstitute of Polar Research. The tasks of this research include\nconduct comprehensive scientific research in various disciplines\nin the polar regions and administer the scientific programs of\nand provide logistic support to the Japanese Antarctic Research\nExpeditions. These climatic studies are important in\nunderstanding the environment of the Antarctic region.\n\nLink to the National Institute of Polar Research at\n'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/outline/index.html' to find more\ninformation on this research and other research going on in the\npolar regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47f7c4a8-84fb-4c0f-9a63-e3100703fd3a", - "label": "CRYSYS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'http://www.tor.ec.gc.ca/CRYSYS/'\n\nCRYSYS is Canada's contribution to NASA's Earth Observing System\n(EOS) Program. Its mission is to develop capabilities to monitor and\nbetter understand variations in major components of the cryosphere\n(sea ice, lake ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and frozen\nground/permafrost).\n\nCRYSYS was initiated by Canadian scientists in 1988 in response to\nNASA's request for research related to its Earth Observing System\nProgram ( EOS). CRYSYS offers Canadian scientists opportunities to\nplay a significant role in developing methods for extracting\ninformation on the cryosphere from conventional and remote sensing\nsystems as part of EOS. CRYSYS also provides Canadian scientiests\nwith a link to the data and information system of EOS (EOSDIS),\n and allows CRYSYS investigators access to the huge volumes of\nsatellite data being archived under the EOS program. In 1993, the\nMeteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, took over the\nrole of principal sponsoring agency for CRYSYS. CRYSYS currently\ninvolves over 30 researchers from 14 universities and 4 federal\nagencies.\n\nThe basic scientific goals of CRYSYS are:\n\n- to develop capabilities for monitoring and understanding regional and North\nAmerican variations in cryospheric variables;\n- to develop and validate local, regional and global models of climate/\ncryospheric processes and dynamics to improve understanding of the role of the\ncryosphere in the climate system;\n- to assemble, maintain and analyze key historical, operational and research\ncryospheric data sets to support climate monitoring and model validation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48193b4b-4805-4716-8e43-36790fa83bdb", - "label": "Aotearoa New Zealand Ross Ice Shelf Programme", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48b1dab6-a14a-43f1-ad16-eb059e4259e4", - "label": "CODE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (HyCODE) is an Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsored five-year interdisciplinary program. HyCODE field experiments are located 1) off the coast of New Jersey at the Long-term Ecological Observatory site in 15 m water depth (LEO-15), 2) on the west Florida Shelf as part of the ONR Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms ( EcoHAB) program, and 3) in the Bahamas near Lee Stocking Island as part of the ONR Coastal Benthic Optical Processes (CoBOP) program. This website focuses on the New Jersey shelf, which is located in the New York Bight (NYB) and the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). The main objective of the HyCODE program is to develop an understanding of the diverse processes that control inherent and apparent optical properties (IOPs and AOPs, respectively) in the coastal ocean by use of hyperspectral imagery. Basic research is centered on the investigation of the impact of relatively small-scale physical, biological, and chemical processes on near-surface spectral IOPs and AOPs. Some of the processes under investigation for the HyCODE project include advection of optically important material, phytoplankton growth and loss, bubble injection, sediment resuspension, fronts, and internal waves. Applied research focuses on the development and validation of hyperspectral ocean color algorithms. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.opl.ucsb.edu/hycodeopl.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49512e9f-71c9-41ac-bd89-0de6d7308d24", - "label": "CALM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring) program currently\nconsists of 69 research sites operated by researchers from from\nCanada, China, Denmark/ Greenland, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Norway,\nPoland/Svalbard, Russia, Sweden/Svalbard, Switzerland, and United\nStates. Although the CALM program began as a voluntary effort in 1991,\nit has recently been formalized with a 5-year grant from the\nU.S. National Science Foundation (OPP-9732051). Investigators at these\nsites measure the seasonal thaw depth across plots using a standard\nprotocol. Soil and air temperature, and soil moisture content, are\nalso measured at many sites. If these areally averaged measurements\nare combined with site-specific information on soil, landscape,\nvegetation, and measurements of air and soil temperature, the\nstability and projected changes in regional thaw depth and the spatial\npatterns can be more realistically modeled and validated.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://k2.gissa.uc.edu/~kenhinke/CALM/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b2c9ccf-cb37-480a-92a2-21ff2c46a0a3", - "label": "APIOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Acid Precipitation In Ontario Study (APIOS), operated by the\nOntario (Canada) Ministry of Environment and Energy, consisted of 18\nmonitoring sites during the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study\n(EMEFS) from 6/1/1988 to 5/31/1990 in Ontario, Canada.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/apios.htm' for more information\non the APIOS.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b5853a1-aab4-4319-9815-9312fb475859", - "label": "ALIENS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Aliens\nProject URL: http://ipy.antarctica.gov.au/projects/aliens-in-antarctica\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=170\n\nThe impact of non-native (alien) species on ecosystems is one of the big issues of the 21st Century. Human travel is occurring at an unprecedented level across the globe.\n\nCurrently alien microbes, fungi, plants and animals occur on some parts of the Antarctic continent and most of the sub-Antarctic islands. These have been transported to the region through human activity (Frenot et al 2005). Introduction routes are largely associated with movement of people and cargo in association with national scientific program and tourist operations (Whinam et al 2005). The impact of these alien species ranges from minor transient introduction to substantial loss of local biodiversity and changes to ecosystem processes and evolution. With rapid climate change occurring in some parts of Antarctica, greater numbers of alien introductions and more successful invasions by aliens are likely, with consequent increases in impacts on ecosystems (Bergstrom and Chown, 1999).\n\nThis project aims to assess the extent to which the annual migratory human population carry propagules (seeds, spores, eggs) of alien species unintendedly into the Antarctic region. It aims to take a snap shot of the propagule load during the first IPY summer. This project will be the first time that an assessment of the extent of transfer of alien species into an entire biome has ever been made. \n\nThis project will attempt to assess the propagule load carried by people on a large subsample of Antarctic voyages/flights into the Antarctic and subantarctic islands during the 2007/08 summer of IPY. Expeditioners' outer clothing and equipment will be inspected for propagules. Samples will be collected and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible and using scaling- up procedures total propagule loads will be assessed. Furthermore recent travel histories of expeditioners will be taken, to assess potential sources of propagules. The significance of this element of the project is that propagules from cold areas such as the Arctic will have a greater chance of establishing in the Antarctic than those from warmer ecosystems.\n\nReferences\n\nWhinam, J., Chilcott N. & Bergstrom, D.M. (2005). Subantarctic hitchhikers: expedition as vectors for the introduction of alien organisms. Biological Conservation 121: 207-219.\n\nFrenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J.,Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P.,Skotnicki, M., & Bergstrom, D.M. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews. 80:45-72\n\nBergstrom, D.M. & Chown, S.L (1999) Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(12). 472-477", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ba24787-27f8-4d22-819a-b32efe17733c", - "label": "ARCTIC WOLVES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Arctic ecosystems are being strongly affected by global change and there is strong interest in being able to predict ecosystem responses to disturbance and for developing viable strategies for conserving biodiversity and managing the consequences of climate changes. Several international initiatives have been implemented to monitor and study the response to global warming of some tundra ecosystem components such as plants or permafrost. However, similar internationally-coordinated efforts for research on arctic food webs focusing on wildlife species (i.e. birds and mammals) are lacking. Yet, arctic food webs throughout the circumpolar world generally contain few species and are often dominated by the same groups of species, and so lend themselves well as systems suitable for comparative research. Our project will focus on key species of herbivores (e.g. geese, lemmings, and muskox), insectivores (e.g. shorebirds), and predators (e.g. foxes, snowy owls, falcons, gulls, and jaegers), and their interactions at a large number of arctic sites across North America and Eurasia. There will be a special effort in providing data from the winter period, which is poorly described in the Arctic. A primary objective is to document patterns of abundance, distribution, and phenology of reproduction of these species over large spatial and temporal scales using standardized protocols. These patterns will be related to local and regional climatic conditions. A secondary objective is to determine the relative importance of bottom-up (resources) and top-down (predators) forces in structuring these arctic food webs, and how climate affects these trophic linkages. Lemmings, which form the backbone of the terrestrial food web of the arctic, fluctuate cyclically in many locations, reaching peaks every 3-4 years. These cycles are reflected in cyclic abundance of specialist predators such as arctic foxes, snowy owls, jaegers, and weasels, which in turn may affect production of alternative prey like geese and shorebirds. Some of these complex interactions have been studied locally (Gauthier et al. 2004), but there have been few quantitative regional surveys to investigate synchrony among independent populations. In particular, we do not know how much synchrony occurs between or within continents, and this will affect how predators can operate within these polar ecosystems (Krebs et al. 2002). Geese and shorebirds are migratory birds using the Arctic only for summer breeding and offer an interesting contrast. Many goose populations have increased worldwide in recent decades, and goose grazing now has a large impact on several arctic wetlands. Although their population increase is largely fuelled by events occurring on their wintering grounds, they impose a large allochthonous influence on the tundra that seriously impacts ecosystem functioning (Abrahams et al. 2005, Gauthier et al. 2005). In contrast, many shorebird species appear to be declining worldwide, largely for unknown reasons (International Wader Study Group 2003). Shorebirds are a vital component of Arctic biodiversity with 37 species present in various parts of the circumpolar Arctic, but their globe-spanning migrations put their populations more at risk than most other species. Indeed, as global change will occur at varying speed and intensity at different latitudes, they will face multiple threats throughout their annual range, posing unique challenges for conservation. Arctic foxes are key predators of the arctic tundra that feed mostly on lemmings and birds. Their habitats have been recently invaded by red foxes in many parts of Eurasia and North America. Global warming should exacerbate this pattern but consequences on the arctic food chain are currently unknown. Foxes constitute a prime example of the changes in community structure that probably awaits the arctic tundra. Our project will build on arctic sites that already have a history of monitoring the wildlife species described in this proposal (core sites). Other sites will be added for the duration of IPY to expand the spatial coverage to poorly-known areas of the tundra (secondary sites). Inclusion of sites that lack some significant components of the arctic biota (e.g. islands without lemmings, geese or weasels) should allow fruitful comparisons to understand the role of these species in the arctic ecosystem. The abundance and distribution of all relevant species will be determined annually using the same technique at all sites. For birds, this will be largely determined by finding the nests of breeding individuals, which will also provide information on phenology. Similarly, for foxes this will be based on finding and monitoring active dens. For lemmings, various trapping techniques (snap and live-trapping) will be used. We will take blood, hair or feather samples from vertebrates (especially nomadic predators) for genetic and isotopic analysis to better understand population differentiation and trophic linkages. Exclosures will be built to monitor resource availability for herbivores, and their grazing impact. Insects will also be sampled to determine their seasonal abundance for insectivorous birds. Radio-tracking of some species will be used to monitor patterns of habitat use and activity. Winter work of resident arctic species will rely on direct observations or remote techniques (e.g. satellite or GPS radio-tracking). Climatic data will also be recorded at most sites year-round using automated stations. Our leading principle will be to collect data and to conduct experiments using a set of standard protocols that will allow comparison across all sites, and eventually meta-analyses of data from several sites.Abrahams, KF et al. 2005. Glob. Change Biol.11:841-855. Gauthier G et al. 2004. Integr. Comp. Biol. 44:119-129 Gauthier, G et al. Glob. Change Biol. 11:856-868. Krebs CJ et al. 2002. Can. J. Zool. 80:1323-1333.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=11", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bec3ae6-a05f-4d01-9f57-418626103c40", - "label": "CEOP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) was originally\nenvisioned as a major step towards bringing together the research\nactivities in the GEWEX Hydrometeorology Panel (GHP) and is being\ndeveloped and implemented within the Global Energy and Water Cycle\nExperiment (GEWEX) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).\nAlthough initiated and managed within GEWEX, the implementation of\nCEOP requires close and strong co-operation across other projects and\nrelated activities within the WCRP; in particular, the Climate\nVariability and Predictability (CLIVAR) study, the emerging Climate\nand Cryosphere (CliC) project, and the joint World Meteorology\nOrganization (WMO) Commission for Atmospheric Sciences/Joint\nScientific Committee WCRP Working Group on Numerical Experimentation\n(WGNE). It has also been endorsed by the Integrated Global Observing\nStrategy Partnership (IGOS-P) as the first element of the IGOS Water\nCycle Theme.\n\nAdditional information on CEOP can be found at the CEOP project Home\nPage:\n'http://www.ceop.net/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c838262-899b-4590-9192-2d3e1eff1247", - "label": "BAGIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The goal of the San Francisco Bay Area Demonstration GIS Project\n(BAGIS) is to develop a set of geographic information and\ngeoprocessing tools to allow on-line access to baseline map and\nimagery data for the San Francisco Bay and near coastal\nareas. This is a collaborative effort undertaken by the UC\nBerkeley Research Program in Environmental Planning and\nGeographic Information Systems (REGIS), the San Francisco Bay\nConservation and Development Commission (BCDC), and the National\nOcean Service (NOS) within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA). The BAGIS project is one of the program\nactivities of the larger NOS/NOAA San Francisco Bay\nDemonstration Project, which explores methods for integrated\nsupport for maritime commerce and coastal resource management.\n\nBAGIS Web Site\n\n\n1. Types of Information Resources\n -Geospatial point, vector, and raster data\n -Image data\n -Real-Time data\n -Text Report\n\n2. Types of Accesses to these Resources\n -Locational - directed: search tools via metadata\n -Locational - undirected: browse metadata, descriptive text and\n images\n -Identification - overview: descriptive text, thumbnail images\n -Identification - detailed: metadata\n -Visualization: graphic images, GIS display\n -Interaction: GIS display and query functions\n -Integration: GIS overlay functions\n -Acquisiton: download capabilities for some data layers\n\n3. Types of Users\n -Novice users - Overview information, browse tools\n -Moderate - metadata, search tools\n -Advanced - GIS capabilities, download ability\n\n4. Purposes for Use\n -Users with an interest in SF BAY Area.\n -Users interested in geographic features or subjects covered by data.\n -Users interested in the online presentation of geographic\n information\n -Others: more user feedback is needed to determine\n\nBAGIS Data:\n\n1. San Francisco Bay Bathymetric Point and contour Line Data\n -One gzipped, tar file that contains 13 ordered DOGS text files and\n FGDC metadata\n -FTP Link for obtaining DOGS software\n -FTP Link to DOGS User Manual\n -Bathymetric Contour file and metadata - ArcInfo Export file\n -Bathymetric Contour file and metadata - ArcView Shape file\n\n\n2. NOAA Nautical Charts for the San Francisco Bay: These scanned\n Nautical Charts are copyrighted and are therefore not\n available for download. Please see the metadata for\n information on obtaining these charts in digital form. You\n can view these nautical charts online via the BAGIS Web GIS\n page.\n\n\n\n3. NOS Topographic Survey Sheets (T-Sheets) for the San\n Francisco Bay Area Forty\n -two high-resolution NOS T-Sheets in\n pcx format are available for download along with their FGDC\n metadata.\n -Large-scale T-Sheets, 1851-1900\n -Small-scale T-Sheets, 1981-1982\n\n4. San Francisco Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) data\n Eight ESI Coverages with Metadata, available as ArcInfo\n Export (e00) files, geographic coordinate system:\n -esi.e00\n -index.e00\n -mmammal.e00\n -bird.e00\n -fish.e00\n -tmam.e00\n -crust.e00\n -hydro.e00\n\n Four ESI Lookup Tables, available as ArcInfo Export (e00)\n files, geographic coordinate system:\n\n -biores\n -species\n -season\n -polys.lut\n\n5. NOAA San Francisco 1:80K MLLW Medium Resolution Shoreline file\n\n -In ArcInfo Export format with metadata\n -In ArcView Shapefile format with metadata\n -In GRASS vector format with metadata (UTM Nad 27)\n\n6. San Francisco Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (SFPORTS) data\n\n -Sensor locations available as GRASS Sites files with Metadata\n -For Sensor Observations see the SFPORTS Information Hub\n\n7. The U.S. Coast Pilot 7 Pacific Coast: California, Oregon,\nWashington and Hawaii, 30th edition\n\nThe Coast Pilot is not available for download. However, the\nentire 511 page volume is available online at '\nhttp://www.regis.berkeley.edu/bagis/bagis_cpilot.html'\n\nBAGIS Homepage:'http://www.regis.berkeley.edu/bagis/'\n\n[Summary provided by REGIS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d36c8de-d332-4135-b06f-47d5dec03b45", - "label": "ANDEEP-SYSTCO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ANDEEP-SYSTCO\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/ANDEEP-SYSTCO.248+M52087573ab0.0.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=66\n\nThe scientific objectives of ANtarctic benthic DEEP-sea biodiversity: colonisation history and recent community patterns - SYSTem COupling (ANDEEP - SYSTCO) are: \n-to build on the international and interdisciplinary investigations which were begun during ANDEEP I-III. \n-to add a novel, innovative aspect to polar biological research - and to ANDEEP - by involving scientists from different disciplines, such as atmospheric sciences, climatology, hydrography, planktology, physical oceanography, geophysics, geology, sedimentology, bathymetry etc. to shed light on atmospheric-pelagic-benthic coupling processes.\n-to broaden the scientific scope of ANDEEP, by the use of innovative technology (modern satellites, very fine-meshed plankton samplers, novel sea-bed landers, ROVs, plankton suctors, etc., to train a new generation of polar scientists.\n\nImportant issues addressed are: \n\nAtmosphere: measurements of parameters like aerosols, ozone, reflectivity, UV irradiance, or volcanic activity (SO2) via spacecrafts (e.g. Adeos, Nimbus, OMI) will for example inform about the particle load of the atmosphere, and the magnitude of light penetration (e g. Cryosat for surface fluxes and vertical profiles of the fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer). \n\nPlankton: influence of atmospheric processes on processes in the water column, of the biogeochemistry of the surface water on primary productivity, the importance (e.g. biomass and diversity) of the nanoplankton in the food web, vertical changes in the plankton community to abyssal depths. \n\nBenthos: biology of abyssal key species. Role of the bottom-nepheloid for recruitment (larvae) of benthic animals (plankton suctor). Influence of quantity and quality of food sinking through the water column for abyssal life. Functional morphology & physiology of abyssal animals.\n\nSeabed characteristics: Effects of sedimentology, biogeochemistry, and pore water on benthic life in time and space (palaeontology). Sedimentation rates and processes over time (geophysics, sub-bottom 3.5 kHZ profiler; detailed bathymetric mapping).\n\nANDEEP-SYSTCO is a multi-national IPY project that contributes to EBA and CAML.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dce00f0-38e3-4fc5-934f-118e00b023a3", - "label": "CAMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CAMP (California Monitoring Program) involves the measuring of water quality in California waters. Parameters measured must be water quality related or include water quality parameters. Water quality parameters include physical, chemical, or toxicity data. Related data may include sediment chemistry or toxicity, benthic, or tissue bioaccumulation parameters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e258da9-876a-4971-b354-cea222a4cc27", - "label": "BEARHEALTH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BearHealth\nProject URL: http://www.biologi.no/bearhealth-eng.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=134\n\nGlobal atmospheric and oceanic pathways and processes result in the deposition of semi-volatile organic contaminants in the Arctic. With the ratification of the Stockholm POPs protocol the Arctic has become a strategic location with which to monitor global contaminants. Polar bears are top arctic predators, and hunted regularly by indigenous people, which so far has not been a threat to the stability of circumpolar subpopulation numbers. Polar bears are also captured and released for various research and monitoring porojects and thus accessible for biosampling. Polar bears are therefore ideal biomonitors of spatial and temporal distribution, dynamics, fate, biomagnification and potential effects of legacy and emerging organic contaminants of anthropogenic origin and present in the arctic environment. Furthermore, polar bears are indicators of ecosystem health and environmental change such as in sea ice habitat due to global warming. POPs and mercury and their concentrations in polar bear fat have been corelated to a number of biomarker endpoints of various effects including bone density, histology of immunological organs, renal lesions, liver morphology, immune function and/or hormones in polar bears from Svalbard, East Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.\n\nPolar bears are exposed to a wide range of organohalogen contaminants at relatively high concentrations because of their high trophic level dependence as well as their preference to the blubber of their prey. For example, POP studies carried out in the circumpolar Arctic have shown high levels of selected POPs in polar bears from especially East Greenland, Svalbard and Russian Arctic. The highest levels POPs such as oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor and p,p-DDE were found in bears from Franz Josef Land and Kara Sea in the Russian Arctic. Polar bears from the Western Russian Arctic are exposed to higher levels of chlordanes and p,p-DDE than polar bears from locations westwards and eastwards from this region. Bears from the Western Russian Arctic (Franz Josef Land and Kara Sea) also had highest PCB levels compared to Svalbard, East Siberian and Chukchi Sea. A number of POPs such as PBDE, PFOS and chlorinated compounds are expected to increase to high levels.\n\nBy 2007-2008 it will be almost a decade since the last semi-circumpolar assessment of the spatial and temporal distribution of legacy and emerging POPs, and their metabolic by-products, was conducted in polar bears. Furthermore, the last truly circumpolar assessment, including bears from the Russian Arctic, will have been at least 15 years past. Emerging contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other brominated flame retardant compounds and perfluorinated compounds, have also yet to be determined in polar bears from the Russian Arctic. In addition, two related IPY pre-proposals are also being submitted, with essentially the same international, collaborative team, to assess the circumpolar, spatial and temporal distribution of legacy and emerging contaminants - including the rising mercury levels in the Western Arctic - in polar bear and ringed seal (blubber), which is the major dietary species for polar bears. \n\nTherefore, we propose to examine region-specific effect parameters (histology on internal organs, bone morphology) from necropsy samples taken via local Inuit hunters and haematology samples from the on-going telemetry studies, clitoris biopsies and rectal, vaginal and tracheal swabs and blood samples for bacteriology/virology, cytology and parasitology, vitamin and hormone profiles. These will be linked to the potential relationship between regionally bioaccumulation differences for the organohalogen contaminants and mercury levels. Fatty acid profiles and stable isotopes will also be determined to assess region-specific similarities and differences in polar bear diets linked to habitat climate factors - such as ice extent - from climate changes. Futhermore, genetical analysis would be helpful in the differentiaton of subpopulations in relation to hunting and management. This will be facilitated through the IUCN PBSG (Polar Bear Specialist Group) lead by Denmark as given in the resolutions from the last meeting in Seattle, June 2005. Beside this, a large Danish-Greenland research programme with numeours international scientific cooperation partners has been on-going since 1999, with several international published peer-reviewed papers. \n\nThe present study would follow up previous work by resampling the same polar bear subpopulations with the help of polar bear biologists and hunters in circumpolar countries, with extension to populations in the Russian Arctic. This proposed project will build on the network of interested scientists in Alaska (USA), Nunavut/Canada, Greenland/Denmark and Norway, as well as new Russian collaborators, that was established in 2000-2001. The proposed study would complement polar bear and ringed seal programs envisaged under IPY, or ongoing in each country, which are focussed, broadly speaking, on marine mammal ecology including polar bears. It would also link to human health and social integrity studies related to traditional diet and contaminants as well as climate changes. The project would use a common protocol for sample collection (timing, tissue type, preservation) and analysis. Chemical analysis would be done in 3-4 Canadian, Danish and Alascian labs (few specialised analyses might be done by a single specialized lab) while the pathological/micro pathogen analyses may be done at different national labs. Tissues would be archived for future chemical analyses. The contaminant results would be interpreted in terms of temporal trends (compared to previous studies on the same populations), spatial trends (especially of new contaminants) and potential for effects on polar bears and by extension to human exposure. In addition markers of climate changes will be developed, analysed and interpreted.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ffc0e84-45c1-44de-b077-ac63bd4312ef", - "label": "BCI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The mission of Bat Conservation International is to protect and\nrestore bats and their habitats worldwide. It was founded in 1982, as\nscientists around the world became concerned that bats essential to\nthe balance of nature and human economies were in alarming\ndecline. Under the founding guidance of Dr. Merlin Tuttle, an\ninternationally recognized authority on bats, the organization has\nachieved unprecedented progress by emphasizing sustainable uses of\nnatural resources that benefit both bats and people. For more\ninformation, link to 'http://www.batcon.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50f77c34-ac29-4222-8d1d-6a51398a40b9", - "label": "ARK-VII/3B", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aim of this project was to map the crustal structure of totally\ndifferent geological units in a region of close proximity and to map\nthe sedimentary distribution and the western boundary of the Mesozoic\nsediment basin of Jameson Land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50faa646-2d5e-460a-b676-3b76aaa4aa8d", - "label": "CCAMLR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living\nResources (CCAMLR) is an intergovernmental organisation established by\nan international convention. The Commission, assisted by its\nScientific Committee, is responsible for developing measures necessary\nfor the conservation of marine living resources in the Southern Ocean\nsurrounding Antarctica.\n\nThe negotiation of the Convention was initiated by the Antarctic\nTreaty Consultative Parties (ATCP's) following reports of scientific\nstudies expressing concern that unregulated fishing of Antarctic\nspecies, especially krill, could result in irreversible damage to the\npopulations of other species in the Antarctic marine ecosystem.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.dfat.gov.au/environment/ccamlr.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51aaa152-f21c-4fb7-b287-4b345563596a", - "label": "ASI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Social Indicators project (ASI) is a new project following up on the Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR). The ASI project seeks to devise indicators to facilitate the tracking and monitoring of human development in the Arctic, and is being developed under the auspices of the Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) of the Arctic Council. The project period is 2006-2008, with the final report being planned for late summer of 2008, and a presentation of results at the Sixth International Congress of Arctic Social Sciences (ICASS IV) in Nuuk, Greenland.\nThe project’s main objective is to devise a limited set of indicators that reflect key aspects of human development in the Arctic, that are tractable in terms of measurement, and that can be monitored over time at a reasonable cost in terms of labour and material resources. The goal is to weigh the relative merits of a range of proposed indicators of human development in the Arctic, to select a number of indicators that seem most likely to prove successful in this context, and to test indicators with existing data and in discussions with representatives from various Arctic communities. The project, which covers the developmental stage in a long-term effort to measure and monitor human development on an integrated basis in the circumpolar Arctic can benefit a wide range of stakeholders, including those involved in Arctic policy making processes, residents of the North, and those engaged in the Arctic social sciences.\nThe scope and significance of the AHDR report has been recognized and widely praised both among those concerned with Arctic affairs and among those who deal with human development in the world at large. It presents a broad overview of the state of human development or social well-being in the circumpolar Arctic as of the early years of the 21st century, and as such, provides a baseline or a starting point from which to measure changes over time in the state of human development. The development of a suite of indicators was a part of the original vision of those who articulated the rationale for the development of the AHDR, but there was neither the time nor the material resources needed to produce a high quality product of this type. Therefore, the AHDR does not present quantifiable indicators suitable for monitoring or tracking changes in human development in the Arctic. There remains, however, an obvious need for indicators of this sort, and this is where the ASI follow-up project will seek to fill a critical gap.\nWhen determining the usefulness of an indicator and deciding among a group of possible indicators we can look at whether the chosen indicators are generalizable and stable, easy to measure in a broadly accepted manner, and suitable for use in longitudinal analyses. Thus, the exercise of devising useful indicators is indeed a challenge. From this perspective, then, it is desirable to develop a small suite of indicators that capture the essential features of the phenomenon in question and can be measured empirically in a simple and intuitively appealing manner. The ASI working group has so far decided on six domains for the construction of social indicators, and team leaders have been assigned to each of these domains: (1) Fate control and or the ability to guide one’s own destiny; (2) Cultural integrity or belonging to a viable local culture; and (3) Contact with nature or interacting closely with the natural world. Three additional domains have been identified – namely, the domains used by the UNDP in constructing the Human Development Index: (4) Education; (5) Demography/Health; and (6) Material Well-being. The work on the construction of indicators for these six domains is now underway.\nThere will be a number of components to the project’s assessment strategy, which will include a consultation process and the testing of indicators using existing data and discussions with representatives from various Arctic communities. Community and indigenous feedback will be a critical part of the evaluation process.\nThe development of a report on Arctic Social Indicators will enable various stakeholders to evaluate trends that affect sustainable human development among residents of the Arctic over time. The ASI report will make it possible to compare and contrast conditions of human development throughout the Arctic. This will assist policymakers and the Arctic Council working groups to identify priorities. While the AHDR provided a baseline to human development in the Arctic, the proposed Arctic Social Indicator project will better enable the SDWG and policymakers at large to identify major changes relating to human development in the Arctic and hence provide a tool for measuring development, the effectiveness of policies and appropriateness of actions to address issues of human development.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=462", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51c38679-3f74-4020-aa9b-c5d432c59580", - "label": "BALTEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Baltic Sea experiment (BALTEX) is one of the five\ncontinental-scale experiments of the Global Energy and Water\nCycle Experiment (GEWEX). BALTEX aims to provide a better\nunderstanding of the processes of the climate system and to\nimprove and to validate the water cycle in regional numerical\nmodels for weather forecasting and climate studies. A major\neffort is undertaken to couple interactively the atmosphere with\nthe vegetated continental surfaces and the Baltic Sea including\nits sea-ice. Major achievements have been obtained in an\nimproved understanding of related exchange processes. For the\nfirst time an interactive atmosphere-ocean-land surface model\nfor the BALTEX area was tested.\n\nThe 'Institut f?r Meereskunde' has been involved in BALTEX since\nthe beginning in several projects, comprehending both, modelling\nand measuring activities. This includes the investigation of the\nenergy and water cycle from global numerical models like the\nNCAR/NCEP-re-analysis projects as well as the development of a\nfully coupled regional atmosphere-ocean model based on the\nregional atmospheric model REMO and the coupled sea-ice-ocean\nmodel BSIOM. Due to the lack of suitable instruments to measure\nprecipitation under high wind speeds, the development of a new\nship rain gauge started several years ago within the frame of\nWOCE (World Ocean Experiment) and was completed within\nBALTEX. This new type of ship rain gauges has been mounted on\nseveral merchant ships travelling from Germany to Finland to\nperform routinely precipitation measurements over the Baltic\nSea.\n\nMajor contributions to BALTEX have been provided by the IfM Kiel\nthrough the EU Projects BASYS (Baltic Sea System Study,\n1996-1999) and PEP (Pilot Study of Evaporation and Precipitation\nin BALTEX, 1998-2000) and the BMBF-funded project Water Cycle\n(1994- 2000). Within a DFG-funded project, the Kiel Baltic Sea\nmodel (BSIOM) has been coupled to the regional atmospheric model\nREMO to study the coupling mechanisms on a regional scale.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://w3.gkss.de/baltex/baltex_home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Andreas Villwock]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "527e8a39-c242-4f8d-9d78-11ce426fa52b", - "label": "CLIVAR VACS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The specific objectives of CLIVAR are:\n\n To describe and understand the physical processes responsible for climate variability and predictability on seasonal, interannual, decadal, and centennial time-scales, through the collection and analysis of observations and the development and application of models of the coupled climate system, in cooperation with other relevant climate-research and observing programmes.\n\n To extend the record of climate variability over the time-scales of interest through the assembly of quality-controlled paleoclimatic and instrumental data sets.\n\n To extend the range and accuracy of seasonal to interannual climate prediction through the development of global coupled predictive models.\n\n To understand and predict the response of the climate system to increases of radiatively active gases and aerosols and to compare these predictions to the observed climate record in order to detect the anthropogenic modification of the natural climate signal.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.clivar.org/about/objectives.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "535a1f0e-63ae-4e10-b9cc-fff7d93d75a9", - "label": "AGASP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AGASP flights were special missions flown from Norway and\nThule AFB, to obtain measurements for determining the rate at\nwhich carbon dioxide in the arctic atmosphere was being absorbed\nby a Norwegian Sea 'sink'. Those sinks in oceans around the\nworld are believed to regularly absorb carbon dioxide from the\natmosphere, and this absorption is believed to play an important\nrole in removing excess carbon dioxide from the\natmosphere. Computer models indicated that excess carbon dioxide\nin the atmosphere from human activity would cause a 'greenhouse'\neffect; and we still are hearing about this of course, 17 years\nlater. The AGASP flights also determined how representative haze\nsamples were by comparing them to observations from ground based\ninstruments in an arctic air sampling network from the Barrow\nGMCC observatory, which is a NOAA baseline monitoring station on\nthe North Coast of Alaska.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.qsl.net/kg0yh/agasp.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5470f080-afa6-41cb-b896-69e9b1b24412", - "label": "ARG-PNUD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "At the Millennium Summit of the United Nations, held in 2000, world leaders allocated to development a central role in the global agenda through the Millennium Development Goals, which set clear targets for reducing poverty, disease, illiteracy , Environmental degradation and discrimination against women by 2015. Presente en 166 países, el PNUD utiliza su red mundial para ayudar al sistema de las Naciones Unidas ya sus asociados a despertar una mayor conciencia y verificar los progresos realizados, a la vez que conecta a los países con los conocimientos y los recursos necesarios para lograr estos objetivos. Present in 166 countries, UNDP uses its global network to help the United Nations system and its partners to arouse greater awareness and monitor developments, in turn connects to countries with the knowledge and resources necessary to achieve these objectives.\n\nNos concentramos en ayudar a los países a elaborar y compartir soluciones para los desafíos que plantean las cuestiones siguientes: We focus on helping countries build and share solutions to the challenges posed the following questions:\n\n * Gobernabilidad democrática Democratic governance\n * Reducción de la pobreza Poverty Reduction\n * Prevención y recuperación de las crisis Prevention and recovery of crisis\n * Energía y medio ambiente Energy and environment\n * VIH/SIDA HIV / AIDS \n\nEn cada una de estas esferas temáticas, el PNUD propugna la protección de los derechos humanos y especialmente la potenciación de la mujer. In each of these thematic areas, UNDP advocates the protection of human rights and especially women's empowerment. Mediante nuestra red mundial, tratamos de identificar y difundir medios de promover la igualdad de género como una dimensión esencial de asegurar la participación y la responsabilidad políticas; el fortalecimiento económico y la planificación efectiva del desarrollo; la prevención de las crisis y la solución de controversias; el acceso al agua limpia, y servicios de saneamiento y energía; el uso óptimo de nuevas tecnologías para fines de desarrollo, y la movilización de la sociedad contra el VIH/SIDA. Through our global network, we try to identify and disseminate ways of promoting gender equality as an essential dimension of ensuring participation and accountability policies, strengthening economic and effective planning of development, crisis prevention and resolution of disputes ; Access to clean water and sanitation and energy; the optimal use of new technologies for development, and mobilizing society against HIV / AIDS. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.undp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "548597c4-aa4f-4570-ac85-23c49da75cca", - "label": "BIRDHEALTH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BIRDHEALTH\nProject URL: http://www.birdhealth.nl/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=172\n\nIn short, the aim of the project is:\n1. Study geographic variation in infections, parasites, immune system functioning and pollution levels in birds.\n2. An effect study on individual marked birds\n3. Modelling future scenario's of geographic variation and relating the findings to climate change, nature management and human health.\n\nHealthy individuals are able to optimize resource use, survival and reproduction. Health of an individual will be under constant attack. Animals have developed immunological, physiological and behavioural strategies to battle these attacks from pathogens, parasites and/or pollution on their health. This battle for health is the main theme of the study. \n\nIndividually marked birds are the subject of this study. They can be studied over their life time in the wild. Health of marked individuals can be correlated with present and future fitness. Experimental manipulations will quantify the consequences of specific attacks on health and will determine cause and effect in the correlations.\n\nEcological immunology is a fast developing field, with beautiful examples of individual and species differences in immune response. Population size and distribution is structured by pathogens, parasites and pollution, which effect on fitness often is a complex interaction in an evolution of the struggle for survival. Spatial and temporal variation between populations and individuals is the main focus of the study.\n\nThe polar regions are of special interest for this study. These areas are considered to have relatively low levels of pathogens, parasites and pollution. Migratory birds linking temperate regions with the Arctic are potential vectors of diseases as shown by the recent spread of the West Nile Virus and Avian Influenza: diseases which are threatening domestic animals and humans. With a changing arctic due to climate change and pollution, more knowledge is needed on how animals cope with attacks on their health.\n\nIn the IPY, we will classify the occurrence of pathogens, antibodies, parasites and pollution levels in individually marked wild birds in the Arctic and Antarctic. We will study the immune system by running tests on blood samples or by challenging the individuals and monitor the production of antibodies. Fitness of the birds is measured during sampling as reproductive output or body condition, but also later as e.g. survival. Health can be monitored over time when the individual is repeatedly seen or caught. Finally we will model temporal and spatial variation and relate our findings to climate change, nature management and human health.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54cc5463-ef76-4ba9-af28-5854fb2da472", - "label": "ARK-X/2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aim of the marine gravity measurements of the ARK-V/3b was to map\nthe crustal structure of totally different geological units in a\nregion of close proximity and map the sedimentary distribution and the\nwestern boundary of the Mesozoic sediment basin of Jameson Land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "565c1ae1-764f-4dca-86b2-f6b5ada98e3d", - "label": "AIRMON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) is an\narray of stations designed to provide a research-based foundation for the\nroutine operations of the nation's deposition monitoring networks -- the\nNational Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) for wet deposition, and the\nClean Air Status and Tends Network (CASTNet) for dry. A subprogram is\nspecifically designed to detect the benefits of emissions controls\nmandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and to quantify these\nbenefits in terms of deposition to sensitive areas.\n\nAIRMoN combines two previously-existing deposition research networks that\nhave appropriate characteristics (previously known as the MAP3S\nprecipitation chemistry network and the CORE/satellite Dry Deposition\nInferential Method network) under a single operational umbrella, so as to\ngenerate a new monitoring activity to which on-line modeling and analysis\ncan be easily applied. An air-sampling component of AIRMoN provides some\nunique information on changes in air quality.\n\nAIRMoN has been endorsed, in principle, by both the National Acid\nPrecipitation Assessment Program and NOAA. To get started on the endeavor,\nthe daily-sampling precipitation chemistry research program, previously\noperated under the auspices of the Department of Energy was transferred to\nNOAA (the MAP3S program). Plans for AIRMoN were endorsed during 1992 by\nNOAA and by the Department of Commerce, and were accepted by OMB as an\nimportant contribution to NAPAP and to the debate about the consequences\nof the Clean Air Act Amendments controls. The activity was subsumed into a\nfunding package now well recognized NOAA's 'Health of the Atmosphere'\ninitiative, and is widely viewed as a central piece in NOAA's\n'environmental stewardship' portfolio.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.arl.noaa.gov/research/programs/airmon.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56e8d3c9-8ffb-4497-ba6b-86fbe56e6dcb", - "label": "ANT-VI/3", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The aims of the seismic reflection and refraction surveys in the Weddell Sea\nare:\na) to develop a model on the break-up of this part of Gondwana,\nb) to map the ocean-continent boundary,\nc) to develop an idea about the evolution of the area since the break-up of\nGondwana,\nd) to map the sediment distribution and the seismostratigraphy of the region\nin order to reconstruct major oceanic current systems.\n\nShot interval varies between 25 m and 30 m for the seismic reflection and 75\nm and 150 m for the seismic refraction data. Since the data have been collected\nover a long period of time, they are in various stages of processing up to\nmigration.\n\nThe following instruments were used:\n800 and 3000 m long streamer(24 and 96 channel), 6,24 l airgun arrays,\n3 l GI gun, 32 l airgun, 6-channel Reftek stations with 3-component\nseismometer and geophone arrays.\n\nThe geographical coverage is as follows:\nabout 10000 km of seismic reflection and about 1500 km of seismic refraction\ndata have been collected in the Weddel Sea, Antarctica.\nThese data cover the entire region from shelf to deep sea.\n\nData are available on request, but with special arrangement.\nInformation is from \nhttp://xena2-prod.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/gdp/search action=fullMetadata&entryLang=en&entryId=1517&entryType=productCollection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56f22b72-da5c-4b9e-a3a4-d12469ee91ce", - "label": "CIESIN/GER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57945d4d-5da2-4c37-b871-65aad81009a8", - "label": "CRN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Collaborative Research Network Program program has been created with the idea of helping develop networks of scientists and scientific institutions working together in an integrated fashion on a common global change issue of regional importance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "584dd91f-bbf4-4c20-8d4b-f5b5e57cd001", - "label": "CCAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coastal Change Analysis Program is designed to monitor change in\nterrestrial land cover and nearshore benthic resources within coastal\nenvironments of the United States including the Atlantic, Pacific, and\nGulf of Mexico, the Great Lakes, Alaska, Hawaii, and all\nU.S. Territories and possessions. C-CAP classifies types of land\ncover, analyzes and monitors changes in coastal submerged habitats,\nwetland habitats, and adjacent uplands using remote sensing techniques\n(satellite imagery and aerial photography). Through this analysis,\nscientists can correlate the changes in terrestrial regions with those\nin coastal aquatic habitats, and with changes in the distribution,\nabundance, and health of living marine resources. The program is\nmanaged through the NOAA Coastal Services Center in Charleston, South\nCarolina, in coordination with the National Marine Fisheries Service\nLaboratory in Beaufort, North Carolina, and with technical support\nfrom the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "584e252b-e44e-410d-be6c-055348571406", - "label": "BAPMON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "With a view to documenting the long term changes in composition of\ntrace species of the atmosphere as a result of changing land use\npattern, WMO had commissioned a global programme called Background Air\nPollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN) which is now a part of the\nGlobal Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Programme. India had set up 10 such\nBAPMon stations.\n\nAt these stations, rain water samples are collected every month and\nthese are sent to the Central Chemical Laboratory at Pune for complete\nchemical analysis. Acidity of rain and mineral deposition is\ndetermined from these.\n\nAtmospheric turbidity which indicates the columnar aerosol load of the\natmosphere, is also measured at these stations using sunphotmeters.\nThese data are important for identifying the current levels of\npollution as well as for study of the long term trends in the\nconcentration of trace constituents of the atmosphere which may affect\nthe environment and induce a climate change.\n\nTo study the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and terrain\nmodification on micro-climatological features of urban areas, urban\nclimatological studies are carried out in metropolitan cities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5891d145-f9c0-406c-9002-08aadb11a40e", - "label": "AFSIS/MODIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) is developing continent-wide digital soil maps for sub-Saharan Africa using new types of soil analysis and statistical methods, and conducting agronomic field trials in selected sentinel sites. These efforts include the compilation and rescue of legacy soil profile data, new data collection and analysis, and system development for large-scale soil mapping using remote sensing imagery and crowdsourced ground observations.\n\nNASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data products provide important inputs, or covariates, for the continent-wide spatial prediction of soil properties. Using both existing services and emerging frameworks, AfSIS is assembling 1) input grids to be used in development of baseline soil property maps and 2) processes to update these grids with the latest data as it becomes available.\n\nFor more information, see\nhttp://www.africasoils.net/data/ModisData", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59061653-e0f6-47c0-8d55-d51fc70a5689", - "label": "ANT-X/2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. Much of the southern part of the sea, up to Elephant Island, is permanent ice, the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, (Argentine Antarctica) and Britain (British Antarctic Territory), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile (Antarctic Chilean Territory). At its widest the sea is around 2,000 km across, in area it is around 2.8 million km².\n\nThe sea is named after the British sailor James Weddell who entered the sea in 1823 as far as 74° S. It was first widely explored by the Scot William S. Bruce over 1902-04.\n\nIt was in this sea that Shackleton's ship, the Endurance was trapped and crushed by ice in 1915.\n\nThe ice shelves which used to extend roughly 3900 square miles (10,000 km²) over the Weddell Sea have completely disappeared by 2002.\n\nSummary provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "591b5ce9-d323-4005-a558-5761d1828649", - "label": "CCAWS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cryospheric Change Analysis Web Services (CCAWS) project is developing a scalable cryospheric analysis portal for the study of Greenland's ice mass balance. This portal will include interactive data analysis tools, seamless data access, and interoperable information services. To make this possible, a set of existing subsetting, gridding, projection, and visualization tools at NSIDC will be made into modular Web services. Also, as part of this project, NSIDC will bring in several new data sets.\n\n[Summary provided by NSIDC.]\n\nhttps://nsidc.org/research/projects/Stroeve_Cryospheric_Change_Analysis.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59d33919-d494-4b22-9a16-039cd7b8af57", - "label": "ARCSS/NPEO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO) is a year-round, automated scientific observatory, deploying various instruments each April in order to learn how the world's northernmost sea helps regulate global climate. It consists of a set of unmanned scientific platforms that record oceanographic, cryospheric, and atmospheric data throughout the year. More information about the project is available at the project Web site, North Pole Environmental Observatory. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.nsidc.com/cgi-bin/get_metadata.pl?id=arcss156", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5acaedee-52a3-4ece-9812-7fdc3426e9f2", - "label": "COMARGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An integrated effort to document and explain biodiversity patterns on gradient-dominated continental margins, including the potential interactions among their variety of habitats and ecosystems.\n\nThe continental margins are the ribbons of seafloor beginning at the edge of the continental slope and extending rapidly to abyssal plain depths. During the past few decades, our understanding of deep continental margin habitats has changed more than for any other large area of Earth. While it has been known for a long time that the ocean margins are a mixture of rugged mountainous scenery and sediment- covered slopes, it is only in recent times, with higher-resolution bathymetry and increased bottom sampling, that areas once envisioned as monotonous landscapes are now acknowledged to have a high degree of complexity and diversity. Continental margins furthermore support some of the ocean's strongest gradients (e.g. depth, pressure, organic matter flux, oxygen). Collectively, these processes create unique ecosystems, which some are only now being discovered and which we are just beginning to understand. As exploitation of living and mineral resources is advancing faster than ecological knowledge on continental slopes, a comprehensive analysis of species distribution, biodiversity patterns and processes on continental margins is needed. \n\nAn objective of COMARGE is to turn basic advances in ecology into sound environmental advice. Fundamental patterns of species distribution first observed and explained in the context of monotonous slopes will be re-evaluated in light of the newly recognized heterogeneity of continental margins. Multi-scale habitat definition and mapping will provide basic georeferenced information to develop environmental sensitivity maps. Comprehensive cross-margin syntheses at the species level will enlighten benthic species distributions in the deep-sea realm and refine estimates of how many species co-exist on continental margins. The scale of species distribution is a matter of debate among deep-sea ecologists and a basic requirement in conservation policies. Comprehensive cross-margin syntheses at the community level will allow local to global testing of controls on species diversity, will generate data inputs for food web models and will provide insights in theoretical ecology. A better understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, ecosystem functioning and their inter-relationships is acutely needed in order to forecast environmental risks on continental margins.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ifremer.fr/comarge/en/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bc04916-3d5c-4097-ba0e-dba38096f607", - "label": "ACE-1/CODIAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Southern Hemisphere Marine Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1) is the first in a series of experiments which will characterize the chemical and physical processes controlling the evolution and properties of atmospheric aerosols and the role in radiative climate forcing. The field phase of ACE-1 will begin 1 October 1995 with data collection to support ship and aircraft latitudinal transects. Intensive operations in the Southern Pacific Ocean will occur from 15 November to 14 December 1995 from an operations center in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Data collection activities will conclude on 25 December 1995. Details of ACE-1 science objectives can be found in the ACE-1 Science and Implementation Plan, August 1995. Data management support for the program is discussed in the ACE-1 Data Management Plan, September 1995 and operational support details are provided in the ACE-1 Operations Plan, September 1995. operations center Objectives: The specific goal of ACE-1 is to determine and understand the properties and controlling factors of the aerosol in the remote marine environment that are relevant to radiative forcing and climate. To achieve this goal, the ACE-1 Science Team has defined three specific objectives: 1) Document the chemical, physical and radiative characteristics of remote marine aerosols and investigate the relationships between these aerosol properties; 2) Determine the key physical and chemical processes controlling the formation and fate of aerosols and how these processes affect the number size distribution, the chemical composition, and the radiative and cloud nucleating properties of the particles; 3) Assess the climatic importance of remote marine aerosols.\n\nSummary provided by http://cdp.ucar.edu/browse/browse.htm;jsessionid=E96F822416A57E9915097D39DB76692E?uri=http://data.eol.ucar.edu/jedi/catalog/ucar.ncar.eol.project.ACE_1.thredds.xml&ID=ucar.ncar.eol.project.ACE_1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5be44f3f-87a8-4549-99f0-9a9102b10240", - "label": "ACOUSTIC MONITORING, PMEL/NOAA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Acoustic Monitoring Project of the VENTS Program has\nperformed continuous monitoring of ridge systems in the eastern\nPacific since August, 1991 using the U.S. Navy SOund\nSUrveillance System (SOSUS) network and autonomous\nhydrophones. In May, 1996, long-term monitoring of the spreading\ncenters in the central equatorial Pacific (East Pacific Rise,\nGalapagos Ridge) was initiated using moored autonomous\nhydrophones.\n\nNOAA/VENTS Acoustic Monitoring Research Staff:\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/geophysics/tfazgrp.html'\n\nFor additional information please visit:\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/geophysics/acoustics_geophys.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c058e32-db60-4651-b625-57675139800a", - "label": "AKOA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c70d6af-b73d-418e-a793-47481302eeb5", - "label": "COMET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "During the 1980s, the National Weather Service (NWS) embarked on a\nmajor modernization program. As a key part of this effort, NWS\nmanagement emphasized strengthening the professional preparation and\ncurrent qualifications of operational meteorologists to apply\nmesoscale data effectively. A second goal was to accelerate the\nincorporation of research findings into operational practices.\n\nAt the request of the NWS, the UCAR Board of Trustees established the\nCooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and\nTraining (COMET) in 1989. The COMET Program was originally envisioned\nas a broad effort to affect meteorology education and training in the\nUnited States. However, the program has recently been involved in\nactivities to enhance meteorology education in universities and\nmeteorological services throughout the world. The COMET program\ndirector is Dr. Timothy Spangler.\n\nTo meet the objective of improving mesoscale forecasting in the United\nStates, an Outreach Program was developed at the COMET Program. This\nprogram currently provides financial support to universities for\ncollaborative research projects, graduate student fellowships,\npostdoctoral fellowships, and other activities.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.comet.ucar.edu/cometprogram.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d2eac9b-98e6-4445-90c2-92d2110ec255", - "label": "BRAPA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5d514a31-380c-4a84-8050-cc358d51cd82", - "label": "BigFoot", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objective of BigFoot was to provide ground validation of MODLand (MODIS Land Discipline Group) land cover, leaf area index (LAI), fAPAR, and net primary production (NPP) products. The name BigFoot was selected to describe the multiple scales, or footprints, of ground validation that the project will undertake. The BigFoot study plan covered measurement, mapping, and modeling activities at four sites, each equipped with a meteorological flux tower that makes continuous measurements of energy, water, and carbon fluxes for a roughly 1-km2 footprint.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e0b1104-2d0d-4372-9681-93f639c41dd2", - "label": "ARMCAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Campaign Summary Name: Arctic Radiation Measurment in Column:\nAtmosphere-Surface Dates: 02 June 1995 - 16 June 1995 Location:\nAlaska: (Brooks Range, North Slope, Beaufort Sea) Principal\nInvestigator: Dr. Michael King (NASA GSFC) Objective: Detect and\ndifferentiate between clouds, ice, and snow. Determine the scattering\nalbedo of clouds at selected wavelengths in the visible and\nnear-infrared bands.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MAS/armcashome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e860805-4b5f-4605-9380-6e9791646d9b", - "label": "AC SQUARED", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctica is the primary heat sink in the global climate system, and plays an important role in climate change and variability. Projections of the state of global change (e.g., global warming, ozone depletion) must accurately account for Antarctic atmospheric processes whose effects are transmitted to the rest of the planet via the atmosphere and the ocean. In addition, the processes by which tropical latitudes impact Antarctic are not well understood.\n\nAs a means to improve our understanding of atmospheric processes and transports between Antarctica and lower latitudes, a basic and applied research program is proposed to explore these atmospheric processes in detail. AC Squared will consist of both observational and modeling components with the fundamental goals to study the physical processes associated with transports throughout atmospheric column from the near-surface layer to the lower stratosphere and examine modulation of those transports during episodes of extratropical cyclone forcing, to accurately simulate these processes within numerical models, and to understand the mechanisms that produce teleconnections from the tropics and Antarctica, especially the interaction between the Southern Annular Mode and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. As an additional benefit, AC Squared will advance short term to medium range weather forecasting in the high southern latitudes. It is believed that proper representation of Antarctic processes is prerequisite to accurate climate studies, especially since Antarctic transports are strongly tied to local topographic and mesoscale processes that are currently not resolved within GCMs. It is therefore necessary to understand local and regional processes before these effects can be assimilated into GCMs and global change issues can be considered. A series of objectives have been set for AC Squared that are deemed necessary before climate sensitivity issues can be addressed:\n\n• Objective 1: To better understand key phenomena such as boundary-layer dynamics, topographic modification of synoptic and mesoscale features, cloud-radiation interactions, and moist processes accompanying episodes of cyclonic activity over the Southern Ocean adjacent to Antarctica that are associated with interactions between Antarctica and lower latitudes.\n• Objective 2: To examine key processes associated with the dynamics and chemistry of the lower stratosphere including development of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), conduct field observations and in-situ measurements of chemical species and transports and modulation by large-scale dynamics processes.\n• Objective 3: To conduct detailed measurements of key physical processes in the boundary layer and free atmosphere to permit the development of accurate parameterization schemes for use within numerical models, leading to high quality simulations of the atmospheric interactions.\n• Objective 4: To investigate the nature of atmospheric teleconnections and their modulation of the atmospheric interactions between Antarctica and lower latitudes using numerical models, atmospheric reanalyses, and satellite observations\n\nObjectives 1 and 2 will rely primarily on observations from the state-of-the-art HIAPER research aircraft flown out of Punta Arenas, Chile and southern New Zealand. Studies will be concentrated over the Weddell and Ross Sea embayments and areas to the north in association with the Schwerdtfeger Air Stream (SAS) and the Ross Air Stream (RAS), respectively. Satellite observations show PSCs to form frequently in the Weddell Sea area and airborne measurements will be conducted in the lower stratosphere in support of studies of transport dynamics of key chemical species.\n\nObjective 3 will rely on a combination of airborne and ground-based measurements that will likely be concentrated in the Ross Sea vicinity. Attempts are being made to use fixed wing research aircraft such as the British Twin Otter or Twin Otters currently used in support of U.S operations for low-level measurements.\n\nObjective 4 has a strong climate component and objective 1 can be thought of as case studies of the phenomena studied over a much longer period by this objective.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=180", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5efb4c91-25c4-4c9c-8135-680a822cc553", - "label": "ARIANNA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARIANNA: A New Frontier In UHE Particle Physics\n\nARIANNA is a new neutrino telescope that can detect neutrinos with energies between 10^15 and 10^20 eV. The final telescope will consist of 960 detectors arranged in a grid of 30km x 30km. ARIANNA intends on detecting Cherenkov light at radio frequencies with specialized antenna and using these detections to learn more about some of the big questions in ultra-high energy particle physics including probing the GZK cutoff as well as possibly aiding the understanding of ultra-high energy neutrino sources. \n\nARIANNA intends to answer, or at least help to answer, some pressing questions in high energy neutrino physics due to a variety of capabilities:\n\n- ARIANNA increases the sensitivity for the detection of GZK neutrinos by an order of magnitude over the state-of-the-art detectors currently under construction, such as ANITA. Simulations indicate that ARIANNA can observe ~ 40 events per 6 months of operation based on widely used predictions for the GZK neutrino flux by Engel, Steckel & Stanev.\n\n- ARIANNA can test alternative scenarios for GZK neutrino production. For example, models that assume that extragalactic cosmic rays are mixed elemental composition, or perhaps entirely iron nuclei, predict fluxes that may be as small as ~5% of the ESS predictions.\n\n- ARIANNA can survey the southern half the sky for point sources of high-energy neutrinos with unprecedented sensitivity. Preliminary reconstruction studies show that the neutrino direction be measured to a precision of 1 degree, and additional improvements in the reconstruction procedure are expected. These encouraging results show that good reconstruction can be achieved despite imprecise knowledge of the path of the signal.\n\n- ARIANNA can probe for physics beyond the standard model by measuring the neutrino cross-section at center of momentum energies of 100 TeV, a factor 10 larger than available at the LHC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f536748-34fe-4c5e-aed6-6bb26cad9935", - "label": "CITE-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The (Chemical Instrument Test and evaluation-1 CITE missions\nfocused on Ctesting and evaluating the ability of\ninstrumentation to measure key tropospheric constituents. The\nmethodology has been the intercomparison of airborne\nmeasurements obtained for the same species by instruments\nutilizing fundamentally different detection principles. These\nmissions provide the instrumentation techniques being employed\nduring the ABLE (Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments)\nmissions.\n\nThe CITE-1 project consisted of one ground-based experiment\n(Wallops Island, VA, in 1983) and two expeditions employing the\nNASA Convair-990 aircraft (California and the central Pacific\nOcean in Fall 1983, and California and the southwestern U.S. in\nSpring 1984). These investigations tested instruments designed\nto measure CO, NO, and OH. The instruments were: for CO, a new\nlaser differential absorption system, together with two proven\ngas chromatographs; for NO, an experiment laser-induced\nfluorescence (LIF) system and two chemiluminescence (CL)\nsystems; and for OH, two LIF systems (one lidar-based, one in\nsitu) and a radiochemical tracer technique.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fa77dc4-21c6-4cd8-a433-c6cb5af2f650", - "label": "CEDAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) is a\nfocused Global Change program sponsored by the National Science\nFoundation (NSF) to enhance the capability of ground-based instruments\nto measure the upper atmosphere and to coordinate instrument and model\ndata for the benefit of the scientific community.\nThe CEDAR Data Base (formerly the Incoherent Scatter Radar Data Base)\nis a cooperative project between the National Center for Atmospheric\nResearch (NCAR) and several institutions that provide upper atmosphere\ndata and model output for community use. There are 10 GB of data on\nthe cedar.hao.ucar.edu computer in the High Altitude Observatory (HAO)\ndivision of NCAR.\nThe CEDAR Data Base, Data Base Catalog, ftp site, and model output data\nare located at the HAO:\n'http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/index.html'\nThe CEDAR concept originated in the mid-1980's and was developed over\nseveral years through workshops, symposia, and committee deliberations\nby nearly 100 scientists involved in aeronomical studies. These\nactivities led to a comprehensive report that provided a framework for\ndeveloping upper atmospheric research in the United States through an\nevolutionary strategy of instrument development and deployment\ncoordinated with campaign activities related to the globalscale,\ncoupled, nearearth environment. The program has attracted a large\nnumber of graduate students and many international\ncollaborators. Guidance is provided by a science steering committee\nappointed by the NSF Aeronomy and Upper Atmospheric Facilities program\ndirectors; scientific feedback to the community is provided by\nnewsletters and an annual summer workshop.\nThree broad categories embrace the scientific goals of the CEDAR\nprogram: (1) dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere, with\nparticular emphasis on the hard to observe region between 80 and 150\nkm; (2) coupling between the mesosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere,\nexosphere, and magnetosphere; and (3) horizontal coupling between\nadjacent geographic regions. CEDAR has provided the community with\nimproved spectrometers, interferometers, and imagers; allowed upgrades\nof existing facilities; and supported the development of lidars and\nsmall radars. Several facilities have been established containing a\nbroad array of state of the art tools to provide a solid\ninfrastructure with which to attack outstanding aeronomy problems well\ninto the future.\nAn Interim Review, 1988-1992 Prepared by the CEDAR Science Steering\nCommittee is available at: 'http://www.nsf.gov/geo/egch/'\nContacts:\nBarbara Emery\nHigh Altitude Observatory\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research\nP.O. Box 3000\nBoulder, CO 80307\nPhone: 303-497-1596\nFAX: 303-497-1589\nEmail: emery@ucar.edu\nRoy Barnes\nScientific Computing Division\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research\nP.O. Box 3000\nBoulder, CO 80307\nPhone: 303-497-1230\nFAX: 303-497-1137\nEmail: bozo@ucar.edu\nMailing address:\n CEDAR Data Base\n High Altitude Observatory (HAO)\n National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)\n Post Office Box 3000\n Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fde0951-9013-4a98-b7b0-631a01558687", - "label": "BIOQUIMICA APLICADA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "600c2c69-984e-485a-9ce1-ee89d2309ea1", - "label": "CAWSES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CAWSES (Climate And Weather of the Sun-Earth System) is an international program sponsored by SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics) established with an aim of significantly enhancing our understanding of the space environment and its impacts on life and society. The main functions of CAWSES are to help coordinate international activities in observations, modeling, and applications crucial to achieving this understanding, to involve scientists in both developed and developing countries, and to provide educational opportunities for students of all levels. \n\nProject URL: http://www.bu.edu/cawses/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61271d6f-8a7a-48a0-83c0-3beea456a76c", - "label": "BBSR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mission Statement:\n\nBBSR's mission is to conduct research and science education of the\nhighest quality from the special perspective of a mid-ocean island and\nto provide well-equipped facilities and responsive staff support to\nvisiting scientists, faculty and students from around the world.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.bbsr.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "613b561e-b52f-47f4-bd2d-e430356ba982", - "label": "AVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "For 4 days during February 1964, the Marshall Space Flight Center\nsupported an observational program in which rawinsonde data were\ncollected from a network of 30 stations in the southeastern U.S. at\nintervals of 3 hours or less. This program, called Project\nAVE(Atmospheric Variability Experiment), presents, for the first time,\ndata with a high degree of time resolution over a spatially and\n2temporally extensive network.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6164f0e8-e208-4742-ac28-981366ca622a", - "label": "CFSV2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62469de4-6734-48a6-8c07-bc571d0e5d21", - "label": "CAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CAR project consists of many missions spanning the globe. The versatility of the CAR measurements has allowed for multiple missions investigating snow melt and albedo, air quality, ocean reflectance anisotropy and implications in ocean color remote sensing problems, radiative characteristics of clouds embedded in smoke, and changes in vegetation. Although the applications of the instrument and data have expanded over time, primary applications were for cloud diffusion domain studies and measurements of bidirectional reflectance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62bc69a0-d55f-4bd1-9d20-ef1442eec981", - "label": "AMIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) is conducted in\nassociation with the The Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and\nIntercomparison (PCMDI) project. Some 30 AMIP modeling groups are\nsimulating the climate of the decade 1979-1988 using the observed\nmonthly sea-surface temperature and sea ice, as well as common values\nof solar luminosity (1365 W/m^2) and atmospheric carbon dioxide\nconcentration (345 ppm). The participating models' principal\nnumerical algorithms and dynamical/ physical parameterizations are\nsummarized in AMIP model documentation.\nA set of monthly-mean standard output data from each AMIP model is\narchived at PCMDI. Some AMIP modeling groups have also provided\nhistory data at six-hourly intervals. Analysis of the models'\nperformance in comparison with observational data reveals their\nsystematic errors, while comparison of the AMIP simulations with each\nother provides a measure of current modeling uncertainties.\nMore AMIP information is located on the World Wide Web.\nLink to: 'http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/amip/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63beee03-8d32-4b59-8690-83f32bdbbda8", - "label": "AMBER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Proposal URL: \nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=325\n\nTo assess the impacts of climate change there is a need to significantly improve our understanding of Arctic Marine ecosystems. The lack of information in the Canadian Arctic Ocean on fish species distributions, their densities and ability to respond to climate change has implications for the development of new marine fisheries and ensuring that the current subsistence fisheries are sustainable. AMBER is part of an international cluster i.e by ArcOD, which deals with Arctic biodiversity. Many of the existing fisheries in the Arctic are dependent on the productivity of near shore coastal or estuarine ecosystems. Anadromous Arctic char, for example, obtain most of their energy during the short Arctic summer while feeding in the marine (estuarial) environment. Nunavut’s largest commercial fishery is dependent on the deep-water marine ecosystems of Baffin Bay and Davis Strait. Climate change models suggest that global warming will impact these ecosystems. AMBER will intensely study three Arctic Marine inshore environments, which support large subsistence Arctic Char fisheries, and the deep-water ecosystem of Nunavut’s Greenland Turbot fishery. AMBER will improve our understanding of the ecology of Arctic marine ecosystems so the impacts of climate change can be better assessed and help provide the information needed to take an ecosystem approach to the management and development of the Arctic marine fisheries resource. Furthermore, there is a need for much better linkages between the physical changes occurring in the marine environment and biota, including fish behaviour and feeding patterns. AMBER proposes to work with researchers and companies developing new technologies to monitor changes in ocean currents, salinity and temperature in order to correlate with fish distributions and energy requirements. We will develop energy models for inshore/estuarine fisheries and correlate with climate change scenarios and alien species invasions. The energy models will have direct application to inshore estuarine fisheries throughout the Arctic. Knowledge gained from AMBER will help northern communities plan for the impacts of Arctic warming and improve management of Arctic fisheries. By focusing AMBER on ecosystems which support important subsistence and commercial fisheries, AMBER will be able to effectively engage community participation in the project. Both of AMBER’s project leads have extensive experience working with Arctic communities.\nAMBER also proposes to study the inshore Arctic char fisheries associated with Iqaluit (Frobisher Bay, Nunavut), and Holman and Prince Albert Sound (Northwest Territories). The Iqaluit system represents a high tide estuarine marine environment; while Holman represents a near-shore marine environment influenced by ice melt. Both locations have community based fisheries management and monitoring programs that will be integrated into AMBER. The study of the Deep-water marine ecosystem associated with the Greenland turbot fishery will build on our current research underway in the Davis Strait, strengthen our international collaborations and expand the knowledge of Arctic marine food webs. AMBER will also increase the breadth and depth of knowledge on factors shaping Arctic marine biological communities by building new interdisciplinary synergies with the Early Warning System for Detecting Arctic Marine Ecosystem Change through the Use of Top Predators and Reconstructing the Surface of the Arctic Ocean Basin. As more is learned about the current distributions and densities of Arctic marine biota, an understanding of ocean currents and movements of fresh and saline waters, will undoubtedly be important in predicting future distributional patterns of biota.\nAMBER will directly engage northern communities by incorporating and expanding existing community fisheries monitoring projects. The knowledge and experience gained through AMBER will provide the baseline information required to set ecosystem objectives and reference levels for monitoring the health of these important ecosystems. By including three different systems in AMBER, models will be developed which will aid other communities in developing monitoring programs. The interactions at the community level will involve schools, colleges, northern research Institutes and the local Hunters and Trappers Associations and the development of inshore environmental monitoring and fisheries training. The legacy will be an educational/training knowledge base, which will include technical skills and decision-making capabilities, along with monitoring buoys, which will be an integral part of the Arctic communities’ contribution to global models on climate change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65084c71-40a0-4e85-b3e5-7a36a8b8ecfb", - "label": "ANT-VIII/5", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of the ANT VIII/5 was to document the benthic fauna of the\nWeddell Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "654555c2-d688-4353-bbc0-f2a1c9c031d5", - "label": "BBMSES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Southern elephant seal is a polygynous, sexual dimorphic species \nin which males are 4 -10 times greater ... than females. Males begin to \narrive at the start of the breeding season and fight each other in \nareas where females will settle to give birth. When pregnant females \nbegin to arrive, they gather in groups called harems. The result of \nthe encounters between males is a dominance hierarchy at each breeding \narea, which reduces access to the grouped females to the \nhighest-ranking males, thus allowing them to increase their breeding \nsuccess. Male size is an important variable to take into account in \nthis social structure; however, additional factors such as prior \nresidence at the breeding area, male age, and time spent on the beach \ncould also be variables that affect male social rank in the dominance \nhierarchy and thus male breeding success. \n\nBy combining different techniques (paternity analyses, body \nmeasurements, daily censuses) we propose to study the breeding biology \nof southern elephant seals at Stranger Point, King George Island, \nidentifying potential different strategies displayed by males to \nincrease their breeding success. \n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.dna.gov.ar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "659ae0e6-8a69-4e5e-841f-5b5dcfcc33bf", - "label": "AFSIS/CLIMATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) is developing continent-wide digital soil maps for sub-Saharan Africa using new types of soil analysis and statistical methods, and conducting agronomic field trials in selected sentinel sites. These efforts include the compilation and rescue of legacy soil profile data, new data collection and analysis, and system development for large-scale soil mapping using remote sensing imagery and crowdsourced ground observations.\n\nThe important role of soil moisture for the environment and climate system is well known. Soil moisture influences hydrological and agricultural processes, runoff generation, drought development and many other processes. It also impacts on the climate system through atmospheric feedbacks. Soil moisture is a source of water for evapotranspiration over the continents, and is involved in both the water and the energy cycles. Soil moisture was recognised as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) in 2010.\n\nFor more information, see\nhttp://www.esa-soilmoisture-cci.org/\nhttp://www.africasoils.net/home", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65e676a9-419c-433b-a248-8b22aca31bf4", - "label": "ACRP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Archive of Census Related Products (ARCP) is one of several efforts to\nsupport the Population, Land Use, and Emissions (PLUE) Data Project at CIESIN.\nThis archive is a collection of georeferenced data files containing census\ninformation that spans the United States and its territories. This coverage\nwill expand to include Mexico and Canada, establishing a North American\nrepository for population, land use, and emissions data and integrated data\nproducts. These data files are value-added products derived from the original\n1990 census files compiled by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The major\ncomponents are:\n\n-TIGER - boundary files based on TIGER 1992 files containing U.S. census\ngeographies.\n\n-STF - demographic data files containing population and housing\ncharacteristics from the 1990 Summary Tape File STF3A and STF1B.\n\n-STP - migration files derived from the STP28 Special Tabulation for 1990\nwhich show the movement of persons by county.\n \n-PUMS - public-use microdata samples which provide information for a\nsample of housing units with data on the characteristics of each unit and the\npeople in it. The data are 5% and 1% samples of the population and housing of\nthe U.S.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/cenguide.html\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65fda34f-656e-4b94-b8e8-58200cae07aa", - "label": "ARCTIC VENTS EXPEDITIONS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "We propose an international collaboration to study hydrothermal venting on the ultra-slow spreading Arctic mid-ocean ridge system. The Gakkel Ridge is a key target for hydrothermal studies because it has distinctive geological characteristics as a result of ultra-slow spreading (full spreading rate of 3-7 mm/yr), and because it is hydrographically isolated from the rest of the world’s ocean basins, which has important implications for vent field biological communities. In addition, major portions of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system lie in deep water (> 4000 m) under the ice pack, rendering them inaccessible to traditional deep submergence technologies. We are solving this problem by developing robotic vehicles that will be able to autonomously detect, localize, survey, and sample deep-sea vent fields under the Arctic ice pack. As a result, our project is technology intensive and involves a strong component of discovery while at sea, which, when combined with our scientific objectives produces a compelling project that is very much in line with the objectives and spirit of the International Polar Year.\nOur major scientific themes are the geological diversity and biogeography of hydrothermal vents on the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system. Our major technology theme is autonomous exploration and sample return with an explicit mandate to develop techniques and methods for eventual use in astrobiology missions to search for life under the ice covered oceans of Europa, a moon of Jupiter (through funding from the US NASA). Our plan is to stage a series of at least two expeditions to different portions of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge during the IPY period (2007-2008). A US-led expedition will target suspected hydrothermal vent sites under 'permanent' pack ice at 85E and 9E on the Gakkel Ridge, and a Norway-led expedition will target sites in seasonally ice-free water over the Mohns Ridge. The results of these two expeditions will be combined to reveal systematic patterns regarding biogeography (through both community-level and genetic-level investigations) of vent-endemic fauna, to study the differences between basalt vs. peridotite hosted vent fields, and to improve our understanding of hydrothermal circulation at ultra-slow spreading plate boundaries where amagmatic extension and long-lived faulting are the dominant mechanisms.\nThrough a combination of both traditional and novel instrumentation technologies we will conduct hydrographic surveys to constrain the size, shape, and composition of hydrothermal plumes in the water column above the vent fields. At the Mohns Ridge, the Norwegian led efforts will then proceed as usual for vent field studies in open water using an remotely operated vehicle (ROV). On the Gakkel Ridge the shape of the plume, and the location of the positively buoyant plume stem, in particular, will be used to localize the source vent fields to ≤ 100m, and this information will be used to guide autonomous surveys (with autonomous underwater vehicles - AUVs) to generate fine-scale microbathymetry maps and photomosaics of the vent fields. The photomosaic imagery will be used to identify immobile sampling targets, and an AUV equipped with a rudimentary manipulator/sampler will then be used to acquire immobile (e.g., sessile) samples. The PUMA and JAGUAR AUVs are presently under development at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for this mission, with a customized AUV-mounted manipulator being developed at the University of Maryland's Space Systems Laboratory. The AUVs will be tested under the Arctic ice pack in summer 2006 from the USCG Healy.\nAfter the expeditions samples and survey data will be disseminated to collaborating scientists at various institutions within our international consortium, such that a comprehensive suite of measurements and analyses will be conducted. Our formal effort will conclude with an international workshop to disseminate our results and focus future initiatives. Major funding for our proposed research is already in hand (see Section 3.10) through the US National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs (Arctic Natural Sciences section) and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In addition, the Norwegian-led effort to find and study vent fields on the Mohns Ridge has already gotten off to a fantastic start with the major discovery of new vent fields during the summer 2005 field season (http://195.37.14.189/public_html/sciencewriteratsea/Norway2005/web-content/Navigation/press/Norway.html). Scientists and engineers in Japan and Germany will contribute to the project by providing key personnel and equipment for the various Arctic expeditions, and by collaborating in post-cruise analyses of survey and sample data.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=173", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "662ebc50-d0b1-417c-90b2-21194dbacdfa", - "label": "BGEP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian Basin with its Beaufort Gyre (BG) contains about 45,000 km3 of fresh water (Aagaard and Carmack, 1989). This is the major reservoir of fresh water stored in the Arctic Ocean and its volume is 10-15 times larger than the total annual river runoff to the Arctic Ocean, and at least two times larger than the amount of fresh water stored in the sea ice. What is the mechanism of fresh water accumulation in the BG? A release of only 5% of this fresh water is enough to cause a salinity anomaly with the magnitude of the Great Salinity Anomaly of the 1970s.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66caedf0-4390-4018-879b-69e8d2151638", - "label": "CORAL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) promotes coral reef conservation\naround the world by working with the dive industry, governments, local\ncommunities and other organizations to protect and manage coral reefs,\nestablish marine parks, fund conservation efforts, and raise public\nawareness with the mission to keep coral reefs alive for future\ngenerations.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.coralreefalliance.org/about/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67700e50-d67a-4491-8d1e-629c97c00385", - "label": "CHARTERBOAT SURVEY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of this survey is to determine relative abundance and\ndistribution of fishes caught by charterboats. Depending on the year, data\nwere collected by contract employees and/or volunteers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67968751-1c72-4e77-92a5-6e6430c92e72", - "label": "CalNex", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CalNex, the California Nexus: Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change project was a joint effort of the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the California Energy Commission (CEC) to study of atmospheric processes over California and the eastern Pacific coastal region in 2010. This study emphasized the interactions between air quality and climate change issues, including those affecting the hydrologic cycle. It constited of a series of comprehensive regional air quality and climate assessments conducted by NOAA and an expansion of CARB’s leadership of California air quality studies. It complemented the ongoing CEC regional climate change studies.\n\nCalNex consisted of in-situ measurement of chemical species from aircraft, ship and ground stations, scanning lidar ozone mapping, and chemical modeling during May and June of 2010. More information is available at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/calnex/ or\n\nRyerson et al. (2012), Overview of the 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study, J. Geophys. Res., CalNex special issue, submitted.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69966e64-9135-4d58-a1f5-85db86edb20b", - "label": "CRAC-ICE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CRAC-ICE\nProject URL: http://www.annee-polaire.fr/api/la_recherche_francaise_et_l_api/81_collaborative_research_into_antarctic_calving_and_iceberg_evolution\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=81\n\nCRAC-ICE will be a coordinated investigation into calving processes on three major Antarctic ice shelves, and a (long-term) monitoring of icebergs in the Southern Ocean, including the study of the physical processes related to iceberg drift and decay. The processes leading to a calving event include the initiation and propagation of through-cutting rifts. Iceberg calving can result in a significant loss of mass from the Antarctic ice sheet, and represents ~ 65% of the total ice sheet ablation. Therefore, it is critical to understand the processes which precede and lead up to a major calving event in order to realistically assess how future climate changes might affect the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Post-calving, iceberg drift is influenced by the shape of the coastline, bottom topography, and a combination of tides, currents, wind, and sea ice. Monitoring the evolution of icebergs as they drift into warmer waters provides a valuable experiment in how rapid climate change influences ice shelves - especially such components as firn compaction, the impact of surface meltwater, ponding, and iceberg break-up. Grounded icebergs cause a severe devastation of the sea floor, forcing benthic communities to re-colonise. Iceberg melting and decay represents a significant source of freshwater (and mineral dust) primarily into the upper layers of the Southern Ocean's northern fringe. A stabilisation of the weakly stratified water column has important and poorly understood consequences for sea ice and water masses involved in deep and bottom water formation, and the biology of the euphotic zone. \n\nCRAC-ICE's first objective is to develop an understanding of the mechanics of ice shelf rift initiation and propagation via three complementary components:\n1. Fieldwork: Networks of autonomous observation stations (GPS, seismometers, webcams and AWS) will be deployed around selected rift tips on each ice shelf for one year. The measurements will be combined with oceanographic measurements of currents, temperature and salinity, and significant wave heights. These mirror campaigns will provide a continuous time series of rift widening (GPS) as well as rupture locations and source mechanisms (seismic), which can be compared with environmental effects such as large storms. Ground penetrating radar profiles will be collected, to probe the subsurface structure of the rift. Cores will be taken of the mélange inside each rift to determine its composition. On the Ross Ice Shelf, autonomous vertical profilers will be installed beneath a rift to monitor ocean currents and mixing, and to take depth profiles of salinity and temperature on a daily basis for one year. \n2. Satellite data analysis: Satellite images (e.g. MODIS, MISR, ASTER, RADARSAT) provide 'snapshot' observations of the surface expression of the rift at discrete time intervals. Image pairs provide estimates of velocity, ice strain rates, and rift widening rates on much larger spatial and temporal scales than the ground-based measurements. InSAR analysis using Radarsat will provide rift deformation rates. ICESat/CryoSat laser and radar altimeter data will be used to provide surface profile information for each rift and estimate mélange thickness.\n3. Modeling: Physical modelling, using a large ice tank, will be used to simulate ice shelf behaviour over a range of conditions. The results from these experiments, along with data collected in (1) and (2), will be used to construct realistic suites of numerical models of ice shelves which explicitly include fracture physics. This will enable careful hypothesis testing of the mechanisms and processes which occur during ice shelf break up - including the effect of mélange within rifts.\n\nCRAC-ICE's second objective is the monitoring of iceberg evolution as they drift away from their calving sites, based on:\n1. Shipbased observations near drifting bergs, including the deployment of autonomous observation stations on icebergs of various sizes equipped with sensors for position, air pressure, strain and tilt, reporting via the ARGOS system.\n2. Satellite data analysis using imagery (e.g. Envisat, Radarsat, ALOS) with different spatial resolution. A pattern-recognition algorithm will be applied to identify and track icebergs with minimum lengths between 200 - 500 m (depending on pixel size). Radar imagery will be used to monitor the physical changes in icebergs (surface melting, firn compaction, ponding, etc.) from their sites of calving through to their final break-up. Estimates of the total mass loss (and related freshwater flux) will be made by combining size information from satellite imagery with freeboard elevation from satellite altimetry (ICESat, CryoSat, Envisat), both compared with modeled melt rates. \n3. Modeling of iceberg drift to guide image acquisition. The simulated track will be used to bridge the interval between a pair of images. Modeled side wall (including wave erosion) and basal melting will be used to verify the observed mass losses due to size and freeboard reductions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69d04002-7b85-474e-aa76-33dccd40c05b", - "label": "ADLP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) is a distributed digital library with collections of georeferenced materials. ADL includes the operational library, with various nodes and collections, and the research program through which digital library architectures, gazetteer applications, educational applications, and software components are modeled, prototyped, and evaluated.\n\nADL provides HTML clients to access its collections and gazetteer, and provides specific information management tools, such as the Feature Type Thesaurus for classing types of geographic features, as well as downloadable software code.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69efba4b-e680-44c0-8080-fa561cbb2c75", - "label": "CALCOFI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CalCOFI survey area overlays three coastal zoogeographic\nprovinces, a coastal upwelling zone, and three oceanic water masses.\nThe oceanographic and ecological complexity of this region has been a\nfertile research field for NMFS scientists since the beginning of\nCalCOFI. A key goal is to learn how dynamic oceanographic features\naffect the distribution and abundance of important fish species and\nfish assemblages. This is important if we are to progress from single\nspecies to multi-species and ecosystem management strategies. Close\ncollaboration with Mexican research partners in relation to their\nbiological-oceanographic survey.\n\nFor more information, link to ' http://swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov/frd/CalCOFI/CC1.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ae368ca-ed43-44fa-b422-e0c796881f26", - "label": "ARESE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARESE, the ARM Enhanced Shortwave Experiment, concluded a very\nsuccessful deployment to Oklahoma on November 1, 1995. The purpose of\nthis five week long campaign was to conduct a series of instrumented\nflights to measure the interaction of solar energy with clear and\ncloudy skies to provide additional insight into recent observations of\nenhanced absorption in cloudy atmospheres.As such, ARESE focused on\ntwo scientific objectives: (1) the direct measurement of the\nabsorption of solar radiation by clear and cloudy atmospheres and the\nplacement of bounds on these measurements; and\n\n(2) the investigation of the possible causes of absorption in excess\n of the model predictions.\n\nTo accomplish these objectives, ARESE used a combination of satellite,\n aircraft, and ground observations to make highly accurate solar flux\n measurements at different altitudes throughout the atmospheric\n column. At the heart of this was a carefully 'stacked' Twin Otter\n and Egrett 'cloud sandwich' with the Otter at 1500 - 5000 ft and the\n Egrett at 43,000 ft. This was overflown by an ER-2 flying at 65,000\n ft, which because of its much higher speed did not stay in constant\n alignment with the Twin Otter/Egrett stack but did provide periodic\n coincidences with these other aircraft. All three aircraft carried\n identical up- and down-looking 'Valero' radiometers and flew over\n identical up-looking radiometers at the CART central and extended\n facilities. Radiance measurements from the GOES satellites were used\n to retrieve top-of-the atmosphere fluxes. These flux measurements\n were supplemented by a variety of cloud property measurements from\n the ground, the Egrett and the ER-2, including! radar, lidar and\n multispectral measurements.\n\nThese baseline ARESE flights were conducted at the CART site from\nSeptember 25 through November 1. During that time we flew twelve\nscientific data flights and accumulated approximately 60 hours of\nin-flight data under a variety of atmospheric conditions ranging from\nclear to solid overcast. These flights are detailed in the table below\nand include: cloud forcing experiments under scattered, broken, and\nsolid overcast conditions including low, mid-, and high-level cloud\ndecks; clear sky column absorption and surface albedo measurements;\nclear sky flux profiling measurements; and in-flight, co- altitude\nintercomparisons of flux measurements made from the two aircraft. The\ndata appear to be of excellent quality and comprise a unique data set\nfor testing our understanding of the absorption of solar radiation in\nboth clear and cloudy atmospheres.\n\nIn addition to these baseline solar absorption experiments, the ER-2\nalso performed some key calibration experiments. These used highly\naccurate spectral radiance measurements from the MODIS Airborne\nSimulator (MAS) to calibrate radiance measurements from the GOES\nsatellite and to improve retrieval algorithms for converting spectral\nradiances to spectral fluxes.\n\nThe success of this deployment was the result of the tremendous\nefforts of a multi-laboratory multiagency team comprised of five DOE\nLaboratories, three NASA Centers, about a dozen universities and three\naircraft companies. The ARM Program sponsored the ground-based\nmeasurements, ARM-UAV (Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle) the coordinated\nEgrett and Otter measurements, and ARM and NASA the ER-2\nflights. Funding was provided through the DOE's ARM Program and\nthrough DoD's Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program\n(SERDP).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/iops/arese/AR_summ.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b41bc6a-45b9-443d-bd3a-40d3314b725d", - "label": "CBMAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "State and local government officials have long struggled with the\ncomplexity involved in protecting and improving water quality in their\njurisdictions. Due to technical, environmental, and regulatory\ncomplications, these officials have grappled with this important\nissue, often coming up short of a workable, consistent plan for water\nresource management. Recently, scientific literature has shown that\nthe amount of impervious surface in a watershed proves to be a useful,\neasily identifiable indicator of overall water quality. In response to\nthis finding, the Towson University Center for Geographic Information\nSciences (CGIS) and its partners--the Towson University Department of\nGeography and Environmental Planning, the Maryland Space Grant\nConsortium, the Washington College Center for the Environment and\nSociety, and the Maryland Virtual High School--completeda project to\nmap impervious cover for the entire Chesapeake Bay and Maryland\nCoastal Bays watersheds. The goal of this project is to supply state\nand local official with the impervious surface data and with the\ntechnical and theoretical background they need to integrate\nimperviousness into their water quality protection measures.\n\nTo complete the impervious surface mapping project, CGIS used remote\nsensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies to\nidentify pervious and impervious land cover types throughout the\nChesapeake Bay and Maryland Coastal Bays watersheds. The data was then\n'clipped' by watershed and county boundaries tomake the information as\nuseful as possible to its intended audience--state and local\ngovernment officials. This data was then uploaded onto a CGIS server\nto be distributed to its end users via an online Infomart, complete\nwith raw remotely sensed data (Landsat 7 EMT+), geospatial data, and\nbackground information onremote sensing/digital image\nprocessing. Additionally, the Infomart contains a link for K-12\nteachers, which includes lesson plans on imperviousness that teachers\ncan use within their classrooms. K-12 teachers and their students have\nalready played an integral role in the impervious surface project by\nground truthing over 15,000 land-cover points, using portable GPS\nunits supplied to them by CGIS. Finally, the Infomart serves as the\nfocus of a Project NEMO (Non-Point Education of Municipal Officials),\nuniversity-based outreach program to educategovernment officials on\nwatershed ecology, imperviousness, and potential mitigation measures.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://chesapeake.towson.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c2b160a-5adf-40c1-a4c6-953a7986151a", - "label": "CAMEX-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The second field campaign in the CAMEX series (CAMEX-2) was conducted from August 21 through September 2, 1995. The AMPR was deployed during CAMEX-2 which was a NASA funded scientific study conducted out of Wallops Flight Facility, VA. This experiment was designed to study the three-dimensional moisture fields using satellite, aircraft, and ground-based instrumentation and the multi-frequency radiometric and lightning signatures of tropical convection in support of the Mission to Planet Earth. The geographic domain of the CAMEX-2 region was between 25.5 degrees north to 43 degrees north latitude and 70 degrees west to 83 degrees west longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6cf29a28-1b97-444b-9d3d-ad9f23599cef", - "label": "CBR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Columbia Basin Research (CBR) is a joint effort of scientific\nresearch projects through the School of Aquatic and Fishery\nSciences at the University of Washington under the leadership of\nJames Anderson and John Skalski.\n\nWe investigate issues surrounding salmon biology in the Columbia\nand Snake River basins. Our research has produced computer\nmodels which simulate and predict salmon migration and survival\nin the Columbia Basin and salmon harvest in the North\nPacific. We also function as a secondary database site,\nproviding data and tools to analyze salmon issues in Columbia\nBasin. As a secondary database site, we add value to the data\nthrough statistical analysis and modeling activities.\n\nThe Columbia Basin Research group occupies an office in downtown\nSeattle (see directions for exact location). Currently, the CBR\ngroup has 15+ staff members including two faculty members,\nresearch consultants, computer programmers, database manager,\ngraduate students, system administrator, program administrators,\nand various other staff. CBR has multiple computing\ncapabilities, including Win32 and Unix, and multiple database\ncapabilities, including Ingres and Oracle.\n\nContact Information:\n\nColumbia Basin Research\nPuget Sound Plaza\n1325 4th Avenue, Ste 1820\nSeattle, WA 98101-2509\n\nPersonal:\nJim Anderson\njim@cbr.washington.edu\nPhone: 206-543-4772\nFax: 206-616-7452\n\nCBR Homepage: 'http://www.cbr.washington.edu/'\n\n[Summary provided by University of Washington]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e06bfe5-bf2c-4e43-96f0-88ab10ddae1d", - "label": "CLICOPEN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ClicOPEN\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/ClicOPEN.68+M52087573ab0.0.html\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=34\n\nThe response of terrestrial and marine coastal systems to ongoing climate change\n\nThe Western Antarctic Peninsula is getting warmer and warmer. Rapid regional warming of air temperatures observed over the last fifty years has been exceptional and unprecedented within the past 500 years. As a consequence, glaciers are retreating and leaving new ice-free areas for primary colonization of terrestrial and near shore marine plants and animals.\n\nThe ClicOPEN initiative is aimed at investigating the response of terrestrial and marine coastal systems to ongoing climate change along this area. The project is land based and uses existing Antarctic research stations in four different areas of the Antarctic Peninsula as platforms for synoptic field and laboratory studies during the IPY. It will start during the Antarctic summer of 2006/2007.\n\nThe objectives within the ClicOPEN approach are dual:\nA) to analyze and quantify effects of glacial melting and increased rock erosion on terrestrial and near shore marine ecosystems on a latitudinal gradient along the Western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. \nB) to provide a basis for a mechanistic understanding of climate change processes at the peninsula that will serve to draw a link to present and future changes in more remote shelf regions of the Southern Ocean. \n\nClicOPEN is land based and uses existing Antarctic research stations in 4 different areas of the Antarctic Peninsula as platforms for synoptic field and laboratory studies during the IPY. Comparative work at McMurdo, Ross Sea is intended. A station based programme enables us to include many scientists into cooperative and comparative work, make use of the existing logistic background provided by field stations and home institutions, and also to draw from historical data sets in locations of long-term scientific records, including temperature records and documented contours of ice caps and glaciers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ffd7617-25fd-4464-bbd3-fc02e33ffafb", - "label": "CEMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702ab0e0-3f0e-4782-890a-026c15486526", - "label": "AVISO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AVISO (Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data) program seeks to provide long-term, continuous altimetry datasets by merging past and present satellite altimetry missions. Aviso distributes satellite altimetry data from Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1, ERS-1 and ERS-2, and EnviSat, and Doris precise orbit determination and positioning products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "718e04d8-20fe-4abf-879c-eb6a7996164e", - "label": "CLPNH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Cold Land Processes in the Northern Hemisphere\nProject URL: http://neespi.org/team/CLPNH_IPY.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=138\n\nRationale: The stability of the ecosystems in more than a half of Northern Eurasia and north North America (in Cold Land Regions, CLR) relies on the stability of seasonal snow cover and ice that, so far, holds these ecosystems together. Breach of this stability affects societies and economic activity in high latitudes. Currently, changes in terrestrial cryosphere are among the strongest contemporary environmental changes. However, these changes as well as their associated feedbacks and impacts are still inadequately described within the contemporary Earth System Models. During the 20th century, we observed snow cover and glaciers' retreat and permafrost thaw affecting water supply, land cover, and the carbon cycle. Glacier wastage has affected sea level rise, water freshening, sea ice reduction, bioproductivity changing, and redistributing gravity field patterns. Further consequences are difficult to predict. Paleodata, instrumental observations, and model simulations of future climate changes suggest significant and rapid changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and land cover occur in high latitudes particularly over the CLR. It is critical to develop the ability to measure, monitor, and model the processes that will provide the possibility for accurate future projections of climatic and environmental changes in these regions because these changes have the potential to impact the Global Earth System and human society. We need (a) to understand how the changes in these regions affect regional and global biogeochemical, surface energy and water cycles, as well as human societies and how to develop the capability to predict changes to support global projections, informed decision making, and numerous applications in these regions; (b) to establish (restore, develop, utilize) an observational system to retrieve and properly interpret information about the current state and changes of the environment in the CLR; (c) assess their interactions with global climate and society; and (d) enhance the predictive capability of Earth System models to account for environmental changes over the Northern Hemisphere and the globe.\n\nThe overarching science question of this IPY activity is: How do terrestrial cryosphere dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere interact with and alter the biosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere of the Earth? \nThe Science question dictates the following research strategy: We have to define first (a) what deficiencies currently exist in understanding the major processes in cold land regions? (b) what are the major sources of uncertainties? (c) what information is needed to run (and/or develop) sufficiently complete models that describe these processes? Thereafter, targeted field campaigns, data gathering /recovery, and/or new networks should be initiated. \n\nWithin the triad: observations, process studies, and modeling, the role of Process Studies in Cold Land Regions is to improve models that reproduce the changes in the Earth System behavior in response to the changes in high latitudes. Currently existing models do not describe sufficiently well the critical processes of interactions and their dynamics within terrestrial ecosystems, atmosphere, hydrosphere, coastal zone, and cryosphere in CLR. Also, the initial state of some of components of the Earth System in the Regions (e.g., the cryosphere) is not yet well known. We need to justify both the innovative research and efforts to improve observations in the region that otherwise could be ineffective investments in old technology and practices. \n\nThree terrestrial components of the cryosphere in the CLR of the Northern Hemisphere: snow cover, permafrost, and small glaciers will be studied as well as their interactions with society and potential feedbacks to the Global Earth System. Within each area of research the foci of studies will be on (a) the models' development to improve understanding and projections of the dynamics of the Earth System in high latitudes and its interactions with the Global Earth System and (b) creation of conditions for seamless implementation of these models (e.g., organizing the input data stream for them) in a quest of answering the overarching science question and serving numerous practical applications. \n\nTasks for snow cover studies. Major issues: (a) Global Earth System modeling and numerous applications require high resolution global snow water equivalent measurements, their extension in the past, and a proper physical description of processes describing snow dynamics; (b) Having a new Cold Land Processes Mission (CLPM) as a long-term objective, the IPY is the right time for extensive and focused groundwork to secure the Mission success. Tools: (a) Extensive field campaigns and network legacy to guaranty the CLPM calibration and ongoing support over the Hemisphere; (b) Studies of compatibility of various (in-situ and remote) instrumentation and data rescue efforts; (c) Development of a portable (scalable) physically based model of short-term and seasonal snow evolution applicable to rough terrain and/or in the presence of vegetation.\n\nTasks for permafrost studies. Major issue: Permafrost changes (warming and thawing) have global consequences these processes should be well understood, monitored, modeled, and projected. Mitigation strategies should be timely developed. Tools: (a) Establish and support a comprehensive permafrost monitoring system in the high latitudes including the Arctic coastal zone; (b) Develop reliable models accounting for changes in the permafrost and its interactions with terrestrial ecosystems, hydrology, atmosphere, and society and incorporate them into emerging global Earth System and reanalyses models; (c) Develop specialty models that seamlessly account for specifics of permafrost environment in practical applications (coastal erosion, cold land engineering, etc.) \n\nTasks for glaciers' studies. Major issues: Increase in accuracy of monitoring of glaciers' dynamics from space and in situ observations to resolve the major uncertainties of the global glaciers' changes, first of all surface area and distribution versus elevation and surface mass balance with extrapolation from the observational network to the larger glacier systems. Tools: (a) Develop a conceptual model for areal generalization of the glaciers' characteristics and their monitoring; (b) Develop a portable model that describes the processes of glaciers' change in response to climate change; the model should be useable as a block in the regional and global climate models as well as for water and natural hazard management; (c) Repeat regular monitoring using laser altimetry for glaciers in CLR and blending these observations with existing long-term observational network data; (d) Assessment of direct anthropogenic impact on glaciers' dynamics (e.g., due to air pollution). Mostly small glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere will be studied within this IPY proposal.\n\nTasks for socio-economic studies. Major issue: Fragile environment and harsh climatic conditions in high latitudes put additional stress on societal sustainability during rapid environmental changes. Tools: (a) Determine the impacts of environmental changes in high latitudes on humans in particular on the indigenous population; (b) Develop models of economic effect, both positive and negative, of the ongoing and possible climate changes, snow- glaciers- and permafrost-related hazards; (c) Develop the societal feedback loop models for use in Global Earth models; (d) Develop mitigation strategies for the populations negatively affected by contemporary and projected environmental changes.\n\nTasks for integration studies. Major issue: Need for suite of regional models that incorporate peculiarities of interactions of climate, cryosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere of high latitudes and serve as a reliable internal block to Global Earth Models. Tools: (a) Develop regional models (e.g., reanalysis, WRF, LDAS) with specialty blocks (hydrology, cold land, coastal processes, ecosystem, societal interactions) incorporating major feedbacks that are specific for high latitudinal land areas and are of global importance (e.g., potentially powerful permafrost thawing over CLR and the Arctic coastal zone and greenhouse gases emission positive feedback); (b) Develop (improve) regional numerical weather forecast models to account for specifics of the high latitudes (including specific societal needs); (c) Verify Global Climate Models' projections in the high latitudes; (d) Organize input data stream (remote and in-situ) sufficient for operating the system that can answer the overarching science question and serve numerous practical applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "71e8e873-a201-48a7-b7e6-f880e5fe69b9", - "label": "ANTHROMES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Anthropogenic biomes, also known as 'anthromes' or 'human biomes', describe the terrestrial biosphere in its contemporary, human-altered form using global ecosystem units defined by patterns of sustained direct human interaction. Ellis and Ramankutty (2008) delineate 21 anthropogenic biomes based on population density, land use and vegetation cover. The anthropogenic biomes are grouped into six major categories -- dense settlements, villages, croplands, rangeland, forested and wildlands.\n\nThe Anthropogenic Biomes of the World, Version 1 data set describes globally-significant ecological patterns within the terrestrial biosphere caused by sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including agriculture, urbanization, forestry and other land uses circa 2001-2006.\n\nAnthropogenic Biomes of the World, Version 2: 1700-2000 (Ellis et al 2010), describes historical transformations within the terrestrial biosphere caused by sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including agriculture and urbanization. Between 1700 and 2000, the terrestrial biosphere made the critical transition from mostly wild to mostly anthropogenic, passing the 50% mark early in the 20th century. \n\nUsers can download each dataset as one global raster or as a raster for each of the 6 populated continents. The data are available in GeoTiff and Esri grid formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72d37a19-68c1-4d6c-90cb-6cbc527e51f9", - "label": "ARWAMLP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Adapted from Animas River Abandoned Mine Lands Project introduction,\n'http://amli.usgs.gov/amli/data/animas/', and the Abandoned Mine Lands\nInitiative home page, 'http://amli.usgs.gov/amli/']\n\nThe Animas River Watershed Abandoned Mine Lands Project (ARWAMLP) is being\nconducted as part of the larger U.S. Geological Survey Project, the Abandoned\nMine Lands Initiative (AMLI). The purpose of AMLI is to provide technical\nassistance in support of Federal Land Management Agency (FLMA) actions to\nremediate contamination associated with abandoned hard rock mining activities.\nThis initiative is part of a larger strategy by the U.S. Department of the\nInterior and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to coordinate activities for\nthe cleanup of federal lands affected by abandoned mine lands. The Animas\nRiver portion of the project focuses on the upper Animas River watershed in\nsouthwestern Colorado.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "744601d5-cedc-4c12-96a8-63b4ae004d78", - "label": "AIDJEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "During the summer of 1975 AIDJEX maintained four manned camps on\nice floes in the Arctic Ocean. Instrumentation located at those\ncamps, or deployed on floating data buoys, recorded surface and\ngeostrophic winds, ocean current velocity at 2 and 30 meter\ndepths, and camp (ice floe) position. Data are archived as daily\naverage values for each camp, as well as ice velocity and\nsmoothed positions. Surface pressure and geostrophic wind data\nare also available at 6-hourly intervals. Data acquired during\nthe AIDJEX main experiment have been validated, for the most\npart, by the principal investigators and analysts. Data are\navailable on diskette or via ftp.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0013.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7460e146-765c-40c7-95f5-94ba87e21b7e", - "label": "ASTAPA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ASTAPA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=293\n\nUsing a unique Canadian technology, the ASTAPA system will supplement existing and planned ocean observing systems with the capacity to monitor passages of rare and commercially important animals for up to 20 years and will also extend the reach of physical monitoring systems. The original concept of an Arctic Curtain& (EOI 640, Canada ) to monitor seasonal migrations of fish, expanded through the IPY process and a global proposal to the Canadian Foundation of Innovation for an Ocean Shelf Tracking and Physic Array (OSTAPA). The original EOI for a single line of acoustic receivers through the narrowest channels in the Canadian Archipelago drew interest from marine mammal trackers and ocean observers from the Bering Strait to Norway. So, ASTAPA now includes multiple lines to record direction and speed of travel as well as local oceanographics at key passages. ASTAPA would have the proven data gathering and management capacity of the operational Census of Marine Life (COML) Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST) project (www.postcoml.org) to tag animals as small as 20g with individually unique acoustic codes and to follow larger tags for up to 20 years.\nThe Arctic is a more challenging environment, but the POST personnel with technical experience will work with DFO colleagues to develop the logistics for putting the system in place. A consortium would be developed to maintain receiver lines. VR3 receivers, produced by Canadian manufacturer, VEMCO-AMIRIX, allow frequent data recovery for up to seven years simply by putting a hydrophone modem connection in the water. In the Arctic this can be done throughout the winter through an ice hole, and in summer from small boats. Individual receivers record the presence of a tag within a kilometer, so tagged animal movements in open water or under ice can be tracked. Also, VR3s have sensors to measure, store and download physical data via modem, so there is strong synergy and potential savings between physics and biology. As with POST, most tagging would be done by other researchers and consortia. We have identified a broad range of projects interested in the data ASTAPA can return. There are two ways that ASTAPA complements the many projects tagging animals with satellite tags: (1) acoustic tags implanted at the same time provide a unique identifier for up to 20 years, so that changes in individual animal behaviour can be correlated with climate change and (2) data recovery is controlled locally by local people and does not depend on remote multi-billion dollar satellite networks. Planned future developments will add download capacity to VR3 receivers so that data stored in archival tags can be transferred acoustically to receivers instead of by radio to satellites, greatly reducing data costs. \nASTAPA complements several of the other IPY EOIs. For example EOI 624 AMBER examines fish distributions, density and reaction to climate change. Much of the field work for this project will be centered in the waterways around Resolute. ASTAPA proposes the installation of an acoustic curtain in this area. The logistical crossover between the two projects will be high. Also, our monitoring of animal movement and the characteristics of the water column will complement AMBER, just as their information of fish fauna composition, density and distribution will complement ASTAPA. Also, EOI 713 Canadian Arctic CoML will provide information on biodiversity that will be valuable in completing the picture of multi species interactions that we observe by animal tracking. Logistical cross-over includes at the least ship time on the CCGS Amundsen. EOI's 663 GWAMM, 77 and 153 MEOP will provide information on the physical attributes of the water column profiled by tagged marine mammals, including information from areas under ice. We will also have similar information. Ship gathered CTD's by these projects will also increase our knowledge of physical variables of the water column as our static lines provide the same information at key points. Also, logistics of equipment movement and animal tagging can be coordinated to reduce effort and cost and maximize results. EOI's 688 COME and 673 Canadian Icebreaker provide transport to remote locations for installation and downloading of acoustic curtain data. While EOI's 682 Freshwater Flux in Canadian Arctic, 80 and 14 IAOOS will provide much needed information on the movement and characteristics of waters throughout the Arctic Archipelago.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75ec4186-d922-45bc-bd71-2e22ee2ff96d", - "label": "ATom", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) is a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-2 mission to study the impact of human-produced air pollution on greenhouse gases and on chemically reactive gases in the atmosphere. ATom deployed an extensive gas and aerosol payload on the NASA DC-8 aircraft for systematic, global-scale sampling of the atmosphere, profiling continuously from 0.2 to 12 km altitude. Around-the-world flights were conducted in each of four seasons between 2016 and 2018.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77509487-4f7d-4685-a47b-f3e3a468f197", - "label": "CABRILLO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CABRILLO Project (Southern CAlifornia Bight Regional Investigations Life, Land, and Ocean) of the U.S. Geological Survey addresses complex oceanographic and hazard issues that affect Southern California coastal communities.\n\nThe offshore area is geologically active resulting in the potential for earthquakes, underwater mass-wasting events (submarine landslides and slumps), and tsunamis. The geology of the seafloor along the coast and continental shelf of Southern California provides diverse habitats that include rich fisheries, kelp forests, marine mammals, and many other niches and biological guilds. Both human and non-human inhabitants are at risk from pollution of the coastal ocean and from the degradation of fresh-water sources as a result of salt-water intrusion. In addition, the coastal ocean is a resource for economic development (shipping), communication (trans-oceanic cables), fishing, recreation, and tourism. The CABRILLO project provides USGS scientists with an interdisciplinary framework in which these complex coastal issues can be studied.\n\nCABRILLO efforts currently focus on six component tasks and a regional synthesis:\n\n * CASA - Salt Water Intrusion investigates offshore-onshore components of salt-water intrusion into coastal aquifers by developing 2D and 3D stratigraphic models of potential salt-water infiltration.\n * Océano - Contaminant Processes studies ocean contaminants, their distribution along the coastal region and the processes by which they are transported.\n * Playa - Coastal Change addresses issues of coastal change, including beach loss, shoreline retreat, and the processes that impact coastal stability.\n * Tierra - Geologic Hazards investigates geologic hazards associated with submarine landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis.\n * Vida - Benthic Habitats concerns the relationship between sea-floor rock and sediment and benthic habitats.\n * Región - Regional Synthesis provides a regional synthesis of Southern California's coastal and marine geology, the impact of man on the environment and the impact of the natural environment on man. \n\nSummary provided by http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/cabrillo/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77a99702-4771-4ca3-a2bf-026c1aa1fec5", - "label": "CBERS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78221fe7-9722-4e6a-ba34-4dea581429cb", - "label": "CHESS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A global study of the biogeography of deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems and the processes that drive them.\n\nBackground\nDirected from the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS) in the UK, the Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), in Barcelona, Spain, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in the US, ChEss is improving our knowledge of the biodiversity and biogeography of species from deep-water chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems at a global scale and increasing our understanding of the processes that shape these communities. In order to achieve such ambitious goals, scientists from around the globe have been brought together under the ChEss umbrella to coordinate their activities focusing on ChEss scientific objectives. ChEss is addressing the main questions of CoML on diversity, abundance and distribution of marine species, within the realm of deep-water reducing environments such as hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, whale falls, sunken wood and areas of low oxygen that intersect with continental margins and seamounts. It is crucial to combine results from research on all these systems in order to understand the phylogeographic relationships amongst all deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7881d16a-81c3-4563-b6a8-99d40965a90b", - "label": "BAHC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Biospheric Aspects of the Hydrologic Cycle (BAHC) is an interdisciplinary\nproject combining and integrating expertise from ecophysiology, pedology,\nhydrology, meteorology, and other disciplines.\nBAHC is one of eleven program elements of the International\nGeosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). BAHC attempts to answer the central\nquestion: How does vegetation interact with the physical processes of the\nhydrological cycle?\nBAHC develops techniques and algorithms to provide climatic data at\nscales for hydroecological research. Furthermore, BAHC provides\nsoil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer models at larger scales, in\nparticular, the areal pattern of heat and moisture fluxes according to\nland-surface heterogeneity.\nContact:\n-------\nBAHC International Project Office\nPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research\nTelegrafenberg, P. O. 601 203\nD-14412 Potsdam\nGermany\nTel: (+49-331) 228 2543\nFax: (+49-331) 288 2547\nE-mail: bahc@pik-potsdam.de\nURL: 'http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~bahc'\n[This information was adapted from the BAHC web pages at the Potsdam\nInstitute for Climate Impact Research (PIK).]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "788638a9-ce3e-4a3e-94d6-b763e484ae7f", - "label": "AAOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, a multi-institutional effort managed by NASA Ames with participation by Ames scientists, was a major airborne campaign conducted during August and September of 1987 to study the sudden and unanticipated decrease observed in the abundance of ozone over Antarctica in the Austral spring since 1979. Specially instrumented NASA ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft were used to acquire a database on the chemical, meteorological and cloud-physical parameters associated with the phenomenon. The aircraft experiments were coupled with data from three separate satellite systems and ground based sensors located in various places on Antarctica. The collection of data from all experiments was the result of international collaboration and represents the most massive data acquisition ever performed over the Antarctic region.\n \nThe instrumentation used to acquire the airborne data was developed under long-standing programs funded by the Upper Atmospheric Research and Tropospheric Chemistry offices of NASA's Earth Science and Applications Division. Results of the mission were presented at a Polar Ozone Symposium in Snowmass, Colorado in May of 1988. A two volume special issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research devoted to this experimental effort was published in August and November of 1989. The data obtained during the Antarctic mission show the lowest ozone levels ever recorded and directly implicate man-made chemical compounds, chlorofluorocarbons, in the enormous ozone loss over this remote region in the southern hemisphere.\n \nOne of the most compelling pieces of evidence leading to this conclusion is shown in the chart . These data, measured on the ER-2 aircraft as it flew south from Chile into the ozone hole, show the dramatic inverse correlation between ozone and chlorine monoxide. Because chlorine monoxide is produced by the process in which manmade chlorine destroys ozone, the large quantities observed provide strong evidence that manmade chemicals are involved in the Antarctic ozone loss process.\n \nRESEARCH SITE: Antarctica\n \nCOLLABORATORS: NASA Goddard, NASA Langley, Jet Propulsion\nLaboratory, NOAA Aeronomy Lab, National Center for\nAtmospheric Research, AER Inc., Harvard University,\nUniversity of Denver, University of Washington,\nU.K. Meteo-rological Office, the European Center for\nMedium Range Forecasting, and CNRM.\n \nFor more information, link to:\nhttp://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/aaoe/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78c7f01d-27b0-44cf-abfe-ba2721680636", - "label": "AOMIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) is an international effort to identify systematic errors in Arctic Ocean models under realistic forcing.\n \n \nThe main goals of the research are to examine the ability of Arctic Ocean models to simulate variability on seasonal to interannual scales, and to qualitatively and quantitatively understand the behaviour of different Arctic Ocean models. AOMIP's major objective is to use a suite of sophisticated models to simulate the Arctic Ocean circulation for the periods 1948-2002 and 1901-2002. Forcing will use the observed climatology and the daily atmospheric pressure and air temperature fields. Model results will be contrasted and compared to understand model strengths and weaknesses.\n \nAOMIP will bring together the international modeling community for a comprehensive evaluation and validation of current Arctic Ocean models. The project will provide valuable information on improving Arctic Ocean models and will result in a better understanding of the processes that maintain the Arctic's observed variability.\n \nFor more information, link to:\nhttp://efdl.cims.nyu.edu/project_aomip/overview.html\nand\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=29836\n \n [Summary provided by New York University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78cbff2e-7782-4892-9fc7-d1a223c4e209", - "label": "CBESS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Chesapeake Bay Earth Science Study (CBESS) was a baseline\ninventory of Chesapeake Bay bottom sediments, particularly of\nthose properties or features (e.g. sediment type, water content,\nsulfur content, carbon content) that affect the distribution of\ntoxic substances. The project, funded by the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency, was a cooperative effort between the states\nof Maryland and Virginia. The Maryland Geological Survey and the\nVirginia Institute of Marine Science were responsible for\nsampling and analyzing sediments deposited in the waters of\ntheir respective states.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.mgs.md.gov/coastal/data/baysedata.html'\n\n[Summary provided by MGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79402810-c844-4c97-965b-0e8691c3a60e", - "label": "AIRMISR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AirMISR -- the Airborne Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer --\n is a an airborne instrument for obtaining multi-angle imagery\n similar to that of the satellite-borne MISR instrument, which is\n designed to contribute to studies of Earth's ecology and\n climate. AirMISR flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. It was\n built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,\n California.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/air.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79b449bd-27f4-4384-ae00-28a1ed675e52", - "label": "AMLI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[from Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative home page, 'http://amli.usgs.gov/amli/']\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting an Abandoned Mine Lands (AML)\nInitiative during the fiscal years 1997 through 2001 to provide technical\nassistance in support of Federal Land Management Agency (FLMA) actions to\nremediate contamination associated with abandoned hard rock mining activities.\nThis initiative is part of a larger strategy by the U.S. Department of the\nInterior and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to coordinate activities for\nthe cleanup of federal lands affected by AML. The strategy will employ a\nwatershed approach, in which contaminated sites are identified and remediated\nbased on their effect on the water and ecosystem quality of a targeted\nwatershed. The initiative will be implemented on a pilot scale in two\nwatersheds, the Boulder River basin in southwestern Montana and the Upper\nAnimas River basin in southwestern Colorado.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a67175e-b394-4ab8-9671-546016bf8ee4", - "label": "CRREL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Our mission is to solve interdisciplinary, strategically important problems of the US Army Corps of Engineers, Army, DOD, and the Nation by advancing and applying science and engineering to complex environments, materials, and processes in all seasons and climates, with unique core competencies related to the Earth's cold regions. \n\nThe history of CRREL goes back to long before its inception in 1961. In the 124 years since Alaska was purchased from Russia, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has been involved in cold regions research and development. During World War II, organizations were created which, in 1961, were brought\nGroundbreaking ceremony at CRREL.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/crrel/history.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e8fca64-48e1-47a3-af7e-75351766eedc", - "label": "AMPPOP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AMPPoP aims to standardize the approaches for studying population dynamics, breeding and foraging activities of penguins all around the Antarctic continent so as to better understand the diverse population trends and relate them to climate change.\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=251", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7eae1fb8-6e5d-44c3-bfe5-0ae96b0244b6", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/SBI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) project focuses on shelf, shelf break and upper-slope water mass and ecosystem modifications, material fluxes and biogeochemical cycles. The geographical focus is on the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas and adjacent upper slopes, with the aim of generalization of the results into Pan Arctic and global models. The overarching goal of the SBI project is to understand the physical and biogeochemical processes that link the Arctic shelves, slopes, and deep basins. Relevant to this proposal, the SBI project will focus on a) biogeochemical modifications of Pacific water over the Beaufort and Chukchi shelf and slope regions, with emphasis on carbon and nitrogen; and b) comparative analysis of the findings over the broad Chukchi shelf and narrow Beaufort shelf and adjacent slopes to facilitate integration of the Western Arctic into a Pan-Arctic perspective. We will support the goals of SBI by evaluating the processes of carbon and nitrogen transport, exchanges and transformations in the regions of interest. Our specific interests will be: a) determination of mass transport and fate of carbon and nitrogen associated with the volume transports calculated by SBI collaborators; b) interpretation of carbon and nitrogen spatial distributions and temporal variability relative to biological and physical conditions; c) evaluation of partitioning of organic matter between dissolved and particulate phases; d) determination of net community production and it’s fate as DOM, suspended POM, and sinking POM; e) determination of C:N stoichiometry as a complement to biological studies, particularly in relation to community structure and seasonal progression of intense phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas; and f) evaluation of the contribution of DOM vs. POM to apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) development in the Arctic halocline and export from the shelf. We will measure the full suite of carbon and nitrogen variables in survey mode. These include dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), as well as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), a required variable, will be measured by the Category 2 hydrographic team contracted by SBI. We will also measure alkalinity to aid in identification of water masses, and the seawater pCO2 (e.g., ?pCO2) of the surface water to estimate air/sea flux of CO2). DOC, DIC, total alkalinity, and seawater pCO2 will be determined at sea. DON, PON, and POC will be analyzed at our shore labs. We require that 4 individuals from our groups (2 for organic variables and 2 for inorganic variables) join each of two 6-week processes cruises each summer (2002 and 2004). Synthesis of data will progress throughout the five-year project, culminating in the overarching final year synthesis. We anticipate ongoing synthesis and modeling collaborations with other funded SBI groups, including the physical oceanographic and tracer groups, the service groups and biological studies groups. \n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.vecopolar.com/arlss_reports/ARLSS_ProjectsDetail.aspx?cbPropNum=0124900", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fd87987-348b-48ad-9f99-33ae9955c106", - "label": "CLICCRYOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Cryos - State of the Cryosphere\nProject URL: http://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/ipy-cryos/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=105\n\nThe cryosphere, which includes sea-, lake-, and river-ice, snow cover, solid precipitation, glaciers, icebergs, ice sheets, ice caps, permafrost, and seasonally frozen ground, plays a crucial role in not only the polar climate system, but also in the global climate system. It is inseparable from the polar freshwater system, both on land, ice and in the sea. Understanding the state of the cryosphere, and its associated past, present and future variability and change in time and space, is essential to understanding the polar environment in terms of its physical and biogeochemical interactions with the ocean, atmosphere and terrestrial systems, and the impacts on and interactions with social, cultural and economic systems. \nThis project is proposed and supported by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project to provide a framework for assessing the polar cryospheric system and the related physical and chemical processes, interactions and impacts within the Earth system. The IPY provides the opportunity for a coordinated circumpolar assessment of both polar regions by nations and their organizations, scientists, and residents that likely would not be otherwise undertaken.\n\nThe 'State and Fate of the Polar Cryosphere' will establish links with the main projects (clusters) involved in monitoring, assessing, and understanding the variability, uncertainty, and change in the global cryosphere. This includes projects that will study permafrost, glaciers and ice sheets, sea ice, snow cover, and precipitation, as well as those involved in developing observing systems and data and information systems. We are also linking with projects involved in socioeconomic and cultural issues and those that will provide education and outreach, including traditional knowledge. (See section 4.2 for a complete list of participants.) The project will play a leadership, management, and coordinating role in the development of a sustained long-term cryospheric polar observing system, which would be implemented in the future through GCOS, GOOS, GTOS, CEOS, and possibly GEOSS. \n\nWe propose to coordinate activities and synthesize results to: \n1. assess the current state of cryospheric parameters in the high latitude regions, providing a snapshot of the cryosphere and an evaluation of its current (IPY) state in the context of past states and projections of the future;\n2. formulate the observational requirements of cryospheric variables for weather and climate monitoring and prediction and for other environmental assessments;\n3. strengthen international cooperation in the development of cryospheric observing systems.\n\nThe CliC International Project Office will support the coordination, and the CliC Data and Information System (DISC, http://clic.npolar.no/disc/) will provide the portal on the current state of the global cryosphere.\n\nThe 'State and Fate of the Polar Cryosphere' project will complement the newly developed Cryosphere Theme for the Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS), which is being developed jointly by CliC and SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) (http://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/IGOS-cryo).\n\nThis project will also develop links to a number of diverse projects and activities that are examining the effects of a changing cryosphere on biological and human systems, e.g., the implications of changing polar snow cover characteristics on bird and mammal breeding. The aim is to document not only the changes that are happening to the global cryosphere, but to also highlight the diverse impacts of these changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80585695-515f-49bf-8357-4705480f614c", - "label": "ANTARCTICVP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Transantarctic Vertebrate Paleontology Project involves the collection and study of Triassic to Jurassic age vertebrates from the southern Transantarctic Mountains near the Beardmore and Shackleton Glaciers, Antarctica. William R. Hammer of Augustana College, currently the Principal Investigator on a National Science Foundation grant supporting this research, has led seven vertebrate collecting expeditions to these regions since 1977. To date faunas of four different ages have been studied. Included among the taxa discovered are synapsids, prolacertids, procolophonids, a rauisuchid and a variety of temnospondyl amphibians from the Early Triassic, synapsids and large capitosaurid temnospondyls from the early Middle Triassic, a few indeterminant bone fragments and a dicynodont tusk from the Late Traissic. The theropod Cryolophosaurus ellioti, along with prosauropod, sauropod, tritylodont, and pterosaur taxa are known from the Early Jurassic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8078ed39-5892-4222-a019-14048c8dd9af", - "label": "CHMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The mission of the Coral Health and Monitoring Program is to provide\nservices to help improve and sustain coral reef health throughout the\nworld.\n\nOur long term goals are:\n\nEstablish an international network of coral reef researchers for the\npurpose of sharing knowledge and information on coral health and\nmonitoring.\n\nProvide near real-time data products derived from satellite images and\nmonitoring stations at coral reef areas.\n\nProvide a data repository for historical data collected from coral\nreef areas.\n\nAdd to the general fund of coral reef knowledge.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.coral.noaa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "808115fe-8c35-4c8e-b848-4c36c54fef6d", - "label": "ARC-MIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Modeling Intercomparison Project:\nBackground\n\nA powerful method for improving regional climate simulations is the\ncomparison of simulations produced by different models with each other\nas well as with available observations. Strengths and weaknesses of\nmodel structures, numerics and parameterizations can be assessed\nside-by-side. The utility of model intercomparisons is greatly\nenhanced if the models operate under the same external constraints and\nuse a data-rich case study such as SHEBA.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://cires.colorado.edu/lynch/arcmip/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8129149b-3d95-47e8-a156-2d66266184a8", - "label": "BRFEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A field campaign was carried out near Boardman, Oregon, to study the effects of subgrid-scale variability of sensible-and latent-heat fluxes on surface boundary-layer properties. The experiment involved three U.S. Department of Energy laboratories, one National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration laboratory, and several universities. The experiment was conducted in a region of severe contrasts in adjacent surface types that accentuated the response of the atmosphere to variable surface forcing. Large values of sensible-heat flux and low values of latent-heat flux characterized a sagebrush steppe area; significantly smaller sen- sible-heat fluxes and much larger latent-heat fluxes were associated with extensive tracts of irrigated farmland to the north, east, and west of the steppe. Data were obtained from an array of surface flux stations, remote-sensing devices, an instrumented aircraft, and soil and vegetation measurements. The data will be used to address the problem of extrapolating from a limited number of local measurements to area-averaged values of fluxes suitable for use in global climate models. \n\nSummary provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992BAMS...73.1785D", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "814903bc-b83b-4229-b617-f6273b64bfee", - "label": "AEOLUS 1980", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "818ae3b2-c435-49f3-8f7d-baac319b49da", - "label": "BD CARTO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BD CARTO is one of the four databases produced by IGN-F together with\nBD ALTI, BD TOPO and GEOROUTE. It is useful for positioning, handling,\nmanaging, comunicating geographic information related to NUTS III in\nFrance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8209a3d9-a4e3-4fbb-928a-e29a5875eafc", - "label": "BOFS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study (BOFS) was a Community\n Research Project of the Marine and Atmospheric Sciences\n Directorate of the Natural Environment Research Council and was\n hosted by the Plymouth Marine Laboratory from April 1987 and\n April 1992, with a bridging to April 1993 for cruises to the\n Southern Oceans. The North Atlantic field programme was\n conducted between May 1989 and July 1991. BOFS formed a\n significant part of the UK's contribution to the IGBP's Joint\n Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS).\n\n From the outset, BODC took the lead role in organising and\n ensuring the proper management and processing of BOFS data. The\n aim throughout was to make high quality data readily available\n to project scientists with minimal delay, and to ensure the\n publication of a comprehensive fully worked up data set at the\n end of the project.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.bodc.ac.uk/frames/index2.html?../projects/bofs.html&2'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82593005-dc77-43ee-b9a2-19017d32c7ff", - "label": "ANT-XII/2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. Much of the southern part of the sea, up to Elephant Island, is permanent ice, the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, (Argentine Antarctica) and Britain (British Antarctic Territory), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile (Antarctic Chilean Territory). At its widest the sea is around 2,000 km across, in area it is around 2.8 million km².\n\nThe sea is named after the British sailor James Weddell who entered the sea in 1823 as far as 74° S. It was first widely explored by the Scot William S. Bruce over 1902-04.\n\nIt was in this sea that Shackleton's ship, the Endurance was trapped and crushed by ice in 1915.\n\nThe ice shelves which used to extend roughly 3900 square miles (10,000 km²) over the Weddell Sea have completely disappeared by 2002.\n\nSummary provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85112e2e-16b0-4c11-b2df-b1f8f95ff86f", - "label": "BIOME 6000", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'Climate-vegetation interactions: a 6000 yr BP experiment' is a current focus of GAIM. The experiment aims to quantify the importance of biogeophysical feedbacks in the climate system by comparing the performance of coupled and uncoupled climate-biosphere models, driven by the Earth's orbitally-induced change in seasonal insolation from 6000 yr BP to present. The existing, extensive coverage of palaeodata describing the state of the terrestrial biosphere at 6000 yr BP should provide a decisive standard against which to evaluate the model results.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://gaim.unh.edu/Structure/Key_Issues/Biome6000/1994workshop.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85daa6ce-2b86-47c9-a84e-540ae692f969", - "label": "ANTPAC97", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Paleoceanographic team was organized within the Laboratory of Geodynamics and Paleoceanography in 2005, after the reorganization of the Laboratory of Ore Genesis and Paleoceanography. The main research subjects of the team are the high resolution paleoceanographic reconstructions in the different areas of the World Ocean, global correlations, and teleconnections. The group headed by Dr. Sc. Elena Ivanova consists of five persons, including Emeritus Professor Ivar Murdmaa, and associated students from Moscow State University and Russian University of Geological Prospecting. Current research is mainly focused on the Tropical Pacific, Barents -Kara Seas and Black Sea.\n\n\nhttp://www.ocean.ru/eng/content/view/56/41/1/1/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85e01b79-19c9-4078-9e12-28957b98ccb1", - "label": "CAML", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CAML\nProject URL: http://www.caml.aq/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=53\n\nThe Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) investigates the distribution and abundance of Antarctica's marine biodiversity, how it is affected by climate change, and how change will alter the nature of the ecosystem services currently provided by the Southern Ocean for the benefit of mankind.\n\nThe CAML is a five-year project that will focus the attention of the public on the ice-bound oceans of Antarctica during the International Polar Year (IPY) in 2007/08. Its objective is to study the evolution of life in Antarctic waters, to determine how this has influenced the diversity of the present biota, and to use these observations to predict how it might respond to future change. The CAML will collaborate with biological oceanographers in its work, for at its heart lies the integrated nature of ecological and biological change.\n\nPolar regions experience greater rates of climate change than elsewhere on the planet. The fauna of the regions are uniquely adapted to the extreme environments in which they exist, and may be vulnerable to shifts in climate. There is an urgent need to establish the state of these communities, and in particular their biodiversity, if we are to understand the impact of climate change. The project will integrate knowledge across all regions, biomes, habitats and fields of study to strengthen our knowledge of ecosystem dynamics in this high latitude, frozen ocean system. Only through a multi-scale level of investigation will a better understanding of the diversity and status of Antarctica's marine life be obtained.\n\nThe CAML's main biodiversity data will be collected from 17 research vessels during the IPY. In addition, tourist vessels will contribute observations and other ships will collect samples using the Continuous Plankton Recorder. The biodiversity data, collected as georeferenced species records, will available on the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research's Marine Biodiversity Information Network (SCAR-MarBIN http://www.scarmarbin.be) for researchers, governments and others concerned with ocean management.\n\nThe CAML will leave legacy sites for future comparability studies. It will employ modern genomic techniques and contribute to the Barcode of Life project, integrating with other Census projects. In particular, the CAML will interact very strongly with the Arctic Ocean Diversity Project (ArcOD), drawing comparisons between differences in ecological structure and dynamics between the Arctic and Southern Oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "861ffbe4-50be-4e26-bfb3-8f7e9bd3c215", - "label": "CPEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) aircraft field campaign will take place in the North Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean Oceanic region during the early summer of 2017. This campaign hopes to collect data that can help to answer questions about convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation. For this effort, NASA's DC-8 aircraft will log 100 hours of flight time and be equipped with multiple instruments capable of taking measurements that will help scientists improve their understanding of convective processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "865292d8-91d9-42fc-8f5e-350c9d5d64cc", - "label": "CALIPSO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CALIPSO was selected as an Earth System Science Pathfinder satellite\nmission in December 1998 to address the role of clouds and aerosols in\nthe Earth's radiation budget. NASA Langley Research Center is leading\nthe mission and is providing overall project management, systems\nengineering, payload mission operations, data validation, processing\nand archival. CNES is providing a PROTEUS spacecraft, the imaging\ninfrared radiometer (IIR), payload-to-spacecraft integration, and\nspacecraft mission operations. CALIPSO is being developed through\ncollaboration between NASA and the French space agency, Centre\nNational d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES).\n\nCALIPSO will fly a three-channel lidar and passive instruments to\nprovide key measurements of aerosol and cloud properties needed to\nimprove climate predictions. CALIPSO is co-manifested with the\nCloudSat satellite for a October 2004 launch on a Delta II launch\nvehicle. They both will operate as part of a constellation of\nsatellites including EOS Aqua, EOS Aura, and PARASOL (Polarization and\nAnisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science coupled with\nObservations from a Lidar), which is being developed by CNES. The\nsatellites of the constellation will fly in a 705-km circular\nsun-synchronous polar orbit with a nominal ascending node equatorial\ncrossing time of 13:30 local time. This constellation will provide\nnearly simultaneous and co-located observations that will allow\nnumerous synergies to be realized by combining CALIPSO observations\nwith complementary observations from other platforms. This unique data\nset of aerosol and cloud optical and physical properties and\naerosol-cloud interactions will substantially increase our\nunderstanding of the climate system and the potential for climate\nchange.\n\nFor more information on the CALIPSO project, see:\n'http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP)\nProgram, see:\n'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise (ESE):\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "867bc74f-1849-4ee8-a1dd-e2441c8f9742", - "label": "CIRCUMPOLAR POPULATION MONITORI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Climate change is already dramatically affecting the biosphere, but its effects on biological communities are still poorly understood. Because of the sensitivity of sea ice extent to temperature fluctuation, and the sensitivity of high-latitude species to changes in ice extent, the Southern Ocean represents a natural laboratory in which to investigate the impacts of global and regional climate change and any consequent biotic modifications. In the Southern Ocean, individual species depending on their link to sea ice may be affected independently, or there may be changes due to complex, multispecies interactions, e.g. bottom-up cascades from plankton to krill, fish and top-predators; conversely, top-down cascades could result from alterations of predation pressure as changing sea ice affects the degree of access of top predators to their prey. In this context, it is now well documented that, among air-breathing top-predators, variations in penguin population can be used as an indicator of climatic changes. The census of penguin populations over several decades and all around the continent has indeed revealed general long-term trends, some of which appear to be contradictory depending on spatial scale. For example, the West Antarctic Peninsula show trends that differ from those observed in the Ross Sea and elsewhere. Furthermore, colonies at the regional scale, such as the South Orkney Islands, can also show contrasting population trajectories. It has been found that small colonies respond more dramatically to the altered environment than larger ones, a response affected by the proximity of neighbouring colonies and their respective size. In other words, some of the fundamental mechanisms driving the dynamics of penguin populations still remain largely unidentified. A long-term monitoring of individual birds using methods that minimize disturbance is therefore necessary to determine the life-history parameters that respond to climate change, such as survival, emigration, breeding performance and foraging success as well as metapopulation dynamics (clusters of colonies). It is also critical to ascertain that the differences within and between colonies are not due to an experimental bias. A co-ordinated effort, therefore, is required in the monitoring and analysis at different sites, both in following individuals over the complete breeding season and in tracking them at sea where they feed The main goal of this project is precisely to address these issues. This will be carried out in the context of other IPY projects that have related objectives and in the context of existing long-term monitoring programmes that are already well established. These include the Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) IPY EoI 83, Integrated Analyses of Circumpolar Climate Interactions and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) IPY 417, and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). We propose:\n\n1. To define and use a population monitoring protocol for land-based top-predators that allows us to obtain large, quantitative sample sizes of year-round biological information about their breeding performance and at-sea activity and distribution with minimum disturbance for the population studied. This challenging task is feasible because of the major advances in microelectronics that have occurred over recent years. Our project will combine state-of-art electronic identification of individuals with the most-advanced bio-logging approaches. To minimize disturbance, the identification of animals requires that individuals are tagged with miniature passive implanted transponder microchips that are detected by radio receiver antennae (Automatic Identification System, AIS). This will be complemented by the bio-logging approach, which is based on externally-attached, miniature data-recorders that monitor the location, time-budget and/or feeding activity of free ranging animals.\n2. To co-ordinate and standardize the monitoring and analysis procedures used by different research groups so as to provide a circumpolar network of information on the status of penguin populations, an activity to further the goals of CCAMLR. This will include promoting the development of automatic systems to monitor penguin populations at sites not yet monitored and to provide assistance to research groups that do not yet have the expertise or resources in this domain.\n3. To share information on the population dynamics of penguins in relation to environmental variability (especially sea-ice) with: a) lead IPY projects (e.g. CAML EoI 83 and ICED EoI 417); b) other research groups investigating biological variability at other levels in the food chain (e.g. fish IPY EoI 248); and with d) a wider audience through media links and through internet-related links, including e) graduate and undergraduate students whose majors are related to Antarctic topics (e.g. through courses and lectures given at the International Antarctic Institute: http://www.iai.utas.edu.au/).\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=251", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86a7b87d-19aa-4777-833e-23d41304b833", - "label": "AIMS/LMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AIMS Long-term Monitoring Program is designed to detect changes in\nreef communities over time at a regional scale. Regions in this\ncontext refer to the combinations of three positions across the shelf\n(inshore, mid-shelf, outer shelf) at six altitudes (sectors). Where\npossible, three reefs are selected in each region.\n\nSurveys by the Long-term Monitoring Program involve three\n'tasks':\n\nManta tow surveys\nVideo surveys\nVisual count\n\nFor more information on the Long-term Monitoring Program\n\n'www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/reef-monitoring/reef-monitoring-index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "871d8e69-0d2c-4e89-b683-84fdbee0f230", - "label": "BIOLOGIA HUMANA Y MEDICINA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project involves the study of human health and responses to\nenvironmental conditions and climate in Antarctica.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88138bbd-4f54-4cca-841b-d26623931b4b", - "label": "COLD LAND PROCESSES IN THE NORT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Rationale: The stability of the ecosystems in more than a half of Northern Eurasia and north North America (in Cold Land Regions, CLR) relies on the stability of seasonal snow cover and ice that, so far, holds these ecosystems together. Breach of this stability affects societies and economic activity in high latitudes. Currently, changes in terrestrial cryosphere are among the strongest contemporary environmental changes. However, these changes as well as their associated feedbacks and impacts are still inadequately described within the contemporary Earth System Models. During the 20th century, we observed snow cover and glaciers’ retreat and permafrost thaw affecting water supply, land cover, and the carbon cycle. Glacier wastage has affected sea level rise, water freshening, sea ice reduction, bioproductivity changing, and redistributing gravity field patterns. Further consequences are difficult to predict. Paleodata, instrumental observations, and model simulations of future climate changes suggest significant and rapid changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and land cover occur in high latitudes particularly over the CLR. It is critical to develop the ability to measure, monitor, and model the processes that will provide the possibility for accurate future projections of climatic and environmental changes in these regions because these changes have the potential to impact the Global Earth System and human society. We need (a) to understand how the changes in these regions affect regional and global biogeochemical, surface energy and water cycles, as well as human societies and how to develop the capability to predict changes to support global projections, informed decision making, and numerous applications in these regions; (b) to establish (restore, develop, utilize) an observational system to retrieve and properly interpret information about the current state and changes of the environment in the CLR; (c) assess their interactions with global climate and society; and (d) enhance the predictive capability of Earth System models to account for environmental changes over the Northern Hemisphere and the globe.\n\nThe overarching science question of this IPY activity is: How do terrestrial cryosphere dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere interact with and alter the biosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere of the Earth?\nThe Science question dictates the following research strategy: We have to define first (a) what deficiencies currently exist in understanding the major processes in cold land regions? (b) what are the major sources of uncertainties? (c) what information is needed to run (and/or develop) sufficiently complete models that describe these processes? Thereafter, targeted field campaigns, data gathering /recovery, and/or new networks should be initiated.\n\nWithin the triad: observations, process studies, and modeling, the role of Process Studies in Cold Land Regions is to improve models that reproduce the changes in the Earth System behavior in response to the changes in high latitudes. Currently existing models do not describe sufficiently well the critical processes of interactions and their dynamics within terrestrial ecosystems, atmosphere, hydrosphere, coastal zone, and cryosphere in CLR. Also, the initial state of some of components of the Earth System in the Regions (e.g., the cryosphere) is not yet well known. We need to justify both the innovative research and efforts to improve observations in the region that otherwise could be ineffective investments in old technology and practices.\n\nThree terrestrial components of the cryosphere in the CLR of the Northern Hemisphere: snow cover, permafrost, and small glaciers will be studied as well as their interactions with society and potential feedbacks to the Global Earth System. Within each area of research the foci of studies will be on (a) the models’ development to improve understanding and projections of the dynamics of the Earth System in high latitudes and its interactions with the Global Earth System and (b) creation of conditions for seamless implementation of these models (e.g., organizing the input data stream for them) in a quest of answering the overarching science question and serving numerous practical applications.\n\nTasks for snow cover studies. Major issues: (a) Global Earth System modeling and numerous applications require high resolution global snow water equivalent measurements, their extension in the past, and a proper physical description of processes describing snow dynamics; (b) Having a new Cold Land Processes Mission (CLPM) as a long-term objective, the IPY is the right time for extensive and focused groundwork to secure the Mission success. Tools: (a) Extensive field campaigns and network legacy to guaranty the CLPM calibration and ongoing support over the Hemisphere; (b) Studies of compatibility of various (in-situ and remote) instrumentation and data rescue efforts; (c) Development of a portable (scalable) physically based model of short-term and seasonal snow evolution applicable to rough terrain and/or in the presence of vegetation.\n\nTasks for permafrost studies. Major issue: Permafrost changes (warming and thawing) have global consequences => these processes should be well understood, monitored, modeled, and projected. Mitigation strategies should be timely developed. Tools: (a) Establish and support a comprehensive permafrost monitoring system in the high latitudes including the Arctic coastal zone; (b) Develop reliable models accounting for changes in the permafrost and its interactions with terrestrial ecosystems, hydrology, atmosphere, and society and incorporate them into emerging global Earth System and reanalyses models; (c) Develop specialty models that seamlessly account for specifics of permafrost environment in practical applications (coastal erosion, cold land engineering, etc.)\n\nTasks for glaciers’ studies. Major issues: Increase in accuracy of monitoring of glaciers' dynamics from space and in situ observations to resolve the major uncertainties of the global glaciers' changes, first of all surface area and distribution versus elevation and surface mass balance with extrapolation from the observational network to the larger glacier systems. Tools: (a) Develop a conceptual model for areal generalization of the glaciers’ characteristics and their monitoring; (b) Develop a portable model that describes the processes of glaciers’ change in response to climate change; the model should be useable as a block in the regional and global climate models as well as for water and natural hazard management; (c) Repeat regular monitoring using laser altimetry for glaciers in CLR and blending these observations with existing long-term observational network data; (d) Assessment of direct anthropogenic impact on glaciers’ dynamics (e.g., due to air pollution). Mostly small glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere will be studied within this IPY proposal.\n\nTasks for socio-economic studies. Major issue: Fragile environment and harsh climatic conditions in high latitudes put additional stress on societal sustainability during rapid environmental changes. Tools: (a) Determine the impacts of environmental changes in high latitudes on humans in particular on the indigenous population; (b) Develop models of economic effect, both positive and negative, of the ongoing and possible climate changes, snow- glaciers- and permafrost-related hazards; (c) Develop the societal feedback loop models for use in Global Earth models; (d) Develop mitigation strategies for the populations negatively affected by contemporary and projected environmental changes.\n\nTasks for integration studies. Major issue: Need for suite of regional models that incorporate peculiarities of interactions of climate, cryosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere of high latitudes and serve as a reliable internal block to Global Earth Models. Tools: (a) Develop regional models (e.g., reanalysis, WRF, LDAS) with specialty blocks (hydrology, cold land, coastal processes, ecosystem, societal interactions) incorporating major feedbacks that are specific for high latitudinal land areas and are of global importance (e.g., potentially powerful permafrost thawing over CLR and the Arctic coastal zone – greenhouse gases emission positive feedback); (b) Develop (improve) regional numerical weather forecast models to account for specifics of the high latitudes (including specific societal needs); (c) Verify Global Climate Models’ projections in the high latitudes; (d) Organize input data stream (remote and in-situ) sufficient for operating the system that can answer the overarching science question and serve numerous practical applications.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=138", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88313530-42b7-4c5b-a5d9-412534c63ef4", - "label": "CETA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CETA program (Distribution des cétacés en Terre Adélie) was launched by the French Polar Institute (IPEV) in 2009 to carry out a first pilot study on cetacean distribution off Adelie Land (IWC Area V). An opportunistic survey conducted in January 2010 allowed the collection of 38 sightings on the continental shelf off the Adélie Land coastline, totalising a minimum of 84 individuals. True blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were identified for the first time in the Adélie Land region. Sightings of antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and killer whale (Orcinus orca) type A and C confirmed the presence of both species in this area. Photo-ID were realised on three blue whales and two humpback whales. One of the two humpback was previously photo-ID in Hervey Bay, East Australia in 2002. A biopsy was collected on one humpback whale. The presence of great whales (8 individuals of blue and humpback whales) in the Adélie Depression raised the issue of the importance of this area for such endangered species. The second year of this pilot study will be conducted in January 2011, after which data will combined to evaluate relative abundance of cetaceans in the region. This work is a part of the Southern Ocean Research Partnerships (SORP) on non-lethal whale research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "885f9438-23f7-4433-b02e-d74305e8bdb9", - "label": "AASE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AASE Mission Overview\n \nNASA is addressing the crucial scientific issue of global ozone depletion. A major airborne campaign was planned and executed in August and September of 1987 to study the sudden and unanticipated decrease observed in the abundance of ozone over Antarctica in the Austral spring since 1979. Results from that study have provided data which directly implicate man-made chemical compounds, chlorofluorocarbons, in the enormous ozone loss over this remote region in the southern hemisphere. To continue the study of the production and loss mechanisms for ozone in the polar stratosphere and to assess man's growing influence on his environment, NASA is planning a follow-on experiment to the one conducted over the Antarctic. A second major aircraft-campaign is planned for January - February 1989. The recently published Ozone Trends Panel Report found that the largest decreases in total ozone occurred during January-February at latitudes near the edge of the Arctic vortex. This experiment! will investigate the Arctic polar stratosphere from a base in Norway.\n \nObjectives\n \nThe primary objectives of the 1989 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition are:\n \nTo study the production and loss mechanisms of ozone in the north polar stratospheric environment.\n \nTo study the effect on ozone distribution of the Arctic polar vortex and of the cold temperatures associated with the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC's). \n\nApproach\n \nThe Upper Atmospheric Research Program sponsored by the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications has supported the development of instrumentation specifically designed to measure trace species critical to the understanding of stratospheric photochemistry and dynamics. This airborne instrumentation has been flown in two previous experiments: the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project and the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. We propose to use the suite of instruments flown in these earlier experiments to address the objectives defined for the Arctic Ozone Expedition. We propose to operate the ER-2 out of Stavanger, Norway (59 N, 5 degrees 38'E). We are planning 10 missions, each with a duration of 7 hours, allowing a range of about 20 degrees of latitude. The field experiment will last approximately 7-8 weeks from the last week of December 1988 through the middle of February 1989. This time period should allow us to make measurements during the statistically most active period for the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic.\n \nThe DC-8 will be deployed for the same period of time as the ER-2, and while most of the flights will be closely coordinated with those of the ER-2, many flights will be quite independent. The data from the two aircraft will be complementary. Because of its limited range, the ER-2 will not be able to survey the entire Arctic region of interest, whereas the greater range of the DC-8 will enable it to survey the polar vortex and air processed through the cold temperature region of the polar vortex. The number of flights would be comparable to those of the ER-2; the prime operating site the same as the ER-2: Stavanger, Norway.\n \nMETEOROLOGICALLY GUIDED FLIGHT TRACKS\n \nIn addition to normal weather forecast products to aid in flight planning from the scientific point of view, the mission will have available forecasts of air parcel trajectories and potential vorticity maps, which can be used to follow the movement of air masses of interest, and to define the vortex dynamics. \n \nFor more information, link to http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/aase/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8894d92c-be32-465b-ae08-e5de755a92fc", - "label": "CESM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88f6ac5e-0309-431a-b8d5-3c5a3435268b", - "label": "BIOMAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Management of coastal ecosystems requires structured knowledge of the habitats and plant and animal communities i.e. BIOTOPES present on the sea bed.\n\nIn addition this information aids the:\n\n * Assessment of sites of conservation importance\n * Determination of areas sensitive to disturbance and pollution\n * Preparation of environmental impact assessments\n * Monitoring of environmental change \n\nBioMar is 50% funded by the Commission of European Communities under the LIFE programme. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.tcd.ie/Centre_for_the_Environment/biomar.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "894d9914-d58d-4965-bb9a-a379437ace5a", - "label": "ABLE-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ABLE missions have been designed specifically to study the rate of\nexchange of material between the Earth's surface and its atmospheric\nboundary layer, and the processes by which gases and aerosols are\nmoved between the boundary layer and the 'free' troposphere. These\nexpeditions are conducted in ecosystems of the world that are ... known to\nexert a major influence on global atmospheric chemistry. In some\ncases, these ecosystems are undergoing profound changes as a\nconsequence of natural processes and/or human impact.\n\nThe ABLE-2 project consisted of two expeditions: the first in the\nAmazonian dry season (ABLE-2A, July-August 1985); and the second in\nthe wet season (ABLE-2B, April-May 1987). The ABLE-2 core research\ndata were gathered by NASA Electra aircraft flights that stretched\nfrom Belem, at the mouth of the Amazon River, west to Tabatinga, on\nthe Brazil-Colombia border, from a base at Manaus in the heart of the\nforest. These observations were supplemented by ground based chemical\nand meteorological measurements in the dry forest, the Amazon\nfloodplain, and the tributary rivers through use of enclosures, an\ninstrumented tower in the jungle, a large tethered balloon, and\nweather and ozonesondes.\n\nThis study showed air above the Amazon jungle to be extremely clean\nduring the wet season but deteroirated dramatically during the dry\nseason as the result of biomass burning, performed mostly at the edges\nof the forest. Biomass burning is also a source of greenhouse gases\ncarbon dioxide and methane, as well as other pollutants (carbon\nmonoxide and oxides of nitrogen). Amazonian ozone deposition rates\nwere found to be 5 to 50 times higher than those previously measured\nover pine forests and water surfaces. The Amazon River floodplain is\na globally significant source of methane, supplying about 12% of the\nestimated worldwide total from all wetlands sources. Over Amazonia,\ncarbon monoxide is enhanced by factors ranging from 1.2 to 2.7 by\ncomparison with adjacent regions due to isoprene oxidation and biomass\nburning. Over the rainforest individual convective storms transport\n200 megatons of air per hour, of which 3 megatons is water vapor that\nreleases 100,000 megawatts of energy into the atmosphere through\ncondensation into rain.\n\nThe ABLE was a collaboration of U.S. and Brazilian scientists\nsponsored by NASA and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)\nand supported by the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) component of\nthe NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "895b52a8-7a8f-416f-8557-e2294370e671", - "label": "CIESIN/MEC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89fabd40-60d3-45a1-a347-ca89af539aa4", - "label": "COROAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The global objective of project COROAS, which is intended to be a\ncontribution from the Brazilian oceanographic community to the WOCE\nprogramme, is the determination of seasonal mean fields of velocity,\nheat and mass transports by the Brazil Current and the AAIW flowing\ninto the coastal region of southeastern Brazil. The specific\nobjectives are the following:\n\n1. To estimate the baroclinic and barotropic components of the\ncirculation along the Brazilian coast, including the continental shelf\nand the shelf break regions, between Ubatuba (SP) and Canan?ia (SP);\n\n2.To continously monitor the velocity field and the heat and mass\ntransports of the Brazil Current (BC) and the Antartic Intermediate\nWater (AAIW), along the southeastern brazilian coast;\n\n3 To determine the importance of meso-scale vortices in the heat and\nmass transports in the Brazil Current;\n\n4.To determine the response of the continental shelf water to the\nforcing represented by intrusions of the BC and AAIW, including the\nstudy of the influence of the Brazil Current eddies in the renovation\nof the continental shelf water.\n\n5. To study the deep circulation in the Brazil Basin, including its\ninteraction with the Argentine Basin.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.labmon.io.usp.br/projects/coroas/coroas.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a1daa35-8f35-4302-b501-2e665035c7b6", - "label": "ASAID", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ASAID\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=88\n\nThis project makes use of the unique focus of IPY cooperation to synthesize, collect, analyze and produce comprehensive data sets on the spatial and temporal patterns of accumulation of snow and the perimeter discharge of ice from the Antarctic ice sheet. The work can be subdivided into three major activities, each requiring a distinctly different approach. \n\n1) Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Net surface Accumulation. Various successful ITASE traverses of the Antarctic over the past decade have begun the process of collecting high-frequency radar soundings that, when tied to dated ice cores, provide a continuous transect of accumulation history by following dated radar horizons. We will expand these observations in two ways: by encouraging the collection of more data as part of any IPY or post-IPY traverse across Antarctica including identifying commercially available equipment that can be used to begin standardizing the international data set; and by collecting additional data with an existing airborne high-frequency radar system flown in areas that both fill in major gaps in coverage and increase the number of intersecting transect tie-points. The distributed product from this activity will be a three-dimensional mapping of numerous isochrones that represent the spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic accumulation at an unprecedented level of detail. \n\n2) Position and Velocity at the Grounding Line. These will be determined exclusively from satellite data using proven techniques. Interferometric SAR analysis has already determined many segments of the grounding line and SAR data are presently being analyzed to determine surface ice velocity over the region north of 72S. Two other satellite data sets will assist in this analysis: Landsat data, made available through a planned map mosaicing activity, will be examined to help in the delineation of the grounding line and flow rate; and satellite altimetry will provide additional indications of the grounding line transition. These data provide an earlier epoch measurement. It is hoped that a new collection of interferometric quality SAR data will be part of IPY to allow a common epoch for the data sets of surface velocity and ice thickness. The comparison of this new velocity data with the previous large-scale mapping of ice speed, as well as a wealth of isolated older measurements, will provide useful indications of the temporal variation of ice discharge and grounding line position along large portions of the Antarctic's grounded perimeter. \n\n3) Ice Thickness at the Grounding Line. These data are required to complete the calculation of ice discharge. Our goal is to make direct measurements as nearly coincident with the flow measurements, as possible. This is a very challenging task. Negotiations are continuing in countries that have operational airborne ice penetrating radars that can measure ice thickness of more than one kilometer. Some other IPY programs (e.g., ACE, PET and GIGAGAP) have indicated a willingness to include needed measurements as part of their field program. Where new measurements are not possible during IPY, or perhaps immediately thereafter, older measurements will be used. There are many existing data sets for portions of the Antarctic perimeter - the largest being from the Italian program. Additionally, we will develop the means to use satellite altimetry (ICESat and possibly Cryosat) to provide more widely spaced measurements of ice thickness inferred from surface elevations on floating ice immediately adjacent to the grounding line.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a49555b-4343-4280-88e0-41b916d39123", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) component of ARCSS has investigated the arctic marine system in the context of global change. The research programs in the Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) section of ARCSS primarily deal with the oceanographic environment and the surrounding interfaces with the atmosphere, bottom, shoreline and surface ice. It is a common goal to have OAII scientific research use the best scientific methods that are based on standardized and community-accepted measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a752ca9-e566-4fd0-a9a8-ae34af245241", - "label": "AGCS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AGCS is a major research programme to investigate the nature of the atmospheric and oceanic linkages between the climate of the Antarctic and the rest of the Earth system, and the mechanisms involved therein.\n\nThe programme makes use of existing deep and shallow ice cores, satellite data, the output of global and regional coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models and in-situ meteorological and oceanic data to understand the means by which signals of tropical and mid-latitude climate variability reach the Antarctic, and high latitude climate signals are exported northwards.\n\nIt has four major, closely linked themes of research dealing with decadal time scale variability in the Antarctic climate system, global and regional climate signals in ice cores, natural and anthropogenic forcing on the Antarctic climate system and the export of Antarctic climate signals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b04fa4c-d59e-44d1-a0ff-3bb005574340", - "label": "CRESTA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Catastropeh Risk Evaluation and Standardizing Target Accumulation\n(CRESTA) was founded in 1977. Their goal was to improve\naccumulation control systems, and assist in catastrophe loss\nmanagement.\n\nThere are altogether, 20 accululation assessment zones created\nby CRESTA. The high-risk zones for earthquakes are\nVancover/Victoria (1,2,3,4), Greater Montreal (5,6,7,8) and\nQuebec City (9,10).\n\n[Summary provided by Canadian Institute of Actuaries]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bc37931-967a-42d5-ae10-f9cd891cbcf4", - "label": "CMARZ", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ) is a global, taxonomically comprehensive biodiversity assessment of animal plankton, including ~6,800 described species in fifteen phyla.\n\nThe Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ) will work toward a taxonomically comprehensive assessment of biodiversity of animal plankton throughout the world oceans (Fig. 1). The project goal is to produce accurate and complete information on zooplankton species diversity, biomass, biogeographical distribution, genetic diversity, and community structure by 2010. Our taxonomic focus is the animals that drift with ocean currents throughout their lives (i.e., the holozooplankton). This assemblage currently includes ~6,800 described species in fifteen phyla; our expectation is that at least that many new species will be discovered as a result of our efforts. The census will encompass unique marine environments and those likely to be inhabited by endemic and undescribed zooplankton species.\n\nSampling zooplankton in many ocean regions will be accomplished during the first years of the project by coordinating with ongoing, planned, and proposed programs, surveys, and initiatives. CMarZ will also make use of existing data and archived zooplankton collections. The global survey design will be optimized using theoretical and numerical models in collaboration with the CoML FMAP (Future of Marine Animal Populations) project. Sampling systems will include traditional nets and trawls, remote detection, optical sensors, and integrated sensor systems deployed on towed, remotely-operated, or autonomous vehicles and submersibles (Fig. 2). New sampling methodologies are needed to collect and study rare and fragile organisms. Molecular analysis will include determining a DNA barcode (i.e., reference DNA sequence) for each species; describing genetic diversity and structure of populations and species, identifying cryptic species, and reconstructing their evolutionary histories.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.cmarz.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c23a8ac-05cb-4bb6-b207-0d0bfa710f2d", - "label": "CAVIAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CAVIAR\nProject URL: http://www.arcticcentre.org/caviar\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=157\n\nProblem & Rationale\nThe Arctic is currently undergoing rapid social and environmental changes, and the cumulative effects are felt across the region. The rapidity and pervasiveness of these changes continue to present challenges to the adaptive capacity for local communities and Arctic societies (ACIA 2005, AHDR 2004). Local responses to these challenges will depend, in part, on the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of human-environment systems, where vulnerability describes the degree to which a system is likely to experience harm due to exposure to a hazard, either a perturbation or a stress, and adaptation refers to change in a system in response to some force or perturbation. Yet, the processes that shape vulnerability and adaptive capacity are not well understood. The aim of this project is to develop and apply methods for assessing the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of human systems in local Arctic communities. This analysis will enable comparison of local communities experiencing (or expected to experience) rapid and cumulative changes under different internal and external conditions. Project results will also indicate areas or actions for improving resilience. \n\nResearch Objectives\nThe research will enhance empirical and theoretical understanding of processes that shape vulnerability and adaptation across the circumpolar region by\n1. further developing the theoretical concept of vulnerability (Turner et al, 2003; Smit and Pilifosova, 2003) and refining and applying an interdisciplinary research methodology for vulnerability studies (ie. Huq and Lim, 2005; Keskitalo, 2004; Ford and Smit, 2004)\n2. identifying social and environmental factors and stresses and document the interactions which shape adaptive capacity and vulnerability.\n3. improving understanding of the interrelations between local vulnerability and decision-making across scales.\n\nActivities\nA framework for vulnerability assessment will be developed to guide field research in communities across the Arctic and to facilitate comparison and integration of results in an interdisciplinary analysis. A methodology for carrying out empirical research will be developed and applied to document the vulnerabilities of communities, including their exposures, their adaptive capacities and their adaptation strategies. The methodology involves collaboration with communities, employs case studies, engages stakeholders, integrates local and indigenous knowledge, is community and place specific, recognizes multiple sources of stimulus, and is fundamentally interdisciplinary. Data will be collected using established protocols and procedures from secondary sources (government records on socio-economic and climate conditions; satellite imagery, reports) and primary sources (interviews, focus groups, participant, questionnaires).\nThe research will be undertaken in local and indigenous communities in all eight Arctic countries:, Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the USA.\n\nOutcomes \nThe broad contributions of the project include:\na) Development of a robust vulnerability framework and methodology for community assessment.\nb) Knowledge on the nature of the vulnerabilities, exposures and adaptive capacities of Arctic communities, compared and integrated in an analysis for the circumpolar region.\nc) Input to policy and decision-making to enhance the resilience and sustainability of Arctic communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c4a8e9c-035c-40c6-a9bd-4dbb9530c4b4", - "label": "ADP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The American Drylands Project involves studies to understand, monitor, and predict changes in physical and ecological landscapes and how these changes influence landscape stability, ecosystem dynamics, and human communities of American drylands.\n\nSummary provided by: http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/sw/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8dc93a69-d690-4aba-b80e-a0c604dfbdf5", - "label": "ARCTIC'91", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ARCTIC'91 study concentrated on studying the structure of the\noceanic crust of the Arctic Ocean.During the ARCTIC '91 expedition\naboard RV Polarstern (ARK VIII/3) to the Central Arctic Ocean, a box\ncorer sample on the Gakkel Ridge at 87?N and 60?E yielded a layer of\nsand-sized, dark brown volcanic glass shards at the surface of the\nsediment core.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.elsevier.com/gej-ng/10/18/23/43/21/36/abstract.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e6ac9fb-b2a0-4547-915d-15b4e0df7d4a", - "label": "CAPE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment (CaPE)\ntook place in central Florida with a latitude range of 43N, to 25.5N,\nwesternmost longitude of 86W, and easternmost longitude of 69W. The\nCaPE Flight Activity began on July 18, 1991 and ended on Aug. 17,\n1991. Making use of the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer\n(AMPR) on board on a NASA ER-2 aircraft flying at a nominal 20km\naltitude, passive microwave measurements were made of convective\nactivity. The purpose of the experiment was to collect precipitation\ndata in tropical convective storm cells over both water and land. Data\nreturned included ice/water concentrations and amounts, and the\nstructure of the convective cells.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e8f77e0-ef24-4ae4-a96d-bcc29572212f", - "label": "ATLAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Atlantis will carry the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and\nScience-1 (ATLAS-1), 12 instruments from the United States, France,\nGermany, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Japan, that will\nconduct 13 experiments to study the chemistry of the atmosphere, solar\nradiation, space plasma physics and ultraviolet astronomy. ATLAS-1 is\nplanned to be the first of several ATLAS flights designed to cover an\nentire 11-year solar cycle, the regular period of energetic activity\nby the sun. Co- manifested with ATLAS-1 is the Shuttle Solar\nBackscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SSBUV), which provides highly\ncalibrated measurements of ozone to fine-tune measurements made by\nother NASA and NOAA satellites.\n\n Commanding Atlantis will be Charles Bolden, making his third\nspace flight. Brian Duffy will serve as pilot, making his first\nshuttle flight. Mission Specialists include Kathy Sullivan, making\nher third flight; Dave Leestma, making his third space flight; and\nMike Foale, making his first space flight. Payload specialists will\nbe Byron Lichtenberg, making his second flight, and Dirk Frimout,\nBelgian Scientist, making his first flight.\n\n ATLAS operations will continue 24 hours a day, with the crew\nsplit into two teams each on a 12-hour shift. The Red Team will\nconsist of Leestma, Foale and Lichtenberg. The Blue Team will be\nDuffy, Sullivan and Frimout. Bolden, as Commander, will set his own\nhours.\n\n Secondary experiments aboard Atlantis will include Space Tissue\nLoss, a study of the effects of weightlessness on body tissues; the\nVisual Function Tester, a study of the effects of weightlessness on\nhuman vision; the Radiation Monitoring Equipment, an often-flown\ndevice that measures radiation aboard the Shuttle; Investigations into\nPolymer Membrane Processing, a study of developing polymer membranes\nused as filters in many industries and in space and the Cloud Logic to\nOptimize Use of Defense Systems, an investigation to quantify the\nvariation in apparent cloud cover as a function of the angle at which\nclouds of various types are viewed.\n\n Also flying on STS-45 will be NASA's Get Away Special payload, a\nprogram which provides individuals and organizations the opportunity\nto send scientific research and development experiments on board a\nSpace Shuttle.\n\n In addition, the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment will provide\namateur radio operators worldwide, plus students at several selected\nschools, the opportunity to converse with crew members aboard\nAtlantis.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/atlas1.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f528b66-670d-4198-b014-7fdc9e1f6890", - "label": "CMIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CMIP, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, is the analog of AMIP\nfor global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. CMIP\nbegan in 1995 under the auspices of the Numerical Experimentation\nGroup 2 (NEG-2) of CLIVAR. The PCMDI supports CMIP in much the same\nway that it supports AMIP: by helping NEG-2 to determine the scope of\nthe project, by maintaining the project's data base, and by\nparticipating in data analysis. CMIP has received model output from\npre-industrial climate simulations ('control runs') of 18 coupled\nGCMs. A new phase of CMIP (CMIP2) will examine model responses to\nanthropogenic climate forcing.\nThe second phase of the project (CMIP2) began in January 1997. This\nphase will examine model responses to an idealized scenario of\nanthropogenic climate forcing: a 1% per year increase in atmospheric\ncarbon dioxide. Diagnosis of the model output will produce the first\ncomprehensive data base on model predictions of future climatic\nchanges.\nMore CMIP information is available on the World Wide Web.\nLink to: 'http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90246f7d-8153-4ed4-92ec-16235bde5c71", - "label": "CWIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CEOS WGISS Integrated Catalog (CWIC) will act as middleware between the WGISS agency data partners and user interface client partners by translating between the GEO-supported OGC CSW protocol to the catalog standards used by the partner data systems. Societal Benefit Area (SBA) portals and virtual constellation portals will send search requests for satellite data to CWIC, which will send the directory/collection searches to the CEOS IDN and distribute the inventory searches using the WGISS common search criteria to partner data systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9162e1c9-968b-4d07-b396-e7e4a745ada0", - "label": "AGAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province (AGAP)\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=67\n\nThis project is a multinational campaign to collect a range of data that will impact on our understanding of the Earth as a bipolar coupled system, where Antarctica's evolution impacts on global scale changes of sea level, ice volume and climate. This project involves a transect from the centre of the Antarctic continent, where the ice sheet is underlain by the Gamburtsev Mountains, northwards into Prydz Bay. We will acquire major new data sets including offshore marine data, gravity, magnetics, ice radar soundings and a wealth of geological observations. This will also be part of a multinational Gamburtsev Mountains IPY expedition that will include the GAMBIT (EoI 558) regional aerogeophysical program, a Chinese drilling program (GMDP) and a passive seismic experiment (GAMSEIS - EoI 412).\n\nThe main objective is to derive a four dimensional evolutionary history of the area of East Antarctica affected by the world's largest glacier (Lambert) and associated ice shelf (Amery). The project is focused in an area that exhibits the largest set of geological exposures in East Antarctica (Prince Charles Mountains). This southern part of the transect will cover the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains. Nothing is known about the nature of this ice-covered Antarctic 'highland'. It was from this region that the expanding Antarctic ice sheet originated and it has been suggested that during warmer periods, this terrain was drained first by ice streams and then, nearer the coast, by rivers from which thick sediments accumulated. In the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic these sediments probably included the Amery Group of East Antarctica together with a huge succession of similarly aged sediments that were deposited in Africa, India and Australia. The modern East Antarctic ice sheet is also thought to have nucleated on this “highland”, and progressively expanded from there to cover the continent as Antarctica gradually cooled.\n\nThe marine sub-project will target the Lambert Rift system in the area of Prydz Bay with acquisition of deep crustal geophysical data and sediment cores that will be integrated with the continental based data sets. The sedimentary and glacial history of Prydz Bay and the structural grain of its uppermost basement are relatively well known from extensive shallow to medium depth seismic reflection profiling and ODP Legs 119 and 188. This existing information will serve as an important parameter basis to build deep dynamic crustal and lithospheric models of the evolution of the Lambert Rift system and its role in the ice-sheet dynamics of East Antarctica.\n\nThe marine geoscience activities will be facilitated through the deployment of the RV 'Polarstern' and the RV 'Akademik Alexander Karpinsky' in 2007, with a continental and airborne based program in the Prince Charles Mountains and the Gamburtsev Mountains during the 2007/08 austral summer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "923cea9b-32b6-4e7e-87ed-b9f1eaea30af", - "label": "BMDO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The fundamental objective of the BMD program is to develop the\ncapability to defend the forces and territories of the United States,\nits Allies, and friends against all classes of ballistic missile\nthreats. The Department will develop technologies and deploy systems\npromising an effective, reliable, and affordable missile defense\nsystem. The RDT&E program is designed to develop effective systems\nover time by developing layered defenses that employ complementary\nsensors and weapons to engage threat targets in the boost, midcourse,\nand terminal phases of flight and to deploy that capability\nincrementally.\n\nAt the direction of the Secretary of Defense, we have developed a\nresearch, development and test program that focuses on missile defense\nas a single integrated BMD system, no longer differentiating between\ntheater and national missile defense. This revised structure involves\nthree basic thrusts. First, the new BMD program will build on the\ntechnical progress we have made to date by providing the funding\nrequired to develop and test selective elements of the current program\nfully.\n\nSecond, the new program will pursue a broad range of activities in\norder to aggressively evaluate and develop technologies for the\nintegration of land, sea, air, or space-based platforms to counter\nballistic missiles in all phases of their flight. The new program will\nnot cut corners. Rather, it is designed to pursue parallel development\npaths to improve the likelihood of achieving an effective, layered\nmissile defense.\n\nThird, the new testing program will incorporate a larger number of\ntests than in the past. They will employ more realistic scenarios and\ncountermeasures. This will allow us to achieve greater confidence in\nour planning and development. Through this robust testing activity, we\nmay discover opportunities to accelerate elements of the program based\non their performance, and increase the overall credibility and\ncapability of BMD systems. This approach is designed to enable\ncontingency use of the demonstrated BMD capabilities, if directed.\n\nThe goal of the BMD System is a layered defense that provides multiple\nengagement opportunities along the entire flight path of a ballistic\nmissile. Over the next three to five years we will pursue parallel\ntechnical paths to reduce schedule and cost risk in the individual\nRDT&E efforts. We will explore and demonstrate kinetic and directed\nenergy kill mechanisms for potential sea-, ground-, air-, and\nspace-based operations to engage threat missiles in the boost,\nmidcourse, and terminal phases of flight. In parallel, sensor suites\nand battle management and command and control (BMC2) will be developed\nto form the backbone of the BMD System.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.acq.osd.mil/bmdo/bmdolink/html/system.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92d6df0b-cbca-4b9e-ab9a-f2ca92adcb5b", - "label": "ASR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93b70be3-eab1-4492-b1fa-2a2831aba03c", - "label": "BPUCJRI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Project finalized in 2004 and will be continued by the Project\nPICTA-17-2004 (years 2004-2007)\n\nThe project work comprises the study of the Gustav Group exposed\non James Ross Island and consists of the following phases:\n\n1. Bed-by-bed collecting of macrofossils and samples for microfossil\nprocessing.\n\n2. Systematic study of the ... macrofauna collected.\n\n3. Definition and characterization of biostratigraphical zones.\n\n4. Correlation of the Antarctic sequences with other sections in\nthe Southern Hemisphere, in particular with Patagonia.\n\n5. Biogeographical, palaeoecological and paleoenvironmental\ninterpretation.\n\nEn Espanol:\n\nEste proyecto finaliza en el ano 2004 y continuara con el Proyecto\nPICTA-17-2004 (anos 2004-2007)\n\nProyecto Bioestratigrafia y Paleontologia del Cretacico superior de la Isla\nJames:\n\nEste Proyecto se propone realizar investigaciones en el Cretacico\nsuperior de la Isla James Ross. Se trata de analizar la sucesion\nestratigrafica, la paleontologia unidades y la bioestratigrafia del\nGrupo Gustav. Esto podra establecer una correlacion mas precisa entre\nlas mismas y con las unidades de Cuenca Austral y con otras del\nHemisferio Austral. Los resultados de estas investigaciones\ncontribuiran a llenar un vacio de conocimiento geologico y\nbioestratigrafico. Tambien se contempla la realizacion de Trabajos\nFinales de Licenciatura de alumnos de la Universidad de Buenos Aires,\ncontribuyendo a la formacion y capacitacion de futuros profesionales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "948cf07f-32c5-4851-8965-6ab887a1cfdb", - "label": "AESOPS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The U.S. JGOFS Antarctic Environment and Southern Ocean Process\nStudy (AESOPS) began field work on August 29, 1996 and ended\nduring April of 1998. The cruises were staged from Lyttleton,\nNew Zealand. The logistics for the Southern Ocean was\ncoordinated by Antarctic Support Associates (ASA) and the\npurpose of this study was to investigate carbon fluxes in the\nSouthern Ocean and try to understand ocean processes.\n\nView available data sets at\n'http://www1.whoi.edu/southernobjects.html'\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www1.whoi.edu/southern.html'\n\n[Summary provided by U.S. JGOFS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96365d17-fc59-47d6-af5b-965eb628f9d1", - "label": "ATS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "To assess legacy lessons of the Antarctic Treaty on its 50th anniversary in the city where it was signed 'in the interest of all mankind' - the Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance will be convened in an inclusive international and interdisciplinary manner at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC from November 30 to December 3, 2009. The Antarctic Treaty Summit is endorsed by the International Polar Year with initial public-private funding from the US-UK Fulbright Commission, Tinker Foundation, Marine Mammal Commission and American Geophysical Union.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.atsummit50.aq/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "981c0e19-f1cf-4440-83b0-68f4d8efc19e", - "label": "ATLAS/CODIAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Arctic Transitions\nin the Land-Atmosphere System (ATLAS) program is designed as an\ninterdisciplinary multi-year project with many investigators and\nvaried instrumentation to address the affect of global climate\nchange on Arctic systems.\n\nInformation on the ATLAS Project is\nlocated at: the LAII web page: 'http://www.laii.uaf.edu/'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98d21ec8-cea3-446f-aa0e-188604f412c3", - "label": "CAMEX-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The first field campaign in the CAMEX series (CAMEX-1) was conducted from September 8 through October 7, 1993. The AMPR was deployed during CAMEX-1 which was a NASA funded scientific study conducted out of Wallops Flight Facility, VA. This experiment was designed to study the three-dimensional moisture fields using satellite, aircraft, and ground-based instrumentation and the multi-frequency radiometric and lightning signatures of tropical convection in support of the Mission to Planet Earth. The geographic domain of the CAMEX-1 region was between 25.5 degrees north to 43 degrees north latitude and 70 degrees west to 83 degrees west longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99102bce-fac6-4e92-bd08-02e162b3d5f2", - "label": "ACSYS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The scientific goal of ACSYS, which started its main observational phase on January 1, 1994 and will continue for a ten-year period, is to ascertain the role of the Arctic in the global climate. To attain this goal, ACSYS seeks to develop and co-ordinate national and international Arctic science activities aimed at the three main objectives. \n\nUnderstanding the interactions between the Arctic Ocean circulation, ice cover, the atmosphere and the hydrological cycle. Initiating long-term climate research and monitoring programmes for the Arctic. Providing a scientific basis for an accurate representation of Arctic processes in global climate models. The rational for the ACSYS proposal is the expectation that a consolidated science and implementation plan, based on a broad scientific consensus, will constitute a sound justification for the provision of adequate resources and logistics to carry out research on the Arctic climate system. The project's framework includes several programs. \n\nThis summary is from http://acsys.npolar.no/introduction/goals.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99bfdead-54e1-4ef1-9d59-284a6f730c16", - "label": "BIOMASS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BIOMASS Programme was established in the late 1970's for the study\nof the Antarctic marine ecosystem and its living resources. Data\nwere collected during 3 major field experiments between 1981 and\n1985. The first focused on extended spatial coverage, whilst the\nsecond and third were concerned with repeat sampling at pre-defined\nlocations to give a temporal sequence. Data collected from these\nfield experiments were transferred to a central BIOMASS Data Centre\nto enable their standardisation for integrated analysis. The Data\nCentre was also responsible for running a series of data analysis\nworkshops. With the end of the BIOMASS Programme in 1991, the data\nset and its supporting documentation are being prepared for\ndistribution to those scientists who took part in BIOMASS and to any\nother investigators who request copies. The BIOMASS Data Centre\nfaced many problems in standardising, integrating and documenting\nthe data supplied by individual researchers into a coherent data!\nset. The majority of these problems were managerial rather than\ntechnical. There was a lack of integration of the data management\nwith the objectives of the science programme. For example, the need\nfor a BIOMASS Data Centre was identified in 1979, but it was not\nfinally established until 1986. Once established, the Data Centre\ndid not always respond to the scientific requirements of the\nprogramme. There was an over reliance on software that was developed\nwithin the Data Centre instead of using commercially available\nproducts. Time was spent creating and testing software, which would\nhave been better spent supporting data analysis.\n\nProblems were experienced in persuading individual researchers to\ncontribute data to the Data Centre. Researchers often found that the\neffort involved in submitting their data to the Data Centre was much\ngreater than the benefits they gained. Ensuring that the data were\nvalidated and of the required quality was also difficult. The task was\nhampered by the lack of supporting information about the data\nthemselves (the meta-data). Restricted access to certain data sets\nreduced the effectiveness of the BIOMASS Data Centre and it operated\nfor much of its life with a very restrictive data access\nprotocol. This was designed to protect some data sets before their\noriginators had published their own analyses, but hampered the\ndistribution of data to the wider BIOMASS community.\n\nThe lessons that have been learned from BIOMASS about the management\nof complex, large-scale, biological data sets will be of great use to\nfuture programmes. Increasing the quality of data holdings, especially\nby the inclusion of meta-data, will increase the chances of\nsuccessfully networking databases together to support biodiversity and\nother research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a81f17f-1e72-40aa-a933-8e8a06ea35e0", - "label": "ALACE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ALACE or the Airborne LIDAR Assessment of Coastal Erosion is the\n name of the inter-agency project involving the NOAA Coastal\n Services Center, the USGS Center for Coastal Geology, the NASA\n Wallops Flight Facility, and the NOAA Aircraft Operations\n Center. The project coordinates and conducts LIDAR beach surveys\n using the Airborne Topographic Mapper instrument developed by\n NASA. Work on the ALACE project at the NOAA Coastal Services\n Center is carried out under the Topographic Change Mapping\n project.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/tcm/faqs.html#1.5'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a8480a1-64e0-4881-b58e-eb47e60e3934", - "label": "AIRSTREAM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Airstream began with a single man and a most singular dream. The man was Wally Byam: his dream, to build the perfect travel trailer. One that would move like a stream of air. One that would be light enough to be towed by a standard automobile. One that would provide first-class living accommodations anywhere in the world. Thus, over 70 years ago was born the first Airstream trailer. And with it was born yet another dream, a dream of new freedom, new places, new experiences, and new friendships. It was a dream so powerful, so enduring it did far more than create a new way of travel; it created a new way of life shared by thousands upon thousands of families.\n\nThe Airstream philosophy has always been and will always be, ' Let's not make any changes — let's make only improvements!' Every inch of an Airstream has a functional purpose. There is no planned obsolescence. This is as true in today's models as it was of the first Airstream to see the light of the open road. The classic Airstream of the thirties is no museum piece. Still in use today, it is as sturdy and modern in appearance as the first day it swung into traffic. As a result, an Airstream is always 'in style' — conceived and constructed as a lifetime investment in happiness.\n\nToday, the Airstream is the most thoroughly tested Airstream in trailer history. It is years ahead in engineering — the culmination of over 70 years of experience in trailer making, millions of miles of Caravan travel throughout the world; plus millions of miles more, run up by happy Airstream owners! More than ever, the Airstream remains a testimonial to the practical vision, the tenacity and know-how of one dedicated man — Wally Byam, and his team who made your travel dreams come true.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.airstream.com/company/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9aa5e178-40ee-44eb-8731-2d488394da49", - "label": "ACCE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic Climate and Circulation Experiment (ACCE) is a 5-year\nprogram sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to examine\nocean-atmosphere interaction in the North Atlantic ocean. The purpose\nof the experiment is to study the ocean's effect on climate change.\nProfiling Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (PALACE) drifters\nare used to track water masses in the subarctic gyre and the\nsubtropical gyre of the North Atlantic ocean. In addition, these\ndrifters measure vertical profiles of salinity and temperature in the\nwater column.\nIndividual projects are conducted by scientists at the University of\nWashington, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Scripps Institution\nof Oceanography, the University of Miami, and the NOAA Atlantic\nOceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML).\n[This information was obtained from the Profiling Drifters website of\nthe Univ. of Washington, School of Oceanography.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bd3bda8-c1ee-4b1c-8877-8571627b5ef6", - "label": "CALVA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ongoing global climate change has a complex signature in Antarctica. The set-back of the stratospheric ozone hole (Montreal protocol), natural variability cycles (Antarctic oscillation), a complex contribution by the southern ocean, presently result in a delayed response on a large part of the continent (east Antarctica) but a strong signature elsewhere (Peninsula, Weddell and Belingshausen sectors).\n\nIt is very likely that climate changes in the course of the present century will be significant over Antarctica (Krinner et al. 2007, Genthon et al. 2009) but the magnitude and detailed chronology of this change remains to be firmly established. Climate change over Antarctica will affect mass balance and thus sea-level with global consequences.\n\nTherefore, it is important to make sure that meteorological and climate models used to predict climate and mass balance change over Antarctica are calibrated and validated with proper field data. Such observation is necessarily of limited spatial and to some extent temporal significance. It is thus important to also improve our ability to exploit satellite information to inter- and extrapolate the field data to scales compatible with models and more generally to the full scale of Antarctica. A main point about the present [CALVA] project is is that it jointly coordinates field activities in support of both climate models and satellite remote sensing.\n\n\nThe objectives of the project CALVA is to deploy, maintain and exploit a set of automatic autonomous instrumental systems, to carry manual observations on the field , and to participate in special observing campaigns to improve calibration of and validate analysis and forecast climate models and satellite data processing algorithms. Selection of necessary data and of methods to acquire the data are thus determined by the common and specific needs of models and remote sensing.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/~christo/calva/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cd9191e-db82-408b-a3bd-9f9bb7ce0679", - "label": "AHHI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AHHI\nProject URL: http://www.arctichealth.org/ahhi/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=167\n\nThe Arctic Human Health Initiative (AHHI) is an IPY (2007-2008) Arctic Council project that aims to increase the visibility and awareness of health concerns of Arctic peoples, to foster human health research, and promote health protection strategies that will improve the health and well-being of all Arctic Residents. The AHHI core project will seek to advance the joint circumpolar human health research agendas of the Arctic Council (AC; www.arcticcouncil.org ), an eight nation intergovernmental forum for sustainable development and environmental protection, and the working groups of the International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH). Current AC human health activities include monitoring the human health impact of anthropogenic pollutants, climate variability, infectious diseases, and the expansion and assessment of tele-health innovations in Arctic regions. The IUCH (www.iuch.org ) promotes international cooperation, research, scientific information exchange and education in the areas of Arctic Health Policy, Birth Defects & Genetics, Cancer, Diet & Heart, Environmental Health & Subsistence Food Security, Family Health, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Health Surveys, HIV/AIDS, STDs, Indigenous Peoples Health, Infectious Diseases, Injury Prevention, Occupational Safety & Health, Population-Based Planning, Tobacco & Health, and Women's Health. An anticipated outcome of the AHHI will be the development of an organizational infrastructure for the coordination of human health research activities in Arctic regions. \n\nA key element of the AHHI will be the development of new, and expansion of existing human health surveillance, monitoring and research networks. These circumpolar networks will allow the monitoring of diseases of concern in Arctic communities through the development of standardized study protocols, data collection, laboratory methods, and data analysis. Once established these networks will allow the monitoring of disease prevalence over time, the determination of risk factors for disease and evaluation and implementation of disease prevention and control strategies. Networks also provide opportunities for the development of sustainable partnerships between communities and researcher through the establishment of community-based monitoring activities. \n\nA focus of the AHHI is the establishment of research activities focusing on human health issues of concern to Arctic residents. Priority areas include the human health impact of: \n-Regional and inter-continentally transported anthropogenic pollution in Arctic regions.\n-Oil, gas and other sustainable development activities. \n-Contaminants and zoonotic infectious diseases on the traditional food supply.\n-Climate variability on human health and traditional food supply. \n-Infectious diseases including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, vaccine preventable diseases, emerging infectious diseases such as SARS.\n-The effects of the changing Arctic environment on the evolution, ecology, and emergence of zoonotic disease, particularly avian influenza.\n-Chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. \n-Behavioural health issues, such as suicide, interpersonal violence and substance abuse, and unintentional injuries. \nResearch activities will include the use of culturally sensitive health interview surveys which are a useful tool for characterizing health and risky behaviours, the health status of populations, and the development of culturally appropriate interventions. \n\nIn the area of health communication several symposia and topic specific work shops are planned before during and following IPY which will allow the, development of new collaborations, evaluation of advances made in the health of Arctic peoples, the health disparities that remain, and to examine future risks to the health and well-being of all Arctic residents. \n\nDetails regarding AHHI specific projects, plans and progress can be found at: www.arctichealth.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d15fd57-884c-4f9d-a909-7dfa46453ad2", - "label": "AVHRR PATHFINDER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NOAA/ NASA AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder sea surface temperature data\nare derived from the 5-channel Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometers (AVHRR) on board the NOAA -7, -9, -11 and -14 polar\norbiting satellites. Daily, 8-day and monthly averaged data for both\nthe ascending pass (daytime) and descending pass (nighttime) are\navailable on equal-angle grids of 4096 pixels/360 degrees (nominally\nreferred to as the 9km resolution), 2048 pixels/360 degrees (nominally\nreferred to as the 18km resolution), and 720 pixels/360 degrees\n(nominally referred to as the 54km resolution or 0.5 degree\nresolution). Data in different spatial/temporal resolutions are\navailable from 1985 - 2000.\n\nGlobal files are available through PO.DAAC ftp or order form and\ndesired regions are available through the AVHRR Pathfinder subsetting\nsystem.\n\nFor morer information, link to 'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sst/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d370cbc-3f14-47cc-9ea7-7c551a0c05c6", - "label": "CARINA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean) data synthesis project is an international collaborative effort of the EU IP CARBOOCEAN, and US partners. It has produced a merged internally consistent data set of open ocean subsurface measurements for biogeochemical investigations, in particular, studies involving the carbon system. The original focus area was the North Atlantic Ocean, but over time the geographic extent expanded and CARINA now includes data from the entire Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. Carbon data from the Pacific Ocean are being synthesized in the PICES effort.\n\nThe CARINA database includes data from 188 cruises. The salinity, oxygen, nutrient, inorganic carbon system and CFC data have been subjected to extensive quality control and adjustments have been made when necessary. The internally consistent data are available as three data products, one each for the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, the Atlantic and the Southern Oceans (CARINA Data Products). In addition, all of the individual cruise data files have been made available in WOCE exchange format in a single location (Cruise Summary Table) along with metadata and references. We strongly recommend users to employ the data products instead of the individual cruise files as the data in the latter have not been corrected for biases identified during the secondary QC. The CARINA effort is further described in the following as well as in the CARINA special issue of Earth System Science Data (ESSD) Journal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9dfde9c9-614d-4619-8ef1-a0c1cc9a458b", - "label": "APEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: APEX\nProject URL: http://www.apex.geo.su.se/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=39\n\nAPEX - Arctic Palaeoclimate and its Extremes is a network research programme aiming to understand Arctic climatic changes beyond instrumental records. Our particular emphasis is to focus on the magnitude/frequency of the climate variability and, in particular, the 'extremes' versus the 'normal' conditions of the climate system. It is an interdisciplinary programme that integrates marine and terrestrial science and utilises modelling and field observations. APEX involves scientists from 15 European countries, Canada and USA and is one of the coordinating programmes for palaeoclimate research during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007/2008.\n\nSee http://www.apex.geo.su.se/projects/projects.html for a list of all APEX individual research projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e2c4045-248e-465f-a541-e2e5587e00ff", - "label": "ADEPD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ADEPD (Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor) project falls under the work programme of EU/MAST (Marine Science and Technology) related to Global Change and had establish a network of European researchers involved in geochemical and biological processes in the deep sea of the Atlantic. The network was used for the exchange of biogeochemical benthic data and compiled at integrating present knowledge of processes at the deep sea floor. It was a supporting action contributing to JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies), with benefits for natural resource management. Data were compiled and archived in the information system PANGAEA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fd8dd7a-aff9-4c00-af8a-fc0fb8d2b169", - "label": "ARCTIC SEA ICE PROPERTIES AND P", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic sea ice cover is undergoing significant climate-induced changes, resulting in a reduction in ice extent and a net thinning of the sea ice cover. The sea ice cover plays an important role in the global climate system, both as an indicator and an amplifier of environmental change. It is important to continue and expand long-term observations of these changes to improve the fundamental understanding of the role of the sea ice cover in the global climate system and its utility as a climate change indicator. This formidable task spans an extensive range of temporal and spatial scales. An integrated, coordinated, and interdisciplinary approach will be used to monitor the state of the Arctic sea ice cover and investigate its governing processes. There are numerous tools that will be brought to bear on this task, including satellite remote sensing, autonomous rovers, buoys, ocean moorings, field campaigns and numerical models. Satellite remote sensing provides large-scale descriptions of such basic parameters as ice distribution, melt zone, ice motion, and cloud fraction at intervals of half a day to a week. Buoys and moorings will contribute high temporal resolution and can measure parameters currently unavailable from space such as atmospheric fluxes, ice thickness, internal ice temperature, photographs of surface conditions, and ocean temperature and salinity. The fixed observing systems will be complemented by autonomous mobile platforms including aerial vehicles, underwater vehicles, and land vehicles. A coordinated array of such vehicles, with integrated sensor systems, will provide spatial and temporal coverage that has previously been unavailable. Field campaigns will be used to explore, in detail, the state of the ice cover and the processes that govern the ice cover. The campaigns will be pan-Arctic including areas that have been largely unexamined, such as the region north of Greenland. Process studies will examine the interactions of the lower atmosphere, ice surface, and upper ocean that are crucial for understanding and modeling the the pack ice mass balance. Special attention will be paid to the impact of the hetereogeneity of the snow and ice on thermodynamic and dynamic processes. New techniques will be employed, such as isotope analysis of sea ice samples for information on surface water mass changes. Numerical models will be used to assess the character of the changes in the ice cover and predict their impacts on the rest of the climate system. Models will also assist in planning the observation program. The synthesis of the observations and models will provide a comprehensive picture of Arctic change. The seasonal ice zone (SIZ), which is predicted to extend over most of the Arctic Ocean by mid-century, is of particular interest. Given the challenges of operating in the SIZ environment, data for this component of the cryosphere are lacking, making it impossible to effectively predict the consequences of this dramatic change. We plan to obtain a comprehensive data set of key biophysical variables describing the evolution and state of the seasonal ice zone. The activities will examine the role of the snow cover in atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction, shifting patterns of spatio-temporal variability in sub-Arctic and Arctic seas, the important role of ice-associated biological communities in Arctic ecosystems, and latitudinal and bi-polar contrasts in atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction and biodiversity. Recent sea ice ecosystem changes will be assessed and potential future changes and their consequent impacts on higher trophic levels will be estimated. The International Polar Year will be an extraordinary opportunity to capture the imagination of students and the public. We will use this opportunity to convey not only information about the Arctic sea ice cover and its role in global climate, but also an understanding and an appreciation of science in general. We propose an extensive educational outreach component that will include media contacts, web sites, public lectures, and K-12 classroom programs. Undergraduate and graduate students will be entrained in all aspects of the our work from the planning stage to the field observations and modeling. A two week long International Summer School on Sea Ice will be held at the University Centre in Svalbard to increase the knowledge of sea ice related geophysics among both students and scientists, faciliate interdisciplinary research, and stimulate international cooperation.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=95", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0a58581-dc8e-4a19-9c2d-373b72e04ddf", - "label": "CCCCS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Northern California Circulation Study (NCCCS) is a 5-year physical\noceanography study of circulation on the continental shelf and upper\nslope between San Francisco and the Oregon border. Objectives: to\nobtain high-quality, direct and indirect current measurements with\nsufficient temporal and spatial resolution to describe primary\nadvective processes and circulation in terms of statistics and dynamic\nprocesses.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/zoo/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1224730-fb7b-4b12-964e-4d46f599b2b2", - "label": "AfSIS/CLIMATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a158023c-e9d1-4d71-b8f6-5bd3afa4b095", - "label": "AQUARIUS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Aquarius Mission Home Page] \n\n[10-Jun-11] Aquarius/SAC-D rocketed into space at 7:20:13 AM PDT. Less than 57 minutes later it separated from the rocket's second stage and began communicating with ground controllers and unfurling its solar arrays. \n\nAquarius is a focused satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Salinity (SSS). Scientific progress is limited because conventional in situ SSS sampling is too sparse to give the global view of salinity variability that only a satellite can provide. Aquarius will resolve missing physical processes that link the water cycle, the climate, and the ocean.\n \nFor more information on AQUARIUS, see http://aquarius.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1fdf8d7-fd5a-4a38-b61d-c4040e28429a", - "label": "ACE-1", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Southern Hemisphere Marine Aerosol Characterization Experiment\n(ACE-1) is the first of a series of experiments that will quantify the\ncombined chemical and physical processes controlling the evolution and\nproperties of the atmospheric aerosol relevant to radiative forcing\nand climate. The objectives of this series of process studies are to\nprovide the necessary data to incorporate aerosols into global climate\nforcing by aerosols. The goal of ACE-1 is to document the chemical,\nphysical, and optical characteristics and determine the controlling\nprocesses of the marine atmopsheric gas/aerosol systems over the North\nAtlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, with a primary focus on the\nanthropogenic perturbation of these systems.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://cloud.ucsd.edu/missions/ace-1.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a27803de-4a71-46c7-a75c-f867f7214545", - "label": "CBC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CBC 'is the oldest and largest wildlife survey in the world'\n(Butcher 1990). The National Audubon Society sponsors the survey and\npublishes results. It is designed as a series of circular count areas,\nand birders count birds within these 'circles' each year on a\nprespecified day around 25 December. With lots of circles (over 1,500)\nand a long history (the CBC was started in 1900), it is hard to\ndispute Greg Butcher's 'oldest and largest' label for the survey\n(Butcher 1990).\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/int1cbc.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2cd5a8a-fb88-47a1-8dfa-91c519403f24", - "label": "COSPAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established by\nICSU: The International Council for Science in October 1958 to\ncontinue the cooperative programs of rocket and satellite\nresearch successfully undertaken during the International\nGeophysical Year of 1957-1958. The ICSU resolution creating\nCOSPAR stated that the primary purpose of COSPAR would be to\n'provide the world scientific community with the means whereby\nit may exploit the possibilities of satellites and space probes\nof all kinds for scientific purposes, and exchange the resulting\ndata on a cooperative basis.'\n\nCOSPAR is an interdisciplinary scientific organization concerned\nwith international progress in all areas of scientific research\ncarried out with space vehicles, rockets, and balloons.\n\nCOSPAR's objectives are carried out by the international\ncommunity of scientists working through ICSU and its adhering\nNational Academies and International Scientific\nUnions. Operating under the rules of ICSU, COSPAR ignores\npolitical considerations and considers all questions solely from\nthe scientific viewpoint.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Data/portals/gcmd/project_search/top.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2e3a718-1f2f-4b5d-a5cb-6bc34c810a7a", - "label": "ARCTIC-HYDRA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Arctic-Hydra\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=104\n\nThe scientific goals of the Arctic-HYDRA project are: To characterize variability in the Arctic Hydrological Cycle (AHC) and to examine linkages between atmospheric forcing and continental discharge to the ocean; to assess the historical response of the Arctic Ocean to variations in freshwater input from rivers and net precipitation over the ocean; to attribute to specific elements of the AHC or to external forcing the sources of observed spatial-temporal variability in the land-ocean-ice-atmosphere system; to detect emerging changes in the contemporary state of the AHC in near real time and to place such changes into a broader historical context. \n\nGiven the scope of these goals and the relatively short time-frame of the IPY, Arctic-HYDRA also forms part of the parallel longer term (10-15 yr) objectives of the ICARPII (International Conference on Arctic Research Planning) Working Group 7 (WG7) project 'Terrestrial Cryospheric and Hydrologic Processes and Systems'. \n\nThe Arctic-HYDRA project consists of a core network for observation of the AHC (Arctic-HYCOS) coupled with a suite of intensive, focused process studies that are based on in-depth measurements and modelling of the individual components of the AHC. Furthermore, hydrological models and data assimilation techniques will be developed to generate a comprehensive, integrated description of the AHC including the feedbacks between the atmosphere, cryosphere and the oceans. The project will have a data management and information system in accordance with IPY and WMO protocol. It will establish links with other relevant clusters, e.g. on meteorology, climatology, cryosphere, including permafrost, snow-cover and glaciers, biosphere and societal issues affected by the AHC.\n\nThe Arctic-HYCOS is the core network of the Arctic-HYDRA. This system is intended to provide hydrological information of a high quality, both historical as well as near real time data. It will provide an important benchmark for understanding future change to the AHC; information essential to the longer term ICARPII-WG7 program. The system will be based on the existing national data bases and observation systems in the Arctic countries that have historical long-term observation series on the large rivers discharging to the Arctic Ocean, as well as stations on tributaries and smaller rivers. The Arctic-HYCOS network will meet the requirements of WMO-HYCOS. During the International Polar Year (IPY) four test hydrological stations are to be established in the Mackenzie (Canada), Lena and Pechora (Russia) and Tana (Norway, Finland) river basins. It is envisaged that additional sites will be established in accordance with the broader plan of the Arctic-HYCOS and ICARPII-WG7 program. \n\nTo complement the core network, a set of Long Term Hydrological Observatories (LTHOs) will be established in Arctic North America and Eurasia. They will collect basic hydrologic data such as precipitation, stream flow, groundwater levels, etc. as well as meteorological and biogeochemical data. In Alaska a LTHO (the Kuparuk River) will serve as an international natural laboratory dedicated to understanding the dynamic interactions between hydrological, ecological and climatological processes. Another LTHO will be established in the Eurasian Continent with focus on the ocean/atmospheric interactions with the hydrological cycle, including radio-sonde observation, radar measurement, GPS and solid precipitation measurements. Similar LTHO or network of research basins will focus on advancing our understanding and description of land surface cryospheric processes in order to improve the predictive capacity of Arctic atmospheric, cryospheric and hydrological models at small to medium scales. This will include observations of snow accumulation, over-winter ablation processes, snowmelt, soil thermodynamics, infiltration and water redistribution in frozen and thawing soils and cold regions water balance components in non-frozen periods. Two additional LTHOs will focus on the impact of aerosols on the AHC with supplementary UAV measurements and enhanced surface observations. The LTHO observations will be used to improve atmospheric, hydrologic and cryospheric process representations and also to evaluate meso-scale representations in models and assess model performance and sensitivity in multi-criteria prediction. The LTHO network will form the platform for developing the 'supersites' of monitoring and research activities identified for the ICARPII-program.\n\nThe Arctic-Hydra executes a strategy for synthesis and integration studies of the AHC based on the Arctic-RIMS project. It will produce time-varying aerological and land surface water budgets including river and ice melt inputs to the Arctic Ocean. All key elements of the terrestrial and ocean water balance will be provided, including an assessment of potential error. A guiding philosophy of the proposed research is to 'stay close to the data' although both data assimilation and modelling systems will be used for generalizations. The use of observations, either by themselves or as model drivers, provides a 'reality-based' framework to understand observed variability and change in the Arctic system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2fdfe2b-ad54-4156-a385-dc4d93753897", - "label": "CITE-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CITE missions focused on testing and evaluating the ability\nof instrumentation to measure key tropospheric constituents. The\nmethodology has been the intercomparison of airborne\nmeasurements obtained for the same species by instruments\nutilizing fundamentally different detection principles. These\nmissions provide the instrumentation techniques being employed\nduring the ABLE (Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments)\nmissions.\n\nThe CITE-2 project was conducted aboard the NASA Electra\naircraft over California and the eastern Pacific Ocean in Summer\n1986. It compared instruments that measured components of the\nnitrogen oxide photochemical cycle, which strongly influences\nozone and OH concentrations in the troposphere. CITE-2 obtained\nnew scientific data on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric acid\n(HNO3), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) within both clean\n(Pacific) and polluted (continental) air. Ancillary instruments\nrecorded abundances of other tropospheric chemical species to\ntest models of tropospheric photochemistry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a30ac9a7-82b0-42b6-93db-2764bd7535ca", - "label": "AA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ArcAtlas: Our Earth brings to your computer a large collection of maps and information about the earth--its people, plants, animals, and their various environments and economies. Whether you're a researcher needing specific information and analytical tools, a teacher or student exploring the earth and its inhabitants, or just curious, ArcAtlas: Our Earth has something to offer you. \n\nArcAtlas: Our Earth is a unique digital atlas, the result of many years of research by geographers and other earth scientists from Russia and the United States. More than forty different geographic themes were compiled for this atlas, with much of the information developed especially for this project. \n\nThe collaboration involved the efforts of more than 120 scientists and specialists belonging to a dozen research and other institutions including DATA + (Russia), the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, and ESRI (United States). \n\nThis summary is from the ESRI home page at http://www.esri.com/data/catalog/esri/esri_aa.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a449b571-1eb9-4cd4-8e45-9debe0a3aab4", - "label": "CHAMP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) is a German small satellite mission\nfor geoscientific and atmospheric research and applications, managed by GFZ.\nWith its highly precise, multifunctional and complementary payload elements\n(magnetometer, accelerometer, star sensor, GPS receiver, laser retro reflector,\nion drift meter) and its orbit characteristics (near polar, low altitude, long\nduration) CHAMP will generate for the first time simultaneously highly precise\ngravity and magnetic field measurements over a 5 years period. This will allow\nto detect besides the spatial variations of both fields also their variability\nwith time. The CHAMP mission will open a new era in geopotential research and\nwill become a significant contributor to the Decade of Geopotentials. In\naddition with the radio occultation measurements onboard the spacecraft and the\ninfrastructure developed on ground, CHAMP will become a pilot mission for the\npre-operational use of space-borne GPS observations for atmospheric and\nionospheric research and applications in weather prediction and space weather\nmonitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a558e4e1-1859-4f77-a28d-b5566ed57a3f", - "label": "CEOS Water Portal", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CEOS Water Portal led by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is a project of the Applications Subgroup of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Information Systems and Services (WGISS).\n\nThe purpose of the CEOS Water Portal Project is to provide assistance to the water relevant scientists and general users (or non-researchers) in the development of data services associated with data integration and distribution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a65263c0-9b7b-4c4d-9334-06dda7e3895a", - "label": "ACRIM III", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III)\ninvolves the Monitoring of the total variability of solar\nirradiance with active cavity radiometer solar monitoring\nsensors. ACRIM III was successfully launched on board the\nACRIMSAT spacecraft on December 20, 1999.\n\nLink to the ACRIM website at 'http://www.acrim.com/2000.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a66dd1f5-b6dd-443d-a3d6-bb4fa32a1d2e", - "label": "CONCORDIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "While there is an increasing awareness of the importance of Antarctic research, the 14 million km² Antarctic continent still only houses two permanent inland research stations, Amundsen-Scott and Vostok. Recognizing the unique research opportunities offered by the Antarctic Plateau, the French and Italian Antarctic program agreed in 1993 to cooperate in developing a permanent research support facility at Dome C. The new station, named “Concordia” (75°06’ S -123°23’ E), will be opened for wintering in 2005. However, the two first years will be mainly dedicated to the achievement of the buildings, tests of safety protocols and settlement of some scientific equipment. For this reason, Concordia is expected to be fully operational when the International Polar Year starts, in 2007. Dome C has several valuable characteristics that support the installation of a permanent scientific station: A substantial layer of ice, about 3,300m thick, offers great potential for climatic reconstruction. Ice cores were collected by the EPICA program, a European project involving 10 countries, and more than 900,000 years of climatic records are expected from these samples. In addition, numerous small lakes have been detected in vicinity of Concordia, giving opportunities for exploration and tests of new technologies for the exploration sub-glacial environment. The area corresponds almost to the centre of the polar vortex, a major component of the Antarctic Oscillation driving the heat and mass exchanges between the Antarctic continent and the surrounding ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere coupled system. This area is also suitable for studying the ozone depletion and the subsequent cooling of the stratosphere in spring. The Concordia station is a vantage central Antarctic site to analyze polar meteorological high-resolution data and to evaluate the performance of satellite instruments in terms of local and large scale circulation, surface meteorology and processes, boundary layer and free atmosphere meteorological profiles… The Antarctic Plateau is a well recognised, favourable site for astronomic observations due to its geographic location and its extremely dry, cold, rarefied and stable atmosphere. Millimetric/microwave polarimeters can exploit their high sensitivity in Dome-C, rivalling with space based instruments in selected sky areas. Dome-C is the only built location on the Earth where the 200 micron window is usable; the extremely low atmospheric emissivity will also allow optimal use of the other mm/sub-mm atmospheric windows for Galactic, Extragalactic and Cosmological studies. Dome C is a particularly promising location, at critical distance from highly active seismic regions to allow optimal sampling of the deep mantle and the core in crucial geometries. Besides, it is situated on the East Antarctic plateau about 1,000 km away from the coast in a site potentially very quiet and therefore ideal for seismographic observations. Dome C, at 3,233m above the continental crust, is protected from any magnetic perturbations by earth crust anomalies and is an ideal place for studying magnetism. Concordia is also a unique place to study the Earth-Solar relations within the particular polar cap region, and to understand their symmetrical and asymmetrical properties with respect to the Northern hemisphere Dome C is as a very isolated site with severe climatic conditions. It will be an excellent site for evaluating techniques and procedures for future work on other planets. It is also an excellent site for studying small groups of people in conditions close to those encountered in space vehicles or orbital stations. So, Concordia Station will be a new earth observatory and a logistic centre permitting the exploration of the East Antarctic plateau and giving opportunities to deploy new technical challenges and international projects.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=888", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a823862f-69d2-40ad-ae32-756c89d33eb2", - "label": "ARCATLAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ArcAtlas: Our Earth is digital atlas comprised of small scale GIS\ndata sets and digital images containing information related to\nboth the physical and cultural environment. More than 40\ndifferent geographic themes are incorporated. A number of\nprepared ArcView projects allow the user to view precompiled\nviews by theme and region. Data are in ARC/INFO, ArcView or image\nformats. The map content and level of detail are similar to other\nstandard maps at scales of 1:10,000,000 for Europe; 1:20,000,000\nfor North and South America, Africa, and Antarctica; and\n1:25,000,000 for Asia and Australia.\n\nThis data was prepared in a collaborative effort involving DATA+\n(Russia), the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of\nSciences, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, and ESRI. See\nthe documentation for more detailed information about this\ndata. ArcAtlas is available to NCSU affiliates in conjunction\nwith the campus license for ESRI software.\n\nData layers:\n\nWorld (the top level directory) atlas.apr (startup\nArcView project for ArcView 2.1 UNIX) atlas.hlp (atlas text\nreadable by ArcView 2.1 UNIX) atlas.pdf (atlas text for use with\nAdobe Acrobat Reader) atlas_m2.apr(startup ArcView project for\nArcView 2.1 for Mac) atlas_pc.apr (startup ArcView project for\nArcView 2.1 for Windows) atlas_pc.hlp (atlas text in Windows help\nformat) atlas3.apr (startup ArcView project for ArcView 3.0 for\nUNIX and Mac) atlaspc3.apr (startup ArcView project for ArcView\n3.0 for Windows) banner.bmp (image used as ArcAtlas title banner)\n\n\natmosph (atmosphere data, projects, and map images) frstfree\n (Frost-free Period data, projects, and map images) sample\n directory contents// affrf.apr (Africa Frost-free Period\n ArcView project) aufrf.apr (Australia ArcView project)\n euasfrf.apr (Europe and Asia ArcView project) frf.tif\n (Frost-free Period 'Look at map' image) nafrf.apr (North\n America ArcView project) safrf.apr (South America ArcView\n project) wdfrf.tif (Frost-free Period 'World map' image)\n afdurdd (Africa Frost-free Period ARC/INFO coverage) asdurdd\n (Asia ARC/INFO coverage) audurdd (Australia ARC/INFO coverage)\n eudurdd (Europe ARC/INFO coverage) info (INFO directory for\n the Frost-Free Period coverages) nadurdd (North America\n ARC/INFO coverage) sadurdd (South America ARC/INFO coverage)\n //end sample directory contents pcip_jan (Precipitation,\n January) pcip_jul (Precipitation, July) pcip_yr\n (Precipitiation, Annual) solar_rd (Solar Radiation) temp_jan\n (Air Temperature, January) temp_jul (Air Temperature, July)\n temp_yr (Air Temperature, Year)\n\n\n codes (text descriptions of attribute codes--used by UNIX\n help, atlas.hlp) agricult.txt (text file for agriculture\n codes) etc.\n\n\n descript (text descriptions of space images and photos) a1.doc\n (text file describing image number a1) etc.\n\n\n grd_img (World Grid and Image Location data) animlb\n (Antarctica Image Location ARC/INFO coverage) grid (World Grid\n ARC/INFO coverage) gridlb (World Grid for Antarctica ARC/INFO\n coverage) image (World Image Location ARC/INFO coverage) info\n (INFO directory for World Grid and Image Location coverages)\n\n\n hydrosph (hydrosphere data, projects, and map images)\n glaciers (Glaciers)\n grwater (Groundwater Discharge)\n hydronet (Hydrographic Network)\n permfrst (Permafrost)\n reserv (Reservoirs)\n snow (Snow Cover)\n surf_run (Surface Runoff)\n\n indx_map (space image and photograph index maps)\n africa.tif (index map for Africa)\n etc.\n\n\n lithosph (lithosphere data, projects, and map images)\n craters (Impact Craters)\n equake (Earthquakes)\n faults (Faults)\n geo (Geological Structure)\n m_sculpt (Morphosculpture)\n m_struct (Morphologic Structure)\n peaks (Peaks)\n plates (Lithospheric Plates, world coverage)\n quat_dep (Quaternary Deposits)\n volc (Volcanoes)\n\n\n refer (reference maps)\n af_g_n.tif (Africa, general reference, north)\n af_g_s.tif (Africa, general reference, south)\n af_north.tif (Africa, physical features, north)\n af_south.tif (Africa, physical features, south)\n af_stref.tif (Africa, structural reference)\n af_z_e.tif (Africa, zoomed-in, east)\n af_z_s.tif (Africa, zoomed-in, south)\n etc.\n\n\n resource (resources data, projects, and map images)\n agricult (Agriculture)\n landscap (Present Landscapes)\n landuse (Land Use)\n minerals (Mineral Resources)\n protect (Protected Areas)\n soils (Soils)\n veg (Vegetation)\n wildlife (Wildlife)\n\n\n slides (space images and photographs)\n a1.tif (space image number a1)\n ag101.shp (used to annotate an image view)\n d1.tif (space image number d1)\n des2.tif (space image number des2)\n gr03.tif (ground slide number gr03)\n etc.\n\n\n society (society data, projects, and map images)\n city (Urban Areas)\n country (Political Structure)\n pop (Population Density)\n\n\n socinfra (social infrastructure data, projects, and map images)\n airport (International Airports)\n electric (Electric Power Plants)\n manufact (Manufacturing Industry)\n mining (Extractive Industry)\n pipeline (Pipelines)\n rds_rr (Transportation Structure)\n tran_net (Transportation Network Density)\n\n Access the atlas at:\n 'http://gisstore.esri.com/acb/showdetl.cfm?&User_ID=1648277&\n St=4865&St2=69091731&St3=36254554&DS_ID=2&Product_\n ID=169&DID=6'\n\n [Summary provided by ESRI]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a84fc488-9a6d-476c-909e-f60c5ab51731", - "label": "ACE-SCAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ACE\nProject URL: http://www.ace.scar.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=54\n\nACE is an international research initiative that has grown out of the ANTOSTRAT (ANTarctic Offshore STRATigraphy) project. ANTOSTRAT orginated in 1990 as an offshoot project of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Group of Specialists on the Evolution of Cenozoic Paleoenvironments of the Southern High Latitudes. The ANTOSTRAT program officially came to an end in July 2002. The goal of ACE is to continue the study of Antarctic climate and glacial history through paleoclimate and ice sheet modeling studies, purposefully integrated with geological investigations of the proxy record of ancient Antarctic climates and ice sheets. ACE is now an official SCAR program. A more complete introduction to ACE can be found at http://www.ace.scar.org//intro1.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9030d26-73c7-438e-8b9b-21210671ad91", - "label": "ARK-V/3B", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objectives of this project were to map the crustal structure of\ntotally different geological units in a region of close proximity and\nmap the sedimentary distribution and the western boundary of the\nMesozoic sediment basin of Jameson Land.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9761f04-9db8-49e9-8887-828865b3c2e7", - "label": "CRP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cape Roberts Project: This joint venture brings together the\nnational antarctic programs and scientists from Australia, Germany,\nItaly, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of\nAmerica. The aim is to recover and analyze cores from the sedimentary\nstrata beneath the sea floor off Cape Roberts, in the southwest corner\nof the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Geologically the strata to be drilled are\nlocated just within a major rift ^? the West Antarctic Rift System ^?\nand have also been close to the South Pole for the last 130 million\nyears. They are over 1,500 meters (m) thick, and were laid down\nbetween 30 and more than 100 million years ago.\n\nNormally, strata from that long ago (Mid-Cretaceous to Paleogene) are\ndeeply buried, but strata from the sea floor off Cape Roberts record\nold glacial and rifting events at or near the surface. Operations are\ndesigned to recover a complete core representing the target 1,500 m of\nstrata; drilling for cores at three separate locations will accomplish\nthis, with the depth of individual excavations up to 700 m below the\nsea floor. Curators cut the aggregate core into 1 m lengths, describe\nthem in geological detail, and then photograph them. Samples are then\ndistributed to researchers for a wide range of analyses ^? from\nextracting specific target fossils to determining more precise age and\ncomposition data for the sample.\n\nThe cores should help scientists answer two important questions:\n\nBefore the glaciations of the last 36 million years, were there ice\nsheets on Antarctica that may have caused fluctuations in world-wide\nsea levels?\n\nHow and when did the rifting of the Antarctic continent contribute to\nthe formation of the Transantarctic Mountains and the Ross Sea?\n\nDeveloping scientific models to answer these questions should provide\nmore general insight into the etiology of changes in global sea level,\nas well as the origins of mountains and basins.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf0030/nsf0030html/cape_roberts.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9e667e3-da0c-4c6d-94ff-02258c346c95", - "label": "C-MAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Clean Air Mapping ana Analysis Program(C-MAP) is an assessment\ntool developed by the Clean Air Markets Division (CAMD) to\nbetter understand and characterize the effectiveness of\nenvironmental programs such as the Acid Rain Program. The\nprimary goal behind the development of a GIS was to gain a\nthorough understanding of the impacts of sulfur dioxide and\nnitrogen oxides emission reductions to the environment. The\ndecision to implement a GIS stemmed from a need to better\nunderstand the implications of answers to policy questions\nregarding acid rain control, and therefore to improve the\ndecision-making process. The extensive GIS database, available\nfor download, enables users to visually integrate various\nemissions and effects data in map format, using their own GIS\nsoftware. Sample maps illustrating current trends and policy\nissues of interest are displayed in the map gallery for viewing\nand download.\n\nGIS is helping in the assessment of whether current control\nlevels provide adequate protection of human health and the\nenvironment. CAMD is using GIS to explore spatial patterns and\nanalyze regional trends in air quality, visibility, surface\nwater quality, acid deposition and forest health, as related to\nemission levels:\n\n1. Display and compare trends in environmental indicators (for\nexample, acid deposition, surface water chemistry, ambient air\nconcentrations) at national or regional scales.\n\n2. Display such trends in environmental indicators overlaid with\ntrends in emissions.\n\n3. Display trends at different annual time scales (for example\nover 1-, 5-, or 10-year periods), or design annual vs. seasonal\ncomparisons.\n\n4. Mark progress toward environmental goals\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aac38e39-cf65-4345-b56e-e710e8e1875e", - "label": "ASMAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "In order to define stress orientation in the Antarctic interior, we have examined young volcanic cones found within Cenozoic volcanic provinces of the McMurdo Volcanic Group. Volcanic cones were mapped on regional satellite imagery using a combination of previous mapping, aerial photography, and digital photography and video taken from helicopter. \n\nThe volcanic cone data sets include: \n1) maps showing cone locations and shapes, \n2) 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data for individual cones, and \n3) digital photographs of individual cones. \n\nThese data will be integrated with other geologic and geochronologic data in order to interpret stress field orientation in southern and northern Victoria Land. The data sets are available from the project investigators. Detailed description of the data sets and interpretations made from them can be found in published abstracts and manuscripts in preparation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aafc2fb8-4922-4231-b9c4-c90f95ef0794", - "label": "CLICOPEN EOI 193", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Full Proposals for IPY 2007-2008 Activities\nClick for printer friendly version Proposed IPY Activity Details\n\n1.0 PROPOSER INFORMATION\n\n(Activity ID No: 34)\n\n1.1 Title of Activity\nImpact of CLImate induced glacial melting on marine and terrestric COastal communities on a gradient along the Western Antarctic PENinsula\n\n1.2 Short Form Title of Proposed Activity\nClicOPEN EoI 193\n\n1.3 Activity Leader Details\ndoris abele\nAlfred Wegener Institute f Polar & Marine Res\nGermany\n\n1.4 Lead International Organisation(s) (if applicable)\nNULL\nNULL\nNULL\nNULL\n\n1.5 Other Countries involved in the activity\nArgentina\nCanada\nPoland\nUkraine\nAustralia\nChile\nRussia\nUruguay\nBrazil\nGreat Britain\nSpain\nUSA\nBelgium\nKorea\nSweden\nNULL\n\n1.6 Expression of Intent ID #'s brought together in this proposed activity\n193, 194, 726, 233\n\n1.7 Location of Field Activities\nAntarctic\n\n1.8 Which IPY themes are addressed\n1. Current state of the environment\n2. Change in the polar regions\n4. Exploring new frontiers\n5. The polar regions as vantage points\n\n1.9 What is the main IPY target addressed by this activity\n1. Natural or social science\ntop of page\n2.0 SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVITY\n\nRapid regional warming of air temperature on the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) observed over the last 50 yrs is exceptional and unprecedented within the past 500 yrs records of ice core data (Vaughan et al. 2001, Science 293). At Vernadsky Station (former Faraday, Beascochea Bay) aerial warming averages 0.56°C per decade since the 1950s (Turner et al. 2005, Int. J. Climatol. 25: 279-294). The glacial systems of the Antarctic Peninsula show direct responses to the climatic changes, including retreat of ice fronts and increased melt water production. The broad pattern of glacial retreat over time reflects the trend of atmospheric warming in the peninsula region since the 1940s: the magnitude of glacial retreat (average change in m a-1) increases towards the southern sectors (Cook et al. 2005, Science 308). It results that changes of terrestrial as well as marine ecosystems along the Peninsula are expected to be more subtle and graded in the North and more radical at the South-Western coasts of the WAP. A directly and plausibly relatable effect of glacial retreat along WAP is the opening of newly ice-free areas for the colonization of terrestrial and intertidal plant vegetation and animals. The ClicOPEN initiative is aimed at investigating the response of terrestrial and marine coastal systems to ongoing climate change in 4 areas of interest along the WAP. Comparative work can be carried out at Mac Murdo, Ross Sea, where climate change is far less (0.1°C/decade, Kejna & Lagun, Polish Polar Studies, 2004).\nRationale of ClicOPEN: Locally increased import of fresh water from melting glaciers and increased sediment import from rock abrasion (by both, glacial melting and aerosol transport) are anticipated primary effects in coastal marine ecosystems. Warming and freshening of surface waters will impact shallow intertidal habitats. Freshening and shading induced changes of benthic and pelagic primary production and the alterations in the phytoplankton community composition are prone to alter quality and quantity of food supply for zooplankton, as well as for benthic filter and detritus feeders. This may entail important changes of trophic coupling in the coastal food webs. In the terrestrial sphere, an impact of glacial retreat and climate warming on the genetic diversity and evolutionary fitness of sessile lichens and bryophytes through range shifts and associated bottleneck effects is expected, and will be investigated using molecular markers. The climatic changes that propagate glacial melting on the WAP are prone also to impinge on Antarctic bottom communities and sediment composition in more remote areas of the Southern Ocean (e.g. South Georgia, South Orkneys, Weddell Sea). Loss of sea ice has been observed in several places beginning in the 1970s (Parkinson 2002). The reduction in sea ice correlates with a loss of krill stock density, likely to entail severe changes within coastal Antarctic food webs (Loeb et al. 1997, Nature 387, Atkinson et al. 2004, Nature 432). The ClicOPEN project aims to link the effects of glacial melting at the coast and the processes in key habitats at the shelf ice edge under focus in other EoIs like, CCAMLR (IPY 148), HABIPOL (IPY 543) and 'Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML)'. The objectives within the ClicOPEN approach are dual:\nA) to analyze and quantify effects of glacial melting and increased rock erosion on terrestrial and near shore marine ecosystems on a latitudinal gradient along the Western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.\nB) to provide a basis for a mechanistic understanding of climate change processes at the peninsula that will serve to draw a link to present and future changes in more remote shelf regions of the Southern Ocean.\nClicOPEN is land based and uses existing Antarctic research stations in 4 different areas of the Antarctic Peninsula as platforms for synoptic field and laboratory studies during the IPY. Comparative work at McMurdo, Ross Sea is intended. A station based programme enables us to include many scientists into cooperative and comparative work, make use of the existing logistic background provided by field stations and home institutions, and also to draw from historical data sets in locations of long-term scientific records, including temperature records and documented contours of ice caps and glaciers.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=34", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab977a30-edb5-4f89-b5b4-50bfdb430a07", - "label": "ARCSS/HARC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The goal of the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) is to\nenhance understanding of human interaction with physical and\nbiological environmental change in the Arctic. Therefore HARC research\nmust build on the results of previous and ongoing global change\nstudies of the paleo- and contemporary environment to integrate\nphysical, ecosystem and climate research with a broad range of social\nsciences. HARC research places human activity as a vital driver and as\na link among the terrestrial, marine, and climatic subsystems. HARC\nresearch will focus exclusively on current and potential impacts on or\nby human activity that may be expected to occur in response to global\nchange.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac7ce0cb-feea-48b2-8e6a-28f4423f2c1a", - "label": "CENSEAM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A global study of seamount ecosystems, to determine their role in the biogeography, biodiversity, productivity, and evolution of marine organisms, and to evaluate the effects of human exploitation.\n\nSeamounts are ubiquitous features of the world's underwater topography and may play an important role in patterns of marine biogeography, potentially supporting high biodiversity and unique biological communities. Seamounts are often highly productive ecosystems, and may act as feeding grounds for fishes, marine mammals and seabirds. They are targeted for resource extraction such as fisheries and mining, but are ecologically vulnerable to such exploitation. At a global scale their biodiversity is poorly known with relatively few (< 200 of an estimated 100 000) seamounts having been studied in any detail.\n\nCenSeam commenced in 2005 and the CenSeam science community, with particular input from CenSeam's Data Analysis Working Group (DAWG), has defined two overarching priority themes (1) What factors drive community composition and diversity on seamounts, including any differences between seamounts and other habitat types? (2) What are the impacts of human activities on seamount community structure and function?\n\nCenSeam has been working to coordinate existing and planned programs for maximum benefit, catalyze new seamount sampling activities, align research approaches and data collection where possible to ensure that opportunities for collaboration between programs are maximized, and integrate and analyze incoming information to create new knowledge. The program is working toward standardizing sampling methods (through the Standardisation Working Group, SWG) and data reporting (through the DAWG) wherever possible, to facilitate comparisons of biodiversity between areas.\n\nCenSeam is helping to guide future sampling with a global perspective to fill critical knowledge gaps and target understudied regions and types of seamounts. In addition to fostering new expeditions, CenSeam is also consolidating and synthesizing existing data. OBIS is served by the open-access SeamountsOnline database (http://seamounts.sdsc.edu/), which is continually being expanded to include more physical and oceanographic data, and new data as they become available. This integrated seamount database is key to comprehensive synthesis and analysis of data as the program develops.\n\nCenSeam's website is continually updated and CenSeam newsletters are regularly circulated (and can additionally be downloaded from the website; http://censeam.niwa.co.nz/censeam_news/newsletters). As well as serving the science community, the website targets students and members of the public with ship-to-shore logs and features on some of the weird and wonderful creatures found on seamounts (http://censeam.niwa.co.nz/outreach/censeam_creatures).\n\nBy the end of the Census in 2010, much will remain unknowable given the large number of seamounts, their widespread distribution, and large variability in physical characteristics and habitat type. But under CenSeam much progress will be made to improve our understanding of, and erect new paradigms about, seamount ecosystems.\n\nSummary provided by http://censeam.niwa.co.nz/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acb1f3b8-5938-4b4a-9557-e765fea797e4", - "label": "ARCPAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "As a part of the International Polar Year, NOAA scientists and their U.S. and international colleagues are conducting the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) field study. ARCPAC is an airborne research activity to investigate the climate-changing characteristics of pollution in the Arctic. The ARCPAC work is a part of the international POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) research activity.\n \nDuring the spring of 2008, the NOAA WP-3D Orion carried out a series of flights from Fairbanks, Alaska. The aircraft was outfitted with 26 instruments to transform it into a “flying chemical laboratory” that could measure physical and chemical properties of aerosol fine particles comprising Arctic Haze, cloud properties, and radiation, along with ozone, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and other trace gases that affect climate in the Arctic. \n\nFor more information see http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/arcpac/ or Brock, C.A. et al, Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic climate (ARCPAC) project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2423-2453, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2423-2011, 2011.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acb34ab9-68ae-4de6-a43d-dcd407eba962", - "label": "Columbia", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Columbia (OV-102), the first of NASA's orbiter fleet, was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in March 1979. Columbia initiated the Space Shuttle flight program when it lifted off Pad A in the Launch Complex 39 area at KSC on April 12, 1981. It proved the operational concept of a winged, reusable spaceship by successfully completing the Orbital Flight Test Program - missions STS-1 through STS-4.\n \nOther, achievements for Columbia included the recovery of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite from orbit during mission STS-32 in January 1990, and the STS-40 Spacelab Life Sciences mission in June 1991 - the first manned Spacelab mission totally dedicated to human medical research.\n \nColumbia was destroyed over east Texas on its landing descent to Kennedy Space Center on Feb. 1, 2003, at 8:59 a.m. EST at the conclusion of a microgravity research mission, STS-107.\n \nColumbia was named after a small sailing vessel that operated out of Boston in 1792 and explored the mouth of the Columbia River. One of the first ships of the U.S. Navy to circumnavigate the globe was named Columbia. The command module for the Apollo 11 lunar mission was also named Columbia.\n\nText Source: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/orbiterscol.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad8642d7-f741-47b8-bcf9-17764dd977c0", - "label": "ACCENT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ACCENT's goals are to promote a common European strategy for research on atmospheric composition change, to develop and maintain durable means of communication and collaboration within the European scientific community, to facilitate this research and to optimise two-way interaction with policy-makers and the general public. \n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.accent-network.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae02541a-4968-4573-8569-0f4a02575ab2", - "label": "Climate", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC archives climate data sets that include measured and modeled values for variables such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, wind velocity, and cloud cover. The climate collection includes station measurement data as well as gridded mean values for the variables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae8a04b2-6721-4164-b6d6-0b61be25b055", - "label": "ACSOE-MAGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (MAGE) was a component of the\nNERC Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment\n(ACSOE) project aimed at studying chemical exchange across the\nair-sea interface.\n\nThe component included two experiments that were purely a part of ACSOE:\n\nEastern Atlantic Experiment (spring 1996 and 1997)\n\nNorth Atlantic Experiment (June 1998)\n\nIn addition, MAGE contributed ship time in October 1996 to the\nEU ASGAMAGE project and this was included as an experiment\nwithin the organisational structure of MAGE.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af403855-76e6-493b-b56c-4462164f7af5", - "label": "CURTAIN I-VIII", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Curtain I-VIII was a series of experiments from February 1987 to June\n1988 used for model initialization of the Regional Acid Deposition\nModel (RADM).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afde7d35-82ce-4887-b6dd-d09bb687e045", - "label": "BOING", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Baltic On-line Interactive Geographical and Environmental\nInformation Service (BOING)Project is a two year project,\nrunning 2000-2001, that will create a prototype website on the\nissue of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea: background, causes\nand current status. The idea is to use new techniques provided\nby the Internet to produce a prototype Internet-based\ninformation service, a working model, of an integrated and\nco-ordinated information supply system. Throughout the project,\ninformation providers and users will be in focus.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.grida.no/boing/about.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by UNEP/GRID-Arendal]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1480611-f4c2-4f23-9b18-83017e49e118", - "label": "CARVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) was a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-1 mission. From 2011 to 2015, CARVE collected airborne measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide and relevant land surface parameters in the Alaskan Arctic. Continuous ground-based measurements provide temporal and regional context as well as calibration for CARVE airborne measurements. CARVE provides an integrated set of greenhouse gas data that provide insights into Arctic carbon cycling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1959ae2-b568-41b2-9324-2aef9a905028", - "label": "COHH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Mission: To improve the public health through enhanced understanding of how\noceanic processes affect the distribution and persistence of human pathogens\nand toxin producing organisms.\n\nThe National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institute of\nEnvironmental Health Services (NIEHS), one of the National Institutes of\nHealth, are funding four joint Centers for Oceans and Human Health (COHH,\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/science/cohh/). The centers are the following:\n\n-Woods Hole Center for Oceans & Human Health (WHCOHH)\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/science/cohh/whcohh/index.htm\n-Oceans and Human Health Center at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School\n(OHH), http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/ohh/\n-Pacific Research Center for Marine Biomedicine (PRCMB)\nhttp://www.prcmb.hawaii.edu/index.asp\n-The Washington Center", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1cc3a0a-eec7-4774-8e31-67be634036c8", - "label": "ACT-America", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ACT-America, or Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America, project is a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-2 mission to study the transport and fluxes of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane across three regions in the eastern United States. Flight campaigns measured transport of greenhouse gases by continental-scale weather systems. Ground-based measurements of greenhouse gases were also collected. Project goals include better estimates of greenhouse gas sources and sinks which are required for climate management and for prediction of future climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b46fb1e0-2287-4c3c-ba92-d7cc727387ff", - "label": "CMGOOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "GOOS is a permanent global system for observations, modelling and analysis of marine and ocean variables to support operational ocean services worldwide. GOOS provides accurate descriptions of the present state of the oceans, including living resources; continuous forecasts of the future conditions of the sea for as far ahead as possible, and the basis for forecasts of climate change. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.ioc-goos.org/content/view/12/26/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4ee0e0e-56b3-4833-842d-ac04a4d78984", - "label": "AERONET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) is an optical ground based aerosol\nmonitoring network and data archive supported by NASA's Earth\nObserving System and expanded by federation with many non-NASA\ninstitutions. The network hardware consists of identical automatic\nsun-sky scanning spectral radiometers owned by national agencies and\nuniversities. AERONET sites are located around the world. Data is\navailable from the AERONET web site at:\n\n'http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4f4c84a-cae5-497b-a1f8-9694fa1425a3", - "label": "CATS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Nunavut's Qikiqtaaluk Region is the most northerly part of Canada and is composed mainly of islands in the Canadian Archipelago. In fact, this vast region of a million plus square kilometres has only the smallest toehold on mainland Canada at Melville Peninsula. But it is the waters, not the lands of Qikiqtaaluk that are the focus of a Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) project called the Canadian Arctic Through-flow study (or CAT, for short). To be precise, CAT is looking at the currents that run between the islands, moving the waters and sea-ice of the Arctic Ocean south through the Labrador Sea into the Atlantic.\n\nhttp://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/publications/article/2008/12-08-2008-eng.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b54d8a1e-6151-4790-a29a-49336daae918", - "label": "CMDL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) of the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, conducts sustained\nobservations and research related to source and sink strengths, trends\nand global distributions of atmospheric constituents that are capable\nof forcing change in the climate of Earth through modification of the\natmospheric radiative environment, those that may cause depletion of\nthe global ozone layer, and those that affect baseline air\nquality. CMDL accomplishes this mission primarily through long-term\nmeasurements of key atmospheric species at sites spanning the globe,\nincluding four fully-equipped Baseline Observatories. These key\nspecies include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous\noxide, surface and stratospheric ozone, halogenated compounds\nincluding CFC replacements, hydrocarbons, sulfur gases, aerosols, and\nsolar and infrared radiation. The measurements are of the highest\nquality and accuracy possible, and document global changes in key\natmospheric species, which are all affected by mankind, identifying\nsources of interannual variability. In addition, research programs in\nkey regions, utilizing an array of platforms including aircraft,\nballoons, ocean vessels and towers, complement the land-based\ninformation. CMDL's data are used to assess climate forcing, ozone\ndepletion and baseline air quality, to develop and test diagnostic and\npredictive models, and to keep the public, policy makers, and\nscientists abreast of the current state of our chemical and radiative\natmosphere.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/aboutcmdl.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6471b36-afce-4d8e-b5c6-f6a1ec7f4764", - "label": "AFEAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The benefits of refrigeration, air conditioning, and energy\n efficient insulation can be provided conveniently and\n effectively by hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and\n hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These retain many of the\n properties of CFCs that are desired by users. However,\n the presence of hydrogen in their structures means\n that, unlike CFCs, the alternatives are largely removed\n in the lower atmosphere by natural processes. The\n environmentally important properties of HCFCs and HFCs\n were reviewed by the Alternative Fluorocarbons\n Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) in\n 1989. Leading experts from around the world evaluated\n the available scientific information. The experts\n concluded that the ozone depletion potentials (ODPs)\n and global warming potentials (GWPs) of HCFCs and HFCs\n are much smaller than those for the CFCs, and they\n should not contribute to tropospheric ozone or acid\n deposition.\n\nFor more information link to the program site at\n'http://www.afeas.org/about.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b679fbfd-35db-4169-8a16-9163919d261d", - "label": "AVHRR 1-KM PATHFINDER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Polar Pathfinder Twice-Daily 5 km EASE-Grid Composites are a collection of products for both poles, consisting of twice-daily calibrated and gridded satellite channel data and derived parameters. Data include five AVHRR channels, clear sky surface broadband albedo and skin temperature, solar zenith angle, satellite elevation angle, sun-satellite relative azimuth angle, surface type mask, cloud mask, and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) of acquisition. AVHRR Polar Pathfinder data extend pole ward from 48.4 degrees north and 53.2 degrees south latitudes, from 24 July 1981 through 30 June 2005. Data are in 1-byte and 2-byte integer grid format and are available by FTP.\n\nSummary provided by http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/nsidc0066_avhrr_5km.gd.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b737d0d8-13f9-46d7-bd4c-ec1a63f4a62f", - "label": "ABoVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) is a NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program field campaign conducted in Alaska and western Canada between 2016 and 2021. Research for ABoVE links field-based, process-level studies with geospatial data products derived from airborne and satellite sensors, providing a foundation for improving the analysis, and modeling capabilities needed to understand and predict ecosystem responses to, and societal implications of, climate change in the Artcic and Boreal regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b86265cd-12e0-42d5-b0e7-d2bb845adaa5", - "label": "CONCORDIASI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Concordiasi is an international project, currently supported by the following agencies: Météo-France, CNES, CNRS/INSU, NSF, NCAR, University of Wyoming, Purdue University, University of Colorado, the Alfred Wegener Institute, the Met Office and ECMWF. Concordiasi also benefits from logistic or financial support of the operational polar agencies IPEV, PNRA, USAP and BAS, and from BSRN measurements at Concordia. Concordiasi is part of the THORPEX-IPY cluster within the International Polar Year effort.\n\nThree field experiments are part of Concordiasi, two which have occurred during the autumn 2008 and 2009 (Austral spring) in Antarctica and a third one planned in Austral spring 2010. Additional in-situ measurements include radiosoundings at the Concordia station at Dome C and at Dumont d'Urville in 2008, at Concordia in 2009 and high altitude balloons able to drop dropsondes, launched on demand under a parachute and measuring atmospheric parameters on their way down over Antarctica in 2010.Some of the balloons will carry experimental instruments measuring ozone and particles at flight level. Some will also be enhanced to carry GPS receivers in order to perform radio-occultation measurements. Data can be accessed at the following address http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/concordiasi-dataset/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8cdc313-fb09-4796-99ac-079de0dcb042", - "label": "ARCSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding polar processes for climate and global change. ARCSS is the only element of the U.S. Global Change Research Program specifically concerned with the arctic region. By focusing on understanding Arctic processes in great detail, investigators are better able to characterize global changes through the improvement of global-scale models and other research tools. \n \n A major concern of the arctic research community is the availability of reliable data for research. The ARCSS Data Coordination Center (ADCC), while working with ARCSS investigators, the ARCSS Committee, Science Management Offices and NSF, is continually acquiring data and developing data products appropriate and useful for the research community. Integrating data and information from among the ARCSS ocean-based, land-based, ice core, paleoclimate and human-dimension communities is a high priority at the ADCC. \n \nAll NSIDC data, including ARCSS data, are described and available via NSIDC Data Products and Services. However, the National Center for Atmoshperic Research's (NCAR) Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) is now the primary ARCSS data site. See http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/arcss/\n\n[Summary provided by http://nsidc.org/data/arcss/ ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9078155-35cc-4702-9b81-5019cd21f8c2", - "label": "BIO_INST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary research area, which may be described as conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules using tools of informatics and allied techniques, with an aim to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules to answer some of the larger questions in biology. The bioinformatics spectrum ranges from collection & organization of biological databases to complex solutions including Gene-finding, Protein sequence analysis, Prediction of 3D structure, Structure-function analysis with some immediate applications such as Rational Drug design . \n\n Main Objectives\n\nBeing located in a premier institution in the country, the centre plays a significant role in disseminating much of the information required for various aspects of research in life sciences locally and in the whole country. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~dichome/ab.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b971f45d-3a45-4ef2-99df-d6b88bbc7cc3", - "label": "CLIVAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CLIVAR- An International Programme on Climate Variability and Predictability\n\nCLIVAR is an international research programme investigating climate\nvariability and predictability on time-scales from months to decades\nand the response of the climate system to anthropogenic\nforcing. CLIVAR, as one of the major components of the World Climate\nResearch Programme (WCRP), started in 1995 has a lifetime of 15 years.\n\nThe overall purpose and goal of CLIVAR is:\n\nTo describe and understand climate variability and predictability on\nseasonal to centennial time-scales, identify the physical processes\nresponsible, including anthropogenic effects, and develop modeling and\npredictive capabilities where practicable.\n\nThe specific CLIVAR Objectives are:\n\nDescribe and understand the physical processes responsible for climate\nvariability and predictability on seasonal, interannual, decadal and\ncentennial time scales, through the collection and analysis of\nobservations and the development and application of models of the\ncoupled climate system and its component parts, in co-operation with\nother relevant climate research and observing programmes;\n\nExtend the record of climate variability over the time scales of\ninterest through the assembly of quality-controlled paleoclimate and\ninstrumental data sets;\n\nExtend the range and accuracy of seasonal to interannual climate\nprediction through the development of global coupled predictive\nmodels;\n\nUnderstand and predict the response of the climate system to increases\nof radiatively active gases and aerosols and to compare these\npredictions with the observed climate record in order to detect any\nanthropogenic modification of the natural climate signal.\n\nCLIVAR Home Page: 'http://www.clivar.org/'\nInternational CLIVAR Project Office\n256/20 Southampton Oceanography Centre\nEmpress Dock, SOUTHAMPTON SO14 3ZH, UK\nPhone: +44-2380 596777\nFax: +44-2380 596204\nemail: icpo@soc.soton.ac.uk", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba565e80-c481-4e75-b133-60cb72bf7d4a", - "label": "CACHE-PEP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CACHE will use data from ice cores, ocean sediments, lake sediments and contemporary measurements of atmospheric chemistry to cast new light on the climate of the last million years. The objective is to determine the key drivers and feedbacks that have controlled climate change and the chemistry of the global atmosphere past and present, and to improve computer models used to predict climate change. Main objectives are to: Extend the existing 10,000-year climate record for the Americas by sampling from the sub-Antarctic, through the Antarctic Peninsula to the South Pole; Understand the relationship between the Antarctic and global climate over timescales up to a million years; Determine the main causes and amplifiers of climate change over the last ~1My; Quantify the chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and Antarctic ice and snow; Understand how changes in the amount of ice and snow on Earth affect the chemistry of the atmosphere.\n\nCACHE will drill and analyze the first complete Holocene ice core climate record from the Antarctic Peninsula. The results will be combined with those from the cores recently extracted from Dome C and Berkner Island, existing data from other sectors of Antarctica, and other climate history data worldwide. This will provide an unprecedented record of the links between carbon cycle. \n\nComponent Projects of CACHE are: CACHE-CEFAC: Chemical Exchange and Feedbacks between the Atmosphere and Cryosphere; CACHE-DRAM: DRivers and AMplifiers of late Quaternary climate change ; and CACHE-PEP: Natural climate variability - extending the Americas Pole-Equator-Pole palaeoclimate transect through the Antarctic Peninsula to the Pole \n\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/current_programmes/cache.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baf1cdf5-f2f4-4fd5-a701-3a26699f4213", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII/ATLAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ATLAS is a coordinated program that will examine the\ngeographical patterns and controls over climate-land surface\nexchange and develop reasonable scenarios of future change in\nthe Arctic.\n\nFor more information, link to ' http://www.laii.uaf.edu/projects.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "baf5513a-5d35-4bd7-a079-2a2bba9f9fe4", - "label": "CEDAMAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A deep-sea project documenting species diversity of abyssal plains to increase understanding of the historical causes and ecological factors regulating biodiversity and global change.\nCensus of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life (CeDAMar) is one of seven initial field projects of the Census of Marine Life (CoML). The goal of this project is to document actual species diversity of abyssal plans as a basis for global change research and for a better understanding of historical causes and actual ecological factors regulating biodiversity. To achieve this, CeDAMar will collect reliable data on the large-scale distribution of one of the largest and most inaccessible environments on our planet.\n \nThe Deep Unkown\nThe deep sea harbors vast numbers of species, most of which are still unknown. Global estimates of marine species vary between 500,000 and 10 million. Since there is no inventory of the fauna of even a single ocean basin, extrapolation of total species numbers of the global abyssal fauna is impossible or at best very speculative. The program will focus on benthic, epibenthic and hyperbenthic organisms because of their high species-richness.\n\nThe study of the deep sea offers a number of advantages. Environmental factors appear to be more homogenous in the deep sea than in many other environments and are easier to measure due to the relative uniformity of large areas. Anthropogenic effects are reduced, and communities are for the most part found in their natural state. Geological information on kinds and age of the sediments in the deep sea is available from past and ongoing projects.\n\nScientific Objectives\nCeDAMar will develop standardized protocols for surveying marine organisms in abyssal marine sediments, including reliable collecting devices in order to avoid damage to fragile deepsea animals. The standard protocols will enable results from different ocean basins will be comparable today as well as in the future. CeDAMar will also contribute to the development and testing of new, more efficient collecting techniques.\n\nSamples will be collected along approximately 1000 km long transects. To exclude small-scale variations which could influence biodiversity estimations, larger areas will be sampled with an epibenthic sledge and repeated box corer (or new devices with the same function) and multicorer hauls. Underwater cameras will document the morphology of the ocean bed, the effects of bioturbation and the abundance of microfauna. The collected material will be analyzed with modern systematic methods.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.coml.org/projects/census-diversity-abyssal-marine-life-cedamar", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb4e35cc-520c-4d24-984f-d81cb2965a85", - "label": "COML", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Census of Marine Life is a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations engaged in a 10-year scientific initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans. The world's first comprehensive Census of Marine Life - past, present, and future - will be released in 2010.\n\nThe stated purpose of the Census of Marine Life is to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life. Each plays an important role in what is known, unknown, and may never be known about what lives in the global ocean.\n\nFirst, diversity. The Census aims to make for the first time a comprehensive global list of all forms of life in the sea. No such unified list yet exists. Census scientists estimate that about 230,000 species of marine animals have been described and reside in jars in collections in museums of natural history and other repositories. Since the Census began in 2000, researchers have added more than 5600 species to the lists. They aim to add many thousands more by 2010. The database of the Census already includes records for more than 16 million records, old and new. By 2010, the goal is to have all the old and the new species in an on-line encyclopedia with a webpage for every species. In addition, we will estimate how many species remain unknown, that is, remain to be discovered. The number could be astonishingly large, perhaps a million or more, if all small animals and protists are included. For comparison, biologists have described about 1.5 million terrestrial plants and animals.\n\nSecond, distribution. The Census aims to produce maps where the animals have been observed or where they could live, that is, the territory or range of the species. Knowing the range matters a lot for people concerned about, for example, possible consequences of global climate change.\n\nThird, abundance. No Census is complete without measures of abundance. We want to know not only that there is such a thing as a Madagascar crab but how many there are. For marine life, populations are being estimated either in numbers or in total kilos, called biomass.\n\nTo complete the context, it is important to understand the top motivations for the Census of Marine Life. Most importantly, much of the ocean is unexplored. Most of the records in its database are for observations near the surface, and down to 1000 meters. No observations have been made in most of the deep ocean, while most of the ocean is deep.\n\nAnother important issue is that diversity varies in space. Marine hot spots, like the rain forests of the land, exist off for large fish off the coasts of Brazil and Australia. The goal is to know much more about marine hot spots, to help conserve these large fish. Their abundance and thus their diversity is changing, especially for commercially important species. Between 1952 and 1976, for example, fishermen and their customers emptied many areas of the ocean of tuna.\n\nThe Census has evolved a strategy of 14 field projects to touch the major habitats and groups of species in the global ocean. Eleven field projects address habitats, such as seamounts or the Arctic Ocean. Three field projects look globally at animals that either traverse the seas or appear globally distributed: the top predators such as tuna and the plankton and the microbes. The projects employ a mix of technologies. These include acoustics or sound, optics or cameras, tags placed on individual animals that store or report data, and genetics, as well as some actual capture of animals. The technologies complement one another. Sound can survey large areas in the ocean, while light cannot. Light can capture detail and characters that sound cannot. And genetics can make identifications from fragments of specimens or larvae where pictures tell little.\n\nThis mix of curiosity, need to know, technology, and scientists willing to investigate the unexplored and undiscovered will result in a Census of Marine Life in 2010 that provides a much clearer picture of what lives below the surface around the globe. Several reasons make such a report timely, indeed urgent. Crises in the sea are reported regularly. One recent study predicted the end of commercial fishery globally by 2050, if current trends persist. Better information is needed to fashion the management that will sustain fisheries, conserve diversity, reverse losses of habitat, reduce impacts of pollution, and respond to global climate change. Hence, there are biological, economic, philosophical and political reasons to push for greater exploration and understanding of the ocean and its inhabitants. Indeed, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity requires signatories to collect information on living resources, but, as yet, no nation has a complete baseline of such information. The Census of Marine Life's global network of researchers will help to fill this knowledge gap, providing critical information to help guide decisions on how to manage global marine resources for the future.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.coml.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb6d33f4-cbd1-4a07-9cf1-4b329da20897", - "label": "ABES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project will advance the methods for monitoring seismic and biological activity in the Southern Ocean by the use of long-term passive acoustic recordings. We propose to deploy an array of four SHARPs (Seismic and High-frequency Acoustic Recording Packages) circumpolarly around the Antarctic Continent, over year-long periods. We will collect data on acoustic call characteristics and source level for a broad range of marine mammal and other species. The improved technology for passive monitoring will allow us to expand the range of marine mammal species monitored to include the largest odontocetes: sperm (Physeter macrocephalus), killer (Orcinus orca), beaked (Mesoplodon spp), and possibly southern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon planifrons), all the mysticetes known to inhabit the Southern Ocean: blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (B. physalus), sei (B. borealis), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), southern right (Eubalaena australis), and minke whales (B. bonaerensis), as well as most pinnipeds: leopard (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell (Leptonychotes weddellii), crabeater (Lobodon carcinophagus), Ross (Ommatophoca rossii), southern elephant (Mirounga leonine), and fur seals. Fish choruses should also be present in these data and are know to produce sounds with diurnal variability. The acoustic data will be used to investigate the seasonality and abundance of these species in the Southern Ocean, as well as the ways that physical and biological processes interact to determine the patterns of distribution and abundance of cetaceans in the Antarctic.\n\nAt the same time this project will fill a large gap in global seismic coverage by placing seafloor seismic sensors at Southern Ocean locations, far from existing sites. These seismic sensors will lead to a more uniform coverage for seismic wave propagation within the Earth, and better understanding of local seismicity in the Southern Ocean.\n\nThe recording packages that we propose to deploy in the Southern Ocean are a proto-type ocean observatory. They have significant data recording capacity (1600 Gbytes) and can support batteries sufficient for year-long deployments of seismic, acoustic and other sensors. We plan to expand the range of sensors recorded by these instruments beyond the seismic/acoustic sensors currently proposed, and in so doing create a facility for long-term multi-disciplinary observations.\n\nThis proposal will have a broader impact on society by providing support for graduate education, developing infrastructure for future multi-disciplinary observation platforms, and providing support for outreach projects. The development of SHARPs will advance our capabilities for scientific monitoring and will serve as starting platforms for future, more integrated observation stations. This project will serve as an educational platform to enable K-12 students to virtually experience Antarctica in a way that represents its geographic and biologic diversity. To this end, we will incorporate educational material gathered from this experiment into our museum exhibit “Voices in the Sea” at the Aquarium of the Pacific (Long Beach, CA),\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=52", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb80fefd-6a80-4e50-a693-b0125dd7c57c", - "label": "AMICS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The main objective of the AMICS network proposal is to contribute to the international research effort leading to an improved understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the Antarctic ice sheet resulting from climatic change. More specifically it aims at a better knowledge of the internal dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet and to a better assessment of the interactions of the ice sheet with its boundary conditions. The major components of this interdisciplinary research objective are modelling and ice composition studies.\n\nThe aim of this research network is to clarify the dynamic interactions between the ice sheet and its boundary conditions, such as the substratum, based on analysis of ice from the basal part of the Antarctic ice sheet and ice-sheet modelling. Results from the analyses will put constraints on the basal boundary conditions of the numerical model and will make validation of the model possible with regard to the melting and refreezing processes at the base. Further constraints come from radio-echo sounding (RES) surveys and SAR interferometric applications. For this purpose, the high-resolution numerical model of complex ice flow will be adapted to three-dimensions and refined. With the numerical model we hope to translate the results of the ice-composition analyses into physical processes, hence providing the scientific community with a model tool of complex basal interaction. As basal processes play an important role in the onset of fast-flowing areas such as ice streams, the role of ice streams, outlet glaciers and ice shelves in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and their influence on the variability of the ice sheet with changing climate will be investigated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbf4ada4-c720-42ac-8505-009216c17890", - "label": "CARE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CARE\nProject URL: http://www.ipy-care.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=28\n\nThe overall objective of CARE/ASR is to explore, quantify and model Arctic climate change, its interaction with the climate in lower latitudes and its impact on Arctic marine ecosystems, and to assess the socio-economic consequences for Europe. \n\nThe specific objectives are: \n1. To determine the processes responsible for the past and present variability and changes in the Arctic climate system and to improve their representation in climate models. \n2. To understand the degree to which recent variability and changes in the Arctic climate system, e.g., shrinking sea-ice cover, thawing permafrost and increased methane emission, are of natural or of anthropogenic origin. \n3. To understand and quantify the response of marine biological processes to climate change and their impact on Arctic marine ecosystems and the air-sea CO2 fluxes and to improve their representation in ecosystem models and inclusion in global climate models. \n4. To quantify the impact of the Arctic freshwater budget on the global thermohaline circulation (THC) and its impact on climate, and to assess possible impact on rapid climate change, sea-level change and sequestration of CO2. \n5. To improve capabilities to predict Arctic climate on decadal and longer time scales and design optimal components of an integrated monitoring and forecasting system. \n6. To assess the impact of climate change in the Arctic on the THC, marine ecosystems and fisheries, transportation, offshore industry and oil and gas production, coastal infrastructures, and on climate in Europe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbf5341a-145d-42d6-9221-a3eafb2df283", - "label": "ASTROPOLES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AstroPoles\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=124\n\nIt has long been recognised that the polar plateaus provide the best sites on the Earth's surface for the conduct of a wide range of astronomical observations, from optical to millimetre wavelengths. This is on account of the extremely cold, dry and stable air found there. The exceptional site conditions would allow observations to be made of the cosmos, with greater sensitivity and clarity, and across a wider part of the electromagnetic spectrum, than from temperate-latitude sites. This IPY project aims to quantify these conditions at four sites, Summit in Greenland, Ellesmere Island in Canada, and Domes A and C on the Antarctic plateau, and then to begin the process of turning these sites into frontline observatories. Dome A is likely to be the pre-eminent location on the Earth for observational astronomy, but has only recently been visited by humans (China in 2005). Dome C is the site for a new station (France/Italy, fully operational in 2005), and already shows indications for better seeing conditions than for any existing observatory. Summit Station (Denmark/USA) and Ellesmere Island (Canada) are also extremely cold and dry. They are the best prospective observing sites in the northern polar regions and their conditions have not yet been quantified.\n\nThe project builds upon a decade of site testing experience, at both the South Pole and at Dome C, including the development of autonomous observatories that can gather the data over the winter. In particular, it will make use of AASTINOs (Automated Astrophysical Site Testing International Observatories) to conduct a range of experiments at each site, and to transmit the data to their operations centres via satellite phones. Measurements made will include the sky brightness (auroral in the optical, thermal emission in the infrared), the optical seeing and the transparency, precipitable water vapour content and microturbulence levels in the atmosphere, as well as the meteorological conditions. These will provide the baseline data needed to quantitatively assess what future astronomical facilities could be built in the polar regions, and the science programs they could tackle. The AASTINO's and their experimental suites will need to be brought to the four sites by overland traverse or by air transportation, with the scientists taken in by air to assemble them.\n\nWhile the sites have not been fully characterised, it is already clear that the Antarctic plateau sites are superior to any existing observatories for a range of frontline experiments. This IPY project will also be used to instigate pathfinder experiments aimed at tackling fundamental problems in astrophysics, in particular to test enabling technologies that will make them possible. These experiments will, in turn, lead to the development of new frontline facilities beyond the IPY. The science program we would conduct with these facilities includes measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave radiation background resulting from the Big Bang, the use of optical and infrared telescopes to examine the formation of galaxies, sub-millimetre and terahertz frequency telescopes and interferometers to probe the dense molecular clouds where stars are born, the search for other earth-like planets in the Galaxy using interferometric and microlensing techniques, and the measurement of the earthshine from the Moon to probe the variations in the Earth's albedo, primarily resulting from changing cloud cover.\n\nA critical design review of the project will be held during the SCAR meeting in Hobart in 2006. An international science meeting on Astronomy in the Polar Regions will also be organised for 2007, possibly in the UK or Greenland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc14beec-ff4f-4b80-8349-cc08e4a2f007", - "label": "APIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctic Pack Ice Seals Project is run by the Australian\nAntarctic Division and studies the distribution and abundance of\npack ice seals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc5be83a-4550-403c-a40b-b60012c3f483", - "label": "ASHCAN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc8b174d-7bc3-48f2-8c26-9108ca3d6e52", - "label": "CDIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The goal of the Climate Data Imaging Project is to preserve and disseminate unique climatological data from historical sources in the NOAA Central Library. The images are provided in PDF and multi-page TIFF formats. The files in PDF format can be viewed using the free Adobe reader, while the TIFF files require use of a reader capable of reading multi-page TIFF files. For assistance please contact the Library staff members listed below. \n\nThis information is provided by http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/data_rescue_home.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd3a3836-034d-4e19-84f0-96cec3473596", - "label": "CLPX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cold Land Processes Field Experiment will focus on\ndeveloping the quantitative understanding, models, and\nmeasurements necessary to extend our local-scale understanding\nof water fluxes, storage, and transformations to regional and\nglobal scales. The experiment will particularly emphasize\ndeveloping a strong synergism between process-oriented\nunderstanding, land surface models and microwave remote sensing.\n\nMicrowave sensors appear ideal to measure properties of the\nterrestrial cryosphere because the microwave signal is\nsensitive to the dielectric constant of surface materials,\nwhich in turn is sensitive to the phase of water, ice or liquid\n[Koh, 1992]. Passive microwave sensors are sensitive to the\nphysical temperature of surface materials. Both active and\npassive microwave sensors have demonstrated sensitivity to snow\nproperties and the freeze/thaw status of soils [Goodison and\nWalker, 1993; Chang, et al., 1996; Shi and Dozier,\n2000]. Microwave signal response is influenced by snow depth,\ndensity, wetness, crystal size and shape, ice crusts and layer\nstructure, surface roughness, vegetation characteristics, soil\nmoisture, and soil freeze/thaw status [Davis et al., 1987; Hall\net al., 1986; McDonald and Ulaby, 1993; Josberger et al., 1996,\nKim, 1999; Rosenfeld and Grody, 2000]. While visible and\nnear-infrared sensors cannot see through clouds and require\nadequate solar illumina! tion, which is a frequent and severe\nlimitation in cold regions during winter [Cline and Carroll,\n1999], measurements of the Earth surface in the microwave\nspectral regions can be largely insensitive to weather\nconditions and solar illumination. These properties make\nmicrowave remote sensing attractive for providing spatially\ndistributed information to improve and update land-surface\nmodels for cold regions, either through assimilation of\nstate-variable information estimated from microwave remote\nsensing observations using inversion algorithms, or possibly\neven through direct assimilation of microwave remote sensing\ndata themselves.\n\nThe specific objectives of the Cold Land Processes Field\nExperiment are to:\n\n1. Evaluate and improve snow water equivalent retrieval\nalgorithms for space-borne passive microwave sensors\n(e.g. SSM/I and AMSR-E);\n\n2. Evaluate and improve radar retrieval algorithms for snow\ndepth, density, and wetness, and soil freeze/thaw status;\n\n3. Improve radar retrieval algorithms to enable discrimination\nof freeze/thaw status of different surfaces (i.e. snow, soil,\nand vegetation); Examine the effects of scale (spatial\nresolution) on the skill of active and passive microwave remote\nsensing retrieval algorithms for snow and freeze/thaw status;\n\n4. Evaluate and improve spatially distributed, uncoupled\nsnow/soil models and coupled cold land surface schemes from\npoint scales to typical mesoscale grid-resolutions\n(i.e. 25-km);\n\n5. Examine the feasibility of coupling forward microwave\nradiative-transfer schemes to spatially distributed snow/soil\nmodels, to improve assimilation of microwave remote sensing\ndata;\n\n6. Examine the spatial variability of snow and frozen soil\ndistributions in different environments and a) improve the\nrepresentation of subgrid-scale variability of snow and frozen\nsoil in coupled and uncoupled land surface models, and b)\nimprove the representation of orographic precipitation\n(snowfall) in atmospheric models;\n\n7. Examine methods of extending local-scale, process-oriented\nequations describing important cold-land hydrologic and\nboundary layer properties to larger scales typical of regional\nand global atmospheric and hydrologic models.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.nohrsc.nws.gov/~cline/clpx.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd977f0f-7032-4be9-90c6-28363767e53a", - "label": "AMI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdc1ca05-4e47-49f9-9b56-583c169861c0", - "label": "CARP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An expectation of Canada’s full membership in SCAR is the development of a Canadian Antarctic research program. In its strategy document “Antarctic Science and Bipolar Linkages “ (CPC 2002) the Canadian Committee for Antarctic Research (CCAR) identified the creation of a Canadian Antarctic Research Program (CARP) as one of its highest priorities. In 2003 CCAR organised an international workshop (Polar Connections) to identify areas of Canadian scientific expertise that will form the basis of CARP. During IPY, polar science will be in the national and international spotlight and it will be an ideal time for Canada to launch CARP. A Canadian Antarctic Research Program will provide support for Canadian research activities in Antarctica and will compliment traditional sources of research funding (NSERC, SSHRC, CIHR).\n\nCanadian scientists have conducted research in Antarctica for decades, but in the absence of a national program Canadians participate as part of national programs of other countries. CARP will allow Canadians to design and lead their own research projects and participate in or even lead international projects. Canada does not intend to build a research base in Antarctica but through CARP Canadian researchers will buy space and support from other countries.\n\nAt the heart of CARP is a science program emphasising (but not limited to) three scientific themes where Canadian researchers are already active:\nTheme 1, Contaminants, biota and polar microbial ecosystems,\nTheme 2, Ice observations, ice sheet dynamics and environmental change,\nTheme 3, Polar desert landscape ecology and geomorphology.\nThe research team involved in contaminants, biota and polar microbial ecosystems is the most advanced in its research planning with Antarctic partnerships and active field programs with France, UK, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Contaminants in polar environments are a serious problem and are an area of science where Canada is a recognised world leader. This research is truly bipolar in nature and has tremendous value for the people of northern Canada. Canadian researchers and technologies also have international recognition in the area of ice observations and environmental change. For example RADARSAT is one of the most widely used remote sensing platforms in the analysis of Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelf dynamics. Several Canadians are involved in ongoing ice research in both Polar Regions as well as ice sheet modelling, reconstruction and neotectonics. This research will compliment activities in the Canadian Arctic that is included in several other IPY proposals. Research activities in various aspects of Antarctic landscape ecology; geomorphology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction is underway by several Canadian researchers in partnership with New Zealand, Italy, USA, UK and Bulgaria. The main focus of this theme will be an investigation of landscape relationships along an environmental gradient in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region. Research outside of these theme areas will also need to be supported by CARP. Data management is also a key component of CARP and plans include the use of innovative GIS tools developed by Canadian researchers involved in the Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica.\n\nCARP will provide the basis for a co-ordinated program of Canadian Antarctic research. CARP will serve as a focus for Canadian Antarctic research, working with relevant agencies and organisations to articulate science objectives that reflect Canada’s need for information about Antarctica. CARP provides a vehicle for grouping all Canadian IPY proposals with bipolar and antarctic activities.\n\nThe Earth’s Polar Regions drive many global systems and with uncertainties about global climate change looming large the need for information about both Polar Regions has never been greater. As a polar nation Canada needs to be concerned with both the Arctic and the Antarctic as part of the global system.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=329", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be4264ff-db66-4064-8269-ccaadf0139ec", - "label": "ARM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program is the largest global\nchange research program supported by the U.S. Department of Energy\n(DOE). ARM scientists focus on obtaining field measurements and\ndeveloping models to better understand the processes that control\nsolar and thermal infrared radiative transfer in the atmosphere\n(especially in clouds) and at the earth's surface.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.arm.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "beeb3595-a21e-4fb7-bbed-e19e7a6e4136", - "label": "CAPMON", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network is a non-urban air quality monitoring network with siting criteria designed to ensure that the measurement locations are regionally representative (not affected by local sources of air pollution). Scientists involved with the measurement of atmospheric pollution in urban centres would consider most CAPMoN sites to be remote and pristine. There are currently 28 measurement sites in Canada and 1 in the U.S.A. \n\nhttp://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/capmon/index_e.cfm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf2f46c4-0f63-4b6c-a404-90ab6c10e85d", - "label": "ACSYS-ABSIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "First results obtained with the meso scale model METRAS show that small scale variations of the sea ice concentration can significantly influence the large scale transports of momentum, heat, and humidity. This concerns the surface fluxes and the vertical profiles of the fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Based on these results and on airborne and ship based measurements (campaigns REFLEX, ARTIST, and ACSYS) improved parameterizations of fluxes over sea ice covered areas will be developed and tested. The influence of an inhomogenous sea ice concentration on the large scale transports of energy and humidity as well as the scale dependence of parameterizations will be further analyzed. \nAnother goal is the study of cloud formation over ice covered areas. \n\nThis information is from \nhttp://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Climate/rndatmobound.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfa8d7da-e2dd-472f-a977-f11b95d5be09", - "label": "CEPEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "C4 seeks to develop a theoretical, observational, and modeling base\nfor understanding and predicting cloud-chemistry-climate\ninteractions. To this end, C4 took the lead in designing,\nimplementing, and analyzing the results of a major field observing\nprogram known as CEPEX the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment,\nconducted in March of 1993. The project yielded important new\ninformation about the absorption of solar radiation by clouds and the\nrelative roles of cirrus cloud radiative effects and surface\nevaporation in limiting maximum sea surface temperatures in the\nequatorial Pacific. This large, interdisciplinary experiment,\ninvolving 15 institutions from the US and Germany, has created a\nmuch-needed observational basis for unraveling phenomena which were\npreviously understood only theoretically. C4's infrastructure and\nframe work for cooperative research were instrumental in making CEPEX\na success.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www-c4.ucsd.edu/~cids/cepex/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c04eef05-1aa0-462e-81c5-7575312a550a", - "label": "CGL-2004-01348-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c095d268-b776-44ac-bbd9-9fc70ef81395", - "label": "BENEFIT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Benguela Environment Fisheries Interaction and Training\n(BENEFIT) Programme is a regional partnership between Namibia,\nAngola and South Africa focused on fisheries and the marine\nresources of the Benguela Current ecosystem off southwest\nAfrica. BENEFIT was originally conceived in 1995, adopted by the\nSouthern Africa Development Community (SADC) as a project in\nJune 1996, and formally inaugrated in April 1997.\n\nThe overall goal of BENEFIT is to promote the sustainable\nutilisation of the living resources of the Benguela Current\nEcosystem. As outlined in the 1997 Science Plan, this goal is to\nbe achieved through an active science and technology programme\nintegrated with capacity development within the Benguela region.\n\nContact Information:\n\nSecretariat\nP.O.Box 912\nSwakopmund\nNamibia\nPhone: +264 (0)64 4101164\nFax: +264 (0)64 405913\nE-mail: nsweijd@benguela.org\n vfilipe@benguela.org\n prabe@benguela.org\n cokane@benguela.org\n\nWebpage: 'http://www.benefit.org.na/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c11402e0-af16-4e20-a8b6-a4fef05d2b2f", - "label": "CASO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CASO\nProject URL: http://www.clivar.org/organization/southern/CASO/\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=132\n\nCASO provides an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to understanding the role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in past, present and future climate during the IPY 2007-2008 (see http://www.clivar.org/organization/southern/documents/SOIPY.pdf for a more complete description of the CASO science plan). \n\nCASO is organised into five themes: \n1. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the global water cycle \n2. Southern hemisphere teleconnections\n3. Climate processes at the Antarctic continental margin\n4. Climate ecosystem biogeochemistry interactions in the Southern Ocean \n5. Records of past Antarctic climate variability and change \n\nThis proposal describes IPY activities grouped in the Antarctic Ocean Circulation cluster of EOIs that contribute to the goals of CASO.\n\nObjectives:\n1. To obtain a synoptic circumpolar snapshot of the physical environment of the Southern Ocean (collaboration with other IPY activities will extend the snapshot to include biogeochemistry, ecology, and biodiversity).\n2. To enhance understanding of the role of the Southern Ocean in past, present and future climate, including connections between the zonal and meridional circulation of the Southern Ocean, water mass transformation, atmospheric variability, ocean-cryosphere interactions, physical-biogeochemical-ecological linkages, and teleconnections between polar and lower latitudes.\n\nOutcomes/Deliverables:\n1. Improved climate predictions, from models that incorporate a better understanding of southern polar processes.\n2. Proof of concept of a viable, cost-effective, sustained observing system for the southern polar regions (including ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere).\n3. A baseline for the assessment of future change.\n\nMajor field programs:\n1. A circumpolar array of full-depth multi-disciplinary hydrographic sections and XBT/XCTD sections, extending from the Antarctic continent northward across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, including key water mass formation regions (EOIs 109, 173, 225 284, 599, 730, 770, 806, 924, 51, 350, 283, 584, 911, 271, 440, 596).\n2. An enhanced circumpolar array of sea ice drifters, measuring a range of ice, ocean and atmosphere parameters (108, 109, 51).\n3. Profiling floats deployed throughout the Southern Ocean, including acoustically-tracked floats in ice-covered areas (109, 180, 599, 485, 596).\n4. Current meter moorings to provide time series of ocean currents and water mass properties at key passages, in centres of action of dominant modes of variability, and in areas of bottom water formation and export (109, 173, 225, 599, 604, 806, 51, 596).\n5. Environmental sensors deployed on marine mammals (77, 596).\n6. Direct measurements of diapycnal and isopycnal mixing rates in the Southern Ocean (183).\n7. Analysis of ice cores, sediment cores and deep corals to extend observations of Southern Ocean variability back beyond the instrumental era (109, 806, 51).\n8. Bottom pressure gauges will be used near Drake Passage to monitor ocean currents, validate tidal models, and improve regional corrections to satellite altimeter products (567, 580).\n9. Automatic weather stations, flux measurements in the boundary layer and drifters to measure atmospheric variability (pressure, winds, heat and freshwater flux) (108, 109). \n\nThe observations will be integrated closely with modelling studies using a variety of approaches (coupled climate models; high resolution ocean-ice models; atmospheric models; tidal models; Lagrangian diagnostics; 320, 284, 567, 580, 590,117).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c12673b5-68cd-481b-ba98-10c0e9136ff8", - "label": "ARB", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Aerosol Research Branch (ARB) Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) project has been taking ground based LIDAR measurements from Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia since May 1974. These LIDAR measurements provide high resolution vertical profiles of the upper tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols. The LIDAR system has evolved over the years and provides a valuable long-term history of the middle-latitude stratospheric aerosol.\n\nProject Description:\nThe measurements for ARB were made using a LIDAR system. This system uses a ruby laser that emits one joule per pulse with a repeat rate of 0.15 hertz (Hz) at a wavelength of 0.6943 micrometers. This system also uses a 48 inch cassegrainian configured telescope mounted on a movable platform. The transmitter laser beam has a divergence of about 1.0 mrad, and the maximum receiver field of view is 4.0 mrad. The LIDAR has a signal bandwidth of 1 MHz, and this is equal to a 150 meter vertical resolution. Three photomultiplier tubes are used to enhance the dynamic range. These tubes are electronically switched on at specific times after the laser has been fired. The photomultiplier tube output signals are processed by 12-bit Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) based digitizers and acquired by a personal computer.\n\nData Used and Produced:\nThe Aerosol Research Branch (ARB) 48-inch LIDAR (ARB_48_IN_LIDAR) data set contains data collected from a 48-inch LIDAR system located at NASA Langley Research Center. Each granule consists of one year of data. Data are available from 1982 through the present. Data are continuously being collected. The days of data are different in each granule. Each measurement consists of four parameters: stratospheric integrated backscatter from tropopause to 30 km, altitude levels, scattering ratio at each altitude level, and aerosol backscattering coefficient at each altitude level. An image has been produced to represent the data collected for each granule.\n\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n Email: support-asdc@earthdata.nasa.gov\n WWW: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\n\n Project Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Physics Department\n Hampton University\n Hampton, VA 23668\n USA\n Phone: (757) 728-6867\n Email: pat.mccormick@hamptonu.edu\n Mary T. Osborn\n SAIC\n Atmospheric Science Division - Aerosol\n Research Branch\n Mail Stop 475\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n\n References:\n Fuller, W. H., Osborn, M. T., and Hunt, W. H. 48-Inch Lidar Aerosol\n Measurements Taken at the Langley Research Center - May 1974 to December 1987. \n NASA RP-1209, 1988.\n\n Osborn, M. T., R. J. DeCoursey, C. R., Trepte, D. M. Winker, and\n D. C. Woods, Evolution of the Pinatubo Volcanic Cloud Over Hampton, Virginia,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 22, No. 9, May 1, 1995, pp 1101-1104.\n\n Russell, Philip B., Swissler, Thomas J., and McCormick, M. Patrick,\n Methodology for Error Analysis and Simulation of Lidar Aerosol\n Measurements. Appl. Opt., vol. 18, no. 22, Nov. 15, 1979, pp. 3783-3797.\n\n Woods, D. C., M. T. Osborn, D., M. Winker, R. J. DeCoursey, and\n O. Youngbluth, 48-inch Lidar Aerosol Measurements Taken at the Langley Research\n Center - July 1991 to December 1992. NASA RP-1334, 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1564b40-d4ae-4e5b-b925-411b93cb68c5", - "label": "CHaNGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project is a multidisciplinary investigation of coastal system response to sea-level rise, climate dynamics, and geomorphic change at the East Carolina University.\n\nhttp://www2.ecu.edu/geol/CHaNGE/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c17d7b85-708d-49ab-82ad-3fa84840c81b", - "label": "AOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Ocean Experiment (AOE) 2001 was a multi-disciplinary\nprogram sponsored by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat in\ncollaboration with several other institutions including the\nStockholm University and the NOAA's Environmental Technologies\nLaboratory in Boulder Colorado. During a 2-1/2 month period\nbeginning in late-June, 2001, the Swedish Maritime\nAdministration Icebreaker Oden became the host platform for\nscientists and support personnel from 13 different countries\nworking in the fields of Oceanography, Geology, Ice and Aerosol\nPhysics, Marine Biology, Atmospheric Chemistry and\nMeteorology. The principal goal of the Atmospheric Program was\nto enhance understanding about how natural sources of\natmospheric aerosols affect climate through impact on the\nradiation balance. This case study presents data from 5 July\n2001 to 26 Aug 2001 and covers a region from 80N to 90N latitude\nand from 15W to 15E longitude.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/aoe2001/aoe2001.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2ff36f2-6845-44d6-8074-eeff162b1c4b", - "label": "AM-DTR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The project addresses Antarctic meteorology and interaction between the atmosphere, snow and ice. The specific study topics are:\n- snow and ice surface albedo\n- radiative fluxes and cloud radiative forcing\n- snow properties and thermodynamics \n- mesoscale meteorology\n- boundary layer meteorology\n\nThe project is carried out in co-operation between University of Helsinki and Finnish Meteorological Institute.\n\nProject URL: http://www.fimr.fi/en/etelamanner/etelamanner-tutkimus/tutkimusprojektit/meteorologia.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c35c505c-3ef9-4364-aec2-369fadb20302", - "label": "CIOSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The primary purpose of CIOSS is to establish a cooperative (federal-academic) center of excellence for research involving satellite remote sensing of the ocean and the air-sea interface. CIOSS’ research themes are: 1) satellite sensors and techniques; 2) ocean-atmosphere fields and fluxes; 3) ocean-atmosphere models and data assimilation; 4) ocean-atmosphere analyses; and 5) outreach, education and training. These research themes are aligned to achieve four goals:\n\n1) Foster and provide a focus for research related to NOAA’s mission responsibilities and strategic objectives in the coastal and open ocean, emphasizing those aspects of oceanography and air-sea interaction that utilize satellite data, along with models of oceanic and atmospheric circulation.\n\n2) Collaborate with NOAA research scientists in using satellite ocean remote sensing through: evaluation, validation, and improvement of data products from existing and planned instruments; development of new multi-sensor products, models, and assimilation techniques; and investigation and creation of new approaches for satellite data production, distribution, and management.\n\n3) Improve the effectiveness of graduate-level education and expand the scientific training and research experiences available to graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and scientists from NOAA and other governmental laboratories and facilities.\n\n4) Educate and train research scientists, students, policy makers and the public to use, and to appreciate the use of, satellite data in research that improves our understanding of the ocean and overlying atmosphere.\n\n[Summary provided by: http://cioss.coas.oregonstate.edu/ ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3e4cc88-5f3e-418d-a49d-2c34c289c4a3", - "label": "ARCSS/GISP2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2), initiated in 1988, was the\nfirst project funded under the Arctic System Science (ARCSS)\nprogram. Studies of the GISP2 ice cores and companion European cores\n(the GReenland Ice core Project, or GRIP, cores) ushered in a new era\nof continuous, high-resolution, multi-parameter paleoenvironmental\ninvestigation.\n\nThe GISP2 cores offered a high-resolution archive of more than 110,000\nyears of global change history, including at least the last\ninterglacial-to-glacial cycle. They provide the longest such record\navailable from the Northern Hemisphere. Scientists studying the GISP2\ncores analyzed ice stratigraphy, trapped gases and their stable\nisotopes, stable isotopes in ice, particulates, major and trace\nelement chemistry of ice, ice conductivity, and physical properties of\nthe cores. The detailed paleoenvironmental history revealed by GISP2\nresearch has greatly expanded our understanding of global change and\nearth system science.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://gust.sr.unh.edu/GISP2/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c425d73d-0f4a-4691-8ff2-6d30a09c46a3", - "label": "CINDY 2011", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Background:\n\nMadden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), which is the dominant intraseasonal mode in the tropics, is known as a phenomenon which has a strong impact on not only the tropical climate but also the global climate through the interaction with El Nino, monsoon, tropical cyclone genesis, and so on.\n\nObjectives:\n\nThe aim of the field experiment CINDY2011 is to collect in-situ atmospheric and oceanic data to study MJO over the equatorial Indian Ocean, with a focus on the initiation process. Key scientific issures are 1) evolution of moisture (and moist static energy), 2) relationships between the evolution and meso-scale convective systems, and 3) roles of the equatorial wave and sea surface condition. \n\nObservational Plan:\n\nWide-areal observation network will be constructed over the central Indian Ocean with ships, land-based sites, and a mooring array as a multi-national effort. Currently, intensive observation is scheduled from October 2011 to January 2012.\n\nData Policy:\n\nCINDY2011/DYNAMO adopts 'timely release and free/open sharing data policy' for all data obtained during field campaign.\n\nFor more information, see http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/cindy/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5286f59-b881-44e6-985a-cbef54d73474", - "label": "ACE-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) took\nplace from 16 June till 24 July, 1997, over the sub-tropical\nNorth-East Atlantic.\n\nThe choice of the area and time period was based on the\nfollowing considerations. The area is characterized by large\nscale subsidence and therefore by the existence of a distinct\ntemperature inversion separating the marine boundary layer\n(MBL) from the free troposphere FT. Earlier observations\n(ASTEX, Prospero, Raes, ?) have shown that in he MBL of the\nN.E. Atlantic clean air alternates with anthropogenic pollution\nfrom Europe and possibly from N. America (ASTEX, McGovern, see\ndiscussion below). In the FT aloft, clean air masses alternate\nwith mineral dust transported out of N. Africa (Propspero,\nRaes). The area thus offers opportunities for studying the\ncharacteristics of various aerosol types. Furthermore, the\ndynamics of the MBL in this area are reasonably well understood\n(ASTEX) so that Lagrangian experiments could be planned\nfocusing on aerosol processing during transport over the\nocean. In addition, the area offers good opportunities to study\nthe interaction of aerosol! s with the low level MBL\nstratiform clouds.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Determine the physical, chemical, radiative and cloud\nnucleating properties of the major aerosol types in the North\nAtlantic region and investigate the relationships between these\nproperties.\n\n2. Quantify the physical and chemical processes controlling the\nevolution of the major aerosol types and in particular their\nphysical, chemical, radiative and cloud nucleating processes.\n\n3. Develop procedures to extrapolate aerosol properties and\nprocesses from the local to regional and global scale, and\nassess the regional direct and indirect radiative forcing by\naerosols in the North Atlantic region.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ei.jrc.it/ace2/tellusov.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Frank Raes 1, Timothy Bates 2,\nGe' Verver 3, Daan Vogelenzang 3 and Marc Van Liedekerke1]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c530c6f9-844a-45a3-8bb2-5e33c33fc3c3", - "label": "COMPLEX MONITORING AND ELABORAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Substantiation of Activity\nProtected natural areas (PAS) are national patrimony objects. PAS are very important in nature conservation, especially in preservation of environmental standards and plant and animal gene pools, and in maintenance of ecological balance. PAS are conductive to renewal of natural resources and improve the quality of human environment.\nThe importance of ecological monitoring in the Arctic and Subarctic zones within the framework of the International Polar Year is due to a low level of stability of the Arctic, Subarctic and northern Taiga ecosystems under the pressure of anthropogenic load and, consequently, their high vulnerability.\nComplex ecological research is planned on the territory of the reserves heavily affected by pollution: the Kostomukshskii and the Pasvik state nature reserves. The Kostomukshskii reserve is situated in the north-eastern Karelia, near the border with Finland. In 1990, a Russian-Finnish reserve “Druzhba” (“Friendship”) was founded, represented by the Kostomukshskii reserve on the Russian side and by five isolated PAS on the Finnish side. An ore mining and processing enterprise (OMPE) is situated very close to the reserve, emitting into the atmosphere up to 60-70 thousand tons of pollutants annually, including up to 50 thousand tons of sulphur dioxide. The Pasvik reserve is situated in the Pechanga district of the Murmansk region, in the River Pas catchment area, near the border with Norway. An OMPE “Pechanganikel’” is situated at a distance of 15 kilometres from the reserve, emitting into the atmosphere up to 260 thousand tons of sulphur dioxide, 300 tons of nickel and 230 tons of copper annually.\n\nMain research objectives\nDevelopment and implementation of a program of complex PAS monitoring, for development of rational schemes of nature protection and management in PAS.\nDevelopment and implementation of an IAS on PAS of the Russian Polar Zone on the basis of GIS technologies, for support of management decisions.\nEcological education and increasing public awareness of PAS as a mechanism of wildlife conservation.\n\nResearch stages\nStage 1. Collection of information available in the library stocks and its analytical review.\nStage 2. Creation of a set of basic digital cartographic materials on the territories in question, development and substantiation of information system structure and composition of information resources.\nStage 3. Complex field research at the pilot objects, including eco-geochemical testing and other specialised investigations.\nStage 4. Chemical-analytical investigations.\nStage 5. Office studies of the materials collected and the incoming analytical data. Compilation of the factual information bank.\nStage 6. Development of a programme of complex monitoring (involving climate, eco-geochemical, landscape and biocenological, social and ethnographic factors, economic activity, management, etc.).\nStage 7. Elaboration and implementation of an IAS of PAS, loaded with data on specific objects.\nStage 8. PAS popularisation by means of development of a web-site “Polar Zone PAS”, reports and publications.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=284", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c588df37-65b7-4c59-8b6f-94259f1b17ba", - "label": "AAWS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Project supports a network of automated weather stations designed to record meteorological information in Antarctica and other locations.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c72fe5bf-6ec6-48bc-9888-257db1daf0af", - "label": "ATDD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The primary objective of this A-Train virtual data portal/center, the A-Train\nData Depot (ATDD), is to process, archive, provide access, visualize, analyze\nand correlate distributed atmosphere measurements from various A-Train\ninstruments along A-Train tracks. \n\nThe ATDD will enable the free movement of remotely located A-Train data, so\nthat, they are combined to create a consolidated, almost synoptic, vertical\nview of the Earth's Atmosphere. Once the infrastructure of the ATDD is in\nplace, it will be easily evolved to serve data from all A-Train data\nmeasurements: one-stop-shopping.\n\nThe first data products being prepared for ATDD are Aqua/MODIS products\nsubsetted along the CloudSat ground track and Aura/MLS scan track.\n\n[Text from the A-Train Data Depot Home Page \nhttp://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/atdd/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c77e30a6-521f-4663-b185-f58f544fb7ce", - "label": "CASP II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) II was conducted near the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland , Canada, from 15 January through 15 March 1992 to improve understanding and prediction of the mesoscale structure of east coast storms and to improve understanding of the interaction between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice (Stewart, R.E., 1991: Canadian Atlantic Storms Program: Progress and Plans of the Meteorological Component, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,72,364-371). Data were collected from aircraft, the local meteorological network, a special &mesonet&, and Doppler radar. This case study presents data from 26 Feb 1992 to 27 Feb 1992 and covers a region from 35N to 55N latitude and from 80W to 40W longitude. The data for this experiment is under Working Group 3 (Extratropical Layer Cloud Systems) of the GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) to improve physical parameterizations of clouds, other boundary layer processes, and their interactions. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/casp/casp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c77f71dc-57b5-4579-bba4-6f1a743f76d3", - "label": "COMITE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: COMITE Data Set Home Page, http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Endorsed-projects/COMITE-December-2011 ]\n\nTemperature is a major driver of microbial plankton metabolism and ecosystem function although its interactions with other variables such as nutrient availability or predation pressure have precluded a comprehensive assessment of its role in the coastal ocean. Ecological theories linking temperature to metabolism, body size and abundance have been successfully applied to many groups of organisms including phytoplankton, with heterotrophic bacteria being frequently left aside. For instance, the growing consensus that bacterial biomass will increase in a warmer ocean likely characterized by lower phytoplankton biomass contradicts the predictions of the metabolic theory of ecology. Unraveling the reasons for this apparent departure underlies the objectives of this project. Both the biodiversity and functioning of pelagic ecosystems will likely be affected by temperature changes.\n\nCOMITE will address the effects of future warming on the ecology and biogeochemical role of temperate coastal microbial assemblages through three different approaches:\n\n1. a retrospective analysis of the linkages between temperature, other environmental drivers and bacterial community structure and size-abundance relationships in a coastal time-series initiated in 2002 off Xixón, Spain (southern Bay of Biscay);\n \n2. monthly experiments assessing the response of different bacterial groups to ambient temperature plus -3 and +3ºC over a complete annual cycle;\n \n3. comprehensive evaluation of the temperature-dependence of organic matter fluxes through microbial plankton at four significant oceanographic periods (spring phytoplankton bloom, summer stratification, autumn bloom and winter mixing).\n\nThe final goal of COMITE data analysis is to build a predictive, testable model on the effects of realistic temperature rises on the biogeochemical role of oceanic bacteria. Among other novel approaches, the project will:\n\n1. test for the first time whether enhanced metabolism due to higher temperature will result in lower bacterial biomass;\n \n2. integrate bacterial phylogenetic and physiological structure within the temperature response as formulated in the metabolic theory of ecology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7878548-e3ea-4342-aaa7-1ae2ea4c8459", - "label": "CIESIN/IPCC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7d20b32-60c5-4f18-a237-7757d39af31a", - "label": "CYGNSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Launched on 15 December 2016, CYGNSS is a NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder Mission that is intended to collect the first frequent space‐based measurements of surface wind speeds in the inner core of tropical cyclones. Made up of a constellation of eight micro-satellites, the observatories provide nearly gap-free Earth coverage using an orbital inclination of approximately 35° from the equator, with a mean (i.e., average) revisit time of seven hours and a median revisit time of three hours. This inclination allows CYGNSS to measure ocean surface winds between approximately 38° N and 38° S latitude. This range includes the critical latitude band for tropical cyclone formation and movement. CYGNSS is NASA’s first mission to perform surface remote sensing using an existing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7e34000-213b-4b0e-abc1-dd51215266a2", - "label": "CLAMS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurments for Satellites (CLAMS)\nis a satellite validation experiment.\n\nThe primary objectives of CLAMS is to validate satellite retrievals of\naerosols, radiative flux profiles, temperature, water vapor profiles,\nand sea surface temperature.\n\nCLAMS will help us determine how to account for platform efects in the\nmeasurement of upwelling radiation.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www-clams.larc.nasa.gov/clams/overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c81e704f-ab9e-4e3d-91b4-42fc78d4abe3", - "label": "CTM2009-08154-E/ANT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8962003-c42d-4788-9b2b-60ebaff5de67", - "label": "BDAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BDAT contains environmental data concerning the San Francisco Bay-Delta and provides public access to that data. Over fifty organizations contribute data voluntarily to this project. The database includes biological, water quality, and meteorological data. These can be used to gauge the health of the estuary and to manage water and environmental resources.\n\nBDAT is a part of the California Environmental Data Exchange Network (CEDEN), which includes projects and organizations from all parts of the state. Find out how you can contribute and benefit from participation in CEDEN.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://bdat.ca.gov/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8cf348a-3658-43d2-a0b9-8fd59e0db757", - "label": "BOREAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was a large-scale international interdisciplinary experiment in the boreal forests of central Canada. Its focus was improving our understanding of the exchanges of radiative energy, sensible heat, water, CO2 and trace gases between the boreal forest and the lower atmosphere. A primary objective of BOREAS was to collect the data needed to improve computer simulation models of the important processes controlling these exchanges so that scientists can anticipate the effects of global change on the biome. A BOREAS follow-on project extended and built upon the original BOREAS goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cae49dd9-0883-44dc-9644-d54357fa7271", - "label": "ATMOPOL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ATMOPOL\nProject URL: http://www.unis.no/staff_homepages/RolandK/ATMOPOL.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=76\n\nThe project aims at establishing a long-term Arctic-Antarctic network of monitoring stations for atmospheric monitoring of anthropogenic pollution. Based upon the long and excellent experiences with different scientific groups performing air monitoring within the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), an expanded network will be established including all AMAP stations and all major Antarctic 'year-around' research stations. As an integrated project within the 'International Polar Year 2007-08' initiative, the ATMOPOL co-operation intend to:\n\n- Establish a long-term coordinated international Arctic-Antarctic contaminant programme.\n- Develop and implement a joint sampling and monitoring strategy as an official guideline for all participating stations.\n- Support bi-polar international atmospheric research with high-quality data on atmospheric long-range transport of contaminants (sources, pathways and fate).\n- Support future risk assessment of contaminants for Polar Regions based on effects of relevant contamination levels and polar organisms\n\nBased upon the well-established experiences of circum-Arctic atmospheric contaminant monitoring in the Arctic under the AMAP umbrella, a bi-polar atmospheric contaminant network will be established and maintained. In conjunction with the polar network of atmospheric monitoring stations for air pollution, surface-based and satellite instrumentation will be utilised to provide the characterization of the Arctic atmospheric-water-ice cycle. Together with numerical weather prediction and chemical transport model calculations, simultaneous measurements of pollutants at various locations in the Arctic and Antarctic will enhance our understanding of chemical transport and distribution as well as their long-term atmospheric trends. In addition to investigating the importance of atmospheric transport of pollutants an understanding of the transference and impact of these pollutants on both terrestrial and marine environments will be sought. A secretariat and a 'scientific project board' will be established. During this initial phase of the project (2006), a guideline on priority target compounds, sampling strategies, equipment and instrumentation, analytical requirements, as well as quality assurance protocols (including laboratory intercalibration exercises) will be developed and implemented. \n\nThe ATMOPOL initiative aims to address highly relevant environmental change processes and, thus, will strive to answering the following scientific questions:\n- How does climate change influence the atmospheric long-range transport of pollutants?\n- Are environmental scientists able to fill the gaps in international pollution inventories and identification of possible sources for atmospheric pollution in Polar Regions?\n- What are the differences in transport pathways and distribution patterns of various atmospheric pollutants between Arctic and Antarctic environments? Why are there such differences?\n- What is the final fate of atmospherically transported pollutants and how does this impact on the environment and indigenous people?\n\nIn order to understand the underlying atmospheric chemistry of pollution, e.g. atmospheric mercury deposition events, routine surface measurements of UV radiation as well as campaign related measurements of UV radiation profiles will also be included.The project will establish a cooperative network on atmospheric contaminant monitoring in Polar Regions far beyond the IPY 2007/08 period and is, thus, planned as an 'open-end' programme. All produced data will be available for all participating institutions for scientific purposes as basis for joint publications and reports from the ATMOPOL database to be developed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "caf420b8-fd11-4c59-acdc-58176f8db734", - "label": "COMAAR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Project URL: http://www.ans.kiruna.se/meetings/comaar/info.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=305\n\nCOMAAR will be established as a consortium under the auspices of the Arctic Council, composed of AC Working Groups, major observation and monitoring networks, platforms/observatories, government agencies and other relevant institutions involved in observation and monitoring in the Arctic. The main objectives of COMAAR are to increase effectiveness and efficiency in the use of infrastructure, personnel and funding, and to improve coordination for sustained long-term time series observations and for data handling.\n\nCOMAAR will bring together conventional scientific approaches to observation and monitoring with local and traditional knowledge approaches. This will lead to synergies and added value in data availability that will underpin a new generation of scientific analysis, publications and assessments for policy making. At the same time, COMAAR will facilitate communication between the scientific community and Arctic residents, as well as society at large that will lead to a better understanding of living conditions and resource availability as well as new opportunities for the next generation of researchers. COMAAR will provide a united front to enhance sustainability of existing observatories/platforms and the development of new observatories/platforms, methodologies and technologies.\n\nCOMAAR will be managed by a Steering Committee with balanced representation from different disciplines. Coordination tasks will be undertaken by task teams and thematic and multidisciplinary panels that will be set up to address specific issues that will change over time. They include: establishing centralised data and metadata bases for monitoring and observation of the Arctic, harmonisation and standardisation of methods and metadata, data and metadata handling, and providing information for an Arctic portal. COMAAR will also provide a forum for continuous consultation and interaction between consortium partners. They will meet at regular intervals and in varying configurations to move the coordination process forward.\n\nCOMAAR will contribute to: improved capacity for assessing and predicting the current and future state of the Arctic, substantially more efficient overall access to data, improved data management protocols and quality controlled data, international information sharing and dissemination of data, increased capability to identify gaps in the current knowledge base, improved linkages and understanding between Arctic residents, science researchers, logistics operators, political decision makers, funding agencies, and educators, improved knowledge transfer and information flow between platforms and user groups.\n\nMajor deliverables provided by COMAAR will include:\n-bridges among a range of multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral stakeholders within and outside the Arctic Council,\n-coordinated input of observation and monitoring metadata and data for an Arctic portal, a global system of systems, international and regional conventions and other regulatory frameworks,\n-coordinated major multi-disciplinary baseline data sets, agreed metadata, operating guidelines, and protocols,\n-a forum for continuous consultation and regular meetings of consortium partners.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb1b59bf-aba6-4b5d-8be5-a2b34e523b5c", - "label": "ARCSS/SCICEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "SCICEX is a 5 year program (1995-1999) in which the Navy has made\navailable a Sturgeon-class, nuclear powered, attack submarine for\nunclassified science cruises to the Arctic Ocean. Beginning with a\ntest cruise in 1993, civilian scientists together with Navy personnel\nhave collected a variety of information on the geology, physics,\nchemistry and biology of this critical region. The unmatched mobility\nof submarines in ice covered oceans has allowed data to be collected\nfrom over 100,000 miles of shiptrack in the Arctic providing samples\nfrom some regions that have never before been visited. The purpose of\nthis page is twofold; 1) to make public information about the program\nand some of its accomplishments; and 2) to provide for exchange of\ndata collected during the program by the scientist involved.\n\nFor mor einformation, link to 'http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/SCICEX/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb7afa44-df4a-424c-8b2d-b26e447b0274", - "label": "ASHOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "In March through November 1994, the NASA ER-2 flew out of Barbers\nPoint, Hawaii, and Christchurch, New Zealand. These flights\nconstituted the ASHOE/MAESA mission.\n\nThe ASHOE part of the mission was intended to examine the causes of\nozone loss in the Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere and to\ninvestigate how the loss is related to polar, mid-latitude, and\ntropical processes\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/Public/Analysis/aircraft/ashoe/ashoe.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb8b22c9-75a2-463a-92e9-08b9576e7185", - "label": "CASTNET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) and the\nNational Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) were developed\nto monitor dry and wet acid deposition,\nrespectively. Monitoring site locations are predominantly rural\nby design to assess the relationship between regional pollution\nand changes in regional patterns in deposition. CASTNET also\nincludes measurements of rural ozone and the chemical\nconstituents of PM 2.5. Rural monitoring sites of NADP and\nCASTNET provide data where sensitive ecosystems are located and\nprovide insight into natural background levels of pollutants\nwhere urban influences are minimal. These data provide needed\ninformation to scientists and policy analysts to study and\nevaluate numerous environmental effects, particularly those\ncaused by regional sources of emissions for which long range\ntransport plays an important role. Measurements from these\nnetworks are also important for understanding non-ecological\nimpacts of air pollution such as visibil! ity impairment and\ndamage to materials, particularly those of cultural and\nhistorical importance.\n\nCASTNET stations measure:\n\n1. weekly average atmospheric concentrations of sulfate,\nnitrate, ammonium, sulfur dioxide, and nitric acid.\n\n2. hourly concentrations of ambient ozone levels.\n\n3. meteorological conditions required for caclulating dry\ndeposition rates\n\n[For more information, link to\n'http://www.epa.gov/castnet/'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cbcdf37a-0921-4a20-8f4a-00cb40b43098", - "label": "ALPEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Alpine Experiment is historical data set DSI-9684 archived at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The last major field experiment of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) evolved from its sub-program on the Air-Flow Over and Around Mountains, called Alpine Experiment (ALPEX).\n\nThe project has focused on circulations due to wind forcing, including storm surges in the Adriatic and Western Mediterranean Sea. This project was in direct support of the World Meteorological Organization with 20 nations taking part in the project. The specific tasks of the project were: \n\n1. To investigate the mechanism of cyclogenesis in the lee of mountains, \n2. To study local mountain wind phenomena such as foehn, mistral and bora, \n3. To determine the total drag of a mountain - complex (Alps), \n4. To measure the vertical flux of horizontal momentum in lee - waves, \n5. To observe orographic influences on precipitation, floods, and heat budget.\n\nThe world data center for meteorology located in the NCDC provides information on ALPEX data transferred to NCDC from the designated ALPEX collection centers. Information is available on selected national archive data upon request. Information may be provided for: \n\n1. ALPEX quick-look data sets (a) microfilm, (b) digital.\n2. Special platform data (research ACFT data). \n3. Level II-b (dropwindsonde data). \n4. Level III-b (ALPEX analysis data). \n5. Special satellite data.\n6. U.S. National holding data.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/NCDC/C00188.xml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd13c126-6597-487e-9648-138541c1a1da", - "label": "AGLANDS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Purpose: To provide data on the extent of croplands for research on human-environment interactions.\n\nAbstract: The Global Croplands data set represents the proportion of land areas used as cropland (land used for the cultivation of food) in the year 2000. Satellite data from Modetate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) Image Vegetation sensor were combined with agricultural inventory data to create a global data set. The visual presentation of this data demonstrates the extent to which human land use for agriculture has changed the Earth and in which areas this change is most intense. The data was compiled by Navin Ramankutty , et. al. (2008) and distributed by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd94d60b-3b63-44a8-b513-a41ab9651ef2", - "label": "ASInv", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda4025c-b996-442d-90f9-1b75af7ff6e6", - "label": "AAE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Sir Douglas Mawson (1882-1958) is Australia's most renowned Antarctic\nscientist and explorer. In 1911 Mawson organized and commanded the\nAustralasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE 1911-14) and was the sole\nsurvivor of a three-man sledging journey that ended tragically. While\nthere, they studies the landscape and the ecosystem of the Antarctic.\n\nFor additional information on Sir Douglas Mawson and the project link\nto 'http://209.207.189.31/antarctic/history/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce460962-f74d-459d-977c-97b6c6f06dd0", - "label": "ARCTIC CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of the Arctic Climatology Project was to compile digital\ndata on arctic regions to expand scientific understanding of the\nArctic.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://nsidc.org/data/g01938.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cec590d3-556e-4600-88e0-cd0498875890", - "label": "AMES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Studies (AMES)\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=131\n\nThe Southern Ocean marine ecosystem has been exploited commercially for over 200 years, resulting in large shifts in ecosystem structure, as different elements of the marine food web have been intensely exploited. Over the last 25 years the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) has not only managed the currently exploited species but has also taken a global lead in developing ecosystem-based management methods. Now the recognition that polar regions are undergoing substantial climate change heightens the urgency to understand how exploited marine ecosystems can be sustainably managed in an environment that is both extremely variable and changing.\n \nIn this core program we will study the biomass and production capacity of large marine ecosystems, focusing particularly on the geographic distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill, plankton and nekton, considering a combination of factors such as the interaction between species life cycles, ocean circulation, frontal systems, sea-ice cover, food supply, and concentration of vertebrate predators, such as fish, birds, and marine mammals. We will provide an integrated view of the communities and their functioning within the oceanic ecosystems. This will be done through ecosystem-based surveys to map the biological production at all trophic levels, and by comparing the trophic structure and interactions. Such studies are vital for the development of integrated large-ecosystem models that can be used to manage exploited species in an open ocean pelagic environment. \n\nSome component projects will cover large spatial regions such as the Southwest Atlantic at relatively low resolution while others focus on smaller areas to study in more detail the role of key species within the trophic web and consider the effect of seasonality. Key physical processes within the marine ecosystems will be monitored and modelled to establish the physical framework for exploring the variability of the biological production.\n\nObjectives: Obtain a synoptic circumpolar assessment of the Antarctic marine pelagic resources, their environment, food supply and their main predators. \n\nMajor field program activities:\n- Undertake quasi-synoptic multi-disciplinary hydrographic (CTD) and biological (hydroacousticsand biological sampling) studies from the ice-edge or Antarctic continent northward across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Polar Front. These studies will cover key regions of the Southern Ocean and presently include the Southwest and Southeast Atlantic, the Ross and Weddell Seas.\n- Census the large-scale distribution of predators and determine the interaction with prey.\n- Determine the Circumpolar demography and population dynamics of key species\n- Determine interaction of key species with seasonal sea ice in the ice-covered areas of the Weddell and Ross Seas.\n- Determine seasonal variation in pelagic ecosystem\n\nModelling studies: \nThe results from the field program activities will fill existing gaps in the quantitative experimental data available for input to conceptual ecosystem models (148, 397, 130) to explore the production potential of the systems and the effects of different harvesting regime. Development of such models will form a key part of both this Program and also a key link to the modelling work undertaken within the ICED Program (417).\n \nLinkages:\nThe science goals of this Program depend on close integration between physical oceanography (of both continental margin and open ocean environments), biogeochemistry, ecology, sea ice studies and meteorology. In addition to the component projects within the Resources cluster we will also develop cross cluster linkages to ensure full inter-disciplinary integration. The division of IPY EOIs into disciplinary clusters is a necessary but artificial distinction. The science goals of CCAMLR depend on close integration between physical oceanography (of both continental margin and open ocean environments), biogeochemistry, ecology, sea ice studies, meteorology (EoI 16, 83, 109, 193, 417, 577).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d008094b-2a76-440c-90e2-1dcab4444e8a", - "label": "AQ-NWP100", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AQ-NWP100\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=338\n\nThe objective of the Arctic Quest project is to promote an increased interest and understanding of the arctic polar region internationally through the sharing of art of the 25 artists involved in the project between the North and South, from East to West in Canada and beyond. The goals of the Arctic Quest project are to form new connections with international artists and to cultivate vital cultural links between southern Canada's artistic community and Inuit artists at both professional and student levels, and to expose the resulting body of art to the Polar region communities and the international public to increase appreciation and awareness and stimulate interest in the fragile Polar region. \n\nFor the first phase of the project 25 artists from Canada and the United will begin in 2006 with an Arctic voyage celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the first successful navigation of the Northwest Passage by Roald Amundsen. They will follow in the footsteps of famous explorers and great artists that have inspired them. They will paint the landscape, people, flora and fauna and weather as they interpret it. This voyage in Canadian, Greenland (Danish) and International waters, will retrace some of the early explorers and artists original routes, stopping periodically to sketch, paint and photograph what they see. After 12 days at sea, the group will return to their studios and record and develop their experiences in paint.\n\nDuring the second phase of the project the artists will share their artistic interpretations in an extensive series of exhibitions throughout 2007 and 2008, planned to coincide with International Circumpolar Year. The Arctic Quest Exhibition is planned to contain artwork of early explorers, representatives of the Group of Seven (Harris, Varley, and A.Y. Jackson), Doris McCarthy and Maurice Haycock (two artists inspired by the Group of Seven) as well as the works of the 25 contemporary artists, who have been in turn inspired by those who went before. Works of Inuit artists will also be included.\n\nBoth elements of the project are supported by a variety of educational, outreach and legacy initiatives. For example, the Arctic Quest voyage will include art shows of local Inuit talents, invitations of local Inuit artists aboard the vessel, painting workshops with children to develop artistic skills and donations of artist materials to communities visited during the expedition. In addition the project will restore and dedicate the yellow cabin in Pangnirtung built by artist Maurice Haycock in 1926 during a year's surveying assignment with the Geological Survey of Canada. A restoration plan would be developed with the community: some thoughts at this time include a historic site, art library, art store, artist studio, or all of the above. As well, a cairn commemorating the work of Maurice Haycock will be built by a small group of the artists at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island in close proximity to one built by Dr. Haycock in 1969 in recognition of his friend and painting companion A.Y. Jackson's most northerly painting location in 1927, the year they met. And finally, a documentary film by Janet and John Foster, Gemini Award Winning Film makers, will highlight the artists entire journey with a focus on the historic roots of the expedition, including Amundsen's successful navigation through the Northwest Passage. This documentary will draw attention to the area, the issues related to the arctic such as global warming, sovereignty issues and its sensitive and fragile environment.\n\nThe Arctic Quest Exhibition will travel to communities in Canada, the United States and Norway. Concurrent with the art exhibition, there will be outreach programs, screening of the documentary, art workshops for children, demonstrations of Inuit artistic skills and cultural crafts, and lectures. Inuit painting workshops will be given as part of the Ontario Lieutenant Governor's Twinning Initiative between the North and South. Two book launches will also bring attention to the historic work of the Geological Survey of Canada, plus early settlement by Inuit and exploration by Europeans in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Maurice Haycock's Diary of a year in the arctic in 1927, and Historic Sites in the Canadian Arctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1335d8f-1660-410f-ad44-ea5b28e223bf", - "label": "CD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "China Dimensions (CD) studies change in world populations and how they\naffect the global environemnt. Thier website offers a collection of\nnatural science and socioenomic research and educational\nactivities. It enables reserchers and the public to obtain accurate\nand timely information on the world's most populous country.\n\nForm more information, link to 'http://sedac.ciesin.org/china/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1a71466-3714-44f4-84f9-57c5ae58c5f0", - "label": "AMUNDSEN SEA EMBAYMENT PLAN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project links together multidisciplinary interests in the region of West Antarctica where the ice sheet discharges into the Amundsen Sea. It is one of the most active ice sheet areas, is already contributing a significant fraction of the increasing sea level, and holds the potential to dwarf other sea level contributions in the future. Aside from routine satellite coverage that monitor elevation and surface features, information about the area is limited. Our project will greatly advance our knowledge of ice dynamics of the area, the basal conditions, sub-shelf oceanic interactions, atmospheric transport of incoming snow, and historical record of ice extent. These studies will be conducted with the direct intention of supplying the involved modeling experts with necessary data to construct, initialize and validate advanced full-stress tensor models of ice flow.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/amundsen_sea_embayment/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d27ebf24-f3d3-447b-b4ed-508de97768d7", - "label": "BIPOMAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: BIPOMAC\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/BIPOMAC.100+M52087573ab0.0.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=130\n\nPaleoclimatic research indicates that processes and conditions in polar regions play a large role in driving and amplifying global climate variability at centennial to millenial time scales. The outstanding role of polar regions in the global climate system is currently evidenced by the distinct warming of polar regions (e.g. Arctic realm, Antarctic Peninsula) that exceed modern warming on a global scale. Polar processes and conditions include biological cycling and physical circulation in the polar oceans, the formation and distribution of sea ice, the behavior of permafrost areas, atmospheric circulation and transport of water vapor, and the volume and stability of continental ice. Polar and subpolar High-Nutrient-Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) areas may act as CO2 sinks during glacial periods when the increased input of the micronutrient, iron, stimulates primary production. The extent and the seasonal variability of sea ice influences the Earth's albedo, water mass production, heat and gas exchange between the ocean and atmosphere, and biological productivity. Melt water pulses, which alter surface ocean density gradients, may induce rapid climate change. The impact of such environmental events in the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, and Southern Ocean may propagate globally via ocean circulation, through the operation of the 'bipolar seesaw'. New data suggest a less stable Antarctic ice volume than generally presumed, even during cold periods, and shed new light on the vulnerability of the Antarctic ice sheets and their effect on global ocean circulation and sea level change. What is needed now is determined investigation of these diverse processes so a sophisticated picture of the power of polar regions to drive climate change can be assembled.\n\nThe international and multidisciplinary effort within the proposed BIPOMAC network will generate the coordinated, broad-ranging influx of knowledge necessary to clarify the intertwined roles of bipolar ice, ocean, and atmospheric processes in climate evolution and sea level change at different operational modes of the “bipolar climate machinery”. This wave of knowledge will come from carefully selected marine and terrestrial records covering the Pliocene to Holocene from both polar regions. This will also include records from areas that have to date been sparsely investigated, if at all (central Arctic Ocean, Arctic Pacific, NE Siberia, Antarctic Pacific, Antarctic ice shelf). The better understanding of the polar systems will substantially increase our ability to forecast future climate and sea level change, and help us focus our responses to the environmental challenges that we will be facing.\n\nThe BIPOMAC network combines: \n\n(1) Process studies to clarify mechanisms of polar sediment deposition and alteration and quantify the impacts on paleoenvironmental proxies. These studies include that of polar land to ocean sediment transfer, sediment and particle fluxes in the polar seas and lakes, and the paleoecological implications of an experiment in the Scotia Sea to test iron addition as a means for CO2 sequestration.\n\n(2) Paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on well-dated northern and southern polar paleoceanographic, paleolimnological, terrestrial fossil, and continental ice volume/extent records. Study intervals and areas include: \n(a) warmer-than-present Pliocene and Pleistocene intervals from the Canadian Arctic (Beaver Pond, Bylot Island), the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean and expected from NE Siberia (El' gygytgyn) and Antarctic near-shore drillsites (ANDRILL); \n(b) Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles from shelf/coastal lowland permafrost and lake deposits of NE Siberia (e.g. Lake El´gygytgyn), North Greenland terrestrial records and from Patagonian/South American lake sediments; and marine deposits from the continental margin and deep Arctic Ocean, the Arctic and Subarctic Pacific, Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk, North Atlantic, the Indian, Atlantic (Scotia Sea) and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean including near-shore studies in the areas of Prydz Bay, the Antarctic Peninsula and the Ross Sea (e.g. McMurdo Sound); \n(c) the Late Glacial and Holocene documented in terrestrial, permafrost and/or lake deposits from a large variety of locations in the Canadian and Russian Arctic, NE Siberia and Kamtchatka, on Svalbard, Southern Ocean islands and in Antarctic coastal areas (e.g. Prydz Bay) together with marine deposits from the Arctic continental shelf and margin, the Arctic Pacific, Bering Sea and Sea of Okchotsk, the Indian, Atlantic (Scotia Sea) and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. \n\n(3) Numerical modeling of ice-atmosphere-ocean processes to decipher the complex pathway and timing of climate development, its internal amplification and propagation mechanisms (ice/ocean/atmosphere), and the effect of external forcing (insolation/solar activity).\n\nThe BIPOMAC network also includes projects for the development of innovative methods for the enhancement of paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on diatom biomarkers and stable isotopes of biogenic opal and associated organic matter, and the increase in the accuracy of dating with the radiocarbon method in polar, low-carbonate sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d287b7f5-7565-4602-a023-005578328c22", - "label": "CMS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) program is designed to make significant contributions in characterizing, quantifying, understanding, and predicting the evolution of global carbon sources and sinks through improved monitoring of carbon stocks and fluxes. The System uses NASA satellite observations and modeling/analysis capabilities to establish the accuracy, quantitative uncertainties, and utility of products for supporting national and international policy, regulatory, and management activities. CMS data products are designed to inform near-term policy development and planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2b28f7e-eafd-49e8-9c54-41354053d767", - "label": "CUENCAS_SEDIMENTARIAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2f01f81-f934-474d-8ad4-f0cf5e834217", - "label": "ARSLOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARSLOE was sponsored jointly by the Coastal Engineering Research\nCenter (CERC) of the US Army Corps of Engineers and the National\nOcean Survey (now Service) of NOAA; it was conducted from 6 October\nto 30 November 1980 in the area off Duck, NC, near the CERC Field\nResearch Facility. The data were collected using modern electronic\nsensors such as EM current meters, waveriders, wave staffs and\npressure gauges. Instrument type and characteristics, position,\nmean sea level, initial time, time span of the data sample and\nsampling period are reported for each series of measurements.\nDepending on the type of instrument used and data collected, data\nare reported in eight alternate data records. These contain: 1) EM\ncurrent meter data (east and north components); 2) Baylor gauge\ndata (water level); 3) pressure gauge data (water pressure); 4)\nwaverider data (wave displacement); 5) wave direction buoy (wave\ndisplacement, east and north wave slope components); 6) wave\nspectra (co- and quadspectra); 7) wave data (angular Fourier\ncoefficients); and 8) three-axis current meter data (east and north\ncomponents).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3e59590-c9b4-46f2-9f66-e7de357935f5", - "label": "AMERIFLUX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The AmeriFlux Program is a network of CO2 flux measurement sites\nthroughout North and Central America. The AmeriFlux network is\nintended to address complex issues relating to the global carbon cycle\nby contributing to the understanding of factors that regulate rates of\nuptake and net sequestration of CO2 by major biomes. The AmeriFlux is\na cooperative program with funding from a number of federal agencies\nincluding Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Commerce/NOAA,\nU.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, NASA, and the\nNational Science Foundation (NSF).\n\nThe challenges for AmeriFlux are to; (1) extend surface-atmosphere CO2\nflux studies in the spatial domain, producing a continental-scale data\nbase for evaluating the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to\nsequester carbon, (2) understand the analogous phenomena in a broad\nrange of major ecosystem types of potential importance in the global\ncarbon budget, (3) extend studies in the temporal domain to define the\nimpact of climate variation and climate change on carbon exchange\nbetween the atmosphere and major biomes at decadal time scales, and,\n(4) contribute to a global data base needed for global carbon cycle\nmodel testing and validation. [from the AmeriFlux Science Plan]\n\nFor more information on the AmeriFlux Program including particpants\nand data access, see:\n\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d42b7d24-a2b0-4fc6-b2a7-d9b21acd7e1c", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/NEW", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to\nstudy the properties of the Arctic ocean, atmosphere, sea-ice and\nbiology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near\nnortheastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding\nof Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program will\nevaluate the magnitude and temporal variability of biologically\nproduced large particulate organic material, its flux to the benthos,\nand its fate using a variety of complimentary experimental techniques.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4dd9cfc-2625-4d4d-9b5b-67bb541baa8d", - "label": "Aqua", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "'Aqua', Latin for 'water,' is a NASA Earth Science satellite mission\nnamed for the large amount of information that the mission will be\ncollecting about the Earth's water cycle, including evaporation from\nthe oceans, water vapor in the atmosphere, clouds, precipitation, soil\nmoisture, sea ice, land ice, and snow cover on the land and\nice. Additional variables also being measured by Aqua include\nradiative energy fluxes, aerosols, vegetation cover on the land,\nphytoplankton and dissolved organic matter in the oceans, and air,\nland, and water temperatures.\n\nAqua is one of a series of spacebased platforms that are central to\nNASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), a long term study of the scope,\ndynamics and implications of global change. The Aqua program is\ncomposed of Aqua and other spacecraft (including Terra and Aura) and a\ndata distribution system (ESDIS, and Mission Operations Center\nImplementation Team). Multidisciplinary teams of scientists and\nresearchers from North and South America, Asia, Australia and Europe\nwill put the data to work.\n\nThe Aqua mission is a part of the NASA-centered international Earth\nObserving System (EOS). Aqua was formerly named EOS PM, signifying its\nafternoon equatorial crossing time. Aqua was launched May 4, 2002.\n\nFor more information on the Aqua mission, see:\nhttps://aqua.nasa.gov/ \n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\nhttps://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5664e55-9eb2-45df-8325-236607ef870a", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII/ITEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Science Summary:\nThe aim of this research is to analyze the role of temperature, light, and nutrient availability in regulating primary production of arctic tundra ecosytems at several levels of ecological organization and at different time scales. The research is organized around three general hypotheses about the mechanisms reeulating adjustments of primary production in response to short- and long-term variation in climate. The basic idea is that different mechanisms control the responses to climate at different levels of ecological organization and at different time scales. In order to obtain useful predictions of the effects of climate change on primary production, a better understanding of relationships between these interacting mechanisms of adjustment to climate change is needed. To test the three general hypotheses, this five-year program of research will focus on an integrated series of field experiments in moist tussock tundra at Toolik Lake, Alaska. The mechanisms to be studied include those operating at the physiological level (e.g., photosynthesis), the whole-plant level (storage and recycling, changes in allocation and biomass turnover), the species and ecotype levels (constraints on nutrient use efficiency and growth rates), and the whole-ecosystem level (climate controls on soil nutrient supply). This project is part of International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). It is funded within the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program. Collaboration with other ecologist working at Toolik Lake and at other arctic sites as part of the Long-Term Ecological research (LTER) and Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) programs will increase the application and impact of this research.\n\nLogistics Summary:\nThis project will work at Toolik field station with a goal of analyzing the role of temperature, light, and nutrient availability in regulating primary production of arctic tundra ecosystems at several levels of ecological organization and at different time scales. Logistics support to include: dates - May 01 through August 31 332 total user days at Toolik (252 for ITEX, 80 for REU), 3 days helicopter support (per Williams & Riseng) all other support provided by IAB.\nThis information is from http://www.vecopolar.com/arlss_reports/ARLSS_ProjectsDetail.aspx?cbPropNum=9415411", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5685bd5-8bcf-4d90-8359-a7da87ff7aa2", - "label": "ARCTEC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ARCTEC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=431\n\nNorthern regions are facing unprecedented rates of change from resource extraction, climate change, technological innovation, and population growth. Northern communities and governments wish to plan for the future by understanding changes and applying tools to manage them in an integrated way. The science of cumulative effects theorizes that ecological, social, and economic conditions respond to increasing doses of human-induced changes in ways that can be measured empirically. Dose-response curves provide a scientific framework to unify change measurement across disciplines. By examining responses along a continuum of landscape change, relationships between ecological, economic and social indicators can be developed. These dose-response curves can then be integrated into landscape models to evaluate trade-offs and identify practical options that optimize social, ecological, and economic outcomes. Such models help empower northern governments, aboriginal groups, and communities to understand and accept trade-offs associated with cumulative effects management. \nWe have gathered a team with expertise and a performance record linking economic, social, and ecological responses to intensity of human development in northern communities. Comparative and integrated Arctic case studies will be conducted in Canada in the Southeast Yukon and Labrador. Ecological dose-response curves will be generated for our case study areas by surveying aquatic (water quality, benthic invertebrate and fish) and terrestrial (bird and mammal) communities along gradients of human activity. Social and economic dose-response curves will be generated using interviews to document community preferences along similar land use change gradients. These data will be used to generate predictive relationships between ecological, social and economic indicators and human activity using common dose-response methodologies. Spatial and aspatial cumulative effects models will be used to conduct informed trade-off analyses to illustrate the benefits and liabilities associated with different northern land use trajectories. Implementation schemes that support desired ecological and socio-economic outcomes and reflect existing structures will be developed. Our Canadian methodology is tied to comparative methodologies used by our international partners in Scandinavia and Russia. Through the European Water Directive, Sweden has committed to the collection of trans polar data using the reference condition approach to understand how aquatic communities respond to arctic development (Dr. RK Johnson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). The land use-land cover change project in northern Canada and eastern Russia (ARCTLANDS, Mr. Andrey Petrov EoI 338) will relate historical land use changes to social indicators of community well-being using common methodology, and to biodiversity indicators of ecological sustainability using a similar gradient approach across Scandinavia, eastern Europe and western Russia (Dr. Per Angelstam, Swedish Univ. Agricultural Sciences) . Studies are being undertaken in 70 areas in Finland to understand factors affecting the implementation and social acceptance of laws for conservation of biodiversity across landscapes (Dr. Mikael Hilden, Finnish Environment Institute). Our IPY integrated approach is based upon research we have conducted over the past 2 years under The Working Landscapes: Integrated Ecosystems Management Project of the Northern Ecosystems Initiative (NEI), funded by Environment Canada (see Section 3.1). \nComparative analysis between our Canadian and international case studies will be used to understand the: 1) transferability of information on social and ecological impacts between northern regions; 2) extent to which impacts depend on the institutional and legal setting in which they are experienced; and 3) the relationship between resiliency of social and ecological systems and site context. The impact of management variables (e.g., scale of management area, demographic makeup of communities, duration of impacts) on the effectiveness of management systems will also be evaluated. We will leave a legacy of training on data collection and analyses so that northern communities can track outcomes as development progresses. This legacy will be implemented through Yukon College as well as the proposed NWT Environmental Sciences Centre of Excellence (EoI 697) and Legacy Research and Outreach Centre in the Yukon (EoI 700), and through technology transfer with the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (Activity No. 133). Results from our project will assist Northern Communities in developing effective regional resource management systems that take advantage of lessons learned elsewhere, while at the same time being responsive to critical site specific variables and features. The integrated framework provides a baseline of information about ecological and human responses to environmental change that can also be used to assess the impacts of climate driven changes on ecosystem variables.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d5dece5f-18ca-4e93-b93b-ffe9334db40a", - "label": "ANSMET/NASA - 80NSSC17K0696", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8221033-713c-4e11-8112-188a02ca6a5b", - "label": "AERP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Amboseli Elephant Research Project (AERP) involves the study\nof elephants in Amboseli National Park in Kenya, Africa. This\nproject started in 1972 when Cynthia Moss, who was studying the\nelephants in the park, identified and recorded more than 1,700\nelephants by name, number, or code. Currently the project\ninvolves the collection, analysis, and production of datasets\nfrom the result of studying the 1,100 elephants presently living\nin the park.\n\nFor additional information on AERP, link to\n'http://www.elephanttrust.org/'\n\nRead the latest Amboseli Elephant Research Project Report at\n'http://www.elephanttrust.org/2002/WebReport9-02.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d846b871-1b6b-49c6-8bbd-b88df151896e", - "label": "COLD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Coupled Ocean-Ice Linkages & Dynamics (COLD) consists of Long-Term\necological Research (LTER), Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem\nRates (RACER), and Studies in Antarctic Coupled Linkages Among Micro\nOrganisms (SANTA CLAUS).\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hotcold.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8cece4e-35f7-46fd-a7a9-4635c9baac64", - "label": "BASICS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "An air-sea-ice interaction experiment was conducted in the eastern Bering Sea during late February and early March 1981. Observations of the atmospheric surface layer were made from a buoy anchored 100 km seaward of the ice edge, from a ship steaming in the marginal ice zone (MIZ), and from an instrumented tower erected 100 km into the ice pack. During typical off-ice wind conditions the atmospheric surface layer was found to warm and accelerate with passage over the MIZ. Observations of the atmospheric boundary layer made from sondes launched from the ship in the MIZ showed a gradual warming and rising of the mixed layer with off-ice winds. Oceanic profiles of density and temperature conducted from the ship indicated a homogeneous column seaward of the ice edge, a two-level system under the MIZ with a mixed layer of oceanic water lying below a cooler, fresher lens of water beneath the ice and a homogeneous column north of the MIZ. Near-surface current meter profiles conducted from the within-pack station verified the presence of a sub-ice logarithmic boundary layer. Wind tower and current meter measurements generated estimates of air and water drag coefficients for the ice of 3.09 × 10 at 10 m and 14.7 × 10 at –2 m, respectively. The ice floes in the vicinity of the station were tracked for about 2 weeks until they reached the ice edge and melted. Tidal forces were seen to be an important component in the motion of ice floes. Floes were also observed to accelerate as they approached the ice edge.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/publications/search_abstract.php?fmContributionNum=617", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8e0880e-c109-416a-bf27-ee3436b29393", - "label": "ACLR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d90cb544-cf4c-4d75-bd15-c45ba92840f3", - "label": "ASGAMAGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ASGAMAGE\n\nAir Sea GAs Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (ASGAMAGE) was an EU\nMAST-3 project with ship time contributed by the NERC ACSOE project as\npart of its MAGE component.\n\nThe objectives of ASGAMAGE were:\n\nTo find relationships between the transport coefficients for\nthe gas fluxes and any relevant geophysical parameters.\n\nTo test new methods and new equipment for the measurement of\nair-sea fluxes of CO2, DMS and other gases.\n\nTo intercompare different methods and systems to measure the\ntransfer velocity of trace gases over the sea.\n\nTo find out whether and, if at all, under what conditions\nthere can be a significant vertical gradients in the carbon dioxide\nconcentration in the upper metres of the water column\n\nThe field experiments were carried out in May and October 1996\nat and around the Meetpost Noordwijk research platform (9 km off the\nDutch coast). During the second period the UK research vessel\n\nRRS Challenger operated in the vicinity of the platform. The\ninstrument platform was heavily instrumented collecting oceanographic,\natmospheric and meteorological parameters thus:\n\nThe instruments on the west boom were concerned with the\nmeasurement of gas transfer velocities using the eddy correlation\ntechnique.\n\nThe Challenger cruise was primarily concerned with the field\nmeasurement of air-sea gas transfer velocities using double\n(SF6/3He) and triple(SF6/3He/bacterial spores) tracers\nand the collection of basic oceanographic and meteorological data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d91ab3c6-89b0-4748-b824-1e3d45e49049", - "label": "CLIMATE CHANGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The climate of Alaska has changed substantially over the last 100 years for which direct observations are available. For the last 50 years reliable data are available, while before this time calibration of the instrumentation was spotty, and major breaks in the observations have occurred. During the last 50 years the temperature in Alaska increased by some 3°F (Stafford, Wendler and Curtis 2000, Theoretical and Applied Climatology 67, 33-44), which is about 6 times the worldwide rate of about 1°F per century. This increase varied both in place and time, and seasonally, winter showed the largest increase followed by spring. The temperature increase was not steady over the 50 years; in the mid-seventies a strong temperature increase was observed (Hartmann and Wendler 2005, Journal of Climate, in press). Since then the temperature has not increased, with the exception of the North Slope. This strong, sudden temperature increase indicates that it is due to a circulation change, and at least not directly caused by increased greenhouse gases. We plan to further investigate the climate change, not only for mean values, but also for extremes.\nSea ice has decreased in the Southern Beaufort Sea and a good correlation between sea ice concentration and mean annual temperatures of coastal station was observed (Wendler, Moore, Curtis and Stuefer 2002, Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium, 202-210). This decrease in the sea ice leads to more open water, and during stormy periods, more erosion of the coastline occurs due to more wave action resulting from a longer fetch. There are further some indications that storminess has increased. The increased erosion rate is of great importance for villages at the North and west coast of Alaska, Shishmaref being the most prominent one, but for sure not the only one. We plan to investigate the relationship between temperature, sea ice, storminess and erosion. The surface energy budget for different ice concentration and ice types are proposed to be studied during a cruise in the Arctic Ocean jointly with our Russian colleagues.\nThe observed temperature increase has resulted also in glacier retreat. The mass balance of a glacier is the result of solid precipitation and the melting in summer due to temperatures above the freezing level. Most of the glaciers, and the largest in sice are found in the southern Alaska (Bering and Malaspina Glaciers, Juneau and Harding Ice Fields), where the temperature is much warmer than in the northern Alaska, however, the snow fall is also much higher by a factor of 10. The retreat is especially large in the Brooks Range, where the temperature increase was accompanied by a decrease in precipitation (Curtis Wendler Stone Dutton 1998, International Journal of Climatology 18, 1687-1707). McCall Glacier, studied since the IGY, is a typical example. We propose to investigate the glacier behavior in each of the 3 major mountain ranges as function of the climatic change observed since IGY. There is a good background of selected glaciers since IGY on which our study will concentrate.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=114", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da7c5f30-7295-489e-a0a7-a5e502ef4def", - "label": "CAV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Instituto Antártico Argentino was created under the Decree Nº 7338 on April the 17th 1951. Its founder and first director was the colonel Hernán Pujato. The goal of this creation was the need of a specialized organism to orientate, control, address and perform scientific and technical research and studies concerning this region, in coordination with the Comisión Nacional del Antártico, an institution depending on the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Stations set up at Marguerite Bay, Hope Bay, and Filchner Ice Shelf, and scientific summer seasons were the support for these goals, including a wide range of earth, sea and air sciences. On January the 26th, 1956, the Internal Rules of the Instituto Antártico Argentino are established. These Rules fix the scientific and technical nature of the institution. The Instituto Antártico Argentino becomes a dependency of the Navy Ministry, and doctor Rodolfo N. M. Panzarini (1956-57)(1958-68), Rear-admiral, Doctor on oceanography and Professor at Universidad de Buenos Aires, is designed Director. Since this time, the Instituto Antártico Argentino participated in several international scientific events, as the International Geophysic Year (1957-58) and the International Quiet Sun Year (1964-65). From 1958 to 1963, the Institute managed Ellsworth Station, Weddell Sea, transferred by USA after the International Geophysic Year. In 1964, Brown base, Paradise Bay, was incorporated as a permanent scientific station. In 1970 the Dirección Nacional del Antártico, a dependency of the Ministry of Defense, was created. The new institution had administrative and logistic functions and included the Antarctic Institute as the scientific organism with three departments: Science, Technique, and Scientific Exchange. In this time, twenty-one programmes were performed, including earth sciences, biological sciencies, and atmosphere sciences, in coordination with other national and international institutions. During the 80´s, the old shelter located at Potter cove, 25 de Mayo (King George) island, was incorporated, and became latter Jubany Base, where Dallmann laboratory operates. Dallmann laboratory is the only one in Antarctida to be operated in cooperation between two countries: Germany and Argentina. Research on biological and earth science fields is carried out at this laboratory. In 2003, under the Decree Nº 207/2003 issued by the Executive Power of Argentina, the Dirección Nacional del Antártico and the Instituto Antártico Argentino became a part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult. Accordingly to the principles of its creation, the Instituto Antártico Argentino, as a part of Dirección Nacional del Antártico, participates at present, with its scientific, technical and administrative staff, in a wide range of national and international programmes for a better understanding of the Antarctic. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db41ccc3-cd93-48a0-818d-59abc538be22", - "label": "BBS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BBS is a long-term, large-scale, international avian monitoring program initiated in 1966 to track the status and trends of North American bird populations. The USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and the Canadian Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Research Center jointly coordinate the BBS program. \n\nIn the mid-twentieth century, the success of DDT as a pesticide ushered in a new era of synthetic chemical pest control. As pesticide use grew, concerns, as epitomized by Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, regarding their effects on wildlife began to surface. Local studies had attributed some bird kills to pesticides, but it was unclear how, or if, bird populations were being affected at regional or national levels. Responding to this concern, Chandler Robbins and colleagues at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center developed the North American Breeding Bird Survey to monitor bird populations over large geographic areas.\n\nAlthough most concerns over pesticide use in North America have subsided in recent decades, bird populations continue to be subjected to numerous widespread threats including habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, land-use changes, and other chemical contaminants. Today, the BBS continues to monitor bird populations across North America and informs researchers and wildlife managers of significant changes in bird population levels. If significant declines are detected, their causes can then be identified and appropriate actions taken to reverse them before populations reach critically low levels.\n\nThis summary is taken from http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBS/about/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db7e4e2a-f55a-4515-bdd9-c5bc48e3c6d9", - "label": "Copernicus CMEMS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Copernicus Marine Service has been designed to respond to issues emerging in the environmental, business and scientific sectors. Using information from both satellite and in situ observations, it provides state-of-the-art analyses and forecasts daily, which offer an unprecedented capability to observe, understand and anticipate marine environment events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db9930fe-9e55-4bfe-a15f-d6773feb994a", - "label": "ArCS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic region research project, called ArCS (Arctic Challenge for Sustainability), is a national flagship project funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. This project aims to elucidate the changes in the climate and environment, clarify their effects on human society, and provide accurate projections and environmental assessments for internal and external stakeholders so that they can make appropriate decisions on the sustainable development of the Arctic region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbc02bcb-91c1-41b7-8fc2-06e99b8f481e", - "label": "CAPP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CAPP\nProject URL: http://igras.geonet.ru/cwg/projects.html#capp\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=373\n\nThe International Permafrost Association Carbon Pools in Permafrost Regions (IPA CAPP) Project aims at quantifying, characterizing and modeling below-ground organic matter quantity and quality along ecoclimatic and edaphic gradients in high latitude and high altitude regions characterized by the presence of isolated to continuous permafrost. \n\nThe CAPP Project coordinates its activities with other international programs such as the ESSP Global Carbon Project and the WCRP Climate and Cryosphere Project, and aims to develop an active network of scientists engaged in this type of research.\n\nIn the initial stage the existing Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD) of the IPA/IUSS Cryosol Working Group will be further developed, by adding new data and information on carbon in permafrost, non-permafrost and peat soils. The NCSCD will aim to incorporate already existing data from poorly represented regions (e.g. Russia), and also from lake sediments and deep ice- and carbon-rich Quaternary deposits. CAPP related research and monitoring carried out by project participants is currently restricted to a limited number of locations. Within this project the participants will contribute to and initiate new research activities at up to 10-12 high latitude transects in the northern hemisphere, complemented by 2 transects in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions, and additional altitudinal transects in high alpine environments. CAPP is therefore linked closely with IPY projects ANTPAS (33), TSP (50) and ACCO-NET (90).\n\nThe allocation of below-ground carbon in the landscape and quantity and quality among different permafrost settings will be investigated through intensive study sites along the transects. The organic matter will be analyzed using a hierarchy of increasingly sophisticated geochemical and absolute dating techniques.\n\nAn important objective is to develop a carbon database that can be linked with remote sensing classifications at global to regional scales used in climate, biome and ecosystem models. Gained expert knowledge about soil carbon related processes will be used in process-based dynamic global vegetation models for a more reliable projection of the future terrestrial component of the global carbon balance and for model validation purposes. Results from CAPP will enable climate models to include one of the potentially most significant positive feedbacks in the global climate system. \n\nProtocols are developed for the carbon database, field sampling, physico-chemical analyses and upscaling exercises. CAPP activities will provide better understanding of total below-ground organic matter allocation and its susceptibility to decay. This will be used to evaluate the fate of this very significant carbon pool under global warming. High latitude terrestrial ecosystems are important reservoirs of soil organic matter. There is more carbon in these below-ground pools than in the living phytomass of all forests on Earth together. It is therefore important to communicate to the wider scientific community and general public the potential role of thawing permafrost carbon stocks in the Earth System.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dca3a30b-efcc-49c0-8ae9-4f8acfdd9a89", - "label": "CMO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coastal Mixing and Optics Program is an oceanography program to\nstudy the mixing of ocean water on the continental shelf, and the\neffect of the mixing on the transmission of light through the\nwater. An experiment was carried out in 1996-97 at a location in the\nMid-Atlantic Bight, 80 miles southeast of Montauk Point, Long Island,\nand 60 miles south of Martha's Vinyard.\nThere were two 'Primer' programs which were closely related to the CMO\nProgram and involved ocean acoustics on the shelf. These acoustics\nprograms were the Synthetic Aperture Sonar Volume Coherence primer,\nand the Sound Propagation from the Continental Slope to the\nContinental Shelf primer.\nAll of these programs are sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.\nThe following institutions are involved in the program: Johns Hopkins\nUniversity Applied Physics Lab, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,\nUniversity of California Santa Barbara, Oregon State University,\nUniversity of Washington Applied Physics Lab, Bedford Institute of\nOceanography, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Texas A&M University,\nUniversity of Connecticut, and Dalhousie University.\nFor more information, see the CMO website at University of Washington\nApplied Physics Laboratory:\n'http://wavelet.apl.washington.edu/CMO/'\n[This project summary was derived from the CMO website at the\nUniversity of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd8b2ab7-8545-4f1c-a4e1-6b82961b5fb7", - "label": "ARCTAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) field campaign is poised to help scientists identify how air pollution contributes to climate changes in the Arctic.\n\nThe campaign began April 2008 in Fairbanks, Alaska. Three NASA research aircraft -- the DC-8, P-3 and B-200 -- will serve as airborne laboratories for the next three weeks, carrying instruments to measure air pollution gases and aerosols and solar radiation. Of particular interest is the formation of the springtime 'arctic haze,' which is fueled by sunlight causing chemical reactions of pollutants accumulated over the winter from long-range transport from lower latitudes.\n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/arctas/\nhttp://www.espo.nasa.gov/arctas/\n\n[Source: NASA ARCTAS Mission Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd9941d5-28ba-4820-a85e-f1e95184f5f8", - "label": "ANDRILL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing)Program is an international consortium to obtain\nstratigraphic records from fast-ice, ice shelf and land-based platforms in\nAntarctica with the goal of further advancing our understanding of the\ngeological and climatic history of Antarctica. A workshop was held in 2001 at\nOxford University to develop the science plan for ANDRILL. The results of this\nworkshop, an introduction to ANDRILL science and structure, and the scientists\nwho have expressed an interest in ANDRILL are published in a workshop volume\nthat is available at 'http://andrill-server.unl.edu/workshop_report.htm' and\navailable from the ANDRILL Science Management Office as ANDRILL Contribution 1.\nThe Workshop report presents the science objectives of ANDRILL, reviews sites\nproposed as targets, introduces key scientific questions and presents an\nintroduction of key fields in geosciences that ANDRILL will address. Statements\nof interest from the group of international scientists who attended the\nworkshop, as well as others who expressed interest are included. Proceedings of\nthe working groups are also included. This contribution is intended to be a\nreference resource for scientists with no prior Antarctic experience who desire\nto become involved as a scientist in ANDRILL. Additional information about\nANDRILL and updates are available at 'http://andrill-server.unl.edu'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de0e4cc6-e2f3-4a95-9f4f-8f5bd32dbb42", - "label": "ANSMET/NASA - NNX10AQ75G", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "debb3c8d-ecba-4517-bfbd-a9f463208e4b", - "label": "ARCSS/OAII/SHEBA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Science Summary:\n\nThis research project is a key component of a large, coordinated, multi-investigator program, Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) . The research program was conducted for 13 months from a ship frozen into the ice pack. This investigator used the Twin Otter logistics aircraft to conduct surveys of the surface temperature in the vicinity of the ship in order to determine the thin-ice thickness distribution. This research will be important for the determination of the effects of the flux of incoming heat radiating onto the ice floe as a function of changing atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Ice surface temperature was measured with a narrow-beam radiometer and a video tape record of the surface was recorded during daylight flights. The surveys covered an area within 50 km of the ship. The sea ice temperature measurement program makes an essential contribution to the SHEBA team of researchers who will measure atmospheric variables with a large array of instruments on the ice floe and aircraft flying above as well as ice and ocean property measurements made on and below the ice floe. The combined set of measurements in SHEBA will allow refinement of climate models for the Arctic region. Those improved models will lead to better predictions of the climate and the permanence of the Arctic ice cap under a proposed global warming that could occur if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are increased above present levels.\n\nLogistics Summary:\n\nFor the Surface Heat Budget of the Oceans (SHEBA) Project, the Canadian Coast Guard Icebreaker Des Groseilliers was frozen into the Beaufort Sea pack ice 300 km north of Prudhoe Bay and left to drift from October 1997 to October 1998. The ship was used as a base of operations and floating scientific research station. During its year in the ice it followed a meandering path and ended up 400 miles north of its point of origin. During the SHEBA campaign, researchers conducted measurements in an approximately 100 square km area around the SHEBA site. Logistics were provided by ONR and U. Washington. This project utilized the Twin Otter logistics support aircraft to conduct surveys of the surface temperature from October 1997 through May 1998 . Nine survey flights were completed on six different campaigns. \n\nThis information is taken from \n\nhttp://www.vecopolar.com/arlss_reports/ARLSS_ProjectsDetail.aspx?cbPropNum=9701514", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5373fc-f65c-4f29-92dd-45bdd28ea541", - "label": "CAMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Convection And Moisture EXperiment (CAMEX) is a series of field\nresearch investigations sponsored by the Earth Science Enterprise\n(ESE) program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA). The overall goal of CAMEX is to study atmospheric water vapor\nand precipitation processes using a unique array of aircraft, balloon,\nand land-based remote sensors. The first two CAMEX field studies were\nconducted at Wallops Island, Virginia, during 1993 and 1995. The third\nin the series of CAMEX field studies (CAMEX-3) was conducted in August\nand September 1998, covering the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and\nAtlantic Ocean. CAMEX-3 successfully studied Hurricanes Bonnie,\nDanielle, Earl and Georges and collected data for research in tropical\ncyclone development, tracking, intensification, and landfalling\nimpacts using NASA-funded aircraft and surface remote sensing\ninstrumentation.\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/camex3/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df5e783d-9877-412c-a5b7-3e826ed033e5", - "label": "Australian Antarctic program", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Australian Antarctic Program conducts world-class science of critical national importance and global significance that delivers on Australian Antarctic policy and operational priorities. The Program is led, coordinated and delivered by the Australian Antarctic Division.\n\nThe Australian Antarctic Program is highly collaborative, comprising partnerships across government and with more than 150 national and international research institutions. Together, these partnerships contribute to advancing Australia’s interests in Antarctica and the subantarctic region. Australia also works with other countries’ Antarctic programs to run joint international scientific and logistical support operations.\n\nAntarctic science, aligned with our policy interests and integrated with our operational capabilities, is at the heart of the Australian Antarctic Program. Together, Australian and international scientists participating in the program, deliver world-class scientific research consistent with Australia’s Antarctic science strategic priorities.\n\nThese priorities include:\n\nunderstanding the role of Antarctica in the global climate system;\nunderstanding and conserving Antarctica’s unique life forms;\nprotecting the Antarctic environment; and\nsupporting sound environmental stewardship in the region, with a particular focus on fisheries.\nScience conducted through the Australian Antarctic Program:\n\ngives us the knowledge and understanding to develop the technologies and make the policies needed to protect the Antarctic environment and conserve the Southern Ocean ecosystem;\nenables Australia to contribute to and strengthen the Antarctic Treaty system and its comprehensive environmental protection regime, ensuring that the Antarctic environment remains valued, protected and understood;\nsupports Australia’s leadership in environmental stewardship;\nsupports valuable Australian commercial operations and opportunities such as sustainable fishing within the Antarctic Treaty system’s governance framework.\nThe operational and logistical building blocks of the Australian Antarctic Program are highly capable people, our four research stations, multipurpose icebreaker, aviation and field support capabilities.\n\nShipping is the backbone of the Australian Antarctic Program. The next-generation successor to the Aurora Australis will provide a step-change in Australia’s Antarctic capabilities and sustain the next generation of Australian Antarctic science and operations in Antarctica.\n\nAviation also plays a critical role in sustaining Australia’s contemporary operations in Antarctica. Modern, sophisticated research and intra and inter-continental transport systems are critical to Australia continuing to lead a world-class Antarctic program into the future and to maintain our position as a leading Antarctic nation.\n\nRead more about the Australian Antarctic Program in the Australian Antarctic Strategy and 20 Year Action Plan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e131ffcb-da1a-4a1a-ad41-ad5ffab31c26", - "label": "BCLME", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME)draft proposal\nwas submitted to the GEF for funding through the United National\nDevelopment Programme (UNDP) in 1997. The BCLME Programme aims to\nenhance national and regional efforts towards sustainable and\nintegrated management of the Benguela Current Large Marine\nEcosystem. This has been carried out by establishing a regional\nco-operative mechanism, undertaking a review of existing\nknowledge of the status and threats to the BCLME and developing a\nStrategic Action Programme (SAP) to address both these threats\nand gaps in knowledge essential to the sustainable management of\nthe ecosystem.\n\nDr Michael O^?Toole\nRegional Co-ordinator\nMinistry of Fisheries and Marine Resources\nPrivate Bag x 13355\nWindhoek\nNAMIBIA\n\nTel: 264-61-2053084\nFax: 264-61-220558\nEmail: bclme@mweb.com.na\nWebpage: 'http://www.bclme.org'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1b234be-7ac5-4dc5-a7d0-6e17d62ce613", - "label": "AARDDVARK", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Antarctic-Arctic Radiation-belt (Dynamic) Deposition - VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium (AARDDVARK) provides continuous long-range observations of the lower-ionosphere. The Konsortia sensors detect changes in ionisation levels from ~30-85 km altitude, with the goal of increasing the understanding of energy coupling between the Earth's atmosphere, Sun, and Space. We use the upper atmosphere as a gigantic energetic particle detector to observe and understand changing energy flows; this Science area impacts our knowledge of global change, communications, and navigation. The joint NZ-UK Antarctic-Arctic Radiation-belt (Dynamic) Deposition - VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortia (AARDDVARK) is a new extension of a well-establish experimental technique, allowing long-range probing of ionisation changes at comparatively low altitudes. Most other instruments which can probe the same altitudes are limited to essentially overhead measurements. At this stage AARDDVARK is essentially unique, as similar systems are only deployed at a regional level.\n\n[Information provided by http://www.physics.otago.ac.nz/space/AARDDVARK_homepage.htm]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e28be4ce-2494-4ee4-9cfa-112c0c25edb8", - "label": "BATSE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BATSE was a high energy astrophysics experiment in orbit around Earth on NASA's Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. The primary objective of BATSE was to study the phenomenon of gamma-ray bursts , although the detectors also recorded data from pulsars , terrestrial gamma-ray flashes , soft gamma repeaters, black holes, and other exotic astrophysical objects. \nBATSE responded to, or triggered on, sudden changes in count rates above background levels. It was also capable of detecting less impulsive sources by measuring their modulation using the Earth Occultation technique. View a typical one-day orbit of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. \n\nThis information is provided by http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2fe1744-c8c1-4829-b622-04896d4243eb", - "label": "ANTLER", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ANTLER\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=400\n\nANTLER will provide a basis for research on the social significance of Rangifer (reindeer husbandry and caribou hunting). ANTLER is a research-network initiative with the aim to provide support, methodological integration, data management, and education and outreach facilities for participating projects. These projects share the same topic yet they may employ different methodologies. \n\nIn addition to the existing scholarship on human-Rangifer relations, IPY 2007-2008 will foster new social-science case studies in many circumpolar regions where reindeer herding and/or caribou hunting take place. ANTLER seeks to unite these efforts, with the aim to assess the current social, socio-economic and cultural significance of reindeer herding and caribou hunting 'on the ground' and to provide reliable and realistic information for future management strategies. ANTLER participants will also compare and evaluate various methodologies in the field of Rangifer research and strategies for improved data management. ANTLER will contribute to a better understanding of an important human-animal relationship in the Arctic: on the one hand, through contributing knowledge concerning the social significance of Rangifer as it shapes human life in the Arctic; on the other hand, through examining the significance of human social, economic and political strategies as they affect Rangifer populations, distribution and its position in the Arctic ecosystem. ANTLER addresses reindeer herding and caribou hunting as important elements in Arctic and sub-Arctic environments and economies. The International Polar Year provides a timely and excellent framework for this international initiative, which will also serve as basis for enhanced multidisciplinary research on Rangifer. \n\nWithin the wider field of research on human-Rangifer systems, ANTLER's main emphasis is on domesticated reindeer and the domain of knowledge produced by social sciences. It thus complements other projects (such as EALAT and CARMA) with their stronger emphasis on other domains of knowledge. \n\nUnder the ANTLER umbrella there are two levels of integration. Firstly, there will be five or more key projects, so-called integrated projects, which serve as flagship activities with a research design tailored in accordance with the ANTLER agenda a priori. Secondly, there will be a number of associated projects, each of them designed in its own manner, which contribute selected data to ANTLER.\n\nA network secretariat will organize three international workshops and provide communication and dissemination facilities. The initiators shall apply to the Finnish Academy and the ESRC (United Kingdom), which have a bilateral cooperation agreement, and the Norwegian Research Council for financial support for these central activities. \n\nThis Cooperation Proposal is jointly submitted by three scientific institutions which have a pivotal position in Rangifer social-sicence research: the Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland (Finland), the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (Germany) and the Scott Polar Research Institute (United Kingdom). The initiators have excellent connections to research institutions across the North, Arctic circumpolar communities and regional NGOs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e485a083-ff32-4d34-a280-456898d9d2e0", - "label": "BIOLOGIA DE LOS PETRELES", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4b0a545-5567-47ad-8d02-5cad65295cda", - "label": "CIESIN/EMAW", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The pedagogical laboratory provides education majors an opportunity to work like scientists who experiment with the latest findings in learning and instructional theories by trying them out with K-12 students recruited from local schools, observing student learning, and reflecting on the educational outcomes. Current activities include robotics challenges for grades K-8 designed to develop skills in scientific inquiry, problem solving, and mathematics.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.cilat.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4c077f0-4556-41bf-b8f0-58e3fd9c1a9f", - "label": "CFSR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4c69c7d-198b-465a-8a03-b8d8a4a7c618", - "label": "APEX/WARMPAST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: WARMPAST\nProject URL: http://www.apex.geo.su.se/ipy-project-info/ipy-project-no-786.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=36\n\nThe overall goal of this initiative is to advance our knowledge of climate warming in the Arctic, by studying past climate change. We will focus mainly on the ocean circulation and climate of the NW Eurasian continental margin. The present climate in the Arctic shows signs of rapid change with decreasing sea ice cover and increasing temperature of the Atlantic Water. The implications of this warming are highly uncertain, as modelling experiments projecting temperatures for the next 100 years show a largescatter at high northern latitudes.\n\nThe project will include the following modules (M): M1 Rapid changes in the Atlantic Water inflow into the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, M2 Ice sheet/glacier response to warming, M3 Improving ocean temperature and sea-ice proxies; M4 Climate modelling.\n\nM1: Periods in the past during which the climate was instable and reached warmer conditions than today: a) Marine isotope stages (MIS) 12/11; b) MIS 6/5; c) Younger Dryas/Holocene climate optimum, and d) last millennium. Sea Surface Temperature ( SST) will be quantified using a multidisciplinary approach, combining faunal/floral based transfer functions and geochemical tracers. For the Holocene and the last millennium climate will be investigated in marine sediments, lake sediments and ice cores from Svalbard and marine sediments from the SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland margin. Further, archaeological sites in Norway and Svalbard will be investigated to explore the relationship between climate and human settlement and activities. \n\nM2: Implications of climate warming for growth and decay of ice sheets and tide water glaciers, and its effect on ice stream dynamics in the Barents Sea and the Svalbard and SE Greenland margin.\n\nM3: Reconstructions of SST below 5 OC based both on transfer functions and geochemical tracers are subject to large uncertainties. This is partly due to incomplete modern training sets at high latitudes. We aim to improve modern analogue data on planktonic and benthic foraminifera, diatoms, dinocysts, foraminiferal Ca/Mg-ratios and oxygen and carbon isotopes. From the same proxies we will also develop transfer functions for sea ice.\n\nM4: An important motivation for attempting to simulate the climatic conditions of the past is that such experiments provide opportunities for evaluating how models respond to large changes in forcing.\nCombined with high resolution acoustic data, cores will be sampled from high resolution sediment fans off northern and western Spitsbergen, the Spitsbergen fjords (in particular Kongsfjorden) and the Barents/Kara/Laptev Sea margin. Multi-core/box core surface samples >70ON in the NE Atlantic will be sampled. The SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland component will rely on existing seafloor samples. The project will include exchange programs and training courses for PhD students and young researchers.\nThis expression of intent focus on research questions addressed by IGP-PAGES and CLIVAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e66edf58-9a3d-4250-b2ba-9120b943403f", - "label": "BEST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BEST Program is a monitoring and assessment program of the\nBiological Resource Division of the United States Geological Survey\n(USGS). BEST evaluates environmental contaminants and their effects on\nspecies and lands under the stewardship of the Department of Interior\nto provide scientific information and guide management actions.\n\nThe golas of the BEST Program are to measure and assess the effects of\ncontaminants on selected species and habitats throughout the Nation;\nconduct research and synthesis activities directed at providing\ninnovative biomonitoring methods and tools for opeational\napplications, and deliver effective and efficient tools to DOI bureaus\nfor assessing contaminant threats to species and lands.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.best.usgs.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7d80dd2-c0da-4977-9a35-2a4da27e1168", - "label": "AirMOSS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) investigation provided high-resolution observations of root-zone soil moisture over nine major North American biomes. The campaign goals were to quantify the impact of variations in soil moisture on the estimation of regional carbon fluxes and to extrapolate the reduced-uncertainty estimates of regional carbon fluxes to the continental scale of North America. The AirMOSS campaign used an airborne ultra-high frequency synthetic aperture radar flown on a Gulfstream-III aircraft to derive estimates of soil moisture down to approximately 1.2 meters. Extensive ground, tower, and aircraft in-situ measurements were collected to validate root-zone soil measurements and carbon flux model estimates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e90cd1c1-cdd3-47c1-a20c-33a7a4a47974", - "label": "ACRIMSAT", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ACRIMSAT Mission will measure Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) during\nits five-year mission life. The ACRIMSAT spacecraft, carrying the\nACRIM III instrument was launched December 21, 1999. The instrument,\nthird in a series of long-term solar-monitoring tools built for NASA\nby the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will continue to extend the database\nfirst created by ACRIM I, which was launched in 1980 on the Solar\nMaximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft. ACRIM II followed on the Upper\nAtmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in 1991.\n\nThe ACRIMSAT mission is funded by NASA through the Earth Science\nPrograms Office at Goddard Space Flight Center. The ACRIMSAT Project\nOffice at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA) manages the\ndesign, fabrication, and test of the ACRIM III instrument and manages\nthe subcontract for the ACRIMSAT spacecraft being built by Orbital\nSciences Corporation. The ACRIM III data products will be available\nthrough the Langley EOS Data Analysis and Archive Center.\n\nThe Principal Investigator for the ACRIM mission is Dr. Richard\nWillson of Columbia University. Ron Zenone of the Jet Propulsion\nLaboratory is the ACRIM Project Manager. Roger Helizon of the Jet\nPropulsion Laboratory is the ACRIM Instrument Scientist. Tom\nItchkawich of Orbital Sciences Corporation is the ACRIMSAT Spacecraft\nProgram Manager.\n\nFor more information on ACRIM and ACRIMSAT, see:\n'http://acrim.jpl.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), see:\n'http://www.earth.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e97ffdbe-5a93-4477-866d-cf4200c1437f", - "label": "CARMA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: CARMA\nProject URL:http://yukon.taiga.net/carma/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=162\n\n\nPresently there are over 4 million wild and 1.8 million domestic reindeer and caribou inhabiting the earth's arctic regions. This keystone species has been an economic and cultural mainstay of nearly every indigenous group in the Arctic. Recent profound changes have been occurring in the North with the potential to jeopardize the relationship forged over countless generations between Rangifer, the land and the people. \n\nIn late 2004 a concerned circumpolar group of social scientists, biologists, ecologists, abiotic specialists, aboriginal leaders, and resource managers met in Vancouver, Canada to launch an organization to track and assess the impacts of the changes that are occurring. This group, the CARMA Network (CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment network www.taiga.net/CARMA ) defined its mission:\n\nTo monitor and assess the impacts of global change on the human/Rangifer system across the Arctic through cooperation, both geographically and across disciplines. \n\nAt present, knowledge of many of the Arctic's significant Rangifer populations is fragmented and the relationship among the peoples dependent upon these populations is largely undocumented. Therefore, the CARMA Network proposes an extensive two-year coordinated program through IPY that will \n1) provide a solid baseline of information on representative Rangifer populations and the human communities dependent upon them\n2) establish an on-going monitoring and assessment network of these systems \n\nTo meet these objectives, the following operating principles are proposed: \n-Keep it simple, relevant to the needs of Arctic residents; keep it transparent\n-Conduct monitoring and assessment using an interdisciplinary approach\n-Include and integrate local/traditional knowledge, industry research, field-based biological studies, and remote sensing research\nFocus initially on wild Rangifer populations and those human communities that use the Rangifer resource\n-Build on existing monitoring and assessment programs\n-Serve as a central depository for historical and current information on indicators \n-Develop and standardized protocols for collecting, documenting, and assembling indicators \n-Provide annual analysis on indicators by region and value-added indicators that all regions can share \n-Use a comparative approach to address research questions and advance common understanding of the Arctic System\n-Serve as a resource for policy makers facing regional decisions related to Human-Rangifer Systems \n\nQuestions to be addressed include (but are not limited to): \n\n-What are the most predictive indicators of change in the resilience of Human-Rangifer Systems? \n-How will the combined heterogeneity of regional climate forces and ecological conditions affect availability and use of wild Rangifer?\n-How do we best measure the cumulative effect of landscape-level human activity, climate change, and management policies on the Human-Rangifer Systems? \n-How may disease and parasites that are affected by climate change potentially affect the health of caribou?\n-What are the key social-ecological thresholds of critical change in these systems?\n-How can these systems be managed to enhance sustainability and adaptive capacity?\n\nWe consider such a project as starting the clock across the North, where information gathering is coordinated and comparable, where protocols are standardized, tested and utilized. At the completion of the IPY period, CARMA will produce a comprehensive comparative analysis of Circumarctic Rangifer populations, which will be the tangible legacy upon which the CARMA Network can proceed into the 21st Century.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea88e2c2-a07b-48e8-b426-274736ab8f9e", - "label": "ABACUS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ABACUS\nProject URL: http://www.abacus-ipy.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=246\n\nOur objective is to improve understanding of the controls on carbon (C), water and energy exchange between arctic terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. We propose a linked programme of plant and soil process studies, isotope analyses, flux measurements, micro-meteorology, process modelling, and aircraft and satellite observations to improve predictions of the response of the arctic terrestrial biosphere to global change. \nClimate warming is resulting from disruption of the global C cycle. The Arctic is already warming significantly, and warming is expected to be fastest and greatest at high latitudes, 4-7ºC over the next century. However, complex linkages between climate, C cycle, energy balance, and hydrology mean that the details of such changes and the response of arctic ecosystems remain poorly understood. The Arctic governs some critical feedbacks in global change: (i) the release by warming of considerable but poorly quantified C stores from high latitude soils (20-60% of the global soil C pool, (Hobbie et al., 2000)) could accelerate the build-up of atmospheric CO2, (ii) a shift in albedo from vegetation changes and altered snow dynamics may affect the global energy balance, (iii) alterations in river discharge into the Arctic Ocean, due to changes in arctic hydrology, may affect the thermohaline circulation (Peterson et al., 2002). Our proposed research will resolve critical unknowns related to these potential feedbacks in the arctic C, energy and water cycles. To improve our understanding of the C, water and energy cycles, we will:\n· quantify the turnover of soil organic matter (SOM), particularly of contrasting age;\n· quantify the differences in C uptake, respiration and allocation among key arctic vegetation types and their responses to drivers: snow, soil temperature (and freezing) and soil moisture);\n· test whether regional estimates of the C cycle derived from atmospheric sampling by aircraft are consistent with upscaled measurements from the land surface;\n· determine regional budgets of net CH4 emissions and their repose to the hydrological drivers;\n· generate improved estimates of the total C stocks of arctic systems in soils and vegetation, with a detailed estimate of errors;\n· investigate the strength of coupling between land-atmosphere energy exchanges and local snow cover and soil moisture;\n· test the accuracy of snow melt, soil moisture and thaw predictions; and determine how to better represent sub-grid scale hydrological processes in regional and global climate models;\n· determine how the interactions of topography with seasonal changes in hydrology govern the strength of C sources and sinks over the arctic landscape.\nOur approach is based on linking multi-scale measurements with models representing our best current understanding. We will determine C, water and energy fluxes at a range of scales using small chambers, eddy flux towers, and aircraft. We will monitor C allocation and turnover in vegetation and soils using direct sampling, but also isotopic analyses and labelling experiments. We will determine landscape patterns of vegetation C, soil C and moisture, and snow-cover with a mix of field surveys, aircraft and satellite imagery. We will use a mix of simple empirical models, ecophysiological models, C turnover models and a land surface scheme from a climate model. Our multi-scale measurements, extensive surveys and process investigations will help to determine the errors in current model characterisations of the behaviour and state of the Arctic, which are reliant on relatively coarse resolution data on soils and vegetation, and simple descriptions of key processes. Close integration of models with data from the start of the consortium will allow us to modify the fieldwork in the light of identified model-data inconsistencies. We will also attempt some innovative experiments, for instance using aircraft to sample the atmosphere for determination of 14C content, a key indicator of soil C turnover. We will work in Sweden and Finland largely, in close collaboration with IPY project 213, ENVISNAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eadd2599-6064-4dc5-bec6-4413332cd2b7", - "label": "BIO_BURN", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nBiomass burning studies investigate the impact of particulates\nproduced during biomass burning on the radiation budget of the Earth\nand the global climate.\nProject Description:\nThe Langley Research Center (LaRC) Biomass Burning project involved\nground-based and airborne measurements of particulate and gaseous\nemissions from burning in very diverse ecosystems. The impact of\nburning on the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen gases (nitric oxide\nand nitrous oxide) from the soil the atmosphere was also measured.\nData Used and Produced:\nBiomass Burning 5x5 degree data are in the form of biomass matter\nburned in units of teragrams of dry biomass matter per month for the\npeak burning month. For each 5 degree by 5 degree latitude by\nlongitude box, the following data are given: total amount of biomass\nburned (T), amount of biomass burned in forest (F) fires, amount of\nbiomass burned in in Savanna (S) fires, and the month maximum burning.\nData are available for 1980. Each granule consist of one year of data\nper region.\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n DAAC Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: Dr. Joel S. Levine\n Theoretical Studies Branch\n Atmospheric Sciences Division\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-5692\n FAX: (757) 864-6326\n INTERNET > J.S.LEVINE@LaRC.NASA.GOV\n Home Page: 'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Home Page:\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/biomass_burn/biomass_burn.html'\nReferences:\nLevine, J. S., 1992: Climate, The Encyclopedia of Earth System Science\n(W. A. Nierenberg, Editor), Academic Press, Inc., Volume 1, page 503-515.\nLevine, J. S. (Editor), 1991: Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic,\nand Biospheric Implications, The MIT Press, Inc., 569 pages.\nLevine, J. S., 1992: Ozone, Climate, and Global Atmospheric Change,\nScience Activities, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp 10-16.\nLevine, J. S., W. R. Cofer, D. R. Cahoon, and E. L. Winstead, 1995:\nBiomass Burning: A Driver for Global Change, Environmental Science and\nTechnology, Volume 29, Number 3, pages 120A-125A.\nWei Min Hao and Mei-Huey Liu, Spatial and Temporal Distribution of\nTropical Biomass, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Volume 8, No. 4,\npages 495-503, December 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eae0176a-fb8d-4bdc-8884-40fa38ce08e5", - "label": "CARBOCHANGE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "[Source: IMBER Home Page, http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Endorsed-projects/CARBOCHANGE-November-2011\n\nCARBOCHANGE will provide the best possible process-based quantification of net ocean carbon uptake under changing climate conditions using past and present ocean carbon cycle changes for a better prediction of future ocean carbon uptake. We will improve the quantitative understanding of key biogeochemical processes (particle flux, ecosystem community structure, lateral advection) and physical processes (overturning circulation, ice cover, mixing) through a combination of observations and models. We will upscale new process understanding to large-scale integrative feedbacks of the ocean carbon cycle to climate change and rising carbon dioxide concentrations. We will quantify the vulnerability of the ocean carbon sources and sinks in a probabilistic sense using cutting edge coupled \nEarth system models under a variety of emission scenarios including climate stabilisation scenarios as required for the 5th IPCC assessment report. The drivers for the vulnerabilities will be identified. The most actual observations of the changing ocean carbon sink will be systematically integrated with the newest ocean carbon models, a coupled land-ocean model, an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, and fully fledged Earth system models through a spectrum of data assimilation methods as well as advanced performance assessment tools. Results will be optimal process descriptions and most realistic error margins for future ocean carbon uptake quantifications with models under the presently available observational evidence. The project will deliver calibrated future evolutions of ocean pH and carbonate saturation as required by the research community on ocean acidification in the EU project EPOCA and further projects in this field. The time history of atmosphere-ocean carbon fluxes past, present and future will be synthesised globally as well as regionally for the transcontinental RECCAP project. Observations and model results will merge into GEOSS/GEO through links with the European coordination action COCOS and will prepare the marine branch of the European Research Infrastructure ICOS. Results of the project will be summarised and forwarded to policy makers working on climate change mitigation through specifically targeted outreach papers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1f6146-4670-4824-9776-510c8c99e693", - "label": "BASE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment (BASE) study was a\nCanadian-led international field campaign to study the weather\nsystems occurring in southern Beaufort Sea and surrounding areas\nof the Arctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebca7499-c597-41dd-9e82-9b4fe93de83b", - "label": "AIM", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "AIM is the first satellite mission dedicated to the study of noctilucent or “night-shining” clouds (NLCs) also called Polar Mesospheric clouds (PMCs). It has provided the first global-scale view of the clouds over the entire 2007 Northern Hemisphere season with an unprecedented resolution of 5 km by 5 km and is nearing completion of observations in the Southern Hemisphere season. Despite a significant increase in PMC research in recent years, relatively little is known about the basic physics of these clouds at ”the edge of space” and why they are changing. They have increased in brightness over time, are being seen more often and appear to be occurring at lower latitudes than ever before. The overall goal of the baseline mission is to determine why PMCs form and vary. Since the launch of AIM on April 25, 2007, significant progress has been made in achieving this goal and that progress continues at a rapid rate. The AIM data is of very high quality and has changed our view of PMCs and their environment after only one northern hemisphere (NH) season of observations. The startling similarity between the PMC structure observed by CIPS and that seen in tropospheric clouds suggests that the mesosphere may share some of the same dynamical processes responsible for weather near Earth’s surface. If this similarity holds up in further analysis, it introduces an entirely different view of potential mechanisms responsible for PMC formation and variability. \n\nAIM has provided the most detailed picture of NH clouds ever collected:\n\n- The clouds appear every day, are widespread and are highly variable on hourly to daily time scales.\n- PMC brightness varies over horizontal scales of a few kilometers, and because of the AIM high horizontal resolution, we now know that over small regions the clouds are ten times brighter than measured by previous space-based instruments.\n- A previously suspected, but never before seen, population of very small ice particles was measured that is believed to be responsible for strong radar echoes from the summertime mesosphere.\n- Mesospheric ice occurs in one continuous layer extending from below the main peak at 83 km up to around 90 km.\n- Mesospheric cloud structures, resolved for the first time by the CIPS imager, exhibit complex features present in normal tropospheric clouds.\n\n\nINFORMATION PROVIDED BY http://aim.hamptonu.edu/mission/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec5700a1-a0da-4c51-a749-4230463f7e68", - "label": "CLIMAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CLIMAP (Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and\nPrediction) Project was funded by the National Science\nFoundation as part of the International Decade of Ocean\nExploration (IDOE). The CLIMAP Surface Configuration Data Set\nwas compiled by Oregon State University, and contains raw data\nfor certain Climatic boundary conditions during the last glacial\nmaximum, and for the present which were used by CLIMAP staff for\ncomputation of albedo, reconstructions, and comparisons. Data\ntypes include sea surface temperature, elevation, bathymetry,\nvegetation, soil, relief type, and the following as percent of\ngrid cell: water, exposed soil, glacial ice, and vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec8020a8-5308-4ffd-8559-f80689a8ae97", - "label": "ASTEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) was conducted\nin June 1992 off North Africa in the area of Azores and Madeira\nIslands. ASTEX was based on two islands and several ships in an area\nwhere the total cloud cover (mostly stratocumulus) ranges from 50 -\n60%. The region is dominated by low-level clouds with moderate optical\nthicknesses, from about 1 to 10 on average. The optically thinner\n(more highly broken) clouds generally have cloud tops below the 800 mb\nlevel). The optically thicker clouds have lower top pressures down to\nabout 700 mb. The region is characterized by broken low cloudiness and\nstrong gradients of low level cloud amount. Satellite studies show\ncloud conditions ranging from solid stratocumulus decks to broken\ntrade cumulus. The region is not directly influenced by continental\neffects, and islands provide suitable sites for surface observations\nand aircraft operations. ASTEX was thus able to address issues related\nto the stratocumulus to trade-cumulus transition and cloud-mode\nselection.\n\nASTEX involved intensive measurements from several platforms and was\ndesigned to study how the transition and mode selection are affected\nby 1) cloud-top entrainment instability, 2) diurnal decoupling and\nclearing due to solar absorption, 3) patchy drizzle and a transition\nto horizontally inhomogeneous clouds through decoupling, 4) mesoscale\nvariability in cloud thickness and associated mesoscale circulations,\nand 5) episodic strong subsidence lowering the inversion below the\nlifting condensation level. From a broader perspective ASTEX was\ndesigned to provide improved dynamical, radiative, and microphysical\nmodels and an improved understanding of the impact of aerosols, cloud\nmicrophysics, and chemistry on large-scale cloud properties.\n\nFrom a broader perspective ASTEX was designed to provide improved\ndynamical, radiative, and microphysical models and an improved\nunderstanding of the impact of aerosols, cloud microphysics, and\nchemistry on large-scale cloud properties.\n\nA telescoping approach was used in ASTEX to investigate connections\nbetween scales ranging from microns to thousands of\nkilometers. Satellites and upper- level aircraft provided a\ndescription of large-scale cloud features, and instrumented aircraft\nflying in the boundary layer and surface- based remote sensing systems\nprovided a description of the mean, turbulence, and mesoscale\nvariability in cloud microphysical properties of boundary layer\nclouds. A major deficiency of the FIRE observations, however, was an\ninadequate definition of the large-scale fields of temperature,\nmoisture, and winds. This deficiency was removed for ASTEX by making 4\n- 8 soundings per day from the surface sites and ships, and including\nmany of these upper-air observations on the Global Telecommunications\nSystem (GTS) for assimilation into the ECMWF and NMC\nanalyses. Furthermore, based on the demonstrated utility of\nsurface-based remote sensing during FIRE (Albrecht et al. 1990), the\nuse of such systems was expanded during ASTEX.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://kiwi.atmos.colostate.edu/scm/astex.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed46550c-7905-4472-acca-fb4d2468cc11", - "label": "CRESS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The purpose of CRESS is to analyze and facilitate the use of\ncommercial terrestrial remote sensing products by the earth science\ncommunity, which could benefit from the advent of new, very high\nresolution commercial data products. The goal of CRESS is to encourage\nthe integration of commercial data in earth system science by (A)\ndemonstrating the utility of such data through validation activities;\n(B) providing contacts to vendors and validation sites around the\nworld; and (C) navigating the legal and policy issues of access and\nuse of such data.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.geog.umd.edu/landcover/cress/about.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eda531e9-97fe-4abc-a04a-04a801c86653", - "label": "ALE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE) began in 1978 as a global\nnetwork program to provide continuous high-frequency gas\nchromatographic measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O),\nChloroflurocarbons CFCl3 (CFC-11), and CF2Cl2 (CFC-12). The network\nincluded observation stations situated at different sites throughout\nthe world: Cape Grim, Tasmania; Point Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged\nPoint, Barbados; Cape Meares, Oregon and Adrigole, Ireland. The ALE\nis but one phase of a monitoring network consisting of the Global\nAtmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE) and the Advanced GAGE. The ALE\nphase ended in mid-1986.\nThe ALE phase (1978-1986) utilized the Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas\nchromotographs; the GAGE phase utilized the HP5880 gas chromotagraphs;\nand the recently initiated Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases\nExperiment (AGAGE) uses a new fully automated system from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed HP5890 and\nCarle Instruments gas chromotographic components.\nThe ALE/GAGE/AGAGE daily and monthly data are available via anonymous\nFTP from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) as\nfollows:\nftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov\ncd pub/ale_gage_Agage/\nor\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/'\nThis subdirectory, ale, contains data from the ALE phase of the\nALE/GAGE/AGAGE experiment.\nFurther information can be obtained from:\nCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nBuilding 1000, MS-6335\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6335\nPhone: 423-574-4791\nFAX: 423-574-2232\nEmail: cdp@ornl.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edc17490-0b06-4bbd-858d-e7bf48d38517", - "label": "CARIBIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CARIBIC is an innovative scientific project to study and monitor important chemical and physical processes in the Earth´s atmosphere. Detailed and extensive measurements are made during long distance flights. We deploy an airfreight container with automated scientific apparatus which are connected to an air and particle (aerosol) inlet underneath the aircraft. We use an Airbus A340-600 from Lufthansa since December 2004. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.caribic-atmospheric.com/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ede2e27f-5a30-46be-9e95-245ea7a30376", - "label": "ANTPAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctic permafrost forms an integral part of the terrestrial cryosphere, yet information on its distribution, thickness, age, and physical and geochemical properties is highly fragmented and absent for large sectors of the region. At the same time, active layer and permafrost conditions are increasingly recognized to be highly sensitive to climate change. Such changes can create important responses in regional hydrology, ecosystems functioning, landscape stability and human environmental impacts. At the same time Antarctic permafrost and soils archive high resolution long-term (Ma) records of past environmental change and biological activity.\n\nObjectives\nThe combined IPA working group on Antarctic Permafrost and SCAR expert group on Antarctic Soils, Permafrost and Periglacial Environments, in close working relationship with the IUSS cryosols group, have launched the ANTPAS project to address some of the current shortcomings and research needs. The overall aim is to develop an internationally coordinated, web-accessible, database and monitoring system on Antarctic permafrost and soils. Specific objectives are:\n\nA common, web-accessible repository for permafrost and soils data.\n\nThe production of thematic maps on Antarctic permafrost and soils.\n\nA system of boreholes providing data on permafrost and soils properties, records of past environmental change, and recording permafrost responses to climate change.\n\nA well-designed monitoring system recording active layer and periglacial process responses to climate change along selected environmental gradients. \n\nANTPAS is an IPY endorsed activity.\n\nPROJECT URL: http://erth.waikato.ac.nz/antpas/index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eed1e87e-86a4-449b-b7f4-e1ac81f62b1e", - "label": "BOMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "With the cooperation of the Government of Barbados and with the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as lead agency, the\nBarbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) was\nconducted over the tropical Atlantic East of Barbados in the summer of\n1969. The field operations for this multiagency national study of the\nocean-atmosphere system were divided into four observation periods:\nMay 3 to 15, May 24 to June 10, June 19 to July 2, and July 11 to july\n28. The first three were devoted to the Sea Air Interaction\nProgram--the BOMEX 'Core Experiment'--within a 500-km by 500-km square\nship array. During the fourth period, the array was extended southward\nto incorporate the Intertropical Convergence Zone.\n\nFollowing the field operations, the Barbados Oceanographic and\nMeteorological Analysis Project (BOMAP) Office was established to\nreduce and process the data that had been collected by ship, aircraft,\nand land-based acquisition system under the operational control of the\nBOMEX Temporary Archive at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in\nAsheville, N.C., in 1971.\n\nOn July 1,1971, the BOMEX office became the Center for Experiment\nDesign and Data Analysis (CEDDA) and was subsequently transferred from\nNOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories to its Environmental Data\nService. One of the tasks assigned to CEDDA--in addition to its\nparticipation in other field experiments, was to reprocess the BOMEX\ndata. Final validation of the data was undertaken through detailed\nanalysis and application of necessary corrections, a task that was\ncompleted in the fall of 1974, when the BOMEX Permanent Archive was\nestablished at NCDC.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://rainbow.ldgo.columbia.edu/data/NASAentries/nasa611.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef0c92df-aae9-42b6-8b60-cbdc52614b2e", - "label": "CIBAC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CIBAC is a multi-sectoral organization dedicated towards fighting graft, corruption and cronyism in government. It is made up of people bound together with the common belief that such diseases must be stamped out in order for true national development to commence.\n\nFormed in 1997, CIBAC has grown into a nationwide organization through the efforts of the idealistic and dedicated men and women who compose it. But the fight against corruption is no easy task, it is for this reason that CIBAC continues its invitation for nationalistic, law-abiding and God-fearing citizens to join its cause and contribute towards ensuring a better future for our country.\n\nCIBAC has continuously faced corruption head on. It is instrumental in the filing of cases against erring officials with the Ombudsman and other courts. It has also joined hands with other civic groups as petitioners in filing cases of plunder, graft and corruption, bribery, violations of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Government Employees, and perjury against known public officials. Primary among these is the impeachment complaint filed against former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada in 2000.\n\nCIBAC has not limited its battle against corruption to the courts though. Since 1998, it has been an active participant in peaceful mass actions and mobilizations to reiterate its stand against all forms of corruption. It also continues to broaden its network of anti-corruption groups and agencies to intensify its campaign against corruption.\n\nAs a party-list member in the House of Representatives, CIBAC has taken a more active legislative stand on issues pertaining to good governance, transparency and honesty in the conduct of operations and management of both the public and private sectors, and promotion of the welfare of the marginalized sectors and interest groups, particularly the youth, women, overseas filipino wokers, rural communities, urban poor and labor. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.cibac.org/content/view/12/30/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efc4e98a-c529-4c02-8f70-a78dbd54cb29", - "label": "CASES-97", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "From 22 April to 22 May 1997 the first expedition to the CASES\nsite was made by boundary layer and radar meteorology scientists\nfrom Universities and government laboratories. For further\ninformation on the CASES site, collaborators, and philosophy,\nplease contact the CASES website,\n'http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/cases'. The broad objectives of the\nexpedition were two-fold: a) observe and model the effects of\nsoil moisture on the fair weather boundary layer's diurnal cycle\nand b) Begin a determination of the relationship between S-band\npolarized radar signals, NEXRAD radar signals, and observed\nrainfall. The two objectives covered most of the weather events\nthat occurred during the expedition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0594909-eb12-46a8-89e0-2a83a9a1ad25", - "label": "ACSOE-EAE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Eastern Atlantic Experiment was a part of the Marine Aerosol and\nGas Exchange (MAGE) component of the Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in\nthe Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) project.\n\nThe aims of the experiment were:\n\nTo quantify input of DMS into a parcel of air\n\nTo examine the oxidation of DMS and its reaction with nitrogen species\nwith time\n\nTo investigate the formation of new particles as a result of these\ntransformations\n\nTo discriminate between the natural and anthropogenic fractions of\nsulphur and nitrogen using isotopic measurements\n\nThe experiment included two campaigns in the spring seasons of 1996\nand 1997, each of which incorporated three elements:\n\nA land-based site at Mace Head (at the seaward end of Galway Bay)\nA research vessel operating off the west coast of Ireland (RRS Challenger)\n\nResearch aircraft overflights to link shipborne and land-based measurements\n\nThe primary measurements made during the campaigns were concentrations\nof DMS in the atmosphere and the water column, but a wide range of\nadditional measurements were made including:\n\nAtmospheric ozone and nitrogen species\nAtmospheric particulates and their chemistry\nAtmospheric nitrogen and sulphur isotopic composition\nOceanic temperature, salinity, attenuance and chlorophyll\nMeteorology\n\nThe fieldwork was supported by modelling work with a zero-dimensional\ntime-dependent photochemical box model of an air mass in the marine\nboundary layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0b1c9c2-06b1-46c3-8b49-2ff046ed7496", - "label": "ALOS Science Project", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Science Project", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0f41a60-ce82-4cf4-87b4-e96087ffcd5e", - "label": "ADEOS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1dda0a8-4566-4190-85b1-11bac7014916", - "label": "CERDP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The objectives of the Compost/Erosion Research and Demonstration\nProject (CERDP) are:\n\n1. Measure and compare the quantity and quality of roadside vegetation\n(grasses) grown on conventionally treated roadway foreslopes with\nvegetation produced on foreslopes amended with various levels of\nthree types of composted organics produced in Iowa.\n\n2. Measure and compare soil characteristics, runoff quantity, and\nsoil erosion occurring on conventionally-treated roadway foreslopes\nwith that occurring on foreslopes treated with composted organics.\n\n3. Use field measurements of soil erosion to calculate interrill and\nrill soil erodibility factors that can be used with the USDA Water\nErosion Prediction Program to model and predict the effects of compost.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ae.iastate.edu/compost/'\n\n[Summary provided by Iowa State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f29edfc7-da20-4182-8de7-3aab592f3e5b", - "label": "CEFA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CEFA is an acronym for the Program for Climate, Ecosystem and Fire\nApplications. It was formed on October 1, 1998 through an assistance\nagreement between the Bureau of Land Management Nevada State Office\nand the Desert Research Institute (DRI). As of November 2000, a new\n5-year assistance agreement was signed with the BLM national Office of\nFire and Aviation to continue basic climate studies and product\ndevelopment for fire managment at the national level. CEFA resides\nwithin the Division of Atmospheric Sciences of DRI, and works closely\nwith the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). The primary functions\nof CEFA are:\n\n1.Perform studies and applied research to improve the understanding of\n relationships between climate, weather, fire and natural resources.\n\n2.Serve as a liaison between the decision-maker (user) and the\n scientific research community by providing product training,\n education, assisting in technology transfer, and eliciting user\n feedback.\n\n3.Improve operational fire weather forecasting and smoke prediction\n using new knowledge of climate and meteorology.\n\n4.Provide a source for fire, ecosystem and related climate information.\n\n5.Provide a human dimensions component including risk, impacts, hazard\n assessment.\n\n6.Develop decision-support tools for fire applications.\n\n7.Provide a societal interactions component.\n\n8.Provide climate and weather information directly for fire and\n ecosystem decision-making and strategic planning\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cefa.dri.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3132ae1-d6a1-4c89-9d45-b67caa30d7ef", - "label": "CISNET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This project is part of a nationwide project cooperatively funded by\nEPA, NOAA and NASA, termed 'CISNet' (Coastal Intensive Site\nNetwork).\n\nThe objects of CISNet are:\n\nTo develop a sound scientific basis for understanding ecological\nresponses to anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments.\n\nTo demonstrate the usefulness of a set of intensively monitored sites\nfor examining short-term variability in long-term trend behavior in\nthe relationships between changes in environmental stressors.\n\nTo provide intensively monitored sites for development and evaluation\nof change in coastal systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f31cd204-a612-4edf-a44b-a7cdc318c025", - "label": "ALIVE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ALIVE I-V was a series of five experiments conducted in\ncollaboration with the U.S. Army at White Sands, New Mexico.\nData measuring the concentration of atmospheric aerosols were\nreceived from a NOAA King Air aircraft and used to calibrate\nand test Army lidar.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f32d0982-79c6-4e26-b967-1db1dbddf592", - "label": "AIRMSPI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Airborne Multi-angle Spectro Polarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) is an airborne prototype instrument similar to that of the future satellite-borne MSPI instrument for obtaining multi-angle polarization imagery. AirMSPI flies on the NASA-owned ER-2 aircraft. The instrument was built for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\n\nMore information is available at: \nhttp://airbornescience.jpl.nasa.gov/instruments/airmspi/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f47c03be-9bc0-4b8b-aa38-89dbac684c26", - "label": "ADEOS-2", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f484e5fa-dfc7-4963-b098-5b5e3ed2d61f", - "label": "BALANS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Land Cover Information for the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin\n(BALANS) developed a seamless, homogeneous land cover database\nfor the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin, based upon medium-resolution\nsatellite data. 'Medium resolution' satellites provide\nappropriate datasets for mapping very large areas. Their\nmultispectral (i.e. colour) images each cover from 350,000 km2\nto over 600,000 km2, and yet show features smaller than 200\nmetres. By joining several such images together, land cover can\nbe mapped consistently over huge areas. The satellite-based\napproach provides a realistic opportunity to produce land cover\ninformation for the entire Baltic Sea Drainage Basin. Such\nspatially and thematically detailed, update-able and\ncost-effective data is of interest to many users.\n\nThe BALANS database provides a spatial resolution of 150 metres,\nand provides land cover information in several general, as well\nas in some more detailed classes. Currently, the basic database\nhas been established and a number of products can be derived to\nmeet users' specific needs for given geographical areas, data\nformats (raster or vector), spatial resolution/scale, and\nclassification schemes. A generalised version of the database is\nfreely available, including the land cover classes Artificial\nsurfaces, Forest, Water, Wetlands, Snow/ice and other open\nland. The minimum mapping unit is 10 hectares for water and 25\nhectares for the remaining classes. This demonstration database\ncan be downloaded from the page 'Download demo data', accessible\nvia the listbox in the upper right corner.\n\nThe original database has more detailed classes and a minimum\nmapping unit of 150x150 metres. To buy this high-resolution\nversion, please turn to 'Contact expert' via the listbox and\nsend us an E-mail from there.\n\nThe BALANS project was selected for financing by the European\nCommission within the 4th Framework Programme. The 2.5 year\nproject finished in August 2001. The project team was led by\nMetria Milj?analys, in collaboration with Finnish Environment\nInstitute, Novosat Oy, GRID-Arendal, GRID-Warsaw and Swedish\nMeteorological and Hydrological Institute.\n\nAdditional information available at\n\n'http://www.lantmateriet.se/ramset.asp?rest=/cms/niva3.asp?produkt='\nENPJ8'&pg_kod=5B&pg_namn=Fj?rranalys_och_visualisering/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f60500e9-5fdc-4423-843a-03c69be84794", - "label": "CLIMPROB", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ClimProb is a java based climate analysis application which has a variety of\ntools available to view and examine weather related data sets. Users define a\ntime period from a choice of over 800 stations located throughout the United\nStates. Once the user has chosen a state and station to analyze, the time\nperiod of interest is defined. The user then selects a type ... of analyses to be performed: temperature, precipitation, or degree days. From the user specified information, Climprob produces a table with the left side showing a\nchronological series of values and the right side showing a probability\ndistribution of the data. The bottom of the tables also show the mean value of\nthe data, the standard deviation, the slope, and the intercept of the data.\nOnce a table of data has been generated, ClimProb can graphically display the\ndata. Data can be displayed in three types of graphs at the users discretion:\na time series, a probability distribution, or a histogram.\n\nThe web site also includes links to a variety of classroom lessons that\nincorporate the use of ClimProb. The lessons were developed by K-16 teachers\nand have been partitioned into elementary, middle, and college-level\nactivities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f667780f-c108-4e70-9c75-eb46f3668620", - "label": "ACSOE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Eastern Atlantic Experiment was a part of the Marine Aerosol and\nGas Exchange (MAGE) component of the Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in\nthe Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) project.\n\nThe aims of the experiment were:\n\nTo quantify input of DMS into a parcel of air\n\nTo examine the oxidation of DMS and its reaction with nitrogen species\nwith time\n\nTo investigate the formation of new particles as a result of these\ntransformations\n\nTo discriminate between the natural and anthropogenic fractions ofA\nresearch vessel operating off the west coast of Ireland (RRS\nChallenger)\n\nResearch aircraft overflights to link shipborne and land-based measurements.\n\nThe primary measurements made during the campaigns were concentrations\nof DMS in the atmosphere and the water column, but a wide range of\nadditional measurements were made including:\n\nAtmospheric ozone and nitrogen species\nAtmospheric particulates and their chemistry\nAtmospheric nitrogen and sulphur isotopic composition\nOceanic temperature, salinity, attenuance and chlorophyll\nMeteorology\n\nThe fieldwork was supported by modelling work with a zero-dimensional\ntime-dependent photochemical box model of an air mass in the marine\nboundary layer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6ee137c-80ea-4ca3-85d3-21d331671a98", - "label": "ARD", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ARD\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=411\n\n\nThe purposes of the project are to employ existing and new data and information to describe and analyse,\ni) onshore and offshore mineral and biological resources in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic from northern Norway and the Kola Peninsula in the west to the Bering Strait in the east,\nii) existing and planned economic and commercial activities based on the resources,\niii) environmental, infrastructural, economic, social, and institutional factors and conditions of importance to the exploitation of the resources and to particular types of business and investment opportunities, and\niv) within a paradigm of sustainable development, create plausible scenarios of social, economic, and commercial trends over the next 10-20 and 20-40 years. \n\nThe overall aim is to, \nproduce a source of data, information, and analyses about the natural resources of the northern and Arctic parts of Norway and Russia that is unique and will be judged to be the obvious first choice of consultation for investment information and opportunities by state and private companies and organizations in Norway, Russia, and elsewhere. \n\nThe project has five sections. \nSection 1 will consist of the most comprehensive description of mineral and biological resources and activites based on them so far undertaken.\nSection 2 will give an exhaustive account of infrastruture, especially transportation, communication, and logistical factors.\nSection 3 will concentrate on environmental factors, challenges, and conditions adverse or conducive to sustainable exploitation of the natural resources.\nSection 4 will describe and analyse economic, social, legal, and institutional factors that in various ways will affect the viability of economic and commercial activities.\nSection 5 will build on and draw together the results of the previous sections to make scenarios of sustainable development in the regions over the next 10-20 and 20-40 years. \n\nThe implementation of the project will proceed in two phases. The first will cover northern and Arctic Norway and northwest Russia, defined as the Murmansk Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, the Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Republic of Komi, the Nenets Autonomous Akrug, and the Barents, White, Pechora, and Kara Seas. This phase will last from May 2006 to April 2008.\nThe second phase, covering the Russian Arctic from the Urals to the Bering Strait, will commence immediately upon the completion of the first phase and will last another two years. \n\nNorthwards the area covered by the project has a natural limit given by the summer time sea-ice edge, including the Northern Sea Route to the Bering Strait. Onshore the project will cover areas to the south where resources are recoverable and accessible by reasonable means of transport. This will include areas along some of the major waterways and rivers in both countries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f71a35d6-ebb6-471b-8d3e-572a59cd8d95", - "label": "CFRP III", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Australian Cold Front Research Project (CFRP) Phase III case\nstudy focused on a cool change passage that took place over the\nsouth coast of Australia (approximate area 47S-27S latitude,\n125E-157E longitude) over the time period November 17-19, 1984.\n\nView data, images, and animations at\n'http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/projects/gewex-wg3.html#cfrp3'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f75bc31f-afda-45f4-bc90-226b7b0ee818", - "label": "BIOTAS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The BIOTAS Programme was established in the late 1980's to coordinate\nterrestrial, limnological and littoral biological and related\nenvironmental research in the Antarctic. BIOTAS is a body of\ninteracting scientists with common interests and goals who exchange\nideas and information to ensure awareness of current and proposed\nresearch. This is to help maximise the value of their own research and\nto minimise the duplication of effort and the wasting of resources.\n\nThe objectives of BIOTAS include the encouragement of collaboration\nand, where desirable, replication of research studies using\nstandardised procedures. Also, to encourage research studies to follow\na more unified approach, so that national programmes may complement\neach other and permit a more valid comparison of data between\nlocalities and systems. To facilitate this, BIOTAS has produced a\nmanual of methods to aid standardisation and inter-comparability\n(Wynn-Williams, 1992). As yet, there is no computer network linking\nmembers of BIOTAS. However, the Microbial Strain Data Network is\nalready used by the British Antarctic Survey to hold data on microbial\ncultures and its use may well be extended to include other data sets\nof relevance to BIOTAS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f797f237-8afc-436b-8836-13481dfe0fd4", - "label": "ARTEMIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Programme Description:\n----------------------\nARTEMIS (Africa Real Time Environmental Monitoring Using Imaging Satellites) is\nan operational environmental monitoring program of the United Nations Food and\nAgricultural Organisation. It provides real and near-real time precipitation\nand vegetation assessment for Africa, the Near East and southwest Asia based on\nthe integrated use of high frequency Meteosat and NOAA AVHRR data. ARTEMIS was\ndesigned and implemented for FAO by the National Aerospace Laboratory of the\nNetherlands, in co-operation with Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA) and the\nBritish Universities of Bristol and Reading. ARTEMIS became operational (at\nthe FAO Remote Sensing Centre, Rome) during August 1988.\nARTEMIS was developed to improve the supply of information on growing\nconditions for the FAO Global Information and Early Warning System\n(GIEWS) and Emergency Centre for Locust Operations (ECLO). However,\nARTEMIS data are now, more and more, provided to users involved in\nearly warning for food security and desert locust control at the\nregional and national levels in Africa. The ARTEMIS products are\ndistributed to its users on colour hardcopies, IBM-PC compatible\ndiskettes, tapes and as point-listing using mail, pouch and courier\nservices. In addition, FAO and the European Space Agency (ESA) are\ncollaborating to develop a dedicated satellite communications system,\nDIANA (Data and Information Available Now in Africa), which will\nenable high speed digital dissemination of ARTEMIS products, and other\ninformation, to remote stations in Africa.\nDatabases and Products:\n-----------------------\nARTEMIS uses the following reference databases:\n1. Geographic -\n CIA World Database I (coastlines, country boundaries and major rivers);\n2. Agroclimatological -\n mean annual/mean monthly rainfall, and 10-day potential evapotranspiration\n (PET) for Africa (based on published FAO agroclimatological records);\n3. Desert Locust Habitat -\n 5-class ranking of potential desert locust habitats in the recession area of\n West Africa (in preparation, based on unpublished data).\nARTEMIS produces the following operational databases:\n1. Cold Cloud Duration (operational) -\n 10-day and monthly cumulative raincloud duration data for Africa and the\n Near East (derived from hourly Meteosat Primary Data User Station data).\n Produced continuously since the third dekad of August, 1988;\n2. Number of Rainfall Days (operational) -\n Total number of raindays during 10-day and monthly periods, for Africa and\n the Near East (derived form Meteosat Primary Data User Station data).\n Produced continuously since the third dekad of August, 1988;\n3. Estimated Rainfall (operational) -\n 10-day and monthly rainfall (mm) for Africa (Sahelian-Sudanian zone) based\n on a regression between cold cloud duration (derived from Meteosat Primary\n Data User Station data and observed rainfall). Produced continuously since\n the third dekad of August, 1988;\n4. NOAA Vegetation Index (NDVI) (operational) -\n 10-day and monthly composite vegetation index data for Africa, the Near East\n and southwest Asia. Data for Africa available from 1982 onwards. Historical\n data for other regions are being prepared;\n5. Crop Moisture Availability (experimental) -\n Water balance data on 10-day basis for Africa (Sahelian-Sudanian zone) using\n a simple waterbalance method based on 'Estimated Rainfall data', and fixed\n crop coefficient and soil water holding capacity parameters;\n6. Monthly Rainfall Anomalies (experimental) -\n Monthly rainfall anomaly data for West Africa obtained through comparison of\n monthly estimated rainfall (i.e. 'Estimated Rainfall' data) with the\n long-term norm (i.e. 'Agroclimatological' data);\n7. Potential Breeding Activity Factor (experimental) -\n Desert locust potential breeding activity derived from 'Desert Locust\n Habitat' data and data from the operational NDVI database.\nAll ARTEMIS products are available in a common geographic projection\n(Hammer-Aitoff equal area projection, at a spatial resolution of 7.6 km), in\neither photographic or digital format (digital image size roughly 2.6 Mb).\nProgramme Contact:\n------------------\n Jelle U. Hielkema\n Environmental Monitoring Group,\n Remote Sensing Centre (AGRT),\n Food and Agricultural Organisation,\n United Nations,\n Rome, Italy\n Telephone: +39 6 5797 1\n Facsimile: +39 6 5797 3152 or 5782610\nReference:\n----------\nHielkama, J.U., 1990, Operational satellite environmental monitoring for food\nsecurity by FAO: The ARTEMIS System. In Remote Sensing and the Earth's\nEnvironment, ESA SP-301, 125-134.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f864e69a-e459-4c58-b410-351eccc8705a", - "label": "ARCSS/LAII/FLUX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and energy balance were made using chamber-, tower-, and aircraft-based measurement techniques in Alaskan arctic tundra ecosystems during the 1994-1995 growing seasons (June–August). One of our objectives was to quantify the interrelationships between the NEE and the energy balance measurements made from different sampling techniques. Qualitative and quantitative intercomparisons revealed that on average the correspondence between the mass and energy fluxes measured by these sampling methods was good despite potential spatial and temporal mismatches in sampling scale. Quantitative comparisons using least squares linear regression analyses with the tower-based measurements of NEE as the independent variable indicate that the chamber- and aircraft-based NEE measurements were generally lower relative to the tower-based measurements (slope=0.76–0.86). Similarly, tower-aircraft comparisons of latent (Le) and sensible (H) heat exchange indicated that the aircraft-based measurements were lower than the tower-based measurements (slope=0.72–0.80). Qualitative comparisons, however, indicate that the correspondence among the chamber-, tower-, and aircraft-measured fluxes varied both seasonally and interannually, suggesting the lack of a consistent bias between the sampling techniques. The results suggest that differences observed between the chamber, tower, and aircraft flux measurements were primarily due to the failure to account for the spatial distribution of surface types in the tower and aircraft sampling footprint, problems involved in the comparison of temporal and spatial averages, and temporal (e.g., seasonal and interannual) variance in rates of mass and energy flux for a given point. Other potential sources of variance include the underestimation of nocturnal NEE by the tower-based eddy covariance system, and the periodic occurrence of an elevated CO2 plume in the atmosphere over the Prudhoe Bay oil field. Even with these potential sources of variation, the results reveal that the various methods give comparable estimates of NEE and energy flux within a range of temporal or spatial variability.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1998/1998JD200015.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8d84499-2368-42d5-8def-df8b8c81725e", - "label": "CIESIN/TSUNAMI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9fd6f89-9a67-4ece-9514-3803e7787520", - "label": "ARGO", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ARGO is a broad-scale global array of temperature/salinity profiling\nfloats, known as Argo, is planned as a major component of the ocean\nobserving system. Deployment began in 2000. Conceptually, Argo builds\non the existing upper-ocean thermal networks, extending their spatial\nand temporal coverage, depth range and accuracy, and enhancing them\nthrough addition of salinity and velocity measurements. The name Argo\nis chosen to emphasize the strong complementary relationship of the\nglobal float array with the Jason altimeter mission. For the first\ntime, the physical state of the upper ocean will be systematically\nmeasured and assimilated in near real-time.\n\nObjectives of Argo fall into several categories. Argo will provide a\nquantitative description of the evolving state of the upper ocean and\nthe patterns of ocean climate variability, including heat and\nfreshwater storage and transport. The data will enhance the value of\nthe Jason altimeter through measurement of subsurface vertical\nstructure (T(z), S(z)) and reference velocity, with sufficient\ncoverage and resolution for interpretation of altimetric sea surface\nheight variability. Argo data will be used for initialization of\nocean and coupled forecast models, data assimilation and dynamical\nmodel testing. A primary focus of Argo is seasonal to decadal climate\nvariability and predictability, but a wide range of applications for\nhigh-quality global ocean analyses is anticipated.\n\nThe initial design of the Argo network is based on experience from the\npresent observing system, on newly gained knowledge of variability\nfrom the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter, and on estimated requirements for\nclimate and high-resolution ocean models. Argo will provide 100,000\nT/S profiles and reference velocity measurements per year from about\n3000 floats distributed over the global oceans at 3-degree spacing.\nFloats will cycle to 2000 m depth every 10 days, with a 4-5 year\nlifetime for individual instruments. All Argo data will be publicly\navailable in near real-time via the GTS, and in scientifically\nquality-controlled form with a few months delay. Global coverage\nshould be achieved during the Global Ocean Data Assimilation\nExperiment, which together with CLIVAR and GCOS/GOOS, provide the\nmajor scientific and operational impetus for Argo. The design\nemphasizes the need to integrate Argo within the overall framework of\nthe global ocean observing system.\n\nInternational planning for Argo, including sampling and technical\nissues, is coordinated by the Argo Science Team. Nations presently\nhaving Argo plans that include float procurement or production include\nAustralia, Canada, France, Japan, U.K., and U.S.A., plus a European\nUnion proposal. Combined deployments from these nations are expected\nto exceed 700 floats per year by 2002. Broad participation in Argo by\nmany nations is anticipated and encouraged either through float\nprocurement, logistical support for float deployment, or through\nanalysis and assimilation of Argo data.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa3ac5f0-614d-4a08-8eca-f1ce3cf3090c", - "label": "ARCDIV.NET", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: ARCDIV NET\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=72\n\nThe Network for Arctic Climate and Biological Diversity Studies (ARCDIV) is a multidisciplinary research cluster under the International Polar Year (IPY 2007-2008), seeking to explore the diversity of climates and ecosystems at landscape scale within the Arctic region, by integrating historical, existing and new intense measurements of key physical and biological variables and processes at multiple Arctic observational sites.\n\nRationale: The recently published Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) presents detailed information of the significant contemporary changes in regional variability and trends of climate and ecosystems in the Arctic, with important coupling and feedback mechanisms to the global climate system. The ARCDIV cluster will establish several reference areas in the Arctic, equipped with permanent long-term and new intense campaign based measurements of physical and biological parameters on various temporal and spatial scales, with the aim to resolve the variability of climate and biological diversity on landscape and regional scales around the Arctic. These new observations will be held against data from long-term climate monitoring and experimentally manipulated plots. This is a new frontier for climate change and ecosystem interaction studies aiming at understanding small-scale physical and biological variability in time and space and their links to the large-scale regional climate variability and trend patterns with relation to global climate change.\n\nScientific Content: Multidisciplinary research groups will set up coordinated and intense atmospheric/terrestrial measurement systems and field observations at the different reference sites, integrating the following scientific themes and activities on the basis of variable geometry:\n\n· Physical observations: Meteorological synoptic and automatic weather stations, micrometeorological measurements, radiosondes, UAV and sodar profiling of the ABL, atmospheric radiation including UV, surface radiation budget, regional spectral albedo on land and sea ice, surface energy balance, snow/ice distribution, hydrology, geochemistry, wetland methane fluxes, arrays of temperature loggers and freeze-thawing events.\n\n· Biological observations: Vegetation monitoring and mapping, cryobiology, alpha/beta and genetic diversity, nutrient and carbon cycling/sequestration, microbial communities in soil and freshwater, trophic interactions and structure, predator-prey systems, herbivory, stress parameters, structure and function of ecosystems and colonization.\n\n· Models/Integration: Physical, atmospheric circulation, landscape and radiation transfer models will be used together with the intense physical observations to describe the local abiotic environmental variability and its relation to the regional atmospheric circulation. GIS-systems will assist sampling and integrated analysis of the physical and biological parameters. Remote sensing will be used for extraction of physical and biological parameters at the reference sites. Multi-scale statistical methods will be used for integrated analysis, including the possible projection of future changes.\n\n-Cluster components: This multidisciplinary initiative cluster a coherent set of EOI's for the purpose of coordinating the many complementary research groups of different disciplines and nationalities that are active at various sites/stations in the Arctic, studying different aspects of climate and biological diversity. The added value for all partners is to get access to data relevant for own studies and the total integration of physical and biological knowledge in order to address the complex interaction mechanisms between abiotic and biotic parameters involving small and regional scales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fac9a08e-22b7-48dc-bff9-60e9156ba0eb", - "label": "AMBS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Antarctic Multibeam Bathymetry and Geophysical Data S ynthesis (AMBS) delivers shaded relief maps, bathymetry grids, multibeam bathymetry field data and other geophysical data from the Southern Ocean, primarily collected with the R/V N. B. Palmer. This effort initiated in 2003 with support of the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation. To learn more view the R/V Palmer Data Acquisition Status Report, read other Project Related Documents, see what's new and explore Antarctic Related web links.\n\nAntarcticMBS currently provides access to multibeam bathymetry and trackline geophysical data from 75% of all multibeam expeditions of the R/V Palmer within the Southern Ocean.\n\nThis summary is from http://www.marine-geo.org/antarctic/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb01344f-5a68-41e6-b75c-37ffb8d78a58", - "label": "ACE-ASIA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE) are designed to increase our understanding of how atmospheric aerosol particles affect the Earth's climate system. ACE-Asia was the fourth in this series of experiments organized by the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Program (A Core Project of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program). \n\nACE-Asia took place during the spring of 2001 (schedule) off the coast of China, Japan and Korea (map). The ACE-Asia region includes many types of aerosol particles of widely varying composition and size derived from one of the largest aerosol source regions on Earth. These particles include those emitted by human activities and industrial sources, as well as wind-blown dust. Results from ACE-Asia have improved our understanding of how atmospheric aerosols influence the chemical and radiative properties of the Earth’s atmosphere. Specifically: \n\nThe dust we can observe by satellite, transported half way around the globe, is not just dust, it is dust mixed with pollution. Air pollution changes dust aerosols in many ways, adding black carbon, toxic materials, and acidic gases to the mineral particles. Atmospheric chemistry and its impact on air quality and climate change are truly global issues. \n \nWe can not measure dust in one region and assume that dust everywhere around the Earth has the same impact on climate. The dust that is transported from East Asia to the Pacific does not absorb as much light as the dark aerosol from South Asia or some previous measurements of dust from the Sahara Desert. There are dramatic regional differences in the chemical and optical properties of aerosols. \n \nCombining ACE-Asia suborbital and satellite measurements yields monthly average (April 2001) cloud-free aerosol radiative forcing at the surface exceeding -30 W m-2 in a plume covering the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan and region downwind of Japan. \n\nThis summary is from http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/Field/aceasia/ACEAsiaDescription.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc324e61-d5fd-4fa9-9bab-54777307a607", - "label": "ATOST", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic-THORPEX Observing System Test (Atlantic - TOST) is planned as a field campaign to make a significant contribution towards this common goal. The primary aim of the Atlantic TOST is to test the real-time quasi operational targeting of observations using a number of platforms (including AMDAR, ASAP ships, extra radiosonde ascents, research aircraft and meteorological satellites). To do this, it is necessary to identify suitable cases for targeting, provide information on the location of sensitive areas, and have the facilities to control each observing system at short notice. The Atlantic TOST will be the first time that the real-time adaptive control of such a complex set of observing platforms has been attempted. It is considered to be an essential preparation or proof of concept for future targeting field campaigns. Additional scientific objectives of the Atlantic TOST will contribute to the understanding of the location and predictability of sensitive areas and the impact of targeted observations on forecast performance (and the benefit of potential new observing platforms).\n\nInformation is taken from http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/arep/thorpex/atlantic_ob_system.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc4524ac-aae5-42d3-95f7-154ff353a168", - "label": "AICI-IPY", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The polar atmosphere is often considered both pristine and simple. However, there is a strong dynamic between the lower atmosphere and ice surfaces. Over the polar plateau, production in the snowpack controls the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Halogen chemistry over the sea ice zone depletes boundary layer ozone, and causes mercury deposition. Persistent organic compounds undergo a distillation which leads to their deposition in polar regions. Biochemical processes in open leads play a major role in formation of cloud condensation (CCN) and ice forming nuclei (IFN), and through cloud formation this process may play a vital role in ice-albedo climate feedbacks.\nThe IGBP projects, IGAC and SOLAS, have jointly endorsed a task, “Air-Ice Chemical Interactions”, to determine the importance of these processes, and assess how they would alter with a warming climate and shrinking cryosphere. IPY offers a unique opportunity to determine the spatio-temporal pattern of chemistry and processes from the ice surface through the boundary layer, including cloud formation, by linking various field activities carried out in the same year. AICI-IPY will provide an overall framework, arrange supporting laboratory and modelling studies and integration of remote sensing data, and organise synthesis meetings. This work will support and link these more focussed field activities:\nPolar plateau intensives: studying the influence of the snowpack, and boundary layer structure, by measuring concentrations, fluxes and processes at sites with different characteristics. Summit, Greenland has a long pedigree in air-snow studies, and this will be extended under AICI-IPY. The ANTCI group at South Pole expect to carry out further campaigns in IPY. AICI-IPY scientists will aim to add activities at Concordia (Antarctica).\nThe Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS) will focus on the processes that control boundary layer clouds north of 80ºN, looking at CCN, IFN, and investigating marine biochemical and boundary layer meteorological processes that control their numbers. ASCOS expects to use the Swedish icebreaker, drifting from North Pole during summer 2007, and this will provide opportunities for synergy with other parts of AICI and related projects.\nIn the sea ice zone, both Arctic and Antarctic studies of gas phase chemistry are planned. The Arctic studies will mainly be hosted by the related project, OASIS (Ocean-Air-Sea Ice-Snow Interactions – EoI 344). OASIS contains ambitions both wider (biogeochemistry) and narrower (Arctic ocean/coast) than AICI, and will submit a separate detailed plan to IPY. POLARCAT (EoI 244) will provide some vertical context in the Arctic through aircraft campaign. Counterpart Antarctic coastal studies are already planned in Dronning Maud Land.\nTo provide an overall context for the intensive campaigns, AICI-IPY will determine the year-round spatial distribution of at least that most important molecule, ozone, in the boundary layer. No picture exists of the scale of ozone production and depletion, and its concentration in the boundary layer is not amenable to satellite observations. This work will link other AICI studies, using sensors deployed on autonomous platforms and buoys. AICI will coordinate individual polar operators to fill gaps on the map in the Antarctic and over Arctic land, while OASIS will cover parts of the Arctic Ocean.\n\nInformation provided http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=20", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc98fe19-b93e-475e-b932-96ae84469f0a", - "label": "CRIPA (FINNARP)", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd6f46d4-1406-4f46-8dfd-93750560a59a", - "label": "BPL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: RadTrace\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=443\n\nRadionuclides can serve as valuable tracers of atmospheric and terrestrial transport processes, which will be altered by changing climate patterns. This project is anchored in the existing Health Canada radiological monitoring network operated throughout Canada. The network includes seven Arctic sites equipped with high volume samplers for airborne particulates. Two of these sites are also equipped for noble gas collection and one site is equipped with a continuous gamma radiation monitor. In addition to the primary functions of supporting of the Canadian Federal Nuclear Emergency Plan and the international Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the network provides regular measurements of a wide range of naturally-occurring radionuclide concentrations in air. Heavy metals and some organic compounds will also be measured in airborne particulates collected by the air samplers. An archive of air filters extending back to the early 1970s will allow the elucidation of time trends in these contaminants. The Health Canada air monitoring network covers an area extending from 55o to 83o North Latitude and 60o to 135o West Longitude, representing a large fraction of the entire land mass in the North polar region. \n\nData from the Canadian network will supplemented with similar data collected by collaborators in other countries notably Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. Ground-based sample collections will also be carried out in the Canadian north to gain a better understanding of the deposition of atmospheric contaminants and their movement through food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe objectives of this project are:\n-Establish an international database for sharing data between monitoring networks in collaborating countries.\n-Develop and extend atmospheric transport models to trace the movement of radionuclides and other contaminants from sources in temperate zones to remote Arctic locations\n-Demonstrate changing trends in atmospheric circulation to the Arctic and within the Arctic by using these contaminants as tracers of atmospheric processes. \n-Document changes in soil gas emanation due to changing permafrost conditions.\n-Examine the link between climate change and forest fires in the north\n-Contribute to an understanding of ozone depletion in the stratosphere and ozone chemistry at ground level.\n-Assess the impact of these changes on the movement of contaminants through Arctic ecosystems and particularly in food chains leading to humans.\n\nThe following ongoing and future studies will be carried out with the aid of air monitoring networks for radionuclides and other contaminants:\n-A study carried out in collaboration with Meteorological Services of Canada has traced the movement of iodine-129 from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities in Siberia to remote locations in the Canadian Arctic. \n-Radioxenon from the reactor belt in eastern North America has been traced to Yellowknife, NWT. Measurements will be extended to include the long-lived krypton-85, a waste product from nuclear fuel reprocessing, in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions.\n-Cesium-137 released from wood-burning in distant forest fires has been detected at the Yellowknife location. Levoglucosan, a combustion product from forest fires, will also be measured on archived air filters to provide an historical record of forest fire effects. \n-Measurements of uranium, radium, lead-210, and potassium-40, and total dust loading will give information on intercontinental dust transport.\n-The short-lived radon and thoron decay products (lead-212, bismuth-214) are indicative of local emanations of soil gas and will be used to study changing permafrost conditions. \n-The beryllium isotopes (Be-7 and Be-10) are produced by cosmic irradiation of air molecules in the stratosphere. Their abundances and ratios at the earth's surface give information on exchanges of air masses between the stratosphere and troposphere, which are vulnerable to changing climate conditions.\n-Measurements of heavy metals (e.g., Hg, Cd) and selected organic compounds will extend the range of sources and pathways that can be studied and will aid in the understanding of atmospheric chemistry processes in the Arctic. \n\nDetails are still being worked out on the ground based studies. They will include collections of precipitation, soil, lichens, and higher plants to track the deposition of airborne contaminants and their movement through the food chain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd88f6ab-af8a-4bb2-852b-5abc779f991d", - "label": "AICI", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Short Title: AICI-IPY\nProject URL: http://www.esei.purdue.edu/aici/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=20\n\nThe polar atmosphere is often considered both pristine and simple. However, there is a strong dynamic between the lower atmosphere and ice surfaces. Over the polar plateau, production in the snowpack controls the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Halogen chemistry over the sea ice zone depletes boundary layer ozone, and causes mercury deposition. Persistent organic compounds undergo a distillation which leads to their deposition in polar regions. Biochemical processes in open leads play a major role in formation of cloud condensation (CCN) and ice forming nuclei (IFN), and through cloud formation this process may play a vital role in ice-albedo climate feedbacks.\n\nThe IGBP projects, IGAC and SOLAS, have jointly endorsed a task, “Air-Ice Chemical Interactions”, to determine the importance of these processes, and assess how they would alter with a warming climate and shrinking cryosphere. \n\nIPY offers a unique opportunity to determine the spatio-temporal pattern of chemistry and processes from the ice surface through the boundary layer, including cloud formation, by linking various field activities carried out in the same year. AICI-IPY will provide an overall framework, arrange supporting laboratory and modeling studies and integration of remote sensing data, and organise synthesis meetings. This work will support and link these more focused field activities:\n\nPolar plateau intensives: studying the influence of the snowpack, and boundary layer structure, by measuring concentrations, fluxes and processes at sites with different characteristics. Summit, Greenland has a long pedigree in air-snow studies, and this will be extended under AICI-IPY. The ANTCI group at South Pole expect to carry out further campaigns in IPY. AICI-IPY scientists will aim to add activities at Concordia (Antarctica). The Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS) will focus on the processes that control boundary layer clouds north of 80ºN, looking at CCN, IFN, and investigating marine biochemical and boundary layer meteorological processes that control their numbers. ASCOS expects to use the Swedish icebreaker, drifting from North Pole during summer 2007, and this will provide opportunities for synergy with other parts of AICI and related projects.\n\nIn the sea ice zone, both Arctic and Antarctic studies of gas phase chemistry are planned. The Arctic studies will mainly be hosted by the related project, OASIS (Ocean-Air-Sea Ice-Snow Interactions – EoI 344). OASIS contains ambitions both wider (biogeochemistry) and narrower (Arctic ocean/coast) than AICI, and will submit a separate detailed plan to IPY. POLARCAT (EoI 244) will provide some vertical context in the Arctic through aircraft campaign. Counterpart Antarctic coastal studies are already planned in Dronning Maud Land.\n\nTo provide an overall context for the intensive campaigns, AICI-IPY will determine the year-round spatial distribution of at least that most important molecule, ozone, in the boundary layer. No picture exists of the scale of ozone production and depletion, and its concentration in the boundary layer is not amenable to satellite observations. This work will link other AICI studies, using sensors deployed on autonomous platforms and buoys. AICI will coordinate individual polar operators to fill gaps on the map in the Antarctic and over Arctic land, while OASIS will cover parts of the Arctic Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fde53d04-eb86-44a6-b0cc-e58b5d70190f", - "label": "ANSMET/NASA - NNX13AQ24G", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe0e72ea-1d70-43f5-85dc-096c94099264", - "label": "ARW/SJC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Air pollutants are associated with adverse respiratory effects mainly in susceptible groups. This study was designed to assess the impact of the ionic composition of particulate matter on asthmatic respiratory functions in São Paulo city.\n\nhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH3-4MMFVYD-5&_user=2429682&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000057245&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2429682&md5=6c6f8823dd38c87d80c65b438e89557c", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe2719de-c5c8-4ce6-8230-1d16c8155991", - "label": "ANTARCTIC SEA ICE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Sea ice thickness, combined with areal extent as the sea ice mass balance, is the principal response of climatic and oceanic interaction in the marine areas of Antarctica. A major thrust of the project is to obtain sea ice thickness, extent, and physical properties in order to characterize mechanisms of growth and decay and the roles of both the ocean and atmosphere in the sea ice annual cycle. Ice thickness data will be obtained by a variety of methods including visual and automatic camera ice observations from vessels, buoy arrays, airborne EM surveys, underice draft surveys using Autosub AUVs, satellite remote sensing and moored Upward Looking Sonar arrays. Establishment of a quantitative base for circumpolar ice thickness will allow for comparison to the ASPeCt ice thickness distribution derived from ship observations in the past and for future determinations of the thickness distribution that will be available from validated satellite altimetric observations. The Antarctic sea ice cover can then be quantitatively evaluated for response to global climate change in the future and these measurements, as the ice thickness baseline, will be a legacy of IPY. Comparisons of altimetric derived ice thicknesses with prior ship observations will provide ice thickness variability for a thirty year record in selected areas providing some possibility of interdecadal variability determination in sea ice thickness for the recent past as well. A new project from Finland, (S1FL), will contribute to the overall program by investigations of Sea Ice Mechanics and Modeling.\nFor the fast ice, a network of coastal stations, the Antarctic Fast Ice Network (277), is being established. As with the drifting pack, the response of the fast ice to changes in climate and oceanic influence will be monitored and understood with an array of stations to evaluate regional influences. Because of the access from the manned stations, a wider variety of through ice measurements and detailed structural analyses can be made on a year-round basis than for the drifting pack giving more detailed information. A variety of remote sensing data will also be used to map and characterize fast ice and ground stations will be used to provide validation for remote sensing.\nRemote sensing is a direct component of the lead project (270), to validate satellite altimetric measurements of Antarctic sea ice thickness. Two other projects are primarily remote sensing projects: Multi-frequency, multi-polarization helicopter-borne scatterometer measurements of sea ice radar backscatter'.(308), and a new project from Malaysia, (S2Malay), Polar Ice Monitoring and Parameter Retrieval with Microwave Remote Sensing. One focus of the first project will be on the investigation of the multi-frequency backscattering properties of thin ice, including an attempt to derive its thickness from these measurements and to map frost flowers. S2Malay will perform theoretical modelling and conduct its ground truth measurements on thick fast ice in association with the Antarctic Fast Ice Network(277).\nIn collaboration with the field work, modelling and remote sensing associated with ice thickness and physical properties measurements (9 eoi’s), three projects coordinated by BASICS(862) will conduct year-round studies of Antarctic sea ice physics, biogeochemistry and biology on drifting pack ice and fast ice to better understand and budget exchanges of energy and matter across ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interfaces. BASICS will quantify their potential impact on fluxes of climatically important gases (CO2, DMS) and carbon export to the deep ocean; the Study of Antarctic Sea Ice Ecosystems(818) will focus on the biology within sea ice and relationship to ice physical properties; while Carbon in Sea Ice (976) will provide coordination between the Antarctic and Arctic efforts to understand how sea ice biogeochemistry controls CO2 fluxes.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=141", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffdb1819-43ba-4307-80db-dae705f62a8d", - "label": "BASS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "BASS2000 is an archive of french ground-based solar data and is constituted of two components : in Meudon, on-line data catalogues provide daily all observations of the Meudon spectroheliograph, some data of the Nançay radioheliograph and of the total flux antenna, as well as a few images per day of the Pic du Midi coronograph. Processed data are also available (such as synoptic maps for example). In Tarbes, the catalogue of off-line data contains THEMIS data (spectropolarimeter &MTR& and spectro-imagery &MSDP&), all data from the Nançay radioheliograph (all frequencies, full cadence), some data of the L.J.R at the Pic ! du Midi, and a good part of data from the Pic du Midi coronagraph. \nIn addition to these solar data catalogues, BASS2000 provide other on-line services : informations about instruments and processing codes, including various information's for the preparation of observations (THEMIS), a bibliography, public outreach pages about solar physics and lists of useful links. \n\nThis information is taken from http://bass2000.obspm.fr/commun/pageac_ang.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0a48b3c-ab3d-4331-b992-367352d5c09c", - "label": "ACEPOL", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and Lidar (ACEPOL) campaignExternal Link ... will perform aerosol and cloud measurements over the USA from the NASA high altitude ER-2 aircraft using measurements from four spectro/photo polarimeters (RSP, AirMSPI, AirHARP, and AirSPEX) which differ in terms of spectral, angular, and spatial sampling. The measurements from these passive sensors will be complemented by measurements from active sensors (airborne HSRL-2 and CPL lidars).\n\nAdditional Information: https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/acepol/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b08576d5-6253-47de-a1b3-562808f3282f", - "label": "ACTIVATE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "NASA’s Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) project is a five-year project (January 2019 – December 2023) that will provide important globally-relevant data about changes in marine boundary layer cloud systems, atmospheric aerosols and multiple feedbacks that warm or cool the climate. Marine boundary layer clouds play a critical role in Earth’s energy balance and water cycle. ACTIVATE will study the atmosphere over the western North Atlantic Ocean and sample its broad range of aerosol, cloud and meteorological conditions using two aircraft based at NASA’s Langley Research Center. As an integral part of ACTIVATE, a suite of modeling tools and analysis techniques will be employed to inform preflight planning, perform data analysis, and climate model uncertainty quantification and improvement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e573a56-b485-4a7f-a652-6d941e7d0ce0", - "label": "CAMP2Ex", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex) is a response to the need to deconvolute the fields of tropical meteorology and aerosol science at the meso-b to cloud level. The NASA Earth Science Division will be operating NASA’s P-3 (tail number N426NA) research aircraft and the SPEC, Inc. Lear Jet 35A (tail number N474KA) out of Clark Airport in the Philippines during the period 20 August to 10 October 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "131f1025-4fea-44e3-accf-c68c758c570b", - "label": "Aeolus", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "ADM Aeolus, which launched Aug. 22, 2018, works by shooting laser beams in the ultraviolet wavelength down at the Earth. The scattered light that bounces back to the orbiting instrument allows it to 'see' atmospheric particles, aerosols and molecules as wind carries them through the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efdf69b0-1c39-4c83-aee5-bede2dc3eef5", - "label": "ATOMIC", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Saildrone is a wind and solar powered unmanned surface vehicle (USV) capable of long distance deployments lasting up to 12 months and providing high quality, near real-time, multivariate surface ocean and atmospheric observations while transiting at typical speeds of 3-5 knots. The drone is autonomous in that it may be guided remotely from land while being completely wind driven. The saildrone ATOMIC (Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign) campaign involved the deployment of a fleet of saildrones, jointly funded by NASA and NOAA, in the Atlantic waters offshore of Barbados over a 45 day period from 17 January to 2 March 2020. The goal was to understand the Ocean-Atmosphere interaction particularly over the mesoscale ocean eddies in that region. The saildrones were equipped with a suite of instruments that included a CTD, IR pyrometer, fluorometer, dissolved oxygen sensor, anemometer, barometer, and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Additionally, four temperature data loggers were positioned vertically along hull to provide further information on thermal variability near the ocean surface. This Saildrone ATOMIC dataset is comprised of two data files for each of the three NASA-funded saildrones deployed, one for the surface observations and one for the ADCP measuements. The surface data files contain saildrone platform telemetry and near-surface observational data (air temperature, sea surface skin and bulk temperatures, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll-a concentrations, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction) spanning the entire cruise at 1 minute temporal resolution. The ADCP files for each saildrone are at 5 minute resolution for the duration of the deployments. All data files are in netCDF format and CF/ACDD compliant consistent with the NOAA/NCEI specification.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ec94c96-e4a0-4361-b58f-02e145a5dcc6", - "label": "ARISE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Overall Objective:\n\nAcquire well calibrated data sets using aircraft and surface-based sensors to support the use of NASA satellite and other assets for developing a quantitative process level understanding of the relationship between changes in Arctic ice and regional energy budgets as influenced by clouds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b960097c-f050-4d34-af06-517dc49b6e4e", - "label": "AJAX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The NASA Ames Research Center operates a new research platform for atmospheric studies: an instrumented Alpha Jet. The present complement of instruments allows for the determination of carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, and methane concentrations as well as measurements of three-dimensional wind speeds, temperature, and pressure. Planned future instrumentation includes an Air-Core sampler and an instrument to measure formaldehyde. We give examples of measurements that have been made, including measurements carried out during a downward spiral over an expected methane source. An attractive property of this airborne system is its ability to respond rapidly to unexpected atmospheric events such as large forest fires or severe air quality events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01406abd-c93d-40d1-9bc3-7bc6388bc508", - "label": "CSDA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Commercial Smallsat Data Acquisition (CSDA) Program was established to identify, evaluate, and acquire data from commercial sources that support NASA's Earth science research and application goals. NASA's Earth Science Division (ESD) recognizes the potential impact commercial small-satellite (smallsat) constellations may have in encouraging/enabling efficient approaches to advancing Earth System Science and applications development for societal benefit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fc29174-d5bc-464e-ad01-ae02595d4bd6", - "label": "ARCS II", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Aiming to foster the realization of a sustainable society, the ArCS II project will promote advanced research to understand the current status and process of environmental changes in the Arctic and to improve meteorological and climate prediction in order to assess the impact of rapid environmental changes in the Arctic on human society, including Japan, as well as to implement the results of this research into society.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efcad04c-9e9c-42ad-be9b-a670f7454a2a", - "label": "CARAFE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Objectives\n\nAssemble a versatile, economical system for measuring airborne fluxes\nQuantify greenhouse gas (GHG) sources/sinks over a spectrum of ecosystems\nEvaluate biophysical process models and parameterizations\nValidate top-level satellite flux products from OCO-2 and other missions", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4a7a825-1158-41bc-afa2-9b81422ea876", - "label": "C3VP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2f95e5d-9fe5-49b3-b712-019d78172753", - "label": "C3VP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Project (C3VP) was a collaborative international field campaign that took place in southern Canada during the 2006/2007 winter season. With the help of multiple organizations, including the NASA GPM and PMM science teams, the campaign used various ground-based and airborne instrumentation to thoroughly study cold season precipitation systems and therefore improve the modeling and remote sensing of snowfall. The campaign took place in the vicinity of the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CARE) in the Great Lakes region of Ontario, Canada. The site was operated by the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC). The main objectives of the campaign were to capture more ground and airborne observations of winter precipitation, to validate data from the\nCloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and NASA CloudSat satellites, and to further improve the remote sensing and modeling of winter precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "258fbd3e-3848-4d0c-885c-5704256b5bc4", - "label": "ACCLIP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) will conduct a two-month campaign in Summer 2022* in the Republic of Korea: the Asian Summer Monsoon Chemical & CLimate Impact Project (ACCLIP). Two aircraft (the NASA WB-57 and the NCAR G-V), outfitted with state-of-the-art sensors, and approximately 80 scientists from the US and other international research organizations will participate in ACCLIP. \n\nThe Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) is the largest meteorological pattern in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer season. Persistent convection and the large anticyclonic flow pattern in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) associated with ASM leads to a significant enhancement in the UTLS of trace species from pollution and biomass burning origins. The monsoon convection occurs over South, Southeast, and East Asia, a region of uniquely complex and rapidly changing emissions tied to both its high population density and significant economic growth. The coupling of the most polluted boundary layer on Earth to the largest dynamical system in the summer season through the deep monsoon convection has the potential to create significant chemical and climate impacts. An accurate representation of the ASM transport, chemical and microphysical processes in chemistry-climate models is much needed for characterizing ASM chemistry-climate interactions and for predicting its future impact in a changing climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36635fd7-4504-470a-8d12-b420374349dc", - "label": "CC-VEx", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CALIPSO-CloudSat Validation Experiment (CC-VEx) was conducted between July 24 and August 14, 2006 and was designed to provide coincident observations of cloud and aerosol (small particles) layers needed to support calibration and validation studies for two new satellite missions: CALIPSO and CloudSat. These missions provide valuable new information on vertical structure and properties of aerosols and clouds needed to improve our understanding of climate, weather, and air quality. They were launched together on a Delta II launch vehicle on April 28, 2006 and placed in formation with three other earth observing satellites into what is commonly known as the “ A-Train” satellite constellation. CALIPSO is a joint mission between NASA and the French space agency, CNES, and its payload consists of an innovative two-wavelength polarization-sensitive lidar, an infrared imaging radiometer, and a wide field-of-view camera. CloudSat is a partnership between NASA, the Canadian space agency, and the United States Air Force, and its payload consists ofa state-of-the-art cloud profiling radar operating at 94 GHz.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec3ec9ab-c1ac-4566-bb0c-3ecfb220446c", - "label": "AMAPPS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (AMAPPS) is a comprehensive multiagency research program, which overarching goal is to assess the abundance, distribution, ecology, and behavior of marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds throughout the U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf and to evaluate these data within an ecosystem context where the results are accessible to managers, scientists and the public. AMAPPS is a multi-agency research program involving the National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and the U.S. Navy. A range of tools are used including collecting visual, passive acoustic, and telemetry data of protected species, along with direct (e.g. nets and active acoustics) and indirect (photographic and satellite imagery) sampling of other trophic levels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7184f2f4-c89e-44fb-a35a-db1c63f11c77", - "label": "ASCENDS Airborne", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The ASCENDS Airborne Campaign was a multi-year effort conducted between 2011 and 2017 to support the science definition study of the Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission, whose objective was to make global atmospheric column carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements without a seasonal, latitudinal, or diurnal bias. Through the airborne campaign, several NASA lidar teams made substantial advances in developing suitable lidar techniques and instruments, demonstrating lidar capabilities from aircraft, improving the understanding of the characteristics needed in the measurements, and advancing the technologies needed for the space lidar. The 2017 ASCENDS airborne deployment was flown on the NASA DC-8 in late July and early August 2017 and was planned in coordination with the NASA Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) 2017 field campaign.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10e3f0f0-f15f-4203-9481-8c5941ba1982", - "label": "COMEX", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The CO2 and MEthane eXperiment (COMEX) conducted in coordination with the HyspIRI campaign, demonstrated that methane emissions associated with fossil fuel production activities in the Bakersfield area were of sufficient magnitude and size for space-based observations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6aa2a5ed-41e0-4eaa-ac23-6dd05a22c147", - "label": "CPEX-AW", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Convective Processes Experiment – Aerosols & Winds (CPEX-AW) campaign is a joint effort between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) with the primary goal of conducting a post-launch calibration and validation activities of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission-Aeolus (ADM-AEOLUS) Earth observation wind Lidar satellite in St. Croix. CPEX-AW is a follow-on to the Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign which took place in the summer of 2017 (https://cpex.jpl.nasa.gov/). In addition to joint calibration/validation of ADM-AEOLUS, CPEX-AW will study the dynamics and microphysics related to the Saharan Air Layer, African Easterly Waves and Jets, Tropical Easterly Jet, and deep convection in the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48b63b37-24ba-4707-8aa9-72d53ab79f96", - "label": "AQDH", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A collection of air quality data that can be used for health-related research and applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95ad06b3-f97b-4ac8-965d-b5a86cf066c1", - "label": "CLIMMIG", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "A collection of population and climate migration projections developed for the World Bank's Groundswell report series.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9e09d38-e482-4886-8575-ec5829ed072b", - "label": "ACMAP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP) uses models to help integrate observations from multiple satellite, airborne- and ground-based instruments in four main areas: air quality and oxidation efficiency in the troposphere, how pollution-sourced aerosols affect cloud properties, stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion, and interactions between atmospheric chemistry and climate. ACMAP also supports small amounts of research into long-term trends in atmospheric composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f24f2773-0252-4bab-a796-e41ab82206e3", - "label": "COWVR-TEMPEST/STP-H8", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Department of Defense (DoD)-sponsored Space Test Program-Houston 8 (STP-H8) mission, carrying Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)'s Compact Ocean Wind Vector Radiometer (COWVR) and Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems (TEMPEST), aims to demonstrate new low-cost microwave sensor technologies for weather applications.\n\nCOWVR and TEMPEST were launched on Dec.21, 2021 at 5:07am EST from the Kennedy Space Center to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of SpaceX’s 24th Commercial Resupply Mission (CRS-24). The instruments were deployed to the JEM-EF module of the ISS to commence a planned 3-year operation.\n\nNASA contributions to the mission: NASA funded the development of TEMPEST-D and its spare copy, which became TEMPEST-H8, through the Earth Ventures Technology Demonstration Program. NASA also provided the launch as a part of the ISS crew resupply missions. A little more loosely tied is that COWVR uses receiver designs from Jason-3, which was an instrument originally developed by JPL for NASA to support the Jason altimeter mission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df7cc2b7-8b91-4b2d-8fd7-14414d89eb25", - "label": "CPEX-CV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "NASA’s Convective Processes Experiment – Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) is a continuation of the truncated CPEX – Aerosols and Winds (CPEX-AW) field program flown out of St. Croix, USVI between 17 August – 10 September 2021. As in CPEX-AW, CPEX-CV will fly the NASA DC-8 medium-altitude aircraft equipped with an suite of remote sensors and dropsonde-launch capability that will allow for the measurement of tropospheric aerosols, winds, temperature, water vapor, and precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6b1012f-7e03-44cc-96f7-1f580c5eaad1", - "label": "AVIRIS", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer - Classic (AVIRIS-C) and Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) are two Facility Instruments (FIs) that are part of NASA’s Airborne Science Program (ASP) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) Earth Science Airborne Program. The AVIRIS-C is an imaging spectrometer that delivers calibrated images of the upwelling spectral radiance in 224 contiguous spectral channels with wavelengths from 400 to 2500 nanometers (nm). The AVIRIS-NG is the successor to AVIRIS-Classic and provides high signal-to-noise ratio imaging spectroscopy measurements in 425 contiguous spectral channels with wavelengths in the solar reflected spectral range (380-2510 nm). The AVIRIS-NG started operation in 2014 and is expected to replace the AVIRIS-C instrument. Data from AVIRIS-C and AVIRIS-NG have been applied to a wide range of studies in the fields of terrestrial and coastal aquatic plant physiology, atmospheric and aerosol studies, environmental science, snow hydrology, geology, volcanology, oceanography, soil and land management, agriculture, and limnology.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d8da977-caa2-42bd-adc8-5f5c8b496dba", - "label": "CALIPSO-NVF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CALIPSO-NVF 2022 is a NASA airborne deployment of the LaRC HSRL-2 out of Bermuda for a series of nighttime underflights of the CALIPSO satellite. The goal is to verify the nighttime calibration and feature detection accuracy of the CALIPSO lidar.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59ab5342-42e6-4dc9-9a7a-9753248cdab9", - "label": "CIMR", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Coprpencius Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) is a high priority candidate satellite mission, within the European Commission's (COM) Copernicus Expansion program. EC recently outlined new objectives pertaining to improved spatial and temporal coverage of sea ice and Arctic environment, in order to aid Arctic user communities. Currently, CIMR is in the preparatory phase, with an estimated launch date in the 2025+ time frame.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f5a8960-50b7-40c9-8e0d-068d5f42b0c7", - "label": "ASP", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "This major New Zealand Government-funded research project supports a range of physical and biological science to understand Antarctica’s impact on the global earth system and New Zealand, and how this might change in a warming world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfcd21aa-d627-4c52-845f-fd5a33f370e9", - "label": "CPF", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "CLARREO Pathfinder’s data will help us better understand Earth’s changing climate. CLARREO Pathfinder (CPF) data will do this by taking highly accurate measurements of sunlight reflected by Earth and the Moon. These measurements, which will be anchored to international standards, will be five to ten times more accurate than those from existing sensors. CPF will have the unique ability to maintain its high accuracy throughout its lifetime. CPF will also showcase novel techniques in transferring its high accuracy to other sensors monitoring Earth. Higher accuracy means greater certainty in our measurements, which makes it possible to detect Earth’s subtle climate change trends decades sooner than otherwise possible, and provides the knowledge needed to make informed decisions in response.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db26976f-8113-4b2c-8e8a-cc059a5bb255", - "label": "CRV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Risk and Vulnerability collection contains data that can be used for assessing U.S. communities that have been identified as being most at risk, based on weather and climate hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities, along with federal funding that has been made available to such locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a09bdb30-29b3-45c2-99d7-e943aa990347", - "label": "CRV", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Climate Risk and Vulnerability collection contains data that can be used for assessing U.S. communities that have been identified as being most at risk, based on weather and climate hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities, along with federal funding that has been made available to such locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b23d9716-54bb-4724-84b8-8b59a8f1a253", - "label": "AEROMMA", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "Atmospheric Emissions and Reactions Observed from Megacities to Marine Areas (AEROMMA) addresses emerging research needs in urban air quality, marine emissions, climate feedbacks, and atmospheric interactions at the marine-urban interface and future satellite capabilities of monitoring atmospheric composition over North America. AEROMMA will bring together airborne, ground, and satellite observing systems, and state-of-the-art air quality and climate models, to investigate these research topics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09476821-c83a-4d54-988c-b9c84c69de89", - "label": "BioSCape", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Biodiversity Survey of the Cape (BioSCape) is an international collaboration between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) to study biodiversity in South Africa’s Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR). The GCRF was selected due to two exceptional hotspots of both terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. The GCRF is listed among the World’s 200 Significant Ecoregions. The BioSCape is an integrated field and airborne campaign occurring in 2023. The campaign will collect UV/visible to short wavelength infrared (UVSWIR) and thermal imaging spectroscopy and laser altimetry LiDAR data over terrestrial and aquatic targets using four airborne instruments: Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG), Portable Remote Imaging SpectroMeter (PRISM), Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS), and Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES). The anticipated airborne data set is unique in its size and scope and unprecedented in its instrument combination and level of detail. These airborne data will be accompanied by a range of biodiversity-related field observations. BioSCape’s primary objective is to understand the structure, function, and composition of the region’s ecosystems, and to learn about how and why they are changing in time and space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2950fad5-9900-4559-90ac-9efacf5120a6", - "label": "ABLE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE) was a NASA campaign that studied how emissions from the biosphere interacted with the boundary layer. ABLE consisted of five deployments during the boreal spring and summer from 1984 to 1990 across three different study regions: Tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Amazon Rainforest, and the Arctic regions of North America. NASA’s Electra aircraft was equipped with in situ and remote instruments to collect measurements of trace gases, ozone, and aerosols in the atmosphere. ABLE was funded through NASA’s Tropospheric Chemistry Program and was part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) program.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18f9c5a6-9b25-424e-a588-74d919e78b58", - "label": "CITE", - "broader": "0c89f3f4-7ab1-43ce-89ee-795d35f0e30a", - "definition": "The Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (CITE) was a NASA campaign that focused on studying trace gases to help with the development and validation of instrumentation. CITE consisted of five deployments during boreal spring, summer, and fall from 1983-1989 across parts of North America and the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Airborne and ground-based measurements of trace gases, aerosols, and other atmospheric chemistry properties were collected. CITE was funded through NASA’s Tropospheric Chemistry program and was one of the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) campaigns.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "label": "D - F", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00b6ae8f-c95d-404e-9300-79705f138ecb", - "label": "DOERAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The US Department of Energy's (DOE) Resource Assessment Program produces scientific descriptions and assessments of the nation's renewable energy resources, such as solar energy. Information about the resources --- for example, how solar energy varies with location and climate - is required to develop energy conversion technologies, design and site systems, and forecast the systems' performance.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.energystorm.us/Department_Of_Energy_Resource_Assessment_Program_5_year_Plan_Fy_1991_fy_1995-r198280.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f068a2-87f9-4cc7-a181-7f839064dfb5", - "label": "ENVISNAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ENVISNAR\nProject URL: http://www.ans.kiruna.se/meetings/envisnar/info.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=213\n\nThere is increasing recognition that multiple environmental changes are occurring in the northern regions of Europe. Some of these environmental changes, for example climate warming, levels of UV-B radiation, and habitat fragmentation, are projected to continue leading to impacts on the lands of the Nordic countries unprecedented since deglaciation some 10,000 year ago. \n\nThere will likely be large impacts on the peoples of the North, both problems and opportunities, and consequences outside the region because of the important role that the Arctic plays in the earth system: changes in treeline and snow and ice cover affect the transfer of energy and water between land and atmosphere; changes in vegetation, soils and permafrost affect the atmospheric composition of greenhouse gases; millions of birds that breed and feed in the Arctic are important winter components of the biodiversity of European countries further south. Although some arctic Nordic observatories such as the Abisko Station have monitored the environment for nearly 100 years, and much research has been initiated within the last decade, our baseline information on multiple and often interacting environmental changes is still weak and our ability to project impacts of future environmental changes on ecosystems and the land surface at the landscape scale is poor. However, it is the landscape scale of changes that is relevant to people. \n\nAims\nA new collaborative, co-ordinated programme is required to:\n-provide a standardised, georeferenced baseline of environmental information, including statistics and processes, against which changes throughout the current century can be measured, \n-develop models of climate, land use, biodiversity and ecosystem function that can be inter-linked and applied to landscape level projections\n-establish standardised monitoring that can detect change at multiple local sites and that can validate model projections and remotely sensed data.\n\nStrategy \nAn &expedition& to northernmost Sweden will be arranged in which international scientists will be offered logistic support to join Abisko researchers working in the field. The research will be focused on large scale land-freshwater-atmospheric exchange studies at the catchment scale, and will include scientists from several natural science disciplines (such as plant ecology, bio-geochemistry, hydrology, biodiversity, GIS, remote science, meteorology etc). The bio-geo modelling community will be involved, particularly for upscaling. \n\nThe local Swedish indigenous people, the Saami , will be invited to host members of the indigenous peoples from around the Arctic to discuss and initiate collaboration on environmental issues and monitoring.\n\nJoint meetings of the scientists working in the field, computer modellers and indigenous peoples will be arranged for cross-fertilisation and collaboration on environmental process understanding, monitoring and assessment, and projection of environmental change and its impacts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0841e73b-f93e-43f4-83fb-1bfe1ef387fa", - "label": "ECOHAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "ECOHAB is a multi-agency partnership between NOAA' s Center for Sponsored\nCoastal Ocean Research (CSCOR) and the National Science Foundation, U.S.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,\nand the Office of Naval Research. Through a combination of long-term regional\nstudies and short-term targeted studies, ECOHAB seeks to produce new,\nstate-of-the-art detection methodologies for HABs and their toxins, to\nunderstand the causes and dynamics of HABs, to develop forecasts of HAB growth,\ntransport, and toxicity, and to predict and ameliorate impacts on higher\ntrophic levels and humans. Research results will be used to guide management of\ncoastal resources to reduce HAB development, impacts, and future threats.\nProjects selected for support must successfully compete in a rigorous external,\npeer-review process that ensures a high-level of scientific merit. Projects\ninclude a mix of investigators from academic, state, Federal (including NOAA\nOcean Service), and non-profit institutions.\n\nIn its simplest form, the goal of the ECOHAB program is to develop an\nunderstanding of the population dynamics and trophic impacts of harmful algal\nspecies which can be used as a basis for minimizing adverse effects on the\neconomy, public health, and marine ecosystems. \n\n[Information obtained from the following websites:\nhttp://www.whoi.edu/science/B/ecohab/ \nhttp://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/nationplan/ECOHAB/ECOHABhtml.html\nhttp://www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/hab/current/fact-ecohab.html]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09b90cb0-9fb6-4941-9c4f-ac0bf755a76e", - "label": "FOCI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FOCI is a collection of NOAA research programs attempting to\nunderstand the influence of environment on the abundance of\nvarious commercially valuable fish and shellfish stocks in\nAlaskan waters and their role in the ecosystem. FOCI comprises\na number of programs: Shelikof Strait FOCI, Bering Sea FOCI, and\nSoutheast Bering Sea Carrying Capacity, Arctic Research\nInitiative, West Coast GLOBEC, NSF Inner Front Study, and North\nPacific Marine Research Program. Shelikof Strait FOCI and Bering\nSea FOCI examine a specific species of fish, walleye pollock\nTheragra chalcogramma. Southeast Bering Sea Carrying Capacity\ntakes a broader view of the ecosystem of the southern Bering Sea\nshelf. Other programs address scientific themes that directly\nrelate to FOCI research. Research is conducted by personnel at\ntwo NOAA laboratories in Seattle, Washington (the National\nMarine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center and\nthe Office of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research's Pacific\nMarine Environmental Laboratory), and by scientists at the\nUniversity of Alaska and other academic and research institutes.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/foci/overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b1b0be8-fc5e-45da-8b79-c73e63ae001e", - "label": "DSS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project is designed to bring together a wide range of scholars, students, institutions, and approaches to study the key-concepts of movement, communication and strategies among arctic peoples.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/dynamic_social_strategies", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c48d025-9e99-4833-9728-b8fedb46a243", - "label": "EPS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EPS is Europe’s first polar orbiting operational meteorological satellite system, and it is the European contribution to the Initial Joint Polar-Orbiting Operational Satellite System (IJPS). In this joint European-US polar satellite system, EUMETSAT has the operational responsibility for the &morning orbit& with the Metop satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c581eef-6641-48b3-af4f-9252ae4504ca", - "label": "FADMP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Florida Acid Deposition Monitoring Program (FADMP), funded by the\nFlorida Electric Power Coordinating Group, operated 4 monitoring sites\nduring the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS) from 6/1/1988\nto 5/31/1990 in Florida.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/fadmp.htm' for more information\non the FADMP.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10bbe916-c98b-41c3-909e-61bb5195fc62", - "label": "EUROTRAC-TOR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EUROTRAC-TOR programme was set up to study and quantify the\nunderlying chemical and transport processes of importance for the\noccurrence of photochemical oxidants in Europe. The project, which\nlasted from 1988-1995, involved establishing advanced monitoring\nsites, monitoring for a number of years and evaluation of the data,\nincluding modelling. All data are freely available to other\nscientists, provided that proper credit is given to the people\nresponsible for the data. Name and adress for the responsibles are\ngiven in the data files.\nThe scientific aims of TOR were:\n1.To elucidate the chemistry and transport of ozone and other\n photo-oxidants in the troposphere\n2.To determine and model trends in concentration of photo-oxidants;\n3.To measure the excess ozone concentration Europe relative to the\n average of northern mid-latitudes, and to study its seasonal,\n latitudinal and vertical variation;\n4.To try to measure any transfer of ozone between the boundary layer\n and the free troposphere, and between the troposphere and the\n stratosphere.\nWWW: 'http://www.nilu.no/informasjon/tor.html'\n\n[Adapted from the NILU Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11b2edd9-b2f3-474c-84fe-f7aa49f2834a", - "label": "FLDAS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Famine Early Warning Systems Network is a leading provider of early warning and analysis on food insecurity. Created by USAID in 1985 to help decision-makers plan for humanitarian crises, FEWS NET provides evidence-based analysis on some 34 countries. Implementing team members include NASA, NOAA, USDA, and USGS, along with Chemonics International Inc. and Kimetrica", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1201ce55-8d7e-414e-8ca6-b0867fce9105", - "label": "FIRMS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FIRMS delivers global MODIS hotspots / fire locations in easy to use formats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "125f1a2b-4615-4bf9-b2a5-95f3274f29bc", - "label": "FLOSS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This document describes the first phase of the FLOSS project, which studied the surface meteorology of snow-covered rangeland in the North Park region of Colorado, near Walden, from December 2001 to March 2002.\n\nThe second phase of that project, FLOSSII, is described in a separate document.\n\nIf you reached this page from a search engine, click here to see the full report, with frames.\n\nThis document is a standard product of NCAR/ATD/RTF and gives an overview of the measurements taken using the Integrated Surface Flux Facility (ISFF) and conditions during the FLOSS field experiment. \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/rtf/projects/FLOSS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12db8d73-1c99-4798-a8d6-5780740fea58", - "label": "ERBE MEaSUREs", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "More information on MEaSUREs Projects\n\nhttps://earthdata.nasa.gov/community/community-data-system-programs/measures-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13e2e178-0218-4d7a-a5fa-9998c0a19d81", - "label": "FRAQS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The goal of the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (NFRAQS) is to determine the fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM) originating from various sources. As a part of that effort the Colorado School of Mines/Colorado Institute for Fuels and High Altitude Engine Research (CIFER) proposed to perform in use emissions measurements from several medium and heavy-duty diesel fueled vehicles. This testing will be performed in CIFER's heavy-duty chassis dynamometer laboratory.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.mines.edu/research/cifer/research/NFRAQS.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "166c4782-1749-4b10-bd33-7276d49de7a1", - "label": "ERA15", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ba82763-7072-40f3-b2d8-75544b3941a8", - "label": "DUNDEE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Overview of the Experiment:\n\nDUNDEE was carried out in the vicinity of Darwin, Northern Territory,\nAustralia during the wet seasons of November 1988 through February\n1989, and November 1989 through February 1990. The general goal of\nDUNDEE was to investigate the dynamical and electrical properties of\ntropical mesoscale convective systems and isolated deep convective\nstorms. The observational network consisted of two C-band Doppler\nradars (MIT and TOGA), a 50 MHz vertically pointing wind profiler,\nmesonet stations, upper air sounding stations, and cloud electricity\ninstrumentation.\n\nDUNDEE was a collaborative effort between Colorado State University\n(S.A. Rutledge), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n(E. Williams), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and\nthe Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (T. Keenan).\n\nLink to\n'http://radarmet.atmos.colostate.edu/~rob/rsch/darwin_stats.html'\nfor Profiler-Scanning Radar Statistics.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://olympic.atmos.colostate.edu/dundee.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "205df2ad-cbc2-46a7-941b-d1b49a1c85fe", - "label": "EPIC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Process (EPIC)monitor\nheat, moisture and momentum fluxes, and upper ocean temperature,\nsalinity and horizontal currents from the stratus deck region at 8°S,\n95°W through the cold tongue to 12°N, 95°W, north of the intertropical\nconvergence zone.\n\nPrincipal Investigator Contact:\nMeghan F. Cronin\n7600 Sand Point Way NE\nSeattle WA 98115 USA\nTel: 206-526-6449\nFax: 206-526-6744\nE-Mail: cronin@pmel.noaa.gov\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/epic/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "22098c16-02f8-45b3-99f0-01886e0260b2", - "label": "DIAS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DIAS is a project for the creation of knowledge which can be shared worldwide.With the goal of providing access to global and regional sensing data,we have developed a pilot system for the creation of an information storage infrastructure for public benefit applications and the deepening of scientific knowledge in the areas of climate, water cycle, for application in fisheries, agriculture and biodiversity managementparticularly through the linking of information across disciplines.This approach has proven to be effective with the successful implementation of our pilot project.\n\nBased on this success, DIAS has begun an Environmental information Integration Program to extend and enhance our services.Through this project, stakeholders in various fields can leverage the fusion of large-scale datasets and applicative knowledge.We are proposing the development of a prototype workbench system for information infrastructure,a workbench for leveraging our implemented information infrastructure, allowing users to develop new results based on our accumulated data and expertisefor the solution of global societal dilemmas.Our design strategy is for an operational framework which can provide public benefit in the form of policy-directed data delivery.\n\nFor more information, see http://www.editoria.u-tokyo.ac.jp/projects/dias/?locale=en", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29052cba-ed98-49fc-86c7-c6343730e9fe", - "label": "Daymet", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Daymet provides long-term, continuous, gridded estimates of daily weather and climatology variables by interpolating and extrapolating ground-based observations through statistical modeling techniques. The Daymet data products provide driver data for biogeochemical terrestrial modeling and have myriad applications in many Earth science, natural resource, biodiversity, and agricultural research areas. Daymet weather variables include daily minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, shortwave radiation, snow water equivalent, and day length produced on a 1 km x 1 km gridded surface over continental North America and Hawaii from 1980 and over Puerto Rico from 1950 through the end of the most recent full calendar year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a689c8c-45f5-4f8d-94f5-e6b878cfcfb4", - "label": "ECOLOGIA_DEL_PLANCTON", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This data set contains zooplankton and microzooplankton systematics and ecology\ndata.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b7a861e-8b52-4e95-9311-6339c7e3fc83", - "label": "EUVRAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of this project is to analyze the effect that the incident UV\nradiation has on the Antarctic bacterial flora. Two different systems will be\nstudied:\n\na) Effect on coastal marine bacteria. We will continue with experimental assays\nusing interferential filters in order to infer the effects of the different\nwavelength bands ... (PAR, UV-A y UV-B) on the viability of the predominant\nbacterial strains of the coastal marine ecosystem as well as on the bacterial\ncommunity as a whole. Assays at different deeps using the water column as a\nnatural UV filter will be performed. These studies will be made not only using\nfixed systems but using dynamic systems too, in order to simulate the natural\nvertical circulation of the water masses and the microorganisms living in such\nwater masses. The field studies will be complemented and compared with\nlaboratory assays where the bacterial isolates will be maintained under\ndifferent irradiation regimes. In all cases, bacterial viability will be\nevaluated by viable counts. In addition, generation of oxygen-reactive species\nwill be analyzed.\n\nb) Effect on the soil bacteria associated to Antarctic plants. It is well known\nthat the UV radiation induces on the vegetation a number of responses including\nproduction of flavonoids and other UV-screen pigments. Since some authors have\nreported that these compounds have biocide activity, an excess of UV radiation\ncould be affecting indirectly the Antarctic soils bacterial communities through\ntheir action on the scarce vegetation. The objective of this part of the\nproject is to study the populations of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus\nquitensis in the surrounding of Jubany Station, Antarctica and to analyze if\ntheir response to UV radiation are related to the dynamics of bacterial\ncommunities associated to their structures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bb02bdb-5d13-4438-b5fe-0af2b75d1b98", - "label": "DOGEE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The rates at which gases exchange between the oceans and the atmosphere are extremely important to global biogeochemical cycles and to predicting and modelling future climate change, but quantifying them accurately currently remains elusive. Some important issues requiring accurate such estimates include the rate at which anthropogenic carbon dioxide can be taken up by the oceans, quantifying the marine sources of other important atmospheric greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide, and investigating the roles of other marine derived atmospheric gases in a range of climate and atmospheric chemistry related issues. Although advances have been made in our understanding of the gas exchange process in recent years, these advances are still not sufficient to enable us to understand and predict the effects of the major controlling processes. A major problem in the past has been that individual controlling processes have tended to be addressed in isolation, although it is clear that they are all interconnected. What is now required in order to build on past advances is a fully integrated study of the problem using a variety of state-of-the-art techniques. We will achieve this aim by bringing together for the first time, a team of UK experts with diverse interests and expertise within the field of air-sea gas exchange, but with the common goal of understanding these processes more fully. The UK SOLAS directed programme is an ideal framework within which to do this. We plan to participate in two research cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean, during which we will make a variety of key measurements and observations (measure seastate, whitecapping and wave breaking, evaluate the role of bubbles and surfactants in gas transfer, and employ a combination of direct gas flux measurement techniques for CO2, DMS, halocarbons and other gases), supported by a suite of ancillary water column and meteorological data. Our overarching strategy is to constrain these various measurements within an experiment in which we will release gaseous tracers to the water column. By measuring the rates at which these tracers escape to air we will derive important information on gas exchange rates that will provide a framework for interpreting our other measurements. Our cruises will be timed to coincide with times of maximum air-sea exchange fluxes of climatically relevant trace gases. During one of these we will release a natural surfactant along with the gaseous tracers, in order tto investigate the role of surface organic slicks, which are known to suppress air-sea gas exchange. We also anticipate the participation of a number of US-based groups with aims and measurement capabilities complimentary to our own, which will bring 'added value' to the programme. However these are conditional upon external funding from NSF and other US government funding agencies.\n\nSummary provided by: http://gotw.nerc.ac.uk/list_full.asp?pcode=NE%2FC001702%2F1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2edb57eb-b8e3-4d2d-9d65-5a81ebd52bc3", - "label": "DISCOVERY 2010", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DISCOVERY 2010 will investigate and describe the response of an ocean ecosystem to climate variability, climate change and commercial exploitation. The programme builds on past studies by BAS on the detailed nature of the South Georgia marine ecosystem and its links with the large-scale physical and biological behaviour of the Southern Ocean. The aim is to identify, quantify and model key interactions and processes on scales that range from microscopic life forms to higher predators (penguins, albatrosses, seals and whales), and from the local to the circumpolar. Main objectives are to: Assess the links between the status of local marine food webs and variability and change in the Southern Ocean; and Develop a linked set of ecosystem models applying relevant marine physics and biology over scales from the local to that of the entire Southern Ocean.\n\nDISCOVERY 2010 will undertake an integrated programme of shipboard and land-based field studies of the marine food web, combined with modelling. We will pay particular attention to critical phases in the life cycles of key species, and to examining interactive effects in food webs. Interacting biological and physical processes will be modelled across a range of spatial scales to significantly improve our representation of the ocean ecosystem, upon which sustainable management and the prediction of future climate change can be based. DISCOVERY 2010 will link to BIOFLAME, ACES, and COMPLEXITY, two international programmes, and to a collaborative programme with the University of East Anglia on the role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle. \n\nComponent Projects of Discover 2010 are: DISCOVERY-OEM: Ocean Ecosystems and Management; DISCOVERY-FOOD-WEBS: Scotia Sea FOOD-WEBS; DISCOVERY-FLEXICON: FLEXIbility and CONstraints in life histories; DISCOVERY-CEMI: Circumpolar Ecosystems; Modelling and Integration \n\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/current_programmes/discovery_2010.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f144b3b-b730-412e-9b45-2c36117269c0", - "label": "EMAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) is a\nresearch program to develop the tools necessary to monitor and\nassess the status and trends of national ecological\nresources. EMAP's goal is to develop the scientific\nunderstanding for translating environmental monitoring data from\nmultiple spatial and temporal scales into assessments of current\necological condition and forecasts of future risks to our\nnatural resources.\n\nEMAP aims to advance the science of ecological monitoring and\necological risk assessment, guide national monitoring with\nimproved scientific understanding of ecosystem integrity and\ndynamics, and demonstrate multi-agency monitoring through large\nregional projects. EMAP develops indicators to monitor the\ncondition of ecological resources. EMAP also investigates\ndesigns that address the acquisition, aggregation, and analysis\nof multiscale and multitier data.\n\nContact:\n\nDr. Michael McDonald\nE-Mail: mcdonald.michael@epa.gov\n\n\nEMAP Homepage: 'http://www.epa.gov/docs/emap/'\n\n[Summary provided by EPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2f9f4cc9-6af6-4852-8e69-a038b0af3bb0", - "label": "DISCOVER", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The primary objective of the Distributed Information Services for Climate and Ocean Products and Visualizations for Earth Research (DISCOVER) Project is to provide highly accurate, long-term ocean and climate products suitable for the most demanding Earth research applications via easy-to-use display and data access tools. These products are derived from a large network of satellite microwave sensors going back to 1979. Most of the products are produced in near real-time (3-12 hours) on a 24x7 basis and hence are also suitable for some weather applications. The products include sea-surface temperature and wind, air temperature, atmospheric water vapor, cloud water, and rain rate. A key element of DISCOVER is the merging of multiple sensors from multiple platforms into geophysical data sets consistent in both space and time. \n\nInformation provided by http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30398892-cfbd-402b-8346-69d83eb4917c", - "label": "ENRR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The major El Nino of 2015-2016 presented an unprecedented scientific opportunity for NOAA to accelerate advances in understanding and predictions of an extreme climate event and its impacts through research conducted while the event was ongoing. ESRL's Physical Sciences Division (PSD) played a central role in the NOAA El Nino Rapid Response (ENRR) field campaign to determine key mechanisms affecting El Niño's impacts on the U.S. and their implications for improving NOAA's observational systems, models and predictions. The ENRR campaign spanned the central and eastern tropical Pacific to California. Multiple types of observing resources collected measurements from the air, ocean, and ground between January and March of 2016. Of particular interest was the increased risk for intense wintertime storms and heavy rainfall affecting the US West Coast during this event's very strong El Nino", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32658d24-ab47-41b5-9614-2becccde8e55", - "label": "ERA-I", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34cb53af-f2cd-4b04-8357-25503e34b92a", - "label": "DOE/BER", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program supports fundamental research and scientific user facilities to address diverse and critical global challenges. The program seeks to understand how genomic information is translated to functional capabilities, enabling more confident redesign of microbes and plants for sustainable biofuel production, improved carbon storage, or contaminant bioremediation. BER research advances understanding of the roles of Earth’s biogeochemical systems (the atmosphere, land, oceans, sea ice, and subsurface) in determining climate so we can predict climate decades or centuries into the future, information needed to plan for future energy and resource needs. Solutions to these challenges are driven by a foundation of scientific knowledge and inquiry in atmospheric chemistry and physics, ecology, biology, and biogeochemistry.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3565b745-0b09-4bac-92b0-459f1d7c400a", - "label": "EUROCS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The project EUROCS aims to improve the treatment of cloud systems in global and regional climate models. In addition, benefits will be also gained for hydrology and severe weather issues. Clouds probably remain the largest source of uncertainty affecting evaluations of climate change in response to anthropogenic change. The recent interest to develop capability to predict regional changes of climate, stress also the importance to better represent clouds in models. EUROCS concentrates its efforts on 4 major and well identified deficiencies of climate models: \nI. stratocumulus over ocean, \nII. diurnal cycle of cumulus, \nIII. diurnal cycle of precipitating deep convection over continents, \nIV. sensitivity of deep convection development on the moisture profile. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/eurocs/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "356e018f-f15d-462f-8403-887b726a4372", - "label": "ENERGY", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The location and status of energy infrastructure, especially in relationship to population and land use, are important from many perspectives including access to energy, development, environmental impacts on land, air, and water resources, disaster risk management, and mitigation and adaptation to climate change. This collection presently includes two datasets on the locations of nuclear power facilities with their associated attributes and on estimated country-level populations in proximity to those locations with at least one operating reactor in March 2012.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "361085a8-6d96-4f38-8621-d9d63278acf2", - "label": "ESSAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Proposal URL: \nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=155\n\nESSAR addresses how climate variability and change affects the marine\necosystems of the polar (Subarctic and Arctic) seas and their\nsustainability. To provide accurate projections on the impact of\nclimate warming on these ecosystems requires improved knowledge of its\ncomponents and their linkages. Because of the complexity of the\ninteractions, accurate predictions of what will happen to individual\nspecies requires knowledge on key life-history traits and of what will\nhappen to the ecosystem as a whole, as species do not function\nseparately from their ecosystem. ESSAR, therefore, encompasses\nretrospective and field studies on physics, plankton, benthos, fish\nand shellfish, marine mammals, sea birds and humans. The field studies\nwill be carried out in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans during\n2007-2008. The data gathered will be used, together with bio-physical\nmodels, to make quantifiable predictions of the effects of both\nclimate variability and long-term climate change on arctic polar\nmarine ecosystems.\n\nTo understand the effects of climate variability and change on marine\necosystems we first must document what changes have occurred in the\nphysical oceanography, as well as understand the driving forces behind\nthem. ESSAR will therefore assemble historical data on the physical\noceanography and collect new data to fill in critical gaps in our\nknowledge, such as moored current measurements in the Davis\nStrait-Hudson Strait-Labrador Shelf region and in the northern Barents\nSea between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. With recent reductions in\nsea ice and predictions of much greater reductions, ESSAR will address\nthe effects of changes in sea ice on various parts of the\necosystem. Results from past and present studies will be assembled to\ndocument distributional shifts of several marine species from plankton\nto marine mammals and seabirds. Also, new field studies in the\nSubarctic of both the Pacific and Atlantic, and in the Arctic, will\nexamine the relationship between thermal heating of the waters and\nchanges in ice coverage, including various feedback\nmechanisms. Nutrient, chlorophyll, ice algae, chemical tracers,\nphytoplankton and zooplankton measurements will determine the effect\nof ice decline on biological processes. An important change following\nthe reduction in ice will be an increase in light levels. Detailed\nstudies of the role of light levels on primary and secondary\nproduction along the latitudinal gradients from 45°N to near the pole\nwill determine how light levels and day duration modify ecosystem\nfunction. The effects of water mass transformations on plankton\nproduction will be compared and contrasted with the effects of sea ice\nand light to determine their relative importance. Our understanding of\nthe sources and variability in zooplankton and their role in the food\nchain varies regionally. Data are relatively scarce in the Labrador\nSea, therefore, under ESSAR, concentrated zooplankton studies,\nespecially on Calanus finmarchicus, will be carried out. Field-based\nstudies will also focus on the effects of the physical variability on\nthe energy flow through Arctic and Subarctic marine food webs from\nplankton through fish to marine mammals and seabirds, e.g. in the\nBarents Sea, the Norwegian Sea, Lancaster Sound and Hudson Bay. From\nthe human perspective, certain marine species are more important than\nothers because of their commercial or subsistence values. The physical\nenvironment also influences these species, but our understanding of\nthe mechanisms is limited. One of the most important commercial\nspecies in the Northwest Atlantic is shrimp (Pandulus borealis). As\npart of ESSAR, there will be studies of the role of physical\noceanography and biological production cycles in recruitment,\nabundance and distribution of shrimp in Davis Strait, off West\nGreenland, on the Labrador Shelf and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. At\nthe upper ends of the food web, marine mammals and seabirds will be\naffected by changes in the lower ends. Studies will determine the role\nof changes in sea ice and warming waters on marine mammal fitness,\nincluding whales, walruses, seals and polar bears. Seabirds respond\nrelatively quickly to changes in their prey and often can be monitored\nrelatively easily compared to their prey in the marine\nenvironment. ESSAR, through the Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird) and\nthe members of Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), will\nmonitor how changes in productivity of Arctic and Sub-Arctic seas\naffect circumpolar seabird populations. Seabird diet studies also will\nbe carried out and compared to similar studies conducted in the 1970s\nand 1980s as a means of detecting if and how the marine ecosystem has\nchanged. As well, detailed studies in the smaller region of Svalbard\nwill be carried out to investigate the changes in seabird community\nstructure as a function of temperature and zooplankton. The effects of\nthese changes to the bird community on the terrestrial ecosystem\nthrough the guano deposited back on land will also be part of this\nstudy. Finally, comparisons between the various geographic regions to\nprovide additional insights will be an important component of ESSAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3676031d-011b-4561-af6a-f83f282974b3", - "label": "DSCOVR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DSCVR previously known as Triana uses the Sun-Earth libration point\n(1,000,000 km away from Earth) to continuously observe the Earth. This\nis a cooperative project between the offices of Earth and Space\nscience.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launch scheduled for Spring 2020 as of\n Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center\n\n ORBIT:\n\nTriana has a 1 million-mile journey to reach L1 (the Lagrange neutral\ngravity point between the Earth and the Sun) from which it will\nobserve Earth.\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 4248.6 kg\n Power: 1,700 watts\n Design Life: 2 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n Advanced Whole Earth Radiometer\n A suite of small, next-generation space weather monitoring instruments\n Scripps EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera)\n\n For more information on DSCVR see\n 'http://triana.gsfc.nasa.gov/home/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36a7aee1-1985-4f75-9097-85f164289467", - "label": "DAPTF", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Amphibian Specialist Group strives to conserve biological diversity by stimulating, developing, and executing practical programs to conserve amphibians and their habitats around the world. This will be achieved by supporting a global web of partners to develop funding, capacity and technology transfer to achieve shared, strategic amphibian conservation goals.\nHow the ASG was formed\n\nIn September 2005 in Washington, DC, a Summit was convened by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Conservation International to bring together the world leaders in amphibian conservation. The purpose: to devise a global strategy of action to arrest amphibian declines and extinctions. The Summit produced a declaration (PDF) and a more comprehensive Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP) will be published in early 2007. Because of the scale of response required to tackle the current amphibian crisis, the decision was made to merge the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force (DAPTF), the Global Amphibian Specialist Group (GASG) and the Global Amphibian Assessment into a unified body devoted to Global amphibian conservation: The IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG).\n\nThe ASG takes IUCN's Specialist Group model to the next level of effectiveness through the establishment of a Secretariat and that will serve as dynamic hub to coordinate Regional centers and a global web of stakeholders and to leverage the intellectual, institutional, and financial capacity towards shared, strategic amphibian conservation goals.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.amphibians.org./", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3929d78c-be5e-49e1-ba69-cb456d7123e0", - "label": "ESG", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth System Grid II (ESG) is a new research project sponsored by the U.S. DOE Office of Science under the auspices of the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing program (SciDAC). The primary goal of ESG is to address the formidable challenges associated with enabling analysis of and knowledge development from global Earth System models. Through a combination of Grid technologies and emerging community technology, distributed federations of supercomputers and large-scale data & analysis servers will provide a seamless and powerful environment that enables the next generation of climate research. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.earthsystemgrid.org/about/overviewPage.do", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3970129f-8bb5-49bb-8517-1532f0a0f828", - "label": "ESRL", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "At NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), scientists study atmospheric and other processes that affect air quality, weather, and climate. By better understanding the dynamic Earth system, we can better understand what drives this afternoon's haze, next month's hurricanes, and next century's climate. ESRL researchers monitor the atmosphere, study the physical and chemical processes that comprise the Earth system, and integrate those findings into environmental information products. Our work improves critical weather and climate tools for the public and private sectors, from hourly forecasts to international science assessments with policy-relevant findings.\n\n[Summary provided by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).]\nhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39db20dd-ff35-462e-906c-f8255ddaf89b", - "label": "EDGAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EDGAR database is a joint project of RIVM and TNO and stores\nglobal inventories of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions\nfrom anthropogenic sources including halocarbons both on a per country\nbasis as well as on 1o x 1o grid. The database has been developed with\nfinancial support from the Dutch Ministry of the Environment (VROM)\nand the Dutch National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and\nClimate Change (NRP), in close cooperation with the Global Emissions\nInventory Activity (GEIA), a component of the International\nAtmospheric Chemistry Programme (IGAC) of the International\nGeosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP).\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.rivm.nl/env/int/coredata/edgar/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d01c591-1681-40d5-8c86-3d4d8319d654", - "label": "EPI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Environmental Performance Index centers on two broad environmental\nprotection objectives: \n\n(1) reducing environmental stresses on human health\n\n(2) promoting ecosystem vitality and sound natural resource management. \n\nEnvironmental health and ecosystem vitality are gauged using sixteen indicators\ntracked in six policy categories: Environmental Health, Air Quality, Water\nResources, Productive Natural Resources, Biodiversity and Habitat, and\nSustainable Energy. The EPI utilizes a proximity-to-target methodology focused\non a core set of environmental outcomes linked to policy goals. The Pilot 2006\nEPI includes 133 countries based on data availability.\n\nProject URL: http://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/epi/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d1847aa-4eba-4c78-b4fc-f4223ca16539", - "label": "EOS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth Observing System (EOS) is the centerpiece of NASA's Earth\nScience Enterprise (ESE). It consists of a science component and a\ndata system supporting a coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low\ninclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land\nsurface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. By enabling\nimproved understanding of the Earth as an integrated system, the EOS\nprogram has benefits for us all. The EOS Project Science Office\n(EOSPSO) is committed to helping bring program information and\nresources to program scientists and the general public alike.\n\nEOS Program Description:\n\nSince its creation in 1958, NASA has been studying the Earth and its\nchanging environment by observing the atmosphere, oceans, land, ice,\nand snow, and their influence on climate and weather. We now realize\nthat the key to gaining a better understanding of the global\nenvironment is exploring how the Earth's systems of air, land, water,\nand life interact with each other. This approach -- called Earth\nSystem Science -- blends together fields like meteorology,\noceanography, biology, and atmospheric science.\n\nIn 1991, NASA launched a more comprehensive program to study the Earth\nas an environmental system, now called the Earth Science\nEnterprise. By using satellites and other tools to intensively study\nthe Earth, we hope to expand our understanding of how natural\nprocesses affect us, and how we might be affecting them. Such studies\nwill yield improved weather forecasts, tools for managing agriculture\nand forests, information for fishermen and local planners, and,\neventually, the ability to predict how the climate will change in the\nfuture.\n\nThe Earth Science Enterprise has three main components: a series of\nEarth-observing satellites, an advanced data system, and teams of\nscientists who will study the data. Key areas of study include clouds;\nwater and energy cycles; oceans; chemistry of the atmosphere; land\nsurface; water and ecosystem processes; glaciers and polar ice sheets;\nand the solid Earth.\n\nPhase I of the Earth Science Enterprise had been comprised of focused,\nfree-flying satellites, Space Shuttle missions, and various airborne\nand ground-based studies. Phase II began in December of 1999 with the\nlaunch of the first Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite, Terra\n(formerly AM-1) and Landsat 7. EOS is the first observing system to\noffer integrated measurements of the Earth's processes. It consists of\na science component and a data system supporting a coordinated series\nof polar-orbiting and low-inclination satellites for long-term global\nobservations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere,\nand oceans. We have initiated an era of unprecedented observational\ncapability for understanding the planet.\n\nJust as the first weather and communications satellites fundamentally\nchanged our way of thinking about those fields, so the elements of the\nEarth Science Enterprise will expand our perspective of the global\nenvironment and climate. Working together with our partners around the\nworld, we are well on our way to improving our knowledge of the Earth\nand using that knowledge to the benefit of all humanity.\n\nFor more information, link to the EOS homepage at\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e0843ae-d6ed-4972-b164-53adc891563a", - "label": "DC3", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f85676a-11a0-460b-a25a-a9bb9118a6c4", - "label": "DISCOVER-AQ", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The overarching objective of the DISCOVER-AQ investigation is to improve the interpretation of satellite observations to diagnose near‐surface conditions relating to air quality. To diagnose air quality conditions from space, reliable satellite information on aerosols and ozone precursors is needed for specific, highly‐correlated times and locations to be used in air quality models and compared to surface- and aircraft-based measurements. DISCOVER‐AQ will provide an integrated dataset of airborne and surface observations relevant to the diagnosis of surface air quality conditions from space.\n \nSummary provided by http://science.nasa.gov/missions/discover-aq/\n\nAlso, see: http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/discover-aq/discover-aq.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41e89e83-e33c-425e-ad11-6bcde962d699", - "label": "FED MAC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Biospheric Sciences Branch (formerly Earth Resources Branch)\nwithin the Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space\nFlight Center and associated University investigators are involved in\na research program entitled Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) which is\nfundamentally concerned with vegetation change of forest ecosystems at\nlocal to regional spatial scales (100 to 10,000 meters) and temporal\nscales ranging from monthly to decadal periods (10 to 100 years). The\nnature and extent of the impacts of these changes, as well as the\nfeedbacks to global climate, may be addressed through modeling the\ninteractions of the vegetation, soil, and energy components of the\nboreal ecosystem.\n\nThe FED ecosystem modeling research efforts concentrate on the North\nAmerican boreal and northern hardwood transition forests with\nemphasis on optical and radar remote sensing technology. This\nresearch employs an integrated approach of field and aircraft\nstudies, theoretical modeling, and satellite image data processing to\ninfer where landscape pattern and process ecosystem model predictions\nsucceed or fail at regional spatial scales and interannual temporal\nscales. We are also using remote sensing observations as a check on\npotentially observable forest ecosystem model predicted attributes\n(e.g., species composition, tree height distributions, land use\npatterns). Conversely, we are investigating the potential of remote\nsensing observations for extracting biophysical properties of forest\ncanopies, soils, and hydrologic parameters used in our forest\necosystem models. On-going work, in addition to activities discussed\nhere, include modeling, measurement, and data compilation or a number of\nboreal zone sites.\n\nThe FED model framework (see Levine et al., 1983) integrates existing\nmodels of forest growth and succession (i.e., FORET model of Shugart\nand West, 1984 and ZELIG Model of Smith and Urban, 1988), soil\nprocesses (Residue model of Bidlake et al., 1992; Bristow, et al.,\n1986; TERRA model of Levine, 1984; Levine and Ciolkosz, 1988), and\nenergy dynamics (e.g., Smith et. al., 1981; Kimes and Kirchner,\n1982). Each of the models interact with the others to provide feedback\ncontrols on growth, soil related processes, and energy internal and\nexternal to the forest environment. The forest succession and soil\nprocess models require input at the species and soil characteristics\nlevel, respectively. This makes this formulation useful for examining\nthe effects of changes in climate or anthropogenic factors on the\ncommunity composition and structure of the boreal forest.\n\nThe results anticipated from this experiment will enable development\nand validation of the integrated model to usefully characterize the\necosystem dynamics of the boreal forest under a variety of\nconditions. A number of questions pertinent to the combined\nexperiment may then be considered. For example, how do climatic\ngradients determine the spatial distribution of species within the\nboreal forest? What are the possible effects of global climate change\non the boreal forest? Is the boreal forest a net source or sink of\ncarbon and methane and will the present state change if climate\nchanges? Also relevant to the issue of global change are the\nmagnitudes of the feedbacks between climate and vegetation. The\nmodel, as formulated, can provide insights into the effects of\nclimate change on ecosystem dynamics, but does not consider the\neffects of ecosystem changes on climate directly. However, the model\ncan provide, as outputs, factors that impact climate such as albedo,\nevapotranspiration, and trace gas fluxes (i.e., carbon dioxide,\nmethane, and nitrogen). These questions are also relevant to the\nBOREAS experiment.\n\nThe overall objective of our work was to capitalize on and develop the\nunique advantages of remote sensing data combined with models of\nforest ecosystem dynamics for characterizing northern/boreal forest\necosystems, especially with regard to the interpretation of landscape\npatterns and processes at local and regional scales. Specific\nobjectives for the FED experiment at IP's Northern Experimental Forest\nincluded:\n\n1. Enhance the development of an integrated quantitative model which\n simulates forest, soil, and energy dynamics processes in northern\n forest environments. This will be achieved through modification and\n continuing development of the three types of sub-models discussed\n above.\n\n2. Develop improved remote sensing technology to infer biophysical\n parameter inputs for forest succession and soil models. The\n relationships among remote sensing and forest canopy\n characteristics required by forest succession and soil process\n models will be developed and tested.\n\n3. Develop a better understanding of the transfer and utilization of\n energy in forest canopies. This goal is being accomplished via\n collection of detailed spectral reflectance data in the field and\n laboratory, and by exercising existing radiative transfer models.\n\n4. Use field and remote sensing observations to help infer where\n landscape pattern and process ecosystem models succeed or fail at\n local to regional spatial scales and interannual temporal\n scales. This objective is being accomplished through comparison of\n model predictions with field experimental data, and changes in\n successional stage, bioproductivity, and other biophysical\n parameters based on remotely sensed measurements.\n\n5. Use field and remote sensing observations to help infer where\n landscape pattern and process ecosystem models succeed or fail at\n local to regional spatial scales and interannual temporal\n scales. This objective is being accomplished through comparison of\n model predictions with field experimental data, and changes in\n successional stage, bioproductivity, and other biophysical\n parameters based on remotely sensed measurements.\n\n6. Use remote sensing observations as a check on such potentially\n observable forest ecosystem dynamic model predicted\n attributes. Specific ecosystem model algorithms and output\n parameters are being evaluated directly by examining relationships\n developed between sensor measured response and ecosystem\n attributes.\n\n7. Use remote sensing observations and models to extract biophysical\n properties of forest canopies, soils, and hydrologic parameters\n used in our forest ecosystem models. Physically based radar and\n optical models are being applied to data collected over subsets of\n the Northern Experimental Forest to examine radar and optical\n scattering characteristics of different scene components. Model\n inversion strategies are also being applied for selected ecosystem\n model inputs.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/fedmac/fedmac.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "424fa63c-9f01-4c72-899b-5c9db63b8b80", - "label": "F DRAKE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dynamic Response And Kinematics Experiment (DRAKE) is a series of experiments to obtain measurements of various quantities in the Drake Passage. One took place in 1977 (DRAKE 77) and another in 1979 (DRAKE 79). \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/paleogloss/node12.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4449b3f3-9f6d-4974-93fe-0b1bb9591f37", - "label": "FIRE/ACE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FIRE, the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology\n Project) Regional Experiment, is going to the Arctic to study a\n variety of Arctic cloud systems under spring and summer\n conditions. A team of national and international scientists will\n conduct the FIRE Arctic Cloud Experiment (ACE) in a two-phase\n field campaign, starting in April, 1998, and a second phase to\n be conducted during July, 1998.\n\n The scientific objectives of FIRE.ACE will be to study impact of\n Arctic clouds on radiation exchange between surface, atmosphere,\n and space, and the influence of surface characteristics of sea\n ice, leads, and ice melt ponds on these clouds. FIRE.ACE will\n attempt to document, understand, and predict the Arctic\n cloud-radiation feedbacks, including changes in cloud fraction\n and vertical distribution, water vapor cloud content, cloud\n particle concentration and size, and cloud phase as atmospheric\n temperature and chemical composition change. FIRE.ACE will use\n the data to focus on improving current climate model simulations\n of the Arctic climate, especially with respect to clouds and\n their effects on the surface energy budget. In addition,\n FIRE.ACE will address a number of scientific questions dealing\n with radiation, cloud microphysics, and atmospheric chemistry.\n\n The strategy of FIRE.ACE is to use aircraft to take remote and\n in situ measurements of the Arctic cloud and surface\n characteristics. The NASA ER-2 will fly far aloft with a suite\n of remote sensors to remotely infer the cloud and radiative\n properties of the clouds that form in the vicinity of leads and\n melt ponds. The University of Washington Convair 580, National\n Center for Atmospheric Research C-130, and Canada National\n Research Council Convair 580 aircraft each will fly with a\n number of in-situ instruments to measure the optical, physical,\n radiative, and chemical properties of the clouds and radiation\n directly.\n\n NASA FIRE Arctic Cloud Experiment\n\n Purpose: Study impact of Arctic clouds on radiation exchange\n between surface, atmosphere, and space and influence of surface\n characteristics (including sea ice and leads) on these clouds.\n\n Time:\n Phase I - April 7 - June 13, 1998\n Phase II - July 6 - 30, 1998\n Location: Beaufort Sea\n\n Participants: Scientists from U.S., Canada, Great Britain, and\n Netherlands.\n\n Collaborating Experiments: National Aeronautics and Space\n Administration FIRE (First ISCCP Regional Experiment) National\n Science Foundation SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic\n Ocean) Department of Energy ARM (Atmospheric Radiation\n Measurement) Experiment Plan: Aircraft, surface-based, and\n satellites will be used to measure the physical processes of\n coupling between clouds, radiation, chemistry, and the\n atmospheric boundary layer over the Arctic sea ice in the\n Beaufort Sea and over Barrow, Alaska.\n\n Four instrumented aircraft will make atmospheric measurements of\n clouds and radiation centered over the SHEBA ice station and\n Barrow, Alaska.\n\n NASA ER-2\n NCAR C-130\n University of Washington CV-580\n Canadian NRC CV-580\n\n\n Surface-based instruments will make atmospheric measurements of\n clouds and radiation.\n\n SHEBA ice station, Des Grosielliers, Beaufort Sea\n ARM, Barrow\n\n\n The measurements will be coordinated with the overflights of\n cloud- and lead-measuring satellites.\n\n NOAA Polar Orbiter 12 & 14\n DMSP F12 & F13\n LANDSAT 6\n RESURS\n RADARSAT\n Earth Probe\n\n Points of Contact:\n\n\n Robert Curran, Radiation Sciences Program Manager, Office of\n Earth Science, NASA Headquarters, Code YS, Washington, DC,\n 20546, Telephone 202-358-1432, Email rcurran@hq.nasa.gov.\n\n David S. McDougal, FIRE Project Manager, NASA Langley Research\n Center, Mail Stop 483, Hampton, VA, 23681, Telephone\n 757-864-5832, Email d.s.mcdougal@larc.nasa.gov.\n\n Judy Curry, Arctic Cloud Lead Scientist, Department of Aerospace\n Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,\n Telephone 303-492-6417, Email curryja@cloud.colorado.edu.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/ACEDOCS/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "452b8945-bdff-43f2-87a4-2fc81754e228", - "label": "FOODBANCS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[From\n'http://homepage.mac.com/adrianglover/Foodbancs/background.html']\n\n'Primary production in Antarctic coastal waters is highly seasonal,\nyielding an intense pulse of biogenic particles to the continental\nshelf floor. This seasonal pulse may have major ramifications for\ncarbon cycling, benthic ecology, and material burial on the west\nAntarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf. Thus, we propose a multi-disciplinary\nprogram ot evaluate the seafloor accumulation, fate and benthic\ncommunity impacts of bloom material along a transect of three stations\ncrossing the Antarctic shelf in the Palmer LTER study area. Using a\nseasonal series of five cruises to our transects, we will test the\nfollowing hypotheses:\n\n1) A substantial proportion of spring/summer export production (circa\n50%) is deposited on the WAP shelf as phytodetritus or fecal pellets.\n\n2) The deposited bloom production is a source of labile POC (or a\n'food bank') for benthos for an extended period of time (months)\n\n3) Large amounts of labile bloom POC are rapidly subducted into the\nsediment column by the deposit-feeding and caching activities of\nbenthos\n\n4) Macrobenthic detritivores sustain a rapid increase in biomass and\nabundance following the spring/summer POC pulse\n\nTo test these hypotheses we will use multiple-core and box-core\nsamples, radiochemical profiles, sediment respirometry, and time-lapse\nbottom photography to evaluate (a) seabed deposition and lability of\nPOC, (b) patterns of POC mixing into sediments, (c) seasonal\nvariations in macrofaunal and megafaunal abundance, biomass and\nreproductive condition, and (d) rates of POC and silica mineralization\nand accumulation in the seabed. Fluxes of biogenic materials and\nradionuclides into midwater particle traps (D.Karl, P.I.) will be\ncontasted with our seabed deposition and burial rates to establish\nwater-column and seabed preservation efficiencies for these\nmaterials. Cruises (each 10-d in length) will be conducted to collect\nthese data in: November 1999 (shortly pre-bloom); Feb-Mar 2000 (at the\nend of the POC pulse); Apr-May 2000 (near the end of the ice-free\nsummer period), Sept-Oct 2000 (near the end of the winter-ice period),\nand Feb-Mar 2001 (end of second annual POC pulse). This project will\nsubstantially improve our understanding of the spring/summer\nproduction pulse on the WAP shelf, and its impacts on seafloor\ncommunities and carbon cycling in Antarctic coastal ecosystems.'\n\nCraig R Smith and David J DeMaster, Principal Investigators", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "454a3c42-46e4-4f6b-a83c-b624fe553e0b", - "label": "EUCREX-94", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This case study presents data from 5 April 1994 to 30 April 1994 and covers a region from 45N to 55N latitude and from 15W to 0 longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "468687d7-2b92-4980-8b6f-6c44ccd9a8e6", - "label": "DART", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DART real-time tsunami monitoring systems, developed by PMEL, are positioned at strategic locations throughout the ocean and play a critical role in tsunami forecasting.\n\nSummary provided by http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "46983ecc-81e8-4a70-a5f6-30fe0a583fb2", - "label": "DIAAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Little is known about bird diseases in Antarctica with a few notable\nexceptions. The recent discoveries of certain diseases in Antarctica\nhave created concern for the future of Antarctic wildlife. Introduced\nmicroorganisms may have severe negative consequences for\ninmunologically native wildlife and novel epidemics may be especially\ndisastrous for rare or endangered species. The study of the diseases\nwhich affect Antarctic migratory birds has been an area of great\ninterest for numerous scientists. The possibility of introduction of\nseveral diseases on antarctic fauna is an important subject considered\nby the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. There has been an\nincrease in the movement of people to and within Antarctica; tourist\nand expeditioner numbers have been increasing in recent years and air\ntravel quickly takes people, equipment and food to distant\nlocalities. These factors directly contribute to an increase in the\nrisk of importing an exotic organism and or spreading of endemic\ndisease.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48b7925c-f8e0-4b82-953a-d15ad2d5ba6a", - "label": "FACE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FACE provides a technology by which the microclimate around growing\nplants may be modified to simulate climate change\nconditions. Typically CO2-enriched air is released from a circle of\nvertical pipes into plots up to 30m in diameter, and as tall as 20 m.\n\nMeasurements of photosynthesis and carbon sequestration under present\nconditions do not reveal how these processes will behave in the\nCO2-enriched atmosphere of the future. FACE creates realistic,\nmid-21st century CO2 conditions in which processes regulating plant\nand ecosystem responses to future conditions are quantified.\n\nFACE technology now has a long track record of operating efficiently\nand cost effectively for a broad range of ecosystems providing a\nresearch platform for many hundreds of investigators.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.face.bnl.gov/face1.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a6f40e6-5c20-4cb1-baf0-f089e63c7c4e", - "label": "DLP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The UC Berkeley Digital Library Project is developing the tools\nand technologies to support highly improved models of the\n'scholarly information life cycle.' Our goal is to facilitate\nthe move from the current centralized, discrete publishing\nmodel, to a distributed, continuous, and self-publishing model,\nwhile still preserving the best aspects of the current model\nsuch as peer review.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/'\n\n[Summary provided by University of California, Berkeley]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cb3922e-43f6-4288-bc0e-6beb97a48ade", - "label": "FERMANV1", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Global Fertilizer and Manure, Version 1 data represent fertilizer application rates and manure production of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P). Spatially explicit fertilizer inputs were computed by fusing national-level statistics on fertilizer use with global maps of harvested area for 175 crops. Manure production was based on livestock head count and nutrient content of manure. The data were compiled by Philip Potter and Navin Ramankutty, et. al. (2010).\n\n[Summary provided by the Socioeconomic Data and Application Center.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dac8541-0c69-4cd5-ae70-eb8819f39715", - "label": "EOSDIS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems Program. It provides end-to-end capabilities for managing NASA’s Earth science data from various sources – satellites, aircraft, field measurements, and various other programs. For the EOS satellite missions, EOSDIS provides capabilities for command and control, scheduling, data capture and initial (Level 0) processing. These capabilities, constituting the EOSDIS Mission Operations, are managed by the Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO) Project. NASA network capabilities transport the data to the science operations facilities.\n\nThe remaining capabilities of EOSDIS constitute the EOSDIS Science Operations, which are managed by the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project. These capabilities include: generation of higher level (Level 1-4) science data products for EOS missions; archiving and distribution of data products from EOS and other satellite missions, as well as aircraft and field measurement campaigns. The EOSDIS science operations are performed within a distributed system of many interconnected nodes (Science Investigator-led Processing Systems and distributed, discipline-specific, Earth science data centers) with specific responsibilities for production, archiving, and distribution of Earth science data products. The distributed data centers serve a large and diverse user community (as indicated by EOSDIS performance metrics) by providing capabilities to search and access science data products and specialized services.\n\nFor more information, see http://earthdata.nasa.gov/about-eosdis", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5251e4db-da24-4dc9-9a94-72300a3be751", - "label": "FIRESCAN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Fire Research Campaign Asia-North (FIRESCAN) was initiated in 1992. FIRESCAN addresses the role of fire in boreal ecosystems and the consequences for the global atmosphere and climate. On 6 July 1993 a large forest fire experiment was conducted on Bor Forest Island, Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia. The major objective of the Bor Forest Island Fire Experiment was to conduct a high-intensity, stand replacement fire that would permit the documentation of fire behavior and effects in a manner that would allow comparison of eastern and western fire research methodologies. The major parameters investigated comprised:\n\n 1. Fire ecology of Pinus sylvestris forests of the Sym Plain, including the long-term pollen and sediment records and a dendrochronology-derived fire history\n 2. Vegetation and fuels (pre-fire and post-fire recovery, fuel loading and consumption, tree mortality)\n 3. Fire behavior (fuels, fire weather, fire behavior)\n 4. Emissions of gases (CO2, CO, H2, CH3Br, CH3Cl) and aerosol (particle deposition) \n\nSummary provided by http://www.igac.noaa.gov/newsletter/15/boreal.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52756049-0999-44c2-ad27-4521292ef3ac", - "label": "EDIMS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Environmental Data and Information Management System (EDIMS)- The Environmental Data and Information Management System (EDIMS) was developed for the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment (GOM/CME) to facilitate communication and to allow the easy transfer of data between those with common interests in the Gulf of Maine. It is centered at the University, of New Hampshire, but provides access to information and data that is widely distributed throughout the Gulf of Maine region. Communication to EDIMS is accomplished through the Internet (http://opaJ-www.unh.edu/edims.html). The EDIMS manager is Karen Garrison (kmg@kepler.uni.edu). \n\nEMIMS functions are divided into three categories: archived information and data, communications and directions to other data sets. The archived information includes a directory of addresses of persons working in the Gulf of Maine region, a directory of data sets relevant to the Gulf of Maine and some data sets directly available electronically through EDIMS. \n\nInformation provided by http://216.239.51.104/search?q=cache:g8mAM9JP68UJ:www.ices.dk/globec/reports/CM1996-A7.doc+EDIMS+environmental+data&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=us", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52d25f01-494e-40f7-905c-066fe56d9d2e", - "label": "FGBNMS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Flower Garden Banks NMS is the only marine sanctuary located in the Gulf of Mexico. Our interactive map allows users to view sanctuary data, photographs, and shaded relief, along with reference data that includes buoys, artificial reefs, and climatology.\n\nThe Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (NMS) Maps application uses ESRI's ArcGIS server technology to integrate data and imagery into a user-friendly interface. The map was created in partnership with NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries program.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54044418-fc67-4af3-9b0d-f85f6ab1a54e", - "label": "EPN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Phenology is the study of recurring biological events, such as flowering or migration, in relation to climate, weather and other environmental factors. Phenological records therefore 'provide an integrative indication of the sensitivity of natural systems for climate change'. The European Phenology Network (EPN) aims to improve communication between regional and national phonological monitoring networks in Europe, to improve access to data, to increase exchange of knowledge between phenologists of different scientific backgrounds and to promote the applications of phenological research. The website provides an introduction to the European Network and its objectives. It examines the applications of phenology across a number of disciplines including ecology, agriculture and human health and has some examples of observed phenological changes in Europe. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.dow.wau.nl/msa/epn/about_EPN.asp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "56c50986-b670-4bae-890e-8e705500bb16", - "label": "EVINCE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No description available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "577d12af-d674-4d03-b28a-6a8e77b5c27b", - "label": "EVOLANTA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The aim of the EVOLANTA program is to provide a framework for research\nto improve our understanding of the evolutionary history and biology\nof unique Antarctic biota, and to integrate this with developing\nknowledge of the climatic and tectonic context within which this\nevolution has occured and continues to occur.\n\nFocus:\n1. gene flow\n2. evolutionary response to global change\n3, Antarctic/Arctic comparisons\n\nFor more information , link\nto 'http://www.sun.ac.za/zoology/scar/acrobat/Evolbiosciplan.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58220d60-13c7-4562-aa0e-1a046e326a2c", - "label": "EPOCA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EU FP7 Integrated Project EPOCA (European Project on OCean Acidification) was launched in June 2008 with the overall goal to advance our understanding of the biological, ecological, biogeochemical, and societal implications of ocean acidification (Fig. 1). The EPOCA consortium brings together more than 100 researchers from 27 institutes1 and 9 European countries. The budget of this 4 year long project is 15.9 M€, including 6.5 M€ from the European Commission.\n\nhttp://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/2008/07/13/epoca-european-project-on-ocean-acidification/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59505ffe-4725-4954-8d4f-15f465f53bf6", - "label": "EOSRAM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project addresses the question of how extensive land use change or more subtle regional climate variations modify the natural functioning and structure of the Amazonian ecosystems, from routing of water and its chemical load through precipitation and drainage systems back to the atmosphere and the oceans. The biogeochemical and hydrological processes of this and other continental-scale tropical regions may function in fundamentally different ways than the better-known temperate or boreal regions of the world. The focus of this project is to model, within the context of land-cover changes, the transport and distribution of water, sediment and bioactive chemicals along the Amazon valley network and the transfer of biogenic gases between the land surface and the atmosphere along with mobilization of particulate matter through the river system to the ocean. \n\nThis information is provided by http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/guides/eosram_project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59f6c3b1-ad45-4ab6-bd93-93a0d9790dcf", - "label": "DYCOMS-II", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus Phase II:\nEntrainment Studies (DYCOMS-II) is the name given to a field\ncampaign which proposes to collect data for the purposes of\ntesting large-eddy simulations of nocturnal\nstratocumulus. DYCOMS-II will be based on measurements taken from\nthe NCAR EC-130Q in and around nocturnal marine\nstratocumulus. The experiment will consist of 9 flights out of\nNorth Island Naval Air Station (just west of San Diego) between\nJuly 7 and July 28, 2001. Eight of these flights will be\nnocturnal. For more information about the experimental objectives\nand strategy, as well as references and contacts click on the\nappropriate link below.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. The DYCOMS-II field program is designed to collect data to\ntest large-eddy simulations of stratocumulus\n\n2. To test a recently proposed technique to measure large-scale\ndivergence\n\n3. To test our ability to close scalar budgets under ideal\nsituations\n\n4. To increase our understanding and of the statistical signature\nof the diurnal cycle in marine stratocumulus\n\nStrategies:\n\nOur basic strategy is to make use of a unique combination of\ninstrumentation and flight plans to measure both the large-scale\nenvironment and the turbulent dynamics of summertime, nocturnal,\nsubtropical marine stratocumulus.\n\nInstruments:\n\n1. EC-130Q Hercules: This four-engine, medium-size utility\nturboprop has been modified from a U.S. military tactical\naircraft to a versatile and capable research platform that will\ndeliver the scientific instrumentation to the target area. The\nHercules has a 10-hour flight endurance, covers a 2,900 nautical\nmile range at 20,000 ft, and carries a payload of up to 23,000\nlb. In addition to the standard sensors that measure atmospheric\nstate parameters, cloud physics, and radiation, the C-130 will be\nequipped with specialized instrumentation for measuring the state\nof the atmosphere away from the aircraft. These latter\ninstruments include the Staring (Scanning) Aerosol Backscatter\nLidar (SABL), the ATD Dropwindsonde System, and the Wyoming cloud\nradar.\n\n2. GPS Dropsondes: These third-generation dropsonde, use a new\nsensor module and a GPS receiver from Vaisala Inc. A unique\nsquare-cone parachute is used to reduce the initial shock load\nand slow and stabilize the sonde. The parachute is immediately\ndeployed on exit from the launch chute and streamers for about\nfive seconds until filled by ram-air. The stability of the square\ncone parachute is very good during the sonde's descent and\nreduces or eliminates any pendulum motion of the sonde. The fall\nspeeds of the sondes in the subtropical boundary layer are\nestimated to be between 10 and 15 m/s, yielding profiles with a\nresolution of less than 10m. Four sondes can be tracked from the\naircraft simultaneoulsy.\n\n3. Scanning Aerosol Backscatter Lidar (SABL): The SABL lidar is\na compact and reliable instrument that detects backscatter from\nair molecules, aerosols, and hydrometeors (water and ice) and is\nused to measure and map distributions of relative aerosol\nconcentrations. The instrument operates at two wavelengths 532\n(green) and 1064 nm (infrared). On the C130 aircraft, it operates\nfrom zenith to nadir out to distances from 10 to 15 km with range\nresolutions down to 7.5 meters and along-track resolution to 4\nmeters. The lidar is not eye-safe and thus its scanning\ncapabilities are currently limited. During DYCOMS-II it will be\nmounted on a pod on a wing of the C130 and will be used primarily\nin a downward staring mode to provide information about cloud top\nstructure. Craig Walther and Bruce Morley of NCAR lead the SABL\ndevelopment.\n\n4. Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR): The Wyoming Cloud Radar is an\nobservational system for the study of cloud structure and\ncomposition. It is intended for airborne use; principally on the\nWyoming KingAir. Operating at 95 GHz (3 mm wavelength), the radar\nprovides high-resolution measurements of reflectivity, velocity\nand polarization fields in vertical or horizontal\nsections. Coupled with the in situ observations of hydrometeors\nand air motions from the same aircraft these data yield unique\ninformation for analyses of cloud and precipitation\nprocesses. During DYCOMS it is proposed that the radar will be\nmounted on the C130. Gabor Vali of the University of Wyoming is\nthe primary contact for the implementation of the WCR during\nDYCOMS-II.\n\n5. Tunable Diode Laser (TDL): The tunable diode laser was\ndeveloped by Randall May of Spectra Sensors. The prototype\ninstrument is shown below mounted on the DC-8. The TDL on the\nC-130 is mounted under a wing pod. The TDL is an open-path\ninstrument that makes independent water vapor measurements every\n125 ms. Although as currently configured these measurements are\naveraged together to provide data at 1Hz, during DYCOMS each\nindependent sample will be saved. The resultant 8Hz data should\nbe sufficient for measuring fluxes outside of the surface\nlayer. Previous experience with the prototype instrument during\nCAMEX, and experience with the current instrument on 30 flights\nduring TOPSE suggests that it performs very well and should\nprovide unprecedented measurements of water-vapor in and around\nthe marine boundary layer, both in and out of clouds. Bruce\nGandrud of NCAR is a primary contact for the implementation of\nthe TDL.\n\n6. Fast Ozone: The NCAR NO chemiluminesence techique for\nmeasureing Ozone has been recently modified to increase its\nfrequency response. Preliminary tests with a cylindric reaction\nchamber indicate a frequency response of 5.5Hz with 1 ppbv of\nsensitivity. Tests with a conic reaction chamber have an slightly\nimproved frequency response (6.5Hz) and a slightly reduced (4\nppbv) sensitivity. The lead developer of this instrument is\nTeresa Campos of NCAR.\n\n7. Fast DMS (APIMS): The atmospheric pressure ionization mass\n spectrometer (APIMS) has been developed by Alan Bandy and\n colleagues at Drexel University. The method is based on mass\n spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionization as a source\n of ions, and uses deuterated DMS as an internal standard. This\n internal standard allows monitoring of the DMS mixing ratio\n directly, which is a significant advantage in flux\n determinations using eddy correlation. The instrument\n sensitivity is about 100 counts per second per pptv. At a\n typical DMS concentration of 100 pptv, the count rate is 104\n counts per second. At a sample rate of 40 samples per second\n this is 250 counts per sampling interval. This yields a\n signal-to-noise of about 16 since the blank is negligible. The\n instrument was first flown on test flights in November of 1999,\n and we are hopeful that a second round of test flights\n scheduled for August 2000 will demonstrate the capability of\n the DMS instrument for entrainment mea! surements.\n\n8. Particulate Volume Monitor (PVM-100A): The PVM is a cloud\n microphysics probe designed to measure for small droplets the\n liquid water content (LWC), droplet surface area (PSA), and\n droplet effective radius (Re); see Fig. 1 (below). The PVM\n makes these measurements optically on a cloud volume of about\n 10 cm^3, thus minimizing statistical sampling errors; and the\n measurements are independent of air speed. The accuracy of the\n PVM is estimated to be better than 10% for droplet spectra\n with VMD (volume medium diameter) smaller than 30 um, and the\n precision is on the order of 0.002 g/m^3. The PVM has the\n unique capability of making these measurements at a rate\n several orders of magnitude faster than other methods. An\n example of 1000-Hz LWC measurements made with the PVM on the\n C-130 during SCMS (Small Cumulus Microphysics Study) is shown\n in Fig. 2 . This 10-cm resolution LWC data show a large amount\n of fine scale in-cloud structure not seen in the 1-Hz data\n often collected with! other probes. The planned PVM data\n collection rate for DYCOMS-II is 2000 Hz, which gives 5-cm\n in-cloud resolution. This will be useful in studying the fine\n scales potentially associated with the entrainment\n process. Also accurate and fast LWC measurements can be\n combined with vertical velocity measurements from a gust probe\n to estimate the entrainment velocity into the Sc using a\n q-conservation method described earlier by Steve Nicholls.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Bjorn Stevens (Principal Investigator)\n Department of Atmospheric Sciences\n 405 Hilgard Avenue\n Box 951565\n Los Angeles CA 90095-1565\n (310) 206-7428 (voice) -5219 (fax)\n bstevens@atmos.ucla.edu\n 'http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~bstevens'\n\n DYCOMS-II Homepage: 'http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~bstevens/dycoms/'\n\n [Summary provided by UCLA Department of Atmospheric Science]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b1e5de3-c462-47a3-8f3d-3078882583af", - "label": "DUACS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Developing Use of Altimetry for Climate Studies (DUCAS) is a European\nproject funded by the Environmental and Climate program, in the\nframework of the Centerfor Earth Observations. DUCAS is also partially\nfunded by the Region Midi-Pyrenees.\n\nIt is lead by Phillip Gasper, from CLS-Argos.\n\nIts aim is to develop altimetry applications for climate studies, and\nfor climate prediction at timescales of seasons to years, in\nparticular using coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation\nmodels. It thus develops both a Near-Real-Time altimeter data\nprocessing facility at CLS-Argos and climate applications in the four\nclimate groups.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cerfacs.fr/~rogel/duacs.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b6117b0-ed55-462e-8eff-f96dc523fb6f", - "label": "DBH", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The aim of this study is to analyze the biodegradation capacity of the \nAntarctic bacterial flora. \n\nThe research is comprised of the following steps: \n-Isolation and screening of hydrocarbon degraders bacteria. \n-Study of the optimal conditions for biodegradation. \n-Study of the biosurfactants production. \n-Relationship between plasmidic DNA and biodegradation capacity. \n-Evaluation of the potential use of the strains in the designe of \nbioremediation strategies. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.dna.gov.ar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c039105-946e-444c-90ab-a7c19ed179b5", - "label": "EMP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Recording, evaluating, and actively intervening over time in the interaction of living and nonliving elements in a specific environment.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=317&b=20&n=10", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c2c4a55-5576-4811-9daf-ac981d68e14d", - "label": "FOOD", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This collection includes data from the program FEWS NET, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, is a leading provider of early warning and analysis on acute food insecurity. Created in 1985 by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) after devastating famines in East and West Africa, FEWS NET provides objective, evidence-based analysis to help government decision-makers and relief agencies plan for and respond to humanitarian crises", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c7c9a71-494f-4d27-b6c4-81c1d66178cf", - "label": "EOSEP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Earth Observing System Education Project (EOSEP) of the University of Montana has developed the Lewis and Clark Information System (LCIS) to demonstrate the usefulness and application of satellite imagery within a thematic context. The LCIS is a dynamic website that aggregates information on the Lewis and Clark Expedition for the K-12 education community. The LCIS also provides an online environment for the collection, manipulation and comparison of data acquired along the Lewis and Clark Trail. Through comparison of past and present landscapes, teachers will be able to engage students in active learning while helping them to understand the variety of factors that affect Earth’s complex systems on a local, regional, and continental level. \n\nInformation provided by http://gis2.esri.com/library/userconf/educ02/pap5147/p5147.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f139d40-4050-4a8e-bd2b-fcae1cfe3d01", - "label": "ESIP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) is an open networked community that brings together science, data and information technology practitioners. On an individual level, participation in the ESIP Federation is beneficial because it provides an intellectual commons to expose, gather and enhance in-house capabilities in support of an organization’s own mandate. In this forum, practioners work together on interoperability efforts across Earth and environmental science allowing self-governed and directed groups to emerge around common issues, ebbing and flowing as the need for them arises. These efforts catalyze connections across organizations, people, systems and data allowing for improved interoperability in distributed systems. By virtue of working in the larger community, ESIP members experience the network effect, which enables more coordinated cyberinfrastructure across domain-specific communities. Using this open, community-based, discipline and agency neutral approach, the ESIP Federation has a 14-year track record of success and continued growth.\n \n For more information, see: http://www.esipfed.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6021f786-7b5c-478f-af31-5c91c2adb17e", - "label": "EUCREX-93", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This case study presents data from 10 Sep 1993 to 15 Oct 1993 and covers a region from 50N to 65N latitude and from 20W to 5E longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6485f13c-b08d-4a4e-af5e-43e45e13f936", - "label": "DDC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "From the IPCC Data Distribution Centre [http://www.ipcc-data.org/ddc_about.html] \n\nThe DDC has been established to facilitate the timely distribution of a consistent set of up-to-date scenarios of changes in climate and related environmental and socio-economic factors for use in climate impacts assessments. The intention is that these new assessments can feed into the review process of the IPCC.\n\nThe initiative to establish a DDC grew out of a recommendation by the IPCC Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate Analysis (TGICA). This Task Group was itself formed following a recommendation made at the IPCC Workshop on Regional Climate Change Projections for Impact Assessment (London, 24-26 September 1996).\n\nThe establishment of the DDC was approved by the IPCC Bureau at its Thirteenth session (9-11 July 1997) and it was subsequently determined at the XIIIth IPCC Plenary (Maldives, 22-28 September 1997) that the DDC would be a shared operation between the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the United Kingdom and the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) in Germany. In 2003 a third centre, the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in the USA, joined the DDC collaboration. From February 1st, 2007 British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) has replaced CRU as the United Kingdom partner.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64b616f2-ce19-4314-ab74-7f0ac7cb269d", - "label": "FMAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) is a network of scientists within the Census of Marine Life trying to understand the past, present and future of marine life. FMAP has a strong emphasis on statistical modeling of patterns derived from biological data, with a focus on data synthesis, often by means of meta-analysis.\n\nFMAP attempts to describe and synthesize globally changing patterns of species abundance, distribution, and diversity, and to model the effects of fishing, climate change and other key variables on those patterns. This work is done across ocean realms and with an emphasis on understanding past changes and predicting future scenarios.\n\nHistory & Current Developments\n\nFMAP grew out of a workshop held in Halifax, Nova Scotia (Canada) in June 2002. Representatives of the all major elements of the Census of Marine Life participated in this initial event and continue to contribute as the vision of FMAP evolves into a working program. Funding from the Sloan Foundation was in place as of the spring of 2003. \n\nAside from predictions, FMAP will contribute to the Census of Marine Life in several key ways. Models are needed to design sampling programs and to synthesize data in order to understand what lived in the oceans in the past and what lives in the oceans today. These synthetic models can then be used to predict what will live in the oceans in the future. \n\nMoreover, modeling can help define the limits of knowledge: what is known, what is unknown but knowable, and what is likely to remain unknowable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6608f9da-04bf-47ea-92f3-8e47df61f752", - "label": "FIBEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks (BIOMASS) Programme was established in the late 1970's for the study of the Antarctic marine ecosystem and its living resources (Thorley, online resource). Data were collected during 3 major field experiments between 1981 and 1985, divided into two periods: First International BIOMASS Experiment (FIBEX) in 1980-1981, and the Second International BIOMASS Experiment (SIBEX) in 1983-1985. In total 34 cruises were carried out (El-Sayed, online resource), of which 21 cruises were gathered in this data set.\n\nSummary provided by http://seamap.env.duke.edu/about/termsofuse?url=http://seamap.env.duke.edu/datasets/detail/75", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b2b0b1c-e8ce-48f8-8b75-62221d2096f5", - "label": "EMEFS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Description: Canada and the United States carried out an atmospheric\nresearch program called the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study\n(EMEFS) from June 1, 1988 to May 31, 1990 under the coordination and\nmanagement of a bi-lateral, multi-agency Project Management Group\n(PMG). The objective of the program was to collect daily air and\nprecipitation chemistry data for use in evaluating two Eulerian\nlong-range transport models: the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM)\ndeveloped by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the\nAtmospheric Deposition and Oxidants Model (ADOM) developed jointly by\nEnvironment Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy,\nthe German Umweltbundesamt, and the Electric Power Research Institute.\nData collected have been and continue to be used to evaluate estimates\nof sulfate (SO4=) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations in air and\nprecipitation. The field component of EMEFS had two parts:\n1) a surface network designed to collect data for operational model\nevaluations, i.e., over long-periods and large spatial scales, and 2)\nintensive surface and aircraft field campaigns to support short-term\ndiagnostic model evaluations. The EMEFS surface network consisted of\napproximately 130 sites in five networks sponsored by different\ngovernmental and non-governmental agencies. Site selection was\ncoordinated by the agencies to establish a regionally representative\nnetwork. The five networks were:\nOEN: Operational Evaluation Network - funded by the Electric Power\nResearch Institute (25 EMEFS sites)\nCAPMoN: Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network - operated\nby Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service (22 EMEFS\nsites)\nFADMP: Florida Acid Deposition Monitoring Program - funded by the\nFlorida Electric Power Coordinating Group (4 EMEFS sites)\nAPIOS: Acid Precipitation In Ontario Study - operated by the Ontario\nMinistry of Environment and Energy (18 EMEFS sites).\nAcid MODES: Acid Model Operational Diagnostic Evaluation Study -\nfunded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (59 EMEFS sites\nincluding variability (VAR) and gradient (GRAD) special study\nsub-networks). The Acid MODES variability sub-network was a four-site\ncluster of sites used to evaluate spatial concentration variability on\nthe 80 - 100 km grid scale of the models being evaluated. The\ngradient sub-network similarly provided a higher spatial network\nresolution in an area where sharp spatial concentration gradients were\nobserved in previous studies.\nFor more information see:\n'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6efd7ce6-ef47-4527-b7e4-88484f74633e", - "label": "ESI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) is a measure of\noverall progress towards environmental sustainability, developed\nfor 142 countries. The ESI scores are based upon a set of 20 core\n'indicators,' each of which combines two to eight variables for a\ntotal of 68 underlying variables. The ESI permits cross-national\ncomparisons of environmental progress in a systematic and\nquantitative fashion. It represents a first step towards a more\nanalytically driven approach to environmental decisionmaking.\n\nThe documents made available here provide in-depth details on the\nanalytical framework, quantitative methodology, and data sources\nthat underlie the ESI . We welcome criticisms, suggestions, and\ncomments.\n\nThe ESI is the result of collaboration among the World Economic\nForum's Global Leaders for Tomorrow Environment Task Force, The\nYale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, and the Columbia\nUniversity Center for International Earth Science Information\nNetwork (CIESIN).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ciesin.org/indicators/ESI/'\n\n[Summary provided by CIESIN]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fd129b1-f3d8-4551-8e39-6d137c24199a", - "label": "DE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of ADEPT Digital Earth (DE) development is to design, implement, and evaluate real-time 3D interfaces for visualizing ADEPT geospatial digital library technology. Research includes:\n\napplying existing DE and related technologies to known problem areas \nexpanding the potential user base of DE and geospatial digital library technology \ncreating customer feedback loops to drive further research and development in this area \n\nThis information is provided by http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/research/de/index.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "731691d4-e9b3-4ec2-92f6-8ca6628dd816", - "label": "DKLN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DKLN >Digitale Kleur Luchtfotokaart van Nederland (Digital Color\n Aerial Photomap of the Netherlands) provides digital aerial\n photography of the Netherlands for the year 2000 at a scale of\n 1:25,000.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://services.esribelux.com/dkln/default.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73f95799-e579-4a24-8e02-5c0a84271129", - "label": "FIRE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Experiment Summary\n \n 1. Experiment Name: First ISCCP Regional Experiment Cirrus IFO II\n 2. Dates Spanned: 31 October 1991 - 07 December 1991\n 3. Location: South-Central United States\n \n 4. Science Objective: The goal of FIRE, the First ISCCP\n (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional\n Experiment, is to understand the role of clouds in climate\n and climate change. FIRE also seeks to improve our ability to\n remotely sense clouds from satellites, aircraft, and the\n surface. FIRE focuses on two climatologically important and\n areally extensive cloud types: cirrus and statocumulus.\n \n 5. Spectral Band Configuration:\n \n DATA CHANNEL MAS BAND CentralWavelength 50%Bandwidth\n \n 01 (bit bucket for 10-bit data: Channels 7,8,9,10)\n 02 N/A 0.680 0.010\n 03 N/A 1.630 0.050\n 04 N/A 1.930 0.050\n 05 N/A 2.080 0.050\n 06 N/A 2.130 0.050\n 07 N/A 3.750 0.150\n 08 N/A 4.650 0.150\n 09 N/A 4.500 0.150\n 10 N/A 8.800 0.400\n 11 N/A 10.950 0.500\n 12 N/A 11.950 0.500\n \n \n For more information, link to\n http://mas.arc.nasa.gov/data/deploy_html/fire_home.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76575989-9e4d-4025-bac0-634d6a259b97", - "label": "EAFSA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project deals with different aspects of the ecology (trophic position, reproduction, age and growth) of the Antarctic ichthyofauna in the Scotia Arc (South Georgia Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and west Antarctic Peninsula). The fish species studied belong to the endemic Antarctic Suborder Notothenioidei; most of them ... have been or are presently object of commercial exploitation. These are the patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, the mackerel ice fish Champsocephalus gunnari and the Antarctic cods Notothenia rossii, Gobionotothen gibberifrons and N. coriiceps, among others. Monitoring of demersal fish at inshore sites of the South Shetland Islands, to evaluate the impact of the former offshore commercial fishery in the area in the late 1970s. Effect of long term shore-based sampling programs on near-shore fish populations. Scope of the project is in line with the aim of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76aaebd8-8563-40a8-bde6-84242d970d09", - "label": "FIFE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE) project conducted field studies on a prairie site in Kansas from 1987 to 1989. Later FIFE Follow-on work included additional analyses of data collected during the initial field campaigns and additional field measurements. The objectives of both FIFE and FIFE Follow-on were to understand the biophysical processes controlling the fluxes of radiation, moisture, and carbon dioxide between the land surface and the atmosphere, and to develop remote-sensing methodologies for observing these processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7892908f-a3b9-42e7-8345-84db6d606f29", - "label": "EBC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Hydrographic/ADCP surveys, satellite imagery, and surface drifters have all served to revise our view of the coastal upwelling that occurs seasonally in most eastern boundary regions, such as off the coast of California. Instead of a uniform upwelling along the coast, with an offshore Ekman flow at the surface and a return flow at depth, we now have a view that much of the transport occurs as 'squirts and jets' -- upwelling centers associated with capes and promontories, offshore transport in intense jets, and a vigorous field of mesoscale eddies.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://tryfan.ucsd.edu/ebc/ebc.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7952c8df-163d-405d-8f6d-257710e8dc3f", - "label": "ESDIS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Mission Statement\nThe Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project is responsible for providing scientific and other users access to data from NASA's Earth science missions:\n\n * The ESDIS Project provides access to data through the development and operation of the science systems of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Data and Information System (EOSDIS)\n * Data products from EOS and other NASA Earth science missions are stored at several data centers to support interactive and interoperable retrieval and distribution of data products\n * For the design, development, integration, testing, and operation of the science systems, the ESDIS Project provides:\n o Project management\n o Systems engineering\n o Technical direction\n * To evolve the capabilities of EOSDIS to support changing user requirements, the ESDIS Project coordinates development of scientific, discipline-unique functions at the data centers\n * The ESDIS Project is part of the Earth Science Projects Division, the designated Earth science program management office for flight, ground, and science performed at the GSFC\n * The ESDIS Project supports the Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters in representing NASA in interagency and international working groups:\n o To develop standards for science information exchange\n o To develop interoperability functions with other data centers\n\nSummary provided by http://www.esdis.eosdis.nasa.gov/about/mission.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7aa8d139-ef0f-4c35-b2fd-2eb7bab1310f", - "label": "ESA CCI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7beda062-19ba-4cf4-83f5-d4f2ac16e700", - "label": "ERICA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\n -Understanding the fundamental physical processes occuring in the\n atmosphere during rapid intensification of cyclones at sea.\n -Determining those physical processes that need to be incorporated\n into dynamical prediction models.\n -Identifying measurable precursors as necessary input into the\n initial analysis for accurate and detailed operational model predictions.\nProject Description:\n The Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA),\nunder the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Heavy Weather at Sea Accelerated\nResearch Initiative program, is a study to determine physical mechanisms and\nprocesses which lead to explosive wintertime storms developing over the\nAtlantic Ocean. ERICA is a follow-up study to the Genesis of Atlantic Lows\nExperiment (GALE), conducted in the winter of 1986. Other contributors include\nseveral departments of the Navy and the Air Force as well as the National\nWeather Service (NWS), National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\nNational Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS),\nEnvironmental Research Laboratory (ERL), Department of Transportation (DOT),\nDepartment of Energy (DOE), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Center\nfor Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Air Weather Service (AWS), Atmospheric\nEnvironment Service (AES) of Toronto, Canada, along with universities and\nresearch organizations in the United States and Canada. Operations are being\ncarried out at three main centers; the World Weather Building, Camp Springs,\nMaryland, Maritimes Weather Center, Bedford, Nova Scotia and Naval Air Station,\nBrunswick, Maine. The field phase of ERICA began 1 December 1988 and ended 26\nFebruary 1989. The experiment was designed to focus on east coast winter\nstorms that rapidly intensified over a few hours and a few hundred kilometers\nand deepened tens of millibars per six hours. These ERICA-type storms in the\nprevious 22 years before the field study mainly developed over the northwestern\nAtlantic from Washington D.C. to St Johns, Newfoundland.\nData Sources:\n The ERICA observing region covers the eastern half of the United States,\nsimilar to that observed during GALE, as well as southeastern Canada and the\nnorthwestern Atlantic west of 50 degrees west. Rawinsonde observations are\nbeing supplied by the NWS and NCAR (CLASS-Cross Chain Loran Atmospheric\nSounding System). Canada's AES and military are providing standard\nmeteorological parameters. The satellite observations are being taken from\nGOES-6 and GOES-7, NOAA-10 and NOAA-11, DMSP-F8 and F9 and GEOSAT which provide\nradiance measurements. Surface observations are being supplied by the standard\nNWS network along with the FAA, Coast Guard and military stations. Nova Scotia\nhas also set up a ground-based network (Mesonet) to measure temperature,\npressure, humidity, wind speed and direction. The meteorological buoy network\nis supported by NOAA, Navy, AES and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutite\n(WHOI) measuring surface and sub-surface parameters. Ship data is also being\nobtained and quality controlled by the NWS and the ECMWF. Aircraft\nobservations are being provided by the Air Force, Navy, NOAA and NCAR; the Air\nForce flights deploying omega dropsondes and gathering cyclonic-scale data over\nthe ocean, the NCAR missions accumulating jet stream structure data that could\nimpact the rapid intensification phase, the NOAA flights over the low-level\ncyclone, frontal zones, updraft zones and convective regions, and the Navy\nmissions deploying drifting buoys and dropwindsondes. Radar observations are\nbeing provided by NWS, NOAA (Doppler/non Doppler) and the Air Force Geophysics\nLaboratory (Doppler).\nData Products:\n Drexel University is the central archive and disrtibution center for ERICA\ndata. The ERICA Data Center (EDC) is funded by the Office of Naval Research\n(ONR).\n 1. AIRCRAFT: NCAR (flight level), NOAA (flight level,doppler/nondoppler,\n cloud physics) and AWS(flight level) data are available in digitized\n form. Color slides of NOAA radar data are also available.\n 2. SOUNDING: Master sounding file containing 10mb interval data\n (hydrostatic height, temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and\n speed) is available in digitized form. Other products, which include\n NCDC upper air, CYCLE and Yarmouth (Canada), CLASS and LeSonde (NCAR),\n Dropsonde (AWS), Wind Profiler (Pennsylvania State University) and\n Marine (Navy) sounding data are also available in digitized format.\n Products available on hardcopy include Skew-Ts of ERICA soundings,\n Constant Pressure Charts of ERICA Soundings, NMC North American\n Constant Pressure Analyses, NCAR Skew-Ts of CLASS soundings, and NCAR\n Skew-Ts of LeSonde dropwindsondes.\n 3. RADAR: Canadian data from Halifax and Holyrood is available in\n digitized form. Hardcopies are also available for these sites along\n with the NWS sites.\n 4. SATELLITE: GOES-6 and GOES-7 imagery and Satellite Wind data, NOAA-10\n and NOAA-11 SST Analyses (from AVHRR) and TOVS soundings, GEOSAT\n Surface Wind data and DMSP F8 and F9 soundings are available in\n digitized format. Other products include an ERICA Satellite Atlas,\n Videotapes of GOES imagery, hardcopy of NESDIS SST Analyses and slides\n of SST Analyses and Difference fields.\n 5. BOUNDARY LAYER: Dr. Fred Sanders' Surface Pressure Analyses, NCDC\n Precipitation observations, NCDC Hourly Surface data, Nova Scotia\n Mesonet data, Canadian Hourly Surface data, a Master Marine data tape\n containing buoy and SST analyses, NCDC Surface Marine data, Canadian\n Marine data, Navy Surface reports and AES, WHOI and NDBC buoy data are\n available in digitized form. Other products include NMC Surface\n Analyses, Maritime Weather Center Surface Analyses, Dr. Fred Sanders'\n Surface Analyses, NWS Observed Snow Cover Maps and NCDC Ships' Logs\n available on hardcopy.\n *** The ERICA Compact Disc (CD)/ROM containing Aircraft, Sounding, Satellite,\n Boundary, Documentation and Access Software, Text of ERICA Data Users\n Guide and NCAR Terrain Data is available from the ERICA Data Center and\n is accessible from both IBM and APPLE PC computers as well as\n workstations.\n Project Archive Contact:\n Edward Hartnett\n ERICA Data Center\n Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science\n Drexel University\n Philadelphia, PA 19104\n 215-895-2786\n OMNET > ERICA.DATA.CENTER\n INTERNET > ED@CONVEX.DREXEL.EDU (129.25.1.200)\n Project Director Contact:\n Dr. Carl Kreitzberg\n Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science\n Drexel University\n 32nd & Chestnut St.\n Philadelphia, PA 19104\n 215-895-2726\n References:\n Hadlock, R., and C. W. Kreitzberg, 1988: The Experiment on Rapidly\n Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA) Field Study: Objectives\n and Plans. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 69,\n 1309-1320.\n Hartnett, Ed, 1990: ERICA Data Users Guide.\nWWW: 'http://einstein.drexel.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7db1b84d-ce89-4133-bc77-0df17b1d1013", - "label": "FED", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project is concerned with modeling\nand monitoring ecosystem processes and patterns in response to natural\nand anthropogenic effects. The project uses coupled ecosystem models\nand remote sensing models and measurements to predict and observe\necosystem change. The overall objective of the FED project is to link\nand use models of forest dynamics, soil processes, and canopy\nenergetics to understand how ecosystem response to change affects\npatterns and processes in northern and boreal forests and to assess\nthe implications for global change.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://forest.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ddf6d35-54ee-4a2c-a2a3-afcae305967c", - "label": "Delta-X", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Delta-X mission is a 5-year NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-3 mission to study the Mississippi River Delta in the United States, which is growing and sinking in different areas. River deltas and their wetlands are drowning as a result of sea level rise and reduced sediment inputs. The Delta-X mission will determine which parts will survive and continue to grow, and which parts will be lost. Delta-X begins with airborne and in situ data acquisition and carries through data analysis, model integration, and validation to predict the extent and spatial patterns of future deltaic land loss or gain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f29e0ae-2d9e-4989-a863-43b7b875adfd", - "label": "FIRE/MTV", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Background and rationale:\nAt some time or another most of the world's terrestrial ecosystems are\ndirectly affected by fire. Though some fires occur naturally\n(wildfires), by far the greater part are the result of human\nactivities. Much of the world's tropical savannahs are periodically\nburned; in Africa alone around 75% of the savannah burns annually, an\narea of more than 300 millions hectares. Forest fires, savannahs\nfires, burning of fuel wood, charcoal production and burning of\nagricultural wastes together consume an estimated 8680 million tons of\ndry plant material per year.\nThe consequences of biomass burning are extremely diverse. It affects\natmospheric chemistry, climate, vegetation distribution and, of course\nhuman avtivities. The ecological, environmental and economic effects\nof biomass burning occur across all scales, from the local to global,\nyet systematic documentation of global biomass burning patterns and\nhistory are not available. This lack of information is keenly felt,\nboth by the international scientific community, and by policy\nmakers. The research project FIre in global Resource and Environmental\nmonitoring (FIRE) has been initiated in 1994, by the Monitoring of\nTropical Vegetation unit (MTV) of the Commission of the European Union\nJoint Research Centre, in order to adress such issues during a 4 years\nperiod, with a key objective being the documenting of biomass burning\npatterns for the entire tropical belt and the analysis of such\npatterns in relation to land use/land cover dynamics.\nAn integrated approach to biomass burning studies:\nAt the 1991 Dahlem Workshop on Global Changes in the Perspective of\nthe Past, a proposal was made to integrate established fire behaviour\nand emission models into a new approach, where ecosystem\ncharacterisation, in terms of fuel situation and satellite\nidentification of fire occurrence are the starting point. The FIRE\nproject is concentrating in particular on those acpects of the Dahlem\nmodel driven by satellite data.\nSatellite observations as main source of information:\nEarth observation from space provides systematic and consistent\nmeasurements of a series of parameters related to fire and fire\nimpacts. Fire detection from space currently relies on visible and\nthermal information from sensors on the Meteosat, Landsat, SPOT and\nNOAA satellites.\nThese systems together cover a range of spatial, spectral and temporal\nresolutions which on the one hand permit detailed study of individual\nfires, and on the other allow regular monitoring of the incidence of\nfire for entire continents.\nThe Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA\nsatellites is the main source of data for the studies done by the FIRE\nproject. Historical archives of these data, on a daily basis at 4 km\nresolution (the Global Area Coverage data, GAC), extend back to 1981:\nthe FIRE project has done the processing and analysis of these\nAVHRR-GAC data for the african continent. The resulting data sets are\nused for continental scale vegetation studies, more specifically for\ndetection of land cover changes, and for documenting spatio- temporal\nvariations in burning patterns for the continent of Africa over the\nlast decade.\nMore complete documentation of burning patterns for the whole tropical\nbelt has been initiated by the FIRE project using the global 1-km\nresolution AVHRR image archive established at the U.S. satellite data\narchive, Sioux Falls, under the auspices of the IGBP. Analysis of\nthese data has required considerable development of processing\nenvironments: An automatic method for global detection of vegetation\nfires, which adjusts as necessary to accomodate seasonal and spatial\nfactors, has been developed and applied succesfully for the processing\nand analysis of one week of daily global data (14 Gb of data). The\nFIRE project is currently extending the processing to six months of\ndaily 1-km global data.\nIn the same time, detection and assessment of burnt areas are becoming\nkey issues in the overall research effort of the FIRE project. Data\nprovided by the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-1) onboard the\nERS satellite, are being used to quantify the extent of burnt\nsurfaces. Last, a mobile AVHRR data receiving station is used by the\nFIRE project, in the framework of ground experimental campaigns, to\nvalidate fire detection methods for different tropical ecosystems, and\nto provide input to fire management programmes at country level.\nAssembling and use of consistent data sets on\nBB dynamics adapted to the modelling of\nsoil-vegetation-atmosphere exchanges and\ntheir evolution in time\nThe FIRE project is involved in co-operative research related to the\nrole of biomass burning in tropospheric and precipitations chemistry,\nforest monitoring, land cover changes. As such a great effort is done\nto assemble and format the fire related informations, as derived from\nremote sensing, in consistent data sets adapted to the modelling of\nsoil-vegetation- atmosphere exchanges and their evolution in time:\nsuch data sets are currently sustaining the FIRE project contributions\nto international experiments among which the IGBP-IGAC activity\nEXPRESSO (EXPeriment for Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxydants) and\nto a research activity of the European Union on the modelling of\nemissions of black carbon aerosols at global scale. Moreover the FIRE\nproject is involved in a co-operative research with the UE's TREES\n(TRopical Ecosystem and Environment observation from Space) project:\nthe detection of fires is an essential part of the alarm system under\ndevelopment, in the TREES project, to pinpoint zones of active\ndeforestation.\nReferences:\nGregoire J-M., 1993, Description quantitative des regimes de feu en\nzone soudanienne d'Afrique de l'Ouest. SECHERESSE no. 1, vol. 4, mars\n1993, 37-45\nGregoire J-M., Belward A.S. et Kennedy P., 1993. Dynamiques de\nsaturation du signal dans la bande 3 du senseur AVHRR: Handicap majeur\nou source d'information pour la surveillance de l'environnement en\nmilieu soudano-guineen d'Afrique de l'Ouest ? International Journal of\nRemote Sensing, 1993, Vol. 14, No. 11, 2079-2095\nBelward A.S., Gregoire J-M., D'Souza G., Trigg S., Hawkes M., Brustet\nJ-M., Sera D., Tireford J-L., Charlot J-M. and Vuattoux R., 1993,\nIn-Situ, real time fire detection using NOAA/AVHRR data. proceedings\nof the VI AVHRR Data User's Meeting, Belgirate, Italy, 29th June - 2nd\nJuly 1993, published by EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany, EUM P 12, ISSN\n1015 9576, 333-339\nBelward A.S., Kennedy P.J., and Gregoire J-M., 1994. The limitations\nand potential of AVHRR GAC data for continental scale fire\nstudies. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1994, Vol. 15, No. 11, 2215-2234\nKennedy P.J., Belward A.S., and Gregoire J-M., 1994. An improved\napproach to fire monitoring in West Africa using AVHRR\ndata. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1994, Vol. 15, No. 11, 2235-2255\nMalingreau J.P., and Belward A.S., 1994, Recent activities in the\nEuropean Community for the creation and analysis of global AVHRR data\nsets. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1994, vol. 15, no. 17, pp. 3397-3416\nBrivio P.A., Gregoire J-M., Lefeivre B., and Ober G., 1994. Use of the\nrose-diagram method for vegetation fire patterns analysis at regional\nscale in Africa. 14th Int. CODATA Conf. 'Data knowledge in a changing\nworld', Chambery, France, 18-22 September 1994.\nKoffi B., J-M.Gregoire, G.Mahe and J-P.Lacaux, 1995, Remote sensing of\nbush fires dynamics in Central Africa from 1984 to 1988: analysis in\nrelation to regional vegetation and pluviometric patterns. Atmospheric\nResearch 39 (1995) 179-200\nBelward A.S., Hollifield A., and James M., 1995, The potential of the\nNASA GAC Pathfinder product for the creation of global thematic data\nsets: the case of biomass burning patterns Int. J. Remote Sensing,\n1995, Letter RES100942, p.9\nKoffi B., Gregoire J-M., Brivio P.A., et Lacaux J-P.,\n1995. Teledetection satellitaire et chimie des pluies: Deux approches\ncomplementaires pour l'etude de l'impact des feux de vegetation sur le\ncontenu chimique de la troposphere en region tropicale. Compte-rendus\nSeminaire 'IGAC-DEBITS -Africa (IDAF): dry and wet depositions in\nAfrica', Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 5-8 decembre 1994 , p. 4, WMO,\nIGBP, ENRICH, MEDIAS-France, Avril 1995\nEva H, Belward A.S., Gregoire J-M., Moula M., Brustet J-M., Janodet\nE. and Viovy N., 1995, The application of Along Track Scanning\nRadiometer data to Burnt Area mapping in different savannah ecosystems\nin Central Africa. Proceedings of the meteorological satellite data\nuser's conference, Winchester, UK, EUMETSAT, 4th to 8th Sep. 1995\nEhrlich D., Gregoire J-M., Eva H., Janodet E., and Koffi B., 1995,\nFire detection, land cover characterization and burnt area estimation\nin the savannah-forest transition zone of Central Africa. Publication\nof the European Communities, EUR 16314 EN, Brussels.Luxembourg, 1995,\npp. 72\nGregoire J-M., 1995, FIRE: FIre in global Resource and Environmental\nmonitoring A project of the European Commission. MEDIAS Newsletter,\nno. 7, aout 1995, pp. 13-14\nBrivio P.A., Gregoire J-M., Koffi B., and Ober G., 1995, An automatic\nclustering technique applied to the study of vegetation fire patterns\ndistribution in the African continent. Proceeding IGARSS,95\nQuantitative remote sensing for science and applications, Vol. 1,\npp. 112-114, Firenze, 10-14 July 1995.\nBrivio P.A., Ober G., Koffi B., and Gregoire J-M., 1995, Techniques\nfor spatio-temporal analysis of vegetation fires in the tropical belt\nof Africa. in Global Process Monitoring and Remote Sensing of the\nOcean and Sea Ice, Paris France 25-28 September 1995, Deering D.W. and\nGudmandsen P. Editors, Proceedings EUROPTO Series SPIE Vol. 2586,\n162-171, 1995\nBarbosa P., and Gregoire J-M., 1995, Mapping of burnt surfaces at\ncontinental scale. A methodological approach for the analysis of\nNOAA/AVHRR/GAC time series. EARSeL Workshop on Remote sensing and GIS\napplications to forest fire management, Universidad de Alcala de\nHenares, Spain, 7th - 9th September 1995, 53-57\nJones S., 1995, Spatio-temporal distribution of vegetation fire in\ncontinental Southeast Asia as monitored by 1 km AVHRR data. IGBP-DIS\nWorkshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995,\nIGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nMalingreau J.P., and Dwyer E., 1995, A framework for the preparation\nand analysis of the Global Fire Product. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global\nFire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change\nReport, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nMalingreau J.P., Leysen M., and Degrandi F., 1995, Detecting and\nmeasuring burn scars in tropical vegetation using ERS-1 SAR\ndata. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October\n17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nEva H., 1995, Along Track Scanning Radiometer data fro burnt area\nmapping. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra,\nOctober 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press\n1996.\nEva H., and Flasse S., 1995, A comparison of contextual and threshold\nactive fire detection algorithms. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire\nMonitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change\nReport, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nDwyer E., and Malingreau J.P., 1995, Global Fire Product. IGBP-DIS\nWorkshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra, October 17-19, 1995,\nIGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press 1996.\nBarbosa P., and Gregoire J-M., 1995, Mapping of burnt surfaces at\ncontinental scale. The potential of NOAA/AVHRR/GAC time\nseries. IGBP-DIS Workshop on Global Fire Monitoring, JRC, Ispra,\nOctober 17-19, 1995, IGBP-Global Change Report, Stockolm, in press\n1996.\nGregoire J-M., 1995, Use of AVHRR data for the study of vegetation\nfires in Africa: Fire management perspectives. EURO COURSES Remote\nSensing Volume 5, Advances in the use of AVHRR data for land\napplications, edited by D'Souza G., Belward A.S. and Malingreau J-P.,\np. 469, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995, 310-334\nMalingreau J-P., and Gregoire J-M., 1996, Developing a global\nvegetation fire monitoring system for global change studies: current\npossibilities and perspectives. AGU Conference on 'Biomass Burning and\nGlobal Change', Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, March 13-17 1995, in\npress 1996\nB.Koffi, J-M.Gregoire, H.D. Eva, 1996, Satellite monitoring of\nvegetation fires on a multi-annual basis at continental scale, in\nAfrica. in proceedings of the AGU Conference 'Biomass Burning and\nGlobal Change', Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, March 13-17 1995,\nJ. Levine editor, MIT Press, in press 1996.\nMoula M., Brustet J.M., Fontan J., Eva H., and Gregoire J-M., 1996,\nContribution of Spread-Fire Model in the Study of Savannah Fires. AGU\nConference on 'Biomass Burning and Global Change', Williamsburg,\nVirginia, USA, March 13-17 1995, J. Levine editor, MIT Press, in\npress 1996.\nCooke W.F., Koffi B., and Gregoire J-M., 1996, Seasonality of\nvegetation fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to\na global chemistry model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101 (D15),\n21051 - 21065, 1996.\nKoffi B., 1995, The continental fire product for Africa as derived\nfrom NOAA-AVHRR-GAC images - Definition and methods. JRC Technical\nNote no. I.96.04, p. 20, January 96\nKoffi B., Koffi E., and Gregoire J.-M., [1996]. Atlas of fire\nseasonality and its interannual variability for the African\ncontinent. Publication of the European Commission, EUR 16407,\nLuxembourg, p.20, 1996.\nEva H., and Gregoire J-M. [1996]. Regional Burnt Area Detection with\nERS-1 Along Track Scanning Radiometer Data. proceedings E.G.S. Annual\nMeeting - Session OA19: Biomass Burning, European Geophysical Society,\nLa Haye, Pays-Bas, 6-10 mai 1996, in press.\nBrivio P.A., Gregoire J-M., Lefeivre B., and Ober G., 1996. Use of the\nrose-diagram method for vegetation fire patterns analysis at regional\nscale in Africa. in 'Geoscience and Water Resources: Environmental\nData Modeling'. C. Bardinet and J.J. Royer (eds), Springer-Verlag. in\npress, 1996.\nGregoire J-M., Barbosa P., Dwyer E., Eva H., Jones S., Koffi B.,\nMalingreau J.P., 1996. Vegetation fire research at the Monitoring\nTropical Vegetation Unit: Product availability - June\n1996. Publication of the European Commission, EUR 16433 EN,\nBrussels.Luxembourg, June 1996, pp. 84.\nProject Contact:\nJ-M. Gregoire\nMonitoring Tropical Vegetation Unit\nSpace Applications Institute\nJoint Research Center of the European Commission, TP. 440, 21020\nISPRA, ITALY.\nTel: (39) 332 78 92 15 / 9830.\nFax: (39) 332 78 90 73.\nE-mail: jean-marie.gregoire@jrc.it", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "804dc98c-e7b8-42fd-921b-3fa28082a2b3", - "label": "Discovery", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Discovery (OV-103) was NASA's third space shuttle orbiter to join the fleet, arriving for the first time at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in November 1983.\n\nAfter checkout and processing, it was launched on Aug. 30, 1984, for its first mission, 41-D, to deploy three communications satellites.\n\nSince that inaugural flight, Discovery has completed more than 30 successful missions, surpassing the number of flights made by any other orbiter in NASA's fleet. Just like all of the orbiters, it has undergone some major modifications over the years. The most recent began in 2002 and was the first carried out at Kennedy. It provided 99 upgrades and 88 special tests, including new changes to make it safer for flight.\n\nImage left: Space Shuttle Discovery lifts off Pad B at the Kennedy Space Center on September 12, 1993, to begin STS-51. Image credit: NASA\n\nDiscovery has the distinction of being chosen as the Return to Flight orbiter twice. The first was for STS-26 in 1988, and the second when it carried the STS-114 crew on NASA's Return to Flight mission to the International Space Station in July 2005.\n\nThe choice of the name 'Discovery' carried on a tradition drawn from some historic, Earth-bound exploring ships of the past. One of these sailing forerunners was the vessel used in the early 1600s by Henry Hudson to explore Hudson Bay and search for a northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.\n\nAnother such ship was used by British explorer James Cook in the 1770s during his voyages in the South Pacific, leading to the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, two British Royal Geographical Society ships have carried the name 'Discovery' as they sailed on expeditions to the North Pole and the Antarctic.\n\nDestined for exploring the heavens instead of the seas, it was only fitting that NASA's Discovery carried the Hubble Space Telescope into space during mission STS-31 in April 1990, and provided both the second and third Hubble servicing missions (STS-82 in February 1997 and STS-103 in December 1999).\n\nSummary provided by http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/discovery-info.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8122fa0a-07b8-4bef-a21f-04204ef76e2f", - "label": "FRLAB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FRLAB (Front Range Lidar and Ballon Experiment 3) was an\nexperiment conducted along the front range of the Rockies in\nColorado and Wyoming to measure concentrations of black carbon\nin the amosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "820f2f42-79e8-4ea5-be0b-b828766e11ad", - "label": "EPICA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Questions posed for the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA):\n\n1. Are global climate changes always triggered in the Northern\n Hemisphere or is also the opposite sequence possible?\n2. How are global changes coupled between the two hemispheres?\n3. Are rapid climatic changes also observed in previous climatic cycles?\n4. Do transitions from glacial to interglacial periods and back follow\n always the same pattern or is there a variety of mechanisms\n involved?\n\nProposal:\n\nDrill at two sites in Antarctica: In central East Antarctica at Dome C\nand in the Atlantic sector in Dronning Maud Land at a site yet to be\ndetermined.\n\nContributions:\n\n1. Provide our expertise in the drilling technology and provide\n especially the drill tower, the winch control and the drill heads.\n\n2. Measure several parameters along the ice core with Continuous Flow\n Analysis (CFA).\n\n3. Measure the CO2 and CH4 concentration and the isotopic composition\n (d13C of CO2 and d18O of O2) of the air enclosed in bubbles and air\n hydrates.\n\n4. Participate in the site selection for the drilling in the Atlantic\n sector.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.climate.unibe.ch/clim_recon/epica.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "829f4baa-2fe3-4b94-9d69-9d941db3478f", - "label": "EOSAP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EOSAP includes both empirical and modeling studies of rainfall and\nrunoff from sample hillslopes to the entire Amazon basin.\n\nThe data are contained in one file which is in tar and compressed\nformat covering the period from January 1972 through December\n1992. When this file is uncompressed and untarred, 21 HDF files are\ngenerated. Each HDF file corresponds to one year within the data set\nand contains 12 images (one image per month). The monthly total\nprecipitation is in a 129 by 171 element array. The data is based on\nmonthly rain datasets from Peru and Bolivia and daily rain datasets\nfrom Brazil. The precipitation data is derived from a linear\ninterpolation of all stations within one degree with data from a\nminimum of four stations. Topographic and other information is not\nused in the interpolations. The precipitation data is in units of\ntotal mm/month. The extent of the gridded data ranges from latitudes\nof 20.2S to 5.6N and longitudes from 79.8W to 45.6W. The data are\nextrapolated to the edge of the grid but are deemed reliable only over\nthe Amazon River Basin area.\n\nLink to\n'http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/hydrology/guides/amazon_precip_guide.html'\nto view the Amazon River Basin Precipitation Data Set Document.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83650209-8c1e-4e5c-9125-9c2a93a53e3b", - "label": "DODS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Distributed Oceanographic Data System (DODS) makes remote,\nscientific data accessible, over the Internet, through familiar data\nanalysis and visualization packages. IDL, Ferret and Matlab are some\nof these analysis packages though which remote data are accessible via\nDODS.\n\nDODS converts transparently from a number of commonly used data\nformats into the format appropriate for the analysis package. Some of\nthese data formats are HDF, netCDF, JGOFS, Matlab, and DSP.\n\nDODS is based on two principles:\n1. Scientists, as well as national archives, are data providers\n2. Users should have access to data directly from their analysis packages\n\nSupport is provided to the DODS community by the University\nCorporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Unidata Program Center:\nsupport@unidata.ucar.edu\n\nMore information, software for download, and software installation\ndocumentation are available at the DODS web site:\nhttp://www.opendap.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83ecc786-6906-4028-9318-4beb8776b664", - "label": "EOSNRP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The University of Montana EOS Training Center Natural Resource Project\nwill present natural resource managers with some of the most advanced\nsatellite and model applications available for evaluating difficult\nlandscape-level measurements. Remotely sensed data provided by NASA's\nEOS mission will provide regional to global estimates of biophysical\nvariables to assist land resource and policy professionals in making\nsound management decisions. The data products are relevant to a broad\nrange of applications in forest and range productivity, hydrology, and\nfire management. The UM EOS Training Center will train natural\nresource land managers in understanding and acquiring EOS data to\nenhance the utility of EOS in land management.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://eostc.umt.edu/forestry/default.asp'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8497a1a8-5192-4e94-aabd-e8c349f2f79c", - "label": "EUDASM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "For some 40 years, ISRIC – World Soil Information has been providing significant support to the international science community by collecting and archiving regional-, national- and global-scale maps of soils and land resources.\n\nDespite effective procedures for storage and maintenance, most organizations involved in archiving struggle to arrest the deterioration of paper maps and the quality of information they contain. Deterioration occurs for various reasons that include handling, transport, exposure to light, moisture and atmospheric pollution.\n\nRealizing the need to conserve the information on existing maps, which underpin the fast-developing thematic mapping strategies to support soil protection, the Institute of Environment and Sustainability (IES) in the European Commission (Italy) and ISRIC – World Soil Information initiated the European Digital Archive of Soil Maps (EuDASM). The immediate objective is to transfer soil information into digital format, with the maximum resolution possible, to preserve the information of paper maps that are vulnerable to deterioration.\n\nBeyond data rescue, the archive is expected to develop into a common platform for storing soil maps from around the world and making the information readily accessible. Organisations that maintain soil map archives in paper form, and wishing to conserve this information by transferring it into digital form, are invited to join the EuDASM programme.\n\nThe initiative for this programme was taken by Dr Luca Montanarella of the European Joint Research Centre and Dr Otto Spaargaren of ISRIC – World Soil Information in October 2004. The first level success for this initiative was figured out by completion of the around 2000 soil maps pertaining to the African continent. Through this digitization programme the map quality and precision of information were preserved against further loss assuming to be required for future use by land resources specialists.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/indexes/about.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "864721d1-ffdc-4352-b8b5-bbd93138fc9d", - "label": "FADS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Florida Acid Deposition Study (FADS) network began operations in\nmid-1981 and ended in August 1985. The goal was to better understand\nthe relationship between power plant emissions and environmental\nquality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86f81701-8e58-4929-89a1-34d6cd0eb051", - "label": "ESONET-NOE-LIDO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Description:\n\nLIDO Twin Site: Gulf of Cadiz + Eastern Sicily\n\nGeohazard / Acoustic, Mammal acoustics:\n\n- to extend the present capabilities of the observatories working in the Eastern Sicily site (NEMO-SN1) and in the Gulf of Cadiz (GEOSTAR revised for NEAREST pilot experiment) by including sensor equipments related to other disciplines (bioacoustics);\n \n- to establish a nucleus of a regional network of multidisciplinary seafloor observatories allowing the long term monitoring of geohazards and marine ambient nois.\nLinked with NEAREST (Tsunami) and NEMO (uses the 2 cables).\n\nScientific objectives: \n\n- Long term monitoring of earthquakes and tsunamis.\n \n- Characterization of marine ambient noise with special attention to marine mammals\n\n\nhttp://www.esonet-noe.org/Demonstration-missions/LIDO", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8824dc98-269e-4fea-84fa-e07bb3dca456", - "label": "ERAQS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Program Title: Eastern Regional Air Quality Study\nThe Eastern Regional Air Quality study (ERAQS) extended the\ncomprehensive aerometric measurements initiated under the Sulfate\nRegional Experiment (SURE). This was done with two major objectives\nin mind:\n1) To complete two years of continuous air quality data acquisition in\nthe northeastern United States in order to check seasonal and annual\nvariability of air pollutants and precursor materials and extend the\nSURE data base.\n2) To provide one full year of collocated aerometric and precipitation\nchemistry data in the northeastern United States in order to define\nany association between local air quality data and acidic deposition.\nThe nine Class I SURE stations were operated continuously for an\nadditional period of 14 months according to the protocols developed\nfor the SURE. Simultaneously, collocated precipitation chemistry\nsamples were collected on a daily (event) basis.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/eraqs/eraqs.htm' for information on\nthe ERAQS study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88bd4ce1-adaa-42d8-befa-bd560a9deadf", - "label": "ECOSTRESS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "ECOSTRESS is addressing three overarching science questions:\n\nHow is the terrestrial biosphere responding to changes in water availability?\nHow do changes in diurnal vegetation water stress impact the global carbon cycle?\nCan agricultural vulnerability be reduced through advanced monitoring of agricultural water consumptive use and improved drought estimation?\n\nSource: https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "895ecaa3-bbe0-40d1-92ae-5ad66b00272e", - "label": "EMOLT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The eMOLT project (http://www.emolt.org/) is a non-profit collaboration of\nindustry, science, and academics devoted to monitoring of the physical\nenvironment of the Gulf of Maine and the Southern New England shelf. In a\nseries of phases funded by the Northeast Consortium (2000-2005), we have\ndeveloped low-cost strategies to measure bottom temperature and salinity and,\nmost recently, surface current velocity with the help of nearly 100 lobstermen \ndispersed along the entire New England coast. We hope to extend our existing\nmulti-year time series (as well as our monitoring capabilities), continue\nintegration with the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS), and\ncontribute to whatever operational system is developed for our region in the\nfuture.\n\nThe eMOLT partners currently include all the major lobstermen associations in\nNew England (Maine, Massachusetts, Downeast, and Atlantic Offshore), a NOAA\nscientist, the Gulf of Maine Lobster Foundation, and the Marine Science\nDepartment at the Southern Maine Community College. Having created this\nnetwork of participating fishermen, our primary goal is to supply these\nindividuals with the latest in low-cost instrumentation sufficient for\nmaintaining continuous time series of physical variables at fixed locations and\ndepths. Our database now consist of 1.3 million hourly records of temperature,\n80k hourly records of salinity, and 40k satellite drifter fixes. While our\nmission is primarily motivated by lobster science and the need to document\nbackground conditions, we make our database accessible to the general public\nand the recently-formed GoM Ocean Data Partnership in the form of web served\nproducts and raw data (see www.emolt.org).\n\nIn our quest to minimize instrumentation cost, we have partnered with engineers\nin the private sector to develop devices that may be of interest to the\noceanographic community in general. The first is a GPS drifter at nearly a\nthird the cost of conventional units that implements the SENS technology with\nthe GLOBALSTAR low-orbiting satellite system. These units have already logged\nmore than 30 thousand kilometers of ocean. Another is a real-time bottom\ntemperature sensor (attached to lobster traps) that wirelessly transmits data\nto a shipboard system as it is hauled on deck. Both of these units should be\ncommercially available in 2005.\n\nWe expect the primary users of eMOLT data, aside from the lobstermen\nthemselves, will be local ocean circulation modelers. The need for data in\ninitialization, assimilation, and validation of their numerical simulations is\nbecoming more and more obvious. The complex time-varying nature of the Gulf\nof Maine system calls for incorporating as much data as possible in order to\ngenerate realistic flow fields. We hope to supplement the data supplied by \nGoMOOS by providing modelers with a extensive array of bottom observations as\nwell as Lagrangian drifter tracks. Our hope is that these numerical models\nwill someday help in our understanding of lobster larvae drift and the fate of\nany particles for that matter, such as Harmful Algal Blooms, along our coast. \nWhat are the mechanisms that govern the both the short-term and long-term\nvariability of the GoM ecosystem and can we generate realistic, time-varying,\n3-d simulations of these changes?\n\nOur philosophy is that local fishermen already spend their days at sea, have\nthe biggest stake in preserving our coastal marine resources, and are the most\nknowledgeable of the local waters. Their interest, curiosity, and enthusiasm\nare sincere. They should play an important part in our nation's Integrated\nOcean Observing Systems. \n\n[Abstract taken from http://www.emolt.org/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8adc53f7-5f97-4844-9eae-6aecbc9933c3", - "label": "EASIZ", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EASIZ (Ecology of the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone) programme ran from 1994 to 2004, and involved over 150 scientists from more than 17 countries. The main scientific aim was an integrated study of the water column and benthos, linked by bentho-pelagic coupling, of the Antarctic continental shelf. Because water-column studies were well served by existing international programmes (SO-JGOFS, SO-GLOBEC) and national biological oceanographic programmes, EASIZ itself concentrated on the benthos and bentho-pelagic coupling.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/34/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bad22df-3d3c-44bd-a30e-fa83375b9f07", - "label": "FORAST", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Forest Responses to Anthropogenic Stress (FORAST) project\nwas designed (1) to determine whether evidence of alterations of\nlong-term growth patterns of several species of eastern forest\ntrees was apparent in tree-ring chronologies from within the\nregion and (2) to identify environmental variables that were\ntemporally or spatially correlated with any observed\nchanges. The project was supported principally by the\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with additional\nsupport from the National Park Service.\n\nThe FORAST project was initiated in 1982 as exploratory research\nto document patterns of radial growth of forest trees during the\nprevious 50 or more years within 15 states in the northeastern\nUnited States. Radial growth measurements from more than 7000\ntrees are provided along with data on a variety of measured and\ncalculated indices of stand characteristics (basal area,\ndensity, and competitive indices); climate (temperature,\nprecipitation, and drought); and anthropogenic pollutants (state\nand regional emissions of SO2 and NOx, ozone monitoring data,\nand frequency of atmospheric-stagnation episodes and atmospheric\nhaze). These data were compiled into a single database to\nfacilitate exploratory analysis of tree growth patterns and\nresponses to local and regional environmental conditions.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/db1005.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "924d1190-e181-4bc3-842f-f304ca9b8944", - "label": "FRENTES_OCEANICOS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "There are a number of countries conducting research in the Antarctic Peninsula under the Glaciology of the Antarctic Peninsula (GAP) program. The record of past ice-sheet configuration, oceanographic characteristics, and atmospheric circulation patterns produced by GAP researchers will be of obvious relevance to WAIS investigations. WAIS will maintain open communication with GAP researchers to keep them informed of planned WAIS investigations and important results, and to facilitate collaborations between investigators that will benefit each program.\n\nSummary provided by http://neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/documentation/chap6.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92e4c3c4-13e6-47f2-92f3-52c8d2c8a081", - "label": "ENERGIAS_NO_CONVENCIONALES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "ENERGIAS_NO_CONVENCIONALES describes data taken from the volcano on\nDeception Island in the South Shetland Islands off Antarctica.\n\nObservations include:\n\ngravimtric measurements points\nterrestial magnetic points\nseismic event dates\ngeochemical analyses\nanalyses of fumarole gas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92f77d34-bfd3-4461-ac76-bb8130c28502", - "label": "FGE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "APL deployed the Flare Genesis Experiment (FGE) in Antarctica to\nprovide the sharpest view ever obtained of the evolution of activity\nin the solar atmosphere. FGE is a balloon-borne solar telescope with\nan 80-cm telescope that will supply 0.2 arcsec images to a vector\nmagnetograph to map photospheric and chromospheric magnetic\nfields. The experiment will advance basic scientific understanding of\nthe mechanism of solar variability and provide the practical\nengineering experience needed for building a large solar observatory\nin space. Flare Genesis will operate in uninterrupted sunlight well\nabove the turbulent layers of the atmosphere at 125,000 feet to take\nhigh-resolution photographs. On-board tape recorders holding 90\ngigabytes will collect 110,000 images, and the communications system\nwill relay several thousand images to the ground.\n\nFGE has completed its test flight and has been successfully integrated\nwith the NSBF package. The pointing system surpasses the design goal\nof 10 arcsec rms jitter, and H-alpha images from the Target Selector\nTelescope and limb photos through the main telescope have been\nrecorded. FGE utilizes several innovative APL developed systems, such\nas the silicon retina with a fast tilt-tip mirror for image motion\ncompensation and APL's FRISC microcontroller.\n\nFrom January 10 to 27, 2000, the Flare Genesis solar telescope\nobserved the Sun while suspended from a balloon in the stratosphere\nabove Antarctica. The goal of the mission was to acquire long time\nseries of high-resolution images and vector magnetograms of the solar\nphotosphere and chromosphere. Images were obtained in the magnetically\nsensitive Ca I line at 6122 Angstroms and at H-alpha (6563\nAngstroms). The FGE data were obtained in the context of Max\nMillennium Observing Campaign #004, the objective of which was to\nstudy the ``Genesis of Solar Flares and Active Filaments/Sigmoids.'\nFlare Genesis obtained about 26,000 usable images on the 8 targeted\nactive regions. A preliminary examination reveals a good sequence on\nan emerging flux region and data on the M1 flare on January 22, as\nwell as a number of sequences on active filaments. We will present the\nresults of our first analysis efforts. Flare Genesis was supported by\nNASA grants NAG5-4955, NAG5-5139, and NAG5-8331 and by NSF grant\nOPP-9615073. The Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the\nBallistic Missile Defense Organization supported early development of\nthe Flare Genesis Experiment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98dc8278-fe0a-4e36-a638-9d7a5b0ed826", - "label": "FedEO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FedEO (Federated Earth Observation missions access) provides a unique entry point to a growing number of scientific catalogues and services for, but not limited to, EO European and Canadian missions. FedEO is deployed with ESA (European Space Agency) infrastructure as a gateway to:\n\nProvide brokered discovery, access and ordering capability to European/Canadian EO missions data based on HMA (Heterogeneous Missions Accessibility) interfaces;\n \nImplement the OpenSearch OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) and other interfaces for an increased number of discoverable and accessible EO data collections;\n \nImplement the OpenSearch OGC interfaces for interfacing with CEOS Community Catalogues and Clients.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9908a39a-97d5-4c99-afe9-45b5e005a7b4", - "label": "FRONTS 92", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Fronts 92 field experiment took place in the Eastern North Atlantic with the objective to study the dynamics of frontal systems in the region. The data presented here are from the third Intensive Observation Period (IOP). During this period a rapidly developing cold frontal wave crossed the field experiment area.\n\nThis case study presents data from 27 April 1992 to 28 April 1992 and covers a region from 30N to 60N latitude and from 50W to 10E longitude.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/fronts/fronts.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9aac36b0-330e-47d1-9d53-c621e79a1030", - "label": "FINSKEN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FINSKEN, a research project in the Finnish Global Change Research Programme (FIGARE), has developed up-to-date projections of changes in environmental and related factors in Finland during the 21st century and beyond. FINSKEN consists of:\n\n * Socio-economic and technological scenarios\n * Atmospheric composition scenarios\n * Acid deposition scenarios\n * Climate scenarios\n * Sea-level scenarios\n\nSummary provided by http://www.finessi.info/finsken/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c3c6e76-c7e3-4ba4-8d8e-c6a673fba052", - "label": "EPPB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of this project is to continue the study of Antarctic\n bacteria able to produce exoenzymes with high activity at low\n temperatures and evaluate their potential industrial application. In\n addition, owing to the ecological relevance of these bacterial\n activities, we decided to make a broad study of the ... bacterial\n communities from which these strains were isolated. Screenings of\n psychrophilic bacteria will be made using selective culture media (in\n Petri dishes or liquid cultures) that permit us to detect the desired\n enzymatic activities (proteases, amylases, lipases, etc). Strains\n showing the desired activity will be studied to determine their\n psychrophilic character and to optimise the extracellular enzymes\n production under different culture. Subsequently, purification and\n characterisation of the enzymes showing the biotechnological\n potential will be performed. Taxonomic studies will be made by\n sequencing 16S rARN gene and bacterial communities will be analyzed\n using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and restriction\n fragments length polymorphism (RFLP). Due to the interest showed by\n many biotechnological industries in the metabolic capabilities of\n these extremophilic microorganisms agreements are being established in\n order to develop studies about the industrial application of the\n genome sequence and the products of these isolated strains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d4b91aa-37a1-4599-bf1f-e111b9e09e18", - "label": "EPA/GMP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The United States environmental Protection Agency Gulf of Mexico\nProgram began in 1988 and concentrates itself on the five Gulf Coast\nstates. The projects have encompassed everything from improving septic\nsystems to planting seagrass to protect habitats. Chances are if it\ninvolved helping the ecological and economic health of the region, the\nGulf of Mexico Program was there to help in some form or another.\n\nFive Gulf Coast States and Information Links:\n\nAlabama:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/pubinfo/artificialbeach.html'\n\nFlorida:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/habitat/seagrassplan.html'\n\nLouisiana:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/pubinfo/empact.html'\n\nMississippi:\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/pubinfo/poplar.html'\n\nTexas:\n\nFor more information on the Gulf of Mexico Program, link to\n'http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ea5758a-aa3f-4278-b614-b98b82b31619", - "label": "ECONOR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ECONOR\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=355\n\nThe project builds on two prior activities. \n\nFirst, the ArcStat project has performed a very important service in setting up a data base system for economic activity in the Arctic (University Laval, Quebec, Gerard) . That activity has a history and a purpose of its own, valid and valuable independently of the proposed IPY activity, but will prove additionally valuable as a basis for the proposed activity. \n\nSecond, the ECONOR project, funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Nordic Council of Ministers, has seven participating institutions throughout the Arctic (see list, concluding section). The project has built a network and started documentation and analysis of the importance of the Arctic to the rest of the world. Using the network through workshops and collection of data and analysis, the project focuses on trade and other economic flows between the Arctic regions and the rest of the world. Briefly, the draft report concludes: i) the Arctic is important to the rest of the world as a resource provider through trade flows, not only because of its unique natural habitats and the livelihoods of the people living there; ii) climate change may raise the value of certain resources to the rest of the world (increased growth, reduced costs), while reducing the value of others; iii) increased access, due to receding sea ice, will not only increase the value of important resources, but also put stress on existing control regimes, including geopolitically through maritime transport and military presence. \n\nProposed activities in the ECONOR II project are as follows:\n\na) The value of Arctic natural resources. The value of natural resources (oil, gas and other mineral resources, fish, forests, tourism) will here be estimated based on an optimal control regime, i.e. assuming that challenges such as over fishing, stalemate and conflict will somehow be handled adequately. Environmental stresses will be among the important management challenges in this critically vulnerable area. \nb) Sovereign control and access to resources in the Arctic. This activity builds on existing boundaries of sovereign control, and asks what important coordination requirements there are between countries in order for resources and activities to be managed sensibly in an era when both access to and pressure on arctic resources will be increasing. The activity comprises analysis of political economy, but limited to the perspective of interests between countries. \nc) The political economy of natural resources development in the Arctic. This project applies concepts from the literature on decentralization, to analyze how institutions within each country influences both how resources are developed and how the rent is distributed. Is it the case, for instance, that delegation of decision-making power to an Arctic region, or to indigenous people (or both) will influence how the resources are developed, employment consequences in the Arctic, and how beneficial resource developments will be? \n\nFor all the three activities, there is a required minimum level of participation from the network institutions, and this comprises data provision and descriptive analysis. As an example of how this goes beyond data on resources and activity levels, information is required on how decision making is delegated to Arctic sub-national entities in the federal countries (USA, Canada, Russia) and in the unitary countries (Norway, Greenland, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Sweden, Finland). On this basis, specialized activities will be built, as funding allows.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a09fc112-981e-49f1-80cd-4aa3bdfeb437", - "label": "ECOBIO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project undertakes ecological monitoring, long term research, and studies on interspecific interactions between vertebrates, plants and invertebrates - in relation with climate change. Particular areas of interest are: Monitoring of flora and invertebrate fauna : phenology, fluctuations in abundance, establishment and expansion of introduced species (Crozet, Kerguelen); Impact of climate change on vegetation and soil erosion (Kerguelen); Impact of introduced predator species on the communities of terrestrial invertebrates : the domestic mouse Mus musculus and the beetle Oopterus soledadinus (Kerguelen); Interspecific relationships: Pringlea antiscorbutica, subantarctic Brassicaceae and Calycopteryx moseleyi, subantarctic Diptera (Kerguelen), Acaena magellanica, autochtonous Rosaceae and Taraxacum officinale, introduced Asteraceae (Kerguelen) / impact of the introduced Lumbricidae Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis on the autochtonous edaphic fauna (Crozet). \n\nhttp://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev/programmes_de_recherche/en_cours/136_api_137_et_170_changements_climatiques_actions_anthropiques_et_biodiversite_des_ecosystemes_terrestres_subantarctiques", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5c1ff07-4440-4287-87c6-c60ebc11f8aa", - "label": "ERBE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The radiation budget represents the balance between incoming energy\nfrom the Sun and outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected (shortwave)\nenergy from the Earth. In the 1970's, NASA recognized the importance\nof improving our understanding of the radiation budget and its effects\non the Earth's climate. Langley Research Center was charged with\ndeveloping a new generation of instrumentation to make accurate\nregional and global measurements of the components of the radiation\nbudget. The Goddard Space Flight Center built the Earth Radiation\nBudget Satellite (ERBS) on which the first Earth Radiation Budget\nExperiment (ERBE) instruments were launched by the Space Shuttle\nChallenger in 1984. ERBE instruments were also launched on two\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather monitoring\nsatellites, NOAA 9 and NOAA 10 in 1984 and 1986.\n\nAn international team of scientists was selected from proposals to an\nAnnouncement of Opportunity in 1978 to participate in the design and\ndevelopment of ERBE. Dr Bruce Barkstrom, of the Radiation Sciences\nBranch of Langley's Atmospheric Sciences Competency, was selected as\nthe ERBE Principal Investigator. He led the team through 30 meetings\nto guide the development of the instrumentation and the ground\nprocessing software for analyzing the data.\n\nThe ERBE Data Management Team was formed to design and develop the\nground data processing system based on algorithms from the Science\nTeam. Jim Kibler, Head of the Data Management Office in Langley's\nAtmospheric Sciences Competency, led the team through three iterative\nreleases of the system to be ready for processing at the first launch.\n\nFor more information on ERBE and ERBS, see:\nhttps://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/ERBE.html\nhttps://science.larc.nasa.gov/erbe/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5ea0b3d-980b-4ff3-a833-71ce4adde2b7", - "label": "EASOE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EASOE was the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment conducted\nduring the winter of 1991-1992 mainly over Northern Europe. The aim of\nthe project was to take measurements of key chemical species that\nwould provide information to explain the observed northern hemisphere\nozone loss. Data from this experiment is available from the Norwegian\nAir Institute (NILU).\nSee: 'http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/data/easoe.html'\nand\n'http://www.nilu.no/first-e.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6373353-420b-4db2-a7cf-5524bb0c17d1", - "label": "EOS LAND VAL", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of the EOS Land Validation (Land Val) Project is to support the validation of Earth Observing System (EOS) Land Products, especially MODIS, ASTER, MISR, and LANDSAT 7. The data include in-situ and aircraft measurements for validating satellite products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a781bc3d-6304-4592-89c9-77883f97e7b7", - "label": "FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY NETWORK", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (2004, 2005) concluded that predicted changes in climate and UV in the Arctic are expected to have far-reaching impacts on the hydrology and ecology of freshwater ecosystems. Key effects include changes in the distribution, abundance and ecology of aquatic species in various trophic levels, dramatic alterations in the physical environment that makes up their habitat, changes to the chemical properties of that environment, and alterations to the processes that act on and within freshwater ecosystems. Interactions of climatic variables, such as temperature and precipitation, with freshwater ecosystems are highly complex and hence can be propagated through ecosystems in ways that are often difficult to predict. This is partly because of our still relatively poor understanding of the structure and function of arctic freshwater systems and their basic inter-relationships with climate and other environmental variables, as well as by a paucity of long-term freshwater monitoring sites and integrated hydro-ecological research programs in the Arctic. Predictions of hydro-ecological impacts are further complicated by synergistic and cumulative effects.\nThe Arctic Council accepted the findings from the ACIA and directed two of its scientific working groups (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) and Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)) to review the ACIA findings and develop follow-on programmes and activities to address the key knowledge gaps that were identified. One of the outcomes of this process by the CAFF working group was the implementation of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring\nProgramme (CBMP) formally released in September, 2005 (http://www.caff.is). The CBMP calls for the development of a number of specific monitoring networks designed to quantify the status and trends of Arctic biota of primary importance to the ecological integrity of Arctic ecosystems and the culture and livelihood of indigenous peoples.\nBuilding on existing regional and national aquatic biomonitoring and research programs in the Arctic, this proposal is concerned with the development and implemenation of a freshwater biodiversity monitoring and research network that focuses on obtaining a circumpolar perspective on the current and future status of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem structure and function. The network will focus on data collection, interpretation and dissemination on the status and trends of pelagic and benthic macroinvertebrates, phyoplankton and microbial communities/assemblages, and macrophytes) in representative lentic (lake, pond, wetlands) and lotic (river, stream) ecosystems.\nComplementing the proposed Char Monitoring Network (Reist) and the overall CBMP framework (Raillard) , specific goals during the IPY period (2006-2008) will be to: 1) establish and formalize the circumpolar network through workshops, linkages and outreach to indigenous peoples, researchers, conservation groups, etc.; 2) prepare a state of aquatic ecosystem biodiversity report through collating and analyses of existing information; and, 3) establish relevant parameters for continued monitoring and assessment of aquatic biodiversity; 3) create a database of georeferenced and genetically barcoded specimens; and, 4) establish the network of long-term monitoring/research sites/teams in as many Arctic countries as possible. The IPY-related outcomes will be used as a foundation to secure long-term funding for the Network, establish legacy databases, and launch new approaches (e.g., genetic barcoding) and research topics suitable for long-term monitoring and research, as recommeded by ACIA. The scientific products of the network will be used to support decision-makers responsible for the management, conservation and protection of aquatic ecosystems and related biological resources in the Arctic.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=202", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8d2c825-5944-47aa-b71a-88e019382c15", - "label": "DNAG", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Decade of North American Geology Project was established by the\nGeological Society of America to celebrate its 1988 Centennial\nyear. The series is intended to provide a massive, systematic\nsynthesis of geological knowledge of North America which will serve as\na benchmark of research up through the 1980's. To date the project has\nsuffered some delays, and a few volumes have been cancelled.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.lib.utexas.edu/geo/DNAG_GUIDE.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8eb9d1d-2a19-44fc-8de3-a4b54c229a95", - "label": "FIPS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Forest Inventory and Planning System (FIPS) deals with the\ndevelopment of a Geographic Information System (GIS) that will assist\nthe Forest Service in three key areas:\n\n 1. Provision of forest inventory data\n\n 2. Forest planning\n\n 3. Administration of forestry grants and premiums\n\n Data sets involved with this system include:\n\n Dùchas Datasets (Special Areas of Conservation, National\n Heritage Areas, Nature Reserves, Special Protection Areas and\n Sites and Monuments); 25 Raster Maps (Ordnance Survey Ireland -\n OSI); 1:40000 black and white orthophotography (OSI); Roads,\n Rivers and Lakes, 1:50000 dataset (OSI); Administrative\n boundaries ie. County, DED, Townland, (OSI); Sensitive Rivers;\n Agriculture Parcels (Land Parcel Identification System Dataset\n from the Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development);\n and Forest Soils and Productivity Coverage\n\n Additional information available at\n 'http://www.dcmnr.gov.ie/display.asp/pg=204'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af8454a6-77bf-44cb-b59f-5b512aea332f", - "label": "DHARMA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The research project “DHARMA. Diversity, Heterotrophy, Autotrophy and Relations among Antarctic Microorganisms' was funded by the CICYT (ANT-97-1155). Led by Carlos Pedrós-Alió (ICM, CSIC), the project involved researchers from six Spanish and one foreign institutions. The project was carried out in the waters of the Southern Ocean, in an oceanographic expedition on the BIO Hesperides research vessel where we sampled the Drake Passage waters, the Wedell Sea and the Gerlache Strait. The objectives of this project were:\n\n- To analyze the diversity of microbial communities in surface and deep Antarctic waters, and\n\n- To know the effects of temperature on the different activities of microbial plankton.\nOur group was responsible for analyzing the degradation processes of polymeric organic matter carried out by the bacterioplankton.\n\nhttp://www.microbiologia.ehu.es/s0093-gimiccon/en/contenidos/informacion/gi0241_proyectos/en_00241_pr/00241_proyectos.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b155150e-405b-4db3-b1f6-9a5cde5f9da7", - "label": "DVS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dry valley plant-soil systems are very stressed and rely on external resources\n(spatial subsidies). The effect(s) of such subsidies on these ecosystems is\nlargely unexplored, but may influence community and ecosystem level properties.\nWe plan to conduct an experiment at two sites in Antarctica - a stressed site\n(Garwood Valley) and an extreme site (Beacons) where resources may enter by\naerial deposition. We will estimate and use resources of differing quality\n(bird droppings, microbial mats, surface foams and dust) and measure how the\ndecomposer subsystem develops including community composition and diversity,\nmicrobial activity and key decomposer processes including decomposition and\nnitrogen release patterns.\n\nFor additional information about the Antarctic Dry Valley Soils Project, please\nsee http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/dvs/dvs_index.htm\n\n[Abstract taken from http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/dvs/dvs_aims.htm]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b280f2ca-0c43-4690-9724-9c495fec2efc", - "label": "EPOCS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) Project collects\nclimatic and meteorological data throughout the equatorial Pacific\nregion.\n\nTechnical Information:\n\nPeriods: 1950-1979\n\nVariables:\nu wind componet\nv wind componet\nsea surface temperature\nsea level pressure\noutgoing longwave radiation\nsea surface\n\nFrequency of data collection:\nmonthly\n\nTypes of analyses:\ngridded\nsynoptic\nsea\noceanographic\nsurface\ntime series sort\n\nCoverage:\ntropical region with 2-degree resolution\n\nContact:\nSteve Worley\n303-497-1248\nworley@ucar.edu", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4245c96-6cdd-474e-a10a-e1abaa04f169", - "label": "FIRE I", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FIRE-I Implementation Plan (1985) outlines a series of investigations and observations designed to meet the goals of basic understanding and parameterization. In this plan, FIRE-I is meant to address the issues of basic understanding and parameterization of cirrus and marine stratocumulus cloud fields and ISCCP data products. \n\nSummary provided by http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/fire/FIRE_I/2.2.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b54b8b20-4e3d-47b5-bdf6-2c6e5a3b6071", - "label": "FEWS NET", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5c35cc4-a0fa-47db-baaf-3ae7a7b34a8c", - "label": "DEVOTE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The DEVOTE (Development and Evaluation of satellite ValidatiOn Tools by Experimenters) project will modify the NASA Langley B-200 aircraft to carry a suite of in situ instruments and then deploy this aircraft along with a remote sensor suite aboard the NASA Langley UC-12 aircraft to study aerosol and cloud optical and microphysical parameters. Coincident measurements will be taken over AERONET ground sites and along atmospheric satellite ground tracks to demonstrate the ability to utilize these platforms for future scientific measurement campaigns. Measurements will also be useful for evaluating advanced data retrieval algorithms using combined lidar and polarimeter data. For more information, visit: http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/devote/devote.html.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b62d98d4-bd19-4a02-867f-5f5a94520172", - "label": "EFX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This data set archives the results of the Elkins Flux experiment using\na GC gas chromatograph.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6d167db-9950-419b-ba8e-c70095457851", - "label": "FRAMZY", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Atmospheric cyclones in the Fram Strait affect the sea ice transport from the Arctic Ocean into the Atlantic Ocean. During the field experiment FRAMZY in April 1999 a Fram Strait cyclone and its impact on the ice drift was measured using a research aircraft and an array of 15 ice buoys. The synoptic-scale cyclone moved from the south into the area. It was discernible up to 500 hPa in the pressure field, but the horizontal temperature contrast of up to 16 K between the warm and cold sides was confined to the lowest 500 m. The average ice drift was 0.21 ms−1 toward 200° but increased to 0.6 ms−1 during the cyclone passage. The ice drift amounted to 1.6% of the geostrophic wind with a turning angle of 51° on the average. Comparisons between the aircraft measurements and operational weather model analyses show an insufficient representation of the temperature inversion and indicate an underestimate of wind speed and, thus, momentum transfer to the sea ice.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JD002638.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6d9f0d1-0d8d-4e13-8daf-e8b0cd6cbe35", - "label": "ESSE_21", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ESSE21\nProject URL: http://esse21.usra.edu/ESSE21/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=179\n\nFor fifteen years the NASA-sponsored Earth System Science Education for the 21st Century (ESSE 21) and precursor programs have fostered among colleges and universities an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the Earth as a system of interrelated air, water, land, life and social processes. Led by the Universities Space Research Association (USRA), ESSE 21 offers colleges and universities small, competitive grants to develop Earth system science courses, curricula, and degree programs. ESSE 21 engages a collaborative community of educators and scientists as partners in jointly developing and sharing courses and learning resources focused on Earth system science research and application. ESSE 21 places special emphasis on reaching minority serving institutions. Sixty-three teams have been funded since 1991 supporting faculty from different disciplines to come together to develop and offer courses with relevant and compelling science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) content focused on understanding Earth. ESSE 21 participants stimulate their students' critical and creative thinking with Earth system models, research results, data and visualizations available from NASA and the broader interdisciplinary community engaged in Earth system science. These resources increase opportunities for teaching and learning about the Earth as a system while developing competency in underlying STEM principles.\n\nUnderstanding the Earth as a system is central to the IPY theme. ESSE 21 and IPY share common goals, seeking to attract and develop the next generation of scientists, engineers, leaders and citizens mindful of Earth system connections. The IPY seeks to make the polar regions and processes better known to people beyond the polar regions and offers an opportunity for people living in the Arctic to strengthen their communication with the rest of the world. An ESSE 21 partnership with the IPY will forward the goals of both organizations. ESSE 21 seeks to increase awareness of IPY science themes and learning resources in the broader undergraduate ESS community being served by the program, focus interest in the role of polar regions in ESS among the ESSE 21 participants and others, and foster collaboration between the ESS educators and the broader IPY science and education partners.\n\nESSE 21 will include a section on the International Polar Year (IPY) as a topical supplement to its Design Guide for Undergraduate Earth System Science Education. ESSE 21 intends to develop partnerships with other organizations that have submitted Expressions of Interest, such as EoI 404, which represents a cluster of 17 organizations commited to IPY education. Other EoIs that will be contacted to explore ways that ESSE 21 can contribute include 196, 315, 341, 468.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7b161b4-4c62-44f5-84d6-d2081c71d068", - "label": "EMPACT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EMPACT is a new approach to working with communities to collect,\nmanage, and present environmental information. It aims to work with\ncommunities to make timely, accurate, and understandable environmental\ninformation available to millions of people in the largest\nmetropolitan areas across the country so that communities and\nindividuals can make informed, day- to- day decisions about their\nlives.\n\nThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has started a number of\nprojects that work with communities which provide environmental\ninformation to communities and individuals by means of the latest\nmeasurement,information management, and communications technologies. These\ninitial EPA projects, for example,will:\n\n Develop improved air quality tracking systems for the Cleveland, OH area.\n Provide immediate clean-water information at Los Angeles, CA beaches.\n Provide daily information to help children avoid harmful exposure to\n ultraviolet radiation in Phoenix, AZ.\n Keep track of water quality in Long Island Sound, NY.\n Reduce the risk of lead exposure to children in their own backyards in\n the Boston, MA area.\n Provide information on contamination at hazardous-waste sites in\n Northern New Jersey.\n Keep better track of toxic air pollutants in the San Francisco, CA area.\n\nEPA will coordinate EMPACT activities among Federal, States, tribal,\nand local governments. Additionally, groups such as community health\nofficials, businesses, industries, schools, and environmental\norganizations will be involved.\n\nTo help make EMPACT work, EPA will work closely with two other Federal\nagencies: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nand the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The resources and expertise of\nthese two agencies will help EPA achieve nationwide consistency in\nmeasuring environmental data, managing that data, and effectively\ndelivering it to the public. Data obtained from both NOAA and USGS\nwill also help EPA get a truer, more complete picture of our\nenvironment, coast to coast.\n\nFor more information on the EMPACT Program\n'http://www.epa.gov/realtime/about.htm'\n\nEMPACT Program\nOffice of Environmental Information\nU. S. EPA (8722R)\n401 M Street, S. W.\nWashington, DC 20460\nTelephone: 202- 564-5179\nFacsimile: 202- 565- 1966", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c11cb49c-59b9-4633-9ad1-cfe46bafd747", - "label": "FIRE/MS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The First ISCCP Regional Experiments have been designed to improve data products and cloud/radiation parameterizations used in general circulation models (GCMs). Specifically, the goals of FIRE are (1) to improve the basic understanding of the interaction of physical processes in determining life cycles of cirrus and marine stratocumulus systems and the ... radiative properties of these clouds during their life cycles and (2) to investigate the interrelationships between the ISCCP data, GCM parameterizations, and higher space and time resolution cloud data.\n\nTo-date, four intensive field-observation periods were planned and executed: a cirrus IFO (October 13 - November 2, 1986); a marine stratocumulus IFO off the southwestern coast of California (June 29 - July 20, 1987); a second cirrus IFO in southeastern Kansas (November 13 - December 7, 1991); and a second marine stratocumulus IFO in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean (July 1 - July 28, 1992). Each mission combined coordinated satellite, airborne, and surface observations with modeling studies to investigate the cloud properties and physical processes of the cloud systems.\n\nThese data were collected during the FIRE Marine Stratocumulus experiment on San Nicolas Island, California. They are as follows: cloud base height data measured with a ceilometer; processed CLASS sounding (CSD) data up to 2 kilometers (thermodynamic data only), raw CSD recorded at 3.3 second intervals (thermodynamic data only), and raw CSD at 10 second intervals (thermodynamic and wind data).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2bf0567-81ef-43ae-ae0b-9c42eb5e3152", - "label": "ECORS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The objective of the program ECORS is entirely contained in its title: Study by Continental and Oceanic Seismic reflection and refraction. It is to explore the Earth's crust as a whole, its variations in thickness and its internal structure to reconstitute its properties and developments. In this scientific goal added some applications. \n\nIt is possible to discover in the bottom of ponds known as fronts or mountainous areas of sediment that could reveal hidden hydrocarbons. Awareness precise fracture zones may be useful in geothermal exploration and assessment of earthquake risk. The program also works to improving the means geophysical implemented, both on the field and the processing of data.\n\n\nSummary procvided by http://cats.u-strasbg.fr/ecors.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3482d6b-cb24-4075-a00d-994a42238058", - "label": "FLEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FILE: BT/XBT-data\n\nThis file consists of Mechanical (MBT) and XBT data, mainly from the North\nAtlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Temperature/Depth data are\navailable from 38,200 stations, covering a period from 1958 to the present.\n\nFILE: Thermistor chain time series\n\nThis file contains temperature data taken in the northeast Atlantic during GATE\n(1974) and the North Sea during FLEX (1976). There are 15 stations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4761870-851f-4955-8e3a-684821eb7549", - "label": "FLARES 22", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This project involved the multiwavelength/multispacecraft\nobservations of solar flares on October 22, 2001. After a lull\nin major solar activity that began in September, the Sun\nreasserted itself with 3 major flares in four days. The\nmost-energetic class, the X-class, occured on the 19 and 22\nOctober, in two regions separated by 90 degrees of longitude.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6c80663-613e-49db-a656-9f1c02135104", - "label": "EBA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This SCAR programme Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic (EBA) seeks to:\n 1. Understand the evolution and diversity of life in the Antarctic;\n 2. Determine how these have influenced the properties and dynamics of present\n Antarctic ecosystems and the Southern Ocean system;\n 3. Make predictions on how organisms and communities are responding and will\n respond to current and future environmental change; and\n 4. Identify EBA science outcomes that are relevant to conservation policy and\n to communicate this science to the SCAR Antarctic Treat System via the SCAR\n Antarctic Treaty Secretariat.\n \n EBA is structured in five research strands or work packages, each representing\n marine and terrestrial/freshwater ecosystems:\n \n Work Package 1: Evolutionary history of Antarctic organisms\n Work Package 2: Evolutionary adaptation to the Antarctic environment\n Work Package 3: Patterns of gene flow within, into and out of the Antarctic,\n and consequences for population dynamics: isolation as a driving force\n Work Package 4: Patterns and diversity of organisms, ecosystems and habitats in\n the Antarctic, and controlling processes\n Work Package 5: Impact of past, current and predicted future environmental\n change on biodiversity and ecosystem function.\n \n Go to this site for more information:\n http://www.eba.aq", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c70d3347-93c8-45cd-9fa1-3d8539c85dcd", - "label": "DGOMB", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Deepwater Program: Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope Habitats and Benthic Ecology (DGoMB) program is funded by the Minerals Management Services (MMS). The program is intended to provide information to the MMS to develop a better understanding of the deep-sea areas that will be potentially impacted by current and future exploration and production of fossil fuel reserves in the deep water Gulf of Mexico (GOM), defined as the area with water depths from 300 to 3000 meters and mostly in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United States. The study is focused on areas that are most likely to be the target of future resource exploration and production. However, to develop an understanding of deep-sea communities, sampling in areas beyond those thought to be potential areas for exploration may be needed. A Gulf-wide perspective is sought to define the structure and function of the deep-sea communities of interest.\n\nThe proposed program will provide a better understanding of:\n\nthe present condition of biological communities in the study area, \nthe distribution and patterns of important deep-sea biota, \nthe biological and physical processes that control the environmental setting, and the effects that these processes have on the character of benthic and benthopelagic communities. \nThe study emphasizes understanding the make-up and variability of soft-bottom biological communities with a secondary effort to characterize the important biological and abiotic processes that sustain or change the observed patterns. The study will:\n\ndetail the composition and structure of slope biological communities \ninfer the relationship between these communities and local conditions and forcing factors, characterize the health and functioning of deep-sea communities, and compare and contrast the GOM region with similar oceanic basins.\n\nThis information is provided by \nhttp://www-gerg.tamu.edu/menu_fieldProgram/DGoMB/dgomb.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c756d969-957f-4f3e-a2e0-acf4824fefa9", - "label": "FIRE II", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Ground Based Remote Sensing Information Site is a resource for quickly perusing data collected at the SHEBA ice station for the days on which there were FIRE-ACE aircraft overhead. You can browse and download radar and lidar data, as well as browse rawinsonde and DOE/ARM quick look data sets. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/fire/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8ee049e-dd41-4566-ae69-0e11c655e41a", - "label": "ELTA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Long Term Archive (LTA) at the National Center for Earth Resource Observations and Science (EROS) in Sioux Falls, SD is one of the largest civilian remote sensing data archives. It contains a comprehensive record of the Earth's changing land surface. Scientists from around the world depend on this archive to conduct research on changes that affect our environment, resources, health, and safety. Time series images are a valuable resource for scientists, disaster managers, engineers, educators, and the general public. USGS EROS has archived, managed, and preserved land remote sensing data for more than 35 years and is a leader in preserving land remote sensing imagery. USGS EROS has a mandate to provide access and data preservation support for its land remote sensing data archive.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Center for Earth Resource Observations and Science (EROS) initially operated in an office in downtown Sioux Falls, South Dakota that opened on September 28, 1971. The Karl E. Mundt Federal Building is located in the countryside about 15 miles northeast of Sioux Falls. Built to exclusively support the activities of EROS, the building was officially dedicated on August 7, 1973. NASA and USGS announced on August 28,1990 that EROS would process, archive and distribute land processes data received from EOS satellites, thus establishing a Distributed Active Archive Center, or DAAC. A 65,000 square-foot addition to the building was constructed to support this new role, and was dedicated on August 19, 1996.\n\n[Summary provided by the U.S. Geological Survey.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c90d68d2-0b4f-4d99-a324-499b20f9a1f2", - "label": "EPA CTMD PROGRAM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Complex Terrain Model Development Program goals were to develop\nand demonstrate a reliable model of atmospheric dispersion for\npollutent emissions in irregular mountainous terrain.\n\nFor additional information on this project, visit the EPA homepage\nat 'http://www.epa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9bb5fd6-4376-4525-bd59-42bc532717da", - "label": "FLORENCE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FLORENCE program (FLux Oceaniques Restitues par bilan d'ENergie a la\nsurfaCE, or ocean fluxes restored from surface energy budgets) involved\ndetermination of fluxes from SST observations combined with stress and\nradiative flux estimates from satellite data alone. The FLORENCE method\nconsists of the inverse of a three-dimensional oceanic mixed-layer model in\norder to infer the net surface heat flux that yields an exact simulation of the\nobserved SST, the model being otherwise forced by wind stress data.\n\nDetermination of turbulent fluxes along the trajectories of drifting buoys\nequipped with thermistor chains allows to adjust the FLORENCE technique and\ngives some insight on flux variability. The use of such buoys in\nocean-atmosphere experiments allows to retrieve fluxes under various weather\nconditions and to compare air-sea fluxes evaluations with direct measurements\nperformed by ship, aircraft, and moored buoys.\n\nFour Marisonde GT drifters, using Argos for location and data collection, were\nreleased during the TOGA COARE Intensive Observing Period. On an hourly basis,\nthe buoys measured SST, wind speed, wind direction, and water temperature down\nto a depth of 150 meters nominal (15-m intervals). Atmospheric pressure\n(one-minute sampling) was measured at the same time every three hours (excepted\non buoy 15500).\n\nSummary provided by http://dss.ucar.edu/datasets/ds606.4/docs/marisonde.readme", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cabdfc84-b201-4ffd-9483-3bd1d79a2441", - "label": "EMSO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EMSO is a large-scale European Research Infrastructure in the field of environmental sciences. EMSO will be based on a European-scale network of seafloor observatories and platforms with the basic scientific objective of long-term monitoring, mainly in real-time, of environmental processes related to the interaction between the geosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, including natural hazards. It will be a geographically distributed infrastructure composed of several deep-seafloor observatories, which will be deployed on specific sites around European waters, reaching from the Arctic to the Black Sea passing through the Mediterranean Sea, thus forming a widely distributed pan-European infrastructure. The map above illustrates the currently-envisioned location of EMSO sites around Europe.\n\nThe creation of EMSO research infrastructure is currently supported by the European Commission under the Framework Programme 6 (FP6), through the ESONET Network of Excellence and under the Framework Programme 7 (FP7) through EMSO-Preparatory Phase.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb09356a-c843-4270-837e-ae06cfda705a", - "label": "DVDP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "From the Antarctic Marine Geology Research Center [http://www.arf.fsu.edu/projects/dry_valley_drilling.php]\n \n(1972-1974) A drilling project consisting of 14 holes drilled in the dry valleys of Antarctica, on Ross Island, McMurdo Sound, the Walcott Glacier, and with test holes near McMurdo Station. It was in effect the Cape Roberts drilling project of the 1970s. DVDP was predominately an international project between scientists from New Zealand, the US, and Japan and principally funded by the US National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs. The areas investigated have a series of independent analyses of Antarctic Geochronology, Paleoclimatology, and Paleomagnetism. For references to the results see the DVDP Bulletin Series prepared at the Dept. of Geology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cfedb1b2-606d-4b0d-8006-269bbbc6a6a9", - "label": "DOMES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The DOMES Project is concerned with the environmental aspects of\nanticipated marine mining of manganese nodules. In order to\nassess the environmental conditions prior to commercial manganese\nnodule recovery, scientists involved in the DOMES Project have\nbeen studying three sites in an area in the east-central Pacific\nwhere initial mining operations are expected.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/1977-N'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2ebc4f9-ee03-4863-baa4-c485eb3bfbab", - "label": "FIFO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FIFE Follow-On - The First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land\nSurface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE) project conducted\nfield studies on a prairie site in Kansas, USA, from 1987 to 1989. The\nFIFE Follow-On work included additional analyses of data collected\nduring the initial field campaigns and additional field\nmeasurements. The objectives of both FIFE and FIFE Follow-On were to\nunderstand the biophysical processes controlling the fluxes of\nradiation, moisture, and carbon dioxide between the land surface and\nthe atmosphere, and to develop remote-sensing methodologies for\nobserving these processes.\n\nCharacteristics:\n\n1. Spatial: 15 x 15 km area; Konza Prairie Natural Research Area near\n Manhattan, Kansas, USA\n\n2. Temporal: 1987-1993; periodic intensive field campaigns\n\n3. Data Themes: micrometeorological observations, atmospheric\n conditions, and surface biophysical measurements\n\n4. Project Status: follow-on data are being added\n\n5. Data Availability: data available through the BIOME and X-Windows\n interfaces\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/FIFE/Follow_On/followon.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d313966a-c22e-4c20-898e-b741d9d2138d", - "label": "DMSP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP) is a Department of\nDefense(DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems\nCenter(SMC). The DMSP program designs, builds, launches, and maintains\nseveral near polar orbiting, sun synchronous satellites monitoring the\nmeteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics\nenvironments.\n\nDMSP satellites are in a near polar orbiting, sun synchronous orbit at\nan altitude of approximately 830 Km above the earth. Each satellite\ncrosses any point on the earth up to two times a day and has an\norbital period of about 101 minutes thus providing nearly complete\nglobal coverage of clouds every six hours.\n\nEach DMSP satellite monitors the atmospheric, oceanographic and\nsolar-geophysical environment of the Earth. The visible and infrared\nsensors collect images of global cloud distribution across a 3,000 km\nswath during both daytime and nighttime conditions. The coverage of\nthe microwave imager and sounders are one-half the visible and\ninfrared sensors coverage, thus they cover the polar regions above 60\ndegrees on a twice daily basis but the equatorial region on a daily\nbasis. The space environmental sensors record along track plasma\ndensities, velocities, composition and drifts.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d33aa3d2-23eb-426d-8a50-d3f3294ccb34", - "label": "ESSP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program home page, http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/earth-system-science-pathfinder/ ]\n \nThe Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program is a science-driven Program designed to provide an innovative approach to Earth science research by providing periodic, competitively selected opportunities to accommodate new and emergent scientific priorities. ESSP Projects include developmental, high-risk, high-return Earth Science missions including advanced remote sensing instrument approaches to achieve these priorities, and often involve partnerships with other U.S. agencies and/or with international science and space organizations. These Projects are capable of supporting a variety of scientific objectives related to Earth science, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, polar ice regions and solid earth. Projects include development and operation of space missions, space-based remote sensing instruments for missions of opportunity, and airborne science missions, and the conduct of science research utilizing data from these missions. ESSP missions encompass the entire Project life-cycle from definition, through design, development, integration and test, launch, operations, science data analysis, distribution and archival.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d3eb4423-acc4-4f30-bf92-240067ce6eec", - "label": "ECOGREEN", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ECOGREEN\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=122\n\nThe overall focus of the ECOGREEN consortium is to establish the scientific basis for a long-term ecosystem-based management of marine resources in West Greenland. The West Greenland society relies almost entirely on marine resources for industrial as well as subsistence utilisation. Today, the West Greenland marine ecosystem is very productive and sustains fisheries which contribute 95% of Greenland's total export value. The Greenland Marine ecosystem also sustains seals and whales who feed in the area during summer, and, from the entire North Atlantic, seabirds by the million find a critical winter habitat resource in the ice-free area. Human use of the West Greenland marine ecosystem presents a complex mosaic of small- and large-scale commercial fishing, as well as subsistence and recreational fishing and hunting. \n\nThe Arctic marine environment is vulnerable to impacts of human activities and is of high climatic sensitivity. In the Arctic, greenhouse warming over the next century is predicted to be 2-4 times higher than at lower latitudes. Increased human impact on marine ecosystems combined with effects of global climate change heightens the need for sustainable ecosystem-based management. Today, knowledge of the interaction between climate change, natural resources, human behaviour, and governance structure is fragmentary. Consequently, the knowledge base for ecosystem management is inadequate. There is a need for co-ordination of research efforts to overcome the fragmentation of these diverse fields of enquiry. An integrated research approach is needed to develop models for sustainable ecosystem management.\n\nThe West Greenland marine ecosystem is an ideal model area for integrated studies of ecosystems, resources, and associated social factors, where general theory for ecosystem dynamics and ecosystem management can be developed and tested. Management systems must take into account the wishes and influences of diverse domestic users, science-based advice from national and international bodies, and the influence of national and international public opinion. Finally, ECOGREEN can serve as a model for integrated studies of ecosystems, resources, and associated social factors for indigenous people in other Arctic regions and form the basis for establishing a real decision support system.\n\nSpecific tasks will include:\n\nDescribing and improving the understanding of physical and bio-geo-chemical interactions through field observations and empirical, dynamic and predictive modelling with emphasis on 1) Climate change (atmosphere, ice, physical and bio¬logical oceano¬graphy) 2) Pelagic-benthic coupling 3) Lateral coupling (fjord, shelf and Deep Ocean) \n\nQuantifying and improving the understanding of the eco¬system structure and productivity with emphasis on 1) Biodiversity 2) Interactions and coupling between tropic levels, and 3) Spatial and temporal scales \n\nIdentifying and describing the main social, economic and institutional drivers behind environmentally significant human behaviours with emphasis on 1) Fishing and hunting 2) Governance institutions and social interactions\n\nIdentifying and quantifying interactions between human activities and the ecosystem with emphasis on 1) Ecosystem impacts of hunting and fishing, including by-catch, discards, fish processing offal, habitat impacts of fishing gear, habitat disturbance or loss due to other human activities 2) Ecosystem impacts of other anthropogenic disturbances\n\nAnalysing the transfer of the West Greenland experiences to a generic approach for a sustainable ecosystem-based management with emphasis on 1) Reflections and operationalisation of the concept of ecosystem-based management and 2) Transfer of the West Greenland experiences to a generic approach for ecosystem management applicable into a broader Arctic context", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d556e46e-318e-4077-be50-fc61eedaec9b", - "label": "ESONET-MARMARA-DM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d599ce2d-64f6-468e-ab94-b1f6aa535ec1", - "label": "DAMOCLES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: DAMOCLES\nProject URL: http://www.seaice.dk/damocles/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=40\n\nThe main objective of DAMOCLES is to reduce the uncertainties in our understanding of climate change in the Arctic and in the impacts thereof. To meet this objective DAMOCLES will, following the approach of Numerical Weather Prediction Centers, develop an integrated system for obtaining relevant geophysical observations, transferring them to a central databank, distributing them to the modelling centers, and producing nowcasts and forecasts of the Arctic climate. But since there exists no such thing as an Arctic Ocean Observing System, nor fully validated models for Arctic climate, nor accepted methods for forecasting of climate, a number of specific objectives need to be met in DAMOCLES: \n\n1. Synoptic observational coverage of the Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover \nThe variability of sea-ice thickness, extent, concentration, ice-type and drift will be monitored by remote and in-situ systems in near real-time. Sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics will be scrutinized to better understand their role for the large-scale ice-atmosphere-ocean system \n2. Synoptic observation and investigation of atmospheric key processes \nAimed at a better predictability of the Arctic weather and climate key processes are investigated in a combined observational/process-modelling effort: the effects of Arctic cyclone on sea-ice in terms of heat and moisture transport, an improvement of boundary-layer physics over ice and ocean, an improvement of the radiative transfers and its interaction with snow and sea-ice \n3. Synoptic observation of the Arctic Ocean circulation and key processes \nAn observational system will be set up with the aim to improve the understanding of the large-scale circulation of the Arctic Ocean and its vertical and lateral exchanges as well as the communication between central basins and the shelves. New techniques will be used to assess synoptically the state of the ocean under the ice and the fluxes of heat, salt and volume across the boundaries.\n4. Integration and assimilation of observations with large-scale models \nModel sensitivities will be investigated and performance be improved by model-model and model-data comparison, aiming at an improved predictability.\nObservations will be enhanced by a set of assimilation activities to deliver re-analysed Arctic variables in time and space\n\nTo address the question of potential impacts of climate change in the Arctic the following specific objective of DAMOCLES can be formulated:\n\n5. Assessment of impact on environment and humans \nThe observationally supported model improvements, the model sensitivities and past ranges of variability will be combined with new field data. The aim is to evaluate improved predictability and its consequences, as well as the impact of projected changes on adaptation capabilities and vulnerability of the environment and human activities.\n\nExploitation and dissemination of the results are key elements of the project. Thus, a 6th specific objective is:\n6.User-friendly return of information to the community\nA website will be available; giving the community updated information about the state of the Arctic (e.g. real-time information of key atmospheric, ice and ocean variables) as well as information about the progress of the science of DAMOCLES. Education will be provided, through workshops and student scholarships. Results will be published, both in scientific journals and in the popular-scientific press. The PIs will generally make themselves available to the public to the best of their ability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6141f58-40bf-4a59-9fc2-707528e53486", - "label": "ERA40", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The ERA40 project is a global atmospheric analysis of many conventional observations and satellite data streams for the period September, 1957 - August, 2002. Analyses were produced daily at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z and 18Z. The atmospheric model was run with the following resolution:\n\n * 60 levels in the vertical;\n * T159 spherical-harmonic representation for basic dynamic fields;\n * a reduced Gaussian grid with approximately uniform 125km spacing for surface and other grid-point fields. \n\nDetailed descriptions of the project and the data assimilation system are available in The ERA-40 Project Report Series and ERA-40 Archive Plan documents from ECMWF.\n\nhttp://www.ecmwf.int/publications/library/do/references/list/192\nhttp://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/Products/Archive_Plan/index.html\n\n[Source: The ERA-40 ARCHIVE AT NCAR Home Page \nhttp://dss.ucar.edu/pub/era40/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6f34a20-4a8d-4304-b5af-b8de8fd0022a", - "label": "DIS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The WDC for Glaciology, Boulder and the Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) in collaboration with many others propose to host the IPY DIS described in the IPY Framework Document. The DIS will work closely with the Data Policy and Management Sub-Committee (Data Committee) and other data management bodies and observing networks to develop the IPY data and information policy and strategy. The DIS will then be the primary implementer of that strategy and policy recognizing that the strategy will need to evolve with the science needs and developments of IPY.\nAlthough much will depend on the strategy that is developed, we envision the DIS as an overall data management consultant and coordinator and a central data portal for an internationally distributed data management system. The DIS will continue to establish close partnerships with data centers and organizations around the world to build on existing systems. We will also work with each specific IPY cluster to ensure appropriate centralized data description and distributed archiving. Regional or discipline-specific “affinity centers” coordinated by the DIS will facilitate appropriate data description and archive. For example the Frozen Ground Data Center at the WDC, Boulder is working closely with the permafrost cluster, while the proposed Arctic Peoples’ Observations Center (EoI 358) could coordinate community-based monitoring data. Other potential affinity centers based on our current partners could include Russian data, Chinese data, data for education and outreach, remote sensing data, geospatial data infrastructures (regional and global), paleoenvironmental data, marine biological data, bibliographic data, and others (a detailed spreadsheet is available on request). Many of these affinity centers will likely create their own means of access to the data. It is unrealistic for a central DIS to be the single or even primary means of access, but we would like to establish a means to automatically share metadata across the system through a common (perhaps XML-based) framework\nSpecific activities of the DIS could include:\n•Collection (automated, where possible) of catalog metadata for all IPY projects and provision of Web-based portals to all IPY data archived around the world.\n•Examination and implementation of data discovery tools and data presentation schemes such as an interoperable web-based map server to enhance data access through a Web portal (could include a locator map for all IPY projects). \n•Identification of existing tools to facilitate data management, and build on those to meet the needs of the IPY community. For example, the Global Change Master Directory’s (GCMD) metadata authoring tool, docBuilder, could be customized.\n•Serving as a focal point for cross-disciplinary data integration, especially across the natural and social sciences.\n•Creation of appropriate management tools for non-numerical data such as interview transcripts, photographs, and videotapes.\n•Collaboration with eGY to make data management best practices and principles available to researchers and agencies, via Web pages, workshops, and other channels.\n•Acting as a clearinghouse and facilitator for data management and integration issues that need research, discussion, and resolution.\n•Working with eGY to increase awareness of the value of data management for both numerical and non-numerical data.\n•Responsive service to the IPY research community regarding data management\nThe DIS will take advantage of existing data management infrastructures, organizations, and technologies such as National and World Data Centers, the Joint Committee for Antarctic Data Management (JCADM), the GCMD, virtual observatories, and the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. This distributed system will allow for appropriate management of the various types of data including social science and physical science data, and analog collections. The distributed nature of the system will also encourage development of new and experimental data access methods, including data mining technology and innovative data presentation methods that facilitate data integration. \nIt is essential, however, to ensure ready and equitable access to and effective long-term preservation of the data. The DIS will assist distributed archives in adhering to sound data management principles and best practices as defined by the Data Committee, eGY, CODATA, WCRP CliC, JCADM, our partners, and other entities. We will ensure that these principles build upon existing international standards such the Open Archival Information System Reference Model and the ISO19115 metadata standard. The DIS will take advantage of emerging shared resources in the geosciences community, such as the effort to develop an international geophysical sample number (IGSN). In addition, the DIS could assist data providers in addressing human subjects protections and confidentiality issues for social science data and for other types of geo-referenced data.\n\nInformation provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=49", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7813120-46f6-4e02-8701-581d146cff81", - "label": "FACTS-II", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FACTS-II (Aspen FACE) system is designed to test theresponses of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) \n\nInformation provided by aspenface.mtu.edu/Safety%20Plan%202002.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de863e7e-caf7-4beb-ab2e-b9f37d96d534", - "label": "ECCO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The “Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean” (ECCO) consortium is directed at making the best possible estimates of ocean circulation and its role in climate. Solutions are obtained by combining state-of-the-art ocean circulation models with nearly complete global ocean data sets in a physically and statistically consistent manner. Products are being utilized to understanding ocean variability, biological cycles, coastal physics, and geodesy, and are available for general applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1ebbbd6-3233-44ae-82a8-9c276d300ace", - "label": "DENALI", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "DENALI (Denali National Park and Preserve) is a national park system\nlocated near Denali Park, AK. It features North America's highest\nmountain, Mount McKinley. Total acreage is 6,075,030 sq. miles with a\nreported 266,521 visitors a year.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.nps.gov/dena/index.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e23b4757-38f3-4be1-8d70-035dacb782f6", - "label": "ECLIPS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS)Objectives:\n\n1.Demonstrate feasibility of obtaining a long-term climatology of\ncloud base and optical depth.\n2.Improve methods of satellite cloud retrieval.\n3.Obtain a data set of cloud optical properties complementary to the\nISCCP data set. The data would be handled through a designated data\ncenter to the NCDS NASA Climate Data Center.\n\nContact Information:\n\nLIDAR RESEARCHER:\nC. Martin R. Platt, Stuart A. Young, Richard T. Austin\n\nRESEARCH ASSOCIATES:\nGraeme R. Patterson and Stephen C. Marsden\n\nMAILING ADDRESS:\nCSIRO\nDivision of Atmospheric Research\nPrivate Mail Bag No. 1\nAspendale 3195 Victoria\nAUSTRALIA\n\nTELEPHONE NUMBER:\n(613) 9239 4665, (613) 9239 4589\n\nFAX OR TELEX NUMBER:\n(613) 9239 4444\n\nELECTRONIC MAIL ADDRESS:\nsay@larry.dar.csiro.au, cmp@larry.dar.csiro.au\n\nTechnical Information:\n\nLIDAR LOCATION (CITY, COUNTRY, LAT., LONG.):\nAspendale, Australia (-38.0, 145.1)\n\nSITE ELEVATION:\n2.1 m (7 ft) MSL\n\nMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE:\nIncoherent backscatter\n\nPARAMETER(S) OR CONSTITUENT(S) MEASURED:\nClouds, Plume dispersion, stratospheric aerosols\n\nMEASUREMENT RANGE:\n0.1 - 40 km\n\nVERTICAL RESOLUTION:\n0.75m - 15 m (clouds); 60 m (stratosphere)\n\nFREQ. OF MEASUREMENT (TYPICALLY):\nPeriodic, intensive studies of clouds and plumes;\nmonthly 1991-1993, 1997 - (stratospheric aerosols)\n\nMEASUREMENT TIMES (TYPICALLY):\nDay (clouds & plumes); night (clouds & stratosphere)\n\nLASER TYPE AND WAVELENGTH:\nNd:YAG, 1064, 532, 355 nm\n\nPULSE REPETITION:\n10 pps\n\nLASER ENERGY/PULSE:\n0.35 J (1064), 0.15 J (532), 0.05 J (355)\n\nPLATFORM:\nGround-based, mobile caravan\n\nRECEIVER SIZE AND CONFIGURATION:\n35 cm (14 inch) modified Cassegrain\n\nRECEIVER FIELD-OF-VIEW:\n2 - 12 mrad\n\nRECEIVER BANDWIDTH:\n1 nm\n\nDETECTORS USED:\n2 x EMI 9816BM (S20 photocathode) for 532, 355nm,\nRCA C30955E + AM312A amp. for 1064nm\n\nSIGNAL PROCESSING:\nAnalog\n\nANALOG-T0-DIGITAL CONVERTER:\n\n1) Sony-Tektronix RTD710A, 10-bit, dual-channel digitizer with 256kb\n buffer memory,\n\n2) National VP5740A, 8-bit, dual-channel, digital storage oscilloscope.\n\nCOMPUTER:\nPentium + 386-PC networked via OS/2-Warp Connect", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e35487f5-3325-4f1f-abd0-eeb45e16e721", - "label": "DOME-C", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dome C in Antarctica is potentially the best astronomical site in the world, with conditions close to space for some atmospheric windows. An extensive site testing program at the Concordia French-Italian station is underway. Comprehensive results of this program will be available during the year 2007. Small-scale astronomical experiments should also give their first results during the IPY. In 2007, astronomers will then be able to target precisely the best scientific and observational “niches” for astronomy at Dome C. The European network ARENA has started in January, 2006, and is devoted to this task. Among the observational niches, some are already clearly identified: submillimeter wavelengths, high angular resolution, as well as Wide field IR and optical observations, and continuous observations over days or weeks. The IPY offers a unique opportunity to discuss with national and international agencies the frame for a large astronomical infrastructure in Antarctica and to undertake its development.\n\nThe development of astronomy at Dome C, for which several French and international teams (Italy, Australia, China, Germany, United Kingdom…) have expressed their interest, has to be carried out in several steps. The next years (2006-2007) will be devoted to the completion of the site characterization in summer and winter. The development of small astronomical experiments will additionally provide an overview of the specific operational constraints that any observatory will face on this site. \n\nSummary provided by http://arena.unice.fr/article.php3?id_article=111", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3f7e00b-020f-4627-9755-bb131c8215e6", - "label": "FBPK", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The heterotrophic bacterial flora of Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta was studied in Potter Cove (King George Island, South Shetland Islands). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of aerobic bacteria from sea water, skin, stomach and intestine were carried out.\n\nhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/x22815336323773n/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e438d6fc-797c-49a6-bec1-3616242355e6", - "label": "EPA/PLACES", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EPA/Places (Geographic Places, US Environmental Protection\nAgency) is designed to provide a geographic focus on locations\naccross the US and their corrosponding projects.\n\nFor program links and additional information, link to\n'http://www.epa.gov/epahome/places.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e684eb55-f4f9-469d-81c8-5b0206728364", - "label": "DINOCEANTAR", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This data set is a dynamic coastal study for determination of the main\nparameters of the circulation off several coasts and how it changes\nthe nearby seas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e75ce80a-a51d-4b24-af6f-d0b37f8c6112", - "label": "EBESA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: EBESA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=452\n\nIn spite of its remoteness and isolation, Antarctica is inextricably linked to global processes and exposed to the impact of human activities in the rest of the world. Climate changes are expected to produce faster and greater changes in high-latitude regions, because they are likely to be amplified by alterations in albedo, atmospheric precipitation and permafrost. These changes will affect Antarctic life forms, from the individual and population scale to whole communities. A better knowledge of interactions among climate, geomorphological, geopedological and hydrological features, biological and genetic diversity, and functioning of Antarctic ecosystems across broad scale gradients, is necessary to point out weak points of these interactions and to achieve a better understanding of climate-induced changes in ecosystems at lower latitudes, where responses of biotic communities to external forcing are buffered by more complex interactions and feedback processes. Through the involvement of a selected number of Italian and Czech research groups on Antarctic biology and ecology, and an ad-hoc improvement of scientific and logistic integration and exchanges between Italy and other (SCAR) countries, our intent is to study the effects of climatic and environmental changes, as well as the impact of anthropogenic contaminants on organisms and ecosystems of northern Victoria Land, James Ross Island (Antarctic Peninsula), and Patagonia. As Antarctica receives pollutants from local sources (e.g., research stations, tourism) and acts as a cold trap for atmospheric mercury and persistent organic pollutants from other continents and secondary local arising organic photo-pollutants, our aim is to establish possible sources, deposition patterns, and biological effects of persistent pollutants, through the collection and analysis of widely distributed species of uni- and pluricellular organisms. Key species of organisms will also be collected across the latitudinal transect to study their origin, evolutionary responses to different climatic and environmental conditions, genetic links and interactions with relatives in the rest of the world. Through a functional genomic approach, the evolution of structural modifications of genes responsible for adaptations to cold, dry and salty environments, will be investigated to identify biochemical markers, which can provide means to study reactions to climate and environmental changes. In selected dominating moss and lichen species, the rate of photosynthesis and respiration will be measured and the acclimation/adaptation to long-term and short-term action of stress factors such as radiation, dehydration and low temperature will be studied. We propose internationally coordinated expeditions in northern Victoria Land, James Ross Island and Patagonia, with exchange of researchers and logistic support among Italian, Czech, and other national polar operators (austral summer 2007/08) to study: (1) soil formation processes and soil organic matter, (2) long-range transport and deposition of persistent contaminants, (3) Antarctic ecosystem biodiversity and functioning (4) the phylogeny and genetic variability of bacterial, protozoan, cryptogamic, and invertebrate populations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e87c214b-e5e0-4173-a1b1-e9f3c4b66130", - "label": "ELOKA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: ELOKA\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/eloka/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=187\n\nELOKA (the Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic) is envisioned as a data management service and circumpolar network for IPY 2007-2008 and beyond; its main purpose is to support and connect local and traditional knowledge projects and community-based research and monitoring programs around the North. ELOKA will be a central data portal, data management service, networking service, and resource center related to the knowledge and observations of Arctic residents. In setting up these pioneer goals, ELOKA will make a major contribution to one of the IPY 2007-2008 missions, namely, to bridge scientific studies of polar environments with the observations and ecological knowledge of polar residents. ELOKA will be an important tool in facilitating contributions from, and access by, Arctic communities to IPY research and future Arctic research.\n\nOne of the challenges of local and traditional knowledge (LTK) research and community-based monitoring to date has been effective and appropriate means of recording, storing, and managing data and information. It has been a challenge to find effective means of making community-based data and information available to Arctic residents and researchers, as well as other interested groups such as teachers, students and decision makers. ELOKA seeks to fill this gap. ELOKA will have a strong emphasis on serving Arctic community-based organizations and research through support for local and traditional knowledge projects and community-based monitoring projects by developing new management systems for data in non-numerical formats such as video, audio, maps, artwork, and photographs, and context-specific data such as interview transcripts and recorded oral histories. In ELOKA, data management does not mean data control. ELOKA will be a collaboratively designed tool that various organizations, communities, and projects can use under their own terms to help them store, search and share information. ELOKA will help LTK and community-based projects store and manage their data if that is their need, or simply provide links to those projects that are managing their own information. At the same time, ELOKA will help to negotiate and establish protocols so information is comparable across projects and regions (e.g. work to develop common approaches to metadata). ELOKA will take up the challenge to design systems of data stewardship that will respect the unique sensitivities and protections needed in community-based projects, while still allowing for broad searches for information. \n\nThe World Data Center for Glaciology (WDC) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in the U.S. propose to coordinate ELOKA. Drawing from and building upon existing data management resources and experienced staff that already handle diverse sources and forms of information, WDC/NSIDC will provide the technical backbone needed for ELOKA. With the technical component available to build on, ELOKA then proposes to collaborate with projects and organizations such as the Arctic Residents Network (ARN), Arctic Community-Based Environmental Monitoring Observation and Information Stations, and CAFF's (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna) CBMP (Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program), to work on issues of best practices and cross-community collaboration. ELOKA will work closely with the proposed IPY Data and Information Service (DIS) and with indigenous organizations at all levels, such as RAIPON (Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North) and ICC-Greenland (Inuit Circumpolar Conference-Greenland). ELOKA would be part of broader consortiums for Arctic observation and monitoring by providing an LTK focus for such as programs as COMAAR (Consortium for Coordination of Observation and Monitoring of the Arctic for Assessment and Research), the above-mentioned CBMP, and CEON (Circumarctic Environmental Observatories Network). We have partnered with a number of LTK and community-based projects (see 4.2) to initiate the development of ELOKA and will continue to build partnerships with community-based programs, organizations and networks during IPY and beyond. Feedback from the individual projects and organizations contributing and using information at ELOKA will be a key part to the development process. Many community-based projects not submitting proposals to IPY are also interested in ELOKA some of these are listed in 4.2. We expect our partner list to grow in coming months.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb0011f1-39b2-4783-866b-480d476a6785", - "label": "DULLES EXPERIMENT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Three years ago, officials at Dulles Airport conducted a little experiment to improve security on international flights. They wanted most passengers to spend less time in line at checkpoints.\n\nToday, of course, this idea sounds terribly dangerous. Who can afford to worry about passengers’ convenience? Let them wait for hours. Take away those Evians of mass destruction. Last weekend, even reading material became suspect — why would anyone on a six-hour flight need a book anyway? Stop making trouble and watch the movie!\n\nThe Dulles experiment was radical even in 2003, when airport screeners thought nothing of making passengers wait while they searched Grandma’s purse for nail scissors. But a few experts wondered if there was a better use of everyone’s time.\n\nInformation provided by http://select.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/opinion/15Tierney.html?hp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb0c862c-8808-435a-80c3-83eafb610e3d", - "label": "ERDPHPC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Ecologic Role and Distribution Patterns of the Heterotrophic\nPlanktonic Community from the Rio de la Plata Estuary, Southwestern\nAtlantic and Antarctic\n\nDuring the years 2002 to 2004,we plan to study the ecological role of\nnano- and microplanktonic heterotrophic protists (flagellates,\nciliates, dinoflagellates, radiolarians and foraminifers) in\nassociation with picoplanktonic components in the Southwestern\nAtlantic (including the Atlantic Sector of the Antarctic Ocean, the\nArgentine Sea, and the Rio de la Plata estuary), analyzing the main\nspecific associations, their distribution patterns and their\nrelationships with biotic and abiotic environmental\nparameters. Materials for this survey, largely available already, are\ncollected from the icebreaker 'Almirante Irizar' (Direccion Nacional\ndel Antartico; Argentine Sea and Antarctic Ocean), and the BIP\n'Capitan Canepa' (Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo\nPesquero; Rio de la Plata estuary) by means of continuous pump and\ndiscrete bottle samplings during the summers of 1999 through 2003. At\noceanographic stations, located at 30ft. intervals, but with a lower\nspacing in areas of steep environmental gradients (as indicated by\nvariables measured continuously or semi-continuously, mainly\ntemperature and fluorometry), two series of samples will be collected:\none aimed at measurementes of temperature, salinity, nutrients, pico-\nand nanoplankton, and the second for studies of the\nmicrozooplankton. Preservation of these materials will follow\ndifferent protocols, according to the purpose of the sample (taxonomic\nidentifications, cell counts, etc.). Through epifluorescence\ntechniques we will emphasize the analysis of the specific composition\nand the numerical abundance of one of the least known size fractions\nin this area: the nanozooplankton, including its trophic affinities\nand factors that favor mixotrophy.\n\nMicrozooplankton will be examined and counted under the inverted\nmicroscope using the Utherm?l method. Situ-derived information,\ncomplemented with laboratory grazing experments, will furnish an\nintegrated picture of the structure and dynamics of the\nmicroheterotrophic plankton that contributes to the 'biological pump'\nin the area.\n\nEspanol:\nNombre del Proyecto: Rol ecologico y patrones distributivos de la\ncomunidad heterotrofica microbiana planctonica del estuario del Rio de\nla Plata, Atlantico Sudoccidental y Antartico. (Proyecto en\ncolaboracion con Universidad de Buenos Aires)\n\nDirector: Dra. Viviana Andrea Alder\nCo-Director: Dr. Demetrio Boltovskoy\nE-mails: viviana@bg.fcen.uba.ar / demetrio@bg.fcen.uba.ar\n\nResumen del Proyecto: Se estudiara el rol ecologico de los protozoos\nheterotroficos nano y microplanctonicos en relacion con los\ncomponentes picoplanctonicos del Atlantico Sudoccidental y Antartico,\nanalizando sus asociaciones especificas, sus patrones distributivos y\nsus dependencias de los parametros bioticos y abioticos. El material,\nen gran parte ya disponible, es colectado por los buques 'Almirante\nIrizar' (DNA; Mar Argentino y Oceano Antartico) y BIP 'Capitan Canepa'\n(INIDEP; estuario del Rio de la Plata) mediante muestreos continuos\ncon bomba de succion y con botellas oceanograficas, durante los\nveranos 1999 a 2003. En cada estacion oceanografica se colectaran dos\nseries de muestras, que seran preservadas segun diferentes protocolos:\nla primera destinada para las determinaciones de salinidad,\nnutrientes, pico y nanoplancton, y la segunda para el estudio de la\nfraccion microzooplanctonica. Mediante la aplicacion de t?cnicas de\nepifluorescencia se realizara la evaluacion numerica del\nnanozooplancton, incluyendo el estudio de sus afinidades troficas y de\nlos factores que favorecen la mixotrofia. El microzooplancton sera\ncuantificado bajo microscopio invertido (tecnica de Uthermol).\n\nLa informacion obtenida in situ, sera complementada con experimentos\nde pastoreo en laboratorio, aportando una vision integral de la\nestructura y dinamica de los componentes microheterotroficos\nplanctonicos que contribuyen a la 'bomba biologica' en el area.\n\nDuracion: 2002 - 2004", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb9f47f2-1e1a-4c6c-bcf0-29316a11c686", - "label": "FASTEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment) is an\ninternational research project about weather, precisely about\nmid-latitude cyclone depressions.\n\nA most essential component of mid-latitude climate, cyclones bring\nrain water, exchange heat and sometimes turn themselves into still\ndifficult to predict deadly storms.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/dbfastex/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec3ec703-b27d-47ba-ab87-a8d759ef7f26", - "label": "EDGCM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The EdGCM Project develops and distributes a research-quality global climate\nmodel (GCM) with a user-friendly interface that runs on desktop computers.\nAnyone can explore the subject of climate change using the same methods and\ntools that scientists employ. The design of the software allows students to\nlearn and experience the full scientific process including: designing\nexperiments, setting up and running computer simulations, post-processing\noutput, using scientific visualization to display results, and creating\nscientific reports ready for publishing to the web. \n\nWebsite: http://edgcm.columbia.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ec73c658-ef1b-4030-8181-de96ea92c35e", - "label": "EALAT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: Reindeer herdring and climate change (EALAT)\nProject URL: http://www.ip-ipy.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=399\n\nReindeer Herders Vulnerability Study (EALÀT) focuses on adaptive capacity of reindeer pastoralism to climate change and variability and, in particular, on the integration of reindeer herders traditional knowledge in the study and analysis of their ability to adapt to environmental variability and change. \nNomadic reindeer herding practices, ancient in origin, represent models in the sustainable exploitation and management of northern terrestrial ecosystems that is based on generations of experience accumulated, conserved, developed and adapted to the climatic and administrative systems of the north. Reindeer herders traditional knowledge needs to be documented now before much of their understanding is lost due to societal/cultural transformations associated with globalization. Reindeer herding is the geographically most extensive form of animal husbandry in the Eurasian Arctic and sub-Arctic. Some 3 million reindeer provide the basis of the livelihood of herders and hunters in over 20 ethnic groups, managing pasture areas of 4 mill km2 which recently have become extremely important for other industrial interests (chiefly oil and gas development). \nReindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the north. The human-ecological systems in the North, like reindeer pastoralism, are sensitive to change, perhaps more than in virtually any other region of the globe, due in part to the variability of the Arctic climate and the characteristic ways of life of indigenous Arctic peoples. High sensitivity not withstanding, little is known about the vulnerability of such systems to change. Understanding and measuring vulnerability requires assessment of systems ability to adapt to impact and the extent to which freedom to adapt is constrained. EALÀT will therefore also examine the current state and changes of the polar environment (IPY theme 1 and 2). The network will examine traditional knowledge to adaptation in, and the vulnerability of reindeer pastoralism in case studies in Sapmi, Nenetsia, Yamal, Sakha, and Chukotka to change. It will explore (i) the influence of climate variability and change on reindeer, reindeer pastoralism and herding societies and (ii) the extent to which institutions and governance constrain, or create opportunities in, herders ability to cope with and to adapt to the effects of climate change. In addition, because many key institutions, markets, and governance affecting reindeer herders are based outside the Arctic, there are societal polar-global linkages superimposed upon the climate system and biogeochemical linkages (IPY theme 3). The limits of the adaptive capacity of reindeer husbandry must be defined, documented and explored together with the potential role of herders traditional understanding of, and techniques for, reducing their vulnerability for the effects of climate change. \n\nThe IPY EALÀT-network study follows up the Arctic Council ACIA report (Arctic Council 2004: Arctic Climatic Impact Assessment). The philosophy underlying EALÀT is wholly consistent with the recommendations of the ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council at Iceland on 24. November 2004. The Council agreed that warming of the Arctic is occurring faster than previously thought and that indigenous peoples will experience substantial challenges to their economies and cultures as a result. It is therefore important to focus, as does EALÀT, on the ability of reindeer herders to respond to these changes. \n\nWe believe that valuing traditional and scientific knowledge equally and, hence, integrating herders experience and competence within the scientific method will enable us to contribute towards reducing the vulnerability of reindeer husbandry to the effects of climate change. Local effects of warming of the global climate during the next 30 to 50 years are likely to be pronounced over reindeer pastures in the north. EALÀT will adopt a novel methodological approach, focusing on documentation, research, monitoring, outreach and communication. \n\nWe recognise that the ability to adapt to change is based on knowledge embodied in herders language, the institutions of herding and the actions of individual herders. International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry in Kautokeino will be responsible for EALÀT-outreach and communication while the Saami University College will play a lead in coordinating the research in IPY theme 6 Human society in Polar Regions. Its approach is holistic, integrating social and natural science and reindeer herders understanding in the co-production of knowledge. EALÀT will, by this means, contribute to building local competence in the indigenous peoples societies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f135f06d-067c-48a1-9598-0f8bd96d7075", - "label": "FLUAMAZON", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The FLUAMAZON Experiment was designed to measure the moisture flux from the Amazon coast. This experiment took place from November 23-December 21 1989 during the period of trancision between the dry and humid season in this region. During FLUAMAZON, radiosondagens were made simultaneoulsy in five different places: Alcantara, Belem, Oiapoque, Manaus e Alta Floresta (Rocha et al., 1992). tabla 1 shows the five radiosode estations:\n\nSummary provided by http://lba.inpa.gov.br/lba/prelba/fluamaz.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1ebc668-2484-4194-a0d8-5a36da046e25", - "label": "Endeavour", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Endeavour, the last addition to the orbiter fleet, is named after the first ship commanded by James Cook, the 18th century British explorer, navigator and astronomer. On Endeavour's maiden voyage in August 1768, Cook sailed to the South Pacific (to observe and record the infrequent event of the planet Venus passing between the Earth and the sun). Determining the transit of Venus enabled early astronomers to find the distance of the sun from the Earth, which then could be used as a unit of measurement in calculating the parameters of the universe. In 1769, Cook was the first person to fully chart New Zealand (which was previously visited in 1642 by the Dutchman Abel Tasman from the Dutch province of Groningen). Cook also surveyed the eastern coast of Australia , navigated the Great Barrier Reef and traveled to Hawaii.\n\nCook's voyage on the Endeavour also established the usefulness of sending scientists on voyages of exploration. While sailing with Cook, naturalist Joseph Banks and Carl Solander collected many new families and species of plants, and encountered numerous new species of animals.\n\nEndeavour and her crew reportedly made the first long-distance voyage on which no crewman died from scurvy, the dietary disease caused by lack of ascorbic acids. Cook is credited with being the first captain to use diet as a cure for scurvy, when he made his crew eat cress, sauerkraut and an orange extract.\n\nThe Endeavour was small at about 368 tons, 100 feet in length and 20 feet in width. In contrast, its modern day namesake is 78 tons, 122 feet in length and 78 feet wide. The Endeavour of Captain Cook's day had a round bluff bow and a flat bottom. The ship's career ended on a reef along Rhode Island.\n\nFor the first time, a national competition involving students in elementary and secondary schools produced the name of the new orbiter; it was announced by President George Bush in 1989. The Space Shuttle orbiter Endeavour was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in May 1991, and flew its first mission, highlighted by the dramatic rescue of a stranded communications satellite, a year later in May 1992.\n\nIn the day-to-day world of Shuttle operations and processing, Space Shuttle orbiters go by a more prosaic designation. Endeavour is commonly refered to as OV-105, for Orbiter Vehicle-105. Empty Weight was 151,205 lbs at rollout and 172,000 lbs with main engines installed. \n\nSummary provided by http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f39b25b1-38f4-4665-a03d-aa7405c7c1c8", - "label": "FLASHFLUX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Fast Longwave And SHortwave Radiative Fluxes (FLASHFlux) project\nis based upon the algorithms developed for and data collected by the\nClouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Systems (CERES) project. CERES\nis currently producing world-class climate data products derived from\nmeasurements taken aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua spacecrafts. While of\nexceptional fidelity, these data products require a considerable\namount of processing to assure quality and verify accuracy and\nprecision. The result is that CERES data are typically released more\nthan six months after acquisition of the initial measurements. For\nclimate studies, such delays are of little consequence especially\nconsidering the improved quality of the released data products.\n\nThe FLASHFlux project was envisioned as a conduit whereby CERES data\ncould be provided to the community within a week of the initial\nmeasurements, with the trade-off that some degree of fidelity would be\nexacted to gain speed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4f0191a-f85b-4844-a575-24881d37878d", - "label": "DLESE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) is a distributed community effort involving educators, students, and scientists working together to improve the quality, quantity, and efficiency of teaching and learning about the Earth system at all levels. \n\nDLESE supports Earth system science education by providing:\n\nAccess to high-quality collections of educational resources \nAccess to Earth data sets and imagery, including the tools and interfaces that enable their effective use in educational settings \nSupport services to help educators and learners effectively create, use, and share educational resources \nCommunication networks to facilitate interactions and collaborations across all dimensions of Earth system education \nDLESE resources include electronic materials for both teachers and learners, such as lesson plans, maps, images, data sets, visualizations, assessment activities, curriculum, online courses, and much more. Funding for DLESE comes in part from the National Science Foundation. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.dlese.org/about/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f53b39fe-0f18-4a8c-95d2-533a40acc912", - "label": "EUBEX", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The Eurasian Basin Experiment (EUBEX) was a Canadian expedition in 1981. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_modern.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f549ab85-9373-42fc-b2f9-26bce4628c29", - "label": "ESSPO", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[Source: Bob Dattore, NCAR]\n\n433L is the nickname for the U.S. Air Force Weather Observing and Forecasting System. It was their first computerized operational model. \n\nESSPO was a joint program of the FAA, Department of Defense, and Department of Commerce. It stands for Electronic Support System Project Office.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f5a3491e-3a89-4c26-add3-1f996f6da9ee", - "label": "FINNARP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Adapted from the FINNARP website,\n'http://www.fimr.fi/en/etelamanner/finnarp.html'\n\nThe Finnish Antarctic Research Program operates within the Institute of Marine\nResearch. Its aim is to support the practical implementation of Antarctic\nresearch projects that are funded by the Academy of Finland or other sources\nsuch as research institutes. \n\nThe fieldwork in the Antarctic is usually carried out in the Finnish research\ncentre Aboa and from there to other areas in the western Queen Maud Land. If\nneeded, FINNARP arranges working facilities in the research stations of other\ncountries as well. For marine scientific projects FINNARP arranges\ntransportation and working facilities on ships.\n\nFINNARP_95-96 includes projects carried out by the program between 1995-1996. \nSouthern Ocean research was conducted onboard the research vessel, R/V Aranda.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f69a8bfc-c3e4-4bde-8b1c-0c8d7a755ebe", - "label": "EOLE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Eole, originally FR-2, was known to NASA as CAS 1 (Cooperative Applications Satellite 1). The 84kg satellite was built by Aerospatiale. Eole relayed data from meteorological balloons released from Argentina. In 1980 the satellite was still in use for training tracking station operators. Eole is named after Aeolus, the wind god. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.planet4589.org/space/book/programs/europe/cnes/CNESFRSERIES/1971-71A.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f70e4cdb-d366-4181-b205-b553e990625c", - "label": "DACOTA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The project consists of collecting field measurements needed to better understand and then to model the dynamic behavior of coastal outlet glaciers through which does most of the drainage of the ice to the sea This study follows the observation a recent acceleration of Greenland glaciers coastal responsible for a notable decrease in the overall mass balance of the ice and therefore an increased contribution to sea level (Rignot and Kanagaratnam, 2006). If a similar trend for states West Antarctica with the disappearance of 'ice shelves', thinning and acceleration of certain concomitant large outlet glaciers (eg Pine Island Glacier, Rignot, 1998), role of East Antarctica, although potentially more threatening in terms of sea level is still poorly defined. The work proposed here intends to measure and model the present and future development of the area that is the workshop of the Astrolabe glacier (logistic facilities) as well as large outlet glaciers more distant (Ninnis, Mertz, Dibble, Terre Adélie sector - George V Land) which by their size, drain a significant portion of the East Antarctic ice cap (annual flows of ice in the order of several tens of km 3 per year).\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/pdr/dacota/projet.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8c62c37-d772-4abf-bf28-ad4440a2fb50", - "label": "ERM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) began on November 8, 1986. When it ended in\nJanuary 1990 (due to failures of both on-board tape recorders), more\nthan three years of precise altimeter data were available to the\nscientific community.\n\nSpacecraft:\nGravity gradient stablized. Two tape recorders\n\nPayload:\nRadar altimeter to measure sea surface height\n\nCountry of Origin:\nUnited States\n\nCustomer:\nUnited States Navy\n\nDesign Life:\n3 years", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9342137-1ec2-441f-b2b3-3a51e4fde384", - "label": "EPA GCRP", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "EPA's Global Change Research Program is an assessment-oriented program\nwith primary emphasis on understanding the potential consequences of\nclimate variability and change on human health, ecosystems, and\nsocioeconomic systems in the United States. This entails: (1)\nimproving the scientific basis for evaluating effects of global change\nin the context of other stressors and human dimensions (as humans are\ncatalysts of and respond to global change); (2) conducting assessments\nof the risks and opportunities presented by global change; and (3)\nassessing adaptation options to improve society's ability to\neffectively respond to the risks and opportunities presented by global\nchange as they emerge.\n\nThe program has made a major commitment to the National Assessment\nactivities organized through the USGCRP. The Global Change Research\nAct of 1990 mandates that the USGCRP conduct periodic assessments of\nthe potential consequences of global change for the United\nStates. (These periodic assessments are to be conducted not less than\nevery four years.) As a member of the USGCRP, EPA's Global Program\nwill continue to make significant contributions to the ongoing\nU.S. National Assessment Process. The EPA-sponsored assessments will\ncontinue to be conducted through public-private partnerships that\nactively engage researchers from the academic community, decision\nmakers, resource managers, and other affected stakeholders in the\nassessment process.\n\nEPA's intramural assessment program has four areas of emphasis: (1)\nhuman health; (2) air quality; (3) water quality; and (4) ecosystem\nhealth. These four focus areas are consistent with EPA's mission and\nthe strengths of EPA's research program.\n\nThe first focus area is Human Health. Since health is affected by a\nvariety of social, economic, political, environmental, and\ntechnological factors, assessing the health impacts of global change\nis a complex challenge. As a result, health assessments in EPA's\nGlobal Program go beyond basic epidemiological research to develop\nintegrated health assessment frameworks that consider the effects of\nmultiple stresses, their interactions, and human adaptive\nresponses. Along with health sector assessments conducted in\nconjunction with the USGCRP National Assessment process, there are\nresearch and assessment activities focused on the consequences of\nglobal change on weather-related morbidity and vector- and water-borne\ndiseases. In addition, the results from the Global Program's air\nquality assessments will be used to evaluate health consequences.\n\nThe second focus area is Ecosystems. The EPA's mission is not only to\nprotect human health but also to safeguard the natural\nenvironment. EPA has pledged to provide environmental protection that\n'contributes to making communities and ecosystems diverse,\nsustainable, and economically productive.' Consistent with this goal,\nEPA's Global Program is considering comprehensive ecosystem issues\nrelated to global change. Three research and assessment activities are\nplanned that evaluate the effects of global change on 1) aquatic\necosystems (which may include lakes, rivers, and streams; wetlands;\nand estuaries and coastal ecosystems); 2) invasive non-indigenous\nspecies; and 3) ecosystem services. The assessment of aquatic\necosystems will contribute to water quality assessments of pollutants\nand pathogens and of biocriteria. The ecosystem services assessment\nwill draw on work from the other ecosystem assessments.\n\nThe third focus area is Air Quality. Few studies have investigated the\neffect of global change on air quality. Given EPA's legal mandates\nwith respect to air pollution and substantial capability and expertise\nin modeling air quality and evaluating integrated response actions,\nexamining the effects of global change on air quality is a logical\nfocus of the Global Program. Assessments are planned that will examine\nthe potential consequences of global change on tropospheric ozone and\nparticulate matter. Each of these assessments is paired with a related\nhuman health assessment.\n\nThe fourth focus area is Water Quality. Water quality is affected by\nchanges in runoff following changes in precipitation and\nevapotranspiration and/or changes in land use. The program plans two\nassessments of the possible impacts of global change (climate and land\nuse change) on water quality. Both water quality assessments will\neither contribute to or benefit from human health and ecosystems\nassessments. In addition, results from the assessment of pollutants\nand microbial pathogens will be used in the assessment of biocriteria.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.epa.gov/globalresearch/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f981bc19-7590-4ea6-b1f4-ab13085b70bf", - "label": "EARTH VENTURE", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program homepage, Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program, http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/earth-system-science-pathfinder/ ]\n\n(The) NASA Earth Venture (EV) class of missions: a series of uncoupled, relatively low-to-moderate cost, small to medium-sized, competitively selected, full orbital missions (EVF), instruments for orbital missions of opportunity (EVi) and sub-orbital projects (EVS), legacy ESSP Projects: Projects selected under prior Announcements of Opportunity that are currently in operations, and non-competitive, directed Projects: projects that are designed to meet unique needs such as the replacement of a mission that did not fulfill its intended mission requirements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fc35b6d6-ab5b-407f-bc83-871d9cf73cc1", - "label": "Fluxnet", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "FLUXNET is a global network of micrometeorological tower sites that use eddy covariance methods to measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. More than 500 tower sites around the world are operating on a long-term basis. The overarching goal of the FLUXNET data collection at ORNL DAAC is to provide information for validating remote sensing products for net primary productivity (npp), evaporation, and energy absorption.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fccfe668-a5b9-428c-a96e-e4495b30e82f", - "label": "FHM", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) is a\nnational program designed to determine the status, changes, and\ntrends in indicators of forest condition on an annual basis. The\nFHM program uses data from ground plots and surveys, aerial\nsurveys, and other biotic and abiotic data sources and develops\nanalytical approaches to address forest health issues that\naffect the sustainability of forest ecosystems.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/fhm/'\n\n[Summary provided by USDS Forest Service]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe40ef6f-7c4f-4ada-84cf-92d5a000a72a", - "label": "ETPA", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "From the ETPA [http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM]\n\nThe Instituto Antártico Argentino was created under the Decree Nº 7338 on April the 17th 1951. Its founder and first director was the colonel Hernán Pujato. The goal of this creation was the need of a specialized organism to orientate, control, address and perform scientific and technical research and studies concerning this region, in coordination with the Comisión Nacional del Antártico, an institution depending on the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Stations set up at Marguerite Bay, Hope Bay, and Filchner Ice Shelf, and scientific summer seasons were the support for these goals, including a wide range of earth, sea and air sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff8c02aa-2e06-48f0-b9fd-1406d82977d7", - "label": "DRAKE_BIOSEAS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Short Title: DRAKE BIOSEAS\nProject URL: http://www.tierradelfuego.gov.ar/ipy/ciencia2.php\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=304\n\nThe Southern Ocean exerts a strong influence on global climate through\nthe circulation of the Circumpolar Current and the seasonal shift of\nthe sea-ice cover. While currently there are many different ways of\nassessing the intensity of phenomena associated with Climatic Change\n(ozone depletion, increase of temperature, CO2 and UV radiation),\nthere is no single tool for measuring the indirect effects of these\nalterations, most of which are critical to the functioning of\necosystems. In the marine environment, changes in thermal gradients\nmodify the global oceanic circulation pattern, thus bringing\nunpredictable consequences to the structure of communities, trophic\nrelationships and biogeochemical cycling. The geographic distribution\nand abundance of plankton stem from a combination of factors that\ninclude the interaction between the life cycle of species, oceanic\ncirculation, formation of eddies, the behaviour of frontal systems\n(e.g., advance and retreat of the sea-ice cover), and the abundance of\nvertebrate predators (fish, birds and marine mammals). Any alteration,\nnatural and/or anthropogenic (e.g., fisheries), in the intensity of\npredation leads to a change in the structure of trophic webs, thus\naffecting biodiversity, concentration of key Antarctic species,\nnutrient loading and carbon fluxes to the deep-sea, often resulting in\nthe general unbalance of the ecosystem. In order to examine within an\nintegral framework this conjunction of factors, the present project\nwill focus on the seasonality of one of the most peculiar areas of the\nSouthern Ocean: the Drake Passage, a key open-ocean choke point for\nthe Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The pronounced continental\nconstriction between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula causes\nthe northern deflection of the ACC and, jointly with the ENSO cycles,\ninfluences directly the Southwestern Atlantic in terms of\noceanographic-atmospheric and biological processes. Drake Bioseas is\nintended to achieve a first step towards the understanding of these\nprocesses by covering aspects that range from the assessment of\nair-sea interactions to geochronological surveys of the sea bottom,\nand from organisms living in the pelagic realm to benthic communities\nand micro-paleonthological indicators, emphasising in the\nMagellan-Antarctic regions and the Atlantic-Pacific\nconnections. Specific richness, population density, biomass and\ngeographic distribution, shifts in community structure and\nbiogeography, oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant defenses\nwill be examined for bacteria, protozoa, planktonic algae, meso-and\nmacrozooplankton, sea birds and marine mammals. Antarctic and\nsubantarctic fishes will be examined only as to their systematic\n(morphological and molecular) and oxidative stress; this will allow\nelucidating the patterns of distribution of key species, migration\nprocesses and physiological responses to environmental\nchanges. Special attention will be paid to dormant stages of\nmicroscopic organisms (non active bacteria, auxospore formation,\ncysts, resting propagules) as well as to factors controlling the\ntiming of activation. The role of species within the trophic web will\nbe evaluated, taking into consideration a wide spectrum of topics,\nincluding fluctuations in the nutritional mode of unicellular\norganisms, diet composition, energy content, interspecific food\noverlapping in top predators, etc. Previous information from land,\ncoastal and open ocean communities, provided from scientists involved\nin the project and by official and private institutions dedicated to\nfisheries, will constitute the tools for comparisons of past and\ncurrent conditions. Such objectives make Drake Bioseas directly link\nto CCAMLR, EBA SCAR and CAML projects. This will be the first time in\nwhich a multidisciplinary and integrated approach is made on waters of\nthe Drake Passage and its surroundings, emphasizing on the seasonal\nand inter-annual dynamics (2007-2008) of marine communities in natural\nboundaries such as Subantarctic vs. Antarctic, neritic vs. oceanic,\nPacific vs. Atlantic, summer vs. winter, low- vs. mid-latitude\nenvironments, and on trophic relationships (areas/seasons/years of\ndominance of net phytoplanktonic cells vs. DOM-based microbial food\nweb, and of crustacean vs. gelatinous zooplankton) and the magnitude\nof ecosystem fluctuations due to frontal behaviour (Subantarctic\nFront, Polar Front, Ice-Edge, winter conjunction of Polar and Ice\nfronts). Manipulative experimental work (productivity, grazing,\nphysiological responses) on board will be carried out to complement in\nsitu studies. Besides its scientific goals, the priorities of this\nendeavour embrace the legacy of an Experimental Research Centre for\nmultidisciplinary studies on cold-water organisms, and an Argentine\nicebreaker reconditioned for scientific purposes. These legacies are\nexpected to significantly contribute to the formation of a new\ngeneration of 'bio-seas' scientists.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd7b9be5-7fe0-40a2-a152-4f8fece249f9", - "label": "DCOTSS", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) is a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital research project to investigate the impacts of intense thunderstorms over the U.S. on the summertime stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b80a7d46-989b-41df-a0c2-f294f72e5a6e", - "label": "FIREX-AQ", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "Fire emissions in the US are approximately half from Northwestern wildfires and half from prescribed fires that burn mostly in the Southeast US. Wildfires burn slightly more fuel and therefore have overall larger emissions, but prescribed fires dominate the area burned and the number of fires. FIREX-AQ will investigate both wild and prescribed fires. Wildfires generally result in exposures with larger pollution concentrations over larger areas, and cause both local and regional air quality impacts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d8038bb-2664-4cbe-8838-878f1083e401", - "label": "EMIT", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The NASA Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission will comprehensively measure the mineral composition of Earth’s dust source regions to help scientists understand how they heat\nor cool our planet. EMIT’s science objectives are specifically focused on better understanding this heating and cooling effect, which is called radiative forcing. The first objective is to deliver a new improved assessment of the heating and cooling effects of mineral dust in the Earth’s atmosphere. The second objective is to predict how future climate scenarios might change the amount and type of mineral dust emitted into the Earth’s atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68e15ab6-7c9d-4111-83b1-39e6b78cd6ac", - "label": "DEDC", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "This collection currently contains the Altimeter Corrected Elevations, Version 2 (ACE2), the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data in four spatial resolutions (3, 9 and 30 arc-seconds, and 5 arc-minutes).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bb284ac-a2e1-4b40-aac2-1f948af38715", - "label": "EPOCH", - "broader": "24cf4b0e-4464-4edb-8f0c-415e851a6d79", - "definition": "The East Pacific Origins and Characteristics of Hurricanes (EPOCH) project was a NASA program manager training opportunity directed at training NASA young scientists in conceiving, planning, and executing a major airborne science field program. Combined with this goal the EPOCH project was to sample tropical cyclogenesis or intensification of an Eastern Pacific hurricane. The EPOCH project consists of three payload instruments, ER-2 X-band Radar (EXRAD), High Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR), and Advanced Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS), onboard the AV-6 Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle research aircraft. The launch site was at the Armstrong Flight Research Center located on Edwards Air Force Base in California. The launch/flight window consisted of up to six 24-hour science flights from August 1, 2017 through August 30, 2017 over the Pacific Ocean.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "label": "S - U", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00de73fa-8d08-4e55-b4dc-605242f7e74d", - "label": "SO-FIA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis\n(SO-FIA)involves supporting the Forest and Rangeland Renewable\nResources Planning Act (RPA) 1993 Assessment Update program. The\nexperiment involves collecting information on current forest and\nrangeloand conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "012398b7-7d4a-4b31-b2a7-0b428ab616f1", - "label": "SEISCAN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEISCAN was a MAST III funded project to rescue early seismic reflection\nprofiles, that exist only as paper records, computer scanning and archiving\nto a CD-ROM database of image files.\n\nBetween 1997 and 2000 over 8000 images covering 1,000,000 line kilometres\nwere scanned and returned to owners free of charge.\nThese would cost 23,000,000 Euros to re-survey at current costs.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/seisweb/SEISCAN.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01e75216-1cee-4cc3-b31d-83019730da85", - "label": "USNPS. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN BERINGIAN ARCTIC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) proposes a series of integrated research, monitoring, education and outreach projects designed to better understand and communicate change in Arctic environments in Alaska (United States) and adjacent areas of Chukotka (Russia) and the Yukon Territory (Canada). Proposed projects within this effort include the following:\n\nImplement the “Vital Sign” Monitoring Program for Arctic (ARCN) and Central Alaska (CAKN) Networks. These new programs, based on conceptual models and long term monitoring objectives now in development, will implement monitoring of a broad suite of biological, chemical and physical indicators on 40.6 million acres of NPS lands and waters in and around eight national park units in Alaska. Implement baseline archaeological inventories and ethnographic research: During 2007-2008 new archaeological inventories will be conducted at selected locations in Cape Krusenstern, Denali, and Yukon-Charley Rivers to locate and systematically document prehistoric human occupation sites in arctic and subarctic coastal, inland, and riverine environments. Also, ethnographic research at Yukon-Charley will synthesize oral, written and archival data to produce a comprehensive ethnographic assessment.\nReport results of the Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Program (WACAP). During 2007-2008 this ongoing multi-regional inter-agency US program will report on airborne contaminants in arctic, subarctic, high-altitude and high latitude areas. A series of journal articles and presentations will be submitted for publication during the IPY. Results will include contaminants assessments, spring snow pack data, and atmospheric back trajectories for multiple airborne contaminants potentially affecting polar areas. A separate study will report on biological effects of airborne heavy metal deposition (mineral dust) in Cape Krusenstern.\nConvene two conferences on arctic parks and protected areas. Scientific conferences and workshops focused on science and conservation of Arctic ecosystems and cultures will be co-sponsored by NPS during the IPY. The 2007 (bilingual) conference in Chukotka will be organized with Russian cooperators through the Beringian International Heritage Program (Beringia). The 2008 symposium in Alaska will be organized with the USGS, other US cooperating agencies, and possibly Beringia program cooperators. Both symposia will be multi-disciplinary (biological, physical, cultural, and social sciences).\nFocused journal issue on climate change in Alaska’s national parks. A focused issue of the Alaska Park Science journal will be published during 2007 in both printed and web-based formats. Internet-based supporting materials, targeted to meet the curriculum requirements of middle and high-school science teachers and students, will also be developed. Issues in 2008-2009 will highlight findings from research underway during IPY.\nDigitized photo archives of arctic national parks. NPS collections of Alaska photos will be screened and a representative collection of historic photographs documenting natural and cultural resources and human activities in Alaska’s NPS areas (targeting 50-100 photographs of each area) will be digitally reproduced for use in IPY symposia and publications. This collection will also be augmented by recent photos, possibly including repeat visits to photograph and document change at the sites of historic photographs. Augment photo collection by working in cooperation with local Native residents and Native entities of the 36 neighboring communities to Arctic parks to acquire copies of historical photos documenting historical landform conditions. Obtain use permission, digitize and make available to Arctic researchers for use as dated baseline conditions.\nFocused competitive funding programs. Support for a series of new focused projects will be provided through identification and consideration of IPY-related criteria in the proposal request and evaluation processes of appropriate National Park Service competitive grant programs. Eligible activities will include research, natural and cultural resource inventories and monitoring, recording of local and traditional knowledge, trend analysis, education and public outreach in Alaska and adjacent areas of Chukotka and the Yukon Territory. For IPY 2007-2008 we will specifically invite proposals to study and inform the public about: arctic/subarctic climate change, global and local contaminants, exotic species in the arctic and subarctic, increasing human use of parks and protected areas, and resource development within and surrounding these areas.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=21", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "026d8833-f593-4554-85b0-ac89df1f21c5", - "label": "SOLAR-B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Solar-B project is past the mid point of its development\nphase. The delivery of US instruments to ISAS in Japan is scheduled to\nbe complete by April 1, 2004. The delivery of the UK instrument to\nISAS is scheduled for March 1, 2004. The Solar-B observatory is\nscheduled to be launched on a Japanese M-V rocket out of Kagoshima,\nJapan, in September 2006.\n\nMission Summary:\n\n- Determine the solar origins of space weather and global change\n\n- Solar-B will be a comprehensive study of stellar magnetic fields\n\n- New view into the magnetic dynamics of the plasma universe\n\n- International (Japan-US-UK) collaboration building on the highly\nsuccessful Yohkoh experience\n\n- Highly leveraged participation, all US contributions for high-tech\nscience instruments\n\nAdditional informaiton available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/solar-b/solar-b.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02cf9879-6863-4349-aee1-e99e1d756fb3", - "label": "SDP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "CIESIN developed a data set of country-level population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and corresponding geospatial data products (downscaled grids) for selected years. The methodology used was simple linear downscaling from regions of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) models to all countries. The downscaled population and GDP data represented an initial effort to meet the urgent needs of impacts researchers for country-level data. This work was the first exercise of its kind in downscaling socioeconomic drivers. It was based on the SRES scenarios but produced independently of the SRES report.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "050fc043-a932-453f-9ad3-f5b64f948874", - "label": "SEACOOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCCOOS brings together coastal observations in the Southern California Bight to provide information necessary to address issues in climate change, ecosystem preservation and management, coastal water quality, maritime operations, coastal hazards and national security.\n\nhttp://www.sccoos.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "065824bc-7753-44e0-b419-c17d55edf819", - "label": "SCOPE NITROGEN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCOPE project results are usually published as synthesis reports, state-of-the-science analyses and evaluations of environmental issues. Mid-term results of a project are often published as proceedings volumes, or as articles in learned reviews. Tradebook publications based on the synthesis reports and project results target a wider public.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.icsu-scope.org/publications.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0700c297-9d8d-4d9e-8fa9-84f281729b45", - "label": "SCAR-MARBIN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCAR-MarBIN (SCAR Marine Biodiversity Information Network) establishes and\nsupports a distributed system of interoperable databases, forming the Antarctic\nRegional OBIS Node, under the aegis of SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic\nResearch).\n\nSCAR-MarBIN compiles and manages existing and new information on Antarctic\nmarine biodiversity by coordinating, supporting, completing and optimizing\ndatabase networking. This information will in turn be sent to larger\nbiodiversity initiatives such as OBIS - the information component of the Census\nof Marine Life (COML)- and GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility).\nSCAR-MarBIN data policy protocols align with the Antarctic Treaty (Art. III.1)\nand IPY requirements, as well as data management protocols of GBIF and OBIS.\nSCAR-MarBIN integrates these efforts, giving a single and easy access to\nrelevant marine biodiversity information and maximizing the exploitation of\nthese resources.\n\nSCAR-MarBIN will leave a valuable legacy for future generations, in the form of\nan information tool that will provide a baseline reference for establishing a\nState of Antarctic Environment, and predicting the future for marine\ncommunities around Antarctica, which are currently facing global change.\nSCAR-MarBIN is the companion-project of the Census of Antarctic Marine Life\n(CAML), an ambitious 5-year project which aims at assessing the nature,\ndistribution and abundance of the Southern Ocean biodiversity. CAML will focus\nthe attention of the public on the ice-bound oceans of Antarctica during the\nInternational Polar Year (IPY) in 2007/08. SCAR-MarBIN will handle biodiversity\ndata arising from CAML field projects.\n\nSCAR-MarBIN is implemented within the Belgian Biodiversity Platform (BBPF).\nSCAR-MarBIN is supported by the Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO), the Alfred P.\nSloan Foundation (SLOAN) through the Census of Marine Life (CoML)and the\nScientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (SCAR).\nSCAR-MarBIN is International Polar Year Core Initiative #83 (IPY).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0788780a-b8ab-4c05-acf8-a2c25f36967d", - "label": "TARFOX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The overall goal of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing\nObservational Experiment (TARFOX) is to reduce uncertainties in\nthe effects of aerosols on climate by determining the direct\nradiative impacts, as well as the chemical, physical, and\noptical properties, of the aerosols carried over the western\nAtlantic Ocean from the United States.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Perform a variety of closure studies by using overdetermined\ndata sets to test the mutual consistency of measurements and\ncalculations of a wide range of aerosol properties and effects.\n\n2. Use the results of the closure studies to assess and reduce\nuncertainties in estimates of aerosol radiative forcing, as well\nas to guide future field programs on this subject.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgg/tarfox/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "080c728e-a0cd-4547-81df-246a20810ecb", - "label": "SESAME79", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Recently it has been proposed that the phase delay associated with the radio signals propagating from GPS satellites to a ground-based GPS receiving station can be used to infer the vertically integrated water vapor (precipitable water-PW) with a high degree of accuracy. Since a ground-based GPS receiving station is relatively inexpensive, a specially designed, dense GPS network can provide PW measurements with unprecedented coverage. Such a dataset can potentially have a significant impact on operational numerical weather prediction. In this paper, a series of numerical experiments were conducted using a variational (4DVAR) data assimilation system based on The Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5 and its adjoint. The special soundings collected in SESAME (Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment) 1979 were used in two sets of experiments. In the first set, a 1-h assimilation window and an analysis of the observed PW data were used. All data were assumed to be available at the end of the assimilation window.\n\nhttp://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2955633", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0842a8f9-e2a1-4608-b03c-2f4fbe8b0b27", - "label": "SCAR_ANTOSTRAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The membership of SCAR comprises the appropriate bodies of those national scientific academies or research councils which are the adhering bodies to ICSU and which are, or plan to be, active in Antarctic research, together with the relevant scientific Unions of ICSU. It includes the original twelve members and an increasing number of subsequent members.\n\nThere are three categories of membership: Full Members, ICSU scientific unions members and Associate Members. Full Members are those countries with active scientific research programme in Antarctica, currently 31; union members are those ICSU scientific unions that have an interest in Antarctic research, currently 9; and Associate Members are those countries without an independent research programme as yet or which are planning a research programme in the future, currently 4. In addition, there are the Honorary Members of SCAR; those individuals who have, over many years, rendered outstanding service to SCAR and scientific research in Antarctica.\n\nThe National Committee of each Full Member of SCAR appoints a Permanent Delegate and an Alternate Delegate to SCAR; ICSU Unions appoint a single Union Delegate; and Associate Members appoint a Delegate. These delegates attend the bi-ennial SCAR Delegates Meeting but only the Permanent and Union Delegates may vote.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.scar.org/about/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09e4cb54-db6d-46ae-86de-4ec783bc10fa", - "label": "ULANDSAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Objectives of Urban Remote Sensing\n\nRemote Sensing generally refers to the science, technology and physical processes involved in the detection, analysis and interpretation of information collected without coming into physical contact with the object of interest. In the context of our research and applications, urban remote sensing focuses primarily on understanding the physical properties and processes of urban environments and on the mapping and monitoring of urban land cover and spatial extent. These two objectives are related in the sense that it is necessary to understand the physical properties of the urban mosaic in order to rigorously define, map and monitor urban areas.\n\nCharacterizing the Physical Properties of the Urban Environment\n\nThe research presented here is primarily focused on the physical properties of a wide range of urban environments using passive measurement of optical reflectance and thermal emission as well as optical emission of nighttime lights. Comparative analyses of urban reflectance (visible and infrared color) and surface temperature allow us to develop robust criteria for distinguishing urban land cover from non-anthropogenic land covers. These analyses also provide important constraints on the physical properties that control mass and energy fluxes through the urban environment. These constraints are used as inputs to physical models of climatic, hydrologic and ecologic processes.\n\nMapping and Monitoring Urban Form and Growth\n\nCharacterizing the physical properties of urban land cover makes it possible to map the form and spatial extent of urban land use and to quantify changes in form and extent. This provides objective, physically-based metrics for comparative analyses of urban dynamics that cannot generally be obtained from administrative definitions of urban extent. Mapping provides static snapshots of the urban mosaic while monitoring allows us to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics. Mapping urban extent with nightlights complements the information derived from optical reflectance.\n\nEach city is linked to a jpeg image of a Landsat visible/IR composite collected by Landsat 5 (pre 1999) or Landsat 7. Most of the image areas are 30x30 km but a few are larger. All images are shown at full resolution (30 m pixel) so the scale (on screen) is equivalent. The jpeg compression causes significant loss of fine detail from the original image. Most of the images are about 200K (~40 seconds via 56K modem). A few are significantly larger.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a3e7f9b-e279-496d-aee2-41be7e05e0b4", - "label": "SEA-SKY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a4a7d30-32af-4e91-bbf5-a6381a6e8d22", - "label": "SWAMP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "South-West Area Monsoon Project (SWAMP) focuses on:\n-measurements of the central Arizona thunderstorm environments\n-examination of the monsoon structures and moistures fluxes\n-study of Mexican convective systems\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://geography.asu.edu/aztc/swamp.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Arizona University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bd7768f-7feb-4f4c-ad2c-363c33ef785c", - "label": "SHALDRIL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The understanding of Antarctica's climate, cryosphere, and biosphere evolution is limited, which is due in part to the paucity of outcrops and cores that record changes during the Tertiary. This problem has been partially rectified using conventional drill ships, such as the JOIDES Resolution, but access to key areas of the continental margin has been restricted because of the inability of these ships to operate in ice-covered waters. While researchers are restricted in their ability to acquire long cores in ice-prone areas, nature has provided an alternative method. \n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2006EO390003.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eb58e73-56d4-4f43-a20a-8e3a1120ceff", - "label": "SCCWRP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCCWRP is a joint powers agency focusing on marine environmental\nresearch. A joint powers agency is one that is formed when several\ngovernment agencies have a common mission that can be better addressed\nby pooling resources and knowledge. In our case, the common mission is\nto gather the necessary scientific information so that our member\nagencies can effectively, and cost-efficiently, protect the Southern\nCalifornia marine environment.\n\nAn important part of our mission is to ensure that the data we collect\nand synthesize effectively reaches decision-makers, scientists and the\npublic. The world-wide web provides us a new opportunity to achieve\nthis goal.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Southern California Coastal Water Research Project\n 7171 Fenwick Lane\n Westminster, CA 92683\n\n Phone: 714-894-2222\n Fax: 714-894 - 9699\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.sccwrp.org/'\n\n [Summary provided by SCCWRP]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fe1bcf2-7520-4e9a-a3aa-944834c516fa", - "label": "STERNA92", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) was an international and multi-disciplinary project with participants from more than 20 countries. Its aim was to understand the processes controlling the cycling of carbon in the oceans, its exchange with the atmosphere and sea floor, and the sensitivity of these processes to climate changes. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.bodc.ac.uk/products/collaborative_products/jgofs_final/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "12caff33-ed60-4b57-beb3-2c70abd9d27f", - "label": "SCSCS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SCSCS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=357\n\nDuring last decades in the Euroarctic Region there is observed a stable tendency towards warming that enables us to assume that this is not a short-time deviations of the climatic system from the equilibrium but long-lasted changes. To main factors forming the climate of the Spitsbergen Archipelago one could refer its geographical location, atmospheric circulation, ocean impact, sea and continental ice sheet, complicated morphometrics.\nOn the Spitsbergen Archipelago there exists the huge mass of fresh water in a form of cryosphere elements (glaciers, snow cover, naleds), it has a specific biota and at the same time locates in the area of a relatively intensive economic activity compared with other Arctic Archipelagos... Thus, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of the Archipelago is a noticeable objects-indicator of the current status of the Arctic climate system and estimates of its future changes. Along with this Spitsbergen is a wonderful science platform for studying the overall spectrum of reactions of Polar Regions nature on the climate variations both of natural and anthropogenic origin.\nNowadays, a large complex of scientific researches and monitoring of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment is carried out on the basis of the infrastructure of the Russian village Barents burg, Norwegian villages Longierbuen and New-Alesunn and also the Polish research base Hornsunn. Meteorological, aerological, ice, oceanographic, biological and other observations are performed.\nIt is considered to perform the following complex investigations of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment in the framework of this project:\nMain project goals are: \n- development and unification of the existing system of complex monitoring of the principal climate forming parameters of the environment status in the area of the Spitsbergen Archipelago \nestimation of the features of the present status of the principal components of the climatic and systems of the Archipelago and surrounding Euro-Arctic aquatic regions -on the basis of the analysis of databases obtained during the project implementation and historical Russian and available international databases ;\nUnderstanding of the impact mechanisms of external climate factors on the nature of the Spitsbergen Archipelago;\ndevelopment of the scientific basis of the scenarios of possible climate changes of the Archipelago environment and forecast of possible ecological impact;\n- improvement of the technology and technical means for the system of hydrometeorological monitoring of the environment.\nThe investigations are complex ones. So, there are some separate sub-programs co-operating in the framework of general research program including the following directions:\n-Meteorological regime;\n-Hydrological regime of dry land;\n-Energy-exchange processes between the atmosphere and underlying surface;\n-Ice-cover evolution;\n-Structure and dynamics of coastal waters including fiords; \n-Climate and fresh water balance;\n-Sea-ice evolution; \n- Monitoring of contamination of air and water ambience\n-Studies of the composite and concentration of radio-active gases in the atmosphere and ocean;\n-Flora and fauna research;\n-Validation of results from remote sounding of the environment components;\n-Testing and experimental service of new measurement complexes for the Archipelago environment monitoring. \nImplementation of the above sub-programs will be realized on the basis of ZGMO «Baretsburg» (AARI, Murmansk ASMS), Norwegian research station in New Alesunn village (NPI) and Polish station in the Hornsunn Bay (Polish Academy of Sciences). Also it is assumed to perform, on the basis of the previous AARI field studies on the Archipelago, the constant-basis observations at a number of geographical objects (glaciers, lakes, river valleys, etc) for which there exist multi-year sets of field data. Here we suppose to use both automation measuring complexes and random observations using helicopters, sea- vehicles etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14a024d5-1fec-445c-8e92-6b9ed9d6f49c", - "label": "SEQUAL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In situ wind measurements collected as part of the Programme Français Océan et Climat dans l'Atlantique Equatorial (FOCAL)/Seasonal Response of the Equatorial Atlantic (SEQUAL) experiment (1983-1984) in the western and eastern parts of the equatorial Atlantic basin are described. They were obtained from meteorological stations placed Saint Peter Peter and Saint Paul Rocks (SPP) (1°N, 29°W) and at the top of a surface buoy moored in the Gulf of Guinea (0°N, 4°W). From the wind observations the wind stress was inferred, and results are compared with climatology. The wind stress time series show the abrupt increase of the winds during the spring that, at SPP, reaches a value as high as 0.35 dyn/cm2 in 2 weeks for both observed years. The 11-day running mean time series shows that the onset of the zonal component of the wind stress occurs at SPP on April 10, 1983, and on May 17, 1984, and in the Gulf of Guinea (GG) on April 5, 1983, and April 10, 1984. The monthly mean observations show an interannual variability both in the time of the onset and in the strength of the trade winds. At SPP and GG the total wind stress increases 1 month earlier than climatology in 1983 but at the same time as climatology in 1984. At SPP the zonal component of the wind stress also intensifies 1 month earlier than climatology in 1983 but 1 month later in 1984. The equatorial temperature records at 28°W and 4°W show that the depth of the 20°C isotherm, on a seasonal time scale, decreases during the relaxation period of the trade winds (boreal winter). In 1983-1984 this occurred in December 1983 at 28°W and in March 1984 at 4°W. After the onset of the local trade winds, the thermocline continues to move upward during 1 month at 28°W and during 3 months at 4°W thereafter, the thermocline deepens at both locations. At the surface, the temperature decreases when the trade winds intensify and remains low as long as the trade winds are blowing. The seasonal variations of the temperature both at the surface and below the surface at 28°W and 4°W are interpreted in the light of the results of a nonlinear multilevel model in the cases of a sudden increase and a sudden relaxation of the trade winds. \n\nInformation provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....92.3741C", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "164acd95-add1-4e06-a356-ebeb6ba9b626", - "label": "SEDAC/SDP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Presence Grids of the Gridded Global Amphibian Species Distribution is a reclassified version of the original grids of amphibian species distribution maps. The data include 1- kilometer presence/absence grids for individual species available in Geographic Coordinate System (GCS). The input vector layers were produced by a consortium led by NatureServe. The gridding and grid processing are done by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gateway/guides/species_amppres.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "168a28d0-b862-4f23-944d-776b00b6feb2", - "label": "TRMM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint mission\n between NASA and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of\n Japan designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall and the\n associated release of energy that helps to power the global\n atmospheric circulation shaping both weather and climate around the\n globe. The TRMM Observatory carries five instruments. It will include\n the first spaceborne Precipitation Radar (PR), the TRMM Microwave\n Imager (TMI), a Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS), a Cloud and Earth\n Radiant Energy System (CERES), and a Lightning Imaging Sensor\n (LIS). TRMM was successfully launched from the Tanegashima Space\n Center in Japan on November 27, 1997.\n \n The TRMM Project Office is responsible for the support of the TRMM\n mission in connection with ground-based validation of the TRMM\n observations. The TRMM Office is the focal point for the planning and\n implementation of a broad and integrated observational program of\n precipitation and related climate research, designed to meet the\n specific science validation objectives established by the TRMM science\n team, and which are also consistent with programmatic requirements\n established by NASA Headquarters. For further information see:\n \n http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \n For more information on the NASA's Earth Science Program, see:\n http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science\n \n For more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "181b186c-782f-48ea-8792-5c2979b3e19c", - "label": "SGP97", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment took\nplace in the subhumid environment in Oklahoma over a one-month\nperiod of June 18 - July 17, 1997. The objectives are:\n\n1. To examine the estimation of surface soil moisture\n and temperature using remote sensing at a hierarchy of\n scales\n\n2. To examine the feasibility of estimating vertical\n profiles of soil moisture and temperature by combining in\n situ data, remote sensing measurements at the surface,\n and modeling techniques\n\n3. To evaluate the influence of soil moisture on the local\n surface energy budget and the influence of mesoscale\n variability in the surface energy budget on the\n development of convective boundary layer\n\nThe SGP97 Hydrology Experiment as it has developed is a\ncollaboration by a team of interested scientists largely based on\nexisting sponsored scientific investigations and research projects.\nCooperation and contributions by many have resulted in a\ncomprehensive opportunity for multidisciplinary research. Version 1 of\nthe SGP97 data, available for general research use, is expected in\nSeptember 1998.\n\nSGP97 Project Homepage:\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/SGP97/sgp97.html'\n\n[Summary Adapted from the GSFC/DAAC Homepage]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1890e99e-1ece-4aa6-bec0-caf414fc2140", - "label": "SAHEL_NAFR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SAHEL_NAFR was a program developed between the U.S. Geological\nSurvey and U.S. Agency for International Development. This project\naims to develope and test a near-real time monitoring procedure using\nsatellite remote sensing and geographic information system\ntechnologies in grasshopper and locust control programs in West\nAfrica. Inherent in this goal was the need to design and present\ninformation for use by decision makers responsible for grasshopper\ncontrol. The underlying philosophy was to develop techniques that\ncould be transferred to African institutions. The resulting data base\nis referred to as the Sahelian and NW Africa 14-Day NDVI Composites\n(SAHEL_NAFR)Center was identified as the appropriate organization for\nthis process. AGRHYMET serves nine West African countries by providing\ndata on agricultural, meteorological and hydrological conditions. As\nof May 1990, greenness map production at AGRHYMET has been\noperational.\n\nThe extend of coverage is between 10 and 38 degrees North latitude and\nfrom 18 degrees West to 40 degrees East longitude.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://edc.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/sahel_nafr'\n\n [Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "189d5e16-9b32-4c30-8a1c-1f0f028dc434", - "label": "SOUTH.CAL.OCS BASELINE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19dd1dfc-3477-475e-b0fa-e8bddc5ed13c", - "label": "USCRN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is a systematic and sustained network of climate monitoring stations with sites across the conterminous U.S., Alaska, and Hawaii. These stations use high-quality instruments to measure temperature, precipitation, wind speed, soil conditions, and more. Information is available on what is measured and the USCRN station instruments.\n\nThe vision of the USCRN program is to provide a continuous series of climate observations for monitoring trends in the nation's climate and supporting climate-impact research.\n\nStations are managed and maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19f3151a-05b8-48a2-97ca-14487e2996dc", - "label": "US-MEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States-Mexico Data Collection project involves an initiative to\nprovide scientists with spatially referenced demographic data for conducting\nassessments of human interactions with the environment. The collection consists\nof the following products: Population Database of Mexico; Urban Place,\nTime-Series Population Spreadsheet of Mexico; Urban Place Geographic\nInformation System (GIS) of Mexico; GIS of Mexican Localities; GIS Coverage of\nMexican States; GIS Coverage of Mexican Municipalities; and Raster-based\nCoverage of Mexican Population. The Dataset Guide for the Georeferenced\nPopulation Data Sets of Mexico presents a detailed discussion of the database\nand information on how to access it.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b6957bc-048b-4c4f-8593-0f33a85b6579", - "label": "SAFARI 2000", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) project was an international science initiative to study the linkages between land and atmosphere processes conducted from 1999-2001 in the southern African region. In addition, SAFARI 2000 examined the relationship of biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic emissions and the consequences of their deposition to the functioning of the biogeophysical and biogeochemical systems of southern Africa.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c0794e7-622d-47bf-9ca1-1da7232193df", - "label": "SAGE III-M3M", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) role in the NASA's Earth Observation (EOS) program is to provide global, long-term measurements of key components of the Earth's atmosphere. The most important of these are the vertical distribution of aerosols and ozone from the upper troposphere through the stratosphere.\n\nIn addition, SAGE III also provides unique measurements of temperature in the stratosphere and mesosphere and profiles of trace gases such as water vapor and nitrogen dioxide that play significant roles in atmospheric radiative and chemical processes.\n\nThe SAGE III Science Team functions in a dual role where they ensure the data quality and interpret the SAGE III data in the broader context of global change.\n\nThe SAGE III instrument is a grating spectrometer that measures ultraviolet/visible energy. It relies upon the flight-proven designs used in the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM I) and SAGE I and II instruments.\n\nThe SAGE III instrument was developed and managed by NASA Langley Research Center and was built by Ball Aerospace in Boulder, CO. Three copies were produced. One instrument is mounted on the Meteor-3M\nspacecraft and a second will be place in orbit on the International Space Station in 2005. SAGE III on the Meteor-3M is a joint mission between NASA and the Russian Space Agency (RSA). The SAGE III on the Russian Meteor-3M was launched December 10, 2001 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.\n\nFor more information on SAGE III, see:\nhttps://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/sage3/sage3_table\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\nhttps://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d312757-0847-4737-ac38-134a62631643", - "label": "SPARC-IPY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The evolution of stratospheric ozone and other important and related atmospheric constituents in Polar Regions is tightly coupled to a wide range of processes acting within and outside the winter polar vortices and through the entire region from the surface to the mesopause. Much of the current understanding of these processes has been achieved within the programme of SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate), a WCRP core project, and other international projects with which it maintains collaborative links. The IPY programme offers a unique opportunity for SPARC to assemble a range of scientific expertise to study the Antarctic and Arctic Polar Vortices, the loci of key chemical and physical processes associated with ozone depletion and its eventual recovery, as well as of key features of the dynamical coupling between the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere in polar and sub-polar regions. The central goal of the SPARC IPY programme (hereinafter referred to as SPARC-IPY) is to document as completely as possible the dynamics and chemistry of the polar vortices and physical properties relevant to processes such as the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. To achieve this detailed picture and yield a unique synthesis of data on the polar middle atmosphere, SPARC-IPY will facilitate analysis of available research and operational satellite data, as well as ground-based and aircraft data, and encourage work on data assimilation and inter-comparison of assimilated data sets. This will include data from new measurement systems as well as from enhanced measurement programmes with established systems. To complement results provided by new measurement programmes, weather services carrying out routine radiosonde and ozonesonde measurements will be encouraged to increase the frequency of the observations and to store the data with full resolution. As the lead organization, the SPARC Project will coordinate the SPARC-IPY programme, promote specific new initiatives and organize workshops and meetings to facilitate research and dissemination of results. These efforts will be carried out in the context of the SPARC Project core thematic programmes of Stratospheric Chemistry and Climate; Stratosphere-Troposphere Dynamical Coupling; and Detection, Attribution, and Prediction of Stratospheric Change. SPARC-IPY is the lead EoI for sub-cluster 7.1 (IPY SPARC). The EoIs that are clustered within this proposal will constitute key components of this programme (consortium members are listed in section 4.2) which will include the following specific components: (a) An Arctic measurement programme will document the “state of the Arctic middle atmosphere” during the IPY (EoI 11, PASSMeC). This will use data from ground based and satellite systems, centered on four lidar systems located at sites across the Arctic. These lidar measurements will be coordinated with satellite and radiosonde/ozonesonde measurements. These lidars are distributed under different regimes of the Arctic middle atmosphere and provide measurements that are critical for understanding the role of tides, planetary and gravity waves in the large-scale circulation. (b) A data assimilation, modelling and analysis component will focus on assimilation and analysis of these observations to yield a comprehensive picture of the observed circulation and facilitate prediction of changes in the circulation and associated physical and chemical responses. In addition this component will include archival of assimilation products (analyses and forecasts) arising from participating middle atmosphere assimilation groups during the IPY period. Such products will be routinely produced at weather forecast centers using models with vertical domains that extend above the stratopause. Research groups employing chemistry transport models or chemistry climate models will also participate. These activities are critical for understanding the structure and evolution of the Arctic vortex, the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, the depletion of ozone, and the initiation of anomalous weather regimes associated with the Arctic Oscillation. A specific component activity will include analysis of the dynamics and chemistry associated with Stratospheric Sudden Warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic Polar atmosphere during the IPY (EoI 959, CMAM-IPY). The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), which extends from the ground to above the mesopause and includes comprehensive and coupled chemistry, radiation and dynamics, will be used to analyse SSWs during the IPY using a 3D-Var data assimilation scheme. (c) Data available from instruments in operation at different Antarctic and relevant continental sub polar sites in the southern tip of South America, where the Antarctic polar vortex/ozone hole system passes over inhabited regions, in combination with satellite data. will be collected and interpreted. Organization of special campaign periods will be promoted in collaboration with the various national agencies involved in the operation of these sites. CTM runs of relevant events using the AMR-CTM with the MECCA/MESSY chemistry module (Argentina/UK/Germany) will be carried out. The SPARC-IPY programme will also link with other closely related IPY activities (see section 3.5). The services of the SPARC Data Center will be made available to facilitate acquisition and archiving of key data that will be used for projects or generated by them during the IPY period (see section 3.6).\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=217", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ebdef23-b988-44cd-ab92-badb8eb6b3ae", - "label": "THREDDS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The THREDDS (Thematic Realtime Environmental Distributed Data Services)\nproject is developing middleware to bridge the gap between data providers and\ndata users. The goal is to simplify the discovery and use of scientific data\nand to allow scientific publications and educational materials to reference\nscientific data.\n\nThe mission of THREDDS is for students, educators and researchers to publish,\ncontribute, find, and interact with data relating to the Earth system in a\nconvenient, effective, and integrated fashion. Just as the World Wide Web and\ndigital-library technologies have simplified the process of publishing and\naccessing multimedia documents, THREDDS is building infrastructure needed for\npublishing and accessing scientific data in a similarly convenient fashion.\n\n[Text from the THREDDS Home Page]\n\nhttp://www.unidata.ucar.edu/projects/THREDDS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f5310d7-4911-4f36-89a5-8e7902fb51a9", - "label": "SIESIP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEASONAL TO INTERANNUAL EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION PARTNER\n(SIESIP) is part of the NASA sponsored ESIP Federation. SIESIP\nserves the data and informational needs such as tools of the S-I\nscience community, which includes modelers, TRMM, SCSMEX and\ninterdisciplinary Earth scientists. SIESIP partners are the\nCenter for Earth Observing and Space Research (CEOSR) of George\nMason University, the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies,\nthe Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center, and the\nUniversity of Delaware. Our main goal is to provide support for\nthe data and information needs of seasonal to interannual and\nrelated climate science communities. Our strategy includes\nproviding access to relevant data, developing flexible search\nengines for S-I and climate data, and innovative information\ntechnology solutions.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://ceosr.gmu.edu/siesip/'\n\n[Summary provided by George Mason University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f81d4cd-b32d-481c-8db9-c4e3e26edcd9", - "label": "SMAPVEX12", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "206b25f2-df99-4c88-9075-0b524fca6fa7", - "label": "SFP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "As it grows, the Southern Fire Portal (SFP) aims to become a &one-stop-shop& for fire related publications, datasets, databases, decision-support tools, models, glossaries, interactive CD-ROMs, videos, and state-of-the-knowledge literature syntheses. Combined with advanced search and a future integrated fire thesaurus, the goal is to find existing information quickly, efficiently, and for free. \n\nThe Southern Fire Portal's objectives are to improve fire science organization and accessibility by integrating and expanding three comprehensive and complementary sources of fire information: 1) the Fire Research and Management Exchange System (FRAMES), 2) the Encyclopedia of Southern Fire Science (ESFS), and 3) the Tall Timbers Research Station E.V. Komarek Fire Ecology Database and Thesaurus. \n\nThe combination of these powerful sources of information is synergistic, adding tremendous user-value to each source. The SFP is much more than a website; it is the gateway for ongoing information and technology transfer between the fire management and research communities, and their publics. \n\nInformation provided by http://frames.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt?space=CommunityPage&cached=true&parentname=SiteMap&parentid=1&in_hi_userid=2&control=SetCommunity&CommunityID=245&PageID=0", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "20789c39-f6fa-472f-9b7c-35b6f2a2e404", - "label": "SCAMP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCAMP is a cooperative mapping project between the U.S. Geological\nSurvey and the California Division of Mines and Geology. The project\nprovides a variety of geologic-information products for public access\nin southern California-including geologic and geophysical maps and\nreports that describe the geologic setting and geologic history of\nsouthern California. These maps and reports are providing a foundation\nfor specialized investigations of geologic hazards and earth\nresources, and can be used for land-use planning decisions that\ninvolve earth-science data.\n\nThe project has two objectives:\n\n* Develop a uniform geologic-map data base for southwestern California\nthat will provide a geologic foundation for a broad range of societal\napplications--including evaluations of geologic hazards, natural\nresources, and environmental quality\n\n* Determine the geologic framework and geologic history of\nsouthwestern California, with emphasis on the evolution of the San\nAndreas fault system.\n\n\nThese objectives are achieved mainly by making general-purpose\ngeologic maps in digital form. Studies of isotope geology and\ngeochronology, regional geophysics and geochemistry, paleontology,\ngeomorphology, and pedology provide essential information that is\nincorporated into the map data base.\n\nFor the entire project area, the geologic-map data base will be at\n1:100,000 scale; where warranted by geologic and societal issues,\nadditional maps will be produced at 1:24,000 and 1:48,000 scale. The\nmaps produced may include both surface-geology maps and\nsubsurface-geology maps generated from drill records and from\ngeophysical data. The maps are digitally produced using the Geographic\nInformation System (GIS) software ARC/INFO, and graphic files are\navailable for downloading in several formats via anonymous ftp. Future\nplans include map release of digital geologic folios on CD-ROM. The\nprimary folio layer will be a digital geologic map, mostly captured at\n1:100,000 scale.\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://geology.wr.usgs.gov/wgmt/scamp/scamp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "222195a6-1f14-47a6-816a-4bde7e74d8f5", - "label": "START", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Global Change SysTem for Analysis, Research and Training (START),\nthrough the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global\nEnvironmental Change (IHDP), the International Geosphere-Biospehere\nProgram (IGBP), and the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), has\ndeveloped the concept of a global system of regional networks of\ninstitutions. The START mission is:\nTo develop a system of regional networks of collaborating scientists and\ninstitutions:\n - to conduct research on regional aspects of global change\n - to assess the causes and impacts of regional global change,\n - and to provide relevant information to policy makers and governments\nTo enhance scientific capacity in developing countries by\nstrengthening and connecting existing institutions, by training global\nchange scientists and by providing them with improved and enhanced\naccess to data, communication technology and research results.\nTo help mobilize the resources required to augment existing global\nchange scientific capabilities infrastructure and activities in\ndeveloping countries.\nSTART has established a network of Regional Research Networks (RRN),\nwith affiliated Regional Research Sites (RRS) and at least one\nRegional Research Center (RRC).\nDirection and oversight for START is provided by the START Scientific\nSteering Committee (START-SSC). The START-SSC also serves to provide\nan informal forum for discussions between governmental and\nnon-governmental initiatives.\nMembers of the START-SSC include scientists associated to its three\nsponsoring programmes (IGBP, WCRP, and IHDP) as well as individuals\nconnected with national, multilateral and intergovernmental\nbodies. For example, members of the START-SSC are affiliated with\ncomponents of the UN systems, the International Group of Funding\nAgencies (IGFA), the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research\n(APN), the European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH) and\nthe Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI).\nThe development of the various START regional networks is guided by\nregional START committees comprised of scientists and representatives\nof appropriate national and regional-level bodies. The International\nSTART Secretariat, located in Washington, DC, is responsible for the\nimplementation and development of START research networks.\nContact:\n-------\nInternational START Secretariat\n2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. - Suite 200\nWashington, DC 20009 USA\nPhone: 202/462-2213\nFax: 202/457-5859\nEmail: start@dis.start.org\nURL: 'http://www.start.org'\nURL: 'http://dis.start.org'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23706b32-f9ad-4438-9947-c5e0255d4871", - "label": "TEFLUN-B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Texas Florida Underflights Field Experiment(TEFLUN-B) was\nconducted between August 1 and September 30, 1998 in close\ncoordination with the 3rd Convection And Moisture Experiment\n(CAMEX-3), and focused principally on east Florida to utilize\nthe existing dense network of ground-based facilities.\n\nTEFLUN B page:\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TEFLUN/teflunb.shtml'\n\nAdditional info on TEFLUN project:\n'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/teflun/info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2375a07c-cb6c-4803-968b-98e09b8a0e71", - "label": "SCISAT_ACE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The principal goal of the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)\n mission is to investigate the chemical processes that are\n involved in the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. The ACE\n mission will work in conjunction with other instruments and\n missions planned by NASA, the European Space Agency, and other\n international partners over the next decade to gain a better\n understanding of the chemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere\n that affect the Earth?s protective ozone layer. The analysis of\n the large amount of data that will be collected will lead to a\n more informed assessment of international environmental policies\n such as the Montreal Protocol for the elimination of\n chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).\n\n The overall objective of the ACE mission is to improve our\n understanding of the depletion of the ozone layer, focusing\n close attention to what is happening over Canada and the\n Arctic. The measurements obtained by the ACE-FTS and MAESTRO\n instruments will be combined with data gathered by ground-based,\n balloon-based and other space-based projects in order to obtain\n the best possible information to predict future trends relating\n to the ozone layer and its depletion.\n\n The Government of Canada is working with the international\n scientific community to determine the extent and causes of\n atmospheric changes that threaten human health and safety. Sound\n scientific data is essential to finding effective solutions to\n problems such as depletion of the ozone layer and climate\n change. Environment Canada?s studies of the ozone layer, which\n began over 50 years ago, support a worldwide research and\n atmospheric monitoring program. And, through the leadership of\n the Canadian Space Agency, Canada is also involved in research\n studying the ozone layer from space.\n\n View the SCISAT homepage at:\n 'http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/csa_sectors/space_science/atmospheric/\nscisat/scisat.asp'\n\n [Summary provided the Canadian Space Agency]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "24c9dc22-cba5-43f7-a899-179a7eaccf48", - "label": "TCSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP) mission is an Earth science field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The field phase was conducted during the period July 1-27, 2005 out of the Juan Santamaria Airfield in San Jose , Costa Rica . The TCSP field experiment flew 12 NASA ER-2 science flights, including missions to Hurricanes Dennis and Emily, Tropical Storm Gert and an eastern Pacific mesoscale complex that may possibly have further developed into Tropical Storm Eugene. The P-3 aircraft from the NOAA Hurricane Research Division (HRD) flew 18 coordinated missions with the NASA research aircraft to investigate developing tropical disturbances. Additionally, the Aerosonde uninhabited aerial vehicle flew 8 surveillance missions and the Instituto Meteorologico Nacionale (IMN) of Costa Rica launched RS-92 balloon sondes daily to gather humidity measurements and provide validation of the water vapor measurements. \n\nInformation provided by http://tcsp.msfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25224e7a-c3e9-4545-a26a-0c22e87ea5f2", - "label": "SPARC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SPARC\nProject URL: http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/SPARC/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=217\n\nThe evolution of stratospheric ozone and other important and related\natmospheric constituents in Polar Regions is tightly coupled to a wide\nrange of processes acting within and outside the winter polar vortices\nand through the entire region from the surface to the mesopause. Much\nof the current understanding of these processes has been achieved\nwithin the programme of SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role\nin Climate), a WCRP core project, and other international projects\nwith which it maintains collaborative links. The IPY programme offers\na unique opportunity for SPARC to assemble a range of scientific\nexpertise to study the Antarctic and Arctic Polar Vortices, the loci\nof key chemical and physical processes associated with ozone depletion\nand its eventual recovery, as well as of key features of the dynamical\ncoupling between the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere in\npolar and sub-polar regions. The central goal of the SPARC IPY\nprogramme (hereinafter referred to as SPARC-IPY) is to document as\ncompletely as possible the dynamics and chemistry of the polar\nvortices and physical properties relevant to processes such as the\nformation of polar stratospheric clouds. To achieve this detailed\npicture and yield a unique synthesis of data on the polar middle\natmosphere, SPARC-IPY will facilitate analysis of available research\nand operational satellite data, as well as ground-based and aircraft\ndata, and encourage work on data assimilation and inter-comparison of\nassimilated data sets. This will include data from new measurement\nsystems as well as from enhanced measurement programmes with\nestablished systems. To complement results provided by new measurement\nprogrammes, weather services carrying out routine radiosonde and\nozonesonde measurements will be encouraged to increase the frequency\nof the observations and to store the data with full resolution. As the\nlead organization, the SPARC Project will coordinate the SPARC-IPY\nprogramme, promote specific new initiatives and organize workshops and\nmeetings to facilitate research and dissemination of results. These\nefforts will be carried out in the context of the SPARC Project core\nthematic programmes of Stratospheric Chemistry and Climate;\nStratosphere-Troposphere Dynamical Coupling; and Detection,\nAttribution, and Prediction of Stratospheric Change. SPARC-IPY is the\nlead EoI for sub-cluster 7.1 (IPY SPARC). The EoIs that are clustered\nwithin this proposal will constitute key components of this programme\n(consortium members are listed in section 4.2) which will include the\nfollowing specific components: (a) An Arctic measurement programme\nwill document the “state of the Arctic middle atmosphere\nduring the IPY (EoI 11, PASSMeC). This will use data from ground based\nand satellite systems, centered on four lidar systems located at sites\nacross the Arctic. These lidar measurements will be coordinated with\nsatellite and radiosonde/ozonesonde measurements. These lidars are\ndistributed under different regimes of the Arctic middle atmosphere\nand provide measurements that are critical for understanding the role\nof tides, planetary and gravity waves in the large-scale\ncirculation. (b) A data assimilation, modelling and analysis component\nwill focus on assimilation and analysis of these observations to yield\na comprehensive picture of the observed circulation and facilitate\nprediction of changes in the circulation and associated physical and\nchemical responses. In addition this component will include archival\nof assimilation products (analyses and forecasts) arising from\nparticipating middle atmosphere assimilation groups during the IPY\nperiod. Such products will be routinely produced at weather forecast\ncenters using models with vertical domains that extend above the\nstratopause. Research groups employing chemistry transport models or\nchemistry climate models will also participate. These activities are\ncritical for understanding the structure and evolution of the Arctic\nvortex, the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, the depletion of\nozone, and the initiation of anomalous weather regimes associated with\nthe Arctic Oscillation. A specific component activity will include\nanalysis of the dynamics and chemistry associated with Stratospheric\nSudden Warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic Polar atmosphere during the IPY\n(EoI 959, CMAM-IPY). The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM),\nwhich extends from the ground to above the mesopause and includes\ncomprehensive and coupled chemistry, radiation and dynamics, will be\nused to analyse SSWs during the IPY using a 3D-Var data assimilation\nscheme. (c) Data available from instruments in operation at different\nAntarctic and relevant continental sub polar sites in the southern tip\nof South America, where the Antarctic polar vortex/ozone hole system\npasses over inhabited regions, in combination with satellite\ndata. will be collected and interpreted. Organization of special\ncampaign periods will be promoted in collaboration with the various\nnational agencies involved in the operation of these sites. CTM runs\nof relevant events using the AMR-CTM with the MECCA/MESSY chemistry\nmodule (Argentina/UK/Germany) will be carried out. The SPARC-IPY\nprogramme will also link with other closely related IPY activities\n(see section 3.5). The services of the SPARC Data Center will be made\navailable to facilitate acquisition and archiving of key data that\nwill be used for projects or generated by them during the IPY period\n(see section 3.6).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26be3eb2-624b-4576-88e0-df9d2e9169f3", - "label": "SOAR-LVS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Project Origination\nTo accomplish the objectives of CASERTZ, we partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey to develop a Twin Otter aerogeophysical platform that succeeded in integrating, ice-penetrating radar, laser altimetry, gravity and magnetic instrumentation for simultaneous operation. In 1994, in response to the science proposal to complete the CASERTZ corridors, the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs requested that the aircraft and its integrated instrumentation package be operated as a facility with a mission of providing aerogeophysical observations to the broader Antarctic science community. This request led to a Cooperative Agreement between UTIG and NSF that created the Support Office for Aerogeophysical Research (SOAR).\nThe SOAR Mission\nThe six-year Cooperative Agreement defined UTIG's responsibilities as:\n\n\n-Assisting in the development of aerogeophysical research projects with NSF/OPP investigators\n\n-Upgrading the CASERTZ instrumentation package to accommodate new science projects and advances in technology; fielding this instrument package to accomplish SOAR developed projects\n\n-Distribution of the acquired aerogeophysical data as spatially organized transects to the Project Investigators within six months of its return from the field.\n\nAn option was included for SOAR to reduce and analyze the aerogeophysical data that it collected for members of the scientific community without that capacity.\n\nSOAR Accomplishments\nBeginning in 1994, UTIG conducted aerogeophysical surveys in seven consecutive Antarctic field seasons. These SOAR-developed surveys were performed for the 20 investigators and 14 institutions listed in Table 1. The first six of these seasons were managed under the NSF/UTIG Cooperative Agreement with D. Blankenship as PI; the last, 2000/2001, was managed as a multi-investigator grant to UTIG with D. Blankenship, J. Holt, D. Morse and I. Dalziel as co PI's. To accomplish these surveys, UTIG configured the integrated instrumentation package and installed it in the aircraft on site in Antarctica each season; additionally, base camp operations were established at up to five remote sites each field season. In total, UTIG conducted an additional 225,000 line kilometers of aerogeophysical surveys in 422 flights covering the areas shown in the Figure. The spatially organized database of geophysical transects was delivered to the various investigators within the targeted six-month time frame.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/soar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27fc3ee5-600e-4add-82b1-50c3c769571c", - "label": "Salp_Antarctic", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Population ecology of Salpa thompsoni based on molecular indicators.\nStart Date: 2011-06\nEnd Date: 2014-05\nGeolocation: Southern Ocean\nMore Information: http://www.bco-dmo.org/project/2174", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "290355e7-b79c-461e-8f45-f298cf7a6244", - "label": "STACS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2a2bef31-8665-45e4-8ccc-625694e7a9de", - "label": "SACC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The South American Climate Change (SACC) Consortium is an initiative sponsored by the IAI through the Cooperative Research Networks (CRN) Program. The general purpose of the SACC Consortium is:\nTo coordinate and enhance human and institutional resources in South American countries, in order to advance the understanding of the coupled effects of global change and climate variability on the oceanic, atmospheric and terrestrial ecosystems of the Western South Atlantic region.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.sacc.org.uy/index.php?start_from=5&ucat=&archive=&subaction=&id=&", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2aab7d18-3585-4b8e-87de-17d6996d886c", - "label": "USAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from http://www.usap.gov ]\n\nWithout interruption since 1956, Americans have been studying the\nAntarctic and its interactions with the rest of the planet. These\ninvestigators and supporting personnel make up the U.S. Antarctic\nProgram, which carries forward the Nation's goals of supporting the\nAntarctic Treaty, fostering cooperative research with other nations,\nprotecting the Antarctic environment, and developing measures to\nensure only equitable and wise use of resources. The program comprises\nresearch by scientists selected from universities and other research\ninstitutions and operations and support by a contractor and the Navy,\nthe Air National Guard, the Air Force, the Army, and the Cold Regions\nResearch and Engineering Laboratory of the Army. The National Science\nFoundation (the U.S. Government agency that promotes the progress of\nscience) funds and manages the program. Approximately, 3,000 Americans\nare involved each year.\n\nThe research has three goals: to understand the region and its\necosystems; to understand its effects on (and responses to) global\nprocesses such as climate; and to use the region as a platform to\nstudy the upper atmosphere and space. Antarctica's remoteness and\nextreme climate make field science more expensive than in most\nplaces. Research is done in the Antarctic only when it cannot be\nperformed at more convenient locations.\n\nThe program has three year-round research stations. In summer (the\nperiod of extensive sunlight and comparative warmth that lasts roughly\nOctober through February) additional camps are established for\nglaciologists, earth scientists, biologists, and others. Large,\nski-equipped LC-130 airplanes, which only the United States has,\nprovide air logistics. Air National Guard crews operate these\nplanes. Helicopters, flown by a contractor, provide close support for\nmany research teams. Tracked or wheeled vehicles provide transport\nover land and snow; small boats are used in coastal areas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b2297e7-5323-4ffc-b8c6-671c471e8010", - "label": "SEDAC/METADATA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c473339-954d-4193-86f5-b427640110f9", - "label": "SMAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e489791-a848-453b-9595-c4760a11c557", - "label": "SINODE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Long-term measurements from a pair of High-Frequency radar systems deployed near the coast of southern Fujian Province showed that surface currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait were composed mainly of the monsoon-driven, seasonal fluctuation of longshore current and a persistent northeastward background flow with speeds around 10 cm/s. Measurements from bottom-moored ADCPs further indicated that below the surface Ekman layer longshore currents also directed to the north all year round.\n\nhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/ww1108506037h437/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3092ae40-d8e4-49f6-87e4-39b66573d877", - "label": "SHOALS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey (SHOALS) system is\nthe world leader in airborne lidar bathymetric mapping. SHOALS employs a\ntechnique known as Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) or Airborne Lidar\nHydrography (ALH) which uses state-of-the-art LIDAR (Light Detection and\nRanging) technology to rapidly and accurately measure seabed depths and\ntopographic elevations. SHOALS can survey over large areas, far exceeding the\ncapabilities and efficiency of traditional survey methods.\n\nFor more information on SHOALS, see:\n\n'http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/'\n\n[Summary provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "309eb110-b4cd-45f2-9722-b4041d669ed8", - "label": "SEAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SEAS (Shipboard Environmental Data Aquisition System)is a program\ndeveloped by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nto provide accurate meteorological and oceanographic data in real time\nfrom ships at sea through the use of satellite data transmission\ntechniques. The system transmits data through either the GOES or\nINMARSAT C satellites to NOAA. Our goal on the World Wide Web is to\nprovide our users with timely, accurate and complete information on\nall of the SEAS vessels and provide information on products derived\nfrom their data.\n\nSEAS program homepage: 'http://seas.nos.noaa.gov/seas/seasnofr.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31b6a610-6119-4a12-b33d-1d38301f54cb", - "label": "TOVS Pathfinder", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Pathfinder Path A\ndataset contains atmospheric profiles (primarily temperature\nand humidity) and surface and cloud parameters derived using\none of three conceptually distinct algorithms identified by the\nTOVS Science Working Group (SWG) in November 1991. The purpose\nof the Pathfinder Project is to make research-quality global\nchange data sets easily available to the science community in\nsupport of the US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) using\nlong term space-based radiance measurements. The initial set of\nlevel 3 geophysical products have been derived for the\nPathfinder benchmark period from April 1987 through November\n1988.\n\nInvestigator:\n\nJoel Susskind, Satellite Data Utilization Office\nCode 910.4\nNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\nGreenbelt, Md. 20771\n301-286-7210\njoel.susskind@gsfc.nasa.gov\n\nThe basic methodology used to retrieve geophysical parameters\nfrom the TOVS observations involves use of an interactive\nforecast-retrieval-analysis scheme in which the first guess\ninformation for the retrievals (surface pressure, temperature\nprofile, and moisture profile) comes from a 6 hour forecast\ngenerated by a general circulation model. This information,\ntogether with the observed radiances, is used to generate\nretrievals for the 6 hour period centered on the forecast\ntime. An analysis is then performed using these retrievals and\nall available in situ data for that time period. This is then\nused as input to the forecast model and the cycle is repeated\nfor the next 6 hour period.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/atmospheric_dynamics/\n TOVS_A_or_B.html#pa'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32218cc4-26f0-47ff-99f7-269c3a1653a4", - "label": "UMRBPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB) Pilot Project encompasses\ninteractive modeling and observational studies of the coupled\natmosphere-surface-subsurface hydrology of the Black Hills area\nof South Dakota and Wyoming. This NASA sponsored project\nemphasizes coupled hydrologic modeling of Intermediate Scale\nAreas (ISA) in orographic terrain, the use of observations of\ndiffering temporal and spatial resolutions to assess ambient\nvariability as well as model and budget uncertainties and\nsensitivities, intercomparison of sensors, and the\ntransferability of models from the Black Hills ISA to other\nISAs. Execution of this project is being coordinated with GEWEX\nContinental-Scale International Project (GCIP) activities such\nas the GCIP Large Scale-Northwest (LSA-NW) study.\n\nThe objectives of this project are to:\n\n1. Assess the importance of 'deep' groundwater in subsurface\naquifers to water budgets and water resources in the LSA-NW.\n\n2. Determine the resolution required in atmospheric and coupled\nmodels to represent adequately precipitation and other\ncomponents of the water budget in orographic terrain. Examine\nsensitivities and important spatial scales for impacts due to\nvariations in evapotranspiration and moisture advection.\n\n3. Determine the uncertainties in atmospheric components of the\nwater budgets on ISA and larger scales in orographic terrain.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/umrb/index.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by South Dakota School of Mines and Technology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32797345-48a2-4d00-a444-a3cd2e9e4f29", - "label": "THORPEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Accelerating improvements in the accuracy of one-day to two-week high-impact weather forecasts for the benefit of society, the economy and the environment. THORPEX is a key research meteorological component of the WMO Natural Disaster Reduction and Mitigation Programme.\n\nSummary Provided by: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/thorpex_new.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3389a064-f7b7-4b09-b552-3644e8a97a86", - "label": "SCWA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCWA (Seminole County Watershed Atlas)is designed to provide\n citizens, scientists, and planners of the region with\n comprehensive and current water quality, hydrologic, and\n ecological data, as well as, a library of scientific and\n educational resources on ecology and management. Typically, the\n scientists and citizens who live and work on waterbodies have\n found it difficult to gather the information they need from the\n myriad of agencies that collect the related data. To solve this\n problem, we conceived of the Atlas as a 'One Stop Information\n Shop' for concerned citizens and scientists alike. The Atlas\n functions as a warehouse for a variety of water resources\n information, including documents and educational links. We have\n also strived to make the Atlas a rich resource that educates\n citizens about the data presented and gives scientists easy\n access to the specialized information they need. We encourage\n you to use the Atlas as a tool to help in maintaining and\n improving our vital water resources.\n\n For morre information, link to\n'http://www.seminole.wateratlas.usf.edu/help/about.asp'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34aa5e3e-ca7b-4314-ab18-f9b153885432", - "label": "TESA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Objectives: to cover the lack with geologic cartography of the zone by means of the geologic and geophysical data acquisition of average and hi-res, as much by earth as by sea, that allows to propose integral an evolutionary model of the area; to study the dynamic evolution, the Tectonics and sedimentation in Cenozoic for the limit of plates the South American woman-Scotia, in Atlantic SW and Land the Great Island of the Fire. \n\nInformation provided by http://ingeodav.fcen.uba.ar/Ingeodav/Laboratorio/Memorias/Plandetareas/Proydeinvestig.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34b493a2-a7ef-4e86-8d62-b0d53f7810c6", - "label": "SLTS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The measurement of sea level along polar coastlines presents great technical challenges for the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) of the WMO/IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM). The need for measurements in these data sparse regions has been clearly made in the scientific literature. For example, in oceanography, Arctic sea level data presently available suggest a common-mode of variability which provides insights in the quasi-resonant dynamics of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic sea level data are of particular interest within water balance studies concerning the freshening of the Arctic Ocean and its relationship to the Arctic Oscillation. Antarctic sea level changes have also been found to demonstrate considerable coherence related to the Southern Annular Mode and transports in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The need for measurements for climate studies by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has also been clearly made. Monitoring of levels in both high-latitude regions is necessary to understand more completely the spatial pattern of long term sea level change due to ocean warming and ice melt. Climate and sea level changes also affect the stability of ice shelves and fast ice and the glaciers behind them.This project will use existing and new Arctic sea level recorders (there are no sites currently operational in Greenland, for example) and will make enhancements to the existing network of gauges in Antarctica. Past and future tide gauge data sets will be used in combination with satellite altimeter and space gravity data where possible to understand further the regional ocean dynamics and climate change (EoI 580). Differences between Arctic and Antarctic in ocean dynamics and sea level response to climate change are particularly interesting. The new recorders will be high technology devices providing data at high frequency and real time, comprising the core of ongoing polar sea level monitoring networks. This will be an essential component of GLOSS and a major legacy of IPY (EoI 211).\nBenefits from enhanced polar networks can be anticipated in many ways not yet clear. However, sea level data are indispensable in many countries for practical applications such as flood warning, navigation, civil engineering and environmental monitoring, in addition to their scientific applications. Consequently, Arctic communities can be expected to benefit from investment in this collaborative sea level research. For example, the GREENSEAL project (EoI 761) will focus on developing the GLOSS network in Greenland which will benefit Arctic ocean circulation and sea ice flow studies, as well as providing essential practical data sets to local communities. The LEVANS project (EoI 304) will enhance corresponding data sets and understanding in Nordic Seas, while the Russian Arctic networks project (EoI 732) will see similar benefits to Russian science and coastal communities.\nThe further understanding of ocean tides in polar regions is a particularly important component of sea level studies, being relevant to a range of geophysical (e.g. dissipation), physical oceanographic (mixing), glaciological (sea ice formation) and biological studies (EoI 590). High latitude bathymetry and sub-ice-shelf topography are needed in addition to tidal measurements from coastal and bottom tide gauges and (where possible) altimetry over ocean and ice-shelves.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=13", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "35362a9d-463a-4959-96a4-4fc077ca0ae9", - "label": "SUEFP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southeastern Ecological Framework Project is a GIS-based\nanalysis to identify ecologically significant areas and\nconnectivity in the southeast region of the US. The states\nincluded in the project are Florida, Georgia, Alabama,\nMississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee and\nKentucky.\n\nThe project began in October 1998 and was completed in December\n2001 by the University of Florida GeoPlan Center and sponsored\nby the US Environmental Protection Agency Region 4. Region 4\nPlanning & Analysis Branch continues to use this data to\nfacilitate EPA programs and to work with state and federal\nagencies and local groups to make sound conservation\ndecisions. Efforts to apply this methodology to other EPA\nRegions is being considered.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://www.geoplan.ufl.edu/epa/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the University of Florida]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3612107e-c5ff-4e9a-9568-28a1524b385c", - "label": "STEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Stratospheric-Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP) has two objectives: (A). Investigate the mechanism and rates of irreversible transfer of mass, trace gases, and aerosols from troposphere to stratosphere and within the lower stratosphere. (B). Explain the observed extreme dryness of the stratosphere. \n\nThe first objective derives from the need for a better description of how natural and manmade chemicals move from their tropospheric sources to the stratospheric ozone shield. The second objective, though closely related to the first, deserves separate mention because it has been a fundamental mystery of atmospheric science for decades.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36b9e535-5dde-42c6-88b2-cfa9e4fd7578", - "label": "SCEPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[From South Carolina Earth Physics Project (SCEPP) home page,\n'http://www.seis.sc.edu/scepp/']\n\nThe South Carolina Earth Physics Project (SCEPP) involves the\ninstallation of digital seismographs in high schools in every county\nof the state, thus providing the connection between student's familiar\nenvironment and earthquakes that occur throughout the world on a daily\nbasis. These individual high schools will be linked, in near real\ntime, via the Internet to a central resource center at USC so that\nstudents and teachers from any high school in the state can access\nSCEPP data and share experiences with other participants. SCEPP is\nalso developing an integrated curriculum from which teachers can\nutilize data from the SCEPP network and provide pre-service and\nin-service teachers throughout the state with the training and support\nnecessary to make optimum use of this unique educational resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "39e03d88-518d-43e9-9e2e-38f4180f31bd", - "label": "SBCS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Santa Barbara Channel Study (SBCS) is the same as the Santa\nBarbara Channel/Santa Marine Basin Study (SRC/SMB).\n\nThis study is an extension of the numerical modeling circulation\ncomponent of the Santa Barbara Channel-Santa Maria Basin (SBC-SMB)\nCirculation Study. The SBC-SMB Circulation Study is the title of the\nCooperative Agreement (CA) between the state of California and the\nMMS. Absence of sufficient observations, as has been the case in past\nmodeling programs, prevents proper model skill assessment. One of the\nScientific Review Panel?s April 1997 recommendations states that\nsuccessful SBC-SMB model development, successful analysis of\nobservations, and successful field work is contingent on all three\nbeing performed concurrently during the conduct of the SBC-SMB\nCirculation study. This will allow modelers valuable interaction with\nthe Study?s principal investigators (PI) (observationalists) during\nthe conduct of their respective study components.\n\nRecent numerically modeled simulations of circulation processes\ncharacteristic to the SBC have been, and continue to be, used in the\nanalysis of observations obtained in that area. Modeled simulations of\nthe characteristic flows of the SBC and SMB appropriate for OSRA, and\nmodeled circulation processes helpful to analysis of the data obtained\nin the SMB, are not scheduled for completion under the present\ncontract.\n\n Objectives:\n\n 1. Support analysis of observations obtained from the extended\n field work with numerically modeled process studies presently\n taking place in the Santa Maria Basin.\n\n 2. Provide reliable predicted ocean current information for the\n Santa Barbara Channel and the SMB by complementing the entire\n suite of observations obtained in the SBC-SMB Circulation Study.\n\n Contact Person:\n\n David Browne\n David.Browne@mms.gov\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.mms.gov/eppd/sciences/esp/profiles/pc/PC-99-04.htm'\n or 'http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/research/sbcsmb/sbc_home.html'\n\n [Summary provided by MMS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3abb1bd0-bba0-4ec4-8429-e382cbb82266", - "label": "SGP99", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ad6d7c4-467c-4ae7-a91f-5724d216fb1d", - "label": "U.S.JGOFS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.\n\nThe U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new 'wave' of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b0eb5a0-007c-4242-9f5d-f7545850f332", - "label": "TIWE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Project Information : \nThe Tropical Instability Wave Expreiment (TIWE) is a multi- institutional, multi-investigator program aimed at furthering our understanding of planetary waves, resulting from surface current instability near the equator, which affect the upper ocean balances of mass, momentum, and heat. The Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE) consists of several elements, one of which was an array of five subsurface moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), centered on the equator at 140°E. \n\n\n\nField Program : \nThe TIWE field program consisted of several elements, including : 1) an array of subsurface acoustic Doppler current profiliers (ADCPs) centered on the equator at 140°W, 2) an array of subsurface moored mechanical profilers for currents, temperature, and salinity centered upon 2°N, 140°W, 3) shipboard hydrographic measurements to map out the property fields associated with these waves and 4) a remote sensing component mapping surface expressions by satellite. The field work associated with this project was initiated in May 1990 and lasted for approximately one year. The University of South Florida (USF), College of Marine Science contribution to this field program is the deployment of five subsurface moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), centered on the equator at 140°E in a diamond shaped array. \n\nInformation provided by http://ocgweb.marine.usf.edu/tiwe_index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bfa0235-06c8-4a0b-966f-3ae72f15389e", - "label": "STUDIES OF NARWHAL TEETH", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientists with myriad backgrounds and Inuit elders with traditional knowledge will integrate results , insights and observations to explain the expression of teeth in the narwhal. The extraordinary tusk defies most of the principles and properties of teeth and remains a scientific enigma. Findings about its form and function will add to the evolutionary knowledge for this odd adaptation and will, because of unique findings of anatomy and histology recently discovered by this team, further define sensory capabilities of mammalian teeth. Scientific results have already begun to direct interest in future models of dental material design as the hard tissue of the narwhal tusk possesses a combination of unusual flexibility and strength characteristics that is highly desirable in restorative materials. These same tusk traits were observed by the Inuit before the laboratory testing was completed, and the results were reported. Likewise, traditional knowledge elucidates many aspects of narwhal anatomy, function, migration and social behavior. Both the knowledge of Inuit elders and the findings of scientists are needed for a more complete understanding of the narwhal, Qilalugaq qernertaq.\n\nScientific studies in anatomy, morphology, histology, physiology, genetics, cellular biology and narwhal social behavior are currently being conducted by the principal investigator and collaborators to elucidate tusk function. Anatomical variations of narwhal will be described from field and laboratory dissection, computerized scans (CT, MRI and micro-CT), analysis of museum specimens, and interviews with Inuit elders. Photographic morpho-metric analysis of narwhal skeletal collections at the Museum of Nature in Canada, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, the Smithsonian Institution and the American Museum of Natural History has been initiated, and we are seeking other institutions that may have additional collections, particularly those with rare specimens. Anatomic plates of narwhal anatomy will be completed based on all these collected findings.\n\nOn October 28, 2006, a panel discussion was presented by the principal investigator, Paniloo Sangoya and David Angnatsiak from the community of Pond Inlet at the 15th International Inuit Studies Conference in Paris, France. Future joint presentations with the principal investigator and Inuit elders will be encouraged and planned to express the value of scientific collaboration with Inuit elders in marine mammal research.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=164", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dcde0ef-c407-4b04-947e-17b5cd96aac6", - "label": "SUPERDARN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is an international ground-based, high-frequency (HF) radar network for studying the Earth's upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and connection into space.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ea4b208-85fa-4f03-9f34-37637370fec2", - "label": "TENAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TENAP project is an Italy-Argentina bilateral cooperation\nsupported by the Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA)\nand the Direccion Nacional del Antartico (DNA).\n\n\n\nTENAP project Group:\nCentro Studi di Geologia Strutturale e Dinamica dell'Appennino, CNR,\nPisa: F. Mazzarini\n\nCIRGEO-LAQUIGE, Buenos Aires: R. Giuliano, H. Lippai, A. Tassone,\nH. Tassone\n\nDep. de Sismologia, Universidad La Plata: D. Mercerat\n\nDip. Ingegneria Navale, del Mare e per l'Ambiente, Universita di\nTrieste: F. Accaino, L. Cernobori, B. Della Vedova, I. Marson,\nG. Meton, R. Nicolich, G. Pellis, L. Petronio, M. Romanelli\n\nDip. Scienze della Terra, Universita di Genova: E. Bozzo, G. Caneva,\nF. Ferraccioli\n\nDip. Scienze Geologiche, III Universita di Roma: F. Salvini\n\nDip. Scienze della Terra, Universita di Pisa: G. Musumeci\n\nEarth Resources Laboratory, MIT Cambridge, Mass. USA: J. Zhang\n\nInstituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires: R. Del Valle, J. Febrer,\nM. Ghidella, C. Rinaldi, G. Rodriguez\n\nOsservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale, Trieste: A. Camerlenghi,\nE. Lodolo, D.Y. Nieto, M. Russi, U. Tinivella", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40ab2546-3a47-4d72-84ae-7e830d1f3ae3", - "label": "TIGP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) is building high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) for select U.S. coastal regions. These integrated bathymetric-topographic DEMs are used to support tsunami forecasting and modeling efforts at the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). The DEMs are part of the tsunami forecast system SIFT (Short-term Inundation Forecasting for Tsunamis) currently being developed by PMEL for the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers, and are used in the MOST (Method of Splitting Tsunami) model developed by PMEL to simulate tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation.\n\nBathymetric, topographic, and shoreline data used in DEM compilation are obtained from various sources, including NGDC, the U.S. National Ocean Service (NOS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and other federal, state, and local government agencies, academic institutions, and private companies. DEMs are referenced to the vertical tidal datum of Mean High Water (MHW) and horizontal datum of World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84). Grid spacings for the DEMs range from 1/3 arc-second (~10 meters) to 3 arc-seconds (~90 meters).\n\nFor more information go to: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/inundation/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "423253e2-37b0-4696-9bb4-10beb012ec00", - "label": "TC4", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA TC4 (Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling) mission will investigate the structure, properties and processes in the tropical Eastern Pacific. A-train satellite observations provide crucial information on the spatial and temporal variations of this region, however, carefully planned TC4 aircraft observations are required, both to validate satellite data and to provide critical observations not available from the satellites. High altitude aircraft will collect tropopause data while the medium altitude aircraft will provide profiles and structure measurements of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.\n\n[Source: NASA Earth Science Project Office]\n\nProject Homepage: http://www.espo.nasa.gov/tc4/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "43ae48b5-50da-41f1-ae64-91ff852ad89d", - "label": "TEMPORE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Proposal URL: \nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=315\n\nThe existing general tectonic and structural maps of the Arctic and the Antarctic were published almost 30 years ago and featured mainly the Polar landmasses, whereas the offshore areas were left practically blank with only limited morphostructural information based on insufficient bathymetric knowledge. Since then, a vast amount of new data was accumulated in high latitudes, especially in their oceanic parts and continent-to-ocean transition zones where extensive geophysical and geological studies were accompanied by over-ice, submarine and ship-borne hydrographic surveys. On land the principal achievements were provided by modern isotope geochemistry methods that enabled better insight in crust-mantle relationships and improved dating of the earliest stages of geological history. As the result, a considerable progress in understanding the tectonic evolution of the Polar Regions was made, and at the same time new challenges for the future research came in sight. In particular, it became evident that conventional models of continent separation and sea floor spreading which could successfully be applied for Gondwana break-up and accompanying formation of the Southern Ocean were meeting serious difficulties in the North where their implementation appeared severely constrained by strong internal heterogeneity of the Arctic Ocean.\nPortraying the antipodal structures of the Arctic and the Antarctic and analyzing the resemblances and dissimilarities in their tectonic frameworks and histories will not only have a fundamental importance for global geodynamics but also contribute significantly to climate change research through improving knowledge of evolution of the Polar oceans and formation of seaways. The educational value of the project will arise from presentation in a condensed form of a variety of earth science data ranging from sub-aerial, sub-ice and submarine topography to configuration of the base of the Earth's crust, and from genetic classification of the major structural assemblages and features to their spatial distribution and reflection in potential fields. The final maps will be presented at 1:10,000,000 scales (with supplementary smaller scale insets) in a circum-polar projection encompassing the area to 60o N/S.\nThe main objectives of the project include: (1) Integrating abundant Arctic and Antarctic geological data and tectonic interpretations disseminated in multinational literature into a coherent generalized legend that would allow the presentation of principal structural elements and historical particularities of both Polar Regions in a unified system of graphical designations and basic terms; (2) Compiling 1:10 M maps and smaller scale insets; (3) Preparing textual supplements to the cartographic products in the form of a short booklet and more extensive explanatory notes highlighting the tectonic essentialities of the Polar Regions in a comparative context; (4) Producing the first printed products by the time of 33rd Session of IGC (Oslo, 2008) and within the scope of IPY activities.\nAchieving project goals will require participation of many countries, organizations and individuals. Adequate coordination and scientific guidance of project activities will be provided by CGMW.\nThe project is planned as a dedicated indoor effort not requiring special field expeditions and utilizing predominantly the already existing voluminous data. Additional new evidence relevant for the project purposes may, however, be readily assimilated from any 2006-2007 field activity executed by partner countries either on national basis, or within the IPY framework.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44963a0f-a06e-46f8-be28-fef02053cd1b", - "label": "SPACC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The objective of International GLOBEC's Small Pelagic fish And\n Climate Change program, (GLOBEC SPACC) is to identify linkages\n between the driving physical forces that control population\n growth of small pelagic fish populations. The long range goal\n is to forecast how changes in the pattern and intensity of\n these forces, caused by elevated greenhouse gases and global\n warming, will alter the productivity of small pelagic fish\n populations. Toward that end, fifty-four scientists met in La\n Paz, Mexico in June 1994 to begin developing a science plan for\n GLOBEC SPACC. Attendees represented interests in the fields of\n physical and biological oceanography, numerical modeling,\n zooplankton ecology, remote sensing technology, paleoecology,\n genetics, early life history of fishes, and population\n dynamics. The scientists recognized that the GLOBEC SPACC goal\n requires highly multi-disciplinary, cooperative research and\n approached this challenge with enthusiasm. They also recognized\n the need t! o work together on shared stocks. They expressed\n their interest in developing regional (e.g. Humboldt Current,\n California Current, Patagonian Shelf, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean\n ) as well as national SPACC projects.\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://www.cbl.umces.edu/fogarty/usglobec/news/news7/news7.spacc.text.html'\n\n[Summary taken from 'Synopsis of the First SPACC Planning Meeting']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "47a4d6b9-dd30-4a85-91ec-8ac6e56354c4", - "label": "SEPA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[From 'http://levee.wustl.edu/seismology/SEPA/']\n\nThe SEPA project was a deployment of broadband PASSCAL instruments in\nChilean Patagonia, the South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic\nPeninsula. The initial ten broadband seismographs were deployed during\nJanuary and February, 1997. Additional sites were added in 1998 and\n1999. A complementary 6 month deployment of ocean bottom seismographs\nin the Bransfield Strait and South Shetland Islands (BSOBS) took place\nin early 1999. Most of the seismometers were removed in December 1999,\nbut one Patagonia station and three Antarctic stations continued to\noperate until November 2001. The purpose of SEPA is to study the\ntectonics and structure of the region.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48838179-eafe-4cee-842a-351c81c946ad", - "label": "SCP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA Scatterometer Climate Record Pathfinder (SCP) is a NASA\nsponsored project to develop scatterometer-based data time series to\nsupport climate studies of the Earth's cryosphere and\nbiosphere. Originally developed to measure winds over the ocean from\nspace, scatterometer data has proved to be very useful in a variety of\nstudies including polar ice and tropical vegetation. Because the\nscatterometer radar signal can penetrate the surface, a scatterometer\ncan observe subsurface/subcanopy climate-related features.\n\nThe launch of Seasat, carrying a Ku-band scatterometer (SASS), in 1978\nprovided a baseline against which studies of global change can be\nmeasured. Other missions have followed SASS, including the C-band\nEuropean Space Agency (ESA) Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) -1 and -2\nmissions (1992+), the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) mission in 1996-97,\nSeaWinds on QuikSCAT (1999+), and SeaWinds on ADEOS-II (2002). With\ntheir rapid global coverage, day or night and all-weather operation,\nscatterometers offer a unique tool for long-term climate studies. The\ngoal of the SCP is to provide scatterometer-based datasets to\nresearchers involved in climate studies.\n\nThe SCP datasets are based on a time series of enhanced resolution\nimages made from the scatterometer backscatter (sigma0) measurements\nusing the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (SIR) and SIR w/filtering\nalgorithms. For the highest possible spatial resolution (as well as to\nensure full coverage over the images) multiple orbit passes are\ncombined. For SASS, NSCAT, and ERS, images of sigma0 at 40 deg\nincidence angle (A) in dB and the slope of sigma0 versus incidence\nangle (B) in dB/deg are made. For SeaWinds on sigma0 images at the\nobservation incidence angle are made. In addition to these images, a\nnumber of ancillary images and products are generated include sea ice\nextent maps and sea ice motion data sets.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Dr. David Long\n Director, Center for Remote Sensing\n Brigham Young University\n 459 CB\n Provo, UT 84602\n\n Tel: 801.378.4383\n Fax: 801.378.6586\n Email: long@ee.byu.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.scp.byu.edu/'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49393572-8c97-4a57-ae1e-3b46d8d6b522", - "label": "SDEI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4971cb51-791b-4375-ab9f-f167dbfdadba", - "label": "TAMARA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) rift-flank uplift has developed along the ancestral margin of the East Antarctic craton, and forms the boundary between the craton and the thinned lithosphere of the West Antarctic rift system. Geodynamic processes associated with the exceptionally large-magnitude uplift of the mountain belt remain poorly constrained, but may involve interaction of rift-related mechanical and thermal processes and the inherited mechanical elements of the cratonic lithosphere. The Transantarctic Mountain Aerogeophysical Research Activities (TAMARA) program proposes to document the regional structural architecture of a key segment of the Transantarctic Mountains in the region around the Royal Society Range (Fig. 1) where the rift flank is offset along a transverse accommodation zone. In December through January, 1998, the TAMARA group flew a helicopter aeromagnetic survey and collected ground gravity station data. These data will be integrated with other geologic and geophysical information from the region in order to map the large-scale structures along the TAM where relations between longitudinal and transverse structures along the rift flank can be resolved. \n\nDuring the 1997-1998 field season, the TAMARA project collected about 14,100 line-km of helicopter magnetic data, covering an area just a little less than 30,000 km2 (Fig. 2). One hundred twenty-five hours of helicopter time were used to complete the survey. Relative to the initial plans, 92.5% of line-kilometers, or 95% of the planned area, was covered. \n\nMagnetic base stations established in McMurdo and the Skelton Neve field camp recorded the daily variations of Earth's magnetic field for removal from the total-field observed from the helicopter. The position of a cesium magnetometer carried in a bird slung 30 m below the helicopter was accomplished with Trimble 4000 GPS receivers. Barometric altitudes were also recorded. The data from each flight were quality controlled. \n\nThe crew for the aeromagnetic helicopter-borne program consisted of 3 helicopter support personnel (including 2 pilots and an engineer) and 6 scientific staff (geophysicists, engineers, and quality control specialists). Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) contributed a geophysicist, an engineer, and a quality control specialist. Three additional scientists were from the USGS and Ohio State University. A general assistant for camp operations and a mountaineer were supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). \n\nIn addition to the aeromagnetic data, 65 gravity stations were collected in profile-form in the Skelton Neve region. \n\nThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 9618568. \n\nAny opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. \n\nThis information is provided by http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-452/t_desc.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "49c7b990-d9c4-497a-8286-331dd465ca46", - "label": "TOCS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TOCS (Tropical Ocean Climate Study) project and technical as well as operational TRITON (Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network) buoy project in JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine and Earth Science and Technology). These two projects have been linked each other and been designed for the purpose to promote the understanding of ocean climate variations and ocean circulations in the Indo-\nPacific regions, and to contribute the monitoring of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena with theTAO (Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean) array in the Pacific Ocean.\n\nhttp://www.oceanobs09.net/proceedings/ac/FCXNL-09A02-1656637-1-AC2A02.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a2d4e54-1e39-46d6-aafd-a3f685ed4f85", - "label": "SMMR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Prabhakara Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) atmospheric liquid water (ALW) and integrated atmospheric water vapor (IWV) data sets were generated by Dr. Prabhakara Cuddapah at the Goddard Space Flight Center using SMMR antenna temperatures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d569982-00c1-4e7f-b357-0bf0b624998d", - "label": "TOGA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In order to better understand the tropical ocean/atmosphere system and\nits effect on the climate at higher latitudes, the Tropical Ocean and\nGlobal Atmosphere (TOGA) Program was initiated in 1985 by the World\nMeteorological Organization (WMO), with contributions from nations\nincluding the USA, UK, USSR, Japan, Australia, India and Chile. TOGA\nwas a major component of the WMO's World Climate Research Program\n(WCRP) and was effective in bringing together the international\nscientific research community to work on problems of global\nsignificance. Scientific oversight was provided by the TOGA\nScientific Steering Group who reports to the Joint Scientific\nCommittee of WCRP. International coordination was organized through\nthe International TOGA Project Office in Geneva and the 18-member\nIntergovernmental TOGA Board.\n\nThe U.S. contribution to TOGA involved the National Oceanic\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Science Foundation (NSF),\nand the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NOAA\ninvolvement includes the Climate Analysis Center (CAC), NOAA\nEnvironmental Research Laboratories (Pacific Marine Environmental\nLaboratory (PMEL), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological\nLaboratory (AOML), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and\nthe Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), and the\nNational Oceanographic Service (NOS). NSF support was funded\nthrough its Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Divisions and through NCAR.\nNASA's effort was funded to NASA centers and academic principal\ninvestigators while the Office of Naval Research (ONR) supports a\nnumber of university scientists.\n\nTOGA is a 10-year international program that began January 1, 1985 and\ncontinued through 1994.\n\nThe major elements of the TOGA Praogram Plan are modeling, empirical\nstudies, process studies and long-term observations. Three types of\nmodels are being used: (1) oceanographic models, in which the wind\nstress and heat flux at the air-sea interface are prescribed and the\ntime-dependent response of the upper layers of the tropical ocean is\nsimulated; (2) atmospheric models, in which the global circulation is\nsimulated given various prescriptions of the tropical SST field; and\n(3) coupled atmosphere-ocean models, which are integrated forward in\ntime from a prescribed set of initial conditions. Empirical studies\nare focusing on interannual and intraseasonal variability along with\nstatistical analyses of lead-lag relationships that may have relevance\nto seasonal climate prediction. Long-term observations include\ninterfacial measurements, and atmospheric and oceanographic\nobservations.\n\nScience Objective:\n-To gain a description of the tropical oceans and the global atmosphere as a\n time-dependent system, in order to determine the extent to which this system\n is predictable on time scales of months to years, and to understand the\n mechanisms and processes underlying that predictability.\n-To study the feasibility of modeling the coupled ocean-atmosphere system for\n the purpose of predicting its variations on time scales of months to years.\n-To provide the scientific background for designing an observing and data\n transmission system for operational prediction if this capability is\n demonstrated by coupled ocean-atmosphere models.\n\n\nData Used and Produced:\nLong-term monitoring is among the more focused of the program elements\nof TOGA. It is a prerequisite for numerical simulation and long-term\nprediction of the coupled climate system, and it supports process and\nempirical studies. Interfacial measurements such as wind stress, sea\nsurface temperature (SST) and surface energy fluxes are most central\nto the ocean-atmosphere coupling and are attaining the highest\npriority. The major sources of surface wind data over the tropical\noceans are moored buoys, ships of opportunity and island stations.\nThe moored buoys transmit wind, air temperature, SST and subsurface\ntemperature via the ARGOS/TIROS-N system. Wind observations from\nships and island stations are transmitted via the Global\nTelecommunication System (GTS). The CAC has been producing monthly\nmean SST analyses with about 2 degree spatial resolution, based upon a\nblend of in situ (ship and buoy) data and Advanced Very High\nResolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data, while also monitoring\nnet energy flux monthly mean fields generated by one of the\noperational numerical weather prediction models at the National\nMeteorological Center (NMC).\n\nObservations of the global atmosphere in suapport of TOGA relied\nheavily on the World Weather Watch/Global Telecommunications System\n(WWW/GTS). The observing network consists of two polar-orbiting\nsatellites and the full array of geostationary satellites, ships of\nopportunity, buoys, and surface and upper-air stations. The Global\nPrecipitation Center at CAC has been supportive in producing\npreliminary estimates of tropical convective precipitation from\n1986-1988 based on satellite imagery from the U.S., Japan and the\nEuropean Space Agency (ESA) geostationary satellites. Ships of\nopportunity and approximately 50 drifting buoys are being used to\nmeasure sea level pressure, air temperature and SST over data-sparse\nregions of the equatorial and extratropical South Pacific. The\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and ERL have\ncontributed some upper-air systems and Doppler profilers to the\nsurface and upper-air network.\n\nThe ocean observing system consisted of tidal gauges, satellite data,\nmoored (ATLAS) and drifting (Langrangian) buoys and and ships of\nopportunity. The island tide gauge network along with altimetric\nrange data obtained from military satellites provided sea level data.\nExpendable Bathythermograph System (XBT) lines from ships provided\nsoundings to analyze the thermal structure and the heat content. Ships\nalso carried out conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) surveys in\nthe upper 1000m of the ocean. Moored buoys, instrumented with current\nmeters and thermistor chains also provided subsurface thermal\nstructure and current data. Circulation was measured utilizing\nequatorial moorings and from a field of over 130 mixed-layer\nLangrangian drifters.\n\nThe following sites on the World Wide Web can provide further information\nas well as data access:\n TOGA COARE Data Information System\n 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/coare/'\n TOGA-TAO Realtime Data Access:\n 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/'\n\nReferences:\n National Research Council, 'TOGA, A Review of Progress and Future\n Opportunities', National Academy Press 1990.\n\n World Meteorological Organization, 'WMO/IOC Inter-governmental TOGA Board\n Report of the Third Session, Geneva, 9-12 January 1990', WMO/TD No. 357.\n\n World Meteorological Organization, 'JSC/CCCO TOGA Scientific Steering\n Group Report of the Eighth Session, Hamburg, 18-22 September 1989',\n WMO/TD No. 338.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4da9526f-64f9-4be4-afe5-566f5b8a49fe", - "label": "SP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sirenian International is a grassroots organization of people from around the\nworld who share a dedication to manatee and dugong research, education, and\nconservation. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.sirenian.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4dcad6bb-0238-42ac-9eae-6c415f393278", - "label": "TOR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[TerraSAR-X was launched 2007-06-15. Text in original form for archival purposes.]\n\n\nTerraSAR-X (TSX), the first German long-duration radar mission, is being realized in the frame of a public-private partnership between the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Astrium GmbH. The spacecraft will carry as primary instrument an X-band imaging system and a high-performance antenna system, enabling different operational modes. The spacecraft will be injected into a sun-synchronous, circular dusk-dawn orbit at approximately 514 km altitude. The launch is foreseen for mid 2005 from the cosmodrome Baikonur. The mission is designed for a five year lifetime. The satellite payload will generate and down-link X-band SAR raw data, which will be processed on ground to generate X-band SAR basic products. Both partners will use SAR data and basic products for their respective fields of interest, DLR for standard science applications, Astrium for the commercial market. TSX SAR data for the science community will be made available by the DLR CAF in Oberpfaffenhofen. GFZ Potsdam and the CSR in Austin are collaborating in providing a precise dual frequency GPS flight receiver to the mission to enhance the quality of the scientific SAR products. GFZ Potsdam, the CSR in Austin and the Technical University Berlin are in particular interested and will collaborate in the precision processing of TerraSAR-X SAR data for environmental, geophysical and hydrological investigations. In view of the extensive scientific interest in the multi-mode X-Band SAR data from the TerraSAR-X mission and in view of the great importance the accurate orbit ephemeris information has for all application modes, it is proposed that GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) in collaboration with the University of Texas Center for Space Research (CSR) provides a Tracking, Occultation and Ranging (TOR) instrument package, consisting of an experimental IGOR-class high-quality GPS tracking receiver and a CHAMP-class laser retroreflector set, and the necessary support for the integration of the instrument package aboard the TSX spacecraft, GFZ and CSR jointly verify the in-orbit performance of the flight receiver and laser retroreflector data and compute high-precision TSX orbits from the validated TOR package data in order to enhance the efficiency of the SAR data processing and the quality of the SAR data products, GFZ and CSR both collect atmospheric and ionospheric radio occultation (RO) data with the same IGOR receiver for augmenting the global RO data sets as obtained from other LEO satellites (CHAMP and GRACE) to be used for improvements of numerical weather forecasts, climate change studies and space weather monitoring. Derived fundamental atmospheric and ionospheric quantities (e.g. temperature, water vapor) will be used as complementary information for SAR error correction. GFZ, CSR and the Technical University Berlin (TUB) Institute for Photogrammetry and Cartography use the resulting high quality orbit and atmospheric correction products in conjunction with DLR-provided TSX-X band SAR data for the regions specified in B.1.2.3 for improved scientific analyses. As mentioned before, the primary scientific applications are monitoring the evolution of city surface subsidence, to monitor and model local geologic hazards such as landslides and rock falls and to assess the impact of ice sheet and glacier system dynamics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ea1b3cc-d4d2-4803-a416-753cdd1ec451", - "label": "SLP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The contamination of groundwater and soils with arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) is associated with major public health, remedial, and environmental policy problems. Both arsenic and manganese are found at numerous Superfund sites. This Superfund Research Program (SRP) seeks to obtain new knowledge, facilitate the translation of these findings into policy applications, and train multidisciplinary pre- and post-doctoral students concerning the health effects, geochemistry, and remediation of As and Mn, with a particular focus on groundwater. The program has involved substantial work at the single most seriously As-affected Superfund site in Vineland, New Jersey. It also encompasses epidemiologic studies of As- and Mn-exposed adults and children residing in Bangladesh, New Hampshire and Maine. As in the past, the Columbia University SRP includes a unique balance of highly integrated biomedical and non-biomedical research.\n\nAs indicated in the list on below, the program includes three biomedical research projects, intimately intertwined with three non-biomedical projects; these projects are supported by research support cores. An Administrative Core is responsible for the supervision, coordination, and financial accountability of the entire SRP. The Research Translation Core 'Collaborating with Government & the Public: As & Mn Exposure via Groundwater' provides additional mechanisms for sustained communications among the SRP research projects, cores, government agencies, and interested parties. The RTC also helps government agencies and the public evaluate and address local groundwater contamination by providing geospatial data integration, mapping, and field assistance. Finally, the newly created SRP Community Engagement Core aims to reduce health risks of residents in Maine who rely on domestic wells for water supply and who are exposed to arsenic, and other contaminants including radon (Rn), uranium (U) and manganese (Mn).\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://superfund.ciesin.columbia.edu/niehsWeb/index.jsp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f5edaab-f1a1-4992-8ffb-270423c2b0fb", - "label": "SEDBAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Multispectral Analysis of Sedimentary Basins Project is a\ngeological research project to evaluate the utility of remote sensing\nfor sedimentary basins analysis. The goal of the project is to\ndevelop quantitative models of the formation and evolution of\nsedimentary basins through stratgraphic, structural and tectonic\nanalysis of both conventional geologic and geophysical data and\nremotely snesed data. The study site is the Wind River/Bighorn Basin\narea in Wyoming, which encompasses 32,000 square kilometers.\nThe 3 project objectives are:\n(1) investigate the origin and evolution of the Wind River/Bighorn\n sedimentary basin\n(2) develop methods for using remote sensing data in analysis of\n large scale sedimentary basins\n(3) assess the utility of integrating remote sensing data and\n conventional geologic/geophysical data for modelling basin\n formation and evolution\nData for the project include:\n Data Set Platform\nRemote sensing TM Landsat\n MSS Landsat\n SAR Seasat\n TIMS Aircraft\n NS-001 Aircraft\n AIS Aircraft\n AVIRIS Aircraft\n Aircraft SAR Aircraft\n Aerial Photos Aircraft\n Spectrometer Data Field/Lab\nConventional Geological field Field\n and map data\n Geological samples\n Geophysical data\n Borehole data\n DEMs\nPrincipal Investigator -\nHarold Lang\nJet Propulsion Laboratory\nMail Stop 183-501\nCalifornia Institute of Technology\n4800 Oak Grove Drive\nPasadena, California 91109\nFTS 792-3440\n(818) 354-3440\nReferences -\nLang, H.R., Adams, S.L., Conel, J.E., McGuffie, B.A., Paylor, E.D.,\n and Walker, R.E., 1987. Multispectral Remote Sensing as a\n Stratigraphic and Structural Tool, Wind River Basin and Big\n Horn Basin Areas, Wyoming: American Association of Petroleum\n Geologists Bulletin, v.71. 389-402.\nLang, H.R., Chadwick, O.A., and Paylor, E.D. (eds), 1991. Report of\n the Second Workshop on Geologic Applicationa of Remote Sensing\n to the Study of Sedimentary Basins: The Mountain Geologist,\n v.23, number 2-3, special issue published jointly by the\n Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists and NASA Solid\n Science Branch. 150p.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f9e19dc-adc1-4c7e-91ab-5947064737e3", - "label": "TES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) is one of four science instruments aboard NASA's Aura satellite, which was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on July 15, 2004. The satellite flies at an altitude of 705 km (438 miles) in an orbit that takes it near Earth's North and South Poles. With each orbit, the spacecraft advances 22° westward. After 233 orbits (16 days), it is back at its starting point and the pattern repeats. Thus, every 16 days, Aura re-examines the same portions of the atmosphere, and its instruments are able to measure changes that may have occurred in each sampled area. The satellite and its instruments are scheduled to perform their atmospheric studies for five years.\n\nSummary provided by http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "505c52f6-94ef-4160-a8d8-5e6bd2eb7d08", - "label": "TransCom", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom), aims to quantify and diagnose the uncertainty in inversion calculations of the global carbon budget that result from errors in simulated atmospheric transport. TransCom consists of four phases, each with unique sets of experiments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50e316c6-41f6-444d-834e-fdfa6fbc80e2", - "label": "SEAC4RS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "535c0aba-c89b-4dab-81d6-d7cf387d8894", - "label": "SIID-SMARA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "543ea038-9b69-4e9d-b3ad-34bcb33c2bfb", - "label": "SMO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Listening to the sound of the sea is an intense emotion. However the sound that we can hear from shore or aborad a boat, are just a little fraction of the thousands of “voices” of the sea.\nTogether with natural sounds, manmade sounds since about a century are an important part of the sound of the sea. Acoustic noise monitoring and the study of its variations as a function of time is a useful research tool to study marine environment and evaluate the “health of seas”.\n\nSince about ten years, scientists from three Italian Institues INFN, INGV, CIBRA, and University “Sapienza” of Roma, carry out acoustic monitoring of sea with a new methodology: the installation of submarine microphones (hydrophones) antenna in deep sea, more than 2000 m water depth, off Eastern Sicilian Coast. These antennas detect acoustic signals that, using optical fibre cables, are continuously transmitted to shore where they are recorded and analyses. This experimental technique, developed by INFN to permit identification of subatomic particle (neutrinos) of astrophysical origin, has important follow-up in biology and geophysics.\n\nThe SMO Collaboiration, formed by INFN, University Sapienza of Rome, University Roma 3, INGV, and CIBRA is building a new acoustic antenna to be deployed at 3500 m water depth, off Capo Passero (South East Sicily) to study, with sensitive acoustic devices, deep sea sounds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55161d08-b628-45e6-b1ed-5c5f3b68862d", - "label": "TAMSEIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This award, provided by the Antarctic Geology and Geophysics Program of the Office of Polar Programs, supports a project to evaluate geodynamic models for the tectonic development of Antarctica by investigating crust and upper mantle structure beneath the East-West Antarctic boundary. This experiment will use a focused broadband seismograph deployment to address two outstanding problems concerning the tectonic development of the Antarctic continent.\n\nThe origin of the Transantarctic Mountains. Even though the Transantarctic Mountains are widely considered a classic example of rift flank uplift, there appears to be little consensus about the exact uplift mechanism. Many mechanisms have been proposed, ranging from delayed phase changes to transform-flank uplift, all of which make various assumptions about upper mantle structure beneath and adjacent to the rift-side of the mountain front.\n\nThe structure of the East Antarctic Craton. East Antarctica displays the greatest modal elevation of any major cratonic block when corrected for glacial loading. The anomalous elevation of East Antarctica may have been an important factor in the onset of continental glaciation. However, the support mechanism for this anomalous topography is unknown; possible models include isostatic uplift from (a) thickened crust, (b) anomalously depleted upper mantle, and (c) thermally modified upper mantle, as well as dynamic uplift. The lateral extent of the very old continental lithosphere is also uncertain. In particular, it is unknown whether the old lithosphere extends to the western edge of East Antarctica beneath the crustal rocks deformed during the Ross Orogeny. \nTo examine details of the crust and upper mantle structure across the East-West Antarctic boundary, this passive seismic experiment is comprised of three elements: (1) A 1400 km linear array of 17 broadband seismic stations extending from the high central regions of the East Antarctic craton to the Transantarctic Mountains (Array 1). (2) An intersecting 400 km linear array of 16 broadband seismic stations extending from the coast across the Transantarctic mountains nearly perpendicular to the strike of the range in the dry valleys region (Array 2). (3) An array of 11 broadband stations in coastal regions around Ross Island and Terra Nova Bay (Array 3).\n\nThis experiment will be conducted over a three-year period, to allow sufficient data collection from naturally occurring earthquakes, and will begin in November 2000. Airborne surveys for surface elevation and ice thickness will be completed in support of this work. If feasible, aerogravity and aeromagnetics data will also be collected. Data will be analyzed using a variety of proven modeling techniques, including body and surface wave tomography, receiver function inversion, and shear wave splitting analysis. The results of these analyses will be maps of the variation in crustal thickness, upper mantle structure, anisotropy, and mantle discontinuity topography across the boundary of East and West Antarctica. These results will provide a solid foundation for understanding the geodynamics of the Antarctic continent.\n\nInformation provided by http://epsc.wustl.edu/seismology/TAMSEIS/summary.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57047c78-cdad-4a4e-8fd5-262ade019d78", - "label": "STCSMS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "On April 16, 1985, a Protocol for Scientific and Technical\nCooperation in Surveying and Mapping Studies between the\nNational Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (NBSM) of the Peoples\nRepublic of China (PRC) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),\nwas signed in Washington, D.C. to cover a period of 5\nyears. This signing was in accordance with the general\nagreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the\nPRC on Cooperation in Science and Technology that was signed in\nWashington, D.C., in January 1979, and extended by agreement in\nJanuary 1984. In April 1990, the Protocol was extended for 1\nyear, extended in April 1991 for 5 years to April 1996, and\nextended again in April 1996 for another 5 years to April 2001,\nto coincide with the same time period of the umbrella S&T\nagreement between the USA and the PRC. The Protocol, which\ncontains four annexes (Annex II, III, IV, and V), is intended\nto promote scientific and technical cooperation in\nphotogrammetry, remote sensing ! cartography, geographic\ninformation systems, and map production management, and the\nobservation, development, and processing of geodetic and\ngeophysical data.\n\nMeetings of the Joint Working Group for Scientific and\nTechnical Cooperation in Surveying and Mapping Studies are held\nevery year to introduce the latest developments, review the\npast year's cooperative activities, and develop the work plans\nfor each Annex for the coming year. It was announced at the\nAugust 1998 meeting that the NBSM has changed its name to the\nState Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (SBSM).\n\nRecent achievements under the above annexes include the release\nof small-scale topographic maps and data that were previously\nnot releasable. Environmental information over China at\n1:4,000,000 scale and 1:1,000,000 scale is now available\nbecause of these efforts. Earth gravity data, which was\npreviously unavailable, is now being exchanged. China now\nparticipates on several international standards committees for\ncartographic data and is a significant consumer of\nU.S. computers and software used for GIS. In addition, the SBSM\nhas recently signed a cooperative agreement with the Census\nBureau for the PRC, and is planning to give mapping support to\ntheir work modeled on the USGS/Census cooperation in the\nU.S. SBSM is working on ways to use their GIS expertise and\ndata to meet the needs of construction and water control\nprojects to aid in disaster management such as floods.\n\nThe Protocol is important to USA and PRC exchange activities\nbecause of the basic relationship of surveying and mapping\ninformation to many other Protocols in existence between the\ntwo countries. Moreover, remote sensing and geographic\ninformation systems are developing technologies that are\nimportant to future USGS programs which can benefit from broad\napplications and cooperative exchange of information.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://mapping.usgs.gov/html/international/asia.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "576fad0f-97e7-4d92-ac19-dbd46afdba22", - "label": "TOPEX/POSEIDON", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TOPEX/Poseidon is an oceanography mission to monitor global ocean\ncirculation, improve global climate predictions, and monitor events\nsuch as El Nino conditions and ocean eddies. These data have\nrevolutionized our understanding of the role of ocean in formation of\nthe Earth's weather and climate. The TOPEX/Poseidon satellite carried\na radar altimeter. It was a joint mission between France and the USA.\nWeather and climate change. Disaster management, early warning for\nhomeland security, carbon management, coastal zone management.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: August 10, 1992\n Launch Site: Kourou, French Guiana\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 1,336 km\n Inclination: 66 degree\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 2388 kg\n Power: 3,385 watts\n Design Life: 5 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n Microwave radiometer\n GPS receiver\n Laser retroreflector array\n Dual frequency NASA radar altimeter\n Single frequency CNES radar altimeter\n DORIS: Doppler tracking system receiver\n\n For more informaion on TOPEX/Poseidon, see\n 'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/toppos/index_old.html'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59a5aa9f-1b0a-4d8a-99d2-0b6e451c2472", - "label": "SCAR_KGIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "King George Island is one of the South Shetland Islands. It is located close to\nthe Northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The island is dominated by a huge\nice cap. More than 90% of the island are glaciated. The ice-free areas and\ncoastal zones of the island carry a diverse plant and animal life. Penguins,\nseals, petrels and a comparable rich vegetation make the island's natural\nenvironment not only a favorite for tourist cruises.\n\nKing George Island has also the greatest concentration of multinational\nresearch activities in Antarctica. Human activities on the island are based on\nnine permanent stations and an airstrip maintained by the Chilean airforce.\n\nProbably nowhere else in Antarctica the need for coordinated approaches in\nresearch activities and environmental management is more evident than on King\nGeorge Island. This is reflected by Scientific Committee on Antarctic\nResearch's (SCAR) recommendation SCAR XXVI-6 adopted at the XXVIth Meeting of\nSCAR in Tokyo, July 2000, that calls for efforts to integrate scientific\nobjectives and for collaboration among the nations working on the island. The\nSCAR King George Island GIS (SCAR KGIS) project provides a fundamental\ncontribution to these endeavors.\n\nThe project makes available an integrated geographic database for use by all\ncountries and in multi-disciplinary applications. It is coordinated under the\nGeographic Information Program of the SCAR Geospatial Information Group.\n\nCurrently the project is hosted at and coordinated by Institut f. Physische\nGeographie, University Freiburg, Germany.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.kgis.scar.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a4e7de6-b0b7-41b0-a2a0-0583389cd2c7", - "label": "SCAR_A", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The primary objective of the SCAR-A experiment was to help scientists characterize the the relationship between sulfate particles and clouds' reflective properties. Sulfate aerosols are believed to provide condensation nuclei, resulting in smaller, more numerous droplets within a cloud. SCAR-A (America) was the first in a series of experiments. It was followed by the SCAR-C experiment conducted over California in 1994. A third experiment, SCAR-B (Smoke, Clouds and Radiation-Brazil), was conducted in Brazil during August and September 1995.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://charm.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/dataset_documents/base_scar_a_er2_mas_\ndataset.html'. [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5afd7fb3-e3a4-4cde-8cad-c6e0963d9eba", - "label": "SEDAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEDAC, in collaboration with ISciences, is pleased to announce the release of the TerraViva! SEDAC Viewer. The standalone (Microsoft Windows) software application employs the powerful data-viewing engine and tools of TerraViva! to let you examine hundreds of socioeconomic, environmental, and energy variables, including SEDAC datasets such as the Gridded Population of the World (GPW); Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI); the Human Footprint and Last of the Wild; the urban/rural mask from the Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP); and Population, Land Use and Climate Estimates (PLACE).\n\nInformation provided by http://sedac.ciesin.org/terraVivaUserWeb/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ba00d1c-25b8-4865-932a-80e4009fb0e9", - "label": "TWP-ICE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Warm Pool - International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) was conducted in the area around Darwin, Australia, in early 2006. The aim of the project was to examine convective cloud systems from their initial stages through to the decaying and thin high level cirrus and measure their impact on the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c091c74-33c9-4daf-a13f-46ed3499a5e2", - "label": "SOAR-TAM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Project Origination\nTo accomplish the objectives of CASERTZ, we partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey to develop a Twin Otter aerogeophysical platform that succeeded in integrating, ice-penetrating radar, laser altimetry, gravity and magnetic instrumentation for simultaneous operation. In 1994, in response to the science proposal to complete the CASERTZ corridors, the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs requested that the aircraft and its integrated instrumentation package be operated as a facility with a mission of providing aerogeophysical observations to the broader Antarctic science community. This request led to a Cooperative Agreement between UTIG and NSF that created the Support Office for Aerogeophysical Research (SOAR).\nThe SOAR Mission\nThe six-year Cooperative Agreement defined UTIG's responsibilities as:\n\n\n-Assisting in the development of aerogeophysical research projects with NSF/OPP investigators\n\n-Upgrading the CASERTZ instrumentation package to accommodate new science projects and advances in technology; fielding this instrument package to accomplish SOAR developed projects\n\n-Distribution of the acquired aerogeophysical data as spatially organized transects to the Project Investigators within six months of its return from the field.\n\nAn option was included for SOAR to reduce and analyze the aerogeophysical data that it collected for members of the scientific community without that capacity.\n\nSOAR Accomplishments\nBeginning in 1994, UTIG conducted aerogeophysical surveys in seven consecutive Antarctic field seasons. These SOAR-developed surveys were performed for the 20 investigators and 14 institutions listed in Table 1. The first six of these seasons were managed under the NSF/UTIG Cooperative Agreement with D. Blankenship as PI; the last, 2000/2001, was managed as a multi-investigator grant to UTIG with D. Blankenship, J. Holt, D. Morse and I. Dalziel as co PI's. To accomplish these surveys, UTIG configured the integrated instrumentation package and installed it in the aircraft on site in Antarctica each season; additionally, base camp operations were established at up to five remote sites each field season. In total, UTIG conducted an additional 225,000 line kilometers of aerogeophysical surveys in 422 flights covering the areas shown in the Figure. The spatially organized database of geophysical transects was delivered to the various investigators within the targeted six-month time frame.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/soar/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c282223-af20-4154-bb82-f6498cd0c11b", - "label": "STP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Source: Solar Terrestrial Probes Program, http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ]\n\nThe Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) Program is part of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate Heliophysics Division. The Program addresses fundamental science questions about the physics of space plasmas and the flow of mass and energy through the solar system. STP program objectives are to:\n\n- Understand the fundamental physical processes of the space environment from the Sun to Earth, to other planets, and beyond to the interstellar medium.\n- Understand how human society, technological systems, and the habitability of planets are affected by solar variability and planetary magnetic fields\n- Develop the capability to predict the extreme and dynamic conditions in space in order to maximize the safety and productivity of human and robotic explorers.\n\nThese objectives support the Agency’s strategic goal to understand the Sun and its effects on Earth and the solar system. The Earth and Sun are linked together to form the system that has given origin and sustenance to our lives. STP missions will study the Earth and Sun system for insights into questions concerning how the system evolved so as to produce and sustain life, what will happen to this unique environment through the course of time, and how it will affect us.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c696373-4b32-46ad-907c-5a303b3b978c", - "label": "SIMBIOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and\nInterdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) program was conceived in\n1994 as a result of a NASA management review of the agency's strategy\nfor monitoring the bio-optical properties of the global ocean through\nocean color remote sensing from space.\nThe initial SIMBIOS program is scoped for five years (1997-2001) and\nincludes support for the science team (NASA Research Announcement\n(NRA) selections) and the project office. In 1995, the International\nOcean Colour-Coordinating Group (IOCCG) was formed to undertake the\norganization of an international SIMBIOS program. The IOCCG presently\noperates under the auspices of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic\nResearch (SCOR) and chairmanship of Dr. Trevor Platt.\n\nThe NASA program consists of the SIMBIOS Science Team and the SIMBIOS\nProject Office. The SIMBIOS Science Team, as initially defined by the\nNRA selections, was expanded to include additional investigations for\natmospheric correction algorithm validation. The SIMBIOS program is\nsubstantially augmented by the participation of the NASA-supported\nMODIS Oceans Team and SeaWiFS Calibration and Validation program.\n\nSIMBIOS collaborators associated with other relevant programs and\nscience teams who contribute data, algorithms, etc., are given access\nto SIMBIOS Project resources in return, e.g., access to the SeaWiFS\nBio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS). Besides providing\nadministrative and contract support for the science team, the SIMBIOS\nProject Office is scoped to support four primary activities: data\nproduct validation, sensor calibration, data merger algorithm\nevaluation, and satellite data processing.\n\nThe SIMBIOS Project has created a pool of ocean bio-optical\ninstruments, the use of which will be shared between NASA-supported,\nU.S. investigators contributing to the SIMBIOS program. This\n'Instrument Pool' is an attempt to provide a cost-effective\nenhancement to the overall capabilities of the SIMBIOS Science Team,\nand to provide backup in case of failure of a critical instrument\nduring an experiment. The equipment in the Instrument Pool are\npurchased and maintained by individual SIMBIOS principal\ninvestigators, but deployment schedules and priorities are coordinated\nby the Project Office with the advice of the Science Team. To better\nsupport validation of algorithms for atmospheric corrections and\naerosol property retrievals, the SIMBIOS Project Office has\nestablished a close working collaboration with the Aerosol Network\n(AERONET) project, which maintains and operates a worldwide network of\nsun-tracking photometers. The NASA AERONET program is managed GSFC\npersonnel. The Project Office has purchased equipment for nine\nadditional island and coastal sun-photometer stations to be added to\nthe AERONET, and has linked the AERONET archives to SeaBASS. In\naddition, the Project Office maintains a pool of hand-held sun\nphotometers, which are calibrated by the GSFC AERONET investigators\nand are made available to SIMBIOS investigators during field\nexperiments\n\nFor more detailed information on SIMBIOS visit\nhttp://simbios.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\nFor a list of SIMBIOS investigators visit\n'http://simbios.gsfc.nasa.gov/pi_links.html'\nRevision_Date: 1999-12-14", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c8ba9c0-b3bb-4b46-96a6-ab2906a238a3", - "label": "TTO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) study was an experiment to investigate ocean mixing as deduced from the distribution of radiochemical tracers introduced into the atmosphere and subsequently into the oceans during the 1958-1962 nuclear bomb tests. The results of this study together with knowledge about the chemistry of oceanic CO{sub 2} can be used to help understand oceanic uptake of fossil fuel CO{sub 2}. The experiment lasted 4 years and consisted of the following parts: (1) (1981); (3) laboratory analysis (1982); and (4) completion, data analysis, and reporting (1983). Shipboard measurements were published by the Scripps Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data Facility as the T.T.O. Preliminary Hydrographic Data Reports Vols. I-IV. Recently, revisions to some of the previously reported measurements have been made and estimates of total CO{sub 2} have been calculated. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.ifremer.fr/avano/notices/00063/808.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e3beb3f-1f06-49b6-890a-d0a8ffb156f5", - "label": "SOLAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SOLAS (Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study) is an international research initiative that has as its goal:\n\nTo achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change.\n\nSOLAS research covers all ocean areas including coastal seas and ice-covered regions. One fundamental characteristic of SOLAS is that the research is interdisciplinary in that it involves biology, geochemistry, physics, and mathematical modelling. It also involves another layer of interdependence because each of these disciplines has a marine side and an atmospheric side. The two sides of each discipline need to work together so that SOLAS research can be meaningful and successful. This multi-layered dependence will require a paradigm shift in the arenas of academia and funding, which is more likely to separate disciplines than to combine them.\n\nSOLAS has three scientific foci:\n\nFocus 1: Biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere\n\nThe objective of Focus 1 is to quantify feedback mechanisms involving biogeochemical coupling across the air-sea interface, which can only be achieved by studying the ocean and atmosphere in concert. These couplings include emissions of trace gases and particles and their reactions of importance in atmospheric chemistry and climate, and deposition of nutrients that control marine biological activity and carbon uptake.\n\nFocus 2: Exchange processes at the air-sea interface and the role of transport and transformation in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers\n\nThe objective of Focus 2 is to develop a quantitative understanding of processes responsible for air-sea exchange of mass, momentum and energy to permit accurate calculation of regional and global fluxes. This requires establishing the dependence of these facial transfer mechanisms on physical, biological and chemical factors within the boundary layers, and the horizontal and vertical transport and transformation processes that regulate these exchanges.\n\nFocus 3: Air-sea flux of carbon dioxide and other long-lived radiatively active gases\n\nThe air-sea carbon dioxide flux is a key inter-reservoir exchange within the global carbon cycle. The oceans also play an important role in the global budgets of other long-lived radiatively active gases, including nitrous oxide and to some extent methane. The objective of Focus 3 is to characterise the air-sea flux of these gases and the boundary layer mechanisms that drive them, in order to assess their sensitivity to variations in environmental forcing.\n\nInternational SOLAS website: http://www.solas-int.org/\n\nSOLAS Project Integration website: http://www.bodc.ac.uk/solas_integration/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f3be548-fc02-4bf2-878e-8dbca4c69865", - "label": "USGS/BRD/GAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Visualization and Enabling Technologies Section (VETS), now in its third year of existence, is a dynamic and growing program within SCD. It is focused on knowledge development, the primarily post-computational phase where data moves to information, discovery, and communication. Our program includes research, development, deployment, and state-of-the-art facilities and spans the realms of large-scale data analysis and visualization, web environments and infrastructure, collaborative environments and collaboratories, Grid technology, and education and outreach.\n\nVETS has grown by over 50% in the last year, now has a staff of 18, and will continue to grow in FY2003. This was a year of progress on many fronts. We moved our new Visualization Lab and AccessGrid into a fully operational mode, and its popularity, usage, and impact greatly exceeded our initial high expectations. NCL capabilities were dramatically expanded particularly relative to the new release of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). We made substantial progress in advancing the DOE-sponsored Earth System Grid project, engaged in collaborative work with the Unidata-led THREDDS project, and moved our NSF-funded VGEE project into its final phase. This year we played the lead role in the development of another iteration of the Knowledge Environment for the Geosciences (KEG) proposal to NSF's ITR program and contributed to quite a number of other proposals as well.\n\nWe also began work on NCAR Strategic Initiatives in the area of web-based data provision and next-generation web environments, and through the efforts of the Web Engineering Group (WEG) further expanded our core hardware and software information technology for all of UCAR. VETS staff engaged in a broad portfolio of collaborative interactions with people and projects at NCAR and other organizations. We also continued our tradition of maintaining a high level of visibility at both conferences and via a huge number of internal events. In the pages that follow, we briefly summarize our progress in providing facilities for analysis, visualization, and collaboration.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/docs/asr2002/vets.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "614b0942-6420-457c-b68d-82ac64df0a19", - "label": "TREES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Resources and Environment Monitoring by Satellite\n(TREES) Project is being conducted jointly by the Commission of\nthe European Communities (CEC) and the European Space Agency (ESA).\nMalingreau et al. (1993) describe the project in the paper 'AVHRR\nfor Global Tropical Forest Monitoring.' The project involves\ndevelopment of space observation techniques for monitoring the\ntropical forests of the world. An operational objective of the\nproject is to perform a global tropical forest inventory and\ndeforestation study using complete coverage with Advanced Very\nHigh Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1-km maximum Normalized\nDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composited data sets,\nsupplemented with high resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper\n(TM) and Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terra (SPOT)\nsatellite image data. Information about the availability of\nthe composited data sets can be requested from the TREES AVHRR contact.\n\nProject Contact:\n\nTREES Project\nInstitute for Remote Sensing Applications\nJoint Research Centre\n21020 Ispra\nITALY\n\nTel: 39-332-789830\nFax: 39-332-785545\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ciesin.org/TG/RS/trees.html'\n\n{Summary provided by JRC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61888a80-2b4e-49a2-8fc8-b81c7e852672", - "label": "SOAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from SOAR home page,\n'http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/soar/soar.htm']\n\nThe Support Office for Aerogeophysical Research (SOAR) is a science\nproject funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of\nPolar Programs (OPP) to perform aerogeophysical research in\nAntarctica. This project is part of the University of Texas at\nAustin's Institute for Geophysics.\n\nThe airborne platform is a modified DeHavillandTwin Otter with\ninstrumentation to provide high-quality, integrated observations of\ngravity, magnetics, surface elevation, and ice thickness.\n\nThe geophysical instrument suite carried aboard the airborne platform\nconsists of a gravity meter, magnetometer, laser altimeter and\nice-penetrating radar. Position information is provided by\ndifferential GPS (both pseudo-range and carrier-phase), supplemented\nby inertial navigation and precision pressure altimetry data. We\nintegrate these geophysical and positioning systems to obtain the\nhighest quality observations consistent with their simultaneous\noperation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "618e04ce-1778-48e6-b294-e635d3fab249", - "label": "SMEX04", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In much of the interior of the North American continent, summer precipitation is a dominant feature of the annual cycle. Surface boundary conditions play an important role in initiation and maintenance of the North American Monsoon System (NAMS), which controls summer precipitation over much of this region. \n\nUnderstanding these processes is a focus for the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) (http://www.joss.ucar.edu/name/) . A working hypothesis of NAME is that among the land surface antecedent boundary conditions that control the onset and intensity of the NAMS is soil moisture. The influence of the land surface is relayed through surface evaporation and associated surface cooling (dependent on soil moisture), terrain, and vegetation cover. Soil moisture and, in particular, surface wetness, can change dramatically after heavy rain events. Increased soil moisture after precipitation promotes evapotranspiration between storm events. This may contribute to enhanced convection and further precipitation. \n\nhttp://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/smex04/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6284ac44-3d31-4b6b-91e1-f733d21b5ea0", - "label": "UN-SPIDER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The mission of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) is to ensure that all countries and international and regional organizations have access to and develop the capacity to use all types of space-based information to support the full disaster management cycle.\n\nWhereas there have been a number of initiatives in recent years that have contributed to making space technologies available for humanitarian and emergency response UN-SPIDER is the first to focus on the need to ensure access to and use of such solutions during all phases of the disaster, including the risk reduction phase which will significantly contribute to an increasing reduction in loss of lives and property.\n\nThe UN-SPIDER programme is achieving this by focusing on being a gateway to space information for disaster management support, by serving as a bridge to connect the disaster management and space communities and by being a facilitator of capacity-building and institutional strengthening, in particular for developing countries.\n\nUN-SPIDER is being implemented as an open network of providers of space-based solutions to support disaster management activities. Besides Vienna (where UNOOSA is located), the Programme also has an office in Bonn, Germany and will also have an office in Beijing, China. Additionally, the Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Algeria, I.R. Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, and Ukraine are setting up UN-SPIDER Regional Support Offices.\n\nProject Home Page: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/en/unspider/index.html\n\n[Summary provided by the United Nations.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66549bb4-f479-4387-a7ad-f3321a1007ab", - "label": "UCAA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: UCAA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=70\n\nObjectives: \n\n1. To access the present scenario and interannual variability of physical properties in the Southern Ocean;\n\n2. To monitor the circulation, zonal and meridional transport, surface atmospheric heat budget and linkage between Pacific and India Ocean, and to devise a framework for understanding the climate variability.\n\nObservational program:\n\n1. XBT/XCTD observations in the Indian Sector of the southern ocean to map the present state of oceanic environment; year to year variability will be monitorted using repeated sampling by using the Indian Antaractic expedition's logistic support on board the ice-class vessels sailing between Africa and India's Antarctic station- Maitri. Additional hydrographic work will be carried out in areas of water mass formation in the Ross and Weddell Seas and subantarctic zone.\n\n2. Measurement of atmospheric stability parameters along the ship track to understand the zonal/meridional variations of boundary-level heat fluxes.\n\nLinkages with other EOI's:\n\nThere is already integrated with science goals of CASO to establish a link between physical oceanography (of both continental margin and open ocean environments), biogeochemistry, ecology, sea ice studies, ocean-ice shelf interaction, meteorology, polar-low latitude teleconnections, and paleoclimate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "666b0926-b509-4680-b551-530d8aaca9ec", - "label": "SRES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on\nEmissions Scenarios (SRES) 1x1 Degree Gridded Data Set consists\nof global gridded emissions for greenhouse gases (GHGs)\nprojected every 10 years beginning in 1990 through 2100. The\ngrids are produced for reactive gases Methane (CH4), Carbon\nMonoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Non-Methane Volatile\nOrganic Compounds (NMVOC), along with Sulfur Dioxide (SO2),\nbased on the IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios Data Set Version 1.1\n\nLink to the publication at 'http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "667e000a-2742-4d8c-a20c-57410c220093", - "label": "US-ITASE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "From its original formulation in 1990, the International Trans Antarctic\nScientific Expedition (ITASE) has had as its primary aim the collection and\ninterpretation of a continental- wide array of environmental parameters\nassembled through the coordinated efforts of scientists from several nations.\nThe primary planned product of this cooperative endeavor is the description and\nunderstanding of environmental change in Antarctica over the last ~200 years.\nAs a demonstration of the importance of the original scientific objectives\nposed by ITASE, they were adopted as a key science initiative by both the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee\non Antarctic Research (SCAR).\n\nIn May 1996 a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation was held to\ndevelop a Science and Implementation Plan for the United States contribution to\nITASE (called 'US ITASE'). Because of the long-standing US research effort in\nWest Antarctica, US ITASE chose to focus its activities in this region. At the\nUS ITASE Workshop, participants developed a multi-disciplinary research plan\nthat integrates meteorology, remote sensing, ice coring and surface glaciology,\nand geophysics through a four-phase approach. In Phase 1 meteorological\nmodeling and remote sensing will be used to plan sampling strategies conducive\nto the major objectives of US ITASE. Phase 2 will involve ground-based sampling\nover four study areas (corridors). Although a broad spatial sampling of West\nAntarctica is proposed during Phase 2, it is expected that the logistic\nrequirements for this sampling will be modest and highly efficient. Phase 3\nallows for the continuation of ground-based sampling at a limited number of key\nsites where monitoring is required. Phase 4 is interpretation and modeling.\n\nIn its entirety, ITASE incorporates a wide range of general scientific\nobjectives. Those which are specific to US ITASE address the following\nquestions:\n\n1. What is the current rate of change in mass balance over West Antarctica?\n\n2. What is the influence of major atmospheric circulation systems (e.g., ENSO)\nand oceanic circulation on the moisture flux over West Antarctica?\n\n3. How does climate (eg., temperature, accumulation rate, atmospheric\ncirculation) vary over West Antarctica on seasonal, interannual, decadal and\ncentennial scales, and what are the controls on this variability?\n\n4. What is the frequency, magnitude and effect (local to global) of any extreme\nclimate events recorded in West Antarctica?\n\n5. What is the impact of anthropogenic activity (e.g., ozone depletion,\npollutants) on the climate and atmospheric chemistry of West Antarctica?\n\n6. How much has biogeochemical cycling of S, N and C, as recorded in West\nAntarctica, varied over the last 200+ years?\n\nUS ITASE provides an important spatial perspective for the shared research\ngoals of a variety of research programs funded by the NSF, NASA and NOAA.\nNotably, questions 1-4 parallel closely themes identified by NSF's WAIS (West\nAntarctic Ice Sheet) intiative. It is expected that these overlaps of\nscientific purposes will make possible an efficient utilization of logistic\nresources in the execution of these linked research programs. \n\nA series of specific US ITASE products is proposed for the tentatively\nscheduled 1997-2007 duration of this research effort. These products will\nprovide direct benefit to national scientific efforts as noted as well as\ninternationally based science programs developed through SCAR and IGBP. In\norder to further this goal, this report was presented to the international\nrepresentatives attending the jointly sponsored GLOCHANT (SCAR) and PAGES\n(IGBP) ITASE Workshop in Cambridge, England in August 1996. It is expected that\nby the integration of US ITASE with the ITASE activities of other countries,\nmajor contributions will be made to our understanding of Antarctica's role in\nglobal change.\n\nInternet resources:\n\n'http://www.ume.maine.edu/USITASE/'\n'http://nsidc.org/agdc/itase.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "673b9356-bf59-41a9-ad7d-560abea4adc1", - "label": "SESAME", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment\n(SESAME) was a follow-up to the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone\nExperiment (EASOE) concentrating more on middle latitudes and\nspreading the measurements over a longer period. SESAME was not as\nintensive a campaign as EASOE and took place during the winter\n1994-1995.\nData is available from the Norwegian Air Institute (NILU).\nSee: 'http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/data/sesame.html'\nand\n'http://www.nilu.no/first-e.html'\nIDN_Node: ESA/ESRIN", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "674268e7-cced-4bda-baaa-3a4529dd36d4", - "label": "SEAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67afaaa1-d956-46bd-ba2b-94fe6cab8904", - "label": "SOTERPROGRAM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SOTER aims to establish a World Soils and Terrain Database, at scale 1:5 000 000, containing digitized map units and their attribute data in standardized format, using a uniform methodology. The programme is implemented by FAO, UNEP and ISRIC - World Soil Information, under the aegis of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), in collaboration with a wide range of national soil institutes (1986 - present). \n \nISRIC plays a lead role in methodology development and programme implementation. Space Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation data are being used to derive the different landform units and to generate terrain information; soil attribute data are largely derived from legacy field data. Ultimately, a global SOTER is to replace the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World (SMW), the first internationally accepted inventory of world soil resources.\n \nSOTER databases are developed at scales ranging from 1:5 million to 1:500 000, depending largely on the needs of the users (see datasets at: http://www.isric.org/UK/About+ISRIC/Projects/Track+Record/SOTER+data.htm). \n\nSOTER data have been used for a wide range of applications, including assessments of impacts of soil degradation on food supply, soil vulnerability to pollution and modelling of soil organic carbon stock and changes at national and regional levels. \n\nFor details see SOTER pages at ISRIC (http://www.isric.org/UK/About+ISRIC/Projects/Current+Projects/SOTER.htm), FAO (http://www.fao.org/AG/aGL/agll/soter.stm) and JRC-IES (http://eusoils.jrc.it/projects/soter/)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "67f93e65-5991-4ffa-85ec-a26bd324181e", - "label": "UNFCCC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Over a decade ago, most countries joined an international treaty - the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - to begin to consider what can be done to reduce global warming and to cope with whatever temperature increases are inevitable. Recently, a number of nations have approved an addition to the treaty: the Kyoto Protocol, which has more powerful (and legally binding) measures. The UNFCCC secretariat supports all institutions involved in the climate change process, particularly the COP, the subsidiary bodies and their Bureau. \n\nURL: http://unfccc.int/2860.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "687d4231-8da8-4236-9cc4-26d7ff198578", - "label": "UNEP/GRID", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), established in\n1972, works to encourage sustainable development through sound\nenvironmental practices everywhere. Its activities cover a wide\nrange of issues, from atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, the\npromotion of environmental science and information, to an early\nwarning and emergency response capacity to deal with\nenvironmental disasters and emergencies.\n\nPriorities include:\n\n1. Environmental information, assessment and research\n\n2. Enhanced coordination of environmental conventions and\ndevelopment and development of policy instruments\n\n3. Fresh water\n\n4. Technology transfer and industry\n\n5. Support to Africa\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.unep.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by UNEP]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "688c4caf-7823-4a31-9c16-90aab1fb7bf5", - "label": "SEASAW", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sea spray aerosol particles, generated primarily by the action of the wind on the ocean surface, make a major contribution to the atmospheric aerosol over the global oceans. Their ability to participate in heterogeneous atmospheric chemical processes and especially their activity as cloud condensation nuclei make them very important in global climate processes. Similarly, the air-sea fluxes of trace gases, are influenced by wind speed and whitecap processes.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~lecimb/SOLAS/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68e9ba40-40fe-4cbb-9632-0c0d9fc9f833", - "label": "TOMS-N7", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Source: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1978-098A ]\n\nThe Nimbus 7 research-and-development satellite served as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced systems for sensing and collecting data in the pollution, oceanographic and meteorological disciplines. The polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow torus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control housing unit that was connected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss structure. Configured somewhat like an ocean buoy, Nimbus 7 was nearly 3.04 m tall, 1.52 m in diameter at the base, and about 3.96 m wide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that formed the satellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and antennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus provided support for the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control housing unit, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a command antenna. The spacecraft spin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced attitude-control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 deg in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw). Eight experiments were selected: (1) limb infrared monitoring of the stratosphere (LIMS), (2) stratospheric and mesopheric sounder (SAMS), (3) coastal-zone color scanner (CZCS), (4) stratospheric aerosol measurement II (SAM II), (5) earth radiation budget (ERB), (6) scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), (7) solar backscatter UV and total ozone mapping spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS), and (8) temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR). These sensors were capable of observing several parameters at and below the mesospheric levels. More details can be found in 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045) and 'Nimbus-7 Data Product Summary' (NASA RP-1215), available from NSSDC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a631048-98bd-451d-a9f4-b41460c1faba", - "label": "SEDAC/ESI VIEWER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) supports to 'benchmark the ability of nations to protect the environment.' ESI was a joint effort of Yale University's Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), and two other second-level collaborators. ESI's creators claim environmental sustainability is a 'multi-dimensional concept [arising] from development and industrialization' that is best addressed by a 'quantitative and systematic approach to environmental policymaking.' The effort looks to have come to be in 2000 then revised repeatedly, most recently in late 2004, being re-launched as '2005 ESI.' Presentation of all the background and methodological information for ESI appears in several reports formatted in Acrobat pdf available at the web site listed below.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b7154be-7797-406c-89f1-d5defb852d9e", - "label": "SEDAC/US-MEX DDVIEWER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States-Mexico Demographic Data Viewer (US-MEX DDViewer) is a web-based application providing rapid data mapping, viewing, and analysis for more than 200 demographic, social, vital statistic, and land cover variables for the United States and Mexico. A useful tool for browsing and visualizing patterns at geographic levels ranging from regions to ... counties/municipalities, US-MEX DDViewer can be used to map population, vital statistics, land cover, and household data. Map and attribute data output are displayed through a Java Applet. US-MEX DDViewer is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/#DDV", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6c2cb895-67ba-4e36-a752-e09c46044b11", - "label": "TAKE5", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SPOT (Take5) experiments consist in using SPOT as a simulator of the image time series that ESA's Sentinel-2 mission will provide. The SPOT4 (Take5) experiment was operated by CNES during the first half of 2013 over 45 sites with the SPOT4 satellite. It received support from ESA, NASA, JRC and CCRS and was proposed by CESBIO. The SPOT5 (Take5) experiment is jointly conducted by CNES and ESA from April to September 2015 over 150 sites with the SPOT5 satellite. SPOT (Take5) Data are processed by THEIA land data center and are distributed with a free and open policy via the joint ESA-CNES webportal spot-take5.org.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ecbd354-00ed-4b4e-be55-6d24fa300b9c", - "label": "USACORP/WES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is made up of approximately 34,600 Civilian and 650 military members. Our military and civilian engineers, scientists and other specialists work hand in hand as leaders in engineering and environmental matters. Our diverse workforce of biologists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other professionals meets the demands of changing times and requirements as a vital part of America's Army. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.usace.army.mil/who/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f0ce607-16a5-4c13-8399-c1b051b216e4", - "label": "SEDAC/MC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Map Client is a web-based mapping tool that allows flexible interaction with spatial data from CIESINÂ’s SEDAC and other sources. The map client may be used to explore SEDAC global data holdings, organized by themes of human-environment interactions. In the clientÂ’s advanced mode, users may import data of their own or access data available ... from other online data services. One of the clientÂ’s unique features is the ability to save for future use a specific set of map layers and view of the data - a &Web map context&. The &context file& can be shared with other users who can then open up and work with the same interactive map from their own Internet browser. The client has a number of pre-set contexts that enable users to quickly generate maps for specific themes and world regions. The integrated visualization, analysis, and display of geospatial data will be of primary interest to fundamental and applied researchers, operational users, and public policy experts in the social and earth sciences. The service is provided by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in collaboration with Ionic Software®. \n\nSummary provided by http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/mapviewer/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f41849a-64e9-4dc9-a69a-a28ce2d3ded6", - "label": "ULTIMAGRI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Changing economies and patterns of trade, rather than climatic deterioration, could\nhave critically marginalized the Norse Greenland settlements and effectively sealed their fate.\nCounter-intuitively, the end of Norse Greenland might not be symptomatic of a failure to adapt\nto environmental change, but a consequence of successful wider economic developments of\nNorse communities across North Atlantic. Data from Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and medieval\nIceland is used to explore the interplay of Norse society with climate, environment, settlement,\nand other circumstances. Long term increases in vulnerability caused by economic change and\ncumulative climate changes sparked a cascading collapse of integrated interdependent settlement systems, bringing the end of Norse Greenland.\n\nhttp://www.nabohome.org/meetings/glthec/materials/keller/ArcticAnthro401-02-2.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f61e7ed-3f08-44fe-8a7f-9f932a1429f8", - "label": "USACE/WMS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The mission of the Water Management Section is to conduct water\nmanagement activities for all Corps reservoir projects within\nthe Mobile District and for the formulation of plans and\nsupervision of flood control operations at privately-owned power\ndams in the Mobile District.\n\nResponsibilities include:\n\n1. preparation and issuance of reservoir regulation instructions\nto operating officials at Corps reservoir projects for all water\ncontrol operations and the monitoring of operations of power\ncompany projects for compliance with flood control regulations;\n\n2. technical direction and assistance for the regulation of\nmulti-purpose reservoirs and studies for development of\noperation procedures for multi- purpose reservoir systems;\n\n3. preparation and revisions, as necessary, of reservoir\nregulation manuals for all storage projects, including those of\nthe power companies having a flood control requirement;\n\n4. liasion with National Weather Service and dissemination of\ncurrent and forecasted rainfall, river stage and general weather\ninformation to district elements;\n\n5. submittal of flood reports to higher authority;\n\n6. planning and operation of rainfall and river stage reporting\nnetworks in connection with the operation of reservoir projects;\n\n7. providing climatological analyses and discussion for\ninclusion in plans and specifications, design memos and other\ndocuments;\n\n8. maintaining records in various formats of reservoir\noperations and providing information about reservoir operations\nto District elements and to the public.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://water.sam.usace.army.mil/'\n\n[Summary provided by US Army Corps of Engineers]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7012c628-9aeb-49b0-aed0-3d97b42cd360", - "label": "SPARCE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Schools of the Pacific Rainfall Climate Experiment (SPaRCE)\nis a cooperative field project involving local meteorological\nservices, elementary, middle school, high school, college, and\ntrade school students from various Pacific islands, atolls, and\nthe U.S. The SPaRCE program (headquartered at the University of\nOklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma) began in January 1993 with only a\nhandful of Pacific schools. Since its implementation, the\nproject has quickly grown. There are currently over 160 schools\nfrom approximately 22 different countries enrolled.\n\nGoals of the SPARCE Program:\n\n1. Increase the number of rain gauges, as well as other\nmeteorological instrumentation, across the Pacific and\nincorporate collected observations into a comprehensive Pacific\ndatabase to be used for climate research purposes\n\n2. Foster interest and increase the awareness among students and\nteachers of the need for cooperation among different nations in\ninvestigating potential climate change\n\n3. Educate students and teachers about the importance of\nrainfall (particularly in the Pacific region) to climate studies\n\n4. Provide the students and teachers with an opportunity to make\na major contribution to the global climate research effort by\ncollecting and analyzing Pacific meteorological data\n\n5. Foster scientific and cultural exchange between students from\ndifferent countries\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.evac.ou.edu/sparce/'\n\n[Summary provided by SPARCE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7018e69a-cf48-4ee0-a253-4b0a92b373f8", - "label": "SORCE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) is a NASA-sponsored\nsatellite mission that will provide state-of-the-art measurements of\nincoming x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, near-infared, and total solar\nradiation. The measurements provided by SORCE specifically address\nlong-term climate change, natural variability and enhanced climate\nprediction, and atmospheric ozone and UV-B radiation. These\nmeasurements are critical to studies of the Sun; its effect on our\nEarth system; and its influence on humankind.\n\nSORCE was successfully launched on January 25, 2003 on a Pegasus XL\nlaunch vehicle to provide NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) with\nprecise measurements of solar radiation. It was launched into a 645\nkm, 40 degree orbit and will be operated by the Laboratory for\nAtmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado\n(CU) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. It will continue the precise\nmeasurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) that began with the ERB\ninstrument in 1979 and has continued to the present with the ACRIM\nseries of measurements. SORCE will also provide the measurements of\nthe solar spectral irradiance from 1nm to 2000nm, accounting for 95%\nof the spectral contribution to TSI. SORCE will carry four instruments\nincluding the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM), Solar Stellar Irradiance\nComparison Experiment (SOLSTICE), Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM),\nand the XUV Photometer System (XPS).\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System, see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70bd98ed-5e87-4bff-9df0-948b9238bb16", - "label": "TEFLUN-A", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Texas Florida Underflights A(TEFLUN A)took place from April\n1 - May 15,1998 and focused on East Texas.\n\nTEFLUN A page:\n'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/TEFLUN/tefluna.shtml'\n\nAdditional info on TEFLUN project:\n'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/teflun/info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "714ef2b8-8c4b-45b4-a7cb-f984dd676f13", - "label": "TRANSPAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72c63d03-3253-4a48-b1e2-50426ea374a7", - "label": "TUNU-MAFIG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=318\n TUNU*-MAFIG (2003-2009; p.t. 10 nations and about 35 scientist\nand research students) brings focus to the diversity and physiological\nadaptations of the Arctic marine fish fauna. Arctic fishes are\nrelatively poorly studied and comparisons with the Antarctic fish\nfauna will be of particular interest in the light of the peculiar\nevolutionary history and geological time scales that characterize the\ntwo polar regions (cf. IPY-activities EBA, ID: 137 and ICEFISH, ID:\n93). Warming trends have been reported for Arctic waters in general\nand the fjords of NE Greenland in particular. The sea ice cover has\nbeen significantly reduced in NE Greenland during the past three\ndecades and this makes the area a timely Arctic key site to study\neffects of climate change on the marine biota. Fishes are known to be\nparticularly sensitive to changes in temperature and salinity. Arctic\nfishes are physiologically adapted to subzero temperatures and live\nwithin a narrow thermal zone (~ 2 °C). Therefore, even a slight\nincrease in temperature, and a concomitant reduction in salinity, may\nhave profound effects on the diversity and physiological performance\nof Arctic fishes. As such, the NE Greenland fish fauna is deemed to be\nan excellent bio-indicator of rapid changes in the Arctic marine\nenvironment.\n\n The scientific framework includes: 1) Examination of the\ndiversity and physiological adaptations of marine fishes at selected\nsites along the NE Greenland coast, i.e. between Danmarkshavn (77°N)\nand Scoresby Sund Fjord (70°N), and from the innermost part of the\nfjords to the continental slope. 2) Sampling of basic hydrographical\nand topographical data at the same sites, incl. the use of permanent\nCTD-loggers and multi-beam sonar. 3) Repetition of investigations at\nkey sites to obtain long-term data on possible inter-annual changes in\nfish diversity and hydrographical regimes. 4) Establishment of a\nmuseum collection of marine fishes encountered during the expeditions.\n\n The logistical backbone of TUNU-MAFIG consists of four\nexpeditions to NE Greenland headed by the University of Tromsø. Two\nexpeditions were conducted successfully in autumn 2003 (TUNU-I) and\n2005 (TUNU-II) with the ice strengthened R/V Jan Mayen as the\noperational base. The TUNU-III and -IV expeditions are planned to take\nplace in autumn 2007 and 2008. (*TUNU = East Greenland in the modern\nGreenlandic language)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73341f9f-84d4-4010-8392-ba88bd1c6714", - "label": "SICPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Program Announcement:\n\nNOAA invites interested institutions to submit letters of\nintent indicating interest in establishing a cooperative\nagreement with NOAA to participate in a multinational network of\nResearch Centers within the proposed Seasonal to Interannual\nClimate Prediction Program (SCPP). The proposal to establish an\nend-to-end, multinational SCPP is based on the evolution of\nexisting program efforts to observe, understand, predict, and\nassess the ocean and the atmosphere. The programmatic strength\nof these efforts has been derived from the support of individual\nfederal agencies working together within the context of the\nU.S. Global Change Research Program (GCRP). These interrelated\nefforts provide the foundation which has enabled the research\ncommunity to provide useful predictions of climate variability\non seasonal to interannual time scales and are each a component\nof a comprehensive Program. The U.S. proposes to initiate a\nmultinational planning process intended to lead to the\nestablishment of the multinational infrastructure needed to\ngenerate and transfer useful climate information and\nforecasts. This Announcement of Opportunity is intended to\nresult in the establishment of NOAA-designated Research Centers\nto pursue the development of ENSO forecast techniques in\nanticipation of the full multinational structure which will\nevolve for SCPP. NOAA intends to ask one or a group of such\nCenters selected through this announcement to assume specific\nresponsibilities for establishing a center to prepare and\ndisseminate regularly an experimental forecast to all interested\ncountries. Recognizing the value of El Nino-Southern Oscillation\n(ENSO) forecasting to countries throughout the world, this\ncenter is referred to as the International Research Institute\n(IRI) in the U.S. proposal to establish a\nSeasonal-to-Interannual Climate Prediction Program. This action\non the part of U.S. will represent the first step in the process\nof initializing the participation of all interested countries,\nand therefore NOAA wishes to emphasize that extensive\nmultinational consultation will be an integral part of the\nprocess leading to a U.S. site for an International Research\nInstitute for SCPP. Funding for activities supported under this\nannouncement will be provided through the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate and Global Change\nProgram administered by the NOAA Office of Global Programs.\n\nLink to the Program Announcement at\n'http://www.epa.gov/docs/fedrgstr/EPA-GENERAL/1995/March/Day-13/pr-352.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73610621-85e0-454b-919d-52b15dd2917d", - "label": "SEDAC/MAPPINGTOOLS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73c06edc-98f0-4698-853a-ba425cfa4828", - "label": "SAGE II", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nSince October 1984, the SAGE II instrument has been flying aboard the\nEarth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) collecting data that are being\nprocessed and archived at NASA LaRC to produce four Level 2 data\nproducts: aerosol extinction profiles at 1020, 525, 453, and 385\nnanometers, and ozone, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide mixing ratio\nprofiles. These products are nearly global in coverage, with data\nspanning from 80 degrees North to 80 degrees South latitudes.\nThe accuracy of these data was verified by extensive validation\nefforts and the data sets are now archived and available for general\nscientific use. These data may be of use to investigators who are\ninterested in spatial and temporal variations of ozone, aerosols,\nwater vapor, and nitrogen dioxide caused by seasonal and short-term\nmeteorological variations, atmospheric chemistry and microphysics, and\ntransient phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions. These data may also\nbe of some benefit for those who perform upper tropospheric studies of\naerosols or who perform climatology studies of cirrus clouds. SAM II,\nSAGE I, and SAGE II have provided data sets that are now available for\nuse and provide a span of aerosol data from late 1978 up through the\npresent time.\nProject Description:\nThe SAGE II instrument is a seven-channel Sun photometer using a\nCassegrainian-configured telescope, holographic grating, and seven\nsilicon photodiodes, some with interference filters, to define the\nseven spectral channel bandpasses. Solar radiation is reflected off a\npitch mirror into the telescope with an image of the Sun formed at the\nfocal plane. The instrument's instantaneous field-of-view, defined by\nan aperture in the focal plane, is a 1/2 X 2-1/2 arc-minute slit that\nproduces a vertical resolution at the tangent point on the earth's\nhorizon of about 0.5 kilometers. Radiation passing through the\naperture is transferred to the spectrometer section of the instrument\ncontaining the holographic grating and seven separate detector\nsystems. The holographic grating disperses the incoming radiation into\nthe various spectral regions centered at the 1020, 940, 600, 525, 453,\n448, and 385 nanometer wavelengths. Slits on the Rowland circle of the\ngrating define the spectral bandpass of the seven spectral\nchannels. The spectrometer system is inside the azimuth gimbal to\nallow the instrument to be pointed at the Sun without image\nrotation. The azimuth gimbal can be rotated over 370 degrees so that\nmeasurements can be made at any azimuth angle.\nThe operation of the instrument during each sunrise and sunset\nmeasurement is totally automatic. Prior to each sunrise or sunset\nencounter, the instrument is rotated in azimuth to its predicted solar\nacquisition position. When the Sun's intensity reaches a level of one\npercent of maximum in the Sun sensor, the instrument adjusts its\nazimuth position to lock onto the radiometric center of the Sun to\nwithin +/-45 arc-seconds and then begins acquisition of the Sun by\nrotating its pitch mirror in a predetermined direction depending on\nwhether it is a sunrise or a sunset. When the Sun is acquired, the\npitch mirror rotates back and forth across the Sun at a rate of about\n15 arc-minutes per second. The radiometric channel data are sampled at\na rate of 64 samples per second per channel, digitized to 12-bit\nresolution, and recorded for later transmission back to Earth.\nThe SAGE II experiment is ongoing. The Langley DAAC continues to\narchive these data.\nData Used and Produced:\nThe SAGE II science and engineering data, along with spacecraft time,\nposition, and housekeeping data, are stored aboard the spacecraft and\ndownlinked to NASA GSFC through a ground station. GSFC then forwards\nthese data to LaRC for processing and scientific analysis. GSFC also\nsends spacecraft and solar ephemeris data to LaRC. These data are the\ninput to the inversion process which is explained in the next\nsection. At the completion of the data processing, four Level 2 SAGE\nII products are produced: aerosol extinction profiles, ozone\nconcentration profiles, water vapor profiles, and nitrogen dioxide\nprofiles.\nThe SAGE2_AERO_PRF data set contains over ten years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data.\nThese data are in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage\nbegins October 1984 and continues to present. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 44 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_AERO_PRF_ASC data set contains over ten years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data.\nThese data are in ASCII format. The data coverage begins October 1984 and\ncontinues to present. Data are stored in parameter format. Each measurement\nevent consists of 44 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_AERO_PRF_NAT data set contains over ten years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data.\nThese data are in SAGE II's native binary format. The data coverage\nbegins October 1984 and continues to present. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 44 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_CLOUD data set contains over ten years of cloud occurrence\ndata at a given location. These granules consist of three months of\ndata (seasonal data). The data coverage begins December 1984 and\nextends through November 1990. Data are stored in Hierarchical Data\nFormat (HDF).\nThe SAGE2_H2O_PRF data set contains five years of water vapor profiles\ndata. Each granule consist of one month of data. These data are in\nHierarchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage begins January 1986\nand extends through May 1991.\nThe SAGE2_NO2_PRF data set contains over nine years of nitrogen\ndioxide concentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one\nmonth of data. These data are in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF). The\ndata coverage begins October 1984 and continues to the present. Data\nare stored in parameter format. Each measurement event consists of 34\nparameters.\nThe SAGE2_NO2_PRF_ASC data set contains over nine years of nitrogen\ndioxide concentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one\nmonth of data. These data are in ASCII format. The data coverage begins\nOctober 1984 and continues to the present. Data are stored in parameter\nformat. Each measurement event consists of 34 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_NO2_PRF_NAT data set contains over nine years of nitrogen\ndioxide concentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one\nmonth of data. These data are in SAGE II's native binary format. The\ndata coverage begins October 1984 and continues to the present. Data\nare stored in parameter format. Each measurement event consists of 34\nparameters.\nThe SAGE2_O3_PRF_ASC data set contains over nine years of ozone\nconcentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of\ndata. These data are in ASCII format. The data coverage begins October 1984\nand continues to the present. Data are stored in parameter format. Each\nmeasurement event consists of 33 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_O3_PRF_NAT data set contains over nine years of ozone\nconcentration profiles data. Each granule consists of one month of\ndata. These data are in SAGE II's native binary format. The data coverage\nbegins October 1984 and continues to the present. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 33 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_O3_MONTHLY data set contains six years of ozone mixing ratio\nmonthly data. Each granule consists of one month of data. These data\nare in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage begins\nJanuary 1985 and extends through December 1990. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 5 parameters.\nThe SAGE2_CD_ROM contains seven years of data and contour color maps. The\nmaps are of monthly mean aersols, ozone, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide\nmeasurements. The CD-ROM contains data from January 1985 and extends through\nDecember 1993. These data are in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF).\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n 2 South Wright Street\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-2199\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Physics Department\n Hampton University\n Hampton, VA 23668\n USA\n Phone: (757) 728-6867\n FAX: (757) 864-6910\n INTERNET > mmc@hamptonu.edu\n Michael W. Rowland\n SAIC\n Mail Stop 475\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-2691\n FAX: (757) 864-2671\n INTERNET > M.W.ROWLAND@LaRC.NASA.GOV\nReferences:\nThe following list of references is provided as a starting point for\nsomeone wishing to learn more about the SAGE II instrument, inversion\nmethod, validation studies and recent scientific studies.\nChu, W. P. and M. P. McCormick, 'Inversion of Stratospheric Aerosol\nand Gaseous Constituents from Spacecraft Solar Extinction Data in the\n0.38 - 1.0 Micron Wavelength Region,' Applied Optics 18:1404-1413,\n1979b.\nChu, W. P., M. P. McCormick, J. Lenoble, C. Brognoiz, and P.\nPruvost, 'SAGE II Inversion Algorithm,' J. Geophys. Res. 94:8339,\n1989.\nMauldin, L. E., N. H. Zaun, M. P. McCormick, J. J. Guy, and W. R.\nVaughn, 'Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II Instrument: A\nFunctional Description,' Optical Engineering 24:307, 1985.\nRussell, P. B., and M. P. McCormick, 'SAGE II Aerosol Data\nValidation and Initial Data Use: An Introduction and Overview,' J.\nGeophys. Res. 94:8335. 1989.\nRussell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler,'Validation of Aerosol\nMeasurements by the Satellite Sensors SAM II and SAGE,' Adv.\nSpace Res., 2, #5, 1983.\nRussell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, L. R. McMaster, J. M.\nRosen, D. J. Hofmann, 'Satellite and Correlative Measurements of the\nStratospheric Aerosol III: Comparison of Measurements by SAM II,\nSAGE, Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors and Lidar,' J. Atmos. Sci., 41,\n11, 1984.\nYue, G. K., M. P. McCormick, W. P. Chu, 'A Comparative Study of\nAerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE\nSatellite Experiments,' J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1984.\nYue, G. K., M. P. McCormick, W. P. Chu, 'Comparative Studies of\nAerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE II\nSatellite Experiments,' J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1984.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "74d079b5-9b36-45c9-9b09-7e3646b65a85", - "label": "SPECIES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Gridded Species Distribution data collection contains richness grids for amphibian and mammal families, and IUCN Red List Threat categories which include all species that are threatened (All Threats), Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable. The download facility allows for users to locate and download 30 arc-second (~1 kilometer) resolution rasters of the species family and threat categories. The grids are available in GeoTIFF format. \n\nThe grids are intended to be of assistance to researchers for modeling, conservation, and human dimensions research purposes. This collection replaces the Gridded Species Distribution, Version 1 collection which is no longer available for distribution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "766da6f7-e9a2-4624-9444-1c611a1a0ba2", - "label": "SPECTRE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The goal of SPECTRE was to establish a reference standard\nagainst which to compare models, and also to drastically reduce\nthe uncertainties in humidity, aerosol, etc., which radiation\nmodelers had invoked in the past to excuse disagreements with\nobservations. In order to avoid the high cost and sampling\nproblems associated with aircraft, SPECTRE was designed to be a\nsurface-based program.\n\nThe SPECTRE was a tightly coordinated team effort funded by two\numbrella proposals (one to DOE, one to NASA) assembled by the\nauthors. Highly experienced subteams carried out the three main\nfunctions: spectrometer, remote, and in situ measurements.\n\nChosen spectrometers:\n\na large wavelength range (3-18 ?m);\nhigh spectral resolution (1 cm-1 or better)\ncryogenic cooling of the detectors; and\nroutine blackbody calibration in the field\n\nContact Information:\nRobert G. Ellingson\nDepartment of Meteorology\nFlorida State University\nTallahassee, FL 32306\nPhone: (850) 644-6292\nFax: (850) 644-9642\nbobe@met.fsu.edu\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~bobe/word_html/spectre_032596_AMS_copy.html'\n\n[Summary taken from Robert G. Ellingson's 'Spectral Radiance Experiment' report]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77569ccc-1f74-4163-ae8d-9f2aaec3e822", - "label": "TESAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "776fc472-c1c3-4ff5-937d-4a91e21092c5", - "label": "THESEO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "THESEO 2000 (Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone - 2000)\nis a pan-European activity consisting of THESEO projects funded in the\nEC's Environment programmes (in both the 4th and 5th Framework\nprogrammes) and a number of projects funded through the national\nprogrammes in Europe. It encompasses measurements from aircraft,\nballoons, ozonesondes, ground-based station and satellites.\n\nTHESEO-2000 opertes in collaboration with the NASA SAGE III Ozone Loss\nand Validation Experiment (SOLVE).\n\nFor more information on THESEO 2000, see:\n'http://www.nilu.no/projects/theseo2000'\n\nFor information on SOLVE, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solve/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77e2d4a3-4626-4b5f-b836-c3de3c9a52e1", - "label": "SHADOZ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) project supports the\ncollection of tropospheric ozone data through balloon-borne ozonesonde\nmeasurements for validating and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data\nfrom satellites. The project launches ozondesoondes approximately every two\nweeks from 10 tropical and subtropical southern hemisphere sites. Currently,\ntwelve active sites are participating in SHADOZ. The sites are at Ascension\nIsland; American Samoa; Fiji; Irene, South Africa; Java, Indonesia; Malindi and\nNairobi, Kenya; Natal, Brazil; Paramaribo, Surinam; La Réunion, France; San\nCristóbal, Galapagos; and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\n\nFor more information and access to data, see:\n'http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78a4190b-ca8f-4577-950d-a6680a9b6964", - "label": "TOPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "A program using electronic tagging technologies to study migration patterns of large open-ocean animals and the oceanographic factors controlling these patterns.\n\nAlthough humans have pursued pelagic animals for hundreds - indeed thousands - of years, our understanding of their complex lives remains fragmentary. Historically, the tools available to study animals and their ocean environment have provided only a 'snapshot' view of their lives. Recent technological advances, however, are revolutionizing such studies and will soon provide near-real time, narrative 'motion picture' visualizations of these animals' lives.\n\nThe Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) research program is a collaboration among scientists from the U.S., Australia, Canada, Mexico, Japan, France and the UK, that will apply new technologies to understanding the environmental basis for movements and behaviors of large pelagic animals in the North Pacific. With new electronic tags, TOPP scientists will follow the migrations of marine fishes, turtles, birds, pinnipeds, whales and Humboldt squid as they crisscross the Pacific basin. The results will answer basic questions about the animals' biology including where they feed and breed, and what migration corridors they use. By integrating these biological data with available oceanographic information, scientists can also begin to explore how the dynamic ocean environment influences these basic life functions. By tagging a broad array of taxonomically diverse species, the scientists will gain a broader understanding of how the North Pacific ecosystem functions.\n\nIn addition to providing information about the animals themselves, the data from the tags are invaluable to oceanographers. Although modern oceanographic sciences are aided by satellite-based observations, this view from space can only provide information about the oceans' surface. There is a dearth of information about the water column. This lack of data limits scientists' ability to describe ocean dynamics, and has hampered efforts to understand the coupling between the ocean, atmosphere and climate Understanding of this coupling is a critical component of models that predict changes in the global climate Since many of the TOPP organisms make repeated dives as they travel, they are continually sampling the water column-effectively 'profiling' the ocean along their path.\n\nThe goals of the TOPP program, to obtain both biological and oceanographic information for an array of species, require the development of new tools. Additional tags are being designed that will expand the range of oceanographic parameters that can be measured. Also, the tracking the movements of thousands of individuals require new software for the assimilation, storage, analysis and visualization of 3-D organismal and oceanographic data as it varies through time. The TOPP team is working with experts in computer sciences, oceanographic modeling, and data visualization to develop these tools.\n\nThe TOPP program will provide a more complete understanding about how large open-ocean animals utilize the North Pacific ecosystem as well as about the North Pacific itself. We will know which areas are most critical for feeding, reproduction and migration and better understand the environmental mechanisms that shape these behaviors. This information will both add to our current knowledge about these magnificent creatures, and will be invaluable in establishing ecosystem-based management strategies to ensure the long-term health of populations.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.topp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7906156a-dcf2-4078-b0fc-d4134eb08e87", - "label": "SeaWiFS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "purpose of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)\nProject is to provide quantitative data on global ocean bio-optical\nproperties to the Earth science community. Subtle changes in ocean\ncolor signify various types and quantities of marine phytoplankton\n(microscopic marine plants), the knowledge of which has both\nscientific and practical applications. The SeaWiFS Project operates a\nresearch data system that processes, calibrates, validates, archives\nand distributes data received from SeaWiFS. The SeaWiFS Mission is a\npart of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise.\n\nThe SeaStar spacecraft, developed by OSC, carries the SeaWiFS\ninstrument and was launched to low Earth orbit on board an extended\nPegasus launch vehicle on August 1, 1997.\n\nThe SeaWiFS data is procured as a 'data buy' from a private\ncontractor, Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC), which subcontracted\nwith the Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center (SBRC) as the builder of\nthe SeaWiFS ocean color sensor. OSC built, launched, and operates the\nSeaStar satellite carrying the sensor.\n\nThe GSFC EOS DAAC has the responsibility for the permanent archiving\nand distribution of SeaWiFS data to all approved SeaWiFS data\nusers. The SDPS provides processed data to the GSFC DAAC. Authorized\nusers may also request LAC data archived at NASA-licensed HRPT\nstations. A consolidated, on-line, electronic catalog of all holdings\nof SeaWiFS data at Goddard or NASA-licensed HRPT stations is available\nto all authorized SeaWiFS research users. Requests for data not held\nby the GSFC DAAC will be directed to the LAC station that holds the\ndata. Fees, if any, for copies of SeaWiFS data can be no higher than\nthe nominal cost of reproduction of the requested data. The EOS DAAC\nwill support the distribution of data in its holdings through\nelectronic means and on selected magnetic or optical media. Standing\norders for routine distribution of all or selected products, as they\nbecome available, are subject to approval by NASA.\n\nFor further information on the SeaWiFS Project, contact:\n\nSeaWiFS Project, Code 970.2\nNASA Goddard Space Flight Center\nGreenbelt, Maryland 20771\nTelephone: (301) 286-9676\n\nFor more information on SeaWiFS, see:\nhttps://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "792bad05-e748-405b-b636-26fdeb56c578", - "label": "TOMS-EP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)-Earth Probe (EP) provides\nglobal measurements of total column ozone and its variation on a daily\nbasis. Together with TOMS aboard Nimbus-7 and Meteor-3,it provides a\nlong-term data set of daily ozone over about two decades. Air quality\nand public health.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launched: July 2, 1996\n Launch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 740 km\n Inclination: 98.385 degrees\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Design Life: 2 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)\n\n For more information on TOMS-EP, see\n 'http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7945db91-b81c-48a8-a91b-dd3482dba851", - "label": "SBC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from Special Bureau for the Core home page: 'http://www.astro.oma.be/SBC/home.html']\n\nThe SBC is one of the eight Special Bureaus (SB's) of the Global Geophysical Fluids Center (GGFC), established by the International Earth Rotation Service IERS on January 1, 1998 to facilitate the link between the space geodetic and the geodynamic communities (see 'http://www.astro.oma.be/SBC/intronew.html'). Within the GGFC, the SBC is responsible for collecting, archiving, and distributing data related to the core and plays a role in promoting and coordinating research on this topic. The SBC has about twenty members from the fields of geomagnetism, Earth rotation, geodynamo modelling (numerical and experimental), and gravimetry. Some background articles of the SBC can be found at 'http://www.astro.oma.be/SBC/background.html'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7956f758-9ccb-4524-bbe7-cf26a3528a74", - "label": "SEDAC/CITATIONS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7994fafc-2cde-4dfc-86ef-57ecbf91a538", - "label": "STREX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "STREX ( Storm Transfer and Response Experiment) was an international\neffort shared by the United States and Canada, the lead agencies\nbeing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and\nthe Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service. A wide array of\ngroups and individuals from both governmental and academic\nresearch organizations participated.\n\nThe principal goals of STREX were to determine the effects of\nstructure and processes of the boundary layers of the ocean and\natmosphere on the behavior of North Pacific storms and the effects of\nsuch storms on the boundary layers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a958e06-b5fb-47ed-81ed-b4206854fc20", - "label": "SESBNS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b41cce6-4000-4a9b-840b-100fef0e74a2", - "label": "STRAPOLÉTÉ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b57d7c2-0aa8-4b44-ab46-00b1dee65cb5", - "label": "SRB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nSurface radiation budget data have the potential for contributing\nsignificantly to improved understanding of the four major components\nof the climate system: the oceans, the land surface, the cryosphere,\nand the atmosphere. Radiative fluxes into the ocean surface provide\nan important boundary forcing for the ocean general circulation.\nFurthermore, since the radiative fluxes into the ocean surface are\nsignificantly modulated by boundary layer parameters (e.g., clouds,\natmospheric humidity, and temperature), SRB may be an important factor\nin air-sea interactions. With respect to the land surface, the net\nradiative balance governs the turbulent fluxes of latent and sensible\nheat from the surface into the atmosphere. Surface radiative fluxes\nare also needed for studies related to the energy and water balance of\nplant canopies. For the cryosphere, the pack ice and its interaction\nwith surface temperature and solar radiation provides the so-called\nice-albedo feedback which is a vital component governing climate\ntrends on decadal to longer time scales. Finally, the knowledge of\nSRB together with top-of-atmosphere Earth radiation budget data can\nyield, for the first time, observational estimates of tropospheric\nradiative heating and cloud radiative forcing.\nProject Description:\nThe Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) data sets are derived from a\nvariety of data sources. The primary data source is the International\nSatellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) C1 data product. Using\nthe ISCCP C1 parameters as input, SRB results are generated using two\ndifferent algorithms. The Pinker algorithm (developed jointly by\nDrs. R.T. Pinker and I. Laszlo form the University of Maryland) is a\nphysical model which uses an iterative procedure based on\ndelta-Eddington radiative transfer calculations. The Staylor\nalgorithm (developed by Mr. W.F. Staylor from the NASA Langley\nResearch Center) is a parameterized physical model in which both cloud\nand aerosol transmission characteristics have been separately tuned to\nhistorical data at various locations around the globe. Earth\nRadiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data are also used as input to the\nmodels, as well as for top-of-atmosphere (TOA) irradiance comparisons\nwith the Pinker Model output. The Swiss Federal Institute of\nTechnology, Zurich, provides ground-truth fluxes from the Global\nEnergy Budget Archive (GEBA). These data are used for validation of\nthe Pinker and Staylor calculated downward shortwave surface\nirradiances. SRB uses the same equal area grid system as that used by\nISCCP for its C1 product. The equal-area grid contains 6596 cells\ncovering the globe; where a cell is approximately 280 km x 280 km at\nthe equator.\nData Products\n-------------\nThe SRB data package consists of daily and monthly shortwave\nparameters covering a forty-six month period from March 1985 through\nDecember 1988. The principle parameters in the data sets are Pinker\nand Staylor calculated irradiances for the surface and\ntop-of-atmosphere. The total SRB data package for each month consists\nof six files. The first file is the ASCII header file, named\nREADME.MMMYY. The second and third files are ASCII showing Fortran\nlistings of the Pinker and Staylor algorithms (PINKER.FOR and\nSTAYLOR.FOR, respectively). The fourth and fifth files are binary\ndata files in HDF format. The fourth file is the monthly binary file\nand presents monthly average gridded values for 52 different items in\neach cell (srb_monavgs_yymm). The fifth file is the daily binary file\nand presents 24-hr daily average values for 10 key items in each cell\n(srb_dayavgs_yymm). The sixth file (b_srb_monavgs_yymm.hdf) is a\ngraphics file which contains 19 global images in HDF format. The\nintent is to allow the user to quickly browse the most important SRB\nparameters without the requirement to read the entire data set.\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n Email: INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: Dr. Charles H. Whitlock\n NASA Langley Research Center\n MS 936\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001 USA\n Phone: (757) 827-4882\n FAX: (757) 864-7996\n Email: INTERNET > c.h.whitlock@larc.nasa.gov\nReferences:\nThe Astronomical Almanac, Nautical Almanac Office, U. S. Naval\nObservatory, Washington, D. C., 1985, 1980.\nBriegleb, B. P., P. Minnis, V. Ramanathan and E. Harrison, 1986:\nComparison of regional clear-sky albedos inferred from satellite\nobservations and model calculations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25,\n214-226.\nDarnell. W. L., W. F. Staylor, S. K. Gupta, and F. M. Denn, 1988:\nEstimation of surface insolation using Sun-synchronous satellite\ndata. J. Clim., 1, 820-835.\nDiPasquale, R.C., and C.H. Whitlock, 1993: 'First WCRP Long-Term Satellite\nEstimates of Surface Solar Flux for the Globe and Selected Regions',\nProceedings of the ERIM/JOANNEUM RESEARCH/CIESIN 25th International Symposium\non Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change. Graz, Austria, April 4-8,\n1993. Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.\nHoyt, D. V., 1978: A model for the calculation of solar global\ninsolation. Sol. Energy, 21, 27-35.\nKneizys, F., E. Shettle, W. Gallery, J. Chetwynd, L. Abreu, J.\nSelby, R. Fenn and R. McClatchey, 1980: Atmospheric transmittance/\nradiance: Computer code LOWTRAN5. Rep. AFGL-Tr-80-67, Air Force\nGeophysics Laboratory, Hanscomb AFB, MA, 127 pp.\nLacis, A. A., and J. E. Hansen, 1978: A parameterization for the\nabsorption of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos.\nSci, 31, 118-133.\nLacis, A. A. and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the\nabsorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos.\nSci., 31, 118-133.\nPinker, R. T. and I. Laszlo, 1992: Modeling surface solar\nirradiance for satellite applications on a global scale. J. Appl.\nMeteor., February issue.\nPinker, R. and J. Ewing, 1985: Modeling surface solar radiation:\nModel formulation and validation. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24,\n389-401.\nSchiffer, R. A. ,and W. B. Rossow, 1983: The International\nSatellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): The first project of\nthe World Climate Research Programme. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 64,\n779-784.\nSmith, W. L., H. M. Woolf, C. M. Hayden, D. Q. Wark, and L. M.\nMcMillin, 1979: The Tiros-N operational vertical sounder. Bull.\nAmer. Met. Soc., 60, 1177-1187.\nStaylor, W. F., and A. C. Wilber, 1990: Global surface albedos\nestimated from ERBE data. Proceedings of AMS Conf. on Atmospheric\nRadiation, July 23-27, 1990, San Francisco, CA, pp 231-236.\nStaylor, W. F., 1985: Reflection and emission models for clouds\nderived from Nimbus 7 Earth radiation budget scanner measurements.\nJGR, 90, 8075-8079.\nStephens, G. L., S. Ackerman and E. Smith, 1984: A shortwave\nparameterization revised to improve cloud absorption. J.\nAtmos. Sci., 41, 687-690.\nSuttles, J.T., and G. Ohring, 1986: 'Surface Radiation Budget for Climatic\nApplications'. NASA Reference Publication 1169, NASA.\nWCP-55, 1983: World Climate Research report of the experts meeting\non aerosols and their climatic effects. Williamsburg, Virginia,\n28-30 March 1983, A. Deepak and H. E. Gerber, Eds., 107 pp.\nWhitlock, C.H., Charlock T.P., Staylor, W.F., Pinker, R.T., Laszlo, L.,\nDiPasquale, R.C., and N.A. Ritchey, 1993: 'WCRP Surface Radiation Budget\nShortwave Data Product Description - Version 1.1'. NASA Technical Memorandum\n107747, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.\nWiscombe, W. J., R. M. Welch and W. D. Hall, 1984: The effects of\nvery large drops on cloud absorption. Part I: Parcel models. J.\nAtmos. Sci., 41, 1336-1355.\nWCRP, 1983: Experts meeting on aerosols and their climate effects.\nA. Deepak and H. E. Gerber editors, WCP-55, 107 pp.\nWMO.TD-No. 266, Revised March 1991, 25 pp.\nYamamoto, G., 1962: Direct absorption of solar radiation by\natmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, and molecular oxygen.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., 19, 182-188.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cc85d6a-1cce-48e3-9c83-9f3b70a7c00b", - "label": "SBI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) program is aimed at\nimproving our understanding of shelf-basin exchange and should lead to\nimproved predictions of global change impacts in the Arctic. The SBI\nprogram will include field and modeling studies directed at\nelucidating the physical and biological shelf and slope processes that\ninfluence the structure and functioning of the Arctic Ocean.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Dr. Jackie Grebmeier, Director\n Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology\n 10515 Research Drive\n Suite 100, Bldg. A\n The University of Tennessee\n Knoxville, TN 37932\n ph. (865) 974-2592; fax (865) 974-7896\n email: jgrebmei@utk.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://utk-biogw.bio.utk.edu/SBI.nsf'\n\n [Summary provided by University of Tennessee]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e317dda-643f-494d-bdf1-b017c7194add", - "label": "TIMED", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) mission is studying the influences of the Sun and humans on the least explored and understood region of Earth's atmosphere – the Mesophere and Lower Thermosphere/Ionosphere (MLTI). The MLTI region is a gateway between Earth's environment and space, where the Sun's energy is first deposited into Earth's environment. TIMED is focusing on a portion of this atmospheric region located approximately 40-110 miles (60-180 Kilometers) above the surface. The TIMED spacecraft was launched on December 7, 2001, from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, aboard a Delta II launch vehicle.\n\nInformation provided by http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/timed/timed.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e67da74-770f-4304-9353-4a72df1a6f76", - "label": "Suomi-NPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NPP represents a critical first step in building the next-generation Earth-observing satellite system that will collect data on long-term climate change and short-term weather conditions. NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Defense.\n\nMore Information: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/main/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ebca1f8-d4cd-47ac-a15a-7a15b667cbc3", - "label": "TEFLUN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TExas and FLorida UNderflights (TEFLUN) Experiment is a\nmission to obtain validation measurements for the Tropical Rain\nMeasuring Mission (TRMM). TRMM is a NASA and National Space\nDevelopment Agency of Japan (NASDA) coordinated mission that\nlaunched the TRMM satellite on 28 November 1997 with a unique\ncomplement of sensors to remotely observe rainfall throughout\nthe global tropics. TEFLUN is the first in a series of\nexperiments using a combination of airborne and surface-based\nmeasurements to complement the satellite data. Among these, are\nimportant measurements aboard the NASA high-altitude aircraft,\nsimilar to those on the TRMM satellite. They are used for\ndirect intercomparisons with TRMM overflights where possible,\nbut more frequently to simulate TRMM data by flying over\nprecipitation systems within the experimental domain. These,\nalong with surface-based measurements and computer models, will\nmake unique contributions to our understanding of the tropical\nprecipitati! on cycle.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.met.tamu.edu/research/teflun/info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f8ab939-7ac5-439a-83bd-558a2a18a172", - "label": "SSEOP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA Space Shuttle program has been actively involved in the\ncollection of photographs of the Earth since 1981. Space Shuttle\nastronauts have taken over 125,000 photographs with hand-held\nand Shuttle-mounted cameras, including the Hasselblad 500 EL/M\n70mm, the Linhof Aero Technika 45 127mm and the Large Format\nCamera (LFC).\n\nThe Space Shuttle Earth Observation Project (SSEOP) office is\nresponsible for planning film acquisitions for each shuttle\nmission and for training the astronauts to use the cameras. The\nSSEOP office also maintains and populates the Shuttle data base\nwhich catalogs all shuttle photography. Roughly 85 percent of\nthe acquired Shuttle photographs are Earth looking views. The\nrest of the photographs may involve satellite deployments,\nextravehicular activities and photographs within the Shuttle.\n\nMost of the photographs are in natural color, although limited\namounts of black and white and color infrared-film have also\nbeen acquired.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://edc.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/shuttle'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "838c6d52-4b04-4bb1-9508-23bc011bc33d", - "label": "SALE-UNITED", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SALE-UNITED\nProject URL: http://salepo.tamu.edu/sale_united\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=42\n\nSubglacial Antarctic Lake Environments (SALE) will be an important target of exploration and research during the International Polar Year (IPY). Major campaigns by several nations that will culminate in a series of activities during the IPY have agreed to participate in SALE-UNITED. SALE-UNITED is closely aligned with the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Scientific Research Program Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments (SALE). SALE-UNITED is a coalition of scientists, modellers and technologists from Belgium, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States.\n\nThe interdisciplinary objectives of SALE-UNITED have been agreed during a series of international workshops and meetings of the SCAR SALE Group of Specialists (SALEGOS) over the last 6-7 years. SALE-UNITED will be an intensive period of exploration and study of subglacial lake environments advancing scientific discovery in glaciology, biogeochemistry, paleo-climate, biology, geology, tectonics, and ecology. The portfolio of SALE-UNITED projects will advance our understanding of the evolution of subglacial environments; their physical, chemical, and biological settings; the interconnectivity of subglacial hydrological networks; the coupling of ice sheets, climate and life; the tectonic settings; and the role of biogeochemical cycles in sustaining life in these harsh environments. The SALE-UNITED research and exploration program will span Antarctica in order to investigate subglacial lake environments of differing ages, evolutionary histories, and physical settings. These comparative studies will provide an holistic view of subglacial environments over millions of years and under differing climatic conditions. \n\nSALE-UNITED brings together 5 EoIs and coordinates its activities with an additional 30 or more EoIs including Gamburtsev Mountain exploration, major traverse projects and surveys, studies of climate change across the poles, and characterizations of polar ecosystems. Each of these programs will inform and contribute to the accomplishment of the scientific objectives of SALE-UNITED. SALE-UNITED's overarching objectives can only be realized by a coordinated program of exploration and research in multiple subglacial environments over many years. The wished for outcomes cannot be achieved by a single nation or program. Each component of SALE-UNITED will be an independently managed campaign with specific scientific objectives, logistical requirements, and management structures. Individual programs benefit from sharing resources, experiences, expertise, logistics and technologies. \n\nSALE-UNITED will be lead by an International Science and Technology Steering Committee (ISTSC). The ISTSC will form topical committees as needed to address major scientific and technological challenges. Standing Committees for Technology; Data and Information Management; and Education, Outreach and Communications (EOC) will be formed. SALE-UNITED will adhere to the SCAR Communications Plan, Capacity Building Strategy and Data Management Practices and Policies. Individual SALE-UNITED projects will adhere to their national standards for data management, access, and archive. A SALE Program Office and web site have been established and will serve as a focal point for information dissemination and as a data portal.\n\nSALE-UNITED will adhere to the ICSU/WMO data policies and actively participate in all ICSU/WMO EOC activities. The ISTSC will include the leaders of national SALE programs and be augmented by international experts. The development, implementation and promotion of environmentally benign procedures for subglacial lake environment exploration and research programs will be a key guiding principle of SALE-UNITED exploration and research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84465560-f4f8-429f-a05f-e650ec2be868", - "label": "TTAAPP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TTAAPP-IPY 2007-8\nProject URL: http://ipy.antarctica.gov.au/projects/taking-the-antarctic-arctic-polar-pulse\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=341\nThe IPY 2007-2008 provides a unique opportunity to create a human polar observatory and enhance our capacity to develop an innovative multinational and multidisciplinary Polar Health Surveillance System (PHSS) utilising synergies of existing national polar research programs, activities and data collection, and to coordinate the use of data from the PHSS to understand the biophysical, clinical, cultural, social and behavioural processes that shape the sustainability of circumpolar human societies (IPY Theme #6). We propose to use the PHSS to address the following questions:\n' What physiological, psychosocial and clinical changes occur in humans temporarily resident and interacting with the extreme environment of Antarctica? \n' Are these changes comparable to those experienced in temporarily resident non-indigenous Arctic populations exposed to difficult environments? \n' How can we best prevent and treat any adverse effects of these changes? \n' How can this understanding enable us to improve healthcare, health and wellbeing of humans in Polar regions, in space and other extreme environments, and in humankind in general?\n\nActivities during this period will include the utilization and enhancement of efficient smart, innovative eHealth and telemedicine technologies in the collection and support of this snapshot of human health during the IPY in polar regions.\n\nThe programme will provide an opportunity for students and scholars from a consortium of educational facilities, universities and research institutes to participate in the proposed research activities and acquire the experience and skills necessary to become the next generation of polar human biology and medicine researchers.\n\nOnce the comprehensive IPY science and operational plans are cemented in national programs, detailed flexible, modular and opportunistic human biology and medicine research planning will be possible, utilizing the various platforms including isolated polar communities, traverses and polar marine cruises. Subprojects utilizing or contributing to the PHSS based on nationally funded priorities will be coordinated by the research group and will include studies in the following domains of interest to Antarctic and Arctic researchers:\n' Epidemiology\n' Physiology\n' Social and Behavioral Sciences (including anthropology, sociology, psychology, social geography and archival domains)\n' Immunology\n' Photo/Chronobiology\n' Public health\n' Nutrition\n' Occupational health\n' eHealth\n\nMany of these subprojects have research modules currently in the field (e.g., Antarctic Multinational Psychology Research Project, Long Term Medical Survey) which will benefit greatly by increased participation and synergies of cross-analysis of datasets across nations, across disciplines and at both poles. Existing and new research modules utilizing new observational techniques will provide a unique opportunity to obtain a snapshot of polar health (leaving a legacy of data and health surveillance systems into the future\n\nExamples of subprojects under consideration include the following:\n1. Antarctic Multinational Psychology Research Project(PI Antonio Peri)\nThe AMPRP investigates the modifications of mood, subjective health complaints, coping strategies, interpersonal relationships occurring during a Antarctic winter campaign in groups of different nationalities.\n2. Nutrition and Body Composition in Arctic(NuBCA) (PI Rosalba. Mattei)\nNutrition is a vital necessity and eating in an adequate way represents the fundamental step in order to assure health status. The aim of the study is to anticipate malnutrition that could be the cause of any reduction in physiology and psychological efficiency.\n3. Long Term Medical Survey Concordia Station Antarctica\n4. Concordia Station Study -Behavior, Coping, Group phenomenon, and psychosocial adaptation to isolation and confinement in a multicultural group combination of psychological, ethological and ethnographic methods. (PI E Rosnet)\nThe program deals with the psychosocial adaptation of a multicultural group in an isolated and confined environment. It will particularly be stressed on coping strategies and on social structure, social agreement, leadership and environmental affordances This second point will be studied toward complementary scientific approaches : psychological , ethological, and anthropological. The results will be related to the sociocultural background and the psychological characteristics of the participants and to the data of LTMS \n5. Svalbard Miner's Study (PI G Leon, H Ursin) \n6. GEOMED and others (PI Cermack). An interdisciplinary, multi-centre study to investigate the effects of the geomagnetic component of space weather on the parameters related to human health\n7. Dome A East Antarctica Psychology and Physiology Studies(X. Quanfu PI) Investigation of seasonal changes in mood and hormonal profiles, including thyroid hormones, catecholamines, and cortisol.\n8. Telemedicine respiratory system assessment and monitoring (PI S. Pillon)\n9. Seasonal Activity Variations-Polar regions(SAV-PR) (PI G Steel)\nInvestigation of seasonal psychological patterns, activity levels and arousal impacting deployments of polar sojourners in both Arctic and Antarctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89d5144f-b4b4-443a-a990-bc080e0ee7de", - "label": "UK CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Climate Change is a global issue and the Met Office Hadley Centre is leading international research into what could happen under climate change, and the impacts on current and future generations.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8adaf8f9-d842-42a6-b6c6-e4f14076b635", - "label": "SGP00", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Great Plains 2000 Hydrology Experiment involves the\ndemonstration of the viability of L-band radiometry for remotely\nsensing surface moisture. Many geophysical variables, global\nmeasurements and interpretations of soil moisture might be best\naccomplished by a combination of spaceborne and ground-based\ntechniques. This is the main objective of this project.\n\nRead the plan document at 'http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/sgp97/sgp97final.pdf'\n\n [Sumary taken from Souther Great Plains 1997 Experiment Report]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b85871f-7851-4320-9eec-6aa26b9310f7", - "label": "STORM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. STORM Hourly Surface Wind Profiler Network Data is a historical digital data set archived at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). This data set is from the Wind Profiler Network (WPN), part of the National Storm Operational Research Project (STORM). This project is being carried out by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Asheville, North Carolina, and the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Forecast Systems Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. The network consists of ground stations located in the eastern 2/3 of the United States measuring surface temperature, dew point temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and total precipitation at hourly intervals. This surface data are averaged over the previous hour at each wind profiler site. The data processing level is II a and the spatial resolution is 300 km.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/NCDC/C00334.xml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c1b6882-7ed8-409c-9768-399a048a4eb4", - "label": "TOGA COARE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response\nExperiment (TOGA COARE) was a large international field experiment\nconducted in 1992-1993 as an addendum to the TOGA Implementation Plan\nto study the atmospheric and oceanic processes over the region of the\nwestern Pacific known as the 'warm pool'. This is the region of warm\nocean and atmospheric clouds and precipitation that is linked to the\nEl Nino climate variation.\n\nTOGA COARE data are located at NOAA/National Climatic Data\nCenter (NCDC) and elsewhere. For a complete list of TOGA COARE data\nsets and data centers see: 'http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/'\n\nA deep archive of the TOGA COARE data is located at the National\ncenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, CO:\n'http://dss.ucar.edu/pub/toga_coare/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c3facfd-02f6-4a7d-8127-f41953a5436d", - "label": "STRAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Beginning in May 1995, the NASA ER-2 has flown with instruments\nto investigate the movement of long-lived trace gases in the\nlower stratosphere and upper troposphere. By increasing our\nunderstanding of such motions, the Stratospheric Tracers of\nAtmospheric Transport (STRAT) experiment should increase our\nability to determine whether certain gases in aircraft exhaust\nget into the prime ozone production region in the tropics.\n\nThe STRAT flights are out of NASA Ames Research Center and\nBarbers Point Naval Air Station. STRAT deployments have been\nsuccessfully staged in May 1995, October-November 1995,\nJanuary-February 1996, July-August 1996, and September 1996. The\nfinal regular deployment of STRAT is scheduled to take place in\nDecember 1996.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. To define the rate of transport of trace gases (such as HSCT\nexhaust emissions) from the stratosphere to the troposphere,\ni.e., to determine the global burden that will result from\ncontinuous aircraft emissions into the stratosphere. This\nobjective requires detailed measurements of tracer\nconcentrations close to the tropopause, where tracer gradients\nare very steep.\n\n2. To improve understanding of dynamical coupling and rates for\ntransport of trace gases between tropical regions (where ozone\nformation is most rapid) and higher latitudes and lower\naltitudes (where most ozone resides). For example, we seek to\ndefine the quantity of exhaust entrained from mid-latitude\nsource regions into the tropical upwelling zone, where it can be\ntransported to critical altitudes (above 25 mbar) in the\ntropics.\n\n3. To improve understanding of the chemistry in the upper\ntroposphere and lower stratosphere. This will include the first\nconcerted measurements of the coupled chemistry of odd hydrogen,\nodd nitrogen, and CO in the near-tropopause\nregion. Understanding the partitioning of NOy in this region is\npoorly constrained and the lack of OH and HO2 measurements has\nhindered progress. These observations will address some of the\nkey issues related to the influence of both a potential HSCT\nfleet as well as the existing subsonic fleet on ozone.\n\n4. To provide data sets for testing two-dimensional (2-D) and\nthree-dimensional (3-D) models used in assessments of impacts\nfrom stratospheric aviation, including meteorological data for\napplication to data-assimilation models and\nglobally-representative ensembles of tracer data.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/strat/index.html' or\n'http://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/Public/Analysis/aircraft/strat/strat.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8cf00043-d9b2-43fb-a194-31c23e503f4b", - "label": "SOLVE II", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SOLVE II Mission is an international field campaign designed to\nacquire correlative data needed to validate the\nMeteor-3M/Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III\nsatellite mission. The field campaign will also acquire correlative\nmeasurements with atmospheric chemistry instruments onboard the\nADEOS-II and ENVISAT satellite missions to enhance ozone comparison\nand loss studies utilizing these data sets. Measurements will be\nmade during the Arctic winter using the NASA DC-8 aircraft, balloon\nplatforms, and ground-based instruments. These activities will take\nplace in close collaboration with the European Validation of\nInternational Satellites and Study of Ozone Loss (VINTERSOL) campaign,\nwhich will include flights of the DLR Falcon and Russian Geophysica\nM55 aircraft, other balloon platforms and ground-based instruments.\n\nSOLVE-II is co-sponsored by NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Program\n(UARP), Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP), Atmospheric\nChemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP), and Earth Observing\nSystem (EOS) of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE). VINTERSOL is\nsponsored by the European Commission.\n\nDr. Michael Kurylo and Dr. Phil DeCola are the SOLVE II Program\nScientists. Dr. Mark Schoeberl and Dr. Paul Newman are the SOLVE II\nDC-8 Project Scientists, and Mr. Michael Craig is the SOVLE II Project\nManager.\n\nSOLVE II has five basic science objectives.\nThese objectives are:\n\n1.\nMeasurement of the polar ozone loss rate in early to mid-winter.\nRelative contributions to low ozone levels from interannual variations\nin ozone transport and photochemistry will be quantified.\n\n2.\nThe understanding of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC's). The\ncomposition of PSC's and the role they play in the interactions\nbetween chlorine and nitrogen reservoir species will be examined.\n\n3.\nThe study of photochemical processes. The seasonal evolution of\nchemical processes, in particular the activation and deactivation of\nchlorine, and their impact on ozone loss will be observed.\n\n4.\nThe measurement of polar air transport and dynamics. The initial\nstate of polar stratospheric air will be defined and the exchange of\nthis air between the polar vortex and the mid-latitudes will be\nobserved. This will allow a better understanding of the effect of\ntransport on the evolution of the ozone. It will also lead to better\npredictions of the sensitivity of polar air to jet engine exhaust from\ncurrent and future aircraft.\n\n5.\nSAGE III instrument validation. Ozone, aerosol, water vapor, and NO2\nmeasurements from the DC-8 will be compared to SAGE III instrument\nmeasurements to prove the accuracy of satellite observations.\n\nFor further information, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solveII/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d4d42a9-faf2-4b20-9ae2-666d83b5dd14", - "label": "SIMBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The characterization of Antarctic sea ice thickness on a circumpolar quantitative basis will provide, for the first time, a fully quantitative baseline data set for monitoring of future change in the Antarctic sea ice cover. Using the coupling between thickness, physical property and remote sensing measurements, a full validation of altimetry (for ice thickness), and passive and active radar (for thin and thick ice characterization) will enable future monitoring to rely more on remote sensing than costly and regionally limited field surveys. Ice thickness is the principal quantitative measure of ocean-atmosphere exchanges and the data sets will therefore be the gold standard for validation of air-ice-ocean coupled models, and thereby increase confidence in their capability for future prediction. Sea ice mass balance determines salt and freshwater fluxes to the ocean, and therefore contributes directly to the formation of water masses and oceanic circulation characteristics in polar regions. Understanding the coupling between ice physics, biology and biogeochemistry will determine the direction and magnitude of gas fluxes and sediment contributions from sea ice derived fluxes. The role of ice-covered oceans in present day and past exchanges (as determined from continental ice core measurements) and relation to climate change will be better correlated and quantifie\n\nhttp://129.115.102.107/lrsg/Antarctica/SIMBA/Objectives/objectives.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d634a07-9eb6-43a6-b1b7-9285e90011e3", - "label": "USAC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Instituto Antartico Argentino Antarctic Data Base describes nearly\n55,000 km of airborne magnetics and 20,000 km Gravity from Tierra del\nFuego to the Weddell, Bellingshausen and Scotia Seas. The data was\ncollected by the USAC Program, a joint effort between the U.S.,\nArgentina and Chile. Data availability is subject to agreement by the\nthree countries.\n\nInformation provided by http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/gdp/search?action=entrySummary&entryType=productCollection&entryId=1250&entryLang=en&displayHeader=true", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e9f3029-9b71-463f-b2b8-da642d2060dd", - "label": "SEDAC/ESI E-SEMINAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Environmental Sustainability Index e-Seminar (ESI_e-Seminar) is a short online course describing the many facets of environmental sustainability. The course consists of a series of video discussions and activities based on the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) mapping tool. Led by Professor Marc Levy, the course is taught in conference-style format with the perspectives of nine faculty members associated with the Columbia University Center International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nThe purpose is to increase the understanding of the dynamics between human activity and environmental processes in several specific geographic contexts around the world, ideas and techniques utilized in efforts to bring about greater environmental sustainability, and the range of available data related to environmental sustainability worldwide and the themes evident in these data.\n\nhttp://ci.columbia.edu/ci/eseminars/1401_detail.html\n\nhttp://idn.ceos.org/portals/Metadata.do?Portal=lsi_services&KeywordPath=Projects&EntryId=CIESIN_SEDAC_ESI_E-SEMINAR&MetadataView=Brief&MetadataType=1&lbnode=mdlb2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8fbdb7eb-9857-4942-ac10-58c085de5c68", - "label": "TOMS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, launched in July 1996 onboard an Earth Probe Satellite (TOMS/EP), continues NASA's long-term daily mapping of the global distribution of the Earth's atmospheric ozone. TOMS/EP will again take high-resolution measurements of the total column amount of ozone from space that began with NASA's Nimbus-7 satellite in 1978 and continued with the TOMS aboard a Russian Meteor-3 satellite until the instrument stopped working in December 1994. This NASA-developed instrument, measures ozone indirectly by mapping ultraviolet light emitted by the Sun to that scattered from the Earth's atmosphere back to the satellite. The TOMS instrument has mapped in detail the global ozone distribution as well as the Antarctic 'ozone hole,' which forms September through November of each year.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ff7fd0b-caa4-423d-8387-c749e2795c46", - "label": "SEDAC/GISS CROP-CLIM DBQ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "In an effort to better understand the potential global impacts of climate\nchange on agriculture, in 1990 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\ncontracted the Goddard Institute for Space Studies to coordinate a major study\nof the effects of changing temperature and precipitation regimes and increased\nCO2 concentrations on crop production and its economic implications. The\ncentral aim of the study was to provide an assessment of potential climate\nchange impacts on world crop production, including quantitative estimates of\nyield changes of major food, cash and industrial crops, prices, trade and risk\nof hunger. Agricultural scientists from 18 countries estimated potential\nchanges in crop growth and production at 125 key agricultural sites using\ncompatible crop models and consistent climate change scenarios. The study\nassessed the implications of climate change for world crop yields taking into\naccount uncertainty in the level of climate change expected, physiological\neffects of CO2 on plant growth, and different adaptive responses. Projected\nyields at the agricultural sites were then aggregated to major trading regions,\nand fed into a global trade model (the Basic Linked System or BLS) in order to\nproduce regional estimates of potential price increases, food shortages, and\nrisk of hunger.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/giss_crop_study/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "913cb3ac-035d-4efd-abf0-b66bc4872204", - "label": "SNF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Superior National Forest (SNF) project was an intensive NASA experiment conducted in 1983 - 1984 in a portion of the Superior National Forest near Ely, Minnesota, U.S.A. The study area covered a 50 X 50 km area in northeastern Minnesota at the southern edge of the boreal forest. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the ability of remote sensing to provide estimates of biophysical properties of ecosystems, such as leaf area index (LAI), biomass, and net primary productivity (NPP).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "926e3b35-c392-4a00-bbe3-77bd848600c2", - "label": "SLICA - RAAS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SLiCA - RAAS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=386\n\nAt the recommendation of the Joint Committee, the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic Remote Access Analysis System is now linked to the IPY proposal, Present day processes, Past changes, and Spatiotemporal variability of biotic, abiotic and socio-environmental conditions and resource components along and across the Arctic delimitation zone. The SLICA-RAAS component will focus on spatiotemporal variability of socio-environmental conditions. SLICA-RAAS will contribute to the objectives of assessing the socio-economic impacts of potential future changes in the transitional zones, incorporating results into an expert information system, which will be utilized for estimating climate change responses, sustainable ecosystem management and landscape planning in support of policy decisions; To exchange methods on climate change monitoring, sustainable land use strategy and science/policy issues, and use them as a tool in forecasting ecosystem changes and options for mitigation.\n\nSLiCA itself is an interdisciplinary and international research project, which was founded in 1998. The two major objectives are (1) to develop a new research design for measurement of living conditions and individual well-being among the Inuit and Saami peoples in the Arctic and the indigenous peoples of Chukotka reflecting the welfare priorities of the indigenous peoples and (2) to carry out a survey of living conditions among these peoples. The project is developed in partnership with the indigenous peoples organisations. SLiCA has accomplished the first objective and finished data collection in Canada, Alaska, and Chukotka. By the end of 2006 data collection will be completed also in Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula. The data material will consist of approximately 8.000 personal interviews.\n\nIn 2005 and 2006 SLiCA is focusing on achieving two main objectives of the project concluding analyses and publishing the findings of the analyses. An additional main objective of the project is to make the international data set available to the scientific and indigenous communities of the Arctic as well as to political and administrative decision makers at the local, regional, national and international levels. The original project scope called for the development of a micro data set that could be shared with these communities. Our analyses to date have revealed a major challenge associated with this approach. The protection of the confidentiality of respondents requires collapsing of response categories for such variables as location (e.g. place), occupation, and income. While we anticipated the need for collapsing response categories, we did not anticipate the degree to which this would pose a constraint for multivariate analyses. We further realize that the challenge of providing analytically robust social science data sets and protecting the confidentiality of respondents is common in the Arctic social sciences. We therefore propose to contribute to the IPY goal of expanding our understanding of human dimensions of change in the Arctic by collaborating with an international team to apply and extend the concepts of remote access analysis to the SLiCA international database.\n\nThe objective of Remote Access Analysis is to provide researchers with access to a micro data set for analysis (i.e. the individual records of respondents to the SLiCA questionnaire) from their own computers. This capability is particularly valuable in the Arctic given the dispersed character of the scientific and indigenous communities and local political and administrative authorities. We further propose to extend this capability to work with restricted datasets where the sensitivity of data is sufficiently high to warrant restriction of access to the raw data. Researchers and indigenous organizations as well as political and administrative authorities at different levels will be able to conduct analyses while making it impossible to view the micro data set itself. To accomplish these objectives, the SLiCA international team is collaborating with the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan and the Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program (CSM) at the University of California, Berkeley.\n\nConsistent with the IPY goal of fostering a major step forward in our understanding of the human dimensions of change in the Arctic, we propose to have the SLiCA Remote Access Analysis System in place for the 2008 International Congress of Arctic Social Sciences, ICASS VI (endorsed by the ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for the International Polar Year 2007-2008 as an IPY activity), of the International Arctic Social Sciences Association, IASSA. We will provide a demonstration of the System and a training seminar in the use of the system at the conference.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "934c0037-3b64-4b32-ab79-4138f54036f1", - "label": "USGS_SOFIA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "South Florida Information Access (SOFIA) is an interdisciplinary\nservice that provides coherent information access in support of\nresearch, decision making, and resource management for the\nSouth Florida ecosystem restoration effort. Sponsored by the\nUSGS Place Based Science Program (PBS, formerly the USGS\nEcosystem Program), SOFIA offers a suite of information systems\nand tools enabling the selection, organization, documentation,\ndissemination and storage of data and other information\nproducts. SOFIA focuses on the projects and products of the\nSouth Florida Place Based Science Program, as well as related\nprojects and products from other information providers,\nincluding federal, state and local agencies; universities; and\nnon-governmental organizations. SOFIA personnel include a\ncross-bureau team of scientists, information managers, and\ninformatics specialists, working in close collaboration with\npartner and client agencies outside the USGS. Current and\nplanned SOFIA services include:\n\n-SOFIA web site offering up-to-date information, documents and\nother resources from the USGS South Florida Place Based Science\nProgram\n\n-Provide online clearinghouse for the South Florida Restoration\nscience forum\n\nSearchable databases, including the Data Exchange (biologic,\nhydrologic, meteorologic, and geographic datasets from all\nPBS-sponsored projects)\n\n-Searchable bibliography of USGS products for south Florida\n\n-Tools for describing and searching for information (South\nFlorida -Environmental Thesaurus; South Florida Ecosystem\nGazetteer)\n\n-Specialized tools for decision support (South Florida GEODE,\nother geospatial interfaces)\n\n-Searchable metadata (FGDC and NBII compatible records)\n\n\nCollaborators:\n\nBureau of Indian Affairs\n\nFlorida Department of Environmental Protection\n\nFlorida Geological Survey\n\nFlorida Institute of Oceanography\n\nNational Biological Service (now called the USGS Biological\nResources Division)\n\nNational Marine Fisheries Service\n\nNational Marine Sanctuary\n\nNational Park Service\n\nNational Resource Conservation Service\n\nOffice of the Governor\n\nSouth Florida Water Management District\n\nU.S. Army Corps of Engineers\n\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency\n\nU.S. Department of Justice (U.S. Attorney)\n\nU.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration)\n\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\n\nFlorida Bay & Adjacent Marine Systems Science Program\n\n\nProject Contact:\n\nRonnie Best\nCoordinator, Greater Everglades Science Program\nUnited States Geological Survey\n15631 SW 48 St.\nMiami, FL 33185\nEmail: ronnie_best@usgs.gov\n\nSOFIA Homepage: 'http://sofia.usgs.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "936a0f3a-9d0f-4328-8420-925320b486ea", - "label": "STELLA ANTARCTICA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: STELLA ANTARCTICA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=385\n\nDome C in Antarctica is potentially the best astronomical site in the world, with conditions close to space for some atmospheric windows. An extensive site testing program at the Concordia French-Italian station is underway. Comprehensive results of this program will be available during the year 2007. Small-scale astronomical experiments should also give their first results during the IPY. In 2007, astronomers will then be able to target precisely the best scientific and observational niches for astronomy at Dome C. A European network (coordinated action in the frame of the Large Research Infrastructure Research Programme's of EEC), named ARENA has just started in January, 2006, and is devoted to this task. Among the observational niches, some are already clearly identified : submillimeter wavelengths, high angular resolution, as well as Wide field IR and optical observations, and continuous observations over days or weeks. The IPY offers a unique opportunity to discuss with national and international agencies the frame for a large astronomical infrastructure in Antarctica and to undertake its development.\n\nThe development of astronomy at Dome C, for which several French and international teams (Italy, Australia, China, Germany, United Kingdom) have expressed their interest, has to be carried out in several steps. The next two years (2006-2007) will be devoted to the completion of the site characterization in Summer and Winter. The development of small astronomical experiments will additionally provide a good overview of the specific operational constraints that any observatory will face on this site. \n\nIn the meantime, the polar institutes and astronomical agencies involved in the Concordia station (INAF and PNRA in Italy, IPEV and INSU in France) will discuss, in collaboration with the Arena consortium, whether and how they wish to open officially Concordia to more international collaborations with the long-term goal of an international ambitious observatory on the site. The frame for international collaborations should ideally be determined before end 2006.\n\nOn the scientific side, in 2006 and 2007 several workshops and symposia at the national and international levels will be organized with the aims to survey the scientific topics that can be addressed by polar astronomy. \n\nOur goals during the IPY are then:\n-to define the strategy for a development of astronomy at Dome C, \n-to propose it to the agencies and to have it endorsed, \n-and to increase and develop the funding process. \nThis strategy should be based on the scientific questions that will benefit most from this exceptional site. It should aim at ambitious experiments: if indeed for some questions Dome C is the best site on Earth, we should build there the best possible telescope with the best instrumentation. \nThe legacy of STELLA ANTARCTICA will then be a development plan for an international astronomical observatory at Dome C. This plan will have been endorsed by a consortium of national and international agencies, and its funding secured, possibly through actions of the European FP7, and possibly bilateral agreements with countries outside the EU. \nWhat can be foreseen is a development plan in two major steps:\n- A first step at the European scale, taking advantage of the existing Concordia station and the capabilities of the present Italo-French logistics. Such a European scale astronomical project could be considered in a range of 10-20 M during the next 5 to 10 years.\n- The second step could be much more ambitious and target a world wide astronomical project in the range of 500-1000 M. That will also imply a change of scale of the complete logistics, and must be considered at an horizon of the order of 20 years. Concordia would have then become one of the major world astronomical facilities, and be in the position of playing a key role, like among others, answering one of the fundamental mankind questions: where else in the Universe can Life have developed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "939b6403-4402-4a7c-adcd-c65ddaf8bae0", - "label": "SIBEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The second study, Second International Biomass Experiment (SIBEX), took place in 1983-85, and focussed on describing seasonal dynamics in the Antarctic Peninsula region. BIOMASS field studies are now ended, and data have been contributed to the BIOMASS Data Centre at British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, UK. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.usglobec.org/reports/so/so.chapter3.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93e64c54-d25a-4632-85cd-c6e10b0f61d2", - "label": "SEDAC/URS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Remote Sensing generally refers to the science, technology and physical processes involved in the detection, analysis and interpretation of information collected without coming into physical contact with the object of interest. In the context of our research and applications, urban remote sensing focuses primarily on understanding the physical properties and processes of urban environments and on the mapping and monitoring of urban land cover and spatial extent. These two objectives are related in the sense that it is necessary to understand the physical properties of the urban mosaic in order to rigorously define, map and monitor urban areas.\n\nThe research presented at SEDAC is primarily focused on the physical properties of a wide range of urban environments using passive measurement of optical reflectance and thermal emission as well as optical emission of nighttime lights. Comparative analyses of urban reflectance (visible and infrared color) and surface temperature allow us to develop robust criteria for distinguishing urban land cover from non-anthropogenic land covers. These analyses also provide important constraints on the physical properties that control mass and energy fluxes through the urban environment. These constraints are used as inputs to physical models of climatic, hydrologic and ecologic processes.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ulandsat/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "940ad479-37be-4b9f-8534-83d8f1bbc748", - "label": "SEAKEYS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Florida Institute of Oceanography's (FIO) SEAKEYS (Sustained\nEcological Research Related to Management of the Florida\nKeys Seascape) program began in 1989 and has continued\nuntil the present. This program, now being supported through NOAA's\nSouth Florida Ecosystem Restoration, Prediction and Modeling Program\n(SFERPM), implements a framework for long-term monitoring and research\nalong the 220 mile Florida coral reef tract and in Florida Bay at a\ngeographical scale encompassing the Florida Keys National Marine\nSanctuary (FKNMS). The impetus for such a framework was the perceived\nmarked regional decline in coral reefs and the critical need to\nprovide data and options for resource management. The network consists\nof six instrument-enhanced Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)\nstations, cooperatively managed with NOAA's National Data Buoy Center,\nplus a proposed new one in northwest Florida Bay. These stations\nmeasure the usual C-MAN meteorological parameters, such as wind speed,\ngusts and barometric pressure, but are enhanced with oceanographic\ninstruments measuring salinity, sea temperature, fluorometry and turbidity.\n\nFor additional information about SEAKEYS please visit:\n'http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/sferpm/seakeys/ogdencover.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96bdd623-3874-4c3a-9a8b-62cfdeb86ae4", - "label": "SEDAC/TG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Thematic Guide provides users with a variety of information regarding the integrated assessment of global environmental change. The guide contains both general and detailed information which will enhance the ability of users to understand the often confusing discipline of integrated assessment. Not only is integrated assessment defined and explained, numerous articles and abstracts can be accessed which provide detailed discussion of the contemporary issues associated with integrated assessment modeling. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://sedac.ciesin.org/mva/iamcc.tg/TGHP.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9830be3b-80ea-4e8c-af46-526882b7f26d", - "label": "TAO/TRITON", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TAO array (renamed the TAO/TRITON array on 1 January 2000)\nconsists of approximately 70 moorings in the Tropical Pacific\nOcean, telemetering oceanographic and meteorological data to\nshore in real-time via the Argos satellite system.\n\nThe array is a major component of the El Ni?o/Southern\nOscillation (ENSO) Observing System, the Global Climate\nObserving System (GCOS) and the Global Ocean Observing System\n(GOOS).\n\nSupport is provided primarily by the United States (National\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and Japan (Japan Marine\nScience and Technology Center) with additional contributions\nfrom France (Institut de recherche pour le developpement).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/proj_over.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "983126bd-b08d-4bfe-acc2-2a70ef3b6c69", - "label": "USGS/EDC/SAST", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team, located at the U.S.\nGeological Survey's Eros Data Center, is accessible via the World Wide Web:\n'http://sun1.cr.usgs.gov/sast/sast-home.html'\nThe SAST maintains the SAST Database of Environmental data for the\nUpper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins.\nThe following information about the SAST project was abstracted from the\nSAST home page:\nThrough a directive from the White House Office of Science and Technology\nPolicy, an interdisciplinary Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team\n(SAST) was formed 'to provide scientific advice and assistance to Federal\nofficials responsible for making decisions with respect to flood recovery\nin the Upper Mississippi River and Missouri River Basins, and to develop\nand provide information to support the decision making process regarding\nboth nonstructural and structural approaches to river basin management.'\nThe team included scientific specialists from the Soil Conservation\nService, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, National\nBiological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey, Environmental Protection\nAgency, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. In-depth technical\nand scientific support is provided by the U.S. Geological Survey's Earth\nResources Observation System (EROS) Data Center and its in-house\ncontractor, Hughes STX Corporation.\nOver a period of 3 months at the EROS Data Center, the team developed a\nsubstantial Environmental Information System for the Upper Mississippi and\nMissouri River Basins. This system includes satellite data, elevation\ndata, digitized aerial photographs, data on historic river channels,\nman-made structures, hazardous/toxic waste sites, spatially referenced\ninformation on soils, and various geologic, biologic, hydrologic, and\nhydrographic themes. The component data sets were designed for widely\ndifferent purposes, and were received in a variety of formats and map\nscales. Data were edited, reformatted, and carefully documented to provide\nconsistency and accuracy for analysis based on overlay and mensuration.\nThe majority of data were provided by Federal agencies, and are in the\npublic domain. These will be available for release to the public for the\ncost of distribution. A small number of data sets have distribution\nrestrictions due to proprietary agreements or to protect resources at\nsensitive locations such as archaeologic sites or endangered species\nnesting areas. Data sets will be managed and maintained at various sites\nand will be distributed using Internet access as part of a clearinghouse\nfunction. One approach to Internet access involves Mosaic software and\nWorld-Wide Web services. Application of Mosaic hypertext provides a\nwindow-based browser environment allowing interested persons to read or\ndownload documents, graphics, and data layers.\nIn describing the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), the Federal\nGeographic Data Committee said, 'Geospatial data form the foundation of an\ninformation-based society' (Nancy Tosta, NSDI, written commun., May,\n1993). The SAST has provided a prototype for the development, planning,\ncreation, and distribution of a quality environmental information system\nfor the Federal Geographic Data Committee's National Spatial Data\nInfrastructure.\nFor more Information about the SAST program contact the EROS\nData Center at the following address:\nU.S. Geological Survey\nEROS Data Center\nMundt Federal Building\nSioux Falls, SD 57198\n(605) 594-6551", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "998936f6-3b4e-4a82-8979-cd24c697a845", - "label": "SnowEx", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99efc711-3132-4249-b3bf-e37f103dd81e", - "label": "U.S.GLOBEC-GB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. GLOBEC (GLOBal ocean ECosystems dynamics, http://www.usglobec.org/) is a\nresearch program organized by oceanographers and fisheries scientists to\naddress the question of how global climate change may affect the abundance and\nproduction of animals in the sea. The U.S. GLOBEC Program currently has major\nresearch efforts underway in the Georges Bank / Northwest Atlantic Region, and\nthe Northeast Pacific (with components in the California Current and in the\nCoastal Gulf of Alaska).\n\nU.S. GLOBAL OCEAN ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS, GEORGES BANK\n\nThe U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Program is a large multidisciplinary multi-year\noceanographic effort. The proximate goal is to understand the population\ndynamics of key species on the Bank - Cod, Haddock, and two species of\nzooplankton - in terms of their coupling to the physical environment and in\nterms of their predators and prey. The ultimate goal is to be able to predict\nchanges in the distribution and abundance of these species as a result of\nchanges in their physical and biotic environment as well as to anticipate how\ntheir populations might respond to climate change.\n\nThe effort is substantial, requiring\n-broad-scale surveys of the entire Bank, and\n-process studies which focus both on\n -the links between the target species and their physical environment, and\n -the determination of fundamental aspects of these species' life history\n(birth rates, growth rates, death rates, etc).\n\nEqually important are the modelling efforts that are ongoing which seek to\nprovide realistic predictions of the flow field and which utilize the life\nhistory information to produce an integrated view of the dynamics of the\npopulations.\n\nU.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Homepage:\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/globec-dir/more-about-globec.html\n\nData is available on-line through the U.S. GLOBEC Data System at\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/gb/\n\n[This information was adapted from the U.S. GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a32c09a-95eb-44d3-b127-6cb4778a0d4e", - "label": "SMEX03", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The NASA Aqua and Japanese ADEOS-II Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Programs are committed to developing and providing daily soil moisture products. This is the first time that this challenging task has ever been attempted.\n\nThe wide range of vegetation conditions that have to be dealt with, due to the global coverage and multi-temporal observations, exceed those that have been evaluated in previous investigations.\n\nFor these reasons, validation is critical to the AMSR soil moisture product development and acceptance.\n\nSMEX03 will provide validation data for a wide range of vegetation conditions ranging from well understood grass and wheat in Oklahoma to new observations of the Amazon rainforests. In addition it will provide a test bed for other new satellite instruments such as the Envisat ASAR and aircraft based prototype satellite instruments.\n\nSMEX03 will be conducted at U.S. sites in Oklahoma, Georgia and Alabama in June and July and Brazil in December. \n\nSummary Provided by: http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/smex03/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9bc49ad8-1954-4516-869a-f7521a812b10", - "label": "SCOTIA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Using existing marine sediment cores supplemented with existing and new outcrop rock samples, we are collecting and integrating ice-volume and marine paleothermometry proxy records with sediment provenance and water-mass provenance data, all collected from common samples of Cretaceous through Miocene marine sediments of the Antarctic Peninsula the Scotia & Weddell Seas and the Patagonia orocline. We are also integrating these multi-component data with thermochronometry of the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia orocline, which will allow us to constrain the spatio-temporal distribution of orogenic and ocean circulation proxies that record opening of Drake Passage.\n\nThis integrated approach is designed to:\n-determine the history of sedimentary connections and separations between crustal fragments in the Scotia Sea and adjacent continents\n-improve reconstruction of orogenic kinematics in the Patagonian orocline and Antarctic Peninsula that enabled Drake Passage opening and interpreted subsequent Antarctic environmental change\n-constrain the pattern and timing of intrusion of Pacific seawater through the Scotia Sea and into the Atlantic realm as required for set-up of the ACC\n-compare the temporal and spatial relationships between the data collected in (1) – (3) with local and global proxies for Cenozoic ice-volume and deep water temperature changes that appear to have driven middle-Cenozoic Antarctic and global environmental changes.\n\n[Summary provided by http://web2.geol.sc.edu/barbeau/ipy/index.asp ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d331d7f-6df8-4110-8fc4-9a4d52286b8f", - "label": "SLAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: Solar Variability Linkages to Atmospheric Processes\nProject URL: http://ipy.antarctica.gov.au/projects/solar-variability-linkages-to-atmospheric-processes\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=56\n\nSolar variability influences the atmosphere, particularly the global electric circuit and ozone. We propose an IPY cluster to quantify solar variability linkages to weather, climate and ozone.\n\nThe geoelectric circuit links weather and solar activity. It remains an open and a scientifically achievable goal to determine whether or not this linkage is passive or involves active coupling i.e., whether the global circuit merely responds to both meteorological and solar variations, or whether there is an active input to weather and climate via electrically induced changes in cloud microphysics. Present research indicates that the best place to measure the global circuit is the Antarctic plateau (high, dry, relatively meteorologically stable). The Greenland plateau provides an ideal northern hemisphere site. We propose making simultaneous vertical electric field and air-earth current measurements at a range of polar sites (plans presently envisage measurements at Vostok, South Pole and Concordia, 78S 24W, 84S 26W and 75S 70W). We encourage and seek to promote development of further sites, particularly in the northern polar regions. \n\nA model of the global circuit is being developed that incorporates spatially and temporally varying global ion production due to the solar wind modulation of galactic cosmic rays, globally varying tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol concentrations and ion production in the stratosphere from relativistic electron precipitation and solar energetic particle events. It is also planned to insert the polar-cap potential distribution driven by solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling into this model. We propose to compare the model and measurements to quantify limits on the hypothesis that the geoelectric circuit provides a viable path for a sun-weather linkage. Measurements indicate that the geoelectric circuit is sustained by both thunderstorm activity and electrified clouds. Published evidence exists that global thunderstorm activity has a multiplicative dependency on equatorial surface temperatures. Simultaneous measurements of the DC circuit and of power in the Schumann resonance bands may provide sensitive independent proxy monitors for both an equatorially-weighted, global temperature and rainfall. Our team includes a scientist making mid-latitude ELF/VLF measurements recording global lightning activity. We encourage measurements of Schumann resonance power and VLF-lightning data. We propose to determine how accurately our measurements can be used as proxy monitors, and to provide an accurate reference measurement of the geoelectric circuit in the IPY era.\n\nGround-based geoelectric instrumentation on the Antarctic Plateau has recently been used to confirm that broad-scale polar ionospheric convection potentials can be measured independent of the existence of small scale ionospheric irregularities. Our multiple polar-plateau geoelectric field measurements will contribute to understanding and monitoring polar-cap ionospheric convection. \n\nThe circumpolar vortex surrounding Antarctica is typical of the southern polar regions under winter conditions. This strong circumpolar vortex blocks lower latitude, ozone-rich air from reaching central Antarctica. In combination with the lack of solar insolation in winter, the total ozone content above the southern polar regions decreases dramatically. The depth of the so-called ozone hole and its rate of filling in spring depends on the previous state of the atmosphere and has been shown to be affected by external influences related to solar activity. The relative effects of the influences of short-term changes in cosmic ray intensity, variations of the interplanetary electric field on atmospheric parameters (temperature and pressure) in the southern winter polar regions, the dynamics of the ozone layer, the effects of solar UV radiation and the role of the global electric circuit on winter-spring Antarctic ozone concentrations will be examined. A study of pulsed cosmophysical signals in the Arctic (Barentzburg) and in Antarctica (Novolazarevskaya) is proposed. Measurments at Novolazarevskaya have revealed the regular occurrence of pulsed signals in the solar spectrum. The most pronounced pulses have been detected 4 days ahead of solar flare proton events (SPE). Results of the analysis of the spatial-temporal anisotropy of the cosmological signals will be used for derivation of an empirical model and to study the solar sources and mechanism of the pulsed irradiation. Study of the effects of the pulsed radiation on biological and technogenic systems is also planned.Most of our team are actively involved in enthusing students and educating the public. The geoelectric circuit with its link to thunderstorms, sprites, climate change and a sun-weather hypothesis provides considerable scope for such activities. Polar convection studies additionally provide a neat link of this proposed IPY activity with the geophysical focus of the IGY.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fe23057-575b-4e05-9310-222289663530", - "label": "SPATIALECON", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of this data collection is to provide spatial data on geographically based economic activity. The data may be of use in socioeconomic, environmental, climate, and other research.\n\nThe first data set in this collection is the Global Gridded Geographically Based Economic Data (G-Econ), Version 4 containing derived one degree grid cells of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data in GRID and ASCII formats for both Market Exchange Rate (MER) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) for the years 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fe3ddc1-e3d4-4cf5-b36a-f59e9f9d39f2", - "label": "SMP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Maryland Project (SMP) is part of the Federal Emergency\nManagement Agency (FEMA) national program developed to assist\ncommunities in becoming disaster-resistant. The Southern Maryland\nRegion, comprised of Calvert, Charles and St. Mary's Counties, was\ndesignated a Project Impact community in 1998 by James Lee Witt, the\ndirector of FEMA. This designation allowed the Region to receive\ngrant funding of 跌,000 to establish a Project Impact\nInitiative for the Southern Maryland region.\n\nThe Southern Maryland Project Impact Initiative is a federal and state\ninitiative designed to help communities become 'disaster\nresistant'. The Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland coordinates\nthe project for the region.\n\nThe goals include coordination of emergency management, mitigating\nagainst and preparing for disasters, and planning for long-term\npartnerships with the community.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.tccsmd.org/web/pp/pimpact.html'\n\n [Summary provided by TCCSMD's]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a075e942-cfbd-4d7e-ac7c-9f031e7cb782", - "label": "SPADE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Stratospheric Photochemistry Aerosols and Dynamics Expedition\n(SPADE) is the first in a series of field experiments designed to\nsupport the NASA High-Speed Research Program (HSRP). This program is\ndesigned to assess the impact of emissions from supersonic aircraft\noperating in the lower stratosphere. SPADE is tasked with determining\nthe key chemical processes that affect ozone levels in the\nstratosphere. A variety of chemical measurements are made from NASA's\nER-2 high-altitude aircraft based at the NASA Ames Research\nCenter. These measurements will be used to address the fundamental\nreactions between various chemicals in the stratosphere.\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Richard B. Rood\n Principal Investigator\n\n Data Assimilation Office\n Laboratory for Atmospheres\n NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://sdcd.gsfc.nasa.gov/SCIDOC/SH93/Article51.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0b603d0-9261-415e-831d-02bccdee509e", - "label": "UAF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "UAF is a NOAA-wide effort to make environmental datasets easy to find and use. It is an important contribution to realizing the vision of NOAA's Global Earth Observation - Integrated Data Environment (GEO-IDE) Initiative.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0df12bf-3892-43e7-bf79-afe8238c9b8e", - "label": "SAGESTEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SageSTEP (Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project) is a regional experiment to evaluate methods of sagebrush steppe restoration in the Great Basin.\n\nThe sagebrush steppe land type occupies 100 million acres in the Western U.S. This land type is characterized by large, dry, open areas with few trees (steppe), and consists of plant communities dominated by sagebrush with a mixture of other shrubs and grasses in the understory. Healthy sagebrush steppe communities in the Great Basin are rapidly disappearing due to invasion of non-native plants (especially cheatgrass), catastrophic wildfires, and encroachment of pinyon-juniper woodlands. Sagebrush communities have been identified as one of the most threatened land types in North America, and as much as half of this land type has already been lost in the Great Basin. Many of the sagebrush communities that remain are in poor health (the sagebrush plants are old and unproductive and other native plants are scarce in the understory).\n\nFunded by the Joint Fire Science Program, SageSTEP is a 5-year study that will explore ways to restore sagebrush communities. Land management options, including prescribed fire, mechanical thinning of shrubs and trees, and herbicide application will help land managers learn how to reduce the potential for wildfire and restore healthy and diverse native plant communities. The project is fully interdisciplinary, with ecological, economic, and social components. Results of this project will provide resource managers with improved information to make restoration management decisions with reduced risk and uncertainty. \n\n\nhttp://www.sagestep.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1e7f917-a28a-46d8-b2aa-79ad1f3932a7", - "label": "SPECMAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SPECMAP Project contains climatic time series of the past\n400,000 years, as well as basic downcore and core-top data from\nwhich these time series are derived. Downcore records include\n(1) quantitative data on planktonic species and assemblages\nwhich reflect conditions in the surface waters of the Atlantic\nOcean; (2) estimates of sea-surface temperature derived from\nthese faunal data; and (3) measurements of O-18, C-13 difference\n(planktic and benthic), and Cd/Ca. The age model used to\ntransform each downcore record into a time series by correlation\nof its O-18 record with the published O-18 chronology of Imbrie\net al. (1984) is given. Time series with uniformly spaced\nsamples may be calculated by linear interpolation. The O-18\nchronologies of Imbrie et al. (1984) and Martinson et al.\n(1987) are given for reference, as well as orbital time series\ntaken from the work of Berger (1978a,b). Also archived are\nN. G. Kipp's Atlantic core-top foraminiferal data and SST\nequations FA20 and UW7 derived from them by procedures described\nin Kipp (1976).\n\nFor more information, link to\n'ftp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/paleocean/specmap/specmap1/readme_specmap1.txt'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a29a67d6-5ae3-408f-a57e-fffc6c046348", - "label": "SAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Species at Risk Program (SAR) is sponsored by the United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. The program develops scientific information on the status of sensitive species or groups of species, particularly with respect to the relationship of species abundance and distribution to habitat conditions and environmental stresses. The basic purpose of SAR is to generate information that allows the development of conservation agreements, action plans, management alternatives, etc., to provide for the protection of\nspecies and their habitats and thereby preclude the need for listing species as threatened or endangered.\n\nThe initiative provides an opportunity for scientists to participate through survey and research activities. Projects are specifically intended to be of short duration and should seek to optimize partnerships with federal agencies, states, universities, and the private sector. Successful SAR projects are often conducted by investigators who have identified key, small but critical gaps in biological knowledge.\n\nFor more information,\n link to 'http://www.ets.uidaho.edu/coop/SmallPops/Funding/sar.htm'\n or 'http://biology.usgs.gov/cro/fws.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by University of Idaho]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a2b07b36-b9a8-4f73-a678-5dfb1e0458d3", - "label": "TEMPO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TEMPO is the first Instrument from NASA's Earth Venture Instrument Class Series. The mission will measure air pollution of North America, from Mexico City to the Canadian tar/oil sands, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, hourly and at high spatial resolution. TEMPO observations are from the geostationary vantage point, flying on a geostationary commercial communications host spacecraft with the goal to launch in 2018.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a34190c4-bdd8-49e0-b89b-be687081eecf", - "label": "SCICEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SCICEX is a 5 year program (1995-1999) in which the Navy has made\navailable a Sturgeon-class, nuclear powered, attack submarine for\nunclassified science cruises to the Arctic Ocean. Beginning with a\ntest cruise in 1993, civilian scientists together with Navy personnel\nhave collected a variety of information on the geology, physics,\nchemistry and biology of this critical region. The unmatched mobility\nof submarines in ice covered oceans has allowed data to be collected\nfrom over 100,000 miles of shiptrack in the Arctic providing samples\nfrom some regions that have never before been visited.\n(adaopted from the SCICEX Program Page)\n\nThe following submaries have been used in SCICEX:\n\n- SCICEX/93 USS Pargo\n- SCICEX/95 USS Cavalla\n- SCICEX/96 USS Pogy\n- SCICEX/97 USS Archerfish\n- SCICEX/98 USS Hawkbill\n- SCICEX/99 USS Hawkbill\n\nFor more information, data, and research results, see the SCICEX\nProgram page at:\n'http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/SCICEX/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a426d6cc-877b-4096-b30f-9632c59f11c4", - "label": "TOMS-M3", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) is a satellite instrument for measuring ozone values. Of the five TOMS instruments which were built, four entered successful orbit. Nimbus-7 and Meteor-3 provided global measurements of total column ozone on a daily basis and together provide a complete data set of daily ozone from November 1978 - December 1994. After an eighteen month period when the program had no on-orbit capability, ADEOS TOMS was launched on August 17, 1996 and provided data until the satellite which housed it lost power on June 29, 1997. Earth Probe TOMS was launched on July 2, 1996 to provide supplemental measurements, but was boosted to a higher orbit to replace the failed ADEOS. The only total failure in the series was QuikTOMS, which was launched on September 21, 2001 but did not achieve an orbit. The transmitter for the Earth Probe TOMS failed on December 2, 2006.\n\nhttp://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a47a342c-80ea-45f0-91a5-4002eac16d1d", - "label": "SIKU", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Proposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=166\n\nSea ice is a fundamental feature of the polar environment; it is also one of its most tangible indicators of change. During the last two decades, and in the past several years in particular, both polar scientists and local indigenous residents have detected dramatic shifts in the extent, timing, and other key parameters of Arctic sea ice. Whereas earlier IPY ventures contributed greatly to the progress in the scientific knowledge and understanding of polar sea ice, IPY 2007-2008 will become a milestone in the documentation of indigenous knowledge of sea ice environment. It will also set new standards for efforts and methods to bridge scientific and local observations of change in the ice-dominated northern ecosystems.\n\nTo achieve this we propose a coordinated international study of local knowledge and use of sea ice in several indigenous communities across the Arctic region. The acronym for our project's title, Sea Ice Knowledge and Use is also the most general word for sea ice in all Inuit (Eskimo) languages from Bering Strait to Greenland. For many Arctic indigenous peoples, despite rapid and pronounced changes in lifestyles and local cultures the ice-covered sea continues to be an integral component of daily life. It remains the most productive and widely used habitat for six to nine months every year. It is also the main platform for traveling; for observing weather systems, tidal and current cycles, marine mammals and other biota; as well as for training and education in navigational and subsistence skills passed from elders to younger hunters. Further, the status of local use and knowledge of sea ice is also an indicator of social change, a function of new technologies, economic and dietary trends, and of shifts in educational practices and cultural values. For many polar communities the use and knowledge of the ice-covered sea remains the key pillar of identity and resilience. It is their most prized intellectual treasure, the best of their scholarship based upon generations of experience and achievements. For scientists it offers an invaluable vision on how changes in polar ecosystems can be thoroughly documented and internalized through another form of knowledge and observations.\n\nOur effort will include seasonal (long-term) monitoring and extensive documentation of the current status of local sea ice expertise and daily use; knowledge of ice features, hunting and traveling methods; safety rules; patterns of knowledge transmission and hunters' training in several (15 to 20) northern communities. Special focus will be placed upon the documentation of indigenous interpretations of current sea ice characteristics and environmental variability, cultural and ecological responses to increase resilience and community sustainability in times of change. Data will be collected via participant observations, interviews, and recording by local experts to illustrate: i) a seasonal sea ice topology; ii) the extent and areas of use by local people; iii) sea ice hazards; iv) key harvesting areas; v) traditional and current ice routes; vi) place names associated with ice features; vii) shifts in patterns of ice use due to social and/or environmental change; viii) recent and historical changes in subsistence and other societal strategies, due to environmental and socio-economic dynamics.\nThis body of data, supplied by maps, video, photographs, diaries of local observers, dictionaries of sea ice terms and place-names in local languages, along with other forms of records, such as narratives, memoirs, and oral histories, will create the first-ever broad dataset on indigenous knowledge and use of Arctic sea ice as of 2007-2008. Based upon cumulative observations by scientists and indigenous experts, this dataset will offer insight into both the past as well as the current conditions. The 2007-2008 dataset will thus be an invaluable baseline to any prospective comparison to detect future evidence of change, both environmental and social, for years to come and up to IPY-5 in 2057-2058. Another crucial task is to track sea ice changes over the last fifty years, and possibly longer, so that the scope and direction of change can be analyzed over a broader period of time. To achieve this the SIKU project teams will incorporate several senior researchers (science elders') and/or their field data of some 35-50 years ago, including those who had conducted their research in the years of IGY in 1957-1958, and after. This is aimed at matching past observations with the data of today's scholars working in the same communities. In a similar way, indigenous elders and experts are to work closely with hunters and community researchers of younger generations. Historical photographs, researchers' field notes, archival documents, and oral histories will be used extensively, to test the scope of change in ice, knowledge, and subsistence against observations of indigenous and scholarly experts from several generations.\n\nThe study will be undertaken as a network of regional projects led by teams from seven nations and focused on selected sites (communities) or areas (see 2.3). Each team will be multi-generational and will include a senior researcher ('elder') and younger scholars or students as well as local collaborators from various age groups. The project will be organized as a multidisciplinary study, in order to test ice records against the data on terrestrial and marine environments, hunting statistics, and weather patterns. Project personnel will include geographers, anthropologists, ice scholars, marine and terrestrial biologists, hunters, village elders, and subsistence specialists from local agencies.\nThe project will be conducted in partnership with indigenous institutions and communities. Participation and data sharing agreements will be sought with local village councils and hunters' associations as well as regional umbrella organizations (like Inuit Circumpolar Conference-Greenland, Alaskan Eskimo Walrus Commission, and others). Data will be collected, processed, and copied for prospective storage at regional archives, data-centers, and educational institutions. Photographs and records will be shared with local communities and families. The project's scientific products will be presented in team reports, co-authored papers, datasets deposited to the IPY data-management centers (see 3.6), individual/team monographs, and a final project volume of several chapters, organized by major geographic regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a6dfe3d8-6ef2-409e-a734-637f76e9be67", - "label": "TPAF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "When we think of fungi in the context of food, the first image that springs to mind is probably mushrooms. The second is usually how to prevent food going mouldy and mould inhibitors have found a very useful place in the market, reducing spoilage, prolonging shelf-life and keeping down prices in the fresh produce and bakery sectors. However, delve beneath the surface and fungi can be found to have an enormous number and range of uses, though nowhere near approaching the 100,000 or so species of the fungi themselves. Their capacity to grow anywhere, from the richest of soils, to the bleakest of environments, from air conditioning systems to the Antarctic have required them to employ a remarkable range chemicals in order to survive.\n\nhttp://www.cabi.org/datapage.asp?iDocID=1223", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7bd565f-3072-485a-b146-36593ba16dc6", - "label": "SCARP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[from 'http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/scarp/scarp.htm']\n\nAntarctica is the Earth's most isolated continent. It is surrounded by\nactively spreading ridges except in the South American sector. The\nmotion of South America with respect to Antarctica is latitudinal and\nleft-lateral at approximately 22 mm per year and is distributed along\nthe boundaries of the intervening Scotia plate. A prominent but\ndiscontinuous bathymetric high known as the Scotia Ridge surrounds the\nScotia plate on three sides. This feature includes some continental\nmaterial detached from the South American and Antarctic continents,\nbut its eastern closure is a volcanically and seismically active group\nof islands, the South Sandwich arc, that is separated from the Scotia\nplate by a vigorously spreading back-arc ridge. The entire\neast-closing, locally emergent bathymetric feature joining the two\ncontinents, is known as the Scotia arc. The D-shaped Sandwich plate\nand arc appear to be moving rapidly east with respect to both South\nAmerica and Antarctica, thereby for the first time introducing a\nsubduction system into the otherwise rift-bounded South Atlantic Ocean\nbasin. This motion may constitute the best evidence for mantle return\nflow from the closing Pacific Ocean basin to the expanding Atlantic\nOcean basin. The Scotia arc is nonetheless one of the most poorly\nconstrained of the major tectonic systems on Earth, yet it is a\ncritical and enigmatic link in global plate-motion circuits.\n\n\nOur proposed ScArc GPS Project (SCARP) will use the Global Positioning\nSystem (GPS) to measure the plate motions between South America,\nAntarctica and Africa, and around the Scotia arc using a newly\ndeveloped geodetic strategy known as a multimodal occupation strategy\n(MOST). This involves setting up permanent GPS receivers at a small\nnumber of sites in South America and Antarctica, and using additional\nreceivers to position numerous stations relative to this continuously\noperating network. Two seasonally occupied stations in the South\nSandwich islands will be tied to permanent GPS sites in South America,\nAntarctica and Africa, and to intervening stations in the Falkland,\nSouth Georgia and South Orkney islands that will be occupied on an\noccasional basis by British collaborators. During the initial three\nyears the South Sandwich arc motion will be easily resolved, and using\nroving stations in the Antarctic Peninsula-South Shetland Islands\narea, we should be able to determine if extension is occurring across\nBransfield Strait. We also propose to construct a relatively dense\nsubnetwork in Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego, and a moderately dense\nsubnetwork in the Antarctic Peninsula. While we do not expect to\nachieve sub-millimeter/year velocity resolution in the initial three\nyear project with these subnetworks, this project will establish the\nbaseline necessary for a follow-on suite of measurements in perhaps\nsix to eight years. The follow-on project will allow us to\ncharacterize the slow motions and deformations that occur across and\nwithin the boundaries of the Scotia plate. The deformation at the\nSouth Sandwich Trench and seafloor spreading behind the arc will be\ninvestigated by marine geophysics while GPS measurements are be\nundertaken on the islands.\n\n\nThe objectives of SCARP are to determine:\n\n1. the relative motions of the Antarctic, South American, Scotia and\nSouth Sandwich plates;\n\n2. the rate of rollback of the South Sandwich Trench in a South\nAmerican-African framework;\n\n3. strain partitioning within the South America-Scotia plate boundary\nzone, Tierra del Fuego;\n\n4. the rate of extension across the volcanically active Bransfield\ntrough and the present rate of uplift or subsidence of the extinct\nSouth Shetland Islands volcanic arc.\n\nThese objectives in turn will allow us to:\n\n1. Evaluate what the South Sandwich trench rollback tells us about\nmantle flow and the potential for transforming a passive rifted ocean\nbasin into a subducting or disappearing ocean basin. This also\nrequires shipboard work that will allow us to investigate deformation\nof the South American plate as it is subducted at the South Sandwich\ntrench;\n\n2. Test for motion between East and West Antarctica postulated as a\nsource of error in global plate circuits\n\n3. Determine why there is transpression along the northern boundary of\nthe Scotia plate and transtension along its southern boundary; and\n\n4. Contribute to a geodetic assessment of the elastic displacement\nfield associated with extension in Bransfield Strait and the\naccumulation or loss of ice on the Antarctic continent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7fe0092-c8fa-4ce7-bbdd-218f29ad530c", - "label": "USGS_PBS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The USGS Place-Based Studies (PBS) Program provides objective\nintegrated science for managers who are seeking to restore\nnatural functions and values of resources and the\nenvironment. In order to restore these functions, managers must\nhave scientific information to resolve the complex resource\nproblems that are before them. Resource managers use scientific\ninformation for several purposes. First, it helps to define the\nextent of environmental problems, and to distinguish changes\ncaused by management actions from natural changes caused by\nclimatic shifts, environmental succession, and natural climatic\nvariability. Second, understanding how the ecosystem functions\nhelps managers formulate possible solutions to those\nproblems. Third, ecosystem models provide tools for determining\nwhich proposed actions will be the most effective in resolving\nthe problems. Fourth, scientific information is necessary to\ndevelop the criteria and strategy for monitoring the success of\nmanagement mod ifications.\n\n\nGoals:\n\nThe goals of the PBS Program are (1) to provide relevant,\nhigh-quality, impartial scientific information that permits\nresource-management agencies to improve the scientific basis\nfor their decisions and to prevent or resolve\nresource-management conflicts and (2) to facilitate integration\nof scientific information.\n\nThe PBS Program integrates USGS research in specific, critical\necosystems. At present the areas under study are the San\nFrancisco Bay/Delta, South Florida, the Chesapeake Bay, the\nPlatte River, the Greater Yellowstone area, the Mojave Desert,\nand the Salton Sea. Funding has been requested to start studies\nin the Great Lakes in FY 2000 .\n\nThe information is designed to have a direct, significant, and\nimmediate impact on management and policy decisions. Multi- and\ninter-disciplinary approaches to environmental science are used\nto address issues that involve environmental resources such as\nwater, minerals, biota, and land in specific critical\necosystems in the United States.\n\nScientist are selected for their particular expertise from the\nwide array of disciplines within the USGS, and apply their\ndiverse approaches to common problems. Studies in the present\nsuite of ecosystem areas include land characterization, surface\nhydrologic and ecological modeling, geospatial database\nmanagement, ground- and surface-water hydrology, geophysics,\necology, geochemistry, paleontology, and contaminant, sediment,\nand nutrient dynamics. Scientists improve their interpretation\nof data by working with related information from other\ndisciplines.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://access.usgs.gov/about.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8ddacc6-63a6-45bf-8cb4-79f8db914458", - "label": "SMEX05", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Microwave remote sensing provides a direct measurement of soil moisture; however, there have been many challenges in algorithm science and technology that we have faced on the path to providing global measurements. Field experiments, especially those involving both ground and aircraft measurements, provide the linkage between spatial scales necessary for both algorithm development and validation. Soil Moisture Experiments 2005 (SMEX05) was designed to address algorithm development and validation related to several current and scheduled satellite systems that can provide soil moisture. \n\nhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=210810", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9806e93-8d97-45b4-8f62-79105cad4ca2", - "label": "TAFI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Time Averaged Field Initiative (TAFI) is a collaborative multi-institutional project to improve the quality and spatial and temporal distribution of the 0-5 Ma paleomagnetic record from lava flows. The paleomagnetic laboratory at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has primary responsibility for obtaining data from five locations around the globe: Spitzbergen, Idaho, Arizona, Costa Rica and Antarctica. We have now completed field work at all locations and directional analyses at the latter four. Paleointensity experiments are inherently more time consuming than directional analyses and yield data that are more difficult to interpret. Paleointensities are affected by many well known factors including differential cooling rates between the laboratory and the ancient TRMs, alteration, violation of the single domain assumptions, and so on. The key in data interpretation is to be able to tell good data from bad and has been much discussed throughout the history of paleomagnetism. We will present our paleointensity data for the last 5 million years and address issues of reliability criteria. \n\nhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMGP41B..11T", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab78175a-ab5b-44ff-92cc-5d3d2277baf9", - "label": "THORPEX-IPY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The WMO/WWRP’s THORPEX Global Research Programme involves nations from North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. THORPEX intends to conduct research that will accelerate improvements in the prediction and understanding of high-impact weather on the 1 to 14-day time-scale for the benefit of society, the environment and the economy.\nThe aims of this cluster proposal are to improve numerical weather prediction model systems and climate models by utilizing remotely sensed and in situ observations taken during the IPY and to study and advance our knowledge of meteorological, surface and ocean phenomena typical for the region. The investigations will also improve our understanding and modelling of polar-global interactions. The scope ranges from high-resolution numerical weather prediction to climate and regional ocean modelling. The motivation comes from several applications: 1) Regional weather forecasting: In polar areas there are strong needs for accurate weather forecasts. Further model-based ocean, ice and wave forecasting need accurate forcing fields. 2) Medium range (global) weather forecasting: Improved model quality in polar areas influences forecasts at mid and high latitudes. 3) Climate studies.\nThe project has four objectives:\nThe first is on forecasting and to what degree an improved use of satellite data and an optimized observational network, including targeted observations, will improve forecasts of high impact weather events (IPY project numbers 294; 394; 638; 600; 798; 811; 113; 146; 206, 410, 92, 888, contribution related to meteorology). These studies will not be limited to forecasting conditions over the poles, but will also address polar-global interactions. These investigations will provide insight into the design of the global observing system and into the potential impact of any IPY legacy measurement sites. New satellite technologies will be used to develop products that can potentially improve weather forecasts.\nThe second objective is to better understand physical and dynamic processes in the polar regions, in general, with a specific emphasis on aerosols, the microphysical properties of clouds and the possibility of improving parameterisation schemes of clouds and radiation for use in numerical weather prediction and climate models (294; 638; 600; 798; 70; 116; 158; 206; 410; 113, 297). The spatial variations in surface characteristics, stable lapse rates and extreme seasonal variations in solar radiation make the polar environment unique and a challenge for parameterizations.\nThe third objective is a deeper understanding of the polar regions through a focus on small scale weather phenomena and the impacts of topography and surface variations (394; 638; 618; 811; 113; 134; 146; 167; 297; 888, contribution related to meteorology). Such research will also provide valuable insight on the limitations of coarse-grid models, since recent research has provided evidence for a wide variety of circulations (terrain-induced vortices, downslope winds, flow channelling, thermodynamic impacts of open water etc) that are often sub-grid-scale in climate and many forecast models. This work includes investigations of the flow distortion over Greenland and how it impacts the mesoscale thermohaline circulation. In some cases the higher resolution modelling capability will remain in place as a legacy of THORPEX-IPY activities.\nTaken together the research results from first three objectives the potential to improve future predictions of the weather and climate over the polar regions. Improvement in the initial state means an improved time series of operational and research analyses for climate change research.\nThe final objective is to utilize improved forecast systems to benefit society, economy and environment. High-impact weather events in polar regions include spring thaws, sea ice movement, and severe winter cyclones resulting in strong winds, high seas, and heavy precipitation as defined by their impact on public safety, fisheries and fishery management, activities of the indigenous arctic populations, wildlife, energy production and transportation. These problems are not local to the poles as the intrusion of polar air masses into higher latitudes also has dramatic impacts and many of the polar events are linked to wave trains that are initiated at lower latitudes. During IPY, the major operational forecast centers of the world will co-operate to form a THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) that will form the basis for research on ensemble prediction and on improving society’s ability to utilize forecast information. TIGGE will also be made available for IPY field operations.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=121", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac6892b6-3ed9-4db5-a599-e12e7c73057a", - "label": "SEDAC/NHDRDC", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aca28b0a-527e-435a-a98d-66b1b94a5b08", - "label": "TSP-NORWAY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The main objective of TSP NORWAY is to measure and model the permafrost distribution in Norway and Svalbard, including its thermal state, thickness and influence on periglacial landscape-forming processes.\n\nThe project focuses on empirical and numerical modeling of permafrost distribution and thermal heat fluxes in the ground, to study the impacts of past and future climate variability on permafrost distribution as demonstrated by permafrost landform activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acf23ab0-756f-495c-a49e-01ba431cf163", - "label": "SEDAC/GEOCORR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Geographic Correspondence (GeoCorr) is a web-based application for translating (converting) data between different geographic layers from the 1990 Census Summary Tape Files and the Master Area Block Level Equivalency (MABLE) database. Specific geographic layers are selected and custom 'correlation lists' are generated showing the relationship between different ... geographies. For example, how ZIP codes correspond to counties, or how census tracts relate to ZIP codes. It can also be used as a tool for looking at a single geographic layer, for example, generating a listing of ZIP codes with population counts. The application can also use x-y coordinates for filtering the data and determining population living within a specified radius of a given location. Output is available as both tabular and comma-separated value (.csv) files.\n\nGeoCorr provides access to all geographic units in the 1990 Census Summary Tape Files as well as several other layers in the MABLE database. These include: Standard census geographies (e.g., state, county, census tract, and place, plus 1980 county, place and tract), Congressional Districts (102nd and 103rd), 5-digit ZIP codes (circa 7/91), 1990 Public Use Microdata Areas (1% and 5% samples), Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), Hydrologic Unit Codes (watersheds), Labor Market Areas and Commuting Zones.\n\nMABLE is a database developed by SEDAC in collaboration with the Office of Social and Economic Data Analysis (OSEDA) at the University of Missouri-Columbia.\n\nGeoCorr is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nSummary provided by: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/#MGC", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad0f7611-4431-43b9-8160-b0a53482b9fa", - "label": "SASSI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short synoptic transects will be undertaken circumpolarly and will radiate outwards across the Antarctic continental shelf and slope. Transects will incorporate insofar as possible:* Closely-spaced full depth CTD/ADCP stations plus profiles of PAR irradiance, bio-optical properties and fluorescence (EoI 9, 57, 310, 573, 585, 596, 635, 911).* Collection throughout the water column at stations of water samples for tracer, chemical and biological analyses including oxygen isotopes, carbon parameters, inorganic and organic nutrients and trace gases, and for biomass on deck incubation experiments to evaluate auto and heterotrophic activities (EoI 9, 573, 585, 596, 635, 911).* Deployment of moored instruments along each transect to measure temperature, salinity, current velocities, sedimentary fluxes and sea level for at least one year (EoI 9, 57, 310, 573, 585, 596, 635).* Deployment on the shelf of autonomous water samplers to collect weekly samples for tracer analyses (EoI 9).* Deployment of ice-hardened surface ocean drifters across the coastal and slope break current systems, measuring temperature, salinity, sea level pressure and location (EoI 9, 310, 573).* Air-sea heat and freshwater flux and meteorological measurements (EoI 9, 573, 585).* Swath bathymetric surveys of the complex shelf and slope terrain, both to assess local circulation and mixing processes, and to detect geological/glaciological phenomena such as iceberg scour (EoI 9, 237, 310, 573, 596).* Sedimentological observations including coring and biostratigraphy (EoI 596, 635)* Turbulent mixing measurements (EoI 9, 310, 573).* Continuation of hydrographic sections poleward beneath ice shelves and/or sea ice using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) such as Autosub (EoI 9) and hot-water drilled access holes (EoI 310).* Use of AUVs to measure sea ice thickness distribution on the Antarctic shelf and slope (EoI 57)* Use of autonomous underwater vehicles and/or instrumented pelagic marine mammals to penetrate beneath sea ice and ice shelves to measure hydrographic and dynamical properties (EoI 9, 585), marine geological, chemical and biological characteristics (EoI 237)Additionally:* We will deploy subsurface Lagrangian floats to be tracked acoustically beneath the seasonal sea ice throughout the winter (EoI 9, 485, 573, 596). These will provide profiles of temperature and salinity, and geographical location, every 10 days. Plans are already in hand to ensonify the Weddell Sea, the offshore region of the Wilkes-Adelie Land and the western margin of the Antarctic Peninsula, to enable use of such floats. Extension of this tracking network to other regions surrounding Antarctica will be undertaken through SASSI to provide polar coverage to the global Argo programme.* Visible, passive microwave and synthetic aperture radar remote sensing (EoI 57, 585, 911) will be used to assess the seasonal/interannual variability of circumpolar coastal polynyas and of phytoplankton biomass. SAR, passive microwave and Cryosat altimetry will allow large scale monitoring of sea ice.* Numerical models will be developed to quantitatively study heat & freshwater fluxes and water mass transformations, and impacts of large iceberg calving events (EoI 57), processes of exchange between ice shelves and the open ocean (EoI 232), tides (EoI 573), biogeochemical cycling of C, N and P (EoI 635), short-term mesoscale instabilities, mixing processes and mass transports associated with gravity plumes across sloping bathymetry (EoI 596). Coupled ice-ocean models (EoI 585) will be analysed, and will assist in developing parameterisation for climate models.* Hot-water drilling through floating ice shelves (EoI 232, 310) will allow sub-ice-shelf CTD profiling and mooring deployment, together with acoustic determinations of basal melt rate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "add23bc3-38e6-41da-81f6-17b4d1740c90", - "label": "SGP94", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SGP97 was originally conceived as an airborne experiment for daily mapping of surface soil moisture. In expanding its scope to meet interdisciplinary interests, the main considerations in the experimental design have been (1) maintaining as much spatial airborne coverage as possible on a daily basis; (2) nesting when- and where-ever possible to allow observations at a hierarchy of scales; and (3) making maximum use of existing facilities in the area.\n\nThe core of this project is the large scale aircraft soil moisture mapping. Within logistic and fiscal constraints, this experiment will attempt to map surface soil moisture over an area of ~10,000 km2 (order of magnitude larger than previously observed) at a spatial resolution compatible with known data interpretation algorithms (~1 km). The resulting data base would allow the scaling up to projected satellite sized footprints (~10 km) and cover an area large enough to provide over 100 pixels of this size. These data would allow the examination of the information content of coarse resolution data as well as the analysis of the spatial/temporal scales generally utilized in hydrological and hydrometerological models. We will attempt temporal coverage on a daily basis over a period of one month.\n\nData will be collected using an L band passive microwave mapping instrument called ESTAR which will be flown on a P-3 aircraft. In addition to the L band system, a single beam thermal infrared sensor and a dual polarization C band microwave radiometer will be flown.\n\nThe temporal analysis will be enhanced by making continuous 24-hour observations using a truck based microwave radiometer system to complement the once-a-day aircraft measurements. This system consists of L, S, and C band single polarization instruments as well as thermal infrared. It would be located at the DOE ARM CART Central Facility which will provide the most comprehensive temporal observations.\n\nThe boundary layer component of SGP97 is configured to primarily evaluate the influence of soil moisture on the local surface energy budget and the influence of mesoscale variability in the surface energy budget on the development of convective boundary layer. To the extent possible, attempts will be made to quantify the water vapor budget of the boundary layer (advection, entrainment, and evapotranspiration) using remotely sensed and in situ data. \n\nInformation provided by http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/sgp97/explan/section1.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae2ee6b6-8032-423f-881e-45fd793a5605", - "label": "UAPSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Program Title: Utility Acid Precipitation Study Program\nTo obtain a better understanding of the relationship between power\nplant emissions and environmental quality, some 30 electric utilities\nformed the Utility Acid Precipitation Study Program (UAPSP) in 1980.\nThis group sponsored a network of precipitation chemistry monitoring\nstations designed to provide long-term, high quality data on the\nchemical composition of rainfall, primarily in the eastern U.S.\nAt several sites, stations have been operated continuously since 1979.\nThe Electric Power Research Institute's Sulfate Regional Experiment\n(SURE) network operated between 1979 and the end of 1980, and the\nUtility Acid Precipitation Study Program (UAPSP) network continued on\nfrom the beginning of 1981 until the end of 1987. At the beginning of\n1988 the EPRI Operational Evaluation Network (OEN) began operations\nwhich continued into 1990.\nThere were also several networks in other parts of the U.S. collecting\ndaily precipitation chemistry data at about the same time as UAPSP,\nthe major ones being MAP3S (Multistate Atmospheric Power Production\nPollution Study), WISC (Wisconsin Acid Deposition Monitoring Network)\nand FADS (Florida Acid Deposition Study). UAPSP converted data from\nthese networks into the standard UAPSP format, and included them in\nthe database.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/uapsp/uapsp.htm' for information on\nthe UAPSP program.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae49b96b-33f0-465b-99e4-6389d25a3e1f", - "label": "U.S.GLOBEC-NEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. GLOBEC (GLOBal ocean ECosystems dynamics, http://www.usglobec.org/) is a\nresearch program organized by oceanographers and fisheries scientists to\naddress the question of how global climate change may affect the abundance and\nproduction of animals in the sea. The U.S. GLOBEC Program currently has major\nresearch efforts underway in the Georges Bank / Northwest Atlantic Region, and\nthe Northeast Pacific (with components in the California Current and in the\nCoastal Gulf of Alaska).\n\nU.S. GLOBAL OCEAN ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS, NORTHEAST PACIFIC\n\nGOAL:\n-To understand the effects of climate variability and climate change on the\ndistribution, abundance and production of marine animals (including\ncommercially important living marine resources) in the eastern North Pacific.\n-To embody this understanding in diagnostic and prognostic ecosystem models,\ncapable of capturing the ecosystem response to major climatic fluctuations.\n\nAPPROACH: To study the effects of past and present climate variability on the\npopulation ecology and population dynamics of marine biota and living marine\nresources, and to use this information as a proxy for how the ecosystems of the\neastern North Pacific may respond to future global climate change. The strong\ntemporal variability in the physical and biological signals of the NEP will be\nused to examine the biophysical mechanisms through which zooplankton and salmon\npopulations respond to physical forcing and biological interactions in the\ncoastal regions of the two gyres. Annual and interannual variability will be\nstudied directly through long-term observations and detailed process studies;\nvariability at longer time scales will be examined through retrospective\nanalysis of directly measured and proxy data. Coupled biophysical models of the\necosystems of these regions will be developed and tested using the process\nstudies and data collected from the long-term observation programs, then\nfurther tested and improved by hindcasting selected retrospective data series.\n\nU.S. GLOBEC Northeast Pacific (NEP) Homepage:\nhttp://globec.oce.orst.edu/groups/nep/\n\nData is available on-line through the U.S. GLOBEC Data System at\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/nep/\n\n[This information was adapted from the U.S. GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af69167f-aca2-43d6-ae52-9bbd7d426897", - "label": "TARANTELLA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TARANTELLA\nProject URL: http://www.tarantella.aq/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=59\n\nTARANTELLA stands for Terrestrial ecosystems in ARctic and ANTarctic: Effects of UV Light, Liquefying ice, and Ascending temperatures. It is a project in the framework of the International Polar Year (http://www.ipy.org, IPY project no. 59)\n\nPredicted changes in climate and ozone concentrations in Polar regions, make it critically important to understand how changes in key environmental factors influence Polar terrestrial ecosystems via the modification of their individual but interconnected components.\n\nTARANTELLA aims to coordinate these studies by focusing on the experimental approach, in both the Arctic, in collaboration with ITEX, and in the Antarctic.\n\nA common methodology is used, the so-called Open-top chambers (OTC) or small greenhouses for temperature manipulations; for UV-B field research UV-B supplementation (lamps) and/or UV-B exclusion (foils), are used to experimentally establish varied UV-B levels. \n\nThe objectives of TARANTELLA are :\n\n * To compare the effects of experimentally induced climate change and enhanced UV-B radiation\n * To study and analyse effects of temperature (including moisture and nutrient availability) and UV-B radiation manipulations deployed over different periods of time and in different localities\n * To compare the patterns and processes of manipulated with non-manipulated natural controls.\n * To study these changes along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients.\n * To study plant morphological and chemical effects in response to UV-B radiation\n * To test how the balance between facilitation versus competition among autotrophic species varies with temperature and UV-B radiation and other climatic variables\n * To investigate the effects of environmental perturbation on carbon- and nutrient dynamics within and between the different compartments of the ecosystem", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af6c4ef7-c65e-4adb-a075-0ea9144dea95", - "label": "SHEBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of SHEBA is to study the heat budget of the Arctic Ocean\n and its impact on global change. The primary goals of SHEBA are: (1)\n to develop, test and implement models of arctic ocean- atmosphere-ice\n processes that demonstrably improve simulations of the present day\n arctic climate, including its variability, using General Circulation\n Models (GCMs), and (2) to improve the interpretation of satellite\n remote sensing data in the Arctic for analysis of the arctic climate\n system and provide reliable data for model input, model validation\n and climate monitoring. This work involves development of new\n technology for solar infrared flux measurements at the Arctic Ocean\n surface. Efforts will also be made to develop an all season algorithm\n to retrieve total and multi-year sea ice concentrations from SSM/I\n 85.5 Ghz imagery from satellites and conduct a validation of polar\n cloud detection principles, using AVHRR data matched with surface\n all-sky photography and sea ice coverage lo! gs. This proposal\n focuses on SHEBA PHASE I technological development and analysis of\n existing data sets.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu/projects/lubin.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1792395-5f2f-46b9-b294-1dacd6ebe0a0", - "label": "SCOPEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The South Channel Ocean Productivity Experiment was a multidisciplinary study\nof a whale-zooplankton predator-prey system in the southwestern Gulf of Maine\nthat focused on the oceanographic factors responsible for the development of\ndense patches of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus, the major prey resource for\nright whales. \n\nSee Robert D. Kenney and Karen F. Wishner. The South Channel Ocean\nProductivity EXperiment. CSR, 15:-383, 1995.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1864cae-157a-496e-b5d0-3623c6ad8ef9", - "label": "TEXAS/AQS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Texas Air Quality Study (TEXAS/AQS) involved performing the\nlargest air quality study ever done in the State of Texas. The\nstudy is designed to improve understanding of the factors that\ncontrol the formation and transport of air pollutants along the\nGulf Coast of southeastern Texas.\n\nThe plan involved six weeks of intensive sampling, beginning\nAugust 14. Measurements of gaseous, particulate, and hazardous\nair pollutants will be made at approximately 20 ground\nstations, located throughout the eastern half of the\nstate. Additional sampling will be carried out with specially\nequipped aircraft that can detect air pollutants very quickly,\nat very low concentrations.\n\nParticipating Organizations include The University of Texas at\nAustin, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC),\nUS Department of Energy (DOE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), University of Colorado Boulder, National\nCenter for Atmospheric Research, National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration, and Texas Air Research Center.\n\nLead Investigators\n\nDr. Peter Daum (Brookhaven National Laboratory)\nDr. James Meagher\nDr. Fred Fehsenfeld (National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration)\nDr. James Price (Texas Natural Resource\nConservation Commission)\nDr. David Allen (The University of\nTexas at Austin)\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.utexas.edu/research/ceer/texaqs/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Texas University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2c616e7-91f6-4f01-bd67-f656a848ee58", - "label": "SEDAC/PERN", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b429b0d4-a998-43f0-a058-a74b83544882", - "label": "TWERLE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Tropical Wind, Energy Conservation and Reference Level\nExperiment (TWERLE) involves retrieving wind data from 400\nballoon-borne weather stations and NASA's Nimbus F satellite.\n\nNIMBUS 6 was launched on June 12, 1975 and the program objective\nwas to Continuation of research, development and testing of new\nmeteorological sensors, systems and systems configurations to\nmeasure atmospheric temperature, water vapor and ozone. Those\nsensors which could be used in operational weather analysis and\nprediction were to be added to the NOAA operational weather\nsatellite program.\n\n\nThis project involves the efforts of the University of\nWisconsin, Madison, GISS, and NCAR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5368d66-7566-4037-be82-00620dbe3d49", - "label": "SNGCRP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sierra Nevada Global Change Research Program began in\n1991. Originally funded by the National Park Service, and now funded\nby the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey,\nthe program has involved more than 20 scientists from ten research\ninstitutions. The program set out to explore the fundamental character\nand significance of forest changes driven by the two most powerful\nagents of change in the Sierra Nevada: climate and fire. Studies are\norganized around three time periods: past, present and future. This\norganizational approach--modern mechanistic studies and extensive\npaleoecological studies informing one another under the integrative\nframework of state-of-the-art computer models--is a uniquely powerful\nway of exploring the character and significance of forest change.\n\n Contact:\n\n Dr. Thomas W. Swetnam\n\n Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research\n The University of Arizona\n Tucson, AZ 85721\n Phone: 520-621-2112\n Fax: 520-621-8229\n tswetnam@ltrr.arizona.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.werc.usgs.gov/sngc/'\n\n [Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b57aee86-44cd-4d37-b907-4c1b85b5578c", - "label": "SSF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "For decades, both private and public enterprises in America disposed of hazardous waste improperly, contaminating the nation’s soils, water, and air, creating tens of thousands of hazardous sites, and threatening human health and the environment. In response to community outcries for action, Congress passed on December 11, 1980 the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund. CERCLA and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 place a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries, generating a trust fund of billions of dollars to clean up abandoned and dangerous sites. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI), part of the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), manages the Superfund program that addresses both the short and long-term threats from potential releases of hazardous substances. EPA partners with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Research Program (SRP) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) to better understand and address the public environmental health issues related to Superfund sites. All of these agencies encourage communities living near sites impacted by hazardous substance to fully participate in decisions made about site management, and recognize the importance of making the science and related information about these sites accessible to these communities.\n\nThe Superfund Site Footprints collection of data sets is being made available to assist a wide range of researchers, government regulators, and community stakeholders who are concerned with the assessment and remediation of Superfund sites in the United States and its territories. The data provided here can be used to more precisely visualize the location of the sites in proximity to potentially vulnerable populations and ecosystems. Most of the site locations are displayed as polygon shapefiles and the remaining as points. A number of site attributes are linked to these locations. In addition, it is possible to use these data sets with other data layers in a GIS that integrates the Superfund site attributes with nearby demographic characteristics, environmental features, and critical infrastructures.\n\nSo far, these data sets, Version 1 and Version 2 respectively, have been used to undertake an Assessment of Populations in Proximity to Superfund National Priorities List Sites for the year 2000 and to create the NPL Superfund Footprint: Site, Environmental, and Population Characteristics, an online interactive mapping tool. The Assessment was generated in response to a request by the NIEHS to estimate how many people live within four miles of a Superfund site. It uses methodologies and data sets that more accurately than previous analyses determine population totals and demographic breakdowns in proximity to NPL sites. The Mapper is an innovative tool which can enhance the visualization and understanding of the characteristics of vulnerable populations, built and natural features, and environmental exposures near the National Priorities List Superfund sites. Both products were created by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) as part of the Columbia University Superfund Research Program’s Research Translation Core. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) funded the work on the Mapper as a supplemental grant to the Columbia University Superfund Research Program on the Health Effects and Geochemistry of Arsenic and Manganese (NIEHS 3 P42 ES010349-10). The dissemination of the data sets included in this collection is funded by SEDAC.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/superfund", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7117e21-fb74-47e4-bd57-4c28a5b92e11", - "label": "UARS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NASA officially announced its intent to develop the Upper Atmosphere\nResearch Satellite (UARS) in 1979. Nine instruments and a group of\ntheoretical investigators were chosen by an open proposal selection\nprocess. An additional instrument, ACRIM, was given a flight of\nopportunity on the UARS spacecraft. Due to funding delays and the\nChallenger accident, UARS was not launched until 1991. UARS is\nconsidered the first of the Mission to Planet Earth (now Earth Science\nEnterprise) series of NASA spacecraft.\n\nUARS was launched on September 15, 1991 by the Space Shuttle\nDiscovery. It is 35 feet long, 15 feet in diameter, weighs 13,000\npounds, and carries 10 instruments. UARS orbits at an altitude of 375\nmiles with an orbital inclination of 57 degrees. Designed to operate\nfor three years, eight of its ten instruments are still\nfunctioning. UARS measures ozone and chemical compounds found in the\nozone layer which affect ozone chemistry and processes. UARS also\nmeasures winds and temperatures in the stratosphere as well as the\nenergy input from the Sun. Together, these help define the role of the\nupper atmosphere in climate and climate variability.\n\nThe UARS Project Mission Objectives are to study the\na) energy input and loss in the upper atmosphere\nb) global photochemistry of the upper atmosphere\nc) dynamics of the upper atmosphere\nd) coupling among these processes\ne) coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere\n\nFour UARS instruments were devoted to measurements of constituents\nthat spectroscopically determine the concentrations of many different\nchemical species and derived the variation of atmospheric temperature\nwith altitude by observing infrared emissions from carbon dioxide\n(CO2). The instruments are:\n1) Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES)\n2) Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS)\n3) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)\n4) Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE)\n\nTwo instruments, utilizing high-resolution interferometry, will studied\nupper-atmosphere winds by sensing the Doppler shift in light absorbed\nby or emitted from atmospheric molecules. The wind instruments are:\n1) High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI)\n2) Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII)\n\nAn additional four investigations obtained estimates of the energy\nincident on the atmosphere by measuring solar ultraviolet radiation\nand the flux of charged particles from the Earth's magnetosphere.\nThese are:\n1) Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE)\n2) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM)\n3) Particle Environment Monitor (PEM)\n4) Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM II)\n\n\nReferences:\n1. Reber, Carl A., The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, EOS Trans.\nAGU, 71, 1867, 1990.\n2. Reber, C. A., C. E. Trevathan, R. J. McNeal, and M. R. Luther, The\nUpper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Mission, J. Geophys. Res.\n98, D6, 10643-10647, 1993.\n3. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 20, 1993.\n4. Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, A Program to Study Global Ozone\nChange, NASA publication, 1989.\n5. Mission Operations Report, Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite\n(UARS), NASA Report S-678-48-91-01.\n\nFor more information, see the UARS Home Page:\n'http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), see:\n'http://www.earth.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b76911d8-f66a-4ae6-be71-971f27147ed5", - "label": "SO-CPR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey (SO-CPR) is an international program supported by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Action Group on CPR Research through the Standing Scientific Group on Life Sciences of SCAR. Current member nations are Australia, Japan, Germany and New Zealand. Other nations are encouraged to participate. The Survey is a major contributor to the Census of Antarctic Marine Life and SCAR's Marine Biodiversity Information Network SCAR-MarBIN. \n\nThe overall purposes of the Survey are to map the spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity of the plankton through the region, and then to use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of Southern Ocean. The Survey will also serve as a reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for comparison with other monitoring programs.\n\nUnderstanding patterns of variation in biological systems, both natural and those caused climate change, is an integral pattern of research in Antarctica. Plankton are the foundation of the Antarctic marine ecosystem and are thus the logical place to start such research. The CPR has proved to be the most cost-effective means of rapidly and repeatedly surveying plankton in large ocean systems with minimal or no cost in ship time. The CPR provides contiguous maps of zooplankton over large areas ideal for biogeographic mapping, especially in relation to frontal zones, and providing spatial-temporal variation in zooplankton community structure.\n \nThe SO-CPR Survey is an independent established program, but is part of a larger consortium CPR surveys in the North Sea, North Atlantic and North Pacific, operating through the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), that is providing an important survey tool on the health of ocean systems as well as supporting specific research such as the Census of Marine Life (CoML) and Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML). \n\nhttp://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b76fad89-06bb-454e-a779-ae57f6d6cbd0", - "label": "TRENZ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TRENZ aims to:\n1) Describe trophic relationships in near shore marine benthic ecosystems of East Antarctica and determine the importance of environmental forces (such as sea ice and primary production) to the structure of food webs and biological interactions in benthic assemblages.\n\n2) Examine how marine benthic food webs in East Antarctica respond to local scale disturbances (such as sewage outfalls and abandoned waste disposal sites) and develop predictive models of the influence of local human activities on trophic relationships.\n\n3) Develop predictive models for the potential effects of global climate change on the trophic structure and function of near shore marine benthic assemblages and determine the sensitivity of Antarctic near shore marine ecosystems as sentinels of climate change.\n\n4) Measure toxicity of organic contaminants to Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates, determine concentrations in upper trophic level fauna and to model the risk of bioaccumulation of organic contaminants (from local and global sources) in near shore marine food webs in East Antarctica.\n\n5) Examine trophic links between nearshore and offshore (shelf) benthic ecosystems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7b0a13b-d1e9-4b81-b81b-7ba0579ec815", - "label": "USDA/UVB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program is a program of\nthe US Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research,\nEducation and Extension Service (CSREES). The program was\ninitiated in 1992, through a grant to Colorado State University,\nto provide information on the geographical distribution and\ntemporal trends of UVB (ultraviolet -B) radiation in the United\nStates. This information is critical to the assessment of the\npotential impacts of increasing ultraviolet radiation levels on\nagricultural crops and forests.\n\nThis program provides:\n\n1. information to the agricultural community and others about\nthe climatological and geographical distribution of UVB\nirradiance;\n\n2. basic information necessary to support evaluations of the\npotential damage effects of UVB to agricultural crops and\nforests;\n\n3. ground truth for satellite measurements and basic information\nfor radiation transfer model calculations;\n\n4. long-term records of UVB irradiance necessary to assess trends;\n\nContact Information:\n\nDr. James R. Slusser, Program Director\nPhone: (970) 491-3623\nE-mail: sluss@uvb.nrel.colostate.edu\n\nMailing Address:\n\nUSDA UVB Radiation Monitoring Program\nNatural Resource Ecology Laboratory\nColorado State University\nFort Collins, CO 80523\n\nWebsite: 'http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/home_page.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Colorado State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b7bb06e9-7022-4776-88f6-8fc4af957e1f", - "label": "USAP NBP01-01", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b885d84b-f3fb-48ec-979a-2d1892e6783d", - "label": "Soil", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC archives data on the biogeochemistry, physical, and chemical properties of soils. The data range from local-scale studies to gridded global products. The ORNL DAAC Soil Collections archive contains data on the physical and chemical properties of soils, including:\n\n- soil carbon and nitrogen\n- soil water-holding capacity\n- soil respiration\n- soil texture\n\nMost data sets are globally gridded, while a few are of a regional nature. \n\nhttp://daac.ornl.gov/SOILS/soils_collections.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b99a59f8-1caa-4d43-b123-94270528cc26", - "label": "SOGASEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Souther Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment is also known as GasEx III. The experiment took place in the Southern Ocean in austral fall of 2008 (February 29-April 12, 2008) on the NOAA SHIP RONALD H. BROWN. The research objectives for Southern Ocean GasEx are to answer the following questions:\n\n * What are the gas transfer velocities at high winds?\n * What is the effect of fetch on the gas transfer?\n * How do other non-direct wind effects influence gas transfer?\n * How do changing pCO2 and DMS levels affect the air-sea CO2 and DMS flux, respectively in the same locale?\n * Are there better predictors of gas exchange in the Southern Ocean other than wind?\n * What is the near surface horizontal and vertical variability in turbulence, pCO2, and other relevant biochemical and physical parameters?\n * How do biological processes influence pCO2 and gas exchange?\n * Do the different disparate estimates of fluxes agree, and if not why?\n * With the results from Southern Ocean GasEx, can we reconcile the current discrepancy between model based CO2 flux estimates and observation based estimates?\n\nFor more information, please visit:\nhttp://www.so-gasex.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba299a14-0b5b-4fbc-a1ce-87936f072210", - "label": "SEDAC/GW", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SEDAC Gateway is a web-based search interface for simultaneous searching of local and distributed metadata catalogs. Through the Z39.50 information \nretrieval protocol, the gateway provides search access to locally held \ncatalogs, such as the SEDAC catalog (which contains records for SEDAC's social \nscience data and interdisciplinary human dimensions datasets), and ... over 40 \nfederal-, regional- and state-level distributed catalogs, as well as a number \nof international catalogs. Together, these catalogs contain thousands of \nmetadata records from both the social and earth sciences. The metadata records \ndescribe data and information resources in a wide variety of formats, including statistical datasets, databases, images, maps, documents, interactive applications and other catalogs and collections of resources, while providing access and ordering information and direct links to the data itself, where applicable. The Gateway search supports free text, temporal and spatial searching. \n\nThe SEDAC Gateway is produced by the Columbia University Center for \nInternational Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nThe purpose is to provide search and retrieval of metadata records from local \nand distributed metadata catalogs. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/CIESIN_SEDAC_Gateway.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba7cc1c1-c5ef-43ff-9a2e-84629f0a94fa", - "label": "TOPAZ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Following the encouraging results of the DIADEM MAST-III project, TOPAZ aims\nat providing real-time forecasts for both the physics and ecology of the North\nAtlantic ocean. \n\nAs its predecessor, TOPAZ develops advanced data assimilation systems for a\ncoupled primitive equation ocean circulation and marine ecosystem model for the\nNorth Atlantic and the Nordic Seas with enhanced resolution in the European\ncoastal zones, assimilating satellite data available for real time operational\nuse.\n\nTOPAZ keeps improving the results obtained in DIADEM, partly thanks to the\nincreased computer resources recently available. Our strategy is to take\nadvantage of the newly available CPU and memory space for upgrading both the\ncirculation and the ecological models and for increasing their resolution.\nBesides, the efficiency of the various data assimilation schemes is improved. \n\nFeatures of the new model system are the following :\n-------------------------------------------\n* The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) is replaced by the Hybrid\nCoordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). It adds a fixed vertical coordinate to the\noriginal isopycnic coordinate and allows for a better description of the\nvertical movements of water masses.\n* The original ecological model by Fasham, Ducklow and Mc Kelvie (FDM model) is\nimproved so that the phytoplankton can adapt to changes in the physical and\nbiogeochemical environment. In particular, the new model allows variable carbon\nto nitrogen (C:N) and carbon to chlorphyll ratios (C:N-REcoM= C:N Regulated\nEcosystem Model).\n* An ice model is coupled to the physical model HYCOM, and measurements of ice\nconcentration and ice thickness are assimilated.\n* The model grid resolution is increased (18 to 35 km), and a common\ndiscretization for both the physics and biology is now possible, which\nsimplifies their coupling.\n\nThe data assimilation schemes used in the TOPAZ project are:\n---------------------------------------------------\n * The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, used in the real-time experiment).\n * The Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman Filter (SEEK).\n * The Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) scheme.\n\nThe observations used are satellite observed Sea Level Anomaly (SLA), Sea\nSurface Temperature (SST), Sea-ice concentrations from SSMI and - soon -\nCoriolis in-situ data.\n\nThe major outcomes in terms of products are short term forecasts issued weekly,\nopen for public access and end users.\n\nTOPAZ data in the North Atlantic Ocean are freely available from the MERSEA LAS\nserver: 'http://www.mersea.eu.org'\n\nTOPAZ Website: 'http://topaz.nersc.no/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba984ec5-fc8b-492a-af83-73c76159a8e0", - "label": "TCM-90", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-90) Research Initiative, sponsored by\nthe Office of Naval Research (ONR), was a project dedicated to\nunderstanding tropical cyclone motion and improving forecast\naccuracy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb709aa4-8e4b-44f1-9fc4-32feaf91379a", - "label": "UTLS/OZONE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "UTLS OZONE is a five year UK NERC funded thematic programme, which started in 1998, to study ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.\n \n The Programme aims to make authoritative statements on chemical, dynamical and radiative processes controlling the distribution of ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at middle latitudes. Studies related to pollution (from surface sources and from aircraft) and to chemistry/climate interactions will be in scope.\n \n WWW: http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/browse/badc/utls/data\n \n [Summary Extracted from the UTLS/NERC Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc487211-788b-463a-9c4c-78e9154ec2f3", - "label": "SOOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) was launched in August 2011 to coordinate and expand international efforts to collect and disseminate sustained observations from the Southern Ocean, with the key objective being to deliver the observations required to address key scientific and societal issues, such as climate change, sea-level rise, and the impacts of global change on marine ecosystems.\n* SOOS adopts the standard oceanographic definition of the Southern Ocean as the waters between the Subtropical Front and the Antarctic continent. This is a broader definition than used in some policy contexts, but reflects the circumpolar continuity of the waters of this oceanic domain and the strong scientific connections between them.\n\n[Available at http://www.soos.aq/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bea1cc90-4271-4883-858f-77d69ebe683c", - "label": "SIMBA DRIFT STATION", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This project was the International Polar Year sea ice drift station for Antarctic Sea Ice, a component of the overall project, Antarctic Sea Ice, endorsed internationally by the Joint Committee for IPY (www.ipy.org). Additionally, the buoys deployed were endorsed as an IPY contribution to the WCRP/SCAR International Programme on Antarctic Buoys (IPAB). The major goals of this study were to investigate the evolution of the sea ice cover in the Bellingshausen−Amundsen−Ross Seas during the late winter−summer periods. A ship−based study (NB Palmer) conducted in the Bellingshausen Sea focused on the first half of the period when the net radiation balance was still negative (Sept−Oct). The ship studies, including transit sampling stations and a drifting station were extended to include the remaining evolution of the ice cover into early summer using autonomous mass balance buoys and high temporal motion buoys, and complementary satellite measurements from the ICES at laser altimeter, RadarSAT SAR, and AMSR-E passive microwave instruments.\n\nWork from the NB Palmer was a drifting station tied to an ice floe for 27 days in the Bellingshausen Sea during a 60 day cruise, Sept−Oct 2007. During the cruise and on the ice station, on−ice measurements were conducted on sea ice physical, biological and biogeochemical properties. The ice station work included time series measurements of these properties at two sites over the period of ice station occupation. CTD and trace metal casts were conducted in transit and at the ice station. Drifting ice mass balance buoys measuring snow and ice thickness changes, ice temperatures, CTD, and under ice spectral irradiance were deployed at the ice station site and continued to transmit autonomously for up to six weeks after the ice station work until early Dec 2007. At the ice station site, and also in transit to and from the main floe ice, surveys of snow and ice physical properties were conducted. The surveys consisted of horizontal transects measuring at intervals snow depth, ice thickness and the areal extent and thickness of flooded layers observed at the snow ice interface. Line measurements were repeated three times during the twenty seven day ice station period to determine changes in snow and ice properties and thickness. Swath bathymetry of the ocean bottom during drift station and transit was obtained and ADCP profiles were continuously recorded throughout the drift station and during transit. \n\nTwo other activities were conducted under the auspices of the SIMBA project.\n\nOden Cruise 2006-summer ice conditions. This first cruise of the Oden to McMurdo Sound in 2006 consisted of underway ice observations by this project of summer ice conditions across the Ross Sea during the transit. These observations were then used to validate AMSR-E passive microwave estimates of sea ice extent and concentration along the cruise track, other comparisons were made with satellite-based ice mapping of sea ice extent conducted by the National Ice Center during the period of the cruise.\n\nDeployment of Ice Mass Balance buoy- Summer-Fall Transition in the Amundsen Sea One Ice Mass Balance buoy (IMB) that had been deployed during the drift phase of SIMBA in Oct 2007 and recovered at the end of the drift deployment was redeployed during the NB Palmer cruise to the Amundsen Sea in Jan-Feb 09.This buoy provided ice temperature, CTD, and ice and snow thickness information for seven weeks, from late summer-fall, contrasting with the spring-summer transition observed from the buoys deployed on the SIMBA drift station in 2007.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf0ff4e0-05b9-43c2-b7fa-c94d1a991697", - "label": "SEATAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEATAR is a comprehensive study of the relationship between the\nSoutheast Asian tectonic framework and the genesis of\nmetalliferous ores and hydrocarbons. It is the result of a 1973\nworkshop held in Bangkok and is sponsored by the Committee for\nCoordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian\nOffshore Areas/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission\n(CCOP/IOC).\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfa8dbee-7fee-4360-9160-a955f18cff4a", - "label": "TASTE-IDEA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TASTE-IDEA\nProject URL: http://npweb.npolar.no/prosjekter/IPYtaste\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=152\n\nOne of the most extreme environments on the surface of Earth is the ice divide that crosses the inner part of East Antarctica. Along this ice divide, Earth's oldest layered ice, long-isolated subglacial lakes, and important earth crustal structures are located. Antarctic mass balance is the most significant gap in determining the current role of the cryosphere on the present and future contribution of land ice to sea level change. Despite past international efforts, most of the East Antarctic ice sheet is still unexplored and its subglacial geologic setting is completely unknown. East Antarctic ice cores provide the longest records of climate and atmospheric parameters but we still have an imperfect understanding of the means by which the signals of regional and global climate variability reach the coring sites and are locked into the ice records. \nOnly through a concerted international effort will it be possible to access the interior of East Antarctica with sufficient logistic support for on ground cutting edge research in the hitherto almost totally unexplored regions and to link coastal sites with the interior.\nSeveral countries, under the auspices of SCAR and COMNAP have extensive experience undertaking ambitious scientific traverse programs in Antarctica. Twenty SCAR countries have been involved in the SCAR-IGBP ITASE traverse program during the last 10 years. TASTE-IDEA project represents the IPY evolution of this very successful programme. The traverses, coupled with airplane support, operate effectively as a polar research vessel, and offer ground-based platforms for multidisciplinary research coupled with the most modern technology. \nThe International Polar Year Trans-Antarctic Scientific Traverses objectives and main goals are to:\n- Obtain a new set of ice cores to extend the record of climate variability in the past on time-scales from years to millennia to integrate the short duration and lacking in instrumental record.\n- Survey of inner and coastal unexplored part of the continent by means of geophysical measurements, shallow drillings and remote sensing techniques.\n- Obtain a chronological linkage between the main deep ice drill sites in East Antarctica and survey the present-day variability in climate-meteorological condition.\n- Study how the signals of regional and global climate variability reach the coring sites and are locked into the ice record through the load and composition of atmospheric aerosol and gases and the processes occurring at the atmosphere/snow interface\n- Study the effect of the ice divide on the present climatic conditions and determine the past variations of ice divide and dome location.\n- Obtain geophysical and glaciological surveys required to identify the location of the longest coherent climate record in Antarctic ice.\n- Provide new information for surface mass balance and ice sheet elevation change.\n- Survey the ice dynamics and geologic setting of important earth crustal structures of East Antarctica Precambrian craton and at subglacial lake site.\n- Deploy permanent and/or semi-permanent instruments in inaccessible regions for exploring Planet Earth and beyond.\n- Revisit areas and sites first explored during IGY traverses to observe possible changes.\nIn order to achieve optimal results the scientific efforts along the individual traverse legs must be well coordinated, with a clear overall science plan and time frames for e.g. meteorological observations or upper air soundings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c09496c1-0dbc-4110-9a27-ce2092571ffd", - "label": "SOME", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The construction of four seafloor recording magnetometers, to the Flinders University design, was completed during February 1996, and the instruments transported to Hobart. In April they were taken on the Antarctic Vessel Aurora Australis (Voyage 6 of 1995-96) and deployed from the ship at sites Bruny (48 42' S, 144 44' E), Huon (49 49' S, 144 19' E), Rossel (50 38' S, 143 49' E) and Girardin (51 45' S, 143 17' E). In deployment, the instruments were placed to investigate the conductivity structure of the Southern Ocean Spreading Ridge (Figure 13). The magnetometers will be deployed on the floor of the Southern Ocean for a year, and time for their recovery is scheduled for Voyage 6 (1996-97) of the Aurora Australis, to take place in March 1997. \n\nThe region is also a place of concentration of the Antarctic Circum-polar Current (ACC). An important reason for the timing of SOMEx is to record simultaneously with a major international oceanographic experiment in the ACC, for which a deployment of instruments took place in March 1995, and which will run for two years. It is expected that there will be benefits from an exchange of data between the ACC experiment and SOMEx. The ACC experiment is part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). \n\nSOMEx is a collaborative study between the Australian National University and Flinders University of South Australia. \n\nInformation provided by http://rses.anu.edu.au/seismology/ar96/geomag.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c338e4a4-6c91-4ad6-942b-009a4a269b4a", - "label": "SSE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Surface Solar Energy (SSE) involves over 100 satellite-derived\nmeteorology and solar energy parameters, monthly averaged from\n10 years of data, data tables for a particular location, color\nplots on both global and regional scales, global solar energy\ndata for 1195 ground sites, and data for the RETScreen?\nRenewable Energy Project Analysis Software.\n\nSurface Solar Energy (SSE) contains data sets that involve\nresource parameters formulated for assessing and designing\nrenewable energy systems. The SSE data set is available\nfree-of-charge over the Internet\n('http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/'). The SSE global data set\nmakes it possible to quickly evaluate the potential of renewable\nenergy projects for any region of the world and is considered to\nbe accurate for preliminary feasibility studies of renewable\nenergy projects.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/'.\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3d7430d-9453-4ebc-af44-f7b5a2252748", - "label": "SMERGE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c42473ce-b39b-4edd-a735-0fd08f36c40e", - "label": "SOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) is a strategic alliance of research scientists, engineers, and air quality managers from universities, federal and state governments, industry, and public interest groups.\n \nIn SOS, these groups work to design and execute scientific research and assessment programs that will increase understanding of the accumulation of ozone, other oxidants, and fine particulate matter in the atmosphere near the ground. The SOS program began in 1988 and will continue at least through the year 2002.\n \nSOS was formed in June 1988 when a group of 60 concerned scientists, federal and state agency officials and key industrial representatives gathered at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. The group posed the question of why ozone reduction measures had been unsuccessful, particularly in the South. As a result, the following actions took place:\n \nEstablishment of a multi-year research and monitoring program to study the formation of ozone in the South and to evaluate alternative strategies for its reduction. \n \nCreation of the Southern Oxidants Study, a strategic alliance committed to supporting and participating in the program.\n \nFor more information, link to http://www.ncsu.edu/sos/\n \n[Summary provided by NCSU]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4f03497-bef3-4d76-b947-f93fdf9c9a38", - "label": "SEAWINDS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SeaWinds scatterometer is a specialized microwave radar that\nmeasures near-surface wind velocity (both speed and direction) under\nall weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. This is a twin\nsister to the QuikSCAT sensor and it was launched onboard the Japanese\nADEOS-II Spacecraft on December 14, 2002 to provide similar\nobservations beyond the QuikSCAT mission. The experiment is a\nfollow-on mission and continues the data series initiated in 1996 by\nthe NSCAT.\n\nSeaWinds is a part of the Earth Observing System (EOS) which is\ndesigned to address global environmental changes, and is a joint\nmission with the National Space Development Agency of Japan\n(NASDA). Winds are a critical factor in determining regional weather\npatterns and climate. Oceans cover 70 percent of Earth's surface, and\nas the only remote-sensing system to provide accurate, frequent,\nhigh-resolution measurements of ocean surface wind velocities, under\nall weather conditions, scatterometers play an increasingly important\nrole in oceanographic, meteorological and climate studies.\n\nAs part of the SeaWinds Project, NASA sponsors a team of scientific\ninvestigators who advised the project during the development of the\ninstrument and ground data processing system. The science team will\nconduct research with SeaWinds data; their studies are expected to\nlead to improved methods of global weather forecasting and modeling.\n\nThe SeaWinds Project is managed for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise by\nthe Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute\nof Technology.\n\nFor more information on SeaWinds, see:\n'http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/seawinds/seaindex.html'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise, see:\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c716dc8f-a3e2-45db-a3b5-4b61cdf903c0", - "label": "SBPPR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Biology And The Predator-Prey Relationships Between Seabirds And Seals And Antarctic Fish; Identification Of Parameters To Detect Changes In The Ecosystem Instituto Antartico Argentino (IAA) Project No. 29 2002-2004 \n\nThe aim of the project is to study the biology and the predator-prey relationships between seabirds and seals and Antarctic fish to identify... parameters that serve as indicators of changes in the ecosystem. The target species of the project are the Antarctic Shag Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis, the Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata, the Weddell Seal Leptonichotes weddelli, the Antarctic fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella and different benthic-demersal and pelagic Antarctic fish. One of the main achievements of the project was to develop a methodology to monitor changes in coastal fish populations through the analysis of the diet of the Antarctic Shag. This methodology was adopted as a &Standard Method& by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_CDA_AR_BIO_PREDATOR-PREY_REL.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb108a5b-210a-45de-bcac-831299e1ad9b", - "label": "SEARCH", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SEARCH is an interagency effort to understand the nature, extent, and future development of the system-scale change presently seen in the Arctic. These changes are occurring across terrestrial, oceanic, atmospheric and human systems, including:\n\n * increased air temperatures over most of the Arctic;\n * changing ocean circulation and rising coastal sea level;\n * reduced sea ice cover; and\n * thawing permafrost.\n\nCurrently more than 40 projects are funded as SEARCH activities by U.S. agencies and many more projects relevant to SEARCH objectives are supported through other programs. \n\nFor additional information about SEARCH projects, see http://www.arcus.org/search/searchprojects/?Menu=20\n\nProject Website: http://www.arcus.org/SEARCH/index.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb24e8e2-2939-40d8-94d9-922e6eb68ac3", - "label": "STORM-WAVE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP), formerly the\nStorm-scale Operational and Research Meteorology (STORM)\nProgram, Weather Assimilation and Verification Experiment\n(STORM-WAVE) is a data collection effort focused on constructing\na unique research-quality data set from operational data\nstreams. STORM-WAVE is a collaborative effort in conjunction\nwith the VORTEX-95 and GCIP/ESOP-95 projects.\n\nThe objectives of STORM-WAVE are to: 1) Collect and provide a\nresearch quality data set to support storm-season mesoscale\nresearch in the central United States; 2) Collect\nhigh-resolution (spatial and temporal) continuous observations\nfor model verification and sensitivity studies; 3) Provide a\nresearch-quality database for use in the evaluation of the\nNOAA/NWS Modernization Program; and 4) Collect selected\nhydrological data during a critical part of the water year\n(spring/early summer).\n\nContact:\n\nCODIAC Developers\ncodiac@joss.ucar.edu\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.joss.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/codiac/projs?STORM-WAVE'\n\n[Summary provided by JOSS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd3b668a-39ca-4a03-81e6-ba3cd3bbb588", - "label": "TAMDEF", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TransAntarctic Mountains DeFormation Project (TAMDEF)is a\njoint USGS and OSU program to measure crustal motion in the\nTransantarctic Mountains of Southern Victoria Land.\n\nCrustal movement is predicted as a result of variations in the\nice volume and loading of the East and West Antarctic Ice\nSheets through time. In addition we suspected there is active\ntectonism associated with the Terror Rift, an offshore fault\nzone that is nearby. There are also active volcanoes in the\nregion that may also be responsible for a measurable amount of\ncrustal deformation.\n\nContact:\n\nMike Wills, OSU\nwillis.146@osu.edu\n\nLarry Hothem, USGS\nlhothem@USGS.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~willis/'\n\n[Summary provided by OSU]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cda1c0b1-2c0f-49ba-947d-05d5c26660c5", - "label": "USPAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of this data collection is to provide spatial data on urban development patterns, with a particular emphasis on informal settlements. The data may be of use in decision support systems to address issues of vulnerability, risk to natural hazards, poverty alleviation, and urban planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce88623c-13f2-496e-bd6d-391af8b0f5c7", - "label": "SAGA II/III", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Soviet/American Gas and Aerosol (SAGA) Expeditions II and III were\nto measure radiatively important trace species in the marine\nenvironment. NOAA/CMDL participated in both cruises in 1987 and 1990.\nThe overall goal of SAGA II was to evaluate the sources,\ndistributions, and fates of climatically significant trace species in\nthe remote, marine environment. The studies were to focus on obtaining\nlatitudinal distributions of key gaseous and aerosol species from 50 deg N\nto 40 deg S, defining the downwind plume from continental Asia over the\nWest Pacific and East Indian Oceans, and evaluating the air-sea\nexchange of biogenic and anthropogenic trace gases. NOAH and the\nCarbon Cycle Group were responsible for the organization of\nNOAA/CMDL's effort and the measurement of a suite of rediatively\nimportant trace species (RITS) in both the water and the atmosphere.\nFive trace gases in the surface water and atmosphere of the West\nPacific and East Indian Oceans were measured by automated gas\nchromatography from May through July 1987. The data included more than\n1000 measurements each of N2O, F11, and F12 in the surface water and\nin the atmosphere, and about 2000 measurements each of CH4 and CO2 in\nthe surface water and atmospheric boundary layer of the West\nPacific. In addition, over 600 measurements of dissolved N2O were\nobtained from hydrocasts made along the entire 45000 km cruise track.\nThe ship Akademik Korolev, used in the SAGA II expedition, departed\nHilo, HI on 1 May 1987, to proceed towards the Kuril trench, headed\nsouth along 160 deg E and 170 deg E meridians and terminated its first\nleg in Wellington, New Zealand on 9 June 1987. Leg 2 ran south of\nAustralia then north along 90 deg E to Singapore between 12 June and 6\nJuly. Leg 3 began on 9 July in Singapore and was essentially a\ntransect along 5 deg N turning up toward Hilo, HI at 180 deg E where\nit arrived on 28 July 1987.\nThe overall goal of SAGA III was similar to the one of SAGA II. In\naddition, main objectives were to evaluate the spatial and temporal\nvariability of trace gases across the interhemispheric tropical\nconvergence zone (ITCZ), to trace the zonal movement of the ITCZ, to\ndetermine halocarbon saturation anomalies and to assess their use in\ncalculating air-sea transfer coefficients, to measure the flux of N2O\nfrom equatorial waters, and to compare the results to those made in\n1987, an El Nino year. As for SAGA II, the Akademik Korolev was used\nduring this expedition. The cruise began in February 1990 in Hilo, HI,\nand crossed the equator seven times zig-zagging between 20 deg N and\n15 deg S before ending in Singapore in April 1990.\nReferences:\nTrace Gases in and Over the West Pacific and East Indian Oceans During\nthe El Nino-Southern Oscillation Event of 1987, J.H. Butler,\nJ.W. Elkins, C.M. Brunsen, K.B. Egan, T.M. Thompson, T.J. Convay,\nB.D. Hall. NOAA Data Report ERL ARL-16, available from James Butler or\nthrough NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.\nOceanic Consumption of CH3CCl3: Implications for Tropospheric\nOH. J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, T.M. Thompson, and\nB.D. Hall. J. Geophys. Res. 96D, 22347-22355 (1991).\nThird Soviet-American Gases and Aerosols (SAGA 3) Experiment: Overview\nand meteorological and oceanographic conditions. Johnson, J.E.,\nV.M. Koropalov, K.E. Pickering, A.M. Thompson, N. Bond, and\nJ.W. Elkins. J. Geophys. Res. 98D, 16893-16908, 1993\nContacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) Email: jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJames W. Elkins +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) Email: jelkins@cmdl.noaa.gov\nData are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account:\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/saga_ii'\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/saga_iii'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf498f4e-8fe1-4e60-a631-de931bc77b04", - "label": "SCTS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Southern California is working to address challenges involving air quality, mobility, energy, climate and economic recovery. The South Coast Air Quality Management District —the government agency responsible for attaining healthful air in the greater Los Angeles region—is working with transportation agencies, ports, local and state governments, and private stakeholders to develop air quality solutions. Transitioning to zero and near zero emission transportation technologies, such as those powered by electricity, is a key strategy with potential to address multiple challenges. This presentation will provide an overview of the air quality challenges faced by this region, and describe clean energy solutions being developed that have potential co-benefits for energy security, mobility, climate, and economic growth.\n\nhttp://pdx.edu/mme/event/making-connections-between-air-quality-transportation-energy-and-climate-southern-california-case?delta=0", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d07b1e83-e9cc-4fc7-b503-d4a047ad1ff8", - "label": "SANGIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "San Diego Geographic Information Systems (SanGIS) is a jointly\nfunded project of the City and County of San Diego who is\nresponsible for maintenance of and access to the region's\ngeographic databases.\n\nSanGIS was created in July, 1997, as a Joint Powers Agreement\n(JPA) between the City and County of San Diego. After 13 years\nof working together on data and application development, the\nCity and County decided to formalize their partnership in GIS by\ncreating the SanGIS JPA. Finding that access to correct and\ncurrent geographic data was considered more important than\napplication development to County and City departments, SanGIS\nfocuses on ensuring geographic data is maintained and\naccessible.\n\nMission:\n\nTo maintain and promote the use of a regional geographic data\nwarehouse for the San Diego area and to facilitate the\ndevelopment of shared geographic data and automated systems\nwhich use that data.\n\nGoals:\n\n1. To ensure geographic data currency and integrity.\n\n2. To provide cost effective access to geographic data to member\nagencies, subscribers and the public.\n\n3. To generate revenue from the sale of geographic data products\nto reduce the cost of map maintenance to member agencies.\n\nContact Information:\n\nSanGIS\n1010 Second Avenue, Suite 130A\nSan Diego, CA 92101\n\nPhone 619-702-0400\nFax: 619-702-0410\nEmail: webmaster@sangis.org\n\nFor more information,\nlinl to 'http://www.sangis.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by SanGIS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d15dd9bf-50e3-4576-aa30-5aae5205a7ef", - "label": "SMAPVEX08", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d32a5f0f-fedf-4368-b4ba-0ac7b77ce9ca", - "label": "Terra", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "'Terra,' Latin for 'land,' is the name of NASA's Earth Observing\nSystem (EOS) flagship satellite (formally known as AM-1). The Terra\nmission was launched on December 18, 1999, and began collecting\nscience data on February 24, 2000. The five sensors aboard Terra are\ndesigned to enable scientists to comprehensively examine our world's\nclimate system to observe and measure the changes on the Earth's\nlandscapes, in its oceans, and within the lower atmosphere. One of the\nmain objectives is to determine how life on Earth affects, and is\naffected by, changes within the climate system, with an emphasis on\nbetter understanding the global carbon cycle. The Terra mission is\npart of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE).\n\nFor more information on Terra, see:\nhttps://terra.nasa.gov/\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\nhttps://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d408634c-22b2-4eba-94f7-d447f4d08303", - "label": "SAVE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Two campaigns to measure transient tracers in the Atlantic Ocean (TTO/NAS and TTO/Equatorial) were funded by NSF during the period from 1980 to 1985. A complete data base for modelling this ocean basin would include a South Atlantic Study to: 1.Determine CO2 transports and their influence on world climate, 2.Constrain models of major ocean currents in this area, and 3.Confirm an observed 5-fold increase in the addition rate of new carbon to the thermocline. Eight components of such a study (SAVE) will be performed by investigators from LDGO, Princeton, University of Washington, WHOI, and SIO.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.sciencestorm.com/award/8613329.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d575db42-25c3-4468-a1c3-636305e27766", - "label": "USCG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Census Grids provide raster data sets that include not only population\nand housing counts, but a wide variety of socioeconomic characteristics. These\ngridded data sets transform irregularly shaped census block and block group\nboundaries into a regular surface a raster grid for faster and easier\nanalysis.\n\nFor more information, see: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/usgrid/\n\n[Summary provided by the Socioecomonic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC).]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6aa3622-ac56-4785-a3c1-ff5e7f7fdf1e", - "label": "SAGE III-ISS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SAGE III-ISS Data and Information\nLaunched on February 19, 2017 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III-ISS) is the second instrument from the SAGE III project, externally mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). This ISS-based instrument uses a technique known as occultation, which involves looking at the light from the Sun or Moon as it passes through Earth’s atmosphere at the edge, or limb, of the planet to provide long-term monitoring of ozone vertical profiles of the stratosphere and mesosphere. The data provided by SAGE III-ISS includes key components of atmospheric composition and their long-term variability, focusing on the study of aerosols, chlorine dioxide, clouds, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide, pressure and temperature, and water vapor. SAGE data has historically been used by the World Meteorological Organization to inform their periodic assessments of ozone depletion. These new observations from the International Space Station will continue the SAGE team's contributions to ongoing scientific understanding of the Earth's atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d79c1fca-0554-41b5-9ab5-84beffb1ed4c", - "label": "SDO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Text Source: The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Project Home page, http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/about.php ] \n\nSDO: The Solar Dynamics Observatory is the first mission to be launched for NASA's Living With a Star (LWS) Program, a program designed to understand the causes of solar variability and its impacts on Earth. SDO is designed to help us understand the Sun's influence on Earth and Near-Earth space by studying the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously. \n\nSDO's goal is to understand, driving towards a predictive capability, the solar variations that influence life on Earth and humanity's technological systems by determining \n\nhow the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured \nhow this stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the heliosphere and geospace in the form of solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar irradiance.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d83f86a6-940a-4f90-839d-582b6f3e5829", - "label": "USPG", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U.S. Population Grids project is part of an effort to link a range of\ngeoreferenced demographic and other socioeconomic data products with remote\nsensing data related to land cover and use.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8fa4e21-3cf6-4826-9d9d-88fbec425c60", - "label": "SEDAC/ENTRI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "ENTRI is a fast, convenient, comprehensive online service for accessing\nmultilateral environmental treaty data. ENTRI is a collaborative project\ndrawing on cooperating institution contributions and expertise. Find status\ndata for environmental treaties, treaty text and other related information\neasily. Construct custom tables by selecting countries and treaties of interest\nto you. \n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d91d04d9-3f48-43a1-a02a-d4d7306c51f6", - "label": "SJVAQS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study (SJVAQS)was performed by the\nCalifornia Air Resources Board and various other public agencies,\nprivate organizations, and universities. Sponsors included the\nU.S. EPA, California Air Resources Board, Pacific Gas and Electric\nCompany. The study begin in 1986. There was ม,000,000 in\nfunding for this project.\n\nThe SJVAQS is the core of these collaborative studies. The goals of\nthe SJVAQS are twofold: (1) provide an improved understanding of the\ntypes of conditions that lead to high ozone concentrations in the\nValley, and (2) provide decision-makers with the information needed to\ndevelop sound regional plans for equitable and effective emissions\ncontrols.\n\nThe technical objectives include:\n\nCharacterizing Valley meteorology, the temporal and spatial patterns\nand frequencies of ozone and precursor concentrations within the\nValley and surrounding areas,\n\nCharacterizing pollutant fluxes of ozone and precursors at locations\nentering and leaving the Valley,\n\nCharacterizing the temporal and spatial distribution and amounts of\nemissions from anthropogenic, biogenic, and geogenic sources,\n\nDeveloping source-receptor relationships to improve understanding of\ntransport and atmospheric processes influencing air quality in the\nValley, and\n\nDeveloping and specifying modeling and data analysis approaches for\nrelating emissions and air quality.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ws2.camsys.com/domino/html/nchrp833/databases/nch833a.nsf/\n579d47b8e7fa22ef852561f700572e3b/ef230a2f157f44988825627b0067498e?OpenDocument\n\n [Summary provided by Steve Reynolds (Envair)]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9ab0eae-bdb6-4586-81a6-f1fd7348a179", - "label": "SMILE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment (SMILE), funded by the National\nScience Foundation, was designed to study the response of the oceanic\nsurface boundary layer over the continental shelf to atmospheric\nforcing. The experiment took place over the northern California shelf\nbetween Pt.Arena and Pt. Reyes from mid-November 1988 to mid-May 1989.\n\nReference:\n\nAlessi,C. A., Lentz, S. J., and Beardsley, R. C. Shelf Mixed Layer\nExperiment (SMILE) Program Description and Coastal and Moored Array\nData Report. Technical Report 91-39, WHOI, 1991.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://uop.whoi.edu/uopdata/smile/smile.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9eb4d9d-a760-4710-8f8d-a2e79f11511a", - "label": "SPOT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da672d46-12d2-4a34-89c0-6707813006c4", - "label": "SSDP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Salton Sea Database Program (SSDP) is an Environmental Protection Agency\nfunded project at the University of Redlands to develop GIS data and research\ntechnologies to support the effort to save the Salton Sea from ecological\ncollapse. The mission of the SSDP is to serve as an Area Information Steward\nand establish an on-line data resource clearinghouse and provide ecosystem\ndecision support. By making available the inventories of existing data for the\nSalton Sea Science Sub-Committee and the research interests, the SSDP will save\nconsiderable time and money in the baseline reconnaissance, environmental\nreview process, and long-tern ecosystem management for the Salton Sea.\n\nProject Website: 'http://www.institute.redlands.edu/salton/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db0f54c2-685a-46b2-9683-691cf1c87e15", - "label": "SCENES", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Subregional Cooperative Electric Utility, National Park Service\nand Enviornmental Protection Agency Study (SCENES) was a major\nlong-term observational study conducted by several industry and\ngovernment groups to understand factors influencing atmospheric\nvisibility in the southwestern United States. Routine measurements\nwere made to relate ambient aerosol concentrations and visibility.\nSeasonally intensive measurements were made that can be used to\ncharacterize regional transport of aerosols and to identify source\ncategories. Data were obtained over almost 6 years at 11 locations.\nMost of the routine measurements and external auditing were in place\nat all observatories by mid-1984 and these measurements were\nterminated or no longer contributed to the central data base after 30\nSeptember 1989. The eleven SCENES observatories focused on the\nnational parks, monuments, and recreation areas that stretch from the\nintersection of California, Arizona, and Nevada along the Grand Canyon\nand into southern Utah.\nData from the Research on Operations Limiting Visual Extinction\n(RESOLVE) and NPS observatories collected during the SCENES study\nperiod have been included in the data base for comparison, but\nobservatories were not operated using SCENES protocols. The RESOLVE\nmonitoring locations in California, which were operated in close\ncoordination with SCENES, are usually upwind of the SCENES sites under\nthe prevailing westerly flow, but could be downwind of the Los Angeles\nBasin and the San Joaquin Valley, both of which are strong sources of\nair emissions. Smelters are clustered in southern Arizona and just\nacross the border in Mexico. Power plants are spread across Arizona,\nNew Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and California.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/scenes/scenes.htm' for information on\nSCENES.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de6f934d-9c87-437f-b53f-81e50c982a6c", - "label": "SAMAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The purpose of the Sea Area Monitoring Action Plan is to have a monitoring survey implemented in the sea area in order to identify the status of release of radioactive substances from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station\n\nA research vessel of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology will measure the air dose rates over and collect seawater samples from the coastal waters near the nuclear facility. The seawater samples collected will be brought back and sent to the Japan Atomic Energy Agency for analysis.\n\nMeasuring sites: Seawater samples will be collected in the same sea area as that subject to the conventional project for comprehensive evaluation of marine environmental radioactivity. The measuring sites will be approximately 30 km off the coast (the air dose rates will be measured; a sufficient distance away from the facility for securing the safety of the vessel crew). Seawater will be collected at eight locations running parallel to the coastline at approximately 10 km intervals, and the data will be compared with that obtained in past surveys. \n\nFor more information, see http://radioactivity.nsr.go.jp/en/contents/1000/329/24/1304084_2_1.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dee88d1d-91cf-45da-bd00-d9fa0d8fba60", - "label": "SARAL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df404809-d686-486d-8836-7a68d960eab8", - "label": "SOI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: SOI\nProject URL: http://www.studentsonice.com/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=343\n\nThe Students on Ice-IPY Youth Expeditions (SOI-IPY) will be educational expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic for high school and university youth from around the world. Participating youth will travel on the expeditions together teams of leading scientists, expert and educators. The ice-strengthened ship-based expeditions will be unparalleled platforms for Polar Education. Since 1999, Students on Ice - the world leader in educational youth expeditions to the Polar Regions - has successfully operated 10 youth expeditions to both the Arctic and the Antarctic involving over 500 youth from 25 countries. Students on Ice is a member of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, and has been awarded the prestigious Michael J. Smith Award for Science Promotion in Canada. SOI-IPY will build on this success and experience together with international partners and related IPY initiatives. SOI-IPY will provide inspiring, life-changing experiences to youth; will inspire the next generation of Polar researchers and scientists; will raise awareness internationally about IPY and polar issues; develop Polar curriculum and resources; create media attention and a tv-documentary series; and overall will serve as a tremendous IPY legacy project.\n\nSOI-IPY will organize and operate one Arctic expedition and one Antarctic expedition each year between 2007-2009, for a total of six educational polar expeditions between 2007-2009. The possibility of doing more than two expeditions per year will be determined by demand and funding. With sufficient interest and support, SOI-IPY will operate seperate high-school and university expedition programs.\n\nEach expedition will have 75 participating youth, and 35 scientists, experts, educators, world leaders, journalists, etc. Participating youth will be between the ages of 14-25 yrs. The goal is to have a total of 450 participating youth from countries all around the world. Students will be selected through an application process available on the Students on Ice website www.studentsonice.com. Partnerships and contests around the world will also help to select the participating students. Corporate, government, foundation and private sector funding will assist youth with the costs to participate. In some cases, youth will also raise some or all of the funds required to participate. Through existing partnerships with the Arctic Council's Future of Children and Youth Initiative and other Aboriginal organizations, SOI-IPY will endeavor to have indigenous youth and staff from all of the circumpolar countries on each polar expedition.\n\nStudents will participate in a world-class, multi-disciplinary education program prior to and during each expedition. The academic program will weave together elements of experiential, expeditionary, and problem-based learning, and will focus on Experience, Understanding, Inspiration, Transformation, Action, and Change. Lectures, workshops, and hands-on activities will focus on subjects such as marine biology, glaciology, geology, environmental issues and sciences, history, culture, politics, flora and fauna, oceanography, sustainability, traditional knowledge, art, technology, and much more. Some of the scientific/education team will conduct hands-on science activities and research as part of their ongoing research projects. Youth forums, student-led action groups, and inter-generational mentoring are examples of other learning formats that will be incorporated. \n\nThe educational benefits of SOI-IPY will be shared with millions of youth and the general public around the world via live video-conferencing, the SOI-IPY website, presentations, and conferences. Partnerships with schools and other educational organizations will bring the SOI-IPY directly to classrooms around the world. A team of international journalists and a film crew making a TV documentary series will help to give the youth voice a platform, spread IPY messages, and raise awareness about the environmental, historic, political and scientific importance of the planet's polar regions. \n\nSOI-IPY will partner with a number of respected organizations such as the Royal Canadian Geographic Society, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the Explorer's Club, The Royal Geographic Society, the IPY Youth Steering Committee, the Youth Science Foundation, Science North, Canadas Department of Foreign Affairs, the Canadian Museum of Nature, the Canadian Space Agency, the International Baccalaureate Organization, and the International Polar Foundation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df58f6d1-5db4-43cd-bbf7-7418dd695cfe", - "label": "SMONEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Hindcasts for the Indian summer monsoons (ISMs) of 2002 and 2003 have been produced from an ensemble of numerical simulations performed with a global model by changing SST. Two sets of ensemble simulations have been produced without vegetation: (i) by prescribing the weekly observed SST from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting) analyses, and (ii) by adding weekly SST anomalies (SSTA) of April to the climatological SST during the simulation period from May to August. For each ensemble, 10 simulations have been realized with different initial conditions that are prepared from ECMWF data with five each from April and May analyses of both the years. The predicted June-July monsoon rainfall over the Indian region shows good agreement with the GPCP (observed) pentad rainfall distribution when 5 member ensemble is taken from May initial conditions. The All-India June-July simulated rainfall time series matches favourably with the observed time series in both the years for the five member ensemble from May initial condition but drifts away from observation with April initial conditions. This underscores the role of initial conditions in the seasonal forecasting. But the model has failed to capture the strong intra-seasonal oscillation in July 2002. Heating over equatorial Indian Ocean for June 2002 in a particular experiment using 29th May 12 GMT as initial conditions shows some intra-seasonal oscillation in July 2002 rainfall, as in observation. Further evaluation of the seasonal simulations from this model is done by calculating the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the GPCP rainfall over India. The first four EOFs explain more than 80% of the total variance of the observed rainfall. The time series of expansion coefficients (principal components), obtained by projecting on the observed EOFs, provide a better framework for inter-comparing model simulations and their evaluation with observed data. The main finding of this study is that the All-India rainfall from various experiments with prescribed SST is better predicted on seasonal scale as compares to prescribed SST anomalies. This is indicative of a possible useful seasonal forecasts from a GCM at least for the case when monsoon is going to be good. The model responses do not differ much for 2002 and 2003 since the evolution of SST during these years was very similar, hence July rainfall seems to be largely modulated by the other feedbacks on the overall circulation.\n\nhttp://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18282121", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e06ed515-b130-4760-84a4-43857c4f0723", - "label": "TCTE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TCTE includes a Total Irradiance Monitor to measure total solar irradiance (TSI). This new instrument is similar to that providing data from NASA’s SORCE mission since 2003, and will be continuing those measurements beyond the SORCE mission. The TCTE was launched on 19 Nov. 2013 as part of the Air Force’s STPSat-3 mission and is intended for a 1.5 year mission. Solar measurements commenced after spacecraft and instrument commissioning, and TCTE TSI data from Dec. 2013 to the present are available via this site.\n\nhttp://lasp.colorado.edu/home/tcte/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0f89866-e148-4fe6-9545-e9b19b8e252b", - "label": "UV-B JUBANY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "UV-B Jubany involves studying the effects of UV-B radiation on\norganisms of the marine ecosystem.\n\nParameters measured include:\n\n-primary production\n-growth\n-survival\n-photoprotective substances synthesis\n-photosynthetic pigments\n-species composition\n\nView the 'Solar UV research in Argentina' report which discusses\nUV-Jubany at 'http://www.iai.int/ozone_page77.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1e533d2-10f0-4f4f-bfe1-e3b92c9abbe5", - "label": "USARP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP is an organization of the United States government which has presence in the continent of Antarctica. It co-ordinates research and the operational support for research in the region. The bodies' goals are\n\n&...to expand fundamental knowledge of the region, to foster research on global and regional problems of current scientific importance, and to use the region as a platform or base from which to support research.&\n\nThe U.S. Antarctic Program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs, supports only that research that can be done exclusively in Antarctica or that can be done best from Antarctica.\n\nInformation provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Antarctic_Program", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1e6450a-9a0f-4351-888a-e0de1d7d71f5", - "label": "STORM-FEST", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The U. S. Weather Research Program, formerly the STormscale\nOperational and Research Meteorology (STORM) program, conducted an\nexperiment called the STORM-FEST (Fronts Experiment Systems Test) from\n1 February to 15 March 1992. The objectives were to study the\nmesoscale structure and dynamics of wintertime fronts, associated\nprecipitation, and severe weather over the Central U.S. with the\nlatest observing systems. During this program, the Lightning\nInstrument Package (LIP) was flown aboard the ER-2 high altitude\naircraft.\n\n Link to the U.S. Weather Research Program at\n 'http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/uswrp/'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e22b8709-ad81-4d17-a7f7-136f24029651", - "label": "SEDAC/CONFIDENTIALITY", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e27a90d0-b4a3-4b47-bf1d-1d72011f6be4", - "label": "TDE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Throughfall Displacement Experiment (TDE)involves\ndeveloping models of global climate change to predict\nincreasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\n\nDetermined effect will be:\n\n1. an increase in average global temperatures\n\n2. alter regional levels of precipitation\n\n3. increased levels of drought\n\nThe experiment:\n\nExperimental manipulation of hydrologic inputs at the TDE is\naccomplished by intercepting throughfall in approximately 2000\nsubcanopy troughs (0.3 x 5 m) suspended above the forest floor\non a 'dry' treatment plot and transferring the throughfall\nacross a control plot for distribution onto a 'wet' treatment\nplot. Each plot is 80 x 80 m in size. The treatments result in a\n33% decrease in precipitation reaching the forest floor on the\ndry plot and a corresponding increase in precipitation on the\nwet plot. Reductions in soil moisture on the dry plot are\nexpected to be equivalent to the driest growing seasons of the\n1980's drought which resulted in reduced tree growth of some\nspecies.\n\nThe Throughfall Displacement Experiment is supported by the\nProgram for Ecosystem Research (PER) in the DOE Office of\nScience, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER).\n\nContact Information:\n\nPaul J. Hanson\nWalker Branch Project Coordinator\nEnvironmental Sciences Division\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nP.O. Box 2008, Building 1059\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6422 USA\nhansonpj@ornl.gov\n\nVisit the TDE website at\n'http://www.esd.ornl.gov/programs/WBW/TDEAAAAA.HTM'\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3915f8e-24ce-4ba3-a112-7dda5d83a2a4", - "label": "SEDAC/RAMSAR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Ramsar Wetlands Data Gateway provides access to spatial and tabular data relevant to Wetlands of International Importance listed under the auspices of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (established in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971). The Gateway seeks to enhance the accessibility and utility of data on Ramsar sites by facilitating online access, sophisticated queries, and spatial data integration.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://sedac.ciesin.org/ramsardg/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3ab5006-cc26-4b24-a4cb-66c9a4ba92d8", - "label": "SANDS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Source: Abstract submitted for the 2010 GSA Denver Annual Meeting, http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010AM/finalprogram/abstract_176502.htm \n\nEBERSOLE, Sandy1, DARBY, Steve1, THORN, Joel2, and BROWN, Brian3, (1) Geological Survey of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486, sebersole@gsa.alabama.gov, (2) Geography, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486, (3) Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscsaloosa, AL 35486\n\nThe NASA-funded Sediment Analysis Network for Decision Support (SANDS) project focuses on enhancing suspended sediment in satellite imagery related to tropical cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico. Anlayzed data include color and infrared reflected bands from Landsat, MODIS, and SeaWiFS scenes related to tropical storms and hurricanes impacting the north-central Gulf from 2000 to 2009. Scenes include both pre- and post-storm data for each cyclone. Methodology for enhancing suspended sediment includes cluster busting, band ratio analysis, and ISODATA. Enhanced data shows suspended sediment carried out much farther into the Gulf than can be seen in normal true-color images. Increased area of sediment plumes from pre- to post- storm data is also visualized in the enhanced imagery and helps with comparison of pre- and post-storm runoff, sediment suspension, and transport patterns. ISODATA and band ratio analysis also returns spectral separation of suspended sediment plumes from Mobile Bay and the Mississippi River, a variation likely due to mineral composition differences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4cd8968-0bc2-43d7-9d61-6f56773cc412", - "label": "SPREX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SPREX (Spring Removal Experiment) took place in April 1985 in order to determine the processes affecting the transport and fate of freshwater input to the continental shelf off Georgia and South Carolina during the time of expected high runoff. It was hypothesized that this water is transported offshore in spring by a semi-permanent cyclonic eddy located at about 32/degree/N, 79/degree/W. The SPREX field program included a large array of moored current meters and other instruments, and three research vessels (R/V Cape Florida, R/V Cape Hatteras, and R/V Blue Fin) that conducted hydrographic mapping and biological and chemical sampling. Ship surveys (Cape Hatteras and Cape Florida) were designed to provide near synoptic coverage of a few specific events during SPREX. The purpose of the surveys was to determine the time variations in fresh water content and tracer concentrations over the shelf, the characteristics of shelf water/Gulf Stream water interaction, and biological responses to the events. The general cruise plan was for the Cape Florida to occupy CTD stations along cross-isobath transects out to the shelf break at three primary locations/endash/Savannah, Charleston, and Myrtle Beach. 4 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6840203", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e4fc4ae3-7f46-450d-82ec-1f833c488e40", - "label": "SCIENCEPUB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SciencePub aims to answer two critical questions in current Arctic climate research: What characterizes natural climate change in the Arctic, and how did early pioneer immigrants relate to climate change? By studying natural climate archives in terrestrial and marine sediments from Svalbard, N Norway, NW Russia and adjoining seas we will advance the knowledge on processes operating during non-glacial and glacial periods. We will use this to reconstruct past changes in the climate, and the physical environment during the last interglacial-glacial cycle. This will be used to gain new insights into human immigration and adaptation strategies at the end of the last glaciation. Our cross-institutional and multidisciplinary team will use both new and well-established methods to extract quantitative and qualitative paleoclimate data to explore the interplay between the Arctic land, ocean, ice sheets and early human settlement. We will investigate modern and past land-ocean environments, including: 1) variability in the influx of warm Atlantic Water and its implications for growth and decay of ice sheets and ice streams; 2) fresh water flux to the ocean through outbursts of ice-dammed lakes and re-routing of NW Russian rivers; 3) early human responses to rapid changes in sea-level and temperatures at the end of the last glaciation, and 4) models of the human pioneer adaptations and settlement.\n\nSciencePub will strive to leave a lasting legacy of increased public awareness of the natural environmental system of the Arctic through outreach activities. These will include networking information officers from all partner institutions, training of science journalists, and by developing visualizations and mobile exhibitions. This project will strengthen Arctic competence and expertise by training young PhD- students and post docs, networking Norwegian institutions, build broader international networks, and strengthen cooperation with Russian scientists and institutions.\n\n[Summary provided by the SciencePub website, http://www.ngu.no/sciencepub/eng/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e611aeb2-85df-4b38-b034-a15045677e20", - "label": "SIZEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Seasonal Ice Zone Experiment (SIZEX) began on January 13, 1989,\nwhen the POLARBJORN sailed from Tromso en route to operations in Fram\nStrait. The first cruise lasted from February 9 until March 5, 1989,\nand the second one from March 8 until April 2, 1989. Biophysical\noceanographic operations commenced April 4 and concluded May 17,\n1989. The first SIZEX cruise concentrated on conditions in the\nvicinity of Bjornoya, south of Svalbard; all subsequent cruises were\nlocated in the Fram Strait region west of Svalbard.\n\nThe HAAKON MOSBY's (University of Bergen, Norway) participation in the\nSIZEX phase began on February 25, 1989, when the ship left Tromso,\nNorway, bound for regions in the Barents Sea. From February 26 to\nMarch 7, 1989, the ship operated in the general area between the\nSvalbard and the northern coast of Norway. On March 7, the HAAKON\nMOSBY headed northwest toward regions in the Fram Strait west and\nsouthwest of Svalbard, where the ship cruised seaward of the pack ice\nedge from March 11 to March 19, 1989. The HAAKON MOSBY then headed\nsoutheast into the Barents Sea, finally returning to port on March 23,\n1989.\n\n[Summary provided by NSIDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6c2ace3-7a6c-47a4-bef9-5c7c8fdc5cd6", - "label": "TSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Short Title: TSP\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=50\n\nThe International Permafrost Association's (IPA) main contribution to IPY will be the development of a spatially distributed set of observations on past and present status of permafrost temperatures and active layer thicknesses. Emphasis is on permafrost temperatures since there is currently no global database that defines the thermal state of permafrost (TSP) for a specific time period (snapshot). The TSP data set will serve as a baseline for the assessment of the rate of change of permafrost temperatures and permafrost distribution, to validate climate model scenarios, and to support process research in order to improve our understanding of permafrost dynamics. \n\nTSP measurements, a field component of the WMO/GCOS Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), address questions related to climate warming and the attendant environmental and societal issues in the cold regions of Planet Earth (both polar regions and mid-and lower-latitude mountains and plateaus). These observations will serve as a lead element for the development of an International Network of Permafrost Observatories (INPO). Related activities include coastal erosion, belowground carbon in permafrost regions, regional mapping, data management and education. \n\nThe Permafrost Observatory Project has as its major objectives to:\n-Obtain a standardised set of permafrost temperature profiles throughout the permafrost regions of Planet Earth (snapshot); \n-Produce retrospective and contemporary global data sets of permafrost temperatures, active layer thicknesses and temperatures, and coastal erosion rates; \n-Increase the number of GTN-P boreholes, active layer, and coastal erosion sites; \n-Develop new estimates of below-ground carbon in permafrost regions;\n-Develop and promote educational and other training programs;\n-Develop additional approaches for reanalysis of past, present and future permafrost and active layer temperatures;\n-Develop research activities at site-specific and regional scales including the formalization of a periglacial monitoring network and regional permafrost mapping;\n-Utilise standard protocols and conform to IPY data management policy;\n-Report ongoing and new results at international conferences in summer 2008.\n\nThe Permafrost Observatory Project (IPY Permafrost Cluster) will consists of two major permafrost subcomponents or subclusters that provides the central focus and responds to IPY Themes 1 (Status/Baseline), 2 (Change), and 5 (Vantage point); and two subcomponents consisting of Bipolar outreach and permafrost-related activities:\n\n1. International Network of Permafrost Observatories (INPO) builds on several existing and developing IPA programmes and projects: GTN-P (both TSP-125 and Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM-439) components), Permafrost and Climate in Europe (PACE-175); and Arctic Coastal Dynamics (ACD), links to other closely related projects including ACCO-Net (182), CoCRA (391), Carbon Pools in Permafrost Regions (CAPP) as the IPA contribution to Permafrost and Carbon Emissions (PEACE: 882), the developing periglacial network, and several mapping projects (Nordic region, Central Asia). \n\n2. Antarctic Permafrost, Permafrost and Soils (ANTPAS-627) project is developed with the SCAR Expert Group on Permafrost and Periglacial Environments, and including ANTPAGE (357). ANTPAS project is submitted separately to the JC in coordination with SCAR and appropriate national Antarctic programmes.\n \n3. Bipolar outreach subcomponent including the existing IPA data, education and communication activities and developing new international university courses and training on permafrost with links to many other complementary IPY projects.\n\n4. Permafrost-related subcomponent includes EoIs that have permafrost-related activities and are directly related to 1-3.\n\nThe main Field Campaign is planned for the 12-18 month period during 2007-08, but starting in 2006 with the inspection of potential remote boreholes. The updated GTN-P catalogue of boreholes consists of more than 600 candidate boreholes throughout the permafrost regions (the majority of potential sites are in Russia), 125 sites in the CALM network, and some 25 coastal (ACD) key sites. A Project Steering Committee is under development. Data will be incorporated into the GTN-P and archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, Colorado. Education and training activities are to be coordinated and developed through the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS). IPA/IPY activities will be incorporated into the IUGS International Year of Planet Earth. During summer 2008 our results will be presented at the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost in Fairbanks, Alaska, and at the 33rd International Geological Congress in Oslo.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7fed51c-c529-458b-a052-3bece438235d", - "label": "SCAR_SDLS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The membership of SCAR comprises the appropriate bodies of those national scientific academies or research councils which are the adhering bodies to ICSU and which are, or plan to be, active in Antarctic research, together with the relevant scientific Unions of ICSU. It includes the original twelve members and an increasing number of subsequent members.\n\nThere are three categories of membership: Full Members, ICSU scientific unions members and Associate Members. Full Members are those countries with active scientific research programme in Antarctica, currently 31; union members are those ICSU scientific unions that have an interest in Antarctic research, currently 9; and Associate Members are those countries without an independent research programme as yet or which are planning a research programme in the future, currently 4. In addition, there are the Honorary Members of SCAR; those individuals who have, over many years, rendered outstanding service to SCAR and scientific research in Antarctica.\n\nThe National Committee of each Full Member of SCAR appoints a Permanent Delegate and an Alternate Delegate to SCAR; ICSU Unions appoint a single Union Delegate; and Associate Members appoint a Delegate. These delegates attend the bi-ennial SCAR Delegates Meeting but only the Permanent and Union Delegates may vote.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.scar.org/about/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e82fd9a0-8ed6-433c-ab43-e287127ff3e2", - "label": "SEDAC/DDVIEWER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Demographic Data Viewer (DDVIEWER) is a web-based application providing rapid data mapping, viewing, and analysis of more than 200 U.S. census-derived socioeconomic variables for geographic levels ranging from states to census block groups. A useful tool for browsing and visualizing population patterns, DDVIEWER is offered in Java and non-Java versions, each offering ... slightly different features. The core data processed are a collection of more than 200 variables from the 1990 U.S. Census Summary Tape File (STF)3A. These data cover various subjects including: general population; persons by race and age; households by size, type and income; families by number of workers; other income measures; level of education; unemployment; occupation; housing units, age and value. The distribution of values for these variables can be displayed for various census geographic units including: U.S. states, counties, county subdivisions, census tracts, and blockgroups. Map and attribute data output are available in a variety of formats.\n\nDDViewer is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). \n\nSummary Provided By: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/#DDV", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8c70f5e-290f-4459-b906-3d2fe5539f7d", - "label": "SRTM", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The goal of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), a joint project of NASA, NIMA, and the German and Italian space agencies, is to map the world in three dimensions. In its 11-day mission on STS-99 in February 2000, SRTM collected an unprecedented 8.6 Terabytes of interferometric C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data (equivalent to about 14,317 CDs). This data will be processed to produce a rectified terrain-corrected mosaic of approximately 80% of the Earth's land surface topography (between 60 degrees North and 56 degrees South latitude) at 30-meter resolution. Aviation safety, coastal zone management, disaster management, homeland security, smart growth for infrastructure.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\nLaunched: February 11, 2000\nLaunch Site: Kennedy Space Center\n\nORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 233 km\n Inclination: 57 degrees\n Repeat Cycle: Mission duration: 11 days\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 13,600 kg\n Size: Deployed mast length: 60 m\n Power: 902800 watts\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n X-SAR\n SIR-C\n\n For more information on SRTM, see\n http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/\n \n For more information on NASA's Science Mission Directorate, see\n http://nasascience.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "edee6f0a-b559-43a1-9e02-248952b251f1", - "label": "SOLVE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The SAGE III (Stratospheric and Atmospheric Gas Experiment III) Ozone\nLoss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) is an experimental field\ncampaign sponsored by NASA.\n\nThe SOLVE campaign is designed to examine the processes which control\npolar to mid-latitude stratospheric ozone levels. The mission will be\nstaged during the 1999-2000 northern winter from Kiruna, Sweden. The\nSOLVE campaign will employ the NASA ER-2, NASA DC-8, the OMS in-situ\nand remote sensing balloon payloads, ground station observations, and\nan extensive theory team. The results of SOLVE will be both expand\nunderstanding of polar ozone processes, and will provide greater\nconfidence in current ozone monitoring capabilities. This knowledge\nprovides the basis for setting sound public policies which will help\nto preserve the Earth's ozone layer. Final data will be archived in\nJuly 2000.\n\nTHESEO-2000 opertes in collaboration with the NASA SAGE III Ozone Loss\nand Validation Experiment (SOLVE).\n\nFor information on SOLVE, see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solve/'\n\nFor more information on THESEO 2000, see:\n'http://www.nilu.no/projects/theseo2000'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef849a5d-c0be-4295-8c41-8e2c30c89842", - "label": "SEDAC/DDCARTO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This site provides digital coverages of U.S. Census demographics to GIS users. Atlas GIS and MapInfo formats are supported. The data are provided freely for research and instructional use only. GIS files are stored in Atlas GIS export (.bna) format and can be downloaded. The data can be browsed by state.\n\nInformation provided by http://plue.sedac.ciesin.org/plue/ddcarto/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "efbcd164-5f6a-4051-b839-e509cb62d2f3", - "label": "SAGE I", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nThe Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I instrument, a Sun\nphotometer, aboard the Applications Explorer Mission-2 (AEM-2)\nsatellite began collecting data in October 1979. The scientific\nobjective was to develop a global stratospheric aerosol, ozone, and\nnitrogen dioxide database that could be used for the investigation of\nthe spatial and temporal variations of these species caused by\nseasonal and short-term meteorological variations, atmospheric\nchemistry, microphysics, and transient phenomena such as volcanic\neruptions. The database could also be used for the study of trends,\natmospheric dynamics and transport, and potential climatic effects.\nThe SAGE I sensor was designed to measure the attenuation of solar\nradiation resulting from atmospheric aerosol, ozone, and nitrogen\ndioxide at four spectral regions through the Earth's atmosphere during\neach spacecraft sunrise and sunset.\nProject Description:\nThe AEM-2 satellite was placed in an orbit of approximately 600\nkilometers at an inclination of 56 degrees to extend the latitudinal\ncoverage for the solar occultation measurements from 79 degrees South\nto 79 degrees North.\nThe SAGE I instrument consists of four spectral channels centered at\nwavelengths of 1000, 600, 450, and 385 nanometers for measuring global\ndata concerning aerosol vertical extinction profiles, ozone vertical\nconcentrations profiles, and nitrogen dioxide vertical concentrations\nprofiles during spacecraft sunrise and sunset. The solar wavelengths\nof 1000 and 450 nanometers are used to generate altitude profiles of\nozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration. The SAGE I aerosol data\nwere validated by comparison with correlative lidar and dustsonde in\nsitu measurements, the ozone data were validated by comparison with\nballoon ECC ozonesonde and rocket measurements, and the nitrogen\ndioxide measurements were compared with climatology.\nThe operation of the instrument, during each sunrise and sunset\nmeasurement, was totally automatic. Prior to each sunrise or sunset,\nthe instrument was rotated in azimuth to its predicted solar\nacquisition position. When the Sun entered the instrument's field of\nview, the instrument adjusted its azimuth position to lock onto the\nradiometric center of the Sun to within +/- 45 arcsec and then\nacquired the sun by rotating its scan mirror to the proper elevation\nangle. As the Sun traversed between the horizon and the tangent\nheight of 150 kilometers, radiometric channel data were sampled at a\nrate of 64 samples per second per channel, digitized to 12-bit\nresolution, and recorded for later transmission back to Earth.\nAdditional SAGE I instrument information can be found in McCormick et\nal (1979). The SAGE I instrument collected data for almost three\nyears until the AEM-2 satellite power subsystem failed.\nData Used and Produced:\nThe SAGE I science and engineering data, along with spacecraft time,\nposition, and housekeeping data, were stored aboard the spacecraft and\nthen down linked to NASA GSFC through a ground station. GSFC then\nforwarded these data to LaRC for processing and scientific analysis.\nGSFC also sent spacecraft and solar ephemeris data to LaRC on separate\nweekly tapes.\nLaRC combines three data sources to produce the SAGE I MERDAT: (1) the\nSAGE I instrument data, (2) the spacecraft and solar ephemeris data,\nand (3) NOAA NMC temperature and density interpolations from the\nstandard NMC spatial gridded analyses at the 18 standard pressure\nlevels and at the tropopause for each tangent event location.\nThe MERDAT files are used as the data input to the inversion process.\nAt the completion of the data processing, three Level 2 SAGE I\nproducts are produced: aerosol extinction profiles, ozone\nconcentration profiles, and nitrogen dioxide concentration profiles.\nThe SAGE1_AERO_PRF_NAT data set contains three years of aerosol\nextinction profiles data. Each granule consists of three months of\ndata (seasonal data) which is in the SAGE I's native binary format.\nThe data coverage begins February 1979 and extends through November\n1981. Data are stored in event format. Each measurement event\nconsists of 48 parameters (does not include spares).\nThe SAGE1_AERO_PRF data set contains three years of aerosol extinction\nprofiles data. Each granule consists of one month of data. These\ndata are in Hiearchical Data Format (HDF). The data coverage begins\nFebruary 1979 and extends through November 1981. Data are stored in\nparameter format. Each measurement event consists of 38 parameters.\nThe Ozone Concentration Profiles data set is not currently available\nat the Langley DAAC. It will be archived in Hierarchical Data Format\n(HDF).\nThe Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration Profiles data set is not currently\navailable at the Langley DAAC. It will be archived in Hierarchical\nData Format (HDF).\nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-8656\n FAX: (804) 864-8807\n INTERNET > larc@eos.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: 'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'\nProject Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Mail Stop 475\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-2669\n FAX: (804) 864-2671\n INTERNET > M.P.MCCORMICK@LaRC.NASA.GOV\n Michael W. Rowland\n SAIC\n Mail Stop 475\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-2691\n FAX: (804) 864-2671\n INTERNET > M.W.ROWLAND@LaRC.NASA.GOV\nReferences:\nThe following list of references is provided as a starting point for\nsomeone wishing to learn more about the SAGE I instrument, inversion\nmethod, validation studies and recent scientific studies.\nChandra, S.; McPeters, R. D.; Hudson, R. D.; and Planet, W. 1990:\nOzone Measurements From the NOAA-9 and the Nimbus-7 Satellites:\nImplications of Short and Long Term Variabilities. Geophys. Res.\nLett., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1573-1576.\nChu, W. P.; and McCormick, M. P. 1979: Inversion of Stratospheric\nAerosol and Gaseous Constituents From Spacecraft Solar Extinction Data\nin the 0.38-1.0 micrometer Wavelength Region. Appl. Opt., vol. 18, no. 9,\npp. 1404-1413.\nChu, W. P.; and McCormick, M. P. 1986: SAGE Observations of Stratospheric\nNitrogen Dioxide. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, no. D5, pp. 5465-5476.\nChu, W. P.; McCormick, M. P.; Lenoble, J.; Brogniez, C.; and Pruvost, P.\n1989: SAGE II Inversion Algorithm. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 94, no. D6,\npp. 8339-8351.\nCunnold, D. M.; Zawodny, J. M.; Chu, W. P.; Pommereau, J. P.; and\nGoutail, F. 1991: Validation of SAGE II NO2 Measurements. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 96, pp. 12,913-12,925.\nGeller, Marvin A.; Wu, Mao-Fou; and Gelman, Melvyn E. 1983:\nTropospheric-Stratosphere (Surface-55 km) Monthly Winter General\nCirculation Statistics for the Northern Hemisphere--Four Year Averages.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1334-1352.\nGelman, M. E.; Miller, A. J.; Johnson, K. W.; and Nagatani, R. M. 1986:\nDetection of Long-Term Trends in Global Stratospheric Temperatures From\nNMC Analyses Derived From NOAA Satellite Data. Adv. Space Res., vol. 6,\nno. 10, pp. 17-26.\nHerman, J. R.; Hudson, R. D.; and Serafino, G. 1990: Analysis of the\nEight-Year Trend in Ozone Depletion From Empirical Models of Solar\nBackscattered Ultraviolet Instrument Degradation. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 95, no. D6, pp. 7703-7416.\nKent, G. S.; and McCormick, M. P. 1984: SAGE and SAM II Measurements of\nGlobal Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth and Mass Loading.\nJ. Geophys. Res., vol. 89, no. D4, pp. 5303-5314.\nKent, G. S.; Farrukh, U. O.; Wang, P. H.; and Deepak, A. 1988: SAGE I and\nSAM II Measurements of 1 micrometer Aerosool Extinction in the Free\nTroposphere. J. Appl. Meteorol., vol. 27, pp. 269-279.\nKerr, J. B.; Evans, W. F. J.; and McConnell, J. C. 1977:\nThe Effects of NO2 Changes at Twilight on Tangent Ray NO2\nMeasurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 577-579.\nLenoble, J.; and Pruvost, P. 1983: Inference of the Aerosol\nAngstrom Coefficient From SAGE Short-Wavelength Data.\nJ. Clim. & Appl. Meteorol., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1717-1725.\nMcCormick, M. P.; Hamill, Patrick; Pepin, T. J.; Chu, W. P.; Swissler,\nT. J.; and McMaster, L. R. 1979: Satellite Studies of the\nStratospheric Aerosol. Bull. American Meteorol. Soc., vol. 60, no. 9,\npp. 1038-1046.\nMcCormick, M. Patrick; Kent, G. S.; Yue, G. K.; and Cunnold, D. M. 1982:\nStratospheric Aerosol Effects From Soufriere Volcano as Measured by\nthe SAGE Satellite System. Science, vol. 216, no. 4550, pp. 1115-1118.\nMcCormick, M. P.; Swissler, T. J.; Hilsenrath, E.; Krueger, A. J.; and\nOsborn, M. T. 1984: Satellite and Correlative Measurements of\nStratospheric Ozone: Comparison of Measurements Made by SAGE, ECC\nBalloons, Chemiluminescent, and Optical Rocketsondes. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 89, no. D4, pp. 5315-5320.\nMcCormick, M. P.; Veiga, R. E.; and Zawodny, J. M. 1989: Comparison of\nSAGE I and SAGE II Stratospheric Ozone Measurements. Ozone in the\nAtmosphere -- Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1988 and\nTropospheric Ozone Workshop, Rumen D. Bojkov and Peter Fabian, eds.,\nA Deepak Publishing, pp. 202-205.\nMcMaster, Leonard R. 1986: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment\n(SAGE II). Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, American\nMeteorological Soc., pp. J46-J48.\nReiter, R.; and McCormick, M. P. 1982: SAGE - European Ozonesonde\nComparison. Nature, vol. 300, no. 5890, pp. 337-339.\nRussell, P. B.; and McCormick, M. P.; Swissler, T. J.; Chu, W. P.;\nLivingston, J. M.; Fuller, W. H., Jr.; Rosen, J. M.; Hofmann, D. J.;\nMcMaster, L. R.; Woods, D. C.; and Pepin, T. J. 1981: Satellite and\nCorrelative Measurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol. II: Comparison\nof Measurements Made by SAM II, Dustsondes and an Airborne Lidar.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1295-1312.\nRussell, P. B.; and McCormick, M. P.; Chu, W. P.; Livingston, J. M.;\nPepin, T. J. 1981 Satellite and Correlative Measurements\nof the Stratospheric Aerosol. I: An Optical Model for Data Conversions.\nJ. Atmos. Sci., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1279-1294.\nRussell, P. B.; and McCormick, M. P.; Swissler, T. J.; Rosen, J. M.;\nHofmann, D. J.; and McMaster, L. R. 1984: Satellite and Correlative\nMeasurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol. III: Comparison of\nMeasurements by SAM II, SAGE, Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors,\nand Lidar. J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1791-1800.\nWang, Pi-Huan; McCormick, M. P.; and Chu, W. P. 1983: A Study on the\nPlanetary Wave Transport of Ozone During the Late February 1979\nStratospheric Warming Using the SAGE Ozone Observation and Meteorological\nInformation. J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 2419-2431.\nWang, Pi-Huan; and McCormick, M. P. 1985: Variations in Stratospheric\nAerosol Optical Depth During Northern Warmings. J. Geophys. Res.,\nvol. 90, no. D6, pp. 10,597-10,606.\nWatson, R. T. et al. 1988: Present State of Knowledge of the Upper\nAtmosphere 1988: An Assessment Report. NASA RP-1208.\nWMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project 1981: The Stratosphere\n1981--Theory and Measurements. NASA TM-84125. (Available as WMO\nRep. No. 11.)\nWMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Proj. 1990:\nScientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989, Volume I.\nRep. No. 20, World Meteorological Organization.\nWoodbury, Gerard E.; and McCormick, M. P. 1986: Zonal and\nGeographical Distributions of Cirrus Clouds Determined From\nSAGE Data. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, no. D2, pp. 2775-2785.\nYue, Glenn K.; and Deepak, Adarsh 1983: Retrieval of Stratospheric\nAerosol Size Distribution From Atmospheric Extinction of Solar\nRadiation at Two Wavelengths. Appl. Opt., vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1639-1645.\nYue, Glenn K.; and Deepak, Adarsh 1984: Latitudinal and Altitudinal\nVariation of Size Distribution of Stratospheric Aerosols Inferred From\nSAGE Aerosol Extinction Coefficient Measurements at Two Wavelengths.\nGeophys. Res. Lett., vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 999-1002.\nYue, Glenn K.; McCormick, M. P.; and Chu, W. P. 1984: A Comparative\nStudy of Aerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE\nSatellite Experiments. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 89, no. D4, pp. 5321-5327.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f173c4b6-8e6e-4e74-bb59-acdbb89a5ecb", - "label": "SEASONS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Seasonal Ecological Analysis of Seafloor Organic Nutrient Supplies (SEASONS) is an ongoing study to investigate the impact of seasonality on benthic foraminiferal communities of the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). The WAP, in particular the northern Gerlache-southern Bransfield Straits, displays strong seasonality in primary productivity due largely to seasonal sea ice conditions and light availability. These extremes in primary productivity result in significant differences in organic flux to the sea floor. Cruises SEASONS I and II were devoted to sampling surface and near surface sediments in mid-April and late June, 2008 for foraminiferal, sedimentological, pore water, and geochemical analyses. Samples were collected across a productivity gradient, and at shallow (~600 meters) and deep (~1200 meters) water depths in the northern Gerlache-southern Bransfield Straits. Foraminiferal samples were treated to identify specimens containing protoplasm (living) at the time of collection with a protein marker, CellTracker Green and biological stain, Rose Bengal. Foraminiferal samples will be used to determine the seasonal impact on the population dynamics of the foraminiferal communities, and to assess seasonal impact on the geochemical properties of the biogenic carbonate. Additional samples were collected for organic carbon and sedimentological analyses. Pore waters were collected from the sediments for geochemical analyses. Results of these analyses will further our understanding of the environmental controls on foraminiferal geochemistry and distributions, extensively used proxies for paleoceanographic/paleoclimatic interpretations.\n\nhttps://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2008AM/finalprogram/abstract_150687.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f239cacc-e0fb-4c99-8afb-d231cf78ccc9", - "label": "SONEX", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "SONEX was conducted to understand a variety of NOx sources including the current subsonic aircraft fleet in the North Atlantic, with and without convection. To improve the models and our understanding, Photochemistry was collected to determine the impact of subsonic aircraft emissions on Tropospheric NOx and Ozone budgets. The experiment was conducted during October-November 1997 over Bangor, Maine; Sannon, Ireland; and the Azores, Portugal. \n \nSONEX data and documentation is available at: http://www.espo.nasa.gov/sonex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f261a48f-e9f0-4d19-b506-638defc45aad", - "label": "SAM-II", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/GUIDE/campaign_documents/sam2_project.html\n\nScientific Objectives:\n \nThe Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM) II instrument, aboard the Earth-orbiting Nimbus 7 spacecraft, was designed to measure solar irradiance attenuated by aerosol particles in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere. The scientific objective of the SAM II experiment was to develop a stratospheric aerosol data base for the polar regions by measuring and mapping vertical profiles of the atmospheric extinction due to aerosols. This data base allows for studies of aerosol changes due to seasonal and short-term meteorological variations, atmospheric chemistry, cloud microphysics, volcanic activity and other perturbations. The results obtained are useful in a number of applications, particularly the evaluation of any potential climatic effect caused by stratospheric aerosols. \n \nProject Description: The SAM II instrument consists of a single-channel Sun photometer with a 0.04 micron passband centered at a wavelength of 1.0 micron. This is a region of the spectrum where absorption by atmospheric gases is negligible; consequently, any attenuation of sunlight is due to scattering by aerosol particles and air molecules. In operation, the instrument is activated shortly before each sunrise or sunset encountered by the satellite. A sensor with a wide field-of-view is used to indicate the Sun's presence. Two similar sensors then point the SAM II to within +-0.03 degrees in azimuth (left and right). A mirror begins a rapid vertical scan until the Sun's image is acquired by the SAM II telescope. The mirror then slowly scans vertically across the Sun at a rate of 0.25 degree per second reversing itself each time a Sun-limb crossing occurs. The entrance window to the SAM II telescope only passes sunlight of wavelengths greater than 0.9 micron. A circular aperture placed at the image plane serves to define the instantaneous field of view of the instrument to be 0.5 minute of arc. This corresponds to a vertical resolution in the atmosphere of approximately 0.5 km altitude. From the telescope, the light is directed through an interference filter, which rejects all but the 1.0 micron wavelength (+-0.02 micron) passband, to a photodiode detector. The solar intensity as a function of time is digitized, recorded, and periodically telemetered back to Earth. A description of the SAM II instrument, and of the experiment in general, is given by McCormick et al. (1979). The SAM II instrument, along with a number of other sensors, is mounted on the Nimbus 7 Earth-orbiting spacecraft. The orbital characteristics of this spacecraft determine the frequency and geographic locations of the SAM II measurements. The mode of operation of the SAM II instrument is such that it takes data during each sunrise and sunset encountered. The Nimbus 7 spacecraft has an orbital period of 104 minutes, which means that it circles the Earth nearly 14 times per day. There is a measurement opportunity for the SAM II each time that the spacecraft enters into or emerges from the Earth's shadow. Consequently, the instrument takes data during approximately 14 sunrises and 14 sunsets each Earth day. The Nimbus 7 spacecraft was placed in a high-noon, Sun-synchronous orbit; that is, the spacecraft crossed the Equator during each orbit at local noon. In general terms, this means that the orbital plane of the spacecraft was fixed with respect to the Sun, and thus all sunsets occur in the Arctic region and all sunrises occur in the Antarctic region. In the course of a single day, measurements of the stratospheric aerosol are obtained at 14 points spaced 26 degrees apart in longitude in the Arctic region and similarly for the Antarctic region. All the points obtained during 1 day in a given region are at very nearly the same latitude, but as time progresses, the latitudes of the measurements slowly change with the season by 1 to 2 degrees each week, gradually sweeping out the area from approximately 64.0 to 83.0 degrees. The lowest latitude coverage occurs at the solstices whereas the highest latitudes are measured at the equinoxes. In the course of 1 week, therefore, the instrument makes about 98 measurements in each region, all in a band of latitude of approximately 1.0 degree. These measurements give a fairly spatially dense set of data points. When the locations of all the measurements obtained in one week are plotted on a geographic set of axes, one finds that the separation between points is only about 4.0 degrees in longitude. In a 6-month period of time, the total number of observations is on the order of 5000. However, due to an orbit degradation associated with the Nimbus 7 spacecraft, there has been a change and disruption in the collection of SAM II data beginning in 1987. During the period of time from 1987 through 1993, orbital precession caused the Nimbus 7 spacecraft to cross the equator earlier than the planned high-noon crossing. This gradually moved the Antarctic coverage equatorward and the maximum latitudinal Arctic coverage slightly poleward. Initially the Antarctic latitudinal coverage extended from the lowest latitude, 64.5 degrees at the solstices, to the highest latitude, 81.0 degrees at the equinoxes. By 1992 the Antarctic coverage gradually shifted to extend from 53.1 degrees at the solstices, to 69.2 degrees at the equinoxes. In the Arctic region the initial latitudinal coverage extended from the lowest latitude, 64.1 degrees at the solstices, to the highest latitude, 83.0 degrees at the equinoxes. Gradually by 1991 the highest Arctic latitudinal coverage extended to 86.2 degrees at the equinoxes. \n\nThe orbital precession also affected the spacecraft orientation and prevented the SAM II instrument from acquiring the Sun for certain periods of time. In the Arctic region many sunset events were lost because an S-band antenna blocked SAM II's view to the Sun. Sunset events were lost for the following periods of time: mid-June through mid-August 1988; mid-March through mid-September 1989; mid-January through September 1990; and from January 7, 1991, through the present. In the Antarctic region the SAM II instrument was not able to acquire the Sun for the period of time from mid-January through October 1993. The final 2 months of SAM II data for the Antarctic region were collected during November and December 1993, and no further data is expected beyond 1993. Data Used and Produced: The SAM II satellite data are processed after being telemetered to the ground, with the data on solar intensity versus time being mathematically inverted to yield extinction coefficient versus altitude (extinction profile) for each sunrise or sunset event. The mathematical inversion used is described by Chu and McCormick (1979). The basic data product, therefore, is the extinction profile obtained during each measurement opportunity, which can be analyzed to determine the spatial and temporal variations in the upper tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol. These extinction data are archived at the Langley Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, after being subjected to an extensive validation program including comparisons with correlative aerosol observations. A detailed description of the archived data products is given in the SAM II Data User's Guide (Chu et al.,1988). The SAM2_AERO_PRF_NAT data set contains over 15 years of polar Arctic and Antarctic aerosol profiles obtained with the SAM II satellite experiment. The data coverage begins October 1978 and extends through December 1993. For each measurement event, vertical profiles of extinction km-1, extinction km-1 uncertainty, extinction ratio, extinction ratio uncertainty, NMC temperature, temperature uncertainty, and pressure are provided as a function of altitude. Questionable profiles identified using the procedures described in the SAM II Data User's Guide have been removed from this data set. In addition, a small number of events displaying incorrect measurement locations were deleted.\n \nProject Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157D\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (757) 864-8656\n FAX: (757) 864-8807\n Email: larc@eos.nasa.gov\n Home Page: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\n \nProject Manager Contact: M. Patrick McCormick\n Email: pat.mccormick@hamptonu.edu\n\n \n References:\n The following list of references is provided as a starting point for\n someone wishing to learn more about the SAM II instrument, inversion\n method, validation studies and recent scientific studies.\n Albritton, D. L., et al., Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric\n Ozone: 1989, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report\n No. 20, 1990.\n Chu, W. P. and M. P. McCormick, Inversion of Stratospheric Aerosol and\n Gaseous Constituents From Spacecraft Solar Extinction Data in the\n 0.38-1.0 5 micron Wavelength Region, Appl. Opt., 18, no. 9, 1404-1413,\n May 1, 1979.\n Chu, W. P., M. T. Osborn, and L. R. McMaster, SAM II Data Users'\n Guide, NASA RP-1200, July 1988.\n Hamill, P. and L. R. McMaster, Polar Stratospheric Clouds - Their Role\n in Atmospheric Processes, NASA CP-2318, 1984.\n Hamill, P., O. B. Toon, and R. P. Turco, Characteristics of Polar\n Stratospheric Clouds During the Formation of the Antarctic Ozone Hole,\n Geophys. Res. Lett.,13, no. 12, Nov. Suppl., 1288-1291, 1986.\n Hamill, P., O. B. Toon, and R. P. Turco, Aerosol Nucleation in the\n Winter Arctic and Antarctic Stratospheres, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17,\n 417-420, 1990.\n Hamill, P. and O. B. Toon, Denitrification of the Polar Winter\n Stratosphere: Implications of SAM II Cloud Formation Temperatures,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 441-444, 1990.\n Hofmann, D. J. and J. M. Rosen, On the Temporal Variation of\n Stratospheric Aerosol Size and Mass During the First 18 Months\n Following the 1982 Eruptions of El Chichon, J. Geophys. Res., 89,\n no. D3, 4883-4890, June 20, 1984.\n Kent, G. S. and M. P. McCormick, SAGE and SAM II Measurements of\n Global Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth and Mass Loading,\n J. Geophys. Res., 89, no. D4, 5303-5314, June 30, 1984.\n Kent, G. S., C. R. Trepte, U. O. Farrukh, and M. P. McCormick,\n Variation in the Stratospheric Aerosol Associated With the North\n Cyclonic Polar Vortex as Measured by the SAM II Satellite Sensor,\n J. Atmos. Sci., 42, no. 14, 1536-1551, July 15, 1985.\n Kent, G. S., P.-H. Wang, U. O. Farrukh, and G. K. Yue, Validation of\n SAM II and SAGE Satellite, Final Report, NASA CR-178256, April 1987.\n Kent, G. S., U. O. Farrukh, P.-H. Wang, and A. Deepak, SAGE I and SAM\n II Measurements of 1.0 micron Aerosol Extinction in the Free\n Troposphere, J. Appl. Meteorol., 27, 269-279, March 1988.\n Madrid, C. R., The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide, NASA Goddard Space Flight\n Center, NASA TM-79969, August 1978.\n McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, T. J. Pepin, W. P. Chu, T. J. Swissler,\n and L. R. McMaster, Satellite Studies of the Stratospheric Aerosol,\n Bull. American Meteorol. Soc., 60, no. 9, 1038-1046, September 1979.\n McCormick, M. P., W. P. Chu, L. R. McMaster, G. W. Grams,\n B. M. Herman, T. J. Pepin, P. B. Russell, T. J. Swissler, SAM II\n Aerosol Profile Measurements, Poker Flat, Alaska, July 16-19, 1979,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, no. 1, 3-4, January 1981.\n McCormick, M. P., W. P. Chu, G. W. Grams, P. Hamill, B. M. Herman,\n L. R. McMaster, T. J. Pepin, P. B. Russell, H. M. Steele, and\n T. J. Swissler, High-Latitude Stratospheric Aerosols Measured by the\n SAM II Satellite System in 1978 and 1979, Science, 214, no. 4518,\n 328-331, October 16, 1981.\n McCormick, M. P., H. M. Steele, P. Hamill, W. P. Chu, and\n T. J. Swissler, Polar Stratospheric Cloud Sightings by SAM II,\n J. Atmos. Sci., 39, no. 6, 1387-1397, June 1982.\n McCormick, M. P., C. R. Trepte, and G. S. Kent, Spatial Changes in the\n Stratospheric Aerosol Associated With the North Polar Vortex,\n Geophys. Res.Lett., 10, no. 10, 941-944, October 1983.\n McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, and U. O. Farrukh, Characteristics of\n Polar Stratospheric Clouds as Observed by SAM II, SAGE, and Lidar,\n J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 63, no. 2, 267-276, April 1985.\n McCormick, M. P. and J. C. Larsen, Antarctic Springtime Measurements\n of Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Aerosol Extinction by SAM II, SAGE,\n and SAGE II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, no. 12, Nov. Suppl., 1280-1283,\n 1986.\n McCormick, M. P. and C. R. Trepte, SAM II Measurements of Antarctic\n PSC's and Aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, no. 12, Nov. Suppl.,\n 1276-1279, 1986.\n McCormick, M. P. and C. R. Trepte, Polar Stratospheric Optical Depth\n Observed Between 1978 and 1985, J. Geophys. Res., 92, no. D4,\n 4297-4306, April 20, 1987.\n McCormick, M. P., C. R. Trepte, and M. C. Pitts, Persistence of Polar\n Stratospheric Clouds in the Southern Polar region, J. Geophys. Res.,\n 94,no. D9, 11241-11251, August 30, 1989.\n McCormick, M. P., P.-H. Wang, and M. C. Pitts, Background\n Stratospheric Aerosol and Polar Stratospheric Cloud Reference Models,\n Advances in Space Research, 13, no. 1, 7-29, 1993.\n McCormick, M. P., P.-H. Wang, and L. R. Poole, Chapter 8:\n Stratospheric Aerosols and Clouds, pp. 205-222, Aerosol-Cloud-Climate\n Interactions. Edited by Peter V. Hobbs, Copyright by Academic Press,\n Inc., Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993.\n McMaster, L. R., Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II),\n Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, American Meteorological\n Soc., J46-J48, 1986.\n Osborn, M. T. and C. R. Trepte, SAM II and SAGE Data Management and\n Processing, NASA CR-178244, February 1987.\n Osborn, M. T., M. C. Pitts, K. A. Powell, and M. P. McCormick, SAM II\n Aerosol Measurements During the 1989 AASE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17,\n 397-400, 1990.\n Osborn, M. T., L. R. Poole, and P.-H. Wang, SAM II and Lidar Aerosol\n Profile Comparisons During AASE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 401-404,\n 1990.\n Pepin, T. J. and M. P. McCormick, Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement\n Experiment MA-007, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project - Preliminary Science\n Report, NASA TMX-58173,1976.\n Pitts, M. C., L. R. Poole, and M. P. McCormick, Climatology of Polar\n Stratospheric Clouds Determined From SAM II Observations, in Digest of\n Topical Meeting on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, 1990,\n (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1990), 4, 206-209.\n Pitts, M. C. and L. W. Thomason, The Impact of the Eruptions of Mount\n Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson on Antarctic Aerosol Levels During the 1991\n Austral Spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, no. 22, 2451-2454, November\n 19, 1993.\n Poole, L. R. and M. P. McCormick, Polar Stratospheric Clouds and the\n Antarctic Ozone Hole, J. Geophys. Res., 93, no. D7, 8423-8430, July\n 20, 1988.\n Poole, L. R., S. Solomon, M. P. McCormick, and M. C. Pitts, The\n Interannual Variability of Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Related\n Parameters in Antarctica During September and October,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1157-1160, 1989.\n Poole, L. R. and M. C. Pitts, Polar Stratospheric Cloud Climatology\n Based on SAM II Observations from 1978-1989, in press,\n J. Geophys. Res., 1994.\n Pueschel, R. F., K. G. Snetsinger, P. Hamill, J. K. Goodman, and\n M. P. McCormick, Nitric Acid in Polar Stratospheric Clouds: Similar\n Temperature of Nitric Acid Condensation and Cloud Formation,\n Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 429-432, 1990.\n Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, L. R. McMaster, T. J. Pepin,\n W. P. Chu, and T. J. Swissler, SAM II Ground-Truth Plan Correlative\n Measurements for the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II)\n Sensor on the NIMBUS G Satellite, NASA TM-78747, 1978.\n Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, W. P. Chu,\n J. M. Livingston,W. H. Fuller, Jr., J. M. Rosen, D. J. Hofmann,\n L. R. McMaster, D. C. Woods, and T. J. Pepin, Satellite and\n Correlative Measurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol II: Comparison\n of Measurements Made by SAM II, Dustsondes and an Airborne Lidar,\n J. Atmos. Sci., 38, no. 6, 1295-1312, June 1981.\n Russell, P. B., T. J. Swissler, M. P. McCormick, W. P. Chu,\n J. M. Livingston, and T. J. Pepin, Satellite and Correlative\n Measurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol I: An Optical Model for Data\n Conversions, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, no. 6, 1279-1294, June 1981.\n Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, J. M. Rosen,\n D. J. Hofmann, and L. R. McMaster, Satellite Correlative Measurements\n of the Stratospheric Aerosol III: Comparison of Measurements by SAM\n II, SAGE, Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors and Lidar, J. Atmos. Sci.,\n 41, no. 11, 1791-1800, June 1, 1984.\n Russell, James M., III, Middle Atmosphere Program - Handbook for MAP,\n Volume 22, Univ. of Illinois, NASA CR-180128, September 1986.\n Steele, H. M., P. Hamill, M. P. McCormick, and T. J. Swissler, The\n Formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, no. 8,\n 2055-2067, August 1983.\n Turco, R. P., O. B. Toon, and P. Hamill, Heterogeneous Physiochemistry\n of the Polar Ozone Hole, J. Geophys. Res., 94, no. D14, 16493-16510,\n November 30, 1989.\n Twomey, S., Introduction to the Mathematics of Inversion in Remote\n Sensing and Indirect Measurements, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.,\n 1977.\n Wang, P.-H. and M. P. McCormick, Behavior of Zonal Mean Aerosol\n Extinction Ratio and Its Relationship With Zonal Mean Temperature\n During the Winter 1978-1979 Stratospheric Warming, J. Geophys. Res.,\n 90, no. D1, 2360-2364, February 20, 1985.\n Wang, P.-H. and M. P. McCormick, Variations in Stratospheric Aerosol\n Optical Depth During Northern Warmings, J. Geophys. Res., 90, no. D6,\n 10597-10606, October 20, 1985.\n Watterson, I. G. and A. F. Tuck, A Comparison of the Longitudinal\n Distributions of Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Temperatures for the\n 1987 Antarctic Spring, J.Geophys. Res., 94, no. D14, 16511-16525,\n November 30, 1989.\n Yue, G. K., M. P. McCormick, and W. P. Chu, A Comparative Study of\n Aerosol Extinction Measurements Made by the SAM II and SAGE Satellite\n Experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 89, no. D4, 5321-5327, June 30, 1984.\n SAM II NASA RP'S\n SAM II Measurements of the Polar Stratospheric Aerosol,\n Vol. I - October 1978 to April 1979, NASA RP-1081\n Vol. II - April 1979 to October 1979, NASA RP-1088\n Vol. III - October 1979 to April 1980, NASA RP-1106\n Vol. IV - April 1980 to October 1980, NASA RP-1107\n Vol. V - October 1980 to April 1981, NASA RP-1140\n Vol. VI - April 1981 to October 1981, NASA RP-1141\n Vol. VII - October 1981 to April 1982, NASA RP-1164\n Vol. VIII - April 1982 to October 1982, NASA RP-1165\n Vol. IX - October 1982 to April 1983, NASA RP-1244", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2a8c4b3-6365-42ac-bbad-0843c4ba9033", - "label": "SUCCESS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Atmospheric Aerosol Chemical Composition Measurements for the\nSubsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS)\nwas an airborne expedition conducted aboard the NASA Ames DC-8\nresearch aircraft during April/May 1996. The purpose of this project\nwas to better determine the radiative properties of cirrus clouds and\ncontrails so that satellite observations can more reliable assess\ntheir impact on the Earth's radiation budget.\nThe goals of the program included determining how cirrus clouds form,\nwhether exhaust from subsonic aircraft affects their formation, and if\nthe changes might be climatologically significant. Measurements also\nwere performed to better determine the chemical characteristics of\ngaseous and particulate exhaust products from subsonic aircraft and\ntheir temporal evolution in the upper troposphere. The Global\nAtmospheric Chemistry Group at the University of New Hampshire is\nconducting measurements of the detailed chemical composition of the\natmospheric aerosol. For further information please see\n'http://www.gac.sr.unh.edu/'.\n[This summary was derived from The Global Atmospheric Chemistry Group\nComplex Systems Research Center Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and\nSpace University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH WWW pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f33c546a-e03b-48ff-8c36-47d0a533dbdc", - "label": "SEDAC/AIACC QS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC) is a global initiative developed in collaboration with the UNEP/WMO Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and funded by the Global Environment Facility to advance scientific understanding of climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation options in developing countries. By funding collaborative research, training and technical support, AIACC aims to enhance the scientific capacity of developing countries to assess climate change vulnerabilities and adaptations, and generate and communicate information useful for adaptation planning and action. AIACC is implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme and executed jointly by START and the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). In addition to the funding from the Global Environmental Facility, collateral funding has been provided by the United States Agency for International Development, the Canadian International Development Agency, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the World Bank. Substantial in-kind support has been donated by participating institutions in developing countries.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.aiaccproject.org/about/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f4359274-ce67-45e8-8d05-0f084c7591a8", - "label": "SBC/SMB", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This study is an extension of the numerical modeling circulation\ncomponent of the Santa Barbara Channel-Santa Maria Basin\n(SBC-SMB) Circulation Study. The SBC-SMB Circulation Study is\nthe title of the Cooperative Agreement (CA) between the state of\nCalifornia and the MMS. Absence of sufficient observations, as\nhas been the case in past modeling programs, prevents proper\nmodel skill assessment. One of the Scientific Review Panel?s\nApril 1997 recommendations states that successful SBC-SMB model\ndevelopment, successful analysis of observations, and successful\nfield work is contingent on all three being performed\nconcurrently during the conduct of the SBC-SMB Circulation\nstudy. This will allow modelers valuable interaction with the\nStudy?s principal investigators (PI) (observationalists) during\nthe conduct of their respective study components. Recent\nnumerically modeled simulations of circulation processes\ncharacteristic to the SBC have been, and continue to be, used in\nthe analysis of observations obtained in that area. Modeled\nsimulations of the characteristic flows of the SBC and SMB\nappropriate for OSRA, and modeled circulation processes helpful\nto analysis of the data obtained in the SMB, are not scheduled\nfor completion under the present contract.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Support analysis of observations obtained from the extended\nfield work with numerically modeled process studies presently\ntaking place in the Santa Maria Basin.\n\n2. Provide reliable predicted ocean current information for the\nSanta Barbara Channel and the SMB by complementing the entire\nsuite of observations obtained in the SBC-SMB Circulation Study.\n\nContact Person:\n\nDavid Browne\nDavid.Browne@mms.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.mms.gov/eppd/sciences/esp/profiles/pc/PC-99-04.htm'\nor 'http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/research/sbcsmb/sbc_home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by MMS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f6b85a37-80a6-49f8-90b3-7ef5e2ec80f7", - "label": "STARDUST", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Stardust is the first U.S. space mission dedicated solely to the\nexploration of a comet, and the first robotic mission designed\nto return extraterrestrial material from outside the orbit of\nthe Moon.\n\nThe Stardust spacecraft was launched on February 7, 1999, from\nCape Canaveral Air Station, Florida, aboard a Delta II\nrocket. The primary goal of Stardust is to collect dust and\ncarbon-based samples during its closest encounter with Comet\nWild 2 - pronounced 'Vilt 2' after the name of its Swiss\ndiscoverer - is a rendezvous scheduled to take place in January\n2004, after nearly four years of space travel.\n\nAdditionally, the Stardust spacecraft will bring back samples of\ninterstellar dust, including recently discovered dust streaming\ninto our Solar System from the direction of Sagittarius. These\nmaterials are believed to consist of ancient pre-solar\ninterstellar grains and nebular that include remnants from the\nformation of the Solar System. Analysis of such fascinating\ncelestial specks is expected to yield important insights into\nthe evolution of the Sun its planets and possibly even the\norigin of life itself.\n\nIn order to meet up with comet Wild 2, the spacecraft will make\nthree loops around the Sun. On the second loop, its trajectory\nwill intersect the comet. During the meeting, Stardust will\nperform a variety of tasks including reporting counts of comet\nparticles encountered by the spacecraft with the Dust Flux\nMonitor, and real-time analyses of the compositions of these\nparticles and volatiles taken by the Comet and Interstellar Dust\nAnalyzer (CIDA). Using a substance called aerogel, Stardust will\ncapture these samples and store them for safe keep on its long\njourney back to Earth. This silica-based, material has been\ninserted within the Aerogel Collector Grid, which is similar to\na large tennis racket. Not until January 2006, will Stardust and\nits precise cargo return by parachuting a reentry capsule\nweighing approximately 125 pounds to the Earth's surface.\n\nStardust is the fourth NASA Discovery mission to be chosen and\nfollows on the heels of Mars Pathfinder, the Near Earth Asteroid\nRendezvous (NEAR) mission, and the Lunar Prospector\nmission. Discovery is an ongoing program that is intended to\noffer the scientific community opportunities to accomplish\nfrequent, high quality scientific investigations using\ninnovative and efficient management approaches. It seeks to keep\nperformance high and expenses low by using new technologies and\nstrict cost caps.\n\nThe Stardust Mission is a collaborative effort between NASA,\nuniversity and industry partners:\n\nThe Principal Investigator is Dr. Donald E. Brownlee of the\nUniversity of Washington, well known for his discovery of cosmic\nparticles in the stratosphere known as Brownlee Particles. He\nalso co-authored the bestseller Rare Earth : Why Complex Life Is\nUncommon, which puts forward a hypothesis predicting that\nsimple, microbial life will be widespread in the universe, while\ncomplex animal or plant life will be extremely rare.\n\nDr. Peter Tsou of the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL), innovator in\naerogel technology serves as Deputy Investigator.\n\nThe contractor for the Stardust spacecraft is Lockheed Martin\nAstronautics, Denver, Colorado.\n\nThe Jet Propulsion Laboratory has an experienced project\nmanagement team, led by Thomas C. Duxbury. In addition, JPL\nprovided the optical navigation camera.\n\nThe Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Germany provided the real-time\ndust composition analyzer for the spacecraft.\n\nAmes Research Center provided the heat shield.\n\nJohnson Space Center will provide the planetary materials\ncuratorial facility where the samples can be preserved and tests\nconducted.\n\nUniversity of Chicago provided the Navigation Camera.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to the STARDUST main page at 'http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9ee0671-6335-448e-a6c2-5f3e1ec4cac1", - "label": "TAM-CGPS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "OPP-0230285/OPP-0230356 PIs: Wilson, Terry J./Hothem, Larry D. This award, provided by the Antarctic Geology and Geophysics Program of the Office of Polar Programs, supports a project to conduct GPS measurements of bedrock crustal motions in an extended Transantarctic Mountains Deformation network (TAMDEF) to document neotectonic displacements due to tectonic deformation within the West Antarctic rift and/or to mass change of the Antarctic ice sheets. Horizontal displacements related to active neotectonic rifting, strike-slip translations, and volcanism will be tightly constrained by monitoring the combined TAMDEF and Italian VLNDEF networks of bedrock GPS stations along the Transantarctic Mountains and on offshore islands in the Ross Sea.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.sciencestorm.com/award/0230356.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb23c170-9164-40cf-aed0-5a3fbd531fad", - "label": "SAGA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Andes Project ANDES project is developing advanced technology to support distance education. Development of ANDES is funded by the Annenberg Center for Communications at USC. The ANDES system allows students to take courses at home, while accessing educational resources on the Internet and engaging in teleconferences with teachers and other students. The system will seamlessly integrate net-based and CD-ROM-based educational resources. This project will show that distance education can be delivered effectively in a computer-based mode, in contrast to conventional techniques which rely heavily on video broadcasts of lectures.\n\nThe goal of this work is to demonstrate the kinds of distance education techniques that will be available once high-speed Internet connections are commonplace. By storing resources on the student's local machine, we can dramatically increase the perceived throughput of the system. We intend to use this system as a vehicle for collaborative education and pedagogical agent technologies.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.isi.edu/isd/ANDES/andes.html~'\n\n[Summary provided by ISU]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcd3f3ff-8e76-4ed9-a046-f8e4d4949040", - "label": "STLHBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Submarine Topography of Lutzow-Holm Bay, Antarctica was was\ninvestigated by radio-echo sounding from the surface of sea\nice. The program started in 1960, but the intensive surveys were\nconducted in 1968, 1973 and in particular 1981. The data were\ncompiled as the bathymetric chart of the Lutzow-Holm Bay. The\nstudy revealed cComplicated topography formed by former glacial\nerosion exerted by former expanded ice sheets.\n\nThis project comes from the National Institute of Polar Research\n(NIPR) which was established in Tokyo on September 29, 1973.\n\nLink to NIPR at 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcdc4134-dfae-4124-80a6-c699f45589d0", - "label": "SAHFOS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) is an\ninternational charity that operates the Continuous Plankton Recorder\n(CPR) survey. The Foundation has been collecting data from the North\nAtlantic and the North Sea on biogeography and ecology of plankton\nsince 1931. More recently, as the foundation has become more involved\nin international projects, work has been expanded to include other\nregions around the globe.\n\nThe results of the survey are used by marine biologists scientific\ninstitutes and in environmental change studies across the world. The\nCPR team is based in Plymouth, England and consists of analysts,\ntechnicians, researchers and administrators, who all play an integral\npart in the running of the survey.\n\nThe foundation is a charity and company limited by guarantee. It\ndepends on voluntary cooperation of the international shipping\ncommunity. A consortium of agencies from nine countries, the EU and\ninternational organisations provide financial support.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://192.171.163.165/'\n\n [Summary provided by SAHFOS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fd8c74e8-9acf-4faa-b816-2db980fbf7bd", - "label": "SCAR-B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation - Brazil was one of several planned\nSCAR experiments conducted on August 13 - September 11, 1995 in\nCentral Brazil. The objective of the SCAR-B project was to study the\nradiative effects of burning biomass smoke and aerosols on clouds and\nthe climate.\nThe Smoke/Sulphate Clouds And Radiation (SCAR) experiments are a\nseries of field experiments whose main goal is to better understand\nthe impact of biomass burning and urban/industrial aerosol on the\natmosphere and therefore climate. During each SCAR experiment in situ\nand remotely sensed data are measured simultaneously with the\nobjective to characterize most of the physical and chemical components\nof the atmospheric aerosol, trace gases and clouds, the Earth's\nsurface, the radiation field and the properties of fires. The SCAR\nseries of experiments is designed to try to narrow some of the\nuncertainties associated with the affect atmospheric aerosols have on\nclimate, either directly or indirectly, as well as to generate\ninformation and prepare data for the evaluation of algorithms for\nremote sensing from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\n(MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observing System (EOS), planned for launch\nin 1998. There are three planned SCAR experiments with the main\nexperiment to focus on the tropical biomass burning environment which\ntook place in Brazil during August/September 1995. The first two SCAR\nexperiments were conducted in the Eastern United States Atlantic\nregion (SCAR-A) in 1993 and in California and the Pacific Northwest\n(SCAR-C) in 1994. SCAR-A was designed to measure the properties of\nurban and industrial pollution dominated by sulfate particles. SCAR-C\nmeasured the properties and radiative effects of smoke aerosol and\ntrace gases emitted from wild and prescribed fires in the Pacific\nNorthwest of the US. The SCAR series of experiments have been a\ncollaborative effort between United States and Brazilian scientists\nand future collaborations between the two countries is expected to\ncontinue for the long-term monitoring of trace gas and particle\nemissions and their impact on the Earth's atmosphere and climate.\n[This summary was derived from the MODIS Airborne Simulator Field\nExperiment Data home page]\nAdditional Information: 'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/MAS/scarbhome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdd410e8-52f7-4b87-b739-425c6e5fd6d6", - "label": "SMEX02", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Field experiments have been very successful at addressing a broad range of science questions in terrestrial hydrology. The data have been used in studies that went well beyond the algorithm research. \n\nFor 2002, soil moisture and water cycle field experiments will be conducted that support the Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), NASA’s Global Water and Energy Cycle Program, and future satellite missions for Terrestrial Hydrology. Main elements of the experiment are validation of AMSR brightness temperature and soil moisture retrievals, extension of instrument observations and algorithms to more challenging vegetation conditions, integration of land surface and boundary layer measurements, and the evaluation of new instrument technologies for soil moisture remote sensing. \n\nThe Soil Moisture Experiments in 2002 (SMEX02) will be conducted in Iowa over a one month period between mid-June and mid-July. \n\nInformation provided by http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/smex02/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe439b0d-db2c-4998-9890-c11c5c16641f", - "label": "SEP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Idaho Dept of Water Resources and the University of Idaho's\nDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering have\ncompleted the first phase of a project to calibrate SEBAL, the\nSurface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land. While SEBAL has been\nused in Asia, Africa, and Europe, this project represents the\nfirst application in North America.\n\nThis is one of nine 'Infomart' projects across the United States\nawarded as part of a NASA and Raytheon Company program called\nthe Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS)\nSynergy Program. This work is supported by funding from The\nIdaho Department of Water Resources, the University of Idaho's\nDepartments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Civil\nEngineering, and by an EOSDIS grant.\n\nPhase I of the project was completed at the end of 2000, and\nPhase II ended at the end of 2001. IDWR and UI are presently\nworking on Phase III, which is structured as an operational test\nof SEBAL as a tool for water right management on the Eastern\nSnake River Plain.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.idwr.state.id.us/gisdata/ET/final_sebal_page.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Idaho Department of Water Resources'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe538355-a0c4-4229-b235-f4adf84256c0", - "label": "SURE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Program Code: SURE\nProgram Title: Sulfate Regional Experiment\nThe Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE) was designed to investigate the\nbehavior of airborne sulfur oxides and associated substances over the\ngreater northeastern United States. The study area extended from\neastern Kansas to theAtlantic seaboard and from mid-Alabama to\nsoutheastern Canada, an area of approximately 2,400 by 1,000 km. The\nstudy was motivated by concerns in the early 1970s that suspended\nsulfates impair human health when inhaled in a mixture of pollutant\ngases and other suspended particulate components. Since then it has\nbeen established that adverse health effects are not associated with\nambient sulfate concentrations as formerly thought. However, sulfur\noxides and their copollutants, nitrogen oxides, may have roles in\ngoverning the acidity of the atmosphere and precipitation, and in\nimpairing visibility, but these aspects of air quality were not\nstudied explicitly in the SURE project.\nThe primary objectives of the SURE project were:\n1) Establish a regional air quality data base through measurements of\nseveral parameters at the ground and aloft with specified accuracy and\nprecision, and evaluate the adequacy of the measurements selected for\nestablishing the origins of the sulfur oxide particulate complex.\n2) Establish the location and magnitude of emissions occurring during\nthe air quality measurement period with specified accuracy and\nprecision. In addition to sulfur oxides the emissions inventory\nincluded the nitrogen oxides, gaseous hydrocarbons and particles.\n3) Derive a quantitative method for relating emissions from the\nelectric power industry to regional ambient air quality as measured by\nsulfur dioxide and particulate sulfate. Using this method establishes\nthe relative importance of emission density distribution, meteorology,\nchemical transformations, and removal processes to the regional\noccurrence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.\nContinuous air quality measurements were obtained at 9 Class I\nstations from August 1977 through June 1979. Intermittent air quality\nmeasurements were obtained during seasonally representative sampling\nmonths at 45 Class II stations and from aircraft from August 1977\nthrough December 1978. These seasonally intensive sampling months\nwere August 1977, October 1977, January-February 1978, April 1978,\nJuly 1978, and October 1978.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/sure/sure.htm' for more information on\nSURE.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe761190-36bb-4eb1-8d5d-340c4a7f89ea", - "label": "SIMPLE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fed4efd8-4353-4adb-9bc5-da3d13c3db30", - "label": "TRANPAT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Ten tensor magnetotelluric (MT) soundings have been acquired in a 54 km long profile across the South Pole area, East Antarctica. The MT transect was offset from the South Pole station ∼5 km and oriented 210 grid north, approximately normal to the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. Surveying around South Pole station was pursued for four main reasons. First, we sought to illuminate first-order structure and physico-chemical state (temperatures, fluids, melts) of the crust and upper mantle of this part of East Antarctica. Secondly, conditions around the South Pole differ from those of previous MT experience at central West Antarctica, so that the project would help to define MT surveying feasibility over the entire continent. Thirdly, the results would provide a crustal response baseline for possible long-term MT monitoring to deep upper mantle depths at the South Pole. Fourthly, because Antarctic logistics are difficult, support facilities at the South Pole enable relatively efficient survey procedures. In making the MT measurements, the high electrical contact impedance at the electrode-firn interface was overcome using a custom-design electrode pre-amplifier at the electrode with low output impedance to the remainder of the recording electronics. Non-plane-wave effects in the data were suppressed using a robust jackknife procedure that emphasized outlier removal from the vertical magnetic field records. Good quality data were obtained, but the rate of collection was hampered by low geomagnetic activity and wind-generated, electrostatic noise induced in the ice. Profile data were inverted using a 2-D algorithm that damps model departures from an a priori structure, in this case a smooth 1-D profile obtained from inversion of an integral of the TM mode impedance along the profile. Inverse models show clear evidence for a pronounced (∼1 km thickness), conductive section below the ice tentatively correlated with porous sediments of the Beacon Supergroup. Substantial variations in sedimentary conductance are inferred, which may translate into commensurate variations in sediment thickness. Low resistivities below ∼30 km suggest thermal activity in the lower crust and upper mantle, and mantle support for this region of elevated East Antarctica. This contrasts with resistivity structure imaged previously in central West Antarctica, where resistivity remains high into the upper mantle consistent with a fossil state of extensional activity there.\n\nhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118792635/abstract", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fef15af1-607d-4005-b1a8-778af1a4dca9", - "label": "URBANSPATIAL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff0e27f4-e65f-44b0-9134-d1c2876cce40", - "label": "U.S.GLOBEC-SO", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "U.S. GLOBEC (GLOBal ocean ECosystems dynamics, http://www.usglobec.org/) is a\nresearch program organized by oceanographers and fisheries scientists to\naddress the question of how global climate change may affect the abundance and\nproduction of animals in the sea. The U.S. GLOBEC Program currently has major\nresearch efforts underway in the Georges Bank / Northwest Atlantic Region, and\nthe Northeast Pacific (with components in the California Current and in the\nCoastal Gulf of Alaska).\n\nU.S. GLOBAL OCEAN ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS, SOUTHERN OCEAN\n\nThe fundamental objectives of United States Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics\n(U.S. GLOBEC) Program are dependent upon the cooperation of scientists from\nseveral disciplines. Physicists, biologists, and chemists must make use of data\ncollected during U.S. GLOBEC field programs to further our understanding of the\ninterplay of physics, biology, and chemistry. Our objectives require\nquantitative analysis of interdisciplinary data sets and, therefore, data must\nbe exchanged between researchers. To extract the full scientific value, data\nmust be made available to the scientific community on a timely basis.\n\nU.S. GLOBEC Southern Ocean Homepage:\n'http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/Research/globec_menu.html'\n\nData is available on-line through the U.S. GLOBEC Data System at\nhttp://globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/soglobec/\n\n[This information was adapted from the U.S. GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2752029e-90f5-4147-9834-17e14d6c8f90", - "label": "SanctSound", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NOAA and the U.S. Navy are working to better understand underwater sound within the National Marine Sanctuary System. For the next few years, these agencies will work with numerous scientific partners to study sound within seven national marine sanctuaries and one marine national monument, which includes waters off Hawaii and the east and west coasts. Standardized measurements will assess sounds produced by marine animals, physical processes (e.g., wind and waves), and human activities. Collectively, this information will help NOAA and the Navy measure sound levels and baseline acoustic conditions in sanctuaries. This work is a continuation of ongoing Navy and NOAA monitoring and research, including efforts by NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c3e567b-c7ab-466a-9739-2a3a46dba1bb", - "label": "Sentinel-6", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The main purpose of the SENTINEL-6 mission will provide long-term continuity of the satellite altimetry measurement (sea surface height) from the TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON-1, JASON-2, and JASON-3 missions and to extend the climate data record whilst improving measurement precision and accuracy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2cbdad6d-0b9b-4614-a223-e4ed430f1bc9", - "label": "SGP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The global geodetic infrastructure is comprised of several networks and individual ground stations for: Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS). NASA's Space Geodesy Program contributes to the global infrastructure through the deployment, operation, and maintenance of two coordinated networks: the NASA Space Geodesy Network (NSGN) of collocated VLBI, SLR, GNSS, and DORIS stations, and the NASA Global GNSS Network (GGN). The data produced by these networks is used for a variety of products, including: the definition of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), measurement of the Earth Orientation Parameters, and satellite precision orbit determination. The data and products from these networks are also used to support a broad range of scientific and societal applications in areas such as Earth observations, positioning, navigation, and timing.\n\nMany of the geodetic stations are decades old and are not capable of meeting future requirements. The US National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space concluded in 2007 that: 'The geodetic infrastructure needed to enhance or even to maintain the terrestrial reference frame is in danger of collapse.' NASA and many other international government agencies are responding to this conclusion by making new investments to modernize and expand their geodetic infrastructure.\n\nThe Space Geodesy Program is implementing NASA's response to the NRC recommendation by sustaining and operating NASA's legacy Space Geodesy Networks while executing the construction, deployment, and operation of the next generation Space Geodesy stations that will be part of a new NSGN. The Space Geodesy Project (SGP) deployment strategy is guided by the recommendations of the NRC Committee on the National Requirements for Precision Geodetic Infrastructure, as well as the plans of other nations for contributing to the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS). One of the main objectives of the SGP is to produce the necessary observations to realize a Terrestrial Reference Frame that has an accuracy of 1 mm (decadal scale) with stability at 0.1 mm/year (annual scale). This is an ambitious goal, as it represents an order of magnitude improvement over the current capability.\n\nNASA's Space Geodesy Program encompasses the development, deployment, operation, and maintenance of a global network of space geodetic observatories consisting of geodetic and associated instruments, a data collection and transfer system, analysis, and the public dissemination of data products required to maintain a stable terrestrial reference system, measure the Earth Orientation Parameters, and support NASA’s missions and the scientific community.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "823db75c-02e2-4d10-a181-0caf8f62c3cb", - "label": "Sentinel-5P", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "[Source: https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-5p]\n\nThe Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor mission is the first Copernicus mission dedicated to monitoring our atmosphere. Copernicus Sentinel-5P is the result of close collaboration between ESA, the European Commission, the Netherlands Space Office, industry, data users and scientists. The mission consists of one satellite carrying the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) instrument. The TROPOMI instrument was co-funded by ESA and The Netherlands.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "836912f3-2ae4-4b5c-8c0a-c8e3d7b10bce", - "label": "TSIS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bfb3c71b-a35d-42d4-9e04-c511c8000a2e", - "label": "Sentinel-3A", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sentinel-3 is primarily an ocean mission, however, the mission is also able to provide atmospheric and land applications. The mission provides data continuity for the ERS, Envisat and SPOT satellites.\n\nSentinel-3 makes use of multiple sensing instruments to accomplish its objectives; SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer), OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument), SRAL (SAR Altimeter), DORIS, and MWR (Microwave Radiometer).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a8acaff-52ce-444c-b04c-ef90f5e47c79", - "label": "Sentinel-3B", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sentinel-3 is primarily an ocean mission, however, the mission is also able to provide atmospheric and land applications. The mission provides data continuity for the ERS, Envisat and SPOT satellites.\n\nSentinel-3 makes use of multiple sensing instruments to accomplish its objectives; SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer), OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument), SRAL (SAR Altimeter), DORIS, and MWR (Microwave Radiometer).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9adb566d-f4c5-403b-a518-42542aa28c8d", - "label": "TROPESS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TES has borne witness to a changing trajectory of atmospheric composition in the troposphere and revealed its complex interactions within the broader Earth System\n\nCharacterizing and predicting this trajectory requires a broad suite of wellcharacterized measurements linking emissions to concentrations in the context of natural and anthropogenic variability.\n\nTROPESS will produce long term, Earth Science Data Records (ESDRs) with uncertainties\nand observation operators pioneered by TES and enabled by the MUlti-SpEctra, MUltiSpEcies, Multi-SEnsors (MUSES) retrieval algorithm and ground data processing system.\n\nPromote the dissemination, utilization, and assimiliation of these ESDRs to support scientific and application communities, e.g., IGAC, IPCC.\n\nSupport the science of Decadal Survey and CEOS Atmospheric Composition Virtual Constellation (AC-VC) missions through a dependable forward stream of composition ESDR from existing and planned LEO instruments.\n\nSupport NASA activities including fields campaigns, mission formulation, e.g., Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSES)\n\n©2020 Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology\n\nhttps://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/tropess/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "09d6e6fb-4a00-460e-9c7e-bb5b311b9467", - "label": "TROPICS (EVI-3)", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate of 21 minutes for the baseline mission, 31 minutes for the threshold mission) over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises 12 CubeSats (fully compliant 4.0 kg 3U) in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer scanning across the satellite track at 30 RPM to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using 3 channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements, and a single channel at 206 GHz for cloud ice measurements. (Picture credit: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)\n\nMore Information: https://tropics.ll.mit.edu/CMS/tropics/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3740064a-663f-4672-b246-c06972801827", - "label": "TIROS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The TIROS Program (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was NASA's first experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth. At that time, the effectiveness of satellite observations was still unproven. Since satellites were a new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational parameters. The goal was to improve satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as 'should we evacuate the coast because of the hurricane?'.\n\nThe TIROS Program's first priority was the development of a meteorological satellite information system. Weather forecasting was deemed the most promising application of space-based observations.\n\nTIROS proved extremely successful, providing the first accurate weather forecasts based on data gathered from space. TIROS began continuous coverage of the Earth's weather in 1962, and was used by meteorologists worldwide. The program's success with many instrument types and orbital configurations lead to the development of more sophisticated meteorological observation satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bdeb9a4-d23b-4bb2-99fd-311e6fb79d40", - "label": "TCI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Tropical cyclone (TC) outflow and its relationship to TC intensity change and structure were investigated in the Office of Naval Research Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) field program during 2015 using dropsondes deployed from the innovative new HDSS (High Definition Sounding System) and remotely sensed observations from HIRAD (Hurricane Imaging Radiometer), both onboard the NASA WB-57 that flew in the lower stratosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ee6e630d-b701-4cbd-933a-2b040d60e30f", - "label": "TRMM-LBA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission-Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM-LBA) was a field campaign designed to collect data for validation of TRMM satellite measurements and\nnumerical cloud models. The TRMM-LBA experiment was conducted in the southwestern part of the Amazon basin in the Brazilian state of Rondonia from November 1, 1998 to February 28, 1999, during the Amazonian wet season. The experiment examined the dynamic, microphysical, electrical and diabatic heating processes of tropical convection in the Amazon region. TRMM-LBA provided detailed observations of precipitating systems from surface and aircraft instrumentation including radars, atmospheric sounding and\ntethersonde systems, a lightning location and detection network, rain gauges, disdrometers, profilers, and other related instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "035c9893-cbe4-4c38-8a96-b99f245c2c60", - "label": "SAIL", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Mountains are the natural water towers of the world, but Earth System Models (ESMs) have persistently been unable to predict the timing and availability of water resources from mountains. The source(s) of model error are difficult to isolate in complex terrain with limited atmospheric or land-surface observations. Further complications arise from the gross scale mismatch between ESM grid box sizes and the relevant scales of mountainous hydrological processes. The mountain hydrometeorology community has repeatedly called for integrated atmospheric and surface observations of water and energy budgets in complex terrain that span these scales to establish benchmarks against which scale-dependent models can be developed. In response to these calls, the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) will make measurements using the second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) and a scanning X-band dual polarimetric radar near Crested Butte, Colorado. The campaign will focus on the East River Watershed, which is a 300-km2 mountainous watershed that is part of the Upper Colorado River Basin. SAIL will advance atmosphere-through-bedrock understanding of mountainous water cycles by collocating ARM atmospheric observations with long-standing collaborative resources including the ongoing surface and subsurface hydrologic observations from the Department of Energy’s Watershed Function Science Focus Area (SFA). The main science goal of the SAIL campaign is to develop a quantitative understanding of the atmosphere and land-atmosphere interaction processes, at their relevant scales, that impact mountain hydrology in the midlatitude continental interior of the United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f9f5ca4-24c0-49a6-950f-991e0ee827bf", - "label": "TRACER-AQ", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Tracking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) is a Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility led campaign that will take place from June 2021-2022 (with intensive operations occurring from June through September 2021) to study the impact of aerosols on microphysical processes within convective clouds in the region near Houston, Texas (see DOE/TRACER Science Plan). The Houston region commonly has isolated convection in the presence of variable aerosol environments with measurements strategically placed to capture urban, rural, and marine driven aerosol conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c419e47-14fc-422e-ae48-4c8fe3b1ec5a", - "label": "SCOAPE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) requires the Bureau of Ocean Energy\nManagement (BOEM) to ensure compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard\n(NAAQS) so that Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and gas exploration, development, and\nproduction do not significantly impact the air quality (AQ) of any state. In July 2015, BOEM\npersonnel first approached the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to inquire\nif satellite data could be used to help monitor offshore AQ in BOEM’s jurisdiction, that portion of\nthe OCS west of 87°30’ West longitude in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) Region and the Chukchi and\nBeaufort Sea Planning Areas in the Alaska Region. An interagency agreement was signed in\n2017 to begin a study, which was named the Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution\nExperiment (SCOAPE).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4c3e1d1-41d1-4fe4-9bfc-7ea4af3e42e5", - "label": "TOTE-VOTE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The airborne UV differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system participated in the Tropical Ozone Transport Experiment/Vortex Ozone Transport Experiment (TOTE/VOTE) in late 1995/early 1996. This mission afforded the opportunity to compare the DIAL system's stratospheric ozone measuring capability with other remote-sensing instruments through correlative measurements over a latitude range from the tropics to the Arctic. These instruments included ground-based DIAL and space-based stratospheric instruments: HALOE; MLS; and SAGE II. The ozone profiles generally agreed within random error estimates for the various instruments in the middle of the profiles in the tropics, but regions of significant systematic differences, especially near or below the tropopause or at the higher altitudes were also found. The comparisons strongly suggest that the airborne UV DIAL system can play a valuable role as a mobile lower-stratospheric ozone validation instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "15ec2483-ea12-434b-9cdb-c0c20d8aaacf", - "label": "SIF-ESDR", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "This project is developing a global, observation-based Earth System Data Record (ESDR) for quantifying global vegetation solar induced fluorescence (SIF) and photosynthesis gross primary productivity (GPP) from 1996-2020. It was funded under the 2017 Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) call (17-MEASURES-0032).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dd1965ee-cf37-4773-81df-a3ec5f97e8a2", - "label": "SSP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) data collection archived and disseminated here includes data sets developed based on SSP qualitative narratives and/or quantitative elements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89d4349b-69d8-4786-96eb-55363bbe28a9", - "label": "SARP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Student Airborne Research Program (SARP) is an summer internship program for rising senior undergraduate students to acquire hands-on research experience in all aspects of a scientific campaign using one or more NASA Airborne Science Program flying science laboratories. Aircraft used for SARP have included the DC-8, P-3B, C-23, UC-12B, and ER-2. Research areas include atmospheric chemistry, air quality, forest ecology, and ocean biology. Along with airborne data collection, students will participate in taking measurements at field sites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98dbcfdf-763a-4d62-9f6c-3520818a7f68", - "label": "SWOT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Surface Water & Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission brings together two communities focused on a better understanding of the world's oceans and its terrestrial surface waters. U.S. and French oceanographers and hydrologists and international partners have joined forces to develop this new space mission to make the first global survey of Earth's surface water, observe the fine details of the ocean's surface topography, and measure how water bodies change over time. SWOT is one of 15 recommended missions listed in the 2007 National Research Council Decadal Survey of Earth science.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb9c7c89-e580-4d44-ae77-c99794b5253a", - "label": "S-MODE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) is a 5-year effort to test the hypothesis that short spatial scale ocean dynamics make important contributions to the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. This will require coordinated application of newly-developed in situ and remote sensing techniques, and it will provide an unprecedented view of the physics of submesoscale eddies and fronts and their effects on vertical transport in the upper ocean. The Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) will use measurements from a novel combination of platforms and instruments, along with data analysis and modeling, to test the hypothesis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65f63466-cf6b-4f39-adb0-df30533959e8", - "label": "TOLNet", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Ozone lidars measure continuous, high resolution ozone profiles critical for process studies and for satellite validation in the lower troposphere. However, the effectiveness of lidar validation by using single-station data is limited. Recently, NASA initiated an interagency ozone lidar observation network under the name TOLNet to promote cooperative multiple-station ozone-lidar observations to provide highly time resolved (few minutes) tropospheric-ozone vertical profiles useful for air-quality studies, model evaluation, and satellite validation. This article briefly describes the concept, stations, major specifications of the TOLNet instruments, and data archiving.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f52d2f6b-1ef2-4fbc-bdc4-61751f83b15b", - "label": "SNWG/OPERA", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Started in April 2021, the Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory collects data from satellite radar and optical instruments to generate three products:\n\n- a near-global Surface Water Extent product suite,\n- a near-global Surface Disturbance product suite, and\n- a North America Displacement product suite.\n\nThe first is generated from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical data. The second is generated from optical data only. The third is generated from Interferometric SAR data. These products can be accessed through the links on our data products page.\n\nThe OPERA data products and time series are derived from measurements made by the instruments onboard the Sentinel-1 A/B, Sentinel-2 A/B, and Landsat-8/9 satellites, to be augmented by the measurements from the radars on the soon-to-be-launched NISAR and SWOT satellites.\n\nThe project is sponsored by NASA in response to the needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group (SNWG). SNWG was chartered in response to the joint Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) request to address challenges faced by US federal data-providing agencies in obtaining and aggregating space-based observations to meet the needs of their users. Every two years, the SNWG conducts an agency survey to identify gaps in the current NASA program of record and/or data sets that meet agency needs. In the 2018 biennial agency survey, surface water extent, surface disturbance, and surface displacement were identified among the top ten inter-agency needs.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bdfcc19f-5d86-46fd-ab8d-cf197887523d", - "label": "SISTER", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Space-based Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal pathfindER (SISTER) is a NASA project aimed at prototyping workflows and generating Surface Biology and Geology (SBG)-like data products utilizing existing airborne and spaceborne sources in efforts to sustain and build the community to increase prospects for major scientific discovery post launch of the SBG mission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0fb51735-8b3b-4283-8675-8ed7e2b1637e", - "label": "SASSIE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "Sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean has declined dramatically over the past decades. Autumn ice advance is slower and occurs later, while summer ice retreat is faster and occurs earlier. The result is a lengthening open-water period each year, leading to changes in air-sea heat and momentum fluxes, the freshwater cycle, surface albedo feedbacks, primary production, and regional and global climate as well as human and ecological health.\n\nOur experiment examines how summer ice melt evolves into and is inexorably linked with autumn sea ice advance. A major SASSIE milestone was completed in September 2022: a monthlong scientific cruise in the Bering Sea aboard the R/V Woldstad.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a27094d-13f7-42fa-a2af-a53183304412", - "label": "STAQS", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "NASA’s Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of POllution (TEMPO) mission is planned to launch in early 2023 to provide geostationary observations of air quality over North America. With this addition of high-resolution satellite measurements, the Synergistic TEMPO Air Quality Science (STAQS) mission seeks to integrate TEMPO satellite observations with traditional air quality monitoring to improve understanding of air quality science and increase societal benefit. STAQS will be conducted in summer 2023, targeting two primary domains in Los Angeles and New York City and several secondary domains across North America with ground and airborne based measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17fac673-2240-48dc-a0b8-6d5fdaac2ba4", - "label": "SHIFT", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) High Frequency Time Series (SHIFT) was an airborne and field campaign during February to May 2022, with a follow up activity for one week in September, in support of NASA’s SBG mission. Its study area included a 640-square-mile (1,656-square-kilometer) area in Santa Barbara County and the coastal Pacific waters. The primary goal of the SHIFT campaign was to collect a repeated dense time series of airborne Visible to ShortWave Infrared (VSWIR) airborne imaging spectroscopy data with coincident field measurements in both inland terrestrial and coastal aquatic areas, supported in part by a broad team of research collaborators at academic institutions. The SHIFT campaign leveraged NASA’s Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) facility instrument to collect approximately weekly VSWIR imagery across the study area. The SHIFT campaign 1) enables the NASA SBG team to conduct traceability analyses related to science value of VSWIR revisit without relying on multispectral proxies, 2) enables testing algorithms for consistent performance over seasonal time scales and end-to-end workflows including community distribution, and 3) provide early adoption test cases to SHIFT application users and incubate relationships with basic and applied science partners at the University of California Santa Barbara Sedgwick Reserve and The Nature Conservancy’s Jack and Laura Dangermond Preserve.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99d2081c-b177-47cf-88ce-d2f50abaec24", - "label": "SDGI", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The United Nations (UN) has established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to help shape a better future for our planet. In 2015 the UN Statistical Commission created the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs), which developed over 200 indicators to monitor progress towards the SDGs. \n\nThe Sustainable Development Goals Indicators (SDGI) collection provides globally consistent, regularly updated, operational data sets of SDG indicators. These data sets exemplify the potential of non-traditional global open data sources in bridging data gaps to help monitor SDG progress. Currently, the collection includes SDG indicators 7.1.1 (Access to Electricity), 9.1.1 (The Rural Access Index), 11.2.1 (Access to Public Transport), and 11.7.1 (Urban Public Space, Availability and Access). CIESIN plans to release regular updates of each indicator data set and is currently developing methodologies to compute additional indicator data sets. These data sets were developed in support of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Human Planet Initiative (HPI).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b89f71a-6892-4a57-8b60-a0921d852a48", - "label": "SEAMAP", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP) is a State/Federal/university program for collection, management and dissemination of fishery-independent data and information in the southeastern United States.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84e19d38-0317-4cd2-b9d0-2161897c2619", - "label": "TIMELINE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "TIMELINE, a project within the German Remote Sensing Data Center of DLR, stands for “TIMe Series Processing of Medium Resolution Earth Observation Data assessing Long -Term Dynamics In our Natural Environment”. TIMELINE generates a consistent and harmonized 40-year time series based on AVHRR instruments by means of a fully automated processing chain. The geographical focus is on Europe and North Africa. In this context, the project develops methods to produce consistent, reproducible and reliable time series. From the earth observation data, geophysical variables are derived that contribute to the detection of geoscientific phenomena and trends", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "418a8c09-a533-4f9a-ac4b-7078107980bf", - "label": "TRACE", - "broader": "4eb1894b-35b4-406b-8864-944a42bc7702", - "definition": "The Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator (TRACE) campaign studied chemical composition and aerosols in a tropical atmosphere. TRACE had two deployments. The Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE-A) deployment took place during September-October 1992 over the southern Atlantic. The Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) deployment occurred during February-April 2001 over the Pacific. Airborne observations were taken of aerosols and atmospheric parameters. Ozone measurements were also taken by ozonesondes on balloons. Measurements were supplemented by satellite data and model outputs. TRACE was part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "label": "P - R", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00230dbe-8532-4644-b241-79533b808846", - "label": "PPGM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "01c9697d-3685-430a-b4f5-2b291a1c5514", - "label": "PRISM/OCS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The data sets available on this web site were created using the PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) climate mapping system, developed by Dr. Christopher Daly, PRISM Group director. PRISM is a unique knowledge-based system that uses point measurements of precipitation, temperature, and other climatic factors to produce continuous, digital grid estimates of monthly, yearly, and event-based climatic parameters. Continuously updated, this unique analytical tool incorporates point data, a digital elevation model, and expert knowledge of complex climatic extremes, including rain shadows, coastal effects, and temperature inversions. PRISM data sets are recognized world-wide as the highest-quality spatial climate data sets currently available. PRISM is the USDA's official climatological data. \n\nhttp://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02927af0-918f-4980-9e47-69950323ab6e", - "label": "PIRATA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PIRATA (Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic) is a\nproject designed by a group of scientists involved in CLIVAR, and is\nimplemented by the group through multi-national cooperation. The\npurpose of PIRATA is to study ocean-atmosphere interactions in the\ntropical Atlantic that are relevant to regional climate variability on\nseasonal, interannual and longer time scales.\n\nContributions are provided by France (with the participation of IRD in\ncollaboration with Meteo-France, CNRS, Universities and\nIFREMER), by Brazil (INPE and DHN) and by the USA (NOAA/PMEL, NASA and\nUniversities).\n\nUS PIRATA Home Page:\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pirata/'\n\nPIRATA Data Delivery:\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/data_deliv/deliv-pir.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "043d1395-6c27-44de-8463-5295a31bcbed", - "label": "RB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Revitalizing Baltimore is a national model community forestry and\nwatershed restoration project funded by the USDA Forest Service\nand managed by the Parks & People Foundation in cooperation\nwith the Maryland State Forester. The project goal is to\ndemonstrate human and natural system connections and equip\npeople to care for natural resources, while employing these\nresources to revitalize urban neighborhoods. The project is a\npartnership between the Maryland Department of Natural Resources\nForest Service, Baltimore City and Baltimore County, several\nother non-profit organizations, three community-based watershed\nassociations, businesses, and academic institutions.\n\nContact:\n\nMichael T. Rains\nDirector\nmrains@fs.fed.us\nPhone: 610-557-4103\nFax: 610-557-4177\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.fs.fed.us/na/briefs/baltimore99/baltimore.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0692113d-f92f-4e79-a036-0d9c5bb630df", - "label": "POLARIS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "POLARIS was a series of high-altitude airborne investigations to\nunderstand the behavior of polar stratospheric ozone as it changes\nfrom very high concentrations in the spring down to very low\nconcentrations in autumn. The data will help with our understanding on\nthe distribution, chemistry, and physics of stratospheric ozone after\nthe vortex breakup, during the continuous daylight conditions of\nsummer. The experiment took place during April - September 1997.\n\nFor more information see:\n'http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/polaris/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0842f2a3-58d8-4e4e-a56f-03fd3ee512d7", - "label": "PASA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0e5e0c08-5fee-45c7-b331-3166b603afbd", - "label": "POPDYNAMICS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0eb86e26-8e23-447a-99f3-39df37a50afb", - "label": "PSU3DICE-ANT-MELTWATER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13008897-9adf-4a38-83a7-0d00cd427d6c", - "label": "REBEX-1", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "We describe the experimental apparatus, methodology, and measurements from the Radiobrightness Energy Balance Experiment 1 (REBEX-1), conducted from October, 1992 through April, 1993 near Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Three microwave radiometers measured the apparent radiobrightness of a grassy site at 19, 37, and 85 GHz. Augmenting these data were measurements of sky radiobrightnesses, terrain and sky infrared radiometric temperatures, net and global radiation, soil temperatures, soil heat flux, rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. We also acquired 100 images of the radiometer observation area over the course of the experiment using a video camera and digitization hardware. We report the experiment log, the microwave radiometer calibration record, known errors in the data, summary and monthly plots of the data, the video images of the site, and snow depth and soil moisture data. We also describe post-experiment corrections to the microwave radiometer calibrations and radiobrightness data.\n\n\nSummary provided by http://www.eecs.umich.edu/grs/rebex1.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14bf90bf-f310-44eb-bf23-f0c0c8b983c9", - "label": "RAMCES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The scientific priority of the RAMCES network is the study of CO2.\n\nFor more information, please visit: https://ramces.lsce.ipsl.fr", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16c53dc7-1c57-4a80-b5c1-6580a0bcc23f", - "label": "PEM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Abstract:\n\n\n The Pacific Exploratory Mission - Tropics B (PEM-Tropics B) was\n conducted by the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) over\n the tropical Pacific Ocean in March-April 1999. It used two\n NASA aircraft, a DC-8 and a P-3B. Its central objective was to\n improve knowledge of the factors controlling ozone, OH,\n aerosols, and related species over the vast and remote region\n defined by the tropical Pacific. Both aircraft were equipped\n with extensive instrumentation for measuring numerous chemical\n compounds and gases. The geographical coverage ranged from 38N\n to 36S in latitude and 148W to 76E in longitude. Major\n deployment sites included Hilo, Hawaii; Christmas Island;\n Tahiti; Fiji; and Easter Island. PEM-Tropics B was a sequel to\n PEM-Tropics A, conducted in September-October 1996. The latter\n field study encountered considerable biomass burning indluence\n over the South Pacific associated with the dry season in the\n southern tropics. PEM-Tropics B, conducted in the wet season of\n the so! uthern tropics, observed an exceedingly clean\n atmosphere over the South Pacific but a variety of pollution\n influences over the tropical North Pacific, including\n long-range transport from industrial sources in Eurasia and\n North America as well as from seasonal biomass burning in\n Southeast Asia. Photochemical ozone loss over both the North\n and the South Pacific exceeded local photochemical production\n by about a factor of two, implying the need for a major inflow\n term to balance the tropospheric budget over the\n region. Dedicated flights investigated the sharp air mass\n transitions at the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and at\n the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Extensive OH\n observations, many involving diurnal profiles at several\n different altitudes, permitted the first large-scale\n comparisons with photochemical model predictions. High\n concentrations of oxygenated organics were observed\n ubiquitously in the tropical Pacific atmosphere and may have\n important implicat! ions for global HOx and NOx\n budgets. Extensive equatorial measurements of DSMS and OH, some\n of which were recorded in coincidence with exceptionally high\n levels of the oxidation product DMSO, suggest that important\n aspects of marine sulfur chemistry are also still poorly\n understood.\n\n Provided by:\n\n Raper, J.L., M.M. Kleb, D.J. Jacob, D.D. Davis, R.E. Newell,\n H.E. Fuelberg, R.J. Bendura, J.M. Hoell, and R.J. McNeal", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17250e86-d839-4531-ba1e-2820774fe177", - "label": "RIVDIS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Global River Discharge (RivDIS) data set contains monthly discharge\nmeasurements for 1018 stations located throughout the world. The period of\nrecord varies widely from station to station, with a mean of 21.5 years. The\ndata were digitized from published UNESCO river archives by Charles Vorosmarty,\nBalazs Fekete, and B. A. Tucker of the Complex Systems Research Center (CSRC)\nat the University of New Hampshire.\n\nWebsite: http://www.daac.ornl.gov/RIVDIS/rivdis.html\n\n[Summary provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17b2a7dc-8154-4399-a752-90dcf22c2c9d", - "label": "PATOB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PATOB\nProject URL: http://nmml.afsc.noaa.gov/CetaceanAssessment/ipyp-methods-results.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=430\n\nBeluga whales make an ideal indicator species for Arctic climate change, given their circumpolar distribution and close association with ice formation and decay. This project will instrument 100 belugas per year over three years with satellite transmitters and, in some locations, oceanographic data loggers, to obtain a synoptic snapshot of the pattern and timing of beluga movements in relation to sea ice, surface temperature, primary productivity, bathymetry, as well as temperature and salinity at depth through beluga dive profiles. This baseline data will be invaluable information against which to make comparisons through time as the Arctic undergoes climate change. \nBy serving as autonomous underwater samplers, belugas will collect oceanographic data at depth in regions of particular interest, such as polynyas, during winter months when ship-based collection of such data would be difficult, dangerous, or impossible. Such data can assist oceanographers with modeling ocean temperatures, salinity, currents, heat exchange, formation of deep and intermediate waters.and rates of change that may aid in our understanding patterns relating to climate change. \nBelugas will be tagged across their range in Svalbard, Russia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, which will help delineate stock structure, particularly where ranges overlap but beluga migration patterns are distinct. Little is currently known about beluga stocks in Russia, so this study will make an important contribution in that area. Local arctic peoples and young scientists in training in each region will participate in the fieldwork, educational outreach, and or, data analysis. Tissue samples, measurements, and other data will be collected from each tagged beluga to aid in auxiliary studies. Finally, establishment of a real-time web-based display of beluga movements will be a window for the public through which to view this fascinating research. There will also be an educational DVD, magazine, film and aquarium exhibits produced to interpret this important science.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18d4145a-c7e2-4b38-a845-038e9930416c", - "label": "POLARPRODS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLARPRODS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=142\nMicroalgae - prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae play a key role in Arctic and Antarctic ecology as primary producers. They can cope with extreme temperatures, varying light intensities, as well as low availability of essential nutrients and other resources. Microalgae constitute a potential resource useful in biotechnological applications and they have an important advantage over many other organisms as they can be expediently cultured for the production and processing of desirable compounds. Culturing of microalgae and their maintenance in a culture collection as a stable renewable resource is a huge advantage in the development of their value to biotechnology. The promising application, with a possible turn-up both for the public health and for the safeguard of the ambient, is definitely the utilization of microalgae as a source of bioactive substances. Recently, much effort has been expended on the search for new compounds of therapeutic potential, demonstrating that microalgae of all classes possess antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. There is also a number of different modes in which microalgae are utilised in aquaculture: a) as feed to supply basic nutrients; b) as a source of pigments to improve the colour of fish; c) for other biological purposes. Some prospects for new chemicals have been reported in recent years, the most prominent of which are carotenoids of nutritional and medical value, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), polysaccharides, peptides and radical scavengers. \nEven though, the cultivation scale-up of microalgae in polar regions seem to be difficult due to the harsh climatic conditions, on the basis of preliminary experiments, we propose an innovative step to develop microalgal photobioreactors for extreme environmental conditions, which could potentially help to develop local industry and at the same time provide a viable means of treating domestic wastewaters generated by local communities. Various types of photobioreactors (both closed and semi-closed systems) are to be constructed and tested in various parts of the Arctic Region. This might lay the basis of sustainable biotechnology to cultivate local native strains, which offer a rich source of food additives and other bioactive substances. It is proposed that the experiments will be carried out at the Canadian base of Ellesmere Island and at the Italian base of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. It is expected that in the future, cultivation studies will be extended to Antarctic Region at the Italian (Mario Zucchelli Station), Czech (James Ross Island) and Indian (Schirmacher Oases) bases. \nAlthough the programme seems to be very ambitious and difficult to realize, once the prototypes of the photobioreactors are experimented in both bipolar regions, the feasibility of growing the algae and cyanobacteria for food and bio-products could become in a reality. The project will develop innovative field mass culture units, which aims to optimize light energy utilization and minimize environmental impact, potentially integrating with existing polar infrastructure and associated nutrient and energy sources. Moreover, it will establish or add to valuable bio-geographical, taxonomic, physiological, biochemical and genetic parameters for polar micro-algae. Microalgae are also key resources to wastewater treatment systems, where they remove nutrients and contaminants. For exemple, this process has been already applied to bioremediate mining sites in Artic Canada. It may be possible, therefore, to use infrastructure and wastewater from polar town sites and industrial operations, and integrate photobioreactors into future urban/industrial development. A web site will be created, with links to all academic, university and industrial partners raising individual establishment profiles and highlight ecological benefits. \nThe team will involve collaboration among Canada, Italy, Czech Republic, India and potentially other interested nations. In principle this project is continuation of existing research studies conducted recently and in the past (both in Arctic and Antarctic) by different members of the team. The exploitation of polar based bio-active metabolites is a new and innovative proposal, as is the biotechnology of outdoor studies with polar phototrophic strains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1972d5b3-339a-4d27-9542-df9d9eabfd0e", - "label": "PAGES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Past Global Changes (PAGES) is the International Geosphere-Biosphere\nProgram (IGBP) Core Project charged with providing a quantitative\nunderstanding of the Earth's past environment and defining the envelope of\nnatural environmental variability within which we can assess anthropogenic\nimpact on the Earth's biosphere, geosphere and atmosphere. In order to\npermit validation of their effectiveness, models intended to predict\nfuture environmental changes must be capable of accurately reproducing\nconditions known to have occurred in the past.\nPAGES seeks to obtain and interpret a variety of palaeoclimatic records to\nprovide the data essential for the validation of predictive climatic\nmodels. PAGES seeks the integration and intercomparison of ice, ocean and\nterrestrial palaeorecords, and encourages the creation of consistent\nanalytical and database methodologies within the palaeosciences.\nPAGES research is divided into five focus areas with associated\nactivities and tasks:\nFocus 1: Global Paleoclimate and Environmental Variability\nPaleoclimate of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (PANASH)\n - PEP I (Pole-Equator-Pole I): The Americas Transect\n - PEP II: The Austral-Asian Transect\n - PEP III: Afro-European Transect\nFocus 2: CLIVAR/PAGES Intersection\nFocus 3: International Marine Past Global Changes (IMAGES)\nFocus 4: Polar Programs\n - Circum Arctic Paleoenvironments (CAPE)\n - Quaternary Environment of the Eurasian North project (Queen)\n - International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE)\n - Antarctic Ice Margin Evolution (ANTIME)\nFocus 5: Past Ecosystems Processes and\nHuman-Environment Interactions\n - HITE (Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems)\n - LUCIFS (Land Used and Climate Impacts on Fluvial Systems during the\n Period of Agriculture)\n - LIMPACS (Human Impact on Lake Ecosystems)\n\nContact:\n-------\nPAGES International Project Office\nBaerenplatz 2\nCH-3011 Berne\nSwitzerland\nTel: (+41-31) 312 3133\nFax: (+41-31) 312 3168\nE-mail: pages@pages.unibe.ch\nURL: 'http://www.pages.unibe.ch/'\n\nPAGES data is archived at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology,\nBoulder, CO.\nSee 'http://www.pages.unibe.ch/data/data.html' for mirror sites and\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/'\n\n\n[This information was obtained from the IGBP and PAGES websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c653c3e-8eff-4cb7-adbb-3096da1bbf2e", - "label": "RASCHER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: RASCHER\nProject URL: http://igras.geonet.ru/cwg/projects.html#rascher\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=262 \n\nSoils of Polar Regions are a very important membrane in bio-cryospheric interactions, regulating natural and human-induced processes in ecosystems and landscapes of the North Latitudes. The knowledge of positive and negative feedbacks in the system climate-vegetation-soil-permafrost are of the crucial significance for understanding and forecasting response of this system to global change.\nRASCHER addresses how climate variability and change can affect the soil systems of the polar (Subarctic and Arctic) regions and their sustainability. To provide accurate projections on the impact of climate change and increase of anthropogenic influence on these systems requires improved knowledge of its components and their linkages. Soil has both very inert and changeable parameters, which are altered differently because of climate change. RASCHER will mainly focus on the study of temporal change of labile soil characteristics (temperature, carbon fluxes and other gas fluxes, microbiota and microfauna) and of more stable soil characteristics (mineral composition, organic matter content and quality, morphological features, taxonomical status) in different kinds of frontiers (treeline, tundra-bog border, southern border of permafrost, contact zone of soil and permafrost table in a profile), which are expected to be changed first due to climate change. Together with climate-induced change the influence of the other regional and international processes shift of resource development, increased tourism and relevant infrastructure to the north on permafrost-affected soils will be studied. RASCHER will be based on both database analysis and field studies. The database on soil temperatures for dozens of meteorological stations of arctic and boreal regions for the period 50-100 years and the northern circumpolar soil database are already compiled and can be used for analysis. The field studies will be carried out in the different regions of Arctic and Subarctic during 2006-2008. To understand the effects of global change on northern polar soils firstly the long-term climatic trends and correlation of air and soil temperatures on the various depths will be carried out and the relevant models will be developed. Using the prognosis for climate change the spatial model of soil temperature change in northern polar latitudes will be elaborated. \nThe potential development of northern industries, settlements and transport infrastructure (roads, pipelines) relevant to soil change will be forecasted together with social geographers and specialists in land management. The analysis of previously gained data on anthropogenic impact on permafrost-affected soils and field work in relevant human-changed environments will allow to elaborate the spatial prognostic model of anthropogenic change of Arctic and Subarctic soils. The Northern circumpolar soil database will help to differentiate this forecast related to kinds of soils and substrate. \nThe role of thermal factor in composition and functioning of the biotic complex of tundra soils (microbiota, micro- and mesofauna) as well as the selective role of negative temperatures on the structure of soil microbiocenoses and the influence of cryogenesis on adaptive functions of soil microorganisms will be studied both in the field and in a laboratory using traditional and new (DNA analysis) methods. It allows comparing new data with results of studies carried out at the same locations 30-40 years ago and assessing if any climate-induced change of soil biota has taken place. The samples collected from the same places as 20 years ago will be analyzed for the 14C activity and the soil carbon renovation rates will be calculated (Cherkinsky-Brovkin model) and then will be compared with old samples to find out if it is any acceleration of carbon turnover due to global change. \nThe frontier studies will concern the non-stability of soil thermic regimes, shrinking of isolated patches and the northward retreat of permafrost-affected soils, the assessments of possible soil change related to the vegetation transformation on the base of soil studies (carbon fluxes, humus quality, mineral composition, etc.) in different types of ecotones (forest-tundra, tundra-bog, forest-meadow, forest-bog, meadow-tundra). The other part of frontier studies is the detailed analysis of soil process at the interface of soil and permafrost tables. It concerns the study of the bio- and geochemical barrier on this interface and the study of the process of cryogenic lateral transportation at the contact zone of soil and permafrost table. This interface is the zone of high concentration of organic matter and other compounds, including pollutants. The detailed physico-chemical studies will allow determining the fate of this matter in case of permafrost thawing due to climate change or anthropogenic impact.\nSoils will be linked with vegetation and changes in vegetation by linking various geospatial data layers to improve our knowledge and the distribution of soils and their environmental linkages", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1f6a5b36-78b5-4412-bf1b-f98456b12d63", - "label": "RAMS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "RAMS is a fully operable, browsable/searchable online species list of Antarctic marine species, dynamically maintained by a strong board of expert taxonomic editors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1fd4b9dd-81fc-47cf-b272-4aabe4d8ff15", - "label": "PWG", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "&To develop a comprehensive, global understanding of the generation and flow of energy from the Sun through the Earth's space environment (geospace) and to define the cause-and-effect relationships between the physical processes that link different regions of this dynamic environment.& - Alexander and Nishida, 1984\n \n \nIn the 1990s, collaborations between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Institute of Space and Astronuatical Science (ISAS) of Japan resulted in the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) Science Initiative. Polar, Wind and Geotail are a part of this initiative, combining resources and scientific communities to obtain coordinated, simultaneous investigations of the Sun-Earth space environment over an extended period of time.\n \nInformation provided by http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/project_overview.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ff92afb-a7d3-42b8-91cc-dde48048fcff", - "label": "POLAR-AOD", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLAR-AOD\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=171\nThe proposed activity aims at establishing a bipolar network to obtain data needed to quantify properties of aerosols at high latitudes, including seasonal background concentrations by measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD), spectral characterizations, and the evolutionary patterns of the natural and anthropogenic processes that perturb the aerosol cycles. An effort to quantify direct and indirect climate forcing by polar aerosols will be made through a set of closure experiments using observations in conjunction with model calculation and satellite data.\nThe co-operation in the frame of POLAR-AOD will allow the following: \n1. - Definition of calibration procedures among the various sun-radiometers operating in Polar regions, in order to achieve homogeneous AOD (aerosol optical depth) evaluations and maintain a set of reference instruments in a high mountain station. Some of the instruments will be used to constitute a traveller system from one station to the other with the aim of attaining round robin inter-comparison. Regular inter-comparison campaigns (biennial) will be organized in order to compare not only calibration constants but also instrumental characteristics, such as sensitivity and influence of diffuse light. The first inter-comparison campaign, scheduled for spring 2006 at Ny-Alesund, will be used also to define and adjust the methodology and calculation procedures, like that aimed at evaluating relative optical air mass and trace-gas corrections.\n2 . - Improvement of 'in-situ' optical and chemical measurements, with an effort to operate size and time-resolved aerosol composition and concentration sampling on a long-term base (EoI ID 557).\n3. - Establishment of a data bank for spectral sun-photometric measurements (AOD archive), in-situ measurements and any other aerosol related parameters useful for assessing the quantification of aerosols and their radiative effects. This archive will fill the gap for the polar regions within the global aerosol climatology, where there is an urgent need for high-quality data on aerosol abundance and physico-chemical characteristics on a regional scale. The information is necessary to better constrain climate model simulations and improve the interpretation of remotely sensed data. Particular attention will be paid to retrospective analyses of historical data-sets, mainly from Russian Arctic and Antarctic stations. They will be recovered and stored in the archive.\n4. - Determination of reliable procedures for analysing sun-photometric and sun-radiometric data in order to describe realistically the specific conditions occurring in the polar regions. Standard programmes will be developed and supplied to the research groups involved, including cloud rejection algorithms and radiometric data analysis.\n5 - Organisation of international workshops for the presentation of the results from the various polar programs, and for the discussion of common strategies and goals, including aspects of logistics within inter-calibration activities and data exchange.\nIn Antarctica, the actual field activities will benefit from the setting up of a new international long-term monitoring programme, called TAVERN (Quantification of Tropospheric Aerosol and Thin Clouds Variability, including Radiation Budget over the East Antarctic Plateau) at the recently established Italian-French station Dome Concordia (EoI ID 198). Year-round measurements based on LIDAR, Sun and Star photometer and &in-situ& aerosol systems will make it possible to study in detail inter-annual and seasonal variation of aerosols over the high Antarctic Plateau, and also to obtain information on the thin cloud optical depth. The normal activities in other stations will be extended during the IPY operational period (EoI ID 797). The POLAR-AOD observations will complement the SRB measurements which are developed at other stations (Syowa, South Pole, Neumayer) in the frame of the BSRN (GCOS) activities, providing an important contribution for assessing forcing by aerosols.\nIn the Arctic, additional strong field activities will be promoted at the Greenland Summit Station (EoI ID 530) and Tiksi (EoI ID 820), during the IPY operational period. Real-time measurements of physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosols will allow the constitution of a data set in the Arctic, equivalent to the one acquired over the Antarctic Plateau, Summit being a natural counterpart of Dome Concordia. Also in Ny-Alesund, research activities related to aerosols will increase as a consequence of the efforts of Norway, Poland, Germany, Japan and Italy (EoIs ID 165, ID 597). The network will give support in obtaining high-quality integrated data from the large amount of field activities. Participation on cruises organised in the framework of the Arctic Experiment (AREX) and the airborne ASTAR (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds, and Radiation) activities will lead to a considerable improvement in knowledge on the vertical and spatial distribution of aerosols in the European Arctic. The present studies will complement the activities promoted by the SEARCH Program (NOAA's Study of Environmental Arctic Change). Finally the information obtained will allow participants to assess the influence of mid-latitude aerosol sources in the observed Arctic aerosol budget. \nPOLAR-AOD (EoIs ID 299, ID 557) will join the efforts of the IASOA proposal (EoI ID 138), in the task of co-ordinating different programmes of long-term atmospheric observatories in the Arctic with the purpose of setting up a circumpolar ring around the central Arctic region. The second aim is to fulfil the need for an integrated larger bi-polar network in the field of atmospheric sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "255dda0c-86fc-4eb1-b6b6-2eede696e3e8", - "label": "PROTECTION, PRESERVATION OF SCI", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "International Polar Heritage Conference.\nSince the first International Polar Year in 1882-83 there have been a number of major international science initiatives in polar regions. All of these events have been milestones in the history of mankind. Tangible evidence of many of these sites remains scattered around the frozen extremities of our planet.\n\nThe International Polar Heritage Committee (IPHC) has as one of its objectives;\n…… “to promote international co-operation in the protection and conservation of non-indigenous heritage in the Arctic and Antarctic”\n\nIt is therefore both relevant and important that the IPHC promotes an IPY event and our intention is to host a conference at which a series of presentations on a variety of polar heritage subjects will be delivered by invited specialists. The format is intended to allow for discussion on specific issues.\n\nThe theme of the conference will be PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SCIENTIFIC BASES IN THE POLAR REGIONS.\nPresentations will focus on many sites, ranging from the heroic age historic huts of Antarctica, to the remains of scientific/exploratory bases in the Arctic. Many of these were former IPY stations.\n\nAspects to be discussed will be wide ranging and may include issues such as management, conservation techniques, accessibility and the recording and dissemination of data and information.\n\nIt is proposed that he IPHC will subsequently publish presentations and proceedings from the conference in book and possibly digital form to make them available for wider distribution to the polar heritage protection community and other interested persons.\n\nVENUE\nBarrow Arctic Science Consortium, Alaska – site of one of the original IPY stations (1882-1883).\n\nTIMING\nOctober 2007 – actual dates yet to be finalized.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=135", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25fbdad2-348d-41f4-b405-cba952dcad75", - "label": "REVIZEE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Finally, a description of the regime would not be complete without mentioning the subject of dispute settlement as it is detailed in Article 297(3). With regard to fisheries disputes concerning the interpretation or application of Convention provisions, they are to be settled by a binding form of dispute settlement. However, coastal states are not obliged to submit disputes relating to the exercise of sovereign rights with respect to living resources in the exclusive economic zone to any form of compulsory dispute settlement procedures. The issues under this exception include the coastal state's discretionary powers for determining allowable catch, its harvesting capacity, the allocation of surpluses to other states and the terms and conditions established in its conservation and management laws and regulations.\n\nHowever, a coastal state would be obliged to submit to conciliation certain specific disputes - those arising from an allegation that:\n\n(i) a coastal state has manifestly failed to comply with its obligations to ensure through proper conservation and management measures that the maintenance of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone is not seriously endangered;\n(ii) a coastal state has arbitrarily refused to determine, at the request of another state, the allowable catch and its capacity to harvest living resources with respect to stocks which that other state is interested in fishing; or\n\n(iii) a coastal state has arbitrarily refused to allocate to any state, under Articles 62, 69 and 70 and under the terms and conditions established by the coastal state consistent with the Convention, the whole or part of the surplus it has declared to exist.\n\nhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/s5280T/s5280t0p.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28866996-181e-4a79-89b0-612e2063a1ce", - "label": "PMIP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: S. Joussaume and K. E. Taylor, proceedings of the third PMIP workshop, Canada, 4-8 october 1999, in WCRP-111, WMO/TD-1007, edited by P. Braconnot, 9-24, 2000. ]\n\nAtmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are continually improving in their ability to simulate the major features of today´s climate. Many of these models are being used to predict future climate change and although there is broad agreement among the models, there are also many differences in the details of their predictions. In order to determine whether models can simulate climatic conditions much different from today, the models can be used to simulate paleoclimates, and paleodata can be used to evaluate the results. Moreover, AGCMs have proved their usefulness to investigate mechanisms of past climate changes (e.g., Joussaume, 1999)). The Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) was initiated in order to coordinate and encourage the systematic study of AGCMs and to assess their ability to simulate large changes of climate such as those that occurred in the distant past. It also is serving to encourage the preparation of global reconstructions of paleoclimates that can be used to evaluate climate models.\n\nThe PMIP effort developed out of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, convened in 1991, which led to a cooperative and coordinated effort to compare model simulations with paleoclimate data. The workshop participants agreed to focus initially on two specific periods in the past : the last glacial maximum, 21 000 years before present (BP), and the mid-Holocene climate, 6 000 years BP, which correspond to extreme conditions that are relatively well documented. Simulating the last glacial maximum provides an opportunity for assessing the models´ ability to simulate extreme cold conditions as well as for studying the feedbacks associated with both a decrease of the atmospheric CO2 concentration and ice sheet elevation of 2 to 3 km above North America and northern Europe. The simulation of the mid-Holocene conditions is on the other hand a sensitivity experiment in which the seasonal contrast of incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is changed; 6000 years BP, the seasonal contrast was larger in the northern summer, leading to an increase of summer monsoons over Africa and South Asia.\n\nMore Information: http://pmip.lsce.ipsl.fr/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2c891440-8ce0-4825-ae3d-0a7ba1c7c297", - "label": "PYS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Mercury-contaminated effluent was discharged into Minamata Bay from a chemical plant over a 20-year period until 1965 (from 1958 to 1959, effluent was discharged into Minamata River), causing Minamata disease. In an effort to characterize the extent of the contamination in the Yatsushiro Sea, the vertical and horizontal distributions of mercury in sediment were investigated. Sediment was sampled at 62 locations in the southern part of the sea from 4 to 6 March 1996. In the lower layers of the long cores of sediment, the total amount of mercury was at a relatively uniform low concentration.\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10989922", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31499d46-9639-43d4-a68b-f6d0b7666a56", - "label": "RETRO", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The RETRO project aims at a better exploitation of existing observational data sets of chemical trace compound concentrations by performing a 40 years reanalysis of the tropospheric chemical composition. It will for the first time collect and analyse a multitude of observational data from earth-, air-, and spaceborne instruments and evaluate all of them in a consistent manner by performing multi-decadal simulations with several comprehensive global state-of the-art models. \n\nhttp://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.document&PJ_RCN=6043591", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3182feec-7f69-466c-a13e-9aff70dd43ed", - "label": "PCMDI", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Program for Climate Model Diagnoses and Intercomparison (PCMDI)\nwas established in 1989 at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\nin the San Francisco Bay area. The PCMDI staff includes research\nscientists, computer scienctists, and support personel.\nPCMDI's principal mission is to develop improved methods and tools for\nthe diagnosis,validation and intercomparison of global climate models\n(GCMs) (what we call a climate modeling infrastructure), and to engage\nin research on a wide variety of outstanding problems in climate\nmodeling and analysis.\nYou may access PCMDI information on the World Wide Web.\nLink to: 'http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3235b6d0-50c0-4d1a-8556-f7a5a580993e", - "label": "POLYMODE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The International Polymode Program was a bilateral US-USSR project to study mesoscale dynamics in the ocean to improve understanding of the role of eddy processes on scales of 50 to 500 kilometers. The materials constituting this collection include research and funding proposals, planning information, correspondence, meeting minutes, and scientific reports and data collected during ship cruises.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.aip.org/history/ead/19990041.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "331e54a1-cb7d-47bd-b8e0-b542e3dd359b", - "label": "PACS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Esecutive Summary of Project:\n\n\n Over its ten-year lifetime, the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere\n (TOGA) program (1985-1995) made major strides toward\n understanding the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)\n phenomenon, which impacts surface air temperature and rainfall\n over many regions of the globe. In particular, TOGA\n demonstrated the feasibility of operational\n seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction of equatorial\n Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies based on numerical\n models that simulate, in a rudimentary manner, the physics of\n the coupled tropical ocean-atmosphere system, and it clarified\n the nature of the remote, planetary-scale atmospheric response\n to these anomalies. The U.S. Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land\n System (GOALS) program is predicated on the belief that the\n skill of operational climate prediction can be further\n increased by continued research on ENSO and by efforts to\n understand other elements of the climate system that contribute\n to the observed seasonal-to-interannual variability. The ! Pan\n American Climate Studies (PACS) program is a component of the\n U.S. GOALS program in the 1995-2005 time frame, and PACS\n provides a phenomenological context for some of the GOALS\n research.\n\n\n The overall goal of PACS is to extend the scope and improve the\n skill of operational seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction\n over the Americas. Particular emphasis is placed on warm season\n rainfall, which is not yet predictable. In the context of PACS,\n climate prediction is concerned not only with seasonal mean\n rainfall and temperature, but also with the frequency of\n occurrence of significant weather events such as hurricanes or\n floods over the course of a season or seasons.\n\n The scientific objectives of PACS are to promote a better\n understanding and more realistic simulation of (1) the boundary\n forcing of seasonal-to-interannual climate variations over the\n Americas, (2) the evolution of tropical sea surface temperature\n anomalies, (3) the seasonally varying mean climate over the\n Americas and adjacent ocean regions, (4) the time-dependent\n structure of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)/cold\n tongue complex, and (5) the relevant land surface processes.\n\n To state these objectives more explicitly:\n\n Boundary forcing: The atmospheric circulation, in isolation, is\n not predictable beyond a week or two. Hence, prospects for\n improved climate prediction on the seasonal-to-interannual time\n scale hinge on the ability to exploit the relationships between\n the planetary-scale atmospheric circulation and the slowly\n evolving and potentially predictable boundary forcing; i.e.,\n the fields of sea surface temperature, vegetation, and soil\n moisture, in which the season-to-season 'memory' of the coupled\n ocean-atmosphere-land system resides. Improved understanding of\n boundary-forced atmospheric anomalies is of central importance,\n not only to PACS, but to the entire GOALS program.\n\n Evolution of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies: For\n climate prediction of a season or more in advance, it is\n necessary to take into account the evolution of the boundary\n forcing of the atmosphere. In keeping with the general strategy\n of GOALS, PACS will seek to advance the state-of-the-art of the\n prediction of sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical\n Atlantic and Pacific, both of which are known to influence\n climate variability over parts of the Americas.\n\n Seasonally varying mean climate: Regional rainfall anomalies\n over the Americas are largely a reflection of the\n intensification or weakening, or subtle displacements in\n positions of the climatological-mean features that organize the\n rainfall, i.e., the monsoons, the oceanic ITCZs, and the\n tropical and extratropical cyclone tracks. An understanding of\n these robust climatological-mean features and their seasonal\n evolution is a prerequisite for the interpretation and\n prediction of the anomalies.\n\n Structure of the ITCZ/cold tongue complex: A major stumbling\n block in the validation of the models used to simulate tropical\n atmosphere-ocean interaction in ENSO is the lack of\n observational data for defining the structure of the ocean\n mixed layer and the overlying atmosphere in the ITCZ/cold\n tongue complex. PACS will address this deficiency through its\n field projects and the related modeling studies that will make\n use of these data.\n\n Land surface processes: The distribution of rainfall over the\n Americas is shaped, not only by sea surface temperature patterns\n but also by land surface processes, particularly during the warm\n season, when vegetation and soil moisture are highly\n influential. Orography and coastal geometry mediate these\n effects and leave a distinctive mesoscale imprint upon the\n rainfall patterns. These issues will be addressed in\n collaboration with the Global Energy and Water Experiment\n (GEWEX) and its regional programs, with PACS supplying the\n atmospheric modeling expertise and GEWEX the hydrological\n expertise. Much of this research will require the use of\n mesoscale models, applied in a climatological setting.\n\n PACS scientific objectives (1) and (2) directly address the\n scientific objectives of the GOALS program: (1) relates to\n atmospheric prediction and (2) to prediction of tropical sea\n surface temperature; in this sense they may be viewed as\n primary. Objectives (3)-(5) play a supportive role by advancing\n understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to and limit the\n predictability of the coupled global ocean-atmosphere-land\n system: (3) and (4) relate to the prediction of ENSO and other\n phenomena that give rise to tropical sea surface temperature\n anomalies, and (5) relates to the prediction of continental\n rainfall.\n\n PACS encompasses a broad range of activities, including\n empirical studies, data set development, modeling, climate\n monitoring, and more intensive, limited-term field\n experiments. In order to avoid being spread too thin, the field\n studies will focus on different regions of the Pan-American\n climate system in sequence. During the first five years they\n will focus on atmosphere-ocean interaction in the tropical\n eastern Pacific, in association with the ENSO cycle and the\n climatological-mean annual march. During the second half of\n PACS the emphasis will shift to the tropical Atlantic Ocean\n where the sea surface temperature anomalies are more subtle and\n more diverse in terms of horizontal structure than in the\n Pacific, but no less important in terms of their influence upon\n precipitation in the adjacent continental regions.\n\n This scientific prospectus/implementation plan provides the\n motivation and scientific basis for PACS and describes the\n research that will be carried out in pursuit of PACS scientific\n objectives. Section 1 gives a scientific description of\n phenomena in the ocean-atmosphere system that are likely to be\n of importance for understanding and predicting\n seasonal-to-interannual climate variations over the\n Americas. The climate and weather variations over the Americas\n that provide the practical and scientific motivation for PACS\n are discussed in Section 2, while Sections 3-5 describe the\n empirical studies, data set development, and modeling that will\n be conducted under its auspices. Section 6 describes field\n studies envisioned for PACS, starting with projects already\n funded and going on to describe activities likely to be\n proposed for the 1997-2000 time frame. Section 7 discusses\n linkages with GEWEX and its regional programs and NASA's\n Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM). Se! ction 7 also\n describes the anticipated linkages with emerging national and\n international programs, including the Scripps-Lamont Consortium\n for the Ocean's Role in Climate (CORC), the Pilot Research\n Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), the anticipated\n World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate Variability and\n Predictability (CLIVAR) international programs on the\n Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS), and\n Pacific and Atlantic basinwide extended climate studies\n (BECS). Program management is discussed in Section 8. Within\n the U.S., interagency support is being sought for PACS, with\n coordination by the GOALS Project Office. The Inter-American\n Institute for Global Change Research serves as a vehicle for\n coordinating international cooperation.\n\n Contact Person:\n\n Candance Gudmundson\n gcg@atmos.washington.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://tao.atmos.washington.edu/pacs/'\n\n [Summary provided by JISAO]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3341bea0-8f81-4833-9701-41f2b7d1758d", - "label": "POST", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST, http://www.postcoml.org/) project aims\nto build an acoustic tracking array along the west coast of North America. The\nearly applications focused on tracking the migration, life span, movement and\nbehaviour of Pacific salmon. The project is expanding to encompass other\nspecies such as rockfish, sturgeon and small pelagics.\n\nThe test array in the Salish Sea region, deployed in 2004-2005, demonstrates\nthat a large-scale monitoring system could be established to answer long-asked\nquestions about the lives of marine species.\n\nThe Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project plans to complete the permanent\nfull-scale marine telemetry array along the North American Pacific coast, from\nBaja to the Bering Sea, by 2010. The array will have 2000 receivers and 30\nlistening lines, each up to 50 km long. Capable of listening to over 250,000\nanimals at once, it will permit a near-complete census of the movements and\nmarine survival of animals ranging from small salmon smolts to large marine\nmammals.\n\nFunding was made possible by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Census of\nMarine Life (click here for funding proposal), as well as the Gordon and Betty\nMoore Foundation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "336d04f9-93f8-48fd-bece-50862dff852e", - "label": "REPRESENTATIONS OF SAMI IN THE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Sami in travel writings form an image of a history being told about them. Being represented meant for the Sami that their lives and culture appeared stereotyped, because they inhabited areas that had been labelled as void from a scientific point of view ever since the time of Carl von Linné. The north was a place devoid of substance, which could therefore be filled with the explorers’ and researchers’ opinions and fantasies. During the nineteenth century, an interest in the exotic within the borders of the home nation was aroused, and in the process the Sami became objectified in travel writing. Polar travel writing formed part of the colonial project to conquer the northern parts of the Nordic countries, including Arctic areas. With reference to the Sami, this process provides us with simplified images. The representations of the Sami appear within a colonial discourse, in the form of depictions and explanations concerning the Arctic and the Sub-Arctic, and the people who inhabited these areas. It was common practice during the nineteenth century to discover “new” people and “new” cultures, and describe them, as a process of collecting information about them, and this was part of the colonial process as it was defined at that time. The depictions of the Sami in Sven Lovén’s travel journals from 1836-37, for instance, were mythical and ethnographical; they were also interwoven with perspectives on nature and the experience of being in an Arctic landscape that could be related to the Arctic sublime. There were also descriptions about the nature of the Sami, which could be connected to a three-dimensional layer of ethnocentrism, racism and exoticism. References to scientific works and literature also occurred in the text, but to a lesser extent. In other words, the several representations that existed at one and the same time may be divided into three themes that run parallel to one another in the travel writings of Lovén. References to scientific work were not so common in Lovén’s journals, and when they occurred they were usually dictionary references. Literature such as the epos Kalevala used, as references may be perceived as being of a mythical character. Other representations of a mythical character that related to the Sami were created in the context of socio-cultural descriptions, and may thus be perceived as ethnographic. The mythical and ethnographical representations were both embedded in romanticisation. Ethnographically coloured representations were common, for example, in art during the nineteenth century. These descriptions were close to the romantic view of the Sami. There were also descriptions of real dramas in the course voyages, and these may be detected as part of the Arctic sublime. In these descriptions, the Sami became a part of the Arctic sublime, since the Sami were perceived as able to interpret the behaviour of animals, which were part of the sublime. Depictions of the nature of the Sami formed another set of representations. The nature of the Sami is also connected to Sami society, described as being in opposition to Swedish/Western society, according to a racist perception of the Sami as being of a different race and nationality. Knowledge about the Sami decreased at the end of the nineteenth century, and this changed the image of the Sami to a more romantic perception, rather than a racist one. This romantic view was not part of the canon at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but it was nevertheless possible for this opinion to flourish. In travel writings from the nineteenth century it is clear that the travel writing contained personal opinions, which contaminated the text. People and cultures were designated as ‘the Other’ to define for the travellers what the former were not, i.e. Europeans. The stereotypical representations of the Sami may have been used to define what the explorers were not, in order not to risk becoming ‘the Other’ in the new and unknown environment that was the Arctic. Explorers were able to shift between representing Culture and being part of Nature at the same time. They never risked being estranged from themselves, since the otherness between Culture and Nature was inhabited by ‘the Other’. The in-between space was a place for explorers to get to know the wild man inside themselves, but since this space was already inhabited by ‘the Other’ this exploration could not get out of hand and result in the explorer turning into an alien being, or monster.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=30", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3b07527f-1a84-460f-a257-46a6cb004713", - "label": "POLAR DISTURBANCE AND ECOSYSTEM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The goal of this project is to document pan-arctic changes in large-scale disturbances (thermokarst, fire, insect outbreaks, and forest harvest), relate these to climatic and social change, and to assess their ecological, climatic, and societal consequences in high-latitude ecosystems (tundra and boreal forest). Recent trends suggest that continued high-latitude warming will likely be accompanied by increases in disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, thermokarst, and potentially forest harvest and land-cover conversion to grassland or agriculture. These disturbances have qualitatively different effects on the climate system, ecological processes, and therefore society than do those ecological processes that are more continuous functions of climatic change. Large-scale disturbances have the practical advantage that they can be quantified regionally by remote sensing so processes studied locally are more readily extrapolated to large scales. The program builds on existing research programs in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia and on global remote-sensing and inventory programs. We choose a pan-arctic scale so we can relate our results to the functioning of arctic climate system and take advantage of geographic variation in climate and disturbance regime. We also build from national and site-based research programs and databases, providing the opportunity to link processes and local, regional, and global scales. We address the following questions:\n1. How have changes in climate affected disturbance regime across the arctic and boreal zones, and how have these changes in disturbance affected climate through changes in trace gas emissions, smoke, and energy exchange? Do feedbacks from land-surface processes to climate buffer or amplify the initial climate trends? In other words, what is the net effect of these high-latitude climate feedbacks on the global climate system? We currently have circumboreal databases of disturbances (fire, insects, and forest harvest), vegetation, climate (1900-2005; projected to 2100), and date of snowmelt, providing the datasets necessary to make preliminary estimates of high-latitude climate feedbacks. National programs will refine and improve these databases and develop climatic, geographic, and socioeconomic correlations as a basis for developing rules to estimate future disturbance rates.\n2. How do changes in disturbance regime affect post-disturbance ecosystem development and future disturbance probability? Are there thresholds in disturbance severity or size that trigger qualitatively different patterns of ecosystem development? For example, are there conditions where fire at treeline or insect outbreaks at the southern margin of the boreal forest lead to a permanent land-cover transition? We will rely on regional studies to develop simple models of post-disturbance succession for fire, logging, insects, and agriculture. We are particularly interested in circumstances that trigger radically different vegetation succession such as wet tundra to shrub tundra; tundra to forest; conifer to deciduous forest; or forest to grassland. Based on preliminary studies, we are confident we can develop these models.\n3. How have changes in disturbance regime and resulting changes in ecosystem structure and functioning affected ecosystem services on which society depends, and how have human activities (ignitions, suppression, and land-cover change) influenced the response of disturbance regime to climatic change? Many ecosystem services (timber, fuelwood, berries, moose, caribou, etc.) can be estimated from the interactive effects of climate and vegetation (stand type and age). Based on maps of climate and vegetation (#1) and disturbance frequency and successional trajectory (#2), we can estimate temporal and spatial patterns of ecosystem services. Based on local and regional studies we can estimate the validity of these estimates and the extent to which they are influenced by other factors such as human harvest. We will then explore the social, economic and cultural bases for these human impacts on ecosystem services.\n4. How have policies changed in response to recent changes in climate and disturbance regime, and what factors influence the rigidity or flexibility of these policies and therefore the potential for adaptation or vulnerability at times of rapid change? Based on the patterns described above we will develop alternative scenarios of future ecosystem services (climate feedbacks and subsistence resources). We will explore with residents and policy makers policies that might influence the relative likelihood of these alternative scenarios.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=275", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bdf3438-3a42-48de-b15a-21970599bebf", - "label": "PM-ESIP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The PM-ESIP will provide science researchers and users with the capability to interactively customize and receive hydrologic data sets for use in process studies and regional and global climate studies. It will provide a framework and a process for creating, supporting, and distributing both producer and customer defined data sets for the broader Earth Observing System (EOS) science community, incorporating emerging technologies such as data content based search (data mining) and data production, gridding, and formatting on demand. PM-ESIP datasets will be important for researching long term natural and human induced climate change ('global warming'),\n\n\nhttp://lba.cptec.inpe.br/beija-flor/send/xsltText2?fileURL=tmiwop&full_datasource=LBAESIP&full_queryString=%20AND%20datasource:(lbaesip%20)&ds_id=", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d2897fa-c3d8-4614-9eb9-fc3e38fe71d6", - "label": "REASON", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "NASA’s Research, Education and Applications Solutions Network (REASoN) projects provide data products, information systems and services capabilities, and/or advanced data systems technologies integrated into the project, to address strategic needs in Earth science research, applications, and education. Forty-two projects began work in 2003 and 2004. \n \nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/our-community/community-data-system-programs/reason-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f4f5aa8-83fa-4a55-a96e-59cd61546033", - "label": "Polar Winds I", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4017a356-6af2-4166-be10-995f483201dd", - "label": "POLARTREC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PolarTREC (Teachers and Researchers Exploring and Collaborating in the Arctic and Antarctic) is a program of the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS), funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in which K-12 teachers participate in polar research, working closely with scientists as a pathway to improving science education. PolarTREC builds on the outstanding scientific and cultural opportunities in the Arctic and Antarctic to link research and education through intriguing topics that will engage students and the wider public. PolarTREC is a three-year (2007-2009) IPY project that builds on the strengths of the past TREC program in the Arctic to embrace a wider range of research activities occurring at both poles during and after the International Polar Year.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.polartrec.com/about", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41aec72b-2889-4088-be4f-63cccf1e7da2", - "label": "PRECP-V", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Processing of Emissions by Clouds and Radiation Experiment\n(PRECP-V) was conducted by NOAA and involoves the measuring of the\nfollowing atmospheric trace gases: sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide,\ncarbon monoxide, ozone, and NO-NOx.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44362c00-384e-4638-94aa-d6bedf341a1f", - "label": "REMIB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Currently the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components is a priority, given the environmental crisis of the planet in recent decades. Knowledge of biodiversity becomes urgent in view of the rapid process of the loss of ecosystems, species and genes, as well as a broad spectrum of environmental services and products derived from plants and animals pending discovery or study.\n\nIn this sense, biological collections are one of the main sources of information on biological diversity. The large quantity of information they represent and the fact that they are dynamic require, for their consultation and updating, the use of specialized computer tools. Gathering these collections in an information network allows not only for the connection of the main databanks, the updating of information and direct contact with specialists, but also access, exchange and consultation of data open to the public in general throughout the world.\n\nThe World Biodiversity Information Network (REMIB) is a computerized system of biological information (it includes databases of a curatorial, taxonomic, ecological, cartographic, bibliographic, ethno-biological type, use of catalogues on natural resources and other subject matters), based on an academic inter-institutional decentralized and international organization, formed by research and higher education centers, both public and private, that possess both scientific biological collections and data banks.\n\nPURPOSES\n\n1)Promote the exchange of biotic information through an international network of databases, and to analyze and agree to joint policies on intellectual property, quality control and the forms for distributing the data. \n2)Increase and improve accessibility and quality of this information, maintaining it up to date. \n3)Offer basic knowledge of biodiversity to the public in general, under the rules and procedures established herein. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.conabio.gob.mx/remib_ingles/doctos/acerca_remib_ing.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "448aae76-d91e-4937-8c32-cb3e8f5cc973", - "label": "PARCA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PARCA is a NASA project formally initiated in 1995 by combining into\none coordinated program various investigations associated with\nefforts, started in 1991, to assess whether airborne laser altimetry\ncould be applied to measure ice-sheet thickness changes. It has the\nprime goal of measuring and understanding the mass balance of the\nGreenland ice sheet. The main components of the program are:\n\n 1. Periodic airborne laser-altimetry surveys along precise\n repeat tracks across all major ice drainage basins. The first\n survey was completed in 1993/1994, with repeat flights along\n selected routes in 1995 and 1996, when flights were also made\n over ice caps in eastern Canada, Svalbard, and Iceland.\n Ice-thickness measurements along the same flight lines Localized\n measurements of ice thickness change in shallow drill holes.\n Monitoring of various surface characteristics of the ice sheet\n using satellite radar altimetry, SAR, passive-microwave, AVHRR,\n and scatterometer data. Surface-based measurements of ice\n motion at 30-km intervals approximately along the 2000-meter\n contour completely around the ice sheet, with interpolation of\n local relative ice motion using interferometric SAR. Shallow\n ice cores (10 - 200 meters) at many locations to infer recent\n climate history, atmospheric chemistry, and interannual\n variability of snow-accumulation rates, and to measure\n temperature and vertical ice motion at various depths.\n\n 2. Investigations of surface energy balance and factors\n affecting snow accumulation and surface ablation. This program\n is a collaborative effort with NSF, and includes the\n installation of automatic weather stations (AWS) at many of the\n drill-hole sites.\n\n 3. Estimating snow-accumulation rates by climate-model analysis\n of column water vapor obtained from radiosondes and TOVS data.\n\n 4. Detailed investigations of individual glaciers and ice\n streams responsible for much of the outflow from the ice sheet.\n\n 5. Development of a thermal probe to measure various ice\n characteristics at selected depths in the ice sheet.\n 6. Continuous monitoring of crustal motion using Global\n Positioning System (GPS) receivers at coastal sites.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://cires.colorado.edu/steffen/parca.html'\n\n [Summary provided by University of Colorado/CIRES research group]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44f030e2-dc32-422e-8f05-72825c55dee6", - "label": "RICE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment (RICE) is an experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission in the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum from the interaction of high energy neutrinos (greater than 1 PeV) with the Antarctic ice cap. The goals of this experiment are to determine the potential of the radio-detection technique for measuring the high energy cosmic neutrino flux, determining the sources of this flux, and measuring neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies above those accessible with existing accelerators. Such an experiment also has sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma ray bursts, as well as highly-ionizing charged particles (monopoles, e.g.) traversing the Antarctic icecap.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Ice_Cerenkov_Experiment", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "470272f6-f57d-4c71-b2c6-9c17fbee43c3", - "label": "PASDAC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PASDAC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=456\n\nThis proposal is being submitted to the IPY committee by northerners for the benefit of northerners. Being a resident of the arctic, I clearly understand the utter need for practical research that will help to strengthen and improve the health and well-being of community life, and will contribute to making our communities more resilient to the impacts of climate change.\n\nAt the 2006 World Urban Forum it was acknowledged by global decision-makers that climate change will be one of the key challenges faced by human settlements across the world. The goal of this research node is to build capacity for sustainable community development in Arctic regions so they are less vulnerable, more liveable and stand a better chance of coping with challenges posed by climate change. In the Arctic, building this capacity requires a proactive approach, collaboration amongst a wide range of partners, integration of policies across scales (national, regional, local), accommodation of cultural priorities, and practical application of research. \n\nThis is reflected in the 2005 Research Needs Survey for Nunavut published by C-CIARN North. It states:\nThe survey results suggest that Nunavut community members recognize considerable overlap among climate change impacts and that they do not generally view climate change adaptation challenges in isolation of other social and environmental pressures. Local climate change pressures need to reflect this holistic perspective, and focus largely on understanding the interactions and cumulative effects of climate change and a host of other factors such as resource development, rapid social change, population growth, health decline, educational achievement, long range contaminant transport, and other factors.\n\nClearly there is a growing need for the practical application of research on the uncertainty, challenges, and impacts of climate change on Arctic communities. However, in the Arctic there is a large gap between scientific research and building capacity for sustainable development.\n\nThis research will contribute practical results to climate change impact and adaptation research, provide examples of mitigation and contribute to the improving the health and well-being of Arctic communities. Areas of focus will be on housing design, building technology, alternative energy, community planning, waste management and capacity building. The current housing situation in many Arctic communities is one of severe overcrowding and complete reliance on diesel fuel for energy needs. This situation is leading to negative mental and physical health problems to individuals and leaving communities vulnerable to rising fuel prices. \n\nResearch under this activity cluster will take a much needed holistic approach to creating more environmentally friendly, affordable and culturally responsible housing options that positively contribute to the health and well-being of northern-based communities. Increased Arctic planning capacity will be needed in order to maintain community resiliency. This will require the integration of traditional knowledge and scientific research and involve Inuit, First Nation/Aboriginal groups, northerners, community planners, and scientists in different regions of the Arctic.\n\nCollaboration will involve Arctic and national governments, northern and southern-based organizations, and Arctic communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4790ab64-13b2-4ed3-b728-0e3fb67e8947", - "label": "POLES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Polar Exchange at the Sea Surface (POLES) is an EOS\ninterdisciplinary project investigating the exchange of mass and\nenergy at the air-ice-ocean interface in the polar regions. POLES is\na broad investigation into the role of polar regions in the global\nenergy and water cycles, and the atmospheric, oceanic and sea ice\nprocesses that determine that role. The primary importance of\ninvestigation is to show how these polar processes relate to global\nclimate. The POLES program is located at the Polar Science Center,\nApplied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington. The primary goal\nof the Earth Observing System (EOS), a program of the National\nAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is to advance the\nscientific understanding of the entire Earth system.\n\nScientists from 8 disciplines and 4 institutions have joined together\nin the POLES investigation to use the rich array of satellite data\ncollected from the polar regions. The data have been collected using a\nvariety of satellite-based sensors, including passive microwave\nradiometers, the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), Advanced\nVery High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and synthetic aperture radar\n(SAR). POLES scientists use satellite data to build an understanding\nof long-term patterns in the fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum\nacross the surface of the polar oceans. Their goal is to assimilate\nsatellite (and some buoy) observations into polar ocean-atmosphere\nmodels that not only refine the treatment of surface exchange\nprocesses, but also quantify the roles of horizontal transports,\noceanic mixing, and deep convection. With better use of data,\nresearchers can move beyond present climatological descriptions and\ndocument interannual variability.\n\nFor more information visit the POLES Home Page at:\n'http://psc.apl.washington.edu/POLES/POLES.html'\nor contact\nhuney@apl.washington.edu", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48f97e44-d56b-4f0d-8ddf-525a8edbe3cc", - "label": "QUIKSCAT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "NASA's Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) was lofted into space at 7:15\np.m. Pacific Daylight Time on June 19, 1999 atop a U.S. Air Force\nTitan II launch vehicle from Space Launch Complex 4 West at\nCalifornia's Vandenberg Air Force Base.\n\nThe SeaWinds on QuikSCAT mission is a 'quick recovery' mission to fill\nthe gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer\n(NSCAT), when the satellite it was flying on lost power in June\n1997. The SeaWinds instrument on the QuikSCAT satellite is a\nspecialized microwave radar that measures near-surface wind speed and\ndirection under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans.\n\nMission Partners include:\n\n* National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\n* NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)\n* Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation\n* U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center\n* Honeywell Satellite Systems Operations\n* Raytheon E-Systems Corporation\n* Lockheed Martin Astronautics\n* Hughes Electron Dynamics Division\n\n\nThe SeaWinds/QuikSCAT project is managed for NASA's Earth Science\nEnterprise by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the\nCalifornia Institute of Technology.\n\nFor more information on QuikSCAT and SeaWinds, see:\n'http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/quikindex.html'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise, see:\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e4e79f7-b8a9-47a0-93c0-21a9ee1592d7", - "label": "PAN-ALIC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Lake-ice cover has been shown to be a robust indicator of climate variability and change. Recent studies have demonstrated that break-up dates, in particular, have been occurring earlier in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere over the last 50 years in response to warmer climatic conditions in the winter and spring seasons. Break-up dates, and to a lesser extent freeze-up dates, have been shown to be strongly related to the variability and trends in the 0oC isotherm dates as well as large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns (teleconnections), particularly in western North America. The impacts of recently documented trends in air temperature and winter precipitation over the last five decades and those projected by global climate models could be significant on the timing and duration of ice cover (and on ice thickness) on Arctic lakes. This could, in turn, have an important feedback effect on energy, water, and biogeochemical cycling in various regions of the Arctic. How ice phenology (i.e. freeze-up/break-up dates, ice cover duration) and ice thickness have changed over the last five decades, and what will likely be the impacts of projected 21st century climate warming on ice cover for lakes of various depths in different regions of the pan-Artic domain are questions that must be examined in order to gain a deeper understanding of climate-lake interactions in the Arctic. The proposed research project will seek to answer these pressing questions. The overall goal will be to provide a pan-Arctic view of the temporal and spatial variability and trends in lake ice cover in relation to teleconnection patterns during the second half of the 20th century, and plausible scenarios of the response of lake ice cover to projected future climate.\n\nThe analyses from this research will provide a better understanding of the impacts of the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic oscillations on past lake-ice conditions. This, along with modelled projections of future climate, will offer insight into future regional changes to lake-ice characteristics and resultant hydrologic and ecologic impacts over various regions of the Arctic. The goal of the proposed project reflects very well the goals and objectives of the US-lead initiative Study on Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) in detecting and elucidating the recent changes in the Arctic and their impacts on human lives and activities. It is also directly related to the overarching goal of the pan-Arctic Community-wide Hydrological Analysis and Monitoring Program (Arctic-CHAMP) which seeks to better understand and predict the arctic hydrologic cycle. More specifically, the proposed research will provide observations and modeling results which will help fill current gaps in understanding the pan-Arctic hydrological cycle. This project is of direct relevance to three of the five main scientific themes of IPY: 1) to determine the present environmental status of polar regions by quantifying their spatial and temporal variability; 2) to quantify, and understand, past and present environmental and human change in polar regions in order to improve predictions; and 3) to advance our understanding of polar – global teleconnections on all scales, and of the processes controlling these interactions. Results of this project will contribute valuable information to other IPY projects, most notably “The State and Fate of the Cryosphere”, as well as international climate change programs (e.g. Climate and Cryosphere (CliC), Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), Integrated Global Observing System (IGOS) – Cryosphere) and assessments such as the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Ultimately, this project will not only deliver a pan-Arctic view of the response of lake ice to past and future climate conditions, but will also highlight the impacts of ice cover changes on regional climate, hydrology, lake ecology, and Arctic communities.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=423", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ed22be3-b000-4691-8d09-8ba29a4f5dc5", - "label": "RVAP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[from NSF Award Abstract - #8817126,\n'https://www.fastlane.nsf.gov/servlet/showaward?award=8817126']\n\nAbstract:\nThe Bransfield, Prince Gustav, and Larsen Rifts form a unique triple\nvolcanic rift system that straddles the northern tip of the antarctic\nPeninsula parallel to the South Shetland Trench and Island Arc. The\nBransfield Rift has created the Bransfield Strait back-arc basin that\nseparates the South Shetland Island Arc from the northwest tip of the\nAntarctic Peninsula. This project includes a detailed geochemical and\npetrological study of the volcanism produced in the earliest stages of\nthe rifting of an arc and the creation of a back-arc basin. All three\nof the rifts in this system have produced Late Tertiary-Recent alkali\nbasalts that provide a unique opportunity to sample the chemistry of a\nsubduction contaminated mantle wedge. By analyzing the geochemistry,\npetrology and isotopic signature of the recent, simultaneous\nvolcanisms in these three rifts. This project will be able to\nconstrain the chemical and spatial extent of chemical contamination of\na mantle wedge by a subducting lithospheric slab.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f1d550c-c595-4677-88cb-9c21287106dd", - "label": "PAGIS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Protected Areas Geographic Information System (PAGIS) is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS) project designed to assist National Estuarine Research Reserve and National Marine Sanctuary managers. NOS is providing each Reserve and Sanctuary with a fully integrated geographic information systems (GIS) and Internet capability. NOS is compiling key GIS data layers for each protected area (e.g., bathymetry, hydrography, transportation) and providing technical assistance and training in ArcView® and Spatial Analyst® to Reserve and Sanctuary staff. NOS also will be customizing ArcView® to address specific coastal management issues, as well as creating a MapObjects® Internet GIS mapping application to help support and illustrate common research agendas among the Sanctuaries and Reserves. \n\nInformation provided by http://gis2.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap198/p198.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f5e58f7-3912-463e-9cf3-76f56a05452f", - "label": "RIEH", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Project Overview:\n\nThe preponderance of empirical evidence, thus far,\nsuggest that racial minorities (Blacks, Hispanics,\nLatinos, etc.) and low-income groups are subjected\nto disproportionately large amounts of pollution and\nenvironmental risks in their neighborhoods. Minorities\nand the poor are known to be adversely affected by\nunregulated growth, ineffective regulation of industrial\nand hazardous waste facilities, and local land use policies\nthat favor those communities with political and economic\nclout (Bullard, 1994a). Environmental justice, defined as\nthe provision of fair, equitable treatment of people of all\nraces, cultures and income with respect to the development,\nimplementation and enforcement of laws, regulations and\npolicies, has become an issue of top priority in the United\nStates. However, despite the strong regional and national\ninterest in environmental justice, our ability to determine\nthe disproportionate distribution of environmental risks\nwithin minority and low-income populations is still lacking.\nIn general terms, it is well understood that racial minorities\nand the poor shoulder a disproportionate share of environmental\nhazards, but the computer-based tools needed to effectively\nredress existing and future environmental justice concerns\nare yet to be developed, especially for Iowa. In order to\nachieve a full understanding of the process and casual\nmechanisms of involved in environmental justice, an\nintegrated and spatially explicit modeling approach is needed.\n\nProject Goal:\n\nThe work proposed here will develop a GIS-based tool\nand prototype system that will allow us to investigate\nissues of environmental justice involving hazardous waste\nfacilities, underground storage tanks, and large hog farms\nin Iowa. The study will integrate a wide range of existing\nenvironmental, socioeconomic, and demographic databases with\nArcView GIS and S-Plus statistical analysis software to test\nthe overarching hypothesis that higher levels of environmental\ndegradation in Iowa are associated with race, ethnicity and\nincome. A detailed geographic analysis will be conducted to\nweigh the relative strength of the association of race and\nincome with the distribution of environmental hazards\nidentified above. The target audiences for the study are\nenvironmental citizen groups, state resource agencies,\nracial minority groups, and federal government agencies\ncharged with environmental and public health mission.\n\nThis study will address three environmental statutes:\nthe Safe Drinking Water Act, through analysis of large\nhog farms and waste lagoons; Toxic Substances Control\nAct, through analysis of hazardous waste facilities in\nthe EPA?s Toxic Release Inventory; and the Comprehensive\nEnvironmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act\n(through analysis of underground storage tanks).\nFurthermore, since the study will use a GIS-based\napproach to enhance understanding of environmental\ninequity problems and will involve workshops and\ninformation exchange, it meets the first and third\nprogram goals identified in the Office of Environmental\nJustice Small Grant Program.\n\nThis study has the potential to make significant\nfundamental contributions to our understanding of\nenvironmental justice concerns in Iowa and to provide\nthe basis for targeting and/or prioritizing enforcement,\npollution prevention, education, and outreach programs\nrequired in the implementation of environmental justice.\nAlso the project will provide the tool needed by resource\nagencies to develop comprehensive regional and statewide\nstrategy for responding to environmental justice concerns.\n\n\nProject Contact:\n\nU. Sunday Tim\n215 Davidson Hall\nIOWA State University\nAmes, IA 50011-3080 USA\nOffice Phone: 515-294-0466\nFax: 515-294-2552\ntim@iastate.edu\n\nProject Homepage 'http://www.public.iastate.edu/~acramesh/Environ.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by IOWA State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "500fcadf-1ee2-4909-9b90-6c65808a0725", - "label": "PLATES-GATES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PLATES-GATES\nProject URL: http://platesgates.geo.su.se/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=77\n\nThe world oceans are a major component of the Earth System and changes in the complex global ocean current system are likely to cause global environmental changes. On geological time-scales, these water mass exchanges are controlled by the deepening and shallowing of areas of ocean floor during the tectonic opening and closing of strategic oceanic gateways and the formation of ocean basins. Establishing the detailed tectonic, geodynamic, sedimentary and paleo-topographic histories of strategic oceanic basins and gateways will provide the essential framework for modelling studies that will relate these events to paleo-climate observations collected across the globe.\n \nPLATES & GATES adopts a multidisciplinary approach by addressing tectono-magmatic, geodynamic, sedimentary and biostratigraphic processes, utilising paleo-biological and geochemical proxies, past and recent oceanographic conditions in the gateways, as well as by using state-of-the-art geophysical techniques, sediment coring, ocean drilling and accompanying land investigations.\n\nThe main objectives include:\n(1) studies of the crust/lithosphere of the polar ocean basins and polar gateways as well as their continental margins to develop a good understanding of the past and present plate kinematics, mantle processes, margin formations, and crustal subsidence and uplift processes, \n(2) understanding the past ocean current systems in the basins and gateways by examining the record of change preserved in deep-ocean sediment deposits and drifts, and by undertaking seismic-stratigraphic investigations and analyses of present and paleo-oceanographic proxies to derive the evolution of deep-water circulation and climate change, \n(3) reconstructing detailed ocean basin and gateway opening processes and constraining the timing of shallow and deep water mass exchange between basins, \n(4) understanding the long-term paleo-climatic history from Mesozoic-Early Tertiary Greenhouse conditions to upper Tertiary-Quaternary Icehouse conditions, and \n(5) identifying and modelling the role of gateway openings/closures in the global carbon cycle, bio-evolution and the development of ice-sheets and climatic changes. \n\nPaleomagnetic, stratigraphic and petrological data from Franz Josef Land, Axel Heiberg I., Ellesmere I., the New Siberian Is. and North Greenland will be collected and analysed. Geoscientific studies including bathymetric mapping, seismic and magnetic surveying, sub-bottom profiling and sediment coring will be carried out in the Amundsen Basin, on transects across the Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge, over the Lomonosov Ridge and from the North Greenland Shelf. Geological and neotectonic studies are planned for North and East Greenland, Svalbard, Bear Island, Mohns Ridge, Knipovich Ridge and the Barents Sea. The gateways between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean will be investigated by a wide spectrum of geophysical and geological approaches to understand the timing and paleo-climatic consequences of water mass exchange. The Bering Strait, as the only freshwater connection between the Arctic and the Pacific, will be investigated by geophysical surveying and geological sampling (drilling). Geophysical and bathymetric surveying as well as geological and biological sampling is planned for critical regions of the Southern Ocean that formed since the break-up of Gondwana. A thorough revision of this break-up will be performed in parallel with new data acquisition giving special emphasis to the compilation and integration of existing data sets. Uncertainties about the early stages of development of the Drake Passage/Scotia Sea gateway will be resolved by studies of the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the basins and the origin of bathymetric highs, the structure and history of relevant plate boundaries, and deformation of neighbouring land areas. Geophysical data will be collected in the Tasmanian Gateway to constrain the timing of shallow and deep-water opening between the Indian and Pacific Oceans as well as the motion between East and West Antarctica which is critical to the timing of the uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains. Other regions of interest include the passage between the southern Kerguelen Plateau and Antarctic continent as well as major topographically outstanding transform and fracture zone systems in the Pacific. \n\nPLATES & GATES will perform Cenozoic and Mesozoic climate reconstructions using a variety of Earth system models designed to evaluate the effect of ocean gateways and basins on paleo-circulation patterns, the global carbon cycle and nature of polar ice-sheet development. These experiments will include sensitivity runs incorporating new paleo-bathymetric reconstructions arising from the new data acquisition described above. The results from these experiments will be compared with other model simulations, which include different forcing factors such as atmospheric greenhouse gasses and mountain uplift to determine the relative importance of paleo-geography on the evolution of polar and global climates over long geological timescales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "513faab8-e479-4836-9867-68d0b79bb181", - "label": "PANDA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Proposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=313\n\nThe Dome A region is the highest plateau of the Antarctic ice sheet, and could be the coldest place on the Earth’s surface. The transect from Prydz Bay-Amery Ice Shelf-Lambert Glacier Basin-Dome A is an interconnected ocean, ice-shelf and ice sheet system, which plays a very important role in east Antarctica mass balance, sea level and climate change. Dome A is a little known region of the Antarctic and, as it is the highest part of Antarctic ice sheet, it is an ideal place for observing the earth’s environmental background and making new scientific findings in a range of disciplines\n• The ice thickness at the summit of Dome A was measured as over 3000 m by the 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-21) in the austral summer of 2004/2005. Snow accumulation occurs mostly by diamond dust sublimation directly from the troposphere and the oldest ice in Antarctica may be found there. It is hence a potential site to reconstruct a 1.2M year recordof the past climate and environment.\n• With the extremely cold, dry and stable air found at the summit of Dome A, the area provides the best site on the Earth’s surface for the conduct of a wide range of astronomical observations, from optical to millimetre wavelengths.\n• Beneath the ice at Dome A and near the centre of the Antarctic Continent lie the unexplored Gamburtsev sub-glacial mountains. Study of these may contribute greatly to theoretical earth science and to understanding the geological history of Antarctica.\n• Observations along the Zhongshan-Dome A are important for studying ice dynamic processes and mass balance, recent climate history and SolarWind/Magnetosphere/Ionosphere coupling.\n• The ocean circulation in Prydz Bay is one of the major gyres around the Antarctic and it both affects and is affected by interaction beneath the Amery Ice Shelf. Improved oceanographic studies are required of the Prydz Bay circulation, it’s role in Southern Ocean circulation, and the potential impacts of change on both physical and biological systems.\nWhat we will do for PANDA?\nPANDA presents a integrated view of the Prydz Bay-Amery-Lambert glacier basin-Dome A system, with Chinese scientific and logistical leadership, partnership, coordination and cooperation for many international IPY efforts focused on this region and on Antarctica. Specifically, Chinese leadership and partnership as part of PANDA will support IPY through the following objectives:\n\n- To construct a scientific research station at the summit of Dome A supporting future scientific programs in this region nationally and internationally.\n- To establish a long-term observing/monitoring system for climate change research along the Prydz Bay, Amery Ice Shelf, Lambert glacier basin and Dome A transect, a data sparse region of Antarctica. This will involve partnerships with other meteorological, glaciological and oceanographic projects during IPY.\n- To improve understanding on variability and physical processes of the ocean and sea ice in the Prydz Bay region, and on their response and feedback to climate change. This will involve partnership with the IPY SASSI programme.\n- To understand processes of interaction between ocean and ice shelf and their effect on the stability of the ice shelf and ice sheet.\n- To obtain a series of shallow ice cores between Zhongshan and Dome A for investigation of recent climate variability and change, and a medium depth ice core at Dome A.\n- To determine site characteristics for deep ice core drilling at Dome A to potentially re-construct a 1.2M year climate record. This assessment during IPY will lead to new efforts to start deep ice core drilling in the summer of 2009/2010.\n-To assess site characteristics at Dome A for astronomical observations.\n-To find a suitable site for sub-glacial geological drilling in the Gamburtsev Mountains area.\n-To establish a chain of magnetometers between Zhongshan and Dome A for studying the dynamics of the solar wind-magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling. This will include comprehensive upper atmosphere observations at Zhongshan Station and will involve cooperation with the IPY solar-earth coupling and magnetosphere dynamics programmes.\n\nMany of these activities will leave a legacy of an infrastructure capability for international research after IPY.\nPlanned field activities during 2007-2010:\n1. Prydz Bay and Amery Ice Shelf\n-During austral summers of 2005/2006, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009: oceanographic and ice shelf surveys in Prydz Bay and Amery Ice Shenlf.\n-2007/2008: deploy hydrographic instruments into the cavity beneath the Amery Ice Shelf in collaboration with an Australian hot water drilling project. Obtain 2 year’s continuous measurements from the instruments.\n2. Zhongshan-Dome A traverse and activities at the summit of Dome A:\n2007/2008 season:\n- Glaciological observations along Zhongshan-Dome A transect.\n- To carry out glaciological observations and recover a 350-500m ice core at the summit of Dome A.\n- Undertake an ice radar survey in the Gamburtsev sub glacial area to search the suitable site for a geological drilling.\n- Determine a deep ice core drilling site, and transport a deep ice core drill to the summit of Dome A from Dome F.\n- To set up a 100 m2 building at Dome A.\n- To install several instruments for assessing astronomical conditions at Dome A\n- Install 4 low power magnetometers along the track.\n- Establish fuel depots at Dome A and at a site 800km south of Zhongshan Station.\n2008/2009 season:\n- To complete Dome A Station with a building area of 250 m2 and facilities for 10 winterers.\n- To make a pilot hole for deep ice core drilling and set up deep ice core drilling system.\n- Undertake further glaciological observations of the area.\n- Other observations.\n2009/2010 season:\n- To operate the Dome A station and start deep ice core drilling there.\n- Other observation including astronomy observations, etc.\n\nPrevious work at Zhongshan-Dome A, Amery Ice Shelf and Prydz Bay by CHINARE\nDuring the last decade CHINARE has carried out following research work:\n-Four inland traverses from the Zhongshan Station towards Dome A have been made in the summers of 1996/1997, 1997/1998,1998/1999 and 2004/2005. Glaciological observations were obtained and samples were obtained from shallow cores and snow pits along the route. During the latest traverse, the CHINARE team reached the summit of the Dome by snow mobiles. A series of measurements in glaciology and meteorology were carried out, and two automatic weather stations were installed in collaboration with Australia, one is at the summit of the Dome and one at the mid-point of the transect.\n-Glaciological field programs have been conducted on the Amery Ice Shelf in the summers of 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005. The major work has included ice radar surveys of ice thickness, GPS measurements of ice velocity, estimation of ice shelf mass balance, recovery of a 296m ice core, and hydrographic observations along the edge of the Amery Ice Shelf.\n-Physical oceanography, chemical oceanography, marine biology and geochemistry observations in the Prydz Bay region, have been carried out since 1989. A series of data have been obtained.\n-Ground-based observations of the ionosphere (imaging riometer), optical aurora, geomagnetic fields, etc. have been carried out at Zhongshan Station for more than ten years.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54d080f7-f492-439a-b37e-3a7a9fe570fa", - "label": "PRSFSES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Numerical models that predict trophic structure require both accurate information on prey consumption rates and estimates of spatial and temporal variation. In the Southern Ocean little information exists on the spatial and temporal patterns of resource use by predators, so we attempted to examine these patterns for an important Antarctic predator, the southern elephant seal. We (i) defined the area of the ocean used by the adult female component of the elephant seal population at Macquarie Island; (ii) quantified the time these seals spent in the different regions of the Southern Ocean; and (iii) estimated the biomass of fish and squid prey consumed per fortnight and per region. 2. We used data from 42 post-breeding females collected from 1992 to 2001.\n\nhttp://www.jstor.org/pss/3505843", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55a3785b-3db0-41a0-a40f-5119762503a2", - "label": "POAM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) II instrument measures the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosol extinction. The instrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). POAM II was launched aboard the French SPOT-3 satellite on September 26, 1993 into a Sun synchronous polar orbit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57a925f4-48e5-4484-ab84-1b62f55e397a", - "label": "POLDER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5837d982-6f03-4994-9a79-17c87345bd01", - "label": "PMEC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: Polar Marine Ecosystems Changes PMEC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=158\n\nA Symposium sponsored or co-sponsored by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)\n\nTitle: Comparative Studies of Marine Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems and the Potential Consequences of Climate Change\n\nThemes: \n\n-Climate variability - past and present environmental status of Arctic and Antarctic seas\n-Physical, chemical and biological interactions under environmental shifts in the polar regions\n-Response of communities to varying environment and food-web relations\n-Climate and human induced changes in exploitable marine resources\n-Contamination of Arctic and Antarctic seas - present status and possible changes in relation to growing human activities in the polar regions\n-Vulnerability of marine ecosystems in the polar regions and ecosystem approach to marine management\n\nThe following more focused Theme Sessions have been extracted from submitted EoI's whose submitters have been contacted and agreed to act as conveners or co-conveners. Some of these Theme Sessions have similar or related topics. Consolidation is expected in the course of further development of the activity, as well as further topics to come in, for instance a stronger commitment from physical oceanography fields.\n\n- Circumpolar Climate Interactions and Ecosystem Dynamics in Polar Oceans\n- Biodiversity and its role in structures and functions of Polar Marine Ecosystems\n- Biodiversity and sustainable exploitation of changing resources under climate change in polar marine polar ecosystems\n- Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas\n- Hotspot Ecosystem Research on the Margins of European Seas\n- Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic: the Response of Life to Change\n- Natural and anthropogenic forcing on marine ecosystems, biogeochemistry and physical processes operating in the European Arctic\n- A comparative study of ecosystem function in ice-covered and ice-free Polar Ocean areas\n- Impact of climate induced glacial melting on marine coastal communities.\n- Changes in top predator life history, abundance and behavior patterns: Indicators of ongoing ecosystem changes?\n- Global Warming and Marine Mammals in Polar Regions\n- The impact of climate change and human-development on the predator prey dynamics of pan-arctic migratory birds\n- The importance of seasonal sea ice on life cycles of key fish species in Polar Oceans\n- Polar microorganisms and climate: Influence of climate changes on microbial biodiversity, biogeochemical processes and biomolecules\n- Polar Deep Sea Ecosystems: History and patterns of benthic communities\n- Aliens in Polar Oceans\n\n\nPotential product: \nA special volume of symposium proceedings published in co-operation with EoI Nr. 303, or alternatively in the ICES Journal of Marine Science. There may be follow up workshops or seagoing or other field activities, which are independent of this proposal, however.\n\nDate and venue: The symposium could be held in an ICES (polar) member state, for instance in Norway (Oslo or Bergen), alternatively in Capetown (RSA, ICES affiliate member state), preferably in late spring 2009 or 2010.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a3bb3bc-b564-4188-ad0e-68730eff1ffa", - "label": "PROBES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The stimulus for Processes and Resources of the Eastern Bering Sea Shelf (PROBES) was a mutual US - Japan scientific concern about the ability of the Bering Sea to support the huge annual catch, on a sustained basis, of groundfish, pelagic fish, crab and other marine resources. The question was large enough to demand the attention of oceanographic disciplines from both countries as well as from others. After several conferences, it was decided to emphasize the &Golden Triangle& (the are encompassed southeastern Bering Sea shelf in an attempt to understand the bioproductivity of this region (Hood and Kelley 1974, Hood and Takenouti 1975). In the beginning, it appeared most expedient, for logistic and funding reasons, to have each country pursue its part of the program independently.\n\nInformation provided by http://afscmaps.akctr.noaa.gov/npem/revise.jsp?id=1548", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e208038-e1de-4a0b-9037-4b3390a4fecf", - "label": "POLAR-WMT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLAR: WMT\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=45\n\nDue to distances, extreme climate, and lack of present day infrastructure, the North is critically lacking in education and training opportunities. With modern technology, incorporating advances in communications and computers, these barriers can be overcome resulting in a transforming impact in polar communities. As a global leader in online distance education (e-learning), Athabasca University Canada's Open University (AU) with its partners in the University of the Arctic and allied institutions in other countries, is the natural choice to implement viable learning programs. For example, AU's exemplary programs in Health sciences, nursing, education, policing, computer and information systems, and management, address subject areas in which there is a critical lack of skilled personnel in the North, and in particular among the indigenous communities. By combining this internationally recognized educational leadership in e-learning, which is eminently appropriate for reaching the North, with the exploration of new and appropriate technologies including satellite and mobile media, many of the major obstacles to learning in the Arctic can be overcome.\n\nGrowing from AU's experience working with information and communication technologies for learning and from its international partnerships, the participants in this project propose to develop an advanced learning network using Internet via satellite access technologies to reach remote communities and wireless devices for dissemination and communications within the communities. This high tech delivery will be used to support a learning-centred methodological approach to learning, teaching, and community development. This will promote an online learning culture in rural communities improving digital literacy, access to local and external educational resources, promoting lifelong community-centred learning and collaboration, while reducing technology resistance in dozens of pilot sites in up to eight Arctic countries using the partnerships developed through AU's membership in the University of the Arctic. The ultimate goals are growth, and the transfer of knowledge at various levels, in a range of relevant subject areas, starting with a specific, particularly appropriate module in e-portfolio development for prior learning assessment and recognition (PLAR) and a first year university course in polar astronomy/space science, taking advantage of the internet accessible astronomical observatory at Athabasca University. A range of full programmes for polar students is envisioned. This POLAR WMT learning network can also be accessed by other scientists for the training of high quality personnel using high speed electronic media to deliver courses and conduct lessons, workshops, seminars, and lectures. A principal aim of this project is to support the creation of a new culture in rural communities promoting digital literacy and reducing resistance to the use of new technologies. It will go a step further, encouraging user to add their significant contribution to the emerging applications by involving them in meaningful activities, tailored to address the needs of different user groups. Thus, this project aims to offer stimulating and creative learning environments to support vibrant user communities and will attempt an extended implementation in dozens of pilot sites in the Arctic \n\nThis project will be based on innovative 'action' and 'design-based' research methodologies and practices aimed at experimenting with and developing real world implementations of new learning experiences for remote learners using the latest technologies. The objective is to facilitate learning in homes, schools, the workplace, community centres, adult education forums, and a variety of informal contexts using wireless and mobile devices. Serving the special needs of learners in the Arctic requires a better understanding of the geographical, cultural and evolving technological environment in which they live.\n\nThe project will mobilize community support by involving stake holders (community leaders, government officials, local teachers) in the creation of a plan for the sustainability and development of the learning system exploring new technologies as they arise and their applicability for learning. This will involve (1) determining how the satellite/wireless platform will need to evolve in order to meet increasing user expectations (2) comparing this with current developments that are under way with the ICT hardware and software development companies (3) developing innovative ways of implementing the satellite/wireless infrastructure, demonstrating the enhanced potential of communication via satellite to the users in the Arctic region (4) selecting the most appropriate applications, and proposing a roadmap for replication, including both technical and pedagogical demonstrations promoting the use of satellite/wireless learning widely throughout the Arctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e4057aa-5596-4ce1-b55a-268d5f187d4a", - "label": "PG", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The mission of the Portland Greenmap project is to strengthen the community's\nawareness of and connection to its urban ecology and social resources through\nlocally created maps.\n\nGreenmaps arrange several types of information as a continuous integrated whole:\nurban hikes, how to get around without a car, socially responsible businesses,\nsources of pollution, great spots to watch the sunset, volunteer opportunities,\nhidden elements of water, waste, and energy systems, important social\nresources, and much more. The goal is to illuminate the inter-connections\nbetween society, nature and the built environment, helping residents to make\nlower impact lifestyle choices, or to make a difference by getting involved.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.portlandgreenmap.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by Ecotrust]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e6e435f-14b4-4f22-a1b7-1b4bd647459d", - "label": "ROPEX", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[from ROPEX Background page,\n'http://www.esr.org/ropex/ronice.html#bac']\n\nThe Ronne Polynya Experiment (ROPEX) was carried out in the southern\nWeddell Sea in January and February 1998, using the Royal Navy\nice-strengthened hydrographic vessel HMS Endurance. The experiment\nfocused on the southern shelf of the Weddell Sea.\n\nThe ship departed from the Falkland Islands on January 14 and returned\non February 20, operating in the southern Weddell Sea for the period\nJanuary 21 to February 12. Over one hundred\nconductivity-temperature-depth ('CTD') stations were collected in the\nregion of the Filchner overflow, and near and north of the Ronne ice\nfront. Bathymetry data were obtained over the southwestern continental\nshelf, a region for which no prior data existed. Five European current\nmeter moorings were recovered, three from the Ronne ice front and two\nfrom the Filchner Depression. Four new European/US moorings were\ndeployed in a region where dense water modified by the inclusion of\npotentially supercooled Ice Shelf Water first flows down the\ncontinental slope after leaving the Filchner Depression.\n\nThe primary goal of the program was to obtain oceanographic, sea-ice,\nand atmospheric measurements to improve our understanding of the\nphysical processes coupling the southern Weddell Sea to the\ncirculation and properties of the global ocean and atmosphere. In the\nsouthern Weddell Sea, four elements strongly interact with each other:\nthe ocean over the continental shelf; the polar atmosphere; sea-ice\n(when it is present); and the massive floating glacial ice shelves,\nwhich are the oceanic termination of continental ice as it flows off\nthe Antarctic continent.\n\nTherefore, the primary research tasks for the cruise were:\n - Atmospheric measurements over sea ice and boundary layer\ndevelopment near ice shelves;\n - Sea ice observations and sampling;\n - Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) ocean profiling;\n - Oceanographic mooring deployment and recovery; and\nBathymetry.\n\nSea ice conditions during the cruise were very favourable, allowing\nthe ship to survey a large area north of the Ronne Ice Front. No\nprevious oceanographic or even bathymetric data have been obtained\nfrom this region.\n\nOur data will be integrated with other programs in the region,\nincluding measurements obtained under the Ronne Ice Shelf (Nicholls,\n1996). This study will improve our ability to model the Weddell Sea's\nrole in such processes as the global fresh water budget and the\ngeneration of Antarctic Bottom Water, the latter being a fundamental\ncomponent of the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt (Broecker, 1991).\n\nThe primary institution responsible for the ROPEX cruise is the\nBritish Antarctic Survey (BAS). Other participating institutions are:\n\n - Southampton Oceanography Center (Southampton, UK);\n - Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (Liverpool, UK);\n - Alfred-Wegener Institute (Bremerhaven, Germany);\n - Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (Hanover, New\nHampshire);\n - Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos, New Mexico); and\n - Earth & Space Research (Seattle, Washington).\n\nThe US component of this research was supported by the National\nScience Foundation grant OPP-9615525.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e6fae0a-c0c7-47eb-b9d9-eee41543d8c7", - "label": "RAATD", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ee55466-e6e4-486d-a556-42713a8d0eb3", - "label": "PAN-AME", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PAN-AME\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=26\n\nRationale\n\nThe extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice vary considerably from year to year and over decadal time scales. Assessing the processes of oceanic and atmospheric forcing on this ice cover is critically important in understanding the response of the Arctic marine ecosystem to climate variability and change. Security of food sources is a key element in this change as is the stability of traditional lifestyles, sustainable exploitation of new resources and education of the next generation of Arctic Scientists. The present variability in sea ice cover on Arctic marine ecosystems and regional climate requires a substantial improvement in our understanding of the links between freshwater and sea ice, sea ice and climate, and sea ice and biogeochemical fluxes. The need for data is particularly strong for the shallow coastal shelf regions (30% of the Arctic basin), the shelf-basin interface and within the marginal ice zones and polynyas of the Arctic.The environmental, socio-economic and geopolitical consequences of an eventual sustained reduction of Arctic sea ice are bound to be tremendous: marine Arctic ecosystems will be displaced, a new ocean will open to exploitation, climate warming may accelerate, global ocean circulation may be modified, and traditional use will change. Given our Arctic responsibilities the PAN-AME cluster is an essential element in the international efforts to understand the current a near future changes on the physical-biological coupling within the Arctic marine ecosystem.\n\nScience \n\nThe PANA-AME cluster will focus on testable hypotheses integrated across several research projects in a coordinate effort to examine the role of that changing oceanic and atmospheric forcing have over the Arctic marine ecosystem. Space limits the presentation of these but we illustrate with these core questions to be addressed: What is the role of hydrologic, oceanographic and meteorological processes in ice growth, decay and transport in each of the cluster regions of interest (ROI) and what is the large scale context within which they are embedded? What are the hydrodynamic (including ice and snow cover dynamics) control of Arctic shelf photosynthetic production and its export to the benthos and the pelagic food web. What is the flux of carbon associated with these processes and how does this change in our various ROI? What is the potential impact of increased UV radiation on biological productivity? What is the role of microheterotrophs and mesozooplankton in transforming autochthonous and allochthonous particulate and dissolved matter? What are the trophic linagkages in various ROI within our cluster how is energy transfer between trophic levels affected by changes inn the physical system? How are contaminants linked to changes in the physical and biological systems and what is the nature of source, sink and transport these elements? Detailed physical and biological measurements will be used to constrain and calibrate physical models of ocean-sea ice-atmosphere coupling and biophysical models of ecosystem function and carbon flows within the IPY-AME regions of interest. Field work will focus on significant time scales pertinent to each of our ROI with ranges from weekly to interannually. Observatories will be a key element in the cluster with installation within the IPY timeframe and continuation of these observatories as a legacy of the IPY.\n\nBenefits\n \nThis cluster marshals the majority of existing international expertise in Arctic marine ecosystem research. It also marshals involvement of circumarctic aboriginal peoples through involvement in individual ROIs. By clustering we agree to integrate our geographically separate projects into a coordinated pan-Arctic IPY program through standardization of sampling methods, coordination of people, resources, and access to a wealth of existing arctic logistics (field stations, ice camps, ships, aircraft). We agree to archive a coordinated data repository which will remain as a legacy of this project. We also intend to share data amongst science teams working in different ROIs as a means of assessing marine ecosystem response to pan-arctic climate variability and change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60098dee-9a4f-4083-85bd-e384cd6bdbd5", - "label": "PROGRAMA GESTION AMBIENTAL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Local Environmental Management, GAL is understood as all human activities in a systematic and comprehensive, seeking to order and manage the environment and its components, to ensure a sustainable development. This includes the formulation of policies and legislation, design tools, the implementation of aspects of administration and the active participation of the citizenry.\n\n\n\nhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.conama.cl/rm/568/propertyvalue-13603.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522PROGRAMA%2BGESTION%2BAMBIENTAL%2522%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DDNP%26sa%3DG", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63a0edc5-45c9-4442-82c6-d3f04079239f", - "label": "RICE-PROJECT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "RICE (Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution) Project is an international collaboration between New Zealand, USA, Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Italy and China. The aim of the project is to recover a 750 m deep ice core from Roosevelt Island in Antarctica to determine the stability of the Ross Ice Shelf and West Antarctica in a warming world.\n\nThe potential for rapid deglaciation of West Antarctica remains a primary uncertainty in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions for 21st Century sea level rise. The recent and unpredicted collapse of multiple ice shelves and rapid acceleration of discharge of Antarctic ice suggests that dynamical responses to warming play a more significant role than is currently understood and captured in coupled climate-ice sheet models. Such models can be improved and validated by replicating known past changes. The RICE Project is an international partnership seeking to understand past, present, and future changes of the Ross Ice Shelf, a major drainage pathway of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ANDRILL programme showed, that about 5 to 3 million years ago, the last time when atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperatures were similar to those predicted for the end of the 21st Century, the Ross Ice Shelf disintegrated multiple times, initiating the collapse of West Antarctica. However, no high resolution data exist from this time period. To determine the rate of change, RICE aims to provide an annually resolved ice core record for the past 20,000 years and beyond, when global temperatures increased by 6 deg C to preindustrial temperatures, global sea level rose by ~120 m, and the Ross Ice Shelf grounding line retreated over 1,000 km. Most of the Ross Ice Shelf retreat occurred when global sea level had already reached modern levels. For this reason, the precise correlation between increasing air and ocean temperatures, and the velocity and characteristics of the ice shelf retreat, provides a unique opportunity to determine accurately the sensitivity of the Ross Ice Shelf to warming.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/antarctic/research/research-prog/rice", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "679d379a-00ed-4c09-aece-44071e7fd173", - "label": "PLEIADES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "68ff39e0-50f0-4472-9cd5-7336f743200a", - "label": "PAME", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PAME\nProject URL: http://www.uib.no/pame/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=71\n\nMicrobial communities, including phytoplankton, protozoa, bacteria, archaea, fungi and virus, are by far the most abundant and the most taxonomic and genetically diverse group of organisms in marine pelagic ecosystems. Biological activity, biomass, production and remineralization in these systems are essentially microbial while higher trophic levels (crustaceans, fish, and mammals) play a minor role in quantitative terms. Microorganisms are the main drivers of biogeochemical cycles and the major producers and consumers of green-house gases, and they are therefore significant players in regulating the ecosphere. In addition, they can be important sentinels of environmental change, as alterations in the structure and biomass of microbial communities can herald changes not only in pathways of nutrient and energy transfer in foodwebs, but also in biogeochemical cycles. Despite their abundance and likely importance in polar ecosystems, very little is known about the composition of polar microbial communities, their interactions and geochemical roles, or their response to environmental changes.\n\nThe PAME program will focus on polar marine microorganisms and their activities; the processes that relate to these organisms and the significance of these organisms and their activity with respect to climate and global environmental change. The projects participating in PAME will target different aspects of microbial ecology in different polar areas. Projects may also encompass studies undertaken in warmer latitudes where these compliment and inform polar research. Field campaigns, logistics and research will be coordinated through PAME, and the projects will share and exchange data, samples, field opportunities, infrastructure, human and intellectual resources in order to obtain better and more complete datasets from field surveys and experimental studies than otherwise would be possible. \nUnderstanding microbial food web structure and function involves major research tasks related to community composition, population dynamics and flux of energy and matter. \n\nPAME will assess microbial biodiversity and community composition employing a full range of approaches from classical taxonomic studies to metagenomics of community DNA. The work will include development and application of state-of-the-art molecular methods to detect, enumerate and monitor sentinel ('indicator') microbial genes, functions and taxa, and to determine the molecular biodiversity of key microbial groups. Population dynamics, trophic interactions and flow of energy and matter between different microbial compartments and biogeochemical pools will be investigated both during field campaigns and in experimental ecosystem models (mesocosms). Experimental approaches to climate and environmental change, as well as mathematical modelling, will be integral parts of this work. The overriding aim is to understand how external and internal driving forces and control mechanisms regulate microbial processes and how they affect community structure and biogeochemical cycles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a97d2c9-d9ab-4b2c-ab6c-487889873890", - "label": "RADTRACE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Radionuclides can serve as valuable tracers of atmospheric and terrestrial transport processes, which will be altered by changing climate patterns. This project is anchored in the existing Health Canada radiological monitoring network operated throughout Canada. The network includes seven Arctic sites equipped with high volume samplers for airborne particulates. Two of these sites are also equipped for noble gas collection and one site is equipped with a continuous gamma radiation monitor. In addition to the primary functions of supporting of the Canadian Federal Nuclear Emergency Plan and the international Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the network provides regular measurements of a wide range of naturally-occurring radionuclide concentrations in air. Heavy metals and some organic compounds will also be measured in airborne particulates collected by the air samplers. An archive of air filters extending back to the early 1970s will allow the elucidation of time trends in these contaminants. The Health Canada air monitoring network covers an area extending from 55o to 83o North Latitude and 60o to 135o West Longitude, representing a large fraction of the entire land mass in the North polar region.\n\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=443", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b8102e3-a4b7-4fe5-82a6-ce4f4117234e", - "label": "RAMP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP)is a joint effort of NASA\nand the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The project was conducted\ncollaboratively by the Byrd Polar Research Center, Vexcel Corporation,\nthe Alaska SAR Facility, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with\nfunding from NASA's Pathfinder Program. The project also received\nvaluable assistance from the National Science Foundation, the\nEnvironmental Research Institute of Michigan, and the National Imagery\nand Mapping Agency.\n\nIn 1997, the Canadian RADARSAT-1 satellite was rotated in orbit, so\nthat its synthetic aperture radar (SAR) antenna looked south towards\nAntarctica. This permitted the first high-resolution mapping of the\nentire continent of Antarctica. In less than three weeks, the\nsatellite acquired a complete coverage of radar image swaths as part\nof the first Antarctic Mapping Mission (AMM-1). Swath images have been\nassembled into an image mosaic depicting the entire continent at 25 m\nresolution. The mosaic provides a detailed look at ice sheet\nmorphology, rock outcrops, research infrastructure, the coastline, and\nother features of Antarctica, as well as representing calibrated radar\nbackscatter data which may provide insight into climate processes\naffecting the upper few meters of snow cover.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://nsidc.org/daac/ramp/'\n\n [Summary provided by NSIDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e9f473c-13bd-4a8a-9efd-bc8dc865fdc0", - "label": "REEF RELIEF", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "REEF RELIEF is a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to\nPreserving and Protecting Living Coral Reef Ecosystems through local,\nregional and global efforts. REEF RELIEF was founded in 1986 by\ncharterboat skipper, Craig Quirolo, the current Director of Marine\nProjects. REEF RELIEF is a non-profit corporation, directed by a board\nof directors, a Citizen Advisory Board and a Scientific Advisory\nBoard.\n\nReef Relief's goal is S.E.A. for C.P.R. We focus on rigorous Science\nto Educate the public & Advocate policymakers to\nachieve Conservation, Protection, and Restoration of coral reefs.\n\nTo implement this new vision, the REEF RELIEF Board developed\nobjectives and strategies to meet the following goals:\n\nIncrease public awareness of the importance and value of living coral\nreef ecosystems;\n\nIncrease scientific understanding and knowledge of living coral reef\necosystems;\n\nStrengthen grassroots community-based efforts to protect coral reef\necosystems;\n\nDesign, develop and help implement strategies for marine protected\nareas associated with coral reef ecosystems;\n\nEncourage and support ecotourism as part of sustainable community\ndevelopment that protects and preserves coral reef ecosystems;\n\nStrengthen REEF RELIEF's organizational ability to carry out its new\nmission.\n\nPrograms to support these goals will based on existing efforts\nincluding the Coral Reef Conservation Program, Photo Monitoring\nSurvey, the Environmental Center & Store, International Projects, and\nfundraising efforts.\n\n\nFor additional information about REEF RELIEF please visit:\n'http://www.reefrelief.org/mission_body.html#Marine'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f2b998b-15c2-4b53-8098-63d9a7753b7f", - "label": "POLAR ATLAS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: Polar Atlas\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=176\n\nThe Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC) at Carleton University in collaboration with Natural Resources Canada, the Canadian Polar Commission, and the International polar science community proposes the development of an on-line Polar Atlas (henceforth The Atlas) for the purpose of IPY Education and Outreach. The Atlas is envisioned as significantly contributing to making IPY activities and results accessible to students, teachers, the media, policy makers, scientists, and the general public. The Atlas will enable users to interact with information on a wide range of topics identified as IPY themes including environmental change and human activity in the polar regions. One of the technological contributions of the proposed activity will be an Atlas that enables users to contribute content, thus involving polar community residents in meaningful ways.\n\nBeyond the project focus on Education and Outreach, the project will generate Canadian contributions to an infrastructure that will enable the open, free, and unrestricted access to data and information generated through the IPY programme. The Atlas will be developed on a Spatial Data Infrastructure model and the data management structures being developed by the International community (EoI 409/ proposal 49). A key national element of the SDI development strategy is partnership with Natural Resources Canada, specifically the activities related to EoI 993. The members of The Atlas proposal will take a lead role in the research aspects of the project while members of the EoI 993 proposal will lead with respect to community liaison in the Arctic and infrastructure development.\n\nThe primary project activity is to promote education and outreach by making the findings from IPY accessible to a wide range of participants. An on-line atlas developed on a SDI can provide a valuable mechanism that allows experts and non-experts alike to access information. We are currently developing such an atlas for the Antarctic region through a major collaborative research grant funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada. This atlas is being developed through international partnerships and is entitled the SCAR Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica (CAA) (http://www.carleton.ca/gcrc/caap). We have significant expertise and existing infrastructure that will facilitate extending the current Atlas framework to include both polar regions. We have partnered with several Arctic-related projects: 1) Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (EoI 358 to be submitted as a full proposal for September 30) and 2) Inuit Sea Ice Use and Occupancy Project (EoI 715, situated within a cluster initiative entitled SIKU (Sea Ice Knowledge and Use in the Arctic) to be submitted as a full proposal for September 30). To ensure that our efforts are integrated with other international efforts, we are collaborating with the Polar Post Project (EoI 469) led by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) in the United States that shares many similar objectives to the proposed Atlas. We have initiated discussions with other Canadian education-related projects such as Mission Antarctique (EoI 465) and will continue to pursue collaborative activities to enrich the proposed Atlas. \n\nThe Atlas development as proposed will require an available network of data such as a SDI or an observatory network as proposed by the eGy (Electronic Geophysical Year). We are actively involved in SDI development for the Antarctic (see section 3.6). The development of the Arctic component of the SDI will be carried out through national (EoI 993) and international partnerships. To ensure that the SDI components for the two Polar Regions are compatible, we will collaborate and coordinate efforts with other geoscientific information management initiatives, including the IPY DIS (Proposal 49) and the related Circumarctic Environmental Observatories Network/ARCUS (Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, EoI 265), the Joint Committee on Antarctic Data Management and the SCAR Experts Group on Geospatial Information.\n\nOur project will span the two-year observation period of IPY (1 March 2007-1 March\n2009) and beyond.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f8c3315-c448-40b3-a74c-1fcf0ae44040", - "label": "PROYECTO LAGOS-COMAHUE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Lagos Project (Proyecto Lagos-Comahue) was developed through a\ncollaboration between Polish (Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of\nScience) and Agentinian (CONICET - Consejo de Investigaciones\nCient?ficas, Instituto Antartico Argentino, Universidad del Comahue,\nand Universidad Buenos Aires).\n\nThe area of study includes four lakes on King George Island, one on the\nnorthern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, and lakes in the southern tip\nof South America (Lake Fagnano and Lake Yehuin - Tierra del Fuego).\n\nThe study invoves the coring of Antarctic and Patagonian lakes and\npeat bogs, and late Cenozoic to recent sediment sampling in lakes,\nmoraines and fluvioglacial environments.\n\nThe studies main emphasis is to contribute to the knowledge of climate\nevolution in relation to terrestrial environments and biota during the\nCenozoic and especially during postglacial Holocene times in the\nAntarctic Peninsula and cordilleran and marginal areas of\nsouth-western Argentina as a contribution to the Global Change\nProgram. The coring of peat and lake sediments is one of the tools\nused to obtain valuable information on the events occurred during\nPleistocene and Holocene times. The main rocks proving former\nglaciations as well as post-glacial stratigraphic units cropping out\nin the region are also under the scope of this research", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "724563e5-39ef-424b-96d0-c07ca4655803", - "label": "POL2006-05175-E/ANT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72708f2f-c4bd-411e-9606-85d29e4ec339", - "label": "PINGFO", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Instituto Antártico Argentino was created under the Decree Nº 7338 on April the 17th 1951. Its founder and first director was the colonel Hernán Pujato. The goal of this creation was the need of a specialized organism to orientate, control, address and perform scientific and technical research and studies concerning this region, in coordination with the Comisión Nacional del Antártico, an institution depending on the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs. \n\nhttp://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75b8d2f7-5c8a-41d3-9660-ebd2f2cb4b4b", - "label": "PMV", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Plume Model Validation and Development Study\nThe Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) undertook a significant\nexperimental and analytic project to evaluate atmospheric dispersion\nmodels currently applied to electric generating facilities and to\nprovide data bases for developing improved plume models. This\nproject, the Plume Model Validation and Development (PMV&D) project,\ncomprises four studies of plumes in different environmental settings.\nThe initial phase of the PMV&D project examined plume dispersion\nbehavior in relatively uncomplicated terrain. Field measurement\nprograms were conducted in the vicinity of the Kincaid Generating\nStation in central Illinois, which is located in smooth, level\nterrain. The measurement programs included nine months of continuous\nmonitoring of air quality, meteorological, and power plant emission\nvariables, supplemented by three three-week periods of intensive,\nspecialized measurements of plume dispersion.\nThe second phase of the PMV&D project investigated plume behavior in\nmoderately complex terrain. Field measurement programs were carried\nout in the vicinity of the Bull Run steam plant, situated 20 km west\nof Knoxville and 8 km east of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The field\nprograms at this site included two four-week periods of intensive,\nspecialized measurements of plume dispersion.\nThe behavior of plumes in complex terrain was studied during a third\nphase in a joint effort with EPA at the Sierra Pacific Power Company's\nTracy plant, 20 km east of Reno, Nevada along the Truckee River. A\npreliminary experiment was conducted at the site over a four-week\nperiod, including two weeks of intensive measurements of plume\nbehavior. This study laid the groundwork for the design of EPA's Full\nScale Plume Study (FSPS) at that site. EPRI supported both programs\nby supplying airborne lidar sampling of the power plant plume.\nFinally, the fourth phase of the PMV&D Project was a study conducted\nat the Perry-K Steam Station of Indianapolis (Indiana) Power and Light\nCompany to investigate plume behavior in an urban environment. The\nplant is located about 1 km from the urban center of Indianapolis.\nThe field program included four weeks of intensive measurements of\nplume dispersion and an additional week for a collocation experiment.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/pmv/pmv.htm' for information on\nPMV.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78871236-1736-40dc-b35c-6d7b9a77cdd9", - "label": "RAPID", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Rapid Climate Change (RAPID) is a £20 million, six-year (2001-2007) programme of the Natural Environment Research Council. The programme aims to improve our ability to quantify the probability and magnitude of future rapid change in climate, with a main (but not exclusive) focus on the role of the Atlantic Ocean's Thermohaline Circulation. \n\nThe specific scientific objectives of the RAPID programme were agreed by the Rapid Climate Change Steering Committee and are detailed in the RAPID Science Plan. \n\nApproximately £11M have been awarded to proposals that were submitted in response to the RAPID First round of funding . About £5M of this commitment is to design a system to continuously monitor the strength and structure of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This design effort is being matched by comparative funding from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) for collaborative projects reviewed jointly with the NERC proposals. \n\nThe RAPID programme has now completed a 2nd and last round of funding, with two parallel Announcements of Opportunity. A total of 5 bids were funded under the Joint International AO , with the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Research Council of Norway, and 11 bids under the RAPID 2nd &Science& AO. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/rapid/rapid.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e25906c-298f-41f1-bb04-c786489574f6", - "label": "PM17020", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ef318b4-8ccb-4030-b823-dcb83f8ec4e1", - "label": "RECURSOS MINERALES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f41ba25-22ef-4478-9d56-290b5d00bdea", - "label": "REEF", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Reef Environmental Education Foundation is a grass-roots,\nnon-profit organization of recreational divers, founded\nin 1991, who regularly conduct fish biodiversity and abundance\nsurveys during their dives.\n\nThe goals of this foundation are:\n\nTo educate and enlist a growing corps of volunteer divers and\nsnorkelers to conduct marine life surveys.\n\nTo provide the marine science, resource management and\nconservation communities with a reliable, geographically\nbroad and continuing source of marine biodiversity data for\npractical application in habitat conservation and resource\nmanagement.\n\nTo encourage the implementation of, and support for, effective\nmarine conservation strategies including marine protected areas\n\nTo educate divers, snorkelers and the general public about\nthreats confronting the marine environment and to encourage\nthem to become active stewards in ocean conservation.\n\nTo promote the diving community as an active partner in the\nlong-term conservation of coral reefs and other marine habitats.\n\nTo work cooperatively with other like-minded individuals and\norganizations to effectively and efficiently achieve these\ngoals.\n\nFor additional information about REEF please visit:\n'http://www.reef.org/info/join.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f6cd20d-5f30-47dd-8364-43c89b14c269", - "label": "POLAR GATEWAYS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLAR GATEWAYS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=453\n\nCommunities living near, or within, the Arctic and Antarctic circles often feel like they are at the end of the world. IPY is an unprecedented opportunity that places polar residents right at the centre of this huge, international, global programme. The development of Polar Gateways provides an opportunity for these communities to get involved in IPY, to share their voice and concerns with the rest of the world, to unite neighbours who live at opposite ends of the world, to support the IPY community, and to reach a wide audience of tourists, media, educators, artists, and decision makers.\n\nPolar Gateways proposes to establish centres at key access points to the Arctic and Antarctic. The initial proposal includes one centre in Ushuaia, Argentina, and one in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Both of these locations are home to active communities who are excited about IPY and keen to get further involved. After establishing these centres, the hope is to extend the invitation to create similar initiatives within any interested polar gateway community, North and South. The result will therefore not only be a huge education and outreach programme for IPY, but will also connect polar communities around the world who share many concerns related to physical isolation and an immediate concern for the changing environment.\n\nPolar Gateways will fulfil a range of functions, dependent on location. These may include:\n\n-Present the IPY programme and contents in the form of displays and material\n-Provide local support and a friendly face to the IPY community in the field\n-Build a network of polar communities \n-Provide a natural link between IPY field activities and local initiatives\n-Provide a focal point about IPY to media and tourists\n-Provide a local space for interviews, meetings, education, information\n-Support local capacity building\n-Connect science and scientists to education and outreach programmes globally\n-Educate about both poles from one location\n-Be an outlet for IPY merchandise, leaflets, posters, cards, dvds, etc..\n-Inform about the scientific content of IPY\n-Contribute to the IPY.org web-log with local IPY stories and experiences\n-Provide a contact point locally for IPY queries during the relevant field seasons\n-Allow contact for the international media with IPY: icebergs, scientists and all!\n-Build up an international database of close to the poles visitors-Connect Polar Gateways to each other, and activities in the Arctic and Antarctic, via web-cams and other technology \n\nLocations for the centres have already been suggested in both Ushuaia and Lonyearbyen, as well as strong community support. This is critical for the success of such a programme. It is envisaged that the Ushuaia Centre would open in time for the 2006-7 summer season and the Longyearbyen centre would be open in time for the 2007 season, thus catching the full length of IPY.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "80ecc02c-f115-4de0-963b-adf39b876fcf", - "label": "POLAR VIEW", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: Polar View\nProject URL: http://www.polarview.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=372\n\nThe proposed activity will build on the Polar View network and infrastructure to develop a single point of access to ice-related information for IPY investigators.\n\nPolar View is an international consortium of members from government, industry and academia that have formed a strategic partnership to effect the operational monitoring of polar environments using Earth Observation (EO) technologies. Satellite monitoring is a powerful tool for polar monitoring. It is the only operational method to provide information over large and often inaccessible areas in a cost-effective manner. EO-derived information can support monitoring and analysis related to sustainable development (e.g. transportation, resource exploration, site remediation, bio-productivity monitoring), the environment (e.g. climate change, pollution, animal populations and habitats), and public safety (e.g. activity monitoring, disaster management, search and rescue). \n\nIt is planned to provide expert control of the remotely sensed information collaboratively with responsible ice services on the basis of routine ice charts, in particular for areas experiencing higher probability for ambiguous interpretation, such as Antarctica, areas during melt season and the fast ice zone.\n\nFunded under the European Space Agency (ESA)/European Commission Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative, Polar View brings together service providers, researchers and most of the world's national ice services to provide operational information services related to polar environments to international, national and local stakeholders worldwide. Polar View maintains close links with the JCOMM Expert Team on Sea Ice, the International Ice Charting Working Group, and the European and Canadian Space Agencies to support its operations.\n\nA dedicated web portal will be developed to deliver Polar View IPY ice information. It will include a standard suite of products consisting of ice information routinely produced by the national ice services and Polar View for both logistics (e.g. sea ice distribution information for shipping) and science (e.g. development and detailed spatio-temporal distribution of ice leads). In addition, the specialized, custom-tailored products will be offered in support of specific IPY activities. The products will be generated primarily, but not exclusively, using EO data. The portal will be a convenient, single (although not the only) access point for ice-related information.\n\nPolar View will contribute its existing mechanisms to minimize EO data acquisition conflicts and coordinate with EO data providers. Access to the information on the Polar View portal will be open to all IPY researchers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8267ea89-876b-47cb-a333-34d84a8313b7", - "label": "PRIRODA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The PRIRODA (Russian for 'Nature') module of the MIR space station,\nwas launched April 23, 1996 aboard a Proton-K rocket from the Baikonur\nCosomodrome, Kazakhstan. The PRIRODA module docked with the MIR space\nstation on April 26, 1996 to begin an extende d period of remote\nsensing observations of the Earth.\nThe goals of the PRIRODA mission include the development of optimal\nmultisensoral remote sensing methodology; investigation of optimal\ncomposition of remote sensing instrumentation; improvement of\nradiative transfer models for ocean-atmosphere system, sno w and ice\ncover, and soil and vegetation cover; methodical evaluation,\ninterpretation, and collection of data.\nThere are four main groups of investigation:\n- land surface exploration\n- ocean investigations\n- atmospheric investigations\n- ecological investigations\nThe PRIRODA mission is an international collaboration with\ncontributions from 12 nations. The PRIRODA mission is conducted by\nthe Russian Space Agency RKA, the Institute for Radioelectronics of\nthe Russian Acadamy of Sciences and RKK ENERGIA.\nFor more details on the PRIRODA mission see:\n'http://www.ba.dlr.de/NE-WS/ws5/priroda.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "849aa741-70cb-4e5b-9b43-4e670b44ae45", - "label": "POP_SCHOLAR", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POP SCHOLAR\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=295\n\nThe goal of this project is to make scholarly writing about the North more accessible to the general public, in both the North and the South. The scale of International Polar Year and the mass media attention that it will generate make this a perfect time to attract the general public to polar research. While many people are interested in the North, and aware of Northern issues in so much as they are presented in newspapers and on the evening news, such interested non-specialists do not have an obvious place to turn to get more detailed, in-depth information about Northern research. Our goal is to provide these people with a place to go for solid, complex information presented in an easy-to-read, accessible manner.\n\nThe Arctic Institute of North America, which houses the journal _Arctic_, is an ideal place to undertake this project. _Arctic_ is a leading multidisciplinary scholarly journal focusing on the North, which publishes quarterly for a largely academic audience. Many of its articles about science and culture in the North would have wide interest for a public audience, but the language and format in which they are presented is not designed for a non-academic audience. Similarly, the scientific papers in _Polar Research_ and the social sciences and humanites topics explored in _Etudes/Inuit/Studies_ have clear relevance for a larger audience base in both the North and the South. We believe that making the synopses of academic articles more user-friendly will inspire interested readers to pursue further knowledge about the North.\n\nEach quarter, we will select two to three articles from _Arctic_, _Polar Research_, and _Etudes/Inuit/Studies_ for 'popularization' and provide these synopses on the AINA website. By mounting these synopses on the Web and making them freely accessible, we are furthering that endeavour and significantly broadening our reach beyond that of a traditional subscriber-based print journal. We expect this site to become a one-stop portal for Northerners, media, and interested readers in the South.\n\nA key aspect of the project will be to partner with other Canadian and international journals with a Northern focus to expand the service to a wider range of articles that are potentially of public interest. We have, for instance, contacted the editors of _Polar Record_ and _Northern Review_ to invite them to join us in this new project, and are awaiting their responses.\n\nThe project will also partner with Native organizations such as the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami to identify priority topics of interest to Northerners and assist with translation services in the appropriate language for each region covered by a given article. Ultimately, we would like to see links from Northern community groups' own websites to the AINA website to broaden interest and access to the article synopses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "86ffb726-e6d4-4113-aa67-0339ea2312a5", - "label": "PSICOANTAR II", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "874e680d-8050-4e4a-bbaa-23a2d2e30f11", - "label": "PROGRAMA MEDIO AMBIENTE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "888fa637-7afe-4255-901d-54d49e26cb64", - "label": "PRISM-RS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: PRISM-RS Home Page, http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Endorsed-projects/PRISM-RS-November-2011 ]\n\nThe Ross Sea continental shelf is one of the most productive areas in the Southern Ocean, and may comprise a significant, but unaccounted for, oceanic CO2 sink, largely driven by phytoplankton production. The processes that control the magnitude of primary production in this region are not well understood, but data suggest that iron limitation is a factor. Field observations and model simulations indicate four potential sources of dissolved iron to surface waters of the Ross Sea:\n\n circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) intruding from the shelf edge;\n sediments on shallow banks and nearshore areas;\n melting sea ice around the perimeter of the polynya;\n glacial meltwater from the Ross Ice Shelf.\n\nThe principal investigators hypothesize that hydrodynamic transport via mesoscale currents, fronts, and eddies facilitate the supply of dissolved iron from these four sources to the surface waters of the Ross Sea polynya. These hypotheses will be tested through a combination of in situ observations and numerical modeling, complemented by satellite remote sensing. In situ observations will be obtained during a month-long cruise in the austral summer. The field data will be incorporated into model simulations, which allow quantification of the relative contributions of the various hypothesized iron supply mechanisms, and assessment of their impact on primary production. The research will provide new insights and a mechanistic understanding of the complex oceanographic phenomena that regulate iron supply, primary production, and biogeochemical cycling. The research will thus form the basis for predictions about how this system may change in a warming climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89921c6e-cd97-4968-a45d-ff0b71278940", - "label": "PacIOOS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8a9a3f2f-ce22-4b8f-b85d-34b13e1a6aa4", - "label": "PARDYP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The People and Resource Dynamics Project (PARDYP) is a project of the\nInternational Centre for Integrated Mountain Development\n(ICIMOD). PARDYP is a three-year watershed management research and\ndevelopment project involved in the fields of cooperative rural\nparticipation, hydrology and meteorology research, soil erosion and\nfertility studies, conservation activities, rehibilitation of degraded\nareas, and agronomic and horticultural activities.\n\nPARDYP is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation\n(SDC), the International Development Research Centre-Canada\n(IDRC-Canada), and ICIMOD. The project operates in four of ICIMOD's\npartner countries: Pakistan, India, Nepal, and China.\n\nFor more background information see:\n'http://www.icimod.org.sg/projects/pardyp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e206784-b48e-4487-948d-b263430c8368", - "label": "PDDB", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Paleobiology Database is a public resource for the scientific community. It has been organized and operated by a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional, international group of paleobiological researchers. Its purpose is to provide global, collection-based occurrence and taxonomic data for marine and terrestrial animals and plants of any geological age, as well ... as web-based software for statistical analysis of the data. The project's wider, long-term goal is to encourage collaborative efforts to answer large-scale paleobiological questions by developing a useful database infrastructure and bringing together large data sets. \n\nThe Database currently includes six main tables: references, taxonomic names, \ntaxonomic opinions, primary collection data, taxonomic occurrences, and \nreidentifications of occurrences. The tables are tied together relationally \nwith record ID numbers. Most tables are relatively simple; the collection table has many fields that are described on a separate database structure page. We are working to add tables that will handle taxonomic authority information and taxonomic opinions (e.g., synonymies). At a later date we will add tables to handle phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphological attributes, stratigraphic sections, radioisotopic age estimates, and other data. \n\nSome of the major datasets within the Paleobiology Database includes: \n-North American Mammalian Paleofaunal Database 2002 \n-Middle Devonian fossils of the Michigan Basin \n-Taxonomy and distribution of Late Jurassic - Eocene lissamphibians \n-Jurassic marine faunas of France, Greenland, Portugal, and the United Kingdom \n-Silurian and Early Devonian plants 2001 \n-Ivany Thesis Collection: Middle Eocene US Gulf Coast Macrofossils \n-Maastrichtian bivalve faunas of the world 1994 \n-Marine Bivalve Genera, Revision of Sepkoski's Compendium \n-Upper Cretaceous larger invertebrate fossils from the Haustator bilira zone of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains \n-Ordovician marine faunas of the world \n-Pennsylvanian-Permian Marine Benthos of the North American Midcontinent \n-PGAP's Permian, Triassic and Jurassic terrestrial megafloras of the world \n-Paleozoic marine faunas from the paleocontinent of Laurentia 1992 \n-Carboniferous terrestrial floras of North America and Europe \n-Late Paleocene - early Eocene macrofloras of southwestern Wyoming 2000\n\nInformation provided by http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e2ab415-c9e9-47c2-8174-8d77fbe79d97", - "label": "PCCI-BMBF", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Alongside Brazil, Chile and Mexico, Argentina is one of the Latin American countries with which Germany has been engaging in bilateral scientific and technological cooperation for many years.\n\nThe 1969 intergovernmental agreement between Germany and Argentina forms the basis of bilateral cooperation in science and technology. Our cooperation partner in Argentina is the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation (MINCyT), which was established in November 2007.\n\nFor more information, visit: http://www.bmbf.de/en/5307.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e626bbf-945d-4261-86f9-054df3f5f801", - "label": "ROSS_SEA_MODEL_CODE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "This DIF entry in the Antarctic Master Directory is part of OPP Grant Number 0337247, Collaborative Research: Seasonal Biogeochemical Processes in the Ross Sea: A Modeling Approach. \n \n As part of this project we developed the FORTRAN code for a coupled ocean-ice shelf circulation model. This code has been provided to the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) project office at Rutgers University for inclusion in the next release of ROMS. This code is now being tested and implemented in the ROMS compter code structure and will be released to the larger ocean modeling community via the ROMS distribution list.\n \n For information on this code contact M. Dinniman at the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography at Old Dominion University (msd@ccpo.odu.edu) or Hernan Arango (arango@marine.rutgers.edu) at Rutgers University.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "901bf0cf-560b-499f-927f-d38d08d8880a", - "label": "REACH", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "From April 2002 through June 2004, the Regional Ecology and Coastal Hydrography\n(REACH, 'http://www.reach.unh.edu/') project conducted monthly field sampling\nin the western Gulf of Maine. REACH is one of five seed projects associated\nwith the UNH center of excellence for Coastal Ocean Observing and Analysis\n(COOA). COOA is developing and implementing new methodologies and approaches\nfor coastal ocean observing across the spectrum from data acquisition,\nanalysis, integration and synthesis.\n\nThe objective of REACH is to document and understand the functional\ninter-relationships among the major elements of the planktonic assemblage in\nthe waters of western Gulf of Maine. The field program characterized the\nphysical dynamics, nutrient availability, and phytoplankton and zooplankton\nassemblages. A long-term goal of this effort is to work toward a predictive\nindex of harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurrences in near-shore waters of the\nwestern Gulf of Maine based on an integrated assessment of the planktonic\ncommunity. The comprehensive nature of the study also enables this work to\nserve as a baseline for the western Gulf of Maine, against which future studies\ncan be compared. \n\nData can be accessed through the REACH Data System at\nhttp://reach.whoi.edu/jg/dir/reach/\n\n[Summary adapted from 'http://www.reach.unh.edu/']", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "905a2989-4cba-484b-8162-9984311aa642", - "label": "PFSFC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Project on the Forecast of Sea and Fishing Conditions\n(PFSFC) involves the investingation and study of the water\ntemperature and salinity of the areas around the northern\nPacific Ocean. The objective of this project was to produce\nforecast to mariners on fishing conditions throughout the area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95587feb-897d-4053-b462-db56758def17", - "label": "PROVE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Prototype Validation Exercise (PROVE) was a mini field campaign conducted in May 1997. Three different NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) instrument teams were involved: MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer), MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer), and ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer). Coordinated field, aircraft, and satellite measurements were designed to maximize data collection and conduct cross comparisons. The 1997 campaigns were conducted in a grassland-shrub site on the Jornada Experimental Range near Las Cruces, New Mexico, and in a deciduous forest on the Walker Branch Watershed site near Oak Ridge, Tennessee.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9cf91ca0-dd70-4b75-a2b1-73a94b3f7ee5", - "label": "RAISE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the\nArctic (RAISE) facilitates collaborative research between Russian and\nAmerican scientists studying terrestrial, shelf, and ocean\nenvironments in northern Eurasia in the context of global\nchange. RAISE is a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at integrating\nscientific understanding of global change in the Arctic at the\nland-sea boundary over prehistoric, historic, and current time\nframes. An international scientific steering committee promotes this\neffort, and a project office, located at the University of Alaska in\nFairbanks, provides research support.\n\nThe following research problems, identified during scientific\nworkshops supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the\nRussian Fund for Basic Research, led to the development of the RAISE\nprogram:\n\n1. Among the great unknowns in climate prediction is the potential for\nrelease of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane from\npeat and permafrost as climate warms at higher latitudes. Some of the\nlargest coastal erosion rates in the world are already occurring in\nthe Russian Arctic, and the ultimate transport and fate of resultant\nlarge fluxes of organic carbon into the Arctic Ocean are poorly\nunderstood.\n\n2. The volume of river runoff in the Arctic may also be altered by\nglobal change, and changes in the freshwater content of the Arctic\nOcean are likely to have consequences for formation of sea ice cover\nand thermohaline circulation over the Arctic-North Atlantic climate\nsystem.\n\n3. The retreat of sea ice over the vast Eurasian continental shelves\nwill also have direct impacts on biological productivity, will\naffect marine mammals and birds, and, ultimately, will impact\nsubsistence communities in both Russia and Alaska who depend\nupon current climate and hydrographic patterns.\n\n\n Contact Information:\n\n Dr. Vladimir Romanovsky\n Geophysical Institute\n University of Alaska Fairbanks\n PO Box 757320\n Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320, U.S.A.\n\n Telephone: +1.907.474.7459\n Fax: +1.907.474.7290\n e-mail: ffver@uaf.edu\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://arcss.colorado.edu/arcss/projects/raise.html'\n or 'http://www.raise.uaf.edu/'\n\n [Summary provided by ADCC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f912ac2-1de7-403e-9d90-b8d9300fac65", - "label": "PPS-ARCTIC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PPS Arctic\nProject URL: http://www.polaryear.no/prosjekter/PPSArcticNorway\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=151\nThe PPS Arctic is a multidisciplinary research cluster composed of 9 EOI's, (cf. 1.6 & 3.11) jointly seeking to explore \ncurrent processes, past changes and spatiotemporal variability of biotic, abiotic, and socio-environmental conditions and \nresource components along and across the transition zone between arctic and boreal regions. This zone, the tundra-taiga ecotone \nvaries dramatically in width (up to hundreds of kilometres) throughout the circum-arctic North and has thus a recognized exceptional\nimportance, in terms of global vegetation, climate, biodiversity and human settlement. Further, the particular vulnerability of \nthe zone to changes in climate and land use is recognized, along with concern for subsequent alterations and shifts of its position\nwith consequences for the entire arctic region through feedback mechanisms. Despite this recognition, comprehensive and large \nscale multidisciplinary scientific focus incorporating cause, effect, and importance of its past and present transformation to \nthe biota and human societies, has been lacking. The PPS Arctic is composed of four scientific modules (cf. 3.2). The unifying \nfoci among the modules are defined by: SPACE The transitional zone between the boreal forest and the open treeless tundra; TIME \nThe Holocene, the present and the next 100 years; SCOPE Interdisciplinary research, monitoring change, and sustainable resource use. \nThe main aim is to obtain an understanding of: i) The controls on the location and pattern of the zone; ii) The effect of global \nchange on the location of the zone; iii) The feedback effect of the character and location of the zone on the global climate. \nImplicit in these three items is consideration of the role of human societies inside and near the transition zone. This refers \nboth to the responses of human communities to changes in the zone and to their impact on the ecotone. The PPS Arctic cluster \nprovides a framework for a coordinated and integrated scientific effort to understand the dynamics of the arctic-boreal transition \nzone, and ensures that results can be used in multiple contexts including informed decision making by the public and policy makers. \nSpecific objectives are: To develop effective techniques and carry out quantitative spatial and temporal analysis of the location \nof transitional ecosystems within the circumpolar arctic-boreal transition zone; To understand ecosystem and geosystem controls \nand responses in different compartments of the zone, both resilient and sensitive; To build realistic models of transition zone \ndynamics; To validate the models by ground level observations, dependent on scale and land use history; To use them to implement \na program of ecosystem, geosystem, and landscape analysis, examining the effects of global and local change on species, communities, \nand ecosystems; To assess the socio-economic impacts of potential future changes in the transitional zones, incorporating results \ninto an expert information system, which will be utilized for estimating climate change responses, sustainable ecosystem management \nand landscape planning in support of policy decisions; To exchange methods on climate change monitoring, sustainable land use \nstrategy and science/policy issues, and use them as a tool in forecasting ecosystem changes and options for mitigation. \nTo realize the main aim and specific objectives PPS Arctic focuses on a set of unifying themes: terminology, location, history \nof shifts, interface processes, model realism, effects of shifts, detecting shifts, and human societies and shifts. A range of \ntasks will be pursued, linked to these themes: Standardize terminology; Determine current location and characteristics using \nremote sensing data, aerial photographs, geographical information systems and field campaigns, as well as using local and indigenous \nknowledge; Study the history of tree distribution patterns more comprehensively using multiple techniques such as tree-ring analysis, \nmacrofossil, stomata and pollen analyses coupled with molecular genetics; Study environmental conditions across the zone by using, \nfor example, meteorological, geomorphological, hydrological, and permafrost measurements; Study population dynamics, population ecology, \ndevelopmental phenology, and physiological ecology of present tundra-taiga species; Study the effect of tree cover on ecosystem ecology \nincluding greenhouse gas fluxes and energy balance across the boreal-arctic interface (feedback effects); Study the nature and effect \nof present and past disturbances such as fires, insect outbreaks and human activities on the nature and location of the zone and its \nsustainable use; Study socio-economic and ecosystem management conditions across the zone, which includes assessment of human impacts \non the nature and location of the zone and consequences for human activities and strategies for sustainable development; Build-process \nbased models and predictions for the effects of environmental change, with a greater degree of realism than current models; Conduct \nscientific manipulation experiments and analyze data from large-scale human activities such as engineering and forestry projects to \ntest the models.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3567df3-508d-4d70-bb7f-4c89753adade", - "label": "ROME", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8000a81-3016-408e-bd10-fbcd79e1c03a", - "label": "PTHLL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "On the basis of fossil plants and paleosols recorded in the sedimentary rocks of the Transantarctic Mountains, a model of Permian to Triassic climate at high paleolatitudes is emerging: After continental glaciers melted in the early Permian, forests grew in the cold, wet climate. By the early Triassic, warmer, drier conditions inhibited prolific plant growth. A moister, but still warm climate allowed plants to flourish later in the Triassic.\n\nWe will test and refine this model and investigate the effects of climate change on Permian to Triassic landscapes and ecosystems. Using exposures in the Allan Hills, we will search for, describe, and interpret fossil forests, vertebrate tracks and burrows, arthropod trackways, and subaqueously produced biogenic structures, and document the end of glaciation and the importance of major episodic sedimentation. In so doing, we will address broader questions that will contribute to understanding\n\nthe evolution of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and how they are affected by the end-Permian extinction,\n\nthe abundance and diversity of terrestrial and aquatic arthropods at high latitudes,\n\nthe paleogeographic distribution and evolution of vertebrates and invertebrates as recorded by trace and body fossils, and\n\nthe response of landscapes to changes in climate.\n\nThe excellent record preserved by this Permian to Triassic sequence provides a unique opportunity to compare high-latitude forests and freshwater and terrestrial faunas with better-known low-latitude equivalents during an important period of their evolution.\n\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/treaty/opp06001/geo_geo.jsp#permian", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a9639320-f6e0-4bbb-9510-7426b6cb4d72", - "label": "RITS 89", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The purpose of the NOAA/CMDL RITS 1989 cruise was to measure the\ninterhemispheric gradient of radiatively important trace species\n(RITS) in the atmosphere, to quantify the ocean's effect on these\ntrace gases in the surface waters, to measure the biological rate of\nproduction of dissolved N2O, and to compare these measurements to\nthose from CMDL observatories.\nThe NOAA Ship Discoverer (R 102) was used to take measurements in the\nEast Pacific Ocean in 1989.\nSee the article:\nOceanic Consumption of CH3CCl3: Implications for Tropospheric OH.\n J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, T.M. Thompson, and B.D. Hall.\n J. Geophys. Res. 96D, 22347-22355 (1991).\nContact:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nRITS 89 Data are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/rits_89'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac7a8cd4-7787-4191-87e3-42a819418a47", - "label": "Russian Space Program", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3daeef1-6ecc-41c8-a4fd-591554ff1159", - "label": "RSV-INTREPID", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: RSV-INTREPID\nProject URL: http://www.rsvintrepid.org.au/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=116\n\nRSV-INTREPID provides for two 40 day summer voyages of scientific investigation involving 50 students and 60 scientists (the students selected on merit from their second last year at school from Australia and 87 other countries). Each student will be tasked with three investigative programs designed to complement IPY dedicated projects. Our multi-disciplinary approach is aimed to give students the widest possible exposure to polar science. Intensive ship-board and shore-based investigative and experimental projects will be led and mentored by young scientists working with small student groups.We aim to consult with other EOI's to develop specialised student programs and to foster and develop joint EO and C objectives. We expect close communication and interaction to develop between our students, young science mentors and IPY project leaders. Each student will be required to prepare an investigative report which will be published in The Society's 'Proceedings' and appear on RSV-INTREPID's website. We aim to establish an RSV-INTREPID Base Station for the duration of The IPY partnered by AUSTEOC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b83947ce-eb88-456c-ab26-933ea3698f61", - "label": "PARASOL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8c2ef9e-2683-4eca-b94a-0f6f4bbeb9db", - "label": "RIS_ID_10912", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9c224ea-0cea-405f-9590-6d0024a2a952", - "label": "PLANKTONIC COPEPODS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Ecological and physiological features of the planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus in the southern Yellow sea in summer were studied to reveal its life history strategy. From the coastal shallow waters to the central part the southern Yellow Sea, a shift of the stage composition occurs from eggnauplius dominated to the fifth copepodite (CV) dominated. Most CVs reside in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), where both temperature and food abundance are low. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/fbh101v1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba59f4e2-a87c-431f-af32-3d50128289bc", - "label": "RSS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Reflection Seismic Survey (RSS) project will record a deep seismic\nreflection traverse across the Mt Isa Inlier with the purpose of\nimaging crustal geometry. In particular, the traverse is designed to\ndefine the position and nature of the boundaries between the Mt Isa\nBlock and basement provinces to the east and west. It will also define\nthe internal structure of the elements that make up the Mt Isa Block\nand nature of the boundaries between. Particular attention will be\ngiven to defining the nature of major shear zones at depth in an\nattempt to map possible fluid pathways through the crust.\n\nThe seismic results will be used to develop a 3D structural model of\nthe Mt Isa and adjacent regions. This 3D compilation will be used to\nconstrain models of the tectonic evolution of the region.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.agcrc.csiro.au/projects/1016AO/#Summary'\n\n [Summary provided by AGCRC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb34cd99-6123-4b14-8b95-73850ebb21f3", - "label": "RADAM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Many of the mutagenic or lethal effects of ionizing radiation can be traced to structural and chemical modification of cellular DNA through double-strand breaks (DSB) and clustered lesions. Although the development of mechanistic models of radiation damage in DNA has reached a high level of sophistication, further refinements are needed to understand fully the underlying mechanisms in particular on a molecular level. The proposed studies are designed to provide, in a comprehensive manner, missing information about the molecular pathways that lead from initial deposition of radiative energy to the formation of double strand breaks and lesions in DNA.\n\n\nhttp://www.isa.au.dk/networks/cost/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc515562-d258-44b6-9515-887105d49f12", - "label": "RISCC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "RISCC is an expired SCAR biology programme. The overall aim of RiSCC was to understand the likely response of Antarctic ecosytems to climate change and from this to develop theories concerning the interaction between climate change, indigenous and introduced species and ecosystem functioning.\n\nThe specific aim of the Antarctic RiSCC programme was to understand the interactions between biodiversity, functioning and climate of Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems, and to predict regional sensitivity to the impacts of climate change. This was to be achieved through gaining understanding of the differences in environments and biodiversity within and between ecosytems, potential for ecosystem processes to respond to changes in climate, and different effects of climate change on components of individual ecosytems.\n\nRiSCC has now been superceeded by the SCAR programme Evolution and Biodiversity in Antarctica - the response of life to change (EBA).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd7f9c4d-88b9-483b-92fc-a251f140749a", - "label": "ROSE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "An automated gas Chromatographic system was employed at a rural site in western central Alabama to measure atmospheric hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons (oxy-hydrocarbons) on an hourly basis from June 8 to July 19, 1990. The location, which was a designated site for the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS), was instrumented for a wide variety of measurements allowing the hydrocarbon and oxy-hydrocarbon measurements to be interpreted both in terms of meteorological data and as part of a large suite of gas phase measurements. Although the site is situated in a Loblolly pine plantation, isoprene was observed to be the dominant hydrocarbon during the daytime with afternoon maxima of about 7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). Decrease of isoprene after sunset was too rapid to be accounted for solely on the basis of gas phase chemistry. During the nighttime, α-pinene and β-pinene were the dominant hydrocarbons of natural origin. The ratio of α-pinene to β-pinene showed a well-defined diurnal pattern, decreasing by more than 30% during the night; a decrease that could be understood on the basis of local gas phase chemistry. Oxy-hydrocarbons, dominated by methanol and acetone, were the most abundant compounds observed. On a carbon atom basis, the oxy-hydrocarbons contributed about 46% of the measured atmospheric burden during the daytime and about 40% at night. The similarity of the observed diurnal methanol variation to that of isoprene and subsequent measurements [McDonald and Fall, 1993] indicate that much of the observed methanol was of local biogenic origin. Correlation of acetone with methanol suggests that it, also, has a significant biogenic source. In spite of the site's rural location, anthropogenic hydrocarbons constituted, on a carbon atom basis, about 21% of the hydrocarbon burden measured during the daytime and about 55% at night. Significant diurnal variations of the anthropogenic hydrocarbons, with increases at night, appeared to be driven by the frequent formation of a shallow nocturnal boundary layer.\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JD02607.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c104c228-5137-4f37-97f6-0a0f6fd85172", - "label": "RSVP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Rapid Syndrome Validation Project\n\nLos Alamos National Laboratory is collaborating on a new tool that will provide public health officials with an early warning and response system for threats to public health.\n\nThe threat to public health from infectious diseases is increasing. New, evolving and emerging diseases have appeared in unexpected locations with increasing regularity as society becomes more mobile. Diseases such as HIV, dengue fever and hantavirus present unique and significant challenges to the public health infrastructure, both in recognizing their presence and dealing with their effects. The familiar flu virus takes a significant toll every year, causing thousands of deaths, mostly among the aged or the young.\n\nThe threat of bioterrorism also has increased. A rogue group could introduce virulent biological pathogens into a popula- tion with potentially catastrophic results, if we do not have the tools to detect and respond. Most flu epidemics are recognized only after they happen, and therefore, appropriate medical attention is often too late. \n\nhttp://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-06/danl-rsv061302.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1a45033-d7d4-486c-82a3-05992fdcd0f7", - "label": "PNRA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA) 'National Program\nof Searches in Antarctica' involves multiple studies in the Antarctic\nRegion.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.pnra.it/ANTARTIDE/HTML_it/indice.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c4a4ab8a-df30-4f56-acfd-631bd2addca6", - "label": "PREOPERATIONAL SURVEY OF A DUMP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "In response to a request by Member States for more international guidance and co-ordination in the field of radioactive waste management and in recognition of the need to assist some Member States in improving their waste management programme infrastructures, the Agency in 1994 focused on: the continued implementation of the Radioactive Waste Safety Standards (RADWASS) programme; the development of radiological and safety criteria for waste disposal and the co-ordination of international radiological and environmental assessment projects; and the implementation of programmes for improving national infrastructures and the development of mechanisms for better and more effective technology transfer. Other areas receiving emphasis included direct advisory and review services, guidance on the safety, technical and planning aspects of decommissioning, quality assurance management for waste packaging and disposal systems, safety assessment of near surface disposal facilities and the environmental restoration of contaminated land masses. \n\nhttp://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep94/anr9404.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c665e02e-f3c0-4129-a4f0-9b06e41bf300", - "label": "READER", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[From 'http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/background.html']\n\nThe READER Project\n\nREADER (REference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research) is a\nproject of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR\nhttp://www.scar.org/) and has the goal of creating a high quality,\nlong term dataset of mean surface and upper air meteorological\nmeasurements from in-situ Antarctic observing systems. These data will\nbe of value in climate research and climate change investigations.\n\nThe primary sources of data are the Antarctic research stations and\nautomatic weather stations. Data from mobile platforms, such as ships\nand drifting buoys are not being collected since our goal is to derive\ntime series of data at fixed locations.\n\nSurface and upper air data are being collected and the principal\nstatistics derived are monthly and annual means. Daily data will not\nbe provided in order to keep the data set to a manageable size. With\nthe resources available to the project, it is clearly not possible to\ncollect all the information that could be required by the whole range\nof investigations into change in the Antarctic. Instead a key set of\nmeteorological variables (surface temperature, mean sea level pressure\nand surface wind speed, and upper air temperature, geopotential height\nand wind speed at standard levels) are being assembled and a\ndefinitive set of measurements presented for use by researchers.\n\nA lot of stations have been operated in the Antarctic over the years;\nmany for quite short periods. However, our goal here is to provide\ninformation on the long time series that can provide insight into\nchange in the Antarctic. So to be included, the record from a station\nmust extend for 25 years, although not necessarily in a continuous\nperiod, or be currently in operation and have operated for the last 10\nyears. In READER we have chosen to use only data from year-round\nstations.\n\nIt is important when using mean data to know the number of\nobservations that were used in computing the means. As discussed in\nthe data section, the READER mean monthly values are therefore colour\ncoded to indicate the percentage of possible observations used in\ncomputing each mean.\n\nMetadata are being provided, where possible, to indicate the type of\nobserving systems used to make the measurements, changes of observing\nsite, changes of observing practice etc. The structure of the metadata\nis deliberately flexible and will vary considerable between stations,\ndepending on what information is available.\n\nThe READER data set is being disseminated via CD-ROM and through the\nWorld Wide Web at\nhttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/programs-hosted.html. The first\nrelease of the data set covers the period up to the end of 2000 and\ncontains all the data collected so far. However, there are still a\nnumber of significant gaps and it is hoped that these can be filled\nover the coming years. In particular, we still require more upper air\ndata.\n\nThe data set will be kept up to date on a regular basis via the web\nsite and new versions of the CD released periodically.\n\nFor more information on the READER project contact:\n\nJohn Turner\nBritish Antarctic Survey\nHigh Cross\nMadingley Road\nCambridge\nCB3 0ET\nUK\nE-mail: J.Turner@bas.ac.uk\nWWW: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/jtu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c75b2984-4e92-4090-ad7d-a953338b4c30", - "label": "PHOENIX", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: PHOENIX\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=432\n\nWe propose an international, scientifically and technologically interdisciplinary investigation the Antarctic Dry Valleys, to understand the signature of climate variability as written into the soils and to quantify the abundance of life's building blocks there and at the ice-soil boundary. Our field campaign provides a thorough examination of the Dry Valley's physical and chemical nature, using an integrated analysis of multiple data sets. Since the Antarctic dry valleys are among the coldest, driest places on Earth, they are an end-member environment that can be used for comparison to less harsh regions on Earth and more extreme environments on other planets. To that end, we leverage the mission return of the currently funded NASA Phoenix Mars mission, which will land between 65-72?N during the International Polar Year, by providing a direct comparison of the two analogous regions. The proposed project also highly complements Phoenix, as it will enhance the validation of two instruments, thereby strengthening the Phoenix data interpretation and perhaps allowing for an increased understanding of the different evolutionary paths of these two planets.\nThe northern polar region of Mars has many similarities to the several analog regions on the Earth, especially the Antarctic Dry Valleys. The Mars polar region is known to have a substantial amount of water-ice within the top meter of the surface (e.g., Boynton et al., 2002) with a dry overburden of a fraction of a meter thick. In addition, the atmospheric water content on Mars is extremely small only 100 pr microns at it's annual peak. Furthermore, it is thought that the north polar regions undergo climatic changes over an obliquity cycle that could melt this ice reservoir (Jakosky et al., 2003), making this region one of the most likely places on Mars to sustain life should it ever have developed. Because of the interest in tracking life forms to the most extreme environments, the knowledge gained from examining atmospheric, chemical, and mineralogical processes in this pristine region of Mars will be highly complementary in understanding similar regions on the Earth.\nTwo of the engineering model instruments that were built to fly aboard the Phoenix spacecraft, the wet chemistry laboratory and the thermal and electrical conductivity probe, will be used in the field in Antarctica. Samples will also be collected and analyzed in Phoenix analog optical and atomic-force microscopy stations, as well as an analog thermal analyzer and gas analysis instrument.\n\nBoynton, W, W. Feldman, I. Mitrofanov, et al., 2002. Distribution of hydrogen in the near surface of Mars: Evidence for subsurface ice deposits, Science, 297(5578): 81-85.\nJakosky, B., K. Nealson, C. Bakermans, R. Ley, M. Mellon, 2003. Subfreezing activity of microorganisms and the potential habitability of Mars’ polar regions, Astrobio. 3(2): 343-350.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c87a17eb-a14c-454f-8a97-83f3edc53114", - "label": "RACS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The River-Atmosphere-Coast Study (RACS) of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) of the United Kingdom studies land-sea interactions in the coastal zone and the major exchanges (physical, chemical & biological) between rivers and estuaries and the atmosphere.\n\nThe east coast of Britain between Berwick-on-Tweed and Great Yarmouth is the ... chosen site for RACS. The coastal marine study consists of several seasonal research cruises (using the NERC vessel 'RRS Challenger') along the east coast of the UK, probing the North Sea, its major estuaries (the Wash, the Humber, the Tyne and the Tees) and the English Channel. The data include RRS Challenger cruises 99 (December 1992), 108 (November/December 1993) and 115 (October/November 1994). The objectives of the cruises were to define the characteristics of the plume emanating from the Humber/Wash estuaries into the coastal zone, and to carry out surveys of the LOIS coastal study area, with particular attention given to sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) characteristics and water quality. \n\nIn addition, an intensive study of fluxes in the Humber Estuary is taking place aboard the NRA's vessel 'Sea Vigil', monitoring processes as far inland as the Aire-Ouse confluence.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9cac43e-c3f1-4ec9-a477-da20b0c5b267", - "label": "PROBE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Division of Atmospheric Research took part in ARM's TOGA COARE\n(Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response\nExperiment.) PROBE experiment at Kavieng, New Guinea (2.5S, 150.8W) in\nJanuary - February, 1993. This afforded an opportunity to use the new\nradiometer alongside the CSIRO Mark II radiometer in a direct\ncomparison. The Division's 0.532 m lidar was also used, and the data\nobtained on cirrus clouds, as well as some altocumulus, will be\nanalyzed with the LIRAD method. The PROBE will also provide excellent\nradiosonde data every six hours, together with continuous microwave\ndata of water vapour column and cloud liquid water column observations\nfrom the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations's (NOAA)\nWave Propagation Laboratory (WPL). The water vapour column data will\nbe invaluable in allowing for any variations in water vapour radiance\nand transmittance at times between radiosonde observations.\n\n A preliminary analysis of the data indicates the variability\nof the cirrus and its considerable geometrical depth at times and also\nthe persistence of the cirrus cover. Particularly interesting was an\napparent diurnal variation in both the cirrus cover and the optical\ndepth with a maximum at about midday.\n\n The ARM filter radiometer was run for about 70% of the time on the\n 8.62 m filter; however, for some periods, the radiometer was\n run with the 10.86 m filter enabling a direct comparison with\n the Mark II radiometer which used a 10.84 m filter. As the\n input radiance is chopped against a 40C blackbody, the zero\n radiance when viewing liquid nitrogen actually gives a large\n negative signal; whereas, the zero voltage occurs when the\n input radiance is from a 40C blackbody. The responses of the\n two radiometers to various clouds are quite evident. The water\n vapour radiance is large, which is typical for the\n tropics. Periodically, there are either cirrus radiances or\n larger cumulus radiances superposed. Also evident is the\n superior behaviour of the new ARM radiometer. The two\n radiometer apertures were equal in the comparison; however,\n the ARM and Mark II time-constants were 1 second and 5\n seconds, respectively. By looking at the signal and noise\n levels during the calibration episodes in! more detail, we\n calculate the minimum detectable radiances (MDR) of the two\n instruments as 4.9 x hz-1/2(ARM) and 6.8 X hz-1/2(CSIRO Mark\n II).\n\n Contact:\n\n C. Martin Platt (Lead Scientist)\n mplatt@net2000.com.au\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.arm.gov/docs/iops/past/afteriop_probe1993.html'\n\n [Summary provided by ARM]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9d544a5-7467-4bab-a8df-9b2d1c14e838", - "label": "PULSE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The 'PULSE' ('http://pulse.unh.edu/') of the Gulf of Maine is a collaborative\nproject with local New Hampshire fishermen that seeks to develop a long-term\ndatabase for environmental variables in the pelagic ecosystem.\n\nWeekly samples for zooplankton, phytoplankton, hydrography and nutrients are\ncollected at two different environments: near-shore and off-shore. Such fine\nscale resolution as this will reveal interesting patterns through time that\nscientists have only had 'snap-shots' of in the past. The data collected here\nis going to be used in mathematical models that are being refined for the use\nof ultimately helping fishery managers predict future fishery limits.\n\n[Summary adapted from 'http://pulse.unh.edu/')", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9dc4a95-1412-4cff-99c4-2dbf96ff9e1e", - "label": "RUV VISUAL", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb4f169f-080b-460c-a8cd-69d42554b008", - "label": "PACTOP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "High-quality bottom pressure recorder ( BPR ) measurements in the deep ocean contribute to a fundamental understanding of oceanographic processes over a wide range of time scales. These vary from long-period fluctuations induced by planetary waves, oceanic tides, and meteorological forcing events, to relatively shorter-period phenomena such as long surface gravity waves, microseisms, and tsunamis. To capture these events, several types of transducers have been incorporated into pressure sensor units designed for oceanic applications. The most common types include the vibrating wire, strain gauge, quartz-resonator, Bourdon tube, and various capacitance devices. Vibrating wire designs typically correlate vibrational frequency with pressure-induced mechanical motion (Lefcort 1968; Vitousek and Miller 1970). Capacitance plate transducers such as those described by Harris and Tucker (1963) incorporate parallel capacitance plates in which the distance between plates varies as a function of applied pressure. Capacitance is inversely proportional to the plate gap and acts to tune an LC oscillator.\n\nhttp://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/eble1991.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc34311e-542c-4b35-9b76-3c64b8c9b9cf", - "label": "POLAR-AOD-IPY", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The proposed activity aims at establishing a bipolar network to obtain data needed to quantify properties of aerosols at high latitudes, including seasonal background concentrations by measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD), spectral characterizations, and the evolutionary patterns of the natural and anthropogenic processes that perturb the aerosol cycles. An effort to quantify direct and indirect climate forcing by polar aerosols will be made through a set of closure experiments using observations in conjunction with model calculation and satellite data.\nThe co-operation in the frame of POLAR-AOD will allow the following:\n1. - Definition of calibration procedures among the various sun-radiometers operating in Polar regions, in order to achieve homogeneous AOD (aerosol optical depth) evaluations and maintain a set of reference instruments in a high mountain station. Some of the instruments will be used to constitute a traveller system from one station to the other with the aim of attaining 'round robin' inter-comparison. Regular inter-comparison campaigns (biennial) will be organized in order to compare not only calibration constants but also instrumental characteristics, such as sensitivity and influence of diffuse light. The first inter-comparison campaign, scheduled for spring 2006 at Ny-Alesund, will be used also to define and adjust the methodology and calculation procedures, like that aimed at evaluating relative optical air mass and trace-gas corrections.\n2 . - Improvement of 'in-situ' optical and chemical measurements, with an effort to operate size and time-resolved aerosol composition and concentration sampling on a long-term base (EoI ID 557).\n3. - Establishment of a data bank for spectral sun-photometric measurements (AOD archive), in-situ measurements and any other aerosol related parameters useful for assessing the quantification of aerosols and their radiative effects. This archive will fill the gap for the polar regions within the global aerosol climatology, where there is an urgent need for high-quality data on aerosol abundance and physico-chemical characteristics on a regional scale. The information is necessary to better constrain climate model simulations and improve the interpretation of remotely sensed data. Particular attention will be paid to retrospective analyses of historical data-sets, mainly from Russian Arctic and Antarctic stations. They will be recovered and stored in the archive.\n4. - Determination of reliable procedures for analysing sun-photometric and sun-radiometric data in order to describe realistically the specific conditions occurring in the polar regions. Standard programmes will be developed and supplied to the research groups involved, including cloud rejection algorithms and radiometric data analysis.\n5 - Organisation of international workshops for the presentation of the results from the various polar programs, and for the discussion of common strategies and goals, including aspects of logistics within inter-calibration activities and data exchange.\nIn Antarctica, the actual field activities will benefit from the setting up of a new international long-term monitoring programme, called TAVERN (Quantification of Tropospheric Aerosol and Thin Clouds Variability, including Radiation Budget over the East Antarctic Plateau) at the recently established Italian-French station Dome Concordia (EoI ID 198). Year-round measurements based on LIDAR, Sun and Star photometer and 'in-situ' aerosol systems will make it possible to study in detail inter-annual and seasonal variation of aerosols over the high Antarctic Plateau, and also to obtain information on the thin cloud optical depth. The normal activities in other stations will be extended during the IPY operational period (EoI ID 797). The POLAR-AOD observations will complement the SRB measurements which are developed at other stations (Syowa, South Pole, Neumayer) in the frame of the BSRN (GCOS) activities, providing an important contribution for assessing forcing by aerosols.\nIn the Arctic, additional strong field activities will be promoted at the Greenland Summit Station (EoI ID 530) and Tiksi (EoI ID 820), during the IPY operational period. Real-time measurements of physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosols will allow the constitution of a data set in the Arctic, equivalent to the one acquired over the Antarctic Plateau, Summit being a natural counterpart of Dome Concordia. Also in Ny-Alesund, research activities related to aerosols will increase as a consequence of the efforts of Norway, Poland, Germany, Japan and Italy (EoIs ID 165, ID 597). The network will give support in obtaining high-quality integrated data from the large amount of field activities. Participation on cruises organised in the framework of the Arctic Experiment (AREX) and the airborne ASTAR (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds, and Radiation) activities will lead to a considerable improvement in knowledge on the vertical and spatial distribution of aerosols in the European Arctic. The present studies will complement the activities promoted by the SEARCH Program (NOAA's Study of Environmental Arctic Change). Finally the information obtained will allow participants to assess the influence of mid-latitude aerosol sources in the observed Arctic aerosol budget.\nPOLAR-AOD (EoIs ID 299, ID 557) will join the efforts of the IASOA proposal (EoI ID 138), in the task of co-ordinating different programmes of long-term atmospheric observatories in the Arctic with the purpose of setting up a circumpolar ring around the central Arctic region. The second aim is to fulfil the need for an integrated larger bi-polar network in the field of atmospheric sciences.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=171", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce91a92c-d2bf-4458-aed3-10c69a94d0d0", - "label": "RECURSOS PESQUEROS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Program REVIZEE, approved in 1994 in the scope of the CIRM, has as objective central office to proceed to the survey from the sustainable potentials from capture from the resources livings creature in the ZEE, being aimed at to reach the following goals: \n\nto inventory the resources livings creature in the ZEE and the ambient characteristics of its occurrence; \n\nto determine its biomasses; e \n\nto establish the potentials of sustainable capture. \n\nFor in such a way, the following stages and unfoldings had been foreseen: \n\nDetermination of the distributions, sazonalidade, abundâncias and sustainable potentials of the resources livings creature in the ZEE, using techniques of fishing prospection and evaluation of supplies; \n\nAttainment of a climatológico referencial picture and an oceanographical vision of including character, for the areas physical, chemical, geologic and biological, that subsidize the understanding of the dynamics of the resources livings creature in the ZEE; \n\nAnalysis of the sustainable potentials and its perspectives of explotação, from the integration of the information of abundance and ambient characteristics; e \n\nDefinition of new lines of research, aiming at to cover eventual gaps detected in the analysis of the data, as well as guaranteeing the necessary monitoramento of supplies potentially significant fishing boats. \n\nThe final text of the Program was approved by the Resolution nº 003/94/PSRM, of 22/07/1994, and in 122ª Usual Session of the CIRM (02/08/1994). \n\nInformation provided by http://www.mma.gov.br/revizee/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d04e3907-a90f-41ee-b25b-2741efc4eaaf", - "label": "PTP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The joint effort of geo-institutions from four states of the CIS and the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam has resulted in the design, monumentation and observation of a 40 points GPS network in one of the most complex zone of continental collision between the Eurasian and Indian plates. The network covers the states of Usbekistan, Kirgistan and part of Kasachstan and has an extension of about 1.000 × 500 km. One point in the network (Kitab) is belonging to the global GPS fiducial station network, running permanently a ROGUE receiver. Another point (Maidanak) was tied to the nearby 3rd generation SLR station. By two joint teams the monumentation of the network was carried out in May/June 1992 following CSTG/SGMS monumentation standards. The first observation campaign was run in August 1992 by 11 joint teams equipped with TRIMBLE 4000 SST receivers, automatic meteo stations, generators, etc. Four corner points of the network were occupied permanently, the rest of the network was observed by seven moving teams in 6 sessions. First data analysis results have been obtained by processing the Trimble data from the regional network simultaneously with the global IGS core network data. Investigations of daily global dynamic solutions proof a baseline repeatability of 1.10−8\n\nhttp://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-78149-0_11", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d464cc53-e485-4f4e-8dbc-264ef96931c5", - "label": "RASA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Regional Aquifer System Analysis Program (RASA) is a National Program\nwhich reports provide the results of studies of regional groundwater\nsystems. The studies concern the occurence, movement, and quality of\ngroundwater in major aquifer systems.\n\nThe objective of the RASA Program is to define the regional\ngeohydrology and establish a framework of background\ninformation--geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical--that can be used\nfor regional assessment of ground-water resources and in support of\ndetailed local studies.\n\nThe project began in 1978 and was completed in 1995.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/rasa/html/TOC.html'\n\n [Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4d82a6b-35c4-449e-bc95-a5545be9a785", - "label": "PRISM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The U.S. Geological Survey's PRISM (Pliocene Research\nInvestigations Synoptic Mapping) Project is conducting\nmulti-disciplinary research o paleoclimatic conditions during\nthe middle Pliocene, the last period sustained warmth in Earth\nhistory. Mapped paleoclimatic data from th period will be used\nto validate numerical-model simulations of past climates, and\nwill thus aid in the improvement of these models' abili to\npredict climates substantially different from that of today.\nAdditionally, these data may provide insights into the nature of\nregional climatic patterns in a warmer-than-modern global\nclimate and help determine the nature, amplitude, and timing of\npaleoclimatic variations within this warm period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d54c4c4b-f96f-44ba-b90e-c6b092bac392", - "label": "PROARCA/CAPAS", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The objective of PROARCA/CAPAS is to provide financial, technical, and\npolicy assistance for the management of protected areas and the\nconservation of biodiversity in Central America. PROARCA is the\nCentral American Regional Environmental Program of the US Agency for\nInternational Development (USAID), and was created to support\nCCAD. CAPAS, which stands for 'Central American Protected Areas\nSystem,' is one of the four components of PROARCA.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dda87494-90fb-40d9-ad23-a440daf2057b", - "label": "PICTA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "P.I.C.T.A. stands for 'Project for Antarctic Science and Technology'. It is a\nsummon or call for projects on Antarctic Science and Technology. PICTA is\nbasically any kind of project that involves antarctic scientific or technology\nresearch, and it is funded by the Argentinean Antarctic Institute\n\nFor more information on the list of approved PICTA projects see\n'http://www.dna.gov.ar/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddb370b3-814e-4d60-882f-3b8a6d5f19c0", - "label": "REMOSUR", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: REMOSUR\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=266\n\n\nSurging glaciers are widely distributed in high mountain regions of the World and often are at the bottom of many natural catastrophic phenomenon (mudflows, outbursts of dammed lakes, ice avalanches etc). That's why the revealing of such glaciers and observation on their regime are of great scientific and practical importance.\n\nAt present as a result of field investigations, air photos and space images the regularities of fluctuations of many surging glaciers of the Pamirs (Oktyabrskiy, Gando, Bivachniy, Sugran and others) are investigated in detail. The Inventory of Surging Glaciers of the Pamirs was compiled. The experience of monitoring of these glaciers may be distributed at the glaciers of polar regions. That's why it is proposed to fulfil remote sensing investigations of surging glaciers of Alaska, Svalbard and Pamirs on the base of space images. In Alaska investigations of the regime of some surging glaciers (Muldrow, Variegated, Steele and others) were carried out. Usherbreen, Kongsvegen, Duckwitzbreen surging glaciers are the most investigated in the Svalbard.\n\nThe results of investigations of dynamically unstable glaciers in these regions will give an opportunity to define more precisely the elements of remote sensing monitoring of unstable glaciers in polar and continental regions, to clear up likeness and differences in their conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "deb4eb97-cfbd-4772-9a7e-825be24402e5", - "label": "PTBH", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "This is a collaborative sedimentology, palynology, and paleomagnetic study of Permian and Lower Triassic strata in southern Victoria Land (SVL) and the Darwin Mountains (DM), Antarctica. Results will help constrain the paleo-environmental, tectonic, palynostratigraphic, and paleogeographic histories of southern Pangea and provide a unique polar view of the world during an icehouse to greenhouse transition. \n\nUpper Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic rocks in SVL and DM were deposited during Gondwanaland's drift across the south pole, and during a transition from Icehouse to Greenhouse conditions following the demise of late Paleozoic glaciation. Based on present plate reconstructions, SVL and DM were located higher than 75 S from 320 to 210 Ma. Therefore, SVL and DM strata may provide an unusual high latitude view of the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic world. However, Permian and Triassic mean pole positions for Gondwanaland are not well constrained and have large errors associated with them. We will attempt to recover Permian and Triassic paleomagnetic signatures from petrified wood, silicified peat, and coal, all of which were cemented during early diagenesis (preliminary results indicate stable remanent magnetizations).\n\nDespite a proposed high latitude position, SVL and DM sedimentary successions record a change from Lower Permian glacigenic deposits, to Permian fluvial coal measures, to Lower Triassic non-carbonaceous fluvial deposits, and finally to Middle and Upper Triassic fluvial coal measures. Present climatic simulations suggest seasonal climatic extremes within Pangea's polar interior. Discrepancies between the geological evidence and the climate simulations need to be resolved and may be magnified by incomplete understanding of the influence of paleotopography, large lakes, and river systems at the time of deposition, as well as by incomplete documentation of paleo-environmental conditions.\n\nThe assemblage and drift of Pangea resulted in heightened orogenic activity and associated development of numerous depositional basins. One of the largest basins was the 10,000+ km long 'Gondwanide foredeep' that extended across southern South America, South Africa, the Falkland Islands, Antarctica, and Australia. Diachronous tectonism and an inversion tectonics are believed to have occurred along this margin. Antarctica's centralized location between South Africa and Australia, make SVL and DM key areas for testing these hypotheses.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.uwm.edu/~jisbell/Darwin/Darwin.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1367ae7-882b-4c75-a3f1-c90994f917a1", - "label": "PROTECTING TK", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Indigenous peoples are seeking ways to preserve and protect their traditional knowledge, to incorporate it into both their own decision-making and broader decisions when it is relevant to assessing impacts on indigenous people. At the same time, the ability to exercise some control over indigenous knowledge and maintain its integrity is important. Indigenous people also recognize that their traditional knowledge (TK) may have an economic component and are anxious to share in the benefits that may flow from use of their TK. The fundamental question that this research project seeks to address is how the law responds to these interests of indigenous peoples. What are the alternate legal avenues capable of accepting indigenous claims based on TK and what are the implications both for indigenous people and society more broadly of incorporating TK into the law in these ways? How will recognition and incorporation of TK transform familiar legal landscapes?\nThis study in Northern Canada will provide policy makers and indigenous communities in Canada and other circumpolar nations with insight as to how to protect traditional ecological knowledge and traditional knowledge involving genetic resources. It will explore the legal response to increased participation of indigenous peoples in governance and the incorporation of TK in decision making. Traditional ecological knowledge has the potential to play a major role in developing resource management and environmental policy in Northern Canada. The issue of how to incorporate TK into governance frameworks in this area is particularly pressing given the current resource boom and the ecological pressures resulting from global climate change. The study will utilize first, a review of literature, land claims and self government agreements, agreements in principle and statutes and regulations to assess TK discourse, meanings, and governance and second a case study approach in collaboration with communities in the Nunavut, Northwest Territory and Yukon to answer the following questions.\nConceptual and Factual Inquiry:\n1) Does TK exist as a single conceptual idea or is it just a way of referring to a set of (not necessarily similar) concerns?\n2) If TK is a single idea, to what extent, if at all, does it differ from other forms of knowledge with which we are more familiar?\n3) What is the connection between those holding TK and the TK? Is there a common connection or a variety of connections (religious, medicinal, economic, etc.)?\nLegal Questions:\n4) Does the nature of the connection in (3) give rise to rights in or to TK?\n5) If so, what are the legal alternatives to providing those rights (property, liability rules, acknowledgement, inalienability, constitutional protection)? 6) Do the connections and the availability of alternative forms of protection fit within justifications given for property rights? If not, which of the alternatives is best justified?\nConstitutional Questions:\nOne focus of our research is to explore whether TK in itself has any constitutional protection as an aboriginal right under s. 35 of the Canadian Constitution, or alternatively whether particular dimensions of TK may have some constitutional status as an integral aspect of broader rights. Protection of TK within the framework of rights to self-governance would provide indigenous people with the capacity to develop their own legal institutions relating to TK. We plan to explore the extent of rights and their interaction with other regulatory regimes, e.g., environmental and natural resource legislation. We also plan to explore the connection point between TK and indigenous rights under s. 35 and the duty of consultation and accommodation recently articulated by the Supreme Court of Canada.\nWhile some of these questions arise in a Canadian Constitutional context, the interplay of rights discourse and TK has a broader significance in national and international law in circumpolar regions. We plan to explore all potential intersection points between TK and international, national, regional and private rules or norms with the aim of developing national and international guidelines for the protection of TK.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=206", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e19b64e5-7115-4ce3-9dc2-cefb3699a905", - "label": "RLC", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Russian Land Cover project provides 12 map data products -- land cover,\nforested area, forest carbon content, and administrative information -- for\nRussia and the former USSR.\n\nThe Russian Land Cover data archived and distributed by the Oak Ridge National\nLaboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC) were\ngenerated by scientists at the Woods Hole Research Center.\n\nWebsite: http://www.daac.ornl.gov/RLC/russian_land_cover.html\n\n[Summary provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e644d840-918f-44b0-929d-acfdc557d62e", - "label": "POLENET-ANTARCTICA", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Abstract: This project constructs POLENET a network of GPS and seismic stations in West Antarctica to understand how the mass of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) changes with time. The information is ultimately used to predict sea level rise accompanying global warming and interpret climate change records. The GPS (global positioning system) stations measure vertical and horizontal movements of bedrock, while the seismic stations characterize physical properties of the ice/rock interface, lithosphere, and mantle. Combined with satellite data, this project offers a more complete picture of the ice sheet's current state, its likely change in the near future, and its overall size during the last glacial maximum. This data will also be used to infer sub-ice sheet geology and the terrestrial heat flux, critical inputs to models of glacier movement. As well, this project improves tomographic models of the earth's deep interior and core through its location in the Earth's poorly instrumented southern hemisphere. \n\nBroader impacts of this project are varied. The work is relevant to society for improving our understanding of the impacts of global warming on sea level rise. It also supports education at the postdoctoral, graduate, and undergraduate levels, and outreach to groups underrepresented in the sciences. As an International Polar Year contribution, this project establishes a legacy of infrastructure for polar measurements. It also involves an international collaboration of twenty four countries. For more information see IPY Project #185 at IPY.org and the project website polenet.org.\n\nAll seismic data and metadata for this project are archived and available at the IRIS Consortium Data Management Center (www.iris.edu) under experiment code YT.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e8a08b00-73cb-4800-80fe-db2f76abcb79", - "label": "POES", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: NOAA Office of Satellite Operations, http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/ ]\n\nThe POES satellite system offers the advantage of daily global coverage, by making nearly polar orbits roughly 14.1 times daily. Since the number of orbits per day is not an integer the sub orbital tracks do not repeat on a daily basis, although the local solar time of each satellite's passage is essentially unchanged for any latitude. Currently in orbit we have a morning and afternoon satellite, which provide global coverage four times daily. The POES system includes the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS).\n\nBecause of the polar orbiting nature of the POES series satellites, these satellites are able to collect global data on a daily basis for a variety of land, ocean, and atmospheric applications. Data from the POES series supports a broad range of environmental monitoring applications including weather analysis and forecasting, climate research and prediction, global sea surface temperature measurements, atmospheric soundings of temperature and humidity, ocean dynamics research, volcanic eruption monitoring, forest fire detection, global vegetation analysis, search and rescue, and many other applications. \n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/poes/\nhttp://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/poes/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ecaf9590-6b7b-4628-9e0d-9896aff01006", - "label": "P_MINUS_E", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "NSF OPP Project #0087439\n\nThis award supports a project to develop the techniques for separating net\naccumulation into precipitation and sublimation in polar firn. The project will\nuse existing models for firn ventilation and models for the transfer of\nchemical species to firn to create an integrated model of vapor and chemical\nspecies transport in firn for suites of species that respond differently to\nwater mass loss. This forward model will predict the dependence of geochemistry\non water vapor loss. The knowledge gained from these forward models will then\nbe used to solve an inverse problem to predict the amount of water vapor\nsublimation and redeposition based on profiles of geochemistry in firn. This\nproject is a necessary first step toward inferring precipitation and\nevaporation in ancient environments, such as are recorded in ice cores. This\nproject will serve as the basis for a Ph.D. dissertation for a student under\nthe direction of the P.I., E.D. Waddington. Determining how to best extract\nclimate information from firn and ultimately ice cores is the major goal of\nthis project.\n\nResulting Publications: \nNeumann, T.A and E.D. Waddington. In press. Effects of firn ventilation on\nisotopic exchange. Journal of Glaciology. \n\nNeumann, T.A., E.D. Waddington, E.J. Steig and P.M. Grootes. In review. \nNon-climate influences on stable isotopes at Taylor Mouth, Antarctica. Journal\nof Glaciology.\n\nNo data were collected during this project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f026f642-dd24-46ad-a1d9-e78e69d414a1", - "label": "Polar Winds II", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2da9177-055c-4ba5-ab90-ea929a36b8db", - "label": "POLARCAT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLARCAT\nProject URL: http://www.polarcat.no/\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=32\n\nThe overall objective of POLARCAT, which proposes a coordinated programme of measurements and modelling, is to quantify the impact of trace gases, aerosols and mercury transported to the Arctic and their contribution to pollutant deposition and climate change in the region. POLARCAT has 5 major scientific objectives detailed in a White Paper, see http://zardoz.nilu.no/~andreas/POLARCAT/\n\n1) Quantification of the major transport pathways controlling distributions of oxidants, aerosols, heavy metals together with their precursors/degradation products in the Arctic troposphere during winter-spring when Arctic Haze is prevalent and during summertime. Processes controlling the carbon budget at Northern high latitude forest/tundra/ocean regions will also be investigated.\n\n2) Quantification of the optical properties and direct radiative effects of aerosols and their interactions with clouds and possible impacts on surface albedo and ice/snow cover.\n\n3) Investigation into the influence of summertime boreal forest fires on the composition of the Arctic free troposphere compared to other source regions (e.g. Asia) including the impact of soot deposition on snow/ice albedo. The impact of pyro-convection on the composition/aerosol loading of the lower stratosphere and possible influences on stratospheric ozone depletion will also be investigated.\n\n4) Determination of chemical processes controlling atmospheric composition, particularly during the winter and the spring-summer transition in the Arctic. This will include assessment of the nature and extent of ozone depletion events (link to halogen/mercury cycling) in the boundary layer; quantification of the role of VOCs and oxygenated species, relative roles of dry deposition and wet deposition of soluble species in rain- and snowfall, quantification of sources and sinks of major oxidants such as ozone and PAN including assessment of the odd-nitrogen budget. Also the chemistry and effect of polar air masses on mid- and high latitude particle formation is investigated.\n\n5) Study of processes controlling inter-annual variations in atmospheric composition over the Arctic such as transport patterns (e.g. NAO) and changing emissions in different source regions. The impact of climate change on atmospheric composition and conversely the impact of atmospheric composition change on climate will also be investigated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2e70edc-ff6b-4fd8-995e-ecb8ab83bbf8", - "label": "QUAKESIM", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "QuakeSim is a project to develop a solid Earth science framework for modeling and understanding earthquake and tectonic processes. The multi-scale nature of earthquakes requires integrating many data types and models to fully simulate and understand the earthquake process. QuakeSim focuses on modeling the interseismic process through various boundary element, finite element, and analytic applications, which run on various platforms including desktop and high end computers.\n\nWe integrate and deliver the following data products through our QuakeTables database:\n\n -paleoseismic fault data\n -surface deformation data in the form of Global Positioning System (GPS) data\n -seismicity data\n -processed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) interferograms from existing satellites (in progress)\n\nMaking these data available to modelers is leading to significant improvements in earthquake forecast quality and thereby mitigating the danger from this natural hazard.\n\nSummary provided by http://quakesim.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f44e52fc-9a1a-4af6-8a1b-3e48e8e1f86b", - "label": "POLENET", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "Short Title: POLENET\nProject URL: http://www.polenet.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=185\n\nThe science programme of the POLENET consortium will investigate polar geodynamics, the earth's magnetic field, crust, mantle and core structure and dynamics, and systems-scale interactions of the solid earth, the cryosphere, the oceans and the atmosphere. Activities will be focused on deployment of autonomous observatories at remote sites on the continents and offshore, coordinated with measurements made at permanent station observatories and by satellite campaigns. Measurements (in situ, satellite and airborne) will include GPS (w/ GLONASS, Galileo; GPS occultation/meteorological sensors), seismic, gravity (absolute and relative), geomagnetic, tide gauges (at coastal sites, or as ocean bottom sensors), and oceanographic (in situ and altimetry) and chemical (at offshore sites). Many sites will be augmented by meteorological sensors. Multidisciplinary deep sea observatories on the polar seafloor will perform continuous collection of geophysical, oceanographic and geochemical data. This initiative will overcome the scarcity of observational systems in the Earth's polar regions, and will provide a legacy in observational infrastructure and the technological capability to overcome the challenges of autonomous operations in extreme environments. \n\nGeodetic studies, including GPS measurements of crustal motion, tide-gauge measurements of relative sea-level change, and gravity measurements of mass change, constitute essential elements in developing an understanding of the stability and mass balance of the cryosphere and of ongoing sea-level change. There is a critical need to understand the contribution to sea-level change due to changes in mass balance of the major ice sheets of the world, most importantly the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Accurate measurement of millimeter-scale vertical and horizontal crustal motions is possible in only 2-5 years if continuous GPS trackers are deployed. Deployment of C-GPS stations at sufficiently high spatial resolution, and co-located GPS and absolute gravity measurements, will allow discrimination of the elastic response to modern mass change from the secular viscoelastic response to ancient ice mass change. Present-day rebound models are least well constrained in the polar regions and a bi-polar effort during IPY will reduce uncertainty levels and allow more reliable ice history models to be constructed. Together with satellite-based measurement of ice volume and mass change (ICESat, GRACE, GFO, ENVISAT, CRYOSAT), we can use these data to provide robust constraints on ice models and earth models, improving our ability to quantify ice mass loss/gain and sea-level change. Deployment of C-GPS stations across tectonic blocks and boundaries allows crustal motions due to global plate motion and intraplate neotectonic deformation to be measured and velocity fields to be mapped and modeled.\n\nSeismological data from the observatories will provide the first relatively high-resolution data on the Earth beneath the polar seas and ice sheets. Advanced techniques to image the Earth’s deep interior, such as seismic tomography, will be used to place constraints on the planet’s internal processes. Seismic imaging of the crust and mantle will assess causes for anomalously high elevations in East Antarctica, linked with ice sheet development, will provide information on heat flow and mantle viscosity that are key factors controlling ice sheet dynamics and the Earth's response to ice mass change, and will provide constraints on the magma sources for polar volcanism. Enhanced seismic station coverage will vastly improve the detection level for earthquakes and permit evaluation of seismotectonic activity and associated seismic hazard across the remote high latitudes. The axial vantage points of the poles will allow unprecedented studies of Earth's inner core, contributing to our understanding of the initial differentiation of the Earth, the Earth's thermal history, and the physics and variability of the Earth's magnetic field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f58b58c0-3e40-43bf-883f-a9690d70dd5c", - "label": "RSD", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Adapted from the GSFC/RSD Home Page]\nThe Public Use of Remote Sensing Data (RSD) effort is composed of 20\nprojects funded by the NASA Information Infrastructure Technology and\nApplications (IITA) initiative, which establishes partnerships between\ngovernment, private business and academia to promote the use of Earth\nand space science data over the Internet. Branch personnel play a key\nrole in the management of the project.\nThe activities supported in this project are largely based on World\nWide Web (WWW) servers on the Internet. The progress of these\nactivities can be followed by watching the RSD server at\n'http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/'\nThese projects support:\n-K-12 education\n-Life-long learning in museums, observatories, homes\n-Local/State governments\n-Emergency preparedness\n-Land-use planning\n-Resource management\n-Interactive TV", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f61d4d29-daa8-44c3-bae3-5656d2e48d51", - "label": "PALEOMAP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The goal of the PALEOMAP Project is to illustrate the plate tectonic\ndevelopment of the ocean basins and continents, as well as the\nchanging distribution of land and sea during the past 1100 million\nyears.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.scotese.com/Default.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7f3eede-adb0-493a-b626-44e1176fbe3d", - "label": "POL2006-06635-E/ANT", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f91f01db-d4ca-4dad-8173-33d44957313c", - "label": "PMP", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Poverty Mapping Project seeks to enhance current understanding of the\nglobal distribution of poverty and the geographic and biophysical conditions of\nwhere the poor live. Additionally, the project aims to assist policy makers,\ndevelopment agencies, and the poor themselves in designing interventions to\nreduce poverty.\n\nProject URL: http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/povmap/\n\n[Summary provided by CIESIN.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe0a81fb-a773-49ee-b669-eb276b1d90a5", - "label": "PEMG", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The first views of earth from space were not obtained from satellites but from converted military rockets in the early 1950s. It was not until 1 April 1960 that the first experimental meteorological satellite was launched by the USA and began to transmit basic, but very useful, cloud imagery. This satellite was such an effective proof of concept that by 1966 the USA had launched the first of a long line of operational polar satellites and its first geostationary meteorological satellite. \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/sat/CGMS/Directoryofapplications/en/ap1-03.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06e9cf54-c97d-4e49-9810-5f8cc4812757", - "label": "PISTON", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "[Source: https://onrpiston.colostate.edu/about.html ]\n\nPISTON stands for the Propagation of Intra-Seasonal Tropical OscillatioNs. While numerous tropical intra-seasonal oscillations exist, PISTON will primarily target the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO). The BSISO defines the northward and eastward movement of the Asian monsoon during northern-hemispheric (boreal) summertime. This oscillation has been observed to impact weather across the Maritime Continent and into the southeastern portions of continental Asia, and even weather within the United States. The BSISO is rather complex, and PISTON is therefore an extensive field campaign, involving both intensive numerical modeling and observational activities. Namely, the PISTON campaign emphasizes two scientific questions:\n\nHow do localized features such as island orography and individual thunderstorms influence tropical intraseasonal oscillations?", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1fd707d-420e-4236-bb00-cdfcc0287400", - "label": "R2R", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The Rolling Deck to Repository (R2R) program provides fleet-wide management of underway data to ensure preservation of, and access to, our national oceanographic research assets. R2R catalogs and submits the underway environmental sensor data routinely acquired on research expeditions to long-term public archives, including the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f48525b9-cc8a-4ff9-9d28-e908dcb43f60", - "label": "RELAMPAGO", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "The international field campaign RELAMPAGO (Remote Sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) investigated different phases of the life cycle of thunderstorms that occur in Argentina and took place from June 1, 2018, to April 30, 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5107ce26-93b0-4d02-bedd-39c851d9be19", - "label": "PEND", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "This collection includes a data set of natural disasters by country for 1960-2018 and a separate set of data and maps showing the pre-disaster characteristics of populations most directly affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08684c69-224d-4c4a-a1a7-ea3933ac9081", - "label": "PREFIRE", - "broader": "6e0ee015-7fde-40bf-af5a-5b95ad966e32", - "definition": "PREFIRE will document, for the first time, variability in spectral fluxes from 5-45 μm on hourly to seasonal timescales.Two 6U CubeSats in distinct 470–650 km altitude, near-polar (82°-98° inclination) orbitseach carrying a miniaturized IR spectrometer, covering 0- 45 μm at 0.84 μm spectral resolution, operating for one seasonal cycle (a year).\n\n The Arctic is Earth’s thermostat. It regulates the climate by venting excess energy received in the tropics.\n \n Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 μm (FIR) that have never been systematically measured.\n \n PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions by anchoring spectral FIR emission and atmospheric GHE.\n\nhttps://prefire.ssec.wisc.edu/", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "label": "J - L", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "021481a1-b432-40b7-ac0b-8fc878ed2988", - "label": "KWAJEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX), held 23 July - 15 September 1999, was a field observation campaign centered on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands and sponsored by NASA in cooperation with the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/Kwajalein Missile Range and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. The joint U.S.-Japan Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was launched in November 1997 and uses a Ku-band radar and a multi-channel passive microwave radiometer to map precipitation in the tropics. A number of physical assumptions are made within the TRMM satellite algorithms in order to obtain rain rates from the the satellite-measured radiances. The goals of KWAJEX were focused on making observations to reduce uncertainty in these physical assumptions by gathering a coordinated data set of airborne, shipborne, and ground-based measurements within tropical open ocean precipitating clouds. This site integrates information on the specific measurements made during the KWAJEX field campaign and on the ongoing data processing and analysis. \n\nProject Contacts:\n \nSandra Yuter yuter@atmos.washington.edu\nRobert A. Houze, Jr houze@atmos.washington.edu\n \nFor more information, link to the KWAJEX homepage at\nhttp://www.atmos.washington.edu/kwajex/\n \nor to:\n\nhttp://www.espo.nasa.gov/kwajex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "05408c1b-88fe-4a96-9840-b1ef7a6ea382", - "label": "LIS SCF", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07d7ee85-ff43-4c76-8023-bfb9c022b53c", - "label": "LANCE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) provides access to near-real time products from the MODIS, OMI, AIRS, and MLS instruments in less than 2.5 hours from observation from the Land, Atmosphere Near-real time Capability for EOS (LANCE). The system supports application users who are interested in monitoring and analyzing a wide variety of natural and man-made phenomena. Data are freely available after self-registration.\n\nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/nrt-data", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "092746d8-be00-46e5-9980-5c9a4c9da49f", - "label": "KORUS-AQ", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0a306026-d39b-4f20-b560-ccecbc11c420", - "label": "LMER", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Chesapeake Bay Land Margin Ecosystem Reserch (LMER) project\ninvestigates mechanisms affecting secondary production of estuarine\necosystems.\n\nThe Chesapeake Bay LMER project, called Trophic Interactions in\nEstuarine Systems, or TIES, began in 1995 and is scheduled to run\nuntil the year 2000. The project uses Chesapeake Bay to investigate\nmechanisms controlling secondary product ion in estuarine ecosystems.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to\n'http://www.chesapeake.org/ties/overview/overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b955597-8396-4e55-a17f-4adb5076dbae", - "label": "JONSWAP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The objective of the Joint North Sea Wave Project JONSWAP)\nwas to determine the structure of the source function governing\nthe energy balance of the ocean wind wave spectrum, with particular\nemphasis on wave growth under a stationary offshore wind\nand the attenuation of swell in water of finite depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c768749-4b35-40f2-89ae-de8022ed7428", - "label": "JERS-1", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d6a9ea0-2492-409b-aced-43b755d85e53", - "label": "JONSDAP76", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Joint North Sea Data Acquisition Project (JONSDAP 76) was an\ninternational undertaking in the North Sea during March to June\n1976. It consisted of two parts: FLEX, the Fladen Ground Experiment,\nand INOUT, the inflows of water of the whole North Sea as well as the\ninternal movements.\n\nThe INOUT period was 15 March to 25 April. Automatically ... recording\ncurrent (and usually temperature) meters were deployed at 83 positions\nand off-shore tide gauges at 11 positions. More than 10 ships carried\nout hydrographic work at various stations.\n\nThe FLEX period was 25 March to 15 June. The central position in the\nFLEX square was continually occupied by at least one (German)\nship. During the latter half of the period there was increased\nactivity from about 15 ships. There were nearly 20 positions with more\nthan 80 automatically recording instruments (some overlapping with\nINOUT) and 15 over-flights with aircraft.\n\nThe moored current meter data collected during JONSDAP 76 have been\ncompiled into a data set comprising approximately 250 data series. The\ndata were collected by 13 laboratories in 8 countries.\n\nThe data set is available from BODC on magnetic tape, floppy disk or\nvia ftp over Internet.\n\n[This description was derived from the BODC WWW pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14ca6ba9-147c-4f29-82d6-08fc89f8c3f4", - "label": "LCFRP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The mission of the Cape Fear River Program is to develop an understanding of processes which control and influence the Cape Fear River and to provide a mechanism for information exchange and public education. Specific objectives include: \n\nDevelop, implement, and manage a basin-wide coordinated physical, chemical, and biological water quality monitoring program. Point, non-point, and naturally occurring sources will be considered in developing the monitoring plan. \n\nInteract with regulatory agencies, academic institutions, local industries, and other groups to determine additional studies and analysis needed to develop an effective and successful management plan. Initiate the studies and assist in securing funding to conduct the research. \n\nDevelop scientific information to provide environmental education about the basin targeting point and non-point source contributors and produce reports to identify changes or trends. \n\nDevelop, consolidate, and maintain a data base on the Cape Fear River Basin, including historical and current data, and made data available to public and private requesters including regulatory agencies. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.uncwil.edu/cmsr/aquaticecology/lcfrp/mission.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "193086bc-e0d4-4323-92c9-599ec3a94c88", - "label": "LTP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The NASA Learning Technologies Project (LTP) is NASA’s educational technology incubator. LTP funds activities and collaborates with endeavors that incorporate NASA content with revolutionary technologies or innovative use of entrenched technologies to enhance education in the areas of math and science. \n\nSummary provided by http://learn.arc.nasa.gov/about/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1c36cf52-11ea-47f4-b987-9053c3f2604e", - "label": "JAX90", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Jacksonville 90 (JAX90) field experiment was conducted during the month of October 1990 over the Gulf of Mexico. These early validation flights collected initial flight data from AMPR, which were then used to develop algorithms relating brightness temperatures observed at different wavelengths to precipitation characteristics.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "208283b3-1869-46df-8d4d-5b52c799a149", - "label": "JARE 25", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2128cb03-b3f5-47e3-899f-0bc2d505dee9", - "label": "JARE 27", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21354828-fd41-4417-95a1-d53fb9e6a8ae", - "label": "LECZ", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Low Elevation Coastal Zone collection includes three data sets: the Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v1 (2000), the Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2 (1990, 2000, 2010, 2100), and the Sea Level Rise Impacts on Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance, v1 (2000 – 2010). Users are encouraged to review the methodologies used for constructing these data sets and to acknowledge uncertainties and limitations.\n\nCountry-level estimates of urban, rural and total population and land area in LECZ’s were generated globally using Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) population and land area data products. The Urban-Rural Population Estimates, v1 (2000) dataset uses GRUMP alpha data and was estimated at a 1km (30 arc second) grid resolution. The Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2 (1990, 2000, 2010, 2100) dataset used GRUMP v1 population inputs and urban-rural data, and is estimated at a ~90m (3 arc second) grid resolution to conform with the native resolution of the elevation data. The GRUMP data were also used at a 1km (30 arc second) grid resolution in order to reflect uncertainty levels in the product resulting from the interplay of input population data resolutions (based on census units) and the elevation data. This data set also reconciled the coastal boundaries using ISciences LLC’s coastal boundary data set in order to reduce the possibility of spatial mismatches. Both datasets are based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data. The low elevation coastal zones were derived from the DEM by selecting all land areas contiguous to the coast below 20m elevation. Estimates of population (head counts and percents) and land areas (square kilometers and percents) were generated for urban, rural and total locations for each country as a whole and within the LECZs.\n\nSea Level Rise Impacts on Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance, v1 (2000 – 2010) provides estimates of the area and percent area of coastal Ramsar wetland sites that would become inundated under 1 and 2 meter sea level rise scenarios.\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2152ab3d-a5fe-4878-b607-be79b6584088", - "label": "LANDSAT 7", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In 1992, the US Congress authorized the procurement, launch and\noperation of a new Landsat satellite. This new system, Landsat 7, was\nlaunched on April 15, 1999. It is the latest in a series of Landsat\nearth observation satellites dating back to 1972. The twenty-nine year\nrecord of data acquired by the Landsat satellites constitutes the\nlongest continuous record of the earth's continental\nsurfaces. Preservation of the existing record and continuation of the\nLandsat capability were identified in the law as critical to land\nsurface monitoring and global change research.\n\nLandsat 7 has a unique and essential role in the realm of earth\nobserving satellites in orbit. No other earth observing system matches\nLandsat's combination of synoptic coverage, high spatial resolution,\nspectral range and radiometric calibration. In addition, the Landsat\nProgram is committed to provide Landsat digital data to the user\ncommunity in greater quantities, more quickly and at lower cost than\nat any previous time in the history of the program.\n\nThe Landsat 7 spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin, Valley Forge,\nPennsylvania. The ETM+ instrument is a product of Hughes Santa Barbara\nRemote Sensing. Construction of both was managed through contracts\nbetween the manufacturers and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,\nGreenbelt, Maryland.\n\nThe Landsat Program, as defined by Congress in 1992 and amended by\nPresidential Decision Directive/NSTC-3 in May, 1994, was managed\ncooperatively by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\nand the USGS. NASA was responsibility for construction of the\nspacecraft and instrument. The Landsat Program is part of the NASA's\nglobal change initiative - the Earth Observing System, administered by\nthe NASA Office of Mission to Planet Earth. NOAA no longer\nparticipates in the Landsat 7 program. Landsat 7 is now operated by\nUSGS. Data processing, archiving and distribution is performed by\nUSGS. These functions will be executed in coordination with the EDC\nDistributed Active Archive Center (EDC DAAC) of NASA's Earth Observing\nSystem Data and Information System (EOSDIS) at EDC.\n\nFor more information on Landsat and Landsat 7, see:\n'http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\nand\n'http://landsat7.usgs.gov/index.php'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25941aae-ccfa-4a3c-83e6-8b3db174ca27", - "label": "LCDI", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The aims of this project are: the limnological characterization of the\ndifferent water bodies from Deception Island through the study of\nbiotic factors (distribution of continental algae) and morphometric\nand physico-chemical features; the analysis of the diversity of\nfreshwater, aerophilic and cryobiontic algae by means of a thorough\nfloristic survey and comparison with floras of surrounding areas\n(Maritime Antarctica, Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia); the study of\nthe structure and dynamics of algal communities from different\nbiotopes (phytoplankton and periphyton) throughout summer and their\nrelation with abiotic features; and the definition of the trophic\nstatus of water bodies and its relation with different sources of\nnatural eutrophication.\n\nDuration of Project: 2002-2004", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29cacd18-960f-41d0-a657-836a619ad085", - "label": "LBA-ECO", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) was an intensive scientific investigation of the tropical rainforest of Brazil and portions of adjacent countries. LBA used intensive remote-sensing techniques and ground-based experiments to investigate the atmosphere-biosphere-hydrosphere dynamics of this large tropical region. The LBA Project encompasses several scientific disciplines, or components. The LBA-ECO component focuses on the question: How do tropical forest conversion, regrowth, and selective logging influence carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, trace gas fluxes, and the prospect for sustainable land use in Amazonia?", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dcb757b-60f1-47db-b530-1a9c5c40a0e8", - "label": "LCCP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land Cover Characterization Program (LCCP) was started in 1995 to address\nNational and International requirements for land cover data that were becoming\nincreasingly sophisticated and diverse. The goal of the land cover program is\nto be a national and international center for excellence in land cover\ncharacterization. To accomplish that goal, the program:\n\n1. Develops state-of-the-art multiscale land cover characteristics data bases\nused by scientists, resource managers, planners, and educators. (Global Land\nCover and National Land Cover)\n\n2. Contributes to the understanding of the patterns, characteristics, and\ndynamics of land cover across the Nation and the Earth.(Urban Dynamics and Land\nCover Trends)\n\n3. Pursues research that improves the utility and efficiency of large-area land\ncover characterization and land cover characteristics databases.\n\n4. Serves as a central facility for access to, or information about, land cover\ndata.(Land Cover Applications Center)\n\nWebsite: 'http://landcover.usgs.gov/overview.asp'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34318c36-5b8b-47bd-8ff0-7e1693a74561", - "label": "LAKE-ICE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Project Location: Madison, Wisconsin\n Project Dates: Winters of 1997 and 1998\n\n\nThe primary goal of Lake-Induced Convection Experiment (LAKE-ICE) are\nto determine the mechanisms which control the structure and evolution\nof mesoscale convective circulations in boundary layers over Lake\nMichigan and to determine interrelationships between these mesoscale\ncirculations, fluxes throughout the depth of the boundary layer, and\ncloud and precipitation development. Additionally, Lake-ICE seeks to\nidentify the processes by which heat and moisture fluxes from each of\nthe Great Lakes augment large-scale atmospheric processes (including\nthe development of Mesoscale Aggregate Vortices - MAVs).\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://www.atd.ucar.edu/dir_off/projects/1998/LakeICE.html'\n\n [Summary provided by NCAR]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3444ecc1-a60f-41f8-8a86-5826f4c086c6", - "label": "LMP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Lifemapper (LM) produces a comprehensive archive of species' geographical \ndistribution maps. It intends to re-architect the LM species data archive and \nupdate it with models derived from museum data. Therefore, a software package \ncalled DesktopGarp has been developed in order to allow the users to predict \nand analyze wild species distributions using GARP algorithm, choosing different parameters, environmental layers and custom statistical methods. This tool supports the community ecologists by modeling the a) Ecological niche, b) Species richness and abundances. Two of the most important concepts from the community ecology applied to biodiversity. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/uklmGARP.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3812ca76-937b-4ed2-8e2a-30e4858b710a", - "label": "JCOMM", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Background of Joint WMO/ICO Comission for Oceanography and\n Marine Meteorology (JCOMM):\n\n\nAs a step in the process of responding to new needs for marine\nmeteorological and oceanographic data, as expressed in particular by\nthe global observing systems (GOOS, GCOS, GTOS) as well as continuing\nto serve the traditional users of such data and services, IOC and WMO\nagreed to study the possibility of improved cooperation in the area of\nmarine data collection, analysis, integration, and\ndissemination. These organizations have been cooperating for many\nyears and had jointly established the Integrated Global Ocean Services\nSystem (IGOSS). The needs for the future demand even closer and more\neffective cooperation.\n\nThe Executive Council (EC) of the World Meteorological Organization\n(WMO) (EC-XLVIII) in June 1996 and the Executive Council (EC) of the\nIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) in October 1996\nagreed that a study should be prepared on closer collaboration between\nWMO and IOC with a view to possible co-sponsorship of the Commission\nfor Marine Meteorology (CMM) of WMO. A preliminary report was prepared\nfor the twelfth session of CMM in March 1997, which recommended that\nthe study be continued on closer cooperation between IOC and CMM and a\ndetailed proposal be prepared for the governing bodies of WMO and IOC.\n\nWMO EC-XLIX in June 1997 approved this recommendation to continue with\na full and detailed study with a view to having a single, joint\nWMO/IOC report available for consideration by the two ECs in 1998. The\n19th session of the IOC Assembly in July 1997 endorsed the completion\nof a joint study report for presentation to the 1998 EC session.\n\nThis background information contains a summary of the main discussion\nand recommendations of the report prepared by joint IOC and WMO\nconsultants. The full report (in English only) will be available at\nthe session for consultation.\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/jcomm.htm#back'\n\n [Summary provided by GOOS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "382fea4f-2aeb-414f-bde4-c7a04f5b89e6", - "label": "JARE 31", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "389bc553-a5dc-41c2-8b06-d41994c4a98c", - "label": "KOPRI Basic Project", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a252543-c4c2-48d5-b98c-5e182c70dd16", - "label": "LP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In English:\n\nThis project is aimed to achieve a higher knowledge of the limnetic systems in Polar latitudes. Particularly, it promotes the accurate description the Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island), considered one of the most important freshwater zones in the Maritime Antarctica, as well as Deception Island. This project is related to an international Polar Latitudinal Gradient aimed at understanding the effects of the environmental variables related with latitude (temperature and radiation) on the biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, and also modelling the effects of the Global Climate Change on these kind of ecosystems. This proposal involves scientists from different institutions with extensive expertise on the organisms that will be found in these ecosystems. Moreover, this proposal is closely linked with other groups from overseas, this fact will allow an exchange, both of scientists and data collected from the different ecosystems, representing an evident benefit in the production and validation of models.\n\nEn Español:\n\nEl presente proyecto pretende aumentar el conocimiento de los ecosistemas limnéticos en las zonas polares. En particular se espera describir con precisión la Península Byers (Isla Livingston) una de las zonas de ecosistemas dulceacuícolas más importantes de la Antártida Marítima, así como Isla Decepción. Este proyecto a su vez participa de un gradiente latitudinal polar en cooperación con otros programas polares internacionales con doble objetivo: por un lado estudiar las variaciones en biodiversidad en estos ecosistemas acuáticos, lo que permitirá entender como las variaciones ambientales asociadas a la latitud (radiación y temperatura) afectan a la diversidad biológica; y por otro lado pretende pronosticar las variaciones ecológicas que experimentarán los ecosistemas polares en un evento de cambio climático global. El estudio aquí propuesto incorpora especialistas, procedentes de distintos centros de investigación, en los distintos aspectos que se investigarán referentes a los ecosistemas acuáticos y cuenta con una importante componente internacional que permitirá un intercambio de investigadores y de datos obtenidos en los distintos ecosistemas polares investigados, con sus evidentes beneficios a la hora de producción de modelos.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a715e91-8a5d-4231-a6a6-980d2c7f4abf", - "label": "LWS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Living With a Star Program provides missions to improve our understanding of how and why the Sun varies, how the Earth and Solar System respond, and how the variability and response affects humanity in Space and on Earth.\n\nhttp://lws.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3cd32c30-17c8-4e8e-9e08-75f44198c852", - "label": "LAKRIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The LAzarev Sea KRIll Study (LAKRIS) aims to quantify seasonal population dynamics and physiological condition of krill with an interdisciplinary approach, in a region of the Antarctic that is poorly sampled and understood.\n\nMuch of our knowledge of Antarctic krill comes from a few regions, such as the much-studied Antarctic Peninsula (Hofmann et al. 2004). But it is becoming increasingly clear that the seasonal survival mechanisms of krill are variable, so neither the local environment, (e.g. those along the Antarctic Peninsula) nor the response of krill to it, can be extrapolated easily to a wider area. The LAKRIS project will complement the existing international research activities within SO-GLOBEC and CCAMLR along the west Antarctic Peninsula, Scotia Sea and in the Southwest Indian Ocean Sector (Hofmann et al. 2004, Atkinson 2003, Nicol et al. 2000).\n \nhttp://www.awi.de/de/forschung/fachbereiche/biowissenschaften/polare_biologische_ozeanographie/projekte/finished_projects/lakris/project_overview/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e2cc17e-c2c4-4451-905b-e44381447f71", - "label": "LANDSAT-7", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Land Remote Sensing Satellite Program managed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The Landsat Satellite series began in 1972 to gather information about land surface features of the planet. Landsat 5, launched in 1984, and Landsat 7, launched in 1999, are still operational.\n\nData from the satellites have been used for monitoring land cover conditions, geological / mineralogical exploration, urban growth, and cartography. Global coverage is available and data sets are provided by the USGS at the cost of reproduction. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://landsat.usgs.gov/tools_glossary_ALL.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e417c67-941f-4eef-b54f-f6e2257c2a38", - "label": "LIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), is a space based instrument used to detect the distribution and variability of total lightning (cloud-to-cloud, intracloud, and cloud-to-ground lightning) that occurs in the tropical regions of the globe. The LIS is a science instrument aboard the TRMM Observatory, which was launched on 28 November 1997 from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan. \n\nThis lightning sensor consists of a staring imager which is optimized to locate and detect lightning with storm-scale resolution (4 to 7 km) over a large region (600 x 600 km) of the Earth's surface. The TRMM Satellite travels a distance of 7 kilometers every second (nearly 16,000 miles per hour) as it orbits the Earth, thus allowing the LIS to observe a point on the Earth or a cloud for almost 90 seconds as it passes overhead. Despite the brief duration of an observation, it is long enough to estimate the flashing rate of most storms. The instrument records the time of occurrence, measures the radiant energy, and determines the location of lightning events within its field-of-view.\n\nInformation provided by http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/lis/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4458a668-7ca2-45eb-8f34-37a579f09a1a", - "label": "JARE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4484d3bf-f312-466b-8d12-ca88d5378378", - "label": "JASON-2", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "464a0e16-e35b-4afd-8fad-efe8e96c4487", - "label": "LITE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lidar-In-Space Technology Experiment(LITE) is being developed by\nNasa Langley Research Center for a series of flights on the\nspace shuttle. Using a laser,a telescope approximately 1 meter\nin diameter and a modular design, the system will be used to\nstudy clouds, trophospheric and stratospheric aerosols,\ncharacteristics of the planetary boundary layer, stratospheric\ndensity and temperature pertubations, and to some degree,\nsurface topography. The greatly improved resolution of LITE\nwith respect to passive sensors is expected to provide a new\nand unique data set on the global distribution and optical\nproperties of clouds and aerosols , and therefore, their\nradiative and chemical effects. In addition, this data set will\nbe useful in validating and improving retrieval algorithms\nalready in use. Similarly, the ability to accurately locate the\ntop of the planetary boundary layer will aid in global climate\nmodel(GCM) parameterizations of flux transport between the\noceans and th! e atmosphere. Measurements of density\npertubations in the middle stratosphere will provide a greatly\nimproved glimpse of the global dynamics of this region compared\nto that given by current spaceborne sensors. The primary goals\nof LITE are to demonstrate the maturity of space-based lidar\ntechnology, to provide some unique measurements, and to provide\na platform for the development of technology for future\nspace-based systems.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lite/ASDlite.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4b4b35aa-94b9-47ba-86f9-e7a1b2b78d1f", - "label": "LUCC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) Project is a Programme\nElement of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) of\nthe International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and the\nInternational Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental\nChange (IHDP) of the International Social Science Council (ISSC).\nThis Core Project is an interdisciplinary programme aimed to improve\nunderstanding of land use and land cover change dynamics and their\nrelationships with global environmental change. From inception, the\nplanning and implementation of the project has actively engaged both the\nphysical and social science communities.\nGeneral objectives:\n - to obtain a better understanding of global land-use and\n land-cover driving forces.\n - to investigate and document temporal and geographical dynamics of\n land-use and land-cover.\n - to define the links between sustainability and various land uses.\n - to understand the inter-relationship between LUCC, biogeochemistry\n and climate.\nLUCC's three focus areas:\n- Focus 1: Land-use dynamics - comparative case study analysis\n- Focus 2: Land-cover dynamics - empirical observations and diagnostic models\n- Focus 3: Regional and global integrated models\nFor more information visit the Land Use and Cover Change International\nProject Office site at:\n'http://www.icc.es/lucc/home.html'\nFor more information on the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program\n(IGBP) see:\n'http://www.igbp.kva.se/'\nContact:\n-------\nLUCC International Project Office\nInstitut Cartografic de Catalunya\nParc de Montjuic\nE-08038 Barcelona\nSpain\nTel: (+34-3) 425 2900\nFax: (+34-3) 426 7442\nE-mail: lucc@icc.es\nURL: 'http://www.icc.es/lucc'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d703a80-e5c6-4476-86f8-81e778d1197c", - "label": "LEDAPS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS) is a NASA-funded project to map North American forest disturbance since 1975 from the Landsat and ASTER satellite data. LEDAPS also produces maps of surface reflectance derived from Landsat imagery to support a variety of ecosystem studies. LEDAPS is part of NASA's contribution to the North American Carbon Program (NACP), a component of the USGCRP Carbon Cycle Science Program.\n\nhttp://ledaps.nascom.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5482eac9-f970-4f37-a641-fe9ce79aaf96", - "label": "LARISSA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57958b96-1f0d-4931-8163-25da2ea6941a", - "label": "KPRP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fbb5ec6-85db-49ad-9a2f-3089a644febd", - "label": "LEADEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lead Experiment (LeadEx) was a experiment sponsored by the Office of\nNaval Research (ONR) to study the crack-like openings called leads\nthat are created by the deformation of Arctic pack ice. The study was\nconducted by a group of scientists from various institutions and\ndisciplines to clarify the effect of open leads on the polar ocean and\natmosphere and to further understanding of the role of polar regions\non climate and global change.\nThe LeadEx was conducted during March and April 1992 in the Beaufort\nSea approximately 300 km north of Deadhorse, Alaska.\nLeads range from a few meters to thousands of meters wide and have\nlong been considered important to the thermodynamics of the polar\nregions. Leads can account for nearly half of the total heat flux from\nthe ocean (Badgley, 1966) because the lead exposed relatively warm\nwater to the cold atmosphere. Leads have a major effect on the\nsalinity of the ocean mixed layer.\nThe LeadEx program began in 1990 with funding from the ONR Accelerated\nResearch Initiative. Initial studies were made at the University of\nArizona and the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of\nWashington.\nThe main experiment began on March 16, 1992 with the establishment of\na base camp that drifted generally westward until the program ended on\nApril 25, 1992. Weather forecasts and remote sensing data were\nprovided by the LeadEx weather center at the National Weather Service\n(NWS) in Anchorage, Alaska. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) at\nMonterey, CA transmitted mesoscale meteorological model forecasts of\nwind, temperature, moisture, and cloud height to the LeadEx weather\ncenter twice daily. Near-real-time high-resolution satellite data from\nNOAA satellites and DMSP satellites were also made available.\nHuts and equipment were deployed from the main base camp to four sites\ncalled Lead 1 - Lead 4. Most of the data were gathered at Lead 3 and 4\nsince Leads 1 and 2 were closed soon after the sites were occupied.\nHelicopter and research aircraft made numerous oceanographic and\nmeteorological measurements.\nMeteorological effects were measured primarily by the Wave Propogation\nLaboratory (WPL) in Boulder, CO. WPL instrumentation included sonic\nanemometers, pyranometers and pyrgeometers, and 6.5 kHz SODARs.\nRawinsondes were launched by WPL to support atmospheric soundings\nconducted by the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, CA. The\nNOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) and NPS deployed\ndrifting buoys.\nSeveral aircraft programs were conducted using the University of\nWashington Convair C-131A and a DeHavilland Twin Otter (DHC-6). The\ngroup measured atmospheric temperature, water vapor concentrations and\nbiogenic emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from leads. A\nhigh-resolution, down-looking infrared thermometer was used on both\naircraft.\nGrowth rate of ice in the leads was measured by groups from PSC using\nfreeze-in buoys. Physical properties of the ice was measured by the\nCold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL).\nRemote sensing applications for ice studies was conducted by the\nDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington to\ndetermine microwave and infrared brightness temperatures of thin ice\nin the freezing leads and selected first-year ice. Observations were\nmade at 6.7, 10, 18.7, 37 GHz and 10 microns. A team from the\nEnvironmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) measured radar\nbackscatter at multiple frequencies, polarizations, and angles\nsimultaneously. A group from Williamson and Associates measured\nthermally induced stress in the lead ice.\nOceanographic measurements included profiles of conductivity,\ntemperature, turbulent shear, and acoustic backscatter. The McPhee\nResearch Company (MRC) used a mast of multiple sensors to obtain time\nseries of mean velocity, temperature, and salinity and turbulent\nfluxes. PSC used an untethered Autonomous Conductivity Temperature\nVehicle (ACTV) which carried a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD)\nprobe. A specialized pontoon boat from the Oregon State University was\nused to measure the microstructure of leads. A group from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography used a sector-scan, multibeam, Doppler\nsonar.\nReference:\nBadgley, F.J. 1966. 'Heat Budget at the surface of the Arctic Ocean',\nin 'Proceedings on the Symposium on the Arctic Heat Budget and\nAtmospheric Circulation', ed. by J.O. Fletcher, pp. 267-277, Rand\nCorporation, Santa Monica, CA. (Avail as PB-182433 from Nat. Tech.\nInf. Serv., Springfield, VA)\nMorison, J.H., M.G. McPhee, T. Curtin, and C.A. Paulson. 1992. 'The\noceanography of winter leads', J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 97, 11,199.\nMorison, J. 1993. 'The LeadEx Experiment', EOS, Transactions of the\nAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU), Volume 74, Number 35, August 31,\n1993, pp. 394, 396-397.\nContacts:\nDr. James Morison\nPolar Science Center\nApplied Physics Laboratory\nUniversity of Washington\n1013 NE 40th Street\nSeattle, WA 98105\nPhone: 206-543-1394\nFAX: 206-543-6785\nEmail: Internet > morison@apl.washington.edu\n OMNET > j.morison\nData Availability:\nThe LeadEx data is being made available via anonymous FTP from the\nPolar Sciences Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of\nWashington:\nFTP nansen.apl.washington.edu\nlogin as anonymous\nenter email address as password\ncd to leadex\nOnly a small set of data has been made available at this time, and\nadditional datasets will be added to the site as they become\navailable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60db4374-5c7c-4355-b1eb-cd2787ca2559", - "label": "LATEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Louisana-Texas Shelf Physical Oceanography Program (LATEX) is a\nsix-year oceanographic research initiative that has as its principal\nobjective the identification of key dynamical processes governing the\ncirculation, transport, and cross-shelf mixing of the waters on the\nTexas-Louisiana shelf. Sponsored by the Minerals Management Service\n(MMS) of the Department of the Interior, LATEX is the largest shelf\nphysical oceanography research project yet undertaken. MMS manages\nfederal mineral resources on the continental shelf. To meet their\nenvironmental and managerial responsibilities, the Service needs to\nunderstand physical processes and circulation on the shelf and how\nthey may affect the stability of structures and the transport of\npollutants. In addition, shelf circulation data will be used in MMS's\noil spill risk analysis models.\n\n Program Contact:\n\n LATEX A Program Office\n Department of Oceanography\n Texas A&M University\n College Station, TX 77843-3146\n tel: 409/845-9276\n fax: 409/847-8879\n e-mail: wnowlin@tamu.edu\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/LATEX/'\n\n [Summary provided by Texas A & M University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "619f4121-25e7-44b9-bd20-a41293048dc6", - "label": "LOIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) is a Community Research Project of\nthe Natural Environment Research Council of the United Kingdom. The broad\naim of LOIS is to gain an understanding of, and an ability to predict, the\nnature of environmental change in the coastal zone around the UK.\nThe LOIS CRP will provide for the first time an integrated, holistic view\nof how coastal ecosystems work, and how they are likely to respond to\nfuture environmental changes caused by the activities of people, on land\nand at sea.\nLOIS projects include the River-Atmosphere-Coast Study (RACS) and the\nShelf-Edge Study (SES). Data collection, analysis, and data archival are\nperformed by research centers and universities around the UK.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62f09666-8e9d-46d2-8674-63f504134b9b", - "label": "LOICZ", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Land-Ocean Interaction n the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) Project is one\nof eleven Programme Elements of the IGBP and focuses on the area of\nthe earth's surface where land, ocean and atmosphere meet and\ninteract.\n\n Goals:\n\n 1. the nature of that dynamic interaction\n\n 2. how changes in various components of the Earth system are\n affecting coastal zones and altering their role in global cycles\n\n 3. to assess how future changes in these areas will affect their\n use by people and 4. to provide a sound scientific basis for\n future integrated management of coastal areas on a sustainable\n basis.\n\n Contact Info:\n\n LOICZ International Project Office\n Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)\n P.O. Box 59\n 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel\n The Netherlands\n Phone: 31-222 369404\n Fax: 31-222 369430\n E-Mail: loicz@nioz.nl\n WWW Home Page: 'http://www.nioz.nl/loicz/'\n\n [Summary provided by Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "64faa025-65fd-4617-b3b3-eb42a60e22b8", - "label": "JASIN78", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The JASIN (Joint Air-Sea Interaction) Project was designed to study\nthe interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers with\nthe large scale motions of the sea and air.\n\nThe primary aims were as follows:\n\n1. to observe and distinguish between the physical processes causing\nmixing in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers and relate them\nto the mean properties of the layers\n\n2. to examine and quantify aspects of the momentum and heat budgets in\nthe atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers and fluxes across and\nbetween them.\n\nThe multiplicity of processes sampled necessitated a large experiment\nand JASIN involved 14 ships and 3 aircraft with more than 50 teams of\ninvestigators from 9 countries. Altogether 35 mooring systems were\ndeployed. The experiment lasted for 2 months from mid-July to\nmid-September 1978 and comprised 2 intensive observational phases\npreceded by a preparatory test period. The Project took place in the\nNorth Rockall Trough, an area of deep water (1000m - 2000m) several\nhundred kilometres off the west coast of Scotland.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6757be57-5f02-4303-a2e1-2cb7ff721463", - "label": "JPSS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "[Text Source: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=71&mission_cat_id=17 ]\n\nThe Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the restructured civilian portion of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) that will make afternoon observations as it orbits Earth. The system includes the satellites and sensors supporting civil weather and climate measurements and a shared ground infrastructure with the Department of Defense weather satellite system.\n\nNOAA is responsible for the JPSS program. NASA is the program’s procurement agent, and the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., is the lead for acquisition. Data and imagery obtained from JPSS will increase the timeliness, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of public warnings and forecasts of climate and weather events, reducing the potential loss of human life and property.\n\nPolar-orbiting satellites observe Earth from space and collect and disseminate data on Earth’s weather, atmosphere, oceans, land, and near-space environment and are able to monitor the entire planet and provide data for long-range weather and climate forecasts.\n\nMore information:\nhttp://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/jpss/\nhttp://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=71&mission_cat_id=17", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b500b74-cae1-4e23-a058-1e279131a54a", - "label": "LARGE SCALE PROJECT", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In large-scale projects we can also use a 'single-collected system' \nthat connects many single solar water heaters to form a hot water \nsupply. \n\nWe can not only change SWH to suit old buildings but also cooperate \nwith architects and design especially for new buildings. All models \nfeature the same installment and convenient maintenance.\n\nhttp://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/50182289/Large_Scale_Project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bbbeaa5-15a3-47b9-9a6e-2626fdc84429", - "label": "JARE 21", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72113b58-d93c-4f52-97a5-d73c4eead2d7", - "label": "JASE TRAVERSE 2007-2008", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "JASE (Japanese-Swedish Antarctic Expedition) is a scientific research project to travel along a 2800 km traverse route across the Antarctic ice sheet. 8 Japanese and 9 Swede leave their coastal stations in November 2007 to meet inland after 1400 km long journeys. To undertake scientific missions over the whole traverse route, two crews and several instruments are exchanged at the meeting point. This project is carried out by NIPR (National Institute of Polar Research), Swedish Polar Rresearch Secretariat and Stockholm University as a contribution to IPY (International Polar Year) 2007-2008.\n\nFor more information, please visit:http://wwwice.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp/~sugishin/photo_album/jase/jase.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72ac10fc-7334-47ba-abd4-ab19959ded16", - "label": "LCTP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Land Cover Trends is a research project designed to document the types and rates, causes, and consequences of land cover change from 1973-2000 within each of 84 ecoregions spanning the conterminous United States.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://edc2.usgs.gov/LT/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72df3434-a5d1-4527-b105-d6ece1ab5c87", - "label": "JARE 22", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7470935a-3df1-4b77-9805-194648a8d852", - "label": "JARE 24", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "776d08e1-814b-4772-883b-d3a1a81ddabe", - "label": "LDCM", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is a joint NASA-United\nStates Geological Survey (USGS) mission to extend the Landsat record\nof multispectral, 30-meter resolution, seasonal, global coverage of\nthe Earth's land surface. However, neither NASA nor the USGS will\nproduce, procure, or operate a spacecraft. Rather, science data will\nbe procured from a vendor who fulfills the requirements of the LDCM\nData Specification. The means or mechanism for acquiring those data\nare at the discretion of the vendor, subject to verification by the\nGovernment that the proposed approach can produce the data and data\nproducts specified. Vendor selection is expected during the first half\nof calendar 2003.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launch scheduled for Fall 2005 as of\n Launch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 705 km\n Sun-Synchronous\n\n Determined by the requirement that the data match the Worldwide\n Reference System-2 path-row scene identification system, to\n maintain Landsat Program data continuity.\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Design Life: 5 years\n\n For more information on LDCM, see\n 'http://ldcm.nasa.gov/'\n or 'http://ldcm.usgs.gov/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7814659b-9175-4c22-8830-9b3b8210b401", - "label": "LIMITE DE LA CUENCA LARSEN", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a2b709b-562c-4131-9795-5997ced89284", - "label": "LARA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The primary goal of the project is to develop a strong science and\nimplementation plan for a long-range aircraft facility supporting\nmultidisciplinary research in the Antarctica. To achieve this goal it will\nconvene scientists representing the Antarctic research community's interest in\naerogeophysical, glaciological, atmospheric and oceanographic science to\ndiscuss scientific problems that can only be addressed through the use of an\ninstrumented, heavy-lift, long-range aircraft.\n\nThe report can be found at\nhttp://www.geo-prose.com/projects/pdfs/lara_report.pdf \n\n[Summary taken from http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/lara/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7de1ec8e-a252-4fac-b812-63738ee6611f", - "label": "LVIS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "NASA's Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor, or 'LVIS', is a scanning laser altimeter instrument that is flown, by aircraft, over target areas to collect data on topography and vegetation coverage. The LVIS, which also includes data from an integrated inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system (GPS), is designed, developed and operated by the Laser Remote Sensing Laboratory, at Goddard Space Flight Center.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttps://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e733b55-2123-4932-b227-eee92ae804cc", - "label": "LICHEN", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Short Title: LICHEN\nProject URL: http://www.polaryear.no/prosjekter/LICHEN\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=82\n\nThis proposal outlines the LICHEN research project, which focuses on the languages and cultures of the northern circumpolar region. Faced with minority languages, governments have pursued policies of assimilation. This has applied to indigenous languages in Canada, to Gaelic and Scots in Scotland, and to Finnic minority languages in the Circumpolar region. The consequence of such policies has been the creation of ambivalent or negative feelings towards the mother tongue already in childhood, leading to low self-esteem, educational underachievement, unemployment and economic deprivation, and a variety of social and health problems. It is thus clear that language and culture are as important to the survival and well-being of populations as more obvious ecological and social issues.\n\nThe aim of the project is twofold: firstly, to create an electronic framework for the collection, management, online display, and exploitation of existing corpora of the languages of the circumpolar regions, which is also applicable to other corpora that represent regional, social and other varieties of languages. To achieve this we rely on close collaboration between several well-established corpus projects to discuss common goals, needs and problems and to identify best practices. Secondly, the project aims to collect, preserve and disseminate information about the languages spoken in the region, thus also enabling research on them. This will also help promote the linguistic confidence and self-image of the speakers of these languages, strengthening their cultural awareness and facilitating cross-cultural communication between these peoples in an age of rapid global change. Thus, the project will benefit not only the academic community, but also the speakers of the languages concerned, and indeed other communities around the world battling with the same kinds of issues.\n\nThe electronic framework is being developed at the University of Oulu, Finland, as a joint venture between the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Humanities and in collaboration with other project members and international experts. Within IPY 2007-2008 both an intranet and an internet version of the framework will be developed. In addition to this the project members will participate in the collection of data and dissemination of information. Each member has a unique goal within the project: some already have data, which may need digitization or formatting to be usable within the framework; others are looking to collect data. All members share a need for common practices and common tools to make the most use out of the data available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "846c4465-17df-47c5-b5e7-7486765a2d5d", - "label": "JARE 18", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n [Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "880bf205-04e9-4f41-ae26-ff458ba63656", - "label": "LINKES", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "2005 Field season: During 1-10 February, the RV Ernest surveyed over 275 n. mi. collecting acoustic backscatter data. At the same time, the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya completed nearly three passes through the nearshore-to-shelf-break survey grid. Stations throughout the survey were occupied at night where CTD and net tow stations were conducted. Also included in this field season were preliminary ... tests of a AUV (Fetch I, Sias-Patterson) which was deployed to conduct bathymetry mapping and determine whether krill swarms could be detected by the vehicle. The AUV work was conducted with Dr. Mark Patterson of VIMS and Sias-Patterson and the Advanced Survey Technologies group at SWFSC led by Dr. David Demer. Except for a near gale which occurred exactly mid-way during the survey period, good weather allowed for extensive survey effort. In addition, instrumented buoys were deployed to test a new engineering design of the buoys used in previous field seasons. Due to technical issues, only limited data were collected during the buoy deployment.\n\n2006 Field season: During 1-10 February, the RV Ernest surveyed over 264 n. mi. collecting acoustic backscatter data. At the same time, the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya completed two passes through the nearshore-to-shelf-break survey grid. Stations throughout the survey were occupied at night where CTD and net tow stations were conducted. An additional small vessel (RV Roald) was deployed with a SIMRAD MS 20 Multibeam echosounder to map bathymetry of the nearshore area and to study krill swarm characteristics. Joint operations (specific survey lines) were conducted with all three vessels). Poor weather and sea state conditions resulted in the loss of two days of survey effort at the beginning and 1 day at the end of the period. We still managed to conduct a comparable amount of survey effort as in 2005 due to few (if any) equipment or vessel malfunctions. Instrumented buoys were deployed and collected data over several days of the survey period.\n\n2007 Field season: During 28 January to 1 February, the RV Ernest surveyed approximately 55 n.mi. collecting acoustic backscatter data. At the same time, the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya completed slightly more than one pass through the nearshore-to-shelf-break survey grid. Stations throughout the survey were occupied at night where CTD and net tow stations were conducted. An additional small vessel (RV Roald) was deployed with a SIMRAD MS 20 Multibeam echosounder to map bathymetry of the nearshore area and to study krill swarm characteristics. Joint operations (specific survey lines) were conducted with the two smaller vessels).The shorter survey period during this field season was a combination of several factors: reduced shiptime for the AMLR survey due to NOAA budgetary constraints (10 day survey period reduced to 7 days) and a combination of weather delays during the AMLR broad area survey and problems with the calibration of the RV Yuzhmorgeologiya echosounder system (7 to 5 days). In addition, during our reduced survey window, we experienced extremely poor weather and dangerous sea conditions which forced us to remain on shore and also damaged equipment when we did venture out. Despite these conditions, we were able to collect data from all three research vessels (Ernest, Roald, Yuzhmorgeologiya) to provide a 3rd year of data for this project. One instrumented buoy was deployed at the start of the nearshore survey period and collected data throughout the survey period.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88827a39-e0e3-4567-af78-73c50c58e7ea", - "label": "K7", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "JAMSTEC-Kyoto University collaborative program", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f7827a1-1417-4492-9250-c977348597c2", - "label": "JGOFS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is a Core Project of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). The goal of JGOFS is to\nimprove knowledge of the processes controlling carbon fluxes between the\natmosphere, surface ocean, ocean interior and its continental margins, and\nto monitor the sensitivity of these fluxes with respect to climate\nchanges. The study covers regional to global spatial scales and seasonal\nto interannual time scales.\nJGOFS is divided into several task teams including: global survey, process\nstudy, deep ocean flux, continental margins, photosynthesis measurements,\nremote sensing, time series, synthesis and modelling, and data management.\nA global carbon dioxide (CO2) air-sea flux survey is being carried out in\nclose collaboration with the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) World\nOcean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Process studies are regional and\noccur in the North Atlantic, Equatorial Pacific, North Pacific, the\nArabian Sea, and the Southern Ocean. Time series studies include the\nBermuda-Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS); the Hawaii Ocean Time-series\n(HOTS); European Station for Time-Series in the Ocean, Canary Islands\n(ESTOC); Ocean Station Papa (PAPA); and Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time\nSeries (KNOT).\nContact:\n-------\nJGOFS International Project Office\nCentre for Studies of Environment and Resources (SMR)\nUniversity of Bergen\nBergen High-Technology Centre\nN-5020 Bergen\nNorway\nTel: (+47) 555 84246\nFax: (+47) 555 89687\nemail: jgofs@smr.uib.no\nURL: 'http://ads.smr.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.htm'\n[This information was adapted from the IGBP and JGOFS IPO websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95a821fb-8e08-476c-8ad2-5cc9e7b8fc3e", - "label": "LBA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is an international research initiative conducted from 1995-2005 and led by Brazil. The LBA Project encompasses several scientific disciplines, or components. The LBA-ECO component focuses on the question: 'How do tropical forest conversion, regrowth, and selective logging influence carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, trace gas fluxes, and the prospect for sustainable land use in Amazonia?' \n\nThe Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is the largest remaining expanse of tropical rain forest on Earth, harboring approximately one-third of all Earth's species. Although the jungle's area is so large that it reaches out into several different countries, most of its area is located within the Brazilian territory. Despite three centuries of scientific study in Amazonia, only a small fraction of its biological richness has been revealed. \n\nhttp://daac.ornl.gov/LBA/lba.shtml\n\nSummary provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "95ca30fa-625e-4b18-b003-240841efa9b5", - "label": "LASE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) program was initiated\nas an effort to produce an autonomous system for measuring water vapor\nlevels from airborne and spaceborne platforms using LIDAR technology.\n\n Objectives include:\n\n 1. Develop and demonstrate autonomous DIAL systems from airborne\n and spaceborne platforms.\n\n 2. Measure water vapor, aerosol, and cloud profiles from a high\n altitude extended range U-2 (ER-2) aircraft.\n\n Use of experiment:\n\n 1. Studies of air mass modification\n 2. Studies of latent heatflux\n 3. Studies of the water vapor component of the hydrological\n cycle\n 4. Studies of atmospheric transport using water vapor as a\n tracer of atmospheric motions\n\nThe simultaneous measurement of aerosol and cloud distributions can\nprovide important information on atmospheric structure and transport,\nand many meteorological parameters can also be inferred from these\ndata. In addition, the impact of subvisible and visible aerosol/cloud\nlayers on passive satellite measurements and radiation budgets can be\nassessed. The atmospheric science investigations that can be conducted\nwith LASE are greatly enhanced because measurements of water vapor\nprofiles and column content are made simultaneously with aerosol and\ncloud distributions\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lase/ASDlase.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "992c1887-5567-4b7e-b069-02982c672db6", - "label": "LCLUC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "LCLUC is NASA's Land Use Land Cover Change program http://lcluc.umd.edu/.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9b85cbce-d0fe-4f33-b504-1467655209d7", - "label": "JARE 41", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ccac021-84a6-4907-ac99-5da3a675ead2", - "label": "LGP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP, http://www.lgp.aq/) is aimed at increasing our understanding of the complex marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems that exist along the Victoria Land coast of the Ross Sea region, and using this understanding to determine the effects of environmental change on these ecosystems. Five sites have been chosen for study. Sites studied to date are:Cape Hallett, northern Victoria Land (2003-2006); Terra Nova Bay (2006-2008); Darwin Glacier region (2006-2009). Future proposed sites ar Granite Harbour and the Beardmore Glacier region. This is a multidisciplinary project involving New Zealand, U.S. and Italian research groups.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d1e0a31-891b-4a16-a049-e77f1681aec2", - "label": "LPVEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Light Precipitation Validation Experiment (LPVEx) was an international field project to evaluate and improve satellite precipitation estimates at high latitudes. In situ and remote measurements of liquid and frozen precipitation from the ground, aircraft, and satellites were collected in the vicinity of Helsnki, Finland from September 15-December 31, 2010. \n\nThese data, associated model simulations, and related documentation are archived here. Daily operations summaries and datasets can be accessed through the Calendar page while longer data records can be identified and ordered through the Data Center.\n\nhttp://lpvex.atmos.colostate.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d98b5a0-81ec-4b35-b559-4cf87ad6587d", - "label": "LS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The LandScan data set is a worldwide population database\ncompiled on a 30' X 30' latitude/longitude grid. Census counts\n(at sub-national level) were apportioned to each grid cell based\non likelihood coefficients, which are based on proximity to\nroads, slope, land cover, nighttime lights, and other data\nsets. LandScan 2001 has been developed as part of Oak Ridge\nNational Laboratory (ORNL) Global Population Project for\nestimating ambient populations at risk. The LandScan files are\navailable via the internet in ESRI grid format by continent and\nfor the world.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.ornl.gov/gist/landscan/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by ORNL]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0b44aaa-07d2-485e-9acd-634639587018", - "label": "JAPACS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Japanese Pacific Climate Study (JAPACS) program was launched by STA\nto study the impact of ENSO on the climate in and around the Pacific. \n\nInformation provided by www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/future/pdf/Contents1.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a82d7e56-6903-496b-ab36-0b5496e8936c", - "label": "JASON-1", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Jason-1 is the first follow-on to the highly successful TOPEX/Poseidon\nmission that measured ocean surface topography to an accuracy of 4.2\ncm, enabled scientists to forecast the 1997-1998 El Nino, and improved\nunderstanding of ocean circulation and its effect of global\nclimate. The joint NASA-CNES program launched Jason-1 on December 7,\n2002 from Vandenberg AFB, CA. Like TOPEX/Poseidon, the payload\nincludes both American and French instruments. Jason-1 altimeter data\nis part of a suite of data provided by other JPL-managed ocean\nmissions--the GRACE mission will use two satellites to accurately\nmeasure Earth's mass distribution, and the QuikSCAT scatterometer\nmission will measure ocean-surface winds.\n\nFrom the moment the Jason-1 project began in September 1993 to the\nofficial memorandum of understanding in December 1996 and the\nsatellite launch in December 2002, cooperation between CNES and NASA\nhas been the driving force behind its success. The two space agencies\nhave combined their expertise in satellite design and operation,\nparticularly for the ground segment-the nerve centre of the\nmission. NASA has responsibility for satellite control and the\ninstruments it is supplying. To operate the satellite and process and\nexploit data, CNES has developed the SSALTO multimission altimetry\ncentre. SSALTO also processes data from TOPEX/Poseidon and Envisat,\nand controls and operates the Poseidon and DORIS instruments\n(including DORIS on the Spot series of satellites). JPL also uses\nSSALTO for Jason-1.\n\nFor more information on Jason-1, see:\n'http://www-aviso.cls.fr/html/missions/jason/welcome_uk.html'\n\nand\n\n'http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.html'\n\nFor more information on Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), see:\n'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ad1a4b07-6136-4ed7-af29-906930630bd4", - "label": "K-T BIOGENIC RELATIONSHIPS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adcec9af-324c-414d-8a98-a2d023d638d4", - "label": "JC-JSOD", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Japan-China Joint Study on Desertification (JC-JSOD) involves\nfield of surveys in the Taklimakan desert and the surrounding\narea, and the semi-arid region surrounding Naiman. The study\nshould contribute to comprehensive research on desertification\nmechanism, basic research on the improvement of the prevention\ntechnology for desertification.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www-dir.jst.go.jp/tenkai/scf/sa/sa-txt/sa101-te.html'\n\n[Summary provided by the Space Technology Agency]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "afed3824-e60b-4e9b-9a9f-54863a6d61e1", - "label": "JRB-GEOLOGY-PALAEONTOLOGY", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "This multidisciplinary project is included in the geological research performed\nduring the last years on the James Ross Basin, Antarctica, by the IAA-DNA.\nAccording to this a 3 year working plan have been elaborated with a starting\nfield trip during 2001.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://xena2-prod.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/gdp/search?action=fullMetadata&entryType=productCollection&entryId=20014&entryLang=fr&language=en", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3abc0c8-6108-4047-a96b-985a4f74ad05", - "label": "LWP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Last of the Wild Dataset of the Last of the Wild Project, Version 1, 2002 (LWP-1) is derived from the LWP-1 Human Footprint Dataset. The gridded data are classified according to their raster value (wild = 0-10; not wild >10). The ten largest polygons of more than 5 square kilometers within each biome by realm are selected and identified. This dataset is produced by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), and is available in the Interrupted Goode Homolosine Projection (IGHP) system. \n\nInformation provided by http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gateway/guides/lwpv1_lwighp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4076b49-fcc7-4825-a759-01e4a43b64a7", - "label": "LTMS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "LTMS objectives:\n\n* Provide weather data from surface and upper air measurements for forecasting and showing climatic trends\n* Observe annual changes in upper atmosphere ozone concentrations\n* Sample air and snow to monitor changes in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and in the ice\n* Measure global lightning and wave activity in the magnetosphere\n* Measure the temperature of the mesosphere (87 km above the Earth’s surface)\n* Monitor selected marine species in the Scotia Sea\n* Measure changes in ocean currents, nutrients and temperature\n* Take sea-ice observations to identify annual and ten-year trends\n* Survey the diversity of groups of organisms on land and at sea\n* Carry out geological and geophysical surveys, and surveys of ice and surface features in British Antarctic Territory", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf143a7f-f803-49c8-bcad-48cfdf30dfdd", - "label": "KINNVIKA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Short Title: Kinnvika\nProject URL: http://www.kinnvika.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=58\n\nWe will mount a series of research expeditions during IPY to Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, the northernmost island in the Nordic Arctic sector which is 90% ice covered. The multi-disciplinal and multi-national initiative is composed by 26 projects, having individual goals, but well integrated common themes (http://www.eld.geo.uu.se/IPY/projects). The spectrum of projects from geosciences to the humanities, investigates how the environmental and anthropogenic dynamics have changed recently in comparison with past records of change from existing expedition logs and photographs, proxy climate data from ice-, lake- and sea-sediment cores, and dynamic studies both on terrestrial as marine ice, comprising more than 80 Principal Investigators (www.eld.geo.uu.se/IPY/personnel). \n\nWe will monitor atmospheric, terrestrial and cryospheric chemical, and physical fluxes continuously over, and beyond, the period of the IPY. The activities will be integrated to existing research and monitoring in Svalbard as well as to relevant IPY projects to which Kinnvika base will serve an important add on site.Historical remains in the field and in archives from a succession of cultures of whale hunting, trapping, exploration and mineral exploitation are abundant on Nordaustlandet and northwestern Spitsbergen. Economic change and cultural variability are major themes in the interdisciplinary humanistic research that will investigate these traces at significant sites, esp. natural harbors located at good hunting grounds of the past. Historical archaeology, including pioneering arctic marine archaeology, will be combined with scientific investigations of e.g. soil chemistry, erosion and local biological alterations resulting from human interaction with the wilderness of Spitsbergen. History of science will be a major integrating endeavor in this, relating a temporal and geographical sequence of aboriginal and Western knowledge projects to the crucial transition from colonial to post-colonial arctic science and scholarship.Earlier research expedition data viewed through modern surveys and data gathering will provide data on the degree of change and variability in this particular system. Proxy-records from a variety of natural archives will bring a time-dimension to more process-focused or monitoring studies. Special attention will be paid to the response of the cryosphere to past climate and environmental changes. This is closely linked to geological assessment of glacial history and monitoring of atmospheric pollutant transport pathways. Advanced statistical methods and numerical models will be used to elucidate linkages between the systems and global teleconnections. In addition the biological legacy of the 1957-58 IGY will be explored via investigation of anthropogenically disturbed vegetation, soils, and soil biology (invertebrates, microbes) to determine the persistence of human influence on semi-desert ecosystems. We aim to provide a platform for broadband scientific endeavour into a relatively poorly investigated part of the Svalbard Archipelago. The plethora of instruments and methods we plan to unleash are required to fully measure change and variability in the Arctic system both from the human use to the resonances within the natural system. For synergies sought between different research fields, see (www.eld.geo.uu.se/IPY/synergies).We will provide a legacy in the form of a renovated scientific base for future, primarily Nordic field research on Nordaustlandet", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bf8f8e2d-6512-4b13-a009-7459f0131023", - "label": "JARE 28", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1c5214a-d77d-41b2-9a37-83d386f20e12", - "label": "LANDMAP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Following the successful completion of the Landmap Project the\nManchester InforMation and Associated Services (MIMAS), The University\nof Manchester, University College London, and Eduserv are pleased to\nannounce the release of the products and services produced by The\nLandmap Project and MIMAS to the Academic Community in the British\nIsles. The following Institutions are Licensed to access the Landmap\nData and services at MIMAS. If your institute is not licensed you can\nget a License from http://www.chest.ac.uk/datasets/landmap. These data\nsets are currently free up till July 2003.\n\nThe JISC funded Landmap Project is a joint project between MIMAS and\nUniversity College London Dept. of Geomatic Engineering and other\nproject partners. (A full list of the project participants is under\nthe Project Team link of this website.) The project was envisaged to\nprovide orthorectified satellite image mosaics of Landsat, SPOT and\nERS radar data and a high resolution Digital Elevation Model for the\nBritish Isles. This data is now available in formats that are readily\naccessible to users of Geographic Information Systems, Image\nProcessing and Desktop publishing software .\n\n Contacts:\n\n Accessing the data: info@mimas.ac.uk, MIMAS\n\n Processing your own data: info@mimas.ac.uk, MIMAS\n\n SAR techniques and DEM research: Prof. J.-P. Muller, Department\n of Geomatic Engineering, UCL\n\n GPS techniques and research: Prof. Paul Cross, Head of the\n Department of Geomatic Engineering, UCL\n\n Plannimetric accuracy: Prof. Ian Dowman, Department of Geomatic\n Engineering, UCL\n\n GIS techniques and research: Jeremy Morley, Department of\n Geomatic Engineering, UCL\n\n SAR processing software: Andy Smith, Phoenix Systems\n\n General enquiries: info@mimas.ac.uk, MIMAS\n\n For more information on LANDMAP, link to\n 'http://www.landmap.ac.uk/'\n\n [Summary provided by the University of Manchester]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c5dda293-723a-460b-87a1-ebddc2b3e565", - "label": "LIE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The goals of the Line Islands Experiment can be placed into three broad categories: To provide a data sample for basic observational studies of meteorological phenomena in the oceanic portion of the Equatorial Trough Zone. To be sure, the Trough Zone has not gone unobserved in the past; some oceanographic data exist, some surface and upper-air data exist, and some satellite observations exist. However, all these data have the crucial deficiency that they are uncorrelated, and/or that much of the atmospheric data comes from the vicinity of large islands or continents -- introducing complicating effects that, in the primitive state of our knowledge, are difficult to account for. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0669284", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c6c76150-ecb5-405e-9ade-c3aeeeb78046", - "label": "JMA55", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7b9a2a6-0dce-4daa-980d-3bdfd0eba478", - "label": "LTBRA.", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lake Tahoe Basin Riparian Assessment (LTBRA) is a study\nsupported by the United States Forest Service Lake Tahoe Basin\nManagement Unit and researchers at the University of Nevada at\nReno which involves an assessment of channel conditions and\nwildlife habitat in the riparian corridors of fifteen streams in\nthe Tahoe Basin. This study was funded in part by the California\nTahoe Conservancy. The study produced several sets of geographic\ndata for each of the riparian corridors.\n\nData Sets Include:\n\n1. Ground Cover Classification\n2. Channel Classification\n3. Videography Images\n4. Digital Images\n\nStreams Included in this study:\n\n'A' Priority Streams:\nBig Meadow, Blackwood Creek, Burton Creek,\nCold Creek, Meeks Creek, Taylor Creek, Trout Creek, Upper\nTruckee River, Ward Creek, Watson Creek\n\n'B' Priority Streams:\nBurke Creek, Marlette Creek, Slaughterhouse Creek, Third Creek.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.tahoecons.ca.gov/library/rip_data/'\n\n[Summary provided by California Tahoe Conservancy]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ca6ea964-4416-4339-a89c-90efe5c15556", - "label": "JMA25", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cac0d555-ef19-4ea5-8b86-a326ff25e3cd", - "label": "LMREI", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lower Misouri River Ecosystem Initiative (LMREI) began in 1994 at\nthe U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental Research\nCenter in Columbia, Missouri. The goal of the LMREI was to\npartner with others to facilitate the transfer of Missouri River\nscientific data and other information needed by river management\nagencies and local, state, and federal decision makers.\n\nObjectives:\n\n1. Develope partnerships to facilitate communication and\ncooperation among agencies and the public.\n\n2. Create an information clearinghouse to serve as an access\npoint for data and information.\n\n3. House a geographic information system (GIS) lab to transform\ndata into maps for landscape-scale resource analysis.\n\n4. Assist in river monitoring and research projects.\n\nFor more information link to\n'http://www.cerc.cr.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfDocs/LMREI.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc36396f-bead-4d45-8357-8f494b013418", - "label": "LASHIPA", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Short Title: LASHIPA\nProject URL: http://www.lashipa.nl/\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=10\n\nIntroduction:\n\nThe exploitation of natural resources in polar areas is an instructive example of the way man is exploiting the natural resources in the world. The voyages of discovery in the second half of the 16th century and later, during the so called Heroic Century of Polar Exploration (1870-1920), including the first International Polar Year (1882-1883), made it possible for the western colonial powers to penetrate into the polar areas. The voyages of discovery not only led to the exploitation of natural resources but also to scientific research. In both cases, stations were built to facilitate the work and to lodge the people. According to Friedmann’s core/periphery concept (1966) the polar areas can be called Resource Frontier Regions because they produce raw material for the industrial centres in the world core areas (Sugden 1982). Whaling, fur hunting and mining have produced raw materials for the international market for more than 400 years. These activities were carried out by companies and people from outside the polar regions. The companies belonged to the worldwide actor networks (Latour 1986, Law & Callon 1992) in the core areas and local networks in the polar areas.It is notable how similar the developments were in both polar areas. One can divide the exploitation of natural resources in both areas into two phases: directly after the discovery a first phase in which fur hunters and whalers from different countries were active and a second phase in which the activities were focussed on the exploitation of minerals.Scientific research has increased the knowledge of both areas and contributed to the understanding of global processes. The industrial settlements and the research stations have played an important geopolitical role and have serious impact on the natural environment and in the Arctic on indigenous communities. Many sites belong to the polar cultural heritage nowadays. \n\nAim and strategy:\n\nUntil now, the history of science in and exploitation of polar areas were almost exclusively studied from a regional and national approach based on written sources from the archives in the countries in the core region. The aim of this project is to study the various (hunting, whaling, mining and research) settlements/stations from a bipolar, international and comparative perspective. Field and archive research will be done to collect the necessary data. The outcome of the various studies will be compared with each other to acquire more knowledge about the history of scientific research and the exploitation of the natural resources, the impact on the natural environment and the indigenous peoples. Finally the geopolitical consequences of the stations will be studied using written and material sources.The project will start in 2006 with archive research carried out to acquire more insight into the historical context. Much archive research will be done by the participants of the project in their various countries. This will produce a body of documentation, photo and film material which may be used not only for research but also in outreach activities. Field surveys will be carried out jointly on various already known sites in both polar areas. Several selected sites will be mapped and photo documented completely and compared with archival data. In 2007-2008 field work will be done on places difficult to reach. The data analysis of the various sites will be carried out jointly. The databases and maps will be collected in Groningen and made available for cultural heritage purposes and outreach activities. Finally a synthesis will be made which will be published in a joint publication in English and translated in several other languages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc8cdc10-b695-4702-b0e5-621ed37a1545", - "label": "JARE 20", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n [Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd08a8b0-966e-4a29-b157-b0173b5b84b8", - "label": "LAKE MICHIGAN ECOL. MONITOR", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cdafc426-6136-4725-9174-ad7caf192e92", - "label": "LAWN", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Local meteorology drives and shapes all ecological systems. One of the first objectives of the McMurdo LTER was to establish a meteorological network that would gather representative weather data year-round from the dry valleys. The McMurdo LTER Automatic Weather Network (LAWN) currently consists of 13 stations Stations are now operational at Explorer's Cove, in Beacon Valley and on the shores of Lakes Fryxell, Hoare, Bonney, Brownworth, Vanda, and Vida and on the Commonwealth, Howard, and Taylor glaciers. Stations routinely sample sensors every 30 seconds and send summary statistics (averages, maximums, etc.) to solid-state storage modules every 15 minutes. Several temporary meteorological stations have been set-up on Canada and Taylor glaciers since the LTER started. Data are accessible on the metadata page for each station. \n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nLAWN Meteorological Station Measurements \nTo query air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, radiation and soil temperature of any station, click here.\n\n\nTo query multiple parameters simultaneously, click here \n\nTo query AVERAGE(DAILY and MONTHLY)air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, radiation and soil temperature of any station, \n\nInformation provided by http://huey.colorado.edu/LTER/meteordata.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0bfb1b4-6e96-489b-a68d-62908fdaa603", - "label": "JASON-3", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d154c03b-8197-4d29-b653-633d1333e525", - "label": "L-RERP", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "In 1979, scientists at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory began investigating the sources, transformation, transport and fate of pollutants in Puget Sound and its watershed under Sec.^202 of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1971 (P.L.^92-532) which called in part for `...a comprehensive and continuing program of research with respect to the possible long range effects of pollution, overfishing, and man-induced changes of ocean ecosystems...` The effort was called the Long-Range Effects Research Program (L-RERP) after language in the Act and was later called the PMEL Marine Environmental Quality Program.^The Long-Range Effect Research Program consisted of (1) sampling dissolved and particulate constituents in the water column by bottle sampling, (2) sampling settling particles by sediment trap and (3) sampling sediments by grab, box, gravity and Kasten corers.^In the Data Report, a variety of data from particles collected in 104 traps deployed on 34 moorings in open waters between 1980 and 1985 are presented.^The text of the data report begins with the sampling and analytical methods with the accompanying quality control/quality assurance data.^The text of the data sections are a summary of the available data and published literature in which the data is interpreted along with a catalogue of the data available in the Appendix (on microfiche located in the back pocket of the data report).\n\nInformation provided by http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5229715", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d419eaa5-a761-4020-9e2b-6465fc17f09b", - "label": "KONVEX", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Konza Validation Experiment (KONVEX) occured during the week of\n11-18 July, 1999. The MISR team made continual sunphotometer\nobservations during the week from its Reagan, Cimel, and MFRSR\ninstruments. Radiance samples covering both the upwelling and\ndownwelling hemispheres were acquired using the PARABOLA III.\n\nFor more information, link to the summary report at\n'http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/valwork/val_\n xreports/konza99/990713_konza_summary.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d58ad0c8-1471-4c38-bb10-37301f7ef7b5", - "label": "LOWS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lake Ontario Winter Storms (LOWS; Reinking et al. 1993) project is an example of a wintertime field experiment where man–machine forecasting played an important role. The experiment was conducted between 5 January and 1 March 1990 over the Lake Ontario region. The main project objective was to improve forecasting of lake-effect snowstorms and freezing rain events over and near Lake Ontario. Guidance for field operations was provided by a lead forecaster at the NWS Forecast Office in Buffalo, New York, who worked with a project forecast committee. A lake snow outlook was provided four times daily. Data from ground-based project facilities as well as model output from a locally run version of the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model version 4 MM4 were used to assist forecasters. The focus in LOWS was on precipitation and not on PBL development, and measurement facilities did not include aircraft. Thus, project forecasters did not explicitly have to target features like PBL depth or visibility so they could take advantage of existing statistical models and decision trees (e.g., machines) for lake-effect snow.\n\nSummary provided by http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0434(1999)014%3C0955%3AFDTLIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6cd3c84-8553-4740-b489-3a9d1e8f4380", - "label": "LULC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data consists of historical land use and land cover classification data that was based primarily on the manual interpretation of 1970's and 1980's aerial photography. Secondary sources included land use maps and surveys. There are 21 possible categories of cover type. Along with the LULC files, associated maps are included which provide additional information on political units, hydrologic units, census county subdivisions, and Federal and State land ownership.\n\nLULC data is available for the conterminous U.S. and Hawaii, but coverage is not complete for all areas. The data is based on 1:100,000- and 1:250,000-scale USGS topographic quadrangles.\n\nAll LULC files are cast to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, and referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The files are available in GIRAS (Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System) or CTG (Composite Theme Grid) format.\n\nThe spatial resolution for all LULC files will depend on the format and feature type. Files in GIRAS format will have a minimum polygon area of 10 acres (4 hectares) with a minimum width of 660 feet (200 meters) for manmade features. Non-urban or natural features have a minimum polygon area of 40 acres (16 hectares) with a minimum width of 1320 feet (400 meters). Files in CTG format will have a resolution of 30 meters.\n\nhttps://lta.cr.usgs.gov/LULC", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9f44ed7-391f-4d81-af99-3af55a38adae", - "label": "LTER", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The National Science Foundation (NSF) established the U.S. Long-Term\nEcological Reseach (LTER) Program in 1980 to conduct research on\nlong-term eclogical phenomena in the United States. There are 19 sites\nin the LTER Network representing over 600 LTER scientists and\nstudents. LTER sites share a common commitment to long-term research\non the following core research topics:\no Pattern and control of primary production\no Spatial and temporal distribution of populations selected to\nrepresent trophic structure.\no Pattern and control of organic matter accumulation in surface layers\nand sediments.\no Patterns of inorganic inputs and movements of nutrients through\nsoils, groundwater and surface waters.\no Patterns and frequency of site disturbances.\nThe LTER Network consists of the following sites:\n1. H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (AND), Oregon.\n2. Arctic Tundra (ARC), Alaska\n3. Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest (BNZ), Alaska.\n4. Cedar Creek Natural History Area (CDR), Minnesota.\n5. Central Plains Experimental Range (CPR), Colorado.\n6. Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (CWT), North Carolina.\n7. Harvard Forest (HFR), Massachusetts.\n8. Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBR), New Hampshire.\n9. Jornada Experimental Range (JRN), New Mexico.\n10. Kellogg Biological Station (KBS), Michigan.\n11. Konza Prarie Research Natural Area (KNZ), Kansas.\n12. Luquillo Experimental Forest (LUQ), Puerto Rico.\n13. MacMurdo Dry Valleys (MAC), Antarctica.\n14. North Inlet Marsh (NIN), South Carolina.\n15. Niwot Ridge-Green Lakes Valley (NWT), Colorado.\n15. North Temperate Lakes (NTL), Wisconsin.\n16. Palmer Station (PAL), Antarctica.\n17. Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (SEV), New Mexico.\n18. Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR), Virginia.\nThe LTER Network Office is located at the University of Washington in\nSeattle. The Office provides leadership and coordination among LTER\nsites and the scientific community, provides electronic networking and\ndata management, and publications.\nThe LTER Network Office has also established the LTER Remote Sensing\nand GIS Laboratory to syhthesize large-scale spatial analysis, using\nsatellite data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).\nReference:\nContacts:\nRudolf Nottrott\nLTER Network Office\nUniversity of Washington\nCollege of Forest Resources AR-10\nSeattle, Washington 98195\nPhone: 206-543-8492\nFAX: 206-685-0790\nEmail: Internet > RNott@LTERnet.edu\nNSF, Division of Environmental Biology\nLong-Term Projects in Environmental Biology\nPhone: 202-357-9596\nEmail: Internet > jCallaha@nsf.gov\nData Availability:\nAvailability of LTER data can be determined through the LTER Network\nOffice. The LTER Network Office maintains an Internet gopher server\navailable though most Internet gopher clients and a Home Page on the\nWorld Wide Web (WWW). A searchable on-line core dataset information\ncatalog, FTP directories, LTER personnel, and bibliography is\navailable as well as other LTER services. The dataset catalog,\nbibliography and personnel directory databases are WAIS-indexed to\nallow searches on text strings. If you have a gopher client on your\nhost system, enter 'gopher LTERnet.edu' or access the LTER Home Page\non WWW.\nThe LTERnet also has a directory of Landsat images for several sites\navailable on the Gopher. Also, Gopher servers from some of the LTER\nsites are presently linked into LTERnet, providing information\nspecific to those sites. These can also be accessed through WWW.\nAll of the LTER information on Gopher and FTP is accessible through\nthe LTER Home Page on the World Wide Web (WWW) which can be browsed\nusing publically available software like MOSAIC. The address for the\nLTER Home Page is:\n'http://lternet.edu/'\nInstructions on how to query the Core Dataset Catalog by e-mail rather\nthan through Gopher, send any message to Catalog@LTERnet.edu.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da7cd5d3-40d0-43b2-9532-3412ce48749f", - "label": "LEADS ARI", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The objective of the Arctic Leads ARI was to gain a better\nunderstanding of lead dynamics. As part of the project, the\nArctic Leads ARI Data Set was created to encourage the assembly\nof an arctic leads climatology. The ARI was sponsored by the\nOffice of Naval Research (ONR) and included the LeadEx field\nexperiment in the spring of 1992. The Arctic Leads ARI project\nwas supported by ONR under Program Element No. 61153N with\nDr. Thomas Curtin as Program Manager. Distribution of the data\nset is supported by NASA under its Earth Observing System Data\nand Information System (EOSDIS) program.\n\nThe goal of the five year Arctic Leads ARI was a more thorough\nunderstanding of the oceanography, meteorology, and ice dynamics\nsurrounding lead formation and evolution.\n\nContact Information:\n\nNSIDC User Services\nCampus Box 449,\nUniversity of Colorado,\nBoulder, CO 80309-0449 USA\n\nTelephone: (303) 492-6199\nFax: (303) 492-2468\nE-Mail: nsidc@nsidc.org\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/arctic_leads_ari_campaign.gd.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db0e55c2-5654-452a-abc9-20cc9e417337", - "label": "KOPRI Based Project", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db348fcc-9ede-41ea-8b77-6b55c7985c54", - "label": "LMOS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "The Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS) is a multi-year cooperative\n interstate and federal effort that is seeking a regional\n solution to the ozone nonattainment problem in the Lake\n Michigan area, which includes portions of Illinois, Indiana,\n Michigan, and Wisconsin. A key objective of LMOS is to provide\n the Lake Michigan States with a technically credible\n photochemical modeling system that can be used in developing a\n regional emissions control strategy. Initial efforts involved\n the conduct of a field program during the summer of 1991,\n analyses of the data collected in the field study, the\n development of gridded, day-specific emissions estimates for\n four ozone episodes, application of a prognostic model to\n provide meteorological inputs, adaptation of the Urban Airshed\n Model (UAM-V) to the study area, evaluation of model\n performance, and the conduct of model sensitivity studies. The\n EPA has approved usage of the LMOS modeling system for\n developing revisions to the SIPs for the fo! ur Lake Michigan\n States.\n\n The Lake Michigan Ozone Control Program (LMOP) is also a\n cooperative interstate and federal effort that represents the\n regulatory continuation of LMOS. The initial goal of LMOP was to\n develop an effective regional control strategy that will provide\n for attainment of the ozone National Ambient Air Quality\n Standard (NAAQS) by the statuatory dates, and to submit\n individual State Implementation Plans that reflect this regional\n strategy. The long-term goal is to provide a mechanism for the\n Lake Michigan States to work together to ensure successful\n implementation of the regional strategy, and if appropriate,\n revision of the regional strategy, to achieve attainment (and\n maintenance) of the NAAQS.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://ws2.camsys.com/domino/html/nchrp833/databases/nch833a.nsf/\n 579d47b8e7fa22ef852561f700572e3b/5d60d2d00b5542dc88256268006c4426?OpenDocument'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dfafa063-f7be-4266-9d7d-afa2ed9fac54", - "label": "KPDC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0d64bd4-d8df-4c72-9657-28e0a74b4132", - "label": "JARE 26", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6c5b00e-b5f8-4ae1-8775-eda40247d707", - "label": "JARE 23", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "A number of governmental agencies cooperatively conduct Japanese\n Antarctic research under the name of the Japanese Antarctic\n Research Expedition (JARE). All decisions and approval of\n proposals for research activities rest with the Headquarters of\n JARE under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education,\n Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Secretariat of the\n JARE Headquarters belongs to the Science and International\n Affairs Bureau, Monbukagakusho. The task of NIPR is to operate\n JARE both for scientific programs and logistics, except the\n transportation of personnel and materials by the icebreaker\n Shirase from Japan to Antarctica. Scientific programs at Syowa\n Station cover the following fields: upper atmosphere physics,\n meteorology, seismology, gravimetry, geodesy and cartography,\n oceanography, glaciology, geology, geography, marine and\n terrestrial biology, and medical research. Programs offered on\n board the Shirase include the following subjects: ionosphere,\n meteorology, geomagnetism, gravimetry, and physical, chemical\n and biological oceanography. All Japanese scientific stations\n in Antarctica belong to NIPR. Syowa Station, the mother station\n of JARE, was established in January 1957, at 69?00'S and\n 39?35'E on East Ongul Island, Lutzow-Holm Bay, East\n Antarctica. The total floor area of the buildings has increased\n from 184m? (3 buildings) in 1957 to 5,930.5m? (48 buildings)\n and other outdoor facilities in 2001. Mizuho Station was\n established in July 1970 along the geomagnetic meridian passing\n through Syowa Station. It is located on the inland ice sheet at\n 70?42'S and 44?20'E (2,230m above sea level), about 270km\n southeast of Syowa. After intermittent occupation, a few\n members maintained year-round operation from 1976 to 1986,\n making observations on meteorology, glaciology, and upper\n atmosphere physics. It has been closed since 1987 and is\n occasionally visited by some parties for meteorological and\n glaciological observations. Asuka Station was established in\n December 1984 on the ice sheet north of the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains, at 71?32'S and 24?08'E (930m above sea level). Most\n of the station facilities of about 450m? in total floor area\n have become buried under snow. The principal role of the\n station is to support field work in geology, geomorphology,\n meteorite searches, glaciology and biology in the Sor-Rondane\n Mountains. However, year-round observations including\n meteorology, glaciology, solid earth geophysics, and upper\n atmosphere physics were conducted between 1987 to 1991. Since\n 1991, the station activities have been suspended. Dome Fuji\n Station equipped with 8 buildings, 407m? in total, was\n established in 1995 at 77?19'01'S and 39?42'12'E (3,810m above\n sea level) for the deep drilling program and atmospheric\n observations. In recent years, environmental protection of\n Antarctica and its unique ecosystems has become increasingly\n important in planning and conducting Antarctic research. In\n accordance with the protocol on environmental protection in the\n Antarctic Treaty, appropriate procedures for environmental\n protection are followed in the Japanese Antarctic Research\n Expeditions. A new program for monitoring changes in global\n and regional environments and ecosystems was started at Syowa\n Station and its coastal and inland vicinity in 1997. The\n monitoring programs include major parameters of atmospheric\n glaciological, solid geophysical and biological changes, such\n as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, sea level,\n population of penguins etc. Pollutants in seawater, ice or snow\n and in animals, such as heavy metals and organic chlorinated\n compounds derived from global and regional sources, are\n occasionally measured. The monitoring of global environmental\n change is an essential part of basic scientific programs as\n described in the previous chapter.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/antarctic/t01_jare.html'\n\n[Summary provided by National Institute of Polar Research]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e88ae068-b9ea-4b3a-afd0-f80cba5042fe", - "label": "LACIE", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "Source: USDA/FAS Crop Explorer homepage, http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/datasources.cfm ]\n\nThe main cooperating agencies for the LACIE and AgRISTARS programs were the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). These programs were the first joint effort by the U.S. government to use satellite imagery to continuously monitor and assess crop production over selected areas of the world. The AgRISTARS program followed the LACIE program and it developed many operational models and NOAA-AVHRR processing procedures currently used by PECAD and CADRE.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3044b8a-6035-4623-bf67-cd457c6e70ef", - "label": "LARC", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "LARC is an acronym, which stands for Laboratorio Antartico de Radiacion Cosmica\n(Antarctic Laboratory for Cosmic Rays). LARC project started about ten years\nago as a uniquely Chilean project, but approximately five years ago the\ncosmic-ray section of IFSI/CNR was called to collaborate with the Chilean\nresearchers both for experimental and theoretical works. A detailed Proposal\nentitled Cosmic Rays in Antarctica was submitted to the Italian Antarctic\nResearch Program (PNRA/MURST, 1992-96) and it was approved. The Italian\ncounterpart joined the project in November 1993 through the signature of a\nformal agreement (convention) between the Chilean Laboratory for Cosmic Rays\n(University of Chile - Santiago) and the Italian Project Cosmic Rays in the\nHeliosphere (IFSI/CNR - Rome). Immediately, the agreement was submitted to the\nINACH (Instituto Antartico Chileno) and to the PNRA. The Italy/Chile\ncollaboration is made in the frame of the International Decade for Scientific\nCupertino in Antarctica (1991-2000).\n\nThe main objective for the LARC project is the study of the cosmic-ray\nradiation in the high-latitude southern Latin-American sector, which is not\ncovered by the worldwide network of cosmic-ray detectors. A standard super\nneutron monitor (6-NM-64 type - IQSY detector) is operating on King George\nIsland (South Shetland Island - Fildes Bay - Ardley Cove) since January 19,\n1991. The place is the seat of the E. Frei Base and the Tte. Marsh airport with\nLas Estrellas Village and a Meteorological Center.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbaf6f60-9018-43eb-973b-c2fcfaa07e4a", - "label": "LISTOS", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "To investigate the evolving nature of ozone formation and transport in the NYC region and downwind, NESCAUM has launched the Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study (LISTOS). LISTOS involves a large group of researchers with state and federal agencies and academia that bring a diverse set of resources, expertise, and instrumentation skills. These encompass satellite, aircraft, balloon (ozone sondes), marine, and ground-based data collection and analysis methods to probe the New York City pollution plume and its evolution over and around Long Island Sound. Initial aircraft studies began in May 2017, with expanded activities and planning efforts during 2018 and beyond.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03b39254-0d35-47ae-a3f7-9f898c5eb2fe", - "label": "Landslide Project", - "broader": "996e8a4b-e690-4a9c-afcf-205fff95b38b", - "definition": "NASA scientists are building an open global inventory of landslides and we need your help! Knowing where and when landslides occur can help communities worldwide prepare for these disasters. Become a citizen scientist and you can help inform decisions that could save lives and property today.\n\nMore Information: https://gpm.nasa.gov/landslides/", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "label": "M - O", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "004d93e3-1a3b-4308-9917-d522e822f1d3", - "label": "MERGE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERGE is an umbrella program that aims to understand the responses of terrestrial, limnetic and supraglacial polar ecosystems to climate change. \n\nTheme 1: Diversity and biogeography answers 'What taxa are present, how are the communities organized and how are they distributed, and where are they?' Conventional and modern techniques, i.e., culture-dependent to meta-genomic approaches will be used to analyze community structure and biogeography of Polar terrestrial, limnetic and supraglacial ecosystems. Addressing this theme will produce reference collections of Polar organisms and genetic material such as bulk environmental DNA. Selected groups of organisms will be studied to associate species diversification with geographical separation, and to screen for unique physiological and biochemical functions that occur in response to the extreme conditions of polar habitats.\n\nTheme 2: Food webs and ecosystem evolution will answer the question 'How do high-latitude biota interact and function?' Food webs in polar habitats have reduced complexity relative to lower latitudes and are thus likely to be sensitive to changes in species composition. Food web analyses have also highlighted the vulnerability of polar terrestrial ecosystems to climate changes. Palaeo-environmental analysis of diatoms, chemical biomarkers and other records in lake sediment cores have the potential to reveal how climate and environmental changes have driven species successions and ecosystem evolution. Process studies will include analysis of microbial production and interactions, in addition to carbon and nitrogen cycling including microbial controls on CO2 and CH4 dynamics.\n\nTheme 3: Linkages between biological, chemical and physical processes in the supraglacial biome lucidates 'How do physical, chemical and biological processes interact in icy ecosystems?' Supraglacial habitats include water-saturated snow, supraglacial channels, cryoconite holes and veins in ice. Biogeochemical processes in these environments transform atmospheric inputs to the glacier, in a similar way that watershed surfaces modify atmospheric inputs in temperate environments. This work will document the range and nature of aquatic ecosystems on the surfaces of glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic. In doing so controls on biological productivity (physical, chemical, biological); key biogeochemical transformations; and linkages between biological activity and atmospheric fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to glacial surfaces will be characterised. Some complementary studies will also be undertaken on ice shelf cryo-ecosystems that occur in both polar regions and that have some microbiological similarities to cryoconite systems.\n\nThe major purpose of the MERGE umbrella is to provide and expand the chances for sharing/exchanging/offering data, samples, logistics, expedition opportunities, field facilities, laboratories, analytical instruments, etc between the research themes.\n\nMERGE contributes to the EBA SCAR programme.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00e0cdba-ac18-4ced-b5c9-5299b9aa6cc6", - "label": "MOORINGS AND THE TIME SERIES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "017c0d8c-20ad-4e54-a9bb-9dc87c6fc07e", - "label": "OBSERVATIONS OF PMCS AND AURORA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "We propose to coordinate the synchronized observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) and aurora between the International Space Station (ISS), ground sites, and satellites. We also propose to coordinate observations from other International Polar Year (IPY) activities that might benefit from ISS observations.\nThe orbit of the ISS takes it to north and south latitudes of 51.6 degrees at altitudes of 400 km. This provides a human operated platform from which to observe artic and Antarctic phenomena on a length scale of half a continent. This compliments ground site observations and satellite data that can be synchronized in both space and time to record seasonal variations. Observations from the ISS offers an above the cloud vantage including wide angle oblique views, sun-glint textures, day-night terminator lighting, and perhaps most important, human guided observations that can fall outside the purview of pre-programmed field of view instrumentation. The ISS offers a unique platform for Antarctic atmospheric observations since it gives repeated coverage circumscribing the continent every few days where cloud cover the general lack of observation sites limits routine ground observations over long periods of time.\nWe propose to use the current observational equipment on ISS including a suite of digital still cameras, standard video cameras, and a medium resolution, fiber optic coupled visible region spectrograph. We are planning the fabrication for use on ISS of an IMAX-sized format, CCD camera optimised for low light level video if funding permits. With the NASA presidential directive for human exploration beyond Earth orbit, NASA is considering astronaut training in polar regions as analogues for human planetary missions. We propose to coordinate these polar analogue activities with ISS observations.\nParticipation in this proposal will be open to all international partners to ISS as well as any other project that wishes to coordinate observations with ISS. All ISS collected data will be archived and publicly distributed using current NASA infrastructure. This activity offers great potential for educational outreach by linking human exploration from Earth polar extremes to Earth orbital extremes to Lunar and Martian extremes. The outreach will use current NASA educational infrastructure.\nBackground\nThis proposal resulted from prior collaborations when the Lead Contact was a crewmember and Science Officer on Expedition 6 to ISS. During this expedition, synchronized aurora observations were made between ISS and ground observers in Finland. Observations of Antarctic PMC were routinely made and subsequently correlated with SNOE satellite data with collaborators from University of Colorado and University of Alaska. These efforts proved the utility of making synchronized observations between ISS, ground, and satellite and resulted in this proposal. This proposal has been submitted with the approval of Dr. Jim Garvin, NASA Chief Scientist, in the NASA Washington DC office.\nD. R. Pettit, D. W. Rusch, G. E. Thomas, A. Merkel, S. Bailey, J. M. Russell III, M. DeLand, “Near-simultaneous Observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds from the International Space Station and from Orbiting Optical Instruments”, AGU poster, Nov. 2004.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=78", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0195e50b-7039-41aa-9fac-70bedd0304a2", - "label": "NSF0944600", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Antarctica-centered project achieved: 1) the development of a GIS database as a repository for ten geological data sets from the Ford Ranges, West Antarctica, acquired through NSF-OPP funded research from 1989 to 2010; and 2) computation of digital elevation models (DEMS) using newly-available high resolution stereographic imagery provided by the Polar Geospatial Center. Undergraduate interns and research students received GIS training and undertook these activities as a means to acquire fundamental skills and analytical experience in GIS through original research focused on a contemporary question in Antarctic science.\n\nThe topics for original research for undergraduates were determined on the basis of priorities determined by the international ANTscape: Antarctic paleotopography working group (antscape.org) formed under the auspices of the Antarctic Climate Evolution (ACE) initiative. DigitalGlobe imagery was integrated in the GIS and draped upon DEMS in order to examine and quantify aspect of areas determined to be of significance for climate, ice sheet, or tectonics. \n\nThe database management and construction component educated students and provided a framework for acquisition of fundamental skills through use of ArcGIS, ENVI, and GlobalMapper. Students learned about a tectonically active region of Earth that is undergoing deglaciation and climate change. The students used the GIS and satellite imagery for inquiry and interpretation of a geological-glacial setting within the region of West Antarctica, a dynamic region that had never been examined within a single geospatial framework such as that provided by LIMA (http://lima.usgs.gov/).\n\nDuring the time of the award, seven undergraduates developed proficiency in GIS to aid their future employment or academic pursuits, while exploring research questions relating to bedrock structure and Antarctic climate evolution. Four of these completed internships at the Polar Geospatial Center, University of Minnesota, who supported the research. Server configuration and internet formats are being finalized in 2013-14, in preparation to provide electronic access to the scientific community in USA and abroad will gain access to the on-line repository of Ford Ranges geological data and digital elevation models that provide the first accurate elevation data for this region.\n\nThe host institution is in the process of reconfiguring servers in 2013; once this is completed URLs for access to the online geology GIS and DEMs will be provided at this site.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "039cf517-4f9f-4743-8f4e-fe4327e320bb", - "label": "OACES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) of NOAA's Climate and Global Change (C&GC) Program has two major scientific objectives. The first is to carry out high- quality measurements of carbon dioxide (CO 2) system parameters that can be used to document the transient invasion of fossil fuel derived CO 2 into the ocean's interior. The second is to utilize these observations in ocean and atmosphere general circulation models to enable more accurate predictions of future climate change on decadal to centennial timescales. In support of these objectives, the OACES program has been making carbon system measurements on deep ocean survey cruises as well as time-series measurements of atmospheric l2CO 2 and 13CO 2 at NOAA's global cooperative flask sampling network sites. \n\nProgram Interfaces: \nThe OACES program addresses research relevant to the goals of the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. JGOFS), a core activity of the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme (IGBP). OACES research is also relevant to activities of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) program, also of IGBP. The IGAC program includes global measurements and modeling of atmospheric CO 2 and its isotopic composition. With respect to NASA, the oceanic measurements made along meridional ocean sections and process study cruises supported by OACES will provide valuable information to the NASA SeaWIFS Ocean Color Satellite mission, namely in situ ocean data that can be used to validate information derived from the satellite (i.e., &ground-truthing&). Another partner in the quest to understand the global carbon cycle is the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In addition to supporting CO 2 measurements on World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) cruises, DOE is providing certified seawater reference materials to investigators to ensure the analytical quality control of seawater total CO 2 measurements. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.gcrio.org/ocp96/progsum/DOC_09.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "03d84cf1-8c44-499d-8c97-10e0e971415e", - "label": "NEESPI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NEESPI Home page: http://neespi.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0551ab0d-c04b-4c51-bd96-fac192c5a5a1", - "label": "OPENDAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OPeNDAP is a framework that simplifies all aspects of scientific data\nnetworking, allowing simple access to remote data. OPeNDAP provides software\nwhich makes local data accessible to remote locations regardless of local\nstorage format. OPeNDAP is a protocol for requesting and transporting data\nacross the web. The current OPeNDAP Data Access Protocol (DAP) uses HTTP to\nframe the requests and responses. OPeNDAP also provides tools for transforming\nexisting applications into OPeNDAP clients (i.e., enabling them to remotely\naccess OPeNDAP served data).\n\nMore information, software for download, and software installation \ndocumentation are available at the OPeNDAP web site: 'http://opendap.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "06a77e43-0e64-4cfa-9125-d442bfaced33", - "label": "MONITOREO_DE_ECOSISTEMAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the content and distribution of eight key elements, namely, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Se in liver, kidney and muscle of chick individuals of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). Samples were collected during the 2002/2003 austral summer season campaign around Jubany Station (Argentine scientific station), Potter Cove, King George Island. Solutions of organs were prepared by acid-assisted microwave (MW) digestion by employing HNO3 and H202. Instrumental techniques selected to analyze the different tissues were inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).\n\nhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W6H-4GG8TG6-1&_user=2429682&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2429682&md5=add95cfa69d2b153eaa095536c29004d", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07821adf-7a9c-46f0-90c4-44774a1c7b8b", - "label": "NORLAKES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NORLAKES 4 Future \nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=169\n\nThe network for present and future circumpolar freshwater lake research and data management (NORLAKES 4 Future) is a multidisciplinary and national network under the International Polar Year initiative that seek to connect activities and data of complementary research groups that are or will perform limnological research in the Arctic.\n\nBackground. The polar regions at the Northern hemisphere have myriads of freshwater lakes that are integrated parts of the polar biome and thus are irrevocable sites for many ecosystem processes. \nArctic lakes are unique in a number of ways. The most obvious being the physical and chemical conditions that often imply a very harsh environment with low nutrient variability, low temperatures, long ice coverage and highly variable microclimate. The biodiversity as well as productivity of species in such lakes is often low and the food web structures often simple. This implies that arctic lakes are vulnerable to disturbance of almost any kind (air pollution, over exploitation, acidification, eutrophication and climate changes). \nFreshwater lakes are essential in many ways as they provide breeding habitats for birds, are the nursing ground for many insect larval stages, host valuable fish populations (salmon, charr and trout), act as buffer zones for melt waters, provides drinking water and transportation corridors for wild life and humans.\nRecent studies have shown that the coupling between pelagic and benthic food webs in arctic aquatic environments is very important for the cycling of organic matter. It is also clear that the low productivity of most Arctic lakes forces the biota to a very efficient utilization of recourses and that prey-predator interactions work in a strong manner.\n\nRationale and goal. As clearly stated in the ACIA documents it is necessary to improve and the understanding of ecosystem structure, food web behaviour and productivity in Arctic ecosystems along geographical gradients in order to enables the best management practices and protection of such ecosystems for the future. This applies also to the freshwater systems that are essential components in the terrestrial biome as well as a connection between land and sea. The establishment of a strong circumpolar freshwater research network within the IPY is seen as way forward to facilitate the present and future understanding and thus preservation of these ecosystems.\nThe most significant advances within the framework of IPY will be to enforce the research, educational and communication relationships across countries and cultures in the Arctic region. By bringing researcher together that are expects in their fields and/or regions, the network will be able to provide a profound base of knowledge of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of lakes in the Arctic region. By including young scientist as well as training aspect this initiative foster a new generation of scientists that are prepared to take action in international decision and research communities. \nThe networking activities will also include joint expeditions that serve to exploit areas previously not studied because of logistic and/or resources reasons and to share technical and scientific skills between research teams that are not yet co-working. \n\nClustering. The network consists of an already established Nordic collaboration network that has wished to open up to become a multidisciplinary and -national networking unit that will aim at coordinate complementary research groups that are or will perform limnological research in the Arctic. The partner consortium is formed by unifying the original EoI#539, that was assigned by IPY to become a lead project by several other EoI´s that were relevant including two EoI (#313 and 429) that have formed their own clusters but have expressed wished to coordinate activities where it is possible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "090c98f3-5584-4f7a-944e-b24283ba5b28", - "label": "NLCEP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Lewis and Clark Education Project (NLCEP) engages\neducators in a dynamic understanding of The Lewis and Clark\nexpedition (1803-1806) and the nature of the trail's historical\nand modern landscapes. To achieve these objectives, The\nEducation Project utilizes advanced education technologies,\nintegrates interdisciplinary curricula into the classroom,\nsupports scholarly dialogue and develops multimedia geographical\ndata accessible through the Internet. Utilizing our 40 station\nmobile computing lab, conference facilities at The University of\nMontana, a robust, interactive web presence, and remote teacher\nworkshop capabilities, The Education Project reaches out to a\nwide educational audience and supports Lewis and Clark education\nprograms across the country.\n\nThe Education Project explores landscape change and develops a\nvariety of tools that assist educators in determining the\ncultural and ecological interactions inherent in this\nchange. Comparing contemporary and historical interpretations of\nthe trail provides a framework for the integration of remote\nsensing imagery, Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global\nPositioning System (GPS) technologies. Collectively, these new\nclassroom technologies support interdisciplinary curricula and\ncontextual documentation.\n\nThe Education Project aggregates geographical, historical, and\necological information, advanced technologies, and field-based\ninterpretation. As a national resource for educators interested\nin the Lewis and Clark expedition, The Education Project pursues\ncooperative alliances with multiple Lewis and Clark programs\nacross the country and facilities the important exchange of\nideas and classroom resources across boundaries.\n\nThe National Lewis and Clark Education Project invites other\norganizations, institutions and peoples involved in preparations\nfor the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial (2003-2006) to participate\nin this Lewis and Clark education cooperative. Working closely\nwith private and public sector pioneers in technology and\neducational content, The Education Project serves a national\nconstituency and seeks to enhance the spirit of collaboration\nshared by all parties participating in the commemoration of the\n'Corps of Discovery'.\n\nFor more information, please contact\n\nJeff Crews, jcrews@eoscenter.com\n406-243-2644 Office\n406-243-2047 Fax\n\nNational Lewis and Clark Education Project\nJames E. Todd Building\nThe University of Montana\nMissoula, Montana 59812\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://lewisandclarkeducationcenter.com/'\n\n[Summary provided by EOS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b5b7a74-1d27-4092-b24d-e5fadf099b66", - "label": "OCTOPUS MINOR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0bc41cf0-cf0e-4122-be92-a24ac8ba6012", - "label": "MONEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) which began in 1979 as part of the\nGlobal Weather Experiment (GWE), was the first comprehensive\nexperiment on the Asian monsoon, though this experiment focused mainly\non some meteorological disturbances related to the monsoon onset and\nshort-term variability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c48bbff-0ab6-4168-8502-8d8caa235816", - "label": "NDACC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) was formed to provide a consistent, standardized set of long-term measurements of atmospheric trace gases, particles, and physical parameters via a suite of globally distributed sites. It is composed of more than 70 high-quality, remote-sensing research stations for observing and understanding the physical and chemical state of the stratosphere and upper troposphere and for assessing the impact of stratosphere changes on the underlying troposphere and on global climate. While the NDACC remains committed to monitoring changes in the stratosphere with an emphasis on the long-term evolution of the ozone layer, its priorities have broadened considerably to encompass issues such as the detection of trends in overall atmospheric composition and understanding their impacts on the stratosphere and troposphere, and establishing links between climate change and atmospheric composition. Following five years of planning, instrument design and implementation, the NDACC began network operations in January 1991.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c4fca07-ca8e-4bac-8013-d17b81db9ad1", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_0229546", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "CRAC-ICE will be a coordinated investigation into calving processes on three major Antarctic ice shelves, and a (long-term) monitoring of icebergs in the Southern Ocean, including the study of the physical processes related to iceberg drift and decay. The processes leading to a calving event include the initiation and propagation of through-cutting rifts. Iceberg calving can result in a significant loss of mass from the Antarctic ice sheet, and represents ~ 65% of the total ice sheet ablation. Therefore, it is critical to understand the processes which precede and lead up to a major calving event in order to realistically assess how future climate changes might affect the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Post-calving, iceberg drift is influenced by the shape of the coastline, bottom topography, and a combination of tides, currents, wind, and sea ice. Monitoring the evolution of icebergs as they drift into warmer waters provides a valuable experiment in how rapid climate change influences ice shelves – especially such components as firn compaction, the impact of surface meltwater, ponding, and iceberg break-up. Grounded icebergs cause a severe devastation of the sea floor, forcing benthic communities to re-colonise. Iceberg melting and decay represents a significant source of freshwater (and mineral dust) primarily into the upper layers of the Southern Ocean's northern fringe. A stabilisation of the weakly stratified water column has important and poorly understood consequences for sea ice and water masses involved in deep and bottom water formation, and the biology of the euphotic zone.\n\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=81", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c9d65f7-ad67-4e2c-8ba7-fac5920ecba0", - "label": "MDN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) is a national database of weekly\nconcentrations of total mercury in precipitation and the seasonal and\nannual flux of total mercury in wet deposition. The MDN is a part of\nthe National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) Network.\n\nThe MDN began a transition network of 13 sites in 1995. Beginning in\n1996, MDN became an official network in NADP with 26 sites in\noperation. Over 30 sites were in operation during 1998. The MDN is\nanticipated to operate for a minimum of five years and will be managed\nat the NADP Coordination Office.\n\nFor more information on MDN see:\n'http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/mdn/'\n\nFor more information on NADP see:\n'http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d7280d6-8bd8-475a-a9fb-2add8fb7c86c", - "label": "MEVO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "104ca499-ed21-42ba-8f01-402a9b41a37e", - "label": "ORNL DAAC MODIS SUBSETS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The goal of the MODIS Land Product Subsets project is to provide summaries of selected MODIS Land Products for the community to use for validation of models and remote-sensing products and to characterize field sites. The ORNL DAAC delivers the subsets along with interactive visualizations and the data are offered as comma separated text files and in GIS compatible format. The subset data are particularly useful in conjunction with other field data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "105ca912-10ee-416d-bdb2-d559aa468cb4", - "label": "NPOESS IPO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Description TBA\n\nhttp://science.nasa.gov/missions/npoes/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "11c4b770-aa8d-497b-a53d-8ae770db72f6", - "label": "OISO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OISO program (Océan Indien Service d'Observation) was labelised INSU Observation Service in July 1997. Since 1997, this Observation Service is supported by three Institutes (INSU, IPEV and IPSL). This program sets up a network coupled oceanic and atmospheric observations on long time to identify and quantify oceanic CO2 sources and sinks variations , to understand air-sea CO2 exchanges from one season to another, from one year to another, to estimate the evolution of these exchanges in response to climatic changes and to identify carbon anthropic in the ocean and its evolution (bonds with the research programs). In addition to detailed study of CO2 oceanic cycle in Indian and southern south-western zone, the data collected at the time during OISO campaigns are usable to force and to validate oceanic models (e.g. IPSL/IM), the atmospheric models reverse and assimilable in the predictive approaches.\nThe recognition of the responsible processes in CO2 oceanic cycle variations requires a multiannual follow-up and pluridécennal same area. For logistic reasons, choice of a long-term follow-up is fixed on the oceanic zones covered by the ways of Marion-Dufresne rotations in the Indian Ocean, ship chartered by IPEV.\n\nInformation provided by http://soon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/en/CARAUS/OISO/Objectives.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "128c5952-616a-4e81-b961-b98c5af0ec29", - "label": "MABEL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1296508b-444a-4982-b00a-a386ae38f5dd", - "label": "NEEM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "During 2007-2011, a team of ice core researchers will drill through the ice sheet in North-West Greenland to retrieve ice from the previous interglacial, the Eemian, which ended about 115,000 years ago. Ice core samples from the Eemian will contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of climate under conditions similar to those of a future warming climate.\n\nhttp://neem.dk/about_neem/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13194a6b-4232-4281-aa10-f469e54a0de5", - "label": "OOFASH", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Faculty of Fisheries was established as the School of Fisheries at Sapporo Agricultural College in 1907. It was reorganized in 1995, and the Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences with two divisions was established in April 2000. These two institutions now have two training ships, a training factory, marine and limnological laboratories, and are leading fisheries research organizations in Japan.\n\nhttp://www.jodc.go.jp/JGOFS_DMO/testpage/Research/JP14/J14outline.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13ad9a10-53cf-4c5a-97c8-6886eb2cc3db", - "label": "MARSITE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14424fb9-540b-41e0-928c-513817b30ee7", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_0440769", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Explorers Cove, Antarctica, is currently the only place on Earth where biologists can use scuba to directly access a &deep-sea-like& ecosystem and collect basal allogromiids in bulk; it is therefore a site of profound scientific interest. Explorers Cove forams, which may normally have bathymetric ranges to >3,000 m, are ideal for field and laboratory experimentation, and serve as useful model systems for studying the ecology and evolution of deep-sea assemblages. \n\nJust as a firm understanding of the protists is vital to developing a clear picture of early eukaryotic evolution, the key to the origin of Foraminifera lies in the study of the early branching allogromiids. An improved understanding of the relationships between early forams through multigene based molecular phylogenies is a goal of this project. Additionally, a more careful study of the &crown allogromiids& will illuminate the evolutionary steps that lead to the rotaliids, which dominate many shallow-water temperate environments and pelagic foram assemblages.\n\nExtant protists represent the modern products of ancient predatory (phagotrophic) prokaryotes. Protists are well known as consumers of microbiota, but the consumption of metazoans by protists is not widely appreciated. As a result, the consequences of ancient predatory protists are rarely considered a major factor in the diversification of animals during the late Proterozoic/early Cambrian. This project will test hypothesis that predation on metazoans is widespread among basal forams, and if supported by analyses of the new protein-coding sequence data, then the role of these protists in Neoproterozoic ecosystems will need to be reevaluated.\n\nThe objectives of the research are to: test the validity of the foram phylogenetic hypotheses currently based solely on single gene sequence data; examine the ultrastructure of representative members of allogromiid clades; explore the origin of polar forams using the new molecular phylogenetic and structural data; further examine the trophic strategies of allogromiids; and to determine if carnivory is a fundamental nutritional mode for basal forams, or a special derived character. \n\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0440769", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1486c73e-678b-4be6-b190-6bb810dcbc44", - "label": "NOEDA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Under this Project NRSC/ISRO is providing Open Earth Observation Data to users. Data sets provided by NOEDA includes DEM, Satellite Images and Derived products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14b67a41-aa84-4afe-b99b-98ea9af1abf4", - "label": "MAPS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MAPS experiment measures the global distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) in the free troposphere. Because of MAPS' previous flights on board the Space Shuttle, Earth system scientists now know that carbon monoxide concentrations in the troposphere are highly variable around the planet, and that widespread burning in the South American Amazon region and the African savannas are major global sources of carbon monoxide in the troposphere.\n \nMAPS Hardware:\n \nMAPS consists of an electro-optical sensor, an electronics module, a digital tape dsata record, and an aerial camera. The 92 kg MAPS package is 90 cm long, 76 cm wide, and 58 cm high. The hardware is coupled to a cold plate and mounted on the Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (MPESS) which is installed at the forward end of the cargo bay. The electro-optical sensor incorporates two gas cells, one containing 350 hPa of CO and another containing 149 hPa of N2O; their corresponding detectors; a direct radiation detector; and external balance and gain check system; and an internal balance system.\n \nThe electronics module of MAPS consists of the signal processors, the balance system controls, and the circuitry required to operate the system. The space-qualified Lockheed Mark V tape recorder records the experiment data at an average rate of 43 bits per second. The Flight Research 35-mm aerial camera, equipped with a light sensor, photographs the groundtrack during sunlit portions of the orbit.\n \nMAPS Operations:\n \nWhen the Space Shuttle attains Earth-viewing position, the MAPS instrument pallet (shown in the lower right hand corner) power is supplied and the instrument is commanded on. After a 30-minute warmup, the instrument executes a balance cycle and gain check before it begins to take data. MAPS continues to operate throughout the Earth- observing period. Balance and gain check recur at 12-hour intervals or upon command from the Earth-based experiment team. The three instrument signals (two difference channel signals and one direct radiometer signal) and various 'housekeeping' signals are digitized, formatted, and stored on the experiment's tape recorder. These signals are also telemetered to the ground via the Space Shuttle telemetry system. When the Payload Operations Control Center receives the telemetered signals, the MAPS operations team evaluates the instrument operation and processes the signals to provide 'quick look' carbon monoxide mixing ratios along the shuttle ground track.\n \nThe aerial camera mounted next to the MAPS electro-optical head provides information on cloud cover and terrain over which the data are gathered. Operation of the camera and tape recorder can be inhibited during periods when the Shuttle is not in proper Earth-viewing attitude.\n \nMAPS Investigators:\n \nThe MAPS experiment is conducted by a team led by Principal\nInvestigator Henry G. Reichle, Jr. of NASA's Langley Research\nCenter. The MAPS science team, which advises the experiment team and\nassists in evaluation of MAPS data, consists of V. Connors, NASA\nLangley Research Center; W. Hesketh, Space Tec Ventures;\n \n P. Kasibhatla, Georgia Institute of Technology; V. Kirchoff, Instituto\n Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil; J. Logan, Harvard\n University; R. Newell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;\n R. Nicholls, York University, Canada; L. Peters, University of\n Kentucky; W. Seiler, Fraunhofer-Institut Fur Atmospharische\n Umweltforschung, Germany; H. Wallio, NASA Langley Research Center.\n\nFor more information,link to:\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/MAPS.html\n \n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "164e9df9-569a-496b-9146-b47ffce516e0", - "label": "OSTM/JASON-2", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The JASON-2 project is a response to the international demand for programmes to study and observe oceans and the climate, through a worldwide ocean observation system. It is a continuation to the TOPEX/POSEIDON and JASON-1 altimetry missions developed by CNES and NASA. Altimetry, i.e. the precise measurement of ocean surface topography, has indeed become since 1992 (launch of TOPEX/POSEIDON) an essential tool for the study of oceans on a global scale.\n\nJASON-2 is part of cooperation between CNES, EUMETSAT, NASA and NOAA. Space and \nground segments of the Jason-2 mission strongly inherit from the JASON-1 mission.\n\nOnboard the JASON-2 satellite, which uses a PROTEUS platform, the payload is composed \nof a Poseidon-3 radar altimeter supplied by CNES, an Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR) \nsupplied by NASA/JPL, and a triple system for precise orbit determination: the DORIS instrument\n (CNES), GPS receiver and a Laser Retroflector Array (LRA) (NASA). Three further onboard \ninstruments (T2L2, LPT, CARMEN-2) will also be included. \n\nIn order to ensure continuity and optimal inter-calibration of observations over the long term, \nJASON-2 will fly the same orbit as JASON-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON. Moreover, data processing \nwill be integrated into the CNES ground segment 'SALP' (altimetry and precise positioning \nsystem), which already operates the altimetry missions TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON-1, \nENVISAT, GFO, whose data is distributed on the AVISO website.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17d11f3c-9ba7-4ac3-b8e6-84def57dc779", - "label": "NRL Coriolis", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1958855f-1109-4ab2-abbe-254cc013d979", - "label": "MECKAAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Norway has established satellite stations to monitor global climate change from the poles. The stations in the Arctic and Antarctic will provide information on changes in the global climate more quickly than previous systems.\n\n\nhttp://www.norway.or.kr/education/research/Trollsat_eng.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1b9aa220-a09f-478a-8068-27acd9997da2", - "label": "MC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Magnetospheric Constellation (MC) mission will answer: 'How does\nthe dynamic magnetotail store, transport, and release matter and\nenergy?'\n\nOverview:\n\n- A constellation of 50 small satellites distributed in 3x7 Re to 3x40\nRe, low inclination, nested orbits.\n\n- 'Nearest neighbor' average spacing 1.0-2.0 RE between satellites, in the\ndomain of the near-Earth plasma sheet.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/mc/mc.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cb6fe8a-e3d4-4527-89ce-801890853c4c", - "label": "OIB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "IceBridge, a six-year NASA mission, is the largest airborne survey of Earth's polar ice ever flown. It will yield an unprecedented three-dimensional view of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, ice shelves and sea ice. These flights will provide a yearly, multi-instrument look at the behavior of the rapidly changing features of the Greenland and Antarctic ice.\n\nhttp://www.espo.nasa.gov/oib/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d0edf2b-aa3b-4fc9-a040-a4195efd94b5", - "label": "MBNMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is a Federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast. Stretching from Marin to Cambria, the MBNMS encompasses a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322 square miles of ocean. Supporting one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems, it is home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates and plants in a remarkably productive coastal environment. The MBNMS was established for the purpose of resource protection, research, education, and public use of this national treasure. The MBNMS is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \n\nInformation provided by http://montereybay.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1ed1d634-0e86-4803-8e99-1a30abc878e4", - "label": "MACPEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mid-latitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment (MACPEX) is an airborne field campaign to investigate cirrus cloud properties and the processes that affect their impact on radiation. Utilizing the NASA WB-57 based at Ellington Field, TX, the campaign will take place in the March / April 2011 timeframe. Science flights will focus on central North America vicinity with an emphasis over the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains (DoE ARM SGP) site in Oklahoma.\n\nIn addition to the in situ measurements, flights will be coordinated with the NASA EOS / A-Train satellite observations for validation, as well as, evaluation of new remote-sensing retrievals for future Earth Science Decadal satellites. The detailed measurements aquired by MACPEX will also be used to improve cloud model parameterizations in Global Climate Models (GCMs). For more information on MACPEX and its future plans, visit: http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/macpex/macpex.html or http://www.espo.nasa.gov/macpex/.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "21c804d3-1bd5-415d-b030-dc14d5f99149", - "label": "MEDIO_AMBIENTE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Antarctica has great value as a natural laboratory for scientific research on issues of global relevance. Unless your natural features can be preserved from pollution and increasing unrest due primarily to significant human activity, scientific activity could be seriously restricted. The sensitivity of the Antarctic marine and terrestrial environments indicates that special precautions must be taken to preserve them.\n\nSince the ratification of the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, or the Madrid Protocol (National Law No. 24,216), the Treaty system was reinforced by a series of rules that involve the commitment of the parties in the overall protection of the environment and its dependent and associated ecosystems and designated Antarctica as a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science.\n\nEnvironmental protection of Antarctica has two goals: one is related to the maintenance of high productivity and ecological relationships in the Southern Ocean, and the other with the maintenance of the environment in pristine condition. The main value to keep in Antarctica is its sole source of information virtually free of pollution or human, for geophysical, geological and biological useful to humanity", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2469d7de-19ea-461a-8a95-a8b96639cf82", - "label": "NAWQA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Since 1991, USGS scientists with the NAWQA program have been\ncollecting and analyzing data and information in more than 50\nmajor river basins and aquifers across the Nation. The goal is\nto develop long-term consistent and comparable information on\nstreams, ground water, and aquatic ecosystems to support sound\nmanagement and policy decisions. The NAWQA program is designed\nto answer these questions:\n\n1.What is the condition of our Nation's streams and ground\nwater?\n\n2.How are these conditions changing over time?\n\n3.How do natural features and human activities affect these\nconditions? How does NAWQA answer these questions?\n\nAnswering these questions:\n\nStudy design and methods are nationally consistent so that\nwater-quality conditions can be compared on a regional and\nnational basis.\n\nStudies are long-term and cyclical so that trends in water\nquality can be analyzed to determine whether conditions are\ngetting better or worse.\n\nStudies relate human activities (contaminant sources, land and\nchemical use) and natural factors (soils, geology, hydrology,\nclimate) to water quality, aquatic life, and stream habitat so\nthat findings help with decisions about managing water resources\nand protecting drinking water and aquatic ecosystems.\n\nUSGS scientists interact with government officials, resource\nmanagers, industry representatives, and other interested parties\nso that findings are relevant to decision makers.\n\nUSGS scientists cover a range of disciplines, including\nhydrology, geology, geophysics, biology, geography, and\nstatistics so that the interdependent nature of river basins and\naquifer systems can be analyzed.\n\nUSGS is committed to making its unbiased scientific information\navailable to everyone so that findings are presented in multiple\nformats, including raw data, reports, journal articles,\npamphlets, and videos. Most of these products are free.\n\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/natsyn.html'\n\n[Summary provided by [USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2631af17-aeed-4bf2-a0a5-6e638346a4f2", - "label": "NACP-ARKEBAUER-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Controls on Soil Surface CO2, N2O and CH4 Fluxes, Ecosystem Respiration and Global Warming Potentials in Great Plains Agricultural Ecosystems\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=305\n\nThe main hypothesis of the proposed research is that ecosystem respiration is a major determinant of annual net ecosystem carbon exchange and global warming potential, and their interannual variability, for maize and soybean agroecosystems in the Great Plains region. \nThe research will determine annual ecosystem respiration and global warming potential (and their associated interannual variability) for major agroecosystems in the Great Plains region through the acquisition of unique datasets on continuous, year round measurements of soil surface trace gas fluxes using a series of autochambers. We will couple the surface CO2 fluxes with continuous estimates of aboveground plant respiration in order to provide annually integrated estimates of ecosystem respiration. We will also determine annual global warming potentials in the selected agroecosystems using the continuous measurements of surface N2O and CH4 fluxes. In addition, we will obtain information on biophysical and physiological controlling factors governing spatial and temporal variability in surface gas fluxes, ecosystem respiration and global warming potentials in these systems. \n\nThe research will increase our understanding of the basic physical and biological processes controlling surface-atmosphere exchange of energy-related greenhouse gases in the context of major agricultural land management systems in the United States. The following information will be obtained for major agroecosystems in the Great Plains region: (1) annual ecosystem respiration and global warming potential and their associated interannual variability in these cropping systems at the field scale, (2) information on biophysical and physiological controlling factors which help explain the variability in ecosystem respiration and global warming potential, and (3) unique datasets on continuous, year round measurements of soil surface CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes, depth profiles of trace gas concentrations and relevant supporting variables in the selected agroecosystems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27b504c7-40ab-4381-9b64-6925c081763f", - "label": "NTHMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program is a program designed to reduce the impact of tsunamis through hazard assessment, warning guidance, and mitigation. Information about tsunami detection buoys can be found through the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis project DART. Real-time data access for the DART buoys, US Earthquake (USGS), and NTHMP seismic waveforms is available. Other services and data products can be found at the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research.\n\nInformation provided by (http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "27ebc07f-cc34-45ce-afe1-a660017bbd3d", - "label": "NEMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n(NOAA)Northeast Monitoring Program completed its second water\ncolumnmonitoring survey in the Middle Atlantic Bight for\n1984. The cruisewas conducted during the week of June 2-9, 1984\naboard the R/V CAPEHENLOPEN of the University of\nDelaware. Seventy six stations wereoccupied; the station\nlocations are shown in Figure 1. Stagingoccurred at the\nUniversity of Delaware, College of Marine Studies,Lewes,\nDelaware. The cruise was conducted by the National OceanService\n(NOS) Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment,\nOceanAssessments Division. Chemical analyses were performed by\npersonnelfrom the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).\n\nOBJECTIVES:\n\nThe objectives of the cruise were (1) to monitor the annual\ncycleof pycnocline development and associated reductions of\ndissolved oxygenlevels in bottom waters of the New York Bight;\n(2) to take ancillaryphysical and chemical data to aid in\nunderstanding processes which maycontribute to pollution\nresulting from nutrient loading; (3) to collectsurface samples\nfor phytoplankton identification and distributionstudies; (4) to\ncollect sediment samples from selected stations forC:H:N ratios,\nchlorophyll a, diatom resting spores, and N14/N15 ratios;(5) to\ncorrelate satellite-imagery with sea surface temperature; (6)\ntocollect and transmit shipboard XBT and weather data in\nreal-time viaGOES satellite; and (7) to obtain surface mapping\nof chlorophyll overthe Middle-Atlantic Bight for correlation\nwith satellite imagery.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://ccmaserver.nos.noaa.gov/Abstracts/Document559.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "280ad0d1-f0eb-4e36-acd3-882ea19e1713", - "label": "NORCLIM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NORCLIM\nProject URL: http://www.geo.vu.nl/~palmorph/staff/Norclim.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=120\n\nThe Arctic is a region characterized by the presence of sea-ice, glaciers and permafrost. By its nature, it is particular sensitive to climatic change. The last decennia of the 20th century have seen a rapid increase in mean temperatures, melting of glaciers, decrease of Arctic sea-ice coverage and thawing of permafrost areas. Continued warming will undoubtedly have strong consequences, not only for the arctic communities, but for the world as a whole. The climatic history of the past two millenia with a (warm) Roman Period, (cold) Dark Ages, (warm) Medieval Optimum, (cold) Little Ice Age and 20th Century Warming shows that rapid shifts in the natural climate regime have occurred repeatedly. There are strong indications that these climate trends are not uni-directional for the entire Arctic, but that they show regional patterns, e.g. the recent contrast between SW Greenland cooling and NW European warming. Previously, sea surface temperatures offshore SW Greenland had been relatively high during the 1950's and 1960's, when northwest European winters were generally more severe (e.g. 1962-63). Consequently, it is likely that for a given time interval patterns of human occupation and activities may also regionally have been different. prehistorical times, around 2000 years ago, the Dorset (Innuit) Culture was about to disappear in Greenland, whereas it took several centuries before a new Innuit culture immigrated. In a historical context it includes the period during which the Vikings settled on the Faroer, Iceland and Greenland and also travelled to Newfoundland. The second part of the last millennium were the heydays for dutch whaling expeditions. The latter implies that a wealth of historical data (ship's logbooks) on climatic and sea ice conditions are available.\n\nNotable is the shift of whaling activities from Spitsbergen to Davis Strait during the later part of the Little Ice Age, a well known cooling period in NW Europe.\n\nArctic archeology is about human adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. Critical boundary conditions for human survival in the Arctic, such as duration of the summer season, permafrost conditions and the presence of sea-ice are often difficult to establish based on archeological evidence alone. Research has its specific logistic problems: short seasons, permafrost, ice/snow coverage, resulting in an often scattered and fragmented archeological record. To complete this record, a consistent chronological climatic/environmental context is needed. This can be supplied by paleoclimatological research, aiming to reconstruct climatic/environmental variability at high resolution. This is achieved by analysing sedimentological (grainsize, composition), chemical (geochemistry, stable oxygen and carbon isotopes) and biological (foraminifera, diatoms, molluscs) parameters from marine/terrestrial cores and environments taken in key areas.\n\nNORCLIM (IPY 120) is designed to provide constraints on pressing questions that address the nature of the 20th century Arctic warming. The proposal focusses on natural climate variability during the past 2000 years with special emphasis on the permafrost/sea-ice relation and on contrasting climatic trends (south)west off Greenland when compared with the NE Atlantic region.\n\nThe research is based on an integrated approach to reconstruct the changes in ocean surface currents, particularly the inflow of warm Atlantic water versus outflow of ice-loaded Polar water, terrestrial environments and evolution of glaciers and ice sheets in the study area. Evidence for climatic variability will be gathered from marine/terrestrial sedimentary records (multiproxy approach), molluscs, geomorphological and archeological evidence, and historical archives (e.g. whaling data).\n\nThe objectives of NORCLIM are:\n- To correlate existing marine/terrestrial paleoclimate records\n- To link existing marine/terrestrial paleoclimate records with archeological/historical information\n- To identify gaps in our knowledge for the various key-areas\n- To fill these gaps by collecting additional information onshore and offshore for all data sets\n- To place archeological and historical data in a solid climatological framework\n- To use the confirmed regional contrasts, if any, for improved regional climate prediction and societal/economic planning.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "28c4b196-1d9a-49e7-bd2f-2200e006876d", - "label": "NSF/OPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "292ad2e7-d152-4879-b61d-57084696ac06", - "label": "MET-READER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "READER (REference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research) is a project of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR http://www.scar.org/) and has the goal of creating a high quality, long term dataset of mean surface and upper air meteorological measurements from in-situ Antarctic observing systems. These data will be of value in climate research and climate change investigations.\n\nThe primary sources of data are the Antarctic research stations and automatic weather stations. Data from mobile platforms, such as ships and drifting buoys are not being collected since our goal is to derive time series of data at fixed locations.\n\nSurface and upper air data are being collected and the principal statistics derived are monthly and annual means. Daily data will not be provided in order to keep the data set to a manageable size. With the resources available to the project, it is clearly not possible to collect all the information that could be required by the whole range of investigations into change in the Antarctic. Instead a key set of meteorological variables (surface temperature, mean sea level pressure and surface wind speed, and upper air temperature, geopotential height and wind speed at standard levels) are being assembled and a definitive set of measurements presented for use by researchers.\n\nA lot of stations have been operated in the Antarctic over the years; many for quite short periods. However, our goal here is to provide information on the long time series that can provide insight into change in the Antarctic. So to be included, the record from a station must extend for 25 years, although not necessarily in a continuous period, or be currently in operation and have operated for the last 10 years. In READER we have chosen to use only data from year-round stations.\n\nIt is important when using mean data to know the number of observations that were used in computing the means. As discussed in the data section, the READER mean monthly values are therefore colour coded to indicate the percentage of possible observations used in computing each mean.\n\nThe READER data set is being disseminated via CD-ROM and through the World Wide Web at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/programs-hosted.html. The first release of the data set covers the period up to the end of 2000 and contains all the data collected so far. However, there are still a number of significant gaps and it is hoped that these can be filled over the coming years. In particular, we still require more upper air data.\n\nFor more information, please refer to the READER website at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29b77456-e5e7-43d1-a8e6-923298753258", - "label": "OPUS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A significant proportion of global primary production occurs in the coastal ocean where the biological pump exports carbon to deep water. The pump's efficiency depends on the fraction of carbon fixation that escapes recycling within the mixed layer, i.e. new production, which is supported by nutrient influx (e.g. nitrate or silicate) to the euphotic zone. Wind-driven coastal upwelling provides nutrient enrichment that creates high rates of new production in eastern boundary ocean margins, which will be described here using historical data collected by our group in a variety of upwelling areas. These include data from Peru, northwest Africa and Baja, California collected during the 1970's as part of the Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) Program, in the 1980's at Point Conception, CA during the Organization of Persistent Upwelling Structures (OPUS) Project, in the 1990's in Monterey Bay, CA and more recently off Bodega Bay California during the Coastal Ocean Processes Wind Events and Shelf Transport (CoOP-WEST) program. In all studies, the percent of new production or 'f ratio' was calculated using the same approach, from nitrate uptake measured using the stable isotopic tracer, 15N. A common feature in these systems, is the need for a brief window of relaxed winds (3-5 days) following an upwelling event, to enable new production rates to increase, as phytoplankton biomass accumulates. More recently, the importance of the larger sized fraction of phytoplankton (mainly diatoms) to new production in these ecosystems has been documented. The significance of this diatom dominance to carbon flux and sinking export within these productive coastal ecosystems will be discussed. \n\nhttp://74.125.95.104/search?q=cache:mHOLKkBiTjoJ:start.org/meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS32N.html+information+about+Observations+of+Persistent+Upwelling+Structures&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=us&client=firefox-a", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29c0bbcb-9261-452c-97cc-87fa308261c1", - "label": "NICAL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Nature Inspired Computation and Applications Laboratory (NICAL) is affiliated with the Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). It was the first research laboratory in China devoted to the theory and applications of natural computation, being set up in December 2003. Its mission is to be one of the leading research centres in the world in nature inspired computation and applications.\n\n\nhttp://nical.ustc.edu.cn/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b15a153-8b6a-48fc-bf93-1457b8e004c2", - "label": "NWRBDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Wildlife Refuge Boundary Digitizing Project\n(NWRBDP)involves digitizing all the refuge boundaries for Region 5 and\nregistering them to the USGS 1:24,000 topo quads. Currently we are\nfinishing up phase 1, the external boundaries of owned and approved\nareas. In phase 2 the internal parcel lines will be added, individual\ntracts coded and additional data such as the roads and hydrology\nprovided. More detailed info is available on the refuge boundary page\nabove.\n\nThe refuge status and boundary maps are used by the Fish and Wildlife\nService to show property that the agency owns and areas in which the\nagency is authorized to buy. These must be constantly updated to\nreflect recent purchases and changes in the status of property.\n\n Project Contact Person:\n\n Linda Shaffer (Supervisory Cartographer)\n U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\n Cartography and Spatial Data Services\n 300 Westgate Center Drive\n Hadley, MA 01035\n\n Phone: 413-253-8292\n Fax: 413-253-8451\n E-mail: lnda_shaffer@fws.gov\n\n Project Home Page: 'http://northeast.fws.gov/gis/refbnd/refbnd.html'\n\n [Summary provided by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e985410-590b-4eb0-bb67-419855921289", - "label": "MERCATOR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Public Interest Group (GIP) Mercator Ocean was founded in April 2002 with a\nbrief from its six member organisations (CNES, Ifremer, IRD, Meteo-France,\nCNRS, SHOM) to set up an operational system for describing the state of the\nocean, an integral part of our environment, at any given time and at any place\non our blue planet. Input for the Mercator system comes from ocean\nobservations measured by satellites or in situ observations through\nmeasurements taken at sea. These measurements are 'ingested' (assimilated) by\nthe analysis and forecasting model. The assimilation of observation data in a\nmodel is used to describe and forecast the state of the ocean for up to 14 days\nahead of time.\n\nThe project mission was thus defined in 1995 to meet a threefold objective:\n* Develop an operational oceanography system\n* Enable the development of applications by distributing its products\n* Contribute to success of the international Godae experiment along\nwith the Jason (altimetry observation) and Coriolis (in situ\nobservations) programs. Together with the Jason (satellite observations)\nprogram and Coriolis (in situ observations), Mercator (modelisation and\nassimilation) is the french contribution to Godae (Global Ocean Data\nAssimilation Experiment), first international experiment of operational\noceanography.\n\nThe intensive phase of Godae is taking place between 2003 and 2005 with the\nrise of several centers around the world able to supply real-time global ocean\nnowcasting and forecasting data. Mercator must be one of them.\n\nMERCATOR Website: 'http://www.mercator-ocean.fr/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "302dfafa-8202-4e06-baf1-3a142fbaca5c", - "label": "MESA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:\n\nThe Marine EcoSystems Analysis (MESA) Puget Sound Project has\nundertaken intensive studies of Puget Sound, with particular\nemphasis on such highly industrialized areas as Elliott and\nCommencement Boys and Sinclair Inlet. These studies have\ninvolved chemical, biological and oceanographic investigations\naimed at determining the concentrations, fates and effects of\ntoxic chemicals in the Puget Sound ecosystem. An integral part\nof these studies has been toxicity tests with field-collected\nsediments. The present study was initiated to extend sediment\ntoxicity testing to two previously untested industrialized Puget\nSound embayments: Bellingham Bay and Everett Harbor. Relatively\nhigh concentrations of toxic chemicals had been reported from\nthese two areas (Malins et al., 1982). The contaminant mixtures\ndiscovered there differed somewhat from those observed in other\nparts of Puget Sound. This study was initiated to determine if\nsediments from these two areas were toxic or not. Toxicity\ntesting was also conducted south of Bellingham Bay at Samish\nBay, chosen as a reference area. A total of 22 stations were\nchosen for study: 10 in the Everett Harbor area, 10 in\nBellingham Bay, and 2 in Samish Bay. Composite sediment grab\nsamples were collected from each station and tested for acute\nlethal, sublethal, partial life-cycle, cell reproduction and\ngenotoxic effects. These effects were examined utilizing\nsensitive test methods applied elsewhere in Puget Sound (Chapman\net al., 1982a; in press a, b). An additional station south of\nEverett Harbor was tested (with negative results) for acute\nlethal and sublethal effects. On the basis of acute lethal,\nsublethal, partial life-cycle, cell reproduction and genotoxic\neffects testing, Everett Harbor, Bellingham and Samish Bays were\nless toxic than contaminated areas such as the Duwamish Waterway\n(Elliott Bay) and the Commencement Bay Waterways. Everett Harbor\nsediments were more toxic overall than those from Bellingham\nBay. Samish Bay sediments only showed toxicity in cell\nreproduction and genotoxic tests, suggesting very different\nsediment chemistry in this area. Partial life-cycle bioassays\nwith oyster larvae (Crassostrea gigas) were conducted by\nexposing fertilized eggs to settled sediment slurries for 48 h\nthen determining the number of live larvae and any\nabnormalities. A total of 19 stations demonstrated significant\nabnormalities or mortalities; the two reference stations showed\nno significant effects. Acute lethal bioassays were conducted\nwith the sensitive amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. Two stations\n(one each in Bellingham Bay and Everett-Harbor) demonstrated\nsignificant acute lethal effects; the two reference stations\nshowed no significant effects. Sublethal effects measurements\nwere conducted with the oligochaete Monopylephorus cuticulatus\nby exposing the worms to sediment elutriates and measuring\nrespiration rates. Seven stations demonstrated significant\nrespiration rate differences compared to controls; the two\nreference stations showed no significant effects. Cell\nreproduction studies were conducted by exposing rainbow trout\ngonad (RTG-2) and bluegill fry (BF-2) cells to sediment extracts\nduring logarithmic growth. Eight stations (including one\nreference station) significantly reduced cell growth in RTG-2\ncells, and three stations (including both reference stations)\nsignificantly reduced cell growth in BF-2 cells. Genotoxic\ntests for chromosomal damage were conducted by exposing RTG-2\ncells to sediment extracts and determining mitotic (anaphase\naberration) effects. Sediment extracts from eight stations\n(including one reference station) caused significant chromosomal\ndamage. Physical and chemical data for tested samples (particle\nsize, total volatile solids, digestible organic carbon, and\nextractable organic matter) were within the ranges observed for\nother areas of Puget Sound with the following exceptions. A high\nclay content was noted in Bellingham Bay sediments and a high\npercentage of total volatile solids was noted in inner Everett\nHarbor sediments.\n\nINTRODUCTION:\n\nOne of the intents of the MESA Puget Sound Project is to develop\nan understanding of the effects of environmental contaminants upon\nPuget Sound biota. High environmental levels of particular\nchemicals have been detected in sediments from industrialized\nembayments of Puget Sound, and a variety of in situ biological\neffects (e.g. tissue abnormalities in fish and shellfish, changes in\nbiological community structure) occur in areas associated with high\nlevels of various contaminants (Malins et al., 1980, 1982; Dexter et\nal., 1981; Long, 1982). Direct evidence of toxicity from Puget Sound\nsediments has recently been provided for three of these industrialized\nembayments: Elliott Bay, Commencement Bay and Sinclair Inlet\n(Chapman et al., 1982a, in press a, b).\nContaminant mixtures found in sediments from Bellingham Bay and\nEverett Harbor were known to differ from those of the previously\ntested areas. However, the relative toxicity of sediments in these\ntwo areas was unknown. Recent indirect evidence of the potential\nfor biological effects among biota captured in the two areas\nhas been collected.\nField studies have recently recorded fin rot and lesions in bottom\nfish in Bellingham Bay and Everett Harbor (Campana, 1983;\nGronlund et al., 1983). The intent of the present study was to\ndetermine whether marine sediments from these embayments also\nexhibited toxic biological effects in direct exposure tests.\nAccordingly, composited sediment grab samples were obtained from a\ntotal of 22 stations (including a non-industrialized reference area,\nSamish Bay). These samples were tested for possible biological\neffects using a range of species and test methodologies. Sediment\ncollected from a station in Possession Sound, south of Everett\nHarbor, was also tested on an opportunistic basis. The results were\nused to determine the relative toxicity of Everett Harbor and\nBellingham Bay samples compared to those from other tested areas\nof Puget Sound.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "305bf791-4e28-48e7-8836-77b12d7d375c", - "label": "NORSWAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NORSWAM Project was undertaken in order to supplement the limited \namount of measured wave data that was available in the northern North \nSea on which to base design and certification criteria for offshore \nstructures. The project was based on the development of a numerical \nmodel to generate wave fields from existing meteorological data. The \nmodel was ... developed jointly by the Max-Planck Institute fuer \nMeteorologie (Hamburg), the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon \nLaboratory (IOSDL) and the Department of Environment Hydraulics \nResearch Station. The model was primarily run in hindcast mode so as \nto generate wave fields from the surface wind and pressure fields of \npast storm events. By selecting a representative sample of the worst \nstorms over a number of years, the wave data generated by the model \ncan be used to provide an estimate of the distribution of extreme \nwaves over the same period. For this purpose a special data set of \nsurface winds and pressure fields - the NORSWAM Input Data Set - was \ncompiled by IOSDL and the UK Meteorological Office. \n\nInformation provided by http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_BODC_NORSWAM_InputData.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "313e5083-5612-4465-8e28-bae7ee4c46b1", - "label": "MELTDOWN 3D", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: Metldown 3D\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=405\n\nMeltdown 3D: Global Warning is a new, multiple media, informal science education project in support of the Education and Outreach mission of the International Polar Year. Driven by a giant screen (IMAX-format) 3D and 2D film and enriched by outreach, Meltdown will advance public understanding of polar science and the importance of the Poles to the global climate system; inspire greater confidence in the results of scientific study; and advance an appreciation for science, not as something separate and remote, but as vital and relevant to everyday life. \n\nThe film itself is wholly unconventional: a fast-moving, always surprising cinematic experience that weaves back and forth between live-action sequences shot in Earth's most extreme environments the Poles and stunning 3D animation depicting future conditions of our planet as modeled by the world's leading climatologists. It's a scientifically credible disaster film, designed to show the public exactly where our planet may be headed in larger-than-life pictures, and in ways words alone can't describe. \n\nMeltdown 3D will feature scientists at work in the field and will explore issues relating to polar melting, sea level rise, disruption of the thermohaline cycle, and coral bleaching, among others. The impact of the film will be enriched by extensive paper and web-based educational materials and activities, and further enhanced by a professional development programs for teachers, museum educators, and after-school program leaders. \n\nMeltdown 3D is currently in development, and is targeted to release in the final quarter of 2008 or the final quarter of 2009, coinciding with the second half of IPY (pending funding).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31994e7e-0ca5-485f-a6f1-5e7ad2ead7f7", - "label": "NOBM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34ce8f21-1ae5-494a-baa6-3d7e585f0c50", - "label": "NS&T", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Status and Trends (NS&T) program monitors the spatial\ndistributions, temporal trends and biological effects of chemical pollutants\nin estuarine and coastal marine areas of the United States. The program was\ndesigned to help determine the present conditions of the Nation's coastal\nmarine environment, and establish whether these conditions are improving or\ndeclining. To accomplish this, the program annually measures the\nconcentrations of selected contaminants in marine biota and sediments,\ncollected from coastal areas around the country. The relationship between\ncontaminant exposure and indicators of biological responses in marine\norganisms is also examined. Policy makers and resource managers may use NS&T\ndata to help assess the effects of human activities on the coastal marine\nenvironment and to indicate areas where pollution control measures are working\nor might be needed.\nThe NS&T program is administered by ORCA's Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects\nDivision (CMBAD), in conjunction with NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service\n(NMFS) and the Office of NOAA Corps Operations; ORCA is a major line office of\nthe National Ocean Service (NOS) within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA). Some components of the NS&T program are conducted\nthrough cooperative agreements with state and regional environmental monitoring\nprograms.\nThe primary emphasis of the NS&T program is the determination of the status\nand effects of toxic chemicals in coastal marine and estuarine areas. Through\nits Mussel Watch Project, the program monitors the levels of over 70\ncontaminants in sediments and the soft tissue of mussels and oysters. The\nprogram's Benthic Surveillance Project monitors the same suite of chemicals in\nsediments and benthic (bottom-dwelling) fish, and additionally analyzes fish\nfor disease conditions and specific physiological responses that are\nassociated with contaminant exposure. The chemicals selected by the NS&T\nprogram serve as indicators of human activity and, at certain levels, may be\nacutely or chronically toxic to marine life. Monitored contaminants include\n24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); 20 congeners of polychlorinated\nbiphenyls (PCBs); 15 chlorinated pesticides, including Chlordane and DDT (and\nbreakdown elements of DDT); butyltins; four major elements; and 12 trace\nelements. Sediments also are analyzed for total organic carbon content (TOC),\nand for spore concentrations of the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, which\nis associated with sewage contamination. The grain size distribution among\nsediment particles also is recorded to account for differences among\ncontaminant levels, due to differing capacities for sediments to accumulate\ncontaminants.\nThe NS&T program also conducts Bioeffects Surveys, and prepares Historical\nTrends reports and Coastal Contamination Assessments in selected coastal\nareas. Bioeffects Surveys provide information on the magnitude and extent of\ncontaminant-associated effects by measuring such properties as external and\ninternal disease, reproductive impairment and genetic damage in fish and\nbivalves, and sediment toxicity resulting from contaminants. Historical\nTrends reports identify patterns of contamination in selected coastal areas\nover extended periods of time. These studies compare new NS&T data with\npertinent historical data, including chemical analyses of of sediment core\nsegments. Coastal Contamination Assessments combine contaminant findings with\nsuch estuarine-related information as hydrologic features, point source\ncharacteristics, and projected population trends to provide comprehensive\nenvironmental assessments of selected coastal areas.\nThe NS&T program concentrates on estuaries, bays, and near-shore marine areas.\nThrough the program's Mussel Watch and Benthic Surveillance projects, samples\nare collected at regular intervals from over 300 sites throughout the United\nStates, including Alaska and Hawaii. Monitoring activities are designed to\ndescribe national and regional distributions of contamination. Sampling sites\ngenerally are located between 10 and 100 kilometers apart. Sites are selected\nto represent contaminant levels in the surrounding area and to avoid\nsmall-scale patches of contamination, or 'hot spots'. Conversely, Bioeffects\nSurveys are performed in areas where NS&T monitoring projects indicate high\nchemical pollutant levels. These surveys are conducted primarily in urban\nembayment areas, such as Boston Harbor, Tampa Bay, and the Southern California\nBight. Coastal Contamination Assessments are directed toward estuaries and\nembayments such as the Long Island Sound, and larger regions, such the Gulf of\nMaine. Sediment core samples for NS&T's Historical Trends studies also are\ncollected from selected estuaries and embayments.\nThe NS&T program was initiated in 1984. A primary objective of the program is\nto determine the current status and distribution through time of chemical\npollutants. To accomplish this, samples are collected from most NS&T\nmonitoring sites on an annual basis. Presently, the NS&T monitoring data base\ncontains data on contaminant concentrations in fish livers collected from 1984\nto 1988, and in molluscan tissues collected from 1986 to 1990. The data base\nalso contains data on contaminant concentrations in sediments from selected\nsites collected from 1984 to the present. Recent trends in contamination may\nbe inferred by comparing NS&T data with relevant historical data, derived from\nother sources. Data from NS&T core sample analyses will allow the\ndetermination of contaminant trends since pre-industrial times. Since 1986,\nthe NS&T program has conducted biological effects surveys, ranging from two to\nfour years in duration.\nQuality Assurance is a major component of the NS&T program, as it is necessary\nthat the analytical data generated by participating laboratories be consistent\nand of known quality. Analytical procedures adhere to the standard procedures\nof the NS&T Quality Assurance (QA) Project, established for all laboratories\nparticipating in the NS&T program. As part of the QA Project, laboratories\nassociated with the NS&T program participate in yearly intercomparison\nexercises administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology\n(NIST), and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada. The NS&T program\nalso administers a 'specimen bank' of samples for the purpose of retrospective\nanalyses. Samples are collected from selected NS&T monitoring sites,\npreserved in liquid nitrogen and stored at -150 C at the NIST facility in\nGaithersburg, Maryland.\nNS&T data are available in a variety of reports and publications (over 400 to\ndate). Raw data from the Benthic Surveillance Project (1984- 88) and Mussel\nWatch Project (1986-90) are available upon request in microfiche format and on\n3.5' PC and Macintosh computer diskettes. In conjunction with ORCA's\nStrategic Environmental Assessment Division (SEA), the NS&T program is\ndeveloping a desk-top database information and display system that will allow\nthe portrayal of spatial distributions and temporal trends of contamination in\nthe coastal marine environment. Software has been developed for examining,\ndisplaying, and mapping environmental and natural resource information on\nhigh-resolution base maps. Using Macintosh-related software, NS&T data will\nbe expressed in graph form and on high- resolution base maps.\nPoint of contact:\nAndrew Robertson\nThe National Status and Trends Program\nCoastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment Division\nOffice of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment\n6001 Executive Blvd; Rm. 312\nRockville, MD 20852\n(301) 443-8933\nSelected NS&T projects also are supported by a number of programs administered\nby ORCA's Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Division, including the\nNational Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory (NCPDI), the National Estuarine\nInventory (NEI), and the National Shellfish Register.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36370f59-5f3e-4465-a2d0-05ec958526e6", - "label": "ONR OCEAN OPTICS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "For more information please see:\n\nhttp://www7333.nrlssc.navy.mil/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "367a6df7-8536-440b-9c14-d086915bfa85", - "label": "NLCCP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Land Cover Characterization project was created in 1995 to support\nthe original Multi-Resolution Land Characterization (MRLC) initiative and\nfulfill the requirement to develop a nationally consistent land cover data set\nfrom MRLC data called National Land Cover Data 1992 (NLCD 92). This culminated\nin the September 2000 completion of land-cover mapping using a modified\n(Download Acrobat Reader) Anderson level II classification for the conterminous\nUnited States.\n\nWebsite: 'http://landcover.usgs.gov/nationallandcover.asp'\n\n[Summary provided by the USGS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37ab8541-e165-493d-b5b1-ace264888b96", - "label": "NACP-LAW-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The effects of disturbance and climate on carbon storage and the exchanges of CO2, water vapor and energy exchange of evergreen coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest: integration of eddy flux, plant and soil measurements at a cluster of supersites\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=284\n\n\nThe goal is to continue investigating the effects of disturbance and interannual variation in climate on processes controlling carbon storage and the exchanges of energy, CO2, and water vapor in semi-arid and mesic coniferous forests at AmeriFlux sites in Oregon: the Metolius mature and young ponderosa pine sites (MP, YP), and the Mary’s River mature Douglas-fir site (MF). This is a cluster of supersites with measurements of ecosystem processes, eddy covariance, advection, and footprint modeling. \n\nOur objectives are to combine tower and ground-based observations at the semi-arid Metolius MP and YP to investigate effects of disturbance and interannual variation in climate on C storage and CO2 and water vapor exchange (disturbance gradient), and at the MF site for comparisons of response of mature semi-arid and mesic coniferous forests to seasonal and interannual variation in climate (climate gradient).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37ac0451-2035-4f66-8667-e797e3b58ee7", - "label": "NACP-MORISETTE-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Improving access to Land and Atmosphere science products from Earth Observing Satellites: helping NACP investigators better utilize MODIS data products\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=162\n\nThe problem:\n \nThe North American Carbon Program (NACP) is currently a major component of NASA’s carbon cycle and ecosystem research focus. However, serving on, and interacting with, the NACP science steering group, as well as the ad-hoc group on Remote Sensing for NACP and the task force to coordinate NACP’s mid-continent intensive campaign has made it clear that NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) data products are not being used to their full potential within NACP. \n\nThe solution:\n \nNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center is operationally producing global product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This is done within the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS). The related software operates on a cluster of multimission processing systems supporting several research teams. Two recent extensions of MODAPS, which were developed for archive and distribution of MODIS products, are the Atmospheres Archive and Distribution System (AADS) and the Land Archive and Distribution System (LADS). AADS and LADS offer new opportunities for custom processing and distribution of MODIS products. The goal of this proposal is to leverage, extend, and tailor the functionality available through AADS and LADS to serve the remote sensing needs of the North American Carbon Program as a: “Data and Information Systems Support for Science Focus Areas and Applications”. The purpose of these enhancements is to streamline access to MODIS atmosphere and land data products, to reduce data volume by providing only those data required by the user, and to improve the utility of data products. The proposed work will provide NACP investigators with a time series of MODIS products and custom preprocessing that will allow for direct ingest into an investigators modeling framework. By reducing the burden associated with ordering and pre-processing of MODIS products, we will enable NACP investigator to focus on the information content in MODIS data and its contribution to understanding carbon budgets. \n\nAnticipated Benefits:\n \nThis proposal will serve key researchers within the NACP who have an urgent need for enhanced support of MODIS data. The needs of this group will be representative of the larger climate modeling community and other land and atmosphere researchers; and the tools developed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37d886d4-a2ef-40e3-90bf-7b22ad389d9b", - "label": "MCM-LTER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research (MCM LTER) Program is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in an ice-free region of Antarctica. MCM joined the National Science Foundation's LTER Network in 1993 and is funded through the Office of Polar Programs in six year funding periods. \n\nThe McMurdo Dry Valleys are located on the western coast of McMurdo Sound (77°00'S 162°52'E) and form the largest relatively ice-free area (approximately 4800 square kilometers) on the Antarctic continent. These ice-free areas of Antarctica display a sharp contrast to most other ecosystems in the world, which exist under far more moderate environmental conditions. The perennially ice-covered lakes, ephemeral streams and extensive areas of exposed soil within the McMurdo Dry Valleys are subject to low temperatures, limited precipitation and salt accumulation. Thus, the dry valleys represent a region where life approaches its environmental limits, and is an 'end-member' in the spectrum of environments included in the LTER Network. The dry valleys, unlike most other ecosystems, are dominated by microorganisms, mosses, lichens, and relatively few groups of invertebrates; higher forms of life are virtually non-existent. The original objectives of the McMurdo LTER were to understand the influence of physical and biological constraints on the structure and function of dry valley ecosystems and to understand the modifying effects of material transport on these ecosystems. Now in the third funding cycle, we are poised to answer more complex questions about biodiversity, the impact of climatic legacies, and ecosystem structure and function. \n\nAreas of research covered are meteorology, glaciology, streams, limnology and soil ecology.\n\nhttp://www.mcmlter.org/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3a80883a-00a9-45a9-b0e0-bd7d846b52ba", - "label": "NMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NASA space science missions have ventured to the moon, explored other planets, traveled to the edges of our solar system, and peered back in time. They have also done what is sometimes even more difficult - studied our own planet, Earth.\n \nThese missions have provided astounding views of the universe and new knowledge of our solar system, but there is still so much more to 'see' and learn. And, as missions become progressively more daring, and thus more difficult, more advanced capabilities are needed. However, before new, untried technologies are used for the first time on complex exploration missions, engineers and scientists want to make sure they will operate well, and safely, in the hazardous environment of space. \n\nTo accomplish this, NASA's Office of Space Science (OSS) and Office of Earth Science jointly established the New Millennium Program (NMP) in 1995 - an ambitious, exciting vision to speed up space exploration through the development and testing of leading-edge technologies. A unique program, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, NMP provides a critical bridge from initial concept to exploration-mission use. Through NMP, selected technologies are demonstrated in the 'laboratory' of space that can't be replicated on Earth.\n\nSince its inception over a decade ago, NMP has validated many innovative technologies for both Earth science and space science missions. Now funded and managed solely out of NASA's newly formed Science Mission Directorate (SMD), the Program continues to demonstrate advanced technologies that will enable space science missions of the 21st century with significant (a several-generation leap) technical capabilities.\n\nHighly advanced technologies are key to more capable, powerful, and efficient spacecraft and science instruments. They are also key to gathering new and exciting scientific knowledge of our solar system and of our universe. \n\nAdditional Information:\nhttp://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/\n\n[Source: NASA New Millennium Program]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3bb604a9-2e43-458d-be7c-7a0f3e31a838", - "label": "NFDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "'http://nfdp.ccfm.org/frames2_e.htm'\n\nThe Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM) founded the National\nForestry Database Program (NFDP) in 1990 to establish a comprehensive\nnational forestry database, to develop a public information program,\nan d to provide forestry information to the federal, provincial and\nterritorial policy processes.\n\nNatural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canadian Forest Service (CFS)\ndeveloped and maintains the National Forestry Database. The CFS has\nresponsibility for disseminating national forestry statistics and for\nresponding to questions f rom the public.\n\nThe National Forestry Database (NFD) is the central database used to\ncompile Canada's national forestry statistics. The database is\nstructured to permit a description of the level of activity in any\nperiod, and to mark change in activity and in the resource itself.\nMost of the provinci al and territorial data appearing in the NFD are\nprovided each year to the d atabase managers by the provincial or\nterritorial resource management organi zations. The CFS compiles\ninformation for federal lands from data provided by the responsible\nfederal departments. Forest inventory data are compiled every five\nyears.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3dd34359-fe59-421f-a601-9dddc9a956e9", - "label": "NOSR/NWO/NPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NPP funds Dutch scientific research in the polar regions, and research about the polar regions (not specifically executed in the polar regions). The assessment of grant applications, implementation and co-ordination of the NPP is the responsibility of the Earth and Life Sciences Department of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).\n\nhttp://www.nwo.nl/nwohome.nsf/pages/NWOP_89CEUE_Eng", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4191f1ab-a41d-41e4-b52f-dcd23dcdae2e", - "label": "NGDRS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Geoscience Data Repository System (NGDRS) was\ninitiated in response to the large quantities of at-risk\ngeoscience data held by the oil industry. Funded by the US\nDepartment of Energy and the Petroleum Industry since 1995, the\nAmerican Geological Institute has been developing the NGDRS as a\nsystem of geoscience data repositories, functioning as a\nclearinghouse for data now becoming available to the public\ndomain, and for building coordination between existing data\nrepositories.\n\nThe system is envisioned as a fully distributed system of data\nrepositories joined together with the NGDRS metadata catalog,\nGeoTrekTM. A wide range of political and economic circumstances\nhave been faced by the project, including full economic cycles\nin the petroleum industry, changes in Federal administrations,\nperceptions of funding competition, and poor relations between\nindustry and academia in the geoscience community, let alone\ntechnology issues of managing distributed information systems.\n\nxBy internally splitting the logical management of the project to\nfocus on data transfer/preservation issues, and metadata catalog\ndevelopment and management, the NGDRS is positioning itself to\nfirmly establish a foothold in the community. By remaining\nopportunistic on data transfers AGI has been able to extend the\nvolume of at-risk data transferred. Additionally, moving to\nopen-source and/or GPL'ed solutions for the Metadata Catalog,\nAGI is focused on reducing the cost of entry and maximize the\nlevel of control participating repositories have in the GeoTrek\nsystem, all targeted at expanding the scope of holdings and\nlistings.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_23635.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by The Geological Society of America]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42c653df-d2e4-44ce-b0b7-63d587768cb5", - "label": "NNRP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project is a joint project between the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP, formerly 'NMC') and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The goal of this joint effort is to produce new atmospheric analyses using historical data (1948 onwards) and as well to produce analyses of the current atmospheric state (Climate Data Assimilation System, CDAS).\n\nUntil recently, the meteorological community has had to use analyses that supported the real-time weather forecasting. These analyses are very inhomogeneous in time as there have been big improvements in the data assimilation systems. This played havoc with climate monitoring as these improvements were often produced changes in the apparent 'climate'. Even fundamental quantities such as the strength of the Hadley cell has changed over the years as a result of the changes in the data assimilation systems.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/wesley/reanalysis.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4477c59f-8db3-4d3a-8a96-6333286c8d5a", - "label": "NSP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The project was most active between 2002-2004 and was co-funded by EU Interreg North Sea Programme. A lot of our activities continue during 2005. The project has seven partners around the North Sea region with the mission to reduce marine litter in the North Sea. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.savethenorthsea.com/sa/node.asp?node=1368", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "44fc3652-62c1-4a7c-8023-55730e982a47", - "label": "NASA-Airborne-Lidar", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "457ba900-9328-4a9a-b0b1-9ca6d1a1f2c4", - "label": "OSTM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) is a joint effort by four organizations to measure sea surface height by using a radar altimeter mounted on a low-earth orbiting satellite called Jason-2. The four mission participants are:\n* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\n* National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\n* France’s Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)\n* European Meteorological Satellite Organisation (EUMETSAT)\n\nNASA is providing launch services for the mission. The CNES Mission Operations Center will be the primary control center during Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) and Checkout. At the beginning of the Initial Routine Operations phase command and control of the satellite will be handed off to the NOAA Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC).\n\nThis satellite altimetry mission provides sea surface heights for determining ocean circulation, climate change and sea-level rise.\n\nFor more information visit 'http://www.osd.noaa.gov/ostm/index.htm' and 'http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ostm.html'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "471dbc57-e10e-42b4-b396-7d00906712d9", - "label": "OCOMA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In English:\n\nThe main objectives of Project OCOMA are: \n-Development and installation of a new instrument, developed by INTA to observe Bro and OClO total columns.\n-To widen the scarce available information about the time-space distribution of stratospheric NO2, O3, OClO and BrO in Antarctic and Subantarctic regions\n-To set latitudinal, seasonal and interannual trends in NO2 behaviour as well as to understand its effect on stratospheric O3\nDaily twilight observations of NO2 and O3 total columns were made over Belgrano, Marambio and Ushuaia during the term of the project. These measurements were performed with the EVA DOAS-Spectrometers, which have been developed by INTA and were brought to the three sites by means of a co-operation agreement between INTA and DNA (Argentina), within the framework of a wider project for continuous monitoring of the Antarctic and subantarctic stratosphere. \n35-40 ozonesondes were launched every year allowing the measurement of ozone vertical profiles over Belgrano.\nOClO and BrO total columns over Belgrano were obtained through the setting up of the spectrograph NEVA, a new instrument using the DOAS technique. \nAnother instrument, TEI-49C, came also into operation leading to observations of surface ozone levels in Belgrano.\n\nEn Español:\n\nLos objetivos fundamentales del proyecto OCOMA han sido:\n-Desarrollo e instalacion de un nuevo instrumento desarrollado por el INTA para la observacion de la columna total de BrO y OClO.\n-Incrementar la escasa informacion existente sobre la distribucion espacio-tiempo del NO2, Ozono, OClO, BrO presentes en la estratosfera en las regiones antartica y subantartica. \n-Determinar las tendencias latitudinales, estacionales e interanuales de NO2 e interpretar su influencia sobre el O3 estratosferico\nDurante el periodo de desarrollo del proyecto se realizaron observaciones crepusculares diarias de la columna total de NO2 y ozono sobre Belgrano, Marambio y Ushuaia utilizando los espectrometros DOAS (EVA). Estos instrumentos, desarrollados por el INTA fueron instalados en estas estaciones en 1994 gracias a un convenio de colaboración entre la Direccion Nacional del Antartico (Argentina) y el INTA. Estas observaciones estan enmarcadas en un proyecto mas amplio de monitorización continuada de la estratosfera antartica y subantartica \nSe adquirieron perfiles verticales de ozono sobre Belgrano utilizando sondas electroquimicas(ozonosondas), lanzandose 35-40 sondas al año.\nla instalacion del nuevo instrumento permitio obtener las columnas totales de OClO y BrO sobre Belgrano con el espectrografo NEVA utilizando la tecnica DOAS\nLa instalacion del instrumento TEI-49 C permitio la obtencion del ozono superficial en la estación Belgrano", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "471f8bb3-eccd-47cf-9e97-33e23b1fcbec", - "label": "OCO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is based on the original OCO mission that was developed under the \nNASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program Office and launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on \nFebruary 24, 2009. Before spacecraft separation, a launch vehicle anomaly occurred that prevented the OCO \nspacecraft from reaching injection orbit. The spacecraft was destroyed during re-entry. The Orbiting Carbon \nObservatory-2 (OCO-2) mission was authorized to enter a tailored formulation phase on March 8, 2010. As \noutlined in the Formulation Authorization Document, the OCO-2 Project is directed to make every effort \n“to duplicate the original OCO design using identical hardware, drawings, documents, procedures, and software \nwherever possible and practical” to minimize cost risk, schedule risk, and performance risk. \n \nFor more information: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "486c9b4e-5256-45fd-a7f1-2c766134e819", - "label": "OTTER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research (OTTER) project was a collaborative effort between NASA and several universities to study the ecology of western coniferous forests using remote sensing technology supported by ground observations. The primary objective of the OTTER project was to estimate major fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and water in coniferous forests using an ecosystem process model.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4943e32e-8aae-4e32-b324-29a6dd6658ec", - "label": "NOPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) is a collaboration of fifteen federal agencies to provide leadership and coordination of national oceanographic research and education initiatives. \nNOPP facilitates interactions among federal agencies, academia and industry; increases visibility for ocean issues on the national agenda; and achieves a higher level of coordinated effort across the broad oceanographic community. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.nopp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a06735a-2087-47ba-989b-4d61ce4defa4", - "label": "NOMAD", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NOMAD\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=408\n\nThe aim of this project is to establish mobile field-stations as an innovative research instrument for long-term comparison of human-Rangifer interactions in the subarctic zone. The primary focus of observation is the human-Rangifer link under current impact of socio-economic and climate change. Establishing a mobile observation facility (nomadic camp) offers the best possibilities for long-term observation in the natural environment of the tundra. Thus, researchers use the same practice of following herds that most Rangifer users themselves have used for centuries. The trajectory of the mobile station is determined by the annual migration of a chosen Rangifer herd. The data is recorded in a standardized form, dealing with impact/response description related to socio-economic and climate change, respectively. This data is transmitted from the field on a web-site of the project at regular sessions. After completion of the first migration in the centre of the Kola Peninsula (NW Russia), the station shall be made available to other researchers of the human-Rangifer link. Every effort shall be made to continue the work of the station on a longitudinal basis, inviting the cooperation of interested sub-arctic oriented institutions.\nFollow-up activities envisage a potential network of monitoring stations in the Eurasian sub-arctic zone. Such a network shall be able to transmit data, including visual material, on a regular basis through the Internet. A synchronized pan-subarctic monitoring network shall be potentially able to provide a global information exchange on current change/ resilience situations, related to the Human-Rangifer complex.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d36da67-96ea-401b-b6d5-abe902df6141", - "label": "MARGINS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MARGINS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=339\n\nRecent changes in surface elevation and discharge speed in outlet glacier systems along the margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet have provided examples of dramatic localized shifts in the balance of ice discharge, surface melt, and accumulation. These rapid changes are in sharp contrast to relatively slow variations in surface elevation in the interior, which have been tied to accumulation and firn compaction variations on a decadal timescale. The challenge of documenting and attempting to understand the processes involved has motivated a large collection of proposed research projects aimed at this problem. These range from expansions of ongoing efforts to new projects, and from individual investigators to consortia from a number of nations. They utilize a range of observational and modeling techniques and exploit evolving capabilities in atmospheric modeling, remote sensing for measurement of ice motion and surface conditions, and surface-based and aircraft-based measurement techniques. \n\nTo maximize the efficacy of efforts, an effective and timely dialog between these diverse projects is required. This dialog must encompass discussion of planned research, including field campaigns and modeling studies, interactions among field parties where practical, and rigorous discussion of results. To communicate effectively our emerging understanding, it would be of great benefit to maintain a current discussion of the collective state of the research in a common location. We believe that this new concentration of efforts focused on the downstream end of the mass balance problem in Greenland by investigators from many nations meshes well with the goals of the IPY, and forms a natural core IPY activity in Greenland.\n\nWork associated with this cluster is diverse, but the value of coordination at the international level is clear. Examples of activities that will benefit include: fieldwork that involves at least two projects from different nations using lidar and satellite measurements to track surface height change; numerous field and remote-sensing based studies of ice flow variations and patterns of surface melting; at least two projects that will use atmospheric models to estimate surface energy and mass balance; and a number of studies will exploit different approaches to ice flow modelling to interpret observations. A common goal in these studies is the documentation and understanding of ice sheet marginal change in Greenland.\n\nThis proposal for a core activity for the IPY is aimed at facilitation of communication and collaboration among an open group of consortium members, with the goal of enhancing coordination of field measurement campaigns, modeling studies, and remote sensing measurements dedicated to understanding surface conditions and ice discharge in Greenland. The intent is to use the umbrella of the IPY to lower barriers to international interaction and cooperation between projects at all scales. The improved connectivity is intended to begin at the start of projects, to have an impact on planning and measurement strategies, and continue through data analysis and into special sessions at international meetings and include integrative topical meetings specific to Greenland. \n\nIn this cluster proposal we identify a number of projects that have just received notification of funding for research that will continue through the IPY time period, projects that have submitted full proposals for funding to national funding agencies, and projects that are still in their formative stages. The suite of projects included here provides the beginning of a roster that can grow through the IPY period. All consortium members will adhere to National and ICSU requirements for IPY data policies, and utilize available resources for outreach coordination. Most activities directly involve students, and will be actively involved in training the next generation of polar scientists.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d4f0734-dad0-4bb4-a4e2-c141eaee422f", - "label": "NRSC-UOPS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) - User Order Processing System (UOPS)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d7110fa-0a59-4bfd-8f61-035b664f53c4", - "label": "NASA/COTF", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA-sponsored Classroom of the Future serves as the space agency's principal research and development center for educational technologies.\n\nThe Classroom of the Future™ opened on the campus of Wheeling Jesuit University in 1990 with one employee whose job involved delivering NASA educational materials and programs to local classrooms. Today the Classroom of the Future provides NASA with the educational research and expertise necessary for creating and delivering state-of-the-art education to the NASA audience, be they young or old.\n\nhttp://www.cet.edu/?cat=cotf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4db00dcc-197f-48e3-99cf-522ed78e7092", - "label": "NODC/COL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Coastal Ocean Laboratory (COL) participates in the acquisition of\nglobal oceanographic data, with emphasis on the coastal oceans,\nestuaries, bays, adjoining seas, and the Great Lakes, processes\nthe data, and ingests the data into data bases. It develops product\ndata bases and other derived products for use by NODC's various\ncoastal ocean stakeholders, and it maintains databases on line for\nelectronic access by the coastal science and stewardship\nconstituency. The COL performs research and develops new methods\nand techniques for using coastal physical, biological, and chemical\noceanographic data, collected at great expense to the United States\nand foreign countries, to determine the role of various processes\nwithin the world coastal oceans that contribute to the coastal marine\nsystem. The COL prepares NODC technical publications and prepares\nscientific papers/articles for scientific journals and meetings.\nThe COL defines requirements for new NODC coastal ocean data and\ninformation products and coordinates the development of such products.\n\n\nFor more information on the Coastal Ocean Laboratory visit\n'http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/col/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e90d94c-37b6-4ccc-9f43-e2ba9d9833b3", - "label": "NMDB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NMDB is a database created by teams from 12 different countries, funded in 2008-09 by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme. All neutron monitors operated in Europe and some neighbouring countries pool their data to make them available in real-time and provide easy-to use data products to scientists and other users.\n\nhttp://www.nmdb.eu/sites/default/files/NMDB_Brochure_4.pdf\n\nhttp://www.nmdb.eu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eb9f3a9-a9bb-4347-a256-4d97a9cdff5c", - "label": "MASAR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "50adbbf4-38d8-43e4-b40e-e7ed792c87c3", - "label": "OTEC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is an energy technology that\n converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the\n ocean's natural thermal gradient?the fact that the ocean's\n layers of water have different temperatures?to drive a\n power-producing cycle. As long as the temperature between the\n warm surface water and the cold deep water differs by about 20?C\n (36?F), an OTEC system can produce a significant amount of\n power. The oceans are thus a vast renewable resource, with the\n potential to help us produce billions of watts of electric\n power. This potential is estimated to be about 1013 watts of\n baseload power generation, according to some experts. The cold,\n deep seawater used in the OTEC process is also rich in\n nutrients, and it can be used to culture both marine organisms\n and plant life near the shore or on land. The economics of\n energy production today have delayed the financing of a\n permanent, continuously operating OTEC plant. However, OTEC is\n very promising as an alternative energy resource for tropical\n island communities that rely heavily on imported fuel. OTEC\n plants in these markets could provide islanders with much-needed\n power, as well as desalinated water and a variety of mariculture\n products.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.nrel.gov/otec/'\n\n[Summary provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "51a0e2a4-cba6-4e7a-9590-49cfbb34105a", - "label": "MULTITRACER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The salt content of sea ice is a major control on many climatically and biologically relevant processes (e.g., summer melting rates and surface albedo, the equilibrium thickness of multi-year ice, the\nformation of the brine channels that harbor microbial life in sea ice, the regulation of carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean by maintaining brine network connectivity, the sea ice mechanical\nstrength and, radiation scattering within the ice). In this project, we propose to measure and model delta O18 and Lead-210 vertical profiles (together with internal temperature and salinity) to study\nheat and brine fluxes through sea ice; two processes that are crucial for a better understanding of ice growth and melt dynamics. A unique aspect of the proposed work is that we will incorporate tracer\ntransport and fractionation into models of sea ice growth and melt. Towards this end, we propose to collect ice cores during the overwintering of the Amundsen ice breaker (Flaw Lead Polynya project), and to measure vertical profiles of temperature salinity, delta O18, and Lead-210 within each core. Tracer transport capabilities will be added to current dynamically and thermodynamically rigorous models of sea ice evolution. The modelled tracer profiles will then be used to reconstruct delta O18 values of the surface ocean along the past trajectory of the sea floe, and potential pollutant transport pathways within the Arctic Ocean. This proposal directly addresses the following major International Polar Year (IPY) objectives: (1) to advance our understanding of polar-global interactions by studying tele-connections on all scales, (2) to quantify, and understand, past and present environmental and human change in the polar regions in order to improve predictions, (3) to determine the present environmental status of the polar regions by quantifying their spatial and temporal variability, (4) to investigate the unknowns at the frontiers of science in the polar regions.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=322", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52847336-5bd4-41a9-954b-3e5344f2d10b", - "label": "MAR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In English:\n\nMAR is a coordinated Spanish project related to both stratospheric ozone and uv\nradiation fields of study. It started on January 1st 2001 and will be finished\non December 31st, 2003.\n\nThis project is aimed to widen the scarce available information about the NO2,\nO3 and OClO's time-space distribution, spectral UV radiation and\nPhotosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) on surface in Antarctic and\nsub-antartic regions. This will allow the way in which the incident UV\nradiation levels are affected through changes in these components'\nconcentration to be determined. \n\nThe project MAR is within the framework of the Spanish National Program for\nNatural Resources, priority main scientific-technical objective #6, (Antarctic\nResearch), priority research lines 6.2.1, Atmosphere Physics and Chemistry and\n6.2.3, Atmospheric processes of environmental significance.\n\nEn Español:\n\nMAR es un proyecto coordinado español enmarcado en el campo de la investigación\ndel O3 estratosférico y la radiación ultravioleta. Comenzó el 1 de enero de\n2001 y finalizará el 31 de diciembre de 2003.\n\nEste proyecto pretende incrementar la escasa información que existe en la\nactualidad sobre la distribución total espacio-tiempo del NO2, del O3 y del\nOCIO, y sobre la radiación UV espectral y la radiación fotosintéticamente\nactiva (PAR) en la superficie de las regiones antártica y subantártica, para\nasí determinar como afectan los cambios en las concentraciones de estos\ncompuestos en los niveles de radiación UV que llegan a la superficie de la\nTierra.\n\nEstá enmarcado dentro del Programa Nacional de Recursos Naturales en particular\nen el objetivo científico-técnico prioritario número 6, Investigación en la\nAntártida, dentro de la línea de investigación prioritaria 6.2.1, Física y\nQuímica de la Atmósfera, y 6.2.3, Procesos Atmosféricos de Interés\nMedioambiental.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54d3840b-e9ca-4222-a336-1af80510843f", - "label": "NAGISA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "An international collaborative effort to inventory and monitor biodiversity in the narrow inshore zone of the world's oceans at depths of less than 20 meters.\n\nThe Natural Geography In Shore Areas (NaGISA) is a collaborative effort aimed at inventorying and monitoring habitat specific biodiversity in the global near shore. The international character of the project and its target zone are reflected in the work nagisa, which is Japanese for the narrow coastal zone where the land meets the sea. NaGISA holds a unique position in the Census of Marine Life as an ambassador project, linking CoML to local interests around the world. NaGISA's first aim is to draw up an global baseline of biodiversity and then to use the network organized in that effort to continue monitoring those same shores for the next 50 years.\n\nMethods and Technology\nNaGISA used both passive and active sampling to assess quantitative/qualitative ecological/taxonomic information from the near shore zone. Employing a simple, cost-efficient and intentionally low-tech sampling protocol NaGISA will fulfill the goal of a series of well-distributed standard transects from the high intertidal zone to 20 meters water depth around the world by 2009. This is possible as the protocols are widely adaptable and have been adopted by research groups in many different countries (although new participants are always welcome!). The simple design of the protocols and unique nested hierarchy allows not only local community involvement but satisfies the technical/statistical needs of a global census.\n\nNaGISA targets two specific habitats, rocky bottom macroalgal communities and soft bottom seagrass communities. Both complex globally occurring ecosystems that are currently far less well characterized than they should be. At each NaGISA study site, replicate samples are collected at the high, mid and low intertidal and at 1, 5 and 10m subtidal zones (15 and 20m are done whenever possible). There are two levels of target sampling -- both include measurement of surface and bottom seawater temperature and a visual classification of substrata.\n\n * 1. Non-invasive sampling using photography and observational techniques, percent cover estimates of colonial invertebrates and rhizoidal macroalgae and counts of algal stipes and solitary fauna within quadrats.\n * 2. Invasive sampling, or direct removal, consists of core samples taken within sea grass beds, and careful and complete removal of all organisms (macro and meio) from small quadrats within macroalgal sites.\n\n\nSummary provided by http://www.nagisa.coml.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55cec354-c7af-4813-ae4e-ff20f13db3d5", - "label": "NORMA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: Northern Material Culture, Then and Now (NORMA)\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/eloka/partners.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=201\n\n\nPerhaps the most lasting product of the scientific output from the 1st International Polar Year (IPY) are the encyclopaedic ethnological reports resulting from expeditions to Pt. Barrow, Alaska and Fort Chimo in the Ungava District (now northern Quebec). Together, John Murdoch's Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition (1892) and Turner's Ethnology of the Ungava District (1894) form the intellectual bedrock of northern native studies in their respected regions. These publications are likely the only research results from the original IPY which still are consulted routinely by researchers. The volumes have limitations as ethnological studies; they provide a comprehensive and valuable review of the material culture of Barrow's Inupiat residents and the Inuit and Innu of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula at the time of the first IPY. Both books are highly regarded by contemporary northern native community members across Alaska's North Slope and throughout the Eastern Canadian Arctic. \nWe propose a modern version of these ethnological collecting projects. Using the categories developed by Murdoch and Turner, with a few additions (e.g. communications equipment, navigation devices), the project will document modern equivalents of the items Murdoch collected, how they are manufactured or obtained, and their uses. Photographic (digital) and written documentation will require modest expenditures. \nIt is possible that much of the documentation can be accomplished as part of the school curriculum, involving students with Elders, or as part of a summer/after school program. It could also provide excellent material for science fair projects. A number of educators have expressed interest in incorporating the data collection process into broader educational endeavours. This idea builds on an existing exchange program between a Barrow, Alaska classroom, and in one in Munich, Germany. The idea can be used by any two classes or schools (at least one Northern), and we are planning to facilitate the finding of partners and exchange of ideas through the website. The idea is that two groups of children will be writing about themselves (including the material culture of their community) and asking about their partners. On one hand this will make them aware about their own culture and the differences of the other, and on the other hand it will open their minds to respect people of the other culture. So we will have junior ethnologists exploring the others on their own level. In the Barrow/Munich collaboration, the plans are for a focus on Alaska in English and Geography classes in Munich for several months, culminating in a presentation for parents. The materials exchanged would then be analyzed by older students (12 & 13th year) under the supervision of an ethnologist, ultimately leading to a book from children to children on the two cultures. While we do not expect most school pairs to go this far, the general idea can be used at a more limited scale by individual teachers. \nIf there is interest on the part of a museum (The Anchorage Museum or the Smithsonian Institution where the original IPY collections are held) and funding is obtained for conservation and curation costs, then in addition to documentation, the project could collect examples of reasonably sized items (i.e. no airplanes or front-end loaders), with a view to an exhibition on technology, then and now. This exhibit would be designed so that at least part of it could travel widely, including to Northern communities. Small teaching collections for classroom use will be obtained.\nThe project also will attempt to duplicate photographs, ethnographic and otherwise, taken by the 1st IPY expedition in the Barrow area and in Kujjuaqq (and at other IPY stations if there is interest). Sturm and his colleagues (2001), as well as many others, have demonstrated that comparative analyses of photographs taken at the same locations over periods of generations are productive in assessing long-term landscape changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "570c5a55-4c5c-4434-a34a-420752fe592e", - "label": "O'HARE EXPERIMENT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "O'Hare's stratified experimental plan tested independent groups representing the various stages in the sequence of selection, training, and increasingly complex operations. Dr. O'Hare recruited fourteen of the competing pilots to demonstrate their situational awareness on the WOMBAT-CS test. From this group, eight participants were classified as 'elite' pilots on the basis of their consistently superior performances in gliding competitions at national and international levels; some had distinguished careers as professional pilots with both military and test flying experience. The other six participants were highly experienced but without notable competitive honors. Finally, a group of twelve male nonpilots was closely matched with the pilots in age and occupational achievement to serve as experimental controls based on the New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations.\n\nhttp://www.aero.ca/News1_97.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "580926b1-419a-40f6-b3bf-3d523d912c02", - "label": "NATURE_GIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Nature-GIS is a network bringing together the different\nstakeholders in protected areas: users and experts in IT and in\nnature conservation. Its objectives are: improving reporting on the\nimplementation of the EU policies, raising awareness on GI-GIS in\nthis field, supporting access to data and information. The\nobjectives will be actualised into a reference outcome, 'Technical\nguidelines for data infrastructures for protected areas', a\ncompanion product for operators, whose content will be verified\nthrough web access to structured geoinformation on protected areas\nusing OpenGIS technology. Through Conferences, its website,\nNewsletters and other means Nature-GIS will operate an operational\nnetwork able to involve new external users and to carry out actions\nof dissemination at different levels to diffuse the obtained\nachievements and to propose them to all operators in this field.\nIt is intended to become a permanent and structured group active in\nthe field of GIS for protected areas.\n\nThe objectives of the project are:\n\n- to offer a contribution to improve information for EU policy\nmaking and evaluation, particularly for improving reporting related\nto the implementation of the EU Nature Protection and Biodiversity\npolicy area;\n\n- to offer as well a contribution to raise awareness regarding the\nuse of GI-GIS in this field. The proposal should be seen in the\nlarger frame of its contribution to the different European\ndocuments and conventions that require research, identification and\nexchange of information to ease and promote conservation of\nbiodiversity;\n\n- as per the VI Environmental Action Plan, to contribute to develop\nand broaden the dialogue among all levels of responsibility, from\nthe EU to the local level, e.g. will support public access to data\nand information, in the EU and in the new Accession countries. Very\noperationally, Nature-GIS could become a focal point to identify\nspecific GI-GIS requirements for 'Nature Conservation &\nBiodiversity' in the E-ESDI development.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.gisig.it/nature-gis/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "583a3521-df9c-4f1e-ad8b-b54ef402b704", - "label": "NEESPI NASA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NEESPI NASA Data and Service Center home page: http://neespi.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58767ad1-2800-4406-a255-29eafd142615", - "label": "OHHI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Oceans and Human Health Initiative (OHHI) is taking a new look at how the health of our oceans, coasts and Great Lakes impacts our own health and well-being, in the context of existing knowledge of how our activities affect the health of aquatic environments. The goal of the OHHI is to understand and predict how the condition of these waters positively or negatively affect human health. In turn, the OHHI will provide tools, technologies and environmental information to resource and public health managers and the public to maximize health benefits and reduce or eliminate health risks.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/ohhi/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59667f9f-200e-4635-bc0a-29eb1e75ce71", - "label": "NARWHAL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: Narwhal Tusk Function.\nProject URL: http://www.narwhal.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=164\n\nScientists with myriad backgrounds and Inuit elders with traditional knowledge will integrate results , insights and observations to explain the expression of teeth in the narwhal. The extraordinary tusk defies most of the principles and properties of teeth and remains a scientific enigma. Findings about its form and function will add to the evolutionary knowledge for this odd adaptation and will, because of unique findings of anatomy and histology recently discovered by this team, further define sensory capabilities of mammalian teeth. Scientific results have already begun to direct interest in future models of dental material design as the hard tissue of the narwhal tusk possesses a combination of unusual flexibility and strength characteristics that is highly desirable in restorative materials. These same tusk traits were observed by the Inuit before the laboratory testing was completed, and the results were reported. Likewise, traditional knowledge elucidates many aspects of narwhal anatomy, function, migration and social behavior. Both the knowledge of Inuit elders and the findings of scientists are needed for a more complete understanding of the narwhal, Qilalugaq qernertaq. \n\nScientific studies in anatomy, morphology, histology, physiology, genetics, cellular biology and narwhal social behavior are currently being conducted by the principal investigator and collaborators to elucidate tusk function. Anatomical variations of narwhal will be described from field and laboratory dissection, computerized scans (CT, MRI and micro-CT), analysis of museum specimens, and interviews with Inuit elders. Photographic morpho-metric analysis of narwhal skeletal collections at the Museum of Nature in Canada, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, the Smithsonian Institution and the American Museum of Natural History has been initiated, and we are seeking other institutions that may have additional collections, particularly those with rare specimens. Anatomic plates of narwhal anatomy will be completed based on all these collected findings. \n\nOn October 28, 2006, a panel discussion was presented by the principal investigator, Paniloo Sangoya and David Angnatsiak from the community of Pond Inlet at the 15th International Inuit Studies Conference in Paris, France. Future joint presentations with the principal investigator and Inuit elders will be encouraged and planned to express the value of scientific collaboration with Inuit elders in marine mammal research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5a8bb977-73f5-4454-a072-0ee0483868da", - "label": "OMG", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG) is a NASA Mission led by JPL Scientist Josh Willis to understand the role that the ocean plays in melting Greenland’s glaciers. From the sky and the sea, OMG gathers data about water temperatures and the glaciers all the way around Greenland to get a better idea of just how fast the ice is melting, and how fast global sea levels will rise.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aa0c908-5a3e-43a0-aadb-63739f26bfe7", - "label": "NSTS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A six year program, with a budget of $6 million, was undertaken by the Office of Sea Grant in 1976 to develop improved engineering predictive models for transport of sediment in and near the surf zone by waves and currents. The project, called the Nearshore Sediment Transport Study, has involved ten investigators from six different institutions who worked cooperatively on field studies. Three major field experiments have been conducted, the first in 1978, the second in 1980, and the last in 1981. The first two field experiments had a duratioon of approximately a month and involved synoptic measurements of more than 100 parameters of surf zone dynamics and sediment response. Sand tracer experiments were also performed and the last two field sites include concurrent trap experiments for longshore transport. All data were recorded on magnetic tape and more than a billion words were obtained in the second experiment. In the final two years of the project, emphasis has been placed on the formation of predictive models and their verification using the NSTS data sets.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.pubs.asce.org/WWWdisplay.cgi?8300240", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5ab73373-37f6-46bf-9df9-a52c26947048", - "label": "NSHMP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Seismic Hazard mapping Project (NSHMP) is a project\ndeveloped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS)which\ninvolves the development of hazard maps showing the likely risk\nof seismic activity throughout the United States.\n\nThe map here depict earthquake hazard by showing, by contour\nvalues, the earthquake ground motions that have a common given\nprobability of being exceeded in 50 years.\n\nThe ground motions being considered at a given location are\nthose from all future possible earthquake magnitudes at all\npossible distances from that location. The ground motion coming\nfrom a particular magnitude and distance is assigned an annual\nprobability equal to the annual probability of occurrence of the\ncausative magnitude and distance.\n\nThe method assumes a reasonable future catalog of earthquakes,\nbased upon historical earthquake locations and geological\ninformation on the recurrence rate of fault ruptures.\n\nWhen all the possible earthquakes and magnitudes have been\nconsidered, one can find a ground motion value such that the\nannual rate of its being exceeded has a certain value. Hence, on\na given map, for a given probability of exceedance, PE,\nlocations shaken more frequently, will have larger ground\nmotions.\n\nFor a LARGE exceedance probability, the map will show the\nrelatively likely ground motions, which are LOW ground motions,\nbecause small magnitude earthquakes are much more likely to\noccur than are large magnitude earthquakes. For a SMALL\nexceedance probability, the map will emphasize the effect of\nless likely events: larger-magnitude and/or closer-distance\nevents, producing overall LARGE ground motions on the map.\n\nThe maps have this format, because they are designed to be\nuseful in building codes, in which we assume that, for the most\npart, all buildings would be built to the same level of\nsafety. For other applications, maps of another format might be\nmore useful.\n\nFor instance, many buildings across the US are built more or\nless the same, regardless of earthquake hazard. If we knew that\na particular type of building was likely to fail at a particular\nground motion level, we could make a map showing contours of the\nlikelihood of that ground motion value being exceeded, due to\nearthquakes.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5acba357-33f4-49cc-8a78-637d7774a37f", - "label": "MAR-ECO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "An international exploratory study of the macrofauna of the northern mid-Atlantic Ocean including the processes that control their distribution and community structures in the waters around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.\n\nThe MAR-ECO Project is part of a ten-year global programme to explore the world's oceans entitled, the Census of Marine Life. MAR-ECO aims to describe and understand the patterns of distribution, abundance and the trophic relationships among the organisms inhabiting the waters over and around the mid-Atlantic Ridge. It also aims to identify and model the ecological processes that cause variability in these patterns. The project will chiefly focus on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and gelatinous plankton and other actively swimming organisms, but there will also be some focus on top predators such as seabirds and cetaceans, which interact with the more surface environment.\n\nThe project also aims to share the results of the research exploration with the general public and has begun public outreach initiatives including a web site, school project, ship-to-shore communication, documentary film, video shorts, exhibition ideas and a book project. A well-known Norwegian artist has expressed interest in participating in the project, which gives it a unique interdisciplinary art/science dimension. \n\nSummary provided http://www.mar-eco.no/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b06b223-8712-4e51-8508-7df6a9d16095", - "label": "MAX91", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Scientific Objective and Current Program Status:\n The scientific objective of Max '91 is to investigate the fundamental\nunsolved problems of flare physics including the processes of energy\nstorage, release, and transport, and particle acceleration. To address\nthese central scientific issues, the Max '91 observing program utilizes\nadvanced instrumentation on spacecraft, rockets, and balloons, and at\nground-based observatories. It covers the electromagnetic spectrum from\nradio through optical to X-rays and gamma-rays, and includes measurements of\nneutrons and charged particles in interplanetary space. Max '91 is designed\nto make major advances in solar flare physics through observations of high\nenergy flare phenomena and of the magnetic and thermal context in which they\ntake place. This will be achieved using recent advances in instrumentation\ntechnology that now make it possible, for the first time, to observe several\nof the most important processes on their intrinsic spatial, spectral and\ntemporal scales.\n The core space missions for Max '91 will be the Japanese Yohkoh\nspacecraft, the Gamma Ray Observatory, and the spacecraft of the Global\nGeospace Studies program, particularly WIND and CLUSTER. Instruments on\nrockets will provide high-resolution images and spectra in the UV, EUV, and\nsoft X-rays during the preflare and thermal phases.\n In addition to these space observations, NASA has a program of flights\nof advanced hard X-ray and gamma-ray instrumentation capable of making many\ntypes of observations not possible from these spacecraft or rockets. The\nNASA Max '91 Solar Balloon Program consisted of long-duration balloon\nflights in the Antarctic. The Berkeley Hard X-Ray and Gammay Ray\nSpectrometer with Robert Lin as Primary Investigator obtained balloon data\nduring the December 1990 campaign.\n Since MAX'91 is part of the FLARES 22 international campaign, many\nground-based observatories around the world has participated in monitoring\nthe Sun during the MAX-91 campaign periods.\nProject Description:\n Max '91 is a program of flare research to observe the sun during the\n1991 solar maximum in several campaigns from instruments around the world\nand in space. The following observing campaigns have been successfully\ncompleted:\n SMM, VLA, and Collaborative Observations\n 1990, June 16 - July 2\n Energetic Solar Phenomena 1990\n 1990, December 20 - 1991, January 13\n Target-of-Opportunity Campaign to Observe Active Region 6659\n 1991, June 6-17\n Gamma-Ray, Hard X-Ray, and Neutron Studies of Solar Flares\n 1991, October 3-17\n Multiwavelength/Multispacecraft Observations of Solar Flares\n 1992, January 6-24\nWorkshops have been held discussing campaign results, and their proceedings\nare available from the program office on request.\n The campaigns have been in a spirit of collaboration by scientists from\nall continents and featured the coordinated use of ground based telescopes\nin various spectral bands, and instruments on various spacecraft. The data\nare held by the individual investigators. The Max '91 campaign distributes\nbrief descriptions of the participating instruments, coverage, and the names\nand addresses of the investigators to contact.\n The Max '91 program office organizes the campaigns and subsequent\nmeetings, provides support in the form of exchange of campaign information\nbefore, during and after the campaign, and fosters development of new\ninstrumentation. After the campaign phase, which lasts from 1991-1994, a\nthree to four year phase of data analyses and interpretation will be part of\nthe Max '91 program. The Max '91 Program is an integral part of the\ninternational FLARES 22 program so that the maximum scientific return can be\nobtained with the limited available resources. Information is distributed\nvia electronic mail, electronic file transfers on SPAN and INTERNET, IUWDS\nUrsigram - GEOALERTS, electronic bulletin board service, TELEX and FAX.\nDuring the campaign daily Campaign Action notices are directly transmitted\nto the participants. In addition, Max '91 workshops are held yearly.\n Several specific research programs are sponsored in the USA by NSF and\nNASA in the framework of this campaign. The campaign coordinator will\nsupply further information on obtaining on-line information.\nCampaign Coordinator:\nDr. Alan Kiplinger Email: SPAN > 9555::AKIPLINGER\nNOAA Space Environment Laboratory SPAN > SELVAX::AKIPLINGER\nBoulder, CO 80303 INTERNET > AKIPLINGER@132.163.224.10\nPublications (Available on request):\n(1) Newsletter: MAXFACTS, optionally available via e-mail.\n Contact the Campaign Coordinator to be put on the mailing list.\n(2) 'Summary of Campaign # 1, SMM, VLA, and Collaborative Observations\n June 16 - July 2, 1989', Alan Kiplinger, Max '91 Coordinator\n(3) 'Max '91 Workshop #2: Developments in Observations and Theory for Solar\n Cycle 22', 8-9 June 1989, Robert M. Winglee and Brian R. Dennis, Eds.\n(4) 'Flares 22/MAX '91 Summary of Campaigns,' Alan Kiplinger, 1992 (3\n campaigns)\n(5) 'Flares 22/ MAX '91 Campaign Summary,' Alan Kiplinger, 1992", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c582a68-c989-4b31-a36b-b17fa294f0ab", - "label": "NIMBUS-7", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Nimbus 7 research-and-development satellite served as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced systems for sensing and collecting data in the pollution, oceanographic and meteorological disciplines. The polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major structures: (1) a hollow torus-shaped sensor mount, (2) solar paddles, and (3) a control housing unit that was connected to the sensor mount by a tripod truss structure. Configured somewhat like an ocean buoy, Nimbus 7 was nearly 3.04 m tall, 1.52 m in diameter at the base, and about 3.96 m wide with solar paddles extended. The sensor mount that formed the satellite base housed the electronics equipment and battery modules. The lower surface of the torus provided mounting space for sensors and antennas. A box-beam structure mounted within the center of the torus provided support for the larger sensor experiments. Mounted on the control housing unit, which was located on top of the spacecraft, were sun sensors, horizon scanners, and a command antenna. The spacecraft spin axis was pointed at the earth. An advanced attitude-control system permitted the spacecraft's orientation to be controlled to within plus or minus 1 deg in all three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw). Eight experiments were selected: (1) limb infrared monitoring of the stratosphere (LIMS), (2) stratospheric and mesopheric sounder (SAMS), (3) coastal-zone color scanner (CZCS), (4) stratospheric aerosol measurement II (SAM II), (5) earth radiation budget (ERB), (6) scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), (7) solar backscatter UV and total ozone mapping spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS), and (8) temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR). These sensors were capable of observing several parameters at and below the mesospheric levels. More details can be found in 'The Nimbus 7 Users' Guide' (TRF B30045) and 'Nimbus-7 Data Product Summary' (NASA RP-1215), available from NSSDC.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5db224cf-cdce-4ede-b267-6f88d14f848e", - "label": "NCSS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) was established in\n1896 by federal law as a nationwide partnership of Federal,\nregional, State, and local agencies and institutions. This\npartnership works together to cooperatively investigate,\ninventory, document, classify, and interpret soils and to\ndisseminate, publish, and promote the use of information about\nthe soils of the United States and its trust territories. The\nactivities of the NCSS are carried out on National, regional,\nState, and County levels. For more information, search the WWW.\n\nThe Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is\nresponsible for the leadership of soil survey activities of the\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, for the leadership and\ncoordination of NCSS activities, and for the extension of soil\nsurvey technology to global applications. Other partners\ninclude:\n\nFederal: USDA-NRCS, USDA-USFS, USDA-ARS, DI-BLM, DI-BIA,\n\nUS ARMY-COE\n\nState: Land Grant Institutions, State Agencies (DOT), County Govt.\n\nThe USDA National Headquarters for Soil Survey operations and\nSoil Laboratory are in Lincoln, NE. USDA also has a National,\nRegional, and MLRA level Offices. Land Grant Institutions,\nUSDA-ARS, and US ARMY-COE conduct most of the basic and applied\nresearch in soil science. Some Land Grant Institutions and\nCounty Govt. also employ soil scientists and conduct a soil\nsurvey program, as do private companies and consultants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5debca96-f263-457f-b013-ecdd358a0fef", - "label": "NGRIP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NGRIP is a multinational research program, funded by participating institutions in Germany, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Iceland and the US. Primary sponsor is the Danish Research Council. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~www-glac/ngrip/index_eng.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5dfc67bc-c6d6-4a3c-8d74-062d7b45c4b8", - "label": "NPP-JPSS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NPP represents a critical first step in building the next-generation Earth-observing satellite system that will collect data on long-term climate change and short-term weather conditions. NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Defense.\n\nNPP will extend and improve upon the Earth system data records established by NASA's Earth Observing System fleet of satellites that have provided critical insights into the dynamics of the entire Earth system: clouds, oceans, vegetation, ice, solid Earth and atmosphere.\n\nNPP lifted off aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on Oct. 28, 2011 at 5:48 a.m. EDT.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e2cd84a-a62f-4802-943a-37c7c20b8009", - "label": "MAP3S", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S)\ninvolves the monitoring of precipitation quality. This project comes\nfrom the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory. The project was started in\n1977 and ended in 1991.\n\n Measurement Type: Precipitation type and amount, daily wet\n deposition of ions.\n\n Data Description: MAP3S' goal was to investigate the transport,\n transformation, and deposition of pollutants inthe Northeastern\n United States\n\n Contact Person:\n\n Rick Artz\n Phone: 301-713-0972\n E-Mail: richard.artz@noaa.gov\n\n More info at\n 'http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/warm/warmdb/warmForm.asp?Bookmark=5'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5efdcf88-77e7-40ab-a0f1-2a6fc05a7031", - "label": "NEAQS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In the summer of 2004 several separate field programs intensively studied the photochemical, heterogeneous chemical and radiative environment of the troposphere over North America, the North Atlantic Ocean, and western Europe. Previous studies have indicated that the transport of continental emissions, particularly from North America, influences the concentrations of trace species in the troposphere over the North Atlantic and Europe. An international team of scientists, representing over 100 laboratories, collaborated under the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) umbrella to coordinate the separate field programs in order to maximize the resulting advances in our understanding of regional air quality, the transport, chemical transformation and removal of aerosols, ozone, and their precursors during intercontinental transport, and the radiation balance of the troposphere. Participants utilized nine aircraft, one research vessel, several ground-based sites in North America and the Azores, a network of aerosol-ozone lidars in Europe, satellites, balloon borne sondes, and routine commercial aircraft measurements.\n\nFor more information see http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/2004/papers/ or\n\nFehsenfeld, F. C., et al. (2006), International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT): North America to Europe—Overview of the 2004 summer field study, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD007829.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5feb0c75-7984-4cf0-b92d-db9d701d8b64", - "label": "MARIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multistate Aquatic Resources Information System (MARIS) is a six state cooperative pilot project to make accessible, via a common, internet-based application, selected fish population survey data from each of the cooperating states. MARIS states include Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. These states have developed a statewide fisheries survey database containing information on relative or absolute abundance of fish species, morphometry, location, and water chemistry in selected lakes. Each state will maintain authority and responsibility for its own database, but will support internet access through a defined set of summary queries and reports. \n \nInformation provided by http://www.marisdata.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "637d42e1-60e8-42ab-89c9-73678107a75f", - "label": "OCSEAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP,\n1975-1985), was a program funded through the National\nOceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to develop\nbaseline data in anticipation of oil development on Alaska's\nContinental Shelf. The need for comprehensive geographic data\non the pelagic distribution of seabirds in Alaska and the\nNorth Pacific has long been recognized. During the OCSEAP\nProgram millions of dollars were spent to gather data on the\npelagic distributions of marine birds and mammals on the\ncontinental shelves. Ancillary data were routinely collected\non environmental conditions (e.g., ice, temperature,\nsalinity). This work culminated in an atlas on the 'Pelagic\nDistribution and Abundance of Seabirds in the Gulf of Alaska\nand Eastern Bering Sea' (Gould et al. 1982), which documented\nthe at-sea distribution and abundance of 16 common seabird\nspecies in Alaska. In addition to this work, extensive reports\nby other key investigators! laid the foundation for our\nunderstanding of the pelagic biology and distribution of\nseabirds in Alaska. A current version of the OCSEAP database\nincludes 248 data files, comprising >60,000 standard transects\nwith >325,000 records that document the environment,\ndistribution and group size of >4,000,000 animals.\n\nProject Contact:\n\nJohn Piatt (USGS)Project Leader\nfratercula@yahoo.com\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/NPPSD/OCSEAP_database.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NPPSD]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "63922b03-7749-435f-a0b3-0cc886b99249", - "label": "NAVOCEANO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), the largest subordinate command within the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, is responsible for providing oceanographic products and services to all elements of the Department of Defense. NAVOCEANO is located at John C. Stennis Space Center in south Mississippi.\n\nFrom data collection through production and analysis, NAVOCEANO provides the warfighter the best available knowledge of the maritime battlespace. This includes tailored oceanographic, hydrographic, bathymetric, geophysical and acoustic products and services that aid in safe navigation and effective mission planning.\n\n[Summary provided by http://www.public.navy.mil/fltfor/cnmoc/Pages/navo_home1.aspx ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69a62053-4b44-414e-9011-c917f9d6b6d2", - "label": "Model Archive", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC Model Archive contains documentation, source code, input data, example output data, and post-processing or analysis code (if applicable) for a variety of models relevant to the NASA Terrestrial Ecology community. The archive provides the methodological detail in numerical modeling studies needed to ensure the long-term reproducibility of experimental results. The archive provides allows users to evaluate the uncertainties of model results in comparison to results from other models in assessment/policy studies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ab8ed0a-bf31-4807-9e15-a1b49b035606", - "label": "MTPE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MUSEUMS TEACHING PLANET EARTH (MuTPE) is an innovative concept in outreach recently selected to be a member of the ESIP (Earth Science Information Partnership) Federation, a program of NASA's Office of Earth Science. An expansion of the successful 'Public Connection' program funded by NASA's Learning Technologies Program, this program uses three independent mechanisms for educating the public about Earth science...\n\nhttp://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/mtpe.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6b5d8bdc-0c23-4571-8f34-3404ed9e5b6d", - "label": "OCEAN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Color European Archive Network (OCEAN) is jointly funded by\nthe European Space Agency, the ESRIN Establishment in Frascati, and\nby CEC-Comission of European Communities, Joint Research Centre at\nIspra and involves the collection of the pseudo colour (the Ocean\npigment concentration). The archive data network allows users to\nsearch through the collection of data. Users can search by\ngeo-location, date, orbit, section and precentage of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6bb51d32-d3bc-4379-a96b-dba4145c3272", - "label": "MECCA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate Change Assessment (MECCA)\n Enhanced Greenhouse Atlas is an industry-funded project\n designed to assess the reliability of Global Circulation Models\n (GCMs), to quantify the probable range of future climatic\n change and to convey the resulting information to policymakers\n and other interested organizations and individuals. The Enhance\n Greenhouse Atlas visualizes the results from six MECCA\n experiments employing a variety of greenhouse gas\n scenarios. The six models are: GENESIS: Global Environmental\n and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems BMRC CCM0:\n NCAR's Community Climate Model (Washington and Meehl) CCM1-OZ:\n Modified version of CCM1 CCM1W: Wang, et al (1992) version of\n CCM1 CCM1: Oglesby and Saltzman (1992) version of CCM1 The\n model results illustrate the effects of enhanced carbon dioxide\n (CO2) concentrations on surface temperature and\n precipitation. The atlas is divided into two sections\n representing surface temperature and p! recipitation. These\n are further divided into five subsections each consisting of\n displays for the four canonical months: January, April, July\n and October. The five subsections are: agreement maps; mean;\n standard deviation control run; mean differences; and\n signal-to-noise. The atlas is available on the World-Wide Web\n at: 'http://www.epri.com/ME2CA/MECCA.html' The atlas WWW pages\n were created by Jessica Weinstein. The Grid Analysis Display\n System (GrADS), developed by Brian E. Doty, was used to\n generate the graphics. Contributors and authors include:\n A. Henderson-Sellers, A.-M. Hansen, J. Arblaster, J. Hoekstra,\n K. McGuffie, C. Brescianini, C. Gross, P. Love, M. Perkins, and\n the MECCA Analysis Team, Professor R. Oglesby (Purdue\n University) and Professor W-C. Wang (SUNY Albany)\n\nData Center:\n\nData_Center_Name Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI)\nURL 'http://www.epri.com/ME2CA/MECCA.html'\n\nContact Person:\n\nCHUCK HAKKARINEN\nPosition Data Center Contact Address Electric\nPower Research Institute\n3412 Hillview Avenue, P.O. Box 10412\nPalo Alto, California 94303 USA Phone 415 855 2592 Fax 415 855\n1069 Email chakk@mecca.epri.com\n\nANN HENDERSON-SELLERS\nPosition Investigator\nAddress Macquarie University School of Earth Sciences North Ryde,\nNew South Wales 2109 Australia\nPhone +61-2-850-8398\nFax +61-2-850-9671\nEmail ann@mqclimat.mqcc.mq.oz.au", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6d4597d1-b1a6-453c-b164-ea6f67f0afbc", - "label": "NDE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NOAA’s NESDIS Data Exploitation (NDE) is a data processing system that will provide the critical link between the National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) ground segment and the civilian operational user community. The system will receive NPP environmental, sensor, and temperature data records and will be tailoring them to satisfy user-required attributes such as alternative data formats, aerial coverages, frequencies, and projections. NDE will also apply value-added science algorithms to some NPP data records generating what are known as NOAA unique products (NUPs).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ff14fe4-8821-4242-bf42-272e60658a69", - "label": "MPA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Executive Order 13158 defines marine protected areas (MPAs) as 'any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.' There are many different types of MPAs in U.S. waters. Varying Definitions of MPAs Different Types and Characteristics of MPAs Working Definition for the MPA Inventory References\n\nVarying Definitions of MPAs\n\nThe term 'marine protected area' has been in use for over two decades. The concept of marine protected areas has been around for centuries. A marine protected area has come to mean different things to different people, based primarily on the level of protection provided by the MPA. Some see MPAs as sheltered or reserved areas where little, if any, use or human disturbance should be permitted. Others see them as specially managed areas designed to enhance ocean use. Many accept the definition developed by the World Conservation Union: 'any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment' (IUCN, 1988; Kelleher, 1999). Not too different is the definition in Marine Protected Areas Executive Order 13158. This defines an MPA as 'any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein' (Federal Register, 2000). Under this broad definition, a wide variety of sites could be considered as MPAs. \n\nThere are many different types of MPAs in the United States. For example, U.S. MPAs may include national marine sanctuaries, fishery management zones, national seashores, national parks, national monuments, critical habitats, national wildlife refuges, national estuarine research reserves, state conservation areas, state reserves, and many others. MPAs have different shapes, sizes, and management characteristics, and have been established for different purposes. \n\nMPAs provide different levels of protection and use. They range from areas closed to public access, such as Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Key Largo, Florida (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001); to sites that permit access but do not allow consumptive uses, such as Edmonds Underwater Park in Washington (Murray,1998); to areas where the use of specific types of fishing gear is restricted, such as certain fishery management areas; and to multiple-use areas, such as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (National Ocean Service (a), 2000).\n\nMPAs also protect a variety of specific natural and cultural resources. The near-shore Bristol Bay fishery closure area off Alaska protects king crab aggregations and habitat important to this valuable fisheries species (Code of Federal Regulations, 2000). The Virgin Islands National Park protects coral reef habitat and sea-turtle nesting areas (National Park Service, 1998). Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge protects habitat for endangered species such as the Hawaiian monk seal, coral reefs, and historical artifacts from the famous World War II battle that occurred there (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001). The Monitor National Marine Sanctuary off the coast of North Carolina protects the site of this famous Civil War-era shipwreck (National Ocean Service (b), 2000).\n\nMPAs can range dramatically in size and shape. There are small areas, such as the 14-acre Farnsworth Bank Ecological Reserve in Los Angeles County, California (McArdle, 1997), and large areas, such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, which covers 5,300 square miles (National Ocean Service (c), 2000).\n\nMPAs differ in location and jurisdiction. Some MPAs are in federal waters only, which, for the most part, extend from three to 200 miles offshore. These are managed under federal laws by federal agencies. Some MPAs are found only in state waters where both state and federal laws may apply. MPAs may overlap. The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary and Channel Islands National Park share jurisdiction over some ocean waters (National Academy of Public Administration, 2000). Finally, some MPAs, such as the Cape Cod National Seashore in Massachusetts, include both marine and land components (Bauman et al., 1998).\n\nFor more information: http://mpa.gov/\n\n[Summary provided by MPA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "715267b6-9f3a-41c4-b034-4a514044d715", - "label": "MERRA TIME-MEAN OBSERVATION DATA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Source: NASA/GSFC/GMAO, http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/merra/ ]\n\nMERRA is a NASA reanalysis for the satellite era using a major new version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System Version 5 (GEOS-5). The Project focuses on historical analyses of the hydrological cycle on a broad range of weather and climate time scales and places the NASA EOS suite of observations in a climate context.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "720ac85e-fb7a-44a0-b152-eb40e569c36e", - "label": "NAGDC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Aggregates of Geospatial Data collection is\ndesigned to make geospatial data usable by analysts who require\ndata aggregated to the national level. Thematically oriented\ntowards variables useful to the study of interactions between\nhumans and their environment, the collection aggregates\ngeospatial data to the national level in standard tabular\nformat.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://sedac.ciesin.org/plue/nagd/'\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72178799-53b9-44ad-8f2a-4ad51002976d", - "label": "OSCAR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OSCAR Website: 'http://www.oscar.noaa.gov/index.html'\n\nThis project is developing a processing system and data center to provide\noperational ocean surface velocity fields from satellite altimeter and vector\nwind data.\n\nThe regional focus will be the tropical Pacific, where we will demonstrate the\nvalue for a variety of users, specifically fisheries management and\nrecruitment, monitoring debris drift, larvae drift, oil spills, fronts and\neddies, as well as on-going large scale ENSO monitoring, diagnostics and\nprediction. We will encourage additional uses in search and rescue, naval and\nmaritime operations. The data will be subjected to extensive validation and\nerror analysis, and applied to various ocean, climate and dynamic basic\nresearch problems. The user base derives from the NOAA CoastWatch and climate\nprediction programs, the broad research community, the Navy's operational ocean\nanalysis program, and other civilian uses. The end product is to leave in place\na turnkey system running at NOAA/NESDIS, with an established user clientele and\neasy internet data access.\n\nThe method to derive surface currents with satellite altimeter and\nscatterometer data is the outcome of several years NASA sponsored research.\n\nThe proposed project will transition that capability to operational\noceanographic applications. The end product will be velocity maps updated\ndaily, with a goal for eventual 2-day maximum delay from time of satellite\nmeasurement. Grid resolution will be 100 km for the basin scale, and finer\nresolution in the vicinity of the Pacific Islands. The team consists of private\nnon-profit, educational and government partners with broad experience and\nfamiliarity with the data, and the scientific and technical issues. Two\nPartners are the original developers of the surface current derivation\ntechniques, and two are closely tied to satellite data sources and primary\nprocessing centers. Others represent NOAA/NESDIS, Climate Prediction Center,\nCoastWatch, NMFS and the Navy to evaluate uses and applications.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "729bfa0c-53c5-4969-952e-0651df1b1b0b", - "label": "OMEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Ocean Margin Exchange (OMEX) aims were to study, measure and model the physical, chemical and biological processes and fluxes happening at the ocean margin — the interface between the open Atlantic ocean and the European continental shelf. It served as a basis for the development of predictive models of global environmental changes on the oceanic system and, more specifically, on the coastal zone.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.bodc.ac.uk/projects/european/omex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73b00fc0-9381-4884-a644-96468cf07d6e", - "label": "NCCCS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Experiment: Northern California Coastal Circulation Study\n\nFunding Agency: MMS (Department of Interior, Minerals Management\nService) Contractor: EG&G Washington Analytical Services\nCenter, Inc. Dates: 1986 - 1989 Location: San Francisco to\nOregon\n\nData acquired during experiment:\n\n CTD measurements (NCCCS/ctd)\n Moored current data (NCCCS/current meters)\n XBT (NCCCS/wecoma and NCCCS/xbt)\n Bottom pressure data (NCCCS/pressure)\n Lagrangian drifter data (NCCCS/drifters)\n Sea-level data (see /NOS)\n\n\nThe Northern California Circulation Study (NCCCS), supported by\nthe Minerals Management Service, is a 5-year physical\noceanography program to describe the circulation on the\ncontinental shelf and upper slope between San Francisco and the\nOregon border. This study will result in an improved\ndescription and understanding od circulation features,\nparticularly near-surface currents. The general objectives of\nthe NCCCS are:\n\n-- To obtain high-quality direct and indirect measurements of\ncurrents on the shelf and upper slope, with adequate temporal\nand spatial resolution to describe the pricipal advective\nprocesses.\n\n-- To describe the circulation in statistical terms, including\nmean current patterns, seasonal and shorter-term variability,\nvertical structure, and response to forcing.\n\n-- To characterize the circulation in terms of dynamic\nprocesses. For each process, such as wind forcing, an\nassessment of the primary driving force, response sensitivity,\nspatial pattern, momentum balance, and advective displacement\nscale is required. (Bruce A. Magnell, EG&G Geos)\n\nFor more information,\nlink to ' http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/zoo/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "758196d0-75e7-402f-aa77-f32abf14e745", - "label": "NAAMES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is a five year investigation to resolve key processes controlling ocean system function, their influences on atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their implications for climate.\n\nObservations obtained during four, targeted ship and aircraft measurement campaigns, combined with the continuous satellite and in situ ocean sensor records, will enable improved predictive capabilities of Earth system processes and will inform ocean management and assessment of ecosystem change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7583957b-e902-4daf-a2b9-81b65c3f3b8f", - "label": "MERRA-2", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "777c788f-84ec-4b81-9da9-c53350fa5e5c", - "label": "MARINE MAMMALS PROJECT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "We work to make oceans safe for marine mammals worldwide. We strive to eliminate dolphin mortality caused by the international tuna fishing industry, to end the use of driftnets, and to stop tuna purse-seine fishers from encircling dolphins in their nets. In addition, we aim to stop the resumption of commercial whaling worldwide, to promote sustainable fishing, and to protect the habitat of whales, dolphins, and other marine species.\n\n\nhttp://www.earthisland.org/immp/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "785f7c57-93c9-4fe0-8309-ff32aa59a637", - "label": "NEMO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NeMO Project was conceived as a long-term study of the\ninteractions between geology, chemistry, and biology on a dynamic part\nof the mid-ocean ridge system, using state-of the art technology. The\ngoal is to make multiple observations at one location over several\nyears to document changes in interrelated systems. Hence, the need for\na multi-year seafloor observatory.\n\nThe site chosen for this observatory effort is called 'Axial\nSeamount'. Axial is an active volcano located on the Juan de Fuca\nRidge, about 250 miles off the coast of Oregon and Washington. The\nJuan de Fuca Ridge is a boundary where two of the Earth's tectonic\nplates move slowly, but episodically, apart. When the plates move, the\nprocess is accompanied by small earthquakes and, at some times, by\nmagma intrusions and volcanic eruptions.Axial volcano is seamount at\n460N, 1300W, at the intersection of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the\nCobb seamount chain. It rises 1100 m above the surrounding ocean floor\nto a minimum depth of 1400 m below sea level. The Axial volcano was\nchosen for the NeMO Project because it is the most volcanically active\nsite on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.\n\nThe NeMO Project also is an opportunity to share this exciting\nscientific research with teachers, students, and the general\npublic. The NeMO cruise will have a teacher at sea this summer and\nanother teacher working onshore to help make research results\navailable via the web. Daily updates are planned for the\ncalendar page describing life at sea and scientific results during the\nexpedition as well as answers to your questions during the cruise.\nA Bathymetric map of the NeMO Observatory at Axial Volcano can be\nviewed at:'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/nemo/nemo-obs.html'\nThe Oregon/Washington location map relative to Axial Volcano, NeMO Site\ncan be viewed at 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Images/JdFR_color.gif'\nRefer to the NeMO project web site for additional information.\n'http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/nemo/project.html'\n\n\nFor more information, contact:\nWebmaster:nemo@pmel.noaa.gov\n\nNeMO Project\nNOAA/PMEL Vents Program\n2115 SE OSU Drive\nNewport, OR 97365\nPhone: (541)867-0275\nFAX: (541)867-3907\nRevision_Date: 1999-12-22", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "79ebedb5-25d4-4725-9390-980ed022f829", - "label": "NSF/PLR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Division of Polar Programs (POLAR) manages and initiates National Science Foundation funding for basic research and its operational support in the Arctic and the Antarctic. The funds are provided as NSF grants to institutions (mainly U.S. universities), whose scientists perform the research at the institutions or in a polar region, and as cooperative agreements or contracts to support organizations including contractors and the U.S. military.\n\nPOLAR supports individual investigators or research teams and U.S. participation in multinational projects. Projects can involve investigators from many disciplines and institutions over several years.\n\nOrganizationally, POLAR has two science sections- one for the Arctic and the Antarctic. A third section manages the logistics and support operations including field stations, camps, laboratories, ships, and airplanes. Environmental, health and safety issues are handled by the Polar Environment, Health and Safety Section.\n \nhttp://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/about.jsp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a83d0fe-1932-4dbd-89bc-86a615886fa2", - "label": "NEI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Estuarine Inventory is administered by ORCA's Strategic\nEnvironmental Assessment (SEA) Division. In addition to the assessment\nactivities identified in the profiles that follow, the NEI is supported by the\nNational Coastal Wetlands Inventory, the Estuarine Living Marine Resources\nProgram, the National Shellfish Register, the Coastal and Ocean Resource\nEconomics Program, the Coastal Development Trends Series, and the National\nCoastal Pollution Discharge Inventory. These projects and associated data\nholdings are described elsewhere in this report.\nThe National Estuarine Inventory is a series of inter-related activities that\ndefine, characterize, and assess the Nation's estuarine systems. The goal of\nthe NEI is to develop a comprehensive framework for evaluating the health and\nstatus of the Nation's estuaries and to bring estuaries into focus as a\nnational resource base. NEI data are compiled in a systematic and consistent\nmanner that enables the Nation's estuaries to be compared and assessed\naccording to their environmental quality, economic values, and resource uses.\nThe main holdings of the NEI project are described by the data set entries\nkeyed to Campaign/Project NEI. This is supplemented by the following summaries\nof four databases:\no Physical and Hydrologic Characteristics of Estuaries\no Estuarine Land-Use Categories\no Susceptibility of Estuaries to Nutrient Related Pollution\no The National Estuarine Eutrophication Project\nPhysical and Hydrologic Characteristics\nA principal feature of the NEI is the determination of the physical dimensions\nand hydrologic features of estuarine systems of the United States. These data\nare compiled in a consistent manner to allow users to distinguish the\nsimilarities and differences among individual estuaries or groups of\nestuaries. The physical characteristics of an estuary are primary\ndeterminants of estuarine processes and ultimately affect the ecology of a\nsystem.\nThe principal physical parameter for which data are compiled is the Estuarine\nDrainage Area (EDA). Other dimensional parameters include the estuary length,\nwidth, and depth; the fluvial drainage area, or FDA (the land and water\nportion of the entire watershed upstream of the EDA); and the estuarine water\nsurface area. The seaward boundary of each estuary is identified, and the\nestuary's length, area and volume is estimated for five salinity zones (from\ntidal fresh to seawater). Estimates are also generated for the average daily\nand monthly freshwater inflow (representing the streams discharging into the\nthe entire drainage basin), tidal prism (the volume of water entering a\ncoastal system during flood tide), and prevailing tide (diurnal or\nsemidiurnal) for each estuary. Estuaries are classified according to degree\nof salinity stratification (highly stratified, moderately stratified, and\nvertically homogeneous classifications, reported for three-month periods).\nEstuarine Land-Use Categories\nThe types of land use within an estuarine drainage basin indicate the overall\nextent to which human activities may affect the environmental quality of the\nbasin and its waters. The NEI compiles information relating to the types of\nland uses within the drainage basins associated with major estuaries of the\nUnited States. When combined with information about other estuarine\ncharacteristics, land-use data may be used to assess the effects of various\npolicies on the environmental quality of the Nation's estuarine resource base.\nThe data base includes surface area estimates of seven categories and 24\nsubcategories of land uses in areas surrounding major estuaries. Categories\ninclude urban and built-up land (such as residential and industrial/commercial\ncomplexes), Agriculture, Range, Forest, Barren (such as beaches and dry salt\nflats), and Wetland land use types. Area estimates are compiled for three\nspatial units: (1) estuarine drainage areas (EDAs); (2) USGS cataloging units\n(the portion that falls within an EDA); and (3) counties that fall within or\nintersect EDAs (area estimates for the entire county).\nThe data base encompasses 92 estuaries of the contiguous United States.\nEstimates are compiled for 92 EDAs, 216 USGS cataloging units, and 523\ncounties that fall within or intersect an EDA. The spatial resolution of the\nsupporting data is 10 or 40 acres, depending on the land-use category.\nLand-use data were recorded between 1971 and 1984 and compiled during the\nmid-1980s.\nSusceptibility of Estuaries to Nutrient Discharges\nThe NEI compiles data on the annual nutrient loads entering estuaries and the\nrelative susceptibility of estuaries to nutrient-related pollution. These data\nallow water quality and resource managers to identify estuaries that are\npotentially at risk to nutrient loads and subsequently, to eutrophication\nconditions.\nData relate to parameters that influence estuarine eutrophication, based on\nnutrient loading estimates and physical and hydrologic characteristics.\nNutrient loading data include estimates of the total nitrogen and the total\nphosphorus discharged annually into estuaries from point, nonpoint, and\nupstream sources. The relative susceptibility of estuaries to nutrient\npollution is quantified by the dissolved concentration potential (DCP), an\nestimate of the relative ability of an estuary to concentrate dissolved\nsubstances, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This value characterizes the\neffect of flushing and estuarine dilution on pollutant loads. A\nclassification scheme, indicating high, medium or low DCP values, is used to\nprovide a relative ranking of estuaries in terms of their susceptibility to\nnutrient pollution.\nThe level of nutrient pollution is identified by the estimated concentrations\nof nitrogen and phosphorus, a classification of those concentrations (high,\nmedium and low concentrations), and an estimate of what percentage change\n(increase or decrease) in nutrient loadings would be required to change the\nnutrient concentration classifications. Additional data include the molecular\nratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P), which provides an estimate of which\nnutrient may be more influential in limiting phytoplankton production.\nThe data encompass 82 estuaries identified in the NEI: 23 in the Northeast; 17\nin the Southeast; 23 on the Gulf of Mexico; and 19 on the West coast. The\ndata represent overall estuarine conditions, not site-specific conditions\nwithin an estuary\nNutrient susceptibility studies were completed in 1990. Supporting physical\nand hydrologic data were generated primarily in the last decade. Loading\nestimates were derived from pollutant discharge data generated for the 1982\nbase year. Base-year estimates can be considered to approximate discharge\nconditions for a five-year period around the base year.\nThe National Estuarine Eutrophication Project\nThe National Estuarine Eutrophication Project is a data collection effort\ndesigned to quantify the degree and geographical extent of eutrophication in\ncoastal estuaries, and to test the hypothesis that nutrient loads and\neutrophic waters are linked. The Project expands upon related NEI studies,\ninvolving estuarine susceptibility to nutrient loadings (noted above), by\nassessing actual eutrophication problems and their characteristics. A goal of\nthe Project is to develop a model linking nutrient loading concentrations and\nphytoplankton production to determine the probability of eutrophication\nconditions.\nData will be collected on a variety of factors which characterize\neutrophication conditions and effects. Hydrologic characteristics, such as\nwater residence times and circulation patterns, determine the ability of an\nestuary to concentrate nutrient loads. The Project will examine such physical\nindicators as flushing, salinity, stratification, and tides. Data also will\nbe collected on factors which express eutrophication effects, including: 1)\nwater quality parameters, such as oxygen concentrations in bottom waters;\nnutrient concentrations; light penetration; turbidity; and 2) biological\nparameters, such as phytoplankton production (primary production); the\nappearance of nuisance seaweeds, algal blooms and floating algal scums;\ndecreased submerged aquatic vegetation concentrations; benthic organism\nconcentration and composition; bacterial activity; disease organisms (for\nmarine populations); and secondary production (commercial harvests).\nThe National Estuarine Eutrophication Project was initiated in 1991, however,\nsupporting data may relate to environmental conditions recorded at earlier\ndates.\nPoint of contact:\nStrategic Environmental Assessment Division\nOffice of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n6001 Executive Blvd\nRockville, MD 20852", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7a9b88f5-c883-45af-98c0-04afe1566ecf", - "label": "MUSORSTOM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The deep benthos of the tropical seas represents one of the last frontiers of marine biodiversity, and recent deep-sea exploration confirms the Indo-Pacific as a major reservoir of unknown forms of life in all taxonomic groups. However, unlike most other tropical biological communities, the deep-sea benthos has suffered from a lack of focussed attention from zoologists and oceanographers. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos, a continuation of Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, is a series dedicated to inventorying and describing the deep-sea faunas of the world, with special emphasis on the most extensive of its biogeographical regions: the Indo-Pacific.\n\nhttp://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/science/science/DocScientifique/publications/presentation/listeParution/ficheParution.xsp?PARUTION_ID=305&PUBLICATION_ID=63&THEMPUB_ID=102&idx=6&nav=tableau1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b73794b-48b8-4196-84cc-2047f94101b8", - "label": "OCEANOGRAFIA BIOLOGICA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A oceanografia biológica estuda a biota e a ecologia dos oceanos, buscando compreender os mecanismos biológicos que funcionam nos oceanos. A oceanografia biológica difere da biologia marinha por estudar os organismos marinhos com um enfoque mais ecológico, relacionado com a física, a química e a geologia do oceano.\n\nNa oceanografia biológica se dividem os organismos marinhos em três categorias: plâncton, nécton e bentos. O plâncton é formado pelos organismos que vivem na coluna de água sem conseguirem nadar contra as correntes marinhas. O nécton é constituído pelos organismos que tem boa capacidade natatória, não dependendo de correntes para se deslocarem. O bentos é formado pelos organismos que vivem no substrato, fixados ou não.\n\nInformation provided by http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanografia#Oceanografia_Biol.C3.B3gica", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bc2c87e-ff60-4052-a340-50da54a67f28", - "label": "NHRE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE), funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and managed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), began studying hailstorms over northeastern Colorado, southwestern Nebraska, and southeastern Wyoming in the summer of 1971, working from a radar facility and field headquarters near the little town of Grover, Colorado. From 1972 through 1974, the NHRE field research program included randomized cloud seeding during the peak hail season, along with convective storm research using instrumented aircraft, radar, a precipitation network on the ground, and a variety of other research tools and facilities. The randomized seeding experiment was discontinued at the end of the 1974 hail season, and the most recent NHRE field work was an intensive observational program conducted during the summer of 1976.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.nasw.org/users/hlansford/nhre.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e49e3cf-8790-4d5b-bd42-ee046049627f", - "label": "NICE-STREAMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: SCSCS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=357\n\nDuring last decades in the Euroarctic Region there is observed a stable tendency towards warming that enables us to assume that this is not a short-time deviations of the climatic system from the equilibrium but long-lasted changes. To main factors forming the climate of the Spitsbergen Archipelago one could refer its geographical location, atmospheric circulation, ocean impact, sea and continental ice sheet, complicated morphometrics.\nOn the Spitsbergen Archipelago there exists the huge mass of fresh water in a form of cryosphere elements (glaciers, snow cover, naleds), it has a specific biota and at the same time locates in the area of a relatively intensive economic activity compared with other Arctic Archipelagos... Thus, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of the Archipelago is a noticeable objects-indicator of the current status of the Arctic climate system and estimates of its future changes. Along with this Spitsbergen is a wonderful science platform for studying the overall spectrum of reactions of Polar Regions nature on the climate variations both of natural and anthropogenic origin.\nNowadays, a large complex of scientific researches and monitoring of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment is carried out on the basis of the infrastructure of the Russian village Barents burg, Norwegian villages Longierbuen and New-Alesunn and also the Polish research base Hornsunn. Meteorological, aerological, ice, oceanographic, biological and other observations are performed.\nIt is considered to perform the following complex investigations of the Spitsbergen Archipelago environment in the framework of this project:\nMain project goals are: \n- development and unification of the existing system of complex monitoring of the principal climate forming parameters of the environment status in the area of the Spitsbergen Archipelago \nestimation of the features of the present status of the principal components of the climatic and systems of the Archipelago and surrounding Euro-Arctic aquatic regions -on the basis of the analysis of databases obtained during the project implementation and historical Russian and available international databases ;\nUnderstanding of the impact mechanisms of external climate factors on the nature of the Spitsbergen Archipelago;\ndevelopment of the scientific basis of the scenarios of possible climate changes of the Archipelago environment and forecast of possible ecological impact;\n- improvement of the technology and technical means for the system of hydrometeorological monitoring of the environment.\nThe investigations are complex ones. So, there are some separate sub-programs co-operating in the framework of general research program including the following directions:\n-Meteorological regime;\n-Hydrological regime of dry land;\n-Energy-exchange processes between the atmosphere and underlying surface;\n-Ice-cover evolution;\n-Structure and dynamics of coastal waters including fiords; \n-Climate and fresh water balance;\n-Sea-ice evolution; \n- Monitoring of contamination of air and water ambience\n-Studies of the composite and concentration of radio-active gases in the atmosphere and ocean;\n-Flora and fauna research;\n-Validation of results from remote sounding of the environment components;\n-Testing and experimental service of new measurement complexes for the Archipelago environment monitoring. \nImplementation of the above sub-programs will be realized on the basis of ZGMO «Baretsburg» (AARI, Murmansk ASMS), Norwegian research station in New Alesunn village (NPI) and Polish station in the Hornsunn Bay (Polish Academy of Sciences). Also it is assumed to perform, on the basis of the previous AARI field studies on the Archipelago, the constant-basis observations at a number of geographical objects (glaciers, lakes, river valleys, etc) for which there exist multi-year sets of field data. Here we suppose to use both automation measuring complexes and random observations using helicopters, sea- vehicles etc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e66de92-94e4-4f37-9254-d34ad6e0b48e", - "label": "OSADAMO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Summary of Project:\n\nThe normal use of oxygen by aerobic organisms produces several active\nspecies of oxygen. The first derivative that forms is the anion\nsuperoxide (O2-) that is a species with a negative charge, slightly\ndiffusible and relatively stable, with characteristics of free radical\n(elements with a free electron). The second product of reduction is\nhydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a highly diffusible, stable molecule.\n\nThe union of these two species, in the presence of hemoproteins (for\nexample: hemoglobin, hemocyanin, etc.) containing prosthetic group\ntransition metals, generates a new, extremely reactive species, the\nradical hydroxyl (OH-). This radical has a very short half life and,\ntherefore, interacts with compounds in its en be they proteins, lipids\nor acids, producing reversible or irreversible damage depending on its\nconcentration.\n\nAerobic animals and vegetables have within their cells enzymatic and\nnonenzymatic antioxidant defenses.\n\nWithin the enzymatic defenses we found: a) superoxide dismutase (SOD),\nb) catalase (CAT) and c) glutathione peroxidase (GPx):\n\na) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) with superoxide (O2-) anion produces\nhydrogen peroxide (equation 1):\nO2- + 2 H+ ---> H2O2 (1)\nThis enzyme contains prosthetic group transition metals for oxidation\n- reduction necessary for the dismutation of this species.\n\nb) Metabolized CAT to hydrogen peroxide turning it to water (equation\n2):\n2H2O2 ---> 2H2O + O2 (2)\nThis enzyme is peroxisomal in behavior, and, in addition to its\ncatalytic function, it can conduct a peroxidative battle with much\nlesser efficiency.\n\nc) GPx can also transform hydrogen peroxide into water and\nadditionally metabolizes organic peroxides such as lipoperoxides\n(equation 3):\n2 GSH + ROOH ---> GSSG + ROH + H2O (3)\nThis enzyme uses as substrate a non-enzymatic antioxidant, - reduced\nglutathione (GSH). This antioxidant is distributed widely in\ndifferent organs. Its function is fundamental to maintaining\noxidation balance. Another important non-enzymatic antioxidant is\nascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is crucial in the\nreplacement of the antioxidant activity of vitamin E. Also, vitamin\nE, like vitamin A, is a liposoluble that is found in cell membranes,\ncatching or extinguishing excited species that are generated in the\nreduction of oxygen.\n\nPotentially, oxidative stress is experienced by aerobic organisms when\nantioxidant defenses are surpassed by pro-oxidating forces. This\nmechanism has been implied in carcinogenesis, ischemia and reperfusion\ndamage, inflammation and aging. Evidence suggests that the health of\naquatic organisms is linked to the level of oxidative stress to which\nthey may have been exposed (Di Giulio et al., 1989). In particular,\nregarding processes by which natural atmospheric conditions or the\npresence of pollutants have increased the level of pro-oxidating\nsubstances.\n\nThe extreme physical characteristics of the Antarctic marine\nenvironment provide a challenge in confronting the oxidative\nmetabolism of the organisms that inhabit it, since natural situations\nlike, for example, the high oxygen content in the cold waters or\ngreater exposure to UV radiation (due to the hole in the ozone layer),\nwould have to lead to an adaptation in the activity of metabolizing\nenzymes of the reduced oxygen species, and non-enzymatic antioxidants.\nSimilarly, the presence of transition metals and/or xenobiotic\nsubstances in the water produce oxidative stress in the organisms\nexposed to these substances (Winston, 1991).\n\nProject Duration: 2002 - 2004\n\nEn Espanol:\nResumen del Proyecto:\n\n Como consecuencia de la utilizacion normal del oxigeno por los\norganismos aerobicos, se producen varias especies activas del oxigeno.\n\n El primer derivado que se forma es el anion superoxido (O2.-) que es\nuna especie con carga, poco difusible y relativamente estable, con\ncaracteristicas de radical libre (elementos con un electron\ndesapareado). El segundo producto de la reduccion es el peroxido de\nhidrogeno (H2 O2), molecula estable altamente difusible.\n\n La union de estas dos especies, en presencia de hemoproteinas (por\nejemplo: hemoglobina, hemocianina, etc.) que contengan metales de\ntransicion en su grupo prostetico, genera una nueva especie\nextremadamente reactiva que es el radical hidroxilo (OH.). Este\nradical tiene una vida media muy corta por lo que interactua con los\ncompuestos de sus alrededores ya sean proteinas, lipidos o acidos\nnucleicos, produciendo danos de caracter reversible o irreversible\ndependiendo de su concentracion.\n\n Los animales y vegetales aerobios tienen dentro de sus celulas\ndefensas antioxidantes enzimaticas y no enzimaticas radical hidroxilo\n(OH.). Este radical tiene una vida media muy corta por lo que\ninteractua con los compuestos de sus alrededores ya sean proteinas,\nlipidos o acidos nucleicos, produciendo danos de caracter reversible o\nirreversible dependiendo de su concentracion.\n\n Los animales y vegetales aerobios tienen dentro de sus celulas\ndefensas antioxidantes enzimaticas y no enzimaticas.\n\n Dentro de las defensas enzimaticas encontramos: a) superoxido\ndismutasa (SOD), b) catalasa (CAT) y c) glutation peroxidasa (GPx).\n\na) La SOD dismuta el anion superoxido a peroxido de hidrogeno (ecuacion 1).\n O2.- + 2 H+ ---> H2 O2 (1)\n\nEsta enzima contiene metales de transicion en su grupo prostetico con\nlos que realiza las oxido - reducciones necesarias para la dismutacion\nde esta especie.\n\nb) La CAT metaboliza al peroxido de hidrogeno convirtiendolo en agua\n(ecuacion 2).\n\n2 H2O2 ---> 2 H2O + O2 (2)\n\nEsta enzima es de ubicacion peroxisomal y ademas de su funcion\ncatalitica puede realizar una accion peroxidativa con mucha menor\neficiencia.\n\nc) La GPx tambien puede transformar el peroxido de hidrogeno en agua y\nademas metaboliza peroxidos de tipo organicos tales como los\nlipoperoxidos (ecuacion 3)\n\n2 GSH + ROOH ? GSSG + ROH + H2O (3)\n\nEsta enzima utiliza como sustrato a un antioxidante no enzimatico, que\nes el glutation reducido (GSH). Este antioxidante se encuentra\nampliamente distribuido en los distintos organos. Su funcion es\nfundamental para mantener el equilibrio oxidativo.\n\n Otro de los antioxidantes no enzimaticos importantes es el acido\nascorbico (vitamina C). Este compuesto es fundamental en la reposicion\nde la actividad antioxidante de la vitamina E. Tanto la vitamina E\ncomo la A son compuestos de caracteristicas liposolubles que se\nencuentran en la membrana de las celulas atrapando o apagando las\nespecies excitadas que se generan en la reduccion del oxigeno. El\nestres oxidativo, potencialmente, es experimentado por todos los\norganismos aerobicos cuando las defensas antioxidantes son superadas\npor las fuerzas prooxidantes. Este mecanismo se ha visto implicado en\ncarcinogenesis, dano de isquemia y reperfusion, inflamacion y\nenvejecimiento. Existe evidencia que indica que la salud de los\norganismos acuaticos puede estar ligada al nivel de estres oxidativo\nal que se encuentran expuestos (Di Giulio et al., 1989). En particular\nsobre aquellos procesos por los cuales las condiciones naturales del\nambiente o la presencia de sustancias contaminantes hubiesen\nincrementado el nivel de prooxidantes presentes.\n\nLas caracteristicas fisicas extremas del medio ambiente marino\nantartico, plantean un desafio a confrontar sobre el metabolismo\noxidativo de los organismos que lo habitan, ya que situaciones\nnaturales como, por ejemplo, el alto contenido de oxigeno de sus frias\naguas o la mayor exposicion a la radiacion UV (debido a la presencia\ndel agujero en la capa de ozono), deberian conducir a una adaptacion\nen la actividad de las enzimas metabolizadoras de las especies\nreducidas del oxigeno y en los niveles de los antioxidantes no\nenzimaticos. Del mismo modo la presencia de metales de transicion y/o\nde sustancias xenobioticas organicas en el agua se sabe que producen\nestres oxidativo en los organismos expuestos a dichas sustancias\n(Winston, 1991). Duracion: 2002 - 2004", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fa0c0f5-f3b0-4d27-8fb8-f5ff42ba7338", - "label": "NSD", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Welcome to the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) information resource for the United States Geological Survey. Located at the Florida Integrated Science Center, this site has been established as a central repository for spatially referenced biogeographic accounts of nonindigenous aquatic species.\n\nhttp://nas.er.usgs.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fa4429b-b5e8-4ffa-8e36-99e19d5cda35", - "label": "Notothenia coriiceps", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7fbc7e18-7569-4864-b686-33872d0aab2e", - "label": "NANSEN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NANSEN (North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea Exchange) was set up\nunder ICES Council Resolution C.Res 1985/4:9. Its specific\nobjectives were to:\n\n1. study the hydrography and circulation of the Iceland Basin\n2. study the temporal and and spatial variability of the inflows\nand outflows across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge.\n\nResearch Vessel observations in support of NANSEN were collected\nfrom 1986 to 1989. All relevant data were managed by the ICES\nOceanographic Data Centre (stations) and the British\nOceanographic Data Centre (moored instrumentation). The\nscientific results have been presented at ASC theme sessions and\npublished in ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 225: North\nAtlantic - Norwegian Sea Exchanges: The ICES NANSEN Project,\n1998. DKK 320.00.\n\nFor more information,\nloink to 'http://www.ices.dk/ocean/project/data/nansen.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by ICES]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83ab93bb-926f-45b1-9d8b-bb6abc118f23", - "label": "NOAA-CREST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8536f2d3-73fd-45ab-b0db-bbda202cfbb5", - "label": "NADS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is a NASA-funded project whose main\nresource is an Abstract Service, which includes three sets of \nabstracts: 1) astronomy and astrophysics, containing approximately \n255,000 abstracts; 2) instrumentation, containing approximately \n460,000 abstracts; and 3) physics and geophysics, containing \napproximately 220,000 abstracts. Each dataset can be searched by \nauthor, object name (astronomy only), title, or abstract text words. \nIn addition, they have extended the abstract service to include links \nto scanned images of over 40,000 journal articles for articles \nappearing in most of the major astronomical journals. In addition to \nthe Abstract Service, the ADS provides access or pointers to\nastronomical data catalogs and data archives, thereby making data \ncollected by NASA space missions available to astronomers. In most \ncases coverage begins in 1975 but older materials are in the process\nof being added. The database includes journal articles, NASA and\nother reports, conference proceedings, and some Ph.D dissertations.\n\n\nInformation provided by http://www.lib.virginia.edu/brown/dbases/nads.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8550463a-cd35-40bd-8d60-3baa3f866fc6", - "label": "NBIOME", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "In the 1980's the world's space agencies initiated a long-term program\ncalled the Earth Observing System (EOS) Mission to Planet Earth. Its goal\nis to obtain a better understanding of how the planet Earth functions and\nhow it changes with time, due to both natural and human-induced causes.\nAs part of this mission, the NBIOME (Northern Biosphere Observation and\nModelling Experiment) project was proposed and submitted to NASA by the\nCanada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) in 1988. It was approved as a\n10 year program.\n\nThe project is a cooperative effort involving CCRS, Forestry Canada,\nAgriculture Canada and a number of universities. It has been accepted\nas part of the Canadian Global Change Program co-ordinated by the Royal\nSociety of Canada.\n\nNBIOME's principal objective is to increase our understanding of the role of\nterrestrial vegetation in the total Earth system and its changes with time.\nIts goal is to develop and adapt an observation system pertaining to a\nfamily of landscape and ecosystem models, backed by process understanding,\nto monitor, evaluate and predict the impact of global change on boreal\necosystems including forests, grasslands, wetlands and tundra.\nCCRS's contribution to NBIOME is to carry out the research, development\nand demonstration of the use of satellite data to contribute to the\nestimation of carbon pools and fluxes related to Canadian ecosystems. The\nremote sensing data is particularly valuable due to the broad spatial\ndistribution of vegetation and its inaccessibility at northern latitudes\nwhere there are few settlements, limited road access and a short growing\nseason.\n\nTo achieve this goal an NBIOME Information System (NBIS) will be developed.\nIts specific objectives will be:\n 1. To develop a Vegetation Classification Algorithm based on satellite\n measurements as a principal data source and, using this algorithm,\n to produce a digital vegetation map of Canada as a baseline for\n determining future changes as well as for use in growth and\n succession models.\n 2. To develop a Phytomass Model for the vegetation of Canada and, using\n this model, to produce a map of total phytomass as input into a\n growth model.\n 3. To develop/adapt a vegetation growth model and, using this model, to\n produce digital maps of Canada showing gross primary productivity\n and net change in carbon storage for different years within the EOS\n time period.\n 4. To develop/adapt one or more Succession Models and, using these\n models, to produce digital maps of future vegetation distribution\n of Canada based on the extrapolation of observed trends and/or\n likely postulated scenarios of future climatic conditions.\n\nFurther information is available from: Dr. Josef Cihlar, Canada Centre for\nRemote Sensing, 588 Booth Street, 4th Floor, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA K1Y 0Y7,\nTelephone (613) 947-1265, FAX (613) 947-1385, INTERNET> cihlar@ccrs.emr.ca\nor, Prof Dennis Parkinson, Department of Biological Sciences, University of\nCalgary, Calgary, Alberta CANADA T2N 1N4, Telephone (403) 220-7824,\nFAX (403) 289-9311.\n\nMore details can also be attained from The Northern Biosphere Observation\nand Modelling Experiment Science Plan available from The Canadian Global\nChange Program Secretariat, c/o Royal Society of Canada, P.O. Box 9734,\nOttawa, Ontario CANADA K1G 5J4, Telephone (613) 991-5639, FAX (613)\n991-6996, INTERNET> wcsrsc@carleton.ca, web:cgcprsc.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8756dcea-9c0d-43ac-b04b-d88d4bc87d7f", - "label": "NACP-MASEK-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A Community-Driven, North American Disturbance Record and Processing System for Land Satellite Data\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=210\n\nhttp://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=210", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "877928b0-e0fd-4b3c-9425-d039cb184734", - "label": "NWI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) of the U.S. Fish &\nWildlife Service produces information on the characteristics,\nextent, and status of the Nation?s wetlands and deepwater\nhabitats. The National Wetlands Inventory Center information is\nused by Federal, State, and local agencies, academic\ninstitutions, U.S. Congress, and the private sector. The NWIC\nhas mapped 90 percent of the lower 48 states, and 34 percent of\nAlaska. About 44 percent of the lower 48 states, and 13 percent\nof Alaska are digitized. Congressional mandates require the NWIC\nto produce status and trends reports to Congress at ten-year\nintervals. In addition to status and trends reports, the NWIC\nhas produced over 130 publications, including manuals, plant and\nhydric soils lists, field guides, posters, wall size resource\nmaps, atlases, state reports, and numerous articles published in\nprofessional journals.\n\nThe National Wetlands Inventory Center (NWIC) is located in\nSaint Petersburg, Florida. We are a state-of-the-art computer\noperation which is responsible for constructing the wetlands\nlayer of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. NWI maps and\ndigitial data are distributed widely throughout the country and\nthe world. We have distributed over 1.9 million maps and over 1\nmillion digital wetland map files since they were first\nintroduced.\n\nProducts and Services:\n\nThe National Wetlands Inventory has many products, you may\naccess these products by clicking on the 'specific product' or\ngo to our downloads page. Below is a list of the directories\nthat contain products that may be of value to our users:\n\n1. Dlgdata: NWI 7.5' quad maps are available here. You can\ndownload wetland maps that have been digitized and converted to\ndlg (digital line graph) format. Dlg is a vector format\ndeveloped by the USGS and the files are NOT images (gifs,\njpegs). If you want to use the dlg files you must have GIS\nsoftware (ArcInfo, Mapinfo, etc) that has the ability to import\ndlg format. The data is organized by USGS 250k map name so it is\nadvised to have a USGS index book for the state in which your\ndesired quads are located in order to find which 1:250k to\naccess.\n\n2. Arcdata: NWI maps that have been digitized and converted to\nArc Export format. The data are organized by USGS 250k map name\nand so it is advisable to have a USGS index book for the state\nin which your desired quads are located in order to find which\n250k directory to access.\n\n3. Maps: Status and ordering information about NWI products. An\nexplanation of NWI map codes and new additions to on-line\ndlgdata work areas in progress for digital wetlands data.\n\n4. Samples: 14 sample quads in dlg, dxf, moss, grass, and arc\nformats along with acreage summaries for each quad.\n\n5. Software: Amls and smls for converting NWI dlg files to\nArcInfo, unzipping software, parsing software and a public\ndomain version of tar for MS-DOS.\n\nOffice Directory:\n\nWashington Office\n\nBenjamin N. Tuggle\nChief, Division of Federal Program Activities\nU.S.Fish & Wildlife Service\nDivision of Habitat Conservation\n4401 North Fairfax Drive - Room 400\nArlington, Virginia 22203-1610\n\nNWI Center - Saint Petersburg, Florida\n\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\nNational Wetlands Inventory Center\n9720 Executive Center Drive North\nMonroe Building, Suite 101\nSaint Petersburg, Florida 33702\nPhone: 727-570-5400, Fax: 727-570-5420\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nwi.fws.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89ada70d-f2bf-421c-90b9-39655c556f9d", - "label": "OAXTC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The main goal of the NOAA/CMDL Ocean/Atmosphere Exchange of Trace Compounds\n(OAXTC) 1992 study was to determine the atmospheric mixing ratio of\nhydrochlorofluorocarbon 22 (HCFC-22) and its partial pressure in\nsurface waters of the West Pacific Ocean to assess the possible\nexistence of an oceanic sink for this compound.\nThe ship, John V. Vickers, started out of Long Beach, CA, and reached\nDutch Harbor, AK, one week later. The cruise continued to a point\noffshore of Kamchatka, Russia, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, and\nfinally ended in Noumea, New Caledonia, 12 weeks after it began.\nCFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2), methyl\nchloroform (CH3CCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), nitrous oxide (N2O)\nand HCFC-22 (CHClF2) were measured in the air and surface waters of\nthe Pacific Ocean between 55 deg N and 22 deg S during the late summer\nand early fall of 1992. Atmospheric measurements of all gases agreed\nwell with results from NOAA fixed stations at similar latitudes.\nReferences:\nOAXTC 92: OCEAN / ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE OF TRACE COMPOUNDS 1992, Oceanic\nMeasurements of HCFC-22, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CH3CCl3, CCl4, and\nN2O in the Marine air and Surface Waters of the West Pacific Ocean\n(03. August to 21 October 1992), J.M. Lobert, J.H. Butler,\nT.J. Baring, R.C. Myers, S.A. Montzka, J.W. Elkins NOAA Technical\nMemorandum ERL CMDL-9, July 1995.\nContacts:\nJames H. Butler +1 303 497 6898 (tel) 6290 (fax) jbutler@cmdl.noaa.gov\nJurgen M. Lobert +1 303 497 7006 (tel) 7850 (fax) jurgen@fiji.ucsd.edu\nOAXTC 92 Data are available on the NOAA/CMDL/NOAH anonymous FTP account\n'ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/oaxtc_92'\nFor more information see:\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah'\nand\n'http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/ocean/ocean.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89fb7b07-4baf-45ea-9f26-1309850e3576", - "label": "NACP-CHOPPING-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Quantifying Changes in Carbon Pools with Shrub Invasion of Desert Grasslands using Multi-Angle Data from EOS Terra and Aqua\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=199\n\nIn tandem with the ongoing world-wide increase in the abundance of woody plants within former grasslands, desert grasslands throughout the southwestern U.S. have experienced a dramatic increase in the abundance of shrubs since the end of the 19th century. The region thus provides an adequate subject for the development of remote sensing and modeling methods which will be useful at global scales and in other regions. We propose to estimate carbon pools in this region using remotely-sensed inputs from the NASA Earth Observing System satellites Terra and Aqua. \n\n\nWe are working to refine mapping of vegetation through improved plant community type differentiation, estimating contributions from soil, shrub and grass components and provision of structural measures. This addresses three aspects of the problem of estimating C pools: large differences in total C storage in different plant communities; the need to reliably estimate the areal proportions of soil, grass and shrubs; and the need to obtain measures of canopy structure over large areas. \n\n\nWe are working towards these goals using multi-angle spectral reflectance data and derived parameters and metrics from the MISR and MODIS instruments. The approach is based on the premise that incorporating multi-angle measures in plant community type mapping results in substantial improvements in classification and mapping; that canopy heterogeneity is reflected in these data; and that useful canopy structure measures are available in the angular domain. \n\n\nFrom 2006, we began working at the regional scale and included maps of forest canopy parameters from MISR.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89fd4098-0bc4-4d26-a9fa-345390d7c9a9", - "label": "NSWS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) was a national surveey\nto study lakes and streams which were sensitive to acidic\ndeposition. Adverse aquatic effects from acidic deposition are\nunlikely in areas of the United States that were not sampled in the\nNSWS, since surface waters in these areas generally have high acid\nneutralizing capacity (ANC), with the possible exception of parts\nof the Coastal Plain, in the Southeast.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8aaae16a-333c-41f7-83c3-84107446c468", - "label": "MLML89", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Marine Light - Mixed Layer Experiment took place in \nthe sub-Arctic North Atlantic ocean, approximately 275 \nmiles south of Reykjavik, Iceland. Data is available \nfrom a buoy fielded from April 13-June 10, 1989. \nThe experiment was funded by the Office Of Naval Research. \nData from this experiment include: \n\nMeteorological Data \nWater Velocity Data \nTemperature Data \n\nInformation provided by http://uop.whoi.edu/uopdata/mlml/mlml89/mlml89.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8b3562cf-3bee-4474-9a48-97cc1950d5dc", - "label": "ORACLE-03", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: ORACLE-O3\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=99\n\nThe depletion of the polar ozone layer is one of the strongest anthropogenic signals in the earth system. The IPY will approximately take place during the period of peak concentrations of man-made ozone depleting substances in the region of the ozone layer. It is also the time when potential effects from climate change, e.g. changes in temperature, water vapour abundances, and/or circulation, might begin to manifest in the stratosphere and influence ozone recovery. In April 2005, nearly eighteen years after the signing of the Montreal Protocol (MP), ozone loss is as severe as ever over the Arctic, and the timing and extent of ozone recovery is uncertain. Depletion of stratospheric ozone in polar regions has greatly enhanced harmful UV radiation in the affected areas at times of the year when ecosystems are vulnerable. The state of the polar stratosphere, and its future development will be, therefore, a major source of concern, both for circumpolar communities and people living at lower latitudes in the International Polar Year (IPY) and for decades thereafter. \n\nThe project will be divided into seven main activities: \n\n1) ozone loss (detection and impact on UV radiation, \n2) PSC (polar stratospheric clouds) and cirrus, \n3) atmospheric chemistry, \n4) UV radiation, \n5) ozone and climate change and feedback, \n6) data management, and \n7) education, outreach and communication.\n\nThe project implies precisely quantification of polar ozone losses in both hemispheres achieved with concerted international campaigns during which hundreds of ozonesondes will be launched in real-time coordination from station networks in the Arctic and Antarctic. Satellite coverage of ozone and ozone depleting substances will be unprecedented during the IPY, and data from satellites such as ENVISAT, Aura, ACE, Odin, POAM III and SAGE III will be used in a novel approach that combines these measurements with groundbased station data. \n\nUnderstanding ozone depletion requires an understanding of PSCs which are known to initiate ozone depletion through heterogeneous reactions and enhance ozone depletion through removal of nitric acid (denitrification) by cloud sedimentation. Chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of polar cloud particles and gas phase species will be obtained in-situ and remotely from stratospheric balloons and several aircraft, including the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica during a major Arctic field campaign. Complementary particle information will be gained by lidar observations from several Arctic and Antarctic NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) research stations, including the development of PSC detection capabilities with the satellite borne CALIPSO lidar.\n\nDuring the project ground-based observations will be performed at many Arctic and Antarctic NDSC-stations by means of remote sensing instruments operating in the infrared, UV/Vis and microwave spectral regions to measure the seasonal and long-term variability of ozone, water vapour, and numerous key ozone-related trace gases in the stratosphere, in addition to tropospheric pollutants, greenhouse gases, and biomass burning. Radiosonde, lidar and satellite will provide measurements of wind and temperatures in the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere. The project also comprehends monitoring of UV-, visible, and infrared radiation and ground/sea/ice albedo in various high latitude stations in the northern and southern hemisphere together with modelling studies of ozone and UV in these regions, including an epidemiological study of personal UV exposure. \n\nIntegration of field data and process studies within a modelling framework will enable predictions the future evolution of the ozone layer as well as the potential feedback on the future polar climate. The modelling efforts will focus on assimilating the observations to yield a comprehensive understanding that can both reproduce the observed circulation and chemical evolution and predict the Arctic and Antarctic middle atmosphere response to changes in the circulation and atmospheric chemistry. Atmospheric effects of manifestations of solar activity as the short-term changes of the cosmic ray intensity, variations of the interplanetary electric field and variations of the solar UV-irradiation will be included. Interactively coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) of the troposphere and the stratosphere will be used to investigate past and to assess future changes of climate and atmospheric chemical composition at higher geographical latitudes of the Earth atmosphere, particularly of ozone recovery in the stratosphere. Related changes of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation will be determined.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c1f5b1f-d2d2-41e9-ae4b-1e4064226cc7", - "label": "MESOGAMM 86", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mesogamma 86 experiment (Phase II) was conducted by NOAA/ETL during the summer of 1986 in northeastern Colorado. The experiment was in part designed to study mesoscale interactions with the small-scale circulations of gust fronts, microbursts, and thunderstorms. One of the main focuses of the experiment was to observe the interaction and evolution of colliding outflow boundaries from thunderstorms. Colliding boundaries are a key factor in mesoscale storm initiation, which is of particular importance to forecasting and local aviation. \n\nhttp://www.etl.noaa.gov/et2/projects/mesogamma.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c69c4f3-fb12-4ab5-9dac-f333bb516694", - "label": "NCTS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The 'Wind Events and Shelf Transport' (WEST) program was an interdisciplinary study of coastal upwelling off northern California in 2000-03. WEST was comprised of modeling and field observations. The primary goal of WEST was to better describe and understand the competing influences of wind forcing on planktonic productivity in coastal waters. While increased upwelling-favorable winds lead to increased nutrient supply, they also result in reduced light exposure due to deeper surface mixed layers and increased advective loss of plankton from coastal waters. The key to understanding high levels of productivity, amidst these competing responses to wind forcing, is the temporal and spatial structure of upwelling. Temporal fluctuations and spatial patterns allow strong upwelling that favors nutrient delivery to be juxtaposed with less energetic conditions that favor stratification and plankton blooms. \n\nhttp://repositories.cdlib.org/postprints/2402/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c8fe933-c8ba-456e-8756-6b361e1160f1", - "label": "OCEAN-READER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Southern Ocean READER is a portal for links to temperature, salinity and ocean current data from the Southern Ocean. This portal is the first phase of Southern Ocean data management to be conducted via the auspices of the SCAR Antarctica in the Global Climate System (AGCS) Scientific Research Programme.\n\nPlease refer to the Southern Ocean READER website for more information at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/SCAR_ssg_ps/OceanREADER/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d4a624b-a86a-4676-91a6-2d19de18cd9e", - "label": "OEN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Operational Evaluation Network (OEN), funded by the Electric Power\nResearch Institute (EPRI), operated 25 monitoring sites as part of the\nEulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS). The OEN monitored air\nquality data including precipitation chemistry, and meteorological\ndata from sites in the Eastern USA, the Plains States, and Colorado.\nSee: 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/oen-e.htm' for more information\non the OEN.\nSee 'http://src.com/~epriasdc/emefs/emefs.htm' for more information on EMEFS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e4166cf-685d-446f-af1e-5b47a765c08a", - "label": "OGC/WMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Open Geospatial Consortium/Web Map Service is a specification developed\nby the Open Geospatial Consortium that defines three WMS operations:\n\n1. GetCapabilities returns service-level metadata, which is a\ndescription of the service's information content and acceptable\nrequest parameters;\n\n2. GetMap returns a map image whose geospatial and dimensional\nparameters are well defined;\n\n3. GetFeatureInfo (optional) returns information about\nparticular features shown on a map.\n\nThis specification defines a syntax for World Wide Web (WWW) Uniform Resource\nLocators (URLs) that invoke each of these operations. Also, an Extensible\nMarkup Language (XML) encoding is defined for service-level metadata.\n\nWhen requesting a map, a client may specify the information to be shown on the\nmap (one or more 'Layers'), possibly the 'Styles' of those Layers, what portion\nof the Earth is to be mapped (a 'Bounding Box'), the projected or geographic\ncoordinate reference system to be used (the 'Spatial Reference System,' or\nSRS), the desired output format, the output size (Width and Height), and\nbackground transparency and color. When two or more maps are produced with the\nsame Bounding Box, Spatial Reference System, and output size, the results can\nbe accurately layered to produce a composite map. The use of image formats that\nsupport transparent backgrounds allows the lower Layers to be visible.\nFurthermore, individual map Layers can be requested from different Servers. The\nWMS specification thus enables the creation of a network of distributed Map\nServers from which Clients can build customized maps.\n\nA particular WMS provider in a distributed WMS network need only be the steward\nof its own data collection. This stands in contrast to vertically integrated\nweb mapping sites that gather in one place all of the data to be made\naccessible by their own private interface.\n\nVisit the Open Geospatial Consortium homepage at\nhttp://www.opengeospatial.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f47d03b-d5a6-44c1-b133-ce457f69775c", - "label": "NEWS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f688e5b-2d51-4d34-9f54-0f40a369c14b", - "label": "NSCATP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A scatterometer is an instrument that measures near-surface ocean winds by sending a constant stream of radar pulses toward Earth from an orbiting satellite. When the radar pulse reflects back off the ocean surface, some of its energy is scattered by small, wind-driven waves rippling across the sea. By measuring these changes in the reflected radar signals, engineers can deduce the speed and direction of the winds that caused the ocean waves. \n\nThe NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) instrument was designed and built by JPL and flown on Japan's Midori satellite (previously known as the Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS), the largest satellite ever developed by that country. Following launch from Japan's Tanegashima Space Center on August 17, 1996 (the evening of August 16 in U.S. Pacific Daylight Time or Eastern Daylight Time), the satellite circled Earth in an orbit that took it close to the planet's north and south poles. NSCAT yielded 268,000 measurements of ocean winds each day, covering more than 90 percent of Earth's ice-free seas. \n\nhttp://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/missiondetails.cfm?mission=nscat", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9162c074-486a-46e4-85f9-8428e6efe185", - "label": "MULTI-TASTE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "TASTE is a set of freely-available tools dedicated to the development of embedded, real-time systems. It was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), together with a set of partners from the space industry. \n\nTASTE allows software designers to easily integrate heteregeneous pieces of code produced either manually (in C or Ada) or automatically by external modelling tools such as Matlab Simulink, SCADE, or Real-Time Developer Studio. \n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www.assert-project.net/-TASTE", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94ce3d58-8221-4026-b639-dddf1a330f16", - "label": "MABP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Improving our understanding of the status and vulnerability of Maine’s freshwater species and ecosystems is the primary goal of the Maine Aquatic Biodiversity Project. Such an understanding is a key requirement for ongoing and future efforts to promote the effective conservation and management of our State’s freshwater resources. MABP is a collaborative venture between The Nature Conservancy, and the Maine Departments of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, and Environmental Protection, and the Maine Natural Areas Program.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.pearl.maine.edu/Browseglobal.asp?PNI=LAKES_STREAMS&NoOfInputs=0&mode=GROUPDATA&GROUPNAME=MABP&TABLENAME=ADMIN_UMO08", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94fc6f2b-b416-4b76-bbe9-2b3dd7ba6205", - "label": "NACP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The North American Carbon Program (NACP) is a multidisciplinary research program designed to improve understanding of North America's carbon sources, sinks, and stocks. The central objective is to measure and understand the sources and sinks of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in North America and adjacent oceans. The NACP is supported by a number of different federal agencies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9850fbfa-93fc-4254-bc4e-ce0ef47228fc", - "label": "NCCOOS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "One of the primary goals of NC-COOS as it grows is to develop a robust set of Ocean Observing platforms. Having a system that is flexible and robust will allow us to observe the ocean and the atmosphere in real-time using a variety of host platforms. These include offshore buoys and Navy towers, estuarine profiling platforms, a rooftop development package, and a remotely sensed surface current radar. \n\nSummary provided by http://nccoos.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9884740e-661e-445b-8a35-45d7e093bc6e", - "label": "McMurdo Predator Prey", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98ae6624-d644-456e-b90c-31eb638c743c", - "label": "MAGS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS) is a set ofB coordinated process,\nremote sensing and modelling studies of the behaviour and the\nconnections between the atmospheric and hydrologic (water) systems of\nthe Mackenzie River Basin in northern Canada. It is being conducted by\na network of Canadian government and university scientists supported\nby the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of\nCanada, Environment Canada, and other government and industrial\npartners.\n\nThe goal of MAGS is to improve our understanding of the water and\nenergy cycle of the Mackenzie River Basin in particular and of cold\nregions in general. One its major objectives is to develop coupled\nmodels of the atmospheric and hydrological processes of the Mackenzie\nRiver Basin that can be used to evaluate the impact of both\nhuman-induced climate change and natural climate variability on\nCanada's water resources.\n\nMAGS is also an important Canadian contribution to the Global Water\nand Energy Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) ; a major international research\nproject coordinated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).\n\nFor more information, see:\n'http://www.usask.ca/geography/MAGS/index_e.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9926f517-829e-4870-b18c-9f7cee875b85", - "label": "NPP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The North American Carbon Program (NACP) is a multidisciplinary research program to obtain scientific understanding of North America's carbon sources and sinks and of changes in carbon stocks needed to meet societal concerns and to provide tools for decision makers. The NACP is supported by a number of different federal agencies. The central objective is to measure and understand the sources and sinks of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in North America and in adjacent ocean regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99525a80-9765-4d53-98dd-bb7ac45e1e0c", - "label": "MIZEX-WEST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A coupled ice/ocean dynamics model is developed to provide Arctic offshore operators with 5- to 7-day forecasts of ice motions, ice conditions, and ice edge motions. An adaptive grid is introduced to follow the ice edge, and the grid may move independently of the ice motion. The grid can be Lagrangian or Eulerian at different locations away from the ice edge. Ice stress is described using an elastic-plastic model with strength determined by the ice conditions. The ocean dynamics model describes time-dependent, three-dimensional behavior, including wind-driven currents and barotropic and baroclinic flows.\n\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1990/89JC01568.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "99fa440c-c70a-4220-9cc7-b4d2458ae475", - "label": "MERIT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Classical optical determinations of Earth rotation (UT1) require several weeks of observations to achieve an accuracy of approx1.5 ms of time, whereas modern techniques have demonstrated an accuracy of 0.7−0.9 ms on timescales of 1−5 days l,2. Here we have probed the limits of the accuracy and time resolution of very long baseline inteferometry (VLBI) determinations of UT1 by conducting a series of 1-h observing sessions using only one baseline. Comparison of the results from the 1-h sessions with corresponding determinations from 24-h multi-baseline sessions establishes that the accuracy of the 1-h determinations is close to 0.1 ms of time. These observations were scheduled as part of the project MERIT (monitor earth rotation and intercompare techniques of observation and analysis3) intensive observing campaign.\n\nhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6027/abs/316424a0.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ad39f2c-d00c-4804-9616-940b9ce4a8a6", - "label": "NTN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Trends Network (NTN): NTN is a 200-site network\n located in rural sites where rain and snow are collected\n weekly. Precipitation samples are analyzed by the Central\n Analytical Laboratory (CAL) at the Illinois State Water Survey\n for constituents, including nitrate, sulfate, pH, and other\n major ions. Field and lab quality assurance programs are\n included in the cost of the network to insure good quality data\n that are comparable among sites. Data are presented in both\n tabular and graphical format on the web and in special\n publications within ninety days in draft form. Sponsors\n include federal and state agencies, universities, public\n utilities and industry groups.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.aqd.nps.gov/ard/gas/NADP%20fact%20sheet.pdf'\n\n[Summary provided by NPS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ad5850e-2134-4a80-a22f-50c4fddd31d5", - "label": "NASA ACCESS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The objective of NASA's Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science (ACCESS) Program is to enhance and improve existing components of the distributed and heterogeneous data and information systems infrastructure that support NASA's Earth science research goals.\n\nACCESS projects increase the interconnectedness and reuse of key information-technology (IT) software and services in use across the broad spectrum of Earth system science investigations.\n\nThe ACCESS Program supports the deployment of data and information systems and services that enable the freer movement of data and information within a distributed environment of providers and users, and the exploitation of needed tools and services to aid in measurable improvements of Earth science data access and data usability.\n\nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/our-community/community-data-system-programs/access-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c6345d1-40c9-436f-8a9a-b50e338458ad", - "label": "McMurdo Predator Prey", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d3ef717-13ee-43d3-9c71-80201e6c6d18", - "label": "NIN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Northern Information Network (NIN) encourages information sharing about the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut for more effective decision making in the areas such as resource management and economic development. NIN supports a variety of research initiatives in and about the North, including project impact assessments, sustainable development strategies, wildlife management planning, land-use planning, and emergency preparedness.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/esd/index-eng.asp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e798314-1db7-4cd6-bbae-4f0088beb553", - "label": "MetOp", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e8dd688-d3b8-4e57-938e-6eeefa28c9cc", - "label": "NACP-COLLATZ-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Impacts of Disturbance History and Climate on Carbon Fluxes from North American Forests: Application of Satellite, Inventory, and Climate Data to Inform Biogeochemical Modeling\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=202\n\nWe propose to estimate carbon fluxes from the North American continent taking into account 30 years of climate and disturbance history. Our approach is to utilize the forest age and biomass results based on time series Landsat and FIA data developed by a currently funded NASA Carbon Cycle Science Project (North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth Since 1972, PI: S. N. Goward). Dense time series data for a number of forested scenes (>25) in the US and Canada will be used to initialize and calibrate a biogeochemical model that predicts gross and net carbon fluxes. Model testing will include appropriate Ameriflux, LTER, NACP Tier 2, and FIA data. Climate variability (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) will also be included in the analysis. Then using less temporally dense satellite data but wall to wall continental coverage, the modeling will predict gross and net carbon fluxes resulting from disturbance history and climate for the forests of North America. The products of this study will be used by our collaborators as boundary conditions for atmospheric transport (forward and inversion) models. By reconciling top-down (atmosphere) and bottom-up (biogeochemistry) analyses of the net fluxes we will be able to estimate accuracy and uncertainty in our model results.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e97c07d-b6ae-460d-a941-a455b270f3fd", - "label": "NDH", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Natural Disaster Hotspots presents a global view of major natural disaster risk\nhotspots areas at relatively high risk of loss from one or more natural\nhazards. It summarizes the results of an interdisciplinary analysis of the\nlocation and characteristics of hotspots for six natural hazards earthquakes,\nvolcanoes, landslides, floods, drought, and cyclones. Data on these hazards are\ncombined with state-of-the-art data on the subnational distribution of\npopulation and economic output and past disaster losses to identify areas at\nrelatively high risk from one or more hazards.\n\nProject URL: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/hotspots/\n\n[Summary provided by CIESIN.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f2ae650-7c15-403e-9ef9-27dc61bd3349", - "label": "NAMMA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign is a field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This mission will be based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa.\n\nSummary provided by: http://namma.msfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a16eea5f-58da-45ef-aa8e-3a36d059d777", - "label": "MA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was called for by the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000. Initiated in 2001, the objective of the MA was to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and the scientific basis for action needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of those systems and their contribution to human well-being. The MA has involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings, contained in five technical volumes and six synthesis reports, provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide (such as clean water, food, forest products, flood control, and natural resources) and the options to restore, conserve or enhance the sustainable use of ecosystems. \n\nhttp://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a43d4951-8ed4-4829-8e94-f62bf81e432e", - "label": "NVAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "STC-METSAT (a division of Science and Technology Corporation) has\nproduced under a NASA sponsored research grant, a blended analysis of\nglobal water vapor. This product combines retreivals of precipitable\nwater (or water vapor) from ground-based radiosondes, in microwave\nfrequencies from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), and\ninfrared TOVS observations from the NOAA operational series of\nsatellites.\nThe NVAP data-set consists of global grids of 1x1 degree resolution\nwith daily, pentad and monthly averages. The data-set spans 5 years\nfrom 1988 - 1992. Information on this data set may be obtained from:\n'http://www.stcnet.com/projects/nvap.html'\nThe data (formally available from the Marshall Space Flight Center\nDAAC) is now be available from the EOSDIS NASA Langley Distributed\nActive Archive Center (DAAC).\n'http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a4e79c11-6c9c-432f-9bf8-a10c3edf81c9", - "label": "MIZEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) was an multi-national project\nthat actually began in the summer of 1983. It was the most extensive\nresearch project ever undertaken to study the ice, water and air\nconditions in the arctic sea between Svalbard and Greenland. The\nproject which eventually had over 100 researchers, was headed by\nNorwegian Oceanographer Ola M. Johannessen.\n\nThe drift ice that forms between Greenland and Svalbard, which forms\nan almost continuous sheet, had been a mystery for many years and\nalways presented challenges to Arctic researchers. They sought to\nseek the infulence of the huge air masses on the weather systems of\nthe Northern hemisphere.\n\nMIZEX gained the scientists valuable information on the way ice is\naffected by winds, current, waves and movement. Tests were done on\nthe thickness and toughness of the ice, as well as experiments to show\nwhat happens when the drift ice comes up against the warmer waters of\nthe Atlantic Ocean.\n\nOn its first year of the expedition, it was predicted to spend nearly\nŬ million (U.S.), an amount which was to be expanded to\nŰ million by 1984. Ice measurements were to be taken up until\n1990, where in the latter stages of the project, satellite photographs\nwere to be taken of the ice pack. While the project was ongoing, four\nremote-analysis aircraft measured the movements of the ice in specific\nareas; transmitting the data to the telemetry station at Troms?, which\ntransmitted the data back to the researchers on the ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a54abace-b523-4f3b-80bd-3319ce715e41", - "label": "NITEDC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7486866-faff-46aa-a571-99411d4dd145", - "label": "OCS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Outer Continental Shelf: The Federal Government administers the submerged lands, subsoil, and seabed, lying between the seaward extent of the States' jurisdiction and the seaward extent of Federal jurisdiction.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.mms.gov/aboutmms/ocs.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a76e5b1a-cd44-434e-9042-910c64b46b94", - "label": "NOAA/NASA PATHFINDER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Program was initiated in 1990 in response to\na need for improved, long time series data sets for global change\nresearch. Candidate data sets were identified based on available\ncoverage and importance of the data in global change research. All\nPathfinder data sets involve space-based observations. Pathfinder\nactivities include reprocessing of these data using\ncommunity-consensus algorithms as recommended by designated Science\nWorking Groups (SWGs). The data sets will be made available through\nthe Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) of the Earth Observing\nSystem Data Information System (EOSDIS).\nFour data sets were identified for the initial Pathfinder processing effort:\n- The Advanved Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from\nNOAA/TIROS polar orbiting satellites.\n- The TIROS Operation Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data from NOAA/TIROS polar\norbiting satellites.\n- Data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)\n- The Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) from the Defense\nMeteorological Satelitte Program (DMSP).\nNASA, through the Mission to Planet Earth (MtPE) Program, initiated\nthe following Pathfinders:\n- The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) from the\nNimbus-7 satellite\n- Selected time periods of Landsat data from land cover classification\nand change detection of several periods and regions.\nAVHRR PATHFINDER\n----------------\nAVHRR Pathfinder products consist of global vegetation and radiance\ndata over land, global sea surface temperatures, and global clouds,\nradiation, and aerosols. Data are produced from Global Area Coverage\n(GAC) observations from the AVHRR onboard NOAA-7, NOAA-9, and NOAA-11\nfrom mid-1981 through 1992.\nAVHRR Land Pathfinder data is available from the Goddard DAAC User\nServices Office:\nPhone: 301-286-3209\nFAX: 301-286-1775\nEmail: daacuso@eosdata.gsfc.nasa.gov\nGoddard DAAC User Services Office\nCode 902.2\nGlobal Change Data Center\nNASA Goddard Space Flight Center\nGreenbelt, MD 20771\nSee also the AVHRR Pathfinder Home Page at 'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\nAVHRR Ocean Pathfinder data is available from the JPL Physical Oceanography\n(PO-DAAC) Home Page on the WWW:\n'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sst/'\nJPL PO.DAAC\nJet Propulsion Laboratory MS 300-320\n4800 Oak Grove Dr.\nPasadena, CA 91109\nPhone: 818-354-9890\nFAX: 818-393-2718\nEmail: podaac@podaac.jpl.nasa.gov\nGOES PATHFINDER\n---------------\nThe GOES Pathfinder data sets consists of data products from the VISSR\nAtmospheric Sounder (VAS) in both visible and infrared from the GOES-7\nspacecraft. GOES Pathfinder data are available at:\n'http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/'\nSpace Science and Engineering Center\nUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison\nMadison, WI 53706\ngoesprods@ssec.wisc.edu\nSSM/I PATHFINDER\n----------------\nSSM/I Pathfinder data products are available from the Marshall Space\nFlight Center Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). Products (data and\nimages) include:\nAntenna Temperatures\nPrecipitation Rate\nLiquid Water Over Oceans\nWater Vapor Over Ocean\nLand Surface Classification\nLand Surface Temperature\nSSM/I products can be obtained from the MSFC DAAC WWW Home Page at:\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/'\nMSFC DAAC - User Services Office\n977 Explorer Blvd.\nHuntsville, AL 35806\nPhone: 205-922-5932\nFAX: 205-922-5723\nEmail: msfc@eos.nasa.gov\nSSM/I Pathfinder Products for Sea Ice Concentrations will be available from\nthe National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) DAAC.\nUser Services\nNSIDC/WDC CIRES\nCampus Box 449\nUniversity of Colorado\nBoulder, CO 80309-0449\nPhone: 303-492-6199\nFax: 303-492-2468\nEmail: nsidc@kryos.colorado.edu\n'http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/NASA/GUIDE/'\nSSM/I Pathfinder products for Water Vapor and Wind Speed are available\nfrom the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO-DAAC).\n'http://podaac-www.jpl.nasa.gov/'\nJPL PO.DAAC\nJet Propulsion Laboratory MS 300-320\n4800 Oak Grove Dr.\nPasadena, CA 91109\nPhone: 818-354-9890\nFAX: 818-393-2718\nEmail: podaac@podaac.jpl.nasa.gov\nTOVS PATHFINDER\n---------------\nThe TOVS Pathfinder Path C1 products are avilable from the Marshall\nSpace Flight Center Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). These\nproducts consist of daily 2.5 degree gridded layer temperatures and\noceanic rainfall derived from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU)\ninstrument (part of the TOVS instrument) on the NOAA polar orbiters.\nSSM/I products can be obtained from the MSFC DAAC WWW Home Page at:\n'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/'\nMSFC DAAC - User Services Office\n977 Explorer Blvd.\nHuntsville, AL 35806\nPhone: 205-922-5932\nFAX: 205-922-5723\nEmail: msfc@eos.nasa.gov\nLANDSAT PATHFINDER\n------------------\nThe Landsat Land Cover Pathfinder effort is to establish long-term,\nmedium- to high-resolution data sets for regional and global\napplications to global change research. The North American Landscape\nCharacterization (NALC) project is a component of the NASA Landsat\nPathfinder program, and is a cooperative effort between the\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, and the USGS. The data\nare available from the EROS Land Processes DAAC.\nHome Page: 'http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/landdaac.html'\nEDC DAAC User Services\nU.S. Geological Survey\nEROS Data Center\nSioux Falls, SD 57198\nPhone: 605-594-6116\nFAX: 605-594-6589\nEmail: edc@eos.nasa.gov\nPATHFINDER SAMPLER\n------------------\nPathfinder Sampler Data sets for the vernal equinox 1988 are available\nvia ftp and from the WWW:\n'http://pathfinder.arc.nasa.gov'\nThese products include:\n- AVHRR Land products and TOVS Path A and TOVS Path B products from the\nNASA GSFC DAAC\n- ISSCP, Shortwave and Longwave Radiation products from NASA LaRC\n- AVHRR Ocean Products from the JPL PO-DAAC\n- SSM/I Pathfinder products and TOVS Path C1 products from NASA MSFC DAAC\n- SSM/I gridded sea ice products from NSIDC DAAC\n- GOES Pathfinder products from SSEC, University of Wisconsin-Madison\n- TOVS Path P products from the University of Washington", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7ea29ab-3d31-42ff-9824-c4872dd20931", - "label": "NEAREST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NEAREST is addressed to the identification and characterization of potential tsunami sources located near shore in the Gulf of Cadiz; the improvement of near-real time detection of signals by a multi parameter seafloor observatory for the characterization of potential tsunamigenic sources to be used in the development of an Early Warning System (EWS) Prototype; the improvement of integrated numerical models enabling more accurate scenarios of tsunami impact and the production of accurate maps in selected areas of the Algarve (SW Portugal), highly hit by the 1755 tsunamis. In this area, highly populated and prone to devastating earthquakes and tsunamis, excellent geological/geophysical knowledge has already been acquired in the last decade.\n\nThe methodological approach will be based on the cross-checking of multi parameter time series acquired on land by seismic and tide gauge stations on the seafloor and in the water column by broad band Ocean Bottom Seismometers and a multi parameter deep-sea platform, this latter equipped with real-time communication to an onshore warning centre. Land and sea data will be integrated to be used in a prototype of EWS.\n\nNEAREST will search for sedimentological evidence of tsunamis records to improve the knowledge on the recurrence time for extreme events and will try to measure the key parameters for the comprehension of the tsunami generation mechanisms. The proposed method can be extended to other near-shore potential tsunamigenic sources, as for instance the Central Mediterranean (Western Ionian Sea), Aegean Arc and Marmara Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a851a6ec-8071-49a1-9483-b4d3753e5743", - "label": "MODIL-NAO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MODIL-NAO\nProject URL: http://www.polaryear.no/prosjekter/Modilnao\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=46\n\nMODIL-NAO is cooperation project of a scientific institute and an indigenous peoples' organisations. Cooperation will be on equal terms. Other scientific and monitoring institutions, both through IPY-related and other projects, cooperate as consultants. \n\nThe project idea was initiated by the Association of Nenets People 'Yasavey' of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO, Northwestern Russia), which has in their files documented a rather chaotic development of oil-related activities in the NAO; these activities have severe impacts on nature, reindeer pastures and the socio-economic situation of the indigenous people living in and of the land. Reindeer pastures have been and are continually destroyed and polluted. Numerous violations of Russian environmental law by oil companies seem to occur. To collect and make easily available data on this development, an Internet-based electronic GIS database and explanatory report showing these activities will be created. Data monitoring will use personal observations of 'Yasavey' members and other native representatives, questioning of native individuals in selected areas of the NAO, photo documentation, published data, inquiries at oil companies, satellite image surveying, etc. We also discuss cooperation with the Nenets Information and Analytical Center (NIAC) in the NAO.\n\nThe project is essentially a monitoring project. The GIS database will show the physical and ethno- geography (indigenous settlements and traditional land use areas) of the NAO, as well as all visible and detected impacts derived from hydrocarbon prospecting and production (drilling sites, pipelines, major vehicle track lines, damaged tundra areas, spills, etc.) as an interactive map to the scale of 1:1 mill. Details about the locations will be linked to the map in text and image format. The database will use technical solutions which have been successfully used for other topics at the Norwegian Polar Institute.\nThe accompanying report(s), to be prepared in print and on the Internet (in English and Russian), will discuss the observations in environmental, socio-economic, ethnic and human-security-related contexts. For this purpose, a working group consisting of indigenous representatives from the NAO and international experts on these topics will be formed. The discussion will incorporate experiences from similar activities in indigenous land use areas made in other parts of Russia and North America. Specialists from Canada and the Komi Republic have already indicated their interest in joining the project, while others are still to be addressed. \n\nSuch a database can be used towards management and authorities as a documentation of illegal actions, and towards oil companies for negotiations on compensation claims. At the same time, the project will train Yasavey's staff in using GIS. The project can also function as a pilot project for other areas in the circumpolar North.\n\nDependent on available funding, the project can be carried out as a one-year's project, or a several years' project in order to monitor annual changes of the situation. The least desirable length would be two years, 2007 and 2008, which would provide an indication of the annual development.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a8f8a149-1284-4101-9850-c3f4497dfcdb", - "label": "MISMO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mirai Indian Ocean Cruise for the Studies of the MJO-Convection Onset project investigates the characteristics of the atmospheric and oceanic variability in the central-eastern Indian Ocean and in the boreal fall season for the study on the onset of the MJO-convection. Various atmospheric and oceanographic observations using Doppler radar, radiosonde, surface met monitor, CTD, ADCP, and so on will be carried out as a stationary observation at (0, 80.5E) about one month from the late October 2006, focusing on the vertical structure of water vapor, clouds, divergence field as well as diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature and surface flux. It is highly remarked that the combination with the buoy network deployed in this region is essential for this experiment, since it helps not only to study the heat budget but also to capture the long-term and wide-range atmospheric and oceanic features. In addition, as the MJO propagates eastward, zonal extension of the observational area is strongly desired. Thus, meteorological observations at Maldives Islands will also be conducted under the cooperation with the Maldives officials. \n\nhttp://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/mismo/index-e.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aa7490a5-b263-4088-b04a-45e33be64bce", - "label": "MOS-1/1b", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac1436db-ced0-4c9c-b23b-8edfadaddded", - "label": "NARP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "National Antarctic Research Project) \nBiologic characterisation of the water masses of the Ross Sea. Research into the characterisation of micro-zooplanktonic communities. As of the last expedition (December 1997), pico- and nano- planktonic, and also micro-phytoplanktonic, communities have also been included in the study and the energy fluxes between the various components quantified. These researches are funded by the N.A.R.P. and are part of the CLIMA project, which is headed by Prof. Giancarlo Spezie of the Naval Institute of Naples.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.univ.trieste.it/~biologia/e-rceczo.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac248bca-e089-4c6c-bcae-622ada55e3e7", - "label": "MOWC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A common type of device for wave-energy extraction is an oscillating water column (OWC) with a compression chamber. Peak performance of most OWC systems occurs at resonance with the driving waves. At resonance, oscillations increase linearly in time until damping inhibits further growth. Parametric resonance is introduced as a means of exciting the oscillations of the water column. In parametric resonance, oscillations increase exponentially in time. The use of this kind of resonance may increase the performance of OWC systems. This type of resonance occurs when one of the parameters in an oscillator varies periodically. Asymptotic methods are used to study the nonlinear dynamics of an OWC with parametric resonance. These results are compared with those of a numerical model of a real experimental laboratory setup.\n\nhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/engi/2007/00000057/00000001/00009048", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "acf2da8a-2d1a-4a26-a966-01ccd5c5bbc0", - "label": "MAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The middle atmosphere program is developing theoretical tools with\nwhich to analyze and interpret data obtained by NRL experiments (such\nas MAS, MAHRSI, WVMS, and POAM II). MAHRSI in particular provides the\nfirst global measurements of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the\nstratosphere and mesosphere. This radical may be the key to\nunderstanding the current discrepancy between model predictions and\nmeasurements of stratospheric and mesospheric ozone.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://uap-www.nrl.navy.mil/chem/map_theory.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adb55084-a6c0-445d-bbc3-b659a136411c", - "label": "NRI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Resources Inventory (NRI) is a compilation of\nnatural resource information on non-Federal land in the United\nStates--about 75 percent of the total land area.\n\nConducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural\nResources Conservation Service in cooperation with the Iowa\nState University Statistical Laboratory, this inventory captures\ndata on land cover and use, soil erosion, prime farmland soils,\nwetlands, habitat diversity, selected conservation practices,\nand related resource attributes. Data are collected every 5\nyears from the same 800,000 sample sites in all 50 States,\nPuerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and some Pacific Basin\nlocations. The NRI is a statistically based survey that has been\ndesigned and implemented using scientific principles to assess\nconditions and trends of soil, water, and related resources.\n\nThe NRI provides a record of trends in the Nation's resources\nover time and documents conservation accomplishments as well. At\neach sample point, information is available for 1982, 1987,\n1992, and 1997, so that trends and changes in land use and\nresource characteristics over 15 years can be examined and\nanalyzed. The NRI provides information for addressing\nagricultural and environmental issues at national, regional, and\nState levels.\n\nPurpose and Use:\n\nThe NRI is conducted to obtain scientific data that is valid,\ntimely, and relevant on natural resources and environmental\nconditions. Through legislation--the Rural Development Act of\n1972, the Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act of 1977, and\nother supporting acts--Congress mandates that the NRI be\nconducted at intervals of 5 years or less.\n\nInformation derived from the NRI is used by natural resource\nmanagers; policymakers; analysts; consultants; the media; other\nFederal agencies; State governments; universities;\nenvironmental, commodity, and farm groups; and the public. These\nconstituents use NRI information to formulate effective public\npolicies, fashion agricultural and natural resources\nlegislation, develop State and national conservation programs,\nallocate USDA financial and technical assistance in addressing\nnatural resource concerns, and enhance the public's\nunderstanding of natural resources and environmental issues.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "af7ee91a-7c9b-4d12-ac18-9a66afbf04a9", - "label": "MAP/WINE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The middle atmosphere program is developing theoretical tools\nwith which to analyze and interpret data obtained by NRL\nexperiments (such as MAS, MAHRSI, WVMS, and POAM II). MAHRSI in\nparticular provides the first global measurements of the\nhydroxyl radical (OH) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. This\nradical may be the key to understanding the current discrepancy\nbetween model predictions and measurements of stratospheric and\nmesospheric ozone.\n\nData for this project was taken at Volgorrad, Europe and Heiss\nIsland in the Arctic Ocean.\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://uap-www.nrl.navy.mil/chem/map_theory.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b27cff0b-386f-4ed8-914e-3d90ee11caed", - "label": "NADP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) was started in 1977\nunder the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) to address the\nproblem of atmospheric deposition and its effect on agricultural\ncrops, forests, rangelands, surface waters and other natural and\ncultural resources. The first monitoring sites of the NADP precipitation\nchemistry network was started in 1978 to provide information about\ngeographical patterns and temporal trends in the deposition of acidic\nchemicals and nutrients. The NADP was initially organized as Regional\nProject NC-141 by the North Central Region of the SAES. The NADP was\nendorsed by all four regions in 1982. when it became Interregional\nProject IR-7. Ten years later IR-7 was reclassified as a National\nResearch Support Project, NRSP-3.\n\nIn 1982, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)\nwas established. The NADP assumed responsibility for coordinating the\nNational Trends Network (NTN) of NAPAP since both the NADP and NTN had\ncommon siting criteria and operational procedures, and shared a common\nanalytical laboratory. In 1983, the network became the NADP/NTN.\nSeven federal agencies support NADP/NTN research and monitoring under\nNAPAP: Department of Agriculture (USDA) [Agricultural Research Service\n(USDA/ARS), Cooperative Sate Research, Education and Extension Service\n(USDA/CSREES), and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS)]; Department of\nCommerce (DOC) [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n(NOAA)]; Department of Energy (DOE) [Argonne National Laboratory\n(ANL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and Oak Ridge National\nLaboratory (ORNL)]; Department of Interior (DOI) [Bureau of Land\nManagement (BLM), USGS Biological Resources Division (BRD) (formally\nthe National Biological Service (NBS)), National Park Service (NPS),\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),\nand the USGS Branch of Technical Development and Quality Systems];\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EP); National Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).\nAdditional support is provided by various other federal agencies,\nstate agencies, universities, public utilities and industry. There are\ncurently 200 sites in the network.\n\nThe primary objectives of the NADP/NTN network are the determination\nof spatial patterns and temporal trends in chemical deposition on\nterrestrial ecosystems. The Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL),\noperated by the Illinois State Water Survey is responsible for the\nchemical analysis and related support services for the entire network.\nThe NADP/NTN Coordination Office was transferred to the Illinois State\nWater Survey in 1998 from Colorado State University. The NADP/NTN\nalso has two subnetworks: the Atmospheric Integrated Research\nMonitoring Network (AIRMoN) - designed to characterize long-term\ntrends in the chemical climate of the U.S.; and the Mercury Deposition\nNetwork (MDN) - designed to develop a regional database on the weekly\nconcentrations of total mercury in precipitation and the seasonal and\nannual flux of total mercury in wet deposition.\n\nData from the NADP/NTN is available on-line at:\n'http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/' Reference: National Atmospheric Deposition\nProgram. 1993. 'NADP/NTN Annual Data Summary. Precipitation Chemistry\nin the United States. 1992', Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory,\nColordao State University, Fort Collins, CO. 480 pp. Lynch, J.A.,\nV.C. Bowersox, and C. Simmons. 1995. 'Precipitation Chemistry Trends\nin the United States: 1980-1993. Summary Report', NADP, Natural\nresources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort\nCollins, CO. 103 pp. Data Availability: The NADP/NTN data are\navailable as weekly, annual, seasonal, monthly summaries of\nprecipitation amounts, ion concentrations and depositions in hardcopy\nor electronic form from NREL.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b30640e0-94a3-4d40-a707-ccae8b38ff04", - "label": "NERR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Estuarine Research Reserve System protects more\nthan one million acres of estuarine habitat, conducts essential\nresearch and provides a variety of educational\nopportunities. Individual National Estuarine Research Reserves\nfocus on local and regional research and educational needs, but\nas a national network, there are also many system-wide\nprograms. These programs provide reserves with common research\nstandards and educational goals.\n\nThe National Estuarine Research Reserves System helps to fulfill\nNOAA's stewardship mission to sustain healthy coasts by\nimproving the nation's understanding and stewardship of\nestuaries. Established by the Coastal Zone Management Act of\n1972, as amended, the reserve system is a network of 25\nprotected areas that represent different biogeographic regions\nof the United States.\n\nEach reserve is a 'living laboratory' in which scientists\nconduct research and educators communicate research\nresults. Reserve staff members work with local communities and\nregional groups to address natural resource management issues,\nsuch as nonpoint source pollution, habitat restoration and\ninvasive species. Through integrated research and education, the\nreserves help communities develop strategies to deal\nsuccessfully with these coastal resource issues.\n\nContact:\n\nTheresa Eisenman\nTheresa.Eisenman@noaa.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.ocrm.nos.noaa.gov/nerr/programs.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5283b8b-f61a-4291-b11b-234d57c0fba8", - "label": "MAST", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Monterey Area Ship Tracks experiment took place on June 11 - June 30,\n1994 on the Central California Coast.\nThe objective of the experiment was to determine if upwelling and emissions\nfrom ships and submarines affect cloud formation and if they can be detected\nremotely by looking for ocean surface temperature and cloud anomolies.\nFor more information on Level-1B Data Processing Status, Browse Imagery\nand Data Distribution Point see 'http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/MAS/\nmasthome.html'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5c89dec-de1c-4a3c-94db-d595b5f9666b", - "label": "MEDSEA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Souce: MedSeA Project, http://medsea-project.eu/ ]\n\nThe European Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a changing climate (MedSeA) initiative is a project funded by the European Commission under Framework Program 7. It involves 16 institutions from 10 countries.\n\nMedSeA assesses uncertainties, risks and thresholds related to Mediterranean acidification at organismal, ecosystem and economical scales. It also emphasizes conveying the acquired scientific knowledge to a wider audience of reference users, while suggesting policy measures for adaptation and mitigation that will vary from one region to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b6e82beb-e95c-4a07-84c3-9e0ff5eb9cd7", - "label": "MMS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for the Instrument Science Suite\nTeam (ISST) has been released in FY '03. Magnetosphere MultiScale\n(MMS) is currently in the Formulation phase of the project. MMS is\nscheduled to be launched in 2009.\n\nMission Capabilities:\n\n- MMS will determine the small-scale basic plasma processes which\ntransport, accelerate and energize plasmas in thin boundary and\ncurrent layers -- and which control the structure and dynamics of the\nEarth's magnetosphere.\n\n- MMS will for the first time measure the 3D structure and dynamics of\nthe key magnetospheric boundary regions, from the subsolar\nmagnetopause to the distant tail.\n\n- MMS will pave the way for future Constellation-type missions.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/mms/mms.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9297de2-7552-49d6-8a21-013a91f9bdff", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_1542936", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Source: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1542936]\n\nThe overall goal of this project is to determine the effect of past changes in the size of the Antarctic Ice Sheet on global sea level. At the peak of the last ice age 25,000 years ago, sea level was 120 meters (400 feet) lower than it is at present because water that is now part of the ocean was instead part of expanded glaciers and ice sheets in North America, Eurasia, and Antarctica. Between then and now, melting and retreat of this land ice caused sea level to rise. In this project, we aim to improve our understanding of how changes in the size of the Antarctic Ice Sheet contributed to this process. The overall strategy to accomplish this involves (i) visiting areas in Antarctica that are not now covered by ice; (ii) looking for geological evidence, specifically rock surface and sediment deposits, that indicates that these areas were covered by thicker ice in the past; and (iii) determining the age of these geological surfaces and deposits. This project addresses the final part of this strategy -- determining the age of Antarctic glacial rock surfaces or sediment deposits -- using a relatively new technique that involves measuring trace elements in rock surfaces that are produced by cosmic-ray bombardment after the rock surfaces are exposed by ice retreat. By applying this method to rock samples collected in previous visits to Antarctica, the timing of past expansion and contraction of the ice sheet can be determined. The main scientific outcomes expected from this project are (i) improved understanding of how Antarctic Ice Sheet changes contributed to past global sea level rise; and (ii) improved understanding of modern observed Antarctic Ice Sheet changes in a longer-term context. This second outcome will potentially improve predictions of future ice sheet behavior. Other outcomes of the project include training of individual undergraduate and graduate students, as well as the development of a new course on sea level change to be taught at Tulane University in New Orleans, a city that is being affected by sea level change today.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba15c87a-2c86-493f-9759-a7fa968e393d", - "label": "NILS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Integrated Land System (NILS) project is a phased\neffort to develop a common data model and toolset for managing\nland records in a Geographic Information System (GIS)\nenvironment. The common data model and toolset will meet the\ncore survey and parcel management business requirements of the\nBureau of Land Management and the US Forest Service.\n\nThe four NILS models include:\n\n1. Survey Management:\n\nSurvey Management is a set of applications that provides\nsurveyors with the ability to manage survey data collected in\nthe field. It allows for exporting data to a variety of survey\nequipment and for importing data back into the Survey Management\ndatabase. GIS, raster, and field data are all integrated within\nSurvey Management for data validation and decision making while\nin the field. Survey Management will provide field surveyors\nwith tools to research survey data that can be taken into the\nfield. Additional tools will assist in the calculation of field\ndata and observations. A subset of coordinate geometry and\nlayout calculation tools will also be available. Next\nimplementation is scheduled for March 2003.\n\n\n2. Measurement Management:\n\nMeasurement Management is a desktop GIS application that allows\nsurveyors to analyze and adjust surveyed data from the\nfield. Measurement Management allows for the combination of\nmeasurement data from a variety of sources and reliabilities to\ncreate a seamless measurement network. Measurement Management\ncontains a suite of mathematical formulas that allow the\ntransformation of raw survey data into the measurement\nnetwork. This is referred to as the legal description\nfabric. The legal description fabric can then be used to create\nthe parcel fabric, which can be used by land managers for\ndecision making.\n\nMeasurement Management contains tools to input and import data,\nconstruct measured features, edit measurement data, adjust and\nanalyze the measurement network, perform least square\nadjustments, perform coordinate geometry and layout, and create\na parcel fabric. Next implementation is scheduled for March\n2003.\n\n3. Parcel Management:\n\nParcel Management will be a desktop GIS application that\nprovides tools for land managers to create and manage parcel\nfeatures and their legal area descriptions. The parcel fabric\ncan be vertically integrated with survey features captured and\nmanaged using the Survey and Measurement Management\napplications. A set of tools for standardizing and facilitating\nland management workflow processes will be provided with the\nparcel management suite of tools.\n\n4. GeoCommunicator:\n\nGeoCommunicator is an interactive Web-based land information\nportal, powered by ESRI's Geography Network, that uses the\nInternet to effectively deliver maps, geographic activities, map\nand image services, clearinghouses, spatial solutions, reference\ndocuments, potential cost sharing partners, and much more to\nindividual user browsers and desktops, allowing data providers,\nservice providers, and users throughout the United States to\ncommunicate, access, and share land-based information.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.blm.gov/nils/index.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by the Bureau of Land Management]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba2cf9cf-36c9-421b-bd6e-339e7cef1092", - "label": "OASIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: OASIS\nProject URL: http://www.oasishome.net/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=38\n\nOASIS is an international multi-disciplinary effort to study Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack Interactions in the Arctic. The specific focus is to develop a quantitative understanding of the processes that are involved in Air-Surface Interactions and chemical exchange between the title reservoirs. As the nature and extent of snow and ice cover is changing, OASIS will assess the associated impact on, and by, climate change, and the human and ecosystem impacts of air-surface exchanges of chemical species.\nOASIS will quantify the impact of chemical, physical and biological exchange processes on tropospheric chemistry, the cryosphere, and the marine environment, and their feedback mechanisms in the context of a changing climate. OASIS has identified studies in the Arctic Ocean surface environment as a key programmatic component to reach these goals. \n\nThe OASIS program was established in 2003, and has developed an internationally vetted Science Plan, and an Implementation Plan, available at http://www.OASISHome.net. A growing number of individual projects are contributing to the scientific goals since winter 2004/05. OASIS is linked to a number of international organizations and activities, including AMAP (the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program), and the IGBP (International Geosphere - Biosphere) programs IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) under the AICI (Air Ice Chemical Interactions) activity, and SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb2151c0-a808-4e9f-8960-c5841ff040b6", - "label": "Nimbus", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Nimbus satellites, first launched in 1964, carried a number of instruments: microwave radiometers, atmospheric sounders, ozone mappers, the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), infrared radiometers, etc. Nimbus-7, the last in the series, provided significant global data on sea-ice coverage, atmospheric temperature, atmospheric chemistry (i.e. ozone distribution), the Earth's radiation budget, and sea-surface temperature.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bbc711cf-dca4-405f-917b-38fb9aea7621", - "label": "MERHAB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The ultimate aim of MERHAB is to help build sustainable regional partnerships\nthat provide managers with crucial information in time for critical decisions\nneeded to mitigate HAB impacts.\n\nThe MERHAB research program is addressing the growing national HAB threat by\nexpanding the number of coastal regions benefiting from advancements in algal\nidentification, detection, modeling, and prediction. Projects selected for\nsupport must successfully compete in a peer-review process that ensures\nhigh-level scientific merit and resource management relevance. MERHAB\ncompetitions in 2002 and 2004 produced regional monitoring projects that will\nenhance State monitoring and response capabilities for red tide in the Eastern\nGulf of Mexico, freshwater toxic algae in the lower Great Lakes and domoic acid\nalong the central California coast. Eight additional projects are testing\npromising new technologies for routine monitoring use by coastal managers.\n\n[Summary adapted from\nhttp://www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/hab/current/fact-merhab.html]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be54c899-6ca6-49f5-8c64-5def73e16976", - "label": "MISR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No instrument like MISR has flown in space before. Viewing the sunlit\nEarth simultaneously at nine widely spaced angles, MISR provides\nongoing global coverage with high spatial detail. Its imagery is\ncarefully calibrated to provide accurate measures of the brightness,\ncontrast, and color of reflected sunlight.\n\nMISR provides new types of information for scientists studying Earth's\nclimate, such as the partitioning of energy and carbon between the\nland surface and the atmosphere, and the regional and global impacts\nof different types of atmospheric particles and clouds on climate. The\nchange in reflection at different view angles affords the means to\ndistinguish different types of atmospheric particles (aerosols), cloud\nforms, and land surface covers. Combined with stereoscopic techniques,\nthis enables construction of 3-D models and estimation of the total\namount of sunlight reflected by Earth's diverse environments.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/'\n\n [Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "be643ee6-d89b-4d74-9985-80dd783acb75", - "label": "ODPS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Discipline Processing System requires a land/water mask file as input for Level 2 processing. The mask is used to set the land mask flag for each pixel. The file is in binary format, and integers are big-endian.\n\n\nhttp://74.125.95.104/search?q=cache:4pJvFwXkJ8AJ:oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/DOCS/ODPS_Land_Mask.pdf+information+about+the+Ocean+Discipline+Processing+System&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&client=firefox-a", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c069a3b5-a5f3-4eec-9668-b8890e1aef9f", - "label": "NASA DECADAL-SURVEY", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-surveys/]\n \n Also See: http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n \n NASA relies on the science community to identify and prioritize leading-edge scientific questions and the observations required to answer them. One principal means by which NASA’s Science Mission Directorate engages the science community in this task is through the National Research Council (NRC). The NRC conducts studies that provide a science community consensus on key questions posed by NASA and other U.S. Government agencies. The broadest of these studies in NASA’s areas of research are decadal surveys. As the name implies, NASA and its partners ask the NRC once each decade to look out ten or more years into the future and prioritize research areas, observations, and notional missions to make those observations. \n The NRC completed its first decadal survey for Earth science, Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (NRC, 2007) in January 2007 at the request of NASA, NOAA, and USGS. [At this URL, click on “Sign In” to download a free pdf of the report.] At the highest level, the report recommends that: “The U.S. government, working in concert with the private sector, academe, the public, and its international partners, should renew its investment in Earth-observing systems and restore its leadership in Earth science and applications.”\n \n Detailed recommendations in the decadal survey are provided in three categories:\n \n - Setting the Foundation: Observations in the Current Decade\n - New Observations for the Next Decade\n - Turning Satellite Observations into Knowledge and Information\n \n For the next decade, the decadal survey identified 15 new space missions for NASA (including 1 joint mission with NOAA) and 3 missions for NOAA (including the 1 joint mission). The 15 missions for NASA are presented in three time-phased blocks. Importantly, the 17 missions are presented as the result of a “prioritization methodology designed to achieve a robust, integrated program”(pg. 7) and the “missions listed…form a minimal, yet robust, observational component of an Earth information system that is capable of addressing a broad range of societal needs.” (pg. 8)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c166e941-04ab-4df4-b412-077b16db19a4", - "label": "MAGNET", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Project Magnet involves data from low altitude, high density\nindividual track line surveys, high altitude vector data and\nregional magnetic anomaly grids. From 1951 through 1994, the\nU.S. Navy, under its Project Magnet program, continuously\ncollected vector aeromagnetic survey data to support the\nU.S. Defense Mapping Agency's world magnetic modeling and\ncharting program.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/potfld/proj_mag.shtml'\n\n[Summary provided by NGDC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c168c987-6724-4f31-a027-3a396cad6318", - "label": "MECHANISM ON ASIAN MONSOON", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "During the past 12 years, more than 200 videosondes have been launched into monsoon clouds from 13 different locations in east Asia. Storm precipitation mechanisms have been investigated using videosonde data giving hydrometeor type in clouds monitored by radar. At each location, different monsoon cloud systems develop in unique synoptic disturbances. In the east Asian monsoon area, rain is divided into three different regimes with respect to the precipitation mechanism occurring in each.\n\nhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD006268.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c169fac7-df7c-4deb-8f4d-bc9883034421", - "label": "MAGIA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Antarctic Peninsula is the largest of ~ twelve micro-continental fragments between southern South America, East Antarctica, and New Zealand. Their original positions and movement history following Gondwana breakup are poorly constrained. Recent work on the Antarctic Peninsula fore-arc/arc/back-arc suggests it consists of two suspect terranes that originated elsewhere and collided with the Pacific margin of Gondwana in the Cretaceous. This study reviews provenance models for three laterally extensive, kilometers-thick sedimentary units in the Antarctic Peninsula using previous studies, and new sandstone detrital modes and chemistry. 1) The Trinity Peninsula Group accretionary complex (Triassic) was possibly derived from a glaciated continental margin and may consist of several accreted tracts. \n\nhttp://jsedres.sepmonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/73/6/1062", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c2617190-cbba-44e6-b325-31edbf0c82dd", - "label": "ORACLES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Over the southeast Atlantic Ocean, a 2,000-mile-long plume of smoke from African agricultural fires meets a near-permanent cloud bank offshore. Their meeting makes a natural laboratory for studying the interactions between cloud droplets and the tiny airborne smoke particles. This month, NASA's P-3 research aircraft and a team of scientists return on their third deployment to this region as part of the Observations of Aerosols Above Clouds and their Interactions mission, or ORACLES, gathering data on how aerosols such as smoke affect clouds and in turn Earth's climate.\n\nhttps://espo.nasa.gov/oracles/content/ORACLES\nhttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/african-smoke-cloud-connection-target-of-nasa-airborne-flights", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c31fa334-41d7-47ec-bbf7-6b406c7b3247", - "label": "NDTP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The T-28 research aircraft participated in the North Dakota\nThunderstorm Project, centered at Bismarck, ND, from June 12 -\nJuly 22, 1989. The focus of investigation included the study of\ntransport, dispersion, and entrainment, and ice initiation and\nevolution. The primary role of the T-28 was to penetrate upper\nregions of convective clouds following the dispersal of sulfur\nhexafluoride (SF6), radar chaff, and/or fluorescent beads in\nlower regions of the cloud. Instrumentation on-board recorded\nSF6 levels, as well as collecting data on the hydrometeor\nspectrum from micrometer-sized cloud droplets to\ncentimeter-sized hailstones. The standard package of instruments\nprovided for the determination of temperature, vertical wind,\nelectric fields, water content, etc. During NDTP the T-28\ncarried a PMS 2D-C optical probe.\n\nFlights:\n\nFlight 512 - 6/17/89 16:10 - 17:30\nFlight 515 - 6/23/89 14:15 - 16:50\nFlight 516 - 6/27/89 19:00 - 21:20\nFlight 517 - 7/06/89 17:20 - 19:45\nFlight 518 - 7/07/89 13:30 - 15:30\nFlight 519 - 7/10/89 19:25 - 21:30\nFlight 520 - 7/14/89 15:20 - 17:45\nFlight 521 - 7/17/89 14:50 - 16:40\n\nContact:\n\nInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences\nSouth Dakota School of Mines and Technology\n501 E. St. Joseph Street\nRapid City, SD 57701-3995\n(605)394-2291\nConnie.Crandall@sdsmt.edu\n\n*use this contact when requesting data and reports*\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/institute/t28/ndtp.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by South Dakota School of Mines and Technology]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3b7012e-f98f-4343-ad03-2b83202a10c6", - "label": "MELTPOND2000", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Meltpond2000 is the first in a series of Arctic and Antarctic aircraft campaigns planned as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua sea ice validation program for the EOS Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). This prelaunch Arctic field campaign was carried out between June 25 and July 6, 2000 from Thule, Greenland with the objective of quantifying the errors incurred by the AMSR-E sea ice algorithms resulting from the presence of melt ponds. A secondary objective of the mission was to develop a microwave capability to discriminate between melt ponds and seawater using low-frequency microwave radiometers. Meltpond2000 was a multiagency effort involving personnel from the Navy, NOAA, and NASA. The field component of the mission consisted of making five 8-hour flights from Thule Air Base, Greenland with a Naval Air Warfare Center P-3 aircraft over portions of Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic. The aircraft sensors were provided and operated by the Microwave Radiometry Group of NOAA's Environmental Technology Laboratory. A Navy ice observer with the National Ice Center provided visual documentation of surface ice conditions during each of the flights. Two of the five flights were coordinated with Canadian scientists making surface measurements of melt ponds at an ice camp located near Resolute Bay, Canada. Coordination with the Canadians will provide additional information on surface characteristics and will be of great value in the interpretation of the aircraft and high-resolution satellite data sets.\n\nSummary provided by http://polynya.gsfc.nasa.gov/seaice_mp2000.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c68fe850-698e-4ad5-9c37-05cbeaba74b4", - "label": "ORNL DAAC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9c09e63-c018-4870-b0cd-fcc37a2539a8", - "label": "OGC/WCS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Open Geospatial Consortium/Web Coverage Service is a specification\ndeveloped by the Open Geospatial Consortium that describes the Web Coverage\nService (WCS) that supports the networked interchange of geospatial data as\n'coverages' containing values or properties of geographic locations. Unlike the\nWeb Map Service (WMS) (OGC document #01-021r2), which filters and portrays\nspatial data to return static maps (server-rendered as pictures), the Web\nCoverage Service provides access to intact (unrendered) geospatial information,\nas needed for client-side rendering, multi-valued coverages, and input into\nscientific models and other clients beyond simple viewers.\n\nThe Web Coverage Service consists of three operations: GetCapabilities,\nGetCoverage, and DescribeCoverageType. The GetCapabilities operation returns an\nXML document describing the service and the data collections from which clients\nmay request coverages. Clients would generally run the GetCapabilities\noperation and cache its result for use throughout a session, or reuse it for\nmultiple sessions. The GetCoverage operation of a Web Coverage Service is\nnormally run after GetCapabilities has determined what queries are allowed and\nwhat data are available. The Get- Coverage operation returns values or\nproperties of geographic locations, bundled in a well-known coverage format.\nIts syntax and semantics are similar to the WMS GetMap request, but several\nextensions support the retrieval of coverages rather than static maps.\n\nVisit the Open GIS Consortium homepage at\nhttp://www.opengeospatial.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb29cf9f-d283-475c-b627-11cf92321e82", - "label": "NLDAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "North American (NLDAS) and Global (GLDAS) LDAS systems are being developed that will lead to more accurate reanalysis and forecast simulations by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Specifically, these systems will reduce the errors in the stores of soil moisture and energy which are often present in NWP models and which degrade the accuracy of forecasts. NLDAS is currently running retrospectively and in near real-time on a 1/8th-degree grid while GLDAS is running at 1/4 degree resolution. The systems are currently forced by terrestrial (NLDAS) and space based (GLDAS) precipitation data, space-based radiation data and numerical model output. In order to create an optimal scheme, the projects involve several LSMs, many sources of data, and several institutions. Data from the project can be accessed on the NLDAS and GLDAS forcing pages, the NLDAS and GLDAS model output pages, as well as on the NLDAS Realtime Image Generator page.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb745e97-670d-40ca-b638-8af7631df1f4", - "label": "MARINE_MAMMALS_PROGRAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "History of Program:\n \n The Smithsonian Institution has long had an interest in marine\n mammals, starting with the hiring of Spencer Fullerton Baird in\n 1850 as assistant secretary with the responsibility of the\n directorship of the United States National Museum. In 1878\n Baird became the second secretary of the Smithsonian\n Institution, a position he held until his death in 1887. Baird\n was an avid naturalist with a bent towards the marine\n environment. His interest lead to the hiring of such eminent\n naturalists as Leonard Stejneger and William H. Dall. Although\n Stejneger was most known for his work in herpetology and Dall\n in mollusks, they were part of a body of researchers who\n contributed to the study of marine mammals whenever\n possible. Baird also was implemental in the forming of the\n United States Fish Commission in 1871 and became the first\n director of that commission. The Fish Commission has gone\n through a variety of names changes, from the Bureau of\n Commercial Fisheries up through the National Mar! ine\n Fisheries Service. The Commission has always had an interest in\n marine mammals fostered by the interests of its first\n director. The current Marine Mammal Program of the Smithsonian\n maintains a excellent working relationship with the National\n Marine Fisheries Service resulting in numerous additions to the\n marine mammal collection.\n \n Current Marine Mammal Program:\n \n The Marine Mammal Program is a cooperative research program whose\n principal goal is to extract all biological data that we can from\n stranded and incidentally taken animals. Strandings form our only means\n of access to better than half of the cetacean species. It is possible\n to gain data on many aspects of the normal life history of cetaceans\n through a thorough examination of these specimens. We routinely\n collect data and specimens that relate to stomach contents, relative\n organ weights, parasite burden, reproductive condition and stage of\n physical maturity. We also take external morphometrics and photographs\n of the external pigmentation pattern. This data forms the basis for\n all of Dr. Mead's current research publications.\n \n For more information,\n link to 'http://vertebrates.si.edu/mammals/mammals_mmp.html'\n \n [Summary provided by Smithsonian]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc9892f8-6575-4e52-90f5-5dc6af739253", - "label": "MOVE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MOVE\nProject URL: http://www.alaska.edu/boreas/move/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=436\n\nMOVE is an international, collaborative attempt to address a major shortcoming in conceptualizing northern histories, presents and futures. While the phenomenon of state-induced population movements in the circumpolar North in the 20th and 21st centuries is well-known, to date no comparative analysis of their local and regional contexts and impacts has been undertaken. Although the role of the state in shaping the North has received some belated attention in recent years, the local expressions of moving, coping, rebuilding and remembering remain to be understood.\n\nIf seasonal and permanent population movements in the lives of circumpolar peoples were in the past responsive to the local conditions upon which subsistence life ways were based, population movements in the recent history of the North have been imposed by market and state logics of a conspicuously non-local character. Previous research on forms of relocation and resettlement sponsored by outside institutions has focused almost exclusively on the political motivations and repercussions, as well as demographic consequences of such movement. While these lines of inquiry are important, they provide few clues about local perceptions and impacts, or the persistent power of local agency to resist and condition projects of relocation. Similarly, while there is a long history of social science involvement with northern development planning and more recently with the sustainability of development -, there is a general failure to address the importance of social fabric within the context of resettlement and other population movements.\n\nMoved by the state refers to the commonality of having to cope with relocations and other population movements triggered by outside decisions. In analyzing a broad array of case studies (small and large, indigenous and non-indigenous communities, in free market and central command systems, ranging from the mid-20th to the early 21st century), the collaborative research project intends to test the extent of commonality. Demographic, political, social and cultural variables will be used to track the similarities and differences, both among communities facing being moved now and those that have been moved in the past. Extensive fieldwork, combining participant observation, various interview and survey strategies, and the recording of oral and life histories, as well as demographic and economic data collection and analysis, will form the methodological backbone of the project. Thus, the impact of past and present relocations will be addressed through a dual strategy. On the one hand, a series of regional analyses of aggregate economic and demographic data will provide an overall picture of the population movements in question. On the other hand, ethnographic fieldwork in selected villages and towns of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia will add local context and emic perspectives.\n\nIn theoretical terms, the proposed research addresses the tension between the increasingly translocal and various senses of place. The question of how local identities, in or out of place (of origin) are constituted leads to a critical interrogation of the roles of cultural and practical engagements in creating and recreating place within a particular environment. The results of this research will become increasingly relevant in the ongoing negotiations between states and communities about location and relocation in the face of increasing social and climate change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ce923fb7-e574-49f6-9104-1035cc7428bf", - "label": "ODP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and 22 international partners (JOIDES) to conduct basic research into the history of the ocean basins and the overall nature of the crust beneath the ocean floor using the scientific drill ship JOIDES Resolution. Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), a group of 18 U.S. institutions, was the Program Manager. Texas A&M University, College of Geosciences was the Science Operator. Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory provided Logging Services and administered the Site Survey Data Bank.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cecfd35d-d295-4a25-a2b7-8eb8f78bbc80", - "label": "NOBLEMET", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: NobleMet\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=19\n\nDue to modern industrial development, noble metals (platinum group elements-PGEs in short, such as Pt and Pd) are being used in a much broader field in recent decades. Over 20% of the goods produced in the West involve the use of PGEs somewhere in their manufacturing processes and Pt and Pd are the most widely used ones. Especially with automobile industry, noble metals and their compounds have been widely used as catalysts in automobile catalytic pollution control devices. Though those pollutants are mainly local, they are also transported to remote Arctic regions. What are the trends for those metals at present? How different comparing the current situation with the one in pre-industrial time period? Because one of the common characteristics for noble metals is reducing activation energy at reaction centres during chemical reactions and this characteristic could hold true for biochemical reactions, increasing worldwide pollution of PGEs may potentially exert affects on bio chemical reactions in the ecosystems and food chains. It is therefore of great value to investigate their past, present and trend in Arctic regions where undisturbed frozen water media preserves their archives.\n\nThis proposal is addressing some of those questions, aiming to:\n\n1.To develop precise methodologies to determine the concentrations of those noble metals in the Canadian High Arctic, down to fg/g level or 10-15 gram per gram in order to accurately quantify the content of those pollutants in the ice. This work will require special ultra-clean technique, equipment/facility and expertises, which GSC (Geological Survey Canada, NRCan) and UH (University of Heidelberg, Germany) currently holds;\n\n2.To reconstruct a temporal trend of those noble metal pollutants in the Canadian High Arctic for at least 50 years, possibly tracing back to pre-industrial time. This work requires precise dating and multi-discipline knowledge, including glaciology, ice-physics, analytical chemistry, statistics and geochemistry et al. Both GSC and UH also holds expertise in these fields. The site for this study is tentatively selected to be on Agassiz ice cap, Nunavut, Canada (Northern Ellesmere Island: 80 deg 48.0 N 72 deg 52.5 W; asl 1800 m);\n\n3.To investigate the spatial distribution of those noble metal pollutants on ice caps, at least 4 to 6 ice caps will be occupied; and 4.Hopefully to apportion the sources of the pollutants whenever possible with the achieved data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cf3a607a-aef8-41db-bdc6-aea74fcfed12", - "label": "NORDIC-WOCE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The principal scientific goal in Nordic WOCE is to study the exchange of heat and water between the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas (Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas). A part of the exchange takes place in the Denmark Strait between Iceland and Greenland and the rest between Iceland and Scotland. The narrow deep channels in the Denmark Strait and around Faeroe Islands are particularly important for the exchange of deep water masses. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.helsinki.fi/~gfl_lait/woce.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d01ee024-14d2-45ad-8252-69acac5af879", - "label": "MRS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Marine Remote Sensing (MRS) involves the collection amd analysis of\nsatellite data in order to determine sea surface tempetatures.\nRegions included in this study are New Jersey Coast,\nMid-Atlantic region,Gulf Stream, Gulf of Mexico, U.S. East\nCoast, Florida Current, Cape Cod, Maine, Cheaspeake, Cape\nHatteras, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Florida Panhandle,\nAlabama, Lousisiana Coast, and Bahamas.\n\nTo view images and additional information on data products,\nlink to 'http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/sat.data2.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d20a71e2-d319-46c2-b2a5-e0ce5f935f2d", - "label": "MICROFRONTS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Microfronts experiment was designed to study the dissipation of\nkinetic energy in the surface layer especially in atmospheric frontal\nzones, to study the nature of the coherent structures and Microfronts\nwhere the transport of heat is organized by thermals, and to study the\nbulk aerodynamic relationship for use with surface radiative\ntemperature.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://blg.oce.orst.edu/microfronts/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d296d235-a33d-4e25-ac25-c43655c96bf9", - "label": "OLYMPEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Major ground-based and airborne observations for the Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX) field campaign took place between November, 2015, and January, 2016, with additional ground sampling continuing through February, on the Olympic Peninsula in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. This field campaign provides ground-based validation support of the findings resulting from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite that is a joint effort between the NASA GPM program and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).\n\nAs for all GPM-GV campaigns, the GHRC provides a collaboration portal to help investigators exchange planning information, and to support collection of real-time data as well as mission science, project and instrument status reports during the campaign. GHRC serves as the GPM-GV archive. OLYMPEX data are available to the public using HyDRO using the search word OLYMPEX.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d42ea5e2-355e-466b-97b7-08cd8ead37de", - "label": "NARSTO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NSTC's Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR)\n identified ground-level ozone as an initiative in 1995. A\n signing ceremony for the charter of the North American Research\n Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO) was held at the White\n House in February of that year. The establishment of NARSTO is a\n direct response to the identification by the National Research\n Council (NRC) of the need for a better fundamental understanding\n of urban and regional ozone and its call for a coordinated\n national program.\n\n NARSTO is a unique public/private partnership whose membership\n spans government, industry, the utilities, and academia\n throughout North America, including Mexico and Canada. Its\n primary mission is to coordinate and enhance policy-relevant\n scientific research and assessment of tropospheric ozone\n behavior, with the central goal of providing the information\n needed for workable, efficient, and effective strategies and\n policies for local and regional ozone management. NARSTO\n provides cross-organization planning to set a prioritized\n research agenda and determine the most effective strategy for\n scientific investigation, coordinates member investments where\n they voluntarily take responsibility for all needed research\n activity, and conducts periodic assessments of scientific\n advances and progress toward fulfilling its goal. NARSTO\n sponsored field campaigns have already been completed int eh\n summers of both 1995 and 1996 by the Southern Oxidants\n Study. NARSTO-North East (NE), and NARS! TO-NE coordinating\n with NARSTO-Canada East.\n\n In addition to coordinating funding for field research, NARSTO\n is currently preparing a State-of-Science Assessment that will\n comprehensively review advances in the chemical, physical, and\n meteorological science of tropospheric ozone. Throughout 1997,\n seventeen critical review papers will be prepared by experts in\n the relevant research areas. These will be presented at a NARSTO\n Science Symposium to be held in November 1997 and will also\n appear in a special issue of an air quality scientific\n journal. The Assessment Report, which will synthesize the review\n papers, is scheduled for completion by the end of December\n 1998. It will address how recent scientific progress can be used\n to develop improved options for ozone management.\n\n U. S. Federal agencies participating in NARSTO include the\n Departments of Agriculture, Commerce (National Oceanic and\n Atmospheric Administration), Energy (Office of Energy\n Research), the Interior, and Transportation, as well as\n independent agencies, such as the Environmental Protection\n Agency, the National Science Foundation, the National\n Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Tennessee Valley\n Authority.\n\n These agencies combine efforts with those of the air quality\n departments of several State governments, as well as private\n companies, to perform cooperative research and analysis of\n pertinent facets of the ozone management issue. Private sector\n participants include over 30 utilities, automotive, chemical,\n and other companies. In addition, numerous universities and\n private sector research organizations are NARSTO partners.\n\n Contact Organization:\n\n Office of Science and Technology Policy\n Executive Office of the President\n (202) 456-6020\n FAX (202) 456-6019\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/Environment/html/fac_trop_oz.html'\n\n [Summary provided by Office of Science and Technology Policy]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d74f8a76-557a-4194-8c51-f750ac560bd3", - "label": "NACP-GOWARD-01", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth since 1972: Empirical Assessment with Field Measurements and Satellite Remotely Sensed Observations\n\nNACP Project Profile http://www.nacarbon.org/cgi-nacp/web/investigations/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=44\n\n\nIn this study we are combining the USFS FIA and Landsat information sources to characterize recent trends in North American forest disturbance and regrowth. Initial projects by this team have shown that the basic patterns of disturbance can be evaluated using change detection methods and that regrowth can be evaluated from inferences of forest structural change noted by spectral reflectance changes. Collaboration with the US Forest Service has provided important access to Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data that permit direct comparison of the satellite-based spectral reflectance patterns with ground-based forest structural attributes. Finally, our capacity to process large volumes of Landsat satellite data has been demonstrated by a series of recent projects (REALM, LEDAPS). \n\nWe will employ a statistically robust sampling system to select ~25 Landsat WRS locations within the coterminous US to conduct compartive Landsat/FIA analysis of recent disturbance and regrowth patterns. In addition, we are collaborating with our Canadian colleagues as they pursue similar analyses in their country. Combined, these analyzes will provide a continental-scale assessment of North American forest dynamics from 1972 to present. \n\nA dense biennual time-series of Landsat imagery 1972-2005) are being assembled for each lselected ocation. From these data the spatio-temporal trends in disturbance and regrowth, as will as their relation to “driving” variables (climate, management regime, etc) will be extracted. The combination Landsat-observed temporal spectral trajectories canopy reflectance modeling, , and plot-level FIA data, will be used to evaluate the diversity in regrowth dynamics that occur on this continent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d752196b-a543-4a6c-90c4-2653192160e2", - "label": "MERRA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERRA is a NASA reanalysis for the satellite era using a major new version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System Version 5 (GEOS-5). The Project focuses on historical analyses of the hydrological cycle on a broad range of weather and climate time scales and places the NASA EOS suite of observations in a climate context.\n\nMore Information:\nhttp://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/merra/\n\n[Source: MERRA Project Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d75bb3b8-603a-40a9-a7e8-f5f0b82db605", - "label": "MEOP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MEOP\nProject URL: http://biology.st-andrews.ac.uk/seaos/index.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=153\nMarine Mammal Exploration of the Oceans Pole to Pole (MEOP) will deploy state-of-the-art animal-borne CTD tags on strategically chosen, deep-diving marine mammal species to explore their movement patterns, behaviour and habitat utilization in Polar Regions. Concomitant with the ecological data regarding these top predators, a vast, high-precision oceanographic data set will be collected covering logistically difficult areas of ocean in Polar Seas at the fringes of the North and South Atlantic and the South Pacific that are strategically important to climate and ocean modelling. The cross-disciplinary merging of classical oceanography and marine mammal ecology will significantly advance our understanding of the world's oceans and top predators that live in them.\n\n\nMEOP partners will deploy CTD-tags on beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga) and southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Most of these species are very deep divers, with maximum dive depths that exceed 1000 m. Virtually all marine mammals forage in oceanic 'hot-spots' where productivity is high, which also coincide with human fisheries efforts and areas of high oceanographic interest. Our target species inhabit areas with significant seasonal ice-cover in both the Arctic and the Antarctic, the edges of which are of particular interest to oceanographers in terms of deep-water formation. Ice-filled waters are rarely sampled by standard oceanographic studies using ships or other methodologies especially over extended times because of logistical and cost constraints, but they are routinely visited by these polar marine mammals. MEOPs oceanographic data will also ehance our ability to accurately model currents and deal with basin scale models.\n\nIPY affords a unique opportunity to collect novel data sets from relatively little-known polar marine mammal species simultaneously with dedicated oceanographic cruises sampling along systematic grids using traditional ship-based CTD technology. Co-operation between biological and oceanographic programmes within IPY will provide MEOP with comprehensive, synoptic oceanographic coverage that will provide a unique opportunity to quantify factors determining habitat selection and use by key polar marine mammal species. The oceanographic data collected in MEOP will, in turn, provide otherwise unobtainable oceanographic data sets collected at natural hot-spots of productivity, as input data to physically-oriented modelling projects (e.g. the Bipolar Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation Programme, Transport through gaps across the Kerguelen Plateau andinter-basin exchange).\n\nThis study is especially timely given the predictions for ecosystem changes in both Arctic and Antarctic systems within the coming decades due to climate change, in addition to increasing fisheries and tourism activities in both the Arctic and Antarctic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8bb1aa0-49d7-4a6a-a96e-66231b3fc7f6", - "label": "OAKrill", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8c661b9-bfe6-491b-ba17-a508f81addc1", - "label": "NASA/MBC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA Mesoamerican Biological Corridor is a three-year project developed to map and monitor land cover of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. The project is divided into two components: 1) land cover/land use mapping and 2) the development of a web page to provide project information and remote sensing data of Central America. Participants include personnel from NASA, the Global Hydrology and Climate ... Center, National Space Science and Technology Center, the University of Maine, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Central American Commission for Environment and Development (CCAD). Additionally, there are representatives participating from each of the seven Central American countries.\n\nA principal objective of this project is to facilitate cooperative scientific research, data exchange, and training between NASA and Central American researchers.\n\nSpecific Project Objectives Include:\n\n-Develop a region-wide JERS-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mosaic and land cover/land use map to support scientific research along the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.\n\n-Validate the land cover/land use map using ancillary GIS data and ground data collected on test sites selected throughout the region.\n\n-Develop landscape metrics to measure forest fragmentation and patch dynamics for landscape characterization and biodiversity analysis within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.\n\n-Conduct training and capacity development for Mesoamerican scientists in remote sensing/image processing, GIS/spatial analysis and ecological monitoring.\n\n-Develop a web page to provide project data, publications, and related information.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d947e815-4104-46c0-91c9-69b9bf2c295b", - "label": "NDSC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Network for the Detection for Stratospheric Change (NDSC) is\na set of high-quality remote-sounding research stations for\nobserving and understanding the physical and chemical state of\nthe stratosphere. Ozone and key ozone-related chemical compounds\nand parameters are targeted for measurement. The NDSC is a major\ncomponent of the international upper atmosphere research effort\nand has been endorsed by national and international scientific\nagencies, including the International Ozone Commission, the\nUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World\nMeteorological Organization (WMO).\n\nGoals:\n\n1.To make the observations through which changes in the physical\nand chemical state of the stratsphere can be determined and\nunderstood. In particular, to make the earliest, possible\nidentification of changes in the ozone layer and to discern the\ncause of the changes.\n\n2.To provide an independent calibration of satellite sensors of\nthe atmosphere.\n\n3.To obtain the data that can be used to test and improve\nmulti-dimensional stratospheric chemical and dynamical models.\n\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da6f7ff1-84cf-4a1f-9b64-538518086d96", - "label": "MERSAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Short Title: MERSAM\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=439\n\nMercury (Hg) in the arctic has received considerable attention since several investigations have shown an increase in Hg concentration in various biota samples, including marine mammal tissues and seabird eggs which were mainly enriched in methylmercury (MeHg). These relatively high concentrations of Hg represent an important health issue for the rural indigenous native arctic communities consuming these products. The distribution of Hg in the top level of the arctic food web is well mirrored by the concentration of Hg in seabird eggs, where spatial differences exist between the Alaskan and Canadian arctic, with a marked Hg increase observed since 1975 in the Canadian arctic and distinct Hg signatures that are measured between seabird colonies residing in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, signatures that are subject to an apparent year-to-year variability and species specific effects. These spatial and temporal patterns as well as the levels of Hg in the food web prompt several fundamental questions on the nature of the sources of Hg that need to be answered through research, namely relative anthropogenic/natural contributions of Hg throughout and across ecosystems, the processes driving these patterns (i.e., sources, atmospheric transport and deposition, ocean currents, and evolution of the food web structure), their linkages and their respective contributions over time. \nAll these processes need to be assessed on a spatial scale (considering arctic and sub-arctic regions) as well as on a temporal scale to evaluate the amplitude of these factors over time. In the absence of extensive Hg atmospheric monitoring stations in Alaska and also considering the variability and scarcity of data on Hg and MeHg levels in snow and seawater in Alaska, no direct temporal and spatial approaches can be conducted. In this proposal we utilize an indirect approach consisting of: \n(1) Tracking the sources of Hg and assessing regional differences by analyzing seabird eggs and feathers collected on a regular basis at several locations in the North American arctic and sub-arctic regions. These samples are archived at the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank (Charleston, SC, USA) administrated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), at the Canadian Wildlife Service Specimen Bank (Ottawa, ON CANADA) and are housed in various collections curated by University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) Museum of the North and independent UAF researchers.\n(2) Assessing the long-term temporal trend of Hg in the top marine food web using time series of collections of seabird eggs and feathers.\nThe spatial and retrospective approaches for monitoring Hg and MeHg in the samples will be coupled with several other sources of information including food web tracers (C and N stable isotopes ratios), as well as tracers of atmospheric transport/sources such as lead isotope ratio patterns in seabird eggs and feathers, and organic contaminant patterns in seabird eggs. Alone, all these data are valuable, but the power exists to collectively investigate the spatial/temporal relationship existing between the nature of Hg sources, their geographical extent and their accumulation/transfer in the arctic/sub-arctic foodweb.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "daeea823-fa70-4a7a-8687-41c114c2e61b", - "label": "OTN", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Tracking Network (OTN), headquartered at Dalhousie University unites leading ocean scientists around the globe. The OTN is conducting the world's most comprehensive and revolutionary examination of marine life and ocean conditions, and how they are changing as the earth warms. \n\nOTN is a new global standard for ocean research. The world's climate is changing — of this we are sure. Marine life survival is becoming uncertain due to overfishing and changing migration patterns. Animals such as polar bears are becoming visibly anxious as their habitats begin to melt. Oceans are becoming warmer; the polar ice cap is melting. The alarming thing is that we don't really know why. Information from beneath the sea's surface is very limited, despite the fact that continued human survival is directly linked to stable oceanic life.\n\nOTN is a mega-science conservation project, that will put an end to this knowledge void. With it, thousands of marine animals around the world — from fish to birds to polar bears — will be tracked using acoustic sound waves. At the same time, we will be building a record of climate change — data that can be analyzed and then applied.\n\nOTN will lead to a global standard for ocean management in a way never before possible.\n\nSee http://www.oceantrackingnetwork.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dbae200c-1d5a-427c-9d45-c77a3341b51e", - "label": "NO-US-TRAVERSE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "A massive, largely unexplored region, the East Antarctic ice sheet looms large in the global climate system, yet relatively little is known about its climate variability or the contribution it makes to sea level changes. The field expedition for this international partnership involves scientific investigations along two overland traverses in East Antarctica: one going from the Norwegian Troll Station to the United States South Pole Station in 2007-2008; and a return traverse by a different route in 2008-2009. This project will investigate climate change in East Antarctica, with the following goals:\n\n * Investigate climate variability in Dronning Maud Land of East Antarctica on time scales of years to a million years.\n * Establish spatial and temporal variability in snow accumulation over this area of Antarctica to understand its impact on sea level.\n * Investigate the impact of atmospheric and oceanic variability on the chemical composition of firn and ice in the region.\n * Revisit areas and sites first explored by traverses in the 1960’s, for detection of possible changes and to establish benchmark data sets for future research efforts.\n\n\nFor more information, see http://traverse.npolar.no/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dca3dc83-e5f9-479d-b315-d7a495185b9c", - "label": "MARMAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Marine Resources, Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction (MARMAP)\ninvolves the collection of uniform data for fisheries\nmanagement. This information has been crucial to the ecosystems\napproaches later developed by the Fishery Management\nCouncil. The study involved the collection of temperature,\nsalinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, silicate, phosphate,\nnitrate, and nitrite.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcc41cbc-007e-45f4-8a1c-792e7fc91d98", - "label": "OBIS-SEAMAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Spatial Ecological Analysis of Marine Megavertebrate Populations (SEAMAP)\ninitiative, a node of the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), has\ndeveloped a digital database of geo-referenced marine mammal, seabird and sea\nturtle distribution and abundance data. SEAMAP seeks to augment the public\nunderstanding of the ecology of marine megavertebrates by: (1) facilitating\nstudy of potential impacts on threatened species; (2) enhancing our ability to\ntest hypotheses about biogeographic and biodiversity models, and (3) supporting\nmodeling efforts to predict distributional changes in response to environmental\nchange. \n\nTo enhance the research and educational applications of this database, SEAMAP\nprovides a broad array of products (e.g., tabular information, maps and\nexplicit survey meta-data) and services (e.g., web-based query, visualization\nand analysis tools). Additionally, because this publicly-available system is\nintended for a broad audience of educators, students, resource managers and\nresearchers, SEAMAP is integrating this digital database with educational\nproducts and analytical tools. The OBIS-SEAMAP system takes advantage of\nrecent technological advances to facilitate the development of new\ncommunity-based data commons for biogeographic and conservation research. To\ndate the database includes more one-million marine mammal, bird and turtle\nobservation records from over 180 datasets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dccc2b00-3905-4257-9959-123118efd4a2", - "label": "NEXRAD", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NEXRAD system (also known as Weather Surveillance Radar -\n 1988 Doppler) is oneof NOAA's prime observation systems for\n acquiring information about meteorologicalconditions, and is\n also one of the key systems in NOAA's modernization and\n restructuring. Byusing Doppler radar technology, forecasters\n can observe the presence of precursor conditions ofsevere\n weather such as tornadoes, large hail and damaging thunderstorm\n winds. NEXRADallows for the detection of wind circulation\n patterns (e.g., mesocyclones) as precursors totornadic activity\n and provides data on the direction and speed of tornado cells\n once they form. NEXRAD also provides quantitative estimates of\n precipitation, which are important inforecasting flash floods,\n main stream river flooding and in water resource\n management. Thesevere weather and storm wind field detection\n capabilities offered by NEXRAD have contributedto a significant\n increase in the accuracy and timeliness of NWS warnings. The\n advantages ofNEXRAD ov! er conventional radars can be broken\n down into five basic areas: improvedsensitivity, improved\n resolutions, wind velocity estimation, automated data\n collection in threedimensions, and capability for scientific\n processing of data. The benefits of this system will continue\n to be improved through scientific advances inthe use of weather\n radar data, and through improved processing and data\n disseminationcapabilities. A NEXRAD Product Improvement (NPI)\n Program has been established to plan andimplement these\n continued improvements. The primary goal of the NPI Program is\n to modify,augment and improve upon the existing capabilities of\n the NEXRAD system so it can support, ina cost-effective and\n timely manner, known operational requirements, as well as\n thoserequirements that can reasonably be anticipated.The NWS is\n currently implementing two major upgrades to the NEXRAD system:\n theOpen Systems Radar Product Generator (ORPG) and the Open\n Systems Radar Data Acquisition(ORDA). ORPG will ! be deployed\n in the calendar year 2000-2002 time frame. ORDA isschedule d\n for deployment in the 2002-2004 time frame. The deployment of\n ORPG will enablethe NWS to implement many additional scientific\n products and to support better communicationscapabilities,\n including dissemination of base data as required. ORDA\n deployment will enableimprovements in data quality, including\n mitigation of range folding, also known as 'purple haze.' Work\n is also underway to develop and test a dual polarization\n capability for NEXRAD. Dual polarization is a radar signal\n transmission, reception and processing scheme that\n providesinformation on the relative height and width of\n precipitation targets. Significant improvementsare anticipated\n in estimating the amount of rainfall and identifying\n precipitation types such asrain, snow and hail. If the\n development and testing validate the promise.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://205.156.54.206/pub/im/ptnr88d.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcf46b81-36f3-4a84-9225-d08e9c873be4", - "label": "NAPAP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) is an\ninteragency scientific research, monitoring and assessment\nprogram on the effects of sulfur and nitrogen oxides on the\nenvironment and human health. NAPAP acts as a coordinating\noffice between six Federal agencies, which also fosters\ncooperation among its members, other governments, States,\nuniversities, and the private sector. The participating agencies\nare the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\nthe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of\nEnergy (DOE), the Department of the Interior (DOI), the\nDepartment of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Aeronautics\nand Space Administration (NASA). NAPAP is a mature program that,\nthrough coordination, capitalizes on the different strengths of\nthe participating agencies.\n\nFor additional information please contact:\n\nNational Acid Precipitation Assessment Program\nNOAA, MailCode R/SAB\n1315 East-West Highway\nSilver Spring, MD 20910\nTelephone: (301) 713-0460 x202\nFax: (301) 713-3515\nE-mail: napap@noaa.gov\n'http://www.oar.noaa.gov/organization/napap.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ddc15d7c-7d49-46b2-a8db-b2d536280879", - "label": "NOAA OneStop Project", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de61250d-9722-49b9-b111-5fffecbe0165", - "label": "MONITOREO VOLCANOLOGICO", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Observatory Volcanológico Deception (OVD) was created in the austral summer of 1993 by the Argentine Antarctic Institute - University of Buenos Aires and the Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) - National Museum of Natural Sciences of Spain. It is headquartered in Argentina Deception and the Base was established in response to the revival occurring in the volcanic Deception Island during the summer of 1991-1992. Las tareas de estudio y seguimiento del sistema volcánico son realizadas por investigadores argentinos y españoles, durante el verano austral de cada año (de diciembre a marzo). The tasks of study and monitoring of volcanic system are carried out by researchers Argentines and Spaniards, during the austral summer of each year (December-March).\n\nLas actividades del Observatorio Volcanológico Decepción incluyen principalmente tareas de monitoreo sísmico y seguimiento de la composición química de los gases fumarólicos, además de estudios de gravimetría, magnetometría y controles termométricos de fumarolas y suelos calientes, entre otros. \n\nhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.gesva.gl.fcen.uba.ar/observatorio.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DVOLCANOLOGIA%2BDECEPCION%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DGzH%26sa%3DG", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e204a6ef-6391-4a59-8345-4161b6229ba6", - "label": "MEDALPEX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Mediterranean Alpine Experiment (MEDALPEX) formed an additional part of the\nGlobal Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) subprogram on the airflow over and\naround mountains. MEDALPEX ran concurrently with the Garp Alpine Experiment\n(ALPEX) - over the year from 1 September 1981 to 30 September 1982 with a\nspecial observation period (SOP) from 15 february 1982 to 30 April 1982. The\nmain aim of ALPEX was to study processes such as lee cyclogenesis and severe\nlocal winds (for example the Mistral and the Bora), which have two frequency\npeaks during the year, one in November and the other in April. This was one of\nthe reasons for the SOP in April.\nThe Mediterranean is a deep enclosed sea where tides are small and motion is\nessentially due to atmospheric forcing. Oceanographic experiments with\nsimultaneous meterological data collection are necessary for a better\nunderstanding of the dynamics of the Mediterranean and for setting up well\ncalibrated models. The Mediterranean may also be regarded as a small scale\nmodel of the ocean. Thus studies on the dynamics of gyres, fronts, baroclinic\ninstabilities, eddies, turbulent dissipation and intermittancy, especially\nduring storm conditions, can contribute to the understanding of energy\ntransfers in the ocean and its boundaries. The mesoscale eddies and meanders\nwhich play an essential role in this circulation, forming the summer\nthermocline and winter convection may also be studied. All of the above rely\nheavily on the spatial and temporal aspects of meterological processes.\nThe primary function of MEDALPEX was to study the response of the western part\nof the Mediterranean to wind forcing. The experiments which took place, often\nas part of an individual country's oceanographic research program, were\ndesigned with the intention of increasing understanding of the general problem\nof meterological and oceanographic interactions. Specific topics under\ninvestigation included:\ni) the interrelationship between the general circulation and mesoscale eddies;\nii) offshore dynamic response mechanisms under severe weather conditions. The\nbehavior of the Mediterranean under severe weather conditions when\noceanographic ships cannot operate has, until now, yielded only limited\ninformation. MEDALPEX sought to collect data (especially during the SOP) to\ngive more complete information during periods of bad weather;\niii)storm surges and coastal piling up - for the Adriatic Sea, more detailed\nverification of storm surges can be carried out with improved wind field data.\nThe Ligurian Sea has very small tides but sea level rises and coastal waves\nduring cyclogenesis damage the coastline. With good wind field, wave and sea\nlevel data, a model may be developed to simulate this.\nMEDALPEX was a multinational program with participants from seven countries\n(Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, U.K., U.S.S.R and Yugoslavia). A wide range of\noceanographic data, including data from tide gauges, current meters, thermistor\nchains, waverider buoys, CTD's and XBT's were collected. Classical and synopt\nmeterological measurements were made and remote sensing techniques used. The\ndata resulting from MEDALPEX were to be forwarded to the Responsible National\nOceanographic Data Center (RNODC) - in this case the World Data Center B\n(Oceanography) in Moscow - with the exception of the sea level data. The\nPermanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) undertook to act as the Sea Level\nData Center for MEDALPEX; the data management and banking was carried out by the\nMarine Information and Advisory Service (MIAS).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e25399d8-139f-4641-89ee-24d42e9ed81c", - "label": "MVA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Model Visualization and Analysis service (MVA), was developed by the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). MVA provides background information on the use of integrated assessment to examine the relationship between human activities and global climate change, descriptions of integrated assessment models (IAMs), and access to model-generated output.\nPurpose of MVA--to support and enhance the use of climate change IAMs by: \ndecision makers \nresearchers \nanalysts \neducators \nthe public \n\nInformation provided by http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/mva/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e3544d46-2f00-4f7b-ab04-0f7a60dbf52b", - "label": "MEaSUREs", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NASA, through its Earth Science Data Systems, supports the NASA Earth Science research community in providing Earth science data products and services driven by NASA’s Earth Science goals. NASA’s Earth Science Program is dedicated to advancing Earth remote sensing and pioneering the scientific use of satellite measurements to improve human understanding of our home planet in order to inform economic and policy decisions and improve operational services of benefit to the Nation. Through the MEaSUREs Program, NASA is continuing its commitment to expand understanding the Earth system using consistent records. NASA has begun to deploy new types of sensors to provide three-dimensional profiles of Earth’s atmosphere and surface. Emphasis is placed into linking together multiple satellites into a constellation, developing the means of utilizing a multitude of data sources to form coherent time series, and facilitating the use of extensive data in the development of comprehensive Earth system models.\n \nhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/our-community/community-data-system-programs/measures-projects", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e492fcbc-8139-43fb-9d10-7d393f62c86b", - "label": "MERSEA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERSEA ('Marine Environment and Security for the European Area') project,\nsupported by the European Commission, is directly related to the GMES (Global\nMonitoring for Environment and Security) Action Plan on global ocean monitoring\nand the marine theme.\n\nThe overall objective is to facilitate the visibility, understanding and\nexchange of the ocean modelling data, output products for users and evaluate\nthe strengths and weaknesses of the European Capacity for Ocean Monitoring and\nForecasting, i.e. the following existing basin-scale integrated monitoring\nsystems: FOAM (Met. Office, United Kingdom), MERCATOR (MERCATOR-OCEAN, France),\nMFS (INGV, Italy) and TOPAZ (NERSC, Norway).\n\nMERSEA website: 'http://strand1.mersea.eu.org/html/strand1/welcome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e59e8469-5e86-4b48-ae10-25c456569237", - "label": "NOAA CLIMATE DATA RECORD (CDR) PROGRAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6695cee-f791-459f-a5c8-c46a4b0b9d06", - "label": "OGC/WFS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Open Geospatial Consortium/Web Feature Service is a specification developed\nby the Open Geospatial Consortium that describes Web Feature Server (WFS)\noperations. The WFS operations support INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, QUERY and\nDISCOVERY of geographic features using HTTP as the distributed computing\nplatform.\n\nThis document adopts the same concept of a geographic feature as described in\nthe OGC Abstract Specification and interpreted in the Geographic Markup\nLanguage (GML) Implementation Specification [2]. That is to say that the state\nof a geographic feature is described by a set of properties where each property\ncan be thought of as a {name, type, value} tuple. The name, number, and type of\neach feature property is determined by its type definition. Geographic features\nare those that may have at least one property that is geometry-valued. This, of\ncourse, implies that features can be defined with no geometric properties at\nall. The geometries of geographic features are restricted to what OGC calls\nsimple geometries. A simple geometry is one for which coordinates are defined\nin two dimensions and the delineation of a curve is subject to linear\ninterpolation. The traditional 0, 1 and 2-dimensional geometries defined in a\n2-dimensional spatial reference system are represented by points, line strings\nand polygons. In addition, the OGC geometry model allows for geometries that\nare collections of other geometries - either homogeneous multi-point,\nmulti-line string, and multi-polygon collections or heterogeneous geometry\ncollections. Finally, GML allows features that have complex or aggregate\nnon-geometric properties.\n\nThe architecture includes:\n\nClient Application Any program or process that communicates with a web server\nusing HTTP. The most typical example is a web browser but other types of\nprograms can exist as well. For example, one can imagine a data loader or\ngeodata editor that communicates with an HTTP server.\n\nHTTP Server\nAny program that services HTTP requests. For example, the Apache program is an\nHTTP server.\n\nWeb Feature Server\nA program or module that implements support for transaction and/or query\noperations on web accessible features\n\nOGC Feature Datastore\nA software system for persistently storing and managing the spatial and\nnon-spatial properties of geographic features. The management system can be a\nSQL relational database, flat files, an ARCINFO database, an XML based\ndatastore, etc...\n\nVisit the Open Geospatial Consortium homepage at\nhttp://www.opengeospatial.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e7347ded-45e0-4c90-8e0f-66e00f725dea", - "label": "MC3E", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "During April and May of 2011, the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) will take place at the ARM Southern Great Plains site in central Oklahoma and is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The campaign leverages the largest observing infrastructure currently available in the central United States combined with an extensive sounding array, remote sensing and in situ aircraft observations, NASA ground validation remote sensors, and the new ARM radar instrumentation purchased with funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The overarching goal is to provide the most complete characterization data set for convective cloud systems, precipitation, and their environment that has ever been obtained, providing details for the representation of cumulus clouds in computer models that have never before been available.\n\nhttp://campaign.arm.gov/mc3e/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e96d45ab-7668-4a46-8b69-8288666684eb", - "label": "MFSTEP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Project aims at the further development of an operational forecasting\nsystem for the Mediterranean Sea based upon three main components:\na) the Near Real Time Observing system;\nb) the numerical forecasting systems at basin scale and for regional areas;\nc) the forecast products dissemination/exploitation system.\n\nThe problems to be solved belong to three major categories:\n\n1) Technology developments, connected to the new instrumentation for NRT\nmonitoring and the provision of NRT protocols for data dissemination,\ncomprehensive of telecommunication technology and quality control procedures;\n2) Scientific development, connected to the understanding of the sampling\nscheme for different measuring platforms, the design and implementation of data\nassimilation schemes for different spatial scales, the ecosystem modelling\nvalidation/calibration experiments at the basin and the coastal areas scale and\nthe development of data assimilation techniques for biochemical data;\n3) Exploitation developments, consisting of software interfaces between\nforecast products and oil spill modelling, general contaminant dispersion\nmodels, relocatable emergency systems, search and rescue models, and fish stock\nobserving systems. In addition, the study of forecast economic value and impact\nwill be carried out.\n\nMFSTEP Website: 'http://www.bo.ingv.it/mfstep/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ea8d8915-bce6-4f31-855c-e1a9085acbc2", - "label": "MOPITT", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MOPITT launched on the AM-1 platform of NASA's Earth\nObserving System (EOS). The AM-1 satellite was placed in a\n705km, sun-synchronous orbit with a 10:30am equator crossing\ntime. MOPITT will measure carbon monoxide and methane in the\ntroposphere over the entire globe for a period of five years.\n\nDespite the fact that we all live in the troposphere, monitoring\nof the tropospheric composition from space has lagged\nconsiderably behind our monitoring of the upper regions of the\nearth's atmosphere mainly because of the technical difficulty of\nsuch measurements. The presence of the earth's surface provides\nconsiderable interference to most measurement methodologies and\nthe presence of clouds further impedes the mission. Overcoming\nthese problems requires a very precise instrument with a very\nhigh performance.\n\nWe want to monitor carbon monoxide and methane because they will\nhelp us understand how the troposphere reacts to various\nstimuli. These can range from natural phenomena such as the\ngrowth of forests, through agricultural sources such as rice\npaddies, to catastrophic events such as biomass burning. Most of\nthese sources can, and indeed are, being modified by human\nactivity on the planet.\n\nCarbon monoxide is particularly interesting because of its\npotential for showing us how chemicals are transported in the\ntroposphere as well as giving us information about chemical\nreactions in the troposphere.\n\nMeasurements have already shown us the production of carbon\nmonoxide in biomass burning and its transport by atmospheric\ncirculation systems. This needs to be understood on a global\nscale and incorporated into models of tropospheric transport.\n\nMethane is a greenhouse gas and the major issue here is its\nsource strength. There are a large number of potential sources,\nsuch as northern wetlands, ruminant animals, and natural gas\nleakage. However the actual strength of the individual sources\nis very poorly known. Since methane's greenhouse effect is far\nstronger than that of the better known carbon dioxide, changes\nin methane, although small in themselves, can potentially have a\nsignificant effect on the overall climate system.\n\nMeasurements of these gases are made by intercepting the\ninfra-red radiation coming from the planet and then isolating\nthe required signals. MOPITT is a nadir sounding instrument\nsince this gives the maximal chance of avoiding cloud features,\nbut this implies that it can 'see' the surface of the planet and\nthe desired signals must be seen against the background of the\nsurface radiation. The field-of-view of MOPITT is 22 x 22km and\nit views four fields simultaneously by the use of a 4 x 1 array\nof detector elements. The field of view is also continuously\nscanned through a swath about 600km wide as the instrument moves\nalong the orbit increasing both the spatial coverage of the\ninstrument and the chance of finding gaps in the cloud coverage.\n\nThe MOPITT instrument makes use of the principle of correlation\nspectroscopy whereby a cell of the gas to be measured is used as\nan optical filter in the infra-red to measure the signal from\nthe same gas in the atmosphere. The amount of gas in the\ninstrument cell is modulated by varying either the pressure or\nthe length. In addition to the correlation technique MOPITT\nmakes use of mechanically cooled detectors and filters (at 100K)\nto enhance the overall performance. The use of this cooling\ntechnique, which relies on Stirling Cycle coolers supplied by\nBritish Aerospace, is relatively new in satellite\ninstrumentation having been used on only two civilian satellite\ninstruments before. The use of mechanical cooling rather than\nstored cryogen or radiative cooling permits a relatively large\namount of cooling - sufficient for both the detectors and the\nfilter systems - whilst still permitting a five year instrument\nlife.\n\nThe MOPITT science team is international, having members from\nCanada, the United States and the United Kingdom. The instrument\nitself is being constructed by a consortium of Canadian\ncompanies: COMDEV Atlantic of Moncton, BOMEM from Quebec City,\nHughes-Leitz from Midland and SED from Saskatoon. The instrument\nis funded by the Space Science Division of the Canadian Space\nAgency. The instrument will be tested in the University of\nToronto.\n\nMOPITT completed its Preliminary Design Review in December 1993\nand the Critical Design Review is scheduled for April\n1995. Instrument delivery will be late in 1996 and the launch of\nthe AM-1 platform will be in mid- 1998. Discussions are under\nway regarding a second copy of the instrument to be launched in\nthe 2003 time frame to permit the dataset of carbon monoxide and\nmethane to be extended to ten years to look for long term\neffects.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MOPITT/home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Univesity of Toronto]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb1259ba-307f-48f1-9f1b-1eeb4d50a1f3", - "label": "MARPOLMON", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Marine Pollution Monitoring Program (MARPOLMON) was implemented in\n1980 after taking over the marine Pollution Monitoring Pilot\nProgram (MAPMOPP, 1975 to 1980) to monitor marine pollution\nspreading in parts of oceans on a global scale and to evaluate\npollution problems in marine environment. Samples may have been\ncollected near marine discharge sites or during monitoring\nsurveys of large ocean areas.\n\nFor more information,\nlik to 'http://www.jodc.go.jp/data/pollution/marpolmon.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebbf3cbb-d0a0-4d5a-b42e-7ea88ee56f4e", - "label": "MOHAVE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Project MOHAVE was an extensive monitoring, modeling, and data\nassessment project designed to estimate the contributions of the\nMohave Power Plant (MPP) to haze at the Grand Canyon National Park\n(GCNP). The field study component of the project was conducted in 1992\nand contained two intensive monitoring periods (~30 days in the winter\nand ~50 days in the summer). Unique, non-depositing, non-reactive\nperfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) materials were continuously released from\nthe MPP stack during the two intensive periods to enable the tracking\nof emissions specifically from MPP. Tracer, ambient particulate\ncomposition, and SO2 concentrations were measured at about 30\nlocations in a four-state region. Two of these monitoring sites, Hopi\nPoint (HOPO) near the main visitor center at the south rim of the\ncanyon and Meadview (MEAD) near the far western end of the national\npark were used as key receptor sites representative of GCNP.\n\nProject MOHAVE operated under the joint technical and program\nmanagement of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Southern\nCalifornia Edison (SCE) in close partnership with the National Park\nService (NPS). Numerous other organizations contributed to the\noperations and assessment work of the project. Since the end of the\nfield study component of the project, data assessment and modeling\nefforts were undertaken by the many participants and have led to\nnumerous papers and reports. By design these efforts have been the\nproducts of their respective authors and have not been endorsed as\nfindings of Project MOHAVE.\n\nThe primary goal of Project MOHAVE was to determine the contribution\nof the MPP emissions to haze at GCNP and other nearby mandatory Class\nI areas where visibility is an important air quality related\nvalue. Secondary goals included an increased knowledge of the\ncontributions of other sources to haze in GCNP and the southwestern\nUnited States in general. The specific objectives to accomplish these\ngoals were:\n\n 1.Evaluate the measurements for applicability to modeling and\n data analysis activities.\n\n 2.Describe the visibility, air quality and meteorology during\n the field study period and to determine the degree to which\n these measurements represent typical visibility events at the\n Grand Canyon.\n\n 3.Further develop conceptual models of physical and chemical\n processes which affect visibility impairment at the Grand\n Canyon.\n\n 4.Estimate the contributions from different emissions sources to\n visibility impairment at the Grand Canyon, and quantitatively\n evaluate the uncertainties of those estimates.\n\n 5.Reconcile different scientific interpretations of the same\n data and present this reconciliation to policy-makers\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Default.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by IMPROVE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef5891ab-ad97-4bb5-a35a-b74d63d4fafd", - "label": "MARP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The main theme of the Malaysian Antarctic Research Program is to study the linkages, similarity or differences of either atmospheric processes or biological processes between Antarctic environment and the tropic environment. The Malaysian Antarctic Research Program Task force decided that the program would concentrate its research in the following fields:\n\n- Atmospheric Sciences\n- Biological Sciences\n- Radio Communication Science\n\nScientific research projects being carried out by Malaysian scientists are as follows:\n\n- Boundary Layer Studies of Antarctic\n- Modelling and Observational Studies of Antarctic Katabatic (MOSAK)\n- Polar Atmospheric Water Vapour/Ionospheric Measurement Using GPS\n- Model Development and Application of Microwave Remote Sensing in Antarctica\n- Microalgal Biodiversity at Antarctica\n- Occurrence of Fungi from Extreme Environments\n- Diversity and Metabolic Abilities of Antarctic Bacteria\n- Antarctica Microbial Genomic: Genomic Sequence Survey of Selected Antarctic Microbes\n- The Evolution and Diversity of Antarctica Periphytic Algae\n- The Biodiversity of the Benthic Invertebrates Fauna from the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem\n- Bacteria Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons in Antarctica\n\nhttp://www.rmi.uitm.edu.my/component/content/article/270.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f178f0e8-0672-44e3-bfba-8e545eb866da", - "label": "MIZPAC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Sharp vertical temperature fronts and complex temperature inversions observed in the Chukchi Sea during MIZPAC 77 were investigated in a further effort to define the mechanisms for the formation of finestructure. An association was found between the upper level current directions inferred from the gross ice edge recession rates and the occurrence of fronts and finestructure. Currents with a strong directional component normal to the ice edge were associated with extensive finestructure and those with a weak component were associated with sharp fronts but little or no finestructure.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA058509", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2519679-71fe-42f4-8999-3ecf3710bbed", - "label": "NOMADS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "To address a growing need for remote access to high volume\n numerical weather prediction and global climate models and\n data, the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), along with the\n National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the\n Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), initiated the\n NOAA Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS)\n project. The NOMADS framework was developed to facilitate\n climate model and observational data inter-comparison issues as\n discussed in documents such as the Intergovernmental Panel on\n Climate Change (IPCC 1990, 1995, 2001) and the U.S. National\n Assessment (2000). NOMADS is being developed as a Unified\n Climate and Weather Archive to provide Web access to model\n information so that users can make decisions about their\n specific needs. This on time scales from days (weather), to\n months (El Nino), to decades (global warming). NOMADS also\n addresses model data access needs as outlined in the\n U.S. Weather Research Program (U! SWRP) Implementation Plan\n for Research in Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting and Data\n Assimilation to 'redeem practical value of research findings\n and facilitate their transfer into operations.' For more\n information see: The NOMADS Program Overview.\n \n NOMADS is a network of data servers using established and\n emerging technologies to access and integrate model and other\n data stored in geographically distributed repositories in\n heterogeneous formats. NOMADS enables the sharing and\n inter-comparing of model results and is a major collaborative\n effort, spanning multiple Government agencies and academic\n institutions. The data available under the NOMADS framework\n include model input and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)\n gridded output models from NCEP; and Global Climate Models\n (GCM) and simulations from GFDL and other leading institutions\n from around the world. The goals of NOMADS are to:\n \n 1.Improve access to NWP and GCM's datasets.\n \n 2.Improve the linkages between the research and operational\n modeling communities.\n \n 3.Foster collaborations between the climate and weather\n communities. Provide the observational data and model analysis\n initialization products for regional models.\n \n 4.Improve the verification process of forecast and climate\n models. Promote product development and collaborations within\n the geo-science communities (ocean, weather, and climate).\n \n 5.Provides cost effective pull technologies for 'hyper-slabs'\n of high volume data sets.\n \n For more information on the NOMADS Project,\n link to http://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/\n \n To view NOMADS presentation,\n link to http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/nomads/slides/slide_1.html\n \n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f3aa596f-0788-4861-b97d-bc38f59b4b0b", - "label": "NRMI", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Natural Resources Management Index (NRMI) is a composite index for 226 countries derived from the average of four proximity-to-target scores from eco-region protection, access to improved sanitation, access to improved water and child mortality indicators.\n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/mcc.html\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f44594af-434d-4f22-b1cf-382d1b021f31", - "label": "NORTHERN GENEALOGIES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The goal of the proposed project is to develop a publicly available electronic informational system, which will be filled with ethnodemographic and genealogical data from variety of sources pertaining to the Saami, Nenets, Enets, Selkup, Nganasan, Teleut, Kumandin, Uilta, Shor and several other peoples of Siberia and the Russian North. This data will cover the period from the 16/17th c. to the present. The system will consist of a database coupled with a web-based interface performing the task of interaction with specially developed server-side modules, which pass queries to the database, and receive and present results to the user. The typical queries, which will require special modules, will be for instance, search for descendants or antecedents of a given person; or grouping of persons according to some criteria, such as given type of sanguineous marriage, economic specialisation, principles ruling the formation of households, etc.\nThe proposed system does not include any special client-side applications, since the information exchange with users will involve only already existing programmes. The result of a query will be presented to the user in one of the following standard formats at his/her option:\n1. ordinary, browser-independent web-page (HTML);\n2. CSV file, which is suitable for import into any spreadsheet application (MS Excel, OpenOffice.org Calc, etc.), or into specialised statistical packages (e.g. SPSS), as well as for transfer of data into another database system;\n3. GEDCOM, a standard format for exchange of genealogical data, suitable for use with such products as GenoPro for creation of visual representations and printing of genealogical data, and for processing with tools designed network analysis, e.g. Pajek or PGRAPH.\nThe participants of the project have already gathered considerable amount of personal demographic data pertaining to different peoples, territories and periods of time. We chose to use as model the data arrays on the Saami, Yugan Khanty, Mansi, several groups of Samoyed and Sayan-Altai Turkic peoples, and Uilta. Therefore, the already available materials pertain to the ethnic groups, which significantly vary in their economy, social organisation and history. The collected data originates from all types of historical and contemporary sources that are needed for development of the proposed information system. These arrays of data, being collected in different regions, not always cover the same periods of time. There are also chronological lacunae in some arrays due to the time framework of previous research programmes. Therefore, those lacunae will be filled with the results of field and archival research within the framework of this project.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=285", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f45ed002-113c-4db7-b5c4-5858ac604e85", - "label": "ODP/DSDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Project Description:\n The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), operating since 1983, follows the Deep Sea\n Drilling Project (DSDP) which operated from 1968 to 1985. The ODP is (as was\n the DSDP) sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and several\n foreign countries as a comprehensive investigation of the global oceans. The\n results of the two programs are a large mass of digital data as well as 96\n published DSDP 'Initial Reports' volumes, and to date 19 ODP 'Initial\n Reports' and 3 ODP 'Scientific Results' volumes. In addition, many of the\n data collected by ODP are available on microfilm or microfiche. The digital\n data were compiled from shipboard analyses, onshore laboratory analyses, and\n in some cases, from the INitial Reports and Scientific Results volumes. The\n ODP maintains 26 data bases from the DSDP and over 30 data bases from ODP\n which contain descriptions and/or analyses of marine sediments and rocks\n from Legs 1-96 of DSDP and Legs 101-present (currently completing Leg 128)\n from ODP. The DSDP data were from the cores collected by the drilling bessel\n Glomar Challenger and the ODP data are from cores gathered by the drilling\nvessel JOIDES Resolution.\nData used and produced:\n Data types include age profiles of the holes, carbon and carbonate\n percentages of sediments, density/porosity, grain size, G.R.A.P.E.\n (Gamma-Ray attenuations porosity evaluator) data, chemistry of hardrocks\n including major and minor element percentages, thin section and visual hand\n specimen descriptions of hard rock samples, paleomagnetism of both sediments\n and hard rocks in several forms, paleontology for 21 separate fossil groups\n including foraminifera, radiolara, diatoms, nannofossils, etc., penetrometer\n data, site summary information, smearslide descriptions, sonic velocity,\n vane shear measurements, visual core descriptions, x-ray mineralogy, and a\n derived sediment description file called SCREEN with computerized\n standardized sediment descriptions (for DSDP data only). Auxiliary data\n include various computerized bibliographies and indexes. Digital\n geophysical data including underway measurements and downhole logs are\n described in other entries.\n Customized data searched can be performed from one dataset or from many\n datasets. Data are currently available on hard copy (paper) printouts, on\n magnetic tape, through the BITNET network (the ODP Database Group BITNET\n address is %DATABASE@TAMODP), or on IBM or Macintosh formatted diskettes.\n Earlier DSDP data are also available on various media (including CD-ROM)\n from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colorado.\nProject Contact:\n Data Librarian, Database Group\n Ocean Drilling Program\n Texas A&M University Research Park\n 1000 Discovery Drive\n College Station, Texas 77840 U.S.A.\n (409) 845-8495, 845-2673\n Easylink (Telex) Number: 62760290\n Bitnet: DATABASE@TAMODP\nReferences:\n The Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (Washington, U.S.\n Government Printing Office) and the Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling\n Program which includes two volumes, the Initial Reports and Scientific\n Results volumes (College Station, Tx., Ocean Drilling Program).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f560fb6c-341d-4626-969f-2978d261f161", - "label": "OBIS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Developed as part of the Census of Marine Life, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System, or OBIS, is world's largest on-line, database to explain the diversity, distribution and abundance of life in the ocean, past, present and future. In June 2009, OBIS has been adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and continues its operations under IOC's International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) programme.\n \n OBIS is a web-based provider of global geo-referenced information on marine\n species. We contain expert species level and habitat level databases and\n provide a variety of spatial query tools for visualizing relationships among\n species and their environment. OBIS strives to assess and integrate biological,\n physical, and chemical oceanographic data from multiple sources. Users of OBIS,\n including researchers, students, and environmental managers, will gain a\n dynamic view of the multi-dimensional oceanic world. You can explore this\n constantly expanding and developing facility through the OBIS Portal.\n \n The OBIS Portal accesses data content, information infrastructure, and\n informatics tools - maps, visualizations, and models - to provide a dynamic,\n global facility in four dimensions (the three dimensions of space plus time).\n Potential uses are to reveal new spatial/temporal patterns; to generate new\n hypotheses about the global marine ecosystem; and to guide future field\n expeditions. The scope of OBIS offers new challenges in data management,\n scientific cooperation and organization, and innovative approaches to data\n analysis. Maintaining the principle of open access, the digital atlas developed\n by OBIS is expected to provide a fundamental basis for societal and\n governmental decisions on how to harvest and conserve marine life.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f66321f0-cd83-4734-bca5-600614e8e327", - "label": "OASIS - IPY", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OASIS is an international multi-disciplinary effort to study Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack Interactions in the Arctic. The specific focus is to develop a quantitative understanding of the processes that are involved in Air-Surface Interactions and chemical exchange between the title reservoirs. As the nature and extent of snow and ice cover is changing, OASIS will assess the associated impact on, and by, climate change, and the human and ecosystem impacts of air-surface exchanges of chemical species.\nOASIS will quantify the impact of chemical, physical and biological exchange processes on tropospheric chemistry, the cryosphere, and the marine environment, and their feedback mechanisms in the context of a changing climate. OASIS has identified studies in the Arctic Ocean surface environment as a key programmatic component to reach these goals. IPY represents a unique opportunity to develop new initiatives that enable the community to do the best science, made possible by an international approach to logistics and experimentation. A legacy will be development and evaluation of new tools, implemented through a network of complex logistics, e.g. involving icebreakers, ice camps, piloted and unmanned vehicles in the atmosphere and ocean, satellite remote sensing, and computer models, to address the pressing scientific issues.\nThe OASIS program was established in 2003, and has developed an internationally vetted Science Plan, and an Implementation Plan, available at www.OASISHome.net. A growing number of individual projects are contributing to the scientific goals since winter 2004/05 (to date 45 individual projects, see 3.11 below). OASIS is linked to a number of international organizations and activities, including AMAP (the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program), and the IGBP (International Geosphere – Biosphere) programs IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) under the AICI (Air Ice Chemical Interactions) activity, and SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study).\nDuring IPY (2007 – 2009), we propose to:\n1. Conduct coordinated icebreaker, ice camp, and aircraft studies of OASIS chemical exchange. A principal focus will be a nine-month coordinated campaign from the frozen-in icebreaker ‘m/v Antarctica’ and connected ice camps. Measurements will be made of a wide variety of chemical and biological compounds and physical properties in the Arctic marine boundary layer atmosphere, cryosphere and ocean. The impact on, and by, the physical state of the local environment will be a key topic of these studies. Shorter ice breaker campaigns (e.g. involving the Canadian “Amundsen” and the Russian ice-enforced RV 'Akademik Feodorov',and 'Mikhail Somov”) are also envisaged. This and connected aircraft work will be coordinated with other international IPY efforts.\n2. Establish a network of Arctic Ocean buoys that will enable year-round measurements of ozone and related chemical species. This work will fill major gaps in our knowledge of physical/chemical variables involved with Arctic Ocean surface ozone and mercury depletion and radiatively-active trace-gas budgets. The network will evolve in close cooperation with the International Arctic Buoy Project, the North Pole Environmental Observatory, and the proposed Arctic Ocean Observing System.\n3. Examine physical and chemical oceanographic variables that influence ocean-atmosphere chemical exchange, by observations of parameters in physical oceanography; marine biology; marine geology; sea ice characteristics; and hydrography using, among other tools, an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) as Below ice Environmental Laboratory.\nIn addition, not directly related to IPY, OASIS will:\n4. Conduct supporting laboratory studies of biological, chemical and physical processes relevant to snow, ice, gas, and aerosol phase photochemistry and chemical exchange.\n5. Develop and apply 1D and 3D models of OASIS exchange and associated atmospheric chemistry and cloud physics impacts, in association with scientists involved with 1-3 above.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=38", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9162f1e-79cb-457f-8561-70838d2afe26", - "label": "MINERAL RESOURCES", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "This data set contains 450 earthquake sections digitally recorded in Antarctica.\n\n\nhttp://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/gdp/search?action=entrySummary&portal=gdp&entryId=11860&entryLang=en&entryType=productCollection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa457a23-47ed-4caa-b992-5b9f8cd229c8", - "label": "NVAP-M", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA MEaSUREs program began in 2008 and has the goal of creating stable, community accepted Earth System Data Records (ESDRs) for a variety of geophysical time series. A reanalysis and extension of the NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP), called NVAP-M was performed by Science and Technology Corporation, METSAT Division as part of this program. NVAP-M spans 1988-2009. NVAP-M is further described in Vonder Haar, T. H., J. L. Bytheway and J. M. Forsythe, 2012: 'Weather and climate analyses using improved global water vapor observations.' Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L16802, doi:10.1029/2012GL052094\n\nThe heritage NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP) total column (integrated) water vapor data sets comprised a combination of radiosonde observations, Television and Infrared Operational Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounders (TOVS), and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data sets. These data sets spanned 14 years (1988 - 2001) and contained total and layered global water vapor data. The spatial coverage was global for all data sets. NVAP-M completely supercedes the heritage NVAP data set.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fbbd8278-d8c3-4d32-b97b-c3f0bb16a69f", - "label": "OCEANOGRAFIA_COSTERA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcc54109-03b7-4629-82a8-4a2115dde4b6", - "label": "NOAA - SPACE WEATHER PROGRAM", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcfcf178-ff2e-4340-afde-37f76a96311f", - "label": "NSF_AWARD_0338101", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Building on our previous work, we intend to test the hypothesis that the Larsen B Ice Shelf system has been a stable component of the cryosphere since it formed during rising sea levels 10,000 years ago. This conclusion would be an important step in establishing the uniqueness and consequences of the rapid warming taking place across the Peninsula. Our previous work on the Larsen A and B embayments taught us to recognize the signature and impact of past ice-shelf fluctuations. We have also overcome many of the limitations of radiocarbon-based chronologies in antarctic marine sequences by using geomagnetic-paleomagnetic intensity records for millennial-scale correlation and dating and by refining other dating techniques.\n\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/treaty/opp06001/geo_geo.jsp#larsen", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fdf0f08c-4178-4c70-a0ad-b8d122938d2a", - "label": "NSDP", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The NASA Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) is a demonstration\nprogram developed in response to the President's Space Policy,\ndirecting NASA to purchase remote sensing data from the private\nsector. Initiated in fiscal year 1997, the SDP was funded under\nthe Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) Program to provide scientific\ndata to the ESE science community. The โ million\nprogram is an opportunity to advance global-systems research, to\nstrengthen the U.S. economy through development of remote\nsensing technologies, and to test a new way of doing business.\n\nThe SDP is being managed by the NASA Earth Science Applications\nDirectorate (ESAD) at the John C. Stennis Space Center in\nMississippi. ESAD's mission is to enhance U.S. economic\ncompetitiveness through development of remote sensing\ntechnologies. The spaceborne, airborne, and in-situ commercial\nremote sensing data being made available through the SDP program\nwere identified as data sets that are needed and have high value\nto science. NASA, together with its commercial partners, is\nworking to expand the resources available to the ESE science\ncommunity in its quest for knowledge about the Earth and its\nchanging environment.\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://www.esad.ssc.nasa.gov/datapurchase/'\n\n[Sumary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe14587b-eb9d-4506-9aa6-cff7958d3cc6", - "label": "NORPAX", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Acronym for the NORth PAcific eXperiment, a shuttle experiment that took place from Feb. 1979 through Jun. 1980. It included 15 approximately monthly cruises on a track running directly south from Hawaii to 4S, east to 153W, north to 12N, east to 150W, and then south to the island of Papeete at around 18S. The ships involved collected CTD data every 1 of latitude or longitude, and occupied profiling current meter stations every 1 between 6S and 10N (with additional half-degree stations with 3 of the equator). Acoustic Doppler current profiles were collected continuously along the ship's track, which was traversed in alternate directions. A set of three vector-averaging current meter moorings were also maintained during the experiment.\n\nInformation provided by http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/ocean/node27.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe846d29-b09c-4adc-bc6d-419df6c551bc", - "label": "OCRS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ocean Color Remote Sensing (OCRS) Project involves the validation\nof satellite algorithms for ocean properties. OCRS is involved with\nthe effort to validate ocean color algorithms to derive chlorophyll\nconcentrations from the NASA ocean color satellite, Sea-viewing Wide\nField-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). This program is funded in part through\na NASA Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and\nInterdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) contract awarded to CRS\nand the Ocean Color Program at the NOAA NESDIS Office of Research and\nApplications.\n\n For more information,\n link to 'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/cruises/'\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ff25845a-5d94-43c1-abc4-419a108b0f1f", - "label": "MAB", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "UNESCO?s Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) develops the basis,\nwithin the natural and the social sciences, for the sustainable use\nand conservation of biological diversity, and for the improvement of\nthe relationship between people and their environment globally.\n\nThe MAB Programme encourages interdisciplinary research, demonstration\nand training in natural resource management. MAB contributes\nthus not only to better understanding of the environment,\nincluding global change, but to greater involvement of science\nand scientists in policy development concerning the wise use of\nbiological diversity.\n\nOver the next decades, MAB is focusing on new approaches for\nfacilitating sustainable development, through promoting conservation\nand wise use of biodiversity. By taking advantage of the\ntransdisciplinary and cross-cultural opportunities of UNESCO?s mandate\nin the fields of education, science, culture and communication, MAB is\npromoting both scientific research and information gathering, as well\nas linking with traditional knowledge about resource use. It must\nserve to help implement Agenda 21 and related Conventions, in\nparticular the Convention on Biological Diversity.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.unesco.org/mab/about.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by UNESCO'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ffcca1c5-fffd-4359-b282-e00fc77c979e", - "label": "NGEE-Arctic", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments (NGEE Arctic) seeks to address this challenge by quantifying the physical, chemical, and biological behavior of terrestrial ecosystems in Alaska. Initial research will focus on the highly dynamic landscapes of the North Slope (Barrow, Alaska) where thaw lakes, drained thaw lake basins, and ice-rich polygonal ground offer distinct land units for investigation and modeling. A focus on scaling based on investigations within these geomorphological units will allow us to deliver a process-rich ecosystem model, extending from bedrock to the top of the vegetative canopy, in which the evolution of Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate can be modeled at the scale of a high resolution Earth System Model grid cell (i.e., 30x30 km grid size). This vision includes mechanistic studies in the field and in the laboratory; modeling of critical and interrelated water, nitrogen, carbon, and energy dynamics; and characterization of important interactions from molecular to landscape scales that drive feedback to the climate system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65e710ad-4e67-4b81-be41-e3ef8054c691", - "label": "NCA-LDAS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The National Climate Assessment - Land Data Assimilation System (NCA-LDAS) is one of NASA's contributions to the National Climate Assessment of the United States. The NCA-LDAS is led by scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Hydrological Sciences Laboratory.\n\nMore information: https://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/nca-ldas", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fe283901-27e9-4278-8306-81d8367f1b20", - "label": "OCO-2", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The OCO-2 Project primary science objective is to collect the first space-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the precision, resolution and coverage needed to characterize its sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle. During its two-year mission, OCO-2 will fly in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit with a group of Earth-orbiting satellites with synergistic science objectives whose ascending node crosses the equator near 13:30 hours Mean Local Time (MLT). Near-global coverage of the sunlit portion of Earth is provided in this orbit over a 16-day (233-revolution) repeat cycle. OCO-2’s single instrument incorporates three high-resolution grating spectrometers, designed to measure the near-infrared absorption of reflected sunlight by carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen.\n\nMore Information: https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e96c71fe-f051-4506-ba2d-ceea070b2cda", - "label": "OCO-3", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "[Source: https://ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov/quick-facts/ ]\n\nOrbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) will be flying on the International Space Station (ISS) and will continue the important measurement begun by OCO-2 in 2014. Some quick facts about OCO-3 are:\n\nOCO-3 is a critical element in the continuation of global carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements focused on understanding the regional sources and sinks of CO2 from the unique vantage point of the International Space Station (ISS).\nOCO-3 can also contribute to focused studies of how space based measurements can constrain rapidly changing anthropogenic (man-made) emissions. Anthropogenic emissions could be the largest source of uncertainty in the global carbon budget as OCO-3 measurements reduce uncertainty of natural fluxes. OCO-3 has the ability to makes measurements at different times of the day.\nOCO-3 measurements can be combined with evapotranspiration and biomass measurements, such as those from other ISS instruments ECOSTRESS and GEDI, to study process details of the terrestrial ecosystem.\nOCO-2 has demonstrated that atmospheric XCO2 can be measured from space with precision of better than 1 ppm. OCO-3 is expected to have similar performance.\n\nMore Information: https://ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1a0b31ec-ce2d-45a4-8bc9-c39fcb11fe1b", - "label": "MISR_Volcano_Research", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8da88ad7-57b4-46d5-aae9-1694b96df2c9", - "label": "MISR_Wildfire_Research", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "903049a1-7ea6-4a8e-ae6a-d17518ec1e2a", - "label": "MERRA-2 Observation", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "MERRA-2 Observation is project funded through MEaSUREs-2017. The data is similar to that in the project “MERRA TIME-MEAN OBSERVATION DATA”, but for MERRA-2 .", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f951de2-9ebf-4143-ac9d-eb12676cae86", - "label": "MERRA-2 Climatology", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) contains a wealth of information that can be used for weather and climate studies. By combining the assimilation of observations with a frozen version of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS), a global analysis is produced at an hourly temporal resolution spanning from January 1980 through present (Gelaro et al., 2017). It can be difficult to parse through a multidecadal dataset such as MERRA-2 to evaluate the interannual variability of weather that occurs on a daily timescale, let alone determine the occurrence of an extreme weather event. Furthermore, it was recognized that standard metrics were needed to evaluate climate change among climate models and international research efforts. As a result of these concerns, the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) developed a set of indices that represent the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events using a daily time series of 2-m air temperature (T2m) and precipitation (Alexander et al., 2016). These indices were used as a basis to comprise a list of fields that represent daily extreme temperature and precipitation events, heatwaves, multi-day precipitation, as well monthly percentile statistics from the MERRA-2 dataset. Also included in this data product is a climatological long term mean and standard deviation representing the interannual variability on a monthly timescale.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bc3abde8-b96c-4722-a581-5b450420991f", - "label": "MAIA", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) represents the first time NASA has partnered with epidemiologists and health organizations to use space-based data to study human health and improve lives.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5f807a42-6bb3-45f2-a3f9-eeda61c53644", - "label": "OWLETS", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ozone Water–Land Environmental Transition Study (OWLETS) is an enhanced observational strategy aimed at better understanding chemical forecasts and pollution transport within the Chesapeake Bay watershed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aaab8422-9eab-4b99-8fd2-d3f6856dcea2", - "label": "MISR Plume Height", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Researchers from the MISR Active Aerosol Plume-Height (AAP) Project, based out of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland and the University of Maryland, used data from NASA's Terra satellite to map the properties and near-source dispersion of smoke plumes from California’s Milepost 21 wildfire that burned during August 2020. Credit: MISR Active Aerosol Plume-Height (AAP) Project / K.J. Noyes, R. Kahn, J. Limbacher (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) At least seven major wildfires...", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7f20589c-650d-4550-b04d-8879e1fb7224", - "label": "MSR", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "OPA promotes science and diplomacy, improves maritime domain awareness, and safeguards the interests of the U.S. scientific community through the marine scientific research consent program. Annually, OPA facilitates diplomatic marine scientific research consent for U.S. scientists to conduct more than 300 hundred research cruises in over 70 coastal states. OPA manages the review process which issues consent to dozens of foreign scientists a year to conduct research in U.S. waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3802efda-f40b-4d9a-a66c-b760342af8d3", - "label": "MASTER", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MASTER is similar to the MAS, with the thermal bands modified to more closely match the NASA EOS ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite instrument, which was launched in 1998. It is intended primarily to study geologic and other Earth surface properties. Flying on both high and low altitude aircraft, the MASTER has been operational since early 1998.\n\nInstrument Type: Multispectral Imager\nMeasurements: VNIR/SWIR/MWIR/LWIR Imagery", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "106de99f-6b91-4f4d-9e59-a245cf81e065", - "label": "NASA CubeSat", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative provides opportunities for small satellite payloads built by universities, high schools and non-profit organizations to fly on upcoming launches. Through innovative technology partnerships NASA provides these CubeSat developers a low-cost pathway to conduct scientific investigations and technology demonstrations in space, thus enabling students, teachers and faculty to obtain hands-on flight hardware development experience.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4a6aadbd-b965-4935-bb9c-7fd36981d9da", - "label": "MOOSE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Southeast Michigan (SEMI) is currently designated as in Marginal Nonattainment of the U.S. federal\nozone standard and is likely to be bumped up to Moderate Nonattainment based on monitoring data for\nthe years 2018, 2019, and 2020. Many locations in southern Ontario also frequently exceed the Canadian\nambient air quality standard for ozone. The Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and\nEnergy (EGLE) seeks an attainment strategy for the SEMI ozone nonattainment area that remains open\nto all viable options as appropriate, including a U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) Section179B(b) international\ntransport petition and demonstration, an exceptional event demonstration, or an ozone attainment plan\nand attainment demonstration. There is also interest from the Ontario Ministry of Environment,\nConservation and Parks (MECP), Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), and the U.S.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) to better understand what contributes to elevated ozone levels in\nthe Border region. To ensure a viable ozone attainment strategy, both in the short and long term,\nregulatory and scientific agencies, including EGLE, MECP, the U.S. EPA, ECCC, and other partners,\nhave decided to conduct field studies in 2021 and 2022 to be known as the Michigan-Ontario Ozone\nSource Experiment (MOOSE).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd779e0a-c8d2-4ee0-a438-7d724485060b", - "label": "MDBC", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Mesophotic and deep benthic communities (MDBC) are vast and complex ecosystems on the ocean floor that are a foundation of Gulf of Mexico food webs. More than 770 square miles of deep-sea habitat and 4 square miles of mesophotic habitat were injured by the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill and assessed as part of the National Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). The MDBC portfolio, operating under the Open Ocean Restoration Plan 2, coordinates four project teams to protect and manage MDBC by placing hard-ground substrate and transplanting prioritized coral species into damaged communities. The effort uses robust resource-level monitoring and adaptive management to address critical uncertainties identified in the DWH Oil Spill Final Programmatic Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan and Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PDARP/PEIS). Beginning in 2020, the portfolio includes an initial one to two year planning and design stage, followed by a five-year field and lab-based implementation stage, and one year for final evaluation and reporting.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9edaf6a9-e822-4af3-982b-9213aafa63b8", - "label": "MEaSUREs/OSWV", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "Ocean surface winds and wind stress are key components of the Earth system. They are a major driver of the ocean circulation and affect the air-sea interactions, providing fuel to the weather systems by modulating the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Understanding these interactions is critical for improving weather forecasting on a variety of spatial and temporal scales—from the isolated convective cores, to the organized mesoscale systems, to hurricanes, to the seasonal and intraseasonal phenomena such as Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), El Niño, and the trends and variability in the large-scale Hadley cell.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "786f0e12-ac27-44e6-a881-fb1c5c69d28a", - "label": "MERRA-2 Ocean", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "“MERRA-2 Ocean”, NASA/GMAO’s weakly (one-way) coupled atmosphere-land-ocean\nreanalysis will cover the period 1982-present and is due for public release late 2020", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0b1888e6-847b-450d-ac80-5ca40f0fe095", - "label": "MEaSUREs/HOMaGE", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The data record of sea surface height from the altimeter series will soon exceed a quarter century in length, and time-variable gravity from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) now spans more than 15 years, with the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission launched on May 22, 2018. Lower-resolution observations of Earth’s gravity changes from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) extend back to the 1970s. Together, these observations provide the satellite-geodetic basis for tracking and quantifying several key metrics of our changing planet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75f45ee3-4de0-4f79-b2b7-30ed2ca3e788", - "label": "MISR Research Aerosol Algorithm", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The MISR Research Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (RA) validation dataset is a data product that will allow others to reproduce the results found in Limbacher and Kahn (2019) and Limbacher et al. (2022; submitted). Additionally, this\ndata product would potentially allow others to develop improvements to our cloud mask and quality assessment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "00c3545f-06eb-427f-a11f-4a90459c8c1e", - "label": "MAIA-Sim", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) represents the first time NASA has partnered with epidemiologists and health organizations on a satellite mission to study human health and improve lives. \n\nBefore launch, the MAIA team is working to test the software that will produce the MAIA data products and have generated simulated products in the same format as will be used during the actual mission. These simulated data products are available to MAIA Early Adopters, with the goal of facilitating the use of MAIA data post-launch. Early Adopters can determine whether the MAIA products contain the information needed for their work, and begin development of any code, tools, or procedures needed to integrate MAIA data into their workflow. Early Adopters are also invited to provide feedback to the MAIA project on the accessibility and usability of the MAIA data (obtaining the products, formats, content, available tools and user resources).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0c2e829d-2ad3-47c7-be95-5d61279331a5", - "label": "NOAA/GLERL", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Ecosystem Dynamics (EcoDyn) branch makes long-term ecological observations, conducts targeted fundamental research on ecological processes, and provides data to develop models critical to understanding ecosystem structure and function. EcoDyn also develops models to forecast impacts of multiple stressors e.g., invasive species, climate, and nutrients on Great Lakes water quality, food webs and fisheries. EcoDyn observations, laboratory, and field experiments support the development of new concepts, models, forecasting tools and applications to evaluate and forecast impacts of, and mitigation strategies for, present and future stressors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73950215-7566-4c8f-8944-9697560597f1", - "label": "NGEE-Tropics", - "broader": "a31c2828-9b6d-44e9-b6ad-7ae81030f322", - "definition": "The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments–Tropics (NGEE-Tropics) is a ten-year, multi-institutional project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER). NGEE-Tropics aims to fill the critical gaps in knowledge of tropical forest-climate system interactions. The overarching goal of NGEE-Tropics is to develop a predictive understanding of how tropical forest carbon balance and climate system feedbacks will respond to changing environmental drivers over the 21st Century.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "label": "G - I", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "00ce4800-70ef-4346-aa15-0554280d0896", - "label": "HAB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Concerns about harmful algal blooms (HAB) have increased over the last\ndecade largely because of the perceived increase in the number and\nduration of events. The toxins produced by these species cause finfish\nand shellfish poisoning, and mortality of marine animals, including\nmammals and birds.\n\nAdvance warning of HABs increases the options for managing these\nevents. The HAB Project develops and supports systems that provide\ninformation on the location and extent of red tide blooms in the Gulf\nof Mexico. The Experimental HAB bulletin alerts subscribers to\ndeveloping blooms and changes in the location and extent of existing\nblooms. The HAB Mapping System (HABMapS) provides the position of an\nidentified bloom and data from environmental conditions that may\naffect the extent or position. Both tools rely on remote sensing\ntechnology to provide the large spatial scale and high frequency of\nobservations required to assess bloom location and movements. These\ntools can be used together to provide a regional perspective on HAB\nevents.\n\nAdditional information on HAB available at\n'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/habf/index.html'\n\nAdditional information on the HAB Mapping System available at\n'http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/habf/habmaps.html#SST'\n\n [Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "02fe964a-6cf1-4e91-980a-9aacb1118204", - "label": "HIAA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: HIAA\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=140\nWe propose to establish a program to investigate the interactions among aerosols, clouds and precipitation in the Arctic, and the impact of variations and changes in aerosol characteristics on precipitation, snow cover, river flow, permafrost and surface temperature. Observations of increasing precipitation, rising river flow, declining snow cover, and thawing permafrost indicate substantial changes to the Arctic hydrological cycle. Variations and changes in the Arctic hydrological cycle are likely to arise from a complex interplay between natural internal modes of climate variability and anthropogenic activity. Variations in atmospheric aerosol characteristics have the potential to modulate the Arctic hydrological cycle both directly through its impact on precipitation and also indirectly through its impact on temperature. Atmospheric aerosols influence the nucleation of cloud particles, which influences directly the cloud cover and precipitation processes, and hence forces variations in the river runoff, snow cover, permafrost, glacial accumulation, and surface temperature. Biomass burning in the northern forests, pollution aerosol, biogenic aerosol, and desert dust have been proposed as significant sources of Arctic aerosol. \n\nDuring the IPY, we will examine seasonal and regional variations, focusing on the North American Arctic and the Eurasian Arctic land regions. We will establish a multi-disciplinary observing network of atmospheric and surface hydrological observations, integrating existing observations (surface and satellite) and supplementing them with UAV measurements and enhanced surface observations during a special field campaign. Diagnostic and modeling studies will be conducted to document and understand the role of variations of aerosols in influencing variations of the Arctic hydrological cycle, towards predicting these variations and using these predictions in regional decision making. We will attempt to clarify the interactions between warming and variations in aerosol characteristics on the changing Arctic hydrological cycle.\n\nThe field measurements undertaken during the IPY will be placed in a broader context through the synthesis of recent field observations, regional model development efforts, historical data sets, and global model simulations to assess the current status and research required for substantially improved predictions of Arctic precipitation and an assessment of the role of aerosols in forcing variations in the arctic hydrological cycle. To address this goal, we will conduct the following:\ni) Statistical analysis of local precipitation variability in the selected basins for the past 50 years, and interpretation of this variability in the context of internal modes of climate variability, local topography, local measurements of aerosol optical depth, and proximity to local sources of air pollution. \nii) Application of a mesoscale model with sophisticated cloud microphysical processes to investigate the sensitivity of precipitation amount and phase to aerosol physical and chemical characteristics, to simulate the impact of biomass burning, pollution aerosol, volcanic aerosol, and desert dust.\niv) Application of winter/spring mesoscale simulations using varying aerosol characteristics to force the Catchment-based land Surface Model (CLSM) in the selected basins to assess the impact of aerosol variations on runoff, timing of snow melt, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and permafrost.\nv) Assessment of the potential for seasonal and subseasonal predictability of snow melt and permafrost thaw and the disappearance of the snow roads.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "038aa02e-e499-4a71-9bd4-5d5bd007c9b4", - "label": "IAA ICHTHYOLOGY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The project encompasses several aspects of fish ecology. The topics of ecology\nthat are investigated include: population evaluation, changes of abundance,\nparameters of populational dynamics, predator-prey relationships (bird-fish and\npinniped-fish), and systematics of Antarctic fish living in the area\nsurrounding South Georgia Island, the South Shetland Islands, and the Orcadas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0412f17d-7f25-4228-b071-2736f4fffba7", - "label": "IGCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IGCP (International Geological Correlation Program)aimed at\ndocumenting lithosphere-asthenosphere dynamic effects in two major\ncollision zones and assessing their role in determining seismic and\nvolcanic hazards. The two densely populated collision zones embrace\nthe PANCARDI (Pannonia, Carpathians, Dinarides) and the SEAWPAC\n(Southeast Asia-Western Pacific) regions. This project will address\nmantle flow and lithosphere kinematics and document mantle\ncharacteristics using geophysical, petrological, geochemical and\ngeochronological techniques. To resolve macro- and micro-plate\ncollision-related lithosphere kinematics, the geophysical\ninvestigations include seismic tomographic and shear-wave splitting\nexperiments, and palaeomagnetic, gravity and geodetic studies. The\ndata acquired will then be integrated to produce risk inventory\nGIS/maps relating mantle dynamics to natural geological hazards in\ndensely populated target areas. The societal aspects of the project\ninclude assessments of geothermal energy and volcanic and seismic\nhazards assessment. Benefits also include enhanced research and\neducational ties and exchange opportunities between member countries.\nCooperation with several IGCP, IASPEI, IAVCEI, and ILP projects is\nplanned. The duration of the project is five years.\n\nPrincipal Investigators\n\nMartin F.J. Flower\nDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences\nUniv. of Illinois at Chicago (m/c 186)\n845 W. Taylor St.\nChicago, IL 60607-7059, U.S.A\nTel: (+1) 312 996 9662\nFax: (+1) 312 413 2279\nE-mail: flower@64uic.edu\n\nVictor I. Mocanu\nDepartment of Geophysics\nFaculty of Geology & Geophysics\nUniversity of Bucharest\nTraian Vuia St. 6\nRO-70139 Bucharest 1, Romania\nTel: (+40) 92 242 654\nFax: (+40) 1 211 7390\nE-mail: mocanu@gg.unibuc.ro\nE-mail: vi_mo@yahoo.com\n\nRaymond M. Russo\nDepartment of Geological Sciences\nLocy Hall\nNorthwestern University\nEvanston, IL 60208-2150, U.S.A.\nTel: (+1) 847 491 7383\nFax: (+1) 847 491 8060\nE-mail: ray@earth.nwu.edu\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.gg.unibuc.ro/igcp430/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "043a64bb-624a-43ac-aa02-5ea590e65529", - "label": "IGOSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IGOSS is an important data acquisition and management systems\n that will form, with other existing systems, the 'Marine\n Meteorological and Oceanographic Operational Services' Module of\n the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS).\n\n The Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) is the\n international SYSTEM for the collection and exchange of ocean\n data (such as temperature and salinity) and the preparation and\n dissemination of oceanic products and services. IGOSS is\n coordinated jointly by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic\n Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific\n and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Meteorological\n Organization (WMO), and consists of national facilities and\n services provided by participating member countries who share\n data for mutual benefit.\n\n The IGOSS system consists of three components: the IGOSS\n Observing System (IOS), the IGOSS Data Processing and Services\n System (IDPSS) and the IGOSS Telecommunications Arrangements\n (ITA). In the IOS, naval ships, research vessels, and merchant\n ships in the Ships-of-Opportunity Programme (SOOP) along with\n fixed and floating buoys transmit oceanographic data such as\n subsurface temperature and salinity in near-real time. The IDPSS\n consists of several types of national, specialized and world\n data centres for processing and dissemination data and data\n products. The backbone of the ITA is the Global\n Telecommunication System (GTS) of the WMO. BATHY and TESAC data\n reports are transmitted over the GTS with headers that\n correspond to the nation which made the observation and placed\n the data on the GTS. The principal of free and open data\n exchange for all member states is accomplished through the GTS.\n\n Through IGOSS, observations, analyses and predictions of\n important ocean features are available to users on an\n operational basis, normally within 30 days or less. Ocean\n observations of temperature, salinity, sea level, and currents\n have a wide range of applications to commercial fishing,\n hydrobiology, marine exloration, disaster prevention, marine\n pollution and ocean modeling. IGOSS-derived data are used for\n both operational and research applications. The data are quality\n controlled at sea, by member states who acquired the data and at\n data centres where they are archived. Data monitoring is\n performed on a routine basis by the IGOSS Operations\n Co-ordinator and a series of Data Monitoring and Statistical\n Reports are available by FTP and via e-mail on the internet.\n\n The most notable success of processing and quality controlling\n global sets of temperature and salinity data is the Global\n Temperature Salinity Profile Programme (GTSPP) There are also\n groups such as the Group of Experts on Communications and\n Products(GE/C&P) and the Task Team on Quality Control of\n Automated Systems (TT/QCAS) that are comprised of experts from\n member states that evaluate existing and new technologies for\n acquiring more and improved oceanographic data, review WMO codes\n and code tables for transmitting the data, and provide guidance\n on equipment problems and corrections.\n\n IGOSS products are disseminated promptly through the GTS and by\n radio, radio facsimile, and various electronic and hard copy\n mail systems. The IGOSS Products Bulletin, established in 1991,\n compiles and publishes IGOSS global and regional products as a\n valuable service to the scientific community and international\n programmes.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://ioc.unesco.org/igossweb/igoshome.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "071e792f-af6c-46e5-a9f4-732966defdfd", - "label": "HADGEM1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A new coupled general circulation climate model developed at the Met Office's Hadley Centre is presented, and aspects of its performance in climate simulations run for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) documented with reference to previous models.\n\n\nhttp://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2FJCLI3712.1&ct=1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "079a6731-d427-4b2b-bd22-86dd49fc0256", - "label": "GLACE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Greenland Circumnavigation Expedition; Description: The Greenland Circumnavigation Expedition (GLACE) will provide access to the remote and as yet critically understudied Northern Greenland area and provide a unique opportunity to investigate the marine, terrestrial, atmospheric, and cryospheric environments of the Arctic, during the northern summer of 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "07f75f31-a042-4ed5-b3bd-4d0e9a08db0b", - "label": "GGP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GGP Project (http://www.eas.slu.edu/GGP/ggphome.html) is a long term\ninitiative in order to establish a world wide network of super conducting\ngravimeter (SG) stations by the voluntary consolidation of unique observatories\nusing such devices. The first phase of the project ran from July 1997 to July\n2003. The second phase continuing this project will last until 2007. The high\naccuracy gravity data are used for study of global motions of the entire Earth as\nwell as for the estimation of local gravity effects caused by atmospheric pressure\nand groundwater. By the start of high accurate satellite gravity missions CHAMP\nand GNSS, the SG data got a new impact for the validation and calibration of these\nmissions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "08b97a11-deb5-4585-b270-a57a6cad0a8b", - "label": "GEC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geospace Electrodynamic Connections (GEC) was cited as a future\nmission in NASA's Sun-Earth Connection Roadmap. It was initially\ndeveloped by the Geospace Multiprobes Science Definition Team. A\npreliminary spacecraft design was made by Orbital Sciences Corporation\nto bracket cost and weight constraints. A Community Science Workshop\nheld at GSFC solicited an overview of what scientists thought the\ngoals of GEC should be. A Science and Technology Definition Team\n(STDT) was selected in May 1998. The Integrated Mission Design Center\nat GSFC refined the spacecraft design in accordance with the\nsuggestions of the STDT.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/gec/gec.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "095d9fe9-2d5b-4806-916d-c231d94579b1", - "label": "GALVESTON BAY BAIT SURVEY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Galveston Bay Bait Survey was information collected from\nbait shrimp landed in Galveston Bay, Texas. Data collected\nincluded number of tows, number and weight by species, number of\nactive bait dealers, types of vessels, and more.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ba701fc-2209-4e88-a1c2-e031c57392d9", - "label": "IGAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project's purposes\nare to understand how the chemistry of the global atmosphere is regulated,\nand what the role of biological processes is in producing and consuming\ntrace gases.\nIGAC addresses the relationships between atmospheric composition, physical\nand biospheric processes and climate. Emphasis is on the atmospheric\nconstituents that have a role in global climate control: greenhouse gases\n(such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide); aerosols and cloud\ncondensation nuclei; and ozone and other trace reactive gases and\nradicals. The project also includes work on global emission inventories,\nmeasurement intercalibration and standards, the establishment of global\nmonitoring networks, and modelling.\nIGAC's research activities fall into the following eight focus areas:\n1. Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Perturbations of the Marine\nAtmosphere\n2. Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Perturbations of Tropical\nAtmospheric Chemistry\n3. The Role of Polar Regions in Changing Atmospheric Composition\n4. The Role of Boreal Regions in Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions\n5. Trace Gas Fluxes in Mid-Latitude Ecosystems\n6. Global Distributions, Transformations, Trends and Modeling\n7. Fundamental Activities\n8. Atmospheric Aerosols\nContact:\n-------\nIGAC International Project Office\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology\nBuilding 24-409\nCambridge, MA 02139\nUSA\nTel: (617) 253 9887\nFax: (617) 253 9886\nE-mail: pszenny@mit.edu\nURL: 'http://web.mit.edu/igac/www'\n[This information was obtained from the IGBP and IGAC websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d0e68f8-a779-41e4-a38e-b76411968e12", - "label": "IMBER/ADEPT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d6a744d-2026-4c3c-8281-444edcae9849", - "label": "IMMUNOLOGY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The progress in our understanding of plasma processes throughout the magnetosphere has increased dramatically during the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) period. In this report the auroral ionosphere as a source of particles for the magnetosphere and the auroral particle acceleration and precipitation are emphasized. Some of the processes involved in the transport of particles from the ionosphere out into the magnetosphere are treated as well as the precipitation of magnetospheric into the auroral and subauroral ionosphere. Some of the effects auroral ionospheric ions have on the magnetospheric plasma composition are described. A brief overview of pre-IMS results is also given to set the stage for a description of IMS contributions in these areas. Keywords include: Auroral particles, Polar regions, Auroral plasmas, and IMS.\n\nInformation provided by http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA152320", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0d8b4084-a4f9-4c35-8171-8e8c6048e81b", - "label": "ITCT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ITCT 2002: Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation\n In the winter and spring of 2002, airborne and ground-based measurements of ozone,\naerosols, and their precursors were made in the eastern and western North Pacific regions. Three field studies were conducted by an international team of scientists collaborating as part of the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT) program, an activity of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). Previous measurements have indicated that the transport of Asian emissions across the North Pacific Ocean influences the concentrations of trace tropospheric species over the Pacific and even the west coast of North America.\n\nFor more information see http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/projects/itct/2k2/ or \n\nParrish, D.D., et al. (2004), Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) and Pacific Exploration of Asian Continental Emission (PEACE) experiments: An overview of the 2002 winter and spring intensives, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S01, doi:10.1029/2004JD004980.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ebf78d1-abb0-4a2a-a08e-17e5c803230c", - "label": "IMBER/MERMEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1055ce89-a2b3-4014-90e3-9e1c3ed0cc64", - "label": "GCTE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) is a core project of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP).\nGCTE seeks to increase fundamental knowledge of the responses of\nterrestrial ecosystems to the forces of global change.\nThe objectives of GCTE are:\n1. To predict the effects of changes in climate, atmospheric composition,\nand land use on terrestrial ecosystems including agricultural and\nproduction forest systems\n2. To determine how these effects lead to feedbacks to the atmosphere and\nthe physical climate system.\nThe research plan encompasses the following focus areas:\n Ecosystem Physiology\n Change in Ecosystem Structure\n Global Change Impact on Agriculture and Forestry\n Global Change and Ecological Complexity\nContact:\n-------\nGCTE International Project Office\nCSIRO, Division of Wildlife and Ecology\nPO Box 84\nLyneham ACT 2602\nAustralia\nTel: (+61-26) 242 1748\nFax: (+61-26) 241 2362\nE-Mail: pep.canadell@dwe.csiro.au\nURL: 'http://gcte.org'\n[This information was obtained from IGBP and GCTE websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "10f7c852-b65b-4f5a-884b-9a57876e4617", - "label": "HBN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hydrologic Benchmark Network (HBN) was established in 1963\nto provide long-term measurements of streamflow and water\nquality in areas that are minimally affected by human\nactivities. These data were to be used to study time trends and\nto serve as controls for separating natural from artificial\nchanges in other streams. The network has consisted of as many\nas 58 drainage basins in 39 States.\n\nHBN Sites: (As of 2002-11-20)\n\nTalkeetna River near Talkeetna, Alaska\nBlackwater River near Bradley, Alabama\nSipsey Fork near Grayson, Alabama\nNorth Sylamore Creek near Fifty Six, Arkansas\nCossatot River near Vandervoort, Arkansas\nWet Bottom Creek near Childs, Arizona\nSagehen Creek near Truckee, California\nMerced River at Happy Isles Bridge near Yosemite, California\nElder Creek near Branscomb, California\nHalfmoon Creek near Malta, Colorado\nVallecito Creek near Bayfield, Colorado\nSopchoppy River near Sopchoppy, Florida\nlulah River near Clayton, Georgia\nFalling Creek near Juliette, Georgia\nHonolii Stream near Papaikou, Hawaii\nElk Creek near Decatur City, Iowa\nHayden Cr below N Fork near Hayden Lake, Idaho\nBig Jacks Cr near Bruneau, Idaho\nSouth Hogan Creek near Dillsboro, Indiana\nKings Creek near Manhattan, Kansas\nBig Creek At Pollock, Louisiana\nWild River At Gilead, Me\nWashington Cr At Windigo, Isle Royale, Michigan\nKawishiwi River near Ely, Minnesota\nNorth Fork Whitewater River near Elba, Minnesota\nCypress Creek near Janice, Mississippi\nSwiftcurrent Creek At Many Glacier Montana\nRock Creek below Horse Creek, near Int Boundary, Montana\nBeauvais Creek near St. Xavier, Montana\nCataloochee Creek near Cataloochee, North Carolina\nBeaver Cr near Finley, North Dakota\nBear Den Creek near Mandaree, North Dakota\nDismal River near Thedford, Nebraska\nMcdonalds Branch In Lebanon State Forest, New Jersey\nRio Mora near Terrero, New Mexico\nMogollon Creek near Cliff, New Mexico\nSteptoe Cr near Ely, Nevada\nSouth Twin River near Round Mountain, Nevada\nEsopus Creek At Shandaken New York\nBiscuit Brook above Pigeon Brook At Frost Valley, New York\nUpper Twin Creek At Mcgaw, Ohio\nBlue Beaver Creek near Cache, Oklahoma\nKiamichi River near Big Cedar, Oklahoma\nCrater Lake near Crater Lake, Oregon\nMinam River at Minam, Oregon\nYoung Womans Creek near Renovo, Pennsylvania\nScape Ore Swamp near Bishopville, South Carolina\nUpper Three Runs near New Ellenton, South Carolina\nCastle Cr above Deerfield Res near Hill City South Dakota\nLittle Vermillion River near Salem, South Dakota\nLittle R. above Townsend, Tennessee\nBuffalo River near Flat Woods, Tennessee\nSouth Fork Rocky Creek near Briggs, Texas\nLimpia Creek above Ft Davis, Texas\nRed Butte Creek At Ft. Douglas near. Salt Lake City, Utah\nHoliday Creek near Andersonville, Virginia\nNorth Fork Quinault River near Amanda Park, Washington\nAndrews Cr near Mazama, Washington\nPopple River near Fence, Wisconsin\nEncampment Riv Ab Hog Park Cr near Encampment Wyoming\nCache Creek near Jackson, Wyoming\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://water.usgs.gov/hbn/'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "136b5fb5-d012-4f56-9915-2871dad655a7", - "label": "INTSCHOOL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IntSchool\nProposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=402\n\nThe work proposed here is aimed at developing web-based educational tools for pre-university students to let them explore, understand and communicate on polar issues. Specific goals are 1) to increase the knowledge and understanding of polar issues at the pre-university level internationally, 2) to increase the student's interest for natural and social sciences for polar regions, 3) assist polar research by encouraging meaningful data collection and reports by pre-university groups, 4) to encourage and facilitate exchange and communication between the participants. \n\nThe target group are students aged ~13-18 worldwide. The material will cover all six IPY themes and relevant inter-disciplinary topics. The aim is to inspire pupils to seek information about the polar regions and to increase their understanding of polar issues, both for natural and social sciences. The pupils will be provided with links to resources and should work as scientists by combining background knowledge, scientific data, as well as national and international hands-on learning activities (for instance GLOBE protocols). The students will be provided with a web-based report-generating tool to generate scientific reports based on information and material from the scientific findings of IPY work and other polar factual resources. The pupils then assess and conclude on the basis of both the scientist's and their own findings. The IntSchool report-generating tools will be tailored for the specific IPY themes, but also for relevant inter-disciplinary topics covering natural and social sciences, relevant topics important for the local communities of the respective schools and from ongoing IPY projects. The report generator will utilize both existing resources on polar issues and new findings from the IPY projects as well as tools and hands-on educational activities made by various Organisation in different countries. An e-mail based technical help-desk service will be provided for the teachers. Guidelines on how to use these activities for polar issues will be provided and the scientific editors for the solution will be able to communicate with the students and give them feedback on their work. The participating schools will be encouraged to communicate and exchange experience by e-mail correspondence or other Internet communication tools. The IntSchool educational tool will give a key contribution to reaching IPY's overall educational goals, as well as contribute to the outreach and communication goals. \n\nAll support and technical solutions are based on extensive experience in designing and implementing such tools. This overall solution combines the experience, expertise and existing solutions from educational systems, scientific work and web-based solutions, developed and tested in several polar countries over the last decade, into a modern educational tool for IPY. The partners include institutions with extensive scientific knowledge on polar issues, pedagogic institutions with vast experience of hands-on and learning through doing education both in polar communities and internationally, and experts on the development of web-solutions for education. This will ensure:\n-Scientific and educational top expertise \n-Years of experience with hands-on education \n-Coverage of both polar regions and all IPY themes \n-Technical detailed experience and knowledge on building and hosting the solution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1396a5a5-cb3f-48cd-89f5-a040e40d5f0e", - "label": "IPA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Permafrost Association, founded in 1983, has as its\nobjectives fostering the dissemination of knowledge concerning permafrost\nand promoting cooperation among persons and national or international\norganizations engaged in scientific investigation and engineering work on\npermafrost. Membership is through adhering national or multi-national\norganizations or as individuals in countries where no Adhering Body\nexists. The IPA is governed by its officers and a Council consisting of\nrepresentatives from 23 Adhering Bodies having interests in some aspect of\ntheoretical, basic and applied frozen ground research, including\npermafrost, seasonal frost, artificial freezing and periglacial phenomena.\nCommittees, Working Groups, and Task Forces organize and coordinate\nresearch activities and special projects.\n\nThe IPA became an Affiliated Organization of the International Union of\nGeological Sciences in July 1989. The Association's primary\nresponsibilities are convening International Permafrost Conferences and\naccomplishing special projects such as preparing maps, bibliographies, and\nglossaries.\n\nSee: 'http://www.geodata.soton.ac.uk/ipa/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "13f68564-122d-49c2-8972-4a300c673058", - "label": "IPE-1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Pantanal Mato Grossense National Park is part of the largest permanent freshwater wetland in the western hemisphere. It includes some of the largest and most spectacular concentrations of Wildlife in the Neotropics, made possible by the different types of environment and their transition areas. In this rich environment, there are several endangered species, among them the wild cat, the agouara, the swamp deer, the otter and the giant river otter of Brazil. One also finds the tiger heron (Tigrisoma fasciatum) and the giant armadillo (Priodontes giganteus). The number of such species makes this a region of great importance for the perpetuation of many of these species. \n\n\nhttp://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/ceop/dm/insitu/sites/lba/Pantanal/Pantanal/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "14ded00a-80a7-4d9d-8180-10f8f251275d", - "label": "GPCC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GPCC is hosted and funded by Deutscher Wetterdienst DWD\n (German Weather Service) as a German contribution to the World\n Climate Research Programme. The centre was established in 1988\n on request of WMO as a component of the international Global\n Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and has various\n international co-operations.\n \n The task of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)\n is to provide the climate research community with gridded\n datasets of monthly precipitation totals based on observational\n data. The specific GPCC functions are defined by the\n 'Implementation and Data Management Plan for the Global\n Precipitation Climatology Project' (WCRP 1990, WMO/TD-No. 367)\n and comprise:\n \n 1. Acquisition, collection, and organized storage of precipitation\n data from surface-based networks;\n \n 2. Quality-control and assessment of the collected resp. used data,\n correction of errors;\n \n 3. Calculation of gridded area-mean monthly precipitation for the\n earth's landsurface;\n \n 4. Error assessment for the precipitation totals on the individual\n gridcell;\n \n 5. Combination of the gridded monthly precipitation data from\n surface-based and satellite observations (this item is performed\n jointly by all GPCP components).\n \n First steps are taken to derive daily precipitation totals based\n on GTS - SYNOP data.\n \n New GPCC functions have been defined in the framework of the\n Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS):\n \n 1. Development of an Arctic Precipitation Data Archive (APDA)\n including daily precipitation and snow depth data;\n \n 2. Calculation of area-mean precipitation series for Arctic river\n basins.\n \n GPCC also performs intercomparison studies for gridded\n precipitation datasets from different sources (surface or\n satellite based observations, model results, climatologies from\n various authors). Furthermore, the GPCC applies its analysis\n system for special studies, e.g on the Oder River floading in\n July 1997 or the El-Nino precipitation anomalies in winter\n 1997/1998.\n \n For more information, link to 'http://gpcc.dwd.de/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "16b86653-6e95-467b-a509-a462abb1d52e", - "label": "IAA_GEODESY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project No. 34 Years 2004 - 2007\nThe following is a list of project goals and activities:\n\n- Long-term GPS monitoring with L1/L2 geodetic receivers: Ashtech Z-XII3\nat the Argentine Antarctic Stations Belgrano II, Orcadas and San\nMartin; and Trimble 4000SSi at Jubany.\n\n- GPS data processing in order to contribute to the ... improvement of an\nAntarctic Geodetic Reference System and the International Terrestrial\nReference Frame (ITRF). A suitable scientific-level working tool needs\nfirst to be implemented (purchased/acquired) and familiarized with at\nInstituto Antartico Argentino (IAA).\n\n- Calculation of lithosphere surface velocities for each site.\n\n- Continued tide gauge sea level monitoring at San Martin and processing\nof the new data to determine mean sea level change signals.\n\n- Starting (after 2004/05) with a 1-year Earth Tides monitoring\nexperiment at some Argentine Antarctic stations, sequentially (only\none gravimeter available), to better understand the ocean loading\neffects in order to improve the GPS-derived geodetic results in the\nvertical component.\n\n- Deploy, jointly with Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine\nResearch (AWI), a DORIS beacon at the Argentine Antarctic\nstation Belgrano II for geodetic and geodynamic research purposes, and\nfor supporting Earth monitoring satellite missions such as CryoSat.\n\n- Publishing and circulating the results among other disciplines for\npractical and/or scientific Antarctic use.\n\nSpanish\nProyecto No. 34 Anos 2004 - 2007\n- Registrar todos los observables GPS con receptores del tipo Ashtech\nZ-XII (Belgrano II, San Mart?n y Orcadas) y Trimble 4000SSi (Jubany).\n\n- Procesar los datos GPS con vistas a mejorar el sistema de referencia\ngeodesico en Antartica y mejorar los sistemas ITRF (previa acquisicion\nde- y familiarizacion con- software GPS de nivel cientifico).\n\n- Calcular velocidades de desplazamiento de la litosfera en cada uno\nde los sitios.\n\n- Continuar con el Registro del Nivel del Mar en Base San Martin y\nprocesar los nuevos datos para evaluar la posible detecci?n de\neventuales cambios del nivel medio.\n\n- Implementar (a partir de 2004/05) un registro gravimetrico de Marea\nTerrestre en varias bases antarticas argentinas (secuencialmente, un\nano en cada sitio por disponer de un solo instrumento) para comprender\nmejor los efectos de la carga oceanica y mejorar los resultados\ngeodesicos derivados de GPS en la componente vertical.\n\n- Implementar, conjuntamente con el Alfred-Wegener-Institut fur Polar-\nund Meeresforschung (AWI), una radio_baliza DORIS en la base antartica\nargentina Belgrano II, con fines de investigacion geodesicos y\ngeodinamicos y para respaldar misiones de monitoreo satelital\nterrestre tales como CryoSat.\n\n- Publicar los resultados y ponerlos al alcance de todas las otras\nareas con fines operativos y/o cient?ficos del pa?s en la Antartica", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "176d9f9a-b586-477d-8ddf-607daddd8bf1", - "label": "GCCHP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "USGS conducts research to develop high quality records of past\nclimates and environments and provide synoptic reconstructions\nof past climate conditions from evidence preserved in the\ngeologic record. Our emphasis is on the late Cenozoic with\ngreatest effort expended on the Pliocene and Quaternary. Our\nresearch is designed to determine the natural range of climate\nvariability on time scales ranging from interannual to thousands\nof years; to identify and characterize conditions during\nintervals of rapid change; to determine the response of natural\nsystems, climate- sensitive regions, and ecotones to past\nchange, especially abrupt change; and to develop regional to\nglobal scale paleoenvironmental reconstructions for key\nintervals and events of the past.\n\nCurrent research Projects:\n\n1. Western U.S. Paleoclimate\n2. Deep Ocean Temperature and Sea Level\n3. Weatern Arctic Paleoceanography\n4. Last Interglacial-Timing and Extent\n5. Yukon Basin\n6. Pliocene Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM)\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/info/elements/climate_history.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "17db32b6-3d08-4b6c-9c35-37448df47cc3", - "label": "HIELOANTAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Snow and ice are pervasive elements of high latitude\nenvironmental systems and have an active role in the global\nenvironment. The glaciology program is concerned with the study\nof the history and dynamics of all naturally occurring forms of\nsnow and ice, including floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers,\nand continental and marine ice sheets. Program emphases include\npaleoenvironments from ice cores, ice dynamics, numerical\nmodeling, glacial geology, and remote sensing of ice\nsheets. Some specific objectives include the correlation of\nclimatic fluctuations evident in Antarctic ice cores with data\nfrom arctic and lower-latitude ice cores, the integration of the\nice record with the terrestrial and marine records, the\ninvestigation of the physics of fast glacier flow with emphasis\non processes at glacier beds, the investigation of ice-shelf\nstability and the identification and quantification of the\nfeedback between ice dynamics and climate change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1bb16d50-6728-4183-b47e-de8c04ca2cf3", - "label": "GLOBEC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics) is one of the core projects of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and was initiated by SCOR\nand the IOC of UNESCO in 1991, to understand how global change will affect the\nabundance, diversity and productivity of marine populations comprising a major\ncomponent of oceanic ecosystems.\n\nThe aim of GLOBEC is to advance our understanding of the structure and\nfunctioning of the global ocean ecosystem, its major subsystems, and its\nresponse to physical forcing so that a capability can be developed to forecast\nthe responses of the marine ecosystem to global change.\n\nGLOBEC considers global change in the broad sense, encompassing the gradual\nprocesses of climate change and its impacts on marine systems, as well as those\nshorter-term changes resulting from anthropogenic pressures, such as population\ngrowth in coastal areas, increased pollution, overfishing, changing fishing\npractices and changing human use of the seas.\n\nGLOBEC has four primary objectives:\n\n1) To better understand how multiscale physical environmental processes force\nlarge-scale changes in marine ecosystems.\n2) To determine the relationships between structure and dynamics in a variety\nof oceanic systems which typify significant components of the global ocean\necosystem, with emphasis on trophodynamic pathways, their variability and the\nrole of nutrition quality in the food web.\n3) To determine the impacts of global change on stock dynamics using coupled\nphysical, biological and chemical models linked to appropriate observation\nsystems and to develop the capability to predict future impacts.\n4) To determine how changing marine ecosystems will affect the global earth\nsystem by identifying and quantifying feedback mechanisms.\n\nGLOBEC Homepage: http://www.pml.ac.uk/globec/\n\nA listing of all GLOBEC National and Regional Programmes can be found at\nhttp://www.pml.ac.uk/globec/links/glob_prog.htm\n\n[This information was adapted from the GLOBEC web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cc34eef-fda5-4517-aca2-6ebd48d289a4", - "label": "IOMICS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The program will enable the development of a new small size TRITON buoy and the continuation of the\npresent TRITON sites in the Indian Ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1cd198c7-799e-4d06-a404-5cb706e6bfea", - "label": "IPY-GEOTRACES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The community of marine biogeochemists is developing a new international research initiative (the GEOTRACES program) that aims to identify, characterize and quantify processes that control the distribution of key trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) in the global ocean and their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions. Doing so will elucidate the supply of micronutrients to phytoplankton, contaminant dispersal in the ocean, and tracers of past and present ocean conditions. This initiative is prompted by the increasing recognition that TEIs are playing a crucial role as regulators and recorders of important biogeochemical and physical processes that control the structure and productivity of marine ecosystems, the dispersion of contaminants in the marine environment, the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and global climate. The primary objectives for the global GEOTRACES program are: •Determine global ocean distributions of selected TEIs •Evaluate the oceanic sources, sinks, and internal cycling of these TEIs and thereby characterize more completely their global biogeochemical cycles •Provide a baseline distribution as reference for assessing past and future changes. Specific objectives for polar GEOTRACES research include: •Characterize sources, sinks and internal cycling of trace elements that serve as essential micronutrients, including sources of material delivered to the ocean by rivers (primarily Arctic) and by glacial weathering (primarily Antarctic) of adjacent land masses •In collaboration with companion IPY initiatives, establish the role of micronutrient trace elements in regulating the structure and variability of polar marine ecosystems, with implications for interests ranging from fisheries (primarily Arctic) to the ocean-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (primarily Southern Ocean). The IPY offers the opportunity to obtain synoptic TEI distributions among all major Polar ocean basins. The strong projects that have been proposed for the synoptic studies (Arctic and Antarctic) within IPY will offer the hydrographic and biological context that is needed for a robust interpretation of the TEI fields. Individual IPY – GEOTRACES proposals (EoIs) have been submitted to ICSU to: •Make GEOTRACES part of the synoptic studies planned for the polar oceans •Arctic: join forces with SNAPSHOT, SPACE, SEARCH and CARE, under the coordination of iAOOS, to achieve a detailed picture and improved understanding on the distribution of trace elements and their isotopes along - shelf-deep basin sections - sections across major pathways of Arctic ocean circulation •Southern Ocean: join forces with complementary IPY projects in physical and biological oceanography to perform multiple transects. Present options are: - Three dedicated GEOTRACES sections across “chokepoints” constraining the flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: (1) an international program (BONUS; on a French vessel) studying together the South African margin/upwelling effect on water masses and the GoodHope/CLIVAR section down to 50°S, 0°W, (2) an international program aboard the Polarstern (German research vessel) connecting with the BONUS transect along 0° W and also working across the Drake Passage, and (3) a US study south of New Zealand. - Ancillary meridional sections where micronutrient cycling can be studied within the context of other programs (e.g., SASSI, CLIVAR, SCACE) - Both dedicated and ancillary cruises would be coordinated under the CASO (Climate in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean) umbrella to maximize interdisciplinary benefits from Southern Ocean research during the IPY.\n\nInformation provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=269", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1d281ec3-287f-4738-8076-dc1b9f38c77d", - "label": "GOES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)\nprovides weather imagery and quantitative sounding data used to\nsupport weather forecasting, sever storm tracking, and meteorological\nresearch. This is a reimbursable project for NOAA. NASA builds and\nlaunches the satellites. NOAA operates the satellites post\ncommissioning and check-out period and uses the data in weather\nforecasts, Disaster management, public health, and aviation safety.\n\nGOES satellites provide the kind of continuous monitoring\nnecessary for intensive data analysis. They circle the Earth in\na geosynchronous orbit, which means they orbit the equatorial\nplane of the Earth at a speed matching the Earth's\nrotation. This allows them to hover continuously over one\nposition on the surface. The geosynchronous plane is about\n35,800 km (22,300 miles) above the Earth, high enough to allow\nthe satellites a full-disc view of the Earth. Because they stay\nabove a fixed spot on the surface, they provide a constant vigil\nfor the atmospheric &triggers& for severe weather conditions\nsuch as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and\nhurricanes. When these conditions develop the GOES satellites\nare able to monitor storm development and track their movements.\n\nFor more information on GOES, see\nhttp://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/ and\nhttp://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2027f032-4497-4f8d-a185-5a850ce7582f", - "label": "GCOM-C", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Change Observation Mission - Climate 'SHIKISAI' (GCOM-C)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "213d3605-1c30-4136-bcaa-a7b8fed24ae0", - "label": "GPW", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Demographic information is usually provided on a national basis. But\nwe know that countries are ephemeral phenomena. As an alternate scheme\none might use ecological zones rather than nation states. But there is\nno agreement as to what these zones should be. By way of contrast\nglobal environmental studies using satellites as collection devices\nyield results indexed by latitude and longitude. Thus it makes sense\nto assemble the terrestrial arrangement of people in a compatible\nmanner. This alternative is explored here, using latitude/longitude\nquadrilaterals as bins for population information. This data format\nalso has considerable advantage for analytical studies.\n\n Dataset Variables\n\nThere are four files in this dataset. Each file contains one\nvariable. The variables are:\n\n1. population counts (i.e., the number of people in each 5' x 5'\n cell), unsmoothed with the file name gpxxx or countrawxxx\n\n2. population density (i.e., people per square kilometer), unsmoothed\n with the file name gppdxxx or densrawxxx\n\n3. global population (counts, smoothed)\n with the file name gppycxxx or countsmooxxx\n\n4. global population (population density, smoothed)\n with the file name gppycpdxxx or denssmooxxx\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ciesin.org/datasets/gpw/globldem.doc.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "226d6f2f-4588-49fd-a159-83ca8522f22f", - "label": "HADCM3-QUMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 was developed from the earlier HadCM2 model. Various improvements were applied to the 19 level atmosphere model and the 20 level ocean model and as a result the model requires no artificial flux adjustments to prevent excessive climate drift. The atmosphere and ocean exchange information once per day, heat and water fluxes being conserved ... exactly. Momentum fluxes are interpolated between atmosphere and ocean grids so are not conserved precisely, but this non-conservation is not thought to have a significant effect. The main differences from the previous HadCM2 model are a significantly more sophisticated radiation scheme; the inclusion of the direct impact of convection on momentum; and the inclusion of a new land surface scheme that includes a better representation of evaporation, freezing and melting of soil moisture. The HadCM3 model was used by the Hadley Centre to provide input for the IPCC Third Assessment Report. The simulation output contained in this dataset is part of the 2nd QUMP (Quantifying Uncertainty in Model Predictions) Fully Coupled Transient Ensemble and reflects the IPCC's SRES B1 future emissions scenario. This run is part of a 17 element control ensemble produced by the QUMP project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "23d57884-bc96-4d28-a0cc-8704a213147d", - "label": "IMBER/DOSMARES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25193d98-16dc-47df-a2b1-51bbbdcdbc2e", - "label": "GLOBAL GIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Geographic Information Systems (Global GIS) focuses on\nmaking the USGS Global Geographic Information System (GIS)\ndatabase readily available to educators and the general public\nin the form of a DVD based world atlas. The USGS Global GIS\ndatabase contains a wealth of USGS and other public domain data,\nincluding global coverages of elevation, landcover, seismicity,\nand resources of minerals and energy at a nominal scale of 1:1\nmillion. The GIS, which will run on the included Environmental\nSystems Research Institute's (ESRI) ArcView Data Publisher\nsoftware, will be produced both by region on seven CD-ROM?s and\non a single DVD.\n\nContact:\n\nTrent Hare, USGS\nE-mail: thare@usgs.gov\nPhone: 928-556-7126\n\n2255 N. Gemini Dr.\nFlagstaff, AZ 86001\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgis/'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25b02230-ab89-44d5-bb71-ad3cea5e2aba", - "label": "IFS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Integrated Forest Study (IFS) was a project to evaluate the\neffects of atmospheric deposition on nutrient cycling in forest\necosystems. Deposition and nutrient cycling were monitored at 17\nforested sites in the northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern\nUnited States and in Canada and Norway. The IFS was primarily funded\nby the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).\n\nThe Oak Ridge Loblolly Pine site was located on the U.S. Department of\nEnergy Reservation, National Environmental Research Park, near Oak\nRidge, Tennessee. The site consisted of loblolly pine with an\nunderstory of red maple, yellow poplar, black cherry, and dogwood. The\nground cover consisted of extensive grass with patches of blackberry\nand honeysuckle. The site was located on an alluvial soil derived from\nshale on one of the upper terraces of the Clinch River.\n\nData collected included biomass and nutrient content of the overstory,\nunderstory, floor, and soils; atmospheric deposition, throughfall,\nstemflow, and soil solution fluxes for major ions; organic matter and\nnutrient fluxes; and atmospheric concentrations of ions from wet and\ndry deposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "25cffb7e-087b-49aa-ae2a-8ce62acaefaa", - "label": "GEWEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a\nprogram initiated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)\nto observe, understand and model the hydrological cycle and\nenergy fluxes in the atmosphere, at land surface and in the\nupper oceans. GEWEX is an integrated program of research,\nobservations, and science activities ultimately leading to the\nprediction of global and regional climate change. The\nInternational GEWEX Project Office (IGPO) is the focal point for\nthe planning and implementation of all GEWEX Projects and\nactivities.\n\nThe goal of the GEWEX Program is to reproduce and predict, by\nmeans of suitable models, the variations of the global\nhydrological regime, its impact on atmospheric and surface\ndynamics, and variations in regional hydrological processes and\nwater resources and their response to changes in the\nenvironment, such as the increase in greenhouse gases. GEWEX\nwill provide an order of magnitude improvement in the ability to\nmodel global precipitation and evaporation as well as accurate\nassessment of the sensitivity of atmospheric radiation and\nclouds to climate change.\n\nObjectives of the GEWEX Program:\n\n1. Determine the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes by means\nof global measurements of atmospheric and surface properties.\n2. Model the global hydrological cycle and its impact on the\natmosphere, oceans and land surfaces.\n3. Develop the ability to predict the variations of global and\nregional hydrological processes and water resources, and their response\nto environmental change.\n4. Advance the development of observing techniques, data management,\nand assimiliation systems for operational application to long-range\nweather forecasts, hydrology, and climate predictions.\n\nGEWEX Program Strategy:\n1. Build on existing programs and data.\n\n2. Conduct modeling programs to model all aspects of the\n hydrologic and energy cycles with evolving fully coupled\n atmosphere-land-ocean components.\n\n3. Make recommendations to space agencies with respect to instruments\n planned for satellite platforms.\n\n4. Conduct pilot studies with international participation\n encompassing the full range of experimental scales:\n\n small scale\n continental scale\n global scale\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.gewex.org/gewex_overview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2612fbaf-6e05-42fe-bb01-2f4a230965f3", - "label": "IMBER/CATARINA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "26faa1a9-6a57-4ea1-91d9-4b3d75fddbc6", - "label": "GAPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GAPP program (GEWEX [Global Energy and Water Cycle\nExperiment] America Prediction Project) objectives are to make\nmonthly to seasonal predictions of the hydrological cycle and to\nuse these improved predictions for better water resources\nmanagement. The first objective largely involves improving the\nland surface, hydrology, and boundary layer representations of\nmodels used for climate prediction through improved\nunderstanding of the hydrological processes, feedbacks between\nthe land and atmosphere, model transferability, and development\nof a comprehensive modeling system. The second objective\ninvolves scaling the climate model output to make it useful for\nwater resource managers, improved understanding of the links\nbetween hydrologic predictions and water resources management,\nincluding the use of demonstration projects, and better\nunderstanding of the effects of land surface changes on the\nregional hydrology. Two major new initiatives will be the\neffect of orography ! on the hydrological cycle of the Western\nCordillera and the predictability of the North American Monsoon\n(NAMS) and its effects on summer precipitation over the USA.\nThe other components all relate to improving the predictability\nof the hydrological cycle with special regards to the land\nsurface and the role of predictions for water resources\nmanagement.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/mpe/gapp/gapp/index.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2796d33f-b5c4-4c48-aa18-b2d48cb960c5", - "label": "IPY-YSC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPY YSC\nProject URL: http://www.ipyyouth.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=168\nThe International Polar Year YSC (IPY YSC) is being proposed to ensure that IPY's goals to include the next generation of polar researchers and the world's youth are met. \n\nThe IPY YSC would be made up of young representatives from around the world. They would be responsible for being the link from their home countries national YSC's to the IPY YSC as well as working on international initiatives. The concept for national level YSC's would be based on the successful model already developed in Canada and approved by Canada's IPY Steering Committee. The national YSC represents youth engaged in all forms of research within a country from science to social science as well as youth with indigenous and arts backgrounds. Youth from all levels of education (from high school through to the post-doc stage) would work together to bring IPY to the youth of that country. Each regional committee would be responsible for outreach within their country while the IPY YSC as a whole would undertake projects such as: providing a link to enhance international collaborations between young leaders and researchers, mentorship programs between youth and IPY researchers, getting youth involved in IPY programs, providing a webpage resource where interested parties could find out more about polar opportunities, encouraging a stronger focus on polar regions and the issues facing these areas and working to build a crucial bridge between the often disjointed Arctic and Antarctic researchers.\n\nThe IPY YSC would go beyond the goals of individual national YSC's and focus on projects more global in scope such as:\n\n An International Youth Conference on the Poles (IYCP) that would take place during IPY (proposed for late August, 2008). This would bring together youth from a diverse set of backgrounds and nationalities to discuss the current issues facing our polar regions and their effects on the remainder of the planet, ways of addressing these issues and highlighting ongoing IPY research, especially research being undertaken by youth. Included within the conference would be break out sessions where youth could form policy recommendations, which would be brought forward to international bodies such as UNESCO, SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) and the Arctic Council. UNESCO has expressed interest in providing facilities for this conference.\n\n-In collaboration with International Heliophysical Year (IHY)-IPY's IGY-Gold Program, connecting youth to the previous generations of polar researchers. Youth would interview IGY participants for a fresh perspective on their experiences and develop these interviews into documentary or book form. \n\n-Establish an International YSC website focused on how to get youth involved. Include an education centre where youth can educate themselves about polar issues and then download materials to educate their peers and communities. The website would provide information on how youth can get directly involved in IPY projects (i.e. as graduate students, field assistants, volunteers, guest lecturers etc) and also provide guidance on how to get involved with the IPY YSC or how to form their own national committees.\n\n-Document youth opinions on what the legacy of IPY should be. This list would ultimately serve to check the progress of IPY as it continues to develop and at the conclusion of IPY in 2009 to help judge how successful the program has been.\n\n- A youth mentorship program in association with the Youth Science Foundation Canada (YSF). This would build on YSF's existing peer to peer mentoring program for high school aged youth, SMARTS (Student Mentorship Association Regarding Technology & Science). IPY YSC would aid YSF in extending this program first to include university level students and ultimately senior researchers and university professors. IPY YSC would also work to bring more polar expertise into this program.\n\n-Connect youth to the poles and to each other. Reach out to the youth of late high school to early college age who have not yet chosen, or, more importantly, have long ago decided against, science as career, including that large group of youth who worry about the planet but whom often dismiss science as irrelevant, unreliable, arrogant, useless. Act as a strong voice on polar issues. Utilize marketing strategies aimed at our generation to vocalize support for IPY. Connect internationally to members of our generation who are not currently aware of the many concerns and issues facing the poles and the impacts changes there will have on their lives. Build connections that would help erode the divide between research science and science education.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "29f5231a-d7d3-48d8-9b3a-ef8b65859a2e", - "label": "IPICS-IPY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ice cores have contributed substantially to understanding climate change. They provide convincing evidence of large, abrupt climate changes, demonstrate links between greenhouse gases and climate, and show how humans have altered the atmosphere. However, there is a great deal more to learn. In 2004, representatives of all major ice coring nations agreed on a common agenda for the next decade. This agenda looks beyond established projects and includes coring over all available timescales, with highest feasible resolution. IPY provides an opportunity to launch this initiative. Other ice coring efforts, including some that are part of International Partnerships in Ice Coring (IPICS), are the subject of separate IPY submissions, as indicated below. IPICS-related events planned for IPY include:\n\n1. Searching for the longest possible ice core record. The oldest Antarctic ice core so far extends 800-900 kyr. Before this, Earth's climate had a 40 kyr glacial-interglacial periodicity. IPICS aims to find a 1.2 Myr record and help discover why the period changed. During IPY, initial survey work will occur as part of the TASTE-IDEA ice divides traverses, by French/Italian/Russian teams in the Dome C-North Vostok-Dome B region, by a Chinese team near Dome A, and by US-led radar and remote sensing teams. IPICS will collate results to recommend drilling sites.\n2. Initiation of coring to recover the last interglacial and older ice from Greenland. The last interglacial was probably warmer than the present and is an analogue for an anthropogenically-warmed world. We need to learn about the behaviour of climate and the Greenland ice sheet during times of warmer climate. The oldest reliable core only partly penetrates the last interglacial. Drilling in northwest Greenland would start, and possibly finish, in IPY. Danish, US, French, Japanese, UK, Swiss, Swedish, and German groups have expressed interest, and others are expected to join. Note that while this effort is part of the IPICS agenda, it also falls under IPY lead project # 561 (Greenland’s Ice Sheet – reactions to past and present climate change), which will lead IPY efforts related to this element of IPICS.\n3. Starting a detailed spatial network of deep and intermediate-depth Antarctic ice cores. The spatial pattern of change is key to climate dynamics. We have cores from central East Antarctica and from a few coastal regions, but additional data are needed from other key areas, including the northern part of Lake Vostok, coastal Antarctica, the Antarctic peninsula, and West Antarctica. New projects like the European drilling at Talos Dome (east Antarctica) will take place during IPY. These programs will provide a springboard for a larger effort to fully sample Antarctic spatial climate variability on all possible time scales.\n5. The WAIS Divide Ice Core. This West Antarctic ice core will produce the best climate record covering the past 100,000 years, including highly resolved histories of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and millennial and shorter time-scale climate change in Antarctica. The main drilling starts during IPY, in the 2007/2008 Antarctic field season.\n4. Late Holocene climate change. Future change can only be assessed in the context of natural climate variability. Highly resolved compilations of past global climate (timescale up to 2000 years) critically lack polar data. The SCAR project, ITASE, produced 250 cores that cover the last 250 years. Extending this time scale to the last millennium, and expanding the scope in the Arctic, are critical. IPY will engage all countries to complete work in Antarctica and continue the effort in the Arctic.\n6. SOFIA (Search for the Oldest Firn Interstitial Air). SOFIA aims to obtain firn air records spanning more than the last 150 years, encompassing much of the period from the industrial revolution to the present day. Large firn air samples are critical for understanding this period of atmospheric history as they allow measurements (of trace species or isotopic ratios) that are otherwise impossible with ice core samples.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=117", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2ab2fdb5-aabd-4a47-8886-a03fae52cf82", - "label": "ICESTAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICESTAR\nProject URL: http://scar-icestar.org/\n\nNear-Earth space (geospace) is an integral part of the Earth system, providing the material link between the Sun and Earth, primarily through the polar regions. A goal of the ICESTAR Programme is to create an integrated, quantitative description of the upper atmosphere over Antarctica, and its coupling to the geospace environment.\n\nThematic Action Groups (TAGs) were established to coordinate the scientific activities and objectives proposed:\n\n* TAG A: Quantification of the coupling between the polar ionosphere and neutral atmosphere from the 'bottom-to-top' and the global electric circuit.\n*TAG B: Quantification of the inner magnetospheric dynamics using remote sensing techniques.\n*TAG C: Quantification of the state of the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere over the Antarctic continent and how it differs from the Northern hemisphere during a wide range of geophysical conditions.\n* TAG C.1: Quantify the atmospheric consequences of the global electric circuit and further understand the electric circuit in the middle atmosphere as guided by the electric fields generated at the solar wind magnetosphere interface. Contact: Nikolai Østgaard (University of Bergen, Norway)\n*TAG C.2: Quantify the thermal and dynamical structure of the middle and upper atmosphere over the Antarctic continent and how it differs from the Northern hemisphere during a wide range of geophysical conditions. Contact: Scott Palo (University of Colorado, USA).\n*TAG D: Creation and management of the data portal to enable the ICESTAR programme and SCAR's SSG/PS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b35d56d-d17e-4193-81d2-401b47905250", - "label": "GLP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Great Lakes Program was established in 1985 to support efforts designed to protect and preserve the Great Lakes Ecosystem. This ecologically and economically important ecosystem is home to more than 40 million people in the United States and Canada.\n\nThe mission of the Great lakes Program is to coordinate the development, evaluation, and synthesis of scientific and technical knowledge on the Great Lakes Ecosystem in support of public education and policy formation.\n\nThis information is provided by http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/glp/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2dcec4c1-c2f1-427a-bb7c-275f11616f3e", - "label": "ILRDSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Illinois Rivers Decision Support System in partnership with\nthe Illinois Rivers 2020 Program assists decision makers with\nissues related to habitat, restoration, floodplain, management,\nnavigation, sedimentation, and water quality of the Illinois\nRiver and its backwaters.\n\nInformaation provided on their website includes access to geospatial\ndata and map services, models, various publications, detailed\ninformation on research programs associated with the Illinois\nRiver, and various other information associated with the Illinois\nRiver.\n\nAdditional information availabel at\n'http://ilrdss.sws.uiuc.edu/default.asp'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e266c8b-3d2f-4ecf-a697-35e87d42eadf", - "label": "IASOA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IASOA\nProject URL: http://iasoa.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=196\n\nTo monitor and understand the Arctic atmosphere, there are number of key questions that need to be answered. In particular:\n\n(1) How do clouds, aerosols and atmospheric chemistry interact to force the Pan-Arctic surface energy balances and albedo-temperature feedback?\n\n(2) What is the relative role of tropospheric dynamics and stratospheric linkages in controlling the Arctic surface variability? \n\n(3) What portion of the recent changes in the Arctic weather and climate can be attributed to increases in anthropogenic sources?\n\n(4) How does the Arctic atmosphere interact with the rest of the Arctic (marine, cryospheric and terrestrial) system?\n\n(5) To answer these questions (and others), all of the available observational resources represented by surface and upper air network observations, intensive observatories, satellite observations, manned and unmanned airborne measurements, and focused field campaigns must be utilized. \n\nSpecific tasks will be undertaken to:\n\n* Coordinate the efforts at a number of atmospheric observatory sites that are year-round, intensive, permanent, and with sufficient infrastructure and personnel to operate sophisticated atmospheric instruments such as lidars and radars that can provide information for detailed process studies. \n\n* Integrate and where possible, co-locate sensors from distributed networks measuring parameters such as precipitation, atmospheric radiation, water vapour, aurora activity, ozone, chemistry/radio nuclides, fractional cloud cover, temperature, and winds. The intensive observatories will become super nodes in the network systems.\n\n* Promote and enhance campaign activities that provide opportunities to make atmospheric measurements in logistically difficult locations, especially over the Arctic Ocean and surrounding Seas which are typically data sparse for surface-based atmospheric measurements. Examples of intensive programs include the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO – EoI 436), the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snow pack (OASIS-IPY, Activity 38), and the Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS, EoI 212).\n\n* Utilize and support innovative technologies, for instance unmanned aircraft such as the High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) UAV program, automated station technologies, and wind energy technologies (CAPWE, EoI 721). \n\n* Contribute observational products to modelling efforts such as POLARCAT (Activity 32).\n\n* Contribute to defining the atmospheric component of larger, interdisciplinary Arctic observation coordination programs proposed for IPY such as Coordination of Observation and Monitoring of the Arctic for Assessment and Research (COMAAR – EoI 503). \n\nThe primary intention of this proposal will be to develop a legacy of continuous measurements of the Arctic atmosphere that will be combined with additional measurements from episodic, focused, campaigns. The goal will be to have sufficient understanding to determine relative contributions of natural versus anthropogenic forces in shaping the nature of the Arctic atmosphere. This activity will additionally contribute to an evaluation of the resulting impacts on the larger Arctic physical and biological system, as well as assess the impacts of Arctic atmospheric issues on global climate/weather.\n\nA particular emphasis will be to promote and integrate the activities of about five major, intensive, and permanent, observatories. This element will be responsive to a number of international assessments (e.g. IPCC, ACIA, AMAP) and research programs (WCRP, CliC, GEWEX and SEARCH) that have recommended that multi-disciplinary super-sites be developed to collect the information needed to determine the processes and drivers of environmental Arctic change across disciplines. \n\nAn action item for this proposal will be to establish an active coordination committee that will develop plans to leverage individual efforts by information exchange, standardization of measurement practices, cooperative use of resources, and data exchanges. Scientific collaborations will be promoted between institutions, programs, and nations to produce a comprehensive understanding of the atmosphere in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e4fd8a5-6301-4ddd-9655-c853896f1b90", - "label": "HAPEX-MOBILHY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment - Mode'lisation du Bilan Hydrique (HAPEX-MOBILHY) program is aimed at studying the hydrological budget and evaporation fluxes at the scale of a GCM (general circulation model) grid square, i.e. 104 km2. It consists of measuring, at pertinent scales in time and space, the evaporation flux in conjunction with the radiative, and meteorological and hydrological parameters which may be applied to calculate the evaporation flux. It is thus possible to test existing parameterizations of the evaporation flux as well as to develop new ones. Data from the Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX) consists of aircraft flights over Les Landes Forest and agricultural regions in Southwest France. The HAPEX-MOBILHY Database was used in PILPS Phase 2b to intercompare and validate 14 land surface models [see Shao Y and Henderson-Sellers A (1996) Validation of soil moisture simulation in landsurface parameterisation schemes with HAPEX data. Global and Planetary Change 13:11-46].\n\nSummary provided by http://mercury.ornl.gov/metadata/ornldaac/html/rgd/daac.ornl.gov_data_bluangel_harvest_RGED_QC_metadata_fluxtower_hapex-mobihly.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30da490a-388b-4943-bfca-694c6fd5b19c", - "label": "ISPOL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ice Station POLarstern (ISPOL, http://www.ispol.de/) is a field experiment\ndesigned to improve our understanding on the role of early summer physical and\nbiological atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions in the western Weddell Sea in\nglobal processes. ISPOL involves a 50-day drift station in the western Weddell\nSea. It is a multi-national, interdisciplinary study organized by the Alfred\nWegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany, involving\nglaciologists, biologists, oceanographers, and meteorologists from different\ninstitutes and nations. ISPOL contributes to the goals of the international\nprograms in Antarctica - International Antarctic Zone Program (iAnZone,\nhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/fac/physocean/ianzone/) and Antarctic Sea-Ice\nProcesses and Climate (ASPeCt, http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/aspect/).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30fac8b1-7ab5-4d29-bbf5-140ac2be49e1", - "label": "ICEHUS II", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ICEHUS is a Russian-Norwegian co-operation project that is financed by the Research Council of Norway for the period 2005-2010. The overall aim of the investigations is to improve the description and understanding of the Late Quaternary environmental changes at high latitudes and their impact on the earliest human occupation in northern Russia.\n\nIn contrast to Svalbard, Scandinavia and much of Northern Europe, where the youngest ice sheets erased most of the pre-existing records from earlier periods of the Quaternary, northern Russia contain much more complete geological and archaeological archives that are essential for deciphering the history of the entire Barents-Kara sea region and the early human adaptation to a cold climate. We plan to carry out field expeditions in the European part of Russia as well as in West Siberia. The planned research activities will be a contribution to the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007 - 2008. A main IPY activity will be to core lakes in the Polar Urals, which according to our hypothesis may contain uninterrupted records of the climate evolution that dates back to at least 60,000 years ago.\n\nThe project forms part of the programme APEX (Arctic Palaeoclimate and its Extremes) that has been selected as a lead coordinating programme for palaeoclimate research within the IPYcluster. \n\nSummary obtained from http://www.uib.no/form/aktuelt/polararet/prosjekt/icehusII2.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "320a10a5-c301-4d9d-a0aa-185ee3860c80", - "label": "GRIP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The goal of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) was to retrieve and\nanalyse a 3000m long ice core drilled through the Greenland ice sheet\nat its highest point, Summit. The objective of this effort is to\nreveal the broad spectrum of information on past environmental, and\nparticularly climatic, changes that are stored in the ice. The\nproject was conducted from January 1989 to December 1995 with funding\nfrom the European Science Foundation and contributing organizations\nfrom Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Switzerland,\nand the United Kingdom.\nA list of GRIP publications is available from:\n'http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/grip/griplist.html'\nFor further information see:\n'http://www.esf.org/lp/lp_013a.htm'\nor contact:\nDr. Michele Fratta\nEuropean Science Foundation\nTelephone +33 (0)3 88 76 71 29; fax +33 (0)3 88 37 05 32\nEmail: lesc@esf.org\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3224853f-95f5-428a-8ff1-b1e16a2d52f3", - "label": "GCRMN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GCRMN aims to improve management and sustainable conservation of\ncoral reefs for people by assessing the status and trends in the reefs\nand how people use and value the resources. It will do this by\nproviding many people with the capacity to assess their own resources,\nwithin a global network, and to spread the word on reef status and\ntrends.\n\nIn summary, the core objectives are:\n\nTo link existing organizations and people to monitor biophysical and\nsocial, cultural and economic aspects of coral reefs within\ninteracting regional networks.\n\nTo strengthen the existing capacity to examine reefs by providing a\nconsistent monitoring program, that will identify Trends in coral\nreefs and discriminate between natural, anthropogenic, and climatic\nchanges.\n\nTo disseminate results at local, regional, and global scales by\nproviding annual reports on coral reef status and trends to assist\nenvironmental management agencies implement sustainable use and\nconservation of reefs. Data will also aid\npreparation of predictive global climate change models for the GOOS\nCoastal Zone Module.\n\nPlease visit the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Pages:\n'http://www.coral.noaa.gov/gcrmn/index.html' or\n'http://www.coral.noaa.gov/gcrmn/gcrmn.html' for additional information.\n\nDr Clive Wilkinson Coordinator,\nGlobal Coral Reef Monitoring Network\nc/o Australian Institute of Marine Science\nPMB No. 3, TOWNSVILLE MC 4810\nAUSTRALIA\nTel: +61 77 534 372 or +61 77 724 314\nFax: +61 77 722 808 or +61 77 725 852\ne-mail: c.wilkinson@aims.gov.au\n\nor\n\nDr John McManus\nReefBase Project Leader\nInternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management,\nMCPO Box 2631\n0718 MAKATI, Metro Manila\nPHILIPPINES\n\nTel: +63 2 818 0466 or +63 2 817 5255\nFax: +63 2 816 3183\ne-mail: j.mcmanus@cgnet.com", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "324b431c-c46a-4d04-98d3-28a7c9658aed", - "label": "GLODAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a cooperative\neffort among 13 principal investigators, funded for several synthesis\nand modeling projects through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National\nScience Foundation (NSF), to coordinate complimentary global-scale\nocean data synthesis projects. There are currently four projects\ninvolved in GLODAP. Cruises conducted as part of the World Ocean\nCirculation Experiment (WOCE), Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)\nand NOAA Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange Study (OACES) over the decade of\nthe 90's have created an oceanographic database of unparalleled\nquality and quantity. These data provide an important asset to the\nscientific community investigating carbon cycling in the oceans. The\ncentral objective of this project is to generate that unified data set\nand to determine the global distribution and inventories of inorganic\nnutrients, both natural and anthropogenic carbon species and natural\nand bomb-produced radiocarbon. These estimates will be used to infer\nstochiometric remineralization ratios (Redfield ratios) and the rate\nof anthropogenic CO2 and bomb 14C uptake in the oceans. These\nestimates provide an important benchmark against which future\nobservational studies will be compared. They also provide tools for\nthe direct evaluation of numerical ocean carbon models.\n\nFor more information visit the GLODAP Home Page at:\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/glodap/index.html'\nor contact:\nsabine@pmel.noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "32872297-8eba-46c2-8edd-f733a41ef561", - "label": "GTS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "As defined in the WMO Technical Regulations (WMO Publication No. 49), the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) is the co-ordinated global system of telecommunication facilities and arrangements for the rapid collection, exchange and distribution of observations and processed information within the framework of the World Weather Watch (WWW). It is implemented and operated by National Meteorological Services of WMO Members and also a few International Organizations (ECMWF, EUMETSAT).\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TEM/GTS/gts.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "334a889d-7f7d-4a9e-8b74-0a8a3a001e32", - "label": "INUIT VOICES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Inuit Voices\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/arcss/arcss122/index.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=410\nInuit Voices is an exhibit to be designed collaboratively by the University of Colorado's Museum of Natural History (CU Museum) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), with advisors from the Iqaluit Museum in Nunavut, Canada, Inuit elders, and the US. We propose to prepare an exhibit that displays Inuit observations of environmental change in the Arctic. This exhibit will be based on research by Dr. Shari Gearheard and illustrated by objects from the CU Museum collection of Inuit artefacts. It is scheduled to open in April 2008 at the CU Museum.\n\nAs one component of her research in Nunavut, Dr. Gearheard produced a highly popular interactive, multimedia CD-ROM on Inuit observations of environmental change, entitled When the Weather is Uggianaqtuq (or\nunpredictable), distributed by NSIDC. This product has appealed to a variety of audiences: social scientists, climate change researchers, indigenous communities, cryospheric scientists, K-12 educators, and the general public. The popularity of this product and Dr. Gearheard's extensive research inspired the collaboration between the CU Museum and NSIDC.\n\nWe plan to create a temporary 'Inuit Voices' exhibit to be displayed at the CU Museum, and also two sets of travelling exhibits, one in English for the US and one translated into Inuktitut for Nunavut, Canada. Traveling museum exhibits are an effective and creative way to expose a wide range of audiences to information and perspectives from various world cultures. The exhibit size will be suitable for display in small museums, tribal colleges and libraries with limited space and budgets. \n\nThe exhibit will display the Uggianaqtuq CD-ROM and allow visitors to interact with the data and information it contains. Inuit artefacts and objects will be displayed as well, so that history and present technologies are joined in one exhibit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3442f95a-69d0-4b47-ad4f-dc8005e961a3", - "label": "ISCCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\n \n - To produce a global, reduced resolution, infrared and visible, calibrated and normalized radiance data set containing basic information on the radiative properties of the atmosphere from which cloud parameters can be derived.\n \n - To stimulate and coordinate basic research on techniques for inferring the physical properties of clouds from the condensed radiance data set and to apply the resulting algorithms to derive and validate a global cloud climatology for improving the parameterization of clouds in climate models.\n \n - To promote research using ISCCP data and contributing to improved understanding of the Earth's radiation budget (top of the atmosphere and surface) and hydrological cycle.\n \n Project Description:\n \n The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) was\n established as the first project of the World Climate Research Programme\n (WCP-2) to collect and analyze satellite radiance measurements to infer\n the global distribution of cloud radiative properties and their diurnal\n and seasonal variations. The operational phase of ISCCP began in July\n 1983 and is currently planned to continue through June 2000.\n \n Global coverage for ISCCP is provided by the five geostationary meteorological satellites (GOES-EAST, GOES-WEST, GMS, INSAT, and METEOSAT) and at least one polar orbiting NOAA satellite. The primary data are from the two standard visible (0.6 micrometers) and infrared (11 micrometers) channels common to all of the satellites. The polar orbiter provides coverage of the polar regions not viewed by the geostationary satellites and is used as a basis for normalization of the radiances observed by the different geostationary satellites.\n \n The strategy adopted for implementing ISCCP reflects the diverse nature of the spaceborne observing system and the large volume of imaging and other correlative data. The primary data processing is done by eight institutions: a Satellite Processing Center (SPC) for each satellite (nominally at least one polar orbiter and five geostationary satellites), the Satellite Calibration Center (SCC), and the Global Processing Center (GPC). The SPC's task is to collect raw satellite image data and reduce its volume. The SCC routinely receives special high resolution-image data from each of the SPCs. These data are used to normalize the calibration of each geostationary satellite to the polar orbiter. The resulting normalization coefficients are sent to the GPC to be used in data production. The SPC sends the reduced image data to the GPC for further processing of the ISCCP B3 and C1/C2 data.\n \n In addition to the primary data processing centers, there are three other centers: the Correlative Data Center of which a main function is to coordinate the delivery of other satellite and conventional data (correlative data) to the GPC for use in the cloud analysis, the ISCCP Central Archive (ICA), which is responsible for the archival of all data produced by ISCCP, and the EOSDIS Langley DAAC, which archives and distributes ISCCP B3, C1 and C2 data.\n \n Representatives of the following ISCCP Data Management Centers: SPC, SCC, GPC, Correlative Data Center, and ICA form the ISCCP Working Group on Data Management (WGDM) for the Joint Scientific Committee (JSC). Scientific guidance is provided to the project by the International Radiation Commission of IAMAP and by the JSC Working Group on Radiation Fluxes. ISCCP B3 data are the primary global radiance data product used in the cloud analysis. The ISCCP cloud analysis has three fundamental parts: cloud detection, radiative transfer model analysis, and statistical analysis. The first part determines whether a particular radiance measurement is associated with cloudy or clear conditions. The second part compares the measured radiances, together with other correlative information about the atmosphere and surface, to a radiative model to retrieve several cloud (and surface) parameters. The third part accumulates spatial distribution information about the radiances and retrieved parameters to summarize the analysis, every 3 hours in C1 data and once per month in C2 data.\n \n The ISCCP C1 and C2, along with the previously unavailable CX data\n products were made available in 1995. These new products are\n called D1, D2 and DX.\n \n Data Used and Produced:\n Input Data\n ----------\n 1. Radiance measurements from polar orbiting and geostationary operational\n meteorological satellites: NOAA/TIROS-N series satellites, METEOSAT,\n GOES-EAST, GOES-WEST, GMS and INSAT.\n 2. Sounding data from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) on the\n NOAA polar orbiting satellites.\n 3. Snow and ice data from the joint US NAVY/NOAA analyses.\n 4. Topographic altitude.\n 5. Vegetation type and land-use classification.\n 6. Surface type (land/water/coast).\n \n Data Products\n -------------\n 1) Reduced Resolution Radiance Data (B3)\n - Resolution: 30km pixel, 3hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 1.1G per data month, for global coverage\n - Contents: Radiances with calibration and navigation appended.\n Uniform format for all satellites.\n 2) Calibration Table Data Set (BT)\n - Resolution: 3hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 7G for 8 years\n - Contents: Updates of calibration tables for B3 data set.\n 3) Pixel Level Cloud Product (CX)\n - Resolution: 30km mapped pixel, 3 hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 3.4G per data month\n - Contents: Calibrated radiances, cloud detection results, cloud and\n surface properties from radiative analysis.\n 4) Pixel Level Cloud Product - Revised algorithm (DX)\n - Resolution: 30km mapped pixel, 3 hr, individual satellites\n - Volume: 5G per data month\n - Contents: Calibrated radiances, cloud detection results, cloud and\n surface properties from radiative analysis.\n 5) Gridded Cloud Product (C1)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, 3hr, global\n - Volume: 216M per data month\n - Contents: Spatial averages of CX quantities and statistical\n summaries. Satellites are merged into a global grid. Atmosphere and\n surface properties from TOVS appended.\n 6) Gridded Cloud Product - Revised algorithm (D1)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, 3hr, global\n - Volume: 320M per data month\n - Contents: Spatial averages of DX quantities and statistical\n summaries, including properties of cloud types. Satellites are merged\n into a global grid. Atmosphere and surface properties from TOVS\n appended. See list of variables.\n 7) Climatological Summary Product (C2)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, monthly, global\n - Volume: 4M per data month\n - Contents: Monthly average of C1 quantities including mean diurnal\n cycle. Distribution and properties of total cloudiness and cloud\n types.\n 8) Climatological Summary Product - Revised algorithm (D2)\n - Resolution: 280km equal-area grid, monthly, global\n - Volume: 7.5M per data month\n - Contents: Monthly average of D1 quantities including mean diurnal\n cycle. Distribution and properties of total cloudiness and cloud\n types. See list of variables.\n \n Project Archive Contact: Langley DAAC User Services Office\n Mail Stop 157B\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n USA\n Phone: (804) 864-8656\n FAX: (804) 864-8807 FAX\n Email: support-asdc@earthdata.nasa.gov \n WWW: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\n \n Project Archive Contact: Doug Ross\n NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC\n Satellite Services Group\n Federal Building\n 151 Patton Avenue\n Asheville, NC 28801-5001\n USA\n Phone: (704) 271-4800, option #5\n FAX: (704) 271-4876 FAX\n Email: satorder@ncdc.noaa.gov\n WWW: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/\n \n Project Manager Contact: Dr. William B. Rossow\n NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\n Institute for Space Studies\n 2880 Broadway\n New York, NY 10025\n USA\n Phone: (212) 678-5567\n FAX: (212) 678-5552\n Email: wbrossow@ccny.cuny.edu\n ISCCP home page: http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov\n \n References:\n \n B3 RADIANCE DATA DOCUMENTATION\n Rossow, W.B., E. Kinsella, A. Wolf, and L. Garder, 1987: International\n Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Description of Reduced\n Resolution Radiance Data. WMO/TD-No. 58 (Revised). World\n Meteorological Organization.\n \n CALIBRATION DOCUMENTATION\n Rossow, W.B., Y. Desormeaux, C.L. Brest, and A.W. Walker, 1992:\n International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Radiance\n Calibration Report. WMO/TD-No. 520, WCRP-77, World Meteorological\n Organization.\n \n Rossow, W.B., C.L. Brest, and M. Roiter, 1995: International Satellite\n Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Update of Radiance\n Calibrations. World Meteorological Organization.\n \n C1/C2 CLOUD DATA DOCUMENTATION\n Rossow, W.B., L.C. Garder, P.J. Lu, and A.W. Walker, 1991:\n International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP)\n Documentation of Cloud Data. WMO/TD-No. 266, World Meteorological\n Organization, 76 pp. plus appendices.\n **All documents above can be downloaded from the ISCCP home page**\n \n OTHER REFERENCES\n Rossow, W.B. , L.C. Garder, P-J. Lu and A. Walker, July 1985:\n International Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Description of\n Reduced Resolution Radiance Data,December 1985 (Revised August 1987).\n \n Rossow, W.B. , L.C. Garder, P-J. Lu and A. Walker, 1988:\n International Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Documentation of\n Cloud Data WMO/TD-No. 266, December 1988 (Revised April 1991), World\n Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 78 pp plus three appendices.\n \n Schiffer, R.A., and W.B. Rossow, 1983: The International Satellite\n Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) The First Project of the World\n Climate Research Program. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64, 779-784", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3513f5c3-80cb-47ab-8ddd-90123340b26d", - "label": "GRFM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Rain Forest Mapping project (GRFM) is an effort led by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency/Earth Observation Research Center (JAXA EORC), in collaboration with the NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Space Applications Institute of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC/SAI), the Alaska SAR Facility (ASF), the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center of Japan (ERSDAC) and the Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC), with significant input also from the Unversity of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and the National Institute for Research of the Amazon (INPA). The project goals are to acquire spatially and temporally contiguous L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data sets over the tropical belt of the Earth using the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1), and to generate semi-continental scale, 100 m resolution, image mosaics to be provided for research and educational purposes world wide.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/GRFM/\n\n[Source: GRFM Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3620b5d3-3946-4f0a-8bbe-c9326898ae14", - "label": "INDIVAT/MINERVE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Aim MINERVE program (Mesures à l'INterface Eau-aiR de la Variabilité des Echanges de CO2), which is pressed on valorization campaigns of transit, is to observe and to understand seasonal variabilities of the pressure partial of CO2 (pCO2) and Total Inorganic Carbon in surface water in partnership with hydrological measurements and biogeochemical in-situ and with the assistance of satellite data (temperature, color of the sea). Logistic courses of Astrolabe, make it possible to reach zones very little studied and to document them in order to include/understand the processes which explain the variations space-time of pCO2 with average scale in the southern oceanic areas. Data collected during these programs will be used as a basis to make estimates of the interannual variability and average variation (tendency) of flow Net of CO2 to the interface ocean-atmosphere; an extention of this program was required (realization of some hydrographic stations average depths during one of rotations), which will make it possible to apprehend calculation by various methods of the CO2 signal anthropic which penetrates in the ocean in this southern sector. By identifying and quantifying CO2 sources and sinks, observations collected at the time of campaigns MINERVE are also used to other teams to force atmospheric models and to validate biogeochemical models based on models of oceanic circulation general which try to simulate the cycle of oceanic carbon in the medium and long term.\n\nSummary provided by http://soon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/en/CARAUS/MINERVE/Objectives.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "36b98c25-719b-4893-9624-f5454d77eeb1", - "label": "IODE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IOC’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) was established in 1961 to enhance marine research, exploitation and development by facilitating the exchange of oceanographic data and information between participating Member States and by meeting the needs of users for data and information products. \nFormally the IODE started out as a Working Group on Oceanographic Data Exchange which was created by the First IOC Assembly (19-27 October 1961) through Resolution I-9. The Working Group became a Working Committee in 1973 through Resolution VIII-31, adopted by the 8th Session of the IOC Assembly (5-17 November 1973). \n\nThe IODE system forms a worldwide service oriented network consisting of DNAs (Designated National Agencies), NODCs (National Oceanographic Data Centres), RNODCs (Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centres) and WDCs (World Data Centres – Oceanography). During the past 40 years, IOC Member States have established over 60 oceanographic data centres in as many countries.\nThis network has been able to collect, control the quality of, and archive millions of ocean observations, and makes these available to Member States. \n\nWith the advance of oceanography from a science dealing mostly with local processes to one that is also studying ocean basin and global processes, researchers depend critically on the availability of an international exchange system to provide data and information from all available sources. Additionally, scientists studying local processes benefit substantially from access to data collected by other Member States in their area of interest. The economic benefit of obtaining data by exchange as opposed to collecting it oneself is huge. \nThe main objectives of the IODE Programme are : \n\n(i) to facilitate and promote the exchange of all marine data and information including metadata, products and information in real-time, near real time and delayed mode; \n\n(ii) to ensure the long term archival, management and services of all marine data and information; \n\n(iii) to promote the use of international standards, and develop or help in the development of standards and methods for the global exchange of marine data and information, using the most appropriate information management and information technology; \n\n(iv) to assist Member States to acquire the necessary capacity to manage marine data and information and become partners in the IODE network; and \n\n(v) to support international scientific and operational marine programmes of IOC and WMO and their sponsor organisations with advice and data management services. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=34", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "370f37ed-e84a-43f8-beb8-97f0cb9edac5", - "label": "IFM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Indigenous Forum on Monitoring (IFM)\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=396\n\nThe Indigenous Peoples Forum on Environmental Monitoring in the Arctic (IFM) will bring Indigenous knowledge and perspectives out of the anecdotal background into the forefront of environmental monitoring work in the Arctic. It will be held early on (Fall 2007) in the IPY timeframe, and will therefore be able to serve as a guiding tool to subsequent IPY Arctic initiatives.\n\nIndigenous observations are the most regular and ground-based insight on the current status of Arctic environment and wildlife. Accordingly, the IFM will highlight the capacity of Indigenous Peoples to make a crucial contribution to the design and management of Arctic environmental monitoring. It will also raise awareness of Indigenous environmental issues and concerns within the Arctic scientific community, and consequently support the active involvement of Indigenous Peoples in research that directly affects their communities and well-being. In that regards, the participation of Inuit elders in the recent United Nations climate change conference (CoP11) in Montreal highlights the unique and invaluable contribution that Indigenous Peoples observations, knowledge and experiences can bring to debates on the Arctic environment.\n\nThis Indigenous-led project will actively engage members of Northern communities in defining common monitoring challenges. In doing so, the IFM will not attempt to integrate components of Indigenous knowledge into science, but will instead aim to identify how the capacity, needs and viewpoints of circumpolar Indigenous Peoples can steer environmental monitoring work conducted in the Arctic and shape related decision-making processes.\n\nBy bringing together Indigenous elders, environmental practitioners, land managers and youth, the IFM will paint a comprehensive picture of the ability of Northerners to identify and respond to changes in their environment. The IFM's circumpolar linkages, supplemented by insight from the Pacific, will emphasize the human dimension of environmental change on Indigenous Peoples, and consequently the importance of environmental monitoring in the Arctic. The participation of social and natural science researchers in the IFM will also encourage the establishment of respectful connections between the holders of science-based and community-based knowledge.\n\nThe IFM will blend keynote speeches, roundtables and workshops in order to adequately address issues revolving around topics such as Indigenous knowledge, the continuation of cultural practices and livelihoods, participatory research, observational capacity and monitoring needs, and community-based monitoring.\n\nMore specifically, the insight of EoI ID No 100 will be sought in relation to monitoring needs on Indigenous lands, whereas the environmental baseline focus of EoI 496 will enhance discussions on observational capacity. Likewise, EoI 520 will bring legal expertise to debates surrounding Indigenous knowledge, EoI 922 will expand the IFM's coverage of community-based monitoring, EoI 503 will facilitate IFM's integration into the circumpolar observation and monitoring network, and EoI 1054 will strengthen the IFM's link to the Small Island Developing States. The IFM will draw from EoI 773's long-term ecosystem-based approach a means to merge scientific and Indigenous outlooks on the environment. Finally, the work of EoI 515 will help to illustrate how Indigenous environmental monitoring can influence governmental decision-making processes. \n\nThe IFM will be held in concert with Northern Youth Abroad's youth policy forum (full proposal ID No 184), and as such will both provide an opportunity for, and be enhanced by, the involvement of northern youth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37361408-91e1-4023-b64a-3593f0c99a79", - "label": "ICED", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICED\nProject URL: http://www.iced.ac.uk/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=92\n\nThe Southern Ocean is a key system in the global ocean with a crucial role in climate, biogeochemical cycles, maintaining food security and biodiversity. In recent years, some of the strongest regional expressions of global climate change have occurred in Antarctica. However, there is little information on the processes generating these changes, and the wider effects on marine ecosystems. There is a clear and increasing need to develop a coordinated circumpolar approach that assimilates and progresses understanding of climate variability and processes in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles and the development of management procedures for the sustainable exploitation of living resources.\n\nICED is a new international multidisciplinary initiative launched in response to the increasing need to develop integrated circumpolar analyses of Southern Ocean climate and ecosystem dynamics.\n\nICED has been developed in conjunction with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), through joint support from the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) programmes.\n\nThe ICED vision is to develop a coordinated circumpolar approach to better understand climate interactions in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles, and the development of sustainable management procedures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3797bce5-589e-4ae9-a27c-9a31f957c499", - "label": "ILRS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) provides global satellite and lunar laser ranging data and their related products to support geodetic and geophysical research activities as well as IERS products important to the maintenance of an accurate International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). The service develops the necessary global standards/specifications and encourages international adherence to its conventions. The ILRS is one of the space geodetic services of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG).\n\nThe ILRS collects, merges, archives and distributes Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) observation data sets of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the objectives of a wide range of scientific, engineering, and operational applications and experimentation. These data sets are used by the ILRS to generate a number of scientific and operational data products including: \n\nEarth orientation parameters (polar motion and length of day) \nStation coordinates and velocities of the ILRS tracking systems \nTime-varying geocenter coordinates \nStatic and time-varying coefficients of the Earth's gravity field \nCentimeter accuracy satellite ephemerides \nFundamental physical constants \nLunar ephemerides and librations \nLunar orientation parameters \n\nInformation provided by http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_ilrs/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "382c2401-604b-44bb-bf78-5c201ea119e6", - "label": "GLOBE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) is\na worldwide network of students, teachers and scientists working\ntogether to study and understand the global environment. The GLOBE\ngoals are to increase environmental awareness of individuals throughout\nthe world, to contribute to a better scientific understanding of the\nEarth, and to help all students reach higher levels of achievement in\nscience and mathematics.\nThe GLOBE program is hands-on. Students make environmental\nobservations at or near their schools, report their data to a GLOBE\nprocessing facility, receive and use global images created from their\ndata, and study environmental topics in their classrooms. The data\nacquired by students are used worldwide by environmental scientists in\ntheir research to improve understanding of the global environment.\nGLOBE is managed by an interagency team that includes the National\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National\nAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science\nFoundation (NSF), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the\nDepartments of Education and State. GLOBE leadership also includes\nthe Office on Environmental Policy and the Office of Science and\nTechnology Policy in the Executive Office of the President. NOAA is\nthe lead agency for GLOBE.\nMore information can be found on the WWW at 'http://www.globe.gov'\n[This information was obtained from the GLOBE WWW pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "388e5410-62ab-4f84-aeac-af983bf6210b", - "label": "IMPROVE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments\n(IMPROVE) program is a cooperative measurement effort governed\nby a steering committee composed of representatives from Federal\nand regional-state organizations. The IMPROVE monitoring program\nwas established in 1985 to aid the creation of Federal and State\nimplementation plans for the protection of visibility in Class I\nareas (156 national parks and wilderness areas) as stipulated in\nthe 1977 amendments to the Clean Air Act.\n\nThe objectives of IMPROVE are: 1. to establish current\nvisibility and aerosol conditions in mandatory class I areas (\n\n2. to identify chemical species and emission sources responsible\nfor existing man-made visibility impairment\n\n3. to document long-term trends for assessing progress towards\nthe national visibility goal\n\n4. and with the enactment of the Regional Haze Rule, to provided\nregional haze monitoring representing all visibility-protected\nfederal class I areas where practical.\n\nIMPROVE has also been a key participant in visibility-related\nresearch, including the advancement of monitoring\ninstrumentation, analysis techniques, visibility modeling,\npolicy formulation and source attribution field studies.\n\nContact Information:\nBret Schichtel, D. Sc\nColorado State University\nCooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere\nFoothills Campus\nFort Collins, CO, 80523-1375\n\nPhone: 970-491-8581\nFax: 970-491-8598\nSchichtel@Cira.Colostate.edu\n\nWebsite: 'http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/'\n\n[Summary provided by Colorado State University]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3acd471b-ce17-4a16-a518-9422ffec9513", - "label": "GRAPES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Problem:\n\nCalifornia winegrape cultivation is vital to the State's economy and\nprovides the main support for the nation's ผ billion retail\nwine industry. In 1994 the wine industry provided 194,000 direct jobs\nnationally, with total wages of ū.5 billion. Tax assessments\non wine remitted ũ.6 billion to federal, state and local\ngovernments (source: Barsby & Associates).\n\nSince the late 1980's, California wine growers have been faced with\ndestruction of their vines by infestation of a root louse named\nphylloxera (biotype B). The louse kills vines by feeding on their\nroots. There is no way to eradicate the pest, and infested areas must\neventually be replanted on a phylloxera-resistant or tolerant\nrootstock. The infestation is present in eight California counties,\nand is particularly severe in Napa and Sonoma Counties where thousands\nof acres of premiere vineyards have already been destroyed or are\nscheduled for future replacement.\n\n Approach:\n\nDuring the 1993-1995 time period, NASA Ames Research Center (Ecosystem\nScience and Technology Branch) collaborated with industry and\nuniversity partners to develop and transfer the use of remote sensing\nand associated computerized technologies as a tool for vineyard\nmanagers to use in addressing the phylloxera problem. NASA's partners\non this project included the University of California Cooperative\nExtension (Napa County), University of California Davis (Entomology\nDept.), California State University Chico (School of Agriculture) and\nthe Robert Mondavi Winery. Staff from each organization brought unique\nexpertise to the project, working together in the field, laboratory\nand computer room. The work was co-funded by NASA's Office of Advanced\nConcepts and Technology and the Robert Mondavi Winery. Project results\nare being made available to the wine industry, commercial remote\nsensing product vendors, agricultural community and general public\nthrough invited oral presentations! and written reports. The\ntypically rapid progression of phylloxera infestation was\ncharacterized for the 1989-1993 time period across a ~1000 acre\nMondavi property using retrospective color infrared aerial\nphotography.\n\nDuring the 1993 growing season, field and aircraft data were collected\nfrom Napa Valley test sites with special sensors designed to study\nearth resources, including plant stress manifested as reductions in\nvegetation canopy density. Infestations are detectable in this\nremotely sensed imagery, even in the early stage when phylloxera are\nunderground eating vine roots but the above ground plant still appears\nhealthy.\n\n Significance:\n\nBy using remote sensing and associated analysis techniques, growers\ncan attain earlier knowledge on the rate of spread of the infestation,\nand the rate of decline for affected vines. It is anticipated that\nthis source of information will allow for more informed replanting\ndecisions, helping California wineries retain market share.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/grapes/grapes.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ad9105d-cbae-46c6-94ab-398ed5eedcd8", - "label": "IODP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is an international marine research collaboration between 26 nations dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of Earth by sampling, instrumenting and monitoring subseafloor environments using specialized ocean drilling platforms staffed by multidisciplinary research scientists.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3aef041a-7fe2-4d61-9dee-2e2a29535653", - "label": "HMA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "High mountain Asia stretches from the Tien Shan and Hindu Kush in the northwest, to the eastern Himalaya in the southeast. The region contains one of the highest concentrations of snow and glaciers outside of the polar regions, and the advance or retreat of glaciers in this part of the world provides a window into Earth's changing climate. In addition, this high-altitude reservoir of ice provides water to more than a billion people. Rapid melt in this region can pose downstream hazards such as glacial lake outburst floods and landslides.\n\nSatellite remote sensing enables scientists to monitor the cryosphere in high mountain Asia, to better understand Earth system processes, and inform policymaking. These data products will be based on satellite observations, modeling results, and in situ measurements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ba6dfc0-fd38-42e0-851b-945d3b2f3355", - "label": "ICOADS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ICOADS is developed and maintained as a cooperative effort between NSF's National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): specifically its Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , in conjunction with the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) of the University of Colorado, and its National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).\n\n\nICOADS is a collection of global marine surface observations for 1784 - 2007-07 and monthly summary statistics of the observations currently for 1800 - 2007-05. The observations are taken primarily from ships (merchant, ocean research, fishing, navy, etc) and moored and drifting buoys. Many sources of real time and delayed mode data are included. The data, documentation, and a wide assortment of ancillary information are available from the contributing organizations. The ICOADS highlights at NCAR, CDC/CIRES, and NCDC are briefly outlined below. \n\nSummary provided by http://dss.ucar.edu/pub/coads/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c93c79b-18cf-4b29-b295-0fc2ad3aa053", - "label": "IVS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) was established in February 1999 in order to support VLBI programs for geodetic geophysical and astrometric research and operational activities. The objectives of the IVS are to provide a service to support geodetic, geophysical, and astrometric research and operational activities, to promote research and development for VLBI, to integrate VLBI into a global Earth observing system, and to interact with users of VLBI products. The IVS coordinates the observations, the data flow, the correlation, the data analysis, and the technology developments. Products generated by the IVS contribute to research in many areas, including solid Earth, tides, studies of the vertical, fundamental astronomy, and VLBI technique improvement.\n\nFor more information, link to http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d41a874-1ffd-44d2-998f-446c06aa94f1", - "label": "GRUMPV1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1) consists of estimates of human population for the years 1990, 1995, and 2000 by 30 arc-second (1km) grid cells and associated datasets dated circa 2000. \n\n[Summary provided by the Socioeconomic Data and Application Center.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3d899414-22bc-421f-ba91-21685e38a44d", - "label": "IMAGERS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IMAGERS (Interactive Multimedia Adventures for Grade School Education Using Remote Sensing) Program is NASAÕs comprehensive Earth science education resource for the introduction of remote sensing and satellite imagery to children in grades K-8. \n\nInformation provided by http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/info/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e3cf5c8-b992-4ceb-91a3-2aa13c9ddf33", - "label": "HSRP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The passenger jet of the future is taking shape. NASA and its\nindustry partners have developed a concept for a next-generation\nsupersonic passenger jet that would fly 300 passengers at more\nthan 1,500 miles per hour (more than twice the speed of\nsound). As envisioned, the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT)\nwould cross the Pacific or Atlantic in less than half the time\nof modern subsonic jets, and at a ticket price less than 20\npercent above comparable, slower flights.\n\nTechnology to make the HSCT possible is being developed as part\nof NASA's High-Speed Research (HSR) program. The HSR program,\nbegun in 1990, is supported by a team of U.S. aerospace\ncompanies. The international economic stakes are high. The\nprojected market for more than 500 HSCTs between the years 2000\nand 2015 translates to more than 赨 billion in sales,\nand the potential of 140,000 new jobs in the United States.\n\n*** NOTE: The NASA High-Speed Research (HSR) Program was phased\n out in fiscal year 1999 ***", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e43f5d8-3797-48ec-8160-f4344dccf794", - "label": "HS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "With global coverage and continued refinements, Lehner hopes that future releases of HydroSHEDS will serve a wide variety of scientific and practical applications. For example, biologists sampling fish species often use GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates to locate habitats on maps. If their maps aren’t completely accurate, they might place fish in the wrong water body. That could be a serious problem if, for example, they are trying to identify rivers that support populations of threatened or endangered species. When the scientists Lehner worked with wondered whether this problem could be solved, he recalls, “Everyone said, ‘Not really. We don’t have good enough maps.’ But now they suddenly do.” Using HydroSHEDS, conservation biologists can pinpoint species habitats with unprecedented accuracy.\n\nInformation provided by http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/HydroSHEDS/hydrosheds3.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3e6df59c-4064-4155-a08a-d6237c6bdf0d", - "label": "ISMEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Soil moisture has a significant impact on human safety and our economy. It affects land-use and agricultural planning and the cost, quantity, and quality of food. Accurate weather forecasts require the rate of transfer of soil moisture to the atmosphere, whether by evaporation or plant transpiration. Trends in soil moisture are also reflected in climate and regional weather, and affect drought and fire danger levels. Detecting excessive soil moisture is needed for flood warning and mitigation. \n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.etl.noaa.gov/programs/2004/smex/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3ec3e53b-e95d-49ee-8c2c-b5e23d1d3ed0", - "label": "GAGE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE) began in 1981,\ncontinuing a global network program to provide continuous\nhigh-frequency gas chromatographic measurements of methane (CH4);\nnitrous oxide (N2O), Chloroflurocarbons CFCl3 (CFC-11), CF2Cl2\n(CFC-12), and CF2ClCFC12 (CFC-113); methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3); and\ncarbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The network includes observation\nstations situated at different sites throughout the world: Cape Grim,\nTasmania; Point Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged Point, Barbados; and\nMace Head, Ireland; and Trinidad Head, California. Stations existed\nat Cape Meares, Oregon and Adrigole, Ireland. The GAGE is the second\nphase of a monitoring network consisting of the Atmospheric Lifetime\nExperiment (ALE) and the Advanced GAGE. The GAGE phase began in 1981.\nThe ALE phase (1978-1986) utilized the Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas\nchromotographs; the GAGE phase utilized the HP5880 gas chromotagraphs;\nand the recently initiated Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases\nExperiment (AGAGE) uses a new fully automated system from Scripps\nInstitution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed HP5890 and\nCarle Instruments gas chromotographic components.\nThe ALE/GAGE/AGAGE daily and monthly data are available via anonymous\nFTP from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) as\nfollows:\nftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov\ncd pub/ale_gage_Agage/\nor\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/'\nThe subdirectory, gage, contains data from the GAGE phase of the\nexperiment.\nFurther information can be obtained from:\nCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\nOak Ridge National Laboratory\nBuilding 1000, MS-6335\nOak Ridge, TN 37831-6335\nPhone: 423-574-4791\nFAX: 423-574-2232\nEmail: cdp@ornl.gov\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3f037b60-c58c-42df-8f19-32910d0055a5", - "label": "GEIA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Emissions Inventory Activity is an activity of the\nInternational Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Core project of the\nInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Program. GEIA was orgnaized at the\nSeventh International Symposium of the Commission on the Atmospheric\nChemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP) in Chamrousse, France, in\nSeptember 1990.\n\nGEIA is one of the activities that has been defined by the IGAC\nSteering Committee and its efforts include:\n. estabishing a framework for developing and evaluating global\nemissions inventories\n. conducting a critical survey of existing emissions inventories of\ncompounds of major importance in global atmospheric chemistry\n. generating and publishing inventories for use by scientists worldwide\n\nThe ultimate goal of GEIA is to establish emissions inventories for\nall trace gases of interest, incorporating fluxes from both\nanthropogenic and natural sources.\nThe current focus of GEIA is to make global emissions available on a\none degree grid for the entire world. The reference year for which\ndata is being collected is 1990. The following emissions inventories\nare planned:\nNOx - nitrogen oxide\nSO2 - sulfur dioxide\nVOC - volatile organic compounds (isoprene,terpene,other)\nCO2 - carbon dioxide\nPb - lead\nCFC - chlorofluorocarbons\nNH3 - ammonia\nN2O - nitrous oxide\nCH4 - methane\nCO - carbon monoxide\nHg - mercury\nOrganochlorines\nRadionuclides\nBiomass burning\nAircraft emissions\nReference:\n\nMiddleton, P. and H. Lansford, ed. 1994. 'Fourth International\nWorkshop on Global Emission Inventories, Summary Report', GEIA Data\nManagement and Information Exchange Center, Boulder, CO.\n\nGraedel, T.E., T.S. Bates, A.F. Bouwman, D. Cunnold, J. Dignon,\nI. Fung, D.J. Jacob, B.K. Lamb, J. A. Logan, G. Marland, P. Middleton,\nJ.M. Pacyna, M. Placet, and C. Veldt (1993): A Compilation of\nInventories of Emissions to the Atmosphere. Global Biogeochemical\nCycles. 7, 1-26.\n\nContacts:\nGEIA publications and general information:\nHenry Lansford, ACT Communication Manager\nEmail: hlansford@nasw.org\n\nData access and programming:\nDebra Hopkins\nEmail: hopkinsd@spot.colorado.edu\n\n\nData Manager:\nPaulette Middleton\nGEIA Data Management and Information Exchange Center\nRAND ESPC\n2385 Panorama Avenue\nBoulder, Colorado 80304\nUSA\nEmail: Paulette_Middleton@rand.org\nData Availability:\n\nGEIA data can be accsed through:\n'http://weather.engin.umich.edu/geia/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "406f06ac-bcdd-4795-812f-19a1765b0e07", - "label": "ICOL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICOL\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=276\n\nLast decades saw the important changes in Arctic archaeology witnessing new significant discoveries of surprisingly early sites located at Northwestern Europe and East Siberia. The new data led to the radical revision of traditional views on the initial human dispersal and adaptations in High Latitudes. The schemes presented and repeated in manuals and textbooks are essential wrong and outdated. In spite of the unprecedented scale of field activity in different portions of this vast area, the projects are conducted by the individual and occasionally isolated regional research groups. It hampers the co-operation of scholars and coordination between field and laboratory research. To address these challenges during the International Polar Year, we have developed a new research programme known as ICOL - the Initial Human Colonization of Arctic in Changing Palaeoenvironments. Only by integrating results from archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies will it be possible to develop a comprehensive understanding of Early Man dispersal and adaptations in extremely harsh conditions of Arctic and Subarctic. The territory of the Northern Eurasia is of prime importance for the comparative study of early human dispersal and adaptations. The glacial activity during the Late Pleistocene in this part of world was restricted (comparing with northern part of North America and some portions of the Southern Hemisphere occupied by giant glacial sheets) and vast areas allowed the rapid human dispersal. Moreover, this territory played a key role in human colonization of the Western Hemisphere via Beringia. The comprehensive studies of man-land relationships in the Upper Paleolithic will be carried out in several regions of the Eastern portion of the European Russia, the territories lying near the Ural Mountains and the Pechora River basin (Byzovaya, Garchi, Zaozerye and Mamontova Kurya), as well as in Eastern Siberia (the Yana RHS site). The study of the Early Man in the New World is of particular interest connected with the complicated history of the Bering Land Bridge. In this connection the study of the muliticomponent site of Broken Mammoth (interior Alaska) is of crucial importance. The study of late human penetration to High Latitudes in Holocene during the Ocean transgression is of no less importance. In this connection the Mesolithic and Neolithic sites located at the northern most part of Kola Peninsular, Novosibisk Islands (the Zhokhov Island site), Chukotka (the Tytyl and Elgygtgyn lake sites), and coastal north Greenland (Kap Ole Cheiwitz, Kolnaes) will be main targets of research. The study of hunter-gatherers subsistence and adaptations will be supplemented by palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, including the studies of glacial activity, permafrost, vegetation and fauna. The starting points of migrated populations, possible migration routes and time will be defined. The chronological framework of the project will embrace different epochs from the Eemian Interglacial (phase 5e) to the Holocene.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "40db09aa-cd26-4eda-996c-92e46fd31fc8", - "label": "GACP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Atmospheric aerosols, or fine particles, are one of the greatest\nsources of uncertainty in the interpretation and prediction of\nglobal climate change. Natural variations of aerosols,\nespecially due to episodic eruptions of large volcanos, are\nrecognized as a significant climate forcing, that is, a factor\nthat alters the planetary radiation balance and thus may cause a\nglobal temperature change. In addition, aerosols from soil dust,\nbiomass burning, and fossil fuel use are altering the amount and\ngeographic distribution of atmospheric aerosols, and thus\npossibly affecting climate. The Global Aerosol Climatology\nProject (GACP) is concerned with the climate forcing due to\nchanging aerosols, including both the direct radiative forcing\nby the aerosols and the indirect radiative forcing caused by\neffects of changing aerosols on cloud properties.\n\nIn Phase I of GACP, a 20-year global climatology will be\ncompiled of aerosol forcing data from satellite observations and\nfield observations for use in climate models. To accomplish\nthis, the Earth Science Enterprise (formerly called Mission to\nPlanet Earth) of NASA Headquarters, has issued a research\nannouncement (NRA-97-MTPE-16). Principal investigators of the\nsuccessful proposals will be included in the GACP Aerosol\nRadiative Forcing Science Team. This team will provide\nscientific guidance for a strategic approach toward definition\nof radiative forcing, encourage appropriate collaboration among\nresearch groups, and provide guidance to GACP. Phase II will\nconsist of complementary field studies.\n\nPoint of Contact\nDonald Anderson\nProgram Manager\nRadiation Sciences Program\nNASA Headquarters\nCode YS\n300 E St., S.W.\nWashington, DC 20546 USA\n\nPhone: 202-358-1432\nFax: 202-358-2770\nE-mail: donald.anderson@hq.nasa.gov\n\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.gewex.org/gacp.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "414152e0-b327-4f17-8c7b-bfcc6ed2f9f6", - "label": "INDOEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Regional consequences of global warming depend critically on the potentially large cooling effect of another pollutant, known as aerosols. These tiny particles, of about a millionth of a centimeter or smaller in diameter, scatter sunlight back to space and cause a regional cooling effect. These aerosols consisting of sulfates, soot, organic carbon and mineral dust are produced both naturally and by human activities. Results of numerous global warming models suggest that the aerosol cooling is one of the largest, if not the largest, sources of uncertainty in predicting future climate. Still, the complex influence of aerosol cooling on global warming is not clearly understood. This issue will remain a mystery unless field experiments, such as the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), are undertaken to collect in-situ data on the regional cooling effect of sulfate and other aerosols.\n\nINDOEX addresses questions of climate change that are of high priority and of great value to the US and the international community. The project's goal is to study natural and anthropogenic climate forcing by aerosols and feedbacks on regional and global climate. This issue is at the core of the International Global Change Research Program and has been identified by IPCC as a major gap in the science of climate change prediction. \n\nINDOEX field studies will occur where pristine air masses from the southern Indian Ocean including Antarctica and not-so-clean air from the Indian subcontinent meet over the tropical Indian Ocean to provide a unique natural laboratory for studying aerosols. Scientists will collect data from the water surface through the lower stratosphere, on the aerosol composition, reactive atmospheric gases, solar radiation fluxes, wind and water vapor distribution. To this end, investigators will use multiple aircraft, ships and island stations over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Building on data collected in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998, the intense field campaign will be undertaken during January to April, 1999. Field data will be used to calibrate the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System instruments to obtain a regional map of the aerosol cooling effect. In conjunction with the regional scale satellite data, the field data will also be used to include aerosol effects in global warming prediction models.\n\nInformation provided by http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/ProjDescription.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41a127c4-cc9e-4aa1-84e1-24ea8031c735", - "label": "G-LiHT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Goddard’s LiDAR, Hyperspectral and Thermal (G-LiHT) project at the\nBiospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center\ndesigns airborne missions that permit simultaneous measurements of\nvegetation structure, foliar spectra and surface temperatures. G-LiHT has\nbeen operational since 2011 and provides scientists with open access to\ndata that are needed to understand the relationship between ecosystem form\nand function and to stimulate the advancement of synergistic algorithms.\n\nAdditional Information: https://gliht.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "41d39791-c890-40ba-98af-b91b0354b756", - "label": "HERITAGE-ICE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Heritage in Ice\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=435\n\nThis Activity involves science and social science research that has been initiated as a result of the recent melting of glaciers and alpine ice patches. Melting of these scientific deep freezes, is providing unanticipated data sources that are giving us insight into past northern societies, flora/fauna, environments, and their changes through time. The field work is already happening as various independent projects in different northern North American jurisdictions (both Canada and United States), operating under northern leadership and direction. These projects will continue to operate in a similar manner if endorsed as an official IPY Activity. Thus the following Activity Summary refers to the work in general, rather than in project-specific terms.\nIn 1997/98, ancient organic artifacts and biological remains, particularly large quantities of caribou dung, were first found melting out of an alpine ice patch in southern Yukon, Canada (Kuyzk, et al., 1999, Arctic 52-2:214-219). The following year, 1999, the remains of Kwaday Dan Tsinchi meaning Long Ago Person Found” in Southern Tutchone (Athapaskan) were found melting out of a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in adjacent northwestern British Columbia, Canada (Beattie et al.,, 2000, Canadian Journal of Archaeology 24:129-147). \nIn 1999, more artifacts and biological remains were found at other melting south Yukon ice patches. Within a few summer field seasons of research, significant specimens and samples (paleo-biological, or paleobiological and archaeological) were identified and/or collected from more than 70 mountain-top ice patches in the latter jurisdiction. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the frozen organic remains being recovered from the Yukon ice patch sites spanned the entire Holocene period (Farnell et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:247-259. Hare et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:260-272). \nThe banking and curation of the samples/specimens recovered as a result of the Yukon ice patch work has been coordinated by the Yukon Government (Renewable Resources, and Heritage-Archaeology) with local study and analysis of materials, as well as research and identification work by collaborating scientists from other institutions. Studies related to the ancient artifacts have included feather identification and analysis by staff of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Dove, et al., 2005, Arctic 58-1:38-43), and paint analysis by staff of the Canadian Conservation Institute in Ottawa (Helwig et al., unpublished). Studies related to the biological specimens have been wide-ranging, including: research on species, particularly caribou, genetic history through mtDNA research; caribou dietary analysis; industrial contaminants analysis; parasite history; pollen and vegetation history; ice patch shrinkage over time; etc. (Farnell et al., ibid.).\nThe Kwaday Dan Tsinchi project is also locally administered, with the concerned indigenous government, the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, jointly managing the project with the province. The provincial museum (Royal British Columbia Museum), the Provincial Parks department, as well as scientists based in Canada, Germany, and Scotland are working with the community on the study and interpretation of this find, and the materials recovered there-from, with results now being published (e.g., Monsalve et al., 2002, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119-3:288-291; Dickson et al., 2004, Holocene 14-4:481-486; Mudie et al., 2005, Canadian Journal of Botany 83:111-123; Richards et al., in press, American Antiquity). Both the discovery and the manner in which this unique find is being managed continue to receive international attention; the project is often pointed out as an example of how scientists and First Nations can work together on even the most sensitive of subject areas, human remains. \nColleagues began fieldwork in adjacent Alaska in 2001, continuing in 2003, attempting to find glacier or ice patch archaeological sites in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. This work involved the development of a predictive model for identifying locations that should be targeted in the search for archaeological and/or biological specimens in these frozen landscapes (Dixon et al., 2005, American Antiquity 70-1:129-143). In 2003, state archaeologists successfully identified ice patch archaeological sites in the Tangle Lakes (Denali Highway) area of the state (Vanderhoek et al., in press, Alaska Journal of Anthropology). Fieldwork has continued in this location and elsewhere in the state, with ongoing analysis of the recovered materials.\nThe identification of ice patch sites yielding biological and cultural specimens and samples began in the Mackenzie Mountains region of Northwest Territories, Canada in 2005, with positive results (Andrews, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Plans are underway to search for ice patch sites in the Atlin area of northern British Columbia, Canada in 2006 (French, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Archaeological survey to search for specimens melting out of glaciers in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, U.S. is also to be initiated in 2006 (Howell, 2005 communication to Activity leader).\nFieldwork to find and recover the specimens and samples melting out of the glaciers and ice patches in northwestern North America, as well as to study the melting phenomena themselves, takes place during the height of the summer melt season each August. The fieldwork is generally conducted as day trips or short excursions, relying on helicopters for logistic support; over-view (fixed wing) flights have also been found to be useful. \nThe materials being recovered from these frozen contexts include ancient artifacts, biological materials such as small bird and animal remains, dung from different species but predominantly caribou in the case of the ice patch sites, plant macro and micro remains, and ice block samples. The specimens collected are often fragile and following field documentation, in many cases must be quickly transferred to refrigerated storage to prevent deterioration. After recovery, the specimens and samples are curated in local government facilities whenever possible; professional Conservators are stabilizing the more fragile and significant artifact pieces. Laboratory work to study both the biological and archaeological specimens and samples recovered during these projects is being undertaking by government researchers based in the north, where-ever possible, working in collaboration with scientists/specialists at southern institutions. \nThe local communities are involved, as well, in the study and interpretation of the recovered materials. For example, funds are being sought to document traditional indigenous knowledge related to the unique archaeological finds being collected by the Yukon Ice Patch project. Research to document the traditional aboriginal use of these landscapes is also part of the some of the projects. Museum displays on some of the finds are already in place, e.g., Kwaday Dan Tsinchi at the Royal British Columbia Museum, and more are in the works.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4211362b-55d7-4a8e-8bf3-46d527943192", - "label": "GOSECS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GOSCES) was a global survey of \nthe chemical, isotopic, and radiochemical tracers in the oceans. The \nexpeditions were in the Atlantic from July 1972 to May 1973; the \nPacific from August 1973 to June 1974, and the Indian Ocean from \nDecember 1977 to March. 1978. \n\nInformation provided by http://ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.GEOSECS/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "426079ee-fb66-4e15-a23b-b91e58669e4d", - "label": "GFW", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Forest Watch (GFW) is an international partnership of non-governmental organizations, private companies, government agencies and research institutions. GFW partners work in regions that are home to many of the world's most important forest ecosystems -- North America, South America, Central Africa, Russia/Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. \n\nThe GFW network supports better decisions on the management and conservation of these forests by: \n\nDeveloping practical applications of remote sensing and information technologies to map and monitor the condition of priority forests; \nProviding training and technical assistance to governments, corporations, and non-governmental organizations in the use of these tools; \nBuilding bridges among business, government, and civil society institutions to promote collaborative problem solving; \nHelping to design strategies to successfully incorporate new approaches into decision-making processes. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.wri.org/biodiv/project_description2.cfm?pid=58", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "42a14306-6fd9-4c07-8de9-5d3e53ee0864", - "label": "ICSU-WDS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "453a6807-abfa-481b-95b3-60bacf2cbb73", - "label": "GATE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The purpose of the GATE experiment was to understand the\ntropical atmosphere and its role in the global circulation of\nthe atmosphere. It was the first major experiment of the Global\nAtmospheric Research program, whose goal was to understand the\npredictability of the atmosphere and extend the time range of\ndaily weather forecasts to over two weeks.\n\nThe experiment took place in the summer of 1974 in an\nexperimental area that covered the tropical Atlantic Ocean from\nAfrica to South America. The work was truly international in\nscope, and involved 40 research ships, 12 research aircraft,\nnumerous buoys from 20 countries all equipped to obtain the\nobservations specified in the scientific plan. The operations\nwere directed by the International Project Office located in\nSenegal. The Project Office staff was seconded by the nations\ninvolved. The Scientific Director was from the United States and\nthe Deputy Scientific Director was from the Soviet Union.\n\n\nAn operational plan was developed each day based on the\nmeteorological situation and each ship and aircraft carried out\nthe plan. The data collected were processed by nations\nparticipating in accordance with an overall plan and made\navailable without restrictions to all scientists in the\nworld. Research using these data still goes on today, nearly 25\nyears later, and it is estimated that over a thousand papers\nhave been published based on the data collected during this\nshort period in 1974.\n\n\nThe experiment involved the world's best scientists, all types\nof engineers, technicians, pilots, ship captains, logistics\nspecialists, computer specialists, as well as senior policy\nmakers from science agencies and foreign ministries in a large\nnumber of countries. A high percentage of the individuals\ninvolved are still active and could contribute their views.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.ametsoc.org/ams/sloan/gate/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4556ee2e-ff8c-4c62-8e75-640cf66407a6", - "label": "IERS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) is an\ninterdisciplinary service that maintains key connections between\nastronomy, geodesy and geophysics. Her provides:\n\n-Celestial reference frame\n-Terrestrial reference frame\n-Earth orientation data\n-Permanent information on the Earth fluid layer\n-IERS Conventions\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://hpiers.obspm.fr/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "468bf363-f3a1-4f7e-838f-cb428dc39e25", - "label": "IPY-BIRD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4818b698-7333-4ced-9394-fb654c49c429", - "label": "GULF OF BOTHNIA YEAR 1991", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A one year field study of four stations in the Gulf of Bothnia during 1991 showed that the biomass was ca. two times, and primary productivity ca. four times, lower in the north (Bothnian Bay) than in the south (Bothnian Sea) during the summer. Nutrient addition experiments indicated phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton in the Bothanian Bay and the coastal areas in the northern Bothnian Sea, but nitrogen limitation in the open Bothanian Sea.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w562443714p722r8/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "48af15c9-9db2-4adf-832b-cceceb0aefce", - "label": "IMBER", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IMBER is an IGBP-SCOR project focusing on ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems. IMBER research will seek to identify the mechanisms by which marine life influences marine biogeochemical cycles, and how these, in turn, influence marine ecosystems. Central to the IMBER goal is the development of a predictive understanding of how marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems respond to complex forcings, such as large-scale climatic variations, changing physical dynamics, carbon cycle chemistry and nutrient fluxes, and the impacts of marine harvesting. Changes in marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems due to global change will also have consequences for the broader Earth System. An even greater challenge will be drawing together the natural and social science communities to study some of the key impacts and feedbacks between the marine and human systems.\n \nIMBER Web site: http://www.imber.info/\nIMBER Data Portal: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/portals/imber/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "491f4128-7ba9-4e6b-97b0-64b1c3b3bed5", - "label": "IPYPD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPYPD\nProject URL: http://biblioline.nisc.com/scripts/login.dll\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=51\n\nThe IPY Publications Database will identify and index the publications that result from the International Polar Year 2007-2008. This activity is a crucial part of IPY data management. Providing searchable metadata for IPY publications is as important as providing searchable metadata for IPY datasets. The IPY Publications Database is essential for the identification, dissemination and preservation of the achievements of the IPY. Twenty years from now, when someone asks, 'What did the IPY accomplish?'. The IPY Publications Database will provide a major part of the answer. As described in later sections of this proposal, the IPY Publications Database will also make a significant contribution to achieving the legacy, education, outreach and communication targets of the IPY.\n\nThe IPY Publications Database will be created by an expansion of the existing polar bibliographic infrastructure. The Cold Regions Bibliography Project (CRBP) at the American Geological Institute currently produces the Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology and the Antarctic Bibliography. The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) Library at the University of Cambridge produces the SPRILIB database and assists the CRBP with the Antarctic Bibliography. The Arctic Science and Technology Information System (ASTIS) at the Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, produces the ASTIS database. All of these databases, and others, are combined by National Information Services Corporation (NISC) to produce the Arctic & Antarctic Regions (AAR) database describing more than one million polar publications.\n\nThe IPY Publications Database will be created by dividing responsibility for the coverage of IPY publications between the CRBP, the SPRI Library and ASTIS; by using the IPY Data Policy to ensure that all IPY publications are reported to at least one of these organizations; by obtaining funding that allows these organizations to index the increased number of polar publications that will result from the IPY; and by having NISC include the resulting bibliographic records in both the AAR database and a new free IPY Publications Database. Bibliographic records (metadata) for IPY publications will include citations, detailed subject and geographic indexing terms, and, in most cases, abstracts. Most IPY publications will be available online, and the records describing IPY publications will contain DOIs or URLs linking to the full-text of the publications.\n\nWith the IPY Joint Committee support for this proposal, the members of the consortium are confident that they can obtain the necessary funding for this activity. At the peak of IPY indexing, which will occur two to four years after the IPY observation years, the amount of new money required may be about 10% of the consortium members' normal budgets. Raising this amount of additional money should be quite feasible. In the unlikely event that sufficient new money cannot be obtained, the members of the consortium will index as many IPY publications as possible themselves, and will encourage other members of the Polar Libraries Colloquy (the international organization of polar libraries and databases) to help fill any gaps.\n\nProviding access to the publications that result from the IPY is just as important as providing access to other types of IPY data. The IPY Publications Database will ensure that IPY publications are identified and made accessible.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "493a893e-2d2b-417c-8e72-2ced8a9fffcc", - "label": "GTOPO30", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation Data Set (GTOPO30) is a global\nraster Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a horizontal grid\nspacing of 30 arc seconds (approximately 1 kilometer). GTOPO30\nwas derived from a variety of raster and vector sources. The\ndata is expressed in geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude)\nand is referenced to the World Geodetic Survey (WGS) system of\n1984 (WGS84). The files are available in generic binary (16-bit\nsigned integer) format and are distributed on CD-ROM, FTP\n(compressed), and 8-mm tape.\n\nPrices:\nCD-ROM บ.00 per CD\n8-mm tape (high density) ฟ.00\nFTP download no charge\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation/gtopo30.html#description'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "496d0697-68d3-487b-b1eb-eea66ad2772a", - "label": "ISD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Invasive Species Database was developed by the IUCN/SSC\nInvasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) as part of the global\ninitiative on invasive species led by the Global Invasive Species\nProgramme (GISP). It provides global information on invasive alien\nspecies to agencies, resource managers, decision-makers, and\ninterested individuals. The database focuses on invasive species that\nthreaten biodiversity and covers all taxonomic groups from\nmicro-organisms to animals and plants. Species information is supplied\nby expert contributors from around the world and includes; species'\nbiology, ecology, native and alien range, references, contacts, links\nand images.\n\n For more information, lik to 'http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/'\n\n [Summary provided by IUCN/SSC]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4aa01524-bd2c-4a05-9634-47d25a859341", - "label": "GEOMON", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: GEOmon Home Page, http://www.geomon.eu/ ]\n \nGEOmon is a European project contributing to GEOSS. Its mission is to build an integrated pan-European atmospheric observing system of greenhouse gases, reactive gases, aerosols, and stratospheric ozone.\n\nGround-based and air-borne data are sustained and analyzed, complementary with satellite observations, in order to quantify and understand the ongoing changes of the atmospheric composition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4bc01333-646f-404c-9c17-58217ee99eaa", - "label": "IPAB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Participants of the WCRP/SCAR International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB) work together to maintain a network of drifting buoys in the Southern Ocean, in particular over sea ice, to provide meteorological and oceanographic data for real-time operational requirements and research purposes.\n\nIPAB data are used for many purposes, for example: \n\n1. Research in Antarctic climate and climate change \n\n2. Forecasting weather and ice conditions \n\n3. Validation of satellite measurements \n\n4. Forcing, validation and assimilation into numerical climate models \n\n5. Tracking the source and fate of samples taken from the ice \n\nIPAB is coordinated by Christian Haas from the Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany) and chaired by Shuki Ushio from the National Institute of Polar Research (Japan). IPAB is a sister program of the International Arctic Buoy Program IABP. \n \nInformation provided by http://www.ipab.aq/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c00f2bb-a213-4b21-951e-87d42d87c613", - "label": "GOSAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c7bae8a-3697-4a18-adba-f69878321dc3", - "label": "GCOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Climate Observing System was established in 1992 by four\ninternational organizations: the World Meteorological Organization\n(WMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO,\nthe United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International\nCouncil of Scientific Unions (ICSU).\nThe objectives of the Global Climate Observing System, GCOS, are to\ninsure the acquisition of data to meet the data for:\n Climate system monitoring, climate change detection and\n response monitoring especially in terrestrial ecosystems\n Application of climate information to national economic development\n Research toward improved understanding, modelling, and prediction of the\n climate system\nFor more information visit the GCOS Home Page at:\n'http://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html'\nor contact:\ngcosjpo@gateway.wmo.ch\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ce80653-a419-4ab9-ad64-aaf3b0d16dde", - "label": "IPICS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ice cores provide information about past climate and environmental conditions on timescales from decades to hundreds of millennia, and direct records of the composition of the atmosphere. As such, they are cornerstones of global change research. For example, ice cores play a central role in showing how closely climate and greenhouse gas concentrations were linked in the past, and in demonstrating that very abrupt climate switches can occur.\n\nWith the completion of major projects in Greenland and Antarctica over the last 15 years, the international ice coring community is planning for the next several decades. The costs and scope of future work create the need for coordinated international collaboration. Developing this international collaboration is the charge of IPICS, the International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences, a planning group currently composed of ice core scientists, engineers, and drillers from 18 nations. IPICS is supported by PAGES (Past Global Changes), SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) and IACS (International Association of Cryospheric Sciences), although it is not a formal project under any of these organizations.\n\nTwo international meetings in 2004 and 2005 (Brook, E. and Wolff, E.W., The future of ice core science, EOS, 87 (4), p. 39. 2006) lead to an ambitious four-element framework that both extends the ice core record in time and enhances spatial resolution. The scientific goals and their implementation have been outlined in the four IPICS White Papers - available from the IPICS website.\n\nShort Title: IPICS\nProject URL: http://www.pages-igbp.org/ipics/Proposal URL:http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=117\n\nIPICS-related events planned for IPY include:\n\n1. Searching for the longest possible ice core record. The oldest Antarctic ice core so far extends 800-900 kyr. Before this, Earth's climate had a 40 kyr glacial-interglacial periodicity. IPICS aims to find a 1.2 Myr record and help discover why the period changed. During IPY, initial survey work will occur as part of the TASTE-IDEA ice divides traverses, by French/Italian/Russian teams in the Dome C-North Vostok-Dome B region, by a Chinese team near Dome A, and by US-led radar and remote sensing teams. IPICS will collate results to recommend drilling sites.\n\n2. Initiation of coring to recover the last interglacial and older ice from Greenland. The last interglacial was probably warmer than the present and is an analogue for an anthropogenically-warmed world. We need to learn about the behaviour of climate and the Greenland ice sheet during times of warmer climate. The oldest reliable core only partly penetrates the last interglacial. Drilling in northwest Greenland would start, and possibly finish, in IPY. Danish, US, French, Japanese, UK, Swiss, Swedish, and German groups have expressed interest, and others are expected to join. Note that while this effort is part of the IPICS agenda, it also falls under IPY lead project # 561 (Greenland's Ice Sheet - reactions to past and present climate change), which will lead IPY efforts related to this element of IPICS. \n\n3. Starting a detailed spatial network of deep and intermediate-depth Antarctic ice cores. The spatial pattern of change is key to climate dynamics. We have cores from central East Antarctica and from a few coastal regions, but additional data are needed from other key areas, including the northern part of Lake Vostok, coastal Antarctica, the Antarctic peninsula, and West Antarctica. New projects like the European drilling at Talos Dome (east Antarctica) will take place during IPY. These programs will provide a springboard for a larger effort to fully sample Antarctic spatial climate variability on all possible time scales. \n\n5. The WAIS Divide Ice Core. This West Antarctic ice core will produce the best climate record covering the past 100,000 years, including highly resolved histories of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and millennial and shorter time-scale climate change in Antarctica. The main drilling starts during IPY, in the 2007/2008 Antarctic field season.\n\n4. Late Holocene climate change. Future change can only be assessed in the context of natural climate variability. Highly resolved compilations of past global climate (timescale up to 2000 years) critically lack polar data. The SCAR project, ITASE, produced 250 cores that cover the last 250 years. Extending this time scale to the last millennium, and expanding the scope in the Arctic, are critical. IPY will engage all countries to complete work in Antarctica and continue the effort in the Arctic.\n\n6. SOFIA (Search for the Oldest Firn Interstitial Air). SOFIA aims to obtain firn air records spanning more than the last 150 years, encompassing much of the period from the industrial revolution to the present day. Large firn air samples are critical for understanding this period of atmospheric history as they allow measurements (of trace species or isotopic ratios) that are otherwise impossible with ice core samples.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4cf2c92c-f0c3-4530-94cc-69f98e7d6fe9", - "label": "GMCC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GMCC (Geophysical Monitoring for Climate Change) is part of CMDL\n(Climate Monitoring & Diagnostics Laboratory). This project\ninvoloves aerosol measurements which began in the mid\n1970's. Since the start of the program, scientific understanding\nof the behavior of atmospheric aerosols has improved\nconsiderably.\n\nOne lesson learned is that human activities primarily influence\naerosols on a regional/continental scales rather than global\nscales.\n\nThe goals of this regioanl-scale monitoring program are to\ncharacterize means, variability, and trends of climate-forcing\nproperties of different types of aerosols, and to understand the\nfactors that control these properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4def8552-4571-4d26-963b-db82ed20ed00", - "label": "ITSP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Since the 1980s, the collaborative efforts by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Institute of Space and Astronuatical Science (ISAS) of Japan have led to the conception of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative consisting of a set of solar-terrestrial missions to be carred out during the 1990s and into the next century.\n\nhttp://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/misc/istp_project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4e5d740a-2143-49d3-b11c-0af552cf525c", - "label": "IPHEx", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) field campaign was conducted in North Carolina during the months of April thru June 2014. IPHEx sought to characterize warm season orographic precipitation regimes, and the relationship between precipitation regimes and hydrologic processes in regions of complex terrain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4eb46c6e-01dc-48be-a0da-403e4136ae78", - "label": "GBASE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GulfBase is a database of resources about the Gulf of Mexico. The goal of this website is to regroup, synthesize, and make freely available Gulf of Mexico research information. Our vision is that GulfBase will help researchers, policy makers, and the general public work together to insure long-term sustainable use and conservation of the Gulf of Mexico.\n\nhttp://gulfbase.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4ff8fcaf-dea3-4b01-b88b-4fe5c0507220", - "label": "IASI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "502ea6bd-45e9-45af-9092-a4cbe6ba2e7e", - "label": "GPCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP) is an element of\nthe Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) of the World\nClimate Research program (WCRP). It was established by the WCRP in\n1986 with the initial goal of providing monthly mean precipitation\ndata on a 2.5 x 2.5 degree latitude -longitude grid for the period\n1986-1995. This was recently extended to the year 2000. The GPCP will\naccomplish this by merging infrared and microwave satellite estimates\nof precipitation with rain gauge data from more than 30,000\nstations. Infrared precipitation estimates are obtained from GOES\n(United States), GMS (Japan) and Meteosat (European Community)\ngeostationary satellites and National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) operational polar orbiting satellites. Microwave\nestimates are obtained from the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite\nProgram (DMSP) satellites using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager\n(SSM/I). These data sets will be used to validate general circulation\nand climate models, study the global hydrological cycle and diagnose\nthe variability of the global climate system. Data are available\nbeginning in January 1986. Merged satellite and gauge data are\navailable starting with July 1987.\n\nThe GPCP is developing new products. One product that is under\ndevelopment is a one degree global daily product. Another set of\nproducts under development include SSM/I derived rain variability\nparameters (rainfall, variance, aerial coverage, etc).\n\n Contact:\n\n Arnold Gruber\n Office of Research and Applications\n NESDIS E/RA\n Washington D.C. 20233\n Ph: 301-763-8127\n Fax: 301-763-8108\n e-mail: Arnold.Gruber@noaa.gov\n\n For more information, link to\n 'http://cics.umd.edu/GPCP'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "52925fd4-efdd-4d36-bfc6-519a1d4bf239", - "label": "GAW", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The purpose and long-term goal of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), a program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is to provide data, scientific assessments, and other information on the atmospheric composition and related physical characteristics of the background atmosphere from all parts of the globe. These are required to improve understanding of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its interactions with the oceans and the biosphere and will enable prediction of the future states of the earth-atmosphere system. GAW was established in 1989 as a coordinated system of networks of observing stations some of which began data-gathering in the 1950s and includes associated facilities and infrastructure encompassing measurement and related scientific assessment activities. The overall role of GAW is to supply basic information of known quality indicative of the atmospheric environment that transcends specific issues. The measurement programme includes: greenhouse gases, ozone (surface, total, and profile), radiation (including UV-B) and optical depth, precipitation chemistry, chemical and physical properties of aerosols, reactive gases, radionuclides, and related meteorological parameters. National and international policy decisions affecting the environment in the 21st century will thus rely heavily on the scientific data gathered through GAW. GAW is an integral part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) consisting of global stations located at remote pristine locations and regional stations for characterizing the regional environmental quality away from direct pollution sources. Also established are WMO World Data Centres for ozone and UV-B, radiation, aerosol optical depth, precipitation chemistry, greenhouse gases and all atmospheric gases except ozone, and aerosols. A concept of Quality Assurance/Science Activity Centres serves as a crucial link between the individual sampling sites - where the parameters are measured - and the ultimate data depositories (Data Centres) where the quality-assured data are archived and distributed.\n\nFor more information see:\nhttp://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5428112b-5938-4065-ad13-72c9c2637cc1", - "label": "ISCAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Research Objectives of the Investigation of Sulfur Chemistry in\n Antarctic Troposphere (ISCAT):\n\n\n During this four-year study at Amundsen-Scott South Pole\n Station, we will examine the sulfur chemistry of the Antarctic\n atmosphere. The study involves two field seasons, the first of\n which was completed in 1998-1999. This field season (2000-2001)\n will be the second and last for this project. The study, which\n includes 10 principal and senior investigators at five\n institutions, with seven additional contributing investigators,\n has two broad-based goals: to improve substantially our current\n understanding of the oxidation chemistry of bioorganic sulfur\n in the polar environment, and to improve the climatic\n interpretation of sulfur-based signals in Antarctic ice-core\n records.\n\n The South Pole was selected because the atmospheric boundary\n layer at this site presents a homogeneous and relatively simple\n environment from which to unravel the photochemically driven\n oxidation chemistry of dimethyl sulfide. Atmospheric sulfur\n chemistry is an important component in climate change issues\n because both naturally (i.e., from volcanic emissions and\n oceanic phytoplankton production) and anthropogenically emitted\n sulfur compounds form minute particles in the atmosphere--the\n so-called aerosols--that reflect solar radiation, produce\n atmospheric haze and acid rain, and affect ozone\n depletion. Sulfate particles in the atmosphere may also act as\n condensation nuclei for water vapor and enhance global\n cloudiness. On the millennial time scale, the variability and\n natural background level of atmospheric aerosols can be\n reconstructed from the preserved paleorecords of sulfur\n oxidation products in ice cores. It is necessary, however, to\n understand how the physical and chemi! cal environment of the\n oxidation process affects the relative concentrations of the\n oxidation products that become buried in the ice. This study\n requires simultaneous observations of a wide-ranging suite of\n sulfur species, such as DMS and its oxidation products, sulfur\n dioxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, methane sulfonic\n acid, and sulfuric acid, as well as photochemically important\n compounds such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, water vapor,\n and non-methane hydrocarbons.\n\nSecondary objectives will be:\n\nto examine interior Antarctic air samples for other significant\nDMS oxidation products, such as sulfurous acid and methane\nsulfonic acid; and to assess the local variation in hydroxyl and\nperhydroxyl radicals, a measure of the oxidizing power of the\natmosphere. This study will provide, for the first time, a\nquantitative picture of exactly which atmospheric sulfur\ncompounds are advected into the Antarctic interior and a\ndetailed picture of the sulfur chemistry that is active in the\nAntarctic atmosphere.\n\nContact Information:\n\nDr. Douglas Davis, Principal Investigator\n\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\nSchool of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences\n221 Bobby Dodd Way\nAtlanta, GA 30332-0340\n\nPhone: 404-894-4008\nFax: 404-894-1993\nEmail: douglas.davis@eas.gatech.edu\n\nFor more information,\nlink to\n'http://rpsc.raytheon.com/science/SciPlanSummaries/sps00/00_OO_270_O.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by Raytheon]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "55328360-2b65-4bbb-8e11-e09baff480e7", - "label": "IMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) was proposed in 1970 as a concerted effort to acquire coordinated ground-based, balloon, rocket, and satellite data needed to improve our understanding of the behavior of earth's plasma environment. This report summarizes the progress of the IMS to date and presents some recommendations on information transfer and research operations for improving the IMS program. Milestones in the organization of the IMS are reviewed along with basic and applied research dealing with various cause-and-effect relationships among the dynamical processes that govern particle, momentum, and energy transfer between the solar wind, the magnetosphere, and the upper atmosphere. Coordination of the IMS on a worldwide basis is discussed, particularly with respect to the different national, bilateral, and multinational programs. The dedicated IMS satellite, ground-based, balloon, and rocket programs are briefly examined, and the functions of the IMS Steering Committee, Satellite Situation Center, Central Information Exchange Office, and World Data Centers are described. Attention is also given to real-time data acquisition and display systems, satellite-data availability, and Steering Committee recommendations regarding data analysis and interpretation. \n\nSummary provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SSRv...21....3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5629611c-a84f-4138-8ac0-a304604f7bae", - "label": "GODAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The international oceanographic community has had a long history of exchanging oceanographic data that begins with the founding of the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 1902 and the publication of ICES-related oceanographic profile and plankton date in 1907. There continues to be a pressing need for the international oceanographic and climate communities to have access to the most complete oceanographic databases possible for research purposes and particularly for scientific studies in support of international agreements and treaties.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/NODC-dataexch/NODC-godar.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5649444b-af41-452d-ac72-cbba5cb94801", - "label": "IMEEMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "1988-1989, the Antarctic summer season, New Zealand and carried out international joint observation that 'the international volcanic eruption EREBASU Research Organization (IMEEMS: International Mount Erebus Eruption Mechanism Study)' to participate. IMEEMSの大きな目的はエレバス火山(77.5°S, 167°E, 3794m)の山体内での地震観測と, 山頂火口縁にTVカメラを設置して火口からの噴火を実時間でスコット基地に送り, モニターとビデオ記録することである。 The goal is a major volcanic IMEEMS EREBASU (77.5 ° S, 167 ° E, 3794m) mountain in the body of seismic stations and TV camera to the summit crater rim of the crater from the establishment of a real-time eruption sent to Scott Base, Monitor and record the video. これにより, 爆発の瞬間の時刻が決定でき, 同時に発生する地震と対応させることができる。 The decision time is the moment of the explosion, earthquakes occur simultaneously and can respond to it. 日本はこれまでどおり, スコット基地に設置してあるレコーダー類の保守, 点検, 記録の整理などを分担した。 Japan has so far as the Scott base on a recorder set up sort of maintenance, inspection, organize and share records. 1988年12月, エレバス火山の地震活動は前年同様に低かった。 December, 1988, EREBASU volcano's low earthquake activity is similar to the previous year. 噴火は12月後半の16日間にTVモニター上で35回記録された。 Erupted in late December for 16 days on the TV monitors recorded 35 times. エレバス山の火山活動は全体に前年と同じ程度であった。 Erebus volcano's activity is much the same as last year as a whole.\n\nA program to continuously monitor the seismic activity of Mount Erebus (77.5°S, 167°E, 3794m) in Antarctica and to identify the mechanism of its eruption has been continued since January 1987 as an international cooperation between New Zealand and Japan, named IMEEMS (International Mount Erebus Eruption Mechanism Study). A TV camcra for monitoring explosions from the lava lake in the summit crater was installed at the crater rim of Mount Erebus. The video signals were transmitted to Scott Base of New Zealand by radio-telemetry and the exact time of eruptions was recorded using the same time code of the seismic network. A Japanese scientist participating in the IMEEMS visited Scott Base in December 1988 and conducted a series of observations of seismic and video recordings. The volcanic activities of Mount Erebus in December 1988 were nearly in the same situation for the last few seasons. A program to continuously monitor the seismic activity of Mount Erebus (77.5 ° S, 167 ° E, 3794m) in Antarctica and to identify the mechanism of its eruption has been continued since January 1987 as an international cooperation between New Zealand and Japan, named IMEEMS (International Mount Erebus Eruption Mechanism Study). A TV camcra for monitoring explosions from the lava lake in the summit crater was installed at the crater rim of Mount Erebus. The video signals were transmitted to Scott Base of New Zealand by radio-telemetry and the exact time of eruptions was recorded using the same time code of the seismic network. A Japanese scientist participating in the IMEEMS visited Scott Base in December 1988 and conducted a series of observations of seismic and video recordings. The volcanic activities of Mount Erebus in December 1988 were nearly in the same situation for the last few seasons. \n\nSummary provided by http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000205851/en/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5693c9d0-740a-453f-a69f-68d288cadaf0", - "label": "GMBD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Maritime Boundaries Database (GMBD) CD-ROM brings together the claims, limits and boundaries of the world with detailed attribution and documentation so they can be queried and viewed using GIS software. Included in the GMBD are: territorial seas; contiguous, joint development, fishing, and economic zones; potential claim median line solutions, disputed areas, boundary status; and much more. It will be your standard reference for quick access to vital, specific boundary information.\n\nThis information is provided by \nhttp://www.gd-ais.com/capabilities/offerings/sr/GGDP/GMBDDescription.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57174372-1008-4bc8-bf72-63aa25acdd90", - "label": "GIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[From the Global Impact Studies Project mission statement,\n'http://gisp.gi.alaska.edu/mission.htm']\n\nThe mission of GLOBAL IMPACT STUDIES PROJECT (GISP) is to promote,\nencourage, and guide international studies of terrestrial impact\nstructures, particularly those directed toward gaining a better\nunderstanding of the cratering process and its effects on the\ngeological and biological evolution of planet Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "57ccabf6-5d8a-4186-9d35-255736cb471d", - "label": "GLOBAL_CMT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "During the summer of 2006, the main activities of the research project known as the Harvard Centroid-Moment-Tensor (CMT) Project moved with Principal Investigator Goran Ekstrom from Harvard University to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University. Adam Dziewonski, the founder and co-Principal Investigator of the CMT project, is at Harvard University. The third active participant in the CMT project is Meredith Nettles at LDEO, Columbia University. The Harvard CMT Project is moving forward under the name 'The Global CMT Project'. The main dissemination point for information and results from the project is the web site http://www.globalcmt.org/.\n\nThe Global CMT Project involves four main activities: \n\n1. Systematic determination, with a three-to-four-month delay, of moment tensors for earthquakes with M>5 globally, and accumulation of the results in the CMT catalog.\n\n2. Rapid determination of moment tensors for earthquakes with M>5.5 globally and quick dissemination of results ('quick CMTs').\n\n3. Curation of the CMT catalog, which contains more than 25,000 moment tensors for earthquakes since 1976.\n\n4. Development and implementation of improved methods for the quantification of earthquake source characteristics on a global scale.\n\n\nThe Global Centroid Moment Tensor database, a forms query, was formerly known as the Harvard CMT catalog. The main database runs from January, 1976, to about 6 months before the present. Also included in this search are the Quick CMTs (from the end of the main catalog through the present). For more information on CMTs, see the CMT project web page. \n\nThe CMT project has been continuously funded by the National Science Foundation since its inception, and is currently supported by award EAR-0639963.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58edba36-02dd-495c-9d4b-b64d7d9feb3a", - "label": "GOMOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GoMOOS is a national pilot program designed to bring hourly oceanographic data\nfrom the Gulf of Maine to all those who need it, including:\n\n* Commercial Mariners making everyday decisions that impact their safety and\nlivelihood.\n* Coastal Resource Managers seeking to maintain economically and\nenvironmentally vital resources.\n* Scientists trying to understand complex ecosystems and predict climate\nchange.\n* Educators conveying the complexity and urgency of ocean science.\n* Search and Rescue Teams trying to find and save lives.\n* Emergency Response Teams mitigating damage from environmental disasters.\n* Public Health Officials concerned about outbreaks of harmful algal blooms\n(such as red tide).\n\n[Summary adopted from the GoMOOS website at http://dev.gomoos.org/aboutgomoos/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59117303-b384-43da-be61-ffc147a61c64", - "label": "HANPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In a June 2004 issue of the journal Nature a team of researchers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the University of Maryland, the World Wildlife Fund, Stanford University, the National Center for Atmospheric Research and Bowie State University published an analysis of global patterns in human consumption of net primary productivity (NPP). NPP—the net amount of solar energy converted to plant organic matter through photosynthesis—can be measured in units of elemental carbon and represents the primary food energy source for the world's ecosystems. Human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP), through the consumption of food, paper, wood and fiber, alters the composition of the atmosphere, levels of biodiversity, energy flows within food webs and the provision of important ecosystem services. A more detailed paper presenting similar results was published by the NASA lead researchers (Imhoff and Bounoua) in a November 2006 article in the Journal of Geophysical Research (see citation section below). \n\nThis Web site provides access to the spatial data sets utilized in the Nature and JGR articles: the original satellite-derived quarter-degree NPP grid (Figure 1); the intermediate model of human appropriation of NPP (low and high variants of HANPP were also produced but are not distributed here) (Figure 2); and the HANPP as a percent of NPP (Figure 3). The data are available in raster GRID and Compressed GeoTIFF formats. In addition, a downloadable Excel format file provides tabular data by country on total estimated consumption of NPP in the form of food, paper, wood, and fiber. \n\nInformation provided by sedac.ciesin.org/es/hanpp.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "599a7bd8-303f-4e0e-b915-e9bc0d5e42a2", - "label": "IABIN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN) is a forum to foster technical collaboration and coordination among countries of the Americas in collection, sharing, and use of biodiversity information relevant to decision-making on natural resources management and conservation, and education to promote sustainable development in the region. \n\nGoals \n\nBuild up an infrastructure for biodiversity information exchange. \nStrengthen technical capacity to exchange biodiversity information and expertise across political, linguistic, and institutional boundaries. \nProvide access to biodiversity information useful to decision-makers to improve biodiversity conservation \nEnhance capacity to store, use, and distribute scientifically sound and update biodiversity information. \nProduce or adapt information products for decision makers (tools for decision-making) so they formulate effective environmental management policies and promote sustainable development in the region. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.iabin.net/index.php\noption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=21&Itemid=41", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59a050da-525a-4416-8e2d-d291f837051d", - "label": "HyMeX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) aimed to improve the understanding, quantification and modelling of the hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean, with emphasis on the predictability and evolution of extreme weather events, inter-annual to decadal variability of the Mediterranean coupled system, and associated trends in the context of global change.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59a3fc13-5172-4752-875c-555139925d83", - "label": "IPY FIELD STATIONS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In the present project a team of researchers from six nations will study the history and legacy of IPY through its field stations. (For a more full-bodied description of our approach and themes of study, see EoI 686, January 2005.)\nField stations have been one of the most salient and tangible features of IPYs since 1882-83 and through to the coming IPY 2007-08. The polar station is a modern feature, the smaller field cousin of the Laboratory, Instrument, or Observatory. It is a nexus, and a place, where a number of central features of the modern scientific enterprise – laboratory practices and methods, precision instruments, territorial claims – meet in the landscape and sometimes in close vicinity of local groups and populations. Field stations, and the scientific expeditions that created them and used them as vantage points, are inseparable from polar research. They form important parts of the infrastructure of polar research in the past two centuries. They have also served as flag carriers, and as symbols of political, diplomatic and economic ambitions of the nations to which their founders belonged.\nHowever, field stations remain a surprisingly neglected element in the study of the creation of scientific knowledge, and in relation to science diplomacy and geopolitical conflict and cooperation. We know quite little of the bipolar archipelagoes of IPY stations and their significance, some of them more than a century old. We are yet not sufficiently clear about their status as legacies of past ambitions, or as heritage in landscapes which were shared by science with local groups and indigenous peoples.\nIn this project we will approach field stations from a range of disciplinary vantage points. At the heart of our concerns are field stations as units of knowledge production in the field. This is particularly pertinent to the IPY legacy. Cooperation in sharing field data is an ideal that has run through previous IPYs, and it has been given special prominence in the IPY 2007-2008 Framework. The original idea of IPY emerged from a recognition that individual studies in the field sciences only contribute to a larger picture with a great deal of work. Field stations are one of the chief means by which a sustained presence in the field is maintained: field sites, instruments, and the movement of personnel are carefully coordinated; projects are vetted within research communities through systems of peer review; research efforts are directed with an eye to agendas decided by policymakers. Another thing is the way that contact and collaboration between researchers and disciplines is influenced by the specifics of the field station, including management practices and physical design, which evidently has significant implications for field stations and knowledge production.\nIn the project we intend to use the International Polar Year 2007-2008 as an opportunity to identify and analyse the work (e.g. planning, calibrating, publishing, management, hidden labour, sharing data) required to make field observations meaningful across a range of scales and contexts of users or audiences. The IPY 2007-08 represents a singular opportunity to understand how the field sciences have generated a scientific and cultural legacy. We will analyse former and present research station sites, including important non-IPY sites, to understand how the residues of scientific practice become valid knowledge, collective memory and heritage. We will also study the contemporary and past role of field-stations in establishing patterns of management-labour interactions, work rules and customs, and attitudes toward jobs, for modern, non-subsistence employment in communities which have hosted or interacted with stations. For some stations, only archival work is possible.\nAmong a range of IPY proposals which are in different ways connected to this one (see further under 3.2), our project links up in particular with the LASHIPA project (EoI 636). LASHIPA studies industrial, mining, and whaling stations and sites in the polar regions, some of which are also related to IPY history. In this way the “station” comes out not just as the site of different forms of production (of knowledge, goods, and perceptions), but also as a theoretical concept: the physical manifestation of Western knowledge and its specific relationships of nature and culture, time and place, the physical and the spiritual. In combination, the two projects (686 and 636) provide a comprehensive and novel approach to the geography of human presence and IPY encounters in the Arctic and Antarctic regions.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=100", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59ece13d-29a9-4894-909d-553bb813bd95", - "label": "ICE2SEA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Accurate simulation of ice-sheet surface mass balance requires higher spatial resolution than is afforded by typical atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs), owing, in particular, to the need to resolve the narrow and steep margins where the majority of precipitation and ablation occurs. We have developed a method for calculating mass-balance changes by combining ice-sheet average time-series from AOGCM projections for future centuries, both with information from high-resolution climate models run for short periods and with a 20 km ice-sheet mass-balance model. Antarctica contributes negatively to sea level on account of increased accumulation, while Greenland contributes positively because ablation increases more rapidly. The uncertainty in the results is about 20% for Antarctica and 35% for Greenland. Changes in ice-sheet topography and dynamics are not included, but we discuss their possible effects. For an annual- and area-average warming exceeding in Greenland and in the global average, the net surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet becomes negative, in which case it is likely that the ice sheet would eventually be eliminated, raising global-average sea level by 7 m.\n\nhttp://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1844/1709.full", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5aff2260-a3d8-4a1f-a6bf-3a44c103c5fe", - "label": "GHRSST-PP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) high-resolution sea\nsurface temperature pilot project (GHRSST-PP) has been established to give\ninternational focus and coordination to the development of a new generation of\nglobal, multi-sensor, high-resolution (~6 hours and 10 km), SST products.\n\nThe GHRSST-PP primary project aim is to: 'Ensure the provision of rapidly and\nregularly diffused, high-quality sea surface temperature products at a fine\nspatial and temporal resolution that meet the diverse needs of GODAE, the\nscientific community, operational users and climate applications at a global\nscale.'\n\nThe GHRSST-PP brings together international Space Agencies, Research\nInstitutes, Universities, operational ocean forecasting agencies (civil and\nmilitary) and Government agencies to collectively solve the scientific,\nlogistical and managerial challenges posed by creating the SST data products\nand services within the GHRSST-PP.\n\nNOAA NODC maintains the long term archive and works collaboratively with the\nNASA JPL/Caltech Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center\n(PO.DAAC) to provide key stewardship of these valuable data sets. NODC also\nleads the reanalysis component of GHRSST-PP, which will periodically reprocess\nthe GHRSST record to produce more accurate and consistent Level 4 (gap free,\ngridded) SST analysis products for the global ocean.\n\nAdditional project information can be found at the following web sites:\n'http://www.ghrsst-pp.org/'\n'http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/ghrsst/'\n'http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ghrsst/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bc3c136-5ea8-407b-ba7a-b673a23c174b", - "label": "GAME/ANN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment Asian summer and winter monsoons\n play a major role in the global energy transport and water cycle\n by redistributing the total solar energy input to the Earth. The\n overall goal of the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) is to\n understand the role of the Asian monsoon in the global climate\n system and develop methods for long-range forecasting.\n\n GAME Objectives:\n\n To understand the role of the Asian monsoon in the global energy and\n water cycle.\n\n To improve the simulation and seasonal prediction of the Asian\n monsoon.\n\n To assess the impact of monsoon variability on the regional\n hydrological cycle.\n\n GAME Points of Contact:\n\n Professor Kenji Nakamura\n GAME International GEWEX Project Office\n Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences\n Nagoya University\n Nagoya, Aichi 464-01 JAPAN\n\n Telephone: 81-52-789-5439\n Fax: 81-52-789-3436\n E-mail: nakamura@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp\n\n For more information, link to\n\n'http://www.gewex.org/game.html' or\n'http://www.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/index.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bca44fe-beff-4d39-bb19-726ddb57ca30", - "label": "GLOSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is an international\nprogramme coordinated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic\nCommission (IOC) for the establishment of high quality global and\nregional sea level networks for application to climate, oceanographic\nand coastal sea level research. The programme became known as GLOSS as\nit provides data for deriving the 'Global Level of the Sea Surface'.\n\nThe main component of GLOSS is the 'Global Core Network' (GCN) of 287\nsea level stations around the world for long term climate change and\noceanographic sea level monitoring.\n\nThe Core Network is designed to provide an approximately\nevenly-distributed sampling of global coastal sea level\nvariations. Another component is the GLOSS Long Term Trends (LTT) set\nof gauge sites (some, but not all, of which are in the GCN) for\nmonitoring long term trends and accelerations in global sea\nlevel. These will be priority sites for Global Positioning System\n(GPS) receiver installations to monitor vertical land movements, and\ntheir data will contribute to long term climate change studies such as\nthose of the WMO-UNEP Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\n(IPCC).\n\nThe GLOSS altimeter calibration (ALT) set consists mostly of island\nstations, and will provide an ongoing facility for mission\nintercalibrations. A GLOSS ocean circulation (OC) set, including in\nparticular gauge pairs at straits and in polar area, complements\naltimetric coverage of the open deep ocean within programmes such as\nWOCE and CLIVAR.\n\nGLOSS can be considered a component of IOC's Global Ocean Observing\nSystem (GOOS), and particularly as a major contributor to its Climate\nand Coastal Modules. Information on the links between GLOSS and other\nIOC activities can be obtained from IOC's own web pages.\n\nFor more information, link to '\nhttp://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/programmes/gloss.info.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bffb2b2-1b99-4ea7-b61c-d411d3f6b434", - "label": "GEOFON", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GEOFON is a program which consists of three components, the permanent broadband\nseismological network, a varying number of mobile network deployments and the\nGEOFON Data Center. \n\nFor more information, please see:\nhttp://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5c0d34fc-09f0-4fcc-9c8b-6c9f444129ee", - "label": "GLUES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Within the project GLUES (Global Assessment of Land Use Dynamics, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ecosystem Services, 2010-2014) the Professorship of Geoinformation Systems of the TU Dresden is implementing a Geodata Infrastructure (GDI). The GLUES GDI is the common data and service platform for the international research program 'Sustainable Land Management', but it can also be used by other researchers and stakeholders. The GLUES GDI provides global and regional data sets about land use, climate change, economical change, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity and ecosystem services. The GDI realizes a network of Web services enabling standardised access to distributed geodata bases and analysis functions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5db1f46d-cf7e-4824-8516-7f7d3dce3858", - "label": "GPS/MET", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "'GPS Meteorology' is a name given to the body of science and technology which makes use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for active remote sensing of the Earth atmosphere. At the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), scientists have already demonstrated one GPS Meteorology technique using ground based GPS receivers.[1] 'Ground based GPS Meteorology is capable of accurate, continuous, integrated precipitable water vapor measurements at fixed sites. In the near future, a UCAR lead team intends to demonstrate an active limb sounding technique using radio occultation observations taken by an orbiting GPS receiver. We refer to this program and the technology under development collectively as 'GPS/MET'.\n \nThe primary GPS/MET Program objectives are:\n(1) to construct a system and use it to collect GPS occultation data,\n \n(2) to develop and demonstrate algorithms for the recovery of accurate refractivity profiles and derivative products, such as pressure, temperature and moisture profiles, (3) to evaluate the net impact of GPS/MET occultation data on weather forecasts and global change research, and (4) to publish GPS/MET data in forms useful to other scientists investigating meteorological and related applications.\n \nNote that GPS/MET promises to produce high quality data for two of the key global change variables identified by the Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences: atmospheric temperature and moisture distribution. Moreover, the goals for GPS/MET address specific objectives identified in NOAA's 1992 Strategic Plan for Upper- Air Observations. If successful, this proof- of- concept demonstration could pave the way for a new, low cost operational sounding system capable of thousands of globally distributed soundings per day.\n \nTo achieve these objectives quickly and inexpensively, a modified commercial GPS receiver will be flown on a host satellite as a secondary payload. Launch of this satellite, the MicroLab-1, is scheduled for Fall, 1994. GPS occultation data, ancillary data taken from ground based observations, and derived information products will be published on the Internet beginning early 1995. To establish the predicted performance of the system, the GPS/MET team is conducting various tests and a detailed error analysis on the end- to- end system. Gridded data derived from operational observing systems will be used to validate GPS/MET data. Four Dimensional Data Assimilation (4DDA) software tools are under development for use in the assessment of the technique's net impact on weather forecasts.\n \nThe GPS/MET Program is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Additional support is being provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and two industrial corporations: Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC) and Allen Osborne Associates, Inc. (AOA). The GPS/MET team includes researchers from UCAR's UNAVCO and NCAR/MMM divisions, and from the University of Arizona (U of AZ) and CalTech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).\n \nFor more information, link to http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/gpsmet/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5de8148e-b5bd-4b79-95ca-809d1c292ca7", - "label": "HYREX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hydrological Radar Experiment (HYREX) was a UK Natural Environment\nResearch Council (NERC) Special Topic which ran from May 1993 to April\n1997. The broad aim of HYREX was to gain a better understanding of\nrainfall variability, as sensed by weather radar, and how this\nvariability impacts on river flow at the catchment scale.\nSix projects were funded involving groups from the Institute of\nHydrology, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and the universities of\nLondon (Imperial College and University College), Newcastle, Reading\n(including the Joint Centre for Mesoscale Meteorology or JCMM) and\nSalford. Theprojects ranged from research on improved precipitation\nmeasurement using polarisation and vertical pointing radars, through\nnetwork design of radar/raingauge networks and spatial-temporal\nmodelling of rainfall fields, to rainfall orecasting based on\nstochastic and meteorological concepts. An overview of the six HYREX\nprojects and a list of the members of the HYREX Steering Committee are\navailable as separate documents.\nContact:\nAnne Roberts\nE-mail: ajr@ua.nwl.ac.uk\nE-Mail: A.Roberts@unixa.nerc-wallingford.ac.uk\nInstitute of Hydrology\nMaclean Building\nCrowmarsh Gifford\nWallingford\nOxfordshire\nOX10 8BB\nUK\n[Text adapted from the BADC Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5e759d21-43a6-40ab-a6c4-c2316162b15f", - "label": "GEOTRACES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: GEOTRACES\nProject URL: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/geotraces/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=35\n\nGEOTRACES is an international study of the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes. Its mission is:\n\nTo identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions.\n\nThe GEOTRACES mission can be expressed as three overriding goals:\n\n ' To determine full water column distributions of selected trace elements and isotopes, including their concentration, chemical speciation, and physical form, along a sufficient number of sections in each ocean basin to establish the principal relationships between these distributions and with more traditional hydrographic parameters;\n\n ' To evaluate the sources, sinks, and internal cycling of these species and thereby characterize more completely the physical, chemical and biological processes regulating their distributions, and the sensitivity of these processes to global change; and\n\n ' To understand the processes that control the concentrations of geochemical species used for proxies of the past environment, both in the water column and in the substrates that reflect the water column.\n\nGEOTRACES will be global in scope, consisting of ocean sections complemented by regional process studies. Sections and process studies will combine fieldwork, laboratory experiments and modelling. Beyond realizing the scientific objectives identified above, a natural outcome of this work will be to build a community of marine scientists who understand the processes regulating trace element cycles sufficiently well to exploit this knowledge reliably in future interdisciplinary studies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5fdab7af-be2f-4460-bd7c-d6bff63db500", - "label": "ICE STORIES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Ice Stories\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=457\n\n\nThe International Polar Year (IPY 2007-09) gives the public, teachers and students an extraordinary opportunity to experience the process of scientific discovery in action. Ice Stories provides a public face for IPY by using the power of contemporary media to bring current research to mass audiences with unprecedented intimacy and immediacy. \n\nIce Stories includes:\n\n-A media-rich, dynamic and continuously updated public Web site \n-A media-assets database for journalists, media producers, educators, and museum partners\n-Training program in media production and story-telling for 15 scientist-correspondents a year.\n\nIce Stories provides the public with access to IPY research through the development of a network of Exploratorium-trained polar field correspondents. It makes use of the design, education and production capacity of an informal science center to create a bridge between scientific discovery and interested members of the public. Ice Stories employs sophisticated media production and communication technology as well as strong partnerships with allied research groups and with scientists and international organizations at the poles. The content of Ice Stories reflects the latest research in many diverse fields and demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of polar research. The Exploratorium has pioneered in translating current science research into exhibits and presentations accessible to museum and Web audiences. It also has long experience creating award-winning Web sites, professional-development workshops, community outreach, and institutional alliances.\n\nBeyond the journalistic presence and educational potential of Ice Stories, its lasting legacy grows from its media-literate scientists, the media they create during IPY, and the training model the project introduces. By training scientists early in their careers, the Exploratorium gives them knowledge and tools to make their research widely accessible and to inspire the public and future generations of scientists. The project also models means of direct communication by scientists to the public and ways science centers and scientists can work together to increase public understanding of science.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6058a1cc-0527-4040-b4f3-dadad2e916ec", - "label": "GNIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Background\n\nThe Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), developed by the\nU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Board\non Geographic Names (BGN), contains information on approximately\n2 million physical and cultural geographic features in the\nUnited States. The Federally recognized name of each feature\ndescribed in the data base is identified, and references are\nmade to a feature's location by State, county, and geographic\ncoordinates. The purpose of the GNIS database development was to\npromote geographic feature name standardization and to serve as\nthe U.S.'s official repository of domestic geographic names\ninformation (see the Introduction section of the Geographic\nNames Information System Data Users Guide for more\ndetails). Information on foreign geographic feature names can be\nobtained from the GEOnet Names Server, which is developed and\nmaintained by the National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA),\nformerly the Defense Mapping Agency.\n\nThe GNIS is being compiled in two phases. Phase one is complete\nfor all States, territories and outlying areas under\nU.S. jurisdiction. This phase entailed the collection of feature\nnames from USGS large-scale topographic maps, U.S. Forest\nService maps, Office of Coast Survey charts, Federal Aviation\nAdministration files, Federal Communications Commission files,\nand files of the Army Corps of Engineers. As of September, 1996,\nphase two of the compilation is 45 percent complete and 30\npercent in progress for all States, territories, and outlying\nareas under U.S. jurisdiction. The second phase captures names\nfrom State, locally and privately published current and\nhistorical maps, charts, and literature. Standard reports and\ndigital data sets of GNIS geographic name records are available\nfor each State, territory or outlying area file.\n\nAlso available are two thematic extracts of the GNIS\ndatabase. The U.S. Populated Places File lists information about\nall cities and towns throughout the United States and the\nU.S. Concise File lists information about major physical and\ncultural features throughout the United States.\n\nExtent of Coverage\n\nThe GNIS coverage area includes the United States,\nU.S. territories and outlying areas which include: Puerto Rico,\nNorthern Marianas, Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. In\naddition, names information for the freely associated areas of\nthe Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall\nIslands, and the Republic of Palau, are also included in GNIS\ncoverage\n\nData Characteristics\n\nThe GNIS contains information about physical and cultural\ngeographic features identified by a proper name, with the\nexception that most roads and highways are not included in\nGNIS. The following information about a selected geographic\nfeature is retrievable by searching the Online GNIS Database.\n\nFederally recognized feature name. Feature type. Elevation of\nmost populated places and summits (i.e., mountain peaks, etc.).\nEstimated 1994 population of cities and towns. State(s) and\ncounty(s) in which the feature is located. Latitude and\nlongitude of the feature location. List of USGS 7.5-minute by\n7.5-minute topographic maps on which the feature is shown.\nNames other than the federally recognized name by which the\nfeature may be known. General instructions, field definitions\nand help documentation are included in the GNIS Online Database\nto assist usage. The coordinate extent for the GNIS Online\nDatabase is:\n\n-180.00 west longitude\n180.00 east longitude\n72.00 north latitude\n-12.00 south latitude\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://edc.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/gnis'\n\nFor the GNIS query form, link to\n'http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnis/web_query.gnis_web_query_form'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60a61d42-2884-488f-b14e-48a39d2a7134", - "label": "ISS-PMC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Observations of PMCs and aurora from ISS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=78\n\nWe propose to coordinate the synchronized observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) and aurora between the International Space Station (ISS), ground sites, and satellites. We also propose to coordinate observations from other International Polar Year (IPY) activities that might benefit from ISS observations. \nThe orbit of the ISS takes it to north and south latitudes of 51.6 degrees at altitudes of 400 km. This provides a human operated platform from which to observe artic and Antarctic phenomena on a length scale of half a continent. This compliments ground site observations and satellite data that can be synchronized in both space and time to record seasonal variations. Observations from the ISS offers an above the cloud vantage including wide angle oblique views, sun-glint textures, day-night terminator lighting, and perhaps most important, human guided observations that can fall outside the purview of pre-programmed field of view instrumentation. The ISS offers a unique platform for Antarctic atmospheric observations since it gives repeated coverage circumscribing the continent every few days where cloud cover the general lack of observation sites limits routine ground observations over long periods of time.\n \nWe propose to use the current observational equipment on ISS including a suite of digital still cameras, standard video cameras, and a medium resolution, fiber optic coupled visible region spectrograph. We are planning the fabrication for use on ISS of an IMAX-sized format, CCD camera optimised for low light level video if funding permits. With the NASA presidential directive for human exploration beyond Earth orbit, NASA is considering astronaut training in polar regions as analogues for human planetary missions. We propose to coordinate these polar analogue activities with ISS observations. \n\nParticipation in this proposal will be open to all international partners to ISS as well as any other project that wishes to coordinate observations with ISS. All ISS collected data will be archived and publicly distributed using current NASA infrastructure. This activity offers great potential for educational outreach by linking human exploration from Earth polar extremes to Earth orbital extremes to Lunar and Martian extremes. The outreach will use current NASA educational infrastructure. \n\nBackground\n\nThis proposal resulted from prior collaborations when the Lead Contact was a crewmember and Science Officer on Expedition 6 to ISS. During this expedition, synchronized aurora observations were made between ISS and ground observers in Finland. Observations of Antarctic PMC were routinely made and subsequently correlated with SNOE satellite data with collaborators from University of Colorado and University of Alaska. These efforts proved the utility of making synchronized observations between ISS, ground, and satellite and resulted in this proposal. This proposal has been submitted with the approval of Dr. Jim Garvin, NASA Chief Scientist, in the NASA Washington DC office.\n\nD. R. Pettit, D. W. Rusch, G. E. Thomas, A. Merkel, S. Bailey, J. M. Russell III, M. DeLand, 'Near-simultaneous Observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds from the International Space Station and from Orbiting Optical Instruments', AGU poster, Nov. 2004.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6124e99c-19a1-4057-9ecf-1e501aa2b823", - "label": "HYDRO-SENSOR-FLOWS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Hydro-sensor-FLOWS\nProject URL: http://www.hydro-sensor-flow.com/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=16\n\nThis activity joints EoI n° 535 (LovenFLOWS presented by M. Griselin, France and EoI n° 233 (SUGLANET, presented by A. Eraso, Spain). The two teams worked together for a long time concerning Svalbard Hydrology and are linked by a convention between CNRS (French Scientific Research Center) and IPEV (French Polar Institute). The objective of this clustering project is to investigate the hydrology of polar and subpolar glacier basins. It is known that discharge of temperate glaciers (1–1.2 m3.s-1 km-2) is bigger than that coming from subpolar glaciers (0.2–0.3 m3.s-1 km-2), but also it is true that extension of subpolar glaciers (ca.750,000 km2) is 10 times bigger than that of temperate glaciers (ca.70,000 km2). By considering these data, the discharge of subpolar glaciers due to the global warming may be as important as those coming from temperate glaciers. However, the hydrological response of subpolar glaciers to atmospheric inputs is not well-know and may be precised by continuous monitoring of some parameters at key-locations on basins. New technologies in the fields of information and communication drastically increased the observation capacity of scientists. In very reactive environments such as polar regions, it is now possible to enhance qualitative and quantitative observations using automatic data collection sensor webs. The development of such networks is bringing new tools to answer hypothesis that were so far lacking a continuous database to be studied. Such is the situation of arctic hydro-systems for which the most data available over the last forty years are discontinuous, usually summer measurements. The originality of this program is to investigate the hydrology of glacier basins through continuous survey, over a period of several years, that is necessary to quantify the hydrosystems reactivity to climatic variations (hourly, daily, seasonally even yearly). Through this cluster, the dynamics of polar hydrology will be approached continuously at two different scales on 5 representative polar basins of Arctic (3) and Antarctic (2).\n\n1. At a local scale, a sensor-web will be developed on the Loven East glacier (Svalbard): this glacier is representative of the alpine type glaciers of Svalbard and is hydrologically studied by the French and by the Spanish scientists since 40 years. The goal is to analyze liquid and solid fluxes from this hydro-system with a sensor web (both remote and in situ sensing). An environmental watch will be conducted in this area over a three years period through a network of photographic stations, hydrological sensors and meteorological stations. All the ground data will be transmitted automatically thus contributing to set up a true “sensor web”. The database will allow a global approach of spatial and temporal dynamics of the Loven East hydrosystem. Field surveys will also be conducted regarding the different inputs to the system. Remote sensing data, aerial photographs, meteorological data and hydrological information will allow the quantification of the system reactivity to contemporary climatic fluctuations. Experimental pilot catchment areas will be implemented to register glacier discharge continuously, recordering time series with hourly cycle-time of different hydrological parameters (water level, conductivity, water temperature, pH, solid contents). In laboratory, using correlative and spectral analysis between input time series (meteorological parameters as air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, precipitation amounts) and output time series (hydrological parameters), we will establish their characteristics in the time and frequency domains. The use of cross-correlogram for temperature and discharge, for example, will define the influence of air temperature to the glacier discharge, as well as its law of time distribution, that means the glacier response to weather changes and global warming. Chemical and isotopic analyses will be performed on water for completing the model of water circulation within the system (surface water, subglacial water and groundwater). \n\n2. At a global scale, the Spanish group started to develop the GLACE Project in 2001: “GLAciers, Cryokarst and Environment” (Proyecto GLACKMA, in Spanish). At the moment, 4 experimental pilot catchement have been implemented to assess the latitude effect on the hydrology of glaciers: 2 for temperate glaciers (Iceland at 64ºN and Patagonia at 51ºS) and two for polar glaciers (Svalbard at 79ºN and Insular Antarctica at 62ºS in subpolar glaciers). For all them, the discharge glacier is registering continuously. For the IPY, those stations will be maintained for generating time series in hourly frequencies like for the Loven East sensor-web. Additional new stations will be set up (at less one in the Antarctic Peninsula at S63º24’ near ECARE, another in the Eastern Antarctica at 71ºS near Novolazarevskaya and another one around 70ºN latitude) for studying the variability of the global warming impact.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6163b751-c8a6-42e5-9eb1-2b73932da631", - "label": "GDP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Demography Project (GDP) is an effort to generate\n consistent, spatially referenced global population data sets for\n global and regional environmental analysis, demographic\n research, etc. This project has been supported by the Consortium\n for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) ,\n the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and\n NCGIA. Output from the first stage of the project includes a set\n of raster data sets of population density and total population\n figures.\n\n To view these figures and additional information on the Global\n Demography Project, link to\n 'http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/pubs/gdp/pop.html#GLOBAL'\n\n [Summary provided by the National Center for Geographic\nInformation Analysis]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "616d0188-3f3d-444f-86ba-1401f9ae43d0", - "label": "IDS-LSC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Inter-Disciplinary Studies-Land Surface Climatology (IDS-LSC)\nproject, formerly the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology\nProject (ISLSCP) Retrospective Analysis Project (IRAP), is designed to\ncorrelate historic satellite data with current satellite data and\nground truth experiments in order to detect any long-term change in\nthe land surface resulting from climate or human activities. The\nprimary area of study is the the central United States with a special\narea of interest in the southwest United States and northern Mexico in\nthe Sonoran Desert. The project involves various scientists'\nindependent and cooperative studies, for example, comparing historical\ndata with current data to draw inferences about changes in the\nvegetation adn geology on the land surface.\nThe following IDS-LSC data is managed by PLDS:\n- AVHRR LAC, TM, SMMR\nContacts:\nPLDS User Support Office SUPPORT/GSFCMail\nNASA/GSFC Code 934 SPAN: pldsg3::pldsuso\nGreenbelt, MD 20771 pldsuso@pldsg3.gsfc.nasa.gov\n (301) 286-9761\n FTS 888-9761\nPLDS User Support Office SPAN: pldsj1::george\nNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory george@pldsj2.jpl.nasa.gov\nMail Stop 183-501 (George Karas)\n4800 Oak Grove Drive (818) 354-6363\nPasadena, CA 91109 FTS 792-6363\nPLDS User Support Office SPAN: ECO::PLDS\nNASA Ames Research Center pldsops@pldsa1.arc.nasa.gov\nEcosystem Science (Jay Skiles)\nand Technology Branch (415) 604-3614 or 604-5947\nMail Stop 242-4 FTS 464-3514 or 464-5947\nMoffett Field, CA 94035\nPrincipal Investigator -\nChuck Hutchinson\nUniversity of Arizona\nArizona Remote Sensing Center\nTuscon, AZ 85721\n(602)621-7896\ntelemail: CHUTCHINSON/GSFCMAIL\nData Availability:\nThe data are currently free of charge to scientists associated with\nPLDS.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "61b9ca54-d9a7-41e5-b5ae-988028117924", - "label": "ICE-89", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62b3db6f-0771-4afc-80ee-4684830c2722", - "label": "IJPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IJPS is the result of a cooperative effort between the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the European Organization for the\nExploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). It is comprised of two\npolar-orbiting satellite systems and their respective ground segments. The IJPS\nwill provide and improve the operational meteorological and environmental\nforecasting and global climate monitoring services worldwide. The IJPS will\ncontinue long-term environmental observations from polar orbit provided by the\nUnited States since April 1, 1960. The IJPS program will be contributing to and\nsupporting the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Observing System,\nthe Global Climate Observing System, the United Nations Environmental Programme\n(UNEP), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), and other related\nprograms. For more information go to\nhttp://projects.osd.noaa.gov/IJPS/index.htm.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "62c59a99-e2f4-4864-acc7-aef3fc1c4b17", - "label": "GGD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Frozen Ground Data Center (FGDC) serves as a central node of the IPA Global Geocryological Data (GGD) system. The GGD is an internationally distributed system linking investigators and data centers around the world. The FGDC facilitates the operation of the GGD by collecting and distributing information (metadata) describing permafrost and frozen ground related data. Many of the products listed here are available directly through the FGDC; some are held by other institutions. For those data sets held by other institutions, NSIDC provides the original metadata for the data set, and asks users to contact the Principal Investigator for access to the data.\n\nInformation provided by http://nsidc.org/data/fgdc.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66a8af5c-c52e-488e-ae3b-5abee872be72", - "label": "IXTOC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ixtoc I was an exploratory oil well in the Gulf of Mexico, about 600 miles (970 km) south of the U.S. state of Texas. On June 3, 1979, the well suffered a blowout and is recognised as the second largest oil spill in history.\n\nMexico's government-owned oil company Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos) was drilling a 2-mile (3.2 km) deep oil well, when the drilling rig lost drilling mud circulation. In modern rotary drilling, mud is circulated down the drill pipe and back up the casing to the surface. The goal is to equalize the pressure through the shaft and to monitor the returning mud for gas. Without the circulating mud, the drill ran into high pressure gas which blew out the oil (known as a blowout). The oil caught fire and the platform collapsed.\n\nIn the next few months, experts were brought in to contain and cap the oil well. Approximately 10 thousand to 30 thousand barrels per day were discharged into the Gulf until it was finally capped on March 23, 1980. Prevailing currents carried the oil towards the Texas coastline. The US government had two months to prepare booms to protect major inlets. Mexico declined the US requests for cleanup compensation.\n\nThe oil slick surrounded Rancho Nuevo, in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, which is one of the few nesting sites for Kemp's Ridley sea turtles. Thousands of baby sea turtles were airlifted to a clean portion of the Gulf of Mexico to help save this rare species.\n\nSummary provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6800e21f-8b9e-4d16-b88a-cf4724bdf2e9", - "label": "INFORAIN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Inforain which is a project of Ecotrust is designed to help organizations,\nbusinesses, and individuals acquire and use information relevant to their\ncommunities and to understand these local places within a broader context.\n\nThe scale and scope of our work might be summed up with the phrase: Locally,\nthe watershed; broadly, the bioregion. To evaluate the state of the forests\nor the salmon, logging or fishing, one must begin with the watershed. The\nbioregion collects these watersheds into a continuous whole, one which\npolitical lines have obscured but cannot refute.\n\nAn abundant amount of geographic information is available through this site,\nwith more being added on a regular basis. We offer GIS data layers for download\nand interactive mapping applications which enable you to spatially query complex\ndata sets which you might not otherwise be able to access. More about GIS.\n\nAdditional information on Inforain available at\n'http://www.inforain.org/about_inforain.htm'\n\nAdditional information on Ecotrust available at\n'http://www.ecotrust.org/'\n\n[Summary provided by Ecotrust]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "682de572-62e5-4e5f-b9d6-97a8f36551a5", - "label": "IBP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IBP (International Biological Program)was established under\nthe auspices of the International Council of Scientific Unions\nand the International Union of Biological Sciences and is\nsponsored in the United States by the National Academy of\nSciences and the National Academy of Engineering, deals with one\nof the most crucial situations to face this or any other\ncivilization - the immediate or near potential of mankind to\ndamage, possibly beyond repair, the earth's ecological system on\nwhich all life depends.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6928865b-cbfb-4e72-ad44-2415232d60fa", - "label": "GRACE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: NASA Science Mission Directorate, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/grace ]\n \nThe primary goal of the GRACE mission is to accurately map variations in the Earth's gravity field over its 5-year lifetime. The GRACE mission has two identical spacecrafts flying about 220 kilometers apart in a polar orbit 500 kilometers above the Earth.\n \nIt maps the Earth's gravity fields by making accurate measurements of the distance between the two satellites, using geodetic quality Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and a microwave ranging system. This provides scientists from all over the world with an efficient and cost-effective way to map the Earth's gravity fields with unprecedented accuracy. The results from this mission yield crucial information about the distribution and flow of mass within the Earth and it's surroundings.\n \nThe gravity variations that GRACE studies include: changes due to surface and deep currents in the ocean; runoff and ground water storage on land masses; exchanges between ice sheets or glaciers and the oceans; and variations of mass within the Earth. Another goal of the mission is to create a better profile of the Earth's atmosphere. The results from GRACE make a huge contribution to NASA's Earth science goals, Earth Observation System (EOS) and global climate change studies.\n \nGRACE is a joint partnership between the NASA in the United States and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany. Dr. Byron Tapley of The University of Texas Center for Space Research (UTCSR) is the Principal Investigator (PI), and Dr. Christoph Reigber of the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam is the Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI). Project management and systems engineering activities are carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. \n \n For more information on the GRACE mission, see:\n http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/\n http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/grace/\n http://www-app2.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/grace/\n \n For more information on the NASA Science Mission Directorate homepage, see:\n http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/grace\n \n For more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "69b9b3e0-9041-4eae-a91e-79261c76b1a0", - "label": "GVP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions — small as well as large during the past 10,000 years.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.volcano.si.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a5dc664-6798-4d3a-91d3-190057084e04", - "label": "IPY ARCTIC GOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Arctic climate of the 20th century has undergone major fluctuations, which are characterized by a significant warming in the last two decades. The warming predicted for the high Arctic is 3–4 °C in winter during the next 50 years, more than twice the global average, while the ice cover is predicted to be reduced by ~80% during summer and ~20% during winter. This suggests that the Arctic may be where the most rapid and dramatic climate changes take place during the 21st century, with major ramifications for mid-latitude climate.\nThe sea ice cover has over the last 2-3 decades decreased by ~10%, and the ice thickness has decreased up to 40% during summer. Other observed changes include a warming of the Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean, increased precipitation in the Arctic regions and higher river discharge into the Arctic ocean. During the last decades detected changes include a significant freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean, warming in the deep water of the Nordic Seas and a decrease of deep overflow in the Faeroe Bank Channel. The oceanic fluxes of heat and freshwater between the North Atlantic, Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean are key components of the high-latitude climate system.\nThe recent Arctic Climate Impact Assessment studies have identified a number of severe impacts of Arctic warming on society. Changes in air temperature, precipitation, river discharge, sea ice, permafrost, glaciers and sea level have been documented and further changes are expected in the next decades. The Arctic region is coming under increasing pressure from unsustainable development with pollution and other negative effects on the environment. The exploitation of resources, including sea transportation and offshore operations will be heavily affected by the climate- variability and long-term changes at high latitudes. The northeast Atlantic, including Greenland and Icelandic waters, the Barents Sea and other Arctic ice edge regions, provides 20% of the world’s fish catch. Ocean temperature is one of the key variables that have influence on fisheries. Various offshore operations in ice-covered waters will increase such as offshore exploration, drilling, oil and gas production, and gas transportation, pipeline deployment in the seabed, and building of terminals in several locations along the Arctic coasts. All these activities will increase the risk of accidents and severe pollution of the fragile Arctic environment.\nThe Arctic areas have rough weather and ice conditions which require improvement of operational monitoring and forecasting services in order to safeguard all types of marine and coastal operations. The operational services should also include long-term data archiving services to build up statistics of the environmental conditions. Operational services on met-ice-ocean conditions in theses areas are extremely important for safe and cost-effective industrial and transport activities as well as for protection of the vulnerable environment.\nThe overall objective of IPY Arctic GOOS to develop and implement operational monitoring and forecasting systems in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. The systems will be based on state-of-the-art remote sensing, in situ observations, numerical modelling, data assimilation and dissemination techniques. The activities will include the development and maintenance of observing system for sea ice and physical, chemical and biological ocean parameters. The observing systems need to including icebergs, potential oil spills, radioactive spreading and other pollutants. In addition to observations, the systems will include numerical modelling and data assimilation for production of short-term forecasts. New models and data assimilation techniques need to be developed where needed. A long-term objective is to develop modelling systems for seasonal prediction of sea ice, hydrographic and current conditions. State-of-the-art climate models will be used to quantify climate change and variability and prediction of future climate changes under greenhouse gas scenarios. The Arctic EuroGOOS planning document is available at ftp://ftp.nersc.no/OMJ/att-eurogoos.pdf\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=379", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6a7a5cc8-4f7b-4807-bc67-dc068eb53572", - "label": "INDIGO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This document presents {sup 14}C activities (expressed in the internationally adopted {Delta}{sup 14}C scale) from water samples taken at various locations and depths in the Indian and Southern oceans through the Indien Gaz Ocean (INDIGO) project.^These data were collected as part of the INDIGO 1, INDIGO 2, and INDIGO 3 cruises, which took place during the years 1985, 1986, and 1987, respectively.^These data have been used to estimate the penetration of anthropogenic CO{sub 2} in the Indian and Southern oceans.^The document also presents supporting data for potential temperature, salinity, density (sigma-theta), {delta}{sup 13}C, and total CO{sub 2}.^All radiocarbon measurements have been examined statistically for quality of sample counts and stability of counting efficiency and background.^In addition, all data have been reviewed by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and assessed for gross accuracy and consistency (absence of obvious outliers and other anomalous values).^These data are available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.^The NDP consists of this document and a magnetic tape containing machine-readable files.^This document provides sample listing of the Indian Ocean radiocarbon data as they appear on the magnetic tape, as well as a complete listing of these data in tabular form.^This document also offers retrieval program listings, furnishes information on sampling methods and data selection, defines limitations and restrictions of the data, and provides reprints of pertinent literature.^13 refs., 4 tabs.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5896261", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6e775a16-21d5-45ba-93bc-c2641de6070b", - "label": "IMARES-SUIT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Our research group at Wageningen IMARES investigates the distribution of top predators in the Antarctic seasonal sea ice zone. Our speciality is the Surface and Under Ice Trawl (SUIT) which we use to quantify the distribution of potential prey organisms under the ice.\n\nhttp://pooljaar.nl/poolijs", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6ed3aaf2-e198-408e-8338-c7822d2fc49e", - "label": "IDOE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The term International Decade of Ocean Exploration can be\ninterpreted very broadly.... A broad statement of the basic objectives\nof the Decade was developed as follows: To achieve more comprehensive\nknowledge of ocean characteristics and their changes and more profound\nunderstanding of oceanic processes for the purpose of more effective\nutilization of the ocean and its resources. In An Ocean Quest - The\nInternational Decade of Ocean Exploration (1969) National Academy of\nSciences, Washington DC. p. 2.\n\nFor more information, link to\n\n'http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/history_oe.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6f3ada14-0724-43a2-8702-8165c6f7dfd5", - "label": "GCPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Climate Perspectives System (GCPS) is a joint research\nproject between three laboratories of the National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA). The three laboratories are:\n- The Global Climate Laboratory of the National Climatic Data Center\n(NCDC/GCL) in Asheville, NC\n- The Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC) of the Environmental Research\nLaboratory (ERL) in Boulder, CO\n- The Climate Analysis Center (CAC) in Washington, D.C.\nThe goals of the GCPS are:\n- To study the existence and magnitude of climate changes on a global\nscale.\n- To create high quality global climate reference datasets and to\nprovide access to those datasets to the research community.\n- To create a set of computer tools to aid climate research.\nDatasets that are available for downloading via anonymous FTP or\nMosaic (WWW) are:\n- Global Maximum-Minimum Temperature Dataset\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Monthly Station Temperature\nData\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Monthly Station Temperature\nAnomaly Data\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Monthly Gridded Temperature\nAnomaly Data\n- NOAA Climatological Baseline Dataset - Seasonal Gridded Temperature\nAnomaly Data\nReference:\nCarroll, Thomas J. and C. Bruce Baker. 'The Global Climate\nPerspectives System: An Intelligent Database System for the Analysis\nof Environmental Data', Workshop on Climate Database System, 30 Aug. -\n3 Sept., Hamburg, Germany.\nContacts:\nDanny Brinegar\nNOAA/NCDC\nAsheville, NC 28801\nPhone: 828-271-4711\nEmail: dbrinega@ncdc.noaa.gov\nData Availability:\nThe data from the GCPS project are available via anonymous FTP and from\nthe World Wide Web (WWW) using Mosaic.\nFTP access:\nftp ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov\nlogin: anonymous\npassword: \nWWW access (NOAA/NCDC Home Page):\nURL: 'http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/gcps/gcps.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70ea1650-902a-4022-8103-3c7a1fb3bc44", - "label": "GCIP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale\nInternational Project (GCIP) Integrated Systems Test (GIST) takes\nplace in the Arkansas-Red River basins as a data system test prior to\nthe start of the 5 year GCIP Enhanced Observing Period(1995-2000).\n\nGCIP Contact:\n\nAdrian Ritchie, Rayheon ITSS\nGlobal Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC)\n230 Sparkman Dr\nHuntsville, Alabama 35805\nPhone:(256) 961-7815\nFax:(256) 961-7723\nEmail: adrian.ritchie@msfc.nasa.gov\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov/gcip/sdsmoverview.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "70f5707b-caa0-4767-a065-5f079fc08ab2", - "label": "GAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Changes in the area and volume of the two polar ice sheets in Antarctica (fig. 1) and Greenland are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and could result in sea-level changes that could severely affect the densely populated coastal regions on Earth. Melting of the West Antarctica part of the Antarctic ice sheet alone could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 m. \n\nhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3055/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7143c321-5d29-4659-9c38-12caf4f92a77", - "label": "GRSFE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This set of compact read-only optical disks (CD-ROMs) contains a data\ncollection acquired by ground-based and airborne instruments during\nthe Geologic Remote Sensing Field Experiment (GRSFE). Extensive\ndocumentation is also included. GRSFE took place in July, September,\nand October, 1989, in the southern Mojave Desert, Death Valley, and\nthe Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, Nevada. The purpose of these CD-ROMs\nis to make available in a compact form through the Planetary Data\nSystem (PDS) a collection of relevant data to conduct analyses in\npreparation for the Earth Observing System (EOS), Mars Observer (MO),\nand other missions. The generation of this set of CD-ROMs was\nsponsored by the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, the\nPlanetary Data System (PDS) and the Pilot Land Data System (PLDS).\n\nThis AAREADME.TXT file is one of the two nondirectory files located in\nthe top level directory of each CD-ROM volume in this collection. The\nother file, VOLDESC.SFD, contains an overview of the data sets on\nthese CD-ROMs and is written in a format that is designed for access\nby computers. These two files appear on every volume in the\ncollection. All other files on the CD-ROMs are located in directories\nbelow the top level directory.\n\nOn Volume 1, the directory DOCUMENT contains a text file named\nVOLINFO.TXT that describes the CD-ROM organization, the format and\ncontent of each of the data sets, and background information and\nreferences needed to understand the implementation of GRSFE and the\npreparation of the data sets on the CD-ROMs. It is recommended that\nyou read the VOLINFO.TXT document before using the data files. The\nDOCUMENT directory also includes text files that describe the format\nof some of the data files. These text files are referenced in the\ndetached labels that accompany the data files. The directory INDEX,\nalso on Volume 1, contains a number of index files. These files are\ntables in text form that have descriptive information about some of\nthe data sets on this CD-ROM. While the indexes can be visually\nscanned, they have been designed so that they can also be loaded into\nmost database systems for fast and efficient searching.\n\nSeparate directories exist for each instrument that acquired data for\nGRSFE. Each of these directories contains data set files and\nassociated detached labels. Some instrument directories are further\nsubdivided to manage a large number of files or to logically group a\ncollection of files. The ground-based data sets, documentation, index\ntables and software are all located on Volume 1, and the airborne data\nsets are spread over Volumes 1 through 9. The VOLINFO.TXT document\nmentioned above contains a list of files and directories on each\nvolume.\n\nOn Volume 2, the SAMPLER directory contains a set of image files and\nassociated detached labels that illustrate the utility of comparison\nof data from multiple sensors over the same sites. The images are sub-\nscenes taken from AIRSAR, ASAS and TIMS images that appear elsewhere\nin this CD-ROM collection. They are calibrated and registered to the\nAVIRIS scene AVRLV02A.IMG, in the AVIRIS directory on the same volume.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "715b3ba7-61be-4298-b1b9-13b4c3f0d960", - "label": "IBSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IBSS (Infrared Background Signature Survey)\n\n Launch: April 28,1991\n Landed: May 6, 1991\n\n Dedicated Department of Defense mission. Unclassified payload\n included Air Force Program-675 (AFP-675); Infrared Background\n Signature Survey (IBSS) with Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV),\n Chemical Release Observation (CRO) and Shuttle Pallet\n Satellite-II (SPAS-II) experiments; and Space Test Payload-1\n (STP-1). Classified payload consisted of Multi-Purpose Release\n Canister (MPEC). Also on board was Radiation Monitoring\n Equipment III (RME III) and Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of\n Defense Systems-1A (CLOUDS-1).\n\n The Infrared Background Signature Survey (IBSS) Program was a\n Department of Defense (DoD) Ballistic Missile Defense Organization\n (BMDO) project flown on the Space Shuttle STS-39 mission in 1991.\n IBSS instruments included the IR Sensor, the Arizona\n Imager/Spectrograph (AIS), and two Low Light Light Level TV (LLLTV)\n cameras which were mounted on the improved Shuttle Pallet Satellite\n (SPAS II). Data was taken with SPAS II in a free-flying deployed mode,\n while attached to the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) and inside the\n Shuttle bay. The IR sensor was composed of two sensors, a radiometer\n and a spectrometer. The AIS istrument was composed of nine grating\n spectrographs and twelve optical imagers. The LLLTV instrument\n consisted of two cameras operating in the visible region of the\n spectrum.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-39.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "725095b6-0184-47f0-9470-78631d9fda29", - "label": "ISAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ISAC\nProject URL: http://www.iasc.se/isac.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=48\n\nThe changes to climate and environment in the Arctic are more rapid and profound than in most other regions on the Earth. These changes already have large impacts on the ecosystem and on the societies of those that live in the Arctic. Many of the changes appear on a pan-Arctic scale and are interrelated with the effects of human response to changes in the living conditions. This complex system of changes is poorly understood and to be able to properly respond and to develop sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies, there is an urgent need to develop a deeper knowledge of the causes to these changes and the feedbacks in the entire system.\n\nISAC is a long-term, multidisciplinary program developed to study the effects of environmental changes on the circumpolar Arctic system and connections to the global system. ISAC includes the physical and chemical, biological and ecological as well socio-economic and cultural systems and concerns both effects due to the enhanced greenhouse warming and other anthropogenic activities, and the effects of the natural variability affecting the Arctic. ISAC will take a system approach to facilitate expansion and deepening of our knowledge of the arctic system and to document changes in the Arctic with respect to spatial and temporal patterns. ISAC will engage in observational, synthesis and modelling activities in response to societal and scientific needs and will provide the necessary scientific background for future impacts assessments.\n\nISAC is based on a science overview document and is developed by the International Science Committee (IASC) and the Arctic Ocean Science Board (AOSB). ISAC is governed by a Science Steering Group (SSG) and is advised by the ISAC Council. The ISAC International Secretariat is co-located with the IASC Secretariat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "744fd1cb-506d-4b83-a480-da69720928eb", - "label": "GNDT-SN1", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Design and development of a seismic monitoring and alarm underwater network in areas highly exposed to seismic risk - Development of a first node in Eastern Sicily (SN-1)\n\nhttp://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/projects/national/10/GNDT-SN1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "75a35f6c-cbf4-4bb3-980e-66b0ad359c1f", - "label": "GIANT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The SCAR GIANT programme is reponsible to establish and maintain a high precision geodetic infrastructure for Antarctica. It operates a range of geodesy projects. Details on these can be found in the current GIANT work programme.\n\nThere has been considerable international cooperation in Antarctic Geodesy since SCAR was formed in 1958. The Geodetic Infrastructure for Antarctica (GIANT) program was identified in the SCAR 1992 meeting and has evolved as the coordinating program for all SCAR Antarctic geodesy.\n\nAntarctica is important in the context of global geodesy. In the past global models have heavily relied on observations from Northern Hemisphere sites and the results do not always fit in the Southern Hemisphere or represent the best global picture. Antarctic space geodetic observatories have provided data to rectify this imbalance.\n\nWith advent of man made satellites Geodesy has advanced significantly linking isolated geodetic networks and monitoring tectonic motion. A number of permanent GPS receivers have been installed in Antarctica and data is increasingly being retrieved by satellite transmission from these sites.\n\nThis fiducial network of GPS points, augmented by VLBI and other techniques, forms the basis for an integrated geodetic infrastructure as the basis for all scientific spatial data. Data from these sites in Antarctica are of ongoing importance to global geodesy, especially in the determinations of precise orbits and the integration of different observational techniques. These sites provide a stable platform for combining summer epoch campaigns, densifying the ITRF network across Antarctica.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.antsdi.scar.org/standardsspecifications/refsystemandprojections/refsystem/giant", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "763d7d18-450d-459f-bfc9-2b791e35c678", - "label": "GCPEx", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GPM Cold-season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx) field campaign occurred in Ontario, Canada during the winter season (Jan 15- Feb 26) of 2011-2012. GCPEx addressed shortcomings in GPM snowfall retrieval algorithm by collecting microphysical properties, associated remote sensing observations, and coordinated model simulations of precipitating snow. The overarching goal of GCPEx was to characterize the ability of multi-frequency active and passive microwave sensors to detect and estimate falling snow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "769e3f71-cc5d-46a2-b2d0-8d0a72e4d357", - "label": "IHY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IHY\nProject URL: http://ihy2007.org/\n\nA broadening of the concept 'geophysical,' extending the connections from the Earth to the Sun & interplanetary space. On the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, the 2007 IHY activities will build on the success of IGY 1957 by continuing its legacy of system-wide studies of the extended heliophysical domain.\n\nThe IHY has three primary objectives:\n \n* Advancing our Understanding of the Fundamental Heliophysical Processes that Govern the Sun, Earth and Heliosphere;\n \n* Continuing the tradition of international research and advancing the legacy on the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year;\n \n* Demonstrating the Beauty, Relevance and Significance of Space and Earth Science to the World.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76aa24f4-5db8-4bda-aaea-9287c81d2577", - "label": "GIOVANNI-3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization and Analysis Infrastructure (Giovanni) is the underlying infrastructure for a growing family of Web interfaces that allows users to analyze gridded data interactively online without having to download any data. Through Giovanni, users are invited to discover and explore our data using sophisticated analyses and ... visualizations.\n\nIn the future, there will be more instances of Giovanni available and we encourage your feedback! Features of Giovanni\n\nCurrent features of Giovanni include:\n\n-Access to data from multiple remote sites as well as local sites.\n-Server-side temporal and spatial subsetting.\n-Server-side processing.\n-Support for multiple data formats including Hierarchical Data Format (HDF),\nHDF-EOS, network Common Data Form (netCDF), GRIdded Binary (GRIB), and binary.\n-Support for multiple plot types including area, time, Hovmoller, and image\nanimation.\n-Support for outputting data in ASCII format in multiple resolutions.\n-Parameter intercomparisons\n-Easily configurable to support customized portals for measurements-based\nprojects or disciplines.\n\nGiovanni supports many plot types as well as ASCII output of results.\n\nGoals of Giovanni\n\nThe principal design goal for Giovanni was to provide a quick and simple interactive means for science data users to study various phenomena by trying various combinations of parameters measured by different instruments, arrive at a conclusion, and then generate graphs suitable for a publication. Alternatively, Giovanni would provide a means to ask relevant what-if questions and get back answers that would stimulate further investigations. This would all be done without having to download and preprocess large amounts of data. A secondary design goal was for Giovanni to be easily configurable, extensible, and portable. The GES DISC currently runs Giovanni on Linux, SGI, and Sun platforms.\n\nAnother goal of Giovanni was to off-load as much as possible the data processing workload onto the machines hosting the data and to reduce data transfers to a minimum. Given the enormous amount of HDF data at the GES DISC Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), it was a requirement that Giovanni support HDF, HDF-EOS, as well as binary. \n\nSummary provided by http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/techlab/giovanni/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "781b41ef-7ebe-44a9-875f-835bc57da720", - "label": "GTN-P", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) was initiated by the\nInternational Permafrost Association (IPA)\n('http://www.geodata.soton.ac.uk/ipa/') to organize and manage a global\nnetwork of permafrost observatories for detecting, monitoring, and\npredicting climate change. The network, authorized under the Global\nClimate Observing System (GCOS)\n('http://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html') and its associated\norganizations, consists of two observational components: the active layer\n(the surface layer that freezes and thaws annually) and the thermal state\nof the underlying permafrost.\n\nFor more information, see: 'http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/gtnp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "78b50771-c12d-465c-992a-90557078ff52", - "label": "IPY-DIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPY DIS\nProject URL: http://nsidc.org/ipydis/status.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=49\n\nThe WDC for Glaciology, Boulder and the Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) in collaboration with many others propose to host the IPY DIS described in the IPY Framework Document. The DIS will work closely with the Data Policy and Management Sub-Committee (Data Committee) and other data management bodies and observing networks to develop the IPY data and information policy and strategy. The DIS will then be the primary implementer of that strategy and policy recognizing that the strategy will need to evolve with the science needs and developments of IPY.\n\nAlthough much will depend on the strategy that is developed, we envision the DIS as an overall data management consultant and coordinator and a central data portal for an internationally distributed data management system. The DIS will continue to establish close partnerships with data centers and organizations around the world to build on existing systems. We will also work with each specific IPY cluster to ensure appropriate centralized data description and distributed archiving. Regional or discipline-specific affinity centers coordinated by the DIS will facilitate appropriate data description and archive. For example the Frozen Ground Data Center at the WDC, Boulder is working closely with the permafrost cluster, while the proposed Arctic Peoples Observations Center (EoI 358) could coordinate community-based monitoring data. Other potential affinity centers based on our current partners could include Russian data, Chinese data, data for education and outreach, remote sensing data, geospatial data infrastructures (regional and global), paleoenvironmental data, marine biological data, bibliographic data, and others (a detailed spreadsheet is available on request). Many of these affinity centers will likely create their own means of access to the data. It is unrealistic for a central DIS to be the single or even primary means of access, but we would like to establish a means to automatically share metadata across the system through a common (perhaps XML-based) framework\n\nSpecific activities of the DIS could include:\n-Collection (automated, where possible) of catalog metadata for all IPY projects and provision of Web-based portals to all IPY data archived around the world.\n-Examination and implementation of data discovery tools and data presentation schemes such as an interoperable web-based map server to enhance data access through a Web portal (could include a locator map for all IPY projects). \n-Identification of existing tools to facilitate data management, and build on those to meet the needs of the IPY community. For example, the Global Change Master Directory's (GCMD) metadata authoring tool, docBuilder, could be customized.\n-Serving as a focal point for cross-disciplinary data integration, especially across the natural and social sciences.\n-Creation of appropriate management tools for non-numerical data such as interview transcripts, photographs, and videotapes.\n-Collaboration with eGY to make data management best practices and principles available to researchers and agencies, via Web pages, workshops, and other channels.\n-Acting as a clearinghouse and facilitator for data management and integration issues that need research, discussion, and resolution.\n-Working with eGY to increase awareness of the value of data management for both numerical and non-numerical data.\n-Responsive service to the IPY research community regarding data management\n\nThe DIS will take advantage of existing data management infrastructures, organizations, and technologies such as National and World Data Centers, the Joint Committee for Antarctic Data Management (JCADM), the GCMD, virtual observatories, and the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. This distributed system will allow for appropriate management of the various types of data including social science and physical science data, and analog collections. The distributed nature of the system will also encourage development of new and experimental data access methods, including data mining technology and innovative data presentation methods that facilitate data integration. \n\nIt is essential, however, to ensure ready and equitable access to and effective long-term preservation of the data. The DIS will assist distributed archives in adhering to sound data management principles and best practices as defined by the Data Committee, eGY, CODATA, WCRP CliC, JCADM, our partners, and other entities. We will ensure that these principles build upon existing international standards such the Open Archival Information System Reference Model and the ISO19115 metadata standard. The DIS will take advantage of emerging shared resources in the geosciences community, such as the effort to develop an international geophysical sample number (IGSN). In addition, the DIS could assist data providers in addressing human subjects protections and confidentiality issues for social science data and for other types of geo-referenced data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "792b1300-b29a-4209-8fda-c84d34815575", - "label": "IAOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: iAOOS\nProject URL: http://www.iaoos.no/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=14\n\nThe polar regions sensitivity to climate change makes them an ideal early warning system. But an early warning system can only function if scientists can continually monitor the world's oceans and develop better models. A Global Climate Observing System was set up by the United Nations in 1992, but major gaps exist at high latitudes because the harsh environmental conditions make gathering this data very difficult. iAOOS - a project involving a dozen countries, including the UK, USA, Russia and China - will help plug this gap by setting up a long-term ocean monitoring system in the Arctic. This kind of project is impossible without huge international cooperation and is an example of the vitally-important global science that IPY is producing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b3c86a9-772e-4304-83d8-81ca5f7e63d4", - "label": "GOMMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Maine Monitoring Programs project was initiated in 2003 by the Gulf\nOf Maine Council on the Marine Environment (GOMC,\n'http://www.gulfofmaine.org/') in response to a significant interest and\nincrease in Gulf of Maine data and information. The Environmental Monitoring\nProgram Locator ('http://gomc.sr.unh.edu/index.jsp'), a database of monitoring\nprograms in the Gulf of Maine region, allows users to identify metadata, data,\nand related information for both the larger, publicly funded programs and the\nsmaller, local monitoring efforts that can add significant information about a\nspecific location and resource. This program cuts across all geo-political\nboundaries so that information about the entire system can be discovered and\nutilized. \n\nIt is the purpose of this program to provide easy access to data and\ninformation that can be used for local and regional ecosystem analysis, global\nchange analysis and Indicator Species analysis within the Gulf of Maine system.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7b7149b9-f5f9-4dfa-8c63-7c4944b16be1", - "label": "IHP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "IHP is UNESCO's international scientific cooperative programme in water research, water resources management, education and capacity-building, and the only broadly-based science programme of the UN system in this area.\n\n\nIHP’s primary objectives are:\nto act as a vehicle through which Member States, cooperating professional and scientific organizations and individual experts can upgrade their knowledge of the water cycle, thereby increasing their capacity to better manage and develop their water resources \n\nto develop techniques, methodologies and approaches to better define hydrological phenomena \n\nto improve water management, locally and globally \n\nto act as a catalyst to stimulate cooperation and dialogue in water science and management \n\nto assess the sustainable development of vulnerable water resources \n\nto serve as a platform for increasing awareness of global water issues.\n\nInformation provided by http://typo38.unesco.org/index.php?id=240", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7baa56b9-69a2-48c9-abe0-0b6a65b16344", - "label": "IAA ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This multidisciplinary project was carried out through an agreement\nbetween the Argentine Antarctica Institute (IAA) and the National\nUniversity of Mar del Plata, Argentina.\n\nDuring the summer Antarctic Campaigns of 1997-1998 (CAV 97/98) and\n1999-2000 (CAV 99/00) personnel from the Centro de Geologia de Costas\nand the National University of Mar del Plata participated in the\nresearch. Personnel from the Servicio de Hidrografia Naval, Argentina\nwith Dr. Michael Drabble as Project Chief participated in the project\nduring the summer Anatarctica Campaign of 1998-1999 (CAV 98/99).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bb4c1ab-c1a5-4d09-922a-a0f9141d3bf3", - "label": "GPM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Text Source: NASA Science Missions Directorate Homepage, http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/gpm/ ] \n \nGPM Constellation is a joint mission with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and other international partners. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it will initiate the measurement of global precipitation, a key climate factor. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete sampling of the Earth's precipitation. GPM Constellation is envisioned to consist of a core spacecraft to measure precipitation structure and to provide a calibration standard for the constellation spacecraft, an international constellation of NASA and contributed spacecraft to provide frequent precipitation measurements on a global basis, calibration/validation sites distributed globally with a broad array of precipitation-measuring instrumentation, and a global precipitation data system to produce and distribute global rain maps and climate research products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7bd3f4c4-17e7-43a1-bd64-fb0371f741ba", - "label": "IHDP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental\nChange (IHDP) was originally launched in 1990 by ISSC as the Human\nDimensions Programme (HDP). The restructured IHDP is a full partner\nwith the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the World\nClimate Research Programme (WCRP) and DIVERSITAS. These GEC programmes\nfocus on climatic, biogeochemical, socio-economic and biodiversity\nprocesses related to global environmental change. In February 1996,\nICSU joined ISSC as co-sponsor of the IHDP.\nIHDP is an international, interdisciplinary, non-governmental social\nscience programme dedicated to pro-moting and co-ordinating research\naimed at describing, analysing and understanding the human dimensions\nof global environmental change. In order to accomplish its goals,\nIHDP:\n- links researchers, policy-makers and stakeholders,\n- promotes synergies among national and regional research committees and\n programmes\n- identifies new research priorities, provides a focus and new\n frameworks for interdisciplinary research, and\n- facilitates the dissemination of research results.\nThis strategy is based on a bottom-up approach which builds upon\nexisting researchers and research results around the world. Particular\nemphasis is placed on expanding and strengthening the network of\nnational human dimensions committees and programmes and on enhancing\nthe IHDP's capacity to support them.\nFor more information on the IDHP, see:\n'http://ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de:80/IHDP/'\nFor more information on the IGBP, see:\n'http://www.igbp.kva.se/'\nContact:\nOffice of the IHDP\nWalter-Flex-Strasse 3\n53113 Bonn\nGermany\nPhone: +49-228-739050\nFax: +49-228-739054\nEmail: ihdp@uni-bonn.de\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7c043737-8ee2-4109-98a6-ede57211437a", - "label": "GOMC/ESIP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Ecosystem Indicator Partnership (ESIP) is a committee of the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment. ESIP is developing indicators for the Gulf of Maine and integrating regional data for a new Web-based reporting system for marine ecosystem monitoring. Activities of ESIP initially center on convening regional practitioners in six indicator areas: coastal development, contaminants and pathogens, eutrophication, aquatic habitat, fisheries and aquaculture, and climate change.\n\nDecision-makers in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy region will possess the necessary information to preserve ecological integrity and to sustain economically and socially healthy human communities. Regional ecosystem indicators, developed in a manner that is guided by science and supported by routine monitoring, demonstrate patterns of change in the ecosystem. By presenting and interpreting these indicators in biennial state of the environment reports, information will be communicated in a manner that decision-makers at all societal levels can use to shape their priorities and guide their choices. The gulf-wide insights provided through indicators and state of the environment reports will integrate across multiple jurisdictional boundaries that exist within the Gulf ecosystem and will complement other information used by decision-makers. By creating links among science, management, ecosystem, and community goals at both regional and local levels, this information will help decision-makers understand the larger implications of their choices.\n\nFor more information, see http://www.gulfofmaine.org/esip/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7ca49d12-a345-477f-83ca-225f09141d07", - "label": "GRENE-ARCTIC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GREen Network of Excellence - Arctic Climate Change Research Project (GRENE-Arctic) is funded for 5 years starting in FY2011 and jointly managed by the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) and JAMSTEC. Four strategic research targets are set: ① Understanding the mechanism of warming amplification in the Arctic, ② Understanding the Arctic system for global climate and future change, ③Evaluation of the impacts of Arctic change on weather and climate in Japan, marine ecosystems and fisheries, and ④Projection of sea ice distribution and Arctic sea routes. Now over 300 scientists from 35 organizations are participating in the Project, tackling all aspects of the Arctic climate system; the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, land and ecosystems from a multi-disciplinary approach.\n The Project also fosters close collaboration between model and observational studies. Their results complement to each other. Model results help to interpret observations while observations are used to constrain models and validate model outputs. Data archiving efforts in the Project further enhance this close relationship between model and observational studies. Last but not least, the Project seeks and promotes international collaboration with other institutes in various nations, which is essential for Arctic research, while the Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR) is founded to bolster Arctic research activities within Japan.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7cf887d3-acf7-4e51-b65b-782f694cb634", - "label": "GED", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ecosystems Database (GED) project began in 1990 as an\nInteragency project between the National Geophysical Data Center\n(NGDC) of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection\nAgency's (EPA) Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis,\nOregon (ERL-C). The primary objective of the project was to\nproduce a spatially integrated database (including observational\ntime sequences and model simulation outputs) with high quality\nmetadata for characterization and modeling support within the US\nGlobal Change Research Program (USGCRP). Datasets were selected\nfor publication to meet research priorities established by the\nEPA/ERL-C and to expand the use of datasets of potential value\nto the modeling and applied research community.\n\nProject Goals:\n\n1. Prepare and document important global change research\ndatasets for intercomparison, verification, further research,\nand applied use related to global climate change and landscape\necology.\n\n2. Integrate and publish these datasets to improve their\ntransfer between disciplines and to the broadest possible user\nbase.\n\n3. Collaborate in developing useful ecosystem indices and\nmeeting data integration requirements of specific user groups\n\nDatasets:\n\nAll datasets are provided in integrated Geographic Information\nSystem (GIS) form. In cases where NGDC has authority for\ndistribution of the original dataset, the complete source\nversion is provided on the data product in the form it was\ncontributed. This project thus meets two product requirements:\nIt provides an integrated version of commonly used global and\nregional research datasets related to landscape ecological\ncharacterization and modeling for a variety of uses in various\ndisciplines; and it distributes original versions of such\ndatasets contributed to NGDC for public distribution.\n\nGED Datasets are defined by authorship, however they are grouped\nby database according to their geographic compatibility. Each\ndatabase is defined by geographic coverage, reference system,\nand projection. Resolution will vary between global, regional,\nand local databases, but may also vary within a database. Link\nto these datasets at\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/eco/cdroms/gedii_a/html/database.htm#top'\n\nFor additional information, link to\n'http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/eco/cdroms/gedii_a/go.htm'\n\n[Summary provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e697331-97c1-42ea-a231-2dda917795fa", - "label": "GOMODP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "PURPOSE\n \n The purpose of the Gulf of Maine Ocean Data Partnership\n ( http://www.gomodp.org/ ) is to promote and coordinate the\n sharing, linking, electronic dissemination, and use of data on the Gulf of\n Maine region. The participants have decided that a coordinated effort is needed\n to enable users throughout the Gulf of Maine region and beyond to discover and\n put to use the vast and growing quantities of data in their respective\n databases. Through the coordinated access to the respective databases, the\n participants wish to advance a truly integrated ocean observing system in the\n Gulf of Maine, promote an understanding of the diversity and distribution of\n life in the Gulf of Maine, and contribute to integrated oceans management.\n \n The founding members of the Partnership include governmental agencies,\n intergovernmental organizations, and nongovernmental organizations, including\n academic, research, and other nonprofit entities. Each of the participant is\n engaged in the collection of physical, biological, chemical, or geologic data\n on the Gulf of Maine.\n \n GOALS\n \n The goal of this Partnership is to implement an information system that:\n 1. is technically and institutionally capable of linking databases that are\n created and individually maintained by Participants and, where necessary and\n appropriate, to archive data sets;\n 2. is region-wide in scale;\n 3. is compatible with other regional, national, and international information\n systems;\n 4. is accessible by individuals throughout the Gulf of Maine region and beyond;\n 5. develops the web-based, visualization, and other information technologies\n needed for the seamless exchange and facile use of distributed and aggregated\n data; and\n 6. acknowledges and maintains the integrity of all data sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e9895b9-496e-4e49-8f46-383a9a34e82e", - "label": "GEOSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is envisioned as a large\nnational and international cooperative effort to bring together existing and\nnew hardware and software, making it all compatible in order to supply data and\ninformation at no cost. The U.S. and developed nations have a unique role in\ndeveloping and maintaining the system, collecting data, enhancing data\ndistribution, and providing models to help all of the world's nations.\n\nOutcomes and benefits of a global informational system include:\n\n-disaster reduction\n-integrated water resource management\n-ocean and marine resource monitoring and management\n-weather and air quality monitoring, forecasting and advisories\n-biodiversity conservation\n-sustainable land use and management\n-public understanding of environmental factors affecting human health and well\nbeing\n-better development of energy resources\n-adaptation to climate variability and change\n\nWebsite: 'http://www.epa.gov/geoss/'\n\n[Summary provided by the EPA.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "811345d6-480f-4f9f-a57a-d21628198e42", - "label": "HS3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Close to 100 million Americans now live within 50 miles of a coastline, thus exposing them to the potential destruction caused by a landfalling hurricane. While hurricane track prediction has improved in recent decades, improvements in hurricane intensity prediction have lagged, primarily as a result of a poor understanding of the processes involved in storm intensity change. The Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) is a five-year mission targeted to enhance our understanding of the processes that underlie hurricane intensity change in the Atlantic Ocean basin. HS3 will determine the extent to which either the environment or processes internal to the storm are key to intensity change. \n\nSummary provided by http://science.nasa.gov/missions/hs3/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "81988da2-c392-498c-bac2-68e6b531c0ab", - "label": "GloSSAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8289e024-54f7-4c63-a8ca-e7b1aef80be2", - "label": "ISTP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/\n\nThe primary science objectives of the ISTP Science Initiative are as follows: Determining structure and dynamics in the solar interior and their role in driving solar activity. \n \nIdentifying processes responsible for heating the solar corona and its acceleration outward as the solar wind. Determining the flow of mass, momentum and energy through geospace. Gaining a better understanding of the turbulent plasma phenomena that mediate the flow of energy through geospace. Implementing a systematic approach to the development of the first global solar-terrestrial model, which will lead to a better understanding of the chain of cause-effect relationships that begins with solar activity and ends with the deposition of energy in the upper atmosphere. \n \nThe ISTP Science Initiative uses simultaneous and closely coordinated measurements from GEOTAIL, WIND, POLAR, SOHO and Cluster. These measurements of the key regions of geospace will be supplemented by data from Equatorial missions and ground-based investigations. The Equatorial missions include: the Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Spacecraft ( GOES) Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL) spacecraft from the Department of Energy (DOE). The ground-based investigations include: \n \n SUPER-DARN - Dual Auroral Radar Network \n CANOPUS - Canadian Auroral Network for the Origin of Plasmas in Earth's Neighborhood Program Unified Study \n SESAME - Satellite Experiments Simultaneous with Antarctic Measurements \n Sondrestromfjord Incoherent Scatter Radar \n \n Information provided by http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/misc/istp_project.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8314e555-e31c-41e2-b378-245c75f2a4cd", - "label": "GOMPOP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Background\n\n The northeastern Gulf of Mexico has been the focus of only a few\n oceanographic and/or meteorological studies. A survey (1982) by\n an Environmental Studies Program (ESP) contractor found but a\n few oceanographic datasets. Most of the available hydrographic\n data are from the 1970's Mississippi-Alabama-Florida\n surveys. Available current data are from the\n Mississippi/Alabama Marine Ecosystem Study (MMS Contract\n 14-35-0001-30346), some Navy sponsored moorings near Pensacola,\n Chevron's moorings in the Destin Dome Area, a United States\n Geological Survey mooring south of Mobile, and several United\n States Army Corps of Engineers moorings on the inner\n shelf. Even though remote sensing data are probably the most\n recent information in this area, the synoptic collection of\n these images and their comparison with the data from other\n studies of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Physical\n Oceanography Program is essential to the understanding of the\n areal extent and timing of events such as intru! sions,\n shelf/deep water exchanges, and river influence. Physical\n oceanography information in the northeastern Gulf is sufficient\n to make first order estimates of oil spill trajectories, but\n not enough to calculate the errors associated with these\n estimates.\n\n Objectives\n\n1. The objectives of this study are to assess the utility of merging\n remote sensing and field data to: assess the utility data\n products for examining regional circulation patterns in the\n northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM);\n\n2. Assess variability of dispersal patterns and sea surface\n temperature (SST) in the NEGOM;\n\n3. Study the correlation between sea level changes and surface\n altimetry, atmospheric forcing, SST, and buoy tracks; and\n integrate these results with ongoing MMS sponsored studies in\n the NEGOM.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.mms.gov/eppd/sciences/esp/profiles/gm/GM-96-02C.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "83a8e71b-4911-4685-ab9b-1d72595d1c3b", - "label": "GALE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Science Objectives:\n -Describing the airflow, mass and the moisture fields in East Coast\n winter storms with special emphasis on mesoscale and air-sea interaction\n processes contributing to cyclogenesis.\n -Understanding the physical mechanisms controlling the formation and\n rapid development of East Coast storms.\n -Developing and testing numerical models for the prediction of East Coast\n storms.\nProject Description:\n The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) was an extensive study\nof the atmospheric processes involved in the development of winter storms\non the East Coast of the United States. GALE was originally initiated in\nSeptember 1982 by a group of university scientists representing Drexel\nUniversity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, North Carolina State\nUniversity, State University of New York and the University of Washington.\nThis project was mainly supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF),\nOffice of Naval Research (ONR), National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA) and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other\ncontributors included the Army Research Office and the Corps of Engineers, Air\nForce Office of Scientific Research, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and\nthe Department of Energy (DOE). Local support was supplied by the\nRaleigh-Durham Airport Authority and Army Reserve National Guard and by the\nNorth Carolina State University Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric\nSciences. The field phase of GALE was conducted from 15 January through 15\nMarch 1986. The GALE Operations Center was located at Raleigh-Durham Airport\nwith the main observing network deployed throughout Virginia, the Carolinas,\nGeorgia and the Atlantic coastal waters. The GALE project office is located at\nthe National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado. The\nexperiment was designed to focus on three areas: the Inner, Regional and Outer\nGALE areas. The Inner GALE area, 500 km wide, was centered on the coast and\nextended 1000km from Virginia to Georgia. It examined for convection, boundary\nlayer fluxes and micro-physical processes. The Regional GALE area, which was\n1000km wide from the Appalachian Ridge to 500km offshore and stretched 1500km\nfrom Florida to New Jersey, was studied for cyclogenesis and frontogenesis. The\nOuter GALE area extended from the Great Plains to east of the Regional area and\nfrom New England to the Gulf of Mexico, with synoptic features of cyclones and\njet stream circulations being the main points of interest.\nData Sources:\n The GALE observing region covered the eastern half of the United\nStates in order to incorporate continental and marine effects. Data was\ncollected west of the Appalachians in order to evaluate the orographic\neffect on modifying large-scale systems or establishing mesoscale systems.\nData was also collected near the coast and offshore where cyclogenesis\noccurs; consequently this was the main area of interest. Rawinsonde\nobservations were supplied by the National Weather Service (NWS) and NCAR\nalong with dropwindsondes from NOAA measuring standard meteorological\nparameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction).\nMeteorological satellites GOES-6, NOAA-9, NOAA-6, DMSP F-6, DMSP F-7\nand NIMBUS-7 were available to provide radiance measurements. Surface\nobservations were taken from a special GALE ground-station network (PAM,\nPortable Automated Mesonet), NOAA buoys and platforms, micro-met towers,\nmilitary stations, lightning detectors, current meters and tide gauges to\nmeasure standard parameters along with rainfall, sea surface temperature (SST)\nand sea-level height. Two research vessels, the Cape Hatteras and the\nEndeavor, patrolled the waters off the North and South Carolina coasts\nrespectively, collecting surface and atmospheric sounding data as well as SST\nand sub-surface data. NOAA, NASA and NCAR aircraft gathered measurements of\nair motion, cloud physics, air chemistry and thermodynamics in the boundary\nlayer. The NWS provided a standard radar network while NASA, NOAA, NCAR, MIT\nand the University of Washington supplied a doppler-radar network to measure\nair motions and distribution of precipitation.\nData Products:\n Drexel University is the central archive and distribution center for\nGALE data. The GALE Data Center (GDC) is funded by the National Science\nFoundation and the Office of Naval Research.\n 1. AIRCRAFT: NCAR (turbulence, flight level, cloud physics), NOAA (flight\n level, doppler radar reflectivity, cloud physics, dropwindsonde,\n turbulence), University of Washington (flight level), NASA (microwave\n moisture sounding, lidar), MIT (flight level) and AIR FORCE (flight\n level) data are available in digitized form. Microfilm of NCAR\n parameter plots and video recordings of aircraft missions as well as\n hardcopy logs of all aircraft missions are also available.\n 2. SOUNDING: Master sounding file containing 10mb interval data is\n available in digitized form. Other products include the Regional\n Analysis Forecast System (RAFS) (initalized and forecast model fields,\n soundings, observed/model difference soundings and statistics),\n National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Upper Air Products (NWS, SRRS\n soundings), NCAR CLASS soundings, Special Rawinsonde Data (Navy\n and Canadian soundings), dropwindsonde and minisonde data are also\n in digitized form. Skew-T diagrams for selected soundings,\n constant pressure charts and RAFS difference file tables are available\n on hardcopy.\n 3. RADAR: NCAR CP-3 and CP-4, MIT WR-73, NASA SPANDAR and University\n of Washington TPQ-11 Doppler data as well as NWS data is available\n in digitized format. NWS and NMC radar charts on microfilm, along\n with color slides of NWS radar images and a hardcopy of the NWS\n radar summary are also available.\n 4. SATELLITE: GOES-6 (VAS imagery, soundings, SST), NOAA-9 (TOVS and AVHRR\n imagery, soundings and NMC SST), NOAA-6 (TOVS imagery), DMSP F-6,\n F-7 (imagery and soundings) and NIMBUS-7 (TOMS) data are available\n in digitized form. GOES-6 images are are also available on videotape\n and hardcopy, along with SST Analyses, TOMS Data Atlas and NOAA\n Polar Orbiter Data User Guide.\n 5. BOUNDARY LAYER: NWS, NCDC and PAM surface observation network, NWS\n precipitation network, military observations, snowfall observations,\n TVA wind energy, met-tower, lightning network and surface marine,\n ship and buoy data are available in digitized form. NMC surface\n analyses are on microfilm while ship, PAM, NWS snowfall and surface\n marine data are on hardcopy.\n 6. OCEANGRAPHIC: Hydrographic data from R/V Endeavor and Cape Hatteras,\n current temperature/pressure mooring data, bathythermograph and\n coastal tide gauge data are available in digitized form. The CORE\n preliminary data report is available on hardcopy.\n *** The GALE Compact Disc containing Aircraft, Sounding, Satellite and\n Surface data is available from the University of Washington. Access\n software is also available for IBM PC computers and the DEC Microvax II.\n For more information, contact:\n Cliff Mass\n University of Washigton\n Atmospheric Sciences Dept. AK-40\n Seattle, WA 98195\n Project Archive Contact:\n Edward Hartnett\n GALE Data Center\n Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science\n Drexel University\n Philadelphia, PA 19104\n 215-895-2786\n OMNET > GALE.DAT\n Project Director Contact:\n Dr. Richard Dirks\n GALE Project Office\n National Center for Atmospheric Research\n PO Box 3000\n Boulder, CO 80307-3000\n 303-497-8841\nReferences:\n Dirks, R.A. J.P. Kuettner, and J.A. Moore, 1988: Genesis of Atlantic Lows\nExperiment(GALE): An Overview. Bulletin of the American Meteorological\nSociety, 69, 148-160.\n Hartnett, Ed, 1988: GALE Data Users Guide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8409655c-1bc7-41a7-8de5-6ec8552ef7d3", - "label": "IMDPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "INSAT 3D Meteorological Data Processing System (IMDPS) has been set up at National Satellite Meteorological Centre (NSMC), IMD, New Delhi to receive and process the satellite data on a real time basis. The system is capable to process and generate images and products on 24X7 basis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "84150714-292c-48cc-b457-97fd573e1e36", - "label": "GOPOLAR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Go Polar! Exploring and Connecting the Poles\nProject URL: http://schc.sc.edu/gopolar/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=96\n\nInformal learning environments of children's museums are fertile frontiers for communicating the excitement and significance of Polar scientific research to the public in both non-polar and traditional polar nations. Children's museums are also effective venues to enhance public understanding of the global dimensions of the issues facing the Polar Regions in the coming decades. By forming an international Go Polar! network of children's museums in non-polar nations (in Amsterdam, Osaka, Mexico City, Tel Aviv, Vienna, Melbourne, Caracas, Lisbon), as well as in traditional polar nations of Canada (Calgary and Toronto) and the United States (Indianapolis and San Francisco), we propose to deliver a multi-dimensional informal science education program about the Arctic and Antarctic to children under the age of 12 (and the adults who care for them). \n\nOur specific proposal, as part of the broad IPY outreach effort, is to: \n\n1) Adapt already existing Go Polar! Festival programming for use in museums of the Go Polar! network, complete with turnkey materials, including our patented Polar Puzzle, a unique floor interactive, educational displays and activities including specially developed teaching guides with sample scripts in the language appropriate to the particular museum; \n\n2) Adapt already existing Go Polar! Arctic Discovery Boxes for use in museums of the Go Polar! network, complete with turnkey materials, displays and including specially developed teaching guides with sample scripts in the appropriate languages; and \n\n3) Conduct training programs for teachers and museum staffs in the Go Polar! network in order that the Go Polar! informal science educational materials and programming can be used effectively during IPY and for years to come. \n\nThe existing Go Polar! informal science educational materials and programming are made possible through a University-Museum partnership funded by the US National Science Foundation in 2003 to develop Go Polar! Cool Science in the Arctic (ESI-0336928). This unique partnership between the EdVenture Children Museum, the largest children's museum in the southeastern US, and the University of South Carolina, the State's largest research university, involved active Arctic researchers, university undergraduate students, the EdVenture museum staff, family education specialists, and educational psychologists to disseminate on-going NSF funded research on the Arctic hydrologic cycle (ODP-0229737). \n\nThe Go Polar program provided opportunities for South Carolina children and families to meet real scientists engaged in Arctic research with hands-on activities that introduced children and families not only to the scientific process but also to new science concepts and knowledge. The Go Polar program also resulted in the development and testing of Arctic Discovery Boxes - specially designed informal education activities on three themes - #1 The Arctic and Global Change, #2 Arctic Cultures and #3 Animal Adaptations in the Arctic. Each Discovery box contains six interrelated hands-on activities with teaching guides and scripts. In 2005 the Go Polar! partnership expanded the reach of their programming and materials to include the Antarctic. Using the theme 'Exploring and Connecting the Opposite Ends of the Earth' the Go Polar! team created a Polar Festival featuring a giant floor puzzle of the Arctic and Antarctic with the ocean basins and surrounding continents connecting the poles. With orchestrated play, the children are guided through diverse hands-on, minds-on learning experiences including an Arctic Village, an Aurora Theatre, mapping the earth with NASA satellites, migration in the air and sea, ozone, permafrost, and more. Special take home activities and a Polar Passport encourage further exploration at home and school.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "844f13b8-bd46-49e6-8aae-f2fe95bdd58a", - "label": "HASO2", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Sulfur dioxide emissions (SO2) impact human health, ecosystems, agriculture, and global and regional climate. Anthropogenic emissions have resulted in greatly increased sulfur deposition and atmospheric sulfate loadings near most industrialized areas. Sulfur dioxide forms sulfate aerosols that have a significant effect on global and regional climate. Historical reconstructions of sulfur dioxide emissions are necessary to access the past influence of sulfur dioxide on the earth system and as base-year information for future projections. This data set provides annual estimates of anthropogenic global and regional sulfur dioxide emissions spanning the period 1850–2005 using a bottom-up mass balance method, calibrated to country-level inventory data. Emissions by source category (coal, petroleum, biomass combustion, smelting, fuel processing, and other processes) are available for 142 countries and regions. For the purpose of viewing the data pattern and changes, the maps of total emissions in 1970–2005 are also provided for online view and download in the archive.\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8499808b-88fa-44c3-81be-351cb6991ee4", - "label": "GVIEW-CO2", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GLOBALVIEW-CO2 is a product of the Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project. While the project is coordinated and maintained by the Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases Group of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA ESRL), it is a cooperative effort among the many organizations and institutions making high-quality atmospheric CO2 measurements.\n\nhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/globalview/co2/co2_intro.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8787e040-fc89-4516-bc1d-f4010cb0419c", - "label": "GSWP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Overview\n\nThe Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP) is an ongoing modeling activity\nof the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project\n(ISLSCP), a contributing project of the Global Energy and Water Cycle\nExperiment (GEWEX). The GSWP is charged with producing a 2-year global\ndata set of soil moisture, temperature, runoff, and surface fluxes by\nintegrating one-way uncoupled land surface process models (LSPs) using\nexternally specified surface forcings and standardized soil and\nvegetation distributions, namely, the ISLSCP Initiative I CD-ROM\ndata. Approximately one dozen participating LSP groups in five nations\nhave taken the common ISLSCP forcing data to execute their\nstate-of-the-art models over the 1987-1988 period to generate global\ndata sets.\n\nResults of the pilot phase suggest that the GSWP framework is very\nuseful and valuable for assessing and developing land surface models\non a global scale with relatively little computational expense, and to\ninvestigate questions of land surface hydrology and land-atmosphere\ninteraction.\n\n\n Motivation:\n\nThe motivation for GSWP stems from the paradox that soil wetness is an\nimportant component of the global energy and water balance, but it is\nunknown over most of the globe. Soil wetness is the reservoir for the\nland surface hydrologic cycle, it is a boundary condition for\natmosphere, it controls the partitioning of land surface heat fluxes,\naffects the status of overlying vegetation, and modulates the thermal\nproperties of the soil. Knowledge of the state of soil moisture is\nessential for climate predictability on seasonal-annual time\nscales. However, soil moisture is difficult to measure in situ, remote\nsensing techniques are only partially effective, and few long-term\nclimatologies of any kind exist.\n\n Goals:\n\nThe goals of GSWP are fourfold. The project will produce\nstate-of-the-art global data sets of soil moisture, surface fluxes,\nand related hydrologic quantities. It is a means of testing and\ndeveloping large-scale validation techniques over land. It serves as a\nlarge-scale validation and quality check of the ISLSCP Initiative I\ndata sets. GSWP is also a global comparison of a number of LSPs, and\nincludes a series of sensitivity studies of specific parameterizations\nwhich should aid future model development.\n\n Production:\n\nThe GSWP consists of three components: the Production Group, the\nValidation Group, and the Inter-Comparison Center. The Production\nGroup consists of land surface modelers who conduct offline\nintegrations of land surface models over a global 1 degree grid for\n1987-1988 using prescribed atmospheric forcing based on observations,\nremote sensing and analyses. Each member of the production group\nproduces global time-mean and instantaneous fields of surface energy\nand water balance terms three times per month using his/her LSP. These\ndata are produced in a standard format and sent to the\nInter-Comparison Center. In addition, each model is used to perform\nspecific sensitivity studies. The sensitivity experiments are intended\nto evaluate the impact of uncertainties in model parameters and\nforcing fields on simulation of the surface water and energy balances.\n\nA number of different sensitivity studies were conducted by members of\nthe Production team. Perhaps the most significant general conclusion\nthat can be drawn from the studies is that sub-grid scale variability\nin infiltration, whether due to heterogeneity in soil properties or\nthe distribution of rainfall within a grid box, has a significant\nimpact on the simulation of runoff. Variations in vegetation\nproperties, the vertical structure of the soil, and radiation seem to\nhave less of an impact on simulations. These results suggest that some\nsort of accounting for sub-grid heterogeneity, whether through an\nexplicit modeling of small tiles or a statistical approach, is\nnecessary to properly partition surface water between runoff and\nevapotranspiration.\n\n\n Validation:\n\nThere is also a Validation Group which assembles data sets and\ncoordinates studies to validate the global products, either directly\n(by comparison to field studies or soil moisture measuring networks)\nor indirectly (e.g. use of modeled runoff to drive river routing\nschemes for comparison to streamflow data). The soil wetness data\nproduced are being tested within a general circulation model (GCM) to\nevaluate their quality and their impact on seasonal to interannual\nclimate simulations. The Winand Staring Center has volunteered to lead\nthe validation process.\n\n\nThe validation effort allows some other important conclusions to be\ndrawn about the quality of the GSWP results. The use of the soil\nmoisture product as a specified boundary condition improves the\nforecast ability of a climate model. This is most likely as a result\nof mitigating the effects of poor rainfall simulations on the surface\nwater balance of the climate model. Secondly, comparison with\nobservations in more detail still point to significant problems in the\nway the LSPs deal with soil moisture, or more generally, land surface\nhydrology. Yet, it is clear that the quality of the land surface model\nsimulations are critically dependant on the quality of the land\nsurface data (soils, vegetation, terrain, radiative parameters) and\nthe meteorological forcing data.\n\n\n Inter-Comparison:\n\nAn Inter-Comparison Center (ICC) has been established at the Center\nfor Climate System Research, University of Tokyo for evaluating and\ncomparing data from the different models. Comparison among the model\nresults is used to assess the uncertainty in estimates of surface\ncomponents of the moisture and energy balances at large scales, and as\na quality check on the model products themselves. The ICC is also the\ncommunity re-distribution point for the data produced in GSWP.\n\n\nThe inter-comparison effort has shown that there is a large spread\namong the participating LSPs in terms of their partitioning of surface\nenergy between latent and sensible heat flux, and of water between\nrunoff and evapotranspiration. Most of the LSPs underestimated\nbasin-scale runoff, possible due to the GSWP specification of the\ntreatment of convective precipitation. Nonetheless, validation of the\nconsensus runoff against streamflow data show that the LSPs as a group\nperform quite well where sufficient gauge-based precipitation forcing\ndata were available, and performed poorly where gauges are sparse.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://grads.iges.org/gswp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "885f19c4-ab96-4d86-a399-c92d4899df50", - "label": "GEODE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geographic Data in Education (GEODE) Initiative is dedicated to the\nimprovement of Earth and environmental science education through the use of\ndata visualization and analysis tools to support inquiry-based pedagogy.\nThrough an integrated program of research and development, the GEODE Initiative\nis advancing our understanding of learning in the Earth and environmental\nsciences, design of curriculum and educational software, and teacher\nprofessional development. Equally important, the GEODE Initiative is creating\nuseful and useable products for students and teachers at levels ranging from\nmiddle school through college.\n\nAdditional information available at:\n'http://www.worldwatcher.nwu.edu/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by Northwestern University.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89f6194b-58aa-4a9c-926c-e0b1d65ab3a5", - "label": "IGBP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP, http://www.igbp.kva.se)\nis an interdisciplinary scientific activity established and sponsored by the\nInternational Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The Programme was instituted\nby ICSU in 1986, and the IGBP Secretariat was established at the Royal Swedish\nAcademy of Sciences in 1987.\n\nThe IGBP programme is focused on acquiring basic scientific knowledge about the\ninteractive processes of biology and chemistry of the Earth as they relate to\nglobal change. The goal of the programme is to describe and understand the\ninteractive physical, chemical and biological processes that regulate the total\nEarth system, the unique environment that it provides for life, the changes\nthat are occurring in this system, and the manner in which they are influenced\nby human actions.\n\nIGBP is composed of eleven program elements. These are composed of eight\nbroadly discipline-oriented projects, called Core Projects, covering such\ntopics as atmospheric science, terrestrial ecology, oceanography, hydrology,\nand links between the natural and the social sciences. Three Framework\nActivities on data, modelling, and regional research, facilitate incorporating\nscientific results into a holistic picture. The detailed planning and\nimplementation of each Core Project is directed by a Scientific Steering\nCommittee, and the Framework Activities are each guided by a Scientific\nSteering Committee or a Task Force.\n\nCurrent and Past Core Projects:\n-----------------------------\n Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES)\n Biospheric Aspects of the Hydrologic Cycle (BAHC)\n Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modelling (GAIM)\n Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE)\n Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)\n Global Lang Project (GLP)\n International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC)\n Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER)\n Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS)\n Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)\n Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)\n Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC)\n Past Global Change (PAGES)\n Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)\n Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START)\n \nA list of current IGBP projects can be found at\nhttp://www.igbp.kva.se/cgi-bin/php/frameset.php\n\n[This information was adapted from the IGBP web pages.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8abe2ceb-8d8e-43f9-8204-f18e54e01b5d", - "label": "HOT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Scientists working within the Hawaiian Ocean Time-series (HOT)\n project have been making repeated observations of the\n hydrography, chemistry and biology at a station north of Hawaii\n since October 1988. The objective of this research is to provide\n a comprehensive description of the ocean at a site\n representative of the central North Pacific Ocean. Cruises are\n made approximately once a month to Station ALOHA, the HOT\n deep-water station (22 45'N, 158W) located about 100 km north of\n Oahu, Hawaii. Measurements of the thermohaline structure, water\n column chemistry, currents, primary production and particle\n sedimentation rates are made over a 72-hour period on each\n cruise.\n\n Contacts:\n\n Eric Firing\n Associate Professor of Oceanography\n Project Participation: 1988-1998\n Cruise Particiption: 1-3, 5, 12-13, 20, 22, 31, 38, 56, 91\n efiring@soest.hawaii.edu\n\n Roger Lukas\n Professor of Oceanography\n Project Participation: 1988-2001\n Cruise Particiption: 1, 5, 9, 16, 25, 27, 53\n rlukas@soest.hawaii.edu\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8bd9b81c-64a4-4dcd-a08d-06de8412843e", - "label": "HMAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "An interdisciplinary research program using historical and environmental archives to analyze marine population data before and after human impacts on the ocean became significant.\n\nThe History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP), the historical component of the Census of Marine Life (CoML), aims to improve our understanding of ecosystem dynamics, specifically with regard to long-term changes in stock abundance, the ecological impact of large-scale harvesting by man, and the role of marine resources in the historical development of human society. Since the earliest historical records, man has harvested a variety of different animals from the oceans. The effects of this activity on marine populations have been of increasing interest over the last century. While ecologists have traditionally aimed to identify the current conditions of many of the animal populations affected both directly and indirectly by harvesting, much less focus has been given to the status of affected populations in earlier times. A historical reference point of marine populations against which modern populations can be compared is necessary in order to determine how ocean ecosystems are changing with respect to human impact and even climate change. HMAP addresses this issue through multidisciplinary studies integrating Marine Ecology, History and Paleo-Ecology. This innnovative combination of research methods and analytical perspectives offers a unique approach to testing theories of the effects of both man’s activities and natural environmental changes on our living marine resources.\n\nMethods and Objectives\nTo achieve its goals, HMAP relies on the teamwork of ecologists, marine biologists, historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, paleo-ecologists and paleo-oceanographers. These integrated research teams analyze data from a variety of unique sources, such as colonial fisheries and monastic records, modern fisheries statistics, ship logs, tax documents, sediment cores and other environmental records, to piece together changes in specific populations throughout history. The resulting long time-series will improve our understanding of the effects of human activities and environmental factors, such as climate, currents and salinity, on marine ecosystems.\n\nHMAP implements its global mission through a case study approach. The case studies are generally regional in scope and focus on a few species of commercial importance or habitat and biodiversity changes. Individual studies are selected on the basis that the ecosystem has been subject to fishing and that there exists sufficient historical data on catches and harvesting effort. There are currently seven case studies around the world:\n\n * Northwest Atlantic (Gulf of Maine, Newfoundland-Grand Banks, Greenland cod fisheries)\n * Southwest Pacific (Southeast Australian Shelf and Slope fisheries, New Zealand Shelf fisheries)\n * White and Barents Seas (Russian and Norwegian herring, salmon and cod fisheries, and Atlantic walrus hunting)\n * Norwegian, North and Baltic Seas (Multinational cod, herring and plaice fisheries)\n * Southwest African Shelf (Clupeid fisheries in a continental boundary current system)\n * Worldwide Whaling (Historical whaling in all oceans)\n * Caribbean communities (Impact of the removal of large predators)\n\nMany HMAP projects are interpreting changes in marine populations over the past 500-2000 years, which provides researchers of current and future conditions a baseline that extends back long before the advent of modern technology, or before significant human impact on the ecosystem.\n\nHMAP will result in a better understanding of the role of marine resources in human history and of the factors controlling marine populations. The project will help improve ecological theory, which can be applied to predict the effects of human activities on marine and aquatic ecosystems.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.hmapcoml.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c25b822-ad70-4e0f-b453-97fe5a80ae1f", - "label": "ICRCCM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The fourth intercomparison is actually one of the earliest\n conducted by DOE. ICRCCM is a program co-sponsored by DOE, the\n World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the International\n Radiation Commission (IRC). The late Fred Luther gave the best\n description of the rationale for the program: 'Since the\n transfer of solar and longwave radiation is the prime physical\n process that drives the circulation of the atmosphere and its\n temperature structure, it is natural that an evaluation of the\n modeling of physical processes important to climate begin with\n radiation.' (Luther 1984)\n\n Principal Findings:\n\n1. Line-by-line models are in good agreement with each other to within\n a few W/m2 (usually within 1%) when arbitrary line width cutoffs\n are universally applied. The ICRCCM concluded that: 'Uncertainties\n in the physics of line wings and in the proper treatment of the\n continuum make it impossible for line-by-line models to provide an\n absolute reference . . .' (Luther et al. 1988). Thus, no\n present-day model furnishes a reliable standard by which to judge\n other models, nor are appropriate data available.\n\n2. There is no systematic difference between wide-band and narrow-band\n model results. However, there is a large variation among the band\n models. While average differences from line-by-line results range\n from 5 to 10%, the spread among the band models is several times\n larger.\n\n3. Band model calculations of sensitivities to changes in absorbing\n constituents show poorer agreement with line-by-line results, and a\n much larger spread, than calculations of flux components. For\n example, when is doubled, the median band model sensitivities\n differ by up to 18% from line-by-line values, while their spread is\n an order of magnitude larger.\n\n4. In cases of only and only, the spread in results among band models\n increases considerably compared to the case when all absorbing\n gases are included; this indicates that the success in the latter\n case is partly fortuitous because of the way absorbing bands\n overlap in the Earth's atmosphere.\n\n5. For the longwave clear cases, with about 40 participants\n representing almost all the world's major modeling groups, ICRCCM\n revealed intermodel disagreements in fluxes and flux sensitivity to\n constituent changes ranging from 30 to 70% (Luther et\n al. 1988). The disagreements are worst for single absorbing gas\n atmospheres, indicating that the better agreement found in the\n all-gas cases is partly accidental. Subsequent ICRCCM calculations,\n involving cloudy longwave cases, and clear and cloudy shortwave\n cases, have revealed equally large or larger disagreements, ranging\n up to 20 to 30% in fluxes and up to 70% in flux sensitivity to\n constituent changes.\n\n6. Comparisons are still in progress for vertical profiles of\n radiative heating rates. Disagreements in radiative heating rates\n are expected to be larger than for fluxes, because heating rate is\n the derivative of flux and taking derivatives magnifies errors\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.arm.gov/docs/documents/project/er_0441/bkground_5/radcompar_9.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8c283e7c-d302-43fa-b809-3fe3dee22dd1", - "label": "IMLGS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Index to Marine and Lacustrine Geological Samples is a tool to help scientists locate and obtain geologic material from sea floor and lakebed cores, grabs, and dredges archived by participating institutions. The Index describes the sample collections of twenty institutions and agencies, worldwide. Data include basic collection and storage information. Lithology, texture, age, principal investigator, province, weathering, metamorphism, glass remarks, and descriptive data are included for some samples, at the discretion of the curator. \n\nhttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/curator/curator.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d5253a9-aff6-4d00-9f09-db76e1c06723", - "label": "ICE-READER", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The IceREADER database is a compilation of Antarctic Ice Core data detailing ice core name, site, location and as much other information as possible. The data base is sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, (SCAR).\n\nPlease refer to the IceREADER website for more information at http://www.icereader.org/icereader/index.jsp", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d55babd-217a-4280-9301-0352c4ff1939", - "label": "GONG", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Oscillation Network Group\nThe Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project was proposed in 1984 by\nthe National Solar Observatory as a community activity. Funding for the\nproject from the National Science Foundation started in 1986. The project is\nintended to provide 3 years of nearly uninterrupted helioseismograms to allow\ndetailed study of the stratification and dynamics of the solar interior.\nThe project is in the process of developing a network of observational sites\nand an instrument based on the principle of Fourier tachometry to do the\nobserving. In addition the GONG datacenter will store the network data and\ndo the standard data reduction. Science teams have been organized and are\nactively engaged in providing technical support for various aspects of the\nproject and are preparing for the analysis and interpretation of the data\nproducts.\nScientific contacts\n John W. Leibacher Email: INTERNET> leib@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::leib\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JLeibacher@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9305\n John W. Harvey Email: INTERNET> jharvey@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::jharvey\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JHarvey@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9337\n James R. Kennedy Email: INTERNET> kennedy@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::kennedy\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JKennedy@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9373\nData and Computer Access Contact\n James A. Pintar Email: INTERNET> pintar@noao.edu\n National Solar Observatory SPAN> noao::pintar\n P.O. Box 26732 SOLAR> JPintar@solar.stanford.edu\n Tucson, AZ 85726-6732 Phone: 602-325-9272\nReferences\nJ.W. Harvey, F.Hill, J.R.Kennedy, J.W.Leibacher, and W.C.Livingston,\n The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG), 1988, Adv. Space\n Res. 8, No. 11, P. 117-120\nQuarterly Newsletter:\n'GONG Newsletter', Ron Hubbard, Editor.\n Internet> rhubbard@noao.edu\n SPAN> noao::rhubbard", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d761d89-c1b0-4063-a9f0-8f332690a0da", - "label": "GRAVLASER", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8de2a7c3-1e66-4946-a8b3-9a2f79a3086c", - "label": "GOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is an international effort to\ncoordinate and foster long-term, routine, globally-relevant,\nscientifically-based and systematic ocean observations and\napplications.\nGOOS is built upon research, and provides data for research, but is\nnot itself a research program. Rather, it is focussed on making use\nof research, of applying knowledge for the public good, and of\nmotivating basic and applied research in topical areas.\nGuided by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the\nWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Council of\nScientific Unions (ICSU), and the United Nations Environment Programme\n(UNEP), the planning for GOOS is taking place within five specific\nareas:\n Climate Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction\n Monitoring and Assessment of Living Marine Resources\n Monitoring of the Coastal Zone Environment and its Changes\n Assessment and Prediction of the Health of the Ocean\n Marine Meteorological and Operational Oceanographic Services\nU.S. GOOS activities are contained within many U.S. agencies, including\nNOAA, NSF, NASA, Navy (Office of Oceanographer and ONR), DOE, DOI,\nEPA, and State. A U.S. GOOS Interagency Working Group coordinates\nthese activities.\nThe climate module is the leading candidate for implementation\nby U.S. GOOS because it is the most well-developed in terms of\nstrategy, applications, and technology. The highest priority\nwithin the climate module is the continuation of the TOGA Observing\nSystem beyond its research phase (1984-1994) and into an operational\nstatus for long-term provision of the data needed for forecasting of\nEl Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Economic studies have\nshown that the investment to obtain such observations and make such\npredictions is returned many times over in benefits to the\nagricultural sector in the U.S., plus additional benefits to other\nsectors. At a lower priority within the climate module are the\nlong-term observations needed for the detection of climate change.\nThe second U.S. GOOS urgency is the development of an interagency\nCoastal GOOS Program, including those aspects of all the GOOS modules\nthat are relevant near the coast. The coastal zone is under\nincreasing stress through population growth and land-use policies, yet\nis also the region of major sea-borne commerce and living marine\nresources. Balancing resources against development requires a strong\ninformation base and predictive capability; GOOS is dedicated to\nmaking this happen in a timely, affordable, and customer-oriented\nmanner.\nFor further information contact:\nU.S. GOOS Interagency Working Group\nc/o NOAA/NOS/OES, SSMC-4\n1305 East-West Hwy\nSilver Spring, MD 20910-3281\nUSA\n301-713-2981\n301-713-4392 FAX\nInternet > usgoos@noaa.gov\nWWW > 'http://www.usgoos.noaa.gov/goos.html'\n[This information is condensed from the U.S. GOOS World Wide Web pages.]\nFor further information, visit the international Global Ocean\nObserving System Home Page at:\n'http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/Default.htm'\nand the GOOS Project Office:\n'http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/goos.htm'\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8e854297-9bba-4312-a7f9-9a48a8fd5027", - "label": "GAIM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The long-term aim of the Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modelling\n(GAIM) Task Force is to develop comprehensive, prognostic models of the\nglobal biogeochemical system that can be coupled with General Circulation\nModels (GCMs).\nThe Task Force analyzes current models and data, assesses the capability\nof current models and experimental programs to resolve key questions, and\nadvances and synthesizes our understanding of the global biogeochemical\ncycles and their links to the hydrologic cycle and to the physical-climate\nsystem as a whole.\nGAIM has started bringing together previously unlinked models of\ninteracting processes, with initial emphasis on the global carbon cycle\nand the interaction between climate and terrestrial ecosystems at regional\nscales.\nGAIM is a Task Force of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program\n(IGBP) and works in collaboration with modelling groups of the World\nClimate Research Program (WCRP).\nContact:\n-------\nGAIM Task Force Office\nInstitute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space (EOS)\nUniversity of New Hampshire\nMorse Hall, 39 College Road\nDurham, NH 03824-3525\nUSA\nTel: (603) 862 3875\nFax: (603) 862 1915\nE-mail: gaim@unh.edu\nURL: 'http://gaim.unh.edu'\n[This information was adapted from the IGBP and GAIM websites.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8ff4c131-fbaf-4377-849b-c19e4041f193", - "label": "ICOMM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Building a cyberinfrastructure to index and organize what is known about microbes, the world's smallest organisms, which account for 90 percent of biomass in oceans.\n\nThe oceans worldwide are teeming with microbial life forms invisible to the naked eye. An estimated 3.6 x 1030 microbial cells of untold diversity account for > 90% of the total oceanic biomass. The number of viral particles may be one hundred fold greater. Rich, chemosynthetic microbial communities thrive at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Abundant archaea, one of the two prokaryotic domains of life, populate oceanic midwaters. Very large populations of phytoplankton including diatoms, dinoflagellates, picoflagellates and cyanobacteria, the primary catalysts in carbon fixation, orchestrate the cycling of nitrogen and form the base of the traditional marine food web. The heterotrophic bacteria belonging to the SAR11 group dominate communities of ocean-surface bacterioplankton while nonphotosynthetic protists (usually single-cell eukaryotes) of unknown diversity control the size of picoplankton (plankton less than 2 µm) populations and regulate the supply of nutrients into the ocean's food webs. Microbes account for the preponderance of life's genetic and metabolic variation, but our understanding of microbial diversity and the evolution of its population structures in the oceans is only fragmentary.\n\nThe International Census of Marine Microbes (ICoMM) will facilitate the inventory of this microbial diversity developing a strategy to (1) catalogue all known diversity of single-cell organisms inclusive of the Bacteria, Archaea, Protista and associated viruses, (2) to explore and discover unknown microbial diversity, and (3) to place that knowledge into appropriate ecological and evolutionary contexts.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.coml.org/projects/international-census-marine-microbes-icomm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9027d427-ed2b-4456-bd7f-1c84c8741e2d", - "label": "GEDI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) produces high resolution laser ranging observations of the 3D structure of the Earth. GEDI’s precise measurements of forest canopy height, canopy vertical structure, and surface elevation greatly advance our ability to characterize important carbon and water cycling processes, biodiversity, and habitat. GEDI was funded as a NASA Earth Ventures Instrument (EVI) mission. It was launched to the International Space Station in December 2018 and became operational in March 2019.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "902e533c-1c52-4932-b7ec-ad5027893d00", - "label": "HIST-IPY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: History of the IPYs (HotIs)\nProject URL: http://www.polarjahr.de/Hist-IPY.124+M54a708de802.0.html\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=27\n\nThe aim of this project is to study to what degree was research in the Arctic and Antarctic during the polar years primarily driven by scientific criteria. To what extent were compromises made in the light of political barriers and logistical limitations? Another aspect is the role of new technologies, which is highlightened by the start of the first satellites and which has a significant input both in polar transport and research. Employing historical perspectives we will review essential background factors at work in the three distinct periods (both scientific and non-scientific), when nations chose to participate in the IPYs. In addition, we will consider the substantial factors that led certain major nations to choose not to contribute to the Polar Years (Great Britain 1882/83, Germany 1932/33, 1957/58, etc). Traditionally, field science practiced in remote geographical regions was either a by-product of exploration or an activity exploited by territorial claimants. The early attempts to establish an international polar organization will be seen as a backdrop to the later success in creating the Scientific Committee on Arctic Research (SCAR). Pertinent in this respect are the different roles played by non-governmental organizations as distinct from intergovernmental organizations or modes of international organization. Factors that enabled (or contrained or hindered) the institutionalisation of polar research more broadly under the auspices of the polar years will be studied also with an eye to drawing lessons for the future. The political role of the Antarctic treaty and the role of science in it is of course an important question in this context, as Antarctica at the political level became constructed as a continent by and for science (and peace). It is important to include the use of oral history, while some IGY veterans and constructors of the Antarctic treaty are still living.Such a study would not be complete without examining the impact of the Cold War on the IGY. Recent historical work has indicated that the IGY was simultaneously a crucial instance of international scientific co-operation at the height of political tensions between the Eastern and Western Blocs, but also an activity tightly integrated into the national security aims of major participant-states, including the United States and the Soviet Union. How Cold War tensions affected the practice of science during the IGY, and what lessons contemporary science planners and policy-makers can gain from a better understanding of the IGY's achievements and disappointments, are important anticipated outcomes from this project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "90c40035-a528-4097-a53d-ad85f82a5d17", - "label": "GUSREX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Gulf Stream Recirculation Experiment (GUSREX)\n and Line Experiment\n SOFAR Float Data 1980-1982\n\nby M.A.Kennelly & T.K. McKee\n\nThis also pertains to Gulf Stream (GS), Long Range (LR)\n and Ring (RI) Experiments\n\nDATA PROCESSING\n\nProcessing at the University of Rhode Island\n\n Initial data processing and float tracking were done at URI\nunder the supervision of H. T. Rossby. This consisted of subdividing the ALS\nrecords into individual float files. The signals for an individual float were\nextracted from the ALS data, and the floats were tracked in two steps. First,\nthe three ALSs which best surrounded a float geographically were used to track\nit hyperbolically, giving a series of positions and the time that the float\nemitted the tracking signal. These signaling times were used to obtain an\ninitial offset and drift rate for the float's clock. Then, the best pair of\nreceivers were used to track the float with circular (range-range) navigation\nusing the clock corrections and speed of sound corrections.\n\n The tracking procedure during GUSREX was identical to that used for\nprevious SOFAR float experiments and described by Spain, O'Gara, and Rossby\n(1980). The three daily times of arrival (TOA) of each SOFAR float's acoustic\nsignal were low-pass filtered and smoothed using a least squares polynomial fit\naveraged over 11 observations (3 2/3 days) which corresponds to a half power of\n1.5 days. Float positions were obtained from the smoothed TOAs using range-\nrange tracking. The final float trajectories were then smoothed with a filter\nsimilar to that used on the TOA's. A 'master position' tape containing indi-\nvidual float trajectories smoothed to 3 positions per day was prepared and sent\nto Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and this was used for our sub-\nsequent processing and data reduction. For each position, a smoothed velocity\nand 48 hour average of temperature and pressure are included. Temperature and\npressure, telemetered from the float on alternate days (Spain et al., 1980)\nappear with the positions for those days. These data have been presented in two\ninformal reports prepared by the URI SOFAR Float Group (Line Experiment FLoats\n1980-1981, Line Experiment FLoats 1980-1982, Preliminary Data Report).\n\nProcessing at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\n\n In order to use the float data to make reasonable calculations of\neddy kinetic energy, variances, & vertical velocities, the data were careful-\nly reviewed for correctness. Tests on various methods of smoothing, subsamp-\nling, and filtering the data were performed to determine how the data set\nwould be processed. Analysis of the results indicated that the best basic data\nset would include one position for each day, since the smoothing already done\non the tracks had eliminated frequencies higher than a day (inertial and tidal).\nThe velocity components would be derived from the daily fixes using a cubic\nspline curve fit. This method produced velocities that are different from the\nURI velocities which are smoothed independently of the positions. The 48 hour\naverage temperature and pressure, transmitted by the float on alternate days\nwere selected rather than the smoothed temperature and pressure provided with\nthe URI format.\n\n Basic processing was accomplished using a series of routines written\nby Roger Goldsmith and Terry McKee, known as the FLOATER programs. The initial\nprogram, REFORM, reads and reformats the data into VAX ASCII files, one for\neach float, in FLOATER format. In this form, the data is easy to access, man-\nipulate, edit and back up. The raw files were then passed through a sub-sampler,\nSSFDIF, that subsampled the first of the original 3 daily positions and recal-\nculated the east and north components of velocity based on a 24 hour interval.\nFirst differences between consecutive temperature and pressure values were\ncalculated. Listings of these derived values were produced along with prelim-\ninary trajectory and time series plots. These were reviewed to identify and\neliminate erroneous data. Unreasonably high speeds were used to identify bad\npositions. Radical changes in temperature that were not accompanied by a similar\nchange in pressure (or vice versa) usually indicated a bad value. Temperature\nand pressure values that drifted outside the range of the sensors were also\ndefined as bad. These points were removed by an editing program, FLEDIT, and\nflagged as gaps in the data. Gaps of less than ten days duration in position,\ntemperature and pressure were then linearly interpolated. Daily values of\ntemperature and pressure were interpolated from the bi-daily values recorded.\nFiles with gaps of greater than ten days in position information were broken\ninto sub files (GU109, GU154). These series were plotted and reviewed once\nagain for incongruities. Program FFSPLINE then fit a cubic spline to the float\npositions and recomputed the east and north components of velocity based on the\nbias and slope of consecutive positions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "91d0d91a-6395-49a0-b498-41f71ae83ecc", - "label": "GHOST", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In the GHOST project, we intend to explore the climate evolution of the entire Holocene. Our perspective consists of two baselines: the worldwide distribution of existing, reedited, and new collected marine Alkenone temperature data; and actual but low resolution general circulation models with high computational efficiency, de- signed for long term paleoclimate studies. In order to increase spatial coverage of Holocene time series we will concentrate on marine sediments with relatively low but highest achievable resolution in the range of 50 to 200 years. Both, the data reconstruc- tion and the modelling efforts within this project, aim to investigate three-dimensional spatial-temporal patterns, i.e. two dimensions (the Earth's surface) and the time as third dimension. The advanced analysis of spatial and temporal variability in the data and in the model should enable the comprehension of climate changes detected in the data and the verification of climate variability observed in the model. Pattern analysis will provide a better understanding of the heterogenity in Holocene warming or cool- ing and the related mechanisms. The extension of the Holocene climate simulation into the next few centuries will enable a better assessment of future climatic change, due to similarities or dissimilarities between patterns of natural and anthropogenic disturbed climates. \n\nInformation provided by http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.2790K", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "924de2fe-ae64-4217-b3ef-f7c774d9e7d4", - "label": "GARP/FGGE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Science Objectives:\n -Understanding atmospheric motion for the development of more realistic\n models for weather prediction.\n -Assessing the limit of predictability of weather systems.\n -Designing an optimum composite meteorological observing system for routine\n numerical weather prediction of the large-scale features of the general\n circulation.\n -Investigating the physical mechanisms underlying climate fluctuations and\n to develop and test appropriate climate models.\nProject Description:\nGARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) was organized by the World\nMeteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Council of\nScientific Unions (ICSU) to study the dynamics of atmospheric behavior\nwith the goal of improving the accuracy of weather forecasting. The\nFirst GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) which is also known as the Global\nWeather Experiment (GWE) was carried out under this joint program.\nThe experiment began 1 December 1978 and ended 30 November 1979. This\nventure involved over 140 countries and was the largest international\natmospheric experiment of its time. The FGGE also encompassed the\nsummer and winter Asian Monsoon Experiments (MONEX) and the West\nAfrican Monsoon Experiment (WAMEX) designed to study monsoonal\ncirculations. The FGGE was designed to observe and measure the\ndevelopment of global weather systems and to accumulate an enormous\ndata set for investigating the physics and dynamics of the global\natmospheric circulation and for understanding the mechanisms governing\nchanges in weather and climate.\nData Sources:\nThe FGGE observing system consisted of the World Weather Watch (WWW)\nsurface/upper-air network and voluntary observing ships, commercial\naircraft, polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, drifting\nmeteorological buoys mainly in the southern hemispheric oceans.\nDuring special observing periods (SOP) 5 January - 5 March 1979 and 1\nMay - June 30 1979, additional observing systems comprised of tropical\nwind observing ships, meteorological reconnaissance aircraft and\nstratospheric constant-level balloons were deployed. The WWW\nobserving system consisted of 1030 upper-air stations, 2390 surface\nstations and surface synoptic reports from Mobile Ship Stations.\nFlight level data were supplied by 80 commercial aircraft equipped\nwith the Aircraft Integrated Data System (AIDS) providing temperature\nand wind measurements, along with 17 commercial aircraft equipped with\nthe Aircraft to Satellite Data Relay (ASDAR) system providing\nidentical data. The three polar orbiting satellites, NOAA-5, TIROS-N\nand NOAA-6 contributed temperature and humidity profiles, sea surface\ntemperature (SST) data, high resolution pictures of clouds, surface\nwind speed over the oceans, total atmospheric water vapor and\nstratospheric soundings (NIMBUS-7). TIROS-N and NOAA-6 also supported\nthe ARGOS data collection and platform location system associated with\nthe Southern Hemisphere Buoy System and the Tropical Constant Level\nBalloon System. The five geostationary satellites, METEOSAT,\nGOES-Indian Ocean, GMS, GOES-WEST and GOES-EAST provided upper-air\nwind vectors from cloud motions, SST and communication support for\nASDAR. The Southern Hemisphere Drifting Buoy System consisted of 301\nbuoys transmitting SST and pressure data to the TIROS-N/ARGOS system\nwith additional buoys distributed by aircraft as gaps developed. The\nTropical Wind Observing Ships (TWOS) totaling 40 in SOP I and 43 in\nSOP II were equipped with upper-air sounding systems and wind-finding\nradar. The Aircraft Dropwindsonde System (ACDWS) consisted of a fleet\nof long-range aircraft flying daily during the two SOP's along six\ntracks in the equatorial tropics, three in the Pacific, one in the\nAtlantic and two in the Indian Ocean. Flight level data was obtained\nwhile 5091 sondes yielded temperature, pressure and humidity\nobservations from below the flight altitude (200-400mb) to the\nsurface. The Tropical Constant Level Balloon System (TCLBS) utilized\n313 balloon launches at the 140mb level (above ACDWS) from Canton\nIsland and Guam in the Pacific, and Ascension Island in the Atlantic\nto provide wind observations.\nData Products:\nThe GARP/FGGE data are identified as Level-I, II and III corresponding\nto raw data (primary data), observations (meteorological parameters)\nand analyzed data (initial parameters). The Level-II and III data are\nsubdivided into 'a' (data collected operationally in near-real time,\n'b' (data collected in both real and delayed time to obtain the most\ncomplete data set) and 'c' (data collected for climate research).\nTAPE PRODUCTS\n 1. Main Level II-b Data Set, prepared by the Level II-b Space-Based and\n Special Observing System Data Center (SPSOSDC-Sweden). This data set\n contains the majority of all routine weather observations from\n satellites, aircraft, buoys, ships and balloons globally observed.\n 2. Level II-b Restructured Data Subsets (from Main), prepared by WDC-A\n (USA). Subset 1 contains all data except satellite radiances and\n soundings, Subset 2 contains land surface data, Subset 3 contains\n marine data, Subset 4 contains flight level data, Subsets 5 and 6\n contain upper-air profiles (the only satellite soundings are from\n NIMBUS-7).\n 3. Final Level II-b Data Set, prepared by the Level II-b\n Space-Based and Special Observing System Data Center\n (SBSOSDC-Sweden). This data set was prepared to correct\n systematic errors found in the Main Level II-b Data Set\n and contains specially collected data for Winter and\n Summer MONEX and the African WAM.\n 4. Final FGGE II-b Data Set edited by the Goddard Laboratory for\n Atmospheres (GLA). This data set contains edited Final Level II-b\n data such as latitude/longitude corrections, deletions of\n measurements from TIROS-N due to precipitable water contamination,\n deletion of erroneous USSR wind reports, corrections of certain\n ASDAR data.\n 5. Level II-b Restructured Data Subsets, prepared by WDC-A from Final\n Level II-b Data Set. Subsets are the same as in above (2.) except\n for Subset 6 which is not contained.\n 6. LIMS/FGGE Level II-b Data Set produced by NCAR for the USA\n Experimental Satellite Data Producer, NASA/GSFC. This data set\n contains stratospheric temperature profiles from the Nimbus-7 Limb\n Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS).\n 7. Special Level II-b Data from FGGE Drifting Buoy System. This data\n set which was originally prepared by the Canadian Department of\n Fisheries and Oceans, contains buoys numbered by geographic\n location.\n 8. Level II-c Data Sets. These data sets include the Surface Based\n Ozone Data Set from the World Ozone Data Center in Canada, the FGGE\n Level II-c Cloudiness Data Set prepared by WDC-A using the Air\n Force Global Weather Central's (AFGWC) operational 3-dimensional\n cloud analysis (3DNEPH), the FGGE Level II-c Snow Cover Data Set\n prepared by the United States Air Force Environmental Technical\n Applications Center (USAFETAC) using the AFGWC Snow Depth Analysis,\n the FGGE Level II-c Precipitation and Snow Data Set produced by the\n Level II-c Precipitation and Snow Data Center at the National\n Climatic Center.\n 9. Level III-a Data Sets, prepared separately by the World\n Meteorological Centers in Washington, Moscow and Melbourne. These\n data sets include the WMC Washington Level III-a Operational\n Analyses providing initial state parameters for geopotential\n heights, temperatures, u and v wind components, relative humidity,\n sea level pressure, tropopause temperature and pressure along with a\n snow cover field representation and a sea surface temperature\n analysis; WMC Moscow Level III-a Operational Analyses provide\n geopotential heights at six mandatory levels (1000, 850, 700, 500,\n 300 and 100); WMC Melbourne Level III-a Operational Analyses\n provide initial state parameters in the Southern Hemisphere for\n geopotential heights, temperatures, u and v wind components, dew\n points and sea level pressures.\n 10. Level III-b Data Sets, produced separately by the European Center\n for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) (Reading, England) and\n NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). These data\n sets include the ECMWF Level III-b Global Experiment Analyses Data\n Set containing geopotential height, mean sea level pressure, u and\n v wind components temperature, relative humidity and vertical\n velocity; the GFDL Level III-b Global Experiment Data Set provide\n analyses of u and v wind stress components, vertical velocity,\n relative humidity, geopotential height, mixing ratio, temperature,\n u and v wind components, sea level pressure; the Goddard Laboratory\n for Atmospheres (GLA) Level III-b Reanalysis uses the Final Level\n II-b data, the GLA Fourth Order Model and satellite temperature\n profiles.\n FILM PRODUCTS\n 1. FGGE Level II-c Solar Radiation and Radiation Balance Data Set\n prepared by the Level II-c Surface-Based Radiation Data Center\n (USSR). This data set consists of monthly summaries which contain\n the following tables: (a) daily and monthly values of global solar\n radiation, monthly values of sunshine duration; (b) hourly, daily\n and monthly values of radiation balance and global radiation; (c)\n monthly means of global radiation at hourly intervals.\nProject Archive Contact:\n A. L. Shumbera\n Director\n WDC-A for Meteorology\n National Climatic Data Center\n Federal Building\n Asheville, NC 28801\n USA\n (704) 259-0395\n Dr. V. I. Smirnov\n WDC-B1\n Molodezhnaya 3\n Moscow 117296, USSR\n 130-05-87\nProject Technical Contact:\n Mr. Robert Williams\n WDC-A for Meteorology\n National Climatic Data Center\n Federal Building\n Asheville, NC 28801\n (704) 259-0370\n FTS 672-0682\n Ms. Lola Olsen\n NASA's Climatic Data System\n NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\n Code 634\n Greenbelt, MD 20771\n (301) 286-9760\n Dr. Wayman Baker\n National Meteorological Center\n World Weather Building, Room 204\n 5200 Auth Road\n Camp Springs, MD 20746\n (301) 763-8005\n Mr. Roy Jenne\n National Center of Atmospheric Research\n P.O. Box 3000\n Boulder, CO 80307\n (303) 497-1215\n FTS 320-1215\nReferences:\n World Meteorological Organization, GARP Publication Series Number 26,\n Vol. I and II, April 1986.\n NASA Climatic Data System (NCDS) Catalog Information System.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92e46fef-52b4-4cbb-9623-529b3fd9c1a6", - "label": "GMPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GMPP (Geological Mapping of Potter Penninsula)involves a\nstudy of the Potter Peninsula in Antarctica. It involved the\ncollection of geologic, topographic, and hydrologic data for use\nin maps and 3-d modeling. Work on this project started in 1999.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94f27058-6a03-457a-8ece-434fd12958c5", - "label": "GPS-PDR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GPS Reprocessing by GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Technische Universität\nDresden - Interpretation of global geodynamic processes by homogeneous longterm\nseries of reprocessed GPS data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "961301b0-af75-4522-8323-7a7510a912c5", - "label": "IGS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International GNSS Service (IGS), formerly the International GPS Service, is a voluntary federation of more than 200 worldwide agencies that pool resources and permanent GPS and GLONASS station data to generate precise GNSS products. The IGS is committed to providing the highest quality data and products as the standard for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in support of Earth science research, multidisciplinary applications, and education. Currently the IGS includes two GNSS, GPS and the Russian GLONASS, and intends to incorporate future GNSS. The IGS collects, archives, and distributes GNSS observation data sets of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the objectives of a wide range of applications and experimentation. These data sets are used by the IGS to generate the data products (high accuracy GNSS satellite ephemerides, Earth rotation parameters, coordinates and velocities of the IGS tracking stations, GNSS satellite and tracking station clock information, timescale products, ionospheric and tropospheric information). In particular, the accuracies of IGS products are sufficient for the improvement and extension of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), the monitoring of solid Earth deformations, the monitoring of Earth rotation and variations in the liquid Earth (sea level, ice-sheets, etc.), for scientific satellite orbit determinations, ionosphere monitoring, and recovery of precipitable water vapor measurements. These activities endeavor to advance scientific understanding of the Earth system components and their interactions, as well as to facilitate other applications benefiting society. The Service also develops the necessary standards and specifications and encourages international adherence to its conventions. \n\nInformation provided by http://igs.org", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9645d2d7-fcb7-4e34-9433-1328b847048e", - "label": "GROADS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A consortium of groups, led by International Council for Science's Committee on Data for Science and Technology (ICSU-CODATA) Global Roads Data Development Working Group, is developing a digital, public domain global road map under the name Global Roads Open Access Data Set (gROADS). gROADS will be:\n\n- globally consistent (in terms of the underlying data model and attribute coding);\n- spatially accurate (~50m positional accuracy);\n- topologically integrated;\n- suitable for mapping at an approximate scale of 1:250,000;\n- focused on roads between settlements (not streets);\n- up-to-date and with the possibility of frequent updates;\n- well documented; and\n- freely distributed (on an 'attribution only' basis). \n\nThe gROADS initiative is sponsored by CODATA, is an approved task of the UN-GAID e-SDDC (UN Global Alliance on ICT for Development Open Access to and Application of Scientific Data in Developing Countries), and is endorsed by the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (GSDI) and GISCorps of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA). In addition, the roads data development activity has also been listed as sub-task EC-09-02(a), 'Human Dimension of Ecosystem Utilization and Conservation,' of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) 2009-2011 Work Plan. Finally, gROADS is linked into the United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI) through its adoption of the UNSDI-Transport (UNSDI-T) data model.\n\nhttp://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/confluence/display/roads/Global+Roads+Data", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "96c7ae9d-43bc-46a0-8183-b39200d6b556", - "label": "IGLO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IGLO\nProject URL: http://www.astc.org/iglo/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=455\n\nThis proposal is being submitted to the IPY committee by northerners for the benefit of northerners. Being a resident of the arctic, I clearly understand the utter need for practical research that will help to strengthen and improve the health and well-being of community life, and will contribute to making our communities more resilient to the impacts of climate change.\n\nAt the 2006 World Urban Forum it was acknowledged by global decision-makers that climate change will be one of the key challenges faced by human settlements across the world. The goal of this research node is to build capacity for sustainable community development in Arctic regions so they are less vulnerable, more liveable and stand a better chance of coping with challenges posed by climate change. In the Arctic, building this capacity requires a proactive approach, collaboration amongst a wide range of partners, integration of policies across scales (national, regional, local), accommodation of cultural priorities, and practical application of research. \n\nThis is reflected in the 2005 Research Needs Survey for Nunavut published by C-CIARN North. It states:\nThe survey results suggest that Nunavut community members recognize considerable overlap among climate change impacts and that they do not generally view climate change adaptation challenges in isolation of other social and environmental pressures. Local climate change pressures need to reflect this holistic perspective, and focus largely on understanding the interactions and cumulative effects of climate change and a host of other factors such as resource development, rapid social change, population growth, health decline, educational achievement, long range contaminant transport, and other factors.\n\nClearly there is a growing need for the practical application of research on the uncertainty, challenges, and impacts of climate change on Arctic communities. However, in the Arctic there is a large gap between scientific research and building capacity for sustainable development.\n\nThis research will contribute practical results to climate change impact and adaptation research, provide examples of mitigation and contribute to the improving the health and well-being of Arctic communities. Areas of focus will be on housing design, building technology, alternative energy, community planning, waste management and capacity building. The current housing situation in many Arctic communities is one of severe overcrowding and complete reliance on diesel fuel for energy needs. This situation is leading to negative mental and physical health problems to individuals and leaving communities vulnerable to rising fuel prices. \n\nResearch under this activity cluster will take a much needed holistic approach to creating more environmentally friendly, affordable and culturally responsible housing options that positively contribute to the health and well-being of northern-based communities. Increased Arctic planning capacity will be needed in order to maintain community resiliency. This will require the integration of traditional knowledge and scientific research and involve Inuit, First Nation/Aboriginal groups, northerners, community planners, and scientists in different regions of the Arctic.\n\nCollaboration will involve Arctic and national governments, northern and southern-based organizations, and Arctic communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "978c81f0-447c-4484-8c11-1e79bfce8236", - "label": "HBPB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Three hydrocarbon-degrading psychrotrophic bacteria were isolated from petroleum-contaminated Arctic soils and characterized. Two of the strains, identified as Pseudomonas spp., degraded C5 to C12 n-alkanes, toluene, and naphthalene at both 5 and 25 degrees C and possessed both the alk catabolic pathway for alkane biodegradation and the nah catabolic pathway for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation. One of these strains contained both a plasmid slightly smaller than the P. oleovorans OCT plasmid, which hybridized to an alkB gene probe, and a NAH plasmid similar to NAH7, demonstrating that both catabolic pathways, located on separate plasmids, can naturally coexist in the same bacterium.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=168679", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a0c4d32-54c1-450e-aafd-f086678ed176", - "label": "Hydroclimatology", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC archives data on streamflow and climatology. The hydroclimatology data collection contains data relevant for the study of surface-water conditions, including the Global River Discharge Database (RivDIS v1.1).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a20aea4-abaf-4a94-a667-8fee0bec1b15", - "label": "IGBP-DIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The role of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) Data and\nInformation System (IGBP-DIS) is to assist, as needed, IGBP Core Projects\nin the development of their individual data system plans; help provide an\noverall data system plan for IGBP; carry out activities leading directly\nto the generation of data sets; ensure the development of effective data\nmanagement systems; and act, where appropriate, to ensure the meeting of\nthe data and information needs of IGBP through international and national\norganizations and agencies.\n\nAdditional information available at\nhttp://ciesin.columbia.edu/TG/RS/igbp-dis.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a7c7cb8-3360-49e6-afb3-70bc288ae6ee", - "label": "IPYEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPYEX\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=294\n\nAn exchange of students and young northern professionals from Canada and other circumpolar countries during International Polar Year 2007-2008.\n\nFour categories of exchanges are envisioned:\n\n1. Undergraduate and College students: A 4-month exchange, in collaboration with the University of the Arctic’s north2north student mobility program and expanded during IPY to include students from southern universities who are undertaking northern studies.\nTarget participation: 20 Canadian students in each year, 2007 and 2008.\n\n2. Graduate students: A 4-month exchange, in collaboration with north2north, or arranged by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society (RCGS) with the support of the Association for Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS).\nTarget participation: 10 Canadian students in each year, 2007 and 2008.\n\n3. Young Northern Professionals: A 6-month work internship, in collaboration with the International Institute for Sustainable Development’s Circumpolar Young Leaders Program, a Future of Children and Youth of the Arctic initiative of the Arctic Council, which currently arranges work placements in circumpolar countries.\nTarget participation: 10 individuals in each year, 2007 and 2008.\n\n4. High School students: In collaboration with the Students on Ice program which provides earning opportunities for Canadian high school students in both the Arctic and Antarctica each year. During IPY, the expeditions groups would be expanded to include students from other circumpolar countries.\nTarget participation: 15 Canadian students and 10 circumpolar country students in each year, 2007 and 2008.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9ba8164d-6f4d-40df-95a2-5f47f180148a", - "label": "INTERCAMBIO_CALORICO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Lipid profile, vitamin and hormone levels were analyzed in 17 subjects who completed the study in its two phases. In phase I the participants spent 47days sailing with hard work and rough seas, and the diet was rich in fat and poor in fresh foods. In this phase, glucose decreased and HDL-cholesterol, apo-AI, and TSH increased. Plasma retinol and α-tocopherol levels remained stable, γ-tocopherol, α-carotene and β-carotene significantly decreased, and lycopene significantly increased. Phase II lasted 49days including a 7-day long stop in port. This meant that a more varied diet was available and fresh foods were present in the hold. There was also less extreme physical activity. The metabolic pattern changed direction, glucose rose, HDL-cholesterol and apo-AI decreased and the levels of the vitamins that dropped in phase I started to increase. Lycopene significantly decreased.\n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0939475305001894", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c51c1ab-8d30-47ad-8559-30a71db03501", - "label": "IFloodS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign was conducted in the central to northeastern part of Iowa in the Midwestern United States during the months of April thru June 2013. The objectives and goals of this field campaign were to quantify the physical characteristics and space/time variability of rain, assess satellite rainfall retrieval uncertainties, discern relative roles of rainfall quantities, such as rate and accumulation, and refine approaches to 'integrated hydrologic ground validation' concept based on IFloodS experiences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9c68b8c3-c551-4189-8e45-35d30ba4dc1d", - "label": "INTEXA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - North America Phase A (INTEX-A) was an integrated atmospheric field experiment performed over North America. The study seeked to understand the transport and transformation of gases and aerosols on transcontinental/intercontinental scales and their impact on air quality and climate. A particular focus in this study was to quantify and characterize the inflow and outflow of pollution over North America. The main constituents of interest were ozone and precursors, aerosols and precursors, and the long-lived greenhouse gases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9d1ddea0-6436-432c-8ae2-37d6eb0941b8", - "label": "INTERKOSMOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Interkosmos program of cooperation in space was decided by treaty on July, 13 1976. The space program was part of the work of the Council of Mutual Economic Cooperation (COMECOM). The Interkosmos space program finish with the dissolution of COMECOM on 1990.\n\nInformation provided by http://flagspot.net/flags/qw-ikosm.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9db20a07-d2bf-435d-b0ff-cd5a490cc73f", - "label": "GOMC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment is a U.S.-Canadian partnership of government and non-government organizations working to maintain and enhance environmental quality in the Gulf of Maine to allow for sustainable resource use by existing and future generations. We organize conferences and workshops; offer grants and recognition awards; conduct environmental monitoring; provide science translation to management; raise public awareness about the Gulf; and connect people, organizations, and information. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.gulfofmaine.org/council/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9e8894ee-13b5-4e98-8031-06d6fe64de2a", - "label": "IPY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "It is envisioned that the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008 will be an\nintense, internationally coordinated campaign of research that will initiate a\nnew era in polar science. IPY 2007-2008 will include research in both polar\nregions and recognise the strong links these regions have with the rest of the\nglobe. It will involve a wide range of research disciplines, including the\nsocial sciences, but the emphasis will be interdisciplinary in its approach and\ntruly international in participation. It aims to educate and involve the\npublic, and to help train the next generation of engineers, scientists, and\nleaders.\n\nThe International Council for Science (ICSU) formally agreed to establish an\nInternational Polar Year in 2007-2008 and formed an International Planning\nGroup to direct the development of an IPY programme. The World Meteorological\nOrganization (WMO) agreed to co-sponsor the Polar Year with ICSU and\ncontributed to the Planning Group activities in 2003-2004. In September 2004\nthe Planning Group completed its brief and handed over leadership of the Polar\nYear planning to the ICSU-WMO Joint Committee.\n\nFor more details see http://www.ipy.org/\n\n[Information obtained from http://www.ipy.org/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9edadc20-291f-402d-96a2-dfd7a73658fd", - "label": "IPEV-CALVA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9efa7a7f-1bb5-407e-ae38-4d3cf729f868", - "label": "IDA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project IDA (International Deployment of Accelerometers) is a\n global array of accelerometers that collects low-frequency\n seismic data (Agnew, et. al., 1986). This network has been in\n place since 1975, and has had as many as 18 stations in\n operation between 1978 to 1987. The original purpose of the\n network was to collect data for earth structure and earthquake\n mechanisms, and it has been used to detect slow and silent\n earthquakes (Beroza and Jordan, 1990). The data from 1978 to\n 1987 were available, although only 1984 to 1987 were considered\n carefully because of the sparse global coverage in the earlier\n years. The stations now have an almost uniform distribution\n around the globe and respond to frequencies from about one cycle\n per minute to below one cycle per day.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://sepwww.stanford.edu/public/docs/sep75/ray1/paper_html/node4.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f1db849-1cc1-451f-9a4b-9a924444c65d", - "label": "GLACIODYN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: GLACIODYN\nProject URL: http://www.glaciodyn.org\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=37\n\nGlobal warming will have a large impact on glaciers in the Arctic region. Changes in the extent of glaciers will effect sea level, and may lead to substantial changes in sediment and fresh water supplies to embayments and fjords. \n\nIn ACIA, a simple approach was taken to estimate the runoff of all glaciers in the Arctic for a set of climate-change scenarios. Changes in the surface mass balance were calculated without dealing with the fact that glacier geometries will change. It was also assumed that the rate of iceberg production at calving fronts would not change. \n\nTo arrive at more accurate predictions, we propose an internationally-coordinated effort to study the dynamics of Arctic glaciers and develop new tools to deal with this dynamic response. The key elements of this effort are \n\n(i) to make better use of observational techniques to assess the detailed dynamics of a key set of glaciers, and \n(ii) to develop models that can be used to aggregrate data and that are sufficiently robust to have predictive power. \n\nA set of target glaciers have been identified for intensive observations (in situ and from space) for the period 2007-2010. This set covers a wide range of climatic/geographical settings and takes maximum advantage of prior long-term studies. \n\nThe target glaciers are:\n- Academy of Sciences Ice Cap (Severnaya Zemlya)\n- Glacier No. 1 (Hall Island, Franz Josef Land)\n- Austfonna (Svalbard)\n- Hansbreen (Svalbard)\n- Kronebreen (Svalbard)\n- Kongsvegen (Svalbard)\n- North Scandinavia transect (Langfjordjøkelen, Storglaciären, Marmaglaciären)\n- Vatnajökull (Iceland)\n- Kangerlussuaq basin (West Greenland)\n- Devon Ice Cap (Canada)\n- McCall Glacier (Alaska)\n- Hubbard Glacier (Alaska)\n- Columbia Glacier (Alaska)\n\nAmong the target glaciers are glaciers for which information is available on length/area in historical times [reports, drawings, photographs, old maps, etc.]. This information will be combined with the newly derived maps to reconstruct glacier evolution from the Little Ice Age into the present. This will provide a better perspective for projecting changes in the coming century.\n\nSpecial attention will be given to tidewater glaciers. We want to look carefully at the interaction between surface processes and dynamics (e.g. the influence of meltwater supply on ice velocities and consequently calving rates; interactions between terminal moraines, sediment flux, and ice velocities). In a warming world some glaciers will transform from cold to polythermal, or from polythermal to temperate. We want to study the effect of such transitions on glacier dynamics and related rates of retreat. Another important aspect of study is the surface albedo. Poor drainage of meltwater may lead to more extensive zones of soaked snow and supraglacial lakes (as seen in large parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet), thus enlarging the sensitivity of ablation rates to warming.\n\nModel development will be conducted in parallel with the observational programmes. The modelling work will deal with processes acting on the smaller scale (e.g. parameterization of the calving process) and on the larger scale (e.g. global dynamics of tidewater glaciers, response to climate change, interaction with sediment dynamics).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9f852a73-64d4-403d-8678-a354a5608078", - "label": "HOLANT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HOLANT will determine how the climate of coastal (Sub-)Antarctic regions has varied during the Holocene; and especially how records from these coastal areas and inland locations (ice cores) are interrelated with respect to timing, duration and magnitude of climatic variation. In addition, we will relate previous temperature excursions to changes in regional ice sheet volume and global-scale climate anomalies.\n\nThe main research questions are: What are the timing, duration and magnitude of Holocene climate anomalies in coastal areas in sub- maritime and east Antarctic regions and how are these anomalies related to climatic events recorded in inland locations (ice cores)?; How did Holocene climate changes affect regional ice sheet/glacier dynamics?; How did Holocene climate changes affect the diversity of primary producers in Antarctic lakes?\n\nhttp://www.holant.ugent.be/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9fad31a7-fa09-416e-968a-a2e0e6db535a", - "label": "GWC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Green Water Credits is an environmental reward system that promotes sustainable land and water management by farmers, so that land and water degradation diminish and both water quantity and quality increase. Green Water Credits will guarantee investments for land users to apply simple, but effective soil and water management practices, which leads to an increase in the amount of green water upstream and blue water downstream.\n\nhttp://greenwatercredits.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a1110586-42f8-45cf-b4df-eb2ca5fd6a43", - "label": "ISLSCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The purpose of the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) is to use the relationship that exists between current satellite measurements at the earth's surface, related particularly to vegetation cover, and to establish a 20-year homogeneous data set of quantities that characterize the state of the surface. Such a data set is required to increase our understanding of the interactions linking land-surface properties and the earth's climate.\n \nThe idea of the ISLSC Project has two roots in the World Climate Programme. First, the use of time series of satellite data to monitor seasonal and long-term variations in land use and vegetation cover, in order to assess quantitatively the changes in the structure of the surface which occur either by man's action or as an impact of climate variability. Second the inference from satellite imagery of quantities needed either to improve upon the parameterization of land-surface/atmosphere interactions in climate models, or to generate input parameters for climate models.\n \nThe ISLSC Project involves a series of sub-projects which concentrate on specific geographic locations. The first effort (Inter-Disciplinary Studies-Land Surface Climatology Project: IDS-LSCP) was designed to correlate historic satellite data with current satellite data and ground truth experiments in order to detect any long-term change in the land surface resulting from climate or human activities. The area of interest was in the southwest United States and in the Sonoran Desert of northern Mexico.\n\nThe second effort involved a field experiment (First ISLSCP FIELD EXPERIMENT: FIFE), which was designed to correlate existing satellite data and ground truth data in an effort to detect climate-related fluctuations or man-induced changes on the land surface. The FIFE site was located on the Konza Prairie in northeast Kansas. Another field experiment (Boral Ecosystem Atmosphere Study: BOREAS), using the same approach as in FIFE, is planned for two sites in the northern sections of the Canadian Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba.\n\nData from the FIFE was originally archived with the NASA Pilot Land Data System (PLDS). In 1994, the FIFE data was transferred to the Earth Observing System Data Information System (EOSDIS) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Data from the BOREAS will also be archived at ORNL DAAC as will other data from ISLSCP.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a25813a5-4026-478a-8934-fcb8b3876edf", - "label": "ICWQ", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The flow of nutrients into coastal waters from land-based sources has seen a worldwide increase over the last decades. The resulting change in water quality has many potential impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems. Phosphorus and nitrogen contribute to enhanced algae growth, and subsequent decomposition reduces oxygen availability to benthic sea creatures like fish, shell fish, and crustaceans. Changes to nutrient loadings can also change the phytoplankton species composition and diversity. In extreme cases, eutrophication can lead to hypoxia—oxygen-depleted “dead zones”—and harmful algal blooms.\n\nMeasuring chlorophyll concentrations as an indicator of algae biomass may provide one tool to assess coastal water quality and its change over time. Here, we used chlorophyll-a concentrations derived from NASA's Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) to analyze trends over a ten year period (1998–2007). We attempted to identify near-coastal areas with improving, declining, and stable chlorophyll concentrations that can provide guidance for decision making in the context of environmental management. \n\nhttp://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/seawifs.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a3cfe764-394a-43d9-aafd-bd8c1dd3bc63", - "label": "GSAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) five-year research strategy Global Science in the Antarctic Context (GSAC) for 2005-2010 comprised eight research programmes totalling 18 projects, plus long-term monitoring and survey. It consists of an integrated set of inter-disciplinary research, monitoring and survey activities designed to extract from the Antarctic new knowledge to inform policy and benefit society. \n\nThe eight GSAC programmes:\nACES - Antarctic Climate and the Earth System\nBIOFLAME - Biodiversity, Function, Limits and Adaptation from Molecules to Ecosystems\nCACHE - Climate and Chemistry: Forcings, Feedbacks and Phasings in the Earth System\nCOMPLEXITY - Natural Complexity Programme\nDISCOVERY 2010 - Integrating Southern Ocean Ecosystems into the Earth System\nGEACEP - Greenhouse to Ice-House Evolution of the Antarctic Cryosphere and Palaeoenvironment\nGRADES - Glacial Retreat in Antarctica and Deglaciation of the Earth System\nSEC - Sun Earth Connections\n\nLong-term monitoring and survey activities link to all programmes:\nLTMS - Long-Term Monitoring and Survey", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a584ef95-3545-4897-a61f-7327906991d8", - "label": "HARIMAU", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Five years (FY2005-FY2009: April 2005-March 2010) program of 'HARIMAU (Principal Investigator [PI]: Manabu D. Yamanaka)' is funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) as a part of 'Japan Earth Observation System [EOS] Promotion Program (JEPP)'. The HARIMAU starts practically from FY2006 (April 2006) in addition to the successive IORGC/JAMSTEC scientific activities which have been collaborated with BPPT (,BMG and LAPAN) in Indonesia. \n\nObjectives:\n\n[1] Further physical understandings of intraseasonal variation (ISV; period of 60-90 days, see Fig. 1) in terms of convective and rainfall activities over the maritime continent which might have great effect on the global climate changes, such El-Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole mode (IOD), through the tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction.\n\n[2] Contribution to prevention from natural disasters such as flush flood, landslip, drought, and air pollution, caused by extraordinary weather in relation to the ISVs through monitoring atmosphere continuously and real time data distribution to governmental institutions.\n\n[3] Providing statistical observation data and chance to study how to deal with them which are useful for such as agricultural meteorology, water response management, aviation meteorology, air pollution control, and capacity building for younger scientists. \n\nFor more information, see http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/harimau/.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a5d28ed5-f4b2-409a-8ffd-0609ea8fa572", - "label": "HAMSTRAD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers (HAMSTRAD) program aims to develop two ground-based microwave radiometers to sound tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor (H2O) above Dome C (Concordia Station), Antarctica (75??06' S, 123??21'E, 3233 m asml), an extremely cold and dry environment, over decades. By using state-of-the-art technology, the HAMSTRAD-Tropo radiometer uses spectral information in the domains 51-59 GHz (oxygen line) and 169-197 GHz (water vapor line) to derive accurate tropospheric profiles of temperature (with accuracy ranging from 1 to 2 K) and low absolute humidity (with accuracy ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 g ?? m-3), together with integrated water vapor (with accuracy of about 0.008 kg ?? m-2) and liquid water path. Prior to its installation at Dome C in January 2009, the fully automated radiometer has been deployed at the Pic du Midi (PdM, 42??56'N, 0??08'E, 2877 m asml, France) in February 2008 and was in operation for five months. Preliminary comparisons with radio soundings particularly launched in the vicinity of PdM in February 2008 and the outputs from the mesoscale MESO-NH model show a great consistency to within 0.2-0.3 g ?? m-3 between all absolute humidity data sets whatever the atmosphere considered (extremely dry or wet).\n\nhttp://www.radiometrics.com/Ricaud_TGRS10.pdf", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a7f4b082-0f88-4686-9a7e-4412b789440a", - "label": "GLOBMET", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GLOBMET (Global Meteor Observation System) Project (1982-1990) was\none of the MAP projects aimed at intensifying research in Meteor\nGeophysics and Meteor Astronomy in the 1980's by making wider use of\nthe latest achievements in this field and expanding international\ncoordination in meteor research. The main objective of the project\nwas to organize a network of meteor observatories, which will provide\nexperimental data : (1) for testing of models of atmospheric\ncirculation which include the meteor region; (2) on the influx of\nmeteors and the distribution of meteoroids in the neighborhood of the\nEarth; and (3) for testing models of meteoroid/atmosphere interaction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a90cc15b-224c-4ee9-984f-5238666f4476", - "label": "GTE/TRACE-P", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "TRACE-P is part of a long series of GTE aircraft missions aimed at better understanding of global tropospheric chemistry [McNeal et al., 1998]. Over the past two decades, GTE has conducted missions in several remote regions of the world (Amazonia, the Arctic, the tropical Atlantic, the Pacific) to characterize the natural processes determining the composition of the global troposphere and to assess the degree of human perturbation. The rapid industrialization now taking place in Asia is of compelling interest. Energy use in eastern Asia has increased by 5% yr-1 over the past decade and this rate of increase is expected to continue for the next two decades [U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1997]. Combustion of fossil fuels is the main source of energy. Emission of NOx in eastern Asia is expected to increase almost 5-fold from 1990 to 2020 [van Aardenne et al., 1999]. There is a unique opportunity to observe the time-dependent atmospheric impact of a major industrial revolution. Long-term observations of from ground sites and satellites can provide continuous monitoring of the temporal trend of atmospheric composition but are limited in terms of spatial coverage (ground sites) or the suite of species measurable (satellites). Aircraft missions can complement surface and satellite observations by providing a detailed investigation of the dynamical and chemical processes affecting atmospheric composition over broad geographical regions. . \n\nSummary provided by http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/trace/tracep.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "aac7da9f-96a9-47af-a66a-1899bd788018", - "label": "ITEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) is a collaboration among\ninvestigators from nine countries to examine the effects of increased\nsummer temperature on tundra vegetation. These projects have been\nfunded since 1992.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.systbot.gu.se/research/itex/itex.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ab08cada-1a8e-4636-b834-18dc35266953", - "label": "GCP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GGP, Phase 1, ran from 1 July 1997 to 1 July 2003. At the 2003 IUGG in Sapporo, GGP was officially integrated into the IAG as an Intercommision Project, reporting to Commission 3 (Earth Rotation and Geodynamics) and Commission 2 (The Gravity Field). GGP completed Phase 2 at the IUGG in Perugia, Italy, 2007, and will now continue indefinitely as an IAG Inter-Commission Project.\n\n\nhttp://www.eas.slu.edu/GGP/ggphome.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac370b6d-3e68-437b-a2ae-e6377583da33", - "label": "ISOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This research initiative was formed with the objective to conduct long-term studies in the Southern Ocean (SO) which are associated with many global-climate changes issues. It is well known that the SO connects the major ocean basins permitting a global scale thermohaline circulation, therefore Antarctic bottom water formation and its variability as well as its pathways towards lower latitudes is a relevant information. Interocean connection is a route for heat and freshwater (climate) anomalies, as well as anthropogenic tracers. The SO also plays a major role in the global climate change due to its key role in the global geochemical cycle, particularly carbon. The proposed activities during the IPY (2007-2008) are related to the actual work which is actually carried out in the SO (lat>30oS) by the Brazilian High Latitude Oceanography Group (GOAL), sponsored and funded by the Brazilian Antarctic Programme (PROANTAR). The main research topics of GOAL focuses in the understanding of (1) the formation and variability of dense bottom water close to the tip of Antarctic Peninsula; (2) the variability of Bransfield and Gerlache Straits ecosystems. (3) the role played by the SO in the global carbon cycle using in situ and satellite ocean color data; (4) the upper layer circulation and 3D structure eddies shedded by the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence. We also expect to undertake some transects, radiating outwards across the Antarctic tip continental shelf and slope, during austral summer period of January-March 2008, as a contribution to the project Synoptic Antarctic Shelf-Slope Interactions (SASSI), planned by the iAnZone group for the IPY 2007-2008. Furthermore, we hope to participate in an international focused effort to make observations along the three SO chokepoints where the meridional spread of the SO dynamics is constrained and where the transport measurements and interocean exchanges can be accurately monitored. These actions are part of the more general strategy presented by the CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Implementation Panel.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=911", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac87b14f-b55d-4844-a986-8a2124472674", - "label": "IPY-THORPEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: THORPEX-IPY\nProject URL: http://www.ipy-thorpex.no/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=121\n\nThe WMO/WWRP's THORPEX Global Research Programme involves nations from North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. THORPEX intends to conduct research that will accelerate improvements in the prediction and understanding of high-impact weather on the 1 to 14-day time-scale for the benefit of society, the environment and the economy.\n\nThe aims of this cluster proposal are to improve numerical weather prediction model systems and climate models by utilizing remotely sensed and in situ observations taken during the IPY and to study and advance our knowledge of meteorological, surface and ocean phenomena typical for the region. The investigations will also improve our understanding and modelling of polar-global interactions. The scope ranges from high-resolution numerical weather prediction to climate and regional ocean modelling. The motivation comes from several applications: 1) Regional weather forecasting: In polar areas there are strong needs for accurate weather forecasts. Further model-based ocean, ice and wave forecasting need accurate forcing fields. 2) Medium range (global) weather forecasting: Improved model quality in polar areas influences forecasts at mid and high latitudes. 3) Climate studies.\n\nThe project has four objectives: \n\nThe first is on forecasting and to what degree an improved use of satellite data and an optimized observational network, including targeted observations, will improve forecasts of high impact weather events (IPY project numbers 294; 394; 638; 600; 798; 811; 113; 146; 206, 410, 92, 888, contribution related to meteorology). These studies will not be limited to forecasting conditions over the poles, but will also address polar-global interactions. These investigations will provide insight into the design of the global observing system and into the potential impact of any IPY legacy measurement sites. New satellite technologies will be used to develop products that can potentially improve weather forecasts.\n\nThe second objective is to better understand physical and dynamic processes in the polar regions, in general, with a specific emphasis on aerosols, the microphysical properties of clouds and the possibility of improving parameterisation schemes of clouds and radiation for use in numerical weather prediction and climate models (294; 638; 600; 798; 70; 116; 158; 206; 410; 113, 297). The spatial variations in surface characteristics, stable lapse rates and extreme seasonal variations in solar radiation make the polar environment unique and a challenge for parameterizations. \n\nThe third objective is a deeper understanding of the polar regions through a focus on small scale weather phenomena and the impacts of topography and surface variations (394; 638; 618; 811; 113; 134; 146; 167; 297; 888, contribution related to meteorology). Such research will also provide valuable insight on the limitations of coarse-grid models, since recent research has provided evidence for a wide variety of circulations (terrain-induced vortices, downslope winds, flow channelling, thermodynamic impacts of open water etc) that are often sub-grid-scale in climate and many forecast models. This work includes investigations of the flow distortion over Greenland and how it impacts the mesoscale thermohaline circulation. In some cases the higher resolution modelling capability will remain in place as a legacy of THORPEX-IPY activities.\n\nTaken together the research results from first three objectives the potential to improve future predictions of the weather and climate over the polar regions. Improvement in the initial state means an improved time series of operational and research analyses for climate change research.\n \nThe final objective is to utilize improved forecast systems to benefit society, economy and environment. High-impact weather events in polar regions include spring thaws, sea ice movement, and severe winter cyclones resulting in strong winds, high seas, and heavy precipitation as defined by their impact on public safety, fisheries and fishery management, activities of the indigenous arctic populations, wildlife, energy production and transportation. These problems are not local to the poles as the intrusion of polar air masses into higher latitudes also has dramatic impacts and many of the polar events are linked to wave trains that are initiated at lower latitudes. During IPY, the major operational forecast centers of the world will co-operate to form a THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) that will form the basis for research on ensemble prediction and on improving society's ability to utilize forecast information. TIGGE will also be made available for IPY field operations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ac916278-ceee-433e-97a2-582e677eeb13", - "label": "HYDROS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HYDROS will provide the first global views of Earth's changing soil\nmoisture and land surface freeze/thaw conditions, leading to\nbreakthroughs in weather and climate prediction and in the\nunderstanding of processes linking water, energy, and carbon cycles.\n\n SCIENCE OBJECTIVES:\n\n 1. Enhance understanding of processes that link water, energy,\n and carbon cycles\n\n 2. Improve weather and climate prediction\n\n Launch Date: June 2006\n\n For more information on HYDROS, see\n 'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/hydros/index.html'\n\n For more information on the Earth System Science Pathfinder, see\n 'http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ace64898-5f6b-499e-83ef-6256200553b4", - "label": "INCATPA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Anthropogenic pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), other semivolatile organic pollutants (SOCs) and mercury can be transported over long distances from source regions to the remote Arctic. Since the Arctic does not exist alone and it shares a common atmosphere and aqua-sphere with the World, these pollutants can theoretically originate from anywhere globally and be carried to the Arctic by air and ocean currents. Studies conducted under the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP), the Canadian National Implementation Plan of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), as well as others, have associated episodes of high POP concentrations measured on the western North American Arctic with atmospheric transport across the Pacific from potential sources in Asia. Such transport can occur in as short as 5 to 10 days. These pollutants have the tendency of depositing on terrestrial and aquatic surfaces in the Arctic and can bioaccumulate through the Arctic foodchain. Deposition of this kind has been assessed by the Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project (WACAP) in National Parks along the U.S. and Alaskan Pacific coasts. Due to their environmental persistence and potential toxicity, these pollutants can significantly affect the health of Arctic wildlife and human.\nThe current project aims at advancing our knowledge in the factors and mechanisms which influence intercontinental transport of pollutants and our understanding of the relative contribution of intercontinental versus intracontinental transport to the Arctic. These objectives can be achieved through coordinated source-receptor measurement of atmospheric pollutants coupled with multi-media transport modelling. It is proposed that simultaneous air sampling for mercury, POPs (e.g. chlordanes, DDTs, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes [HCHs], toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) and other anthropogenic chemicals (e.g. endosulfan, polybrominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] and current-use pesticides) be conducted along both sides of the Pacific Ocean. These sampling sites include locations in northern China, Vietnam, Japan, eastern Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic, the western Canadian Arctic, Alaska and the west coast of the U.S.A.. Both conventional high volume air sampling (Hivol) and passive air sampling (PAS) methods (in cooperation with the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Project and Chinese POPs Air Monitoring Program) for POPs will be used to obtain air samples integrating over different time scales, ranging from 1-2 days (Hivol) to several months to a year (PAS). This allows the assessment of event-based transport episodes versus the overall impact averaged over seasons and years. This will also facilitate the development of PAS which are low cost and require little maintenance. For ambient air mercury measurements all sample analysis will be performed using the Automated Tekran Mercury Vapour Analyser as used in AMAP and NCP sampling sites. A coupled global-scale three-dimensional atmospheric transport and air / soil exchange model developed to investigate the transport of POPs (MEDIA) and the Global/Regional Atmospheric Heavy Metals Model (GRAHM) will be used to forecast trans-Pacific and intracontinental transport episodes of POPs and mercury to facilitate sampling, interpret air monitoring results and estimate the effect of climate change on the long-range transport of pollutants to the Arctic. This project will make use of existing air monitoring facilities for POPs established under AMAP, North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) China-Canada Joint Project on Reduction of Lindane Usage in China and its Impact Globally and on North America, as well as other national and university-based studies in Asia and North America. The new site of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy will be initiated in the Eastern Russian sub-Arctic to increase spatial coverage of measurements. Research will focus on:\n(1) fingerprinting chemical compositions of air masses from different parts of the Pacific;\n(2) identifying key chemical properties, e.g. vapour pressures and air-surface partition coefficients, and atmospheric dynamics, e.g. large-scale wind systems, pressure and geopotential heights, air temperatures, precipitation etc., which dictates chemical transport to the Arctic;\n(3) quantifying the relative contribution and major pathways of intercontinental versus intracontinental input of pollutants into the North American Arctic; and establishing background atmospheric circulation patterns for episodic trans-Pacific pollutant transport to the Arctic;\n(4) assessing and forecasting the potential influence of changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and climate variability on the long-range transport of pollutants to the Arctic.\n\nAll Arctic sites involved in this study will also be part of the IPY Core Activities of ATMOPOL ( #76) and COPOL (#175). Results from this project can be linked to the IPY EOI of TRANSARC Pollutants (#50) and other EOIs.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=327", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "adac1d6a-4345-4721-a866-194aaaec1551", - "label": "INSPIRE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "INSPIRE is ambitious. The initiative intends to trigger the creation of a European spatial information infrastructure that delivers to the users integrated spatial information services. These services should allow the users to identify and access spatial or geographical information from a wide range of sources, from the local level to the global level, in an inter-operable way for a variety of uses. The target users of INSPIRE include policy-makers, planners and managers at European, national and local level and the citizens and their organisations. Possible services are the visualisation of information layers, overlay of information from different sources, spatial and temporal analysis, etc.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ec-gis.org/inspire/whyinspire.cfm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1ad1670-6419-4bd6-ab69-4a02f54b2ff8", - "label": "IOOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Ocean.US (http://www.ocean.us/) was created by the National Oceanographic\nPartnership Program to coordinate the development of an operational and\nintegrated and sustained ocean observing system (IOOS). Information from this\nIOOS system will serve national needs for:\n\n * Detecting and forecasting oceanic components of climate variability\n * Facilitating safe and efficient marine operations\n * Ensuring national security\n * Managing resources for sustainable use\n * Preserving and restoring healthy marine ecosystems\n * Mitigating natural hazards\n * Ensuring public health \n\n[Summary adapted from http://www.ocean.us/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1bf6d41-36da-49fb-a315-41492f050441", - "label": "GLDAS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "North American (NLDAS) and Global (GLDAS) LDAS systems are being developed that will lead to more accurate reanalysis and forecast simulations by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Specifically, these systems will reduce the errors in the stores of soil moisture and energy which are often present in NWP models and which degrade the accuracy of forecasts. NLDAS is currently running retrospectively and in near real-time on a 1/8th-degree grid while GLDAS is running at 1/4 degree resolution. The systems are currently forced by terrestrial (NLDAS) and space based (GLDAS) precipitation data, space-based radiation data and numerical model output. In order to create an optimal scheme, the projects involve several LSMs, many sources of data, and several institutions. Data from the project can be accessed on the NLDAS and GLDAS forcing pages, the NLDAS and GLDAS model output pages, as well as on the NLDAS Realtime Image Generator page.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b1cbfb2f-2def-4dfa-96cf-b3fe6880f2b3", - "label": "IPY-AP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IPY-AP\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=107\n\nAir temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have risen 6 times faster than the global average in recent decades, triggering glaciological and ecological events unique in the history of this region in the last 1,000 years. In particular, this warming was responsible for the collapse of Larsen A ice shelf in 1995 and Larsen B in 2002. Further south, Larsen C has thinned and continued warming could lead to its breakup within the next decade. \n\nTo date, access to the most active Peninsula regions has been limited, and little baseline glaciological data exist. As a result, large uncertainties remain in the determination of the mass balance of this region. Studies based on remote sensing and available in situ data show that a complex interaction is underway, involving enhanced precipitation at high elevation, enhanced melting at low elevation, sea ice retreat, enhanced surface and basal melting of land and shelf ice; glacier and ice shelf fracturing; melt percolation; seasonal changes in ice flow; and rapid glacial acceleration in the aftermath of ice shelf break-up. As the Larsen A and B ice shelves disintegrated they uncovered a glacial history preserved on the sea-floor indicating the current retreats are rare to unprecedented in the Holocene. \n\nThis proposal represents a combination of interests from GLABENAP, TRAPIS, APICS, and APY; these four activities sought to study ice- and climate-related changes at 3 different latitudes, and therefore 3 different stages of ice response to climate change. GLABENAP aims to investigate glacier response in the northernmost areas of the Peninsula, in the aftermath of the transition from continental Antarctic conditions to sub-polar Cordilleran styles of glaciation; APICS and TRAPIS aim to study the rapid changes where ice shelf retreat and glacier acceleration are underway at present; and APY has an interest in the precursors to this change, in basal melting and the influence of increasing summer surface melt on grounded glaciers further to the south around Larsen C. All 4 studies recognize the importance of climate, paleo-climate, geological and oceanographic influences; and all recognize the profound biological responses to change. This proposal is an umbrella organizational tool for several research projects focused on ice-climate interactions.\n\nWe propose an international program of logistical cooperation and scientific collaboration to measure, model, and understand the ongoing climate and glaciological changes in the AP. The results will document the evolution of shelf-glacier systems in a warming climate. Our field science program will install automated observing stations at selected sites, deploy an array of sensors designed to monitor glaciological and geophysical parameters of importance that cannot be collected any other way, and collect critical climate and paleoclimate data. During these campaigns, we will gather baseline data on ice motion, thickness, structure, and internal temperature. The program will also further investigate the sea-floor sedimentary record, promote ongoing west coast ecosystem research, and initiate a program of biological and oceanographic observation along the eastern coast. Remote-sensing-based studies will continue, using both new and existing tools, both airborne and satellite based. We envision a coordinated logistical plan combining US, UK, Chilean, Brazilian and Argentine airborne and ground assets, and we plan US and UK research vessel cruises that would support both land and sea field work. It is our hope that the logistical paths established as part of IPY will lead to continuing and growing cooperation in the Peninsula in the following years.\n\nWe will establish an IPY-AP web forum, and organize regular workshop meetings building on recent successful meetings at Hamilton College and SPRI that will provide a venue for discussing results, promoting outreach, and planning research activities.\n\nThe Antarctic Peninsula is a model for a future, warmer Antarctica. What we see there are changes of greater scale, speed, and magnitude than were considered possible before. IPY-AP seeks to better observe this system and its responses to know what the future may hold. This region of the World is ideal for international collaboration from geopolitical, logistical and scientific standpoints in the context of IPY.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b2887c29-bd70-4a1d-9914-db1df88565e6", - "label": "GTMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GTMS (Global Thermosphere Mapping Study ) was an\ninternational cooperative enterprise scheduled for 1985-1986\nwith several short campaigns. Several ground-based observational\nnetworks were involved in the GTMS campaigns, namely meteor\nradars, ionospheric wind stations, incoherent scatter radars,\netc. The main goal of the program was to obtain a global map of\nthermosphere winds for main seasonal periods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3210ad3-5825-45ee-8434-643e1b64673e", - "label": "GRAND", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Reservoir and Dam Database 1.1 is online now. This dataset compiles reservoirs with a storage capacity of more than 0.1 km³. The recent version contains 6.862 spatially explicit records of reservoirs with their respected dams and gives information on their storage volume.\n\nDespite established recognition of the many critical environmental and social tradeoffs associated with dams and reservoirs, global data sets describing their characteristics and geographical distribution have been largely incomplete. To addrress this shortcoming, the Global Water System Project (GWSP) initiiated an international effort to collate the existing dam and reservoir data sets with the aim of providing a single, geographically explicit and reliable database for the scientific community: The Global Reservoir and Dam Database (GRanD).\n\nThe development of GRanD primarily aimed at compiling the available reservoir and dam information; correcting it through extensive cross-validation, error checking, and identification of duplicate records, attribute conflicts, or mismatches; and completing missing information from new sources or statistical approaches. The dams were geospatially referenced and assigned to polygons depicting reservoir outlines at high spatial resolution. While the main focus was to include all reservoirs with a storage capacity of more than 0.1 km³, many smaller reservoirs were added if data were available. The current version 1.1 of GRanD contains 6,862 records of reservoirs and their associated dams, with a cumulative storage capacity of 6,197 km³.\n\nThe development of the GRanD database has been coordinated by the Global Water System Project, Bonn, Germany, and has been executed in partnership and collaboration between members of the following institutes and organizations: Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; The CUNY Environmental Cross-Roads Initiative, City University of New York, NY, USA; University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA; Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA; European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark; Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy; University of Yamanashi, Japan; University of Greifswald, Germany; University of Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden. \n\nSummary provided from http://www.gwsp.org/85.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3a6d8ee-594a-4e88-9c06-0f6de55cd266", - "label": "ICESTAR/IHY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICESTAR/IHY\nProject URL: http://www.ipy-id63.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=63\n\nICESTAR/IHY will coordinate multinational research on solar-generated events which affect the composition and dynamics of the atmosphere in the terrestrial polar areas. The activity brings together two complementary programmes: the International Heliophysical Year (IHY) (EoI 172) is an international programme to coordinate the use of current and forthcoming spacecraft missions with ground-based observatory instruments to study the Sun's influence on the heliosphere, including effects at the Earth; ICESTAR (EoI 554), endorsed by SCAR, aims to coordinate research on magnetospheric and ionospheric responses to solar inputs, with emphases on the networking of ground-based instrument networks and the study of inter-hemispheric relationships. \n\nThe proposed joint project includes the collective effort of 24 international consortia which submitted their Expressions of Intent (EoIs) to the IPY call in January 2005. Between them, these groups already run a large body of instrumentation in both the Arctic and the Antarctic to support this research programme. Several consortia are also proposing to install new instruments in the polar regions to significantly improve the spatial coverage and resolution and to provide pairs of geomagnetically conjugate observations from both the hemispheres. The resulting observations and value-added data products will be used together with state-of-the-art models and simulations to improve our quantitative understanding of the near-Earth space environment. \n\nThe scientific goals of the 24 EoIs can be categorised under the following three main themes: \n\n(i) Coupling processes between the different atmospheric layers and their connection with the solar activity: E.g. effects of mid-atmospheric circulation and extreme solar activity on the content of stratospheric ozone and minor constituents, variations of the cosmic ray fluxes above the polar areas and South Atlantic Anomaly, energy transfer from powerful weather fronts to geospace heights and using novel technology for stratospheric magnetic field measurements.\n\n(ii) Energy and mass exchange between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere: E.g. multiscale and tomographic studies of ionospheric phenomena (auroral precipitation, convection, turbulence and electron content) as driven by magnetospheric and solar activity, remote-sensing of the radiation belts, and balloon-borne radio soundings of the ionosphere in conjunction with ground stations and satellites as pilot studies for future NASA missions.\n\n(iii) Inter-hemispheric similarities and asymmetries in geospace phenomena: Science goals as above but under this theme special emphasis will be put on using both Arctic and Antarctic observations. In addition to several magnetometer and optical instrument networks bipolar data will be available also from HF-radars, riometers, digital ionosondes, dynasondes, dual-frequency GPS receivers and LEO satellite beacon receivers.\n\nEach project in the combined proposal has a set of project-specific scientific objectives, but the interrelationships between the studied processes mean there is significant synergy between the projects. The result is that the overall proposal will be able to address topics with far-reaching scientific impact and of importance to society at large. For example, a practical benefit will be improved prediction of space weather phenomena which adversely affect spacecraft operations, humans in space, and satellite-based positioning systems; on the scientific side, global scale coordination of observing networks will allow us to study conjugate and multi-scale geospace phenomena in fundamentally new ways.\n\nIHY will coordinate an overarching synoptic observation programme and will provide systems and assessment processes for coordinating and facilitating dedicated campaigns in order to reap the advantages of interdisciplinary observations. To facilitate data sharing, ICESTAR will lead an effort to establish a set of Virtual Observatories in accordance with concept of the Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY). Frequently updated web-pages will be the most effective way to disseminate the scientific results. Special sessions at international meetings and dedicated workshops will provide other channels to reach the broader community and to efficiently collect feedback. The public awareness of ICESTAR/IHY activities will be increased with popular articles and web-pages and with regularly coordinated media events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b3f09ea9-d74a-4544-9e19-bf1ec226fdc4", - "label": "HASP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The High-Altitude Sampling Program (HASP) database provides\ninformation on EML's archived stratospheric air filter samples\nand sample measurements. The HASP program was first established\nin 1957 to track the global dispersion of radioactive debris\nresulting from atmospheric nuclear testing. Stratospheric air\nfilter samples and gas samples were collected at several\nlocations in North and South America and analyzed for nuclear\ndebris/trace gases.\n\nThe database includes several sets of information about archived\nsamples and data. The High-Altitude Balloon Sampling Program,\nProject Ashcan, ran from 1956 to 1983. This program used large\npolyethylene balloons to collect samples at altitudes from 20-27\nkm. The Stardust program used WU-2, RB-57F, RB-57C, and C-130\naircraft to collect samples at altitudes of 6-19 km, and ran\nfrom 1961 through 1967. However, there were earlier aircraft\nsamples also collected (1957-1961), which were simply called the\nHigh-Altitude Sampling Program at the time, and which are\ntreated here as belonging to Project Stardust due to\nsimilarities in collection and analysis procedures. In 1967, the\naircraft sampling continued under the Airstream program, which\nwas discontinued in 1983.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://www.eml.doe.gov/databases/hasp/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b427c6bd-18bb-45be-b504-77df8d6e971b", - "label": "GRUMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project incorporates urban and rural information\nof human population, allowing new insights into urban population distribution\nand the global extents of human settlements.\n\nProject URL: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/\n\n[Summary provided by SEDAC.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b4bdbf1d-b564-46b2-9ace-19ed55e2cb21", - "label": "IMBER/AMT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The AMT programme undertakes biological, chemical and physicalsearch oceanographic research during the annual return passage of the RRS James Clark Ross between the UK and the Falkland Islands or the RRS Discovery between the UK and Cape Town, a distance of up to 13,500 km. This transect crosses a range of ecosystems from sub-polar to tropical and from euphotic shelf seas and upwelling systems to oligotrophic mid-ocean gyres.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://web.pml.ac.uk/amt/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5eba50d-616e-4430-b0d3-8b2f0d427474", - "label": "HERMES", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: HERMES \nProject URL: http://www.edu-hermes.org/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=22\n\nHERMES is an international, multidisciplinary research programme consisting of 36 research institutes and 9 business partners from 15 European countries. HERMES investigates Europe's deep marine ecosystems and their environment to prepare for improved sustainable management and ocean exploitation. HERMES brings together expertise in biodiversity, geology, sedimentology, physical oceanography, microbiology and biochemistry. HERMES aims to train young researchers and outreach to the public.\n\nFor more information about HERMES, see http://www.edu-hermes.org/discover.php?do=intro_general", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b608ea3c-dc24-4f25-83dc-4f94b8f5a0e8", - "label": "INTEXB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - Phase B (INTEX-B) was an integrated atmospheric field experiment performed over North America. It focused on Mexico City pollution outflow and Asian pollution outflow to understand the transport and transformation of gases and aerosols on transcontinental/intercontinental scales and their impact on air quality and climate. A particular focus in this study was to quantify and characterize the inflow and outflow of pollution over North America. The main constituents of interest were ozone and precursors, aerosols and precursors, and the long-lived greenhouse gases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b8ff1f88-34ab-46dd-a978-baf322ccd044", - "label": "IPMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "In 1962 the ILS was renamed the International\nPolar Motion Service (IPMS) and in 1988 the IPMS was discontinued when\nthe International Earth Rotation Service commenced. During its history\nthe ILS/IPMS provided valuable observations of polar motion which\ncontinue to be analyzed today.\n\nInformation provided by http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/mail/igsmail/1998/msg00249.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b900c8c7-e4dc-4eab-aed5-5ea42500fc72", - "label": "INDIA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The India Data Collection includes high-resolution georeferenced socioeconomic data and satellite-derived data that have been used in peer-reviewed research and that can be integrated with other information to understand landscape-scale dynamics in India.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b915540e-ad20-4f9d-9e36-051dcc6dff59", - "label": "GANOVEX VI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "German Antarctic North Victoria Land Expedition GANOVEX\n\nThe German Antarctic research campaigns are directed at the\ncrustal evolution at the boundary of the East Antarctic Shield\nand the west Antarctic mobile belts. Orogenic history and\ncrustal growth during the Paleozoic Ross-Orogenic event. origin\nof crustal blocks and crustal weakening as the result of\nMesozoic/Cenozoic rifting events. geology:This issue features\ncontributions on the Geology in the Gondwana Station area and\nthe area north of Reeves Glacier, Antarctica. Occurence of\nerratic blocks in the Outback Nunataks of Northern Victoria\nLand. Evidence for Arc-related Magmatism associated with the\nRoss orogeny at the Walker Rock Nunataks, Northern Victoria\nLand, Antarctica. The Berg-Group of Oates Land, East\nAntarctica. Geochronological Evolution of the Eastern Margin of\nNorthern Victoria Land: Rb/Sr and K-Ar dating of the Berg Group\nand Berg/Archangel Granites. Petrogenesis of granitoid rocks,\nOates Land, Antarctica. Metamorphic rocks in the Northern Wilson\nTerrane, Oates\n\n Coast, Antarctica. petrology/geochemistry Kirkpatrick Basalt\n flows and associated pyroclastic rocks: New occurrences,\n Definitions and Aspects of a Jurassic Transatlantik\n Rift. Glaciation and Deglaciation of the Uplifted Margin of the\n Cenozoic West Antarctic Rift System, Ross Sea,\n Antarctica. Mantle P-T path for the Ross Sea Rift Margin,\n Antarctica, as derived from the zoning of minerals of\n peridotite Xenoliths. Migmatites of the Alexandra Mtns, West\n Anarctica: P/T-conditions of formation and regional\n context. geophysical studies: Aeromagnetic Programme of Ganovex\n VI, Layout, execution, data-processing. Sub-ice morphology\n deduced by radio echo soundings (RES) in the area between David\n and Mawson glaciers, Victoria Land. A rapid method for gravity\n terrain corrections usind a spreadsheet program such as EXCEL\n (c) or LOTUS-1-2-3 (c). Gravity surveys in\n\nNorthern Victoria Land, Antarctica during GANOVEX VI.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/books/geolog-186028900-desc.html#TAG0'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b9e14f03-b95b-4e36-80d9-15a22a8883fc", - "label": "GTE/TRACE-A", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "An aircraft campaign was conducted from 21 September through 24\nOctober 1992 as the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment -\nTransport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic\n(GTE/TRACE-A) to understand processes in the tropical\natmosphere controlling atmospheric chemical composition and\naerosols, in particular convective transports (see special 30\nOctober 1996 issue of Journal of Geophys ical Research -\nAtmospheres). Fourteen aircraft flights (NASA DC-8 and\nBrazilian aircraft, including cooperation with an African\nexperiment conducted by European investigators: Southern\nAfrican Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative) covered areas of\nbiomass burning, convective and continental outflow regions,\nand areas of large-scale subsidence over and between tropical\nSouth America and Africa. Aircraft measurements were supported\nby enhanced surface and upper air meteorological observations,\na special ozone-sonde network, and satellite observations. The\nexperimental region extends ! from 40S-0 latitude a nd from\n40E-70W longitude. (Fishman et al., 1996, JGR 101, 23865-23879;\nPickering et al., 1996, JGR 101, 23993-24012; Thompson et al.,\n1996, JGR 101, 24251-24278). A discussion of TRACE-A research\nat NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is available. This case\nstudy presents data from 21 Sep 1992 to 24 Oct 1992 and covers\na region from 40S to 10N latitude and from 80W to 20W\nlongitude.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://gcss-dime.giss.nasa.gov/gte/gte.html'\n\n[Sumary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ba22081f-0fd2-46b4-ad47-db1361ae2c92", - "label": "HABSOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HABSOS is a data collection and distribution system for harmful algal bloom (HAB) information in the Gulf of Mexico.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bb728aea-6963-4ecd-82cf-7feddb128aa0", - "label": "GEOSCOPE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GEOSCOPE, the Interactive Global Change Encyclopedia, is a project that is\nbeing jointly developed by the Canadian Space Agency and by the Canada Centre\nfor Remote Sensing. It was developed in the context of International Space\nYear 1992.\nThe objective of this project is to demonstrate to a large number of people\nin the world, through hands-on experience, that satellite data and other\ngeographic information can be of vital importance in monitoring the global\nenvironment. GEOSCOPE will illustrate the profound changes occurring on the\nglobal and regional scales through the story-like exercises called scenarios.\nIn addition to the more than 100 data sets, several scenarios covering a whole\nrange of interesting scientific topics will be available to the users.\nNumerous agencies have contributed data for inclusion in GEOSCOPE, particularly\nthe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other contributors include\nSAFISY (Space Agency Forum on International Space Year), United Nations\nEnvironment Programme, World Resources Institute, NASDA, SPOT IMAGE, EROS Data\nCenter and DLR. Their support has made this ambitious project a reality.\nUnder the auspices of SAFISY, over 40 space agencies and international\norganizations aim at promoting a new era of space cooperation globally,\nand at enhancing our knowledge of Planet Earth. GEOSCOPE is an example of\nthis collaboration.\nFurther information is available from: Dr. Rejean Simard, Canada Centre\nfor Remote Sensing, 588 Booth Street, 2nd Floor, Ottawa, Ontario CANADA\nK1A 0Y7, Telephone (613) 947-1289, FAX (613) 947-1408, INTERNET> simard@\nccrs.emr.ca\nAvailable Distribution Media: CD-ROM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bd64bb1f-3564-4cc8-9c08-f76c87ee4148", - "label": "GIMBLE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "bee106d0-4c53-4400-84f1-bbf3e4c63496", - "label": "HYDROWEB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The products offered by the Hydroweb project consist of continuous, long-duration time-series of the levels of large lakes with surface areas over 100 km2, reservoirs and the 20 biggest rivers in the world.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c071b16f-372c-498d-bde7-f16d7f9ed690", - "label": "ICBEMP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The mission of The Interior Columbia Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP) is\nto develop a scientifically sound and ecosystem based strategy for forest and\nrangelands administered by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management in\nthe interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c1257ef8-f00f-4bfd-a849-7f13e0f8873f", - "label": "IMPACT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project IMPACT combines the resources of individuals, schools,\nchurches and local businesses in the Teton County, Wyoming area into a\ncommunity-wide program that helps prepare for, and protect against,\nnatural disasters before they happen.\n\n\nTo help the community prepare for natural disasters, Teton County\nalong with FEMA and Greenwood Mapping, Inc have delevoped an\ninteractive natural hazards site that contains a map that allows\nusers to pinpoint hazards at specific locations. Users of the\nmap service can learn about natural hazards, such as floods or\nwildfires, that are associated with where they live. View the\nmap at 'http://www.bepreparedtc.com/hazard_map.shtm'\n\nAdditional information on the project is available at\n'http://www.tetonsafety.com/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c15cfdab-af24-4c44-8490-23729dcffbe0", - "label": "GLANL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on ICESat will determine the distance from the satellite to the Earth's surface and to intervening clouds and aerosols. It will do this by precisely measuring the time it takes for a short pulse of laser light to travel to the reflecting object and return to the satellite. \n\nhttp://glas.gsfc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c3e53b0d-cf82-4d03-ba0e-5544b99ad238", - "label": "GHCN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) is a comprehensive global\nsurface baseline climate data set designed to be used to monitor and detect\nclimate change. Comprised of surface station observations of temperature,\nprecipitation, and pressure, all GHCN data are on a monthly basis. GHCN is\nproduced jointly by the National Climatic Data Center, Arizona State\nUniversity, and Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center at Oak Ridge\nNational Laboratory. GHCN version 1 was released in August of 1992 and has data\nfrom ~6,000 Temperature stations ~7,500 Precipitation stations ~2,000 Pressure\nstations The earliest station data is from 1697. The most recent from 1990. It\nwas created from 15 source data sets. Quality Control included visual\ninspection of graphs of all station time series, tests for precipitation\ndigitized 6 months out of phase, tests for different stations having identical\ndata, and other tests.\n\nGHCN version 2 is currently being created. A beta release of precipitation\ndatawas made in April 1998 (the most recent data of which is from 1996) and the\nfull version 2 temperature data was released in 1997. Version 2 has significant\nimprovements over version\n\n1: more data (e.g., the precipitation data set has data from over 20,000\nstations) from more sources (over 30 different sources including the Colonial\nEra Archive Project contributed to version 2), more elements (mean monthly\nmaximum and minimum temperature data as well as mean temperature), better\nQuality Control, homogeneity adjustments, and a wider selection of metadata.\nVersion 2 will also be regularly updated and irregularly have data from\nadditional stations added to the data set. Therefore, with the release of GHCN\nversion 2 temperature data, we have removed GHCN version 1 temperature data\nfrom our anonymous ftp site. There are many unique features in GHCN version\n\n2. For example, we have determined many cases where different sources have\nprovided us with different mean temperature time series for the same station.\nBecause meteorologists calculate daily mean temperature many different ways,\nthere can be many different 'correct' mean temperatures. Therefore, for many\nstations, GHCN provides more than one mean temperature time series. Also, GHCN\nversion 2 has some unique and potentially very useful station metadata such as\npopulation and vegetation indicators. To understand GHCN version 2 temperature\ndata and metadata, please read our overview of it. In addition to this\noverview, we have another document on line that describes GHCN's Quality\nControl.\n\nWebsite: http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/res40.pl?page=ghcn.html\n\n[Summary Adapted from the NOAA/NCDC Home page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c56b8c9e-05f7-4ff9-a44d-ad6a965ec2cf", - "label": "GRAVSAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GRAVSAT provides gravity survey information for the offshore oil and\ngas exploration industry. Based on the analysis of radar altimetry\nfrom the ERS-1 Geodetic Phase, completed in March 1995, high\nresolution gravity information is derived from the along track sea\nsurface slopes measured by the satellite. At the equator, tracks\nare approximately 8km apart, reducing to 4km at 60 degrees of\nlatitude, thus providing similar sampling to many conventional ship\nsurveys. GRAVSAT gravity anomaly data have been validated against\nship measurements over several areas of the United Kingdom\nContinental Shelf, for which the British Geological Survey have\ncomprehensive datasets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7d1c96a-669b-4dee-af15-70749c9d3445", - "label": "ITASE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "From its original formulation in 1990, the International Trans Antarctic Scientific Expedition ( ITASE ) has had as its primary aim the collection and interpretation of a continental-wide array of environmental parameters assembled through the coordinated efforts of scientists from several nations. The primary planned product of this cooperative endeavor is the description and understanding of environmental change in Antarctica over the last ~200 years. As a demonstration of the importance of the original scientific objectives posed by ITASE, they were adopted as a key science initiative by both the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).\n\nSummary provided by http://www2.umaine.edu/USITASE/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c7d2927e-a773-4438-ab4a-7fd17707bbb3", - "label": "IGCP324", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) is a joint endeavour of UNESCO and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It was launched in 1972 to facilitate co-operation among geo-scientists across frontiers and boundaries. Its objective is to bring scientists from over the world together and enhance interaction, particularly between North and South, through joint research work, meetings and workshops.\n\nIGCP is interdisciplinary. It covers the different fields in earth sciences and is linked with other UNESCO scientific programmes. It maintains active interfaces with disciplines such as water, ecological, marine, atmospheric and biological sciences. IGCP currently is in operation in about 150 countries and involves several thousands of scientists. Out of the ongoing 40 projects in 2004, UNESCO Office, Jakarta, has supported a number of meetings and workshops under the auspices of decentralized funds from Headquarters, utilizing the network of national IGCP committees\n\nSummary provided by http://74.125.95.104/search?q=cache:QZmFdkvtxSEJ:www.unesco.or.id/activities/science/earth_sci/46.php+INTERNATIONAL+GEOLOGICAL+CORRELATION+PROGRAMME+PROJECT&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us&client=firefox-a", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9c66102-64c6-4c83-988a-c9c3f106f5db", - "label": "GOFC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD) is a coordinated international effort working to provide ongoing space-based and in-situ observations of forests and other vegetation cover, for the sustainable management of terrestrial resources and to obtain an accurate, reliable, quantitative understanding of the terrestrial carbon budget. Originally developed as a pilot project by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) as part of their Integrated Global Observing Strategy, GOFC-GOLD is now a panel of the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS).\n\nhttp://www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-gold/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c9d33dd3-fb72-4465-8e48-335169fdd013", - "label": "IODP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), an international scientific research program supported by 25 countries, advances scientific understanding of the Earth by monitoring, drilling, sampling, and analyzing subseafloor environments. IODP: \n\n• deploys state-of-the-art ocean drilling technologies as its essential tool of discovery,\n• unifies the international research community to explore Earth as a system,\n• advances future research and discovery through dissemination of data and samples from global archives, and\n• provides scientific context for global awareness of geohazards and environmental change. \n\nhttp://www.iodp.org/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cac943b5-f174-4614-844c-2856cdcce5a8", - "label": "GLACIOCLIM - KESAACO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This is the exploratory step for Kerguelen component of the GLACIOCLIM ORE/SO. GLACIOCLIM is a french observatory to detect, monitor and understand climate and mass balance variability and change in the glacial environment at a global scale. In the area, the presence of previous short term studies in glaciology, of paleoclimatic reconstructions over the holocene and of long term data from oceanographic and meteorolgical observatories constitute a baseline to this project in order to understand the main climatic variations that occurred during the last 50 years and induced the current dramatic retreat of the local ice cap. After choosing the best glacier for long term survey, the current project plans to deploy and maintain a surface mass balance network, meteorological instruments on and outside the glacier. Topographic, hydrological and lichenometric measurements are also planned during this exploratory phase\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.ujf-grenoble.fr/ServiceObs/SiteWebAntarc/kesaaco/kesaaco.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cb0d5e6f-ae97-4de5-b89a-d72333c56963", - "label": "HIFT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "THE HEARD ISLAND FEASIBILITY TEST (HIFT) was developed to study the\npropagation of underwater sound waves across whole oceans, possibly as\na means of monitoring ocean temperatures on a large scale. (The speed\nof sound in water depends on the water temperature.) In January 1991 a\nseries of coded sound waves was transmitted from an underwater station\nnear Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. The waves were later\ndetected across a network of 16 sites (some on board vessels at sea)\npositioned along great-circle sightlines (or perhaps soundlines would\nbe a more appropriate term) around the world. One example: the signal\ntook 2.95 hours to reach the Bermuda station 16,000 km away. The\nresearchers were generally satisfied with the quality of the received\nsignals, as measured by the signal-to-noise ratio and the stability of\nthe waveform over time. They suggested, however, that for monitoring\nocean climate variability acoustic thermometry should be integrated\nwith satellite me! asurements. On another point of concern, the\nscientists found no evidence that the sound transmissions produced any\ndistress among local marine mammals. (17 papers in the Journal of the\nAcoustical Society of America, October 1994; introduction by Walter\nR. Munk of Scripps and Arthur Baggeroer of MIT.)", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cc62cf38-7902-46dd-81d9-9f302bf9d2f2", - "label": "ICASS VI", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICASS VI\nProject URL: http://www.iassa.gl/icass6/icass6.htm\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=69\n\nICASS VI will be held in Nuuk, Greenland in the International Polar Year 2007-2008, at the earliest at end of the first calendar year of operations for the IPY. To the international arctic social sciences community, ICASS VI will act as its major forum to review its contribution to the overall IPY effort; to discuss the status of the ongoing social programs under IPY 2007-2008; and to make plans for further actions.\n \nThe working title for ICASS VI is 'Circumpolar Social Changes: Opportunities and Challenges for Social Sciences in the International Polar Year 2007-2008.' Based upon the attendance at previous ICASS ventures (a triennial event), ICASS VI will bring together many hundred social scientists from every field of social and human research, advanced students from over 20 countries, as well as indigenous and non-indigenous stakeholders. We expect the attendance to be boosted by the presence of our project partners from physical and natural science disciplines, to make ICASS VI a fully interdisciplinary venture - much like the IPY 2007-2008 itself. \n\nThe main goal of ICASS VI is to offer various venues for IPY scholars, other northern researchers, and local participants to analyze the progress of IPY 2007-2008 in social and human fields. This includes special project sessions, discussion panels, plenary presentations, invited talks by the leading IPY scientists and representatives of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, public meetings. Sessions and panels at the ICASS VI will be framed along major IPY research fields and initiatives, with the broad international and interdisciplinary participation. For many international network projects, ICASS sessions will offer the only chance for face-to-face discussions, as participants from many countries and regions may have limited contacts in the field and across the boundaries. Special efforts will be made to ensure presence of as many project collaborators from arctic communities, as possible. \n\nHaving ICASS VI held in Nuuk, the capital of the only indigenous self-governing Arctic country, will give an unprecedented voice to polar residents and indigenous peoples. Timing and location for this major scholarly meeting to review the progress of IPY 2007-2008 cannot be better selected. ICASS sessions will be open to representatives of northern governmental agencies, indigenous institutions, media people, and interested public to ensure broader input from northern practitioners and local communities. We envision ICASS VI also as a critical milestone to the IPY 2007-2008 outreach, public, and educational agendas, because of so many young Greenlandic students and educational institutions in town. The presence of social scientists from many countries, presentations on many projects across the circumpolar world will inspire the young generation of Greenlandic educators and leaders, and will give tremendous local publicity to polar research.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd23879c-7882-4ec1-bb40-0b47ae14d9ea", - "label": "GPMGV", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) took place in central Oklahoma during the April-June 2011 period. The experiment was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Ground Validation (GV) program. The field campaign leveraged the unprecedented observing infrastructure currently available in the central United States, combined with an extensive sounding array, remote sensing and in situ aircraft observations, NASA GPM ground validation remote sensors, and new ARM instrumentation purchased with American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding. The overarching goal was to provide the most complete characterization of convective cloud systems, precipitation, and the environment that has ever been obtained, providing constraints for model cumulus parameterizations and space-based rainfall retrieval algorithms over land that had never before been available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd6b2c8d-0bfb-4f3e-b864-56d7977a0787", - "label": "GNSS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The FAA Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Program Office provides satellite (GPS) based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services in the United States to enable performance-based (RNP/RNAV) operations for all phases of flight from en route, terminal, approach, and surface navigation. The GNSS Team, along with other FAA organizations and numerous governmental and non-governmental agencies, are all supporting a smooth transition to satellite navigation. \n\nhttp://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cd92fffd-dd54-46b0-a257-e59bcad391f0", - "label": "GULFCET II", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "While GulfCet I provided important information, it was not designed to\naddress fully the question: 'What habitats do these animals prefer?'\nGulfCet II (1996-1997) - the extension study - was sponsored and\nadministered by the Biological Resources Division of the\nU.S. Geological Survey to meet information needs of the MMS. One need\nwas to determine the distribution and abundance of whales and dolphins\nin the eastern Gulf, an area of potential future oil and gas\nexploration and production. GulfCet II also continued surveys in the\nwestern and central Gulf to monitor the abundance and distribution of\ncetaceans. Another component of GulfCet II was to conduct focal\nstudies specifically designed to address whale and dolphin\nassociations with habitats (physical environment and available prey).\nThese studies used satellite altimeter data to plan transect lines to\nsurvey through cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres and determine cetacean\nand seabird abundance within various hydrographic features. GulfCet\nII was the only marine mammal study that used an ecosystem approach,\nintegrating visual and acoustic surveys with satellite imaging,\nhydrographic collections, and trawl samples.\n\nThe GulfCet II Study has shown us that sperm whales, and other\ncetaceans, are found in conjunction with area of upwelling and\nnutrient enrichment that enhance productivity and prey abundance.\nCetaceans in the northern Gulf of Mexico concentrate along the\ncontinental slope in or near cyclones (upwelled waters) and the\nconfluence of cyclone-anticyclone eddy pairs. Cyclones also had the\ngreatest diversity of seabird species, although habitat use varied\namong species. High numbers of zooplankton, lanternfish, and squid\nwere found inside cyclone and confluence areas. While whales and\ndolphins do not occur randomly in the gulf, it is important to\nremember the dynamic nature of the hydrographic features with which\nthey associate. As the features move and change, prey distribution\nchanges and moves, and so will the presence and movements of whales\nand dolphins.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/marmam/gulfcet2.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cffc6f70-5ced-4c7c-995f-00fa6d5cfa21", - "label": "GIG91", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Geodynamics Experiment was performed to assess the feasibility of tracking and recovering high frequency components of the earth gravity field by utilizing a synchronous orbiting tracking station such as Applications Technology Satellite 6. Two prime areas of data collection were selected for this experiment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d0b6390b-42f9-459b-a0cd-48ae917c26d7", - "label": "HCN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The U.S. Historical Climatology Network (U.S. HCN) was compiled\n in response to the need for an accurate, unbiased, modern\n historical climate record for climate change research. The\n Carbon Dioxide Research Program of the U. S. Department of\n Energy and the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the\n National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\n established a network of 1219 stations in the contiguous United\n States for the specific purpose of compiling a data set\n suitable for detecting and monitoring climate change over the\n past two centuries. This network, known as the U.S. Historical\n Climatology Network (U.S. HCN), and the resulting data set were\n initially documented by Quinlan et al. (1987) and made\n available free of charge through the Carbon Dioxide Information\n Analysis Center (CDIAC). The data presented in Quinlan et\n al. (1987) extended only through 1984. In 1990 NCDC and CDIAC\n revised and updated the HCN data records through 1987 (Karl et\n al. 1990). In addition, ! using the techniques of Karl et\n al. (1988), NCDC generated temperature files in which the\n biases introduced by urbanization effects were removed. The\n new revision 3 (Easterling et al. 1996) data represent the best\n available data from the United States for analyzing long-term\n climate trends on a regional scale and may be used for studies\n attempting to determine the climatic impacts of increased\n concentrations of greenhouse gases. The data for most stations\n extend through December, 1994, and a majority of the station\n records are complete for at least 80 years. Unlike many data\n sets that have been used in past climate studies, these data\n have been adjusted to remove biases introduced by station\n moves, instrument changes, time-of-observation differences, and\n urbanization effects.\n\nSource and Scope of the Data:\n\n\nOne of the objectives in establishing the U.S. HCN was to detect\nsecular changes of regional rather than local\nclimate. Therefore, only those stations that were not believed\nto be influenced to any substantial degree by artificial changes\nof local environments were included in the network. Some of the\nstations in the U.S. HCN are first order weather stations, but\nthe majority were selected from U.S. cooperative weather\nstations (approximately 5000 in the United States). To be\nincluded in the U.S. HCN, a station had to be active (in 1987),\nhave at least 80 years of mean monthly temperature and total\nmonthly precipitation data, and have experienced few station\nchanges. An additional criterion that was used in selecting the\n1221 U.S. HCN stations, which sometimes compromised the\npreceding criteria, was the desire to have a uniform\ndistribution of stations across the United States. The 1221\nstation U.S. HCN database contains station histories, monthly\ntemperature (maximum, minimum, and mean) data, and total monthly\nprecipitation data that were compiled by NCDC after being\nextracted from digital and nondigital data sets archived at\nNCDC. These data sets originated from a variety of sources,\nincluding climatological publications, universities, federal\nagencies, individuals, and data archives. All stations were\nquality controlled by NCDC with the use of outlier and areal\nedits, and each station in the network was corrected for\ntime-of-observation differences, instrument changes, instrument\nmoves, station relocations, and urbanization effects (Karl et\nal. 1986; Karl and Williams 1987; and Karl et al. 1988). A\nunique feature of the data set is that, within most temperature\nand precipitation data files, both original and adjusted\nestimates are given, along with confidence factors for each\nadjusted estimate. Another unique feature of the database is\nthat in r! elation to the long periods of record, a small\nportion of the data are represented as missing. In order to make\nthe U.S. HCN record as serially complete as possible, missing\ndata have been estimated by using data from neighboring\nstations. The majority of the 1221 stations have had data\nrecords that are serially complete since 1900; where serially\ncomplete is defined as having original or adjusted data\navailable for all months after the reported serially complete\ndate for a given station.\n\nApplications of the Data:\n\nThe U.S. HCN database represents the best monthly temperature\nand precipitation data set available for the contiguous United\nStates. It provides an accurate, serially complete, modern\nhistorical climate record that is suitable for detecting and\nmonitoring longterm climatic changes on a regional scale and may\nbe used for studies attempting to determine the climatic impacts\nof increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. The U.S. HCN\nclimate record may also be used by dendrochronologists and\npaleoclimatologists for calibrating tree ring growth, pollen,\nand marine plankton data or by those studying the climatic\nimpacts of periodic events such as El Nino/Southern Oscillation\nor volcanic eruptions. Those studying longterm climatic changes\non smaller scales, may want to review the information given in\nthe appendices in order to identify the stations most suitable\nfor their research needs.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp019/ndp019.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d1716350-adab-4692-9be1-d5ef17022499", - "label": "GTE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Scientific Objectives:\nThis program will study the\n -biological sources of atmospheric chemicals\n -global distribution and long-range transport of chemical species\n -reactions in the troposphere that lead to the conversion, redistribution, and\n removal of atmospheric chemicals\nProject Description:\nThe National Academy of Sciences in 1984 recommended initiation of a Global\nTropospheric Chemistry Program (GTCP), in recognition of the central role of\ntropospheric chemistry in global change. The resources required are\ndistributed among several federal agencies, scores of universities, and a\nvariety of scientific disciplines-- including atmospheric science, biology,\nland processes, and oceanography. NASA's contribution to the GTCP is the\nGlobal Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), which utilizes large, extensively\ninstrumented aircraft, along with satellite observations of meteorology, land\nuse, and atmospheric chemical species to aid in experiment design and in the\nscientific analysis of results obtained from aircraft and ground-based\nmeasurements.\nThe first series of projects carried out under the GTE was the Chemical\nInstrumentation Test and Evaluation (CITE) projects which exposed instruments\naboard aircraft to a wide range of conditions in both polluted and and\nclean-air settings. CITE-1 was conducted in 1983 and consisted of a\nground-based experiment at Wallops Island, Virginia and aircraft-based over\nCalifornia, southwestern U.S. and the central Pacific Ocean. CITE-2 was\nconducted in 1986 over California and the eastern Pacific, and CITE-3 was\nconducted in 1989 over Wallops Island, Virginia and the tropical Atlantic off\nthe coast of Brazil. The advanced instruments validated by CITE have been used\nto carry out GTE field measurements.\nThe initial field expeditions, the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE)\nprojects, were designed to probe the interactions between the biosphere and the\natmosphere. They measured the fluxes of gases between the surface and the\natmospheric boundary layer (the tropospheric layer in direct contact with the\nsurface) and the mixing of gases from the boundary layer into the 'free\ntroposphere' above. The ABLE-1 experiment was conducted in 1984 over the\ntropical Atlantic from a base in Barbados; ABLE-2 was conducted in 1985 and\n1987 over the Amazon region; ABLE-3 was conducted in 1988 and 1990 over Alaska\nand northern Canada.\nFuture experiments scheduled for the early 1990's include: the Transport and\nChemistry in the Atlantic (TRACE-A) which will investigate the distribution of\natmospheric trace gases over the tropical Atlantic; also the Pacific\nExploratory Mission (PEM) which will study atmospheric chemistry over the\nPacific Basin.\nData Used and Produced:\nGTE is primarily a aircraft-based program supplemented by ground-based\nmeasurements. The aircraft include the NASA Convair-990 and the Electra.\nSpace Shuttle, Landsat, and the NOAA weather satellites are also being\nutilized. Global observations from space will ultimately be the technique of\nchoice for mapping the distributions of reactive, spatially variable chemical\nspecies. Aircraft measurements will eventually provide 'ground truth' for\nsatellite measurements and explore in detail the processes responsible for the\nobserved distributions.\nThe Public Archive of data collected on the NASA/GTE program consists of data\nfrom the CITE-1 Wallops Intercomparison Test in 1983 through the Amazon\nBoundary Layer Experiment (ABLE-2B) in 1987. These data are stored on various\nmedia including IBM-PC compatible diskettes, VAX 9-track tapes, tabular paper\nlistings, plots, videos and other film products, as well as weather charts and\nsummaries.\n1. CITE-1 data: species measurements of methane, ozone, aerosols, carbon\nmonoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrocarbons, non-methane\nhydrocarbons, sea salt, and ultraviolet flux, along with wind, temperature, and\ndew point.\n2. CITE-2 data: species measurements of carbon monoxide, ozone, nitric oxide,\nnitrogen dioxide, reactive nitrogen, nitric acid, and peroxyacetyl nitrate.\n3. ABLE-1 data: species measurements of ozone, aerosols, carbon monoxide,\nhydrocarbons, ammonia, and dimethyl sulfide.\n4. ABLE-2A data: species measurements of sulfur gases, ozone, aerosols, nitric\noxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, particulate\norganic carbon, methylhalides, hydrocarbons, and halocarbons, along with\nsurface fluxes of heat and water vapor, water chemistry, and tower\nmeteorological measurements.\n5. ABLE-2B data: species measurements of sulfur gases, ozone, aerosols, nitric\noxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrocarbons,\nisoprene, radon 222, water vapor, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and organic acids,\nalong with eddy heat and moisture fluxes, temperature, wind, radiation,\nrainfall, and water chemistry.\nProject Archive Contact: EOSDIS Langley DAAC\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Mail Stop 157B\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n Phone: (804) 864-8656\n FAX: (804) 864-8807\n Email: userserv@eosweb.larc.nasa.gov\n WWW Home Page: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/\nProject Manager Contact: James Hoell\n NASA Langley Research Center\n Mail Stop 483\n Hampton, VA 23681-0001\n Phone: (804) 864-5826\n FAX: (804) 864-5841\n Email: j.m.hoell@larc.nasa.gov\nReferences:\nDrewry, J. W., and D. W. Owen, 1989: Global Tropospheric Experiment Data\nArchive Catalog, NASA Langley Research Center.\nGlobal Tropospheric Experiment Brochure\nWWW: 'http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov/gte_hmpg.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d246db77-4f90-463e-a153-17c1d054f54a", - "label": "GRANIT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The New Hampshire Geographically Referenced Analysis and Information\nTransfer System (GRANIT) is a cooperative project to create, maintain,\nand make available a statewide geographic data base serving the\ninformation needs of state, regional, and local decision-makers. A\ncollaborative effort between the University of New Hampshire and the\nNH Office of State Planning, the core GRANIT System is housed at the\nUNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space in Durham. It\nincludes a geographic database, hardware and software to build,\nmanage, and access the database, and a staff of experts knowledgeable\nin geographic information systems, image processing, and computer\nanalysis. In addition to database development and maintenance, the\nGRANIT staff offers a range of application development, training, and\nrelated technical services to GIS users in the state and the region.\n\nThe GRANIT approach to a statewide GIS depends upon the cooperative\nefforts of a host of agencies, collaborating on various elements of\ndatabase design and construction as well as application\ndevelopment. The collaboration occurs formally through the NH GIS\nAdvisory Committee, and informally through daily interactions between\nthe growing body of GIS users in the state and the region.\n\nAdditional information available at\n'http://www.granit.sr.unh.edu/cgi-bin/load_file?PATH=/about/news/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by UNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d24e321a-2b01-4686-a9ef-657e656a0258", - "label": "GOSGEN", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The main aim of the study is to reach a better understanding of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua). The main colonies of gentoo are on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and Kerguelen Islands; smaller populations are found on Macquarie Island, Heard Islands, South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The key problems to be solved are the problems of the analysis of genetic variability and genetic structure of populations, the level of genetic diversity, the problems of adaptation to Antarctic environment and ecological impact on genetic structure of populations. We are planning to investigate populations of gentoo from the most southern to the most northern with several intermediate groups. Birds will be weighted, measured and blood samples will be collected. The analysis of progeny number per nest will be carried out also; this parameter for tourist-visited and non-visited populations will give some figures on tourism impact on gentoo reproduction. The main objectives of this project are: 1. To evaluate the level of phenotypic and genotypic variability. 2. To study the genetic structure of penguins' populations. 3. To estimate genetic and phenetic differences between populations and between the two subspecies (P. p. ellsworthii and P. p. papua). In addition, we also intended to: 1. Measure possible genotype-phenotype correlation. 2. Investigate the genotype-dependent level of environmental impact on instability of genome and instability of individual development. 3. Evaluate the impact of tourism on breeding success by comparing visited and non-visited populations. The average levels of heterozygosity, polymorphism and the number of alleles per locus will be calculated as parameters of genetic variability. The data on frequencies of alleles and genotypes will be obtained for each studied population. It will help to ascertain the genetic structure of populations and calculate genetic distances among populations. The following populations may be studied: Islands: Petermann, Wiencke, Livingston, Signy, Falklands, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands. We intend to collect data from tourist-visited and non-visited nestings. Existing data suggest the little or non significant effect of disturbing gentoo populations by tourist groups on breeding performance. Nevertheless, the human impact on population may cause changing its gene pool. \n\nhttp://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=379", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d2adfc07-ae69-4748-b3c2-091ec43808c5", - "label": "GLACIOCLIM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The evolution of glaciers is one of the important indicators selected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to locate the variability and climate trends during the last century. Glaciers are now a key climate indicator for the past and for the future.\n\nGLACIOCLIM aims to build a database of glacial weather over the long term in order to:\n\n1) Examine the relationship Climate-Glacier that is to say, understanding the relationships between climatic variations and glacial mass balance (flow analysis of mass and energy between the atmosphere and the glacier).\n\n2) Predicting the future evolution of glaciers in terms of water resources, contribution to the future rise in sea level and other impacts related to the nature of glaciers.\n\n3) Understanding the dynamic response of glaciers (variations in thickness, length, velocity) fluctuations in mass balance study and natural hazards of glacial origin. Mechanisms of glacier flow are still unknown to a large extent.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://www-lgge.ujf-grenoble.fr/ServiceObs/index.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d34c3aa5-81b8-4b56-b298-5f33307815b0", - "label": "GREENLAND ICE SHEET", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet is an outstanding archive of information about what the Earth’s climate was like in the past, and the water locked in its ice will have a major impact on sea level rise due to climate change. Because of this, understanding how Greenland will react to global warming is crucially important. By gathering seismic data, ice cores and using radar, laser ranging and echo sounders, this project will shed new light on the Greenland Ice Sheet and improve scientists’ ability to model how it will react to climate change.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/the_greenland_ice_sheet_stability_history_and_evolution", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d47d184a-bd53-4b3c-87cb-81efc0d17d9d", - "label": "IPOD", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Phase of Ocean Drilling (IPOD) involves scientific\nocean drilling by paleoceanographers to study the change in the\nocean's carbon budget, oscillations in rates of formation, depth of\npenetration, and chemistry of deep-water masses, and abrupt shifts\nin climate response to orbital forcing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d4827c6a-7578-402d-90ef-79e68b588e49", - "label": "GIIPSY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: GIIPSY\nProject URL: http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/rsl/GIIPSY/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=91\n\nSatellite observations are revolutionizing our ability to observe the poles and polar processes. No other technology developed since the IGY of 1957 provides the high-resolution, continental-scale, frequent-repeat, and all-weather observations available from spaceborne sensors. The utility of that technology is evidenced by associated scientific advances including measurements of long term trends in polar sea ice cover and extent, the realization that the polar ice sheets can change dramatically at decade or less time scales, and the quantification of relationships between processes at the poles and at mid and equatorial latitudes. There are many examples of successful spaceborne observations from pole to pole for scientific, commercial and governmental purposes. These successes encourage the use of the capabilities and consequently, the competition for access to resources from the international constellation of satellites becomes increasingly more intense. Frequently, this means that there are only limited opportunities for conducting large-scale projects that consume a significant fraction of system capabilities for some dedicated period of time. One example of a large-scale coordinated effort is the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) that required months of dedicated satellite and ground support time to achieve its objective of obtaining near instantaneous snapshots of Antarctica to serve as gauges for measuring future changes. \n\nLarge-scale coordinated-experiments will continue to be important for polar scientists seeking to understand the role of polar processes in climate change, the contribution of the polar ice sheet to sea level, ice sheet and ocean interactions, and the dynamics of ice sheets and sea ice. These future missions will be further enhanced if complementary observations and data analysis from different satellite sensors can be coordinated (for example: MODIS, MISR, IceSAT; RADARSAT1 and RADARSAT2 (currently operating, and to be launched in 2006, respectively); ALOS (launched in January 2006); TerraSAR-X (launch 2006); the new approved ESA Earth Explorer series: GOCE (launch tbc 2007) - SMOS (launch tbc 2007) - ADM/Aeolus (launch tbc 2008) together with: - Envisat (currently operating) - METOP (launch tbc 2006)). Complementary to these hemispheric-scale projects are short-term, focused data acquisition campaigns over several weeks in support of coordinated and intensive ground-based and suborbital instrument measurements of the polar cryosphere, as recently proposed to NASA by the Polar Gateways subgroup for an Antarctic high-altitude balloon flight of an ice sounding radar. But across the temporal and areal scale of observations, coordination is challenging in part because of resource allocation issues and in part because space programs are operated by a host of national and international agencies. To overcome those challenges, the international polar science community needs a common rallying point. \n\nWe propose to develop an international science plan for coordinated spaceborne and in situ observation of the polar regions and polar processes as part of the proposed International Polar Year and as part of the IGOS-Cryosphere theme implementation. The goal is to advance polar science by obtaining another critical benchmark of processes in the Arctic and Antarctic during the IPY and to set the stage for acquiring future benchmarks beyond IPY. The technical objective is to coordinate polar observations with spaceborne and in situ instruments and then make the resulting data and derived products available to the international science community. Acquisitions must be tailored to concentrate on those science problems that would best be served by a focused, time limited data acquisition campaign and/or those problems that would be served by having a diverse but integrated set of observations. One possible expansion of this idea would be to include ice covered regions from pole to pole that are known to be important contributors to current sea level change. Another extension could focus on the polar ionosphere which impacts active radar sounding and communications for orbital satellites. A new interdisciplinary objective could be to integrate cryospheric and ionospheric measurements to maximize resolution of cryospheric structures and changes over time. Accomplishment of this objective requires coordination between cryospheric and ionospheric data archives, e.g. respectively the NASA-supported data facilities for the Earth Observing System and for Sun Solar System Connection (S3C). Our lead institutions are involved in EOS while the lead of the Polar Gateways group is Chief Scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for S3C.\n\nThe goal of this proposal is to develop the most effective mechanism by which to plan and synchronise IPY satellite acquisition data requests (ultimately resulting from approved IPY Projects) via an instrument such as a coordinated IPY ESA Announcement of Opportunity (AO), a NASA Research Announcement, and national consultation activities conducted by collaborating agencies. This is necessary in order to receive approval from participating organizations for required support of the IPY satellite data processing overhead, and is also needed in order to anticipate volumes of data, mission planning and data distribution demand. Furthermore, these may be needed to secure remote sensing data needs in advance of requests for funding from the appropriate National or EU funding bodies. Due to the anticipated volume of IPY data acquisition requests, it may be important to consider establishing and IPY interdisciplinary coordination or satellite data acquisition planning group(s) to streamline and consolidate independent overlapping and/or complementary data requests. This will make the optimisation of the complex mission planning aspects more efficient.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d571d8a9-7a8a-4e08-b05a-b85ffabf6a33", - "label": "ICARE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: ICARE Home page, http://www.icare.univ-lille1.fr/ ]\n\nInteractions Clouds Aerosols Radiations Etc\n\nA data and expertise centre for atmospheric research For more than 40 years, satellites have been monitoring clouds, aerosols, solar radiation and the water cycle, providing researchers with vast amounts of data to sift through and analyse.\n\nWith the A-Train constellation of 5 Earth-observation satellites1 dedicated to studying the atmosphere and the water cycle, this stream of data is increasing. The Icare research structure aims to provide shared access to these data so that the scientific community can exploit them fully. \n\nIcare was set up in 2003 by CNES, CNRS2, INSU3 and USTL4, with backing from the Nord Pas-de-Calais Regional Council and the European Union, to create new momentum for the efforts of French laboratories studying atmospheric phenomena.\n\nIcare manages products derived from A-Train data, as well as from previous missions like ScaRaB and Polder. It also processes data from weather satellites like Meteosat and MSG, which provide a broad spectrum of complementary observations. The Icare research structure’s dedicated Data Management and Processing Centre (DMPC), operational since 2005, is responsible for getting synthesis products quickly to scientists. The DMPC processes and distributes data, particularly to research centres working on clouds, aerosols, radiation and the water cycle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d58c9208-4cd5-4be6-8cfd-1e9970cfd1aa", - "label": "ISLSCP I", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP)\n Initiative I data collection described here was borne out of a\n workshop organized by the ISLSCP scientific community in\n 1992. This workshop brought modelers, algorithm developers, and\n field experiment scientists together to discuss future steps\n for applying and translating current research findings into\n useful global data sets for land-atmosphere models; see the\n overview ( Acrobat version) paper by Sellers et al. The data\n sets contained within this CD set are a direct response to the\n recommendations of that workshop. The intent here was to\n produce, as quickly as possible, a consistent collection of\n high priority global data sets using existing data sources and\n algorithms, designed to satisfy the needs of those\n modelers. The workshop recommendations specified that global\n data sets at a consistent spatial and temporal resolution be\n compiled in four key areas: land cover, hydrometeorology,\n radiation, and soil! s.\n\nContact Information:\n\nEric Brown de Colstoun ericbdc@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov\nDavid R. Landis David.R.Landis@gsfc.nasa.gov\n\nFor more information,\nlink to 'http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/ISLSCP/islscp_i1.html'\n\n[Summary provided by NASA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d6239dc7-d8fb-4f81-ba99-6ecb6a0940ee", - "label": "GEOMAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GeoMAC is an internet-based mapping tool\ndesigned to access online maps of current\nfire locations throughout the United States.\nUsing a standard web browser, users can download\nfire information.\n\nThe team is a multi-agency group with experts\nfrom the Department of Interior's Fire Management\nagencies, the Bureau of Land Management, National\nPark Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the\nBureau of Indian Affairs, and the Department of\nAgriculture. Other partners include the National\nInteragency Fire Center, and NOAA. Private corporations\ninclude ESRI, ERDAS, Sun Microsystems, and IBM.\nThese provide mapping software applications,\ncomputer hardware and technical help.\n\nContact Information:\n\nRocky Mountain Mapping Center\nGeoMAC\nBuilding 810\nDenver, CO 80225\n\ngeomac@usgs.org\n\n'http://geomac.usgs.gov/geomac2002/AboutGeoMAC/index.html'\n\n[Summary provided by USGS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7b3c789-37ea-40d5-8083-87853faf7e78", - "label": "GOME", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) was launched on\n April 21st 1995 on board the second European Remote Sensing\n Satellite (ERS-2). This instrument can measure a range of\n atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global\n ozone distributions. GOME is a nadir-viewing spectrometer that\n measures the solar radiation scattered by the atmosphere in the\n ultraviolet and visible spectral region (240 to 790 nm). The\n sensor has a high spectral resolution of 0.2 to 0.4 nm sensed by\n four individual linear detector arrays each with 1024 detector\n pixels. The field of view may be varied in size from 320 km x 40\n km to 960 km x 80 km. For further information and the mission\n objectives see the sensor information sheet.\n\n\nGOME level-1 (radiances / reflectances) and level-2 (trace gas\namounts) products are computed from level-0 (raw) data using the GOME\nData Processor (GDP) system which was designed and developed by the\nGerman Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of DLR in cooperation with the\nInstitute of Remote Sensing (University of Bremen/Germany), the\nSmithonian Astrophysical Observatory (Harvard, Cambridge/MD, USA), the\nUniversity of Heidelberg (Germany), the Koninklijk Nederlands\nMeteorologisch Instituut (KNMI, The Netherlands), and other\ninstitutions involved in the GOME Science Advisory Group.\n\nGDP is the only operational off-line ground segment of the GOME\nsensor. The operational processing of GOME data is done at the German\nD-PAF which is part of DFD. For details about the quality of the\nlevel-1/-2 product refer to the disclaimer page or the GOME Quality\nSurvey page as provided by BIRA-IASB (Belgian)\n\n\nPeople involved with the project:\n\n Diego Loyola GDP project manager since 1996. Responsible for GOME\n Ground Processing\n\n Wolfgang Balzer GDP project manager (1991 - 1995)\n Robert Spurr GDP lead scientist (till 1996 at DLR)\n\n Bernd Aberle System development of GDP Level 0 to 1\n Albrecht von Bargen Scientific support for GDP (since 1998)\n Thilo Erbertseder Generation of Level 3 products\n Ernst Hegels Instrument degradation and calibration (since 1997)\n Eberhard Mikusch System engineer of GDP Level 1 to 2 (till 1996)\n Helmut Muehle GOME integration in the Data Management System\n Thomas Ruppert System development of GDP\n Cornelia Bilinski System development of GDP Level 1 to 2 (till 1997)\n Sanders Slijkhuis Scientific support for GDP Level 0 to 1\n Werner Thomas Scientific support for GDP Level 1 to 2\n Meinhard Wolfmueller System development of GDP Level 0 to 1 (till 1996)\n\n For more information, link to 'http://auc.dfd.dlr.de/GOME/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d88acf08-9e38-4efc-8b13-cf58e781fc07", - "label": "GERB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GERB is an Announcement of Opportunity Instrument for EUMETSAT's MSG-1 (Meteosat Second Generation) satellite, intended to make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget from geostationary orbit. It has been produced by a European consortium led by the UK together with Belgium and Italy, with funding from national agencies. Additional GERB instruments are being provided for MSG-2 and MSG-3, with funding by EUMETSAT. \n\nSummary Provided By:\n\nhttp://www.sstd.rl.ac.uk/gerb/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d8babbd5-8c02-42f3-bd4a-6a864d9ab1cb", - "label": "GBA2000", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Over large regions of the globe, fires are known to contribute\nsignificantly to the injection of gases and aerosols into the\natmosphere, and to be a major disturbance to the vegetation cover.\nBiomass burning contributes up to 50%, 40% and 16% of the total\nemissions of anthropogenic origin for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide\nand methane respectively. Both the scientific community and the\npolicy makers are looking for reliable and quantitative information on\nthe magnitude and spatial distribution of biomass burning\n\nIt is in this context that the Global Burnt Area 2000 initiative\n(GBA2000) has been launched by the GVM Unit of the JRC, in partnership\nwith 6 other institutions, with the specific objective being to\nproduce a map of the areas burnt globally for the year 2000, using the\nmedium resolution (1 km) satellite imagery provided by the\nSPOT-Vegetation system and to derive statistics of area burnt per type\nof vegetation cover.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://www.gvm.sai.jrc.it/fire/gba2000_website/index.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d9d345a7-c1ca-4377-ab3d-f9fb6a2f331f", - "label": "GRIP (HURRICANE)", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GRIP deployment was conducted 15 August – 30 September 2010 with bases in Ft. Lauderdale, FL for the DC-8, at Houston, TX for the WB-57, and at NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, CA for the Global Hawk. This campaign will be conducted to capitalize on a number of ground networks, airborne science platforms (both manned and unmanned), and space-based assets. The field campaign will be executed according to a prioritized set of scientific objectives. \n \nSummary provided by: \nhttp://science.nasa.gov/missions/grip/\nhttp://grip.nsstc.nasa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da34d7fd-c0ac-46ac-8c5c-d40b6afa7029", - "label": "IABP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Participants of the IABP work together to maintain a network of drifting buoys in the Arctic Ocean to provide meteorological and oceanographic data for real-time operational requirements and research purposes including support to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the World Weather Watch (WWW) Programme. \n\nData from the IABP have many uses. For example: \n1. Research in Arctic climate and climate change, \n2. Forecasting weather and ice conditions, \n3. Validation of satellites, \n4. Forcing, validation and assimilation into numerical climate models, and \n5. Tracking the source and fate of samples taken from the ice.\n\nInformation provided by http://iabp.apl.washington.edu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "da6ac2e5-57be-4977-96c4-2b9f18b33223", - "label": "IAA_CRYOLOGY", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Instituto Antartico Argentino Cryology Studies mission is to direct, support and control such activities accordingly to national objectives and strategies and with means assigned by the State.\n\nIts functions are, among others, to counsel the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other National Planning organisms, to plan supplies for the Antarctic activity, to gather, analyze, and coordinate all requirements from executive organisms.\n\nThe DNA develops the 'Antarctic Annual Plan' project, which has to be submitted together with the resource calculus and the Ministry of Defense is charged of its approval.\n\nThe DNA is charged of planning and programming the Antarctic Campaigns together with the Antarctic Commands of Armed Forces dealing with logistic and technical support, and of maintaining links with the corresponding organism from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in order to harmonize such activities with the Argentina foreign policy.\n\nLogistic support of the Antarctic activity is under the responsibility of the Armed Forces, that provide means annually required.\n\nThrough the Instituto Antártico Argentino, Antarctic scientific research and scientific-technical surveys are conducted, controlled, coordinated and carried out. Antarctic expeditions are also performed, and IAA has the role of technical consultative organism on this matter.\n\nhttp://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/DNAIAA.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dab4844a-5f2b-4f56-8c7b-70bb0066dd5d", - "label": "GAPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project URL: http://polaryear.no/prosjekter/GAPS\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=310\n\nSince the early 1970s oil and gas development has gradually come to dominate the industrial sector in the Arctic. The pace of development has increased significantly in recent years as the price of oil and gas has risen, motivating industry to travel further north to extract fossil fuels for global consumption. Increasing pressure from various governments - Russian, Norwegian, Canadian and Americans - require the Arctic to be open for business. Increasingly, Arctic communities are being tied into the global market for oil and gas, putting pressure on their individual and societal capacities to cope with change, participate in resource management decision-making, and secure any possible economic and social benefits. As such, the urgent pace of such development poses critical challenges to the human security of communities, affecting local economies, traditional livelihoods, health, food, and the environment. At the same time traditional securities are increasing in pressure from sovereignty issues to reducing dependencies upon Middle East oil and gas supplies.\nA growing body of research and policy work on human security already exists [UNDP, 1994; Canada, 2005; Hoogensen, 2005]. However, little work to date has been conducted on the unique challenges to human security in the Arctic context. Human security attempts to recognize the (in)securities of human beings in a variety of contexts, ranging from health and food security to identity, economic and environmental securities. Oil and gas development from a securities perspective can be seen both positively and negatively, exposing Arctic communities to threats as well as opportunities. This framework provides a vehicle for the expression of vulnerabilities and adaptabilities from the grassroots level, such that individuals and communities themselves can determine what is important to their own sense of security. The need for such comprehensive, participatory research on the impacts of oil and gas development in Arctic communities has been well articulated (AHDR 2004; ACIA 2005; AIL 2005; AIP 2005; ICARP II 2005).\nThis timely research seeks to understand how oil and gas development impacts the security of Arctic communities, both for themselves as well as in relation to more traditional state-based securities requiring access and exploitation of resources. GAPS is a multidisciplinary project, joining social and natural scientists together, along with participating local communities and organizations, to gather and analyze data on oil and gas development in the Arctic region using a multiple securities approach. The project explores a number of the traditional and human security and environmental relationships in the Arctic and demonstrates the importance of the region to the development of security concepts in relation to environmental change.\nResearch project objectives:\nExpand upon current understandings of human and traditional/state securities in the Arctic and their linkages to climate change;\nExplore the meaning of security in Arctic communities and develop an understanding of the factors contributing to (in)securities as they are identified by community members;\nConsider how local knowledge exposes (in)securities that have been thus far neglected or overlooked by scientific and policy communities;\nExplore new potentials for local adaptabilities previously overlooked by research and policy communities;\nAssess the interrelationships between major processes of change in the Arctic (including climate, societal, economic, ecological) and their combined impacts on human security in the region;\nExplore new possibilities for community engagement in research in the Arctic and further strengthen university-community research linkages;\nFacilitate communication and collaboration between circumpolar communities;\nDevelop grassroots indicators and methods to assess the impacts of oil and gas development on human security in the Arctic;\nEmploy innovative methods of data collection and research dissemination (i.e. film and video) to facilitate community access to, and involvement in, the research; and,\nProvide the basis for Masters and PhD thesis research for participating graduate students.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dabd56d2-d192-4a1b-b2d4-b932eab06581", - "label": "HADRM3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HadRM3 is a formulation of the atmospheric model HadAM3. It is a high resolution limited area model driven at its lateral and sea-surface boundaries by output from a global AOGCM. The Hadley Centre has RCM domains for Europe, the Indian sub-continent and southern Africa. Nesting is one-way. \n\nhttp://metafor.ceda.ac.uk/entry/badc.nerc.ac.uk__NumSim__HadRM3_CodeBase.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db2d306a-1977-4ca6-9ba6-582c8f1f0bd9", - "label": "ISP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This dataset refers to the approved ISP projects (ISP1, ISP2 and ISP3) granted by IAI. The ISP is a program to augment on-going scientific activities in research, training and education, data and information collection, climate modeling as well as a limited number of workshops. 39 Grants are being funded under the ISP with a duration of up to three years. The ISP Grants are administered by the IAI Directorate. The IAI has invested approximately US$ 4 million over the period of 1996-2001. The data collection that will be referenced on related granules are formed by Executive Summaries, Project Results, Statistics Information and real data provided by project investigators. Requests for other documents or/and materials can be directed to the contact person of this dataset. \n\nInformation provided by http://mercury.ornl.gov/metadata/esip/html/esipcol/gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov_Data_Portals_Esip_GCMD_IAIDIS268.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "db5052c5-a849-4721-9b2a-c3b0dfb2a3ba", - "label": "ICECAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICECAP\nProject URL: http://www.ggy.bris.ac.uk/icecap\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=97\n\nThe subsurface character and boundary conditions for much of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) remain largely unknown although they are critical to ice sheet modeling and, therefore, our understanding of the EAIS's role in global climate and sea level change. The lack of existing information in key regions of the EAIS is a consequence of its remoteness and inaccessibility. The acquisition of these essential data can only be accomplished by long-range airborne surveys requiring a level of international collaboration and commitment of resources that has been unavailable to the scientific community for over 25 years.\n\nWe propose to coordinate an internationally collaborative program of long-range aero-geophysical survey, during the period of the IPY, over the historically inaccessible subglacial highlands and lowlands of East Antarctica. Our proposed survey will be managed collaboratively by scientists from the US, UK, Germany and Australia with the advice of an International Steering Committee (ISC) implemented via SCAR's scientific research program named Antarctic Climate Evolution (ACE, EoI #37). Funding for this project will be sought from the US National Science Foundation and the UK National Environmental Research Council. The aerogeophysical surveys will be accomplished over two field seasons using a US Naval Research Laboratory P-3 Orion aircraft operating out of McMurdo Station (EoI #256).\n\nThe survey targets will be focused on regions critical to understanding contemporary and previous ice sheet dynamics and change and include subglacial highlands and lowlands of Domes A and C beneath the central EAIS. The region of our proposed ice penetrating radar, lidar, gravity and magnetics survey include the enigmatic Aurora Subglacial Basin as well as the majority of the Gamburtsev, Vostok and Belgica subglacial highlands.\n\nThe deeply depressed Aurora Subglacial Basin is a region of considerable importance to the form and stability of ice in East Antarctica. It hosts a catchment many times larger than that of the Pine Island/Thwaites Glacier system of West Antarctica and satellite remote sensing has recently revealed dramatic ice surface lowering in the region. It is possible that ice discharge from the Aurora Basin dominates Antarctica's contemporary ice loss to the ocean.\n\nThe highlands of the central Antarctic Plate beneath Domes A and C of the EAIS currently support an extensive network of subglacial lakes and have been the nursery for paleo ice sheets at least since the early Oligocene separation of Australia and East Antarctica. It is possible that the Gamburtsev Mountains have been the most intensely and continuously glaciated crustal elements on Earth.\n\nThe specific objectives of these internationally coordinated surveys will be: \n\n1) to provide bedrock elevation, ice sheet thickness, surface elevation, surface accumulation, englacial structure, basal melt rates and thermal structure necessary for modeling ice sheet (and subglacial lake) evolution and future change; \n\n2) to constrain geothermal flux and determine the location, properties and connectivity of the subglacial sedimentary and hydrological units critical to understanding ice sheet evolution (and subglacial habitats); \n\n3) to characterize subglacial lithology, identify crustal boundaries and estimate crustal rebound for the central Antarctic Plate; and \n\n4) to identify any 'preserved' glacial geomorphology and map fault scarps indicative of Cenozoic (or older) tectonic processes.\n\nThese objectives and target areas are of interest to a broad spectrum of disciplines within the international scientific community. The many collaborating investigators in this activity represent a broad sampling of expertise from glaciology, including both remote sensing and ice sheet modeling, as well as geology and geophysics. In addition to its primary focus of understanding the cryospheric evolution of the EAIS through support of ice sheet modeling, this work will contribute substantially to both Antarctic subglacial lake exploration (EoI #876) and knowledge of the enigmatic Gamburtsev Mountains (EoI #384).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dc19846e-e990-4925-9841-bb4686adba92", - "label": "GPCJR", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Geology and Paleontology of the River basin James Ross “Group Lakes” (Project in cooperation with National Agency of Scientific Promotion and Technological, University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Museum of Natural Sciences Bernardino Rivadavia, University of Torino (Italy) and University of Berlin (Germany)) \nInformation provided by http://www.iaa.gov.ar/CIENCIA/ARCHHIST/20022004/GEO1.HTM", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de76fdb4-9055-4cad-8422-3bae8870e799", - "label": "IPCC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by WMO and\nUNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant\nfor the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for\nadaptation and mitigation. \n\nThe IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data\nor other relevant parameters. It bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed\nand published scientific/technical literature. Its role, organization,\nparticipation and general procedures are laid down in the 'Principles Governing\nIPCC Work'.\n\nThe IPCC has three Working Groups and a Task Force\n\n-Working Group I assesses the scientific aspects of the climate system and\nclimate change.\n\n-Working Group II assesses the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural\nsystems to climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate\nchange, and options for adapting to it.\n\n-Working Group III assesses options for limiting greenhouse gas emissions\nand otherwise mitigating climate change.\n\n-The Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is responsible for\nthe IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme.\n\nWebsite: http://www.ipcc.ch/\n\n[Summary provided by the WMS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "de7812f3-6ecc-4c8d-a8d3-52d7fb50fd74", - "label": "G411", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df9471ff-cb9a-45db-9a9b-9eac5d869e48", - "label": "GTSPP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Programme (GTSPP) is a cooperative international project. It seeks to develop and maintain a global ocean Temperature-Salinity resource with data that are both up-to-date and of the highest quality possible. Making global measurements of ocean temperature and salinity (T-S) quickly and easily accessible to users is the primary goal of the GTSPP. Both real-time data transmitted over the Global Telecommunications System (GTS), and delayed-mode data received by the NODC are acquired and incorporated into a continuously managed database. Countries contributing to the project are Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States. Canada's Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS) leads the project, and has the operational responsibility to gather and process the real-time data. MEDS accumulates real-time data from several sources via the GTS. They check the data for several types of errors, and remove duplicate copies of the same observation before passing the data on to NODC. The quality control procedures used in GTSPP were developed by MEDS, who also coordinated the publication of those procedures through the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The U.S. NODC performs four functions for the GTSPP: \nMaintains the global database of temperature and salinity data and provides online access to the data. \nAdds realtime data supplied by MEDS to the database. \nProcesses delayed mode copies of data by performing the same data quality tests as MEDS, then adds data to the database. \nPrepares monthly data sets and transfers them by network to participants in the U.S., Australia and France, as well as to requestors. \nIn addition to MEDS and NODC, three science centers participate in the project by independently evaluating the delayed-mode data sets for the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Australia's Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial and Research Organization (CSIRO), the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) perform this function as Data Assembly Centers for the World Ocean Circulation Program, which GTSPP supports. \n\nInformation provided by http://ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/OceanTeacher2/01_GlobOcToday/06_OpOc/04_GOOS/04_GlobSys/GTSPP/gtspp.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0200f4d-ec97-4525-970e-1a1564356c3d", - "label": "IVARS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Ross Sea, a marginal Antarctic sea south of New Zealand, has been\nstudied since the days of the Scott/Amundsen expeditions. It is the\nsite of extensive penguin, bird and mammal colonies, and also the home\nof two significant scientific bases, McMurdo Station (US) and Stazione\nBaia de Terra Nova (Italy). Its oceanography is relatively well known,\nincluding ... the physical oceanography and hydrography, nutrient\nconcentrations (nitrate and silicic acid), and phytoplankton biomass\nand species composition. However, marked variations in these variables\noccur spatially and temporally. Indeed, the variations with time are\nthe greatest factor in the Ross Sea habitat. For example, throughout\nmuch of the winter the Ross Sea is ice covered, and no incident\nradiation is available to drive photosynthesis. In contrast, during\nthe summer months the Ross Sea is ice-free, and large accumulations of\nphytoplankton biomass occur.\n\nIn addition to these seasonal changes, variations among years occur in\nall oceanographic variables, whether they be current velocities and\ndirections, ice concentration, winds, or phytoplankton\nproductivity. The causes and consequences of these interannual\nvariations, however, are poorly known. They likely have both local and\nremote drivers; that is, ice concentrations are likely controlled by\nthe Antarctic circumpolar wave observed by White et al. (1999), as\nwell as by basin-wide changes induced by El Nino. Regardless of the\ncauses, the degree of variation among years in biological variables is\nunknown, and this is what IVARS seeks to explore. Ultimately we hope\nto understand not only the causes, but also the consequences to the\nfood web of the region.\n\nHow will we assess the interannual differences in biological\nprocesses? We first will collect as much historical data from the\nregion from various cruises conducted in the past three decades and\ngenerate a climatology or long-term mean of both nutrients (nitrate\nand silicic acid) and chlorophyll concentrations. This will enable us\nto compare results collected during our cruises to assess the degree\nof variation from those observed earlier. The second approach is to\ncollect, from a pre-defined sampling grid, nutrient and phytoplankton\ninformation using standard ship-board sampling procedures. Two cruises\nper year are planned: one in mid- to late-December (the period of\nmaximum productivity and phytoplankton biomass), and one in\nmid-February (the end of the growing season). A total of five field\nseasons will be undertaken, with the first in 2001-2002 having been\nalready completed. By comparing the nitrate data from each cruise to\nthat of 'pre-bloom' water (found prior to phytoplankton growth early\nin the growing season), seasonal productivity can be calculated and\ncompared with that of previous years, hence quantifying the\ninterannual variations in seasonal productivity.\n\nThe third component of IVARS is the deployment of two moorings, each\nwith an elaborate suite of instruments designed to investigate the\nproximate causes of the limitation of phytoplankton growth. The\nlocations of the moorings are placed where historically there are two\ndifferent phytoplankton assemblages. The first (Calinectes), located\nnorth of Ross Island, is normally dominated by diatoms, whereas the\nsecond (Xiphias) is dominated by the haptophyte Phaeocystis\nantarctica. These phytoplankton types have extremely different roles\nin the local food web and biogeochemical cycles. Each mooring will\nhave the following instruments on it: a fast repetition rate\nfluorometer (FRRF), a nitrate analyzer, a silicic acid analyzer, a\nwhole water sampler, two additional fluorometers, a sediment trap,\nthermistors, a CTD, and current meters. The aim of each mooring is to\nprovide continuous sampling of the surface layer properties to get a\nclosely spaced measurement of the variations within each growing\nseason. In addition, the FRRF gives an assessment of the degree of\nlimitation by inorganic nutrients. It has been shown that iron becomes\nlimiting in the austral summer (e.g., Olson et al., 2000), although\nthe extent and onset of this limitation is unknown. Using the FRRF\nwill give a sensitive measure of the degree of iron limitation through\ntime. The nitrate data will allow for continuous estimates of seasonal\nproduction (and its short-term variations), and the silicic acid\nmeasurements will allow for the estimation of diatom productivity (as\nPhaeocystis antarctica does not use silica). Diatoms are often\nconsidered to be more strongly iron limited than other species, but it\nis uncertain if this is true in the Ross Sea. Furthermore, the ratio\nof nitrate:silicate uptake is another indicator of iron stress in\ndiatoms, and will provide a separate estimate from the bulk community\nmeasurements provided by the FRRF. Finally, the sediment trap will\nallow estimates of the losses of organic material through the water\ncolumn, which can be compared to productivity and biomass estimates to\nconstruct a one-dimensional budget of nitrogen (Smith and Asper,\n2000).\n\nUsing this three-tiered approach, we hope to accurately assess the\nvariations in several important variables of the Ross Sea, and their\nrelationships to the food web of the region as well as to large-scale\nforcing. Hopefully this record will also allow for an assessment of\nsubtle changes that might occur in future years in response to global\nclimate change. Such changes have already been observed in the\nhydrographic conditions of the region (e.g., Jacobs et al., 2002), but\nthis would be the first attempt to relate biological responses of the\nlower portion of the food web to large-scale changes in surface layer\nproperties that occur as a result of climate changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0dd2ca8-0755-46a1-baeb-d8cdab69ba82", - "label": "GOA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: Greening of the Arctic (GOA)\nProject URL: http://naat.geobotany.org/index.shtml\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=139\nOne of the key goals of IPY will be to document the rapid and dramatic changes to terrestrial vegetation that are expected to occur across the circumpolar Arctic as a result of climate change. Changes in the biomass of terrestrial ecosystems will likely affect the permafrost, active layer, carbon reserves, trace-gas fluxes, hydrological systems, biodiversity, wildlife populations and the habitability of the Arctic. Changes in green biomass can be expected across the entire bioclimate gradient from treeline to the coldest parts of the Arctic. The Greening of the Arctic (GOA) initiative consists of a group of scientists who are part of four major components. \n\nThe first component will examine in detail the 24-year record of greenness across the entire circumpolar Arctic as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using satellite imagery (AVHRR and MODIS). The study will examine historical trends in NDVI and document areas of major increases or decreases in the NDVI and link these trends to changes in sea-ice distribution, land-surface-temperatures, snow-cover, bioclimate subzones, vegetation type, glacial history, and other variables in a circumpolar GIS database that is part of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM). Modeling studies will use the past trends in NDVI to predict future distribution of arctic vegetation using the BIOME4 model. Transient dynamics of the vegetation will be examined using the ArcVeg model. The project will focus along a North American Arctic Transect (NAAT) where extensive ground data are available. This component is already funded by NSF.\n\nThe second component will examine NDVI-ecosystem relationships along transects in North America and Eurasia at zonal sites in all 5 arctic bioclimate subzones. This portion of the study will take advantage of the existing NAAT that currently consists of 20 research sites in Alaska and Canada (Toolik Lake to Howe Island in Alaska, and Inuvik to Isachsen in Canada) that are part of several ongoing research projects. A similar transect through all five bioclimate subzones has been proposed for the Yamal Peninsula region in Russia, extending to Svalbard in the extreme High Arctic, the Eurasian Arctic Transect (EAT). The Russian part of the study is linked to the Circumpolar Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment (CARMA) project, and will examine the linkages between greening trends, the range and forage for the reindeers of the Nenets people, and the regional sea-ice conditions. The Russian component has been proposed to the NASA/USDA Land Cover Land-Use Change initiative. \n\nThe third component will address the collection of ground biomass and site characterization along the NAAT and EAT transects. This will provide a legacy of the data and infrastructure along the full arctic climate gradient at representative sites in each arctic bioclimate subzone in western Canada and on the Yamal Peninsula-Svalbard transect. Standard protocols and field manual for biomass collection, and other site characterization will be developed. The biomass protocols will be developed in concert with researchers at other established sites such as existing CALM and ITEX sites and flagship observatories to expand the network of biomass collection sites. \n\nAn outreach/education component of the project will develop a web-based Arctic Geobotanical Atlas (AGA) that will use a variety of tools to help students, educators, scientists, land managers, and the public to understand issues related to the greening of the Arctic. Users will be able to download and use online GIS data from the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map and maps at several sites along the GOA transects, in combination with other remote-sensing products. This component is already funded by an NSF grant. Educational application of the AGA in the classroom will be proposed at a later date. Linkage of the project to the University of the Arctic and Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) will also occur in relationship to the human dimensions aspects of the project.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e0f3c16d-2155-4a65-b4be-f7515d97a7a2", - "label": "IFFM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Background:\n\nIn 1982/83 one of the largest forest fires of this century raged for\nseveral months through an estimated 5 million ha of Borneo's tropical\nrainforests. The Indonesian province East Kalimantan was the area\nworst hit by the burning. Since then, fire has been a recurring\nfeature on the island of Borneo, burning large areas in 1986, 1991,\n1994 and 1997/98. In 1997/98, the fires again hit East Kalimantan very\nhard, an estimated 5.2 mio ha of land was burned during this time. The\nhaze from these fires covered the South East Asian region for weeks,\ncausing health problems, disruption to shipping and aviation,\nculminating in the closure of international airports. Economic losses\nand ecological damage were enormous.\n\nWildfires in Indonesia are almost always human caused. A large\npercentages of all wildfires result from escaped land-clearing fires,\nor are a result of land use conflicts and land speculation. Fire is\nthe most common tool used by smallholders as well as for the agro- and\nforest industries to prepare the land. Increasingly Indonesia's fire\nand haze problem is being ascribed to large-scale forest conversion\nand land clearing activities (pulp wood, rubber tree and oil palm\nplantations). The fires can be ascribed as a symptom for the under\nlying problems of land use planning as well as conflicts over land\nuse. Without solving these issues fire management will not be\nsuccessful. An extreme fire season usually occurs every 3-5 years,\nwhen the climate in Indonesia becomes exceptionally dry due to the 'El\nNi?o Southern Oscillation'.\n\nProject Description:\n\nDuring Phase I (1994-1997) of IFFM, an appropriate level of fire\nprotection, training needs, suitable equipment, necessary fire\nintelligence, institutional and structural support were\nevaluated and determined in a pilot area. Cooperation with\nrelevant government agencies and timber concessionaires has\nbeen ongoing. At the village level, socio-economic studies\nhave been carried out to elaborate a concept of\ncommunity-based fire management and to organise volunteer fire\nresponse crews. Fire prevention material has been produced to\nraise public awareness. Since the second phase, the scheme\ndetermined in the Bukit Soeharto pilot area has been\nreplicated in other areas of East Kalimantan. Local fire\ncentres at all the 10 Cabang Dinas Kehutanan (District Forest\nOffices) as well as National Parks are being established and\nequipped, and personnel at all levels trained to prevent and\nrespond to wildfires. These local fire centres will form the\ncore of a fire management system for the! province. The\nprovincial fire centre in Samarinda, located at DINAS\nKehutanan, will coordinate fire management activities in East\nKalimantan. It will collect information from the local\noffices, provide fire intelligence (fire hot spot locations,\nfire danger rating, radio communications) and coordinate the\nsharing of equipment and fire-fighting personnel between fire\nstations.\n\n Contact:\n\n Integrated Forest Fire Management Project (IFFM)\n Jl. Harmonika, Komp. Dinas Kehutanan\n Tromol Pos 826 (KT), Samarinda 75001, INDONESIA\n Tel.: ++62 541 732625 Fax.: ++62 541 733519\n E-mail:iffmfire@samarinda.org\n\n Project homepage: 'http://www.iffm.org/'\n\n [Summary provided by IFFM]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2746156-f174-4624-adaa-f79a55cb86f1", - "label": "GLIMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GLIMS (Global Land Ice Measurements from Space) is a project designed to\nmonitor the world's glaciers. Over 60 institutions across the globe are\ninvolved in GLIMS. The project is coordinated by Principal Investigator Jeffrey\nS. Kargel (jkargel@usgs.gov) of the USGS Astrogeology Research Program. The\nGLIMS web site is managed by Bruce Raup of the National Snow & Ice Data Center\nand Deborah Lee Soltesz of USGS Astrogeology Research Program.\n\nThe objectives of the project are to establish a global inventory of land ice,\nincluding surface topography, to measure the changes in extent of glaciers and,\nwhere possible, their surface velocities. This project is designed to use\nprimarily data from the ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and\nReflection radiometer) instrument, and the monitoring activities are expected\nto continue through the life of the ASTER mission. This work will also\nestablish a digital baseline inventory of ice extent for comparison with\ninventories at later times.\n\nProject Website: 'http://www.glims.org/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e357171a-9362-4c4d-ad78-4972d1bdd6e3", - "label": "GISP2", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Greenland Ice Sheet Project II, initiated by the Arctic System\nScience (ARCSS) at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), has\nretrieved a deep-ice core from central Greenland. The\n3053.44-meter-deep GISP2 core is yielding a high-resolution,\n110,000-year-plus history of global change, including at least the\nlast interglacial and glacial cycle. This constitutes the longest such\nrecord available from the Northern Hemisphere. Properties being\nstudied in the GISP2 core include gases and their stable isotopes,\nstable isotopes in ice, particles, major and trace element chemistry\nof ice, conductivity, and physical properties. The detailed view of\nglobal system history revealed from these ice-core properties will\nexpand significantly our understanding of global change - evolution,\nprocess, trend, and coherence. The ARCSS and GISP2 is funded by the\nNational Science Foundation (NSF).\nFor more information see:\n'http://arcss.colorado.edu/projects/gisp.html'\nor contact:\nARCSS Data Coordination Center\nUniversity of Colorado\nNSIDC/CIRES\nCampus Box 449\nBoulder, CO 80309 USA\nPhone: 303-492-1390\nFax: 303-492-2468\nEmail:mcneave@kryos.colorado.edu\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e44e6bb9-dcf6-4c22-a524-05b6c3437d35", - "label": "GHRSST", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Long Term Stewardship and Reanalysis Facility (LTSRF) for the GODAE High Resolution SST (GHRSST) Project seeks to rapidly and routinely deliver individual as well as multi-sensor blended SST products with high accuracy and fine spatial resolution. Please see the GHRSST web site for detailed information on this international effort http://ghrsst.nodc.noaa.gov/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e6df9011-f080-4918-87f5-31c7f47082fa", - "label": "HERITAGE IN ICE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This Activity involves science and social science research that has been initiated as a result of the recent melting of glaciers and alpine ice patches. Melting of these scientific “deep freezes”, is providing unanticipated data sources that are giving us insight into past northern societies, flora/fauna, environments, and their changes through time. The field work is already happening as various independent projects in different northern North American jurisdictions (both Canada and United States), operating under northern leadership and direction. These projects will continue to operate in a similar manner if endorsed as an official IPY Activity. Thus the following Activity Summary refers to the work in general, rather than in project-specific terms.\nIn 1997/98, ancient organic artifacts and biological remains, particularly large quantities of caribou dung, were first found melting out of an alpine ice patch in southern Yukon, Canada (Kuyzk, et al., 1999, Arctic 52-2:214-219). The following year, 1999, the remains of Kwaday Dan Ts’inchi meaning “Long Ago Person Found” in Southern Tutchone (Athapaskan) were found melting out of a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in adjacent northwestern British Columbia, Canada (Beattie et al.,, 2000, Canadian Journal of Archaeology 24:129-147).\nIn 1999, more artifacts and biological remains were found at other melting south Yukon ice patches. Within a few summer field seasons of research, significant specimens and samples (paleo-biological, or paleobiological and archaeological) were identified and/or collected from more than 70 mountain-top ice patches in the latter jurisdiction. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the frozen organic remains being recovered from the Yukon ice patch sites spanned the entire Holocene period (Farnell et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:247-259. Hare et al., 2004, Arctic 57-3:260-272).\nThe banking and curation of the samples/specimens recovered as a result of the Yukon ice patch work has been coordinated by the Yukon Government (Renewable Resources, and Heritage-Archaeology) with local study and analysis of materials, as well as research and identification work by collaborating scientists from other institutions. Studies related to the ancient artifacts have included feather identification and analysis by staff of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Dove, et al., 2005, Arctic 58-1:38-43), and paint analysis by staff of the Canadian Conservation Institute in Ottawa (Helwig et al., unpublished). Studies related to the biological specimens have been wide-ranging, including: research on species, particularly caribou, genetic history through mtDNA research; caribou dietary analysis; industrial contaminants analysis; parasite history; pollen and vegetation history; ice patch shrinkage over time; etc. (Farnell et al., ibid.).\nThe Kwaday Dan Ts’inchi project is also locally administered, with the concerned indigenous government, the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, jointly managing the project with the province. The provincial museum (Royal British Columbia Museum), the Provincial Parks’ department, as well as scientists based in Canada, Germany, and Scotland are working with the community on the study and interpretation of this find, and the materials recovered there-from, with results now being published (e.g., Monsalve et al., 2002, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119-3:288-291; Dickson et al., 2004, Holocene 14-4:481-486; Mudie et al., 2005, Canadian Journal of Botany 83:111-123; Richards et al., in press, American Antiquity). Both the discovery and the manner in which this unique find is being managed continue to receive international attention; the project is often pointed out as an example of how scientists and First Nations can work together on even the most sensitive of subject areas, human remains.\nColleagues began fieldwork in adjacent Alaska in 2001, continuing in 2003, attempting to find glacier or ice patch archaeological sites in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. This work involved the development of a predictive model for identifying locations that should be targeted in the search for archaeological and/or biological specimens in these frozen landscapes (Dixon et al., 2005, American Antiquity 70-1:129-143). In 2003, state archaeologists successfully identified ice patch archaeological sites in the Tangle Lakes (Denali Highway) area of the state (Vanderhoek et al., in press, Alaska Journal of Anthropology). Fieldwork has continued in this location and elsewhere in the state, with ongoing analysis of the recovered materials.\nThe identification of ice patch sites yielding biological and cultural specimens and samples began in the Mackenzie Mountains region of Northwest Territories, Canada in 2005, with positive results (Andrews, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Plans are underway to search for ice patch sites in the Atlin area of northern British Columbia, Canada in 2006 (French, 2005 communication to Activity leader). Archaeological survey to search for specimens melting out of glaciers in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, U.S. is also to be initiated in 2006 (Howell, 2005 communication to Activity leader).\nFieldwork to find and recover the specimens and samples melting out of the glaciers and ice patches in northwestern North America, as well as to study the melting phenomena themselves, takes place during the height of the summer melt season each August. The fieldwork is generally conducted as day trips or short excursions, relying on helicopters for logistic support; over-view (fixed wing) flights have also been found to be useful.\nThe materials being recovered from these frozen contexts include ancient artifacts, biological materials such as small bird and animal remains, dung from different species but predominantly caribou in the case of the ice patch sites, plant macro and micro remains, and ice block samples. The specimens collected are often fragile and following field documentation, in many cases must be quickly transferred to refrigerated storage to prevent deterioration. After recovery, the specimens and samples are curated in local government facilities whenever possible; professional Conservators are stabilizing the more fragile and significant artifact pieces. Laboratory work to study both the biological and archaeological specimens and samples recovered during these projects is being undertaking by government researchers based in the north, where-ever possible, working in collaboration with scientists/specialists at southern institutions.\nThe local communities are involved, as well, in the study and interpretation of the recovered materials. For example, funds are being sought to document traditional indigenous knowledge related to the unique archaeological finds being collected by the Yukon Ice Patch project. Research to document the traditional aboriginal use of these landscapes is also part of the some of the projects. Museum displays on some of the finds are already in place, e.g., Kwaday Dan Ts’inchi at the Royal British Columbia Museum, and more are in the works.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=435", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e784960e-f2fc-445f-98ad-da8741c06efa", - "label": "GCOM-W", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GCOM-W mission aims to establish the global and long-term observation system to collect data, which is needed to understand mechanisms of climate and water cycle variations, and demonstrate its utilization. AMSR2 onboard the first generation of the GCOM-W satellite will continue Aqua/AMSR-E observations of water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture. The GCOM-W satellite scheduled to be launched in late 2011 or early 2012.\n\nhttp://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gcom_w/\nhttp://suzaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GCOM_W/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb5b85f6-9285-484c-819a-d3da8d384d28", - "label": "GAMETAG", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Atmospheric Measurements Experiment on Tropospheric\nAerosols and Gases (GAMETAG) was a 2-year field-sampling program\nfrom aircraft primarily over North America and the Pacific\nOcean. The GAMETAG program was designed to provide a limited\ntest of chemical models for short-lived photochemical species\nand also to provide survey data on short-lived and long-lived\nspecies over an extended latitude range.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb5e5d7d-2d63-4818-b6bc-80456f2e6ace", - "label": "HADCM3", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HadCM3 (abbreviation for Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3) is a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) developed at the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom.[1][2][3] It was one of the major models used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report in 2001.\n\nUnlike earlier AOGCMs at the Hadley Centre and elsewhere (including its predecessor HadCM2), HadCM3 does not need flux adjustment (additional 'artificial' heat and freshwater fluxes at the ocean surface) to produce a good simulation. The higher ocean resolution of HadCM3 is a major factor in this; other factors include a good match between the atmospheric and oceanic components; and an improved ocean mixing scheme (Gent and McWilliams). HadCM3 has been run for over a thousand years, showing little drift in its surface climate.\n\nHadCM3 is composed of two components: the atmospheric model HadAM3 and the ocean model (which includes a sea ice model). Simulations often use a 360-day calendar, where each month is 30 days.\n\nSummer provided by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HadCM3", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eb784368-9b92-49b0-afc5-ea820e996f33", - "label": "IDS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "After a decade of fully operational functioning, the DORIS space\ngeodesy system has demonstrated its capabilities for\norbitography and navigation of the satellites and also ground\nlocation. It plays a key rule in the Topex/Poseidon altimetric\nmission for oceanography providing in association with the Laser\ntechnique a 2 cm accuracy in the radial component of the\norbit. DORIS and Laser are renewed as the nominal orbitographic\nsystem for the Jason mission (end of 2000).\n\nDORIS also provides with Diode navigator on Spot 4 (1993), an\norbit in real time within a few meters. It's a world first at\nthis level of precision.\n\nSince 1994 and thanks to its more than fifty permanent beacon\nnetwork, DORIS contributes to the IERS activities for the\nrealization and maintenance of the ITRS (International\nTerrestrial Reference System). 3D positions and velocities of\nthe reference sites at a cm and mm/yr accuracy lead to\nscientific studies (investigations) in the fields of global and\nregional tectonics. Two recent DORIS results appear very\nencouraging for the future. One concerns a seasonal effect of\nearth surface fluid mass redistribution (oceanic water,\natmospheric masses, snow, ...) on the relative positions of the\nearth mass and earth figure centers. Another concerns vertical\ndisplacement of the crust monitored near tides-gages. This\ninformation is of major interest for the topic of sea level\nvariations and correlation to the Global Change.\n\nSuch as the other space geodesy techniques GPS, VLBI, SLR, there\nis a strong demand among the scientific community to create an\nInternational DORIS Service, so called IDS. The CSTG, commission\nfor international co-ordination of space techniques for geodesy\nof the International Association Geodesy (IAG) and the IERS\ndirecting board decided in July 1999 to initiate a DORIS Pilot\nExperiment. Its objective is to assess the need and feasibility\nof an International DORIS Service.\n\nFor more information, link to 'http://ids.cls.fr/welcome.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eba2a90b-fa7e-4ff0-bd4c-2024717434bf", - "label": "GLAM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Project Background NASA/UDSA MOU:\n\t\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to strengthen future collaboration. In support of this collaboration, NASA and the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) jointly funded a new project to assimilate NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and products into an existing decision support system (DSS) operated by the International Production Assessment Division (IPAD) of FAS. Building on NASA's investment in the MODIS Science Team, the project is implementing a user-friendly system that will allow for the integration and analysis of MODIS data products in IPAD's DSS.\n\nFAS Mission and Tasks:\n\t\nFAS promotes the security and stability of U.S. food supply, improves foreign market access for U.S. agricultural products, reports on world food security, and advises the U.S. government on international food aid requirements.\n\nFAS bears the primary responsibility for USDA's overseas activities: market development, international trade agreements and negotiations, and the collection and analysis of statistics and market information. It also administers USDA's export credit guarantee and food aid programs, and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic growth.\n\nIPAD's Scope:\n\t\nThe FAS, through IPAD, provides agricultural information for global food security. It produces objective, timely and regular assessments of global agricultural production outlook and the conditions affecting food security. IPAD is responsible for global crop condition assessments and estimates of production and yield of grains, oilseeds, and cotton. IPAD assessments are an integral component of the monthly crop assessments issued by USDA's World Agricultural Outlook Board - a primary source for agricultural information worldwide.\n\t\nThe Application of NASA EOS MODIS Data to FAS Agricultural Assessment and Forecasting:\n\t\nTo meet its objectives, FAS/IPAD uses satellite data and data products to monitor agriculture worldwide and to locate and keep track of natural disasters such as short and long term droughts, floods and persistent snow cover which impair agricultural productivity. FAS is the largest user of satellite imagery in the non-military sector of the U.S. government. For the last 20 years FAS has used a combination of Landsat and NOAA-AVHRR satellite data to monitor crop condition and report on episodic events.\n\nFAS is upgrading and enhancing the satellite component of its IPAD decision support system through an information delivery system for MODIS data and derived products. NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board two platforms of the Earth Observing System (EOS), was designed in part to monitor subtle vegetation responses to stress, vegetation production and land cover with regional-to-global coverage. Hence, integration of MODIS data and derived products into the IPAD FAS DSS provides FAS with better characterization of land surface conditions at the regional scale and enables monitoring of changes in the key agricultural areas of FAS focus regions in a more timely fashion and at a higher resolution than previously possible with NOAA-AVHRR data.\n\nMODIS: An Operational Prototype: \n\t\nAlthough MODIS is a NASA experimental mission, the instrument's capabilities will be extended by the launch of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) in 2008, part of the National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), which will become fully operational in 2009. Thus the methods and system developed through this research project can be transitioned into a fully operational domain. \n\nProject Components:\n\n- Delivery and integration of MODIS Rapid Response data into the FAS monitoring system to facilitate improved monitoring of the impact of climate hazards, such as drought, large scale flooding, and snow storms, on agricultural production.\n\n- Development and delivery of a long term database of MODIS composite Vegetation Index (VI) time series including analysis tools and a graphic user interface that provides mosaicking, reprojection capabilities, and easy access to the moderate resolution image archive.\n\n- Establishment of the relationship between MODIS VI data and the long-term archives from the AVHRR and SPOT-VEGETATION used by FAS/IPAD.\n\n- Development of enhanced MODIS cropland products including a crop mask, a crop type map, new band combination products, and a crop stress index.\n\nProject Website: http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/glam.cfm\n\n[Summary provided by the United States Department of Agriculture.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed429593-cea7-41ca-ab0c-88fdcfa42f04", - "label": "I-TASC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: I-TASC\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=417\n\nI-TASC is an international network of cultural, scientific and media technology organisations who have in common an interest in the trandisciplinary convergence of art and science. The network seeks to establish in the Arctic and Antarctic the framework conditions for collaborative projects between artists, scientists, tactical media workers and engineers within three major topical fileds i.e. migration, weather and climate and communications. This is envisaged through the installation and maintenance of two mobile open source and creative commons based art and science research facilities in the Arctic and Antarctica between 2007-2009 and further operations in the next decade. We will be also constructing and launching a micro-satellite in the high sun-synchronous elliptical orbit in 2008 to enable research and contact between the two stations and the sharing of sensor data with other IPY clusters. The facility planned for the Arctic Circle is MAKROLAB mkVII, an autonomous, minimal environmental impact communications, research and living unit capable of sustaining up to 8 crew members for long periods of work in isolation/insulation conditions (60-180 days). Onboard renewable-energy systems, bioreactor/biological sewage processing, water recycling systems, satellite and HF communication systems and radar infrastructure, developed during previous manifestations of the project, will be augmented to fully winterize the MAKROLAB and provide its crews with the tools/resources needed to conduct joint or independent work in concentrated polar field-research environments. Operational systems researched/developed during the MAKROLAB Arctic phases will be applied to the design and construction of a new rapid-deployment zero environmental impact polar research station with the working title LADOMIR, which will be tested in Antarctica in the southern summers of 2008 and 2009. LADOMIR is named for the utopian poem written in 1920 by the Russian Futurist Velimir Khlebnikov, which describes the universal landscape of the future through the destruction of the old world and its synthesis in the new. The word is a combination of LAD, meaning both harmony and living creature,and MIR, both peace and world, universe. Adopting the related constructivist notion of FAKTURA, which can be understood as the conferring of tactile and sensorial qualities onto abstract artistic or scientific elements, LADOMIR will be dedicated to producing readable/tangible surfaces which the public will be able to use to reflect on vague or otherwise invisible polar systems and scientific data from Antarctica and the Arctic. Telecommunications, weather and climate systems and migration are seen as three multiple-dynamic global energy systems which can be explored to understand how our planet functions on natural, social and technological levels, and the knowledge inherent in each can in turn be applied as primary sources for new cognitive and evolutionary strategies. We envision the LADOMIR-MAKROLAB interpolar complex to function as an aggregator and visualiser of self produced and IPY share derived data sources in a manner that transverses from the scientific to the artistic and creative and is thus understandable to a different, non scientific public. A very important aspect of the project is to bring the experience and knowledge of indigenous Arctic cultures to the new Antarctic cultures (and vice/versa) through a dynamic, live and archived communications system. Other activities connected to the projects will include the launching and servicing of stratospheric balloons; the development and operation of a fleet of UAV for remote observation; the development of open source software and hardware for data gathering, processing and intuitive display in the arts and sciences; and the development of autonomous, zero-impact sensor and data relay systems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ed7a443a-d40b-43a8-823c-9d9917acf055", - "label": "GGBRB", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A hydrogeochemical study is performed in the hydrographic basin of the\nriver Buquira, located in the north-eastern part of the Sao Paulo\nState, Brazil. This 406 sq. Km basin is carved within mainly magmatic\nrocks, with localized occurrences of Precambrian granites and\ngranulites, and quaternary alluvions. This work includes systematic\nmonitoring of the chemical composition of rain, river, spring water as\nwell as water from wells dug in the weathering mantle of rocks. Soils\nare also being studied. Besides rainfall and river flow data, chemical\nanalysis includes: pH, conductivity and sodium, calcium, potassium,\nmagnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ef9b2064-7f44-44b2-8714-0c1a90c5b42a", - "label": "GASEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "One of the the three main biological experiments carried aboard each Viking lander; GEX was developed by Vance Oyama at NASA Ames Research Center and designed to test for life under two different conditions. In the first mode, it was assumed that organisms that had been dormant for a very long time under dry conditions on Mars would be revived and stimulated back into metabolic activity by the addition of moisture alone. \n\nSummary provided by: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/VikingGEX.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f023eb46-ac6a-43f9-a4e0-e733ddf3a669", - "label": "ILS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Superintendent's Report for 1898-99 records an agreement reached by members of the International Geodetic Association to establish six observatories for the purpose of measuring the variations in latitude caused by the earth's wobble on its polar axis. This program, known as the International Polar Motion Service, was initiated in 1899 with the establishment of six stations, all located near the parallel of 39 degrees 08 minutes north latitude (to permit uniform computations), and were at Gaithersburg, Maryland; Cincinnati, Ohio; Ukiah, California; Mizusawa, Japan; Charjui in Russian Turkestan; and Carloforte, Sardinia, Italy. Economic constraints forced the closing of the Cincinnati observatory in 1932. The Charjui station was lost in World War I, and an observatory was substituted for it at Kitab, near Samarkand in the Soviet Union.\n\nThe Gaithersburg Observatory was constructed by Edwin Smith, Chief of the Instrument Division of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (This agency, now the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, operated the International Polar Motion Service observatories in the United States.) Between 1891 and 1892 Smith had been conducting measurements of the variation of latitude on a volunteer basis from his home in Rockville, Maryland, and made nearly 1800 individual measurements on 146 nights, until his regular work forced him to discontinue his observations. However, when the International Geodetic Association allocated funds for the purchase of land in Gaithersburg in 1898, Smith was entrusted with the construction of the Gaithersburg Observatory, which began operating on October 18, 1899.\n\nThe original six observatories around the world worked in close concert carrying out a program of star study selected by Dr. Kimura, the astronomer in charge of the Mizusawa station. Twelve groups of stars, each containing six pairs of stars, were selected. Two groups of stars were observed each night at each station in accordance with a schedule of dates, time, and duration prepared by Dr. Kimura. The irregular daily motion of the earth's axis was believed to be extremely small, but the extent could be determined by the precise measurements of the stars. The six stations worked documenting the data to support latitude variations until 1914. Economic constraints forced the closing of the Gaithersburg and Cincinnati stations in 1915. During World War I contact was lost with the Charjui station. When communication with the Russian observers was resumed, the association learned that star movement data had been recorded through 1919. After World War I the Soviets continued to participate in this program with the establishment of a new station in Kitab in Uzbekistan, USSR.\n\nWhile the Cincinnati station remained closed and was eventually dismantled, the Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory resumed operations in 1932. Upon reopening, it functioned continually in cooperation with its sister observatories through out the world until computerization rendered its use obsolete in 1982.\n\nThe scientific work conducted at the Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory illustrates the systematic approach sought by the International Geodetic Association to measure the degree of 'wobble' occurring on the earth' s north-south axis. Although superseded by newer technologies using satellite observations the wealth of data returned from Gaithersburg and the other five observatories is used by scientists today to determine polar motion; the size, shape and physical properties of the earth; to predict climate and earthquakes; and to aid the space program through the precise navigational patterns of orbiting satellites.\n\nThe city of Gaithersburg designated the observatory as a local historic site in December 1983. In July 1985 the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The observatory property was conveyed to the city of Gaithersburg in May 1987 by the federal government, with the proviso that it be preserved as a historic monument and used for the benefit of the public. At the present time the city of Gaithersburg plans to restore the latitude observatory and build a science education center, on the site of the caretaker's house, for the use of the school children of Gaithersburg.\n\nSummary Provided By: http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4i.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0423e76-0a2f-44db-8c7e-56896e733237", - "label": "GEOSECS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Geochemical Ocean Sections Study, a global survey of the\n three-dimensional distribution of chemical, isotopic, and\n radiochemical tracers in the ocean. The expeditions were in the\n Atlantic from July 1972 to May 1973; the Pacific from August\n 1973 to June 1974, and the Indian Ocean from December 1977 to\n March 1978.\n\n For more information and the associated data set, link to\n'http://ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.GEOSECS/.dataset_documentation.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f2bed717-b107-49e0-bb4e-19a05a8194e7", - "label": "GOALS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GOALS (Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System ) is a project for\n predicting seasonal to internannual climate and observing,\n modeling, and analysis of the data obtained from the project.\n\n Goals of GOALS:\n\n-Understand global climate variability on a seasonal basis\n\n-determine the spatial and temporal extent to which this variability\n is predictable\n\n-develop the observational, theoretical, and computational means to\n predict this variability\n\n-make enhanced climate predictions on a seasonal-tointerannual time scales.\n\n Proposed TIme: 1995-2010\n\n For more information, lin k to\n 'http://www.nap.edu/books/0309051800/html/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f36a46cb-7724-440a-b95f-0409f92838b0", - "label": "IAI-DIS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Data and Information\nSystem (IAIDIS) is a distributed database system based on the Internet, with\nthe following main objectives:\n\n1) Disseminate global change research information produced by the IAI, and\nother affiliated institutions\n\n2) Contribute for the standardization and exchange of scientific data between\ndifferent institutions.\n\nThe intention of the IAI is to create a distributed network of Data and\nInformation Systems throughout the Americas, with one Coordinator Node located\nat the IAI Directorate, and other nodes (National Nodes) located in the IAI\nmember countries.\n\nWebsite: 'http://disbr1.iai.int/'\n\n[Summary provided by IAIDIS.]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f60f7c8f-4c03-48d9-a673-6c839e5f1522", - "label": "GTOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) was established in\nJanuary 1996 by five co-sponsoring organizations. Together with\nsimilar global observing systems for climate (GCOS) and the oceans\n(GOOS), GTOS has been created in response to international calls for a\ndeeper understanding of global change in the Earth System.\nThe central mission of GTOS is to provide data for detecting,\nquantifying, locating and giving early warning of changes in the\ncapacity of terrestrial ecosystems to sustain development and\nimprovements in human welfare. GTOS will help find answers to five key\nquestions:\n\n1. What are the impacts of land use change and degradation on\nsustainable development? Can the land produce enough food for the\nworld's future population (projected at 12,000 million by 2050)?\n\n2. Where, when and by how much will demand for freshwater exceed\nsupply?\n\n3. Where and when will toxic pollutants cause major threats to human\nand environmental health and the capacity of ecosystems to detoxify\nthem?\n\n4. Where and what type of biological resources are being lost, and\nwill these losses irreversibly damage ecosystems or human progress?\n\n5. What are the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems?\nThe core of GTOS will be a permanent observing system for the world's\nkey managed and natural ecosystems. The system is based on a five-tier\ndata sampling strategy involving large-scale studies of the Earth's\nmajor environmental gradients, agricultural and ecological research\ncentres, field stations and a gridded series of some 10,000 sampling\nsites.\n\nVisit the GTOS Home Page at:\n'http://www.fao.org/gtos/'\n\nor contact:\n\nGTOS Secretariat\nc/o Environment and Natural Resources Service\nFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\nViale delle Terme di Caracalla\nRome 00100 - ITALY\nTel: 0039-6-5705-2586 / 3450\nFax: 0039-6-5705-3369\nE-mail: GTOS@fao.org\nIDN_Node: USA/NASA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f78ce053-45dc-456b-8dd7-b939da727a31", - "label": "ICEFISH", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: ICEFISH\nProject URL: http://www.icefish.neu.edu/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=93\n\nIn a world experiencing climate global changes, loss of biodiversity and depletion of fisheries, the biotas of the Antarctic and the Sub-Antarctic offer compelling natural laboratories for understanding the evolutionary impact of these processes. Since the IGY (1957-58), biologists have made impressive progress in understanding the Antarctic ichthyofauna. However, research integration into the broader marine context has been limited, largely due to lack of access to Sub-Antarctic fishes. These fishes, in particular those of the dominant suborder Notothenioidei, are critical for a complete understanding of the evolution, population dynamics, eco-physiology and eco-biochemistry of their Antarctic relatives. \n\nThe ICEFISH programme is designed to fill these critical gaps in our knowledge. Cruises, encompassing the South Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian Ocean sectors constitute the ICEFISH programme, the first comprehensive international survey of the Sub-Antarctic marine habitat. The first, ICEFISH-2004 (17 May -17 July 2004) was a resounding success. Extensive fishing was performed in the South Atlantic sector: Burwood Banks, Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, Shag Rock, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Bouvetoya, and Tristan de Cunha, at depths ranging from tidepools to the abyss (for information on the cruise, participants, and detailed science projects, see www.icefish.neu.edu). \n\nAlthough autonomous, ICEFISH-2007 builds on the important legacy of ICEFISH-2004. It will sample the Sub-Antarctic Pacific sector, including Campbell and Scott Islands, Antipodes, Auckland, Macquarie, and Balleny Islands. Fishing will be multi-modal, using Otter, mid-water, Blake and MOCNESS trawls, plankton nets, beach seining, tide pooling, and traps. We will charter a suitable ice-strengthened ship/icebreaker, equipped with aquaria with running seawater to maintain live specimens, and with high-quality research laboratories. Twenty-four to 28 scientists will participate, largely those of the 2004 cruise, ensuring continuity of the scientific focus of the ICEFISH programme. The scientific activity will cover a wide range of topics, many of which will develop work carried out in ICEFISH-2004. We will summarise some of these topics: \n\n- Systematics and evolutionary studies to relate Sub-Antarctic notothenioids to their Antarctic relatives through morphological, molecular and cytological analyses. The diversity of habitats and attendant species likely to be collected in ICEFISH 2007 clearly warrant such a comparative analysis, which will shed light on evolutionary diversity and radiative capacity within this sub-order. \n\n- Life history strategies and population dynamics to characterise the composition, distribution, habitat preferences and diets of the Sub-Antarctic species, and larval recruitment.\n\n- Diversity and biogeography. Documentation of fish biodiversity and possible discovery and description of unknown species, for example in the vicinity of the Balleny Islands and Scott Island (CCAMLR Statistical Subarea 88.1), where the fish fauna is poorly known. As transition zones between the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic notothenioid faunas, these islands are key to recognizing and understanding latitudinal gradients in faunal composition in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean. Liparids of the Southern Hemisphere are important from an evolutionary and zoogeographic perspective; many of these species are known only from one or two specimens. In addition, new species are still being found frequently. ICEFISH-2007 would be an important opportunity to sample previously poorly sampled regions to add to knowledge of the distribution and evolution of the family. Collection at depths below 1000 m is desirable.\n\n- Physiological, biochemical and molecular-biological studies of organ and tissue systems to analyse the evolutionary basis of the adaptations of high-Antarctic nototothenioids relative to their ancestral stock.\n\n- Genomic resources for Sub-Antarctic notothenioids (nucleic-acid libraries for comparative studies of the genomes of high- and low-latitude species). Because of the causal linkage between the thermal histories of marine environment, and the waxing and waning of the antifreeze trait, the extent of the antifreeze genotypic and functional capacity in related notothenioids within and outside of the high-Antarctic is an excellent biological indicator of regional variations or changes in thermal environments in the Southern Ocean. Spleen and testis tissues will be frozen for future preparation of DNA and RNA that will be used to evaluate the antifreeze glycoprotein genotype, Erythrocytes from red-blooded species and white blood cells from icefishes will be embedded in agarose plugs and used to prepare high molecular weight DNA for the construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries. The BAC libraries will permit the global analysis of genome evolution of the notothenioids driven by thermal challenges.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7e48f6e-7162-4374-8025-930e1dcb02db", - "label": "GLOBAL CHANGE - SOCIAL CHALLENG", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "As development in Northern and Arctic communities are influencing both the living conditions and the cultural characteristics of the population in the North, the present pace of globalization is calling for a research focus on both short and long term perspectives in social and socio-economic changes. The question of sustainable development emphasizes the need of understanding changes not only in relation to the present, but in an inter-generational perspective. In addition the need for a gender perspective on the development process has been emphasized.\nCrucial is on one hand the need of interdisciplinarity in the research activities, because there is an intimate connections between the bio-physical, the socio-economic and the cultural worlds. And on the other hand, an understanding of the changes in inter-generational and gender perspectives is very much needed. The focus of the project will be on six major components shaping the future social characteristics of the Northern and Arctic communities.\n1) Change in resource use, technology and employment patterns. The technologification and capitalization of renewable and non-renewable resources has profound implications on both the sectors and the communities. Similarly the technological development and its influence on the access and distribution of information, insight, knowledge and understanding, contributes to the shaping of the future through increased access by Arctic residents to the global flow of information, as well as access for outsiders to a more in-depth understanding of the Arctic perspectives.\n2) Change in values, power relations, perception, preferences and life strategies. The basis is the status of the living conditions, health and welfare situation characterizing the communities in the Arctic. In this process migration has a profound impact on kinship and family, just as on the children´s position in the family and society. Retrospective: Changing patterns of (gendered) social and geographical mobility. In status: Mobility, aspirations and actions: Rationalities and reasoning in relation to patterns of mobility. And Prospective: Youth Aspirations in relation to social and geographical mobility.\n3) Change in community dynamics and gender aspects of the development process, where one component is on the status of education and research activities shaping the future patterns of development, especially the question of the interaction between the two divergent processes of centralization and decentralization as components in the process. Similarly components in the ongoing changes include the regional and structural characteristics of different types of settlements such as the divide between towns and villages and the differences in perceptions of development goals.\n4) Shift in income patterns, property issues, resource rights, as well as access to decision making. A key question will be women’s access to decision making in the resource based sectors in rural areas of the north.\n5) The questions of risk, threads and crises in the development process, and how realities as well as the perceptions are influencing the social interaction in Arctic communities. On one hand the question of establishing and maintaining efficient and competent health system in sparsely populated Arctic regions including the modification and transfer of technology to quite different settings. And on the other hand the question of understanding and managing violence, both in its public and domestic forms.\n6) A cross-cutting issue - is the youth and gender perspectives on the development process, on one hand the question of participation and involvement in the social processes, and on the other hand their specific role in the processes of change, influencing both the direction and characteristics of the development process.\nA crucial topic for the consortium is the further development of the research school activities within the framework of CASS and CAES, so the list of contributors include as well members of the research consortium as well as members of the research school groups.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=210", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8651141-2ead-47b4-9525-6695212a960c", - "label": "GCSS-DIME", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a program initiated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) to observe, understand and model the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes in the atmosphere, at land surface and in the upper oceans. GEWEX is an integrated program of research, observations, and science activities ultimately leading to the prediction of global and regional climate change. The International GEWEX Project Office (IGPO) is the focal point for the planning and implementation of all GEWEX Projects and activities.\n\nThe goal of GEWEX is to reproduce and predict, by means of suitable models, the variations of the global hydrological regime, its impact on atmospheric and surface dynamics, and variations in regional hydrological processes and water resources and their response to changes in the environment, such as the increase in greenhouse gases. GEWEX will provide an order of magnitude improvement in the ability to model global precipitation and evaporation, as well as accurate assessment of the sensitivity of atmospheric radiation and clouds to climate change.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.gewex.org/gewex_overview.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f87c4748-eb6d-4124-b8eb-8a16c622ae09", - "label": "GODAE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GODAE is an initiative to make ocean monitoring and prediction a routine\nactivity akin to weather forecasting. GODAE envisages a global system of\nobservations, communications, modelling and assimilation that will deliver\nregular, comprehensive information on the state of the oceans. This information\nwill have wide utility for the benefit of the community.\n\nUS GODAE Monterey Server: 'http://www.usgodae.org/'\nMERSEA (European GODAE Portal):\n'http://strand1.mersea.eu.org/html/strand1/datalinks.html#insitu'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8e81a5b-8885-40a2-b0a3-2f1aad29fedd", - "label": "ICECUBE", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Short Title: IceCube\nProject URL: http://icecube.wisc.edu/\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=459\n\nIceCube is a one-cubic-kilometer international high-energy neutrino observatory being installed in the ice below the South Pole Station. A companion cosmic ray surface air shower array, IceTop, will complement the detection of high energy astrophysical neutrinos and support IceCube by identifying background events. The IceCube detector will consist of approximately 80 strings of 60 digital optical modules deployed at depths between 1400 and 2400 meters. The IceTop detector will have a pair of frozen water tanks at the ice surface above each IceCube string. Each tank will have two digital optical modules to monitor cosmic ray events. The digital optical modules detect the light produced when charged particles pass through the ice, enabling the IceCube detector to track particles produced by neutrinos and IceTop to reconstruct cosmic ray events. Deployment of the first strings and surface IceTop tanks is underway now and will continue until the detector is completed in the 2009-2010 season. \n\nIceCube will open unexplored bands for astronomy, including the PeV (1015 eV) energy region, where the Universe is opaque to high energy gamma rays originating from beyond the edge of our own galaxy, and where cosmic rays do not carry directional information because of their deflection by magnetic fields. The instrument may, for example, answer the question of whether the fascinating multi-TeV photons originating in the Crab supernova remnant and near the supermassive black holes of active galaxies are of hadronic or electromagnetic origin. IceCube will provide a totally novel viewpoint on the multi-messenger astronomy of gamma ray bursts, which have been identified as a possible source of the highest energy particles in nature. \n\nIceCube also occupies a unique place in the multi-prong attack on the particle nature of dark matter, with unmatched sensitivity to cold dark matter particles approaching TeV masses. As a particle physics experiment with the capability to detect neutrinos with energies far beyond those produced at accelerators, IceCube will join the race to discover supersymmetric particles and the topological defects created in grand unified phase transitions in the early universe. The detection of cosmic neutrino beams would open the opportunity to study neutrino oscillations over Megaparsec baselines. \n\nThese exciting capabilities notwithstanding, there should be no doubt the true potential of IceCube is discovery. History has not previously disappointed us: the opening of each new astronomical window has led to unexpected discoveries. Hidden particle accelerators may, for instance, exist from which only the neutrinos escape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9919f35-6619-4ae0-af97-5c080479c3c7", - "label": "GSFML", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f9b3cbe0-ad24-497a-96bd-e0df6ce07f59", - "label": "GEO-MEX", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GIS of Mexican states, municipalities, and islands, 1990, in Arc/Info\nexport format. In this dataset, the boundaries of the Mexican\nstates and municipalites that share borders with the United\nStates are consistent with those from TIGER95. Attributes\ninclude selected demographic and socioeconomic variables from\nINEGI.\n\nPopulation growth is widely recognized as a key driving force behind\nenvironmental change, especially in developing countries. Improving\nunderstanding of the processes involved in population growth and the\nenvironmental and socioeconomic factors associated with it is\ntherefore critical. Unfortunately, one barrier to better understanding\nhas been the lack of detailed subnational data on population\ndistribution and change and the difficulty of linking such data to\nenvironmental and other datasets that do not conform with\nadministrative units.\n\nIn recognition of this problem, the Center for International Earth\nScience Information Network (CIESIN) developed a population data\ncollection for Mexico, drawing on a unique set of georeferenced\npopulation data and on Geographic Information System (GIS)\ntechnology. Mexico is of particular interest because of its rapid\npopulation growth and urbanization, diverse levels of development,\ngrowing environmental problems, and potential vulnerability to global\nenvironmental change.\n\nThe Georeferenced Population Data Sets of Mexico consists of the\nfollowing products: Population Database of Mexico; Urban Place,\nTime-Series Population Spreadsheet of Mexico; Urban Place GIS Coverage\nof Mexico; GIS Coverage of Mexican Localities; GIS Coverage of Mexican\nStates; GIS Coverage of Mexican Municipalities; and Raster Based GIS\nCoverage of Mexican Population.\n\nIncluded in the collection are approximately 100,000 records of\ngeographic and census items for Mexican states, municipalities, and\nlocalities. The geographic records consist of state boundaries, place\nnames, geographic coordinates of more than 30,000 urban and\nmetropolitan places, and elevation data for more than 700 urban\nplaces. The census records contain estimates of 1990 population\ndensity, population by gender, and population by age bracket (below 6\nyears of age, between 6 and 14 years, and older than 15 years). For\n706 selected urban localities, the population is traced back by\ndecades, from 1990 to 1921, based on census documents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fa7b282f-c27a-4d22-89a1-35323044cf47", - "label": "GMOS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) is a five year project (2010-2015), funded by the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (DG Research); it is aimed to establish a worldwide observation system for the measurement of atmospheric mercury in ambient air and precipitation samples. GMOS will include ground-based monitoring stations, shipboard measurements over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and European Seas, as well as aircraft-based measurements in the UTLS.\n\nhttp://www.gmos.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=3", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fabc8562-b6a8-4eb6-959b-8b256e3031f9", - "label": "ICESAT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark\nEarth Observing System (EOS) mission for measuring ice sheet mass\nbalance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and\nvegetation characteristics.\n\nThe ICESat mission will provide multi-year elevation data needed to\ndetermine ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property\ninformation, especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar\nareas. It will also provide topography and vegetation data around the\nglobe, in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland\nand Antarctic ice sheets.\n\nNASA selected Ball Aerospace to provide its Ball Commercial Platform\n2000 (BCP 2000) spacecraft bus for the laser altimetry mission. In\ncooperation with Colorado University/ Laboratory for Atmospheric and\nSpace Physics (LASP), Ball Aerospace will provide the mission\noperations for ICESat. This includes a Mission Operations Center, a\nFlight Operations Team, and a Flight Dynamics System, all based on\nsystems currently supporting other similar missions. ICESat data will\nbe archived and distributed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center\n(NSIDC).\n\nThe Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) is the sole instrument on\nthe ICESat flight.\n\nICESat was successfully launched on January 12, 2003.\n\nFor more information on ICESat, see:\n'http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/'\n\nFor more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see:\n'http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb0aad7e-44a4-4948-887f-4a01b9b7bf6e", - "label": "GOMA", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "A project documenting patterns of biodiversity and related processes in the Gulf of Maine, which will be used to establish ecosystem-based management of the area.\n\nThe Gulf of Maine Census of Marine Life is one of seven initial field projects of the Census of Marine Life (CoML). The Gulf of Maine was selected as the ecosystem pilot study for CoML. The goal of this program is to gain enough knowledge to enable ecosystem-based management in a large marine environment. The program will advance knowledge of both biodiversity and ecological processes over a range of habitats and food-chain levels, from plankton to whales.\n\nMissing Links\nThe Gulf of Maine is a dynamic ecosystem. Both natural and human influences have wrought large changes in the abundance and diversity of life in its waters. Such species as mackerel, herring, and lobster have flourished at times, but wild Atlantic salmon are endangered, and traditional livelihoods have been wiped out by the collapse of such bottom-dwelling fish as haddock and cod. We know a lot about some individual species, but we don't know enough about these populations, their habitats, and their interactions with one another and their environment to determine why these changes have taken place or what the future may hold.\n\nScientific Objectives\nThis program will focus on marine life in the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and adjacent Slope Sea, and the New England Seamounts. The team will take advantage of and demonstrate the latest technologies to perform an integrated study aimed at understanding both the biogeography of the gulf and the processes controlling it. A broad suite of instruments and sensors will collect data on the physical and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Maine. Scientists will use both traditional and new collection devices for physical capture of the Gulf's inhabitants. Acoustical and optical devices will be deployed or operated from surface vessels, towed sleds, and remotely operated and autonomous vehicles. \n\nSummary provided by http://www.usm.maine.edu/gulfofmaine-census/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fb15914c-a38c-49dd-bb7d-2ee395ad0638", - "label": "ICE MASS BALANCE BY SATELLITE G", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The main objective of the proposed work is the study space and time mass variations of ice mad snow over polar regions, the estimation of the water mass balance using monthly GRACE geoids for the recent period, as well as its connection with global climate change, the global hydrological cycle, and in particular the investigation on the possible causes of the sea level rise from ice melting.\nGRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) is the first geodetic mission dedicated to the measurement of the time-variations of the Earth’s gravity field, it enables the detection of water mass transfers.\nThe on-going GRACE mission (launched in 03/2002 for a nominal lifetime of 5 years; quasi-polar orbit) provides monthly maps of tiny spatio-temporal variations of gravity due to the redistributions of mass inside the surface fluid envelops of the Earth. These satellite measurements represent vertically-integrated gravity effects of water mass reservoirs (oceans, atmosphere, continental waters and ice sheets) and of the solid Earth that need to be unravelled. Monthly solutions of the continental water storage (2002 to present) have been recently extracted from the raw GRACE geoids (at the resolution of 500 km), using an iterative generalized least-squares approach developed in our laboratory (LEGOS; Schmidt et al., 2005; Ramillien et al., 2005). After correction of important geophysical effects like mass changes induced by vertical s to study the ice sheets for the following objectives:\n\n(1) Mass balance of the ice sheets: mapping for the first time the time variations of loss/gain of ice mass observed by GRACE, in response to climate change. This will provide monthly time series and geographical maps of the integrated variations of mass over large remote regions like Antarctica and Greenland.\n\n(2) Contribution to the sea level rise: Estimating the mass balance of these polar regions, which can be further expressed in terms of sea level contribution. Recent results indicate that over the last 50 years and last 12 years, the contribution of thermal expansion of the oceans to sea level rise is 25% and 60% respectively (Cazenave and Nerem, 2004; Lombard et al., 2005a, b). For both time spans, the water mass addition to the oceans is estimated to about 1.4 mm/yr (Miller and Douglas, 2004; Lombard et al., 2005b). Recent direct estimates of mountain glaciers and ice sheets melting only explain 0.9 mm/yr (IPCC, 2005). In addition for the ice sheets (Antarctica and Greenland), these estimates based on airborne laser altimetry and other approaches are still uncertain (e.g., Thomas et al., 2004; Krabill et al., 2005). Measuring the mass balance of the ice sheets on inter-annual time scale using GRACE will represent a major improvement.\n\n(3) Snow pack changes: Another objective of this project is to monitor the snow pack changes in the Arctic regions using GRACE. Changes of the snow pack are currently monitored from space using passive microwave radiometry. However, interpretation of these observations in term of snow mass change is very difficult because of problems related to surface conditions and snow state. Here again, GRACE can provide important constraints on snow mass change at a global scale. Snow mass solutions have been recently computed from the monthly GRACE geoids made available bythe GRACE project (GFZ and CSR) using a robust inverse method of separation of hydrological signals (Ramillien et al., 2004; Ramillien et al., 2005)\n\n(4) Monitoring of the permafrost: GRACE is also able to provide information on melt of the permafrost in the boreal regions (e.g., Siberia) through associate water mass redistribution. Used in combination of water level (and discharge) measurements from satellite altimetry over Arctic rivers, GRACE data will allow us to detect and extract the permafrost signals.\n\nCazenave A and R S Nerem, Present-Day sea level change: observations and causes, Review of Geophysics, 42, RG3001, doi : 10.1029/2003RG000139, 2004.\n\nChurch, J., J.M. Gregory, P. Huybrechts, M. Kuhn, K. Lambeck, M.T. Nhuan, D. Qin, and P.L. Woodworth, Changes in sea level, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson, pp. 881, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001.\n\nChurch J. A., N.J. White, R. Coleman, K. Lambeck and J. Mitrovica, Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950-2000 period, J; climate, 17, 2609-2625, 2004.\n\nKrabill W., E. Hanna, P. Huybrechts, W. Abdalati, J. Cappelen, B. Csatho, E. Frederick, S. Manizade, C. Martin, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, R. Thomas and J. Yungel, Greenland Ice Sheet : increased coastal thinning, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2005.\n\nLambeck, K., and P. Johnston, The viscosity of the mantle: Evidence from the analysis of glacial rebound phenomena, in The Earth's mantle, composition, structure and evolution, edited by I. Jackson, pp. 461-502, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998.\n\nLombard A., Cazenave A., Le Traon P.Y. and Ishii M., Contribution of thermal expansion to present-day sea level rise revisited, in press Global and Planetary Change, 2005a.\n\nLombard A., Cazenave A., Cabanes C. and R.S. Nerem, 20th century sea level rise: new estimates of thermal and water mass contributions, in press, Global and Planetary Change, 2005b.\n\nMiller, L., and B.C. Douglas, Mass and Volume Contributions to 20th Century Global Sea Level Rise, Nature, 428, 406-408, 2004.\n\nRamillien G. and Cazenave A., First results on land hydrology fluctuations (2002-2004) from the GRACE space mission, EPSL, in press, 2005.\n\nRamillien G, A. Cazenave, O. Brunau, Global time variations of hydrological signals from GRACE satellite gravimetry, Geophys. J. Int., 158, 813-826, 2004.\n\nRignot, E., A. Rivera, and G. Casassa, Contribution of the Patagonia Icefields of South America to Sea Level Rise, Science, 302, 434-437, 2003.\n\nSchmidt R., Flechtner F., Reigber Ch., Schwintzer P., Gunter A., Doll P., Ramillien G., Cazenave A., Petrovic S., Jochman H. and Wunsch J., GRACE observations of changes in continental water storage, in press, Global and Planetary Change, 2005.\n\nThomas R., E. Rignot,G. Casassa, P. Kanagaratnam, C. Acuna, T. Akins, H. Brecher, E. Frederick, P. Gogineni, W. Krabill, S. Manizade, H. Ramamoorthy, A. Rivera, R. Russell, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, J. Yungel and J. Zwally, Accelerated Sea Level Rise from West Antarctica, Science, 306,255-258, 2004.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=125", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcce904f-2989-49bb-801f-8829c5f85644", - "label": "GMS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) Program consists of a series of satellites operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The first satellite in the series was launched in 1977 and the last in 1994. The satellites have been used for the World Weather Watch Program. The satellites consist of a despun section which houses the earth-oriented antennas and the 100 revolution per minute (rpm) rotating spin section which houses the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR).\n\nSummary provided by http://ghrc.msfc.nasa.gov:5721/source_documents/gms_source.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fcfdf489-f1e7-4a84-a5d9-cb096f8a4a51", - "label": "GSHAP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) was launched in\n1992 by the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) with the support\nof the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and endorsed\nas a demonstration program in the framework of the United Nations\nInternational Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN/IDNDR). The\nGSHAP project terminated in 1999.\n\n For more information, link to 'http://seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "fda2b847-b3d1-4449-a26a-d948df554607", - "label": "ISLSCP II", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project, Initiative II (ISLSCP II) was part of the Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and was responsible for addressing land-atmosphere interactions, process modeling, data retrieval algorithms, field experiment design and execution, and the development of global data sets. The ISLSCP II data set collection contains about 50 comprehensive data sets over the 10 year period from 1986 through 1995 focused on land cover, hydrometeorology, radiation, and soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0ac1326b-77cd-4b5a-a60b-32c5528ff9d0", - "label": "IMPACTS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "Winter snowstorms are frequent on the eastern seaboard and cause major disruptions to transportation, commerce, and public safety. Snowfall within these storms is frequently organized in banded structures that are poorly understood by scientists and poorly predicted by current numerical models. Since that last study on snowstorms, the capabilities of remote sensing technologies and numerical weather prediction models have advanced significantly, making now an ideal time to conduct a well-equipped study to identify key processes and improve remote sensing and forecasting of snowfall.\n\nMore Information: https://espo.nasa.gov/impacts/content/IMPACTS", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ebd6c0a5-d863-48e1-bf92-102b3e6dafb5", - "label": "GRACE-DA-DM", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "[Source: https://nasagrace.unl.edu/]\n\nScientists at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center generate groundwater and soil moisture drought indicators each week. They are based on terrestrial water storage observations derived from GRACE-FO satellite data and integrated with other observations, using a sophisticated numerical model of land surface water and energy processes. The drought indicators describe current wet or dry conditions, expressed as a percentile showing the probability of occurrence for that particular location and time of year, with lower values (warm colors) meaning dryer than normal, and higher values (blues) meaning wetter than normal. These are provided as both images and binary data files.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "30149ae2-649f-4db9-bcb6-342749543999", - "label": "HRAC", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18e56193-e740-44c1-b605-4ad9a3f33f16", - "label": "Hypoxia Watch", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Watch maps near real-time bottom dissolved oxygen data to monitor hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Data is collected during the NOAA Fisheries annual Summer Groundfish Survey, which evaluates the population and health of commercially important shrimp, fish, and other marine organisms relative to environmental conditions in the Gulf as part of the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP), a federal, state, and university cooperative. Oxygen data from the survey are used to generate products that provide updates on hypoxic conditions in the Gulf.\n\nMore Information: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/hypoxia-watch", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "60573ec9-34ea-4602-b865-5b8a9fd3c8fb", - "label": "ISS_RapidScat", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The InternISS-RapidScat ational Space Station Rapid Scatterometer (ISS-RapidScat) mission was launched on 20 September 2014 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida with the primary goal of measuring ocean surface wind vectors, calibrated to a 10 meter reference height, as a continuation of the QuikSCAT climate data record, and as a demonstration of the ability to cost-effectively re-use existing hardware, originally designed and manufactured for test purposes, as an operational space flight Earth remote sensing mission in support of fundamental scientific research of Earth's weather, oceans, and coupled climate system. After successfully being mounted and properly calibrated on the ISS, the RapidScat instrument began providing its first set of calibrated, science-quality measurements on 3 October 2014. As a bi-product of the low inclination orbit of ISS, RapidScat is in a unique position to provide measurements that are asynchronous with respect to the solar day cycle of the Earths; this translates to RapidScat having the unique capability (in contrast to all other past and present space-borne scatterometers) of observing diurnal and semi-diurnal variability over seasonal time scales. The ISS-RapidScat mission is particularly blessed to have contemporaneous measurements from QuikSCAT (albeit limited due to QuikSCAT's fixed antenna position) as a way to ensure consistently calibrated measurements to ensure accurate observation and continued study of the coupled Earth climate system. The PO.DAAC functions as the primary archive and distribution center for the RapidScat data produced directly by the ISS-RapidScat Science Data Systems (SDS) team at JPL.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1281dfb5-22f5-4389-b75a-1825823f09f2", - "label": "GOES-R PLT", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The GOES-R PLT field campaign was a collaborative mission to validate the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) instruments aboard the GOES-R, now GOES-16, satellite. GOES-R is part of NOAA’s geostationary satellite fleet, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites - R series, and provides continual observations of primarily North and South America and the Atlantic. The GOES-R PLT campaign lasted roughly 9 weeks from March 21, 2017 to May 17, 2017, with 105.1 mission flight hours. The goal of the campaign was to provide a collection of coincident airborne, satellite, ground based, and near surface measurements of surface weather phenomena to test, validate, and improve the accuracy of GOES-R\nABI and GLM measurements. The campaign was comprised of two phases: the first centered on the U.S. west coast, providing tests primarily for the ABI instrument, and the second focused on the central and eastern U.S. with tests primarily for the GLM instrument. Airborne measurements were taken using NASA’s\nER-2 aircraft, equipped with spectrometer, radar, lidar, radiometer, and other atmospheric observation instruments to assist with ABI and GLM validation. The target phenomena for validation observations included land and ocean surfaces, active wildfires, and thunderstorms. This campaign provided a blueprint for the\noperation of future GOES validation projects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "ae5bb0a4-8538-4e2e-a514-ce2ef158a7e6", - "label": "ICE POP", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The International Collaborative Experiment for PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympics (ICE-POP) was held in South Korea in February 2018. NASA's GPM Ground Validation program assisted the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) and provided ground-based instruments for forecast and research studies before, during and after the 2018 Winter Olympic Games (February 9-25, 2018). The focus study period took place November 1, 2017 through March 17, 2018, but there are pre-and post-campaign data. Preparations for ICE-POP 2018 began in November 2016 when a Letter of Agreement (LOA) was concluded between NASA and KMA. ICE-POP provided GPM ground validation valuable data for researching frozen and mixed phase precipitation in complex terrain. GPM radars and ground instruments were used for both nowcasting and forecasting support during Olympics operations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f7dde357-a040-4df1-957e-6f322d0ccff1", - "label": "GOMMAPPS", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Gulf of Mexico Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (GoMMAPPS) is a partnership between BOEM’s Environmental Studies Program, NOAA’s Southeast Fisheries Science Center, USFWS Southeast Region, and USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center. GoMMAPPS overarching goal is to conduct broad-scale surveys to assess species distribution and abundance for marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds from near shore to the U.S. EEZ in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A range of tools are used including conducting aerial surveys over continental shelf waters and ship-board surveys on the shelf and out to EEZ, conducting satellite tracking of tagged animals, performing genetic analyses for composition and connectivity and developing spatially- and temporally-explicit species density models.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "59363e18-f160-4e0e-8335-75ace684bfeb", - "label": "GRACE-FO", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "GRACE-FO is a successor to the original GRACE mission. GRACE-FO will continue the work of tracking Earth's water movement to monitor changes in underground water storage, the amount of water in large lakes and rivers, soil moisture, ice sheets and glaciers, and sea level caused by the addition of water to the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d48e3f37-3474-4567-8090-2372a80809f9", - "label": "GHSL", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "This collection contains high spatial resolution (30m-250m) data sets of the urban fabric (e.g. urban and settlement extent, impervious and form) across the globe, derived from imagery from the Landsat series of satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2763c022-cc0c-44fc-9708-06b019aa548e", - "label": "HyspIRI Airborne", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "The Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) Airborne mission is a multi-year effort to collect seasonal visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR) spectrometer and thermal infrared (TIR) Radiometer data on the world’s ecosystems to provide information on natural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires, and drought in advance of the HyspIRI satellite mission. HyspIRI campaigns make use of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) facility instruments flown on a NASA ER-2 aircraft. The term HyspIRI-Prep is synonymous to HyspIRI Airborne.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f8cc8a2b-8f60-46d4-8084-98934375990a", - "label": "HAQAST", - "broader": "af0968ce-ffe3-44a0-86de-2ec9b9a8fa5d", - "definition": "HAQAST is part of a decade-long effort by NASA’s Applied Science Program to re-envision how applied science teams work. The effort began with the Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST), which ran from 2011 – 2016. Recognizing that health was an integral component of applied air quality research, NASA formed the first HAQAST team, which ran from 2016 – 2020. Due to the success of both AQAST and HAQAST, NASA expanded the newest version of HAQAST (2021 – 2025) to fourteen members composed of air quality and public health scientists led by Dr. Tracey Holloway at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Though HAQAST is headquartered at UW-Madison, its members are spread across the U.S., in government offices and public and private universities. [Source: https://haqast.org/nasa-applied-science-team/]", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "label": "V - Z", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "015ba8fd-e81f-44ae-973c-f8b5432f1b45", - "label": "WDC/GSD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Data Center for Geoinformatics and Sustainable Development (WDC- Ukraine) was created as a Ukrainian branch of the World Data Center for Solar and Terrestrial Physics of the Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the structure of the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in the 2006 on the base of Agreement about the Collaboration and Scientific Exchange between Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis of the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and is responsible for Geoinformatics and Sustainable Development.\n\nhttp://wdc.org.ua/en/node/216", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "053b8d43-684c-43c4-977d-2b678575fe22", - "label": "Vegetation", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The ORNL DAAC compiles, archives, and distributes data on vegetation from local to global scales. Specific topic areas include: belowground vegetation characteristics and roots, vegetation biomass, fire and other disturbance, vegetation dynamics, land cover and land use change, vegetation characteristics, and NPP (Net Primary Production) data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "0f000bed-be7c-4a7f-83f8-408bdea981c5", - "label": "WSM", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Stress Map (WSM) is the global repository for contemporary tectonic stress data from the Earth's crust. It was originally compiled by a research group headed by Mary Lou Zoback as part of the International Lithosphere Programm (ILP). Since 1995 the WSM is a research project of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The WSM research team is integrated into the Tectonic Stress Group of the Geophysical Institute at the Karlsruhe University. The WSM is a task group of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). \n \n\nWho uses the WSM data? \n \nThe World Stress Map is used by various academic and industrial institutions working in a wide range of Earth science disciplines such as geodynamics, hydrocarbon exploitations and engineering. The main operational areas are: \n \nBasin modelling \nTectonic modelling \nReservoir management \nStability of mines, tunnels and boreholes \nFault-slip tendency \nSeismic risk assessment \n \nInformation provided by http://www-wsm.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/introduction/introduction_frame.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "128b87af-7d95-4442-b339-ca1d5f59959b", - "label": "WDC-C2/IONOSPHERE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Data Center (WDC) for Ionosphere was established on 1957, the international Geophysical Year (IGY). We have been exchanging, archiving and distributing observational data of ionosphere since the IGY. In addition, We, NICT continue ionospheric observations as routine at four observatories, Wakkanai(45.4N, 141.7E), Kokubunji(35.7N, 139.5E), Yamagawa(31.2N, 130.6E) and Okinawa(26.3N, 127.8E) every 15 minutes since more than 50 years, and provide these ionogram data automatically. We need to scale the ionograms manually for precise use, but for quick look we prepare automatic scaling. These data contribute to scientific use and the operation of aviation, broadband and telecommunications etc. In addition, as a part of space weather activity of NICT, we are constructing the forecast of ionospheric activity with neural network method. We will show the detailed analysis and results of these activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1840f198-7392-4525-982b-e3ac47f84780", - "label": "WWCA", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Water and Climate Atlas (WWCA)was developed jointly by\n the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) and the\n Utah Climate Center at Utah State University. It aims at\n providing easily accessible climatic information necessary for\n the planning, design, operation, and management of water\n resources and irrigated agricultural systems.\n\n The atlas uses climatic data from over 56,000 stations\n world-wide with coverage from 1961 through 1990 and includes\n monthly and/or annual averages for evapo-transpiration, daily\n temperatures, precipitation, and the probability distributions\n of rainfall frequency and amount. The climatic factors are\n mapped at a 2.5 km resolution using state-of-the-art spatial\n interpolation techniques incorporating elevation modelling. The\n data sets contain best available data from international and\n local sources. The quality of the data varies, and has been\n partly improved by removing stations responsible for outlying\n values not explained by known effects. (Since there are many\n locations with sparse data, short periods of record, and\n spatially highly variable climate, it is still strongly\n recommended that the atlas be used together with local\n information.) Additional parameters included in the atlas are\n the moisture availability index that can be used to identify\n areas of rain-fed agricultura! l potential and to evaluate\n needs for irrigation and drainage, and the net\n evapo-transpiration which is an indication of the required\n depth of irrigation.\n\n\n Use of the atlas:\n\n 1. estimation of synthetic virgin stream-flow;\n 2. evaluation of flow development potential;\n 3. exploration of the impact of climate change on irrigated areas;\n 4. salinisation studies.\n\n For more information, link to\n'http://www.grida.no/cgiar/awpack/atlas.htm' Access and download\nthe atlas software at\n'http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/WAtlas/atlas.htm'\n\n [Summary provided by GRID]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "221b134a-044a-4352-8a3d-c82db6b48088", - "label": "WCMC", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Oceans cover some 71% of the world's surface. They play an essential\nrole in the maintenance of life on the planet and yet are often\nthreatened by human activities. The coastal zones, which include some\nof the most diverse and productive marine ecosystems, such as coral\nreefs, seagrass beds, mangrove forests, tidal mudflats, and kelp\nforests, are particularly important and vulnerable. WCMC's marine\nprogramme aims to compile information on these ecosystems and the\nconservation of the species which they harbour. A number of ongoing\nprojects contribute to the overall programme:\n\nCoral Reefs Since the publication, in 1988 of the 3-volume Coral Reefs\nof the World WCMC has been acclaimed as a centre of expertise in these\nimportant ecosystems. In support of ReefBase, a project run by the\nInternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)\nin Manila, WCMC has been developing digital maps of coral reefs of the\nworld. Draft maps have been prepared for all countries and for 45, the\nreefs have now been mapped at scales of 1:250,000 or better. These\nmaps have been incorporated into the CD of Reefbase, a highly detailed\ndatabase first released in 1996. These maps are also available on\nInternet at the following address\nhttp://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/data/.\nThe use of GIS for storing the data has enabled the calculation of\nglobal and regional estimates of reef area.\n\nMangrove Atlas In association with the International Society for\nMangrove Ecosystems and the International Tropical Timber\nOrganization, WCMC has recently completed work on a World Mangrove\nAtlas, published in 1997.\n\nMangrove Protected Areas In 1993, a survey was undertaken of protected\nareas with mangrove ecosystems. This resulted in the development\nof a database of some 1200 protected mangrove sites.\n\nPoster Map of Coral Reefs and Mangroves of the World Using mapped\ncoral reef and mangrove data, an educational poster has been\npublished, with support from BHP Ltd.\n\nMarine Protected Areas The WCMC Protected Areas Database includes some\n35,000 protected areas.\n\nThreatened and Endemic Marine Species A large number of threatened\nmarine organisms are recorded in the WCMC species database.\nData have also been exchanged with Fishbase, a global database on\nfish distribution maintained by ICLARM, and with the IUCN Coral\nReef Fish Specialist Group. Related publications include Dolphins,\nPorpoises and Whales of the World; the IUCN Red Data Book and The\nIUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book.\n\nSea Turtle Nest Sites Preliminary maps of feeding and nesting sites of\nall species of marine turtles have been produced for the world.\n\nSirenia Similar work is now being undertaken to map the global\ndistribution of Sirenians (manatees and Dugong).\n\nIPIECA and the Biodiversity Map Library Biodiversity Map Library (BML)\nis a user-interface designed to store and access a range of\nenvironmental information in Geographic Information Systems (GIS)\nformat.\n\nSeagrass Beds In collaboration with IUCN Marine Programme, a global\nsurvey of the extent and status of\nseagrass beds is planned.\n\nFor more information on the Long-term Monitoring Program\n'http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/projects/marine.htm' or\n'http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2b424588-9bb6-418a-b1c7-06b93be4ba28", - "label": "VENTS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The VENTS Program, established in 1984, conducts research on the\noceanic impacts and consequences of submarine volcanoes and\nhydrothermal venting. The program focuses on understanding the\nchemical and thermal effects of venting along the northeast Pacific\nOcean seafloor spreading centers, which provides the foundation for\nprediction of the global-scale impact of seafloor hydrothermal systems\non the ocean.\n\nVENTS research in recent years has concentrated on,\ndetermining patterns and pathways for the regional transport of\nhydrothermal emissions, as well as source strengths of the emissions,\nand their relationships to the geology and tectonics of spreading\ncenters, and further developing capabilities for monitoring\nhydrothermal activity at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales.\nResearch results continue to augment the case for hydrothermal venting\nat seafloor spreading centers having global significance in terms of\nthe chemical and thermal state of the ocean. Researchers continue to\ndocument quantitatively these effects as they occur in the ocean over\na very wide range of temporal and spatial scales.\nFor additional information on the programs and plans for VENTS see:\n'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/accomp/fy98/vents.shtml'\n\n\nVENTS program homepage: 'http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/home.html'\n\nContact information\n\nNOAA/PMEL Vents Program\n2115 SE OSU Drive\nNewport, OR 97365\nPhone: (541)867-0275\nFAX: (541)867-3907\nRevision_Date:2000-01-04", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2bee0fb6-7c3f-4d34-90d4-32673b046d6b", - "label": "WARS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Short Title: WARS in Remote Ellsworth Land\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=109\n\nThe aim of the proposed project is to test the model that the West Antarctic Rift System (WARS) is a horse tail structure due to movement of the Marie Byrd Land microplate / Thurston Island block away from Victoria Land to the NE (by 400 km in 100 Ma) (Behrendt and Cooper 1991, Luyendyk et al. 1996). While it is developed as extensional pull apart basin in the Ross Sea embayment it is proposed here that it is expressed as dextral strike slip fault system at its northeastern end in remote Ellsworth land.\n\nRoss Sea embayment as well as Marie Byrd Land and its volcanics were studied in great detail over decades (Behrendt et al. 1991, Behrendt 1999, LeMasurier 1972, 1990, 2002, Rocchi et al. 2002). Only during the 1990s investigations of the subglacial geology were performed in restricted areas within the central WARS of the Subglacial Byrd Basin by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Airborne Gravimetry Initiative, e. g. in the CASERTZ quadrangle as well as in the area of Ice Stream D draining into the Ross Ice Shelf (Behrendt et al. 1994, 1998, Bell et al. 1998, Blankenship et al. 1993). Additional information was gathered by more recent initiatives like the ANUBIS broadband seismic experiment (Winberry and Anandakrishnan 2004). \n\nThe results of multi-disciplinary aerogeophysical surveys - that must be addressed as restricted with respect to the continental dimensions of the rift system - indicate that the southern boundary fault of WARS extends north of Whitmore Mts. towards Ellsworth Mts. (EWM) while a northern boundary fault cannot be identified clearly. The sedimentary basin with extensional horst and graben structures extends well into the Subglacial Byrd Basin and the basin is associated with active seismicity and volcanism, subglacial caldera structures indicate voluminous magmatic systems within upper crustal levels. \n\nIn order to test the model investigations are needed in Ellsworth Land, one of the least accessible and most poorly known areas in Antarctica. It stretches between Amundsen Sea, Ronne Ice Shelf and Bellingshausen Sea and encloses a triangle (see map) between Hudson Mts. at the Walgreen Coast, Sentinel Range in the Ellsworth Mountains and Eltanin Bay with the Rydberg Peninsula at the Bryan Coast. The focus of the research activities is a multi-disciplinary aerogeophysical survey within this triangle, including imaging of subglacial topography as well as the magnetic and gravity field.\n\nGround based geoscience fieldwork studies include: structural geology studies to check for indications of the regional stress field at the northern end of the Ellsworth Mts. (EWM); seismic study with temporary broadband seismic stations; GPS measurements in the Hudson Mountains (e.g. on Webber Nunatak), at Eltanin Bay (altern. Mt. Tuve) as well as at the northern end of the Sentinel Range (e.g. Mt. Weems);\nsampling for fission track dating to describe the exhumation history of individual geodynamic blocks as well as sampling for paleomagnetic studies in order to reconstruct paleopositions mapping and dating of hydroclastic eruptive features within the Bellingshausen Volcanic Provinc from Hudson Mts. in the West over Jones Mts. to Rydberg Peninsula at Bryan Coast in the East in order to deceiver ice sheet dynamics by reconstructing thicknesses of paleo-ice sheets; geo- and mineralchemistry of volcanics and enclosed mantle and crustal xenoliths in order to describe variations in magma genesis including mantle source compositions, mantle melting regimes and differentiation during ascent through the lithosphere; additional fastdrilling might provide sampling of the subglacial geology\n\nThe project of the IDs 107, 895, 276 and the ANTEC activities of Reinhard Dietrich will be initiated within the framework of the German mission to Pine Island Bay in the season 2005/06 (02-04/2006) by setting up a GPS reference point within the Hudson Mountains at Pine Island Bay as well as by initial volcanological and petrological field studies including sampling and dating the volcanic structures and their exposure ages as well as identifying the point of an eruption recorded by satellites in the Hudson Mountain Volcanic Field in 1985, which is the closest to the fastest flowing glacier in Antarctica, the Pine Island Glacier.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2e3b5d18-00fc-49f9-ab01-858a47ca76bb", - "label": "WWLLN", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Wide Lightning Location Network is a global lightning network that detects the very low frequency (VLF; 3-30 kHz) emissions from lightning, known as sferics, that propagate long distances through the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. \n\nhttp://www.wwlln.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "31bec145-ef8d-4e68-bd8b-e208235c675d", - "label": "VMP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program (VMP) is a cooperative effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Park Service (NPS) to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 250 national park units across the United States. The VMP is a high priority element within the NPS Inventory & Monitoring (I&M) Program. The purpose of the I&M Program is to provide NPS natural resource managers with reliable scientific information for stewardship of NPS lands.\n\nThe VMP uses the U.S. National Vegetation Classification, which is a hierarchical system that organizes natural vegetation. NatureServe and their Natural Heritage Network provide ecological support to the VMP with vegetation sampling, analysis, and classification development.\n\nInformation provided by http://biology.usgs.gov/npsveg/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "33cd602e-d5f0-470b-8a04-5862421a1e1f", - "label": "6CI", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Short Title: 6CI\nProject URL: http://www.polarfoundation.org/index.php?rs=home&s=4&uid=416&fuid=388&lg=en\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=191\n\n\nThe aim of the activity is to open up the possibility for researchers from developing countries to research and development activities in the Antarctic, introducing a whole new group of people who have limited exposure to this field, to the culture of international scientific cooperation in Antarctica, and its relevance in the wider scheme of things.\n\nThe Antarctic Treaty claimed the continent for all humanity, and yet, 50 years after the IGY 1957, research on the 6th continent is still open to only a limited number of countries who are fortunate enough to have the resources and the infrastructure to support their research activities.\n\nWith the menace of climate change looming over the future of the planet, the importance of the contribution of research carried out in the Polar Regions in the understanding of climate mechanisms should be made apparent to the wider World. \n\nThe project aims to create a network of interested parties consisting of research institutions, funding agencies, logistics providers, international organisations, and NGOs to support the development of competences in non-traditionally polar countries, and thus creating improved conditions for exploring regional interlinkages. \n\nSCAR scientific fellowships will be provided to facilitate the participation of graduate students/ researchers from developing countries in research activities of the participating institutes. \n\nCertain Antarctic bases will allow selected researchers to spend time on the Antarctic continent. Logistics will be provided to the participating scientists by national operators. Host universities/ institutes will provide training and facilities. The researchers daily needs will be funded by capacity building measures from participating international organisations.\n\nThe activity will benefit from education, communication and outreach support in order to communicate on the experiences, of the first groups of selected researchers, to a large international audience, so that there is maximum benefit gained from the activity in mobilising decision makers and potential young scientists. \n\nThe scientific activities carried out during the International Polar Year will, through a knock on effect, lead to the opening up of new disciplines in developing country universities: glaciology, meteorology, climate modelling etc. which could then be integrated into the international network of scientific research activities, thereby reinforcing the regional development of observation and modelling activities, and completing it for areas where there is little actual data.\n\nThis movement outwards would also empower scientists from the developing World and give them the feeling of being a part of global concerns, of being actively engaged in improving the future for their compatriots as well as for the wider human community.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "34d0a6cb-5e53-49b5-b2f2-641cfc7b8c63", - "label": "WIFE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Wake Island Passage Flux Experiment (WIFE) was carried out from 2003 to 2005 to clarify and accurately quantify the temporal means and variations of heat content and volume transport of abyssal water in the North Pacific. WIFE consisted of repeated shipboard hydrographic surveys and mooring array observations along a line across a deep passage just south of Wake Island Passage (Uchida et al. 2007b). This study was designed to obtain time series measurements of heat content by using moored conductivity– temperature–depth (CTD) recorders and of volume transport by geostrophic calculations based on density measurements from the moored CTDs referenced to velocity measurements by moored current meters also deployed during the WIFE. Since changes in temperature and salinity of the abyssal water are small, moored CTD data must be accurately calibrated to shipboard CTD data. More information is available at http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/ocorp/data/wife/index.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "37139069-808e-4b1b-81d0-03339dd4dee5", - "label": "WIDLIFE STRESS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Short Title: Wildlife stress\nProposal URL: http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=257\n\nArctic wildlife species have evolved unique physiologies and have developed life-history strategies for survival in the harsh polar environment. However, the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Report indicates that the climate is rapidly changing in the Arctic and has the potential to alter wildlife habitat, facilitate the northward migration of wildlife diseases and parasites, and alter contaminant cycling. It is imperative that we understand and predict the cumulative impacts that will arise from the multiple stressors associated with climate change. Unfortunately, we have few analytical tools that can be used to assess changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife. For instance, little is known about the effects on northern wildlife of pathogens or parasites arriving in the arctic from temperate regions; especially under conditions of chronic exposure to low concentrations of immunosuppressive contaminants, nor do we currently have the research tools to study these potential impacts. Our ability to interpret the significance of health indices in arctic wildlife is hampered by a general lack of knowledge concerning the range of normal disease prevalence and pathological conditions. \nWildlife populations are of great value to indigenous communities in the arctic as a source of country food and commercial harvests, as a draw for tourism, and as the cornerstone of cultural heritage and identity. Wildlife health assessment programs in the arctic can only be effective with the cooperation of communities that are in daily contact with wildlife and derive the benefits from utilization of this resource. There is a need to integrate traditional ecological knowledge with scientific research. Capacity building for research in communities in Canada’s north is not only mandated by the Territorial governments, but is necessary for the success of a long-term assessment program. Northern communities must be empowered to make decisions that are necessary to mitigate the socio-economic and cultural impacts of these changes.\nWe propose to develop a research programme that will: \ni) Provide information on the health of arctic wildlife, using both scientific and traditional knowledge approaches. \nii) Develop techniques to assess and predict changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife exposed to multiple stressors.\niii) Build capacity within arctic communities to participate in the assessment of wildlife health and respond to changes in wildlife populations.\niv) Train research personnel to participate in research on multiple stressors in the arctic using community-based approaches.\nThe research partners will bring a variety of research approaches, national and international contacts and matching funds to this IPY project. We will build upon existing collaborative relationships, institutional strengths and agency mandates. This project will take on a coordinating role to manage the collection of animals, distribution of tissues, pooling of data and communications among the various research groups, agency partners and communities. Included in this coordinating activity will be sharing of samples with partners involved in related IPY projects. In order to focus our efforts, we will concentrate our research on a relatively small number of wildlife species, including polar bears ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). These species were selected for their position within the food chain, their importance as a food for indigenous peoples and relative ease of collection by hunters. The projects that will support this research goal are:\nI) Evaluating the health and condition of polar bears: \nThere is a unique opportunity to build upon national and international collaborative linkages to describe the current health and condition of polar bears. The research team will use non-lethal sampling techniques to develop a profile of the health, condition, dietary status and contaminant burdens of polar bears, and identify biomarkers that are suitable for long-term assessment of the health of bears from several arctic and subarctic regions. \nII) Evaluating the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales:\nWe will work in communities in the circumpolar region to evaluate the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales. This work will require the cooperation of hunters in the participating communities to obtain samples from animals and to provide traditional knowledge of any perceived changes in animal condition and health. Information will include morphometric data and gross observations of putative pathological conditions provided by the hunters, analysis of pathological conditions and parasite burdens in the skin, liver, GI tract, kidney and adrenal glands, and data on various biomarkers of stress.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3c37acdd-f878-4e6e-b09e-d978ed2af835", - "label": "ZA ANTARCTIQUE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Area Research Workshop on the Antarctic Environment and Subantarctic\n\nThis workshop brings together research area in the medium and long-term changes in the biodiversity and functioning of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic ecosystems under the dual influence of human activities (introduction of species, fisheries ...) and current changes climate, these two factors are often in interaction.\n\nThis Zone Workshop provides a vast territory stretching from Antarctica (Adelie Land) to subtropical waters of the Indian Ocean (the islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam) through two groups of sub-Antarctic islands (Crozet, Kerguelen Islands).\n\n[Summary translated from http://za-antarctique.univ-rennes1.fr/]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3df78b6b-7afc-4e5e-af81-2af4081d6248", - "label": "WWAP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) is UN-wide programme that seeks to\ndevelop the tools and skills needed to achieve a better understanding of those\nbasic processes, management practices and policies that will help improve the\nsupply and quality of global freshwater resources.\n\nWWAP goals are to:\n- assess the state of the world's freshwater resources and ecosystems;\n- identify critical issues and problems;\n- develop indicators and measure progress towards achieving sustainable use of\nwater resources;\n- help countries develop their own assessment capacity;\n- document lessons learned and publish a World Water Development Report\n(http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/index.shtml) ) at regular intervals.\n\nFor more information, see:\nhttp://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/description/index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4153bd5f-e755-47f5-ab3f-62d4bdb0094a", - "label": "WILDLIFE STRESS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Arctic wildlife species have evolved unique physiologies and have developed life-history strategies for survival in the harsh polar environment. However, the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Report indicates that the climate is rapidly changing in the Arctic and has the potential to alter wildlife habitat, facilitate the northward migration of wildlife diseases and parasites, and alter contaminant cycling. It is imperative that we understand and predict the cumulative impacts that will arise from the multiple stressors associated with climate change. Unfortunately, we have few analytical tools that can be used to assess changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife. For instance, little is known about the effects on northern wildlife of pathogens or parasites arriving in the arctic from temperate regions; especially under conditions of chronic exposure to low concentrations of immunosuppressive contaminants, nor do we currently have the research tools to study these potential impacts. Our ability to interpret the significance of health indices in arctic wildlife is hampered by a general lack of knowledge concerning the range of normal disease prevalence and pathological conditions.\nWildlife populations are of great value to indigenous communities in the arctic as a source of country food and commercial harvests, as a draw for tourism, and as the cornerstone of cultural heritage and identity. Wildlife health assessment programs in the arctic can only be effective with the cooperation of communities that are in daily contact with wildlife and derive the benefits from utilization of this resource. There is a need to integrate traditional ecological knowledge with scientific research. Capacity building for research in communities in Canada’s north is not only mandated by the Territorial governments, but is necessary for the success of a long-term assessment program. Northern communities must be empowered to make decisions that are necessary to mitigate the socio-economic and cultural impacts of these changes.\nWe propose to develop a research programme that will:\ni) Provide information on the health of arctic wildlife, using both scientific and traditional knowledge approaches.\nii) Develop techniques to assess and predict changes in the health and condition of arctic wildlife exposed to multiple stressors.\niii) Build capacity within arctic communities to participate in the assessment of wildlife health and respond to changes in wildlife populations.\niv) Train research personnel to participate in research on multiple stressors in the arctic using community-based approaches.\nThe research partners will bring a variety of research approaches, national and international contacts and matching funds to this IPY project. We will build upon existing collaborative relationships, institutional strengths and agency mandates. This project will take on a coordinating role to manage the collection of animals, distribution of tissues, pooling of data and communications among the various research groups, agency partners and communities. Included in this coordinating activity will be sharing of samples with partners involved in related IPY projects. In order to focus our efforts, we will concentrate our research on a relatively small number of wildlife species, including polar bears ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). These species were selected for their position within the food chain, their importance as a food for indigenous peoples and relative ease of collection by hunters. The projects that will support this research goal are:\nI) Evaluating the health and condition of polar bears:\nThere is a unique opportunity to build upon national and international collaborative linkages to describe the current health and condition of polar bears. The research team will use non-lethal sampling techniques to develop a profile of the health, condition, dietary status and contaminant burdens of polar bears, and identify biomarkers that are suitable for long-term assessment of the health of bears from several arctic and subarctic regions.\nII) Evaluating the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales:\nWe will work in communities in the circumpolar region to evaluate the health and condition of ringed seals and beluga whales. This work will require the cooperation of hunters in the participating communities to obtain samples from animals and to provide traditional knowledge of any perceived changes in animal condition and health. Information will include morphometric data and gross observations of putative pathological conditions provided by the hunters, analysis of pathological conditions and parasite burdens in the skin, liver, GI tract, kidney and adrenal glands, and data on various biomarkers of stress.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=257", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "485e86f3-7cd1-43c0-bb02-a929b7d96e43", - "label": "WCRP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) was established in\n1980, under the joint sponsorship of International Council for\nScience (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),\nand has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental\nOceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO since 1993.\n\nThe objectives of the programme are to develop the fundamental\nscientific understanding of the physical climate system and\nclimate processes needed to determine to what extent climate can\nbe predicted and the extent of human influence on climate. The\nprogramme encompasses studies of the global atmosphere, oceans,\nsea and land ice, and the land surface which together constitute\nthe Earth's physical climate system. WCRP studies are\nspecifically directed to provide scientifically founded\nquantitative answers to the questions being raised on climate\nand the range of natural climate variability, as well as to\nestablish the basis for predictions of global and regional\nclimatic variations and of changes in the frequency and severity\nof extreme events.\n\nContact Information:\n\nWCRP Joint Planning Staff\nc/o World Meteorological Organization\n7 bis, Avenue de la Paix\nCase Postale 2300\n1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland\nTel: +41 22 730 81 11\nFax: +41 22 730 80 36\nemail: dwcrp@gateway.wmo.ch\nWebsite: 'http://www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html'\n\n[Summary provided by WCRP]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4d6bcfd3-cfea-450a-b292-9fd06a4831dc", - "label": "VETS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "SCD's Visualization and Enabling Technologies Section (VETS) has a primary focus of advancing the knowledge development process. Our activities span the development and delivery of software tools for analysis and visualization, the provisioning of advancing visualization and collaboration environments, web engineering for all of UCAR, R&D endeavors in collaboratories, the development of a new generation of data management and access, Grid R&D, novel visualization capabilities, and a sizable outreach effort.\n\nVETS grew to 22 staff members in FY2003, which includes several student contributors and new positions coming from external funds. We were awarded continued NCAR funding for a Cyberinfrastructure Strategic Initiative, and this covers two additional staff positions. We were successful in our bid to the NSF ITR Program and received an award to join with U.C. Davis in developing new visualization technology. We also received a three-year grant from NASA to develop a Grid environment for biogeochemical modeling and analysis, an effort that will have substantial synergy with our Community Data Portal (CDP) and Earth System Grid (ESG) projects. We complete another year as a strong contributor to the Unidata-led THREDDS effort. VETS contributed as an unfunded partner to the NSF Alliance Expedition, Scientific Workspaces of the Future, which is moving forward the tool agenda in the context of the Access Grid. We submitted a proposal to join NSF's Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) and were competitive, but did not receive an award.\n\nOur NCAR Command Language (NCL) software continues to grow in popularity in atmospheric science research, but it is also being adopted by other agencies, the military, the Earth Simulator Center in Japan, and even in classrooms. We added some important new capabilities this year, in particular the ability to effectively visualize data with curvilinear coordinate systems, which is important for CCSM and other research efforts. This year we launched an aggressive effort to refactor our core software structure in support of developing a new language layer, Python, on top of NCL's formidable capabilities. This is an important first step toward a larger, next-generation framework. We also deployed SGI's Visual Area Networking as a pilot project aimed at evaluating one approach to delivering powerful 3D visualization onto a wide variety of user desktops.\n\nSummary provided by: http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/docs/asr2003/vets.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "505dbd8b-c6e8-4006-b63c-48e84c8fbac1", - "label": "VCR", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "54d6ed8d-1210-4332-a9af-d2952ab31f98", - "label": "WOCE-SU.Z.A.N/SUZIL", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "560a586a-8a69-487e-aba2-f9406a97f3f6", - "label": "VOLSOL", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The climate response to variability in volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance, the primary forcings during the preindustrial era, is examined in a stratosphere-resolving general circulation model. The best agreement with historical and proxy data is obtained using both forcings, each of which has a significant effect on global mean temperatures. However, their regional climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere are quite different. While the short-term continental winter warming response to volcanism is well known, it is shown that due to opposing dynamical and radiative effects, the long-term (decadal mean) regional response is not significant compared to unforced variability for either the winter or the annual average. In contrast, the long-term regional response to solar forcing greatly exceeds unforced variability for both time averages, as the dynamical and radiative effects reinforce one another, and produces climate anomalies similar to those seen during the Little Ice Age. Thus, long-term regional changes during the preindustrial appear to have been dominated by solar forcing.\n\nhttp://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3C4094%3AVASFOC%3E2.0.CO%3B2", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5b4edabe-8eb0-40c8-b72c-9c29354f6ae3", - "label": "WISC-T2000", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Wisconsin Snow and Cloud - Terra 2000 (WISC-T2000) experiment is\nbeing conducted from February 25 to March 13, 2000 to validate science\nproducts from instruments on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra\nsatellite. The recently launched (Dec. 1999) Terra satellite is the\nfirst of two (the second, called Aqua, is scheduled for launch in\nDec. 2000) EOS satellites designed to measure earth surface and\natmospheric characteristics over the global domain. Expected science\nproducts include global cloud cover and cloud type, atmospheric\ntemperature and moisture, surface reflectance, and sea surface\ntemperature among many others. These measurements will lead to further\nunderstanding of the earth's radiation budget and global climate\nchange. WISC-T2000 focuses on two of the five Terra instruments, the\nMODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the\nMultiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR). During the experiment a\nNASA ER-2 aircraft will be based in Madison, WI and will carry\ncarefully calibrated instrumentation designed to simulate MODIS and\nMISR measurements from Terra. The ER-2 will be used to map surface and\natmospheric properties while Terra is overhead. The ER-2\ninstrumentation includes the MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS), the\nScanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS), the Cloud\nLidar System (CLS), the Air Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer\n(AirMISR), and two camera systems. The MAS data will provide 50 m\nresolution images of the earth in solar and thermal bands for mapping\nhigh resolution spatial variation. The S-HIS will be used to measure\nthe vertical atmospheric profile, producing soundings much like\nweather balloons. CLS will be used to map the vertical profile of\nclouds and aerosols beneath the ER-2. AirMISR will make multi-angle\nmeasurements of earth reflectance to assess the angular distribution\nof solar reflection.\n\nThere are several primary objectives of WISC-T2000:\n\n1.To validate cloud detection, cloud height, and cloud particle\ncharacteristics measured by MODIS on Terra, the ER-2 will fly under\nMODIS while single layer ice and water clouds are in the scene. These\nflights will take place over the DOE ARM CART site in Oklahoma where\nmany ground-based instruments will also be making cloud measurements.\n\n2.To validate snow detection by MODIS, the ER-2 will fly over snow\nfields in the Upper Midwest with measurement teams on the ground. MAS\ndata will be used to map the spatial variability of the snow fields\nfor comparison to MODIS.\n\n3.To validate the multi-angle reflectance characteristics of snow\nfields, the AirMISR instrument will measure snow surfaces on frozen\nUpper Midwest lakes at the same viewing angles as those of MISR.\n\n4.To validate clear atmospheric temperature and moisture structure,\nMAS and S-HIS measurements over the DOE ARM CART site will be compared\nto those from MODIS.\n\n5.To validate the radiometric calibration of MODIS, MAS and S-HIS\nradiance measurements will be compared directly to those of\nMODIS. This important fuResults of the above objectives will be used\nto adjust and refine the MODIS and MISR global products leading to a\nmore accurate assessment of the earth's current climate status and\nchanges that occur over the 10 year combined lifetime of the Terra and\nensuing Aqua missions.\n\n\nWISC-T2000, the first in a series of Terra science product validation\nexperiments, is a combined effort of NASA's Dryden Flight Research\nCenter (DFRC), the University of Wisconsin's Space Science and\nEngineering Center (SSEC), NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the\nUniversity of Colorado and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center\n(GSFC). The ER-2 instrumentation has been developed and maintained at\nSSEC, JPL, GSFC, and NASA's Ames Research Center.\n\nWWW: 'http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wisct2000/'\n\n[This summary was extracted from the WISC-T2000 Home Page]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5de1b61a-02c1-49ce-a153-a95f4285a211", - "label": "VOCAR", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "An experiment called Variability of Coastal Atmospheric Refractivity (VOCAR) was designed under a larger program called Coastal Variability Analysis, Measurements, and Prediction. VOCAR is a multi-year experimental effort to investigate the variability of atmospheric refractivity with emphasis on the coastal zone. The experiment is being conducted by the Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center RDT&E Division jointly with the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Mugu, CA, the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, DC and Monterey), and the Naval Postgraduate School. In addition, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory, Penn State University Applied Research Laboratory and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory participated in the intensive measurement phase of VOCAR. The objectives of VOCAR are to provide an assessment capability for horizontally varying refractivity conditions in a coastal environment and to develop a remote sensing capability. The propagation measurements being made during VOCAR consist of monitoring signal strength variations of VHF/UHF transmitters in the southern California coastal region. Corresponding meteorological measurements are made during routine, special, and intensive observation periods.\n\nInformation provided by http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA289202", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6205fead-eaba-415a-a76b-a31a124010da", - "label": "VCSE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Virtual Courseware for Science Education is an ongoing project dedicated to developing interactive Web-based activities for the Life and Earth Sciences. These activities are designed to enhance the learning and teaching of scientific principles at the undergraduate college and university level as well as at the high school AP level. There are currently two main labs that can be explored. The first, Biology Labs On-Line, offers a series of interactive, inquiry-based biology simulations and exercises designed for college and AP high school biology\nstudents. The second, Geology Labs On-Line, is a comprehensive project to develop Web-based lab activities that enhance the learning and teaching of introductory Geology and other Earth and Environmental Science courses at the College and High School levels. These 'Virtual' labs are interactive where students learn by 'doing' and not just clicking and viewing. Some of these labs are available for free or can be used on a free trial basis, others require a fee based annual subscription.\n\nView the website at 'http://www.sciencecourseware.com/'\n\n[Summary provided by Education World]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "624647f8-a355-4acd-b4a6-389655609cb4", - "label": "WATOX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Western Atlantic Ocean Experiment (WATOX) was a series of experiments conducted off of the east coast of the United States and in Bermuda from February 1985 to July 1988 to study the transport of pollutants over the Western Atlantic.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "632ca259-2d37-4760-bc3f-f38cb571a66a", - "label": "VIVALDI91", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Project: VIVALDI '91\n\nPrincipal Scientists:\n\nR.T. Pollard\nH. Leach\nG. Griffiths\n\nDates of study: April 16-May 18, 1991\n\nVivaldi was conceived as a series of seasonal surveys of the NE\nAtlantic. The Vivaldi ?91 trail combined the high spatial\nresolution of SeaSoar surveys with deep CTD stations spaced\nevery 3 degrees of latitude on the tracks 300 km apart.\n\nThe objectives of Vivaldi are to:\n\n1. Calculate seasonal upper ocean heat and fresh water budgets\n2. Map isopycnic potential vorticity variations from the\nsub-tropical gyre to the subpolar gyre.\n3. Map interannual\nchanges in the properties of water masses formed by deep\nconvection.\n4. Calculate statistics of upper ocean parameters and\nair sea fluxes Investigate the roles of eddies.\n\nVies the entire report online at\n'http://whpo.ucsd.edu/data/repeat/atlantic/ar12/ar12_a/ar12_ado.pdf'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fae13e2-162e-40ca-8edb-62b79ed97f19", - "label": "WDS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Data Center for Geophysics (WDC-GMG) combines the responsibilities of the former WDCs for Marine Geology and Geophysics & Solid Earth Geophysics, Boulder into a single new data center that manages global geophysical, sea floor, and natural hazards data. WDC-GMG is operated by and collocated with the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) in Boulder, CO USA.\n\nhttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/wdcamgg/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6fb3a4bc-2e9e-4427-ab18-de01c0ac454b", - "label": "WHALES", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Since 1991, NOAA's National Marine Mammal Laboratory Laboratory (NMML)\nin Seattle, Washington and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory\n(PMEL) in Newport, Oregon, have collaborated on a joint study to\nassess the potential of long-range acoustic monitoring of free-ranging\npopulations of large cetaceans. NMML brings many years of experience\nin population stock assessment based on field observations, with\nsupporting data on habitat, near-field acoustics and behavior. PMEL\nbrings expertise in underwater acoustics and access to both the\nU.S. Navy's underwater SOund SUrveillance System ( SOSUS) and\nautonomous moored hydrophone recorders designed for long-term,\ndeep-ocean deployment. This joint study has been largely funded\nthrough the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program\n(SERDP), with additional support from the Office of Naval Research\n(ONR), NOAA's Environmental Services Data and Information Management\n(ESDIM) Program, NMML, and the NOAA VENTS program at PMEL.\n\nThis powerful combination of SOSUS and autonomous moored hydrophone\ndata has enabled PMEL researchers to record the low-frequency calls of\nblue and fin whales throughout the Pacific Ocean, and to identify\nregional differences in blue and fin whale vocalizations. Locating\ncalling whales also enables PMEL to identify apparent seasonal shifts\nin whale distributions. Correlating these data with NMML current field\nobservations and their extensive historical database of species\ndistributions may help answer critical population and stock management\nquestions.\n\nFor more information please visit the Whale Acoustic Project\nhome page at: http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/whales/project.html\n\nContact Information:\n\nAcoustics:\nDr. Chris Fox\nNOAA/PMEL\n2115 S.E. OSU Drive\nNewport, Oregon 97365\nVOICE: (541) 867-0276\nFAX: (541) 867-3907\nEmail: fox@pmel.noaa.gov\n\nMarine Mammals:\nDr. Marilyn Dahlheim\nNOAA/NMML\n7600 Sand Point Way, N.E.\nSeattle, WA 98115\n(206)-526-4047\n(206)-526-6615\nEmail: Marilyn.Dahlheim@noaa.gov", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7061e71a-b752-4aca-bba2-51aef9f4c763", - "label": "WQRSBMP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "A numerical model is developed for mariculture management, which consists of: (1) calculation of spatial distribution of PON (particulate organic nitrogen) using simulated current, (2) calculation of spatial distribution of DO (dissolved oxygen), (3) calculation of DON (dissolved organic nitrogen), (4) calculation of spatial distribution of DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen), and (5) calculation of the horizontal distribution of accumulated matter which is supplied by deposits from the mariculture of fish. This model is capable of calculating the detailed spatial distribution of PON, DON, DIN and DO by dividing the bay into many grid points. It also takes into consideration the effects of feed and fish in each raft, and the loading of DIN from rivers. The model is applied to Shizugawa Bay, in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The model elucidated the oxygen cycle among ecological compartments. The amount of dissolved oxygen supplied by photosynthesis is much greater than the consumption through respiration by fish and all other conditions for mariculture of fish are favourable in this bay.\n\nhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119965323/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "72a6b7ad-e4e7-460b-8bb7-c0dc0c3dc5e8", - "label": "WHUR", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing) is an international program involving scientists from Germany, Italy, New Zealand, UK and USA designed to investigate Antarctica’s role in global environmental change from the recovery of rock and sediment cores from beneath the floating sea ice and ice shelves surrounding Antarctica. The planned program will use improved drilling technology that enables excellent recovery of deep (>1000m) rock and sediment cores from the Antarctic margin. ANDRILL’s approach is to obtain specific reference records of key stratigraphic intervals proximal to the dynamic Antarctic cryosphere. While the ANDRILL program has already been many years in development, scientists and technical and logistical specialists from Germany, Italy, New Zealand and USA plan two major field campaigns for IPY 2007-2008: (1) Coring beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf, where the target is a 1200 m-thick body of sediments deposited in a crustal depression that resulted from the loading of Ross Island volcanoes. The cores should yield a high-resolution record of the past few million years of ice shelf response to past interglacial warm extremes, including its role in modulation of the global oceanic conveyor, and potential vulnerability from present global warming; (2) Coring in southern McMurdo Sound where the target is middle to upper Miocene strata. The cores should allow the testing of interpretations derived from global proxy records implying a change from a warm climatic optimum ~17 Ma to the onset of major cooling ~14 Ma and the formation of a quasi-permanent ice sheet on Antarctica. During IPY 2007-2008, ANDRILL will also continue geophysical and site surveys, and planning for future drilling in McMurdo Sound and around the Antarctic continental margin. Results of these activities will provide key insights into: (A) The development and behaviour of the Antarctic cryospheric system (ice sheet, ice shelf, and sea-ice) and the magnitude and frequency of its change on centennial to millennial time scales; (B) The evolution of and timing of major tectonic episodes in Antarctic and the stratigraphic development of sedimentary basins, and; (C) The influence of Antarctic ice sheets on Cenozoic climate, the modulation of themohaline ocean circulation, and eustatic sea level change. The planned program will bring together a team of international scientists, educators and students who will work in Antarctica during the initial characterisation of cores and then in a series of workshops and meetings designed to integrate specialised investigations carried out at home laboratories following return of the cores from Antarctica.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/details.php?id=186", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "73246ac7-5eb7-4dc4-8279-b2575a8a8d72", - "label": "VARS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Video Annotation and Reference System (VARS) is a software interface and database system that provides tools for describing, cataloging, retrieving, and viewing the visual, descriptive, and quantitative data associated with video. Developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) for annotating deep-sea video data, VARS is currently being used to describe over 4500 dives by our remotely operated vehicles (ROV). VARS has allowed MBARI scientists to produce numerous quantitative and qualitative scientific publications based on video data.\n\nhttp://vars.sourceforge.net/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "771626b4-06bf-4f40-a7ba-3e221d12d73b", - "label": "WACVM", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Spatial vulnerability assessments are useful tools for understanding patterns of vulnerability and risk to climate change at multiple scales. The demand for vulnerability maps among development agencies and governments is increasing as greater emphasis is placed on scientifically sound methods for targeting adaptation assistance. Such mapping is useful because climate variability and extremes, the sensitivity of populations and systems to climatic stresses, and adaptive/coping capacities are all spatially differentiated. The interplay of these factors produces different patterns of vulnerability.\n\nThe data sets in this collection were used in a study to assess the vulnerability of West Africa's coastline to climate stresses. The study sought to illuminate the economic, social, and natural systems in West Africa that will be exposed to future sea-level rise, storm surge, and riparian floods. The study covered the Guinea Current countries, extending from Guinea-Bissau in the northwest to Cameroon in the southeast. The 200 kilometer coastal zone covered in the study is larger than what might normally be construed as “coastal” in recognition of the fact that the economic impacts of climate change will not be confined to the coastline itself, but will extend further inland. This is especially the case if one considers not only direct impacts but also secondary impacts on livelihoods and economies tied to coastal cities. Almost half of the region’s population—24 million people—live within 200 kilometers of the coast.\n\nThe study integrated remote sensing derived data -- Altimeter Corrected Elevations 2 (ACE2) data set (which adjusts NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data in forested coastal areas using altimeter data), night-time lights defined urban extents, and Landsat-derived deforestation data -- with a variety of population, poverty, and other socioeconomic data. The study also created two composite indices (one representing social vulnerability and another representing economic systems), projected the population of the region to 2050, and examined the natural systems that will be exposed.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "77898fb0-e728-4409-bb15-3d2b10e17b60", - "label": "VOSCLIM", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "VOSClim is an ongoing project within JCOMM's Voluntary Observing Ships' Scheme. It aims to provide a high-quality subset of marine meteorological data, with extensive associated metadata, to be available in both real-time and delayed mode to support global climate studies.\n\nVOSClim is a follow-up to the earlier VOS Special Observing Project North Atlantic (VSOP-NA) which was conducted on behalf of the World Climate Research Project (WCRP) from 1988 to 1990.\n\nData from the project will be invaluable for climate change studies and research. In particular it will be used to:\n\n -input directly into air-sea flux computations, as part of coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models;\n -provide ground truth for calibrating satellite observations;\n -provide a high quality reference data set for possible re-calibration of observations from the entire VOS fleet.\n\nSummary provided by http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/vosclim/about.html", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "7e4c8e37-aad3-4ccd-8d09-358c5823d10c", - "label": "VCL", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The principal goal of the Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL) mission is the\ncharacterization of the three-dimensional structure of the Earth. The\ntwo main science objectives are: 1)Land cover characterization for\nterrestrial ecosystem modeling, monitoring and prediction, and climate\nmodeling and prediction. and 2)Global reference data set of\ntopographic spot heights and transects.\n\n LAUNCH:\n\n Launch scheduled for Spring 2020 as of\n Launch Site: Kodiak Island, AK\n\n ORBIT:\n\n Altitude: 400\n Inclination: 67 degrees\n\n VITAL STATISTICS:\n\n Weight: 430 kg\n Power: 388 watts\n Design Life: 1 years\n\n INSTRUMENTS:\n\n Multi-Beam Laser Altimeter (MBLA)\n\n For more information on VCL, see\n 'http://www.geog.umd.edu/vcl/'\n\n For more information on the Earth Science Enterprise, see\n 'http://earth.nasa.gov/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85ef86dd-f9e4-4168-9886-7aacf466d345", - "label": "VRDP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Virtual Reference Desk (VRD) is a project dedicated to the advancement of digital reference and the successful creation and operation of human-mediated, Internet-based information services. VRD is sponsored by the United States Department of Education. \n\nDigital reference, or Ask, services are Internet-based question-and-answer services that connect users with experts and subject expertise. Digital reference services use the Internet to connect people with people who can answer questions and support the development of skills. \n\nInformation provided by http://www.vrd.org/index.shtml", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "85f6829b-9841-4adf-a841-1c64da90f0d2", - "label": "VCAW", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "In all colonial pinnipeds studied, mother-young vocal recognition exists and allows rapid and reliable meetings in spite of the confusing environment of the breeding colony. The efficiency of this recognition process guarantees pup survival, especially in species where females alternate foraging sea trips and lactation periods on land. The Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) is a highly gregarious pinniped with females attending their calves for an extended period of time (2-3 years). Although we expect mother-calf vocal recognition to occur in this species due to the high density of individuals packed in herds, it has never been experimentally demonstrated. Here, we assessed the individual stereotypy of both mother and calf barks recorded in the wild by measuring frequency and temporal acoustic parameters. Both discriminant function and artificial neural network analyses resulted in high correct classification rates, underlying a well-defined individual stereotypy in parameters related to frequency modulation and frequency values. Playback experiments showed that mothers were more responsive to the barks of their own calf than to those of unrelated young. Finally, propagation experiments revealed that barks propagate at greater distances over water surface than over ice, acoustic features such as frequency modulation and frequency spectrum being highly resistant to degradation during propagation. Thus, acoustic analysis and propagation experiments suggest that these frequency parameters might be the key acoustic features involved in the individual identification process. This experimental study clearly demonstrates that Atlantic walrus has developed a highly reliable mother-calf vocal communication allowing such strong social bond.\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960216", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "887a0006-8ae8-46f1-aa87-9ea937a13752", - "label": "WWP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The WorldWatcher Project is dedicated to the improvement of\nEarth and environmental science education through the use of\ndata visualization and analysis tools to support inquiry-based\npedagogy. Through an integrated program of research and\ndevelopment, the WorldWatcher Project is advancing our\nunderstanding of learning in the Earth and environmental\nsciences, design of curriculum and educational software, and\nteacher professional development. Equally important, the\nWorldWatcher Project is creating useful and useable products for\nstudents and teachers at levels ranging from middle school\nthrough college.\n\nThe WorldWatcher Project is directed by Daniel C. Edelson,\nAssociate Professor. Contact him at\nd-edelson@northwestern.edu for more information.\n\nGeneral questions can be directed to\ninfo-worldwatcher@letus.nwu.edu.\n\nHomepage of The WorldWatcher Project:\n'http://www.worldwatcher.northwestern.edu/'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8f379127-b19e-44fd-8c4a-ccba2a394b15", - "label": "WAGN", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The West Antarctic GPS Network (WAGN) is a joint project involving The University of Texas at Austin Institute for Geophysics (UTIG), the Pacific GPS Facility (PGF) at the University of Hawaii School of Ocean Science and Technology, and the Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) at the University of Memphis. Researchers from these institutions are using the Global Positioning System (GPS), a precise satellite-based navigation system, to measure crustal motions of the bedrock underlying and surrounding the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS).\n\nInformation provided by http://www.ig.utexas.edu/wagn/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "94ad0ebc-0300-4897-8870-fb6b800083c8", - "label": "WELD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Web-enabled Landsat Data (WELD) project is collaboration between the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center and academic partner South Dakota State University Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE). It is funded by NASA's Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs), with significant USGS cost sharing.\n\nhttp://landsat.usgs.gov/WELD.php", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98c9b670-8a43-45e8-8987-4f8853d0d41e", - "label": "WHP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "One of the keystones of WOCE was the World Hydrographic Program (WHP), which used a single ship per year over a period of 12 years to survey 48 long hydrographic sections, with some repeats. Only six stations each day could be occupied, giving a very low rate of data acquisition compared to what the meteorologists were getting from their upper air network.\n\nInformation provided by http://www.webbresearch.com/the_slocum_mission.htm", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "98ff2ee3-a7fa-4b78-a281-b828547005d3", - "label": "WAVEMOD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "Methodology for coastal site investigation. TOPEX/POSEIDON shallow\nwater altimeter study for Portuguese waters.\n\nThe objective of the WAVEMOD project is to develop a probabilistic\nmethodology for coastal site investigations. The methodology allows\nintegration of complex or irregular phenomena through a combination of\nphysical insight and statistical analysis of actual observations. A\nprobabilistic approach to derive the design conditions for coastal\nengineering problems, developments of stocastic models of waves and\ncurrent parameters and integration of existing data with new\nmeasurements and mathematical models are the main topics of the\nproject.\n\nWave directional meeasurements were carried out off the coast of\nPortugal and Creta during 1993 to 1994.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "9a615674-731c-4a17-9847-f3364068d6f7", - "label": "VEMAP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Vegetation-Ecosystem Modeling & Analysis (VEMAP) Project was a multi-institutional, international effort whose goal is to evaluate the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem and vegetation processes to altered climate forcing and elevated atmospheric CO2. Phase 1 of the VEMAP project developed a model database of climate, soils, and vegetation. Phase 2 developed a historical (1895-1994) gridded data set of climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed) and transient climate change scenarios based on coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM experiments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a0d64b73-fb48-4d27-b1a5-601fe18af09e", - "label": "WISP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Winter Icing and Storms Project is a multi-investigator\nprogram to study the meteorological conditions that produce\nhazardous aircraft icing conditions in winter storms. To a large\nextent, this entails forecasting and detecting regions of\nsupercooled liquid water in the storms. ETL's participation in\nthe Denver area field experiments from 1990 to 1994 included the\nuse of microwave radiometers to monitor the vertically-integrated\nliquid water content of winter clouds and the NOAA/K and NOAA/C\nradars to observe the clouds' fine-scale internal structure and\nmotions. A dual-wavelength technique for mapping the liquid water\nregions of clouds was tested and radar polarization signatures of\nwater drops, and various ice crystal types were developed using\ntheoretical modeling and observations.\n\nContact:\n\nDr. Roger Reinking\nroger.reinking@noaa.gov\n\n[Information provided by NOAA]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "a67b3f59-5afc-4296-9c42-15cf2cfdcaa3", - "label": "WOCE-CIVA", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The oceans are a key element in the climate system because they transport heat and fresh water and exchange these with the atmosphere. The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was a part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) which used resources from nearly 30 countries to make unprecedented in-situ and satellite observations of the global ocean between 1990 and 1998 and to observe poorly-understood but important physical processes. The Scientific Steering Group (SSG) of WOCE oversaw the scientific development and the International Project Office (IPO) the implementation of the Experiment. See the Design and Implementation of WOCE and the WOCE Data System for further details.\n\nFor more information, please visit: http://woce.nodc.noaa.gov/wdiu/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "b5349985-14e5-4f7a-a409-3742d6d607cf", - "label": "WETNET", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The goal of the Texas Wetland Information Network (WetNet) project is to allow easier access to online wetland-related information. Funded by a grant from the Wetland Office of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 6, WetNet will enhance the wetland protection capabilities of state and federal regulatory agencies operating in Texas, and will provide accurate and up-to-date information to local governments, universities, and the general public.\n\n\nhttp://www.glo.state.tx.us/wetnet/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c24f313a-3683-4b61-9d27-37eb5caa42e5", - "label": "WARMPAST", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The overall goal of this initiative is to advance our knowledge of climate warming in the Arctic, by studying past climate change. We will focus mainly on the ocean circulation and climate of the NW Eurasian continental margin. The present climate in the Arctic shows signs of rapid change with decreasing sea ice cover and increasing temperature of the Atlantic Water. The implications of this warming are highly uncertain, as modelling experiments projecting temperatures for the next 100 years show a largescatter at high northern latitudes.\nThe project will include the following modules (M): M1 Rapid changes in the Atlantic Water inflow into the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, M2 Ice sheet/glacier response to warming, M3 Improving ocean temperature and sea-ice proxies; M4 Climate modelling.\n\nM1: Periods in the past during which the climate was instable and reached warmer conditions than today: a) Marine isotope stages (MIS) 12/11; b) MIS 6/5; c) Younger Dryas/Holocene climate optimum, and d) last millennium. Sea Surface Temperature ( SST) will be quantified using a multidisciplinary approach, combining faunal/floral based transfer functions and geochemical tracers. For the Holocene and the last millennium climate will be investigated in marine sediments, lake sediments and ice cores from Svalbard and marine sediments from the SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland margin. Further, archaeological sites in Norway and Svalbard will be investigated to explore the relationship between climate and human settlement and activities.\nM2: Implications of climate warming for growth and decay of ice sheets and tide water glaciers, and its effect on ice stream dynamics in the Barents Sea and the Svalbard and SE Greenland margin.\nM3: Reconstructions of SST below 5 OC based both on transfer functions and geochemical tracers are subject to large uncertainties. This is partly due to incomplete modern training sets at high latitudes. We aim to improve modern analogue data on planktonic and benthic foraminifera, diatoms, dinocysts, foraminiferal Ca/Mg-ratios and oxygen and carbon isotopes. From the same proxies we will also develop transfer functions for sea ice.\nM4: An important motivation for attempting to simulate the climatic conditions of the past is that such experiments provide opportunities for evaluating how models respond to large changes in forcing.\nCombined with high resolution acoustic data, cores will be sampled from high resolution sediment fans off northern and western Spitsbergen, the Spitsbergen fjords (in particular Kongsfjorden) and the Barents/Kara/Laptev Sea margin. Multi-core/box core surface samples >70ON in the NE Atlantic will be sampled. The SE Greenland and SW to N Iceland component will rely on existing seafloor samples. The project will include exchange programs and training courses for PhD students and young researchers.\nThis expression of intent focus on research questions addressed by IGP-PAGES and CLIVAR.\n\nSummary provided by http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=36", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c82cfc69-b26f-4d78-97e3-7b977358c555", - "label": "WAIS WORKSHOP", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The WAIS (Workshop Support for West Antarctic Ice Sheet) project has successfully focused a broad cross-section of the Antarctic research community on two urgent global issues: future sea level and rapid climate change. WAIS is multidisciplinary and the support will help to foster continued cross-disciplinary interaction. WAIS workshops began in 1990; first to formulate the objectives of WAIS and, beginning in 1992, to exchange\nand present scientific findings in a forum where cross-disciplinary scientific discourse was promoted and progress toward WAIS goals could be annually assessed. These workshops have been the backbone of this cooperative scientific effort. The WAIS community has voiced its support for continuing these workshops on an annual basis. Funds are provided to support future WAIS workshops in three ways: first, to assist in the notification, organization and execution of annual workshops for the next three years; second, to further\nenhance these workshops by offering travel stipends to attract new participants deemed by the WAIS Working Group to be key persons in further enhancing the WAIS program; and third, to maintain a web site for workshop organization and to serve as a clearinghouse for information relevant to the WAIS research\ncommunity.\n\nFor additional information see: http://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/index.html\n\nFor the WAIS Workshop Archive: 1996 - Present see:\nhttp://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/pastmeetings/\n\nProject Lead:\nName: ROBERT BINDSCHADLER\nPhone: 301-614-5707\nFax: 301-614-5644\nEmail: Robert.A.Bindschadler@nasa.gov\nAddress: Code 971\nNASA Goddard Space Flight Center\nCity: Greenbelt\nProvince or State: MD\nPostal Code: 20771\nCountry: USA", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "c8c3124c-4aa4-49ef-9155-aaa7baf0697f", - "label": "VDI", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Deception Volcanology Observatory was created in 1993 for the Instituto Antartico Argentino (Argentine Antarctic Institute) and for the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas de Espa (Spanish High Council of Scientific Investigations). Its creation was in response to the reactivation of volcanoes on Deception Island in 1991-1992, and the purpose of the project was to monitor the volcanic activity present in the island. The project consisted of work to establish volcanic vigilance across the seismic registration present in the island, control of geothermal anomalies by soil and water, and analysis of composition variation in fumarole gasses and water sites on the island.\n\nThe purpose in this project will be the global evaluation of the information obtained and finally building a model that permits accurate predictions about the changes in the activity of this volcanic system (i.e. its pre-eruption, or eruption). This model could ultimately be used in the prediction of active volcanoes which have similar characteristics to Deception. The project will also complete the geologic study of the island, mainly with respect to its geologic structures and primary and secondary pyroclastic deposits. The intent is to create new models of pyroclastic deposition by observing the processes in action. With the knowledge of stratigraphy and structural geology, the project will provide new data for the geological evolution of the island.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "cca852b4-5980-4da4-a33d-e8934707f89c", - "label": "WWSE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Winter Weddell Sea Project represents an ambitious mul- tidisciplinary program of research in the Weddell Sea spanning a period of both sea-ice growth and retreat. Two cruises of approximately 80 days each were carried out on RIv Polarstern (ANT V12, 27 June to 17 September; ANT V13, 28 September to 14 December. Leg V/2 was designed to investigate the interactions among atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean by making detailed measurements along the track shown in figure 1. Leg V/3 con- centrated on the biology within the coastal regime, with smaller programs engaged in physical and chemical oceanography, sea- ice physics, and meteorology. Current-meter moorings deployed around Maud Rise during an earlier German program were recovered during leg V/3.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d265a95f-aba4-45be-ac11-55c19661e46d", - "label": "WEPOLEX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "In the late austral winter of 1981, carbonate data were obtained\n from the Weddell Sea as part of the U.S.U.S.S.R. Weddell Polynya\n Expedition (WEPOLEX-81). Both surface samples and\n vertical-station samples were taken. The data include ship\n position (latitude and longitude), date, station number, sample\n depth, salinity, water temperature, pH, normalized surface total\n alkalinity, and calcium. These data represent the first\n comprehensive carbonate data obtained in the Weddell Sea during\n late winter. Because of the importance of the Weddell Sea as a\n source of deep water for the world's oceans, these data have\n improved the understanding of the oceanic circulation of excess\n CO2 in the carbon cycle.\n\n Link to additional information at\n 'http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_028/ndp028.html'\n\n [Summary taken from online document 'Carbonate Chemistry of the\nWeddell Sea' by Chen-Tung A. Chen]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d7e124a5-0a91-4ec0-9744-c99fafbd01dd", - "label": "WALE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Western Arctic Linkage Experiment (WALE) Project was designed to assess the ability of models to simulate water/energy and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, and freshwater delivery to the ocean for the Alaskan region in the 1980s and 1990s. The primary goal of the study was to better understand uncertainties of simulated regional hydrologic and ecosystem dynamics in the context of 1) uncertainties in the data available to drive the models and 2) different approaches to simulating regional hydrology and ecosystem dynamics. In the WALE special theme of Earth Interactions we report the results of the WALE Project. \n\nInformation provided by http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-collection&coll_id=4", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "d96c23c2-63ab-4884-8ebc-54015cea9952", - "label": "WAMEX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The West African Monsoon Experiment (WAMEX) involves studying\nand observing the regions around the West African monsoon\nregion. This involves studying monsoon dynamics, local weather\nsystems, the continental water cycle, surface conditions,\napplications, atmosphericn chemistry, and weather systems.\n\nObservation Sources:\n1. surface and marine meteorology\n2. aerology\n3. satellite\n4. aircraft\n5. oceanography\n6. drift buoys\n\nTime Period of experiment: 5/01/79-8/31/79\nRegion: Gulf of Guinea\n\n{Information taken from 'http://www.meteo.ru/fund/pgepe4.htm'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "dcf27649-1d33-46a1-9dac-eee4f5280ec5", - "label": "vERSO", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "df971bb0-6b80-420b-a53e-ceab409038e1", - "label": "WISSARD", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e1b5c011-9511-4b1c-b845-a0324377b07f", - "label": "WINCE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Winter Cloud Experiment (WINCE) took place from January 23\nto February 13, 1997. During WINCE, an instrumented NASA ER-2\nhigh altitude research aircraft will be flown to learn more\nabout detecting clouds from space in winter conditions. WINCE\nwill provide important data with which scientists can improve\ncloud detection for future satellite instruments such as the\nMODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This NASA\nresearch instrument, scheduled for launch in mid-1998 as part of\nMission to Planet Earth, will assess earth climate trends of\nwhich clouds are such an important component.\n\nWINCE is jointly hosted by the University of Wisconsin's Space\nScience Engineering Center and the 115 Fighter Wing, Wisconsin\nAir National Guard, at Truax Field which will provide necessary\nfaciliites for supporting the NASA ER-2 research aircraft\noperations. Madison-based Persoft is providing communications\nequipment to facilitate remote data transfer to and from SSEC\ncomputers, about 5 miles away from Truax Field. Persoft\nspecializes in PC-to-host software and wireless network\nconnectivity solutions.\n\nUW scientists Steve Ackerman, William Smith and Paul Menzel will\nhead the scientific analysis of the data set, along with NASA\nscientists Dorothy Hall, Jim Spinhirne and Jim Wang of the\nGoddard Space Flight Center near Washington, DC. Their research\nfindings will be applied to cloud detection algorithms for the\nMODIS and other future satellite instruments. 'The high altitude\nnature of the ER-2 (20 km or 65000 feet) is a key element of\nWINCE. It allows our instruments to make cloud measurements much\nas they would from a satellite platform. That makes it possible\nfor us to improve our cloud detection capability before the\nsatellite is ever launched,' says Ackerman.\n\nDuring WINCE, multispectral radiometric measurements of clouds\nand the earth will be made by the MODIS Airborne Simulator\n(MAS), the High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) and the\nMicrowave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) remote sensing instruments\non the ER-2. The measurements combine observations of the\nmicrowave, infrared, and visible energy from clouds, atmosphere\nand earth into a single measurement that can be used to analyze\nthe physical mechanisms important for weather prediction and\nclimate change. Signatures of clouds over snow-covered ground\nare revealed using reflectance and temperature data derived\nfrom these measurements. 'In a visible image, both clouds and\nsnow-covered terrain are highly reflective, so they're hard to\ntell apart,' Paul Menzel explained. 'In the infrared, cold\nclouds and cold terrain emit roughly the same thermal\nenergy. Only with multispectral imaging can we hope to separate\nclouds from snow and ice-covered terrain.' Cloud height\nmeasurements f! rom the Cloud Lidar System (CLS) onboard the\nER-2 can verify the position and thickness of clouds in the\nradiometric data. That data, when combined with the radiometric\nmeasurements, allows UW scientists to examine the underlying\nsignature of the cloud itself.\n\nScience Objectives:\n\n1. Cloud detection/properties over snow/ice background\n2. Snow detection\n3. MAS/HIS absolute calibration comparison\n4. SSEC ground-based instrumentation overflight\n5. ADEOS underflights\n\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wince/wince.html'\n\n[Summary provided by WINCE]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e2bc8814-8adf-4bf6-b2c0-57683096685d", - "label": "WAISDIVIDE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The U.S research community is conducting a deep ice coring project in West Antarctica for studies of climate, ice sheet history and cryobiology. This project is collecting a deep ice core from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) ice flow divide and integrating approximately 40 separate but synergistic projects to analyze the ice and interpret the records.\n\nThe most significant characteristic of the WAIS Divide project is the development of climate records with an absolute, annual-layer-counted chronology for the most recent ~40,000 years. Lower temporal resolution records will extend to ~100,000 years before present. These records will enable comparison of environmental conditions between the northern and southern hemispheres, and the study of greenhouse gas concentrations in the paleo-atmosphere, with a greater level of detail than previously possible.\n\nThe WAIS Divide ice core will provide the first Southern Hemisphere climate and greenhouse gas records of comparable time resolution and duration to the Greenland ice cores enabling detailed comparison of environmental conditions between the northern and southern hemispheres, and the study of greenhouse gas concentrations in the paleo-atmosphere, with a greater level of detail than previously possible. The WAIS Divide ice core will also be used to test models of WAIS history and stability, and to investigate the biological signals contained in deep Antarctic ice cores. Unlike the Greenland ice cores, an excellent atmospheric CO2 record is expected to be obtained from the WAIS Divide ice core since Antarctic ice has an order of magnitude less dust than Greenland ice. Many other gases (both greenhouse and non-greenhouse) and their isotopes will be measured at unprecedented precision and resolution.\n\n[Project description available at: http://www.waisdivide.unh.edu/ ]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e517d333-8f71-4062-a86b-13193425d397", - "label": "WW2010", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Weather World 2010 (WW2010) is a project of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The mission of WW2010 is to present a large collection of real time and archived weather products through a World Wide Web based framework. Case studies plus an extensive data base of multimedia instructional resources and classroom activities are also available.\nLink to: 'http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/home.rxml'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e529c3c6-4a0e-4776-afb8-14357052d921", - "label": "WDC-Soils", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e679d8f1-995b-4ffc-82a0-bc3f8a573ae2", - "label": "WAISCORES", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The WAISCORES project is part of the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs; West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) initiative, which is aimed at understanding the influence of the West Antarctic ice sheet on climate and sea level change.\n\nThis Web site offers access to permanently archived WAISCORES data and metadata, and related information about the project and the core sites.\n\nWAISCORES researchers have proposed analysis of two ice cores -- one from Siple Dome, in the Siple Coast region, and one from upslope of Byrd Station in West Antarctica. Access to two cores, one from near the coast and one from an inland site, should allow researchers to distinguish local from regional influences on the climate records recovered from the cores. Drilling for the Siple Dome core began in November 1996 and finished in January 1999. The core site is located between ice streams C and D at approximately 81° S and 148° W. Preliminary studies indicate that the paleoclimate record preserved in the 1003-meter Siple Dome ice core extends back more than 90 thousand years.\n\nInformation provided by http://nsidc.org/data/waiscores/", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "e98627c4-0bc4-4a98-8159-f611860fb78c", - "label": "WERATLAS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The aim of the JOULE project JOU2-CT93-0390, WERATLAS, is the\nassessment of the wave energy resource available along the European\ncoasts. To avoid the strong spatial variability associated to coastal\ntopography and geometry, the information which is to be provided as a\nPC Atlas will cover offshore deep water conditions. Coastal conditions\nat a site of interest could be estimated from the WERATLAS data using\na suitable coastal wave model.\n\n Ideally, long term statistics should be based on measured\ndata. Two type of measurements are presently available:\n\n1) long time series at fixed positions, mostly obtained with buoys,\n\n2) extensive measurements in space, but desultory in time, obtained with\nsatellite altimeters. While their overall amount is rapidly growing with time,\nthose are still far from the quantity and spatial coverage required for a\ngeneralised statistics.\n\n The alternative source is the output of sophisticated wave models, that\nprovide a detailed description of the wave conditions over the whole basin of\ninterest. The limit to the accuracy of their results is mostly determined by\nthe accuracy of the input wind. While the present meteorological models are\ncapable of remarkable accuracy in the description of the surface wind fields,\nparticularly in the open oceans, their quality deteriorates when we move back\nin time - key are 1987 and 1991, when, following the evolution of computer\npower, substantial model improvements took place.\n\n The two main European sources of information about wind and waves are the\nEuropean Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF, Reading, UK) and\nthe UK Meteorological products from the two centres revealed that ECMWF data\nwas the more accurate data set. We have therefore based our analysis on this\nsource.\n\n ECMWF runs daily two wave models, one globally and one for the\nMediterranean Sea, since July 1992. To extend the analysis period, the wave\nmodel (the third generation WAM model) was run for the Atlantic ocean since\n1987 using the locally archived wind fields. This has not been possible for the\nMediterranean Sea, because of the low quality of the wind fields in this area\nbefore the latest improvement.\n\n The wave model data are being validated, and possibly calibrated, using\navailable buoy and satellite data. Note that the calibration is possible only\nunder certain conditions (spatial uniformity being the stringent one) and after\na careful screening of the data with respect to the height, period and\ndirection.\n\n Where the wave model results are less reliable, we use only the\navailable measured data. This is the case for the Norwegian Sea (near the\nnorthern limit of the model) and the North Sea (due to the coarse resolution\nused in the Atlantic wave model).\n\n We summarise below the main characteristics and the locations of the\navailable data.\n\n ATLANTIC OCEAN\n 1. Wave modelling\n grid resolution 3 deg x 3 deg\n period: 1987-1995\n information: Hs, TTheta, TP, Theta\n\n 2. Measurement\n Buoys\n Norwegian Sea (data provided by OCEANOR)\n Moere\n Haltenbanken\n Traenabanken\n Vesteraalbanken\n Nordkappbanken\n Utsira\n Tromsoflaket\n North Sea (data provided by RIKZ, Netherlands)\n AUK\n K13\n\n North Atlantic (for verification/calibration)\n West Shetland (UK)\n South Uist (UK)\n Figueira da Foz (PT)\n\n\n Extensive satellite altimeter data (Geosat, ERS-1 and Topex-Poseidon).\n\n\n MEDITERRANEAN SEA\n 1. Wave modelling\n grid resolution 3 deg x 3 deg\n period: 1992-1995\n information: Hs, TTheta, TP, Theta\n\n 2. Measurement\n Buoys\n\n Of the several available stations, depending on their\n location and extension in time, we have used\n\n Alghero (Italy)\n Palma (Spain)\n Satellite data have been used in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "eab3419f-a0c2-4d55-9500-87ee00600291", - "label": "WOCE", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was a component of the\nWorld Climate Research Program (WCRP) and remains the most ambitious\noceanographic experiment undertaken to-date.\n\nIn addition to global observations furnished by satellites,\nconventional in-situ physical and chemical observations were made by\nnearly 30 nations in 4 of the worlds oceans. At the same time global\nnumerical ocean models were developed to assimilate these\nmeasurements. This activity continues (2003).\n\nThe field phase of the project lasted from 1990-1998 and was followed\nby Analysis, Interpretation, Modelling and Synthesis activities. This,\nthe AIMS phase of WOCE, officially continued to the end of 2002 with\nthe tasks to be undertaken described in the WOCE AIMS Strategy\ndocument.\n\nThe success of WOCE AIMS will have considerable impact on follow on\nprogrammes;- CLIVAR, a global study of ocean climate variability and\npredictability, GODAE, the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment,\nARGO a global array of temperature/salinity profiling floats.\n\nData can be accessed through the World Wide Web from the WOCE Data\nInformation Unit:\n'http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/OTHERS/woceipo/ipo.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f0b86e8e-0de6-4b2b-8433-c32e425727ad", - "label": "WVSS-I", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Water Vapor Sensing System (WVSS) was used for obtaining\nweather observations which was a revolution in that it used a\nconvenient platform for a variety of environmental parameters.\n\nHistory:\n\nThe FAA interest in the WVSS program is to support the Aviation\nWeather Research Program. Researchers will use the data to\nimprove algorithms for the detection, analysis and prediction of\nmesoscale weather phenomena and activity which affects the\naviation industry: ceiling and visibility, precipitation type\nand amount, thunderstorms, microbursts, and icing. Two other\nareas where water vapor has a secondary role are in convective\nturbulence (where water vapor gradients affect atmospheric\nstability) and in flight-level winds where the synoptic scale\nwind patterns are often significantly disrupted by mesoscale\noutflow (where water vapor plays a role in mesoscale development\nand decay).\n\nProgram:\n\nResults of the first phase of evaluation of the WVSS-I, which\nuses a thin-film capacitor to measure relative humidity, are\navailable from this web site under the document entitled 'Water\nVapor Profiles from Commercial Aircraft'. THese results include\nevaluation of measurements from the six UPS B-757 aircraft that\nhad the Allied Signal avionics and the WVSS-I software. Results\nfrom six months of data (July 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999) from\nthese WVSS-I equipped aircraft reveal that the commercial\naircraft profiles are competitive with radiosondes on\nascent/descent and superior to radiosondes in the upper\ntroposphere.\n\nComparisons of opportunity with radiosondes (when equipped\naircraft made ascent/descents near a radiosonde site) also\nrevealed the capability of depicting the moist absolutely\nunstable layers (MAULs) describe by Bryan and Fritsch (2000).\nSee the document above for the detailed reference. A number of\nexamples of MAULs including those seen in radiosondes are shown\nin this document. Statistics on the occurrence of MAULs (in the\ncommercial aircraft data and in radiosondes) are also provided.\n\nData from the second phase of the WVSS-I evaluation (after the\nnew Teledyne avionics equipment had replaced the Allied Signal\navionics is available to users as describe below. One of the\nlimitations of the WVSS-I technology ( the Vaisala thin-film\ncapacitor technology which was an improved version over that\nsame sensor used in Vaisala radiosondes) is the 'aging' of the\nsensor over time. This aging eventually results in a dry-bias\nover time -- requiring that the sensor be replaced and then\nrecalibrated.\n\nNote that such aging takes place while the unit sits on a shelf\n(although presumably at a slower pace than when it is in\noperation on the aircraft). THere is considerable variability in\nthis aging process -- this being one of the major reasons for\nabandoning this sensor for the WVSS-II sensor described below.\n\nAs the WVSS-I Program is experimental (not operational) with a\nlimited budget, these sensors were not immediately replaced when\nthey should have been -- instead, part of the evaluation process\nwas to see how long the sensors would last. Thus, Table 1 below\nshows those time periods when the 30 UPS aircraft were\ninstalled, working, and did not exhibit the obvious dry-bias.\nThis table will be maintained on a monthly basis through\ncalendar year 2002. The green-filled boxes are the months with\ngood data.\n\nFor more information, visit the homepage of the Water Vapor\nSensing System Program at 'http://www.ofps.ucar.edu/wvss/'\n\n[Summary provided by JOSS]", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "f1d00bf7-7c6c-419a-b609-b7c8ee1fb3cf", - "label": "VORTEX", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes\nEXperiment (VORTEX) will be held in the central and southern\nPlains during the spring seasons of 1994 and 1995. Broadly\nstated, this experiment is designed to address current research\nquestions relating to tornadogenesis and tornado dynamics. It\nwill be hosted by the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and\nwill involve the collaboration of the University of Oklahoma and\nthe Center for the Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS),\nTexas A&M University, the University of Illinois, Texas Tech\nUniversity, New Mexico Tech, the University of West Virginia,\nthe University of Alabama at Huntsville, the University of\nCalifornia at Los Angeles (UCLA), the National Center for\nAtmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Science Foundation\n(NSF), NOAA/NWS (National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration/National Weather Service), and Atmosphere\nEnvironment Service (AES; Canada).\n\nThe primary benefit of VORTEX will be the new knowledge\ngenerated through careful analysis of the data sets obtained\nduring the field experiments. This new knowledge should lead to\nsome very practical benefits.\n\nThis experiment is being executed with a set of specific\nscientific hypotheses in mind, as documented elsewhere ( '\nScientific Objectives' ), but the general sense of the\nexperiment is to increase understanding of tornadogenesis,\nthereby enhancing the ability to anticipate tornado\ndevelopment. Many of the scientific objectives are closely tied\nto the mission statement of SELS (soon to become SPC). With the\ndeployment of Doppler radars around the nation, it is becoming\nincreasingly obvious that (1) even this exciting new tool has\nsome limits in its tornado detection capability, as do all\nweather radars, and (2) not all mesocyclonic circulations\ndetectable by a Doppler radar will become tornadic. Since not\nall detectable mesocyclones go on to produce tornadoes, it is\nquite crucial to tornado warning operations at the WFO level\n(in the reorganized NWS) that we have some means to distinguish\ntornadic from non-tornadic circulations (as seen on a\nWSR-88D). Otherwise, excessive fal! se alarms could damage NWS\ncredibility. Tornadoes produced from non-mesocyclonic storms,\nabout which we hope to learn in VORTEX, are another challenge\nwith direct application to operations.\n\nIn the warning process, it is not only important to know if a\ntornado is about to form, but also to be able to predict when\nthe tornado will dissipate. VORTEX is designed to acquire new\ninformation that may allow users of WSR-88D data to interpret\nradar signatures to diagnose tornado dissipation, and to predict\nthe formation of additional tornadoes in cyclic storms.\n\nIn the process, an important issue becomes the interaction\nbetween the potentially tornadic storm and its\nenvironment. Modelling work (numerical and mathematical) and\nsome limited observational studies have suggested some ways to\ndistinguish tornado-prone environments from those that are not,\nbut these concepts have yet to be given an adequate test. Given\nthat the detection of a potentially tornadic storm is more\nlikely when the forecasters have anticipated such a possibility\nthan when they have not, the VORTEX operating plan also includes\nsome experimental forecasting techniques that may become\nprototypes for how operational tornado forecasting will be done\nin the future. Preventing false alarms is just as important as\nnot missing important events. Many of the hypotheses being\ninvestigated in VORTEX are designed to resolve these important\nissues and explore new methods for dealing with the tornado\nproblem.\n\nEspecially exciting will be the incorporation of some\nexperimental numerical modelling on the mesoscale and the storm\nscale, with the participation of CAPS (Center for the Analysis\nand Prediction of Storms, affiliated with the University of\nOklahoma). Operational implementation of such numerical models\nis in its infancy, but it appears quite likely that mesoscale\nand storm scale models will eventually have some role in\noperations. By participating in VORTEX, a number of NWS\nforecasters from the NOC and the SPC will have a chance to\nexperiment with using such forecasting input. This gives those\nindividuals an opportunity to have input on how such models\nwill be implemented in the future, based on their\nexperiences. A continuing problem with introduction of new\ntechnology is that forecasters often have so little experience\nwith the new systems that they have no chance to influence the\nacquisition and evolution of the new technological tools until\nvery late in the game. By bein! g involved with VORTEX, the\nparticipating forecasters (and their associated agencies) have\na real chance to affect the implementation of new forecasting\ntechniques and technology.\n\nSimilar benefits accrue for the participating forecasters (and,\ntheir associated agencies within the NWS) as a result of\ninteracting with the principal scientific investigators. This is\nespecially important for the OUN NOC by virtue of their combined\nresearch-operations mission. By their involvement, contact by\nthe NWS with the leading scientists in the area gives the NWS an\nopportunity to (a) learn about what the research community is\ndoing in this topic area, and (b) offer their insights about\nwhat problems the NWS is encountering. This experiment is an\nideal venue for encouraging research-operations interaction that\ncan only benefit all of the agencies involved.\n\nFinally, the new knowledge we hope to gain through VORTEX\ntornado dynamics studies should enable structural engineers to\nestablish improved design standards to mitigate tornado damage.\n\nFor more information, link to\n'http://mrd3.nssl.ucar.edu/~vortex/OpsPlan/WWW_TOC.good.html'", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "8d727e0e-59be-4970-bfd3-6bfa1033cbe6", - "label": "VIRGAS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The objective of the Volcano-plume Investigation Readiness and Gas-phase and Aerosol Sulfur (VIRGAS) field experiment is to understand how natural and human-caused emissions of sulfur species, for example from volcanoes and from fossil-fuel power sources, ultimately influence climate, air quality, and visibility.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "3aeb3f8b-f189-418f-b50a-e596f6978809", - "label": "WDTS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Western Diversity Time Series (formerly HyspIRI) campaign observes California’s ecosystems and provides critical information on natural disasters such as volcanoes, wildfires, and drought. WDTS aims to provide a benchmark on the state of ecosystems against which future changes can be assessed. WDTS, as its instruments identify vegetation type and health. The WDTS airborne campaign is a multi-year effort to collect seasonal visible to short wave infrared (VSWIR) spectrometer and thermal infrared (TIR) radiometer using both the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) remote sensing Instruments on a NASA ER-2 high-altitude platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4c4878cb-18f5-464c-b4bb-858273a48d6a", - "label": "WATER", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "The Water Resources collection provides spatial data on water resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "953f0c59-0d9a-469b-af67-01fb8cd0d5bc", - "label": "WLDAS", - "broader": "c8e3dd70-6b82-4034-9e23-b892b302d8b4", - "definition": "'WLDAS is a custom instance of LIS and leverages previous LDAS development efforts including the Global Land Data Assimilation System, the North American Land Data Assimilation System, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System, the U.S. Air Force 557th Weather Wing LDAS, and the National Climate Assessment Land Data Assimilation System.' 'WLDAS was recently developed to provide hydrological information for the western United States, where such information is highly valued due to the limited availability of both water and water data.'", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "f677943c-1ac7-4637-8a85-9a4cb7ba9c5f", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "fb0b9fcd-5c96-4989-8c64-a479bbed83ab", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "3a5acc8e-67d2-4466-93d0-3807757f5172", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "f677943c-1ac7-4637-8a85-9a4cb7ba9c5f", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "f8ba1e6c-675d-40e0-97c2-ca2b69081e97", - "label": "NOT APPLICABLE", - "broader": "3a5acc8e-67d2-4466-93d0-3807757f5172", - "definition": "No definition available.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/lcc-category.json b/resources/keywords/lcc-category.json index 69db63f..3ce6568 100644 --- a/resources/keywords/lcc-category.json +++ b/resources/keywords/lcc-category.json @@ -1,45 +1,57 @@ -[{ +[ + { "label": "Conservation design", - "uuid": "21cd1d35-2b38-4c8c-9f2a-6206c3358ac8" + "uuid": "21cd1d35-2b38-4c8c-9f2a-6206c3358ac8", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Conservation planning", - "uuid": "df9dfc35-ca87-4427-9b8c-30cfa792cb13" + "uuid": "df9dfc35-ca87-4427-9b8c-30cfa792cb13", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Data Acquisition and Development", - "uuid": "4ff0b865-a3f9-46ff-af84-618c773fabb4" + "uuid": "4ff0b865-a3f9-46ff-af84-618c773fabb4", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Data Management and Integration", - "uuid": "deafcd1e-24ef-4b8a-96d6-08cc2fbdc8da" + "uuid": "deafcd1e-24ef-4b8a-96d6-08cc2fbdc8da", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Decision support", - "uuid": "44402ffb-a509-47c8-a1b5-9a7864e02433" + "uuid": "44402ffb-a509-47c8-a1b5-9a7864e02433", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Informing Conservation Delivery", - "uuid": "77d7e292-1174-4969-883d-e63a7213af53" + "uuid": "77d7e292-1174-4969-883d-e63a7213af53", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Monitoring", - "uuid": "11877b7e-133b-40fc-8377-77e7f1ff8bcb" + "uuid": "11877b7e-133b-40fc-8377-77e7f1ff8bcb", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Population and Habitat Evaluation/Projection", - "uuid": "95876b11-23f8-4ec7-9ed7-c2050fd7061e" + "uuid": "95876b11-23f8-4ec7-9ed7-c2050fd7061e", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Socio-economics/Ecosystem Services", - "uuid": "3d097386-6df3-4d86-aa97-47b94ef2fe00" + "uuid": "3d097386-6df3-4d86-aa97-47b94ef2fe00", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Traditional Ecological Knowledge", - "uuid": "5af816d0-fb10-4959-87dc-7ba7999e03df" + "uuid": "5af816d0-fb10-4959-87dc-7ba7999e03df", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Vulnerability Assessment", - "uuid": "c092afab-5f1b-4afe-9399-66a021d7c2d4" + "uuid": "c092afab-5f1b-4afe-9399-66a021d7c2d4", + "definition": "" } -] \ No newline at end of file +] diff --git a/resources/keywords/lcc-deliverabletype.json b/resources/keywords/lcc-deliverabletype.json index d9e36e2..fd34f9c 100644 --- a/resources/keywords/lcc-deliverabletype.json +++ b/resources/keywords/lcc-deliverabletype.json @@ -1,49 +1,62 @@ -[{ +[ + { "label": "Applications and Tools", - "uuid": "2a6b1dc9-1795-4b09-9d86-6c0250063b3d" + "uuid": "2a6b1dc9-1795-4b09-9d86-6c0250063b3d", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Conservation Plan/Design/Framework", - "uuid": "de41eac2-74a4-44c7-9044-36140a82f819" + "uuid": "de41eac2-74a4-44c7-9044-36140a82f819", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Datasets/Database", - "uuid": "54617fec-3a0c-45a8-8f25-f3c0da0ef159" + "uuid": "54617fec-3a0c-45a8-8f25-f3c0da0ef159", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Map", - "uuid": "a77876cd-3c3e-4f7d-b422-03369baf7543" + "uuid": "a77876cd-3c3e-4f7d-b422-03369baf7543", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Methodology/Protocol", - "uuid": "cfe03b40-a669-4851-a48c-b3b373270808" + "uuid": "cfe03b40-a669-4851-a48c-b3b373270808", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Pilot/Case Study", - "uuid": "097945e2-01c5-4450-8d92-ee62497a7497" + "uuid": "097945e2-01c5-4450-8d92-ee62497a7497", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Presentation", - "uuid": "db6a9f4d-8052-4672-b432-111370948cf4" + "uuid": "db6a9f4d-8052-4672-b432-111370948cf4", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Publication", - "uuid": "a51ab411-b439-4583-921e-507eaeb17252" + "uuid": "a51ab411-b439-4583-921e-507eaeb17252", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Report", - "uuid": "d0523908-ef98-4744-a7d3-b816a7b032e0" + "uuid": "d0523908-ef98-4744-a7d3-b816a7b032e0", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Training/Outreach/Workshop", - "uuid": "7635051d-6aca-47a1-ad52-75487e93918f" + "uuid": "7635051d-6aca-47a1-ad52-75487e93918f", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "User Manual", - "uuid": "9e450af7-e9b4-4a21-b57b-1c68f261271d" + "uuid": "9e450af7-e9b4-4a21-b57b-1c68f261271d", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Website", - "uuid": "3938d16e-44b9-4a8d-8682-4239f4b71afc" + "uuid": "3938d16e-44b9-4a8d-8682-4239f4b71afc", + "definition": "" } -] \ No newline at end of file +] diff --git a/resources/keywords/lcc-usertype.json b/resources/keywords/lcc-usertype.json index 85d4d0d..e2afd02 100644 --- a/resources/keywords/lcc-usertype.json +++ b/resources/keywords/lcc-usertype.json @@ -1,49 +1,62 @@ -[{ +[ + { "label": "Academics & scientific researchers", - "uuid": "f32aa768-3925-4b18-bb45-e5b8e56f68a1" + "uuid": "f32aa768-3925-4b18-bb45-e5b8e56f68a1", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Conservation NGOs", - "uuid": "06b28706-b861-484c-9636-2a1a8ae8f57b" + "uuid": "06b28706-b861-484c-9636-2a1a8ae8f57b", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Federal resource managers", - "uuid": "fc5be9a1-b939-4cdb-8f0c-4090bf0e05e9" + "uuid": "fc5be9a1-b939-4cdb-8f0c-4090bf0e05e9", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Hunters & anglers", - "uuid": "e29d3e95-d766-480b-91ba-4467c3121443" + "uuid": "e29d3e95-d766-480b-91ba-4467c3121443", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Interested public", - "uuid": "dd7b5708-cd40-44e3-86bc-3ca70eb775ee" + "uuid": "dd7b5708-cd40-44e3-86bc-3ca70eb775ee", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "K-12 students & teachers", - "uuid": "2b9d8546-d441-4435-82a2-4ab3e783bcd7" + "uuid": "2b9d8546-d441-4435-82a2-4ab3e783bcd7", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Other", - "uuid": "00466d2b-f2bd-484a-8596-075896d7dfce" + "uuid": "00466d2b-f2bd-484a-8596-075896d7dfce", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Policy makers & regulators", - "uuid": "10cefd04-2aca-4ec9-8c0e-1530f441042e" + "uuid": "10cefd04-2aca-4ec9-8c0e-1530f441042e", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Private land owners", - "uuid": "b6962a43-dc0a-4c95-ae69-3eaea7bbcf0a" + "uuid": "b6962a43-dc0a-4c95-ae69-3eaea7bbcf0a", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Regional & county planners", - "uuid": "55a41753-67eb-4dca-a701-f43e8bfa7e17" + "uuid": "55a41753-67eb-4dca-a701-f43e8bfa7e17", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "State agencies", - "uuid": "155cbe3c-a89f-4472-95b1-67bb50340aa0" + "uuid": "155cbe3c-a89f-4472-95b1-67bb50340aa0", + "definition": "" }, { "label": "Tribes", - "uuid": "004d65a8-70e6-44bd-a6a7-0a49708f85f2" + "uuid": "004d65a8-70e6-44bd-a6a7-0a49708f85f2", + "definition": "" } -] \ No newline at end of file +] diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b.json deleted file mode 100644 index a042da6..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df11", - "parentId": "4f4e475ee4b07f02db47df0b", - "label": "General Public", - 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"label": "Polished Pellets", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df92", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Processed Samples", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df93", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Prospects", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df94", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Raster Images", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df95", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Sample Analyses", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df96", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Sites", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df97", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Tapes", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df98", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Tubes", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df99", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Volumes", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df9a", - "parentId": "4f4e475fe4b07f02db47df7b", - "label": "Well Logs", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4.json deleted file mode 100644 index d76c2b2..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-58b45852e4b0f974afcf03b4.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "58d424d6e4b0f974afcf03c9", - "label": "Biological Collection", - "definition": "Biological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58b45872e4b0f974afcf03b5", - "label": "Geological Collection", - "definition": "Geological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58d4255ee4b0f974afcf03cb", - "label": "Paleontological Collection", - "definition": "Paleontological sample collection", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "58d42532e4b0f974afcf03ca", - "label": "Water Collection", - "definition": "Water sample collection", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57.json deleted file mode 100644 index 1f60edc..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "5bf3f84de4b00ce5fb627d59", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_collection", - "definition": "Item that represents a logical collection of physical data items managed by an organization contributing to the National Digital Catalog. These are core metadata items for which we expect to find full metadata describing the collection and a method of accessing the contents in the collection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf44423e4b00ce5fb627d5a", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_folder", - "definition": "Denotes a ScienceBase Item that functions as an organizational folder within the National Digital Catalog.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "5bf3f7f5e4b00ce5fb627d58", - "parentId": "5bf3f7bce4b00ce5fb627d57", - "label": "ndc_organization", - "definition": "Item that represents a contributing organization. Used to set permissions in ScienceBase to allow management access by members of the organization.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8.json deleted file mode 100644 index a0c06af..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed9", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Shells have Byne’s disease. Specimens (of any kind) have signs of pest infestation. Insect specimens have fallen off of pin. Specimens are damaged to the point of being unusable", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4beda", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens are damaged: broken into multiple pieces, with past pest damage, loose teeth or bones. Insect pins are broken or significantly bent.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedb", - "parentId": "6112869cf0d1326bc2b4bed8", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "All specimens are intact and stable.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc.json deleted file mode 100644 index df40efe..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bede", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Fluid level is low, but completely covers specimens. Alcohol is dark", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedf", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bedc", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Fluid is topped-off and relatively clear", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0.json deleted file mode 100644 index cf29f32..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee1", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Slide or cover slip is broken. Mounting medium is crystallized, running, or has receded up to specimen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee2", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Aqueous mounting medium is not sealed (ringed) under cover slip. Mounting medium has receded. Cover slip or slide is cracked.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee3", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee0", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Slide in good condition. Mounted in Canada balsam or cover slip has been sealed (ringed).", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4.json deleted file mode 100644 index d6a1da5..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee5", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Specimens in old cardboard boxes, cigar boxes, pill boxes, or paper bags. Specimens not stored in unit trays. Plants mounted on cardboard with rubber cement", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee6", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens stored in new cardboard boxes or zip-lock bags. Vertebrate trays are unlined. Skulls or skeletal material are in substandard containers. Insects pinned in hard-bottom unit trays. Plants pressed in newspaper. Fungi kept in packets when they should be in boxes, or glued to paper in the packets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee7", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Unit trays are archival. Insects pinned in foam-bottom trays. Vertebrate trays are lined with acid-free paper. Plants and fungi are in/on acid paper/packet/box withElmer’s or other non-archival glue, or lacking fragment folders.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee8", - "parentId": "6112869df0d1326bc2b4bee4", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": " Plants and fungi in/on acid free paper/packet/box, fixed with acid free glue, and with fragment folders present.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9.json deleted file mode 100644 index 740be2f..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beea", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Vial stoppers are cracked, broken, swollen, or disintegrating. Stoppers are made of cork. Vials are loose on shelf, or banded together, and not in vial rack. Jar lids are old and rusted (if metal), or are BakeliteH lids (which crack easily). Jar seals are missing, cracked, or shrinking. Five-gallon buckets have poor seals or loose lids.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beeb", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Hardened but intact vial stoppers. Vials aligned in wire-sided racks. Jar lids are metal or with non-polyethylene jar seals. Large specimens are stored in 5-gallon buckets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beec", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bee9", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Vials have good quality stoppers. Vial racks are solid with no risk of vial loss. Jars are bail-topped with polyethylene gaskets, or have polypropylene lids. Large specimens are stored in archival barrels with clamping sealing mechanisms.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed.json deleted file mode 100644 index fb801bc..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beee", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Slides not in slide box or tray. Slide box broken.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beef", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Slide box not standard 100-slide box. Slides in trays are not protected by envelope or thick labels, which prevent the crushing of the cover slip on one slide by the adjoining slide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef0", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Good slide boxes or trays with rust-free hinges and substantial closure clasps.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4bef1", - "parentId": "6112869ef0d1326bc2b4beed", - "label": "Level_4", - "definition": "Tray slides stored flat.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc.json deleted file mode 100644 index aa3d953..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befd", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Bulk insect specimens papered, or in jars, boxes, or cotton. Unsorted botanical specimens in newspaper or paper bags (backlog).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befe", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Insect specimens pinned, but improperly mounted on pin or point. Mollusk and vertebrate samples not cleaned, cataloged, or numbered. Botanical material mounted to herbarium sheets with labels, but without accession numbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4beff", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4befc", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Insects properly pinned, pointed, or enveloped. Vertebrate and mollusk specimens cleaned, cataloged and numbered. Herbarium sheets in folders with all labels and accession numbers.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00.json deleted file mode 100644 index 17dff2f..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf01", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "Specimens stored in bulk and unprocessed. Unsorted samples stored in Whirlpac bags, Nalgene or other bottles, jars, or in the freezer.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf02", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Mixed field sample, rinsed, stored in clean alcohol, in standard quality storage containers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf03", - "parentId": "611286a0f0d1326bc2b4bf00", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Vertebrate samples sorted and tagged. Mollusk shells and soft body tissue separated. Insect specimens stored in proper vials with cotton and micro-vials, if necessary.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04.json deleted file mode 100644 index 3bacd57..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf05", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_1", - "definition": "As soon as specimens are slide-mounted they are already semi-processed, so there is no Level 1.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf06", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_2", - "definition": "Specimens were not cleared prior to mounting, or were improperly oriented on slide.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf07", - "parentId": "611286a1f0d1326bc2b4bf04", - "label": "Level_3", - "definition": "Specimens properly cleared and oriented on slide.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611d213fbfff3461918aba48.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611d213fbfff3461918aba48.json deleted file mode 100644 index db44784..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611d213fbfff3461918aba48.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611d242fbfff3461918aba4c", - "parentId": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "label": "False", - "definition": "Hazardous materials are not known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d242fbfff3461918aba4b", - "parentId": "611d213fbfff3461918aba48", - "label": "True", - "definition": "Hazardous materials are known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d.json b/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d.json deleted file mode 100644 index 76f3407..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/sciencebase-611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "611d3f7bbfff3461918aba4f", - "parentId": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "label": "False", - "definition": "Type specimens are not known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "611d3f7bbfff3461918aba4e", - "parentId": "611d3f2dbfff3461918aba4d", - "label": "True", - "definition": "Type specimens are known to exist in collection.", - "children": [] - } -] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/keywords/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json b/resources/keywords/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json deleted file mode 100644 index 80bcb42..0000000 --- a/resources/keywords/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6370 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "uuid": "734", - "label": "methods", - "definition": "Techniques, methods, procedures, or strategies for research, management, collection, or analysis of scientific information in USGS.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "189", - "label": "computational methods", - "definition": "Mathematical techniques used to analyze numerical data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "574", - "label": "image analysis", - "definition": "Pattern analysis of the shapes and textures of images to identify features and derive information about them.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2265", - "label": "structure from motion", - "definition": "Mathematical analysis, using photogrammetric principles, of multiple images that depict the same subject from different angles to derive geometrical information and relationships in three-dimensional space that are not inherent in any single image. Often used for deriving land elevation or large scale orthoimagery from a collection of aerial photographs.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "978", - "label": "relative abundance analysis", - "definition": "Determination of the percentage of individuals of one group in comparison to the total of all individuals in a given area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1085", - "label": "spatial analysis", - "definition": "Use of quantitative tools to study social, economic, and geographic data in relation to distributions and patterns in geographic space.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "472", - "label": "geospatial analysis", - "definition": "Detailed study of information such as measurements, counts, and computations as a function of geographical location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2092", - "label": "contouring", - "definition": "Derivation of contours, or other lines of constant value, that visually summarize the spatial variation of some characteristic over an area, for example elevation.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1101", - "label": "statistical analysis", - "definition": "Branch of mathematics concerned with techniques to collect and interpret data.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "616", - "label": "kriging", - "definition": "Statistical analysis technique which uses interpolation to best predict unknown data values from data observed at known locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "766", - "label": "multivariate statistical analysis", - "definition": "Statistical study using a number of independent variables or measurements of the same attribute.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "974", - "label": "regression analysis", - "definition": "Statistical analysis based on the functional relationships of two or more related variables. Predicts the value of one variable when the other two are given.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1171", - "label": "time series analysis", - "definition": "Statistical analysis using frequency distribution in which time is an independent variable. A sequence of observations collected at regular time intervals is studied.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1177", - "label": "topological analysis", - "definition": "Branch of geometry concerned with the properties of objects that do not change even when deformed, twisted, stretched or otherwise changed in shape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1284", - "label": "visualization methods", - "definition": "The application of two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphical techniques for the analysis and interpretation of complex numerical data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2275", - "label": "acid-base accounting", - "definition": "An analytical procedure that provides values to help assess the acid-producing and acid-neutralizing potential of overburden rocks prior to coal mining and other large-scale excavations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "376", - "label": "field methods", - "definition": "Research procedures and instrumental means to measure, collect data and samples, and observe in the natural areas where the materials, phenomena, structures, or species being studied occur.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "374", - "label": "field experiments", - "definition": "Deliberate arrangement of objects and events in the field to observe the behavioral response of natural systems or organisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1376", - "label": "tracer study", - "definition": "Experiments in which stable, easily detected substances or radioisotopes are added to a material to follow the movement of the substance in the environment or to detect any physical or chemical changes with time.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "375", - "label": "field inventory and monitoring", - "definition": "Repeated observation or sampling at a site, on a scheduled or event basis, for study and analysis. In general, this category excludes sampling programs in which materials are obtained in the field and brought back to a laboratory for study and analysis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "125", - "label": "borehole logging", - "definition": "Method of recording the physical characteristics of the subsurface as a function of depth by observations during drilling of a well or borehole, studying the resulting core, or by lowering instruments into a drilled hole.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "126", - "label": "borehole temperature logging", - "definition": "Method of recording the measured temperature of the subsurface as a function of depth by lowering instruments into the hole.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "325", - "label": "electrical resistivity logging", - "definition": "Recordings made to identify the composition of subterranean materials at different depths in a borehole by measuring their ability to resist the flow of an electric current.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "424", - "label": "gamma-ray logging", - "definition": "Recording of the measurements of natural gamma radiation emitted from the rocks in a borehole to study the subsurface structures.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "222", - "label": "CTD measurement", - "definition": "Instrumental determination of conductivity, temperature, and pressure as a function of depth to determine the salinity of seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "317", - "label": "ecosystem monitoring", - "definition": "Recording, evaluating, and actively intervening over time in the interaction of living and nonliving elements in a specific environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "672", - "label": "long-term ecological monitoring", - "definition": "Data collection over a period of years or decades to assess changes in selected biological communities and habitats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2299", - "label": "biomarkers", - "definition": "Biochemical, physiological, morphological, or histopathological characteristics of organisms that signify exposure to contaminants. Also used for biogeochemical measurements of rocks to detect biological origin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2300", - "label": "habitat suitability indices", - "definition": "Numerical values calculated for a given area representing the capacity of a habitat to support a given species, as the ratio of observed habitat conditions to optimum conditions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "326", - "label": "electromagnetic surveying", - "definition": "Method of determining the shape and constituency of near-surface earth structures by variations of responses of the materials to electrical and magnetic fields. Use for ground-based methods of imaging.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2084", - "label": "ground penetrating radar", - "definition": "Electromagnetic imaging instrument using radar to investigate shallow subsurface structure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2085", - "label": "magnetotelluric surveying", - "definition": "Passive geophysical technique that uses the earth's natural electromagnetic field to investigate the spatial variation of electrical resistivity in the subsurface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2086", - "label": "continuous resistivity profiling", - "definition": "Ship-based method of analyzing apparent resistivity of the sub-bottom (for example, spatial variation in pore-water salinity) by measuring the induced electromagnetic response to a current generated by the instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2087", - "label": "electrical resistivity imaging", - "definition": "Land-based resistivity survey where current is applied to the ground using an array of electrodes and apparent resistivity of the subsurface is measured, giving estimates of the spatial variability of resistivity (for example, variations in pore water salinity).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "527", - "label": "handheld field spectroscopy", - "definition": "Use of portable equipment to measure spectral reflectance of materials in the field.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1042", - "label": "seismic methods", - "definition": "Procedures used to record and study earthquakes or earth vibrations including those that are artificially induced.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1043", - "label": "seismic networking", - "definition": "Deploying, operating, and maintaining groups and arrays of instruments for detecting and describing local movements of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1045", - "label": "seismic reflection methods", - "definition": "Geophysical technique to study the subsurface of the earth using sound waves induced by explosives, vibrating devices, or percussive equipment. The reflections of the sound waves from the boundaries of different rocks are measured.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2054", - "label": "sub-bottom profiling", - "definition": "Methods of imaging the structure of sediments below the sea floor or lakebed using ship-borne or towed sensors with a variety of sound sources.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1047", - "label": "seismic refraction methods", - "definition": "Geophysical technique to study the subsurface of the earth by generating compressional waves by means of hammering or explosive methods. The variations in velocity of the waves traveling through rocks or geological layers are measured.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1083", - "label": "sonar methods", - "definition": "SOund Navigation And Ranging techniques to detect submerged objects and to determine depths to the bottom of a water body using reflections of sound waves.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2035", - "label": "single-beam echo sounder", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for determining seafloor or lakebed depth directly below the instrument platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2036", - "label": "multibeam sonar", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for determining depths or creating backscatter imagery in a wide swath of seafloor or lakebed centered below the instrument platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2037", - "label": "interferometric sonar", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for determining depths or creating backscatter imagery in a wide swath of seafloor or lakebed centered below the instrument platform.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2038", - "label": "sidescan sonar", - "definition": "Acoustic technique for creating oblique backscatter imagery of the seafloor or lakebed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1116", - "label": "stream-gage measurement", - "definition": "Use of specialized instruments designed for observing, checking, and recording the water discharge that occurs in a natural channel.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1148", - "label": "telemetry", - "definition": "Field technique using instruments which measure heat, radiation, speed, or other property and transmit the data to a distant receiver.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1169", - "label": "tiltmeter measurement", - "definition": "Determination of tiny changes in the slope angle or tilt of the ground in order to monitor deformation caused by moving magma. Instruments detect variations in a liquid level or in the position of a pendulum.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1273", - "label": "video monitoring", - "definition": "Field study employing the use of filming or repeated photography with stationary optical or digital cameras to observe changes in a feature or organism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1285", - "label": "vocalization methods", - "definition": "Series of methods used to (a) record sonograms (sound spectrogram) of animal sounds which are analyzed to identify the presence of species in an area and to determine distinct sound patterns within a species, e.g., mating calls, danger alerts; (b) attract species to an area for inventory or monitoring by playing recorded animal sounds or mimicking them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1353", - "label": "animal and plant census", - "definition": "Inventory of macroscopic animals and plants by observation in the field. Used to estimate population and distribution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1668", - "label": "gravimeter measurement", - "definition": "Use of a specialized instrument for measuring the earth's gravity at a given location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1669", - "label": "magnetometer measurement", - "definition": "Use of specialized instruments designed to measure the earth's magnetic field at a given location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1672", - "label": "optical methods", - "definition": "Measurement of light transmission or reflectance in the field to estimate, for example, the density of suspended sediment in water bodies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1716", - "label": "tomography", - "definition": "Observation of the internal structure of an object or, as is more typical in USGS research, a cross section of the earth's crust by changing the relative orientation of a signal generator, a sensor, or both.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1726", - "label": "acoustic doppler current profiling", - "definition": "Field monitoring of water currents using the doppler effect with acoustic instruments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2024", - "label": "statistical surveying", - "definition": "Information gathering by asking questions of selected people or organizations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "379", - "label": "field sampling", - "definition": "Collecting pieces or specimens or making measurements or observations at determined intervals or areas. Results may be used as representative of the whole research area or population.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "44", - "label": "animal tracking", - "definition": "Method of studying wildlife by following physical materials (spoor, footprints, droppings, scent) or remote monitoring of individuals or populations in an area to document the presence and movements of the animals and their interactions within the landscape.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "140", - "label": "capturing (animals)", - "definition": "Collecting individual animals in the field by various methods in order to obtain information about the species or population and its ecology. Capturing methods are adapted to the habits and habitats of the target species and include both live trapping and kill trapping methods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "281", - "label": "drilling and coring", - "definition": "Cutting into the subsurface, for example into underground strata, ice, or a tree trunk, to remove material for examination. Intended for broad use wherever coring is done. The combination of this term with other terms will convey the context of the activity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2060", - "label": "box coring", - "definition": "Use of a rectangular box pushed into soft sediment with a spade to facilitate lifting the sampled material, to isolate and extract relatively undisturbed underwater sediment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2061", - "label": "gravity coring", - "definition": "Use of a simple tube pushed into underwater sediments by an overhanging weight, to extract relatively undisturbed material for study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2062", - "label": "piston coring", - "definition": "Use of a piston mechanism and a weight with a triggering mechanism to drive a coring tube deep into underwater sediments for extraction and study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2063", - "label": "augering", - "definition": "Use of a device with rotating blades and possibly helical flanges to dig holes in unconsolidated material for subsurface sampling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2064", - "label": "push coring", - "definition": "Use of a small, hand-held tube pressed into unconsolidated material for sampling.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2065", - "label": "rotary drilling", - "definition": "Use of machinery to drive a rotating bit through earth materials in order to sample below the surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2066", - "label": "vibracoring", - "definition": "Application of vibration to a coring device in order to achieve greater penetration for sampling unconsolidated material.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "906", - "label": "plant and animal tagging", - "definition": "Methods of attaching a tag or marker to an organism as long-term identification for study purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "911", - "label": "plot sampling", - "definition": "Outlining small areas of land within a larger area to use as samples to study biological populations or ecosystems.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1054", - "label": "sexing (plants & animals)", - "definition": "Determination of the sex of an individual organism for study purposes, such as wildlife surveys.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1091", - "label": "specimen collecting", - "definition": "Taking of samples from the environment for study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1186", - "label": "transect sampling", - "definition": "Systematic method of collecting field data by recording observations or collecting specimens along a vector or measured course across the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1189", - "label": "trenching", - "definition": "Field method used by earth scientists to study the underground structure of an area. A long narrow ditch is dug to locate geologic features, such as a fault.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1309", - "label": "water sampling", - "definition": "Methods of collecting a representative part of a body of water for testing in controlled conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2032", - "label": "dredge sampling", - "definition": "Collection of material from the bottom of a body of water by dragging an open container along the floor of the water body and returning the collected material to the investigators.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2067", - "label": "grab sampling", - "definition": "Use of a mechanical device to seize a volume of unconsolidated surficial material for study. This term applies when the device used is specifically crafted for grab sampling.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "450", - "label": "geolocation measurement", - "definition": "Methods for establishing a geographic location on the surface of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "36", - "label": "altimetry measurement", - "definition": "The measurement of altitude, or height above mean sea level, using instruments such as aneroid barometers and radar altimeters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "82", - "label": "bathymetry measurement", - "definition": "Means of determining the depth to the floor of a body of water, especially the ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "492", - "label": "GPS measurement", - "definition": "Determination of distance and location using instruments receiving signals from the Global Positioning System, a system of satellites for identifying earth locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "627", - "label": "land surveying", - "definition": "Determining property boundaries, land area, elevations, and locations of features on the surface of the land by calculations based on the instrumental measurements of angles and distances or by use of global positional satellites.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2083", - "label": "LORAN-C navigation", - "definition": "Hyperbolic radio navigation system used for near-shore waters.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1351", - "label": "real-time monitoring and reporting", - "definition": "Gathering information through periodic or continuous measurement in the field to provide a view of current conditions. In some instances, observations may not be subject to rigorous review before release; this will be noted in the documentation accompanying the data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "619", - "label": "laboratory methods", - "definition": "Techniques to analyze and test samples in a place equipped and designed for the work.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "153", - "label": "chemical analysis", - "definition": "Chemical techniques used to identify the composition of substances.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "69", - "label": "atomic absorption analysis", - "definition": "Technique used to identify chemicals based on the measurement of the spectra produced by atoms and molecules with absorption of electromagnetic radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "158", - "label": "chromatography", - "definition": "Analytical techniques used to separate or partition the components of a gaseous or liquid mixture by differences in absorption rates during flow around or over surface absorbents such as columns of silica, filter papers, or gels.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "426", - "label": "gas chromatography", - "definition": "Chromatographic technique used to separate or partition the components of a mixture. Solid and liquid samples are vaporized and passed through a column containing a liquid that differentially absorbs the molecules.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "662", - "label": "liquid chromatography", - "definition": "Chromatographic technique to separate or partition the components of a mixture in which samples are liquid and passed through a column.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "276", - "label": "DNA sequencing", - "definition": "Biochemical procedure to determine the order of nucleotides in genes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "328", - "label": "electrophoresis", - "definition": "Analytical technique to separate and identify components in a mixture using the differential migration of molecules based on their net charge through a paper or gel medium.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "400", - "label": "flow cytometry", - "definition": "Laboratory technique to determine the amount of DNA in cells tagged by fluorescent dye by measuring the intensity of fluorescence under a laser beam.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "711", - "label": "mass spectroscopy", - "definition": "Instrumental technique to separate and identify molecules. Gaseous ions are formed, with or without fragmentation. Their mass/charge ratios and relative electrical abundance are then measured or the spectra are recorded.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "783", - "label": "neutron activation analysis", - "definition": "Sensitive laboratory technique for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in samples. Target nuclei are bombarded with neutron beams to start nuclear reactions which emit characteristic gamma ray radiations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "872", - "label": "particle-beam spectroscopy", - "definition": "Analytical technique using a concentrated beam of charged subatomic particles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "919", - "label": "polymerase chain reaction", - "definition": "Biochemical technique that uses enzymes to replicate new nucleotides of DNA from DNA triphosphates using DNA as a template.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1337", - "label": "x-ray diffraction", - "definition": "Study of crystals which uses short wave electromagnetic radiations (x-rays). The xrays, scattered by the crystal atoms, show a characteristic interference pattern that is dependent upon the structure of the crystal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1342", - "label": "atomic emission spectroscopy", - "definition": "Chemical detection of element concentration by examining the intensity and wavelength of light emitted from the sample when gaseous sample is ionized and maintained in a plasma state.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2001", - "label": "x-ray fluorescence", - "definition": "Estimation of chemical element concentration by measuring the energy level of secondary X-rays generated when the sample is bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "212", - "label": "core analysis", - "definition": "Study of the composition and layers of cylindrical samples of rocks, trees, ice, and other materials extracted by drilling into a mass. Intended for broad use for the analysis of all types of core samples. The combination of this term with other terms will convey the context of the activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "224", - "label": "culturing (specimens)", - "definition": "Growing microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a specially prepared nutrient medium for diagnostic or scientific use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "370", - "label": "faunal and floral census (microscopic)", - "definition": "Records of counts of the different microscopic species in a core, soil, sediment, rock or water sample to determine geologic age or other characteristic of the sample. Use for microscopic examinations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "493", - "label": "grain-size analysis", - "definition": "Method of studying soils, sediments, sands, or rock by determining the size, distribution, and proportion of selected particles.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1062", - "label": "sieve-size analysis", - "definition": "Analytic technique determining the distribution of the different sizes of particles in soil, sediment, or rock samples by measuring the percentage that will pass through mesh holes of known size.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "609", - "label": "isotopic analysis", - "definition": "Experimental determination of the proportion of a given isotope (or isotopes) in a sample.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "654", - "label": "light stable isotope analysis", - "definition": "Analytical technique using mass spectrometry to measure the different isotopic forms of low mass (light) elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur that occur in samples.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "86", - "label": "beryllium isotope analysis", - "definition": "Method of age determination based on measurement of the activity of beryllium-10, used in dating deep-sea sediments, and in determining sedimentation rates.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "142", - "label": "carbon isotope analysis", - "definition": "Experimental determination of the proportion of a given stable carbon isotope (C12 or C13) in a sample.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "855", - "label": "oxygen isotope analysis", - "definition": "Experimental determination of the proportion of a given stable oxygen isotope in a sample.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1191", - "label": "tritium analysis", - "definition": "Mass spectrometric measurement of the decay of the radioactive isotope of hydrogen in water samples as a means of dating and investigating changes in water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "954", - "label": "radiometric dating", - "definition": "Methods for age determination of rocks and fossils by measuring the proportions of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes to their decay products.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "143", - "label": "carbon-14 analysis", - "definition": "Method to determine the age of organic geologic and archaeological specimens, aged approximately 3,000 to 50,000 years, by determining the decay of the radioactive isotope carbon-14.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1007", - "label": "rubidium-strontium analysis", - "definition": "Technique for dating ancient rocks based on measuring the ratio of the isotopes strontium-87 to ribidium-87 in samples. Uses the known half-life of radioactive isotopes of rubidium-87 that decay to isotopes of strontium-87 to determine rock ages.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1202", - "label": "uranium-lead analysis", - "definition": "Radiometric dating technique to determine the age of earth materials from the ratio of the radioactive isotopes of uranium-235 or uranium-238 to the lead isotope decay products in the sample. The ratio is compared to the known half-life of the uranium isotopes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1203", - "label": "uranium-thorium analysis", - "definition": "Radiometric dating technique used to determine the age of earth materials based on determining the ratio of uranium-238 to the decay product thorium-230. The ratio is compared to the known half-life of the uranium isotope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1374", - "label": "potassium-argon analysis", - "definition": "Radiometric age determination by comparison of the concentrations of radioactive potassium and argon daughter products.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "721", - "label": "meristics", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with classifying animals by counting and measuring body parts.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "740", - "label": "microscopy", - "definition": "Laboratory methods using instruments that employ optical lenses or radiation to study objects too small to be seen by the naked eye.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "327", - "label": "electron microscopy", - "definition": "Study of small particles of matter with a microscope that produces a magnified image by using a beam of electrons focused by magnetic lenses.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1014", - "label": "scanning electron microscopy", - "definition": "Microscope in which a finely focused beam of electrons is scanned across a specimen. The electronic intensity variations observed are used to construct an image of the specimen.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "835", - "label": "optical microscopy", - "definition": "Scientific techniques using a microscope with one or more lenses illuminated with visible light to view small objects.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "741", - "label": "microtomy", - "definition": "Laboratory methods using special instruments, or microtomes, to cut very thin slices of specimens for microscopic studies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "860", - "label": "paleomagnetic analysis", - "definition": "Determination of the intensity and direction of residual magnetism in rocks to study changes in the earth's magnetic field during past geologic time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "225", - "label": "Curie temperature analysis", - "definition": "Analysis of rock specimens using the Curie temperature point above which ferromagnetic materials lose permanent magnetism.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "620", - "label": "laboratory-induced magnetization analysis", - "definition": "Laboratory method to study rocks using magnetometers to measure remanent magnetic fields induced in the samples.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "678", - "label": "magnetic hysteresis analysis", - "definition": "Nondestructive evaluation of ferromagnetic materials. The evaluation is based on measurement of the variation of intensity of magnetization within an applied magnetic field due to changes in the magnetic domain structure of the materials under study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "680", - "label": "magnetic susceptibility analysis", - "definition": "Nondestructive evaluation and location of magnetic materials in rock based on measuring the intensity of attraction of the materials to an induced magnetic field. Applications include geological and soil surveys, paleomagnetic studies, sedimentology, archaeological prospecting and core logging.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "771", - "label": "natural remanent magnetization analysis", - "definition": "Method which measures the intensity and direction of residual magnetism in rocks to determine their age and history.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "880", - "label": "petrography", - "definition": "Use of optical microscopy for the description and classification of rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "907", - "label": "plant and animal testing", - "definition": "Use of live or dead organisms for scientific study.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1160", - "label": "therapeutic methods", - "definition": "Methods of restoring health with remedial agents or treatments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1188", - "label": "tree ring analysis", - "definition": "Study of the variations in width and number of tree rings to date historical events and to study periods of climatic and hydrologic changes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1670", - "label": "camera calibration", - "definition": "Optical calibration of cameras that are typically used in airborne remote sensing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1680", - "label": "age estimation methods", - "definition": "Methods used to determine the age of earth materials, typically by laboratory analysis of properties of those materials.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "393", - "label": "fission-track dating", - "definition": "Laboratory technique for determining the age of rocks and other geological materials by counts of spontaneous and induced fission tracks left by the radioactive isotope uranium-238.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1677", - "label": "luminescence dating", - "definition": "Dating methods that involve the analysis of the optical properties of minerals exposed to environmental radiation. Typically used to determine the age of subaerial exposure of surficial sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1681", - "label": "tephrochronology", - "definition": "Age determination of rocks and deposits by correlation of volcanic ash layers (tephra) that bound the deposits below and above.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1713", - "label": "sclerochronology", - "definition": "Description of the history of individual organisms by studying the variations in thickness of accretionary layers in their skeletons.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2082", - "label": "subsampling", - "definition": "Preparation of study materials by dividing or slicing cores, samples, or other collected materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2088", - "label": "laboratory experiments", - "definition": "Procedures carried out in a laboratory under controlled conditions to test specific scientific hypotheses.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "689", - "label": "management methods", - "definition": "Techniques of judiciously controlling or directing resources for a predetermined goal.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "237", - "label": "decision support methods", - "definition": "Mathematical, analytical, and social procedures used to aid groups and individuals in the process of making decisions. Includes protocols for discussion and mechanisms for facilitating communication among disparate groups as well as mechanical and technological aids to analysis and understanding.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2030", - "label": "ecosystem services valuation", - "definition": "Assessment of the value of ecosystem functions in supporting, sustaining, or enriching life.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "343", - "label": "environmental assessment", - "definition": "The evaluation of the status of a specific ecosystem or geographic area and how a proposed change in management or a proposed project will affect that status.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1380", - "label": "TMDL", - "definition": "A calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water-quality standards.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "530", - "label": "hazard preparedness", - "definition": "Awareness of the consequences of hazards and actions to be taken before, during, or after hazards occur or are encountered.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "301", - "label": "earthquake preparedness", - "definition": "Awareness of the consequences of earthquake events and actions to be taken before, during, or after events.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1694", - "label": "aviation safety", - "definition": "Effects on air transportation of natural hazards such as volcanic activity (ash plumes and volcanic clouds).", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "584", - "label": "information technology methods", - "definition": "Information-related concerns on which people focus their work in support of scientific investigations and research.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2002", - "label": "data management", - "definition": "Activities focused on the creation, documentation, and preservation of scientific data with the intent that the data continue to be usable in the future.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2013", - "label": "improvement of scientific data usability", - "definition": "Retrospective modification of the structure, format, packaging, or documentation of an existing scientific data resource to improve the likelihood of effective use of the data by individuals or organizations who did not create the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2014", - "label": "data preservation", - "definition": "Design, development, and implementation of methods for ensuring that scientific information remain accessible and usable despite changes in technology and strategic directions in the originating organzation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2016", - "label": "data rescue", - "definition": "Reduction of the risk that scientific information will be lost or become unusable in the future. Includes copying data from unstable to stable media, conversion of data files from unusable to usable formats, and creation of metadata allowing further changes to the data and other characteristics to be documented.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2015", - "label": "metadata management", - "definition": "Curation and maintenance of the documentation for scientific information resources. Includes editing the metadata to improve consistency, completeness, and correctness, and modification of the structure of the documentation to improve its effectiveness in actual use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2051", - "label": "digitization", - "definition": "Compilation in digital form of data previously presented in analog forms such as contours on paper maps, plots, or other graphical materials, so that the digital data produced approximates the scientific measurements used to create the original printed materials.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2003", - "label": "information system administration", - "definition": "Design, deployment, and maintenance of computing systems that support creation, maintenance, and use of scientific information.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2017", - "label": "database administration", - "definition": "Design and implementation of strategies for arranging information within database management systems (including but not restricted to relational database management systems) so that the integrity and consistency of the information supports its intended uses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2018", - "label": "network administration", - "definition": "Methods for ensuring that computers communicate effectively with one another and follow established standards and guidelines for ensuring integrity in exchanging information and efficiency in operation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2019", - "label": "information system security", - "definition": "Methods for ensuring that information systems are used for their intended purpose by those entitled to use them and that the information they contain retains its integrity and, where appropriate, confidentiality.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2004", - "label": "data communication", - "definition": "Design, development, and deployment of methods to convey scientific information to potential users.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2006", - "label": "social network development", - "definition": "Design and use of software and interfaces that facilitate interchange of information among people or organizations that produce scientific data and the potential users of those data. Primarily refers to interactive web interfaces and services that enable discussion, collaboration, and comment on the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2007", - "label": "web interface development", - "definition": "Design of user interfaces for scientific information that are accessed using web browser software.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2010", - "label": "data packaging", - "definition": "Design of the structure, format, and arrangement of scientific data in digital files in order to facilitate their transfer and effective use by people and organizations other than the originators.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2008", - "label": "web service development", - "definition": "Design and deployment of data services accessed using the hypertext transfer protocol.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2009", - "label": "markup and query language development", - "definition": "Design of the structure and format of digital queries and responses concerning scientific data resources. Refers to exchanges in which the structure and content of the queries is interpreted by software both when generated and when received.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2005", - "label": "data integration", - "definition": "Strategies which, when implemented, enable disparate data to be combined in a single analysis. Includes combination of similar data from small components into larger, coherent assemblages as well as recognizing and exploiting relationships linking or connecting data that are maintained separately. May include efforts to make scientific information more easily found and obtained.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2011", - "label": "information architecture", - "definition": "Design of conceptual, logical, and physical information system components (both data and software) to support effective maintenance, integration, or use of the data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2012", - "label": "knowledge organization system development", - "definition": "Design and development of information systems that represent and relate concepts needed to identify, specify, organize, categorize, or characterize scientific information effectively. Includes development of controlled vocabularies as well as hierarchical and networked concept schemes such as thesauri and ontologies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2020", - "label": "software development", - "definition": "Design and development of procedures and instructions by which information is modified or presented.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "776", - "label": "natural resource management", - "definition": "Using a combination of techniques to control or direct the use of resources and limit population size to reach a predetermined goal, such as sustainability.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "107", - "label": "biological population management", - "definition": "Judicious means of controlling or directing numbers and life conditions of organisms living in a specific locality to achieve a selected goal.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "390", - "label": "fishery management", - "definition": "Controlling or directing numbers and life conditions of fish living in a specific locality to achieve a selected goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "977", - "label": "reintroduction (organisms)", - "definition": "Return of a species to an area through the intervention of man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1333", - "label": "wildlife population management", - "definition": "Monitoring and control of wildlife as a sustainable natural asset.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "422", - "label": "game management", - "definition": "Scientific monitoring and control of hunted wildlife.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1685", - "label": "pest control", - "definition": "Intentional reduction in the abundance of specific harmful organisms in a given area.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "203", - "label": "controlled flooding", - "definition": "The deliberate inundation of land or wetland, or an increase in river flow below dams for restoration or research purposes. Do not confuse with flood control.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "316", - "label": "ecosystem management", - "definition": "Means of controlling or directing human practices, species populations, and physical environment within an ecosystem to achieve a selected state of sustainability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "773", - "label": "natural resource assessment", - "definition": "Estimation of the actual or potential value of natural materials and processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2294", - "label": "carbon dioxide storage assessment", - "definition": "Estimates of the storage capacity of carbon dioxide in geologic units at depths of 3,000 to 13,000 feet that are capable of maintaining carbon dioxide in a supercritical state.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "980", - "label": "remediation", - "definition": "Methods for decontaminating, reclaiming, and restoring natural resources or reducing the effects of hazards.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "113", - "label": "bioremediation", - "definition": "Use of biological methods, usually involving microorganisms, to break down or neutralize contaminants in soil, water, and wastes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1307", - "label": "water resource management", - "definition": "Methods of controlling or directing resources and activities related to water for a predetermined goal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1318", - "label": "watershed management", - "definition": "Controlling and directing the resources and activities associated with the land and streams of a drainage basin to maintain the supply and quality of water and prevent floods, erosions, and other destructive conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1357", - "label": "fire control", - "definition": "Human intervention to restrict or prevent fires in forests and grasslands.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "202", - "label": "controlled fires", - "definition": "Prescribed burns used to burn trees, brush, and undergrowth that would fuel a large wildfire. Do not confuse this term with 'fire control'. It is one of the tools used in fire control.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2047", - "label": "beach nourishment", - "definition": "Transfer of sand from offshore areas to resupply beach areas that have been eroded.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "997", - "label": "risk assessment", - "definition": "The evaluation of the likelihood of adverse effects due to a given factor such as energy development or recurring hazardous events such as earthquakes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "302", - "label": "earthquake probabilities", - "definition": "That aspect of seismology that deals with the physical conditions or indications that precede an earthquake, in order to predict its probability, size, time, and location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "637", - "label": "landslide susceptibility assessment", - "definition": "Estimation of the probability of occurrence and likely severity of landslides in a given area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1698", - "label": "volcanic eruption prediction", - "definition": "Estimation of future volcanic activity using geological and geophysical observations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2073", - "label": "mitigation of coastal hazards", - "definition": "Actions taken to reduce risk of physical disruption in coastal environments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2074", - "label": "hard shoreline stabilization", - "definition": "Use of engineered structures to armor or otherwise protect the shoreline against erosional agents such as waves and currents. Includes breakwaters, bulkheads, seawalls, groins, jetties, and revetments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2075", - "label": "soft shoreline stabilization", - "definition": "Mitigating coastal erosion by managing the sediment budget (for example, beach nourishment or sand bypassing) or restoring dunes and wetlands (for example, by planting erosion-resistant vegetation).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2076", - "label": "coastal infrastructure relocation", - "definition": "Landward relocation of infrastructure to reduce the risk from coastal hazards.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2261", - "label": "adaptive management", - "definition": "A decision-making process aiming to reduce uncertainty through system monitoring and feedback, used for environmental or resource management.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "889", - "label": "photography", - "definition": "Process of using digital or film cameras to collect images of objects.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1201", - "label": "underwater photography", - "definition": "Photographs taken below the water surface, usually in marine, lacustrine, and estuarine environments. Subjects are typically benthic organisms and sedimentary structures on the bottom.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "981", - "label": "remote sensing", - "definition": "Acquiring information about a natural feature or phenomenon, such as the Earth's surface, without actually being in contact with it. USGS remote sensing is usually carried out with airborne or spaceborne sensors or cameras.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "15", - "label": "aerial photography", - "definition": "The process of taking pictures with a camera from an aircraft. Use for both the process of photography from the air and the images produced by the process.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "18", - "label": "aeromagnetic surveying", - "definition": "Mapping of the earth's magnetic field with the use of airborne electronic magnetometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "19", - "label": "aeroradiometric surveying", - "definition": "Mapping of gamma radiation from the earth's surface with airborne scintillation meters or gamma-ray spectrometers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "563", - "label": "hyperspectral imaging", - "definition": "Multispectral imaging technique that records many bands of imagery at very narrow bandwidths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "571", - "label": "IFSAR", - "definition": "Interferometric comparison of radar reflectance imagery of the same area at different times to determine changes in the land surface, typically from a space-borne sensor.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "588", - "label": "infrared imaging", - "definition": "Method of remote sensing in which optical sensors produce visible representations of infrared rays or radiated heat from the observed objects and the temperature variations are represented by different colors in the image.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "74", - "label": "AVHRR", - "definition": "Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer or broad-band, four or five channel scanner, sensing in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This information is used to estimate characteristics of the land and sea surface such as temperature and overall health of vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1379", - "label": "AVIRIS", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "648", - "label": "lidar", - "definition": "Light detection and ranging, an airborne, spaceborne or ground-based laser-ranging technique commonly used for acquiring high-resolution topographic data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "742", - "label": "microwave imaging", - "definition": "Remote sensing method using short high frequency electromagnetic waves reflected or radiated from the ground.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1069", - "label": "SMMR", - "definition": "Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), a technique which uses a multichannel microwave radiometer mounted on an airplane or satellite to measure polarized microwave radiances from the atmosphere, seas or land. Temperatures, wind speeds, sea ice coverage, and terrain parameters can be obtained.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1097", - "label": "SSM/I", - "definition": "Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), technique using passive microwave radiometers aboard satellites to measure the microwave reflectivity of the earth, oceans, and the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "765", - "label": "multispectral imaging", - "definition": "A method of remote sensing that obtains optical representations in two or more ranges of frequencies or wave lengths.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "867", - "label": "panchromatic imaging", - "definition": "Photographic technique which uses emulsions, films, or plates sensitive to all colors in light to produce black-and-white photographs. Often used in aerial and satellite photography.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "948", - "label": "radar imaging", - "definition": "A remote sensing technique which uses the reflection of pulsed high frequency radio waves to determine the speed, direction, and distance of faraway objects.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1064", - "label": "SLAR", - "definition": "Side-looking Airborne Radar, an airborne radar imaging technique, uses an antenna mounted on an airplane or satellite to project radiation at right angles to the flight path and collect high resolution images.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1727", - "label": "doppler radar imaging", - "definition": "Exploitation of the doppler effect in radar imaging to determine speed of airborne objects such as birds, butterflies, and clouds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1161", - "label": "thermal imaging", - "definition": "Remote sensing techniques using instruments to measure emitted thermal radiation to form images of the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1281", - "label": "visible light imaging", - "definition": "Remote sensing methods using electromagnetic radiation which is visible to the human eye to react with the coating on a photographic plate or film.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1276", - "label": "videography", - "definition": "The process of recording and editing analog or digital video.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2079", - "label": "scientific interpretation", - "definition": "Application of scientific judgment as to the meaning of observations or models. Use for interpretations that are provided in formats similar to data, such as geospatial data.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2278", - "label": "environmental proxies", - "definition": "Biological, chemical, or physical features whose presence, characteristics, or behavior reflect environmental parameters of interest that cannot be readily or efficiently observed or measured directly.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2285", - "label": "modeling", - "definition": "Human-constructed representation of processes, phenomena, or objects so that the behaviors, characteristics and relationships among things that are being studied can be understood without exhaustive data collection and analysis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "713", - "label": "mathematical modeling", - "definition": "Operational representation of a system in which the characteristics and behaviors of the component processes, phenomena, or objects, understood using mathematical relationships, are represented by numerical values (measured or hypothetical), so that calculations carried out using them return numerical estimates of system parameters that were not measured directly.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "715", - "label": "mathematical simulation", - "definition": "A computer algorithm or model, which was created to represent a simplified version of a real world situation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2298", - "label": "inverse modeling", - "definition": "An iterative approach to estimate the form and characteristics of a physical system explained by observations or measurements. Frequently used to determine a subsurface geological structure from measurements of physical properties obtained at or near the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2286", - "label": "conceptual modeling", - "definition": "Representation of a system indicating the relationships among concepts, objects, or processes involved in the system, used to help people understand or simulate the system it represents. Often realized using diagrams or generalized schemas.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2289", - "label": "state and transition modeling", - "definition": "Modeling of systems such as ecosystems to predict the consequences of natural events and management actions by describing how specified events and actions may change the components and relationships in the system.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2287", - "label": "physical modeling", - "definition": "Physical arrangement of materials or objects, to enact processes involving them. The system is understood by observing and reporting the resulting arrangement, behavior, and composition of those materials or objects.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "808", - "label": "product types", - "definition": "General representation of the information in a resource, such as a map or data set.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "148", - "label": "catalogs and indexes", - "definition": "Detailed enumeration of related items listed in a given order, or alphabetical lists of topics used for information retrieval.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "87", - "label": "bibliographies", - "definition": "List of publications on a given topic, by an author or group, or published in a specific time period. Limited here to lists primarily of paper documents.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "263", - "label": "directories", - "definition": "Searchable lists of people, typically USGS staff.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1720", - "label": "gazetteers", - "definition": "Indexed collections of geographic names.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "235", - "label": "datasets", - "definition": "Digital information in a format suitable for direct input to software that can analyze its meaning in the scientific, engineering, or business context for which the data were collected.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "474", - "label": "geospatial datasets", - "definition": "Collections of related digital information that are geographically referenced.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2041", - "label": "digital elevation models", - "definition": "Gridded elevation, geographically referenced to the surface of the earth, as digital data", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2078", - "label": "navigational data", - "definition": "Geospatial data indicating the locations of instruments, vessels, aircraft, or other vehicles used to collect scientific observations. These data include horizontal coordinates in sequence, and may include time or vertical position.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2093", - "label": "study areas", - "definition": "Geospatial data describing the areas from which samples were taken or observations were made, typically polygonal. May be approximate, as in bounding coordinates, or precise.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2297", - "label": "assessment units", - "definition": "Geographic areas for which a valuable resource is estimated. Frequently defined in two or more dimensions, for example specifying underground formations in a given geographic area. Functions or services may be estimated in addition to material resources.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "555", - "label": "hydrographic datasets", - "definition": "Datasets for graphs showing variation of water elevation, velocity, streamflow, or other property of water with respect to time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1172", - "label": "time series datasets", - "definition": "Digital information describing observations taken at specified time intervals. The time interval may be regular or variable; the type of observed phenomena and the location are typically constant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2081", - "label": "profiles", - "definition": "Observations or calculations given for a series of depths, at or near the same horizontal position.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "277", - "label": "reports", - "definition": "Written items, especially those that are official, factual, or informative, often including graphics as well as text.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "152", - "label": "checklists", - "definition": "Inventories or lists of related items for checking off or reference.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "519", - "label": "guidebooks", - "definition": "Books intended to direct and instruct travelers in a given area and often geared to special interests, such as observing local birds, understanding geological features, or locating endemic plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "691", - "label": "manuals", - "definition": "Documents giving instructions on using specified equipment or accomplishing specified tasks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1099", - "label": "standards", - "definition": "An object or instrument of known properties used as a model, for comparison, or a set of rules used to assure quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1754", - "label": "conference proceedings", - "definition": "Collections of abstracts or papers given during a specific meeting, conference, or workshop.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1755", - "label": "strategic plans", - "definition": "Documents describing overall strategy, not presenting substantive scientific findings.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "575", - "label": "image collections", - "definition": "Visible representations of objects or earth properties produced by cameras, spectral instruments, or as graphical representations of measurements.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2046", - "label": "image mosaics", - "definition": "Composite images formed by overlapping existing images, typically arranged to achieve greater spatial coverage.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "700", - "label": "maps and atlases", - "definition": "Representation, usually on a flat surface, of a part or whole of the Earth or other parts of the universe. Collections of maps linked digitally or bound together in a book are called atlases.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1748", - "label": "geologic maps", - "definition": "Maps depicting geological characteristics of the earth's surface, including lithology, geologic structure, age, and the results of crustal processes. Used where the product includes a depiction of the map as a whole, not for data sets that could be used to create a map.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1749", - "label": "topographic maps", - "definition": "Maps depicting the elevation and relief of the land surface or depth of a water body (bathymetry) in an area, usually shown using contour lines. Typically these maps include manmade features and administrative boundaries as well as vegetation and hydrographic features.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "924", - "label": "posters", - "definition": "Large single sheets of paper or board imprinted with informative text and graphics. Intended for hanging or flat display.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1077", - "label": "scientific software", - "definition": "Routines, programs, and procedures devised in order to direct computers to perform specific tasks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1349", - "label": "official communications", - "definition": "Corporate releases of information by USGS not generally intended to document the details of scientific data or techniques for a scientific audience.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "787", - "label": "news releases", - "definition": "Short information memoranda issued by organizations to highlight new activities, appointments, or discoveries for the news media.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "913", - "label": "policies and regulations", - "definition": "Rules, orders, and procedures issued by organizations or governments for administrative, controlling, and managing purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1092", - "label": "speeches and testimony", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1350", - "label": "videos", - "definition": "Animation or other motion pictures, including videotape and DVD products.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1729", - "label": "materials standards", - "definition": "Physical materials such as chemicals, rocks, water, or biological materials that are used for reference when carrying out laboratory analysis.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1738", - "label": "presentation materials", - "definition": "Diagrams, photos, and text gathered together as part of a presentation given in a meeting or class.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1739", - "label": "sound recordings", - "definition": "Information presented in a format for listening by the user.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1740", - "label": "animations", - "definition": "Graphical representation of scientific data presented as a timed sequence of visual images, normally without sound.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1744", - "label": "terminologies and classifications", - "definition": "Collections of terms often including definitions or scope notes, with some stated relationships among terms", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1745", - "label": "geologic time scales", - "definition": "Named divisions of geologic time used to specify relationships among geologic units and structural features", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2077", - "label": "field activity logs", - "definition": "Operational records for observation, inventory, sampling, or monitoring activities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1019", - "label": "sciences", - "definition": "Major educational fields, fields of study, and professional groupings within USGS.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "291", - "label": "earth sciences", - "definition": "Broad term for all science related to the study of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "68", - "label": "atmospheric sciences", - "definition": "Studies relating to composition, structure, physics, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "170", - "label": "climatology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the characteristic weather conditions of geographic areas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "731", - "label": "meteorology", - "definition": "Branch of science dealing with the short-term variations of atmospheric conditions including wind, precipitation, temperature, humidity, cloud cover, and air pressure.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "437", - "label": "geochemistry", - "definition": "Study of the distribution of chemical elements and natural compounds on the earth and in the atmosphere and the chemical processes that affect the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1078", - "label": "soil chemistry", - "definition": "Branch of chemistry concerned with the elements and compounds that make up soils. Includes chemical processes involving soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1298", - "label": "water chemistry", - "definition": "Branch of chemistry that deals with the elements and compounds in water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "703", - "label": "marine chemistry", - "definition": "Branch of chemistry that deals with the properties, composition, structure, and interaction of substances in the seas and oceans.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "447", - "label": "geography", - "definition": "Study of the earth's landforms, topography, and climate, the distribution of flora and fauna, and the distribution, culture, and activities of human populations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "147", - "label": "cartography", - "definition": "The science and art of making maps.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1679", - "label": "paleogeography", - "definition": "Study of the history of earth surface characteristics; geomorphology in the past.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "464", - "label": "geology", - "definition": "Study of the planet earth, its composition, structure, physical and chemical processes, and history since its origin.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "312", - "label": "economic geology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the formation, location, and use of marketable geologic materials including fuels, metals, minerals, and water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "438", - "label": "geochronology", - "definition": "Study of the age of the earth by dating geological formations, rocks, and fossils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "468", - "label": "geomorphology", - "definition": "Branch of geology dealing with surface land features and the processes that create and change them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "554", - "label": "hydrogeology", - "definition": "Study of subsurface waters and geologic aspects of surface waters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "706", - "label": "marine geology", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the composition, geologic history, and earth processes of the ocean floor and the continental margin.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "747", - "label": "mineralogy", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the study of naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "883", - "label": "petrology", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the origin, structure, alteration, and composition of rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1037", - "label": "sedimentology", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the study of the origin, composition, transport, and changes of materials deposited by water, wind, or ice.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1104", - "label": "stratigraphy", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the study of the formation, composition, ordering in time, and arrangement in space of stratified rocks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "115", - "label": "biostratigraphy", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the separation and differentiation of rock units based on the fossils they contain.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "668", - "label": "lithostratigraphy", - "definition": "Branch of stratigraphy dealing with the study of units of rock. Each unit is composed of a body of rock which is dominated by a certain lithology or similar color, mineralogic composition, and grain size.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1117", - "label": "structural geology", - "definition": "Branch of geology concerned with the distribution, position, shape, and internal structure of rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1289", - "label": "volcanology", - "definition": "The branch of geology that deals with volcanism and the processes involved in magma flow and eruption through a vent in the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "470", - "label": "geophysics", - "definition": "Branch of geology studying the physical characteristics and phenomena of the earth and its atmosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "440", - "label": "geodesy", - "definition": "Branch of science dealing with measuring the earth or large areas of the earth for making maps, determining the size and shape of the earth, and correlating gravitational, geological, and magnetic surveys of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "707", - "label": "marine geophysics", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the physical processes of the oceans and continental margins. We include here studies of large bodies of brackish and fresh water, such as lakes and rivers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1050", - "label": "seismology", - "definition": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the study of earthquakes and man-induced seismic waves.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "862", - "label": "paleoseismology", - "definition": "Branch of seismology concerned with ancient earthquakes. Clues which indicate seismic activities in the geologic past are used to date and determine the effects of those earthquakes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1147", - "label": "tectonophysics", - "definition": "Branch of geophysics concerned with the structural forces affecting the deformation, uplift, and movement of the earth's crust.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "484", - "label": "glaciology", - "definition": "Science dealing with the features, origins, processes, and properties of snow, ice, glaciers, and ice sheets.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "560", - "label": "hydrology", - "definition": "Branch of earth science that deals with water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground, and underground.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1678", - "label": "hydrodynamics", - "definition": "Principles of fluid dynamics applied to water bodies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "657", - "label": "limnology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the physical and biological characteristics of inland bodies of water such as lakes and ponds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "818", - "label": "ocean sciences", - "definition": "Sciences involved in the study of geological, biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and processes of the oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "859", - "label": "paleoceanography", - "definition": "Study of the oceans in the geologic past, including their physical, chemical, biologic, and geologic history.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "861", - "label": "paleontology", - "definition": "Study of life in past geologic time based on fossil plants and animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "604", - "label": "invertebrate paleontology", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology which deals with fossil animals without backbones.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "738", - "label": "micropaleontology", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology dealing with fossils too small to be seen without a microscope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "858", - "label": "paleobotany", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology concerned with the study of fossil plants and plant life in the geologic past.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1267", - "label": "vertebrate paleontology", - "definition": "Branch of paleontology dealing with fossil animals that have spinal columns.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1081", - "label": "soil sciences", - "definition": "Earth sciences dealing with the origin, classification, physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "339", - "label": "engineering sciences", - "definition": "Sciences involved in the application of scientific and mathematical principles to construction, machinery, mechanical design, mining and manufacturing processes and other practical activities.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "337", - "label": "engineering geology", - "definition": "Branch of geology involved in the application of soil and rock mechanics, natural hazards, and other geological studies to the practice of engineering and construction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "550", - "label": "hydraulic engineering", - "definition": "Branch of engineering which applies the physical properties of fluids, such as flow and pressure, to the design and use of machinery, pumps, pipelines, etc.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "585", - "label": "information sciences", - "definition": "Sciences dealing with the compilation, processing, classification, display, transmission, storage, and retrieval of recorded knowledge.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "103", - "label": "biological informatics", - "definition": "Development and use of computer, statistical, and other tools in the collection, organization, dissemination, and use of information to solve problems in the life sciences.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "190", - "label": "computer science", - "definition": "Study of computers, including their design (architecture), uses (computations, data processing), and systems control.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "650", - "label": "life sciences", - "definition": "Branches of science that study living and fossil organisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "39", - "label": "anatomy and physiology", - "definition": "Study of the body structures (anatomy) and life functions and activities (physiology)of plants and animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "334", - "label": "endocrinology", - "definition": "Study of the collection of ductless glands that secrete hormones which influence growth, gender, sexual maturity, and other attributes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "540", - "label": "histology", - "definition": "Branch of anatomy concerned with the microscopic structure of plant and animal tissue.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "576", - "label": "immunology", - "definition": "Branch of biology which studies the body's production of lymphocytes, antibodies, and macrophages in response to foreign substances or pathogenic organisms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "53", - "label": "aquatic biology", - "definition": "The scientific study of organisms living in or near water. This term is to be used for the science of 'aquatic biology' and for biological studies in fresh and brackish water. For marine biological studies, use 'marine biology'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "89", - "label": "biochemistry", - "definition": "Study of chemical processes that occur within or are mediated by living organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "127", - "label": "botany", - "definition": "The science of plants.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "865", - "label": "palynology", - "definition": "Branch of botany concerned with the study of pollen and spores, especially fossil remains. These are used to study plant life and dispersal in geologic history and to date deposits.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "890", - "label": "phycology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of algae.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "151", - "label": "cell biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology that deals with the study of the formation, structure, and physiology of cells.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "247", - "label": "developmental biology", - "definition": "Scientific study of the processes related to the transformation of living organisms from single cells to complex multi-celled individuals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "311", - "label": "ecology", - "definition": "Study of the relations between living plants and animals and their environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "320", - "label": "ecotoxicology", - "definition": "Scientific study of causes, dispersal, and effects of contaminants on the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "433", - "label": "genetics", - "definition": "Branch of biology that deals with heredity or the passing of traits in living organisms from one generation to the next.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "702", - "label": "marine biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the organisms and habitats of the seas and oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "735", - "label": "microbiology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with organisms too small to be seen without the use of a microscope.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "77", - "label": "bacteriology", - "definition": "Study of the single celled microorganisms known as bacteria.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1279", - "label": "virology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with viruses and viral diseases.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "756", - "label": "molecular biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of physiology at the molecular level.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "758", - "label": "morphology (biological)", - "definition": "The scientific study of the form, shape, and structure of plants and animals and their fossil remains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "767", - "label": "mycology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "871", - "label": "parasitology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of organisms that, living on or in another organism, take nutrition from the host and often harm it.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "876", - "label": "pathology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of the causes, progress, symptoms, diagnosis, and effects of diseases.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1131", - "label": "systematics and taxonomy", - "definition": "Study of the identification, naming, and classification of organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1339", - "label": "zoology", - "definition": "Branch of biology that deals with the reproduction, development and growth, anatomy, physiology, and behavior of animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "605", - "label": "invertebrate zoology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with animals having no backbones or spinal columns.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "341", - "label": "entomology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology involved in studying insects.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1268", - "label": "vertebrate zoology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology that deals with animals that have spinal columns.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "539", - "label": "herpetology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "570", - "label": "ichthyology", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with the study of fish.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "685", - "label": "mammalogy", - "definition": "Branch of zoology concerned with the study of mammals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "845", - "label": "ornithology", - "definition": "Branch of biology concerned with the study of birds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1332", - "label": "wildlife biology", - "definition": "Branch of biology dealing with living organisms, usually mammals, birds, or fishes, that are not domesticated or dependent on man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2040", - "label": "ethology", - "definition": "Study of animal behavior under natural conditions", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "901", - "label": "planetary sciences", - "definition": "Scientific study of the solid bodies of the solar system, including planets, moons, asteroids, meteorites, and interplanetary materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1075", - "label": "social sciences", - "definition": "Sciences concerned with the structure and interrelationships of human societies, human institutions and organizations, and human culture over time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1691", - "label": "archeology", - "definition": "Study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of their material relics.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1174", - "label": "topics", - "definition": "Themes, subjects, and concerns for which USGS information resources are relevant.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "24", - "label": "agriculture", - "definition": "The science and business of soil cultivation to raise crops and of animal husbandry to raise domesticated animals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "52", - "label": "aquaculture", - "definition": "The farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae for human use.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "101", - "label": "biological and physical processes", - "definition": "All continuing activities, functions, and phenomena associated with organisms and non-living matter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "63", - "label": "atmospheric and climatic processes", - "definition": "Phenomena affecting or occurring within the mass of gases that surrounds the earth, including its physics, chemistry, dynamics, and weather conditions.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "64", - "label": "atmospheric circulation", - "definition": "Movement of atmospheric gases around the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "66", - "label": "atmospheric deposition (chemical & particulate)", - "definition": "The transfer of substances from the air to the surface of the earth, either in wet form (rain, fog, snow, dew, frost, hail) or in dry form (gases, aerosols, particles).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "6", - "label": "acid deposition", - "definition": "The process by which emissions, chiefly sulfur and nitrogen compounds, either react with the atmosphere when deposited on earth by precipitation of snow, rain, or fog with a pH of 5.5 or below, or settle out as acidic particles or gases.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "168", - "label": "climate change", - "definition": "Long-term alteration in the characteristic weather conditions of a region, such as changes in precipitation and temperature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "246", - "label": "desertification", - "definition": "The alteration of arable land to dry, barren land due to prolonged drought or the deleterious effects of human intervention including overgrazing, overpopulation, or destructive agricultural practices.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "284", - "label": "droughts", - "definition": "Extended periods of moisture deficit over a sizeable area sufficient to have an adverse effect on vegetation, animals, or man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "823", - "label": "ocean-atmosphere interaction", - "definition": "Processes, including momentum, heat, gas and other exchanges, which result in profound effects on climate and interactions between the air in the lowest part of the atmosphere and the oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2059", - "label": "El Nino-Southern Oscillation", - "definition": "A roughly periodic variation in Pacific ocean sea-surface temperature causing changes in weather world-wide.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "927", - "label": "precipitation (atmospheric)", - "definition": "Any or all forms of water particles that fall from the atmosphere, such as rain, snow, hail and sleet.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1102", - "label": "storms", - "definition": "Atmospheric disturbances with winds of unusual force or direction. Accompanied by rain, snow, hail, or sleet, and often by thunder and lightning.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "121", - "label": "blizzards", - "definition": "Severe snowstorms with intense winds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "549", - "label": "hurricanes", - "definition": "Severe cyclones, or revolving storms, originating over the equatorial regions of the earth, accompanied by torrential rain, lightning, and winds with a speed greater than 74 miles per hour.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "568", - "label": "ice storms", - "definition": "Storms in which falling snow or rain freezes on contact with surfaces on the ground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1178", - "label": "tornadoes", - "definition": "Violent storms characterized by whirling funnels of wind moving at great speeds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1696", - "label": "dust storms", - "definition": "Atmospheric disturbances in which a significant amount of dust is transported.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1355", - "label": "evaporation", - "definition": "Transfer of water from a surface into the atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1690", - "label": "wind", - "definition": "Local air movements.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1704", - "label": "greenhouse effect", - "definition": "Local, regional, or global warming in the atmosphere due to the higher heat capacity of certain gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "310", - "label": "ecological processes", - "definition": "Dynamic biogeochemical interactions that occur among and between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "30", - "label": "algal blooms", - "definition": "Exceptional growth of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes, rivers or oceans due to excessive nutrients or climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "88", - "label": "bioaccumulation", - "definition": "The biological sequestering of a substance at a higher concentration than that at which it occurs in the surrounding environment or medium. Also, the process whereby a substance enters an organism through the gills, epithelial tissues, dietary, or other sources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "93", - "label": "biogeochemical cycling", - "definition": "The cycling of chemical constituents through a biological system.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "141", - "label": "carbon cycling", - "definition": "The circulation of carbon in the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere through a series of processes that include photosynthesis, consumption, and respiration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "807", - "label": "nutrient cycling", - "definition": "The exchange of elements or compounds essential for the nourishment of organisms in an ecosystem.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "407", - "label": "food web", - "definition": "The complex intertwining of the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "108", - "label": "biological productivity", - "definition": "The rate at which primary producers in the ecosystem utilize solar energy to produce food for consumption by other organisms. Do not use this term for productivity of organisms related to studies of the reproduction rates of a species.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "196", - "label": "contaminant transport", - "definition": "Processes involved in the movement of impurities through air, water, and soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "268", - "label": "dispersal (organisms)", - "definition": "The dissemination or geographic spread of individuals of a plant or animal population.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "308", - "label": "ecological competition", - "definition": "The struggle between members of two or more species for scarce environmental resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "315", - "label": "ecosystem functions", - "definition": "The total life activities of organisms in habitats and the effects of those activities on the nonliving components of the environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1327", - "label": "wetland functions", - "definition": "Processes related to wetlands such as support of ecosystems, evaporation effects on weather, nutrient cycles, etc.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "359", - "label": "eutrophication", - "definition": "The process by which water becomes enriched with plant nutrients, most commonly phosphorus and nitrogen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "365", - "label": "extinction and extirpation", - "definition": "Extinction is the complete disappearance of a species from the earth. Extirpation is the complete disappearance (elimination) of a species from a given region, island, or area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "522", - "label": "habitat alteration and disturbance", - "definition": "Changes in the environments where plants and animals live. Includes natural changes as well as results of human actions, deliberate or accidental.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1378", - "label": "fire damage", - "definition": "Destruction of surficial materials and vegetation by burning.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "743", - "label": "migration (organisms)", - "definition": "The movement of animals, often periodical, from one area to another due to seasonal changes, availability of food, or climatic conditions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "915", - "label": "pollination", - "definition": "Wind, bees, or other agents transfer plant pollen from flower anthers or cones to stigmas, thereby fertilizing plants for reproduction.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1123", - "label": "succession (biological)", - "definition": "Gradual replacement of one species in an area by another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1356", - "label": "transpiration", - "definition": "Evaporation of water from plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2277", - "label": "carbon flux", - "definition": "The rate and amount of carbon exchanged between the oceans, atmosphere, land, and living things.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2281", - "label": "ecosystem resilience", - "definition": "Measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between populations or state variables. (Holling, 1973)", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "384", - "label": "fires", - "definition": "Combustion, marked by flames or intense heat, in natural settings, often ignited by lightning or human activities. For fires set as part of natural resource management, use 'controlled fires'.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "435", - "label": "geochemical processes", - "definition": "Processes affecting the amount, distribution, or structure of chemical elements in air, water, soil, rocks, and minerals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1346", - "label": "biodegradation", - "definition": "Reduction in the concentration of harmful chemicals by the action of animals and plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1703", - "label": "ore formation", - "definition": "Geochemical processes resulting in concentration of useful chemical elements and compounds, in earth materials. Typically refers to metal ores.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1708", - "label": "oxidation and reduction", - "definition": "Addition or reduction of oxygen in a compound accompanied by exchange of electrons among atoms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1711", - "label": "reaction transport", - "definition": "Chemical reactions occurring during ground-water flow.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1715", - "label": "sorption", - "definition": "Attachment of chemical substances to materials, either externally (by adsorption) or internally (by absorption).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1731", - "label": "carbon sequestration", - "definition": "Long-term storage of carbon in soils and terrestrial organic material, either by natural or engineered processes. Typically of importance for the balance of CO2 in the global climate system. ", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2296", - "label": "carbon mineralization", - "definition": "A form of geologic carbon dioxide storage in which it reacts with rocks and minerals to form solid and stable carbonate materials. Includes mineralization in mafic and ultramafic bedrock, mine tailings, and alkaline industrial wastes at the surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2058", - "label": "ocean acidification", - "definition": "Decrease in the pH of ocean waters as a result of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2279", - "label": "thermal maturation", - "definition": "Chemical alteration of organic material within sediments and sedimentary rocks as a result of heat. Measures of thermal maturation indicate the extent of transformation of detrital organic material into coal and petroleum.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "451", - "label": "geologic processes", - "definition": "All types of processes involving geological structures.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "248", - "label": "diagenesis", - "definition": "Chemical, physical, and biological changes in sediment during and after its conversion to rock (lithification).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "304", - "label": "earthquakes", - "definition": "Ground shaking caused by the sudden release of accumulated strain by an abrupt shift of rock along a fracture in the earth or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "299", - "label": "earthquake occurrences", - "definition": "Time, location, severity, and mechanism of earthquake events, including the frequency and history of events in a given area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2283", - "label": "induced seismicity", - "definition": "Seismic activity such as earthquakes and tremors of low magnitude resulting from human activity that altered crustal stresses and strains on local faults and fractures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2284", - "label": "ground failure", - "definition": "Any consequences of shaking, including liquefaction, landslide, and lateral spread, that affects the stability of the ground.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "661", - "label": "liquefaction", - "definition": "Physical process which can occur during an earthquake. Clay-free soil deposits (primarily sands and silts)temporarily lose strength and behave as viscuous fluids, resulting in ground failure.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "353", - "label": "erosion", - "definition": "The process whereby materials of the earth's crust are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and simultaneously moved from one place to another.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1750", - "label": "sinkhole formation", - "definition": "Localized collapse of the land surface usually due to erosion of the underlying materials. Most commonly occurring in karst areas, but similar effects occur due to physical erosion in other terranes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "482", - "label": "glaciation", - "definition": "The geologic processes involved in the formation, movement, changes, and effects of large ice masses (glaciers).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "534", - "label": "heat flow (earth)", - "definition": "Energy transferred by a difference in temperature through the surface of the earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "562", - "label": "hydrothermal processes", - "definition": "Natural phenomena relating to heated water generated by igneous activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "608", - "label": "isostasy", - "definition": "Condition of equilibrium or buoyancy of the earth's crust above the mantle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "624", - "label": "subsidence", - "definition": "Settling, compaction, or caving in of land caused by subsurface mining, ground-water withdrawal, or pumping of oil and gas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "727", - "label": "metamorphism (geological)", - "definition": "Process by which rocks are altered in composition and texture by extreme heat, high pressure, or the action of chemicals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2022", - "label": "alteration", - "definition": "Local changes in the mineralogy of a rock body due to low-grade metamorphism, weathering, or both. May indicate underlying mineral deposits.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1034", - "label": "sediment transport", - "definition": "Transport of solid particles of unconsolidated rock and mineral fragments, chemical precipitates, or biological materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1036", - "label": "sedimentation", - "definition": "Process of deposition of sediments (loose, uncemented pieces of rock, mineral fragments, or biological materials). The sediments settle out of water or air into layers on a surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1145", - "label": "tectonic processes", - "definition": "The structural forces affecting the deformation, uplift, and movement of the earth's crust.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "781", - "label": "neotectonic processes", - "definition": "Changes which took place during geological time after the Miocene era and are associated with the structural forces that affect the deformation, uplift, and movement occurring in the earth's crust.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1286", - "label": "volcanic activity", - "definition": "Episodes during which gases, ash, and lava (molten rock) escape from vents in the earth's crust, accompanied by minor tremors.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1358", - "label": "volcanic gas emission", - "definition": "Emission of gases from fumaroles and volcanoes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1683", - "label": "earth tides", - "definition": "Periodic changes in the earth surface topography caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun, measured with tiltmeters. Used in studies of volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1699", - "label": "deformation (geologic)", - "definition": "Change in form and structure of geologic materials in response to stress, typically heat and pressure.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "403", - "label": "folding (geologic)", - "definition": "A property of geologic structures to bend or curve from the planar layers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "415", - "label": "fracture (geologic)", - "definition": "Break in a geologic structure including cracks, joints, and faults.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1700", - "label": "faulting (geologic)", - "definition": "Movement of earth materials along fracture surfaces.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1710", - "label": "soil formation", - "definition": "Geological, geochemical, and ecological processes that work together to produce soils.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1721", - "label": "magnetic storms", - "definition": "A period of time during which the earth's magnetic field varies rapidly. During magnetic storms, satellite electronics can be damaged through the build up and subsequent discharge of static electric charges and astronauts and high-altitude pilots can be subjected to increased levels of radiation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1736", - "label": "slope processes", - "definition": "The down slope movement of earth material under the influence of gravity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "639", - "label": "landslides", - "definition": "Downslope movement of rock, soil, or artificial fill under the influences of gravity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1362", - "label": "lahars", - "definition": "Downslope flow of ash and rock debris resulting from volcanic activity.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1751", - "label": "uplift", - "definition": "Local or regional rise in the elevation of the land surface, usually due to tectonic or volcanic processes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2282", - "label": "fluid migration", - "definition": "Movement or migration of fluids, including petroleum and other chemicals through earth materials by natural or anthropogenic forces.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "816", - "label": "ocean processes", - "definition": "Recurrent natural changes that are physical, biological, or chemical, actively affecting the seas and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "812", - "label": "ocean circulation", - "definition": "Movement of large masses of water within an ocean.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "814", - "label": "ocean currents", - "definition": "Recurrent strong flows of seawater generated by wind or variations in water density along a given path.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "822", - "label": "ocean waves", - "definition": "A periodic movement of seawater caused by wind, tide, and currents.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1195", - "label": "tsunamis", - "definition": "Sea waves generated by submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides, which are generally imperceptible in deep water but may be very destructive when striking the shoreline.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1168", - "label": "tides (oceanic)", - "definition": "The periodic rise and fall of the level of the sea due to the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun. Occurs twice each day.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1347", - "label": "physiological processes", - "definition": "Characteristics and processes of individual organisms that are not the direct result of their interaction with other organisms or with the environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "842", - "label": "organism growth and development", - "definition": "Changes that living things undergo as they progress from inception as a single cell to adult forms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "726", - "label": "metamorphosis", - "definition": "Transformation in animals, such as amphibians and insects, from one developmental stage to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2042", - "label": "anatomical deformities", - "definition": "Physical malformation of organisms typically resulting from exposure to contaminants, disease, or adverse environmental conditions.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1348", - "label": "bioluminescence", - "definition": "Emission of light by organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1364", - "label": "osmosis", - "definition": "Transfer of substances through biological membranes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1371", - "label": "photosynthesis", - "definition": "Conversion of sunlight, water, and nutrients into energy by plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2288", - "label": "bioenergetics", - "definition": "Processes by which a living organism acquires, produces, utilizes, or transforms energy. ", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1667", - "label": "hydrologic processes", - "definition": "", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "398", - "label": "floods", - "definition": "Relatively high water that overflows the natural or artificial banks of a stream or coastal area that submerges land not normally below water level.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1730", - "label": "storm surge", - "definition": "Coastal high water level caused by wind from storms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "514", - "label": "groundwater flow", - "definition": "Movement of subsurface water in the saturated zone from areas of recharge to areas of discharge.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1113", - "label": "streamflow", - "definition": "A type of channel flow, applied to a specific part of surface runoff in a stream, whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "998", - "label": "stream discharge", - "definition": "Volume of water in a stream passing a given point at a given moment in time, expressed as a measure of volume per unit of time, i.e. cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, or gallons per minute.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1377", - "label": "turbidity", - "definition": "Cloudiness in the water column, caused by the presence of suspended and dissolved matter such as clay, silt, organic matter, or plankton.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1299", - "label": "water circulation", - "definition": "The flow of water in a body of water due to wind or other forces or variations in density or temperature. Use 'water circulation' for situations that are not specifically covered by narrower terms. Use 'ocean circulation' for water circulation in the oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1360", - "label": "water cycle", - "definition": "Interchange of water among land, oceans, and atmosphere.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1365", - "label": "percolation", - "definition": "The movement of water through fractures or interstices of a rock or soil.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1375", - "label": "runoff", - "definition": "Flow of water over land surfaces (including paved surfaces), typically from precipitation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1686", - "label": "saltwater intrusion", - "definition": "Infusion of saline waters in an aquifer or body of surface water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1687", - "label": "scour", - "definition": "Erosion of sediment in a stream bed, often occurring at manmade structures such as bridge supports.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1692", - "label": "groundwater and surface-water interaction", - "definition": "Traditionally, management of water resources has focused on surface water or groundwater as if they were separate entities. As development of land and water resources increases, it is apparent that development of either of these resources affects the quantity and quality of the other. Nearly all surface-water features (streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and estuaries) interact with groundwater. These interactions take many forms. In many situations, surface-water bodies gain water and solutes from groundwater systems and in others the surface-water body is a source of groundwater recharge and causes changes in groundwater quality. As a result, withdrawal of water from streams can deplete groundwater or conversely, pumpage of groundwater can deplete water in streams, lakes, or wetlands. Pollution of surface water can cause degradation of groundwater quality and conversely pollution of groundwater can degrade surface water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1702", - "label": "evolution", - "definition": "Change in the genetic composition of populations of living organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1718", - "label": "impact cratering", - "definition": "Impact of extraterrestrial objects such as asteroids, comets, and meteorites on Earth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1799", - "label": "coastal processes", - "definition": "Processes unique to coastal areas including longshore transport, beach erosion, storm surge, shoreline change, delta formation, barrier island migration, beach stabilization by vegetation", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1801", - "label": "longshore currents", - "definition": "Movement of water parallel to the coast due to waves striking the shoreline at an angle", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2068", - "label": "tidal currents", - "definition": "Currents caused by tidal changes in water level from one body of water to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2069", - "label": "barrier island migration", - "definition": "The slow, landward movement of barrier islands in response to sea level rise and repeated storm washover.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2070", - "label": "coastal emergence", - "definition": "Relative uplift of the coast accompanied by seaward displacement of the shoreline.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2071", - "label": "coastal submergence", - "definition": "Relative subsidence of the coast accompanied by landward displacement of the shoreline.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2072", - "label": "shoreline accretion", - "definition": "Seaward migration of the shoreline resulting from the addition of earth materials.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1800", - "label": "estuarine processes", - "definition": "Processes affecting estuaries including tides, waves, mixing of fluvial and marine waters", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1802", - "label": "estuarine currents", - "definition": "Movement of water within estuaries due to the complex interaction of winds, tides, and variations in water density", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1803", - "label": "estuarine mixing", - "definition": "Interaction of tidal forcing and river discharge in an estuary, leading to any of three vertical salinity profiles: salt wedge, stratified, or well mixed. We also include mixing due to extreme events such as storm surge.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2295", - "label": "hydrocarbon reservoir processes", - "definition": "Interactions among groundwater, hydrocarbons, and rock properties of subsurface geological formations, affecting the potential of those formations to form, trap, and permit the passage and extraction of hydrocarbons.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "223", - "label": "culture and demographics", - "definition": "Information on human behavior, ways of living and thinking, and characteristics of human populations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "12", - "label": "administrative and political boundaries", - "definition": "Lines drawn on maps or described in documents which encompass territory controlled by a government or organizational unit that may or may not align with geographic or cultural barriers. Use for datasets containing boundary representations for political/administrative units and related information.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2280", - "label": "protected areas", - "definition": "Terrestrial and marine areas that are designated and managed for the preservation of biological diversity or other natural, recreational, or cultural uses.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "133", - "label": "business and economics", - "definition": "The activities and processes associated with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2023", - "label": "recycling", - "definition": "Physical processes by which previously-used materials are converted from scrap and waste to reusable forms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2056", - "label": "resource supply and demand", - "definition": "Statistics indicating the commercial interests in material resources, typically mineral commodities, energy, or forest or fishery resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2057", - "label": "materials flow (commodities)", - "definition": "Industrial and commercial processes by which material resources are extracted, used or consumed, and disposed or recycled.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "136", - "label": "cadastral and legal land descriptions", - "definition": "Records in official registers showing extent, boundaries, and ownerships of land for administration and taxation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1684", - "label": "laws and regulations", - "definition": "Legal statements of the government regarding actions people or corporations might undertake.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1689", - "label": "transportation", - "definition": "Movement of people or materials from one place to another for economic, political, or recreational purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1719", - "label": "geographic names", - "definition": "Names by which cultural and geographic features are known. Generally to be used for collections of names stored in gazetteers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2025", - "label": "population (human)", - "definition": "Geographic distribution and temporal trends of human habitation in specific areas", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "287", - "label": "earth characteristics", - "definition": "The measurable, definable properties and features of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "67", - "label": "atmospheric properties", - "definition": "Characteristics of the mass of gases surrounding the earth such as composition, temperature, pressure, and humidity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "27", - "label": "air temperature", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "65", - "label": "atmospheric composition", - "definition": "Components of the mass of gases that surrounds a planet. The earth's atmosphere consists of nitrogen, oxygen, and small portions of other gases.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "506", - "label": "greenhouse gases", - "definition": "Atmospheric gases, including carbon dioxide, fluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, ozone, and water vapor, that trap radiant (infrared) energy keeping the earth's surface warmer than it would otherwise be.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "856", - "label": "ozone layer", - "definition": "Upper atmosphere layer composed of ozone, a gas made up of molecules comprised of three oxygen atoms, which helps to shield the earth from ultraviolet rays.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "292", - "label": "earth structure", - "definition": "Major interior structural features of the planet earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "211", - "label": "core (earth)", - "definition": "The superdense center of the earth composed of two layers: a liquid outer layer and a solid inner core of metallic iron-nickel alloy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "590", - "label": "inner core (earth)", - "definition": "The solid interior part of the earth's core, presumed to be composed principally of iron with an alloy of about 10 percent oxygen, sulfur, or nickel, or perhaps some combination of these three elements. The inner core is about 1221 kilometers thick.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "849", - "label": "outer core (earth)", - "definition": "Outer zone of the earth's core between the mantle and the inner core.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "219", - "label": "crust (earth)", - "definition": "The outermost layer of the earth which is relatively thin, of lower density than the core, and rocky.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "667", - "label": "lithosphere", - "definition": "The solid outer zone of the earth comprising the crust and the upper layer of the mantle.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "199", - "label": "continental lithosphere", - "definition": "The earth's hard, outermost shell comprised of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "824", - "label": "oceanic lithosphere", - "definition": "The solid outer zone of the earth, covered by seawater, and comprised of the crust and the upper layer of the mantle.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "690", - "label": "mantle (earth)", - "definition": "Zone of earth's interior between the crust and the core. It is 2,900 kilometers (1,740 miles) thick and consists of a dense upper layer (upper mantle) and a partially molten lower layer (lower mantle), separated by a transition zone.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "61", - "label": "asthenosphere", - "definition": "A layer of the earth within the upper mantle and directly below the lithosphere. This layer has a semi-solid consistency that reaches to about 200 kilometers (124 miles) below the surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "455", - "label": "geologic history", - "definition": "Record (and inferred reconstruction) of the origin and development of the earth since its formation.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "288", - "label": "earth history", - "definition": "The structural and compositional changes that the earth has undergone from its formation. Use for discussions of the whole earth (or large sections of it) instead of regional studies.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "459", - "label": "geologic structure", - "definition": "General position of rocks in an area, and geometrical relationships among rocks.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "404", - "label": "foliation (geologic)", - "definition": "The property of rocks or glaciers splitting into thin layers or plates due to the orientation of crystals and dynamic movement.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "660", - "label": "lineation (geologic)", - "definition": "Linear topographic feature on the earth's surface or in rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1118", - "label": "structure contours", - "definition": "Gridding and contouring lines drawn on geologic maps to depict boundaries of structural features.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "501", - "label": "gravitational field (earth)", - "definition": "Region or space around earth's mass which exerts a force that mutually attracts other masses in proportion to the product of the two masses and the distance between them.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1673", - "label": "isostatic anomaly", - "definition": "Gravity anomaly corrected for the effects of low-density rocks underlying mountains.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1674", - "label": "free-air anomaly", - "definition": "Gravity anomaly corrected for elevation of the location at which the measurements were made.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1675", - "label": "bouguer anomaly", - "definition": "Gravity anomaly corrected to remove the effects of topography using knowledge of the terrain in the area surrounding the measurement station.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2291", - "label": "gravity gradient", - "definition": "Lateral variation of the three-dimensional vector components of gravity, typically measured using airborne sensors.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "626", - "label": "land surface characteristics", - "definition": "Features and attributes of earth's land surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2031", - "label": "karst", - "definition": "Landscape characterized by dissolution features in carbonate or evaporite terranes, often containing caves and sinkholes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "677", - "label": "magnetic field (earth)", - "definition": "The magnetic region surrounding earth. It is generated by the dipolar characteristic of earth's core whereby earth itself acts as a great spherical magnet with poles near, but not exactly at, the North and South poles.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "810", - "label": "ocean characteristics", - "definition": "The attributes and process of seas and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "817", - "label": "ocean salinity", - "definition": "Measure of the percentage of dissolved salts in seawater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "819", - "label": "ocean temperature", - "definition": "Distribution of heat in the oceans, including surface water, thermocline and mode waters, and deep waters. Includes discussion and measures of both in-situ and potential temperature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1027", - "label": "sea surface temperature", - "definition": "Observed temperature of surface ocean waters, typically encompassing the entire mixed layer. Some observational methods, however, may measure a much smaller depth range. Includes temperature data obtained in-situ or by remote sensing methods.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1025", - "label": "sea-floor characteristics", - "definition": "Geomorphic features and geographic, compositional, and textural variation in the materials composing the ocean floor. Includes both large-scale structures (such as seamounts and rises) and fine-scale variations in rocks and deposits on the sea floor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2053", - "label": "sea-floor acoustic reflectivity", - "definition": "Acoustic energy received by a sonar system, providing a measure of the roughness of the sea floor.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1028", - "label": "sea-level change", - "definition": "Variation in the relative vertical position of land and ocean waters. Caused globally by changes in the distribution of ice masses and the shape of the oceans, and locally by the rate of uplift or subsidence of the land surface. Includes both global (eustatic) and local (relative) sea-level variations.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1005", - "label": "rocks and deposits", - "definition": "Solid masses that make up the earth's crust as well as accumulations of materials. Use for major rock types and unconsolidated deposits. For deposits of economic value, see related terms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "414", - "label": "fossils", - "definition": "Recognizable remains such as bones, shells, leaves, burrows, impressions, or tracks of past life on the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "569", - "label": "ichnofossils", - "definition": "Fossilized remains of the traces of animal activity from different geologic time periods including burrows, tracks, trails, borings, and other features found in sedimentary structures.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "572", - "label": "igneous rocks", - "definition": "Rocks formed from melted rock that has cooled and solidified.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1340", - "label": "volcanic rocks", - "definition": "A generally finely crystalline or glassy igneous rock resulting from volcanic action at or near the earth's surface, either ejected explosively or extruded as lava. The term includes near-surface intrusions that form a part of the volcanic structure.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1341", - "label": "plutonic rocks", - "definition": "Rocks formed at considerable depth by crystallization of magma and/or by chemical alteration. They are characteristically medium- to coarse-grained, of granitoid texture.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "725", - "label": "metamorphic rocks", - "definition": "Sedimentary or igneous rocks which have undergone such intense changes in temperature, pressure, structural stress, or chemical environment that they are transformed into denser rocks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1035", - "label": "sedimentary rocks", - "definition": "Rocks formed by the consolidation of loose, uncemented pieces of sediments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "83", - "label": "bedforms", - "definition": "Fluctuations from horizontal layers in sediments or sedimentary rocks made by flow on the beds of alluvial channels.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1199", - "label": "unconsolidated deposits", - "definition": "Loosely bound sediments such as sand, gravel, and silt which tend to accumulate in low areas or valleys.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "164", - "label": "clay deposits", - "definition": "Fine-grained sedimentary soil deposits, containing hydrated silicas of aluminum, that are plastic and sticky when wet and harden when heated.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "500", - "label": "gravel deposits", - "definition": "Alluvial accumulations of small unconsolidated rock fragments, such as pebbles and cobbles, used in construction as fill, ground cover, or aggregate for concrete.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1011", - "label": "sand deposits", - "definition": "Deposits of loose particles of rock or mineral (sediment) that range in size from 0.0625-2.0 millimeters in diameter.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1998", - "label": "mine waste", - "definition": "Earth materials removed during mining and concentrated in piles or beds, typically near the site of extraction. Tailings are mine waste that has been processed to remove valuable components; unprocessed mine waste includes overburden removed to reach commodity materials such as ore or coal.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2044", - "label": "soil horizons", - "definition": "Layers in soil defined by physical, chemical, biological, or mineralogical properties which vary with depth.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2271", - "label": "solid industrial waste material", - "definition": "Waste solid materials produced by industrial processing of earth materials, not simply material extracted in the search for ores.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2272", - "label": "slag", - "definition": "Solid waste material produced by the industrial processing of ore materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2273", - "label": "coal ash", - "definition": "Solid waste material remaining from the burning of coal.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1370", - "label": "permafrost", - "definition": "Rocks and deposits in which the interstitial waters remain perennially frozen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1804", - "label": "petroleum", - "definition": "Naturally occurring hydrocarbons, typically fluid or gas, often of economic use. Includes oil, natural gas, and asphaltic compounds found in tar sands and oil shales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2043", - "label": "mineral deposits", - "definition": "Deposits in which particular minerals are concentrated, typically noticed and studied if the minerals have economic value.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1072", - "label": "snow and ice cover", - "definition": "Accumulation of snow or ice blanketing land surfaces.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1722", - "label": "sea ice concentration", - "definition": "Proportion of ocean area in a given region that contains or is covered by floating ice.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1103", - "label": "stratigraphic sections", - "definition": "Vertical arrangement in layers of rock units whose sequence is used to study the geological history of the strata.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "84", - "label": "bedrock geologic units", - "definition": "Units of consolidated (solid) rock that underlie soils or other unconsolidated materials.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "452", - "label": "geologic contacts", - "definition": "Junctions of two different rock formations varying by type or age of rock, including faults, unconformities, and bedding planes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1198", - "label": "unconformities", - "definition": "The contact between older rocks and younger sedimentary rocks where erosion had removed some of the older rocks before the younger rocks were deposited.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1127", - "label": "surficial geologic units", - "definition": "Rock units on the earth's surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2089", - "label": "stratigraphic thickness", - "definition": "Thickness of earth material layers or groups of such layers, often portrayed as isopachs (contours) or gridded data.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1176", - "label": "topography", - "definition": "Configuration of the land surface and sea floor.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "80", - "label": "bathymetry", - "definition": "The elevation of the earth's surface beneath a body of water, especially the ocean, typically determined by measurements of depth from the water surface.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1367", - "label": "earth material properties", - "definition": "Physical characteristics of rocks and unconsolidated earth materials such as soils and sediments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1368", - "label": "permeability", - "definition": "The ability of fluids to pass through an earth material, typically depending on the connectedness of pore space in the material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1369", - "label": "porosity", - "definition": "The proportion of open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1701", - "label": "radioactivity", - "definition": "Release of subatomic particles from earth materials. Generally the energy of these particles is used to determine the chemical elements present.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1712", - "label": "resistivity", - "definition": "Electrical resistance of materials, often measured in boreholes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1714", - "label": "bulk density", - "definition": "Overall density of an unconsolidated earth material.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1741", - "label": "magnetism", - "definition": "Strength and orientation of the permanent magnetic field in a given sample of an earth material", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1676", - "label": "remanent magnetism", - "definition": "Magnetic characteristic of rocks and deposits reflective of the earth's magnetic field at the time of the deposit's formation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1742", - "label": "magnetic susceptibility", - "definition": "Degree to which a rock type or other earth material can acquire and retain the orientation and intensity of an applied magnetic field.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2027", - "label": "soil moisture", - "definition": "Water content of soil and other near-surface unconsolidated earth material", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2028", - "label": "soil temperature", - "definition": "Temperature and temperature gradients in soil and other near-surface unconsolidated earth materials", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2276", - "label": "acid neutralizing potential", - "definition": "Geochemical capacity of earth materials to affect the pH of waters flowing through them.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2290", - "label": "electromagnetic reflectance and emissivity", - "definition": "Effectiveness of an earth material in reflecting or emitting radiation, varying by wavelength. Measurements are made over the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum in a laboratory to compare with remotely-sensed data obtained by airborne or satellite imaging systems.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2090", - "label": "lakebed characteristics", - "definition": "Characteristics of the bottom of inland bodies of water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2091", - "label": "lakebed acoustic reflectivity", - "definition": "Acoustic energy received by a sonar system, providing a measure of the roughness of the lakebed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "485", - "label": "effects of climate change", - "definition": "Characteristics and behaviors of organisms and earth systems that are modified as a result of changes in global, regional, or local climate.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "531", - "label": "hazards", - "definition": "Potential dangers from both natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, floods, and climate change) and human impacts on the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "533", - "label": "health and disease", - "definition": "Normal and abnormal conditions of plant and animal bodies. Covers both human and non-human health and disease topics. For human health and disease, use the narrower term 'environmental health (human)'.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "267", - "label": "disease vectors", - "definition": "Organisms, such as insects, that transmit pathogens from one host to another.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "345", - "label": "environmental health (human)", - "definition": "Effects of the environment on human health.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "546", - "label": "human environmental safety", - "definition": "Monitoring and managing potentially harmful factors in the environment for human safety.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1752", - "label": "zoonotic diseases", - "definition": "Diseases of animals that can be communicated to humans", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1805", - "label": "wildlife disease", - "definition": "Includes viral, bacterial, and fungal infections as well as exposure of organisms to dangerous chemicals or toxic substances.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1732", - "label": "avian influenza", - "definition": "A virulent disease of poultry and wild birds that has spread throughout a large geographic area in Asia and Eastern Europe since it was first documented in 1997 in Asia.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1753", - "label": "chronic wasting disease", - "definition": "Transmissible neurological disease of deer and elk that produces small lesions in the brains of infected animals; may be transmitted to humans who consume the meat of infected animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2026", - "label": "white-nose syndrome", - "definition": "Disease affecting hibernating bats caused by a white fungus infecting the skin of the muzzle, ears, and wings", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "548", - "label": "human impacts", - "definition": "The effects, intentional or unintentional, beneficial or harmful, direct or indirect, which human activities have upon the environment and living things.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "629", - "label": "land use change", - "definition": "Effect of changing land use patterns on ecological systems.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2033", - "label": "habitat fragmentation", - "definition": "Disruption of once-continuous natural habitats by human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, resource extraction, and the construction of roads, railways, fences, and pipelines.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "750", - "label": "mining hazards", - "definition": "Dangerous conditions which result from the extraction of naturally occurring mineral deposits. Includes tunnel collapses, fires, and explosions.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "852", - "label": "overfishing", - "definition": "Taking too many fish from an area beyond the capacity for the population to replenish its numbers. The balance of the ecosystem is upset, leading to long-term depletion of fish stock.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "853", - "label": "overgrazing", - "definition": "The practice of allowing animals to eat vegetation, especially ground cover, beyond the capacity of the plant population to replenish itself. Leads to erosion and other harm to the ecosystem.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1293", - "label": "waste treatment and disposal", - "definition": "The chemical and physical methods to recycle or dispose of materials which, without treatment, are deemed to have no further value or are too contaminated to be used.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1354", - "label": "deforestation", - "definition": "Reduction in the density of forest cover or tree canopy, typically by harvesting trees for human use or clearing land for other purposes such as agriculture.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1671", - "label": "dredging", - "definition": "Removal of sediments from water bodies to aid navigation or to transfer material to another location.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1725", - "label": "abandoned mines and quarries", - "definition": "Mines and quarries that have been abandoned and may expose harmful chemicals to the environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "587", - "label": "information system design and development", - "definition": "Use for the design and development of information systems. Do not use for general cases in which information systems are part of the activity.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "445", - "label": "geographic information systems", - "definition": "Computer software that allows geospatially referenced data to be linked to geographic features. Use this term only for information that is about GIS and not for the use of GIS in applications and projects.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "723", - "label": "metadata development", - "definition": "Use for the development of metadata schemes and applications. Do not use for general cases where metadata are part of the activities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "594", - "label": "instrument design and development", - "definition": "Includes the design and development of software for a particular instrument.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "628", - "label": "land use and land cover", - "definition": "The vegetation, water, natural surface, and cultural features on the land surface.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "692", - "label": "map coordinate systems", - "definition": "Systems using sets of numbers combined with geometric nets or grids to specific positions on a map or globe.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "769", - "label": "contamination and pollution", - "definition": "Introduction of harmful substances into the environment by human action or natural processes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "879", - "label": "pesticide and herbicide contamination", - "definition": "Pollution resulting from chemical agents applied to crops, rights of way, lawns, or residences to control weeds, insects, fungi, nematodes, rodents or other pests (pesticides) or kill undesirable plants (herbicides).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1180", - "label": "toxic radionuclide contamination", - "definition": "Introduction into the environment of unstable isotopes of elements that undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation that is harmful to organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1181", - "label": "toxic trace element contamination", - "definition": "Introduction into the environment of elements (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury) which have a deleterious effect on living organisms when found naturally in only minor amounts (concentrations less than 1.0 milligram per liter) in water or sediment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "720", - "label": "mercury contamination", - "definition": "Biological disturbances caused by mercury compounds that have entered the environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1363", - "label": "nonpoint-source pollution", - "definition": "Contamination of the environment from sources spread widely across an area, not from a small number of identifiable locations.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1693", - "label": "pharmaceutical contamination", - "definition": "Unintentional release of pharmaceutical compounds into the environment; work focuses on the effects of these compounds on organisms and water resources.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1723", - "label": "industrial pollution", - "definition": "Introduction of harmful substances into the environment by manufacturing, power generation, mining, or material processing.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1724", - "label": "mine drainage", - "definition": "Introduction of harmful substances into the environment from mines and tailings.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2270", - "label": "produced water", - "definition": "Water produced during generation and development of energy resources, particularly hydrocarbons, as well as related fluids injected into reservoirs for energy development and associated waste disposal.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2269", - "label": "microplastic contamination", - "definition": "Plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in diameter that come from a wide variety of sources, found in a variety of forms, including fibers, pellets/beads, foams, films, fragments, and tire particles, and reach aquatic environments through diverse pathways.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2274", - "label": "PFAS", - "definition": "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemical compounds that are an emerging contaminant.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "774", - "label": "natural resource exploration", - "definition": "Techniques for locating deposits or stocks of useful minerals, water, and other resources using reconnaissance or instrumental methods.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "775", - "label": "natural resource extraction", - "definition": "Removal of natural materials or properties (such as heat) for use.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "749", - "label": "mining and quarrying", - "definition": "Extracting mineral deposits from a pit, tunnel, or excavation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1325", - "label": "well drilling", - "definition": "The process of artificial excavation for the purpose of withdrawing water, oil, or gas from underground.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1373", - "label": "placer deposit mining", - "definition": "Extraction of minerals, typically metal ores, from unconsolidated surficial materials such as stream sediments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2021", - "label": "enhanced oil recovery", - "definition": "Injection of steam, gas, or other chemical compounds into hydrocarbon reservoirs to stimulate the production of usable oil beyond what is possible through natural pressure, water injection, and pumping at the wellhead.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2034", - "label": "hydraulic fracturing", - "definition": "Injection of water and other fluids through a well into geologic formations in order to increase the permeability of the rock units and thus permit natural gas or oil to be produced from them.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "777", - "label": "natural resources", - "definition": "Stocks of anything naturally occurring that have a beneficial use for man including economic, nutritional, recreational, aesthetic, and other benefits.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "391", - "label": "fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of anadromous, marine, and freshwater fish in fishing areas of commercial, subsistence, and recreational value.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "185", - "label": "commercial fishery resources", - "definition": "Stocks of fish and other seafood used for marketing purposes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "589", - "label": "inland fishery resources", - "definition": "Stocks of fish available to be taken in lakes, streams, ponds, rivers, and other inland bodies of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "705", - "label": "marine fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of fisheries located in seas and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1328", - "label": "whaling", - "definition": "Taking whales from the ocean for marketing or subsistence purposes.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "968", - "label": "recreational fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of fish and other seafood resources in areas used for recreational fishing.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1121", - "label": "subsistence fishery resources", - "definition": "The stock of fish taken and eaten by local populations rather than marketed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "411", - "label": "forest resources", - "definition": "Trees and associated vegetation available for human use. Use for timber and other forest resources with economic value.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "745", - "label": "mineral resources", - "definition": "Natural occurrences of useful inorganic elements or compounds.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "724", - "label": "metallic mineral resources", - "definition": "Resources from which ductile, malleable, opaque,and reflective metals that are also good heat and electricity conductors can be extracted.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "798", - "label": "nonmetallic mineral resources", - "definition": "Useful mineral deposits that are not metals. Includes materials used for construction, decoration, fuel, and industrial purposes.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "132", - "label": "building stone resources", - "definition": "Deposits of rocks used in construction, including crushed stone and dimension stone. Dimension stone includes limestone and granite, quarried in large blocks, and shaped in cubes, panels and other forms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "429", - "label": "gem resources", - "definition": "Deposits of rare minerals prized for their color, durability, sparkle, and clarity when cut and polished and used as ornaments or jewelry.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "2094", - "label": "critical minerals", - "definition": "A non-fuel mineral or mineral material essential to the economic and national security of the US, the supply chain of which is vulnerable to disruption, and that serves an essential function in the manufacturing of a product, the absence of which would have significant consequences for our economy or our national security.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "799", - "label": "energy resources", - "definition": "Natural resources that are used for heat and power generation, including oil, natural gas, coal, and geothermal energy.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "172", - "label": "coal resources", - "definition": "Fuel resources such as anthracite, lignite, bituminous coal, or coke, consisting largely of carbonaceous material and formed from fossilized plants.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "477", - "label": "geothermal resources", - "definition": "Energy resources related to the earth's internal heat, commonly applied to springs or vents discharging hot water or steam.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "770", - "label": "natural gas resources", - "definition": "Stocks of naturally formed hydrocarbon gases which are usually associated with petroleum fields. Useful for heating, they are principally methane, but can be ethane, butane, or propane.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "173", - "label": "coalbed methane resources", - "definition": "Resources of methane-rich gas generated and stored in coalbeds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "427", - "label": "gas hydrate resources", - "definition": "Deposits of a crystalline solid in which water molecules trap gas molecules, usually methane, in a cagelike structure known as a clathrate occurring in sediments overlain by cold deep water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "829", - "label": "oil resources", - "definition": "Deposits (pools) of highly valuable liquid hydrocarbons or fossil fuels.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "830", - "label": "oil sand resources", - "definition": "Deposits of sandstone or unconsolidated sand containing bitumen that can be extracted as an oil resource.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "831", - "label": "oil shale resources", - "definition": "Deposits of finely grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen that can be distilled to produce liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1997", - "label": "wind energy", - "definition": "Use of prevailing wind as a source of energy to drive turbines or other machinery.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2292", - "label": "energy storage", - "definition": "Methods and technologies for holding energy to be recovered at a later time.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2293", - "label": "geologic energy storage", - "definition": "Use of subsurface reservoirs to store energy that can be recovered at a later time using thermal [energy], gravity, or stored air or natural gases.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1080", - "label": "soil resources", - "definition": "Natural resources of unconsolidated fragmented rock, humus, and mineral matter that cover the surface of the earth.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2268", - "label": "biological soil crusts", - "definition": "Communities commonly found on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, these consist of mosses, cyanobacteria, lichens, algae, and microfungi, which weave together and adhere to the soil to form a matrix that lessens erosion, supports nitrogen fixation, and retains moisture. These organisms are important to the functioning of ecosystems and to the organization of plant and soil communities.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1308", - "label": "water resources", - "definition": "Stocks of water, the liquid derived from precipitation. A constituent of living matter and necessity for all life, it covers a large proportion of the earth's surface.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "513", - "label": "groundwater", - "definition": "All water that exists beneath the land surface, but more commonly applied to water in fully saturated soils and geologic formations.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1344", - "label": "groundwater level", - "definition": "Depth in a well or aquifer at which groundwater occurs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1717", - "label": "unsaturated zone", - "definition": "The portion of the subsurface above the ground water table.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1124", - "label": "surface water (non-marine)", - "definition": "Open bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, or streams. All non-marine waters on the surface of the earth, including fresh, brackish, and salt water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1002", - "label": "river systems", - "definition": "Long water courses including main streams and tributaries.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1001", - "label": "river reaches", - "definition": "Continuous parts of streams between two specified points.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1743", - "label": "surface-water level", - "definition": "Height of the water surface in a lake, reservoir, or wetland. For water levels in flowing streams, refer to streamflow.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "841", - "label": "organism groupings (non-taxonomic)", - "definition": "Used for categories of living organisms that are not taxonomic and that include species from more than one taxonomic group.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "116", - "label": "biota", - "definition": "All living organisms in an area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "194", - "label": "consumers (organisms)", - "definition": "Organisms unable to produce food from nonliving matter and dependent on ingesting other animals, plants, or particulate organic matter.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "145", - "label": "carnivores", - "definition": "Flesh-eating animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "537", - "label": "herbivores", - "definition": "Animals that eat chiefly plants or their products, such as seeds, nectar, and fruit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "832", - "label": "omnivores", - "definition": "Animals that eat both plant and animal materials.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "238", - "label": "decomposers", - "definition": "Organisms, chiefly microorganisms and invertebrates, that feed on dead plant or animal matter breaking it down and recycling the resulting elements and compounds in the environment.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "332", - "label": "endangered species", - "definition": "Plant or animal species reduced to such low numbers of individuals that they are at risk of becoming extinct.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "423", - "label": "game species", - "definition": "Species of wild animals that are hunted for food or sport.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "615", - "label": "keystone species", - "definition": "Species whose abundance and ecological role has a dramatic effect on the other species in an ecosystem.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "673", - "label": "macroinvertebrates", - "definition": "Invertebrate animals large enough to be studied without a microscope.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "744", - "label": "migratory species", - "definition": "Species that have a pattern of moving from one geographical area to another, primarily according to the seasons, and usually traveling long distances along established routes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "768", - "label": "native species", - "definition": "Organisms originating in the area where they live.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "333", - "label": "endemic species", - "definition": "Plant and animals species native to and confined to specific geographic areas.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "779", - "label": "nekton", - "definition": "Free-swimming aquatic organisms able to move without depending on waves, currents, and tides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "797", - "label": "nonindigenous species", - "definition": "Organisms accidentally or intentionally introduced into areas where they did not previously originate or live.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "602", - "label": "invasive species", - "definition": "Plant, animal, or microbe species that is non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm, or harm to human health.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "903", - "label": "plankton", - "definition": "Floating aquatic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) which are often microscopic and drift with the current in lakes, rivers, and oceans.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1372", - "label": "phytoplankton", - "definition": "Small, mostly microscopic aquatic plants such as algae and bacteria suspended in water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "916", - "label": "pollinators", - "definition": "Organisms that aid in the growth and distribution of plants by transferring pollen as a byproduct of their feeding activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "935", - "label": "producers (organisms)", - "definition": "Organisms, chiefly green plants, which use inorganic elements, compounds, and light to produce their food (photosynthesis). They are a source of food for animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1056", - "label": "shellfish", - "definition": "Aquatic invertebrates with shells, usually mollusks and crustaceans. Includes clams, lobsters, and oysters.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1266", - "label": "vegetation", - "definition": "Plant life or general plant cover in an area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1366", - "label": "periphyton", - "definition": "A plant assemblage including microbial communities of algae and cyanobacteria living attached to submerged aquatic vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1697", - "label": "weeds", - "definition": "Plants whose presence in an area is undesirable.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1705", - "label": "aquatic vegetation", - "definition": "Plants living primarily in or under water.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1331", - "label": "wildlife", - "definition": "Undomesticated organisms living in natural settings without dependence on man.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1345", - "label": "benthos", - "definition": "Animals that live on the bottom of water bodies.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1707", - "label": "microbes", - "definition": "Microscopic, typically one-celled organisms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1709", - "label": "parasites", - "definition": "Symbiotic organisms that are detrimental to the host.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1728", - "label": "nuisance species", - "definition": "Organisms whose presence or behavior has undesirable effects on human activities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1795", - "label": "genetically engineered organisms", - "definition": "Organisms whose DNA has been modified through the insertion or deletion of DNA fragments from the same or another species, in order to produce or enhance desirable traits such as increased yield, resistance to pests, adaptation to drastically changed environments, or formation of entirely new compounds.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "843", - "label": "organisms", - "definition": "Living individuals that grow, reproduce, and die.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "29", - "label": "algae", - "definition": "Chlorophyll-bearing primarily aquatic nonvascular species that have no true roots, stems, or leaves; most algae are microscopic, but some species can be as large as vascular plants.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "138", - "label": "calcareous nannoplankton", - "definition": "Organisms of the kingdom Protista that normally produce coccoliths, microscopic structures of calcite (calcium carbonate), during some phase of their life cycle.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "250", - "label": "diatoms", - "definition": "Microscopic, single-celled plants of the class Bacillariophyceae that have siliceous shells called frustules, and which grow in both marine and fresh water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "261", - "label": "dinoflagellates", - "definition": "Single-celled planktonic organisms, chiefly marine, characterized by twirling motion and whip-like flagella with affinities to both plants and animals.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "45", - "label": "animals", - "definition": "Multi-celled organisms of the kingdom Animalia with eukaryotic cells (cells with distinct nuclei containing genetic material and bounded by thin membranes) that are heterotrophic (obtaining energy from organic substances produced by other organisms).", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "606", - "label": "invertebrates", - "definition": "Animals having no backbone or spinal column, such as insects, mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and similar organisms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "58", - "label": "arthropods", - "definition": "Invertebrates belonging to the largest phylum of animals, Arthropoda, with an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages, including many subphyla and classes, such as insects, crustaceans, horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and the extinct trilobites.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "55", - "label": "arachnids", - "definition": "Carnivorous arthropods, chiefly terrestrial, of the class Arachnida including spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, false scorpions, palpigrades, solifugids, and harvestmen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "220", - "label": "crustaceans", - "definition": "Arthropods of class Crustacea, such as crabs, lobsters, shrimp, prawns, or barnacles, with hard shells (exoskeleton) and segmented bodies with pairs of jointed appendages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "848", - "label": "ostracodes", - "definition": "Small aquatic crustaceans belonging to the subclass Ostracoda, characterized by a bivalve shell.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "543", - "label": "horseshoe crabs", - "definition": "Marine arthropods, usually classed as Merostomata, which have a broad crescent (horseshoe-shaped) cephalothorax.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "591", - "label": "insects", - "definition": "Small arthropod animals of the class Insecta with bodies in 3 segments (head, thorax, and abdomen). They have 3 pairs of legs, 2 antennae, and usually one or two pairs of wings. Includes flies, mosquitoes, beetles, butterflies, bees, crickets, and dragonflies.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "135", - "label": "butterflies and moths", - "definition": "Insects of the order Lepidoptera that have four wings with overlapping, often highly colored scales. They undergo four life cycle stages: eggs, caterpillar larvae, pupae, and the winged adults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1737", - "label": "bees and wasps", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1190", - "label": "trilobites", - "definition": "Extinct marine arthropods of the class Trilobita with segmented bodies and jointed appendages found as Paleozoic fossils in many parts of the world.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "130", - "label": "bryozoans and brachiopods", - "definition": "Aquatic invertebrates, usually marine, belonging to the phyla Bryozoa and Brachiopoda. Brachiopods, or clam shells, are solitary living invertebrates characterized by two shells and a lophophore, which is a complex food gathering organ. Bryozoans are colonial and include moss coral and moss polyps.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "177", - "label": "coelenterates", - "definition": "Freshwater and marine invertebrates, such as corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones, belonging to the phylum Coelenterata and living as sedentary polyps or free swimming medusae.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "192", - "label": "conodonts", - "definition": "Microscopic teeth of primitive, boneless, eel-like animals, similar to modern hagfish, that lived in many of the world's oceans from the Cambrian through Triassic Periods of geologic time (550 to 210 million years ago).", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "305", - "label": "echinoderms", - "definition": "Marine invertebrates of the phylum Echinodermata with a radial body and a calcareous exoskeleton. Includes starfishes, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "757", - "label": "mollusks", - "definition": "Invertebrates belonging to the phylum Mollusca with soft, nonsegmented bodies, often covered by a hard shell. Includes snails, clams, oysters, whelks, mussels, slugs, octopuses, and squids.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1094", - "label": "sponges", - "definition": "Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum Porifera having internal skeletons of silica or collagen, porous body around a cavity or cavities, and usually living in stationary communities.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1336", - "label": "worms", - "definition": "Invertebrate animals of the phyla Annelida, Nematoda, Memertea, or Plathyhelminthes, that have long thin rounded or flat bodies without obvious appendages.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "395", - "label": "flatworms", - "definition": "Soft flat worms of the phylum Platyhelminthes, which are often parasitic. Includes tapeworms and flukes.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1006", - "label": "roundworms", - "definition": "Worms of the phylum Nematoda, often parasitic, such as hookworms and pinworms, having soft cylindrical bodies without segments.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1038", - "label": "segmented worms", - "definition": "Worms belonging to the phylum Annelida, with soft bodies divided into segments and distinct heads. Includes leeches, earthworms, and marine worms.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1733", - "label": "tunicates", - "definition": "Marine organisms of the subphylum tunicata of the phylum chordata.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1269", - "label": "vertebrates", - "definition": "Animals possessing a vertebral column or backbone including birds, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "37", - "label": "amphibians", - "definition": "Vertebrates of the class Amphibia including frogs and toads (Anura), salamanders (Urodela), caecilians (Apoda) and extinct forms which are cold-blooded and have life stages in water as eggs and larval forms (tadpoles)until they metamorphose as adults.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "119", - "label": "birds", - "definition": "Land vertebrates belonging to the class Aves with warm blood, feathers, wings, and reproduction characterized by egg laying.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "387", - "label": "fish", - "definition": "Cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates with fins for swimming, gills for breathing, and usually scales.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "686", - "label": "mammals", - "definition": "Vertebrate animals, generally large, with skin covered by hair and large brain cavities. Females have mammary glands for feeding the young, who are usually born quite mature.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1746", - "label": "bears", - "definition": "Large wild mammals of the family Ursidae. Includes black and brown (grizzly) bears and polar bears.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1747", - "label": "bats", - "definition": "Small flying mammals of the order Chiroptera.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2039", - "label": "walruses", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "988", - "label": "reptiles", - "definition": "Cold-blooded vertebrates of the class Reptilia. Characterized by skin covered with scales or horny plates and reproduced by eggs. Includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, and extinct species such as dinosaurs.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "262", - "label": "dinosaurs", - "definition": "Extinct reptiles, often gigantic, chiefly terrestrial, carnivorous or herbivorous, that lived during the Mesozoic era.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "56", - "label": "archaea", - "definition": "Microscopic organisms of the domain Archaea living on a diet of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, once thought to be bacteria, and often inhabiting extreme environments, such as thermal vents and hot springs, extremely alkaline and acidic waters, hypersaline water, and anoxic habitats.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "76", - "label": "bacteria", - "definition": "Single celled microorganisms, beneficial or pathogenic, without a nuclear membrane.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "420", - "label": "fungi", - "definition": "Immobile organisms of the kingdom Fungi that lack chlorophyll and that obtain nutrients from other dead or living organisms. Fungi reproduce by spores and include yeasts, molds, smuts, and mushrooms.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "647", - "label": "lichens", - "definition": "Plants that are composed of a fungus and an alga growing together symbiotically and often found growing on rocks or tree trunks.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "909", - "label": "plants (organisms)", - "definition": "Organisms which belong to the plant kingdom. Commonly multicellular, they produce food through photosynthesis.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "801", - "label": "nonvascular plants", - "definition": "Simple plants which lack conducting tissues known as vascular bundles, a group of specialized cells made up of xylem and phloem.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "669", - "label": "liverworts and hornworts", - "definition": "Simple green land plants of the phyla Bryophyta with leaves and a stem and always without roots.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "760", - "label": "mosses", - "definition": "Simple green land plants, member of the phyla Bryophyta, along with liverworts and hornworts. They have leaves and a stem, but always lack roots.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1265", - "label": "vascular plants", - "definition": "Plants which have a specialized conductive system. Includes xylem and phloem: club mosses, ferns, cycads, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "372", - "label": "ferns and fern allies", - "definition": "Spore-bearing, vascular plants having leaves known as fronds.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "401", - "label": "flowering plants", - "definition": "Plants known as angiosperms which periodically produce flowers which have various parts including sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "521", - "label": "gymnosperms", - "definition": "Seed-bearing woody vascular plants, such as the conifers (pine, spruce, fir, etc.), whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary or fruit, but are exposed.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "940", - "label": "protists", - "definition": "Unicellular eukaryotes (organisms possessing nucleated cells) with affinities to both plants and animals. Classed in the Protista or Potoctista kingdom, they include protozoans, foraminifera, radiolarians, fungi and some algae.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1280", - "label": "viruses", - "definition": "Very small particles visible only with an electronic microscope. Considered to be complex molecules and not living organisms, these are often causes of disease in plants, animals, and bacteria.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "900", - "label": "planetary bodies", - "definition": "Large celestial masses of rock, metal, or gas orbiting around a star. Use for extraterrestrial bodies.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "730", - "label": "meteorites", - "definition": "Masses of rock or metal from space that reach the earth's surface without burning up. Use for 'meteors' or 'meteoroids' as well as 'meteorites'. USGS is more likely to have information about 'meteorites' since these are objects found on the earth.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "921", - "label": "population and community ecology", - "definition": "Interactions of a single species (population) or an association of different species (community) occupying a particular region, including their biotic and abiotic environments.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "40", - "label": "animal behavior", - "definition": "The way animals act or react to conditions in the environment and to other organisms, including life patterns such as migration, hibernation, and nocturnal living.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "92", - "label": "biodiversity", - "definition": "The variety in form, genetics, and ecological roles of organisms within a specific geographic area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "314", - "label": "ecosystem diversity", - "definition": "Measure of the variety of biological communities and habitats important for ecological stability.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "2055", - "label": "environmental DNA", - "definition": "Nuclear or mitochondrial DNA released into the environment as bodily secretions, hair, or similar materials other than whole individuals. Used to detect organisms that are not observed directly.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "432", - "label": "genetic diversity", - "definition": "Measure of the variety of genes within a population pool in a given area.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1361", - "label": "genotype", - "definition": "Genetic characteristics of an individual organism.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1089", - "label": "species diversity", - "definition": "An ecological concept incorporating both the number of species in a particular sampling area and the evenness with which individuals are distributed among the various species.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "96", - "label": "biogeography", - "definition": "The study of the geographic distributions of plants and animals.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "187", - "label": "community ecology", - "definition": "Study of the relationships of species that interact in a common area.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "319", - "label": "ecosystems", - "definition": "The interacting populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms occupying a certain area, and their relationship to the environment.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "54", - "label": "aquatic ecosystems", - "definition": "Communities of interdependent organisms living primarily in or on water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "85", - "label": "benthic ecosystems", - "definition": "Biologic communities and habitats at the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "358", - "label": "estuarine ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats within sea inlets or the zones where rivers meet the seas which are subject to tidal effects and the mixture of fresh and saltwater.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "419", - "label": "freshwater ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats that exist in lakes, rivers, ponds, and other bodies of water that are not salty.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "704", - "label": "marine ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities composed of plants and animals living primarily in or on seawater.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "971", - "label": "reef ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities formed by the skeletons of calcareous seawater organisms, usually corals.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1156", - "label": "terrestrial ecosystems", - "definition": "Communities of living organisms in a specific geographical location which exist primarily on land and not in water.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "174", - "label": "coastal ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats within the narrow zones of land between the margin of oceans or seas and large landmasses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "245", - "label": "desert ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats in arid areas with little precipitation, sparse, highly adapted vegetation, and extreme temperatures.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "410", - "label": "forest ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats in geographic areas with dense growths of trees and associated vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "499", - "label": "grassland ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats with ground cover of grasses and other herbaceous plants, but few trees. Examples include prairies, meadows, and savannas.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1059", - "label": "shrubland ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological land communities and habitats with sparse, low-growing vegetation.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1196", - "label": "tundra ecosystems", - "definition": "Biological communities and habitats located in the treeless plains of Arctic regions where the subsoil is permanently frozen.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1706", - "label": "island ecosystems", - "definition": "Communities of living organisms on islands.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1326", - "label": "wetland ecosystems", - "definition": "Ecosystems whose soil is saturated for long periods seasonally or continuously, including marshes, swamps, and ephemeral ponds. More detailed terms for wetlands can be selected from the FGDC Wetland Classification .", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "525", - "label": "habitats", - "definition": "Parts of the physical environment where plants and animals live. Use in combination with terms from organisms and organism groupings (non-taxonomic) to indicate the topic of a species or group of species habitat.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "922", - "label": "population dynamics", - "definition": "Changes in the size, composition, or structure of aggregates of single or multiple species in a specific area over time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1688", - "label": "symbiosis", - "definition": "An intimate, prolonged association between two or more organisms of different species that may or may not benefit each member.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1796", - "label": "phenology", - "definition": "Study of the response of organisms to seasonal or interannual changes in the environment.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1020", - "label": "scientific careers", - "definition": "Professions in which people carry out or support scientific research or monitoring.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1304", - "label": "water properties", - "definition": "Measurable physical and chemical characteristics of water from different sources.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "806", - "label": "nutrient content (water)", - "definition": "Contaminants in water that nourish organisms, especially plants. Includes nitrogen and phosphorus, either of which can lead to the harmful growth of algae and other plants when present to excess in a body of water.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "854", - "label": "oxygen content (water)", - "definition": "Measurement of the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water, which is an important indicator of the condition of a water body.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1010", - "label": "salinity", - "definition": "Measure of the concentration of salts dissolved in a solution.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1129", - "label": "suspended material (water)", - "definition": "Sediment or organic material carried in suspension in the water column, in contrast to material that moves on or near the bottom. May be measured directly by sampling, or indirectly by acoustic or optical backscatter or transmission.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1301", - "label": "water hardness", - "definition": "Indicator of the concentration of alkaline salts in water, mainly calcium and magnesium, as a measure of water quality.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1302", - "label": "water pH", - "definition": "The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration or activity of a water solution. Used for expressing both acidity (pH less than 7) and alkalinity (pH greater than 7), with 7 considered neutral.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1312", - "label": "water temperature", - "definition": "The degrees of heat of water from a given source at a specific time.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1682", - "label": "dissolved gases", - "definition": "Gases such as ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in solution measured in a water sample.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1999", - "label": "dissolved metals", - "definition": "Metal elements in solution, of concern in studies of hazards such as mine drainage and of water resource usability.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2000", - "label": "dissolved organic compounds", - "definition": "Organic compounds present in water, typically as anthropogenic contaminants including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and herbicides.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2080", - "label": "sound velocity", - "definition": "Estimates of the velocity of sound in water, indexed by depth at a specific location, usually calculated from other water properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2264", - "label": "water column reflectivity", - "definition": "A measure of the strength of reflection from small particles suspended in water. It is usually measured by sending a pulse of sound or light through the water and measuring the sound or light that is returned. Water column reflectivity can be used to measure the concentration of suspended particles.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1306", - "label": "water quality", - "definition": "The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "518", - "label": "groundwater quality", - "definition": "Fitness of subsurface water for use based on its composition and properties.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "708", - "label": "marine water quality", - "definition": "Observed intrinsic characteristics of marine waters affecting their ability to support life or facilitate biological processes such as waste decomposition.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1125", - "label": "surface water quality", - "definition": "Chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water in lakes, rivers, or streams related to its fitness for use.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1311", - "label": "water supply and demand", - "definition": "The quantities of water resources in an area that are easily available and the amount of water that is needed for all uses.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1295", - "label": "wastewater discharge", - "definition": "Water that is returned or reused after release from a wastewater treatment plant.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1297", - "label": "water budget", - "definition": "An accounting of the inflow, outflow, and storage changes of water in a hydrologic unit.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1313", - "label": "water use", - "definition": "Water withdrawal for a specific purpose, such as domestic use, irrigation, or industrial processing.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "278", - "label": "domestic well water use", - "definition": "Use of self-supplied water for household purposes, such as drinking, food preparation, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens.", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "283", - "label": "drinking water use", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "581", - "label": "industrial water use", - "definition": "Use of water for industrial purposes such as fabrication, processing, washing, and cooling, and including such industries as steel, chemical and allied products, paper and allied products, mining, and petroleum refining.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "607", - "label": "irrigation", - "definition": "Artificial application of water on lands to assist in the growing of crops and pastures or to maintain vegetative growth in recreational lands such as parks and golf courses.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "751", - "label": "mining water use", - "definition": "Water use for the extraction of naturally occurring mineral deposits by mining or quarrying.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "925", - "label": "power generation water use", - "definition": "Use of water in the process of producing electric energy by transforming other forms of energy.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2049", - "label": "public supply water use", - "definition": "Provision of water by local governments or private companies for residential, commercial, and light industrial use.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2050", - "label": "aquaculture water use", - "definition": "Use of water to raise aquatic organisms, typically for food, restoration, conservation, or sport.", - "children": [] - } - ] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1352", - "label": "recreation", - "definition": "Pursuit of leisure-time activities, typically out of doors.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1359", - "label": "field monitoring stations", - "definition": "Locations where USGS scientists or their collaborators make measurements of natural phenomena.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1382", - "label": "elements", - "definition": "Chemical elements and element groups", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1426", - "label": "chemical element groups", - "definition": "Groups shown at ", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1384", - "label": "actinide series elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1388", - "label": "alkali metal elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1389", - "label": "alkaline earth elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1467", - "label": "halogen elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1489", - "label": "lanthanide series elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1504", - "label": "metal elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1525", - "label": "noble gas elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1526", - "label": "nonmetal elements", - "definition": "", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1553", - "label": "rare earth elements", - "definition": "A group of elements including the lanthanoids, or lanthanides, of interest because they are used in modern technological industries. Yttrium and scandium are often included in this group.", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "2263", - "label": "platinum-group elements", - "definition": "A group of chemically similar metal elements that tend to occur in the same types of mineral deposits.", - "children": [] - } - ] - }, - { - "uuid": "1427", - "label": "chemical elements", - "definition": "Chemical substances distinguished by atomic number. http://periodic.lanl.gov/", - "children": [ - { - "uuid": "1385", - "label": "actinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1390", - "label": "aluminum", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Al and atomic number 13 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1392", - "label": "americium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Am and atomic number 95 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1393", - "label": "antimony", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1395", - "label": "argon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1396", - "label": "arsenic", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol As and atomic number 33 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1398", - "label": "astatine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol At and atomic number 85 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1403", - "label": "barium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1405", - "label": "berkelium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1406", - "label": "beryllium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Be and atomic number 4 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1409", - "label": "bismuth", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1411", - "label": "bohrium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1412", - "label": "boron", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol B and atomic number 5 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1414", - "label": "bromine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol Br and atomic number 35 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1417", - "label": "cadmium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1418", - "label": "calcium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1419", - "label": "californium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1420", - "label": "carbon", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol C and atomic number 6 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1423", - "label": "cerium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1424", - "label": "cesium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1428", - "label": "chlorine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1429", - "label": "chromium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1433", - "label": "cobalt", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Co and atomic number 27 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1434", - "label": "copper", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1438", - "label": "curium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1439", - "label": "darmstadtium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1442", - "label": "dubnium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Db and atomic number 105 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1444", - "label": "dysprosium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Dy and atomic number 66 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1445", - "label": "einsteinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Es and atomic number 99 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1447", - "label": "erbium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Er and atomic number 68 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1450", - "label": "europium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1453", - "label": "fermium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1454", - "label": "fluorine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol F and atomic number 9 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1457", - "label": "francium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1459", - "label": "gadolinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1460", - "label": "gallium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1463", - "label": "germanium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1464", - "label": "gold", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Au and atomic number 79 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1466", - "label": "hafnium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1468", - "label": "hassium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1470", - "label": "helium", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol He and atomic number 2 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1474", - "label": "holmium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1476", - "label": "hydrogen", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol H and atomic number 1 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1479", - "label": "indium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol In and atomic number 49 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1481", - "label": "iodine", - "definition": "Halogen element with symbol I and atomic number 53 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1483", - "label": "iron", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1484", - "label": "iridium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1487", - "label": "krypton", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1490", - "label": "lanthanum", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol La and atomic number 57 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1491", - "label": "lawrencium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Lr and atomic number 103 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1492", - "label": "lead", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1494", - "label": "lithium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Li and atomic number 3 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1497", - "label": "lutetium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1498", - "label": "magnesium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1499", - "label": "manganese", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1501", - "label": "meitnerium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1502", - "label": "mendelevium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Md and atomic number 101 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1503", - "label": "mercury", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1509", - "label": "molybdenum", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1516", - "label": "neodymium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1517", - "label": "neon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1518", - "label": "neptunium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Np and atomic number 93 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1520", - "label": "nickel", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1521", - "label": "niobium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Nb and atomic number 41 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1522", - "label": "nitrogen", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol N and atomic number 7 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1524", - "label": "nobelium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol No and atomic number 102 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1530", - "label": "osmium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Os and atomic number 76 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1531", - "label": "oxygen", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol O and atomic number 8 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1534", - "label": "palladium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1537", - "label": "phosphorus", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol P and atomic number 15 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1538", - "label": "platinum", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1539", - "label": "plutonium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1542", - "label": "polonium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Po and atomic number 84 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1543", - "label": "potassium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol K and atomic number 19 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1545", - "label": "praseodymium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1546", - "label": "promethium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Pm and atomic number 61 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1547", - "label": "protactinium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1551", - "label": "radium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1552", - "label": "radon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1558", - "label": "rhenium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Re and atomic number 75 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1559", - "label": "rhodium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1562", - "label": "rubidium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Rb and atomic number 37 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1563", - "label": "ruthenium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1564", - "label": "rutherfordium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1566", - "label": "samarium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1569", - "label": "scandium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1571", - "label": "seaborgium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1572", - "label": "selenium", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol Se and atomic number 34 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1575", - "label": "silicon", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol si and atomic number 14 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1576", - "label": "silver", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1579", - "label": "sodium", - "definition": "Alkali metal element with symbol Na and atomic number 11 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1581", - "label": "strontium", - "definition": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1582", - "label": "sulfur", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol S and atomic number 16 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1584", - "label": "tantalum", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1588", - "label": "technetium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1589", - "label": "tellurium", - "definition": "Nonmetal element with symbol Te and atomic number 52 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1590", - "label": "terbium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1592", - "label": "thallium", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1593", - "label": "thorium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Th and atomic number 90 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1594", - "label": "thulium", - "definition": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1596", - "label": "tin", - "definition": "Metalloid element with symbol Sn and atomic number 50 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1597", - "label": "titanium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1600", - "label": "tungsten", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol W and atomic number 74 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1602", - "label": "ununnilium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Uuu and atomic number 111 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1603", - "label": "ununnubium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Uub and atomic number 113 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1604", - "label": "ununnunium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol Uun and atomic number 112 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1605", - "label": "uranium", - "definition": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol U and atomic number 92 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1610", - "label": "vanadium", - "definition": "Metal element with symbol V and atomic number 23 ", - "children": [] - }, - { - "uuid": "1613", - "label": "xenon", - "definition": "Noble gas element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54 ", - "children": [] - 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"url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json" - }, - { - "name": "Dataset Language", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-79ec7ee3-0013-4ef7-a439-bbfcce88fb38.json" - }, - { - "name": "Metadata Association Type", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-9d03a2d8-132d-49ea-95d5-6dea6d769053.json" - }, - { - "name": "Organization Personnel Role", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-d6cd58e1-e83e-4718-b48d-08de1aba2f40.json" - }, - { - "name": "Personnel Role", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-5c07062e-1ad1-4721-bc0f-f2d51352c2c1.json" - }, - { - "name": "Organization Type", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-e8a3cc69-e3be-4d7e-8b44-6fa5fbbe9a18.json" - }, - { - "name": "Duration Unit", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-e496c2bf-7f1c-461b-93b1-0248e4a5e932.json" - }, - { - "name": "Platform Type", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json" - }, - { - "name": "Collection Data Type", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-62a5777d-3582-498a-b900-54110baf8eb4.json" - }, - { - "name": "Coordinate System", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json" - }, - { - "name": "Granule Spatial Representation", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-d48348ea-bf06-4f04-91bd-647f3839aefd.json" - }, - { - "name": "Product Level Id", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-6eb7a3bb-2330-4086-9a77-79e46470f1e6.json" - }, - { - "name": "Spatial Coverage Type", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873.json" - }, - { - "name": "Multimedia Format", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-e2ad33dc-e1e4-45e3-be83-2efca11e451b.json" - }, - { - "name": "Metadata Language", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-475934c7-e05f-4547-aaa3-b0cf01afff06.json" - }, - { - "name": "Contact Type", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-8c84f591-ec2b-4dc4-8002-7fc9586ffcca.json" - }, - { - "name": "Mime Type", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-ec1a1350-be24-42e6-a5cc-ccb806793def.json" - }, - { - "name": "Distribution Size Unit", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-e0e6f883-9dee-4908-bb76-20adae968df1.json" - }, - { - "name": "Related URL Content Types", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-8759ab63-ac04-4136-bc25-0c00eece1096.json" - }, - { - "name": "Data Format", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-8e770fe1-6e82-43aa-9f8a-75d217d7e6cb.json" - }, - { - "name": "Measurement Name", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-2bc6e372-93d8-4672-96b1-ec159aff2e19.json" - }, - { - "name": "Projection Name", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-9d37b0bc-31fa-4b2e-b39d-1e19ceefa103.json" - }, - { - "name": "Projection Authority", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f.json" - }, - { - "name": "Chained Operations", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-ee18f758-071a-4ac8-8cd6-b217270243ea.json" - }, - { - "name": "Operations", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-e97d2b88-a545-4882-801b-40964a2bc723.json" - }, - { - "name": "Projection Datum Names", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-7e8086f8-a35a-433d-ba29-9bc948511cd1.json" - }, - { - "name": "Science Keywords", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json" - }, - { - "name": "USGS Thesaurus", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/usgs-usgs-thesaurus.json" - }, - { - "name": "LCC Deliverables", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/lcc-deliverabletype.json" - }, - { - "name": "LCC End User Types", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/lcc-usertype.json" - }, - { - "name": "LCC Project Category", - "url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/thesaurus/lcc-category.json" - } -] diff --git a/resources/schema/manifest.json b/resources/schema/manifest.json deleted file mode 100644 index 52ff2c0..0000000 --- a/resources/schema/manifest.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20 +0,0 @@ -{ - "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#", - "id": "manifest.json#", - "type": "object", - "title": "manifest", - "description": "Schema for the manifest.json file", - "example": "resources/manifest.json", - "required": ["url"], - "additionalProperties": true, - "properties": { - "name": { - "type": "object", - "description": "Name of the thesaurus" - }, - "url": { - "type": "string", - "description": "Url to the thesaurus configuration file" - } - } - } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/schema/thesaurusConfiguration.json b/resources/schema/thesaurusConfiguration.json deleted file mode 100644 index 3b08cb3..0000000 --- a/resources/schema/thesaurusConfiguration.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ -{ - "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#", - "id": "thesaurusConfiguration.json#", - "type": "object", - "title": "thesaurusConfiguration", - "description": "Configuration for thesauri", - "example": "resources/thesaurus/lcc-category.json", - "required": ["associationType", "resourceType", "resourceCitation"], - "additionalProperties": true, - "properties": { - "citation": { - "type": "object", - "title": "citation", - "description": "", - "required": ["date", "description", "title", "edition", "onlineResource", "identifier"], - "additionalProperties": true, - "properties": { - "date": { - "type": "array", - "description": "Array of dates", - "items": { - "type": "object", - "required": ["date", "dateType"], - "additionalProperties": true, - "properties": { - "date": { - "type": "string", - "description": "" - }, - "dateType": { - "type": "string", - "description": "" - } - } - } - }, - "description": { - "type": "string", - "description": "Thesaurus description" - }, - "title": { - "type": "string", - "description": "Full name of the thesaurus" - }, - "edition": { - "type": "string", - "description": "The version of the thesaurus" - }, - "onlineResource": { - "type": "array", - "description": "Array of online resources", - "items": { - "type": "object", - "required":["uri"], - "additionalProperties": false, - "properties": { - "uri": { - "type": "string", - "description": "URL to the source of the thesaurus" - } - } - } - }, - "identifier": { - "type": "array", - "description": "Array of identifiers", - "items": { - "type": "object", - "required": ["identifier"], - "additionalProperties": false, - "properties": { - "identifier": { - "type": "string", - "description": "Identifier for the thesaurus" - } - } - } - } - } - }, - "keywordType": { - "type": "string", - "description": "" - }, - "label": { - "type": "string", - "description": "Short name for the thesaurus" - }, - "keywords": { - "type": "array", - "description": "Array of keywords", - "$ref": "./keyword.json#" - }, - "keywordsUrl": { - "type": "string", - "description": "URL to keywords file in resources/keywords/ directory." - } - } - } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a.json deleted file mode 100644 index b66103c..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:18:36", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Private", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a?format=json" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "Private", - "label": "Private", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-0901b01e-447a-45b5-a716-33ac9b8bc27a.json" -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json deleted file mode 100644 index affa6cd..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:18:39", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Type", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0?format=json" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "PlatformType", - "label": "Platform Type", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-0cde2885-d08e-4539-9055-99d9a4754df0.json" -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f.json deleted file mode 100644 index f64cdb0..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:19:50", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Projection Authority", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f?format=json" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "ProjectionAuthority", - "label": "Projection Authority", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-0cffc8cf-f913-43c8-9c7b-179eb6749c4f.json" -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541.json deleted file mode 100644 index eec6418..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:18:05", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) IDN Nodes", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541?format=json" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "idnnode", - "label": "IDN Nodes", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-118d366b-c4c7-432c-bd96-4cee2263a541.json" -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f.json deleted file mode 100644 index 4516bd0..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:18:08", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Horizontal Resolution Ranges", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f?format=json" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "horizontalresolutionrange", - "label": "Horizontal Resolution Ranges", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-1499785c-8b74-45f4-bbf7-19d2d4e43b2f.json" -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json deleted file mode 100644 index f013a5d..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:18:37", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Dataset Progress", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c?format=json" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "DatasetProgress", - "label": "Dataset Progress", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-1638caf0-d46c-4858-8916-ec14d82cb44c.json" -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json deleted file mode 100644 index d1c8a79..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:18:40", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Coordinate System", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd?format=json" - } - ], - "identifier": [ - { - "identifier": "1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd" - } - ] - }, - "keywordType": "CoordinateSystem", - "label": "Coordinate System", - "keywords": null, - "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-1984b2b1-e3b1-4b66-8e6a-f5994d8d0cfd.json" -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json index d8396ae..d6fcea3 100644 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json +++ b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "citation": { "date": [ { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:19:52", + "date": "2023-09-08T13:19:52", "dateType": "revision" } ], @@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ } ] }, - "keywordType": "sciencekeywords", "label": "Science Keywords", - "keywords": null, "keywordsUrl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/adiwg/mdKeywords@master/resources/keywords/gcmd-1eb0ea0a-312c-4d74-8d42-6f1ad758f999.json" -} \ No newline at end of file +} diff --git a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873.json b/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873.json deleted file mode 100644 index b08b382..0000000 --- a/resources/thesaurus/gcmd-26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "citation": { - "date": [ - { - "date": "2023-09-08 13:18:41", - "dateType": "revision" - } - ], - "description": "No description available.", - "title": "Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Spatial Coverage Type", - "edition": "Version 16.9", - "onlineResource": [ - { - "uri": "https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/26a99b0d-1f56-4969-844e-4b213a036873?format=json" - 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of keywords", + "type": "array", + "items": { "type": "object", - "title": "keyword", "description": "Schema for a keyword", - "example": "resources/keywords/lcc-category.json", - "required": ["label", "uuid"], + "required": ["label", "uuid", "definition"], "additionalProperties": true, "properties": { "label": { - "type": "object", + "type": "string", "description": "" }, "uuid": { "type": "string", "description": "" }, - "broader": { - "type": "string", - "description": "Identifier of the broader (parent) keyword" - }, "parentId": { - "type": "string", + "type": ["string", "null"], "description": "Identifier of the parent keyword" }, "definition": { @@ -29,11 +27,8 @@ "description": "Definition of the keyword" }, "children": { - "type": "array", - "description": "List of child keywords", - "items": { - "$ref": "keyword.json#" - } + "$ref": "keyword.json#" } } - } \ No newline at end of file + } +} diff --git a/schemas/manifest.json b/schemas/manifest.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59959f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/schemas/manifest.json @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +{ + "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema", + "$id": "manifest.json#", + "type": "array", + "title": "Manifest Array", + "description": "Schema for the manifest.json file containing an array of objects", + "items": { + "type": "object", + "title": "Manifest Object", + "description": "Schema for each object in the manifest.json array", + "required": ["url"], + "additionalProperties": true, + "properties": { + "name": { + "type": "string", + "description": "Name of the thesaurus" + }, + "url": { + "type": "string", + "description": "URL to the thesaurus configuration file" + } + } + } +} diff --git a/schemas/thesaurus-config.json b/schemas/thesaurus-config.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc44044 --- /dev/null +++ b/schemas/thesaurus-config.json @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +{ + "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema", + "$id": "thesaurus-config.json#", + "type": "object", + "title": "Thesaurus Configuration", + "description": "Configuration for thesauri", + "required": ["citation", "label"], + "oneOf": [ + { + "required": ["keywords"] + }, + { + "required": ["keywordsUrl"] + } + ], + "additionalProperties": true, + "properties": { + "citation": { + "type": "object", + "title": "citation", + "description": "", + "required": ["description", "title"], + "additionalProperties": true, + "properties": { + "date": { + "type": "array", + "description": "Array of dates", + "items": { + "type": "object", + "required": ["date", "dateType"], + "additionalProperties": true, + "properties": { + "date": { + "type": "string", + "description": "An ISO 8601 date/timestamp.", + "pattern": "^(\\d{4}(-\\d{2}(-\\d{2})?)?)$|^(\\d{4}-\\d{2}-\\d{2}(T\\d{2}:\\d{2}(:\\d{2}(\\.\\d+)?)?(Z|([+-]\\d{2}:\\d{2}))?)?)$" + }, + "dateType": { + "type": "string", + "description": "The type of date. iso_dateType", + "enum": [ + "creation", + "publication", + "revision", + "expiry", + "lastUpdate", + "lastRevision", + "nextUpdate", + "unavailable", + "inForce", + "adopted", + "deprecated", + "superseded", + "validityBegins", + "validityExpires", + "released", + "distribution", + "acquisition", + "assessment", + "award", + "collected", + "due", + "end", + "received", + "reported", + "start", + "transmitted" + ] + }, + "description": { + "type": "string" + } + } + } + }, + "description": { + "type": "string", + "description": "Thesaurus description" + }, + "title": { + "type": "string", + "description": "Full name of the thesaurus" + }, + "edition": { + "type": "string", + "description": "The version of the thesaurus" + }, + "onlineResource": { + "type": "array", + "description": "Array of online resources", + "items": { + "type": "object", + "required": ["uri"], + "additionalProperties": false, + "properties": { + "uri": { + "type": "string", + "description": "URL to the source of the thesaurus" + } + } + } + }, + "identifier": { + "type": "array", + "description": "Array of identifiers", + "items": { + "type": "object", + "required": ["identifier"], + "additionalProperties": false, + "properties": { + "identifier": { + "type": "string", + "description": "Identifier for the thesaurus" + } + } + } + } + } + }, + "keywordType": { + "type": "string", + "description": "", + "enum": [ + "discipline", + "place", + "stratum", + "temporal", + "theme", + "dataCentre", + "featureType", + "instrument", + "platform", + "process", + "project", + "service", + "product", + "subTopicCategory", + "taxon", + "region", + "isoTopicCategory", + "methodology" + ] + }, + "label": { + "type": "string", + "description": "Short name for the thesaurus" + }, + "keywords": { + "type": "array", + "description": "Array of keywords", + "$ref": "./keyword.json#" + }, + "keywordsUrl": { + "type": "string", + "format": "uri", + "description": "URL to keywords file in resources/keywords/ directory." + } + } +} diff --git a/scripts/buildManifest.cjs b/scripts/buildManifest.cjs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b12da66 --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/buildManifest.cjs @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Scan the resources/thesaurus directory for thesaurus files and for each file add an entry to the manifest +// The manifest schema contains a name and a url. +// The name should come from the `label` field in the object in the thesaurus file. +// The url should be generated based on the thesaurus file name and the base URL. +// The base url is https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main/resources/thesaurus/ + +const fs = require('fs'); +const path = require('path'); + +const thesaurusDir = path.join(__dirname, '../resources/thesaurus/'); +const thesaurusBaseUrl = + 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@main/resources/thesaurus/'; + +const thesaurusFiles = fs.readdirSync(thesaurusDir); + +const manifest = thesaurusFiles.map(file => { + const thesaurus = require(path.join(thesaurusDir, file)); + return { + name: thesaurus.label, + url: `${thesaurusBaseUrl}${file}` + }; +}); + +fs.writeFileSync( + path.join(__dirname, '../resources/manifest.json'), + JSON.stringify(manifest, null, 2) +); + +/** SAVE THIS CODE + * This code produces the devManifest.json file which is used for testing the thesaurus files in a "dev" branch. + * This can be useful for testing the thesaurus files before merging them into the main branch. + */ +// const devUrl = +// 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/USGS-NGGDPP/mdEditor-keywords@dev/resources/thesaurus/'; +// const devManifest = thesaurusFiles.map(file => { +// const thesaurus = require(path.join(thesaurusDir, file)); +// return { +// name: thesaurus.label, +// url: `${devUrl}${file}` +// }; +// }); +// +// fs.writeFileSync( +// path.join(__dirname, '../resources/devManifest.json'), +// JSON.stringify(devManifest, null, 2) +// ); + +console.log('Manifest generated successfully'); diff --git a/scripts/clean.cjs b/scripts/clean.cjs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..710103e --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/clean.cjs @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +const rimraf = require('rimraf'); + +const distPath = 'dist'; + +function clean() { + console.log('Cleaning the dist directory:', distPath); + rimraf.sync(distPath); + console.log('Dist directory cleaned successfully!'); +} + +clean(); diff --git a/scripts/copyGnisData.cjs b/scripts/copyGnisData.cjs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2df08c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/copyGnisData.cjs @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +const fs = require('fs-extra'); + +const copyGnisData = async () => { + const srcDir = './harvesters/gnis/data'; + const destDir = './dist/harvesters/gnis/data'; + + try { + const exists = await fs.pathExists(srcDir); + if (exists) { + await fs.copy(srcDir, destDir); + console.log('Data copied successfully.'); + } else { + console.log( + `Source directory "${srcDir}" does not exist. Skipping copy.` + ); + } + } catch (error) { + console.error('Error copying data:', error); + } +}; + +copyGnisData(); diff --git a/scripts/copyJsonFilesToDist.cjs b/scripts/copyJsonFilesToDist.cjs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b265f85 --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/copyJsonFilesToDist.cjs @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +const fs = require('fs-extra'); +const path = require('path'); + +const copyJsonFilesToDist = async () => { + const srcDir = './harvesters'; + const destDir = './dist/harvesters'; + + const copyFiles = async (dir, dest) => { + const entries = await fs.readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true }); + + for (const entry of entries) { + const srcPath = path.join(dir, entry.name); + const destPath = path.join(dest, entry.name); + + if (entry.isDirectory()) { + await copyFiles(srcPath, destPath); + } else if (entry.isFile() && path.extname(entry.name) === '.json') { + await fs.copy(srcPath, destPath); + } + } + }; + + await copyFiles(srcDir, destDir); +}; + +copyJsonFilesToDist() + .then(() => console.log('JSON files copied successfully')) + .catch(err => console.error('Error copying JSON files:', err)); diff --git a/scripts/copySchemas.cjs b/scripts/copySchemas.cjs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fc24f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/copySchemas.cjs @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +const fs = require('fs-extra'); + +const copySchemas = async () => { + await fs.copy('./schemas', './dist/schemas'); +}; + +copySchemas(); diff --git a/src/main.js b/src/main.js deleted file mode 100644 index 3b30332..0000000 --- a/src/main.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -const path = require('path'); - -const sciencebase = require('./sciencebase'); -const usgs = require('./usgs'); -const gcmd = require('./gcmd'); -const { loadConfig, writeToLocalFile } = require('./utils'); - -async function loadVocabulariesFromFile(filename) { - const vocabulariesFilePath = path.join('conf', filename); - const { vocabularies } = loadConfig(vocabulariesFilePath); - return vocabularies; -} - -async function loadVocabularies(config) { - let sbVocabularies = await loadVocabulariesFromFile( - config.sciencebase.filename - ); - sbVocabularies = sbVocabularies.map((vocabulary) => ({ - ...vocabulary, - source: 'sciencebase', - })); - let gcmdVocabularies = await loadVocabulariesFromFile(config.gcmd.filename); - gcmdVocabularies = gcmdVocabularies.map((vocabulary) => ({ - ...vocabulary, - source: 'gcmd', - })); - let usgsVocabularies = config.usgs.vocabularies; - usgsVocabularies = usgsVocabularies.map((vocabulary) => ({ - ...vocabulary, - source: 'usgs', - })); - const vocabularies = [ - ...sbVocabularies, - ...gcmdVocabularies, - ...usgsVocabularies, - ]; - return vocabularies; -} - -async function buildManifest(vocabularies, config) { - const manifest = vocabularies.map((vocabulary) => ({ - name: vocabulary.name, - url: `${config.baseUrl}${config.thesaurusPath}${vocabulary.source}-${vocabulary.id}.json`, - })); - return manifest; -} - -async function buildThesaurusConfig(vocabulary, config) { - let thesaurusConfigFile; - switch (vocabulary.source) { - case 'sciencebase': - thesaurusConfigFile = await sciencebase.generateCitation(vocabulary); - break; - case 'usgs': - thesaurusConfigFile = await usgs.generateCitation(vocabulary); - break; - case 'gcmd': - thesaurusConfigFile = await gcmd.generateCitation(vocabulary); - break; - default: - throw new Error('Bad source type'); - } - thesaurusConfigFile.keywordsUrl = `${config.baseUrl}${config.keywordsPath}${vocabulary.source}-${vocabulary.id}.json`; - return thesaurusConfigFile; -} - -async function buildKeywords(vocabulary) { - let keywords; - switch (vocabulary.source) { - case 'sciencebase': - keywords = await sciencebase.generateKeywords(vocabulary); - break; - case 'usgs': - keywords = await usgs.generateKeywords(vocabulary); - break; - case 'gcmd': - keywords = await gcmd.generateKeywords(vocabulary); - break; - default: - throw new Error('Bad source type'); - } - return keywords; -} - -async function main() { - // load configuration - const config = loadConfig('conf/main.json'); - - // load list of vocabularies - console.log('Loading vocabularies'); - const vocabularies = await loadVocabularies(config); - - // generate manifest file - console.log('Building manifest file'); - const manifest = await buildManifest(vocabularies, config); - writeToLocalFile(manifest, config.manifestPath); - - for (let i = 0; i < vocabularies.length; i++) { - // for each vocabulary create thesaurus configuration file - const vocabulary = vocabularies[i]; - console.log('processing vocabulary', vocabulary.id); - const configData = await buildThesaurusConfig(vocabulary, config); - writeToLocalFile( - configData, - `${config.thesaurusPath}${vocabulary.source}-${vocabulary.id}.json` - ); - // for each vocabulary create keywords file - const keywords = await buildKeywords(vocabulary); - writeToLocalFile( - keywords, - `${config.keywordsPath}${vocabulary.source}-${vocabulary.id}.json` - ); - } -} - -main(); diff --git a/src/usgs.js b/src/usgs.js deleted file mode 100644 index 4005cba..0000000 --- a/src/usgs.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,75 +0,0 @@ -const axios = require('axios'); -const { loadConfig } = require('./utils'); - -const CONF_JSON = 'conf/main.json'; -const { sourceUrl } = loadConfig(CONF_JSON).usgs; - -const regex = /insert into term \(code,name,parent,scope\) values \((.*)\);$/gm; - -const COLUMN = Object.freeze({ - CODE: 0, - NAME: 1, - PARENT: 2, - SCOPE: 3, -}); - -const parseSql = (sqlData) => { - let m; - let results = []; - while ((m = regex.exec(sqlData)) !== null) { - // This is necessary to avoid infinite loops with zero-width matches - if (m.index === regex.lastIndex) { - regex.lastIndex++; - } - results.push( - // eslint-disable-next-line quotes - eval(`[${m[1].replace(/NULL/g, '""').replace(/''/g, "\\'")}]`) - ); - } - return results; -}; - -const getRootNode = (parsedData) => { - const rootIndex = parsedData.findIndex((node) => { - return node[COLUMN.PARENT] === ''; - }); - return parsedData[rootIndex]; -}; - -const findChildren = (data, parent) => { - const results = []; - data.forEach((node) => { - if (node[COLUMN.PARENT] === parent) { - results.push({ - uuid: node[COLUMN.CODE], - label: node[COLUMN.NAME], - definition: node[COLUMN.SCOPE], - children: findChildren(data, node[COLUMN.CODE]), - }); - } - }); - return results; -}; - -const buildTree = (sqlData) => { - const parsedData = parseSql(sqlData); - const rootNode = getRootNode(parsedData); - return findChildren(parsedData, rootNode[COLUMN.CODE]); -}; - -const loadSql = async () => { - const response = await axios.get(sourceUrl); - return response.data; -}; - -async function generateKeywords() { - const sqlData = await loadSql(); - const tree = buildTree(sqlData); - return tree; -} - -function generateCitation(vocabulary) { - return vocabulary.citationConfig; -} - -module.exports = { generateCitation, generateKeywords }; diff --git a/src/utils.js b/src/utils.js deleted file mode 100644 index cb82de9..0000000 --- a/src/utils.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -const fs = require('fs'); - -const loadConfig = (configFilename) => { - console.log('Loading config from', configFilename); - const configData = fs.readFileSync(configFilename, 'utf-8'); - return JSON.parse(configData); -}; - -const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms)); - -const writeToLocalFile = (jsonData, location) => { - fs.writeFileSync(location, JSON.stringify(jsonData, null, 2)); - console.log('File successfully saved to', location); -}; - -module.exports = { loadConfig, sleep, writeToLocalFile }; diff --git a/tests/keywords.test.js b/tests/keywords.test.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99544a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/keywords.test.js @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +import fs from 'fs-extra'; +import path from 'path'; +import validator from './validator.js'; + +const keywordsDir = path.join(__dirname, '../../resources/keywords/'); + +describe('Keywords Validation', () => { + const keywordFiles = fs.readdirSync(keywordsDir); + + keywordFiles.forEach(file => { + test(`validates ${file}`, () => { + const keywords = require(path.join(keywordsDir, file)); + const valid = validator.validate('keyword', keywords); + + if (!valid) { + console.log(validator.errors); + } + + expect(valid).toBe(true); + }); + }); +}); diff --git a/tests/manifest.test.js b/tests/manifest.test.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f199d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manifest.test.js @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +import fs from 'fs-extra'; +import path from 'path'; +import validator from './validator.js'; + +import manifest from '../../resources/manifest.json'; + +describe('Manifest Tests', () => { + test('Manifest follows the schema', () => { + const valid = validator.validate('manifest', manifest); + if (!valid) { + console.log(validator.errors); + } + expect(valid).toBe(true); + }); + + test('Files exist for all URLs in the manifest', () => { + manifest.forEach(item => { + const fileName = item.url.split('resources/')[1]; + const filePath = path.join(__dirname, '../../resources', fileName); + const fileExists = fs.existsSync(filePath); + if (!fileExists) { + console.log(`File does not exist: ${fileName}`); + } + expect(fileExists).toBe(true); + }); + }); +}); diff --git a/tests/thesauri.test.js b/tests/thesauri.test.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6f4d4b --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/thesauri.test.js @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +import fs from 'fs-extra'; +import path from 'path'; +import validator from './validator.js'; + +const thesaurusDir = path.join(__dirname, '../../resources/thesaurus/'); +const keywordBaseDir = path.join(__dirname, '../../resources/keywords/'); + +describe('Thesaurus Validation', () => { + const thesaurusFiles = fs.readdirSync(thesaurusDir); + + thesaurusFiles.forEach(file => { + test(`validates ${file}`, () => { + const thesaurus = require(path.join(thesaurusDir, file)); + const valid = validator.validate('thesaurusConfig', thesaurus); + + if (!valid) { + console.log(validator.errors); + } + + expect(valid).toBe(true); + + if (thesaurus.keywordsUrl) { + const keywordFileName = thesaurus.keywordsUrl.split( + 'resources/keywords/' + )[1]; + const keywordFilePath = path.join(keywordBaseDir, keywordFileName); + const keywordFileExists = fs.existsSync(keywordFilePath); + + if (!keywordFileExists) { + console.log(`Keyword file does not exist: ${keywordFileName}`); + } + + expect(keywordFileExists).toBe(true); + } + }); + }); +}); diff --git a/tests/validator.js b/tests/validator.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ec168a --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/validator.js @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +import addFormats from 'ajv-formats'; +import Ajv2020 from 'ajv/dist/2020.js'; + +import { keyword, manifest, thesaurusConfig } from '../schemas/index.js'; + +const validator = new Ajv2020(); +addFormats(validator); + +const schemas = { + keyword, + manifest, + thesaurusConfig +}; + +Object.entries(schemas).forEach(([key, schema]) => { + if (!validator.validateSchema(schema)) { + console.error(`Invalid schema: ${key}`); + console.error(validator.errors); + } else { + validator.addSchema(schema, key); + } +}); + +export default validator; diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5245440 --- /dev/null +++ b/yarn.lock @@ -0,0 +1,4684 @@ +# THIS IS AN AUTOGENERATED FILE. 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